cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scattering From Resonant Slots on a Semi‐Infinite Cone

The scattered field, when a plane wave is incident along the axis of a slotted, perfectly conducting, semi-infinite cone, is obtained by a superposition of the scattered field from an unslotted cone and the radiation field from the slot on the cone. The slot is a finite, thin, circumferential slot backed by a cavity which is characterized by an admittance. The induced voltage is represented by a sinusoidal distribution. The amplitude of the induced voltage is then related to the incident field by expressing it in terms of the radiating and load admittances of the slot. Expressions for the radiation admittance and the scattered far fields are derived. It is often desired to know the scattering properties of slots which ordinarily serve as radiating apertures. In this paper we will consider a semi-infinite cone with a finite, thin slot in the cir­ cumferential direction, as shown in figure l. The slot is located at a distance a from the apex, sub­ tt'nd:,; an an:,!le 2<f:J,., has a width of 2il. and is backed by a cavity that is characterized by a load admittance Yt. If the incident wave frequency is such that the slot has a resonant length, a sinu­ soidal distribution is a valid representation for the induced voltage. However, for slot length other than resonant. this distribution should also be a good approximation. The scattered field from the slotted cone will then be a superposition of the scattered field from an unslotted cone and the radiation field from the slot. The amplitude of the slot voltage is then related to the incident field by expressing it in terms of the radiation and load admittances of the slot.
Air-to-Fuel and Dual-Fuel Ratio Control of an Internal Combustion Engine

Air-to-fuel (A/F) ratio is the mass ratio of the air-to-fuel mixture trapped inside a cylinder before combustion begins, and it affects engine emissions, fuel economy, and other performances. Using an A/F ratio and dualfuel ratio control oriented engine model, a multi-inputmulti-output (MIMO) sliding mode control scheme is used to simultaneously control the mass flow rate of both port fuel injection (PFI) and direct injection (DI) systems. The control target is to regulate the A/F ratio at a desired level (e.g., at stoichiometric) and fuel ratio (ratio of PFI fueling vs. total fueling) to any desired level between zero and one. A MIMO sliding mode controller was designed with guaranteed stability to drive the system A/F and fuel ratios to the desired target under various air flow disturbances. The performance of the sliding mode controller was compared with a baseline multi-loop PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller through simulations and showed improvements over the baseline controller. Finally, the engine model and proposed sliding mode controller are implemented into a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulator and a target engine control module, and HIL simulation is conducted to validate the developed controller for potential implementation in an automotive engine.
URINE FORMATION IN A PULMONATE LAND SNAIL, ACHATINA FULICA.

1. Inulin is filtered into the urine of Achatina fulica. The process is not subject to poisoning but water reabsorption may raise the U/B ratio to 2.8. The U/B ratios of substances actively reabsorbed or secreted reaches 1 when transport is poisoned thus verifying filtration as a first step in urine formation. 2. Exogenous urea is excreted by filtration. 3. Glucose is filtered and actively reabsorbed. Reabsorption can be poisoned with phlorizin. 4. Chloride is actively reabsorbed. 5. Phenol red and PAH are actively secreted. The secretory process may be poisoned with dinitrophenol. 6. The clearance of phenol red may be taken as an estimate of blood flow through the kidney, which may reach 5.6 ml./min./kg. in Achatina fulica. 7. The PAH clearance is depressed by simultaneous excretion of phenol red and the quantitative measurements of transport give evidence that the same secretory mechanism is used for both phenol red and PAH.
Circumventing Cellular Control of PP2A by Methylation Promotes Transformation in an Akt-Dependent Manner

Heterotrimeric protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) consists of catalytic C (PP2Ac), structural A, and regulatory B-type subunits, and its dysfunction has been linked to cancer. Reversible methylation of PP2Ac by leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1 (LCMT-1) and protein phosphatase methylesterase 1 (PME-1) differentially regulates B-type subunit binding and thus PP2A function. Polyomavirus middle (PyMT) and small (PyST) tumor antigens and SV40 small tumor antigen (SVST) are oncoproteins that block PP2A function by replacing certain B-type subunits, resulting in cellular transformation. Whereas the B-type subunits replaced by these oncoproteins seem to exhibit a binding preference for methylated PP2Ac, PyMT does not. We hypothesize that circumventing the normal cellular control of PP2A by PP2Ac methylation is a general strategy for ST- and MT-mediated transformation. Two predictions of this hypothesis are (1) that PyST and SVST also bind PP2A in a methylation-insensitive manner and (2) that down-regulation of PP2Ac methylation will activate progrowth and prosurvival signaling and promote transformation. We found that SVST and PyST, like PyMT, indeed form PP2A heterotrimers independently of PP2Ac methylation. In addition, reducing PP2Ac methylation through LCMT-1 knockdown or PME-1 overexpression enhanced transformation by activating the Akt and p70/p85 S6 kinase (S6K) pathways, pathways also activated by MT and ST oncoproteins. These results support the hypothesis that MT and ST oncoproteins circumvent cellular control of PP2A by methylation to promote transformation. They also implicate LCMT-1 as a negative regulator of Akt and p70/p85 S6K. Therefore, disruption of PP2Ac methylation may contribute to cancer, and modulation of this methylation may serve as an anticancer target.
Analysis of Hydrodynamic Interactions during AFM Imaging of Biological Membranes

The physical processes taking place during AFM imaging of soft biological membranes are investigated. A particular emphasis is placed on understanding of hydrodynamics effects in the fluid inside and outside of the cell associated with elastic deformation of the membrane in response to AFM tapping action for the entire probing cycle. For the first time, it is theoretically shown that "hysteresis" in the membrane deformation versus tip-sample separation curve is due to strong coupling of fluid motion and kinematics of the membrane bending for the noncontact mode of measurements in liquid environment. The effects of the AFM tip opening angle and the membrane elasticity constants such as bending rigidity and spontaneous curvature are investigated in detail to establish the structure of the flow field and dynamics of the membrane evolution, leading to theoretical interpretation of AFM imaging experiments.
Five paradigm shifts in programming language design and their realization in Viron, a dataflow programming environment

We describe five paradigm shifts in programming language design, some old and some relatively new, namely Effect to Entity, Serial to Parallel, Partition Types to Predicate Types, Computable to Definable, and Syntactic Consistency to Semantic Consistency. We argue for the adoption of each. We exhibit a programming language, Viron, that capitalizes on these shifts.
System identification of a tied arch bridge using reference-based wireless sensor networks

Vibration-based methods of structural health monitoring are generally founded on the principle that localized damage to a structure would exhibit changes within the global dynamic response. Upon this basis, accelerometers provide a unique health monitoring strategy in that a distributed network of sensors provides the technical feasibility to isolate the onset of damage without requiring that any sensor be located exactly on or in close proximity to the damage. While in theory this may be sufficient, practical experience has shown significant improvement in the application of damage diagnostic routines when mode shapes characterized by strongly localized behavior of specific elements are captured by the instrumentation array. In traditional applications, this presents a challenge since the cost and complexity of cable-based systems often effectively limits the number of instrumented locations thereby constraining the modal parameter extraction to only global modal responses. The advent of the low-cost RF chip transceiver with wireless networking capabilities has afforded a means by which a substantial number of output locations can be measured through referencebased testing using large-scale wireless sensor networks. In the current study, this approach was applied to the Prairie du Chien Bridge over the Mississippi River to extract operational mode shapes with high spatial reconstruction, including strongly localized modes. The tied arch bridge was instrumented at over 230 locations with single-axis accelerometers conditioned and acquired over a high-rate lossless wireless sensor network with simultaneous sampling capabilities. Acquisition of the dynamic response of the web plates of the arch rib was specifically targeted within the instrumentation array for diagnostic purposes. Reference-based operational modal analysis of the full structure through data-driven stochastic subspace identification is presented alongside finite element analysis results for confirmation of modal parameter plausibility. Particular emphasis is placed on the identification and reconstruction of modal response with large contribution from the arch rib web plates.
ON THE COMPUTED PRESSURES FOR NAVIER-STOKES PROBLEMS AT INCREASING REYNOLDS NUMBERS USING THE PENALTY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

DISCUSSION The reduced integration penalty finite element method has been frequently used to compute approximate velocity solutions to Navier- Stokes problems.’-4 The velocity approximation can be post-processed to obtain an approximate pressure solution. Numerical studies for Stokes have shown that for problems where the data (boundary conditions or the forcing function) are ‘rough’, these computed pressures may exhibit oscillations for certain elements and reduced integration schemes, whereas smoother pressures are obtained for other (‘stable’) elements. An example of such a problem is the familiar ‘driven cavity’ problem. For this problem, both in the case of Stokes flow and low Reynolds number Navier-Stokes flow, when the 4-node bilinear element with 1-point Gauss integration of the penalty term is used, the pressures computed from the velocity field are found to be oscillatory, whereas when the 9-node biquadratic element with 1point integration of the penalty term is used, smooth pressure profiles are obtained. Recently, we have been investigating the use of continuation techniques and iterative methods for computing approximate solutions at higher Reynolds numbers. On examining the computed pressures for the driven cavity we observed that as the Reynolds number increased, the local pressure oscillations for the bilinear element diminish and by Re = 2000 the pressure profiles at representative sections appear smooth. As an example, results are now given for the cavity problem and bilinear I-point element for calculations on a uniform mesh of size h = 1/32 and with penalty parameter E = The pressure profile at Re = 10 along the section y = 17/64 is given in Figure 1 (marked + ) and is seen to contain local pressure oscillations. The projected pressure obtained by averaging the four element pressures adjacent to a node is also given and is smooth (marked x ). Analogous results are also observed for Stokes flow (Re = 0). However, the computed pressure profile at J’ = 17/64 for Re = 2000 appears smooth (Figure 2).+ Similar behaviour is observed at other representative sections and is not shown here. Results with penalty parameter E = and E = Approximate solutions were also computed using the mixed method with Co biquadratic velocity and Co bilinear pressure on uniform meshes with h = 1/16 and h = 1/25. This element is known to be stable. The pressure solution is smooth as anticipated and qualitatively agrees with that obtained with the penalty method. However, quantitatively the pressure profiles agree were essentially the same.
Constructing non-trivial elements of the Shafarevich–Tate group of an abelian variety over a number field

Abstract Let A and B be abelian varieties over a number field K such that A [ n ] ≅ B [ n ] over K for some integer n. If A has Mordell–Weil rank 0, then we show that under certain additional hypothesis, there is an injection B ( K ) / n B ( K ) ↪ Ш ( A / K ) [ n ] , where Ш ( A / K ) is the Shafarevich–Tate group of A. This generalizes work of Cremona and Mazur. We also extend this general result to show that if the Mordell–Weil rank r B of B is bigger than the Mordell–Weil rank r A of A (which need not be zero now), then under certain extra hypotheses, n r B − r A divides the product of the order of Ш ( A / K ) and the Tamagawa numbers of A. When in addition r A = 0 , n is prime, and A and B are optimal elliptic curves of the same conductor, this divisibility is predicted by the second part of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture, and thus provides new theoretical evidence towards the conjecture.
Photoperiod-Diapause Relationships in the Alfalfa Weevil, Hypera postica

Larvae of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), were reared at 24°C and exposed upon hatching to increasing numbers of short-day (SD = 8 hr light/16 hr dark) or long-day (LD = 16 hr light/8 hr dark) photoperiodic cycles during a 16-day period. Adult feeding declined greatly in all colonies between 13 and 31 days after emergence and subsequent feeding was very irregular. Colonies receiving a progressively greater number of SD or LD photoperiods after larval hatch showed a gradually decreasing and increasing time from adult emergence to oviposition, respectively. Colonies were categorized as short, medium, or long diapause based on the effects of varying the number of exposures to SD or LD photoperiods. Two consecutive LD cycles interrupting SD regimes between 7 and 10 days after hatching were the minimum number needed to induce adult diapause. Larvae were young 4th instars during this time.
Quantum Chemical Calculations of Amide-15N Chemical Shift Anisotropy Tensors for a Membrane-Bound Cytochrome b5

There is considerable interest in determining amide-15N chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) tensors from biomolecules and understanding their variation for structural and dynamics studies using solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopy and also by quantum chemical calculations. Due to the difficulties associated with the measurement of CSA tensors from membrane proteins, NMR-based structural studies heavily relied on the CSA tensors determined from model systems, typically single crystals of model peptides. In the present study, the principal components of backbone amide-15N CSA tensors have been determined using density functional theory for a 16.7 kDa membrane-bound paramagnetic heme containing protein, cytochrome-b5 (cytb5). All the calculations were performed by taking residues within 5 A distance from the backbone amide-15N nucleus of interest. The calculated amide-15N CSA spans agree less well with our solution NMR data determined for an effective internuclear distance rN–H = 1.023 A and a constant angl...
The procoagulant and anti-fibrinolytic state characterizes pediatric sepsis-induced persistent multiple organ failure ♦ 199

The procoagulant and anti-fibrinolytic state characterizes pediatric sepsis-induced persistent multiple organ failure ♦ 199
Incretin-based Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with concomitant CKD is an emerging clinical and public health problem reaching epidemic proportions in the United States. Achieving and maintaining glycemic targets in clinical practice are significant challenges in majority of the patients with T2DM and CKD, and this has created significant barriers for clinicians managing these patients. Commonly used antihyperglycemic agents are either contraindicated or lack efficacy and safety information in this population. Recently, 2 distinct classes of agents that augment incretin hormone action have been added to the therapeutic armamentarium targeting hyperglycemia. This review will discuss the literature examining the efficacy and safety of incretin-based therapies in T2DM and the available evidence for their use in CKD.
Dossier Secreto: Argentina's Desaparecidos And The Myth Of The ""Dirty War""

An account of a nation's descent into hell. The author penetrates the myths that surround the Argentine tragedy.
Estradiol induced suppression of feeding in the female rat: dependence on body weight.

Abstract Ovariectomy in the adult female rat leads to a transient increase in food intake and an elevated level of body weight. Estrogen treatment blocks or reverses these changes. Currently, estrogen is seen to suppress feeding directly, but earlier findings suggest that estrogen's effect is dependent upon an elevated level of body weight. We demonstrate that 1 μg estradiol, which has suppressant effects on food intake and body weight in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, has no such effects in ovariectomized-adrenalectomized (OVX-ADX) rats, which do not gain excess weight spontaneously. However, estradiol does have a suppressant effect on these measures in OVX-ADX rats, if they are made mildly obese by dietary means. Therefore, estradiol suppresses feeding only in the face of actual or impending obesity. It probably affects the system(s) concerned with the long-term regulation of body weight; but it does not act directly on the mechanisms which mobilize or inhibit feeding.
The relationship between reticulocyte polyribosome structure and function

Abstract The relationship between the morphologic structure of reticulocyte polyribosomes and their function in protein synthesis has been investigated. When reticulocyte polyribosomes are maintained at 37° in 1.5·10 −3 M MgCl 2 at pH 7·4 during the first 7 h only 15% of the polyribosomes are broken down to smaller units, but not to soluble nucleotides or small chain polynucleotides. During this time, however, 70% of the capacity to synthesize protein is lost. This decrease cannot be corrected by the addition of an energy-generating system or soluble supernatant factors. 4 M urea and 1·10 −3 M p -chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) break down reticulocyte polyribosomes, with loss of function, to units of 80 S or smaller. This morphologic effect is reversible upon removal of the reagents, but full return of polyribosome function in protein synthesis does not occur. It is concluded that: (1) ribonuclease is not an inherent part of the reticulocyte polyribosome, (2) alterations in the ribosomal proteins induced by PCMB and urea cause disaggregation of reticulocyte polyribosomes, (3) the presence of messenger RNA on reticulocyte ribosomes does not confer protection against the action of erythroid cell ribonuclease, and (4) the factors which are responsible for maintaining polyribosome aggregation in the reticulocytes are not totally identical with those which are necessary to insure optimal function in protein synthesis.
Measurement of electron-impact ionization cross sections for hydrogenlike high-Z ions

Electron-impact ionization cross sections have been measured for the hydrogenlike ions of molybdenum, dysprosium, gold, and bismuth at selected electron energies between 1.3 and 3.9 times threshold. The cross sections were obtained from x-ray measurements of the equilibrium ionization balance in an electron beam ion trap. The measured cross sections agree with recent relativistic distorted-wave calculations that include both the Moeller interaction and exchange. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Dynamic plasticity of dental sensory nerve structure and cytochemistry

Abstract Hypersensitive dentine responds to normal changes in touch or temperature with abnormal pain sensations. This paper reviews studies that have shown dynamic changes in sensory nerve structure, cytochemistry and location after tooth injury, suggesting that those changes contribute to dentine hypersensitivity. Nerve fibres containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are the main type of sensory fibre to innervate dentine. Evidence that many of those dentinal nerve endings originate from small myelinated fibres is presented here. The location of CGRP nerve terminals correlates with the pulpal gradients of nerve growth factor that have been demonstrated in normal teeth by in situ hybridization histochemistry. When shallow cavities are drilled into the outer dentine of rat molars a five-to-eight-fold increase in pulpal nerve growth factor precedes the extensive structural changes in the sensory nerve fibres in pulp and dentine near the injury. Those nerve growth factor and sensory nerve reactions eventually subside if healing occurs, but both continue if inflammation continues. Evidence correlating pulpal inflammation with long-term changes in central trigeminal pain pathways is reviewed. There can be extensive neuroplasticity after tooth injury, both within dental pain fibres and in central pain pathways. The timing of those alterations of nerve structure, location, and cytochemistry is consistent with their involvement in mechanisms of dentine hypersensitivity.
Dual Effect of Nitrogen Dioxide on Rat Alveolar Macrophage Arachidonate Metabolism

Significant deficits in alveolar macrophage (AM) function have been associated with acute exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The present investigation examined changes in enzymatic production of arachidonate metabolites from rat AM exposed to NO2. While in vitro exposure of AM to NO2 concentrations between 0.1 and 5 ppm alone had small effects on basal synthesis of cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase products, exposure to either 1 ppm (2 or 4 h) or 5 ppm (1 h) markedly enhanced the response of AM to stimulation by the calcium ionophore, A23187. This pre-exposure led to significant increases in cyclooxygenase products (thromboxane B2 (thromboxane), the stable metabolite of thromboxane A2, and 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (12-HHT)) and lipoxygenase products (leukotriene B (LTB4) and monohydroxyeicosatetraenoate isomers) in response to A23187. In contrast, a 1-h exposure to 20 ppm NO2 alone significantly increased AM synthesis of thromboxane and 12-HHT, but suppressed the effect of subsequently added A23187....
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate and assume corneal keratocyte phenotype

It remains elusive as to what bone marrow (BM) cell types infiltrate into injured and/or diseased tissues and subsequently differentiate to assume the phenotype of residential cells, for example, neurons, cardiac myocytes, keratocytes, etc., to repair damaged tissue. Here, we examined the possibility of whether BM cell invasion via circulation into uninjured and injured corneas could assume a keratocyte phenotype, using chimeric mice generated by transplantation of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)+ BM cells into keratocan null (Kera−/−) and lumican null (Lum−/−) mice. EGFP+ BM cells assumed dendritic cell morphology, but failed to synthesize corneal-specific keratan sulfate proteoglycans, that is KS-lumican and KS-keratocan. In contrast, some EGFP+ BM cells introduced by intrastromal transplantation assumed keratocyte phenotypes. Furthermore, BM cells were isolated from Kera-Cre/ZEG mice, a double transgenic mouse line in which cells expressing keratocan become EGFP+ due to the synthesis of Cre driven by keratocan promoter. Three days after corneal and conjunctival transplantations of such BM cells into Kera−/− mice, green keratocan positive cells were found in the cornea, but not in conjunctiva. It is worthy to note that transplanted BM cells were rejected in 4 weeks. MSC isolated from BM were used to examine if BM mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) could assume keratocyte phenotype. When BM-MSC were intrastromal-transplanted into Kera−/− mice, they survived in the cornea without any immune and inflammatory responses and expressed keratocan in Kera−/− mice. These observations suggest that corneal intrastromal transplantation of BM-MSC may be an effective treatment regimen for corneal diseases involving dysfunction of keratocytes.
Preparation and studies of magnetic and spectroscopic properties of alkyl ammonium lanthanide tetrakis (N,N-dialkyldithiocarbamates)

Abstract Compounds of the lighter lanthanides (La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu) of the general formula R n NH 4- n + Ln(R 2 ′ NCS 2 ) 4 − were prepared. The compounds Et 3 NH + Ln( i -Bu 2 NCS 2 ) 4 − were sufficiently stable to be prepared and handled in the ordinary laboratory atmosphere. Electronic spectra and proton magnetic resonance spectra show that symmetry in the Ln( i -Bu 2 NCS 2 ) 4 − anion is C 2 v or lower. The red shift of electronic transitions cannot be correlated with the energy or nature of the transitions in any simple fashion.
Estrogen Regulation of Thrombospondin-1 in Human Breast Cancer Cells

Expression of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a large extracellular matrix protein, has been associated with modulation of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Both pro and antiangiogenic properties of TSP-1 have been described, and the role of TSP-1 expression in the growth and progression of human breast cancer is not clear. Because estrogens cause progression of many breast cancers, and estradiol (E2) downregulates a TSP-1 receptor, we examined whether TSP-1 is regulated by estrogen and involved in tumor progression. E2 induced TSP-1 expression in T47-D and MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro within 3 to 6 hr; the induction was blocked by the anti-estrogen ICI 182,780, indicating that estrogen receptors (ER) are necessary for this effect. Furthermore, E2 caused the production of TSP-1 protein from tumor cells in an ER-alpha-dependent manner. The E2-mediated TSP-1 RNA induction was dose-dependent and blocked by actinomycin D, indicating that the response to E2 was at least partly transcriptional. Transfection studies with deletion constructs of the TSP-1 promoter identified an estrogen-responsive region in the human TSP-1 promoter, located between -2,200 and -1,792 bp upstream of the transcription start site. An antibody against TSP-1 restricted the proliferation of E2-dependent MCF-7 cells in vitro and in vivo. A panel of breast cancer cells proliferated in the presence of low concentrations of exogenous TSP-1, whereas higher concentrations inhibited proliferation. A real-time PCR analysis showed that E2 also induced TSP-1 mRNA in the normal mammary glands of immature ovariectomized mice in an ER-dependent manner. In summary, we report the novel observation that TSP-1 production is directly controlled by estrogens in ER-positive breast cancer cells, and the released protein has pro-growth regulatory functions. Consequently, we propose that TSP-1 could be a therapeutic target for anti-tumor therapy in early-stage tumors. (c) 2009 UICC.
Simultaneous Synthesis, Regulation, and Arithmetical Performance

This study examined arithmetical performance in relation to Luria's theory of the functional organization of the brain and Das, Kirby, and Jarman's model of simultaneous-successive processes. It wa...
Bulldozer or Locomotive? The Impact of Chinese Enterprises on the Local Employment in Angola and the DRC

This article is to analyze the impact of Chinese enterprises on the local employment practices in Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Based on surveys of over 100 Chinese and loc...
The philosophy of developing soil tests

(1971). The philosophy of developing soil tests. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 55-60.
Effects of abscisic acid on rooting stem cuttings of sweet potato in open top chambers under enriched CO2 environment

Ten centimeter long stem cuttings of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. cv. Georgia Jet) with intact apex and leaves were cultured in distilled water as well as in varying concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) in open top chambers at 364, 438 and 666 cm3 m{-3}CO2. Low concentration of ABA promoted rooting and elongation of roots at 364 cm3 m{-3} CO2 while rooting was suppressed at enriched levels of CO2. However, biomass production in shoots and roots was higher in 666 than in 364 cm3 m-3 CO2.
Impact of fear-inducing violence on neuropsychological visuo-spatial tests in warring hunter-gatherers: analogies to violent Western environments

Visuo-spatial test results on three continents showed a consistently significant difference (P<.001) between three peaceful groups (Amazonian Capoclos, Indonesians from small islands, and Hamar from SW Ethiopia; n=242) and three groups of warring hunter-gatherers (n=144) living nearby (Amazonian Auca Indians, Dani and Asmat of Indonesian New Guinea, and Karo of SW Ethiopia). On both the Kohs Block Design and the Draw-A-Person-With-Face-In-Front (DAPF) tests, the warring groups produced specifically coarse but almost correct test performances. There was a gross global assessment of the overall essential shapes but a neglect of the subtle spatial relations among the shapes. Such performance is a specific sign indicative of crude but fast subcortical processing. Such a short-cut by-passes refined full neocortical evaluation faster by c. 250 ms. In fear-inducing inter-tribal warfare, quick “unthinking” reaction to merely globally evaluated shapes of predators (human or animal) serves survival. By analogy, a testable hypothesis proposes that also in similarly fear-ridden violent Western environments (e.g., in gang warfare or abusive families), such specific indications of habitual subcortical short-cuts are likely to be reflected not only in their spatial tests performance but also in academic subjects requiring accurate spatial relational representation (e.g., literacy).
Examining Anxiety as a Predictor of Homicidality A Pilot Study

Homicidality rates have been shown to be more prominent among persons diagnosed with mental disorders as compared to the general population. However, the role that anxiety plays in homicidal ideation and intent is poorly understood. This study investigated predictors of homicidal intent, thought, or plan in an adult population of psychiatric inpatients diagnosed with anxiety disorders. Results suggest that the factors most strongly associated with homicidality include male gender, substance abuse, mania, and current legal problems. Multiple regression analyses showed that only male gender predicted homicidality when other variables were taken into account.
Mononuclear, five-coordinate lanthanide amido and aryloxide complexes bearing tetradentate (N2O2) Schiff bases.

Two monomeric, five-coordinate lanthanide complexes, [bis-5,5‘-(1,3-propanediyldiimino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-hexene-3-onato]samarium[2,6-bis(tert-butyl)-4-methylphenoxide] and [bis-5,5‘-(1,3-propanediyldiimino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-hexene-3-onato]erbium[2,6-bis(tert-butyl)-4-methylphenoxide], were isolated from the reactions of 2,6-bis(tert-butyl)-4-methylphenol with [bis-5,5‘-(1,3-propanediyldiimino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-hexene-3-onato]lanthanide[bis(trimethylsilyl)amido] (lanthanide = Er3+ and Sm3+). The purified phenoxides were recovered in excellent yields and analytical purity, and the reactions proceeded cleanly without Schiff-base degradation or cluster formation. Analogously, [bis-3,3‘-(1,3-propanediyldiimino)-1-phenyl-2-butene-1-onato]erbium[bis(trimethylsilyl)amido] was also directly converted to [bis-3,3‘-(1,3-propanediyldiimino)-1-phenyl-2-butene-1-onato]erbium[2,6-bis(tert-butyl)-4-methylphenoxide]; however, a less sterically demanding alcohol (i.e., ethanol) yielded a neutral trinuclear oxo alkoxide species w...
Negotiating “The Welfare Queen” and “The Strong Black Woman” African American Middle-Class Mothers’ Work and Family Perspectives

This research analyzes how African American middle- and upper-middle-class mothers understand their work and family decision making in relation to two controlling images—the Strong Black Woman (SBW) and the Welfare Queen—that they describe regularly confronting in their lives. In-depth interviews with 60 African American middle- and upper-middle-class mothers reveal the strategies these mothers use to overcome assumptions that they are poor, single mothers on welfare or, alternatively, are self-reliant and resilient caregivers who do not need help. Although most interviewees distanced themselves from the image of the Welfare Queen, they had a range of responses to the SBW: Some invested in it, some resisted it, and some rejected it. This study shows how the controlling images of the SBW and the Welfare Queen influence the meanings African American middle- and upper-middle-class mothers attach to their decisions related to work and family and create a sense of exclusion from white middle-class mothering co...
Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: A review of short-term acute phase trials

N 1978 over 1.9 million deaths were recorded in the United States.’ One-third were the direct consequence of coronary heart disease, and half of these were due to myocardial infarction (MI). The 1-mo mortality following infarction is estimated to be in the range of 36% to 50%‘~~ depending on the population selected. However, one half or possibly more of these deaths occur within 1 hr of the acute event,44 most of them due to ventricular fibrillation.7%s It is not surprising, therefore, that the majority of MI victims who die do not receive any medical care. Nevertheless, more than 500,000 patients are admitted to hospitals each year in the United States with a diagnosis of ML9 For those with a first infarction there is a 12%-l 8% risk of dying before discharge,‘*%” the figure being somewhat higher for those with recurrent events. This review of clinical trials assessing shortterm interventions will focus on the in-hospital MI population. It is to be distinguished from our previous review” by the duration of pharmacologic intervention, rather than by the time the intervention was initiated. Trials in which intervention was continued for more than 3 mo, regardless of when it was first introduced after the MI, were the subject of the first review. This sequel will address those clinical trials where intervention was started acutely and, in all but a few instances, completed while subjects were still hospitalized for their MI. The two reviews are complementary; together they provide a comprehensive summary of reported short- and longterm controlled clinical trials aimed at determining whether anything can be done to prolong life in MI patients. As in the first review we make no attempt to evaluate general health care measures or surgical procedures.‘3 The effectiveness of the mobile coronary care unit (CCU) has been documented;14.15 paramedical personnel trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the use of defibrillating equipment have considerably reduced the mortality associated with transport of the MI patient to hospital. The impact of the
Ordering and growth of rare gas films (Xe, Kr, Ar, and Ne) on the pseudo-ten-fold quasicrystalline approximant Al13Co4(100) surface

Adsorption of the rare gases Kr, Ar, and Ne on the complex alloy surface Al₁₃Co₄(100) was studied using grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) computer simulations. This surface is an approximant to the ten-fold decagonal Al-Ni-Co quasicrystalline surface, on which rare gas adsorption was studied previously. Comparison of adsorption results on the periodic Al₁₃Co₄(100) surface with those of the quasiperiodic Al-Ni-Co surface indicates some similarities, such as layer-by-layer growth, and some dissimilarities, such as the formation of Archimedes tiling phases (Mikhael et al 2008 Nature 454 501, Shechtman et al 1984 Phys. Rev. Lett. 53 1951, Macia 2006 Rep. Prog. Phys. 69 397, Schmiedeberg et al 2010 Eur. Phys. J. E 32 25-34, Kromer et al 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 218301, Schmiedeberg and Stark 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 218302). The conditions under which Archimedes tiling phases (ATP) emerge on Al₁₃Co₄(100) are examined and their presence is related to the gas-gas and gas-surface interaction parameters.
Using global positioning system‐derived crustal velocities to estimate rates of absolute sea level change from North American tide gauge records

[1] We identified 37 tide gauges; each located within 40 km of a geodetic station whose International Terrestrial Reference Frame of 2000 (ITRF2000) crustal velocity had been rigorously derived from continuous global positioning system (GPS) observations, spanning from 3 to 11 years. The tide gauges are located along the coasts of North America, Bermuda, Hawaii, and Kwajalein (in the Marshall Islands). We obtained the ITRF2000 crustal velocities by averaging values from six solutions; each produced by a team of investigators acting, essentially, independently of the other teams. We then applied crustal velocities to convert rates of relative sea level change to rates of absolute sea level change. In a sample containing 30 sites, we found that the mean rate of absolute sea level change equals 1.80 ± 0.18 mm/yr in the 1900–1999 period. The scatter about the mean for individual sites in this sample is characterized by a (weighted) RMS value of 0.85 mm/yr. This scatter primarily reflects the uncertainty associated with derived crustal velocities. The remaining seven sites, i.e., five sites on the Pacific coast of Alaska, one on Dauphin Island (Alabama), and one on Kwajalein (an atoll in the Pacific Ocean), experienced relatively low rates of absolute sea level change. We hypothesize the low rates in Alaska are caused by ongoing melting of mountain glaciers and ice masses near the stations, while the low rates found for Dauphin Island and Kwajalein remain unexplained.
Monocytes, Macrophages, and Their Diseases in Man

Mononuclear phagocytes are a widely distributed system of cells involved in host defense functions, immunologic reactions, disposal of unwanted organic and inorganic materials, and synthesis of biologically active compounds such as complement components and prostaglandins. The system includes early precursor cells in the bone marrow, blood monocytes, alveolar and peritoneal macrophages, sinusoidal lining cells in the spleen, and Kupffer cells in the liver. We have recently come to understand the biology of these interesting cells and the diseases they produce.
Taxol effect: Bizarre mitotic figures (abnormal spindle asters) in a malignant peritoneal effusion: Report of a case

Taxol (Paclitaxol) is a diterpenoid taxane derivative found in the bark and needles of the Western yew, Taxus brevifolia, indigenous to the old growth forests of the Pacific Northwest. As compared with other antineoplastic agents (vinca alkaloids and colchicine) that enhance microtubule disassembly, taxol promotes microtubule polymerization. In interphase cells, abnormal microtubular bundles or arrays are seen. In mitotic cells, abnormal spindle asters form. Such morphologic changes have been described frequently in cell culture systems and in in vitro systems using fresh tumor tissue. To our knowledge, these changes have not been described in a peritoneal effusion specimen from a patient with stage III ovarian cancer treated with taxol. In addition, the mitotic stabilization produced interpretative difficulties in evaluating the peritoneal fluid because a vast majority of the presumed malignant cells were in mitosis and, hence, not evaluable by ordinary cytologic criteria.
A SOFT-LINK SPECTRAL MODEL FOR LINK PREDICTION

Unsupervised spectral clustering methods can yield good performance when identifying crisp clusters with low complexity since the learning algorithm does not rely on finding the local minima of an objective function and rather uses spectral properties of the graph. Nonetheless, the performance of such approaches are usually affected by their uncertain parameters. Using the underlying structure of a general spectral clustering method, in this paper a new soft-link spectral clustering algorithm is introduced to identify clusters based on fuzzy k-nearest neighbor approach. We construct a soft weight matrix of a graph by identifying the upper and lower boundaries of learning parameters of the similarity function, specifically the fuzzifier parameter (fuzziness) of the Fuzzy k-Nearest Neighbor algorithm. The algorithm allows perturbations on the graph Laplace during the learning stage by the changes on such learning parameters. With the empirical analysis using an artificial and a real textual entailment dataset, we demonstrate that our initial hypothesis of implementing soft links for spectral clustering can improve the classification performance of final outcome.
Seismic reliability of electrical power transmission systems

Abstract The reliability of electric power transmission systems is important for the probabilistic safety assessment of nuclear power plants under a given earthquake loading as it relates to the loss of off site power to the nuclear power plants. Here, a comprehensive model to evaluate the seismic reliability of electric power transmission systems is presented. The model provides probabilistic assessments of structural damage and abnormal power flow that can lead to power interruption in a transmission system under a given earthquake. With the proposed methodology seismic capacities of electrical. equipment are determined on the basis of available test data and simple modeling from which fragility functions of specific substations are developed. Earthquake ground motions are defined as stochastic processes. Probabilities of network disconnectivity and abnormal power flow are assessed through Monte Carlo simulations. The proposed model is applied to the electric power network in San Francisco and vicinity under the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, and the probabilities of power interruption are contrasted with the actual power failures observed during that earthquake.
Decision Making in Anesthesiology

Principles of anaesthesia resuscitation life-threatening dysrhythmias without cardiac arrest preoperative problems preoperative pulmonary and thoracic problems preoperative cardiovascular problems preoperative neurologic and neuromuscular problems preoperative endocrine problems preoperative gastrointestinal problems preoperative haematologic problems preoperative renal problems other preoperative problems specialty anaesthesia cardiothoracic and vascular anaesthesia neuroanaesthesia paediatric anaesthesia obstetric and gynaecologic anaesthesia urologic anaesthesia anaesthesia and transplantation anaesthesia for head and neck surgery anaesthesia for endoscopy ophthalmologic anaesthesia anaesthesia for spinal and orthopedic procedures trauma anaesthesia other special anaesthesia techniques postoperative management chronic pain management. (Partial Contents)
The Unwritten Curriculum and Its Relation to Values

*This paper is a revision of an earlier one appearing in Myhre, Alvin, et al. (eds.), Administration and the Valuing Process (Edmonton, Alta.: Council on School Administration, The Alberta Teachers’ Association, 1975).
High Prevalence of Liddle Syndrome Phenotype Among Hypertensive US Veterans in Northwest Louisiana

Liddle syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant disorder due to a gain-of-function mutation in the epithelial Na(+) channel and is perceived to be a rare condition. A cross-sectional study of 149 hypertensive patients with hypokalemia ( 25 mmol/dL) was conducted at a Veterans' Administration Medical Center Hypertension Clinic in Shreveport, LA. Data on demographics, blood pressure, and select blood tests were collected and expressed as percentages for categoric variables and as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables. Patients were diagnosed with likely LS when the plasma renin activity (PRA) was 15 ng/dL. The cohort included predominantly elderly (67.1±13.4 years), male (96%), and Caucasian (57%) patients. The average blood pressure was 143.8/79.8 mm Hg±27.11/15.20 with 3.03±1.63 antihypertensive drugs. Based on the above criteria, 9 patients (6%) satisfied the criteria for likely LS and 10 patients (6.7%) were diagnosed with likely PHA. In this hypothesis-generating study, the authors detected an unusually high prevalence of biochemical abnormalities compatible with likely LS syndrome from Northwestern Louisiana, approaching that of likely PHA.
Appearance of cutaneous malignancies of the head and neck

The spectrum of cutaneous malignancies of the head and neck ranges from tumors that are fairly well behaved, such as the majority of basal cell carcinomas, to very aggressive cancers with a high metastatic rate, such as Merkel cell carcinoma. Most forms of cutaneous malignancy have characteristic clinical presentations, which assist in their clinical diagnosis. The goal of this article is to review the appearances and clinical presentations of common nonmelanoma skin cancers (basal and squamous cell carcinomas), uncommon nonmelanoma skin cancers (Merkel cell carcinoma and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans), and the various subtypes of cutaneous melanoma.
General circulation of the western subtropical North Atlantic observed using profiling floats

[1] The general circulation of the subtropical western North Atlantic is described using hydrography and subsurface velocity measured simultaneously by 71 profiling floats during the period July 1997 to December 2002. Subsurface trajectories of the floats revealed a strong topographic influence and depth-dependence of the Gulf Stream, its recirculation gyres, and the North Atlantic Current. We discuss eddy-like and nonsteady flows in several subregions, especially near the major topographic features. The seasonal cycle of volume transport, estimated using the absolute geostrophic velocity in the upper 900 m, was shown to be a maximum in winter and minimum in summer. The eddy kinetic energy and eddy diffusivity, derived from the float data and mapped over the subtopical gyre, show seasonal variability in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream with a maximum in spring and minimum in winter for both quantities.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Atomizing Spray With Stochastic Modeling of Secondary Breakup

Large-eddy simulation (LES) of reacting multi-phase flows in practical combustor geometries is essential to accurately predict complex physical phenomena of turbulent mixing and combustion dynamics. This necessitates use of Lagrangian particle-tracking methodology for liquid phase in order to correctly capture the droplet evaporation rates in the sparse-liquid regime away from the fuel injector. Our goal in the present work is to develop a spray-atomization methodology which can be used in conjuction with the standard particle-tracking schemes and predict the droplet-size distribution accurately. The intricate process of primary atomization and lack of detailed experimental observations close to the injector requires us to model its global effects and focus on secondary breakup to capture the evolution of droplet sizes. Accordingly, a stochastic model for LES of atomizing spray is developed. Following Kolmogorov’s idea of viewing solid particle-breakup as a discrete random process, atomization of liquid blobs at high relative liquid-to-gas velocity is considered in the framework of uncorrelated breakup events, independent of the initial droplet size. Kolmogorov’s discrete model of breakup is represented by Fokker-Planck equation for the temporal and spatial evolution of droplet radius distribution. The parameters of the model are obtained dynamically by relating them to the local Weber number. A novel hybrid-approach involving tracking of individual droplets and a group of like-droplets known as parcels is developed to reduce the computational cost and maintain the essential features and dynamics of spray evolution. The present approach is shown to capture the complex fragmentary process of liquid atomization in idealized and realistic Diesel and gas-turbine combustors.Copyright © 2003 by ASME