cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leverage Cycle and the Anxious Economy

We provide a pricing theory for emerging asset classes, like emerging markets, that are not yet mature enough to be attractive to the general public. We show how leverage cycles can cause contagion, f!ight to collateral, and issuance rationing in a frequently recurring phase we call the anxious economy. Our model provides an explanation for the volatile access of emerging economies to international financial markets, and for three stylized facts we identify in emerging markets and high yield data since the late 1990s. Our analytical framework is a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents, incomplete markets, and endogenous collateral, plus an extension encompassing adverse selection.
Triplet-Trained Vector Space and Sieve-Based Search Improve Biomedical Concept Normalization

Concept normalization, the task of linking textual mentions of concepts to concepts in an ontology, is critical for mining and analyzing biomedical texts. We propose a vector-space model for concept normalization, where mentions and concepts are encoded via transformer networks that are trained via a triplet objective with online hard triplet mining. The transformer networks refine existing pre-trained models, and the online triplet mining makes training efficient even with hundreds of thousands of concepts by sampling training triples within each mini-batch. We introduce a variety of strategies for searching with the trained vector-space model, including approaches that incorporate domain-specific synonyms at search time with no model retraining. Across five datasets, our models that are trained only once on their corresponding ontologies are within 3 points of state-of-the-art models that are retrained for each new domain. Our models can also be trained for each domain, achieving new state-of-the-art on multiple datasets.
Collaborative Planning Index: A Novel Comprehensive Benchmark for Collaboration in Construction Projects

AbstractNo previous research effort has simultaneously used all factors affecting collaborative planning towards developing an associated comprehensive evaluation framework. The goal of this paper ...
Characterizing Solar Panel Encapsulants during Potential Induced Degradation

The high operating voltages experienced by utility-scale solar panels can lead to a set of degradation mechanisms known as potential induced degradation (PID). At high voltages, leakage currents can drive the movement of sodium out of the glass at the front of the module, through the encapsulant, leading to problematic chemical interactions within the PV cell. Though tests have been developed to screen for PID-susceptible modules, the role of the encapsulant and the mechanisms of sodium migration are not yet fully understood. In this work, we investigate the role of humidity, voltage bias, and encapsulant chemistry in the migration of sodium through PV polymeric encapsulants.
The role of temporal resolution of meteorological inputs from reanalysis data in estimating air humidity for modelling applications

Abstract Reliable values of relative humidity are basic inputs for modelling in many disciplines and in the most disparate scientific fields. Unfortunately, humidity variables remain less focused than other meteorological parameters and generally suffer from considerable uncertainty mainly due to the fact that their observations are not widely available, fostering the use of the observations of other meteorological quantities to estimate them. The aim of this work is to assess the loss in daily maximum and minimum relative humidity accuracy when sampling interval becomes coarser than one hour. For this purpose, meteorological data from the ERA5 dataset, the most advanced reanalysis product released by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), are used. Among the many advantages of ERA5 over the previous release ERA-Interim are the finer temporal resolution and data archived at the hourly time step. Near-surface relative humidity is derived using 1- and 3-hourly reanalysis data of 2-m temperature, 2-m dew-point temperature and surface pressure. Deviations from the actual values, as obtained from reference measures acquired at 15 minute intervals, are evaluated. Results show that the biases of the ERA5-based values are consistently reduced compared to its predecessor and that the performance of the calculated 1-hourly time resolution relative humidity data is almost equivalent to using observations. Reducing the sampling interval from three to one hour provides a significant improvement in data quality. The results indicate significant increases in errors in the estimates when the temporal resolution of the meteorological inputs becomes coarser than one hour, exceeding also the numerical and approximation errors due to simplifying assumptions in the theoretical and empirical formulas used. The positive impact of improving temporal resolution from ERA-Interim to ERA5 reanalysis is also quantified by the number of the correct relative humidity extremes increasing by 50%.
Enhancing Medical Decision Making When Caring for the Critically Ill: The Role of Cognitive Heuristics and Biases

The foundations of human judgment and decision theory have influenced studies on decision making for decades in various domains. A specific area of human judgment is decision-making under conditions of uncertainty. Medicine is an example of decision-making under conditions of uncertainty where doctors constantly make decisions with incomplete information, knowledge gaps and sometimes with inaccurate information. These conditions are exacerbated in critical care environments (Emergency Departments (ED) and Intensive Care Units (ICU)) which are complex in nature with information intensive, time sensitive, highly stressful, non-deterministic, interruption-laden, and life-critical [1]. Caring for critically ill patients within these situations often requires clinicians to make life-and-death decisions within a few seconds while relying on large quantities of questionable information. In order to make these decisions in a timely manner, the clinician must reduce the large quantity of data to a manageable dimension and quickly determine what information is critical to handle the current situation [2]. Studies have shown that individuals often deal with such situations by using cognitive heuristics, or mental shortcuts [1, 2]. Even though the use of heuristics can lead to appropriate judgments, inappropriate heuristic use can result in severe and systematic errors [3–5]. In medicine, such errors include incorrect or delayed diagnosis, and inappropriate or delayed treatment, all of which can result in adverse medical events and patient harm. Due to the severe consequences of medical errors, it is imperative to minimize inappropriate use of cognitive heuristics by developing techniques to identify cognitive heuristic use.
Analysis of Finite Element Results

The numerical results of the five groups who submitted contributions to the GAMM workshop using the finite element method are summarized herein. While the basic discretization technique was a finite element method, the implementation, type of element and solution technique varied considerably.
Defective Activation of ERK in Macrophages Lacking the p50/p105 Subunit of NF-κB Is Responsible for Elevated Expression of IL-12 p40 Observed after Challenge with Helicobacter hepaticus

Helicobacter hepaticus is an enterohepatic Helicobacter species that induces lower bowel inflammation in susceptible mouse strains, including those lacking the p50/p105 subunit of NF-kappaB. H. hepaticus-induced colitis is associated with elevated levels of IL-12 p40 expression, and p50/p105-deficient macrophages express higher levels of IL-12 p40 than wild-type macrophages after challenge with H. hepaticus. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the p50/p105 subunit of NF-kappaB suppresses IL-12 p40 expression have not yet been elucidated. In this study we have demonstrated that H. hepaticus challenge of macrophages induces ERK activation, and this event plays a critical role in inhibiting the ability of H. hepaticus to induce IL-12 p40. Activation of ERK requires both p50/p105 and the MAPK kinase kinase, Tpl-2. Inhibition of the induction of IL-12 p40 by ERK was independent of c-Rel, a known positive regulator of IL-12 p40. Instead, it was linked to the induction of c-Fos, a known inhibitor of IL-12 p40 expression. These results suggest that H. hepaticus induces ERK activation by a pathway dependent upon Tpl-2 and p105, and that activation of ERK inhibits the expression of IL-12 p40 by inducing c-Fos. Thus, a defect in ERK activation could play a pivotal role in the superinduction of IL-12 p40 observed after challenge of macrophages lacking the p50/p105 subunit of NF-kappaB with H. hepaticus.
Integrating Academic Laboratories Into Pharmaceutical Development

Historically, there has been somewhat of an arm's-length relationship between researchers in academic medical centers and pharmaceutical companies. However, this attitude has undergone a major change over the past three decades and academicians have taken an entrepreneurial approach through the formation of biotech firms. This article discusses the history and development of strong ties between academic scientists and the pharmaceutical industry, including potential pitfalls associated with this association. Keywords: pharmaceutical companies; academicians; scientists; biotech companies; research collaborations
Ciliary dysfunction in the Senior-Løken syndrome

Nephrocystin-5, a ciliary IQ domain protein, is mutated in Senior-Loken syndrome and interacts with RPGR and calmodulin Otto et al. (2005).
A systematic approach to system state restoration during storage controller micro-recovery

Micro-recovery, or failure recovery at a fine granularity, is a promising approach to improve the recovery time of software for modern storage systems. Instead of stalling the whole system during failure recovery, micro-recovery can facilitate recovery by a single thread while the system continues to run. A key challenge in performing micro-recovery is to be able to perform efficient and effective state restoration while accounting for dynamic dependencies between multiple threads in a highly concurrent environment. We present Log(Lock), a practical and flexible architecture for performing state restoration without re-architecting legacy code. We formally model thread dependencies based on accesses to both shared state and resources. The Log(Lock) execution model tracks dependencies at runtime and captures the failure context through the restoration level. We develop restoration protocols based on recovery points and restoration levels that identify when micro-recovery is possible and the recovery actions that need to be performed for a given failure context. We have implemented Log(Lock) in a real enterprise storage controller. Our experimental evaluation shows that Log(Lock)-enabled micro-recovery is efficient. It imposes < 10% overhead on normal performance and < 35% overhead during actual recovery. However, the 35% performance overhead observed during recovery lasts only six seconds and replaces the four seconds of downtime that would result from a system restart.
A SURVEY TO IDENTIFY REASONS FOR DENIAL OF SMALL BUSINESS LOAN REQUESTS

One of the major concerns of small businesses today is adequate cash flow. Sometimes firms suffer from a negative cash flow, especially in the early years of their operation and during prolonged periods of cyclical downturns in the economy, as was the case recently. The problem is compounded when small firms are undercapitalized and have inadequate net working capital. Normally, as profits are generated, these conditions are alleviated. However, unless a small business can manage to get through such periods of adverse cash flow, it may be doomed to failure.
SC-FDMA Performance in Presence of Oscillator Impairments: EVM and Subcarrier Mapping Impact

We derive an analytical expression for the error vector magnitude under carrier frequency offset (CFO) and joint transmit-receive phase noise (PN). CFO and PN are major oscillator impairments in direct-conversion transceivers. As a case study, we consider multi-user uplink transmission with single- carrier frequency-division-multiple access as in the long-term evolution standard. The derived expression reveals an interesting relationship between the subcarrier mapping scheme and the immunity to CFO and PN. Furthermore, we verify the accuracy of our derived expression through Monte-Carlo simulations for various CFO and PN levels.
Internal symmetry currents and supersymmetric effective lagrangians

Abstract A supersymmetric and non-linearly realized internally symmetric action is constructed from the super Kahler potential of Goldstone scalar superfields. Noether's theorem in superspace is derived and the associated superfield of currents defined. The currents are used to derive a super Dashen formula relating the (quasi) Goldstone masses and decay constants to the symmetry breaking part of the theory and to supersymmetrically gauge the invariant subgroup as well as the full group.
Elasto-plastic pseudo-dynamic numerical model for the design of shot peening process parameters

Shot peening process is widely used to impose compressive residual stresses in fatigue critical surfaces, and its intensity estimated empirically by inserting Almen strips near the intended target and measuring their post-peening curvature. It becomes difficult to calculate the intended residual stress profile in the target from the strip curvature as it depends on the dynamic response of the target material. This paper presents an elasto-plastic numerical approach to investigate effects of process parameters and surface material response on the development of subsurface residual stress. This 3D pseudo-dynamic explicit model is validated by single-ball dropping experiment from literature, and applied to the design of parameters for multi-shot peeing of hardened steel surface.
An experimental study of a balun-fed open-sleeve dipole in front of a metallic reflector

The characteristics of a balun-fed open-sleeve dipole mounted in front of a metallic reflector for operation in the 225 to 409 MHz band are investigated. A parametric study is made of the VSWR response as a function of dipole and sleeve diameter, sleeve length, and sleeve-to-dipole spacing. It is shown that an open-sleeve dipole can be operated over a bandwidth of 1.8:1 as compared with an operating bandwidth of approximately 1.25:1 for a conventional cylindrical dipole with the same diameter. Pattern and gain data are presented for an open-sleeve dipole mounted in front of a flat metallic reflector. Preliminary results on mutual coupling effects are also discussed.
Cardiac function during hemorrhagic shock and crystalloid resuscitation.

Abstract It is concluded that (1) myocardial failure develops during hypovolemic shock; (2) inadequate coronary perfusion contributes to the decrease in myocardial function; (3) inadequate resuscitation prolongs myocardial dysfunction and decreased coronary blood flow and may lead to terminal arrhythmias; (4) crystalloid resuscitation relieves heart failure and corrects myocardial ischemia; and (5) no evidence exists for cardiac overload with use of large volumes of crystalloid.
The war hawks’ call to arms: Appeals for a second war with Great Britain

In November, 1811, a group of prowar Republicans led by Henry Clay gained control of the federal House of Representatives. This paper demonstrates how the War Hawks sought to persuade their fellow Congressmen that the United States should go to war with Great Britain.
Why do firms adopt ‘beyond‐compliance’ environmental policies?

This paper examines why firms selectively adopt ‘beyond-compliance’ environmental policies. It argues that existing explanations based on factors external to firms are under-specified and a focus on internal dynamics is also required. It draws insights from institutional theory, corporate social performance perspective, and stakeholder theory and relates them to internal processes. Beyond-compliance policies are adopted, if at all, due to two types of intra-firm process: power based and leadership based. These processes arise under different conditions and lead to different types of outcome. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Population and detection of two-phonon octupole vibrational states in 208 Pb

We report on an experiment to search for the decay of two-phonon octupole vibrational states in ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ with GAMMASPHERE. A beam of ${}^{154}\mathrm{Sm}$ at a bombarding energy of 1 GeV was used to excite ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ via quasielastic as well as via deep-inelastic processes. To be independent of the lifetime of the two-phonon state a thin target was used, requiring the measurement of the position of the scattered particles to correct for the Doppler shift of the emitted \ensuremath{\gamma} rays. Scattered particles were detected by a silicon-strip detector covering forward angles. We did not observe any discrete \ensuremath{\gamma} transition in the expected energy range of 2\char21{}3 MeV down to a limit of 20% and 4% of the intensity in the ${5}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ transition for quasielastic and deep-inelastic processes, respectively.
Movement Strategies for Maintaining Standing Balance during Arm Tracking in People with Multiple Sclerosis

The purpose of this study was to quantify hip and ankle movement strategies during a standing arm tracking task in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Full-body kinematics and kinetics were assessed with motion analysis cameras and force plates in nine MS and nine age-matched control subjects. While standing, participants used their dominant hand to track a target moving around a large horizontal or vertical figure eight on a screen in front of them. The target moved at constant speed, or linearly increasing speeds, with a frequency between 0.05 Hz and 0.35 Hz. Hip and ankle moments and angles during tracking were calculated from kinematic and kinetic measurements. Ratios of peak-to-peak (PP) hip/ankle moments (kinetics) and angles (kinematics) were calculated to determine the strategies of the hips and ankles used to maintain balance during arm movements. Center of mass (CoM) root mean square (RMS) acceleration was calculated as a measure of overall balance performance. The MS group produced larger PP hip/ankle moments at all speeds compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The CoM RMS acceleration increased with tracking speed for both groups but was not significantly different between groups. Additionally, the ratios of hip to ankle moments were highly correlated with the Berg Balance Scale during horizontal steady-speed tracking in MS. These results suggest that people with MS increase the use of the hip during standing arm tracking compared with age-matched control subjects. This adapted strategy might allow people with MS to achieve balance performance similar to control subjects, possibly increasing the importance of the hip in maintaining balance during voluntary movements.
Polarizable Atomic Multipole-based Molecular Mechanics for Organic Molecules

An empirical potential based on permanent atomic multipoles and atomic induced dipoles is reported for alkanes, alcohols, amines, sulfides, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, amides, aromatics, and other small organic molecules. Permanent atomic multipole moments through quadrupole moments have been derived from gas phase ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The van der Waals parameters are obtained by fitting to gas phase homodimer QM energies and structures, as well as experimental densities and heats of vaporization of neat liquids. As a validation, the hydrogen bonding energies and structures of gas phase heterodimers with water are evaluated using the resulting potential. For 32 homo- and heterodimers, the association energy agrees with ab initio results to within 0.4 kcal/mol. The RMS deviation of the hydrogen bond distance from QM optimized geometry is less than 0.06 A. In addition, liquid self-diffusion and static dielectric constants computed from a molecular dynamics simulation are consistent wit...
Feasibility of Implementing Shared Medical Appointments (SMAs) for Office-Based Opioid Treatment With Buprenorphine: A Pilot Study.

ABSTRACTBackground: Shared medical appointments (SMAs) are designed to improve patient satisfaction and increase access to treatment. In a typical SMA, 6–12 patients with similar diagnoses attend a group appointment with their health care providers, often lasting 60–120 minutes. All components of an individual visit are completed, and additional time is spent providing education and facilitating peer support. The aim of this study was to report on patient and program outcomes after implementation of SMA-based office-based opioid treatment with buprenorphine. Methods: The study was conducted at a hospital-based outpatient psychiatric clinic that previously did not offer any office-based opioid treatment with buprenorphine. Demographic and clinical data (treatment retention, depression, anxiety, craving scores, and urine toxicology results) were extracted from the medical records. Patients were recruited to complete a survey assessing their experience. Results: Ninety-three patients enrolled in the program,...
The effect of a ludus love style on sexual experience

This study examined the effects of a game-playing love style – ludus – (Hendrick & Hendrick, 1991) with sexual experience. In a sample of American college students ( N = 305) the study found that sexual experience was related to the ludus (game-playing) subscale. As the tendency to endorse items of the ludus scale increases, the individual reported an ever larger number of sexual partners. Neither the gender of the respondent nor the effect of being in a deepening interpersonal relationship mollifies the tendency to endorse the ludic items.
Inflammatory and neoplastic lesions of penile gland and periglandular regions

Abstract Lesions of the male external genitalia have always been a source of great concern to those affected. In unprecedented fashion, mostly as a result of the education received through the mass media, the public's anxiety has reached its zenith. Professional advice is being sought for any recently discovered scratch or mark for fear it may herald the onset of a socially unacceptable lesion or a disease with no known cure, ie, herpes, AIDS. Penile lesions not routinely seen by the practicing physician may be overlooked or considered inconsequential and thus result in improper treatment or the lack of treatment where it may otherwise have been indicated. A chapter devoted to penile lesions can be quite extensive, and limitations must be placed. It is our purpose to familiarize the reader with several important lesions that may be encountered in general clinical practice. Many of these lesions are of unknown etiology and equally have no known effective treatment. Oftentimes, a properly informed physician need do no more than reassure the patient in order to alleviate his fears.
Contraband Trade under the Asiento, 1730–1739

ILLICIT trade between Great Britain and Spanish America-as perfected from I730 to 1739 by a small group of South Sea Company officials under the Asiento Treaty of I7I3-must be considered as a major cause of the War of Jenkins' Ear because it threatened to destroy the entire commercial framework of the Spanish Empire.' Clandestine commerce on a large scale was the inevitable result of the treaty since Spain, faced by the commercially minded British at the close of the War of the Spanish Succession, was forced in that instrument to yield concessions greater than any appearing in any previous slaving contract.2 These advantages, put into the hands of the South Sea Company by the British government, were extracted from Spain, not because of anticipated profits from Negro sales but because of the desire to create a system whereby the legal business in Negroes could be used as a screen behind which to import forbidden commodities into the Spanish colonies.3 As a result, large amounts of contraband had been smuggled into Spanish America before I728. By that time, however, the Spanish government had secured positive proof of this contraband trading from Dr. Burnet and Mathew Plowes, two faithless servants of the company.4 Such complete in-
Effect of extrinsic noise on vibrotactile information processing channels

Cutaneous receptors sensitive to high-frequency vibration produce spatial summation at threshold levels of stimulation, whereas the response of the receptor population sensitive to low frequencies appears to be independent of contactor size at threshold. Reports have been made of a phenomenon in which the presumably nonsummating population of mechanoreceptors produce spatial summation at suprathreshold levels. A possible explanation concerns the relative signal-to-noise ratios of cutaneous mechanoreceptor systems. By selectively masking the systems with narrow-band and wide-band noise, it can be shown that any combination of signal frequency, masking noise, and contactor size that predominantly activates either system results in a linear effect of the masker on the threshold of the signal. Combinations of the experimental variables that activate both receptor systems simultaneously reduce the effect of the masking by one-half. This is interpreted as evidence of an interactive process between receptor systems within the central nervous system. The effects of signal-to-noise ratio and intrasensory interactions are discussed.
Self-heated thermocouples for far-infrared detection

A novel self-heated Bi-Sb thermocouple for far-infrared detection has been developed. The detector is suitable for integration with monolithic antennas and imaging arrays. The device is fabricated in a single photolithography masking step using a photoresist-bridge technique. This bridge technique has also been used to make microbolometers with lower 1/f noise than those made by two conventional masking steps. The thermocouples have a noise equivalent power (NEP) of 7×10^−10 W/(√Hz) and a 3-dB frequency response of 150 kHz.
Snow-surveying in the cascades: A film

This film, shown during the luncheon of June 19, 1940, at the Hotel Edmond Meany, depicted life in shelter-huts deep beneath the snow-cover with entrance through “silo-towers” or “Santa Claus chimneys.”
Judgmental evaluation of facility plans through analysis of subjectivity

Often the top management of a firm makes decisions affecting facility plans prior to the commencement of engineering design activity on the plans. Since the decisions made by top management are judgmental in nature, it is important to recognize the limitations of the process of human judgment. A procedure is described to aid the facility planning function, taking into account the process of human judgment. A case study is provided to illustrate how the procedure can be used both for research and clinical purposes. The results of the cast study suggest that the theory of human judgment and interactive computer graphics offer tools to aid top managers' understanding of their own and their colleagues' judgment process, enabling them to improve their own judgmental consistency and to move toward mutual consensus in a group decision-making situation. These tools also facilitate the decision makers' understanding and acceptance of models designed to serve as decision aids.
The diagnosis and management of meniscus injuries in the skeletally immature athlete

Abstract Meniscus injuries of the knee in skeletally immature athletes are uncommon. Although the epidemiology of theseinjuries is inadequately documented in the literature, it is clear that meniscus injuries in children are often found with congenitally abnormal menisci. In the adolescent, these injuries are often found with associated ligamentous injury. Longitudinal and peripheral injury patterns prevail. Because of these injury patterns and the enhanced healing potential of youth, meniscus repair is preferred more often in youths than in adults. The Snapping Knee syndrome is typically associated with discoid menisci in children and youth. Watanabe described a classification of discoid menisci that includes the unstable Wrisberg ligament type as well as the partial and complete types. No treatment is required for the asymptomatic discoid meniscus, but the symptomatically unstable meniscus may be repaired and the symptomatic stable partial or complete discoid meniscus saucerized or, if torn, replaced if possible. Although meniscus replacement is theoretically an attractive alternative choice of treatment over excision or debridement, not enough is known about clinical outcomes and safety to justify their use in the skeletally immature patient.
Race and patient refusal of invasive cardiac procedures.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether patients’ decisions are an important determinant of nonuse of invasive cardiac procedures and whether decisions vary by race.
Geysering in Rapidly Filling Storm-Water Tunnels

Events that are referred to as geysers have been observed in storm-water or combined sewer systems and are associated with jets of water rising through manholes to a considerable distance above the ground surface. Visual observations suggest that air may be a significant component of the jet. The mechanisms of geyser occurrence have been previously assumed to originate in inertial oscillations that force water up through vertical ventilation shafts. Recent laboratory investigations indicate that geyser formation is associated with the release of trapped air pockets through partially filled vertical shafts. Pressure data from a storm-water tunnel subject to infrequent geyser events is presented to indicate that measured piezometric heads adjacent to the ventilation shaft never increase to levels approaching the ground surface during a geyser event suggesting that air interactions must be an important part of the process. It is concluded that system design to avoid geyser formation must include the consideration of trapped air within the tunnel system.
An Unfinished Revolution England Symposium Introduction

After many decades of feminist activism, the gender revolution is incomplete. Feminist gains have spawned an ongoing backlash (Douglas 2010; Faludi 1991/2006), and as England (2010) notes, the pace of change for women has slowed in many spheres. Given the tension between the feminist movement and the anti-feminists who have galvanized against it, it is unsurprising that the movement's gains have been unevenly paced, showing swift progress in some areas and slower progress in others. It is thus also unsurprising that a sociologist who has studied gender throughout her career would describe the progress of the "gender revolution" as uneven and identify some aspects as "stalled." What has been surprising to some, however, are the explanations for this that Paula England (2010) proposed in her SWS Feminist Lecture "The Gender Revolution: Uneven and Stalled." This symposium includes responses to this argument from other scholars on the front lines of the gender revolution. What is clear from all of the responses is that England's piece has served as a catalyst for a vital conversation that promises to advance research about women's opportunities and changes in the gender system. Paula England's contributions to feminist sociology and gender research have been profound. Her books and articles have been cited in thousands of publications and have shaped the direction of research in gender, work, and family. Early on, her work critiqued human capital and neoclassical economic theories of women's wages and of occupational segregation (e.g., England 1982, 1984) and pointed to the role played by demand-side factors such as discrimination (England 1985). She has analyzed the devaluation of women's work and the implications for pay equity (England 1992) and has contributed cutting-edge scholarship on segregation and earnings inequality. Attention to families has been a component of her work throughout her career, par ticularly as families relate to employment (e.g., England and Farkas 1986). In short, any sociologist who studies gender, work, and family must take
Strategies for the Segmentation of Subcutaneous Vascular Patterns in Thermographic Images

Computer-assisted segmentation of vascular patterns in thermographic images provides the clinician with graphic outlines of thermally significant subcutaneous blood vessels. Segmentation strategies compared here consist of image smoothing protocols followed by thresholding and zero-crossing edge detectors. Median prefiltering followed by the Frei-Chen algorithm gave the most reproducible results, with an execution time of 143 seconds for 256 X 256 images. The Laplacian of Gaussian operator was not suitable due to streak artifacts in the thermographic imaging system. This computerized process may be adopted in a fast paced clinical environment to aid in the diagnosis and assessment of peripheral circulatory diseases, Raynaud's Disease3, phlebitis, varicose veins, as well as diseases of the autonomic nervous system. The same methodology may be applied to enhance the appearance of abnormal breast vascular patterns, and hence serve as an adjunct to mammography in the diagnosis of breast cancer. The automatically segmented vascular patterns, which have a hand drawn appearance, may also be used as a data reduction precursor to higher level pattern analysis and classification tasks.
Stimulation of sodium pump by vasoactive intestinal peptide in guinea‐pig isolated trachea: potential contribution to mechanisms underlying relaxation of smooth muscle

1. Relaxation of airway smooth muscle induced by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is mediated by adenosine 3':5' cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP). An interaction between the synthesis of cyclic AMP and enzymic activity of the plasmalemmal sodium pump (Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase) exists in certain isolated cell systems. This study sought to determine the contribution of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity to relaxation of airway smooth muscle evoked by VIP. 2. All experiments were performed on isolated strips of guinea-pig trachea from which the epithelium had been removed. VIP was a more potent relaxant in tissues that were contracted with carbachol than those contracted with an equi-effective depolarizing concentration of K+. 3. Ouabain (0.1 microM-10 microM) induced contraction of tracheal strips. Contraction to ouabain (5 microM) was abolished following incubation of tissues with K(+)-free, or Ca(2+)-free (+ EGTA, 0.1 mM) physiological solutions. The contractile response to ouabain (5 microM) was not influenced significantly by exposure of the tissues to atropine (1 microM), phentolamine (5 microM) and diphenhydramine (1 microM) for 60 min. 4. Tissues were incubated with ouabain (5 microM; 60 min) or K(+)-free physiological solution (60 min) to inhibit Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity. These procedures reduced relaxation induced by VIP, peptide histidine isoleucine, forskolin, isoprenaline and sodium nitroprusside. 5. Relaxation to VIP was impaired significantly following exposure of tissues to a low Na+ solution (30 min) or amiloride (500 microM; 30 min). 6. Ouabain-sensitive uptake of 86Rb was measured in tracheal strips (devoid of epithelium and cartilage) as an index of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity. VIP (1 microM; 2 min) caused a 4.7 fold stimulation of ouabain-sensitive uptake of 86Rb. This effect was impaired significantly by low Na+ solution. 7. The results suggest that (i) relaxation of tracheal smooth muscle to VIP is sensitive to procedures that inhibit activity of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and invoke a role for altered sodium pump function in the mechanisms that underlie cyclic AMP-dependent relaxation; and (ii) VIP stimulates ouabain-sensitive uptake of 86Rb in airway smooth muscle in a Na(+)-dependent manner.
Conformation of Poly(ethylene oxide)-Hydroxybenzene Molecular Complexes Studied by Solid-State NMR

The conformation of poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, in molecular complexes with resorcinol (RES) and p-nitrophenol (PNP) was investigated by solid-state NMR. The two-dimensional double-quantum NMR spectrum shows that all OC−CO bonds in the PEO/RES molecular complex are gauche with ψ = 74 ± 9° and a torsion angle distribution with a width σ < 10°. The spectra of the PEO/PNP complex, however, show that 33 ± 8% of the OC−CO bonds are trans with σ < 7°. The fraction of trans bonds was also confirmed by 13C CODEX experiments. The gauche torsion angle of 70 ± 9° differs significantly from the value of 60° assumed in some models. Magic-angle-spinning 13C INADEQUATE NMR, the CODEX data, and 2H−13C REDOR NMR allowed assignment of the two observed PEO 13C NMR peaks. Both carbons on the trans bond, characterized by minimal dipolar broadening in the INADEQUATE spectrum, have chemical shifts of 69.2 ppm. The downfield gauche carbon at 71.4 ppm is 3.2 ± 0.2 A from the d-PNP OD deuteron, while the upfield 69.8 ppm gauche car...
Superdiffusivity of Occupation-Time Variance in 2-dimensional Asymmetric Exclusion Processes with Density ρ = 1/2 ∗

We compute that the growth of the occupation-time variance at the origin up to time t in dimension d = 2 with respect to asymmetric simple exclusion in equilibrium with density ρ = 1/2 is in a certain sense at least tlog (log t) for general rates, and at least t(log t)1/2 for rates which are asymmetric only in the direction of one of the axes. These estimates give a complement to bounds in the literature when d = 1, and are consistent with an important conjecture with respect to the transition function and variance of “second-class” particles.
Enhanced neural response by adult rats to odors experienced early in life

The enhanced olfactory bulb neural response to familiar odors by young rats persists into adulthood. Ninety-day-old rats who had received neonatal odor exposure had an enhanced uptake of [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) when exposed to the familiar odor. The odor-familiar rats did not have an increased respiration rate during the 2-DG test. A long-lasting change in neuronal response is consistent with the observation of behavioral effects of early odor experience persisting into adulthood.
Investigation of optimizing and translating pH-sensitive pulsed-chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging to a 3T clinical scanner.

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI provides a sensitive detection mechanism that allows characterization of dilute labile protons usually undetectable by conventional MRI. Particularly, amide proton transfer (APT) imaging, a variant of CEST MRI, has been shown capable of detecting ischemic acidosis, and may serve as a surrogate metabolic imaging marker. For pre-clinical CEST imaging, continuous-wave (CW) RF irradiation is often applied so that the steady state CEST contrast can be reached. On clinical scanners, however, specific absorption rate (SAR) limit and hardware preclude the use of CW irradiation, and instead require an irradiation scheme of repetitive RF pulses (pulsed-CEST imaging). In this work, CW- and pulsed-CEST MRI were systematically compared using a tissue-like pH phantom on an imager capable of both CW and pulsed RF irradiation schemes. The results showed that the maximally obtainable pulsed-CEST contrast is about 95% of CW-CEST contrast, and their optimal RF irradiation powers are equal. Moreover, the pulsed-CEST sequence was translated to a 3 T clinical scanner and detected pH contrast from the labile creatine amine groups (1.9 ppm). Furthermore, pilot endogenous APT imaging of normal human volunteers was demonstrated, warranting future APT MRI of stroke patients to elucidate its diagnostic value.
Relationship between seasonal growth, photosynthetic production and apex mortality of Caulerpa paspaloides (Chlorophyceae)

Seasonal changes in rates of rhizome elongation, frond initiation, photosynthesis, respiration, starch content and mortality of rhizome apices were measured for a population of Caulerpa paspaloides (Bory) Greville located off Key Largo, Florida, USA. Maximal growth rates occur during spring and coincide with high photosynthetic production and low mortality of rhizome apices. A secondary period of rapid growth occurs during fall; however, rates are less than during spring. Minimal growth rates occur during winter and summer. Reduced growth during winter coincides with (1) low photosynthetic rates, (2) low photosynthesis: respiration ratios, and (3) reduced frond biomass, indicating that photosynthetic production is limiting. Reserve carbohydrate (starch) is apparently utilized to maintain vegetative growth during the winter. Increased mortality of rhizome apices is responsible for most of the reduction in growth during summer and fall.
Heat transfer and binary diffusion in variable property free convection flows

Abstract Variable property free convection stagnation flow and free convection on a vertical flat plate are analyzed for the case of simultaneous momentum, heat and binary mass transfer with thermodynamic coupling. The helium-air and hydrogen-air systems are considered in detail. A simplified general treatment of diffusion thermo effects is developed and applied to obtain approximate but accurate expressions for evaluating heat-transfer rates and adiabatic wall temperatures. This method shows why the driving force based on (Tw − Taw) can be used to correlate heat-transfer results for situations where diffusion thermo is important. It is significant that the method also provides a simple error estimate for the correlation obtained by using the adiabatic wall temperature. It is found that free convection stagnation flow and free convection on a vertical plate are very similar in nature when compared on the proper basis. This seems interesting since, in the vertical plate case one employs the boundary-layer approximations whereas the stagnation flow represents an exact solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. A correlation of the σ function, which enables one to calculate heat-transfer rates for both free convection configurations studied here, both hydrogen and helium mixtures with air, and over the range of Tw/Te in which diffusion thermo is important, is given and appears to be accurate enough for almost all engineering purposes.
“Stand Up Straight”: Notes Toward a History of Posture

The essay presents a set of interlinked claims about posture in modern culture. Over the past two centuries it has come to define a wide range of assumptions in the West from what makes human beings human (from Lamarck to Darwin and beyond) to the efficacy of the body in warfare (from Dutch drill manuals in the 17th century to German military medical studies of soldiers in the 19th century). Dance and sport both are forms of posture training in terms of their own claims. Posture separates 'primitive' from 'advanced' peoples and the 'ill' from the 'healthy.' Indeed an entire medical sub-specialty developed in which gymnastics defined and recuperated the body. But all of these claims were also part of a Western attempt to use posture (and the means of altering it) as the litmus test for the healthy modern body of the perfect citizen. Focusing on the centrality of posture in two oddly linked moments of modern thought--modern Zionist thought and Nationalism in early 20th century China--in terms of bodily reform, we show how "posture" brings all of the earlier debates together to reform the body.
Efficacy and safety of enzymatic posterior vitreous detachment by intravitreal injection of hyaluronidase.

Purpose To investigate the efficacy and safety of intravitreal injection of hyaluronidase in producing liquefaction resulting in a posterior vitreous detachment. Methods Fifteen young pigmented rabbits were randomized into 3 groups that received 5 (group 1), 10 (group 2), or 20 (group 3) IU of hyaluronidase. The fellow eyes were injected with a volumetric equivalent dose of balanced salt solution as control. The rabbits were followed for 9 weeks and examined for signs of ocular and retinal toxicity. The animals were then euthanized and their eyes were examined histologically. Results Biomicroscopic evaluation in all but one rabbit revealed no evidence of ocular toxicity. One rabbit showed evidence of vitreous traction on the retina with transient retinal elevation. Biomicroscopically and histologically, all rabbits in group 3 and four of five rabbits in group 2 had evidence of a posterior vitreous detachment. Conclusion Intravitreal injection of hyaluronidase in doses of 10 IU or higher induces posterior vitreous detachment in rabbits over a period of 5 weeks. Intravitreal doses of 20 IU or less do not appear to affect the biomicroscopic morphology or function of ocular structures adversely. Injections of hyaluronidase, therefore, could be considered as an alternative or adjunct to conventional mechanical vitrectomy.
Surgery on varices in Byzantine times (324-1453 CE).

Abstract Objectives: The purposes of this article are to describe Byzantine varicose vein surgery and to note its influence on the development of these operations after that time. A study and analysis of the original texts of the Byzantine physicians, written in Greek and containing the now mostly lost knowledge of the earlier Hellenistic and Roman periods, was undertaken. Results: The Byzantines paid special attention to varicosis surgery from the early period of the empire. The famous fourth-century (ce) physician Oribasius meticulously described a number of surgical methods of confronting varicosis, some of which were derived from the texts of earlier Greek surgeons, to which he added his own keen observations. Later, eminent Byzantine physicians developed these techniques further and evaluated their usefulness. Conclusions: The study of Byzantine medical texts proves that several surgical techniques on varicosis were widely practiced in Byzantine times and were derived from the work of ancient Greek and Roman physicians. The techniques described had a great influence on western medieval and later European surgery, thus constituting significant roots of modern angiology. (J Vasc Surg 2001;33:197-203.)
Management of Surgical Complications and Failures in Acoustic Neuroma Surgery

Acoustic neuromas (ANs) are the most common tumors of the cerebellopontine angle. Although numerous advances have occurred in the operative management of AN and perioperative care leading to a significant decrease in associated morbidity and mortality, there are several characteristic complications that accompany microsurgical resection of AN. Understanding the types and rates of complications in association with the various approaches is essential in patient counseling, establishing patient expectations, and ensuring the best patient outcome. In this article, the justification for incomplete surgical resection is discussed. Also, the most common complications of AN microsurgery and the associated management are reviewed.
A note on analytical representation of anisotropic viscoelastic constitutive equations for fiber-reinforced composites

Abstract In this research, an efficient and accurate analytical procedure is developed for representing viscoelastic constitutive equations for fiber composites. A direct interconversion of composite creep/relaxation properties is used. Development of the numerical algorithm and associated optimization technique is briefly discussed and examples are presented for a typical graphite/epoxy composite system. The mathematical representation developed in the study can provide an accurate analytical description of viscoelastic constitutive properties of fiber composites for further mechanics analysis and design studies. Results of both unidirectional and off-axis composites are presented.