cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrient regulation of transcription and signalling by O-GlcNAcylation ☆

Summary The cycling (addition and removal) of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) on serine or threonine residues of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins serves as a nutrient sensor via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway's production of UDP-GlcNAc, the donor for the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). OGT is exquisitely sensitive both in terms of its catalytic activity and by its specificity to the levels of this nucleotide sugar. UDP-GlcNAc is a major node of metabolism whose levels are coupled to flux through the major metabolic pathways of the cell. O-GlcNAcylation has extensive crosstalk with protein phosphorylation to regulate signalling pathways in response to flux through glucose, amino acid, fatty acid, energy and nucleotide metabolism. Not only does O-GlcNAcylation compete for phosphorylation sites on proteins, but also over one-half of all kinases appear to be O-GlcNAcylated, and many are regulated by O-GlcNAcylation. O-GlcNAcylation is also fundamentally important to nutrient regulation of gene expression. OGT is a polycomb gene. Nearly all RNA polymerase II transcription factors are O-GlcNAcylated, and the sugar regulates their activities in many different ways, depending upon the transcription factor and even upon the specific O-GlcNAc site on the protein. O-GlcNAc is part of the histone code, and the sugar affects the modification of histones by other epigenetic marks. O-GlcNAcylation regulates DNA methylation by the TET family of proteins. O-GlcNAc modification of the basal transcription machinery is required for assembly of the pre-initiation complex in the transcription cycle. Dysregulated O-GlcNAcylation is directly involved in the aetiology of the major chronic diseases associated with ageing.
An Adaptive Resampling Test for Detecting the Presence of Significant Predictors

This article investigates marginal screening for detecting the presence of significant predictors in high-dimensional regression. Screening large numbers of predictors is a challenging problem due to the nonstandard limiting behavior of post-model-selected estimators. There is a common misconception that the oracle property for such estimators is a panacea, but the oracle property only holds away from the null hypothesis of interest in marginal screening. To address this difficulty, we propose an adaptive resampling test (ART). Our approach provides an alternative to the popular (yet conservative) Bonferroni method of controlling family-wise error rates. ART is adaptive in the sense that thresholding is used to decide whether the centered percentile bootstrap applies, and otherwise adapts to the nonstandard asymptotics in the tightest way possible. The performance of the approach is evaluated using a simulation study and applied to gene expression data and HIV drug resistance data.
Heating induced structural and chemical behavior of KD2PO4 in the 25 °C–215 °C temperature range

Abstract We have used powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) to investigate the structural and chemical modifications undergone by KD 2 PO 4 (DKDP) upon heating from room temperature to 215 °C. Full-profile (Le Bail) analysis of our temperature-resolved data shows no evidence of polymorphic structural transitions or deuterium–hydrogen isotope exchange occurring below T s = 185 °C. The lattice parameters of DKDP vary smoothly upon heating to T s and are 0.2% to 0.6% greater than those of its isostructural hydrogenated counterpart KH 2 PO 4 (KDP). In addition, XRD isotherms collected at T s demonstrate the structural and chemical stability of the title compound at this temperature over a 10.5 h time period. Upon further heating, however, the tetragonal DKDP phase becomes unstable, as evidenced by its transition to a monoclinic DKDP modification and eventual chemical decomposition via dehydration.
3D-ICs created using oblique processing

This paper demonstrates that another class of three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D-ICs) exists, distinct from through silicon via centric and monolithic 3D-ICs. Furthermore, it is possible to create devices that are 3D at the device level (i.e. with active channels oriented in each of the three coordinate axes), by performing standard CMOS fabrication operations at an angle with respect to the wafer surface into high aspect ratio silicon substrates using membrane projection lithography (MPL). MPL requires only minimal fixturing changes to standard CMOS equipment, and no change to current state-of-the-art lithography. Eliminating the constraint of 2D planar device architecture enables a wide range of new interconnect topologies which could help reduce interconnect resistance/capacitance, and potentially improve performance.
Substituted Benzene Derivatives on the Cu(111) Surface

First-principles calculations on substituted benzenes adsorbed to the Cu(111) surface illustrate that quintessential activating/deactivating substituents can be used to control the amount of charge transfer at the adsorbate–surface junction. A frontier orbital perspective is employed to develop an understanding of the factors influencing the magnitude and direction of electron donation upon absorption and the strength of the metal–organic interaction. Classic activating groups generally increase and prototypical deactivating groups decrease the amount of charge transferred from the adsorbate to the metal surface. In the case of trihalogenated benzenes, the donor strength is inversely proportional to the electronegativity of the substituent. An interplay of the Coulomb repulsion (a result of the charge transfer) between the adsorbate molecules along with attractive supramolecular forces (i.e., hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interactions) is important in determining the network architecture.
On the Gradient Diffusion Hypothesis and Passive Scalar Transport in Turbulent Flows

A discussion of modeling passive scalar transport in turbulent flows is given. Several methods employed to close the scalar-flux term ⟨u′ϕ′⟩ that arises during Reynolds averaging are provided. Alternatives and improvements to the gradient diffusion hypotheses are addressed, most notably, the need for an alternative to the global constant turbulent Schmidt and Prandtl numbers. The reader is given a brief history covering methods used to predict turbulent Schmidt and Prandtl numbers, along with recommendations for future research, based partially on studies by Professor Stuart Churchill. More detailed formulations of turbulent Schmidt or Prandtl numbers will enable better approximations of the influence of turbulence in models of passive scalar flows using the gradient diffusion hypothesis.
Dietary Supplement Nomenclature.

To the Editor: We very much appreciate Arnold and colleagues’ letter1 and their thoughtful suggestions. The case report by Wong et al2 carefully addressed the concerns regarding nomenclature of supplements as well as the governmental regulations regarding advertising of these increasingly used products. The discussion section emphasizes the need to include the physician’s knowledge and involvement in using medical supplements. Furthermore, the terms supplement and dietary supplement are correctly used in the report and are based on the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) definition from the FDA Web site.3 The definitions used are also in consensus with major dictionaries.4,5 It is worth noting that the term dietary supplement was defined by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act as “a product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains 1 or more of the following dietary ingredients: (a) a vitamin, (b) a mineral, (c) an herb or other botanical, (d) an amino acid, (e) a dietary substance for use by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake, or (f) a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of any ingredient described in clause (A), (B), (C), (D), or (E).”6 The comments of Arnold et al1 are valid and should spark further discussion about this very important and somewhat controversial topic. We believe that the supplement market has little regulatory intervention with significant potential for confusing patients about the real benefits of the products marketed. In addition, the dietary supplements marketed may even cause harm to the consumer due to the aggressive marketing of over-the-counter supplements with unproven benefits and underresearched side-effect profiles. The sincere hope is that our case report as well as the discussions that will arise from other scientists and health professionals’ comments will increase awareness of the emergent need for further research and clear labeling of such products.
Application of Multimedia Courseware in Higher Mathematics Teaching

Highr mathematics is a professional foundation course.It includes much content.The use of multimedia courseware in teaching can improve the efficiency of the lectures.And stimulating students learning interest and optimizing effect.But there are some problems at the same time.This paper analyzes the advantages and inadvantage of multimedia technology's applieations in teaching and discusses these problems.then gives a method to take the advantages of multimedia technology to achieve a better theching effectiveness.
Sorting Performance Analysis and Optimization in Map Phase of Hadoop System

MapReduce framework has been widely used in large-scale data analysis applications. The system is well recognized for its elastic scalability and fine-grained fault tolerance, but its performance not satisfactory. MapReduce can achieve better performance with the allocation of more compute nodes from the cloud to speed up computation. However, this approach is not cost-effective. Users desire a more effective MapReduce framework with both elastic scalability and fault-tolerance.In this paper, we analyze the sorting Performance in the Map Phase of Hadoop System. We proposed and implemented a method to optimize the sorting performance dynamically. The experiments show that the method can improve the performance of MapReduce.
Analysis of single-walled carbon nanotubes using spICP-MS with microsecond dwell time

Abstract Although catalytic metal nanoparticle (NP) impurities in carbon nanotube (CNT) structures are undesirable in a manufacturing context, they can be used as proxies to detect CNTs by single particle inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (spICP-MS). The use of 100 μs dwell times, a recent advancement for spICP-MS, increases resolution between pulse events and reduces background signal, improving the detection of low metal-content CNTs. Serial filtration supports the assertion that metal NPs, containing yttrium in this study, are primarily incorporated in CNT structures and remain bound to the tubes throughout analysis. Analysis of both acid-digested and suspended CNTs confirmed that CNTs are fully ablated in the plasma and that all residual metals are ionized. This result, combined with good agreement with UV–Vis spectroscopy analysis, indicates that spICP-MS can provide quantitative CNT mass analysis. Though Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) was less accurate than spICP-MS when counting Au-PVP NPs, it gave higher particle number concentrations than spICP-MS for CNTs. The likely undercounting of CNTs by sp-ICPMS is ascribed to the heterogeneous distribution of yttrium NPs among CNTs, and the small diameter of many yttrium NPs (~ 15 nm), nearing their detection limit. Despite this limitation, its sensitivity and elemental specificity make spICP-MS a powerful nanometrology method for environmental exposure assessment of CNTs. To illustrate this capability, CNT association with Daphnia magna was measured at μg/L CNT concentrations. After 48 hours of exposure to a CNT suspension, 3.48 ± 0.32% of CNTs were taken up by D. magna adults. This simple and direct application of spICP-MS to detect CNTs in organisms can be applied to toxicological investigations to help understand potential bioaccumulation of CNTs in aquatic ecosystems.
Role of Exhaled Biomarkers, Volatiles, and Breath Condensate

Analysis of biomarkers associated with diseases and disorders in the breath is attractive in clinical diagnoses and management because the sampling is noninvasive. This approach is further strengthened by an increasing evidence of the correlation between exhaled biomarker patterns and the occurrence of certain diseases and disorders. Exhaled biomarkers include both volatile and nonvolatile molecules. Exhaled gases, such as nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, are easily detectable in breath, and their contents have been used to monitor inflammation associated with pulmonary pathologies. In addition, there are volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are related to various metabolic processes within the body. The profiling of the VOCs in breath-gases, referring to a kind of metabolomics called “breathomics,” attracts increasing interest in clinical diagnosis and monitoring purposes in human diseases. The exhaled breath condensate (EBC) contains nonvolatile components, mainly from the airway lining fluid. Substances measured in EBC include oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators, such as arachidonic acid derivatives, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, reduced and oxidized glutathione, and inflammatory cytokines. Although exhaled biomarkers have great potential, their reliability as gold standards is plagued by critical issues such as reproducibility, variability, and sensitivity. In this chapter, the roles of volatile and nonvolatile biomarkers in the breath are reviewed. The full potential of this line of investigation in the occurrence of methodological and technological advancements is promising.
The Non-global Powers

At various points in earlier chapters, it may have seemed as if we knew the identities of the global powers throughout the half millenium, 1494–1993, even before the data collection process was initiated. There is some truth to this impression but not as much as one might expect. Not surprisingly, we did have definite expectations about which states would be most likely to qualify and which ones would not. Long cycle theory, for example, has been fairly explicit from the outset as to the identities of the successive world powers and challengers. On this basis, and in conjunction with some familiarity with the history of global politics, it would seem reasonable to anticipate that the data would point to Great Britain as the naval leader of the nineteenth century or that United States leadership would prevail after 1945.
Near-Real Time Measurement of Carbonaceous Aerosol Using Microplasma Spectroscopy: Application to Measurement of Carbon Nanomaterials.

ABSTRACTA sensitive, field-portable microplasma spectroscopy method has been developed for real-time measurement of carbon nanomaterials. The method involves microconcentration of aerosol on a microelectrode tip for subsequent analysis for atomic carbon using spark emission spectroscopy (SES). The spark-induced microplasma was characterized by measuring the excitation temperature (15,000–35,000 K), electron density (1.0 × 1017–2.2 × 1017 cm−3), and spectral responses as functions of time and interelectrode distance. The system was calibrated and detection limits were determined for total atomic carbon (TAC) using a carbon emission line at 247.856 nm (C I) for various carbonaceous materials including sucrose, EDTA, caffeine, sodium carbonate, carbon black, and carbon nanotubes. The limit of detection for total atomic carbon was 1.61 ng, equivalent to 238 ng m−3 when sampling at 1.5 L min−1 for 5 min. To improve the selectivity for carbon nanomaterials, which mainly consist of elemental carbon (EC), the cat...
Data Structures and Simple Algorithms

This chapter and the three that follow it concern continuous random variables. We have chosen to present continuous random variables first because they are defined with a somewhat simpler data structure than that for discrete random variables. The development described here gives a probabilist the ability to automate the instantiation and processing of continuous random variables—key elements of computational probability.
Interactive Code Adaptation Tool for Modernizing Applications for Intel Knights Landing Processors

The process of code adaptation to take advantage of the latest innovations in a supercomputing platform begins with learning about the details of the platform's underlying hardware. It can be challenging for many users to spend time and effort in developing an understanding of the innovative features in a supercomputing platform - such as deep memory hierarchies - and to harness their maximum possible performance by manually modernizing their applications. To mitigate the aforementioned challenge, we are developing an Interactive Code Adaptation Tool (ICAT). In its current form, ICAT can assist the users in modifying, compiling, and optimally running their applications on the latest HPC platforms that are equipped with the Intel Knights Landing (KNL) processors. ICAT detects a given application's characteristics such as memory usage pattern, type of memory allocation, and execution time. Depending upon the application's characteristics, it advises the user on optimal ways to take advantage of the KNL processor and its memory-hierarchy.
Meta-Analysis of Genotype-Guided Versus Standard Dosing of Vitamin K Antagonists.

Vitamin K antagonist (VKA) is a commonly prescribed anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic window. Genetic polymorphisms account for high VKA dosage variability. Hence, we performed an updated meta-analysis of all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing genotype-guided VKA versus standard dosing algorithms. We conducted a systematic search of electronic databases from inception to October 2017 for all RCTs. The primary outcome was the percentage of time in therapeutic range (TTR). Secondary outcomes were international normalized ratio >4, major and all bleeding events, thromboembolism, adverse and serious adverse events, and all-cause mortality. We calculated the weighted mean difference for the primary outcome and risk ratio (RR) for secondary outcomes using a random-effect model. We included 20 RCTs and analyzed a total of 5,980 adult patients. Our pooled analysis showed greater improvement in TTR for the genotype-guided group in comparison with the standard group (mean difference 3.41%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71 to 6.10, p = 0.01). In addition, there were significant reductions in major and all bleeding events ((RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.63, p = 0.0004) and (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.95, p = 0.01), respectively). However, there were no significant differences between the groups for international normalized ratio >4 (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.00, p = 0.06), thromboembolism (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.17, p = 0.25), serious adverse events (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.03, p = 0.08), any adverse events (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.01, p = 0.07), or all-cause mortality (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.32 to 1.66, p = 0.46). In conclusion, genotype-guided VKA dosing can improve the TTR and reduce the risk for bleeding episodes, in comparison with standard dosing algorithms.
Identifying the Harm of Manipulable School-Choice Mechanisms

An important but under-explored issue in student assignment procedures is heterogeneity in the level of strategic sophistication among students. Our work provides the first direct measure of which students rank schools following their true preference order (sincere students) and which rank schools by manipulating their true preferences (sophisticated students). We present evidence that our proxy for sophistication captures systematic differences among students. Our results demonstrate that sophisticated students are 9.6 percentage points more likely to be assigned to one of their preferred schools. Further, we show that this large difference in assignment probability occurs because sophisticated students systematically avoid over-demanded schools.
Steel moment frame connections that achieve ductile performance

Publisher Summary Several investigations were undertaken after the Northridge earthquake in order to examine various aspects that were believed to be associated with the failures observed in the pre-Northridge connection and to improve connection performance. Two full-scale beam-and-column assemblies with a “pre-Northridge” connection detail were dynamically tested. The column was a W14x311 made of A572 Gr. 50 steel. It was supported by a pin at its bottom and a roller at its top. The beam was an A36 steel W36x150 section with flange yield strength equal to 262 MPa. The first specimen tested was specimen A-1, which was typically pre-Northridge practice. The second specimen, specimen A-2, was the same as specimen A-1, but with the backup bar and weld tabs removed and a 9.5-mm reinforcing fillet weld (E71T-8) added to its weld root. The removal of the backup bars in specimen A-2 slightly improved the connection performance, but brittle fracture of the flange welds again led to failure. Other than the limited yielding at the weld access holes, the connection behaved elastically when the welds of the top and bottom flanges fractured almost simultaneously during reversed loading.
Till fabric and deformational structures in drumlins near Waukesha, Wisconsin, U.S.A.

Deep gravel-pit exposures reveal the distribution and structure of till and underlying sand and gravel in drumlins near Waukesha, Wisconsin. The subglacial sediment is interpreted to have moved laterally into the drumlin sites because the till thickens from the margin to the core of the drumlins, the stone orientation in the till is perpendicular and oblique to ice flow on the drumlin margins, and recumbent isoclinal folds occur in sand on the drumlin margins with axes parallel to the drumlin axes. The resulting accumulations of sediment presented obstacles to ice flow and were streamlined into the minimum-drag drumlin shape by erosion on the margins and by remolding of material in the core of the drumlins. These drumlin nuclei may have formed at spots where there was low effective stress on the bed. The subglacial sediment became mobile as a result of high pore pressure that may have developed as ground water and subglacial melt water were trapped behind a frozen bed at the ice margin. Under certain conditions, however, lateral sediment flow might also have occurred when the sediment was frozen.
Writing the Global City: Globalisation, Postcolonialism and the Urban

Over the last three decades, our understanding of the city worldwide has been revolutionized by three innovative theoretical concepts – globalisation, postcolonialism and a radically contested notion of modernity. The idea and even the reality of the city has been extended out of the state and nation and re-positioned in the larger global world. In this book Anthony King brings together key essays written over this period, much of it dominated by debates about the world or global city. Challenging assumptions and silences behind these debates, King provides largely ignored historical and cultural dimensions to the understanding of world city formation as well as decline. Interdisciplinary and comparative, the essays address new ways of framing contemporary themes: the imperial and colonial origin of contemporary world and global cities, actually existing postcolonialisms, claims about urban and cultural homogenisation and the role of architecture and built environment in that process. Also addressed are arguments about indigenous and exogenous perspectives, Eurocentricism, ways of framing vernacular architecture, and the global historical sociology of building types. Wide-ranging and accessible, Writing the Global City provides essential historical contexts and theoretical frameworks for understanding contemporary urban and architectural debates. Extensive bibliographies will make it essential for teaching, reference and research.
Life history and host range determination of Paectes n. sp. – a potential classical biological control agent of Brazilian peppertree in the United States

ABSTRACTThe life history and host range of the South American defoliator Paectes n. sp. (Lepidoptera: Euteliidae) was evaluated to determine its suitability for classical biological control of inva...
A software development course featuring iPAD APP construction

This paper describes the author's experience teaching a new upper level Computer Science course in software development tools at Transylvania University. This course was developed to address curricular needs that the Computer Science faculty recognized as not adequately covered by the standard set of course offerings at Transylvania, including the needs for more team project work, experience with state-of-the-art software development environments, and accountability to real world clients. The Apple iPad was the target platform for all projects in this course.
A Procedure for the Identification of Hydrodynamic Damping Associated to Elastic Modes

In this paper, the estimation of modal damping concerning the ship bending modes is addressed experimentally via physical model tests of a cruise ship carried out both in the towing-tank and in the vibration lab. In the perspective of applying the proposed procedure to full-scale ships, output-only modal identification techniques are needed, and consequently the Band-Pass Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (BP-POD) as described in [1] is employed for the mode identification. Thus, the Random Decrement Technique (RDT) and the Logarithmic Decrement Technique (LDT) are finally applied for extracting the modal damping.
Malunions of the Proximal Femur

Proximal femur fractures are among the most frequently encountered by orthopaedic surgeons. Due to the high forces around the proximal femur and the difficulty associated with treating many of these fracture patterns, malunions of the proximal femur can occur. While some proximal femur malunions cause severe functional limitations, a number of others remain minimally symptomatic, which has led to proximal femur malunions receiving less attention in the literature to date than other proximal femoral complications, such as nonunions. A variety of causes including nonoperative management or neglect, iatrogenic malreduction, and loss of fixation with subsequent loss of reduction can lead to a proximal femur malunion. The majority of proximal femur malunions are in varus and short with some containing significant rotational components as well. Consequently, correction of these malunions typically involves a valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy to restore length and alignment, but some malunions require multiplanar correction while others benefit more from salvage arthroplasty. As in most cases, prevention of malunion is the best treatment. Therefore, during the initial management of femoral head, femoral neck, intertrochanteric, and subtrochanteric fractures, providers should always aim for anatomic reconstruction with avoidance of malreduction. A stable fixation construct will aid in prevention of hardware failure, which minimizes the need for and morbidity associated with revision surgery.
Crystalline growth and alloying of InxGa1−xSb films by electrodeposition onto liquid metal electrodes

Abstract Incorporating indium (In) atoms into the GaSb lattice provides broad tunability of the optical bandgap within the infrared spectral region. This research documents the first instance in the literature of electrochemical liquid–liquid–solid (ec-LLS) growth of a ternary semiconductor alloy. Indium content of deposited In x Ga 1 − x Sb samples was regulated by controlling the Ga/In ratio of the liquid metal electrode. All depositions were performed using a single-step growth method under ambient pressure at 90 ± 5 °C. X-ray diffraction analysis showed shifts of the (111) diffraction peaks toward the peak locations of cubic InSb for the x = 0 . 50 , 0.60, and 0.70 samples, indicating a consistent increase in lattice parameter. However, the x = 0 . 28 and 0.41 samples displayed unexpected shifts toward larger angles, possibly due to increased presence of Ga vacancies and antisites caused by Ga-rich growth conditions, as well as insufficient mixing of the liquid metal electrode for x 0.50. Optical bandgaps ranging from 0.594 to 0.707 eV were determined via the Tauc method and Kubelka–Munk theory applied to diffuse reflectance data, and showed general agreement with measured lattice constants. Data obtained in this research supports In incorporation into the GaSb lattice for samples with x ≥ 0.50, but with significantly lower In compositions relative to the liquid metal electrode. No general trend was observed for average crystallite size as a function of In composition, likely due to inconsistencies in the film harvesting process. This research provides further support for ec-LLS as a semiconductor growth technique capable of crystalline growth and alloying of III-V semiconductors.
Transforming Supply Chains to Create Sustainable Value for All Stakeholders

Promoting sustainability in business operations requires that products, processes as well as the entire supply chain (the system) is designed and operated taking account of not only economic benefits but also environmental and societal implications. Creating value along these three dimensions—that is sustainable value—to all stakeholders is not easy because it requires companies to deliver value to shareholders (one group among the many stakeholders) without transferring value from other stakeholders. From a supply chain perspective, economic value-added has long been used as a measure to evaluate supply chain performance. However, to generate sustainable value to all stakeholders it becomes necessary to also address environmental and societal impacts/benefits as those are two areas through which value is gained or lost for other stakeholders. This chapter presents the concept of sustainable value creation and why the scope of conventional supply chain management processes must be broadened to generate sustainable value, supported by a discussion of successful/disastrous case examples.
The relationship of neurodevelopmental impairment to concurrent early childhood outcomes of extremely preterm infants.

Objective Determine how neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) relates to concurrent outcomes for children born extremely preterm. Study design Retrospective cohort study children born 22 0/7-26 6/7 weeks' gestation at NICHD Neonatal Research Network hospitals. Outcomes were ascertained at 18-22 months' corrected age. Result Of 6562 children, 2618 (40%) died and 441 (7%) had no follow-up. Among the remaining 3483 children, 825 (24%), 1576 (45%), 657 (19%), and 425 (12%) had no, potential/mild, moderate, and severe NDI, respectively. Rehospitalization, respiratory medications, surgery, and medical support services were associated with greater NDI severity but affected >10% of children without NDI. Rehospitalization occurred in 40% of children with no NDI (mean (SD): 1.7 (1.3) episodes). Conclusion Medical, functional, and social outcomes at 18-22 months' corrected age were associated with NDI; however, many children without NDI were affected. These data should contribute to counseling families and the design of studies for childhood outcomes beyond NDI.
Moral Development for Authentic Leadership Effectiveness

This precis argues that leadership and ethics are inherently intertwined: for higher effectiveness, leader development needs to foster moral capacity, efficacy, courage, and resiliency.
Better Rested than Sorry: Data-Driven Approach to Reducing Drowsy Driving Crashes on Interstates

AbstractDriver perception-reaction time and ability to sustain attention decrease as drivers become drowsy. The consequences of drowsy driving crashes are often worse on interstate highways due to ...
Publicly Financed New Sports Facilities: Are They Economically Justifiable? A Case Study of the Los Angeles Staples Center

The last twenty years have seen an unprecedented growth in the number of new sports facilities for professional sports teams. This incidence has been matched by an equally extraordinary trend of state and local governments providing public financing to help build such facilities. This article analyzes this burgeoning area of urban economic redevelopment and attempts to answer the controversial question of whether the public financing of new sports facilities is economically justifiable. The article dissects the real estate and financial deals between state and local governments and the professional sports teams and developers, and critiques the alleged benefits that advocates say redound to the governments that invest in such buildings. The article also contextualizes the decisions of state and local governments in helping to finance the construction of new sports facilities through larger economic development theories. The article provides a case study of the Los Angeles Staples Center, one of the more successful and economically justifiable publicly financed new sports facilities. Through this analysis, the article concludes that publicly financed sports facilities are rarely justifiable for governments, but that in certain, limited circumstances - like that of the Los Angeles Staples Center - such deals can be crafted in a manner to justify, to some degree, the public investment in a new sports facility.
Isolation and Structure of the Hypertrehalosemic Hormone from BlaberusDiscoidalis Cockroaches

Trehalose is the major carbohydrate in most insects and its hemolymph concentrations are influenced by neuroendocrine factors from the corpora cardiaca (CC). In 1961, Steele first reported that CC extracts stimulated increased levels of hemolymph trehalose in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana (Steele, 1961). This phenomena was quickly confirmed in the tropical cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis (Bowers and Friedman, 1963). Since then, neuroendocrine effects were discovered in locusts, blowflies, stick insects, hornworm moths and others. Recently, two cardioaccelerator factors from P., americana were isolated and their structures confirmed by synthesis. These factors also have hyperglycemic activity (Scarborough et al., 1984). Further studies showed that these factors were the major hyperglycemic activity in CC extracts of P. americana. Each of these peptides are related to the structure of locust adipokinetic hormone (AKH1) and Crustacean pigment concentration hormone (RPCH). In this report, we describe the isolation and structure for the hypertrehalosemic hormone (HTH) from the cockroach, B. discoidalis, one of the first two insects in which this effect was identified.
Food Safety: Chemical Agents

Although the great majority of reported acute food-borne illness is caused by infectious agents, chemicals in the food supply have been the subject of extensive controversy and debate. While acute chemical toxicity is reported annually through the CDC surveillance system and preventive measures instituted, long-term effects are more difficult to evaluate. In this chapter I will review the various mechanisms by which potentially hazardous chemicals get into food and applicable preventive interventions.
BREASTFEEDING OF VERY LOW BIRTHWEIGHT (VLBW, <1.5 kg) INFANTS: MANY MOTHERS PUMP BUT FEW NURSE. ▴ 85

Breastmilk is advocated as beneficial for VLBW infants. We examined the rate of breastfeeding among 82 mothers of all VLBW infants admitted to our NICU between 1-1-95 and 6-30-95 who survived to discharge [mean bwt 1075 gm, mean gest age 28 wks]. Nursing at the breast was considered successful if the infant received >50% of calories for >1 month.Table
Deep-inelastic back-angle yields and orbiting in 28Si + 12C

Abstract Evidence for a long-lived orbiting complex has been found in large-angle measurements of strongly damped reaction products from the 28 Si + 12 C interaction. The well-known backward rise in the elastic yield is mirrored, but with much larger cross sections, in processes involving strong damping of the total kinetic energy. The average kinetic energy loss is independent of angle beyond θcm = 140°, and varies smoothly with bombarding energy with a slope characteristic of the orbiting two-body moment of inertia.
The regulation of non‐vessel‐operating common carriers (NVOCC) and customs brokers

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to contribute to one's understanding of vulnerabilities for abuse in the realm of trade and commerce, and to appreciate how inattention to this issue undermines all other financial controls.Design/methodology/approach – The authors review the US rules and regulations regarding non‐vessel‐operating common carriers and Customs brokers pointing out ways in which the current regulatory framework can be violated.Findings – It was found that the potential for the commission of serious crime through import/export activities is high and requires urgent attention, without which all AML/CFT and anti‐corruption efforts can be rendered ineffective.Research limitations/implications – More data and analysis of trade transparency and national rules as well as cases highlighting concretely how these are being infringed is indispensable for planning and implementation of trade transparency initiatives.Practical implications – As trade transparency units or similar projects are likely to ...
Chemical Analysis and Sensory Evaluation of Mahi-Mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) during Chilled Storage

Biogenic amines, total volatile base-nitrogen (TVB-N), and sensory evaluation are some of the indicators used for fish quality determination. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship among histamine, cadaverine, putrescine, TVB-N, and sensory evaluation as quality assessment tools. Two groups of six mahi-mahi fillets were refrigerated at 7 degrees C and sampled on days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. On day 3, histamine, cadaverine, and putrescine levels reached 5, 3, and 0.5 mg/100 g, respectively, whereas TVB-N reached 30 mg/100 g. Sensory scores were 6 to 6.5 (10 very fresh and 1 very spoiled) for odor, appearance, texture, and color. Correlations were 0.78 and 0.72 between histamine and cadaverine and histamine and putrescine, 0.74 and 0.80 between TVB-N and cadaverine and TVB-N and putrescine, and 0.75 and 0.78 between odor and putrescine and odor and cadaverine. AromaMaps showed distinct trends for deteriorating mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) quality.
Single optical mode-spontaneous emission coupling of a quantum dot in a three-dimensional microcavity

By investigating the interaction of single atoms with a cavity, pioneering experiments in the 1980's demonstrated that the spontaneous emission from an atom is intimately tied to the electromagnetic vacuum field distribution. By adjusting the field distribution with a cavity a discrete mode distribution was created, and enhanced and inhibited spontaneous emission from the atom was observed. We have demonstrated a semiconductor analog of the single-atom cavity experiments using a single InAs quantum dot (QD) as an artificial atom. With this solid-state implementation it is possible to make compact, regulated single-photon sources with high efficiency and high repetition rate for applications such as quantum cryptography.
ICA-based probabilistic local appearance models

This paper proposes a novel image modeling scheme for object detection and localization. Object appearance is modeled by the joint distribution of k-tuple salient point feature vectors which are factorized component-wise after an independent component analysis (ICA). Also, we propose a distance-sensitive histograming technique for capturing spatial dependencies. The advantages over existing techniques include the ability to model non-rigid objects (at the expense of modeling accuracy) and the flexibility in modeling spatial relationships. Experiments show that ICA does improve modeling accuracy and detection performance. Experiments in object detection in cluttered scenes have demonstrated promising results.
The multifaceted biology of plasmacytoid dendritic cells

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique DC subset that specializes in the production of type I interferons (IFNs). pDCs promote antiviral immune responses and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases that are characterized by a type I IFN signature. However, pDCs can also induce tolerogenic immune responses. In this Review, we summarize recent progress in the field of pDC biology, focusing on the molecular mechanisms that regulate the development and functions of pDCs, the pathways involved in their sensing of pathogens and endogenous nucleic acids, their functions at mucosal sites, and their roles in infection, autoimmunity and cancer.
Comments on "New representations of the Hecke algebra and algebraic Bethe Ansatz for an integrable generalized spin ladder", by H.-Q. Zhou, H. Frahm and M.D. Gould, cond-mat/9911072

The authors of cond-mat/9911072 claim to introduce "new representations of the Hecke algebra." These representations are shown to be the XXC models introduced two years ago in solv-int/9712008, and repeatedly studied and referred to in subsequent papers. They are in fact representations of the Temperley-Lieb algebra. Several other remarks are made and mistakes are pointed out.
Stress management in high-field dipoles

The management of Lorentz stress and preload forces is the biggest single challenge in the effort to develop collider dipoles with ever greater field strength. Were the Lorentz forces permitted to accumulate through a coil, they would exceed the limit for strain degradation for the A15 and high-temperature superconductors which are capable of sustaining such field strength. A strategy has been devised for intercepting Lorentz stress within the coil to overcome this problem in high-field block-coil dipoles. The coil is fabricated in multiple independent shells, in which a high-strength structure and a soft-modulus spring are used to bypass stress between succeeding layers. Finite-element analysis and experimental studies have demonstrated that this strategy can limit the maximum stress anywhere in a coil so that it nowhere exceeds strain degradation limits for fields at least to 20 Tesla.
Long-lived localized field configurations in small lattices: application to oscillons

Long-lived localized field configurations such as breathers, oscillons, or more complex objects naturally arise in the context of a wide range of nonlinear models in different numbers of spatial dimensions. We present a numerical method, which we call the adiabatic damping method, designed to study such configurations in small lattices. Using three-dimensional oscillons in ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ models as an example, we show that the method accurately (to one part in ${10}^{5}$ or better) reproduces results obtained with static or dynamically expanding lattices, dramatically cutting down in integration time. We further present results for two-dimensional oscillons, whose lifetimes would be prohibitively long to study with conventional methods.
Antibiotic Resistance: Consequences of Inaction

Bacterial resistance presents therapeutic dilemmas to clinicians worldwide. The warnings were there long ago, but too few people heeded them. Thus an emerging problem has grown to a crisis. Resistance is an ecological phenomenon stemming from the response of bacteria to the widespread use of antibiotics and their presence in the environment. While determining the consequences of inaction on the present and future public health, we must work to remedy the lack of action in the past. By improving antibiotic use and decreasing resistance gene frequency at the local levels, we can move towards reversing the resistance problem globally.
The relationship between sense of community and subjective well-being: A first look

The relationship between sense of community and subjective well-being (SWB) was tested by conducting telephone interviews with three random samples in South Carolina and Alabama (ns = 151, 399, and 442). Respondents answered the 17-item Sense of Community Scale (Davidson & Cotter, 1986), a measure of three facets of SWB (happiness, worrying, and personal coping), and questions about their demographic characteristics and subjective evaluations of their community. Partial correlation coefficients were computed between sense of community and SWB, partialling out the influence of demographic and community-evaluation variables. Sense of community was significantly related to SWB in all three samples. The effects were especially pronounced for the happiness facet of SWB. Implications are drawn for theory and intervention, and recommendations are made for further research.
Carbon-Nanotube-Triggered Pseudospark Switch

Pseudospark switches are fast-closing low-pressure gas discharge switches with a hollow-cathode geometry. They can be triggered optically or by electron injection, where electrons emitted from a cold cathode emitter are accelerated in the electric field and initiate breakdown. The efficiency of charge carrier accumulation in the hollow-cathode structure determines the performance of the switch operation. The advantages of such switches include high hold-off voltage, high conduction current, fast current rise time, low delay and jitter time, and long lifetime. In this paper, the operating characteristics of a pseudospark switch, triggered by a carbon-nanotube (CNT)-coated electron emitter, are presented. The electron emitter is fabricated by coating randomly oriented CNTs on silicon substrate using chemical vapor deposition method. Field emission characteristics of CNTs are determined and then used as part of the trigger electrode which is integrated into an in-house constructed pseudospark switch. The operating characteristics of the switch are tested under different background pressures and different trigger voltages. Delay and jitter time under different working conditions are analyzed. Hold-off voltage and current rise time are also presented.
Singular and combined effects of thought suppression and anxiety induction on frequency of threatening thoughts: An experimental investigation

The suppression of unwanted thoughts has been hypothesized to play an important role in the maintenance of clinical disorders such as OCD and PTSD. The present study sought to examine the singular and combined effects of thought suppression instructions and anxiety induction (as induced by an anticipated impromptu speech) on the frequency of threat-relevant thoughts. Socially anxious participants were randomized to one of four conditions: (a) thought suppression instructions—anticipated speech; (b) thought suppression instructions—no anticipated speech; (c) no thought suppression instructions—anticipated speech; and (d) no thought suppression instructions—no anticipated speech. Contrary to prediction, those instructed to suppress their target thoughts under conditions of heightened anxiety reported fewer anxious thoughts following suppression than the non-suppression group. This effect was not observed among participants in the no anxiety induction control condition. Our findings provide preliminary evidence that anxiety induction may actually facilitate successful suppression of threat-relevant thoughts. Theoretical implications are discussed.
A cooling time model for plastics processing operations

The cooling of a crystallizing polymer is analyzed taking into account the effect of pressure drop on the energy balance. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity of a low density polyethylene are determined at pressures between 0.1 and 150 MPa (1 and 1500 bars). Using a pressure, volume, temperature-diagram, a complete set of material functions could be obtained. A numerical cooling model based on these material functions was established and tested experimentally. Good agreement between the model and experiment was obtained. The numerical algorithm of the model can be adapted easily to plastics processing operations, e.g., injection molding, blow molding, and extrusion.