cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serrate-Notch Signaling Regulates the Size of the Progenitor Cell Pool in Drosophila Imaginal Rings

Drosophila imaginal rings are larval tissues composed of progenitor cells that are essential for the formation of adult foreguts, hindguts, and salivary glands. Specified from subsets of ectoderm in the embryo, imaginal ring cells are kept quiescent until midsecond larval instar, and undergo rapid proliferation during the third instar to attain adequate numbers of cells that will replace apoptotic larval tissues for adult organ formation. Here, we show that Notch signaling is activated in all three imaginal rings from middle embryonic stage to early pupal stage, and that Notch signaling positively controls cell proliferation in all three imaginal rings during the third larval instar. Our mutant clonal analysis, knockdown, and gain-of-function studies indicate that canonical Notch pathway components are involved in regulating the proliferation of these progenitor cells. Both trans-activation and cis-inhibition between the ligand and receptor control Notch activation in the imaginal ring. Serrate (Ser) is the ligand provided from neighboring imaginal ring cells that trans-activates Notch signaling, whereas both Ser and Delta (Dl) could cis-inhibit Notch activity when the ligand and the receptor are in the same cell. In addition, we show that Notch signaling expressed in middle embryonic and first larval stages is required for the initial size of imaginal rings. Taken together, these findings indicate that imaginal rings are excellent in vivo models to decipher how progenitor cell number and proliferation are developmentally regulated, and that Notch signaling in these imaginal tissues is the primary growth-promoting signal that controls the size of the progenitor cell pool.
Staphylococcus aureus in cystic fibrosis: problem bug or an innocent bystander?

Staphylococcus aureus in cystic fibrosis: problem bug or an innocent bystander? The jury requires more evidence http://ow.ly/HQjk30j3nmL
Identifying Cohesive Local Community Structures in Networks

Identifying community structure in networks is an important topic in data mining research. One of the challenges is to find local communities without requiring the global knowledge of the entire network. Exiting techniques have several limitations. First, there is no widely accepted definition for community. Second, these algorithms either lack good stopping criteria or depend on predefined threshold parameters. In this research I propose a local cohesion based algorithm to identify local communities in networks. This algorithm is grounded on the widely accepted group cohesion definition in social network analysis research. The algorithm is self-contained and does not depend on predefined threshold parameter to terminate the identification process. The evaluation results show that the proposed algorithm is more effective than the benchmark algorithm and can identify meaningful local communities in very large networks such as the Amazon co-purchasing network.
The Earliest Comet Photographs: Usherwood, Bond, and Donati 1858:

La precision des telescopes permit a Usherwood (W.); Bond (W.C.) et Donati (G.B.) de photographier au XIX e siecle des cometes en utilisant des plaques de verre revetues de collodion tres sensibles a la lumiere
A new technique in complex chest wall reconstruction: Open reduction and internal fixation

Abstract Background Reconstruction of complex chest wall deformities is a surgical challenge. A new technique can improve long-term outcomes and result in high patient satisfaction. Methods A multicenter study was conducted on pediatric patients undergoing complex chest wall reconstruction between September 2015 and January 2018. The evolution of the technique using open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with SternaLock® and RibFix® to repair chest wall deformities is described. Results Seventeen patients underwent complex chest wall reconstruction with ORIF. Eight patients had severe or recurrent pectus excavatum, five patients had pectus carinatum, and four patients had complex chest wall fractures or other anomalies causing significant chronic pain. Up to three SternaLock® plates and four RibFix® plates were used for each procedure. Median length of hospital stay after surgery was four days. Median follow-up time was 12 months (range 2–30). There were no postsurgical complications. There was 100% patient satisfaction in postoperative recovery and cosmesis. Conclusion ORIF using SternaLock® and RibFix® is an effective method of reconstructing complex chest wall deformities. This technique improves physical stability without the requirement of a subsequent surgery and enhances overall patient satisfaction. High volume centers should integrate this novel approach for challenging chest wall reconstruction. Type of study Treatment study: case series. Level of evidence Level IV.
Do patients with familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer present with more aggressive disease? Implications for initial surgical treatment

Abstract Background There are conflicting reports on whether familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer is more aggressive than sporadic nonmedullary thyroid cancer. Our aim was to determine if the clinical and pathologic characteristics of familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer are different than nonmedullary thyroid cancer. Methods We compared patients with familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer to a cohort of 53,571 nonmedullary thyroid cancer patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Results A total of 78 patients with familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer from 31 kindreds presented at a younger age ( P = .04) and had a greater rate of T1 disease ( P = .019), lymph node metastasis ( P = .002), and the classic variant of papillary thyroid cancer on histology ( P P = .04), had a lesser female-to-male ratio ( P = .04), and had a greater rate of lymph node metastasis ( P = .009). Compared with the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cohort, we found a higher prevalence of lymph node metastasis in familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer index cases ( P = .003) but not in those diagnosed by screening ultrasonography ( P = .58). Conclusion Patients with familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer present at a younger age and have a greater rate of lymph node metastasis. The treatment for familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer should be more aggressive in patients who present clinically and in those who have ≥3 first-degree relatives affected.
Understanding Key-Informant Experiences and Perceptions of the 2016 Drought and Wildfires in Western North Carolina

AbstractIn 2016, an exceptional drought and subsequent wildfires devastated the southeastern United States. Western North Carolina (WNC), a socioeconomically growing region that is dependent on rev...
Effect of Oxidative Stress on the Estrogen-NOS-NO-KCa Channel Pathway in Uteroplacental Dysfunction: Its Implication in Pregnancy Complications

During pregnancy, the adaptive changes in uterine circulation and the formation of the placenta are essential for the growth of the fetus and the well-being of the mother. The steroid hormone estrogen plays a pivotal role in this adaptive process. An insufficient blood supply to the placenta due to uteroplacental dysfunction has been associated with pregnancy complications including preeclampsia and intrauterine fetal growth restriction (IUGR). Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between free radical formation and antioxidant defense. Pregnancy itself presents a mild oxidative stress, which is exaggerated in pregnancy complications. Increasing evidence indicates that oxidative stress plays an important role in the maladaptation of uteroplacental circulation partly by impairing estrogen signaling pathways. This review is aimed at providing both an overview of our current understanding of regulation of the estrogen-NOS-NO-KCa pathway by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in uteroplacental tissues and a link between oxidative stress and uteroplacental dysfunction in pregnancy complications. A better understanding of the mechanisms will facilitate the development of novel and effective therapeutic interventions.
The association between maternal criticism and body dissatisfaction on disordered eating pathology across racial and ethnic groups.

Objectives Limited research exists examining the association of maternal weight-, shape-, and size-related criticism with disordered eating pathology across racial and ethnic groups. Method The sample consisted of 392 undergraduate females and 368 undergraduate males for a total of 760 individuals. Disordered eating pathology, body dissatisfaction, and maternal criticism were assessed in 484 White, 134 Latinx, and 142 Asian American undergraduates. Hierarchical regression, correlation, and t-test analyses were conducted for each ethnic group. Results Among all three groups, body dissatisfaction, maternal criticism, and gender were significantly associated with disordered eating pathology. In addition, disordered eating and maternal criticism were greater among female undergraduates than among male undergraduates across all groups. However, body dissatisfaction did not differ significantly between female and male undergraduates in any of the three racial and ethnic groups. Findings from this study suggest that individual body dissatisfaction and maternal criticism may be differentially linked with disordered eating pathology across racial and ethnic groups. Among Whites and Latinx, body dissatisfaction was more strongly associated with disordered eating pathology than was perceived maternal criticism. However, among Asian Americans, perceived maternal criticism was more strongly associated with disordered eating pathology than was body dissatisfaction. Conclusions Maternal criticism was the most saliently linked with disordered eating pathology among Asian Americans. Findings from this study speak to individual and familial factors impacting disordered eating across racial and ethnic groups. Additionally, this study highlights the potential role of culture on disordered eating, particularly self-construal and collectivistic and individualistic orientations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
The Heroin Epidemic in America: A Surgeon's Perspective

Background: The United States is currently experiencing a heroin epidemic. Recent reports have demonstrated a three-fold increase in heroin use among Americans since 2007 with a shift in demographics to more women and white Americans. Furthermore, there has been a correlation between the recent opioid epidemic and an increase in heroin abuse. Much has been written about epidemiology and prevention of heroin abuse, but little has been dedicated to the surgical implications, complications, and resource utilization. Discussion: This article focuses on the surgical problems encountered from heroin abuse and how to manage them in a constant effort to improve morbidity and mortality for these heroin abusers.
An 80-W 94.6%-Efficient Multi-Phase Multi-Inductor Hybrid Converter

This paper presents a new Multi-Phase Multi-Inductor Hybrid (MP-MIH) converter that features high efficiency at large conversion ratios, while operating the switches with duty cycles larger than state-of-the-art hybrid topologies. In this converter, the capacitors are soft-charged and soft-discharged through three inductors operated in three interleaving phases. An experimental six-level three-phase converter prototype achieves 94.6% peak efficiency and 425 W/in3 power density for conversions from 48V to 1V-2V at loads of up to 40A. This multi-phase multi-inductor hybrid converter architecture can be extended to any number of switched-capacitor network levels to support wide range of input and output voltages and load currents in data centers, telecommunication and other high-performance digital systems.
Prevention of crystalline silica-induced inflammation by the anti-malarial hydroxychloroquine.

Exposure to inhaled crystalline silica (cSiO2) is common in occupations where there is cutting, milling, or grinding of cSiO2 containing material. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration estimates that over 2 million workers may be exposed to inhaled cSiO2 in the United States. Inhalation of cSiO2 causes acute and chronic inflammation and may lead pulmonary diseases such as silicosis, as well as an increased risk of developing autoimmune diseases.Unfortunately, treatment of cSiO2-induced lung diseases is limited and primarily focused on supportive care. Inflammation caused by cSiO2 begins when, cSiO2 particles are phagocytized by alveolar macrophages. Interaction between the particle and lysosomal membrane results in damage to the phagolysosomal membrane; a state known as lysosomal membrane permeability (LMP). Leakage of lysosomal contents into the cytoplasm induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation leading to cell death and systemic inflammation. There are currently no pharmaceutical treatments that are directed at this mechanism of disease. Many existing pharmaceuticals become sequestered in the lysosome through an ion-trapping mechanism, and our laboratory aims to determine if these pharmaceuticals are capable of blocking permeabilization of the lysosomal membrane. Previously, our laboratory has shown that the tricyclic antidepressant, imipramine, blocks inflammatory cytokine production and toxicity in alveolar macrophages after exposure to cSiO2. The objective of this research is to determine whether another pharmaceutical, hydroxychloroquine, prevents cSiO2-induced toxicity by blocking LMP in alveolar macrophages. The ability to target the mechanism responsible for initiating particle-induced inflammation may lead to potential treatments and prevention strategies for people exposed to cSiO2.
Impact of intensive forest management practices on the bulk density of lower coastal plain and piedmont soils

Studies were established in a 25-year-old Pinus taeda plantation on a lower coastal plain site and in a 22-year-old plantation on a piedmont site, both in North Carolina. Soil samples were collected 0-3, 6-9 and 9-12 inches deep before and after harvesting and after site preparation. Use of heavy machinery during harvesting significantly increased soil bulk density to 9-12 inches deep on skid trails and up to 6 inches deep off them. On the coastal plain site bedding was effective in offsetting soil compaction outside skid trails. Bedding appeared to be less on skid trails. Chopping did not restore original bulk density. Discing or ripping is recommended on primary skid trails before bedding. Areas such as the piedmont site may need discing over the entire area.
Risk of thromboembolism in patients with multiple myeloma treated with daratumumab: a systemic review and meta-analysis

Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) have increased risks of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and arterial thromboembolism (ATE). The risk of thrombosis differs among different treatment regimens. It is unknown if daratumumab could affect thrombosis risk. A comprehensive search was conducted until April 2020. Events of VTE, including pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis, as well as events of ATE, including acute ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction, were extracted from trials. In addition, events of thrombocytopenia and gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding were also extracted. Six trials were included in the meta-analysis. Daratumumab was associated with a lower risk of VTE compared with non-daratumumab regimen (Risk ratio [RR], 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40–0.91). The risk of ATE had no significant difference (RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.48–1.33). Daratumumab was also associated with a trend of higher risk of Grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia (RR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.94–1.38), while the risk of GI bleeding was not significantly different (RR, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.38–4.65). Daratumumab is associated with lower risk of VTE in clinical trials.
Ultrasound-Guided Biceps Tendon Sheath Injections Frequently Extravasate Into the Glenohumeral Joint.

Purpose To evaluate the frequency of glenohumeral joint extravasation of ultrasound (US)-guided biceps tendon sheath injections. Methods Fifty shoulders with a clinical diagnosis of bicipital tenosynovitis pain received a US-guided biceps sheath injection with anesthetic, steroid, and contrast (5.0 mL mixture) followed immediately by orthogonal radiographs to localize the anatomic distribution of the injection. Radiographic evaluation of contrast localization was determined and interobserver reliability calculated. Results All 50 postinjection radiographs (100%) demonstrated contrast within the biceps tendon sheath. In addition, 30 of 50 (60%) radiographs also revealed contrast in the glenohumeral joint. Interobserver reliability for determination of intraarticular contrast was good (kappa value 0.87). Conclusions US-guided bicipital sheath injections reproducibly result in intrasheath placement of injection fluid. Bicipital sheath injections performed with 5 mL of volume result in partial extravasation into the joint 60% of the time. These data may be useful for surgeons who use the results of diagnostic biceps injections for diagnosis and surgical decision-making. Level of Evidence III, prospective cohort study, diagnosis
Measurement of Electrodermal Activity to Assess Distress in Hospitalized Cattle

Skin impedance is a measurement of electrical conductivity on the surface of the skin. Impedence is affected by ion content at the surface of the dermal epithelium. Increased sympathetic tone changes skin impedence. Sympathetic tone is proportionately associated with pain or distress, therefore skin impedence may be measured in an attempt to quantify "clinical pain/ distress". This relatively new technology may be able to demonstrate differences with the intensity of patient "distress". Skin impedence is measured by use of a tool which measures electrodermal activity (EDA).
Digital Technologies and Patterns of Distributed Innovation

In this conceptual essay we develop a framework for comparing different forms of organizational structures for distributed, innovative work. To develop this framework we identify two dimensions. The first distinguishes between organizational arrangements that are structured either in relation to a “container” organization, or those arrangements that are structured by the digital platforms upon which their ecosystems are based. The second dimension considers the degree to which the boundary spanning activity is more or less opaque, in terms of the degree to which collaborators interact in either an arm’s length or a tightly coupled fashion. In developing and reflecting on this framework, we characterize four ideal types of organizational structures for distributed innovation: agent relationships; work teams; managed crowds; or open projects. We further utilize the framework to theorize about processes that might lead to transitions between structures.
How Existing Organizational Practices Affect the Transfer of Practices to International Joint Ventures

This study examines whether and how far the existence of prior organizational practices affects the transfer of new practices in the context of international joint ventures. Based on 324 pairs of survey responses collected from joint ventures set up by either Hong Kong or Singapore companies in mainland China, the results indicate that similarity between new and existing practices decreases while entrenchment of existing practices increases the difficulty of transfer. These two effects are moderated by the ownership—Chinese versus foreign—of existing practices. Transferring new practices that substitute for Chinese practices is more difficult than transferring practices that substitute for foreign practices or than transferring brand new practices.
Hybrid Cotton: Specific Problems and Potentials

Publisher Summary The profit potential in hybrid cotton is very large. The development of successful hybrids usually necessitates three breeding programs in parallel: (1) one to develop successful male sterile female parents, usually as pairs of isogenic A (male sterile) and B (fertile) lines, (2) another to develop promising fertility-restoring male parents (R lines), and (3) an extensive testing program to isolate the best combinations out of the thousands that are possible. Success in a hybrid program is not simply a matter of obtaining yield and fiber quality in a single hybrid, but also requires attention to a multiplicity of qualitative and quantitative factors, such as earliness, disease and storm resistance, plant height, and plant shape. The biggest incentive for attempting the production of hybrid cotton is to take advantage of the considerable heterosis that is already known to exist in the crop. The commercial acceptance of interspecific hybrids will depend on finding ways to preserve heterosis for yield in manageable plant types.
The Road to Serfdom symposium.: Comment on papers by Rosser and by Levy, Peart, and Farrant

Abstract The paper reviews the history of the socialist calculation debate leading up to the publication of Hayek's The Road to Serfdom, and then uses that information to address various claims made by Rosser and Levy, Peart, and Farrant in their symposium papers.
Localized orbital studies of hydrogen bonding: III. The intramolecular hydrogen bond in 4-methylimino 2-pentanone

Abstract Geometry optimizations using the INDO molecular orbital method are carried out on the three possible isomeric forms of 4-methylimino- 2-pentanone. It is found that the molecule strongly prefers a structure containing a hydrogen-bonded chelate ring. Of the two possible isomers containing an intramolecular hydrogen bond, only the structure with the chelated proton closer to the oxygen corresponds to an energy minimum, although the energy surface connecting these two isomers is very flat. The results are interpreted using experimental and calculated NMR properties and energy localized molecular orbitais.
Strategic Versus Opportunistic Sourcing: An Exploration

International sourcing is becoming a critical aspect of international marketing. In this article the authors discuss international sourcing from two different perspectives. First, international sourcing is done to take advantage of existing opportunities in international markets. Second, international sourcing takes place in an effort to implement a long-term corporate strategic plan. In both cases, however, international sourcing may improve the firm's competitive advantage. The authors maintain that there are eight factors behind international sourcing decisions. Results of a preliminary study are also presented.
Absorption of Nonheme Iron in Ascorbic Acid-Deficient Rats

Prior studies have shown that the absorption of dietary nonheme iron in rats is much higher and less responsive to dietary variables than in human subjects. The aim of the present study was to determine whether this dissimilarity is explained by species differences in ascorbic acid status or metabolism. Iron absorption studies were performed with normal rats and with a genetic strain that lacks the ability to synthesize the vitamin. Ascorbic acid deficiency was produced in these animals by removing supplemental vitamin C from the diet for a brief period before the study. Iron absorption was measured from meals tagged extrinsically with 59Fe and measured by whole-body counting. We studied the effect on iron absorption of adding meat, ascorbic acid, soybean, tea, or bran to the test meal. A significant but modest effect of bran on iron absorption was observed in normal rats and of ascorbic acid and tea in ascorbate-depleted animals. However, the overall sensitivity of rats to dietary facilitators or inhibitors of nonheme iron absorption was not altered dramatically by ascorbic acid depletion. The relative insensitivity of rats to dietary factors affecting nonheme iron absorption in humans is not explained by differences in ascorbic acid metabolism between rats and humans.
Template recognition by image expansion with nonorthogonal wavelets

The authors present a novel approach to template recognition by signal expansion into a set of nonorthogonal template-similar basis functions (wavelets). It is shown that expansion matching is a special case of the general nonorthogonal expansion and is equivalent to restoration of undegraded images. Matching by expansion is quite robust in conditions of noise, superposition, and severe occultation. Expansion matching also maximizes a novel and more practically defined discriminative signal-to-noise ratio (DSNR). It is proved that maximizing the DSNR is equivalent to minimum squared error restoration by Wiener filters. Experimental comparisons with the widely used correlation matching (matched filtering) show that expansion matching yields much higher DSNR. >
Congenital pauci‐melanotic cellular blue nevus

: Unusual or atypical melanocytic nevi can be confused with malignant melanoma. Two patients are presented here with a rare variant of melanocytic nevus. Both were men. One was 39 years old and sought medical attention after trauma of a ‘congenital mole’. The other was 24 years old and presented with a history of a slowly growing lesion, which had been known since childhood. In both patients, the lesion occurred on the buttock. They were dermal and superficial subcutaneous nodules measuring 1.5 and 2.3 cm in greatest dimension, respectively. The tumors were composed of densely cellular fascicles of melanocytes arranged in a lobulated growth pattern. Rare nests of small epithelioid melanocytes were also seen. No melanin pigment was seen on hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. Focal minimal pigment was noted by Fontana–Masson stain in one case. Involvement of numerous peripheral nerve trunks by fusiform melanocytes was a prominent feature. Rare mitotic figures were seen in melanocytes [1–2 mitoses per 50 high-power fields (HPF)]. The MIB-1 labeling index was low (less than 5% of the lesional cell population was immunopositive). Both tumors were excised with negative surgical margins. One patient underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy because there was controversy regarding the biologic potential of the lesion. No melanocytic tumor deposits were found in the lymph nodes. On clinical follow up of 11 years and 18 months after complete excision, both patients are alive and well with no evidence of recurrence. We regard these lesions as congenital monophasic and pauci-melanotic variants of cellular blue nevus. The nevi are presented here to enhance our knowledge of the morphologic spectrum of melanocytic tumors and to help avoid confusion with malignant melanoma.
Boundary detection in textured images using constrained graduated nonconvexity method

This paper addresses the boundary detection problem for textured images using weak continuity constraints on the local statistics by a constrained graduated nonconvexity (CGNC) method. A parameter vector consisting of a set of first- and second-order statistics of the textured image assumed to be a Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF) is estimated locally for each pixel. This vector is then compressed to a single parameter and this parameter is considered as the data value at that pixel. We assume a model for textured images where these data values are allowed to change smoothly within textures of the image and abruptly across texture boundaries. The problem can then be considered as the reconstruction of piecewise smooth parameter surfaces measured in noise. For the solution of this problem, we adopted a weak continuity constraints approach. The weak-membrane is specified by its associated energy function constrained by a line process that organizes the boundaries, and the estimates for the parameter values are obtained by minimizing this energy using a continuation method.
Conventional transmission electron microscopy

Researchers have used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to make contributions to cell biology for well over 50 years, and TEM continues to be an important technology in our field. We briefly present for the neophyte the components of a TEM-based study, beginning with sample preparation through imaging of the samples. We point out the limitations of TEM and issues to be considered during experimental design. Advanced electron microscopy techniques are listed as well. Finally, we point potential new users of TEM to resources to help launch their project.
The Perception Gap: Recognizing and managing the risks that arise when we get risk wrong

Many in the academic, science, and business communities are frustrated at how people perceive and respond to risk, lamenting that the lay public is sometimes more afraid of some threats than the evidence warrants, and less afraid of some dangers than the evidence warns. This is often ascribed to the alarmist way the news media cover risk-related subjects. That criticism is simplistic and unproductive, and ignores or dismisses the large body of research that finds that the perception of risk is not, and can never be, perfectly rational. Risk perception among members of the public, the media, and members of the academic, scientific, and business communities, is ultimately subjective. The gap between our fears and the evidence is not simply the product of alarmist media reporting. This 'Perception Gap' poses significant risks in and of itself, influencing the choices we make as individuals and as a society. The roots of the Perception Gap must be understood if we are to recognize the dangers that can arise when we sometimes get risk wrong, and in order that we may more wisely manage those risks as actively as we manage toxicological or food or other risks with which we are more familiar.
Design and synthesis of poly(substituted) tetrathiafulvalene precursors

Die Herstellung von Vorstufen zur Synthese von Tetrathiafulvalen-Derivaten wird gemas dem Formelschema untersucht, indem aus (I) mit Dithiocarbaminaten (II) die Verbindungen (III) und (IV) hergestellt werden.
Male prevalence for reading disability is found in a large sample of black and white children free from ascertainment bias.

Male vulnerability to neurodevelopmental disorders remains controversial. For one disorder, reading disability, this sex bias has been interpreted as an artifact of referral bias. We investigated sex differences for the incidence of reading disability within a large prospective sample of White (N = 16,910) and Black (N = 15,313) children derived from the National Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP). Children were classified as having either moderate or severe reading disability when they had reading scores lower than 1.5 or 2.0 standard errors of prediction, respectively, given their age and intelligence. Reading disability was about twice as common in boys than girls (p < .001), irrespective of race, severity of disability, or exclusion of children with attentional disturbances or high activity levels. We conclude that there is a clear sex bias toward males for the incidence of reading disabilities. (JINS, 2000, 6, 433–442.)
Splenic sequestration syndrome at mountain altitudes in sickle/hemoglobin C disease*

The splenic sequestration syndrome was observed in five children with sickle/hemoglobin C (S/C) disease in association with a change in altitude. In four of them, it occurred during or immediately following a trip to mountain altitudes greater than 9,000 feet. In the fifth child, the crisis occurred ten days after travel in a pressurized plane from sea level to Denver. No previous reports of this complication in S/C patients during mountain travel have been noted although the occurrence is known in association with aircraft flights.
The organizational fate of intermediate filament networks in two epithelial cell types during mitosis.

Intermediate filaments (IF) appear to be attached to the nuclear envelope in various mammalian cell types. The nucleus of mouse keratinocytes is enveloped by a cagelike network of keratin-containing bundles of IF (IFB). This network appears to be continuous with the cytoplasmic IFB system that extends to the cell surface. Electron microscopy reveals that the IFB appear to terminate at the level of the nuclear envelope, frequently in association with nuclear pore complexes (Jones, J. C .R., A. E. Goldman, P. Steinert, S. Yuspa, and R. D. Goldman, 1982, Cell Motility, 2:197-213). Based on these observations of nuclear-IF associations, it is of interest to determine the fate and organizational states of IF during mitosis, a period in the cell cycle when the nuclear envelope disassembles. Immunofluorescence microscopy using a monoclonal keratin antibody and electron microscopy of thin and thick sections of mitotic mouse keratinocytes revealed that the IFB system remained intact as the cells entered mitosis and surrounded the developing mitotic spindle. IFB were close to chromosomes and often associated with chromosome arms. In contrast, in HeLa, a human epithelial cell, keratin-containing IFB appear to dissemble as cells enter mitosis (Franke, W. W., E. Schmid, C. Grund, and B. Geiger, 1982, Cell, 30:103-113). The keratin IFB in mitotic HeLa cells appeared to form amorphous nonfilamentous bodies as determined by electron microscopy. However, in HeLa, another IF system composed primarily of a 55,000-mol-wt protein (frequently termed vimentin) appears to remain morphologically intact throughout mitosis in close association with the mitotic apparatus (Celis, J.E., P.M. Larsen, S.J. Fey, and A. Celis, 1983, J. Cell Biol., 97:1429-34). We propose that the mitotic apparatus in both mouse epidermal cells and in HeLa cells is supported and centered within the cell by IFB networks.
Some accomplishments in snow‐surveying

Snow-surveying, as it is now understood, means a determination of the amount of water stored in the mountains in the form of snow and ice. The depth of snow and its compactness are incidental factors not essential in attaining the main objective.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF OCULAR TRANSPLANTS OF THE SEMINAL VESICLE IN FEMALE RABBITS

With the more intensive investigation of the action of the sex hormones in various species of animals, it is becoming evident that the male and female sex hormones are not sex specific. In the male animal, Lacassagne (1) and others have shown that estrogens cause metaplasia in the epithelium of parts of the prostate, and hypertrophy of the seminal vesicular muscle. In female animals Klein and Parkes (2) described endometrial changes after the injection of an androgen. In a study of the physiological response of ocular transplants of the prostate and seminal vesicle, Moore, Melchionna, Tolins and Rosenblum (3) reported conspicuous enlargement of ocular transplants in male animals after the injection of an estrogen. Ocular transplants of the seminal vesicle may be made into the eyes of female animals and it is possible by this method to study,
Integrating Programming into Physics and Algebra (Abstract Only)

We are infusing inquiry-driven programming activities into algebra and physics courses with the objective of strengthening disciplinary understandings and providing all students a meaningful first experience with programming.The majority of students who complete 9th grade algebra fail to connect its syntactic and graphical representations to concepts related to rate of change. These learning deficits contribute to the well documented failure of high school and college physics courses to effectively convey conceptual understandings of the relationships between force, acceleration, velocity and position.Our programming activities for algebra and physics classrooms focus student attention towards the principles underlying symbolic and graphical representations of slope. Implementations of these inherently multi-disciplinary activities within math, physics, and even computing classes have previously only been successful when instructors have broad content and pedagogical knowledge. For our most recent implementations within physics lab courses led by inexperienced TAs, instructional modules that introduce and explore the lab course's conventional kinematic experiments were developed.
Zoogeography and parallel level-bottom communities of the meiobenthic harpacticoida (Crustacea, Copepoda) of Bermuda

Twenty nine harpacticoid copepods are new to Bermuda and significant changes are noted in the distribution records of several species. Six temporary groups are organized to separate the copepods on their apparent zoogeographical ranges: (1) cosmopolitan, (2) warm temperate-tropical, (3) North Atlantic, (4) North Atlantic-Mediterranean, (5) Endemic to Bermuda and (6) uncertain. These six artificial groups do not necessarily correspond to the standard zoogeographical provinces. Endemism of the Bermudian harpacticoids is similar to the rates reported and predicted for other fauna on North Atlantic Islands. Low endemic rates probably reflect changing environmental conditions during the late Pleistocene.
Absorption Spectrum from Europium Ions in Europium Oxychloride, EuOCl

We have recorded part of the UV-visible region of the electronic spectrum of EuOCl at both 292 and 77 K by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Illumination of the sample and collection of the reflected light was accomplished through the use of an all-quartz fiberoptic probe. Several adsorption maxima were observed which result from transitions form the 7 F 0 ground state and 7 F 1 excited state to t he 5 D 4 , 5 G 2,4,6 , 5 L 6 , and 5 L 3 excited states of the Eu 3+ ion
Pest control on dwarf apples with a tunnel sprayer

Abstract A tunnel sprayer equipped with either two opposing pairs of Curtec ® cross-flow fans, or two sets of three opposing Proptec ® fans, was evaluated for pest and disease control on three dwarf apple cultivars, and compared to a conventional airblast sprayer, in a full-season (12 application) spray programme. Spray systems were evaluated in 20 comparisons of pest and disease control for each of two experiments. Curtec ® and Proptec ® fans provided control that was equal or superior to the airblast sprayer in 85% of insect and disease comparisons. There were no differences in performance between the Curtec ® and Proptec ® fans in 65% of comparisons; the Curtec ® was superior in 15% of comparisons, while the Proptec ® was superior in 20% of comparisons. Curtec ® spray volume (187 or 700 l/ha) did not effect performance in 60% of comparisons; however, the 700 l/ha volume provided superior control in six out of eight comparisons where performance differed. Pest and disease control with the tunnel sprayer (Curtec ® fans) travelling at 8 km/h was equal to or better than that at 4.8 km/h in 80% of comparisons.
Does an emergency visit to the ER make microRNAs stronger during stress

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Wu et al. (2013) report the identification of GW182-independent microRNA complexes that confer stronger repression upon serum starvation; interestingly, these complexes are associated with polyribosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum.
Stress analysis of holes in angle-ply laminates: An efficient assumed stress “special-hole-element” approach and a simple estimation method

Abstract In the present paper, the development of “special hole-elements”, to enable an efficient and accurate analysis of stress concentration around through-thickness holes in angle-ply laminates, is presented. In these “hole-elements”, the development of which is based on a modified complementary energy principle, the analytical asymptotic solutions for the stress-state near the hole are embedded. The fully 3-D stress-state in the laminate is accounted for, and the interlaminar traction reciprocity is satisfied a priori, while the interelement reciprocity condition is satisfied a posteriori through a Lagrange multiplier method. In addition, a simple method of estimation of stress concentration factors is also given. Results obtained from the present “special-hole-element” procedure are compared with the solutions by the present simple estimation method as well as other available solutions in literature.
Spike-based and seed-based selection for preharvest sprouting resistance in wheat

The utility of spike- and seed-based mass selection techniques for improving preharvest sprouting resistance in heterogeneous wheat (Triticum spp.) populations was evaluated. Sorting seed by size improved selection efficiency in some cases, putatively by physiological synchronization. Progeny testing, as well as changes in frequency of red-kernelled types, indicate effectiveness of both spike- and seed-based mass selection for reduced preharvest sprouting. Differential effectiveness of mass selection, in populations segregating for dormancy from different sources, is consistent with previous work on mechanisms of dormancy from these sources. These results are of value to improvement of preharvest sprouting resistance in large, heterogeneous wheat populations.
Disadvantages of Prostacyclin Infusion During Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Double-Blind Study of 50 Patients Having Coronary Revascularization

Abstract Prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) has been suggested for use in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) because of its positive effects on platelet number and function. Fifty patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting using a bubble oxygenator received heparin, 3 mg per kilogram of body weight, and then were randomly assigned to receive PGI 2 , 25 ng/kg/min, beginning 5 minutes before and until the end of CPB (26 patients) or a placebo (24 patients). Both groups were similar in sex, age, heparin dose, protamine dose, and CPB time. During CPB, mean arterial pressure fell significantly with PGI 2 (76 ± 2 mm Hg to 53 ± 2 mm Hg; p 3 versus 130 ± 8 × 10 3 ; not significant [NS]) and were unchanged 3 hours after CPB. Total chest tube output was 647 ± 51 ml (placebo group) versus 576 ± 34 ml (PGI 2 group) (NS); 18 of the patients given PGI 2 required 26 transfusions compared with 16 transfusions in 8 of the patients given a placebo ( p 2 patients, arterial oxygen tension on 100% oxygen fell from 281 ± 18 mm Hg before CPB to 223 ± 17 mm Hg immediately after CPB ( p 2 (TXB 2 ) from 150 ± 30 to 360 ± 60 pg/ml ( p 2 patients but it was not significantly increased in the placebo group (180 ± 30 to 270 ± 40 pg/ml; NS). At 25 ng/kg/min, PGI 2 has no demonstrable beneficial effect on platelet count or postoperative bleeding in patients having elective cardiac operations. Deleterious effects on mean arterial pressure, arterial oxygen tension, and TXB 2 levels during and after CPB are associated with administration of PGI 2 at this dosage.
Kinetics of colloidal deposition, assembly, and crystallization in steady electric fields

We quantify and model the deposition and crystallization kinetics of initially dilute colloidal spheres due to application of a steady, direct current electric field in the thin gap between parallel electrodes. The system studied is poly(12-hydroxystearic acid) (PHSA)-stabilized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) spheres dispersed in a mixture of cyclohexylbromide (CHB), decalin, and a low concentration of the partially disassociating salt tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC). The temporal and spatial evolution of the colloidal volume fraction in the ∼1 mm gap between the electrodes is quantified under conditions of both deposition and relaxation by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). During deposition assembly, the spatial dependence of the colloid volume fraction approaches steady state at times between hundreds of minutes at the lowest electric field strength (as characterized by a Peclet number, Pe) and at tens of minutes at higher field strengths. During disassembly, the volume fraction relaxes nearly exponentially. The kinetics are modeled by adapting a treatment for sedimentation (Davis and Russel, Phys. Fluids A, 1989, 1, 82) to the case of steady electric fields. The model's predictions show good agreement with the measured kinetics at low Pe; however, agreement progressively deteriorates with increasing Pe. At low Pe the deposits are initially disordered. After an initial delay, 1D crystal growth propagates from the electrode surface at rates of several hundred nm min−1. The sharp crystal boundary propagates as a characteristic of constant colloidal volume fraction, consistent with an equilibrium crystalline phase transition. The results inform operational ranges for devices that produce active colloidal matter by reversible assembly.
Temperature And Humidity Testing Of Fiber Optic Components

Temperature and humidity tests were performed on commercial grade fiber optic couplers, connectors, splices and optical,fiber. Both singlemode and multimode components were tested. Temperatures ranged from -54°C to +65°C or +85°C depending on the component application. In the humidity tests the relative humidity was maintained at greater than 95 percent above 20°C. Changes in optical transmittance of varying degrees and permanent damage were observed and recorded.
Optoelectronics research at the Army Research Laboratory

The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) conducts a broad-based optoelectronics R and D program that addresses a number of Army applications. This program covers the full range of activities from basic materials development to component development and integration into higher levels of optoelectronic functionality. This paper addresses technology areas of interest to ARL including IR detection and imaging, IR sources, ladar, multifunction optoelectronic integration, diffractive optics, optoelectronic interconnects/processing, waveguide integrated optics, wide bandgap optoelectronics, and nonlinear optics. These areas represent a cross-section of the work conducted in the Sensors and Electron Deices Directorate of ARL. Space does not allow comprehensive discussion of the R and D program each of these technology thrust ares, but references are provided in each case so that the interested reader can pursue each of these topics further.
Algorithms for Real-Time Transfer of PWM Signals

PWM signals are translated from digital word to time-length formats, and constraints/forced conditions are applied to allow nonambiguous real-time translation.
The Power of Purposeful Sessional Endings in Each Group Encounter

ABSTRACT Group work methodology recognizes that single sessions have beginning, middle and ending phases. The ending phase is most neglected. Practitioners are often unaware of its importance and unprepared to facilitate purposeful sessional endings. The article aims to conceptualize the ending phase looking at its generic and specialized application to different group types and populations. It explores common ways practitioners end sessions, obstacles to implementing sessional endings, benefits purposeful sessional endings have for the individual and group and practice skills needed to conduct these endings.