cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient modeling parameter extraction for dual pearson approach to simulation of implanted impurity profiles in silicon

Abstract A semi-empirical approach for modeling of ion-implanted impurity distributions has an inherent advantage of high computational efficiency which is a vital issue for the simulation of a large number of processing steps required in the fabrication of high density integrated circuits with submicrometer feature sizes. The accuracy of this modeling technique has been substantially improved with the introduction of the dual Pearson modeling approach for simulation of implanted impurity distributions in single-crystal silicon so that the entire profile, including the broad channeling tail, is accurately predicted[1]. The dual Pearson modeling approach is based on the use of two Pearson functions describing two scattering mechanisms encountered in ion implantation into single-crystal silicon. Since semi-empirical approaches are based on experimental data, it is crucial to maintain a sizable data base of modeling parameters extracted from measured profiles in order to fully exploit the advantages of semi-empirical approaches. In this paper, a computer program which extracts all nine parameters for the dual Pearson modeling approach will be introduced. This program provides an easy and efficient way of extracting very accurate parameters in a two-step extraction process. The first step obtains a preliminary set of nine parameters which is then used as the initial condition for the second step in which the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is used to find the final set of accurate parameters. The incorporation of the first step for self-generation of the initial conditions makes the program easy to use, even for those with no previous experience with Pearson functions or the curve-fitting processes.
A Decade Experience of Cardiac Retransplantation in Adult Recipients

Background Cardiac retransplantation is considered to be the best therapeutic option for a failing cardiac allograft. However, poor outcomes with retransplantation have previously been reported, a factor that raises important ethical, logistic and financial issues given the limited organ donor supply. Methods Seven hundred sixty-six adult patients underwent cardiac transplantation for end-stage heart failure at our institution from 1992 to 2002. Of these, 41 (5.4%) were retransplants. Variables examined included recipient and donor demographics, indications for retransplant, comorbidities, cytomegalovirus (CMV) serology status, left ventricular assist device use before transplant, donor ischemic time, rate of early mortality (within 30 days), and post-transplantation survival rate. Results Indications for cardiac retransplant were transplant-related coronary artery disease in 37, acute rejection in 3, and other causes in 1. The mean interval between transplantation and retransplantation was 5.9 ± 3.4 years. Baseline characteristics such as recipient age, gender, CMV serology status, and donor age were similar in the primary transplant and retransplant groups. Early mortality after transplantation was comparable between the 2 groups, but post-transplant survival was significantly lower in retransplant patients compared with primary transplants with 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-year actuarial survival rates of 72.2%, 66.3%, 47.5%, and 40.7% vs. 85.1%, 79.2%, 72.9%, and 66.8%, respectively (p Conclusions Cardiac retransplantation offers short-term outcomes similar to primary transplantation but lower long-term survival rates. Non-retransplant surgical options should also be considered in these patients. Careful patient selection and risk-assessment is necessary to govern appropriate allocation of limited donor organs.
Chemical Kinetics Laboratory Discussion Worksheet.

A laboratory discussion worksheet and its answer key provide instructors and students a discussion model to further the students’ understanding of chemical kinetics. This discussion worksheet includes a section for students to augment their previous knowledge about chemical kinetics measurements, an initial check on students’ understanding of basic concepts, a group participation model where students work on solving complex-conceptual problems, and a conclusion to help students connect this discussion to their laboratory or lecture class. Additionally, the worksheet has a detailed solution to a more advanced problem to help students understand how the concepts they have put together relate to problems they will encounter during later formal assessments.
Bioassays for allelopathy: Measuring treatment responses with independent controls

In bioassays for allelopathy, where responses to treatments are determined in conjunction with responses to independent controls, statistical comparisons among treatments require an index which measures each treatment response (T) in relation to its control response (C). The most commonly used index, the treatment-control ratio (T/C), exhibits two analytical problems. First, means ofT/C values are distorted upward when any of the individual values is greater than one, i.e., when stimulation occurs. Second, the distribution ofT/C values may not be normal and homoscedastic. We provide two alternative indices of response whose means do not exhibit the upward distortion ofT/C means. Then, the two indices are compared toT/C values in an empirical test for normality and homoscedasticity on a large bioassay data set. Results indicate that for this data set, one of the alternatives,RI, is clearly superior.RI is defined as 1 — (C/T) ifT≥C and asT/C — 1 ifT <C.
Moisture and temperature changes associated with the mid-Holocene Tsuga decline in the northeastern United States

Abstract A decline of hemlock (Tsuga) populations at ca 5.5 ka (thousands of calibrated radiocarbon years before 1950 AD) stands out as the most abrupt vegetation change of the Holocene in North America, but remains poorly understood after decades of study. Recent analyses of fossil pollen have revealed a concurrent, abrupt oak (Quercus) decline and increases in the abundance of beech (Fagus) and pine (Pinus) on Cape Cod in eastern Massachusetts, but the replacement of drought-tolerant oaks by moisture-sensitive beeches appears inconsistent with low lake levels in the region at the same time. The oak and beech changes are also limited to coastal areas, and the coastal-inland differences require an explanation. Here, we develop a new lake-level reconstruction from Deep Pond, Cape Cod by using a transect of sediment cores and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles to constrain the past elevations of the sandy, littoral zone of the pond. The reconstruction shows that a series of multi-century episodes of low water coincide with the abrupt hemlock and oak declines, and interrupt subsequent phases of hemlock recovery. The lake-level variations equal precipitation deficits of ∼100 mm superimposed on a Holocene long moisture increase of >400 mm. However, because moisture deficits do not easily explain the oak and beech changes, we also evaluate how the climate preferences of the regional vegetation changed over time by matching the fossil pollen assemblages from Deep Pond with their modern equivalents. Reconstructions of the precipitation requirements of the vegetation correlate well even in detail with the lake-level record (r = 0.88 at Deep Pond), and indicate close tracking of effective moisture (precipitation minus evapotranspiration) by the vegetation despite the abrupt species declines, which could have decoupled climate and vegetation trends. Reconstructions of the temperature preferences of the vegetation indicate that coastal sites may have cooled by 0.5–2.5 °C after ca 5.5 ka, while inland sites warmed by 0.5–1 °C. The change in coastal temperature preferences agrees with sea surface cooling in the western Atlantic Ocean of >1 °C. Consequently, the persistence of low hemlock abundance after 5.5 ka in the northeast U.S. may have resulted from oceanic changes that produced multi-century droughts and thus delayed the post-decline recovery of hemlock populations.
A phase rotation scheme for achieving very short echo times with localized stimulated echo spectroscopy

In a single-voxel stimulated echo localization sequence in magnetic resonance spectroscopy, magnetic field gradients are inserted within the echo time (TE) to filter signals generated through coherence pathways other than that leading to the stimulated echo. There is a significant penalty for these gradients as they increase the minimum TE, thereby leading to significant signal loss from spin-spin relaxation and phase distortions in coupled spin systems. Here, an RF phase rotation technique is described for a stimulated echo localization sequence that allows removal of the gradients in the TE intervals and, subsequently, reduction of the minimum TE to only 6 ms. Experiments carried out on six healthy volunteers on a 1.5-T whole-body MR system show a significant signal increase in the metabolite concentrations when measured with a 6-ms TE (N-acetyl-aspartate, 12%, P=.002; creatine, 15%, P=.04; and glutamate+glutamine, 92%, P=.02) compared to concentrations measured with data collected at TEs of 15 and 20 ms.
The Development of Cooperation in Alternative Task Situations.

Abstract This study is a follow-up of previous work by Mithaug and Burgess (1967, 1968) which suggested that when (a) subjects are permitted to watch their points accumulate on individual and group task counters and (b) are free to work together on the group task or alone on individual tasks, i.e., during the condition of group and individual reinforcement with individual feedback, cooperation does not develop. The present study investigates this finding in more detail. Children, ranging from five to ten years of age, were divided into four three-member groups. The data indicate that cooperation can be produced in alternative task situations when (a) rewards resulting from the group task are greater than rewards resulting from individual tasks and (b) task situations permit subjects to learn to discriminate between group and individual tasks in terms of their relative payoffs.
Burn injury and management in Liberia

Burn care in developing countries remains a challenge. This paper reviews the acute burn care of 21 patients admitted during a 1-year period to a hospital in Liberia. Lack of supplies and education, coupled with the local belief system, reflect on patient management. The study population totalled 21 patients, ranging from 1 to 62 years of age. TBSA burns ranged from 2 to 60 per cent (mean 21 per cent), 61 per cent of patients were grafted. The time between burn and graft varied between 5 and 96 days (mean 29.8). Graft take varied between 40 and 100 per cent (mean 81 per cent). Of the grafted patients 66.6 per cent received blood (average 732 ml). At the time of presentation 61.9 per cent of patients had other illness. The average number of hospital days was 37.9 (range 2-76). The mortality rate was 14.2 per cent. When managing burns in a developing country, adoption of a simple, clearly defined method of treatment, together with education of the care-givers, is suggested. As in the developed world, however, prevention is the critical factor.
Finite Element Approximation in Quantum Theory

Many of the approaches to numerical quantum field theory which have been developed to date start from the Euclidean path integral formulation of the theory. This is because it is possible, using path integrals, to write closed form, albeit formal and difficult to evaluate, expressions for the quantities of physical interest, namely the Green’s functions. Thus, in this approach, the focus is not on finding the direct solution to the equations of quantum field theory, but rather on developing an effective and reliable method for evaluating the functional integrals representing the Green’s functions.
Diode Coincidence and Mixing Circuits in Digital Computers

Basic circuits utilizing germanium diodes in electrically pulsed systems are described. The circuits are of the following types: 1. Coincidence circuits-output signal occurs only when all the inputs receive signals simultaneously. 2. Mixing circuits-output signal occurs when any one of the inputs receives a signal. The analyses of transient response of the output signal and the input impedance are given.
The personality systems framework: Current theory and development

The personality systems framework is a fieldwide outline for organizing the contemporary science of personality. I examine the theoretical impact of systems thinking on the discipline and, drawing on ideas from general systems theory, argue that personality psychologists understand individuals’ personalities by studying four topics: (a) personality’s definition, (b) personality’s parts (e.g., traits, schemas, etc.), (c) its organization and (d) development. This framework draws on theories from the field to create a global view of personality including its position and major areas of function. The global view gives rise to new theories such as personal intelligence—the idea that people guide themselves with a broad intelligence they use to reason about personalities.
Identification and characterization of a new Down syndrome model, Ts[Rb(12.1716)]2Cje, resulting from a spontaneous Robertsonian fusion between T(1716)65Dn and mouseChromosome 12

The segmental trisomy model, Ts65Dn, has been a valuable resource for the study of the molecular and developmental processes associated with the pathogenesis of Down syndrome. However, male infertility and poor transmission of the small marker chromosome, T(1716)65Dn, carrying the distal end of mouse Chromosome 16 (MMU16) are limiting factors in the efficient production of these animals for experimental purposes. We describe here the identification and preliminary characterization of mice, designated Ts[Rb(12.1716)]2Cje, carrying a chromosomal rearrangement of the Ts65Dn genome whereby the marker chromosome has been translocated to Chromosome 12 (MMU12) forming a Robertsonian chromosome. This stable rearrangement confers fertility in males and increases the frequency of transmitted segmental trisomy through the female germline. We confirm retention of a dosage imbalance of human Chromosome 21 (HSA21)-homologous genes from App to the telomere and expression levels similar to Ts65Dn within the triplicated region. In addition, we characterized the dendritic morphology of granule cells in the fascia dentata in Ts[Rb(12.1716)]2Cje and 2N control mice. Quantitative confocal microscopy revealed decreased spine density on the dendrites of dentate granule cells and significantly enlarged dendritic spines affecting the entire population in Ts[Rb(12.1716)]2Cje as compared to 2N controls. These findings document that the structural dendritic spine abnormalities are similar to those previously observed in Ts65Dn mice. We conclude that this new model of Down syndrome offers reproductive advantages without sacrificing the integrity of the Ts65Dn model.
Quantitative Correlation between the Proton-carrying and Respiratory-stimulating Properties of Uncoupling Agents using Rat Liver Mitochondria

THE observation that dinitrophenol stimulates respiration and decreases work performance1 by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation2 has stimulated great interest in the mechanism of action of uncoupling agents. The “chemical theory” of oxidative phosphorylation proposes that uncouplers catalyse the hydrolysis of a high energy intermediate of oxidative phosphorylation (x∼e)3,4, although the existence of such an intermediate remains speculative. Alternatively, Mitchell's “chemiosmotic hypothesis”5 proposes that uncoupling agents facilitate proton translocation across the mitochondrial inner membrane; thus disrupting a pH gradient and membrane potential, which he has proposed to be the “proton motive force” supporting ATP synthesis. The demonstration that uncouplers accelerate the decay of pH gradients following the addition of HCl to mitochondrial suspensions, provided initial support for this mechanism of action6. Subsequent reports have demonstrated a close relationship between alteration of proton conductivity of artificial bilayer membranes and uncoupler potency7,8, although this conclusion has been disputed9,10. Nevertheless, effects on artificial membranes may not be expected to correlate absolutely with an action on mitochondria. For this reason, we have compared the proton-transporting and respiratory-releasing properties of uncoupling agents, using intact mitochondria.
Comprehensive Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Amoebozoa Based on Concatenated Analyses of SSU-rDNA and Actin Genes

Evolutionary relationships within Amoebozoa have been the subject of controversy for two reasons: 1) paucity of morphological characters in traditional surveys and 2) haphazard taxonomic sampling in modern molecular reconstructions. These along with other factors have prevented the erection of a definitive system that resolves confidently both higher and lower-level relationships. Additionally, the recent recognition that many protosteloid amoebae are in fact scattered throughout the Amoebozoa suggests that phylogenetic reconstructions have been excluding an extensive and integral group of organisms. Here we provide a comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction based on 139 taxa using molecular information from both SSU-rDNA and actin genes. We provide molecular data for 13 of those taxa, 12 of which had not been previously characterized. We explored the dataset extensively by generating 18 alternative reconstructions that assess the effect of missing data, long-branched taxa, unstable taxa, fast evolving sites and inclusion of environmental sequences. We compared reconstructions with each other as well as against previously published phylogenies. Our analyses show that many of the morphologically established lower-level relationships (defined here as relationships roughly equivalent to Order level or below) are congruent with molecular data. However, the data are insufficient to corroborate or reject the large majority of proposed higher-level relationships (above the Order-level), with the exception of Tubulinea, Archamoebae and Myxogastrea, which are consistently recovered. Moreover, contrary to previous expectations, the inclusion of available environmental sequences does not significantly improve the Amoebozoa reconstruction. This is probably because key amoebozoan taxa are not easily amplified by environmental sequencing methodology due to high rates of molecular evolution and regular occurrence of large indels and introns. Finally, in an effort to facilitate future sampling of key amoebozoan taxa, we provide a novel methodology for genome amplification and cDNA extraction from single or a few cells, a method that is culture-independent and allows both photodocumentation and extraction of multiple genes from natural samples.
The structure of potassium tetrahydrogen pentafluoride

The compound KF·4HF, prepared by the addition of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid to potassium fluoride, is shown, on the basis of an X-ray structure determination, to be potassium tetrahydrogen pentafluoride, K[H4F5]. The material crystallizes with four formula units in the tetragonal space group C4h6-I41a in a cell of dimensions a = 6.384(3), c = 13.227(7) A. The conventional R factor for the 221 intensities observed above background is 6.2%. The structure is of the scheelite type, with the potassium and the central fluorine atoms residing at special positions of symmetry 4, and the other fluorine atoms hydrogen bonded to the central fluorine atom at an FH···F distance of 2.453(2) A. The resultant H4F5− ion, which is crystallographically required to possess 4 symmetry, exhibits a slight but significant distortion from tetrahedral geometry. The FH···F bond is approximately linear and is unsymmetric with the hydrogen closer to the peripheral fluorine. The fluorine atoms in the immediate environment of the potassium atom form a dodecahedron with triangular faces.
Feature extraction algorithms for constrained global optimization II. Batch process scheduling application

The feature extraction algorithms developed in part I of this series are applied to solve nonconvex mixed integer nonlinear programming problems which arise in the optimal scheduling of multipurpose chemical plants. A general formulation of the multipurpose plant scheduling problem is developed which considers the allocation of plant equipment and secondary, limited resources to recipe operations so as to satisfy given production requirements while minimizing cost. Results obtained with a test example involving 135 binary and 922 continuous variables show that the successive refinement strategy is effective in identifying dominant regions of the solution space. Furthermore it is shown that multiple moment based characterization methods are superior to the interval analysis method reported in the literature. Trials using a second, larger nonlinear test problem involving 356 binary and 2402 continuous variables demonstrate that the focused successive refinement strategy is more efficient than a constant resolution strategy which employs genetic algorithm constructions. Although the conventional genetic algorithm can be significantly improved by introducing a heuristic mutation strategy which increases the likelihood of constant feasibility, the successive refinement strategy remains dominant. These studies demonstrate that the feature extraction strategy employing successive refinements and relatively low order moment based region characterization methods, offers an effective approach to solving an important class of large scale MINLP problems with multiple local optima.
Continuance use intention of enterprise instant messaging: a knowledge management perspective

Instant messaging has been widely utilised by a variety of types of organisations to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of internal communication and knowledge management (KM). To date, thoug...
Modelling the effects of dam removal on migratory walleye (Sander vitreus) early life‐history stages

Many dams in the USA have outlived their intended purpose and an increasing number are being considered for removal. Yet, quantitative studies of the potential physical, biological and ecological responses are needed to assess dam removal decisions. In this paper, the responses of migratory walleye (Sander vitreus) to increased spawning habitat availability as a result of dam removal was studied by comparing scenarios with and without a high-head dam in the Sandusky River (Ohio), a major tributary to Lake Erie. A conceptual, ecological model was proposed to define the relationship between hydrodynamics and walleye spawning, egg hatching, larval drift and survival. A mathematical, ecological model of the early life-history stages was then developed and coupled with time series of depth and velocity predictions over the spawning grounds from a 1-D hydrodynamic model. Model simulations were run for 1984–1993 for both the with- and without-dam scenarios to assess the potential benefit of dam removal. The simulation results demonstrated that velocity, depth and water temperature are major factors influencing adult walleye spawning success. Without the dam, 10 times the amount of spawning habitat would be available for walleye to spawn. This increase in spawning habitat area resulted in up to five times the total egg deposition and seven times the larval output to the nursing grounds, based on the assumption that 5% of the walleye population of Lake Erie migrated up the Sandusky River to spawn. We concluded that the spawning habitat in the current condition (with the dam) is limiting and additional spawning habitat upstream could significantly increase the number of larval walleye drifting to Lake Erie. The model sensitivity analysis showed that the number of walleye migrating up the river in spring is the dominant factor for larval recruitment to the lake. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
R. H. Tawney's Normative Economic History of Capitalism

(1985). R. H. Tawney's Normative Economic History of Capitalism. Review of Social Economy: Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 84-102.
Ground state structural anomalies in cuprous halides: CuCl.

We have examined structural instabilities and elastic anomalies in CuCl via first-principles calculations and find that its crystal structure is not ideal zinc blende but that correlated displacements of groups of four Cu atoms lead to a more stable configuration. About 20% of the Cu atoms are estimated to be affected. The Cu-Cu distance in the C${\mathrm{u}}_{4}$ complex shrinks from 3.82 to 2.72 \AA{}, close to that of metallic Cu. The energetics of defect formation are examined also for CuBr and CuI.
Does transbilayer diffusion have a role in membrane transport of drugs

The existing consensus on coexistence of transbilayer diffusion and carrier-mediated transport as two main mechanisms for drugs crossing biological membranes was recently challenged by a systems biology group. Their transporters-only hypothesis is examined in this article using published experimental evidence. The main focus is on the key claim of their hypothesis, stating that ‘the drug molecules cross pure phospholipid bilayers through transient pores that cannot form in the bilayers of cell membranes, and thus transbilayer drug transport does not exist in cells’. The analysis shows that the prior consensus remains a valid scientific view of the membrane transport of drugs.
Null mutation in the stringent starvation protein of Escherichia coli disrupts lytic development of bacteriophage P1.

Abstract As initial steps toward understanding the regulation and function of the stringent starvation protein (SSP) of Escherichia coli, we have isolated the ssp gene (encoding SSP), defined the operon in which ssp is found, and created insertion-deletion mutations of the ssp gene in recBC, sbc and recD strains by linear DNA transformation. During attempts to move the insertion-deletion structure to other strains by P1 transduction, we found that P1 was unable to form plaques on hosts lacking an intact ssp gene. The Δssp mutation, however, did not affect transduction of the Δssp strains and mutant strains were able to support lysogenic P1. When P1 lytic growth was induced, an increase in P1 DNA was detected without lysis or plaque formation. Examination of proteins synthesized in the Δssp host during induction revealed the absence of P1 late gene products. Also, the apparent continued synthesis of early gene products during late time points was observed in the Δssp host. The results reported here suggest that the defect in P1 lytic growth brought about by the absence of SSP occurs at the point at which bacteriophage P1 shifts from early to late gene expression. We also report the results of experiments on stable RNA synthesis following amino acid (aa) starvation induced by serine hydroxamate, and experiments on stable RNA synthesis following resupplementation of a limiting aa. These experiments show that SSP is not involved in stable RNA synthesis. Additionally, complementation studies have shown that ssp is identical to the previously described pog gene of E. coli.
Constitutional supersaturation revisited

Abstract A critical discussion of the constitutional supersaturation criterion (CSS) for interfacial stability in vapor and solution growth, including the stabilizing effect of crystallization flow, is given. It is shown that no convincing experimental confirmation of the CSS criterion exists as yet. The evaluation of the only experiment that seemed to quantitatively verify CSS for vapor growth is found in error by one order of magnitude. A discussion of this discrepancy in terms of atomic interface roughness is given. For pure vapor-solid interfaces pronounced growth kinetics anisotropy and therefor limited validity of CSS is expected. Adsorbed impurity or excess components, however, may induce additional surface roughness and thus reduce the intrinsic anisotropy. Hence it is argued that for certain incongruent vapor growth systems the CSS criterion may indeed have some quantitative value.
Fatal Occupational Injuries in a Southern State

Fatal occupational injuries were studied using data from medical examiners' reports in North Carolina for the years 1977-1991. Cases were defined as deaths due to accidents or homicide at the workplace, and populations at risk were estimated from the 1980 and 1990 US Censuses. Mortality rate ratios and proportionate mortality ratios were used as measures of association, and the population attributable risk percentage was used as an indicator of the burden of injury. Standard weights for direct age-adjustment of rates were obtained from the total state workforce. There were 2,524 eligible deaths-83 percent from unintentional traumatic injuries, 14 percent from homicide, and the remainder from other causes. This report focuses on unintentional trauma deaths, which were strongly associated with the wood production, fishing, and transportation industries. Elderly, African-American, and self-employed workers had higher fatality rates than members of other groups. Among male workers, motor vehicle crashes were the principal cause of death on the job, followed by falling objects, machinery, and falls. The industries contributing the largest proportions of these deaths were construction, trucking, agriculture, and logging (population attributable risk percentages were 16.8%, 8.8%, 7.9%, and 6.9%, respectively). The fatality patterns of female workers were different: Numbers of deaths from homicide and unintentional trauma were equal, and 27% of the latter deaths occurred in one catastrophic fire. Decentralized and rural industries were the most hazardous, but many deaths were outside the current jurisdiction of occupational safety and health agencies. These patterns suggest that greater scrutiny of such industries, through both research and intervention, is warranted.
A low-frequency sonar for sensor-adaptive, multistatic, detection and classification of underwater targets with AUVs

The Generic Ocean Array Technology Sonar (GOATS) Joint Research Program is currently exploring the development of sensor-adaptive autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) technology specifically directed toward rapid environmental assessment and mine countermeasures in coastal environments. As part of the effort, MIT is developing the GOATS multistatic sonar concept with the goal of being able to detect and classify targets on and within the seabed in very shallow water. To support this project, a high performance, multichannel sonar was developed as a payload for the Odyssey-III class AUVs used by MIT and a number of other institutions. This sonar payload is capable of low/mid frequency target insonification, real-time processing of 16 array channels and communication with the main vehicle computer for realtime, adaptive mission coordination. The sonar payload also has the capability to time synchronize with the payloads on other AUVs with microsecond accuracy and the ability to maintain tight time synchronization while all vehicles are underwater, thereby enabling multistatic processing of sonar returns. The entire sonar payload was designed and implemented as a virtual sensor with respect to the main vehicle computer. Results from two major international experiments are presented in which both the time synchronization capabilities and the online detection capabilities of the sonar were tested and in which we believe the first ever online target detections were achieved with a system of this type.
Definitions of Cross Versus Parallel: Implications for a New Typology (An Appreciation of A. Kimball Romney)

Following a brief introduction to typologies and the background of classifications of kinship terminologies, the author addresses this problem of needed revisions in our typology of kin terminological systems. First, he lays out an example involving the definition of cross versus parallel features in Dravidian- and Iroquois-type terminologies in which a lack of attention to explicit formal characterizations of systems has led to needless confusion. Second, he turns to the problem of developing that new general typology for kin term systems. The findings that produce the need for a new typology depend on analytic advances since Murdock’s codification, and so he offers a brief overview of those advances and the findings that necessitate typological restructuring.
A molecular dynamics simulation of the C-terminal fragment of the L7/L12 ribosomal protein in solution

Abstract Herein we present the results of a molecular dynamics simulation of the C-terminal fragment of the L7/L 12 ribosomal protein (CTF) in solution for 200 ps. The overall features of the crystal structure were well-reproduced during the simulation, although there were some differences. Namely, the hydrogen bonding pattern changes slightly during the simulation, with surface residues that were previously involved in intra-protein hydrogen bonds opting for interactions with the solvent. The α-carbon deviation from the crystal structure was 1.05 A and the all atom deviation was 1.63 A. Although, the conformations generated were near the crystal structure by these measures, at least five different conformational regions were sampled. These conformations do not cluster around the crystal structure, but they remain close to the crystal structure overall and mostly represent local conformational changes. Therefore, it will be interesting to see if these conformations truly reflect the solution structure of CTF, when it becomes available, as opposed to merely revealing artifactual drifts from the crystal structure.
The Valenti procedure for hallux limitus/rigidus

The results of 12 Valenti procedures on 11 patients are presented. Preoperative hallux dorsiflexion was 12.9 degrees; postoperatively, patients achieved 40.4 degrees of dorsiflexion. The Valenti procedure is a useful arthroplasty for grades II and III hallux limitus/rigidus.
Reflections on intervention

United States intervention over the last half century has taken a horrendous human toll, killing massive numbers of victims whether by the U.S. directly (in Vietnam, for example), by regimes installed by U.S. intervention (e.g., in Guatemala), or by the misery of the status quo that U.S. intervention has often defended. Given this appalling record, progressives have adopted one of two positions. Position (A) holds that the U.S. should never intervene; position (B) maintains that the U.S. has been intervening for bad purposes in the past, but now it should intervene for good. I will argue in favor of position (A), then consider some exceptions, and then consider how die existence of the United Nations affects my argument. My basic case against U.S. intervention has four components: First, by making good interventions possible, we make bad interventions more likely—this is the precedent argument. Second, bad countries don't make good interventions. Third, outsiders are inherently incapable of bringing self‐...
-expansions for the Lagrangian formulation of three-dimensional Potts models

Abstract 1 Q expansions for the family of Q-state Potts models in three dimensions have been computed to twelfth order in the variable z = Q − 1 3 . We find that the latent heat Δ vanishes with an algebraic zero, Δ = a(Q − Qc)σ, as Q → Qc from above, where a = 0.040 ± 0.002,Qc = 2.57 ± 0.12 and σ = 1.65 ± 0.12. Our results are in excellent agreement with Monte Carlo renormalization group studies of the three state model.
The overshoot of a random walk with negative drift

Abstract Let { S n , n ⩾ 0 } be a random walk starting from 0 and drifting to - ∞ , and let τ ( x ) be the first time when the random walk crosses a given level x ⩾ 0 . Some asymptotics for the tail probability of the overshoot S τ ( x ) - x , associated with the event ( τ ( x ) ∞ ) , are derived for the cases of heavy-tailed and light-tailed increments. In particular, the formulae obtained fulfill certain uniform requirements.
AEGIS Automated Science Targeting for the MER Opportunity Rover

The Autonomous Exploration for Gathering Increased Science (AEGIS) system enables automated data collection by planetary rovers. AEGIS software was uploaded to the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission’s Opportunity rover in December 2009 and has successfully demonstrated automated onboard targeting based on scientist-specified objectives. Prior to AEGIS, images were transmitted from the rover to the operations team on Earth; scientists manually analyzed the images, selected geological targets for the rover’s remote-sensing instruments, and then generated a command sequence to execute the new measurements. AEGIS represents a significant paradigm shift---by using onboard data analysis techniques, the AEGIS software uses scientist input to select high-quality science targets with no human in the loop. This approach allows the rover to autonomously select and sequence targeted observations in an opportunistic fashion, which is particularly applicable for narrow field-of-view instruments (such as the MER Mini-TES spectrometer, the MER Panoramic camera, and the 2011 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) ChemCam spectrometer). This article provides an overview of the AEGIS automated targeting capability and describes how it is currently being used onboard the MER mission Opportunity rover.
Michael−Aldol Ring Closures with Dihapto-Coordinated Pyrrole Complexes and the Synthesis of Tetrahydroindole Cores

Several pyrrole complexes of {TpW(NO)(PMe3)} are evaluated as potential synthons to the indole core. The 2,5-dimethylpyrrole analogue undergoes Michael addition with several enones and enals to form 3H-pyrrole complexes, which subsequently tautomerize and undergo an aldol ring closure to form tetrahydroindole complexes (including one confirmed by crystallographic data). In some cases an organic tetrahydroindole could be recovered, albeit in low yield. Pyrrole N−H insertion was observed for 2-methylpyrrole and 2,4-dimethylpyrrole, and for the latter, a crystal structure is reported for the corresponding seven-coordinate pyrrolyl hydride derived from 2,4-dimethylpyrrole.
Computed tomography screening for lung cancer: prospects of surviving competing causes of death.

Abstract Purpose The primary objective of this study was to shed light on the frequency of death from a “competing” cause among persons who enter into computed tomography (CT) screening for lung cancer and to determine the 5- and 10-year rates of death from causes other than lung cancer in a cohort of older smokers and former smokers with the initiation of CT screening for lung cancer. Patients and Methods We followed a cohort of 2141 men and women aged 60-75 years with a history of 30-100 pack-years of cigarette smoking who enrolled for CT screening for lung cancer in 1993-2004. The National Death Index retrieval program was used to identify all deaths and causes of death. Follow-up time from the date of the initial CT to death, loss to follow-up, or December 31, 2004, whichever came first, was calculated for each subject. Median duration of follow-up was 50 months (range, 1-133 months). Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to derive the 5- and 10-year survival rates with the exclusion of deaths from lung cancer. Results The 5- and 10-year survival rates, conditional on not dying from lung cancer, were 96% and 90.7%, respectively. The corresponding 95% confidence intervals were 95%-97% and 88.2%-95.2%, respectively. Conclusion Older smokers and former smokers seeking and receiving CT screening for lung cancer have a low 10-year risk of dying from causes other than lung cancer, and early treatment of screen-diagnosed cancer can be life-saving.
Prehospital cardiac arrest in a paramedic first-responder system using the utstein style

Objectives. To describe the characteristics of patients found to have cardiac arrest andto evaluate the characteristics predictive of survival after cardiac arrest in a paramedic first-responder model. Methods. All patients who suffered out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the city of Reading, Ohio, from January 1998 to December 2003 were recorded in the Utstein style. The number andincidence rate of witnessed arrests, initial rhythms, rate of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and30-day mortality rate were retrospectively collected. Demographics, time to hospital, andresponse times were evaluated as predictors of survival. Results. Of those patients initially found to be in cardiac arrest, 14.3% were discharged alive. Witnessed arrests were more likely to result in live discharge of the patient. Whether bystander CPR was performed was not found to affect survival, nor was initial rhythm, although no patients initially found in asystole were discharged alive. No demographic characteristics or res...
Thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine in the dog; effect of diet, hypophysectomy, and TSH.

SummaryA scintillation counter adapted to the determination of thyroid I131 uptakes in the unanesthetized dog has been described. The dog was shown to have a relatively slow rate of accumulation of I131 by the thyroid, but a total uptake of the same order of magnitude as man and the rabbit if the dog was maintained on a dietary intake of 70 μg of iodine or less per day. Hypophysectomy markedly depressed the thyroidal uptake and blood I131 clearance rate, and TSH administration elevated the rate of uptake and release.
Controllability of cross-flow heat exchangers

The operation of heat exchangers and other thermal equipment in the face of variable loads is usually controlled by manipulating inlet fluid temperatures or mass flow rates. This is a fundamental study of the basic issues regarding state and output controllability in such systems. A numerical method based on finite-differences is developed to approximate infinite-dimensional equations by finite-dimensional ones for the study of a conduction–convection system. The dynamics of a single-pass cross-flow heat exchanger with simultaneous advection, convection and conduction, in which water and air are the in- and over-tube fluids, respectively, is represented by a coupled set of partial differential equations. The numerical method is used to analyze the behavior of the heat exchanger equations. Using the water or air inlet temperature as the manipulated variable leads to a linear problem, and for the water flow rate it is non-linear. Controllability results for different choices of the manipulated variable are presented.
A multianalyte profile of serum proteins to screen for toxicological effects of anticholinesterase insecticides in the rat

The development of high throughput biochemical screens could be useful to assess the broad spectrum of physiological effects of environmental toxicants. To explore the prospect of using a screen in an in vivo exposure scenario, we applied a commercially available multianalyte profile (MAP) of 58 serum biomarkers to rats exposed acutely to two anticholinesterase insecticides, chlorpyrifos (CHP) and carbaryl (CAR). Male, Long-Evans rats were dosed orally with 30 mg/kg CHP, 75 mg/kg CAR or the corn oil vehicle. Doses were selected based on their equivalent physiological effects (hypothermia and reduced motor activity). The animals were terminated 24h or 7 days after dosing. Serum was collected and analyzed for 58 biomarkers consisting primarily of cytokines, chemokines, and a few hormones. There were changes in six analytes (four up, two down) following CHP and eight analytes (five up, three down) following CAR at 24h. There were significant changes in only two biomarkers when measured 7 days after dosing with CHP. Overall, the MAP detected a broad spectrum of unique effects for CHP and CAR. It is concluded that the MAP is a useful tool to screen for in vivo effects of environmental toxicants and its use could lead to the discovery of novel mechanisms of action.
On testimation of a probability density: the normal case

A two-stage shrinkage testimation procedure is discussed in the problem of density estimation. A first stage sample is used to test the goodness of fit of the data compared with a pre-assumed hypothesis about the form of the density function. A combination of parametric and nonparametric estimates is taken as the estimate of the density if the data agree with the hypothesis. Otherwise, a second sample is taken and a purely nonparametric estimate is obtained using the combined sample. The procedure protects against model misspecification and results in taking smaller samples when inference can be based only on the first stage sample.
The drug-reaction drama

Responsibility for Drug-Induced Injury.. By M. N. G. Dukes D. Swartz Elsevier. Pp.431. Df 1.350, $184.25.
Effect of benthic mixing on the information content of deep-sea stratigraphical signals

Benthic mixing or bioturbation affects sediments in various ways, including: (1) the production of trace fossils, (2) mechanical and/or chemical alteration of the sediment, and (3) filtering or smearing stratigraphical signals1. Because mixing alters both the slopes and amplitudes of any recorded events, some knowledge of the process is essential for the correct interpretation of the signals. In view of recent trends towards high-resolution stratigraphy2,3 and signal unmixing4–6, the frequency characteristics of the benthic mixing filter must be understood to determine which types of signals can be detected after mixing. Analyses of ash and tektite profiles in deep-sea cores from various geographical regions indicate that even signals from cores having sedimentation rates as high as 7 cm kyr−1 will show severe attenuation of frequencies higher than 0.35 cycles kyr−1 (periods shorter than 2.9 kyr) resulting in loss of ability to resolve closely-spaced events. Most signals will experience much more serious high-frequency attenuation, however. The severity of high frequency loss is directly related to sedimentation rate (R = 0.97 for the cores examined), suggesting that this is the most important variable to take into account when considering a core for palaeoceanographic or palaeoclimatic study.
Declines in Satisfaction with Physical Intimacy Predict Caregiver Perceptions of Overall Relationship Loss: A Study of Elderly Caregiving Spousal Dyads

The extent to which sense of overall relationship loss (feeling less happy or emotionally close) is predicted by declines in satisfaction with opportunities for affectionate physical contact and sexual intimacy was investigated in 136 caregivers of physically and/or cognitively impaired elderly spouses. Changes in satisfaction and relationship loss were unrelated to demographic factors. Older caregivers and those with more cognitively impaired spouses evaluated their own physical health less favorably, but caregiver health was unrelated to declines in satisfaction with physical intimacy or relationship loss. The only significant predictor of declines in satisfaction was providing more care; the only significant predictor of more perceived relationship loss was greater decline in satisfaction with opportunities for affectionate physical contact and sexual intimacy. Thus, decrements in health have minimal influence on caregiver perceptions of loss in relationship quality – as long as they do not result in losses in satisfaction with physical intimacy.