cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
S-phase fraction and breast cancer — a decade of experience

During the past decade, more than 300 articles, abstracts, and book chapters have been published about S-phase fraction (SPF) determined by DNA flow cytometry and its clinical utility for patients with breast cancer. However, the use of SPF for making treatment decisions for breast cancer patients remains controversial. After reviewing 273 published articles, we conclude: 1) Despite different techniques and cutpoints, correlations between SPF and other prognostic markers are relatively consistent across studies; higher SPF is generally associated with worse tumor grade, absence of steroid receptors, larger tumors, and positive axillary lymph nodes. 2) Higher SPF is generally associated with worse disease-free and overall survival in both univariate and multivariate analyses; SPF values from laboratories that have conducted validation studies can be used, in combination with other factors, to estimate the prognosis of patients with primary breast cancer. 3) There is considerable variability among laboratories regarding assay methodology, cell-cycle analysis techniques, and cutpoints for classifying and interpreting SPF; use of SPF values from different laboratories is problematic, and there remains a need for standardization of these processes and well-designed confirmation studies. We conclude that measurement of SPF does have clinical utility for patients with breast cancer, but standardization and quality control must be improved before it can be routinely used in community settings.
Design criteria for small coded aperture masks in gamma-ray astronomy

Most theoretical work on coded aperture masks in X-ray and low-energy gamma-ray astronomy has concentrated on masks with large numbers of elements. For gamma-ray spectrometers in the MeV range, the detector plane usually has only a few discrete elements, so that masks with small numbers of elements are called for. For this case it is feasible to analyze by computer all the possible mask patterns of given dimension to find the ones that best satisfy the desired performance criteria. A particular set of performance criteria for comparing the flux sensitivities, source positioning accuracies and transparencies of different mask patterns is developed. The results of such a computer analysis for masks up to dimension 5 x 5 unit cell are presented and it is concluded that there is a great deal of flexibility in the choice of mask pattern for each dimension.
Look Back to Look Forward: The Classification Research Study Group and SIG/CR

The members of SIG/CR have been challenged to consider seriously what lies ahead in knowledge organization. To plan for the future, it is important to understand the past. This paper provides a brief overview of problems in classification research from 1957 until 1964 as well as insights into the creation of the Classification Research Study Group (CRSG), which formed the nucleus of SIG/CR in 1970. The CRSG was an exciting, informal proving ground for people in industry, academia, and government which served to bootstrap creative approaches to theoretical and practical problems. Is it possible to recapture the excitement, spontaneity and vitality of this young group, and make at least equivalent progress in the next 30 years?
Radclyffe Hall's The Well of Loneliness: Sources and Inspiration

Abstract Ever since the publication of Radclyffe Hall's The Well of Loneliness in 1928, social scientists have speculated on its autobiographical aspects. The thesis of this article is that Hall adapted her characterizations and storyline from the work of Richard Von Krafft‐Ebing. The uncanny similarity between Stephen Gordon and Count Sandor in terms of their physical attributes, their personal histories, and the sequence of events could hardly be coincidental.
Low temperature dependence of the elastic constant c44 of p-type silicon

Abstract We present a theory of the change of the elastic constant c 44 in Si due to the presence of acceptor impurities. The magnitude of this change increases rapidly as the temperature is lowered below a critical temperature which we associate with the onset of a rapid freezing out of the charge carriers. This variation is not so pronounced in heavily doped samples where freeze-out does not take place even at the lowest temperatures. It is also necessary to consider that the acceptor states have a split ground state in the absence of an ultrasonic wave arising from random local strains.
EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL TREATMENTS AND CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES ON POSTHARVEST NITRATE‐NITRITE CONVERSION IN SPINACH

Various controlled atmospheres and chemical treatments on post-harvest nitrate-nitrite conversion in fresh spinach (Spinaciu oleracea L.) were investigated. Substantial nitrite accumulated in spinach held in low 02 (1%) at 10®C for 10–15 days relative to that held in air. High CO2 (15–18%) at 10®C reduced nitrite accumulation provided the storage period did not exceed 10 days. Nitrate reductase activity was reduced 80% in leaves held for 2 days at 10®C and could not be detected in leaves held for 5 days or longer. Leaves dipped in 1% and 5% DHA-S and subsequently held for 15 days at 10®C showed signs of physiological injury and accumulated high levels of nitrite, particularly at the 1% concentration, relative to water-dipped controls where some nitrite accumulated but no leaf injury was seen. Compared to a water dip, nitrite accumulation was somewhat lessened by dipping in a 500 ppm chloramphenicol solution. Little conversion of nitrate to nitrite occurred in fresh spinach held dry. Nitrite-N levels exceeding 20 ppm were found only in visibly decayed samples.
Quantitative analysis of the interaction between the agonist and antagonist isomers of picenadol (LY150720) on electric shock titration in the squirrel monkey

The opioid mixed agonist-antagonist picenadol (LY150720) is a racemate whose resolution results in a highly stereospecific separation of opioid agonist and antagonist activity. Attenuation of the antinociceptive effects of the agonist (dextro) isomer LY136596 by the antagonist (levo) isomer LY136595 was evaluated quantitatively in squirrel monkeys responding under a schedule of electric shock titration through the use of a dose-ratio analysis. LY136596 (0.3–3.0 mg/kg) produced a dose-related increase in the intensity at which monkeys maintained the shock. Increases in shock intensity produced by LY136596 were antagonized by LY136596 (0.1–10.0 mg/kg); dose-response curves for LY136596 were shifted to the right in a parallel manner by increasing doses of LY136595. An apparent pA2 (Schild) plot obtained from these data yielded a line with a slope of −0.60 ± 0.05 and an apparent pA2 value of 5.67 ± 0.07. These data support previous suggestions that the antinociceptive activity of picenadol (LY150720) resides in the d-isomer (LY136596) and that the l-isomer (LY136595) acts to limit the analgesic efficacy of the racemate.
An unusual case of condylar dislocation

A 28-year-old woman involved in a motor vehicle accident sustained bilateral mandibular condyle dislocation into the infratemporal fossae. Conventional manipulations were unsuccessful in relocating the condyles. By simulating the dislocations on a dried skull, it was evident that the coronoid processes were trapped anteriorly and superiorly to zygomatic arches. An open surgical approach was required to relocate the condyles.
Excretion of Porphyrin by Dogs

Conclusion1. Coproporphyrin I is excreted at a constant rate in normal dogs, proving the existence of the dualism of the porphyrins in that animal. 2. Experimental evidence is given that coproporphyrin I excretion seems to be directly proportional to and a measure of hematopoietic activity. 3. Coproporphyrin I is not a product of or related to blood destruction.
Aging alters contractile properties and fiber morphology in pigeon skeletal muscle

In this study, we tested the hypothesis that skeletal muscle from pigeons would display age-related alterations in isometric force and contractile parameters as well as a shift of the single muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) distribution toward smaller fiber sizes. Maximal force output, twitch contraction durations and the force-frequency relationship were determined in tensor propatagialis pars biceps muscle from young 3-year-old pigeons, middle-aged 18-year-old pigeons, and aged 30-year-old pigeons. The fiber CSA distribution was determined by planimetry from muscle sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Maximal force output of twitch and tetanic contractions was greatest in muscles from young pigeons, while the time to peak force of twitch contractions was longest in muscles from aged pigeons. There were no changes in the force-frequency relationship between the age groups. Interestingly, the fiber CSA distribution in aged muscles revealed a greater number of larger sized muscle fibers, which was verified visually in histological images. Middle-aged and aged muscles also displayed a greater amount of slow myosin containing muscle fibers. These data demonstrate that muscles from middle-aged and aged pigeons are susceptible to alterations in contractile properties that are consistent with aging, including lower force production and longer contraction durations. These functional changes were supported by the appearance of slow myosin containing muscle fibers in muscles from middle-aged and aged pigeons. Therefore, the pigeon may represent an appropriate animal model for the study of aging-related alterations in skeletal muscle function and structure.
Evaluating the estimation of fishery management reference points in a variable environment

Abstract There is strong evidence that low frequency between-year environmental variability, in addition to fishing, is able to affect fish population abundance via recruitment. However, scientific advice regarding catch limits is often based on control rules that depend on the estimation of biomass reference points which typically do not explicitly consider the effects of trends over time in reference points caused by environmental variability. Harvest rates based on commonly used biological reference points such as the level of unfished spawning biomass (B0), the current size of the stock in relation to B0, and BMSY that are sustainable under current environmental conditions may be unsustainable under different environmental conditions. Although several methods exist for estimating biomass reference points, it is unclear which of these are most robust to the effects of long term, low frequency environmental variability. Therefore, simulation is used to evaluate alternative estimators, which differ in terms of how the stock–recruitment relationship is modeled, and whether explicit estimators or proxies are used for B0, the steepness of the stock–recruitment relationship, and current spawning biomass relative to B0. The simulations consider three life histories: a long-lived unproductive rockfish, a moderately long-lived and productive flatfish, and a moderately long-lived and productive hake with highly variable recruitment. Results indicate that in the presence of low frequency autocorrelated forcing of recruitment, biomass reference points should be based on average recruitment and/or dynamic B0 if catch and survey data are available for at least one full period of the environmental variable. In contrast, previous analysis suggests that in the absence of autocorrelated environmental forcing of recruitment, and if the available catch and survey data do not span at least, in this case, 50 years which is one full period of the environmental variable, biomass reference points should be based on the fit of the stock–recruitment relationship. Life history affects the estimability of biomass reference points, which are more difficult to estimate for species with more rapid dynamics such as hake. The method used to calculate the reference points given the results of a stock assessment has a larger effect on estimability than the configuration of the stock assessment method, for the three stock assessment model configurations investigated in this study.
Triptolide Directly Inhibits dCTP Pyrophosphatase

Triptolide is a potent natural product, with documented antiproliferative, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, antifertility, and antipolycystic kidney disease effects. Despite a wealth of knowledge about the biology of this compound, direct intracellular target proteins have remained elusive. We synthesized a biotinylated photoaffinity derivative of triptolide, and used it to identify dCTP pyrophosphatase 1 (DCTPP1) as a triptolide-interacting protein. Free triptolide interacts directly with recombinant DCTPP1, and inhibits the enzymatic activity of this protein. Triptolide is thus the first dCTP pyrophosphatase inhibitor identified, and DCTPP1 is a biophysically validated target of triptolide.
Oxygen isotopic composition of bottom seawater and tunicate cellulose used as indicators of water masses in the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas

Oxygen isotopic composition of bottom seawater and tunicate cellulose were used as short-term and long-term indicators, respectively, of water-mass characteristics in the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas. Oxygen isotopic composition of northeastern Bering Sea waters is influenced by Yukon River inflows of {sup 18}O-depleted continental water mixing with relatively {sup 18}O-enriched waters contributed by the Anadyr Current. Tunicate cellulose sampled under Alaska coastal water is more depleted in {sup 18}O than that collected under Bering shelf and Anadyr waters, which reflects the oxygen isotopic composition of these waters. Tunicate cellulose collected under the mixed Bering shelf water displays intermediate {delta} {sup 18}O values. Oxygen isotopic analyses of bottom seawater were used to determine the spatial location and influence of continental and coastal-derived precipitation and of sea-ice formation on water-mass structure on the continental shelf of the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas. Results indicate that the oxygen isotopic composition of tunicate cellulose, averaged over multiple seasons, may serve as a long-term biochemical indicator of water-mass patterns in ice-covered polar regions where continuous sampling is impractical.
Parotid hypertrophy and bariatric surgery: case report.

Approximately 5% of the United States population is morbidly obese, with morbid obesity defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 40. (BMI is determined by dividing a patient’s weight in kilograms by the square of the height in meters.) Because morbid obesity is associated with early mortality and various adverse health conditions, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, sleep apnea, heart disease, stroke, asthma, and bone degeneration in weight-bearing areas, therapeutic intervention is indicated. Conservative therapy, including dietary changes, exercise, behavioral modification, and pharmacotherapy, will result in weight loss, but this loss is often transient. Bariatric surgery (the surgical management of obesity) has become a common therapeutic approach for morbidly obese persons who do not respond to conservative approaches. This approach is increasing in popularity, with 72,000 procedures performed in 2002 and an estimated 103,000 in 2003, and continued increases expected. Bariatric surgery comprises a variety of gastric surgical techniques. The most common procedure involves stapling to form a stomach pouch with a 50to 100-mL capacity and creating an anastomosis to the upper jejunum, forming a 1to 2-cm–diameter stoma. The consequent reduced stomach size encourages satiety, while the small stoma delays pouch emptying and the return of hunger. Although bariatric surgery has proven generally successful in alleviating the systemic conditions associated with morbid obesity, postoperative complications can occur. Persistent vomiting (several times a day) has been reported in as many as 30% of patients and should not be considered normal. Often dietary indiscretion, with constant snacking, a continued increase in food intake, and failure to chew small amounts of food slowly and thoroughly, will lead to pouch distention with pain and vomiting. Psychiatric factors also come into play in these patients, who frequently have fragile psyches. Self-induced vomiting after gastric surgery is a known mechanism to alleviate stress in some patients. Here we report a patient who engaged in selfinduced vomiting after bariatric surgery performed 26 years earlier. Because bariatric surgery has become a common procedure for morbidly obese persons, the authors wish to call attention with this case report to an oral-facial symptom, parotid gland hypertrophy, that may develop.
Linkage Isomerization of MSCN(CDOH)2(CDO)BMe to MNCS(CDOH)2(CDO)BMe (M = Tc, Re). Crystal Structures of TcNCS(CDOH)2(CDO)BMe, ReNCS(CDOH)2(CDO)BMe, and ReSCN(CDOH)2(CDO)BMe†

The 7-coordinate technetium(III) and rhenium(III) monocapped tris(dioxime) complexes [MX(dioxime)3BR] have been prepared in which the seventh ligand, X, is thiocyanate or hydroxide (M = Tc, Re; R = Me, Et). Both the N- and S-bound thiocyanate linkage isomers are produced during the syntheses, however, the S-bound complex isomerizes to the N-bound analogue. The synthetic routes employed allowed isolation of sufficient quantities of the technetium and rhenium S-bound isomers to be identified; however, full characterization was not possible. The linkage isomerization reaction of TcSCN(CDOH)2(CDO)BMe to TcNCS(CDOH)2(CDO)BMe was monitored in dichloromethane by UV−visible spectrophotometry, with four isosbestic points observed, consistent with the formation of a single product. The N-bound isomers for both Tc and Re, and the S-bound isomer of Re were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The two N-bound complexes were found to be isostructural. TcNCS(CDOH)2(CDO)BMe crystallized in the orth...
Method for monitoring deletions in the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster of Aspergillus flavus with multiplex PCR.

The report presents a rapid, inexpensive and simple method for monitoring indels with influence on aflatoxin biosynthesis within Aspergillus flavus populations. PCR primers were developed for 32 markers spaced approximately every 5 kb from 20 kb proximal to the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster to the telomere repeat. This region includes gene clusters required for biosynthesis of aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid; the resulting data were named cluster amplification patterns (CAPs). CAP markers are amplified in four multiplex PCRs, greatly reducing the cost and time to monitor indels within this region across populations. The method also provides a practical tool for characterizing intraspecific variability in A. flavus not captured with other methods. Significance and Impact of the Study Aflatoxins, potent naturally-occurring carcinogens, cause significant agricultural problems. The most effective method for preventing contamination of crops with aflatoxins is through use of atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus to alter the population structure of this species and reduce incidences of aflatoxin producers. Cluster amplification pattern (CAP) is a rapid multiplex PCR method for identifying and monitoring indels associated with atoxigenicity in A. flavus. Compared to previous techniques, the reported method allows for increased resolution, reduced cost, and greater speed in monitoring the stability of atoxigenic strains, incidences of indel mediated atoxigenicity and the structure of A. flavus populations.
A comparison of the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II tropospheric water vapor to radiosonde measurements

Results are presented of a comparison beteen observations of the upper-tropospheric water vapor data obtained from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) instrument and radiosonde observations for 1987 and radiosonde-based climatologies. Colocated SAGE II-radiosonde measurement pairs are compared individually and in a zonal mean sense. A straight comparison of monthly zonal means between SAGE II and radiosondes for 1987 and Global Atmospheric Statistics (1963-1973) indicates that the clear-sky SAGE II climatology is approximately half the level of clear/cloudy sky of both radiosonde climatologies. Annual zonal means calculated from the set of profile pairs again showed SAGE II to be significantly drier in many altitude bands.
Prenatal visual experience alters postnatal sensory dominance hierarchy in bobwhite quail chicks

Abstract Work with a variety of precocial animal infants has demonstrated a hierarchy in the functional priority of the auditory and visual systems in the period following birth or hatching with infants initially utilizing auditory rather than visual cues to direct their early perceptual and social preferences. This experiment utilized bobwhite quail embryos and hatchlings to examine whether this pattern of early sensory dominance is influenced by the nature of prenatal sensory experience. Results revealed that bobwhite quail chicks that received unusually early (prenatal) visual experience demonstrate an altered pattern of postnatal sensory dominance but only under specific conditions. Whereas these chicks continued to prefer maternal auditory cues over visual cues when the maternal visual cues provided were motionless, chicks that received prenatal visual experience preferred maternal visual cues over auditory cues by 96 hours of postnatal age when the visual cues provided were kinetic. These results emphasize the importance of considering both extra- and intraorganismic variables when characterizing the nature of early perceptual organization.
A genetically encoded acrylamide functionality.

Ne-Acryloyl-l-lysine, a noncanonical amino acid with an electron deficient olefin, is genetically encoded in Escherichia coli using a pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase mutant in coordination with tRNACUAPyl. The acrylamide moiety is stable in cells, whereas it is active enough to perform a diverse set of unique reactions for protein modifications in vitro. These reactions include 1,4-addition, radical polymerization, and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. We demonstrate that a protein incorporated with Ne-acryloyl-l-lysine is efficiently modified with thiol-containing nucleophiles at slightly alkali conditions, and the acrylamide moiety also allows rapid radical copolymerization of the same protein into a polyacrylamide hydrogel at physiological pH. At physiological conditions, the acrylamide functionality undergoes a fast 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction with diaryl nitrile imine to show turn-on fluorescence. We have used this observation to demonstrate site-specific fluorescent labeling of proteins incorporated with...
Loss and size minimization of surface plasmon polariton nanolasers in near infrared

We show that interplay of different loss mechanisms leads to a minimization of overall loss in a semiconductor plasmon polariton nanolaser. A practical design is proposed with a total volume of 1.5 × 10−4 λ 0 3.
High-gain photonic crystal fiber regenerative amplifier.

We have demonstrated a photonic crystal fiber-based regenerative amplifier at 1.078 μm. The input signal pulse energy is 20 pJ in a 12 ns pulse at a 3 kHz repetition rate. At 8.6 W of input pump power, the amplified output pulse energy is 157 μJ, yielding a gain of 69 dB. To our knowledge, this is the highest gain achieved in a fiber-based regenerative amplifier to date at any wavelength.
Quinone diazide cyclizations - a direct route to dihydrobenzofurans

Abstract The reaction of ortho-quinone diazides with electron-rich alkenes produces 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans. The ortho-quinone diazides are formed from the ortho-nitrophenols by reduction and diazotization. The reaction of an ortho-quinone diazide with 2,3-dihydrofuran produces a furo-[2,3-b]benzofuran ring system.
Photolytic Properties of Ortho-Substituted 4-[N,N-Bis(β- Hydroxyethyl)amino]azobenzenes in Polymer Substrates:

The synthesis of some novel derivatives of 4-[N,N-bis(β-hydroxyethyl)- amino]azobenzene is reported, and the effects of ortho-substituents on photoinduced trans→ cis isomerism about the azo group, mass spectral behavior, and the photost ability of these dyes are described. An ortho-nitro group inhibits trans → cis photo- isomerism about the azo group and affords poor photostability. Those ortho-substituted dyes showing a greater tendency to undergo photoinduced trans → cis isomerism and recover quickly are also more photostable and less subject to rupture at the β-nitrogen- carbon bond in the mass spectrometer. The photolysis experiments were done using acetate and triacetate film and fiber, and the mass spectrometric analyses were done by direct probe using the electron-impact technique.
Trisomy 20q caused by der(4) t(4;20) (q35;q13.1): report of a new patient and review of the literature.

An infant with multiple congenital anomalies and severe developmental delay was found to have a derivative chromosome 4 by routine karyotypic analysis. Using telomeric FISH analysis, the source of the additional chromatin was determined to be from 20q. The infant, thus, is trisomic for 20q13.1 to 20qter and monosomic for the sub-telomeric region of 4q. Other cases of trisomy 20q13.1to 20qter associated with telomeric deletions are reviewed and compared to the current patient.
Molecular structure of potassium kappa carrageenate gels: a rheological and pulsed electric birefringence study

Abstract Measurements have been made of the shear modulus as a function of biopolymer concentration for pure potassium kappa carrageenate gels. The results have been discussed on the basis of rubber elasticity theory to investigate the free polymer linkages between junction zones within the gels. Pulsed electric birefringence studies have been made on segmented kappa carrageenan as a model for the junction zones of the gel.
Advanced Electrical Materials and Components Development: An Update

The primary means to develop advanced electrical components is to develop new and improved materials for magnetic components (transformers, inductors, etc.), capacitors, and semiconductor switches and diodes. This paper will give an update of the Advanced Power Electronics and Components Technology being developed by the NASA Glenn Research Center for use in future Power Management and Distribution subsystems used in space power systems for spacecraft and lunar and planetary surface power. The initial description and status of this technology program was presented two years ago at the First International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference held at Portsmouth, Virginia, August 2003. The present paper will give a brief background of the previous work reported and a summary of research performed the past several years on soft magnetic materials characterization, dielectric materials and capacitor developments, high quality silicon carbide atomically smooth substrates, and SiC static and dynamic device characterization under elevated temperature conditions. The rationale for and the benefits of developing advanced electrical materials and components for the PMAD subsystem and also for the total power system will also be briefly discussed.
The pros and cons of code validation

Computational and wind tunnel error sources are examined and quantified using specific calculations of experimental data, and a substantial comparison of theoretical and experimental results, or a code validation, is discussed. Wind tunnel error sources considered include wall interference, sting effects, Reynolds number effects, flow quality and transition, and instrumentation such as strain gage balances, electronically scanned pressure systems, hot film gages, hot wire anemometers, and laser velocimeters. Computational error sources include math model equation sets, the solution algorithm, artificial viscosity/dissipation, boundary conditions, the uniqueness of solutions, grid resolution, turbulence modeling, and Reynolds number effects. It is concluded that, although improvements in theory are being made more quickly than in experiments, wind tunnel research has the advantage of the more realistic transition process of a right turbulence model in a free-transition test.
Two sides of the heliopause

Interaction of the solar wind with the interstellar medium leads to the formation of the heliosphere and termination shock. This article addresses three aspects of the plasma and magnetic field on two sides of the heliopause: (1) The interstellar magnetic field surrounding the heliopause. In the limit of very low plasma β-ratio an analytical solution is obtained for the 3D interstellar magnetic field by means of a line dipole method. The undisturbed magnetic field in the upstream is allowed to have an arbitrary inclination angle. The solution describes the heliosphere as having a blunt-nosed geometry on the upwind side and approaching a cylindrical geometry on the downwind side. The distortion of the magnetic field can penetrate very deep into the interstellar space. (2) Interaction of the interstellar neutral hydrogen with the global solar wind. The ionization process leads to removal of interstellar neutral hydrogen in the heliosphere: on the upwind side, 90% of hydrogen depletion occurs inside 60 AU, the hydrogen density changes rapidly inside 10 AU. A hydrogen cavity forms inside ∼4 AU; the cavity extends on the downwind side to form a long cavity wake. Outside the cavity and cavity wake, pickup protons are produced, they cause deceleration and heating of the solar wind. The wind speed and temperature also increase steadily with heliolatitude caused by the latitudinal increase in wind speed at the inner boundary. (3) The global geometry of the termination shock. The termination shock has been treated as having a closed geometry in previous heliosphere models. This study presents a new perspective that the global termination shock may have a bow-shaped open geometry. The termination shock forms on the upwind side because the forward motion of the supersonic solar wind is blocked at the blunt-nosed heliopause. However, the heliopause likely to be open on the downwind side; the motion of the supersonic solar wind is unobstructed for shock formation. Thus, the global termination shock likely has an open geometry. On the upwind side the shock flares out and weakens from the nose to its flanks. Eventually, the shock asymptotically reduces to a Mach wave. The supersonic solar wind remains shock free in the heliotail.
Poetry, Rhetoric, and Science: The Case of Plaustra Bootes

[Abstract This article examines the aural qualities of the collocation plaustra Bootes, its application in Latin poetry, and the precepts of rhetorical theory which explain its use. Plaustra Bootes, which occurs frequently, refers to either or both of the circumpolar constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, configured as ‘wagons’, and to Bootes, the ‘Oxman’ who tends them. The case is made that the collocation is a poetic formula characterized by solemnity of diction, and that its application is limited to contexts, usually characterized by highly elaborate rhetoric, which train the attention on matters of natural science and philosophy. The rhetorical theory of the sublime provides the means to explain the pairing of diction and subject matter. It establishes a hierarchy of sublime topics which include philosophy and natural science, and it indicates the appropriate manner to express elevated thought. In this way rhetorical theory raises the question of the place of science in rhetoric and poetry. Implicit in the theory of the sublime is a system of thought in which rhetoric, poetic theory, and science are aligned with each other as representations in different domains of the same reality., Abstract This article examines the aural qualities of the collocation plaustra Bootes, its application in Latin poetry, and the precepts of rhetorical theory which explain its use. Plaustra Bootes, which occurs frequently, refers to either or both of the circumpolar constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, configured as ‘wagons’, and to Bootes, the ‘Oxman’ who tends them. The case is made that the collocation is a poetic formula characterized by solemnity of diction, and that its application is limited to contexts, usually characterized by highly elaborate rhetoric, which train the attention on matters of natural science and philosophy. The rhetorical theory of the sublime provides the means to explain the pairing of diction and subject matter. It establishes a hierarchy of sublime topics which include philosophy and natural science, and it indicates the appropriate manner to express elevated thought. In this way rhetorical theory raises the question of the place of science in rhetoric and poetry. Implicit in the theory of the sublime is a system of thought in which rhetoric, poetic theory, and science are aligned with each other as representations in different domains of the same reality.]
Can business learn from wargames

Abstract The value of planning, particularly strategic planning, has long been recognized by both the military and business. Recently, the military has made significant contributions in the area of strategic decision making through the use of war games. Business managers may be able to expand their strategic decision-making judgment by employing the wargaming technology developed by the military. If the wargaming concept is embraced by business, it must serve, as it does in the military, as an aid to decision-making rather than as the decision itself.
The quest for quality tags

Many online communities use tags - community selected words or phrases - to help people find what they desire. The quality of tags varies widely, from tags that capture akey dimension of an entity to those that are profane, useless, or unintelligible. Tagging systems must often select a subset of available tags to display to users due to limited screen space. Because users often spread tags they have seen, selecting good tags not only improves an individual's view of tags, it also encourages them to create better tags in the future. We explore implicit (behavioral) and explicit (rating) mechanisms for determining tag quality. Based on 102,056 tag ratings and survey responses collected from 1,039 users over 100 days, we offer simple suggestions to designers of online communities to improve the quality of tags seen by their users.
Raman spectra, ab initio molecular orbital calculations, vibrational analysis, and thermodynamic functions for NH3:AlX3 (X=F, Cl, Br)a)

Raman spectra of gaseous NH3:AlCl3 and NH3:AlBr3 were recorded at 400 °C. The observed Raman frequencies in combination with reported infrared frequencies for NH3:AlCl3 and ab initio molecular orbital calculations on NH3:AlCl3 and NH3:AlF3 were used to derive force constants for all three NH3:AlX3 complexes (X=F, Cl, Br) based on an adjusted valence force field (AVFF) concept. The resulting force constant calculations produced complete sets of A1 and E mode frequencies for each complex. Statistical mechanical analyses were then performed using the A1 and E mode frequencies together with estimated values for the torsional mode of each complex and published enthalpy data. From these analyses, the relative thermodynamic stability of each complex was determined. At 700 and 1000 K, NH3:AlCl3 was found to be more stable than NH3:AlBr3. It was further predicted that the reaction of gaseous NH3 with solid AlF3 to form NH3:AlF3 is not favored in this temperature range, which provides an explanation for the lack of...
Developing the marketing concept in public accounting firms

As the American Institute of Certified Public Accounts relaxes its practice development restrictions, CPA firms find themselves with a need to develop more aggressive approaches to the markets they serve. This paper focuses on the development of a marketing strategy for an illustrative market, that of small, rapidly-growing high technology firms. Results from a telephone survey of company executives serve as the basis for strategy development. In addition, the evaluation of a small firm and its accounting needs are provided in a hypothetical example to dramatize the conclusions. The results suggest that the burden may be on CPA firms to anticipate, recognize, and meet the accounting needs of their clientele.
The World Health Report 2000: Can Health Care Systems Be Compared Using a Single Measure of Performance?

ON JUNE 24, 2000, THE World Health Organization published its World Health Report 2000, Health Systems: Improving Performance, which ranked countries according to an overall single indicator of the performance of their health care systems.1 This indicator was an aggregate of 3 other indicators that supposedly measured (1) effectiveness of health care (basically, medical care and public health services), (2) responsiveness of the health care system to users of its health services, and (3) fairness in the system of financing of health care. Publication of the report created a worldwide debate, most of it published outside the United States.2–6 Recently, the debate has also started in the United States.
Double depression: A distinctive subtype of unipolar depression

Whether depression is a single disease that varies from mild to severe, with varying episode durations and difficult course patterns, or whether it is an umbrella diagnosis representing depressive subtypes with different psychological and biological characteristics has been debated by clinicians and researchers for many years. However, most scientists now agree that understanding the heterogeneous subtypes of depression allows for greater accuracy in describing and differentiating patients suffering from depression and, therefore, greater precision in describing the most efficacious treatment plan. This article will focus on the distinctions between unipolar major depression, double depression and dysthymia, and will review the history of the DSM classifications for these "subtypes" of major depressive disorder, clinicians and researchers continue to subclassify major depression and, particularly, for the purpose of testing the efficacy of new psychopharmocologic and psychosocial treatments. There continues to be a need for future research to more clearly establish the predictive value in terms of course, recovery, rates of relapse and treatment in regard to distinguishing type of depression as well as to validate the current nosology.
Accuracy estimation for projection-to-volume targeting during rotational therapy: a feasibility study.

Purpose: Estimating motion and deformation parameters from a series of projection radiographs acquired during arc therapy using a reference CT volume has become a promising technique for targeting treatment. The purpose of this work is to investigate the influence of rotational arc length on maximum achievable accuracy of motion estimation. Methods: The projection-to-volume alignment procedure used a nonrigid model to describe motion in thorax area, a cost function consisting of a least-squared error metric and a simple regularizer that encourages local invertibility, and a four-level multiresolution scheme with a conjugate gradient method to optimize the cost function. The authors tested both small and large scale deformations typically found in the thorax of a radiotherapy patient at different breathing states and limited-angle scans of six angular widths (12°, 18°, 24°, 36°, 60°, and 90°) centered at three angles (0°, 45°, and 90°). Results: The experiments illustrate the potential accuracy of limited-angle projection-to-volume alignment. Registration accuracy can be sensitive to angular center, tends to be lower along direction of the projection set, and tends to decrease away from the rotation center. The studies of small as well as large but realistically scaled deformations show similar dependencies. These trends appear to have fairly low sensitivity to quantum noise effects. Conclusions: There is potentially sufficient information present in a small spread of projections to monitor the configuration of reasonably high contrast tumors without implanted markers.
The sopranos and genre transformation: Ideological negotiation in the gangster film

The Sopranos is a major reworking of the gangster genre, which both conceals and exposes capitalist contradictions in re‐examining the cultural myths on which the genre is based. While The Sopranos incorporates many elements of the traditional gangster genre, it also transforms that genre in response to major social changes occurring in American society in the late 1980s and 1990s: pervasive corporate corruption and political scandal, loss of faith in national business and political leaders, widening income gap between the wealthiest and poorest Americans, decline in the patriarchal authority of the father, growing concern about childhood abuse and dysfunction in the family, reliance on drugs and psychotherapy to treat deviant social behavior, and increase and normalization of violence in society. This essay argues that an ideological negotiation occurs in The Sopranos between the new social and political realities of American work and family life that are represented in the series and the traditional con...
Autologous Superficial Femoral Vein for Aortic Reconstruction in Infected Fields

Autogenous reconstruction is one option available for patients with aortic graft infection or mycotic aneurysms. We reviewed our recent institutional experience with all patients undergoing aortic reconstruction using autologous superficial femoral vein (SFV). Between February 1995 and November 1997, eight patients (five with prosthetic aortic graft infection and three with mycotic aneurysms, including one ruptured mycotic aneurysm) underwent single-stage aortic reconstruction using autologous SFV. Therapy for graft infection included graft excision and replacement with aortobifemoral or aortofemoral (with subsequent cross femoral) grafts fashioned from the SFV. The two patients undergoing elective repair of mycotic aneurysms were treated with extensive SFV patches, and the patient with a ruptured mycotic aneurysm underwent SFV tube grafting. Autogenous reconstruction of the aorta using the SFV in infected fields shows promise for salvage of life and limb during early experiences and short-term follow-up. Morbidity and mortality rates compare favorably with those from existing series, reconstruction is anatomic, and reinfection potential is low. Long-term follow-up and more extensive experience with this technique are needed to establish its role relative to other conventional methods.
Cobalt Doped ZnO Nanorods Fabricated by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique

ZnO nanorods are currently studied for variety optoelectronic applications. Typically, thin film and bulk ZnO show a strong light absorption in the ultra violet (UV) range. For devices that operate in the visible and infrared range such as optoelectronic sensors and photovoltaic cells, it is necessary to modify the absorption profile from UV to higher wavelengths in the visible region. In this study we investigate optical absorption of ZnO nanorods doped with cobalt using a modified chemical bath deposition technique. The light absorption properties of Cobalt doped ZnO nanorods were studied using Photoluminescence (PL) and Raman Spectroscopy. For doping of Cobalt ranging from 3 to 10 percentage of the total weight, the PL intensity shows a suppression of the prominent UV peak at 383 nm with increase in doping concentration. This reduction in PL intensity at 383 nm is accompanied by an increase in the PL intensity at 429 nm and 469 nm. We will discuss details of ZnO-Cobalt structures using Raman spectroscopy on cobalt doped ZnO nanorod samples of 1 -20% doping concentration.
Lentiviral-mediated RNAi inhibition of Sbds in murine hematopoietic progenitors impairs their hematopoietic potential

Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) is a rare multisystem disorder characterized by exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, multilineage hematopoietic dysfunction, and metaphyseal chondrodysplasia. Bone marrow dysfunction is present in nearly all patients with SDS, with neutropenia being the most common abnormality. The majority of patients with SDS have mutations in the Shwachman Bodian Diamond syndrome (SBDS) gene. We have developed a strategy to examine the consequences of lentiviral-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) of Sbds on hematopoiesis. Here, we report that both Sbds RNA and protein expression can be efficiently inhibited in primary murine hematopoietic cells using lentiviral-mediated RNAi. Inhibition of Sbds results in a defect in granulocytic differentiation in vitro and impairs myeloid progenitor generation in vivo. In addition, short-term hematopoietic engraftment was impaired, which is due in part to reduced homing of hematopoietic progenitors to the bone marrow. Finally, we show that inhibition of Sbds is associated with a decrease in circulating B lymphocytes, despite evidence of normal B lymphopoiesis. These data provide the first evidence that loss of Sbds is sufficient to induce abnormalities in hematopoiesis.
GOP must embrace science again.

Science has disappeared from Republican policy and rhetoric over the past 8 years. It is now almost radical for a Republican to fight for an evidence-based policy process that has not been distorted by political considerations. In this election cycle, large groups of scientists backed Barack Obama.
Aggregation pheromone of the beetle Ips confusus: Isolation and identification☆

Abstract The terpene alcohols 2-methyl-6-methylene-7-octen-4-ol ( 1 ), 2-methyl-6-methylene-2,7-octadien-4-ol ( 2 ), cis -verbenol ( 5 ), and trans -verbenol ( 6 ) and the ketone verbenone ( 7 ) have been isolated from frass and volatiles produced by males of Ips confusus boring in pinon pine. Females respond to naturally occurring and synthetic 1 in the laboratory bioassay; the response is intensified by the addition of 2 and 5 .
An Ecuadorian Whitman Poem

Offers a translation of a poem (“Pista de baile” / “Dance Floor”) about Whitman by Ecuadorian poet Roy Siguenza and discusses the poem’s homoerotic theme and imagery.
Is Ukraine a political community

Abstract The effects of divergent historical experiences, of differential exposure to the world outside the former Soviet Union, and of divergent industrial structure–all point in the direction of enormous attitudinal and evaluative cleavages across the regions of Ukraine. When we compare regional differences in perspectives on the political economy in Ukraine and views about whether Russia and Ukraine should be separate states, these differences are readily discernible. By extending the scope of items examined and by making explicit comparisons between data from Ukrainian and Russian samples, however, we achieve a somewhat more optimistic view about the prospects for community building in Ukraine. The relatively consensual assessment of citizenship conditions and the wide range of foreign policy matters about which dispositions of Ukrainians are separable from those of persons from regions reported in this paper provide some evidence of an emerging Ukranian political community.
Women in the Nationalist-Educational Prism: Turkish and Egyptian Pedagogues and their Gendered Agenda, 1920–1952

The use of schooling to support various societal agendas has attracted much attention among the last generation of global education scholars. Whether as a neo-Marxian “ideological state apparatus,” through which societal elites seek to preserve socioeconomic inequity, or as a means for regimes to acquire sociopolitical legitimacy, the dynamics of education's unique socializing role have proven quite intriguing. In particular, new states espousing nationalist modernization consciously deploy national educational systems as central to broad projects of political socialization. Here, as officials, teachers, or pedagogical scholars, those affiliated with national education become conceptualizers, interpreters, and implementers of particular national visions. Academic theorists of nationalism have thus rightfully labeled these individuals “nationalist educator intellectuals,” capturing the pedagogical corps’ self-perception and the special, often understudied contribution educators make to the formation of nationalist ideologies. Indeed, interpreting the purview of education quite broadly, educators have seen it as their duty to think and write programmatically on the whole gamut of issues affecting their environments.