cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The application of peptide nucleic acid probes for rapid detection and enumeration of eubacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in recreational beaches of S. Florida.

Abstract A novel chemiluminescent in situ hybridization technique using peptide nucleic acids (PNA) was adapted for the detection of bacteria in beach sand and recreational waters in South Florida. The simultaneous detection and enumeration of eubacteria and the novel indicators, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was achieved within 6–8 h of processing. Following 5 h of incubation on TSA, soybean peroxidase-labeled peptide nucleic acid probes (Boston Probes, Boston, MA) targeting species-specific 16S rRNA sequences of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were used to hybridize microcolonies of the target species in-situ. In addition, a universal probe for 16S rRNA sequences was used to target the eubacteria. Probes were detected after a light generating reaction with a chemiluminescent substrate and their presence recorded on Polaroid film. The probes showed limited cross-reactivity with mixed indigenous bacteria extracted from seawater and sand by shaking with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Specificity and cross-reactivity was tested on the reference bacterial genera Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, Shigella, Salmonella, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia and Citrobacter. These tests confirmed that the probes were specific for the microorganisms of interest and were unaffected by high salt levels. The results of the PNA chemiluminescent in situ hybridization were compared with traditional plate count methods (PCM) for total ‘freshwater’ eubacteria, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Counts of eubacteria and S. aureus were comparable with numbers obtained from traditional plate counts but levels of P. aeruginosa were higher with PNA than with PCM. It is possible that PNA is more sensitive than PCM because it can detect microcolonies on the agar surface that never fully develop with the plate count method. We conclude that the in situ hybridization technique used here represents an important potential tool for the rapid monitoring of novel indicator organisms in beaches and recreational waters.
Investigation of MDMA-related agents in rats trained to discriminate MDMA from saline.

To determine whether metabolite-related analogs of N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane (MDMA) produce stimulus effects similar to those of the parent compound, and to determine the structural requirements associated with the MDMA stimulus, several MDMA analogs were examined in tests of stimulus generalization using rats trained to discriminate 1.5 mg/kg MDMA from saline. Although several of the analogs produced up to 50–60% MDMA-appropriate responding, none [with the exception of N-methyl-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane (PMMA)] resulted in stimulus generalization. The partial generalization, coupled with the possible reduced ability of certain of the agents to penetrate the blood-brain barrier relative to MDMA, suggests that these agents are not behaviorally inactive. PMMA, although not a metabolite of MDMA, is closely related in chemical structure to MDMA and its metabolites; PMMA produces > 80% MDMA-appropriate responding and is approximately three times more potent (ED50 = 0.2 mg/kg) than MDMA itself (ED50 = 0.76 mg/kg). PMMA is a newer scheduled substance with an as yet unknown mechanism of action; however, on the basis of the stimulus generalization observed PMMA may share some behavioral and mechanistic similarity with MDMA. These results also indicate that an intact methylenedioxy ring, such as that found in MDMA but absent in PMMA, is not a prerequisite for MDMA-like activity and further support the notion that ring-opened MDMA metabolites may produce effects that contribute to the actions of MDMA.
Binding of glycophorins to Plasmodium falciparum merozoites

Abstract Plasmodium falciparum merozoites recognize and attach to glycophorins, the surface sialoglycoproteins of human erythrocytes. The structural requirements for a merozoite binding site were studied with the use of two methods. In the first, certain glycophorins and their tryptic fragments were added directly to isolated merozoites prior to their addition to erythrocytes. Low concentrations (50 μg ml−1) of glycophorin A inhibited merozoite invasion. At higher concentrations a mixture of glycophorins A, B and C (GPS) (100 μg ml−1) and glycophorin B (200 μg ml−1) also inhibited invasion. GPS from Tn erythrocytes which lack both sialic acid and galactose residues was almost as effective as normal GPS in blocking invasion. None of the monosaccharides present on glycophorin, including N-acetylneuraminic acid, inhibited merozoite invasion. Erythrocytes treated with lectins were only partially resistant to invasion. These results indicated that the oligosaccharide side chains are not the major structural determinant of the merozoite binding site. Glycophorin A was cleaved by trypsin and the separated fragments added to merozoites. Only the external N-terminal tryptic fragment T1 and the trypsin resistant hydrophobic core, T6, showed some, but considerably less, inhibitory activity than the intact molecule. In the second approach, the binding of 125I-labeled GPS to isolated merozoites was determined. 125I-GPS binding was saturated at 0.23 μg for 109 merozoites and was competitively inhibited by unlabeled GPS but not by free sugars. Desialylated GPS bound almost to the same extent as the intact molecule.
Indentation of Silicate-Glass Films on Al2O3 Substrates

The deformation of thin layers of glass on crystalline materials has been examined using newly developed experimental methods for nanomechanical testing. Continuous films of anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) were deposited onto Al2O3 surfaces by pulsed-laser deposition. Mechanical properties such as Young's modulus and hardness were probed with a high-resolution depth-sensing indentation instrument. Nanomechanical testing, combined with AFM in situimaging of the deformed regions, allowed force-displacement measurements and imaging of the same regions of the specimen before and immediately after indentation. This new technique eliminates any uncertainty in locating the indentation after unloading. Emphasis has been placed on examining how the Al2O3 substrate crystallographic orientation will affect mechanical composite response of silicate-glass film/Al2O3 system.
Adaptation and Cultural Diffusion

Abstract Adaptation, a concept of increasing interest to cultural geographers, plays an important role in shaping patterns of cultural diffusion. In particular, selection processes test an innovation' s suitability at each new place it enters and help shape the final diffusion pattern. Assessments of suitability by potential adopters control the local acceptance, rejection, or modification of the diffusing innovation, yet these effects have typically been ignored in diffusion research. The systematic inclusion of adaptation concepts in studies of diffusion increases our understanding of the process and improves our explanations of its effects and patterns.
Chronic kidney disease in dogs and cats

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs commonly in older dogs and cats. Advances in diagnostics, staging, and treatment are associated with increased quality and quantity of life. Dietary modification has been shown to increase survival and quality of life and involves more than protein restriction as diets modified for use with CKD are lower in phosphorous and sodium, potassium and B-vitamin replete, and alkalinizing, and they contain n3-fatty acids. Additionally, recognition and management of CKD-associated diseases such as systemic arterial hypertension, proteinuria, and anemia benefit patients. This article summarizes staging and management of CKD in dogs and cats.
The effect of monocular deprivation on cells in the C-laminae of the cat lateral geniculate nucleus

Five cats monocularly deprived by lid suture between 2 and 3 weeks of age were used experimentally between the ages of 16 and 52 weeks. An intraocular injection of horseradish peroxidase was used to reveal the individual C laminae (C, C1, C2) in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Soma size measurements of cells in the C laminae showed significant differences between cells in the deprived layers C and C1 and the corresponding nondeprived layers, but not between cells in deprived and nondeprived layer C2.
Kinetic mechanisms of the C49-to-C54 polymorphic transformation in titanium disilicide thin films: A microstructure-scaled nucleation-mode transition.

The kinetics and mechanism of the polymorphic transformation in titanium disilicide thin films from a base-centered orthorhombic structure (C49-${\mathrm{TiSi}}_{2}$) to a face-centered orthorhombic structure (C54-${\mathrm{TiSi}}_{2}$) were investigated with the emphasis on the effect of film thickness scaling on the phase transition using in situ resistance measurements, x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The C49 disilicide films of different thicknesses were prepared by annealing Ti/polycrystalline Si thin film couples of varying Ti thicknesses (250, 550, and 1000 \AA{}). The transformation rate was found to be a strong function of the film thickness and temperature, and can be described by \ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\propto}exp(${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{a}}$/kT) with an activation energy of ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{a}}$=3.73, 4.44, and 5.08 (\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07) eV for 1000, 550, and 250 \AA{} Ti, respectively. An unusual transition between nucleation sites was observed as a result of the scaling: for samples with 250 \AA{} Ti, the transformation proceeded by nucleating the C54 polymorph at grain edges (three-grain junctions) of the C49-${\mathrm{TiSi}}_{2}$ films while the C54 nuclei were predominantly formed at the grain boundaries (two-grain junctions) in thicker films, which are in good agreement with the predictions of the nucleation mode from kinetics analyses. It has been suggested that the nucleation of the C54-${\mathrm{TiSi}}_{2}$ is likely to be the rate-limiting step in the overall transformation. Based upon the microstructural evidences provided by TEM analyses, the significance of these observations due to the reduction in film thickness was discussed by considering energetics of nucleation at different geometrical sites, nucleation site density, and effects of surface and stress. It was demonstrated that the surface contribution and nucleation site density become important for nucleation in thinner films with largely increased surface-to-volume ratio. The nucleation-mode transition is driven by the morphological and microstructural changes associated with thickness scaling.
The Propagation of Acoustic-Gravity Waves in a Moist Atmosphere

Abstract The nonlinear equations governing the propagation of acoustic-gravity waves in a moist atmosphere are derived following the theory of mixtures. The water droplets are assumed to be very small compared to the characteristic scales of the system and numerous enough to treat them as a fluid. The atmosphere is assumed saturated at all heights, and the equations are linearized about a background with no shear flow. The WKB solution reveals that the local properties of the atmosphere are considerably affected by the exchange of heat due to condensation or evaporation. In particular, for a given frequency and horizontal wavelength, the vertical wavelength increases compared to the case of a dry atmosphere. The treatment applies to all frequencies less than the audible range.
Item Characteristics of Tests Constructed by Linear Programming

In the present paper, linear programming was used to select items from item pools based on one-, two-, and three-parameter models so that a target test infor mation function was reached. The primar...
Glucose vs. Acetate Metabolism in Euglena

SYNOPSIS. Euglena gracilis strain Z cells cultured in an inorganic medium with glucose as carbon and energy source differ from cells grown on acetate. Over optimal ranges of pH and substrate concentration, both glucose and acetate support essentially the same rates of growth, and mass and protein synthesis. Glucose, however, yields population densities 10X greater than acetate. Furthermore, in adapted cells glucose does not stimulate respiration above endogenous levels, whereas O2 consumption on acetate is 4X greater than endogenous; and acetate-grown cells have 50% more RNA than glucose-grown cells.
High-pressure Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Phenylpropanolamine in Human Plasma following Derivatization with O-Phthalaldehyde

A high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of phenylpropanolamine in human plasma following extraction, back-extraction, and O-phthalaldehyde derivatization is presented. Using fluorescence detection, the method was sufficiently sensitive to quantitate as little as 5 ng of drug/ml of plasma; the coefficient of variation below 100 ng/ml ranged between 5.7 and 2.8%. Plasma concentration data following a single 25-mg dose of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride in 12 healthy volunteers demonstrate the application of the analytical method.
Hemodynamics of Mitral Valve Disease as Altered by Systemic Hypertension

Abstract A patient who has rheumatic heart disease with predominant mitral valve involvement and who had systemic hypertension as a result of renal artery stenosis is presented. The hemodynamic changes resulting from surgical correction of the hypertension are discussed. The difficulty in interpreting pulmonary wedge or left atrial pressures in assessing the degree of mitral valve disease in the presence of systemic hypertension is emphasized.
Delay-Conscious Federation of Multiple Wireless Sensor Network Segments Using Mobile Relays

Nodes in wireless sensor networks continuously monitor their surroundings and report to the base station if there is any anomaly. WSN in extreme environmental conditions can suffer from a large scale failure where multiple nodes fail simultaneously and the network gets partitioned into disjoint segments. In addition, in some application multiple standalone WSNs need to be federated to collectively handle an emerging event that requires data sharing among these networks. Numerous approaches have been proposed in the literature to establish connectivity among these network segments by deploying stationary relay nodes (RN) to form data path. In scenarios where the available resources are limited, one or very few mobile data collectors (MDCs) can be used to create intermittent links among the disjoint segments. In this paper, we investigate a federation problem in scenarios where the number of available MDCs is less than the number of RNs required and more than the number of network segments. We present an algorithm to find an optimized travel routes for the MDCs so that the average delay of the network is minimized. The performance of the algorithm is validated through simulation.
Ewing and Osteogenic Sarcoma: Evidence for Multidisciplinary Management

Study Design. Systematic review of the literature and consensus recommendations by an international expert focus group. Objective. To review and classify evidence in the literature regarding: (1) the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and (2) impact of extent of surgical resection on clinical outcome, particularly survival and local control, in patients with spinal Ewing sarcoma (ES) and osteosarcoma (OS). Summary of Background Data. ES and OS of the spine are currently managed with multimodality treatment involving chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical resection. It is currently unclear if extent of resection, for example, intralesional resection versus marginal or wide resection has an impact on survival or local control of disease. Methods. A systematic literature search for the years 1960 to 2008 was performed looking at publications involving treatment of spinal ES and OS. From these 208 articles, 16 were selected for analysis and were reviewed in depth. Studies were presented to a group of spinal oncology experts. Literature was graded for quality, summarized and presented to an international expert group with consensus recommendations generated. Results. For ES of the spine, 10 studies were analyzed. For OS of the spine, 6 studies were analyzed. For both ES and OS of the spine, moderate level evidence supported a strong recommendation that neoadjuvant chemotherapy offers significant improvements in local control and long-term survival and is essential in multimodality management. For spinal ES, very low level evidence supported a weak recommendation that en bloc surgical resection provides improved local control, but not improved overall survival. Radiation therapy for spinal ES may also be used for local control either alone or to supplement incomplete resection. For spinal OS, very low evidence supported a strong recommendation that en bloc resection provides improved local control and potentially improved overall survival. Conclusion. Patients with ES and OS are currently managed with multiple modalities involving surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. For both histopathologies, advances in chemotherapy have led to the greatest improvements in survival over the last few decades. Neoadjuvant therapy portents the most favorable local control and long-term survival. En bloc surgical resection may improve overall survival and decrease risk of recurrence.
Activity of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons and concentrations of serum prolactin in the rat following lithium administration.

Maintenance of rats on a lithium-containing diet for 3–21 days resulted in a suppression of prolactin (PRL) secretion in vivo and in vitro. Lithium treatment also resulted in an increase in the activity of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons, as evidenced by an increased accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) in the median eminence after inhibition of DOPA decarboxylase and an increased concentration of dopamine in the anterior pituitary gland. The accumulation of DOPA in the neurointer-mediate lobe of the pituitary gland, the prefrontal cortex, the striatum and the nucleus accumbens was also enhanced by lithium treatment. It is concluded that lithium treatment enhances the synthesis of dopamine in many brain regions and that an increased activity of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons results in an enhanced inhibitory control of PRL secretion.
Temporal Logic-based reasoning about iBGP multipath dissemination

Integrating multipath technology with internet routing is becoming one of the most promising trends in building the next generation Internet system. However, incrementally evolving today's Internet routing from single-path routing to multipath routing is a hard problem. One of the fundamental issues is route oscillation caused by routing policy conflicts. Failing in solving this problem will discourage further deployment of inter-domain multipath routing. The goal of this paper is to understand route oscillation in intra-domain multipath routing. To this end, we propose a formal policy representation model to represent the routing policies about multipath dissemination. Based on the proposed model, we present a Linear Temporal Logic-based framework to verify routing policies about multipath dissemination. The ability of the framework is demonstrated by analyzing iBGP multipath dissemination examples.
Opsonization of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans by immunoglobulin G antibody reactive with phosphorylcholine.

We used two strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, one bearing phosphorylcholine (PC) (strain D045D-40) and one devoid of PC antigens (strain DB03A-42), as well as a nonencapsulated strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae (strain 39937), to examine the opsonic properties of physiological concentrations (⩽30 μg/ml) of purified human anti-PC immunoglobulin G (IgG). Anti-PC bound to both A. actinomycetemcomitans DO45D-40 and S. pneumoniae 39937 and induced superoxide anion production by polymorphonuclear neutrophils; induction of the oxidative burst was inhibited by antibodies to either CD16 or CD32. Thus, anti-PC IgG at concentrations present in most human sera promotes the opsonization of PC-expressing strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans in the absence of complement, implying that anti-PC may be a protective antibody against such strains of bacteria.
Estimating DSGE models using seasonally adjusted and unadjusted data

Abstract This paper evaluates the common practice of estimating dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models using seasonally adjusted data. The simulation experiment shows that the practice leads to sizable distortions in estimated parameters. This is because the effects of seasonality, which are magnified by the model’s capital accumulation and labor market frictions, are not restricted to the so-called seasonal frequencies but instead are propagated across the entire frequency domain.
QR factorization for the Cell Broadband Engine

The QR factorization is one of the most important operations in dense linear algebra, offering a numerically stable method for solving linear systems of equations including overdetermined and underdetermined systems. Modern implementations of the QR factorization, such as the one in the LAPACK library, suffer from performance limitations due to the use of matrix-vector type operations in the phase of panel factorization. These limitations can be remedied by using the idea of updating of QR factorization, rendering an algorithm, which is much more scalable and much more suitable for implementation on a multi-core processor. It is demonstrated how the potential of the cell broadband engine can be utilized to the fullest by employing the new algorithmic approach and successfully exploiting the capabilities of the chip in terms of single instruction multiple data parallelism, instruction level parallelism and thread-level parallelism.
State taxes and economic growth revisited: have distortions changed?

Our focus is on the changing degree to which individuals and firms respond to state tax policy in the United States. If the economic environment of the past two decades has changed such that firms and individuals have greater mobility, the degree to which they act to avoid higher tax jurisdictions may be enhanced. Alternatively, if tax policies across states have converged, the responsiveness of economic activity to tax policy may have diminished. These potential dynamics may be manifest in, among other ways, a change in the degree to which variation in overall state tax burdens affect state economic growth. Results from a series of regressions using a panel of state-level data for the years 1985 through 2003 indicate that the degree to which higher tax burdens reduce economic growth has substantially diminished. For instance, results indicate that the negative effect of a $1,000 increase in state own-source revenues per capita had on the growth rate of private sector gross state product diminished from approximately negative 1.1 percentage-points in 1985 to virtually zero by 2003. This effect holds whether economic growth is measured as the growth rate of private sector gross state product or private sector employment in a state, whether tax collections are measured in inflation-adjusted per capita terms or as a share of state personal income, and whether we examine state taxes exclusively or combined state and local taxes.
Does service convenience matter? An empirical assessment of service quality, service convenience and exchange relationship in electronic mediated environment

This study examines, from the consumer centric perspective, how service convenience in conjunction with online service quality affect long-term relational exchange in the electronic mediated environment (EME). Service convenience is conceptualized as a second order formative construct with six convenience dimensions demonstrating the process of online service consumption. An analytical framework is developed and tested to validate a comprehensive research model of service convenience and its antecedents and consequents. Analysis of data from 772 respondents revealed that service convenience is indeed a multidimensional formative concept and contributes to long-term exchange relationship between the consumers and service providers. Implication and future research is discussed.
Didehydro Radical Anions from Ketones via O •- Chemical Ionization

Abstract Gas-phase ion–molecule reactions of the atomic oxygen radical anion, O − with selected ketones are investigated to explore a strategy to 1,3-distonic radical anions. These O − chemical ionization reactions, especially that of cyclopentanone, are examined in detail under the well-defined thermal energy conditions uniquely available by using the flowing afterglow technique. To further understanding of the reaction mechanism, a series of related ketones (acetone, 3-pentanone, 2-butanone, 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone, cyclohexanone) are also examined in detail. Rate constants for each ketone reaction are measured and products from each ketone examined are identified and their branching ratios are reported. Based on these results, a detailed reaction scheme for each ketone reaction studied is proposed. The individual reaction schemes are summarized in a composite O −/ketone reaction scheme and the specific reaction pathways are discussed. A strategy is developed to differentiate 1,1- and 1,3-H2 +-abstraction products and to establish the absolute yields of 1,3-distonic radical anions from appropriate ketones.
Synthesis and hydrogen sorption properties of carborane based metal-organic framework materials.

The synthesis and hydrogen uptake properties of metal−organic framework (MOFs) materials based on carboranes have been investigated. These are the first MOFs to make use of boron-rich components as building blocksspecifically, the deprotonated form of 1,12-dihydroxycarbonyl-1,12-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane. In evacuated form the initially obtained compound, featuring zinc-coordinated solvent molecules, displays modest H2 uptake at 77 K and 1 atm. Upon removal of the coordinated solvent, however, the uptake triples (2.1 wt. %), the heat of adsorption substantially increases, and the structure adjusts such that the pore size decreases.
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate depletion inhibits breast cancer cell migration

The objective of this study was to determine whether geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibition, and therefore geranylgeranyl diphosphate depletion, interferes with breast cancer cell migration. Digeranyl bisphosphonate is a specific geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibitor. We demonstrate that digeranyl bisphosphonate depleted geranylgeranyl diphosphate and inhibited protein geranylgeranylation in MDA-MB-231 cells. Similar to GGTI-286, a GGTase I inhibitor, digeranyl bisphosphate significantly inhibited migration of MDA-MB-231 cells as measured by transwell assay. Similarly, digeranyl bisphosphonate reduced motility of MDA-MB-231 cells in a time-dependent manner as measured by large scale digital cell analysis system microscopy. Digeranyl bisphosphonate was mildly toxic and did not induce apoptosis. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with digeranyl bisphosphonate decreased membrane while it increased cytosolic RhoA localization. In addition, digeranyl bisphosphonate increased RhoA GTP binding in MDA-MB-231 cells. The specificity of geranylgeranyl diphosphonate synthase inhibition by digeranyl bisphosphonate was confirmed by exogenous addition of geranylgeranyl diphosphate. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate addition prevented the effects of digeranyl bisphosphonate on migration, RhoA localization, and GTP binding to RhoA in MDA-MB-231 cells. These studies suggest that geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibitors are a novel approach to interfere with cancer cell migration.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF PSYCHOSINE AND LEVELS OF CEREBROSIDES IN THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS OF QUAKING MICE

— The levels of cerebrosides in neural tissues of adult mice were determined by densitometry of cerebroside spots on charred thin-layer chromatograms of washed total lipid extracts. Values for brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves were 9·2, 33·0 and 36·9 mg/g of tissue, respectively. In adult Quaking mice these values were 6·4, 24 and 35 % of normal, respectively. Normal levels in brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerve of 21-day-old mice were 3·10, 13·5 and 17·8 mg/g, respectively. In 21-day-old Quaking mice the levels were reduced to 16,21 and 57% of normal, respectively. Biosynthesis of psychosine (galacto-sylsphingosine) by homogenates of Quaking brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerve, respectively, was 18, 24 and 42% of the normal rates at 21 days after birth and 16, 66 and 60% of the normal rates at 94 days. Our results suggest a quantitative relationship between the rate of formation of psychosine in vitro and the rate of accumulation of cerebrosides. in vivo. Biosynthesis of lactosylceramide was not reduced in homogenates of brain and spinal cord from Quaking mice. Cerebroside levels in normal and Quaking spinal cord and in normal brain increased 2- to 3-fold after 21 days of age, but in Quaking brain there was little or no increase.
Silicon Nanowire Degradation and Stabilization during Lithium Cycling by SEI Layer Formation

Silicon anodes are of great interest for advanced lithium-ion battery applications due to their order of magnitude higher energy capacity than graphite. Below a critical diameter, silicon nanowires enable the ∼300% volume expansion during lithiation without pulverization. However, their high surface-to-volume ratio is believed to contribute to fading of their capacity retention during cycling due to solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) growth on surfaces. To better understand this issue, previous studies have examined the composition and morphology of the SEI layers. Here we report direct measurements of the reduction in silicon nanowire diameter with number of cycles due to SEI formation. The results reveal significantly greater Si loss near the nanowire base. From the change in silicon volume we can accurately predict the measured specific capacity reduction for silicon nanowire half cells. The enhanced Si loss near the nanowire/metal current collector interface suggests new strategies for stabilizing nan...
Synthesis and evaluation of [11C]PBD150, a radiolabeled glutaminyl cyclase inhibitor for the potential detection of Alzheimer's disease prior to amyloid β aggregation

The phenol of 1-(3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)thiourea was selectively carbon-11 labelled to generate [11C]PBD150 in 7.3% yield from [11C]methyl triflate (non-decay corrected; radiochemical purity ≥95%, specific activity = 5.7 Ci μmol−1, n = 5). Evaluation of [11C]PBD150 by small animal PET imaging (mouse and rat) determined it does not permeate the blood brain barrier, indicating previously described therapeutic effect in transgenic mice was likely not the result of inhibiting central nervous system glutaminyl cyclase.
Measurements of air-broadened and nitrogen-broadened half-widths and shifts of ozone lines near 9 microns

Air- and nitrogen-broadened half-widths and line shifts at room temperature for more than 60 individual vibration-rotation transitions in the nu1 fundamental band of (O-16)3 and several transitions in the nu3 band were determined from infrared absorption spectra. These spectra were recorded at 0.005/cm resolution with a Fourier-transform spectrometer. A tunable-diode-laser spectrometer operating in the 1090-1150/cm region was also used to record data on oxygen-, nitrogen-, and air-broadened half-widths for selected individual transitions. The nitrogen- and air-broadened half-widths determined by these two different measurement techniques are consistent to within 4 percent. The results are in good agreement with other published measurements and calculations.
Density Functional Theory Investigation of the Electronic Structure and Spin Density Distribution in Peroxyl Radicals

The electronic structure and spin density distribution of peroxyl radicals are investigated by density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP level. Results found for superoxide anion and tert-butyl peroxyl radicals at a variety of basis sets suggest that 6-31G is the most appropriate basis set for calculation of hyperfine coupling constants (hfcc's) of carbon-based peroxyl radicals. Calculation of parallel 17O hfcc's [A∥(17O)] for a series of substituted methyl peroxyl radicals with the 6-31G basis set yielded calculated values with a maximum deviation of 2.2% from experiment. Spin density distributions estimated from experiment A∥(17O) are compared to theoretical estimates from Mulliken orbital population analysis. Electronegative substitution at the carbon alpha to the peroxyl group results in an increase of terminal oxygen hyperfine coupling and spin density, shortening of C−O, and lengthening of O−O. In cases involving significant steric hindrance, however, C−O bond shortening was prevented. A∥(17O) va...
Rotordynamics analysis of the Space Shuttle main engine high-pressure oxidizer pump

This study describes the rotordynamics analysis of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) high-pressure oxidizer turbopump. Modal synthesis methods were used to account for the complex coupling of the pump and engine structure. Cross-coupling elements effecting rotor stability were included in the analysis. Results of the analysis indicated that smaller bearing clearances and a smooth turbine interstage seal would result in longer bearing life and improved stability. Subsequent testing with these design features has shown the same results.
Air Entrainment in Turbulent Liquids

An experimental technique has been developed for measuring the concentration and distribution of air entrained by turbulence in an agitated liquid. The air content was related to the viscosity, surface tension, and turbulence of the liquid by dimensional analysis.
“Internationalizing the curriculum:” challenges to public administration

It is tempting to “internationalize the curriculum” in professional graduate programs by adding courses and units that deal with strategies to improve the international competitive position of the United States. The study considers three strategies for dealing more credibly with international and global issues. The more difficult and challenging are those that attempt to incorporate multi- and interdisciplinary activities. The study describes several topics with global implications that would benefit from interdisciplinary study. In the meantime, the traditional perspective of Public Administration is not very relevant to global concerns because of the close connection to nation-states and hierarchical organizations. There are, however, a number of trends in the field that could enhance its ability to contribute to a global perspective such as a growing attention to new institutional arrangements, more emphasis on consultations rather than regulatory controls, and more interest in the role of managers.
Analysis of trichothecene mycotoxins by mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract To illustrate tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) as an alternative to GC/MS for the analysis of trichothecenes in solid and liquid cultures, diacetoxyscerpenol (DAS) levels were measured by GC/MS and by three MS/MS protocols. GC/MS had the lowest detection limit and better precision than the MS/MS procedures; however, GC/MS required 20-30 minutes per analysis. MS/MS was more rapid, requiring less than two minutes per analysis. DAS could be measured accurately at low nanogram levels directly from filtrates of liquid cultures. Extraction of culture filtrates simplified the identification by effectively removing an interfering matrix component which had an ion at the same m/z as the protonated DAS molecule. Use of the GC as an inlet for MS/MS was an effective way to minimize physical manipulations necessary for sample introduction. All three MS/MS procedures had similar detection limits and precisions. Occurrence levels of three trichothecenes, T-2 toxin, neosolaniol, and DAS were measured in a single analysis by sequential selection of parents for each trichothecene.
Bridging visual and verbal communication : training videos and written instructional texts

Although research in composition and in instructional design suggests that film and video can be useful pedagogic tools in writing instruction, little research has been directed toward discovering how film and video can be used to teach the kinds of documents produced in professional-writing courses. Because of important similarities in written instructional materials and training videos—the expository and “how-to” tapes being produced for business and industry—training videos can help developing professional writers learn how to write effective instructions. These videos provide writers with a visual model of certain information-processing strategies, cultural themes, and learning objectives important to written instructions. Professional-writing instructors interested in using these training videos will find many sources for appropriate videos, both on and off the university campus.
On the rate and uniformity of CdTe deposition in an impinging jet reactor: experimental results

Abstract Cadmium telluride was deposited by the pyrolysis of organometallic precursors in an impinging jet reactor. The deposition was nonuniform when mass transfer limitations were significant. The deposition rate decreased when hydrogen pressure was decreased from 720 to 100 Torr; experiments with inert gases demonstrated the dependence of the reaction rate on the presence of hydrogen. Minima appeared in the deposit profile at low nozzle heights and high flow velocities. Enhanced sublimation of CdTe and slight cooling of the substrate might be responsible for this phenomenon.
Some Effects of Parity Nonconservation in Nuclear Electromagnetic Decays

The matrix elements for decay of a nucleus by $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ emission or electron conversion are considered with relaxation of the usual parity selection rules. Four types of pseudoscalar observables are calculated assuming, in particular, mixed $\mathrm{ML}$ and $\mathrm{EL}$ multipole matrix elements with arbitrary relative amplitude. These are (1) $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray nuclear polarization with unpolarized initial and final nuclei, (2) $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray angular distribution (terms odd in $cos\ensuremath{\theta}$) with polarized initial nucleus, (3) helicity of conversion electrons with unpolarized initial and final nuclei, and (4) circular polarization of the succeeding $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray relative to the direction of the first, mixedparity $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray in the two-photon cascade of an unpolarized nucleus. A proof is presented that the helicity of the conversion electron (3) approaches the circular polarization (1) in the mathematical limit of infinite transition energy. Numerical results are presented for $^{180}\mathrm{Hf}^{m}$ based on a recent conjecture of parity mixing in one of its transitions.
THE EFFECT OF HOT–PROCESSING, SEASONING AND VACUUM PACKAGING ON THE STORAGE STABILITY OF FROZEN PORK PATTIES

The storage stability of frozen pork patties was studied using a 2X2X2 factorial design comparing hot boned (H) versus chilled meat (C), seasoned (S) versus nonseasoned (N), vacuum (V) versus oxygen permeable (P) packaging and their interactions. Results showed that the effect of hot–processing is dependent on the packaging method and the presence of seasoning. In general, vacuum packaging is required to optimize the advantages of hot–processing in retarding lipid oxidation. The increased moisture cooking loss of hot processed product can be reduced significantly by the addition of seasoning.
In vivo and in vitro manipulation of AGRP expression and carbohydrate response element binding protein by nutrient status.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the control of neuropeptide expression associated with nutrient sensing in vivo and in a neuronal cell line GT1-7. We have shown both in vivo and in neuronal cell lines that low nutrient energy status induces AGRP expression and that high nutrient energy status suppresses the expression of AGRP through AMPkinase mechanisms. Since carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) is a principal transcription factor regulating glucose-responsive genes in the liver, we speculated that this transcription factor may also be involved in the control of AGRP. Rats were fed a 3 h meal each day for 2 weeks and some were killed before the 3 h meal (low-energy status), and the others were killed after the 3 h meal (high-energy status). A comparison was made of brain and liver response to meal feeding a semi-purified diet. mRNA levels were measured by real-time RT-PCR. Expression of glucokinase, ChREBP, NPY, and AGRP were decrease after the meal in the arcuate nucleus but not in other areas of the brain. To mimic the low energy status in vitro, GT1-7 neuronal cells were incubated with low glucose and amino acids overnight. The cells were then “fed” normal levels of glucose and amino acids for 1 h before harvesting the cells. ChREBP levels were enhanced in the refed neuronal cells. It is proposed that the transcription factor ChREBP is involved in glucose suppression of AGRP expression in the brain.
Parent Satisfaction in the Pediatric ICU

Parents are important partners who collaborate with the multidisciplinary team to improve quality of care. This article discusses a framework for action toward quality improvement in pediatric intensive care by parental empowerment through parent satisfaction with care. Incorporating the concepts of family-centered care and parental needs and experiences into a parent satisfaction instrument may provide quality improvement projects based on the empowerment of parents and eventually may facilitate the implementation and evaluation of quality initiatives.
Risk and the Endogenous Economist: Some Comparisons of the Treatment of Risk in Physics and Economics

This is a talk, rather than a research or survey paper. Very little of what I say will be original, but I wish to stimulate discussion on a set of issues that arise from the nature of risk and that I consider problematic to our profession. The paper is not exhaustive of references and many of my arguments have been treated elsewhere. However, I suspect few will have approached the issues from the same starting point and assembled them in the same way.
Optimization of commutation angles in SRM drives using FRM

High grade control of Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM) is a key element in successful integration of this family of adjustable speed motor drives in particular for automotive applications. Optimal current for maximum torque per Amp control has been investigated using Field Reconstruction Method (FRM), which delivers a fast and precise numerical tool for optimization purposes. This paper introduces an optimization technique for commutation angles based on FRM to maximize torque per Amp. The proposed technique has been applied at various speeds and simulation/experimental results are provided to validate the claims.
Double exposure as a method to correct on-wafer CD variations: a proposal

Keeping across-field CD variation on the wafer within the tight limits imposed by 28nm and other advanced technologies is a challenge, particularly in a foundry where designs of different customers are realized. We propose a cost-efficient, fast, and flexible method to improve CD uniformity and correct reticle or design-induced variation, by applying a second exposure to the wafer, in the form of a grey scale map created with a low grade correction reticle. Compared to CD correction by subsequent modification of the primary reticle, this method has the potential of much higher spatial resolution and simpler logistics, which make it an attractive alternative especially for prototyping and lowvolume production.
Nephrogenic Adenoma in a Urethral Diverticulum

Nephrogenic adenoma (NA) is a rare benign metaplastic lesion of the urothelial tract that arises as a response to injury and chronic inflammation. Although the most common site for NA is the bladder, it can occur in any part of urinary tract lined by urothelium. NA can mimic minor variants of urothelial cancer, clear cell adenocarcinoma, and prostate adenocarcinoma, making a combination of histologic examination and immunohistochemistry essential for diagnosis. We hereby report a rare case of nephrogenic adenoma arising in a urethral diverticulum.
Integrated Optical and Electronic Pressure Sensor

A pressure sensor that combines two principles of measurement into one integrated unit with optical and electronic parts is fabricated and tested. The sensing element for both integrated parts is an embossed silicon diaphragm that deflects under differential pressure. The optical part of the sensor is based on Fabry-Perot interferometry; the electronic part of the sensor is based on the piezoresistive effect in silicon. In the application of Fabry-Perot interferometry, the sensing element utilizes an optical cavity, where interference of multiple reflections changes with movement of the diaphragm caused by pressure. In the application of the piezoresistive effect, a change in the electrical resistivity of a sensor material is induced by mechanical stress in the diaphragm and detected by a Wheatstone bridge circuit. The advantages of introducing the embossed diaphragm in sensor fabrication and its benefits for integration are discussed. The existence of a nearly ideal Fabry-Perot interferometer in the optical part of the sensor is demonstrated experimentally. Noise characteristics of the Fabry-Perot part of the sensor are presented. The independently produced electronic output serves to establish the quiescence point (Q-point) of the output from the optical part of the sensor.
New sets of solitary wave solutions to the KdV, mKdV, and the generalized KdV equations

Abstract In this work we introduce new schemes, each combines two hyperbolic functions, to study the KdV, mKdV, and the generalized KdV equations. It is shown that this class of equations gives conventional solitons and periodic solutions. We also show that the proposed schemes develop sets of entirely new solitary wave solutions in addition to the traditional solutions. The analysis can be used to a wide class of nonlinear evolutions equations.
Reynolds Stress Closure Including Nonlocal and Nonequilibrium Effects in Turbulent Flows

A new Reynolds stress anisotropy closure that includes nonlocal and nonequilibrium effects in turbulent flows has been obtained from a recently proposed nonlocal anisotropy formulation. This formulation is based on a new nonlocal derivation of the rapid pressurestrain correlation, which rigorously accounts for nonlocal effects on the anisotropy due to spatial variations in the mean velocity gradient tensor. The present nonlocal and nonequilibrium anisotropy model is obtained as a quasi-linear solution to the anisotropy transport equation, and directly replaces the classical local equilibrium Boussinesq closure in standard two-equation turbulence models. This allows straightforward implementation of the present approach in existing computational frameworks for solving the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Here we present the first assessment of the model in inhomogeneous flows – where nonlocal effects are expected to be important – by comparing with results from direct numerical simulations of turbulent channel flow.