cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preschool understanding of emotions: contributions to classroom anger and aggression.

Background: We sought to identify patterns of social cognitive differences among preschoolers that were related to risk of stable aggressive behavior with peers. Following Lemerise and Arsenio (2000), we considered the emotional components of early social cognition, reasoning that young children’s substrate of emotion knowledge serves them in decoding social encounters. Method: One hundred and twenty-seven children from a longitudinal study from age 3 to 4 though to their kindergarten year were interviewed on their emotional knowledge initially using a puppet procedure and later with stories about mixed emotions and display rule. Each year their anger and antisocial responses to others’ emotions were observed. Teachers also provided information on each child’s anger and aggression. Results: Children’s deficits in emotion knowledge assessed at age 3 and 4 predicted subsequent years’ aggression. This effect was especially pronounced for boys. Conclusions: The pattern of findings suggests that the processes implicated in Dodge’s work with older children may begin earlier than previously thought, with a focus on emotions. Keywords: Aggression, child development, emotion, emotion recognition. Externalizing behavior problems, so poignantly depicted by current events of youth violence, cause untold difficulty for parents, teachers, children themselves, and society as a whole (Campbell & Ewing, 1990). Consequently, many recent investigations have focused on aggressive behavior in children and adolescents. Most children exhibit some acts of aggression, with onset by the second year; subsequently, however, they largely inhibit
Assessing the value of branches with what-if analysis

Branches within source code management systems (SCMs) allow a software project to divide work among its teams for concurrent development by isolating changes. However, this benefit comes with several costs: increased time required for changes to move through the system and pain and error potential when integrating changes across branches. In this paper, we present the results of a survey to characterize how developers use branches in a large industrial project and common problems that they face. One of the major problems mentioned was the long delay that it takes changes to move from one team to another, which is often caused by having too many branches (branchmania). To monitor branch health, we introduce a novel what-if analysis to assess alternative branch structures with respect to two properties, isolation and liveness. We demonstrate with several scenarios how our what-if analysis can support branch decisions. By removing high-cost-low-benefit branches in Windows based on our what-if analysis, changes would each have saved 8.9 days of delay and only introduced 0.04 additional conflicts on average.
Amino acid modified Ni catalyst exhibits reversible H2 oxidation/production over a broad pH range at elevated temperatures

Hydrogenases interconvert H 2 and protons at high rates and with high energy efficiencies, providing inspiration for the development of molecular catalysts. Studies designed to determine how the protein scaffold can influence a catalytically active site have led to the synthesis of amino acid derivatives of [ Ni ( P 2 R N 2 R ′ ) 2 ] 2 + complexes, [ Ni ( P 2 Cy N 2 Amino acid ) 2 ] 2 + (CyAA). It is shown that these CyAA derivatives can catalyze fully reversible H 2 production/oxidation at rates approaching those of hydrogenase enzymes. The reversibility is achieved in acidic aqueous solutions (pH = 0–6), 1 atm 25% H 2 /Ar, and elevated temperatures (tested from 298 to 348 K) for the glycine (CyGly), arginine (CyArg), and arginine methyl ester (CyArgOMe) derivatives. As expected for a reversible process, the catalytic activity is dependent upon H 2 and proton concentrations. CyArg is significantly faster in both directions (∼300 s −1 H 2 production and 20 s −1 H 2 oxidation; pH = 1, 348 K, 1 atm 25% H 2 /Ar) than the other two derivatives. The slower turnover frequencies for CyArgOMe (35 s −1 production and 7 s −1 oxidation under the same conditions) compared with CyArg suggests an important role for the COOH group during catalysis. That CyArg is faster than CyGly (3 s −1 production and 4 s −1 oxidation) suggests that the additional structural features imparted by the guanidinium groups facilitate fast and reversible H 2 addition/release. These observations demonstrate that outer coordination sphere amino acids work in synergy with the active site and can play an important role for synthetic molecular electrocatalysts, as has been observed for the protein scaffold of redox active enzymes.
Endogenous prostaglandin F2α concentrations in bovine whole semen, seminal plasma, and extended semen

Abstract A series of experiments were conducted to quantify PGF 2α in bovine semen, seminal plasma, and extended semen, and to determine if PGF 2α was synthesized or released during extension of bovine semen. Concentrations of PGF 2α were measured in paired samples of whole and extended semen from beef and dairy bulls. Concentrations of PGF 2α did not differ between beef and dairy (mean ± SEM, 273.8 ± 42.8 vs. 210.3 ± 18.5 pg/mL, respectively; P=0.12), but tended (P = 0.08) to be greater for whole compared with extended semen (255.5 ± 29.8 vs. 194.5 ± 17.0 pg/mL). Whole semen was extended at eight dilution rates (regardless of initial sperm concentration), using a diluent consisting of two fractions. Samples collected after each dilution step resulted in four subsamples. Concentrations of PGF 2α in subsamples decreased (P 2α concentration was greater (P 2α synthesis or release resulted in less disparity, but the amount synthesized or released was greater (P = 0.03) for semen compared with seminal plasma. We concluded that synthesis or release of PGF 2α during extension resulted in concentrations similar to whole semen.
Spectral effects in escape route lighting

This experiment investigates how the ability to move over an obstructed escape route is affected by the spectral power distribution of the lighting. Measurements were made of the speed of movement, the number of collisions, and the perceived difficulty of moving over the escape route, immediately after the ambient lighting of the space was extinguished, for 15 different combinations of light level and spectral power distribution. The results show that all three types of measurement are much more closely related to scotopic illuminance than photopic illuminance.
Gender and Online Health Information Seeking: A Five Survey Meta-Analysis

Males have traditionally been more active Internet users than females; however, research indicates females are more likely to seek health information online. This meta-analysis explores the disparity, the role of age and relationship status, and strategies to improve communication. Results indicate differences are less marked than singular studies suggest. Further, males and females are more likely to use the Internet than other resources to find health information; next, they most often seek information from other individuals rather than from impersonal resources. Findings support increasing focus on development of resources that use evolving capabilities for health information personalization while protecting privacy.
Catalytic deoxygenation of triglycerides to hydrocarbons over supported nickel catalysts

Abstract The deoxygenation of triolein and soybean oil under nitrogen atmosphere was investigated over Ni-Al, Ni-Mg-Al and Mg-Al layered double hydroxides, as well as 20 wt.% Ni/Al 2 O 3 . Deoxygenation was found to proceed via removal of the carboxyl group in the fatty acid structure as CO 2 and CO, while additional cracking of the fatty acid chains resulted in the formation of mainly liquid (C5–C17) hydrocarbons. In comparison with triolein, the greater unsaturation of soybean oil resulted in increased cracking, leading to the formation of lighter hydrocarbons and higher amounts of coke deposits. According to 13 C NMR measurements, one of the pathways for hydrocarbon formation involves a β-hydrogen elimination in the triglyceride to produce a fatty acid, the decarboxylation of which yields a linear hydrocarbon. The formation of coke was consistently observed in these reactions and was found to limit catalyst activity.
CFTR targeting in epithelial cells.

We used polarized and nonpolarized colonic cell lines (HT-29) to correlate CFTR function and expression with epithelial cell morphogenesis. Unpolarized cells express levels of CFTR mRNA and protein that are equivalent to those observed in polarized cells, and the extent of CFTR glycosylation is also similar. Despite these similarities in CFTR expression, the polarized cells secreted Cl in response tocAMP, but there was nocAMP-stimulated Cl conductance response in the unpolarized cells. In the polarized cells, CFTR is localized in the apical membrane domain, but in unpolarized cells the protein is retained at a perinuclear location. These findings indicate that a peripheral targeting mechanism, distal to the Golgi cisternae, controls the progression of N-linked glycoproteins like CFTR to the apical membrane. This targeting process does not become active until epithelial cells polarize. It may determine whether mutant forms of CFTR are targeted to the apical membrane.
Development of a new psychosocial treatment for adult ADHD.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a new manualized group Meta-Cognitive Therapy (MCT) for adults with ADHD that extends the principles and practices of cognitive-behavioral therapy to the development of executive self-management skills. Method: Thirty adults diagnosed with ADHD completed an 8- or 12-week program designed to target impairments in time management, organization, and planning skills. Treatment efficacy was measured using pre- and posttreatment self-report standardized measures (CAARS-S:L & Brown ADD Scales). Results: General linear modeling revealed a robust significant posttreatment decline on the CAARS DSM-IV Inattentive symptom scale (p < .001) as well as improvement on the Brown ADD Scales (p < .001). Conclusion: The findings indicate that participants in the MCT program showed marked improvement with respect to core ADHD symptoms of inattention, as well as executive functioning skills, suggesting that this program has promise as a treatment for meta-...
The Capital Structure Puzzle: The Evidence Revisited

Since the formulation of the M&M propositions almost 50 years ago, financial economists have been debating whether there is such a thing as an optimal capital structure—a proportion of debt to equity that maximizes shareholder value. Some finance scholars have followed M&M in arguing that both capital structure and dividend policy are largely “irrelevant” in the sense that they have no significant, predictable effects on corporate market values. Another school of thought holds that corporate financing choices reflect an attempt by corporate managers to balance the tax shields and disciplinary benefits of greater debt against the costs of financial distress. Yet another theory says that companies do not have capital structure targets, but simply follow a financial “pecking order” in which retained earnings are preferred to outside financing, and debt is preferred to equity when outside funding is required. In reviewing the evidence that has accumulated since M&M, the authors argue that taxes, bankruptcy (and other “contracting”) costs, and information costs all appear to play an important role in corporate financing decisions. While much of the evidence is consistent with the argument that companies set target leverage ratios, there is also considerable support for the pecking order theory's contention that firms are willing to deviate widely from their targets for long periods of time. According to the authors, the key to reconciling the different theories—and thus to solving the capital structure puzzle—lies in achieving a better understanding of the relation between corporate financing stocks (the levels of debt and equity in relation to the target) and flows(or which security to issue at a particular time).
An exact solution of extended Graetz problem with axial heat conduction

Abstract The convective heat transfer properties of a hydrodynamically, fully developed viscous flow in a circular tube are analyzed without using any simplified assumption such as low Reynolds numbers or Peclet numbers. The pipe is then subjected to a step-change in wall temperature. A straightforward approach using the Fourier transform technique is utilized to obtain analytical expressions for temperature distribution, heat flux, and Nusselt numbers. The effects of axial heat conduction are included in these expressions in both the upstream and the downstream directions for Peclet numbers ranging from 0 to ∞. By first taking the Fourier transform of the temperature field and expanding the coefficients of the transformed temperature in terms of the Peclet number, the energy equation with discontinuous wall temperature and longitudinal heat conduction is transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations. This resulting set of equations is then solved successively. The representative curves illustrating the variations of bulk temperature, heat flux, and Nusselt numbers with pertinent parameters are plotted. The asymptotic Nusselt numbers for small, as well as large Peclet numbers, is obtained as 3.6565, compared to the exact classical value of 3.6568. The significance of each curve is also discussed.
Working Identity: Unconventional Strategies for Reinventing Your Career

The article presents a review of the book “Working Identity: Unconventional Strategies for Reinventing Your Career,” by Herminia Ibarra.
Review vorticity considerations and planar shear layers

Vorticity considerations are employed to experimentally analyze two plane shear layers: (i) a small Reynolds number two-stream layer (θΔU/ν = 4.8 × 103) and (ii) a high Reynolds number single-stream shear layer (U0θ/ν = 78 × 103). Statistical properties of the vorticity and velocity fields are presented. The data processing algorithm permits a spatial correlation function, ω′z(τ)ω′z(τ + Δx), to be evaluated. A principal finding is that the high Reynolds number correlation function exhibits a quite pronounced distinction between the “family” of large scales (L), 10−3 ≤ L/θ ≤ 10, a and the small scales, l/θ ≤ 10−3. The sharp distinction in the family of scales is not as pronounced for the small Reynolds number case.
Functional roles of transferrin in the brain.

Abstract Background Transferrin is synthesized in the brain by choroid plexus and oligodendrocytes, but only that in the choroid plexus is secreted. Transferrin is a major iron delivery protein to the brain, but the amount transcytosed across the brain microvasculature is minimal. Transferrin is the major source of iron delivery to neurons. It may deliver iron to immature oligodendrocytes but this trophic effect declines over time while iron requirements for maintaining myelination continue. Finally, transferrin may play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases through its ability to mobilize iron. Scope of review The role of transferrin in maintaining brain iron homeostasis and the mechanism by which it enters the brain and delivers iron will be discussed. Its relevance to neurological disorders will also be addressed. Major conclusions Transferrin is the major iron delivery protein for neurons and the microvasculature, but has a limited role for glial cells. The main source of transferrin in the brain is likely from the choroid plexus although the concentration of transferrin at any given time in the brain includes that synthesized in oligodendrocytes. Little is known about brain iron egress or the role of transferrin in this process. General significance Neuron survival requires iron, which is predominantly delivered by transferrin. The concentration of transferrin in the cerebrospinal fluid is reflective of brain iron availability and can function as a biomarker in disease. Accumulation of iron in the brain contributes to neurodegenerative processes, thus an understanding of the role that transferrin plays in regulating brain iron homeostasis is essential. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Transferrins: Molecular mechanisms of iron transport and disorders.
RESTRICTION FRAGMENT ANALYSIS OF PINE PHYLOGENY.

We used restriction fragment analysis of chloroplast, nuclear, and mitochondrial DNA to study phylogeny in the genus Pinus. Total genomic DNA of 18 to 19 pine species that spanned 14 of the 15 subsections in the genus was cut with 8 restriction enzymes, blotted, and then probed with up to 17 cloned DNA fragments-which were mostly from the chloroplast genome of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco). A total of 116 shared characters, the majority representing single point mutations, were subjected to Wagner and Dollo parsimony analyses, coupled with bootstrapping and construction of consensus trees. The hard (subgenus Pinus) and soft pines (subgenus Strobus) were distinct. The soft pines in section Parrya, represented by P. longaeva, edulis, monophylla, and gerardiana, were the group closest to the hypothesized root of the genus. They were also more diverse and more closely related to the hard pines than were their descendents in section Strobus, represented by P. koraiensis, albicaulis, griffithii, and lambertiana, all of which were remarkably similar. Except for a strong clade involving P. canariensis and pinea (section Ternatae), the hard pines were weakly differentiated. The high similarity within the most speciose groups of pines (sections Strobus and Pinus) suggests that the bulk of the genus radiated relatively recently. In contrast to a recent classification, P. leiophylla was not associated with section Ternatae; instead, it appears to belong in section Pinus, and showed a high similarity to P. taeda of subsection Australes. Subsection Oocarpae, represented by P. oocarpa and radiata, appears to be a natural group, and is related to subsection Contortae, represented by P. contorta. More extensive restriction fragment studies will yield many new insights into evolution in the genus. Other methods, however, such as DNA sequencing or fine structure analysis of restriction site mutations, are likely to be necessary for rooting pine phylogenies with respect to other coniferous genera, and for estimating divergence times.
Application of complex and chemically-defined medium supplements toward cell line specific performance enhancement of biopharmaceutical production systems

Medium optimization is an integral part of biopharmaceutical process development. There is an on-going debate within the industry as to the various advantages and disadvantages of both defined and undefined media and media components. The choice of which type of system to employ is often motivated by risk mitigation with respect to consistency of performance, as weighed against the underlying goal of achieving the highest possible product titers for any given system. Defined and undefined supplementation solutions may not be mutually exclusive.
Custer's Last Campaign: Mitch Boyer and the Little Bighorn Reconstructed

'Easily the most significant book yet published on the Battle of the Little Bighorn."--Paul L. Hedren, Western Historical Quarterly "[Gray] has applied rigorous analysis as no previous historian has done to these oft-analyzed events. His detailed time-motion study of the movements of the various participants frankly boggles the mind of this reviewer. No one will be able to write of this battle again without reckoning with Gray"--Thomas W. Dunlay, Journal of American History "Gray challenges many time~honored beliefs about the battle. Perhaps most significantly, he brings in as much as possible the testimony of the Indian witnesses, especially that of the young scout Curley, which generations of historians have dismissed for contradictions that Gray convincingly demonstrates were caused not by Curley but by the assumptions made by his questioners ...The contrasts in [this] book...restate the basic components of what still attracts the imagination to the Little Bighorn."--Los Angeles Times Book Review "Gray's analysis, by and large, is impressively drawn; it is an immensely logical reconstruction that should stand the test of time. As a contribution to Custer and Indian wars literature, it is indeed masterful."--Jerome A. Greene, New Mexico Historical Review John S. Gray was a distinguished historian whose books included the acclaimed Centennial Campaign: The Sioux War of 1876. Custer's Last Campaign is the winner of the Western Writers of American Spur award and the Little Bighorn Associates John M. Carroll Literary Award.
Surface area of calcium oxide and kinetics of calcium sulfide formation

Details are presneted of a new limestone injection multistage burner as an economical and practical method of reducing emissions from existing power plants by 50%. The process involves injection of pulverized limestone into coal burners that are designed to minimize NO/sub x/ formation by staged combustion. The reaction of CaO with SO/sub 2/ following combustion is the principal mechanism of sulfur capture in the LIMB process. The relationship between surface area and reaction rate is evaluated. It was found that the rate of CaS formation increases exponentially with the specific surface area of CaO in micrometer size particles. The effect of surface area on reactivity is at least as great as that expected for pure diffusion control. The activation energy of CaO reaction with H/sub 2/S or COS is 31 kcal/mol for the limestone studied. On the basis of the activation energy measured between 600/sup 0/ and 900/sup 0/C, and the reaction rates measured for CaO of 40 m/sup 2//g surface area, efficient sulfur capture would be predicted at 1250/sup 0/C in a dispersed-particle system if the kinetics of CaS formation is the only limitation.
Environmental Justice and Southern California’s “Riskscape” The Distribution of Air Toxics Exposures and Health Risks among Diverse Communities

Past research on “environmental justice” has often failed to systematically link hazard proximity with quantifiable health risks. The authors employ recent advances in air emissions inventories and...
Simple and efficient methane-marker devices for chromatographic samples

Abstract Calculation of the most useful gas chromatographic retention parameters, such as net and specific retention volumes, relative retentions, and retention indices, requires that raw retention data be corrected for gas hold-up time or volume (sometimes called dead time or volume) of the chromatographic system. When a flame-ionization detector is used, a common technique (where it is physically appropriate) is to introduce methane into the sample as a marker to approximate unretained species to correct for hold-up. This is often done by bubbling methane (or natural gas) through the sample just before injection. In this paper, we describe two easily constructed devices that provide continuous release of methane into liquid samples, sustainable for several weeks or even months. This long-term feature makes the techniques especially suitable to extensive retention studies done at multiple temperatures on several stationary. Moreover, one of the devices described is applicable to commercially available automatic sampler vials. After a detailed description of the construction of the devices is provided, some applications are discussed.
Abstract 2807: Characterization and targeting BRIT1 deficiency in cancer

BRIT1 protein (also known as MCPH1) contains 3 BRCT domains which are conserved in BRCA1and other important molecules involved in DNA damage signaling, DNA repair, and tumor suppression. We identified BRIT1 mutations or aberrant expression in cancer patients including breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Our recent in vitro studies also suggest that BRIT1/MCPH1 functions as a novel key regulator in the DDR pathways. To investigate its physiological role and dissect the underlying mechanisms, we generated BRIT1−/− mice and identified its essential roles in both mitotic and meiotic homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair and in maintaining genomic stability. BRIT1−/− mice were infertile and meiotic HR was impaired with reduced foci formation of RAD51 or BRCA2. In addition, both BRIT1−/− mice and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were hypersensitive to gamma-irradiation. BRIT1−/− MEFs exhibited severe chromatid breaks. Notably, BRIT1 could bind to RAD51/BRCA2 complexes and that, in the absence of BRIT1, recruitment of RAD51 and BRCA2 to chromatin was reduced, indicating that BRIT1 is involved in mediating recruitment of RAD51/BRCA2 to the damage site and as a result, protect the genome from DNA damage. Furthermore, we found that BRIT1 deficiency could promote tumorigenesis in mice. We observed incidence of ovarian tumors in BRIT1−/− mice (1.5 to 2 year-old). By administering the carcinogen DMBA, BRIT1−/− mice were prone to develop breast tumors. Moreover, BRIT1 deficiency enhanced tumor susceptibility of p53−/− mice by generation of the double null (BRIT1−/−p53−/−) mice. BRIT1−/−p53−/− MEFs exhibited more aberrant chromatids than p53−/− MEFs and ectopic BRIT1 could rescue this aberration. IR-induced foci formation (IRIF) of RAD51/BRCA2 was impaired in the double null MEFs and ectopic BRIT1 restored IRIF of RAD51/BRCA2 in BRIT1−/−p53−/− MEFs, indicating BRIT1 participates in DNA repair via recruitment of the complex RAD51/BRCA2. Finally, given that BRIT1−/− cells exhibited defective HR DNA repair described above, we exploited PARP inhibitors to target the BRIT1-deficient cancers, and found that PARP inhibitor, olaparib could selectively kill the BRIT1-deficient breast cancer cells and MEFs. Currently, we are using mouse models to assess if the BRIT1-deficient tumor can be selectively suppressed by PARP inhibitors in vivo. Collectively, our unique knockout mouse model clearly demonstrates that BRIT1 is essential for maintaining genomic stability through mediating recruitment of RAD51/BRCA2 to the DNA damage site, and its deficiency causes defective HR DNA repair and promotes cancer development. Our data further indicate that targeting BRIT1 deficiency using PARP inhibitors may lead to novel and effective targeted therapies to treat BRIT1-deficient cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2807. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2807
Influence of substratum on the retrograde response of the rat superior cervical ganglion in vitro.

Abstract To study the role of the substratum on the retrograde response of injured peripheral noradrenergic neurons, embryonic rat superior cervical ganglia were grown in vitro on four different substrata: collagen, poly- d -lysine, fibronectin, or tissue culture plastic. The rate and pattern of neurite outgrowth were determined for a 2-week period following injury with explantation. In addition, changes in the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the neurotransmitter enzyme that has been shown to be altered during the retrograde response, was measured. The pattern and rate of neurite outgrowth varied directly with the ability of the neuronal growth cone to adhere to the underlying substratum. On poly- d -lysine and collagen, neurites grew as individual processes with extensive branching, whereas on plastic and fibronectin there was little branching and marked neurite fasciculation. The rate of neurite elongation on poly- d -lysine (0.75 mm/day) was faster than on collagen (.53 mm/day), fibronectin (0.33 mm/day), or plastic (0.15 mm/day). On plastic, neurons of the superior cervical ganglion showed a severe and prolonged retrograde response as characterized by a reversible decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase activity to 28% of control which persisted until the 10th day in culture. In contrast, on collagen, there was a smaller, but still significant, decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase activity to 73% of control which lasted only 5 to 6 days. On poly- d -lysine, there was no measureable change in the activity of that enzyme after injury. These studies provide quantitative evidence showing an important role of the microenvironment, and in particular the extracellular matrix, in determining the ability of neurons to respond successfully to injury.
Depth from defocus: a spatial domain approach

A new method named STM is described for determining distance of objects and rapid autofocusing of camera systems. STM uses image defocus information and is based on a new Spatial-Domain Convolution/Deconvolution Transform. The method requires only two images taken with different camera parameters such as lens position, focal length, and aperture diameter. Both images can be arbitrarily blurred and neither of them needs to be a focused image. Therefore STM is very fast in comparison with Depth-from-Focus methods which search for the lens position or focal length of best focus. The method involves simple local operations and can be easily implemented in parallel to obtain the depth-map of a scene. STM has been implemented on an actual camera system named SPARCS. Experiments on the performance of STM and their results on real-world planar objects are presented. The results indicate that the accuracy of STM compares well with Depth-from-Focus methods and is useful in practical applications. The utility of the method is demonstrated for rapid autofocusing of electronic cameras.
Expectations and essentials for the community practice of pathology

In 3 surveys during the past 10 years, community hospital pathologists were asked what they want, need, or look for when employing a pathologist and, more specifically, what skills and knowledge a newly minted pathologist should have to be successful in the community practice of pathology. The most recent survey, done in spring of 2005, cited surgical pathology diagnosis, frozen section diagnosis, gross dissection, cytology, and fine-needle aspiration as essentials in anatomic pathology. For clinical pathology, knowledge of clinical medicine and test strategies that use the laboratory for clinical problem solving was paramount. New expectations in the latest survey were knowledge of molecular pathology and experience in quality assurance procedures. New pathologists generally meet the expectations of the community hospital workplace; however, there were some deficiencies: they were not proficient in gross pathology or autopsy pathology, they were slow, and many lack the clinical knowledge and experience to be effective consultants. The principal attribute that determines success in the practice of pathology, however, is skill in communication and interpersonal relations, and this remains the major deficiency of the fledgling pathologist.
Reduced bladder cancer recurrence rate with cardioprotective aspirin after intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the recurrence-free survival (RFS) rate of patients taking cardioprotective aspirin after intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for high-grade noninvasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, as preventing the recurrence of superficial bladder cancer might decrease patient morbidity and mortality from this disease, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) have shown promise in preclinical prevention through inhibition of the prostaglandin pathway and other mechanisms. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 43 patients with carcinoma in situ (CIS) and/or high-grade papillary bladder cancer were treated with intravesical BCG. Patients were stratified according to whether they took cardioprotective aspirin after treatment, and Kaplan-Meier curves of RFS were compared by log-rank analysis. Multivariable analysis was used for potentially confounding factors, including maintenance BCG, the presence of CIS, and smoking status. RESULTS Of patients taking cardioprotective aspirin, the 5-year RFS rate was 64.3%, compared with 26.9% for patients not taking aspirin, with a significantly higher RFS by univariable log rank analysis (P = 0.03). Even after adjusting for the other factors by multivariable analysis, aspirin seems to affect recurrence (hazard ratio 0.179, P = 0.001). Maintenance BCG (hazard ratio 0.233, P = 0.02) and smoking history (hazard ratio 3.199, P = 0.05) also significantly affected recurrence. CONCLUSION There was a significantly higher RFS rate in patients taking cardioprotective aspirin after intravesical BCG therapy for bladder cancer. The results of this study support the further investigation of aspirin and other NSAIDs as preventive agents in patients being treated for superficial bladder cancer.
On the linear stability of mixed and free convection between inclined parallel plates with fixed heat flux boundary conditions

Abstract This paper concerns the linear stability of mixed or natural convection between infinite parallel plates inclined arbitrarily with respect to gravity. In previous analyses, it has commonly been assumed that the temperature at the boundaries is fixed. In the present work, the heat flux at the boundaries is fixed. For this boundary condition, it is shown that if the temperature gradient parallel to the plates is adverse (temperature increasing downward), the flow is unstable for any value of the Rayleigh number. That is, the critical Rayleigh number is zero. This result holds independent of the base velocity and temperature distributions and inclination.
Current Survey of Reference Sources in Pop, Rock and Jazz

It's been three years since my previous survey in RSR. Superb reference books in pop music have been appearing so frequently that I've been having trouble keeping up. Let's hope “next year's” survey will only be 12 months in the making and not 36.
The Rapid Kernel Classifier: A Link between the Self-Organizing Feature Map and the Radial Basis Function Network

The learning dynamics of a Radial Basis Function (RBF) network is shown to be related to the Learning Vector Quantization algorithm. Based on this similarity, a hybrid training scheme for the RBF network is proposed. The resulting Rapid Kernel Classifier is evaluated using a 6-class radar data set. Considerable speedup in training is obtained with this new scheme. Also, for the one-dimensional case, we prove that the distribution of centroids of the RBF network ap proaches node density of the Self-Organizing Feature Map as a limit. This result suggests a deeper connection between the fundamental learning paradigms, namely supervised and unsupervised learning.
The SUPRENUM and GENESIS projects

This paper provides an overview of two major European projects involving massively parallel processing (MPP) GENESIS and SUPRENUM. The two projects were closely related and in fact overlapped in time. This issue is entirely devoted to papers dealing with these projects. In this paper we will briefly introduce each project and then provide an introduction and associated context for each of the subsequent papers related to that project. The SUPRENUM project was established as a consortium of German companies, university departments and research centers, with the goal of designing a Gflops MPP supercomputer for scientific applications. It resulted in the Suprenum-1 prototype computer which had a peak rate of over 5 Gflops. The GENESIS ESPRIT project was established in order to design a second generation European MPP system. It utilized the developments already available from SUPRENUM, Supernode and several other European projects. It resulted in major advances in network interconnections, node design, MPP operating systems and languages, and benchmarking. SUPRENUM, while strictly a German supercomputer project, led naturally to the broader European GENESIS project. The projects were in fact closely related and many of the key participants in SUPRENUM were also participants in
Who's on first? what's on second?

A clinical trial, stripped to its basics, needs participants, an allocation method, an intervention, and a measurable outcome. The metrics by which a trial makes its case to inform clinical practice decisions are the generalizability of its participant population, the credibility of its allocation method, the relevance of its intervention, and the clinical significance of its outcome (and how likely the outcome could have occurred by chance). The earliest successful clinical trials for AIDS [1–3] had simple designs. Objective indicators of disease severity determined trial eligibility. Randomization and double masking allocated participants to fixed regimens for fixed time periods. There were usually no planned crossovers or alternative regimens. The clinical outcome was defined as disease-free progression, although early looks at laboratory progression were often incorporated into the design. Changes in these laboratory surrogate markers [4] were often the basis for initial marketing approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Trials of patients with advanced disease demonstrated that treatment-naive, HIV-infected participants had the best clinical response and that the duration and sequence of therapy mattered. When sensitive viral load measures were developed, the magnitude and duration of viral suppression were identified as strong correlates of clinical benefit [5,6]. These surrogate markers were no longer just assessed at 6 months to predict short-term clinical benefit. Viral load became a real-time individual management tool to detect response to therapy, loss of response that could be due to viral resistance, noncompliance, or drug interactions, and importantly to individualize treatment regimens. Trial designs with viral load outcomes were used to address the likelihood of clinical benefit from the use of a new drug or a specific combination of drugs. While these designs rapidly brought new drugs to FDA approval, they often were not designed to answer other important questions. From the clinician and the patient points of view there was a more fundamental question: Could trials be designed to better test how the drugs would be used in clinical practice? Could the trials test different strategies for whole classes of drugs in a flexible manner? Inflexibility in clinical trials can include fixed regimens, fixed toxicity algorithms for drug discontinuation, limitations in second regimens, fixed criteria for virological failure, and fixed study periods.
The Structure of Max Weber's Ethic of Responsibility

Max Weber's distinction in "Politics as a Vocation" between the ethic of conviction and the ethic of responsibility is best understood as a distinction between mutually exclusive ethical worldviews. Interpretations that correlate the two ethics with Weber's distinction between value-rational social action and instrumental-rational social action are misleading since Weber assumes that both types of rational social action are present in both ethics. The ethic of conviction recognizes a given hierarchy of values as the context for moral endeavor. The ethic of responsibility acknowledges value obligations, but assumes the absence of any given hierarchy of values and the inevitability of value conflict as the context for moral endeavor. When interpreted in the context of his multilayered understanding of value conflict, Weber's ethic of responsibility emerges as a coherent ethical perspective.
Using Encoding and Retrieval Strategies to Improve 24-hour Dietary Recalls Among Older Adults

Abstract Objective To examine whether using an encoding strategy and/or providing more support at the time of retrieval improves the accuracy of 24-hour dietary recalls among the elderly. Design Posttest-only control group design. Setting The sample was recruited through advertisements and at senior centers and a low-income apartment building in rural central Pennsylvania. Subjects Study participants were 21 men and 73 women aged 58 years old and older. Everyone completed the study. Intervention The treatment group was unobtrusively guided in use of an encoding strategy before consuming the prepared meal. Main outcome measures A 24-hour dietary recall and recognition tests were administered the next day for the foods consumed at the meal and for serving sizes of 5 of the foods. Memory tests were also administered. Statistical analyses performed Linear regression was used to examine differences between the treatment and control groups and to identify variables that explained variation in the number of foods correctly recalled or recognized. The χ 2 test was used to examine correct vs incorrect recall or recognition of the serving sizes of the 5 foods between the groups and to identify explanatory variables for this task. Results Subjects remembered more foods when they used an encoding strategy and when recognition replaced free recall; they performed best when both strategies were used. Use of this encoding strategy did not improve accurate recall or recognition of serving sizes of 5 foods; however, performances did improve when recognition replaced free recall. Conclusions Among older adults, use of an encoding strategy and provision of support at the time of retrieval enhances memory of foods consumed but not of amounts consumed. To strengthen memory of foods consumed, older adults need to perform effortful memory tasks when they are eating. J Diet Assoc. 1998;98:989-994 .
Monocyte Chemottractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) and Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1α (MIP-1α) in Chronic Lung Disease (CLD) of Premature Infants

Monocyte Chemottractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) and Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1α (MIP-1α) in Chronic Lung Disease (CLD) of Premature Infants
Coping Zone Construction and Mapping: An Exploratory Study of Contextual Coping, PTSD, and Childhood Violence Exposure in Urban Areas

This mixed-method study explored how urban children aged 11 to 14 cope with multicontextual violence exposures simultaneously and analyzed the immediate action steps these children took when faced with such violence over time. Participants’ (N = 12) narratives were initially analyzed utilizing a grounded theory framework as 68 violent incidents were coded for perceived threat and coping levels. Coping strategies were examined from a Transactional Model of Stress and Coping perspective taking into account the context and severity of each violent exposure itself. A comprehensive assessment map was developed to plot and visually reveal participants (N = 12) overall contextualized coping responses. Overall “coping zone” scores were generated to index perceived threat and coping responses associated with each violent incident described. These scores were then correlated with indicators of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results indicated that urban children with less optimal coping zone scores across co...
Surface melting on Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica

The disintegration of Larsen A and B ice shelves in 1995 and 2002, respectively, was preceded by intense surface melting during the summer of ice-shelf collapse and previous summers. To understand the transition of the ice-shelf surface from dry to wet conditions, we developed a one-dimensional model, describing the mass, heat and force balances of water and firn within the ice-shelf surface layer. The model is run using atmospheric data from an automatic weather station on Larsen C ice shelf (World Meteorological Organization station ‘Larsen Ice Site’) located south of Larsen A and B. The model’s derived melting rate is greater than melting predicted by the positive degree-day (PDD) approach, common in studies of ablating ice sheets, such as Greenland. The model shows that the years of ice-shelf break-up (1995 and 2002) are distinguished from previous years by local maxima in the number of melting days. When the PDD approach is considered, however, a maximum in the number of positive degree-days appears in the 2002 break-up year, but not in 1995.
Protecting Victims of Domestic Violence in Caribbean Communities

SUMMARY A decade after the courts in many English-speaking Caribbean jurisdictions were granted the power to issue restraining orders to victims of domestic violence, battered women have not experienced the full benefits of such policy. Using the experiences of battered women in the English-speaking Caribbean state of Barbados, this study argues that there are significant challenges for victims, caused by cultural, social and economic factors that have not been appropriately addressed by domestic violence legislation. Marginalized by the court and legal system in the English-speaking Caribbean, many battered women seek out alternatives to the legal system for coping with domestic violence. Therefore when they migrate to countries like the United States where more accommodations are made for victims of domestic violence, they are unlikely to engage with the legal system and make their suffering known. Women might also be silenced by fears of violating immigration laws in the United States as well as riskin...
Degenerations of cubic threefolds and matroids

We present a surprising connection between cubic threefolds and the well-known regular matroid R 10 by making use of intermediate Jacobians of cubic threefolds realized as Prym varieties. As a corollary we obtain a new proof of the nonrationality of generic cubic threefolds.
Comparison of the catalytic and inhibitory properties of Pachysolen tannophilus xylose reductase to rat lens aldose reductase

The catalytic and inhibitory profiles of xylose reductase isolated from the yeast Pachysolen tannophilus (PTXR) are compared to those of aldose reductase (AR) obtained form rat lens. While both PTXR and rat lens AR are NADPH-specific enzymes and have an affinity for a variety of substrates such as d-xylose, d,l-glyceraldehyde, and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, the enzymes differ in their substrate affinity profiles. Also, PTXR is not inhibited by standard inhibitors of AR thus supporting a hypothesis that this enzyme may not possess the inhibitor binding site found in rat lens AR.
Abnormal defecation dynamics in chronically constipated children with encopresis.

We studied the ability to defecate water-filled balloons in 16 healthy and 37 chronically constipated children with encopresis. The act of bearing down for defecation was evaluated by measuring intra-abdominal pressure, rectal pressure, anal pressure, external anal sphincter EMG activity, and rectal sensation and rectal volume necessary to inhibit the anal sphincters. Fifteen control children and 20 constipated children were able to defecate rectal balloons. External sphincter activity decreased during the act of bearing down for defecation in 100% of controls, in 58% of constipated children able to defecate balloons, and in only 7% of patients unable to defecate balloons. Constipated children unable to defecate balloons were significantly less likely to recover after conventional laxative treatment than constipated children able to defecate balloons (P
Immunofluorescence of Cutaneous Vasculitis Associated With Systemic Disease

We found a heterogeneous group of systemic diseases (15 to 26 cases) associated with necrotizing angiitis. Patterns of dermal vessel immunofluorescence were related to specific clinical and histopathologic lesions in 15 of 26 cases of necrotizing angiitis, in 4 cases of livedo vasculitis, and in 3 cases of facial granuloma. The immunoglobulins and complement staining were related to the distribution of histologic changes but not to the severity of such changes. Staining of β 1 -C/β 1 -A globulin in diseased dermal vessels superimposed IgG and IgM in seven of 15 biopsies. One or more serum immunoglobulins were altered (± 2 SD) in 15 of 22 patients with necrotizing angiitis. Globulins in perivascular spaces occurred more frequently in association with elevated serum immunoglobulins.