cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical studies of adenylosuccinate synthetase

Adenylosuccinate synthetase, encoded by the purA gene of Escherichia col i, catalyzes the first committed step toward AMP in the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway and plays an important role In the Interconversion of purines. A 3.2-kilobase DMA fragment, which carries the purA gene, was cloned into the temperature-inducible, high-copy-number pi asm id vector, pM0B45. Upon temperature induction, cells containing this plasmid produce adenylosuccinate synthetase at approximately 40 times the wild-type level. A scheme is presented for the purification of the overproduced adenylosuccinate synthetase to homogeneity in amounts sufficient for studies of its structure and mechanism. The wild-type and the overproduced adenylosuccinate synthetase enzyme preparations were judged to be identical by the following criteria. (1) The amino acid sequence at the N-terminus of the overproduced enzyme proved identical to the corresponding sequence of the wild-type enzyme. (2) Michael is constants for both the wild-type shared similar chromatographic behavior and the same mobility during SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results from size-exclusion chromatography and SDS-po1yacry1amide gel electrophoresis suggest that adenylosuccinate synthetase exists as a dimer of Identical, 48,000-dalton, subunits.
Variations in Semen Quality and the Relationship of Semen Quality to Fertility in Turkeys

Abstract INTRODUCTION IT would be of great value if males could be selected on the basis of semen quality prior to the breeding season. The thought of such a relationship is particularly intriguing in turkey management where considerable artificial insemination is practiced and where, in many instances, fertility levels are not satisfactory. Little is known regarding either changes in semen quality with advancing age or the influence of breed or cross on semen quality in turkeys. Carson et al. (1955) reported a rise in semen production from November to April or May followed by a decline to August. Conflicting reports are present in regards to sperm concentration, where Parker (1946) reported increases to March followed by a plateauing effect, but Law and Kosin (1958) found no differences from January to June. Parker (1946) reported also that motility was lower the first two months and then rose to a second plateau. The . . .
Bowel Functions, Fecal Unconjugated Primary and Secondary Bile Acids, and Colonic Transit in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Background & aims There is an unclear relationship among bowel symptoms, excretion of unconjugated fecal bile acid (UBA), and colonic transit in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We measured total and main individual UBA in fecal samples of patients with IBS and assessed relationships among stool frequency or consistency, fecal UBA (total and individual), and colonic transit. Methods In this study 30 healthy volunteers (controls), 31 subjects with IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D), and 30 with IBS with constipation (IBS-C) were placed on 4-day diets containing 100 g fat; we measured stool characteristics, total fecal UBA and fat levels, and overall colonic transit. We assessed univariate associations of total and individual levels of fecal UBA with phenotype (controls, IBS-D, IBS-C) by using the Kruskal-Wallis test; associations between end points were assessed by using Spearman correlations. With response surface regression models, we assessed relationships between stool, colonic transit, and fecal total and secretory UBA. Results There was a significant association between total fecal UBA and phenotype (P = .029); the association was greater for IBS-D than IBS-C, compared with controls. Fecal levels of primary UBAs (cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids) were higher in subjects with IBS-D, compared with controls (both P Conclusions Measurements of individual UBAs identify changes associated with stool characteristics in patients with IBS; these effects are independent of the effects of colonic transit.
The 20 C-terminal Amino Acid Residues of the Chloroplast ATP Synthase γ Subunit Are Not Essential for Activity

Abstract It has been suggested that the last seven to nine amino acid residues at the C terminus of the γ subunit of the ATP synthase act as a spindle for rotation of the γ subunit with respect to the αβ subunits during catalysis (Abrahams, J. P., Leslie, A. G. W., Lutter, R., and Walker, J. E. (1994)Nature 370, 621–628). To test this hypothesis we selectively deleted C-terminal residues from the chloroplast γ subunit, two at a time starting at the sixth residue from the end and finishing at the 20th residue from the end. The mutant γ genes were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and assembled with a native α3β3 complex. All the mutant forms of γ assembled as effectively as the wild-type γ. Deletion of the terminal 6 residues of γ resulted in a significant increase (>50%) in the Ca-dependent ATPase activity when compared with the wild-type assembly. The increased activity persisted even after deletion of the C-terminal 14 residues, well beyond the seven residues proposed to form the spindle. Further deletions resulted in a decreased activity to ∼19% of that of the wild-type enzyme after deleting all 20 C-terminal residues. The results indicate that the tip of the γC terminus is not essential for catalysis and raise questions about the role of the C terminus as a spindle for rotation.
Johannes Letzmann: A Pioneer in the Study of Tornadoes

Abstract During the inter-war years one of the most prominent tornado researchers was Johannes Letzmann of Estonia. His productivity was essentially curtailed by the outbreak of World War II; however, up to that time his prodigious output spanned the field of tornado research. He began with developing the climatology of tornadic events in the Baltic and theoretical considerations of the forms that tornado swaths would assume. He continued with numerous field examinations of tornado swaths and interpretations of tornado structures based on the damage. Later, he turned increasingly to laboratory studies of simulated tornadoes, both in water and air. Toward the end of the 1930s, he (along with Harald Koschmieder) wrote a detailed set of guidelines for carrying out field investigations of tornadoes. In many respects his work was decades ahead of his time; today the work is almost entirely overlooked.
Invasion of Privacy as a Function of Test Set and Anonymity

55 University of Dayton students who attended the classes on behavior disorders answered the MMPI and Barna-Rychlak Causal Construct Scale under the conditions of psychological research, anonymity ...
Using common formative assessments as a source of professional development in an urban American elementary school

Abstract By implementing a system of common formative assessments, the teachers at an American urban elementary school improved student achievement and facilitated their own professional development. By aligning content standards with assessments and purposeful instruction, the teachers at this school developed a depth of knowledge about their content standards, improved their ability to design assessments, learned to better link assessments with instruction, and planned for intervention for students who continued to struggle with reading and writing.
Simulation of Intrathrombus Fluid and Solute Transport Using In Vivo Clot Structures with Single Platelet Resolution

The mouse laser injury thrombosis model provides up to 0.22 μm-resolved voxel information about the pore architecture of the dense inner core and loose outer shell regions of an in vivo arterial thrombus. Computational studies were conducted on this 3D structure to quantify transport within and around the clot: Lattice Boltzmann method defined vessel hemodynamics, while passive Lagrangian Scalar Tracking with Brownian motion contribution simulated diffusive-convective transport of various inert solutes (released from lumen or the injured wall). For an input average lumen blood velocity of 0.478 cm/s (measured by Doppler velocimetry), a 0.2 mm/s mean flow rate was obtained within the thrombus structure, most of which occurred in the 100-fold more permeable outer shell region (calculated permeability of the inner core was 10−11 cm2). Average wall shear stresses were 80–100 dyne/cm2 (peak values >200 dyne/cm2) on the outer rough surface of the thrombus. Within the thrombus, small molecule tracers (0.1 kDa) experienced ~70,000 collisions/s and penetrated/exited it in about 1 s, whereas proteins (~50 kDa) had ~9000 collisions/s and required about 10 s (tortuosity ~2–2.5). These simulations help define physical processes during thrombosis and constraints for drug delivery to the thrombus.
Clinical Significance of Atrial Subendocardial Smooth Muscle Layer and Cardiac Myofibroblasts in Human Atrial Tissue with Valvular Atrial Fibrillation

Background: The existence of myofibroblasts (MFB) and the role of sub-endocardial smooth muscle (SSM) layer of human atrial tissue has not yet been elucidated. We hypothesized that SSM layer and MFB play some roles in atrial structural remodeling and maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients who underwent cardiac surgery. Methods and Results: We analyzed immunohistochemical staining of atrial appendage (AA) tissues taken from 17 patients with AF and 15 patients remaining in sinus rhythm (SR) who underwent cardiac surgery. Results: 1. SSM layer of AA was significantly thicker in patients with AF (0.13±0.17 mm vs. 0.02±0.04 mm, p<0.0091) and higher relative NCX mRNA expression level (p<0.0247) than those SR patients. 2. The patients with SSM layer ≥14 µm had larger LA size (63.11±11.46 mm vs. 49.63±12.09 mm, p<0.0006) and greater fibrotic area (p<0.0094) than those with <14 µm. 3. MFBs were found in 7/17 patients with AF and 2/15 in SR group (18.35±37.65 (n) vs. 2.29±6.50 (n), p<0.0456) in SSM area and co-localized with PAS stain+glycogen storage cells (95.5%). Conclusion: SSM layer of atrial appendage tissue is closely related with valvular AF, degrees of atrial remodeling and fibrosis in patients who underwent open heart surgery. We found MBF does exist in SSM layer of human atrial tissue co-localized with PAS+cells.
An Analysis of Alternative Means of Measuring Student Achievement Prior to a Scheduled School Break

Abstract This study investigated the hypothesis that examining student performance one time in spring is an adequate method of assessing the effects of long summer breaks or the potential need for an extended school year. We examined the performanceand progressof students with learning disabilities and students with mild mental handicaps in mathematics computation at two points in time in spring. Results indicated that both types of students made gains in performance in mathematics computation until the end of the academic school year. However, students with mild mental handicaps continued to make slight increases in progress throughout the entire spring while students with learning disabilities experienced a decline in progress. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Levels of Engagement in Establishing Coaching Relationships.

Case studies of two coaches that examine the levels of engagement of each coach as they worked to establish effective coaching relationships were examined in this study. Data were collected during a seven‐month period and included: (a) the coaches' reflective journals; (b) pre‐ and post‐surveys from each coach and teacher; (c) audio‐recorded post‐interviews with each teacher; and (d) audio‐recordings of meetings with the coaches, the teachers, and the researcher. The data were analysed using a framework from Cognitive CoachingSM that describes three support functions of a coach: consulting, collaborating and coaching. The results of this study support Costa and Garmston's findings that these support functions serve different intentions and are not equally useful in moving teachers toward becoming reflective, self‐directed practitioners.
Observations on the electromigration in various thin films of group I–IV

Abstract The transport of ions under the influence of a direct current has been found to be directed towards the cathode in thin films of silver, copper and gold, and towards the anode in aluminum, magnesium, indium, tin and lead films. The direction of electromigration in silver, copper and gold films is opposite to the one usually found in bulk samples of these metals. In silver films with large as well as with small grains the direction of electrotransport is the same. The experiments show that electromigration in single-crystalline silver films is small. This suggests that grain boundary electrotransport predominates in silver films over surface and volume electrotransport, which is also true for aluminum films. Various experimental techniques have been employed to obtain these findings, including resistance and radioactive tracer measurements and observations with the scanning electron microscope.
Calcium ion binding by isolated tobacco mosaic virus coat protein.

Calcium ion titrations were performed on solutions of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein using a calcium-specific ion-exchange electrode. Isolated coat protein was found incapable of binding calcium ions under equilibrium conditions at pH values above its iso-ionic point (pH 4·3 to 4·6). However, calcium ions were found to bind to coat protein under non-equilibrium conditions, which suggests that the isolated coat protein has the proper conformation to bind calcium ions at the iso-ionic point.
Cooperativity between the preproinsulin mRNA untranslated regions Is necessary for glucose-stimulated translation

Glucose regulates proinsulin biosynthesis via stimulation of the translation of the preproinsulin mRNA in pancreatic β-cells. However, the mechanism by which this occurs has remained unclear. Using recombinant adenoviruses that express the preproinsulin mRNA with defined alterations, the untranslated regions (UTRs) of the preproinsulin mRNA were examined for elements that specifically control translation of the mRNA in rat pancreatic islets. These studies revealed that the preproinsulin 5′-UTR was necessary for glucose stimulation of preproinsulin mRNA translation, whereas the 3′-UTR appeared to suppress translation. However, together the 5′- and 3′-UTRs acted cooperatively to markedly increase glucose-induced proinsulin biosynthesis. In primary hepatocytes the presence of the preproinsulin 3′-UTR led to reduced mRNA levels compared with the presence of the SV40 3′-UTR, consistent with the presence of mRNA stability determinants in the 3′-UTR that stabilize the preproinsulin mRNA in a pancreatic β-cell-specific manner. Translation of these mRNAs in primary hepatocytes was not stimulated by glucose, indicating that regulated translation of the preproinsulin mRNA occurs in a pancreatic β-cell-specific manner. Thus, the untranslated regions of the preproinsulin mRNA play crucial roles in regulating insulin production and therefore glucose homeostasis by regulating the translation and the stability of the preproinsulin mRNA.
Solving quadratic assignment problems using convex quadratic programming relaxations

We describe a branch-and-bound algorithm for the quadratic assignment problem (QAP) that uses a convex quadratic programming (QP) relaxation to obtain a bound at each node. The QP subproblems are approximately solved using the Frank-Wolfe algorithm, which in this case requires the solution of a linear assignment problem on each iteration. Our branching strategy makes extensive use of dual information associated with the QP subproblems. We obtain state-of-the-art computational results on large benchmark QAPs
LITHIUM INDUCED BRUGADA PATTERN

Brugada syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by loss of function mutation(s) involving the SCN5A sodium channel that is associated with sudden cardiac death. It has a characteristic pattern on ECG consisting of ST segment elevations in V1 to V3 and J point elevation of at least 2mm.
French, German, Spanish, and Italian Service Dictionaries for Students and Teachers

TOOLS are important to the modern language student. Among his most important tools are dictionaries. Dictionaries may vary so greatly in their effectiveness as tools that a poorly chosen dictionary may mean the difference between excellence and mediocrity in achievement. So many inquiries have come to the writer about dictionaries that he offers the following lists, well knowing that there are differences between individual needs. It would be easy to multiply these lists many times over. Only fairly recent books have been included, except for certain old standard authoritative works. Besides, since it is largely a question of what books are best for our students, those books were given preference which not only are accurate but which are up to date and give most for the money. Only commendable books are mentioned. The date is indicated if available, also some idea of the contents and size. Excellence in regard to these points is indicated by one asterisk before the title and great excellence by two. Prices are added, but this is, in case of foreign publications especially, sometimes only approximate because of changing markets and currencies. In case of school dictionaries such data as plurals of nouns, irregular verb forms, sein or haben in German, etc., are given. Many dictionaries are deceptive as to date of publication; that is, a later date is sometimes substituted for the original date of publication even though no revision has been made. Often also there has been a revision, but of so slight a nature as to be almost negligible. In some cases no date of publication is given. Books bearing no date of publication are listed only if they have good points of price and usability. The total number of entries in a dictionary is not given except where this was found already calculated. It is not difficult to calculate this number, but at best this yields only a very rough approximation. If the size of type is not average, it is indicated by a note. The number of pages and size of page-if not octavo-or the number of columns are given. In a few cases the dictionaries were not any longer available to the writer, so that the number of pages could not be given. In order to save printing and space, the following abbreviations are used:
Intraocular light scatter in normal vision loss with age

Comparisons of contrast sensitivity functions between young (20–30-yrs) and old (60–70-yrs) subjects show that, on the average, the older subjects require about twice the contrast as the younger to detect gratings of high and intermediate spatial frequencies. The question of the source of this visual loss is addressed by calculating the loss of contrast due to intraocular light scatter. This, in turn, is estimated using measurements of disability glare as a function of glare angle and observer age. It is shown that the measured loss of vision with age is consistent with the hypothesis that it is due to increased intraocular light scatter.
Torques generated at the human elbow joint in response to constant position errors imposed during voluntary movements

The stiffness of the human elbow joint was investigated during targeted, 1.0-rad voluntary flexion movements at speeds ranging from slow (1.5 rad/s) to very fast (6.0 rad/s). A torque motor produced controlled step position errors in the execution of the movements. The steps began at the onset of movement, rose to an amplitude of 0.15 rad in 100 ms, and had a duration equal to movement duration. The net joint torque (muscle torque) resisting the step perturbation was computed from the applied torque, the joint acceleration, and the limb inertia. Subjects resisted the imposed step changes with approximately step changes in the net muscle torque. The mean resistance torque divided by the step amplitude was computed and is referred to as the stiffness. The stiffness increased with the voluntary movement speed, over the range of speeds (1.5–6 rad/s). The stiffness increased linearly with the magnitude of the net muscle torque on the unperturbed trials (referred to as “background torque”). The stiffness changed by only 20% when the step amplitude ranged from 0.05 to 0.15 rad. The mechanical resonant frequency (f r), estimated from the average stiffness estimates, ranged from 0.8 to 3.0 Hz. The resonant frequency approximately equaled the principal frequency component of the movement f m. On average: f r = 0.96 f m+0.46. During the fixed, 100-ms rise time of the step, the resistance was not linearly related to the background torque. At slower speeds the resistance was relatively greater during this rise time. However, when the imposed step perturbation was modified so that its rise time occurred in a time proportional to the movement duration (rather than in the fixed, 100-ms, time), the muscle torque resisting the motor during this rise time was proportional to the background torque. When these modified step responses were plotted on a time scale normalized to the movement duration, they all had approximately the same shape. Apparently the muscle viscosity scaled with the stiffness so as to maintain the constant response shape (constant damping ratio). The observed “tuning” of the mechanical properties to the movement speed is suggested to be important in the robust generation of smooth stereotyped voluntary movements.
Modeling Considerations for Phase Change Electronic Memory Devices

This paper discusses the modeling of phase change, chalcogenide alloy, electrical memory devices. Optical disk modeling, which uses the same alloys has yielded a good understanding of how the material’s structural change is related to temperature, time, nucleation of crystallites, and crystal growth. From this base, models of electrical memory behavior have been developed. Modeling the complex electronic nature of the amorphous phase is discussed and suggestions for improving device performance using these models are made.
Prevention and Management of Limb Contractures in Neuromuscular Diseases

Limb contractures are a common impairment in neuromuscular diseases. They contribute to increased disability from decreased motor performance, mobility limitations, reduced functional range of motion, loss of function for activities of daily living, and increased pain. The pathogenesis of contractures is multifactorial. Myopathic conditions are associated with more severe limb contractures compared with neuropathic disorders. Although the evidence supporting the efficacy of multiple interventions to improve range of motion in neuromuscular diseases in a sustained manner is lacking, there are generally accepted principles with regard to splinting, bracing, stretching, and surgery that help minimize the impact or disability from contractures.
Security-aware ad hoc routing for wireless networks

We propose a new routing technique called Security-Aware ad hoc Routing (SAR) that incorporates security attributes as parameters into ad hoc route discovery. SAR enables the use of security as a negotiable metric to improve the relevance of the routes discovered by ad hoc routing protocols. We develop a two-tier classification of routing protocol security metrics, and propose a framework to measure and enforce security attributes on ad hoc routing paths. Our framework enables applications to adapt their behavior according to the level of protection available on communicating nodes in an ad hoc network.
Oculomotor anomalies in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence for deficits in response preparation and inhibition.

Objective To examine patterns of executive and oculomotor control in a group of both boys and girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Landscape patterns as indicators of ecological change at Fort Benning, Georgia, USA

This research examined landscape indicators that signal ecological change in both intensely used and lightly used lands at Fort Benning, Georgia. Changes in patterns of land cover through time affect the ecological system by altering the proportion and distribution of habitats for species that these cover types support. Landscape patterns, therefore, are important indicators of land-use impacts, past and present, upon the landscape. This analysis of landscape pattern began with a landscape characterization based on witness tree data from 1827 and the 1830s and remotely sensed data from 1974, 1983, 1991, and 1999. The data from the early 1800s, although coarse, were useful in characterizing the historical range of variability in ecological conditions for the area. The steps for the analysis involved the creation of a land-cover database and a time series of land-cover maps, computation of landscape metrics, and evaluation of changes in those metrics over time as evidenced in the land-cover maps. We focused on five cover types (bare/developed land, deciduous forest, mixed forest, pine forest, and non-forest vegetated land), for they reveal information important to resources management at Fort Benning. An examination of land-cover class and landscape metrics, computed from the maps, indicated that a suite of metrics adequately describes the changing landscape at Fort Benning, Georgia. The most appropriate metrics were percent cover, total edge (km), number of patches, descriptors of patch area, nearest neighbor distance, the mean perimeter-to-area ratio, shape range, and clumpiness. Identification of such ecological indicators is an important component of building an effective environmental monitoring system.
A microsporidian infection in a natural population of mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard)

. A microsporidian parasite was found in a natural population of mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, from southern California. The parasite, a Glugea sp, induced the formation of xenoma complexes in the mesenteries of infected fish. In cases of severe infection, the xenomas occupied the majority of the abdominal cavity and appeared to prevent efficient swimming. This report is an initial documentation of this infection and a description of some of the clinical signs observed.
Reaction kinetics and in situ sum frequency generation surface vibrational spectroscopy studies of cycloalkene hydrogenation/dehydrogenation on Pt(111): Substituent effects and CO poisoning

Abstract The influence of substituent effects and CO poisoning were examined during the hydrogenation/dehydrogenation of cycloalkenes (cyclohexene and 1- and 4-methylcyclohexene) on a Pt(111) single crystal. Reaction rates for both hydrogenation and dehydrogenation decreased when a methyl group was added to the cycloalkene ring. The location of a methyl group relative to the C C double bond was influential in the overall kinetics for both reaction pathways. All cycloalkenes demonstrated “bend-over” Arrhenius behavior, after which rates for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation decreased with increasing temperature (inverse Arrhenius behavior). This is explained in terms of a change in surface coverage of the reactive cycloalkene. The potential importance of hydrogen effects is discussed. Introduction of CO in the Torr pressure range (0.015 Torr) led to a decrease in turnover frequency and increase in apparent activation energy for both the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of all cycloalkenes. Sum frequency generation (SFG) surface vibrational spectroscopy revealed that upon adsorption, the three cycloalkenes form a surface species with similar molecular structure. SFG results under reaction conditions in the presence of CO demonstrated that the cycloalkene coverage is low on a CO-saturated surface. Substituted cyclohexenes were more sensitive than cyclohexene to the presence of adsorbed CO, with larger increases in the apparent activation energy, especially in the case of dehydrogenation. A qualitative explanation for the changes in activity with temperature and the increase in apparent activation energy for cycloalkene hydrogenation/dehydrogenation in the presence of CO is presented from a thermodynamic and kinetic perspective.
Host-parasite relationships of Agaricus brunnescens and a number of mycoparasitic hyphomycetes

Host-parasite relationships of Agaricus brunnescens Peck and twelve mycoparasitic hyphomycetes belonging to the genera Arnoldiomyces, Cladobotryum, Hypomyces (anamorphic state of), Mycogone, Sepedonium, Sibirina and Verticillium were studied in paired cultures. Four distinct growth reactions were recognized reflecting the relative abilities of the hyphomycetes to affect the host.
Counterfeiting Nature: Artistic Innovation and Cultural Crisis in Renaissance Venice

Venice faced serious political and economic setbacks in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. The future of the Eternal Republic seemed bleak when, in 1509, nearly bankrupt, her commercial empire in the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean slipping away, Venice's army was routed at Agnadello by the forces of the League of Cambrai. Even the elements seemed to have turned against Venice around this time, visiting the city with earthquake, storm, flood, famine, and the plague. Well might the prominent banker Girolamo Priuli have feared that “great God has permitted and ordered this severe ruin of the Venetian Empire”
Successful Re-exposure to Clozapine after Eosinophilia and Clinically Suspected Myocarditis

Letter to the Editors Dear Editor, Clozapine is a highly effective antipsychotic drug, but it is associated with significant adverse reactions. We are report ing a case of successful re-challenge with clozapine after eosinophilia and clinically suspected myocarditis. Clinical Case
Honeybee swarming behavior using diffusion adaptation

Honeybees swarm when they move to a new site for their hive. During the process of swarming, their behavior can be analyzed by classifying them as informed scouts or uninformed bees, where the scouts have information about the destination while the uninformed bees follow the scouts. We model the network of bees as a network of mobile nodes with the nodes having asymmetric access to information about the location of the new hive. Diffusion adaptation is then used to model and explain the swarming behavior of bees.
Multimodal Image Registration by Information Fusion at Feature Level

This paper proposes a novel multimodal image registration method which can fully utilize the multimodal information and result in a more accurate unified deformation field. Different from the existing methods which fuse the information at the image/intensity level, the proposed method fuses the multimodal information at the feature level through Gabor wavelets transformation. At this level, complementary and redundant information is distinguished reliably and efficiently, and then combined and removed respectively. Experiments on both simulated and real T1+DTI image sets illustrate that the proposed method can effectively incorporate better characterization for white matter (WM) from the DTI and for gray matter (GM) from the T1 image and lead to a more accurate and efficient multimodal image registration which paves the way for the subsequent multimodal population-based studies.
Generalized eikonal treatment of the Gouy phase shift

We use a generalized refractive index that includes diffraction effects to show that the Gouy phase shift can be seen as an intensity averaged optical path difference between the generalized eikonal and the geometrical eikonal. This approach generalizes previous treatments to include the effects of phase distortion and confirms the role of transverse spatial confinement in the Gouy shift.
Structural Acoustic Response of a Shape Memory Alloy Hybrid Composite Panel (Lessons Learned)

This study presents results from an effort to fabricate a shape memory alloy hybrid composite (SMAHC) panel specimen and test the structure for dynamic response and noise transmission characteristics under the action of thermal and random acoustic loads. A method for fabricating a SMAHC laminate with bi-directional SMA reinforcement is described. Glass-epoxy unidirectional prepreg tape and Nitinol ribbon comprise the material system. Thermal activation of the Nitinol actuators was achieved through resistive heating. The experimental hardware required for mechanical support of the panel/actuators and for establishing convenient electrical connectivity to the actuators is presented. Other experimental apparatus necessary for controlling the panel temperature and acquiring structural acoustic data are also described. Deficiency in the thermal control system was discovered in the process of performing the elevated temperature tests. Discussion of the experimental results focuses on determining the causes for the deficiency and establishing means for rectifying the problem.
The administration of hospital-based services

Hospital-based child psychiatric services have evolved rapidly in the past 15 years from stand-alone programs to integrated systems linked internally and externally. This evolution has occurred under the pressure of changing treatment technologies, organizational philosophies, and financing strategies. This article provides a brief overview of administrative concepts and functions, followed by descriptions of administrative issues related to specific programs and their integration into a coherent service. The specific services include specialized child inpatient and partial hospital programs, crisis intervention service, and consultation/liaison service.
MODIS tasseled cap transformation and its utility

A time series of globally distributed spectral MODIS NBARs (Nadir Bidirectional-reflectance-distribution-function Adjusted surface Reflectance) was used to determine initial tasseled cap coefficients. An assessment of an annual time series of tasseled cap features indicated their utility for detecting vegetation phenological cycles. The comparison analysis showed that the temporal pattern of NBAR greenness was closely correlated with the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), while NBAR brightness matched MODIS global broadband albedos. Thresholded global NBAR wetnesses appear to relate to MODIS snow and ice presence as determined by the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI).
Studies on the mechanism of the antilipolytic effects of growth hormone.

Ovine growth hormone (1 μg/ml) antagonized the lipolytic action of epinephrine (0.25 μg/ml) in segments of adipose tissue obtained from hypophysectomized rats, but a lag period of about 10 min was required. When added simultaneously with epinephrine, growth hormone neither reduced the maximal accumulation of cyclic AMP which occurred at 3 min nor accelerated the return to basal levels. Only when tissues were exposed to epinephrine 15 min after preincubation with growth hormone was cyclic AMP accumulation compromised. Growth hormone also produced a delayed increase of about 20% in the activity of a low Km cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, which might have contributed to the decrease in cyclic AMP accumulation. The increase in phosphodiesterase activity probably did not account for the antilipolytic effect, however, since antilipolysis was evident before the increase in phosphodiesterase activity could be detected. The antilipolytic effects of growth hormone similarly could not be attributed to the decre...
PACM: A two-stage procedure for analyzing structural models

An alternative procedure for estimating structural equations models is described. The two-stage proce dure, Path Analysis of Covariance Matrix (PACM), sep arately estimates the measurement and structural models using standard least-squares procedures. PACM was empirically compared to simultaneous maximum likelihood estimation of measurement and structural models using LISREL. PACM produced results similar to LISREL in many cases; it also seems to have advan tages when dealing with large-scale problems, model misspecifications, collinearity among indicators, and missing data.
Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in severely burned pediatric patients

Abstract Infection is still one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in severely burned patients. Evidence suggests that many of the responsible organisms are endogenous. Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis is not effective, and produces resistant strains of microorganisms. SDD has been postulated to be beneficial for controlling and decreasing infections in critically ill patients. Its efficacy in severely burned patients, however, remains controversial. In order to analyze the efficacy of selective decontamination of the digestive (SDD) tract, to decrease the bacterial colonization of the aerodigestive tract and burn wounds, and the incidence of septic complications in severely burned children, 23 pediatric patients affected of severe burns were prospectively randomized in a double-blinded study. Eleven patients received SDD (Polymyxin E, Tobramycin, and Amphotericin B), and 12 placebo. Demographics, hospital course, microbiology results, complications, infectious episodes, and serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were compared to determine the efficacy of SDD. Colonization rates to the wound, sputum, nasogastric aspirates, and feces were similar. Pneumonia, sepsis and other complications had similar incidence in both groups. Serum levels of all cytokines studied were also comparable, suggesting a similar inflammatory status in all patients, regardless of the treatment received. Patients in the SDD group, however, had a significantly higher incidence of diarrhea ( P =0.003). We can conclude that selective decontamination of the digestive tract with Polymixin E, Tobramycin and Amphotericin B is not effective to decrease bacterial colonization and infectious episodes in severely burned pediatric patients.
Effects of ultrasound and diclofenac phonophoresis on inflammatory pain relief: suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in arthritic rats.

Background and Purpose. The direct effects of ultrasound (US) and phonophoresis of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on injured peripheral tissue have been widely investigated, but evidence concerning the effects of central spinal nociceptive modulation seems to be lacking. The purpose of this study was to investigate the peripheral influences of US and phonophoresis on the modulation of spinal inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression elicited by hind paw stimulation with an ankle injection of complete Freund adjuvant (CFA). Subjects and Methods. Inflammatory arthritis was induced in 18 male Wistar rats with intra-articular tibiotarsal injections of CFA. Serial changes in inflammatory pain reactions, including hind-limb edema, and the locomotor activity of the arthritic animals were measured. Arthritic rats underwent US (n=6), diclofenac phonophoresis (n=6), or sham treatment (n=6) on the CFA-injected leg at 18 hours after injection. At 20 hours after injection, spinal inducible nitric oxide synthase–like immunoreactive (iNOS-LI) cells were examined. Results. Following the CFA injection, all animals’ paw diameters and ankle circumferences ipsilateral to the injected leg were significantly increased compared with the values prior to injection. The rearing behavior of arthritic animals had improved significantly after US and diclofenac phonophoresis treatments. The mean total number (±SD) of iNOS-LI cells per section of segments L1 and L2 of the bilateral spinal cord of the sham treatment, US, and phonophoresis groups were 531.20±6.11, 124.20±4.09, and 114.80±3.23, respectively. The total numbers of iNOS-LI cells in rats treated with US and diclofenac phonophoresis were significantly smaller than in those receiving sham treatment. There were no significant differences in the total number of iNOS-LI cells ipsilateral to the injected leg between the US and diclofenac phonophoresis groups. Discussion and Conclusion. Ultrasound and phonophoresis treatments probably modulate and prevent the CFA-insult–induced increase in total and regional iNOS-LI neurons. Peripheral use of diclofenac phonophoresis offers little advantage over US alone in affecting the central mechanisms of nociception. The peripheral influences of US and phonophoresis on the central modulation of the spinal nociceptive processing system are important and may reflect the work being done through the neuroplasticity of spinal cord in response to peripheral input of US and phonophoresis. [Hsieh YL. Effects of ultrasound and diclofenac phonophoresis on inflammatory pain relief: suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in arthritic rats.]
Flow cytometric analysis of porcine peripheral blood leukocytes infected with pseudorabies virus.

The susceptIbilIty of fractionated porcine peripheral blood ieukocytes (PBL) to pseudorabies virus (PRV) was studied by flow cytometry and defined by viral antigen expression. Viral antigens on the surface of Infected cells and cell viability were evaluated by forward angie light scatter (FALS), 90-degree light scatter (9OLS), green fiuorescence (FITC-antl-PRV), and red fluorescence (propidium Iodide). Approximately 10% of infected mononuclear cells from healthy pigs expressed cell-surface PRV antigen. Cellsurface fluorescence and cell type were confirmed by sorting live positIve cells for microscopy. In sorted positive sampies, the lymphocyte versus monocyte ratio was approximately 50%:50%, defined by morphology. Positive lymphocytes represent 5.75% of total mononuclear cells. When cells were stimulated with phytohemagglutlnin (PHA) and llpopolysaccharide (LPS) before Infection, mitogen-stlmulated T-lymphoblasts showed increased susceptibility to PRV (40.7% positive) and died of infection. Monocytes, particularly adherent monocytes, were highly susceptibie (40% to 71.4% p051tive). Granulocytes appeared to be refractory. The relative susceptibility of various PBL populations was compared by normalizing lymphocyte susceptibility to 1 as follows: resting total lymphocytes (1); B-iymphocytes (0.67); T-lymphoblasts (7.08); total monocytes (4.27); adherent cells (4.03 to 10.88); adherent monocytes (6.95 to 12.42); granu. locytes (0.24). These findings suggest a possible mechanism by which PRV could have an immunosuppressive effect as well as a pathway for disseminatIon of PRy.
Teaching history-taking: where are we?

Abstract Knowledge in history-taking has increased rapidly over the last twenty years. Currently the principles to be taught include "conduct," "content," and "diagnostic reasoning." However, inattentiveness of medical schools, reluctance of busy faculty to be involved, and increasing enrollments have resulted in difficulties in teaching these skills. Studies have shown a beneficial short-term effect of teaching these materials on interview performance but it is unknown whether this effect is long-lasting. The methods for instruction include the bedside and videotape models utilizing the concept of the fifteen-minute interview technique, programmed instruction, patient instructors, and direct student feedback. Future research should focus on identifying strategies in diagnostic reasoning, developing graduated competency criteria for trainees at different levels of their education, refining methods to evaluate large numbers of students, measuring outcomes of effective training such as compliance, and comparing costs and effectiveness of various methods. In addition, there remains the need to establish an association of course directors.
Ultrastructural localization of the Charcot-Leyden crystal protein (lysophospholipase) to a distinct crystalloid-free granule population in mature human eosinophils

The Charcot-Leyden crystal (CLC) protein is a unique constituent of eosinophils and basophils. This protein forms the hexagonal bipyramidal crystals observed in tissues at sites of eosinophil accumulations, possesses lysophospholipase activity (lysolecithin acylhydrolase E.C.3.1.1.5), and comprises an estimated 7% to 10% of total eosinophil protein. The ultrastructural localization of CLC protein was studied in mature peripheral blood eosinophils from normal donors and from patients with the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. Subcellular localization was evaluated by immunoelectron microscopy using eosinophils, both from buffy coat and purified cell suspensions, that were fixed by a variety of methods. Immunochemical detection of CLC protein employed rabbit antiserum to eosinophil CLC protein, affinity chromatography-purified monospecific IgG antibodies, and postembedding immunogold techniques. Controls for specificity included (1) omission of the primary antibody to CLC protein and (2) substitution of primary antibody with a nonimmune preimmunization serum, a protein A-purified nonimmune IgG, or a protein A-purified nonreactive IgG prepared from solid-phase CLC protein-Sepharose-absorbed anti-CLC antiserum. CLC protein was localized to a minor (approximately 5%) subpopulation of eosinophil granules. These membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules were large (greater than 0.5 mu), were devoid of crystalloid inclusions, and were morphologically compatible with persisting eosinophil primary granules. The crystalloid-containing, large, specific granules did not stain for CLC protein. Insufficient numbers of small dense granules, lipid bodies, and vesiculotubular structures were present to adequately evaluate their potential as additional sites for the subcellular localization of CLC protein. The cellular specificity of the immunogold localization of CLC protein in the eosinophil was affirmed by the absence of staining in neutrophils and lymphocytes present in the same sections. The ultrastructural immunogold localization of CLC protein (lysophospholipase) to a large, crystalloid-free granule in mature circulating eosinophils supports the persistence of a distinct "primary" granule population that serves as a major intracytoplasmic repository for this enzyme.
XXXV. The hall and corbino effects

(1916). XXXV. The hall and corbino effects. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 32, No. 189, pp. 303-326.
An overview of bandwidth management procedures in high-speed networks

Packet-switched networks such as ATM [1] and plaNET [2] will form the basis for multimedia high speed networks. In these networks traffic streams with widely varying characteristics such as voice, data and video will be statistically multiplexed and share common switching and transmission resources. Managing the available bandwidth to avoid congestion and provide guaranteed levels of Grades of Service (GOS) for connections with potentially dramatic differences in their statistical behavior pose new challenges very different from the ones present in traditional packet- or circuit-switched networks.
Book Review - Online, Blended, and Distance Education: Building Successful Programs in Schools

The process of reviewing a book like Online, Blended, and Distance Education: Building Successful Programs in Schools is an interesting task. This book is a collection of writings by several authors with additional pieces by the two editors, Michael Barbour and Tom Clark. In this text, the two editors manage to bring together an impressive group of scholars with proven reputations in the field of educational technology. It is an informative read filled with both research and case study examples to draw from.