cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Codeine and Tramadol Contraindicated for Pediatric Use.

The labeling for codeine- and tramadol-containing medications has been revised to state that these drugs are contraindicated for the treatment of pain in children younger than age 12. The labeling for codeine-containing products also states that the drug is contraindicated for the treatment of cough
Non-Linear Interference Cancellation for Radio Astronomy Receivers with Strong RFI

The expansion of wireless communication systems across frequency, time, and space has exacerbated the radio frequency interference (RFI) issue to radio astronomy systems (RAS). A recent solution based on a coexistence paradigm offers some RFI- free durations for RAS but further expansion of RAS observation faces with strong RFI. To enhance spectrum access opportunities for both wireless communications and RAS, we explore a new approach where both systems simultaneously access the spectrum for some durations and RAS exploits RFI cancellation. The main challenge is nonlinear distortion caused by strong RFI. We study this nonlinearity's effect on RAS observation performance and develop a nonlinear-RFI cancellation scheme and a modified RAS signal power estimation scheme. We also design a channel estimator for the nonlinear system based on the unscented Kalman filter. Simulation results in flat stationary channels and multipath Rayleigh fading channels show the proposed approach yields a great improvement in RAS signal power estimation performance even at strong RFI levels.
Sex differences underlying pancreatic islet biology and its dysfunction

Abstract Background The sex of an individual affects glucose homeostasis and the pathophysiology, incidence, and prevalence of diabetes as well as the response to therapy. Scope of the review This review focuses on clinical and experimental sex differences in islet cell biology and dysfunction during development and in adulthood in human and animal models. We discuss sex differences in β-cell and α-cell function, heterogeneity, and dysfunction. We cover sex differences in communication between gonads and islets and islet-cell immune interactions. Finally, we discuss sex differences in β-cell programming by nutrition and other environmental factors during pregnancy. Major conclusions Important sex differences exist in islet cell function and susceptibility to failure. These differences represent sex-related biological factors that can be harnessed for gender-based prevention of and therapy for diabetes.
Grandfathers Matter(ed): Occupational Mobility Across Three Generations in the US and Britain, 1850–1911

Nearly all intergenerational mobility studies focus on fathers and sons. The possibility that the process is more than simply two‐generational (AR(1)) has been difficult to assess because of the lack of the necessary multi‐generational data. We remedy this shortcoming with new data that links grandfathers, fathers and sons in Britain and the US between 1850 and 1910. We find that grandfathers mattered: even controlling for father's occupation, grandfather's occupation significantly influenced the occupation of the grandson. For both Britain and the US in this time period, therefore, assessments based on two‐generation estimates significantly overstate the true amount of social mobility.
A monetary history of Norway, 1816–2016

As part of the bicentenary of Norges Bank, and based on an extensive compilation of historical monetary statistics, Oyvind Eitrheim, Jan Tore Klovland and Lars Fredrik Oksendal (henceforth EKO) hav...
Computer-Controlled 3D Conformal Radiation Therapy

Computer-controlled or -aided1 radiation therapy is a technique with the potential to safely deliver radiation treatments more expeditiously and accurately than traditional methods. One of the most important applications is in the delivery of conformal treatments for which the goal of maximizing the dose to the tumor and minimizing the dose to normal structures often leads to treatment plans of complex design. Although conformal therapy has always been a goal of radiotherapy, until recently the type of treatment plans that could practically be implemented was quite restrictive. With recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) treatment planning, and (as we will attempt to demonstrate) with emerging techniques for computer-aided delivery of treatments, it appears likely that full-scale studies may be realized to test whether conformal therapy improves tumor control, decreases tissue toxicity, and ultimately enhances survival.
Noggin depletion in adipocytes promotes obesity in mice.

Abstract Objective Obesity has increased to pandemic levels and enhanced understanding of adipose regulation is required for new treatment strategies. Although bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) influence adipogenesis, the effect of BMP antagonists such as Noggin is largely unknown. The aim of the study was to define the role of Noggin, an extracellular BMP inhibitor, in adipogenesis. Methods We generated adipose-derived progenitor cells and a mouse model with adipocyte-specific Noggin deletion using the Adiponectin Cre transgenic mouse, and determined the adipose phenotype of Noggin-deficiency. Results Our studies showed that Noggin is expressed in progenitor cells but declines in adipocytes, possibly allowing for lipid accumulation. Correspondingly, adipocyte-specific Noggin deletion in vivo promoted age-related obesity in both genders with no change in food intake. Although the loss of Noggin caused white adipose tissue hypertrophy, and whitening and impaired function in brown adipose tissue in both genders, there were clear gender differences with the females being most affected. The females had suppressed expression of brown adipose markers and thermogenic genes including peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1alpha) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) as well as genes associated with adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. The males, on the other hand, had early changes in a few BAT markers and thermogenic genes, but the main changes were in the genes associated with adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. Further characterization revealed that both genders had reductions in VO2, VCO2, and RER, whereas females also had reduced heat production. Noggin was also reduced in diet-induced obesity in inbred mice consistent with the obesity phenotype of the Noggin-deficient mice. Conclusions BMP signaling regulates female and male adipogenesis through different metabolic pathways. Modulation of adipose tissue metabolism by select BMP antagonists may be a strategy for long-term regulation of age-related weight gain and obesity.
Play and Aesthetics in Ancient Greece

What is art's relationship to play? Those interested in this question tend to look to modern philosophy for answers, but, as this book shows, the question was already debated in antiquity by luminaries like Plato and Aristotle. Over the course of eight chapters, this book contextualizes those debates, and demonstrates their significance for theoretical problems today. Topics include the ancient child psychology at the root of the ancient Greek word for 'play' (paidia), the numerous toys that have survived from antiquity, and the meaning of play's conceptual opposite, the 'serious' (spoudaios). What emerges is a concept of play markedly different from the one we have inherited from modernity. Play is not a certain set of activities which unleashes a certain feeling of pleasure; it is rather a certain feeling of pleasure that unleashes the activities we think of as 'play'. As such, it offers a new set of theoretical challenges.
Response to McGeveran's the Duty of Data Security: Not the Objective Duty He Wants, Maybe the Subjective Duty We Need

William McGeveran’s recent article, The Duty of Data Security, is a significant contribution to ongoing debates about what duty firms holding electronic information about consumers owe in ensuring the security of that data. It also supports the opposite conclusion from that which McGeveran articulates. McGeveran frames the article as identifying a clear duty of data security. This response argues that in his efforts to locate a clear duty in existing data security law he has identified a standard that, in all meaningful ways, is one of subjective (not objective) reasonableness – and therefore offers no clarity at all. There is likely room for disagreement on both sides of this argument – both that which McGeveran makes and my response to it. The ultimate purpose this this response, however, is to recognize this aspect of the duty that McGeveran has identified and to reframe it in the familiar terms of objective vs. subjective reasonableness. This distinction is both useful and important, and has gone unremarked upon in two decades of discussions about the data security obligations.
Free tuition and college enrollment: evidence from New York’s Excelsior program

Since the fall of 2017, New York has offered free tuition to eligible residents attending its state-funded two-year and four-year colleges under its unique Excelsior Scholarship program. We use the...
Alendronate as an Effective Countermeasure to Disuse Induced Bone loss

Microgravity, similar to disuse immobilization on earth, causes rapid bone loss. This loss is believed to be an adaptive response to the reduced musculoskeletal forces in space and occurs gradually enough that changes occurring during short duration space flight are not a concern. Bone loss, however, will be a major impediment for long duration missions if effective countermeasures are not developed and implemented. Bed rest is used to simulate the reduced mechanical forces in humans and was used to test the hypothesis that oral alendronate would reduce the effects of long duration (17 weeks) inactivity on bone. Eight male subjects were given daily oral doses of alendronate during 17 weeks of horizontal bed rest and compared with 13 male control subjects not given the drug. Efficacy was evaluated based on measurements of bone markers, calcium balance and bone density performed before, during and after the bed rest. The results show that oral alendronate attenuates most of the characteristic changes in bone that are associated with long duration bed rest and presumably space flight.
On Display: The Strategy of ‘Flattening’ in the Selfie Museum and its Relevance for Architecture

The focal point of this essay is the turn from the display of objects to the display of environments, a change that blurs the line between the body and the display, and arguably absorbs the subject into the object. This turn is enabled by the digital age, as well as ‘the experience economy’, and is manifested in the rise of immersive display systems. The Selfie Museum epitomizes this cultural shift. In the Selfie Museum, subject and object aren’t the sole dichotomies that are conflated; physical space combines with the virtual image; the still moment merges in the temporal experience; and two-dimensional projections are overlaid onto three-dimensional structures. As a result, architects become ‘experience designers’, virtual reality is a mode of design practice, and an ‘instagrammable’ moment is a project deliverable. In this essay I simultaneously acknowledge these changes and critique them. At the same time, I offer the combination of apparent oppositions as a potential new set of tools that can help rethink aspects of the architecture discipline and profession. By studying the Selfie Museum as both an architectural typology and a socio-political entity, I challenge the traditional museum as an institution, classic body image perceptions, and the common concept of a tourist destination.
Effects of antioxidant MnTBAP on angiogenesis in newborn mice with hyperoxic lung injury.

Background Oxygen toxicity mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an essential role in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants. By reducing oxidative stress, antioxidants protect the immature lung. We studied the effects of MnTBAP, a catalytic antioxidant on angiogenesis and alveolar growth following neonatal hyperoxia. Methods Newborn mouse litters randomized to room air (RA) or >95% O2 for 72 hours from day 4 (D4) to D7 to receive either MnTBAP (10 mg/kg/d) or saline intraperitoneally (every 24 h for three doses). Lungs harvested for angiogenic gene expression, protein expression, and histopathology post-hyperoxia exposure. Radial alveolar count (RAC), mean linear intercept (MLI) and vessel density assessed by histopathology. Results Angiogenic gene expression was significantly lower in the hyperoxia group compared to the RA group. The protein expression for VEGF and its receptor, VEGFR1, was significantly lower following treatment with MnTBAP compared to hyperoxia alone. Expression of VEGFR2, Angiopoietin-1 and TIE2, were substantially higher in the RA groups compared to hyperoxia groups with or without MnTBAP. Hyperoxia groups demonstrated alveolar simplification. MnTBAP reduced vessel density and failed to improve alveolar growth following hyperoxia. Conclusions MnTBAP, a catalytic antioxidant, does not offer protection from hyperoxia-induced alveolar impairment. The lack of angiogenic upregulation by MnTBAP may contribute to alveolar simplification in newborn mice.
Downside risk of major crops in selected six regions in North Dakota

This paper investigates downside risk by utilising the value at risk (VaR) in the context of selected three different commodities, specifically corn, soybean, and hard red spring wheat (HRSW) in North Dakota (ND). This study finds that the downside risk of crop net return is significantly different in six different regions in ND. Growing corn in the North East region is estimated to has the highest risk, whereas the South Valley region has the lowest risk compared. Growing soybean in the North East region has the highest risk, whereas the South Valley region has the lowest risk. Lastly, growing HRS wheat in South Central has the highest financial risk, whereas the South Valley has the lowest risk. The highest risks are stem from the raising of corn and soybean in the production of the crop in the North East and raising the HRS wheat in South Central.
A measure of pause frequency correlation with post traumatic stress disorder symptom severity

Cognitive science research has found prosodic qualities of speech can be analyzed to establish development of cognitive and neurological disorders, as well as treatment efficacy, primarily for disorders such as Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease. Linguistic research has largely overlooked prosodic features within research on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and instead focused on semantic choices, despite PTSD's impact on cognitive function. The present pilot study aims to extend findings within cognitive sciences to research on PTSD to establish if prosodic qualities of speech can be used in a similar manner, specifically analyzing pause frequency. Student veterans from universities across the US were recruited for participation. Participants were prompted to elicit a spontaneous monologue between 90 and 120 s that was recorded, they were also required to fill out a PCL-5. Speech was analyzed for pauses of 0.25 s or greater via speech analysis software(PRAAT), and the frequency was contrasted against the individual PCL-5 scores. The results of the pilot study were inconclusive due to limitations in the participant pool. As such this highlights needs in further investigation, but establishes the methods used as functional. Future research should be focused on extending the procedures to a larger pool and looking at other prosodic features.
Two novel loci underlie natural differences in Caenorhabditis elegans macrocyclic lactone responses

Parasitic nematodes cause a massive worldwide burden on human health along with a loss of livestock and agriculture productivity. Anthelmintics have been widely successful in treating parasitic nematodes. However, resistance is increasing, and little is known about the molecular and genetic causes of resistance. The free-living roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans provides a tractable model to identify genes that underlie resistance. Unlike parasitic nematodes, C. elegans is easy to maintain in the laboratory, has a complete and well annotated genome, and has many genetic tools. Using a combination of wild isolates and a panel of recombinant inbred lines constructed from crosses of two genetically and phenotypically divergent strains, we identified three genomic regions on chromosome V that underlie natural differences in response to the macrocyclic lactone (ML) abamectin. One locus was identified previously and encodes an alpha subunit of a glutamate-gated chloride channel (glc-1). Here, we validate and narrow two novel loci using near-isogenic lines. Additionally, we generate a list of prioritized candidate genes identified in C. elegans and in the parasite Haemonchus contortus by comparison of ML resistance loci. These genes could represent previously unidentified resistance genes shared across nematode species and should be evaluated in the future. Our work highlights the advantages of using C. elegans as a model to better understand ML resistance in parasitic nematodes.
Vietnam and Regional Human Resource Development in ASEAN

As Vietnam joined the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1995, its National Human Resource Development (HRD) strategy integrated into the emerging framework of Regional HRD in Southeast Asia and ASEAN. Informed by the literature of HRD and National HRD and the emerging literature of Regional HRD, in this chapter, we explore the relationship between Regional HRD and National HRD using the case of ASEAN and Vietnam as a member state. This chapter combines methodological practices of integrative literature review and qualitative content analysis of available scholarly literature, ASEAN publications, and Vietnamese government documents, reports, and white papers. Analysis reveals the unique influence of Regional HRD in ASEAN on Vietnam and the role National HRD in Vietnam has played in Regional HRD in Southeast Asia. Implications for research, policy, and practice to promote collaboration in HRD are provided.
Using greenspace and nature exposure as an adjunctive treatment for opioid and substance use disorders: Preliminary evidence and potential mechanisms.

Abstract The demand for opioid medication to effectively treat pain has contributed to the surging opioid crisis, which is a major source of morbidity and mortality in the U.S. More than 100,000 people begin opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) annually, the standard pharmacotherapy for opioid use disorder (OUD). Although OMT is the standard care for OUD, patients often experience or develop a heightened sensitivity to pain (hyperalgesia) as a result of the opioid medication, and also have high rates of stress, affective, and anxiety-related conditions. These conditions are interactive with other behavioral and environmental correlates of opioid and other substance use disorders including impulsive decision-making (e.g., harmful opioid use associated with increased delay discounting), and a lack of alternative (i.e., substance-free) and social reinforcement. Collectively these complex and multifaceted factors constitute significant predictors of lack of adherence to OMT (and other pharmacotherapies) and relapse. There is an urgent need, therefore, to develop novel adjunctive treatments that preserve the benefits of OMT and various pharmacotherapies, and simultaneously diminish continued pain and hyperalgesia, reduce stress and anxiety-related conditions, target relevant behavioral mechanism such as impulsive choice, and also serve to enhance the value of alternative and substance free activities. Here, we discuss evidence that an environmental manipulation – access to greenspace and nature – could serve as a potential adjunctive treatment to standard pharmacotherapies by targeting multiple biological and behavioral mechanisms that standard pharmacotherapies do not address.
Criminal Lawyers - Not the Defense Kind: The Strange Case of Shawn Andrea Little

Shaw Andrea Little was a licensed attorney in the State of Ohio. She specialized in personal injury litigation. Over a period of years she converted at least $364,907 of client settlement funds to her personal use and/or to cover prior thefts. Ms. Little was subject to disciplinary proceedings and was eventually disbarred. Ms. Little has NOT been prosecuted for stealing $364,907.
Comparing health factors among collegiate athletes and non-athletes and between NCAA divisions and sport type

Mental health remains a topic of concern within collegiate athletics, though athletes are perceived to have some protection due to physically active lifestyles. This study compared student-athletes...
Gene Body Methylation of the Lymphocyte-Specific Gene CARD11 Results in Its Overexpression and Regulates Cancer mTOR Signaling.

Investigations into the function of nonpromoter DNA methylation have yielded new insights into epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of distinguishing between DNA methylation in discrete functional regions; however, integrated nonpromoter DNA methylation and gene expression analyses across a wide number of tumor types and corresponding normal tissues have not been performed. Through integrated analysis of gene expression and DNA methylation profiles, we examined 32 tumor types and identified 57 tumor suppressors and oncogenes out of 260 genes exhibiting a correlation of > 0.5 between gene body methylation and gene expression in at least one tumor type. The lymphocyte-specific gene CARD11 exhibits robust association between gene body methylation and expression across 19 of 32 tumor types examined. It is significantly overexpressed in kidney renal cell carcinoma (KIRC) and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tumor tissues in comparison with respective control samples; and is significantly associated with lower overall survival in KIRC. Contrary to its canonical function in lymphocyte NFκB activation, CARD11 activates the mTOR pathway in KIRC and LUAD, resulting in suppressed autophagy. Furthermore, demethylation of a CpG island within the gene body of CARD11 decreases gene expression. Collectively, our study highlights how DNA methylation outside the promoter region can impact tumor progression. Implications: Our study describes a novel regulatory role of gene body DNA methylation–dependent CARD11 expression on mTOR signaling and its impact on tumor progression.
Experimental induction of retrograde and anterograde amnesia concurrently: An animal model

In the clinical literature on memory dysfunction, the presence of both retrograde (RA) and anterograde (AA) amnesia due to acute trauma are commonly described. There has been, however, virtually no report of concurrently induced RA and AA using experimental procedures. In this study, we used two orthogonal tasks to examine the retrograde and anterograde impact of a single experimental insult. In Experiment 1, rats exposed to cold (hypothermia treatment) following consumption of a novel flavor, but prior to punishment training, showed impaired performance on later tests for attenuation of neophobia (retrograde task) and passive avoidance (anterograde task). The retrograde impairment was found to be time-dependent (Experiment 2) and independent of punishment effects (Experiment 3), indicating that both the retrograde and anterograde effects were based on memory loss. Therefore, it appears that RA and AA can be experimentally induced concurrently by a single traumatic insult. Thus, these findings provide an empirical model for comparing the characteristics of RA and AA when induced either independently or concurrently.
Can't Think...Can't Think...Can't Think.

(1972). Can't Think … Can't Think … Can't Think. School Health Review: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 12-15.
Task sequencing language for specifying distributed Ada systems

TSL-1 is a language for specifying sequences of tasking events occuring in the execution of distributed Ada programs. Such specifications are intended primarily for testing and debugging of Ada tasking programs, although they can also be applied in designing programs. TSL-1 specifications are included in an Ada program as formal comments. They express constraints to be satis fied by the sequences of actual tasking events. An Ada program is consistent with its TSL-1 specifications if its runtime behavior always satisfies them. This paper presents an overview of TSL-1. The features of the language are described informally, and examples illustrating the use of TSL-1, both for debugging and for specification of tasking programs, are given. A definition of robust TSL-1 specifications that takes into account uncertainty in runtime observation of behavior of distributed systems is given. A runtime monitor for checking consistency of an Ada program with TSL-1 specifications has been implemented. In the future, constructs for defining abstract tasks will be added to TSL-1, forming a new language, TSL-2, for the specification of distributed systems prior to their implementation in any particular programming language.
χ 2 Metric learning for nearest neighbor classification and its analysis

We study the Chi-Squared (χ2) distance and metric learning as a problem of Large Margin Nearest Neighbor (LMNN) classification. We suggest the χ2 metric learning algorithm, based on the LMNN approach, to learn a metric to improve the accuracy of k-nearest neighbor (kNN) classification. We show that the χ2 distance in the transformed space is one of the Quadratic-Chi distance family members. We use a gradient descent method to get an optimal value of the linear transformation matrix of the input feature space. We also show an alternative approach of χ2 metric learning by using a convex optimization method with relaxation. We demonstrate experimental results on the datasets mainly for domain adaptation.
Real-time embedded frame work for sEMG skeletal muscle force estimation and LQG control algorithms for smart upper extremity prostheses

This paper presents a real-time embedded framework for finger force control of upper extremity prostheses. The proposed system is based on the hypothesis that models describing the finger force and surface Electromyographic (sEMG) signal relationships of healthy subjects can be applied to amputees. An identification/estimation scheme is applied to the collected sEMG and finger force signals in order to infer dynamical models relating the two. A LQG control law is proposed based on this estimation scheme in order to control finger forces of upper extremity prostheses. For the force estimation, filtered sEMG signals from a sensor array and finger force data of a healthy subject are acquired. Real-time estimation and control are implemented using a PIC32MX360F512L microcontroller. In this paper, a novel fusion technique, the Optimized Linear Model Fusion Algorithm (OLMFA) is developed for estimating the skeletal muscle force from the sEMG sensor array in real-time. The sEMG signal is rectified and filtered using a Half-Gaussian filter, and fed to the OLMFA based Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) force model. This MISO system provides the estimated finger force as reference input to the upper extremity prostheses in real-time. A LQG controller is designed to control the finger force of the prostheses utilizing the force estimate from the OLMFA as a reference. Both the OLMFA and the LQG control scheme are prototyped on the embedded framework for testing of the real-time performance. The proposed embedded framework features rate partitioning and UART interface for performance validation and troubleshooting. The OLMFA based force estimation yields a real-time performance of 85.6% mean correlation and 20.4% mean relative error with a standard deviation of ?1.6 and ?1.5 respectively for 18 test subject's k-fold cross validation data. The LQG control algorithm yields a real-time performance of 91.6% mean correlation and 9.2% mean relative error with a standard deviation of ?1.4 and ?1.3 respectively. The novelty lies with the proposed Optimized Linear Model Fusion Algorithm (OLMFA).The novel OLMFA is used as the input to a LQG and MRAC control scheme and is implemented in real-time on a microcontroller.An embedded test bed is proposed to rapid prototype the LQG and MRAC control schemes and validate them on the prosthetic hand prototype.
A Cytological and a Genetical Study of Petunia V the Inheritance of Color in Pollen.

Page 396, line 11, for "monohybrid ratio for pollen color when selfed or when crossed" read "monohybrid ratio for pollen color when crossed." Page 403, Table 1, line 4 under "Green," for "Pale Turtle Green…d" read "Pale Turtle Green…………f
Power Transmission Lines

The sections in this article are 1 Generating Stations 2 Network Analysis 3 The Per-Unit System 4 Power Flow Analysis 5 Reactive Power Flow Control
Triple Scission of a Six-Membered Ring on the Surface of C60 via Consecutive Pericyclic Reactions and Oxidative Cobalt Insertion

Recent work has shown that permanent openings consisting of 11- and 14-membered rings can be created on C{sub 60}, but the hole is too small or hindered to allow the introduction of an atom into fullerene framework. In this context, we are reporting the unprecedented formation of the cobalt(III) complex 1 resulting from a sequential triple scission of a six-membered ring on C{sub 60} affording a 15-membered ring. This type of complex could be one of the most promising candidates for introduction of a metal into the C{sub 60} framework. 19 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.
Diagnostic obturator nerve block for inguinal and back pain: a recovered opinion

Peripheral nerve blocks are very useful in diagnosing certain pain conditions. We report a case of chronic inguinal and back pain secondary to hip arthropathy. An obturator nerve block was used to help determine the origin of the pain.
Effect of ambient temperature on the paradoxical metabolic responses to norepinephrine

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to examine the effect of ambient temperature ( T a ) on norepinephrine (NE)-induced metabolism. NE increased oxygen consumption at ambient temperature above and at acclimation temperature and decreased oxygen consumption at ambient temperatures below acclimation temperature in both nonacclimated (25°C) and cold-acclimated (5°C) rats. Varying the T a between −5° and 25°C at a fixed dose of NE (250 μg/kg, IP) resulted in a temperature-dependent decrease in metabolism in nonacclimated rats as a function of T a . A similar effect was demonstrated in cold-acclimated rats tested at −15, 5, and 25°C. Varying the dose of NE between 100 and 1,000 μ/kg at a T a of 25°C resulted in a maximal thermogenic response at a dose of 250 μ/kg with diminished responsiveness at higher and lower doses. At 5°C, NE inhibited metabolism maximally at a dose of 250 μg/kg. Propranolol, a nonspecific β-antagonist, attenuated the hypometabolic effect of NE in the cold, while the α 2 -antagonist yohimbine completely blocked this effect. These results suggest that the metabolic suppressive effect of NE may be mediated by the presynaptic α 2 -receptor and that β-adrenoceptors mayalso contribute to this effect.
Transcription-dependent DNA supercoiling in yeast DNA topoisomerase mutants

Studies with yeast DNA topoisomerase mutants indicate that neither topoisomerase I nor II appears to be essential for transcription by RNA polymerase II. However, plasmids carrying transcriptionally active genes are found to be extremely negatively supercoiled when isolated from mutants lacking topoisomerase I. Supercoiling occurs during transcriptional elongation rather than during transcriptional activation. It takes place in the absence of topoisomerase I and does not seem to be dependent on topoisomerase II since it can occur at the nonpermissive temperature in a top1-top2 ts mutant. Whether this change in linking number is due to an unusual form of topoisomerase II or whether it is due to a new enzyme has yet to be determined. The results suggest that topoisomerase I is normally required to relax transcriptionally induced supercoils. A model is discussed which considers the role of topoisomerases in the movement of RNA polymerase along the DNA template.
Volume visualization for the unstructured grid data

We propose a method for visualizing 3-D scalar data defmed on unstructured grid data by means of tetrahedral primitives. In these primitives, data are distributed linearly not only along edge lines but along any line segments. This characteristic is well suited to hn"ar interpolation, which is a very effective method of visualization in terms of computational cost. Because of the wide use of the 3-D fmite element method (FEM), there is a strong need for volume visualization of the unstructured grid data that is output by 3-D FEM analysis. In this kind of analysis, various kinds of fmite elements, which are composed of unstructured grid data, are used in a mixed form to represent a complicated 3-D space. In a finite element, data are expressed by means of the element's own interpolation function. In terms of data processing, a simple interpolation function is most suitable, because it consumes few computational resources. We therefore select a linear tetrahedral element (LTE), and introduce a concept of element subdivision to other fmite elements. In our method, each fmite element is first reconstructed as a set of LTEs that approximates its interpolation function. We visualize iso-valued surfaces from 3-D scalar data by using an LTE as a processing primitive. For this, we have developed two methods. One is a method for extracting triangular facets as iso-valued surfaces and rendering them by a traditional shading algorithm. The other is a method for rendering LTEs directly in order to visualize iso-valued surfaces. We apply these methods to analysis of thermal stress in a semi-conductor chip and simulation of air-flow in a clean room, and confirm their effectiveness.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The effects of computer-assisted systematic observation on the attitudes and efficiencies of pre-service teachers

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of computer‐assistance during systematic observation on the attitudes of pre‐service teachers towards systematic observation and on the time required to analyze the data gathered. During their field experience, pre‐service teachers were randomly assigned to conduct systematic observation in a computer‐assisted group or traditional ‘pencil and paper’ group. Results indicated that pre‐service teachers who used computer‐assisted systematic observation required significantly (alpha – 0.01) less time to perform quantitative analysis. The data also revealed several significant differences in attitudes between the pre‐service teachers who used computers and those who used the traditional ‘pencil and paper’ methods of systematic observation.
Politics of Memory in Korea and China: Remembering the Comfort Women and the Nanjing Massacre

This study raises the question of “who” instead of “what” regarding the problem of collective memories in East Asia. To do so, I review the vicissitudes of the memories of two events, the Nanjing Massacre and the Comfort Women, which are now firmly entrenched in popular memories as the core Japanese atrocities against her neighbors during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and the Pacific War (1941–1945). By prioritizing political subjects who can remember or forget—both as performative practices—I argue that history is the very central field of political struggles, not merely a tool for mobilization, in East Asia and the (re)emergence of the memories of the Nanjing Massacre and the Comfort Women in the international scene is more a function of the new subject formation in China and Korea than an un-mediated outcome of unearthed historical facts.
Observation of fragile-to-strong liquid transition in surface water in CeO2.

A quasielastic neutron-scattering experiment carried out on a backscattering spectrometer with sub-μeV resolution in the temperature range of 200–250K has revealed the dynamics of surface water in cerium oxide on the time scale of hundreds of picoseconds. This slow dynamics is attributed to the translational mobility of the water molecules in contact with the surface hydroxyl groups. The relaxation function of this slow motion can be described by a slightly stretched exponential with the stretch factor exceeding 0.9, which indicates almost a Debye-type dynamics. Down to about 220K, the temperature dependence of the residence time for water molecules follows a Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman law with the glass transition temperature of 181K. At lower temperatures, the residence time behavior abruptly changes, indicating a fragile-to-strong liquid transition in surface water at about 215K.
Studies on an East African strain of Plasmodium falciparum

Abstract An East African strain of P. falciparum was obtained from a child in Kampala, Uganda. It proved to be very responsive to all antimalarials tested. Chloroquine 0·45 g. base and quinine 2·5 g. base given over 5 days, each produced radical cure. A review of responsiveness of strains of P. falciparum used for infection of volunteers is presented. The data on the response of P. falciparum strains from different world areas indicate that sensitivity to chloroquine and quinine are closely related.
Game-theoretic modeling and analysis of insider threats

Abstract Malicious insiders are one of the most serious threats to an organization’s information assets. The threat is also extremely difficult to mitigate: an insider can be more knowledgeable than an external attacker about the target system and is, therefore, more effective at defeating security controls that mainly defend against external attacks. A promising technique for addressing the insider threat is to accurately predict an insider’s moves and identify the optimal defense strategy. To this end, we propose a game-theoretic model for the insider problem, which we call an “insider game”. An insider game is built on a stochastic game, a game played in a non-deterministic state machine that can describe most computing systems. The model captures other key properties, especially the system administrator’s uncertainty about the system state due to the insider’s hidden action. The efficacy of the model is demonstrated using a real-life incident. Equilibrium strategies are computed to predict the insider’s actions and identify the best way to respond to them.
History and lessons from Microsoft Virtual Earth

Microsoft Virtual Earth (the technology behind Bing Maps) is one of the world's largest geospatial services, with unique automatically-generated data and support for some of the Internet's highest transaction rates of any application category. A review is provided of the technical history of Virtual Earth and of a few of the unique lessons learned along the way of building this large-scale service, from the Datacenter, to the Hardware, Software, Algorithms, and the overall engineering approach.
Background risk and self-protection

Abstract The presence of background risk increases self-protection effort or caution as long as an agent is prudent. In addition, the result extends to monetary self-protection investment if wealth and consumption are complements.
State-resolved rotational excitation in HD + HD collisions

A novel pulsed--molecular-beam technique has been used to measure differential cross sections for state-resolved rotational transitions in HD + HD collisions. Inelastic transition probabilities are reported for the rotation-energy--level transitions J/sub A/J/sub B/ = 00 ..-->.. J/sub A/'J/sub B/' = (10,01), 11, and (20,02) at a center-of-mass scattering angle at 90/sup 0/ and at several collision energies. A brief description of the apparatus is provided.
The family, language, and the transmission of schizophrenia

IT HAS long been my belief that our understanding of the nature and etiology of schizophrenia has been blocked by the deficiencies in our grasp of personality development and integration. At the recent international conference on the etiology of schizophrenia in Rochester, I tried to convey in broad outline an approach to both personality development and to the study of schizophrenia that seems-to me-to take into account our current knowledge and also provides hypotheses to direct future studies (Lidz, 1967). I do not wish to repeat what many at this Conference heard in Rochester. The essence of what I said is simple and may even seem obvious to some. For an infant to grow up-even one that is properly endowed genetically-and develop into a reasonably well-integrated and competent individual, he requires positive direction and guidance in a suitable interpersonal environment and social system. However, the developmental theories used in psychiatry, including psychoanalytic theory, implicitly or explicitly consider that a normal infant will develop into a functioning and reasonably stable adult as a concomitant of his physical maturation unless he receives very faulty nurturance in his first few years, or he is seriously traumatized. Indeed, innate sources of libidinal fixation-unknown and undemonstrated but readily hypothesized-are invoked as explanations of various types of psychopathology by analytically oriented psychiatrists as readily as other psychiatrists fall back on hypothetical genetic anomalies and metabolic impairments of brain functioning in schizophrenia. The extent and complexity of the positive forces required to mold the personality and equip the child with essential adaptive techniques have largely been overlooked because they are built into the institutions and mores of all societies which could not survive if they were not-and into the omnipresent family which everywhere has the implicit task of carrying out the basic socialization and enculturation of the new generation. Man’s biological make-up requires that he grow up in a family-or some planned substitute for it-not simply for his protection and nurture during his lengthy immaturity, but to be directed into an integrated person who possesses the techniques, knowledge, and roIes he requires for survival and for adaptation in that physical and social environment in which he happens to grow up. I discussed the requisites that the family must provide a child under four overlapping and somewhat arbitrary headings. 1. The parental nurturant functions: how parents must meet the child’s changing needs and supplement his immature capacities in a different manner at each phase of his development. The influence of the nature of the nurture on the individual’s emotional
Bacterial meningitis and inflammation.

Purpose of reviewBacterial meningitis is a condition in which inflammation plays a role in disease resolution and also contributes to morbidity. Markers of inflammation may be used to aid in establishing diagnoses and prognoses. Medical management aimed at modulating the inflammatory response with b
Administrative Reform in East Asia: The Importance of Multiple Principals

This paper looks at how recent Japanese prime ministers have counterintuitively limited political control over the bureaucracy. It uses conflicts at the foreign and defense ministries to illustrate how the presence of multiple principals alters principal-agent theory and its implications for the politician-bureaucrat relationship. This study integrates the Japanese case into comparative scholarship on Taiwan and Korea.
The struction algorithm for the maximum stable set problem revisited

Abstract The struction method is a general algorithm for finding the maximum-sized stable set in an unweighted graph G . The Basic Algorithm is a general method for finding a maximum of a pseudo-Boolean function. We shall show that the struction method can be interpreted as a special case of the Basic Algorithm. We shall also show that this remains true when the vertices of graph G are given positive weights, providing a new version of struction for this case. This has a nice graphical interpretation in the case of claw-free graphs.
Optimal Placement of Fixture Clamps: Maintaining Form Closure and Independent Regions of Form Closure

This paper addresses the problem of computing frictionless optimal clamping schemes with form closure on three-dimensional parts with planar and cylindrical faces. Given a work part with a pre-defined 3-2-1 locator scheme, a set of polygonal convex regions on the clamping faces are defined as the admissible positions of the clamps. The work part-fixture contact is assumed to be of the point-surface type. Using extended screw theory, we present a linear algebraic method that computes the sub-regions of the clamping faces such that clamps located within them are guaranteed to achieve form closure. These are termed dependent regions of form closure, since the clamps must be placed according to a precise relationship. We develop methods to compute these regions on work parts with planar and cylindrical faces. This result is incorporated into a new linear programming formulation to compute frictionless optimal clamping schemes. Clamping schemes with form closure are robust when uncertainty in knowledge of the external loads acting on the work part is present. Next, we extend the method to compute maximal independent regions of form closure. These are sub-regions of the dependent regions of form closure where the clamps can be placed completely independent of each other while maintaining form closure. When the clamps are placed within the independent regions of form closure, the clamping scheme is made robust against errors in their positions.
Mechanism of the Orotidine 5’-Monophosphate Decarboxylase-Catalyzed Reaction: Evidence for Substrate Destabilization

The reaction catalyzed by orotidine 5′-monophosphate decarboxylase (OMPDC) involves a stabilized anionic intermediate, although the structural basis for the rate acceleration (kcat/knon, 7.1 × 1016) and proficiency [(kcat/KM)/knon, 4.8 × 1022 M−1] is uncertain. That the OMPDCs from Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus (MtOMPDC) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScOMPDC) catalyze the exchange of H6 of the UMP product with solvent deuterium allows an estimate of a lower limit on the rate acceleration associated with stabilization of the intermediate and its flanking transition states (≥1010). The origin of the “missing” contribution, ≤107 (∼1017 total − ≥1010), is of interest. Based on structures of liganded complexes, unfavorable electrostatic interactions between the substrate carboxylate group and a proximal Asp (Asp 70 in MtOMPDC and Asp 91 in ScOMPDC) have been proposed to contribute to the catalytic efficiency [Wu, N., Mo, Y., Gao, J., and Pai, E. F. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 2017−2022]. ...
Spatial Updating in Area LIP Is Independent of Saccade Direction

We explore the world around us by making rapid eye movements to objects of interest. Remarkably, these eye movements go unnoticed, and we perceive the world as stable. Spatial updating is one of th...