cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Air permeation tests with orfralure for reduction in trap catch of oriental fruit moths

Orfralure [93% (Z), 7% (E)-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate], the synthetic pheromone of the oriental fruit moth,Grapholitha molesta (Busck), was released into the air of orchard test plots either by hanging plastic laminated dispensers on trees or by aerial dispersal of microcapsules containing a solution of the lure. Trap catch was reduced 95% or more with the most effective formulations, but consistently higher reductions were produced by the dispensers. In tests as long as 28 weeks with dispensers, a single retreatment at midseason maintained an effective concentration.
Migration of Intradural Epidermoid Matrix: Embryologic Implications

The migratory behavior of acquired cholesteatoma matrices (those arising from the tympanic membrane) has been described previously. This tissue is derived embryologically from the first branchial groove and represents the only migratory epithelium arising from the branchial groove system. If the matrix from a cerebellopontine angle (CPA) epidermoid tumor exhibits migratory behavior similar to that of acquired cholesteatomas, a first branchial groove site of origin for CPA epidermoids would be supported. Intradural CPA epidermoid cells were grown in a—minimum essential medium. The cultures were examined daily, and cell mass migration rates were measured. It was observed that intradural epidermoid tumor matrix harvested from the CPA exhibited migration in vitro. Its migratory properties were indistinguishable from those of acquired cholesteatomas, which are embryologically derived from the first branchial groove. These data support the theory that purely intradural epidermoids are derived from cells of the ...
Dynamic wetting of Boger fluids

Abstract The impact of fluid elasticity on the dynamic wetting of polymer solutions is important because many polymer solutions in technological use exhibit non-Newtonian behaviors in the high shear environment of the wedge-like flow near a moving contact line. Our former study [G.K. Seevaratnam, Y. Suo, E. Rame, L.M. Walker, Phys. Fluids 19 (2007) Art. No. 012103] showed that shear thinning induced by a semi-flexible high molecular weight polymer reduces the viscous bending near a moving contact line as compared to a Newtonian fluid having the same zero-shear viscosity. This results in a dramatic reduction of the dependence of the effective dynamic contact angle on contact line speed. In this paper, we discuss dynamic wetting of Boger fluids which exhibit elasticity-dominated rheology with minimal shear thinning. These fluids are prepared by dissolving a dilute concentration of high molecular weight polymer in a “solvent” of the oligomer of the polymer. We demonstrate that elasticity in these fluids increases curvature near the contact line but that the enhancement arises mostly from the weakly non-Newtonian behavior already present in the oligomeric solvent. We present evidence of instabilities on the liquid/vapor interface near the moving contact line.
The motility of rabbit spermatozoa recovered from the female reproductive tract

The motility of rabbit spermatozoa recovered from the vagina, endocervix, uterus, and four regions of the oviduct was assessed visually by phase-contrast microscopy at intervals from one minute to 16 hours after a single mating. The percentage of motile cells in each sample was dependent on the temperature of recovery, ie, 23° vs 37°C, but was not influenced by the temperature of observation. Spermatozoa in the lower isthmus of the oviduct were the most temperature sensitive population to recovery at 23°C. When all manipulations and observations were performed at 37°C, the percentage of spermatozoa with progressive motility varied according to the region sampled and interval after mating. Populations from the vagina, uterus and upper regions of the oviduct usually had a high proportion of progressively motile cells with vigorous flagellar activity. Fewer spermatozoa showed progressive movement on recovery from the endocervix and lower 2 cm of the tubal isthmus and their flagellar activity was generally depressed. The decrease in flagellar beat frequency noted in the latter regions may be a major factor limiting sperm ascent in the female tract. A unique pattern of “activated” motility was seen exclusively in populations taken from the oviducts at 6 to 16 hours after mating. This motility pattern, consisting of alternating episodes of linear progressive and vigorous nonprogressive movement, may be analogous to the activated motility described for capacitated rodent spermatozoa.
Identification of the CD8 DE Loop as a Surface Functional Epitope IMPLICATIONS FOR MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX CLASS I BINDING AND CD8 INHIBITOR DESIGN

We used an approach of protein surface epitope mapping by synthetic peptides to analyze the surface structure-function relationship of the CD8 protein. Small synthetic peptide mimics of the CD8 DE loop were shown to effectively block CD8 binding to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and possess significant inhibitory activity onin vitroCD8+ T cell function. These results suggested that the DE loop region of the CD8 protein is an important functional epitope mediating CD8-MHC class I interaction and the activation of CD8+ T cells, a finding that is consistent with the recently reported crystal structure of the CD8-MHC class I complex. The structural basis for the biological activity of the DE loop peptide was further analyzed in a series of analogs containing alanine substitutions. This study provides support for the concept of bioactive peptide design based on protein surface epitopes and suggests that such an approach may be applicable to other protein-protein complexes, particularly those of immunoglobulin superfamily molecules.
Electronic spectra of the oxides of lead and of some ternary lead oxide compounds

Electronic spectra have been measured by diffuse reflectance techniques of PbO2-I, PbO2-II, Pb12O19, Pb2O3, Pb3O4, PbO-M, SrPbO3, Sr2PbO4, Cd2PbO4, and CdPb2O5. The lead dioxides and compounds of cadmium, which have a high electrical conductivity, have an intense absorption feature in the near infrared. The other compounds, semiconducting or insulating, exhibit only an absorption edge in the visible or near ultraviolet. There is a linear relationship between the optical absorption edge of the lead oxides and the average number of valence electrons per lead ion.
Virtual Worlds and Social Media: Security and Privacy Concerns, Implications, and Practices

The use of virtual worlds and social media has grown to the point that more than one-quarter of the world's population utilize it in some manner. Security and privacy concerns regarding the use and capabilities of current and emerging technologies such as gaming, blogging, podcasting, virtual meetings, virtual worlds and Web 3.0 is examined. Security and privacy concerns are investigated in the context of exploits, vulnerabilities, and related security risks; confidential access control; communication trends and patterns in the use of massive communication strategies; intellectual property and product risk management; resource management; financial considerations and accountability; and safety. Several technologies and personal practices are reviewed, as well as ways to mitigate or eliminate their associated risks. The core principles of information security-confidentiality, integrity, and availability-provide an overall framework.
Granulosa cell proliferation is impaired in the Igf1 null ovary

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) expression is highly correlated with ovarian follicular growth and granulosa cell proliferation in both pre-pubertal and mature murine ovaries. Igf1 gene deleted mice are infertile, with ovarian follicles arrested at an early stage of development. To elucidate the cause of follicular dysfunction in Igf1 null mice, this study compared granulosa cell proliferation at baseline and in response to exogenous oestradiol (E2) in prepubertal Igf1 null and wild-type (WT) littermate mice. The basal granulosa cell mitotic index was 3.8+/-0.48 in WT and 1.3+/-0.7 in Igf1 null mice (P=0.03). After E2 treatment, WT granulosa mitotic index was 12.7+/-0.0 vs 5.5+/-0.8 for Igf1 null mice (P<0.001). Granulosal BRDU incorporation was also significantly reduced as were cyclin D2 and B1 immunoreactivities in Igf1 null compared with WT mice. The incidence of apoptosis was not increased in Igf1 null follicles, although BAX immunostaining was increased. These data suggest that IGF1 is essential for normal basal and oestrogen-induced granulosa cell proliferation and follicular growth.
Three F XIIIA gene loci

Recently, Sebetan (1988) has reported the existence of three distinct structural gene loci controlling the synthesis of the A subunit of coagulation factor XIII (FXIIIA). This is a very provocative report without having any substantial evidence that the three observed isoelectric focusing (IEF)/immunoblotting patterns correspond to the products of three F XIIIA genes, as the author has postulated. Both the protein and DNA sequence studies strongly support the existence of a single FXI I IA structural gene (Ichinose et al. 1986); this is supported by segregation data using protein and DNA polymorphisms (Board 1979; Zoghbi et al. 1988). In situ hybridization of the placental F XIIIA eDNA to human chromosomes reveals a single site of hybridization on chromosome 6p. The three distinct patterns observed by Sebetan (1988) using commercial antiserum appear to be the result of crosscontamination of other plasma proteins along with FXIIIA. Over the past few years, we have used FXI I IA antiserum from one commercial source for our IEF-immunoblotting studies. The early lots showed highly specificity for FXI I IA but later lots also yielded non-specific reactions; using more recent lots, we could not detect any FXI I IA IEF-immunoblot patterns but rather encountered entirely different non-specific immunolocalized patterns. The contamination problem with commercial antisera is not an unusual one. In our own experience with IEF/immunoblotting studies using more than 50 different antisera, we have found that, in several cases, the commercial antisera was non-specific and, in some cases, failed to react with the protein to which it was theoretically raised. When we encounter such problems, we consider and test several other possible factors rather than wholly relying on the resuits obtained using commercial antisera. Sebetan's own observations that, except for the well-established FXI I IA polymorphism, he could not detect the gene products of the other two proposed loci in platelet lysates contradict his findings. In addition to plasma, the FXI I IA polypeptide is expressed in platelets, megakaryocytes and placental tissues; F XIIIA from these various sources are indistinguishable by biochemical criteria. If, in fact, there are multiple FXI I IA gene products, they should have also been detected in platelets because the transglutaminase activity of the subunit is essential for normal clot formation. The conclusion reached by Sebetan is a rather hasty one and he should have performed additional relevant biochemical and genetic tests to confirm his findings. In our opinion, the following tests would have been appropriate: (1) use of FXII IA antiserum from multiple commercial sources; (2) use of purified FXIIIA; (3) use of FXII IA subunit transglutaminase activity as a functional stain; (4) use of linkage studies between the postulated loci and other chromosome 6p markers; (5) possible use of other tissues where F XIIIA activity has been localized.
Social Support and Cancer: Findings Based on Patient Interviews and Their Implications

Past research indicates that social support is beneficial to cancer patients in adjusting to the stress of the disease. In this article, a brief review of research on social support is provided as a framework within which support among cancer patients can be examined. Research on cancer is then reviewed, and selected results from an investigation of 79 cancer patients are reported. The findings indicate that: health care providers are particularly important sources of support to cancer patients; of several types, emotional support is seen as especially helpful; and the types of support seen as most helpful by those with cancer depends on who provides them. In addition, variability in stress among cancer patients mediated the frequency of interpersonal problems, and the association between support and various indices of adjustment. Implications of these results for future research on social support in stressed populations, especially cancer patients, are discussed.
On the mechanism of enzyme action. LXII. Acetylation of alkaline phosphatase.

Abstract Alkaline phosphatase, which is inactivated by treatment with ketene, nitrous acid, formaldehyde, or phenyl isocyanate, forms an active acetylation product when acetylated with acetic anhydride in sodium acetate buffer as well as in several others which were employed. The pH optimum of alkaline phosphatase is shifted toward the alkaline side by acetylation with acetic anhydride as in the case of the active acetylation product of acid phosphatase. These results are comparable to those obtained with trypsin thereby indicating that this shift is a basic phenomenon. Zinc ions stabilize alkaline phosphatase in glycine buffer, magnesium ions activate the enzyme and decrease its stability, while when both zinc and magnesium ions are present in the incubating glycine buffer media the enzyme is further activated and is stabilized. Acetylation stabilizes the enzyme under all conditions in alkaline media, most strikingly in glycine buffer with no ions added. The stability imparted to the enzyme by acetylation and by zinc ions is additive. This is similar to the additive effect on stability of trypsin by calcium ions and acetylation. In acidic media, the acetylated enzyme is less stable than the native enzyme, which possesses a maximum stability zone around pH 4. The parallelism with the effect of acetylation on trypsin is thus further extended, and it is suggested that the stabilization of enzymes in the alkaline pH region, and decreased stability in acidic media is a general effect of acetylation, and applicable also to other enzymes.
Dislocation theory of steady state deformation and its approach in creep and dynamic tests

Abstract A concept of strain hardening in constant strain rate (CSR) tests and creep tests is presented taking into account dislocation production and recovery by slip, climb and concurrent subboundary migration. A master equation is derived to relate the evolution of the dislocation density with strain rate and stress. Transient and steady state equations are developed for various combinations of recovery mechanisms in both types of tests, and are analyzed with respect to material characteristics ( μ, b, D, γ sf ), and test conditions (T, ⋗3, σ). For steady state equivalent relations between stress and strain rate are obtained for both test modes. The appropriate relations for the approach to steady state and their mutual correlations are elaborated. The derived dependencies are discussed with respect to experimental results in order to elucidate the occurrence and impact of possible recovery mechanisms and to apply proper procedures for a conclusive determination of steady state parameters.
Deformation Mechanisms in Polycrystalline Graphite

The microstructure of SGBF graphite was observed under tensile and compressive stresses. Increasing stress generated extensive cracking parallel to the layering direction in the particles. Such cracking, however, was not necessarily directly attributable to the low strength of the graphite crystallites in the c direction but rather to flaws or weak regions which tended to occur between the layer planes. For tensile stress, the cracks were perpendicular to the direction of the applied stress, whereas in compression, the cracking was parallel to the applied stress. Analysis of the stress-strain relations for SGBF graphite in tension indicates a discrepancy with the previously proposed plastic deformation model. The discrepancy is attributed to the effect of the observed cracking on the internal stress distribution. An alternative explanation is proposed on the basis of internal stresses, localized cracking, and interlayer slip.
On the measurement of structural relaxation in polymers using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy

Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy has been identified as an effective means of characterizing the free volume content of amorphous polymers. The lifetime and intensity of the ortho-positronium (o-Ps) pick-off annihilation has been found to correlate with the average size and density of free volume sites, respectively. Recently, PALS has been used to evaluate and monitor the physical aging and structural relaxation of polymers in terms of both initial state and evolution in state with time. However, during extended PALS measurements in insulating materials, an electric field can build up due to positron-electron annihilation and can effectively reduce the probability of positronium formation. In this paper, an observed decrease in intensity associated with the o-Ps annihilation component in the glassy polymers polycarbonate and polystyrene is found to be unrelated to structural relaxation of the materials over the time periods examined as reported earlier by others, and, instead, to be more likely a result of electric charge build-up. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pretreatment and Coating of Low Carbon Steel Using Constant Potential Electrochemical Process

Uniform and dense polyaniline-polypyrrole composite coatings were formed on low carbon steel using aqueous electrochemical process. The process involved three distinct stages: formation of an inorganic passive layer; dissolution of the passive layer; and formation of a polymeric coating. The development of the composite coatings on steel was studied by stopping the reactions at predetermined reaction times and analysing the coated samples using spectroscopic techniques. The chemical structures of the coatings were studied using infrared spectroscopy and the morphology of the coatings was studied using SEM. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was also used to study the elemental and chemical composition of the coatings.
Operation of gas-burner devices with increased jet aperture angle for heating rotary furnaces

An increase in the aperture angle of high-velocity gas jets intensifies the mixing of fuel with oxidizer in the accompanying flow as a result of the growth in the transverse pulsation constituent of the velocity and the surface of the flame front.
Maternal transmission of a rare GABRB3 signal peptide variant is associated with autism

Maternal 15q11-q13 duplication is the most common copy number variant in autism, accounting for ∼1-3% of cases. The 15q11-q13 region is subject to epigenetic regulation, and genomic copy number losses and gains cause genomic disorders in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. One 15q11-q13 locus encodes the GABA(A) receptor β3 subunit gene (GABRB3), which has been implicated by several studies in both autism and absence epilepsy, and the co-morbidity of epilepsy in autism is well established. We report that maternal transmission of a GABRB3 signal peptide variant (P11S), previously implicated in childhood absence epilepsy, is associated with autism. An analysis of wild-type and mutant β3 subunit-containing α1β3γ2 or α3β3γ2 GABA(A) receptors shows reduced whole-cell current and decreased β3 subunit protein on the cell surface due to impaired intracellular β3 subunit processing. We thus provide the first evidence of an association between a specific GABA(A) receptor defect and autism, direct evidence that this defect causes synaptic dysfunction that is autism relevant and the first maternal risk effect in the 15q11-q13 autism duplication region that is linked to a coding variant.
Least Absolute Deviation Estimation in Structural Equation Modeling

Least absolute deviation (LAD) is a well-known criterion to fit statistical models, but little is known about LAD estimation in structural equation modeling (SEM). To address this gap, the authors use the LAD criterion in SEM by minimizing the sum of the absolute deviations between the observed and the model-implied covariance matrices. Using Monte Carlo simulations, the authors compare the performance of this LAD estimator along several dimensions (bias, efficiency, convergence, frequencies of improper solutions, and absolute percentage deviation) to the full information maximum likelihood (ML) and unweighted least squares (ULS) estimators in structural equation modeling. The results for LAD are mixed: There are special conditions under which the LAD estimator outperforms ML and ULS, but the simulation evidence does not support a general claim that LAD is superior to ML and ULS in small samples.
Evolutionary algorithms for a three-objectives oil derivatives network problem

To distribute oil derivatives by multi-product pipelines is an important problem faced by the petroleum industry. Some researchers deal with it as a discrete problem where batches of products flow in a network. Minimizing delivery time is a usual objective handled by engineers when scheduling products in pipeline networks. Nevertheless, other costs may also be considered such as losses due to interfaces and electrical energy. Losses due to interfaces occur when different products sent consecutively contaminate each other. Usually, no separation devices exist between batches of different products and losses due to interface can be significant. The price paid for electrical energy varies during the day, so it is important also to try to minimize this cost. These three minimization objectives are considered, simultaneously, i.e. delivery time at demand nodes, interface losses and electrical energy cost. A transgenetic algorithm is proposed and applied to thirty random instances. The results obtained with the proposed method are compared with those produced by an NSGAII algorithm.
Mercury: anomalous absence from the 3.4-millimeter radio emission of variation with phase.

Radio observations of Mercury at 3.4 millimeters from July to October 1965 showed, contrary to expectation, brightness temperatures of only about 200°K, even when major fractions of Mercury9s illuminated hemisphere were observed. There was no significant variation with phase.
Some sensitivity results for corn canopy temperature and its spatial variation induced by soil hydraulic heterogeneity

Abstract The canopy temperature and its variation across an agricultural field may provide indices for scheduling irrigation. Combining the Monteith transpiration equation with both uptake from a single-layered root zone and change in internal storage of the plant, we have explicitly solved the continuity equation for water flux in the soil—plant—atmosphere system. The canopy temperatures are obtained from the energy balance equation. The scaling theory is used to model the spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties, and dynamic equations for plant storage water and root-zone soil water are used to simulate soil drying and resulting spatial variation of canopy temperatures. The canopy temperature and its spatial variation are simulated for progressive soil drying using four different sets of mostly clear sky atmospheric parameters. For one set of clear sky atmospheric parameters, the sensitivity results are obtained for uncertainties in the root distribution and in defining a unique function for the leaf stomatal control of water loss by plants.
Medication discharge planning for the elderly

The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of medication discharge planning for the elderly in relationship to readmission rates to the hospital. Registered nurses were surveyed regarding their practice of medication discharge planning. The study group consisted of 102 medical records for patients 65 years of age and over with congestive heart failure who had been discharged to their homes on one or more medications. A chi-square test showed a significant relationship existed between medication discharge planning and readmission. Patients who received instructions before discharge were less likely to be readmitted.
Bioaffinity sensing using biologically functionalized conducting-polymer nanowire.

A simple, one-step method for fabricating single biologically functionalized conducting-polymer (polypyrrole) nanowire on prepatterned electrodes and its application to biosensing was demonstrated. The biologically functionalized polypyrrole was formed by the electropolymerization of an aqueous solution of pyrrole monomer and the model biomolecule, avidin- or streptavidin-conjugated ZnSe/CdSe quantum dots, within 100 or 200 nm wide by 3 μm long channels between gold electrodes on prefabricated silicon substrate. When challenged with biotin−DNA, the avidin− and streptavidin−polypyrrole nanowires generated a rapid change in resistance to as low as 1 nM, demonstrating the utility of the biomolecule-functionalized nanowire as biosensor. The method offers advantages of direct incorporation of functional biological molecules into the conducting-polymer nanowire during its synthesis, site-specific positioning, built-in electrical contacts, and scalability to high-density nanoarrays over the reported silicon nano...
The Effect of Price Promotions on Variability in Product Category Sales

Our objective in this research is to relate variability in product category sales to promotional activity in the product category, and other category specific characteristics. The findings may be relevant from retailers' perspective as retailers' revenues are more closely related to the sales of the product category as opposed to the sales of any particular brand. We analyze data on about 2,000 brands from 25 different SAMI categories, obtained with the cooperation of a major grocery chain. Our data suggest that an increase in the magnitude of discounts increases the variability in category sales but an increase in the frequency of discounts has an opposite effect. Furthermore, categories which are bulky, or categories where the degree of competitiveness is high, exhibit lower variability in sales.
Responses of Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis to odorants that attract haematophagous insects.

Carbon dioxide (CO(2) ), 1-octen-3-ol, acetone, ammonium hydroxide, L-lactic-acid, dimethyl trisulphide and isobutyric acid were tested as attractants for two tick species, Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae), in dose-response bioassays using Y-tube olfactometers. Only CO(2) , acetone, 1-octen-3-ol and ammonium hydroxide elicited significant preferences from adult A. americanum, and only CO(2) was attractive to adult D. variabilis. Acetone, 1-octen-3-ol and ammonium hydroxide were separately evaluated at three doses against CO(2) (from dry ice) at a field site supporting a natural population of A. americanum nymphs and adults. Carbon dioxide consistently attracted the highest number of host-seeking ticks. However, for the first time, acetone, 1-octen-3-ol and ammonium hydroxide were shown to attract high numbers of A. americanum. Further research is needed to determine the utility of these semiochemicals as attractants in tick surveillance and area-wide management programmes.
CONCLUSION: NATURAL HAZARD POLITICAL CONTEXTS AND ADOPTION STRATEGIES

Natural hazard mitigation-disaster preparedness involves low probability, high consequence politics. Timelplace indeterminacy of catastrophic events seldom allow them to be factored into public or private investment and risk management decisions. Public policies to alleviate impediments to the implementation of effective policy must acknowledge political cultural biases as well as fiscal limitations.
Acute confusion indicators: risk factors and prevalence using MDS data.

Long-term care (LTC) Minimum Data Set (MDS) data from a Midwestern state were analyzed to validate whether components of a conceptual model developed from findings in acute care identified acute confusion risk variables in LTC. The prevalence of probable acute confusion in this sample was 13.98% (n = 324). Using a cross-sectional design, both univariate and unconditional stepwise logistic regression analyses were accomplished with presence or absence of probable acute confusion as the outcome variable (N = 2,318). Variables significantly related to acute confusion by univariate analysis were included in the logistic regression analysis. Inadequate fluid intake was the first variable to enter the stepwise equation and was highly significant (OR 3.40, 95% CI 2.99-3.81, p < .0001). Other significant variables included a diagnosis of dementia or a fall in the last 30 days. Implications for nursing practice, education and research are discussed.
Nutritional imbalances and constraints to plant growth on acid soils

Abstract The major causes of the development of strongly acid soil profiles in agricultural areas are outlined as nitrification, sulfur oxidation, and differential ion uptake by legumes, each in concert with soil‐profile leaching. The solubilities of soil minerals that determine soil‐solution levels of Al, Mn, and Mo are shown to be highly pH dependent. The chemical factors of the acid‐soil infertility factors are shown to be H toxicity, Al toxicity, Mn toxicity, Ca deficiency, and Mo deficiency. Soil pH predictor of toxic or deficient levels of soil‐solution Ions because soils vary widely in solid‐phase components that control solution ion concentrations.
Juvenile court intake decision making: The importance of family affiliation

Abstract Based on an analysis of official records and systematic observations of intake hearings, this study empirically evaluates the criteria employed in determining whether a juvenile is petitioned to court for a formal hearing and if petitioned, whether he or she is held in preadjudicatory detention. Attention is paid to legal, social, demeanor-related, and demographic variables as they impinge on intake decision making. The major finding of this study is that the farther one goes into the intake decision-making process, the more does family disaffiliation become the prominent independent variable. The article places this area of research within relevant criminological paradigms (positivist, interactionist, neo- Marxist), summarizes the existing empirical findings, and integrates theory and evidence with the goal of producing a statement on this screening stage in the juvenile justice endeavor.
Intracellular Trafficking of a Palmitoylated Membrane-Associated Protein Component of Enveloped Vaccinia Virus

The F13L protein of vaccinia virus, an essential and abundant palmitoylated peripheral membrane component of intra- and extracellular enveloped virions, associates with Golgi, endosomal, and plasma membranes in the presence or absence of other viral proteins. In the present study, the trafficking of a fully functional F13L-green fluorescent protein (GFP) chimera in transfected and productively infected cells was analyzed using specific markers and inhibitors. We found that Sar1(H79G), a trans-dominant-negative protein inhibitor of cargo transport from the endoplasmic reticulum, had no apparent effect on the intracellular distribution of F13L-GFP, suggesting that the initial membrane localization occurs at a downstream compartment of the secretory pathway. Recycling of F13L-GFP from the plasma membrane was demonstrated by partial colocalization with FM4-64, a fluorescent membrane marker of endocytosis. Punctate F13L-GFP fluorescence overlapped with clathrin and Texas red-conjugated transferrin, suggesting that endocytosis occurred via clathrin-coated pits. The inhibitory effects of chlorpromazine and trans-dominant-negative forms of dynamin and Eps15 protein on the recycling of F13L-GFP provided further evidence for clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In addition, the F13L protein was specifically coimmunoprecipitated with alpha-adaptin, a component of the AP-2 complex that interacts with Eps15. Nocodazole and wortmannin perturbed the intracellular trafficking of F13L-GFP, consistent with its entry into late and early endosomes through the secretory and endocytic pathways, respectively. The recycling pathway described here provides a mechanism for the reutilization of the F13L protein following its deposition in the plasma membrane during the exocytosis of enveloped virions.
Isolated limb infusion for melanoma: a less morbid alternative to hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion in the US.

Melanoma in-transit metastases are subcutaneous or cutaneous lesions that develop within regional dermal and subdermal lymphatics prior to reaching the regional nodal basins. The risk of developing...
Model Fidelity versus Skill in Seasonal Forecasting

Abstract The relation between skill and fidelity of seasonal mean hindcasts of surface temperature by seven coupled atmosphere–ocean models is investigated. By definition, fidelity measures the agreement between model and observational climatological distributions, and skill measures the agreement between hindcasts and their corresponding verifications. While a relation between skill and fidelity seems intuitively plausible, it has not been checked systematically, nor is it mandated mathematically. New measures of skill and fidelity based on information theory are proposed. Specifically, fidelity is measured by the area average relative entropy between the climatological distributions of the model and observations, and skill is measured by the area averaged mutual information between forecast and verification. The fidelity measure is found to be dominated by the term measuring mean bias; that is, the discrepancy in climatological means is much larger than the discrepancy in climatological variances. Moreo...
Verification of Fracture and Fatigue Performance of Titanium Gr. 29 Welds in Tapered Stress Joints

Design of a Steel Catenary Riser (SCR) requires the use of connection hardware to accommodate the bending moment that arises from the abrupt change in stiffness at the floater hang-off. Reliability of this connection hardware is of paramount importance in ultra deepwater applications (up to 3000m), especially those involving high pressure and temperature fluids. One type of such connection hardware is a metallic tapered stress joint. Because of its inherent density, strength, and stiffness, steel is not well suited for these applications due to the length and weight constraints. Titanium Gr. 29 (Ti), which is as strong as steel but lighter and more flexible, has been identified as a good material candidate for a tapered stress joint.The required length (∼40ft) and thickness (∼3.5in.) of the Titanium Stress Joint (TSJ) cannot be fabricated as a single piece due to forging size limitations. Thus, an intermediate girth weld becomes necessary. The fracture and fatigue performances in the presence of the external seawater and cathodic protection (CP) and the internal sour production with galvanic effects between the Ti and steel must be assessed to verify the service life of the stress joint. ExxonMobil has developed and initiated a Joint Industry Project to fully address the fracture and fatigue qualification of titanium welds. In particular, the project plans to establish a robust methodology for the future qualification of TSJs that parallels, to the extent possible, the qualification process currently used for SCRs.This paper discusses the primary aspects of the titanium weld qualification: (1) selection of test specimens, (2) load frequency effects on initiation and propagation lives, (3) environmental assisted cracking due to hydride formation under cathodic and galvanic conditions, (4) full-thickness small-scale fatigue, (5) size effect on fatigue, and (6) weld inspection.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Federalism and the Constitutional Right to Keep and Bear Arms

Until recently, the federal courts agreed that the Second Amendment protects the interest of states in maintaining their own militias. In United States v. Emerson, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit rejected this consensus, and held that the Constitution protects a right of private individuals to keep and bear arms. The fifth circuit's position is more plausible than the consensus view, and the arguments for treating the Second Amendment as a kind of federalism device are weak. A different set of federalism issues is raised by the prospect that the Supreme Court might adopt the fifth circuit's position, and then take the next step of applying the Second Amendment to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. Finally, Emerson shows how certain technical legal doctrines that protect the dignity of he states can operate to strengthen the federal government's ability to undermine protections afforded by the Second Amendment. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Clay‐Slip Testing with the Vibrating‐Plate Viscometer

A series of artware and sanitary-ware slips was tested using the vibrating-plate viscometer. Results obtained with this instrument are in the form of “casting curves” that depict slip consistency as a function of time during the casting operation. Various features of the casting curves are compared with data obtained by more conventional test procedures. Correlations are found between casting-curve parameters and such factors as initial slip fluidity, casting rate, retained water, and quality of finished cast. The physical significance of certain aspects of the casting curves is discussed.
Plasma Rossby wave as a mechanism for atmospheric fireball's formation

Summary form only given, as follows. In search of vortex/soliton mechanism for ball lightning and atmospheric fireballs, the properties of rotating plasma have been compared to those of geophysical fluid. This leads to plasma Rossby wave. This wave interacts with velocity field in magnetized rotating plasma and generates plasma vortices and solitons. The similarity of particle's behaviors between geophysical fluid and magnetized plasma together with the properties of turbulent plasma can be used to explain some unusual atmospheric fireball phenomena.
Detection of Intensification in Global- and Continental-Scale Hydrological Cycles: Temporal Scale of Evaluation

Diagnostic studies of offline, global-scale Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model simulations of terrestrial water budgets and simulations of the climate of the twenty-first century using the parallel climate model (PCM) are used to estimate the time required to detect plausible changes in precipitation ( P), evaporation (E), and discharge (Q) if the global water cycle intensifies in response to global warming. Given the annual variability in these continental hydrological cycle components, several decades to perhaps more than a century of observations are needed to detect water cycle changes on the order of magnitude predicted by many global climate model studies simulating global warming scenarios. Global increases in precipitation, evaporation, and runoff of 0.6, 0.4, and 0.2 mm yr21 require approximately 30‐45, 25‐35, and 50‐60 yr, respectively, to detect with high confidence. These conservative detection time estimates are based on statistical error criteria (a 5 0.05, b 5 0.10) that are associated with high statistical confidence, 1 2 a (accept hypothesis of intensification when true, i.e., intensification is occurring), and high statistical power, 1 2 b (reject hypothesis of intensification when false, i.e., intensification is not occurring). If one is willing to accept a higher degree of risk in making a statistical error, the detection time estimates can be reduced substantially. Owing in part to greater variability, detection time of changes in continental P, E, and Q are longer than those for the globe. Similar calculations performed for three Global Energy and Water Experiment (GEWEX) basins reveal that minimum detection time for some of these basins may be longer than that for the corresponding continent as a whole, thereby calling into question the appropriateness of using continental-scale basins alone for rapid detection of changes in continental water cycles. A case is made for implementing networks of small-scale indicator basins, which collectively mimic the variability in continental P, E, and Q, to detect acceleration in the global water cycle.
Evidence for an electronic bubble in liquid hydrogen

Abstract Preliminary measurements of ion mobilities in liquid hydrogen and transport of ions through the liquid-vapor interface have been made. Results are consistent with the electronic bubble model for the negative carrier.
Partial scan beyond cycle cutting

This paper addresses the problem of flip flop selection for partial scan in sequential circuits. In particular it addresses some of the shortcomings of the popular flip flop selection methods, based on cutting cycles present in the graph of the circuit structure. Previous approaches assume that cutting all cycles makes the circuit totally testable, which is not always true. In the proposed approach, first subsets of flip flops are formed based on cycles in the S-graph and flip flops with self-loops. Flip flops are selected from these subsets based on a testability measure which uses an approximate valid state analysis. Once a flip flop is selected from a subset, testability measures may indicate the need for more flip flops, thus possibly selecting more flip flops than required for minimum cycle cutting. The goal is to select the fewest number of flip flops required to obtain high fault coverage for all partial scan circuits. Experimental results on the benchmark circuits show that a test generation efficiency near 100% is achieved for most circuits.
A Low Power Carbon Nanotube Chemical Sensor System

This paper presents an energy efficient chemical sensor system that uses carbon nanotubes (CNT) as the sensor. The room-temperature operation of CNT sensors eliminates the need for micro hot-plate arrays, which enables the low energy operation of the system. The sensor interface chip is designed in a 0.18 mum CMOS process and consumes, at maximum, 32 muW at 1.83 kS/s conversion rate. The designed interface achieves 1.34% measurement accuracy over 10 kOmega -9 MOmega dynamic range. The functionality of the full system, including CNT sensors, has been successfully demonstrated.
Surviving sepsis bundle compliance: getting the time of the day it deserves.

We appreciate the efforts of Almeida and colleagues to establish differences in compliance to the Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) bundle for patients with community-acquired severe sepsis, but we have some concerns [1]. The study is similar to other studies noting a difference in delivered care based on time [2]. Parikh and colleagues showed improvement in quality measures with the use of bundles and implementing the Leapfrog Intensive Physician Staffing Standard [3]. Almeida and colleagues showed only a 2% overall compliance rate with the entire 6-hour bundle, which is too small to draw conclusions. The difference between the compliance rate of the SSC bundle for day versus night was not statistically significant. The authors agree and state that the outcomes in community-acquired severe sepsis improve when all components of the SSC bundle are executed together [4]. However, the authors derive conclusions based on the compliance of individual components. Time zero was defined as the hospital entrance time. However, community-acquired severe sepsis was defined as the onset of infection before hospital admission or infection becoming evident in the first 48 hours. The patient presenting after 6 hours but before 48 hours would by default fail the compliance of the SSC bundle. Patient time groups (day and night) were different from nurse shifts (three shifts in a 24-hour period). The study did not take into account the possibility of handoff errors from nursing shift changes. Also the time between some patients’ hospital entrance and the completion of bundle components could have overlapped the cutoff time for two patient groups.
The “Ignorance Motif” in Acts and Antijudaic Tendencies in Codex Bezae

The striking text that Codex Bezae presents, aside from evoking much controversy and several novel theories, has long been at the center of the yet unsolved mystery of the so-called "Western" text, which is itself one of the most urgent and yet most enigmatic areas of New Testament (NT) textual criticism. Textual variants become a source for the study of the history of the church, and they do so apart from any primary concern for the elusive "original text" of the NT. The minute textual variations stand in contrast to the larger and more elaborate readings usually singled out for study in Codex Bezae. Both the large and small variants reveal this strain of anti-Judaic sentiment. The variants connected with the "ignorance motif" are of special interest because they show an instance where the D-text's viewpoint is carried through the text consistently.Keywords: anti-Judaic sentiment; Codex Bezae; D-text; ignorance motif; New Testament (NT) textual criticism; textual variations
Typability and type checking in the second-order /spl lambda/-calculus are equivalent and undecidable

The problems of typability and type checking exist for the Girard/Reynolds second-order polymorphic typed /spl lambda/-calculus (also known as "system F") when it is considered in the "Curry style" (where types are derived for pure /spl lambda/-terms). Until now the decidability of these problems for F itself has remained unknown. We first prove that type checking in F is undecidable by a reduction from semi-unification. We then prove typability in F is undecidable by a reduction from type checking. Since the reduction from typability to type checking in F is already known, the two problems in F are equivalent (reducible to each other). The results hold for both the usual /spl lambda/K-calculus and the more restrictive /spl lambda/I-calculus. >
Endogenous Leverage and Expected Stock Returns

In a recent paper, George and Hwang (2009) assert that endogenous debt choice in a cross-section of diverse firms can imply a negative relation between leverage or distress risk and expected stock returns. This note clarifies conditions, in the context of their model, under which this is so. We correct the contention that variation in bankruptcy costs is sufficient. Variation in firm risk parameters can lead to the desired relation, but may not when also controlling for variation in book-to-market ratios. A simple parameterization of cross-sectional heterogeneity in risk and profitability implies a negative association of expected return with leverage and distress risk and a positive association with book-to-market.
Theory implementation: Stein's theory of meaning through cognitive‐behavioural process: a pilot study

Accessible summary • Stein's theory of meaning through cognitive-behavioural process can be a useful guide for nurses and clients in many therapeutic settings, such as mental health centers, home health care, telebehavioural health care and outpatient clinics. • Both the nurse and the client can draw from this model to find answers in their lives when engaging in health and healing. • Through further research and practice, this new model can be tested in a variety of settings with many different types of clients to enhance their health and well-being. Abstract This theory development was a partial fulfilment of doctoral course work at University of Colorado Denver Health Sciences Center. It is an interactive/integrated theory which can be utilized in multiple practice settings to promote growth of the client as well as the nurse. Tools were developed pertaining to this theory. A pilot study was accomplished at a local mental health centre.