cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clog-free high-throughput microfluidic cell isolation with multifunctional microposts.

Microfluidics have been applied to filtration of rare tumor cells from the blood as liquid biopsies. Processing is highly limited by low flow rates and device clogging due to a single function of fluidic paths. A novel method using multifunctional hybrid functional microposts was developed. A swift by-passing route for non-tumor cells was integrated to prevent very common clogging problems. Performance was characterized using microbeads (10 µm) and human cancer cells that were spiked in human blood. Design-I showed a capture efficiency of 96% for microbeads and 87% for cancer cells at 1 ml/min flow rate. An improved Design-II presented a higher capture efficiency of 100% for microbeads and 96% for cancer cells. Our method of utilizing various microfluidic functions of separation, bypass and capture has successfully guaranteed highly efficient separation of rare cells from biological fluids.
Differences in Sedentary Time, Light Physical Activity, and Steps Associated with Better COPD Quality of Life.

Introduction There is a knowledge gap about how much physical activity is recommended to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We asked, what is the average difference in sedentary time and physical activity associated with clinically meaningful differences in symptoms in a large, well-characterized cohort of patients with advanced COPD? Study Design and Methods Cross-sectional analysis of daily activity data in 292 patients with stable COPD. Activity measure coefficients from multivariable linear models were used to predict the average difference in activity between patients with twice the minimal clinically important difference in reported symptoms. Results Symptoms were assessed with the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire subdomains - dyspnea, fatigue, mastery and emotions. Daily steps, minutes in light physical activity and sedentary time were measured by triaxial accelerometers. Average sedentary time, light physical activity and steps were 767.6 minutes, 177.7 minutes, and 2,960 steps, respectively. Individuals with 1-point better dyspnea scores averaged 24.5 (8.4-40.5) minutes less sedentary time per day. Individuals with 1-point better dyspnea and fatigue scores averaged 21.5 (10.9-32.3) minutes or 12.5 (2.0-23.2) minutes more light physical activity per day, respectively. Individuals with 1-point better dyspnea, fatigue, mastery and emotions scores averaged 762 (546-984), 579 (351-814), 418 (207-636), and 392 (157-634) more steps per day, respectively. Conclusions We provide guidance to clinicians counseling patients with severe COPD in activity-related goal-setting on sedentary time, light physical activity and steps associated with better symptoms.
Adenosine Monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) in serotonin neurons mediates select behaviors during protracted withdrawal from morphine in mice.

Abstract Serotonin neurotransmission has been implicated in behavior deficits that occur during protracted withdrawal from opioids. In addition, studies have highlighted multiple pathways whereby serotonin (5-HT) modulates energy homeostasis, however the underlying metabolic effects of opioid withdrawal have not been investigated. A key metabolic regulator that senses the energy status of the cell and regulates fuel availability is Adenosine Monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK). To investigate the interaction between cellular metabolism and serotonin in modulating protracted abstinence from morphine, we depleted AMPK in serotonin neurons. Morphine exposure via drinking water generates dependence in these mice, and both wildtype and serotonergic AMPK knockout mice consume similar amounts of morphine with no changes in body weight. Serotonergic AMPK contributes to baseline differences in open field and social interaction behaviors and blocks abstinence induced reductions in immobility following morphine withdrawal in the tail suspension test. Lastly, morphine locomotor sensitization is blunted in mice lacking AMPK in serotonin neurons. Taken together, our results suggest serotonergic AMPK mediates both baseline and protracted morphine withdrawal-induced behaviors.
Excimer Laser Treatment of Irregular Astigmatism Following Phaco Wound Burn

Thermal burn from phacoemulsification is much less prevalent today than it was even 10 or 20 years ago. However, when it occurs it causes irregular astigmatism of varying degrees [1]. In severe cases such as the one presented here, exposure to treatment options and maintaining uncorrected visual acuity are critical to patient satisfaction.
Predictors of agitation in the critically ill

PREDICTORS OF AGITATION IN THE ADULT CRITICALLY ILL By Ruth Srednicki Burk, PhD A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2013 Director: Mary Jo Grap, Ph.D., RN, FAAN Nursing Alumni Distinguished Professor Adult Health and Nursing Systems School of Nursing BACKGROUND: Agitation is a common complication in the intensive care unit (ICU) manifested in behavior and actions that range from simple apprehension or anxiety to frankly combative behavior. Agitation is associated with significant adverse outcomes. Studies report up to 71% of ICU patients have some degree of agitation during their ICU stay and that agitation is observed 32% of the time. Potential causes of agitation in critically ill patients are numerous; however, data about factors that predict agitation are limited. OBJECTIVE: The specific aim of this study was to identify predictors of agitation on admission to the ICU as well as within 24 hours prior to the first agitation event. DESIGN: Retrospective medical record review. SETTING: Two adult critical care units, Medical Respiratory ICU (MRICU) and Surgical Trauma ICU (STICU) in an urban university medical center.
Whose Development? The Tribal Involuntary Dislocation in the Sardar Sarovar

Postcolonial India’s prime development agenda was to bring in rapid economic development through the construction of infrastructural development projects thereby creating employment, optimally utilizing and distributing resources, and reducing poverty. Besides fulfilling the economic goals, development also affected the poorer masses’ socio-cultural and economic conditions creating discontent, crisis and marginalization. I conceptualize this argument by encapsulating my research findings over: the production of uneven development, unsustainability of large dams, and how loss of rights and resources led to power struggles due to the construction of the Sardar Sarovar damming project (SSP) in western India. I highlight the larger trajectories of dominance and resistance following the protest narratives and discourses on the SSP. The different sections of this chapter is crafted on the aforementioned concerns which I addressed through the narratives collected in my qualitative survey and various discourses drafted in different timeperiods from the construction of the damming project, different stages of dislocation, and implementation to destabilization.
Modular Invariance and the A—D—E Classification

Up to now, we have seen that conformal invariance by itself is not sufficiently restrictive to give us the fusion rules and conformal blocks of any conformal field theory. Thus, we need to add an extra constraint to fix the theory. The next constraint that we will impose is modular invariance [1], a powerful tool which will allow us to fix many of the features of a conformal field theory and which yields many new surprises.
Ab initio studies of structural features not easily amenable to experiment: Part 6. Quantitative estimate of the effect of bond delocalization on structure and hyperconjugative interaction of the amide group

Abstract The structural changes, which occur in the amide unit when the NH 2 -group is twisted out of plane by rotation about the NC bond, have been determined by comparing the completely relaxed ab initio geometries of planar and perpendicular formamide and acetamide. In the perpendicular conformation, in which the π-electron amide resonance is uncoupled, the NC bond distance is 0.080.09 A longer than in the planar form; the CO bond distance is about 0.01 A shorter; NH distances are about 0.01 A longer; and HNC angles are 510° smaller, whereas the CNO angle is relatively constant. Because of the apparent invariance of CH 3 -hyperconjugation effects in planar and perpendicular acetamide, it is tentatively postulated that anomeric orbital interactive effects (involving the lone pair on NH, the CO π-electron pair and antibonding π*-group-orbitals on C(α) in NHC(HR)C(O)), which should be an important factor in determining peptide chain conformation, do not vary significantly with small deviations from amide group planarity.
Defining Neuropharmacokinetic Parameters in CNS Drug Discovery to Determine Cross-Species Pharmacologic Exposure–Response Relationships

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the importance of both unbound brain compound concentrations and the unbound brain-to-unbound plasma compound concentration relationship, as defined by rat neuropharmacokinetic studies, to optimize the cross-species (i.e., animals and humans) translational pharmacology of small molecules targeting transmembrane proteins within the central nervous system (CNS). The current challenges in neuroscience drug discovery and development are largely attributed to overcoming the blood–brain barrier (BBB) for adequate compound exposure and the shortage of clinically translatable animal disease models. Thus, the chapter highlights what may be done using laboratory animals to enhance the progression of small-molecule neurotherapeutics, most specifically those targeting transmembrane proteins, from the laboratory to patients. The application of rat-derived neuropharmacokinetic parameters across species and the importance of both Cb,u and Cb,u:Cp,u should provide an ever greater chance at delivering adequate concentrations of a centrally acting compound to its intended target to test assuredly a pharmacological mechanism in any species, particularly humans.
After-School Centers and Youth Development: A Study of Organizational Dysfunction

The North River after-school center is a large structure that sits in the middle of a wide street dotted with dilapidated buildings and a smattering of newly renovated homes. Club staff monitor the entrance, ensuring that only club members, parents, and approved visitors enter. The neighborhood around North River is not very safe. The streets feel deserted, and there are few businesses within walking distance. Staff members often warn visitors not to walk in the neighborhood alone; their final words are always some version of “be safe out there.” Our initial survey questionnaire provides a good indication of the youth (age ten and older) who come to the club. The survey was completed by 112 youth ages 10–17, with an average age of 12.8. The sample was 97 percent African American. Only two youth indicated other races (White, Hispanic). Sixty-three percent of the youth who completed the survey were male. It was a high-poverty sample, as 89 percent reported receiving free or reduced-price lunch. On average, youth reported coming to the center three days per week, and 25 percent reported that it was their first year at the center.
Predictive Analytics for Extreme Events in Big Data

This paper presents an efficient computational methodology for longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of extreme event statistics in large data sets. The analyzed data are available across multiple time periods and multiple individuals in a population. Some of the periods and individuals might have no extreme events and some might have much data. The extreme events are modeled with a Pareto or exponential tail distribution. The proposed approach to longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of the tail models is based on non-parametric Bayesian formulation. The maximum a posteriori probability problem leads to two convex problems for the tail parameters. Solving one problem yields the trends for the tail decay rate across the population and time periods. Solving another gives the trends of the tail quintile level. The approach is illustrated by providing analysis of 10-and 100-year extreme event risks for extreme climate events and for peak power loads in electrical utility data.
A-Visions: A Scripps supported employment program

This expository paper describes an innovative Scripps designed supported employment program, using an evidence- based practice model based on recovery by Scripps Behavioral Health Services staff to fill a gap in the continuum of care for Behavioral Health Services. The A-Visions Program was also developed to increase offerings to mental health consumers (typically those with serious and persistent mental illness) struggling to find help in an under funded, fragmented mental health system of care. The program has grown since its inception and has received commendations from external stakeholders. This paper reviews the prevalence of mental illness in the United States, a review of the classic and recent evidence-based literature, a comprehensive description of the program (including analyses of outcome measures), a plan to spread this innovation across the Scripps enterprise, and conclusions. Due to the success of the program in providing essential services to individuals with serious mental illness, the authors recommend replication in other Scripps facilities. The author makes a strong case for the spread of this innovation, as these services typically are not a part of the mental health care continuum. These program development strategies are replicable in other mental health programs.
Perceiving What Paintings Express

Publisher Summary Philosophers have long sought to specify those features which are unique to the arts—features which define works of art and which set them apart from non-works of art. The attempt to determine the necessary and sufficient features of art has, however, remained hopelessly vexed. Definitions have been criticized for their incompleteness, for example defining art as an 'artifact made with human skill" eliminates found art. If repleteness, expression, and composition are key properties of art objects, then viewers ought to perceive these properties when responding to works of art. Young children produce drawings and metaphors that adults perceive as aesthetically pleasing and also as similar in some respects to the works of twentieth century artists. This chapter focus on one art form—painting—and one aesthetic—expression. Paintings express not only by their content but also by their color, shapes, composition, and texture.
Does Breast Imaging Experience During Residency Translate Into Improved Initial Performance in Digital Breast Tomosynthesis

Abstract Purpose To determine the initial digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) performance of radiology trainees with varying degrees of breast imaging experience. Methods To test trainee performance with DBT, we performed a reader study, after obtaining IRB approval. Two medical students, 20 radiology residents, 4 nonbreast imaging fellows, 3 breast imaging fellows, and 3 fellowship-trained breast imagers reviewed 60 unilateral DBT studies (craniocaudal and medio-lateral oblique views). Trainees had no DBT experience. Each reader recorded a final BI-RADS assessment for each case. The consensus interpretations from fellowship-trained breast imagers were used to establish the ground truth. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were calculated. For analysis, first- through third-year residents were classified as junior trainees, and fourth-year residents plus nonbreast imaging fellows were classified as senior trainees. Results The AUCs were .569 for medical students, .721 for junior trainees, .701 for senior trainees, and .792 for breast imaging fellows. The junior and senior trainee AUCs were equivalent ( P Conclusions Initial performance with DBT among radiology residents and nonbreast imaging fellows is independent of years of training. Radiology educators should consider these findings when developing educational materials.
Transcriptional and translational regulation of the marRAB multiple antibiotic resistance operon in Escherichia coli

The marRAB multiple antibiotic resistance operon of Escherichia coli is autorepressed by MarR. MarR binds to two palindromic sequences in vitro: site I lies between and overlaps the -35 and -10 hexamers for RNA polymerase binding; site II lies between the transcription start site and the GTG initiation codon of marR. To assess the importance of these sites in vivo, the effects of mutant sites on transcription were analysed using fusions to lacZ in the presence and absence of wild-type MarR. When both sites were wild type, transcription in the derepressed marR-deleted strain was 19-fold that of the wild-type strain; when only site I or site II was wild type, this ratio was reduced to 4.3- and 2.6-fold, respectively, showing that full repression requires both sites, but some repression can occur at one site independently of the other. Translational fusions of the wild-type promoter to lacZ demonstrated that marR translation proceeds at only 4.5% of the transcription rate. Analysis of translational fusions with mutant leader sequences demonstrated that the principal reason for inefficient translation is a weak Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence, AGG(G). Although the SD sequence is located within the potential stem-loop structure of site II, no evidence for occlusion of the SD sequence was found in the wild-type strain. However, a single basepair mutation that strengthens the stem-loop structure drastically reduced the translational efficiency. Substitution of ATG for GTG as the initiation codon increased translational efficiency by 50%. Increasing the 5 bp spacing between the SD sequence and the GTG codon by one to four bases reduced the translational efficiency by 50-75%. Inefficient translation of marR may help to sensitize the cell to environmental signals.
Inclusive fitness of ‘kissing cousins’: new evidence of a role for kin selection in the evolution of extra‐pair mating in birds

Social monogamy is nearly ubiquitous across avian taxa,but evidence from a proliferation of studies utilizing molecular paternity analysis suggests that sexual monogamy is the rare exception rather than the rule (Griffith et al. 2002). Efforts to explain the prevalence of extra-pair paternity (EPP) have largely focused on the potential fitness benefits for offspring genetic quality, as females are less likely to benefit directly from seeking extra-pair mates. In particular, there has been considerable interest in the degree to which EPP may represent an adaptive female strategy to avoid inbreeding (or outbreeding)depression when paired with a highly related (or unrelated)social mate (Kempenaers 2007). Others have argued that, because relatives share many genes identical by descent,females might increase their own inclusive fitness by providing additional breeding opportunities to genetically related males (Waser et al. 1986; Kokko & Ots 2006). Thus, in the absence of significant inbreeding depression, pursuing EPP with relatives should be favoured by kin selection, although there exist few unambiguous empirical examples of such preferences in the literature. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Wang &Lu (2011) present an analysis of mating patterns with respect to genetic relatedness of social and extra-pair partners in the ground tit (Parus humilis), a facultative cooperative breeder in which socially monogamous pairs occasionally form cooperative groups with unpaired helper males (Fig. 1). Consistent with the predictions of the kin-selection hypothesis, females in both bi-parental and cooperative groups preferentially engaged in extra-pair matings with relatives, irrespective of relatedness to their social mates, and while suffering no apparent costs of inbreeding depression in their progeny. These finding shave several exciting implications for our understanding of avian mating system diversity and the evolution of cooperative breeding.
Quantum localization and quantum interference effects in the magnetoconductivity of superconductors

Abstract A model is presented to calculate the magnetoconductivity of three-dimensional aluminium films with various degrees of disorder in a wide range of magnetic fields. The argument is based on the effects of disorder on the electron dynamics of the supercarriers at low temperatures. When the average distance d i between defects is much larger than the coherence length, the disorder appears highly inhomogeneous and superconductivity is auenched in a non-uniform fashion. On the other hand, when the superconducting coherence length ∂ of the material is of the same order as d i, a auasihomogeneous type II domain at low fields dominated by disorder exists. In the high-field regime the superconducting coherence length is smaller than the distance d i between defects, the medium is microscopically homogeneous on the scale of the coherence length and the structure of the disorder is unimportant. In this domain, as the field increases, the coherence length becomes smaller and the sample becomes microscopicall...
Replacement of a conserved glycine residue in subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase interferes with protein function

In this paper we describe the isolation and characterization of a respiration-deficient yeast strain which is defective in the function of subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase. This strain, VC32, carries a mutation in the mitochondrial COX2 gene which converts a conserved glycine residue to arginine. The conserved glycine is in a region implicated as important for ligating the CuA redox center and for interaction with cytochrome c. We have also characterized five revertants of VC32 which have recovered respiratory function; all five were mapped to the mitochondrial genome. In three of the five revertants the wild-type glycine codon is restored, while in two of the five the mutant arginine codon is still present. These two strains are likely to possess alterations either in components of the mitochondrial translation machinery or in mitochondrially-encoded gene products that interact directly with subunit II to assemble an active oxidase complex.
Low temperature hydrogen effects on the strength and ductility of NbTa alloys

Abstract Hydrogen effects on the strength and ductility of several NbTa alloys were examined at low temperatures. The results indicated that hydrides are not responsible for the embrittlement observed or for the strengthening found to occur at low temperatures. These results are compared with similar investigations performed on other group VA alloys.
Species differences in seed growth characteristics

Information on the seed growth characteristics of 13 grain crop species was summarized from the available literature. Characteristics of interest included the rate of growth of the individual seed (mg seed−1 day−1), the duration of seed growth, estimated by the effective filling period (EFP), and maximum seed size (mg seed−1). There was a 100-fold variation in seed growth rate (0.2 to 35.5 mg seed−1 day−1) among the species and cultivars examined and growth rate was significantly correlated (r = 0.81) with maximum seed size. The EFP across all cultivars and species ranged from 7 to 57 days. The EFP was less variable than seed growth rate and was not as closely correlated with maximum seed size (r = 0.50). The variation in growth rate and EFP was not related to known differences in growth characteristics among the species, i.e., C3 vs C4, composition of the seed, or structure of the organ harvested for economic yield. The variation in the length of the EFP among cultivars within a species suggests that it may be possible to increase yields by selecting for longer EFPs.
Asymptotic behavior of electrical and hall conductivities of tin

Abstract The asymptotic behavior of electrical and Hall conductivities of tin is associated with magnetic breakdown. Gold and Priestley's free-electron model of the Fermi surface of tin is taken as a basis for comparison with our experimental findings.
Restricted hypotonic swelling of peripheral nerve myelin in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats.

Experimental diabetic neuropathy includes the non-enzymatic glycosylation (or glycation) of the major proteins of peripheral nerve myelin. We have used X-ray diffraction to determine whether such glycation affects myelin membrane structure and interactions in peripheral nerves from experimental diabetic rats. Streptozocin at 60 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally to induce diabetes; controls were pair-fed and age-matched. Animals were sacrificed periodically from 2 weeks to after 1 year. The dissected sciatic nerves were tied off and incubated overnight at room temperature in hypotonic saline of defined pH and ionic strength or in distilled water. Such treatments have been shown to result in systematic changes of myelin period, which can be detected using X-ray diffraction, and which may indicate alterations in inter-membrane interactions owing to changes in composition. We observed no differences in repeat periods between control and diabetic nerves at pH 4.0 and 7.4, and ionic strength 0.01, 0.02, 0.06, 0.15, and 0.18; however, we did detect a significant difference (P < .02) in their maximum extent of swelling in distilled water: control nerves showed a period of 292 A (s.d. 23 A; n = 12) compared to 272 A (s.d. 19 A; n = 11) for diabetic nerves. To determine whether this difference in swelling was due to an alteration in the properties of the apposed, extracellular surfaces of the myelin membranes or to the connective tissue in peripheral nerve, we compared the X-ray patterns from peripheral nerve myelin isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation from sciatic nerves of diabetic and control rats. No difference in the patterns was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect of poliomyelitis virus on mitochondria phospholipids of the HeLa cell.

SummaryThe uptake of radiophosphorus (32P) into mitochondria phospholipids of the HeLa cell with and without poliomyelitis virus infection has been investigated. The uptake of radiophosphorus by HeLa cells exposed to the poliomyelitis virus was accelerated into all mitochondria phospholipids except the sphingomyelin fraction.
A Model for the Prediction of Compressive Strength Reduction of Composite Laminates with Molded-In Holes

An Equivalent Radius Model (ERM) for the prediction of compressive strength reduction in laminates with molded-in holes is presented. This model replaces a molded-in hole panel by an equivalent drilled hole panel with the same notched strength. As a result, the ERM relies on an accurate stress failure criterion for drilled hole panels. The experimental results obtained from woven carbon fiber/epoxy laminates with molded- in and drilled holes indicate that the proposed model satisfactorily simulates the observed strength behavior. It is believed that the simplicity of the present model coupled with its accuracy and generality makes it of practical value to the design engineers.
A primer on monetary and fiscal policy

Monetary policy can be constrained by fiscal policy if fiscal deficits grow large enough to require monetization of government debt. That fact implies that the administrative independence of central banks does not by itself imply that monetary policy is independent of the fiscal decisions of governments. This essay describes limitations, possibilities, and suitable goals for monetary policy within the existing pattern of institutional responsibilities. The economic limitations of what can be achieved by monetary policy are summarized in six propositions developed in the paper.
Tectonics, global changes in sea level and their relationship to stratigraphical sequences at the US Atlantic continental margin

of Geological The principal factors that control the extent of seas through geological time are vertical movements of the lithosphere and global changes in sea level. The relative height of the sea surface determines the facies and the thickness of sediments that can accumulate in a sedimentary basin. Backstripping studies show that the primary factors affecting the subsidence of rifted sedimentary basins are thermal contraction, following heating and thinning of the lithosphere at the time of rifting, and sedimentary loading. Factors such as compaction, palaeobathymetry, erosion and global sea level changes also contribute, but their combined affects are small compared to those of thermal contraction and sedimentary loading. Simple models have been constructed which combine the effects of sedimentary loading and thermal contraction with those of compaction, sub-aerial erosion and global changes in sea level. In the models it was assumed that the lithosphere was heated and thinned by stretching at the time of rifting, sedimentary loading occurs by flexure of a lithosphere that progressively increases its flexural rigidity with age following rifting and, that sediment compaction and bathymetry change across a basin but do not vary significantly with geological time. Furthermore, different assumptions were made on the magnitude of curves of global sea level changes and the relationship between denudation rate and regional elevation. The models show that tectonics, in the form of thermal contraction of the lithosphere and flexure and slowly varying global changes in sea level, can explain a number of the stratigraphic features of the US Atlantic continental margin. In this Paper some of the implications of these results are examined for studies of (a) sea level changes through geological time; and (b) the maturation history of continental margin basins.
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction in the fetus

Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction is being detected with increasing frequency before birth. To clarify the natural history of fetal UPJ obstruction, we reviewed our experience managing 28 fetuses; there were 16 bilateral cases for a total of 44 renal units. None required decompression before birth. We found that fetal bilateral UPJ obstruction is associated with significant morbidity and mortality; resolution of fetal hydronephrosis secondary to UPJ obstruction is rare; antenatal diagnosis of UPJ obstruction improves clinical management by allowing early detection and appropriate treatment of otherwise clinically undetectable disease; oligohydramnios in the mature fetus with bilateral UPJ obstruction is an indication for early delivery and immediate repair; and prenatally diagnosed UPJ obstructions should be repaired as early as possible after birth.
Reactivity of sandstones under conditions relevant to geosequestration: 1. Hematite-bearing sandstone exposed to supercritical carbon dioxide commingled with aqueous sulfite or sulfide solutions

Reactivity of a red sandstone under conditions relevant to geosequestration was studied experimentally. Crushed Moenkopi sandstone from the lower Triassic was exposed to supercritical CO2 containing commingled aqueous sulfite or sulfide solutions as proxies for SO2 or H2S co-injected along with CO2. Flow-through experiments simulating conditions near the point of injection and batch experiments simulating conditions at the water-side of the edge of the CO2 plume were conducted. Mossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy were used to determine changes in iron mineralogy in both types of experiments. However, Mossbauer spectroscopy, which solely derives its signal from the iron content in the sandstone, provides the most information on the changes in the iron mineralogy. The Moenkopi sandstone showed no change in iron mineralogy in any of the flow-through experiments. Pyrite was formed in batch experiments with supercritical CO2 and aqueous sulfide solutions, while siderite formed in batch experiments with super critical CO2 and an aqueous solution containing both sulfide and sulfite. The lack of reactivity in the flow-through experiments is probably due to the preferential wetting of mineral surfaces by the supercritical CO2 phase. In the batch experiments, the mineral surfaces are submerged in the aqueous phase throughout the experiment, which allows dissolved sulfur species to react with the minerals.
Computer simulation of a mass spectrometer field ionization source

Abstract A computer model for calculating electric fields and ion trajectories in a blade type field ionization (FI) mass spectrometer ion source is described and applied to a duPont (CEC) 21-110B FI source. The electric field calculations utilize a 5-point finite difference method based on the Laplace equation. Results for the blade edge region demonstrate that the field at the tip of a microneedle on the blade edge surface is significantly reduced by shielding effects. The typical field seen by an ion of mass 100 becomes essentially independent of the details of the blade edge surface and shape at times greater than ∼10 −11 sec after ionization. Thus the results of the model trajectory calculations are suitable for use in calculating unimolecular decomposition rates of ions emitted from real blades. The computed ion trajectories show that the blade edge field has a strong focusing effect on the ion beam, but that the cathode slit has a defocusing effect.
Slow Ca2+ and Na+ responses induced by isoproterenol and methylxanthines in isolated perfused guinea pig hearts exposed to elevated K+

The induction of Ca2+ channels in cardiac muscles by catecholamines (CA) was studied in a physiological preparation, the isolated perfused guinea pig heart. The heart was rendered inexcitable by elevating external [K+] to 27 mm, which depolarizes the cells to about −40 mV. Isoproterenol (10−7m) infusion induced excitability within 1 min, i.e., slowlyrising electrical potentials with concomitant contraction in response to stimulation. Their shape and duration was similar to that of the plateau component of the normal action potential, but their maximum rate of rise was only 6 to 12 V/s. The slow responses persisted for over 2 h. Methylxanthines (MX) (caffeine and theophylline, 3 mm) mimicked the catecholamines, except that they were not blocked by propranolol. The slow responses were blocked by: (a) Ca2+-free solution, (b) 1 mm Mn2+, and (c) verapamil (0.05 μg/ml), suggesting that an inward Ca2+ current plays a key role in the response. In hearts perfused with normal Ringer, these conditions greatly depressed the contractions at a time when there was little or no effect on the shape and duration of the action potentials. Sr2+ and Ba2+ could replace Ca2+ in maintaining the response. Na+ is also required for the responses, because the magnitude, duration, and rate of rise of the response diminished in lowered [Na+]o; the responses disappeared in 0 to 30 mm Na+. Ouabain (10−5m) suppressed the CA- or MX-induced response. Continuous perfusion with dc-AMP or ATP (10−4m) slowly induced the slow responses even in the presence of propranolol. The Ca2+ ionophore, X-537A, also induced the slow responses, but its effect was blocked by propranolol, suggesting that its action was mediated by endogenous CA release. Metabolic poisons, hypoxia, or ischemia blocked the slow responses. The following conclusions were drawn from the results: (a) the induced slow response is dependent on both Ca2+ and Na+ ions; (b) the underlying mechanism requires both Na+ and Ca2+ for its operation; (c) c-AMP is implicated in the control of the activities of this mechanism; (d) the production and/or maintenance of the mechanism is energy dependent; and (e) inactivation of the slow response mechanism results in electromechanical uncoupling.
Research possibilities for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil

The FIFA (Federation Internationale de Football Association) World Cup is the world’s biggest soccer tournament and is one of the largest international sporting events. In 2014, Brazil will host the quadrennial FIFA World Cup for the second time in its history. Since this premier global mega-event involves much of the world and Brazil is a major nation that seeks to assert its position internationally, the situation is optimal for exploring various issues. Scholars have examined various aspects of the ongoing preparations. Researchers have several options worthy of exploration including, but not limited to, relevant social phenomena, the social, cultural, economic and educational impact, as well as the cultural practices related to this mega-event. The aim of this literature review is to present some key areas that should be considered in regards to the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil.
Public Employment in Western Nations

Preface 1. The significance of public employment Richard Rose 2. Britain: stable aggregates, changing composition Richard Parry 3. France: From l'Etat to big government Edward Page 4. Germany: the expansion of an active state Klaus-Dieter Schmidt and Richard Rose 5. Italy: the development of a late developing state Andrea Cendali Pignatelli 6. Sweden: the explosion of public employment B. Guy Peters 7. The United States: absolute change and relative stability B. Guy Peters Index.
Near field measurements of optical channel waveguide structures

Abstract Near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) has been used to investigate the guided mode intensity distribution in optical channel waveguides, phase-matched directional couplers, and symmetric Y-junctions. A near field measurement of the guided mode intensity profile across the optical channel waveguide has been performed and compared with model calculations. The near field guided mode intensity profiles above the waveguides were measured as a function of distance along the propagation direction of both a directional coupler and a Y-junction, providing a near field view of the spatial evolution of optical power in these structures.
Globalization and ideology: a critical review of the debate

The focus of this article is on two strands of the literature concerned with globalization and ideology. The first strand considers the question of whether political ideology of any stripe may provide adequate guidance for effective managing or confronting of globalization or some aspects of it. The second strand accepts the import of ideology in the generic sense but questions the relevance of established ideological currents in the context of globalization. While appreciating the insights provided by both literatures, this article suggests that each has been limited by their prevalent assumptions regarding the nature of ideology on the one hand, and the extent of the impact of globalization on the other. The article identifies several logical and political setbacks resulting from these assumptions and argues for a closer conceptual analysis of ideological discourse as a way out of the flawed terms of the current debate.
Ethnographic Perspective on Desegregated Schools

School desegregation has been the object of considerable research for over two decades. With the exception of a few studies such as that of Kimball and Wagley (1974), however, this research has been nonobservational in character. In 1975, the National Institute of Education responded to the lack of ethnographic data by funding 6 two and one-half-year field studies of urban desegregated schools. Three of the papers in this volume-those by Collins, Clement and Harding, and Slawski and Scherer-are derived from this NIE funded research.' Additional observational studies conducted during the same time period have provided the bases for the remaining paper by Polgar. Closing the volume are Ogbu's comments on the papers in which he uses a perspective derived from his cross-cultural study of minority education.2 No concise, uniform interpretation of the results of desegregation unite these papers. Instead, the articles lay bare the complexities of and differences among desegregated schools. These papers destroy any proclivities one might have to conceptualize school desegregation as a monolithic process-either in its introduction, denouement, or consequences. The papers also destroy thoughts of easily classifiable outcomes whether they be of the "color-blind" variety or categorical interpersonal racism. Clear patterns of overt and obvious discrimination on the basis of color are not in evidence in these schools, yet the social processes are such that informal segregation results, and black students are found on the receiving end of less prestigious learning experiences and activities. Two major perspectives on desegregated school patterns can be seen in these papers. Although only one paper specifically refers to a Barthian model of ethnic group manipulation of rewards and resources, most of the papers could be said to describe some aspect of intergroup dynamics including forms of competition and conflict. Collins most clearly describes these intergroup dynamics in his focus on the evolving pattern of control over extracurricular student activities in a Memphis high school. Polgar, although focusing on smaller events-games played during free-play period-finds similar patterns of black-white maintenance of separate activities combined, in a few cases, with direct competition where black teams play white. Both the Clement and Harding and the Slawski and Scherer papers give evidence of the efforts of school officials to contain the potential conflict and competition that they sense within the school walls. Slawski and Scherer describe the "rhetoric of concern," the vague and abstract symbolic frame invoked by school officials in their justification of school policy and practice. Clement and Harding describe organizational features and emergent behavioral norms in a southern elementary school which serve to ward off unpleasant disruptions that might result from overt conflict.
Insulin reverses impaired acetylcholine-induced dilatation of the rat basilar artery during diabetes mellitus

Abstract The goal of this study was to determine whether treatment of diabetic rats with insulin reverses impaired nitric oxide synthase-dependent reactivity of the basilar artery in vivo. We measured the diameter of the basilar artery in non-diabetic rats, diabetic (streptozotocin; 50–60 mg/kg i.p.) rats, and diabetic rats treated with insulin implants in response to acetylcholine and nitroglycerin before and following topical application of N G -monomethyl- l -arginine ( l -NMMA). Reactivity of the basilar artery was measured 2–3 months after injection of streptozotocin. We found that topical application of acetylcholine (1.0 and 10 μM) produced dose-related dilatation of the basilar artery in non-diabetic rats, which was inhibited (>80%) by topical application of l -NMMA (10 μM). In diabetic rats, the magnitude of vasodilation produced by acetylcholine was significantly less than in non-diabetic rats. Further, topical application of l -NMMA did not affect dilatation of the basilar artery in diabetic rats in response to acetylcholine. In insulin treated diabetic rats, dilatation of the basilar artery in response to acetylcholine was significantly greater than that observed in either non-diabetic or diabetic rats. In contrast, dilatation of the basilar artery in response to nitroglycerin was similar in insulin treated diabetic rats, non-diabetic rats and diabetic rats. Topical application of l -NMMA only partially inhibited dilatation of the basilar artery in response to acetylcholine in diabetic rats treated with insulin. Thus, the findings of this study suggest that impaired acetylcholine-induced dilatation of the basilar artery during diabetes mellitus can be restored by treatment with insulin. Further, it appears that the contribution of cellular pathways, in addition to nitric oxide synthase, may contribute to dilatation of the basilar artery in response to acetylcholine in rats treated with insulin.
Corticosteroid Treatment for Problematic Infantile Hemangioma : Evidence Does Not Support an Increased Risk for Cerebral Palsy

Many practitioners are hesitant to give corticosteroids to preterm infants because of data suggesting that corticosteroids may increase the child's risk for cerebral palsy; however, randomized, prospective trials and meta-analyses have shown that only dexamethasone administered within 96 hours after birth to very low birth weight infants (VLBW; <1250 g) increases the frequency of cerebral palsy.1–3 Corticosteroids' effect on neurodevelopment depends on the (1) age of the infant, (2) timing of administration, and (3) type of corticosteroid. In contrast to VLBW infants, corticosteroids that are given to older preterm infants does not affect neurodevelopment.4,5 Even in VLBW children, dexamethasone started after 1 week of age is not associated with cerebral palsy.3,6,7 In fact, dexamethasone given after 2 weeks of age may improve neurodevelopment in these high-risk infants.8 Compared with dexamethasone, early treatment of VLBW infants with other types of corticosteroid (hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone) does not cause cognitive impairment and reduces the rate of cystic periventricular leukomalacia, … Address correspondence to Arin K. Greene, MD, MMSc, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: arin.greene{at}childrens.harvard.edu
VR Aided Motor Training for Post-Stroke Rehabilitation: System Design, Clinical Test, Methodology for Evaluation

This paper describes interdisciplinary work on developing a virtual reality (VR) aided motor training task for post-stroke rehabilitation on functional deficits of the upper extremity: static reaching. Patient-specific and human-centered design of the VR system was addressed from the physical therapist's perspective. The two main features of the system were that it could actively drive the human kinetic behavior based on the therapist's rehabilitation goals and capture the patient's kinetic performance in an accurate way. A three-month clinical trial of this VR task was conducted with five post-stroke patients. To analyze the collected data, a methodology was proposed to visualize the patient's current status and progression over time based on three kinematics measures: performance time, movement efficiency, and moving speed. Results from the analysis clearly reveal the current status of the patient's hand and arm movement with respect to his/her range of motion, comprising pitch, yaw and arm length. Further, evidence of progress was found and visualized quantitatively over a series of practice sessions. Along with several conventional behavioral assessments at three points: pre-training, mid-training and post-training, the patient's progress was identified as well. Finally, human factors, such as perception of difficulty, confidence of movement, and system usability, were measured and studied.
A new approach for neural control of nonlinear discrete dynamic systems

This paper proposes a new approach to control nonlinear discrete dynamic systems, which relies on the identification of a discrete model of the system by a neural network. A locally equivalent optimal linear model is obtained from the neural network model at every operating point the system goes through during the control task. Based on the linear model, a linear state-space control design technique can be used to design a local control action to be applied at that particular operating point. The design procedure is repeated at every operating point of the system during the control task. The proposed approach was applied in three examples, which involved a linear and two nonlinear discrete single-input single-output (SISO) systems. In the first two examples, pole placement was chosen as the linear design technique. This method led to satisfactory tracking of the reference input but a steady-state error was present due to modeling inaccuracies. In the third example, the linear design technique involved an optimal control scheme with an integrator. This method led to satisfactory tracking of the reference input with zero steady-state error.