cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of the TonoVet® rebound tonometer in normal and glaucomatous cats.

Objective To validate intraocular pressure (IOP) readings obtained in cats with the TonoVet(®) tonometer. Animals studied IOP readings obtained with the TonoVet(®) were compared to IOP readings determined by manometry and by the Tono-Pen XL(™) in 1 normal cat and two glaucomatous cats. TonoVet(®) and Tono-Pen XL(™) readings were also compared in a further six normal and nine glaucomatous cats. Procedures The anterior chambers of both eyes of three anesthetized cats were cannulated and IOP was varied manometrically, first increasing from 5 to 70 mmHg in 5 mmHg increments, then decreasing from 70 to 10 mmHg in 10 mmHg decrements. At each point, two observers obtained three readings each from both eyes, with both the TonoVet(®) and Tono-Pen XL(™) . IOP was measured weekly for 8 weeks with both tonometers in six normal and nine glaucomatous unsedated cats. Data were analyzed by linear regression. Comparisons between tonometers and observers were made by paired student t-test. Results The TonoVet(®) was significantly more accurate than the Tono-Pen XL(™) (P = 0.001), correlating much more strongly with manometric IOP. In the clinical setting, the Tono-Pen XL(™) underestimated IOP when compared with the TonoVet(®) . Conclusions Both the TonoVet(®) and Tono-Pen XL(™) provide reproducible IOP measurements in cats; however, the TonoVet(®) provides readings much closer to the true IOP than the Tono-Pen XL(™) . The TonoVet(®) is superior in accuracy to the Tono-Pen XL(™) for the detection of ocular hypertension and/or glaucoma in cats in a clinical setting.
Nanoscale engineering of magnetic particles by magnetotactic bacteria

Magnetotactic bacteria (MB) are a group of mainly aquatic, motile, gram-negative prokaryotes that belong phylogenetically in the domain bacteria. They are a metabolically and morphologically diverse group but have in common the fact that their motility is influenced by the Earth's geomagnetic and other external magnetic fields, a phenomenon known as magnetotaxis. Magnetotaxis is due to the presence of intracellular enveloped magnetic crystals called magnetosomes. MB biomineralize magnetosomes de novo through a process known as biologically-controlled mineralization in which they appear to control the composition, the shape, and the size of the magnetosome mineral phase. Magnetosomes contain crystals of two types: Fe oxides or Fe sulfides. The Fe oxides consist mainly of the mineral magnetite, Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/, and the Fe sulfides, greigite, Fe/sub 3/S/sub 4/. In general, mature magnetosome crystals are stoichiometric Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/, while the Fe/sub 3/S/sub 4/ crystals may contain impurities such as other transition metals and Fe sulfide precursors to Fe/sub 3/S/sub 4/. MB, in general, form only one compositional type of magnetosome. MB synthesize species- and/or strain-specific crystal morphologies: either cubo-octahedral, elongated parallelepipedal, or tooth- or bullet-shaped particles. Idealized magnetosome particle morphologies derived from electron microscopic images show that they are of relatively high structural perfection. Mature magnetosome crystals lie in a very narrow size range, from about 35-120 nm, which has physical significance. Particles of Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/ and Fe/sub 3/S/sub 4/ in this size range are single magnetic domains (SMD) and have a permanent stable magnetic dipole moment at room temperature. Smaller particles are superparamagnetic and are only magnetic at room temperature in the presence of a very strong magnetic field. Domain walls would form in larger particles thereby reducing the magnetic moment of the particle. By forming SMD crystals, the MB have maximized the magnetic remanence of each individual magnetosome crystal. Most MB arrange their magnetosomes in a chain-like motif in which the total magnetic dipole moment of the cell is the sum of the moments of the individual crystals. Thus, the cell has maximized it magnetic dipole moment by arranging its magnetosomes in chains. It is clear that the MB have found a way through evolution to construct a masterpiece of magnetic engineering. The biological advantages to the magnetosome and their use in biotechnology and as magnetofossils will also be discussed in this talk.
Discriminative stimulus effects of the novel anxiolytic buspirone.

Separate groups of Long-Evans rats were trained to discriminate either 0.56 or 1.0mg/kg buspirone i.p. in a two-lever, drug vs no-drug discrimination procedure. Training took twice as long for the lower versus the higher training-dose group. Generalization tests were conducted with buspirone (0.1-1.8mg/kg, i.p., 0.32-10mg/kg, p.o.), pentylenetetrazole (1-18mg/kg, i.p.), meprobamate (3.2-180mg/kg, p.o.), haloperidol (0.01-0.32mg/kg, i.p.), and 8-OH-DPAT (0.01-0.32mg/kg, i.p.). Buspirone p.o. was 0.5-1.0 log(10) units less potent than buspirone i.p. in producing dose-dependent generalization (i.e. > 80% buspirone-lever responding). Dose-effect functions for the 1.0 training-dose group were to the right of those for the 0.56 group. Partial generalization to meprobamate occurred in both groups, representing the first report of overlap of the buspirone discriminative stimulus with that of another anxiolytic. Complete generalization to 8-OH-DPAT occurred, consistent with buspirone's prominent 5HT(1A)-receptor activity and replicating findings in the pigeon. Partial generalization to haloperidol was concluded: every rat generalized to haloperidol, but the gradients did not increase monotonically and drug-lever responding at a given dose was inconsistent within and across rats. The haloperidol results suggest a stronger influence of the dopaminergic component in the buspirone discriminative stimulus in rats than was found with pigeons. Although a previous study found generalization to buspirone from pentylenetetrazole in baboons, there was no generalization to pentylenetetrazole from buspirone in the present study.
Ultrastructures and strain comparison of under-glycosylated scrapie prion fibrils

Prions, composed primarily of misfolded, often fibrillar, polymers of prion protein, have poorly understood structures. Heavy surface glycosylation may obscure visualization of their fibrillar cores, so we purified severely under-glycosylated prion protein fibrils from scrapie-infected transgenic mice expressing anchorless prion protein. Using electron and atomic force microscopy, we obtained dimensions and morphological information about prion protein core protofilaments which variably intertwined to form scrapie fibrils. Occasional isolated protofilaments were observed, suggesting that the lateral association of protofilaments is neither essential nor invariant in prion protein polymerization. Strain comparisons suggested basic structural differences; ME7 and 22L fibrils contained thinner protofilaments, 22L fibrils preferred left-handed twists, and 22L fibril periodicities averaged 106 nm per half-turn, compared with 64 and 66 nm for RML and ME7 fibrils, respectively. The strains displayed overlapping fibril morphologies, providing evidence that prion fibril morphology is influenced, but not dictated, by strain-dependent differences in protofilament structure. These measurements of the amyloid core of scrapie fibrils should aid development of models of prion structure and strain determination.
Remote Microvascular Preconditioning Alters Specific Vasoactive Responses

Objective: The mechanism by which remote microvascular preconditioning (RMP) response is initiated was recently reported (Am J Physiol 290:H264, 2006). The goal of this study was to further characterize RMP and to investigate the extent to which RMP altered local vasoactive responses.Methods: Arteriolar networks were examined in the cheek pouch of anesthetized (pentobarbital, 70 mg/kg) hamsters (n = 143). RMP was initiated with nitroprusside (SNP) or adenosine (ADO) via micropipette to a downstream arteriole or via tissue bath. Upstream (∼ 800 μ m), at the entrance to the network, local vasoactive responses were obtained with local micropipette application.Results: The RMP response requires 10 to 15 min to manifest, and cycles down with > 5 upstream challenges (local exposures). Without challenge, the response does not cycle down over 8 h. RMP results in enhanced dilation to SNP and attenuated dilation to ADO. SNP can initiate RMP with micropipette exposure to the local downstream arteriolar segment. ADO ...
Social media guidelines and best practices: recommendations from the Council of Residency Directors Social Media Task Force.

Social media has become a staple of everyday life among over one billion people worldwide. A social networking presence has become a hallmark of vibrant and transparent communications. It has quickly become the preferred method of communication and information sharing. It offers the ability for various entities, especially residency programs, to create an attractive internet presence and “brand” the program. Social media, while having significant potential for communication and knowledge transfer, carries with it legal, ethical, personal, and professional risks. Implementation of a social networking presence must be deliberate, transparent, and optimize potential benefits while minimizing risks. This is especially true with residency programs. The power of social media as a communication, education, and recruiting tool is undeniable. Yet the pitfalls of misuse can be disastrous, including violations in patient confidentiality, violations of privacy, and recruiting misconduct. These guidelines were developed to provide emergency medicine residency programs leadership with guidance and best practices in the appropriate use and regulation of social media, but are applicable to all residency programs that wish to establish a social media presence.
Biosystematics of the helianthus nuttallii complex (Compositae)

An examination of the taxonomic relationships of Helianthus nuttallii T. & G. was undertaken as the second half of a detailed biosystematic investigation of the alternate-leaved perennial sunflowers morphologically similar to H. giganteus L. (Long 1960, 1961). This group includes two species of the eastern United States, H. giganteus and H. grosseserratus Martens, and three other taxa related to H. nuttallii of the western United States alnd Canada (Long 1954). It was the design of this investigation to examine the genetic comiipatibility of H. nuttallii with other species of Helianthus, especially the similar H. grosseserratus, and to gain some knowledge as to variation by measurements and comparisons of natural and garden populations with herbarium collections. Techniques used in hybridizationl experiments, analysis of natural and garden populations, and cytological observations have been described in previous reports (Long 1955a, 1960). Voucher specimens are deposited in the herbaria of IND, OWU, and USF. Helianthus nuttallii occurs from New Mexico and Arizona north into Alberta and Manitoba. It is abundant in the Rocky Mountain region where it grows up to altitudes of 9000 ft. Watson (1929) describes the plants as generally 1-2 m tall, perennial from thick, tuber-like roots, producing stems that are usually smooth and light green. The main leaves are lanceolate, average 16 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide, light green, the lower leaves opposite, the upper alternate. Few to many heads in cymes or panicles are produced on peduncles of varying length; the phyllaries are appressed-pubescent and the disks are yellow, usually 1.5-2 cm in diameter. The eastern Helianthus grosseserratus closely resembles H. nuttallii, differing chiefly in having larger leaves that are predominately alternate and tomentose on the lower surface. Three western United States taxa allied to H. nuttallii are H. maximilianii Schrad., H. rydbergii Britton, and H. californicus DC. Helianthus maximilianii occurs in central United States and Canada, from Texas north to Manitoba and Saskatchewan, chiefly in the prairies and plains. It differs frolmi H. nuttallii by having scabrous or hispid green stemns, sessile, gray-green rough-pubescent leaves, and villous phyllaries. Helianthus rydbergii has a limited distribution in dry prairies and sandhills from Nebraska and the Dakotas into Manitoba. It is quite similar to H. nuttallii, differing only by having ovate-lanceolate leaves and pubescent stems and phyllaries. -Helianthus californicus grows in California and northern Baja California; it is closely similar to H. nuttallii except for conspicuously larger phyllaries. Population samples of H. nuttallii were collected from its central area of distribution in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Table 1 gives the results of measurements of characters important in taxonomic
Design Through Operation of an Image-Based Velocity Estimation System for Mars Landing

During the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) landings, the Descent Image Motion Estimation System (DIMES) was used for horizontal velocity estimation. The DIMES algorithm combined measurements from a descent camera, a radar altimeter, and an inertial measurement unit. To deal with large changes in scale and orientation between descent images, the algorithm used altitude and attitude measurements to rectify images to a level ground plane. Feature selection and tracking were employed in the rectified images to compute the horizontal motion between images. Differences of consecutive motion estimates were then compared to inertial measurements to verify correct feature tracking. DIMES combined sensor data from multiple sources in a novel way to create a low-cost, robust, and computationally efficient velocity estimation solution, and DIMES was the first robotics vision system used to control a spacecraft during planetary landing. This paper presents the design and implementation of the DIMES algorithm, the assessment of the algorithm performance using a high fidelity Monte Carlo simulation, validation of performance using field test data and the detailed results from the two landings on Mars. DIMES was used successfully during both MER landings. In the case of Spirit, had DIMES not been used onboard, the total velocity would have been at the limits of the airbag capability. Fortunately, DIMES computed the actual steady state horizontal velocity and it was used by the thruster firing logic to reduce the total velocity prior to landing. For Opportunity, DIMES computed the correct velocity, and the velocity was small enough that the lander performed no action to remove it.
Uncertainty Quantification in CO2 Sequestration Using Surrogate Models from Polynomial Chaos Expansion

In this paper, surrogate models are built iteratively using polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) and detailed numerical simulations of a carbon sequestration system. Output variables from a numerical simulator are approximated as polynomial functions of uncertain parameters. Once generated, PCE representations can be used in place of the numerical simulator and often decrease simulation times by several orders of magnitude. However, PCE models are expensive to derive unless the number of terms in the expansion is moderate, which requires a relatively small number of uncertain variables and a low degree of expansion. To cope with this limitation, instead of using a classical full expansion at each step of an iterative PCE construction method, we introduce a mixed-integer programming (MIP) formulation to identify the best subset of basis terms in the expansion. This approach makes it possible to keep the number of terms small in the expansion. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is then performed by substituting the va...
ALBERT EINSTEIN: THE METHODOLOGICAL UNITY UNDERLYING SCIENCE AND RELIGION

Strange is our situation here upon the earth. Each of us comes for a short visit, not knowing why, yet sometimes seeming to divine a purpose.1
In Favor of the Hybrid Stage 1 as the Initial Palliation for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

There are many reasons to consider using the Hybrid Stage 1 procedure as the initial palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. It allows all options for treatment, including a delayed traditional approach, as well as a platform to evolve our overall approach to this challenging heart defect.
Analytical Solutions for Effective Axial Mechanical Properties of Active Fiber Composites

This work presents analytical solutions for the effective axial mechanical properties of the active fiber composites with different geometries, e.g., circular and rectangular cross-sections, and while the properties of the constituent materials are considered to be generally orthotropic. Analytical exact solutions of the effective longitudinal Young's moduli and major Poisson's ratios are obtained for two different geometries of a 2-phase composite model composed of orthotropic materials. Finite element analyses (FEAs) are also performed to verify the obtained analytical exact solutions. Excellent agreements are achieved between the results obtained from both techniques. Finally, the effective mechanical properties calculated from analytical solutions for the modeled geometrical configurations are compared.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The cost of sexual coercion and heterospecific sexual harassment on the fecundity of a host-specific, seed-eating insect ( Neacoryphus bicrucis )

Two species of seed-eating true bugs, Neacoryphus bicrucis (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) and Margus obscurator (Heteroptera: Coreidae) co-occur on ragwort, Senecio tomentosus, in southern Georgia, USA. Males of both species sometimes engage in chases and protracted grappling with females that flee initial mountings. Sometimes genital coupling occurs while the wriggling female is restrained in the male's grasp. Chases, grappling, and mounting attempts are misdirected toward heterospecific females, heterospecific males, or conspecific males. In a laboratory study, confinement of mated N. bicrucis females with either conspecific or heterospecific males reduced fecundity by approximately one-half relative to mated females confined only with other females. Perhaps as a consequence of this, N. bicrucis females frequently leave areas of high host plant density, where they prefer to oviposit, when males are abundant. The abundance of each species is positively correlated with host plant density but the two species rarely occur together on the same plants. This may be an effect of heterospecific courtship which induces the flight of N. bicrucis more than the flight of M. obscurator. The laboratory results suggest that copulations following chases and grappling represent sexual harassment, not a mechanism of active female choice for a vigorous mate. As sexual harassment imposes high fitness costs that favor abandonment of host plants, it may, when misdirected, incidentally limit habitat use by ecologically similar species.
Analytical Characterization of Synthetic Lubricants

Analytical methods for determining composition of new and used synthetic lubricants have been developed as an important part of the Army's lubrication research effort. A logical approach for the systematic analysis of lubricants has been applied to a wide variety of selected military and commercial lubricants. Hybrid lubricant blends of synthetic hydrocarbons, esters, and mineral oils have been separated and analyzed through the combined use of spectroscopy and chromatography. Ester fractions have been further evaluated by chemical hydrolysis and derivatization to determine exact composition of the parent acidic and alcoholic components. While characterization of lubricants to include more detailed additive composition is not yet complete, expanded analytical approaches to provide compositional information for improved base stock definition have been enhanced. Presented at the 32nd Annual Meeting in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, May 9–12, 1977
Mecamylamine pretreatment increases subsequent nicotine self-administration as indicated by changes in plasma nicotine level

Acute administration of mecamylamine, a centrally active nicotinic cholinergic agonist, has been shown to increase amount of smoking as indicated by smoking topography (e.g., puff rate, puff duration), expired carbon monoxide changes, and other inferential measures. In the present study, subjects showed significantly greater increases in plasma nicotine following smoking of two high-nicotine research cigarettes when pretreated with mecamylamine than when pretreated with placebo, even though no significant differences in puff volume or puff number were detected. Interestingly, none of our subjects reported nausea, although some achieved plasma nicotine levels at which nausea would typically be expected. We attribute the observed increases in nicotine intake to compensatory behavior designed to overcome mecamylamine's blocking effects.
A Source of Doubly Ionized Helium

A magnetron type of low voltage arc has been designed to produce doubly charged helium ions by multiple electron impact. A magnetic field parallel to the axis of a cylindrical cathode makes it possible to operate the arc in pure helium with one ampere arc current and an arc drop of 50 to 100 volts, at a pressure of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ mm. Ions are drawn out of the arc and focused on an ion gun by an auxiliary cathode fitted with a spherical grid. When the ion beam is analyzed with a mass spectrograph it is found that about 5 percent of the ions have a ratio of mass to charge equal to 2. At least part of these are $\mathrm{H}_{2}^{+}$ ions appearing as an impurity which cannot be eliminated. However, with an ion beam of one milliampere which could be readily drawn from the arc, there is evidence to indicate that about 2 percent, or 20 microamperes, would consist of doubly ionized helium which would be available for nuclear investigations.
The Effects of Parental Nonstandard Work Schedules on Adolescents’ Academic Achievement in Dual-Earner Households in South Korea

A growing body of research has explored the degree to which nonstandard work schedules affect workers and their families. However, relatively few studies to date have examined the relationship between parental nonstandard work schedules and adolescents’ academic achievement, and even less attention has been paid to Asian populations. This study aimed to examine the effects of parental nonstandard work schedules on adolescents’ academic achievement in South Korea. We analyzed 1100 dual-earner households with middle-school students from the 2011 and 2012 Korean Child and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS). Results from a cross-sectional ordinary least squares regression and regression with a lagged dependent variable showed that fathers’ nonstandard work schedules were significantly associated with poorer academic achievement in math, while mothers’ nonstandard work schedules were not. In the fixed effects model, however, the negative relationship between fathers’ nonstandard work schedules and adolescents’ academic achievement became only marginally significant. These results provide suggestive evidence that the negative effect of parental nonstandard work schedules on South Korean adolescents’ academic achievement may be due, at least in part, to selection bias. Unobserved differences between standard and nonstandard shift fathers and their adolescents might have biased the estimates from the cross-sectional regression and regression with lagged dependent variable. This implies that future studies on the impact of nonstandard work schedules need to employ robust methods to minimize selection bias.
Hydration and Crosslinking Effects on the Elastic and Viscoelastic Properties of Collagen Scaffolds

Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body. It plays critical roles in many supporting and connecting tissues such as tendon, ligament, bone, blood vessels, skin, etc. Collagen gels prepared from commercially available collagen solutions mimic the in vivo environment and have been widely used as three-dimensional (3-D) tissue scaffolds for cell culture. Collagen thin film is the dehydrated form of collagen gel. A number of studies have examined the cell-collagen thin film interactions (1, 2). As a biphasic material, collagen scaffolds contain a solid phase which represents by collagen fiber network and an interstitial fluid phase (3). This special structure makes collagen a viscoelastic material. Viscoelasticity is related to force or energy storage, transmission and dissipation in tissues and has a great influence on the growth and development of cells (4).Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Evaluating and selecting mobile health apps: strategies for healthcare providers and healthcare organizations

Mobile applications (apps) to improve health are proliferating, but before healthcare providers or organizations can recommend an app to the patients they serve, they need to be confident the app will be user-friendly and helpful for the target disease or behavior. This paper summarizes seven strategies for evaluating and selecting health-related apps: (1) Review the scientific literature, (2) Search app clearinghouse websites, (3) Search app stores, (4) Review app descriptions, user ratings, and reviews, (5) Conduct a social media query within professional and, if available, patient networks, (6) Pilot the apps, and (7) Elicit feedback from patients. The paper concludes with an illustrative case example. Because of the enormous range of quality among apps, strategies for evaluating them will be necessary for adoption to occur in a way that aligns with core values in healthcare, such as the Hippocratic principles of nonmaleficence and beneficence.
Use and Predictors of Out-of-Home Placements Within Systems of Care:

This article examines out-of-home placements for youth with mental health problems in community-based systems of care. Longitudinal data come from the national evaluation of the Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services for Children and Their Families Program. One third of youth residing at home when they enrolled in the system of care were placed out of home during the 2-year follow-up period. As expected, youth who were placed out of home displayed more problems, fewer strengths, and more risk factors than youth who remained at home. However, results suggested few differences between youth placed in foster care and those placed in more restrictive settings. In addition, there was increased placement instability for Hispanic and older youth. Findings suggest that out-of-home placements remain a common component in systems of care. This suggests the immediate need for additional work on effectiveness of these settings for youth within systems of care.
Children's Age-Related Intellectual Strategies for Dealing with Musical and Spatial Analogical Tasks.

The authors of this study sought to determine whether there is an age-related, common level of logic underlying responses to musical and spatial analogical tasks and to characterize these levels of logic in terms of similar intellectual strategies. Children (N = 128) ranging in age from 6.5 to 12.5 years old were individually tested using author-designed Spatial Analogy Tasks (SANTs) and Musical Analogy Tasks (MANTs). Analyses of results indicated that (a) a sequential nature exists in a child's development of musical intellectual strategies; (b) this sequential development in music seems to parallel an age-related sequence in other areas of understanding (i.e., spatial concepts); and (c) a parallel, rather than identical, sequence between musical analogical reasoning and spatial analogical reasoning may be due to the complexity of musical concepts. That is, the musical tasks may have created a conceptual “overload” for this population of subjects.
Bluff-body aerodynamics influence on transport and diffusion

Abstract Atmospheric turbulence may cause only weak dispersive effects compared to the turbulence generated by buildings, obstacles, and terrain. Yet the magnitude of the perturbed flow will in turn depend upon the incident flow turbulence scale and intensity, details of the obstacle shape and surface roughness, and the size of the obstacle compared to the boundary layer depth. Hence, the size and character of a dispersion plume frequently depends upon the shape and intensity of motion within separated flow regions about the obstacle and the stationarity or unsteadiness of these secondary flow fields. The diffusive character of a gas plume released in such situations can be described in terms of its mean concentration profile, the rate of decay of maximum concentrations, the growth in profile width or depth scales, and its statistical variability.
ACCESS: design and preliminary performance

ACCESS, Absolute Color Calibration Experiment for Standard Stars, is a series of rocket-borne sub-orbital missions and ground-based experiments designed to enable improvements in the precision of the astrophysical flux scale through the transfer of absolute laboratory detector standards from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to a network of stellar standards with a calibration accuracy of 1% and a spectral resolving power of 500 across the 0.35.1.7μm bandpass. Establishing improved spectrophotometric standards is important for a broad range of missions and is relevant to many astrophysical problems. Systematic errors associated with problems such as dark energy now compete with the statistical errors and thus limit our ability to answer fundamental questions in astrophysics. The ACCESS design, calibration strategy, and an updated preliminary performance estimate are discussed.
Social Contact Patterns and Satisfaction with Retirement of Women in Dual-Career/Earner Families

The authors conducted an empirical study in 1990 of 611 mature women in dual-career/earner families who are retired from a work position in the field of education. We test twelve hypotheses that relate frequency of contact, kind of social contact and perceived gap between desired and frequency of actual social contact to satisfaction with women's timing of retirement and leisure. Nine of the twelve hypotheses were confirmed. Women who have more frequent and a greater variety of social contact are more satisfied with the timing of their retirement and their leisure than those who have less contact. The wider the gap between desired and actual frequency contact with specific groups the less satisfied will women be with their leisure experience, their amount of leisure time, and their timing of retirement.
Model combining in factorial data analysis

We study the properties of a model combining method, ARM (adaptive regression by mixing), in the ANOVA framework. We propose model instability measures as a guide to the appropriateness of model combining in applications. We further systematically investigate the relationship between ARM performance and the underlying model structure. We propose an approach to evaluating the importance of factors based on the combined estimates. A theoretical risk bound on the combined estimator is also obtained.
Analysis of Effect of Crack Interaction on Nature of Strength Loss in Thermally Shocked Brittle Ceramics

A fracture mechanics analysis is presented to study the effect of collinear crack interaction on the crack stability and propagation behavior in a brittle material subjected to thermal stress failure. It is shown that collinear crack interaction may result in crack coalescence and complete failure.
Formal Analysis of Device-Delay Error in User-Device Interaction under Uncertainty

Device-delay errors in interactive systems is critical in modeling user-interfaces. A novel formalism is created to model device-delay using a resource-based approach. The formalism is able to incorporate uncertainty in device-delay for interactive systems.
Of Scapegoats and Signals Investor Reactions to CEO Succession in the Aftermath of Wrongdoing

If an organization’s management is caught in the act of misconduct, it may call for a changing of the guard. Surprisingly, though, there is little empirical evidence examining the presumed benefits of executive turnover in the aftermath of wrongdoing. In this study, we explore investor reactions to CEO turnover following financial misrepresentation. We theorize and find that firms can be successful at managing investor reactions to organizational misconduct by either scapegoating or signaling change, but middle-ground approaches that do not commit to one or the other are less successful. We test our ideas in a firm-level event study of market reactions to CEO successions following a material financial statement restatement. We discuss the results, which generally support our predictions, and their implications for development of the scapegoating and signaling literatures and research on both executive succession and restoring corrupt organizations.
Designing optimal railroad operating plans: Lagrangian relaxation and heuristic approaches

Abstract Railroad managers must determine (1) which pairs of terminals are to be provided with direct train connections, (2) the frequency of service, (3) how the individual cars are routed through the available configuration of trains and intermediate terminals, and (4) how cars are physically grouped or “blocked” within trains. The objective is to minimize the sum of train costs, car time costs, and classification yard costs, while not exceeding limits on train size and yard volumes. These decisions are modeled as a mixed-integer programming problem, where the decision to operate a given train connection corresponds to 0–1 variable. With no limits on train size, the model can be solved very efficiently using Lagrangian relaxation. If the solution contains some overloaded trains, which is likely, heuristic adjustments are necessary to obtain a feasible operating plan.
Research Review: The Shared Environment as a Key Source of Variability in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology

Background: Behavioral genetic research has historically concluded that the more important environmental influences were nonshared or result in differences between siblings, whereas environmental influences that create similarities between siblings (referred to as shared environmental influences) were indistinguishable from zero. Recent theoretical and meta-analytic work {Burt. Psychological Bulletin [135 (2009) 608]} has challenged this conclusion as it relates to child and adolescent psychopathology, however, arguing that the shared environment is a moderate, persistent, and identifiable source of individual differences in such outcomes prior to adulthood. Methods: The current review seeks to bolster research on the shared environment by highlighting both the logistic advantages inherent in studies of the shared environment, as well as the use of nontraditional but still genetically informed research designs to study shared environmental influences. Results: Although often moderate in magnitude prior to adulthood and free of unsystematic measurement error, shared environmental influences are nevertheless likely to have been underestimated in prior research. Moreover, the shared environment is likely to include proximal effects of the family, as well as the effects of more distal environmental contexts such as neighborhood and school. These risk and protective factors could influence the child either as main effects or as moderators of genetic influence (i.e. gene-environment interactions). Finally, because the absence of genetic relatedness in an otherwise nonindependent dataset also qualifies as ‘genetically informed’, studies of the shared environment are amenable to the use of novel and non-traditional designs (with appropriate controls for selection). Conclusions: The shared environment makes important contributions to most forms of child and adolescent psychopathology. Empirical examinations of the shared environment would thus be of real and critical value for understanding the development and persistence of common mental health issues prior to adulthood. Keywords: Shared environment, genetics, genetically informed studies, internalizing, externalizing.
The structure of internists' attitudes toward psychosocial factors in patient care

Abstract Through observations of liaison intervention on an acute medical inpatient service, the authors question the dichotomous biomedical/biopsychosocial conceptualization of medical care. They posit a hierarchy of attitudinal constructs employed by physicians in their work with patients and study these through the use of questionnaires and semistructured interviews. Efforts at validating data are described, and it is suggested that an understanding of the range of physicians' attitudes is important to enhance educational efforts in liaison psychiatry.
Scanning electron microscopic study of the sacculus and lagena in several deep-sea fishes.

The ultrastructure of the sacculus and lagena, two otolithic organs involved in audition, was studied in seven species of bathypelagic and mesopelagic fishes representing a taxonomically diverse sampling of Division-III teleost fishes. The saccular macula in each species had hair cells oriented in four directions, with cells on the rostral part of the macula oriented anteriorly and posteriorly, and those on the caudal end of the macula oriented dorsally and ventrally. The most significant variation from this pattern was in a Gadiform fish, Bregmaceros sp., which also had additional groups of horizontally oriented cells on the posterior end of the macula. The lagenar macula in each species had very similar hair cell orientation patterns, there being dorsally oriented cells on the anterior side of the macula and ventrally oriented cells on the posterior side. The only exception to this pattern was in Ectreposebastes, in which the two groups of cells were oriented towards one another. Significantly, the predominant ciliary bundles on the sensory hair cells of the saccular maculae, and to a slightly lesser degree on the lagenar maculae, were quite similar in almost all species. The bundles had a single long kinocilium and graded stereocilia, the longest of which were almost as long as the kinocilium. This pattern is far less frequently found in shallow water fishes. These data further demonstrate that the hair cells oriented in four directions on the saccular macula may be ubiquitous among all teleost fishes other than the Ostariophysi. The data also lead to the suggestion that the elongate ciliary bundle may be adaptive to certain features of life in deep water.
A new DNA polymerase activity of Escherichia coli. I. Purification and properties of the activity present in E. coli polAl

Abstract A new DNA polymerase activity present in cells of Escherichia coli has been purified to homogeneity from E. coli polAl. The new enzyme (polymerase II) differs from the previously described polymerase (polymerase I) in chromatographic properties, sensitivity to sulfhydryl-blocking agents, response to antibody, and template requirements.
A Scoping Review of Treatments for Older Adults with Substance Use Problems

Objectives:To identify effective treatment services for older, substance-using adults, an examination of the evidence associated with interventions for this group is presented.Methods:Using explici...
Accurate modeling of single-particle cryo-EM images quantitates the benefits expected from using Zernike phase contrast.

Abstract The use of a Zernike-type phase plate in biologic cryo-electron microscopy allows the imaging, without using defocus, of what are predominantly phase objects. It is thought that such phase-plate implementations might result in higher quality images, free from the problems of CTF correction that occur when images must be recorded at extremely high values of defocus. In single-particle cryo-electron microscopy it is hoped that these improvements in image quality will facilitate work on structures that have proved difficult to study, either because of their relatively small size or because the structures are not completely homogeneous. There is still a need, however, to quantitate how much improvement can be gained by using a phase plate for single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. We present a method for quantitatively modeling the images recorded with 200 keV electrons, for single particles embedded in vitreous ice. We then investigate what difference the use of a phase-plate device could have on the processing of single-particle data. We confirm that using a phase plate results in single-particle datasets in which smaller molecules can be detected, particles can be more accurately aligned and problems of heterogeneity can be more easily addressed.
Digital image processing of electron micrographs: the PIC system-III.

The PIC system is an integrated package of image processing software written in Fortran and C. Throughout its 16 years of continuous development, PIC has been designed for the processing of electron micrographs with emphasis on the particular requirements for structural analysis of biological macromolecules. PIC has been implemented on successive generations of Digital Equipment Corporation dedicated minicomputers and workstations. The latest version, PIC-III, runs on Alpha workstations and represents a substantial upgrading in functionality compared with PIC-II, the VAX version previously described (B.L. Trus et al. (1992), Scanning Microsc. Suppl. 6, 441-451). PIC now possesses an X-windows menu-driven graphical user interface that many be utilized from both local or remote X-window terminals or workstations. Other new features include dynamic memory allocation; an open systems approach to interfacing with other image processing software packages; interface options with visualization software; and programs to reconstruct three-dimensional density maps of both helical filaments and free-standing particles with and without symmetry.
Optimisation of nonlinear optical rectification in linearly graded AlGaAs quantum wells

A simple analysis is presented to show that nonlinear optical rectification can be significantly enhanced by proper choice of composition gradient in linearly graded AlGaAs quantum wells. Numerical results of such an optimisation of nonlinear optical rectification at 10.6 μm are presented.
Editorial: Pancreatic Cysts: More Answers, More Questions

Management of incidental pancreatic cysts has been a conundrum for the clinician owing to uncertain implications for the presence of cancer or progression to pancreatic malignancy. Asymptomatic pancreatic cysts are being detected in increasing numbers, especially in elderly patients getting radiologic imaging studies for evaluation of other non-pancreatic symptoms and signs. As a result, various radiologic, endoscopic, and pathologic criteria have been developed to help stratify the risk of malignancy in these patients and optimize strategies for patient care including surveillance or resection. In this issue, Wu and co-workers (Am J Gastroenterol, this issue) present their study assessing the prediction of malignancy in cystic neoplasms of the pancreas.
Appreciating life’s complexities: Assessing narrative ego integrity in late midlife

Abstract Based on Erik Erikson’s written work, we developed a measure of ego integrity in which participants’ narratives can be coded and used in both qualitative and quantitative analyses. We suggest that this measure enables a nuanced assessment of ego integrity in which people express their thoughts about their lives in their own words. In two independent samples of women aged 62 ( N = 58 and N = 70), this measure demonstrated convergent validity with Ryff and Heincke’s [Ryff, C. D., & Heincke, S. G. (1983). Subjective organization of personality in adulthood and aging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44 (4), 807–816.] close-ended measure of ego integrity. Further, it was significantly related to regret resolution and overall well-being, providing evidence of construct validity. Finally, analyses of four participants’ profiles suggest that the narrative measure captures elements of ego integrity that the close-ended measure does not.
Chinese teachers' attitudes toward teaching physical activity and fitness

In this study we examined Chinese physical educators' attitudes toward teaching physical activity and fitness. We then compared the Chinese teacher attitudes to their American counterparts. Participants were 330 Chinese elementary, middle and high school physical educators. The Teachers' Attitudes Toward Curriculum in Physical Education (TATCPE) instrument was used to gather data. One‐way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests indicated that the Chinese teachers scored significantly higher on the self‐actualization and physical activity/fitness than the motor skill development and social development outcome goals. The MANOVA on motor skill development, physical activity/fitness, self‐actualization and social development outcome goals showed no significant differences for gender, teaching level, or years of teaching experience among the Chinese teachers. Teachers from both countries, however, considered all four domain areas to be important outcome goals. Despite cultural differences, Chines...
Metal templated receptors for the effective complexation of dicarboxylates

Abstract In this paper we show that a thiourea-functionalized terpyridine unit can be induced to form, in the presence of ruthenium (II), a well-ordered recognition site for dicarboxylate ions. Strong binding to the self-assembled receptor can be followed by 1 H NMR in DMSO and association constants of >10 4 M −1 were measured in certain cases.
Guided-wave based damage detection method for various materials using piezoelectric sensors/actuators

In this study, the guided wave technique is applied to nondestructively assess the damage in various engineering materials, like alumina, laminated composites, and composite sandwiches. A combined theoretical, numerical and experimental investigation of the pulse-echo method using piezoelectric sensors and actuators is conducted. The dispersion effect of wave guides on these materials is first analyzed, and the transient propagation process of wave guides and its interaction with inside damages are then numerically simulated. The implementations of the pulse echo method are illustrated in experimental testing and damage detection of aluminum beams, carbon/epoxy laminated composite plates, and composite sandwich beams. In particular, the experimental results on damage detection of the composite sandwich beams are reported and discussed. As illustrated in this study, the pulse-echo method combined with piezoelectric material can be used effectively to locate damage in various engineering materials and structures.
Information processing deficits in anhedonia and perceptual aberration: A psychophysiological analysis

Building on recent reports of psychophysiological deviance in two groups believed to be at risk for psychosis, the present study sought to identify corresponding cognitive deviance in these groups. Subjects defined according to Chapman's questionnaires on physical anhedonia (n = 16) and perceptual aberration (n = 16) were tested in an auditory discrimination task while brain wave and autonomic activity was monitored. Although the discrimination performance of at-risk subjects equaled that of controls (n = 16), significant group differences occurred in event-related brain potential and heart rate responses. Interpreted within an information processing model of the discrimination task, these results suggest a deficit in the use of memory templates by anhedonics, for which they can compensate if given adequate stimulus input.
The Role of the Adaptive Immune Response in the Protection of Adult Mice Exposed to Recombinant Exfoliative Toxin A of Staphylococus aureus

The Role of the Adaptive Immune Response in the Protection of Adult Mice Exposed to Recombinant Exfoliative Toxin A of Staphylococus aureus
Metal-Promoted Oxidative π-Conjugation and Coupling of Substituted-Fulvalene-Type Ligands: Synthesis and Crystal Structures of π-Conjugated C24H12(SiMe3)2 and the Dimer [C24H13(SiMe3)2]2

The oxidation of the substituted-fulvalene dianion with group 13 metal halides yields dark green crystals of the stable π-conjugated fulvalene C24H12(SiMe3)2. Reaction of the fulvalene monoanion wi...