cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrologic, water-quality, and biological data for three water bodies, Texas Gulf Coastal Plain, 2000-2002

Abstract : During July 2000 September 2002, the U.S. Geological Survey collected and analyzed site-specific hydrologic, water-quality, and biological data in Dickinson Bayou, Armand Bayou, and the San Bernard River in the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas. Segments of the three water bodies are on the State 303(d) list. Continuous monitoring showed that seasonal variations in water temperature, specific conductance, pH, and dissolved oxygen in all three water bodies were similar to those observed at U.S. Geological Survey stations along the Texas Gulf Coast. In particular, water temperature and dissolved oxygen are inversely related. Periods of smallest dissolved oxygen concentrations generally occurred in the summer months when water temperatures were highest. Water quality monitors were deployed at three depths in Dickinson Bayou. For periodically collected nutrients, the median concentration of ammonia nitrogen was largest in Dickinson Bayou and smallest in the San Bernard River. Median concentrations of ammonia plus organic nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, and orthophosphorus were largest in Armand Bayou. The median concentration of each of the four nutrients was larger for high-flow samples than for low-flow samples. The largest individual nutrient concentrations occurred during spring and summer. Both median and individual concentrations of chlorophyll-a were largest for Armand Bayou; median concentrations of pheophyton were similar for all three water bodies, and individual concentrations were largest for Armand Bayou. Median densities of fecal coliform bacteria and E. coli bacteria were similar for all three water bodies. Flow conditions had minimal effect on concentrations of chlorophyll-a and pheophytin, but the largest bacteria densities were in samples collected during high flow. Yields of most nutrients tended to increase with distance downstream. Yields in the San Bernard River and tributaries were less than yields in Dickinson and Armand Bayous.
Intracellular Trafficking of AMPA-Type Glutamate Receptors

AMPA receptors are one of the most dynamic components of excitatory synapses. They are responsible for most excitatory transmission in the brain, and therefore, their presence at synapses is tightly controlled. We now know that AMPA receptors reach their synaptic targets after a complicated intracellular trafficking pathway, in which almost every step is subject to precise regulation. In particular, neuronal activity is able to trigger the addition or removal of AMPA receptors at synapses, leading to long-lasting forms of synaptic plasticity known as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). This chapter summarizes our current knowledge of the intracellular trafficking of AMPA receptors, and its relation to synaptic function and plasticity.
Visualization of pulmonary clearance mechanisms via noninvasive optical imaging validated by near-infrared flow cytometry.

In vivo optical imaging with near-infrared (NIR) probes is an established method of diagnostics in preclinical and clinical studies. However, the specificities of these probes are difficult to validate ex vivo due to the lack of NIR flow cytometry. To address this limitation, we modified a flow cytometer to include an additional NIR channel using a 752 nm laser line. The flow cytometry system was tested using NIR microspheres and cell lines labeled with a combination of visible range and NIR fluorescent dyes. The approach was verified in vivo in mice evaluated for immune response in lungs after intratracheal delivery of the NIR contrast agent. Flow cytometry of cells obtained from the lung bronchoalveolar lavage demonstrated that the NIR dye was taken up by pulmonary macrophages as early as four-hours post-injection. This combination of optical imaging with NIR flow cytometry extends the capability of imaging and enables complementation of in vivo imaging with cell-specific studies.
Unconscious bias in the suppressive policing of Black and Latino men and boys: neuroscience, Borderlands theory, and the policymaking quest for just policing

This article applies neuroscience and Borderlands theory to reveal how unconscious bias currently stabilizes suppressive policing practices in America despite new efforts at reform. Illustrative cases are offered from Oakland and Santa Barbara, California, with a focus on civil gang injunctions (CGIs) and youth gang suppression. Theoretical analysis of these cases reveals how the unconscious biases of validity illusions and framing effects operate despite the best intentions of law enforcement personnel. Such unconscious or implicit biases create contradictions between the stated beliefs and actions of law enforcement. In turn, these unintended self-contradictions then work to the detriment of Latino and Black boys. The analysis here also extends to how unconscious biases and unintended self-contradictions can influence municipal policymaking in favor of suppressive police tactics such as CGIs, thereby displacing evidence-based policies that are proven to be far more effective. The article concludes with ...
Development of a project management model for a government research and development organization

This article presents the results of an undergraduate project to develop a project management model for integration into a government research and development (GR&D) organization. The project was divided into three main phases: literature review, creation and execution of an organizational culture survey, and the development of a project management model compatible with GR&D organizations. It was found that, although there are cultural gaps between the GR&D and project management cultures, it is possible to bridge these gaps by a combination of training, organizational structure, and the application of project management techniques blended to match the type of research project and fundamental cultural assumptions.
Probability distribution of particles created by a black hole

It has been demonstrated by Hawking that a spherical black hole formed by collapse will create particles, and that the average number of outgoing particles created in each mode satisfies a thermal distribution law. Recently, Wald has shown that the probability distribution of the number of outgoing particles in each mode, and not only the average number, obeys the thermal distribution law. In this paper, we give a simpler and more direct derivation of the blackbody probability distribution of the emitted particles.
Effect of Gold on the Reliability of Fine Pitch Surface Mount Solder Joints

The effect of gold (Au) on the reliability of 0.65 mm pitch surface mount solder joints between plastic quad flat packs and Cu‐Ni‐Au FR‐4 printed circuit boards was investigated. Cu‐Ni‐Au is a desirable printed circuit board finish for multi‐chip modules or printed circuit boards that would otherwise require a selective Au finish, for example for edge connectors or wire bondable parts. However, Au is known to embrittle solder when it is present in sufficiently high concentrations, creating a concern that solder joint fatigue life in service will also be adversely affected. This paper reports the results of mechanical shock, mechanical vibration and thermal cycling testing of fine pitch solder joints containing varying amounts of Au. Tests were performed on as‐soldered joints and on joints that had been heat‐treated to evolve the microstructure towards equilibrium. The tests were designed to accelerate in‐service conditions in a typical industrial environment. Under these conditions, the Au concentrations tested did not promote solder joint failures. Microstructural characterisation of the distribution and morphology of the Au‐, Ni‐ and Cu‐Sn intermetallics in the joint before and after accelerated testing was also performed. On the basis of these observations it is recommended that the Au concentration in solder joints between plastic quad flat packs and Cu‐Ni‐Au FR‐4 printed circuit boards not exceed 3.0 wt.%.
Association between exposure to household cigarette smoking behavior and cigarette smoking in Hispanic adults: Findings from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

Abstract Background Cigarette smoking behavior is highly determined by social influences during childhood and adolescence. This phenomenon has not been fully evaluated in the Hispanic/Latino population. Purpose To examine the association between exposure to household cigarette smoking behavior (HCSB) and adult cigarette smoking among a diverse Hispanic/Latino population living in four US urban centers. The effect of acculturation on cigarette smoking was also evaluated. Methods Data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) (n = 13,231, ages 18–74 years, collected between March 2008 and June 2011) were analyzed using logistic regression. Results HCSB exposure was an independent risk factor for adult current cigarette smoking in Hispanic/Latinos (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.4, 2.1) after controlling for relevant confounders including socio-demographic and cultural factors. Cubans and Puerto Ricans had the highest prevalence of HCSB exposure (59% and 47% respectively) and highest prevalence of current cigarette smoking (26% and 32%) compared with other Hispanic/Latino groups, (p Conclusions Our data suggest that exposure to HCSB in Hispanics/Latinos living in the US is an independent predictor of adult cigarette smoking, and this association appears to be strongest in Cubans and Puerto Ricans.
Torsional strength of gates glidden drills exposed to clinical conditions

Gates Glidden drills are exposed to a variety of conditions during clinical usage. These usually include canal preparation, endodontic irrigants, and sterilization procedures. All sizes 1 to 6 ( n = 5/size) were tested and the torsional fracture strength determined. There were four groups ( n = 30/group): group A, control; group B, sterilized 10 times; group C, exposed to 5.25% NaOCl during testing; and group D, sterilized 10 times and exposed to NaOCl during testing. Data were analyzed by ANOVA. Tukey-Kramer intervals at the 0.05 significance level were calculated. No significant differences were noted as a result of simulated clinical conditions. The larger diameter instruments had significantly higher torsional fracture strength.
Surgical Management of Central Pain in Persons with Spinal Cord Injury: The Dorsal Root Entry Zone (DREZ) Procedure

When conservative management of central pain in spinal cord injury (SCI) has failed to provide adequate relief, ablative surgery may be beneficial in carefully selected cases. Cordotomy and other procedures have been advocated in the past but are no longer in widespread use due to concerns about efficacy and morbidity. The standard dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) procedure is currently the primary focus of neurosurgical management of central pain, but its effectiveness is limited to at-level pain. Recently, the advent of neurophysiologically directed lesioning has been shown to improve the success rate of the DREZ technique and has expanded the indications to include below-level central pain.
Explaining Physical Activity in Children with Visual Impairments: A Family Systems Approach

Using a mixed design this study explored physical activity in children with visual impairments from a family perspective. Quantitative findings revealed varied amounts of physical activity; younger children were more active than older participants. Further, parents were involved in moderate to vigorous physical activity 0% to 21% of the time when their child with a visual impairment was active at this level. Sibling physical activity at moderate to vigorous levels occurred 11% to 53% of the time when the child with a visual impairment was active. Themes from qualitative interviews of caregivers and children that explained physical activity included transportation, family member involvement, safety, and time.
Probing cell structure by controlling the mechanical environment with cell–substrate interactions

Recent results demonstrate the exquisite sensitivity of cell morphology and structure to mechanical stimulation. Mechanical stimulation is often coupled with cell-substrate interactions that can, in turn, influence molecular response and determine cellular fates including apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation. To understand these effects as they specifically relate to compressive mechanical stimulation and topographic control, we developed a microfabricated system to grow cells on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel surfaces where we maintained compression stimulation. We also probed cellular response following compressive mechanical stimulation to PDMS substrates of varying stiffness. In these instances, we examined cytoskeletal and morphologic changes in living cells attached to our substrate following the application of localized compressive stimulation. We found that the overall morphology and cell structure, including the actin cytoskeleton, oriented in the direction of the compressive strain applied and along the topographic microchannels. Furthermore by comparing topographic response to material stiffness, we found a 40% increase in cell area for cells cultured on the microchannels versus softer PDMS as well as a decreased cell area of 30% when using softer PDMS over unmodified PDMS. These findings have implications for research in a diversity of fields including cell-material interactions, mechanotransduction, and tissue engineering.
The Effect of Fiber Microstructure on the Observed Poisson’s Ratio of Tendon and Ligament Tissue

During tensile testing along the predominant collagen fiber direction, ligament and tendon tissue exhibit large Poisson’s ratios ranging from 1.3 in capsular ligament to 2.98 in flexor tendon [1][2]. Although the microstructure of these tissues (especially fiber crimp) has been characterized, the relationship between microstructure and Poisson’s ratio is relatively unexplored. There has been debate regarding the exact nature of the characteristic crimp within tendon fibers, however the two views most present in the literature are that of planar crimp and helical crimp. The aim of this study was to perform a finite element analysis on prototypical models of fibril bundles for both forms of crimp under tensile loading conditions. It was hypothesized that planar crimp alone would be insufficient for generating large Poisson’s ratios, and that some other microstructure (such as a helix) would be required.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Variation in the relative copy number of the TLR7 gene in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and healthy control subjects

Objective To determine whether there is an increase in the number of TLR7 gene copies in patients diagnosed as having systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and whether gene amplification influences the autoantibody profiles in SLE patients, as has recently been reported in the BXSB/Yaa mouse model of lupus. Methods We used a modified real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction protocol to calculate the relative TLR7 gene copy number according to the comparative 2 method in 99 SLE patients and 91 healthy controls matched for sex and ethnicity. Autoantibody profiles were determined by standard methods. Results The relative number of TLR7 gene copies in SLE patients and healthy controls varied; however, no significant concordance between the number of relative gene copies and the SLE phenotype was found. There was also no difference in variation by ethnic group. Comparison of the relative gene copy numbers according to the presence or absence of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), the ANA staining patterns, and the presence or absence of anti-RNA–associated antigen antibody showed no statistically significant difference in the SLE patients. Conclusion We determined that although the relative gene copy number of TLR7 varied in both SLE patients and healthy controls, it was not significantly increased among our SLE patients as compared with our controls. We found no detectable trend for an association between the relative gene copy number and the autoantibody profile in SLE patients.
(Hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borato)niobium Alkyne Complexes: Dichloro and Dialkyl Derivatives and Formation of a Butadienyl Complex with an α-Agostic Interaction

A high-yield one-pot synthesis of Tp*NbCl2(alkyne) is described [Tp* = hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate; alkyne = PhC⋮CCH3 (1a), PhC⋮CCH2CH3 (1b), PhC⋮CCH2CH2CH3 (1c), CH3C⋮CCH3 (1d), PhC⋮CPh (1e)]. It involves treatment of NbCl3(DME) (DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane) with first an alkyne and then with KTp*. The dimethyl derivatives Tp*Nb(CH3)2(alkyne) (alkyne = PhC⋮CCH3 (2a), PhC⋮CCH2CH3 (2b), PhC⋮CCH2CH2CH3 (2c)) and the dibenzyl complex Tp*Nb(CH2Ph)2(PhC⋮CCH3) (3a) have been obtained from the appropriate dichloro complex and 2 equiv of either methyllithium or benzylmagnesium chloride, respectively. These 16-electron niobium(III) d2 complexes, 1a-e, 2a-c, and 3a, have been characterized spectroscopically. In all cases the alkyne is shown to occupy the molecular mirror plane. The barrier to alkyne rotation is high and could be measured only in the case of 1d (68 kJ mol-1 at 358 K). On the basis of qualitative arguments, the structure of these complexes is basically governed by steric interactions. A comp...
Lipoate metabolism in Pseudomonas putida LP: Thiolsulfinates of lipoate and bisnorlipoate

Abstract Lipoate thiolsulfinate and two bisnorlipoate thiolsulfinates, as well as the previously identified products of β-oxidation (bisnorlipoate, tetranorlipoate, and β-hydroxybisnorlipoate), were isolated and identified as catabolites of [14C]lipoate from cultures of Pseudomonas putida LP, an organism capable of growth on lipoic acid as a sole source of carbon and sulfur. The newly identified metabolites were characterized by ion-exchange and paper chromatography and infrared, ultraviolet, and mass spectroscopies. Comparison of the isolated catabolites with synthetic standards implies that the lipoic thiolsulfinate isolated is the S-1 monoxide of 1,2-dithiolane-3-valeric acid; one bisnorlipoic thiolsulfinate isolated is the S-1 monoxide, the other apparently the S-2 monoxide. Metabolic studies with P. putida show that lipoate thiolsulfinate is taken up by this microorganism in an energy-dependent process, but less readily than lipoate; lipoate thiolsulfinate supports oxygen consumption in short-term experiments but does not support growth. These results are interpreted as meaning that the thiolsulfinates are “dead-end” metabolites, not intermediates in the sulfur metabolism of this organism. Lipoate thiolsulfinate is not detectably β-oxidized to bisnorlipoate thiolsulfinate under the usual culture conditions.
Ganglioglioma and Intractable Epilepsy: Clinical and Neurophysiologic Features and Predictors of Outcome After Surgery

Summary: Purpose: To review the clinical, neurophysiologic, and radiological data of patients with ganglioglioma who had undergone evaluation and surgery in our Epilepsy Program. Methods: The medical and neurophysiologic records of 38 patients with intractable epilepsy and ganglioglioma were re- viewed. Data underwent statistical analysis. Results: There were 28 temporal and 10 extratemporal resections, with a mean age at seizure onset of 10.5 years and mean age at surgery of 22 years. Five tumor resections performed earlier were recorded. Twenty-nine patients had auras and 20 had secondarily generalized seizures. All 28 patients with temporal tumor had complex partial seizures. Preoperative MRI demonstrated the tumor in 36 of 36 patients: 17 of 29 demonstrated gadolinium enhancement, and 17 of 36 had mass effect. Scalp interictal sharp waves were present in 32 patients, and in 15 they were multiregional. In two patients, scalp EEG seizure onset was from the hemisphere contralateral to the tumor. Postoperatively, 79% of patients (30 of 38) were seizure-free (Engel's class I) at 6 months, 72% at 1 year (26 of 36), and 63% at 2 years (20 of 32). Excellent outcome was associated with a lower age at operation (p = 0.008), shorter duration of epilepsy (p = <0.01), absence of generalized seizures (p = <0.01), and no epileptiform discharges on a postoperative EEG (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Good surgical outcome is expected in patients with ganglioglioma despite years of medically resistant seizures. Good outcome may be achieved despite EEG findings that may conflict with tumor location, and is more likely when surgery is performed relatively soon after epilepsy onset.
Calpain-Induced Proteolysis of Normal Human Tau and Tau Associated with Paired Helical Filaments

The major components of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in Alzheimer's disease are bundles of paired helical filaments (PHF) which are primarily composed of highly phosphorylated tau proteins (PHF-tau). To further understand the mechanism of PHF accumulation in NFT, we examined the calpain-induced proteolysis of highly purified and primarily non-aggregated PHF and normal tau proteins with various contents of phosphate isolated from either fetal (F-tau) or adult human brain (N-tau). The extent of proteolysis was determined by decreases in tau immunoreactivity using Western-blot analysis and a panel of site-specific tau antibodies (Alz 50, Tau-2, Tau 14, Tau-1, AT8, E-11, AH-1 and PHF-1). We found that full-size polypeptides of N-tau and F-tau were similarly and rapidly proteolyzed in vitro by calpain (calpain II, 3.3 units/mg protein) during a 10-min incubation at 30 degrees C, and that their half lives (t1/2) were 1.5 min and 1.8 min, respectively. Analysis of immunoblots suggests that full-length polypeptides of tau are first degraded into large fragments similar in size to that generated endogenously, then into smaller fragments. Since both endogenous and in-vitro-generated tau fragments retained N-terminal epitopes, the results suggest that most of the calpain-sensitive sites may be located in the C-terminal half of the tau molecule. In contrast, PHF were extremely resistant to degradation and only a fivefold higher concentration of calpain (16.7 units/mg protein) induced partial proteolysis of PHF. A major calpain-generated fragment was a 45-kDa polypeptide derived from the C-terminal region of PHF-tau, which forms a core of filaments. The results suggest that the inaccessibility of potential calpain-digestion sites in the filament core could contribute to the resistance of PHF to calpain and subsequently lead to the accumulation of PHF in Alzheimer's disease. The results also suggest that hyperphosphorylation of tau may be marginally involved in the resistance of PHF to degradation by calpain. Ultrastructural examination revealed that, in contrast to previous studies with trypsin, calpain did not alter the morphologic appearance of filaments; after incubation with calpain, the majority of PHF remained short and disperse and the number of PHF aggregated into NFT-like clusters was not significantly increased. The results suggest that the role of calpain in promoting the aggregation and clustering of filaments is limited.
Estimation of mixing proportions via distance between characteristic functions

The weighted and integrated squared error between the sample characteristic function and the assumed characteristic function is shown to be an effective procedure for estimation of mixing proportions. For a particular form of the weighting, this procedure is equivalent to that of minimization with respect to the mixing proportions of the integrated squared error between a density and its kernel estimate. The efficiency, mean squared error, and ease of computation properties of this procedure are compared against those of several competitors.
The use of Mosher derivatives for the determination of the absolute configuration of substituted isoxazolidines

Abstract Isoxazolidines serve as intermediates in the synthesis of natural products. In addition, they can display significant biological activity, much of which derives from their ability to act as nucleoside analogues. As a result, considerable effort has been applied toward the asymmetric synthesis of isoxazolidines. However, a rapid and straightforward method for determination of the absolute configuration of isoxazolidines has not yet been reported. Herein we report the application of Mosher derivatives for the determination of the absolute configuration of substituted isoxazolidines. The Mosher derivatives exhibit conformational behavior similar to the Mosher derivatives of cyclic secondary amines. Interpretation of the chemical shift anisotropy, with these conformational biases in mind, can be used for the assignment of the absolute configuration of substituted isoxazolidines.
Wetland ecosystem services and coupled socioeconomic benefits through conservation practices in the Appalachian Region

The adjacency of agriculture and water resources is, perhaps, nowhere more prevalent than it is in Appalachia, USA. Agricultural activities have documented impacts on the ability of wetlands and other aquatic systems to provide ecosystem services; in order to diminish and/or mitigate these impacts, the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) carries out resource assessment and place-based conservation planning on agricultural lands. We contend that a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of restoration of wetland ecosystem services within an agricultural landscape should include both ecological and socioeconomic metrics, as follows: (1) the amount and type of ecosystem services most at risk, and restored by NRCS conservation program investment; (2) a spatially based assessment of the replacement/addition of ecosystem services from both an ecological and a socioeconomic perspective; and (3) consideration of ecosystem service replacement in context with adjacent land use and population dynamics as a preliminary consideration of differential value. We utilize the Appalachian Region as a demonstration of these necessary elements in assessing the effectiveness of the conservation/restoration investments made over the period of 2000–2006. We identified a total of 1.7 million ha (4.2 million acres) of wetland polygons, with ∼17% located in an agricultural setting. We developed a classification crosswalk and utilize Hydrogeomorphic Functional Assessment models to demonstrate the relative investment of the 522 583 ha (1 291 330 acres) of wetland-relevant practices across a suite of ecosystem services, with a heavy investment in the nutrient-cycling functions. We examined conservation program implementation in a classification scheme that allocates counties into Urban, Rural, Mixed-Urban, and Mixed-Rural categories based on population characteristics, and assessed the relationship between wetland conservation program application and population dynamics. We found Mixed-Urban and Mixed-Rural counties to have the most wetland in agricultural settings that could be targeted for conservation measures. However, conservation practices have been applied mostly in the Mixed-Rural and Rural counties, indicating a potential overinvestment in the latter. When total acres of conservation measures are examined over a gradient of both urban and total population growth rates, we do not see a concomitant increase in the application of wetland conservation practices, and program investment appears relatively random.
Novel mutations in the HPS1 gene among Puerto Rican patients

Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a disorder of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) and platelet storage pool deficiency. Eight different disease-causing genes have been identified, whose gene products are thought to be involved in the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles. HPS type 1 (HPS-1) is the most common HPS subtype in Puerto Rico, with a frequency of 1:1800 in the northwest of the island due to a founder mutation, i.e. a 16-bp duplication in exon 15 of the HPS1 gene (c.1472_1487dup16; p.H497QfsX90). We identified three Puerto Rican HPS-1 patients who carried compound heterozygous HPS1 mutations. One patient was heterozygous for c.937G>A, causing a missense mutation (p.G313S) at the 3 splice junction of exon 10. This mutation resulted in activation of a cryptic intronic splice site causing an aberrantly spliced HPS1 mRNA that included 144-bp of intronic sequence, producing 11 novel amino acids followed by a stop codon. The other two patients were heterozygous for the previously reported c.972delC in HPS1, resulting in a frameshift and a premature stop codon (p.M325WfsX6). These findings indicate that, among Puerto Ricans, other HPS1 mutations apart from the 16-bp duplication should be considered in the analysis of this population.
A 26-Year-Old Woman With a Small Right Lung and a Right-Sided Heart.

A healthy 55-year-old man without known medical problems presented for a routine physical examination and was found to have an abnormal ECG. He denied chest pain, dyspnea, palpitations, dizziness, or syncopal episodes. He also denied orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and lower-extremity edema. His exercise capacity had been excellent. He was a lifelong nonsmoker and never had lung problems.
WAKE FIELD ACCELERATION EXPERIMENTS

Abstract Wake field acceleration is one of several new mechanisms under consideration for use in future high energy accelerators as well as in compact linacs. Plasma, cavity structures, and dielectric media can each be used to generate wake fields when excited by the passage of a charged particle bunch. Acceleration of a separate trailing bunch of particles to high energy by these fields is the goal. A novel test facility developed at ANL now enables experimental investigation of many wake field concepts. Acceleration has been measured using several wake field devices, and comparison with theoretical predictions generally agree. Larger scale demonstration is now being planned to better evaluate practical limitations and use of the technique.
Connecting Theory and Practice in the Music Classroom

Many music educators involved with students in grades preK–12 often lack the time to be “up-to-date” with current research and/or distill theoretical information into useful applications in their daily teaching. Feature authors in this issue of General Music Today (GMT) successfully connect research and learning theories and provide readers with strategies and activities for preparing, delivering, and assessing high-quality music education lessons. In “Sound and Sight: The Use of Song to Promote Language Learning,” Robyn Trinick provides GMT readers with suggestions for using music as enrichment for existing literacy programs. The New Zealand government expects all teachers to support student achievement in language, arts, and mathematics; therefore, Trinick is encouraging classroom and general music teachers to think of songs as literacy tools. Although some may argue against using music as a vehicle for teaching another subject, this author encourages readers to think of this approach as a complementary “partnership that may enrich the learning process” in all areas. Bonnie Jacobi skillfully weaves theories and data from noted researchers and psychologists in her article, “Kodaly, Literacy, and the Brain: Preparing Young Music Students to Read Pitch on the Staff.” After providing a brief overview of the foundational tenets of the Kodaly methodology, she presents a wide variety of activities for successfully moving children from aural learning (rote) to staff reading (note). Readers will find Jacobi’s “prestaff” activities and numerous illustrations helpful when creating their own lessons. Dan Isbell and Sheila Scott share definitions of learning theories and how the various theories can affect lesson planning, instructional delivery, and student engagement. Isbell’s “Learning Theories: Insights for Music Educators” allows GMT readers to engage with ideas regarding multiple learning theories (e.g., behaviorism, reception method, constructivism) and their appropriate applications in the music classroom. He writes practical suggestions and implementation strategies that particularly resonate with music educators. Scott focuses on a framework for lesson plans based on constructivist principles. She guides readers through the process of crafting a lesson that builds on students’ current music knowledge and provides them with multiple opportunities for active involvement in their learning. Laura Dunbar, in her article “Performance Assessment of the Masses in 30 Seconds or Less,” encourages readers to reconsider the stereotypical perspective of music assessment as a “time-consuming ordeal.” Dunbar provides suggestions for creating a rubric efficiently, shares rubric samples, and carefully distinguishes between assessment and evaluation.
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy/Infrared (GC/MS/IR) Analysis Using A SCOT GC Column, A Quadrupole MS, And A Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR)

A GC/MS has been interfaced to an FT-IR so that real time MS and IR spectra are recorded on the identical sample. After much effort at optimizing the match between the GC and the IR, it was found that a nearly optimum trade-off between resolution and sensitivity was obtained using a SCOT column. To preserve the CC resolution, a makeup gas flow was used with a standard light pipe to optimize flow rates and conditions in the FT-IR. Further steps in this optimization include small sized detectors and matched light pipes which are currently being prepared. The GC/MS and GC/IR are coupled in parallel by a constriction splitter operating in Mach limited flow, with about 90% of the sample going to the infrared system. Initially, the computer library search outputs of both systems were integrated manually, but the output from the separate HP21MX (GC/MS) and Nova 3 (FT-IR) mainframes is being gradually integrated for combined data processing. Further integration of GC retention times into the qualitative interpretation is being planned. The ternary GC/MS/IR hyphenated instrument has shown the following advantages over its binary ancestors: (1) Added resolvability of overlapping peaks, particularly those involving isomers. (2) Simpler end searches by comparing the hit lists from the IR and MS spectral searches. (3) Complementary structural information on samples where library searches were unsuccessful.
Factors affecting cardiac catheterization rates in elders with acute coronary syndromes.

Background: Elder patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are less likely to receive cardiac catheterization. The reasons for this are unclear. Objectives: To assess whether elder patients who had a documented history of dementia, lived in extended care facilities, or had do not intubate–do not resuscitate (DNR-DNI) advance directives were less likely to receive cardiac catheterization, despite having ACS with high-risk features. Methods: This was a medical record review conducted at an urban teaching hospital. DNR-DNI status before hospitalization, extended care facility (nursing home or assisted living) residence, and a previous diagnosis of dementia were obtained from the medical record. Patients 65 years and older who presented to the emergency department with acute myocardial infarction or with unstable angina with ST segment deviation were included. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed, and odds ratios (ORs) were reported with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Of the 201 eligible patients, 66 (32.8%) patients did not undergo cardiac catheterization. In the univariate analysis, patients who had dementia, resided in extended care facilities, or were DNR-DNI were less likely to receive cardiac catheterization. Only extended care facility residence (OR, 0.18; 95% CI = 0.04 to 0.83) and DNR-DNI status (OR, 0.19; 95% CI = 0.04 to 0.92) remained significantly associated with decreased cardiac catheterization in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Elder patients with ACS residing in extended care facilities or who are DNR-DNI are less likely to receive cardiac catheterization. Future studies concerning the quality of ACS care for elders should take these variables into account.
Trypsin activity associated with reproductive development in the cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea (Blattaria).

Abstract The trypsin activity of female Nauphoeta cinerea cockroaches was related to ovarian development under varying circumstances. Because of the specificity of trypsin for the synthetic substrate, TAME (p-toluenesulfonyl- l -arginine methyl ester), the trypsin assay employed TAME, its first reported use with insect material. Mated females on a normal diet were used as controls. Starved, protein-fed and carbohydrate-fed unmated females showed a general decrease in trypsin activity as opposed to an increase in trypsin in both mated and unmated females on a normal diet. In mated females the trypsin activity decreased after ovulation, while in the unmated females on the same diet there was a continued rise in trypsin activity even after ovulation. These data are in general agreement with the findings of others regarding the interaction of brain median neurosecretory cells and corpora allata secretions and their control of digestive protease, haemolymph protein concentration, and ovarian yolk deposition.
Monolithic optoelectronic circuit design and fabrication by epitaxial growth on commercial VLSI GaAs MESFET's

A technique for realizing large-scale monolithic OEIC's, which involves epitaxially growing GaAs-based heterostructures on fully metallized commercial VLSI GaAs MESFET integrated circuits, has recently been reported. In the initial work the circuits and LED's occupied distinct halves of a chip, the dielectric growth window was wet-etched after circuit fabrication, and the LED's required both n and p ohmic contacts to be formed after epitaxial growth. In this letter we report the use of standard foundry process etches to open dielectric growth windows intermixed with circuitry and the growth of n-side-down LED's on a source/drain ion-implanted n/sup +/ region serving as the n ohmic contact. A winner-take-all neural circuit is demonstrated using these advances, which are important steps toward realizing higher levels of circuit integration. >
Changes of uridine permeability during the maturation of tunicate eggs.

Abstract The time course of uridine uptake by eggs and embryos of the tunicate Ascidia callosa was studied using 5-min pulses of [ 3 H]uridine at intervals from the unfertilized egg to the 16-cell embryo. The unfertilized egg is permeable to uridine, but 5 min after fertilization uptake begins to drop, reaching a minimum of 30% of the unfertilized rate about 30 min after fertilization. At 45 min after fertilization, permeability begins to increase, reaching a plateau about 3 hr after fertilization at the two-cell stage. The initial decrease in permeability occurs at first polar body production; the increase at 45 min is coincident with the formation of the second polar body. Substrate concentration experiments up to 200 μ M show strict concentration dependence for uridine uptake. The inhibitors p -chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), dinitrophenol (DNP), and thymidine have little, if any effect on permeability. Cold (−1°C) and Na + -free sea water inhibit uptake 60% during all three developmental stages. The changes in permeability may be indicative of temporary reorganization of the plasma membrane during the fertilization-initiated completion of meiosis.
Increasing the Scalability of PISM for High Resolution Ice Sheet Models

The issue of global climate change is of great interest to scientists and a critical concern of society at large. One important piece of the climate puzzle is how the dynamics of large-scale ice sheets, such as those in Greenland and Antarctica, will react in response to such climate change. Domain scientists have developed several simulation models to predict and understand the behavior of large-scale ice sheets, but the depth of knowledge gained from such models is largely dependent upon the resolution at which they can be efficiently executed. The problem, however, is that relatively small increases in the resolution of the model result in very large increases in the size of the input and output data sets, and an explosion in the number of grid points that must be considered by the simulation. Thus, increasing the resolution of ice-sheet models, in general, requires the use of supercomputing technologies and the application of tools and techniques developed within the high-performance computing research community. In this paper, we discuss our work in evaluating and increasing the performance of the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM) [6, 25, 38], using a high-resolution model of the Greenland ice sheet, on a state-of-the-art supercomputer. In particular, we found that the computation performed by PISM was highly scalable, but that the I/O demands of the higher-resolution model were a significant drag on overall performance. We then performed a series of experiments to determine the cause of the relatively poor I/O performance and how such performance could be improved. By making simple changes to the PISM source code and one of the I/O libraries used by PISM we were able to provide an 8-fold increase in I/O performance.
Free vibration of a uniform beam with multiple elastically mounted two-degree-of-freedom systems

Abstract The free vibration of a beam with one or more elastically mounted two-degree-of-freedom systems that translate and rotate is considered in this note. The assumed-modes method is applied to formulate the equations of motion, and the natural frequencies of the system are found by solving for the roots of a given characteristic determinant. If the number of attached spring–mass systems is small, one can exploit the Sherman–Morrison–Woodbury determinant formula and reduce the characteristic determinant to one of smaller size, which will be easier to code and more computationally efficient to solve.
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy – Three Decades of Progress –

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) is a rare, inherited cardiomyopathy characterized by ventricular arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death, and right ventricular dysfunction. Since the first major description of this disease, much has been learned about ARVD/C. One of the main breakthroughs was the discovery that mutations in desmosomal proteins are the most frequent genetic basis of ARVD/C. Today, genetic testing plays an important role in both the diagnosis of ARVD/C and cascade family screening. Much has also been learned concerning the optimal approaches to diagnosis. The 2010 Task Force Diagnostic criteria for ARVD/C represent the standard for diagnosis today. We have also learned much about the importance of proband status and the 24-h PVC count to assess sudden death risk, and the importance of exercise both in the development of ARVD/C in susceptible individuals and in defining the course of the disease. From a treatment perspective, placement of ICDs in specific subsets of patients with ARVD/C who are at increased risk of sudden death is important. The techniques of VT ablation have also evolved over time and are valuable components of our management strategies for the ARVD/C patient today. This review will provide an update on ARVD/C, with specific attention to some of the contributions to this field reported by the Johns Hopkins ARVD/C Program.
The second moment of the motionally narrowed NMR spectrum of a solid

Abstract It is shown that the decreasing second moment of motionally narrowed NMR spectra can properly be used as a means of studying the kinetics of nuclear motion in solids, and for obtaining the activation energy characterizing the motion. The variation of second moment with correlation time has been calculated on the basis of Kubo and Tomita's formulation of motional narrowing. The extraction of correlation times from the measured second moments is described, and an example given.
Explicitly correlated SCF study of small hydrides

The “soft Coulomb hole” method of Chakravorty and Clementi has been implemented in a Gaussian lobe-orbital (GLO) program to include explicit electron–electron correlation in molecules according to a modified form of Coulomb's law in a program for workstations and personal computers (PCLOBE): f(R12)=(1−exp (−w(R12)2))/R12, w=scaling parameter. Twice as many two-electron integrals must be calculated compared to the usual Hartree–Fock–Roothaan algorithm, but this “correlated self-consistent field (SCF)” method may be embedded within well-known SCF computer codes and yields more than 90% of the correlation energy in run times less than twice that of the restricted Hartree–Fock (RHF) method. A two-parameter model of correlation is calibrated on HF and LiH using the 6-311G** basis as Gaussian lobe orbitals. The quantum Monte Carlo energies of LiH and HF were fitted to within 150 cal/mol, but the scaling model for first-row atoms is less good for H2. This work shows promise as a fast way to modify the Hartree–Fock–Roothaan method for accuracy approaching quantum Monte Carlo methods. This proof-of-concept work offers extension to modeling solvation properties of water solutions in high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001
Public Entrepreneurship and the Teleology of Technology

Virtually autonomous bureaucratic actors pursuing technological goals are discussed in terms of the cultural and political beliefs in "autonomous technology." In this theoretical construct, examples are drawn from the history of space and defense projects in order to suggest some institutional relationships between the two streams of thought that comprise the title. It concluded that conventional theories of policy formation that presently dominate American politics and public administration are inadequate to account for either the entrepreneurial behavior of administrative actors or the "telic inclination" of certain large-scale public technologies.
SU‐E‐T‐543: Build‐Up Region Dosimetry of Megavoltage Photon Beams for Breast Radiotherapy

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of the dosimetry in the build‐up region for 6‐and 10‐MV photons for beam modeling in Pinnacle treatment planning system (TPS) for breast treatment plans using brass mesh bolus. Method and Materials: High‐resolution %DDs for 6‐and 10‐MV photons were measured from surface‐to‐5 cm depth for selected field sizes with a depth resolution of 1‐mm using an advanced Markus chamber and the region beyond was measured using Farmer‐type cylindrical chamber. Gafchromic‐media dosimetry and optically‐stimulated luminescence dosimetry (OSLD) were used to measure doses under variable thicknesses of superflab and brass mesh bolus placed on a breast phantom irradiated by tangential fields. The photon beams emerging from a Clinac 2100C/D were simulated in the build‐up region with a depth resolution of 1 mm using a validated Monte Carlo code BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc. The central‐axis doses computed by the TPS which uses the CCC dose model were compared with those obtained from MC simulations and measurements. Results: As expected, the doses at first few mm depths from surface, measured with cylindrical chamber were much higher than the MC calculated doses due to volume‐averaging effect. In buildup region (surface‐to‐2cm), doses measured with film, OSLD and parallel‐plate chamber agreed with MC predictions within 2‐5%. However, there were larger discrepancies between TPS calculated values and the measured or Monte Carlo values; especially for the dosimetry for a few mm of depth under the different bolus materials used in this study. Conclusions: The TPS as implemented for routine radiotherapy used in this study does not provide sufficiently accurate dosimetry in the build‐up region for breast radiotherapy using different bolus materials and the calculated dose distributions for treatment setups using brass mesh bolus need to be verified by independent measurements using Gafchromic films, OSLD or thin‐window parallel‐plate chambers and/or Monte Carlo simulations.