cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Condensation and Evaporation of Solar System Materials

The volatile element depletion patterns of planetary size objects and the chemical and isotopic composition of numerous smaller objects such as chondrules and calcium- and aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) provide the motivation to consider evaporation and condensation processes in the early solar system. Equilibrium thermodynamic calculations of condensation of phases in the solar nebula provide an important reference with which natural solar system materials can be compared. The theoretical background for fractionation of elemental and isotopic compositions during kinetically controlled evaporation and condensation is explored in some detail. Some parameters can be calculated from first principles, but others must be measured in the laboratory, and a number of evaporation experiments are described and interpreted. Elemental and isotopic fractionations of solar system materials are then intepreted in the context of the theoretical and experimental considerations. A key point is that the processes that led to chondrules and planets appear to have occurred under conditions very close to equilibrium, whereas the processes that led to CAIs involved significant departures from equilibrium.
Inflaton fragmentation after lambda phi**4 inflation

We use lattice simulations to examine the detailed dynamics of inflaton fragmentation during and after preheating in λ4 chaotic inflation. The dynamics are qualitatively similar to preheating after m22 inflation, involving the exponential growth and subsequent expansion and collision of bubble-like inhomogeneities of the inflaton and other scalar fields. During this stage fluctuations of the fields become strongly non-Gaussian. In the quartic theory, the conformal nature of the theory allows us to extend our simulations to much greater times than is possible for the quadratic model. With these longer simulations we have been able to determine the timescale on which Gaussianity is restored, which occurs after a time of the order of a thousand inflaton oscillations.
WAVE HEATING OF TOROIDAL PLASMAS AT ELECTRON CYCLOTRON HARMONICS

ABSTRACT Plasma heating in high density tokamaks at harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency is calculated from the quasilinear equation. Detailed comparisons are made between heating rates at the fundamental and the harmonic frequencies for propagation at arbitrary angles for a waveguide antenna. Heating rates for the extraordinary mode at the second harmonic are comparable in magnitude to heating at the fundamental frequency, with similar density limitations. Contour plots of velocity diffusion coefficients (in phase space) are shown for heating at the fundamental and second harmonic. These plots are useful in evaluating the possible acceleration of runaway electrons.
Visualisation Techniques for Analysing Meaning

Many ways of dealing with large collections of linguistic information involve the general principle of mapping words, larger terms and documents into some sort of abstract space. Considerable effort has been devoted to applying such techniques for practical tasks such as information retrieval and word-sense disambiguation. However, the inherent structure of these spaces is often less well-understood.Visualisation tools can help to uncover the relationships between meanings in this space, giving a clearer picture of the natural structure of linguistic information. We present a variety of tools for visualising word-meanings in vector spaces and graph models, derived from co-occurrence information and local syntactic analysis. Our techniques suggest new solutions to standard problems such as automatic management of lexical resources, which perform well under evaluation.The tools presented in this paper are all available for public use on our website.
Is the Plasma Within Bubbles and Superbubbles Hot or Cold

Resumen en: I review what is known about the temperature of the plasma within stellar wind bubbles and superbubbles. Classical theory suggests that it should be ho...
Confucius and Its Intelligent Disciples

Confucius is a great teacher in ancient China. His theories and principles were effectively spread throughout China by his disciples. Confucius is the product code name of Google Knowledge Search product, which is built at Google Beijing lab by my team. In this talk, I present Knowledge Search key disciples, which are machine learning subroutines that generates labels for questions, that matches existing answers to a question, that evaluates quality of answers, that ranks users based on their contributions, that distills high-quality answers for search engines to index, etc. I will also present the scalable machine learning services that we built to make these disciples effective and efficient.
Private pension funds in Hungary : early performance and regulatory issues

Despite the limited scope resulting from the high payroll taxes for the compulsory, unfunded public pillar in Hungary's pensions system, the early voluntary private pensions fund performance has been encouraging. Investment returns have been well above the inflation rate and participation has expanded rapidly. However, the sector is highly fragmented and regulatory weaknesses exist: no compulsory use of custodian and licensed asset managers; use of book values and cashflow accounting rather than market values; costly tax treatment, benefiting high income earners while not providing incentives to non-taxpayers; infrequent statements and inadequate information fund performance disclosure; no minimum relative profitability levels guarantees; and a need for strengthened and more effective supervision. Without systemic reform the private pension fund potential will remain limited. Hungary's pension system suffers from the same problems that afflict most pay-as-you-go (PAYG) systems in Eastern Europe: high system dependency rations, low retirement ages, lax disability pension criteria, increasing evasion, heavy pension costs, and large deficits. In May 1996, Hungarian authorities decided to create a mixed system of two mandatory pillars and one or more voluntary pillars. The first pillar will offer all eligible Hungarian workers a basic PAYG pension, while the second pillar will be a fully funded, privately managed, decentralized system based on individual capitalization accounts. The private pillars should boost economic growth by developing capital markets and removing labor market distortions. Systemic reform faces two challenges: whether to impose the mandate on individual workers or their employers, and how to build a mandatory pillar on to existing voluntary pillar institutions. The author suggests the use of a hybrid mandate combining an employer mandate with the right for workers to opt out and join an independent fund as a compromise. Most other regulatory issues would apply with as much severity under a compulsory private funded pillar as under a voluntary one.
Synthesis of 3-(1-Methyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylthio)propanoic Acid and (E)-3-(1-Methyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylthio)acrylic Acid

The syntheses of 3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylthio)acrylic acid and 3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylthio)propanoic acid, mitochondria-targeted prodrugs of the antioxidant methimazole, are described. The method of Fan et al. (Fan et al., Synthesis2006, 2286) for the reaction of phenols with propiolic acid and propiolate esters was modified to synthesize (E)-3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylthio)acrylic acid. The intermediate tert-butyl (E)-3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylthio)acrylate was prepared by the reaction of tert-butyl propiolate with methimazole; the use of tert-butyl propiolate rather than methyl propiolate gave tert-butyl (E)-3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylthio)acrylate as the predominant isomer. Acid hydrolysis of the intermediate ester afforded the target compound. 3-(1-Methyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylthio)propanoic acid was synthesized from 3-bromopropanoic acid and methimazole under conditions that gave preferential substitution on sulfur and minimized substitution on nitrogen.
Financial crises, unconventional monetary policy exit strategies, and agents׳ expectations

A central bank may purchase assets during a financial crisis and then exit from those purchases. Agents have rational expectations about financial crises as rare events, the probability the central bank purchases assets, and the exit strategy. Selling off assets quickly produces a double-dip recession while slowly unwinding generates a smooth recovery. Expectations about the exit strategy influence the initial effectiveness of purchases. Increasing the probability of purchases during crises distorts the pre-crisis economy and depends upon the exit strategy. The welfare benefits of unconventional policy may differ ex-ante versus ex-post, as can the preferred exit strategy.
Co-regulation of Primary Mouse Hepatocyte Viability and Function by Oxygen and Matrix

Although oxygen and extracellular matrix cues both influence differentiation state and metabolic function of primary rat and human hepatocytes, relatively little is known about how these factors together regulate behaviors of primary mouse hepatocytes in culture. To determine the effects of pericellular oxygen tension on hepatocellular function, we employed 2 methods of altering oxygen concentration in the local cellular microenvironment of cells cultured in the presence or absence of an extracellular matrix (Matrigel) supplement. By systematically altering medium depth and gas phase oxygen tension, we created multiple oxygen regimes (hypoxic, normoxic, and hyperoxic) and measured the local oxygen concentrations in the pericellular environment using custom-designed oxygen microprobes. From these measurements of oxygen concentrations, we derived values of oxygen consumption rates under a spectrum of environmental contexts, thus providing the first reported estimates of these values for primary mouse hepatocytes. Oxygen tension and matrix microenvironment were found to synergistically regulate hepatocellular survival and function as assessed using quantitative image analysis for cells stained with vital dyes, and assessment of secretion of albumin. Hepatocellular viability was affected only at strongly hypoxic conditions. Surprisingly, albumin secretion rates were greatest at a moderately supra-physiological oxygen concentration, and this effect was mitigated at still greater supra-physiological concentrations. Matrigel enhanced the effects of oxygen on retention of function. This study underscores the importance of carefully controlling cell density, medium depth and gas phase oxygen, as the effects of these parameters on local pericellular oxygen tension and subsequent hepatocellular function are profound.
On perfectly meager sets

We show that it is consistent that the product of perfectly meager sets is perfectly meager.
SemanticSpy: suspect tracking using semantic data in a multimedia environment

In this paper we describe SemanticSpy, a tool for tracking suspects and their activities around the globe. Using an RDF data store and a three-dimensional multimedia environment, SemanticSpy is able to bring semantic information to life. SemanticSpy utilizes a blend of semantic information and a media-rich environment that can display images, 3D models, and documents, and can play audio clips to give the user the ability to analyze information using the different types of media. We believe that this will help law enforcement officials gain insight into a suspect’s behavior and give them the power to avert the next major crime or terrorist attack. Finally, we describe SemanticSpy’s architecture and explain its advantages over other information environments.
A comparative code study for quantum fault tolerance

We study a comprehensive list of quantum codes as candidates for codes used at the physical level in a fault-tolerant code architecture. Using the Aliferis-Gottesman-Preskill (AGP) ex-Rec method we calculate the pseudo-threshold for these codes against depolarizing noise at various levels of overhead. We estimate the logical noise rate as a function of overhead at a physical error rate of p0 = 1 × 10-4. The Bacon-Shor codes and the Golay code are the best performers in our study.
Reducing consistency in human realism increases the uncanny valley effect; increasing category uncertainty does not

Human replicas may elicit unintended cold, eerie feelings in viewers, an effect known as the uncanny valley. Masahiro Mori, who proposed the effect in 1970, attributed it to inconsistencies in the replica’s realism with some of its features perceived as human and others as nonhuman. This study aims to determine whether reducing realism consistency in visual features increases the uncanny valley effect. In three rounds of experiments, 548 participants categorized and rated humans, animals, and objects that varied from computer animated to real. Two sets of features were manipulated to reduce realism consistency. (For humans, the sets were eyes–eyelashes–mouth and skin–nose–eyebrows.) Reducing realism consistency caused humans and animals, but not objects, to appear eerier and colder. However, the predictions of a competing theory, proposed by Ernst Jentsch in 1906, were not supported: The most ambiguous representations—those eliciting the greatest category uncertainty—were neither the eeriest nor the coldest. 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBYlicense(http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Online classification using a voted RDA method

We propose a voted dual averaging method for online classification problems with explicit regularization. This method employs the update rule of the regularized dual averaging (RDA) method proposed by Xiao, but only on the subsequence of training examples where a classification error is made. We derive a bound on the number of mistakes made by this method on the training set, as well as its generalization error rate. We also introduce the concept of relative strength of regularization, and show how it affects the mistake bound and generalization performance. We examine the method using l1-regularization on a large-scale natural language processing task, and obtained state-of-the-art classification performance with fairly sparse models.
The Need for Speed in Rodent Locomotion Analyses

Locomotion analysis is now widely used across many animal species to understand the motor defects in disease, functional recovery following neural injury, and the effectiveness of various treatments. More recently, rodent locomotion analysis has become an increasingly popular method in a diverse range of research. Speed is an inseparable aspect of locomotion that is still not fully understood, and its effects are often not properly incorporated while analyzing data. In this hybrid manuscript, we accomplish three things: (1) review the interaction between speed and locomotion variables in rodent studies, (2) comprehensively analyze the relationship between speed and 162 locomotion variables in a group of 16 wild-type mice using the CatWalk gait analysis system, and (3) develop and test a statistical method in which locomotion variables are analyzed and reported in the context of speed. Notable results include the following: (1) over 90% of variables, reported by CatWalk, were dependent on speed with an average R2 value of 0.624, (2) most variables were related to speed in a nonlinear manner, (3) current methods of controlling for speed are insufficient, and (4) the linear mixed model is an appropriate and effective statistical method for locomotion analyses that is inclusive of speed-dependent relationships. Given the pervasive dependency of locomotion variables on speed, we maintain that valid conclusions from locomotion analyses cannot be made unless they are analyzed and reported within the context of speed. Anat Rec, 297:1839–1864, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sparser Johnson-Lindenstrauss Transforms

We give two different and simple constructions for dimensionality reduction in e2 via linear mappings that are sparse: only an O(e)-fraction of entries in each column of our embedding matrices are non-zero to achieve distortion 1 + e with high probability, while still achieving the asymptotically optimal number of rows. These are the first constructions to provide subconstant sparsity for all values of parameters, improving upon previous works of Achlioptas [2003] and Dasgupta et al. [2010]. Such distributions can be used to speed up applications where e2 dimensionality reduction is used.
On axionic field ranges, loopholes and the weak gravity conjecture

In this short note we clarify some aspects of the impact that the Weak Gravity Conjecture has on models of (generalized) natural inflation. We address in particular certain technical and conceptual concerns recently raised regarding the stringent constraints and conclusions found in our previous work [1]. We also point out the difficulties faced by attempts to evade these constraints. These new considerations improve the understanding of the quantum gravity constraints we found and further support the conclusion that it remains challenging for axions to drive natural inflation.
Thermochemistry of Organoselenium and Organotellurium Compounds

The current study deals with the thermochemistry of organoselenium and organotellurium compounds in which we focus on the enthalpy of formation, with additional mention of other quantities such as Gibbs free energy, chemical equilibria and bond energies. The chapter starts with a discussion of the energetics of binary carbon selenides and tellurides and related ternary species, proceeds to aliphatic selenides and tellurides, then the oxygen-containing selenoxides, selenones, telluroxides, tellurones, selenenates and tellurenates, and concludes with aronmatic selenides and tellurides including aryl selenides, selenophenes and tellurium counterparts. Keywords: organoselenium compounds; organotellurium compounds; thermochemistry; enthalpy of formation; enthalpy of combustion; enthalpy of reaction; enthalpy of vaporization and sublimation; Gibbs free energy and chemical equilibria; bond energies; homologous series; methylene increment
Securing compliance with the TRIPS agreement after US v India

The different developmental circumstances of the industrialized and developing countries call for different approaches to intellectual property rights protection. While increasingly high levels of protection may (or may not) be appropriate to the industrialized economies, developing country economies are more likely to benefit from strategies and rules which encourage building upon existing stocks of knowledge. TRIPS Agreement standards provide sufficient `wiggle room` to allow developing countries to pursue pro-competitive strategies, while still acting consistently with the TRIPS Agreement requirements of national and most favoured nation treatment. The decision of the WTO Appellate Body in the India-Mailbox case was a critical step in affirming the WTO-consistency of pursuing national and regional policies which take advantage of the absence of strict harmonization of IPRs standards at the worldwide level. The India-Mailbox decision suggests that the WTO will accord substantial deference to national and regional rules which manifest good faith compliance with the basic standards of the TRIPS Agreement. Developing countries that adopt pro-competitive IPRs-related strategies may move faster along the technology curve than countries that follow more protectionist strategies.
An Unusual Role for a Mobile Flavin in StaC-like Indolocarbazole Biosynthetic Enzymes

The indolocarbazole biosynthetic enzymes StaC, InkE, RebC, and AtmC mediate the degree of oxidation of chromopyrrolic acid on route to the natural products staurosporine, K252a, rebeccamycin, and AT2433-A1, respectively. Here, we show that StaC and InkE, which mediate a net 4-electron oxidation, bind FAD with a micromolar K(d), whereas RebC and AtmC, which mediate a net 8-electron oxidation, bind FAD with a nanomolar K(d) while displaying the same FAD redox properties. We further create RebC-10x, a RebC protein with ten StaC-like amino acid substitutions outside of previously characterized FAD-binding motifs and the complementary StaC-10x. We find that these mutations mediate both FAD affinity and product specificity, with RebC-10x displaying higher StaC activity than StaC itself. X-ray structures of this StaC catalyst identify the substrate of StaC as 7-carboxy-K252c and suggest a unique mechanism for this FAD-dependent enzyme.
Thin position for a connected sum of small knots

We show that every thin position for a connected sum of small knots is obtained in an obvious way: place each summand in thin position so that no two summands intersect the same level surface, then connect the lowest minimum of each summand to the highest maximum of the adjacent summand below. See Figure 1. AMS Classication 57M25; 57M27
Stereochemistry of cytidine: conformational analysis and hydrogen bonding

Abstract The energy calculations using the INDO molecular orbital method and classical potential function show that the syn conformation of pyrimidine nucleosides having the C (2') -endo or C (2') -endo-C (3') -endo sugar ring puckering is as stable as the corresponding anti form. The O (2') -O (2') base-ribose hydrogen bonding significantly alters the Φ CN conformation by confining the allowed Φ CN ranges to about 150–210°.
Chemical kinetics mechanism for oxy-fuel combustion of mixtures of hydrogen sulfide and methane

Abstract Oxy-fuel combustion of sour gas, a mixture of natural gas (essentially methane (CH4)), carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), could enable the utilization of large natural gas resources, especially when combined with enhanced oil recovery. In this work, a detailed chemical reaction mechanism for oxy-fuel combustion of sour gas is presented. To construct the mechanism, a CH4 sub-mechanism was chosen based on a comparative validation study for oxy-fuel combustion. This mechanism was combined with a mechanism for H2S oxidation, and the sulfur sub-mechanism was then optimized to give better agreement with relevant experiments. The optimization targets included predictions for the laminar burning velocity, ignition delay time, and pyrolysis of H2S, and H2S oxidation in a flow reactor. The rate parameters of 15 sulfur reactions were varied in the optimization within their respective uncertainties. The optimized combined mechanism was validated against a larger set of experimental data over a wide range of conditions for oxidation of H2S and interactions between carbon and sulfur species. Improved overall agreement was achieved through the optimization and all important trends were captured in the modeling results. The optimized mechanism can be used to make qualitative and some quantitative predictions on the combustion behavior of sour gas. The remaining discrepancies highlight the current uncertainties in sulfur chemistry and underline the need for more accurate direct determination of several important rate constants as well as more validation data.
Applications of Wavelets in Morphometric Analysis of Medical Images

Morphometric analysis of medical images is playing an increasingly important role in understanding brain structure and function, as well as in understanding the way in which these change during development, aging and pathology. This paper presents three wavelet-based methods with related applications in morphometric analysis of magnetic resonance (MR) brain images. The first method handles cases where very limited datasets are available for the training of statistical shape models in the deformable segmentation. The method is capable of capturing a larger range of shape variability than the standard active shape models (ASMs) can, by using the elegant spatial-frequency decomposition of the shape contours provided by wavelet transforms. The second method addresses the difficulty of finding correspondences in anatomical images, which is a key step in shape analysis and deformable registration. The detection of anatomical correspondences is completed by using wavelet-based attribute vectors as morphological signatures of voxels. The third method uses wavelets to characterize the morphological measurements obtained from all voxels in a brain image, and the entire set of wavelet coefficients is further used to build a brain classifier. Since the classification scheme operates in a very-high-dimensional space, it can determine subtle population differences with complex spatial patterns. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed methods.
Multistage indexing algorithms for speeding Prolog execution

In a previous article we proposed a new and efficient indexing technique that utilizes all the functors in the clause-heads and the goal. The salient feature of this technique is that the selected clause-head unifies (modulo nonlinearity) with the goal. As a consequence, our technique results in sharper discrimination, fewer choice points and reduced backtracking. A naive and direct implementation of our indexing algorithms considerably slowed down the execution speeds of a wide range of programs typically seen in practice. This is because it handled deep and shallow terms, terms with few indexable arguments, small and large procedures uniformly. To beneficially extend the applicability of our algorithms we need mechanisms that are ‘sensitive’ to term structures and size and complexity of procedures. We accomplish this in the v-ALS compiler by carefully decomposing our indexing process into multiple stages. The operations performed by these stages increase in complexity ranging from first argument indexing to unification (modulo nonlinearity). Further the indexing process can be terminated at any stage if it is not beneficial to continue further. We have now completed the design and implementation of v-ALS. Using it we have enhanced the performance of a broad range of programs typically encountered in practice. Our experience strongly suggests that indexing based on unification (modulo nonlinearity) is a viable idea in practice and that a broad spectrum of useful programs can realize all of its benefits.
Sibyl: a relational database system with remote-access capabilities

The proliferation of inexpensive microprocessor systems and communications equipment has provided the general public with the ability to access remote database systems. It also makes off-loading of some of the query-processing load of such remote systems to microprocessor systems an attractive possibility, but problems concerning data portability and adequate software support need to be resolved. To demonstrate the feasibility of such a loose coupling of a microprocessor system with different brands of remote database systems, a relational database system capable of exchanging data with heterogeneous remote systems was designed and implemented. We describe the functionality of this operational system as well as the design and implementation of its major components.
Electromagnetic Field-to-Wire Coupling in the SHF Frequency Range And Beyond

Methods have been developed for the treatment of field-to-wire coupling at superhigh frequencies (SHF's) and beyond. In this region, transmission-line lengths and wire separations become very large electrically, and field-to-wire coupling problems become intractable. Several types of transmission lines have been examined in the SHF range, including uniform and nonuniform transmission lines, coaxial transmission lines, and multiconductor transmission lines. Current distributions are found to be predominantly of a standing-wave or traveling-wave form. The higher order modes are not significant for those cases examined. Bounds may be obtained for induced currents in the field-to-wire problem by considering the transmission line as a receiving antenna. The maximum value of induced current under conditions of maximum susceptibility is shown to vary little with frequency.
Efficacy of the metastatic survey in the staging of gestational trophoblastic disease.

Between 1965 and 1987, 190 patients with nonmetastatic and 134 patients with metastatic gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) underwent initial metastatic survey at the Southeastern Regional Trophoblastic Disease Center (Durham, NC). These patients were evaluated for characteristics which might predict the presence of high-risk metastases before a full radiographic survey was obtained. Minimal staging evaluation of all patients included history and examination, quantitative HCG level by beta-subunit radioimmunoassay, chest radiograph, and evaluation for brain and liver metastases with radionuclide or computed tomography (CT) scans. Seventeen patients had high-risk sites of metastases (i.e., those outside lungs, vagina, or pelvis). Characteristics were identified which might predict high-risk metastases: (1) all had metastases in lungs or vagina; (2) 13 of 17 (76%) had at least one other high risk factor (i.e., beta-HCG titer greater than 40,000 mIU/ml, greater than 4 months since onset of symptoms or antecedent term pregnancy; and (3) 15 of 17 (88%) had obvious symptoms or signs related to high-risk metastasis. The authors then evaluated these criteria to identify high-risk metastasis: (1) asymptomatic patients with GTD are screened for therapy with history and physical examination, HCG level, and chest radiograph or CT of the lungs; and (2) further radiographic imaging is used only for patients with signs or symptoms of high-risk metastases, identifiable lung or pelvic metastases, or other high-risk clinical factors. Using this criteria, patients with high-risk metastases were identified with sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 63%. Approximately 60% of patients did not require further radiographic evaluation.
An extension result of CR functions by a general Schwarz reflection principle

It is known that a real analytic CR function f on a real analytic, generic submanifold M in ℂ N can be holomorphically extended. A stronger result on a finite type, real analytic, generic submanifold M is found in which we assume f a continuous CR function with real analytic imaginary part Im(f). The idea is contained in a general Schwarz reflection principle in one complex variable.
Chernobyl : a solution for the clean up of highly contaminated forests and woodlands

Abstract This study refers to a remedial action for woodlands and forests contaminated by the fall-out of radionuclides after the Chernobyl accident. This remedial action implies both the inceneration of contaminated wood products and foliage, and the transformation of clean wood into paper pulp for industry. Based on existing industrial products, this remedial action can be justified by the sale of by-products, such as electricity and cardboard, that can pay for the necessary industrial investment. The pay-back return is estimated to be obtained in about five years.
(Z)-β-Fluoromethylene-m-tyrosine: synthesis, crystal structure and fluorination

Abstract (Z)-β-Fluoromethylene-m-tyrosine (2) has been prepared by acid hydrolysis of ethyl 2-trifluoroacetylamino-3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-fluoro-3-butenoate (1) and its structure established by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Fluorination of the amino acid 2 with acetyl hypofluorite yielded a mixture of products containing fluorine substituted on the ring (3a-c) as well as added across the vinylic double bond (4a,b). The mechanism for the formation of the diastereomeric adducts 4a and 4b is discussed based on tight ion pair intermediates. All major products of fluorination of 2 were isolated by semipreparative HPLC and their structures determined by spectral analyses.
On the applicability of the classical nucleation theory in an Ising system

Large-scale dynamic Monte Carlo simulations of a lattice gas on a 2000×2000 square lattice with a Glauber-type spin flip dynamics were performed. The results are discussed in the light of classical nucleation theory (CNT) which can be fully specified for the problem due to the availability of exact values for the interfacial energy of a large nucleus, known from the Onsager solution. Several alternative (field-theoretic or nonclassical) descriptions were also considered. Special attention was paid to the pre-exponential in the cluster distribution function and to the finite-size corrections to the interfacial energies which are required in order to comply with observations. If taken literally, the CNT produces large errors when predicting either the cluster distribution function or the nucleation rate. However, at intermediate temperatures (up to 0.7 Tc) the correspondence can be substantially improved by considering the low-temperature properties of small clusters and adjusting the pre-exponential. At higher temperatures the CNT is in qualitative disagreement with the simulations. Several explanations for this, including coagulation between clusters, are proposed.
Synthesis and electrochemistry of 2,2'-bipyridyl complexes of dioxorhenium(V)

The rhenium(V) bipyridyl (bpy) complexes [(bpy)(py) 2 Re(O) 2 ](ClO 4 ) and [(bpy)(3-pySO 3 ) 2 Re(O) 2 ](Na)•2H 2 O have been prepared by reaction of 2,2'-bipyridine with trans-[(py) 4 Re(O) 2 ](Cl) and trans-[(3-pySO 3 ) 4 Re(O) 2 ](NA) 3 in methanol or methanol/water solutions (py=pyridine, 3-pySO 3 =3-pyridinesulfonate)
Novel fluorinated acridone derivatives. Part 1: Synthesis and evaluation as potential anticancer agents

Abstract We report on the synthesis of a novel series of fluorinated acridones from 5-trifluoromethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione. The cytotoxic activities of the compounds were studied in several cancer cells. Compounds 9a , 9c , 9e , 9f , and 9h exhibited significant anticancer activities in selected cell lines. Compound 9c is the most active showing GI 50 that ranged in values from 0.13 to 26 μM, covering a wide range of cancer cell lines.
Hodge Duality and Cosmological Constant

We present a simple mechanism to eliminate cosmological constants both in supersymmetric and non-supersymmetric theories. This mechanism is based on the Hodge (Poincare) duality between a 0-form and D-form field strengths in D-dimensional spacetime. The new key ingredient is the introduction of an extra Chern–Simons term into the D-form field strength H dual to the 0-form field strength. Our formulation can also be made consistent with supersymmetry. Typical applications to four-dimensional N = 1 supergravity and to ten-dimensional type IIA supergravity are given. The success of our formulation for both supersymmetric and non-supersymmetric systems strongly indicates the validity of our mechanism even after supersymmetry breakings at the classical level. Our mechanism may well be applicable to quantized systems, at least for supersymmetric cases with fundamental D-brane actions available.
Carbonate abundances and isotopic compositions in chondrites

We report the bulk C abundances, and C and O isotopic compositions of carbonates in 64 CM chondrites, 14 CR chondrites, 2 CI chondrites, LEW 85332 (C2), Kaba (CV3), and Semarkona (LL3.0). For the unheated CMs, the total ranges of carbonate isotopic compositions are δ13C ≈ 25–75‰ and δ18O ≈ 15–35‰, and bulk carbonate C contents range from 0.03 to 0.60 wt%. There is no simple correlation between carbonate abundance and isotopic composition, or between either of these parameters and the extent of alteration. Unless accretion was very heterogeneous, the uncorrelated variations in extent of alteration and carbonate abundance suggests that there was a period of open system behavior in the CM parent body, probably prior to or at the start of aqueous alteration. Most of the ranges in CM carbonate isotopic compositions can be explained by their formation at different temperatures (0–130 °C) from a single fluid in which the carbonate O isotopes were controlled by equilibrium with water (δ18O ≈ 5‰) and the C isotopes were controlled by equilibrium with CO and/or CH4 (δ13C ≈ −33‰ or −20‰ for CO- or CH4-dominated systems, respectively). However, carbonate formation would have to have been inefficient, otherwise carbonate compositions would have resembled those of the starting fluid. A quite similar fluid composition (δ18O ≈ −5.5‰, and δ13C ≈ −31‰ or −17‰ for CO- or CH4-dominated systems, respectively) can explain the carbonate compositions of the CIs, although the formation temperatures would have been lower (~10–40 °C) and the relative abundances of calcite and dolomite may play a more important role in determining bulk carbonate compositions than in the CMs. The CR carbonates exhibit a similar range of O isotopes, but an almost bimodal distribution of C isotopes between more (δ13C ≈ 65–80‰) and less altered samples (δ13C ≈ 30–40‰). This bimodality can still be explained by precipitation from fluids with the same isotopic composition (δ18O ≈ −9.25‰, and δ13C ≈ −21‰ or −8‰ for CO- or CH4-dominated systems, respectively) if the less altered CRs had higher mole fractions of CO2 in their fluids. Semarkona and Kaba carbonates have some of the lightest C isotopic compositions of the meteorites studied here, probably because they formed at higher temperatures and/or from more CO2-rich fluids. The fluids responsible for the alteration of chondrites and from which the carbonates formed were almost certainly accreted as ices. By analogy with cometary ices, CO2 and/or CO would have dominated the trapped volatile species in the ices. The chondrites studied are too oxidized for CO-dominated fluids to have formed in their parent bodies. If CH4 was the dominant C species in the fluids during carbonate formation, it would have to have been generated in the parent bodies from CO and/or CO2 when oxidation of metal by water created high partial pressures of H2. The fact that the chondrite carbonate C/H2O mole ratios are of the order predicted for CO/CO2-H2O ices that experienced temperatures of >50–100 K suggests that the chondrites formed at radial distances of <4–15 AU.
Identifying Large Truck Hot Spots Using Crash Counts and PDOEs

Large trucks are involved in a disproportionately small fraction of the total crashes but a disproportionately large fraction of fatal crashes. Large truck crashes often result in significant congestion due to their large physical dimensions and from difficulties in clearing crash scenes. Consequently, preventing large truck crashes is critical to improving highway safety and operations. This study identifies high-risk sites (hot spots) for large truck crashes in Arizona and examines potential risk factors related to the design and operation of the high risk sites. High-risk sites were identified using both state of the practice methods (accident reduction potential using negative binomial regression with long crash histories) and a newly proposed method using property damage only equivalents (PDOE). The hot spots identified via the count model generally exhibited low fatalities and major injuries but large minor injuries and PDOs, while the opposite trend was observed using the PDOE methodology. The hot spots based on the count model exhibited large annual average daily traffic (AADTs), whereas those based on the PDOE showed relatively small AADTs but large fractions of trucks and high posted speed limits. Documented site investigations of hot spots revealed numerous potential risk factors, including weaving activities near freeway junctions and ramps, absence of acceleration lanes near on-ramps, small shoulders to accommodate large trucks, narrow lane widths, inadequate signage, and poor lighting conditions within a tunnel.
Zero sets of univariate polynomials

Let L be the zero set of a nonconstant monic polynomial with complex coefficients. In the context of constructive mathematics without countable choice, it may not be possible to construct an element of L. In this paper we introduce a notion of distance from a point to a subset, more general than the usual one, that allows us to measure distances to subsets such as L. To verify the correctness of this notion, we show that the zero set of a polynomial cannot be empty—a weak fundamental theorem of algebra. We also show that the zero sets of two polynomials are a positive distance from each other if and only if the polynomials are comaximal. Finally, the zero set of a polynomial is used to construct a separable Riesz space, in which every element is normable, that has no Riesz homomorphism into the real numbers.
Thyonosides A and B, two new saponins isolated from the holothurian Thyone aurea

Abstract The structures of two saponins, thyonosides A and B, isolated from the holothurian Thyone aurea collected in Namibia, were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR ( 1 H, 13 C, 1 H– 1 H COSY, 1 H– 1 H J-resolved, TOCSY, HMQC, HMBC and NOESY). The two compounds have the same aglycon but different oligosaccharidic chains. Thyonoside A has a 3- O -methyl-β- d -xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-6- O -sodium sulphate-β- d -glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β- d -quinovopyranosyl-(1→2)-4- O -sodium sulphate-β- d -xylopyranosyl chain, and thyonoside B a 3- O -methyl-β- d -xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-β- d -xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-β- d -quinovopyranosyl-(1→2)-4- O -sodium sulphate-β- d -xylopyranosyl chain. The holostane-type aglycon features an endocyclic double bond at position 7–8, a double bond at position 25–26 and a β-acetoxy group at C16.
The econometrics and behavioral economics of escalation of commitment: a re-examination of Staw and Hoang’s NBA data

We examine the phenomenon of escalation from an economist’s perspective, emphasizing explanations which do not rule out rational behavior on the part of firms or agents. We argue that escalation cannot be established as a separate phenomenon unless these possible alternative explanations are properly accounted for. We present Staw and Hoang’s (1995) study of NBA data as an instance of where evidence of escalation might be overturned upon more careful analysis. After performing several tests of our alternative explanations, we find that evidence of escalation persists, although it is weaker both in duration and magnitude.
Ultrasonic Newton's rings

Interference fringes due to bondline thickness variation were observed in ultrasonic scans of the reflected echo amplitude from the bondline of adhesively joined aluminum skins. To demonstrate that full‐field interference patterns are observable in point‐by‐point ultrasonic scans, an optical setup for Newton’s rings was scanned ultrasonically in a water immersion tank. The ultrasonic scan showed distinct Newton’s rings whose radii were in excellent agreement with the prediction.
Behavior and Productivity Implications of Institutional and Project Funding of Research

In his comment, Becker has chosen to focus on only one of several sections in our paper, the analysis of the implication of institutional (IR) and project funding (PR) for the average researcher. Becker accomplishes two things. First, he greatly complicates the simple model upon which our analysis was based. Second, he reminds us that a complicated model may not lead to the crisp, clean, and certain conclusions of a simple model. But the real questions are (a) whether the more complicated model offers more insights than the simple model, and (b) whether the issues raised by alternative research management schemes are understood better through his model or ours. First, we review our model and the contribution of that model to our paper. Second, we analyze the sensitivity of the results of our model to the assumptions of Becker's analysis. Finally, we evaluate the contribution of Becker's model, relative to our model, to the understanding of alternative research management schemes.
Infinite computations and the generic finite

This paper introduces the concept of a generic finite set and points out that a consistent and significant interpretation of the grossone, ? notation of Sergeyev is that ? takes the role of a generic natural number. This means that ? is not itself a natural number, yet it can be treated as one and used in the generic expression of finite sets and finite formulas, giving a new power to algebra and algorithms that embody this usage. In this view, N = { 1 , 2 , 3 , ? , ? - 2 , ? - 1 , ? } is not an infinite set, it is a symbolic structure representing a generic finite set. We further consider the concept of infinity in categories. An object A in a given category C is infinite relative to that category if and only if there is a injection J : A ?s? A in C that is not a surjection. In the category of sets this recovers the usual notion of infinity. In other categories, an object may be non-infinite (finite) while its underlying set (if it has one) is infinite. The computational methodology due to Sergeyev for executing numerical calculations with infinities and infinitesimals is considered from this categorical point of view.
Advanced solid state physics

Solid state physics continues to be the most rapidly growing subdiscipline in physics. As a result, entering graduate students wishing to pursue research in this field face the daunting task of not only mastering the old topics but also gaining competence in the problems of current interest, such as the fractional quantum Hall effect, strongly correlated electron systems, and quantum phase transitions. This book is written to serve the needs of such students. I have attempted in this book to present some of the standard topics in a way that makes it possible to move smoothly to current material. Hence, all the interesting topics are not presented at the end of the book. For example, immediately after the first 50 pages, Anderson's analysis of local magnetic moments is presented as an application of Hartree-Fock theory; this affords a discussion of the relationship with the Kondo model and how scaling ideas can be used to uncloak low-energy physics. As the key problems of current interest in solid state involve some aspects of electron-electron interactions or disorder or both, I have focused on the archetypal problems in which such physics is central. However, only those problems in which there is a consensus view are discussed extensively. In addition, I have placed the emphasis on physics rather than on techniques. Consequently, I focus on a clear presentation of the phenomenology along with a pedagogical derivation of the relevant equations. A key goal of the detailed derivations is to make it possible for the students who have read this book to immediately comprehend research papers on related topics. A key omission in this book is magnetism beyond the Stoner criterion and local magnetic moments. This omission has arisen primarily because the topic is adequately treated in the book by Assa Auerbach.
Conservation of Angular Momentum in a Flux Qubit

Oscillations of superconducting current between clockwise and counterclockwise directions in a flux qubit do not conserve the angular momentum of the qubit. To compensate for this effect the solid containing the qubit must oscillate in unison with the current. This requires entanglement of quantum states of the qubit with quantum states of a macroscopic body. The question then arises whether slow decoherence of quantum oscillations of the current is consistent with fast decoherence of quantum states of a macroscopic solid. This problem is analyzed within an exactly solvable quantum model of a qubit embedded in an absolutely rigid solid and for the elastic model that conserves the total angular momentum. We show that while the quantum state of a flux qubit is, in general, a mixture of a large number of rotational states, slow decoherence is permitted if the system is macroscopically large. Practical implications of entanglement of qubit states with mechanical rotations are discussed.
Recent advances in C–H fluorination

Incorporation of fluorine atom(s) into organic compounds is often desirable in the discovery of new pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. However, development of transformations to incorporate fluorine is challenging because of its highly electronegative nature. Recent advances in C–H functionalization have allowed new approaches to C–F bonds. Herein we highlight progress in C–H fluorination, which is arguably the most efficient approach to incorporate fluorine since it obviates the need of pre-functionalization of organic compounds.