cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genotoxicity of chryseno[4,5-bcd]thiophene and its sulfone derivative

The authors' recent syntheses of cryseno[4,5-bcd]thiophene together with its potential sulfone metabolite, chryseno[4,5-bcd]thiophene-4,4-dioxide, have made these compounds available for genotoxicity testing. Such toxicity testing is of interest as this thiophene is an isoster of the established carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene and is one of the thiaarenes which are potential environmental contaminants found in fossil fuels. Although the thiophene was less mutagenic than benzo[a]pyrene in Salmonella strains TA98 and TA100 after S9 activation, it exhibited in vivo chromosomal aberration activity equal to that of benzo[a]pyrene in the bone-marrow cells of mice. A reduced activity with Salmonella as well as in the bone-marrow cell assay for the sulfone does not support its role as the key active metabolic intermediate for the genotoxicity of the thiophene. Molecular orbital calculations would be consistent with the concept of activation through a diol-epoxide mechanism and offers an explanation for the reduced genotoxicity of the sulfone via this mechanism. These genotoxicity studies support the concern that sulfur isosters of established carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons could themselves be toxic. 21 refs., 2 figs., 3 tabs.
A unified approach for database analysis and application to ATR performance metrics

An essential component within most approaches used to evaluate ATR algorithm performance is an image database from which are chosen a training set of images. Several fundamental questions arise regarding the adequacy of the database to represent the desired domain of effectiveness, the sufficiency of the training set, potentiality of enhancing the constituents of the training set, suitability to determine signal-to-clutter performance, and realism of fairly comparing performance of ATR algorithms to one another. These questions have been addressed through an investigation into a unified approach for database analysis and how it can be applied to evaluating ATR performance metrics.
Subcutaneous emphysema as an uncommon presentation of child abuse

A case of subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum as a result of child abuse is presented to add to the spectrum of findings associated with child maltreatment. This case is a reminder that although most cases of subcutaneous emphysema resolve uneventfully, there still needs to be an aggressive search for a cause. In addition, in the pediatric age group, the history given should be carefully verified as being plausible because of the possibility that child abuse may be the true etiology.
Prospective study of lower respiratory tract infections in an extended-care nursing home program: Potential role of oral ciprofloxacin

Purpose Infections of the lower respiratory tract pose an important problem in nursing homes. Despite the magnitude of this problem, few, if any, antibiotic studies have been targeted specifically at nursing home-acquired bronchopulmonary infections. Following the establishment of a teaching Extended-Care Nursing Home Program, which facilitated the early diagnosis and therapy of bronchopulmonary infections, a comparative trial of oral ciprofloxacin and intramuscular cefamandole was initiated in elderly patients with lower respiratory tract infections. In addition to assessing the relative efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin and cefamandole, our goals were to identify problems and pitfalls associated with conducting clinical research in this nursing home setting, evaluate selected clinical and laboratory features of lower respiratory tract infection in this patient population, and measure outcomes in all study groups. Patients and methods During a 20-month period, 40 patients with pneumonia and 20 patients with acute bronchitis were enrolled in this randomized study. Sixty-three patients with pneumonia who were ineligible for the randomized study were also followed prospectively. The mean age of the 111 participants (123 cases) was 80.8 years; all patients had at least one chronic medical condition. Results Although Streptococcus pneumoniae was the single most common isolate, gram-negative bacteria were cultured from 81 percent of the cases that yielded pathogens from a satisfactory sputum specimen. The in-hospital mortality rate was strikingly low (6.5 percent), and a large majority of patients in all study groups were discharged safely back to their nursing homes well within the Diagnosis-Related Group length of stay. Conclusion Ciprofloxacin appeared to be as safe and effective as cefamandole in this nursing home program; however, additional studies are needed to determine its role in the treatment of elderly patients with bronchopulmonary infections.
Early dewetting stages of thin polymer films initiated by nanoindentation

We study the effect of nanoindentation induced defects on thin (h = 50 nm) and thick (h = 100 nm) polystyrene (PS) films, spin cast on nonwettable silicon (Si) substrates. Indents with depths of penetration higher than the film thicknesses were imposed. Upon heating above the bulk glass transition temperature (Tg) of PS, some of the indents healed, resulting in a flat polymer surface, and some grew laterally and dewetted the substrate. Our goal is to establish a criterion that can predict the final result (healing or growing) of the indent evolution. We find that the applied force during the nanoindentation and the substrate area exposed to the air after the imposition of an indent can only be used as crude rules, since they do not provide a “cutoff” border, that distinguishes the growing from the healing indents. On the contrary the excess surface energy (ΔFγ) of the system, that is added to the initially flat coating with the formation of an indent, provides a clear critical value, ΔFγ,crit, which separ...
Reinnervation of extraocular muscles by facial-to-oculomotor nerve anastomosis in rats: anatomic nuclear changes.

OBJECTIVE Oculomotor nerve palsy greatly impairs the patient's daily life. After oculomotor nerve injury, when the central nerve stump is not available, neurotization of the distal nerve stump with a donor nerve may be performed. Here, we present an experimental anatomic study in rats related to the motor nuclear organization after facial-to-oculomotor nerve anastomosis. METHODS In adult rats, the right oculomotor nerve was transected at the skull base. Then, the ipsilateral facial nerve was exposed at the stylomastoid foramen and connected side-to-end to one extremity of a peroneal nerve autograft. The other extremity of the nerve autograft was connected end-to-end to the distal stump of the transected oculomotor nerve. Twelve weeks later, axonal regeneration in the autograft and brainstem somatotopic representation of the reinnervated extraocular muscles were investigated by use of histological and retrograde axonal tracing techniques. RESULTS The autograft was reinnervated by a large number of small axons, 1 to 5 microm in diameter. After tracer injection into the superior rectus and medial rectus muscles, retrogradely labeled neurons were seen not only in the ipsilateral facial nucleus (16%) but also in the contralateral nucleus (8%). Labeled neurons were also seen in the ipsilateral abducens (12%), motor trigeminus (7%), trochlear (23%), and contralateral trochlear (34%) nuclei. In normal rats, the extraocular muscles are innervated by unilateral-ipsilateral brainstem motor nuclei, except for the superior rectus and superior oblique muscles, which are innervated by bilateral, primarily contralateral, nuclei. CONCLUSION The central rearrangement of the extraocular muscle nuclei after facial-to-oculomotor nerve anastomosis represents an original example of plasticity. Functional studies are needed to demonstrate whether this procedure might serve to restore some degree of eye motility.
Oxidative and Glycolytic Recovery Metabolism in Muscle Fluorometric observations on their relative contributions

The average degree of reduction of mitochondrial NAD has been measured in the intact toad sartorius by a fluorometric technique. It has been shown that cytoplasmic NADH does not interfere materially with these measurements. The percentage reduction of this respiratory coenzyme has been determined in a number of physiological steady states which are well correlated with fluorometrically determined levels of NADH in suspensions of mitochondria from the hind leg musculature of the toad. In addition, these findings are closely comparable to similar, spectrophotometric measurements on mitochondria from other sources. In the presence of an adequate O2 level a single twitch produces a decrease in fluorescence from the resting steady state which is followed by a slow return to the base line condition. This cycle indicates the intensity and the time course of the oxidative recovery metabolism. The area under this curve is directly related to the number of twitches up to three or four. Greater activity produces a curtailment of oxidative recovery due to glycolysis. In the presence of iodoacetate the linear relation holds for five to seven twitches. At still higher levels of activity a curtailment of the change in NAD level sets in, probably due to the removal of AMP by catabolic reactions.
Mapping polynomial fitting into feedforward neural networks for modeling nonlinear dynamic systems and beyond

Abstract This study presents an explicit demonstration on constructing a multilayer feedforward neural network to approximate polynomials and conduct polynomial fitting. Built on an algebraic analysis of sigmoidal activation functions rather than incremental training, this work reveals the capability of the “universal approximator” by relating the “soft computing tool” to an important class of conventional computing tools widely used in modeling nonlinear dynamic systems and many other scientific computing applications. The authors strive to enable physical interpretations and afford full control when applying the highly adaptive, powerful yet subjective neural network approach. This work is a part of the effort of bridging the gap between the black-box and mechanics-based parametric modeling.
Cigarette smoking among lesbians, gays, and bisexuals: how serious a problem? (United States).

Introduction: Population-based health surveys seldom assess sexual orientation, which results in the absence of a reliable measure of smoking among lesbians, gays, and bisexuals (LGB), a population perceived to have higher risks of tobacco-related diseases. This is the first study to compare the cigarette smoking rate of LGB with that of heterosexual individuals using a population-based sample with both male and female adults, and to identify which sub segments of LGB population are particularly burdened by tobacco use.
The reaction of chicken liver fatty acid synthetase with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)

Abstract Chicken liver fatty acid synthetase is rapidly inhibited by 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoi acid). The inhibition results from the reaction of 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) with the cysteine-SH residue of the β-ketoacyl synthetase site. The adjacent pantetheine-SH of the other subunit displaces 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid from the mixed disulfide resulting in the formation of a disulfide bond between the two residues and thereby cross-linking the two subunits. Scatchard analysis of the 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) inhibition indicated that there are two β-ketoacyl synthetase sites in the homodimer. The mixed disulfide formed between the pantetheine-SH and the cysteine-SH was reduced by 2-mercaptoethanol resulting in restoration of enzyme activity.
Direct chemical analysis of solids by laser ablation in an ion storage time-of-flight mass spectrometer.

A laser ablation/ionization mass spectrometer system is described for the direct analysis of solids, particles, and fibers. The system uses a quadrupole ion trap operated in an ion storage mode, coupled with a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer). The sample is inserted radially into the ring electrode, and an imaging system allows direct viewing and selected analysis of the sample. Measurements identified trace contaminants of Ag, Sn, and Sb in a Pb target with single laser shot experiments. Resolution (m/Δm) of 1500 and detection limits of ∼10 pg have been achieved with a single laser pulse. The system configuration and related operating principles for accurately measuring low concentrations of isotopes are described.
A web-based spatial decision support system optimizes routes for oversize/overweight vehicles in Delaware

Delaware Department of Transportation has developed a web-based spatial decision support system for managing the movement of oversize and overweight vehicles over the State's highways. This system combines network optimization techniques and a J2EE web-architecture to provide a robust, high-performance and scalable system meeting Delaware's current and future permit processing needs. The new system replaces existing manual processes, providing a number of immediate and future benefits including reducing time to calculate some permits from weeks to seconds, reducing processing costs and providing potential safety benefits by reacting to rapidly changing highway conditions.
The associations between OPRM 1 and COMT genotypes and postoperative pain, opioid use, and opioid-induced sedation.

Previous studies have associated mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) genotype with pain and analgesia responses in postoperative and patient populations. This study investigates the role of catechol-O-methy...
Simultaneous Presence of t(2;8)(p12;q24) and t(14;18)(q32;q21) in a B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder with Features Suggestive of an Aggressive Variant of Splenic Marginal-zone Lymphoma

We report a case of an aggressive variant of splenic marginal-zone lymphona (SMZL) with circulating villous lymphocytes. The karyotype of all examined cells had multiple structural and numerical abnormalities, including two lymphoma characteristic translocations, t(2;8)(p12;q24) and t(14;18)(q32;q21). Based on a literature review of cytogenetic aberrations of splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes (SLVL) and SMZL, this is apparently the first documentation of these two translocations in a case of SMZL, and could reflect the heterogeneity of the disorder.
The p-C analyzing power between 100 and 750 MeV

Abstract The inclusive p-C analyzing power has been measured for laboratory scattering angles between 3° and 19° for energies between 80 and 584 MeV. The experiment was performed at LAMPF using a large solid angle polarimeter. These data have been incorporated into the existing data base to obtain a new energy dependent p-C analyzing power fit for the energy range 100–750 MeV.
Detection limits of an ion mobility detector after capillary gas chromatography

A method for setting gating parameters is presented that maximizes response in ion mobility detection following capillary gas chromatography. The method requires knowledge of the drift times of the product ion or ions of interest and the drift times of the reactant ions. These values are obtainable from ion mobility spectra captured after capillary gas chromatography. The capillary insertion distance into the ion source and the presence or absence of an aperture grid were also found to have considerable effect on chromatographic response. Under optimized conditions, minimum detectable limits of <1 fmol/s are reported for tributylamine, phenyl sulfide, and tributyl phosphate. These values demonstrate significant improvements over reported detection limits of organics by the flame ionization detector and sulfur-containing species by the flame photometric detector. The values show slight improvement over those reported for detection of nitrogen and are comparable to those reported for detection of phosphorus-containing species by the thermionization detector.
Pressure-Temperature Relationships for Fe(II) Complexes of 1, 10-Phenanthroline and 2,2'-Bipyridine

The complexes of the type Fe(phen)2X2 and Fe(bipy)2X2 (phen = 1, 10-phenanthroline, bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine) exist in high spin states (X = Cl−, Br−, N3−, NCO−, OAc−, HCOO−) or low spin states (X = CN−, CNO−, NO2−) or can exhibit the phenomenon of magnetic spin crossover. A recent study of the effect of pressure on the Mossbauer spectra for this type of complex indicates that high pressure is capable of partial conversion of the high spin state to the low spin state. However, there is still some disagreement concerning the interpretation of the Mossbauer data in systems which are in spin state equilibrium, as evidenced by some recent work on Fe(III) complexes with N, N-dialkyldithiocarbamates. High pressure studies have also been made on these Fe (III) dithio chelates. The results of these investigations on the solution electronic spectra indicate that the spin state is again pressure-sensitive.
The Role of the Shc Phosphotyrosine Interaction/Phosphotyrosine Binding Domain and Tyrosine Phosphorylation Sites in Polyoma Middle T Antigen-mediated Cell Transformation

The phosphotyrosine interaction (PI)/phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain of Shc binds specific tyrosine-phosphorylated motifs found on activated growth factor receptors and proteins such as polyoma virus middle T antigen (MT). Phenylalanine 198 (Phe198) has been identified as a crucial residue involved in the interaction of the Shc PI/PTB with phosphopeptides. In NIH 3T3 cells expressing MT, p52 Shc carrying the F198V mutation is weakly phosphorylated and does not bind MT or Grb2. Overexpression of the PI/PTB domain alone as Shc amino acids 1-238 acted in a dominant interfering fashion blocking MT-induced transformation. However, expression of a slightly longer construct, Shc 1-260, which encompasses Tyr239/Tyr240, a novel Shc tyrosine phosphorylation site, did not block transformation. This was found to be due to the ability of Shc 1-260 to become tyrosine-phosphorylated and bind Grb2. Furthermore, full-length Shc in which Tyr239/Tyr240 had been mutated to phenylalanine did not become tyrosine-phosphorylated or bind Grb2 but did inhibit colony formation in soft agar. Conversely, p52 Shc carrying a mutation in the other tyrosine phosphorylation site, Tyr317, became heavily tyrosine-phosphorylated, bound Grb2, and gave rise to colonies in soft agar.
Modulation of the Coagulation Cascade Using Recombinant Factor VIIa and Activated Protein C in a Severely Injured Trauma Patient

Exsanguination after trauma remains a leading cause of early death in severely injured patients [1]. Sepsis and multiple organ failure are significant causes of mortality in severely injured trauma patients who survive their injury and require a prolonged ICU hospitalization [2]. Despite advances in operative technique and critical care medicine, the treatment options for patients with coagulopathic hemorrhage or severe sepsis have remained relatively unchanged. We report a unique case in which pharmacological modulators of coagulation, recombinant Factor VIIa, and activated protein C were successfully used to treat massive hemorr-hage and then severe sepsis in a severely injured trauma patient.
Enhancement in Activity of Homologous and Heterologous Viruses Against the Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) by an Optical Brightener

Addition of a selected stilbene optical brightener (Phorwite AR) to the gypsy moth cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus reduced the LC50 from 1.21 × 105 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) per ml to 1.40 × 102 PIE per ml in gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), larvae. The brightener also reduced the LT50 for this virus from 13.2d to 8.4 d (1 × 106 PIB per ml). Whereas the gypsy moth is not susceptible to such viruses as the Autographa nuclear polyhedrosis virus and the Amsacta entomopoxvirus, addition of Phorwite AR to suspensions of these viruses resulted in susceptibility.
The sinus headache explained.

The concept of a sinus headache is problematic from neurology, allergology, and rhinology perspectives. It may be considered the final neurological diagnosis of exclusion when criteria for other craniofacial pain syndromes are not met. The International Headache Society definition implicates the presence of acute sinusitis, but this requirement is often not met in practice or with a patient’s perception of the term. Otorhinolaryngologists have a similar exasperation with this cephalgia but tend to attribute idiopathic, nonallergic rhinopathy as the cause. Allergists often see patients who claim to have a sinus headache but instead have perennial allergic rhinitis or nonallergic rhinitis. A fresh perspective is required to determine the characteristics, differential diagnosis, and veracity of the sinus headache. We recommend using the term with caution only if the clinical picture meets the criteria for acute sinusitis–induced headache.
Characterization of Reactive Ion Etch Damage in GaAs by Triple Crystal X-Ray Diffraction

Triple crystal x-ray diffraction (TCXD) is a non-destructive structural characterization tool capable of the separation and direct observation of the dynamic (perfect crystal) and the kinematic (imperfect crystal) components of the total intensity diffracted by a crystal. Specifically, TCXD can be used to measure the magnitude of the diffuse scattering arising from defects in the crystal structure in the immediate vicinity of a reciprocal lattice point. In this study, the effects of BCl3 reactive ion etching (RIE) on the near-surface region of GaAs were investigated by analyzing the changes in the diffuse scattering using both the symmetric 004 reflection as well as the highly asymmetric and more surface sensitive 113 reflection. While the results from the 004 reflections revealed little difference between the unetched and the BCl3-etched samples, maps of the diffracted intensity around the 113 reflections showed an unexpected and reproducible decrease in the extent of the diffuse scattering in the transverse direction (perpendicular to the direction) as the RIE bias voltage was increased. This decrease suggests that the degree of etch damage induced in the GaAs near-surface region is reduced with increasing bias voltage and ion energy. Additionally, the symmetry and orientation of the kinematic scattering was altered. Possible mechanisms for these results will be discussed.
Thin-Film Encapsulated RF MEMS Switches

A wafer-level thin-film encapsulation process has been demonstrated to package radio-frequency (RF) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) switches in this paper. Individual shunt capacitive switches were packaged in a ~1nL inorganic enclosure with process temperatures not exceeding 300 degC. A shell covering the switch consisted of 10 nm of sputtered alumina and 1.67 mum of sputtered silicon nitride dielectric film. The switch and dielectric shell were simultaneously wet-released through access channels in the shell. Following release, access channels were sealed with 10 nm of sputtered alumina and 2-4 mum of either plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited silicon dioxide or silicon nitride. Electromagnetic simulation and RF test results before and after sealing show minimal RF degradation of switch performance. Before sealing, the insertion loss and isolation at 10 GHz averaged 0.12 and 10.7 dB, respectively. After sealing, the same devices had an average insertion loss and isolation of 0.12 and 10.1 dB, respectively. Complete characterization of the package atmosphere was not completed due to challenges in assessing nanoliter-scale volumes
Groundwater Management on the Texas High Plains

ABSTRACT The effects of major water management practices on the pumping requirement from the Ogallala aquifer are discussed. Demand on the aquifer may be reduced as much as 15 percent by recycling irrigation runoff, 25 percent by recycling irrigation runoff and irrigating with water from playas, and 29 percent by recycling irrigation water in combination with irrigation from playas and artificial recharge of playa water to the aquifer. Other practices that can result in more efficient use of precipitation and groundwater are limited irrigation, land forming, soil profile modification, and improved irrigation systems, thereby reducing the pumping demand on the Ogallala. Additional water supplies can possibly be obtained by water harvesting, weather modification, and water importation. Conclusions reached were that the overdraft on the aquifer can be reduced by the application of sound water management practices on an area-wide basis.
Immature tubules are tolerant of oxygen deprivation

The tolerance of immature tissues to injury has been noted over the past several decades. Traditional teaching relates this tolerance to energy derived from anaerobic glycolysis. This mini-review describes investigations of the hypothesis that the immature kidney is less susceptible to oxygen deprivation than the mature kidney. Utilizing proximal tubule suspensions from immature and mature rats, studies assessing ATP levels as an index of cellular energy and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release as a determinant of plasma membrane damage demonstrate the developing kidney is resistant to prolonged anoxia. ATP is maintained at twofold higher levels during anoxia in the immature tubule compared with the mature tubule. The contribution of anaerobic glycolysis to the tolerance of the immature renal tubules is investigated by two inhibitors of the glycolytic pathway, L-glucose and iodoacetate. Following 70%-90% inhibition of glycolysis, ATP is decreased to similar levels in immature and mature tubules. However, immature tubules remain resistant to anoxic damage with no significant change in LDH release. Therefore, enhanced glycolytic activity does not play a dominant role in the tolerance of the developing kidney to anoxia, and this tolerance is not primarily dependent on preservation of cellular ATP.
Electronic Properties of Layered Multicomponent Wide-Band-Gap Oxides: A Combinatorial Approach

The structural, electronic, and optical properties of 12 multicomponent oxides with layered structure RAMO4, where R 3+ =InorSc, A 3+ =AlorGa,and M 2+ =Ca,Cd,Mg,orZn,areinvestigatedusingfirst-principlesdensity functional approach. The compositional complexity of RAMO4 leads to a wide range of band-gap values varying from 2.45 eV for InGaCdO4 to 6.29 eV for ScAlMgO4 as obtained from our self-consistent screened-exchange local density approximation calculations. Strikingly, despite the different band gaps in the oxide constituents, namely, 2‐4 eV in CdO, In2O3, or ZnO, 5‐6 eV for Ga2O3 or Sc2O3, and 7‐9 eV in CaO, MgO, or Al2O3 ,t he bottom of the conduction band in the multicomponent oxides is formed from the s states of all cations and their neighboring oxygen p states. We show that the hybrid nature of the conduction band in multicomponent oxides originates from the unusual fivefold atomic coordination of A 3+ and M 2+ cations, which enables the interaction between the spatially spread s orbitals of adjacent cations via shared oxygen atoms. The effect of the local atomic coordination on the band gap, the electron effective mass, the orbital composition of the conduction band, and the expected (an)isotropic character of the electron transport in layered RAMO4 is thoroughly discussed.
Customized wavelets for improved fault location quality in power systems

A procedure for generating customized wavelets for detecting the location of a fault along the length of a transmission line is proposed. Measuring the time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) between two consecutive transient reflections or the TDOA between the two initial peaks of two synchronized voltage/current bus measurements provides an accurate fault location estimate. Highly accurate TDOA estimates can be obtained only when the processed fault waveform consists of short/peaked pulses that arrive on a bus with a small group delay. Our customization procedure enhances the “peakedness” and shortens the group delay of the transient waveform by optimizing a suitable peakedness metric. This approach yields more accurate estimates than the “classic” (Daubechies) wavelet-based techniques found in the literature. The proposed method is independent of the fault-type and can be used to reduce the required data sampling rate while maintaining reliable TDOA estimates.
Note on the role of boundary friction in the wind-driven ocean circulation

The oceans are subjected to wind stresses that drive the main currents. Because of the stratification of the water the currents decay vertically and at the bottom the stresses are quite small. It has earlier been argued that the torque due to the wind stresses must be balanced by lateral stresses at the coasts, to prevent the oceanic bodies of water from accelerating in rotation. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1964.tb00177.x
"Thanatosomes": a unifying morphogenetic concept for tumor hyaline globules related to apoptosis.

Hyaline globules (HG) have been observed in a large variety of unrelated categories of tumors and benign tissues. Different explanations for their formation have been proposed, varying according to tumor type and anatomic location. We have studied 80 tumor cases containing HG, by light microscopy, electron microscopy, immunohistochemical stains for various plasma proteins, and in situ DNA-end labeling for apoptosis. On light microscopy, HG were invariably related to areas of increased apoptosis and often contained apoptotic nuclear fragments. The HG stained as expected, with variable intensity with acidic stains. Most cells containing HG stained with immunohistochemical stains for all plasma proteins examined (alpha-1-antitrypsin, ferritin, C3, kappa and lambda light chains, and IgG), indicating an increased plasma membrane permeability. A morphologic change associated with the increased permeability was cytoplasmic blebbing. In the HG themselves, immunohistochemical stains for the plasma proteins were either diffusely positive or stained only the periphery of the larger HG. Double stains for apoptosis and plasma proteins confirmed the increased plasma membrane permeability to proteins of apoptotic cells in general and cells containing HG in particular. Free hyaline globules were often linked to the extracellular matrix by fibrin fibrils. Ultrastructurally, the HG appeared as phagosomes/secondary lysosomes or areas of cytoplasmic condensation surrounded by rough endoplasmic reticulum whorls. These were always associated with intense cytoplasmic blebbing. We conclude that HG reflect stages of cell injury, which in most instances relate to apoptotic cell death. They are specifically associated with the cytoplasmic blebbing and condensation typically seen in this form of cell death. These phenomena are accompanied by plasma protein influx (insudated plasma) and formation of distinct intracellular "hyalinized" cellular fragments. With cell fragmentation, the HG become extracellular and are likely to be ultimately disposed of by a process of "remodeling" and incorporation into the extracellular matrix, followed by collagenization. The latter process partly occurs by the initial linking of all components (HG, collagen fibers, cellular fragments, etc.) by a network of fibrin. The process of formation of HG follows a stereotypical pathway independent of cell type. Because it results mostly from apoptotic cell death, it is more pronounced in rapidly growing tumors or posttreatment. We propose the term thanatosomes for the entire spectrum of HG to emphasize their relationship to cell death. HUM PATHOL 31:1455-1465.
Landscapes of Devils: Tensions of Place and Memory in the Argentinean Chaco

Landscapes of Devils is a rich, historically grounded ethnography of the western Toba, an indigenous people in northern Argentina’s Gran Chaco region. In the early twentieth century, the Toba were defeated by the Argentinean army, incorporated into the seasonal labor force of distant sugar plantations, and proselytized by British Anglicans. Gaston R. Gordillo reveals how the Toba’s memory of these processes is embedded in their experience of “the bush” that dominates the Chaco landscape. As Gordillo explains, the bush is the result of social, cultural, and political processes that intertwine this place with other geographies. Labor exploitation, state violence, encroachment by settlers, and the demands of Anglican missionaries all transformed this land. The Toba’s lives have been torn between alienating work in sugar plantations and relative freedom in the bush, between moments of domination and autonomy, abundance and poverty, terror and healing. Part of this contradictory experience is culturally expressed in devils, evil spirits that acquire different features in different places. The devils are sources of death and disease in the plantations, but in the bush they are entities that connect with humans as providers of bush food and healing power. Enacted through memory, the experiences of the Toba have produced a tense and shifting geography. Combining extensive fieldwork conducted over a decade, historical research, and critical theory, Gordillo offers a nuanced analysis of the Toba’s social memory and a powerful argument that geographic places are not only objective entities but also the subjective outcome of historical forces.
Moisture migration using high resolution time-lapse radar tomography

A borehole radar tomography experiment was conducted at the single heater site within the thermomechanical alcove in the exploratory studies facility (ESF) at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Numerous geophysical, hydrological, and geochemical investigations have been and are being performed to gain understanding about coupled processes including fluid movement; this information will become part of a comprehensive database to determine if the site is appropriate for nuclear waste storage. The subsurface consists of the welded Topopah Spring Tuff, which has primary porosity of approximately 11% and fracture spacing of 2-4 per meter. The intent of this experiment was to investigate the use of high resolution, time-lapse tomographic radar for delineating the geometry of a condensation front and for studying moisture migration that occurs within the rock mass as a result of the dramatic increase in rock temperature during a heater test. The extreme sensitivity of the radar response to even very slight changes in water saturation suggested the suitability of this technique. However, temperature also effects the radar response, although to a lesser degree than saturation state. Petrophysical relationships developed using laboratory measurements and calibrations of field data were necessary to separate out the effects of saturation and temperature on the radar response prior to moisture content estimation.
Scalar-Tensor Theory of Gravitation

A scalar-tensor theory of gravitation is constructed using the Weyl formulation of Riemannian geometry. The scalar field is given an important geometrical role to play and is related to the integrable change in length of a vector as it is transported from point to point in space-time. The geometry uses modified covariant derivatives and a metric tensor which is not covariantly constant. The field equations can be written down very simply in terms of a modified curvature tensor. The theory agrees with the usual Lagrangian formalism in its experimental predictions and offers a reformulation or reinterpretation of the transformation of units considered by Dicke.
Biodegradation of nitrogen-enriched lignite

Abstract Biodegradation of nitrogen-enriched lignite by soil bacteria previously acclimated in hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid lignitic substrate was carried out to assess the effects of nitrogen functional groups on the biodegradation of lignite. Chlorination, oxidation plus nitration, and ammoniation were applied in an attempt to modify the chemical structure of lignite so as to obtain a lignitic substrate that is more compatible to the enzymatical system of ordinary soil bacteria than that of unmodified lignite. Incorporation of nitrogen containing functional groups into lignite structure achieved 4.71 wt%, a value five times higher than that usually found in unmodified (raw) lignite. Data collected through a 16 day incubation time, monitoring production as well as depletion of both nitrate and organic acids, concluded that biodegradation was expedited by the incorporation of nitrogen into the structure of lignite. Twenty-eight compounds were identified based on the results from GC/MS analysis of the products.
Sociology as giant killer: What should we do with Goliath’s armor?

This paper argues that economic theories and econometric methods can constitute useful tools for the sociological study of employment and gender. Work by the author and by Paula England is used to illustrate this point.
Preventing and treating major opportunistic infections in AIDS: What's new and what's still true

PREVIEWAlthough opportunistic infections are becoming less prevalent since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapies for AIDS, they remain a significant threat to immunocompromised patients. The options for prevention and treatment of AIDS-related infections are increasing as research into new drugs and more effective combination regimens continues. In this comprehensive article, Dr Cavert looks at the chief opportunistic infections still plaguing patients with HIV infection and highlights recent changes in prophylaxis and treatment recommendations.
A revised methodology for estimating total personal giving in the United States, with preliminary estimates for the period 1984?1992

This article describes a revised methodology for estimating the current amount of total personal giving in the United States. The previous methodology is evaluated and it is determined that a different methodology, drawing upon recent enrichments in the data on personal giving, would yield improved historical estimates. This would lead to more reliable extrapolations of the current level of giving. Preliminary historical estimates using the new methodology are made for the period 1984 through 1991. These serve as the base for extrapolations to 1992, and results using several extrapolation formulas are compared.
Tunable Programmable Microwave Photonic Filters Based on an Optical Frequency Comb

We demonstrate the application of optical combs to implement tunable programmable microwave photonic filters. We design well-known multi-tap microwave photonic filters; however, the utilization of an optical comb with a dispersive medium enables scaling of these filters to a large number of taps. We use optical line-by-line pulse shaping to program tap weights, which allows us to shape the filter's bandpass. Our scheme is simple and easily implementable, which provides filters with arbitrary tap weights. As an example, we implement filters with Gaussian apodized tap weights, which achieve more than 35-dB sidelobe suppression. Our experiments provide usable bandwidth, free of sampling spurs, over a Nyquist zone of 5 GHz, equal to half of our 10-GHz comb repetition frequency. Furthermore, we introduce a simple new technique, based on a programmable optical delay line, to uniformly tune the passband center frequency across the free spectral range (FSR) of the filter, ideally without changing the bandpass shape. We demonstrate this scheme by tuning the filter over a full FSR, equal to 10.4 GHz in our experiments.
Periodic forcing of solutions of a boundary value problem for a second-order differential equation in Hilbert space☆

Abstract We show that if u is a bounded solution on R + of u″(t) ϵ Au(t) + f(t), where A is a maximal monotone operator on a real Hilbert space H and f∈Lloc2( R +;H) is periodic, then there exists a periodic solution ω of the differential equation such that u(t) − ω(t) 0 and u′(t) − ω′(t) → 0 as t → ∞. We also show that the two-point boundary value problem for this equation has a unique solution for boundary values in D(A) and that a smoothing effect takes place.
The effect of smokeless-tobacco extracts on the growth of oral bacteria of the genus Streptococcus.

Abstract Aqueous tobacco extracts were used to supplement a basic salts solution (BSS) and a microbial medium. Thin-layer chromatography revealed sucrose in only one of four extracts. Discs saturated with extracts (0.1–50 mg/ml) failed to inhibit growth of any of the micro-organisms. Supplementation (10 mg/ml) of BSS with the tobaccos lacking sucrose resulted in augmented growth of Streptococcus mutons, Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus sanguis whereas the sucrose-containing brand augmented only Strep. sanguis growth. Thus extracts of these smokeless tobaccos would serve as a growth substrate for three species of oral streptococci which are frequently associated with human dental caries.
Sex bias in nature and in history: a late 1980s reexamination of the "biological origins" argument

Biologically based behaviors are viewed as highly situation dependent, constrained, and shaped by local history and environments. This perspective is illustrated by tracing through time changes in the patterning of parental behavior toward sons vs. daughters. Although it is assumed that decisions about parental investment are rooted in evolved predispositions, parental behaviors change in response to changing conditions affecting the productive and reproductive contributions of sons vs. daughters.
Highly structured scientific publications

Science is a complex, but highly structured, activity. We propose that reports about science would benefit by reflecting that structure. We provide an example based on the research paradigm and we explore more complex examples in which workflow models describe the conceptual model, the research procedure, the data analysis, and the conclusions.
The Accessibility of Histone H3 Tails in Chromatin Modulates Their Acetylation by P300/CBP-associated Factor

P300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) is a transcriptional coactivator with intrinsic histone acetylase activity. Reversible acetylation of the core histone tails in chromatin has been linked to transcriptional regulation. Here we investigate the mechanism whereby PCAF acetylates its target in chromatin. We demonstrate that recombinant PACF preferentially acetylates the H3 tail in oligonucleosomes, as compared with nucleosome core particles. The rate of acetylation is directly related to the length of the oligonucleosomal substrate. Using a trypsin accessibility assay, we demonstrate that the rate of acetylation is also related to the accessibility of the H3 tail in uncondensed oligonucleosomes. We suggest that PCAF, and perhaps other histone acetyltransferases, acetylate chromatin templates more efficiently than core particle subunits and that this preference arises from an increased accessibility of the H3 tail in either condensed or uncondensed oligonucleosomes. Acetylation of the H3 tails by the native PCAF complex is not affected by the length of the oligonucleosomal substrate. Our results suggest that the accessibility of the H3 tail in chromatin is a major factor affecting their rate of acetylation and that component(s) in the native PCAF complex function to modify the organization of these tails in chromatin thereby enhancing their accessibility to PCAF.
Statistical analysis of parameters affecting the measurement of particle-size distribution of silicon nitride powders by Sedigraph®

Abstract The need to achieve repeatability in the measurement of particle size distribution of submicron particles of silicon nitride powders, and its dependence on the appropriate application of deagglomeration forces and subsequent stabilization of particles from reforming into agglomerates are discussed. An analysis of parameters affecting the particle size distribution measurement by Sedigraph®, a gravity sedimentation method, is presented and major parameters are identified. Statistical factorial design of experiments was used to determine the influence of various parameters such as ultrasonic power, time and energy, type of surfactant, and concentration of surfactant in a suspension on particle size determination. The results were analyzed using statistical techniques such as graphical and least squares regression. This analysis led to the calculation of main and interaction effects of the major parameters mentioned above. Depending on the ultrasonic power level selected for a powder, the interaction effects between ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time, and surfactant concentration for two types of surfactants were identified.
Induction of ribonucleic acid synthesis in human leucocytes by phytohemagglutinin.

Abstract The addition of phytohemagglutinin M to cultures of human peripheral leucocytes accelerated RNA synthesis exponentially. The effect precedes the stimulation of protein synthesis, the initiation of DNA synthesis, and the induction of mitotic activity. Analysis of the newly synthesized RNA by centrifugation in sucrose gradients revealed that the synthesis of all classes was stimulated by phytohemagglutinin. The dependence of RNA synthesis on the dose of phytohemagglutinin provides a quantitative assay of the lymphocyte-stimulating factor in preparations of phytohemagglutinin.
Polymorphisms in OATP-C: identification of multiple allelic variants associated with altered transport activity among European- and African-Americans.

Abstract The human organic anion transporting polypeptide-C (OATP-C) (gene SLC21A6) is a liver-specific transporter importantly involved in the hepatocellular uptake of a variety of endogenous and foreign chemicals. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of multiple functionally relevant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in OATP-C in a population of African- and European-Americans. Moreover, examination of 14 nonsynonymous polymorphisms indicated that genotypic frequencies were dependent on race. Functional assessment of 16OATP-C alleles in vitro revealed that several variants exhibited markedly reduced uptake of the OATP-C substrates estrone sulfate and estradiol 17β-d-glucuronide. Specifically, alterations in transport were associated with SNPs that introduce amino acid changes within the transmembrane-spanning domains (T217C (Phe-73 → Leu), T245C (Val-82 → Ala), T521C (Val-174 → Ala), and T1058C (Ile-353 → Thr)) and also with those that modify extracellular loop 5 (A1294G (Asn-432 → Asp), A1385G (Asp-462 → Gly), and A1463C (Gly-488 → Ala)). Cell surface biotinylation experiments indicated that the altered transport activity of some OATP-C variants was due, in part, to decreased plasma membrane expression. Given the relatively high genotypic frequency of the T521C (14%) transition in European-Americans and the G1463C (9%) transversion in African-Americans, SNPs in OATP-C may represent a heretofore unrecognized factor influencing drug disposition.
Integrating developed and developing world knowledge into global discussions and strategies for sustainability. 1. Science and technology

Sustainable development in both the developed and developing world has the common fundamental themes of advancing economic and social prosperity while protecting and restoring natural systems. While many recent efforts have been undertaken to transfer knowledge from the developed to the developing world to achieve a more sustainable future, indigenous knowledge that often originates in developing nations also can contribute significantly to this global dialogue. Selected case studies are presented to describe important knowledge, methodologies, techniques, principles, and practices for sustainable development emerging from developing countries in two critical challenge areas to sustainability: water and energy. These, with additional analysis and quantification, can be adapted and expanded for transfer throughout the developed and developing world in advancing sustainability. A common theme in all of the case studies presented is the integration of natural processes and material flows into the anthropogenic system. Some of these techniques, originating in rural settings, have recently been adapted for use in cities, which is especially important as the global trend of urban population growth accelerates. Innovations in science and technology, specifically applied to two critical issues of today, water and energy, are expected to fundamentally shift the type and efficiency of energy and materials utilized to advance prosperity while protecting and restoring natural systems.