cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase-locking in a jet forced with two frequencies

This study investigates the effect of forcing a shear layer at more than one frequency. Multiple frequency forcing permits the phase and initial relative amplitudes among unstable waves to be manipulated. More control can be imposed on vortex merging and mixing. Various vortex merging modes were observed and explained by the relative strength of the instability waves and their phase alignment. The vortex phase and path jitterings present in single-frequency forcing cases are greatly reduced when forced at more than one frequency. The observed cycle-to-cycle variation was small. This enables phase-lock measurements to be performed more easily. The phase-lock data show excellent agreement with the flow visualization results even when averaged over only a few cycles.
Effects of Deposition Rate on Microstructure of CoCrPt-SiO $_2$ Granular Longitudinal Media for Tape Applications

The microstructure of sputtered CoCrPt-SiO2 media for tape applications was investigated under different deposition rates. Plan-view and high-resolution cross-sectional TEMs were used to observe the media growth morphology and oxide phase separation behavior. Additionally, time-dependent magnetic property measurements were used for switching volume determination. Although plan-view TEM images suggested well-isolated, small grains, cross-sectional TEM images and switching volume measurements revealed magnetic interconnection between the apparent "grains" visible in the plan-view images. When the deposition rate was reduced from 0.28 to 0.05 nm/s, TEM images showed larger features in plan-view, which is consistent with greater time for atomic motion on the surface before burial. It was also observed in cross-sectional TEM images that columnar growth at the higher rate changed to spheres of metal in an SiO2 matrix at low deposition rate
Review of methods for objective surgical skill evaluation

Rising health and financial costs associated with iatrogenic errors have drawn increasing attention to the dexterity of surgeons. With the advent of new technologies, such as robotic surgical systems and medical simulators, researchers now have the tools to analyze surgical motion with the goal of differentiating the level of technical skill in surgeons. The review for this paper is obtained from a Google Scholar and PubMed search of the key words “objective surgical skill evaluation.” Only studies that included motion analysis were used. In this paper, we provide a clinical motivation for the importance of surgical skill evaluation. We review the current methods of tracking surgical motion and the available data-collection systems. We also survey current methods of surgical skill evaluation and show that most approaches fall into one of three methods: (1) structured human grading; (2) descriptive statistics; or (3) statistical language models of surgical motion. We discuss the need for an encompassing approach to model human skill through statistical models to allow for objective skill evaluation.
Biology of simian virus 40 (SV40) transplantation antigen (TrAg) VII. Induction of SV40 TrAg in nonpermissive mouse cells by early viable SV40 deletion (0.54/0.59) mutants

Abstract Early viable deletion (0.54/0.59) mutants were tested for their ability to induce SV40 transplantation antigen (TrAg) in infected or transformed nonpermissive mouse cells in an attempt to determine the requirement for small t antigen in the expression of TrAg at the cell surface. The results indicate that dl (0.54/0.59) mutants are as efficient as wild-type SV40 in generating specific cytotoxic lymphocytes in C57BU6 mice and in immunizing BALB/c mice against an SV40 tumor cell challenge. Mouse (C57BU6) cells transformed by these mutants were also susceptible to lysis by the specifically sensitized lymphocytes. It can, therefore, be concluded that the synthesis of small t antigen is not an absolute requirement for expression of SV40 TrAg in SV40-infected or -transformed nonpermissive cells.
A Systematic Review of Research on Live Chat Service

The purpose of this study was to synthesize the research literature that has investigated library-based chat reference service. We define library-based chat reference as a synchronous, computer-based question answering service where users of the service ask question(s) which are answered by library employees or contracted agents. Following the methods for conducting a systematic review, we developed inclusion criteria for our data set and collected data from research on chat service dating from 1995 to January 2010. We limited our data to empirical research using established qualitative or quantitative methods. The final data set included 59 documents. We used White's (2001) digital reference service framework to guide our data analysis and unitized the data to the level of the research question(s) asked in each of the studies, resulting in 146 research questions. We focused the bulk of our analysis on the six categories of the framework where the research emphasis was strongest: parameters of the service; clients; parameters of the service; questions; question-answering process; response guidelines; staffing and training; and mission, objectives, statement of purpose. Our aim is to analyze the literature on chat service from a broad perspective to uncover larger themes and streams of knowledge. We believe that this perspective is relevant to those who are currently engaged in chat service in some capacity—academics, librarians, managers, and IT developers. Our research presents the collective knowledge in this area and provides groundwork for researchers as they explore new questions related to chat service. It unifies for practitioners a collection of findings about chat service to enhance and improve their practice. The results suggest areas of opportunity for managers who wish to further develop chat as a library service, and the results synthesize current understandings about chat service which may be useful for IT developers to extend and innovate chat technology in libraries.
High frequency characteristics of MESFETs

Using a self consistent two-dimensional Monte Carlo (MC) simulation, the high frequency characteristics of a state of the art planar MESFET structure are calculated. The dependence of the Y parameters on the gate bias voltage, drain bias voltage, channel doping, and gate position along the channel is discussed. In addition, the MC simulation and a two-dimensional drift-diffusion (DD) model were compared. This was accomplished by comparing the current gain and Y parameters of the transistor over a wide range of frequency predicted by the two approaches. The MC approach led to a 40% higher unity current gain frequency over the DD model.
The Single Sulfur to Oxygen Substitution in the Active Site Nucleophile of the Yersinia Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase Leads to Substantial Structural and Functional Perturbations†

Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) feature an essential nucleophilic thiol group which attacks the phosphorus atom in a substrate. A single S to O atom substitution in the nucleophile (via Cys to Ser mutation) renders PTPases catalytically inactive. We suggest that the lack of activity in the Cys to Ser mutant may be caused by structural and/or conformational perturbations in the active site. Yersinia PTPase contains a single tryptophan residue, Trp354, which is invariant among all PTPases and is located in the vicinity of the active site nucleophile Cys403. Thus, Trp354 serves as an intrinsic probe of the PTPase active site conformation. We show that although C403S displays a nearly identical circular dichroism spectrum to that of the wild type enzyme, its ultraviolet spectrum in the region attributed to Trp is significantly different from that of the wild-type enzyme. In addition, the intrinsic fluorescence intensity of C403S is enhanced 3-fold and exhibits different ionic strength dependency from ...
An Aggregate Advertising Pulsing Model with Wearout Effects

This paper, guided by empirical findings in the literature, develops an advertising pulsing model for established frequently purchased products under the presence of advertising wearout effects. Using such a model, the superiority of Advertising Pulsing Policy over an equivalent Uniform Advertising Policy is explored analytically for both S-shaped and concave advertising response functions in relation to initial sales and the employed discount rate. The basic results of the research, summarized in four propositions, indicate that under the presence of advertising wearout and for both S-shaped and concave advertising response functions that: -Pulsing is superior to the even policy for a zero discount rate. -For all positive values of the discount rate, pulsing is superior to the even policy provided that initial sales are close enough to the equilibrium sales of the even policy. -If initial sales are much different from the equilibrium sales of the even policy, pulsing would be superior for small values of the discount rate whereas the even policy would be superior for large values of the discount rate.
Wavelet-based model reduction of distributed parameter systems

Abstract Mathematical models that describe distributed parameter systems are composed of systems of partial differential and algebraic equations. The methods that solve these systems usually yield a high-order (infinite-dimensional) solution. However, for controller synthesis and practical considerations, a low-order model is preferred. This work addresses the development of model reduction through the use of multi-resolution methods that not only yield a finite low-order model but also a representation of the system's multiscale and local behavior such that scale-specific compensation can be realized. Two systems — heat transfer along a flat metal plate, and a packed-bed reactor with axial dispersion are used to demonstrate the proposed approach.
KNL1 facilitates phosphorylation of outer kinetochore proteins by promoting Aurora B kinase activity

Aurora B kinase phosphorylates kinetochore proteins during early mitosis, increasing kinetochore–microtubule (MT) turnover and preventing premature stabilization of kinetochore–MT attachments. Phosphorylation of kinetochore proteins during late mitosis is low, promoting attachment stabilization, which is required for anaphase onset. The kinetochore protein KNL1 recruits Aurora B–counteracting phosphatases and the Aurora B–targeting factor Bub1, yet the consequences of KNL1 depletion on Aurora B phospho-regulation remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the KNL1 N terminus is essential for Aurora B activity at kinetochores. This region of KNL1 is also required for Bub1 kinase activity at kinetochores, suggesting that KNL1 promotes Aurora B activity through Bub1-mediated Aurora B targeting. However, ectopic targeting of Aurora B to kinetochores does not fully rescue Aurora B activity in KNL1-depleted cells, suggesting KNL1 influences Aurora B activity through an additional pathway. Our findings establish KNL1 as a requirement for Aurora B activity at kinetochores and for wild-type kinetochore–MT attachment dynamics.
Multi-frame structure from motion using optical flow probability distributions

We present a novel multi-frame structure from motion algorithm in which camera motion and object structure are calculated from optical flow probability distributions instead of a single optical flow estimate at each feature point. Optical flow distributions of the selected feature points allow us to quantify the accuracy of the optical flow estimate in any direction. With this additional knowledge, a more accurate structure from motion algorithm is created which relies on this more accurate optical flow data. This novel method is designed to use the optical flow values taken from multiple frames of video or an image sequence. It is an optimal solution to the structure from motion problem with respect to a chosen norm. We will demonstrate that this new method performs significantly better than similar methods which do not use optical flow distributions or which do not use multiple frames.
Benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca-paleothermometry: a revised core-top calibration

Core-top samples from different ocean basins have been analyzed to refine our current understanding of the sensitivity of benthic foraminiferal calcite magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) to bottom water temperatures (BWT). Benthic foraminifera collected from Hawaii, Little Bahama Bank, Sea of Okhotsk, Gulf of California, NE Atlantic, Ceara Rise, Sierra Leone Rise, the Ontong Java Plateau, and the Southern Ocean covering a temperature range of 0.8 to 18°C were used to revise the Cibicidoides Mg/Ca-temperature calibration. The Mg/Ca–BWT relationship of three common Cibicidoides species is described by an exponential equation: Mg/Ca = 0.867 ± 0.049 exp (0.109 ± 0.007 × BWT) (stated errors are 95% CI). The temperature sensitivity is very similar to a previously published calibration. However, the revised calibration has a significantly different preexponential constant, resulting in different predicted absolute temperatures. We attribute this difference in the preexponential constant to an analytical issue of accuracy. Some genera, notably Uvigerina, show apparently lower temperature sensitivity than others, suggesting that the use of constant offsets to account for vital effects in Mg/Ca may not be appropriate. Downcore Mg/Ca reproducibility, as determined on replicate foraminiferal samples, is typically better than 0.1 mmol mol−1 (2 S.E.). Thus, considering the errors associated with the Cibicidoides calibration and the downcore reproducibility, BWT may be estimated to within ±1°C. Application of the revised core-top Mg/Ca–BWT data to Cenozoic foraminiferal Mg/Ca suggests that seawater Mg/Ca was not more than 35% lower than today in the ice-free ocean at 50 Ma.
Partitioning of molybdenum to 60 kbar along a warped Fe-FeS liquidus

Abstract Mo partitioning between crystalline and liquid metal alloy shows a continuous change with pressure from siderophile to chalcophile behavior at 1100 °C in the interval 0–60 kbar. Pressure is shown to be only a minor direct causative factor in this change. Unusual Fe–S liquid solution behavior causes Fe to dissolve instead of precipitate from solution with increasing pressure to 60 kbar at temperatures up to ∼ 1375 °C. This pathology drives changes in D Mo that overshadow any direct pressure effect on D Mo . The ability to separate the pressure and compositional effects on D Mo arises through the warpage in pressure of the Fe–S liquidus.
cAMP-independent oscillations of adenylate cyclase in Dictyostelium discoideum.

Abstract In starved Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae, extracellular cAMP appears to regulate adenylate cyclase activity such that synthesis of cAMP is rhythmic. Here we report that periodic modulation of adenylate cyclase also occurs via a cAMP-independent mechanism. This was demonstrated using cells which have high levels of adenylate cyclase activity, as measured in cell extracts, but which do not express this enzymic potential when intact. Such cells still rhythmically modify their adenylate cyclase activity and both the periodicity and the amplitude of the oscillations are similar to those seen in cells actively synthesizing cAMP. The phenomenon is observed using both wild-type cells and certain aggregation-minus mutants. The results implicate a mechanism which is cAMP independent in the regulation of adenylate cyclase as well as in the synchrony of the cell population.
Correction of Excessive Precipitation over Steep and High Mountains in a GCM

AbstractExcessive precipitation over steep and high mountains (EPSM) is a well-known problem in GCMs and mesoscale models. This problem impairs simulation and data assimilation products. Among the possible causes investigated in this study, it was found that the most important one, by far, is a missing upward transport of heat out of the boundary layer due to the vertical circulations forced by the daytime upslope winds, which are forced by heated boundary layer on the subgrid-scale slopes. These upslope winds are associated with large subgrid-scale topographic variation, which is found over steep and high mountains. Without such subgrid-scale heat ventilation, the resolvable-scale upslope flow in the boundary layer generated by surface sensible heat flux along the mountain slopes is excessive. Such an excessive resolvable-scale upslope flow combined with the high moisture content in the boundary layer results in excessive moisture transport toward mountaintops, which in turn gives rise to EPSM. Other pos...
How I Manage the Adult Potential Organ Donor: Donation After Neurological Death (Part 1)

The need for organ donation has become a growing concern over that last decade as the gap between organ donors and those awaiting transplant widens. According to UNOS, as of 8/2009, there were 102,962 patients on the transplant waiting list and only 6,004 donors in 2009 (UNOS.org. Accessed 4/8/2009). In 2008, an estimated 17 patients died each day awaiting transplant (OPTN.org). Though currently most organ donations come after brain death (DND or donation after neurological death), tissue donation (cornea, skin, bone, and musculoskeletal tissue), and donation after cardiac death (DCD) and are also possible. The term “extended criteria donor” refers to potential donors over 60 years of age or age 50–59 years plus 2 of the 3 following criteria: stroke as the cause of death, creatnine > 1.5 meq/dl, or a history of hypertension. Historically, extended criteria donors have had a lower organ yield per donor. In order to preserve the choice of organ donation for the family, intensive management of the potential organ donor is necessary. Since each potential donor could save seven lives or more, nihilism in the care of such patients can have far reaching ramifications. This article describes intensive care management practices that can optimize organ donation.
Potentiation of N-Methyl-d-aspartate-Induced Currents by the Nootropic Drug Nefiracetam in Rat Cortical Neurons

Nefiracetam is a new pyrrolidone nootropic drug being developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's type and post-stroke vascular-type dementia. In the brain of Alzheimer's disease patients, down-regulation of both cholinergic and glutamatergic systems has been found and is thought to play an important role in impairment of cognition, learning and memory. We have previously shown that the activity of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is potently augmented by nefiracetam. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the mechanism of action of nefiracetam on glutamatergic receptors. Currents were recorded from rat cortical neurons in long-term primary culture using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique at a holding potential of -70 mV in Mg2+-free solutions. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-evoked currents were greatly and reversibly potentiated by bath application of nefiracetam resulting in a bell-shaped dose-response curve. The minimum effective nefiracetam concentration was 1 nM, and the maximum potentiation to 170% of the control was produced at 10 nM. Nefiracetam potentiation occurred at high NMDA concentrations that evoked the saturated response, and in a manner independent of NMDA concentrations ranging from 3 to 1,000 microM. Glycine at 3 microM potentiated NMDA currents but this effect was attenuated with an increasing concentration of nefiracetam from 1 to 10,000 nM. 7-Chlorokynurenic acid at 1 microM prevented nefiracetam from potentiating NMDA currents. Nefiracetam at 10 nM shifted the dose-response relationship for the 7-chlorokynurenic acid inhibition of NMDA currents in the direction of higher concentrations. Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid- and kainate-induced currents were not significantly affected by application of 10 nM nefiracetam. It was concluded that nefiracetam potentiated NMDA currents through interactions with the glycine binding site of the NMDA receptor.
Disturbed Homeostasis in Sodium-Restricted Mice Heterozygous and Homozygous for Aldosterone Synthase Gene Disruption

We have determined that differences in expression of aldosterone synthase (AS) affect responses to a low-salt diet. In AS-null mice (AS(-/-)), but not in wild-type, low salt significantly decreased plasma sodium and increased potassium. The increased urine volume (1.5xwild-type) and decreased urine osmolality (0.7xwild-type), present in AS(-/-) mice on normal salt, became more severe (2.3xwild-type and 0.5xwild-type) on low salt, but neither changed in wild-type. In both genotypes, plasma vasopressin was similar on normal and low salt, and desmopressin injection significantly increased urine osmolality. Renal mRNA levels for aquaporin 1 and 3 were unchanged by genotype or diet and epithelial sodium channel and Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-)-cotransporter by genotype. In AS(-/-) mice, aquaporin 2 mRNA increased on normal salt, whereas Na(+)Cl(-)-cotransporter and cortex K(+) channel mRNAs decreased on both diets. The low blood pressure of AS(-/-) mice was decreased further by low salt, despite additional increases in renin, intrarenal arterial wall thickness, and macula densa cyclogenase-2 mRNA. In AS(+/-) mice on normal salt, adrenal AS mRNA was slightly decreased (0.7xwild-type), but blood pressure was normal. On low salt, their blood pressure was less than wild-type (101+/-2 mm Hg versus 106+/-2 mm Hg), even though renin mRNA increased to 2xwild-type. We conclude that aldosterone is critical for urine concentration and maintenance of blood pressure and even a mild reduction of AS expression makes blood pressure sensitive to low salt, suggesting that genetic differences of AS levels in humans may influence how blood pressure responds to dietary salt.
Test-Completion Speed: Its Relationship to Performance on Three Course-Based Objective Examinations:

This investigation was designed to: (a) resolve the contradictions raised in earlier research on the relationship between test-completion speed and performance and (b) to extend the range of inquiry from performance on one test to performance on all tests in a course of study. Test scores were obtained from 278 college students on three course-based objective examinations. Data analyses yielded no linear or curvilinear relationships between completion speed and performance on individual tests. Similarly, no relationship was found between average completion speed on three tests and total score. The results suggest that test-completion speed on an untimed test is unrelated to test performance. The implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
VOCALIZATIONS OF THE MALLARD (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS)

Qualitative descriptive information on both vocal and visual displays of waterfowl is abundant (e.g., Heinroth 1910, 1911; Lorenz 1953; Weidmann 1956; Johnsgard 1965; McKinney 1965a, 1969, 1970), and quantitative data are available for visual displays of a few species of ducks (e.g., Weidmann 1958; Weidmann and Daily 1971; Simmons and Weidmann 1973; Johnsgard 1960; McKinney 1961, 1965b; Dane et al. 1959; Dane and van der Kloot 1964; Field 1970). But quantitative data on vocal displays of adult waterfowl are conspicuously absent. Sonographic illustrations are available for selected vocalizations of several species of adult ducks (Frith 1967; Johnsgard 1971), but to my knowledge, no one has attempted to record and analyze the full vocal repertoire of a single species. Since the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is one of the most studied waterfowl, a quantitative description of the vocal repertoire of this species is a logical place to start. My objectives were to review and extend the qualitative descriptions of the vocal displays of the Mallard already available (primarily, Lorenz 1953; Weidmann 1956), to provide quantitative information on daily and seasonal variations in frequency of selected vocalizations in individuals and groups, and to measure the variability of specific vocalizations, both within and between individuals. This in-
Joint message-passing decoding of LDPC codes and partial-response channels

Ideas of message passing are applied to the problem of removing the effects of intersymbol interference (ISI) from partial-response channels. Both bit-based and state-based parallel message-passing algorithms are proposed. For a fixed number of iterations less than the block length, the bit-error rate of the state-based algorithm approaches a nonzero constant as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) approaches infinity. This limitation can be removed by using a precoder. It is well known that low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes can be decoded using a message-passing algorithm. Here, a single message-passing detector/decoder matched to the combination of a partial-response channel and an LDPC code is investigated.
Cross‐sectional mapping of hole concentrations as a function of copper treatment in CdTe photo‐voltaic devices

The carrier density and carrier density distribution within CdTe solar cells were studied with scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM). The CdTe solar cells were studied after every process step and as a function of varying copper treatment conditions. It was found that the CdTe film is practically undoped after deposition and after CdCl2 treatment, while after the copper step the carrier density distribution is non-uniform with a mixture of p-type and intrinsic grains in the CdTe film. These SCM observations were also confirmed with device performance data as well as capacitance–voltage measurements and Van der Pauw Hall measurements. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimal olfactory perception during sleep: why odor alarms will not work for humans.

Study objectives To examine olfactory arousal threshold during sleep in comparison to an auditory tone. Design On night 1, participants rated odor intensity when awake and experienced olfactory stimuli during stage 1 sleep. Night 2 involved stage 2, stage 4, and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep trials using the "staircase" threshold-detection method. Electroencephalogram, electrooculogram, electromyogram, electrocardiogram, and respiration were recorded along with behavioral response. An 800-Hz tone was given on trials when odors failed to arouse. Setting Participants slept in individual rooms. Stimulus-delivery systems were operated from a separate room, where an experimenter observed physiologic recordings and behavioral responses. Participants Three healthy men and 3 women aged 20 to 25 years (mean, 22 years). Interventions Two odorants, peppermint and pyridine, at 4 concentrations were presented through nasal cannulas using an air-dilution olfactometer. Tones were played over a speaker. Measurements Behavioral (button press and oral) responses, electroencephalographic activation, and changes in breathing and heart rate were assessed. Results Participants responded to odors on 92% of stage 1 sleep trials. Peppermint was ineffective in stages 2, 4, and REM sleep. Pyridine produced behavioral threshold on 45% of stage 2 trials, none in stage 4, and one third of REM sleep trials. Tones were effective on at least 75% of trials. Heart rate increased significantly only following behavioral responses to odors or tones across sleep stages. Conclusions The data indicate that human olfaction is not reliably capable of alerting a sleeper.
Non‐Additive Impact of Blue Crabs and Spot on Their Prey Assemblages

We designed a field experiment to examine predator interactions-in par- ticular, the effect of each predator on the growth and survival of the other, and to examine the effects of predation on prey assemblages-in particular, predation effects by each pred- ator alone as well as together. Blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) and the fish, spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), co-occur in Southeastern estuaries of the USA, and share many prey taxa and habitat types. We predicted that the blue crabs and spot would suffer both interference and exploitation competition when held together in enclosures. We also predicted that, as a consequence of the competitive interactions, their joint impact on prey assemblages would be different from that predicted based on the impact when held alone. We installed mesh enclosures in an existing earthen pond after allowing it to be filled with water from Bogue Sound, North Carolina, and to be colonized by the naturally occurring species assemblage. A factorial design was used to allow us to test for non- additive effects of the two predators on their prey assemblage. Contrary to our predictions, we found that spot survival was enhanced in the presence of blue crabs. This enhancement was probably effected by removal of the alga Enteromorpha intestinalis by the crabs. The alga was positively affected by spot. The positive effect of spot on Enteromorpha, and the negative effect of crabs, was probably responsible for differences in densities and distri- butions of prey taxa within the enclosures. Significant interaction terms in our analysis suggest that community response to either predator is not independent of the other. Our data suggest that we cannot expect to explain adequately the effects of multi-species predator assemblages on their prey by combining information obtained through single-predator experiments.
An Evaluation of a Classwide Intervention Package Involving Self-Management and a Group Contingency on Classroom Behavior of Middle School Students.

The effectiveness of an intervention package involving self-management and a group contingency at increasing appropriate classroom behaviors was evaluated in a sample of middle school students. Participants included all students in each of the 3 eighth-grade general education classrooms and their teachers. The intervention package included strategies recommended as part of best practice in classroom management to involve both building skill (self-management) and reinforcing appropriate behavior (group contingency). Data sources involved assessment of targeted behaviors using Direct Behavior Rating—single item scales completed by students and systematic direct observations completed by external observers. Outcomes suggested that, on average, student behavior moderately improved during intervention as compared to baseline when examining observational data for off-task behavior. Results for Direct Behavior Rating data were not as pronounced across all targets and classrooms in suggesting improvement for students. Limitations and future directions, along with implications for school-based practitioners working in middle school general education settings, are discussed.
Combining Proximal and Penetrating Soil Electrical Conductivity Sensors for High-Resolution Digital Soil Mapping

Proximal ground conductivity sensors produce high spatial resolution maps that integrate the bulk electrical conductivity (ECa) of the soil profile. For meaningful interpretation, variability in conductivity maps must either be inverted to profile conductivity or be directly calibrated to profile properties. Penetrating apparent electrical conductivity (ECa–P) sensors produce high depth resolution data at relatively fewer spatial locations. The objectives of this research were to (i) investigate the profile source of ECa in claypan soils via a detailed examination of ECa–P profiles; (ii) examine the potential for feature detection with ECa–P in claypan soils; and (iii) determine if ECa sensors can be calibrated to ECa–P features. Two study areas were chosen representing the claypan soils of north-east Missouri, USA. Profile conductivity was measured at high depth resolution on soil cores using a miniaturised Wenner conductivity probe and in the field using a conductivity penetrometer. Proximal ground conductivity was mapped with one direct contact sensor and two non-contact sensors, providing five distinct coil/electrode geometries. Increasing ECa–P was observed below the claypan, correlated with decreasing clay and water content and increasing bulk density. Depth to the claypan was successfully calibrated to derivative peaks on ECa–P profiles (R 2 = 0.72, p < 0.001). Relationships between ECa and ECa–P features were poor (R 2∼ 0.21) to good (R 2∼ 0.87) on a field-specific basis. Results show that ECa–P can be used for calibration of ECa to the depth to claypan.
Design of a Free Piston Pneumatic Compressor as a Mobile Robot Power Supply

The design of a free piston compressor (FPC) intended as a pneumatic power supply for pneumatically actuated autonomous robots is presented in this paper. The FPC is a proposed device that utilizes combustion to compress air into a high-pressure supply tank by using the kinetic energy of a free piston. The device is configured such that the transduction from thermal energy to stored energy, in the form of compressed gas, is efficient relative to other small-scale portable power supply systems. This efficiency is achieved by matching the dynamic load of the compressor to the ideal adiabatic expansion of the hot gas combustion products. The device proposed exploits this fact by first converting thermal energy into kinetic energy of the free piston, and then compressing air during a separate compression phase. The proposed technology is intended to provide a compact pneumatic power supply source appropriate for human-scale robots. The design and implementation of the FPC is shown, and preliminary experimental results are presented and discussed with regard to efficiency and energetic characteristics of the device. Most significantly, the device is shown to operate nearly adiabatically.
Re‐Presentations of Space in Hollywood Movies: An Event‐Indexing Analysis

Popular movies present chunk-like events (scenes and subscenes) that promote episodic, serial updating of viewers’ representations of the ongoing narrative. Event-indexing theory would suggest that the beginnings of new scenes trigger these updates, which in turn require more cognitive processing. Typically, a new movie event is signaled by an establishing shot, one providing more background information and a longer look than the average shot. Our analysis of 24 films reconfirms this. More important, we show that, when returning to a previously shown location, the re-establishing shot reduces both context and duration while remaining greater than the average shot. In general, location shifts dominate character and time shifts in event segmentation of movies. In addition, over the last 70 years re-establishing shots have become more like the noninitial shots of a scene. Establishing shots have also approached noninitial shot scales, but not their durations. Such results suggest that film form is evolving, perhaps to suit more rapid encoding of narrative events.
Wide bandgap semiconductor materials and devices

Given a matrix of all semiconductor materials and their properties, the highest and the lowest of these property values will almost always be associated with wide bandgap materials. The many possible combinations of these "poles and zeros" lead not only to superlative electron device performance, but to new device concepts as well. An overview of wide bandgap semiconductor properties is presented followed by several concepts for both new and enhanced devices. Finally, impediments to immediate exploitation and a time-oriented appraisal of the various materials and devices is presented.
Regulation of ion channel localization and phosphorylation by neuronal activity.

Voltage-dependent Kv2.1 K+ channels, which mediate delayed rectifier Kv currents (IK), are expressed in large clusters on the somata and dendrites of principal pyramidal neurons, where they regulate neuronal excitability. Here we report activity-dependent changes in the localization and biophysical properties of Kv2.1. In the kainate model of continuous seizures in rat, we find a loss of Kv2.1 clustering in pyramidal neurons in vivo. Biochemical analysis of Kv2.1 in the brains of these rats shows a marked dephosphorylation of Kv2.1. In cultured rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons, glutamate stimulation rapidly causes dephosphorylation of Kv2.1, translocation of Kv2.1 from clusters to a more uniform localization, and a shift in the voltage-dependent activation of IK. An influx of Ca2+ leading to calcineurin activation is both necessary and sufficient for these effects. Our finding that neuronal activity modifies the phosphorylation state, localization and function of Kv2.1 suggests an important link between excitatory neurotransmission and the intrinsic excitability of pyramidal neurons.
Host and tumor derived MMP13 regulate extravasation and establishment of colorectal metastases in the liver

Non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases in the United States and worldwide. Our studies have previously shown an increase in metastatic burden in steatotic vs. normal livers using a mouse model of diet induced steatosis. In the present study we aim to identify and evaluate the molecular factors responsible for this increase in tumor burden. We assessed changes in expression of a panel of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) using qRT-PCR between normal and steatotic livers and validated them with western blot analysis of protein levels. To evaluate the role of MMP13 on tumor development, we utilized a splenic injection model of liver metastasis in Wildtype and Mmp13 deficient mice, using either parental or stable Mmp13 knockdown cell lines. Further, to evaluate changes in the ability of tumor cells to extravasate we utilized whole organ confocal microscopy to identify individual tumor cells relative to the vasculature. MTT, migration and invasion assays were performed to evaluate the role of tumor derived MMP13 on hallmarks of cancer in vitro. We found that MMP13 was significantly upregulated in the steatotic liver both in mice as well as human patients with NAFLD. We showed a decrease in metastatic tumor burden in Mmp13−/− mice compared to wildtype mice, explained in part by a reduction in the number of tumor cells extravasating from the hepatic vasculature in the Mmp13−/− mice compared to wildtype mice. Additionally, loss of tumor derived MMP13 through stable knockdown in tumor cell lines lead to decreased migratory and invasive properties in vitro and metastatic burden in vivo. This study demonstrates that stromal as well as tumor derived MMP13 contribute to tumor cell extravasation and establishment of metastases in the liver microenvironment.
Assessing Habituation Phenotypes in Adult Zebrafish: Intra- and Inter-Trial Habituation in the Novel Tank Test

Although adult zebrafish are increasingly utilized as a model organism in neurobehavioral research, their habituation responses have only recently been evaluated in detail. When exposed to a novel environment, zebrafish demonstrate marked habituation responses, similar to the behavioral response of rodents. Representing an adaptive response to novelty and a simple form of spatial memory, both intra- and intersession habituation can be easily assessed in adult zebrafish using novelty-based paradigms, such as the novel tank test. Alterations in zebrafish habituation can also be evoked by pharmacological manipulations, collectively representing a useful tool for drug screening and behavioral phenotyping. Here, we outline a simple protocol for evaluating zebrafish intra- and inter-session habituation to novelty in the novel tank test.
Calcium Intake and Bone Loss in Population Context

A quarter of a century ago, adult bone loss was often described as “senile, postmenopausal osteoporosis,” and was thought to be characteristic of Caucasian women over 50 who were predominantly of northwest European ancestry [16]. As we now know, adult bone loss is by no means an exclusively female complaint. Both men and women lose bone over the years, though the rate of loss (mg/day) is both absolutely and relatively greater in the female. The onset of adult bone loss also begins far earlier than menopause, though the incidence of fractures does not rise until bone mass becomes somewhat diminished and there are slips, slides, and falls to stress them beyond the breaking point [4].
Specific binding of heparin-reactive peptides with melanoma in vitro and in vivo

1705 Objectives The ability to specifically target tumors and their metastases is critically important for the accurate diagnosis, disease staging and treatment of patients with melanoma. The most commonly used technique for tumor detection is PET imaging with 18FDG. However, 18FDG also accumulates at sites of inflammation, in the myocardium, brain and other non-target tissues. As a tumor-specific alternative, peptides have been used successfully to target melanoma, and in contrast to 18FDG these reagents afford an opportunity for therapy as well as imaging. Methods Biotinylated p5R peptide was shown by histochemistry to bind to human and canine melanoma tumors in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. B16F10 pulmonary colonies were prepared in C57Bl/6 mice by injection of 50,000 cells iv. 125I-p5R was prepared and injected into mice (~150 µCi) at 17-21 d pi and SPECT images acquired. Localization of the probe within the tumor was confirmed by using microautoradiography. Results Peptide p5R bound human, canine and murine melanocytic melanomas in FFPE tissue. 125I-p5R was observed by SPECT imaging (24 h pi of tracer) in the lungs of mice with pulmonary colonies as compared to a control peptide. Binding to a specific subset of melanocytic cells within the tumor was confirmed in microautoradiographs. 125I-p5R was seen associated with melanocytes in both pulmonary and metastatic nodal colonies as well as extracellular melanin. Conclusions We posit that p5 binds hypersulfated HSPG on the surface of melanocytic melanoma tumor cells and secreted melanin. Importantly, this form of heparan sulfate is not observed within healthy murine organs. These data support the further investigation of this peptide for radiodetection of melanoma tumors and when coupled with the appropriate radionuclide offer the potential for endoradiotherapy. Research Support This work was supported by the Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Program, UTMCK
Bacteriostatic Effect of Sulfanilamide in Spinal Fluid of Convalescent Gases of Streptococcal Meningitis

During the latter part of August, 1936, and the first week of September, we treated successfully with sulfanilamide what appears to be the first critically studied case on record of streptococcal meningitis. Our second case, one of highest severity, was treated in December. It also recovered. The spinal fluid in each was characterized by a remarkable bacteriostatic effect of the drug, manifesting itself in the first case in 72 hours, and in the second in 48 hours.In the latter case there were 3,000 white cells per cmm., of, spinal fluid, and 8 chains of streptococci per high-power field. One loop of spinal fluid yielded countless numbers of colonies on a blood agar plate; yet after 48 hours' treatment, seeding of ½ cc, of spinal fluid under the same conditions gave no growth, even after 5 days' incubation at 37°C.When contrasted with the normal serum of a healthy adult, the following results obtain: Both fluids were seeded with 100 streptococci and incubated at 37° for 24 hours. No growth was obtained fro...
Feminist asylums and acts of dreaming

This article explores how US legal expansions narrow justice possibilities. Drawing from Joan Scott's work on experience, echo and reverberation, the article puts forth a method for reading the convergence of historical absences within legal subjectivity. In particular, it traces the denial of one Nigerian woman's US political asylum claim within the context of US handlings of Nigerian human rights cases focused on petroleum violence alongside the expansion of political asylum to include gender and sexual violence. The article accounts for the production of gender within a larger context of colonial state violence and questions how gender becomes a viable legal category through a variety of violent histories that implicate the US. By reframing questions of feminist justice within the site of law, the article argues for a deeper engagement with discontinuous narratives, which read against our common sense understandings, as a first step in divesting in US legal privilege.
Information reconciliation in higher-dimensional quantum cryptography

We report on a high-speed quantum cryptography system that utilizes simultaneous entanglement in polarization and time-bins. We also show a practical implementation of information reconciliation using concatenated low density parity check codes.
Gays: Feelings about Advertising and Media Used

ABSTRACT Despite the increased interest in the gay and lesbian market, relatively little is known about how gay and lesbian consumers utilise media, as well as their views and attitudes toward advertising. Collecting and analysing data relevant to these two areas serves as the primary objectives of this study. In addition, advertising implications flowing from this analysis are presented and discussed, beginning with background information on the gay and lesbian consumer.
Goji berry attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease, are gastrointestinal disorders characterized by intestinal inflammation. Goji berry (Lycium barbarum), also ...
Research and Application of Testing Platform for Wind Power Forecasting System

For ensuring reliability of wind power forecasting system operation and precision of forecasting result,testing platform for wind power forecasting system was established.The testing platform consisted of software testing for functions of the forecasting system,forecasting performance,stability,reliability and usability as well as testing for veracity and reliability of the forecasting results.Using this platform to test forecasting system of some wind power field,the result showed four index including average absolute error,mean square root error,accuracy rate and percent of pass f short-term and ultrashort-term forecasting results of wind power of this system were all meeting requirements which indicated that this testing platform was able to comprehensively evaluate various main index of the wind power forecasting system.
International Education as Intercultural Communication

Internationalization (kokusaika; 国際化) is a familiar topic for most Japanese. In Japanese higher education, the internationalization initiative is one of the top priorities. Ninomiya et al. (2009) summarize the history of internationalization efforts by Japanese higher education since the end of WWII.
Updating Ethnography to Investigate Contemporary Organizational Forms

The emergence of innovative organizational configurations enabled by recent advances in information and communication technology represent new and expanding venues for information systems research. At the same time, the distributed, dynamic nature of these new work forms challenge the premises and practices of traditional information systems research approaches. In this chapter, I advocate ethnography as a somewhat counterintuitive but valuable approach to the study of virtual work groups or, more specifically, virtual project teams. While the speed, fluidity, and physical distribution of virtual project teams pose unique challenges to ethnographic inquiry, it is these very characteristics that beg for the in situ scrutiny that only ethnography can provide. The mission of this chapter is three-fold: I intend to contribute to prior efforts to demystify ethnographic research generally, to illustrate its applicability to emerging venues of IS research, and to advocate for more ethnographic studies of virtual project teams as an essential step in understanding the socio-technical infrastructure needed to 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING This chapter appears in the book, The Handbook of Information Systems Research, edited by Michael E. Whitman and Amy B. Wosczynski. Copyright © 2004, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited.