cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Introduction: Teaching and Learning in Urban Agricultural Community Contexts

Urban agriculture has seen a resurgence in interest and activity as consumers are interested in where their food comes from, how it was produced, and how it reflects their personal values. The interest in urban agriculture has resulted in formal, nonformal and informal education programs, projects, and experiences. The breadth and nature of the field of urban agriculture and related educational programs is nuanced, eclectic, highly diverse, and transcends a wide range of contexts. As such, literature was reviewed and summarized into a framework of factors, including scope; approaches and methods; diversity of production and services; systems-driven and holistic; purpose-driven on food and social justice; a community-based food system for the public good. Although numerous authors have discussed the diversity of urban agriculture, these factors were proposed as a framework to continue the dialogue and demonstrate how various authors in this book discussed urban agriculture in their chapters. This book is a collection of authors’ wisdom of programmatic and evidence-based experiences in urban agriculture education. Nine chapters are briefly introduced, and their unique contributions are highlighted in the introduction. The chapters provide implications on how educators can inform programmatic engagement in urban agriculture.
Cycle Equivalence of Finite Dynamical Systems Containing Symmetries

Two dynamical systems are cycle equivalent if they are topologically conjugate when restricted to their periodic points. In this paper, we extend our earlier results on cycle equivalence of asynchronous finite dynamical systems (FDSs) where the dependency graph may have a nontrivial automorphism group. We give conditions for when two update sequences \(\pi ,\pi '\) give cycle equivalent maps \(F_\pi , F_{\pi '}\), and we give improved upper bounds for the number of distinct cycle equivalence classes that can be generated by varying the update sequence. This paper contains a brief review of necessary background results and illustrating examples, and concludes with open questions and a conjecture.
The Michelle Markup: The First Lady's impact on stock prices of fashion companies

I analyze changes in apparel company stock prices when Michelle Obama wears designer outfits at major events. The First Lady’s selections can create value exceeding $100 million for companies that design and market her clothing. The effect is approximately $2.3 billion during a 2009 European trip that the media labeled a “fashion faceoff” with her French counterpart Carla Bruni. However, firms whose clothing she chooses not to wear see their stock prices drop, and her net impact upon the industry amounts to a redistribution of value among firms. The First Lady’s influence on fashion firms represents a private benefit of public office, similar to private benefits of control obtained by corporate managers.
Independence of human menstruation on lunar phases and days of the week.

Abstract Over 6,000 natural menstrual onsets have been correlated with the phases of the moon and days of the week. The chi-square test, the coefficient of dispersion, and the straight-line fit indicate that there is no significant phase locking. Only the weekly rhythm exhibits a small effect—more menstrual flows started in the middle of the week—but the correlation does not meet the 1 per cent standard level of significance.
Blood on the Tongue: Reading Abjection in Nationalist Blood Libels From Nazi Germany to Hamas and the British National Party

The blood libel is usually known as the Medieval European legend about Jews killing Christians to consume their blood or otherwise use it in rituals. However, in this paper I explore more recent instances of the blood libel that have emerged in nationalist contexts. What I call the nationalist blood libel is more overtly politicized than its predecessors, as there is a relationship between the accusatory portrayals of groups signified as alien and what Arjun Appadurai in Fear of Small Numbers (2006) called an “anxiety of incompletion” inherent in the modern nation-state as a result of the political discourses of majority and minority. In this article I discuss specific instances of the nationalist blood libel in a Nazi publication and in a cartoon aired in 2010 by Hamas wherein “the Jew” is signified as an agent of abjection; of transgression and dismemberment. I also examine an example from contemporary Britain in which “the Islamist” has replaced “the Jew” in the narrative, as this subject is imagined as an existential threat to the British people and the nation. In reading these examples through Julia Kristeva’s theorization of abjection, I contend that the telling of the nationalist blood libel relates personal and communal fears about pollution and dissolution, and that this fear, though fundamentally threatening to subjectivity, nevertheless works to establish it. I therefore argue that this reveals the nationalist blood libel as a folk reification mechanism that allows the segmentation of friend/enemy camps and rationalizes anxieties along lines of protectionism, and thereby mobilizes affects into political and often violent action.
Lumbar lipomyelomeningocele and sacrococcygeal teratoma in siblings: support for an alternative theory of spinal teratoma formation

Sacrococcygeal teratomas may arise in association with regional developmental errors affecting the caudal embryonic segments and may originate within lumbosacral lipomas. It is therefore possible that sacrococcygeal teratomas and lumbosacral lipomas represent related disorders of embryogenesis. Accordingly, the authors report the cases of 2 siblings. The first child (female) was born with a mature Altman Type III sacrococcygeal teratoma that was resected when she was a neonate. Subsequently, a younger brother was found soon after birth to have an L-4-level lipomyelomeningocele and underwent partial resection and spinal cord untethering at 4 months of age. Although familial forms of each of these conditions have been reported, this is, to the authors' knowledge, the first reported occurrence of lipomyelomeningocele and sacrococcygeal teratoma in siblings. They propose that an inherited regional tendency to developmental error affecting the caudal embryonic segments was shared by these siblings and resulted in spinal teratoma formation in one of them.
Laboratory evaluation of the AutoMicrobic system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae.

The Enterobacteriaceae Biochemical Card used with the AutoMicrobic system (Vitek Systems, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.) was compared with the API 20E system (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.) for identifying members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. A total of 1,401 clinical isolates representing 18 species were identified by the AutoMicrobic and API 20E systems over a 5-month period. Discrepancies between these systems were resolved by conventional methods. Overall, 98.3% of the isolates were identified correctly by the AutoMicrobic system in 8 h, with 94.2% having an AutoMicrobic system confidence level greater than or equal to 90%; 92.9% of the isolates were identified correctly by the 20E system after 24 h of incubation. Discrepancies between the two systems occurred in 3.1% of the isolates. Of these, 40.9 and 59.1% proved to be correct by the AutoMicrobic and API 20E systems, respectively.
Quark bags and the NN interaction

The NN phase shifts can be nicely parametrized with a P matrix with matching radius broughly-equal6.0 GeV/sup -1/roughly-equal1.2 fm. For the interaction outside this radius a one-pion-exchange potential is used. For the (I,J/sup P/) = (0,1/sup +/) six-quark system a detailed analysis of the P-matrix pole is made. The pole position and the bag-model prediction are in reasonably good agreement. The residue to the NN channel, however, is a factor of 5 larger than the bag prediction. A possible explanation is that in a six-quark bag there are strong color-singlet correlations. This is demonstrated in a simple model.
An effective heat propagation path-based online adaptive thermal model for IGBT modules

The information of junction temperature is crucial for operation management of IGBT modules. In practice, junction temperature is typically estimated by using an electrothermal model. IGBT modules are subject to various aging processes during operation, some of which, e.g. substrate solder crack, changes the thermal impedance of an IGBT module. However, in the literature little work has included the aging effects into online thermal behavior modeling of IGBT modules. This paper proposes an Effective Heat Propagation Path (EHPP)-based online adaptive thermal model for IGBT modules, where the EHPP is proposed to quantify the impact of substrate solder cracks on the heat propagation inside the IGBT modules. A straightforward relationship between substrate solder crack and the degree of nonuniformity of case temperature distribution is established. Based on the EHPP, the parameters of a thermal network, e.g., a Cauer thermal network, are adjusted online to track the thermal behavior changes of the IGBT modules caused by substrate solder cracks, leading to an adaptive thermal model. The proposed adaptive thermal model is validated by comparing with finite element analysis (FEA) simulation results for a commercial IGBT module.
A study of dimerization in water vapor by measurement of thermal conductivity

Abstract A thermal conductivity technique has been used to determine the thermodynamic properties of the water dimer in the gas phase. From analysis of thermal conductivity data, enthalpy of association data, an enthalpy of association of −3.63 ± 0.5 kcal/mol and an entropy of association of −18.61 ± 1.3 cal/deg mol for the water dimer at 373 K are obtained. The enthalpy of association is in agreement with recent theoretical calculations of the hydrogen bond strength in the water dimer.
An XPS study of the growth and electronic structure of vanadia films supported on CeO2(111)

Abstract The growth and electronic structure of vanadia films supported on CeO 2 (1 1 1) were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of O 2 . Vanadium atoms deposited on CeO 2 (1 1 1) reacted with lattice oxygen from the support to form an oxidized vanadia species that contained primarily V +3 . Exposure of submonolayer and monolayer coverages of vanadia to 10 −7 Torr of O 2 at temperatures up to 550 K resulted in vanadia layers with a stoichiometry close to that of V 2 O 3 . Further oxidation of vanadia films formed in this manner occurred upon annealing in 10 −3 Torr of O 2 at 400 K. This oxidation treatment produced films that contained predominantly V +5 . For multilayer vanadia coverages, similar oxidation treatments produced only V 2 O 3 . During TPD with oxygen-dosed V 2 O 5 films supported on CeO 2 (1 1 1), O 2 desorption was observed between 330 and 550 K.
Massless Fractionally Charged States and Gepner Compactification

We study the occurrence of massless fractionally charged states in the context of Gepner compactification. These states appear as the result of the breaking of the gauge group using a Wilson-line-like construction. A general method is provided to implement the latter. These exotic states appear to be generically produced. This is checked explicitly in the 35 theory for a variety of Wilson lines. Focusing on the four-generation model, we analyze in detail the twisted sectors which contain them. We show that they pair up and gain mass as one moves from Gepner's point in the moduli space.
Effective shell model Hamiltonians from density functional theory : Quadrupolar and pairing correlations

We describe a procedure for mapping a self-consistent mean-field theory (also known as density functional theory) onto a shell-model Hamiltonian that includes quadrupole-quadrupole and monopole pairing interactions in a truncated space. We test our method in the deformed $N=Z \mathit{sd}$-shell nuclei $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$, $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$, and $^{36}\mathrm{Ar}$, starting from the Hartree-Fock plus Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) approximation of the universal $\mathit{sd}$ shell-model interaction. A similar method is then followed using the SLy4 Skyrme energy density functional in the particle-hole channel plus a zero-range density-dependent force in the pairing channel. Based on the ground-state solution of this density functional theory at the Hartree-Fock plus BCS level, an effective shell-model Hamiltonian is constructed. We apply this mapped Hamiltonian to extract quadrupolar and pairing correlation energies beyond the mean-field approximation. The rescaling of the mass quadrupole operator in the truncated shell-model space is found to be almost independent of the coupling strength used in the pairing channel of the underlying mean-field theory.
Sensitivity of convection to observed variation in aerosol size distributions and composition at a rural site in the southeastern United States

We present a sensitivity analysis to determine the impact of variations in aerosol physical and chemical characteristics, as observed in the field in the southeastern United States, on convective cloud microphysics. Scenarios reflecting changes in aerosol properties, observed over the Piedmont of Virginia and associated with new particle formation and growth events, were evaluated using the two-dimensional version of the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble Model with detailed spectral-bin microphysics. Two aerosol size distributions represented early and late stages of particle growth, and two aerosol chemical compositions (norpinic acid and ammonium sulfate) represented extremes in aerosol hygroscopicity observed at the field site, for a total of four scenarios. The chosen compositions reflect inferred local changes in aerosol composition over short time scales. Variations in the aerosol size distribution and composition resulted in substantial variation in the total number of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) produced in the four case studies. Cases with high CCN concentrations developed larger, more vigorous clouds with more precipitation generated by both warm and cold rain processes. Greater numbers of drops were propelled aloft and formed an extensive ice anvil that produced a large area of stratiform rain. Convection was enhanced by increasing aerosols despite decreases in precipitation efficiency. In contrast, lower CCN concentrations developed smaller clouds with suppressed cold rain processes and less total precipitation. The relatively small increase in CCN concentration associated with the increase in aerosol hygroscopicity resulted in an increase in accumulated modeled precipitation of 12 % after 180 min of simulation time in both high and low CCN cases. The increase in accumulated precipitation due to the substantial increase in CCN concentration associated with growth of the aerosol size distribution was 93 % for both aerosol compositions. The timing of the onset of precipitation was not affected by aerosol concentration or composition.
Tyrosine phosphorylation of DNA binding proteins by multiple cytokines

Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and IFN-gamma regulate gene expression by tyrosine phosphorylation of several transcription factors that have the 91-kilodalton (p91) protein of interferon-stimulated gene factor-3 (ISGF-3) as a common component. Interferon-activated protein complexes bind enhancers present in the promoters of early response genes such as the high-affinity Fc gamma receptor gene (Fc gamma RI). Treatment of human peripheral blood monocytes or basophils with interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-5, IL-10, or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) activated DNA binding proteins that recognized the IFN-gamma response region (GRR) located in the promoter of the Fc gamma RI gene. Although tyrosine phosphorylation was required for the assembly of each of these GRR binding complexes, only those formed as a result of treatment with IFN-gamma or IL-10 contained p91. Instead, complexes activated by IL-3 or GM-CSF contained a tyrosine-phosphorylated protein of 80 kilodaltons. Induction of Fc gamma RI RNA occurred only with IFN-gamma and IL-10, whereas pretreatment of cells with GM-CSF or IL-3 inhibited IFN-gamma induction of Fc gamma RI RNA. Thus, several cytokines other than interferons can activate putative transcription factors by tyrosine phosphorylation.
A two-stage search strategy for detecting multiple loci associated with rheumatoid arthritis

Gene × gene interactions play important roles in the etiology of complex multi-factorial diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this paper, we describe our use of a two-stage search strategy consisting of information theoretic methods and logistic regression to detect gene × gene interactions associated with RA using the data in Problem 1 of Genetic Analysis Workshop 16. Our method detected interactions of several SNPs (single-SNP and SNP × SNP) that are located on chromosomal regions linked to RA and related diseases in previous studies.
Actin filament translocations in sea urchin eggs

Rhodamine (rh) phalloidin was used as a probe for actin filaments in living eggs and was observed using confocal microscopy. Exogenous, rh phalloidin labeled actin filaments were injected into eggs and were observed to translocate in the cytoplasm. At fertilization, filaments accumulated at the fertilization cone. Rh phalloidin alone, injected at concentrations that did not interfere with fertilization or mitosis, labeled filaments in the interior of unfertilized eggs, some of which translocated. At fertilization, staining increased dramatically at the fertilization cone and to a lesser degree around the entire cortex. At about 9 min, many filaments appeared to detach and translocated away from the egg surface. This study shows that there are mechanisms that can translocate actin filaments within the egg cytoplasm (at approximately 0.2-0.3 mu m/sec), and raises the possibility that at least some of the changes in actin filament organization after fertilization are due to translocation of filaments.
A Comment on the Study of Classroom Ecology A Lament for the Good Old Days

Current research on classroom ecology fails to match the quality or interest of a little-known 60-year old study. Griffith (1921) studied approximately 20,000 grades achieved by students alphabetically assigned to seats in various lecture classes. Griffith's study is recounted and used to develop the following criticisms of recent classroom ecology research: (a) by dichotomizing front versus back of a classroom, recent studies preclude finding the curvilinear effects observed by Griffith, (b) recent studies do not consider the microecological features, such as aisles, empty seats, or local density, identified by Griffith as important, and 4c) recent studies do not focus on theoretical issues such as those discussed by, Griffith concerning how seating position might translate into higher grades and greater participation.
Effects of Total Cost and Group-Size Information on Willingness to Pay Responses: Open Ended vs. Dichotomous Choice

Abstract This contingent valuation (CV) study investigates the potential of cost-influenced responses in open-ended (OE) and dichotomous choice (DC) formats. For both formats we cross split-sample information treatments to provide: a total cost of the project treatment, a group-size treatment, a combined treatment, and the baseline control group. Investigations are undertaken using a CV survey for a particular environmental good (the “field”), and in an induced value experimental laboratory setting with real payoffs and a context-free, publicly provided good (the “lab”). Results show that DC values are not affected by cost and/or group-size information while the OE values are (negatively) affected.
Ostracism and Ego Depletion: The Strains of Silence

Two studies examined whether ostracizing someone depletes psychological resources in the ostracizer. In Study 1, people who followed instructions to avoid conversation with a confederate for 3 minutes later showed decrements in persistence on unsolvable problems. In Study 2, ostracizers showed subsequent impairments in physical stamina on a handgrip task. Although ostracism affected mood too, mood did not appear to mediate the main findings. Past work has shown that ostracism has negative consequences for the victim, but the present results indicate that ostracism has a harmful impact on the ostracizer too.
Novel purification scheme and functions for a C3-binding protein from Streptococcus pneumoniae.

To isolate microbial proteins capable of binding the third component of complement (C3), we coupled the free sulfhydryl group of methylamine-inactivated C3 to a thiolSepharose matrix. This simple technique facilitated the purification of the first C3-binding protein isolated from a bacterium (Streptococcus pneumoniae). Both metastable (native) and thioester-disrupted C3 were recognized by this protein; binding of C3 was noncovalent, independent of thioester conformation, and preferential for the C3 α-chain. Sequencing of amino-terminal and internal peptides from the C3-binding protein disclosed a proline-rich region spanning approximately 20 amino acids and a signal peptide that had not been previously reported. The gene was isolated from a library of genomic DNA from laboratory strain CP1200 by screening with a 1200 bp PCR product amplified from degenerate oligonucleotides encoding the amino terminal sequence and the internal proline-rich sequence. The open reading frame spanned 1692 bp; all peptide sequ...
Neuroblastoma: Drug-Induced Differentiation Increases Proportion of Cytoplasmic RNA That Contains Polyadenylic Acid

The production of cytoplasmic RNA that contains polyadenylic acid is increased, relative to total cytoplasmic RNA, in a neuroblastoma clone, NBE-(A), after induction of differentiation by 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone, an inhibitor of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase. The amount of RNA that contains polyadenylic acid in cytoplasm may be greater in such differentiated neuroblastoma cells than in proliferating control cells.
AIDS Impact on the Number of Intravenous Drug Users

For more than a decade the size of the intravenous IV drug-using population was relatively stable, but AIDS has changed that by increasing the exit rate and probably decreasing the recruitment rate. We created two mathematical models to make quantitative predictions about this change. The first is a simple descriptive model; the second takes a more detailed look at needle sharing. Both come to the same conclusion; barring other changes, AIDS will substantially reduce the number of IV drug users, perhaps by 50 percent or more. This implies that AIDS has changed the baseline against which one should measure the success of policies designed to reduce the number of IV drug users.
Efficient sensitisation of praesodymium 1.31 µm fluorescence by optically pumped ytterbium ions in ZBLAN glass

The authors report efficient population of the /sup 1/G/sub 4/ level of trivalent praseodymium by radiationless energy transfer from trivalent ytterbium ions optically pumped at 980 nm. Subsequent fluorescence at 1.31 mu m is optimised in a ZBLAN host for concentrations of 0.3 wt% Pr/sup 3+/ and 2 wt% Yb/sup 3+/. The quantum efficiency for conversion of an excited Yb/sup 3+/ ion to an excited Pr/sup 3+/ ion at these dopant concentrations is determined to be 56%. >
The Moving Junction Protein RON8 Facilitates Firm Attachment and Host Cell Invasion in Toxoplasma gondii

The apicomplexan moving junction (MJ) is a highly conserved structure formed during host cell entry that anchors the invading parasite to the host cell and serves as a molecular sieve of host membrane proteins that protects the parasitophorous vacuole from host lysosomal destruction. While recent work in Toxoplasma and Plasmodium has reinforced the composition of the MJ as an important association of rhoptry neck proteins (RONs) with micronemal AMA1, little is known of the precise role of RONs in the junction or how they are targeted to the neck subcompartment. We report the first functional analysis of a MJ/RON protein by disrupting RON8 in T. gondii. Parasites lacking RON8 are severely impaired in both attachment and invasion, indicating that RON8 enables the parasite to establish a firm clasp on the host cell and commit to invasion. The remaining junction components frequently drag in trails behind invading knockout parasites and illustrate a malformed complex without RON8. Complementation of Δron8 parasites restores invasion and reveals a processing event at the RON8 C-terminus. Replacement of an N-terminal region of RON8 with a mCherry reporter separates regions within RON8 that are necessary for rhoptry targeting and complex formation from those required for function during invasion. Finally, the invasion defects in Δron8 parasites seen in vitro translate to radically impaired virulence in infected mice, promoting a model in which RON8 has a crucial and unprecedented task in committing Toxoplasma to host cell entry.
The free proton concentration scale for seawater pH

Abstract Due to the use of multiple pH scales in seawater, studies related to the pH of marine environments are unnecessarily complicated and prone to inaccuracy. It is desirable that a standard scale be adopted, and we suggest the free proton pH scale be used. To ensure that the free proton scale is accurate and consistent with primary pH measurements in seawater, we use the Pitzer ion-interaction model to re-evaluate the free scale pH and stoichiometric dissociation constants of HSO4− and H2CO3. The Pitzer model is validated over a salinity range of 5 to 45 and temperatures of 0 to 45 °C using the measured mean activity coefficient of HCl in artificial seawater. The resulting standard potential and stoichiometric dissociation constants are compared to previous estimates. The validated model results are used to evaluate more accurate values for the pH of equi-molal (m = 0.04 mol kg− 1) amine buffers on the free proton concentration scale, which can be used to calibrate free scale pH measurements in natural waters.
Biological activity of a cell extract from the dinoflagellate,Amphidinium carteri

Some physiological and pharmacological effects of cell extracts fromAmphidinium carteri cultures are described. Mice and fish were killed by injection of extracts from lyophilized cells concentrated by centrifugation.
Effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on cricothyroid muscle response to airway pressure.

Abstract We studied the effects of hypercapnia (Fl CO 2 = 0.07) and hypoxia (Fl O 2 = 0.13) on the cricothyroid muscle response (peak integrated CT EMG) to graded inspiratory resistance (R i ). Five anesthetized dogs spontaneously breathed through the upper airway (UAB) or a side arm of a tracheotomy cannula bypassing the larynx (TB). With room air UAB, graded increases in R i increased CT EMG, upper airway pressure change (Paw) and esophageal pressure change (Pes, indicating increased inspiratory drive), but decreased V t . For room air TB, the effects of R i were much less but still significant. Hypercapnia increased V t , f r , Pes, Paw and CT EMG for any given R i during UAB more than during TB. Hypoxia increased f r but did not increase V t , Pes, Paw, or CT EMG. The results are consistent with a model predicting CT activity as additive functions of inspiratory drive and laryngeal receptor stimulation by Paw and no direct effects of chemoreceptor stimulation on the CT, independent of those resulting from changes in inspiratory drive and upper airway pressure.
Communications on the theory of diffusion and reaction—VII The isothermal pth order reaction

Abstract The equations for isothermal diffusion and p th order reaction in a porous slab are integrated and the results presented in a series of graphs. The asymptotic relations and use of the graphs are discussed.
Increased production of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 by peritoneal macrophages from severely undernourished mice: Lack of correlation with serum corticosterone

Abstract The effect of severe undernutrition on the production by peritoneal macrophages of the immunoregulatory cytokines, interleukin 1 (IL1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), was studied using a mouse model. IL1 production was measured using the D10(N4)M cell assay which, unlike assays previously used to measure IL1 in malnutrition, is not responsive to other macrophage cytokines, such as TNF and IL6. Production of both IL1 and TNF was elevated in mice undernourished such that they lost 25% of their initial weight. Serum corticosterone levels were also elevated in these animals. The lack of inhibition of cytokine production by corticosterone is further evidence that high glucocorticoid levels are not a major cause of immunodepression in severely undernourished mice.
Buck the System: Unbridling the Self

The disciplines of horsemanship and public administration are juxtaposed to illustrate how one can escape the potentially restrictive aspects of bureaucracy's "barnyard" through imagination and play. A brief journey is taken through the unpleasant side of horsemanship and public administration before turning to ways to escape or resist such unsightliness through the themes of freedom, imagination, play, respect, love, communication, and understanding.
184 A MARKER OF FETAL EXPOSURE TO ALCOHOL BY MECONIUM ANALYSIS

The fetal effects of alcohol are known; yet, no reliable marker of fetal exposure to alcohol has been identified. Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) are enzymatic, non-oxidative products of in vivo ethanol metabolism, have long half life and are markers of ethanol consumption in the adult. We report on the identification of FAEE in meconium of alcohol exposed infants at concentrations proportional to the amount of maternal alcohol use. Preliminary studies to determine the optimum method for extraction and isolation of FAEE in meconium were done. FAEE standards (ethyl palmitate and stearate) were spiked into meconium and extracted by acetone or hexanerwater and isolated by TLC or bonded phase column. Detection was by GC/MS. Optimum FAEE extraction and chromatogram were achieved using the hexane:water/bonded phase column combination. With this method, meconium was analyzed for FAEE in 10 control and 15 alcohol exposed infants. In the latter, FAEE concentrations were multifold higher than control and with a wide range, proportional to the amount of maternal alcohol uae (see table).
Persistent uroplakin expression in advanced urothelial carcinomas: implications in urothelial tumor progression and clinical outcome

Summary As the terminal differentiation products of human urothelium, uroplakins (UPs) would be expected to diminish during urothelial tumorigenesis. Surprisingly, recent studies found UPs to be retained even by well-advanced urothelial carcinomas, suggesting that the loss of UPs does not strictly parallel urothelial transformation. Little is known, however, about whether the status of UPs is associated with a particular pathologic parameter, the tumor's biological behavior, or patient outcome. Here we assessed UP expression by immunohistochemistry on tissue arrays from 285 patients with bladder urothelial carcinomas or nontumor conditions. UPs were expressed in all 9 normal urothelial specimens, 63 of 74 (85%) patients with non–muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas on transurethral resection, 104 of 202 (51.5%) patients who underwent radical cystectomy for advanced urothelial carcinomas, and 33 of 50 (66%) lymph node metastases. Normally associated with urothelial apical surface, UPs were localized aberrantly in tumors, including microluminal, basal-laminal, cytoplasmic, or uniform patterns. In non–muscle-invasive diseases, there was no association between UP expression and disease recurrence, progression, or mortality. In contrast, in invasive diseases, absent UP expression was significantly associated with advanced pathologic stage, lymph node metastases, disease recurrence, and bladder cancer–specific mortality ( P = .042, P = .035, P = .023, and P = .022, respectively) in univariate analyses. Furthermore, UP status was independent of key cell-cycle regulators, including p53, pRb, p27, and cyclin D1, thus excluding a functional link between these 2 groups of proteins. Our data demonstrate for the first time that persistent UP expression is associated with a favorable clinical outcome and that UPs may be used as adjunct markers for predicting the prognoses of patients with invasive and metastatic bladder carcinomas. Our results also suggest that UP-positive and -negative carcinomas have different clonal origins or may be derived from different cancer stem cells.
Polarized Broad Hα Emission from the LINER Nucleus of NGC 1052

Optical spectropolarimetry of the nucleus of the LINER NGC 1052 obtained at the Keck Observatory reveals a rise in polarization in the wings of the Hα line profile. The polarization vector of Hα is offset by 67° from the parsec-scale radio axis and by 83° from the kiloparsec-scale radio axis, roughly in accord with expectations for scattering within the opening cone of an obscuring torus. The broad component of Hα has FWHM≈2100 km s-1 in total flux and FWHM≈5000 km s-1 in polarized light. Scattering by electrons is the mechanism most likely responsible for this broadening, and we find Te≈105 K for the scattering medium, similar to values observed in Seyfert 2 nuclei. This is the first detection of a polarized broad emission line in a LINER, demonstrating that unified models of active galactic nuclei are applicable to at least some LINERs.
Comparison of RNase A, a chemical cleavage and GC-clamped denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for the detection of mutations in exon 9 of the human acid β-glucosidase gene

Gaucher disease (GD), which results from mutations in the human acid beta-glucosidase (beta-Glc) gene, was used as a model system to compare the utility of three methods capable of detecting single base substitutions. PCR-amplified beta-Glc exon 9 sequences of GD patients were screened for single base mutations by GC-clamped denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and RNase A cleavage of RNA-DNA heteroduplexes, and by chemical (hydroxylamine/osmium tetroxide) cleavage of dsDNA heteroduplexes. PCR products showing abnormal behaviour were cloned and sequenced. Three new point mutations were detected by this strategy. A G to C (Asp409 to His409) substitution was present in two Type 1 and one Type 3 GD patients; an A to T transversion (Asp409 to Val409) was detected in only a single Type 3 individual, and a G to T mutation (Val394 to Leu394) was present in one Type 1 and one Type 3 patient. GD thus exhibits extensive molecular heterogeneity, with at least five single base mutations in beta-Glc exon 9. In every case verified by ASO hybridization, DGGE had correctly identified the presence of the three new mutations, as well as the two previously described exon 9 mutations. In comparison, although RNase A and the chemical method were both able to detect some of these mutations, neither method reproducibly detected all of them. Additionally, DGGE was the only method that was able to reliably determine whether a given mutation was present homozygously or heterozygously. These results suggest that GC-clamped DGGE may be a more reliable and informative screening method for point mutation detection.
Global Redshift Periodicities: Association with the Cosmic Background Radiation

We investigate periodicities in redshift samples corrected for the apparent motion of the solar system relative to the cosmic background radiation. The samples used for the initial study of CBR-related periodicities are composed of data on galaxies with 21 cm profiles of intermediate width taken by Tifft and Tifft and Cocke at the 300-ft telescope at Green Bank. Referred to a coordinate system at rest with respect to the CBR, these data are found to be periodic near the 72 km s−1 period previously associated with redshift quantization. Spectral power methods are used to evaluate the high significance levels found for the association. The significance is verified by searching for periodicities in a large volume of velocity space. The search shows that random occurrences at the specified period occur at a level consistent with the fact that the coincidence with the CBR rest frame is very improbable. It is further shown that a phase shift occurs in the periodicity near 21 cm profile widths of 250 km s−1. Other data confirm the correspondence with the CBR rest frame and the effects of dependence on profile width; namely, 21 cm data by Fisher and Tully and data by Giovanelli and Haynes for the Perseus supercluster. The Fisher-Tully data for moderate to large profile widths confirm the presence of significant periodicities close to 72 km s−1 both below and above profile widths near 250 km s−1 where the phase shift occurs. The Giovanelli and Haynes data extend the analysis to galaxies with very wide 21 cm profiles and confirm the presence of a previously known period near one half of 72 km s−1 as well as the CBR association.
Developmental, sexual and reproductive neuroendocrinology: Historical, clinical and ethical considerations

Different milestones have marked the development of the field of neuroendocrinology. This is an essay in which a new direction is proposed; one in which the field is marked more by a concern for ethical considerations than experimental procedures. Among the primary concerns is the need for a national registry for intersex and transsexual cases to follow how they are managed and to assess the long-term results. As in Europe, the data in the registries should be available to qualified and certified researchers and clinicians for analysis. A secondary focus is on the surgery often imposed in cases of intersex. Many current procedures have been found to have negative effects. The overall aim is to provide better management and treatment. Other topics are offered for ethical consideration.
Kinetics of HCCl + NOx reactions

The kinetics of reactions of HCCl with NO and NO2 were investigated over the temperature ranges 298–572 k and 298–476 k, respectively, using laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy to measure total rate constants and time-resolved infrared diode laser absorption spectroscopy to probe reaction products. Both reactions are fast, with k(HCCl + NO) = (2.75 ± 0.2) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and k(HCCl + NO2) = (1.10 ± 0.2) × 10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 296 K. Both rate constants displayed only a slight temperature dependence. Detection of products in the HCCl + NO reaction at 296 K indicates that HCNO + Cl is the major product with a branching ratio of ϕ = 0.68 ± 0.06, and NCO + HCl is a minor channel with ϕ = 0.24 ± 0.04. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 12–17, 2002
An Important Role for Granulocytes in the Thermal Regulation of Colon Tumor Growth

Several lines of research show that cells of the immune response are sensitive to thermal variations in their microenvironment, such as that which occurs during inflammation and fever; these data have led to the hypothesis that strategic applications of heat could assist in controlling tumor growth in animal models. The innate immune response is known to play a critical role in the development of effective anti-tumor immunity and granulocytes such as polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), as key mediators of inflammation, have been suggested to have the potential to initiate immune response cascades against tumors. Thus, we hypothesized that PMNs may play a crucial role in mediating the anti-tumor effect of a mild, fever-range whole-body hyperthermia (FR-WBH) protocol, where core body temperatures are raised to 39.5–40°C for 8 hrs. Indeed, in BALB/c mice bearing the colon tumor CT26, the anti-tumor effects of WBH correlates with increased granulocytic infiltrate at the tumor site as determined using immuno...
Committee Assignments and the Cost of Party Loyalty

This article empirically investigates the relationship between the value of a representative's committee seats and his or her loyalty in voting with party leaders in the immediate past. We further investigate whether the reelection costs of voting with party leaders-and against constituentsmatters, compared to the value of committee seats. We first construct proxies for loyalty in voting, the re-election costs of party loyalty, and the value of members' committee assignments. We then estimate both continuous and discrete dependent variable models, controlling for leadership and tenure. Our results are twofold. First, we find a strong and positive relationship between loyalty and value of committee assignments. Second, we find a weaker, though still positive relationship between our measure of the electoral costs of loyalty and value of committee assignments. These results imply that there is some degree of signaling and/or exchange between party leaders and the rank-and-file membership to allocate parliam...
Derationalizing tariffs with specialized intermediate inputs and differentiated final goods

Abstract Existing analyses of differentiated products suggest that a small tariff must be welfare improving, as a positive terms-of-trade effect and an increase in the number of domestic varieties outweighs the loss of foreign varieties. This result appears to be due to an arbitrary assumption that the intra-sectoral elasticity of substitution in consumption exceeds the inter-sectoral elasticity. This paper demonstrates that complementarity among specialized inputs (or differentiated final goods) implies that a small tariff can derationalize production sufficiently such that the number of domestic inputs/goods falls and welfare is reduced.
Lymphovascular invasion in radical cystectomy specimen: is it an independent prognostic factor in patients without lymph node metastases?

Purpose To determine the prognostic significance of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection.
THE INHIBITION OF MALIC ENZYME OF LACTOBACILLUS ARABINOSUS 17-5 BY OLEIC ACID. I. OBSERVATIONS ON THE REACTION.

Abstract The mechanism involved in the inhibition of the malic enzyme of Lactobacillus arabinosus by oleic acid has been investigated. It has been determined that the fatty acid exerts a threefold effect on the bacterial cells and the malic enzyme. It caused the dissociation of the nicotinamide-adenosine-di-nucleotide (NAD + ) co-factor from the enzyme thus rendering it unable to degrade malic acid. As a consequence of oleate treatment, malic enzyme was released from the cells. Moreover, the bacteria apparently lost their ability to maintain an internal pH different from that of the menstruum in the presence of oleic acid.
Quadric representation of a submanifold

If x: Mn -n Em is an isometric immersion of a smooth manifold into a Euclidean space then the map x = xxt (t denotes transpose) is called the quadric representation of M. x is said to be of finite type (k-type) if it can be decomposed into a sum of finitely many (k) eigenfunctions of Laplacian from different eigenspaces. We study map x in general, especially as related to the condition of being of finite type. Certain classification results are obtained for manifolds with 1and 2-type quadric representation.
A large electro-magnetic pump for high temperature LMFBR applications

A 14 500 gal/min (3300 m3/hr) electro-magnetic (EM) axial annular linear induction pump with center return (ALIP-CR), was designed to satisfy the requirements of Section III and Code Case 1592 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. One of the important features of this EM pump is that there are no moving parts. Every significant loading condition was considered in the stress analysis of this pump for a liquid metal (Na) fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) application. An axisymmetric overall stress model (finite element) was first set up to analyze the stress state within the pump duct which has a pressure boundary with the conventional pressure vessel features. Axisymmetric loading such as pressure and thermal loads as well as non-axisymmetric loading such as seismic and vibration loads were taken into account. Local analyses were then performed for specific critical areas to supplement the overall model and to substantiate the adequacy of the design. Analytical results show that the EM pump is an acceptable and an attractive design for high temperature LMFBR applications.
Assembly of bacteriophage T7. Dimensions of the bacteriophage and its capsids

The dimensions of bacteriophage T7 and T7 capsids have been investigated by small-angle x-ray scattering. Phage T7 behaves like a sphere of uniform density with an outer radius of 301 +/- 2 A (excluding the phage tail) and a calculated volume for protein plus nucleic acid of 1.14 +/- 0.05 x 10(-16) ml. The outer radius determined for T7 phage in solution is approximately 30% greater than the radius measured from electron micrographs, which indicates that considerable shrinkage occurs during preparation for electron microscopy. Capsids that have a phagelike envelope and do not contain DNA were obtained from lysates of T7-infected Escherichia coli (capsid II) and by separating the capsid component of T7 phage from the phage DNA by means of temperature shock (capsid IV). In both cases the peak protein density is at a radius of 275 A; the outer radius is 286 +/- 4 A, approximately 5% smaller than the envelope of T7 phage. The thickness of the envelope of capsid II is 22 +/- 4 A, consistent with the thickness of protein estimated to be 23 +/- 5 A in whole T7 phage, as seen on electron micrographs in which the internal DNA is positively stained. The volume in T7 phage available to package DNA is estimated to be 9.2 +/- 0.4 x 10(-17) ml. The packaged DNA adopts a regular packing with 23.6 A interplanar spacing between, DNA strands. The angular width of the 23.6 A reflection shows that the mean DNA-DNA spacing throughout the phage head is 27.5 +/- less than 2.2 A. A T7 precursor capsid (capsid I) expands when pelleted for x-ray scattering in the ultracentrifuge to essentially the same outer dimensions as for capsids II and IV. This expansion of capsid I can be prevented by fixing with glutaraldehyde; fixed capsid I has peak density at a radius of 247 A, 10% less than capsid II or IV.
Optimal v-SVM parameter estimation using multi objective evolutionary algorithms

Using a machine learning algorithm for a given application often requires tuning design parameters of the classifier to obtain optimal classification performance without overfitting. In this contribution, we present an evolutionary algorithm based approach for multi-objective optimization of the sensitivity and specificity of a v-SVM. The v-SVM is often preferred over the standard C-SVM due to smaller dynamic range of the v parameter compared to the unlimited dynamic range of the C parameter. Instead of looking for a single optimization result, we look for a set of optimal solutions that lie along the Pareto optimality front. The traditional advantage of using the Pareto optimality is of course the flexibility to choose any of the solutions that lies on the Pareto optimality front. However, we show that simply maximizing sensitivity and specificity over the Pareto front leads to parameters that appear to be mathematically optimal yet still cause overfitting. We propose a multiple objective optimization approach with three objective functions to find additional parameter values that do not cause overfitting.
A free-electron theory of optical activity

Abstract The Schrodinger equation is derived for an electron moving in the field of a potential supported by a space curve, and an approximate solution is found which becomes exact as the potential binds the electron more and more tightly to the curve but otherwise does not restrict the electron's motion along the curve. These so-called free-electron wavefunctions and energy levels are used to obtain a general expression for the optical rotatory power associated with an arbitrary space curve. Calculations of the specific rotatory power are carried out for three different curves.