cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerebral Vasculature Influences Blast-Induced Biomechanical Responses of Human Brain Tissue

Multiple finite-element (FE) models to predict the biomechanical responses in the human brain resulting from the interaction with blast waves have established the importance of including the brain-surface convolutions, the major cerebral veins, and using non-linear brain-tissue properties to improve model accuracy. We hypothesize that inclusion of a more detailed network of cerebral veins and arteries can further enhance the model-predicted biomechanical responses and help identify correlates of blast-induced brain injury. To more comprehensively capture the biomechanical responses of human brain tissues to blast-wave exposure, we coupled a three-dimensional (3-D) detailed-vasculature human-head FE model, previously validated for blunt impact, with a 3-D shock-tube FE model. Using the coupled model, we computed the biomechanical responses of a human head facing an incoming blast wave for blast overpressures (BOPs) equivalent to 68, 83, and 104 kPa. We validated our FE model, which includes the detailed network of cerebral veins and arteries, the gyri and the sulci, and hyper-viscoelastic brain-tissue properties, by comparing the model-predicted intracranial pressure (ICP) values with previously collected data from shock-tube experiments performed on cadaver heads. In addition, to quantify the influence of including a more comprehensive network of brain vessels, we compared the biomechanical responses of our detailed-vasculature model with those of a reduced-vasculature model and a no-vasculature model for the same blast-loading conditions. For the three BOPs, the predicted ICP values matched well with the experimental results in the frontal lobe, with peak-pressure differences of 4-11% and phase-shift differences of 9-13%. As expected, incorporating the detailed cerebral vasculature did not influence the ICP, however, it redistributed the peak brain-tissue strains by as much as 30% and yielded peak strain differences of up to 7%. When compared to existing reduced-vasculature FE models that only include the major cerebral veins, our high-fidelity model redistributed the brain-tissue strains in most of the brain, highlighting the importance of including a detailed cerebral vessel network in human-head FE models to more comprehensively account for the biomechanical responses induced by blast exposure.
Hiatus Resolution in Spanish: Motivating Forces, Constraining Factors, and Research Methods

In this paper, I review previous research on the tendency to resolve hiatus vowel sequences in Spanish, a phenomenon of language variation, especially reported in Latin American varieties. I report on the main factors that motivate and constrain the observed variability, including the force of internal linguistic principles as well as the external factors (social variables) that mediate on language variation and change. I conclude this paper by discussing some unexplored topics and methodological issues to be considered in future research.
On Gun Registration, the NRA, Adolf Hitler, and Nazi Gun Laws: Exploding the Gun Culture Wars

Say the words "gun registration" to many pro-gun Americans and you are likely to hear that one of the first things that Hitler did when he seized power was to impose strict gun registration requirements that enabled him to identify gun owners and then to confiscate all guns, effectively disarming his opponents and paving the way for the Holocaust. One of the more curious twists in the historical debate, though, is that the most vocal opponent of this argument is also pro-gun. It is the National Alliance, a white supremacist organization. According to them, "German Firearms legislation under Hitler, far from banning private ownership, actually facilitated the keeping and bearing of arms by German citizens by eliminating or ameliorating restrictive laws which had been enacted by the government preceding his." So which pro-gunner should we believe? Following Germany's defeat in World War I, the Weimar Republic passed very strict gun control laws in an attempt both to stabilize the country and to comply with the Versailles Treaty of 1919 - laws that in fact required the surrender of all guns to the government. These laws remained in effect until 1928, when the German parliament relaxed gun restrictions and put into effect a strict firearm-licensing scheme. These strict licensing regulations foreshadowed Hitler's rise to power. If you read the 1938 Nazi gun laws closely and compare them to earlier 1928 Weimar gun legislation - as a straightforward exercise of statutory interpretation - several conclusions become clear. First, with regard to possession and carrying of firearms, the Nazi regime relaxed the gun laws that were in place in Germany at the time the Nazis seized power. Second, the Nazi gun laws of 1938 specifically banned Jewish persons from obtaining a license to manufacture firearms or ammunition. Third, approximately eight months after enacting the 1938 Nazi gun laws, Hitler imposed regulations prohibiting Jewish persons from possessing any dangerous weapons, including firearms. The difficult question is how to characterize the Nazi treatment of the Jewish population for purposes of evaluating Hitler's position on gun control. Truth is, the question itself is absurd. The Nazis sought to disarm and kill the Jewish population. Their treatment of Jews is, in this sense, orthogonal to their gun-control views. Nevertheless, if forced to take a position, it seems that the Nazis aspired to a certain relaxation of gun registration laws for the "law-abiding German citizen" - for those who were not, in their minds, "enemies of the National Socialist state," in other words, Jews, Communists, etc. Here, then, is the best tentative and bizarre conclusion: Some of the pro-gunners are probably right, the Nazi-gun-registration argument is probably wrong. What is clear, though, is that the history of Weimar and Nazi gun laws has not received enough critical attention by historians. What we really need now is more historical research and reliable scholarship.
Thyroxine-Protein Interactions: V. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN FROM HUMAN PLASMA

A thyroxine-binding globulin has been isolated in highly purified form from human plasma. The purification procedure consisted of the following steps: (a) fractionation of plasma with ammonium sulfate, (b) zone electrophoresis on an LKB Porath cellulose column, (c) re-electrophoresis on the Porath column, (d) chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, (e) gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 or G-200, and (f) preparative electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The isolated thyroxine-binding protein was homogeneous when analyzed by electrophoresis in starch gel, immunoelectrophoresis, and disc electrophoresis. The protein sedimented as a single component in the ultracentrifuge when analyzed by the methods of sedimentation equilibrium and sedimentation velocity. The weight average molecular weight as determined by sedimentation equilibrium is 58,000; the sedimentation constant, s20, w0, is 3.92 × 10−13 sec. The thyroxine-binding globulin is a glycoprotein containing 6.70% neutral hexose, 2.38% sialic acid, 3.31% glucosamine, and 0.70% galactosamine. Based on the results of electrophoretic analysis on paper, the final product of thyroxinebinding globulin exhibited a high affinity for thyroxine, with a binding constant of the order of 109M−1. However, the maximal binding capacity of the protein for thyroxine appears to be reduced to about 25% of the expected value if binding is assumed to take place at a single strong binding site on the protein. The isolated thyroxine-binding protein was indistinguishable from endogenous thyroxine-binding α-globulin of serum when analyzed by electrophoresis in starch gel, in polyacrylamide gel, and on paper.
The forms pattern language

Users can formulate database requests by constructing a pictorial pattern on a video display screen. Patterns may be constructed by entering conditions into electronic form templates and also by combining other patterns. Patterns form the basis of a language for database access. Requirements of language for office workers to access a database are outlined. We present a formal description of the Forms Pattern Language and illustrate how this language can be used to interactively formulate database requests and browse through the database contents. The Forms Pattern Language is evaluated with respect to the language requirements of office workers. A linear. keyword-oriented version and a pictorial version of the Forms Pattern Language are also presented.
The Empirical and Moral Foundations of the ISLLC Standards.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to unpack the foundations for the national standards for school leaders in the USA. The author examines some of the background of the Standards from 1996 to 2015. The author explores the two foundations on which the ISLLC Standards rest, academic press and supportive community. Design/methodology/approach – This paper takes the approach of a review of research. Findings – The paper lays out the foundations for ISLLC. Originality/value – The ISLLC Standards have the potential to significantly alter the landscape of leadership.
Native High-Density Lipoprotein Augments Monocyte Responses to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by Suppressing the Inhibitory Activity of LPS-Binding Protein

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is an abundant plasma lipoprotein that is generally thought to be anti-inflammatory in both health and infectious disease. It binds and neutralizes the bioactivity of the potent bacterial lipids, LPS and lipoteichoic acid, that stimulate host innate immune responses. LPS-binding protein (LBP) plays an important role in augmenting leukocyte responses to LPS, whereas high concentrations of LBP, in the range of those found in plasma, can be inhibitory. We found that native HDL (nHDL) augmented human monocyte responses to LPS in the presence of inhibitory concentrations of LBP as measured by production of TNF and other cytokines. HDL did not stimulate cells in the absence of LPS, and it did not augment responses that were stimulated by IL-1β or lipoteichoic acid. This activity of HDL was inhibited by trypsin treatment, suggesting that one or more protein constituents of HDL are required. In contrast to nHDL, low-density lipoprotein, and reconstituted HDL did not possess this activity. The total lipoprotein fraction of normal plasma had activity that was similar to that of nHDL, whereas lipoproteins from septic patients with reduced HDL levels had a reduced ability to augment responses to LPS; this activity was restored by adding normal HDL to the patient lipoproteins. Our results demonstrate a novel proinflammatory activity of HDL that may help maintain sensitive host responses to LPS by suppressing the inhibitory activity of LBP. Our findings also raise the possibility that the decline of HDL during sepsis may help control the response to LPS.
Total Parenteral Nutrition in Pregnancy

Although many aspects of the use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in pregnancy are controversial, the long-term sequelae of maternal malnutrition in fetal health are not.To avoid these complications, TPN is advocated for use in pregnancies complicated by maternal starvation. The purpose of this paper is to outline an easy to follow method for prescribing TPN solution to meet the needs of the gravid patients.
THE MODERNIZATION AND REFORM OF THE OKLAHOMA JUDICIARY

Between 1964 and 1970 trauma and fundamental change swept through the Oklahoma judicial system. In a state not known for its modernizing and reforming impulses, Oklahoma developed the outlines of a modern and effective judiciary. The state court system that prevailed when the scandals of 1964 broke into the open is not at all the state court system we have today. A political and historical analysis of that tumultuous period in Oklahoma judicial history will tell why court reform succeeded then when reform so often fails in Oklahoma. This paper examines the early judiciary and its critique, the push for judicial reform, the Supreme Court scandal of the 1960s, and the eventual reform of the Oklahoma judiciary.
Endotoxin elicits normal tryptophan and indolamine responses but impaired catecholamine and pituitary-adrenal responses in endotoxin-resistant mice

Abstract The neurochemical and endocrine response to endotoxin (LPS), Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) administration were studied in endotoxin-resistant mice. LPS has long been known to be a potent stimulator of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, but it also increases brain concentrations of the catabolites of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT), as well as free trytophan. Mice of the endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ strain showed markedly reduced responses in plasma ACTH and corticosterone (CS) to intraperitoneal LPS compared to the control C3H/HeN strain. C3H/HeN mice displayed increases in the cerebral NE catabolite, MHPG, and the dopamine catabolite, DOPAC, but no such increases occured in C3H/HeJ mice. However, the indolaminergic responses, increases of tryptophan and the serotonin catabolite, 5-HIAA, were similar in the two strains. NDV administration induced responses very similar to those of LPS; increases in tryptophan and 5-HIAA, but impaired responses in catecholamines, ACTH and CS. IL-1 is known to be synthesized and secreted following LPS (and probably NDV) administration, and produces similar endocrine and neurochemical effects. In C3H/HeJ mice, IL-1 elicited normal increases in plasma ACTH and CS, as well as cerebral MHPG, 5-HIAA and tryptophan. Thus the deficits in C3H/HeJ mice do not reflect alterations in the ability of catecholamines and the HPA axis to respond to the immune system, but probably occur early in the sequence of reactions initiated by LPS and NDV. These results also suggest that LPS activites cerebral catecholamines and the HPA axis by similar or related mechanisms, whereas the indolaminergic responses apparently occur via a different mechanism.
Effect of dietary modifications of calcium and magnesium on reducing solubility of phosphorus in feces from lactating dairy cows

Unintentional movement of P from dairy cow manure to off-farm locations has been an environmental concern for some time. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing the dietary concentration and solubility of Ca and the dietary concentration of Mg on lactation performance and solubility of fecal P from lactating dairy cows receiving diets formulated to the same concentration of P (0.38% of dry matter). Eight dietary treatments were evaluated in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement involving 2 dietary sources of Ca (CaCO(3) having a moderate solubility of Ca vs. CaCl(2) having an excellent solubility of Ca) and 2 dietary concentrations of Ca (average of 0.64 and 0.95% of dry matter) and Mg (0.25 and 0.4% of dry matter). Twenty-four multiparous cows in mid lactation were fed the 8 diets in three 21-d periods. Dry matter intake and milk production were measured daily, and milk composition was measured on the last 6 milkings of each period. Fecal samples were collected twice a day during the last 5 d of each period, composited within cow, dried at 55 degrees C, and subjected to 10 successive water extractions, and soluble P, Ca, and Mg were determined. Excretion of fecal P (g/d) was correlated positively with intake of P but not with intake of Ca or Mg. A smaller proportion of fecal P was extracted when dietary concentration of Ca increased (37.5 vs. 47.7%) and when CaCl(2) instead of CaCO(3) was fed (40.3 vs. 44.9%). Feeding more Mg reduced water-soluble P in feces but only when CaCO(3) and not CaCl(2) was fed. Increasing the amount of soluble Ca in the diet produced a relatively stable Ca-phosphate compound (hydroxylapatite) in ashed fecal samples, whereas feeding less soluble Ca resulted in a more soluble P phase (Mg-substituted whitlockite). Energy-dispersive X-ray elemental spectroscopy in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy showed spatial association between Ca-Mg and P. A reduction of approximately 5 g of soluble P/cow per d was detected when dietary concentration of Ca increased from an average of 0.64 to 0.95% of dry matter. Supplemental CaCO(3) would be a preferred source of Ca over CaCl(2) because cows fed CaCO(3) tended to produce more 4% fat-corrected milk, more milk fat, and milk with a greater concentration of fat and protein. Current prices would also favor feeding CaCO(3) over CaCl(2). Increasing dietary intakes of Ca and Mg beyond current recommendations may increase formation of insoluble phosphate complexes (Ca-P rather than Ca-Mg-P associations), which result in decreased solubility of P in dairy-cow feces and reduce losses of P from agricultural areas where feces are applied.
Microbial conversion of oleic acid to 10-hydroxystearic acid

Resting cell suspensions of seven Nocardia species catalyzed the production of 10-hydroxystearic acid from oleic acid. Nocardia cholesterolicum NRRL 5767 gave a good yield with optimum conditions at pH 6.5 and 40°C. Yields exceeding 90% can be obtained within 6 h with 0.1 g cells (dry weight) and 178 mg oleic acid in 10 ml of 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5). In addition, minor amounts of 10-ketostearic acid were formed as a by-product. The reaction proceeded via hydration of the double bond as shown by labeling experiments with deuterium oxide and 18O-labeled water. The system was specific for fatty acids with cis unsaturation at the 9 position.
Statistical Mechanics of the Condensation of Linear Genome Molecules by Viral Capsid Proteins

We present simple equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical-mechanical models for the encapsidation of linear genome molecules by capsid proteins. During the first stage, the non-specific association of the genome molecule with capsid proteins is described by the theory of “living polymers”, followed by a second stage of capsid nucleation and growth, for which we use the “antenna” theory of Grosberg and Shklovskii.
Factorial Functions in Entropy Calculations

In entropy calculations in connection with the kinetic theory of gases or the quantum theory the changes in functions depending on factorials have hitherto been calculated by a method depending on the replacement of factorials by continuous functions and differentiation. This method is neither simple nor logically satisfying. A new method of calculation is shown which depends on the direct evaluation, by simple well known processes, of $\ensuremath{\Delta}F=F(x+\ensuremath{\Delta}x, y+\ensuremath{\Delta}y, \ensuremath{\cdots})\ensuremath{-}F(x, y, \ensuremath{\cdots})$ where $F$ is a function involving the factorials of $x, y, \ensuremath{\cdots}$, and where $x, y, \ensuremath{\cdots}$ and $x+\ensuremath{\Delta}x, y+\ensuremath{\Delta}y, \ensuremath{\cdots}$ are taken as integers. The details of this method are illustrated by the treatment of two examples.
Public policy and funding New York's new sports venues.

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to examine selected public policy and funding issues of six New York Metropolitan Area sport venues and to discuss their implications for the future of sport venue construction.Design/methodology/approach – The design of this paper is a descriptive case study, which is appropriate when the question to be answered is how or why, when there is no necessary control of behavioral events, and when the study is focused on contemporary events. A systematic review of public documents and available research related to the recent development and funding of selected sport venues was conducted. In addition, a critical appraisal and financial analysis was performed on selected data collected from a variety of proprietary facility reports and public documents.Findings – Based on a systematic examination of public documents and available research it was determined that a complex mix of local, regional, and state politics has impacted significantly the dynamics of professional spo...
Mapping of the two-channel Kondo problem to a resonant-level model.

Abelian bosonization is used to map the two-channel Kondo problem into a resonant-level Hamiltonian, which is equivalent to noninteracting fermions for a particular value of the longitudinal exchange coupling. This solvable point is analogous to the Toulouse limit of the ordinary Kondo problem. The impurity Green's function, susceptibility, and thermodynamic properties, together with certain conduction-electron correlation functions, are evaluated at the solvable point. In particular, it is shown that the pairing resonance of the two-channel Kondo problem may be characterized as an enhancement of superconducting pairing of the conduction electrons at the impurity site, correlated with the impurity pseudospin (or equivalently odd-time pairing of the conduction electrons).
Homology search with binary and trinary scoring matrices

Protein homology search can be accelerated with the use of bit-parallel algorithms in conjunction with constraints on the values contained in the scoring matrices. Trinary scoring matrices (containing only the values 1, 0, and 1) allow for significant acceleration without significant reduction in the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) score of a Smith Waterman search. Binary scoring matrices (containing the values 0 and 1) result in some reduction in ROC score, but result in even more acceleration. Binary scoring matrices and five-bit saturating scores can be used for fast prefilters to the Smith Waterman algorithm.
The Sounds of the Fox Squirrel, Sciurus niger rufiventer

Sounds of captive and free-living fox squirrels were observed and recorded from April 1967 through May 1968. A bark was the most common sound, usually in series of from six to 10. The barks decreased in duration and intensity while the interval between barks increased. Chatter barks were emitted when squirrels were suddenly startled. Restlessness and mild stress were indicated by broad-band tooth chatters and breathy barks of low intensity. Low frequency groans lasting up to 0.37 seconds were emitted by restrained squirrels. Multiovertone grunts and longer squeals were emitted by squirrels during chases between males and when restrained. A two-syllable scream with overtones of 32 kilohertz was emitted by distressed squirrels. I was unable to record a high-pitched whine emitted during what appeared to be mating chases.
Throwing the baby out with the bathwater: Problems in modeling aggregated eye-movement data

Parameters in E-Z Reader models are estimated on the basis of a simple data set consisting of 30 means. Because of heavy aggregation, the data have a severe problem of multicolinearity and are unable to adequately constrain parameter values. This could give the model more power than the empirical data warrant. Future models should exploit the richness of eye movement data and avoid excessive aggregation.
General approach to optimizing digital mammography with respect to radiation risk

We investigated how current biological uncertainties relating to the radiation risks for breast cancer impact on the optimization of x-ray tube potential (kV) in digital mammography. Digital images were taken of an accreditation phantom using voltages between 24 and 34 kV, and output between 5 and 500 mAs. The average glandular dose (D) at each x-ray tube voltage was determined at each technique setting. Image contrast of a 4 mm thick acrylic disk and the corresponding noise were used to determine the lesion contrast to noise ratio (CNR), which was taken as a relative measure of image quality when the selected x-ray technique factors (i.e., kV/mAs) are varied. The optimal kV for the detection of this simulated mass lesion was determined by maximizing a figure of merit (FOM), the ratio of CNR 2 /D. The kV that maximized the traditional FOM occurred at 27.3 kVp. The implication for optimization strategies was also analyzed for a radiation risk that is proportional to D n ; a value of n = 0 would correspond to no additional radiation risk, and n = 2 would correspond to a quadratic dose response curve. The x-ray voltage that yielded the highest generalized FOM value was 34 kV for n 1.5. These results show that uncertainties in the form of the dose response curve for radiation induced breast cancer markedly influence the FOM parameter used for optimizing digital radiography imaging systems such as mammography.
Injectable contraception: issues and opportunities.

Beginning in the 1960s depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) injectable contraception has been widely used in family planning programs abroad especially in Africa and Southeast Asia [1]. Approved in the US for the treatment of endometrial cancer in the mid-1960s it was also used off-label for contraception [2]. In 1992 DMPA received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for contraception and began to have a noticeable impact in preventing unintended pregnancies in the US particularly among teens. By 2002 some 2 million US women used injectable contraception [3]. Whereas US teen births increased 23% from 1986 peaking in 1991 rates then declined 35% by 2005 [4]. The authors of the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) reported that “Teens were more likely in 2002 to use contraception at first sex and at most recent sex than in 1995 and were more likely to have used highly effective methods such as injectable contraception” [5]. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Unique ergodicity of some flows related to axiom a diffeomorphisms

Continuous flows, whose orbits are the unstable manifolds of certain Axiom A attractors, are shown to be uniquely ergodic. The approach used is symbolic dynamics. Equicontinuity (and lack of it) for these flows is also discussed.
Small shearing oscillations superposed on large steady shear of the BKZ fluid

Abstract This is a theoretical discussion of methods which could be used to determine, according to the BKZ elastic fluid theory, the shearing stress and normal stress responses of a non-Newtonian fluid to simple shearing histories for which the rate of shear varies arbitrarily with time. In order to do this for any given fluid, certain information is needed about the fluid. It is shown how this information could be obtained if one knew merely the shearing stress responses to simple shearing motions of any one of the following types; stress relaxation, suddenly imposed steady shear, or small oscillations superposed on steady shearing flow. For each such type of flow some rheological relations are derived. These are relations between directly measurable quantities and do not involve material properties, but hold only for given classes of motions. It is also shown how, according to the BKZ perfect elastic fluid theory, a change in temperature affects the results. Thence it is argued how a variation in temperature could be used to supplement data obtained when the range of mechanical parameters is limited.
Technology, Enterprise, and American Economic Growth

The weakening of technology-based economic growth in the United States may be due to inflation and to fundamental characteristics of American society and not, as is often suggested, to low expenditures on research and development, too much regulation, or risk-averse corporate management. Accordingly, renewed economic growth will require constraining inflation, as well as private initiatives and public policies that reflect the nature of technological progress and of the American people.
The Place of the Radical in the Cure: Reply to Commentaries

My reply to the commentaries first addresses the question of the relations between psychoanalytic theory and practice. Drawing on the ancient Greek concept of theoria, I expand on this question by evoking a third register, that of psychoanalysis as a collective that theorizes and practices in a particular socio-historical context. I argue for a view of psychoanalysis as a collective residing at the intersection of general discourse, social power, and subjectivity, a position that should be consciously considered as part of its ethos and its ethics. I examine in this context Stern's notion of clinical philosophy and the potential for a variety of dialogues between clinical psychoanalysis and critical theory. I look at the unique possibilities offered in this domain by relational psychoanalysis, and argue that mining these possibilities may require that we explore new kinds of theoretical narrative. Looking at the history of the psychoanalytic theoria, I raise the question of theoretical and clinical activi...
Infra-red dichoism studies of some molecular complexes

Abstract The results of a study on the polarized infra-red spectra of the hexamethylbenzenepicryl chloride, anthracene-sym-trinitrobenzene, and p,p '-dinitrodiphenyl-p-hydroxydiphenyl molecular compounds show agreement with published X-ray crystal structures. On the basis of the observed dichroism, molecular orientations are suggested for the complexes of picric acid with β-methylnaphthalene and piperidine.
Design and performance of a dynamically aligned step-scan interferometer

In the past decade advances in microprocessors have been applied in FT-IR spectrometers to deliver higher data system performance at substantially reduced cost. Now, advances in microprocessors and signal processing technology are being applied to overcome current performance limits in the FT-IR optical bench, and considerably expand their functionality. This paper describes the design and performance of a new generation of research-grade interferometer, the 896, using state-of-the-art technology. The major enhancements are: rapid auto-align (allowing interchanging of beamsplitters); dynamic alignment (giving active stabilization and allowing high performance operation over a wide variety of scan conditions); enhanced stability rapid-scan mode with general purpose kinetic software; step-scan mode (0.004 Hz to 800 Hz) with variable phase modulation; and dynamic range extension.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Walk On The Wild Side

The figure of the wild man is one that crosses artistic disciplines and genres in the cultures of medieval Iberia. In this article I show how the wild man operates within a variety of meanings in diverse literary contexts that, working simultaneously at different narrative levels, cross over from literature into daily life and spectacles, from legal to political discourses. The figure's continued presence from the medieval period into the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries suggests its use as a commonplace, as a motif with a number of fixed meanings that are put to work through context, providing the possibility of different, perhaps even contradictory readings. As commonplace, then, the wild man is presented as a case study for the reconsideration of other elements in the paintings of the Hall of Justice of the Alhambra, often interpreted to have a specific or fixed meaning, and thus programmed within a particular narrative. Seen in its entirety as a repository of commonplaces, I interpret the complex of the lateral paintings of the Hall of Justice in relation to the central one, in which a set of ten kings in Nasrid dress are depicted as conversing, as pretexts for narration that can be of a literary or juridical nature. I then go on to provide a possible itinerary of reading for the wild man scene not only in its immediate context, but as part of he overall visual project in a political key that illustrates the productive makeup of the paintings as pedagogical and ideological enterprise.
The Effect of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate on Growth, Mortality, and Carcass Qualities of Broiler Chickens

Experiments were conducted to determine whether the leucine catabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) could influence protein metabolism in broilers. In Experiment 1, HMB was fed at either .01 or .05% of the diet. beta-Hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate did not improve feed conversion or BW gain; however, broilers fed HMB at .01% in a diet formulated to meet NRC (1984) recommendations had no mortality (P < .03) from 0 to 21 d of age. In Experiment 2, HMB fed at .003, .01, .03, and .09% of the diet had no significant affect on growth or carcass yield of the broilers when compared with control-fed broilers. In Experiment 3, HMB fed at .001, .003, and .01% of the diet had no effect on broiler growth. In Experiment 4, HMB was fed at .01% of the diet in combination with an antibiotic and coccidiostat (GP). Use of GP increased (P < .01) BW, feed conversion, and carcass yield when compared with the control broilers. In Experiment 5, HMB was fed at .1% of the diet, and effects of sex and GP were examined. beta-Hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate decreased (P < .01) mortality by 72% in the male broilers. In a combined analysis, HMB fed at .01% of the diet (Experiments 1, 2, and 3) increased breast yield (P < .05) and reduced mortality by 56% (P < .04) from 0 to 21 d of age. In a combined analysis, HMB fed at .003% of the diet (Experiments 2 and 3) increased 42-d BW (P < .02) and hot (P < .04) and chilled (P < .05) carcass yields. In conclusion, across all HMB dosages mortality of male broilers was decreased from 6.37 to 4.39% (-31%, P < .04) by feeding HMB, with the pattern of death suggesting that HMB decreased the incidence of sudden death syndrome in these broilers.
Determining the size of spatial clusters in focused tests: Comparing two methods by means of simulation in a GIS

Based on a four-point evaluation system consisting of accuracy, consistency, power, and chance to commit type I errors, this study compares Tango's minimum p (MinP) and Stone's maximum relative risk (MaxRR) methods for detecting focused cluster size through simulations in GIS. It reveals that the MinP method is more effective than the MaxRR method. The MinP method exhibits higher levels of accuracy and consistency; and its power and chance to commit type I errors are similar to the MinP method. The MaxRR method has a tendency to underestimate the cluster size, while the MinP method tends to overestimate the cluster size, particularly when the clusters are relatively big and have high relative risk levels. In addition, the MinP method seems to be most effective in revealing the size of clusters when clusters are neither too strong nor too weak. The lowest detection rates for clustering occur when the clustering signal is relatively weak, which is easily understandable. In practice, it might be useful to use both the methods to estimate a range of possible cluster sizes, where the MaxRR method indicates the lower estimate, while the MinP method gives the higher estimate of the cluster size.
Surface chemistry and physics of deuterium retention in lithiated graphite

Abstract Lithium wall conditioning in TFTR, CDX-U, T-11M, TJ-II and NSTX is found to yield enhanced plasma performance manifest, in part, through improved deuterium particle control. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments examine the affect of D irradiation on lithiated graphite and show that the surface chemistry of lithiated graphite after D ion bombardment (500 eV/amu) is fundamentally different from that of non-Li conditioned graphite. Instead of simple LiD bonding seen in pure liquid Li, graphite introduces additional complexities. XPS spectra show that Li–O–D (533.0 ± 0.6 eV) and Li–C–D (291.4 ± 0.6 eV) bonds, for a nominal Li dose of 2 μm, become “saturated” with D at fluences between 3.8 and 5.2 × 1017 cm−2. Atomistic modeling indicate that Li–O–D–C interactions may be a result of multibody effects as opposed to molecular bonding.
Pokeweed mitogen inhibition of protein synthesis in cultured lymphoblastoid lines.

Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and ricin are both lectins derived from plant seeds. They are glycoproteins and share the ability to agglutinate a variety of animal cells including erythrocytes. The effect of these two lectins on protein synthesis was studied in four longterm lymphoblastoid lines (8866 and GM1531, which are B cell lines; and CCRF/CEM and MOLT 4, which are T-cell lines). Ricin (50 μg/ml) completely inhibited protein synthesis by 2 hr in both B-cell and T-cell lines as measured by the uptake to [3H]leucine. The PWM appeared more specific and at a concentration of 500 μg/ml inhibited protein synthesis only in B-cell lines (8866 and GM 1531). This effect was maximal at 5 hr. To investigate the reason for the differential effect of PWM on T and B cells,125I-labeled PWM was incubated with 8866, MOLT 4, and CCRF/CEM to see if a significant difference in binding to B cells and T cells could be demonstrated. It does not appear that the differential effect on T and B cells is due to a difference in the amount of PWM bound. On the other hand it is possible that the B cells may bind some toxic subcomponent of the PWM preparation that the T cells do not bind because of a difference in composition or arrangement of cell surface glycoproteins.
Atomic and nanoscale chemical and structural changes in quenched and tempered 4340 steel

Abstract Atom probe tomography and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been used to determine the location and distribution of carbon and alloying elements associated with the complex structural changes that occur at the atomic and nanoscale in 4340 steel after quenching to martensite and tempering at 325, 450 or 575 °C. Tempering at 325 °C resulted in carbide formation without partitioning of chromium, manganese, molybdenum, aluminum, nickel or phosphorus, but with early-stage silicon rejection from the carbide. TEM verified the presence of cementite and the Bagaryatsky orientation relationship with the tempered martensite matrix and detected complex precipitate structures. Tempering at 450 or 575 °C developed concentrations of all alloying elements at ferrite–cementite interfaces: chromium, manganese and molybdenum partitioned into the cementite, and silicon, aluminum, nickel and phosphorus were clearly rejected from the cementite. These results provide direct evidence for staged cementite growth, where early-stage growth likely occurs under paraequilibrium conditions, followed by initial silicon redistribution and subsequent alloying element redistribution during late-stage growth. Tempering at 575 °C induced spheroidization of the cementite, loss of the Bagaryatsky orientation relationship, and phosphorus concentrations at Cottrell atmospheres within the cementite and at ferrite–cementite interfaces, correlating with early observations of the retardation of spheroidization by phosphorus.
Surface treatmet of sillimanite-based microspheres for strength enhancement of high-temperature lightweight cement composites

The compressive strength of high-temperature lightweight cementing materials containing sillimanite-based hollow microspheres as a filler can be improved by treating the surfaces of the microspheres with a calcium hydroxide-saturated solution at temperatures up to 200° C. The precipitation of an epitaxial layer formed by an interaction between the hot calcium hydroxide solution end the surface of the sphere played an essential role in developing favourable bonding characteristics at the interfaces and in promoting the hydration of the cement matrix. Bonding is associated with the formation of an intermediate layer of aluminium-rich calcium silicate hydrate, produced by an interfacial reaction of the cement paste with the epitaxy under the hydrothermal environment at 300° C. A dense intermediate layer consisting of a rim structure of 4μm thickness acts in cross-linking and coupling functions that serve to connect the cement matrix and spheres, thereby improving the interfacial bond strength. The presence of the epitaxial layer on the treated sphere surfaces leads to the formation of a well-crystallized tobermorite matrix phase, which is responsible for the development of strength in autoclaved lightweight cements.
Fundamentals of stick-slip

Abstract Simultaneous measurements of momentary friction and electrical resistance using the hoop apparatus have resulted in new insights into the behavior of the ubiquitous thin interfacial films at contact spots. The experimental focus of the present paper is the amplitude of the stick-slip motion of a multifiber slider as a function of the humidity, speed and applied load. The stick-slip amplitude is found to increase with increasing relative humidity and contact spot size, respectively, and to decrease with increasing substrate speed. Furthermore, the interfacial electrical resistance spikes at the beginnings of slip episodes and shows an unexpected hysteresis during stick-slip cycling. The data suggest a two-component model, including (i) an approximate double molecular layer of adsorbed water between the contact spots and (ii) menisci at the periphery of the contact spots at high humidities. Together with the general analysis presented in appendix A, this model presents a framework for the understanding and control of stick-slip in sliding systems.
Do spelling variations affect associative and phonological priming by pseudohomophones

A nonword prime can sound like a target word or one of the target’s associates, and it can look like either without sounding like either. These pseudohomophones and pseudohomographs can vary in the number of letters shared with the target or its associate. In an associative priming experiment in which targets were named and prime duration was 125 msec within a mask-prime-mask-target sequence, pseudohomophones primed and pseudohomographs did not, with the pseudoassociative priming being only weakly affected by spelling differences. In three further experiments, prime homophony and homography were defined in respect to the target. Prime durations were 125 and 21 msec within a maskprime-mask-target sequence and 57 msec vrithin a mask-prime-target sequence. The superior priming by pseudohomophones was relatively insensitive to spelling. Results are discussed in terms of the phonological coherence hypothesis and the roles for orthographic information implied by the hypothesis.
Electronic and solvent effects on the bonding mode of the selenocyanate ion in trans-selenocyanatobis(dimethylglyoximato)(substituted pyridine)cobalt(III) complexes

Abstract Complexes of the general formula trans-[Co(dmg) 2 L(SeCN)] have been synthesized (dmg = monoanion of dimethylglyoxime; L = pyridine, 4-t-butylpyridine, 4-cyanopyridine, 4-aminopyridine). Unlike the corresponding [Co(NH 3 ) 5 NCSe] 2+ complex, the selenocyanate group is bound through the selenium atom in all of the dmg complexes (solid state), thereby demonstrating symbiotic electronic control of the selenocyanate's bonding mode by the other ligands present in the coordination sphere. Se-bonding also prevails in CH 2 Cl 2 solution, in marked contrast to the results of Marzilli, et al., who found that the CoNCS/CoSCN ratio for the corresponding thiocyanate complex was quite sensitive to the nature of L, increasing as the pK a of L increased. The bonding mode of the [Co(dmg) 2 (t-bupy)SeCN] complex was found to be insensitive to changes in the dielectric constant of the solvent, again contrasting with the behavior of the corresponding thiocyanate complex. Marzi!!i has reported that the CoNCS/CoSCN ratio for the latter increases as the dielectric constant of the solvent is increased. All of these results are consistent with a greater π-donor capability on the part of the Se-bound selenocyanate, in accord with its very low position in the spectrochemical series.
Abstract 2454: Ampk and hdac pathways and regulation rassf1c gene expression

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Introduction: We have previously shown that RASSF1C promotes cell proliferation, migration and attenuates apoptosis in cancer cells. We have also shown that RASSF1C is significantly up-regulated in breast and lung cancer tissues compared to normal tissues. Together these demonstrate that RASSF1C, is not a tumor suppressor like RASSF1A, but instead appears to function as an oncoprotein. Currently nothing is known about the upstream signaling cascades involved in regulating RASSF1C gene expression and thus we performed transcriptome PCR array study to identify chemicals inhibitors that modulate(s) RASSF1C expression. Method: A transcriptome PCR array was obtained from Qiagen. It consisted of cDNA from breast cancer cell line MCF7 cells treated with 90 different chemical inhibitors that regulate various signaling pathways. The array was screened with RASSF1C gene specific primers. Data analysis was performed by importing the Ct values obtained into data analysis software. Results: The PCR array screen identified several chemical reagents that appear to up-regulate and several that seem to down-regulate RASSF1C expression by ≥ 1.5 fold. The two most notable reagents are Dorsopmorhin (AMPK inhibitor) which up-regulates RASSF1C expression by 2.8 fold and Trichostatin A (HDAC inhibitor) which down regulates RASSF1C expression by 2 fold. We are in process of confirming the effect of these inhibitors in a panel of breast and lung cancer cells. Conclusion: The findings are novel and suggest that inhibition of AMPK pathway induces RASSF1C expression while inhibition of HDAC pathway suppresses RASSF1C gene expression. We should note that Trichostatin A has been shown to activate AMPK, inhibits HDAC, arrests cell growth, and induces apoptosis in human cancers. Our findings provide a potential mechanism for regulating RASSF1C gene expression through the modulation of AMPK and HDAC pathways. Citation Format: Yousef G. Amaar, Mark E. Reeves, Matthew Firek. Ampk and hdac pathways and regulation rassf1c gene expression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2454. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2454
Three subpopulations of fast axonally transported retinal ganglion cell proteins are differentially trafficked in the rat optic pathway.

Post-Golgi trafficking of the major fast axonally transported (FT) proteins was investigated in the rat optic pathway. Following intra-ocular injection of 35S-methionine, radiolabeled FT proteins in the optic tract (OT) and superior colliculus (SC) were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and fluorography. Twenty FT proteins, including a known plasma membrane protein (SNAP-25) and synaptic vesicle protein (synaptobrevin-2), displayed consistent 2D-PAGE migration behavior and were chosen for densitometric quantitative analysis. Results showed that at least three subpopulations of the 20 FT proteins could be differentiated based on their trafficking behavior to axons (OT) vs. terminals (SC). To assess whether Golgi-independent processes (e.g., delayed somal release and/or retrograde transport) could account for the differential compartmentation behavior between the three FT classes, we assessed whether radiolabeled FT proteins became redistributed in the optic pathway following a nerve transection blockade. The results showed that radiolabelled FT proteins did not show a quantitative change in their axon vs. terminal compartmentation in response to disconnection from cell bodies or targets. Thus, the three classes of fast axonally transported proteins were likely trafficked to distinct destinations in the optic pathway by Golgi sorting mechanisms. J. Neurosci. Res. 59:247–258, 2000 © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.