cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear optical properties of a coherent array of sub-micron SiO/sub 2/ spheres (opal) implanted with Si nanoclusters

Summary form only given. The optical properties of a coherent array of sub-micron spheres (opal) gained an increased interest in recent year. A combination of the scattering properties of an individual sphere with the distributed effect of a periodic, three-dimensional crystal structure may lead to more efficient nonlinear materials owing to the confinement of the propagating photons to small dimensions. We have shown that transmission and reflection of Si implanted silica opal can be changed dramatically as a function of light intensity. Possible applications for these structures may be found in optical switching and optical limiters.
Physical, chemical, and metabolic state sensors expand the synthetic biology toolbox for Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Many under-developed organisms possess important traits that can boost the effectiveness and sustainability of microbial biotechnology. Photoautotrophic cyanobacteria can utilize the energy captured from light to fix carbon dioxide for their metabolic needs while living in environments not suited for growing crops. Various value-added compounds have been produced by cyanobacteria in the laboratory; yet, the products' titers and yields are often not industrially relevant and lag behind what have been accomplished in heterotrophic microbes. Genetic tools for biological process control are needed to take advantage of cyanobacteria's beneficial qualities, as tool development also lags behind what has been created in common heterotrophic hosts. To address this problem, we developed a suite of sensors that regulate transcription in the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 in response to metabolically relevant signals, including light and the cell's nitrogen status, and a family of sensors that respond to the inexpensive chemical, l-arabinose. Increasing the number of available tools enables more complex and precise control of gene expression. Expanding the synthetic biology toolbox for this cyanobacterium also improves our ability to utilize this important under-developed organism in biotechnology. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1561-1569. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Embedding a sense of history in the computing curriculum: Historic influences on a custom CPU instruction set

History can serve as a connecting thread bonding students to their professional community and intellectual heritage. Many STEM disciplines, such as physics and biology, consistently integrate historic figures into the curriculum. Computer Science, on the other hand, often omits history from the instructional landscape. As a step to mitigate the situation, this work explores some of the historic design influences behind a custom, robot enabled, CPU and corresponding instruction set. The CPU design has been the basis for student-implemented emulators to control robots in a Computer Organization course. By featuring a sampling of the men, women, machines, and instruction sets from history we provide a design context for the custom CPU. Knowing this history may help students develop a sense of why things work the way they do in modern computers, as well as instilling a sense of the enormous contribution pioneering men and women have made to their discipline.
Exploring beyond simple demographic variables: Differences between traditional laboratory samples and crowdsourced online samples on the Big Five personality traits

Abstract Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk), a popular crowdsourcing website, is increasingly being utilized by researchers to obtain psychological data. This transition has prompted evaluation of sourcing costs, psychometric properties, and motivations of participants. However, research is limited comparing traditional and crowdsourced participants on personality measures. Therefore, in the current study laboratory participants (drawn from three universities) and MTurk workers completed the Big Five inventory and provided demographic information using web-based surveys. Controlling for age and gender, laboratory participants were significantly lower in Openness ( d = 0.26), and higher in Extraversion ( d = 0.37), Agreeableness ( d = 0.15), and Neuroticism ( d = 0.05) than MTurk participants. However, pairwise comparisons among individual sites revealed there were means above and below that for MTurk participants for Openness and Conscientiousness. Given these differences, researchers are encouraged to consider how such personality characteristics may influence the outcomes of their research when designing and conducting psychological studies that use crowdsourcing techniques to recruit participants.
Self report assessment and support for cancer symptoms: Impact on hospital admissions and emergency department visits.

e20552 Background: Attending to symptoms and side effects promotes safe and effective delivery of cancer therapies. Educated and supported patients (Pts) may be able to self-manage symptoms (Sx) an...
Radiation Therapy Combined with Cowpea Mosaic Virus Nanoparticle in Situ Vaccination Initiates Immune-Mediated Tumor Regression

Epithelial ovarian cancer is a deadly gynecologic malignancy because of its late detection, usually after local and distant metastatic spread. These cancers develop resistance to traditional chemotherapeutic agents; therefore, the development of next-generation immunotherapeutic approaches may have a significant promise in improving outcomes. A novel immunotherapeutic approach utilizing combination radiation therapy (RT) with immunostimulatory cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) was tested in a preclinical syngeneic mouse model of ovarian carcinoma. ID8-Defb29/Vegf tumors were generated in C57BL/6 mice. Compared to placebo-treated control tumors or those treated with a single agent RT or CPMV, the combination treatment resulted in a significantly improved tumor growth delay (p < 0.05). Additionally, immunohistochemical profiling of tumor samples after treatment with CPMV demonstrated an increase in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). These results suggest that utilizing CPMV particles in combination with RT can turn an immunologically "cold" tumor (with low number of TILs) into an immunologically "hot" tumor. This novel combination treatment approach of RT and CPMV demonstrated the ability to control tumor growth in a preclinical ID8 ovarian cancer model, showing promise as an in situ tumor vaccine and warrants further testing.
Lattice Points. By Paul Erdös, Peter M. Gruber and Joseph Hammer

(1990). Lattice Points. By Paul Erdos, Peter M. Gruber and Joseph Hammer. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 97, No. 7, pp. 633-635.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids as Anti-Inflammatory Agents: A Classical Group of Nutraceuticals

ABSTRACT Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, which are present in marine sources, including algae, represent a unique and novel group of nutraceuticals because of their proven multiple therapeutic effects, including hypotriglyceridemic, antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory functions. Evidence from numerous clinical outcome studies in patients with associated risk factors and diseases, has consistently shown that 3-3.5 g of omega-3 fatty acids consisting of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) must be taken per day in order to benefit from their therapeutic effects. It has also been consistently observed that alpha-linolenic acid (18:3, omega-3) is least effective thera-peutically and thus, there is no scientific support for using this fatty acid as a therapeutic nutraceutical. In this article, the use of products/formulations containing omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) as anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents, has been discussed based on a number of clinical outcome studies in patients w...
FUEL CELLS – PROTON-EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS | Membranes: Design and Characterization

A series of ex situ and in situ diagnostic tests have been developed to quantitatively screen proton-exchange membranes (PEMs) for automotive fuel cell applications with respect to performance and mechanical and chemical durability. A comparison of the measured lifetimes of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) and sulfonated aromatic hydrocarbon membranes under accelerated test conditions reveals the inherent differences between the two membrane chemistries. Upon subjecting membranes to deep hydration–dehydration cycles, the mechanical durability of PFSA membranes is more robust compared to that of aromatic hydrocarbon membranes, which have higher modulus and lower elasticity. By contrast, under in situ conditions promoting chemical degradation, aromatic hydrocarbon membranes can display improved stability. The next generation of alternative PEMs receiving a lot of attention are low-cost, sulfonated hydrocarbon polymers having controlled molecular architectures. Improved aromatic hydrocarbon PEM performance under conditions of low relative humidity can be facilitated by mimicking the positive attributes of PFSA membranes. New design tools allow for the optimization of nanophase separation of structurally reinforced hydrophobic domains and concentrated hydrophilic domains, thereby improving the performance of aromatic hydrocarbon membranes. A design guideline for polymer scientists is presented outlining the methodology to develop new PEMs for automotive fuel cell applications, including new metrics such as the membrane humidity stability factor and the hydrophilic volume ion-exchange capacity.
Classification and Forms of Inebriety Historical Antecedents of Alcoholic Typologies

This chapter reviews 39 typological classifications of alcoholics published in the world alcohol literature between 1850 and 1941. After a brief discussion of the concept of typology within the Western intellectual tradition, the typologies are described in terms of classification criteria, cultural context, and historical trends. Four countries (France, Germany, England, and the United States) accounted for all but one of the typologies. Within countries, typological theories tended to be concentrated during specific historical periods, often reflecting prevailing trends in medicine, psychiatry, and clinical practice. Despite a number of common themes, there was little indication of the progressive development of typology theory in a predictable direction. Like their counterparts in contemporary times, these typologies failed to gain widespread acceptance as the basis for theoretical explanations or clinical practice. Rather, their function was more likely to serve as justifications for the disciplinary or policy orientations held by the typologists. It is concluded that unless typologies are formulated on the basis of careful research, sound theory, and clinical relevance, they are likely to be relegated to a similar status as historical artifacts.
The Patent Office in the Library

Column description. Special Libraries, Special Challenges is a column dedicated to exploring the unique public services challenges that arise in libraries that specialize in a particular subject, s...
Procedural Justice in Resolving Family Disputes: A Psychosocial Analysis of Individual and Family Functioning in Late Adolescence

The present study examined the extent to which procedural justice in resolving specific family disputes is associated with ongoing levels of family conflict and cohesion as well as individual psychosocial adaptation in older adolescents. Two hundred and forty study participants (ages 18–22) were asked to recall an important family dispute that they experienced over the past year and to rate how their parents handled the situation along dimensions of procedural justice, control, and outcome satisfaction. The results indicated that overall judgments of procedural fairness and specific relational criteria for evaluating procedural justice (neutrality, trust, standing) were positively associated with family cohesion and psychological well-being and negatively related to family conflict, psychological distress, and deviant behavior. As predicated, low standing or disrespectful treatment was the best predictor of deviant behavior. While individual functioning was tied primarily to relational procedural justice concerns, family functioning was associated with both relational and instrumental factors. Overall, the study lends support to the growing body of research challenging exclusively self-interested models of human conduct.
Anatomical Principles of the Coronary Circulation

This review considers structure-function relationships of the coronary circulation. The coronary vasculature begins developing during late embryonic life via vascular sprouts and ultimately is expressed as a hierarchy of vessels. Since the microvasculature is the key to our understanding of coronary flow and the exchange of nutrients, considerable exploration of this component of the coronary circulation is needed. Perhaps the most evident gap in our knowledge in this area is the angiogenic response during development and during myocardial hypertrophy. While growth factors have been identified, the regulation and stimulation of these molecules need to be elucidated. A second deficiency concerns transcapillary phenomena, especially those regarding the role of vesicles in the transportation of large molecules. Finally, the concept of capillary recruitment needs to be verified and defined.
Recent research on the social network concept and cancer.

Purpose of reviewThis review covers articles in 2018 and early 2019 that employed the concept of networks and social interactions in research on how patients with cancer cope, receive and respond to medical treatment and allied support. The use of social aspects, and more formally the method of soci
Quartz Disrupts Iron Homeostasis in Alveolar Macrophages To Impact a Pro-Inflammatory Effect

The biological response of bronchial epithelial cells to particles is associated with a sequestration of cell metal by the particle surface and a subsequent disruption in host iron homeostasis. The macrophage is the cell type resident in the respiratory tract that is most likely to make initial contact with inhaled particles. We tested the postulates that (1) silica, a prototypical particle, disrupts iron homeostasis in alveolar macrophages (AMs); and (2) the altered iron homeostasis results in both an oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory effects. Human AMs (1.0 × 106/mL) demonstrated an increased import of iron following particle exposure with nonheme iron concentrations of 0.57 ± 0.03, 1.72 ± 0.09, 0.88 ± 0.09, and 3.21 ± 0.11 ppm in cells exposed for 4 h to media, 500 μM ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), 100 μg/mL silica, and both silica and FAC, respectively. Intracellular ferritin concentrations and iron release were similarly increased after AM exposure to FAC and silica. Silica increased oxidant generation by AMs measured using both dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence and reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium salt. Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α in macrophage supernatant increased following 100 μg/mL silica exposure for 24 h. Treatment of AMs with 500 μM FAC decreased both oxidant generation and cytokine release associated with silica exposure, supporting a dependence of these effects on sequestration of cell metal by the particle surface. We conclude that (1) silica exposure disrupts iron homeostasis resulting in increased import, accumulation, and release of the metal; and (2) the altered iron homeostasis following silica exposure impacts oxidant generation and pro-inflammatory effects.
Automatic cancer tissue detection using multispectral photoacoustic imaging

In the case of multispecimen study to locate cancer regions, such as in thyroidectomy and prostatectomy, a significant labor-intensive processing is required at a high cost. Pathology diagnosis is usually done by a pathologist observing tissue-stained glass slide under a microscope. Multispectral photoacoustic (MPA) specimen imaging has proven successful in differentiating photoacoustic (PA) signal characteristics between a histopathology-defined cancer region and normal tissue. This is mainly due to its ability to efficiently map oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin contents from MPA images and key features for cancer detection. A fully automated deep learning algorithm is purposed, which learns to detect the presence of malignant tissue in freshly excised ex vivo human thyroid and prostate tissue specimens using the three-dimensional MPA dataset. The proposed automated deep learning model consisted of the convolutional neural network architecture, which extracts spatially colocated features, and a softmax function, which detects thyroid and prostate cancer tissue at once. This is one of the first deep learning models, to the best of our knowledge, to detect the presence of cancer in excised thyroid and prostate tissue of humans at once based on PA imaging. The area under the curve (AUC) was used as a metric to evaluate the predictive performance of the classifier. The proposed model detected the cancer tissue with the AUC of 0.96, which is very promising. This model is an improvement over the previous work using machine learning and deep learning algorithms. This model may have immediate application in cancer screening of the numerous sliced specimens that result from thyroidectomy and prostatectomy. Since the instrument that was used to capture the ex vivo PA images is now being developed for in vivo use, this model may also prove to be a starting point for in vivo PA image analysis for cancer diagnosis.
Neutrophil Platelet Satellitism Revisited: Sidedness and Domain of Neutrophil Associated Platelet Aggregates.

Abstract Abstract 4469 Platelet Satellitism surrounding polymorphonuclear neutrophils has been observed almost exclusively in EDTA-treated blood at room temperature. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not fully understood. In a PubMed search of the English language medical literature, there are only 44 reported cases involving the phenomenon of Platelet Satellitism. We report a case of platelet rosetting around neutrophils in a 78-year old woman with incidental thrombocytopenia. Her isolated thrombocytopenia was not mediated by any form of immunosuppression, medications, hypersplenism, intravascular consumption, or diminished platelet production. A diagnosis of Pseudothrombocytopenia was made based upon her peripheral blood smear revealing platelet aggregates displaying sidedness in relation to her neutrophils. Platelet Satellitism is postulated to represent an immunologic phenomenon caused by the presence of natural antibodies in which the platelets aggregate around polymorphonuclear neutrophils. The reasons behind why certain individuals possess agglutinating antibodies that lead to platelet clumping, and others have antibodies that cause platelet satellitism is unknown. A proposed mechanism is natural antibodies directed against different epitopes on the platelet GPIIb-IIIa complex. The reported frequency of platelet Satellitism is much lower than that of EDTA platelet clumping (approximately 1:30,000 blood counts) according to the reviewed literature. Platelet Satellitism to polymorphonuclear neutrophils was initially documented by Field and MacLeod in 1963, and has since been reported as an incidental finding in peripheral blood smears when EDTA was used as an anticoagulant. The process by which platelets bind and form rosettes around polymorphonuclear leukocytes is due to activation of EDTA-dependent antiplatelet and antineutrophil IgG autoantibodies directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex and Fc receptors of neutrophils. Further, it is theorized that a non-immunologic cause may play in role in which adherence is induced by thrombospondin or the alpha-granule protein of other platelets. In rare instances, platelets may aggregate around monocytes or basophils. Our retrospective review underscores the importance of recognizing the principle of Pseudothrombocytopenia due to EDTA-induced Platelet Satellitism. This entity is in vitro phenomena which has no clinical bearing in terms of a predisposition to increased mucous membrane bleeding. As in other literature cases, a clear correlation between the presence of IgG antibodies and a specific clinical situation, disease, or use of drugs could not be demonstrated. Therefore, these antibodies, which are present in some normal individuals, might occur naturally. Due to the exposure of certain antigenic structures present on EDTA-modified platelets and neutrophils, they may manifest themselves by triggering the Platelet Satellitism phenomenon. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Application of Inductive Monitoring System to Plug Load Anomaly Detection

Abstract : NASA Ames Research Center's Sustainability Base is a new 50,000 sq. ft. LEED Platinum office building. Plug loads are expected to account for a significant portion of the overall energy consumption. This is because building design choices have resulted in greatly reduced energy demand from Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) and lighting systems, which are major contributors to energy consumption in traditional buildings. In anticipation of the importance of plug loads in Sustainability Base, a pilot study was conducted to collect data from a variety of plug loads. A number of cases of anomalous or unhealthy behavior were observed including schedule-based rule failures, time-to-standby errors, changed loads, and inter-channel anomalies. These issues prevent effective plug load management; therefore, they are important to promptly identify and correct. The Inductive Monitoring System (IMS) data mining algorithm was chosen to identify errors. This paper details how an automated data analysis program was created, tested and implemented using IMS. This program will be applied to Sustainability Base to maintain effective plug load management system performance, identify malfunctioning equipment, and reduce building energy consumption.
Structural Diversity in 2,2′-[Naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide)-N,N′-diyl]-bis(ethylammonium) Iodoplumbates

Crystallization from solutions containing 2,2′-[naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide)-N,N′-diyl]-bis(ethylammonium) diiodide ((NDIC2)I2) and PbI2 has been investigated. Eight different materials a...
Work Environment Factors and Prevention of Opioid-Related Deaths

Opioid use disorder (OUD) and opioid overdose deaths (OODs) are prevalent among US workers, but work-related factors have not received adequate attention as either risk factors or opportunities for OOD prevention. Higher prevalence of OOD in those with heavy physical jobs, more precarious work, and limited health care benefits suggest work environment and organizational factors may predispose workers to the development of OUD.Organizational policies that reduce ergonomic risk factors, respond effectively to employee health and safety concerns, provide access to nonpharmacologic pain management, and encourage early substance use treatment are important opportunities to improve outcomes. Organizational barriers can limit disclosure of pain and help-seeking behavior, and opioid education is not effectively integrated with workplace safety training and health promotion programs.Policy development at the employer, government, and association levels could improve the workplace response to workers with OUD and reduce occupational risks that may be contributing factors.
3D Nipple–Areolar Tattoo: It’s Technique, Outcomes, and Utilization

Three-dimensional (3D) nipple–areolar tattoo is a novel approach to nipple–areolar complex reconstruction for which little data exist. Our aim was to evaluate 3D nipple–areolar tattoo outcomes and investigate if patient factors, payer status, surgeries, or therapies affect tattoo utilization. Patients pursuing skin-sparing (SSM) or attempted nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) with breast reconstruction from 2008 to 2019 were reviewed. Outcomes included frequency of 3D tattoo, post-procedure complications (infections, or other local adverse sequelae), and rates, indications, and timing of revisions. Patient factors, payer status, surgeries, and adjuvant therapies underwent univariate analysis comparing rates of 3D tattoo and revisions. A total of 191 patients were identified; median follow-up was 4 years. The majority of patients were white (165, 86%), married (146, 76%), and post-menopausal (97, 51%), with private insurance (156, 81%). Surgeries included SSM (172, 90%) or attempted NSM (19, 10%) with implant (154, 81%) or autologous reconstruction (37, 19%). Sixty-two patients (32%) underwent 3D nipple–areolar tattooing. No post-procedure complications occurred. After tattooing, 20 patients (32%) pursued revisions, the majority due to color fading (12, 60%). Average time from tattoo to completion of revisions was 5.6 months. Patients undergoing autologous reconstruction had a higher rate of 3D tattooing (p < 0.001). Adjuvant radiation led to a higher rate of revisions (p = 0.02). Patient factors, payer status, index mastectomy, and chemotherapy did not significantly affect rates of 3D tattooing or revisions. 3D nipple–areolar tattoo utilization is likely unaffected by age, marriage, menopause, or payer status. Radiotherapy and color fading can lead to more revisions. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
Bridging hexatic and tetratic phases in binary mixtures through near critical point fluctuations

Monte Carlo simulations were used to study the assembly of model binary mixtures whose pure components have either distinct or similar crystal order symmetry. Specifically, we simulated mixtures of hard disks with either squares or hexagons, where the components have size ratios that optimize their co-assembly into compositionally disordered solids. For the disks + squares mixture, along with the enhanced regions of solid miscibility, we report a continuous-looking transition from the disklike to the squarelike behavior that occurs through a region that seamlessly bridges the regions of hexatic phase of disks and the tetratic phase of squares, which we term the mosaic ($M$) region. For the equimolar composition, this $M$ region is bound by the isotropic phase at low pressures and by the hexatic-tetratic (two-phase) macrophase segregated region above a critical transition pressure. Our analysis showed that the $M$ region lies in the vicinity of the critical point, manifesting local compositional fluctuations that give rise to microphase segregated regions of interspersed square-rich fourfold and rhombic lattice symmetry and disk-rich sixfold clusters that coexist across the system. The $M$ behavior is characterized by a short-ranged translational order and an algebraic decay of the correlation functions for sixfold and fourfold orientational order. A finite size scaling analysis was used to evaluate the dependence of the local compositional susceptibility with system size to extract the critical exponent associated with the approach of the critical point. For the disks + hexagons mixture, a fully mixed hexatic phase was observed for all compositions.
Digitalizing the Global Text: Philosophy, Literature, and Culture.: Paul Allen Miler, ed. Columbia, South Carolina: U of South Carolina P; Taipei City, Taiwan: National Taiwan up, 2019. 194 pp.

Considering that this volume is itself the product of international academic cooperation, it perhaps is not at all surprising that many of its essays historicize and problematize both early and rec...
An investigation into melting modes in selective laser melting of Inconel 625 powder: single track geometry and porosity

The laser process parameters used in selective laser melting (SLM) affect the mode of melting and the process characteristics such as the porosity. Some parameters may have a higher effect on the single-track characteristics than the others. This study aims at determining both the individual and combined effects of laser parameters on the single-track geometry and porosity for Inconel 625 alloy powder. The single tracks with linear energy densities (LED) ranging from 0.16 to 0.98 J/mm are fabricated to explore the effect of LED on melting modes and the keyhole porosity. A micro-CT scanner is used to measure the pores formed inside the tracks, and the results showed that the porosity increased with an increase in LED in the keyhole mode. Besides, metallography is performed to reveal the transverse melt pool boundary and to differentiate the melting modes. The transverse melt pool boundary shows that the depth of the melt pool increases significantly compared to the width with an increase in LED, which signifies the change in the melting from the conduction to keyhole mode. Further, another set of experiments is performed by using different combinations of laser power and scan speed from the same LEDs of 0.48 J/mm and 0.75 J/mm. The melt pool boundary shows that within the same LED, the depth of the melt pool increases significantly with an increase in the laser power. However, for the same LED, the single-track porosity increased up to a certain level; then, the porosity decreased with the further increase in the power and speed. The physics behind such phenomenon is explained by the particle-level SLM process simulations developed using FLOW-3D. The simulation results show that the change in the melting mode from the conduction to keyhole for the same LED is due to the increased vaporization with an increase in the laser power, which enhanced the vapor pressure.
Feeding activism in Russia: the transgressive politics of the church potluck

Themes of fellowship are prominent in the words and actions of participants in Moscow’s Christian communities, especially as congregations promote social events as fundamental modes of religious ex...
The Bizarro First Amendment

Welcome to the Second Lochner Era. Once again, the Supreme Court wields a great guarantee of liberty to nullify progressive governance. But this time its weapon of choice is not substantive due process but the First Amendment, as Justice Elena Kagan warned in her fiery dissent from the Court's ruling in Janus v. AFSCME. This Article examines Janus and two other recent cases, Sorrell v. IMS Health, Inc. and Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Free Enterprise PAC v. Bennett, where the Court has used the First Amendment to enact laissez faire. But it also explores the intellectual history of these cases, showing how the Court's understanding of free speech is muddled in the wake of its gradual abandonment of the traditional “low-value speech” model of Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire. Because the Court has never held that all speech is protected, as Justices Hugo Black and William O. Douglas argued, it has not been forced to confront the question of when and how the state may properly restrict conduct that has an expressive aspect. This Article argues that there are sensible answers to this question, and sketches an account of what those answers might look like: a jurisprudence focused less on the qualities of regulated behavior and more on the nature of the government's purpose in regulating it. The Court, however, has chosen a very different path. It has maintained the rigid framework of the Chaplinsky model but has hollowed out the "low-value," unprotected category. The resulting doctrine threatens to create expressive anarchy, for as Justice Kagan says, “speech is everywhere.” Everything we do is expressive in some measure, and therefore it is always possible to frame any law regulating conduct or commerce as a law restricting speech. It is easy, therefore, for the Court to see a First Amendment violation whenever a law offends the majority's free market instincts. And in other cases, where following this same twisted logic would not serve the Court's political purposes but would generate absurd results, it is equally easy to act as though there is no First Amendment problem at all—because, in truth, there isn't. Thus, for example, the reasoning of Sorrell would undermine the basis for laws against fraud. Bennett would seem to prohibit the government from responding to a Nazi rally by expressing its own commitment to equality and diversity. And Janus, if taken seriously, would mean that the government can never spend tax dollars on anything with any expressive function or message. But these decisions cannot be taken seriously as explications of the Free Speech Clause, and in avoiding their absurd implications the Court shows that it recognizes this. The First Amendment these cases apply is not the genuine article but a doppelganger: it may look and sound the same, and it has the same power to nullify regulation, but it is not animated the same values and does not respect the same principled limits. Janus may cast itself as a landmark free speech ruling, but it is not truly a First Amendment case at all. Instead, it is the Bizarro First Amendment.
KRAFT LIGNINS: A NEW PERSPECTIVE.

Among the naturally occurring polymers, lignins are second only to cellulose in abundance, and in terms of energy content they might actually be the most abundant. They are found as cell-wall components in all dryland arborescent and herbaceous plants. Native lignins are generally conceived as being cross-linked macromolecules of “infinite” extent that are consituted from (p-hydroxyphenyl)propane units by an essentially random proportionate distribution of ten different linkages (Figure l);1 about half of these are, remarkably, of the same arylglycerol s-aryl ether type (C in Figure 1). The prominent interunit linkages in softwood lignins may be assembled to fashion formal molecular fragments such as the one exemplified by Figure 2. Despite the considerable effort expended in lignin related studies, however, satisfactory structural representations for lignin macromolecules have continued to elude adequate definition. This is in no small measure due to the fact that over 90% of the intermonomer linkages in lignins are much more resistant towards degradation than those found in almost all other biopolymers.
Design and Construction of Welded Wire Retaining Walls in the Siuslaw and Willamette National Forests

Major winter storms occasionally remove portions of the steep mountainous roads within the Siuslaw and Willamette National Forests of western Oregon. On average, at least one flexible welded wire reinforced wall is built a year in these forests to reestablish the failed roadway. This paper summarizes the procedures used for foundation investigation, analysis and design, and construction administration of welded wire reinforced retaining walls in these forests. Since 2005, the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service has designed the walls according to the current AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. The two forests follow AASHTO procedures with some modifications. These modifications include a narrower bench width at the toe of the wall, less conservative global stability resistance factors, no performance of settlement analysis, and stricter fill requirements for reinforced walls.
Conceptualizing the dynamics of workplace stress: a systems-based study of nursing aides

Workplace stress is a complex phenomenon that may often be dynamic and evolving over time. Traditional linear modeling does not allow representation of recursive feedback loops among the implicated factors. The objective of this study was to develop a multidimensional system dynamics model (SDM) of workplace stress among nursing aides and conduct simulations to illustrate how changes in psychosocial perceptions and workplace factors might influence workplace stress over time. Eight key informants with prior experience in a large study of US nursing home workers participated in model building. Participants brainstormed the range of components related to workplace stress. Components were grouped together based on common themes and translated into feedback loops. The SDM was parameterized through key informant insight on the shape and magnitude of the relationship between model components. Model construction was also supported utilizing survey data collected as part of the larger study. All data was entered into the software program, Vensim. Simulations were conducted to examine how adaptations to model components would influence workplace stress. The SDM included perceptions of organizational conditions (e.g., job demands and job control), workplace social support (i.e., managerial and coworker social support), workplace safety, and demands outside of work (i.e. work-family conflict). Each component was part of a reinforcing feedback loop. Simulations exhibited that scenarios with increasing job control and decreasing job demands led to a decline in workplace stress. Within the context of the system, the effects of workplace social support, workplace safety, and work-family conflict were relatively minor. SDM methodology offers a unique perspective for researchers and practitioners to view workplace stress as a dynamic process. The portrayal of multiple recursive feedback loops can guide the development of policies and programs within complex organizational contexts with attention both to interactions among causes and avoidance of adverse unintended consequences. While additional research is needed to further test the modeling approach, findings might underscore the need to direct workplace interventions towards changing organizational conditions for nursing aides.
Multiple virus isolations from a pregnant patient.

Abstract A pregnant patient from whom cytomegalovirus, adenovirus type 11, and herpesvirus type 2 were isolated at 20, 30, and 39 weeks of gestation, respectively, is presented. The outcome of her pregnancy, the lack of neonatal effects, and maternal and neonatal immunologic response are also detailed. A maternal antibody rise to herpesvirus was the only immunologic response demonstrated.
Infusing Free, Hands-On, Interactive Information Technology Into The MIS Curriculum

This paper provides practical suggestions for incorporating free, hands-on interactive information technology (IT) into a business Management Information Systems (MIS) course. This paper focuses on interactive multimedia technologies (such as programs, audio, video, animation, etc.) that can be accessed and used for free (subject to any software license terms). This paper provides specific details about where to access the technology, how it fits into the curriculum and any issues related to installing or using the technology.
Analysis of Partition Coefficients and Ternary Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Data for Highly Non-Ideal Systems

The objective of this research was to study the change in partition coefficient with concentration of solute in a liquid system consisting of two relatively immiscible solvents. This would require a consistency between data for infinite dilution partition coefficients and ternary LLE data at finite concentrations of the solute. Moreover an attempt would be made to model the infinite dilution and finite concentration behavior of these systems by a single thermodynamic model. During the course of our work, we found 35 ternary systems in the literature for which the infinite dilution partition coefficients and the ternary LLE data could not be predicted accurately by the currently available liquid state models.
Functional morphology of the bovid astragalus in relation to habitat: controlling phylogenetic signal in ecomorphology.

Bovid astragali are one of the most com- monly preserved bones in the fossil record. Accordingly, astragali are an important target for studies seeking to predict the habitat preferences of fossil bovids based on bony anatomy. However, previous work has not tested functional hypotheses linking astragalar morphology with habitat while controlling for body size and phylo- genetic signal. This article presents a functional frame- work relating the morphology of the bovid astragalus to habitat-specific locomotor ecology and tests four hypotheses emanating from this framework. Highly cursorial bovids living in structurally open habitats are hypothesized to differ from their less cursorial closed- habitat dwelling relatives in having (1) relatively short astragali to maintain rotational speed throughout the camming motion of the rotating astragalus, (2) a greater range of angular excursion at the hock, (3) rela- tively larger joint surface areas, and (4) a more pro- nounced "spline-and-groove" morphology promoting lateral joint stability. A diverse sample of 181 astragali from 50 extant species was scanned using a Next Engine laser scanner. Species were assigned to one of four habitat categories based on the published ecologi- cal literature. A series of 11 linear measurements and three joint surface areas were measured on each astragalus. A geometric mean body size proxy was used to size-correct the measurement data. Phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) was used to test for differences between habitat categories while controlling for body size differences and phylogenetic signal. Stat- istically significant PGLS results support Hypotheses 1 and 2 (which are not mutually exclusive) as well as Hypothesis 3. No support was found for Hypothesis 4. These findings confirm that the morphology of the bovid astragalus is related to habitat-specific locomotor ecology, and that this relationship is statistically signif- icant after controlling for body size and phylogeny. Thus, this study validates the use of this bone as an ecomorphological indicator. J. Morphol. 275:1201-1216, 2014. V C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using coordination classes to interpret conceptual change in astronomical thinking

Students traditionally have difficulty learning Earth-Sun relationships. Although many have investigated why this is the case, the fact remains that traditional 2D methods of instruction have drawbacks when presenting 3D spatial content. This research project investigated augmented reality (AR), an interface technology that augments the real environment with virtual 3D objects. It allows the user to manipulate the orientation and position of virtual 3D objects through a first-person view of the environment. It normally consists of a display (worn as a visor in this case), a tracking system, and accompanying hardware and software. Students manipulate the virtual objects by changing the position of a square piece of foam core. Using previous work as instructional design resources, a learning activity was designed and implemented to teach students the reasons for the seasons. The learning activity included students' interaction with six virtual models. The investigator instructed students to ask questions while they explored the virtual content.
NEOMYSIS AWATSCHENSIS IN THE SACRAMENTO‐SAN JOAQUIN RIVER ESTUARY

The opossum shrimp Neomysis awatschensis was collected systematically from Suisun Bay and the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers from March 1965 to Scptember 1966. Population densities were highest in summer from freshwater downstream to 4.0‰ chlorinity. Reproduction was greatest in spring and summer from the lowermost freshwater stations to 2.0‰ Cl and was the principal factor affecting seasonal and geographical abundance. Mysid densities were lowest where chlorinity was greater than 10.0‰, little or no flow reversal occurred during floodtide, and light intensity in the water exceeded 10−5 lux. Water temperatures over 22C in combination with less than 8 ppm dissolved oxygen appear unfavorable to N. awatschensis. Tide and water velocity affected vertical distribution while light influenced both lateral and vertical distribution.
Thermospray sample introduction to atomic spectrometry

The status of thermospray sample introduction for analytical atomic spectrometry is reviewed beginning with description of general principles and operational characteristics of thermospray. The influence of important operational parameters, such as the operating temperature, spray chamber and desolvation system design, capillary internal diameter, and sample flow rate are described with respect to analytical parameters such as sensitivity, limits-of-detection, and accuracy for inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Developments in the use of thermospray with flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption are also summarized. Applications of these thermospray methods are then discussed, with particular focus on methods for metal speciation, including the description of new methods which utilize thermospray as a high temperature, high pressure chemical reactor for direct speciation of metals such as selenium and chromium.
Viability and virulence of Babesia rodhaini eight years after cryogenic preservation with dimethyl sulfoxide.

Abstract Mouse blood infected with Babesia rodhaini and containing an equal volume of 4 M dimethyl sulfoxide was infective after storage at - 196°C for 8 years. The Babesia organisms were still able to cause lethal infections after prolonged low temperature storage.
Instrument verification tests on the Multiangle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR)

The multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR) cameras completed detailed calibration and characterization testing a year ago, as reported in earlier literature. Since that time the cameras have been assembled onto a common flight optical bench, along with photodiode detector standards and diffuse calibration targets. The orderly multiplexing of high-rate data streams from nine camera, twenty-four calibration photodiode channels, and engineering measurements of temperatures and voltages into packets has been verified. Camera fields-of-view clearances have been established, and a verification of camera and photodiode relative response established. These verification tests of the instrument have been followed by shipment of the instrument to the spacecraft integrator facility, where testing continues. Even for the simplest of experiments, the insight learned into the functionality of the instrument has been invaluable. This paper reviews a sampling of these test and lessons learned, from the simplest verification experiments, to the complex camera boresight determinations.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The effect of paraquat on microsomal lipid peroxidation in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract Rat lung and liver microsomes did not undergo lipid peroxidation in the absence of iron when incubated with NADPH and concentrations of paraquat ranging from 10−7 to 10−2 m . Paraquat also did not stimulate rat liver and lung microsomal peroxidation induced by added iron and NADPH, and was inhibitory at concentrations above 10 μ m . Similarly, no stimulation of peroxidation was produced by paraquat in rabbit or human lung microsomes; however, under similar conditions, paraquat enhanced NADPH/iron-dependent peroxidation in mouse lung and liver microsomes, apparently by facilitating reduction of iron by the mouse microsomes. In lung microsomes obtained from rats sacrificed at 12, 18, and 24 hr following a lethal dose of paraquat (50 mg/kg, ip), there was no loss of vitamin E or increase in susceptibility to in vitro peroxidization which would be expected if lipid peroxidation had occurred in vivo, although extensive lung damage developed during this time period. In addition, no decrease in peroxidizable polyunsaturated fatty acids was observed in lung homogenate or microsomes obtained from the paraquat-treated rats, although there was a significant reduction in the palmitate content of these fractions at 24 hr post injection. These results indicate that paraquat does not cause pulmonary toxicity by initiating peroxidation of lung lipids, and the decrease of palmitate in paraquat-damaged lungs is consistent with inhibition of fatty acid synthesis as an early event in the pathogenesis of paraquat toxicity.