cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fibrinolysis and Facilitated PCI

Early and effective reperfusion is the primary treatment goal in acute myocardial infarction. The use of fibrinolytic (lytic) therapy to achieve early infarct vessel patency is well established and recommended where primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is not available. Several lytic agents are available with differing advantages and disadvantages. Contraindications to lytic therapy are important to appreciate as the major complication, intracranial hemorrhage, is potentially devastating. Rescue angioplasty is necessary if reperfusion is not achieved by lytic therapy. After lytic therapy, early transfer to a PCI-capable facility for angiography may be beneficial in high-risk patients regardless of reperfusion status. The routine use of lytics with planned primary PCI is not recommended, however, as adverse outcomes may result. A strategy of facilitated PCI with half-dose lytics and GP IIb/IIIa is also currently not recommended.
Interactive Storing, Retrieval, Transformation, and Evaluation of Scientific Data with an Experimental System

The user’s view of an experimental system under development and under investigation at the Heidelberg Scientific Center is described. Its goal is to provide a user oriented problem solving environment for manipulation and evaluation of “measurement data” in the widest use of the word. That means numerical data upon which analysis and application of algorithms are to be performed acquired by measurement devices, or from any other source.
TECHNIQUE FOR MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF GRAPHITE

Methods have been developed to obtain replicas from polished graphite and carbon surfaces for electron microscopy. By the use of indexing techniques identical areas on sample surfaces are examined both before and after etching and neutron irradiation. These studies require that the samples be polished without the resin impregnation commonly used for graphite metallography. Conventional nuclear grade or similar graphites are machined to fit an aluminum holder in which polishing can be accomplished without impregnation. Fragile coke samples are impregnated with a water-acetone solution, frozen, and then polished in a liquid nitrogen bath. Structural details on the polished surfaces are enhanced by cathodic vacuum etching and oxidation. These methods are applied to a variety of materials including raw coke, pitch-bonded natural-flake graphite and nuclear graphites.
Return to Basics

In this chapter a few results of a somewhat elementary nature are collected. These will be used quite often in the remainder of this volume.
Case 24: Perforating Zone I and III Open Globe Injury with Traumatic Cataract, Iris Loss, and Metallic Foreign Body Removal

A 47-year-old man presented with a perforating open globe injury of the left eye following a tire explosion. Upon examination, a Zone I full-thickness corneal laceration with lens violation was noted on examination. Orbital computed tomography (CT) imaging showed a “U-shaped” radio-opaque intraocular foreign body (IOFB). After repair of the Zone I corneal laceration, pars plana lensectomy and vitrectomy was performed. However, the IOFB was unable to be located during vitrectomy. Further exploration revealed a posterior scleral exit wound with the metallic foreign body straddling the sclera. This case demonstrates that extraocular migration of IOFBs may occur during vitrectomy due to intraocular pressurization and an occult exit wound where the IOFB retracted into the globe. Perforating through-and-through injuries should be suspected if the IOFB cannot be identified during vitrectomy. The patient subsequently underwent pupilloplasty and a scleral fixated intraocular lens 1 year later, and vision improved from presenting vision of hand motions to 20/25 at 3 years of follow-up.
Patterns of sibling victimization as predictors of peer victimization in childhood and adolescence

We document four patterns of sibling victimization (Persist, New, Desist, and None) across two time points and their association with peer victimization at time two and whether these linkages are apparent in early childhood, middle childhood and adolescence. A telephone survey (N = 1653) was conducted with a nationally representative sample of U.S. parents with children (age 3–9) and adolescents (age 10 to 17). The four patterns differed by age, gender, ethnicity and parent education levels but not family structure. The Persist, New and Desist sibling victimization patterns were associated with a greater likelihood of peer victimization. Sibling victimization patterns were unrelated to peer victimization in early childhood but predictive of peer victimization in middle childhood and adolescence. Findings showed that sibling victimization leaves children and adolescents vulnerable to peer victimization. Children and adolescents who experienced chronic sibling victimization (Persist group) were particularly vulnerable to peer victimization. Eliminating sibling victimization could reduce peer victimization in middle childhood and adolescence.
Redox-Switchable Ring-Opening Polymerization with Ferrocene Derivatives.

ConspectusSwitchable catalysts incorporate stimuli-responsive features and allow synthetic tasks that are difficult or impossible to accomplish in other ways. They mimic biological processes in tha...
PathFinder: Capturing DDoS Traffic Footprints on the Internet

While distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks are easy to launch and are becoming more damaging, the defense against DDoS attacks often suffers from the lack of relevant knowledge of the DDoS traffic, including the paths the DDoS traffic has used, the source addresses (spoofed or not) that appear along each path, and the amount of traffic per path or per source. Though IP traceback and path inference approaches could be considered, they are either expensive and hard to deploy or inaccurate. We propose PathFinder, a service that a DDoS defense system can use to obtain the footprints of the DDoS traffic to the victim as is. It introduces a PFTrie data structure with multiple design features to log traffic at line rate, and is easy to implement and deploy on today’s Internet. We show that PathFinder can significantly improve the efficacy of a DDoS defense system, while PathFinder itself is fast and has a manageable overhead.
Spontaneous Osteonecrosis/Subchondral Insufficiency Fractures of the Knee: High Rates of Conversion to Surgical Treatment and Arthroplasty

BACKGROUND Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee has recently been termed subchondral insufficiency fracture of the knee (SIFK) to appropriately recognize the etiology of mechanical overloading of the subchondral bone. The purpose of this study was to assess clinical outcomes of SIFK based on progression to surgical treatment and arthroplasty, and to evaluate the risk factors that increase the progression to arthroplasty. METHODS A retrospective review was performed on patients with a diagnosis of SIFK, as confirmed with use of magnetic resonance images (MRIs). Baseline and final radiographs were reviewed. Baseline MRIs were also reviewed for injury characteristics. Failure was defined as progression to surgical treatment or conversion to arthroplasty. RESULTS Two hundred twenty-three patients (71% female) with a mean age of 65.1 years were included. SIFK affected 154 femora (69%) and 123 tibiae (55%), with medial compartment involvement in 198 knees (89%); 74% of medial menisci had root or radial tears, with a mean extrusion of 3.6 mm. Varus malalignment was identified in 54 (69%) of 78 knees. Seventy-six (34%) of all patients progressed to surgical intervention at 2.7 years, and 66 (30%) underwent arthroplasty at 3.0 years. The rates of conversion to surgical intervention and arthroplasty increased to 47% (37 of 79; p = 0.04) and 37% (29 of 79; p = 0.09), respectively, in patients with >5 years of follow-up. The 10-year survival rate free of arthroplasty for patients with SIFK on the medial femoral condyle (p < 0.01), SIFK on the medial tibial plateau (p < 0.01), medial meniscal extrusion (p = 0.01), varus alignment (p = 0.02), and older age (per year older; p = 0.003) was significantly higher than the survival rates of those without each respective condition. CONCLUSIONS Subchondral insufficiency fractures predominantly involve the medial compartment of the knee and commonly present with medial meniscal root and radial tears. Approximately one-third of patients progressed to total knee arthroplasty. Baseline arthritis, older age, location of the insufficiency fracture on both the medial femoral condyle and medial tibial plateau, meniscal extrusion, and varus malalignment were all associated with progression to arthroplasty. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Fixed poin sets in digital topology, 1

In this paper, we examine some properties of the fixed point set of a digitally continuous function. The digital setting requires new methods that are not analogous to those of classical topological fixed point theory, and we obtain results that often differ greatly from standard results in classical topology. We introduce several measures related to fixed points for continuous self-maps on digital images, and study their properties. Perhaps the most important of these is the fixed point spectrum F(X) of a digital image: that is, the set of all numbers that can appear as the number of fixed points for some continuous self-map. We give a complete computation of F(C n ) where C n is the digital cycle of n points. For other digital images, we show that, if X has at least 4 points, then F(X) always contains the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, and the cardinality of X. We give several examples, including C n , in which F(X) does not equal {0, 1, . . . , #X}. We examine how fixed point sets are affected by rigidity, retraction, deformation retraction, and the formation of wedges and Cartesian products. We also study how fixed point sets in digital images can be arranged; e.g., for some digital images the fixed point set is always connected.
Knowledge Diffusion and Economic Growth Based on Fourier’s Law

Abstract Learning is the basic thing for a person’s growth, whenever in school or on the work. Also the economic growth of a country depends its technology and science. The knowledge diffusion in a firm dynamic system is important. Some former models have been given by Fernando E. Alvarez, Francisco J. Buera and Robert E. Lucas, Jr’s paper: “Models of Idea Flows” (Alvarez et al., 2008). Our model based on the earlier work but extend the definition of spread direction based on Fourier’s law, in which case can also explain the asymptotic equilibrium state. Solving the partial differential equation helps us to learn the solution well. A simulation is given using finite difference method to sketch the curve moving, also comparing with the realistic economic curves and they are fit. It can well explain the economic stable in the closed system of a single country and a “huge” change under some special outside “source” power.
Dynamics of CO2 and H2O fluxes in Johnson grass in the U.S. Southern Great Plains.

Abstract Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) is rapidly spreading throughout the continental United States (U.S.). Thus, determining magnitudes and seasonal dynamics of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O) fluxes in Johnson grass is crucial to understand regional changes in hydrology and carbon balance. Using eddy covariance (EC), CO2 and H2O fluxes were measured from June 2017 to October 2019 over a rainfed Johnson grass field in central Oklahoma. Hay was harvested from late May to early July each year, with biomass yield ~7.5 t ha−1. Weekly averaged daily integrated net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE), gross primary production (GPP), and evapotranspiration (ET) reached −8.28 ± 0.76 g C m−2, 20.02 ± 1.62 g C m−2, and 5.42 ± 0.26 mm, respectively. Ecosystem water use efficiency (EWUE) and ecosystem light use efficiency (ELUE) ranged from 3.22 to 3.93 g C mm−1 ET and 0.34 to 0.41 g C mol−1 PAR (photosynthetically active radiation), respectively, during peak growths. Based on aggregated fluxes for each month over the three years (2017–2019), cumulative annual NEE was −434 ± 112 g C m−2, indicating a carbon gain by the Johnson grass field. Cumulative annual ET (858 ± 72 mm) was ~86% of the average annual rainfall (996 ± 100 mm). Results showed Johnson grass could be a carbon sink from May to September in the U.S. Southern Great Plains. Both NEE and ET did not decline up to air temperature (Ta) of ~33 °C and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) of ~2 kPa, suggesting optimum Ta of ≥33 °C and VPD of ≥2 kPa for the fluxes. Results indicated that Johnson grass might be well suited for dryland production in the region. Additionally, these findings provide initial baseline information on CO2 fluxes and ET for Johnson grass relative to other forage species in the region.
Maladaptive Cognitions and Attributional Styles Among Youth with Pediatric Bipolar Disorder

Although studies have examined cognitive styles among adults with bipolar disorder (BD), less is known about this issue in pediatric samples. Therefore, we investigated negative cognitions and attributional styles in pediatric patients with BD and healthy controls (HC). Participants completed measures about their views of themselves, the world, and the future and causal attributions for positive and negative events. Compared to HCs, youth with BD displayed greater negative thoughts about others and the future, but not about themselves. They were also more likely to report dysfunctional attributional styles for negative events. When including depressive and manic symptoms in the analyses, both were significant covariates and accounted for the group differences in negative cognitions. Findings point to the importance of manic and depressive symptoms in the occurrence of maladaptive thinking patterns among pediatric patients with BD and highlight the unique cognitive styles specific to this group.
Gut microbiota interaction in host lipid metabolism

Abstract The gut microbiota contains tens of trillions of microorganisms, including at least 1000 different bacterial species that contain more than 3 million genes, which is 150 times more than the human genome. Along with ensuring proper digestion of certain foods, the gut microbiota has been labeled as a metabolic-immunoregulatory organ that strongly impacts host nutrient, xenobiotic and drug metabolism, in concordance to maintaining structural integrity of the gut mucosal barrier and providing immunomodulation. Therefore, the gut microbiota is a key factor in shaping the hosts biochemical profiles and influencing health and disease. In this chapter, we will discuss recent research that elucidates how the gut microbiota modulates host lipid metabolism and how this subsequently affects pathophysiology. This includes exploring the gut microbiota on lipogenesis, beiging, metabolic endotoxemia, and circadian rhythm. This chapter will also discuss the emerging discipline of lipidomics, which is advancing the field of personalized medicine.
Impact and Clinical Implications of Prematurity on Adaptive Immune Development

Detail normal adaptive immune maturation during fetal and neonatal life and review the clinical implications of arrested immune development. Advancements in the field of immunology have enabled investigations of the adaptive immune system starting during fetal life. New insights have drawn important distinctions between the neonatal and adult immune systems. The presence of diverse immunologic responses in the perinatal period suggests the importance of in utero immune development. Disruption of immune maturation due to premature birth may have significant implications for clinical pathology. Establishing protective adaptive immunity during the perinatal period is critical for effective immune responses later in life. Preterm infants are susceptible to aberrant immune system maturation, and inflammatory immune responses have been associated with the development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Improving our understanding of how immune responses contribute to the pathogenesis of NEC and BPD may offer new opportunities for future treatment and prevention of these diseases.
Modal properties and parametrically excited vibrations of spinning epicyclic/planetary gears with a deformable ring

Abstract This work investigates the modal properties and parametric instabilities of high-speed spur epicyclic and planetary gears with an elastically deformable ring. Coriolis (i.e., gyroscopic) and centripetal acceleration effects are modeled. The gyroscopic effects lead to complex-valued (i.e., traveling-wave) modes. These modes fall into three categories: rotational, translational, and planet modes. Each category has highly structured modal deflections. The modal properties are proved analytically by discretizing the elastic ring such that the system falls into the class of general cyclically symmetric systems with proven modal properties. Such a proof readily extends to helical planetary gears with any or all of the sun, carrier, and ring modeled as elastic bodies. The time-varying sun-planet and ring-planet mesh stiffnesses are the sources of parametric excitation. The conditions where combinations of the mesh frequency and mesh stiffness amplitudes cause parametric instabilities are determined in closed form with the method of multiple scales. The analytical results agree with numerical results from Floquet theory. Many potential parametric instabilities are suppressed. A rule to determine whether a given potential parametric instability is suppressed or not is given. The rule is closely linked to the modal properties noted above and the planet mesh phasing parameters (sun and ring tooth numbers and number of planets).
Sustainability Application for Building the Most Sustainable and Environmental Power Plant

Environmental sustainability has been a challenge in electrical energy generation plants. Many studies have been published regarding energy technology. Nevertheless, very few studies were assessing the effects of energy systems on the environment and sustainability. This article integrates economic and social tools to an application developed based on a sustainability model-this model consists of different economic, social, and environmental metrics. Integrating the new economic and social tools to the application will ensure building energy systems that are the most sustainable and ecological power plant. Using this application significantly reduces the adverse effect of power plant systems on the environment and society and helps the decision-makers to choose the optimal power plant type that is the most sustainable and environmental power plant.
Wernicke Encephalopathy Masquerading As A Right Middle Cerebral Artery Territory Infarction (P6.012)

Objective: To describe a case of Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) presented with symptoms and signs of right middle cerebral artery infarction with unrevealing MRI and EEG. Background: The classic triad of WE contains altered mental status, cerebellar ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia. Only less than one-third of WE would have full presentation. Altered mental status commonly occurred in at least 92% of the autopsy-proven WE, but abnormal extra-ocular movement was observed in only 50%. The sensitivity of brain MRI is about 50%. The blood thiamine level might not accurately represent the level of the brain. Design/Methods: Chart review. Results: A 61-year-old man with history of alcoholic cirrhosis admitted for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, septic shock and respiratory failure status post intubation. His neurological exam showed unresponsiveness to verbal stimuli and sternal rub, continuously conjugate rightward gaze deviation, decreased blink to threat on the left, a flaccid left arm, brisker reflex on the left biceps and brachioradialis, and an upgoing left toe on plantar reflex test. MRI of brain and MRA of head and neck revealed no acute or subacute infarct, or significant stenosis. Continuous EEG showed diffuse background slowing without epileptiform discharges. WE was then suspected in this critically ill patient with a highly consumptive state. His consciousness and gaze deviation remarkably improved after intravenous thiamine repletion. Additional review of MRI T2 FLAIR demonstrates hyperintense signal within the periaqueductal grey matter and bilateral mammillary bodies. Whole blood thiamine level tested before the repletion was 80 nmol/L (70–180). Despite the neurological improvement, he eventually passed away due to severe gastrointestinal bleeding. Conclusions: Lack of classic triad, neuroimaging findings, and low normal thiamine level cannot exclude the possibility of WE. WE should be highly suspected in patients with risk factors who develop change in consciousness. Prompt initiation of intravenous thiamine is crucial to reverse WE. Disclosure: Dr. Lin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yoo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Doshi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Colman has nothing to disclose.
Impact of Measurement Uncertainty on Correlation Quality for High-Speed Interconnects

The ever-increasing demand for higher bandwidth and lower loss makes the predictability of high-speed interconnect performance increasingly challenging. Validating models against measurements of manufactured test structures requires not only accurate methodology but also understanding of the uncertainty impact. S-parameter measurements, characterization of materials, manufacturing processes, and models constructed based on measured inputs all cause uncertainty in the performance metrics of interest. Therefore, it is critical to anticipate the results with the associated uncertainty to assess the correlation quality more objectively. This article investigates the reproducibility of measurements required for high-speed package interconnect validation through rigorous analysis and presents a methodology to quantify the impact of measurement uncertainty on commonly used performance metrics.
Using shape and weight overvaluation to empirically differentiate severity of other specified feeding or eating disorder

Abstract Background Although no severity specifiers are noted in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 5 for other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED), shape/weight overvaluation is a proposed eating disorder (ED) severity specifier. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) Trees to empirically determine values of shape/weight overvaluation that differentiate OSFED severity. We additionally tested whether the SEM Tree-defined thresholds or a clinical cutoff for shape/weight overvaluation differentiated severity more meaningfully. Methods Participants were 690 females with OSFED presenting to residential ED treatment. SEM Tree analyses specified an outcome model of OSFED severity and then recursively partitioning the outcome model into severity groups. The SEM Tree-defined and clinical cutoff severity groups were compared on clinical characteristics. Results SEM Trees identified one split that occurred at value 5.12 on our shape/weight overvaluation items from the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire. The subgroup with higher overvaluation had significantly greater intensity of ED and depressive symptoms and longer lengths of stay. The subgroups created from the shape/weight overvaluation clinical-cut off value of 4 differed on the same clinical characteristics as the SEM Tree-derived groups, with the exception of laxative use frequency. Effect sizes were larger for the clinical cutoff as compared to the SEM Tree severity specification scheme. Limitations These cross-sectional data were used from a predominately white and female residential treatment sample; this likely skewed the subgroups and may limit generalizability. Conclusions Shape/weight overvaluation can meaningfully differentiate OSFED severity. The clinical cutoff slightly outperformed the empirically determined thresholds for shape/weight overvaluation.
The determinants of C. difficile infection in long-term care facilities: a portrait of patient- and facility-level factors across 90 care regions in the veterans affairs health care system

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is an infectious diarrheal disease that is associated with antibiotic and healthcare exposures. Although individual-level risk factors have been extensively studied, the facility-level factors that drive CDI have not.
Properties of the Variance of Analysts' Forecast of Earnings in Good-News and Bad-News Environments: Theory, Evidence and Usefulness

This study documents that the variance of analysts' forecast of earnings is smaller when the expected or actual news of earnings is smaller when the expected or actual news about earnings is good (relative to when it is bad). An examination over the entire fiscal year provides evidence of earlier consensus building amongst analysts, as measured by reduction in variance over time in the good-news environment. Forecasts of earnings can be improved when variance of analysts' forecasts are used along with its mean. A trading strategy based on the variance of analysts' forecasts earns positive abnormal returns, when conditioned upon the nature of the news.
Finite Element Simulations of Composite Vehicle Structures under Impact Loading

Abstract : A finite element model for progressive in-plane damage and interfacial delamination was presented for cross-ply composite laminates. The commercial finite element software ABAQUS/STANDARD was used for this study. Each composite lamina was modeled as layers of shell elements based on Mindlin's plate theory. Displacement continuity was established across the layers of shell elements. Interlaminar stresses were recovered at the interface with the use of multi-point constraints. Several material constitutive relations were developed to simulate in-plane damage, such as fiber breakage, matrix cracking and in-plane shear failure. Delamination was simulated by removing the displacement constraints. Cross-ply composite laminates were subjected to impact loading. The results from the finite element analysis compared well with the experimental results.
Phenotypic plasticity revealed by molecular studies on reef corals of Fungia (Cycloseris) spp. (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) near river outlets

On a patch reef off Makassar, Sulawesi, Indonesia, corals identified as Fungia (Cycloseris) costulata, Fungia (Cycloseris) tenuis and Fungia (Cycloseris) cf costulata were collected down to a maximum depth of 10 m. The corals lived sympatrically. Mushroom coral clones resulting from fragmentation can be recognized by their equal coloration and close proximity. Therefore, to ensure that no clones were collected, corals of dissimilar colors were selected at a mutual distance of 5 m. The corals were kept alive in two 30 liter sea-water aquariums with an air-pump. They were photographed in detail. Using allozyme electrophoresis in a laboratory close to the field area, it was tested whether the separate coral morphs should be considered three species. Eventually it was concluded that there are only two species, i.e. F. (C.) costulata and F. (C.) tenuis, of which F. (C.) costulata has two distinct morphs, one of which may be an eco-phenotype occurring on reefs off river outlets or inside estuaries.
Effects of insulin and exercise on rat hindlimb muscles after simulated microgravity.

The effect of simulated microgravity on the insulin- and exercise-stimulated glucose uptake and metabolism in the hindlimb muscles of rats was investigated using three groups of rats suspended at 45 head-down tilt (SUS) for 14 days: (1) cage control, (2) exercising (treadmill running) control, and (3) rats subjected to suspension followed by exercise (SUS-E). It was found that the suspension of rats with hindlimbs non-weight bearing led to enhanced muscle responses to insulin and exercise, when these stimuli were applied separately. However, the insulin affect appeared to be impaired after exercise for the SUS-E rats, especially for the soleus muscle.
Polarization-insensitive wavelength exchange in highly-nonlinear dispersion shifted fiber

Summary form only given. Because wavelength exchange (WE) makes use of four-wave mixing (FWM) between two pumps and two signals, the states of polarization (SOP) of pumps and signals strongly affect its operation characteristics. In this paper, we explore the influence of the SOP of pumps and signals in WE, and show that WE with orthogonal pumps gives superior characteristics in terms of extinction ratio, compared to that with parallel pumps. Based on these results, we have also demonstrated polarization-independent WE with orthogonal pumps, by using a polarization-diversity technique. Signal and idler output power variation below 0.4 dB and 0.3 dB has been achieved in this configuration.
Cluster expansion and the configurational theory of alloys

A rigorous mathematical foundation for the cluster-expansion method is presented. It is shown that the cluster basis developed by Sanchez et al. [Physica A 128, 334 (1984)] is a multidimensional discrete Fourier transform while the general formalism of Sanchez [Phys. Rev. B 48, 14013 (1993)] corresponds to a multidimensional discrete wavelet transform. For functions that depend nonlinearly on the concentration, it is shown that the cluster basis corresponding to a multidimensional discrete Fourier transform does not converge, as it is usually assumed, to a finite cluster expansion or to an Ising-type model representation of the energy of formation of alloys. The multidimensional wavelet transform, based on a variable basis cluster expansion, is shown to provide a satisfactory solution to the deficiencies of the discrete Fourier-transform approach. Several examples aimed at illustrating the main findings and conclusions of this work are given.
99MTc-C-Deoxyglucose: Synthesis, cellular uptake, biodistribution and scintigraphic imaging

This study was aimed to synthesize 99mTc-ethylenedicysteine-deoxyglucose (EC-DG) and determine in vitro cellular uptake and in vivo biodistribution and imaging feasibility in tumor-bearing rodents. Experimental: Synthesis of EC-deoxyglucose (EC-DG) was carried out by reacting EC with glucosamine using carbodiimide as a coupling agent. After dialysis the chemical yield was 70%. By adding pertechnetate in the presence of tin chloride (0.1 mg) to EC-DG (20–100 mg), the radiochemical yield was achieved 70–100% as determined by radio-TLC. Hexokinase assays of EC-DG were performed at UV wavelength 340 nm. In vitro cellular uptake assay was conducted by using a human lung cancer cell line (A549). Each well containing 80,000 cells was added d- and 1-glucose (1 mg and 2.0 mg) along with 2μCi of 99mTc-EC-deoxyglucose and 18F-FDG. After incubation, the cells were washed. A gamma counter counted the cells. To determine whether blood glucose level could be induced by EC-DG and suppressed by insulin, normal Fischer 344 rats were fasting overnight prior to the experiments. The baseline of blood glucose level (mg/dl) was measured by a glucose meter. Each rat was administered 1.2 mmol/kg (i.v.) of glucosamine, FDG and EC-deoxyglucose. In a separate experiment, rats were administered EC-DG and FDG, and then insulin (5 units) was administered after 30 minutes. Blood samples were collected from tail vein every 30-min up to 6 hrs post-administration. For breast tumor-bearing animal model, female Fischer 344 rats (150±25 g) were inoculated with tumor cells (106 cells/rat, s.c. derived from DMBA-induced tumor cell line) into the hind legs. For lung tumor-bearing animal model, each athymic nude mouse (20–25g) was inoculated (s.c.) with 0.1 ml of human lung tumor cells from the A549 tumor cell line suspension into the hind legs. Studies performed 17 to 21 days after implantation when tumors reached approximately 0.6–1.0 cm diameter. Each animal was injected (i.v.) with 10 μCi (per rat) or 1 μCi (per mouse) of 99mTc-EC, 99mTc-EC-DG and FDG (standard) (n=3/time point). The injected mass of 99mTc-EC-DG was 1 mg per rodent. Following administration of the radiotracers, the rodents were sacrificed at 0.5–4 hrs and the selected tissues were excised, weighed and counted for radioactivity. Scintigraphic images were obtained 0.5–4 hours after i.v. injection of 100 μCi of the radiotracer. Results: EC-DG showed positive hexokinase assay. By adding d-glucose, a decreased uptake of 99mTc-EC-DG and 18F-FDG was observed. Blood glucose level was induced by glucosamine, FDG and EC-DG. This increased blood glucose level could be suppressed by co-administration of EC-DG or FDG and insulin. Compare to 99mTc-EC and free 99mTc, tumor-to tissue count density ratios increased as a function of time in 99mTc-EC-DG group. Brain and heart uptake was less than FDG. Tumor/brain and tumor/muscle ratios were higher than FDG. Tumor could be visualized well when compared to 99mTc-EC (control group).
First-order syntactic characterizations of minimal entailment, domain-minimal entailment, and Herbrand entailment

This paper investigates a consistent versioncwasof Reiter's closed-world assumptioncwa. It provides a syntactic characterization of minimal entailment ⊢min: for every ∨-sentence ϕ and for every ∨-theory Σ,
Orthostatic myoclonus. A contributor to gait decline in selected elderly

Background: We encountered 15 patients with a newly recognized clinical phenomenon that we term orthostatic myoclonus. We conducted a retrospective chart review to better understand the clinical context and importance of this phenomenon. Objective: To describe the clinical picture of orthostatic myoclonus. Methods: The Mayo Clinic Rochester Movement Disorders Laboratory database was searched for all patients diagnosed electrophysiologically with orthostatic myoclonus (2002 through 2006). Medical records and laboratory data of all patients were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Fifteen patients with orthostatic myoclonus were identified, all seniors (64 to 81 years). Seven of the patients had a CNS degenerative disorder and two had a systemic illness known to be associated with myoclonus. In the remaining six patients no known CNS disorder contributed to the phenomenon. The onset of orthostatic myoclonus was accompanied by complaints of leg jerking or observed leg jerking in 13 of 15 patients during upright posture. An insidious deterioration of gait that was often described as “apraxia” or “gait initiation difficulty” accompanied the myoclonus in 13 of 15 patients. Clinicians frequently suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus or orthostatic tremor syndrome. Surface EMG studies revealed short duration myoclonic bursts that occurred predominately with the assumption of an upright posture. Some patients improved on clonazepam. Conclusions: Orthostatic myoclonus is a unique clinical and physiologic phenomenon that accompanies a slowly progressive and eventually disabling gait disorder in the elderly. This phenomenon often arises in the company of more widespread CNS disease.
Redesigning vector quantizers using implicitly estimated probability density functions

Vector quantization is the most general form of quantization, and is a critical step in many compression systems for reducing the bitrate while controlling the distortion in the reconstructed signal. A vector quantizer (VQ) is usually designed using the generalized Lloyd algorithm which requires a training set that is assumed to be drawn from some underlying pdf characterizing the signal to be compressed. We consider here the problem of redesigning an existing VQ for some transformed or repartitioned signal space. Since VQ design is similar to the construction of nonlinear bin histograms, the VQ codebook provides an estimate of the pdf underlying the training set that was originally used to design it. We exploit this observation to synthesize training sets from the VQ codebooks such that they have statistics similar to those of the unknown original training sets. Using the proposed training set synthesis approach, we achieve improvements in performance of between 9.5% and 34% in VQ partitioning and redesign applications compared to a directly repartitioning and transforming the given VQ codebooks.
Seeing things clearly: social structure, personality, and accuracy in social network perception

Abstract People differ in their ability to perceive accurately the informal patterns of interpersonal relationships in their social groups, i.e., the group's network structure. Existing research leaves us largely unable to explain the variation in accuracy in social network perception. This paper argues that the study of accuracy in social network perception should consider the effect of both situational factors and individual differences. To explore this claim, three research centers in an Italian university were studied. Perceptions of the friendship and the work-related advice networks in the organization were compared to the actual network. The results indicate that both an observer's position in the formal and informal social structure of the organization, and his or her personality traits contribute to determining accuracy in social network perception.
Using behavioral observations and keeper questionnaires to assess social relationships among captive female African elephants

Free-ranging African elephants are highly social animals that live in a society where age, size, kinship, and disposition all contribute to social rank. Although captive elephant herds are small and largely comprises of unrelated females, dominance hierarchies are common. The goal of this study was to delineate how the behavior of captive female African elephants varies with respect to age and social rank based on a combination of keeper questionnaires and behavioral observations. “Body movements” and “trunk to” behaviors of 33 nonpregnant female African elephants housed at 14 North American zoos were recorded over 8 hr. Keepers at each facility also rated each elephant based on a series of questions about interactions with herdmates. The assessment of social rank based on observations correlated strongly with ranks assigned by keepers via the questionnaires. Observations and questionnaire responses indicated that body weight of the female, and to a lesser extent age, were significantly related to rates and types of “body movements” and that these demographic factors dictate the captive elephant hierarchy, similar to that observed in the wild. Many of the observed “body movements,” such as back away, displace, push, and present, were correlated with keeper questionnaire responses about elephant interactions. However, none of the “trunk to” behaviors were related to age, size, or questionnaire responses even though they occurred frequently. In conclusion, we demonstrated that short-term behavioral observations and keeper questionnaires provided similar behavioral profiles for female African elephants housed in North American zoos. Zoo Biol 29:140–153, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Some emerging principles underlying the physical properties, biological actions, and utility of vitrification solutions☆

Vitrification solutions are aqueous cryoprotectant solutions which do not freeze when cooled at moderate rates to very low temperatures. Vitrification solutions have been used with great success for the cryopreservation of some biological systems but have been less successful or unsuccessful with other systems, and more fundamental knowledge about vitrification solutions is required. The purpose of the present survey is to show that a general understanding of the physical behavior and biological effects of vitrification solutions, as well as an understanding of the conditions under which vitrification solutions are required, is gradually emerging. Detailed nonequilibrium phase diagram information in combination with specific information on the tolerance of biological systems to ice and to cryoprotectant at subzero temperatures provides a quantitative theoretical basis for choosing between vitrification and freezing. The vitrification behavior of mixtures of cryoprotective agents during cooling is predictable from the behavior of the individual agents, and the behavior of individual agents is gradually becoming predictable from the details of their molecular structures. Progress is continuing concerning the elucidation of mechanisms and cellular sites of toxicity and mechanisms for the reduction of toxicity. Finally, important new information is rapidly emerging concerning the crystallization of previously vitrified cryoprotectant solutions during warming. It appears that vitrification tendency, toxicity, and devitrification all depend on subtle variations in the organization of water around dissolved substances.
A new class of binuclear and trinuclear iron-sulfur clusters derived from bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amido]iron(II).

The compound Fe[N(SiMe3)2]2 is shown to be a useful precursor to dinuclear and trinuclear iron−sulfur−silylamido complexes by reaction with thiols or thiols and sulfur in tetrahydrofuran (THF) or toluene. Reaction with 1 equiv of p-tolylthiol affords [Fe2(μ2-S-p-tol)2(N(SiMe3)2)2(THF)2] (1); with 0.5 equiv of adamantane-1-thiol, [Fe2(μ2-S-1-Ad)(μ2-N(SiMe3)2)(N(SiMe3)2)2] (2) is formed. The clusters [Fe3(μ3-Q)(μ2-SR)3(N(SiMe3)2)3] are available by three methods: (i) self-assembly in the systems Fe[N(SiMe3)2]2/RSH/S or Se [Q = S, R = p-tol (3) and 1-Ad (5)]; (ii) reaction of 1 with Q = S or Se to yield 3 or [Fe3Se(S-p-tol)3(N(SiMe3)2)3] (4); (iii) reaction of 2 with 1-AdSH and S to give 5. Structures of 1−5 are presented. Complexes 1 and 2 contain planar Fe2S2 and Fe2SN rhombs. Clusters 3−5 contain a mixed-valence Fe3Q(SR)3 core with trigonal (cuboidal) geometry. Of known iron−sulfur clusters, these most closely resemble previously reported [Fe3S(S−R−S)3]2− stabilized by bidentate thiolate ligands. Complexe...
Phase II trial of tesmilifene plus mitoxantrone and prednisone for hormone refractory prostate cancer: high subjective and objective response in patients with symptomatic metastases.

Purpose: Symptomatic, hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRCAP) is a major cause of morbidity with a median survival of less than 12 months and a 2-year survival of only up to 10% in most series. Mitoxantrone has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for HRCAP. Preliminary data suggest that DPPE (N,N-diethyl-2-[4-(phenylmethyl) phenoxy]ethanamine) or tesmilifene modulates cytotoxics to enhance the anticancer effect. In this phase II trial we assessed whether there is sufficient evidence of enhanced efficacy of DPPE and mitoxantrone to lead to a phase III clinical trial. Materials and Methods: A total of 29 patients with a median age of 73 years, of whom 10% were older than 80 years, with progressive HRCAP received 5.3 mg/kg DPPE intravenously every 3 weeks, 12 mg/m 2 mitoxantrone intravenously every weeks and 5 mg prednisone orally twice daily. All patients had pain at presentation, while 97% had bone metastases, 10% had liver metastases and 17% had lung metastases. Median prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 210 ng/ml (IQR 77 to 430). Results: Of the patients 75% had some pain improvement, 66% had decreased analgesia, 59% had a PSA decrease of 50% or greater and 45% had a PSA decrease of 75% or greater. Actual (not actuarial) 2-year survival was 21%. Conclusions: Despite major limitations of historical comparison the PSA decrease and decreased symptoms with DPPE-mitoxantrone-prednisone compare favorably to those of mitoxantrone-prednisone and docetaxel-estramustine in the literature. The 2-year survival rate of 21% mandates further assessment. This will be tested in a phase III Southwest Oncology Group trial.
Classical Solutions for a Generalized Euler Equation in Two Dimensions

Abstract It is well known that the Euler equations in two spatial dimensions have global classical solutions. We provide a new proof which is analytic rather than geometric. It is set in an abstract framework that applies to the so-called lake and the great lake equations describing weakly non-hydrostatic effects of bottom topography on the motion of shallow water. The key ingredient is a new Lpestimate on the nonlinear term. The estimate is used to develop a global Hmtheory for bounded domains in R 2which is similar in spirit to a 1975 paper by R. Temam. It also provides explicit bounds on the Hmnorm which grow like exp(exp t).
Globalisation and development: challenges for developing countries

Globalisation in the recent times has resulted in increased interdependence between the countries. While the process of globalisation holds the promise of development for all, it has been argued by various researchers that situation on ground is otherwise. There is considerable disagreement about whether globalisation is equally beneficial for all countries or is it more favourable for developed countries? While both sides have strong arguments, there is no escape from the fact that the current globalisation process seems hardly reversible. Even if the developing countries (DCs) are currently at a disadvantageous position, they cannot stop the process. Current study highlights the challenges presented by the globalisation process to the developing countries in the areas of trade and industry, employment, poverty alleviating and income distribution, environment, and intellectual property rights. Dealing with these challenges can help developing countries integrate in the world economy in a better way.
Z 2 spin liquids in the S=(1)/(2) Heisenberg model on the kagome lattice: A projective symmetry-group study of Schwinger fermion mean-field states

Due to strong geometric frustration and quantum fluctuation, the $S=1/2$ quantum Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the $\text{kagome}$ lattice has long been considered as an ideal platform to realize a spin liquid (SL), a phase exhibiting fractionalized excitations without any symmetry breaking. A recent numerical study (Yan et al., e-print arXiv:1011.6114) of the Heisenberg $S=1/2,\text{kagome}$ lattice model (HKLM) shows, in contrast to earlier results, that the ground state is a singlet-gapped SL with signatures of ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ topological order. Motivated by this numerical discovery, we use the projective symmetry group to classify all 20 possible Schwinger fermion mean-field states of ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ SLs on the $\text{kagome}$ lattice. Among them we found only one gapped ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ SL (which we call the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}[0,\ensuremath{\pi}]\ensuremath{\beta}$ state) in the neighborhood of the U(1) Dirac SL state. Since its parent state, i.e., the U(1) Dirac SL, was found [Ran et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 117205 (2007)] to be the lowest among many other candidate U(1) SLs, including the uniform resonating-valence-bond states, we propose this ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}[0,\ensuremath{\pi}]\ensuremath{\beta}$ state to be the numerically discovered SL ground state of the HKLM.
Pharmacotherapy in Lifestyle Medicine and the Role of the Pharmacist

Pharmacotherapy can have a significant impact on a patient’s quality of life and health status, potentially affecting multiple lifestyle areas, including weight, smoking status, sleep, and mood. Although pharmacotherapy can have a positive effect on such areas, its effects can also be detrimental. Pharmacists may be the most accessible health care providers to the general public, and their role in advising patients and other health care providers in making appropriate pharmacotherapy choices to positively affect one’s health and lifestyle areas is essential. This review will examine the effects of pharmacotherapy on different areas of lifestyle medicine and the role of the pharmacist as the medication expert in advising and informing patients and providers.