cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuous time random walk analysis of solute transport in fractured porous media

The objective of this work is to discuss solute transport phenomena in fractured porous media, where the macroscopic transport of contaminants in the highly permeable interconnected fractures can be strongly affected by solute exchange with the porous rock matrix. We are interested in a wide range of rock types, with matrix hydraulic conductivities varying from almost impermeable (e.g., granites) to somewhat permeable (e.g., porous sandstones). In the first case, molecular diffusion is the only transport process causing the transfer of contaminants between the fractures and the matrix blocks. In the second case, additional solute transfer occurs as a result of a combination of advective and dispersive transport mechanisms, with considerable impact on the macroscopic transport behavior. We start our study by conducting numerical tracer experiments employing a discrete (microscopic) representation of fractures and matrix. Using the discrete simulations as a surrogate for the 'correct' transport behavior, we then evaluate the accuracy of macroscopic (continuum) approaches in comparison with the discrete results. However, instead of using dual-continuum models, which are quite often used to account for this type of heterogeneity, we develop a macroscopic model based on the Continuous Time Random Walk (CTRW) framework, which characterizes the interaction between the fracturedmore » and porous rock domains by using a probability distribution function of residence times. A parametric study of how CTRW parameters evolve is presented, describing transport as a function of the hydraulic conductivity ratio between fractured and porous domains.« less
Toward Hierarchical Mixed Integer Programming for Pack-to-Swad Placement in Datacenters

In this paper, we introduce a pack-centric approach to data center resource management by abstracting a system as a pack of resources and considering the mapping of these packs onto physical data center resource groups, called swads. The assignment of packs/VMs to swads/PMs is formulated as an integer optimization problem that can capture constraints related to the available resources, data center efficiency and customers' complex requirements. Scalability is achieved through a hierarchical decomposition method. We illustrate aspects of the proposed approach by describing and experimenting with a concrete and challenging resource allocation problem.
Student Teachers' Mathematical Backgrounds and Attainment of their Secondary Students

(1993). Student Teachers' Mathematical Backgrounds and Attainment of their Secondary Students. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 273-277.
Parametric Six-Wave Mixing and Quantum Beating at 608 cm -1 in Rb

Parametric six-wave mixing is achieved in Rb and quantum beating at 608 cm-1 is investigated at different Rb number densities by observing coherent radiation at 495 nm produced by summing the pump and the signal
Decreasing barriers for nurse practitioner social entrepreneurship

Purpose To describe difficulties associated with the business-related aspects of practice in role transition of rural nurse practitioners (NPs), and to give practice implications. Data sources This focused ethnographic study derived data from semi-structured interviews. Participants provided information about rural NP practice ownership and barriers. The sample consisted of 24 rural NPs living throughout the United States. The majority were 51–60 years of age (45%) and females (93%) who had been in rural practice for 1 to over 20 years. Conclusions NP social entrepreneurs experience difficulties related to scope of practice, business skills, and role conflict. Implications for practice To decrease barriers for NP clinic ownership and management, NPs need to receive education related to financing a rural practice, legal/regulatory practices, strategic planning, leadership, and clinic management.
Effect of a performance improvement CME activity on management of patients with diabetes.

Introduction Primary care in the United States faces unprecedented challenges from an aging population and the accompanying prevalence of chronic disease. In response, continuing medical education (CME) initiatives have begun to adopt the principles of performance improvement (PI) into their design, although currently there is a dearth of evidence from national initiatives supporting the effectiveness of this methodology. The specific aim of this study was to demonstrate the value of a national PI-CME activity to improve the performance of physicians treating patients with diabetes. Methods We analyzed data from the American Academy of Family Physicians' METRIC® PI-CME activity in a cohort of family physician learners. The study utilized the 3-stage design standard approved for PI-CME. Baseline and follow-up performance data across a range of clinical and systems-based measures were compared in aggregate. Results Data were assessed for 509 learners who completed the activity. Statistically significant changes occurred both for self-assessment of a range of practice aspects and for diabetes care measures. Learners recognized that the organization of their practices had improved, and mechanisms were in place for better staff feedback, as well as aspects of patient self-management. Based on the clinical data obtained from 11 538 patient charts, 6 out of 8 diabetes measures were significantly improved. Discussion The activity appears to have had a positive, measurable impact on the medical practice of learners and suggests that, when appropriately designed and executed, PI-CME on a national scale can be a useful vehicle to influence performance change in physicians and to inform future CME activities.
A World Wide Web Primer for Small Business

The World Wide Web is growing very quickly. It offers small businesses the opportunity to reach a wider customer base. However, before deciding to launch a Web site, a small business manager needs an understanding of the Web and how to use it to achieve business goals. This article provides a foundation for using the Web to achieve them. It includes a brief history of the Web, its commercial demographics, and reasons for building a Web site. It also explains the key issues and steps for developing a Web site and assessing its success.
Simultaneous Measurement of Velocity and Scalars in a Turbulent Nonpremixed Flame by Combined-Laser Doppler Velocimetry and Laser Raman Scattering

This paper describes a new combined laser Doppler velocimeter-laser Raman scattering apparatus which simultaneously measures velocity and scalars. Measurements of simultaneous velocity and scalars in a ducted nonpremixed turbulent flame are presented. Measurements presented include the turbulent momentum transport and both conventional and Favre averages of variables.
Structural properties and estimation of delay systems.

Two areas in the theory of delay systems were studied: structural properties and their applications to feedback control, and optimal linear and nonlinear estimation. The concepts of controllability, stabilizability, observability, and detectability were investigated. The property of pointwise degeneracy of linear time-invariant delay systems is considered. Necessary and sufficient conditions for three dimensional linear systems to be made pointwise degenerate by delay feedback were obtained, while sufficient conditions for this to be possible are given for higher dimensional linear systems. These results were applied to obtain solvability conditions for the minimum time output zeroing control problem by delay feedback. A representation theorem is given for conditional moment functionals of general nonlinear stochastic delay systems, and stochastic differential equations are derived for conditional moment functionals satisfying certain smoothness properties.
Design of a Human Powered Flour Mill for Educational and Community Events

Health education organizations use fairs and events to engage and educate the public about health and nutrition choices. Many organizations have interactive exhibits to attract and hold the attention of attendees. One successful example is a bicycle powered blender. Attendees take turns pedaling to produce fruit and vegetable smoothies that are given out as samples. Whole grain foods are also being promoted as healthy choices. This work describes the design, implementation, and testing of two prototype human powered flour mills for use at health education and community events. Because the mills will be used at public events, it must be safe and usable for a broad range of participant ages, sizes, and physical abilities. The mills should also be easy to transport, setup, and clean by volunteers unfamiliar with the mills. To facilitate teaching conversations, each prototype includes user power input feedback. One mill is based on a reclined bicycle format, constructed with a custom steel frame and standard bicycle components. Power feedback is accomplished with a ball proportionally levitated in a column of air. The second mill is based on a modified commercial rowing machine, and adapts the original power feedback system. The prototypes were mechanically tested, and evaluated by focus groups. Three commercial flour mills were evaluated on milling efficiency and suitability to this project. Recommendations are made for future versions.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Ethnic Group Settlement on the Great Plains

he importance of foreign-born immigrants and their children for the settlement of the Great Plains has been largely overlooked by historians of the frontier and of the trans-Mississippi West. While an extensive literature exists treating Indian history and Indian-white relationships, white populations have usually been treated as homogeneous. In such a classic study as Walter Prescott Webb's The Great Plains, ethnic groups of European origin are scarcely mentioned. More recent interpretations of the region note differences between Indians, Chicanos, Orientals, and blacks, but fail to distinguish European ethnic groups, such as Norwegians, Germans, and Czechs from each other or from the native-born populations.' Analysis of census data for the nineteenth century, however, reveals that the foreign-born and their children often constituted a majority of the frontier population of the Great Plains states. In 1870, when the fringe of settlement moved onto the eastern reaches of the Great Plains, 25 percent of the 123,000 persons in the newly created state of Nebraska were foreign-born. Together with the second generation, they accounted for 54 percent of all inhabitants, excluding Indians. Even as late as 1900, immigrants and natives of foreign parentage formed 47 percent of the state's
IT MAY BE OUR CURRENCY, BUT IT'S YOUR PROBLEM

The dollar's dominance of international transactions and role as a reserve currency is an exorbitant privilege that is a burden as well as a blessing for the US. It achieved this dominance early in the twentieth century, quite quickly in fact; it may also see that status change equally quickly were the world to move to a multipolar system of currencies. Among the most likely candidates for reserve currencies in such a world are the dollar, the euro, and the Chinese renminbi, Barry Eichengreen explained in his Butlin Lecture earlier in 2011.
A Legislative History of Article 1, Section 27 of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s decision in Robinson Township v. Commonwealth, 803 A.3d 901 (Dec. 19, 2013) has prompted enormous interest in the history and text of Article I, Section 27 of the Pennsylvania Constitution. This legislative history is a response to that interest.Amendments to the state constitution must be approved by each house of the General Assembly in two successive legislative sessions, and then approved by a majority of voters in a public referendum. Article I, Section 27 was agreed to in the 1969-1970 and 1971-72 sessions of the General Assembly, and approved by the state’s voters on May 18, 1971. We have attempted to put in one place all of the bills and other documents that represent its passage through this process. More than 40 years after its adoption, many of these documents are relatively hard to find. We hope that this legislative history will make it easier for the public, the bar, and others to see what was done, and why.A companion legislative history, showing the original source documents, is available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2474660.
Social psychological effects of simulation in foreign language learning

Abstract In an effort to find new and imaginative teaching materials and techniques that can aid in improvement of students' functional communicative skills, many teachers are using simulation techniques. Providing opportunities for real communication is important because this kind of talk is satisfying to students, prepares them for the kind of communication they will experience in the target culture, motivates them, and produces results which transcend the immediate classroom. The use of simulation as a teaching device has implications beyond the linguistic and the pedagogical for there are far-reaching and longer-term social and psychological payoffs. Simulation activities can contribute to the positive social and psychological development of the student by providing opportunities to focus on the individual contribution, encourage creativity, and build self-esteem. Simulation can also help to develop social skills and comprehension of other cultures by providing opportunities for the student to assume role s/he will assume outside class.
Leptin secretion in horses: effects of dexamethasone, gender, and testosterone.

Abstract Five experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of dexamethasone (DEX), gender, and testosterone on plasma leptin concentrations in horses. In experiment 1, plasma leptin, insulin, glucose, and IGF-1 concentrations were increased ( P P P R 2 =0.65) and for maximum leptin response to DEX ( R 2 =0.75). In experiment 3, in which mares and stallions were pair-matched based on age and body condition and fed similar diets, mares again had higher ( P P >0.1) in plasma leptin response in mares following four single-injection doses of DEX from 15.6 to 125μg/kg BW. In experiment 5, treatment of mares with testosterone propionate every other day for 5 days did not alter ( P >0.1) plasma leptin concentrations or the leptin response to DEX. In conclusion, multiple injections of DEX increase leptin concentrations in stallions, as does a single injection in mares (as low as 15.6μg/kg BW), geldings and stallions. The greater leptin levels observed in mares and geldings relative to stallions were due partially to their greater body condition and partially to the presence of hyperleptinemic individuals; however, even after accounting for body condition and diet, mares still had greater leptin concentrations than stallions after DEX administration. Elevation of testosterone levels in mares for approximately 10 days did not alter leptin concentrations in mares.
A method for the three-dimensional study of pulmonary arteries.

Fixation of lung in inflation has permitted the study of large sections in which the three-dimensional relationships of pulmonary vessels could be evaluated. A method was developed to section, stain and embed serial thick sections into permanent plastic slides. The use of the technique in the evaluation of normal and diseased pulmonary arteries has resulted in a new look at the course and spatial distribution and relationships of vascular structures. The method has been especially valuable in the study of the three-dimensional characteristics of plexiform lesions in patients with pulmonary hypertension. It may offer a useful tool in the evaluation of the nature and pathogenesis of these and other vascular abnormalities.
Normalizing a large number of quantitative traits using empirical normal quantile transformation

Variance-components and regression-based methods are frequently used to map quantitative trait loci. The normality of the trait values is usually assumed and violation of this assumption can have a detrimental effect on the power and type I error of such analyses. Various transformations can be used, but appropriate transformations usually require careful analysis of individual traits, which is not feasible for data sets with a large number of traits like those in Problem 1 of Genetic Analysis Workshop 15 (GAW15). A semiparametric variance-components method can estimate the transformation along with the model parameters, but existing methods are computationally intensive. In this paper, we propose the use of empirical normal quantile transformation to normalize the scaled rank of trait values using an inverse normal transformation. Despite its simplicity and potential loss of information, this transformation is shown, by extensive simulations, to have good control of power and type I error, even when compared with the semiparametric method. To investigate the impact of such a transformation on real data sets, we apply variance-components and variance-regression methods to the expression data of GAW15 and compare the results before and after transformation.
SU‐E‐T‐418: Dynamic Arc Technique Improves Delivery Accuracy of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) for Spine

Purpose: To investigate whether delivery accuracy can be improved with volumetric intensity modulated arc (VMAT), a hybrid dynamic arc therapy (HA) with fixed beam IMRT when compared to fixed beam IMRT alone for spine SBRT. Methods: Ten spine patients who underwent SBRT treatment using fixed beam IMRT were randomly chosen from an IRB approved registry. All cases were replanned with VMAT and HA techniques. The VMAT plans were created using the Pinnacle 9.0 with four 120 degree coplanar arcs and 120 segments. HA plans and clinical IMRT plans were created from Brainlab iplan. All HA plans used one 360 dynamic arc and 5–7 IMRT fixed beams, consisting 150–180 segments. All clinically IMRT plans used 7–9 fixed IMRT beams with 200–250 segments. All VMAT and HA plans were similar or better than clinical IMRT plans, meeting clinical objectives. All thirty plans were delivered with the same linear accelerator and measured with a 2D ion chamber array. The gamma index (GI) (3mm/3% and 2mm/2%) was used to test the delivery accuracy for each plan. Results: For the three delivery techniques, VMAT, HA, and IMRT, the average GI of 3mm/3% were 98.9±0.6%, 96.5±2.7%, and 92.6±1.1%, respectively. The average GI of 2mm/2% were 92.3±2.4%, 90.4±2.1%, and 82.0±2.2%, respectively. There is no significant difference on delivery accuracy between the VMAT plans and HA plans(P =0.09 for GI (3mm/3%) and P=0.229 for GI(2mm/2%)). There is a significant difference (P<0.05) on delivery accuracy between VMAT (or HA) and IMRT plans based on GI of 3mm/3% and 2mm/2% criteria. Conclusions Dynamic arc techniques improve delivery accuracy of stereotactic body radiation therapy for the spinal lesions. VMAT or HA is a better choice than fixed beam IMRT with improved delivery accuracy.
Silencing of human α-synuclein in vitro and in rat brain using lentiviral-mediated RNAi

Human α-synuclein overexpression and its toxic accumulation in neurons or glia are known to play key roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and other related neurodegenerative synucleinopathies. Several single point mutations in the α-synuclein gene, as well as gene duplication and triplication, have been linked to familial Parkinson's disease. Moreover, genetic variability of the α-synuclein gene promoter is associated with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Silencing of the human α-synuclein gene by vector-based RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising therapeutic approach for synucleinopathies. Here, we report identification of a 21-nucleotide sequence in the coding region of human α-synuclein that constitutes an effective target for robust silencing by RNAi and demonstrate allele-specific silencing of the A53T mutant of human α-synuclein. Furthermore, we have developed a plasmid vector-based RNAi for silencing of human α-synuclein in vitro. Lastly, using a dual cassette lentivirus that co-expresses an α-synuclein-targeting small hairpin RNA (shRNA) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as a marker gene, we demonstrate effective silencing of endogenous human α-synuclein in vitro in the human dopaminergic cell line SH-SY5Y and also of experimentally expressed human α-synuclein in vivo in rat brain. Our results demonstrate potent silencing of human α-synuclein expression in vitro and in vivo by viral vector-based RNAi and provide the tools for developing effective gene silencing therapeutics for synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease.
Price bubbles and crashes in experimental call markets

Abstract Price bubbles relative to intrinsic dividend value are observed using a call market trading institution. Market prices tend to track intrinsic value only when the same group of highly experienced traders participate in three consecutive 15-round markets.
Army SATCOM on the move technology initiatives

The Army is increasingly reliant on Beyond Line of Sight (BLOS) communications due to a non-contiguous battlefield. The Warfighter also requires mobility and network connectivity to provide the needed level of near real-time, tactically-relevant information. On-the-move (OTM) space based communications forms a critical layer in supporting these essential networking capabilities.
Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and other NSAIDs in urology: Current peril or future promise?

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) havebeenavailableduringthepastcenturyfor their analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. However, it was not until 1971, that Vane 1 demonstratedthattheantiinflammatoryeffectsofNSAIDs occurred through inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme. The COX enzyme functions in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin (PG)G 2 andinthesubsequentconversionofPGG 2 to PGH 2 . 2,3 The specific tissue type then determines the specific prostanoid product that is produced. A crucial development in the understanding of COX came in 1991 with the discovery of two isoforms of the enzyme, COX-1 and COX-2. 2,3 COX-1 is often termed the “housekeeping” enzyme, because it is constitutively expressed throughout the body in nearly all tissues. 2,3 It is important in mediating a variety of normal physiologic processes, including preservation of renal blood flow, platelet aggregation, and cytoprotection of the gastrointestinal mucosa. 2,3 COX-2, in contrast, is not constitutively expressed but is inducible in response to hypoxia and tissue injury. 2,3 Thus, COX-2 serves in the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to proinflammatory prostanoids that serve as mediators in the acute and chronic response to inflammation, pain, and other actions involved in cellular repair and proliferation. 4 TypicalNSAIDs(eg,aspirin,ibuprofen)function to nonselectively inhibit both isoforms of COX. It is through COX-2-specific inhibition that the antiinflammatory and analgesic properties of such medications occur. However, it is the nonselective inhibition of COX-1 that produces the well-known side effects of NSAIDs, including gastrointestinal irritation, impairment in renal blood flow, and reduced hemostasis. 2,3 The discovery of the two different COX isoforms and their unique physiologic properties led to the intensive search for drugs to selectively inhibit COX-2 alone—a drug that can achieve the antiinflammatory effects of COX-2 inhibition without the toxicities that can result from COX-1 inhibition. Such medications—selective COX inhibitors (COXIBs)—have since entered mainstream medical practice, with approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of celecoxib in 1998 and rofecoxib in 1999. These agents enjoyed widespread use until recently, when concerns were raised about potential cardiovascular side effects observed with chronic use. With evolving understanding of COX enzyme regulation, other molecular and clinical consequences of COX-2 activity in normal physiologic and disease states have been elucidated. The current understanding of the role of COX-2 activity and the potential clinical usefulness of COXIBs in urology are discussed. In addition, the potential side effects, in particular cardiovascular toxicities, are reviewed so the clinician can understand the potential benefits and risks of COXIBs.
Outbidding to Radical Nationalists: Minority Policy in Estonia, 1988–1993

. Given the pressure exerted by Russia and the international alter focused on Estonia as a result, why did Estonia opt to deny citizenship to the maji of its Russian-speaking population and to disenfranchise them at a time v decisions about the basic structure of the state were being made? Com explanations for radical policy towards other ethnic groups focus on histo animosity or changes in demographics. However, I argue that these explanations insufficient to explain the changes in Estonian policy over time. Instead I focus 01 political process, dividing the Estonian drive for independence into three stags discuss the increasing relaxation of the political constraints on outbidding to rai nationalists. The conclusion examines the impact of Estonia's policies on et relations and discusses the implications for domestic and international policy.
Power and politics in organizations: implications for OD professional practice

Power and politics are major factors that cannot be ignored by anyone interested in understanding how organizations work. Despite this recognition, the field of OD has been very slow in addressing these issues. Due to an increasing role for power and politics in organizations today, there is a need to assess and determine the implications of power and politics for OD professional practice. This paper provides a review of literature of power and politics in organizations, its sources and how it is managed. Considering the literature review, a discussion of the implications for OD professional practice is provided.
Market Instability and Nonlinear Dynamics

The potential role of nonlinear dynamics in generating market instability is investigated using a simple market equilibrium model of the U.S. dairy industry. The supply function reflects the nonlinear dynamics of the dairy herd, as estimated by Chavas and Klemme. It is shown that, in the absence of any uncertainty, an inelastic demand contributes to market instability and chaos.
Intracerebroventricular infusion of insulin-like growth factor-I ameliorates the age-related decline in hippocampal neurogenesis

The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is one of few regions in the adult mammalian brain characterized by ongoing neurogenesis. Significantly, recent studies indicate that the rate of neurogenesis in the hippocampus declines with age, perhaps contributing to age-related cognitive changes. Although a variety of factors may influence the addition of new neurons in the adult dentate gyrus, the mechanisms responsible for the age-related reduction remain to be established. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is one promising candidate to regulate neurogenesis in the adult and aging brain since it influences neuronal production during development and since, like the rate of neurogenesis, it decreases with age. In the current study, we used bromodeoxyuridine labeling and multilabel immunofluorescence to assess age-related changes in neuronal production in the dentate gyrus of adult Brown Norway x Fischer 344 rats. In addition, we investigated the relationship between changes in neurogenesis and the age-dependent reduction in IGF-I by evaluating the effect of i.c.v. infusion of IGF-I on neurogenesis in the senescent dentate gyrus. The analyses revealed an age-dependent reduction in the number of newly generated cells in the adult dentate subgranular proliferative zone and, in addition, a 60% reduction in the differentiation of newborn cells into neurons. Restoration of IGF-I levels in senescent rats significantly restored neurogenesis through an approximately three-fold increase in neuronal production. The results of this study suggest that IGF-I may be an important regulator of neurogenesis in the adult and aging hippocampus and that an age-related decline in IGF-I-dependent neurogenesis could contribute to age-related cognitive changes.
Does social support differentially affect sleep in older adults with versus without insomnia

Abstract Objective Insomnia is a significant public health problem, particularly among older adults. We examined social support as a potential protective factor for sleep among older adults (60 years and older) with insomnia ( n =79) and age- and sex-matched controls without insomnia ( n =40). Methods Perceived social support, sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and napping behavior were assessed via questionnaires or daily diaries. In addition, wrist actigraphy provided a behavioral measure of sleep continuity parameters, including sleep latency (SL), wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO), and total sleep time (TST). Analysis of covariance for continuous outcomes or ordinal logistic regression for categorical outcomes were used to examine the relationship between social support and sleep-wake characteristics and the degree to which observed relationships differed among older adults with insomnia versus non-insomnia controls. Covariates included demographic characteristics, depressive symptoms, and the number of medical comorbidities. Results The insomnia group had poorer subjective sleep quality, longer diary-assessed SL and shorter TST as compared to the control group. Higher social support was associated with lesser actigraphy-assessed WASO in both individuals with insomnia and controls. There was a significant patient group by social support interaction for diary-assessed SL, such that higher levels of social support were most associated with shorter sleep latencies in those with insomnia. There were no significant main effects of social support or social support by patient group interactions for subjective sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, napping behavior, or TST (diary or actigraphy assessed). Conclusion These findings extend the literature documenting the health benefits of social support, and suggest that social support may similarly influence sleep in individuals with insomnia as well as non-insomnia controls.
Effect of Color on Visual Depth Perception

(1955). Effect of Color on Visual Depth Perception. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 331-333.
The ecology of marine microbenthos IV. Structure and function of the benthic ecosystem, its chemical and physical factors and the microfauna commuities with special reference to the ciliated protozoa

Abstract The paper describes the ecosystem constituted by marine sediments and their microfiora and fauna but with special emphasis on the ecology of ciliated protozoa. This description is based on quantitative studies of the vertical and horizontal distribution of the fauna, the physicochemical factors (O2, H2, S, Eh, pH, grain size, organic matter, salinity) and the microfiora, and on model experiments with artificial and natural sediments. Factors controlling the oxidation-reduction properties of sediments, the O2-uptake of reduced sediments and the respiration and photosynthesis of undisturbed sediments were studied. Among other things it is demonstrated that the microfaunal communities can be correlated with the oxidation-reduction properties of sediments and with their mechanical composition and that the endproducts of anaerobic decomposition (notably H2S) are of large trophic significance to the sediment ecosystem through the activity of cherno- and photoautotrophic bacteria. The energetic role of ...
Type of service wide area networking

There are a variety of long distance types of circuits that can be used for data communication. This paper describes an experiment which optimizes the simultaneous use of terrestrial and satellite circuits in a TCP/IP network. Traditionally, there have been problems effectively using the full capacity of high bandwidth satellite circuits, due to long round trip times coupled with TCP window-size limitations. The experiment significantly reduced the problem, and the result was effective use of all the available bandwidth of a satellite circuit for a single data transfer. This experiment also demonstrates the use of multiple T1 communication lines, and type of service networking over these lines.
Optimal Lunar Orbit Insertion from a Variable Symmetric Free-Return Trajectory

A method for the optimization of a multiple-impulse lunar orbit insertion sequence from a symmetric free-return trajectory is presented. Both the inclination and altitude at lunar periapsis along the free return are variable. The algorithm systematically optimizes the orbit insertion sequence while simultaneously generating a free-return outbound trajectory. With a direct multiple-shooting method, optimization is performed in the circular restricted three-body model with a constrained sequential quadratic programming algorithm. The necessary gradients are derived with linear perturbation theory, and a closed-form expression is derived for computing gradients along a general n-impulse trajectory. Examples are presented for two classes of symmetric free returns, and a range of lunar orbit orientations is examined to assess the impact on velocity impulse requirements.
How to run far: multiple solutions and sex-specific responses to selective breeding for high voluntary activity levels

The response to uniform selection may occur in alternate ways that result in similar performance. We tested for multiple adaptive solutions during artificial selection for high voluntary wheel running in laboratory mice. At generation 43, the four replicate high runner (HR) lines averaged 2.85-fold more revolutions per day as compared with four non-selected control (C) lines, and females ran 1.11-fold more than males, with no sex-by-linetype interaction. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences among C lines but not among HR for revolutions per day. By contrast, average speed varied significantly among HR lines, but not among C, and showed a sex-by-linetype interaction, with the HR/C ratio being 2.02 for males and 2.45 for females. Time spent running varied among both HR and C lines, and showed a sex-by-linetype interaction, with the HR/C ratio being 1.52 for males but only 1.17 for females. Thus, females (speed) and males (speed, but also time) evolved differently, as did the replicate selected lines. Speed and time showed a trade-off among HR but not among C lines. These results demonstrate that uniform selection on a complex trait can cause consistent responses in the trait under direct selection while promoting divergence in the lower-level components of that trait.
A White-Light–Seeded Front End for Ultra-Intense Optical Parametric Chirped-Pulse Amplification

Ultra-intense optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (OPCPA) requires a high-performance front end at 910 nm. Progress on developing a white-light-seeded chain of noncollinear optical parametric amplifiers (NOPA’s) and a cylindrical Offner stretcher is presented.
Genetic Information and Discrimination: A Policy Analysis

Because of the Human Genome Project, nurses increasingly must understand how genetics impact health and treatment decisions. Although the sequencing of the human genome was crucial, the next step is advancing the understanding of genomics, interpreting genetic information, and using that information to improve health care, particularly for patients with cancer. Oncology nurses are in a position to educate and provide appropriate counseling to patients unsure about genetic testing.
Solubilization and reconstitution of the renal phosphate transporter.

Abstract Proteins from brush-border membrane vesicles of rabbit kidney cortex were solubilized with 1% octylglucoside (protein to detergent ratio, 1:4 (w/w)). The solubilized proteins (80.2 ± 2.3% of the original brush-border proteins, n = 10, mean ± S.E.) were reconstituted into artificial lipid vesicles or liposomes prepared from purified egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (80%) and cholesterol (20%). Transport of P i into the proteoliposomes was measured by rapid filtration in the presence of a Na + or a K + gradient (out > in). In the presence of a Na + gradient, the uptake of P i was significantly faster than in the presence of a K + gradient. Na + dependency of P i uptake was not observed when the liposomes were reconstituted with proteins extracted from brush-border membrane vesicles which had been previously treated with papain, a procedure that destroys P i transport activity. Measurement of P i uptake in media containing increasing amounts of sucrose indicated that P i was transported into an intravesicular (osmotically sensitive) space, although about 70% of the P i uptake appeared to be the result of adsorption or binding of P i . However, this binding of P i was not dependent upon the presence of Na + . Both Na + -dependent transport and the Na + -independent binding of P i were inhibited by arsenate. The initial Na + -dependent P i transport rate in control liposomes of 0.354 nmol P i /mg protein per min was reduced to 0.108 and 0 nmol P i /mg protein per min in the presence of 1 and 10 mM arsenate, respectively. Future studies on reconstitution of P i transport systems must analyze and correct for the binding of P i by the lipids used in the formation of the proteoliposomes.
Helper function for adenovirus replication in monkey cells by BK human papovavirus.

Abstract CV-1 monkey kidney cells are semipermissive for BK human papovavirus at 37°. Although infected cells synthesize T antigen at this temperature, only a small percentage of the cells (less than 5%) produce viral antigen. However, when infected cells were incubated at 40°, characteristic CPE was observed with high virus yields. The inhibition of BKV growth in CV-1 cells was thus shown to be a temperature-dependent phenomenon. Experiments were then conducted to determine whether BKV provided a helper function for adenovirus growth in CV-1 cells at temperatures which were either permissive (40°) or semipermissive (37°) for BKV replication. At 37°, there was a low level of adenovirus enhancement of 0.5 to 1.0 log increase. However, at 40°, there was a 1.5 to 2.5 log increase in adenovirus yields, comparable to those obtained by coinfection with SV40 and adenovirus. These data provide additional information on common viral functions shared by BKV and SV40.
Threat based risk management in the federal sector

The United States federal government has many regulations and laws today that require federal agencies to implement a risk management program. Despite these efforts, computer security intrusions and data loss continue to rise. The need for a adaptable and quantifiable risk management approach is needed. A threat based risk management approach is a potential solution. Threat based management is based upon a risk rating posed by individual threats which could carry over to the current federal system. The quantification of threats could also allow for more thorough audits of federal risk management programs.
Design of a Synthetic Foldamer that Modifies the Growth of Calcite Crystals

An oligopyridine foldamer, whose structure is dictated by bifurcated hydrogen bonds, was designed to recognize the surface of calcite through three carboxylates, projected from one face of the molecule. At low concentrations of the trimer, elongated calcite crystals with angular, teeth-like growths, identified as {0l} faces, were exclusively formed. In the presence of a related monomer, only calcite rhombohedra are formed, indicating that it is the ordered array of carboxylates that causes the morphological changes, via a specific interaction between the foldamer and the newly expressed faces of the growing calcite crystals.
Stimulation of phospholipid synthesis by luteinizing hormone in isolated rat granulosa cells

This report describes the effect of LH on phospholipid metabolism in rat granulosa cells isolated from mature Graafian follicles. As indicated by the incorporation of radioactive phosphate, LH specifically stimulated the labeling of phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylinositol (PI). This effect was observed after 2 min and was more pronounced with further incubation with LH. Increases in PI labeling were correlated with increases in LH-induced progesterone accumulation. LH also increased the tissue concentrations of PI. Addition of exogenous PA or PI, but not other phospholipids, increased progesterone accumulation by granulosa cells. These results indicate that LH has selective effects on phospholipid metabolism in rat granulosa cells which may play a role in ovarian steroidogenesis.
Exploring Engineering Graduate Student Research Proficiency with Student Surveys

Background Research is considered the essence of graduate engineering education, but knowledge about the engineering graduate student research experience is scarce in literature. Some studies that examine graduate engineering education suggest that students are experiencing educational deficiencies that can affect the research experience. Thus, exploring engineering graduate student research proficiency is warranted. Purpose (Hypothesis) This work begins to earnestly answer the research questions “How proficient are engineering graduate students in research?” and “What factors affect the research proficiency of these students?” Design/Method In order to answer the two research questions specifically for the Georgia Institute of Technology Environmental Engineering graduate program, current students in the program participated in two surveys. Survey questions were designed to measure students' perceptions of their research proficiency and to aid in determining student academic motivations tied to proficiency. Results Many students indicated that they lacked research preparation upon beginning graduate study and during the first year of study, lacked development in important research skills like statistics and communicating in writing, and were somewhat hindered in research organization and progress. Regarding academic motivations, students generally valued personal advancement and enrichment over paper publication. Doctoral students overall indicated more preparation with respect to several aspects of research and more value placed on paper publication than did master's students. Conclusions The surveys provided important findings regarding student research proficiency for the engineering graduate program in question. These findings encourage the exploration of engineering graduate student research proficiency on a broader scale in future studies.
Identification of thetrans isomers of octadecenoic acid in human milk

The presence oftrans octadecenoic acid isomers was detected and analyzed in 24 hr pooled samples of human milk. Amounts of thetrans isomers of the C18 monoenes ranged from 2% to 4% of the total fatty acids. For purposes of comparison, three commonly used brands of infant formula were also analyzed and found to contain 0.1% to 1.3% oftrans monoene isomers. Data indicate that breast-fed and bottle-fed infants are receiving minimal levels oftrans fatty acids via milk.
EXPERIMENTAL JOINT DISEASE OBSERVATIONS ON ADJUVANT-INDUCED ARTHRITIS.

Abstract Examples of a few forms of human articular disease can be found in other species. So far, however, it has been impossible to discover naturally occurring or induced models of the common and devastating joint diseases of man such as rheumatoid arthritis, Reiter's disease and analogous conditions. For several years studies have been conducted on a disease which can be induced in rats after the simple injection of a water-in-oil adjuvant which contains killed tubercle bacilli, or the Wax D fraction therefrom, as the active factor. The joints are affected in an acute migratory and polyarticular fashion, a chronic arthritis may ensue, and the histopathology resembles that found in Reiter's disease or rheumatoid arthritis. Lesions of the eye, genitalia and skin also occur in some animals. Studies have nearly eliminated infection as a causative factor. Almost all of the results point to adjuvant disease as representing an experimentally induced hypersensitivity disease. Since prior injection of lipopolysacchardies (endotoxins) or concurrent injection of protein antigens can inhibit the disease there is a good possibility that a unique form of hypersensitivity, which is related to but not identical with delayed hypersensitivity, is pathogenetically involved When the mechanisms which underlie this disease process are more clearly understood it may be possible to explain in a more rational fashion certain perplexing human articular syndromes to which adjuvant disease bears an obvious resemblance.
AN ANALYSIS OF AAVSO OBSERVATIONS OF Z CAMELOPARDALIS

We analyze the AAVSO light curve for the cataclysmic variable Z Camelopardalis. The light curve includes 51,086 observations over 67 years. We classify outbursts into three main categories—common, plateau, and anomalous—based on the shape and duration of the outburst. Plateau outbursts are brighter and last longer than common outbursts. Some outbursts end in standstills in which the brightness stays constant roughly 1 mag below maximum light for a few days to 1000 days. The average energy output in a standstill is larger than that during an outburst cycle. All outbursts follow a pattern, the plateau outburst cycle, in which one or more common or anomalous outbursts occur between two plateau outbursts or a plateau outburst and a standstill. Short quiescent durations lead to a higher outburst frequency and more energetic outbursts in intervals dominated by standstills than in other light-curve intervals. Our physical picture for Z Camelopardalis stars follows the standard disk instability mechanism for dwarf novae. The plateau outburst cycle is a series of minor, common "inside out" outbursts that lead to a major, plateau outburst that empties the accretion disk. Standstills occur when the mass transfer rate from the secondary star into the accretion disk surrounding the primary star is too large to produce dwarf nova outbursts. The system resembles a nova-like variable during standstill; it returns to the plateau outburst cycle when the mass transfer rate declines below some critical level. Our analysis suggests that irradiation of the secondary does not play a significant role in the evolution of . Solar-type magnetic cycles are a more plausible mechanism.
Photoemission study of Na and Cs adsorption on MgO(100)1 × 1

Abstract Adsorption of Na and Cs on vacuum-cleaved MgO(100)1 × 1 surfaces has been studied with core and valence band photoemission spectroscopy. We conclude that both Na and Cs interact weakly with the surface except for small quantities of the initially adsorbed metals. Only trace amounts (≤ 0.04 monolayers (ML)) of Cs could be found on the surface after doses that exposed the surface to many monolayers of Cs. Although larger amounts of Na (≤ 1 ML) could be condensed on the surface, most of the Na is weakly physisorbed and easily desorbs at room temperature. However, a small fraction (0.02−0.045 ML) of both Na and Cs dosed onto MgO(100) appears to chemisorb on defect sites as indicated by an inability to desorb this fraction. The photoemission spectra for MgO(100) exposed to Na and Cs are unaffected by their presence except at high Na doses, where small changes are observed on the low kinetic energy side of the valence band and the high kinetic energy side of the Mg2p feature.