cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multipolar spindle pole coalescence is a major source of kinetochore mis-attachment and chromosome mis-segregation in cancer cells.

Many cancer cells display a CIN (Chromosome Instability) phenotype, by which they exhibit high rates of chromosome loss or gain at each cell cycle. Over the years, a number of different mechanisms, including mitotic spindle multipolarity, cytokinesis failure, and merotelic kinetochore orientation, have been proposed as causes of CIN. However, a comprehensive theory of how CIN is perpetuated is still lacking. We used CIN colorectal cancer cells as a model system to investigate the possible cellular mechanism(s) underlying CIN. We found that CIN cells frequently assembled multipolar spindles in early mitosis. However, multipolar anaphase cells were very rare, and live-cell experiments showed that almost all CIN cells divided in a bipolar fashion. Moreover, fixed-cell analysis showed high frequencies of merotelically attached lagging chromosomes in bipolar anaphase CIN cells, and higher frequencies of merotelic attachments in multipolar vs. bipolar prometaphases. Finally, we found that multipolar CIN prometaphases typically possessed γ-tubulin at all spindle poles, and that a significant fraction of bipolar metaphase/early anaphase CIN cells possessed more than one centrosome at a single spindle pole. Taken together, our data suggest a model by which merotelic kinetochore attachments can easily be established in multipolar prometaphases. Most of these multipolar prometaphase cells would then bi-polarize before anaphase onset, and the residual merotelic attachments would produce chromosome mis-segregation due to anaphase lagging chromosomes. We propose this spindle pole coalescence mechanism as a major contributor to chromosome instability in cancer cells.
From Fisheries Decline to Tourism Destination: Mass Media, Tourism Mobility, and the Newfoundland Coastal Environment

AbstractIn this paper, we examine narratives of tourism mobility circulated through print news media coverage of Newfoundland published in Canada, the UK, and the USA between 1992 and 2010. Initially articles were situated within a larger narrative of fisheries collapse, rural decline, and out-migration. In recent years, however, the discourse shifted to emphasize how non-human nature, including whales, icebergs, and national parks, serves as a tourism attractor, yielding benefits for rural communities. We draw on Latour’s work on political ecology, as well as on Urry’s work on tourism, mobility, and climate change, to analyze the eco-political implications of media accounts of tourism and the Newfoundland coastal environment.
Synthesis and crystal structure of a unique and homochiral N,S-bonded N,N'-bis(tert-butanesulfinyl)amidinate rhodium(I) complex.

A novel N,N‘-bis(sulfinyl)amidine ligand has been synthesized from optically pure (R)-tert-butanesulfinamide. Deprotonation of this ligand and stirring with (Rh(COD)Cl2) afford a structurally unique homochiral N,S-bonded metallocycle with rhodium(I). This is the first reported example of a complex involving a bis(sulfinyl)amidinate ligand and any transition metal center.
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease after lung transplantation.

Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) after lung transplantation occurs due to immunosuppressant therapy which limits antiviral host immunity and permits Epstein-Barr viral (EBV) replication and transformation of B cells. Mechanistically, EBV survives due to latency, escape from cytotoxic T cell responses, and downregulation of host immunity to EBV. Clinical presentation of EBV may occur within the lung allograft early posttransplantation or later onset which is more likely to be disseminated. Improvements in monitoring through EBV viral load have provided a means of earlier detection; yet, sensitivity and specificity of EBV load monitoring after lung transplantation may require further optimization. Once PTLD develops, staging and tissue diagnosis are essential to appropriate histopathological classification, prognosis, and guidance for therapy. The overall paradigm to treat PTLD has evolved over the past several years and depends upon assessment of risk such as EBV-naive status, clinical presentation, and stage and sites of disease. In general, clinical practice involves reduction in immunosuppression, anti-CD20 biologic therapy, and/or use of plasma cell inhibition, followed by chemotherapy for refractory PTLD. This paper focuses upon the immunobiology of EBV and PTLD, as well as the clinical presentation, diagnosis, prognosis, and emerging treatments for PTLD after lung transplantation.
Changes in tissue protein levels as a result of endurance exercise

Abstract We previously reported that endurance training increases amino acid catabolism. In this study, the effects of an acute endurance exercise bout on tissue protein levels and urea excretion have been investigated. Exhaustive exercising of trained rats resulted in an increase in ammonia excretion but there was no significant change in urea excretion. Protein levels of muscle and liver were significantly decreased by an exhaustive bout of exercise. In muscle, both the soluble and myofibrillar protein fractions were decreased in exhausted rats. These results demonstrate that during exercise there is a net loss of protein in muscle and liver.
Breaking bad news in obstetrics and gynecology: Educational conference for resident physicians

To educate the Obstetrics and Gynecology residents about how to conduct conversations about poor prognoses, a panel discussion was scheduled, with patient-educators teaching about their experiences receiving bad news. The resident physicians reported that this conference format was an effective method for teaching this content. The patient-educators appreciated assisting the physicians, were comfortable in the conference setting, and reported a willingness to return for conferences in the future.
BVP's with odd differences of gaps in boundary conditions for nth order ODE's by matching solutions

Matching of solutions of boundary value problems plays an important role in interface problems. We are concerned with the existence and uniqueness of solutions to boundary value problems on an interval [a,c] for the nth order ordinary differential equation y^(^n^)=f(x,y,y^',...,y^(^n^-^1^)), for n>=3, by matching solutions on [a,b] with solutions on [b,c]. In this paper, we consider a general case where the gap in boundary conditions at b is odd. Different monotonicity conditions on f are imposed for distinct cases that arise.
A Sediment Budget Analysis and Management Strategy for Fort Pierce Inlet, Florida

Abstract Quantification of the sediment transport processes in the Fort Pierce Inlet, Florida area and the influence of the inlet onto the adjacent beaches was performed by means of analytical methods. This analysis is formalized as a sediment budget and is based on available survey data, nourishment events, and dredging records of the navigational channel at Fort Pierce Inlet, which cover the period from 1972 to 2002. Available survey data encompass shoreline distances approximately 9.7 km north and 24.7 km south of Fort Pierce Inlet. Three intersurvey periods were examined in this study: 1972 to 1987, 1987 to 1997, and 1997 to 2002. Average annual sediment volume and shoreline changes derived from the profile data collected during these three periods were analyzed. Application of general sediment budget principles established that for the total period from 1972 to 2002, there was an average annual deficit of approximately 12,500 m3/y on the beach south (downdrift) of Fort Pierce Inlet. The general sedim...
Next generation of human vaccines: what does the future hold?

The World Vaccine Congress was held in Arlington, VA April 21st -24th, 2008. Tevi Troy, the deputy secretary of the US Department of Health and Human Services, set the tone of the meeting during his keynote address. He discussed the government’s plan to deliver a strategic outlook and follow a road map for vaccine development. He also emphasized the importance of ongoing cooperation between industry and the government’s many departments. In an electrifying keynote address Gregory Poland, Professor of Medicine and Infectious Diseases at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN discussed the role of recent advancements in the fields of Immunology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, and the completion of the Human Genome Project. Poland described the recent emergence of the field of Vaccinomics and laid out his vision for an era of personalized medicine. Next-generation vaccine approaches targeting cervical cancer, meningitis, childhood diarrhea, and renal cell carcinoma were presented by leaders in the fi...
8-Hydroxyguanosine and 8-methoxyguanosine possess immunostimulating activity for B lymphocytes

Abstract The present paper extends previous observations of Goodman and Weigle (M. G. Goodman and W. O. Weigle, J. Immunol., 128, 2399, 1982) and describes the activation of B lymphocytes by a number of C-8-substituted guanine ribonucleosides. 8-Hydroxyguanosine stimulates both proliferation and differentiation of murine B cells while 8-methoxyguanosine stimulates only differentiation and 8-aminoguanosine has no discernible effect on B-cell activation. The former two compounds also increase the magnitude of the antibody response to the type 2 antigen trinitrophenyl-AECM-Ficoll. These data demonstrate that guanosine, which is itself inhibitory to murine B cells, is converted into an immunostimulatory molecule after substitution at its C-8 position with methoxy or hydroxy groups and the bromo or mercapto group is not essential for conferring biological activity to this nucleoside. However, our data also suggest that substitution of different groups at the C-8 position does influence the biological activity of this molecule.
Site-directed mutagenesis of human nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3: the importance of conserved glycine residues and the identification of additional conserved protein motifs in eNTPDases.

Glycine residues are recognized as important structural determinants in nucleotide-binding domains of many enzymes. The functional significance of seven glycine residues invariant in all 22 eNTPDase sequences was therefore examined. Glycine-to-alanine mutants of eNTPDase3 were analyzed for nucleotidase activities and tertiary and quaternary structure changes. Mutations G98A and G183A had modest effects on ATPase and ADPase activities. The G141A mutation resulted in 4- to 5-fold decreased nucleotidase activity, while the G222A mutation decreased ATPase activity 20-fold, and ADPase activity 6-fold. Unlike the other five glycine mutants, the G263A and G462A mutations caused significant loss of nucleotidase activity which was observed concomitant with lower protein expression levels, large-scale changes in tertiary and quaternary protein structure, and decreased trafficking to the plasma membrane. Thus, these data identify glycine residues that are essential for enzymatic activity and the tertiary and quaternary structure of eNTPDase3. Further, two additional conserved regions in the eNTPDases are identified, apyrase conserved regions ACR1a and ACR4a, which may be involved in phosphate binding/hydrolysis and protein folding, respectively.
Which one is correct, 2000 or 2001? How about 1995?

Most of the controversy as to whether the third millennium begins on January 1, 2000, or January 1, 2001, is based on relatively straightforward arguments. One group believes that the change from the 1900s to the 2000s determines the appropriate date for the beginning of the third millennium.The other group argues that the numbering of years began with A.D. 1 and adding 2000 years to January 1, makes January 1, 2001, the appropriate beginning of the new millennium. The latter group points to the absence of a year zero (1 B.C. is followed by A.D. 1) as proof that 2001 is the correct year.The controversy is easily resolved by reviewing the way in which the present calendar was established (according to the 15th (1976) edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannicd). There are various religious factors that delayed the development of a reliable Christian calendar. The Eastern and Western Christian churches began to diverge (disagree) almost from the onset of the Christian era. One area of contention was that the Eastern church would calculate the date for Easter each year and pass it on to the Western church. But the method of calculation was jealously guarded.
A Method to Predict Disc Cutter Specific Energy for TBM Based on CSM Model

By using fracture mechanics theory of rock, the rock fragmentation mechanism of tunnel boring machine (TBM) cutters is analyzed and the analysis of forces of cutter is carried out. A new method to predict disc cutter specific energy for TBM is developed in this study. By using the dynamic models of TBM cutters interaction with the rock, specific energy prediction model for TBM cutter head is developed. The data from the actual tunnel construction is analyzed by using an example of Qinling tunnel and the comparison is made with the field data. The results indicate that the model developed in this study could not only replace the experiment to disc cutter specific energy for TBM, but also provide a theoretical basis for the performance prediction and optimal design of cutter head for TBM.
Sentinel lymph node mapping of invasive urinary bladder cancer in animal models using invisible light.

Objectives With conventional methodology, sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping of invasive urinary bladder cancer is technically challenging. This study was performed to determine the utility of invisible, near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) light for patient-specific SLN mapping, in real time under complete image guidance.
Online welfare maximization for electric vehicle charging with electricity cost

The accelerated adoption of EVs in the last few years has raised concerns that the power grid can get overloaded when a large number of EVs are charged simultaneously. A promising direction is to implement large scale automated scheduling of EV charging at public facilities, by exploiting the time elasticity of charging requests. In this work, we study the problem of online EV charging for maximizing the total value of served vehicles minus the energy cost incurred. In contrast to most previous works that assume a fixed capacity constraint while ignoring the electricity cost, we adopt a convex cost model for the system operator together with a concave valuation model for the vehicle owners. We design an online algorithm for balancing the two and prove a bound on its competitive performance for a general class of valuation and cost functions.
Caveolin-2 Localizes to the Golgi Complex but Redistributes to Plasma Membrane, Caveolae, and Rafts when Co-expressed with Caveolin-1

We have characterized comparatively the subcellular distributions of caveolins-1 and -2, their interactions and their roles in caveolar formation in polarized epithelial cells. In Fischer rat thyroid (FRT) cells, which express low levels of caveolin-2 and no caveolin-1, caveolin-2 localizes exclusively to the Golgi complex but is partially redistributed to the plasma membrane upon co-expression of caveolin-1 by transfection or by adenovirus-mediated transduction. In Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, which constitutively express both caveolin-1 and -2, caveolin-2 localized to both the Golgi complex and to the plasma membrane, where it co-distributed with caveolin-1 in flat patches and in caveolae. In FRT cells, endogenous or overexpressed caveolin-2 did not associate with low density Triton insoluble membranes that floated in sucrose density gradients but was recruited to these membranes when co-expressed together with caveolin-1. In MDCK cells, both caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 associated with low density Triton-insoluble membranes. In FRT cells, transfection of caveolin-1 promoted the assembly of plasma membrane caveolae that localized preferentially (over 99%) to the basolateral surface, like constitutive caveolae of MDCK cells. In contrast, as expected from its intracellular distribution, endogenous or overexpressed caveolin-2 did not promote the assembly of caveolae; rather, it appeared to promote the assembly of intracellular vesicles in the peri-Golgi area. The data reported here demonstrate that caveolin-1 and -2 have different and complementary subcellular localizations and functional properties in polarized epithelial cells and suggest that the two proteins co-operate to carry out specific as yet unknown tasks between the Golgi complex and the cell surface.
Ice Accretion Modeling using an Eulerian Approach for Droplet Impingement

A three-dimensional Eulerian analysis has been developed for modeling droplet impingement on lifting bodes. The Eulerian model solves the conservation equations of mass and momentum to obtain the droplet flow field properties on the same mesh used in CFD simulations. For complex configurations such as a full rotorcraft, the Eulerian approach is more efficient because the Lagrangian approach would require a significant amount of seeding for accurate estimates of collection efficiency. Simulations are done for various benchmark cases such as NACA0012 airfoil, MS317 airfoil and oscillating SC2110 airfoil to illustrate its use. The present results are compared with results from the Lagrangian approach used in an industry standard analysis called LEWICE.
712 MIDTRIMESTER DIAGNOSIS OF OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA, TYPE 2

We report two affected offspring with Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Type 2. The first child was born near term and expired shortly thereafter. Prenatal radiologic examination was consistent with O.I., Type 2. The second affected fetus was diagnosed at 19 weeks gestation by sonographic and radiographic imaging even though the amniotic fluid pyrophosphate was negative at 14½ weeks gestation. The skull was poorly mineralized and compressed. Long bones were shortened, angulated, and markedly irregular. There was deficient ossification of the spine, extremities, and minimal patchy ossification of the calvarium. Pregnancy was terminated at 21 weeks following the radiographic diagnosis. Radiologic and pathologic examination of the abortus was consistent with the prenatal diagnosis. Although the diagnosis of this, as well as other bone dysplasias has been made in utero during late pregnancy, we conclude that radiographic and sonographic imaging may be the only method of diagnosis of O.I., Type 2 during midtrimester gestation.
Taconic and younger deformation and metamorphism in the Croton Falls area, southeastern New York: Summary

The metamorphic rocks of the Manhattan Prong (Fig. 1) include the Precambrian Fordham Gneiss, Yonkers and Pound Ridge granite gneisses, and the overlying Lowerre Quartzite, Inwood Marble, and Manhattan Schist. The depositional age of the basal unit of the Manhattan is estimated to be Middle Ordovician on the basis of fossil evidence (Ratcliffe and Knowles, 1968) and on the correlation of an unconformity beneath the Manhattan with a regionally developed Middle Ordovician unconformity (Hall, 1968a). In the southern prong, two episodes of tight to isoclinal folding are followed by an episode of less intense, more open F 3 folding (Bowes and Langer, 1968; Hall, 1968a, 1968b). In the Peekskill area, Ratcliffe (1968a, 1968b) and Mose and others (1976) have shown that the essentially undeformed 435-m.y.-old Cortlandt ultramafic complex (Long and Kulp, 1962) clearly crosscuts the F 1 folding and postdates the regional metamorphism. Local F 2 folding is contemporaneous with the intrusion and is interpreted as “shouldering aside” of the country rocks by the ultramafic intrusions (Ratcliffe, 1968a, 1968b; Mose and others, 1976) and is therefore genetically unrelated to the regionally developed F 2 folding mapped elsewhere in the prong. The 360-m.y.-old Peekskill Granite (Mose and others, 1976) crosscuts the F 3 folds, and is interpreted as syntectonic with the F 3 folds (Ratcliffe, in Mose and others, 1976).
Bioassay and attributes of a growth factor associated with crown gall tumors

An improved bioassay is described for a factor that promotes tumor growth which was first obtained from extracts of pinto bean leaves with crown gall tumors. Sixteen primary pinto bean leaves per sample are inoculated with sufficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens to initiate about 5 to 10 tumors per leaf and treated with tumor growth factor at day 3 after inoculation. The diameters of 30 to 48 round tumors (no more than 3 randomly selected per leaf) are measured per test sample at day 6. Mean tumor diameter increased linearly with the logarithm of the concentration of tumor growth factor applied. The tumor growth factor was separated by column chromatography from an ultraviolet light-absorbing compound previously reported to be associated with fractions having maximal tumor growth factor activity. Partly purified tumor growth factor showed no activity in a cytokinin bioassay or an auxin bioassay, and negligible activity in gibberellin bioassays. Representatives of these three classes of growth factors did not promote tumor growth. Extracts from crown gall tumors on primary pinto bean leaves, primary castor bean leaves, Bryophyllum leaves, carrot root slices, and tobacco stems showed tumor growth factor activity, whereas extracts from healthy control tissues did not. Extracts from actively growing parts of healthy pinto beans, Bryophyllum, and tobacco, however, showed tumor growth factor activity. Tumor growth factor is proposed to be a normal plant growth factor associated with rapidly growing tissues. Its synthesis may be activated in nongrowing tissues by infection with Agrobacterium sp.
A stabilized tantalum diffusion barrier for the gold metallization system

A stabilized tantalum-gold thin film system on quartz substrates has been investigated as a metallization system for microwave power transistors. The stabilized tantalum was used as the barrier metal in order to minimize interdiffusion and eutectic formation between the gold and silicon. In order to stabilize the tantalum against rapid diffusion of gold at tantalum grain boundaries, a 200–300A film of platinum was deposited between 1000A layers of tantalum. The resulting structure was then overlaid with 3000A of sputtered gold. The present investigation has shown that the Au/Ta-Pt metallization is (1) metallurgically stable with no significant degradation of resistivity below 500°C, (2) resists electrochemical corrosion and (3) is readily processed with existing technology.
A Vehicle-Specific Power Approach to Speed- and Facility-Specific Emissions Estimates for Diesel Transit Buses

Emissions during a trip often depend on transient vehicle dynamics that influence the instantaneous engine load. Vehicle specific power (VSP) is a proxy variable for engine load that has been shown to be highly correlated with emissions. This study estimates roadway link average emission rates for diesel-fueled transit buses based on link mean speeds, using newly defined VSP modes from data gathered by a portable emissions monitoring system. Speed profiles were categorized by facility type and mean travel speed, and stratified into discrete VSP modes. VSP modal average emission rates and the time spent in the corresponding VSP modes were then used to make aggregate estimates of total and average emission rates for a road link. The average emission rates were sensitive to link mean speed, but not to facility type. A recommendation is made regarding the implementation of link average emission rates in conjunction with transportation models for the purpose of estimating regional emissions for diesel transit buses.
Risk, life extension and the pursuit of medical possibility

With increasing frequency, the oldest members of US society are undergoing medical interventions aimed at prolonging life. Using cardiac care as a case study, this paper explores how a discourse of risk infuses and legitimates high-tech clinical treatments in late life. In particular, we examine how the diminishing risks associated with biomedical procedures produce a sense of medical possibility regarding life extension, and push the definition of ‘old age’ into a receding future. Simultaneously, physicians, patients and families come to understand the management and reduction of future cardiac risks to be germane for individuals even near the end of life. Driven by the logic and language of risk, decisions to intervene are experienced as incremental and largely unremarkable, and the pursuit of an open-ended future via biomedical means is perceived as an ethical imperative, trumping deliberation or discussion of the utility of intervention and the ultimate ends being pursued. For practitioners and patients alike, the engagement of risk, the preservation of hope it facilitates and the routinisation of intervention it produces all contribute to the emerging mandate to treat at ever-older ages.
Subchannel analysis in BWR fuel bundles

Abstract Steady-state two-phase-flow calculations have been performed with the multidimensional drift-flux code canal . Flow-regime-dependent drift-flux parameters have been used to evaluate the flow quantities in the subchannels. Consistent modeling of the mixing components, e.g. divergence cross-flow, turbulent mixing and void drift effect, has resulted in the good prediction capability of canal . Measurements of subchannel exit mass flux and quality from simulated BWR rod bundles have been used to assess the code capability. A wide range of operating conditions has been taken into consideration in addition to variations in uniform and nonuniform radial heat-flux profile. Comparison has been made with the familiar subchannel code cobra iiic . Prediction of corner subchannel quality and mass flux by canal are nearly always found to be better than cobra iiic . The overall performance of the drift-flux code canal is comparable to that obtained from advanced two-fluid codes. A review of the conservation equations and constitutive relations shows that the countercurrent transverse flow velocities are essential for accurate prediction of subchannel flow conditions.
Development of a simple transient assay for Ac/Ds activity in cells of intact barley tissue

The development of a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) transformation system made it possible to consider the use of maize Activator/Dissociation (Ac/Ds) transposable elements for gene tagging in transgenic barley plants. However, barley transformation is time-consuming, and therefore a simple transient assay for Ac/Ds activity in intact barley tissues was developed to test the components of a proposed gene tagging system, prior to their stable introduction into plants. In this assay, barley scutellar tissue is co-transformed with constructs containing the maize Ac transposase gene and an Escherichia coli uidA reporter gene (Gus), the expression of which is interrupted by a maize Ds element. In transformed barley scutellar cells, Ac transposase-mediated excision of the Ds element generates a functional Gus gene, leading to histochemically detectable GUS activity. Characterization of the excision products showed that they had a pattern of nucleotide deletions and/or transversions similar to that found in maize and other heterologous plant systems. In addition, although contrary to the situation observed in heterologous dicot systems, efficient Ds excision in barley, a heterologous monocot system, appears to be inversely associated with Ac copy number, a finding similar to the Ac dosage effects observed in maize. The transient assay was used to demonstrate functional transposase activity in barley callus lines stably transformed with an Ac transposase gene.
Maternal analgesic use and cardiovascular malformations

Purpose Certain drugs used during pregnancy have been associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations in offspring. Whether maternal use of analgesics increases the risk of cardiovascular malformations (CVM) is unclear. Methods We used data from the Baltimore-Washington Infant Study, a population-based case-control investigation of environmental factors and CVM, to examine CVM and maternal analgesic use during the periconceptional period (3 months before and 3 months after conception). During the period 1981–1989, 2,842 infants with CVM (case infants) and 3,516 nonmalformed infants (control infants) were ascertained with information on maternal drug use elicited from home interviews. We compared case and control infants on frequency of maternal use of analgesics during the periconceptional period using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for ORs. Fisher's Exact CIs for ORs were estimated when one or more cell counts fell below 5. Results Periconconceptional use of any analgesic among control mothers was 20.0%, with the more commonly used analgesics being medications containing aspirin (10.2%), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (5.9%), and opioids (5.4%). Analyses type of analgesic and CVM diagnosis identified associations of: ibuprofen with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) (OR = 2.1, CI = 1.3, 3.4); atrioventricular septal defects (OR = 1.8, CI = 1.1, 2.8); and membranous ventricular septal defects (OR = 1.5, CI = 1.1, 2.1). Medications containing codeine were also associated with TGA (OR = 1.9, CI = 1.1, 3.2). Conclusion Maternal use of ibuprofen or codeine containing analgesics during the periconceptional period might be associated with an increased risk of certain cardiovascular malformations in infants. Further investigation into these findings is needed to examine potential confounding by indication.
Comprehensive income: What do the numbers disclose?

This year's annual reports are the first to inform investors and analysts about comprehensive income. What format have companies used? Have the numbers proven important to users of financial statements, as the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) contends? In fact, what do they disclose? The author reviews the rules for disclosure, examines actual company disclosures, and discusses the implications—for chief financial officers (CFOS) and financial statement readers. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Cross-Sector Comparison of Using Nonstandard Workers Explaining Use and Impacts on the Employment Relationship

Although the use of nonstandard workers is an irreversible trend, academic literature in public administration is scarce. By using the National Organizations Survey 2002 data set, the authors tested models of reasons and effects of using nonstandard workers. The authors found that (a) organizational hierarchy, the provision of fringe benefits, and employee unionization are important predictors of the use of nonstandard workers; (b) the use of nonstandard workers deteriorates employment relationships and employees' trust; (c) using agency temporaries and contract workers in the private sector and independent contractors in the public sector generate the largest negative impacts. Managers' attention to job-related factors is important to ameliorate potentially negative effects.
Preparation of some cyclic fluorosilanes

Abstract Fluorination with SbF 3 has been used to prepare 1,1-difluoro-1-sitlacyclopent-3-ene, 1,1-difluoro-1-silacyclopen-2-ene, 1,1-difluoro-1-silacyclopen entane and a mixture of 1,1-difluoro-2-chloro-1-silacyclopentane and its 3-chloro isomer from the appropriate chlorosilanes. IR and NMR spectra of the products are reported.
25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in African American and Nigerian women.

Objectives African Americans (AA) have substantially lower levels of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) than whites. We compared population-based samples of 25(OH)D in women of African descent from Nigeria and metropolitan Chicago. Methods One hundred women of Yoruba ethnicity from southwest Nigeria and 94 African American women from metropolitan Chicago were recruited and compared using a standardized survey protocol and the same laboratory assay for 25(OH)D. Results Mean 25(OH)D levels were 64 nmol/l among the Nigerians and 29 nmol/l among the AA. Only 10% of the values were shared in common between the groups, and 76% of the Nigerians were above the currently defined threshold for adequate circulating 25(OH)D compared to 5% of the AA. Modest associations were seen between 25(OH)D and measures of obesity, although adjustment for these traits did not materially affect the group differences. Conclusion These data support the presumption that skin color is an adaptive trait which has evolved in part to regulate 25(OH)D. It remains undetermined, however, whether lower values observed in AA have negative health consequences. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:560–562, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cardiac Injury During Resternotomy Does Not Affect Perioperative Mortality

Background Cardiac injury at the time of resternotomy is a complication faced by all cardiac surgeons, although little is known about its effects on morbidity and mortality. This study was designed to address these questions. Study Design Resternotomies performed at the University of Virginia from 1996 to 2005 were identified. Operative notes were reviewed, and any injury during resternotomy to the heart, great vessels, or bypass grafts was recorded. Perioperative complications and mortality were recorded using the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Database. Results In the 11-year period studied, 612 resternotomies were performed out of 7,872 total adult cardiac procedures (7.8%). Fifty-six patients (9.1%) had an injury sustained during resternotomy and initial dissection. Injury to grafts was most common (46.4%), with mammary arteries comprising 21% of the total and vein grafts, 25%. The right ventricle was the second most commonly injured structure (21.4%). There were no significant differences in overall nonadjusted mortality in the injured group compared with that in the noninjured group (8.9% versus 10.2%, p=0.66). Multivariate analysis demonstrated third-time resternotomy to be an independent risk factor for cardiac injury (p=0.04). Conclusions Cardiac injury at the time of resternotomy is not associated with an increase in perioperative morbidity or mortality. Third-time resternotomy is an independent risk factor for cardiac injury, so vigilance and adequate preparation are paramount in these patients.
Contribution of menthofuran to the hepatotoxicity of pulegone: assessment based on matched area under the curve and on matched time course.

In recent years it has become increasingly evident that the toxicity produced by a variety of compounds can be attributed to their metabolites. Simple dose-toxicity studies of a metabolite will help to elucidate its toxic effect, but it is not possible to quantify its role in the toxicity produced by the parent compound unless the disposition of the preformed and endogenously formed metabolite is taken into account. We assessed the contribution of the metabolite, R-(+)-menthofuran (MF), to the hepatotoxicity observed after i.p. administration of R-(+)-pulegone (PUL) to rats. As the major constituent of pennyroyal oil, PUL has been linked to the deaths of several young women over the past several years. After i.p. administration of PUL and MF to separate groups of rats at doses selected to match the area under the curve of generated and synthetic MF, plasma alanine transferase was comparable between groups. Although the area under the curve was matched, the peak concentration in plasma of MF formed in vivo is 4.5 times higher and occurs much earlier than after the administration of MF itself. When the exposure of rats to preformed and synthetic MF is matched with respect to time course in plasma, PUL produces more than twice the increase in plasma alanine transferase and hepatocellular necrosis than does MF. The results suggest that events other than those associated with the disposition of MF contribute to the hepatotoxicity observed after ingestion of PUL, and they emphasize the importance of time course in assessing the role of a metabolite in the toxicity of a given compound.
Cost-Effectiveness of Services for Mentally Ill Homeless People: The Application of Research to Policy and Practice

Objective: About one-quarter of homeless Americans have serious mental illnesses. This review synthesizes research findings on the cost-effectiveness of services for this population and their relevance for policy and practice. Method: Service interventions for seriously mentally ill homeless people were grouped into three overlapping categories: 1) outreach, 2) case management, and 3) housing placement and transition to mainstream services. Data were reviewed both from experimental studies with high internal validity and from observational studies, which better reflect typical community practice. Results: In most studies, specialized interventions are associated with significantly improved outcomes, most consistently in the housing domain, but also in mental health status and quality of life. These programs are also associated with increased use of many types of health service and housing assistance, resulting in increased costs in most cases. The value of these programs to the public thus depends on whether their greater effectiveness is deemed to be worth their additional cost. Conclusions: Innovative programs for seriously mentally ill homeless people are effective and are also likely to increase costs in many cases. Their value ultimately depends on the moral and political value society places on caring for its least-well-off members.
Bounds for naive multiple machine scheduling with release times and deadlines

Abstract We examine an on-line polynomial time heuristic for the NP -complete problem of scheduling m identical machines to minimize the maximum lateness of jobs with release times and due dates. The main result is that for any set of jobs, the difference between the lateness given by the heuristic and the minimum possible lateness is bounded by [ (2m − 1) m ]P max , where P max is the largest processing time of any of the jobs. The conclusion is that for many applications, optimization is not necessary. We also prove that when all jobs have a common processing time P , the difference between the heuristic and the minimum lateness is bounded by P . This gives a fast estimate of the minimum possible lateness, and is useful in accelerating the practical performance of algorithms for the exact solution.
Woodlands as Quality Breeding Habitat for Black-Capped Vireos

Identifying vegetation types that result in the highest quality habitat will help direct manage- ment and conservation activities designed to recover endangered species. Shrubland is considered to result in high quality habitat for black-capped vireos (Vireo atricapilla), whereas deciduous and oak-juniper woodlands are considered to result in marginal habitat (i.e., lower quality). We investigated differences in nest and fledgling survival among shrubland and woodland vegetation types. We monitored 302 black-capped vireo nests in 259 territories from 2008 to 2010 in Kerr County, Texas and collected vegetation data at each nest. We also resighted 350 fledglings to estimate individual survival. Nest survival and fecundity did not differ statistically among vegetation types. Although nest-site characteristics differed among vegetation types, none affected nest survival. Nests that were parasitized were less likely to survive and parasitism was the only variable to affect survival of those measured. Parasitism frequency was nearly twice as great in shrubland (22%) than ineitherwoodland type (12% in each) and varied byyear (31% in 2008 to 0%in 2010). Vegetation type and proximity of the nest to oak-juniper woodland did not affect fledgling survival. Our results suggest woodlands may result in good quality habitat in areas with large populations of black-capped vireos. Recognizing woodlands as non-typical, yet good quality, habitat will allow managers to incorporate these vegetation types into management plans and make recommendations for conservation incentive programs directed at private landowners. 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Activity Planning for the Phoenix Mars Lander Mission

The Phoenix Mars Mission is the first mission in the NASA Scout Program. As a Scout Mission, Phoenix must be relatively low-cost and yet highly innovative. Likewise, the Ground Data System (GDS) is under similar constraints. Key to the GDS tool development has been the utilization of the Ensemble framework -an open architecture for the development, integration, and deployment of mission operations software. Ensemble has enabled the production of a low-cost, feature-rich tool to support tactical mission activity planning called The Phoenix Science Interface (PSI).
Receptor-like kinases as surface regulators for RAC/ROP-mediated pollen tube growth and interaction with the pistil

Background RAC/ROPs are RHO-type GTPases and are known to play diverse signalling roles in plants. Cytoplasmic RAC/ROPs are recruited to the cell membrane and activated in response to extracellular signals perceived and mediated by cell surface-located signalling assemblies, transducing the signals to regulate cellular processes. More than any other cell types in plants, pollen tubes depend on continuous interactions with an extracellular environment produced by their surrounding tissues as they grow within the female organ pistil to deliver sperm to the female gametophyte for fertilization. Scope We review studies on pollen tube growth that provide compelling evidence indicating that RAC/ROPs are crucial for regulating the cellular processes that underlie the polarized cell growth process. Efforts to identify cell surface regulators that mediate extracellular signals also point to RAC/ROPs being the molecular switches targeted by growth-regulating female factors for modulation to mediate pollination and fertilization. We discuss a large volume of work spanning more than two decades on a family of pollen-specific receptor kinases and some recent studies on members of the FERONIA family of receptor-like kinases (RLKs). Significance The research described shows the crucial roles that two RLK families play in transducing signals from growth regulatory factors to the RAC/ROP switch at the pollen tube apex to mediate and target pollen tube growth to the female gametophyte and signal its disintegration to achieve fertilization once inside the female chamber.
Lipoic acid decreases inflammation and confers neuroprotection in experimental autoimmune optic neuritis

Lipoic acid (LA) is an antioxidant that is effective in treating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis (MS). C57BL/6 mice with EAE develop experimental autoimmune optic neuritis (EAON), which models acute optic neuritis in humans. Here we determined whether LA is therapeutically effective in EAON. We immunized C57BL/6 mice with MOG 35-55 peptide. Mice received either daily subcutaneous injections of LA (100mg/kg) or saline in early or late suppression paradigms. In the early suppression paradigm, optic nerve cross-sections showed 14.9±3.8% (mean±SEM) damage in mice receiving saline (n=7) and 2.0±0.4% damage in mice given LA (n=7, p=0.001). In the late suppression paradigm, optic nerve sections showed 24.6±3.5% damage in mice treated with saline (n=7) and 8.4±2.5% in mice treated with LA (n=7, p=0.004). Thus a dramatic reduction in axonal injury was seen after LA administration in both experimental paradigms. Compared with saline treated mice with EAON, optic nerves from mice receiving LA had significantly fewer CD4+ and CD11b+ cells in both paradigms. This study provides a rationale for investigating the therapeutic efficacy of LA in acute optic neuritis in humans.
Sentence to Ten Cents: A Case Study of Relevance and Communicative Success in Nonnative-Native Speaker Interactions in a Medical Setting.

In cross-cultural interaction in medical settings, there is great potential for miscommunication. This potential is increased when the language proficiency of one of the interactants is low. In the data presented here of such interaction, however, the instances of miscommunication are quickly resolved and communication proceeds. Three sources of communicative success are suggested. Most important is the ability of both parties to draw contextually triggered inferences which provide a basis for (1) making perceptual contributions and (2) using communication strategies. These inferencing abilities and communication strategies are guided by the expectation of and search for relevance (Sperber and Wilson 1995) which allows interaction to proceed. A third source of success is the professional knowledge and skill of the interactants which not only enable interaction to proceed but to do so toward professional goals. The implications of these findings contribute to our understanding of models of intentional communication
Theoretical frameworks for understanding and investigating the therapeutic relationship in psychiatry

Background: Mental health care is delivered through a relationship between a clinician and a patient. Although this therapeutic relationship is of central importance for mental health care, it appears to be relatively neglected in psychiatric research. Empirical research has for the most part adopted concepts and methods developed in psychotherapy and general medical practice. Hence, unpacking the presuppositions that have informed research on the therapeutic relationship to date may be a useful first step in developing this field. Method: A review of the literature was carried out. Results: Six central theories are identified as framing the definitions and methods on this topic: role theory, psychoanalysis, social constructionism, systems theory, social psychology and cognitive behaviourism. To date, role theory, psychoanalysis and systems theory appear to be the frameworks most often applied in research in this field. Each perspective offers a unique emphasis in the analysis of the therapeutic relationship, which is reflected in the empirical work from each perspective discussed herein. Conclusions: None of the theories identified have been fully specified and comprehensively investigated in psychiatric settings. However, more than one approach may be used for thinking about relationships, depending on the treatment situation. Further specification and testing of the theories in psychiatric practice – taking account of the specific context – is warranted to underpin more pragmatic research. A stronger link between fundamental psychological and sociological research and applied health care research would advance our understanding of which elements of positive therapeutic relationships are instrumental in improving patient outcome and ultimately contribute to improving mental health care.
Slip-Weakening Models of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake and Constraints on Stress Drop and Fracture Energy

We present 2D dynamic rupture models of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake based on linear slip-weakening friction. We use different types of available observations to constrain our model parameters. The distribution of stress drop is determined by the final slip distribution from slip inversions. As three groups of along-dip slip distribution are suggested by different slip inversions, we present three slip-weakening models. In each model, we assume uniform critical slip distance eastward from the hypocenter, but several asperities with smaller critical slip distance westward from the hypocenter. The values of critical slip distance are constrained by the ratio of deep to shallow high-frequency slip-rate power inferred from back projection source imaging. Our slip-weakening models are consistent with the final slip, slip rate, rupture velocity and high-frequency power ratio inferred for this earthquake. The average static stress drop calculated from the models is in the range of 4.5–7 MPa, though large spatial variations of static stress drop exist. To prevent high-frequency radiation in the region eastward from the hypocenter, the fracture energy needed there is in the order of 10 MJ/m2, and the average up-dip rupture speed cannot exceed 2 km/s. The radiation efficiency calculated from our models is higher than that inferred from seismic data, suggesting the role of additional dissipation processes. We find that the structure of the subduction wedge contributes significantly to the up-dip rupture propagation and the resulting large slip at shallow depth.