cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mental control and visual illusions: Toward explaining race-biased weapon misidentifications ☆

People are biased to misidentify harmless objects as weapons when the objects are associated with African Americans (Payne, 2001). Two studies examined the processes underlying this bias. The illusory perception hypothesis argues that stereotypes alter the subjective construal of the object. In contrast, the executive failure hypothesis argues that even when perception of the item is intact, misidentifications can result from failures to control responses. Immediately after making an error, participants were able to accurately express that they had made a mistake via confidence ratings (Experiment 1) and by correcting their judgment (Experiment 2). Subjective confidence judgments were extremely well calibrated to accuracy, and participants virtually never believed their own mistakes. Conditions likely to create errors through both illusions and control failures are discussed.
Orbital acceleration and the energy budget in the galilean satellite system

Theories concerning the resonance which gives rise to the tidal heating of Io are discussed. Yoder's (1979) suggestion that the resonance is maintained by tides raised on Jupiter by Io is examined along with the proposal of Greenberg (1982) that with smaller Jovian torque the system could be evolving away from resonance. The significance of Lieske's (1986) finding of a much smaller than expected negative value for Io's orbital acceleration is addressed.
Effect of an electron scattering cloud on X-ray oscillations produced by beaming

The effect of a scattering cloud on the amplitude of oscillations produced by a rotating beam of X-rays is investigated using analytical and Monte Carlo methods. The scattering cloud was modeled as a uniform density sphere, and the source was represented as an anistropic distribution of radiation emerging from a point at the center of the scattering cloud. The intensity distribution produced by the source beam is examined as a function of optical depth. The relation between electron scattering optical depth and the forward-backward ratio is studied. It is observed that the scattering in a central corona of various optical depths reduces the amplitude of the oscillation. The data suggest that the quasi-periodic oscillations observed in the X-ray intensities of some luminous low-mass X-ray binaries are caused by oscillations in the luminosity of the X-ray star.
Vasospasm and vascular headaches: selective vasoconstriction in the carotid vascular system measured by the Doppler ophthalmic method in migraineurs.

SYNOPSIS With the finding of significant extracranial cerebral vascular disease in 60–70% of patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA), increased emphasis has been placed on the early detection of extracranial vascular lesions by noninvasive methods. The Doppler Ophthalmic Test (DOT), introduced in 1970 is one such technique. DOT's are abnormal in a significant percentage of patients (5-12%) found not to have extracranial vascular disease by angiography. Three thousand DOT's performed in a 3 12 year period at the Hospital of Scripps Clinic were re-examined. 37.2% of the positive sonograms occurred in patients with severe vascular headaches. Since migrainous patients have altered vasomotor function, it is suggested that the abnormal DOT represents a significant degree of vasoconstriction in the internal carotid or ophthalmic arteries. It is suggested further that persistence of vasoconstriction is related to complicated migraine and may, in part, be responsible for the increased occurrence of stroke in migraine patients.
Multicopy single-stranded DNA isolated from a gram-negative bacterium, Myxococcus xanthus

Abstract A gram-negative bacterium, Myxococcus xanthus, was found to contain 500 to 700 copies per chromosome of a short single-stranded linear DNA fragment. When this DNA (multicopy single-stranded DNA; msDNA) labeled at the 5′ end with kinase was used as a probe against total chromosomal blots, it hybridized to unique high molecular weight bands, which were cloned and sequenced. Labeling of msDNA was also possible using the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I as well as terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, permitting direct sequencing. The 5′ end of msDNA was found to be primed by a short RNA segment. The DNA portion of msDNA consisted of 163 bases. Exact correspondence was seen between the msDNA sequence and the sequence of a chromosomal clone. An elaborate secondary structure is postulated for the msDNA sequence. A similar satellite DNA was also found in another myxobacterium, Stigmatella aurantiaca.
Apex: Two architectures for generating parametric curves and surfaces

The interactive design of parametric curves and surfaces places a tremendous computational burden on general-purpose workstations. We describe two architectures for a VLSI co-processor chip that generates a large class of spline descriptions extremely quickly. This architecture is based on a generalization of the de Casteljau algorithm for Bezier curves and the de Boor algorithm forB-splines that generates points on a curve or surface in a data-flow fashion. The first chip, Apex I, maps the data-flow structure directly into silicon, allowing it to generate curves and surfaces at a rate approaching two million points per second. The second chip, Apex II, performs the same computation in a more flexible way that allows the generation of higher degree curves at the cost of lower performance. This paper only briefly reviews the theory underlying the architecture, focusing instead on the design and implementation of the Apex chips.
The utility of squamous cell carcinoma antigen for the follow-up of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal.

Background. Thirty-three patients with histologic documentation of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the anal canal underwent prospective serial collection of 234 serum samples for radioimmunoassay of SCC tumor-associated antigen. Methods. There were 23 female and 10 male patients, with a median age of 55 years. Twenty-two of the 33 patients had multimodality therapy with radiation therapy and chemotherapy as initial treatment. Results. The median follow-up was 22 months (range, 4-52 months), with a median of 13 serum specimens per patient (range, 1-23 specimens). Twenty-eight patients currently have no evidence of disease, 4 patients are alive with disease, and 1 patient died with disease. Conclusion. In these 33 patients, the sensitivity of the SCC tumor-associated antigen was 76%, specificity 86%, and positive predictive value 62%.
Design and Investigation of Four Low Solidity Vaned Diffusers to Assess the Effect of Solidity and Vane Number

As part of a continued effort to understand the design and performance of Low Solidity Vaned Diffusers (LSVD), four new LSVDs have been designed and tested.A centrifugal compressor stage usually consists of the inlet, impeller, diffuser and collector systems. Even though the individual components of the compressor are capable of achieving high efficiency, it is the efficiency of the whole stage that is of great importance. The diffuser system of a centrifugal compressor comes basically in two general categories either as vaneless or vaned diffuser (excluding pipe diffusers). Vaned diffusers can further be subdivided into two depending on channel geometry as straight channel or curved channel, or depending on solidity. It is currently believed that the LSVD offers a compromise between a vaned and a vaneless diffuser by possessing the virtues of each.This paper discusses the design and experimental investigation of the new four LSVDs. The diffusers had a solidity of 0.9, 0.8, 0.7 and 0.6. These newly designed LSVDs are known as LSVD#5 to LSVD#8.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Functors whose domain is a category of morphisms

Connected sequences of functors whose domain, is the category of morphisms of an arbitrary abelian categoryA and whose range categoryB is also abelian are compared with the composition functors of Eckmann and Hilton acting between the same categories Sequences of functors of both types are obtained from any half-exact functorA→B ifA has enough injectives and projectives.
Ignition of Iron-Coated and Nickel-Coated Aluminum Particles Under Normal- and Reduced-Gravity Conditions

In aluminized solid propellants, the use of Al particles coated by certain transition metals may improve engine performance characteristics, owing to decreased agglomeration and lower ignition temperature of the particles. For this application, a detailed knowledge of particle ignition is required. Earlier, we reported the ignition mechanism of single ∼2.5-mm Ni-coated Al particles heated by a laser in Ar and CO 2 atmospheres. In the present work, using the same apparatus, we investigate the ignition mechanism of Fe-coated Al particles. The results show that intermetallic reactions contribute to the heating rate upon Al melting at 660°C, but the particles ignite at 1350-1500°C under normal-gravity conditions. The ignition mechanism includes the formation of a solid Fe 2 Al 5 phase at the interface between liquid Al and the coating, with subsequent melting of Fe 2 Al 5 , formation of a solid FeAl layer, and conversion of the Fe coating to a Fe-Al solid solution. Microgravity (10 -3 -10 -2 g) experiments with Fe-coated and Ni-coated Al particles were conducted to reduce convection inside the particles, which may influence phase mixing during ignition. In microgravity, both Ni-coated and Fe-coated Al particles ignited at 1250-1400°C. The significantly lower ignition temperature, compared with conventional oxide-coated Al, suggests that Fe-coated and Ni-coated Al particles are promising candidates for propulsion applications.
SELECTIVE RECOVERY OF MICROALGAE FROM DIVERSE HABITATS USING “PHYTO-SPECIFIC” 16S rDNA PRIMERS

Environmental PCR is a common tool for surveying aquatic microalgae; however, universal primers generally employed are not specific to phytoplankton and typically recover nonphotosynthetic bacteria at high frequencies. Using a 16S rDNA “phyto-specific” primer, we were able to selectively amplify sequences of photosynthetic species from several mixed aquatic samples, even when large numbers of nonphotosynthetic microorganisms were present. We identified 21 microalgal sequences from three different habitats: salt marshes in Virginia, river basins in North Carolina, and sea ice in Alaska. In contrast, universal 16S primers recovered a majority of nonphotosynthetic organisms from some of the same samples. Our results indicate that phytoplankton-specific primers are efficient in selectively amplifying a broad diversity of microalgae in mixed environmental samples and, therefore, can reduce the noise from extraneous species that often dominates molecular surveys of aquatic samples.
Design Equations for an Interdigitated Directional Coupler (Short Papers)

General design equations for an interdigitated directional coupler are derived. The design equations are written in terms of even- and odd-mode admittances for a pair of coupled lines which are identical to any pair of adjacent lines in the coupler. The calculated values of even- and odd-mode admittances can be translated into a physical configuration from published data on coupled lines.
Myocardial blood flow responses to acute hypoxia and volume loading in physically trained rats

Rats trained by a swimming programme were studied to see whether physical training can promote changes in coronary blood flow patterns that are physiologically important. Radioactive microspheres were employed in an open-chest preparation to measure coronary blood flow and cardiac output during the control state, during hypoxia, and during dextran infusion to increase the preload. Hearts from the trained groups of rats had elevated actomyosin ATPase activities, indicating that the swimming caused a cardiac training effect. In each group hypoxia produced a fall in cardiac output and myocardial blood flow, and these functions more than doubled during volume loading. However, cardiac output, stroke volume, coronary blood flow, and myocardial distribution of blood flow were not significantly different between either group during the control state, hypoxia, or volume loading. Energy supply-demand factors (ejection pressure time and diastolic pressure time) were also similar in the two groups. Therefore, despite evidence from our previous studies of increased coronary vascular responses when hearts from trained animals were perfused with aqueous solutions, the present experiments failed to demonstrate increased coronary flow responses when the hearts were perfused with blood. This study casts doubts on the physiological importance of increased vascularity in hearts of rats subjected to exercise training when only mild to moderate stress is imposed.
IgG4-Related Disease in a Urachal Tumor

IgG4-related disease is a newly recognized fibroinflammatory disorder that has the ability to affect nearly every organ system. It is characterized by tumefactive lesions and fibrosis and closely mimics neoplasms. Only one case of IgG4-related bladder mass has been reported in the literature, but there are no reports of IgG4-related disease in a urachal mass. Herein, we report a 26-year-old male who initially presented with symptoms of recurrent UTI. Work-up revealed a 6 cm urachal tumor, a 1.4 cm pulmonary lesion, and mediastinal lymphadenopathy; all metabolically active on PET scan and suspicious for urachal adenocarcinoma. Lung lesion fine needle aspiration and TURBT pathology revealed inflammation but no evidence of malignancy. The patient underwent a partial cystectomy and umbilectomy with pathology demonstrating dense plasmacytic cells, a high rate of immunohistochemistry staining positive for IgG4 plasma cells, a storiform pattern of fibrosis, and an obliterative phlebitis. Furthermore, the patient had an elevated serum IgG4 level of 227 mg/dL (range 2.4–121 mg/dL). IgG4-related disease is a newly recognized fibroinflammatory disorder that can mimic neoplastic processes and a high index of suspicion and accurate tissue pathology is necessary for an accurate diagnosis.
Basis for the hypoactivity that accompanies rapid weight gain in hamsters

The pattern of hypoactivity that accompanies rapid weight gain following septal lesions in hamsters was characterized. Lesioned hamsters displayed reduced levels of running, shorter and slower running bouts, and longer pauses. We examined whether this hypoactivity was due to reassignment of metabolic fuels from supporting physical activity to anabolism, or due to reduced capacity of running to induce psychomotor arousal and mobilize metabolic fuels. Septal lesions were associated with increased rate of ponderal growth and higher titers of circulating growth hormone and insulin. No difference in concentrations of muscle and liver glycogen, percentage of body fat, or the capacity of muscle homogenates to oxidize substrates were identified. Lesioned hamsters ran as fast and as long as control animals on electrical-shock reinforced treadmill, but were unable to generate as much heat in response to injection (0.8 mg/kg) of norepinephrine. We concluded that hypoactivity that accompanies rapid weight gain in hamsters results either from a reduced capacity of running to induce psychomotor arousal and provide incentives that normally motivate that behavior, or from a failure of running to mobilize metabolic fuels at a rate necessary to sustain normal running speed and duration, and not from reduced availability of metabolic fuels or reduced muscle capacity to oxidize metabolic substrates.
Evidence that transporters associated with antigen processing translocate a major histocompatibility complex class I-binding peptide into the endoplasmic reticulum in an ATP-dependent manner

We have investigated the role of the putative peptide transporters associated with antigen processing (TAP) by using a permeabilized-cell system. The main objective was to determine whether these molecules, which bear homology to the ATP-binding cassette family of transporters, translocate antigenic peptides across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane for assembly with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and beta 2-microglobulin light chain. The pore-forming toxin streptolysin O was used to generate permeabilized cells, and peptide translocation was determined by measuring the amount of added radiolabeled peptide bound to endogenous class I molecules. No radiolabeled peptide was associated with MHC class I glycoproteins from unpermeabilized cells. We found that efficient peptide binding to MHC class I molecules in permeabilized cells is both transporter dependent and ATP dependent. In antigen-processing mutant cells lacking a functional transporter, uptake occurs only through a less-efficient transporter and ATP-independent pathway. In addition, short peptides (8-10 amino acids) known to bind MHC class I molecules compete efficiently with a radiolabeled peptide for TAP-dependent translocation, whereas longer peptides and a peptide derived from an endoplasmic reticulum signal sequence do not compete efficiently. This result indicates that the optimal substrates for TAP possess the characteristics of MHC-binding peptides.
A Novel Fixed-Target Task to Determine Articulatory Speed Constraints in Persons with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Purpose The goal of this study was to determine if talkers with ALS are limited in their ability to increase lower lip and jaw speed at an early stage of the disease when their speaking rate and intelligibility are only minimally or not affected.
Design for the Alleviation of Transportation Fatality Risk by the Implementation of New Light Rail Transit

There is a tendency for each engineering community to think of safety only in the context of its own system. Rail engineers think of the safety of the existing rail system and road engineers of the existing road systems. The important safety, however, is that of the entire population. And that safety is considerably higher on rails than on roads. The research question then arises as to whether it is possible to correct an existing road safety problem by design of a rail system. Given the human lives at stake, it is a question worth answering.A design is presented for correction of the highest death rate road in a particular urban area by installation of a light rail system. The road is a 2.6-mile (4.2-km) stretch of urban arterial that has had 18 fatalities in the past thirteen years. The light rail system is shown to be a possible solution to the problem, both from the standpoint of design and from that of economics. It is predicted that the new design should prevent 1.25 fatalities per year.
Janie's Tea Cake: Sinner, Saint, or Merely Mortal?

(2009). Janie's Tea Cake: Sinner, Saint, or Merely Mortal? The Explicator: Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 203-206.
The involvement of the locus coeruleus in memory

The effects on memory of electrolytic lesions in the locus coeruleus complex (LC) were investigated in three experiments using Swiss mice. Forebrain norepinephrine (NE) levels and histological analysis of lesion sites were used to verify lesion adequacy. Unilateral LC lesions made either 2 or 14 days prior to training had no effect upon acquisition or retention of an inhibitory avoidance response. Mice with unilateral LC damage administered electroconvulsive shock (ECS) either 24 hr or 14 days after training showed significant retrograde amnesia (RA). Bilateral lesions of the coeruleus complex did not result in this extended susceptibility gradient to ECS-produced RA. Bilateral lesions of the LC made 14 days prior to training produced normal acquisition followed by an apparent accelerated forgetting seen 15 days after training. A paradoxical facilitation of memory in such bilaterally lesioned mice was produced by ECS. The data are discussed in terms of an emergent body of evidence suggesting the functional importance of lateralized neurotransmitter systems in brain.
Improved Prosthetic Bone Implants

An improved method for manufacturing prosthetic bones is examined. We are developing a new improved method for designing and manufacturing prosthetic bones that have a porous interior core covered by a solid outer shell, more closely matching the morphology of natural bone. The new method is compatible with a wide variety of materials, including polymers, metals, composites, and biodegradable scaffold materials. Use of biodegradable scaffold material holds the potential for eventual bone regeneration within and throughout the prosthesis. Regardless of the material selection, this improved type of prosthesis is expected to more closely mimic the overall material and structural properties of natural bone, including shape, strength, weight, and weight distribution. By fabricating prosthetic bones that duplicate the material and structural properties of natural bone, implants could be made to operate as precision replacements, feeling and functioning exactly like natural bone. In addition to improving patient comfort, these new prostheses are expected to reduce the occurrence of unnatural secondary wear patterns caused by current style prosthetic bones that function in unnatural fashions due to their non-matching material and structural properties.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Distribution of the postsynaptic dorsal column projection in the cuneate nucleus of monkeys.

Cells in the spinal cord that are postsynaptic to primary afferent fibers project to the dorsal column nuclei in the postsynaptic dorsal column pathway. The projection of cells in the cervical spinal cord of monkeys to the cuneate nucleus has been reported to avoid pars rotunda of that nucleus, the part that contains the somatotopic representation of the ipsilateral hand. We used the sensitive anterograde tracer Phaseolus vularis leucoagglutinin to reexamine this projection. We made multiple iontophoretic injections into the cervical enlargements of three monkeys (two Macaca fascicularis and one Macaca mulatta). Control injections were made in the contralateral dorsal columns of one of these and in the dorsal roots of a fourth animal (M. fascicularis) to test for transport by fibers of passage. After 28–39 days, the animals were deeply anesthetized and perfused, and the tissue was processed for immunohistochemical detection of the label. In all cases (excluding control injections), labeled fibers and varicosities were distributed widely in the ipsilateral cuneate and external cuneate nuclei, including pars rotunda. The dorsal column nuclei ipsilateral to control injections contained no label or only very few poorly labeled fibers, indicating that labeling through fibers of passage did not contribute importantly to the results. This study indicates that the postsynaptic projection to the cuneate nucleus is widespread and includes pars rotunda. Such projections may contribute to transmission of information originating in nociceptors through the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system to the ventrobasal thalamus. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A 3-year-old girl with vomiting and diarrhea

Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 9104, United States Clinical Virology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, hiladelphia, PA 19104, United States
Selective estrogen receptor modulators

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) competitively bind to estrogen receptors to act as agonists or antagonists in certain tissues, distinguishing the various available SERMS. Although tamoxifen, toremifene, and additional new compounds are discussed briefly, raloxifene is the only SERM currently indicated for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. The effects of raloxifene on vertebral fractures, nonvertebral fractures, and bone mineral density (BMD) have been explored. In the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) trial, vertebral fractures were significantly reduced in the raloxifene treatment group (relative risk of 0.60, 95% confidence interval 0.50–0.70, p<0.01). Raloxifene did not significantly reduce nonvertebral fractures with either 60 or 120 mg/d in the MORE trial. BMD increased by 0.4 to 1.20% at the lumbar spine and the effects have been documented for at least 7 yr in the Continuing Outcomes Relevant to Evista trial. Fracture prevention is greater than expected based on BMD changes. Adverse effects that should be considered with raloxifene include hot flushes and an increased risk for venous thromboembolism. Raloxifene is a viable option for postmenopausal patients with osteoporosis, particularly in patients at increased risk of invasive breast cancer. Although not yet indicated by the US Food and Drug Administration for breast cancer prevention, clinical trail data is encouraging.
A dose-response relationship between sex hormone-induced change in hepatic triglyceride lipase and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in postmenopausal women.

In previous studies, we have demonstrated a temporal relationship between the postheparin hepatic triglyceride lipase (HTGL) response to sex steroids and the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol response. To determine if this relationship is dose-dependent, we compared the effect of three graduated doses of orally administered estradiol and norgestrel in two groups of six postmenopausal women. With estradiol administration, postheparin HTGL activity decreased from 91 +/- 46 to 50 +/- 29 nmol/min/mL, baseline to high dose (P less than .05); HDL cholesterol increased from 54 +/- 6 to 64 +/- 10 mg/dL (P less than .05); HDL2 cholesterol increased from 16 +/- 4 to 23 +/- 7 mg/dL (P less than .05); and HDL3 cholesterol concentration did not change. With norgestrel administration, HTGL activity increased from 79 +/- 19 to 109 +/- 24 nmol/min/mL (P less than .05); HDL cholesterol decreased from 64 +/- 17 to 43 +/- 7 mg/dL (P less than .05); HDL2 cholesterol decreased from 21 +/- 17 to 6 +/- 5 mg/dL (P less than .05); and HDL3 cholesterol concentration decreased from 43 +/- 8 to 38 +/- 8 mg/dL (P less than .05). The HTGL activity response was inversely correlated with estrogen dose (rs = -.733, P = .0001) and directly correlated with progestin dose (rs = .895, P = .0001). The HDL cholesterol response was directly correlated with estrogen dose (HDL: rs = .741, P = .001; HDL2: rs = .586, P = 0.003) and inversely correlated with progestin dose (HDL: rs = -.933, P = .0001; HDL2: rs = -.866, P = .0001; HDL3: rs = -.576, P = .003).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Growth in Marketing Alliances between US Professional Sport and Legalised Gambling Entities: Are We Putting Sport Consumers at Risk?

Over the past decade, the United States has experienced unprecedented growth in the legalised gambling industry. Because of increased societal and governmental endorsement, legalised gambling has become a widely accepted form of entertainment. Concurrently, US professional sport organisations have begun loosening the internal policies and restrictions that have historically established a firewall between professional sport organisations and legalised gambling entities, resulting in a recent proliferation of marketing alliances between the two. Detractors of the widespread growth of gambling decry its potential health and socioeconomic risks, raising the spectre that sport organisations’ marketing alliances with legalised gambling entities may have profound effects on sport consumers. This article suggests the growing need for academic research to determine the potential effects that legalised gambling entities’ sport sponsorship may have upon the attitudes and behaviours of sport consumers. Drawing upon prior attitudinal and behavioural-effects research involving other potentially harmful products with lengthy histories of sport sponsorship, namely tobacco and alcohol, this article provides a research agenda that should be of importance to sport managers, as well as to social action groups who may eventually seek to challenge sport sponsorship by legalised gambling entities.
Methods for Examining Small Literatures: Explication, Physical Analysis, and Citation Patterns.

Abstract Three methods—explication, physical analysis, and citation patterns—are used to dissect a small literature: the information overload research from library studies. Explication is an exercise in critical reading and the trilevel explication used here examines overt research structure, backward citation chaining, and within- text inquiry. Overt structure seeks standard research characteristics. Backward citation chaining follows the abstract cognitive train of thought and a within-text inquiry analyzes textual anatomy according to implicit cues: syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic. Physical examination considers the text as artifact and inventories physical properties: publishing entity, co-authorship, literature age, or the amount of explanatory materials. Citation patterns follow bibliometric tenets and identify core researchers, co-authorship, linking citations, overall citing behavior, and the degree of peer- and self-citing. Crossdiscipline comparisons arise from a similar analysis of the overload research from consumer science and psychology/psychiatry. Conclusions arise from the literature itself and result in simple evidentiary statements.
Crystal structures of the Ba–Cu(I) alkoxides Ba4Cu6(O) (OCEt3)12 and BaCu6(OCEt3)8

Abstract A single crystal of the Ba–Cu(I) oxo-alkoxide Ba4Cu6(O)(OCEt3)12 (1) was isolated from the reaction of Ba2Cu4(OCEt3)8 (2) with oxygen. Oxo-alkoxide 1 crystallizes in the cubic space group I23 with the four Ba atoms distributed tetrahedrally around the central oxide ion and six Cu(OCEt3)2− units bridging each Ba atom to the three others. The Ba–Cu(I) alkoxides [BaCu(OCEt3)3]n (3) and BaCu6(OCEt3)8 (4) were also synthesized. Crystals were not obtained for 3, but the easily crystallized 4 has two Cu3(OCEt3)4− moieties coordinated to a central Ba atom, and disproportionates in solution to many products.
Behavioral regulation of internal temperature in the brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus.

Abstract After a period of training, the teleost fish Ictalurus nebulosus , maintained its body temperature at about 26°C when placed in a thermal gradient with extremes of 9 and 30°C. 1. 2. If the rostal brainstem temperature was increased by successive amounts, I. nebulosus regulated at proportionally lower internal body temperatures. 2. 3. When the brainstem temperature was lowered to 10°C, the fish some-times selected the coldest portion of the gradient and became torpid. 3. 4. Mild brainstem warming caused these fish to return to the warmer portions of the gradient.
Modeling Unequally Spaced Bivariate Growth Curve Data Using a Kalman Filter Approach

ABSTRACT In many clinical studies, patients are followed over time with their responses measured longitudinally. Using mixed model theory, one can characterize these data using a wide array of across subject models. A state-space representation of the mixed effects model and use of the Kalman filter allows one to have great flexibility in choosing the within error correlation structure even in the presence of missing or unequally spaced observations. Furthermore, using the state-space approach, one can avoid inverting large matrices resulting in efficient computation. The approach also allows one to make detailed inference about the error correlation structure. We consider a bivariate situation where the longitudinal responses are unequally spaced and assume that the within subject errors follows a continuous first-order autoregressive (CAR(1)) structure. Since a large number of nonlinear parameters need to be estimated, the modeling strategy and numerical techniques are critical in the process. We develo...
Virtuous War/Virtual Theory

Strategic discourse and the use of force in the twentieth century have become increasingly virtual. Leading the way, as the dominant actor in global politics, is the United States, whose diplomatic and military policies are now based on technological and representational forms of discipline, deterrence, and compellence that could best be described as virtuous war. At the cyborg heart of virtuous war is the technical capability and ethical imperative to threaten and, if necessary, actualize violence from a distance—with no or minimal casualties. Using networked information and virtual technologies to bring ‘there’ here in real time and with near-verisimilitude, virtuous war exercized a comparative as well as a strategic advantage for the digitally advanced. It has already become the ‘fifth dimension’ of US global hegemony, with a very real gap opening between technological capability and strategic value on the one side, and theoretical understanding and ethical awareness on the other. There is a clear and present need to develop a virtual theory that can assess the perils and promises of this intimate relationship between modes of representation and violence.
Application of planning models in the agri-food supply chain: A review

The supply chain of agricultural products has received a great deal of attention lately due to issues related to public health. Something that has become apparent is that in the near future the design and operation of agricultural supply chains will be subject to more stringent regulations and closer monitoring, in particular those for products destined for human consumption (agri-foods). This implies that the traditional supply chain practices may be subject to revision and change. One of the aspects that may be the subject of considerable scrutiny is the planning activities performed along the supply chains of agricultural products. In this paper, we review the main contributions in the field of production and distribution planning for agri-foods based on agricultural crops. We focus particularly on those models that have been successfully implemented. The models are classified according to relevant features, such as the optimization approaches used, the type of crops modeled and the scope of the plans, among many others. Through our analysis of the current state of the research, we diagnose some of the future requirements for modeling the supply chain of agri-foods.
Changing Late Holocene Flooding Frequencies On the Columbia River, Washington

Abstract Data from prehistoric fluvial deposits can be used to extend the flood history of a river valley beyond historical records, thus increasing our understanding of variability in large, low-frequency flood events and providing a valuable means for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. We have applied this form of analysis to fluvial deposits from an archaeological site on the upper Columbia River in the state of Washington dating from 120 A.D.∗ to 1948 A.D. It was our expectation that, had flood frequencies remained constant, sedimentation event frequency would conform to an exponential function derived from the Wolman and Leopold model of vertical floodplain accretion. Our findings deviate from this model, showing that flood frequencies comparable to those of the twentieth century existed prior to 1020 A.D.∗ and after 1390 A.D.∗ Large floods were three to four times more common during the intervening centuries. On the basis of field evidence, we can rule out changing channel geometry, leaving climatic conditions as the most probable factors controlling this variation in flood frequency.
In vitro propagation of northern red oak ( Quercus rubra L.)

In vitro propagation of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) shoots was successful from cotyledonary node explants excised from 8-wk-old in vitro grown seedlings. Initially, four shoots per explant were obtained on Mura- shige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 4.4 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), 0.45 μM thidiazuron (TDZ), and 500 mg l −1 casein hydrolysate (CH) with a regeneration frequency of 64.7% after 3 wk. Subculturing explants (after harvesting shoots) to fresh treatment medium significantly increased shoot bud regeneration (16.6 buds per explant), but the buds failed to develop into shoots. A higher percentage (73.3%) of the explants regenerated four shoots per explant on woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with 4.4 μM BA, 0.29 μM gibberellic acid (GA3), and 500 mg l −1 CH after 3 wk. Explants subcultured to fresh treatment medium after harvesting shoots significantly increased shoot regeneration (16 shoots per explant). Shoot elongation was achieved (4 cm) when shoots were excised and cultured on WPM supplemented with 0.44 μM BA and 0.29 μ MG A3. In vitro regenerated shoots were rooted on WPM supplemented with 4.9 μM indole-3-butyric acid. A higher percentage regeneration response and shoot numbers per explant were recorded on WPM supplemented with BA and GA3, than on MS medium containing BA and TDZ. Lower concentrations of BA and GA3 were required for shoot elongation and prevention of shoot tip necrosis. Each cotyledonary node yielded approximately 20 shoots within 12 wk. Rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized.
Vibrational relaxation of carbon monoxide studied by two-wavelength infrared emission

Experimental results are presented for the vibrational relaxation of pure carbon monoxide behind incident shock waves over the temperature range 4000 to 6300 K. The data were obtained as infrared emission from the fundamental and overtone vibrational band systems (in some of the experiments the two-band systems were recorded simultaneously). The data are consistent with present theories for the vibrational relaxation of diatomic molecules and can be interpreted in terms of an initial Boltzmann vibrational distribution relaxing toward final equilibrium via a continuous sequence of intermediate Boltzmann distributions.
But qui c'est la différence? Discourse markers in Louisiana French: The case of but vs. mais

This article examines the use of English discourse markers in Louisiana French, focusing in particular on English but and its French counterpart mais. Based on data collected in Terrebonne and Lafourche Parishes, we examine the speech of bilinguals to determine the status of these markers, which provide a window onto the role of discourse markers in situations of language contact. Though the markers show an overlapping semantic and functional distribution, but more often appears in the context of at least one pause. We also provide acoustic evidence and an analysis of the markers in different functions to conclude that the need for iconic contrast via language mixing (Maschler 1994, 1997; de Rooij 2000) is only one possible motivation for the use of foreign markers. We conclude that discourse markers may carry social meaning and be the site of identity construction as much as they are the site of text organization. (Discourse markers, bilingual discourse, codeswitching, language shift)*
Misoprostol in treatment of gastropathy due to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Utilisation du misoprostol pour eviter les perforations ou hemorragies de l'estomac dues a l'utilisation d'antiinflammatoire non steroidiens
Birth weight- and gestational age-specific sudden infant death syndrome mortality: United States, 1991 versus 1995.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the changes in birth weight- and gestational age-specific sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) mortality rates since the publication of the sleep-positioning recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS. METHODS This is a historical cohort study using US vital statistic linked birth and infant death certificate files for the years 1991 and 1995. SIDS deaths were identified as any death attributed to International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code 7980, occurring between the 28th and 365th days of life. RESULTS There were 4871 deaths attributed to SIDS in 1991 for a postneonatal mortality rate of 1.2/1000 postneonatal survivors compared with 3114 deaths in 1995 for a rate of.8/1000. This represents a 33% drop in the postneonatal SIDS mortality from 1991 to 1995. Between 1991 and 1995, SIDS rates declined 38%, 38%, 35%, and 32% for birth weight groupings of 500 to 999 g, 1000 to 1499 g, 1500 to 2499 g, and >/=2500 g, respectively. There were no SIDS deaths attributed to infants weighing /=37 weeks. The rate of decline did not differ significantly across birth weight- or gestational age-specific categories. There was a significant increase in the black:non-black postneonatal SIDS mortality ratio from 2.00 to 2.28, reflecting a smaller decline in birth weight- and gestational age-specific mortality for blacks than observed for the non-black population. CONCLUSION Postneonatal SIDS mortality decreased significantly across all broad birth weight and gestational age categories. If the decline in the prevalence of prone positioning that has been reported since 1992 has occurred across all birth weight and gestational age, these data support the hypothesis that supine or side sleep positioning is effective in preterm/low birth weight infants as well as term infants.
Synergy of the Protein Farnesyltransferase Inhibitor SCH66336 and Cisplatin in Human Cancer Cell Lines

The enzyme protein farnesyltransferase, which catalyzes the first step in the posttranslational modification of ras and a number of other polypeptides, has emerged as an important target for the development of anticancer agents. SCH66336 is one of the first farnesyltransferase inhibitors to undergo clinical testing. In the present study, we examined the effect of combining SCH66336 with several classes of antineoplastic drugs in various human tumor cell lines. Flow cytometry indicated that SCH66336 had no effect on the cell cycle distribution of treated cells. Nonetheless, colony-forming assays revealed that the antiproliferative effects of SCH66336 and 5-fluorouracil were less than additive. In contrast, the effects of SCH66336 and melphalan were additive. Moreover, the combination of SCH66336 + cisplatin produced antiproliferative effects that were additive or synergistic over a broad range of clinically achievable concentrations in A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells and T98G human glioblastoma cells, but less than additive in MCF-7 breast, HCT116 colon, or BxPC-3 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Examination of the effect of drug sequencing in A549 cells revealed synergism when cells were exposed to SCH66336 and then cisplatin and antagonism when drugs were administered in the opposite order. The additive and synergistic effects resulted in enhanced apoptosis with the SCH66336 + cisplatin combination. Additional studies failed to show any effect of SCH66336 on the formation or removal of platinum-DNA adducts, raising the possibility that SCH66336 is affecting survival of cisplatin-treated cells downstream of the DNA lesions. These observations suggest that SCH66336 exhibits additive or synergistic effects when combined with cisplatin in a sequence- and cell line-dependent fashion. Additional preclinical and clinical study of this combination appears warranted.
Distinctive Neural Processes during Learning in Autism

This functional magnetic resonance imaging study compared the neural activation patterns of 18 high-functioning individuals with autism and 18 IQ-matched neurotypical control participants as they learned to perform a social judgment task. Participants learned to identify liars among pairs of computer-animated avatars uttering the same sentence but with different facial and vocal expressions, namely those that have previously been associated with lying versus truth-telling. Despite showing a behavioral learning effect similar to the control group, the autism group did not show the same pattern of decreased activation in cortical association areas as they learned the task. Furthermore, the autism group showed a significantly smaller increase in interregion synchronization of activation (functional connectivity) with learning than did the control group. Finally, the autism group had decreased structural connectivity as measured by corpus callosum size, and this measure was reliably related to functional connectivity measures. The findings suggest that cortical underconnectivity in autism may constrain the ability of the brain to rapidly adapt during learning.
Stream weight tuning in dynamic Bayesian networks

In this paper we present a family of algorithms for estimating stream weights for dynamic Bayesian networks with multiple observation streams. For the 2 stream case, we present a weight tuning algorithm optimal in the minimum classification error sense. We compare the algorithms to brute-force search where feasible, as well as to previously published algorithms and show that the algorithms perform as well as brute-force search and outperform previously published algorithms. We test the stream weight tuning algorithm in the context of speech recognition with distinctive feature tandem models. We analyze how the criterion used for weight tuning differs from the standard word error rate criterion used in speech recognition.
Reachability-guided sampling for planning under differential constraints

Rapidly-exploring Random Trees (RRTs) are widely used to solve large planning problems where the scope prohibits the feasibility of deterministic solvers, but the efficiency of these algorithms can be severely compromised in the presence of certain kinodynamics constraints. Obstacle fields with tunnels, or tubes are notoriously difficult, as are systems with differential constraints, because the tree grows inefficiently at the boundaries. Here we present a new sampling strategy for the RRT algorithm, based on an estimated feasibility set, which affords a dramatic improvement in performance in these severely constrained systems. We demonstrate the algorithm with a detailed look at the expansion of an RRT in a swingup task, and on path planning for a nonholonomic car.
Strangers in a strange land: Knowing, learning and education for the global knowledge society

Abstract Profound changes to established patterns of life, root metaphors, necessary expertise and habits of mind are occurring as a consequence of globalization, information and communications technologies and the shift to a knowledge society. There is now a widening cultural mismatch between what members of the knowledge society need to succeed and what current systems of higher education are geared to offer. Increasingly, the result of this gap is that the products of today's Enlightenment-based socializing systems such as the colleges and universities are ill prepared for the actual challenges of contemporary life, often feeling bewildered and overwhelmed and like “strangers in a strange land.” A paradigmatic revolution in education is needed, but current discussion about reform is couched in the logic of market economics and draws inspiration largely from business strategies such as total quality management. It also remains firmly within the habits of mind and frames of reference of an Industrial Age. To adequately prepare people and communities to thrive in the global knowledge society, revolutionary changes are required in mission, curriculum content, pedagogy and modes of inquiry. The purpose must become explicitly aimed at producing a shift in the deep structures of consciousness and towards the development of transdisciplinary expertise—entirely new literacies and new approaches to learning that both fit the current economic realities and are more attuned to the socio-cultural, psychological and spiritual needs of an emerging global knowledge society.