cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE UNIFORMITY OF NATURAL LAWS IN VICTORIAN BRITAIN: NATURALISM, THEISM, AND SCIENTIFIC PRACTICE

. A historical perspective allows for a different view on the compatibility of theistic views with a crucial foundation of modern scientific practice: the uniformity of nature, which states that the laws of nature are unbroken through time and space. Uniformity is generally understood to be part of a worldview called “scientific naturalism,” in which there is no room for divine forces or a spiritual realm. This association comes from the Victorian era, but a historical examination of scientists from that period shows that uniformity was an important part of both theistic and naturalistic worldviews. Victorian efforts to maintain the viability of miracles and divine action within a universe ruled by natural laws receives special attention. The methodological practices of theistic and naturalistic scientists in the nineteenth century were effectively indistinguishable despite each group's argument that uniformity was closely dependent on their worldview. This similarity is used to reexamine both the reasons for the decline of the role of religion within the scientific community and claims made by the intelligent design movement about the relationship of science and religion.
Ultraviolet‐induced graft reaction of quinoid compounds onto polypropylene films: Effect of synthesis conditions on hydroquinone‐g‐polypropylene

The liquid-phase graft reaction of hydroquinone (HQ) was carried out onto the surface of medical-grade polypropylene (PP) films with the photosensitizer, benzophenone (BP). The effects of various reaction conditions on the graft yield of the samples and the changes in physicochemical properties of the surface of the samples were determined by FTIR/FMIR and surface tension measurements. As BP concentration was increased, the graft yield increased up to a maximum at 2.5 wt % of BP and then decreased. Graft yield was increased with irradiation time and HQ concentration before leveling at 3.5 wt %, in 150 min. The surface tension of samples were increased of graft yield up to 37 dyn/cm. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Geometry Controls Conformation of Graphene Sheets: Membranes, Ribbons, and Scrolls

Graphene features a two-dimensional structure, where applications from electronic building blocks to reinforced composites are emerging, enabled through the utilization of its intriguing electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. These properties are controlled by the structural makeup of graphene, which is known to display multiple morphologies that change under thermal fluctuations and variations of its geometry. However, as of now, a systematic understanding of the relationship between the conformation of graphene and its geometry remains unknown, preventing rational bottom-up design of materials, structures, and devices. Here, we present a conformational phase diagram for rectangular graphene sheets, defined by their geometry (size and aspect ratio), boundary conditions, and the environmental conditions such as supporting substrates and chemical modifications, as well as changes in temperature. We discover the occurrence of three major structural arrangements in membrane, ribbon, and scroll phases as the aspect ratio of the graphene nanoribbon increases. A theoretical and computational analysis of governing mechanisms for each conformation is provided.
The electrochemical reduction of the tetraphenylstibonium ion

Abstract The electrochemical reduction of tetraphenylstibonium ion has been investigated. A mechanism is proposed for the two-step reduction based on polarographic, controlled-potential electrolysis and cyclic voltammetric data. There is evidence that the strong adsorption of the ion at the electrode surface plays an important role in determining the overall reaction scheme.
The tubulin cytoskeleton and its sites of nucleation in hyphal tips ofAllomyces macrogynus

The tubulin cytoskeleton in hyphal tip cells ofAllomyces macrogynus was detected with an α-tubulin monoclonal antibody and analyzed with microscopic and immunoblot techniques. The α-tubulin antibody identified a 52 kilodalton polypeptide band on immunoblots. Immunfluorescence data were collected from formaldehyde-and cryofixed hyphae. Both methods provided similar images of tubulin localization. However, cryofixation yielded more consistent labeling and did not require detergent extraction or cell-wall lytic treatments. Tubulin was primarily localized as microtubules observed in the peripheral and central cytoplasmic regions and in mitotic spindles. Cytoplasmic microtubules were oriented parallel to the cells' longitudinal axis, with central microtubules more often varied in their alignment, and emanated from a region in the hyphal apex resulting in an apical zone of bright fluorescence. A thin layer of microtubules appearing as bands of fluorescence encircled many nuclei. Discrete spots of fluorescence were also associated with nuclei. The MPM-2 antibody, which recognizes phosphorylated epitopes of several proteins that may be involved in the regulation of microtubule nucleation, stained centrosomes but not apical regions of hyphae. Nocodazole was used to depolymerize the microtubule network and reveal its regions of origin. A hocodazole concentration of 0.01 μg/ ml (3.3× 10−8M) provided a 70 to 75% inhibition of hyphal tip growth and was used throughout this study. The number of cells having an apical zone of fluorescence declined by 15 min of exposure. This zone was present in only a few cells after 60 min. After 30 min, the central cytoplasm consisted of small microtubule fragments and nuclear-associated spots. A small number of peripheral microtubules and nuclear-associated spots persisted throughout nocodazole treatments. Spindle microtubules were restored by 30 min after removal of nocodazole. This was followed by the reappearance of the apical zone of fluorescence and then by central and peripheral cytoplasmic microtubules. Apical fluorescence coincided with the presence of a Spitzenkorper. The results suggest that the Spitzenkorper and centrosome function as centers of microtubule nucleation and organization during hyphal tip growth in this fungus.
Rationale for treatment

Based on substantial evidence, the 1984 NIH Consensus Development Conference concluded that the treatment of total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol elevations with diet and, when necessary, with drugs, can reduce the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Accordingly, in 1988 the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) published guidelines for defining moderate-, borderline-high-, and high-risk categories for CAD. Many clinical trials have supported the benefits of antihyperlipidemic therapy. Evidence from the Coronary Primary Prevention Trial gave rise to the "2:1 ratio," i.e., that a 1% reduction in total cholesterol level is associated with a 2% decrease in CAD events. The Helsinki Heart Study results indicated that additional benefit may be obtained by raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels. Dramatic reductions in LDL and total cholesterol were achieved by the Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias, which also achieved a 35% reduction in CAD events and a two-thirds reduction in both coronary bypass operations and angioplasties. Long-term benefits of cholesterol lowering in terms of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality have been shown in the Coronary Drug Project and the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Two major studies that have documented angiographic changes as a result of cholesterol lowering are the Cholesterol-Lowering Atherosclerosis Study (CLAS) and the Familial Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (FATS). In both CLAS and FATS, there was a decrease in the development of new lesions and a lowering of the rate of progression of existing lesions. In FATS, there was also evidence that aggressive antihyperlipidemic therapy will decrease existing lesions in some CAD patients.
Behavioral treatment of chronic hair pulling in a two year old

Abstract Chronic hair pulling, exhibited by a 27 month-old boy was ameliorated in a 15-week treatment. The methodology focused on teaching the parents to apply a specific combination of differential reinforcement and response-chain interruption procedures. Follow-ups at 6 and 12 months revealed neither the recurrence of hair pulling nor the appearance of other problematic behaviors.
Biological and chemical composition of Boston Harbor, USA

Abstract As part of a planning study of improvements to the navigation channels in Boston Harbor, Massachusetts (USA) biological and chemical composition were determined. During 1985 and 1986, sampling of the sediments and water column took place to understand existing conditions. These sampling efforts involved 21 sediment chemistry stations, 13 benthic infaunal stations, 6 otter trawl and gill net stations. The chemical determinations show high levels of contaminations in the inner channels. The benthic organisms react to this substrate chemical stress and a seasonal oxygen depletion with episodes of tolerance and defaunation. The finfish species follow a similar pattern as the infaunal community.
Action theory and criminal law

Michael Moore has written a formidably ambitious book examining, as its subtitle tells us, the implications for criminal law theory of the philosophy of action. Moore's aim is to clarify and defend three general doctrines about action that are traditionally said to be components of Anglo-American criminal law. One doctrine is the voluntary-act requirement: the doing of a voluntary act is a prerequisite for criminal liability. A second doctrine is the actus reus requirement: the act for which punishment is imposed must be one satisfying a description contained in some valid source of criminal law in force at the time the act was done. The third doctrine is the
Genetic and Genomic Testing in Clinical Practice: What You Need to Know

The clinical applications of genetic testing are growing rapidly and they now account for a significant percentage of total laboratory testing procedures. Many clinicians are uncomfortable with the types and applications of genetic tests and the dependable resources that are available for self-education. Furthermore, Direct to Consumer genetic testing has presented several challenges to healthcare providers as consumers now have an access to tests that they may not fully understand and results they may act upon inappropriately. This article presents some of the issues and resources to help nurses navigate this changing landscape.
Local anaesthetic blockade of neuronal nicotinic ACh receptor-channels in rat parasympathetic ganglion cells

1 The effects of the local anaesthetics QX-222 and procaine on nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh)-evoked currents in cultured parasympathetic cardiac neurones of the rat were investigated by use of the whole-cell, perforated-patch, and outside-out recording configurations of the patch clamp method. 2 QX-222 and procaine, applied to the extracellular surface, reversibly inhibited the peak amplitude of the whole-cell nicotinic ACh-evoked current in a concentration-dependent manner, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 28 microM and 2.8 microM, respectively, at -80 mV. In these neurones, the sustained inward current mediated by M1 muscarinic receptor activation was unaltered by QX-222, and neither local anaesthetic affected the adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-evoked current. 3 QX-222 and procaine block of nicotinic ACh-evoked inward current was voltage-dependent and enhanced by hyperpolarization. An e-fold change in their dissociation equilibrium constants (Kd) resulted from a 62 mV and a 122 mV change in membrane potential, respectively. 4 Both local anaesthetics produce a concentration-dependent increase in the half-time of decay of the nicotinic ACh-evoked inward current. 5 Measurements of unitary currents in outside-out patches showed that QX-222 reversibly increased the mean burst duration and closed time and reduced the mean channel open time and open-state probability of the nicotinic ACh receptor-channel (AChR) in a concentration-dependent manner. 6 The Kd and voltage sensitivity of local anaesthetic block of the nicotinic AChR in rat intracardiac neurones suggests that the pore-forming region of this channel differs from that of the AChR in frog and rat skeletal muscle and from the neuronal alpha 4 beta 2 ACh receptor-channel.
Induced systemic resistance and the role of binucleate Rhizoctonia and Trichoderma hamatum 382 in biocontrol of Botrytis blight in geranium

Abstract Three root-colonizing fungi, binucleate Rhizoctonia (BNR) isolates BNR621 and P9023 and Trichoderma hamatum isolate 382 (T382), were studied for suppression of Botrytis blight in geranium by induction of host systemic resistance. Resistance to Botrytis blight was observed in geraniums transplanted into potting mix amended with formulations of P9023 and T382 2 weeks prior to inoculation with Botrytis cinerea when grown under environments either highly or less conducive to disease development. In the less conducive environment, P9023 and T382 provided protection equal to ( P B. cinerea were tested by counting germination of conidia in leaf extracts or by assessing lesion size in detached leaves taken from BNR- and T382-treated geraniums. No differences in conidial germination were observed. Lesion area results depended on time between application of inducing agents and detachment of leaves for inoculation. In geranium leaves detached and inoculated 7 days after topdressing with a Pesta formulation of BNR621 and P9023, AUDPC calculated from lesion area was smaller ( P P B. cinerea .
Response Theory, Quasi-theory and Pseudo-theory in the Study of Religion

This paper offers a series of critical observations on the essays that emerged from the roundtable co-sponsored by the North American Association for the Study of Religion and the Critical Theory and Discourses in Religion Group of the American Academy of Religion. Rather than simply responding to each paper, the essay takes these essays to provide a small but suggestive window into the work of theoretically-minded scholars of religion.
How is the Global Green New Deal going

China and South Korea have invested heavily in environmental stimulus projects. Other G20 countries need to deliver on their sustainability promises to save both the planet and the economy, says Edward Barbier.
Technical Note: New Depreciation Rules from the Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002 and their Impact on Capital Investment

ABSTRACT United States President George W. Bush recently signed an economic stimulus bill into law entitled the Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act. The law issues a number of directives aimed at increasing corporate capital expenditures in hopes of revitalizing a sagging economy. In this article, we focus on the increased amount of depreciation allowed in the first year following a qualifying capital investment. Specifically, an “additional” 30% of depreciation is allowed in the first year for ail personal property assets (20-year asset classes or less). This is clearly a significant change. Here, we derive “new” depreciation tables for personal property classes with the adjusted rule, both for MACRS and AMACRS, and illustrate the impact on capital investment decisions.
Sexing mammalian sperm--intertwining of commerce, technology, and biology.

Abstract Sperm from many mammalian species can be sexed by flow cytometry/cell sorting at about 90% accuracy without damaging them unduly. However, because sperm are evaluated one at a time, in series, the number of sexed sperm produced per unit time is limited. Furthermore, the equipment required currently is expensive, in the order of US $300,000 per machine. Despite these limitations, commercialization of this technology has begun with bovine semen, in part by inseminating cattle with relatively low number of sperms. No other approach to sexing sperm in any practical way is likely to be available within the next few years. The constraints for commercial application of sexed sperm in cattle can be somewhat lowered fertility, the high costs of equipment and skilled personnel, and costs of intellectual property such as licensing fees and royalty payments. Most economic analyses indicate that farmers can afford to pay US $10–20 more per dose of sexed sperm than unsexed sperm if costs must be recouped by selling milk or meat. When the product is breeding stock or for certain niche applications, a higher price for sexed semen may be justified. Sexed sperm will be used more broadly in cattle only when improved production and/or efficiency can compensate for the extra costs of purchasing sexed sperm.
Websites That Offer Care Over the Internet: Is There an Access Quality Tradeoff?

Although health care is one of the largest industries in the United States, 73% of US residents who are ill have difficulty obtaining nonemergency care on nights, weekends, and holidays.1 The shortage of accessible primary care drives overuse of emergency departments for nonurgent conditions. Commercial e-visit websites—companies without bricks-and-mortar clinics that use the Internet to connect patients to clinicians whom they never meet in person—may address the need for accessible, convenient care. These websites vary in cost and structure (Table and eTable 1 in the Supplement), but all provide a novel alternative to traditional care for low-acuity conditions such as bronchitis and urinary tract infections (UTIs). They offer convenience not only to patients but to clinicians. Most offer flexible hours, free malpractice insurance, and the opportunity to gain supplemental income for telephone and e-mail services that are often unreimbursed at traditional practices.
Sensory characteristics and storage quality indicators of surimi franks nutritionally enhanced with omega-3 rich flaxseed oil and salmon oil

Summary Surimi franks were fortified with flaxseed or salmon oil at 2 g/100 g sample, franks without added oil served as a control. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values were highest (P 0.05). Frank pH decreased over time (P = 0.011) for all frank types. There were differences in textural properties between frank types (P 0.05) between franks. Fifty-four panellists reported consuming sausage on a weekly to monthly basis, and most (50/79) indicated interest in purchasing this type product. The surimi franks were accepted by young adult consumers, which may indicate market potential of these types of products.
What effects do macroeconomic conditions have on the time couples with children spend together

Using data from the 2003–2010 American Time Use Survey combined with U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data on state-level unemployment rates, we examine how couple time together is affected by macroeconomic conditions. We find a U-shaped relationship between the unemployment rate and the time that couples who have children spend together, with the lowest amount of time together occurring when unemployment rates are around 9 %. We explore how these patterns are related to the timing of work. Our evidence suggests mothers’ work hours are shifted from standard daytime hours to weekend hours, consistent with difficulty in aligning work schedules at moderately high unemployment rates.
Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of control over AIDS infection

Abstract This article analyzes the influential role played by perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of control over behavior that carries risk of AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) infection. Effective programs of self-directed change require four major components. The first is informational, designed to increase awareness and knowledge of health risks. The second component is concerned with development of the social and self-regulatory skills needed to translate informed concerns into preventive action. The third component is aimed at skill enhancement and building resilient self-efficacy through guided practice and corrective feedback in applying the skills in high-risk situations. The final component involves enlisting social supports for desired personal changes.
Smoking artifacts as indicators of Homophily, attraction, and credibility: A replication

Nonverbal researchers have determined that artifactual communication (clothing and accessories) has an impact on one's presentation of self. As part of uncertainty reduction in initial stranger‐to‐stranger interactions, individuals attempt to determine the extent to which another is homophilous (perceived as similar) with them. When homophily is determined, other interpersonal evaluations of impression are undertaken, including credibility and interpersonal attraction. This study replicated a 1979 study which found that smoking artifacts (cigar, cigarette, pipe, and non‐smoking) were part of such impression formation. The present study found that even moreso than in 1979, smokers are perceived as different, less credible, and less interpersonally attractive. The 1979 study indicated high evaluations for non‐smokers and pipe smokers. The present study found that pipe smokers no longer receive such high evaluations.
Modeling and Design Implications of Noncollocated Control in Flexible Systems

Analysis is performed on a representative example of a pinned-free Euler-Bernoulli beam with distributed sensors. High sensitivity of the transfer function zeros to errors in model parameters and sensor locations is demonstrated. The existence of finite right half plane zeros in noncollocated systems, along with this high sensitivity, further complicates noncollocated controls design. Wiener-Hopf factorization is used to compute equivalent delay time
Retrograde cholangiography and sclerosing cholangitis

Sclerosing cholangitis (S.C.) is one of the rare extracolonic lesions associated with ulcerative colitis. In Warren's review of 1474 patients with ulcerative colitis, less than 1% had accompanying S.C. (1). In contrast, 20 to 40% of patients with S.C. have or have had ulcerative colitis (1-3). Neither liver function tests nor liver biopsy will permit a clear separation of S.C. from other causes of intraand extrahepatic cholestasis. Attempts to opacify the biliary tree by oral, intravenous, and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography rarely succeed (4), and exploration has become the final arbiter of the diagnostic dilemma. In spite of this, the characteristic operative cholangiogram has been consistently more useful in establishing the diagnosis of S.C. than either the gross surgical findings or histology of the tissue obtained from the involved area (1, 3). Information concerning the anatomy of the common duct can now be obtained by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, and thus the need for explorative surgery has diminished.
An analytical study of dilution jet mixing in a cylindrical duct

The mixing performance in a mixing section of a rich burn/quick mix/lean burn (RQL) combustor was calculated using a 3-D numerical model in a non-reacting environment. The numerically calculated results were compared with the measured data reported by Hatch, Sowa, Samuelsen, and Holdeman, 1992. The numerical 3-D temperature fields qualitatively agree with the experimental data. Also, the development of the mixing flow and temperature non-uniformity trends throughout the mixing section for the numerically calculated results quantitatively agree with the measured data. The numerical model predicts less mixing and enhances the temperature gradients as compared to the measured data for the cases reported by Hatch et al. (1992) which include circular and slot orifice shapes (with different slant angles and aspect ratios). The predicted and measured results generally agree in the selection of the slanted slot orifice configuration yielding the best overall mixing performance (based on temperature uniformity) of all the configurations analyzed.
Unsteady Force Generation and Vortex Dynamics of Pitching and Plunging Flat Plates at Low Reynolds Number

An experimental investigation of pitching and plunging flat plate at a prescribed effective angle of attack in the St range of 0.16 to 0.32 and k range of 0.5 to 1.0 is presented. Force measurements and PIV technique were used to analyze and quantify the unsteady flow field created by the wing kinematics. A momentumbalance based non-intrusive force measurement technique and a systematic vortex detection algorithm were successfully implemented as a post-processing for PIV data to gain insight on the interplay between the unsteady force generation and vortex dynamics. It was determined that the inertial effects, which are proportional to the St, dominate the unsteady force generation while the differences in the force generation for the same St kinematics are contributed by the circulatory effects such as the size and location of the leading edge vortex. The normal force with respect the flat plate was the primary contributor to the lift and drag production, and the projection of the normal force due to high pitch amplitude at higher St prompted higher thrust generation.
Consistency analysis for digitized 3D Talairach's coplanar stereotactic atlas of the human brain

Talairach's Co-Planner Stereotactic Atlas of the human brain (Talairach's) has been widely used as a guide for stereotactic neurosurgery. Using this atlas many research groups including ours have built computer digitized 3D volume atlases. Atlas construction of this kind is a complicated process. Accuracy and consistency of resulting volumes are uncertain. There are three different series in this version of Talairach's: axial, sagittal, and coronal. Quantitative tests of consistency among these series have not been designed nor performed. Our objective is to study the consistency of 3D volume atlases generated rom the three different series of Talairach's atlas. 28 axial images, 38 coronal images and 36 sagittal images from the atlas are scanned into the computer. Images are re-aligned and normalized based on existing grids that appear on the atlas. Three 'brain volume' atlases were generated from the corresponding series. Tri-linear interpolation, segmentation, multi-planner reconstruction, and 3D surface rendering tools were used to visualize and analyze 3D structures. Analysis of consistency was based on shape observances, area values, and volume values. Structures in the thalamus, pallidus, and caudate were segmented from three volume atlases for the study. Our results indicate that volume atlases generated rom axial, coronal, and sagittal series of Talairach's stereotactic atlas are spatially consistent with relative degree of accuracy, and therefore is reliable. these data can be used to make computer digitized 3D volume atlases for stereotactic surgery.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The interactive effects of monetary incentive justification and questionnaire length on mail survey response rates

An experiment was conducted in which a survey questionnaire and a $1.00 incentive were sent to 200 randomly selected residents of a midwestern city. For half of the respondents, the enclosed monetary incentive was justified in a cover letter as an attempt to induce feelings of obligation to return the questionnaire (equity-salient condition), whereas for the other half of the respondents, the incentive was justified as an appreciative gesture (standard condition). Furthermore, some subjects received a short questionnaire, whereas the rest received a long questionnaire. Response rates were assessed by condition. As predicted, the equity-salient appeal produced a significantly higher response rate than the standard appeal, but only for subjects who received the short questionnaire. Results are discussed in terms of personal equity theory. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors as radiosensitizers

Abstract The discovery of a class of highly selective and potent compounds called the 4-anilinoquinazolines has led to the development of small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors as potential anticancer agents. These agents inhibit essential cellular pathways in growth factor expression and can be administered as an oral formulation. Some of these agents, such as ZD1839 and OSI-774, tend to bind in vitro only to the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase while others, such as CI-1033, bind to multiple members of the ErbB family. The first clinical compounds that were developed, such as ZD1839, were reversible inhibitors. More recently, irreversible compounds have been developed that may be more effective at producing long-term suppression. Very little published work is available concerning the interaction of small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors with radiation. This article presents our data on the interactions of CI-1033 with radiation. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Evidence for a deficit in procedural learning in children and adolescents with autism: Implications for cerebellar contribution.

To examine the hypothesis that abnormalities in those cognitive functions for which cerebellar components have been implicated contribute to the pathophysiology of autism, tests of judgment of explicit time intervals and procedural learning were administered to 11 participants with autism and 17 age-and-IQ-matched controls. Results indicated that the group with autism demonstrated significant impairments in procedural learning compared with the group of controls. No significant difference in judgment of explicit time intervals was found. The data suggest that deficits in procedural learning may contribute to the cognitive and behavioral phenotype of autism; these deficits may be secondary to abnormalities in cerebellar-frontal circuitry.
Proton radiotherapy for chest wall and regional lymphatic radiation; dose comparisons and treatment delivery

Purpose: The delivery of post-mastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) can be challenging for patients with left sided breast cancer that have undergone mastectomy. This study investigates the use of protons for PMRT in selected patients with unfavorable cardiac anatomy. We also report the first clinical application of protons for these patients. Methods and materials: Eleven patients were planned with protons, partially wide tangent photon fields (PWTF), and photon/electron (P/E) fields. Plans were generated with the goal of achieving 95% coverage of target volumes while maximally sparing cardiac and pulmonary structures. In addition, we report on two patients with unfavorable cardiac anatomy and IMN involvement that were treated with a mix of proton and standard radiation. Results: PWTF, P/E, and proton plans were generated and compared. Reasonable target volume coverage was achieved with PWTF and P/E fields, but proton therapy achieved superior coverage with a more homogeneous plan. Substantial cardiac and pulmonary sparing was achieved with proton therapy as compared to PWTF and P/E. In the two clinical cases, the delivery of proton radiation with a 7.2 to 9 Gy photon and electron component was feasible and well tolerated. Akimbo positioning was necessary for gantry clearance for one patient; the other was treated on a breast board with standard positioning (arms above her head). LAO field arrangement was used for both patients. Erythema and fatigue were the only noted side effects. Conclusions: Proton RT enables delivery of radiation to the chest wall and regional lymphatics, including the IMN, without compromise of coverage and with improved sparing of surrounding normal structures. This treatment is feasible, however, optimal patient set up may vary and field size is limited without multiple fields/matching.
The Ombudsman: Evidence and Executive Compensation-Like Trains Passing in the Night? An Introduction to Are Top Executives Paid Enough?

The following articles review the ever-growing literature that demonstrates how senior executive compensation practices remain disconnected from relevant empirical literature. The problem is that management is still not an evidence-based profession, and there are few sanctions for either consultants or senior executives who ignore scientific knowledge in their decision making.
Return of the coral reef hypothesis: Basin to shelf partitioning of CaCO3 and its effect on atmospheric CO2

CaCO3 deposition rates in shallow water are assumed to vary in a sawtoothed manner about a long-term average deposition rate of 8 x 10 exp 12 mol/yr. It is proposed that rising sea level serves as the driving mechanism for changing the locus of CaCO3 deposition from deep sea to shallow shelf. Deposition on the shelves occurs when sea level is rising, while shelf carbonates dissolve when sea level is falling. It is shown that this mechanism alone can account for variations of atmospheric CO2 and can contribute to the pelagic carbonate dissolution cycles observed in the equatorial Pacific.
The Timing of Income Recognition in Tax Law and the Time Value of Money, by Moshe Shekel

The Timing of Income Recognition in Tax Law and the Time Value of Money. By Moshe Shekel. London & New York: Routledge-Cavendish, 2009. Pp. xxxv + 327. $130. Moshe Shekel has produced a prodigious piece of work on timing, the result of a major research project. Shekel is a partner in an Israeli law firm that he founded and is also a lecturer at Tel Aviv University. Few American practitioners, even in down economic times, can afford the time to write a comprehensive, comparative study, systematically pulling together the doctrine and the controversies about doctrine in three sophisticated jurisdictions—the United States, the United Kingdom, and Israel. (It’s hard enough for us American lawyers to get a grasp on and critique American doctrine.) But that comprehensive, comparative work is exactly what Shekel has given us.
Application of the Theory of Gender and Power to Examine HIV-Related Exposures, Risk Factors, and Effective Interventions for Women

Developed by Robert Connell, the theory of gender and power is a social structural theory based on existing philosophical writings of sexual inequality and gender and power imbalance. According to the theory of gender and power, there are three major social structures that characterize the gendered relationships between men and women: the sexual division of labor, the sexual division of power, and the structure of cathexis. The aim of this article is to apply an extended version of the theory of gender and power to examine the exposures, social/behavioral risk factors, and biological properties that increase women's vulnerability for acquiring HIV. Subsequently, the authors review several public health level HIV interventions aimed at reducing women's HIV risk. Employing the theory of gender and power among women marshals new kinds of data, asks new and broader questions with regard to women and their risk of HIV, and, most important, creates new options for prevention.
Odd Couple? Reenvisioning the Relation Between Science and Practice in the Dissemination-Implementation Era

Decades of clinical psychological science have produced empirically supported treatments that are now undergoing dissemination and implementation (DI) but with little guidance from a science that i...
Gain dynamics of 14xx-nm-pumped thulium-doped fiber amplifier

Upconversion pumping in the 14xx-nm range gives the thulium-doped fiber amplifier (TDFA) a 3-dB dynamic range of 15 dB, and transient power excursion much lower than the conventional erbium-doped fiber amplifier during dynamic wavelength add-drop, due to the energy transitions inherent to the Tm/sup 3+/ ion. For specific pumping scheme and operating conditions, gain increases with increasing signal input, a behavior significantly different from conventionally optical amplifiers. This phenomenon is studied experimentally and theoretically, and promises to provide insight for gain control algorithms for TDFAs under bursty traffic conditions in a metropolitan area network environment.
The Ah Receptor Recruits IKKα to Its Target Binding Motifs to Phosphorylate Serine-10 in Histone H3 Required for Transcriptional Activation

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activation by xenobiotic ligands such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is key to their toxicity. Following activation and nuclear translocation, AHR heterodimerizes with the AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT) and binds to AHR response elements (AhREs) in the enhancer of target genes, of which Cyp1a1 is the prototype. Previously, we showed that concomitant with AHR binding, histone H3 in the Cyp1a1 enhancer-promoter AhRE cluster became phosphorylated in serine-10 (H3S10), suggesting that the ligand-activated AHR recruited one or more kinases to the enhancer chromatin to phosphorylate this residue. To test this hypothesis, we used mouse hepatoma Hepa-1c1c7 cells and their c35 mutant derivative, lacking a functional AHR, to search for candidate kinases that would phosphorylate H3S10 in an AHR dependent manner. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation with antibodies to a comprehensive set of protein kinases, we identified three kinases, IκB kinase α (IKKα), mitogen and stress activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1), and mitogen and stress activated protein kinase 2 (MSK2), whose binding to the Cyp1a1 enhancer was significantly increased by TCDD in Hepa-1c1c7 cells and absent in control c35 cells. Complexes of AHR, ARNT, and IKKα could be coimmunoprecipitated from nuclei of TCDD treated Hepa-1c1c7 cells and shRNA-mediated IKKα knockdown inhibited both H3S10 phosphorylation in the Cyp1a1 enhancer and the induction of Cyp1a1, Aldh3a1, and Nqo1 in TCDD-treated cells. We conclude that AHR recruits IKKα to the promoter of its target genes and that AHR-mediated H3S10 phosphorylation is a key epigenetic requirement for induction of AHR targets. Given the role of H3S10ph in regulation of chromosome condensation, AHR-IKKα cross-talk may be a mediator of chromatin remodeling by environmental agents.
Solution structures of lithium amino alkoxides used in highly enantioselective 1,2-additions.

Lithium ephedrates and norcarane-derived lithium amino alkoxides used to effect highly enantioselective 1,2-additions on large scales have been characterized in toluene and tetrahydrofuran. The method of continuous variations in conjunction with 6Li NMR spectroscopy reveals that the lithium amino alkoxides are tetrameric. In each case, low-temperature 6Li NMR spectra show stereoisomerically pure homoaggregates displaying resonances consistent with an S4-symmetric cubic core rather than the alternative D2d core. These assignments are supported by density functional theory computations and conform to X-ray crystal structures. Slow aggregate exchanges are discussed in the context of amino alkoxides as chiral auxiliaries.
Scrap your zippers: a generic zipper for heterogeneous types

The zipper type provides the ability to efficiently edit tree-shaped data in a purely functional setting by providing constant time edits at a focal point in an immutable structure. It is used in a number of applications and is widely applicable for manipulating tree-shaped data structures.The traditional zipper suffers from two major limitations, however. First, it operates only on homogeneous types. That is to say, every node the zipper visits must have the same type. In practice, many tree-shaped types do not satisfy this condition, and thus cannot be handled by the traditional zipper. Second, the traditional zipper involves a significant amount of boilerplate code. A custom implementation must be written for each type the zipper traverses. This is error prone and must be updated whenever the type being traversed changes.The generic zipper presented in this paper overcomes these limitations. It operates over any type and requires no boilerplate code to be written by the user. The only restriction is that the types traversed must be instances of the Data class from the Scrap your Boilerplate framework
Ectopic TAL-1/SCL expression in phenotypically normal or leukemic myeloid precursors: proliferative and antiapoptotic effects coupled with a differentiation blockade.

The TAL-1 gene specifies a basic helix-loop-helix domain (bHLH) transcription factor, which heterodimerizes with E2A gene family proteins. tal-1 protein is abnormally expressed in the majority of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALLs). tal-1 is expressed and plays a significant role in normal erythropoietic differentiation and maturation, while its expression in early myeloid differentiation is abruptly shut off at the level of late progenitors/early differentiated precursors (G. L. Condorelli, L. Vitelli, M. Valtieri, I. Marta, E. Montesoro, V. Lulli, R. Baer, and C. Peschle, Blood 86:164-175, 1995). We show that in late myeloid progenitors (the phenotypically normal murine 32D cell line) and early leukemic precursors (the human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line) ectopic tal-1 expression induces (i) a proliferative effect under suboptimal culture conditions (i.e., low growth factor and serum concentrations respectively), via an antiapoptotic effect in 32D cells or increased DNA synthesis in HL-60 cells, and (ii) a total or marked inhibitory effect on differentiation, respectively, on granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-induced granulopoiesis in 32D cells or retinoic acid- and vitamin D3-induced granulo- and monocytopoiesis in HL-60 cells. Furthermore, experiments with 32D temperature-sensitive p53 cells indicate that aberrant tal-1 expression at the permissive temperature does not exert a proliferative effect but causes p53-mediated apoptosis, i.e., the tal-1 proliferative effect depends on the integrity of the cell cycle checkpoints of the host cell, as observed for c-myc and other oncogenes. tal-1 mutant experiments indicate that ectopic tal-1 effects are mediated by both the DNA-binding and the heterodimerization domains, while the N-terminally truncated tal-1 variant (M3) expressed in T-ALL malignant cells mimics the effects of the wild-type protein. Altogether, our results (i) indicate proliferative and antidifferentiative effects of ectopic tal-1 expression, (ii) shed light on the underlying mechanisms (i.e., requirement for the integrity of the tal-1 bHLH domain and cell cycle checkpoints in the host cell, particularly p53), and (iii) provide new experimental models to further investigate these mechanisms.
EPIC: Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing

Over the past two and a half decades, the computer industry has grown accustomed to the spectacular rate of increase in microprocessor performance. The industry accomplished this without fundamentally rewriting programs in parallel form, without changing algorithms or languages, and often without even recompiling programs. Instruction level parallel processing achieves high performance without major changes to software. However, computers have thus far achieved this goal at the expense of tremendous hardware complexity-a complexity that has grown so large as to challenge the industry's ability to deliver ever-higher performance. The authors developed the Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) style of architecture to enable higher levels of instruction-level-parallelism without unacceptable hardware complexity. They focus on the broader concept of EPIC as embodied by HPL-PD (formerly known as HPL PlayDoh) architecture, which encompasses a large space of possible EPIC ISAs (instruction set architectures). In this article, the authors focus on HPL-PD because it represents the essence of the EPIC philosophy while avoiding the idiosyncracies of a specific ISA.
0.18-μm Light-Harvesting Battery-Assisted Charger–Supply CMOS System

Wireless microsensors in hospitals, factories, and farms can manage and save lives and resources. Although tiny batteries cannot sustain them for long, harvesters can because ambient energy is abundant. Photovoltaic cells are popular in this regard because they output close to 100× more power from solar light than piezoelectric, electrostatic, and thermoelectric generators can from motion and heat. However, since mm cells can only supply μW's of the mW's that microsystems can draw, and light is not always available, battery assistance is necessary. So to supply functions and sustain operation across extended periods, the system should extract maximum ambient power, draw minimal battery assistance, and deliver as much power as possible. The 0.18-μm CMOS harvester presented here does this, draws 10–100 μW from a $3 \times 3 \times 1 {\rm mm}^{3} $ cell and assistance from a battery to supply a 1-mW load and recharge the battery with excess cell power. The switched-inductor charger supply regulates 1 V within $\pm 25$ mV with $73\hbox{-}86\%$ power-conversion efficiency and keeps the cell within 1% of its maximum power point. This way, the cell outputs $100\, {\rm \mu W/mm}^{2}$ from solar light and 1 μW/mm2 from direct indoor light.
The roles of knowledge and representation in problem solving

Knowledge and representation are separate, but equally important, concepts for designing and analyzing knowledge-based systems: knowledge describes what systems do, and representations are how they do it. Knowledge-based systems can be designed that utilize multiple knowledge sources (partitioned into different types or levels of abstraction) and multiple representations (specialized for particular inferences). This paper argues for the importance of distinguishing between the concepts of knowledge and representation, and describes advantages and pitfalls of using multiple knowledge sources and representations. Examples are presented of systems that use various combinations of knowledge and representation as their main sources of problem-solving power.
Stability of Solitary-Wave Solutions of Systems of Dispersive Equations

The present study is concerned with systems $$\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} &{} \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} +\frac{\partial ^3 u}{\partial x^3} + \frac{\partial }{\partial x}P(u, v)=0,\\ &{} \frac{\partial v}{\partial t} +\frac{\partial ^3 v}{\partial x^3} + \frac{\partial }{\partial x}Q(u, v)=0, \end{array}\right. \end{aligned}$$źuźt+ź3uźx3+źźxP(u,v)=0,źvźt+ź3vźx3+źźxQ(u,v)=0,of Korteweg---de Vries type, coupled through their nonlinear terms. Here, $$u = u(x,t)$$u=u(x,t) and $$v = v(x,t)$$v=v(x,t) are real-valued functions of a real spatial variable x and a real temporal variable t. The nonlinearities P and Q are homogeneous, quadratic polynomials with real coefficients $$A,B,\ldots $$A,B,ź, viz.$$\begin{aligned} P(u,v)=Au^2+Buv+Cv^2, \qquad Q(u,v)=Du^2+Euv+Fv^2, \end{aligned}$$P(u,v)=Au2+Buv+Cv2,Q(u,v)=Du2+Euv+Fv2,in the dependent variables u and v. A satisfactory theory of local well-posedness is in place for such systems. Here, attention is drawn to their solitary-wave solutions. Special traveling waves termed proportional solitary waves are introduced and determined. Under the same conditions developed earlier for global well-posedness, stability criteria are obtained for these special, traveling-wave solutions.
How Does the Stock Market Affect Investor Sentiment? -- Evidence from Antidepressant Usage

This study examines the effects of local stock returns on antidepressant usage using the Truven Health MarketScan® individual prescription drug data. There are three main findings. First, a one standard deviation decrease in local stock return increases local investor’s antidepressant usage by approximately 0.42 percent, causing 2,773 more prescriptions filled (a medical expense of approximately 2.3 million dollars) in the subsequent weeks than would have been in the absence of the decrease in stock return; in contrast, a stock price increase has no impact on antidepressant usage. Second, the effect of stock returns on antidepressant usage depends on an array of local socioeconomic characteristics. Third, local stock return fluctuations have significant effects on certain physical illnesses that are comorbidities of depression. The results are consistent across a variety of robustness checks.