cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding Thomas Jefferson: Studies in Economics, Law and Philosophy

Thomas Jefferson and the political economy of Alexander Hamilton - appendix - politics and banking theory Thomas Jefferson's constitutional system - bad law, good economics Thomas Jefferson and American manufactures history, politics and economics - appendix - the embargo (December 1807/March 1809) a critical study the political economy of Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson's moral philosophy Thomas Jefferson's philosophy the Enlightenment - "ideology" Thomas Jefferson and the Revolution in France. Appendices: Hohfeld's "Fundamental Legal Conceptions" and liberty Frank Knight and the ethics of competition.
Nitrogenase activity in rhizobia in absence of plant host

RHIZOBIA can infect legume roots and fix dinitrogen in the root nodules. Repeated attempts have failed to demonstrate fixation by rhizobia on defined medium or in plant extracts. Rhizobium japonicum grown anaerobically with nitrate produces a haemoprotein pattern similar to that of N2-fixing bacteroids1 and synthesises the Mo–Fe protein of nitrogenase2, but it has seemed that infection of legume cells was a prerequisite for the expression of nitrogenase. It has been shown recently3,4, however, that cowpea Rhizobium 32H1 could fix dinitrogen when grown close to, but not in contact with, callus cultures of legumes or non-legumes. This supported other evidence5,6 that it was the rhizobia which contained the genetic information for nitrogenase, and showed that its expression was promoted by diffusable factors from plant cells.
Combination therapy of a solid murine tumor with 1, 3 bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and irradiation.

Abstract The EMT6/SF tumor growing subcutaneously in mice was used to study the combined effects of BCNU and radiation, using both growth delay and in vitro assays. BCNU (15 mg/kg) appeared to potentiate the effect of X-rays (800 rad) when assayed by growth delay, the largest effect occurring when drug was given 1 to 8 hours after irradiation. The regrowth rates of tumors after combined treatment were slower than untreated tumors, but not slower than the X-ray control, and therefore any attempt to correct for the different regrowth rates did not alter the conclusion that potentiation between drug and radiation occurred. Of the 9 drugs studied in our laboratory, BCNU caused the largest amount of cell killing for a given growth delay when assayed in vitro . Consequently a lower drug dose of 7.5 mg/kg, giving a surviving fraction of 10%, was used with the in vitro assay. Cyclic variation in cell survival were seen as the interval between drug and radiation was varied between −48 and +48 hours. Maximum killing occurred when drug was given 1 hr after X-rays but was only slightly greater than expected from additivity. Tumor control (TCD 50 ) experiments on small tumors were also carried out to investigate the effects of high drug and radiation doses.
Complex patterns of [125I]ω-conotoxin GVIA binding site expression during postnatal rat brain development

Abstract In the mature CNS, N-type calcium channels regulate neurotransmitter release. The role of these channels in developing brain is less clear. Study of [125I]ω-conotoxin GVIA binding sites in developing rat brain using autoradiography reveals that putative N-type channels appear and disappear in complex temporal-spatial profiles including: (1) gradual increase to adult levels (cerebral cortex); (2) substructure differentiation (cerebellum); (3) transient expression (pons); and, (4) selective depletion (medulla). Transient expression of N-type calcium channels may influence specific neurodevelopmental processes.
Ion-molecule reactions studied at non-zero scattering angles in a mass spectrometer

Abstract A method is described by which ion-molecule reactions which involve non-zero scattering angles can be studied in a double-focusing mass spectrometer. Reactions in which there is no alteration in the charge on the reactant ion, while the target species is ionized or excited, have been examined at relative translational energies of 1-10 keV. The method allows the measurement of kinetic energy losses. Interference due to the main beam of non-reacting or elastically scattered ions is minimized relative to the zero scattering angle case. In addition to applications for the determination of ionization potentials and other quantities of thermochemical interest, it is suggested that the study of collisional excitation might be facilitated.
Interconnected cortical networks between primary somatosensory cortex septal columns and posterior parietal cortex in rat

Visual and somesthetic cues are used for spatial processing in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of the mammalian brain. In rats, somatic information collected by the mystacial whiskers is critically involved in constructing a neural representation of the external space. Here, we delineated the topography of the cortical pathway from the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) that may deliver vibrissal cues to PPC for spatial processing. For anterograde tracing, we made small injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into SI barrel cortex. The injections in the regions directly above the septal compartments produced dense terminals in PPC, whereas injections above the center of the barrels resulted in sparse terminals. For retrograde tracing, we made large injections of cholera toxin subunit B (CtB) in PPC. Retrogradely labeled neurons within SI barrel cortex formed multiple, parallel strips. In layer IV, these strips of labeled neurons were confined within the septal rows, extending from barrel arc position 0 to 5. In the extragranular layers, labeled neurons were clustered primarily within the vertical extensions of the septal rows and extended to the edges of neighboring barrel columns. Based on these findings, in which SI projections to PPC arise mainly from the septal columns, we hypothesize that septal columns may form interconnected cortical networks that engage in spatial information processing contingent on somestheic cues. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:405-419, 2011. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
1984 AB - A unique Mars-crossing asteroid

Asteroid 1984 AB, discovered in January 1984, proved to be a unique object with a close dynamical relationship to Mars. A brief history of the discovery and subsequent 'evolution' of the orbit as it was refined is presented. The preliminary orbit of 1984 AB indicated that it might be a Mars Trojan, and an extended discussion of this interesting possibility is presented, but this hypothesis had to be dismissed after further observations had refined the orbit. The semimajor axis and orbital eccentricity are very similar to that of Mars. No other known Mars-crossing asteroid exists with an orbit as closely associated to Mars.
Safety and Efficacy of Portal Vein Embolization Before Planned Major or Extended Hepatectomy: An Institutional Experience of 358 Patients

Portal vein embolization (PVE) stimulates hypertrophy of the future liver remnant (FLR) and may improve the safety of extended hepatectomy. The efficacy of PVE was evaluated. Records of 358 consecutive patients who underwent PVE before intended major hepatectomy at our institution from 1995 through 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. One hundred twelve patients (31.3 %) had right PVE alone; 235 (65.6 %) had right PVE plus segment IV embolization. The first-session PVE completion rate was 97.8 %. The PVE complication rate was 3.9 %. The median pre-PVE and post-PVE standardized FLRs were 19.5 % (interquartile range, 15.0–25.9) and 29.7 % (interquartile range, 22.5–38.2), respectively. Two hundred forty patients (67.0 %) underwent potentially curative resection. Sixty-two patients (25.8 %) had major post-hepatectomy complications; rates of postoperative hepatic insufficiency and 90-day liver-related mortality were 8.3 and 3.8 %, respectively. The proportion of patients with colorectal liver metastasis increased from 38.6 % before 2005 to 78.2 % in 2010–2012. Despite increased use of preoperative chemotherapy, postoperative hepatic insufficiency and 90-day liver-related mortality rates dropped from 10.6 and 4.1 %, respectively, before 2010 to 2.9 and 2.9 %, respectively, in 2010–2012. PVE can be safely performed with minimal morbidity. Most patients can proceed to extended hepatectomy, which is associated with a minimal mortality rate.
Top-down control of epifauna by fishes enhances seagrass production.

Predators can influence the structure and function of ecosystems by altering the composition or behavior of herbivore communities. Overexploitation of predators, therefore, may lead to habitat loss by altering important top-down interactions that facilitate habitat-forming species. In seagrass beds, top-down control of algal growth by mesograzers appears to facilitate seagrass production. The indirect consequences of higher-order trophic interactions, however, remain unclear. Although predators may limit the beneficial effects of algal mesograzers, it is also possible that they limit the abundance of invertebrates that consume and foul seagrasses. We used experimental enclosure and exclosure cages to explore the direct and indirect effects of microcarnivorous fishes on epifaunal invertebrates, epiphytic loads, and seagrass growth in a natural eelgrass (Zostera marina) bed in San Diego Bay, California, USA. Contrary to expectations, when fishes were excluded, invertebrate abundance increased by 300–1000%, ...
Full characterization of self-phase-modulation based low-noise, cavity-less pulse source for photonic-assisted analog-to-digital conversion

A high quality cavity-less pulse source, realized as a combination of linear pulse compression and self-phase-modulation (SPM) based regeneration is demonstrated and strictly characterized for the first time. The regenerated pulses, with 3.6 GHz repetition rate, are optimized through rigorous relative intensity-noise (RIN) measurement. Temporal intensity and chirp characterizations demonstrate that the pulses exhibit characteristic of low RIN, and are chirp- and pedestal-free. The cavity-less pulse source is further tested in a photonic-assisted analog-to-digital (ADC) configuration as the sampling source. A record result of more than 8 effective quantization bits at 202 MHz is demonstrated.
Large System Decision Fusion Performance in Inhomogeneous Sensor Networks

The problem of decision fusion in a large wireless sensor system with many power-constrained distributed nodes is considered. The sensor network is assumed to be inhomogeneous. i.e. the channel statistics are not identical among the sensors. Assuming identical, binary local quantizing schemes at all the nodes, the optimal fusion scheme is derived. The large system performance of this optimal decision fusion detector is next analyzed. The asymptotic fusion performance is derived via the Lindberg-Feller central limit theorem for non-identical large samples. Numerical examples are used to show that the derived large system closed-form fusion error probability expressions provide a very close approximation to the exact finite-size sensor system fusion performance even for a relatively smaller number of nodes.
Mapping of the genes of some components of the electron transport chain (complex I) on the X chromosome of mammals.

This paper describes genetic mapping studies with several respiration-deficient mutants of Chinese hamster fibroblasts which have a defect in complex I of the electron transport chain (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase). The mutations associated with two different complementation groups map on the X chromosome. In two cases (G14 and G20) karyotypic and isozyme analyses in hybrids have shown that a gene(s) on the mouse Xchromosome complements the mutation(s) in the hamster cell mutant(s). A cosegregation analysis in hybrid cells has shown the corresponding genes to be linked to the HPRTgenes (hamster-mouse hybrids of G14, and hamster-hamster hybrids for G14 and G20). By the same method the defective gene in a third mutant (G4) was also shown to be X-linked. A mutation representing a third complementation group (G11) was shown to be on an autosomal gene. These results provide an explanation for our observation that cells with recessive mutations in complementation groups I and II can be selected at relatively high frequencies.
Compositionally Graded Aluminum Oxide Coatings on Stainless Steel Using Laser Processing

A 1.5 mm thick fully dense alumina coating with a composition gradient from 100% Ni–20 wt% Cr at the substrate to 100% alumina on top has been developed on a 316 stainless steel sheet using Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™). The gradient coatings showed hardness in the range of 1800–2000 Hv, one of the highest reported so far due to high-density layers. During laser deposition, α-Al2O3 found to grow along the deposition direction with coarse columnar structure. The inherent advantage of this approach is to control simultaneously both location and composition leading to better interfacial properties of coatings.
Identifying appropriate IUD candidates in areas with high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections

Abstract Background The IUD is a highly effective, safe, inexpensive and long-lasting contraceptive. However, IUDs may increase PID risk during the early postinsertion period when inserted in women with cervical infections. We developed a simple algorithm to identify women at low risk of current sexually transmitted infection (STI) who are appropriate IUD candidates in regions with moderate or high STI prevalence. Methods We used data sets from family planning populations in Kenya, Zimbabwe, Jamaica and the United States to develop optimum algorithms. We then validated these algorithms using data sets from family planning populations in Thailand and Uganda. Results A simple unweighted algorithm based on age, living with partner, education, bleeding between periods and a behavioral risk score (number of sex partners, condom use) was the most useful. Adding clinical signs did not improve algorithm performance. Women categorized at low risk by this algorithm were at substantially reduced risks of cervical infection. Women identified at high STI risk had at least twice the risk as the overall clinic populations. Women in the moderate-risk group had STI risks similar to the overall clinic populations. Conclusion Women categorized as low risk by the algorithm can be referred for IUD insertion while women categorized at high risk should not receive an IUD without further testing or treatment. Women in the moderate-risk group should be triaged based on the STI prevalence of the overall clinic population. A simple checklist has been developed to help providers estimate a client's risk of current STI and to guide appropriate triage.
Superconducting critical field and low temperature heat capacity of americium

Low temperature measurements on the superconductor americium yield an electronic heat capacity coefficient of y = 2 ±2 mJ/moleK2 and a critical field of ff o(0) ~ 500 Oe. The former is rather small while the critical field is unexpectedly large.
The occurrence and structure of apparently bisexual flowers in the date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L. (Arecaceae).

Individuals ofPhoenix dactylifera L. have expanded pistillodes or pseudocarpels in staminate flowers. These pseudocarpels are located in the centre of the male flowers and are surrounded by stamens. The gynoecium has the characteristic three carpellate arrangement commonly found in female date palm flowers. Pseudocarpels from male flower buds can expand into parthenocarpic fruit. Histology of the expanded pistillodes or pseudotarpels is similar to that of normal carpels from pistillate plants. These pseudocarpels lack ovules. Nutrient medium containing 10 mg 1-1 of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or p-chlorophenylacetic acid and 0.3% activated neutralized charcoal enhanced the development and outgrowth of the pseudocarpels of cultured male flowers.
Interpretation of cell proliferation curves using a two-compartment cell model

Abstract A deterministic, two-compartment cell model, accounting for cells in growth and resting phases, is proposed to describe the exponential, Gompertzian, and steady-state proliferation of cells.
Host Defense and Recruitment of Foxp3+ T Regulatory Cells to the Lungs in Chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Requires Toll-like Receptor 2

Acute resistance to low dose M. tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is not dependent on Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2. However, whether TLR2 contributes to resistance in chronic Mtb infection has remained uncertain. Here we report that, following low dose aerosol infection with Mtb, mice lacking TLR2 (TLR2KO), in comparison with wild type (WT) mice, exhibit enhanced cellular infiltration and inflammation in the lungs, and fail to stably control bacterial burden during chronic infection. IFNγ and IL-17 was expressed at equivalent levels in the two groups; however, the characteristic accumulation of Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) in pulmonary granulomas was significantly reduced in TLR2KO mice. Nonetheless, this reduction in Tregs was independent of whether Tregs expressed TLR2 or not. To directly link the reduced number of Tregs to the increased inflammation present in the TLR2KO mice, we used a macrophage adoptive transfer model. At seven weeks post-Mtb infection, TLR2KO mice, which were adoptively transferred with WT macrophages, displayed enhanced accumulation of Tregs in the lungs and a concomitant reduction in inflammation in contrast with control mice that received TLR2KO macrophages. However, the pulmonary bacterial burden between the two groups remained similar indicating that TLR2's role in modulating immunopathology is functionally distinct from its role in restricting Mtb growth in chronic infection. Together, these findings unequivocally demonstrate that TLR2 contributes to host resistance against chronic Mtb infection and reveal a novel role for TLR2 in mediating the recruitment of Foxp3+ Tregs to the lungs to control inflammation.
Delayed diagnosis of endometriosis

When following current pelvic pain management algorithms, appropriate counseling may lessen emotional and social issues associated with endometriosis-associated pelvic pain.
The Thought of Emil Brunner—An Evaluation

T IHE feat which Emil Brunner has undertaken in his writings** through the years, of which these three volumes are amply representative, is to turn back the tide of rational and scientific inquiry, in so far as these have sought to understand the mystery of God and of man, and to recover for the modem mentality the sense of faith, as it may be known in the personal encounter, in which the language of indirection might become intelligible and ultimately saving. Any effort to understand Brunner's total theological endeavor must take account of this intention, which departs radically from the theological method initiated by Schleiermacher. Any attempt to refute Brunner's theology must come to terms with the issues which this intention raises.
Volume Fraction of Ether Is a Significant Factor in Controlling Conductivity in Proton Conducting Polyether Based Polymer Sol–Gel Electrolytes

We have synthesized several copolymers of methyl polyethylene glycol siloxane (MePEG7SiO3)m and methyl polypropylene glycol siloxane (MePPGnSiO3)m as hydrogen ion (H+) conducting polymer electrolytes. These copolymers were prepared by a sol–gel polymerization of mixtures of the MePEG and MePPG monomers. We synthesized these H+ conducting polymer electrolytes in order to study the relationship between observed ionic conductivity and structural properties such as viscosity, fractional free volume, and volume fraction of ether. We found that viscosity increased as the fraction of the smaller comonomer increased. For the MePPG2/MePPG3 copolymer, an increase in fractional free volume increased the fluidity. The heterogeneous copolymers (PEG/PPG copolymers) obeyed the Doolittle equation, while the homogeneous (PEG/PEG and PPG/PPG) copolymers did not. The increase of FFV did not, however, correspond to an increase in conductivity, as would have been predicted by the Forsythe equation. The conductivity data did c...
National Identity in the Sports Pages: Football and the Mass Media in 1920s Buenos Aires

The 1920s saw the emergence of a distinctive, new urban culture in the city of Buenos Aires. Although this culture did not extend to the borders of the nation, it was a national culture in the sense that it continually manufactured and reproduced images of Argentine national identity. Research conducted over the last two decades has greatly improved our understanding of this new culture. We know that it was, to a great extent, forged in the city's new, outlying barrios where manual workers lived side by side with skilled workers and members of the middle class. The relatively strong performance of the Argentine economy during these years made social mobility a more for realistic aspiration for more people than it had ever been before. Partly as a result of this economic reality, the new barrio culture revealed a less militant attitude on the part of porteno workers, a trend visible as well in the significant decline in membership and effectiveness experienced by labor unions. But the new cultural milieu reflected more than just economic prosperity; it was intimately tied to the birth of a mass culture disseminated by radio, cinema, and tabloid. In particular, the 1920s witnessed the commodification and massification of tango and football, two popular cultural practices that were now transformed into quintessential representations of Argentinidad.
Dietary Modification of Yolk Lipid with Menhaden Oil

Due to the numerous proposed cardiovascular benefits associated with consumption of omega-3 fatty acids, marketing of an egg enriched by omega-3 fatty acid may benefit the egg producer. Effects on yolk composition of a standard laying hen diet enriched with 3% menhaden oil (test diet), versus an isocaloric (control) diet containing no added fat, were evaluated for 18 wk. Dietary menhaden oil did not alter egg production, egg weight, total yolk fat, or yolk cholesterol. However, yolk contents of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids were influenced by diet. Arachidonic acid decreased and eicosapentaenoic acid increased in eggs from hens fed the test diet following 1 wk of dietary treatment. Docosahexaenoic acid and linolenate increased in eggs from hens fed the test diet at 2 and 3 wk of the trial, respectively. These alterations in yolk composition resulted in a decrease in the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids from 18 for eggs from hens fed the control diet to 3 for eggs from hens fed the test diet. At Weeks 14 and 18, hens (n = 10 per diet) were killed and necropsied. No change in gross scoring of hepatic lipidosis was observed. Histologically, significantly greater scores for hepatocellular lipid infiltration were recorded for liver sections from hens fed menhaden oil than for control hens. Increased microscopic hepatic lipid infiltration observed with dietary omega-3 administration may have significance for flocks predisposed to fatty liver syndrome and may also provide a unique system in which to study the effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on liver lipid metabolism.
The increased use of computed tomography scanning for diagnosing superficial soft tissue infections: a disturbing trend of increased radiation with no benefit

Background Soft tissue infections have historically been diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms. A trend toward the increased use of computed tomographic (CT) imaging in their evaluation has been noted. Methods A retrospective review was performed of soft tissue infection admissions in 2003 and 2004 and in 2009 and 2010. Intracavitary abscesses (eg, intra-abdominal, pelvic) that would not be evident on physical examination were excluded. Demographic and outcome variables, number of CT scans by body region, and total effective radiation dose were recorded. Radiation exposure was stratified into low, moderate, high, and very high categories. Results There was a significant increase in the number of patients receiving ≥1 CT scan for initial diagnosis, from 36.7% in the early cohort to 50% in the later cohort (P Conclusions CT scans are increasingly used in the evaluation of soft tissue infections, with resultant increase in radiation exposure.
An air quality model performance assessment package

Abstract Methods for evaluating the performance of air quality models through comparison of observed and predicted concentrations are summarized and categorized. The comparisons are based on techniques for analyzing residuals, trends, and common air quality indices. The techniques have been incorporated into a computational package for the automatic assessment of model performance.
Interactions between global SST anomalies and the midlatitude atmospheric circulation

Abstract A review is given of the processes contributing to variability of the atmosphere–ocean system on interannual timescales. Particular emphasis is placed on the relationships between midlatitude atmospheric fluctuations and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in various geographical sites. Various hypotheses are tested using output from a coordinated set of general circulation model experiments, which are subjected to time-varying SST forcing observed during 1946–88 in different parts of the world's oceans. It is demonstrated that tropical Pacific SST fluctuations associated with El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes produce a strong extratropical response in the model atmosphere, whereas the atmospheric signal associated with midlatitude SST anomalies is less robust. Analysis of a 100-yr control experiment, which is conducted in the absence of any interannual SST forcing, indicates that a substantial fraction of the simulated atmospheric variability may be attributed to internal dynamica...
Vitamine D-suppletie

Elders PJM. Vitamine D-suppletie. Huisarts Wet 2015;58(3):156-9. Vitamine D-gebrek veroorzaakt rachitis en osteomalacie, spierzwakte en spierkrampen. Er is mogelijk ook een verband met vallen en fracturen. De prevalentie van vitamine D-gebrek in Nederland is hoog. De Gezondheidsraad adviseert een zonexpositie van het gezicht, de nek en de handen tijdens dagelijkse activiteiten van 15 tot 30 minuten per dag als de zon op zijn hoogst staat. Daarnaast zouden alle kinderen tot 4 jaar en alle ouderen vanaf 70 jaar een vitamine D-supplement moeten gebruiken. Ook vrouwen vanaf 50 jaar, mensen met een donkere huid en mensen met weinig zonblootstelling krijgen het advies om preventief extra vitamine D te nemen. De onderbouwing van dit advies bij deze laatste groepen is echter minder sterk. Voor de huisarts zijn de belangrijkste groepen: multimorbide ouderen met malabsorptieproblemen, nierinsufficientie, leverinsufficientie of een verhoogd fractuurrisico en patienten met klachten die mogelijk op vitamine D-gebrek wijzen. Voor de bepaling van vitamine D-spiegels is relatief weinig plaats door de matige betrouwbaarheid van de bepaling en de hoge kans op een toevalsbevinding. Voor mensen tot 70 jaar luidt het advies een dosering van 10 microg per dag en voor mensen ouder dan 70 jaar 20 microg per dag. Dit is niet altijd voldoende, omdat therapietrouw problemen kan geven. Men kan de suppletie dagelijks, maar ook periodiek tot aan eenmaal per drie maanden nemen. De maximale veilige bovengrens bij dagelijks gebruik is 100 microg per dag. Twee onderzoeken zagen mogelijk toxische effecten bij een eenmalige dosering van respectievelijk 12.500 microg en 7500 microg. Bij klachten over vitamine D-gebrek kan een oplaaddosering soms nuttig zijn, omdat het anders maanden kan duren voordat de deficientie gecorrigeerd is. Een dosering van 250 microg per dag gedurende 10 dagen of 625 microg per week gedurende 6 tot 8 weken lijkt daarbij veilig te zijn.
Analysis of cross-sectional area measurements of the corpus callosum adjusted for brain size in male and female subjects from childhood to adulthood

Interest in anatomic evaluation of the corpus callosum is based upon the expectation that its function will be influenced by its structure. Using MR images, the size of the corpus callosum was determined by measuring its area in the midsagittal plane. A callosal index was calculated for each subject by dividing the callosal size by cerebral size, also measured from the MR image. This callosal index was designed to allow comparison of callosal size between different groups, despite differences in brain size that existed between the groups. The validity of this index was supported by the statistically significant, positive correlation between measured callosal area and cerebral size. Using MR images and the callosal index, adult males were shown to have a larger corpus callosum and larger cerebrum, compared to adult females. However, the callosal index was identical for male and female subjects. This demonstrated there relative size of the callosum was the same for males and females. Childhood development of the corpus callosum was documented through the first two decades of life by a progressive increase in the callosal index. In adults, cerebral atrophy caused a decline in callosal size, but no decline due to simple advancing age was found in normal adult subjects. This use of cerebral size to calculate a callosal index appeared to be useful in comparing callosal size between subjects and may be useful in future study of other disease states of the corpus callosum.
Follow-Up Iron Status of Infants of Diabetic Mothers (IDM) and Intrauterine Growth Retarded (IUGR) Infants with Abnormally Low Neonatal Serum Ferritin Concentrations

Follow-Up Iron Status of Infants of Diabetic Mothers (IDM) and Intrauterine Growth Retarded (IUGR) Infants with Abnormally Low Neonatal Serum Ferritin Concentrations
The Gravitational Field of Flat Galaxies

A set of bi-orthogonal pairs of functions is derived which is especially suited for the calculation of the gravitational field of flat galaxies. The functions are Hankel tranforms of associated Laguerre functions, or ‘Hankel-Laguerre functions’. They can be calculated by means of recurrence relations, which are derived from a generating function. Numerical computations are most efficiently performed using a related set of Chebyshev type functions, which have more economic recurrence relations. The necessary algorithms for efficient calculation of the field are derived using the properties of Hankel-Laguerre functions. This field calculation, can be used for a relatively cheap and simple computer simulation of galaxies.
IMMUNITY FACTORS IN PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION IN THE DOG

Intravenous inoculations of from 1 to 3 cc. per kilo of body weight of a bouillon culture of virulent pneumococci produce septicemia and meningitis in dogs. The injected pneumococci leave the circulation rapidly, but begin to reinvade the blood from 24 to 48 hours later. The septicemia reaches its climax between the 4th and 5th days and then abruptly declines, the blood becoming sterile within from 1 to 3 days after the height of the septicemia is reached. The initial disappearance of the pneumococci from the circulation has been found to be due to agglutination of the diplococci in the blood stream and accumulation of the clumps in the lungs, liver, spleen, etc. If the dogs are reinoculated during the ascension of the septicemia, the injected diplococci leave the circulation as rapidly as in normal dogs. Cultures isolated in this stage of the infection, both before and from 3 to 4 hours after the reinoculation, are resistant to the agglutinins and opsonins of immune sera that agglutinate and opsonize the cultures with which the dogs were originally infected. Thus it follows that the pneumococci are able to reinvade the circulation because they have acquired a fastness to the existing antibodies and not because the antibodies have been bound or exhausted. By reinoculating dogs at the time of the crisis in the septicemia it has been shown that the agglutination of the pneumococci is more rapid and complete and that the diplococci leave the circulation much more rapidly than in normal dogs. Hence acquired antibodies are operative within the animals at this time although they cannot be demonstrated in vitro until from 24 to 48 hours later. Pneumococci isolated as the infection is subsiding are more susceptible to the action of immune sera than the original cultures injected. It is probable that all the dogs would have survived the infection if a meningitis had not developed. In the acutely fatal cases of meningitis few pneumococci are phagocyted, while in the milder and convalescent cases much phagocytosis occurs. It is suggested that the incubation period of infectious diseases is due to the fact that the infecting agents must become adapted to the adverse conditions encountered in the newly infected host before they can multiply sufficiently to produce the symptoms of disease. It is further suggested that epidemics may arise because the infectious agent is passed from person to person in the ascending stage of the disease and thus enters new hosts in a state of maximum resistance to the natural antibodies of such individuals. When early contacts are avoided, epidemics tend to subside because the infectious agent is weakened by the action of acquired antibodies during the period of convalescence.
A simple comorbidity scale predicts clinical outcomes and costs in dialysis patients

Abstract PURPOSE: In a university-based dialysis program, we found that 25% of the patients accounted for 50% of the costs and 42% of the deaths. We determined whether the Charlson Comorbidity Index, a simple measure of comorbid conditions, could predict clinical outcomes and costs in these patients. METHODS: Patients on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis from July 1996 to June 1998 at the University of Pittsburgh outpatient dialysis unit were studied. Comorbidity scores and outcomes were determined by reviewing the Medical Archival Retrieval System database and outpatient records. RESULTS: Two hundred sixty-eight patients were observed for 293 patient-years. The Comorbidity Index strongly predicted admission rate (relative risk per each unit increase = 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16 to 1.23, P = 0.0001), hospital days and inpatient costs (both P P = 0.0002.). Age and diabetes, used in the Health Care Financing Administration dialysis capitation model, correlated poorly with outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The modified Charlson Comorbidity Index predicts outcomes and costs in dialysis patients. This index may be useful in determining appropriate payment for care of dialysis patients under capitated payment schemes and as a research tool to stratify dialysis patients in order to compare the outcomes of various interventions.
Formulation substitution: a frequently overlooked variable in cardiovascular drug management.

The excellent articles in this issue ofProgressin Cardiovascular Diseases have reviewed in detail several of the major categories of pharmacotherapeutic agents used in the modern treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Among other components of these reviews has been practical information concerning the selection of an agent among a class of drugs— how drugs in a category may differ from one another and how these differences may come into play in their practical application to patients. This article, in contrast, considers how the existence of varying formulations of a single agent, in the form of an innovator proprietary compound and its generic congeners, may also require consideration in the drug selection process. When the period of patent protection of a successful proprietary drug expires, it has be
Trust, training, and the school dropout's world view

The world mew of a group of "hard-core" school dropouts contained three major themes. First, they wanted to become members of the lower middle class and had relevant ideals. Second, their behavior and community ostracism made the possibility of achieving this status minimal. Third, although they had internalized middle-class ideals and values, their ideals were not integrated with the rest of their personality. They were ambivalent about these very goals and values, for "success" meant menial, boring work. For these reasons they mistrusted the training program and its staff. Either "success" or failure seemed like a blind alley.
Twenty years of haunting eidetic imagery: where's the ghost?

This paper is a theoretical analysis of eidetic imagery, based upon the author's ten-year study of elementary-school-aged children. The presence of eidetic imagery is inferred from reports of persisting visual images of stimuli when they are no longer in view. According to the criteria for differentiating eidetic images from afterimages, eidetic images should occur even when saccadic eye movements are made during exposure to the stimulus; it should be possible to make saccadic eye movements while one is reporting the image without the image also moving; the image should last long, and it should be positive. The criteria for differentiating eidetic images from nonvisual memorial representations include: reports of seeing an image projected onto a surface in space, the consistent use of present tense when reporting images as opposed to past tense when reporting from nonvisual memory, and the ability to superimpose two images and report the composite image.Eidetic images are only available to a small percentage of children 6–12 years old, and are virtually nonexistent in adults. However, extensive research has failed to demonstrate consistent correlates between the presence of eidetic imagery and any cognitive, intellectual, neurological, or emotional measure. The negative correlation between eidetic imagery and age has prompted hypotheses to explain eidetic imagery as a developmentally less mature memorial representation, which is gradually replaced by more abstract representations as the child acquires abstract thought, reading, and more advanced cognitive abilities. The evidence in the present review casts doubt on this hypothesis on numerous grounds: an extensive longitudinal study over the entire span of elementary school years found that eidetic abilities remain remarkably stable; there is no correlation between eidetic imagery and abstract thinking or reading performance; there is no higher incidence in preschool ages, among retarded or brain-injured subjects, or among illiterate subjects in crosscultural studies.It is concluded that we should not abandon work on eidetic imagery or simply force it into a preconceived mold of what memory must be, but rather, expand work on the phenomenological indicators of perception and memory.
Immobilized‐enzyme continuous‐flow reactor incorporating continuous electrochemical regeneration of NAD

Electrochemical regeneration of the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from its reduced form (NADH) has been coupled with the alcoholdehydrogenation reaction which consumes NAD and produces NADU using alcohol dehydrogenase bound to alumina. Alcohol (reactant) is added directly to the system while aldehyde (product) leaves the system through an ultrafiltration membrane which prevents loss of the cofactor. This system provides a continuous-flow process for carrying out a cofactor-requiring enzymatic reaction with no net loss or consumption of enzyme or cofactor and without the use of reagents for regenerating the cofactor. Although the process shown here is not economically practical, it may be a harbinger of useful and technically feasible chemical reaction systems based on immobilized enzymes requiring cofactors.
Central administration of interleukin-4 exacerbates hypothalamic inflammation and weight gain during high-fat feeding.

In peripheral tissues, the link between obesity and insulin resistance involves low-grade inflammation induced by macrophage activation and proinflammatory cytokine signaling. Since proinflammatory cytokines are also induced in the hypothalamus of animals placed on a high-fat (HF) diet and can inhibit neuronal signal transduction pathways required for normal energy homeostasis, hypothalamic inflammation is hypothesized to contribute to the pathogenesis of diet-induced obesity (DIO). We addressed this hypothesis by perturbing the inflammatory milieu of the hypothalamus in adult male Wistar rats using intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of interleukin-4 (IL-4), a Th2 cytokine that promotes alternative activation (M2) of macrophages and microglia. During HF feeding, icv IL-4 administration increased hypothalamic proinflammatory cytokine gene expression and caused excess weight gain. Intracerebroventricular pretreatment with PS1145, an inhibitor of IKKβ (a key intracellular mediator of inflammatory signaling), blocked both IL-4 effects, suggesting a causal relationship between IL-4-induced weight gain and hypothalamic inflammation. These observations add to growing evidence linking hypothalamic inflammation to obesity pathogenesis.
Parallel Loss of Nuclear-Encoded Mitochondrial Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases and mtDNA-Encoded tRNAs in Cnidaria

Unlike most animal mitochondrial (mt) genomes, which encode a set of 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs) sufficient for mt protein synthesis, those of cnidarians have only retained one or two tRNA genes. Whether the missing cnidarian mt-tRNA genes relocated outside the main mt chromosome or were lost remains unclear. It is also unknown what impact the loss of tRNA genes had on other components of the mt translational machinery. Here, we explored the nuclear genome of the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis for the presence of mt-tRNA genes and their corresponding mt aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (mt-aaRS). We detected no candidates for mt-tRNA genes and only two mt-aaRS orthologs. At the same time, we found that all but one cytosolic aaRS appear to be targeted to mitochondria. These results indicate that the loss of mt-tRNAs in Cnidaria is genuine and occurred in parallel with the loss of nuclear-encoded mt-aaRS. Our phylogenetic analyses of individual aaRS revealed that although the nearly total loss of mt-aaRS is rare, aaRS gene deletion and replacement have occurred throughout the evolution of Metazoa.
Reasoning about Control Flow in the Presence of Transient Faults

A transient fault is a temporary, one-time event that causes a change in state or erroneous signal transfer in a digital circuit. These faults do not cause permanent damage, but when they strike conventional processors, they may result in incorrect program execution. While detecting and correcting faults in first-order data may be accomplished relatively easily by adding redundancy, protecting against faults during control flow transfers is substantially more difficult. This paper analyzes the problem of maintaining the control-flow integrity of a program in the face of transient faults from a formal theoretical perspective. More specifically, we augment the operational semantics of an idealized assembly language with additional rules that model erroneous control-flow transfers. Next, we explain a strategy for detecting control-flow errors based on previous work by Oh [10] and Reis [15]. In order to reason about the correctness of the strategy relative to our fault model, we develop a new assembly-level type system designed to guarantee that any control flow transfer to an incorrect block will be caught before control leaves that block. The key technical result of the paper is a rigorous proof of this fundamental control-flow property for well-typed programs.
Deriving the Geometry of Be Star Circumstellar Envelopes from Continuum Spectropolarimetry. I. The Case of ζ Tauri

We present a general scheme for determining the circumstellar geometry of Be stars from modeling of optical continuum spectropolarimetry. Our modeling scheme utilizes a Monte Carlo radiation transfer code that determines the polarization due to multiple photon scattering, including the e†ects of contin- uous hydrogen absorption and emission from a disklike circumstellar envelope. We show that by match- ing the polarization level on either side of the Balmer jump, one can determine the opening angle of the disk. In general, there are only two solutions, either a geometrically thin or a geometrically thick disk. Applying our analysis techniques to observations of the Be star f Tauri, we -nd that the two solu- tions for the disk have half-opening angles of either or 52i. The geometricaly thick disk can be 2i.5 excluded based on recent interferometric imaging of Be star disks, including f Tau. The thin disk solu- tion is consistent with either a Keplerian or a wind-compressed disk; both models predict small disk opening angles at small radii. In addition to matching the continuum polarization, our thin disk model reproduces the continuum spectral energy distribution from the UV through IRAS wavelengths, provid- ing convincing evidence that Be circumstellar disks are geometrically thin. Subject headings: circumstellar matter E polarization E radiative transfer E stars: emission-line, Be E stars: individual (f Tauri)
Characterization of 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci for eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus)

Eastern chipmunks are small forest rodents for which ecological data at multiple spatial scales exist, but no molecular markers have been developed that provide adequate resolution to examine genetic structure at fine scales in this species. Thus, we developed 12 variable microsatellite loci, which amplified in three multiplexed reactions, and screened them in 27 individuals from northern Indiana, USA. Observed heterozygosities across loci ranged from 0.26 to 0.91 and number of alleles per locus ranged from three to 10. We will use these markers along with ecological data to understand population dynamics of eastern chipmunks at small spatial scales.
Matrix reduction and numerical approximation during computation techniques for symbolic analog circuit analysis

A novel symbolic circuit analysis strategy, its matrix reduction, and its numerical approximation during computation methodologies are presented. These methods have been implemented in Sspice version 2.0. Together with the unique decomposition approach of Sspice 2.0, Sspice has successfully analyzed the full schematics of commercial op-amps and power regulators in developing their macro-models. The matrix reduction scheme and numerical approximation are presented in order to improve the efficiency of computation and memory consumption. >
Steps solidifying a role for SEPT9 in breast cancer suggest that greater strides are needed

Septins comprise a conserved family of GTPase proteins. Of these, human SEPT9 has been widely implicated in cancers of epithelial origin, including breast cancer, as well as leukemia. In a previous issue of Breast Cancer Research, Connolly and colleagues present compelling data further supporting a role for SEPT9 isoforms in early breast cancer development as well as evidence suggesting that cellular localization patterns of SEPT9 isoforms may contribute to oncogenesis.
Women’s primary health care and the search for quality—panel discussion

an acute illness; and make nearly three-quarters of all health care decisions— whether on health care for a family member or themselves. Women are in need of a health care system that is comprehensive, coordinated, capable of providing a continuum of care, and able to measure results in order to promote quality improvements. Managed care has repeatedly demonstrated unique strengths in each of these areas. In summary, managed care plans are committed to improving the quality of health care for the populations they serve, remaining responsive and accountable to consumers, and continuing to contribute to the improvement of women’s lives across their lifespan. Note: The Advancing Women’s Health monographs and consumer booklets are available for download on AAHP’s website www.aahp.org. Copies of the first issue of the newsletter Women’s Health Advances Today are available through AAHP, and current issues are available online as well.
The Importance of Attitudes toward and Understanding of Disability and Science in the Age of Genetics.

This article reports concerns among disability community members that the implications of genetic research will be driven by mistaken beliefs about genetics and negative attitudes toward disability...