cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Field validation of water quality criteria for hydrophobic pollutants

A comparison of laboratory and field bioconcentration factors (BCFs) is made for a variety of hydrophobic pollutants, including dieldrin, dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE), chlordane, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), and heptachlor epoxide. The bioconcentration factors calculated from field data in Iowa rivers, the Coralville Reservoir in Iowa, Lake Ontario, and Lake Superior are within a factor of 1 to 4 of laboratory-derived bioconcentration factors in the fat of fish. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's water quality criteria are also within a factor of I to 4 of estimated field concentrations which would result in a maximum permissible tissue concentration (MPTC). Field bioconcentration factors normalized on a fat or oil basis correlate with the octanol-water partition coefficient of 13 hydrophobic pollutants. Bioconcentration data were utilized in a mathematical model to calculate the fate and transport of dieldrin in the Coralville Reservoir. The author demonstrates that laboratory-derived BCFs can be used in fate and effects modeling with order-of-magnitude results or better.
Quasiparticle self-consistent GW method applied to localized 4f electron systems

Rare-earth pnictides possess unique electronic and magnetic properties that make them interesting for both fundamental and practical reasons. We apply the quasiparticle self-consistent $GW$ $(\mathrm{QS}GW)$ method to the rare-earth metals Gd and Er and to the rare-earth monopnictides GdN, EuN, YbN, GdAs, and ErAs. $\mathrm{QS}GW$ is unique in that it automatically takes into account both $spd$ and $f$ electrons in a single, unified framework without any materials-dependent parameters or special treatment of the $f$ electrons. It enables us to examine approximations behind the standard local density $\text{approximation}+U$ and self-interaction corrected approaches. $\mathrm{QS}GW$ reproduces the experimental occupied $4f$ levels well, though the unoccupied levels are a little overestimated. Properties of the Fermi surface responsible for electronic properties---governed by the $spd$ electrons---are in good agreement with available experimental data. GdN is predicted to be very near a critical point of a metal-insulator transition.
Designing Ion-Containing Polymers for Facile Ion Transport

Advanced batteries and fuel cells require membranes that transport cations. The utility of ionomers (polymers with covalently bonded anionic groups) is considered here, as these materials are single-ion conductors, with a cation transference number of unity. Our experimental results thus far are for ionomers made by reacting poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) oligomers with the sodium salt of dimethyl 5-sulfoisophthalate and neutral dimethyl isophthalate; both polyesters and polyurethanes (using isophorone diisocyanate) have been studied. The charge spacing on these chains is directly controlled by the molar mass of the PEG oligomers (we use M = 400, 600 and 900) and the ionic fraction of phthalate monomers used. SAXS and rheology suggest that these ionomers are quite unusual, in that their ions do not microphase separate, likely due to a combination of the regular placement of ionic groups along the chains and the stabilization of ions and ion pairs by the PEG ether-oxygens.
Canine epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: a retrospective study of 20 cases.

Background Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a rare autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease of dogs and humans. Objectives Our objectives were to describe clinical phenotypes, histopathology and treatment outcomes of canine EBA. Animals Twenty dogs diagnosed with EBA based on a subepidermal blister formation and collagen VII autoreactivity. Results Most dogs were young (median: 1.2-year-old) with a male-to-female ratio of 2.3:1. Nine of 20 dogs (45%) developed lesions before one year of age and 11 of 20 dogs (55%) were great danes. Tense vesicles and bullae (18 of 20; 90%) and deep erosions and ulcers (20 of 20; 100%) were the most common lesions and these affected predominantly the oral cavity (19 of 20; 95%), pinnae (16 of 20; 80%), axillae (15 of 20; 75%) and footpads (14 of 20; 70%). Histopathology identified neutrophilic perivascular dermatitis (17 of 17; 100%) without or with (12 of 17; 71%) eosinophils, which occasionally equalled (four cases) or outnumbered neutrophils (two cases). Subepidermal vesicles were either devoid of inflammation or contained neutrophils with or without eosinophils, fibrin and/or haemorrhage. A complete remission of skin lesions was obtained in 14 dogs with a median time of 58 days. Glucocorticoids were used in these dogs either as a monotherapy (3 of 14; 21%) or in combination with other immunomodulating drugs (11 of 14; 79%). The median dose of prednisone was 3 mg/kg/day. The remaining six dogs were euthanized. Conclusions and clinical importance Canine EBA is a rare subepidermal blistering disease with an inflammatory phenotype and a predilection for young great danes and male dogs. The outcome of treatment appears more favourable than assumed previously.
PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF CIGARETTE SMOKING IN STUDENTS OF COLLEGE AGE

The present study had 6 goals: 1) to determine whether the relationship between extraversion and smoking shown previously in males also holds for women; 2) to determine further the relationship between smoking and anxiety; 3) to identify other aspects of personality related to smoking; 4) to clarify the degree of difference between personality characteristics of smokers and nonsmokers through multivariate statistical methods; 5) to explore the relationship between smoking and personality in terms of overlap separation and statistical significance; and 6) to obtain further evidence concerning the usefulness of peer ratings as a method of studying personality. Self-report information concerning smoking behavior was obtained from 3 samples of nursing students 2 samples of female college students and 2 samples of male college students and this information was used to classify each subject as a heavy or moderate smoker or nonsmoker. In each sample the 3 groups were compared regarding personality scores obtained with self-report tests and peer ratings. Analysis of results yielded the following conclusions: 1) the relationship between extraversion and smoking previously reported for males is established among females; 2) the self-report measure of anxiety did not relate significantly to smoking behavior; however smokers received significantly higher scores than nonsmokers on the variable "emotional" when peer ratings were used; 3) both the self-report and the peer rating method revealed areas of personality in which nonsmokers and smokers differ significantly; 4) the peer method of personality assessment provides information of highly useful analytic power; and 5) multiple discriminant analyses using a composite score from each of 5 peer rating areas permitted discrimination between smokers and nonsmokers with 68% accuracy and permitted discrimination between nonsmokers and heavy smokers with 76% accuracy.
Solid pseudopapillary tumor in a pancreatic rest of the jejunum

Solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas (SPTP) are very rare, and an SPTP arising in a pancreatic rest has been reported only 4 times previously and never in association with the jejunum. We report this unusual case of a 16 year old girl who presented with 4 days of intermittent, crampy abdominal pain and was found to have an SPTP arising in a pancreatic rest of the jejunum.
'Sensory-efferent' neural control of mucus secretion: Characterization using tachykinin receptor antagonists in ferret trachea in vitro

1. We characterized the tachykinin receptor(s) mediating 'sensory-efferent' neural control of release of 35SO4-labelled macromolecules (mucus) from ferret trachea in vitro in Ussing chambers using selective tachykinin antagonists. Secretion was induced by substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), capsaicin, the NK1 tachykinin receptor agonist [Sar9, Met(O2)11]substance P ([Sar9]SP), or acetylcholine (ACh), or by electrical stimulation of nerves. Antagonists used were FK888 and L-668,169, selective for the NK1 receptor, SR 48968, selective for the NK2 receptor, and FK224, a dual antagonist at NK1 and NK2 receptors. The selectivity of FK888 and SR 48968 was examined on NKA-induced contraction of ferret tracheal smooth muscle in vitro. 2. SP (1 microM) increased mucus secretion by 695% above vehicle controls. FK888 (0.1 microM-30 microM) inhibited SP-induced secretion in a dose-dependent manner, with complete inhibition at 10 microM and an IC50 of 1 microM. L-668,169 (1 microM) also completely inhibited SP-induced secretion. 3. NKA (1 microM) significantly increased mucus secretion by 271% above baseline, a response which was completely inhibited by FK888 (10 microM) or L-668,169 (microM). Secretion induced by ACh (10 microM: 317% above baseline) was not inhibited by FK888 but was inhibited by atropine. Capsaicin (10 microM)-induced secretion (456% above vehicle controls) was significantly inhibited by FK888 and by L-668,169 (111% and 103% inhibition respectively). 4. Electrical stimulation (50 V, 10 Hz, 0.5 ms, 5 min) increased mucus output above baseline (increased by 12 to 26 fold), a response blocked by tetrodotoxin (0.1 microM). FK888 (10 microM) inhibited the increase in secretion due to electrical stimulation by 47%. Atropine, propranolol and phentolamine in combination(APP) inhibited the response to electrical stimulation by 48%. The remaining NANC response, i.e. in the presence of APP, was further reduced by 66% with FK888. FK224 (10 microM) inhibited neurally evoked secretion by 73%. SR 48968 (0.1 fLM) had no effect on electrically-stimulated or [Sar9]SP-induced secretion.5. NKA (10nM- 1O microM: in the presence of DMSO control vehicle) induced tracheal smooth muscle contraction in a concentration-dependent manner with a maximal contraction of 30% of the maximal response to ACh (10 mM) and an ECm of 0.3 JAM. SR 48968 (0.1 microM in DMSO) inhibited the NKA induced contraction whereas FK888 did not. Neither antagonist had any inhibitory effect on ACh induced contraction.6. We conclude that 'sensory-efferent' neurogenic mucus secretion in ferret trachea in vitro is mediated via tachykinin NK, receptors with no involvement of NK2 receptors. Potent and selective tachykinin antagonists may have therapeutic potential in bronchial diseases such as asthma and chronic bronchitis in which neurogenic mucus hypersecretion may be aetiologically important.
Mechanism of the hydrogen-sulphidepromoted cleavage of the coal model compounds: diphenyl ether, diphenylmethane and bibenzyl

Abstract Hydrogen sulphide is shown to cleave the model coal compounds: diphenyl ether, diphenylmethane and bibenzyl with the major products being phenol and thiophenol, toluene and thiophenol, and toluene, respectively. These reactions were determined to be radical in nature. The sulphur which incorporated into diphenyl ether and diphenylmethane forming thiophenol was determined to reside ultimately at the ipso position. The cleavage of all three model compounds was inhibited by the presence of 316 stainless steel. The nature of the iron sulphides produced and the amount of H2S reacted were determined. It is concluded that 316 stainless steel and tetralin act as sulphur radical scavengers. In the absence of steel or tetralin, the conversions of the model compounds occur by radical chain mechanisms in which H2S acts as a reagent.
MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometric Method for Detection of Hybridized DNA Oligomers

Two new approaches for nucleic acid hybridizations by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry are described. Hybridization using genomic DNA without polymerase chain reaction was demonstrated. Total genomic DNA of bacteriophages bound to charge-modified nylon membranes was identified by the hybridization of species-specific oligonucleotide probes. lambda-Phage DNA and M13 were used for the test with good success. Since MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry can be used to measure the molecular weights of different probes, mass spectrometry can be used for the detection of hybridizations with multiple probes. We demonstrate that multiple-probe hybridization can be resolved by mass spectrometry. Six probes with different mass tag were used for hybridization on a single spot. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was successfully used to measure these probes simultaneously. This provides a simple nonradioactive method for multiplex hybridization analysis. It has the potential to drastically increase the speed for microarray hybridization analysis in the future.
Training rats to voluntarily dive underwater: investigations of the mammalian diving response

Underwater submergence produces autonomic changes that are observed in virtually all diving animals. This reflexly-induced response consists of apnea, a parasympathetically-induced bradycardia and a sympathetically-induced alteration of vascular resistance that maintains blood flow to the heart, brain and exercising muscles. While many of the metabolic and cardiorespiratory aspects of the diving response have been studied in marine animals, investigations of the central integrative aspects of this brainstem reflex have been relatively lacking. Because the physiology and neuroanatomy of the rat are well characterized, the rat can be used to help ascertain the central pathways of the mammalian diving response. Detailed instructions are provided on how to train rats to swim and voluntarily dive underwater through a 5 m long Plexiglas maze. Considerations regarding tank design and procedure room requirements are also given. The behavioral training is conducted in such a way as to reduce the stressfulness that could otherwise be associated with forced underwater submergence, thus minimizing activation of central stress pathways. The training procedures are not technically difficult, but they can be time-consuming. Since behavioral training of animals can only provide a model to be used with other experimental techniques, examples of how voluntarily diving rats have been used in conjunction with other physiological and neuroanatomical research techniques, and how the basic training procedures may need to be modified to accommodate these techniques, are also provided. These experiments show that voluntarily diving rats exhibit the same cardiorespiratory changes typically seen in other diving animals. The ease with which rats can be trained to voluntarily dive underwater, and the already available data from rats collected in other neurophysiological studies, makes voluntarily diving rats a good behavioral model to be used in studies investigating the central aspects of the mammalian diving response.
Strong weak interactions

Abstract We study the intriguing and attractive possibility that the standard model Higgs particle is very heavy or does not exist at all and that, as a consequence, a spectrum of vector boson bound states emerges.
An appreciation of J.C. Bose's pioneering work in millimeter waves and microwaves [Reverberations]

Jagadis Chunder Bose (1858-1937) was a great experimental physicist from Calcutta, West Bengal, India. As a professor of physics at the Presidency College of Calcutta, India, he conducted many of his pioneering and fundamental research investigations, and thereby initiated the tradition of scientific research in India towards the end of the last century.
Marine Resources: A Viable Subsistence Alternative for the Prehistoric Lowland Maya

It is suggested that traditional views of maize as the cornerstone of prehistoric lowland Maya civilization may be erroneous. Previous research largely ignored Yucatan's peninsular geographical position and the wealth of marine resources available. Ecological, archaeological, and documentary evidence are examined for the subsistence and religious utilization of marine resources and compared to data for maize and other foods. Some possible ramifications of a marine-oriented Maya society are briefly stated and a “Yucatecan Symbiotic Region,” with highly sophisticated exploitation of both marine and terrestial resources as a subsistence base, rather than single crop dominance, is proposed.
Effect of Maturity on Digestibility of Forage Sorghum Silages

Abstract Atlas and Rox sorghum varieties were each harvested at the milk, medium-dough, and hard-dough stages. Digestibilities were determined by the Cr 2 O 3 , grab-sample technique, using Holstein heifers. The apparent digestibility of Atlas sorghum silage dry matter was depressed from 55 to 46% by advancing maturity from the milk to the hard-seed stages. Energy and protein digestibility also were decreased. Digestibility of Rox silage was not appreciably affected by maturity. Results suggest that frosting may improve digestibility of Atlas. Grinding had little effect.
The acquisition of motoneuron subtype identity and motor circuit formation

Abstract Experiments in chick embryos using classical transplantation techniques introduced by Viktor Hamburger are reviewed; these demonstrated that chick-limb innervating motoneurons become specified by extrinsic signals prior to axon outgrowth and that they selectively grow to appropriate muscles by actively responding to guidance cues within the limb. More recent experiments reveal that fast/slow and flexor/extensor subclasses of motoneurons are distinct by E4–5 and that they exhibit patterned spontaneous activity while still growing to their targets. These observations are then related to the combinatorial code of LIM transcription factor expression, which has been hypothesized to specify motoneuron subtypes.
Mechanism of renal calcium conservation with estrogen replacement therapy in women in early postmenopause--a clinical research center study

To assess the mechanism by which estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) enhances renal calcium conservation in perimenopausal women, we studied 18 normal women in early postmenopause before and after 6 months of ERT (cyclic treatment with transdermal estradiol at 100 micrograms/day and medroxyprogesterone acetate at 10 mg/day for the first 12 days of each cycle). The changes after ERT were: serum ionized calcium and ultrafiltrable calcium, no change; serum intact PTH, 38.2% increase (P < 0.0001); serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 23.8% increase (P < 0.0001); urinary calcium excretion, 33.3% decrease (P < 0.001); and deoxypyridinoline (a marker for bone resorption), 19.5% decrease (P < 0.0001). Also, ERT increased tubular reabsorption of calcium (TRCa; 97.6% +/- 0.2% to 98.7% +/- 0.1%; P < 0.0001), and this increase correlated with that in serum PTH (r = 0.49; P < 0.05). After the infusion of human PTH-(1-34), the TRCa maximum was greater after ERT than at baseline (99.4% +/- 0.1% vs. 99.0% +/- 0.1%; P < 0.0001), resulting in decreased calcium excretion (0.9 +/- 0.20 vs. 1.43 +/- 0.20 mumol/dL glomerular filtrate; P < 0.001). Thus, in early postmenopause, the major mechanism of increased renal calcium conservation after ERT is an increase in TRCa due to an increase in serum PTH because of estrogen-induced inhibition of bone resorption. However, ERT also may directly increase the TRCa maximum in response to PTH.
Parameter estimation in dynamic models

In this paper we study the parameter estimation of a first-order dynamic model for intervention and transfer function analysis, A new parameterization is proposed to avoid the “overshoot” problem in nonlinear estimation in a frequently used parameterization (Box and Tiao, 1975).
Common childhood bacterial infections

Acute bacterial infections are a common cause of pediatric visits to the emergency department. The diagnosis and treatment of pharyngitis, otitis media, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, acute bacterial lymphadenitis and gastroenteritis are reviewed. The authors propose the use of a limited number of antibiotic agents including penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, lincomycin, cephalexin, a sulfonamide and tetracycline to improve efficiency and quality of care and to allow physicians to become familiar with the drugs' characteristics, indications, dosage and side effects.
Numerical simulations of small projectiles impacting a multilayered target at hypervelocities

Abstract The effects of a hypervelocity (10–80 km/s) projectile of low mass (1 and 5 g) striking a multilayered target have been investigated.The low-dimensional numerical simulation was done with the Eulerian hydrodynamics computer program LASOIL. Target responses that were calculated include the time variant material deformation, pressures, shock-wave movement, and hole sizes. Parametric studies were done to determine the effects of projectile mass, velocity, and shape on target response as measured by these parameters.
Response functions for the quantitative evaluation of compromise conditions for multi-element analyses with energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Figures-of-merit are developed for simultaneous multi-element analysis with energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Those derived from information theory frequently give optima in regions of poor excitation of one or more elements and have to be restricted to the region above the absorption edge of the highest Z element; the shapes of the surface described by these and other functions are studied and their optima are compared. A product sum function of inverse Poisson standard deviation gives results that best meet the expectations of X-ray spectroscopists. The location of optima in the space of excitation conditions is dependent upon concentration, but the optimum of the one sample of a batch with the highest overall count rate is still a good compromise between the best experimental conditions and maximum input. These results are substantiated with plots giving the dependence of the figures-of-merit from experimental conditions and with spectra at the optima as defined by the different functions. These equations are potentially useful as objective functions in optimization alogorithms as well as for the comparison between the performance of different X-ray systems.
Consequences of subpopulation isolation for pollination, herbivory, and population growth in Clarkia concinna concinna (Onagraceae)

The importance of the spatial arrangement of populations for long-term persistence has been debated. Plant species will be influenced mostly by the responses of their pollinators and herbivores to changes in population isolation, making it hard to predict how habitat fragmentation may affect a plant species. I have used a common annual to examine how population isolation may affect reproductive success and ultimately population growth and persistence. Clarkia concinna concinna exhibits considerable pollen limitation when small populations are isolated, although it also endures less herbivory. For this plant, isolation appears mostly to depress population growth and therefore to enhance risks of extinction. Experimental investigations on common species such as C. concinna concinna can be used to better diagnose threats to endangered taxa, and to design appropriate restoration activities.
Parent-Child Interactions in Abusive and Nonabusive Families

Parent-child interactions of 439 parent-child dyads were studied. These included 182 interactions with maltreated children, 199 interactions with maltreating adults, with the remaining interactions from control families served by child welfare agencies, day-care programs, Head Start, and private nursery schools. Income was found to be a significant determinant with parental behavior being more child-centered and supportive at the upper income level, and more parent-centered and child rejecting at the lower income level. Maltreatment was found to be associated with more parental rejection and less child warmth, over and above the effects of income level. The results are discussed in terms of an ecological model of child maltreatment and developmental implications for the victims of maltreatment.
Investigating novel patient bed designs for use in a hybrid dual modality dedicated 3D breast imaging system

A hybrid SPECT-CT system for dedicated 3D breast cancer imaging (mammotomography) is in development. Using complex 3D imaging acquisition trajectories, the versatile integrated system will be capable of contouring and imaging an uncompressed breast suspended in a 3D volume located below a radio-opaque patient bed, providing co-registered volumetric anatomical and functional information. This study examines tradeoffs involved in the design of the patient bed to satisfy concomitant and competing technical and ergonomic requirements specific to this imaging paradigm. The complementary source-detector arrangement of the CT system is geometrically more restrictive than that of the single detector SPECT system. Additionally, the compact dimensions and size of the CT system components (primarily the x-ray tube) are key constraints on the bed design and so the focus is concentrated there. Using computer-aided design software, several design geometry options are examined to simultaneously consider and optimize the following parameters: image magnification, imaged breast volume, azimuthal imaging span, and patient comfort. Several CT system source to image distances are examined (55-80cm), as well as axial patient tilt up to 35°. An optimal patient bed design for a completely under-bed hybrid imaging system was determined. A 60cm SID, magnification factor of ~1.5, and patient bed angled at ~15° provided the optimal dimensions. Additional bed dimensions allow the CT projection beam to nearly entirely image the chest wall, however at the cost of reduced angular sampling for CT. Acquired x-ray mammotomographic image data is used to assess the feasibility of this reduced angle acquisition approach.
Autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) in the treatment of cancer.

Clinical trials in autologous BMT to date have indicated that significant salvage and potential cures can be obtained in patients with high grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) who have failed primary therapy and are treated with high dose chemoradiotherapy and autologous marrow rescue. The major need in NHL is to better define those patients who might benefit by autologous BMT and to reduce the relapse rate by improved pre- or post-transplant therapy. Similar results to those in NHL could be obtained in acute leukemia if occult tumor cells could be eliminated from autologous marrow. Animal model experiments have shown that it is feasible to eliminate low level contamination with tumor cells by in vitro immunologic or pharmacologic treatment. While it is too early to accurately assess the efficacy of ongoing clinical trials using those marrow purging techniques, a few patients have exhibited encouraging durations of CCR. Should these approaches prove to be effective in only a fraction of cases, combination in vitro treatment or the use of more efficient effector mechanisms for cell killing (e.g., ricin conjugated antibody) may very well clear occult tumor from the marrow of most patients. The encouraging results with autologous BMT in leukemia and lymphoma stand in sharp contrast to the disappointing results so far achieved with the non-hematologic solid tumors. It is, however, possible that those cancers have not been subjected to the most rigorous test for successful autologous BMT and that the search for newer agents which can produce operationally irreversible aplasia may provide a fairer test of this approach. It is to be hoped that future research will settle this point.
Oppenheimer-Snyder collapse with maximal time slicing and isotropic coordinates

The exact solution for the collapse from rest of an initially homogeneous dust sphere (Oppenheimer-Snyder collapse) provides a convenient test-bed calculation for fully general-relativistic time-dependent numerical codes which evolve matter in strong gravitational fields. Such codes are usually based on the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner 3+1 formalism, for which maximal time slicing and isotropic spatial coordinates often prove to be desirable gauge choices to constrain the lapse and shift functions. To be useful as a check on these numerical schemes, the entire Oppenheimer-Snyder solution must then be expressed in this gauge. We perform the required coordinate transformations in this paper and discuss some general features of the matter profiles and spacetime geometry in this gauge.
Generative Neo‐Cyberculture in the Modern Seminary

Four faculty discuss how their institution's launching of a program to implement instructional technology across the campus influenced their teaching and broadened their understanding of student learning. Examples of their first attempts at online projects for classes in homiletics and ecclesiology are described.
Novel transmission lines for the submillimeter-wave region

A detailed presentation of the available information on the electrical properties of submillimeter-wave transmission lines is given. These lines are compared with conventional planar and nonplanar lines, such as microstrip and rectangular waveguide, in terms of performance, fabrication feasibility, and availability. Four types of novel monolithic waveguides that have shown promise for use in the submillimeter frequency range are examined. The advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of these guides are discussed. >
Camouflaging Techniques and Dermatologic Surgery

background Skin appearance alterations as a result of dermatologic surgical procedures may produce temporary or permanent cosmetic defects. Basic camouflaging cosmetics and techniques can restore self-confidence and allow the surgical patient to resume social contact. objective This paper presents the dermatologic surgeon with a basic understanding of the principles and techniques employed in cosmetic camouflaging. methods Evaluation of surgical scars and healing tissue in terms of contour and pigmentation defects accompanied by an understanding of complementary colors provides the basis for cosmetic camouflaging. A variety of commercial products are available to meet specific patient needs. results Cosmetic camouflaging can merely hide postsurgical erythema following laser resurfacing, dermabrasion, and face Peeling or provide a cover for permanent scarring. conclusion An Understanding of cosmetic camouflaging is essential to the dermatologic surgeon.
DNA-photocleavage activities of vanadium (V)-peroxo complexes

The DNA-photocleavage activities (at 365 nm) of 15 vanadium(V)−peroxo complexes were examined. Singlet oxygen was implicated as the species responsible for the DNA scission. The singlet oxygen was shown to be produced from the photolysis of the vanadium(V)−peroxo complex using a singlet oxygen EPR spin trap, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone. A mechanism for the photolysis of the [VO(O_2)_2(bpy)]- anion at neutral pH has been proposed.
Behavioral and physiological responses of horses to initial training: the comparison between pastured versus stalled horses

Horses kept in stalls are deprived of opportunities for social interactions, and the performance of natural behaviors is limited. Inadequate environmental conditions may compromise behavioral development. Initial training is a complex process and it is likely that the responses of horses may be affected by housing conditions. Sixteen 2-year-old Arabian horses were kept on pasture (P) (n ¼ 8) or in individual stalls (S) (n ¼ 8). Twelve horses (six P and six S) were subjected to a standardized training procedure, carried out by two trainers in a round pen, and 4 horses (two P and two S) were introduced to the round pen but were not trained (C; control). On sample collection day 0, 7, 21 and 28, behavior observations were carried out, blood samples were drawn and heart rates were monitored. Total training time for the stalled horses was significantly higher than total time for the pastured horses (S: 26:4 � 1:5 min; P: 19:7 � 1:1; P ¼ 0:032). The stalled group required more time to habituate to the activities occurring from the start of training to mounting (S: 11:4 � 0:96; P: 7:3 � 0:75 min; P ¼ 0:007). Frequency of unwanted behavior was higher in the stalled horses (S: 8:0 � 2:0; P: 2:2 � 1:0; P ¼ 0:020). Pastured horses tended to have higher basal heart rates on day 0 (S: 74:7 � 4:8; P: 81:8 � 5:3 bpm; P ¼ 0:0771). While the physiological data failed to identify differences between housing groups, the behavioral data suggest that pasture-kept horses adapt more easily to training than stalled horses. # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Palmitoyl-CoA synthetase activity in isolated rat epididymal fat cells in the absence and presence of various lipolytic and anti-lipolytic compounds.

Abstract Palmitoyl-CoA synthetase (acid:CoA ligase (AMP), EC 6.2.1.3) activity of isolated fat cells appears to be localized in the microsomal fraction. The activity of this fraction is 4.5 times greater than the value reported for rat liver microsomes. The possible implications of this intracellular enzyme distribution and high activity for adipose tissue metabolism are discussed. Several lipolytic and anti-lipolytic hormones and other compounds do not appear to affect either rat liver or isolated fat cell palmitoyl-CoA synthetase activity in vitro . Negligible GTP-dependent palmitoyl-CoA synthetase activity is associated with the mitochondria of isolated fat cells.
ANALYTIC CRITERIA FOR THE MECHANICAL AND THERMAL STABILITY OF MAGNETIC STARS WITH FINITE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

The usual assumption of infinite electrical conductivity has been relaxed in a new analytic treatment of the magnetohydrodynamics of a variable magnetic star in the simple one-zone approximation. For a not too low electrical conductivity, the magnetic pressure changes with the mass density as roughly ρ4/3, and the Joule heating rate goes as roughly ρ. The magnetic effective adiabatic exponent of about 4/3 proves to have only a small influence on the criteria for dynamical, secular, and pulsational stability, but the Joule heating rate directly affects the secular and pulsational stability criteria. Thus, a finite electrical conductivity tends to stabilize a magnetic star secularly and to destabilize it pulsationally. These specific results apply, however, only to purely radial perturbations of the star's upper radiative layers.
Administrators′ perceptions of outcome‐based education: a case study

Explores through a qualitative case study school administrators′ perceptions of the impact of an outcome‐based educational (OBE) model, five years after its adoption in a Washington State school district. Data were collected through open‐ended interviews with building principals and other administrators. Two major themes emerged from the data: OBE produced changes in practice for both teachers and administrators, and these changes in practice were linked to certain outcomes. Teaming was the most valued change in practice for teachers and administrators, and the OBE “vision” sustained through teaming was the most valued outcome. Surprisingly absent from the data was evidence of outcomes for students. Points out the irony of this finding, given OBE′s emphasis on student outcomes.
Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography for quantitative topographic mapping of retinal and intraretinal architectural morphology

Quantitative, three-dimensional mapping of retinal architectural morphology was achieved using an ultrahigh resolution ophthalmic OCT system. This OCT system utilizes a broad bandwidth titanium-sapphire laser light source generating bandwidths of up to 300 nm near 800 nm center wavelength. The system enables real-time cross-sectional imaging of the retina with ~3 micrometers axial resolution. The macula and the papillomacular axis of a normal human subject were systematically mapped using a series of linear scans. Edge detection and segmentation algorithms were developed to quantify retinal and intraretinal thicknesses. Topographic mapping of the total retinal thickness and the total ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer thickness was achieved around the macula. A topographic mapping quantifying the progressive thickening of the nerve fiber layer (NFL) nasally approaching the optic disk was also demonstrated. The ability to create three-dimensional topographic mapping of retinal architectural morphology at ~3 micrometers axial resolution will be relevant for the diagnosis of many retinal diseases. The topographic quantification of these structures can serve as a powerful tool for developing algorithms and clinical scanning protocols for the screening and staging of ophthalmic diseases such as glaucoma.
Feasability of using a graphite slowing-down-time spectrometer in the nondestructive assay of nuclear materials

Abstract A slowing-down-time spectrometer (SDTS), constructed for the study of nondestructive assay of fissile nuclear materials, is in its early stages of operation at the Nuclear Engineering Teaching Laboratory of the University of Texas at Austin. The spectrometer is made of a 101×105×122 cm3 graphite rectangular parallelepiped and is based on injecting pulses of 14 MeV neutrons into the pile. The neutron source is a Texas Nuclear Corporation neutron generator that produces neutrons via the D–T reaction. Measurements and calculations have been conducted to study the time behavior of the neutrons and the assay capabilities of this spectrometer. A 3He detector covered with 0.8 mm of Cd was used to perform neutron die-away measurements in the graphite. A 4He detector was used to perform an assay of a fuel pin containing 13% by mass 239Pu. The calculations were made using the MCNP4B code, and a realistic 3-D mock-up of the experiment. Good agreement is found to exist between the measured time spectra and the ones predicted from the calculations. This included the experimental observation of a predicted rapid fall-off in the die-away spectrum due to the existence of the cadmium cover. Therefore, the time–energy coupling that is expected to hold in a SDTS is experimentally verified. In addition, the calculations and the measurements indicate that the interrogation of fissile materials is possible using a graphite SDTS. This is clear in the measured and calculated time signatures for the 239Pu sample, which include structure that reflects the two resonance groups and the 0.3 eV resonance peak observed in the 239Pu fission cross section.
Viscosity‐molecular weight relationship for cellulose acetate in acetone

Careful viscosity and osmotic pressure measurements with a membrane of known reliability are reported for 14 fractions of cellulose acetate prepared by repeated refractionation, For molecular weights up to 115,000 the following relation is obtained between intrinsic viscosity and absolute molecular weight: the units of [η] being 100ml./g. An explanation is offered for the difference between this equation and other equations in the literature as well as for the discrepancies among the various literature equations.
Analysis of a crack in a disclinated cylinder

In this paper, the stress intensity factors and the opening displacement of a crack loaded by a negative wedge disclination in an isotropic cylinder are numerically determined. The disclination axis coincides with the long axis of the cylinder, and one end of the crack coincides with the disclination location. The cylinder may also be subjected to equal and opposite line loads on its surface. An exact formulation leads to a pair of decoupled singular integral equations of the Cauchy type. Numerical solutions show that if the cylinder represents a grain in a polycrystal, (i) unstable submicroscopic cracks 10-5 to 10-1 times the grain size and stable microscopic cracks of the order of the grain size, are predicted, (ii) the submicroscopic crack length to grain size ratio decreases, while the microscopic crack length to grain size ratio increases, as the grain size increases, (iii) significant differences exist, even in the case of the submicroscopic cracks, between the predictions of the exact theory and the approximate theory which ignores stress redistribution, and (iv) the opening displacement is independent of the elastic constants and the crack profile is wedge-shaped.
Field Performance of Embankments Stabilized with Recycled Plastic Reinforcement

The performance of earth slopes reinforced with arrays of slender reinforcing members is currently being investigated. The reinforcing members used are fabricated from recycled plastics and other waste materials to form sections 90 mm (3.5 in.) x 90 mm (3.5 in.) x 2.4 m (8 ft) long. A design methodology was adopted to estimate the limit resistance provided by each member, which is then incorporated into conventional limit equilibrium slope stability analyses to calculate the improvement in the factor of safety under various reinforcement scenarios. Four field test sites were stabilized using recycled plastic reinforcement to demonstrate the effectiveness of the stabilization scheme and to evaluate the load transfer mechanisms between the soil and the reinforcement. One additional site was stabilized with similarly sized steel pipe members for comparison with the recycled plastic members. The stabilized slopes are performing well, whereas several control sections have experienced failures. The performance of each site is being monitored with field instrumentation to monitor lateral movements, pore pressures, strains within the reinforcing members, and the lateral loads applied to the members. Observations to date indicate that the slopes are performing well and that the reinforcing members have significant remaining capacity to maintain the stability of the slopes.
The regulation by gender, strain, dose, and feeding status of the induction of multiple forms of cytochrome P450 isozymes in rat hepatic microsomes by 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl.

Abstract 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB) induces hepatic microsomal cytochromes P450 with a similar selectivity for responsive genes to phenobarbital (PB). CYP2B1, CYP2B2, CYP2C6, CYP3A1, and CYP2A1 each showed large strain differences in induction by HCB Fisher F344 >> Wistar Furth (WF) that were much more evident in female rats, paralleling previous observations with PB. These five P450s and epoxide hydrolase were, however, induced more effectively by HCB than by PB and strain differences were even larger. With HCB, strain differences in male rats were much more apparent than with PB. This change was not due to the greater HCB induction since a 2-fold lower induction was maintained even with a 10-fold lower dose of HCB. The sex and strain differences were seen both by immunoblot analysis and by form-selective enzyme activity assays. Induction of CYP2B1, CYP2B2, and CYP3A1 by HCB was decreased 3-fold when starvation during the final 24 hr was replaced by continuous feeding. This effect was similar in each strain and therefore independent of the regulatory processes associated with the differential suppression of induction in WF rats. This modulation of induction by feeding was also seen with PB which caused only a 30% lowering of induction in continuously fed F344 rats. A 52-kDa microsomal protein (p52) was prominently induced by both HCB and PB after starvation, while minor induction of a 50-kDa microsomal protein (p50) also occurred after the same treatment. Furthermore, a 100-kDa microsomal protein (p100) was induced by HCB but not by PB and only in rats that were continuously fed. These results suggest that the induction of multiple forms of P450 following HCB treatment functions through the same PB-stimulated pathway that shows a strain-dependent endocrine (GH/T3/testosterone)-sensitive suppression mechanism. The induction of p50, p52, and p100 by HCB suggests the presence of at least two additional hepatic response mechanisms for HCB.
Impaired Growth Rates in Milk of Lactobacillus helveticus Peptidase Mutants Can Be Overcome by Use of Amino Acid Supplements

To evaluate the contribution of intracellular peptidases to the growth of the 14-amino-acid (aa) auxotroph Lactobacillus helveticus CNRZ32, single- and multiple-peptidase-deletion mutants were constructed. Two broad-specificity aminopeptidases (PepC and PepN) and X-prolyl dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (PepX) were inactivated through successive cycles of chromosomal gene replacement mutagenesis. The inactivation of all three peptidases in JLS247 (ΔpepC ΔpepN ΔpepX) did not affect the growth rate in amino acid-defined medium. However, the peptidase mutants generally had decreased specific growth rates when acquisition of amino acids required hydrolysis of the proteins in milk, the most significant result being a 73% increase in generation time for JLS247. The growth rate deficiencies in milk were overcome by amino acid supplements with some specificity to each of the peptidase mutants. For example, milk supplementation with Pro resulted in the most significant growth rate increase for ΔpepX strains and a 7-aa supplement (Asn, Cys, Ile, Pro, Ser, Thr, and Val) resulted in a JLS247 growth rate indistinguishable from that of the wild type. Our results show that characterization of the activities of the broad-specificity aminopeptidases had little predictive value regarding the amino acid supplements found to enhance the milk growth rates of the peptidase mutant strains. These results represent the first determination of the physiological roles with respect to specific amino acid requirements for peptidase mutants grown in milk.
Nitrogen fixation by subclover associations fertilized with sulfur

The effect of S fertilization on symbiotic N2 fixation was measured with the15N technique and the N difference method in a lysimeter study using Josephine loam (Typic Haploxurults). Nitrogen fixation by subclover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) was strongly enhanced by added S. The association of soft chess (Bromus mollis L.) or filaree (Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol.) with subclover increased the percentage of N in subclover that was fixed, with the results that N2 fixation was increased beyond that due to the mere increase in subclover biomass.
Disparity of Allozyme Variation Levels in Three Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) Species from the Southeastern United States

Allozyme variation at 17 loci encoding ten enzyme systems was examined in 21, 22, and 15 populations across the ranges of Magnolia fraseri, M. macrophylla, and M. tripetala, respectively, in the southeastern United States. All three species have regional distributions, and are insect-pollinated outcrossing deciduous trees with seeds dispersed by birds, yet strikingly different levels of genetic variability were observed among them. In comparison with other woody angiosperm species, M. fraseri possesses a moderate amount of variation at the population level (A = 1.4, P = 39.2, H. = 0. 1 1, and He = 0.1 1 1), whereas M. macrophylla and M. tripetala are genetically depauperate in their populations (A = 1.2, P = 18.7, H. = 0.47, and He = 0.055; A = 1.1, P = 11.0, H. = 0.032, and He = 0.033). Examination of population structure revealed a small amount of inbreeding within populations and extensive intra- and interregional differentiation among populations of the latter two species. These two factors are perhaps partly responsible for the low genetic variability in populations of the two Magnolia species. Furthermore, the bottleneck effect caused by extinctions during cold periods of the Quaternary glaciations and human deforestation in the last two centuries as well as the founder effect in postglacial establishment of the populations might have also played significant roles in loss of genetic diversity in M. macrophylla and M. tripetala. We suggest that historical factors are important determinants of genetic variation profile of a species, in addition to life history and ecological characteristics as generally recognized. The electrophoretic analysis of allozyme variation in plants has revealed an unexpectedly high level of genetic diversity in natural populations. Among all species, longlived woody plants possess the largest amount of variation (Brown, 1979; Hamrick, Linhart, and Mitton, 1979; Gott