cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sediment accretion associated with surgebreaker offshore reef, a low cost shore protection device: An update on the Corps of Engineers Section 54 Program

In 1979 a Surgebreaker offshore reef, or pervious sill system, was installed in the surf zone parallel to an eroding Gulf Coast shoreline, at Basin Bayou State Recreation Area, Florida. Funding was provided by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Section 54 Program as part of the evaluation of several low cost coastal protection devices in design conditions of 4-foot waves during storm surge periods. Surgebreaker is a modular, pervious sill device designed to attenuate wave energy and to promote sediment accretion1Comparison of surveys made at time of installation in 1979 and in 1984 and 1985 shows accretion of sand and other sediment landward and seaward of the modular system. Bottom and beach profiles show an increase in elevation. Additional accretion was noted in stations immediately updrift and downdrift of the structure. Erosion of beach and sea bottom, however, continued in nearby areas not protected by this system. The reef showed no evidence of basal scour or physical damage. It is concluded that this modular system was a causative factor in the mitigation of shoreline erosion and in the accretion of beach and nearshore sediment.1Surgebreaker is a trademark of Great Lakes Environmental Marine Ltd., Chicago, Illinois.
Television News, Mexico's 2000 Elections and Media Effects in Emerging Democracies

On the basis of an analysis of a four-wave panel survey, we argue that exposure to television news had significant, substantial effects on both attitudes and vote choices in Mexico's watershed presidential election of 2000. These findings support the contention, implicit in some research on political communication, that the magnitude of media effects varies with certain features of the political context. In particular, television influence in electoral campaigns may be substantially larger in emerging democratic systems.
Arc motion in railgun plasma armatures

H.H. Maecker's theory (1971) for arc motion and displacement is extended to the pressure-dependent arc conditions found in railgun armatures. It is shown that for the railgun plasma armature there are thermal mechanisms, which do not exist for solid armatures, that tend to move the peak of the current density forward toward the base of the projectile, thereby mitigating the tendency of the velocity skin effect to concentrate the current density toward the rear. This effect may explain the variance between some theoretically predicted current density profiles in plasma armatures and those measured by B-dot probes. >
A Hellenistic terracotta and the gardens of Adonis

A Hellenistic terracotta from Myrina now in the Louvre is interpreted as showing a young woman tending the 'gardens of Adonis' in connection with the rites of the Adonia. Further associations are made between the perfume apparently being poured into a planter from an alabastron that the young woman holds, Adonis' mother Myrrha, the provenience of the terracotta (Myrina) and grave rituals.
Abstract 4899: Small proline rich protein 3 (SPRR3) is a potential mediator of radiation resistance in HPV negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Purpose: Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are caused by two major etiologies that have significant prognostic significance: tobacco and human papillomavirus (HPV). Patients with HPV-positive HNC have significantly better outcomes than those with HPV-negative HNC. We have previously shown that this difference may be due, in part, to increased sensitivity to radiation in HPV-positive HNCs. In order to identify additional factors that may underlie differences in radiation sensitivity, we sought to understand radiation-induced changes in global gene expression between HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNCs. Methods: A panel of eight cell lines, four HPV positive (UD-SCC2, UM-SCC47, UPCI-SCC90, 93-VU-147T) and four HPV negative (SCC1, SCC6, SCC22B, SCC1483 were treated with radiation (4 Gy) or mock and total RNA isolated 4, 24, and 48 hrs after treatment. Global gene expression was analyzed using Affymetrix Gene 1.1 ST array chips. Comparisons between untreated, baseline control, and post-radiation expression were made using ArrayStar. Alterations in differentially expressed genes were validated by Real-Time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Results: Out of the top 15 hits, several members of the small proline rich repeat (SPRR) family were identified. SPRR1A, SPRR1B, and SPRR3 were significantly upregulated in HPV negative as compared to HPV-positive cell lines. Differences in expression were validated using RT-qPCR in a panel of HNC cell lines. Conclusions: We identified changes in expression of SPRR3 in HPV negative cell lines. This gene is a member of a protein family known to scavenge reactive oxygen species. Its increased expression in HPV negative HNC may mediate resistance to radiation and contribute to the poor outcomes of patients in this cohort. SPRR3 is a potential novel molecular target that could improve the outcomes of patients with HPV negative HNC. Citation Format: Joshua A. Martin, Dana Gunderson, Randall J. Kimple. Small proline rich protein 3 (SPRR3) is a potential mediator of radiation resistance in HPV negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4899. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4899
Procedures for the Identification of Multiple Outliers in Linear Models

Abstract We consider the problem of identifying and testing multiple outliers in linear models. The available outlier identification methods often do not succeed in detecting multiple outliers because they are affected by the observations they are supposed to identify. We introduce two test procedures for the detection of multiple outliers that appear to be less sensitive to this problem. Both procedures attempt to separate the data into a set of “clean” data points and a set of points that contain the potential outliers. The potential outliers are then tested to see how extreme they are relative to the clean subset, using an appropriately scaled version of the prediction error. The procedures are illustrated and compared to various existing methods, using several data sets known to contain multiple outliers. Also, the performances of both procedures are investigated by a Monte Carlo study. The data sets and the Monte Carlo indicate that both procedures are effective in the detection of multiple outliers ...
Encouraging big food to do the right thing for children's health: a case study on using research to improve marketing of sugary cereals

Addressing concerns about unhealthy food marketing to children, food companies pledge to advertise only ‘healthier dietary choices’ in ‘child-directed media’. However, public health advocates question whether the food industry will voluntarily improve their child-targeted marketing practices in a meaningful way. In this paper, we evaluate progress made by manufacturers of one food category – ready-to-eat breakfast cereals – in promoting nutritious choices to children, and the potential role of scientific research to influence corporate behavior. Beginning in 2008, researchers at the Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity conducted a series of studies to evaluate child-targeted marketing by cereal companies using a variety of research methods. We aimed to understand the extent and impact of cereal marketing to children; disseminate these findings to parents, the media, the public health community, policy-makers, and industry representatives; and encourage cereal companies to shift child-targeted marketing t...
Computer‐aided design of probe‐fed and aperture‐coupled rectangular microstrip antennas

This article describes a method for analysis and design of rectangular microstrip antennas coupled to a microstrip feed line in a two-layer configuration using either a probe or a small aperture. The technique is based on the cavity model and, thus is numerically efficient, making it suitable for computer-aided design. The analysis takes into account higher order modes excited underneath the patch. Analysis results were implemented in two computer programs: an analysis program and a design program based on optimization techniques. Experimental results are presented to validate this method. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wavelets of Wilson Type with Arbitrary Shapes

Abstract Motivated by the Gaussian bases of Coifman and Meyer and the need of bases with arbitrary shapes which may have to be different at different locations, we derive complete characterizations of window functions and their duals for localization of all appropriate sines and cosines that give rise to biorthogonal Schauder bases, Riesz bases, and frames. In addition, when the window functions are simply integer translates of a single window function, we give an explicit formulation of its dual that generates the biorthogonal basis, regardless of the shape and support of the window function. Besides the Coifman–Meyer Gaussian bases, several other examples of wavelets of Wilson type are given.
Enhanced basophil histamine release to concanavalin A in allergic rhinitis.

Abstract It has been suggested that IgE-dependent basophil histamine release (HR) does not necessarily relate to the amount of cell-bound IgE and, therefore, basophil "releasability" must be considered an important factor in this secretory process. To compare an IgE-dependent basophil HR process in nonatopic subjects and patients with allergic rhinitis, concanavalin A (Con A) was used as a secretagogue to stimulate mediator secretion. In 1.0 mmol/L of calcium-containing buffer, basophil HR to Con A (3.0 meg/ml) was 50.2 ± 8.6% in patients with allergic rhinitis and only 10.1 ± 3.9% in nonatopic subjects. To evaluate whether this enhanced HR might he related to increased membrane influx of calcium, the following strategy was followed. Strontium (3.0 and 10.0 mmol/L) enhances immunologic (IgE) release of basophil histamine. Although the mechanism for strontium enhancement is not established, strontium may pass through the membrane channel more easily than calcium to increase secretion. We reasoned that if the enhanced release of histamine to Con A was related to increased membrane permeability to calcium, stimulation of basophil histamine secretion in the presence of strontium would reduce this difference. In both nonatopic subjects and patients with allergic rhinitis, strontium (3.0 and 10.0 mmol/L) enhanced HR. Enhanced HR with strontium was greater with basophils from normal subjects than from subjects with allergic rhinitis. Whether our observations with strontium indicate that the enhanced histamine releasability to Con A in subjects with allergic rhinitis may, in part, be due to a greater influx of calcium after immunologic stimulation must await characterization of the strontium effect or direct measurements of calcium ion disposition. Nevertheless, these data are evidence for the phenomenon of enhanced basophil releasability in subjects with allergic rhinitis.
Risks and benefits of preexposure and postexposure smallpox vaccination.

This article presents a model and decision criteria for evaluating a person’s risk of pre- or postexposure smallpox vaccination in light of serious vaccine-related adverse events (death, postvaccine encephalitis and progressive vaccinia). Even at a 1-in-10 risk of 1,000 initial smallpox cases, a person in a population of 280 million has a greater risk for serious vaccine-related adverse events than a risk for smallpox. For a healthcare worker to accept preexposure vaccination, the risk for contact with an infectious smallpox case-patient must be >1 in 100, and the probability of 1,000 initial cases must be >1 in 1,000. A member of an investigation team would accept preexposure vaccination if his or her anticipated risk of contact is 1 in 2.5 and the risk of attack is assumed to be >1 in 16,000. The only circumstances in which postexposure vaccination would not be accepted are the following: if vaccine efficacy were 1 in 5,000.
Dynamic and hierarchical spatial access method using integer searching

Dynamic and complex computation in the area of Geographic Information System (GIS) or Mobile Computing System involves huge amount of spatial objects such as points, boxes, polygons, etc and requires a scalable data structure and an efficient management tool for this information. In this paper, for a dynamic management of spatial objects, we construct a hierarchical dynamic data structure, called an IST/OPG hierarchy, which may overcome some limitations of existing Spatial Access Methods (SAMs). The hierarchy is constructed by combining three primary components: (1) Minimum Boundary Rectangle (MBR), which is the most widely used method among SAMs; (2) the population-based domain slicing, which is modified from the Grid File [14]; (3) extended optimal Integer Searching algorithm [4]. For dynamic management of spatial objects in the IST/OPG hierarchy, a number of primary and supplementary operations are introduced. This paper includes a comparative analysis of our approach with previous SAMs, such as R-Tree, R+-Tree and R*-Tree and QSF-Tree. The results of analysis show that our approach is better than other SAMs in construction and query time and space requirements. Specifically, for a given search domain with n objects, our query operations yield $O($ \scriptsize $\sqrt {\frac {\log n} {\log\log n}}$\normalsize $)$ compared to $O(\log n)$ of the fast SAM and an IST/OPG hierarchy containing $n$ objects can be constructed in $O(n$ \scriptsize $\sqrt {\frac {\log n}{\log\log n}}$\normalsize $)$ time and O(n) space.
Chandra Observation of 3C 212: A New Look at the X-Ray and Ultraviolet Absorbers

The red quasar 3C 212 (z = 1.049) is one of the most distant and most luminous active galactic nuclei that have shown evidence of an X-ray warm absorber. In order to further investigate this unusual quasar, we used Chandra/ACIS-S to observe 3C 212 for 19.5 ks, resulting in a net detection of ~4000 counts. The Chandra data confirm the presence of an excess absorbing column NH ≈ 4 × 1021 cm-2 at the quasar redshift, but we find no compelling evidence for a warm absorber. Using both the Chandra and archival ROSAT PSPC data, we obtain very good fits for both a partially covered neutral absorber and a low-ionization (U = 0.03) photoionized absorber. In the ultraviolet, 3C 212 shows a strong associated Mg II absorber. Based on a moderate-resolution (80 km s-1) MMT spectrum we show that the absorber is highly saturated and has a covering fraction less than 60%, implying that the absorber is truly intrinsic to the quasar. Photoionization modeling of the Mg II absorber yields a constraint on the ionization parameter of U < 0.03, inconsistent with a warm UV/X-ray absorber. In addition to our spectral analysis, we find evidence in the ACIS image data for weak extended emission surrounding the quasar as well as emission corresponding to the radio lobes at a distance of 5'' from 3C 212. The statistical significance of these features is low, but we briefly explore the implications if the detections are valid.
A bag-of-semantics model for image clustering

This paper presents a novel method to organize a collection of images into a hierarchy of clusters based on image semantics. Given a group of raw images with no metadata as input, our method describes the semantics of each image with a bag-of-semantics model (i.e., a set of meaningful descriptors), which is derived from the image's Object Relation Network (Chen et al. in Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on World Wide Web, 2012)--an expressive graph model representing rich semantics for image objects and their relations. We adopt the class hierarchies in a guide ontology as different levels of lenses to view the bag-of-semantics models. Image clusters are automatically extracted by grouping images with the same bag-of-semantics viewed through a certain lens. With a series of coarse-to-fine lenses, images are clustered in a top-down hierarchical manner. In addition, given that users can have different perspectives regarding how images should be clustered, our method allows each user to control the clustering process while browsing, and thus dynamically adjusts the clustering result according to the user's preferences.
Treatment of children with osteogenesis imperfecta

Children with moderate to severe forms of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) require adequate physiotherapy, rehabilitation and orthopedic surgery. Supportive treatment with bisphosphonates can improve the effects of these nonmedicinal treatment modalities. Benefits of bisphosphonate treatment include decreased pain, lower fracture incidence, and better mobility. Among the various bisphosphonates, intravenous pamidronate has been studied in most detail. However, the optimal treatment regimen and the long-term consequences of pamidronate treatment in children are currently unknown. Given these uncertainties, treatment with bisphosphonates during growth should be reserved for patients who have significant clinical problems, such as vertebral compression fractures or long-bone deformities. Medical therapies other than bisphosphonates play a minor role at present. Gene-based therapy currently remains in the realm of preclinical research.
OP19.12: The ductus venosus (DV) size in normal fetuses from quiet to active states

Objective: To compare fetal umbilical vein flow measurement on free-floating (FF) and intra-abdominal (IA) portions. Methods: Prospective measurement of the umbilical venous volume flow (UVVF) in 13 normal pregnancies during routine antenatal ultrasounds. Umbilical vein cross-sectional diameter was measured in the IA umbilical vein, and in perpendicular views of FF portions of the cord. Velocity measurements were obtained using angle correction. Means were compared using Student T-test for related measures and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated by a two-way ANOVA model. Results: All measurements were done by two operators, blind to each other (MY and JC). For FF, mean vessel diameter showed an inter-observer ICC of 0.96. Mean blood velocity showed an interobserver ICC of 0.88. Mean angle correction used for Operator 1 was of 25,5◦, and for Operator 2 the mean correction reached 22.38◦, with an inter-observer ICC of 0.48. Vessel area and UVVF displayed an inter-observer ICC of 0.96 and 0.93, respectively. For IA, mean vessel diameter measurement showed an inter-observer ICC of 0.91. Mean blood velocity inter-observer ICC was of 0.45. Mean angle correction used was of 32.15◦ and 27.80◦, a non significant difference (p = 0.47), but with a poor inter-observer ICC (slight to none correlation, −0.98). Regarding vessel area and UVVF results, inter-observer ICC resulted of 0.91 and 0.74, respectively. Conclusions: When comparing UV blood flow between free-floating and intra-abdominal portions, our study shows a difference in UVVF calculations (inter-observer ICC 0.93 versus 0.74), attributable to the significant difference in the reliability of insonation angles for measuring IA portions (inter-observer ICC −0.98). These results validate the special attention to be addressed for a correct insonation angle for obtaining the blood velocity.
Nutrition and grazing behavior of the green turtle Chelonia mydas

The apparent digestibility coefficients for 4 size classes of the green turtle Chelonia mydas feeding on the seagrass Thalassia testudinum were measured in Union Creek, Great Inagua, Bahamas, from September 1975 to August 1976. The values ranged from 32.6 to 73.9% for organic matter; from 21.5 to 70.7% for energy; from 71.5 to 93.7% for cellulose; from 40.3 to 90.8% for hemicellulose; and from 14.4 to 56.6% for protein. Digestive efficiency increased with increases in water temperature and body size. There was no seasonal variation in the nutrient composition of T. testudinum blades. Grazing on T. testudinum may be limited by its low quality as a forage, a result of its high fiber content and possible low protein availability. Turtles did not graze at random over the extensive beds of T. testudinum, but maintained “grazing plots” of young leaves by consistent recropping. They thus consumed a more digestible forage-higher in protein and lower in lignin-than the ungrazed, older leaves of T. testudinum. The selectivity of green turtles for either a seagrass or algal diet may reflect the specificity of their intestinal microflora.
Comparison of power and performance for the TFET and MOSFET and considerations for P-TFET

A detailed circuit assessment of Tunneling Field Effect Transistors (TFET) versus MOSFET transistors operating at a supply voltage near device threshold is reported, including the consideration of P-TFET device design. 20nm gate-length InAs TFET and Si MOSFET device characteristics are simulated and used in circuit simulations. For ultra low power logic applications, TFET logic can operate at equal standby power and switching energy to MOSFET logic, but with better performance. The study shows that the P-TFET device has a lower I ON /I OFF ratio than the N-TFET due to the low conduction-band density of states (DOS) in III–V materials. It is shown that for a specific TFET power-performance target, the source doping level needs to be optimized.
Computation and conceptual design

Abstract Design is the transformation between a functional and a structural description of a device. Conceptual design is the initial stage of this transformation. We hypothesize that most new design are derived from knowledge of existing designs. We identify a special case of this process and call it novel combination . By describing an implemented program which designs novel mechanical fasteners, we explain how knowledge of existing devices can be represented and used. We highlight the issues arising from this implementation and propose four areas of future research. This work is important for establishing a fundamental understanding of conceptual design, leading to enhanced design teaching and better design tools.
A forward-trajectory global semi-Lagrangian transport scheme

A forward-trajectory semi-Lagrangian scheme for advection on the surface of the sphere is proposed. The advection scheme utilizes the forward (downstream) trajectory originating at Eulerian grid points and cascade interpolation, a sequence of 1D interpolations, to transfer data from the downstream Lagrangian points to the Eulerian points. A new and more accurate algorithm determines pole values. The resulting forward-trajectory semi-Lagrangian scheme can easily incorporate high-order trajectory integration methods. This avoids the standard iterative process in a typical backward-trajectory scheme. Two third-order accurate schemes and a second-order accurate scheme are presented. A mass-conservative version of the forward-trajectory semi-Lagrangian scheme is also derived within the cascade interpolation framework. Mass from a Lagrangian cell is transferred to the corresponding Eulerian cell with two 1D remappings through an intermediate cell system. Mass in the polar region is redistributed by way of an efficient local approximation. The resulting scheme is globally conservative, but restricted to meridional Courant number, Cθ ≤ 1.
Nelarabine: A Nucleoside Analog with Efficacy in T-Cell and other Leukemias

OBJECTIVE:To present the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of nelarabine, 9-β-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G) and intraleukemic cellular pharmacokinetics of 9-β-D-arabinofuranosylguanine triphosphate (ara-GTP) generated from the administration of nelarabine, and clinical and safety information relative to nelarabine use in the treatment of hematologic malignancies.DATA SOURCES:MEDLINE (1966—December 2004) was searched using the English-language key terms 2-amino-6-methoxypurine arabinoside, 506U78, and nelarabine. Data were also obtained from published abstracts.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:Clinical studies evaluating the pharmacokinetics of nelarabine, ara-G, and cellular ara-GTP and use of nelarabine, alone or in combination with other agents for the treatment of hematologic malignancies, were included in this review.DATA SYNTHESIS:Nelarabine is the water-soluble, 6-methoxy analog of 9-β-D-ara-G. Nelarabine is readily converted to ara-G by endogenous adenosine deaminase. The half-life of nelara...
Malcommunication and the case of Maria M.

Medicine watchers from various disciplines have examined medical care with a microscopic gaze. Dramatic scenarios are dissected; medical education is explored and deplored; race, gender and class are deconstructed and reconstructed; and doctors write detailed autobiographical accounts of their work. Illness memoirs from patients’ perspectives are a growing literary trend, detailing experiences with catastrophic diseases. Less is written, particularly in patients’ voices, about more mundane medical delivery. Rarer still are medical narratives from the viewpoints of women of color and the lower classes. In the course of my own observations of physician—patient interactions in doctors’ offices, I have paid particular attention to the conversations involving women of various economic and ethnic backgrounds. Patterns emerge. One recurring scenario is that the greater the distance between providers and patients—especially distance in class—the less explanation is given for the medical procedures chosen, and the...
Brain Death, Paternalism, and the Language of "Death"

The controversy surrounding the dead donor rule and the adequacy of neurological criteria for death continues unabated. However, despite disagreement on fundamental theoretical questions, I argue that there is significant (but not complete) agreement on the permissibility of organ retrieval from heart-beating donors. Many disagreements are rooted in disputes surrounding language meaning and use, rather than the practices of transplant medicine. Thus I suggest that the debate can be fruitfully recast in terms of a dispute about language. Given this recasting, I argue that the language used to describe organ donation is misleading and paternalistic. Finally, I suggest that the near-agreement on the permissibility of heart-beating organ retrieval ought to be reconsidered. If the paternalism is not justified, then either the language used to describe organ transplantation must change radically, or it would seem to follow that much of the transplant enterprise lacks ethical justification.
Different trans RNA splicing events in bloodstream and procyclic Trypanosoma brucei

Most trypanosomatid genes are transcribed into polycistronic precursor RNAs that are processed into monocistronic mRNAs possessing a 39-nucleotide spliced leader (SL) at their 5'-ends and polyadenylation at their 3'-ends. We show here that precursor RNA derived from a luciferase gene integrated in reverse orientation at the rDNA locus of Trypanosoma brucei is processed into three major SL-containing RNAs in bloodstream cells and a single SL-containing RNA in procyclic RNAs. This difference in trans RNA splicing between bloodstream and procyclic cells is independent of the 5'- and 3'-UTRs flanking the luciferase coding region. Thus, bloodstream cells can recognize some sequences in precursor RNA as a SL addition site that procyclic cells do not. These alternative SL addition sites may be aberrant or they might be utilized to expand the number of gene products from individual genes. Future experiments on endogenous genes will be necessary to examine the latter possibility.
The subcellular distribution of (±)‐2,3‐dehydroemetine and (−)‐ emetine in rat liver and changes in hepatic lipid content after treatment of rats with (±)‐2,3‐dehydroemetine

Treatment of female rats with (±)-2,3-dehydroemetine leads to increases in the total lipid content of their livers, without affecting phospholipid content appreciably. The subcellular distribution of (±)-2,3-dehydroemetine or (−)-emetine in the livers of rats pretreated with these drugs, shows that each compound is associated with the mitochondria rather than the microsomal fraction or the cell sap.
Forces in the normal and abnormal hand

An analytic model for human hand force analysis was developed through anatomical study and measurement of multiple cadaveric specimens. A method of solution was developed to determine muscle and joint force distributions under various isometric hand functions. Applications of this model to abnormal conditions include studying the effects of tendon laceration, neuromuscular weakness, and surgical restoration by tendon transfer. Limitations and further applications of the model are discussed in detail.
Improvements in the optical quality of AgGaSe2 crystals

Abstract As-grown AgGaSe 2 crystals contain a high density of precipitates which cause optical scattering. These can be removed by a postgrowth heat-treatment process in the presence of Ag 2 Se. Often the optical quality after heat-treatment varies from one crystal to another. A video technique for imaging near-IR light scattering in heat-treated AgGaSe 2 crystals has made it possible to assess the density of optical defects persisting after the usual single step heat-treatment process. Identification of the chemical composition of the precipitates, and having an accurate assessment of the density remaining after a single heat-treatment step, has led to the development of a more effective multi-step heat treatment process. With this improvement, optical scattering losses have been reduced by at least a factor of four. The known condensed phase equilibria in the AgGaSe system accounts for this behavior, predicting the direction in which chemical reactions occur during growth and heat-treatment, but it does not account for the subtle effects encountered in this system.
Are wireless sensors feasible for aircraft

Electrical wiring on board aircraft has raised serious weight and safety concerns in the aerospace industry. Wires are antennas. Wires that carry signals, particularly high speed data, can radiate some of the energy of those signals. This can cause interference to radio-based systems on board the aircraft, or, in the case of military aircraft, create a "signature" that can be detected by enemy receivers.
Robust Singular Value Decompositions: A New Approach to Projection Pursuit

Abstract Robust location and covariance estimators are developed via general M estimation for covariance matrix eigenvectors and eigenvalues. The solution to this GM estimation problem is obtained by transforming it into a series of robust regression problems based on a new algorithm for the singular value decomposition. It is shown here that the singular value decomposition can be represented as an iteration of two steps: a least squares regression fit of the data matrix followed by a rotation to the regression hyperplanes. An algorithm to obtain the solution to this GM estimation problem is presented, along with results of a Monte Carlo study and examples of its application. In addition, it is shown how the output of this algorithm can be used to numerically search for multivariate outliers, which is especially useful in exploratory data analysis with high-dimensional data and large sample sizes, where standard graphical techniques are difficult to implement. Because the algorithm computes robust estima...
Satellite Broadcasting as Trade Routes in the Sky

The metaphor of trade routes used from time to time to think about the distribution of ideas and imagery ought to nourish our conception of transnational paths of delivery of electronic communications. Our minds are full of Rupert Murdoch and Disney, CNN and the BBC as traders in information, great shippers of data, distributors of sitcoms and news and advertisements. In the common reading of the world of electronic signals, the media is considered "global," and the general impression is of a constant and ever-present net that can deposit information everywhere, disregarding boundaries. Our common and most recent experiences with the Internet seem, at first blush, to confirm and underscore a belief that data careers around the world from server to server, in patterns that seem virtually impervious to purposive planning or political and legal intervention (Volokh, 1995). Sender and receiver are linked in ways that appear indifferent to the route or mode by which they are connected. The obsolescence of boundaries is reinforced. So, too, has been the effect of the seamlessness of telephony in the developed world, obliterating distance and time. In telephony, transmission pathways seem invisible, or at least irrelevant, to the substantive decisions of most users. Although users are almost never conscious of it, all these modes of communication (postal service, telegrams and telephones) required the construction of international systems of regulation. Assurance of adherence to worldwide standards was a condition for their instantaneous nature and compatibility. The predominance of the West in terms of development and control of access to technology dictated the change in structure of international communication, putting pressure on non-Western members to Westernize, in order to comply with the prevailing system's bureaucratic rules. This book chapter is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/50
Current laser dentistry

Current laser dentistry since our initial studies in 1964 is reviewed. Three areas are considered: routine dental office practice, tooth restoration, and oral surgery. For tooth restoration and oral surgery, CO2 and neodymium:YAG lasers are used and lasers are used in photodynamic therapy for oral cancer. Dental office practice today is concerned mostly with uncontrolled studies of biostimulation and requires more basic research and controlled clinical studies. The laser industry in the United States should take a more active interest in defining the applications of lasers in dentistry.
An Integrated Approach for Locating Neuroanatomical Structure from MRI

The wide availability of high resolution magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the brain has facilitated tremendous progress in neuroscience. Accurate automated segmentation and quantification of neuroanatomical structure from such images is crucial for the advancement of the understanding of brain morphology, both in normal variation and in disease. Gradient-based deformable surface finding is a powerful technique for locating structure in three-dimensional images. However, it often suffers from poorly defined edges and noise. This paper proposes a gradient-based deformable surface finding approach that integrates region information. This makes the resulting procedure more robust to noise and improper initialization. In addition, prior shape information may be incorporated. The algorithm uses Gauss's Divergence theorem to find the surface of a homogeneous region-classified area in the image and integrates this with a gray-level gradient-based surface finder. Experimental results on synthetic and MR brain images show that a significant improvement is achieved as a consequence of the use of this extra information. Further, these improvements are achieved with little increase in computational overhead, an advantage derived from the application of Gauss's Divergence theorem.
Hydrothermal syntheses and structures of reduced and mixed valence polyoxovanadium clusters with capped cage cores: K3[H12(AsO)2(AsO4)V6IVV6VO36]·12H2O and Rb5 [(As2O)4(VO)2V12IVO36Cl]·2H2O

The reaction of NaVO3, As2O3, KSCN, H2NC(CH2OH)3, H2SO4 and H2O yielded black crystals of K3[H12(AsO)2(AsO4)V12O36]·12H2O (1). The structure of 1 consists of a {(AsO4)V12O36} α-Keggin core capped on two tetragonal faces by {AsO} units. Crystal data for H36O54K3V12As3: cubic space group Pm3m, a=10.583(2) A, V=1185.3(9) A3, Z=1, Dcalc=2.664 g cm−3. Structure solution and refinement based on 193 reflections with Io⩾3σ(Io) converged at a discrepancy value of 0.0628. The hydrothermal reaction of a mixture of V2O5, V2O3, V (−325 mesh), H5As3O10, RbOH and H2O in the mole ratio 5:5:5:3:6.4:333 for 60 h at 200 °C produced lustrous black crystals of Rb5[As8V14O42Cl]·2H2O (2). The structure of 2 is similar to those of the general class of ‘reduced’ or V(IV) clusters of the type [V(18−p)As2pO42(X)]m−, where X=SO3, SO4, H2O and p=3, 4, which are topologically related to the elongated square gyrobicupola and extended cage core of [V18O42(X)]n−. Thus, the structure of 2 is constructed from the framework of 24 bridging oxo groups by the capping of four tetragonal faces by {As2O} groups and of fourteen faces by {VO} groups and by encapsulation of a Cl−anion. Crystal data for As8ClH4O44Rb5V14: monoclinic P21, a=13.141(2), b=13.525(2), c=13.412(2) A, β=92.59(1)°, V=2381.3(12) A3, Z=2, Dcalc=3.46 g cm−3. Structure solution and refinement based on 4518 reflections with Io ⩾3σ(Io) converged at R=0.0623.
Self-Predication and Linguistic Reference in Plato's Theory of the Forms

xcept for the paradoxes of Parmenides's pupil, Zeno, the most controversial and intensively studied argument in the whole of ancient philosophy is the "Third Man" an argument Parmenides presents himself in the dialogue Plato titled in his honor. There is little agreement on what the argument proves or what view of its importance Plato took. There is a consensus however that it identifies as a key problem in his theory of the Forms their ostensive self-predication. If, so Parmenides's argument seems to run, many apparently large things are large by virtue of some one character the Form The Large Itself and if both the many particular things and the one Form are large, then largeness cannot be a single thing after all. A second unity must make its appearance to account for The Large Itself and other large things being large (Parmenides 132 A-B). In this way Parmenides generates an embarrassing regress of Forms from the joint membership of Forms and particulars in a class, for by Plato's hypothesis a Form is a single thing. Some commentators have pronounced this argument a decisive and honest objection to the theory of the Forms, citing as the basic factor the impossibility Plato faces of ever allowing his Forms to be anything but self-predicating.1 Other commentators have pronounced the argument faulty, holding that Plato faces no such impossibility and that, in fact, he always refers to Forms and particulars in ways which preclude their being classed together.2 Still others have combined
Reduction of channel hot-electron-generated substrate current in sub-150-nm channel length Si MOSFET's

Channel hot-electron-generated substrate currents were measured in MOSFET devices with channel lengths down to 0.09 mu m, and a family of characteristic plots of substrate current, normalized to drain current, I/sub SUB//I/sub D/, rather than (V/sub DS/-V/sub DSAT/)/sup -1/ was obtained. For channel lengths greater than 0.5 mu m, the characteristics are independent of channel length. For channel lengths in the range of 0.15 mu m, the characteristics are independent of channel length. For channel lengths in the range of 0.15 mu m, the normalized substrate current at constant V/sub DS/ increases with decreasing channel length. However, as the channel length is decreased below 0.15 mu m, a decrease of the normalized substrate current is observed. The decrease is larger at 77 K than at 300 K. This decrease accompanies the onset of electron velocity overshoot over a large portion of the channel. It is suggested that the decrease is due either to a decrease of carrier energy because energy relaxation and transit times become comparable, to a relative decrease of the carrier population in the channel, or to both. >
Economic Impacts of Extension Integrated Pest Management Programs in Several States

Economic benefits of extension integrated pest management (IPM) programs were evaluated for several commodities and several states (Indiana, Virginia, Georgia, New York, North Carolina, Texas, Massachusetts, Mississippi, and the Northwest region including Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and Nevada). A budget analysis was used to assess impacts of IPM practices on level and variability of net returns per hectare to farmers. A consumer-producer surplus analysis was conducted to measure aggregate benefits to producers and consumers. Finally, a polychotomous logit model was used to evaluate relative importance of socioeconomic factors that influence IPM adoption and distribution of IPM impacts on producers. Results of these analyses showed higher and less variable returns per hectare for users of IPM compared with nonusers. Moreover, consumers receive positive economic gains. However, level and variance of pesticide cost per hectare increased with increasing levels of IPM use in several states. A typical user of IPM is white, male, with at least some college education, has frequent contact with extension agents, has a relatively large farm, higher than average gross farm income, and a higher than average percent of income from farming.
Fifty-three hours of total sleep deprivation has no effect on rewarming from cold air exposure.

Objective Sleep deprivation and cold air exposure are both experienced in occupational and military settings but the combined effects of these 2 stressors is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 53 hours of total sleep deprivation on thermoregulation during the rewarming phase (25°C air) after acute cold air exposure (10°C air). Methods Eight young men underwent 2 trials in which they either received 7 hours of sleep at night or were totally sleep deprived. On 3 consecutive mornings, the subjects underwent 2 hours of cold air exposure followed by 2 hours of rewarming. Rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, oxygen consumption, and thermal sensation were measured. Results Rewarming from acute cold air exposure caused a decline in rectal temperature (∼0.5°C) each day but this was not different between subjects who were totally sleep deprived and subjects who received 7 hours of sleep at night. During this same period, mean skin temperature increased (from ∼22°C to 27°C), oxygen consumption decreased (from ∼7 to 4 mL·kg −1 ·min −1 ), and the participants felt warmer. Conclusions Under the conditions of the present study, sleep-deprived persons are not at a greater risk for a decline in rectal temperature (ie, a hypothermic afterdrop) during rewarming from cold air.
A case of IgG4-associated cholangitis and autoimmune pancreatitis responsive to corticosteroids

This article considers the case of a 72-year-old male who presented with epigastric pain, anorexia and progressive jaundice. Liver function tests revealed enzyme abnormalities consistent with cholestasis, while radiographic and endoscopic findings were suggestive of autoimmune pancreatitis with biliary involvement. Examinations for the presence of malignant cells were negative. A diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis with IgG4-associated cholangitis was made and the patient was treated with corticosteroids. Background A 72-year-old male presented to the emergency department with epigastric pain, anorexia and progressive jaundice of 1 week's duration. He had no prior history of gastrointestinal illness, diabetes or cancer. He did not smoke or consume alcohol. He did have a family history of colon and bone cancer. Investigations Biochemical and serologic studies, CT scan, abdominal ultrasound, endoscopic ultrasound, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, biliary cytology, pancreas needle biopsies and immunohistochemical stainings. Diagnosis Autoimmune pancreatitis with IgG4-associated sclerosing cholangitis affecting the extrahepatic biliary ducts and mimicking primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma. Management Corticosteroids and immunomodulatory therapy.
Factor XIa dimer in the activation of factor IX.

Factor XI, unlike other coagulation proteins, is a homodimer of two identical subunits linked by a single disulfide bond formed by Cys321. The present study was undertaken to understand the physiological significance of the dimeric nature of factor XI. We have expressed a mutant FXI/G326C in which the Gly326 residue of factor XI has been mutated to Cys326, reasoning that Cys321 would form an intrachain disulfide bond with Cys326 as in prekallikrein, a plasma protein that exists as a monomer even with 58% amino acid sequence identity and a domain structure very similar to factor XI. No free thiol could be detected in the expressed protein, and it migrated as a monomer on nonreduced SDS−PAGE. In physiological buffer, however, the protein was found to exist in a state of monomer−dimer equilibrium as assessed by gel-filtration chromatography and ultracentrifugation studies (Kd ∼ 36 nM). Functional studies revealed that FXI/G326C was indistinguishable from plasma factor XI in a plasma-clotting assay and in a f...
Kinetics of oxide formation in liquid copper and silver

The process of formation of oxide phases in liquid copper and liquid silver has been studied by pumping oxygen into the liquid alloy with the use of a solid-electrolyte electrochemical cell. The oxygen potential at the electrolyte-metal interface is monitored simultaneously by the electrochemical cell. A wide range of effects were observed ranging from the very rapid formation of a layer of oxide at the electrolyte-metal interface to what appears to be homogeneous nucleation of the oxide in the metal. The results may help to explain some of the difficulties that sometimes have been observed in using this type of cell to measure the oxygen potential of a liquid metal. The results indicate that a supersaturation ratio of about 9 is necessary for homogeneous nucleation of iron oxide (most probably Fe3O4(s)) in liquid copper containing 0.01 to 0.07 pct iron. The interfacial tensionσCu-Fe3O4 is calculated to be 0.74 J/m2. In experiments with higher concentrations of deoxidant (0.2 pct Fe in Cu and 0.2 to 0.4 pct Ni in Ag) equilibrium precipitation of oxides apparently predominates over homogeneous nucleation for the experimental conditions employed. A mathematical model which partly explains the different effects observed is presented.