cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Training needs for dementia care in China from the perspectives of mental health providers: who, what, and how.

ABSTRACTBackground:Acknowledging increasing demand of dementia care for patients in China, this paper aims to understand the training needs of dementia care from the perspectives of mental health providers by examining who should be the trainees, what should be the contents of training, and how to deliver the training in China. Methods Using purposive sampling, data were gathered via four focus group discussions with 40 mental health providers in Beijing, China, in 2011. Data were transcribed by independent investigators and then translated into English. Researchers used content analysis to separately identify themes and codes. Discrepancies were discussed until final agreement achieved. Results To improve the quality of dementia care, all participants agreed there is a significant need to train both formal or professional (physicians, nurses, hospital administrators, community workers) and informal caregivers (family, friends, or non-kin hired caregivers). For formal or professional caregivers, suggested training content included clinical knowledge of dementia (i.e. pathogenesis, approaches for preventing dementia deterioration) and clinical practice skills (i.e. diagnostic, treatment, caregiving, counseling, communicating skills). For informal caregivers, basic dementia knowledge and home-based caregiving skills such as safety, restorative, stress management, and communication were identified as key training contents. Multilevel support from the government and community centers were considered crucial factors to delivering the training and educating the public to enhance awareness of dementia. Conclusions Culturally, sensitive education and specific trainings for formal and informal dementia caregivers are urgently needed in China. Policy and program implications are discussed.
School, Social-Communicative, and Academic Challenges Among Delinquents and Juvenile Sexual Offenders

This study explores the association between student factors and delinquency by comparing two groups of adjudicated youth in six Midwestern residential facilities: 331 young men committed for a sexual offense, and 171 committed for a nonsexual offense. Statistically significant findings include juvenile sexual offenders exhibiting a greater number of delinquent behaviors and greater academic and social difficulties compared with their counterparts adjudicated for a nonsexual offense. Additionally, path analysis revealed that school experience was negatively associated with delinquency for both groups. For juvenile sexual offenders, academic difficulties were associated with delinquency through their school experience. Among general delinquents, delinquency was directly associated with social difficulties and school experience. Implications for interventions and future research are discussed.
Integrating Face Profile and Gait at a Distance

Human recognition from arbitrary views is an important task for many applications, such as visual surveillance, covert security and access control. It has been found to be difficult in reality, especially when a person is walking at a distance in real-world outdoor conditions. For optimal performance, the system should use as much information as possible from the observations. In this chapter, we introduce a video based system which combines cues of face profile and gait silhouette from the single camera video sequences. It is difficult to get reliable face profile information directly from a low-resolution video frame because of limited resolution. To overcome this problem, we first construct a high-resolution face profile image from multiple adjacent low-resolution frames for each video sequence. Then, we extract face features from the high-resolution profile image. Finally, dynamic time warping (DTW) is used as the matching method to compute the similarity of two face profiles based on the absolute values of curvature. For gait, we use gait energy image (GEI), a spatio-temporal compact representation, to characterize human walking properties. Gait recognition is carried out based on the direct GEI matching. Several schemes are considered for fusion of face profile and gait. A number of dynamic video sequences are tested to evaluate the performance of our system. Experimental results are compared and discussed.
Leptin Therapy in Patients with Lipodystrophy and Syndromic Insulin Resistance

Leptin in the form of recombinant human methionyl leptin (metreleptin) has now been approved by the FDA for treatment of generalized forms of lipodystrophy. Leptin deficiency plays a major role in the extreme metabolic derangement of lipodystrophy and, therefore, provides a specific drug target. This is one of the best examples of the translation of a fundamental scientific discovery to a drug directly applicable to patients. Leptin therapy in lipodystrophy leads to a major reduction in serum triglycerides, improvement in insulin resistance and diabetes, improvement in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, reduction in proteinuria, and improvement in menstrual and reproductive function. There is little change in thyroid or adrenal function and very modest change in immune function. In addition to the beneficial effects of metreleptin in generalized lipodystrophy, patients with partial forms of lipodystrophy have similar, albeit more modest responses to leptin, with the best responses seen in those patients with the most severe metabolic derangements. While leptin clearly has effects on satiety it also activates a number of molecules in rodents that affect lipids, insulin sensitivity, and ectopic fat deposition. Greater understanding of these mechanisms in humans will be critical to the further application of leptin to human disease.
There is nothing latent about latency: Its impact on parents

This paper deals with the developmental changes of the 6–12 year old child in the social, emotional, and cognitive spheres and the affect this has upon the parents. It specifically details some of the parenting areas which must be dealt with and the possible problems that could arise should the parent be unable to change. The parents must change their view of the child from its former dependent state to one in which the child is moving away from a family centered orientation to one in which they must share power with the child rather than using power to dominate.
Tissue Determination An Introduction

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the determination of specific tissues. Nearly all multicellular animals contain similar tissues: epidermis, nervous system, digestive organs, circulatory system and blood, and contractile muscle. It is an opportune time to consider tissue determination from a cross-species perspective. There have been considerable advances in this research over the past decade, in part due to homology cloning techniques, the human genome project, animal genome projects, transgenic mouse technology, and improved technologies for manipulating small or inaccessible embryos and their cells. Information from several animal models is converging to identify common themes and species-specific themes in the cellular and molecular mechanisms of tissue differentiation. In addition, the knowledge base for understanding cell type determination can now be applied to the next level of organization, that of the tissues and organs. Organs are derived from cells of different tissue origins that must coordinate in function, and often errors in these interactions are responsible for congenital malformations.
Interactions of Bilirubin and Drugs

Many drugs given to mothers and their newborns are bound to albumin. After 25 years of experience in the United States, sulfisoxazole still remains as the only drug clearly associated with an epidemic of kernicterus in newborn infants; however, several other drugs that are often used and most of the newer drugs being developed for possible use in the perinatal period have not been adequately tested for their effects on bilirubin binding, distribution, and metabolism. As the routine use of multiple drugs increases in high-risk newborns, it is appropriate to review the methods available for testing bilirubin-drug interactions. In this presentation we shall review several methods potentially useful for studying bilirubin displacement from albumin by drugs, using examples from our own laboratory.
Modeling of thermal runaway of carbonaceous materials: Graphite, biochar, and wood

Joule heating is an important mechanism in electronic devices. It must be carefully controlled to avoid the possibility of thermal runaway, which can happen in a fraction of a second. In contrast, there are some applications in which reaching high temperatures in such short times would be desired, such as in biomass gasification systems. In this paper, a transient one-dimensional model based on the energy equation coupled with the charge conservation and voltage equations is used to analyze thermal runaway for various carbonaceous materials ranging from wood, which is an electrical insulator, to biochar, which is a moderate electrical conductor, to graphite which has high electrical conductivity. Numerical results are obtained for the temporal evolution of the temperature and charge distribution, as well as, Joule heating, heat losses, electric field, and voltage. It is found that for higher applied voltages the charges accumulate mostly near the boundaries, and due to the increase of the electrical conductivity with temperature, the dynamics of thermal runaway are observed. In addition, a nondimensional analysis is performed to determine the operating conditions that generate significant Joule heating in relation to heat losses. The dimensionless time, Fo, to reach a prescribed maximum lattice temperature is calculated given a set of bias conditions and dimensions in the form of a nondimensional parameter M2.
MIMO Pre-Coder Design Based on Weighted Euclidean Distance Maximization in Interference Channel

This paper presents a new framework for designing decentralized rank-1 pre-coders in MIMO interference channel. The proposed pre-coders aim to separate the received signal points corresponding to different bits into distinct clusters at every receiver. This is accomplished by minimizing the overlaps between conditional probability density functions (PDFs) given the sent bits, which is shown to be equivalent to maximizing the weighted Euclidean distance between the signal points. This formulation is shown to be synonymous to minimizing an upper bound to the probability of error or maximizing the approximated Bhattacharya distances of the conditional PDFs. When full channel state information (CSI) is given at all transmitters and receivers, our design is shown to offer significant performance gain over a wide range of SNR when compared to other pre-coder designs in the literature. We also extend our pre-coder design to the case when transmitters only have partial CSI in an arbitrary form. When the partial CSI is given in the form of quantized levels of channel coefficients, our design is shown to retain considerable performance gain as we partition the channel coefficients with finer resolutions.
Differences in health behaviors and health outcomes among non-Hispanic Whites and Arab Americans in a population-based survey in California.

Few population-based studies of Arab American health behaviors and outcomes exist outside of Michigan. We aimed to provide prevalence estimates of health behaviors and outcomes for Arab Americans and compare them to non-Hispanic Whites in California. We used data from the 2003–2016 California Health Interview Surveys. We determined Arab American ethnicity using an algorithm that considered place of birth of the respondent or parent and use of Arabic language at home. Survey-weighted frequencies, chi-squared statistics, and logistic regression analyses were used to compare Arab Americans and non-Hispanic Whites on socioeconomic indicators, health behaviors and health outcomes. Multivariable models were adjusted for age, education level, and insurance status. Arab Americans had higher prevalence of no insurance, living below the federal poverty level, and home ownership than non-Hispanic Whites despite high levels of education and low unemployment prevalence. Arab Americans had reduced odds of alcohol consumption (OR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.45), binge drinking (OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.40), and suicidal ideation (OR: 0.41, 0.25, 0.66) when compared to non-Hispanic Whites in multivariable models. Arab Americans had decreased odds of hypertension (OR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.83) and increased odds of diabetes (OR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.23, 3.34) when compared to non-Hispanic Whites in multivariable models. Arab Americans in California participate in less risky health behaviors and have better health outcomes than non-Hispanic Whites, except with regards to diabetes. Future work aiming to understand the health of Arab Americans should allow for self-identification and less reliance on country of origin and language use at home for sample selection.
Cs x MA 1-x Pb(I 1-x Br x ) 3 Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication and Modeling

Perovskite Solar cells have shown much promise in a relatively short time. Power conversion efficiencies have increased from 3.8 % to 24.2 % in a span of ten years. Perovskite solar cells have attracted much attention in research because of the relatively low cost in manufacturing and production. Current silicon photovoltaic devices are more expensive than conventional fossil fuel. Modeling perovskite solar cells in a simulated environment is critical for data analytics, real fabrication behavior projection, and quantum mechanics of the semiconductor device. This paper presents a MATLAB /SIMULINK model of Cs x MA 1-x Pb(I 1-x Br x ) 3 perovskite solar cell which accurately models its behavior. The close correlation between the fabricated device and the simulated model, demonstrates that this experimental results are in agreement. Therefore, this technique can be used to simulate a real photovoltaic semiconductor device for future research purposes.
James Baldwin and the American Schoolhouse

Professor Grant’s book, “James Baldwin and the American Schoolhouse” published (2021) Routledge, pp. 214, in which he develops a soliloquy story of James Baldwin’s self-identity discovery, thoughtf...
DiRe Committee : Diversity and Representation Constraints in Multiwinner Elections.

The study of fairness in multiwinner elections focuses on settings where candidates have attributes. However, voters may also be divided into predefined populations under one or more attributes (e.g., "California" and "Illinois" populations under the "state" attribute), which may be same or different from candidate attributes. The models that focus on candidate attributes alone may systematically under-represent smaller voter populations. Hence, we develop a model, DiRe Committee Winner Determination (DRCWD), which delineates candidate and voter attributes to select a committee by specifying diversity and representation constraints and a voting rule. We show the generalizability of our model, and analyze its computational complexity, inapproximability, and parameterized complexity. We develop a heuristic-based algorithm, which finds the winning DiRe committee in under two minutes on 63% of the instances of synthetic datasets and on 100% of instances of real-world datasets. We present an empirical analysis of the running time, feasibility, and utility traded-off. Overall, DRCWD motivates that a study of multiwinner elections should consider both its actors, namely candidates and voters, as candidate-specific "fair" models can unknowingly harm voter populations, and vice versa. Additionally, even when the attributes of candidates and voters coincide, it is important to treat them separately as having a female candidate on the committee, for example, is different from having a candidate on the committee who is preferred by the female voters, and who themselves may or may not be female.
The FMN "140s Loop" of Cytochrome P450 Reductase Controls Electron Transfer to Cytochrome P450.

Cytochrome P450 reductase (CYPOR) provides electrons to all human microsomal cytochrome P450s (cyt P450s). The length and sequence of the “140s” FMN binding loop of CYPOR has been shown to be a key determinant of its redox potential and activity with cyt P450s. Shortening the “140s loop” by deleting glycine-141(ΔGly141) and by engineering a second mutant that mimics flavo-cytochrome P450 BM3 (ΔGly141/Glu142Asn) resulted in mutants that formed an unstable anionic semiquinone. In an attempt to understand the molecular basis of the inability of these mutants to support activity with cyt P450, we expressed, purified, and determined their ability to reduce ferric P450. Our results showed that the ΔGly141 mutant with a very mobile loop only reduced ~7% of cyt P450 with a rate similar to that of the wild type. On the other hand, the more stable loop in the ΔGly141/Glu142Asn mutant allowed for ~55% of the cyt P450 to be reduced ~60% faster than the wild type. Our results reveal that the poor activity of the ΔGly141 mutant is primarily accounted for by its markedly diminished ability to reduce ferric cyt P450. In contrast, the poor activity of the ΔGly141/Glu142Asn mutant is presumably a consequence of the altered structure and mobility of the “140s loop”.
Reflective Writing in Teacher Education in China: Insights from Systemic Functional Linguistics

This article aims to demonstrate the application of theory to teaching practice by examining how two teacher educators drew upon systemic functional linguistics (SFL) as a pedagogical and analytical tool to inform their teaching of reflective writing to Mandarin-dominant teacher candidates enrolled in an ESOL course within an educator preparation program at a university using English Medium Instruction (EMI) in China. First, the authors describe how they incorporated the SFL appraisal framework into their teaching to bring their multilingual student writers’ attention to the language of evaluation as they prepared to construct reflective language learning autobiographies. Second, the authors demonstrate how SFL-informed text analysis of the appraisal resources used within students’ written reflections deepened their understanding of their students’ reflective writing practices and informed their teaching and course development. The article concludes with suggestions for using the SFL appraisal framework to support the reflective writing of their multilingual teacher candidates.
Intermediate-Term Results of 142 Single-Design, Rotating-Hinge Implants: Frequent Complications May Not Preclude Salvage of Severely Affected Knees.

Abstract Rotating-hinge knee prostheses have low survivorship and high complications except in primary arthroplasties in elderly patients. We retrospectively reviewed 142 single third-generation design, rotating hinge prostheses (11 primary procedures and 131 revisions) at 57 months follow up. Implant survival was 73 %. Successful two-stage reimplantation for prosthetic infection was 78.4% but new infection rate was 22%. The tibial component was durable while the femoral component was problematic. We observed only one patellar maltracking and no polyethylene wear. A third generation rotating-hinge arthroplasty reconstruction was reliable in complex problems. Outcomes in primary situations were excellent. Complications were the rule rather than the exception in revisions. With timely intervention, attention to soft tissue coverage, and realistic expectations, complications were contained and functional benefits were appreciable.
MULTIPHYSICS COMPUTATIONAL MODELS FOR CARDIAC FLOW AND VIRTUAL CARDIOGRAPHY

We propose a multiphysics simulation approach for predicting cardiac flows as well as conducting virtual echo (ECHO)- and phono-cardiography (PC) of these flows. Intra- ventricular blood flow is simulated by solving the three-dimensional incompressible Navier- Stokes equations with an immersed boundary method. Using this computational hemodynamic data, echo- and phono cardiographic signals are synthesized by separate simulations that model the physics of ultrasound wave scattering and flow-induced sound, respectively. For virtual ECHO, a Doppler ultrasound image is reproduced through Lagrangian particle track- ing of red blood cells and application of sound wave scattering theory. For virtual PC, the generation and propagation of blood-flow induced sounds is directly simulated by a computa- tional hemo-acoustics model. The virtual ECHO is applied to reproduce an M-mode Doppler image for the left ventricle and the virtual PC is used to model systolic murmurs caused by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(HCM). This "virtual" cardiography analysis provides data that can be compared and verified directly against clinically acquired data. Also the development of detailed correlations between blood-flow dynamics and the cardiographic data is expected to provide valuable information for the improvement of diagnostic tools based on these mod- alities.
Transcription of ColE1Ap mbeC induced by conjugative plasmids from twelve different incompatibility groups.

Abstract Although nonconjugative mobilizable plasmids require helping functions of conjugative plasmids in order to be mobilized into recipients, at least some genes from the nonconjugative plasmids may be induced to assist in the DNA transfer process. Conjugative plasmids from 12 different incompatibility groups mobilized the nonconjugative plasmid ColE1Ap between Escherichia coli strains. Introduction of any of the conjugative plasmids into the ColE1Ap-containing strain resulted in an induction of mbeC, the product of which is a component of the mobilization relaxation complex. Each of the conjugative plasmids caused protein to bind specifically to mbe promoter DNA, suggesting a direct regulatory interaction.
Constructivism, Policy, and Arts Education: Synthesis and Discussion

For this closing discussion, I analyzed the four articles for common broad themes that might inform arts education and education in general. Emerging as central to all four were two strong, central...
The significance of discharge to skilled care after abdominopelvic surgery in older adults.

CONTENT Older adults frequently undergo abdominopelvic surgical operations, yet the risk and significance of postoperative discharge disposition has not been well characterized. OBJECTIVE To describe the population-level risk of discharge to institutional care facilities and its impact on survival among older patients who undergo common abdominopelvic surgical procedures. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A retrospective, population-based cohort study, using the Washington State hospital discharge database for 89,405 adults aged 65 and older who underwent common abdominopelvic procedures (cholecystectomy, colectomy, hysterectomy/oophorectomy, and prostatectomy) between 1987 and 2004. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Discharge location and short-term and long-term mortality. RESULTS Advancing age was associated with discharge to an institutional care facility (ICF) after surgery [age, 65-69 (3.3%); 70-74 (5.7%); 75-79 (10.8%); 80-84 (20.6%); 85-89 (31.8%); 90+ (43.9%); trend test, P < 0.001). Postoperative complications were also associated with discharge to an ICF (21.9% vs. 8.9%, P < 0.001). Patients discharged to an ICF after surgery had higher 30-day (4.3% vs. 0.4%), 90 day (12.6% vs. 1.4%), and 1-year mortality (22.2% vs. 5.9%) in comparison with those discharged home with self-care (P < 0.001). Compared with similarly aged adults discharged home, patients discharged to an ICF had 4 times higher 1-year mortality (odds ratio = 3.9; 95% confidence interval = 3.6-4.2). Of patients who died after discharge to an ICF, the majority died either at the ICF (53.7%) or on a subsequent hospital admission (31.0%). CONCLUSIONS Advancing age and postoperative complications are associated with the risk of discharge to an ICF after abdominopelvic operations. Patients discharged to an ICF are much more likely to die within the first postoperative year and ICF disposition should be considered as either a marker of debility and/or a component of patient decline. These findings may be helpful while counseling patients regarding the expected outcomes of ICF placement after surgical intervention.
Cystic Hematoma of the Diaphragm

persistent and progressive elevation of the right diaphragm (Fig. 1). A thoracentesis in the right seventh intercostal space yielded 20 cc. of sterile, brownish, turbid fluid which was negative for neoplastic cells. The liver scan was consistent with a space-occupying lesion in the subdiaphragmatic area suggestive of a hemangioma on the anterior surface of the liver. Pneumoperitoneum studies failed to demonstrate air under the right diaphragm. The patient was prepared for surgery and the abdomen was explored. Filmy adhesions were found between the superior surface of the liver and the undersurface of the diaphragm. The liver appeared grossly normal, although a needle biopsy specimen showed evidence of mild cirrhosis. A tense diaphragm was noted and a needle, directed cephalad, was introduced. The aspirate was brownish fluid very similar to the thoracentesis fluid that had been aspirated previously. It was therefore concluded that the pathological condition was in the chest, and the abdominal incision was closed. The patient recovered without incident and a right thoracotomy was performed at a later date. A very tense, thick-walled cyst was found between the leaves of the right diaphragm. The cyst contained about 1,000 cc. of thick, brownish fluid. The wall of the cyst was partially excised, as total excision would have created a very wide defect in the diaphragm, and the remaining rim was marsupialized toward the pleural cavity. The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful and he was discharged from the hospital in good condition. The specimen showed grossly a partially calcified cystic wall containing thick, brownish material. Microscopically there was no lining noted, The wall consisted of fibrous tissue with a large number of erythrocytes. Some areas showed cholesterol clefts with the numerous erythrocytes. DISCUSSION
Photolysis of metarhodopsin I: Rate and extent of conversion to rhodopsin

Abstract The photolysis of metarhodopsin I, produced from cattle rhodopsin, has been investigated. The rate of conversion of meta I to rhodopsin has little, if any, “dark” component i.e. rhodopsin appears nearly as fast as the meta I absorbs light. This differs from what was found in the studies on meta II where an easily measured dark component exists. Also different from the results on meta II was the fact that no product, analogous to P 470 , was noticed when meta I was flashed. The extent of photoreversibility of meta I to rhodopsin was also investigated and was found to depend both on pH and temperature. The reversibility was nearly abolished at pH 4 and reached an upper limit at pH 6.5 or above. The reversibility was decreased with increasing temperature and these results were interpreted in terms of a mechanism recently proposed by Williams (1970) : MI ← MI' ← MII + H + . Assuming meta I-prime to be photoirreversible, the two equilibrium constants were measured over the range: 1–18°. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated and it was found that ΔH for the MI-MI' reaction is 11.3 kcal/mole and for the MI'-MII reaction it is 1.8 kcal/mole. The sum of these, 13.1 kcal/mole, is exactly the value obtained by Matthews et al. (1963) for the overall reaction: MI-MII
Extensions of the birthday surprise

Abstract The so-called “birthday surprise” is the fact that, on the average, one need only stop about 24 people at random to discover two who have the same birthday. Here we determine, asymptotically, the expected number of people in order for n of them to have the same birthday. In particular, for three birthdays, it is about 83 people.
Recognition of hypotensive shock on abdominal computed tomography

A comatose patient on a ventilator suffered circulatory collapse while undergoing abdominal computed tomography. The computed tomography findings are presented, and the means for prompt recognition of this catastrophe are discussed.
Bloomfield as an Austronesianist

SUMMARYBloomfield's contribution to Austronesian linguistics was quantitatively small, but qualitatively of high importance. He published only one book and one article on Philippine languages. His gigantic Tagdlog Texts with Grammatical Analysis (1917) is still, after seventy years, the best single source of information in existence for an Austronesian language. It exemplified a successful application of descriptive analytical method to material dictated by an informant, and as such was an important step in the development of Bloomfield's principles of linguistic analysis. As such, it represents a major advance over his 1914 Introduction to the Study of Language. The importance and value of his Tagdlog Texts have never been given fully adequate recognition. His other contribution, the short "Outline of Ilocano Syntax" (1942) is a tour de force in demonstrating the possibility of making so economical statement as to cover in less than seven pages the entire taxonomic syntax of a language.RESUMELa contribution de Bloomfield a la linguistique austronesienne fut quantitativement petite, mais au point de vue de la qualite, elle fut tres.im-portante. II ne publia qu'un livre et un article qui traiterent de langues Philippines. Son livre gigantesque Textes Tagdlog avec analyse grammaticale (1917) est toujours, apres soixante-dix ans, la meilleure source d'informa-tions qui existe pour une langue austronesienne. Ce livre fournit une demonstration exemplaire de l'application de la methode analytique descriptive a des materiaux dictes par un informateur. De cette faCon, il marque une etape importante dans le developpement professionnel de Bloomfield apres son Introduction a l'etude du langage (1914). L'importance et la valeur de ses Textes Tagdlog n'ont jamais ete reconnues d'une faCon satisfaisante. Son autre contribution, le court article "Esquisse de la syntaxe de l'Tloca-no" (1942) est un "tour de force" qui demontre la possibilite de donner un resume economique, dans moins de sept pages, de toute la syntaxe taxono-mique d'une langue.
Ethnicity and acculturation: do they predict weight status in a longitudinal study among Asian, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White early adolescent females?

BACKGROUND The prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents has increased over the past decade. Prevalence rates are disparate among certain racial and ethnic groups. This study sought to longitudinally examine the relationship between overweight status (≥85th percentile according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts) and ethnic group, as well as acculturation (generation and language spoken in the home) in a sample of adolescent females. METHODS Asian (n=160), Hispanic (n=217), and non-Hispanic White (n=304) early adolescent girls participating in the multistate calcium intervention study with complete information on weight, ethnicity, and acculturation were included. Multiple methods of assessing longitudinal relationships (binary logistic regression model, linear regression model, Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis) were used to examine the relationship. RESULTS The total proportion of girls overweight at baseline was 36%. When examining by ethnic group, the proportion varied with Hispanic girls having the highest percentage (46%) in comparison to their Asian (23%) and Non-Hispanic White (35%) counterparts. Although the total proportion of overweight was 36% at 18 months, the variation across the ethnic groups remained with the proportion of Hispanic girls becoming overweight (55%) being greater than their Asian (18%) and non-Hispanic White (34%) counterparts. However, regardless of the statistical approach used, there were no significant associations between overweight status and acculturation over time. CONCLUSION These unexpected results warrant further exploration into factors associated with overweight, especially among Hispanic girls, and further investigation of acculturation's role is warranted. Identifying these risk factors will be important for developing targeted obesity prevention initiatives.
Testing the Ortholog Conjecture with Comparative Functional Genomic Data from Mammals

A common assumption in comparative genomics is that orthologous genes share greater functional similarity than do paralogous genes (the “ortholog conjecture”). Many methods used to computationally predict protein function are based on this assumption, even though it is largely untested. Here we present the first large-scale test of the ortholog conjecture using comparative functional genomic data from human and mouse. We use the experimentally derived functions of more than 8,900 genes, as well as an independent microarray dataset, to directly assess our ability to predict function using both orthologs and paralogs. Both datasets show that paralogs are often a much better predictor of function than are orthologs, even at lower sequence identities. Among paralogs, those found within the same species are consistently more functionally similar than those found in a different species. We also find that paralogous pairs residing on the same chromosome are more functionally similar than those on different chromosomes, perhaps due to higher levels of interlocus gene conversion between these pairs. In addition to offering implications for the computational prediction of protein function, our results shed light on the relationship between sequence divergence and functional divergence. We conclude that the most important factor in the evolution of function is not amino acid sequence, but rather the cellular context in which proteins act.
Three new species of Cuscuta from Africa and one new variety from Nepal

Caules tenuissimi. Flores subsessiles, 4aut 5-divisi, eire. 3 iimm longi. Calyx longior quam corolla, alte divisus, lobi carnosi ovati acuti. Corollae lobi triangulari-ovati acuti breviores quam tubus camnpanulato-suburceolatus. Scalae ad stamina attingentes bifidae. Ovario ovoideo rostrato. Capsula eircumscissilis, Stems very slender and red or brown when dry. Flowers 4or 5-parted, about 3 mm long, yellow when dry, narrowing toward the base into a very short thick pedicel, in dense, several-flowered glomerules. Calyx fleshy, longer than the corolla and entirely enclosing it, divided to below the middle, the lobes ovate, with a protracted, turgid, acute apex, slightly overlapping at the sinuses, shiny-yellow when dry. Corolla campanulate-suburceolate, the lobes shorter thanthe tube, spreading, somiiewhat turgid, triangular-ovate, acute, the margins regular or sometimes irregular. Scales about reaching the stamens, strongly bifid, bridged low, the wings dentate above. Stamens shorter than the lobes, the anthers ovoid and shorter than the stoutish, subulate filaments. Ovary ovoid, rostrately pointed, rather deeplv cleft at the apex, the stigmas terete and longer than the short styles. Capsule circumscissile, surrounded by the withered corolla. Type: between Manisourah and Constantine, Algeria, on Othonna cheirifoltia L., May-June 1855, T. Choulette fil., "sub no. 57 Fragm. Florae Alger, exsicc." (BM). Only a single gloinerule of flowers was present on the type specimen. However, the deep calyx, strongly bifid scales, and unusual shape of the ovary are characters sufficiently distinct, it is believed, to warrant describing. It appears to be most closely allied with C. approxinmata Bab. but is readily differentiated on the characters as described. In general appearance, the ovary resembles to a considerable extent that of C. rostrata Shuttl. of the mountains of the eastern United States of America. It is now more than a century since the type specimen was collected. It is surprising that, so far as known, it has not been subsequently found.
Kinetics of hydantoin formation

Abstract The reaction of lignite in a slagging gasifier produces reactants which in turn form 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DMH) as a major constituent in the condensate water. Variations in plant operating conditions made it impossible to accurately study the kinetics of formation of DMH in the actual gasifier water, and thus a model system was chosen. The reaction of acetone cyanohydrin in the presence of excess ammonium carbonate at concentrations approaching those obtained in the condensate water were studied at 50,70, and 90 °C. Secondorder kinetics were obeyed, and the pseudo second-order rate constants at the respective temperatures were 1.86, 3.6, and 4.62 dm 3 mol − 1 h − 1 . Independent variation of the concentration of either acetone, cyanide, ammonia or carbonate gave results consistent with the interpretation that the formation of DMH is first order in all reactants: rate of formation of DMH = k [acetone][HCN][NH 3 ][CO 2 ]. The pseudo second-order rate constant is a complex rate constant including several rapid equilibria. A mechanism consistent with the kinetic data is presented.
Nonlinear Response of a Printed Circuit Board in Shock

This work focuses on deformation mechanisms taking place in a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) exposed to high impact shock. A combined experimental, theoretical, and numerical approach has been applied to address both the nature of the observed deformation and its modeling and test metrology implications. Experimental evidence overwhelmingly indicates that a PCB in both test and system applications undergoes nonlinear deformations. Geometric nonlinearity of board response is attributed to the elevated in-plane (membrane) stresses that develop when a drop height and/or inertia forces are significant. The impact of these stresses on deformations (board strain) was quantified using a specially designed test. Membrane stresses were also accounted for in a numerical (Finite Element Method) model developed and carefully validated in the course of this study. The model shows a very good agreement with test data. The nonlinearity of PCB deformation in shock, i.e. the fact that both bending moments and in-plane forces are present in the board has important implications on test metrology development and on correlation between the measured board strain and stresses in interconnects of surface mounted components. Of special importance is the impact that nonlinearity can have on development of transfer functions between strain measurements on system boards and strain measurements on test boards, which is also addressed in the paper.© 2009 ASME
Effective field theory for nonstandard top quark couplings

Abstract We present an effective-field-theory calculation of the effect of a dimension-six operator involving the top quark on precision electroweak data via a top-quark loop. We demonstrate the renormalizability, in the modern sense, of the effective field theory. We use the oblique parameter U ˆ to bound the coefficient of the operator, and compare with the bound derived from top-quark decay.
A cultivar-specific protection factor from incompatible interactions of green bean with Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

Abstract Bean hypocotyls were protected against cultivar-pathogenic races of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum by a factor which diffused into water droplets over incompatible (resistant) interactions. The factor protected only the bean cultivar from which it was obtained. Hypersensitive flecking did not occur in the protected areas. Conidia of a challenge inoculum germinated, formed appressoria and penetrated protected host tissue. Mycelium of the challenge was contained within the single epidermal cell penetrated. The factor from an incompatible interaction, when placed on another cultivar did not alter the susceptible or resistant response. The diffusate from compatible (susceptible) interactions also did not alter the susceptible or resistant response of the cultivar from which it was prepared or a cultivar which is a reciprocal differential to the beta and gamma race. Germination of conidia of the beta and gamma races of C. lindemuthianum in vitro was not inhibited by diffusates from compatible or incompatible interactions.
A Functional Proteomic Method for Biomarker Discovery

The sequencing of the human genome holds out the hope for personalized medicine, but it is clear that analysis of DNA or RNA content alone is not sufficient to understand most disease processes. Proteomic strategies that allow unbiased identification of proteins and their post-transcriptional and -translation modifications are an essential complement to genomic strategies. However, the enormity of the proteome and limitations in proteomic methods make it difficult to determine the targets that are particularly relevant to human disease. Methods are therefore needed that allow rational identification of targets based on function and relevance to disease. Screening methodologies such as phage display, SELEX, and small-molecule combinatorial chemistry have been widely used to discover specific ligands for cells or tissues of interest, such as tumors. Those ligands can be used in turn as affinity probes to identify their cognate molecular targets when they are not known in advance. Here we report an easy, robust and generally applicable approach in which phage particles bearing cell- or tissue-specific peptides serve directly as the affinity probes for their molecular targets. For proof of principle, the method successfully identified molecular binding partners, three of them novel, for 15 peptides specific for pancreatic cancer.
Choroid Plexus Tumors in Children: A Population-Based Study

Background: Choroid plexus tumors are rare neoplasms that primarily occur in children. The use of the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results) database allows for the analysis of the relationship between prognostic factors and survival. Methods: We analyzed the SEER database to select pediatric patients (Results: Overall, 168 pediatric subjects with choroid plexus tumors were identified as follows: 75 cases of CPP, 12 cases of atypical CPP and 81 cases of CPC. The median follow-up time was 3.5 years for CPP and 7.7 years for CPC. The median age at diagnosis was 4 years for CPP (10-90th percentile 0-16 years) and 1 year for CPC (10-90th percentile 0-10 years). In univariate regression analysis, CPC histology (β = -3.2, 95% confidence interval, CI -4.8 to -1.5, p Conclusions: Analysis of a pediatric cohort of choroid plexus tumors in children in the SEER database shows that tumor grade is predictive of survival. In cases of CPC, the extent of surgical resection, especially GTR, is significantly associated with increased survival. Radiation did not confer survival benefit.
A showcase of adaptive controller designs

The adaptive control literature contains hundreds of technical papers on many different approaches to the subject. However, engineers who are not specialists in adaptive theory often have difficulty selecting which approach to use in any given problem. This series of papers addresses this situation by defining a set of standard problems which are then solved by several distinct approaches to adaptive control. This introductory paper defines the problems and guidelines which have been used in this process.
Rhythmic and dysrhythmic thalamocortical dynamics: GABA systems and the edge effect

Brain function is fundamentally related in the most general sense to the richness of thalamocortical interconnectivity, and in particular to the rhythmic oscillatory properties of thalamocortical loops. Such rhythmicity is involved in the genesis of cognition, in the sleep–wake cycle, and in several neurological and psychiatric disorders. The role of GABA-mediated transmission in regulating these functional states is addressed here. At the cortical level, inhibition determines the spread of cortical activation by sculpting the precise activity patterns that underlie the details of cognition and motor control. At the thalamic level, GABA-mediated inhibition modulates and resets distribution of the ongoing thalamocortical rhythmic oscillations that bind multisensory inputs into a single cognitive experience and regulate arousal levels.
Comment on Comparison of Galvanomagnetic and de Haas-van Alphen Data For n -Type Bi 2 Te 3

There exists a large discrepancy in the shape of the Fermi surface of $n$-type ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ as determined by galvanomagnetic and de Haas-van Alphen experiments. A recalculation of the galvanomagnetic data allowing for the lack of complete degeneracy substantially reduces the discrepancy. The remaining difference can be explained by secondband effects.
Edge guards in rectilinear polygons

Abstract In this paper we consider the problem of placing edge guards to supervise a rectilinear art gallery. We show that no gallery with n vertices requires more than ⌊ (3n + 4) 16 ⌋ guards. Since this number of edge guards is necessary for some galleries the bound is tight.
Modification of Transonic Blowdown Wind Tunnel to Produce Oscillating Freestream Mach Number

This paper details the design, construction, and evaluation of a modification to Ohio State’s 6” × 22” Transonic Wind Tunnel to enable modulation of the freestream Mach number. The test section Mach number in this blowdown facility is dynamically set by varying the choke area in a harmonic fashion. Disturbances from the modulated throat area propagate upstream to vary the test section Mach number. Flow properties such as wave propagation speed were evaluated using 1D theory, 2D CFD, and experiments in order to understand the fundamental mechanisms of the Mach oscillation process and subsequent performance limitations of the facility. The current configuration of the Mach oscillation feature enables Mach oscillations between 0.4 and 0.6 at a controlled frequency up to 25Hz and a Reynolds number range of 2 – 16 million per foot.
Validity and Reliability of Devices That Assess Body Temperature During Indoor Exercise in the Heat

Abstract Context: When assessing exercise hyperthermia outdoors, the validity of certain commonly used body temperature measuring devices has been questioned. A controlled laboratory environment is generally less influenced by environmental factors (eg, ambient temperature, solar radiation, wind) than an outdoor setting. The validity of these temperature measuring devices in a controlled environment may be more acceptable. Objective: To assess the validity and reliability of commonly used temperature devices compared with rectal temperature in individuals exercising in a controlled, high environmental temperature indoor setting and then resting in a cool environment. Design: Time series study. Setting: Laboratory environmental chamber (temperature = 36.4 ± 1.2°C [97.5 ± 2.16°F], relative humidity = 52%) and cool laboratory (temperature = approximately 23.3°C [74.0°F], relative humidity = 40%). Patients or Other Participants: Fifteen males and 10 females. Intervention(s): Rectal, gastrointestinal, ...