cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTOR IS ALSO HUMAN

The long‐standing belief that industrial marketing is based primarily on price and technical specifications is becoming outmoded. Even product quality and supplier reputation are not sufficient criteria upon which purchasing decisions are made. This article describes a study that concludes that service factors and personal selling are of paramount importance in the marketing of industrial products. Like their counterparts in consumer marketing, producers of industrial goods are increasingly experiencing the need to develop stronger personal relation with their distributors.
Deadly 1995 French floods caused by atmospheric rivers

In late January 1995, a wave of heavy rainfall hit western Europe. The rain was the most the region had seen in 150 years, and flooding in France caused 49 deaths and displaced 299,100 people.
Quantitation of a bioactive metabolite in undisturbed rhizosphere-Benzyl isothiocyanate fromCarica papaya L.

A “continuous root exudate trapping system” was recently developed in this laboratory by which the allelopathic metabolites from the undisturbed rhizosphere ofHemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf. et Hubb. were collected. Twelve phenolic compounds were identified by capillary GC-MS (Tang and Young, 1982). In this report, we further describe its use for the quantitation of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), a highly bioactive volatile compound, in the rhizosphere of growing papaya plants. Samples were collected from 64 individual papaya (Carica papaya L.) trees of Waimanalo and Higgins cultivars. Hydrophobie compounds collected on XAD-4 columns were eluted with acetone and the levels of BITC were determined by a gas Chromatograph equipped with a sulfur-specific flame photometric detector. For 2-month-old trees, the rate of BITC released from the root system of Waimanalo was 2.03 ± 0.85μg/tree/day. From Higgins, it was 2.36 ± 1.06 μg/tree/day. It has been reported that Waimanalo is resistant whereas Higgins is susceptible toPhytophthora palmivora Butl., the major root rot fungal pathogen of papaya trees in Hawaii. Our results lead us to conclude that the rate of BITC released alone cannot account for differences in the resistance of these two cultivars to the pathogen.
Observations on "Milky Water" in Chesapeake Bay

Detached masses of the green algaUlva, or sea lettuce, are often concentrated in shallow water along shorelines, where they decompose. Products of decomposition cause a condition termed “milky water” characterized by a nearly opaque cream color, low oxygen concentrations, and formation of hydrogen sulfide. These conditions are potentially of hydrogen sulfide. These conditions are potentially lethal to marine animals, and create unpleasant odors of hydrogen sulfide which may have detrimental chemical activity with some paint pigments.
Applications of neural networks in IC lithography

This paper will present two types of neural networks applied to IC lithography: the feedforward network with backpropagation and the abductive information modeling (polynomial) network. The inputs are various desired photoresist mask patterns while the corresponding outputs are the parameters that are used to generate these patterns. Results are shown for the 1D case with three exposures made while varying different combinations of two of the three parameters, amplitude, period and phase. Tradeoffs between the two types of networks when applied to this application are discussed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Stroke trends in Rochester, Minnesota, during 1945 to 1984

Abstract Between 1945 to 1949 and 1975 to 1979, the average annual incidence of stroke declined by 45%, from 209 per 100,000 population to 115 per 100,000. For 1980 to 1984, the incidence rate of stroke was 17% higher than that for 1975 to 1979. This pattern — a decline followed by a recent increase — was also evident for cerebral infarction and intracerebral hemorrhage, but rates for subarachnoid hemorrhage remained stable throughout the period of study. The onset of the decline in incidence rates coincided with the introduction of effective antihypertensive therapy, but stabilized and increased rates were associated with continuing improvement in the control of hypertension. The stabilization and increase in the incidence rates of stroke coincided with the introduction of computed tomography (CT), which appeared to increase the detection of less severe strokes. The 30-day mortality for cerebral infarction decreased from 24% in 1945 to 1949 to 12% in 1980 to 1984, while that for intracerebral hemorrhage declined from 91% to 48% and that for subarachnoid hemorrhage from 64 to 42%. The dramatic decrease in mortality for intracerebral hemorrhage occurred during the 10 years when CT was first introduced and was due to the identification of small hemorrhages. These hemorrhages would have been classified as cerebral infarcts in the pre-CT era. Improved management of the secondary complications of cerebral infarction and subarachnoid hemorrhage may explain some of the improved survival for these two stroke subtypes.
THE SOCIETAL IMPACT OF LAW: An Assessment of Research

In the current climate of skepticism about the capacity of law to ease social problems, legal impact research can perhaps add to our understanding of the limitations of using legal initiatives to produce social change. This article assesses the descriptive and explanatory knowledge provided by legal impact research over the last decade, identifies the primary obstacles that impact researchers have faced, and suggests promising paths that students of legal impact might take. While impact studies no more demonstrate that law is ineffective in achieving policy goals than they do the reverse, the former interpretation is most likely to be made given the dominant tenor of contemporary political discourse. To reduce the chance of erroneous interpretations, it is proposed that researchers take several steps to make their analyses more “context-sensitive.”
Evolutionary history and phylodynamics of influenza A and B neuraminidase (NA) genes inferred from large-scale sequence analyses.

Background Influenza neuraminidase (NA) is an important surface glycoprotein and plays a vital role in viral replication and drug development. The NA is found in influenza A and B viruses, with nine subtypes classified in influenza A. The complete knowledge of influenza NA evolutionary history and phylodynamics, although critical for the prevention and control of influenza epidemics and pandemics, remains lacking.
Induction of TH1- and TH2-associated cytokine mRNA in mouse bladder following intravesical growth of the murine bladder tumor MB49 and BCG immunotherapy

Productive immunity to murine and human parasites is associated with the development of a type I T cell response (interferon-γ-producing) while type II responses (interleukin-4-producing) suppress the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and the elimination of the parasite. To determine if a similar regulatory pathway might exist in tumor systems and may be effected by immunotherapeutic manipulation, we have studied the localized cytokine response to the murine bladder tumor MB49 growing intravesically in syngeneic mice. Intravesical growth of MB49 results in the host-derived expression of mRNA for both interleukin-4 (IL-4) (TH2) and interferon γ (IFNγ) (TH1), as well as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) expression of indeterminate origin. Intravesical instillation of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), highly effective in eliminating bladder tumors clinically and in experimental systems, results in IFNγ and TNFα mRNa production in the bladder wall, but no IL-4. Following BCG treatment of intravesical MB49, the number bladders expressing IL-4 mRNA decreases, while IFNγ and TNFα expression remains constant. These results are consistent with the mechanism of action of BCG involving the generation of an enhanced TH1 immune milieu in the bladder wall, which may contribute to the generation of productive tumor-specific immunity.
The symbiotic chloroplasts in the sacoglossan Elysia clarki are from several algal species

Abstract. The sacoglossan sea slug Elysia clarki feeds on siphonaceous algae, and intracellularly sequesters chloroplasts, which actively photosynthesize for 4 months. We have determined the algal source of chloroplasts in adults of E. clarki from the Florida Keys, using molecular techniques, feeding experiments, and electron microscopy. Our results clearly demonstrate that specimens of E. clarki sequester chloroplasts from four different species of algae, representing two genera: Penicillus lamourouxii, P. capitatus, Halimeda incrassata, and H. monile. In addition, chloroplasts from more than one species of algae are sequestered simultaneously in the same digestive cell.
Development of high efficiency current-fed quasi-Z-source inverter for HEV motor drive

This paper presents the development and high efficiency design considerations of a current-fed quasi-Z-source inverter for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) motor drive using reverse-blocking (RB) IGBT. In order to overcome the unidirectional power flow and the voltage buck operation inability problems of traditional current-source inverter for motor drive applications, a current-fed quasi-Z-source inverter (CF-qZSI) has been proposed. By adding a diode and a LC network, CF-qZSI is able to achieve bidirectional power flow and voltage buck operation function. In order to achieve high efficiency for CF-qZSI, proper modulation method selection and careful passive components design are needed. The space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) method for this inverter to achieve proper voltage gain and less switching loss is discussed. The active device and passive components stress are analyzed. A high efficiency coupled inductor for CF-qZSI is designed and developed. A 15 kW prototype of CF-qZSI is built, experimental results with the efficiency up to 98% are provided.
Microsporidian Sinusitis in Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Sinusitis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection usually arises from the same organisms that are infective in the nonimmunosuppressed population. The authors of this article report that optimal antimicrobial treatment and functional endoscopic sinus surgery failed to eradicate sinonasal disease in three of five patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and refractory sinusitis. The sinonasal disease was manifested by congested, edematous, and polypoid mucosa, often with a superimposed bacterial infection from ostial obstruction. After tissue was sent for electron microscopy (EM), the patients were eventually diagnosed with microsporidiosis of the sinonasal cavities. Microsporidia are obligate intracellular protozoans that have been seen in AIDS patients with diarrhea. These protozoans have only recently been identified in sinonasal tissue. Microsporidia are often missed on routine histopathology. The authors present case reports on their five AIDS patients with refractory sinusitis. The management of refractory sinusitis in the HIV-infected population, including mandatory EM of sinonasal tissue, is also discussed.
Genome-wide transcriptional analysis in S. cerevisiae by mini-array membrane hybridization.

Access to the powerful micro-array analytical methods used for genome-wide transcriptional analysis has so far been restricted by the high cost and/or lack of availability of the sophisticated instrumentation and materials needed to perform it. Mini-array membrane hybridization provides a less expensive alternative. The reliability of this technique, however, is not well documented and its reported use has, up to this point, been very limited. Our objective was to test whether or not mini-array membrane hybridization would reliably identify genes whose expression was controlled by a specific set of genetic and/or physiological signals. Our results demonstrate that mini-array hybridization can correctly identify genes whose expression is known to be controlled by the GATA-factor regulatory network in S. cerevisiae and in addition can reliably identify genes not previously reported to be associated with this nitrogen control system. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Focusing, Situating, and Grounding Micro-Level Evaluation Field Experiences: An Instructional Tool

Evaluator training field experiences seek to reinforce applicable content knowledge and promote applied skills. For students, even a small-scale field experience focusing on limited components of a larger evaluation process can seem particularly challenging. Students often do not recognize the relevance of established evaluation resources capable of focusing, situating, and guiding their early professional practice efforts. For example, anticipating relevant evaluation standards and ethical principles and understanding the potential guidance they offer—in the context of student’s field experiences—requires more than their cursory acknowledgment. This article identifies the challenges that students encountered with course-embedded, small-scale field experiences and introduces the development and application of an instructional tool to help them: (a) more strategically focus evaluation field experiences; (b) situate experiences in terms of the larger evaluation to which it is contributing; as well as (c) gr...
Acoustic prediction methods for the NASA generalized advanced propeller analysis system (GAPAS)

Classical methods of propeller performance analysis are coupled with state-of-the-art Aircraft Noise Prediction Program (ANOPP:) techniques to yield a versatile design tool, the NASA Generalized Advanced Propeller Analysis System (GAPAS) for the novel quiet and efficient propellers. ANOPP is a collection of modular specialized programs. GAPAS as a whole addresses blade geometry and aerodynamics, rotor performance and loading, and subsonic propeller noise.
SEARCH FOR VIRUS-INDUCED ANTIGENS IN HUMAN TUMORS USING THE SV40-HAMSTER SYSTEM AS A MODEL.

SummaryCell cultures derived from various types of human cancers were examined for the presence of tumor specific antigens by both immunofluorescence and complement fixation methods, in which the serum of the patient was tested against cells grown from his cancer. The methods, previously used successfully to detect a new intranuclear antigen induced by the papovavirus SV40 in transformed human and hamster cells, and in hamster tumors, failed to reveal the presence of immunologically reactive components.
Gentamicin Does Not Chelate Calcium

The influence of increasing gentamicin concentrations on ionized calcium concentration was determined in pH-controlled, phosphate-buffered saline and normal human serum with an ion-specific calcium electrode. No evidence of calcium chelation was found.
Therapeutic approach to FSGS in children

Therapy of primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in children incorporates conservative management and immunosuppression regimens to control proteinuria and preserve kidney function. In long-term cohort studies in adults and children with primary FSGS, renal survival has been directly associated with degree of proteinuria control. This educational article reviews the current therapeutic approach toward children with primary FSGS.
Effects of Patient Occupation and Education Variables on the Choice of Neuropsychological Assessment Instruments

The current study surveyed test-usage practices of clinical neuropsychologists to determine whether respondents varied their assessment batteries based on specific patient demographic characteristics. Respondents were 747 doctorate-level psychologists (40% usable response rate) affiliated with Division 40 of the American Psychological Association, National Academy of Neuropsychology, or the International Neuropsychological Society. Respondents read a vignette about a traumatic brain injury patient and subsequently reported the instruments they would utilize to assess this patient's memory, attention, executive functioning, and ability to return to work. There were three versions of the case study, which varied according to the patient's occupation and level of education. Results revealed that the reported proportion of only 9 of 516 instruments (1.7%) varied across classifications, indicating that some neuropsychologists slightly modified their test batteries based on patients' demographic characteristics. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to enhancing predictions of real-world outcomes based on neuropsychological test data.
Need for 'flexibility' in a conceptual model

Abstract The translation of one data model into another has become necessary. Database design methodologies stipulate that a conceptual model should be created prior to implementing a new database system. It is then, usually, the translation of this conceptual model into the physical model of a commercial database management system (DBMS) that is a necessity (e.g., The translation of the entity-relationship model into a relational DBMS). However, more and more we are seeing the translation of the data models in currently implemented conventional file and database systems into conceptual models (e.g., The translation of an ORACLE DBMS into an entity-relationship model). It is the conceptual model that is produced from the ‘reverse’ translation process that we address here; however, the ideas of flexibility can be applied to new database designs also. Since several different reverse translation algorithms have been developed, the questions that arise are: How do we know the resulting conceptual models are accurate? Does the resulting model contain enough information to be useful to database designers and which one is easier for the database designer to work with and to use as a communication tool with users or to develop new databases? The problem is that resulting conceptual data models from two different algorithms may differ even in the data objects obtained, and yet both be equivalent to the original model.
Comparative activities of vancomycin, tigecycline and rifampin in a rat model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis

Summary Objectives Implant-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are challenging to treat. We compared antimicrobial activities in a rat model of chronic osteomyelitis in the context of retention of the foreign body without debridement. Methods MRSA was inoculated into the proximal tibia and a wire implanted. Four weeks after infection, treatment with vancomycin 50 mg/kg every 12 h, tigecycline 14 mg/kg every 12 h, rifampin 25 mg/kg every 12 h, or the combination of vancomycin or tigecycline plus rifampin was administered intraperitoneally for 21 days. Results MRSA was cultured from all tibias in the control group (median, 6.06 log 10 CFU/g bone). Median bacterial counts (log 10 CFU/g) at 48 h post-treatment were 6.16 for vancomycin ( p = 0.753), 2.29 for vancomycin plus rifampin (p p = 0.270), 0.10 for tigecycline plus rifampin (p p = 0.044) treatment. Three deaths were observed in the tigecycline plus rifampin group. Median bacterial counts (log 10 CFU/g) at two weeks post-treatment were 5.65 for vancomycin ( p = 0.6), 4.05 for vancomycin plus rifampin ( p = 0.105), 5.68 for tigecycline ( p = 0.401), 4.05 for tigecycline plus rifampin ( p = 0.028), and 5.98 for rifampin ( p = 0.297) treatment. Conclusions Tigecycline plus rifampin resulted in a significant bacterial count decrease, an effect more prominent at 48 h than two weeks after treatment completion. Tigecycline was not well tolerated at the dose studied.
Family Engagement Regarding the Critically Ill Patient

The Institute of Medicine strongly recommends a health care system that supports family members. Nowhere is the need for family-centered care greater than with critically ill patients. Simplistically, family-centered care is primarily about communication. Unfortunately, family perception of communication in the intensive care unit (ICU) is quite poor. This article reviews some strategies to improve communication, including family meetings and family presence at resuscitation. It also highlights some of the areas within the realm of ICU care in which family engagement is particularly important, including advance directives, end-of-life care, brain death, and organ donation.
Additive effects of herbivory, nectar robbing and seed predation on male and female fitness estimates of the host plant Ipomopsis aggregata

Many antagonistic species attack plants and consume specific plant parts. Understanding how these antagonists affect plant fitness individually and in combination is an important research focus in ecology and evolution. We examined the individual and combined effects of herbivory, nectar robbing, and pre-dispersal seed predation on male and female estimates of fitness in the host plant Ipomopsis aggregata. By examining the effects of antagonists on plant traits, we were able to tease apart the direct consumptive effects of antagonists versus the indirect effects mediated through changes in traits important to pollination. In a three-way factorial field experiment, we manipulated herbivory, nectar robbing, and seed predation. Herbivory and seed predation reduced some male and female fitness estimates, whereas plants tolerated the effects of robbing. The effects of herbivory, robbing, and seed predation were primarily additive, and we found little evidence for non-additive effects of multiple antagonists on plant reproduction. Herbivory affected plant reproduction through both direct consumptive effects and indirectly through changes in traits important to pollination (i.e., nectar and phenological traits). Conversely, seed predators primarily had direct consumptive effects on plants. Our results suggest that the effects of multiple antagonists on estimates of plant fitness can be additive, and investigating which traits respond to damage can provide insight into how antagonists shape plant performance.
1,2,4-triazines. III. A convenient synthesis of 1,2,4-triazines and their covalent hydration

A general synthesis of 1,2,4-triazines, from 3-methylthiotriazines is described. It has been shown that 1,2,4-triazines undergo covalent hydration across the N4-C5 bond.
ASYMMETRIC EFFECTS OF THE BUSINESS CYCLE ON FIRM-FINANCED R&D

Abstract Business cycles might affect the ability of firms to finance R&D, since firms rely on cash flow to finance most R&D activities. However, business cycles also influence the incentive to perform R&D. The opportunity cost of funds devoted to R&D falls during recessions, since the return on production will likely be lower than during an expansion. During recessions, this provides firms with an incentive to redistribute an existing pool of funds away from production and towards R&D projects. The changes in the size and distribution of the pool may also be asymmetric across the business cycle. For example, cash-flow constraints are more likely to bind during recessions than expansions. This paper finds strong evidence for the cash-flow effect, but not the opportunity-cost effect. This means that R&D is pro-cyclical, but smoothing out the business cycle will actually lead to reduced R&D, since the duration of expansions exceeds the duration of recessions.
Performance analysis for 2-D convolution implemented with the 2-D Modified Discrete Fourier Transform

Recently the Quadratic Modified Fermat Number Transform (QMFNT) was extended to an analogous Modified Discrete Fourier Transform (MDFT) that enables overlap-add FFT block processing to be implemented without zero padding, resulting in reduced computational complexity and lower power requirements for nanoscale VLSI implementations. The MDFT was then extended into two dimensions and an experimental example was presented to illustrate how the 2-D extension manages two-dimensional wrap around effects. This paper presents an analysis of the how the modulation parameters should be chosen under various circumstances and how the computational complexity of the 2D-MDFT compares with more traditional 2D-FFT block processing.
The pure and the applied

Biotechnology: The University–Industrial Complex. By Martin Kenney. Yale University Press:1986. Pp.306. $23.95, £22.50.
Chronic kidney disease: Endogenous filtration markers--is it time to move beyond eGFR?

For predicting complications related to chronic kidney disease, endogenous filtration markers such as cystatin C and creatinine perform as well, if not better, than measured glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Measured GFR by clearance of an inert exogenous marker may still be the gold standard measure of GFR, but determining GFR may not answer the right clinical question.
Feedback control of purine biosynthesis by purine ribonucleotides.

IN recent years a number of biosynthetic sequences have been shown to be regulated by feedback mechanisms, which have been of two general types, the first involving regulation of the activity of an enzyme by an inhibitory effect of an end-product1,2, the second involving regulation of the rate of synthesis of an enzyme by negative-induction, or suppression, of synthesis by an end-product3,4. In both types of mechanisms the inhibition involves the earliest step leading specifically to the synthesis of the regulating compound, which is itself a product normally present in the cell in appreciable concentration1,2.
Whole Language with LD Children.

Practices consistent with whole language theory to help LD students become literate users of language as a communication medium
Why providers participate in clinical trials: Considering the National Cancer Institute's Community Clinical Oncology Program

Abstract Background The translation of research evidence into practice is facilitated by clinical trials such as those sponsored by the National Cancer Institute's Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) that help disseminate cancer care innovations to community-based physicians and provider organizations. However, CCOP participation involves unsubsidized costs and organizational challenges that raise concerns about sustained provider participation in clinical trials. Objectives This study was designed to improve our understanding of why providers participate in the CCOP in order to inform the decision-making process of administrators, clinicians, organizations, and policy-makers considering CCOP participation. Research methods We conducted a multi-site qualitative study of five provider organizations engaged with the CCOP. We interviewed 41 administrative and clinician key informants, asking about what motivated CCOP participation, and what benefits they associated with involvement. We deductively and inductively analyzed verbatim interview transcripts, and explored themes that emerged. Results Interviewees expressed both “altruistic” and “self-interested” motives for CCOP participation. Altruistic reasons included a desire to increase access to clinical trials and feeling an obligation to patients. Self-interested reasons included the desire to enhance reputation, and a need to integrate disparate cancer care activities. Perceived benefits largely matched expressed motives for CCOP participation, and included internal and external benefits to the organization, and quality of care benefits for both patients and participating physicians. Conclusion The motives and benefits providers attributed to CCOP participation are consistent with translational research goals, offering evidence that participation can contribute value to providers by expanding access to innovative medical care for patients in need.
An algebraic model for divide-and-conquer and its parallelism

A formal algebraic model for divide-and-conquer algorithms is presented. The model reveals the internal structure of divide-and-conquer functions, leads to high-level and functional-styled algorithms specification, and simplifies complexity analysis. Algorithms developed under the model contain vast amounts of parallelism and can be mapped fairly easily to parallel computers.
(+)-α(S)-butyramido-γ-butyrolactone from Lyngbya majuscula

Abstract (+)-α(S)-Butyramido-γ-butyrolactone is a minor constituent of the toxic marine blue-green alga Lyngbya majuscula .
Hubbert’s petroleum production model: an evaluation and implications for World Oil Production Forecasts

Following Hubbert’s successful prediction of the timing of US peak oil production, Hubbert’s model has been used extensively to predict peak oil production elsewhere. However, forecasts of world and regional peak oil and natural gas production using Hubbert’s methodology usually have failed, leading to the implicit belief that such predictions always will fail and that we need not worry about finite resources. A careful examination of Hubbert’s approach indicates that the most important reasons for his success in the US were stable markets, the high growth rate of demand, ready availability of low cost imports, and a reasonable estimate of easily extractable reserves. This analysis also shows that his model cannot predict ultimate oil reserves and that it should be considered an econometric model. Building on Hubbert’s vital insight, that cheap fossil fuel reserves are knowable and finite, one can state that for world peak oil production, political constraints should be much more important than resource constraints.
On the adiabatic to diabatic states transformation in the presence of a conical intersection: A most diabatic basis from the solution to a Poisson’s equation. I

We report the first determination of a “most” diabatic basis for a triatomic molecule based exclusively on ab initio derivative couplings that takes careful account of the limitations imposed by the nonremovable part of those couplings. Baer [Chem. Phys. Lett. 35, 112 (1975)] showed that an orthogonal transformation from adiabatic states to diabatic states cannot remove all the derivative coupling unless the curl of the derivative coupling vanishes. Subsequently, Mead and Truhlar [J. Chem. Phys. 77, 6090 (1982)] observed that this curl does not, in general, vanish so that some of the derivative coupling is nonremovable. This observation and the historical lack of efficient algorithms for the evaluation of the derivative coupling led to a variety of methods for determining approximate diabatic bases that avoid computation of the derivative couplings. These methods neglect an indeterminate portion of the derivative coupling. Mead and Truhlar also observed that near an avoided crossing of two states the rotation angle to a most diabatic basis, i.e., the basis in which the removable part of the derivative coupling has been transformed away, could be obtained from the solution of a Poisson’s equation requiring only knowledge of the derivative couplings. Here a generalization of this result to the case of a conical intersection is used to determine a most diabatic basis for a section of the 1 1A′ and 2 1A′ potential energy surfaces of HeH2 that includes the minimum energy point on the seam of conical intersection.
Asian migrants and residential location in Canada

Abstract As in other ‘advanced’ market societies, Canadian communities manifest an important social change. Relatively small but rapidly increasing groups, perceived and labelled as racial minorities, constitute an important part of a new social and geographical reality. This paper describes the urban and regional contexts in Canada for the settlement of Asian migrants who now dominate numerically amongst all migrants. They are chiefly concentrated in seven metropolitan centres. The residential location of Asian born peoples in Vancouver and Toronto, the principal centres, is quite different but shows evidence of relative concentration; locally, however, large migrant majorities are rare.
Exposure of primary rat hepatocytes in long-term DMSO culture to selected transition metals induces hepatocyte proliferation and formation of duct-like structures

We previously showed that primary rat hepatocytes plated on a rat-tail collagen coated dish and fed a chemically-defined medium supplemented with 2% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) can be maintained in a well-differentiated, non-replicating state for periods of several months. In this study, we show that the addition of copper, iron, and zinc to the DMSO-containing chemically defined medium induced DNA synthesis and cell replication during the first two months in culture without loss of hepatic differentiation. DNA synthesis occurred throughout the hepatocyte population without regard to cellular size. No changes were observed in properties indicative of well-differentiated hepatocytes, including cellular morphology, ultrastructure, albumin, or cytokeratin-8 expression. During the third month in culture, after the hepatocytes had become confluent, pseudoduct structures became apparent. Examination of cells lining the ducts by immunohistochemistry showed that these cells lost the ability to express albumin and stained more intensely for cytokeratin 19 and laminin. The ultrastructure of the cells lining the ducts was altered and became more characteristic of bile duct cells. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that connexin 43, a marker of bile-duct proliferation, was expressed in the duct-like cells. We conclude that under these specific nutritive conditions, primary rat hepatocytes proliferate and, with time, begin to form duct-like structures with altered gene expression and ultrastructural properties.
Quasi-Optical Planar Mixers For Millimeter-Wave Imaging Applications

Focal-plane sensor arrays promise to enhance the performance of quasi-optical millimeter-wave imaging systems. We have developed two kinds of quasi-optical mixers for use in such arrays. Both mixers are planar and can be fabricated on high-dielectric-constant substrates by photolithography. Mixer models tested at X-band showed conversion losses as low as 6.5 dB ± 3 dB, and preliminary tests at 35 GHz indicate these devices will work well at millimeter wavelengths.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Siderophore-Mimetic Hydrogel for Iron Chelation Therapy

Two, three dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA), a portion of the metal chelating domain of enterobactin, was immobilized on crosslinked organic polymer polyallylamine (PAAm) and used as a chelating agent for iron removal from aqueous solutions. The swelling behavior of PAAm and PAAm hydrogels conjugated with dihydroxybenzoic acid and the effect of contact time on the swelling and binding capacity of the hydrogel was investigated at several pH values to define the absorption mechanism. Iron uptake kinetics followed the pseudosecond order Ho model and equilibrium was described by either Temkin or Freundlich isotherms. Maximum chelating capacities of the hydrogels were found to be 500–1500 mg Fe3+ g−1 and 1500–2500 mg Fe2+ g−1 for PAAm and PAAm/DHBA hydrogels, respectively, depending on the pH of the media. The selectivity of the conjugate hydrogel toward ferric ions was studied at several different pH values. At every pH ranging from 2 to 7.5, the conjugate hydrogel showed relatively high binding affinity for ferric ions. The selective and rapid, high affinity binding of iron by this siderophore-mimetic hydrogel offers potential application as a nonabsorbed chelator for iron in the gastrointestinal tract of patients suffering from iron overload diseases. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
FT-IR Metal Overlayer ATR Spectroscopy Using a Coated Elastomer Backing Material

A metal overlayer FT-IR-ATR technique that is found to substantially enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of monolayer and submonolayer film spectra is described. Experimental evidence of the enhancement is given for, as examples, a deposited poly(vinyl acetate) film of 0.5 or 5 nm and a thin film of adsorbed protein human serum albumin, estimated to be of the order of 5 nm. The evidence is supported by simulations showing the expected trends in ΔR as a function of thickness of the air gap between the film sample and the metal overlayer, the thickness of the film sample itself, and electric field diagrams illustrating that polarization dependence and enhancement effects can result from a correct choice of optical configuration. The metals investigated include gold and aluminum. The practical aspects and limitations of this technique are also discussed.
Effect of increased gastric mucosal histamine on alcohol-induced gastric damage in rats

The aim of this study was to determine whether the cytoprotective effect of prostaglandin might be mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of intramucosal histamine release. Intragastric instillation of increasing concentrations of ethanol in 150 mM HCl resulted in increasing lesion scores and increasing histamine release into the gastric content. Pretreatment with 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 significantly reduced both lesion scores and gastric histamine output. The intragastric instillation of histamine with tracer [14C]histamine either with or after 50% ethanol resulted in significant gastric tissue uptake of histamine and increased acid secretion. However this had no effect on lesion score, protein output or the protective effect of prostaglandin pretreatment. We conclude that the cytoprotective effect of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 in the rat is independent of intramucosal histamine release.
HIERARCHICAL MAN: A COMPARISON OF THREE CYBERNETIC THEORIES

In recent years, a new view of man has begun to emerge. This view, inspired by the concepts of cybernetics, holds that man's behavior and experience can be accounted for by feedback‐control processes and that these processes are hierarchically organized. In this paper, the ideas of three authors who have best expressed this new view, Arthur Koestler, Ervin Laszlo and William Powers, are summarized and compared. The conclusion is reached that, despite differences in detail, the three authors articulate remarkably consistent theories of the nature of man.
Closo Boron Hydrides and Carbon Fullerenes

Abstract The dual (reciprocal) relationship between closo boranes and carbon fullerenes, e.g. between B12H12 −2 and C20, or between a proposed B32H32 and C60, is extended to plausible multicage closo structures.
Wool Stabilization by Aqueous Exhaust Systems Based on Reactive Aliphatic Diisocyanates

The development of a single-bath, exhaust treatment for shrink-resisting wool is described. The process involves dispersing a solvent solution containing a fully-reactive cycloaliphatic diisocyanate monomer and cationic emulsifying agent into water, exhausting the monomer on fabric at low tem perature, and then adding a polyamine to form, in situ, a wash-fast polyurea finish on the fiber surfaces. Following polymerization, the fabric is scoured, rinsed, neutralized, and tumble-dried. In its present state of development, the process seems most suitable for treating knitwear; however, it also exhibits a potential for dyebeck application to woven fabrics. Effective shrinkage control is obtained on both clear-worsted and wash-finished knit constructions with tightness factor ranging from 9.0 to 17.3.
Field-scale evaluation of phosphorus leaching in acid sandy soils receiving swine waste.

Accurate descriptions of P leaching are important because excess P applied to soils can enter surface water via leaching and subsurface transport, thereby negatively impacting water quality. The objectives of this study were to monitor P leaching in soils with a long-term history of waste application, relate soil solution P concentrations to soil P status, and quantify P leaching losses. Soil solution was monitored for 20 mo with samplers installed at 45-, 90-, and 135-cm depths in two pits (1 X 3 X L5 m) in Autryville (loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Paleudults) and Blanton (loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Grossarenic Paleudults) soils located in a grazed pasture in Sampson County, NC, which had received swine waste for >20 yr. Maximum soil solution P concentrations at 45 cm exceeded 18 mg L' in both soils. Soil solution P concentrations at 90 cm in the Blanton soil were similar to that at 45 cm indicating low P sorption. Soil solution P concentrations at 90 cm in the Autryville soil averaged 0.05 mg L-' compared to 10 mg L' at 45 cm. A split-line model related soil solution P concentration to the degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS), identifying a change point at 45% DPS. Phosphorus movement past 45 cm equaled or exceeded surplus P additions for both soils. Longterm waste applications resulted in DPS > 90%, high soil solution P concentrations, and substantial vertical P movement. Phosphorus leaching should be considered when assessing long-term risk of P loss from waste-amended soils.
Structure of the ATP-binding domain of Plasmodium falciparum Hsp90

Hsp90 is an important cellular chaperone and attractive target for therapeutics against both cancer and infectious organisms. The Hsp90 protein from the parasite Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria, is critical for this organism's survival; the anti-Hsp90 drug geldanamycin is toxic to P. falciparum growth. We have solved the structure of the N-terminal ATP-binding domain of P. falciparum Hsp90, which contains a principal drug-binding pocket, in both apo and ADP-bound states at 2.3 A resolution. The structure shows that P. falciparum Hsp90 is highly similar to human Hsp90, and likely binds agents such as geldanamycin in an identical manner. Our results should aid in the structural understanding of Hsp90-drug interactions in P. falciparum, and provide a scaffold for future drug-discovery efforts.
Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels Indicative of Vitamin D Sufficiency: Implications for Establishing a New Effective Dietary Intake Recommendation for Vitamin D

It has been more than 3 decades since the first assay assessing circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in human subjects was performed and led to the definition of "normal" nutritional vitamin D status, i.e., vitamin D sufficiency. Sampling human subjects, who appear to be free from disease, and assessing "normal" circulating 25(OH)D levels based on a Gaussian distribution of these values is now considered to be a grossly inaccurate method of identifying the normal range. Several factors contribute to the inaccuracy of this approach, including race, lifestyle habits, sunscreen usage, age, latitude, and inappropriately low dietary intake recommendations for vitamin D. The current adult recommendations for vitamin D, 200-600 IU/d, are very inadequate when one considers that a 10-15 min whole-body exposure to peak summer sun will generate and release up to 20,000 IU vitamin D-3 into the circulation. We are now able to better identify sufficient circulating 25(OH)D levels through the use of specific biomarkers that appropriately increase or decrease with changes in 25(OH)D levels; these include intact parathyroid hormone, calcium absorption, and bone mineral density. Using these functional indicators, several studies have more accurately defined vitamin D deficiency as circulating levels of 25(OH)D < or = 80 nmol or 32 microg/L. Recent studies reveal that current dietary recommendations for adults are not sufficient to maintain circulating 25(OH)D levels at or above this level, especially in pregnancy and lactation.
Dietary fat interacts with QTLs controlling induction of Pgc-1α and Ucp1 during conversion of white to brown fat

To identify novel regulatory factors controlling induction of the brown adipocyte-specific mitochondrial uncoupling protein (Ucp1) mRNA in the retroperitoneal white fat depot, we previously mapped ...
Mannahatta: An Ecological First Look at the Manhattan Landscape Prior to Henry Hudson

The British Headquarters Map, circa 1782, provides a remarkable win- dow onto the natural topography, hydrology, and land cover of Manhattan Island, NY, before extensive urbanization. Manhattan formerly hosted a rugged topogra- phy watered by over 108 km of streams and at least 21 ponds, fl owing in and out of wetlands that covered nearly 10% of the island in the late 18 th century. These features are largely representative of the landscape prior to European settlement. We used ecological features interpreted from the British Headquarters Map, and ad- ditional historical, ecological, and archeological information, to hypothesize about the ecosystem composition of the pre-European island. We suggest that 54 different ecological communities may have once been found on the island or in nearby waters, including chestnut-tulip tree forests, Hempstead Plains grasslands, freshwater and tidal marshes, hardwood swamps, peatlands, rocky headwater streams, coastal-plain ponds, eelgrass meadows, and culturally derived ecosystems, such as Native Ameri- can village sites and fi elds. This former ecosystem mosaic, consisting of over 99% natural areas, stands in sharp contrast to the 21 st -century state of the island in which only 3% of its area is dedicated to ecological management.
The human genome contracts again

Summary: The number of human genomes that have been sequenced completely for different individuals has increased rapidly in recent years. Storing and transferring complete genomes between computers for the purpose of applying various applications and analysis tools will soon become a major hurdle, hindering the analysis phase. Therefore, there is a growing need to compress these data efficiently. Here, we describe a technique to compress human genomes based on entropy coding, using a reference genome and known Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Furthermore, we explore several intrinsic features of genomes and information in other genomic databases to further improve the compression attained. Using these methods, we compress James Watson’s genome to 2.5megabytes (MB), improving on recent work by 37%. Similar compression is obtained for most genomes available from the 1000 Genomes Project. Our biologically inspired techniques promise even greater gains for genomes of lower organisms and for human genomes as more genomic data become available. Availability: Code is available at sourceforge.net/projects/genomezip/
Microtechnology, nanotechnology, and the scanning-probe microscope: an innovative course

An innovative combined microtechnology/nanotechnology/scanning-probe microscope (SPM) course for undergraduate and graduate students has been developed at the University of Nevada, Reno, in conjunction with Stanford University, Stanford, CA. Two years of technical SPM research carried out at Stanford University was transferred to the classroom before the results of the research were completed and published. The course, which was mapped to the Kolb learning cycle, was well received by students and serves as an example of an effective, innovative, and highly pertinent small-systems course anchored by the SPM.
Plant Immunity to Necrotrophs

Plants inhabit environments crowded with infectious microbes that pose constant threats to their survival. Necrotrophic pathogens are notorious for their aggressive and wide-ranging virulence strategies that promote host cell death and acquire nutrients for growth and reproduction from dead cells. This lifestyle constitutes the axis of their pathogenesis and virulence strategies and marks contrasting immune responses to biotrophic pathogens. The diversity of virulence strategies in necrotrophic species corresponds to multifaceted host immune response mechanisms. When effective, the plant immune system disarms the infectious necrotroph of its pathogenic arsenal or attenuates its effect, restricting further ingress and disease symptom development. Simply inherited resistance traits confer protection against host-specific necrotrophs (HSNs), whereas resistance to broad host-range necrotrophs (BHNs) is complex. Components of host genetic networks, as well as the molecular and cellular processes that mediate host immune responses to necrotrophs, are being identified. In this review, recent advances in our understanding of plant immune responses to necrotrophs and comparison with responses to biotrophic pathogens are summarized, highlighting common and contrasting mechanisms.
On the invagination of the gastrula

An experimental study of the problem of gastrulation has yielded evidence which shows that the present prevailing theories are inadequate to account for the facts.