cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Analysis of Stone Tool Procurement, Production, and Maintenance

Researchers who analyze stone tools and their production debris have made significant progress in understanding the relationship between stone tools and human organizational strategies. Stone tools are understood to be morphologically dynamic throughout their use-lives; the ever-changing morphology of stone tools is intimately associated with the needs of tool users. It also has become apparent to researchers that interpretations of lithic analysis are more productive when the unique contexts and situations for which lithic artifacts were made, used, modified, and ultimately discarded are considered. This article reviews the recent literature on stone tool production with an emphasis on raw material procurement, manufacturing techniques, and tool maintenance processes as they relate to adaptive strategies of toolmakers and users.
Local Stressors Reduce Coral Resilience to Bleaching

Coral bleaching, during which corals lose their symbiotic dinoflagellates, typically corresponds with periods of intense heat stress, and appears to be increasing in frequency and geographic extent as the climate warms. A fundamental question in coral reef ecology is whether chronic local stress reduces coral resistance and resilience from episodic stress such as bleaching, or alternatively promotes acclimatization, potentially increasing resistance and resilience. Here we show that following a major bleaching event, Montastraea faveolata coral growth rates at sites with higher local anthropogenic stressors remained suppressed for at least 8 years, while coral growth rates at sites with lower stress recovered in 2–3 years. Instead of promoting acclimatization, our data indicate that background stress reduces coral fitness and resilience to episodic events. We also suggest that reducing chronic stress through local coral reef management efforts may increase coral resilience to global climate change.
Cerebral dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass: aetiology, manifestations and interventions

Central nervous system dysfunction following cardiac surgery remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, with the reported incidence of dysfunction varying widely between studies. Microemboli and global cerebral hypoperfusion are implicated as the major aetiologies of CNS impairment. Preoperative and intraoperative variables influencing the patient's risk of complications remain controversial. Based on a review of previous studies, this paper outlines the major causes and manifestations of CNS impairment as well as the intraoperative interventions currently advocated to improve the cerebral outcome of cardiac patients.
Revascularización abierta y endovascular para la isquemia mesentérica crónica: revisión tabulada de los estudios publicados

En el ejercicio de la cirugia vascular en todo el mundo la isquemia mesenterica cronica es una enfermedad poco frecuente. Para pacientes en bajo riesgo, la revascularizacion abierta sigue siendo el mejor tratamiento debido a sus resultados por lo que respecta a la permeabilidad y eficacia. La revascularizacion endovascular para la isquemia mesenterica cronica estaba indicada principalmente en pacientes de edad avanzada y mayor riesgo, pero esto ha cambiado durante los 10 ultimos anos debido al desarrollo de dispositivos mas precisos y a las menores tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad, a pesar de las mayores tasas de recidiva y reestenosis. El objetivo del presente estudio fue resumir los datos sobre revascularizacion endovascular y abierta para la isquemia mesenterica cronica en una presentacion tabulada.
SIGACT news complexity theory column 71

I will discuss the recent proof that the complexity class NEXP (nondeterministic exponential time) lacks nonuniform ACC circuits of polynomial size. The proof will be described from the perspective of someone trying to discover it. 1 c ©R. R. Williams, 2011. Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. rrwilliams@gmail.com. At the time of writing, the author was supported by the Josef Raviv Memorial Fellowship at IBM Research – Almaden.
Faculty and Student Classroom Influences on Academic Dishonesty

This study examined the influence that faculty and students have on academic dishonesty. Results showed that instructors who employ more safeguards against academic dishonesty and who discuss plagiarism, collaboration, and source attribution are more likely to observe students engaging in academic dishonesty behaviors. This study also found that students are less likely to report engaging in serious plagiarism if the instructor spends time discussing plagiarism and are more likely to believe that copying sentences is a serious form of academic dishonesty if the instructor discusses source attribution. Finally, results showed that students' engagement in academic dishonesty is most influenced by whether they believe their peers are engaging in academic dishonesty. These findings suggest that instructors should talk more about their expectations for academic honesty and use safeguards that deter cheating and plagiarism. These findings also suggest that institutions should seek opportunities to have students talk with other students about the importance of academic honesty.
Alcoholic liver disease: Natural history.

Alcohol has been implicated in the genesis of liver disease for centuries. Modern epidemiological data from many societies corroborate the correlation between per capita consumption of alcohol and deaths from cirrhosis. Although significant progress has been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease, ALD, effective therapies for most individuals with ALD have not been found. High per capita consumption of alcohol, coupled with the dearth of effective treatments and the failure of most affected individuals to abstain from alcohol, explains why ALD is one of the most prevalent forms of disabling, chronic liver disease.
User preference: A measure of query-term quality

The goal of this research is to understand what characteristics, if any, lead users engaged in interactive information seeking to prefer certain sets of query terms. Underlying this work is the assumption that query terms that information seekers prefer induce a kind of cognitive efficiency: They require less mental effort to process and therefore reduce the energy required in the interactive information-seeking process. Conceptually, this work applies insights from linguistics and cognitive science to the study of query-term quality. We report on an experiment in which we compare user preference for three sets of terms; one had been preconstructed by a human indexer, and two were identified automatically. Twenty-four participants used a merged list of all terms to answer a carefully created set of questions. By design, the interface constrained users to access the text exclusively via the displayed list of query terms. We found that participants displayed a preference for the human-constructed set of terms eight times greater than the preference for either set of automatically identified terms. We speculate about reasons for this strong preference and discuss the implications for information access. The primary contributions of this research are (a) explication of the concept of user preference as a measure of query-term quality and (b) identification of a replicable procedure for measuring preference for sets of query terms created by different methods, whether human or automatic. All other factors being equal, query terms that users prefer clearly are the best choice for real-world information-access systems. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Suicide among United States military personnel: determining the root causes.

Suicide is a national issue, with rates now exceeding those of deaths from motor vehicle accidents. [1] Rarely have mental health issues been as widely appreciated by the general public and covered by the press than has been the increase in suicide among US military personnel, in particular those in the Army and the Marine corps, in the past 8 years. It is of grave concern when heroic young men and women take their own lives while serving their country. Determining the root cause(s) of these completed suicides, with the aim of preventing them, is a major focus of US military leaders and of the mental health research community. [2] Several papers in this issue of Depression and Anxiety describe results from studies that document risk factors for civilian suicide, or studies intended to reduce suicide rates in nonmilitary communities. Whereas these studies in nonmilitary populations can inform the topic of suicide in the military, [3] the unique nature of the military experience—including but not limited to the stresses of deployment—makes it mandatory that research be conducted in military settings with military personnel. In addition, the military structure, community, and career paths can offer unique opportunities for interventions from prevention to treatment. Several recent studies have begun to shed light on the problem of suicide in the US military. One of these, the Millennium Cohort Study, has recently investigated risk factors for suicide among US Armed Forces personnel serving between 2001 and 2008. [4] Similarly to findings from other military and civilian studies, this study determined that several mental disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, and alcohol use problems were associated with suicide. A controversial finding from the study was that suicide was not associated with deploy
Leadership Vistas: From the Constraints of the Behavioral Sciences to Emancipation through the Humanities:

Leadership studies, as represented by the two principal journals in the field --Leadership Quarterly and The Journal of Leadership Studies -- has been contrained primarily within the "behavioral sciences" and, more particularly, within the disciplines of psychology/social psychology and business/management. This article proposes consideration of emancipatory perspectives on leadership offered by the humanities and, more particularly, by literature/literary studies. Using neo-institutional theory as a means of framing the discussion, it argues that leadership studies has become embedded, institutionalized enterprise and that the humanities may provide one means of deinstitutionalizing and broadening the field.
Domestic violence screening and referral can be effective

Abstract Study objective: We provide a targeted intervention in the emergency department for intimate partner violence (IPV) victims and to facilitate follow-up care from a professional case manager. Methods: This observational case study was conducted in an urban ED from July 1, 1997, through December 31, 1999. The targeted population consisted of all English-speaking women between the ages of 18 and 65 years presenting 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. There were 3 components to the study. The first consisted of an effort to improve the screening for IPV of female patients seen in the ED. The primary outcome for this component was the correlation of increased screening rates with increased violence detection. Universal screening of all women for IPV regardless of their chief complaint was encouraged through an IPV script and a new reporting area on the nursing note. The second component was an on-site IPV advocacy intervention. Once IPV was identified by means of screening or self-disclosure, the nurse notified a volunteer advocate from a local human service agency, who came to the ED within 30 minutes, conducted a crisis intervention, and encouraged the patient to follow-up with the case manager. The outcomes were patient cooperation with the ED intervention and subsequent follow-up with the community-based agency. The third phase was telephone-based counseling by an IPV case manager to help the client reduce her exposure to additional violence. The outcome was the client's self-report of a life free of violence. Results: Of the 528 women identified as IPV victims, 475 (84%) agreed to speak to the advocate, and 258 (54% of those seen by the advocate) accepted case management follow-up. After the case management process, lasting 3 to 6 weeks, 127 women reported that they no longer believed they were at risk for violence from their abuser. Conclusion: Through a coordinated effort by the medical staff and the volunteer advocates, 258 of 528 IPV victims seen in the ED received ongoing community-based services to address their experience of IPV. [ Ann Emerg Med. 2002;40:485-492.]
On the insensitivity of the non-adiabatic relaxation of solvated electrons to the details of their local solvent environment

Utilizing the charge-transfer-to-solvent transition of Na � , we measure the excited-state lifetime of the solvated electron (e � ) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) in each of three different well-defined local solvent environments: an isolated THF cavity, a THF cavity with a sodium atom located one solvent shell away, and a THF cavity with a sodium atom in
Influence of prior anterograde shear rate exposure on exercise-induced brachial artery dilation

Shear rate can elicit substantial adaptations to vascular endothelial function. Recent studies indicate that prior exposure to anterograde flow and shear increases endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilation at rest and that anterograde shear can create an anti-atherosclerotic and provasodilatory state. The primary aim of the present study was therefore to determine the effects of prior exposure to anterograde shear on exercise-induced brachial artery dilation, total forearm blood flow (FBF), and vascular conductance (FVC) during dynamic handgrip exercise. Eight men completed a constant-load exercise test corresponding to 10% maximal voluntary contraction, prior to (baseline) and following a 40 min shear rate intervention (post-SRI) achieved via unilateral forearm heating, which has previously been shown to increase anterograde shear rate in the brachial artery. During the SRI, anterograde shear rate increased 60.9 ± 29.2 sec−1 above baseline (P < 0.05). Post-SRI, the exercise-induced brachial artery vasodilation was significantly increased compared to baseline (4.1 ± 0.7 vs. 4.3 ± 0.6 mm, P < 0.05). Post-SRI FBF mean response time (33.2 ± 16.0 vs. 23.0 ± 11.8 sec, P < 0.05) and FVC mean response time (31.1 ± 12.8 20.2 ± 10.7 sec, P < 0.05) at exercise onset were accelerated compared to baseline. These findings demonstrate that prior exposure to anterograde shear rate increases the vascular responses to exercise and supports the possible beneficial effects of anterograde shear rate in vivo.
Nanogold as a specific marker for electron cryotomography.

While electron cryotomography (ECT) provides “molecular” resolution, three-dimensional images of unique biological specimens, sample crowdedness, and/or resolution limitations can make it difficult to identify specific macromolecular components. Here we used a 1.4 nm Nanogold® cluster specifically attached to the Fc fragment of IgG to monitor its interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), a membrane-bound receptor that transports IgG across cells in acidic intracellular vesicles. ECT was used to image complexes formed by Nanogold-labeled Fc bound to FcRn attached to the outer surface of synthetic liposomes. In the resulting three-dimensional reconstructions, 1.4 nm Nanogold particles were distributed predominantly along the interfaces where 2:1 FcRn-Fc complexes bridged adjacent lipid bilayers. These results demonstrate that the 1.4 nm Nanogold cluster is visible in tomograms of typically thick samples (250 nm) recorded with defocuses appropriate for large macromolecules and is thus an effective marker.
Confluent and reticulate papillomatosis of Gougerot and Carteaud clearing with minocycline.

Summary Confluent and reticulate papillomatosis is a rare disorder producing sharply circumscribed hyperpigmented ichthyosiform scaling lesions in a seborrhoeic distribution. Its exact aetiology is unknown and its response to therapy is poor. This case is unusual in responding to minocycline having failed with the more conventional approaches.
Mechanisms of Cell Propulsion by Active Stresses.

The mechanisms by which cytoskeletal flows and cell–substrate interactions interact to generate cell motion are explored by using a simplified model of the cytoskeleton as a viscous gel containing active stresses. This model yields explicit general results relating cell speed and traction forces to the distributions of active stress and cell–substrate friction. It is found that (i) the cell velocity is given by a function that quantifies the asymmetry of the active-stress distribution, (ii) gradients in cell–substrate friction can induce motion even when the active stresses are symmetrically distributed, (iii) the traction-force dipole is enhanced by protrusive stresses near the cell edges or contractile stresses near the center of the cell and (iv) the cell velocity depends biphasically on the cell–substrate adhesion strength if active stress is enhanced by adhesion. Specific experimental tests of the calculated dependences are proposed.
Highly Condensed Potato Pericentromeric Heterochromatin Contains rDNA-Related Tandem Repeats

The heterochromatin in eukaryotic genomes represents gene-poor regions and contains highly repetitive DNA sequences. The origin and evolution of DNA sequences in the heterochromatic regions are poorly understood. Here we report a unique class of pericentromeric heterochromatin consisting of DNA sequences highly homologous to the intergenic spacer (IGS) of the 18S•25S ribosomal RNA genes in potato. A 5.9-kb tandem repeat, named 2D8, was isolated from a diploid potato species Solanum bulbocastanum. Sequence analysis indicates that the 2D8 repeat is related to the IGS of potato rDNA. This repeat is associated with highly condensed pericentromeric heterochromatin at several hemizygous loci. The 2D8 repeat is highly variable in structure and copy number throughout the Solanum genus, suggesting that it is evolutionarily dynamic. Additional IGS-related repetitive DNA elements were also identified in the potato genome. The possible mechanism of the origin and evolution of the IGS-related repeats is discussed. We demonstrate that potato serves as an interesting model for studying repetitive DNA families because it is propagated vegetatively, thus minimizing the meiotic mechanisms that can remove novel DNA repeats.
Detecting SYN flooding attacks

We propose a simple and robust mechanism for detecting SYN flooding attacks. Instead of monitoring the ongoing traffic at the front end (like firewall or proxy) or a victim server itself, we detect the SYN flooding attacks at leaf routers that connect end hosts to the Internet. The simplicity of our detection mechanism lies in its statelessness and low computation overhead, which make the detection mechanism itself immune to flooding attacks. Our detection mechanism is based on the protocol behavior of TCP SYN-FIN (RST) pairs, and is an instance of the Seqnential Change Point Detection [l]. To make the detection mecbanism insensitive to site and access pattern, a non-parametric Cnmnlative Sum (CUSUM) method [4] is applied, thus making the detection mechanism much more generally applicable and its deployment much easier. The efficacy of this detection mechanism is validated by trace-driven simulations. The evaluation results show that the detection mechanism has short detection latency and high detection accuracy. Moreover, due to its proximity to the flooding sources, our mechanism not only sets alarms upon detection of ongoing SYN flooding attacks, but also reveals the location of the flooding sources without resorting to expensive IP traceback.
DreamWeaver: architectural support for deep sleep

Numerous data center services exhibit low average utilization leading to poor energy efficiency. Although CPU voltage and frequency scaling historically has been an effective means to scale down power with utilization, transistor scaling trends are limiting its effectiveness and the CPU is accounting for a shrinking fraction of system power. Recent research advocates the use of full-system idle low-power modes to combat energy losses, as such modes provide the deepest power savings with bounded response time impact. However, the trend towards increasing cores per die is undermining the effectiveness of these sleep modes, particularly for request-parallel data center applications, because the independent idle periods across individual cores are unlikely to align by happenstance.We propose DreamWeaver, architectural support to facilitate deep sleep for request-parallel applications on multicore servers. DreamWeaver comprises two elements: Weave Scheduling, a scheduling policy to coalesce idle and busy periods across cores to create opportunities for system-wide deep sleep; and the Dream Processor, a light-weight co-processor that monitors incoming network traffic and suspended work during sleep to determine when the system must wake. DreamWeaver is based on two key concepts: (1) stall execution and sleep anytime any core is unoccupied, but (2) constrain the maximum time any request may be stalled. Unlike prior scheduling approaches, DreamWeaver will preempt execution to sleep, maximizing time spent at the systems' most efficient operating point. We demonstrate that DreamWeaver can smoothly trade-off bounded, predictable increases in 99th-percentile response time for increasing power savings, and strictly dominates the savings available with voltage and frequency scaling and timeout-based request batching schemes.
An ultrawideband microwave-radar conceptual design

The paper outlines the special considerations that characterize the design of an UWB radar for the detection of low altitude missiles over the sea. It discusses the factors which enter into the choice of frequency, and the selection of the transmitter, antenna, and receiver. Reviewed are signal processing issues concerning detection of UWB signals in noise and clutter, non-Doppler MTI based on the pulse-to-pulse change in range due to target motion, measurement of target height based on multipath time delay, and target recognition. The chief limitation of UWB radar that must be overcome before applications are viable is its poor electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).
Show me the numbers: what data currently exist for non-native species in the USA?

Non-native species continue to be introduced to the United States from other countries via trade and transportation, creating a growing need for early detection and rapid response to new invaders. It is therefore increasingly important to synthesize existing data on non-native species abundance and distributions. However, no comprehensive analysis of existing data has been undertaken for non-native species, and there have been few efforts to improve collaboration. We therefore conducted a survey to determine what datasets currently exist for non-native species in the US from county, state, multi-state region, national, and global scales. We identified 319 datasets and collected metadata for 79% of these. Through this study, we provide a better understanding of extant non-native species datasets and identify data gaps (ie taxonomic, spatial, and temporal) to help guide future survey, research, and predictive modeling efforts.
Use of a phase-locked loop to correct heart rate variability artifacts in data from human cardiac transplant recipients

Although human cardiac transplant recipients exhibit very low levels of heart-rate variability, the study of this variability may be clinically applicable in detecting graft rejection. However, when Holter recorders are used to gather ECG data, tape speed variations during recording or playback may introduce heart-rate artifacts. The authors show that these artifacts are significant (relative to the level of heart-rate variability observed in transplant patients) and that the use of a phase-locked loop during data sampling eliminates them. Without the phase-locked loop, the artifactural heat-rate standard deviation for tape speed fluctuations on the order of 1% is 0.58 BPM/sup 2/, whereas with the phase-locked loop this figure is reduced by 95% to 0.029 BPM/sup 2/. >
Distribution of carbonate ion in the deep ocean: Support for a post‐Little Ice Age change in Southern Ocean ventilation?

[1] The distribution of CO3= ion concentrations in the deep sea proves difficult to reconcile with a steady state thermohaline circulation. The problem is that assuming steady state, we cannot come up with any satisfactory explanation for the 28 μmol/kg deficiency of CO3= ion concentration in deep Pacific and Indian Ocean water relative to that for the source water mix. However, following Broecker et al. [1999], if we assume that during the Little Ice Age, deep water formation in the Southern Ocean was not only much stronger than now but also had lower PO4* and CO3= concentrations, then this anomaly can be explained.
Wavelength-exchanging cross connects (WEX)-a new class of photonic cross-connect architectures

All-optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks are expected to realize the potential of optical technologies to implement different networking functionalities in the optical domain. A key component in WDM networks is the optical switch that provides the basic functionality of connecting input ports to output ports. Existing WDM switches make use of space switches and wavelength converters (WCs) to realize switching. However, this not only increases the size and the complexity of the switch but also bears heavily on the cost. In this paper, the authors propose a new class of photonic switch architectures called wavelength-exchanging cross connect (WEX) that provides several advantages over existing switches by enabling a single-step space switching and wavelength conversion and thus eliminating the need for a separate conversion stage. This greatly enhances the switch architecture by reducing its size and complexity. The new class of cross-connect architectures is based on the proposed concept of a wavelength-exchange optical crossbar (WOC). The WOC concept is realized using the simultaneous exchange between two optical signals. The proposed WEX architecture is highly scalable. To establish scalability, the authors present a systematic method of developing instances of the switch architectures of an arbitrary large size
A coding algorithm for Re´nyi trees

Abstract A labeled k-dimensional tree, or simply a k-tree, can be defined either by a k-dimensional simplicial complex satisfying certain tree-like conditions or by a graph constructed recursively by adding a sequence of new vertices to smaller k-trees. A k-dimensional Renyi tree is then defined as a k-tree rooted at a given block. C. Renyi and A. Renyi were the first to find a combinatorial correspondence between the set of k-dimensional Renyi trees on {1, 2, …, n} and the set of admissible sequences of n − k − 1 k-subsets of {1, 2, …, n}. In this paper, we give a representation of a Renyi tree by a doubly labeled tree which is a labeled rooted tree with some vertices having additional labels; then we show that any doubly labeled tree can be uniquely decomposed into a forest of small trees in which some vertices may have additional labels, where a small tree is a rooted tree of height one. As a consequence of this decomposition, it immediately follows a coding algorithm for Renyi trees. We also discuss some applications of our bijections.
Retrieving the Fraction of Ground Flashes from Satellite Lightning Imager Data Using CONUS-Based Optical Statistics

A retrieval method is introduced for estimating the fraction of ground flashes in a set of N flashes observed from either a low earth-orbiting or geostationary satellite lightningimager. The methodology exploitsthe fact that mean optical characteristics of ground and cloud flashes differ, and hence a properly posed equation set for meanconditionsof a set ofN observedflashes can be mathematically invertedtoestimate the groundflash fraction (and hence the cloud flash-to-ground flash ratio). Explicit analytic expressions for the retrieval errors are derived, and numerical tests of the retrieval method are provided to quantify retrieval accuracy. It has beenfoundthattheretrievalmethodworksbestwhenonlyoneoptimumopticalparameterisused(thesinglecharacteristic solution approach) rather than a mixture of optical parameters (the multiple-characteristic solution approach); that is, the suboptimum optical parameters in the mix degrade retrieval accuracy. Since the retrieval method uses conterminous United States (CONUS)-averaged values of the lightning optical measurements, retrieval errors tend to be smallest in geographical regions whose specific mean lightning optical measurements are closest to the CONUS mean values. The rms ground flash fraction retrieval errors for 52 widely distributed regions across CONUS ranged from as low as 0.061 to 0.111, depending on the true ground flash fraction sought.
FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME: THE ORIGINS OF A MORAL PANIC

Since its discovery almost 30 years ago, the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) has been characterized in the USA, as a major threat to public health. In part because FAS resonated with broader social concerns in the 1970s and 1980s about alcohol's deleterious effect on American society and about a perceived increase in child abuse and neglect, it quickly achieved prominence as a social problem. In this paper, we demonstrate that, as concern about this social problem escalated beyond the level warranted by the existing evidence, FAS took on the status of a moral panic. Through examples taken from both the biomedical literature and the media about drinking during pregnancy, we illustrate the evolution of this development, and we describe its implications, particularly how it has contributed to a vapid public policy response.
Fishervoice and semi-supervised speaker clustering

Speaker subspace modeling has become increasingly important in speaker recognition, diarization, and clustering. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a popular linear subspace learning technique and the approach that represents an arbitrary utterance or speaker as a linear combination of a set of basis voices based on PCA is known as the eigenvoice approach. In this paper, a novel technique, namely the fishervoice approach, is proposed. The fishervoice approach is based on linear discriminant analysis, another successful linear subspace learning technique that provides an optimized low-dimensional representation of utterances or speakers with focus on the most discriminative basis voices. We apply the fishervoice approach to speaker clustering in a semi-supervised manner and show that the fishervoice approach significantly outperforms the eigenvoice approach in all our experiments on the GALE Mandarin dataset.
Anthropomorphism as a special case of social perception: Across-species social relations model analysis of humans and dogs

Animal studies once pervaded the field of social psychology, but over the last half century focus on this topic has faded. Here we argue that animal studies can still usefully contribute to several areas of social psychology. Two studies implemented a new cross–species comparative approach to compare human–to–human perceptions with human–to–dog perceptions. Our findings show that people's projection of their self–views or their views of others onto dogs are no stronger than their projections onto other humans. Findings also illuminate how appearance–based stereotypes affect perceptions of domestic dogs. The present research provides a conceptual and empirical paradigm for future research on human perceptions of animals of both the human and nonhuman variety.
Sexual Violence Victimization Against Men with Disabilities

Background Prior research has shown a high prevalence of sexual violence against women with disabilities. However, no previous population-based studies have examined such victimization against men with disabilities. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to document the prevalence of lifetime and past-year sexual violence victimization among a representative sample of men with disabilities in Massachusetts and to compare its prevalence among men with disabilities to that of men without disabilities and women with and without disabilities. Methods Data from the Massachusetts Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2005–2009 were analyzed in 2010 using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results Among 25,756 survey respondents, approximately 21.1% of Massachusetts men and 21.0% of women reported a disability. The prevalence of lifetime sexual violence victimization was 13.9% (95% CI=10.7%, 17.1%) among men with disabilities; 3.7% (95% CI=2.9%, 4.5%) among men without disabilities; 26.6% (95% CI=23.4%, 29.7%) among women with disabilities; and 12.4% (95% CI=11.2%, 13.6%) among women without disabilities. Similarly, men with disabilities were more likely than men without disabilities to report lifetime completed and attempted rape and past-year sexual violence victimization. Multivariate analyses controlling for sociodemographic characteristics indicated that men with disabilities were more than four times more likely to report lifetime and past-year victimization than men without disabilities. Conclusions Men with disabilities are at a heightened risk for lifetime and current sexual violence victimization.
Sweet potato leaves: properties and synergistic interactions that promote health and prevent disease

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves provide a dietary source of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, dietary fiber, and essential fatty acids. Bioactive compounds contained in this vegetable play a role in health promotion by improving immune function, reducing oxidative stress and free radical damage, reducing cardiovascular disease risk, and suppressing cancer cell growth. Currently, sweet potato leaves are consumed primarily in the islands of the Pacific Ocean and in Asian and African countries; limited consumption occurs in the United States. This comprehensive review assesses research examining the nutritional characteristics and bioactive compounds within sweet potato leaves that contribute to health promotion and chronic disease prevention. Research has affirmed the potential cardioprotective and chemopreventive advantages of consuming sweet potato leaves, thus indicating that increased consumption of this vegetable should be advocated. Since reducing the prevalence of chronic diseases is of public health concern, promoting the consumption of sweet potato leaves warrants further and more intensive research investigation.
H/D Substitution in Neutron Diffraction

This paper presents the mathematical descriptions of isotopic substitution in terms of neutron scattering lengths and pair correlation functions illustrated by some experimental results. Simple arguments lead to an algorithm for H/D substitution techniques in multi-component systems. The accuracy of the measurements of the coherent part of the scattering and the validity of the corrections are the crucial elements in obtaining useful information. The dominating problem with the corrections is our inability to adequately correct for inelasticity effects because of the relatively large incoherent scattering cross-section for hydrogen. Some examples are given of numerical subtraction techniques with implications for more accurate measurements on two new neutron difractometers being built for measurements on liquids.
The Laboratory for Laser Energetics’ Hydrogen Isotope Separation System

Abstract The University of Rochester’s Laboratory for Laser Energetics has commissioned a hydrogen Isotope Separation System (ISS). The ISS uses two columns—palladium on kieselguhr and molecular sieve—that act in a complementary manner to separate the hydrogen species by mass. The 4-sL per day throughput system is compact and has no moving parts. The columns and the attendant gas storage and handling subsystems are housed in a 0.8 -m3 glovebox. The glovebox uses a helium cover gas that is continuously processed to extract oxygen and water vapor that permeates through the glovebox gloves and any tritium that is released while attaching or detaching vessels to add feedstock to or drawing product from the system. The isotopic separation process is automated and does not require manual intervention. A total of 315 TBq of tritium was extracted from 23.6 sL of hydrogen with tritium purities reaching 99.5%. Deuterium was the sole residual component in the processed gas. Raffinate contained 0.2 TBq of activity was captured for reprocessing. The total emission from the system to the environment was 0.4 GBq over three weeks.
Self-tensioning Support Post Design to Control Residual Stress in MEMS Fixed-Fixed Beams

Fixed-fixed beams are ubiquitous MEMS structures that are integral components for sensors and actuation mechanisms. However, residual stress inherent in surface micromachining can affect the mechanical behavior of fixed-fixed structures, and even can cause buckling. A self-tensioning support post design that utilizes the compressive residual stress of trapped sacrificial oxide to control the stress state passively and locally in a fixed-fixed beam is proposed and detailed. The thickness and length of the trapped oxide affects the amount of stress in the beam. With this design, compression can be reduced or even converted into tension. An analytical model and a 3D finite element model are presented. The analytical model shows relatively good agreement with a 3D finite element model, indicating that it can be used for design purposes. A series of fixed-fixed beams were fabricated to demonstrate that the tensioning support post causes a reduction in buckling amplitude, even pulling the beam into tension. Phase shifting interferometry deflection measurements were used to confirm the trends observed from the models. Controlling residual stress allows longer fixed-fixed beams to be fabricated without buckling, which can improve the performance range of sensors. This technique can also enable local stress control, which is important for sensors.
Factors affecting cone-hysterectomy morbidity. A study of 200 patients.

Abstract Two-hundred consecutive total hysterectomies performed up to 222 days following cold-knife cone biopsy were studied. The febrile morbidity was 54.5 per cent compared with 44 per cent in a similar series of hysterectomy control patients. Morbidity for cone biopsy alone was 1.5 per cent of 149 patients. No deaths occurred in the 349 patients studied. The factors which significantly increased morbidity were a cone-hysterectomy interval of less than 14 days and the performance of vaginal rather than abdominal hysterectomy. Vaginal cuff and abdominal wound infections were found in 17.5 per cent of the cone-hysterectomy group compared with 9 per cent in the hysterectomy conrol group. Posthysterectomy hospital stay was the same in the cone-hysterectomy and hysterectomy control group. From this study it would appear that hysterectomy is preferably postponed for at least 14 days following cold-knife conization unless the circumstances of the individual patient dictate otherwise.
Comparative Study on the Cholagogic and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Ganning Granule and Rhubarb

Objective To study the cholagogic and anti-inflammatory effect of Ganning granule and to discuss the rationality of Ganning granule in formulation.Methods Biliary duct cannula bile at 0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5 h after intraduodenal administration in rats was collected and counted to observe the effect of Ganning granule and Rhubarb on biliary secretion;the weight of cholecyst in mice was counted to observe the effect of Ganning granule and Rhubarb on the cholecyst of mice.Anti-inflammatory effect of Ganning granule and Rhubarb was observed on the models of dimethyl benzene-induced auricular swelling in mice,celiac capillary permeability in mice,agaragar-induced granuloma in mice,chemotaxis of WBC induced by CMC-Na in mice and hind paw edema induced by fresh egg white in rats.Results Ganning granule and Rhubarb could significantly increase the biliary secretion,decrease the weight of cholecyst in mice,inhibit the acute inflammation induced by album and xylene,decrease the celiac capillary permeability,inhibit chemotaxis of leucocyte induced by CMC-Na and inhibit the proliferation of granuloma.Moreover,the cholagogic and anti-inflammatory effect of Ganning granule was better than that of Rhubarb.Conclusion The formulation of Ganning granule is reasonable;Ganning granule has considerable choleretic and anti-inflammatory effect.
Irritability in Pediatric Patients: Normal or Not?

The goal of this article is to describe the concept of irritability in children and youth, which has been revisited in the DSM-5. Traditionally, this behavior has been more commonly associated with mood disorders, which may account for the rising incidence of bipolar disorder diagnosis and overuse of mood-stabilizing medications in pediatric patients. While not predictive of mania, persistent nonepisodic irritability, if undetected, may escalate to violent behavior with potentially serious outcomes. It is therefore important to educate clinicians about how to accurately assess irritability in pediatric patients. Language: en
Predicting Use of Nurse Care Coordination by Older Adults With Chronic Conditions

To be effective, nurse care coordination must be targeted at individuals who will use the service. The purpose of this study was to identify variables that predicted use of care coordination by primary care patients. Data on the potential predictor variables were obtained from patient interviews, the electronic health record, and an administrative database of 178 adults eligible for care coordination. Use of care coordination was obtained from an administrative database. A multivariable logistic regression model was developed using a bootstrap sampling approach. Variables predicting use of care coordination were dependence in both activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL; odds ratio [OR] = 5.30, p = .002), independent for ADL but dependent for IADL (OR = 2.68, p = .01), and number of prescription medications (OR = 1.12, p = .002). Consideration of these variables may improve identification of patients to target for care coordination.
Cross-Talk Between CLL Cells and Endothelial Cells in the Bone Marrow Microenvironment: Role of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (Stat)-3.

Abstract Abstract 1242 Poster Board I-264 We have recently found that Stat3, constitutively phosphorylated on serine 727 residues, activates genes that are known to be activated by tyrosine phospho-Stat3 in CLL cells (Hazan-Halevi et al. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), Nov 2008; 112: 1058). Because Stat3 modulates VEGF expression in other cellular systems, we asked whether VEGF is a Stat3 target gene in CLL. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) we found that anti-Stat3 antibodies immunoprecipitated DNA of VEGF as well as of Stat3-regulated genes (such as Stat3 and p21). To further delineate this finding, we infected CLL cells with Stat3-shRNA and determined changes in RNA levels by qRT-PCR. In four out of four CLL samples, Stat3-shRNA induced a significant reduction in the RNA levels of VEGF, confirming that serine phosphorylated STAT3 upregulates VEGF gene transcription in CLL. Furthermore, anti-VEGF immunohistochemical staining detected high levels of VEGF in CLL bone marrow cells, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detected significantly higher VEGF levels in the serum of CLL patients (N = 47) compared to serum of normal individuals (N = 14). Serum VEGF levels correlated with the patients' absolute lymphocyte count. Because VEGF is known to induce vasculogenesis, we studied bone marrow biopsies of 10 patients with CLL and demonstrated increased microvascular density in all specimens. We noted also attachment of CLL cells to endothelial and vascular endothelial cells in all studied marrow sections. To clarify the interaction between CLL and endothelial cells we used human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and studied their effect on CLL cell apoptosis by measuring Annexin V using flow cytometry. In co-culture studies, direct contact with HUVEC protected CLL cells from spontaneous apoptosis. This effect was abrogated by insertion of micropore filters between HUVEC and CLL cells, suggesting that the protective mechanisms required direct interaction between CLL and endothelial cells. Similarly, anti-VEGF receptor (VEGFR) antibodies partially reversed the protective effect of HUVECs on CLL cells, consistent with an antiapoptotic effect dependent on VEGF-VEGFR interaction. Taken together, our data suggest that constitutively activated Stat3 mediates the interaction between CLL cells and the bone marrow microenvironment via VEGF, thereby providing a survival advantage to the neoplastic cells. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Prediction in ecology: a first-principles framework.

Quantitative predictions are ubiquitous in ecology, yet there is limited discussion on the nature of prediction in this field. Herein I derive a general quantitative framework for analyzing and partitioning the sources of uncertainty that control predictability. The implications of this framework are assessed conceptually and linked to classic questions in ecology, such as the relative importance of endogenous (density dependent) versus exogenous factors, stability versus drift, and the spatial scaling of processes. The framework is used to make a number of novel predictions and reframe approaches to experimental design, model selection, and hypothesis testing. Next, the quantitative application of the framework to partitioning uncertainties is illustrated using a short-term forecast of net ecosystem exchange. Finally, I advocate for a new comparative approach to studying predictability across different ecological systems and processes and lay out a number of hypotheses about what limits predictability and how these limits should scale in space and time. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A parallel direct cut algorithm for high-order overset methods with application to a spinning golf ball

Abstract Overset methods are commonly employed to enable the effective simulation of problems involving complex geometries and moving objects such as rotorcraft. This paper presents a novel overset domain connectivity algorithm based upon the direct cut approach suitable for use with GPU-accelerated solvers on high-order curved grids. In contrast to previous methods it is capable of exploiting the highly data-parallel nature of modern accelerators. Further, the approach is also substantially more efficient at handling the curved grids which arise within the context of high-order methods. An implementation of this new algorithm is presented and combined with a high-order fluid dynamics code. The algorithm is validated against several benchmark problems, including flow over a spinning golf ball at a Reynolds number of 150,000.