cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Subendocardial Ischemia in Valvar Aortic Stenosis in Children

An index of myocardial oxygen supply/demand was calculated from the left ventricular and aortic pressure tracings in 80 infants and children with isolated valvar aortic stenosis. Supply was estimated by multiplying the area between aortic and left ventricular pressures during diastole (DPTI) by arterial oxygen content (C). Demand was estimated from the area under the left ventricular tracing during systole (SPTI). The oxygen supply/demand ratio was expressed as: DPTI X C/SPTI. A ratio 100/minute and severe stenosis all have ratios consistent with subendocardial ischemia. Supply/demand ratios <10 are usually associated with significant T wave abnormalities on the ECG while patients ...
Comparisons of Gambling and Alcohol Use among College Students and Noncollege Young People in the United States.

Abstract Objective: Gambling and alcohol use were compared for college and noncollege young adults in the US population. Participants: Participants were 1,000 respondents aged 18 to 21. Methods: Data were analyzed from a representative household sample of US young people aged 14 to 21 years old. Telephone interviews were conducted between August 2005 and January 2007. Results: After taking into account gender, age, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, college student status did not predict gambling, frequent gambling, or problem gambling. In contrast, being a college student was associated with higher levels of alcohol use and problem drinking. Being male was the strongest predictor of both problem gambling and problem drinking. Blacks were less likely than whites to drink heavily; yet they were more likely than whites to gamble heavily. Conclusion: Young males should be targeted for prevention and intervention efforts for both problem gambling and problem drinking regardless of college student status.
Normal blow-ups and their expected defining equations

Abstract We give some criteria for the blow-up of various ideals to be normal, when one knows the defining equations have a certain “expected form”.
Achieving Democratic Leadership: A Data‐Mined Prescription

Objective To understand what kind of individuals lead particular regimes, this study examines the most influential people in politics, the executives, to uncover the relationship between their characteristics and the type of regime they govern. Methods This article employs data mining with characteristics of executives worldwide against the state's Freedom House ranking. Results Through data mining, the results indicate that while there are still many important factors that coincide with democracy, the length of time in office and to a lesser extent the religious beliefs of executives and the likelihood of being classified as a democracy are heavily related. Conclusion This article concludes with a recommendation for supporting specific types of executives to increase the likelihood for successful democratization to minimize authoritarian rule.
On the Performance of Joint and Separate Channel and Network Coding in Wireless Fading Networks

For wireless fading networks where M source nodes wish to multicast their information to N destination nodes via a common relay, it has been shown that network coding at the relay can reduce the number of required transmissions, if the destination nodes overhear M - 1 source nodes transmitting to the relay. Nested coding is a recently proposed alternative where, unlike network coding, physical and network layers are jointly designed. We find that for a given network throughput ideal nested coding in many situations can lead to a significant increase in transmission reliability compared to network coding. We also consider the case of feedback and retransmissions when received packets fail to be decoded. For the case of two source nodes it is shown that by using nested codes the expected number of relay transmissions is reduced. However, for a larger number of source nodes the gain depends on the employed nested coding strategy at the relay.
Comparison of MNDO, AM1 and PM3 rotational barriers in branched alkanes

The MNDO, AM1 and PM3 semi-empirical methods were used to calculate the equilibrium points and transition-state structures of the rotational barriers of ethane and all methyl-substituted propanes and butanes. Force constant methods were used to ensure proper geometries. In general, AM1 barriers tend tobe lower than MNDO calculated ones, which are themselves generally lower than experiment. The PM3 values are closest to experiment, ranging from slightly above to slightly below the experimental values. The complexity of various possible rotational minima makes the development of empirical rules to predict barrier heights difficult.
A rapid Flp-In system for expression of secreted H5N1 influenza hemagglutinin vaccine immunogen in mammalian cells.

Background Continuing transmissions of highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses in poultry and humans underscores the need for a rapid response to potential pandemic in the form of vaccine. Recombinant technologies for production of immunogenic hemagglutinin (HA) could provide an advantage over the traditional inactivated vaccine manufacturing process. Generation of stably transfected mammalian cells secreting properly folded HA proteins is important for scalable controlled manufacturing. Methodology/Principal Findings We have developed a Flp-In based 293 stable cell lines through targeted site-specific recombination for expression of secreted hemagglutinin (HA) proteins and evaluated their immunogenicity. H5N1 globular domain HA1(1-330) and HA0(1-500) proteins were purified from the supernatants of 293 Flp-In stable cell lines. Both proteins were properly folded as confirmed by binding to H5N1-neutralizing conformation-dependent human monoclonal antibodies. The HA0 (with unmodified cleavage site) was monomeric, while the HA1 contained oligomeric forms. Upon rabbit immunization, both HA proteins elicited neutralizing antibodies against the homologous virus (A/Vietnam/1203/2004, clade 1) as well as cross-neutralizing antibodies against heterologous H5N1 clade 2 strains, including A/Indonesia/5/2005. These results exceeded the human antibody responses against the inactivated sub-virion H5N1 vaccine. Conclusions/Significance Our data suggest that the 293 Flp-In system could serve as a platform for rapid expression of HA immunogens in mammalian cells from emerging influenza strains.
Sialochemistry of Whole, Parotid, and Labial Minor Gland Saliva in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus

This study was undertaken to determine whether oral lichen planus in otherwise healthy patients is associated with sialochemical abnormalities. Unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva, stimulated parotid saliva, and stimulated labial minor gland saliva were collected from 25 patients with oral lichen planus and from 25 age- and sex-matched controls. Flow rate and salivary concentrations of immunoglobulins A and G, albumin, amylase, lysozyme, lactoferrin, and total protein were determined by standard analytical techniques. Concentrations of inorganic components including sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphate were also measured. No significant differences were found between the lichen planus patients and the controls. These findings do not support an association between oral lichen planus and salivary dysfunction in otherwise healthy patients.
Fatty Soil Retention and the Influence of Particulate and Fatty Soils on Yellowing of an Unfinished Dacron/Cotton Blend Fabric

The retention of individual fatty soils, in both the presence and absence of clay soil, on repeatedly soiled, aged, and washed unfinished Dacron/cotton blend was studied by means of a double-label ...
Development of Iphiseiodes quadripilis (Banks) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on pollen or mite diets and predation on Aculops pelekassi (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae) in the laboratory.

Abstract Development and reproduction of Iphiseiodes quadripilis (Banks) were evaluated on single food diets of pollen (Malephora crocea Jacquin [ice plant] or Quercus sp. [oak]), spider mites, [Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor) or Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae)], or the citrus rust mite Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (Acari: Eriophyidae). Experiments were conducted in an environmental chamber at 28° ± 1°C, 14:10 (L:D) daylength, and 45% RH. I. quadripilis completed development and laid viable eggs that subsequently hatched on diets of either ice plant or oak pollen or eggs and motile stages of E. banksi. P. citri was acceptable as prey, but survival of larvae to adults was only 36%, whereas survival on E. banksi, ice plant pollen, and oak pollen was 48, 60, and 68%, respectively. The webbing produced by P. citri seemed to inhibit foraging behavior of I. quadripilis larvae and nymphs. Larvae of I. quadripilis developed only to the second nymphal instar on a diet of P. oleivora alone o...
Perceptual learning and human expertise

We consider perceptual learning: experience-induced changes in the way perceivers extract information. Often neglected in scientific accounts of learning and in instruction, perceptual learning is a fundamental contributor to human expertise and is crucial in domains where humans show remarkable levels of attainment, such as language, chess, music, and mathematics. In Section 2, we give a brief history and discuss the relation of perceptual learning to other forms of learning. We consider in Section 3 several specific phenomena, illustrating the scope and characteristics of perceptual learning, including both discovery and fluency effects. We describe abstract perceptual learning, in which structural relationships are discovered and recognized in novel instances that do not share constituent elements or basic features. In Section 4, we consider primary concepts that have been used to explain and model perceptual learning, including receptive field change, selection, and relational recoding. In Section 5, we consider the scope of perceptual learning, contrasting recent research, focused on simple sensory discriminations, with earlier work that emphasized extraction of invariance from varied instances in more complex tasks. Contrary to some recent views, we argue that perceptual learning should not be confined to changes in early sensory analyzers. Phenomena at various levels, we suggest, can be unified by models that emphasize discovery and selection of relevant information. In a final section, we consider the potential role of perceptual learning in educational settings. Most instruction emphasizes facts and procedures that can be verbalized, whereas expertise depends heavily on implicit pattern recognition and selective extraction skills acquired through perceptual learning. We consider reasons why perceptual learning has not been systematically addressed in traditional instruction, and we describe recent successful efforts to create a technology of perceptual learning in areas such as aviation, mathematics, and medicine. Research in perceptual learning promises to advance scientific accounts of learning, and perceptual learning technology may offer similar promise in improving education.
Performance Confidence Estimation for Automatic Summarization

We address the task of automatically predicting if summarization system performance will be good or bad based on features derived directly from either single- or multi-document inputs. Our labelled corpus for the task is composed of data from large scale evaluations completed over the span of several years. The variation of data between years allows for a comprehensive analysis of the robustness of features, but poses a challenge for building a combined corpus which can be used for training and testing. Still, we find that the problem can be mitigated by appropriately normalizing for differences within each year. We examine different formulations of the classification task which considerably influence performance. The best results are 84% prediction accuracy for single- and 74% for multi-document summarization.
Inelastic Preference for Ethanol in Rats: An Analysis of Ethanol's Reinforcing Effects

This experiment evaluated the relationship between availability of ethanol and preference for ethanol in rats. One dipper served a mixture of 10% ethanol and 10% sucrose, and a second dipper served 10% sucrose. In the first condition, access to each dipper was governed by a variable-interval 5-s schedule. In subsequent conditions, the interval requirement for the ethanol mixture was increased to 30 s. However, increases in the interval requirement did not decrease preference for ethanol. Instead, preference increased somewhat or remained about the same. In contrast, when both dippers served sucrose, increases in the interval requirement at one dipper systematically shifted preference to the other dipper. Analysis showed that preference for ethanol was correlated with amount of ethanol consumed, whereas preference for sucrose was correlated with changes in the reinforcement contingencies. Ethanol's food value, as measured by calories, did not predict preference. Rather, the results were most simply explain...
Efficient self-organized key management for mobile ad hoc networks

In mobile ad hoc networks, authentication of users and management of group keys require more specialized solutions than traditional security protocols. Mobility of the users and unavailability of trusted central servers are major known issues for mobile networks. In this paper, an efficient and practical solution has been proposed for the group key management problem. Members authenticate each other with a fast and efficient hybrid key establishment scheme which combines elliptic curve cryptography, modular squaring operations and a secret key encryption algorithm. The proposed group key management model is based on hierarchical binary trees. Users exchange the group secret keys and form an ad hoc group in a distributed and self-organizing manner with no central control. This paper also discusses the total backward and forward security in the case of modification in membership. Finally, the proposed group key management system is scalable and respectful of the constraints of ad hoc networks. It also has comparable efficiency to the other HBT based key management protocols which employ real time key distribution authority.
Process and outcomes of patient-centered medical care with Alaska Native people at Southcentral Foundation.

PURPOSE This study describes key elements of the transition to a patient-centered medical home (PCMH) model at Southcentral Foundation (SCF), a tribally owned and managed primary care system, and evaluates changes in emergency care use for any reason, for asthma, and for unintentional injuries, during and after the transition. METHODS We conducted a time series analyses of emergency care use from medical record data. We also conducted 45 individual, in-depth interviews with PCMH patients (customer-owners), primary care clinicians, health system employees, and tribal leaders. RESULTS Emergency care use for all causes was increasing before the PCMH implementation, dropped during and immediately after the implementation, and subsequently leveled off. Emergency care use for adult asthma dropped before, during, and immediately after implementation, subsequently leveling off approximately 5 years after implementation. Emergency care use for unintentional injuries, a comparison variable, showed an increasing trend before and during implementation and decreasing trends after implementation. Interview participants observed improved access to primary care services after the transition to the PCMH tempered by increased staff fatigue. Additional themes of PCMH transformation included the building of relationships for coordinated, team-based care, and the important role of leadership in PCMH implementation. CONCLUSIONS All reported measures of emergency care use show a decreasing trend after the PCMH implementation. Before the implementation, overall use and use for unintentional injuries had been increasing. The combined quantitative and qualitative results are consistent with decreased emergency care use resulting from a decreased need for emergency care services due to increased availability of primary care services and same-day appointments.
Grain growth kinetics and microstructures of the high Tc GdBa2Cu3O7−δ superconductor

Grain growth in the GdBa2Cu3O7−δ high Tc superconductor was investigated. The composition Gd1.09Ba1.91Cu3O7−δ, within the solid solubility region, was selected for the present grain growth study. Differential thermal analysis did not reveal any thermal event except the incongruent melting point, which is indicative of the absence of a liquid second phase during grain growth. The final densities of isothermally annealed samples ranged from 91.3% to 93.7% of theoretical density. The microstructure observation showed a greater grain aspect ratio in this material than in YBa2Cu3O7−δ. The average grain aspect ratio was about 4.7. A very low grain growth exponent of 0.07 was found in the isothermal annealing temperature range from 965 °C to 1020 °C. By comparison with the results on the YBa2Cu3O7−δ system previously reported, it was concluded that the grain growth kinetics in these materials are strongly controlled by the anisotropy of the grain boundary energy. The activation energy of grain growth was calculated to be about 77 kJ/mole.
The Development Aid Regime at Fifty: Policy Challenges Inside and Out

The paper considers the status of the global development aid regime, which originated in 1960 and remains the primary conduit for the delivery of Official Development Assistance (ODA) to impoverished states. We begin by situating the inquiry in regime analysis, which emerged in the 1970s to explain patterns of interstate cooperation that were not captured by existing paradigms of world politics. We then suggest a means by which the cohesion of a given transnational regime may be tested over time. Specifically, we trace the ODA regime's adherence to its own procedural standards between 1961 and 2011 and find that, while the ODA regime has consistently failed to reach its quantitative targets, it has surpassed its qualitative targets, such as the ratio of grants to loans, since the 1990s. Finally, we examine aid transfers from non-DAC sources and consider to what extent this activity can be reconciled with the ODA regime's practices in their current form. We also question whether the challenges posed by non-DAC donors reflect regime erosion and, if so, whether this can be attributed to the decline of its leading member (the United States), as theories of hegemonic stability expect.
Twenty-first century radiology.

In my first week of business school, an MBA program for executives, the professor asked people to raise their hands if they considered the industries they were in to be both highly competitive and increasingly challenging. The group of students in the classroom was quite diverse. Represented were the oil and gas industry, investment banking, construction, and even a private intelligence agency, among many others. Every single person in the class raised their hand. It may have been the only time our class had complete agreement. So, with the understanding that everyone thinks their own industry is particularly competitive, I nonetheless contend that radiology is facing unique and unprecedented challenges. The future viability of any radiology practice will depend in very large measure on how its members recognize and respond to these novel challenges. Previously, the greatest threat to any private radiology group was displacement by a competing group, typically from the same city. Today, practices remain threatened from local groups but now also face the aditional threat of displacement by ational teleradiology outsourcing rms. Of additional concern is enanced competition from local roups that themselves were dislaced by teleradiology outsourcing rms. Furthermore, many groups re disappearing as radiologists are ecoming direct employees of the ospitals. This competitive landcape exists during a time of major pheaval in the health care environent as well as in an environment f state and federal budget shortalls. So, at the same time as a comletely new way to staff radiology epartments has emerged, thanks o technological advances, there is
Applying Case‐based Reasoning in Knowledge Management to Support Organizational Performance

Research and practice in human performance technology (HPT) has recently accelerated the search for innovative approaches to supplement or replace traditional training interventions for improving organizational performance. This article examines a knowledge management framework built upon the theories and techniques of case-based reasoning (CBR) and Nonaka's (1991, 1994) knowledge conversion model to shed light on how organizational performance can be enhanced by leveraging organizational knowledge represented as cases to support learning, working, and innovation of knowledge workers. This framework offers HPT practitioners new ways of thinking and methods for the design of performance support interventions by which organizational knowledge is stored, codified, delivered, and acted upon in context, on demand, and at the point of need. This paper describes a project, Knowledge Innovation for Technology in Education (KITE), which was designed to support professional development of teachers using CBR and knowledge conversion theories.
Ineffectiveness of Tigecycline against Persistent Borrelia burgdorferi

The effectiveness of a new first-in-class antibiotic, tigecycline (glycylcycline), was evaluated during the early dissemination (1 week), early immune (3 weeks), or late persistent (4 months) phases of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in C3H mice. Mice were treated with high or low doses of tigecycline, saline (negative-effect controls), or a previously published regimen of ceftriaxone (positive-effect controls). Infection status was assessed at 3 months after treatment by culture, quantitative ospA real-time PCR, and subcutaneous transplantation of joint and heart tissue into SCID mice. Tissues from all saline-treated mice were culture and ospA PCR positive, tissues from all antibiotic-treated mice were culture negative, and some of the tissues from most of the mice treated with antibiotics were ospA PCR positive, although the DNA marker load was markedly decreased compared to that in saline-treated mice. Antibiotic treatment during the early stage of infection appeared to be more effective than treatment that began during later stages of infection. The viability of noncultivable spirochetes in antibiotic-treated mice (demonstrable by PCR) was confirmed by transplantation of tissue allografts from treated mice into SCID mice, with dissemination of spirochetal DNA to multiple recipient tissues, and by xenodiagnosis, including acquisition by ticks, transmission by ticks to SCID mice, and survival through molting into nymphs and then into adults. Furthermore, PCR-positive heart base tissue from antibiotic-treated mice revealed RNA transcription of several B. burgdorferi genes. These results extended previous studies with ceftriaxone, indicating that antibiotic treatment is unable to clear persisting spirochetes, which remain viable and infectious, but are nondividing or slowly dividing.
A Useful Renormalization Argument

We define a collection of ‘generic’ population models for which we prove a survival criterion by using a renormalization argument. These models can be compared with other more familiar models, leading to simple proofs of various survival results. In particular, we prove a generalization of Toom’s Theorem concerning survival in multidimensional probabilistic cellular automata. Our technique should also be applicable to a variety of other discrete and continuous time models.
Field Surveys, Natural History Observations, and Comments on the Exploitation and Conservation of Indotestudo forstenii, Leucocephalon yuwonoi, and Cuora amboinensis in Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract We investigated the distribution and conservation status of Indotestudo forstenii, Leucocephalon yuwonoi, and Cuora amboinensis in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia during 2005–06. Village interviews suggest that I. forstenii and L. yuwonoi are more widely distributed than available records indicate. We verified the occurrence of I. forstenii at five heretofore unreported localities in Central and North Sulawesi, including xeric hills above the Palu Valley and sites adjacent to Lore Lindu National Park, and local villagers reported encounters in Panua Nature Reserve. Sexual size dimorphism was not evident in our sample (n = 103) of I. forstenii. We were unable to locate wild populations of L. yuwonoi, but interview data suggest that this endemic species might occur in Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park and Panua Nature Reserve. Among the L. yuwonoi we measured (n = 150), males were larger than females; large body size may give males an advantage in intraspecific dominance contests. Cuora amboinensis ...
The Politics of Higher Education: University President Ideology and External Networking

While the importance of networking is increasingly recognized by practitioners and scholars alike, ­little is known about why significant variance is observed in how often and with whom organizational leaders ­network. Further, while we know that political ideology plays a critical role in shaping decision making within public ­organizations, current models of networking have largely failed to consider the importance of ideology in driving networking efforts. Using data from a 2012 survey of U.S. university presidents and the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, this article explores the role that president ideology plays in shaping networking behavior with political principals. Findings suggest that the effect of ideology on external networking efforts is moderated by state policy maker ideology.
SPICE model implementation of quantum phase-slip junctions

Quantum phase-slips, which are the exact duals of Josephson junctions (JJs), are promising for several applications in classical and quantum superconducting electronic circuits. The experimental testing of the phase-slip phenomena and identifying these applications has been challenging. In this reported work, the use of a dual to a JJ model to implement a SPICE model of a quantum phase-slip junction (QPSJ) in JSPICE3, in order to explore possible circuit applications, is demonstrated. A transient analysis model of the device is presented and an example of an I–V curve simulation of the device, along with a simulation of a possible circuit application of the device, are also shown.
Illustrations of Fungi—XXX

Pileus corky to woody, fan-shaped, convex above, concave below, 4-20 X 5-25 X I-4 cm.; surface glabrous, uneven, concentrically sulcate, laccate, lustrous, yellowish-red to mahoganycolored, at length black; margin light-yellow, acute, becoming concolorous, truncate, and marked with many shallow furrows, often undulate and at times more or less lobed; context soft-corky, radiate-fibrous, white or nearly so, I-3 cm. thick; tubes annual, 0.5-0.75 cm. long, 4-6 to a mm., brown within, mouths circular or polygonal, white to light-cinnamon, edges obtuse, becoming acute; spores ovoid, obtuse at the base, attenuate and truncate at the apex, appearing verrucose, yellowish-brown, 9--II X 6-8 ; stipe lateral, ascending, frequently forked, cylindric, equal, 2-20 X 1-4 cm., resembling the pileus in color, surface and context.
Influence of Exercise Intensity for Improving Depressed Mood in Depression: A Dose-Response Study.

Introduction Exercise effectively improves mood in major depressive disorder (MDD), but the optimal exercise stimulus to improve depressed mood is unknown. Purpose To determine the dose-response relationship of acute exercise intensity with depressed mood responses to exercise in MDD. We hypothesized that the acute response to exercise would differ between light, moderate, and hard intensity exercise with higher intensities yielding more beneficial responses. Methods Once weekly, 24 women (age: 38.6±14.0) diagnosed with MDD underwent a 30-minute session at one of three steady-state exercise intensities (light, moderate, hard; rating of perceived exertion 11, 13 or 15) or quiet rest on a stationary bicycle. Depressed mood was evaluated with the Profile of Mood States before, 10 and 30 minutes post-exercise. Results Exercise reduced depressed mood 10 and 30 minutes following exercise, but this effect was not influenced by exercise intensity. Participants not currently taking antidepressants (n=10) had higher baseline depression scores, but did not demonstrate a different antidepressant response to exercise compared to those taking antidepressants. Conclusions To acutely improve depressed mood, exercise of any intensity significantly improved feelings of depression with no differential effect following light, moderate, or hard exercise. Pharmacological antidepressant usage did not limit the mood-enhancing effect of acute exercise. Acute exercise should be used as a symptom management tool to improve mood in depression, with even light exercise an effective recommendation. These results need to be replicated and extended to other components of exercise prescription (e.g., duration, frequency, mode) to optimize exercise guidelines for improving depression.
Spur valve jejunal interposition in choledochus cystectomy

During 1983-1990, 113 patients with congenital choledochus cysts were operated upon with the procedure called the spur valve jejunal interposition following total cystectomy, and satisfactory results were recorded in two years follow-up. However, early complications happened in 26.5% patients e.g. postoperative bile leakage, blood vomiting, small intestinal intussusception, adhesive intestinal obstruction, chyliform ascites, and disruption of wound. Six months-2 years after operation, reflux into bile duct and rapid emptying were observed in some cases in barium examination, and abdominal pain was found in 10% of the patients. The latter was probably due to bile gastritis, which never occurred in conventional Roux-y. An experimental study showed two types of reflux into artificial bile duct. Reflux due to intestinal distention should be checked by an one way valve, while reflux due to normal peristalsis of intestine would be naturally prevented by the intrabiliary pressure formed by the normal bile flow in a narrow bile duct. A spur valve serves an one way stopper and makes the artificial bile duct narrow. In conventional Roux-y, the biliary drainage limb (the artificial bile duct) is the natural path from the distal jejunum while the duodenal drainage limb is just a side-path of the G. I. tract. A wedge anastomosis designed for Roux-Y may convert the natural and side path relationship of the two drainage limbs and would be benefit to avoid reflux into the artificial bile duct.
Altered cytochrome P450 and P-glycoprotein levels in rats during simulated weightlessness.

Background In order to investigate the effects of simulated weightlessness on drug metabolism, liver, kidney, and small intestine, microsomal proteins from tail-suspended rats were analyzed to determine cytochrome P450 (CYP) and P-glycoprotein levels following varying durations of tail-suspension. Hypothesis P-glycoprotein and CYP levels would both decrease similar to previous findings from actual spaceflight data. Methods Six groups of four Sprague-Dawley rats each were tail-suspended for up to 21 d; CYP and P-glycoprotein levels in the liver, kidney and small intestine were then measured by Western blotting. The results were compared with a control group of unsuspended rats. Results Our data showed there were significant changes in the levels of hepatic CYP2C11, 2E1, 4A1, and P-glycoprotein and significant changes in the levels of P-glycoprotein and CYP4A1 in the kidney. However, there were no significant changes detected in the levels of CYP3A2 in the liver or small intestine. Conclusions We conclude that simulated weightlessness, using the tail-suspended rat model, showed significant suppressive effects on levels of CYP2C11, 2E1, and P-glycoprotein in the liver and CYP4A1 in the kidney, while demonstrating no significant effect on the levels of CYP3A2 in the liver or small intestine. Thus, generalized predictions on the effect of simulated microgravity on drug metabolism cannot be made and the overall effect of spaceflight on individual enzymes should be investigated.
Hierarchy or Ecosystem? Regulating Human Rights Risks of Multinational Enterprises

The paper begin with a reprise of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), and the logic behind them. I describe briefly how they have cascaded beyond the realms of governments and businesses, into the legal profession and even into the world of football (or soccer to Americans). Then I elaborate on two important issues raised elsewhere in the book. The first is the criticism by Rodriguez as well as others that the UNGPs don’t do enough to ensure what they call “the empowered participation of civil society.” The second is the role and forms of international law that would reinforce and build on the UNGPs rather than positioning the two in opposition and thereby threatening to repeat past failures yet again.
Single- and multireference electronic structure calculations for constructing potential energy surfaces

Recent developments in single and multireference electronic structure methods and the approaches suitable to generate ab initio data that may be employed in the construction of global molecular potential energy surfaces are reviewed. The most appropriate, robust, accurate and cost effective strategies are discussed in the context of various applications ranging from cold collisions and weakly interacting clusters, to large amplitude motion in covalently bound molecules, as well as reaction and photodissociation dynamics. The relationships between the types and necessary quantity of ab initio data, and representations through fitting are important, and issues related to symmetry and electronic state degeneracy are mentioned. The impacts of limitations or error in the electronic structure data are discussed in terms of how they are reflected in calculations of spectroscopy, dynamics and kinetics. This discussion includes examples such as the submerged reef feature found along the path to formation of ozone ...
The One-Act Plays

‘The difference between a full-length play and a one-act is simply quantitative,’ Chekhov once remarked (to Suvorin, 14 October 1888). The generic term he used was vaudeville, ‘a one-act drama or comedy’, but his short plays are not technically vaudevilles, since they lack two standard features of that form: intrigue, in the French sense of an articulated plot whose donnees are established at the start, and songs, verses set to familiar tunes that express the characters’ intimate feelings. Often Chekhov termed his short comic plays shutki, jokes not unlike the squibs he submitted to comic papers in his early days as a writer.
Chapter 7 – Voir Dire and Direct Examination of the Expert

The culmination of a forensic examination is when it is brought forward at trial. The evidence brings the forensic analyst along with it. The necessitity for expert preparation is paramount. Practice and understanding the multi-layered sequence of judicial proceedings requires professional commitment to understanding the legal nuances. This chapter presents a framework for that preparation and performance that is expected. The forensic expert must understand that each case is different and high standards of ethics and scientific rigor is the only foundation for testimony that will stand the test of both the courts and future scrutiny of the expert herself.
A pinch of salt to control supported Pt nanoparticle size

Abstract A simple way to control supported Pt nanoparticle size is demonstrated in this paper. By varying chloride or nitrate weight loading during the synthesis of catalysts via the method of charge enhanced dry impregnation (CEDI), Pt particles can be grown from about 1–10 nm. Size control was demonstrated over SiO2, Al2O3, Al-doped mesoporous silica, TiO2, and carbon supports. Sizes were verified by consistent XRD, chemisorption, and STEM measurements. Carbon, silica, and Al-doped silica are most sensitive to chloride-induced precursor sintering, while alumina and titania are least sensitive.
Incidental nodule management—should there be a formal process?

Indeterminate pulmonary nodules are commonly encountered and often result in costly and invasive procedures that eventually turn out to be unnecessary. Current prediction models can help to estimate the pretest probability of cancer and assist in determining a strategy of observation with serial imaging for a low pretest probability of cancer, and a more aggressive approach for those patients with a high pretest probability. However, the majority of patients will have an intermediate pretest probability which becomes complex. Decisions for further management are often based on preference by the clinician with the majority of physicians not following current guidelines in the management of pulmonary nodules. Poor adherence to pulmonary nodule guidelines is multifactorial with a variety of factors coming into play. These include inappropriate advice given by the radiologist, patient age, comorbidities, patient preference, and physician’s technical skill all influencing the decision making.
Fertility Preservation Options for Female Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology Patients

Maintaining the ability to have biologic children has been identified as an important component to post cancer quality of life in survivors [1, 2]. Achieving this in younger cancer patients has become more feasible secondary to improvements in reproductive technology [3]. Healthcare providers are now increasingly called upon to be familiar with the indications and options for fertility preservation in female pediatric and adolescent cancer patients [4]. Type of cancer, age, pubertal development, severity of illness at time of diagnosis, and type of treatment all impact decision making related to fertility preservation [5]. Patients at high risk include those receiving high-dose alkylating agents and pelvic radiation which lead to depletion of ovarian reserve and radiation to the brain that may interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and those requiring surgical resection of reproductive structures. Patients receiving alkylating agents combined with pelvic radiation or total body irradiation and those that are older age at time of treatment are also at high risk for infertility [6]. This chapter will give an overview of current options for fertility preservation for female pediatric and adolescent cancer patients.
Transição da respiração aquática para a aérea: efeitos do CO2 sobre a função de hemoglobina

Resumo A dependencia do pH do efeito especifico ao CO2 (pCO2 = 30 torr) sobre os equilibrios de oxigenio foi medida nas hemoglobinas de quatro especies de peixe e um anfibio: Leiostomus xanthurus (teleosteo marinho), Brachyplatystoma sp. (bagre da Amazonia), Hopiostermum littorale (cascudo, de respiracao aerea), Lepidosiren paradoxa (piramboia, peixe pulmonado de respiracao aerea) e Typhlonectes compressicauda (um Ceciliideo). O conteudo de CO2 no sangue de peixe de respiracao aerea e anfibios e consideravelmente mais alto que os de respiracao aquatica, contudo, as hemoglobinas examinadas dos de respiracao aerea nao apresentou adaptacao especial a carga aumentada de CO2. Embora o efeito do pH sobre os equilibrios de oxigenio das diferentes hemoglobina tenha variado grandemente, do efeito de Root para o efeito de Bohr invertido, o efeito de CO2sobre a afinidade do oxigenio foi muito semelhante para todos, exceto para o bagre Brachyplatystoma sp., que foi um pouco maior. A queda na afinidade do oxigenio, efetuada pelo CO2, aumentou incrementando o pH para cada hemoglobina examinada. A mudanca no efeito de Bohr, Δ log P50/Δ PH medida em pH 7.5 foi semelhante para todas as cinco hemoglobinas, cerca da metade da produzida pelo CO2 para a Hb A humana. Isto sugere que metade das cadeias de cada hemoglobina pode ter bloqueado os grupos aminos terminais.
CYCLICAL ASPECTS OF TWENTIETH CENTURY AMERICAN ACCOUNTING

A model of change in twentieth century American accounting is presented. The model describes three-phase cycles, each consisting of a reactive, a proactive, and synthesis phase. The text and Appendix illustrate and attempt to validate the model, and to make projections for the future.
Analysis of Knowledge Sharing Activities on a Social Network Incorporated Discussion Forum: A Case Study of DISboards

DISboards is a discussion forum that provides a platform for knowledge sharing on planning and resources for Disney-related travel (Disney World, Disney Cruise Line, etc.). Since no previous work has been devoted to studying the online social networks (SNs) in the forums, we examine the SN and knowledge sharing activities in DISboards as a case study of discussion forums. Based on a large amount of data collected, we provide an in-depth study of DISboards. In particular, we analyzed SN structure, effect of SN in the forum, category characteristics and so on. We found that users with more friends are generally more active in the forum; teens are more active and constitute a significant part of the SN. We clustered the selected categories (e.g., resorts, dining, and hotels) into three groups: report, fact, discussion, and characterized their properties. Most users focus narrowly on only a few categories, while very few users participate in many categories. The development of SN should be able to attract more users to involve in the forum. We believe that the results presented in this paper are crucial in understanding SN and knowledge sharing in the forums. The paper also gives an instruction for the enhancement of SNs to incentivize users’ activeness in the forums.
Tackling 30-Day Readmissions in Patients with Cirrhosis

Many patients with decompensated cirrhosis will be re-admitted within 30 days after discharge. Why many of these readmissions reflect the severity of the patients underlying disease—and can be lifesaving—others may be preventable, revealing gaps in systems of care. This review summarizes reasons for and interventions designed to improve readmission rates and why they work (or do not). The principle reasons for readmission include hepatic encephalopathy, symptomatic ascites, complications of medical management, and substance abuse-related admissions. Strategies to reduce readmissions generally succeed in two ways: (1) developing and providing viable alternatives to hospitalization for early decompensations and (2) optimal utilization of proven therapeutic modalities for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Interventions can be targeted (aiming to improve one component of care), structural (reorganizing care delivery to improve quality), and comprehensive (structural with multiple targeted approaches). Recent literature has shown how smartphone applications may be developed to help reduce readmissions. Interventions that aim to reduce readmissions among patients with decompensated cirrhosis should be developed with reference to the lessons from prior published reports.
Bottoms Beneath Troubled Waters: Benthic Impacts of the 1982-1984 El Niño in the Temperate Zone

Abstract The massive ENSO that profoundly affected the pelagic community of the northeast Pacific from 1982-84 offered an opportunity to evaluate and scale mechanisms coupling benthic communities to the water column. The California Current system off Central and Southern California had massive changes associated with a deepened thermocline and wanned mixed layer; nutrients, chlorophyll a, and macrozooplankton biomass were extremely low, and transport patterns were altered. These responses were felt throughout the pelagic food chain from the water column to seabirds and pinnipeds. The most pronounced benthic responses were observed in kelp forests. Disturbances of these productive communities were the largest ever recorded and appeared to result from both ENSO-associated storms and low nutrients. In most cases, the main impact was on adults of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera that were either torn out by the storms or starved by the low nutrient conditions. However, at one site the storms killed sea urchins and released the kelps from intense cropping by these grazers. Following disturbance, most kelp forests quickly recovered because of unusually good light penetration in the clear water apparently associated with reduced nutrients. Exceptions were the Macrocystis angustifolia beds that lost their biotic substrata in the storms. Several kelp associated animals were affected, usually via recruitment anomalies, but they also generally recovered quickly. The recruitment of some motile epibenthic species such as Crustacea and some fishes apparently was affected by the ENSO and this may result in modest secondary effects in the future. Few if any ENSO effects were observed in the intertidal zone or among infaunal species. The benthic system did not respond as strongly as the pelagic system with the exception of Macrocystis. Macrocystis grows through the water column and was thus exposed to the full brunt of the storms and low nutrient conditions; it represents a special case for benthic species. Most of the benthic responses that were observed resulted from recruitment anomalies associated with water column processes such as advection and possibly larval starvation. The fundamental differences between benthic and pelagic systems such as relative mobility, longevity, and population turnover times probably contribute to the contrasting results of the ENSO event.
The Conical Pendulum Driven with a LEGO® Stepper Motor

This work describes a way to study uniform circular motion (UCM) using a LEGO® MINDSTORMS® Robotics Invention System (RIS) stepper motor with a steel ball attached to a string. The equipment is inexpensive and the resulting motion takes place on a human scale. Times and lengths can be measured with a stopwatch and a meterstick, respectively. In addition, students get a brief introduction to robotics.
Anatomical proximity dictates successful ablation from adjacent sites for outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias linked to the coronary venous system.

AIMS Catheter ablation of outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias (OTVAs) with the earliest activation within the coronary venous system (CVS) can be challenging. When ablation from the CVS is not feasible or ineffective, an approach from anatomically adjacent site(s) can be considered. We report the outcomes of an anatomical approach for OTVAs linked to the CVS. METHODS AND RESULTS We retrospectively analysed 665 OTVA patients. Of these, 65 (9.8%) had the earliest activation within the CVS. In 53 (82%) cases, an anatomical approach was attempted. The targeted adjacent anatomical structure was the endocardial left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) in 24 (45%), the left coronary cusp or the left/right cusp junction in 17 (32%) patients, and the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) in 12 (23%). The anatomical approach was successful in 26 (49%) patients (27% from the coronary cusps, 65% from the LVOT, and 8% from the RVOT). The difference in activation times between the earliest activation site within the CVS and the targeted site was not significantly different between the successful and unsuccessful groups (14.2 ± 11.2 ms vs. 13.2 ± 9.3 ms; P = 0.89). The anatomical distance from the earliest activation site to the targeted site was shorter for the successful group (9.7 ± 2.4 mm vs. 13.1 ± 6.5 mm; P 12.8 mm, anatomical approach was successful in only 1/13 (8%). CONCLUSION In patients with OTVAs linked to the CVS, an anatomical approach targeting an adjacent site can be effective, particularly when the distance between the sites is <12.8 mm.
Project 0395A.ĐC | Performing disorientation

The end of the Vietnam/American War lead to one of the largest exoduses of the latter part of the twentieth century: more than 3 million people escaped from Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos over the cou...