cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing the true power of bifacial perovskite solar cells under concurrent bifacial illumination

An accurate assessment of bifacial solar cells under concurrent bifacial illumination is critical to evaluate their real photovoltaic performance. In this work, we demonstrate bifacial perovskite solar cells with bifacial equivalent power conversion efficiencies of 21% and 26% under concurrent bifacial illumination with an albedo of 0.2 and 0.5, respectively. A detailed balance efficiency limit analysis further reveals the full potential of bifacial perovskite solar cells.
The psychology of morbid curiosity: Development and initial validation of the morbid curiosity scale

Abstract The success of horror films, popularity of true crime, and prevalence of violence in the news implies that morbid curiosity is a common psychological trait. However, research on morbid curiosity is largely absent from the psychological literature. In this paper, I present a psychometric tool for assessing morbid curiosity, defined as a motivation to seek out information about dangerous phenomena, and use it to investigate the psychological nature of morbid curiosity. In studies 1 and 2 (ntotal = 1370), the Morbid Curiosity Scale was developed and its relationship to personality was assessed. Morbidly curious individuals were rebellious, socially curious, and low in animal reminder disgust. Study 3 (n = 317) demonstrated that trait morbid curiosity is stable over 4–6 weeks and that morbidly curious individuals prefer movies where threat is a central theme. In Study 4 (n = 137), participants were presented with a choice between morbid information and non-morbid information (image and text). Morbid curiosity predicted over half the variance (r2 = 0.53) in decisions to further investigate morbid information. These four studies provide evidence that morbid curiosity is a normally occurring psychological trait that can be assessed using the new 24-item Morbid Curiosity Scale.
Clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients with bacteremia and normal procalcitonin.

Abstract Procalcitonin is a biomarker of bacterial infection used to guide antimicrobial therapy. However, emerging studies have highlighted bacteremic patients with low procalcitonin, potentially limiting its clinical utility. Here, we conducted an observational, retrospective study analyzing clinical and microbiological parameters of adult patients with bacteremia and procalcitonin
The Gendered Peace Premium

The adage that “only Nixon could go to China” suggests hawkish leaders face fewer domestic political barriers to pursuing conciliation with foreign adversaries. We explore how this conventional wisdom intersects with prominent gender stereotypes about women’s role in national security. Do gender stereotypes that women are inclined towards peace make it more difficult for women leaders to pursue conciliation? In a series of survey experiments, we find evidence of a gendered peace premium—a penalty women leaders face for pursuing peace. When women leaders propose peace with foreign adversaries, they are perceived as acting “according to type.” Consequently, women’s conciliatory policy proposals are viewed as less likely to be in the national interest than identical policies pursued by male leaders. Partisanship dynamics significantly moderate the gendered peace premium, and policy success can attenuate women leaders’ disadvantage. Overall, the results suggest that gender stereotypes may constrain women leaders from pursuing peace.
Human Natures: Genes, Cultures, and the Human Prospect

"The Bell Curve", "The Moral Animal", "The Selfish Gene" - these and a host of other books and articles have made a seemingly overwhelming case that our genes determine our behaviour. Now, a leading evolutionary biologist shows why most of those claims of genetic destiny cannot be true, and explains how the aguments often stem from a fundamental misunderstanding of evolution itself. "You can't change human nature", the saying goes. But you can, Stanford biologist Paul Ehrlich shows us in "Human Natures", and in fact, evolution is the story of those changing natures. He makes a case that "human nature" is not a single, unitary entity, but is as diverse as humanity itself, and that changes in culture and other environmental variations play as much of a role in human evolution as genetic changes. We simply don't have enough genes to specify behaviour at the level that is often asserted. Never has knowledge of our evolutionary past been more important to our future. Developing intelligent strategies for antibiotic use, pest control, biodiversity protection - even for establishing more equitable social arrangements - all depend on understanding evolution and how it works. A hallmark of "Human Natures" is the author's ability to convey that understanding in the course of presenting a history of our species. Using personal anecdote, and example, Ehrlich guides us through the thicket of controversies over what science can and cannot say about the influence of our evolutionary past on everything from race to religion, from sexual orientation to economic development.
A New Obsidian Source in the Highlands of Guatemala

A new obsidian source has recently been discovered in the highlands of Guatemala, near the city of Sansare, El Progreso. Ten samples have been subjected to neutron activation analysis, and the results are presented. While ceramic affinities tie the Sansare area with Formative and Classic period Highland Maya sites, linguistic evidence suggests that Postclassic inhabitants of this region were Xinca speakers.
Flexible microdischarge arrays:large scale fabrication and AC operation

In this paper, fabrication of microdischarge arrays in metal/polymer/metal structures having a total thickness of 30 -100 /spl mu/m is reported. Microcavities 30-100 /spl mu/m in diameter are formed by laser microdrilling or a chemical etching process. All of the fabrication procedures have been designed to be compatible with roll-to-roll processing.
The Mechanism of Inactivation of Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase by Tetrathionate, o-Iodosobenzoate, and Iodine Monochloride

Abstract The reversible and irreversible inactivation of pig muscle glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidoreductase (phosphorylating), EC 1.2.1.12) with tetrathionate, o-iodosobenzoate, and iodine monochloride has been studied. This investigation has revealed that tetrathionate reacts stoichiometrically with the catalytically active sulfhydryl group of the enzyme to form a sulfenyl thiosulfate derivative under reversible conditions. The sulfenyl thiosulfate derivative of the enzyme is stable at 0°, but decomposes at higher temperatures. During this decomposition the enzyme is irreversibly inactivated. The experimental evidence presented strongly indicates that the catalytically active sulfhydryl group is converted to a stabilized sulfenic acid during its stoichiometric reaction with o-iodosobenzoate at 0°. The reaction of iodine monochloride is complex. However, at 0° it reacts with the catalytically active sulfhydryl group of the enzyme. The product of this reaction is in part a sulfenyl iodide derivative and in part what again appears to be a sulfenic acid derivative of this essential sulfhydryl group. At 26° iodine monochloride irreversibly inactivates the enzyme. During this irreversible inactivation, iodine is not substituted into tyrosine or histidine.
'Perpetual Trusts: The Walking Dead' and 'Congress Should Effectively Curb GST Exemption for Perpetual Trusts'

In separate but complementary letters to the editor of Tax Notes, Calvin Johnson (University of Texas School of Law) and Lawrence Waggoner (University of Michigan Law School) respond to an article by Dennis Belcher and seven other practicing attorneys that defend the GST exemption for perpetual trusts. In Federal Tax Rules Should Not Be Used to Limit Trust Duration, 136 Tax Notes 832 (Aug 13, 2012), the attorneys argue that the duration of a trust is a state law issue. Their article is actually a response to a Shelf Project article: Lawrence W. Waggoner, Effectively Curbing the GST Exemption for Perpetual Trusts, 135 Tax Notes 1267 (June 4, 2012), Doc 2012-9442, 2012 TNT 110-14, available electronically at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2083804.In Perpetual Trusts: The Walking Dead, 136 Tax Notes 1215 (Sept. 3, 2012), Johnson argues that the harm to the national wealth done by perpetual trusts is a federal responsibility. Trusts reduce the value of wealth, and settlors could figure that out if they were not seduced by the tax exemption. Specific settlor instructions get out of date and become an impediment after a generation. Delegating to trustees accountable to no one means trusts are managed primarily for the benefit of the trustees. Perpetual trusts become monsters, the walking dead. The federal exemption is motivating the harm; federal law is responsible for the harm that perpetual trusts cause.In Congress Should Effectively Curb the GST Exemption for Perpetual Trusts, 136 Tax Notes 1216 (Sept. 3, 2012), Waggoner reaffirms his Shelf Project proposal and his criticism of the Treasury Department’s proposal for dealing with perpetual trusts. The Treasury Department’s proposal would leave many trusts and much wealth GST exempt for much longer than Congress originally intended. The Waggoner proposal, if enacted, would be much more effective. Belcher and the other attorneys argue that Congress should do nothing (a position refuted by Johnson), but if Congress is to do something, the attorneys essentially embrace the Treasury proposal.
The impact of disaggregated energy on productivity

Abstract The issue of the productivity slowdown of the 1970s and 1980s has received considerable analysis in the literature. However, the issue of the impact of energy on productivity is still debated. This study contributes to the debate, with the hope that some sight could be provided through disaggregating the factor input energy into two components; a petroleum component and a non-petroleum component. By analysing labour productivity growth, total factor productivity growth and labour intensity ratios, the disaggregated energy component can be viewed as a major influence in explaining the productivity decline.
Nonlinear self-tuning control of a flexible AC transmission system

There is currently interest in using thyristor controlled series capacitors (TCSC) in transmission lines for the dual purpose of altering the steady-state power flow and enhancing system stability. Devices such as these come under the purview of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS). We propose the use of nonlinear self-tuning control to enhance the stability of a multimachine power system using the TCSC, especially when faced with uncertainties in the transmission system parameters. A nonlinear generalized predictive criterion is used to derive the self-tuning controller. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed nonlinear self-tuning controller in simultaneously damping local-mode and inter-area oscillations. >
Active Learning with Multiple Annotations for Comparable Data Classification Task

Supervised learning algorithms for identifying comparable sentence pairs from a dominantly non-parallel corpora require resources for computing feature functions as well as training the classifier. In this paper we propose active learning techniques for addressing the problem of building comparable data for low-resource languages. In particular we propose strategies to elicit two kinds of annotations from comparable sentence pairs: class label assignment and parallel segment extraction. We also propose an active learning strategy for these two annotations that performs significantly better than when sampling for either of the annotations independently.
AFIPS news: Recognition from President Kennedy

The following letter from Dr. Willis H. Ware, Chairman of the Governing Board of AFIPS, to US President John F. Kennedy, and the President's reply are presented here in their entirety. The President's reply constitutes a recognition of the role that computer scientists in the United States have played in strengthening the country.
The Undergraduate Capstone Course in the Social Sciences Results from a Regional Survey

Among the common requirements for receipt of a degree in the social sciences is the completion of a senior seminar in which a senior thesis or capstone project is produced. A number of educational goals have been proposed for this requirement: integrating the knowledge base supplied by the regular curriculum, contributing to students’ future roles as informed citizens, and preparing for study in graduate programs, among others. However, few studies have empirically explored the substance of the senior seminars and capstones offered across a discipline or studied their organization, requirements, and pedagogy. In the present article, the authors describe the results of a survey of sociology and psychology departments in the western United States regarding their senior seminar and capstone courses.
Performance of Residential Shelters during the May 20, 2013, Tornado in Moore, Oklahoma

AbstractResidential shelter performance, in the aftermath of the devastating May 20, 2013, EF5 tornado that struck Moore, Oklahoma, was investigated by a reconnaissance team comprised of researchers from several universities. The team observed and documented 75 residential shelters along the tornado damage path and noted that the concept of shared shelter use was responsible for saving many lives. All belowground shelters performed well with no evidence of structural compromise or shelter breach from debris missiles; however, debris was occasionally observed blocking the opening of the garage slab residential shelters and flooding was also noted in a few cases. Although less common, the majority of above ground residential shelters observed were found in areas that experienced EF3–EF4 estimated wind speeds. In all cases but one, the above ground safe rooms performed well. A debris missile breach of an insulated concrete form (ICF) safe room was documented. While poor construction quality, specifically poo...
Independence of reinforcement delay and magnitude in concurrent chains

A three-component concurrent-chains procedure was used to investigate preference between terminal-link schedules that differed in delay and magnitude of reinforcement. Response and time allocation data were well described by a generalized matching model. Sensitivity to delay appeared to be lower when reinforcement magnitudes were unequal than when they were equal, but when obtained rather than programmed time spent responding in the initial links was used in the model, the difference vanished. The results support independence of delay and magnitude as separate dimensions of reinforcement value, as required by the matching law, and the assumption of the contextual choice model (Grace, 1994) that sensitivities to delay and magnitude are affected similarly by temporal context. Although there was statistical evidence for interaction between successive components, the effects were small and transient. The multiple-component concurrent-chains procedure should prove useful in future research on multidimensional preference, although it may be necessary to control obtained initial-link time more precisely.
A Fractional Bond Order of 1/2 in Pd25+−Formamidinate Species; The Value of Very High-Field EPR Spectra

Reaction of Pd2(DAniF)4, 1, (DAniF = di-p-anisylformamidinate) with 1 equiv of AgPF6 in CH2Cl2 at or below −10 °C produces the paramagnetic species [Pd2(DAniF)4]PF6, 1-PF6, that has been studied by X-ray crystallography, UV−vis spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and multifrequency (9.5, 34.5, 110, and 220 GHz) EPR spectroscopy. Upon oxidation of the precursor, the Pd−Pd distance decreases by 0.052 A from 2.6486(8) to 2.597(1) A. The EPR spectra show broad signals with line widths of about 1000 G. The spectra collected at high field show a large spread of g tensor components (∼0.03), but these are masked at lower frequencies (9.5 and 34.5 GHz). A reinvestigation using high-field EPR of the p-tolyl analogue, which is the only other structurally characterized Pd25+ species (Cotton, F. A.; Matusz, M.; Poli, R.; Feng, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 1144), shows that this species, which had been reported to give an isotropic 9.5 GHz EPR spectrum, also gives anisotropic 110 and 220 GHz EPR spectra with a similarly...
Urban Air Quality Impacts of Distributed Generation

Distributed Energy Resources (DER) have the potential to meet a significant portion of increased power demands of the future. DER applications can potentially provide benefits in electrical reliability and power quality, in addition to reducing total energy costs in combined cooling, heating and power (CHP) applications. However, the shift from a central generation paradigm to distributed generation results in different emissions characteristics and profiles from both a spatial and temporal perspective. Distributed generation is characterized by many sparsely distributed stationary sources within an urban air-shed compared to central generation where emissions sources are much larger, but typically located outside the air-shed in more remote locations. As a result, high market adoption of fuel-driven (non-renewable) distributed generation (DG) technologies, such as reciprocating engines and microturbines, may influence the air quality within a region. The present paper estimates air quality impacts for a representative distributed generation scenario in the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) of California. Simulations are based on the year 2010 with comparison to a base case scenario with no DG emissions. The DG scenarios are developed for a reasonable percentage of power met by DG, representative spatial distribution and temporal operation, and a mix of DG technologies and emissions factors. The resultant emissions inventory for each DG scenario is then provided as input to a three-dimensional air quality model including detailed atmospheric chemistry and transport for simulation of the SoCAB. Preliminary air quality results suggest that there will be an air quality impact, that the impacts will not be uniform throughout the air-shed, and that individual criteria pollutant concentrations may either rise or fall with the introduction of DG.
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Mediate Interstitial Flow Mechanotransduction Regulating MMP-13 Expression and Cell Motility via FAK-ERK in 3D Collagen

Background Interstitial flow directly affects cells that reside in tissues and regulates tissue physiology and pathology by modulating important cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and migration. However, the structures that cells utilize to sense interstitial flow in a 3-dimensional (3D) environment have not yet been elucidated. Previously, we have shown that interstitial flow upregulates matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts via activation of an ERK1/2-c-Jun pathway, which in turn promotes cell migration in collagen. Herein, we focused on uncovering the flow-induced mechanotransduction mechanism in 3D.
Hairy cell leukemia: Enzyme histochemical characterization, with special reference to splenic stromal changes

Seven spleens and two peripheral blood specimens from eight patients with hairy cell leukemia were examined with enzyme cytochemical and histochemical methods. Hairy cells consistently exhibited acid phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. However, nonspecific esterases characteristic of monocytes and histiocytes were consistently absent or very weak. beta-glucuronidase and cytoplasmic membrane-bound ATPase were positive in four cases, suggesting a possible relationship to the B-lymphocytic series. Fundamental splenic changes were accumulation of hairy cells and benign macrophages within the pulp cords, with resulting extreme expansion of the cords. Abnormally well developed ellipsoids were identified around the sheathed arteries within the cords. Sinuses, specifically delineated with the NASDA reaction, were atrophic and often destroyed. No cytogeneologic relationship was found between sinus endothelial cells and hairy cells. The pulp cords are the primary site of involvement of the spleen in hairy cell leukemia. A simultaneous proliferation of neoplastic cells, histiocytes and reticulum fibers accounts for the splenomegaly and clinical hypersplenism characteristic of the disease.
A comparison of chorionic sculpturing of four indian phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) by scanning electron microscopy

Les ornementations chorioniques de quatre especes indiennes de phlebotomes (Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale et Brunetti, P. papatasi (Scopoli), P. major major Annandale et Sergentomyia zeylanica Annandale) sont decrites par analyse en microscopie electronique a balayage. P. argentipes et P. papatasi possedent des ornementations chorioniques similaires, telles que les rainures paralleles connectees et les rainures en colonnes palisadees formees de plusieurs petits granules espaces en series doubles et orientes longitudinalement. Cependant, la morphologie de chaque rainure differe, en particulier aux deux extremites de l'oeuf ainsi qu'au niveau des zones de formation des aires hexagonales. La region entre les rainures ainsi que la couche basale des oeufs de P. papatasi se caracterisent par de multiples protuberances granuleuses ressemblant a des projections microvillositaires multiples. Chez P. argentipes, cette zone se presente sous forme d'une formation reticulaire constituee de materiel fibreux. Le motif de surface des oeufs de P. m. major et S. zeylanica est polygonale. Quant a celui de S. zeylanica, la quasi totalite des polygones sont de taille egale et chaque rainure est formee de cellules aplaties de differentes tailles organisees en palisade. Par contre, chez P. m. major, il n'y a aucune uniformite de taille et de forme des polygones et il semblerait que les rainures sont issues de la fusion de cellules aplaties. La specificite des motifs chorioniques s'avere etre un bon critere d'identification des differentes especes de phlebotomes et devrait en consequence etre utile a definir plus clairement la position taxonomique des diverses especes de phlebotomes.
Large-Eddy Simulations and Observations of Atmospheric Marine Boundary Layers above Nonequilibrium Surface Waves

Abstract Winds and waves in marine boundary layers are often in an unsettled state when fast-running swell generated by distant storms propagates into local regions and modifies the overlying turbulent fields. A large-eddy simulation (LES) model with the capability to resolve a moving sinusoidal wave at its lower boundary is developed to investigate this low-wind/fast-wave regime. It is used to simulate idealized situations with wind following and opposing fast-propagating waves (swell), and stationary bumps. LES predicts momentum transfer from the ocean to the atmosphere for wind following swell, and this can greatly modify the turbulence production mechanism in the marine surface layer. In certain circumstances the generation of a low-level jet reduces the mean shear between the surface layer and the PBL top, resulting in a near collapse of turbulence in the PBL. When light winds oppose the propagating swell, turbulence levels increase over the depth of the boundary layer and the surface drag increases ...
The Instability of Strong Magnetic Fields in Stellar Interiors

There has been discussion of the possibility of resolving the solar neutrino dilemma with a sufficiently strong magnetic field (500 MG) in the solar interior to relieve the gas pressure by some 10% or more. The time in which magnetic buoyancy will bring a strong field to the surface is examined and is found to be less than 100 m.y. No possibility is seen for retaining a suitably strong magnetic field in the solar interior.
DISTRIBUTION OF TAR AND RELATIONSHIP TO CHANGES IN INTERTIDAL ORGANISMS ON SANDY BEACHES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

ABSTRACT Surveys on sandy beaches for 10 years following the Santa Barbara oil spill (1969–1978) revealed that large amounts (2 g per square foot) of tar are frequently found at sites adjacent to natural oil seep areas. Tar is intermittently found on most other open coast southern California beaches. This is in contrast to few records of tar on over 40 surveys at sites in the area just north of Point Conception. The sources of tar is both difficult and costly to determine. However, available information suggests that with the exception of major oil spills, most tar on the beaches in the Southern California Bight originates from natural oil seeps. On the open coast beaches, the residence time of this tar appears to be short (generally days and perhaps weeks) but after exceptional storms such as those in the winters of 1969 and 1978, tar could be buried for longer periods. In most instances deeply buried tar would be removed by the approximately annual cut and fill cycle. At the sheltered site at Cat Harbor...
Au adatom-linked CH3S-Au-SCH3 complexes on Au(111)

Abstract A novel chain structure made of gold adatoms and gold–thiolate complexes on Au(1 1 1) is predicted here by first principles density functional theory. In this structure, the CH 3 S–Au–SCH 3 complexes are parallel to each other and linked together by interactions between Au adatoms and Au atoms in the complexes as well as by bonding between the Au adatoms and the CH 3 S– groups in the CH 3 S–Au–SCH 3 complexes. This new structure is compared with previously proposed gold–thiolate polymers on Au(1 1 1) and found to be energetically competitive with previous models at both low and high coverages.
Parent--offspring conflict that is not limited by degree of kinship.

Abstract Models are presented showing that, under certain conditions, when multiple offspring are reared simultaneously, the magnitude of offspring selfishness is independent of offspring-offspring genetic relatedness. When the cost (θ) of the selfish offspring's behavior approaches zero, alleles causing offspring selfishness spread as long as c b is positive. In general, simultaneous offspring are predicted to behave more selfishly than sequential offspring. Stable equilibria between alleles for selfish and non-selfish behavior are predicted for certain selfish alleles.
Bending Force Preset Model Based on Optimal Algorithm

The reasonable bending force preset has a deep impact on strip flatness and yield. In this article, the optimal objective function bending force is established. The impact of roll thermal expansion and roll wear on roll gap crown is analyzed. The optimal bending force model is established. Rosenbrock algorithm is adopted by the model to solve the optimal bending force .The strip flatness control deviation is effectively decreased by the calculated bending force. The yield is increased markedly. The model has been applied into a 1450mm five-stand cold rolling process control system successfully and a good effect is achieved.
Provenance query evaluation: what's so special about it?

While provenance has been extensively studied in the literature, the efficient evaluation of provenance queries remains an open problem. Traditional query optimization techniques, like the use of general-purpose indexes, or the materialization of provenance data, fail on different fronts to address the problem. Therefore, the need to develop provenance-aware access methods becomes apparent. This paper starts by identifying some key requirements that are to a large extent specific to provenance queries and are necessary for their efficient evaluation. The first such property, called duality, requires that a single access method is used to evaluate both backward provenance queries (which input items of some analysis generate an output item) and forward provenance queries (which outputs of some analysis does an input item generate). The second property, called locality, guarantees that provenance query evaluation times should depend mainly on the size of the provenance query results and should be largely independent of the total size of provenance data. Motivated by the above, we identify proper data structures with the aforementioned properties, we implement them, and through a detailed set of experiments, we illustrate their effectiveness on the evaluation of provenance queries.
Sediment ammonium availability and eelgrass ( Zostera marina ) growth

The interaction of sediment ammonium (NH 4 + ) availability and eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) growth, biomass and photosynthesis was investigated using controlled environment and in-situ manipulations of pore water ammonium concentrations. Sediment diffusers were used to create pore water diffusion gradients to fertilize and deplete ammonium levels in sediments with intact eelgrass rhizospheres. Between October, 1982 and September, 1983 controlled environment experiments using plants from shallow (1.3 m) and deep (5.5 m) stations in a Great Harbor, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA eelgrass meadow along with in-situ experiments at these stations provided a range of sediment ammonium concentrations between 0.1 and 10 mM (adsorbed+interstitial NH 4 + ). The results of the in-situ experiments indicate that nitrogen limitation of eelgrass growth does not occur in the Great Harbor eelgrass meadow. A comparison of NH 4 + regeneration rates and eelgrass nitrogen requirements indicates an excess of nitrogen supply over demand and provides an explanation for the lack of response to the manipulations. Results of controlled environment experiments combined with in-situ results suggest that sediment ammonium pool concentrations above approximately 100 μmol NH 4 + per liter of sediment (interstitial only) saturate the growth response of Zostera marina.
Cognitive Style and Mathematics Anxiety among High School Students.

The recent concern over declining mathematics achievement test scores has drawn attention to mathematics anxiety. One possible cause of the development of mathematics anxiety is cognitive learning style. The authors investigated the association of field dependent/independent cognitive style with mathematics anxiety. A three-way analysis of variance (cognitive style by achievement level by sex) was performed on math anxiety scores of 481 secondary students. Findings indicated that field dependent learners experienced more mathematics anxiety than did field independent learners. Interactions between sex and cognitive style and between achievement level and cognitive style also were significant. Implications for instruction and for future research are discussed.
Distant healing: an unlikely hypothesis.

In this issue of The Green Journal, Harkness and colleagues (1) report that distant healing was not effective at healing cutaneous warts. In the study, a group of self-identified healers were provided with the names of patients who had warts; other patients with warts served as controls. At the end of the study, there was no evidence that the patients who had received distant healing fared any better than those who had not. Perhaps not surprisingly, the manuscript led to considerable discussion at our editors’ meeting, as we debated the pros and cons of publishing a study of a therapy that none of the editors believed could have worked. Part of our job as editors, assisted by the peer reviewers, is to determine the “information content” of a manuscript. Not every study contains useful information, either because the research question is not interesting or relevant to our readers, or because the study was poorly executed, analyzed, or presented. Agreement with the editors’ beliefs, however, is not one of our criteria. How did we decide to publish the manuscript? One question that we addressed was whether we would have published the study had the results suggested that distant healing was effective. We also had concerns about publication bias—the likelihood that a positive study (one with a statistically significant result) is more likely to be published than a negative study (2). If there is publication bias, small positive studies are more likely to be published than small negative studies, thus biasing the estimated effect of a treatment in favor of benefit. Based on the assumption that smaller studies have greater variance in their results, graphic techniques have been developed to determine whether publication bias is likely (3). In the absence of publication bias, there should be an inverse correlation between the size of study and the likelihood that its results are similar to those of a meta-analysis. For studies of unusual therapies such as distant healing, the opposite problem—what might be called “reverse publication bias”—would occur if journal editors were less likely to accept positive studies. Ultimately, we decided that we would have published the study had it shown a beneficial effect. Granted, such a decision was easier to make in the abstract than if we had been dealing with a positive study that made little sense scientifically, at least
Postoperative pain after lumbar disc surgery: a comparison between parenteral ketorolac and narcotics.

Objective. Lumbar discectomy is a common elective surgical procedure but many patients still experience postoperative back pain which may delay hospital discharge. We therefore evaluated the efficacy of a parenteral non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, ketorolac, for the management of post-surgical pain. Methods. Fifty three patients undergoing lumbar discectomy at a Medical School affiliated Veterans Administration hospital were randomly assigned to receive either: 1) 30 mg intramuscular ketorolac upon surgical closure and every 6 hours for 36 hours and narcotic analgesics as needed (PRN); or 2) only narcotic analgesics as needed. A blinded observer recorded the average, minimum and maximum postoperative pain intensity using a Numeric Pain Intensity Scale; total postoperative narcotic consumption, complications, length of hospitalization (from surgery to discharge) and outcome at 6 weeks. Results. The patients who received ketorolac reported significantly lower average (p<0.001), minimum (p<0.001), and maximum (p<0.001) pain scores than patients receiving only narcotic analgesics. Cumulative narcotic doses (standardized to parenteral morphine) were significantly lower in the ketorolac group (p< 0.001). There was no significant difference between groups in the frequency of side effects, and no complication specifically associated with ketorolac use was observed. Mean length of hospitalization was significantly shorter (p=0.05) in patients receiving ketorolac than in patients receiving only narcotics. Six weeks after surgery 5 (19.2%) patients who received only narcotics were troubled by persistent back pain. By contrast, all patients who received ketorolac were free of back pain at follow-up (p=0.03). Conclusions. These results suggest that ketorolac, when used with PRN narcotics, is more effective than PRN narcotics alone for postoperative pain following lumbar disc surgery. In addition, this strategy also may contribute to early discharge from hospital after lumbar disc surgery.
Rethinking the Teacher Education Curriculum in Special Education: Dilemmas in Connecting with the Field

Abstract Teacher educators understand the importance of building strong connections between university coursework and preservice teachers' experiences in the field. However, often the two settings differ in terms of philosophical and methodological perspectives and practice, presenting teacher education programs with a number of dilemmas. The purpose of this article is twofold. First, we describe our curriculum inquiry process in which we examined and reflected on data collected from cooperating teachers, student teachers, and university student teaching supervisors in the special education teacher certification program at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (UWM). We were guided by a question that had plagued us for several years: How does our teacher education curriculum connect with preservice teachers' experiences in the field? Second, we summarize and discuss the outcomes of our inquiry as dilemmas, which emerged as we considered the experiences and expectations of each of the stakeholders in the s...
Numerical calculation of nonunique solutions of a two-dimensional sinh-Poisson equation

Abstract We give a method for computing nontrivial solutions to the nonlinear partial differential equation ∇2Ψ + λ2sinh Ψ = 0, with Ψ = 0 on a square boundary. The method consists of a Newton-Raphson iteration, in which successive corrections to Ψ must satisfy a linearized partial differential equation. We give a direct solution algorithm for the linearized equation, which is suitable for small meshes. Using this method, we establish the nonuniqueness of solutions by finding six solutions for the same value of λ. Calculation of these solutions required from 4 to about 40 iterations each, depending upon the accuracy of the initial approximation. These solutions are the lowest-mode members of three classes of solutions possessing (1) rectangular, (2) quasicylindrical, and (3) diagonal symmetry.
FURTHER ANALYSIS OF THE MONOCLONAL ANTIOBODY H8 DEMONSTRATING A JMH‐RELATED SPECIFICITY

SUMMARY The monoclonal antibody H8, previously described as anti-JMH, has the same specificity as a JMH-related antibody, R.M. H8 blocks the reaction of human anti-JMH and related antibodies with JMH+ cells, suggesting that the JMH-related antigens are very closely situated to each other on the red cell membrane.
Does generalization in infant learning implicate abstract algebra-like rules?

Supported by NIH grants MH-47566 and MH-55628. We thank members of the CMU PDP research group for helpful comments and discussion.
LES OF TURBULENT SURFACE SHEAR STRESS AND PRESSURE GRADIENT DRIVEN FLOW ON SHALLOW CONTINENTAL SHELVES

Turbulent shear flows on shallow continental shelves (here shallow means that the interaction with the solid, no-slip bottom is important) are of great importance because tide- and wind-driven flows on the shelf are drivers of the transfer of momentum, heat, and mass (gas) across the air–sea interface. These turbulent flows play an important role because vertical mixing and current are vectors for the transport of sediment and bioactive material on continental shelves. Understanding the dynamics of this class of flows presents complications because of the presence of a free surface and also because the flow can be driven by a pressure gradient (a tidal current), a stress at the free surface (a wind-driven current), or a combination of both. In addition, the flow can be modified by the presence of a wave field that can induce Langmuir circulation (Langmuir, Science 87:119–123, 1938). Large eddy simulation is used to quantify the effects of pressure gradient and wind shear on the distinctive structures of the turbulent flow. From these computations, an understanding of the physics governing the turbulence of pressure-driven and wind-driven flows, how they can interact in a normal or a tangential direction, and the effect of wave forcing on these flows is obtained.
Work, Recovery, and Comorbidity in Schizophrenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive Remediation

Employment is central to the concept of recovery in severe mental illness. However, common comorbid conditions present significant obstacles to consumers seeking employment and benefiting from vocational rehabilitation. We review research on the effects of three common comorbid conditions on work and response to vocational rehabilitation, including cognitive impairment, substance abuse, and medical conditions, followed by research on vocational rehabilitation. We then present the results of a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effects of adding cognitive remediation to a vocational rehabilitation program compared with vocational rehabilitation alone in 34 consumers with severe mental illness. Consumers who received both cognitive remediation and vocational rehabilitation demonstrated significantly greater improvements on a cognitive battery over 3 months than those who received vocational rehabilitation alone and had better work outcomes over the 2-year follow-up period. Substance abuse was associated with worse employment outcomes, but did not interact with treatment group, whereas medical comorbidity was not related to work outcomes. More research is warranted to evaluate the interactions between substance abuse and medical comorbidity with vocational rehabilitation and cognitive remediation.
Temperature effects in crystalline polyethylene dielectric relaxation

Abstract Recently we proposed a soliton model for the crystalline α-relaxation in polyethylene. The continuum limit theory accounted reasonably well for the observed dielectric data at low temperatures, but failed to explain the change in the shape of the Cole-Cole plots (increase in the Cole-Cole width parameter β) with temperature. We extend the theory by considering the effects of both conformational defects and soliton interactions. In the defect barrier model the conformational defects are modelled as infinite reflecting or absorbing barriers to soliton motion. This results in a β=0.48 Williams-Watts dielectric decay function not significantly different from the defect-free result, which predicts no change in the shape of the Cole-Cole plot with temperature. Recent simulation results in the non-continuum (interacting soliton) regime demonstrate temperature-dependent power-law behaviour, which gives qualitative but not quantitative agreement with the experiments at higher temperatures. It is suggested that the conformational defects may act as effective barriers to soliton motion, improving the quantitative comparison with the experiments.
A novel finite element method for two-point boundary value problems

Abstract A finite element method is presented for solving boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations in which the general solution of the differential equation is computed first, followed by a selection procedure for the particular solution of the boundary value problem from the general solution. In this method, the discrete representation of the differential equation is a singular matrix equation, which is solved by using generalized matrix inversion. The technique is applied to both linear and nonlinear boundary value problems and to boundary value problems requiring eigenvalue evaluation. The solution of several examples involving different types of two-point boundary value problems is presented.
Social networks and social support in weight loss

In the research on weight control, there is currently a move away from use of artificial support groups to use of more naturally occurring support systems such as families and friends. While clients who are attempting to control their weight are often encouraged to seek support from families, friends, and co-workers, there is little information available which describes what kinds of support have been found to be most helpful and who are the best providers of this support. The purpose of this pilot project was to examine and describe the influence of different types of support and sources of support on weight control using a social networks analysis approach. Results of this pilot study suggest that social support is important in weight control with appraisal support, both general and specific to weight control, being most strongly correlated with weight loss. Theprecise influence of spouses and families needs further clarification. Results of this pilot project showed that over 40% of the sample
The ultimobranchial body in Rana pipiens. IX. Effects of extirpation and transplantation on urinary calcium excretion.

Bilateral extirpation of the ulti-mobranchial glands in Rana pipiens results in a 2-fold increase in urinary excretion of calcium, an effect which is detectable within 24 hr. Hypercalciuria combined with urinary volume excretion rate of 2.0% body weight/hr resulted in a loss of 1.05 mg calcium/week. Urinary pH was unchanged during this period and remained within a range of pH 6.8−7.2. Homeoplastic transplantation of ultimobranchial glands into 14-day ultimobranchialectomized host frogs resulted in a return to normal urine calcium levels within 24 hr which persisted for 4 days. Donor frogs exhibited the typical hypercalciuric response. Results obtained following ultimobran-chialectomy, and presumably deprivation of calcitonin, suggest tha t the gland imposes an inhibitory influence on renal calcium excretion. (Endocrinology 84: 1174, 1969)
Photochemical Vapor Deposition of Wide Bandgap III‐V Materials: Influence of Photochemically Generated Radicals on the Growth of Aluminum Nitride and Gallium Nitride Films

Aluminum nitride and gallium nitride films have been grown on the 1120, 0001, 1010, and 1102 (A, C, M, and R, respectively) planes of sapphire by laser photochemical vapor deposition and MOCVD at temperatures ranging from 600 to 950°C and a total reactor pressure of 1–5 Torr. For the molecular precursors triethylgallium (TEGa) and ammonia. GaN film growth directly onto sapphire or on AIN buffer layers ranging from ∼50 to 500 A in thickness has been investigated under conventional MOCVD growth conditions and compared to the growth rates and structure for films produced when 193 and 248 nm (ArF, hω = 6.4eV, and KrF, hω = 5.0eV, respectively) photons are introduced into the reactor. Kinetic modeling of the growth rate dependence on laser pulse energy suggests that the dominant photolytically produced species is the amidogen radical, NH2. The presence of 193 nm photons also promotes the growth of (1120)-oriented GaN films, which provides an example of the ability of photochemistry in the gas phase to drive surface kinetics.
Action-angle variables and trace formula for D-bar limit case of Davey-Stewartson I

Abstract The 2 + 1 dimensional AKNS system, which is related to a number of nonlinear evolution equations of physical interest, is considered. We find a new feature of such multidimensional problems; namely, the boundary conditions of the linear scattering problem and the nonlinear interaction term are intimately related. Integrability is established in a particular case for Davey- Stewartson I.
Peptidyl N-Nitrosoanilines: A Novel Class of Cysteine Protease Inactivators†,‡

A series of peptidyl N-nitrosoanilines were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as inactivators of cysteine protease papain and serine protease chymotrypsin. These new compounds exhibited different inhibitory activities toward the cysteine protease papain in a time- and concentration-dependent manner with second-order rate constants (kinact/KI) ranging over 2 orders of magnitude from 0.604 M-1 s-1 (1) to 100.36 M-1 s-1 (7). No inactivation was observed for serine protease chymotrypsin. Formation of the S-NO bond in papain is supported by several lines of evidences from both spectroscopic studies and chemical analyses. The pH profile study on inactivation of papain by compound 1 was conducted over the pH range 3.2−9.2 to provide more insight into the mechanism of the inactivation process. The covalent yet recoverable cysteine protease inactivation process offers mechanistic implications and endows this new family of inactivators with special properties that are suitable for the development of stable and p...
Corrosion of mild steel under anaerobic biofilm

Abstract Corrosion of mild steel under completely anaerobic conditions in the presence of a mixed population biofilm, including sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), has been studied in a continuous flow system. The closed channel flow reactor was continuously fed with low concentration substrate at different dilution rates that influenced biofilm accumulation. No direct correlation was observed between corrosion and SRB activity in the absence of ferrous iron. Furthermore, corrosion of mild steel in the SRB environment was determined by the nature of the metal and environmental conditions such as dissolved iron concentration. When formation of an iron sulfide film on mild steel was prevented before the biofilm accumulated, the metal surface retained its scratch lines after a 21-day experiment (SRB at 2.6 × 109/cm2). However, when the iron sulfide film was formed before the accumulation of biofilm, visible localized corrosion appeared after 14 days and increased up to 21 days. Intergranular and pitting attack ...