cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ROLE OF MOUSE LYMPHOMA VIRUS IN INDUCTION OF MYELOID LEUKEMIA BY X-RAY.

In experiments on the induction of leukemia in male adult Rf mice by radiation or radiation plus Gross virus and on the recovery of virus from the leukemic mice, it was found that the lymphoma virus of Gross alone is not leukemogenic in adult Rf mice but that it enhances the induction rate of myeloid leukemia by radiation. It was also concluded that thymectomy prevents the induction of thymic lymphoma by radiation in both normal and virus-infected mice. It enhances markedly the induction rate of myeloid leukemia by radiation and perhaps even that by radiation plus Gross virus. Attempts to recover the causative virus from radioinduced Rf mouse leukemias were suggestive but not conclusive. In contrast, virus could be recovered from virus-infected Rf mice that developed leukemias.
Are aged blacks who manifest differences in community security also different in coping reactions

Seventy-two aged Blacks, equally divided between those residing in a high-rise public housing project and those living in the community awaiting admission were interviewed to test the theory that differences in community security would predict differences in coping reactions. Data on perceived community security and reported medical, social and mental coping reactions were colleted, using a simply and directly worded, precoded, stimulus-response instrument developed by the author. Respondents were assigned to either a high or to a low community security group by two methods: first, they were assigned a place of residence; next, they were assigned according to their obtained community security score. Results in general supported the theory. Of the two empirical indicators of community security, however, larger differences in coping reaction scores were found in the high scoring and low scoring community security groups than in the high-rise and community groups.
Race, Friends, and College Readiness: Evidence from the High School Longitudinal Study

Close friends are likely to transmit influence on students’ educational attitudes and decisions that are independent of students’ own background abilities and motivations. However, previous research suggests that close friends may have uneven effects on educational outcomes by race and ethnicity. We analyze the impact of close friends who are college bound on students’ college readiness using new and restricted panel data from the High School Longitudinal Study (2009–2011). Descriptive analyses suggest that having a college-bound friend is positively associated with college readiness and that these impacts are felt by racial and ethnic subgroups in separate and unique ways. Results from propensity score models suggest that while having a college-bound friend generally yields positive effects on all students, it has a more consistent effect on white students’ college readiness compared with Asians, blacks, and Latinos. A formal sensitivity analysis suggests that these treatment effects are robust to the confounding influence of an unobserved confounder.
Asymptotic White noise Hypothesis for PCM quantization

For a signal distributed in Rd with an arbitrary density we find the limit distribution as the cell size goes to zero of the quantization noise in the case of a redundant system and the pulse-code modulation scheme. The dimension the support of the limiting distribution equals the largest number of non-comeasurable vectors in the frame and the limit distribution is uniform over its support. This gives the necessary and sufficient conditions for the asymptotic form of the white noise hypothesis.
The Benthic Boundary Layer from the Viewpoint of a Geochemist

The nonequilibrium assemblage of minerals, organic matter, and sea water deposited to gether in marine sediments brings about chemical reactions which appreciably change the composition of near-surface interstitial waters from the typical sea water values present at the time of deposition. Many of the most important reactions are the result of the microbiological decomposition of organic matter. Large changes in the concentrations of dissolved O2, NO 3 - , SO 4 2- , HCO 3 - , Ca2+, NH 4 + , CO2, CH4, H2S, Fe2+, Mn2+, and orthophosphate have been shown by previous studies to result directly or indirectly from microbiological activity. The rate at which sedimentary chemical reactions occur is not well known but can be determined, in principle, by laboratory studies combined with kinetic modeling of concentration-depth data. Mathematical models are presented here which express in outline form the processes of organic matter decomposition, dissolution and precipitation of minerals, rapid (equilibrium) adsorption and ion exchange, ionic diffusion, bioturbation, flow of water due to compaction, and “flow” of water plus enclosing solids away from the sediment-water interface due to depositional burial. Many of these processes are complex and are treated in the literature in an incorrect or oversimplified manner. Because of gradients in chemical composition, fluxes of dissolved constituents between sediment pore waters and overlying bottom waters must occur. Calculations of fluxes are fraught with difficulties and are often incorrect due to: incorrect formulation and estimation of gradients and of dif fusion coefficients; lack of an evaluation of the role of turbulent mixing at the sediment- water interface due to waves, currents, and bioturbation; lack of correction for depositional burial of pore waters; and lack of consideration of diffusion within the viscous-conductive sublayer of the bottom water.
Microballoon pressure sensors for particle imaging manometry in liquid and gaseous media

We present the fabrication and testing of engineered microballoon particles that expand and contract under external pressure changes hence serving as microscopic pressure sensors. The particles consist of 12 μm hollow flexible 0.4 μm-thick parylene-C shells with and without a coating of ultrathin Al2O3 diffusion barriers, and the changes in the particle radius are measured from the particle spectral reflectivity. The microballoons display radial pressure sensitivities of 0.64 nm psi(-1) and 0.44 nm psi(-1), respectively in agreement with theoretical estimates. The microballoon devices were used for mapping the internal pressure drop within microfluidic chips. These devices experience nearly spherical symmetry which could make them potential flow-through sensors for the augmentation of particle-based flow characterization methodologies extending today's capabilities of particle imaging velocimetry.
Measuring B1 distributions by B1 phase encoding

Purpose We propose a method to acquire B1 distribution plots by encoding in B1 instead of image space. Using this method, B1 data is acquired in a different way from traditional spatial B1 mapping, and allows for quick measurement of high dynamic range B1 data. Methods To encode in B1, we acquire multiple projections of a slice, each along the same direction, but using a different phase sensitivity to B1. Using a convex optimization formulation, we reconstruct histograms of the B1 distribution estimates of the slice. Results We verify in vivo B1 distribution measurements by comparing measured distributions to distributions calculated from reference spatial B1 maps using the Earth Mover's Distance. Phantom measurements using a surface coil show that for increased spatial B1 variations, measured B1 distributions using the proposed method more accurately estimate the distribution than a low-resolution spatial B1 map, resulting in a 37% Earth Mover's Distance decrease while using fewer measurements. Conclusion We propose and validate the performance of a method to acquire B1 distribution information directly without acquiring a spatial B1 map. The method may provide faster estimates of a B1 field for applications that do not require spatial B1 localization, such as the transmit gain calibration of the scanner, particularly for high dynamic B1 ranges. Magn Reson Med 77:229-236, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Institutional Challenges in Web-Based Programs: Student Challenges and Institutional Responses

Institutions, as we know, are quickly embracing distance education, in the forms of online or Web-based courses and programs at phenomenal rates. Oftentimes, however, significant institutional structures, including such areas as registration, advising, library, and technical support are overlooked until too late. Institutions must have clear, well-planned strategies in place in order to maximize their students' learning experiences and overall satisfaction with distance education programs to avoid attrition and maximize retention. This paper provides many useful and easy to implement strategies for institutions considering distance education, as well as for those already engaged in serving students online. In particular, this paper explores experiences of students pursuing the Master of Library and Information Science degree through a Web-based program. Their challenges will be described, and the institutional responses and solutions will be offered.
Huey, Lyndon, and Southern Radicalism

T HE president of a scholarly association is, by consent or resignation, allowed a wide latitude in choosing the subject of the address he is required to present to his colleagues. He may distill the result of his recent research, if he has been doing any research or is still of an age when he can conduct research, discuss the state of the profession, usually with alarm, or offer his reflections on a segment of history, on men and movements that have been a focus of his research and reading. It is this third approach that I have chosen, largely because of a conviction that a presidential address should deal with a large and important theme. An address of this kind must and should advance a viewpoint or viewpoints, and the deliverer of it must be permitted a further latitude-to lay out various positions, some of them speculative and intended to provoke debate, and to make his own definitions of some terms. In this address concerned with radicalism, I define it in the usual American meaning-a movement to accomplish important or substantial change within the system, change that looks to a new ordering of society rather than to a returning to the past. My thesis is that although radicalism has not appeared often in the South, when it has, it has been more intense and insistent than in other sections. In support of this thesis I offer that the two greatest political radicals in recent history have been Huey Long and Lyndon B. Johnson and that the most radical mass movement in recent times has been the black civil rights movement-all three of these phenomena coming out of the South, that supposedly conservative South that would win in a landslide any contest to pick the section least likely to dissent. Two of these phenomena, Long and the civil rights masses, were so radical that they were willing to bend or even break the system. The third one, equally rooted in the South,
Capturing realistic boundary layer aerosol and turbulence effects in WRF and other numerical weather models

Paper outlines research showing well-mixed atmospheric boundary layers produce elevated aerosol extinction layers that are critical to cloud formation, energy propagation, and may produce elevated turbulence layers. Operational weather models do not resolve such layers.
The Sooner the Better

Stage A 19-year-old female college student who had just returned from a vacation at a resort in Mexico was admitted to the hospital with a three-day history of fever, muscle and joint pains, and a generalized rash. Response My first concern would be to establish the circumstances surrounding the patient's trip to Mexico. The explanation for her illness may be an exposure unique to the location of her journey or, conversely, a commonplace disorder such as a sexually transmitted disease or an allergic reaction to a medication. The chronology of the illness and its medical treatment, if any, and the . . .
Laparoscopic esophagomyotomy for achalasia in children: A review

Esophageal achalasia in children is rare but ultimately requires endoscopic or surgical treatment. Historically, Heller esophagomyotomy has been recommended as the treatment of choice. The refinement of minimally invasive techniques has shifted the trend of treatment toward laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) in adults and children with achalasia. A review of the available literature on LHM performed in patients 5 years) outcomes is needed. Due to the infrequency of achalasia in children, these characteristics are unlikely to be defined without collaboration between multiple pediatric surgery centers. The introduction of peroral endoscopic myotomy and single-incision techniques, continue the trend of innovative approaches that may eventually become the standard of care.
Development of a Visual Prosthesis

Blindness is a major form of disability in the world. Loss of vision clearly compromises quality of life, and reduces independence for most patients. In addition, blindness often occurs with a host of other medical problems, including depression, obesity, and a variety of systemic conditions such as diabetes (1). The relatively high incidence of blindness and the impact of blindness on quality-of-life compel many researchers to seek new treatments for blindness.
Traumatic hemothorax: Is decortication necessary?

Recent recommended management of traumatic hemothorax has included early thoracotomy to evacuate clotted blood (“decortication”) and thereby to prevent early and late pleural sequelae. This report reviews the management and results in 452 patients with hemothorax caused by penetrating (338 cases) or blunt trauma (114 cases). The patients were placed into two groups: Group I consisted of 408 patients who had pleural drainage as the only operative treatment for hemothorax. Group II comprised 44 patients who also had thoracotomy. The primary indications for thoracotomy were massive or persistent pleural blood drainage, cardiac tamponade, vascular injury, pleural contamination, debridement of devitalized tissue, sucking chest wounds, and major bronchial air leak. Thoracotomy was not done just because there was chest roentgenographic evidence of residual hemothorax. Group I patients were divided into subgroups A or B determined by whether or not a chest roentgenogram taken after insertion of the tube showed adequate removal of pleural blood. Two hundred ninety patients were classified as Group IA with no residual hemothorax, and 118 patients were Group IB with residual hemothorax after chest tube drainage. In long-term follow-up, abnormal chest x-ray findings were observed in all groups but were frequent in the more severely injured patients of Group IB and Group II. Empyema occurred with equal frequency whether or not there was hemothorax. Development of empyema was related to shock on admission, pleural contamination, pneumonia, and prolonged duration of catheter drainage. We concluded that prompt adequate chest tube drainage is usually sufficient treatment for traumatic hemothorax. Residual hemothorax can be managed expectantly and need not be managed by early decortication.
Nonprofit Pluralism and the Public Trust: Constructing a Transparent, Accountable, and Culturally Competent Board Governance Paradigm

In recent years, the nonprofit sector has come under scrutiny for failings of governance that present themselves in the form of policy controversies and operational scandals. Notwithstanding the altruistic nature of nonprofit organizations, too often, there is a gulf between good intentions and good governance. This article suggests that nonprofits should follow the example of the for-profit corporate sector and employ demographic diversity as a strategy to achieve better corporate governance. Demographic data indicates that the majority of nonprofit boards are significantly exclusionary in their constitution and governance. The lack of diversity can impair a nonprofit board’s efforts to be effective, inclusive, and pluralistic organizations. Nonprofits that employ diversity in governance are better positioned to maintain obedience to the organizational mission. Diverse governance enables a nonprofit board to employ better decision-making processes, and enables boards to define and achieve goals in a culturally competent, more efficient manner. In the spirit of democratic pluralism, nonprofit organizations and foundations should disclose board demographic composition as a strategy to achieve more transparent and accountable leadership. Modeling government-led efforts to disclose board demographic diversity, the sector can establish a paradigm for diverse governance that yields better nonprofit organizational performance.
Long lasting attentional-context dependent visuomotor memory.

Using a dual-task paradigm, we recently reported that visuomotor adaptation acquired under distraction of a secondary attention-demanding discrimination task could be remembered only when a similar distraction was present. In contrast, when tested without the distracting task, performance reverted to untrained levels (Song & Bedard, 2015). Here, we demonstrated that this newfound paradoxical benefit of consistent dual-task context lasts over 1 day, such that visuomotor memory retrieval is enhanced under conditions where it is more difficult to engage in attentional selection of the motor task. Furthermore, this long-term effect was evident even when the task type or sensory modality of the secondary task differed between initial adaptation and the delayed recall on the next day. We conclude that attentional diversion by performing a dual-task forms a long-term vital context for visuomotor memory independent of external contexts without taxing capacity limited attention. (PsycINFO Database Record
Rawls on Kantian Constructivism

John Rawls’s 1980 Dewey Lectures are widely acknowledged to represent the locus classicus for contemporary discussions of moral constructivism. Nevertheless, few published works have engaged with the significant interpretive challenges one finds in these lectures, and those that have fail to offer a satisfactory reading of the view that Rawls presents there or the place the lectures occupy in the development of Rawls's thinking. Indeed, there is a surprising lack of consensus about how best to interpret the constructivism of these lectures. In this paper, I argue that the constructivism presented in the Dewey Lectures is best understood as involving the view that moral truth is correspondence with procedurally-determined, stance-dependent facts. Employing Rawls’s discussion of rational intuitionism as a foil, I defend this reading against textual discrepancies from within the lectures, as well as those one finds across Rawls’s other works. In addition to settling interpretive disputes, I draw out the ways in which this understanding of Kantian constructivism fits within the broader comparative project in ‘moral theory’ that Rawls inherits from Sidgwick.
On lie algebras, submanifolds and structured matrices

I show that manifolds arise naturally when we consider structured eigen-problems for symmetric matrices. In particular, I show that the space of symmetric matrices is naturally partitioned into a collection S of connected submanifolds with the following property: For every symmetric matrix A, the submanifold in S containing A consists of matrices which have the same eigenvalues as A and the same staircase structure as A. I also show that the space of symmetric matrices is naturally partitioned into a collection T of connected submanifolds with the following property: For every symmetric matrix A, the submanifold in T containing A consists of matrices which have the same eigenvalues as A and the same displacement inertia as A. I obtain these results by considering appropriate Lie algebras of vector fields on the space of symmetric matrices.
A prognostic pollen emissions model for climate models (PECM1.0)

Abstract. We develop a prognostic model called Pollen Emissions for Climate Models (PECM) for use within regional and global climate models to simulate pollen counts over the seasonal cycle based on geography, vegetation type, and meteorological parameters. Using modern surface pollen count data, empirical relationships between prior-year annual average temperature and pollen season start dates and end dates are developed for deciduous broadleaf trees (Acer, Alnus, Betula, Fraxinus, Morus, Platanus, Populus, Quercus, Ulmus), evergreen needleleaf trees (Cupressaceae, Pinaceae), grasses (Poaceae; C3, C4), and ragweed (Ambrosia). This regression model explains as much as 57 % of the variance in pollen phenological dates, and it is used to create a climate-flexible phenology that can be used to study the response of wind-driven pollen emissions to climate change. The emissions model is evaluated in the Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4) over the continental United States by prescribing an emission potential from PECM and transporting pollen as aerosol tracers. We evaluate two different pollen emissions scenarios in the model using (1) a taxa-specific land cover database, phenology, and emission potential, and (2) a plant functional type (PFT) land cover, phenology, and emission potential. The simulated surface pollen concentrations for both simulations are evaluated against observed surface pollen counts in five climatic subregions. Given prescribed pollen emissions, the RegCM4 simulates observed concentrations within an order of magnitude, although the performance of the simulations in any subregion is strongly related to the land cover representation and the number of observation sites used to create the empirical phenological relationship. The taxa-based model provides a better representation of the phenology of tree-based pollen counts than the PFT-based model; however, we note that the PFT-based version provides a useful and climate-flexible emissions model for the general representation of the pollen phenology over the United States.
Assessment of the efficiency of language interpreter services in a busy surgical and procedural practice

Surgical and procedural patient care settings require efficient patient flow. The primary goal of this study was to assess use and efficiency of language services for our limited English proficiency (LEP) patients undergoing surgical and outpatient procedures. Patient language services needs were recorded from our operating room and procedural locations over a two and a half month period in 2016. Time from in-person interpreter request to arrival was recorded. Frequency of language service modality used and reason for telephone and professional video remote interpreting (VRI) rather than in person professional services was queried. Mean time from in-person interpreter request until arrival was 19 min. Variation was high. No cases were cancelled due to lack of available interpretive services and no LEP patient underwent a procedure without requested interpretative service assistance. Time for in person professional interpreter assistance was short but highly variable. Access to telephone interpretive services and VRI services ensured assistance when in person interpreters were immediately unavailable. With the numbers of LEP patients increasing over time along with any new mandates for providing language assistance, the stress on hospital patient service units and the financial implications for many health care facilities will likely continue as challenges.
Enhancing an oncologist’s recommendation to exercise to manage fatigue levels in breast cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial

Fatigue is a troublesome symptom for breast cancer patients, which might be mitigated with exercise. Cancer patients often prefer their oncologist recommend an exercise program, yet a recommendation alone may not be enough to change behavior. Our study determined whether adding an exercise DVD to an oncologist’s recommendation to exercise led to better outcomes than a recommendation alone. Ninety breast cancer patients, at varying phases of treatment and stages of disease, were randomized to receive the following: an oncologist verbal recommendation to exercise (REC; n = 43) or REC plus a cancer-specific yoga DVD (REC + DVD; n = 47). Fatigue, vigor, and depression subscales of the Profile of Mood States, and physical activity levels (MET-min/week), exercise readiness, and self-efficacy were assessed at baseline, 4, and 8 weeks. Analyses controlled for age, time since diagnosis, and metastatic disease. Over 8 weeks, women in REC + DVD used the DVD an average of twice per week. The REC + DVD group had greater reductions in fatigue (− 1.9 ± 5.0 vs. − 1.0 ± 3.5, p = 0.02), maintained exercise readiness (− 0.1 ± 1.1 vs. − 0.3 ± 1.3; p = 0.03), and reported less of a decrease in physical activity (− 420 ± 3075 vs. − 427 ± 5060 MET-min/week, p = 0.06) compared to REC only. A low-cost, easily distributed, and scalable yoga-based DVD could be a simple booster to an oncologist’s advice that motivates breast cancer patients, even those with advanced disease and/or in treatment, to engage in self-care, e.g., exercise, to manage fatigue. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03120819
Attachment in the Psychiatric Curriculum

Psychiatric trainees are expected to learn the fundamental concepts of psychodynamic psychotherapy, but they often struggle to understand and appreciate the relevance of this work. An introduction to attachment theory can go a long way toward assisting our trainees in understanding the relevance of psychodynamic psychiatry. To help programs develop this component of their curriculum, we summarize the history of the development of the attachment paradigm including the Strange Situation and Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), useful tools to teach these concepts, as well as ramifications of this work. We provide a summary of information regarding the evidence base connected to this paradigm, potential clinical relevance, health implications, work from neuroscience, and infant intervention models to assist in bringing psychodynamic concepts to life. Exposure to the attachment paradigm provides a model of intervention, prevention, and hope for our trainees as they transition from learning phenomenologic models of psychiatric diagnostics to other paradigms of human development and intervention.
Really pushing my buttons: Affordances in block interfaces

Block-based languages are a useful scaffold for novice programmers to create syntactically correct code. However, block environments that attempt to represent feature-rich languages, such as Python or Java, face serious usability and pedagogical challenges. How can the affordances and controls of a block be exposed, without over-complicating the block's interface and obscuring its meaning to the user? In this paper, we visually explore a number of interface mechanisms to reconfigure blocks. We outline research questions to compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of these mechanisms, and call on the community to pursue these trade-offs further.
HIGH HOSPITAL VARIABILITY IN MORTALITY AFTER TAVR CAN BE EXPLAINED BY DIFFERENCES IN FAILURE TO RESCUE FROM POST PROCEDURAL COMPLICATIONS

TAVR continues to be associated with variability in hospital outcomes. While some complications may not be preventable, the ability to rapidly diagnose and “rescue” (Failure to Rescue, FTR) a patient from a complication relates to the quality of care of the health care system Patients
Sales and customer development: An agenda for inquiry

Abstract The impetus for this special issue of Industrial Marketing Management is the increasing importance of customer development in business-to-business markets and the unique role that the sales function plays in customer development. The objective of the special issue is to integrate conceptual and empirical research in the area of sales and customer development. The issue sought research that looked beyond the current thinking in business-to-business marketing.
The Sensitivity of Thresholds by Ground Reaction Force and Postural Stability in Subjects With and Without Navicular Drop

Abstract Understanding plantar pressure changes is an important component of the functional evaluation of subjects with flat foot. However, the altered postural control determined by the threshold from the vertical ground reaction force (GRF) requires clarification. The purpose of our study was to investigate the various GRF thresholds in subjects with and without flat foot during 1-leg standing. We included 34 control subjects and 30 subjects with flat foot in the present study. They performed the 1-leg standing test for 30 seconds, with the contralateral hip and knee flexed approximately 90°. The sensitivity of the various GRF thresholds (3, 7, 15, 50, and 100 N) for the postural stability index was analyzed with and without visual input. The standing times for the control and flat foot groups were 23.76 ± 4.42 and 21.78 ± 6.59 seconds, respectively, with no significant differences (t = 1.23; p = .22). The 2 groups demonstrated a significant interaction between the visual condition and the threshold levels (F = 11.40; p = .001). The postural stability index was significantly different in the eyes-open condition (0.95 ± 0.08 for the control group versus 0.84 ± 0.23 for the flat foot group; t = 2.29; p = .02). However, no difference was found in the eyes-closed condition (0.94 ± 0.10 for the control group versus 0.81 ± 0.30 for the flat foot group; t = 1.45; p = .15). These results indicate that GRF thresholds less than the 15N setting are sensitive to detect postural stability between groups, especially in the eyes-open condition. The GRF threshold setting, in addition to the visual condition, could alter the outcomes of sensitive plantar pressure changes in subjects with flat foot.
Enhancing Autonomous Vehicles with Commonsense: Smart Mobility in Smart Cities

Recent advances in AI include a Law firm hiring a robot lawyer and companies developing autonomous vehicles with robot drivers. Findings from our study have gauged the current cognitive capacity of such systems, indicating areas for improvement. We focus on autonomous vehicles, i.e., those that conduct automated driving and need to make autonomous, i.e., independent decisions. We propose an approach enabled with commonsense knowledge (CSK) from worldwide repositories to simulate intuitive humanlike decision-making in autonomous vehicles. We consider the repository WebChild with a multitude of CSK concepts, properties and relations. We investigate this and related domain-specific knowledge bases (domain KBs) to harness them within our proposed approach. Accordingly we build a transportation domain KB incorporating CSK and the needs of autonomous vehicles. This would be useful in guiding automated driving and making the systems get closer to the thresholds of human cognition. This work thereby makes contributions to smart mobility in smart cities. The paper presents our vision with design, implementation, experiments, recommendations and a future roadmap. As a broader impact, it propels more joint work between AI, Law and related areas.
Effect of Track Configuration and Loading Conditions on Vertical Wheel Load Measurements using the Differential Shear Approach

Measurement of vertical wheel loads on railroad tracks using strain gauges mounted on the rail web is common practice. This measurement approach makes use of the differential shear concept that the...
Difficult but Not Impossible: in Search of an Anti-Candida Vaccine

Pervasive fungal infection among the immunocompromised population, in conjunction with a lack of effective treatment options, has demanded further scrutiny. Millions of people are still dying annually from fungal infections. While existing treatment for these fungal infections exists, it is difficult to administer without adverse effects in the immunocompromised and is slowly becoming obsolete due to varying mutation rates and rising resistance in multiple species. Thus, vaccines may be a viable target for preventing and treating fungal infections and addressing the critical challenge of such infections. Candida albicans, along with other non-albicans Candida species, is among the more virulent class of fungal specimens considered for vaccine development. C. albicans is responsible for a large percentage of invasive fungal infections among immunocompromised and immunocompetent populations and carries a relatively high mortality rate. In the last decade, a recent increase in infective capacity among Candida species has shed light on the lack of adequate fungal vaccine choices. While roadblocks still exist in the development of antifungal vaccines, several novel targets have been examined and proposed as candidates. Success in vaccine development has universal appeal; an anti-Candida vaccine formulation could be modified to work against other fungal infections and thus bolster the antifungal pipeline.
Plating and Stripping Calcium at Room Temperature in an Ionic-Liquid Electrolyte

Calcium batteries are an emerging, next generation energy storage technology undergoing intense research toward viable operation. A key aspect in their development is plating and stripping of a cal...
Mammal Activity and Species Richness is Reduced in Areas with Recreationists, in Palos Verdes Peninsula Habitat Fragments

This study examined how the species richness and activity patterns of mammals differed in previously unsurveyed habitat fragments with varying recreation intensities on the Palos Verdes Peninsula, Los Angeles County, California. I hypothesized that the number of mammal species detected and activity level of mammals was reduced in habitat fragments with recreation present. Eight game cameras were installed in two habitat fragments in the Palos Verdes Peninsula (PVP), one canyon with recreation (hiking, biking, dog walking) and one reference canyon with minimal human use. Cameras were placed at natural constrictions along the two main travel corridors in the canyons, trails and creek beds. The camera installations were monitored for 200 d. Species richness, activity location, and activity time were analyzed for each canyon. The reference canyon had a higher number of mammal species detected (nine versus six) and accounted for 93% of wildlife detections. Canis latrans showed no difference in the number of detections between canyons, while the other eight mammal species detected exhibited higher activity in the reference canyon. Canis latrans exhibited greater variability in time of activity in the reference canyon than conspecifics in the recreation canyon. Mesopredators Procyon lotor and Felis catus accounted for 67% of wildlife detections in the canyon free of recreation and pose a potential risk to songbirds of conservation concern present in the PVP. Although limited by sampling constraints, this study provides a foundation to investigate wildlife dynamics in the network of habitat fragments in the Palos Verdes Peninsula.
Does First Step to Success Have Long-Term Impacts on Student Behavior? An Analysis of Efficacy Trial Data.

First Step to Success (First Step; Walker et al., 1997, 1998) is a secondary-level intervention for students with behavior problems in early elementary school. The purposes of this study were to as...
Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Diseases of Abnormal Mineral (Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium) Metabolism

Publisher Summary Calcium (Ca) is a mineral that plays a central role in maintaining the homeostasis of vertebrate animals, including muscle contraction, blood coagulation, enzyme activity, neural excitability, hormone secretion, and cell adhesion in addition to being an essential structural component of the skeleton. Calcium is also involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases that disrupt the normal regulation of Ca balance and may result in hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia. Phosphate in the mammalian body is present predominantly (90%) as hydroxyapatite in the mineralized matrix of bone, with most of the remaining 10% occurring intracellularly in soft tissues. Phosphate is the major intracellular anion existing in organic or inorganic forms and plays an integral role in many metabolic processes. Magnesium (Mg) is an essential dietary element for animals. The method of choice for determination of total Mg in biologic materials is atomic absorption spectrophotometry. However, disorders related to magnesium metabolism also are recognized in other animals, including cats, dogs, goats, and horses.
The State and Life Chances in Urban China: Redistribution and Stratification, 1949–1994

List of figures List of tables Preface Credit line 1. Redistribution and stratification dynamics under State Socialism 2. Overview: historical context and research design Part I. Redistribution and Stratification Dynamics: Empirical Evidence: 3. Education stratification 4. Entry into the labor force: patterns of first-job attainment 5. Children of the Cultural Revolution: the send-down episode 6. Climbing the political ladder: bureaucratic career patterns Part II. Assessing Institutional Changes in the Post-Mao Era: 7. Economic transformation and changes in income inequality 8. Redistribution and latent economic benefits 9. Institutional changes and patterns of job shifts 10. Economic transformation and life chances: a life-course perspective Part III. Summary and Conclusion: 11. Social stratification under State Socialism: summary and assessment 12. Stratification dynamics and institutional transformation References Index.
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria; the mechanism of hemolysis and its relation to the coagulation mechanism.

1. Paroxysmal noctural hemoglobinuria is believed to be an acquired disease of the hematopoietic system in which abnormal red cells, white cells, and platelets are produced. The lesion of the cells probably involves the stromal proteins in such a fashion that they are susceptible to the proteolytic effect of a sytem of normal plasma enzymes. The severity of the disease depends upon the degree of sensitivity of a given patient’s blood cells to the plasma hemolytic system. 2. The plasma enzyme system that mediates the destruction of PNH cells consists of hemobytic factors and their inhibitors. The most important inhibitor is easily destroyed by thrombin, allowing increased hemolysis. As a consequence of this, any reaction in the patient that involves the blood coagulation system is apt to cause a hemolytic crisis. 3. PNH red cells are destroyed intravascularly causing hemoglobinemia. Hemoglobinuria, hemosiderinuria, and abnormalities of iron metabolism are sequels of this reaction. 4. Anemia in PNH is a result of hemolytic disease (short red cell life span) together with a relative bone marrow deficiency. 5. Hemolytic crises in PNH occur when plasma hemolytic activity increases. The intensity of activity depends upon a balance that exists between the hemolytic enzymes in the patient’s plasma and two inhibitory factors. Hemolytic crises take place when the balance is disturbed in favor of the hemolytic factors. Increased hemolysis at night may be due to changes in the balance of the inhibitor-hemolysin system in addition to the effect on pH that may be produced by retention of CO2 during sleep. Hemolytic crises have sometimes been due to the temporary appearance of an autoimmune reaction. 6. Aregenerative crises occur when the bone marrow temporarily suspends production of blood cells. This may result in severe anemia, agranulocytic angina, or both. Purpura is rare in PNH. 7. Chronic leukopenia in PNH is believed to be due to a leukocytic abnormality. The susceptibility to infection of patients with PNH may be related to the defective white cells. 8. Thrombocytopenia is believed to be due to a platelet abnormality. The platelets are prone to agglutinate, and their abnormality may be the basis of the susceptibility to thrombosis that these patients exhibit. 9. The sensitivity of the platelets to the PNH hemolytic enzymes and the sensitivity of the PNH inhibitor to the action of thrombin suggests that a vicious cycle of activity exists between the PNH hemolytic system and the coagulation system of the blood. 10. Dicumarol is able to impede this cycle. Its use has sometimes relieved the anemia. Dicumarol is of special value in protecting patients with PNH against thrombotic accidents. Heparin, on the other hand, by acting against the PNH inhibitor system actually causes increased hemolysis. 11. Etiologic factors are discussed, but the etiology of PNH is unknown. 12. As of July 1953, there had been published at least one hundred and sixty-two case reports of PNH.
Growth of epitaxial CoSi2 on 6H-SiC(0001)Si

Epitaxial growth of (111)-oriented CoSi2 has been achieved on a scratch-free 6H-SiC(0001)Si substrate. The surface was prepared using atmospheric hydrogen etching and ultrahigh vacuum Si cleaning. A high-quality CoSi2 thin film was obtained by a modified template method and co-deposition of Co and Si at 550 °C. The structure and morphology of the film is studied by means of reflection high electron energy diffraction, x-ray absorption fine structure, x-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy.
Quantitative aspects of an in vitro virus-induced toxic reaction: II. The role of autointerference in the production of cell populations resistant to the cytotoxic effect of Newcastle disease virus☆

Abstract Addition of large amounts of Newcastle disease virus to L cell monolayers caused the destruction of the infected cultures. In contrast, addition of small amounts of virus to similar cultures resulted in a progressive, spreading reaction which was characterized by the absence of detectable cytopathic effects and which culminated in the production of cell populations which were transiently resistant to challenge with large, cytotoxic inocula of the same agent. This acquired resistance appeared to be the result of an autointerference effect, mediated by newly synthesized, noninfectious hemagglutinin. Resistant cells, which readily adsorbed virus but did not support further virus synthesis, gradually returned to a normal state of susceptibility to challenge with large amounts of virus. Cultures composed of such cells were frequently observed to contain small amounts of virus which persisted at extremely low levels for extended periods despite repeated washing and subculturing. It was possibly by various means to increase the amount of free virus in these cultures.
Oversampling A/D and D/A converters

This tutorial paper explains the principles and areas of application of oversampling data converters. A comparison between Nyquist-rate and oversampling converters is given, and some commonly used architectures discussed for both D/A and A/D oversampling converters.
Interference effects and the use of Higgs boson pair production to study the Higgs trilinear self-coupling

We show that the dominant channel proposed for the determination of the Higgs boson trilinear coupling, $pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}HH+X$ via gluon fusion, exhibits an interference structure that is independent of the collider energy for collider energies in the range $8\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}\ensuremath{\le}\sqrt{s}\ensuremath{\le}100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$ and is almost maximally destructive. This insensitivity to the collider energy remains approximately true for a variety of other two Higgs production mechanisms although the magnitude of the interference varies widely.
A quantum dot nano-carrier system for targeted drug delivery

Nano-carrier systems for in-vivo targeted delivery have the potential to make important contributions to cancer therapy. The application of layer-by-layer methods for fabricating nano-carrier encapsulation systems is a particularly promising method. This study therefore investigated the quantification of layer-by-layer quantum dot encapsulation systems using fluorescence measurements, atomic force microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. Particle concentrations between 1010 and 1011 particles/mL showed relatively large changes in the fluorescence intensity. Particle sizing using atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering measurements were in qualitative agreement with each other and provided complimentary information. The strengths and weaknesses of atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering methods for quantifying nano-carrier systems are discussed.
Effects of Ricinoleic and Oleic Acids on the DigestiveContractile Activity of the Canine Small and Large Bowel

Oleic and ricinoleic acids or their trans isomers, elaidic and ricinelaidic acids, wereadministered intraduodenally and evaluated for their effects on the digestive motor activity of the canine small and large bowel. Four dogs of mixed breed were implanted with duodenal cannulas and extraluminal strain gage transducers along the circular axis of the proximal and mid-jejunum, terminal ileum, and proximal colon. After feeding 200 g of canned dog food to induce continuous contractile activity, 500 mg of the sodium salt of each fatty acid disolved in 30 ml of isotonic saline was given into the duodenum as a single bolus infusion and recordings were made for a 1-hr period. A 30-ml volume of saline served as control. Administration of each cis fatty acid produced an initial stimulation in jejunal areas of about a 2-min duration followed by a post-stimulatory inhibition. Both the initial stimulation and post-stimulatory inhibition were greater for ricinoleic acid than for oleic acid. Minimal or no effects were produced in ileal or colonic areas. In contrast, the trans isomers produced little or no effect on either the small or large bowel. Alterations in the digestive contractile patterns produced by oral administration of 10 ml of oleic, ricinoleic acid or their respective triglycerides were also tested. Triolein had no effects. Ricinoleic acid and castor oil poduced a brief initial stimulation followed by polonged inhibition of small bowel motor activity. Both cathartics had a mild laxative effect. Digestive motor patterns returned to control approximately 45 min after oleic acid. There was no indication at any time of an initiation of continuous contractile activity after ricinoleic acid or castor oil which could justify the use of the terms irritant or stimulant to describe their actions.
Anionic Phospholipids Stabilize RecA Filament Bundles in Escherichia coli

We characterize the interaction of RecA with membranes in vivo and in vitro and demonstrate that RecA binds tightly to the anionic phospholipids cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Using computational models, we identify two regions of RecA that interact with PG and CL: (1) the N-terminal helix and (2) loop L2. Mutating these regions decreased the affinity of RecA to PG and CL in vitro. Using 3D super-resolution microscopy, we demonstrate that depleting Escherichia coli PG and CL altered the localization of RecA foci and hindered the formation of RecA filament bundles. Consequently, E. coli cells lacking aPLs fail to initiate a robust SOS response after DNA damage, indicating that the membrane acts as a scaffold for nucleating the formation of RecA filament bundles and plays an important role in the SOS response.
γ globulin synthesis on ribosomes and ribosomal aggregates

Abstract 1. 1. The formation of γ-globulin at the ribosomal level in the rat lymph node has been studied by density-gradient techniques. 2. 2. Characteristic relatively small ribosomal aggregates as well as single ribosomes appear to be involved in γ-globulin synthesis. 3. 3. These aggregates are resistant to nucleases but sensitive to proteolytic enzymes suggesting that they are held together by protein or polypeptide. 4. 4. The aggregates appear not to be held together by nascent polypeptide chains. 5. 5. No qualitative or quantitative differences could be discerned between the distribution and characteristics of ribosomal material in the primary and secondary immunological responses. 6. 6. Direct binding of antigen to the protein-synthesizing sites does not appear to occur, suggesting that the antigen does not have a template function.