cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrodynamic modeling of strong coupling between a metasurface and intersubband transitions in quantum wells

Strong light-matter coupling has recently been demonstrated in subwavelength volumes by coupling engineered optical transitions in semiconductor heterostructures (e.g., quantum wells) to metasurface resonances via near fields. It has also been shown that different resonator shapes may lead to different Rabi splittings, though this has not yet been well explained. In this paper, our aim is to understand the correlation between resonator shape and Rabi splitting, in particular to determine and quantify the physical parameters that affect strong coupling by developing an equivalent circuit network model whose elements describe energy and dissipation. Because of the subwavelength dimension of each metasurface element, we resort to the quasistatic (electrostatic) description of the near field and hence define an equivalent capacitance associated to each dipolar element of a flat metasurface. We show that this is also able to accurately model the phenomenology involved in strong coupling between the metasurface and the intersubband transitions in quantum wells. We show that the spectral properties and stored energy of a metasurface/quantum-well system obtained using our model are in good agreement with both full-wave simulation and experimental results. We then analyze metasurfaces made of three resonator geometries and observe that the magnitude of the Rabi splitting increases with the resonator capacitance in agreement with our theory, providing a phenomenological explanation for the resonator shape dependence of the strong coupling process. © 2014 American Physical Society.
Egg-Laying Behavior in Divergent Strains of the Cowpea Weevil (Coleoptera: Bruchidae): Time Budgets and Transition Matrices

Females from two strains of the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), differ genetically in how they distribute their eggs among host seeds. In an Indian strain, females strongly avoid adding eggs to egg-laden seeds and thus produce highly uniform egg dispersions, whereas females from a Brazilian strain produce egg dispersions that are intermediate between uniform and random. We examined whether differences in searching behavior can account for these patterns. When presented with a standard array of clean seeds, females from the two strains spent similar proportions of time engaged in eight component behaviors, although Indian-strain females tended to spend more time “inspecting” seeds. We found no difference between strains in the number of seeds inspected or visited between successive egg-laying bouts. Females in both strains tended to lay successive eggs on adjacent seeds in the array. Behavior sequences were constructed using a log-linear analysis of transition frequencies. Inspection of seeds appeared to play a greater role in the sequences of Indian-strain females, but most significant behavioral transitions were common to both strains. Our results suggest that differences in the allocation of eggs among resources need not reflect differences in searching behavior; in the case of C. maculatus , differential sensitivity or response to the putative marking pheromone may be primarily responsible for the divergent egg-laying patterns.
Assessment and intervention of severe language delays in children

The assessment and intervention of communicative repertoires of children who have substantial language deficits are relatively recent undertakings. The experimental analysis of behavior and operant principles, established in laboratory settings, were the precursors for the applications of behavioral research on language that began in the 1960s. These applications produced clear but limited success. It was established that words or gestures could be taught to children with severe intellectual disabilities, but functional use and generality of these newly acquired responses were restricted to the conditions under which they were taught. Much of this manuscript focuses on these two phenomena— functional use and generality of communication. New issues of increasing complexity have emerged as we have continued our program of research over the last 10 years. The maxim “the more you learn, the more you realize how little you know” has characterized our work. Many of these issues that have intrigued us and their complete analysis has eluded us. The ones we have chosen to highlight here include: (a) distinguishing between pragmatic and operant functions of language; (b) suggesting necessary prerequisites for teaching a tacting repertoire; (c) documenting responsiveness to social partners as a crucial consideration in communication assessment and providing an approach to establishing responsiveness; (d) uncovering a subtlety of stimulus generalization; and finally (e) manipulating environmental variables to occasion and to support newly acquired communicative responses.
The Regulation of Corporate Violations Punishment, Compliance, and the Blurring of Responsibility

In this article, I term the dichotomy that exists over how to regulate corporate violations the ‘punishment model versus compliance school debate’. I then demonstrate that in the area of workplace health and safety, this classic debate on corporate offending has evolved with the shift to ‘regulation through individual responsibility’. This regulatory shift has resulted in a diffusion of responsibility for safety risks as workers have increasingly become individually responsible for enforcing regulation as well as a target of regulation. In essence, workers are being transformed from a victim to a health and safety offender. In this study, I re-conceptualize the role of worker agency in regulatory enforcement by introducing several grounded ethnographic themes, such as the policing of minor violations and the creation of Potemkin Villages, which represent the ‘hidden side’ of the local culture of reactions to health and safety enforcement.
Rethinking reinforcement: Allocation, induction, and contingency.

The concept of reinforcement is at least incomplete and almost certainly incorrect. An alternative way of organizing our understanding of behavior may be built around three concepts: allocation, induction, and correlation. Allocation is the measure of behavior and captures the centrality of choice: All behavior entails choice and consists of choice. Allocation changes as a result of induction and correlation. The term induction covers phenomena such as adjunctive, interim, and terminal behavior—behavior induced in a situation by occurrence of food or another Phylogenetically Important Event (PIE) in that situation. Induction resembles stimulus control in that no one-to-one relation exists between induced behavior and the inducing event. If one allowed that some stimulus control were the result of phylogeny, then induction and stimulus control would be identical, and a PIE would resemble a discriminative stimulus. Much evidence supports the idea that a PIE induces all PIE-related activities. Research also supports the idea that stimuli correlated with PIEs become PIE-related conditional inducers. Contingencies create correlations between “operant” activity (e.g., lever pressing) and PIEs (e.g., food). Once an activity has become PIE-related, the PIE induces it along with other PIE-related activities. Contingencies also constrain possible performances. These constraints specify feedback functions, which explain phenomena such as the higher response rates on ratio schedules in comparison with interval schedules. Allocations that include a lot of operant activity are “selected” only in the sense that they generate more frequent occurrence of the PIE within the constraints of the situation; contingency and induction do the “selecting.”
Faith at Work Scale (FWS): Justification, Development, and Validation of a Measure of Judaeo-Christian Religion in the Workplace

Workplace spirituality research has side- stepped religion by focusing on the function of belief rather than its substance. Although establishing a unified foundation for research, the functional approach cannot shed light on issues of workplace pluralism, individual or institutional faith-work integration, or the institutional roles of religion in economic activity. To remedy this, we revisit definitions of spirituality and argue for the place of a belief-based approach to workplace religion. Addi- tionally, we describe the construction of a 15-item measure of workplace religion informed by Judaism and Christianity - the Faith at Work Scale (FWS). A stratified random sample (n = 234) of managers and professionals assisted in refining the FWS which exhibits a single factor structure (Eigenvalue = 8.88; variance accounted for = 59.22%) that is internally consistent (Cronbach's a = 0.77) and demonstrates convergent validity with the Faith Maturity Scale (r = 0.81, p > 0.0001). The scale shows lower skew and kurtosis with Mainline and Catholic adherents than with Mormons and Evangelicals. Validation of the scale among Jewish and diverse Christian adherants would extend research in workplace religion.
Drivers of urban water use

Abstract In this paper we develop water demand models for four common urban land use types based on climate, demographics, and built environmental variables. The water demand models estimate annual water use at the parcel level for each land use type: single family residential, semi attached residential, apartments, and commercial. We hypothesize that water use is a function of climate, demographic, and built environmental variables and assessed whether the relative importance of these demographic, built environment, and climate variables on urban water use varies by land use type. We used analysis of variance to determine differences in mean annual use between urban land use types and ordinary least squares regression to measure the effect of independent variables on annual water use. Our paper identifies the driving factors of water use by urban land use type and suggests planning strategies; specifically form-based zoning codes, to promote water conservation in new developments.
Concurrent engineering with delta files

We describe a test system in which we used a data management system and delta files to communicate engineering changes between two modeling systems: an ACIS-based solid modeling system running on a Sun Sparc workstation to create a part, and a CATIA system running on an IBM RS/6000 to design a fixture for it. The test system communicates the first version of the MBB part between the two engineers as a PDES/STEP (Product Data Exchange Standard/Standard for the Exchange of Product-Model Data) exchange file. The ACIS engineer then makes an engineering change to the part, thus creating, the second version (V2) of it, and a delta file communicates the V2 changes to the CATIA engineer. The CATIA engineer can use this delta file to highlight the changes to the part between the two versions. Although our test system/scenario is simple, it demonstrates the advantages of delta files. It also helped us identify several important issues for developing the method further. We first outline the STEP standard and how we used it to implement data exchange in our test system, then we discuss delta files and describe how we implemented them. We conclude with a discussion of the lessons learned from the test system and scenario. >
Two methods of fabricating reliable superconducting joints with multifilamentary Nb-Ti superconducting wire

We describe two techniques for joining multifilamentary Nb-Ti superconducting wire. Both methods have achieved critical currents in vacuum at 4.2K comparable to the manufacturer's stated short segment rating. The techniques are simple and applicable to a wide variety of experimental apparati.
Is Texting Ruining Intimacy? Exploring Perceptions Among Sexuality Students in Higher Education

In the context of researchers’ and educators’ concerns about the pervasive use of technology to communicate with one another, this study explored whether the frequency of emerging adults’ computer-mediated communication (CMC) is correlated with their perceptions of intimacy, relationship, and sexual satisfaction. The sample included 298 young adults ages 18–29, primarily female students in human sexuality courses, who had been in a face-to-face romantic relationship for at least six weeks and who used CMC to communicate with their romantic partner. Examining the frequency of CMC, intimacy, and relationship satisfaction, the only significant correlation was with participants who sent a moderate number of emails to their partners in a typical day. There were no significant correlations between sexual satisfaction and frequency of any form of CMC (texting, instant messaging, or email). The findings of this research suggest that the use of CMC among this sample is not problematic. For some, in fact, CMC may b...
READING THROUGH THE LINES: AN EXPLORATION OF DRAMA AS A RESPONSE TO LITERATURE

After the Anglo‐American Seminar on the Teaching of English at Dartmouth College in 1966, the American representatives at the conference emphatically supported a resolution to adopt the British practice of allowing drama a greater role in the language arts curriculum, citing its potential for promoting human growth. Yet whereas other aspects of language arts instruction, such as writing and response to literature, have strengthened their roles in the curriculum through their increased emphasis on personal development as an instructional goal, drama has remained on the periphery of language arts instruction and English education scholarship. Current theories of semiotics suggest that in using nonwritten text media, learners engage in important communicative, developmental, and reflective processes. In an exploratory study, we used stimulated recall to elicit a retrospective account from 4 students of their dramatization of a short story. All of the students were enrolled in an alternative school for recove...
Evidence for inversion of phase continuity during morphology development in polymer blending

When polymer blends are prepared from a mixture of pellets, the melting order of the components is important in determining the mechanism of morphology development. Here, we show that an inversion of phase continuity occurs during processing when a minor phase component has a softening or melting transition temperature which is lower than the softening temperature of the major phase component. Three 80 :20 concentration systems were studied : polyarylate/rubber, polyamide 6,6/polystyrene, and polystyrene/ethylene propylene rubber. Initially, the minor phase was the continuous phase and coated the major phase in all three systems. As the major phase melted, a switching of phase continuity occurred, and in the final blend state, the major phase was the continuous phase. An increase in power input was required during the switching of the dispersed and matrix phases. The compounding process was studied through continuous video monitoring, torque-temperature analysis, and microscopy of quenched samples. A continuity inversion mechanism is proposed. It is found that the initial morphology of the blend consists of sheets of the major phase inside the minor phase. These sheets break up into irregularly shaped particles, which then coalesce around the minor phase. The effects of compatibilization (using reactive polymers or adding a premade diblock) on the rheology and morphology of the blend are also investigated. Interfacial reaction is seen to delay and intensify the inversion of phase continuity, whereas addition of premade diblock does not have any significant effect. The torque increases due to interaction of the major phase domains and due to reactive stabilization of the interface against coalescence, and the contributions of each to the torque can be decoupled.
Characterizing brain oxygen metabolism in patients with multiple sclerosis with T2-relaxation-under-spin-tagging MRI.

In this study, venous oxygen saturation and oxygen metabolic changes in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients were assessed using a recently developed T2-relaxation-under-spin-tagging (TRUST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which measures the superior sagittal venous sinus blood oxygenation (Yv) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2), an index of global oxygen consumption. Thirty patients with relapsing-remitting MS and 30 age-matched healthy controls were studied using TRUST at 3 T MR. The mean expanded disability status scale (EDSS) of the patients was 2.3 (range, 0 to 5.5). We found significantly increased Yv (P<0.0001) and decreased CMRO2 (P=0.003) in MS patients (mean±s.d.: 65.9%±5.1% and 138.8±35.4 μmol per 100 g per minute) as compared with healthy control subjects (60.2%±4.0% and 180.2±24.8 μmol per 100 g per minute, respectively), implying decrease of oxygen consumption in MS. There was a significant positive correlation between Yv and EDSS and between Yv and lesion load in MS patients (n=30); on the contrary, there was a significant negative correlation between CMRO2 and EDSS and between CMRO2 and lesion load (n=12). There was no correlation between Yv and brain atrophy measures. This study showed preliminary evidence of the potential utility of TRUST in global oxygen metabolism. Our results of significant underutilization of oxygen in MS raise important questions regarding mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction and neurodegeneration of the disease.
The Development and Validation of a Group Test of Logical Thinking

The paper describes the development of the Test of Logical Thinking (TOLT) to measure five modes of formal reasoning: controlling variables, proportional reasoning, combinatorial reasoning, probabi...
Combined Therapy for a 30-Year-Old Woman With Early-Onset Dysthymia

Foreword from Dr. Perry: Many of us have provided support over the years to patients who continue to have mild symptoms that seem related to character problems and life's woes. By keeping the smoldering symptoms from bursting into flame, we think we're doing all we can. As Dr. Markowitz, our guest expert, points out, perhaps we're wrong.
An Endoscopic Transnasal Odontoidectomy to Treat Cervicomedullary Compression with Basilar Invagination

The transoral approach to the upper cervical spine and clivus with resection of the odontoid is associated with significant morbidity and limitations. The endoscopic transnasal approach represents a viable alternative to the transoral approach to the craniocervical junction. The endoscopic approach possesses some inherent advantages, including decreased exposure to oral flora and a more rostral-to-caudal trajectory, which is ideal for pathology located superiorly in this region. It also provides excellent visualization while avoiding the use of prolonged retraction and the need for extensive exposure. We detail the operative technique used for an endoscopic transnasal resection of the odontoid process in a 68-year-old woman with pannus compressing her brain stem. A successful resection was achieved without significant morbidity. Clinical evidence will be needed to establish the role of this approach in terms of morbidity, patient satisfaction, and clinical outcomes.
The exergy fields in transport processes: Their calculation and use

This paper is a brief review of the method for analyzing the space and time dependent exergy and irreversibility fields in processes. It presents the basic equations, the method for their use, major literature sources, and three examples from the authors' work: flow desiccation, combustion of oil droplets, and combustion of pulverized coal. Conclusions from this Second Law analysis are used to attempt process improvement suggestions.
The influence of microstructure and monomer properties on the erosion mechanism of a class of polyanhydrides

The erosion of three different polyanhydrides consisting of sebacic acid (SA) and 1,3-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy) propane (CPP) was investigated. Melt cast polymer matrices were prepared from the homopolymer p(SA) and two copolymers, p(CPP-SA) 20 : 80 and p(CPP-SA) 50 : 50. Particular attention was paid to the influence of the polymer matrix microstructure and of the monomers on erosion. Using polarized light microscopy we found that p(SA) and p(CPP-SA) 20 : 80 matrices consist of spherulites. SEM investigations showed that their crystalline parts are more resistant to erosion than their amorphous areas. The matrices erode into highly porous devices, whose porosity is detectable by mercury porosimetry. Using wide-angle x-ray diffractometry we found that monomers crystallize inside the pores. DSC investigations showed a maximum of crystallized SA after 2-6 days and a continuous increase of CPP, which stays in the devices for weeks. We conclude that the microstructure and the monomer properties are the two main factors which determine the erosion of these polymers. The obtained data on changes in porosity, crystallinity, polymer matrix thickness, erosion front velocities, crystalline monomer content, and monomer release provides the basis for quantitatively describing the erosion process.
Engineering design in the freshman year at the University of Alabama-Foundation Coalition program

A pair of courses, Foundations of Engineering I and II, form the two-semester engineering component of Foundation Coalition's integrated freshman year at the University of Alabama (UA). These courses replace two existing freshman engineering courses which are devoted to computer programming and engineering graphics. In order to present a more realistic and interesting introduction to engineering as a profession, the courses focuses on the engineering design process. Both courses are organized around four three-week-long design projects. The projects are selected from a variety of areas, covering the breadth of engineering disciplines taught at UA. The design projects also complement the current subject matter of the integrated mathematics, chemistry and physics courses. For example, while both physics and chemistry are introducing the ideal gas law, the engineering project involves the design of a compressed natural gas tank for an automotive application. Each design project requires a team report in written and oral form. The students are introduced to a variety of computer tools to aid their presentation of reports, such as word processors, spreadsheets and presentation packages. Student access to the Internet and e-mail is also provided. This paper provides an in-depth examination of the first of these two courses. It includes a brief overview of the relationships that exist between the integrated courses in the freshman year a detailed examination of the nature and scope of the design projects included within the course, and feedback from both faculty and students on the merits of the approach.
Epinephrine Impairs Insulin Release by a Mechanism Distal to Calcium Mobilization: Similarity to Lipoxygenase Inhibitors

The mechanisms that enable epinephrine (EPI) and lipoxygenase inhibitors to impede insulin secretion are unknown. We examined the possibility that EPI inhibits Ca2+ fluxes as its major mechanism by studying 45Ca efflux from prelabeled, intact rat islets. EPI (2.5 x 10(-7) to 1 x 10(-5) M) inhibited insulin release induced by the influx of extracellular Ca2+ (46 mM K+) or the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores (2 mM Ba2+), but it did not reduce the 45Ca efflux stimulated by either agonist. EPI also nullified insulin release induced by isobutylmethylxanthine or dibutyryl cAMP, with minimal or no effects on 45Ca efflux, and blocked the insulinotropic effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (a direct activator of protein kinase C), which is believed primarily to sensitize the exocytotic apparatus to Ca2+ without mobilizing additional Ca2+. Previously we reported that similar effects were induced by inhibitors of pancreatic islet lipoxygenase. In this study, however, pretreatment with either the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine or pertussis toxin did not block the effects of lipoxygenase inhibitors, although either agent did block the effects of EPI. Thus, EPI, via an alpha 2-receptor mechanism, is able to reduce exocytosis largely distal to, or independent of, changes in Ca2+ flux, cAMP formation or its Ca2+-mobilizing action, or generation of protein kinase C activators. Therefore, EPI may reduce the sensitivity of the exocytotic apparatus to Ca2+. Inhibition of islet lipoxygenase may have a similar effect; however, in this case, the effect would have to be unrelated, or distal, to stimulation of alpha 2-receptors.
Stability, Precision, and Near-24-Hour Period of the Human Circadian Pacemaker

Regulation of circadian period in humans was thought to differ from that of other species, with the period of the activity rhythm reported to range from 13 to 65 hours (median 25.2 hours) and the period of the body temperature rhythm reported to average 25 hours in adulthood, and to shorten with age. However, those observations were based on studies of humans exposed to light levels sufficient to confound circadian period estimation. Precise estimation of the periods of the endogenous circadian rhythms of melatonin, core body temperature, and cortisol in healthy young and older individuals living in carefully controlled lighting conditions has now revealed that the intrinsic period of the human circadian pacemaker averages 24.18 hours in both age groups, with a tight distribution consistent with other species. These findings have important implications for understanding the pathophysiology of disrupted sleep in older people.
Retrieval of Ocean and Lake Surface Temperatures from Hyperspectral Radiance Observations

Abstract This paper advances hyperspectral infrared (IR) radiative transfer techniques for retrieving water (ocean and lake) surface skin temperature from clear-sky radiance observations obtained within the longwave atmospheric window region (800–1000 cm−1). High spectral resolution has optimal potential for multispectral algorithms because of the capability to resolve, and thus avoid, gas absorption lines that otherwise obscure the surface signal in conventional narrowband radiometers. A hyperspectral radiative transfer model (RTM) is developed for varying satellite zenith angles, atmospheric profiles (cloud and aerosol free), surface wind speeds and skin temperatures, with atmospheric column transmittance spectra computed from fast models. Wind speed variations in surface emissivity and quasi-specular reflection are both rigorously accounted for. The RTM is then used for deriving retrieval algorithms based upon statistical and physical methodologies. The statistical method is based upon linear regressio...
Improvement in quantity and quality of prevention measurement of toddler injuries and parental interventions

Injury is the leading killer of children in the United States, yet little research has focused on this vital subject. One of the distinct barriers to injury prevention is the absence of effective assessment devices. Epidemiological aspects of injury have been assessed, but these provide little information at a level sufficient to allow conclusions about potential behavioral prevention methods. This paper describes an alternative, the Participant Event Monitoring (PEM) system. In this paper, the PEM system is used to examine a sample of 170 toddlers (ages 18 to 36 months), over a 6-month period, resulting in data on over 4,200 injuries, 1,000 proactive interventions, and 300 reactive interventions. PEM involves a structured interview, producing detailed information concerning measures of antecedents, events, and consequences of injury. Sample PEM data are included. Its ultimate goal is to guide effective interventions to decrease childhood injury.
On the Stanley ring of cubical complex

We investigate the properties of the Stanley ring of a cubical complex, a cubical analogue of the Stanley-Reisner ring of a simplicial complex. We compute its Hilbert series in terms of thef-vector, and prove that by taking the initial ideal of the defining relations, with respect to the reverse lexicographic order, we obtain the defining relations of the Stanley-Reisner ring of the triangulation via "pulling the vertices" of the cubical complex. Applying an old idea of Hochster we see that this ring is Cohen-Macaulay when the complex is shellable, and we show that its defining ideal is generated by quadrics when the complex is also a subcomplex of the boundary complex of a convex cubical polytope. We present a cubical analogue of balanced Cohen-Macaulay simplicial complexes: the class of edge-orientable shellable cubical complexes. Using Stanley's results about balanced Cohen-Macaulay simplicial complexes and the degree two homogeneous generating system of the defining ideal, we obtain an infinite set of examples for a conjecture of Eisenbud, Green, and Harris. This conjecture says that theh-vector of a polynomial ring inn variables modulo an ideal which has ann-element homogeneous system of parameters of degree two, is thef-vector of a simplicial complex.
Formal methods for cryptographic protocol analysis: emerging issues and trends

The history of the application of formal methods to cryptographic protocol analysis spans over 20 years and has been showing signs of new maturity and consolidation. Not only have a number of specialized tools been developed, and general-purpose ones been adapted, but people have begun applying these tools to realistic protocols, in many cases supplying feedback to designers that can be used to improve the protocol's security. In this paper, we describe some of the ongoing work in this area, as well as describe some of the new challenges and the ways in which they are being met.
Rheological analysis of stabilizing forces in wire‐coating dies

A rheological analysis of a wire-coating die is presented. The rheological forces which might play a role in the stability of the wire are estimated. In particular, consideration is given to lateral forces related to the secondary normal stress function acting on the wire which is in an eccentric position, and the hydrodynamic force related to the viscosity function acting on the wire which moves at an angle to the die axis. For the former a simple, yet general, expression was derived by solving the flow problem (without axial pressure gradient) with the Ericksen equation in bipolar coordinates. Results indicate that normal stresses stabilize the wire, i.e., tend to restore it to the central location, provided the secondary normal stress function is negative. The hydrodynamic effect tends to reduce the angle between wire and die axes, thus drawing attention to the need of perfect mechanical centering of the guider tip, since in this case this effect also reduces eccentricity. The need is stressed for further work, in particular, experimental measurement of the secondary normal stress function.
THE ELIMINATION OF IRON AND ITS DISTRIBUTION IN THE LIVER AND SPLEEN IN EXPERIMENTAL ANEMIA. II.

Blood destruction due to a single injury, as by sodium oleate, or acting through a short period of time, as by toluylenediamine or hemolytic immune serum, is not characterized, in the absence of hemoglobinuria, by an increased elimination of iron in the urine. This holds, not only for the evanescent injury caused by sodium oleate, but also for the severe type caused by hemolytic immune serum, in which a progressive destruction of the blood may persist for 2 weeks or more with constant evidence of the disintegration of erythrocytes as shown by bile pigment in the urine. This finding is in accord with previous investigations of anemia in both man and animals. Likewise, no striking increase is evident, under such circumstances, in the percentage of iron excreted in the feces. The total amount of iron in the feces has been notably increased in two experiments with hemolytic serum, but as the percentage was not appreciably altered, the difference depends presumably on variations in the bulk of feces rather than upon increased elimination. This evidence of the power of the body to conserve the iron rephagocytosis is negligible, is to be fragmented one by one, while still circulating, to a fine, hemoglobin-containing dust. The cell fragments are rapidly removed from the blood, but their ultimate fate remains to be determined. The facts indicate that they are removed from the blood by the spleen, and under exceptional conditions, by the bone marrow.
Interventions to Reduce Risks Associated With Vehicle Incompatibility

Occupants of smaller, lighter passenger cars are more likely to be killed or injured in collisions with larger, heavier sport utility vehicles and light trucks than in collisions with other cars. Interventions are needed to reduce this vehicle "incompatibility" and its consequences. The authors conducted a systematic literature review to identify evaluations of interventions to reduce incompatibility. They reviewed engineering, biomedical, and other technical literature. To be included, a study must have 1) evaluated an intervention to reduce vehicle incompatibility, or its consequences, in a crash; 2) reported new research; and 3) been published in English from 1990 to 2010. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria. Interventions were designed to reduce the aggressivity of larger vehicles or improve the crashworthiness of smaller vehicles. Effective interventions included 1) modified bumper heights, 2) improved side strength of smaller vehicles, 3) side-impact air bags, 4) changes to vehicle stiffness, and 5) modifications of other front-end structures. Some of the interventions shown to be effective are now in wide use. However, others have yet to be required by regulators or voluntarily agreed to by manufacturers. If larger, heavier vehicles remain on the nation's roads, countermeasures will be needed to reduce risks for occupants of other vehicles.
Characteristics of a Lytic Enzyme Induced by Bacteriophage Infection of Micrococcus lysodeikticus

A lytic enzyme induced in Micrococcus lysodeikticus strain 1 by infection with N1 bacteriophage was purified 45- to 50-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation, acid precipitation, and selective adsorption of contaminating proteins with calcium phosphate gel. The optimal pH for activity of the enzyme was 6.5 to 7.0. Maximal activity occurred at 45 to 50 C and at an ionic strength of 0.06. The enzyme had a limited specificity and lysed cell walls of M. lysodeikticus with the release of dinitrofluorobenzene reactive groups. Living cells were lysed in the absence of phage; however, the rate of lysis increased when phage was present in excess of 10 particles per bacterial cell. Young cells were most sensitive, and the sensitivity decreased to a minimum with stationary-phase cells. Acting synergistically, lysozyme and the N1-induced lysin caused lysis of cells which were resistant to either enzyme acting independently. The N1 lysin did not exhibit proteolytic activity.
A preliminary study of the effects of fluoride lozenges and pills on dental caries.

Abstract The effect on dental caries activity of sucking lozenges and swallowing pills containing 2.21 mg. of sodium fluoride has been tested for over one year in groups of 119 and 133 children, respectively. In the group using the lozenges 4.0 new carious areas appeared during the year of study, whereas in the group swallowing pills 6.6 new carious areas were found. The findings are interpreted to indicate that the use of fluoride lozenges may contribute to the control of dental caries and that the caries reduction produced by such lozenges will be the result of fluorine acting on the external surfaces of the teeth.
Noninvasive and Minimally-Invasive Optical Monitoring Technologies

With recent advancements in micro-fabrication and nano-fabrication techniques as well as advancements in the photonics industry, there is now the potential to develop less invasive portable sensors for monitoring micronutrients and other substances used to assess overall health. There have been many technology innovations in the central laboratory for these substances for overall health status but the primary motivation for the research and development of a portable field instrument has come from a diabetic patient and market-driven desire to minimally invasively or noninvasively monitor glucose concentrations in vivo. Such a sensor system has the potential to significantly improve the quality of life for the estimated 16 million diabetics in this country by making routine glucose measurements less painful and more convenient. In addition, there is a critical need for the development of less invasive portable technologies to assess micronutrient status (iron, vitamin A, iodine and folate), environmental hazards (lead) and for other disease-related substances, such as billirubin for infant jaundice. Currently, over 100 small companies and universities are working to develop improved monitoring devices, primarily for glucose, and optical methods are a big part of these efforts. In this article many of these potentially less invasive and portable optical sensing technologies, which are currently under investigation, will be reviewed including optical absorption spectroscopy, polarimetry, Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence.
System support for automatic profiling and optimization

The Morph system provides a framework for automatic collection and management of profile information and application of profile-driven optimizations. In this paper, we focus on the operating system support that is required to collect and manage profile information on an end-user's workstation in an automatic, continuous, and transparent manner. Our implementation for a Digital Alpha machine running Digital UNIX 4.0 achieves run-time overheads of less than 0.3% during profile collection. Through the application of three code layout optimizations, we further show that Morph can use statistical profiles to improve application performance. With appropriate system support, automatic profiling and optimization is both possible and effective.
Interfering peaks in gas chromatographic exclusion screening of direct chloroform extracts of blood.

The abilities of 24 endogenous biochemicals to interfere with gas chromatographic exclusion screening analyses for drugs of direct chloroform extracts obtained from forensic blood specimens were studied. The relative retention on OV-17 of the 24 endogenous compounds and the direct extract-abilities of 8 of these were compared with those of 30 directly extractable acidic, phenolic, neutral and basic drugs. On direct extracts of blood, gas chromatographic peaks were obtained with phenylethylamine, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and stearic acid. Palmitic acid and p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid were not directly extractable, while no gas chromatographic peaks were obtained with three neutral lipids, cholesterol, four cholesterol esters, deoxycholic acid, phosphatidyl-L-serine, heparin and L-glutamine. Tyramine, tryptamine, tristearin and lysolecithin gave gas chromatographic peaks but their direct extractabilities were not determined. Post mortem toxicological cases are described in which apparent barbiturate, tripelennamine, hydroxyglutethimide and desipramine gas chromatographic peaks were probably mimicked by stearic acid, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and/or tryptamine; differentiations were effected by selective washing of the chloroform extracts with weak and strong bases, acid, ammoniacal AgNO3 and aqueous NaHSO3.
Dynamic end-to-end image adaptation for guaranteed quality of service in wireless image data services

The paper investigates total end-to-end service variability issues in providing dynamic image adaptation services to wireless end users. While most existing image adaptation techniques focus on improving wireless transmission latency by adapting content-rich images to the time varying bandwidth availability of wireless networks, we have found dynamic service load variations at the server also significantly affect end-to-end service latency. We introduce a dynamic end-to-end image adaptation technique that optimizes the runtime image adaptation process so as to provide guaranteed total service latency (including both server processing latency and wireless transmission latency) with a maximized image quality. Through judicious tuning of application-layer image compression parameters, the proposed technique dynamically optimizes both the image quality and each component of service latency required for wireless image data services simultaneously depending on service variability issues existing at both server-side and network-side. Experimental results under synthetic service workloads demonstrate that our proposed dynamic end-to-end image adaptation can provide guaranteed service latency with a minimal impact on the image quality loss.
The Role of Racial Identity, Academic Self-Concept, and Self-Esteem in the Prediction of Academic Outcomes for African American Students:

The purpose of the present study was to examine the extent to which racial identity, academic self-concept, and self-esteem predict two types of academic outcomes, grade point average (GPA), and verbal Graduate Record Examination scores. Although grades and standardized test performance are often collapsed under the category of academic performance, no studies have examined both of these variables' relations with racial identity, academic self-concept, and self-esteem together in the same study. A total of 313 African American students derived from two separate samples participated in the current study. The results indicated that academic self-concept significantly predicted students' GPA but not their test scores. Furthermore, racial identity did not predict either grades or test performance. The strongest predictor of test performance was the age of the student. Implications of the study findings are discussed.
Optimization based rate allocation and scheduling in TDMA based wireless mesh networks

Wireless mesh networking is a promising technology for building broadband wireless access networks. However, wireless mesh networks based on CSMA/CA MAC protocols suffer from unfairness and poor QoS support. Using TCP as a rate control mechanism in such networks further exacerbates the problem. Efficient rate allocation and scheduling algorithms that handle both multicast and unicast traffic in wireless mesh networks are needed with the increasing popularity of multicast and multimedia applications. In this paper, we propose a framework that performs both rate allocation and scheduling for unicast and multicast traffic in TDMA-based wireless mesh networks. The rate allocation algorithm is based on network utility maximization. The graph coloring-based scheduling algorithm achieves the allocated rates. Simulation results show that our framework provides guaranteed throughput and low delay for both multicast and unicast traffic. Furthermore, our framework significantly outperforms a previously published framework that has a similar objective.
Antecedents of Situated Learning in Stressful Service Experiences: A Cross-Cultural Study

ABSTRACT Extant consumer behavior research has alluded to consumer learning; however, little research exists regarding situated learning and its antecedents with respect to stressful service experiences. Through this research, we qualitatively and quantitatively examine the topic of situated or in situ learning in two cultural contexts—that of the U.S. and China. Results demonstrate the importance of situated learning in dealing with stressful service encounters. The search for possibilities positively impacted situated learning for both U.S. and Chinese consumers. Unlike their U.S. counterparts, Chinese consumers initiated the process of learning long before experiencing the actual service, learned more because of uncertainty of service standards, and stressed the importance of timely decision making as ways to learn and reduce stress. Interestingly, U.S. participants discussed the importance of empathy from service providers, trust, and propensity for upfront feedback in enhancing learning. Theoretical ...
EPIPHYSEAL FRACTURE-DISLOCATION AT THE ELBOW JOINT

1. Lower humeral epiphysiolysis with dislocation of the epiphysis (of the capitellum and trochlea, or of the capitellar portion alone) is a relatively common injury in the first decade of life. 2. This compression injury is sustained by direct violence,—falling on the flexed elbow. 3. As the epiphysis separates and the force continues, the capitellar epiphysis is forced through the anterior capsule and dislocation occurs. The capitellar epiphysis alone may separate, or the capitellum with the trochlear epiphysis may subluxate. 4. Closed reduction may occasionally be successful. Reduction when incomplete is followed by extreme loss of function; therefore, operative reduction is warranted in every case in which reduction by manipulative methods is incomplete.
Grade School Triangles

AbstractIn grade school, students learn a standard set of Euclidean triangles. Among this set, the usual 45–45–90 and 30–60–90 triangles are the only right triangles with rational angles and side l...
Truth and reconciliation

L'A. presente et commente brievement trois ouvrages recents sur le fonctionnement et les objectifs de la Commission verite et reconciliation (TRC) en Afrique du Sud, et sur les commissions de reconciliation en general : K. Christie, 2000 ; C. Villa-Vicencio et W. Verwoerd, 2000 ; R.I. Rotberg et D. Thompson, 2000. Selon l'A., si l'importance et la logique de la TRC doivent etre comprises dans le contexte historique de l'apartheid, le processus de reconciliation sud-africain, a l'instar d'autres exemples africains, ne pourra faire l'economie de la question fonciere. La TRC n'est pas une instance de grande inquisition, ni une cour de justice. C'est une methode de rememoration, une maniere de developper une memoire partagee par les victimes et les bourreaux.
Process-Induced Defects in High-Purity GaAs

High temperature annealing of Si 3 N4 and SiO2 capped high purity LPE GaAs is shown to result in a reduction in the surface carrier concentration by about an order of magnitude. Au Schottky contacts made on the annealed samples were found to have severely degraded breakdown characteristics. Using deep level transient spectroscopy, deep levels at EC–.58eV, EC–.785eV were detected in the SiO2, capped samples and EC–.62eV, EC–.728eV in the Si3N4 capped Samples while none was detected in the unannealed samples.The electrical degradations are explained in terms of compensation mechanisns and depletion layer recombination-generation currents due to the deep levels.
Interdiffusion in Coherent Si0.90Ge0.10/Si0.95Ge0.05 Superlattices

We present the use of x-ray scattering from Si1-XGeX/Si1-YGeY superlattices as a tool for measuring the concentration dependence of interdiffusivity in Si/SiGe epitaxial thin films. Although x-ray scattering from compositionally modulated films is an ultra-high-sensitivity technique for measuring interdiffusion in a variety of systems, the concentration dependence of Si/SiGe interdiffusion complicates its interpretation. We show that these complications can be avoided using Si1-XGeX/Si1-YGeY superlattices with a small compositional modulation. This strategy is assessed using numerical simulations of both interdiffusion and dynamical x-ray diffraction. We demonstrate its effectiveness by measuring the activation enthalpy and exponential prefactor for interdiffusion in compressively strained Si0.925Ge0.075. The results are 4.38 ± 0.05 eV and 36 ± 9 cm2/s respectively.