cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Image annotation by hierarchical mapping of features

In this paper, we propose a novel approach of image annotation byconstructing a hierarchical mapping between low-level visualfeatures and text features utilizing the relations within and acrossboth visual features and text features. Moreover, we propose a novelannotation strategy that maximizes both the accuracy and thediversity of the generated annotation by generalizing or specifyingthe annotation in the corresponding annotation hierarchy.Experiments with 4500 scientific images from Royal Society ofChemistry journals show that the proposed annotation approachproduces satisfactory results at different levels of annotations.
Autobiography and Organizations: Theoretical and Methodological Issues*

This essay provides a general theoretical and methodological framework for understanding autobiographies. The authors argue that the autobiographies of applied behavioral scientists are useful research tools, particularly for clarifying the presuppositions underlying applied behavioral science endeavors. The autobiographies and biographies of both social scientists and nonscientists are a much neglected source of data for examining social issues, and a means of advancing our knowledge of everyday life and its organizational and cultural context. The essay concludes with the major themes of the autobiographies presented in this special issue of the Journal of Applied Behavioral Science.
Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis

OBJECTIVE:The purposeof this articleis to review the treatment options for bacterial vaginosis, including the newer topical antibiotics, metronidazole gel and clindamycin cream. The article also examines the controversies over whether bacterial vaginosis is a sexually transmined disease and whether asymptomatic women should be treated.DATA SOURCE:A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify pertinent literature, including review articles.STUDY SELECTION:Emphasiswas placed on those clinical trials using metronidazole gel or clindamycin cream. Studies addressing the complications of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy, the risk of treatment in pregnancy, and the method of transmission of the disease also were reviewed.DATA EXTRACTION:Clinical studies evaluating clindamycin cream and metronidazole gel were scarce; therefore, data from all available trials were reviewed. The objectives, methodology, and results from other studies werer eviewed; thoseaddressing complications of the disease and risksand benefits of ...
Where Does Water Quality Improvement Begin

Most ground-water aquifers have a multibarrier natural defense system. With all these natural defenses, why are there so many contaminated wells? In most cases the well itself is the path of entrance for the contamination. The American Water Works Association and the National Water Well Association state in their joint Standard for Deep Wells: “Only when the sole available water-bearing formation lies so near the surface that it is continually contaminated is production of a safe supply not feasible.” Only in very rare circumstances is it economically justified to substitute disinfection for adequate protection of a ground-water source. Rapid changes in well water quality with pumping time indicate less than optimum construction. Poorly constructed and abandoned wells serve as unauthorized and uncontrolled ground-water recharge points and have a degrading effect on ground-water quality. Water quality improvement should begin with excluding water of undesirable quality from the source of supply. For the home owner and farmer to profit from this ideal it must be accepted by well drillers, water conditioning dealers, and county and State health departments.
Corruption and Trust: Theoretical Considerations and Evidence From Mexico

The growing empirical literature on political corruption shows trust (interpersonal and political) to be both cause and consequence of corruption: a conclusion that largely builds on studies using ...
A Characterization of Local-Global f-Rings

In this paper we look at the interplay between algebraic properties of commutative semi-prime f-rings vis-a-vis topological properties of the maximal spectra of these rings. We are able to show that, in the case of a strong unit, an f-ring has the local-global property precisely when its maximal spectrum is zero-dimensional. We also obtain a first order characterization of this occurrence. We then consider under what conditions we can omit the assumption of a strong unit. These results are then translated to the case where the ring under consideration is C(X), the ring of continuous real valued functions.
Synthesis of the First Members of a New Class of Biologically Active Bryostatin Analogues

The bryostatins are a novel family of emerging cancer chemotherapeutic candidates isolated from marine bryozoa on the basis of their significant activity against murine P388 lymphocytic leukemia.1 These macrolactones have been shown to exhibit remarkable and unique activities,2 leading to the recent entry of bryostatin 1 (Figure 1) into Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of melanoma, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, and renal cancer.3 While their molecular mode of action is not known, the bryostatins potently inhibit the binding of the tumor-promoting phorbol esters to protein kinase C (PKC) and stimulate enzymatic activity both in vitro and in vivo.4 However, they induce only a subset of phorbol ester responses and block those actions of phorbol esters which they themselves do not initiate, most notably tumor promotion.5 Efforts to identify the structural basis for these and related activities and to develop more effective clinical candidates have been hampered by the low natural abundance1b of the bryostatins and difficulties associated with their modification. As an alternative approach to these goals, we describe here the first class of simplified, synthetic bryostatin analogues which exhibit a high affinity for PKC and potent growth inhibitory activity against several human cancer cell lines. Computational studies,6 limited structure-activity data,1b,6,7 and analogy to diacylglycerol, the endogenous activator of PKC, suggest that the binding of bryostatin to PKC could be attributed to substituents at C1, C19, and C26 (boxed in Figure 1), whose orientations are remotely controlled by a lipophilic spacer (shaded in Figure 1). Macrocycles of the general structure 1 were designed to test this hypothesis. These systems retain the putative recognition domain of the bryostatins but incorporate a simplified spacer domain to facilitate their synthesis. This design allows access to 1 through a novel, convergent esterification-macrotransacetalization strategy involving coupling of the recognition domain (2) with variable spacers (3), an approach which has potential for the creation of analogue libraries. Our first objective in this study was the synthesis of the bryostatin C-ring and its attendant functionality (C15-C27).8 Scheme 1 depicts a first-generation sequence which has readily
The emergence of gene therapy for rare diseases

Introduction: Gene therapy is emerging from a checkered past to success in several diseases, most of them are rare. Currently, the goal of most gene therapy trials is gene replacement, gene correction or knockdown of gene products for monogenetic diseases via viral vectors that cure or slow disease progression. The definition can be broadened to include nonviral vectors, such as antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA, to control too much gene expression. Gene modification of stem cells is also a gene therapy and works by providing cells with corrected genes.Areas covered: Diseases that have been shown to benefit from gene therapy in clinical trials include adenosine deaminase-severe combined immunodeficiency (ADA-SCID), X-linked SCID, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, lipoprotein lipase deficiency, Leber’s congenital amaurosis and adrenoleukodystrophy. There is reason for the optimism that gene therapies will eventually provide treatments and perhaps cures for disease that currently ...
Bustle: Using Hitchhiking to Monitor Meaningful Locations

Hitchhiking is a client-focused, software-based approach to anonymous and privacy-sensitive collection of sensed data in location-based applications. In this paper, we demonstrate hitchhiking by implementing a WiFi-based location-centric service called Bustle. Using only software sensors, Bustle models the busyness of coffee shops while incorporating hitchhiking principles to protect the anonymity and privacy of the application users
Major surface protease of trypanosomatids: one size fits all?

Major surface protease (MSP or GP63) is the most abundant glycoprotein localized to the plasma membrane of Leishmania promastigotes. MSP plays several important roles in the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis, including but not limited to (i) evasion of complement-mediated lysis, (ii) facilitation of macrophage (Mo) phagocytosis of promastigotes, (iii) interaction with the extracellular matrix, (iv) inhibition of natural killer cellular functions, (v) resistance to antimicrobial peptide killing, (vi) degradation of Mo and fibroblast cytosolic proteins, and (vii) promotion of survival of intracellular amastigotes. MSP homologues have been found in all other trypanosomatids studied to date including heteroxenous members of Trypanosoma cruzi, the extracellular Trypanosoma brucei, unusual intraerythrocytic Endotrypanum spp., phytoparasitic Phytomonas spp., and numerous monoxenous species. These proteins are likely to perform roles different from those described for Leishmania spp. Multiple MSPs in individual cells may play distinct roles at some time points in trypanosomatid life cycles and collaborative or redundant roles at others. The cellular locations and the extracellular release of MSPs are also discussed in connection with MSP functions in leishmanial promastigotes.
Interpersonal Trust and the Magnitude of Protest: A Micro and Macro Level Approach

The authors demonstrate that interpersonal trust is an important factor in motivating protest participation and raising the intensity of protest. They suggest that high levels of trust make individuals likely to anticipate low expected costs of participation while leading to optimistic estimates of the potential benefits of protest. Using 1990 World Values Survey data for 33 countries, a series of multinomial logistic regressions confirms that interpersonal trust plays an important role in determining both militant and nonmilitant forms of protest. These findings hold at the individual level in both free and nonfree societies. The authors also find some evidence that the same relationships hold at the national level. In addition, trust and postmaterialist values are shown to have complementary roles in fostering protest, whereas education is largely insignificant. Interpersonal trust, therefore, serves as both a personal and a social capital resource that fosters collective action in the form of protest.
Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Induces Rapamycin-Insensitive Phosphorylation of Downstream Effectors of mTOR Kinase

Signaling mediated by the cellular kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activates cap-dependent translation under normal (nonstressed) conditions. However, translation is inhibited by cellular stress responses or rapamycin treatment, which inhibit mTOR kinase activity. We show that during human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, viral protein synthesis and virus production proceed relatively normally when mTOR kinase activity is inhibited due to hypoxic stress or rapamycin treatment. Using rapamycin inhibition of mTOR, we show that HCMV infection induces phosphorylation of two mTOR effectors, eucaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding protein (4E-BP) and eIF4G. The virally induced phosphorylation of eIF4G is both mTOR and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) independent, whereas the phosphorylation of 4E-BP is mTOR independent, but PI3K dependent. HCMV infection does not induce mTOR-independent phosphorylation of a third mTOR effector, p70S6 kinase (p70S6K). We show that the HCMV-induced phosphorylation of eIF4G and 4E-BP correlates with the association of eIF4E, the cap binding protein, with eIF4G in the eIF4F translation initiation complex. Thus, HCMV induces mechanisms to maintain the integrity of the eIF4F complex even when mTOR signaling is inhibited.
An Analysis of Vocal Stereotypy and Therapist Fading.

A functional analysis for a boy with Down syndrome and autism suggested that vocal stereotypy was maintained by automatic reinforcement. The analysis also showed that instructions and noncontingent attention suppressed vocal stereotypy. A treatment package consisting of noncontingent attention, contingent demands, and response cost effectively reduced vocal stereotypy. The treatment package remained effective even when noncontingent attention was removed, making the procedure easier to implement. Also, the presence of the therapist in the room with the participant was faded systematically. After completion of fading, vocal stereotypy remained low during conditions similar to the no-consequence phase of the functional analysis.
Nanoscale characterization of isolated individual type I collagen fibrils: polarization and piezoelectricity

Piezoresponse force microscopy was applied to directly study individual type I collagen fibrils with diameters of approximately 100 nm isolated from bovine Achilles tendon. It was revealed that single collagen fibrils behave predominantly as shear piezoelectric materials with a piezoelectric coefficient on the order of 1 pm V(-1), and have unipolar axial polarization throughout their entire length. It was estimated that, under reasonable shear load conditions, the fibrils were capable of generating an electric potential up to tens of millivolts. The result substantiates the nanoscale origin of piezoelectricity in bone and tendons, and implies also the potential importance of the shear load-transfer mechanism, which has been the principle basis of the nanoscale mechanics model of collagen, in mechanoelectric transduction in bone.
SQUAMATE REPTILES AS MODEL ORGANISMS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF VIVIPARITY

For over a century, research has been conducted on squamates in order to reveal how viviparity has evolved in mammals and other vertebrates. The recent proliferation of studies has yielded much information on anatomical, physiological, ecological, and evolutionary aspects, allowing a reassessment of squamates as model organisms for the study of viviparity. Strong support for the ''squamate model'' comes from phylogenetic analyses that have shown that squamates have evolved viviparity with great frequency (. 108 origins), at low taxonomic levels, and in geologically recent times. However, available data also indicate that viviparity has evolved by different chronologies and mechanisms in squamates, fishes, and mammals. Further, generalizations about squamates are difficult to make, given the diverse mechanisms by which they achieve viviparity. Thus, similarities between squamates must be demonstrated empirically, and generalizations should be based on quantitative, phylogenetic analyses of multiple lineages. Explanations for similarities between squamate clades can invoke such concepts as evolutionary constraints, exaptations, and selection pressures, and should distinguish between adaptations, correlated attributes, and features that predate viviparity. However, homocentric assumptions of an orthogenetic transformation towards the eutherian condition should be abandoned, along with untested assumptions that viviparity squamates and mammals is similar. The value of the squamate model ultimately may lie in insights it provides into physiological problems rather than in universality of specific mechanisms that have evolved to meet those problems.
Phenolic Acids Released from Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) by Sequential Sodium Hydroxide Treatment in Relation to Biodegradation of Cell Types

Sections of solvent-extracted bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L Pers) leaf blades were treated sequentially with increasing concentrations of sodium hydroxide. The amounts of saponifiable phenolic acid monomers and cyclobutane dimers released and the digestibility of the treated blades (ie YO dry weight loss) were determined. Leaf sections were examined by scanning electron microscopy for biodegradation of cell types and histochemically (light microscopy) for lignin after treatment with sodium hydroxide. Treatment with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide for 1 h resulted in only minor changes from untreated sections. However, this treatment for 24 h released 86 O/O of the ferulic acid, 65 O/O of the dimers, and c 50 YO of the p-coumaric acid. Digestibility was increased from 6.5 YO in the untreated control to 56.6 %. Substantial loss of the slowly biodegradable tissues (ie epidermis and parenchyma bundle sheath) and partial biodegradation and disruption of the refractory tissues (ie sclerenchyma, xylem and mestome sheath) occurred ; histochemical reactions for lignin were less intense after NaOH treatment. Treatment with 1 M sodium hydroxide for 24 h released 50% of the p-coumaric acid and the remainder of the alkali-extractable ferulic acid and dimers, increased digestibility to 72 YO, and increased biodegradation of mesophyll and phloem. Mestome sheath cell walls only gave a histochemical reaction for phenolics and the reaction was weak after 1 M NaOH treatment. Alkali treatment increased the biodegradation of all cell types, with lignified tissues reduced to single-cell fibres after 1 and 2 M treatments.
Analysis and modeling of networked control systems: MIMO case with multiple time delays

This paper discusses the modeling and analysis of networked control systems (NCS) where sensors, actuators, and controllers are distributed and interconnected by a common communication medium. Therefore, multiple distributed communication delays as well as multiple inputs and multiple outputs are considered in the modeling algorithm. In addition, the asynchronous sampling mechanisms of distributed sensors axe characterized to obtain the actual time delays between sensors and the controller. Due to the characteristics of a network architecture, piecewise constant plant inputs are assumed and discrete-time models of plant and controller dynamics are adopted to analyze the stability and performance of a closed-loop NCS. The analysis result is used to verify the stability and performance of an NCS if the controller is designed without considering the impact of multiple time delays. Also, the NCS model provided can be used as a foundation for further controller design to compensate for the distributed communication delays.
Histology of optic nerve damage in ocular hypertension and early glaucoma (summary)

A review of recent advances in optic nerve anatomy and pathology which focuses on retinal ganglion cell axons and support cells suggests that the primary site of optic nerve injury in glaucoma is in the lamina cribrosa, the scleral portion of the optic nerve head.‘.“J’ Detailed histological studies in experimental animals and in human eyes with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) indicate mechanical factors are involved in the injury.“,“,‘” Retina1 ganglion cells comprise the innermost layer of the retina, and their projecting axons from the nerve fiber layer. These axons are organized into fascicles, or bundles, in the nerve head, which differ markedly in size and in glial-collagenous surround; those in the temporal portion of the lamina cribrosa tend to contain fewer fibers than those located nasallv.”
The complex intersection of inflammation and oxidation: implications for atheroprotection.

Therapeutic advances over the last 3 decades have made a dramatic impact on mortality from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. As a result, intensive modification of established risk factors has become increasingly integrated into guidelines designed to reduce cardiovascular risk. However, using
Range Shifts Under Future Scenarios of Climate Change: Dispersal Ability Matters for Colorado Plateau Endemic Plants

ABSTRACT: The Colorado Plateau supports one of the highest levels of endemism in the United States, with more than 10% of the plant species estimated to be endemic. Many endemic plants are considered rare and may be susceptible to climate change. To determine the potential impacts of climate change on the range extent on plants endemic to the Colorado Plateau, we used two future climate scenarios and the Maxent algorithm to predict present and future potential suitable habitat for 239 endemic plants. Climate scenario, biogeographic distribution, and dispersal model all influenced predicted suitable habitat extents. Both climate change scenarios predicted 104 species to have range contractions of potential suitable habitat for all future time periods and dispersal models. Plants predicted to be widespread today are predicted to continue to gain habitat when dispersal is allowed, 31 species always gain habitat with all future scenarios. Matching species with actual dispersal ability influenced results; 194 ...
Solving 1-D Inverse Problems By Chebyshev Polunomial Expansion

Seismic wave propagation described by differential equations with variable coefficients, may be solved by the Chebyshev polynomial expansion method (CPEM). This method approximates a model and solutions by orthonormal Chebyshev polynomials. The CPEM has two main advantages over other techniques; a global approximation of the model is constructed, and the solutions explicitly depend on the parameters of the model. These advantages are very attractive for inversion. The first always allows us to get a smooth model from inversion. The second directly produces partial derivatives of the solutions with respect to the model parameters, which streamlines the inversion and also a gives quantitative tool for determining the feasibility of inversion in the presence of noise (by singular value decomposition). We consider two examples of inversion to demonstrate the potential of the CPEM. The first is non-linear inversion for velocity and density using borehole SH-wave data. The second is linear inversion for interval velocities from RMS velocity data; our results compare favorably with those of the most robust techniques.
Structurally unstable A III BiO 3 perovskites are predicted to be topological insulators but their stable structural forms are trivial band insulators

Structurally unstable compounds can be predicted to be topological insulators (TIs) but their stable structural forms are trivial band insulators. The authors illustrate the danger in such false positive predictions for the A${}^{I\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}I\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}I}$BiO${}_{3}$ bismuth oxides that have been recently proposed as TIs in a hypothetical ``perovskite'' crystal structure-type. They show that the inversion of anti-bonding with bonding electron levels may destabilize the material and argue that to predict new candidate TIs by quantum atomistic modeling, one should simultaneously test structural stability and topological character of the candidate materials.
Ambient illumination switches contrast preference of specific retinal processing streams.

Contrast, a fundamental feature of visual scenes, is encoded in a distributed manner by ∼20 retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types, which stream visual information to the brain. RGC types respond prefer...
Influence of liver enzyme induction caused by diphenylhydantoin and diazepam on bone mass of rats.

25 albino rats of Wistar strain were used for the study. They were divided into three groups. Animals of the first group (n = 10) were treated with Diphenylhydantoin in a daily dose of 70mg/kg for three months. Animals of the second group (n = 10) were treated with Diazepam in a daily dose of 10 mg/kg for 3 months. Animals of the third group (n = 5) were treated with 5% acacia oil for the same period of time.
Thinking and Recollecting: Psychological Memory, Personal History, and Subjectivity

In following pure thinking’s long journey in the “realm of shadows” of the Logic I have shown that the work of memory has not disappeared with the conclusion of the Phenomenology. Transformed into the function of dialectical or logical memory, Erinnerung is instead essential to the beginning, the advancement, and the conclusion of the logical process in its entirety. I have argued that such memory is the “figure” that the dialectic-speculative method assumes throughout the Logic once at stake is no longer the development of consciousness but the immanent determination process of pure thinking, and once such determination is considered at the intersection of the two contrary movements of “interiorization” or “going to the ground” and “exteriorization” or in the advancement toward new contents. This twofold movement, conclusively formalized in the absolute method, brings the Logic to its end and warrants its position as the first, foundational discipline in the system of philosophy. As the logical movement goes back to the immediacy of being, thereby recollecting the logical beginning in the end, it also moves on to the new immediacy of nature, to the beginning of the Realphilosophie. From now on the Logic, as the first systematic discipline, constitutes the methodological basis upon which to develop the philosophy of nature and, in particular, the philosophy of spirit.
“Why Would I Live Anyplace Else?”: Resilience, Sense of Place, and Possibilities of Migration in Coastal Louisiana

ABSTRACT Simms, J.R.Z., 2017. “Why would I live anyplace else?”: Resilience, sense of place and possibilities of migration in coastal Louisiana. Despite living in what was described as a “layer cake made of Jell-O, floating in a swirling Jacuzzi of steadily warming, rising water,” many Louisiana residents of Terrebonne Parish, which is contained entirely within the coastal zone, repeatedly express a strong commitment to remain in place. Combining analyses of primary and secondary materials with crucial informant interviews, conducted in 2012–15, the empirical focus of this research documents how the intersections of resilient practices, sense of place, and social relations play out for those who continue to return, (re)adapt, and rebuild after a hurricane, tropical storm, sharp decline in seafood prices, or other fast- or slow-moving disaster. This research seeks to answer the following two questions: (1) how can residents' sense of place, resilient practices, and social relations affect the processes sur...
Preemptive Stimulation of AgRP Neurons in Fed Mice Enables Conditioned Food Seeking under Threat

Summary The decision to engage in food-seeking behavior depends not only on homeostatic signals related to energy balance [1] but also on the presence of competing motivational drives [2] and learned cues signaling food availability [3]. Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus are critical for homeostatic feeding behavior. Selective ablation or silencing of AgRP neurons causes anorexia [4, 5], whereas selective stimulation in fed mice promotes feeding and learned instrumental actions to obtain food reward [5–8]. However, it remains unknown whether AgRP neuron stimulation is sufficient to drive food-seeking behavior in the continued presence of a competing motivational drive, such as threat avoidance, or whether it can drive discrimination between learned sensory cues associated with food reward and other outcomes. Here we trained mice to perform a sensory discrimination task involving appetitive and aversive visual cues. Food-restricted mice exhibited selective operant responding to food-predicting cues but largely failed to avoid cued shocks by moving onto a safety platform. The opposite was true following re-feeding. Strikingly, AgRP neuron photostimulation did not restore operant responding in fed mice when initiated within the threat-containing arena, but did when initiated in the home cage, prior to arena entry. These data suggest that the choice to pursue certain behaviors and not others (e.g., food seeking versus shock avoidance) can depend on the temporal primacy of one motivational drive relative to the onset of a competing drive.
Internet Sales Tax Proposals Back on the Table

Collecting sales tax on Internet transactions has been a controversial issue since the beginning days of e-commerce. In its earliest days, sales tax was resisted on several levels as part of the effort to develop and encourage a robust e-commerce marketplace. However, as the marketplace developed – and began to siphon off sales from brick and mortar retail stores which were required to collect sales tax – states and communities began to complain. Their complaints focused in two directions, the reportedly unfair advantage that e-commerce retailers had over local businesses, and the loss of tax revenue from the sales
The Profit Motive and Global Corporate Citizenship: a Case Study on the Spin-Off of Philip Morris International

This article addresses the spin-off of Philip Morris International (PMI) from Altria which took place back in 2008. Since that time, PMI has done very well in overseas markets, and most especially in developing markets. By 2010, PMI had gained an estimated 16 percent share of the total international cigarette market outside of the U.S. (excluding China) with revenue of $27 billion and operating income of $11.2 billion. With 2012 results, PMI reported worldwide revenues of $31.4 billion and an operating income of $14.2 billion, according to the company’s annual report. This rapid revenue growth and income expansion has not come without ethical considerations. As the spin-off resulted in the move of the company headquarters from New York City to Lausanne, Switzerland, PMI became less restrained by the regulatory environment in their new home. PMI was able to capitalise on lower tobacco standards and limited advertising restrictions in global markets (and most especially developing markets) without the constraints of the negative regulatory environment and negative public attention back in the USA. This article weighs the ethical concerns of moving business to areas of less regulation versus the business advantages of such moves. There are many reasons why American corporations have begun to spin-off their international operations, but the question remains, whether the business is conducted domestically or internationally: Is the fiduciary duty to shareholders greater than the moral duty to prospective global consumers?
Improving the efficacy of a prophylactic vaccine formulation against lymphatic filariasis

Mass drug administration (MDA) is the current strategy for interrupting the transmission of lymphatic filariasis (LF) infection and control of the disease in endemic areas. However, subject non-compliance has resulted in the presence of several "transmission hotspots" in the endemic regions threatening the reemergence of LF. This situation is further complicated by the fact that the drugs used in MDA are not effective against adult LF worms, a major concern for the control strategy. Thus, there is clearly a need for an effective and sustainable approach to control LF. Prophylactic vaccine combined with targeted treatment of infected patients and vector control is suggested as a more sustainable strategy to eliminate LF infection from endemic regions. A multivalent vaccine (rBmHAT) developed in our laboratory conferred about 90% protection in rodents. However, when we tested the rBmHAT vaccine along with alum in rhesus macaques, only about 40% protection was achieved and the immune response obtained was Th2 biased. In an attempt to improve the vaccine, in this study, we tested two vaccine antigens (rBmHAT and rBmHAX) along with two adjuvant formulations [alum + GLA (AL019) and mannosylated chitosan (MCA)] in a mouse model. Our results show that rBmHAT is a better vaccine antigen than rBmHAX. Combination of rBmHAT with AL019 or MCA adjuvants gave 94 and 88% protection, respectively, against challenge infections. Immunized animals developed antigen-specific memory T cells that secreted significant levels of IL-4, IFN-γ, and IL-17 suggesting the generation of a balanced Th1/Th2 responses following immunization. A major advantage of MCA adjuvant is that the vaccine booster doses can be administered orally. These studies thus showed that rBmHAT is a better vaccine antigen and can be given in combination with AL019 or MCA adjuvant to obtain excellent results.
Recent Progress in Turbulent Combustion Modeling of Spray Flames Using Flamelet Models

The application of liquid fuels for a wide range of engineering applications has motivated the development of predictive CFD models for spray flames. The coupling of multiphase spray physics along with turbulence and complex chemistry of combustion poses a huge challenge to computational models in terms of accuracy and cost. The models need to accurately capture the spray breakup, evaporation, mixing and the accompanying chemistry along with turbulence chemistry interaction effects accurately in order to be predictive. Flamelet-type combustion models decouple the fluid flow from the chemistry and have significantly reduced computational costs. This framework can capture the effects of turbulence chemistry interactions and include large chemistry mechanisms without significantly increasing the computational costs. The flamelet concept also enables the a priori tabulation of flamelets which can further speed up computational models. The Eulerian-Lagrangian spray model coupled with the flamelet type combustion models have been used extensively to model spray flames in a wide range of applications like reciprocating engines, gas turbines and furnaces. This chapter discusses the theory and application of such modeling approaches in RANS and LES along with some latest flamelet solver developments which now enable the use of detailed chemistry mechanisms for higher hydrocarbon fuels without reduction.
Long-term outcomes of humeral head replacement for the treatment of osteoarthritis; a report of 44 arthroplasties with minimum 10-year follow-up.

Background Studies have demonstrated mixed results after humeral head replacement (HHR) for osteoarthritis at short- and medium-term follow-up intervals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term outcomes (minimum 10 years) of HHR for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Methods This study included 44 shoulders in 42 patients who had been followed up for a minimum of 10 years, at a mean clinical follow-up of 17 years (range, 10-30 years). Of this group, 31 shoulders had radiographic follow-up beyond 5 years, at a mean of 11.1 years (range, 5-21 years). Results Patients experienced significant pain relief postoperatively that was maintained during the long-term follow-up (P Conclusions HHR remains a successful operation for osteoarthritis at long-term follow-up. However, there is a substantive subgroup with continuing pain and a high rate of glenoid bone erosion after 10 years. Surgeons should carefully consider patients' needs and desires when judging the indications for HHR.
Treatment of Idiopathic Relapsing Transverse Myelitis (P02.124)

OBJECTIVE: To report our experiences with treatment and clinical outcomes of 10 cases of idiopathic relapsing transverse myelitis. BACKGROUND: There is very little literature to date regarding incidence and even less regarding the treatment of idiopathic relapsing transverse myelitis. Because the entity is so rare, there are no clinical trials evaluating treatment. In fact, to date, there are no published case reports or case series discussing treatment and outcomes in patients with idiopathic relapsing transverse myelitis. DESIGN/METHODS: Retrospective chart review of all cases of transverse myelitis (TM)referred to our center from February 2009 to July 2012. Of the 73 cases of TM, 10 were found to be idiopathic relapsing transverse myelitis as defined by radiologic findings and clinical presentation. Patients with relapsing transverse myelitis due to multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, systemic inflammatory disorders/autoimmune disorders or infectious causes were excluded. Those deemed to be idiopathic relapsing were reviewed for number of relapses prior to and after treatment, which treatment was initiated, MRI and CSF results. RESULTS: Of the 73 cases of transverse myelitis referred, 10 (13.7%) were found to be idiopathic relapsing, after other causes were ruled out. The average age of first event of TM was 46 years. The annualized relapse rate (ARR) prior to initiation of treatment was 2.23. After the initiation of appropriate therapy, the ARR was 0.06 (p = 0.005). One patient has declined treatment; two are no longer on treatment after being stable on cyclophosphamide and azathioprine, respectfully. Of the remaining 7 patients, 6 were treated with azathioprine (one had a relapse on treatment) and one with mycophenolate mofetil due to increased LFTs on azathioprine. Of these, one had previously failed cyclophosphamide. CONCLUSIONS: Azathioprine appears to be an effective treatment for idiopathic relapsing TM. Disclosure: Dr. Dragan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hutton has received personal compensation for activities with Novartis, Biogen Idec, and Genzyme Corporation. Dr. Hutton has received research support from Biogen Idec, Novartis, Genzyme Corporation, Hoffman LaRoche, Avanir Pharmaceuticals, and Acorda Therapeutics.
Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Of An Underground Steel Reinforced Concrete Structure

A sacrificial magnesium anode cathodic protection system has been installed to provide corrosion protection to an underground steel reinforced concrete structure. The system was installed to abate the development of corrosion on steel reinforcing bars that were left exposed to soil and water as a result of concrete placement difficulties. The system has been in service for a period of five months and exhibits excellent performance. This paper reports on the design, installation, materials used, and system performance for the period in service.
Can There Be Real Collaboration Between Donors and Developing Countries in Educational Policy? Conclusions and Recommendations

This chapter summarizes the main points and perspectives of all the contributors to this volume and attempts to integrate their points of view on the literature about Western donor educational policies. In addition, this chapter looks at several alternative perspectives on partnerships and cooperative arrangements with developing countries to examine what a collaborative theory might look like.
Chapter 7 – Nanofabrication via atom optics

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a review of the basic concepts that are used for atomoptical nanofabrication, as well as a discussion of the progress to date in realizations of the techniques. As a new approach to nanofabrication, atom optics offers the possibility of several advantages over existing techniques. For one thing, the fundamental diffraction limit imposed on resolution, present in any process where one attempts to focus particles (whether photons, charged particles, or neutral atoms), can be very small for atoms. Furthermore, atom optics can be used both in a direct deposition mode, where neutral atoms are focused by atom lenses into an extremely fine spot as they deposit onto a substrate, and also in a lithography mode, where focused atoms are used to expose a suitable resist material. In the direct deposition mode, nanostructures can be fabricated in a clean, resist-free environment, with little or no damage to the underlying substrate. Thus, the process can be very localized, with very little scattering and resist penetration. In either mode, parallelism, which is advantageous when issues of fabrication speed and/or long-range spatial coherence are important, can be achieved with very high dimensional accuracy over a large area of the substrate using laser focusing of atoms in a laser interference pattern.
The Role of the Escherichia Coli Galactose-Binding Protein in Galactose Transport and Chemotaxis

The galactose-binding protein (GBP) was first isolated by Anraku, and he suggested that GBP was involved in galactose transport in Escherichia coli (Anraku, 1968). The study of galactose transport in this organism is complicated by the existence of at least six transport systems with specificity for galactose (Kalckar, 1971; Rotman et al., 1968). This overlap made the design of selection procedures needed to obtain well defined mutants rather complex. Since no well characterized mutants were available, and since no other galactose derivatives were checked for binding, it was not possible at this time to tell which transport system required GBP.
Out of the Frame: How Sports Media Shapes Trans Narratives

In this chapter, we explore how sports media define and shape cultural understandings of gender, transness, and the encompassing categories of existence. We analyzed how contemporary print and online sports media defined “transgender” and deployed it as a rhetorical frame. While the coverage seems to celebrate and promote increased access to sporting spaces, phrases such as “transgender participation in sport” or “transgender inclusion” often convey narrow definitions of transness that do not adequately reflect the diversity of trans experience. We found that the sports media coverage, and our collective ability to imagine who trans people are and what their bodies look like, depend on medicolegal categories and white racial frames that erase trans people’s actual experiences. The editorial practices and dominant media themes we found continue to limit access to and experiences within mainstream sports for transgender athletes and reify myths of gender and fair sporting practices.
Complete repair with unifocalization of the only unilateral lung

A boy with 22q11.2 deletion was diagnosed with pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PAVSD) and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs). At 8 months, unifocalization of left MAPCAs and BT shunt was performed at another hospital. However, they occluded directly after surgery. An angiography revealed 2 MAPCAs supplying all segments of the right lung. Qp:Qs was 2.24. At 1 year 6 months, we performed VSD closure with unifocalization of the only right lung vascularity, using intraoperative PA flow study. We report a successful case of complete repair with unilateral lung in PAVSD and MAPCAs.
Patterns of Risk and Protective Factors Among Alaska Children: Association With Maternal and Child Well-Being

This study used population-representative data to examine associations of risk and protective factor patterns among Alaska Native/American Indian (AN/AI; N = 592) and non-Native (N = 1,018) children with maternal and child outcomes at age 3 years. Among AN/AI children, a high risk/moderate protection class was associated with child developmental risk and mothers being less likely to feel comfortable asking for help or knowing where to go for parenting information compared to a low socioeconomic status/high protection class. Among non-Native children, a moderate risk/high protection class was associated with child developmental risk and mothers being less likely to feel comfortable asking for help compared to a low risk/high protection class. Results provide insight on the intersection of risk and protective factors among Alaska families.
Synthesis and evaluation of Nα,Nε-diacetyl-L-lysine-inositol conjugates as cancer-selective probes for metabolic engineering of GPIs and GPI-anchored proteins

Two myo-inositol derivatives having an Nα,Ne-diacetyl-l-lysine (Ac2Lys) moiety linked to the inositol 1-O-position through a self-cleavable linker and a metabolically stable 2-azidoethyl group linked to the inositol 3-O- and 4-O-positions, respectively, were designed and synthesized. The Ac2Lys moiety blocking the inositol 1-O-position required for GPI biosynthesis was expected to be removable by a combination of two enzymes, histone deacetylase (HDAC) and cathepsin L (CTSL), abundantly expressed in cancer cells, but not in normal cells, to transform these inositol derivatives into biosynthetically useful products with a free 1-O-position. As a result, it was found that these inositol derivatives could be incorporated into the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) biosynthetic pathway by cancer cells, but not by normal cells, to express azide-labeled GPIs and GPI-anchored proteins on cell surfaces. Consequently, this study has established a novel strategy and new molecular tools for selective metabolic labeling of cancer cells, which should be useful for various biological studies and applications.
Management Diarrhea in Systemic Sclerosis

The pathobiology of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) dysfunction in systemic sclerosis (SSc) remains largely an enigma. Despite being the most common internal organ system affected in SSc, the GIT is seldom a focus of clinical trials, and treatment options are limited. Diarrhea is one of the most burdening manifestations of SSc-GIT dysfunction. It can arise from multiple etiologies with malabsorption due to small intestine bacterial overgrowth being among the most common causes. This chapter summarizes the management of diarrhea in SSc through an initial exploration of new insights into the pathogenesis of GIT dysfunction with a focus on the microbiome. This chapter then presents the common causes of diarrhea in SSc and an overview of helpful diagnostic maneuvers for discerning the underlying cause of symptoms. This chapter concludes with a presentation of two clinical vignettes to illustrate management strategies, which can be employed to help alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life, and enhance nutritional status in patients with SSc suffering from diarrhea.
Country-of-origin effects in celebrity endorsements: the case of China

This study examines the impacts of country of origin (COO) of the celebrity and the endorsed brand on consumers’ quality perception and attitudes in the Chinese sportswear market based on data coll...
The interplay between apoptosis and cellular senescence: Bcl-2 family proteins as targets for cancer therapy.

Abstract Cell death by apoptosis and permanent cell cycle arrest by senescence serve as barriers to the development of cancer. Chemotherapeutic agents not only induce apoptosis, they can also induce senescence known as therapy-induced senescence (TIS). There are, however, controversies whether TIS improves or worsens therapeutic outcome. Unlike apoptosis, which permanently removes cancer cells, senescent cells are metabolically active, and can contribute to tumor progression and relapse. If senescent cells are not cleared by the immune system or if cancer cells escape senescence, they may acquire resistance to apoptotic stimuli and become highly aggressive. Thus, there have been significant efforts in developing senolytics, drugs that target these pro-survival molecules to eliminate senescent cells. The anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins not only protect against cell death by apoptosis, but they also allow senescent cells to survive. While combining senolytics with chemotherapeutic drugs is an attractive approach, there are also limitations. Moreover, members of the Bcl-2 family have distinct effects on apoptosis and senescence. The purpose of this review article is to discuss recent literatures on how members of the Bcl-2 family orchestrate the interplay between apoptosis and senescence, and the challenges and progress in targeting these Bcl-2 family proteins for cancer therapy.
Does Auditor Industry Expertise Affect Bank Loan Costs

We examine whether the existence of industry specialist auditors is able to affect price and non-price terms of bank loans. Based on a sample of companies associated with big N auditors during 2000 – 2010, we construct six proxies for auditor industry expertise and test three major loan terms: loan spreads, number of general and financial covenants, and requirements for collateral. We find that the existence of industry-specialist auditors are associated with lower interest rates, a fewer number of covenants, and a lower likelihood of being secured by collateral. This findings is supported by several sensitivity tests. Our findings suggest that auditor industry expertise provides incremental value to creditors and that bank loan cost is one economic consequence for companies hiring industry-specialist auditors. To our knowledge, our study is the first to investigate the impact of auditor industry expertise on the cost of private debts.