cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterned Geometries and Hydrodynamics at the Vortex Bose Glass Transition

In the mixed state of cuprate superconductors the magnetic field is concentrated in an array of flexible flux bundles that, much like ordinary matter, can form crystalline, liquid and glassy phases 1 . The dynamics of the flux-line array determines the resistive properties of the material and has therefore been the focus of much attention. Novel types of glasses are also possible because of pinning in disordered samples 2 . In particular, the introduction of columnar damage tracks by heavy-ion irradiation yields a low-temperature “Bose glass” phase, in which every vortex is trapped on a columnar defect 3 and the pinning efficiency of vortex lines is strongly enhanced 4–6 . At high temperatures the vortices delocalize in an entangled flux-line liquid. The high temperature liquid transforms into a Bose glass via a second order phase transition at TBG, characterized by universal critical exponents 3,7 . We show here that there are very strong divergences in the vortex shear viscosity and other transport coefficients as this transition is approached from the liquid, similar to behavior conjectured for glass transitions in ordinary forms of matter, and propose experiments which test our predictions. Vortex matter with columnar defects thus provides a concrete example of a glassy phase accessed via a genuine second order phase transition and characterized by universal critical exponents.
Kinesthetic Orientation in the California Newt (Taricha Torosa)

Experiments were performed to test the possible role of the kinesthetic sense in the maintenance of the direction of travel in migrating newts. Two hundred and fifteen Taricha torosa were allowed to orient in an arena open only to the night sky and, after being spun, were allowed to orient again. One hundred and fifty-three came from the area in which the arena was located and sixty-two from a locality 39 airline miles away. "Unspun" newts oriented in the direction that they were travelling when first seen, and a roughly straight-line course was followed. Newts from the distant locality did not orient as well as those captured near the arena. After spinning, random movements or a route determined by the direction of release, was observed. It is concluded that a kinesthetic sense is probably important in helping these animals maintain a straight-line course during their migratory movements.
Hyperbolicity of One-Dimensional Two-Fluid Model With Interfacial Area Transport Equations

Two-fluid model with an empirical flow regime concept is widely used for two-phase flow analyses but suffers from its static and often non-hyperbolic nature. Recently, an interfacial area transport equation (IATE) has been proposed within the framework of the two-fluid model to dynamically describe the interfacial structure evolution and model the interfacial area concentration with the ultimate goal of modeling flow regime transition dynamically. Studies showed that the two-fluid model with the IATE (termed “two-fluid-IATE model” hereafter) could provide a more accurate prediction of the phase distributions and therefore improve the predictive capability of the two-fluid model. The inclusion of the IATE in the two-fluid model, however, brings about a subject of concern, namely, the well-posedness of the model. The objective of the present study is to investigate the issue of the hyperbolicity of a one-dimensional two-fluid-IATE model by employing momentum flux parameters, which take into account the coupling of the void fraction (volumetric fraction of the dispersed phase) and radial velocity distributions over the cross section of a flow passage. A characteristic analysis of the partial differential equations of the one-dimensional two-fluid model and two-group IATEs for an adiabatic flow was performed to identify a necessary condition for the system to achieve hyperbolicty. A case study was performed for an adiabatic liquid-liquid slug flow and the analysis showed that the hyperbolicty of the two-fluid-IATE model was guaranteed if appropriate correlations of the momentum flux parameters were applied in the two-fluid-IATE model.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Incorporation of Writing into a Steel Design Course

The University of Connecticut requires that, after completing the traditional freshmen English courses, students have writing assignments in courses that comprise their major. This paper explains how this requirement has been met in a senior-level, structural steel design course. Students are required to read articles on different types of steel buildings and bridges. They then write a response to specific questions. They also are required to perform “back-of-an-envelope” calculations on different structural components. The assignments enhance the subject matter by providing students with the opportunity to look at entire structures, whereas conventional design assignments generally involve the study of individual members and connections. These assignments provide a format for organizing and communicating information about load paths, framing approaches, different design alternatives, and how design influences and is influenced by construction practice.
Abstract A107: Ovarian cancer risk factors by tumor dominance, a surrogate for cell of origin

Although some epidemiologic associations for ovarian cancer are established, such as the risk reduction due to parity or oral contraceptive use, the influence of other characteristics like endometriosis and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory use is less clear. Distinguishing categories of ovarian cancer based on shared pathways of development may clarify these associations and further our understanding of the disease. Traditionally, ovarian cancers have been thought to arise from the ovarian surface epithelium. Recent evidence in BRCA1 or 2 mutation carriers showing synchronous tumors in fallopian tubes and potential precursor lesions with p53 signatures that match tumors suggest that some “ovarian” cancers may originate in the fallopian tube. Tumor origin (e.g., ovarian vs. fallopian) may be classified by rigorous pathologic review protocol, including the identification of tubal lesions and p53 signatures, but this is not practical in population-based studies where the needed tissue is not always available. Alternatively, presence or absence of a two-fold difference in tumor size between ovaries (dominant ovarian mass) can be used to assign a greater or lesser probability of ovarian (versus tubal) origin. We applied this classification algorithm to ovarian cancer cases in a population based case-control study (NEC) and two prospective cohort studies (NHS/NHSII). Associations between known and suspected ovarian cancer risk factors were evaluated in relation to cases with dominant and non-dominant tumors using polytomous logistic regression (for NEC) and competing risks models (for NHS) adjusted for matching factors, study, oral contraceptive use (never, 5 years), parity (0, 1, 2, 3, 4+), tubal ligation, and family history of breast or ovarian cancer. Among the 1801 invasive epithelial ovarian cancer cases, we observed 1127 tumors (778 NEC, 246 NHS) with a dominant mass, indicating a greater likelihood of ovarian origin, and 674 (534 NEC, 140 NHS) with no dominant mass, indicating a greater likelihood of fallopian tube origin. The dominant cases were more likely to be mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, or undifferentiated while the non-dominant cases were more likely to be serous ovarian cancers, except for serous borderline tumors which were more likely to be dominant. We observed stronger associations with dominant tumors than non-dominant tumors for tubal ligation, more than two births, and endometriosis (pheterogeneity=0.01, 0.01, and 0.0002, respectively). Interestingly, differences in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory use (pheterogeneity=0.08) suggested inverse associations for non-dominant tumors. These results suggest that risk factors for tumors putatively arising from ovarian versus fallopian tube sites may have different risk factors for disease. Acknowledgments: Supported by the DOD Ovarian Cancer Academy and National Cancer Institute grants R01CA54419, P50CA105009, P01CA87969, R01CA50385. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):A107.
Nonlinear dynamics in foreign exchange rates

Abstract This paper investigates whether the behavior of real and nominal foreign exchange rates as well as interest rates are governed by nonlinear dynamics; it also explores whether observed deviations from parity conditions exhibit nonlinear dependence. Standard statistical tests for randomness, such as autocorrelation tests, have low power against a large class of deterministic, nonlinear processes. Discerning nonrandomness of innovations in exchange rates is important for a variety of reasons. For example, many models of international asset pricing assume exchange rates to follow a random walk. Furthermore, nonlinear patterns in deviations from various exchange rate parities have implications for the existence of a time-varying foreign exchange risk premium. With the use of the BDS statistic and a correlation dimension analysis, this paper's primary findings are that (1) foreign exchange markets have become increasingly complex and therefore less amenable to forecasting over time; (2) although forward exchange risk premia are statistically significant and display a deterministic structure, this structure is complex and therefore not easily discernible; and (3) innovations in real exchange rates are consistent with a Purchasing Power Parity equilibrium.
Fabricating a nation: the function of national museums in nonracial re-presentation and the national imagination

Abstract South Africa provides a contemporary example of a nation struggling to find and cohere a national imagination that is universally agreeable. In their effort to create a sense of self based on unity across difference, South African relies on museums to produce and spread this narrative. The success of the narrative and its adoption rely on decolonizing modern concepts of race, museum, and nation that perpetuated the apartheid agenda. This paper examines national museums in the country for their success in adopting pedagogy and curricula that break down racial structures and their location in the nation. The inquiry finds moments of promise – a coexistence of narratives and refusals to cohere – alongside moments of concern – struggles to remove the deeply rooted race-based structures from society and museums.
Changes in ash tree demography associated with emerld ash borer invasion, indicated by regional forest inventory data from the Great Lakes States

The emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) is a nonnative phloem-feeding beetle that was accidentally introduced near Detroit, Michigan, two to three decades ago. North American as...
The Thio-Wittig Rearrangement of Deprotonated Allyl Methyl Sulfide. A Gas-Phase Unimolecular Isomerization Probed with a Variable Temperature Flowing Afterglow-Triple Quadrupole Device

The thio-Wittig rearrangement of deprotonated allyl methyl sulfide has been examined in the gas phase with a variable temperature flowing afterglow-triple quadrupole device. Collision-induced dissociation studies of a series of thiolate anions (RS-) reveal that methyl deprotonation leads to 3-butene-1-thiolate (2a), the [2,3]-Wittig product, while 1-thiomethylallyl anion (1a) isomerizes to 1-butenyl thiolate (4a), the [1,4]-Wittig product, at elevated temperatures. Activation energies for these processes have been estimated using the Arrhenius equation and are compared to high-level (G2) calculations for the homolytic and heterolytic bond dissociation energies. Stepwise and concerted [1,4] pathways are found to have similar energy requirements, which accounts for some of the mechanistic controversy regarding these transformations in solution. The observed selectivity, [1,2] vs [1,4], is most easily accommodated by a concerted process but can be explained in terms of a stepwise mechanism by considering the...
Drug therapy in the heart transplant recipient: part II: immunosuppressive drugs.

Received March 16, 2004; revision received July 23, 2004; accepted September 30, 2004. Part I of this series describes the mechanisms and types of rejection and the intravenous immunosuppressive drugs commonly used for induction or antirejection therapy. In this article, we review the commonly used oral immunosuppressive drugs. Intravenous corticosteroid methylprednisolone is included in the discussion of corticosteroids. Table 1 gives trade names, pharmacology, necessary adjustments for renal or hepatic dysfunction, and dosing and general monitoring guidelines for drugs described in this section. Table 2 lists the major adverse effects of immunosuppressive drugs described in Parts I and II of this review and provides an estimate of their relative frequency. View this table: TABLE 1. Commonly Used Oral (and Intravenous) Immunosuppressive Drugs View this table: TABLE 2. Major Adverse Effects of Immunosuppressive Drugs Steroids, among the first immunosuppressive agents used in clinical transplantation, have remained an important component of induction, maintenance, and rejection regimens. ### Mechanism of Action Glucocorticoids are potent immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory agents (the Figure). They diffuse freely across cell membranes and bind to high-affinity cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors. The glucocorticoid receptor–steroid complex translocates to the nucleus, where it binds to a glucocorticoid response element within the DNA.1 The glucocorticoid receptor–steroid complex may also bind to other regulatory elements, inhibiting their binding to DNA. Both actions cause transcriptional regulation, thereby altering the expression of genes involved in immune and inflammatory response. Glucocorticoids affect the number, distribution, and function of all types of leukocytes (T and B lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and monocytes), as well as endothelial cells.2 The major effect on lymphocytes appears to be mediated by inhibition of 2 transcription factors, activator protein-1 and nuclear factor (NF) κ-B.3,4 This affects the expression of a number of genes, including those for growth factors, cytokines, CD40 ligand, GM-CSF, and adhesion and myosin heavy chain molecules.2 In nonlymphoid …
EFFECTIVENESS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ENFORCED SEAT BELT LAWS

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the relative efficacy of primary and secondary enforced motor vehicle occupant restraint laws on the outcomes of restraint use, crash-related mortality, and crash-related injuries. Search strategy: We used the Cochrane Collaboration search strategy to search the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, National Technical Information Service (NTIS), PsycINFO, ERIC, Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), Transportation Research Information Service (TRIS), and EI Compendex. The reference lists from each potentially eligible study were checked, and knowledgeable people in the field were contacted, for additional leads to published reports. Selection criteria: Studies had to include a comparison of primary enforcement law to no law, secondary enforcement law to no law, or a primary to a secondary law. Any study design was acceptable. Acceptable outcome measures included observed restraint use, and counts or rates of deaths or serious injuries. Data collection: Data were collected using a standard abstract reporting form. Relative differences in outcomes and absolute differences were calculated when possible. Main results: We identified 48 studies for the review. When places or time periods with primary enforcement laws were compared to those without such laws, the relative prevalence of seat belt use ranged from 1.5 to 4.5; the prevalence differences ranged from 10 to 50 per 100 observed drivers. Secondary laws had smaller effects. Two studies evaluated a change in law from secondary to primary enforcement; this was associated with an increase in belt use 6 months later of 5.3 per 100 observed drivers in Louisiana and 18 per 100 drivers in California. Primary enforcement laws were associated with a relative risk of death in MV crashes of .54 to .97. The reduction in mortality associated with secondary enforcement laws was much more modest, with relative risks estimates of .81 to 1.025. Primary enforcement laws were associated with a relative risk of severe injuries of .20 to .89; the association of secondary enforcement laws with severe injuries was smaller. Conclusions: Our review of existing studies suggests that primary enforcement laws are likely to be more effective than secondary laws. However, few studies are of good quality, and quantitative estimates of the relative effect of primary compared with secondary laws are limited.
The Terwilliger algebras of bipartite P - and Q -polynomial schemes

Abstract Let Y denote a D-class symmetric association scheme with D ⩾ 3, and suppose Y is bipartite P- and Q-polynomial. Let T denote the Terwilliger algebra with respect to any vertex x. We prove that any irreducible T-module W is both thin and dual-thin in the sense of Terwilliger. We produce two bases for W and describe the action of T on these bases. We prove that the isomorphism class of W as a T-module is determined by two parameters, the endpoint and diameter of W. We find a recurrence which gives the multiplicities with which the irreducible T-modules occur in the standard module. Using this recurrence, we produce formulas for the multiplicities of the irreducible T-modules with endpoint at most four.
Production, L x-ray identification, and decay of the nuclide /sup 260/105

The nuclide $^{260}105$ has been produced in the $^{249}\mathrm{Cf}(^{15}\mathrm{N},4n)$ reaction and its decay properties investigated. The $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay branch of 1.52 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.13-sec $^{260}105$ has been measured to be (90.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6)% with spontaneous-fission decay the remainder [(9.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6)%]. Measured $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle energies and intensities (% per decay) are 9.041\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.014 MeV (48\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5), 9.074\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.014 MeV (25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3), and 9.120\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.017 MeV (17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3). Characteristic $L$ series x rays of element 103 were observed in coincidence with these $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle groups, thus providing elemental identification. The $^{256}\mathrm{Lr}$ $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay daughter was observed in a direct time-correlated genetic linkage, thus providing the mass number assignment. The absence of characteristic $L$- or $K$-series x rays of element 104 in time coincidence with, but preceding, spontaneous-fission-decay events, has allowed an upper limit of 2.5% to be placed on the electron-capture decay branch of $^{260}105$ to the elusive nuclide 0.1-sec $^{260}104$. If $^{260}104$ is a spontaneous-fission emitter with a half-life \ensuremath{\le} 100 \ensuremath{\mu}sec, as some predictions would indicate, then the electron-capture decay branch of $^{260}105$ is \ensuremath{\mu}0.2%.
Hoarding behavior in the elderly: a comparison between community-dwelling persons and nursing home residents.

Objective: To determine correlates of hoarding behavior in frail elderly persons. Methods: Information about nursing home residents (n = 408) and community-dwelling senior day-care participants (n = 177) was gathered through interviews with family and professional caregivers, medical chart review, and physician examinations, and included the following areas of assessment: hoarding behavior, demographic and health information, level of cognitive functioning, activities of daily living (ADL) performance, depressed affect, social functioning, manifestations of agitated behaviors, and previous stressful life experiences. Results: We found that 15% of the nursing home residents and 25% of the community-dwelling senior day-care participants manifested hoarding behavior at a rate of several times a week or higher. For nursing home residents, hoarding behavior was significantly related to a larger appetite, taking fewer medications, higher social functioning, comparatively less ADL impairment, and manifestations of physically nonaggressive agitated behaviors. For senior day-care participants, hoarding behavior was significantly associated with being female, a larger appetite, comparatively less gait impairment, fewer medical diagnoses, more involvement in activities, a positive diagnosis of dementia, hallucinations, the delusion of infidelity, and manifestations of three syndromes of agitated behaviors. Conclusion: While hoarding behavior in our samples presents differently from compulsive hoarding described in the literature, we obtained robust findings that show that despite differences in living conditions, the elderly persons who manifested hoarding behavior were those with relatively fewer health and functional disabilities. In addition, those who exhibited hoarding behavior also manifested agitated behaviors. We suggest that future researchers develop alternative measures of hoarding behavior so as to further clarify the phenomenon of hoarding behavior in the elderly.
Modeling offset policy in government procurement

Abstract This paper develops an empirical model to examine offset arrangements in government procurement. Offsets are non-standard contracts that governments use to extract rents from multinational corporations. Previous contributions focus on the transaction cost Taylor (2003); Udis and Maskus (1991); Liesch (1991) and bundling Hall and Markowski (1996) rationale for offsets. These studies are meaningful, but are devoid of quantitative models needed to test the theoretical claims. This study fills part of the gap in the literature. The results suggest that while economic variables (transaction costs, price, quality) are part of the offset selection process, political economy variables (security alliances and rent-seeking) tend to exert more influence on policy.
An attributional analysis of students' interactions: The social consequences of perceived responsibility

Recent research on why some children are disliked by their classmates, why students do or do not help one another, and how children manage to get along with teachers and classmates is reviewed in this article. A motivational approach focusing on attribution theory is used to examine these questions. Inferences of responsibility and feelings of anger and sympathy are documented to impact students' negative social responses (rejection and neglect) as well as their willingness to help their classmates. Students' understanding of the responsibility-emotion-behavior links is proposed to influence their self-presentation strategies, such as excuse giving and seeking social approval.
Semiempirical transport in tokamaks

A class of semiempirical transport models is proposed for testing against confinement data from tokamaks and for use in operations planning and machine design. A reference model is proposed to be compatible with published confinement data. Theoretical considerations are used to express the anomalous transport coefficients in terms of appropriate dimensionless parameters. The reference model is applied to heating of an advanced tokamak experiment.
Piezoelectric scanning of Fabry-Perot spectrometers: nonlinearities.

Piezoelectric materials used in mechanical scanning of Fabry-Perot spectrometers are found to have measurable nonlinearities. Dynamic scanning has been used in the present investigation in order to decrease the effects of some of the variables, such as creep, of the piezoelectric material in static operation. The results show mainly a decrease in the distance between corresponding maxima, or apparent free spectral range, as the driving voltage increases to higher values. A relationship between this voltage and displacement (in terms of orders) has been derived, and it is given by νi = ln {1 − (xi − x0)/[a/(1 − b) − x0]}/ln b, where νi is the displacement in orders from an arbitrary starting point, xi is a quantity directly proportional to the voltage, while x0 is also a quantity proportional to the voltage at the arbitrary reference point, a is the distance between the arbitrary reference point and the next order, and b is the nonlinearity constant for a given piezoelectric material. Examples are given for emission and absorption measurements where the usually large effects of the piezoelectric material nonlinearities are derived, as well as schemes to minimize or altogether remove the effects by suitable handling of the data or by changing the experiment such that the scanning is forced to be linear.
Inhibitory effect of propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism in rat on oxidative drug metabolism.

Abstract The effect of propylthiouracil (PTU) pretreatment on in vivo and in vitro oxidative drug metabolism was determined in the rat. Whereas pentobarbital sleeping time (PBST) and zoxazolamine paralysis time (ZZPT) were used as indices of in vivo drug metabolizing activity, biotransformation of aminopyrine and aniline by hepatic microsomal preparations were used as indices of in vitro drug metabolizing enzymes activities. PTU pretreatment significantly prolonged both PBST and ZZPT. Whereas PTU did not affect microsomal protein concentration or cytochrome P-450 content, it significantly decreased microsomal cytochrome c reductase and aniline hydroxylase activities. These changes in enzymatic activities were observed in microsomal preparations from either non-fasted or 24-hr fasted rats. Our results suggest that PTU-induced hypothyroidism modifies the metabolism and effectiveness or toxicity of concomitantly administered drugs.
Progressive and Regressive Pedogenesis and Complex Soil Evolution

The simultaneous operation of regressive and progressive pedogenetic pathways raises the possibility that soil evolution may exhibit patterns far richer and more complex than increasing development over time. This possibility is explored via a numerical model incorporating the relative rates of progressive and regressive pedogenesis and feedbacks between these rates and the degree of soil development. This model may exhibit deterministic chaos and sensitive dependence on initial conditions with realistic parameter values. Variations in profile development in a region of the North Carolina Coastal Plain where soil-forming factors are relatively constant is consistent with deterministic chaos. Chaotic soil evolution suggests that soil development may reflect the interplay between progressive and regressive soil-forming processes in addition to—or instead of—the age of a surface or deposit. The former may produce a state of development which is unique to a particular time, sensitively dependent on the (unknown) initial conditions, and not simply related to age. Soils and their genetic signatures as indicators of relative ages and Quaternary environments may need to be reinterpreted in this light.
Cytomimetic Biomaterials. 2. In-Situ Polymerization of Phospholipids on a Polymer Surface

A stabilized, phosphatidylcholine-containing polymeric surface was produced by in-situ polymerization on an amphiphilic polymer surface. The phospholipid monomer, 1-palmitoyl-2-[12-(acryloyloxy)dodecanoyl]-sn-gycero-3-phosphorylcholine, was prepared as unilamellar vesicles and fused onto a terpolymer consisting of the monomers 2-(methylthio)ethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, and 3-acryloyl-3-oxapropyl-3-(N,N-dioctadecylcarbamoyl)propionate. Free-radical polymerization was carried out in aqueous solution at 70 °C using the water-soluble initiator, 2,2‘-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride. The supported monolayer displayed advancing and receding water contact angles of 58° and 31°, respectively. Angle-dependent electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) results confirmed the presence of phosphorus and nitrogen and was consistent with theoretical predictions for a close-packed monolayer. Ellipsometry measurements indicated a film thickness of 134 A. In the absence of network form...
Chemically-selective surface glyco-functionalization of liposomes through Staudinger ligation

An efficient and chemoselective liposome surface glyco-functionalization method has been developed based on Staudinger ligation, in which the carbohydrate derivative carrying an azide spacer is conjugated onto the surface of preformed liposomes bearing a terminal triphosphine in PBS buffer (pH 7.4) at room temperature.
High Grade Renal Injuries: Application of Parkland Hospital Predictors of Intervention for Renal Hemorrhage

Purpose: Investigators from Parkland Hospital proposed substratification of the AAST (American Association for the Surgery of Trauma) grading scale based on 3 risk factors, including active vascular extravasation, a medial laceration and a perinephric hematoma of greater than 3.5 cm. We hypothesized that these characteristics would also be associated with intervention for renal hemorrhage in our large trauma series.Materials and Methods: From January 2005 to January 2011 we retrospectively reviewed the renal trauma records at adult level 1 trauma centers in Utah. AAST grade 3 and 4 injuries were characterized based on the mentioned 3 risk factors. Our primary outcome was intervention to control renal hemorrhage.Results: AAST grade 3 or greater injury was identified in 147 patients, including 115 who had grade 3 and 4 injuries as well as imaging available for review. There were 63 grade 3 (53%) and 52 grade 4 (43%) renal injuries. Eight patients (7%) underwent intervention for renal hemorrhage. Vascular ex...
Stress and anxiety across the lifespan: structural plasticity and epigenetic regulation

The brain is the central organ of the body's response to and perception of stress. Both the juvenile and the adult brain show a significant capacity for lasting physiological, structural and behavioral plasticity as a consequence of stress exposure. The hypothesis that epigenetic mechanisms might lie behind the lasting effects of stress upon the brain has proven a fruitful one. In this review, we examine the growing literature showing that stress has a direct impact on epigenetic marks at all life history stages thus far examined and how, in turn, epigenetic mechanisms play a role in altering stress responsiveness, anxiety and brain plasticity across the lifespan and beyond to succeeding generations. In addition, we will examine our own recent findings that stress interacts with the epigenome to regulate the expression of transposable elements in a regionally specific fashion, a finding with significant implications for a portion of the genome which is tenfold larger than that occupied by the genes themselves.
Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide-Mediated Enolizations: Influence of Chelating Ligands and Hydrocarbon Cosolvents on the Rates and Mechanisms

Enolizations of 2-methylcyclohexanone by lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) in the presence of three chelating ligands--trans-N,N,N‘,N‘-tetramethylcyclohexanediamine, N,N,N‘,N‘-tetramethylethylenediamine, and dimethoxyethane--reveal an approximate 40-fold range of rates. NMR spectroscopic analyses and rate studies reveal isostructural transition structures based on monomeric LiHMDS for the diamines. Rate studies of LiHMDS/dimethoxyethane-mediated enolizations implicate a substantial number of monomer- and dimer-based mechanisms. The rate laws vary for the three ligands because of ligand-dependent structural differences in both the reactants and the transition structures. The importance of LiHMDS-ketone complexes and the role of hydrocarbon cosolvents are discussed.
Distributed decision support using a web-based interface: prevention of sudden cardiac death.

Although decision models can provide a formal foundation for guideline development and clinical decision support, their widespread use is often limited by the lack of plat form-independent software that geographically dispersed users can access and use easily without extensive training. To address these limitations the authors developed a World Wide Web-based interface for previously developed decision models. They describe the use and functionality of the interface using a decision model that evaluates the cost-effectiveness of strategies for preventing sudden cardiac death. The system allows an analyst to use a web browser to interact with the decision model and to change the values of input variables within pre-specified ranges, to specify sensitivity or threshold analyses, to evaluate the decision model, and to view the results gener ated dynamically. The web site also provides linkages to an explanation of the model, and evidence tables for input variables. The system demonstrates a method for pro vi...
Does early sulfasalazine treatment provide long-term benefits to patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis?

The small, well-designed, observational study by van Rossum et al. raises and addresses questions of great significance for the treatment of children with JIA. The original RCT demonstrated significant benefits of sulfasalazine over placebo that, by today's standards, would be considered only moderate clinical improvement. Despite these initial modest effects, the sulfasalazine group demonstrated improved outcomes compared with the placebo group 9 years later.
Sensitivity and rapidity of vegetational response to abrupt climate change

Rapid climate change characterizes numerous terrestrial sediment records during and since the last glaciation. Vegetational response is best expressed in terrestrial records near ecotones, where sensitivity to climate change is greatest, and response times are as short as decades.
Predicting mortality after myocardial infarction from the response of RR variability to antiarrhythmic drug therapy

AbstractObjectives. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that antiarrhythmic drugs that decrease RR variability will predict all-cause mortality during follow-up after myocardial infarcti...
Large Eddy Simulations of Severe Convection Induced Turbulence

Convective storms can pose a serious risk to aviation operations since they are often accompanied by turbulence, heavy rain, hail, icing, lightning, strong winds, and poor visibility. They can cause major delays in air traffic due to the re-routing of flights, and by disrupting operations at the airports in the vicinity of the storm system. In this study, the Terminal Area Simulation System is used to simulate five different convective events ranging from a mesoscale convective complex to isolated storms. The occurrence of convection induced turbulence is analyzed from these simulations. The validation of model results with the radar data and other observations is reported and an aircraft-centric turbulence hazard metric calculated for each case is discussed. The turbulence analysis showed that large pockets of significant turbulence hazard can be found in regions of low radar reflectivity. Moderate and severe turbulence was often found in building cumulus turrets and overshooting tops.
The hidden grief of abortion.

This article explores the possibility of dealing with grief reaction when counseling a woman who has undergone an abortion. It first defines what is meant by a grief reaction in this context, then proposes a model for understanding various degrees of grief reaction, and finally examines some of the factors which determine the severity of a grief reaction in the case of abortion.
Reduced-activation ferritic steels: A comparison with Cr-Mo steels

Abstract “Reduced-activation” ferritic steels are being developed to replace the CrMo steels presently being considered for fusion-reactor applications. To meet the reduced-activation criteria, the steels cannot contain Mo, Nb, Ni. Cu, and N. Tungsten is proposed as a substitute for molybdenum, and niobium is replaced by tantalum and an increased use of vanadium. An initial series of Cr-W steels have been produced that are analogous to the CrMo steels. Microstructural examination, tempering studies, tensile tests, and Charpy impact tests indicate that three Cr-W steels with 9 to 12% Cr are comparable to the 9Cr-1MoVNb and 12Cr-1MoVW steels, which are presently the primary candidate ferritic steels for fusion applications.
Voluntary and forced exercise differentially alters the gut microbiome in C57BL/6J Mice

We have previously shown that voluntary wheel running (VWR) attenuates, whereas forced treadmill running (FTR) exacerbates, intestinal inflammation and clinical outcomes in a mouse model of colitis. As the gut microbiome is implicated in colitis, we hypothesized that VWR and FTR would differentially affect the gut microbiome. Mice (9-10/treatment) were randomly assigned to VWR, FTR, or sedentary home cage control (SED) for 6 wk. VWR were given running wheel access, whereas FTR ran on a treadmill for 40 min/day at 8-12 m/min, 5% grade. Forty-eight hours after the last exercise session, DNA was isolated from the fecal pellets and cecal contents, and the conserved bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using the Illumina Miseq platform. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance based on weighted UniFrac distance matrix revealed different bacterial clusters between feces and cecal contents in all groups (P < 0.01). Interestingly, the community structures of the three treatment groups clustered separately from each other in both gut regions (P < 0.05). Contrary to our hypothesis, the α-diversity metric, Chao1, indicated that VWR led to reduced bacterial richness compared with FTR or SED (P < 0.05). Taxonomic evaluation revealed that both VWR and FTR altered many individual bacterial taxa. Of particular interest, Turicibacter spp., which has been strongly associated with immune function and bowel disease, was significantly lower in VWR vs. SED/FTR. These data indicate that VWR and FTR differentially alter the intestinal microbiome of mice. These effects were observed in both the feces and cecum despite vastly different community structures between each intestinal region.
Early Chadronian (late Eocene) rodents from the Flagstaff Rim area, central Wyoming

ABSTRACT The White River Formation at Flagstaff Rim in central Wyoming is a key sequence for understanding the biochronology and chronostratigraphy of the Chadronian North American Land Mammal Age. The lower part of this section represents early Chadronian time, an interval whose fauna has not been well known. From these early Chadronian levels 15 species of rodents are discussed and/or described. Of these, three are new species, all belonging to the Eomyidae: Namatomys erythrus, Metanoiamys paradoxus, Cristadjidaumo skinneri. These rodent assemblages add substantially to our knowledge of early Chadronian faunas, and show successional changes in the rodent taxa from the earliest Chadronian through middle Chadronian.
Cardiovascular Complications of Radiotherapy

Chest radiotherapy is routinely used to treat malignancies such as Hodgkin disease and breast cancer but is commonly associated with a variety of cardiovascular complications involving the pericardium, myocardium, valves, coronary arteries, and conduction system. Cardiovascular complications are related to the total dose of radiation and the fractionation of the dose. They are usually progressive, portend poor prognosis, and are often refractory to treatment after significant radiation exposure. The mechanism of injury is multifactorial and likely involves endothelial damage of the microvasculature and coronary arteries and liberation of multiple inflammatory and profibrotic cytokines. In conclusion, routine follow-up with a cardiologist, which might include screening for valvular disease with echocardiography and coronary artery disease with computed tomography angiography or coronary artery calcium scoring, should be considered in patients with a history of chest radiotherapy.
Zone-Specific Changes in Micromechanical, Biochemical, and Structural Properties in Articular Cartilage from a Rabbit Joint Flexion Model

Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint proximal bone-cartilage specimens from the fourth digit were collected from repetitively flexed and non-flexed (control) paws of four New Zealand White rabbits. The specimens were cryo-fractured to reveal a sagittal cut containing the cartilage zones of different collagen microstructure. Nanoindentation, Fourier Transform infrared microspectroscopic imaging (FTIRMI), and histology were performed on a region of interest (ROI) ∼400 microns wide and through the thickness of the cartilage with two goals in mind: (1) to examine the effect of collagen network structure (random in the mid zone versus organized in the deep zone) on the biomechanical and biochemical properties of cartilage; and (2) to understand the changes in these properties due to physical forces. We found that zone microstructure significantly affected the measurement of the local relaxed modulus measured by nanoindentation. The deep zone had a higher modulus than the mid zone (Wilcoxon paired test, p<0.05). We also found that flexion significantly decreased the proteoglycan content in both the mid and deep zones (Wilcoxon paired test, p<0.05), suggesting indirect repetitive loading in the rabbit paw can be damaging to the joint via down regulating proteoglycan synthesis in the mid and deep zone cartilage. This is the first study to simultaneously report the local zone-specific mechanical and biochemical properties in the rabbit joint flexion model.
COMPUTERIZED NAVIGATION ASSISTANCE FOR DRIVERS

Computer-assisted navigation systems provide navigation information to automobile drivers and are now available. They are capable of storing, processing and displaying information about street networks. The display typically mimics a printed street map. The underlying capabilities of these systems present unique opportunities for geographers to study spatial cognition, wayfinding, spatial search, the impact of spatial information on trip behavior, and market responses to potentially different travel patterns. Such systems are reviewed and key areas for future research are identified.
Statistical parsing with an automatically-extracted tree adjoining grammar

We discuss the advantages of lexicalized tree-adjoining grammar as an alternative to lexicalized PCFG for statistical parsing, describing the induction of a probabilistic LTAG model from the Penn Treebank and evaluating its parsing performance. We find that this induction method is an improvement over the EM-based method of (Hwa, 1998), and that the induced model yields results comparable to lexicalized PCFG.
Continuous-Time Entropy

As was shown in Chapter 4, the definition of entropy can be extended to discrete-time time-varying systems by means of the spectral factor of a related positive definite infinite-dimensional operator. In this chapter we consider the corresponding extension of the definition of entropy for continuous-time time-varying systems.
Influence of fire and El Nino on tree recruitment varies by species in Sierran mixed conifer

The influence of fire and climate events on age structure of different species was examined in old-growth mixed conifer in the southern Sierra Nevada. Within a 48-ha stem-mapped sample area, after a mechanical thinning, all stumps were examined for fire scars and 526 stumps were cut to ground level and aged. Before 1865, which was the last widespread fire event, the mean interval between scars for an individual tree was 17.3 years and the mean fire return interval for the period with the greatest number of recording trees was 11.4 years. A significantly greater than expected number of fires occurred in dry La Nina years, but these fires were not significantly larger in size than fires in other years. The response of mixed-conifer recruitment to climate and fire events varied by species. Before 1865, Jeffrey pine and sugar pine recruitment were correlated with wet El Nino years, but only sugar pine establishment was associated with fire. Red fir recruitment did not follow fire events but was associated with El Nino years before and after 1865. Most white fir and incense cedar (84%), including many large-diameter trees (76 cm dbh), recruited after the last widespread fire in 1865. Although tree distribution is clustered in the southern Sierra Nevada, mixed-conifer groups are not age cohorts because species have different recruitment patterns relative to climate and fire events. In mixed conifer, top-down effects of fire and weather on recruitment are mediated by different species responses to these effects and within-stand differences in where species are located. FOR .S CI. 51(3):187-197.
Variable winter moisture in the southwestern United States linked to rapid glacial climate shifts

The last glacial period was characterized by large, rapid climate fluctuations. An analysis of a speleothem from New Mexico shows that the coldest conditions over Greenland coincide with increased winter precipitation in the southwestern United States, which can be attributed to a southward displacement of the polar jet stream and the North American storm track. During the last glacial period, the climate of the Northern Hemisphere was characterized by rapid, large-amplitude temperature fluctuations through cycles lasting a few thousand years1,2,3. These fluctuations are apparent in Greenland temperature reconstructions2,3, and corresponding temperature and hydrological variations have been documented throughout the Northern Hemisphere4,5. Here we present a record of precipitation in the southwestern United States from 56,000 to 11,000 yr ago, on the basis of δ18O measurements of speleothem calcite from New Mexico. Our record shows that increased winter precipitation in the southwestern United States is associated with Northern Hemisphere cooling, which we attribute to a southward shift in the polar jet stream, which modulated the position of the winter storm track over North America. On the western side of the Pacific Ocean basin, decreases in summer monsoon precipitation are associated with Northern Hemisphere cooling, due to southward displacement of the intertropical convergence zone4. We conclude that cooling and warming excursions in the Northern Hemisphere lead to concurrent latitudinal displacement of both the intertropical convergence zone and the polar jet stream over the Pacific Ocean. Our data are consistent with modern evidence for a northward shift of the polar jet stream in response to global warming6,7,8, which could lead to increasingly arid conditions in southwestern North America in the future.
No pain, no gain? Thoughts on the Caerphilly study

Greater duration and/or intensity of activity can bring additional health benefits The Caerphilly study1 addresses an important question regarding physical activity and health: how intensely does one need to exercise in order to reduce the risk of premature mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD)? In this study, 1975 men, aged 49–64 years and free of coronary heart disease (CHD), reported on their leisure time physical activities and were followed for an average of 10.5 years for mortality. The investigators concluded that “only leisure exercise classified as heavy or vigorous was independently associated with reduced risk of premature death from CVD”. When men were categorised into thirds of energy expended on vigorous activities requiring ⩾6 METs, the most active third (expending ⩾24 kcal/day in vigorous activities) experienced a 36% reduction in mortality from CVD compared with the least active third (expending hardly any energy in vigorous activities). However, when men were grouped into thirds of energy expended on light or moderate activities requiring <6 METs, similar rates of CVD mortality were observed in the most and least active thirds of men (expending ⩾343 and ⩽133 kcal/day respectively in light or moderate activities). “If moderate intensity physical activity does not benefit health, should health professionals bother to prescribe such activities?” This surely comes as bad news for many, as most people living in developed countries are inactive. In the United Kingdom, only 33% of men and 21% of women meet guidelines for physical activity,2 and in the United States, a mere 36% of men and 28% of women engage in regular leisure time physical activity.3 In these largely sedentary societies, persuading those who are inactive to take up moderate intensity physical activity (such as brisk walking) for their health is more likely to meet with success than requiring inactive persons …