cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Police/military convergence in the USA as organisational mimicry

This paper examines the developing convergence between the police and the military, two institutions American society has traditionally separated to safeguard civil liberty. The analysis results in three main conclusions. First, when viewed in a broader sociopolitical context, the current convergence is less singular than it appears, with such overlaps occurring periodically in the past. Second, organisational mimicry offers a conceptual framework for understanding the current convergence. Third, the convergence remains a significant political development, requiring further organisational and social assessment. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of a potential alternative to the convergence.
Victimization History and Posttraumatic Stress: An Analysis of Psychopathy Variants in Male Juvenile Offenders

Theory and empirical research suggest that psychopathy may be disaggregated into primary and secondary variants. In practice, individuals with high scores on psychopathy measures are treated as a homogenous group. In this study, interviewers recruited 355 incarcerated youth to assess potential differences in trauma history, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and dissociative symptoms among high-anxious (secondary) and low-anxious (primary) variants of psychopathy. Results indicate that youth with secondary psychopathy report a greater history of traumatic experiences and past PTSD symptoms—but not dissociative symptoms—than primary variants. These results suggest that youth with high scores on measures of psychopathy are a heterogeneous group, necessitating nuanced assessment and treatment practices.
Erratum: On the Existence of Our Metals-Based Civilization: I. Phase-Space Analysis [ J. Electrochem. Soc. , 153 , B213 (2006) ]

7 0.50 Transfer coefficient for Reaction 7 3 Oxidation state of cation in barrier layer 3 or 6 Oxidation state of cation in solution 2.00 106 V/cm Electric field strength k1 00 5.00 10−6 s−1 Base rate constant for Reaction 1 k2 00 1.00 10−11 mol/cm3 s Base rate constant for Reaction 2 k3 00 5.00 10−14 mol/cm3 s Base rate constant for film formation, Reaction 3 k4 00 1.00 10−16 mol/cm3 s Base rate constant for Reaction 4 k5 00 1.00 10−15 s−1 Base rate constant for Reaction 5 k6 00 1.00 10−25 mol/cm3 s Base rate constant for Reaction 6 k7 00 1.00 10−13 mol/cm3 s Base rate constant for film dissolution, Reaction 7 E1–E7 25.1 kJ/mol Activation energy for Reactions 1–7 T0 353.15 K Reference temperature n 0.6 Kinetic order of film dissolution wrt H+
Stabilizing Subsynchronous Resonance Using Transmission Current Feedback

A method of counteracting torsional interactions in series compensated power systems is described. This method involves the measurement of the transmission system currents from which the subsynchronous components which produce torsional interactions are extracted. A method of accomplishing this is described in the paper. Once extracted, these signals are subsequently amplified by a controllable current source and injected into the generator bus so as to cancel the original subsynchronous components which would otherwise produce torsional interactions. The IEEE first benchmark system is used to investigate the effectiveness of this approach. A small displacement (eigenvalue) analysis of this system is provided in which it is shown that torsional interactions are prevented. Additionally, the generalized Nyquist method is used to characterize phase and gain margins associated with the feedback circuitry. Finally, the time domain behavior of the benchmark system is investigated by computer simulation.
ENHANCING HIGH SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY AT THE LOCAL LEVEL

(1985). ENHANCING HIGH SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY AT THE LOCAL LEVEL. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 391-395.
Development of a Space Simulation Facility to Study Combined Effects

The Chamber for Atmospheric and Orbital Space Simulation (ChAOSS) is being developed at the University of Colorado Colorado Springs to simulate multiple conditions of the orbital environment. The key function of the facility is to study the combined effects of environmental elements absent in single element facilities. The ChAOSS facility will simulate ultra-high vacuum, charged particle interactions, extreme ultra-violet radiation, visible solar flux, and thermal cycling. The 2 m long x 1 m diameter vacuum environment is created using a clean pumping system composed of a CTI-20HP cryogenic pump and oil free turbo-molecular pumps, with a total specified pumping capacity of 13,000 l/s. The facility includes a transverse magnetic filter plasma source developed at Colorado State University, capable of producing energetic ions of 5 eV with a low electron temperature. In addition to the ion source, two electron sources are also available, one consisting of a low energy flood gun and the other a high energy gun capable of producing electrons with energies ranging from 5 eV to 30 keV. The facility includes a deuterium lamp for the production of high VUV down to 115 nm radiation and a 300 W solar simulator to produce up to 200 mW/cm 2 using an ozone free xenon lamp over a broad spectral range from 250-2500 nm. A liquid nitrogen shroud is used to further remove water molecules and contaminants and reduce the thermal environment to cryogenic temperatures. In addition to these capabilities, an atomic oxygen source is also under development.
First‐Principles Modeling of Electrochemical Water Oxidation on MnO:ZnO(001)

The demand for renewable hydrogen derived from CO2-neutral water-splitting processes spurs efforts to develop new catalysts, including those inspired by nature. A first-principles quantum mechanics (Kohn–Sham density functional theory + U) approach has been used to model electrocatalytic water oxidation on the visible-light-absorbing transition-metal oxide alloy, MnO:ZnO; a material that can be considered a heterogeneous analogue to the photosystem II photocatalyst. Ab-initio-derived U values were used to correct self-interaction errors in the highly correlated material. It has been confirmed that previously established scaling relationships between the binding energies of reaction intermediates are valid. The predicted electrochemical overpotential for water oxidation under experimentally relevant conditions (0.82 V versus the standard hydrogen electrode) is slightly higher than those values reported for manganese oxides and comparable to those previously calculated values for hematite photoanodes.
The Four Faces of Autophagy: Implications for Cancer Therapy

It is generally thought that autophagy has two primary and opposing functions in tumor cells in response to stress induced by chemotherapy or radiation. One is the cytoprotective function that can in theory be inhibited for therapeutic advantage by sensitizing the cells to these treatment modalities. The other is the cytotoxic function that is generally not observed with conventional treatment modalities, but that may function to promote tumor cell killing either alone or in association with apoptosis. In this commentary/review, we advance the premise that autophagy is actually populated by at least two additional players. One we have termed the nonprotective form of autophagy, where the cell is apparently carrying out autophagy-mediated degradative functions, but where autophagy inhibition does not lead to perceptible alterations in drug or radiation sensitivity. The other is what we now term the cytostatic form of autophagy in that its activation results in prolonged growth inhibition as well as reduced clonogenic survival (loss of reproductive capacity) but in the absence of actual loss of cell viability through apoptosis or necrosis; however, as is the case with cytototoxic autophagy, inhibition of cytostatic autophagy protects the tumor cell from the agent (drugs or radiation) that promotes the autophagic response. In view of current clinical efforts to exploit autophagy inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for sensitization of malignancies to chemotherapy and radiation, it is critical to recognize that if chemotherapy and/or radiation actually promote autophagy in patient tumors, the autophagy is not of necessity cytoprotective in function.
In Vitro Secretion of Cytokines by Human Bone Marrow: Effects of Age and Estrogen Status

It has been proposed that cytokines mediate the acceleration of bone loss following menopause. Because of the intimate relationship between bone marrow stromal cells and bone tissue, it is possible that marrow cells and their products contribute to the bone microenvironment and influence the regulation of bone cell differentiation and activity. We examined the production of cytokines by bone marrow stromal cells from a total of 37 women and 15 men undergoing total hip replacement for noninflammatory joint disease. Low-density mononuclear cells were isolated from bone marrow and were cultured in phenol red-free alpha MEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS and antibiotics. Constitutive secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) was positively correlated with age in a series of 8 women and 5 men measured by bioassay (r = 0.98; P < 0.01) and in a series of 18 women and 10 men measured by immunoassay (r = 0.56; P < 0.01). The pattern of cytokine production by bone marrow stromal cells was examined in detail in 23 postmenopausal women, aged 49-88 yr. Basal secretion of immunoreactive IL-6 and IL-11, but not granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, increased with time in culture. Exogenous IL-1 beta stimulated secretion of IL-6 and IL-11 in a saturable, dose-dependent manner. Secretion of soluble IL-6 receptor was not correlated with secretion of IL-6, either constitutively or in the presence of IL-1 beta. In 4 of 14 samples, IL-1 beta also stimulated secretion of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. IL-1 beta was undetectable in 7 of 9 cultures during the 2-week culture period. IL-6 did not stimulate secretion of IL-1 beta in the 7 cultures tested. Cells were dependent upon serum for viability and growth and were not sustained by a serum substitute (1% insulin-transferrin-selenium-BSA). Cells grown in medium with 10% FBS and supplemented with 1% insulin-transferrin-selenium-BSA secreted 10-fold more IL-6 than cells grown in serum alone. Marrow from 7 women receiving estrogen replacement therapy showed lower constitutive secretion of IL-6 (75%; P < 0.006) and IL-11 (43%; P < 0.05) than marrow from age-matched controls and had blunted stimulation of IL-6 and IL-11 secretion by exogenous IL-1 beta. These data indicate distinct patterns of cytokine production by human marrow stromal cultures dependent upon age and estrogen status.
Our “Increasingly Mobile Society”? The Curious Persistence of a False Belief

Purpose: We call attention to the widespread belief that the United States is an ‘‘increasingly mobile society,’’ despite the fact that overall mobility has generally declined since about 1950, and interstate mobility has generally not increased during the same period. We review and extend past research documenting these mobility trends. Design and Methods: We describe population-level mobility for people of all ages as well as for several adult age groups, using published data from the U.S. Current Population Survey. We use simple regression methods to estimate the size and significance of mobility trends. Results: Overall mobility rates have declined for individuals of all ages and among all age groups. The largest average annual declines occur for 20- to 29-year-olds, although the rate of decline for those aged 65 and older is also large. Interstate mobility has declined slightly or remained constant, except among adults between 45 and 64 years old. Implications: Although there may be good reasons to worry about the future of family care provided to elderly individuals, increased geographic mobility does not appear to be one of them. We speculate on reasons why the false belief persists.
FDA and drug safety: new Tufts study challenges critics of the Prescription Drug User Fee Act.

In the wake of several highly publicized lawsuits over drugs recalled for safety – most notably, Vioxx and Paxil – the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the pharmaceutical industry have faced increasingly intense public scrutiny over the drug testing and approval process. Critics blame the FDA's shorter pre-market approval process that has resulted from the enactment of the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA), which effected, among other changes, an increased number of reviewers, a higher review load for each reviewer, and the implementation of “user fees” from companies submitting drugs for review. While many have posited that the lack of safety in some FDA-approved drugs was caused by the enactment of PDUFA, the results of a recent study from the Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development have indicated that there is no statistically significant correlation between the number of drugs recalled for safety and the enactment of PDUFA.
Strange encounters of eddies with walls

The impingement of a westward drifting lens-like anticyclonic ring on a meridional boundary is examined analytically and numerically using an (inviscid) layer-and-a-half model. A nonlinear analytical solution is constructed with the aid of a slowly varying perturbation expansion and numerical simulations are performed with the Bleck and Boudra model. It is found that, in contrast to conventional wisdom which implies that an anticyclonic ring encountering a wall moves poleward due to the image effect, the ring stays roughly in a e xed latitude. As it slowly moves into the wall due to b , it gradually leaks e uid toward the equator until it loses all of its mass. As expected, different eddies lose their mass in different rates. The (nondimensional) central thickness of an intense zero potential vorticity ring decays as 1/[1 1 b (2g8Hi) 1/2 t/18f ] 2 where Hi is the initial central thickness, t is time, g8 the ‘ ‘ reduced gravity,’ ’f the Coriolis parameter, andb is the familiar variation of the Coriolis parameter with latitude. Due to the gradually decreasing depth, the ring’ s westward drift into the wall also gradually slows down; i.e., the ring advances toward the wall and loses mass like a gradually peeling onion. The ‘ ‘ peeling’ ’ rate is 2 b Rd /9 [where Rd is the instantaneous Rossby radius based on the instantaneous maximum thickness] implying that the eddy migrates toward the wall at a rate that is one-third of the free open ocean rate. Numerical simulations are in excellent agreement with the above solution.As expected, they show that frictional forces decrease the intensity of the leakage and, hence, slow down the draining process. Unfortunately, no analytical solution can be found for weak or moderately strong rings because, for such lenses, there is no known analytical solution even for the nonmigrating state (i.e., rings on an f-plane). Numerical simulations show, however, that such weak or moderately strong rings display (qualitatively) similar characteristics to those of intense zero potential vorticity rings. It is argued that rings such as warm-core Gulf Stream rings, Loop Current rings,Agulhas rings, as well as other eddies (e.g., Meddies) may all experience similar encounters. As the walls that they encounter are subsurface (e.g., the continental rise, the Walvis Ridge and the mid-Atlantic Ridge), the leakages are not expected to be easily detected.
Silyl-protected hydroxystyrenes: Living anionic polymerization at room temperature and selective desilylation

Both 4- and 3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxystyrene (MSOST) undergo living anionic polymerization at room temperature with sec-butyllithium (sBuLi) in cyclohexane or methylcyclohexane upon injection of a small amount of tetrahydrofuran. Desilylation can be conveniently afforded with hydrogen chloride or tetra(alkyl)ammonium fluoride to provide poly(hydroxystyrene) (PHOST) with a narrow molecular weight distribution, which could be further transformed to other polystyrene derivatives. 13C NMR spectra of poly(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxystyrene) (PMSOST) and PHOST prepared under different conditions (tetrahydrofuran vs. cyclohexane, −78 °C vs. 20 °C) have indicated that the room temperature living polymerization in the hydrocarbon-rich solvent produces polymers with high syndiotacticity. Similarly, 4-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxystyrene (PhSOST), a new monomer, provides living anionic polymerization at room temperature. Desilylation of this polymer can be achieved using tetra(n-butyl)ammonium or tetraethylammonium fluoride. Inertness of the phenylsilyl ether to HCl allows selective desilylation of the dimethylsilyl ether with HCl in the presence of the phenylsilyl ether group, providing a new route to interesting macromolecules. Application of the selective desilylation technique to the synthesis of a block copolymer of HOST and 4-tert-butoxycarbonyloxystyrene (BOCST) is described. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 2415–2427, 2000
Searching for Genes That Matter in Acute Kidney Injury: A Systematic Review

Background and Objectives: Identifying patients who may develop acute kidney injury (AKI) remains challenging, as clinical determinants explain only a portion of individual risk. Another factor that likely affects risk is intrinsic genetic variability. Therefore, a systematic review of studies was performed that related the development or prognosis of AKI to genetic variation. Design, setting, participants, and measurements: MEDLINE, EMBASE, HuGEnet, SCOPUS, and Web of Science were searched for articles from 1950 to Dec 2007. Two independent researchers screened articles using predetermined criteria. Studies were assessed for methodological quality via an aggregate scoring system. Results: The 16 included studies were of cohort or case-cohort design and investigated 35 polymorphisms in 21 genes in association with AKI. Fifteen gene-gene interactions were also investigated in four separate studies. Study populations were primarily premature infants or adults who were critically ill or postcardiac bypass patients. Among the studies, five different definitions of AKI were used. Only one polymorphism, APO E e2 / e3 / e4 , had greater than one study showing a significant impact ( P Conclusions: Current association studies are unable to provide definitive evidence linking genetic variation to AKI. Future success will require a narrow consensus definition of AKI, rigorous epidemiologic techniques, and a shift from a priori hypothesis-driven to genome-wide association studies.
MECHANISMS OF PLANT SPECIES COEXISTENCE: ROLES OF RHIZOSPHERE BACTERIA AND ROOT FUNGAL PATHOGENS

Two independent experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of rhizosphere bacteria on the growth ofAnthoxanthum odoratum andPanicum sphaerocarpon. We tested whether host-specific populations ofBacillus mycoides affected the growth of theirAnthoxanthum andPanicum hosts and whether host-specific differences inBacillus populations modified the strong detrimental effect of the root fungal pathogen, Pythium macrosporum. Our results showed both positive and negative effects ofBacillus inoculation and thatAnthoxanthum andPanicum plants responded differently toBacillus isolates that originated from different host plants.Anthoxanthum grew relatively better with isolates fromPanicum, whilePanicum grew relatively better with isolates fromAnthoxanthum, consistent with a negative feedback. In both experimentsPythium infection was detrimental to plant growth, andPanicum was more negatively affected by inoculation withPythium. Overall,Bacillus ameliorated the pathogenic effect ofPythium. However, there was no evidence that host-specificBacillus populations had different effects on the interaction between these plant species andPythium. Both host-specific differences in rhizosphere bacteria and host-specific accumulation of a fungal pathogen can generate negative feedback between these two plant species.
Influence of Polyphosphate on Storage Stability of Restructured Beef and Pork Nuggets

Influence of polyphosphate on sensory and chemical characteristics of battered and breaded, cooked, restructured beef and pork nuggets was evaluated over 20 wk storage. Beef and pork nuggets manufactured with polyphosphate had lower (P<0.05) initial thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values than those manufactured without polyphosphate (controls); and values remained lower (P<0.05) than control treatments over 20 wk of storage. Sensory panelists detected less (P<0.05) off-flavor in pork nuggets manufactured with polyphosphate than nuggets in control treatments. Detection of off-flavor in pork nugget control treatments may be attributed to higher TBA values (increased lipid oxidation) in the pork product. Addition of polyphosphate protected nuggets from lipid oxidation and subsequent off-flavor development.
Improve Scientific Writing and Avoid Perishing

The purpose of scientific writing is to impart thoughts or ideas and their bases and implications in such a manner that a reading audience, with at least a moderate knowledge of science, can understand the material presented within a paper. This carries the necessity of using words in a manner that clearly impart the intended meaning of the author and not getting off the subject as reflected in the title. Also, the goal of scientific writing is to produce a manuscript written from the perspective of strength, rather than weakness. I discuss appropriate formation of titles such that the intended audience can find the title through bibliographic sources. Also included, to aid in the writing of scientific manuscripts, are discussions of words or sentences with unintended connotations, misuse of words, double entendres, slang, contrived acronyms, jargon, danglers or orphaned clauses and superfluous words. Finally, remember that the object of the art of scientific writing is to communicate in the most concise and precise manner possible, it is not to paint pretty word pictures.
Seasonal Variation in 30-Day Mortality After Stroke: Teaching Versus Nonteaching Hospitals

Background and Purpose—A systematic review found an association between the July start of internships and residencies and higher mortality rates for hospitalized patients, but data related to stroke are limited. We assessed seasonal variations in 30-day risk-adjusted mortality rates (RAMRs) after ischemic stroke by hospital teaching status. Methods—The analysis included all fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years with a primary discharge diagnosis of ischemic stroke (International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, codes 433, 434, and 436) from 1999 to 2006. Hierarchical linear regression models calculated RAMRs, adjusting for patient demographics and comorbidities. Annual data were combined and reconstructed for time series analyses; RAMRs were calculated for each month. Structural models compared monthly seasonal patterns stratified by hospital teaching status. Results—Of 2 824 694 ischemic stroke discharges, 51.7% were from teaching hospitals. There were seasonal patterns within ea...
Spinning Tales about Japanese Cotton Spinning: Saxonhouse (1974) and Lessons from New Data

We revisit the story of technology adoption and diffusion in Japan's Meiji-era cotton spinning industry, the study of which was pioneered by Gary Saxonhouse (1974). Using a novel data set and modern methodology, we argue that both the ease with which the best technology diffused and the role of “slavish imitation” in this process may have been overstated. We find an important role played by market competition, including asset reallocation. Our analyses provide richer insights into the complex phenomena of technology diffusion, innovation, and economic growth.
Direct Marketing Advertising: A Comparison of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Perspectives

Hispanics are the fastest growing minority in the United States, and are expected to be the largest minority within five years. However, few studies have investigated the media habits of this ethnic group and, little is known about how they view direct marketing advertising (DMA). Adapting Pollay and Mittal' s 1993 research, this study investigates the attitudes, beliefs, and purchase behavior of Hispanic and non-Hispanic consumers in the context of DMA through a study of almost 800 consumers. The study results indicate significant differences between the two groups of consumers, even when controlling for demographic differences. The results indicate that Hispanics offer excellent opportunities for direct marketing programs.
Researching Policy for Nonprofit Organizations: A Brief Observation on Dilemmas Created by Conflicting Values

Conflicting cultural and religious values pose challenges – challenges that are too often ignored – to efforts to comprehend and to solve tough social problems. Value-conflict challenges call for much more thoughtful attention both by analysts seeking to understand the sources of problems, and by advocates for particular solutions. This contribution to the ARNOVA Policy Brief series draws on a wide range of historical and social research to advance its argument for recognizing value conflicts.
Abstract 549: An Up-regulation Of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 In Parietal Epithelial Cells Is Associated With A Progressive Podocyte Loss In Diabetic Glomerulopathy

As a subfamily of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), gelatinases including MMP-2 and MMP-9 play an important role in the remodeling and homeostasis of the extracellular matrix. However, conflicting results have been reported regarding their expression level and activity in the diabetic kidney. This study investigated whether MMP-9 expression and activity were changed in glomerular epithelial cells upon albumin overload. Immunostaining, in situ zymography and Western blot for renal protein expression and MMP activity were evaluated in Zucker lean (Fa/+) and Zucker diabetic fatty (Fa/Fa) rats. Confocal microscopy revealed a focal increase in gelatinase activity and MMP-9 protein in the glomeruli of Fa/Fa rats. Increased glomerular MMP-9 staining was mainly observed in hyperplastic parietal epithelial cells expressing claudin-1 in the diabetic kidneys. Interestingly, an increase in parietal MMP-9 was often accompanied by decreased staining for podocyte markers (nephrin and podocalyxin) in the adjacent area. Additionally, urinary excretion of nephrin and podocalyxin was progressively increased in association with the levels of MMP-9 and total protein in the urine of diabetic animals. To evaluate the direct effect of albumin on expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, primary cultured rat glomerular parietal epithelial cells were incubated with exogenous albumin. MMP-9 mRNA levels were significantly increased by 306%, 565%, and 829% (n=4-6), respectively, when the cells were exposed to rat serum albumin (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/ml) for 24 hour. Meanwhile, albumin administration resulted in a dose-dependent increase in MMP-9 protein (7.4-, 14.1-, and 21.1-fold, respectively) and activity (3.2-, 4.5-, and 6.7-fold, respectively) in the culture supernatants of parietal epithelial cells. In contrast, albumin treatment did not significantly alter the expression level and enzymatic activity of MMP-2 in cultured parietal epithelial cells. Taken together, we have demonstrated that an up-regulation of MMP-9 in activated parietal epithelium is associated with a progressive loss of adjacent podocytes during the development of diabetic glomerulopathy. Albumin overload also induces MMP-9 production in primary cultured glomerular epithelial cells.
Inhibition of Rigor Mortis by Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid.

SummaryA lethal intravenous injection of EDTA in rabbits inhibited the post-mortem shortening of the semitendinosus muscle and prevented the inextensibility that normally occurs during development of rigor mortis. It was also shown that no appreciable difference in pH and ATP values existed between the EDTA-treated rabbits and the control rabbits at either 1 hour or 20 hours. These results thus indicate that EDTA inhibited the onset of rigor mortis, but did not prevent the breakdown of ATP.
A Synthetic Cell-Penetrating Dominant-Negative ATF5 Peptide Exerts Anticancer Activity against a Broad Spectrum of Treatment-Resistant Cancers.

Purpose: Despite significant progress in cancer research, many tumor entities still have an unfavorable prognosis. Activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) is upregulated in various malignancies and promotes apoptotic resistance. We evaluated the efficacy and mechanisms of the first described synthetic cell-penetrating inhibitor of ATF5 function, CP-d/n-ATF5-S1. Experimental Design: Preclinical drug testing was performed in various treatment-resistant cancer cells and in vivo xenograft models. Results: CP-d/n-ATF5-S1 reduced the transcript levels of several known direct ATF5 targets. It depleted endogenous ATF5 and induced apoptosis across a broad panel of treatment-refractory cancer cell lines, sparing non-neoplastic cells. CP-d/n-ATF5-S1 promoted tumor cell apoptotic susceptibility in part by reducing expression of the deubiquitinase Usp9X and led to diminished levels of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members Mcl-1 and Bcl-2. In line with this, CP-d/n-ATF5-S1 synergistically enhanced tumor cell apoptosis induced by the BH3-mimetic ABT263 and the death ligand TRAIL. In vivo, CP-d/n-ATF5-S1 attenuated tumor growth as a single compound in glioblastoma, melanoma, prostate cancer, and triple receptor–negative breast cancer xenograft models. Finally, the combination treatment of CP-d/n-ATF5-S1 and ABT263 significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo more efficiently than each reagent on its own. Conclusions: Our data support the idea that CP-d/n-ATF5-S1, administered as a single reagent or in combination with other drugs, holds promise as an innovative, safe, and efficient antineoplastic agent against treatment-resistant cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 22(18); 4698–711. ©2016 AACR.
Analyzing the Efficiency of Biased-Fault Based Attacks

In this letter, we analyze a class of recently proposed fault analysis techniques, which adopt a biased fault model. The purpose of our analysis is to evaluate the relative efficiency of several recently proposed biased-fault attacks. We compare the relative performance of each technique in a common framework, using a common circuit and a common fault injection method. We show that, for an identical circuit and fault injection method (setup time violation through clock glitching), the number of faults per attack greatly varies according to the analysis technique. In particular, DFIA is more efficient than FSA, and FSA is more efficient than both NUEVA and NUFVA. In terms of number of fault injections until full key disclosure, for a typical case, FSA uses 8x more faults than DFIA, and NUEVA uses 33x more faults than DFIA. Hence, the postprocessing technique selected in a biased-fault attack has a significant impact on the success of the attack.
Analysis on monitored data of preschool children accident injuries in kindergartens and nurseries 1990-2001 and countermeasures in Shanghai

To understand the situation of accident injuries of preschool children in Shanghai concentrated at urban district, thus to strengthen their preventive measures. Retrospective investigation was used for the epidemiological research work on the monitored data of children accident injuries in Shanghai between the years 1990-2001. The accident injury rate was 1.97‰, among which,2.39‰ in kindergarten and 1.30‰ in nursery.The accident injury rate had a tendency of increase with respect to the increase of age,94.18% of accident injury needed suture or caused bone fracture due to fall. [Conclusion] The children accident injury is the result of multiple factors which as a whole is preventable. The main point of prevention is to strengthen safety education and implement safety measures.
Variation of Paper Curl due to Fiber Orientation

Transverse deviations from the ideal flat surface in paper, or curl, can be a serious problem in the paper industry. The manufacturing of paper materials results in the material being orthotropic and laminar. Moreover, the dominant fiber orientation in a paper sheet can vary through the thickness of the sheet. Many paper structures are produced by lamination of paper plies. In these products directions of symmetry of the elastic properties, and coefficients of moisture and temperature expansion/contraction, consequently differ through the thickness of the laminated material. When subjected to humidity changes, the top and bottom portions of a paper laminate therefore expand or contract different amounts, causing the structure to curl. Paper products that curl are difficult to convert in packaging applications and print or copy in automated feeding mechanisms, leading to large costs for companies. It can become impossible to machine process and dispense paper products (such as stamps) that have curled. The present research involves determining the moisture induced curl in [0/15] and [0/45] Whatman paper laminates using a full-field 3-D laser scanner.
New Insights into Dialysis Vascular Access: Impact of Preexisting Arterial and Venous Pathology on AVF and AVG Outcomes

Despite significant improvements in preoperative patient evaluation and surgical planning, vascular access failure in patients on hemodialysis remains a frequent and often unforeseeable complication. Our inability to prevent this complication is, in part, because of an incomplete understanding of how preexisting venous and arterial conditions influence the function of newly created arteriovenous fistulas and grafts. This article reviews the relationship between three preexisting vascular pathologies associated with CKD (intimal hyperplasia, vascular calcification, and medial fibrosis) and hemodialysis access outcomes. The published literature indicates that the pathogenesis of vascular access failure is multifactorial and not determined by any of these pathologies individually. Keeping this observation in mind should help focus our research on the true causes responsible for vascular access failure and the much needed therapies to prevent it.
Integration of Mental and Behavioral Health in Primary Care

There are multiple ways to address the mental and behavioral health needs of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Ample research on a range of interventions and theories speaks to the efficacy of these approaches. In this section, we do not argue for a particular approach or set of approaches, but instead review the benefits of integrating mental and behavioral health supports with primary healthcare. It is estimated that between 35 and 40 % of people with IDD also live with psychiatric disorders. NADD, an association for persons with developmental disabilities and mental health needs, holds that coexisting IDD and a psychiatric disorder interferes with a person’s education and job readiness, and disrupts family and peer relationships. Historically, the presence of such disorders among people with IDD was not well understood or discounted altogether. Over the past 15 years, however, greater attention is being paid to these comorbidities and their treatment, including the need to integrate mental and behavioral health treatments into primary care. Healthcare must account for multiple domains of quality of life, going beyond yearly physicals and acute care visits, for example, to assess individuals’ health care goals and support them in achieving those goals. While integrated healthcare delivery systems can be difficult to find and access for people with IDD, such approaches are more responsive to the comprehensive needs and desires of people with IDD.
Mao’s Methodology and Point of Departure

The importance of methodology in philosophy has long been recognized. Not only is a philosophy conditioned by its method, but also the very method becomes an integral part of that philosophy. This is especially true of Mao’s philosophy and methodology. Both Mao’s philosophy and methodology are ‘unsystematic’ or ‘unstructured’ in the sense that they are not formulated in any systematic treatise — as is so common in Western philosophy. In this chapter, we are mainly concerned with Mao’s methodology, which will be explained in three parts. We shall begin with the textual basis for Mao’s method, contained in his various philosophical writings. Then we shall present Mao’s methodology itself, extracted or derived from these philosophical writings. Finally, we shall discuss Mao’s point of departure. All this serves as a necessary background for understanding Mao’s theory of dialectic.
Interacting network of Hippo, Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling represses liver tumor formation

Acquiring a selective growth advantage by breaking the proliferation barrier established by gatekeeper genes is a centrally important event in tumor formation. Removal of the mammalian Hippo kinase Mst1 and Mst2 in hepatocytes leads to rapid hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) formation, indicating that the Hippo signaling pathway is a critical gatekeeper that restrains abnormal growth in hepatocytes. By rigorous genetic approaches, we identified an interacting network of the Hippo, Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling pathways that control organ size and HCC development. We found that in hepatocytes, the loss of Mst1/2 leads to the activation of Notch signaling, which forms a positive feedback loop with Yap/Taz (transcription factors controlled by Mst1/2). This positive feedback loop results in severe liver enlargement and rapid HCC formation. Blocking the Yap/Taz-Notch positive feedback loop by Notch inhibition in vivo significantly reduced the Yap/Taz activities, hepatocyte proliferation and tumor formation. Furthermore, we uncovered a surprising inhibitory role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling to Yap/Taz activities, which are important in tumor initiation. Genetic removal of β-catenin in the liver of the Mst1/2 mutants significantly accelerates tumoriogenesis. Therefore, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, known for its oncogenic property, exerts an unexpected function in restricting Yap/Taz and Notch activities in HCC initiation. The molecular interplay between the three signaling pathways identified in our study provides new insights in developing novel therapeutic strategies to treat liver tumors. [BMB Reports 2017; 50(1): 1-2]
Modified CV flap for nipple reconstruction

Athelia or absence of the nipple may be a congenital or acquired problem after mastectomy or trauma. Breast aesthetics is enhanced by nipple reconstruction, which aims to restore the natural appearance of the breast. The surgeon must consider the nipple location on the breast mound, nipple projection, scaring, and symmetry. A variety of pedicle flap-based reconstructions have been described. The C-V flap technique, designed to be used in conjunction with later areolar tattooing or grafting, offers an effective method of nipple reconstruction.
What is the significance of CCR5 status in HIV-associated non-Nodgkin lymphoma (NHL)?

e18542 Background: The chemokine receptor CCR5 is a co-receptor for HIV. Carriers of the delta 32 gene (D32) mutation who lack CCR5 are protected from HIV infection by the R5 variant of the virus. ...
The Vicissitudes of Dispute Settlement under the Law of the Sea Convention

The South China Sea Arbitration raises important questions about the potential operation of the dispute settlement system enshrined in Part XV of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC). This article explores the scope and different limitations that we are seeing in the interpretation of the LOSC dispute settlement regime with a particular focus on the South China Sea Arbitration. This examination questions the contours of the LOSC Part XV dispute settlement regime and its utility in resolving disputes relating to the South China Sea.
DNA Mismatch Repair in Bacteria

There are two major DNA mismatch-repair (MMR) systems in bacteria to correct DNA biosynthetic errors. Long-patch repair systems involve a long-patch excision and resynthesis (up to 1000 nucleotides) and are specific to a particular DNA strand. Short-patch repair systems have a repair tract shorter than 15 nucleotides, and are dictated by the nature of the mismatches. The methyl-directed MMR distinguishes the daughter strand from the parental strand by the hemi-methylated state of the DNA and enhances the fidelity of DNA replication and genetic recombination. Cells defective in MMR have several hundred-fold higher spontaneous mutation frequencies of transitions and short nucleotide insertion/deletion mutations. MMR-defective strains are resistant to some types of alkylating agents. MMR also has an anti-recombination function in limiting recombination between divergent sequences and preventing gross chromosomal rearrangement. The short-patch MutY base excision repair pathway is independent of methylation. MutY, an adenine DNA glycosylase, is responsible for the reduction of replication errors caused by oxidized guanines (8-oxoGs). MutY pathway may be coupled with DNA replication and cooperate with the mismatch repair pathway to achieve anti-mutagenic functions.
Patents, pricing, and access to essential medicines in developing countries.

Steps are being taken by health activists worldwide to change patent and trade laws that have made essential medicines unavailable to so many for so long. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Gender Equity and Gender Bias in the Middle School Classroom.

AbstractEighty classes in ten middle schools in central Connecticut were observed by a two person team. Schools included five suburban, three urban and two small town schools. Examples of incidents that could be classified as sexist or equity-promoting were recorded for each class. Additionally, a gender equity ratio was determined for the 64 classes in which student participation could be measured. It was found that male-dominated classes occurred most often in language arts and social studies classes, whereas science and mathematics classes had more equitable participation of males and females. Gender of teacher was not predictive, except that female language arts teachers were more likely to allow male-dominated classes and older male teachers were more likely to reinforce gender role stereotypes. Textbooks tended to be far ahead of teachers in promoting gender equity and in some cases, the students were more sensitive to gender issues than their teachers.
Riches From Junk

The spectacular rise of the junk bond in the 1980s, and the ascendancy of the investment banking firm of Drexel Burnham Lambert & Co. constituted a remarkable innovation in the financial arena. In 1990 the junk market nearly collapsed among defaults, bankruptcies, and recriminations. Two years later it rose again from the ashes, like a phoenix miraculously resurrected. Evolution sometimes occurs through the passage of chaotic disorder and crises. Today’s junk market is very different from and much healthier than when Drexel dominated it. For one thing, there are more securities firms underwriting junk bonds, including many that also sell investment-grade bonds. The days are gone when one single investment firm could dominate both the supply of new issues and the placement of those issues in the market.
Rule of Reason and per Se Violations under Section I of the Sherman Act

The European lawyer who would confine his study of the Rule of Reason to Appalachian Coals, Inc. v. United States (1) would certainly have some support for equating the Sherman Act, as construed in the light of reason, with the cartel prohibition of the Rome Treaty, as qualified by its exempting clause. The facts of this case are now so famous that one can dispense with a detailed analysis. It will be remembered however that, confronted with a severe crisis, the producers in the Appalachian territory—combining 74.4 per cent of the production of bituminous coal in this area but possessing only a share of 11.96 of the relevant selling market—created a common and exclusive selling agency with the overt purpose of achieving greater efficiency. Their plan, examined in advance of its operation, was upheld as justifiable under the Rule of Reason.
The Cost-Effectiveness of the Components of a Comprehensive HIV Prevention Program

No locale in the United States has an HIV prevention program that consists of just one type of service. The citizens of any geographic area have a wide variety of HIV prevention needs, and an array of services must be delivered to meet those diverse needs. It is the job of HIV prevention community planning groups and other public health decision makers to craft an appropriate service array for their jurisdiction.
Generation of Guided Waves in Hollow Cylinders by Wedge and Comb Type Transducers

It was shown by Denos C. Gazis in 19591 that in linearly elastic hollow circular cylinders there exists an infinite number of “normal modes”, each of which has its own propagation characteristics such as phase and group velocity as well as their own displacement and stress distributions throughout the cross section of the cylinder. It was also shown that, even for a given mode, these characteristics changed with changing frequency. In general, when such a cylinder is loaded by external forces, all of the modes of the structure will be excited in varying strengths determined by the characteristics of the applied loading. From a nondestructive evaluation (NDE) point of view, however, there are some modes which, due to their unique characteristics, are more sensitive to the quantities being measured or the defects being sought. It would be advantageous, therefore, to modify the applied loading so as to excite with appreciable amplitude only those modes which are found to be sensitive to the quantity being measured. In order to do this however, the relationship between the applied loading and the amplitudes of the generated modes must be understood. In this paper, the general problem of determining the amplitudes with which each propagating mode is generated due to the application of specific types of separable, time harmonic loading is investigated. (The more general problem of non-separable loading can be found in a recent paper2). The general results for separable loading are then specialized to two types of transducers commonly used in NDE to determine how the parameters of these two types of sources affect the amplitudes of the generated modes.
Scheme for quantum teleportation between nanomechanical modes

We study a quantum teleportation scheme between two nanomechanical modes without local interaction. The nanomechanical modes are linearly coupled to and connected by the continuous variable modes of a superconducting circuit consisting of a transmission line and Josephson junctions. We calculate the fidelity of transferring Gaussian states at finite temperature and nonunit detector efficiency. For coherent states, a fidelity above the classical limit of $1∕2$ can be achieved for a large range of parameters.
A minimal lag time and continuous sedimentation in alpine lakes near Mount Rainier, Cascade Range, Washington, USA

Alpine lakes near Mount Rainier are dammed by late-glacial moraines. Multiple cores show that sedimentation started less than 350 years after deglaciation. Numerous tephra layers provide excellent marker horizons that allow comparison of the stratigraphy without the errors associated with radiocarbon dating. Cores from different locations within a lake display the same stratigraphy and basal sediments. Core location therefore is not crucial to obtaining the oldest sediments. Continuous sedimentation in all cores is interpreted as evidence for stable lake levels throughout the Holocene. The cores are valuable tools for reconstruction and dating of glacier advances and volcanic activity.