cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of granulocyte-macrophage colony-sitmulating activity toy 12-O-tetradecanoylphobol-13-acetate in SENCAR and B6C3F1 mice

Previous studies in this laboratory and others have indicated that 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), the most potent skin tumor promoter known, evokes significantly greater inflammatory responses in phorbol ester-sensitive (SENCAR) mice compared to strains (e.g. C57BL/6 and B6C3F1) that are relatively resistant to the outgrowth of skin tumors in two-stage chemically induced carcinogenesis protocols. In the studies reported herein, subchronic topical application of TPA at doses relevant to two-stage protocols induced serum granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating activity (GM-CSA) in both SENCAR and B6C3F1 mice; however, the increase in SENCAR mice was significantly greater than that observed in the relatively resistant B6C3F1 strain (5-fold versus a 2-fold increase respectively). The greater increase in serum GM-CSA observed in SENCAR mice was correlated with a 31% increase in the number of splenic leukocytes that lacked both B and T cell surface markers (i.e. double-negative cells), a presumed GM progenitor cell; no significant increase in the relative percentage of such cells was observed in B6C3F1 mice. Alternatively, significant decreases in splenic T lymphocytes (23 and 32% in SENCAR and B6C3F1 respectively) were observed in both strains of TPA-treated mice and may, in part, account for the previously observed decreases in splenic cell blastogenic response to the T cell mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA). In vitro incubation of splenic cells from SENCAR mice with 0.01-1.0 microM TPA led to significantly greater increases in colony formation relative to splenic cells isolated from B6C3F1 mice; therefore, differences in the biochemical responsiveness between strains may occur at the level of signal transduction in splenic GM progenitor cells. In conclusion, these studies indicated that strain-dependent differences in the systemic inflammatory response following topical application of TPA may result from direct stimulation of splenic GM precursor cells by TPA and/or may occur, indirectly, through the release of cytokines [e.g. GM colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)] by induced epidermal (or other) cells.
Sulfide stress cracking susceptibility of nickel containing steels

A systematic evaluation of the sulfide-stress cracking (SSC) behavior of five steels with nickel contents ranging from 0 to 3 pct was conducted in an acidified chloride solution saturated with H2S at room temperature (NACE solution). All of the steels were low-alloy, structural, or pressure vessel steels that are heat treatable to high strength levels with high toughness. All of the steels were heat treated to yield strength of approximately 690 MPa (100 ksi) and evaluated by identical test methods. The relative cracking susceptibility of the steels was determined from threshold stresses in constant-load tension tests and threshold stress intensities shown by precracked double-cantilever-beam specimens. Tempering treatment was a decisive factor in SSC susceptibility of low-nickel steels. When double tempered, low-Ni steels with greater than 1 pct Ni can be equivalent in SSC resistance to nominally nickel-free 4130 steel.
A description of spina bifida cases and co‐occurring malformations, 1976–2011

Mandatory folic acid fortification in the United States corresponded with a decline in the prevalence of spina bifida (SB). The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiologic characteristics of isolated versus non-isolated SB cases in both pre- and post-fortification periods. SB cases in the Slone Epidemiology Center Birth Defects Study from 1976 to 2011 without chromosomal anomalies and syndromes were included. A maternal interview, conducted within 6 months of delivery, collected information on demographics, reproductive history, diet, and supplement use. Daily folic acid intake in the periconceptional period was calculated using both dietary and supplement information and categorized as low intake (<400 μg/day) or high intake (≥400 μg/day). SB cases (n=1170) were classified as isolated (80.4%) or non-isolated (19.1%). Non-isolated cases were further divided into subgroups based on accompanying major malformations (midline, renal, genital, heart, laterality). Compared to non-isolated cases, isolated cases were more likely to be white, non-Hispanic and have more than 12 years of education. Cases in the renal, genital, and heart subgroups had the lowest proportions of mothers with a high folic acid intake. The change from pre- to post-fortification was associated with a decrease in the proportion of isolated cases from 83% to 72%, though in both periods isolated cases were more likely to be female and their mothers were more likely to have high folic acid intake. These findings highlight the importance of separating isolated and non-isolated cases in etiologic research of SB.
Molybdenum carbide catalysts. I. Synthesis of unsupported powders

Abstract Temperature-programmed reaction between MoO3 of low specific surface area Sg and a CH 4 H 2 mixture produces unsupported powders of hexagonal Mo2C with Sg from 50 to 100 m2 g− and CO uptake number density of up to 5.0 × 1014 cm−2. Depending on the preparation conditions, this material can be synthesized with a surface free of contamination by noncarbidic carbon (Mo2C-I) or with a surface completely covered by polymeric carbon layers (C-Mo2C). For the latter case a method of treatment with dihydrogen was developed that removes the carbon contamination to create an active carbide surface (Mo2C-lI).
OC37.02: Ultrasound and histological findings in women with suspected incomplete miscarriage

Objective: To identify ultrasound measurements which are the best predictors of the presence of retained products of conception (RPOC) within the uterine cavity in women with clinical suspicion of incomplete miscarriage. Methods: This was a prospective study of 200 women with a diagnosis of incomplete miscarriage who were referred for surgical evacuation. All women had a positive urine pregnancy test, and ultrasound findings suggestive of RPOC. The indication for intervention was heavy vaginal bleeding or continuous symptoms following ≥7 days of expectant management. The endometrial thickness and the volume of RPOC (D1 × D2 × D3 × 0.532) were measured preoperatively. The final diagnosis of incomplete miscarriage was based on histopathologic evidence of chorionic villi in the surgical specimen. Results: 189 (94.5%) women had evidence of chorionic villi on histology whilst decidua was only found in the remaining 11 (5.5%) women. On multiple logistic regression analysis the best discriminator between RPOC and decidua was endometrial volume, whilst the endometrial thickness was not statistically significant. Using a cut off level ≥1 ml the odds of tissue representing chorionic villi were 137 (95% CI 24 to 778). Conclusion: The measurement of endometrial volume on ultrasound scan is a better test to diagnose incomplete miscarriage than endometrial thickness.
IN MEMORY OF FRANCO MODIGLIANI, 1918–2003

Franco Modigliani was a great clarifier of fundamental economic concepts. Often the mathematical rigor of our economic models is misleading, since underlying our actual use of these precisely defined models are some less-rigorous, sometimes even fallacious, concepts. Modigliani's energetic mind drove him to reflect on how our models actually function to yield policy prescriptions, and from that thinking to refine and redefine the concepts that underlie the models.
Similarity in saliva cortisol measures in monozygotic twins and the influence of past major depression

Abstract Background: Some studies suggest that cortisol may be under genetic control. The aims of our study were to investigate the familial resemblance in morning and evening cortisol secretion as assessed by saliva cortisol and to assess the influence of history of major depression. Methods: Women for this investigation were selected from an ongoing study in female–female twin pairs ascertained from the Virginia Twin Registry. Telephone screening assured that current inclusion/exclusion criteria were met. Subjects were asked to collect am samples within 45 min after awakening, and evening samples immediately before bedtime for 14 days. Results: There was a high degree of correlation across weeks in both the am and pm cortisol values, indicating significant stability across individuals. There was significant correlation between am and pm cortisol in monozygotic twins. In twins with a history of major depression (n = 30), compared with the twins without past major depression (n = 28), there was a trend towards higher cortisol (p = .056). Conclusions: These results suggest that around 40–45% of the total variance in salivary cortisol is shared by monozygotic twins. Although the increase in baseline cortisol in twins with a history of major depression is only significant at the trend level, the effect size is comparable to an “in episode” depressed population.
Phase equilibria in the systems ZnSAl2S3 and ZnAl2S4ZnIn2S4

Abstract Phase relationships between 720 and 1110°C were determined in the system ZnSAl2S3 including: (a) the location of a eutectoid at 740°C and 15 mole% Al2S3, (b) the solubility limits of Al2S3 in the zinc blende and wurtzite forms of ZnS and the spinel and wurtzite forms of ZnAl2S4, and (c) the probable relationships at the liquidus. The system ZnAl2S4ZnIn2S4 at 800 to 1050°C was found to be a simple eutectic type with the following features: (a) a eutectic point at 930–950°C and approximately 20 mole% ZnIn2S4, (b) a large region of ZnIn2S4 solid solutions, and (c) little solubility of ZnIn2S4 in ZnAl2S4.
Half-life determinations for 169,170,171Lu, 166Yb 165,166,167Tm, and 160Er

Abstract Improved half-life values for 169,170,171Lu, 166Yb, 165,166,167Tm and 160Er were obtained from high-resolution gamma spectra by analysis of gamma-rays known to be specific for each of the radionuclides in question. The statistical significance of half-life uncertainty with regard to cross section calculations is discussed from a general standpoint.
Patterns of School-Level Racial Change in D.C. in the Wake of Brown : Perceptual Legacies of Desegregation

disincentives it presents to them (Wildavsky 1987; Jones 1994). As part of a larger project, and in collaboration with others, I have been wrestling with questions relating to race, politics, and education policy in large central cities where the positions of local governmental authority are now held primarily by African-Americans.1 While many of the urban education problems these "black-led" cities face are similar to those in other central cities, we have found that race sometimes seriously complicates efforts to build coalitions for significant, sustained educational reform. While many see clear and strong objective interests that should be propelling black leaders, local corporations, and concerned parents toward a shared agenda, our research in Atlanta, Baltimore, Detroit, and Washington, DC, reveals repeated instances in which the prospects for collaboration unravel in the face of mutual suspicion, loaded rhetoric, and political symbolism, all weighted by race. These patterns, which seem anomalous from the perspective of theories of rational, interest-based behavior, are less surprising if we recognize that key actors filter through different lenses their perceptions of opportunities and threats, their assessment of potential allies, their evaluation of alternative tactics, and their confidence in the prospects for successful intervention through public institutions. While not the whole story, we think the perceptual legacy of racial history plays a role in structuring these perceptual filters. In this essay, I explore the legacies of desegregation in black-led cities by focusing on changes in the racial composition of District of Columbia schools in the wake of the Brown
Normal antipyrine metabolism in patients with cholesterol cholelithiasis. Evidence that the disease is not due to generalized hepatic microsomal dysfunction.

Plasma antipyrine half-lives and metabolic clearances were measured after a single oral dose of antipyrine in 10 control subjects, 12 patients with gallstones, and 9 patients having undergone cholecystectomy for cholesterol cholelithiasis, to determine whether impairment of hepatic antipyrine metabolism occurs in patients with cholesterol cholelithiasis. The plasma antipyrine half-life and metabolic clearances in the control subjects were 11.7±1.0 hours and 42.5±3.3 ml/min, respectively; in patients with gallstones, 12.3±1.3 hours and 36.0±3.2 ml/min, respectively; and in patients having undergone cholecystectomy, 13.2±1.8 hours and 33.8±4.2 ml/min, respectively. Values for antipyrine half-life and metabolic clearance were not statistically different in these three groups. This study suggests the presence of normal hepatic antipyrine metabolism in patients with cholesterol cholelithiasis.
Stochastic and dynamic modeling of fiber gyros

Motivation is given for the development of dynamic and stochastic models of fiber optic gyros. Presented is a nonlinear system model of the fiber gyro's closed-loop optics and electronics that is simplified to a linear discrete dynamic model. Given are some of the issues arising in applying the discrete transfer function of the fiber gyro under deterministic forcing functions. The model is extended to include the gyro's output response to stochastic inputs. The resulting stochastic model includes the effects of the data acquisition system and quantization in the overall response. Discussed are techniques for evaluating the performance, both deterministic and random. Novel application of the Fourier filtering technique to simulate various types of random gyro noise, especially the mathematically pathological 1/f noise, is presented. A brief gallery of commonly applicable gyro noise is given.
New advances in Drosophila provide opportunities to study gene functions

Since the discovery that animal development is under genetic control, one of the major challenges for developmental biologists has been to decipher the functions of specific genes in patterning. The most successful and widely accepted approach to address these challenges in the past 15–20 years has been to characterize the defects associated with specific gene mutations after either random mutagenesis or targeted gene knock outs. Studies in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans have validated the use of systematic genetic approaches to dissect developmental pathways. In particular, the seminal screens for both maternal and zygotic mutations affecting embryonic pattern in Drosophila have led to a comprehensive model encompassing a finite set of mechanisms underlying the establishment of the embryonic axes and subsequent segmentation of the embryo (1, 2). In theory, however, one needs to reflect on whether the knowledge gained through one methodology can provide a thorough understanding of development. Perhaps many critical developmental steps have been missed because the genetic screens that were conducted do not take into account gene pleiotropy or redundancy. In other words, is it possible that the genetic approach has unraveled only part of the logic of development? A paper in this issue of Proceedings (3) illustrates that many of the genes that have not yet been analyzed in Drosophila encode potentially important developmental functions. This analysis underscores the need to address their biological functions because they may identify new genetic networks involved in patterning.
Formulation, Structure, and Analysis of a Model to Optimize Staffing Levels at Border Checkpoints

This paper formulates, structures, and analyzes a model to optimize the staffing levels at a border checkpoint from the perspective of a person in charge of staffing, accounting for both wage costs for staff and border waiting times for travelers. This model adapts existing queuing theory systems previously applied in other disciplines to the customs process and uses the adjusted model to develop a staffing plan for a representative day at the Peace Arch border crossing in Blaine, Washington. The sensitivity analysis suggests model outputs are heavily dependent on inputs including staffing costs and waiting costs. This paper concludes that the border crossing under consideration is currently operating near its maximum capacity and that future increases in traffic volumes of 40% could warrant expansion of the checkpoint. The model also confirms the benefits of the NEXUS, frequent, low-risk traveler program in decreasing the wait times and costs of operating a customs facility.
Detection and identification of geometric forms using peripheral and central viewing

Two tasks. using identical geometric forms. compared nasal peripheral. temporal peripheral. and central viewing. In the first task. using a yes-no confidence rating scale procedure, four Ss judged the presence or absence of a known geometric form (detection). In the second task. the same Ss judged which of several know forms was presented (identification). The major result is that nasal and temporal peripheral viewing are similar and that both peripheral regions differ from central viewing. Also, detection and identification are relatively independent processes; the ease of detection of a form does not predict the ease of identification of that form.
A combined wireless neural stimulating and recording system for study of pain processing

Clinical studies have shown that spinal or cortical neurostimulation could significantly improve pain relief. The currently available stimulators, however, are used only to generate specific electrical signals without the knowledge of physiologically responses caused from the stimulation. We thus propose a new system that can adaptively generate the optimized stimulating signals base on the correlated neuron activities. This new method could significantly improve the efficiency of neurostimulation for pain relief. We have developed an integrated wireless recording and stimulating system to transmit the neuronal signals and to activate the stimulator over the wireless link. A wearable prototype has been developed consisting of amplifiers, wireless modules and a microcontroller remotely controlled by a Labview program in a computer to generate desired stimulating pulses. The components were assembled on a board with a size of 2.5 cm x 5 cm to be carried by a rat. To validate our system, lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn neuron activities of anesthetized rats have been recorded in responses to various types of peripheral graded mechanical stimuli. The stimulation at the periaqueductal gray and anterior cingulate cortex with different combinations of electrical parameters showed a comparable inhibition of spinal cord dorsal horns activities in response to the mechanical stimuli. The Labview program was also used to monitor the neuronal activities and automatically activate the stimulator with designated pulses. Our wireless system has provided an opportunity for further study of pain processing with closed-loop stimulation paradigm in a potential new pain relief method.
What's buzzing? Mosquito genomics and transgenic mosquitoes.

Genome projects and associated technologies are now being established for mosquito species that are vectors of human disease. The recent announcement of an award by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) to Celera Genomics to sequence the Anopheles gambiae genome will further accelerate the completion of the sequencing of this genome. Completion of the An. gambiae sequence will mean that the genomes of all three organisms involved in the transmission of falciparum malaria--the mosquito, the parasite, and the human--will have been sequenced. This will greatly facilitate the identification of genes and pathways involved in the transmission of malaria. The recent genetic transformation of An. gambiae with the piggyBac transposable element and the transformation of another important malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi using the Minos element, now provide researchers with powerful tools with which to genetically manipulate these medically important vector species. Here we review the recent progress made in the extension of contemporary tools of modern genetics and genomics into these medically important insects.
Three-dimensional elastic-plastic analysis of laminated composite plates

Abstract A three-dimensional finite element analysis of laminated composite plates is presented using an elastic-plastic model for anisotropic material. The constitutive model is simple and the material parameters involved are easily obtained from uniaxial test results. Results are presented for simply supported laminate plates for various (width/thickness) ratios. The influence of the hardening parameter on the load-deflection response and the spread of yield zones in the plates is studied.
Sensory and Microbial Quality of Irradiated Crab Meat Products

Low dose gamma irradiation has proved effective in reducing pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in a variety of seafood products. However, little information is available on the effect of irradiation on the sensory quality and consumer acceptance of such products. We compared microbial and sensory quality of irradiated (2 kGy or less) crab products (white lump, claw, and fingers) through 14-days of ice-storage. Irradiation effectively reduced spoilage bacteria extending shelf-life by more than 3 days beyond control samples. During storage, fresh crab odor and flavor were similar for treated and control samples, while off-flavors and odors developed more rapidly in controls. Overall acceptability scores for irradiated crab samples were higher than for control samples throughout 14-days ice storage.
Characterization and In Vivo Studies of Nanothickness Ca- and P-Based Coatings

Objective: This series of laboratorial and in-vivo studies describe the characterization, evolution, and in-vivo performance of various Ca- and P-based nanothicknesses and microstructures ion beam assisted depositions (IBAD) onto Ti-6Al-4V implants. Materials and Methods: Characterization- The 4 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length implant rods (Ti-6Al-4V) with IBAD I, IBAD II, and control (alumina-blasted/acid-etched, AB/AE) surfaces were provided by an implant manufacturer. The in-vitro characterization comprised the following techniques: (1) SEM/EDS, (2) XPS/Depth Profiling (3) Thin-film XRD (4) AFM + ToF-SIMS for coating thickness determination (5) AFM- Ra determination. In-vivo- Three animal experiments were carried out for evaluation of the nanothickness bioceramic coatings. All experiments comprised a proximal tibia model with 4-6 implants placed along the bones. Times in-vivo ranged from 2-5 weeks. Static (bioactivity, bone to implant contact) and dynamic (mineral apposition rates- MAR) histomorphometric measurements were recorded. Biomechanical testing was performed by pullout and torque to interfacial failure testing. Results: Combination of the characterization techniques showed that all bioceramic coatings were Ca- and P-based bioceramics of amorphous microstructure. AFM +ToF-SIMS showed that IBAD II coatings were thicker (300-500 nm) compared to IBAD I coatings (30-50 nm). Surface roughness did not change significantly for the IBAD implant groups compared to control. The in-vivo results showed higher degrees of osseoactivity, torque to failure, and MAR for the coated implants at different times in-vivo. IBAD II had higher biomechanical fixation at early implantation times compared to other groups. Conclusions: The results obtained in the in-vitro part this study support that both IBAD I and IBAD II coatings are Ca- and P- based amorphous bioceramics in the nanothickness range with theoretical high dissolution rates. The increased osseoactivity observed for IBAD coated and the high MAR values observed for IBAD coated compared to AB/AE implants support the effect of the bioceramic coating presence in the overall bone healing. A thickness effect was reveled through biomechanical testing where IBAD II (300-500nm thickness) presented higher performance.
Structure and chemical reactivity of adsorbed carboxylic acids on anatase TiO2(0 0 1)

Abstract The structure of the anatase TiO2(0 0 1) surface and its reactivity towards carboxylic acids were studied using in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). Following annealing in ultra-high vacuum, a (1×4) reconstruction developed that was visible in STM and LEED. At densest packing, a (2×4) overlayer of dissociated carboxylate groups was seen with STM. From the images, it was deduced that single carboxylates bind to positions centered atop (1×4) rows. TPD experiments revealed a range of reactivity depending on the preparation conditions. The fully oxidized anatase (0 0 1)-(1×4) surface bonded carboxylate groups strongly with no TPD products seen below 750 K. Surfaces that were not fully oxidized, or had been sputtered, converted formic acid to CO at 540 K and formaldehyde at 450 K. Sequential TPD experiments changed the surface activity, suppressing CO production, but not significantly affecting the sites responsible for formaldehyde production. The defective surface converted adsorbed acetate to CO at 535 K and ketene at 560 K. Sequential acetic acid TPD runs caused the reactivity towards both CO and ketene to diminish. These results are attributed to sputtering creating under-coordinated Ti4+ and Ti3+ sites that were revealed in XPS spectra and STM images. No bimolecular coupling reactions of acetic acid took place, indicating that the formaldehyde was produced via a reduction pathway. Both the location of the adsorbates and the lack of reaction products associated with fourfold coordinated Ti4+ raise doubts about current models of the (1×4) reconstruction.
Metabolic profiling of Echinostoma caproni and Schistosoma mansoni in their definitive and intermediate hosts

This review examines metabolic profiling of Schistosoma mansoni and Echinostoma caproni in their definitive and intermediate hosts. The earlier coverage of the literature on metabolic profiling was reviewed by Wang et al. 2010, Advances in Parasitology, 73, 373-404 and covered mainly studies using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The methods focused upon in our review are mainly chromatographic. In the studies reviewed, various metabolites were analyzed in hosts infected with either E. caproni or S. mansoni and compared to the uninfected controls.
Sulfur, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Isotope Geochemistry of the Idaho Cobalt Belt

Cobalt-copper ± gold deposits of the Idaho cobalt belt, including the deposits of the Blackbird district, have been analyzed for their sulfur, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen isotope compositions to improve the understanding of ore formation. Previous genetic hypotheses have ranged widely, linking the ores to the sedimentary or diagenetic history of the host Mesoproterozoic sedimentary rocks, to Mesoproterozoic or Cretaceous magmatism, or to metamorphic shearing. The δ 34 S values are nearly uniform throughout the Blackbird district, with a mean value for cobaltite (CoAsS, the main cobalt mineral) of 8.0 ± 0.4‰ ( n = 19). The data suggest that (1) sulfur was derived at least partly from sedimentary sources, (2) redox reactions involving sulfur were probably unimportant for ore deposition, and (3) the sulfur was probably transported to sites of ore formation as H 2 S. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions of the ore-forming fluid, which are calculated from analyses of biotite-rich wall rocks and tourmaline, do not uniquely identify the source of the fluid; plausible sources include formation waters, metamorphic waters, and mixtures of magmatic and isotopically heavy meteoric waters. The calculated compositions are a poor match for the modified seawaters that form volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits. Carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of siderite, a mineral that is widespread, although sparse, at Blackbird, suggest formation from mixtures of sedimentary organic carbon and magmatic-metamorphic carbon. The isotopic compositions of calcite in alkaline dike rocks of uncertain age are consistent with a magmatic origin. Several lines of evidence suggest that siderite postdated the emplacement of cobalt and copper, so its significance for the ore-forming event is uncertain. From the stable isotope perspective, the mineral deposits of the Idaho cobalt belt contrast with typical VMS and sedimentary exhalative deposits. They show characteristics of deposit types that form in deeper environments and could be related to metamorphic processes or magmatic processes, although the isotopic evidence for magmatic components is relatively weak.
Exploring Consumer Privacy Concerns and RFID Technology: The Impact of Fear Appeals on Consumer Behaviors

Although the financial costs associated with radio frequency identification (RFID) technology implementation have been documented, our understanding of the relational costs that accompany implementation is limited. This study focuses on these costs through an examination of the effects of RFID implementation on existing retailer-consumer relationships. The study utilizes an experimental design wherein respondents' relational perceptions are assessed both before and after the introduction of an RFID-oriented fear appeal. Study results indicate that trust in the retailer and privacy expectations drive respondents' threat perceptions, which in turn drive a combination of attitudinal and behavioral outcomes. Managerial and theoretical implications are discussed along with avenues for future research in the area.
Formation and properties of nylon-6 and nylon-6/montmorillonite composite nanofibers

Nanocomposite fibers of nylon-6 and an organically modified montmorillonite (O-MMT), Cloisite-30B, were prepared by electrospinning. Dispersion and exfoliation of O-MMT in nylon-6 were achieved by melt-extrusion in a twin-screw extruder prior to dissolving in aqueous formic acid for electrospinning. The effects of O-MMT layers on the properties of the nylon-6 solution and electrospun nanocomposite fibers were investigated. Homogeneous, cylindrical nanocomposite fibers with diameters ranging from 70 to 140 nm could be prepared from the 15% composite solution. The O-MMT layers were well exfoliated inside the nanocomposite fibers and were oriented along the fiber direction. Both the degree of nylon-6 crystallinity and the crystallite sizes increased for the nanocomposite fibrous mats, most significantly for those composed of the smallest fibers electrospun from 15% solution. The mechanical properties of the electrospun fibrous mats and single fibers depended not only on the addition of O-MMT layers but also on the sizes of the fibers. Smaller fibers exhibited higher Young's modulus.
Spontaneous Pneumothorax in Anorexia Nervosa

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is an uncommon problem, accounting for 1 in 7,000 to 12,000 hospital admissions. Similarly, pneumothorax is relatively rare, having an incidence of 5 to 10 per 100,000. Because of several reports of pneumomediastinum occurring in association with eating disorders, it has been suggested that eating disorders constitute a risk factor for developing this condition. While the occurrence of pneumomediastinum in eating disorders is recognized but uncommon, pneumothorax to our knowledge has not previously been reported. We here report a case of a woman with anorexia nervosa who developed a pneumothorax. The possible etiologies of mediastinal and thoracic complications in the eating disorders are discussed.
Efficiency of enrollment in a successful phase II acute stroke clinical trial.

Background Recruitment challenges are common in acute stroke clinical trials. In a population-based study, we determined eligibility and actual enrollment for a successful, phase II acute stroke clinical trial. We hypothesized that missed opportunities for enrollment of eligible patients occurred frequently, despite the success of the trial. Methods In 2005, acute ischemic stroke (AIS) cases in our region were identified at all 17 local hospitals as part of an epidemiologic study. The Combined Approach to Lysis Utilizing Eptifibatide and Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator (CLEAR) trial assessed the safety of this combination in AIS patients within 3 hours of symptom onset. In 2005, we determined the proportion of AIS patients who were eligible for CLEAR and the proportion that were actually enrolled. Results At 8 participating hospitals, 33 (2.8%) of 1175 AIS patients were eligible for CLEAR. Of 33 eligible patients, 18 (54.5%) were approached for enrollment, 4 (12.1%) refused, 1 (3.0%) was not consentable, and 13 (39.4%) were enrolled. Of the 15 not approached for enrollment in the trial, 10 were evaluated by the stroke team; 7 received recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Enrollment was not associated with night or weekend presentation. Conclusions Although the CLEAR trial was successful in meeting its delineated recruitment goals, our findings suggest enrollment could have been more efficient. Three out of 4 patients approached for enrollment participated in the trial. Eligible patients who were not approached and those treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator but not enrolled represent targets for improving enrollment rates.
Teacher STEM Perception and Preparation: Inquiry-Based STEM Professional Development for Elementary Teachers

ABSTRACT Student foundational knowledge of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is formed in their elementary education. Paradoxically, many elementary teachers have constrained background knowledge, confidence, and efficacy for teaching STEM that may hamper student STEM learning. The association between teacher preparation to teach STEM and student achievement in STEM motivated the authors' professional development program. The authors created and implemented a professional development program to address K–5 teacher confidence for, attitudes toward, knowledge of, and efficacy for teaching inquiry-based STEM. Using data from 2 independent cohorts the authors found significant and consistent increases in pre- to postinstitute assessments of teacher confidence, efficacy, and perceptions of STEM. Further, they found increased participant attention toward linking STEM curriculum and instruction to learning standards. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Effects of specific gangliosides on the in vitro proliferation of MPTP-susceptible cells

: To determine which portion of a ganglioside molecule might be necessary for the enhancement of recovery from MPTP-induced lesions, the ability of specific gangliosides to stimulate proliferation of MPTP-treated 140–3 cells was investigated. The results indicate that of the gangliosides tested, GM1 was the most effective. Although GD1 a and GT1 b were able to enhance the proliferation of MPTP-treated cells, twice as much GT1b was needed to induce the same effect seen with GM1. In contrast, asialo-GM1, GM2, and GM3 were ineffective at promoting proliferation of MPTP-treated cells. The isolated oligosaccharide of GM1 had little effect. These results indicate that in addition to the sialosyl residue, at least the Gal(β1–3)Gal-NAc portion of the oligosaccharide chain and the ceramide moiety are essential for the induction of proliferation of the MPTP-treated cells. Investigation of the time of addition of GM1 on its ability to counteract the MPTP-induced inhibition of 140–3 cell proliferation indicated that addition of GM1 before or concomitantly with MPTP resulted in a significant reduction in MPTP-induced inhibition of cell proliferation.
COMPBRN IIIe—a computer code for probabilistic fire risk analysis

Abstract The COMPBRN code has been used extensively to predict deterministically the time-to-damage of critical components in nuclear power plant fire risk analyses. Because there is a significant amount of uncertainties in the input parameters used in room fire simulations, the assessment of the damage time of the specified components must be performed probabilistically. This paper presents an updated version of the code, called COMPBRN IIIe, which emphasizes the importance of parameter uncertainty propagation by incorporating capabilities to provide probability distributions for component damage times. COMPBRN IIIe eliminates several errors from its previous versions and incorporates a user-friendly environment to assist users in preparing input files. With these improvements, the code can significantly reduce the time and effort required in the performance of a probabilistic fire risk assessment. A compartment fire simulation is also provided to demonstrate the application of the code.
New AGU Climate Communication Prize: Call for nominations

[1] AGU is pleased to announce the newly launched AGU Climate Communication Prize. This new Union prize, generously funded by Nature's Own, a purveyor of fossils, minerals, and handcrafted jewelry in Boulder, Colo., will honor an AGU member-scientist for the communication of climate science. The prize highlights the importance of promoting scientific literacy, clarity of message, and efforts to foster respect and understanding of science-based values as they relate to the implications of climate change. The prize will be awarded annually and will be presented at AGU's Fall Meeting. It will carry a cash award of $25,000.
Estimate of the barrier to and rate of dissociation of dense nitrogen under shock conditions.

A simple method is introduced to estimate the barrier to dissociation of nitrogen under shock conditions. A free-energy curve is constructed from quantum-mechanical calculations of the ground-state potential well for ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, the model exponential-six potential for the dissociated state, and the additional chemical potential (due to the surrounding dense media) in the hard-sphere approximation. The curves are adjusted to yield behavior in agreement with equilibrium thermodynamic calculations. The barriers are several electron volts, decreasing with pressure. Estimates for the prefactor in an Arrhenius rate expression are based on the recent computer simulations of nitrogen vibrational relaxation [B. Holian, J. Chem. Phys. 84, 3138 (1986)]. Time scales for reaction vary from microseconds to tenths of nanoseconds with increasing shock pressure.
On the backward induction method

Abstract The purpose of this note is to present a precise mathematical description of the Backward Induction Method and use it to present an alternate proof of the fact that every n-person sequential game with perfect information has a subgame perfect equilibrium.
Age Associated Histomorphologic Changes in the Cerebral Arteries of the Dog1,2

Summary Histomorphologic age changes in the cerebral arteries and their branches of forty dogs were studied. The investigation revealed that the cerebral arteries underwent a number of changes in all the cellular and connective tissue elements of the arterial wall. The intimal thickenings were fibrous but no lipid or calcium deposition was associated. Fibrosis of all vascular layers of the cerebral arteries and their branches was observed with aging. Zusammenfassung Altersbedingte histomorphologische Veranderungen in den Hirnarterien des Hundes Die Autoren untersuchten die Hirnarterien und deren Verzweigungen von 40 Hunden histomorphologisch auf altersbedingte Veranderungen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, das die Gefase einer ganzen Reihe von Veranderungen in allen Geweben der Gefaswand unterworfen sind. Die festgestellten Verdickungen der Intima waren fibroser Natur und wiesen keinerlei Einlagerungen von Lipiden oder Calcium auf. Es wurde eine mit dem Alter zunehmende Fibrose aller Wandschichten der Hirnarterien und deren Verzweigungen beobachtet. Resume Modifications histomorphologiques en fonction de l'âge dans les arteres cerebrales du chien On etudie chez quarante chiens les modifications histomorphologiques dues a l'âge dans les arteres cerebrales et leurs ramifications. On trouve que les arteres cerebrales subissent un certain nombre de modifications dans tous les elements tissulaires de la paroi arterielle. Les epaississements de la tunique interne sont de nature fibreuse, exempts de depots de lipides ou de calcium. On observe une fibrose de toutes les couches vasculaires des arteres cerebrales et de leurs ramifications, qui est fonction de l'âge. Resumen Cambios histomorfologicos seniles en las arterias cerebrales del perro En cuarenta perros se estudiaron las alteraciones histomorfologicas, debidas a la edad, en las arterias cerebrales y sus ramales. Las investigaciones revelan que las arterias cerebrales estan sometidas a una serie de demudaciones en todos los elementos celulares y del tejido conjuntivo de la pared arterial. Los engrosamientos comprobados en la capa intima eran de naturaleza fibrosa y no estaban asociados a inclusiones lipidas o calcicas. Se observo una fibrosis en todas las capas parietales de las arterias cerebrales y sus ramificaciones, la cual aumentaba con la edad.
Hypoxic ventilatory response predicts the extent of maximal breath-holds in man

To understand the factors influencing breath-holding performance, we tested whether the hypoxic (HVR) and hypercapnic ventilatory responses (HCVR) were predictors of the extent of maximal breath-holds as measured by breath-hold duration, the lowest oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2min), lowest calculated PaO2 (PaO2min) and highest end-tidal PCO2 (PetCO2max) reached. Steady state isocapnic HVR and hyperoxic HCVR were measured in 17 human volunteers. Breath-holds were made at total lung capacity (TLC), at TLC following hyperventilation, at functional residual capacity, and at TLC with FiO2 = 0.15. SpO2 was measured continuously by pulse oximetry, and alveolar gas was measured at the end of breath-holds by mass spectrometry. PaO2min was calculated from SpO2min and PetCO2max. HVR was a significant predictor of both SpO2min and PaO2min. HVR and forced vital capacity were predictors of breath-hold duration by multiple linear regression. HCVR had no significant predictive value. We conclude that HVR, but not HCVR, is a significant predictor of breath-holding performance.
Quantification of larval zebrafish motor function in multiwell plates using open-source MATLAB applications

In this article, the authors provide directions on using the open-source MATLAB applications LSRtrack and LSRanalyze to quantitatively follow the movements of zebrafish larvae in multi-well plates. This article describes a method to quantify the movements of larval zebrafish in multiwell plates, using the open-source MATLAB applications LSRtrack and LSRanalyze. The protocol comprises four stages: generation of high-quality, flatly illuminated video recordings with exposure settings that facilitate object recognition; analysis of the resulting recordings using tools provided in LSRtrack to optimize tracking accuracy and motion detection; analysis of tracking data using LSRanalyze or custom MATLAB scripts; and implementation of validation controls. The method is reliable, automated and flexible, requires <1 h of hands-on work for completion once optimized and shows excellent signal:noise characteristics. The resulting data can be analyzed to determine the following: positional preference; displacement, velocity and acceleration; and duration and frequency of movement events and rest periods. This approach is widely applicable to the analysis of spontaneous or stimulus-evoked zebrafish larval neurobehavioral phenotypes resulting from a broad array of genetic and environmental manipulations, in a multiwell plate format suitable for high-throughput applications.
Inhibition of lymphocyte growth by spermidine in medium containing fetal bovine serum.

The effect of spermidine and fetal bovine serum on DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes was investigated. At 10−4 M spermidine, DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis ceased and 70% of the original cell population died within 62 hr. Lower spermidine concentrations had no significant effect on DNA and protein synthesis, but caused an early, unexplained increase in the rate of RNA synthesis. Heating at 56°C for 30 min had no effect on the plasma amine oxidase activity in fetal bovine and horse sera but abolished the activity in human plasma. It is concluded that low amounts of aminoaldehydes and acrolein produced by plasma amine oxidase at spermidine concentrations below 10−4 M do not noticeably alter lymphocyte metabolism. However, the aminoaldehydes and acrolein produced become abruptly cytotoxic at 10−4 M spermidine.
Can erosion drive tectonics

Can climate-modulated erosion affect the location, rate, and style of tectonic deformation in Earth's crust and thus seismic hazards? Particularly in the Himalaya, there are clear correlations between rugged topography and high rates of rainfall, erosion, and rock uplift ( 1 , 2 ), but a vigorous cause-and-effect debate continues, with new papers presenting evidence for ( 1 – 4 ) and against ( 5 – 7 ) erosional control of tectonics (see the figure). Although much field data are consistent with predicted associations among topography, erosion, climate, and deformation, unambiguous evidence has proven elusive ( 8 ). By focusing on a simple diagnostic test, Wang et al. show on page [978][1] of this issue ( 9 ) that the zone of rugged topography and extreme erosion rates where the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra River cuts through the Namche Barwa massif (see the figure)—often argued to reflect a dynamic tectonic response to river incision ( 2 )—records, instead, a passive landscape response to tectonics over the past ~2 to 2.5 million years. The data threaten to undermine one of the most dramatic examples of a proposed tectonic response to erosion. [1]: /lookup/volpage/346/978?iss=6212
Iteratively reweighted partial least squares estimation for generalized linear regression

I extend the concept of partial least squares (PLS) into the framework of generalized linear models. A spectroscopy example in a logistic regression framework illustrates the developments. These models form a sequence of rank 1 approximations useful for predicting the response variable when the explanatory information is severely ill-conditioned. Iteratively reweighted PLS algorithms are presented with various theoretical properties. Connections to principal-component and maximum likelihood estimation are made, as well as suggestions for rules to choose the proper rank of the final model.
APPRAISAL OF CONDITION ESTIMATION METHODS FOR EAST AFRICAN UNGULATES

Summary Previously proposed methods of determining physical condition of game animals are discussed. A total of 286 African ungulates of ten species were collected and autopsied, and several indices of physical condition were calculated. Selected indices were correlated with total fat or total lean percentages or both. Of the methods discussed and evaluated, those based upon fat deposited in particular areas were more accurate or feasible than those based upon blood constituents, adrenal weights, or body weight/skeletal measurement ratios.
Energy bands in cuprous oxide

Abstract A theoretical examination of the electronic energy bands of cuprous oxide has been performed using the augmented plane wave method. Calculations have been carried through at points of high symmetry in the Brillouin zone. The results allow a unique interpretation of the exciton spectrum of cuprous oxide. It has been found that non-spherical fields and spin-orbit coupling effects are important in the analysis of the details of the exciton spectra.