cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Luminal flow regulates NO and O2(-) along the nephron.

Urinary flow is not constant but in fact highly variable, altering the mechanical forces (shear stress, stretch, and pressure) exerted on the epithelial cells of the nephron as well as solute delivery. Nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O2−) play important roles in various processes within the kidney. Reductions in NO and increases in O2− lead to abnormal NaCl and water absorption and hypertension. In the last few years, luminal flow has been shown to be a regulator of NO and O2− production along the nephron. Increases in luminal flow enhance fluid, Na, and bicarbonate transport in the proximal tubule. However, we know of no reports directly addressing flow regulation of NO and O2− in this segment. In the thick ascending limb, flow-stimulated NO and O2− formation has been extensively studied. Luminal flow stimulates NO production by nitric oxide synthase type 3 and its translocation to the apical membrane in medullary thick ascending limbs. These effects are mediated by flow-induced shear stress. In contrast, flow-induced stretch and NaCl delivery stimulate O2− production by NADPH oxidase in this segment. The interaction between flow-induced NO and O2− is complex and involves more than one simply scavenging the other. Flow-induced NO prevents flow from increasing O2− production via cGMP-dependent protein kinase in thick ascending limbs. In macula densa cells, shear stress increases NO production and this requires that the primary cilia be intact. The role of luminal flow in NO and O2− production in the distal tubule is not known. In cultured inner medullary collecting duct cells, shear stress enhances nitrite accumulation, a measure of NO production. Although much progress has been made on this subject in the last few years, there are still many unanswered questions.
Postfire Seeding for Erosion Control: Effectiveness and Impacts on Native Plant Communities

Large, high-severity wildfires remove vegetation cover and expose mineral soil, ofen causing ero- sion and runoff during postfire rain events to increase dramatically. Land-management agencies in the United States are required to assess site conditions after wildfire and, where necessary, implement emergency water- shed rehabilitation measures to help stabilize soil; control movement of water, sediment, and debris; prevent permanent impairment of ecosystem structure and function; and mitigate significant threats to human health, safety, life, property, or downstream values. One of the most common postfire treatments is broadcast seeding of grasses, usually from aircraft. Non-native annual or perennial grasses typically are used to provide quick, temporary ground cover to hold soil in place until native plants are reestablished. Critics argue that seeded grasses compete with native vegetation and do not effectively reduce erosion. Few data exist on the effectiveness of erosion control; less than half of the studies I reviewed showed reduced sediment movement with seeding. In all vegetation types, successful growth of seeded grasses—enough to affect erosion—appears to displace native or naturalized species, including shrub and tree seedlings. Due to the competitiveness of seeded grasses, they are used to attempt suppression of noxious weeds in some postfire seeding operations. In burned sagebrush range, postfire seeding is frequently used to replace non-native cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum) with native or introduced bunchgrasses, with at least short-term success. In recent years, native species and sterile cereal grains have increasingly been used for seeding. Use of aerially applied straw mulch has increased as well, with the risk of weed introduction from contaminated bales. More research on the effectiveness and ecosystem impacts of these alternatives is needed.
Electrosynthesis of the molybdenum disulphide thin films and characterization

Abstract Thin films of molybdenum disulphide have been prepared by electrodeposition from an aqueous bath by using molybdenum trioxide and sodium thiosulphate as Mo+ ion and S−2 ion sources, respectively. The films deposited onto stainless steel and fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates were adherent to the substrate. X-ray diffraction studies show that films are polycrystalline. SEM shows films are continuos and uniform. Optical absorption gives a bandgap energy of 1.7 eV.
First Report of Pythium polymastum on Broccoli and Cauliflower in California

Damping-off of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) and cauliflower (B. oleracea var. botrytis) seedlings occurred in several greenhouses in Fresno, CA, in 1997. Symptoms included wilting and root and stem rot. Pythium polymastum was consistently isolated from symptomatic tissues placed on corn meal agar amended with 10 ppm pimaricin, 250 ppm ampicillin, 10 ppm rifampicin, and 25 ppm pentachloronitro-benzene. On grass leaves in water, the fungus produced numerous aplerotic oospores in oogonia 43 to 50 μm in diameter (average 46 μm) with spines about 7 μm long. Spherical sporangia were only rarely observed. In the greenhouse, 4-week-old broccoli and cauliflower seedlings were transplanted into potting mix amended with a colonized vermiculite/rye/V8 juice medium to produce approximately 2,500 CFUs per gram of potting medium. Control plants were transplanted into noninfested potting mix. There were six replicate pots per treatment and three plants per pot. After 12 days, the potting mix was gently washe...
Is my antihistamine safe

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has announced its intention to withdraw the approval of terfenadine (Seldane), terfenadine with pseudoephedrine (Seldane D), and generic versions of terfenadine. Before granting approval for the marketing of fexofenadine (Allegra), terfenadine's active metabolite, the FDA determined terfenadine's benefits outweight its risks, despite its, known potential for serious cardiac effects.
The number of Na+:K+ pump sites on red blood cells from HK and LK lambs

Abstract Lambs of known genotype with respect to the locus determining cation composition of red cells were obtained by selective matings. Numbers of K+ pump sites per cell were determined on HK and LK lambs 10–20 days postnatal by simultaneously determining [3H]ouabain binding and inhibition of active K+ transport. Red cells from HK lambs were indistinguishable from adult HK cells with regard to the K+ pump flux and number of pump sites. Cells from genetically LK lambs had pump fluxes and numbers of pump sites intermediate between those from adult HK and LK sheep. The results suggest that the change in cation composition and in the K+ pump during the first 60 days in genetically LK lambs can be correlated with a reduced number of K+ pump sites.
A greener electrodeposition recipe for ZnO films in terawatt photovoltaics

Abstract Electrodeposition of ZnO can be performed in an aqueous solution using a greener recipe, where the solution can be reused for multiple deposition runs. The solution in this greener recipe has only one function, i.e. to provide electrical conductivity for the deposition reactions. A Zn sheet serves as the anode, which dissolves during the deposition as the Zn source. O2 is bubbled into the solution and reduced to OH− ions as the O source. This recipe minimizes concentration changes in the solution as deposition proceeds, making the solution reusable. An initial Zn2 + concentration of a few mM in the solution is required, not to serve as a Zn source but to facilitate the deposition and prevent precipitation of ZnO in the solution. Multiple deposition runs for ZnO films in the same solution have been demonstrated. X-ray diffraction, optical transmittance and absorption spectra reveal that all the ZnO films have similar structural and optical properties. They all display high transmittance of ~ 80% and low absorbance of ~ 10%.
Efficient procedure for preparing cosmid libraries from microgram quantities of genomic DNA fragments size fractionated by gel electrophoresis.

Abstract A modified procedure for preparing cosmid libraries from genomic DNA is described. Genomic DNA was partially digested with a restriction endonuclease, and DNA fragments of appropriate size fractionated by agarose gel electrophoresis. A cosmid library was prepared, prescreened, and used to isolate gene inserts with previously published procedures. In one series of experiments, a modified cosmid vector containing stuffer fragments was used to prepare cosmid libraries containing partial SphI digests of 25 to 35 kb. From 10 5 to 10 7 clones were obtained per µg of size-fractionated genomic DNA. From 10 to 100 hybridization-positive clones of a single copy gene (COL2A1) were obtained from plates that were positive in the prescreening step. Restriction mapping of over 20 clones and nucleotide sequencing of over 20,000 by in each of two clones indicated that the inserts were faithful copies of the gene. In another experiment, a standard cosmid vector was used to prepare a cosmid library containing partial BamHI fragments of 30 to 45 kb. Genomic libraries can be prepared with 5 to 20 µg of genomic DNA and a large number of clones containing 25 to 45 kb fragments of a single copy gene can be isolated in about three weeks.
Scratch reduction in oxide CMP process

• Pulsation of diaphragm gives high stress to slurry, and that result in agglomeration of slurry abrasives. • By applying maglev centrifugal pump, scratch trend was clearly improved. • It's important that the distribution pump doesn't give stress to slurry.
Effect of Low-Frequency Pulsatile Flow on Expression of Osteoblastic Genes by Bone Marrow Stromal Cells

Perfusion culture of osteoprogenitor cells is a promising means to form a bone-like extracellular matrix for tissue engineering applications, but the mechanism by which hydrodynamic shear stimulates expression of bone extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins is not understood. Osteoblasts are mechanosensitive and respond differently to steady and pulsatile flow. Therefore, to probe the effect of flow, bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs)--cultured under osteogenic conditions--were exposed to steady or pulsatile flow at frequencies of 0.015, 0.044, or 0.074 Hz. Following 24 h of stimulus, cells were cultured statically for an additional 13 days and then analyzed for the expression of bone ECM proteins collagen 1alpha1 (Col1alpha1), osteopontin, osteocalcin (OC), and bone sialoprotein (BSP). All mRNA levels were elevated by flow, but OC and BSP were enhanced modestly with pulsatile flow. To determine if these effects were related to gene induction during flow, BMSCs were again exposed to steady or pulsatile flow for 24 h, but then analyzed immediately for expression of growth and differentiation factors bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)-2, -4, and -7, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, and vascular endothelial growth factor-A. All growth and differentiation factors were significantly elevated by flow, except BMP-4 which was suppressed. In addition, expression of BMP-2 and -7 were enhanced and TGF-beta1 suppressed by pulsatile flow relative to steady flow. These results demonstrate that pulsatile flow modulates expression of BMP-2, -7, and TGF-beta1 and suggest that enhanced expression of bone ECM proteins by pulsatile flow may be mediated through the induction of BMP-2 and -7.
Tuning In-Plane Fixed-Fixed Beam Resonators With Embedded Heater in CMOS Technology

This letter presents CMOS-MEMS fixed-fixed beam resonators with wide active frequency tuning range capability attributed to the axial stress modulation using embedded heaters. Two resonators, consisting of multiple metal, dielectric layers, and poly1 layers, were designed; the first resonator at 303.4 kHz, while the second at 2053 kHz, achieve the frequency tuning ranges of 35.7%–42.6%, respectively. Electrostatic transduction is achieved by embedded metal beams, and used to drive the device into resonance. The heaters, made of poly1, are embedded directly into the resonators during the CMOS process to achieve low power consumption and optimum heating efficiency. A power consumption of $900~\mu $ W/beam is achieved for the first design of 152 $\mu $ m length beam, while providing a frequency tuning of 35.7%.
School Reform Efforts for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Students

(2006). School Reform Efforts for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Students. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 79, No. 6, pp. 262-264.
Interferometry in a Random Medium with Two Coincident Input Beams

A two-beam random interferometer is demonstrated to have a second order speckle intensity frequency correlation with a ripple due to the path-length difference between the input beams and an envelope governed by the scattering medium.
Charge and current densities in the faraday disc

The current distribution in a Faraday disc (homopolar generator) is investigated by solving approximately the magnetohydro-dynamical equations. The current density streamlines turn out to be spirals, with the possibility of a change in sense in the case that the magnetic field and the rotation axis are parallel. A striking feature is the absence of solutions showing electrical neutrality. The induced charge density is proportional toBω (B=applied magnetic field,ω=angular velocity of the disc). Then, from a more fundamental approach, the Boltzmann equation for the Faraday disc is solved. This extends Sommerfeld’s work on metals in a magnetic field to the case of moving metals.
Prostaglandin binding to different cell types of human uterus: quantitative light microscope autoradiographic study.

Five human uteri of the menstrual cycle were analyzed by quantitative light microscope autoradiography to determine which uterine cell types contain prostaglandin (PG) binding sites. The results showed that stromal cells, glandular epithelium, elongated and circular smooth muscles, arterioles and erythrocytes in lumen of arterioles contained numerous PGE and very few or no detectable PGF2α binding sites. The grains which were present when incubated with [3H]PGE2 alone completely disappeared following coincubation with excess Alabeled PGE2 but not with excess unlabeled PGA1. Analysis of grain count data revealed that PGE binding sites in arterioles were lower than those in other uterine cell types and PGE binding sites in endometrial cells of proliferative phase uteri were higher than those in secretory phase uteri (P<0.05). Thus the present results demonstrate that all the cell types, including arterioles of human uterus of the menstrual cycle, contain PGE and minimal PGF2α binding sites.This suggests that PGE binding sites in different cell types of human uterus subserve diverse effects of PGEs.
Depletion of Intracellular Ascorbate by the Carcinogenic Metals Nickel and Cobalt Results in the Induction of Hypoxic Stress

Exposure of cells to carcinogenic compounds of nickel(II) and cobalt(II) causes activation of the HIF-1 transcription factor and up-regulates a battery of hypoxia-inducible genes. However, the mechanism of HIF-1 activation by these metals is not known. It was shown recently that hydroxylation of prolines in the HIFα subunit of HIF-1 is required for its binding with the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein and the subsequent proteasomal destruction. Here we show that responsible prolyl hydroxylases are targets for both nickel(II) and cobalt(II) because degradation of a reporter protein containing the oxygen-dependent degradation domain (Pro-402/564) of HIFα was abolished in a von Hippel-Lindau-dependent manner in cells exposed to nickel(II) or cobalt(II). The enzymatic activity of prolyl hydroxylases depends on iron as the activating metal, 2-oxoglutarate as a co-substrate, and ascorbic acid as a cofactor. Hydroxylase activity can be impaired by the depletion of any of these factors. We found that exposure of cells to nickel(II) or cobalt(II) did not affect the level of intracellular iron. Instead, nickel(II) or cobalt(II) exposure greatly depleted intracellular ascorbate. Co-exposure of cells to metals and ascorbate resulted in the increase of intracellular ascorbate and reversed both metal-induced stabilization of HIF-1α and HIF-1-dependent gene transcription. Because ascorbate is essential for maintaining iron in prolyl hydroxylases in the active iron(II) state, we suggest that the observed depletion of ascorbate by nickel(II) or cobalt(II) favors iron oxidation and thus inactivation of the enzyme.
Serotonin1B receptor stimulation enhances dopamine-mediated reinforcement

The effect of 5-HT1B receptor stimulation on dopamine-mediated reinforcement in rats was investigated using intravenous self-administration of the selective dopamine uptake inhibitor GBR-12909 on an FR5 schedule of reinforcement. Pretreatment with the 5-HT1A/1B receptor agonist CGS-12066B (1–10 mg/kg, IP) dose-dependently reduced the self-administration of GBR-12909 (83 μg/injection) by increasing the interval between drug injections, consistent with a enhancement of the reinforcing effects of GBR-12909. Additionally, CGS-12066B pretreatment (3 mg/kg, IP) shifted the dose-effect function for GBR-12909 self-administration to the left. Pretreatment with the selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT (0.03– 1.0 mg/kg, SC) had no significant effect on GBR-12909 self-administration (83 μg/injection), indicating that the effect of CGS-12066B is not mediated by the 5-HT1A receptor. Finally, CGS-12066B pretreatment (1–10 mg/kg, IP) did not alter the self-administration of cocaine (0.03–0.5 mg/injection), suggesting that the simultaneous stimulation of multiple 5-HT receptor subtypes by the indirect 5-HT agonist properties of cocaine may mask the effect of 5-HT1B receptor stimulation on DA-mediated reinforcement.
Iron-supplemented bovine serum as an alternative to fetal bovine serum in the CHO/HGPRT mutation assay.

Abstract Iron-supplemented bovine calf serum (ICS) was found to be a viable alternative to fetal bovine serum (FBS) in the growth promotion and cloning efficiency of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that are used in the HGPRT mutation assay. Suspension cultures of CHO cells had an average generation time of 11.5 h in ICS and 13.6 h for cells maintained in FBS. This slight difference was due to lot variability on the part of FBS and could be eliminated by routine quality control measures. The average cloning efficiencies for CHO cells cloned in either ICS or FBS were 107% and 88%, respectively, and these values were not statistically different. No appreciable difference was noted in the spontaneous mutation rates of cells cloned in either ICS or FBS. Furthermore, the use of ICS in mutagenicity studies with genotoxic agents shows the serum to be at least equal or superior to FBS in the detection of both direct-acting mutagens and pro-mutagens. These data suggest that ICS is an appropriate serum to be used in the CHO/HGPRT test system. Since ICS is more readily available and considerably less costly than FBS, a substantial reduction in the cost of the assay can be realized.
Independent yields of 84Rb, 86Rb and 136Cs for thermal-neutron-induced fission of 233U, 235U and 239Pu

Abstract The independent fission yields of 84Rb (a positron emitter), 86Rb and 136Cs have been measured for thermal-neutron-induced fission of 233U, 235U and 239Pu. The yields of 84Rb are (6·6 ± 0·7) × 10−8% for 233U, (2·4 ± 0·3) × 10−9% for 235U, and (3·9 ± 0·4) × 10−8% for 239Pu. The yields of 86Rb are (9·2 ± 0·9) × 10−4% for 233U, (2·1 ± 0·2) × 10−5% for 235U, and (1·9 ± 0·2) × 10−4% for 239Pu. The yields of 136Cs are 0·105 ± 0·011% for 233U, 0·0074 ± 0·0007% for 235U, and 0·100 ± 0·010% for 239Pu. The half-life of 136Cs by least squares analysis of the decay of eleven independent samples is 13·16 ± 0·03 days.
Heterogeneity Within the Fibromyalgia Population: Theoretical Implications of Variable Tender Point Severity Ratings

Objective. The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) tender point (TP) criterion is used in diagnosing fibromyalgia syndrome (FM). There has been little research investigating patterns of positive TP. We investigated response patterns of TP in a sample of patients with FM. Methods. Manual TP survey data were available on 1433 patients with FM. Factor analysis was conducted on ACR TP and control (CON) points. Factor scores were cluster analyzed to identify subgroups based on TP scores. Subgroups were compared on demographic and psychosocial variables. Results. Factor analysis resulted in 4 TP groupings: neck/shoulder girdle, gluteal/trochanteric, and upper extremity regions, and a set of CON TP. Cluster analysis revealed 3 clusters. Group 1 was high on all 3 TP regions and the CON set; Group 2 moderate on the 3 TP regions, low on the CON set; and Group 3 was relatively low on all 3 TP regions and the CON set. The group highest on the CON and TP regions reported the greatest pain (7.58 ± 1.23; p Conclusion. TP severity ratings varied among cluster groups, suggesting patients with FM are not homogeneous. Variations in TP severity provide information regarding the degree to which FM affects patients’ quality of life. Patients with elevated scores on the CON TP demonstrated a general pattern reflecting lower thresholds for symptom reporting and, perhaps, disease severity. Research is needed to elucidate mechanisms underlying heterogeneity among the FM population.
Muscle activation following sudden ankle inversion during standing and walking.

Dynamic response characteristics of ankle musculature following sudden ankle inversion have traditionally been tested in a static, standing position. However, this model does not take into consideration muscle activity and loading characteristics associated with active gait. This study compared muscle reaction times and amplitudes from sudden ankle inversion during standing (standing group) and walking (walking group) using one of two similar devices for each of these conditions. Surface EMG was collected from the peroneus longus (PL), brevis (PB), and tibialis anterior (TA) of the dominant leg from 25 subjects (age 20 ± 1 years, height 174.0 ± 10.2 cm, mass 74.3 ± 12.9 kg) for each condition (walking and standing). Time to total inversion ROM (28°) was greater in the walking group (114.9 ± 15.0 ms) than the standing group (65.6 ± 17.8 ms, P < 0.05), whereas reaction time was less in the peroneals in the walking group (PL 56.9 ± 8.4 ms, PB 60.1 ± 10.6 ms, TA 65.0 ± 14.9 ms) compared to the standing group (PL 74.3 ± 8.5 ms, PB 73.5 ± 8.2 ms, TA 73.3 ± 8.3, P < 0.05). Additionally, Peak normalized EMG (% MVIC) for the walking condition (PL 367 ± 254, PB 405 ± 359, TA 84 ± 39) exceeded that of the standing condition (PL 310 ± 239, PB 328 ± 215, TA 76 ± 39, P < 0.05), and average normalized EMG (% MVIC) was greater in the peroneals for the walking condition (PL 233 ± 171, PB 280 ± 255) than the standing condition (PL 164 ± 131, PB 193 ± 137, P < 0.05). The differences noted between the conditions provide evidence that a dynamic response to ankle injury mechanisms is much different in a walking model compared to a traditional standing model. A walking model may be a more functional approach for evaluating dynamic response characteristics of ankle musculature due to sudden ankle inversion.
Fast aqueous chemistry on-line with cyclotron-produced activities using a helium-jet recoil-transport system

Abstract A relatively simple system is described that can be used to perform fast on-line chemical separations (≤ 1 s) on activities transported to low background areas in the relatively short times provided by a helium-jet recoil-transport system. The helium-jet recoil-transport system is run with its low-pressure end at atmospheric pressure, thereby eliminating the need for vacuum pumps and their associated apparatus.
Synthesis of colloidal PbSe nanoparticles using a microwave-assisted segmented flow reactor

Abstract Colloidal lead selenide nanoparticles (PbSe NPs) were synthesized using a microwave-assisted continuous flow reactor. Rapid heating of precursors was performed in the microwave reaction zone to initiate nucleation and was followed by an oil bath growth zone. In this study we have evaluated the effect of the nucleation temperature on the PbSe NP size distributions, crystallographic structure, particle shape, and particle composition. The PbSe NP size could be varied from 11.2 to 13.9 nm by adjusting the microwave nucleation temperature between 124 and 159 °C. It was found that nucleation of Pb rich species occurred in the microwave reaction zone, while PbSe NPs form in the growth zone.
Application of Monte-Carlo Methods to the Design of Spect Detector Systems

Monte-Carlo methods have been applied to the design of a detector suitable for use in a SPECT cylindrically shaped scintillation camera. Included in the study are the calculated detection characteristics of two scintillator materials and the optical performance of several geometric configurations. Results include maps of the light distribution for several rectangular crystal-light guide combinations, a comparison of various approaches to specifying the optical properties of detector surfaces, and estimates of relative light output for various geometries.
A Gap Analysis of Professional Service Quality

Providers of professional services recently have awakened to consumer challenges, competition, and the realities of marketing. With these changes, a related and equally important issue has emerged—...
Nearly Pure Aluminum Powders with Modified Protective Surface

The thermodynamically predicted benefits of aluminum combustion are rarely achieved because of extended ignition delays associated with protective alumina layer, which is always present on the aluminum surface. This effort focuses on adjusting aluminum combustion dynamics by modifying its surface and structure. Aluminum is cryo-milled with cyclooctane. The prepared material consists of micron-sized, equiaxial, nearly pure Al particles; their external surface and crystal grains are coated with a cyclooctane-modified layer with properties significantly different from those of regular alumina. The material's oxidation kinetics, as observed from thermo-analytical measurements, is different from that of pure aluminum. The powder ignites at substantially reduced temperatures, and produces shorter ignition delays and higher aerosol burn rates compared to a regular spherical Al powder with similar particle sizes. In air, single particles of the prepared composite material burn longer than pure Al and produce redu...
Alloy-scattering and strain-fluctuation-scattering contributions to the low-temperature electron mobility in ternary quantum wells and heterostructures

We present theory and data for the low-temperature electron mobility in ternary quantum wells (QW's). In our model the electrons are scattered from spatially fluctuating strain-induced potentials and alloy potentials arising from alloy disorder both in lattice-matched and strained QW's. We find that the mobility does not depend sensitively on the amount of the average strain in the ${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As quantum well but on the strain fluctuation. Lower mobilities observed in strained quantum wells are explained in terms of possible clustering effects which may be more severe in strained systems: The theoretical results agree with our data from strained ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.2}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.8}$As/GaAs QW's for a clustered In-atom distribution. On the other hand, the recent data from lattice-matched ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.53}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.47}$As/${\mathrm{In}}_{0.52}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{0.48}$As heterostructures are reasonably explained for a microscopically random In-atom distribution without using the clustering assumption.
The Landscapes of Susan Howe's "Thorow"

"T rust the place to form the voice," writes Susan Howe, suggesting that the voice of the poet is linked intrinsically to the location from which that voice emerges (Birth-Mark 156). In her poem "Thorow," which is "about" Lake George, New York, Howe constructs both a place and a voice that are contested, conflicted, and multiple. The poem explicitly references-and reworks-the landscapes of Thoreau, and more importantly, I argue, of James Fenimore Cooper. The title, "Thorow," refers not only to Henry David Thoreau but also to the historical search for a "thorow," or through, navigable passageway in the Northeast. Thus the title signals the poem's engagement with the history of exploration, and ensuing colonialism and national expansion, as well as its engagement with literary history. Howe's references to Cooper, previously overlooked in discussions of this poem, provide a framework for connecting these two divergent meanings of the title.1 The setting for Cooper's novel
Light-dark entrainment of proestrous LH surges and circadian locomotor activity in female hamsters.

Abstract The temporal relationships of the proestrous LH surge and the circadian locomotor activity rhythm were compared in hamsters entrained to four different 24-hr light-dark (LD) cycles. Animals were housed in cages equipped with running wheels to obtain continuous activity records. Stable entrainment of locomotor activity was complete within 3 weeks of exposure to each photoperiod at which time hamsters were randomly assigned to hourly sample groups. Serum was obtained by cardiac puncture under light ether anesthesia on the day of proestrous and was assayed by RIA for LH. A computer-based least-squares sine wave-fitting technique determined a single objective phase reference point for the time of the hormone maximum. In each photoperiod, precise temporal relationships were maintained between the LH surge and activity onset, whereas the phase relationship between the LH surge and the LD cycle was more variable. These data indicate that the environmental LD cycle entrains the circadian timing system which, in turn, provides temporal information to the rhythms of proestrous gonadotropin and locomotor activity.
Seeking Eye Care for Children: Perceptions among Hispanic Immigrant Parents

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceptions related to seeking eye care for their children among Hispanic immigrant parents. Five focus group discussions with approximately eight Hispanic immigrant parents each were carried out using a designed topic guide to encourage dialogue. Discussion was tape-recorded and transcribed. Qualitative analysis was performed to identify and classify perceived barriers, motivators and possible future interventions. Parents agreed they would take the child to the eye specialist for visible problems, or if recommended by the pediatrician or required for school entry. The most frequently mentioned barriers included cost and the absence of signs, symptoms or a family history of eye problems. Parents identified a need for more information about common pediatric eye conditions, especially non-obvious problems like refractive error. Evaluation of perceptions and barriers is a necessary first step towards developing culturally relevant and effective interventions.
Hyaluronidase in the Urographic examination of children.

Summary A method for the urographies examination of children, especially those in the early years of life, is described. Treatment of the injection site with hyalas (Leo), dissolved in 0.5 per cent xylocaine (Astra), prepared the area so satisfactorily that the subsequent injection of contrast medium caused little pain and the resistance offered to the injection was lessened. The spread, absorption and consequently also the excretion of the dye were thus accelerated. A satisfactory concentration of dye in the ureters was thus obtained.
Perceptions of interfaces for eye movement biometrics

Widespread adoption of biometric authentication technology has been slow because of technical, usability, and acceptability issues. Incorporating feedback from stakeholders throughout the design process is one way to ensure that biometric technologies have the best chance of achieving success. Emerging technology that performs biometric identification through unique eye movement characteristics may offer advantages, but the potential usability and acceptability of interfaces for eye movement biometric authentication is unknown. We explore a series of user interface designs for a simulated eye movement biometric authentication system, presenting an account of our design process, descriptions of the interface designs, and our evaluation. Our findings highlight the importance of feedback design, potential usability issues, users' perceived security benefits, and reasons why users may prefer eye movement biometrics over other systems.
Sexual excitation function of hamster vaginal secretion

Sexually naive male hamsters were paired with ovariectomized females or with castrated males. On half of the trial days, the stimulus animals were scented with vaginal secretion from estrous females, and on half of the trials they were left unscented. Added vaginal secretion resulted in an increased frequency of mounting and decreased latency to mount, and an increase in the amount of time the males remained near the stimulus animals. These results demonstrate that the vaginal secretion has attractant and sexual excitant effects on naive males and thus is a source of sex pheromones. Presence of the secretion also resulted in a decrease in some measures of agonistic behavior, suggesting anti-aggressive functions as well.
Breast-feeding programs and lactational amenorrhea: Evaluation using event history analysis

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present an approach toward evaluating the effectiveness of breast feeding programs in relation to their impact on the duration of post partum amenorrhea. The current emphasis on improving reproductive health through family planning services is likely to increase the use of LAM as a birth spacing method. As a result, evaluation of the net impact of breast feeding duration on the length of post partum amenorrhea is essential for designing an effective family planning program. We present event history analysis as an useful tool in evaluating the effectiveness breast feeding programs on post partum amenorrhea. Data from NFH survey (India) of the State of Rajasthan are used to illustrate the event history approach toward outcome evaluation.
Control of retinoic acid receptor expression in mouse melanoma cells by cyclic AMP.

Retinoic acid receptor (RAR) alpha and gamma mRNAs were constitutively expressed in B16 melanoma cells with or without retinoic acid (RA) treatment. RAR beta mRNA, however, was significantly expressed only after exposure to RA. Induction of RAR beta by RA occurred within 1 h and was not inhibited by cycloheximide (i.e., did not require new protein synthesis). All three RAR mRNA levels were dramatically decreased with 8-bromo-cyclic AMP treatment and could not be rescued by addition of RA. Analysis of RAR gamma revealed that this decrease occurred within 1 h of exposure to 8-bromo-cyclic AMP and was not blocked by simultaneous treatment with cycloheximide. The stability of RAR gamma mRNA was not altered by cyclic AMP treatment. Nuclear extracts from 8-bromo-cyclic AMP-treated cells showed a large decrease in protein binding to a retinoic acid response element (RARE) oligonucleotide compared to control cells. This correlated with a marked reduction of RA-stimulated RARE-reporter gene activity in transfected cells which were treated with cyclic AMP. Pretreatment of B16 cells with cyclic AMP prior to RA addition dramatically reduced induction of PKC alpha, an early marker of RA-induced cell differentiation. Thus, cyclic AMP can antagonize the action of RA most likely via its ability to inhibit RAR expression.
Simulating the Viatron 2140/2150 on the IBM 360:

This paper describes the process ofdeveloping an instruction-level simula tion of a digital computer for program checkout, with particular reference to a simulation of the Viatron 2140/2150 minicomputers on the IBM 360. The architecture of these computers is described. Design decisions to be made in simulator development are then covered, including programming language, data representation, approach to timing, and debugging facil ities. A method ofreducing the size of the simulator by "paging" the simu lated memory into and out of the host computer's core memory is discussed. Results of operational use of the simulator are given. Through out, emphasis is placed on those factors which tend to differentiate the simulation of a minicomputer from the simulation of a commercial data- processing computer.
Getting What "We" Deserve: Terrorism, Tolerance, Sexuality, and the Christian Right* * I would like to thank Jyl Josephson for commenting on an earlier draft of this essay and Ara Wilson for suggesting helpful sources. Versions of this paper were presented at an Interdisciplinary Research Seminar on Democracy, Citizenship, and Identity at the Ohio State University and at the 2002 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association in Boston, Massachusetts

On September 13, 2001, Jerry Falwell made a guest appearance on Pat Robertson's 700 Club by remote satellite and commented on the bombings two days before of the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, DC. Together, the two ministers forcefully expressed a "politics of desert" that links American tolerance of lesbians and gay men, feminists, atheists, and others with God's punishment on the polity. Although Falwell and Robertson were widely denounced for their comments, little analysis followed in the media of the theological and political content of the Christian Right's politics of desert or of the multiple modes of address that Christian Right leaders use to deliver political messages to followers and to the general American public. This essay explores the theological and political commitments that ground a politics of desert and, more specifically, links the Falwell-Robertson comments to recent Christian Right political activism against lesbians and gay men.
N-deethylation and N-oxidation of etamiphylline: identification of etamiphylline-N-oxide in greyhound urine by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract Millophyline-V®, (etamiphylline camsylate) was administered intramuscularly to two racing greyhounds at a dose of 10 mg kg−1. Unhydrolysed pre- and post-administration urine samples were extracted using mixed mode solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges, the basic isolates derivatised as trimethylsilyl ethers and analysed by positive ion electron ionisation gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/EI+/MS). The parent drug and one metabolite, N-desethyletamiphylline, were detected in urine for up to 72 h. For semi-quantification, urine samples were extracted on-line using a Prospekt sample handler. The analytes retained on the C2 SPE cartridge were eluted by the mobile phase directly on to the analytical high performance liquid chromatography column and analysed by positive ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (LC/APCI+) MS in the multiple selective-ion recording mode. A major peak containing both ions (m/z) 280 and (m/z) 252 was observed. Full scan LC/APCI+/MS of the unknown indicated that the ion at (m/z) 280 was formed by the loss of an oxygen atom [MH+ → (MH+ − O)]. Samples were analysed by positive ion electrospray ionisation LC/MS on two different instruments and the unknown compound was identified as an N-oxide of the tert. nitrogen atom of the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl substituent on N7 of the theophylline nucleus. This compound has not been reported previously either as an in vivo or in vitro metabolite of etamiphylline in any species. Thermal decomposition of the N-oxide could lead to an increase the detection period of the parent drug during routine GC/MS screening of post-competition greyhound urine samples.
Risk factors for the development of fecal and urinary incontinence in Wisconsin nursing home residents.

Abstract Purpose: To determine factors associated with the development of urinary and fecal incontinence in nursing homes. Design and methods: Residents of Wisconsin skilled nursing facilities reported in the Wisconsin annual nursing home survey continent to both urine and stool in 1992 were re-assessed 1 year later for the development of urinary and/or fecal incontinence. Independent variables were elements of the HCFA minimum data set found to be significantly associated with incontinence in cross-sectional surveys of Wisconsin nursing home residents. Results: Dementia and advancing age were consistently associated with the development of incontinence, but the strongest associations were impairment of activities of daily living and the use of patient restraints. Implication: Adjusting for the major reasons to apply patient restraint: dementia, blindness, arthritis and stroke, along with other risk factors for incontinence, the use of patient restraints is the most significant cause for the development of incontinence in nursing homes.
Signal detection with criterion noise: Applications to recognition memory

A tacit but fundamental assumption of the theory of signal detection is that criterion placement is a noise-free process. This article challenges that assumption on theoretical and empirical grounds and presents the noisy decision theory of signal detection (ND-TSD). Generalized equations for the isosensitivity function and for measures of discrimination incorporating criterion variability are derived, and the model's relationship with extant models of decision making in discrimination tasks is examined. An experiment evaluating recognition memory for ensembles of word stimuli revealed that criterion noise is not trivial in magnitude and contributes substantially to variance in the slope of the isosensitivity function. The authors discuss how ND-TSD can help explain a number of current and historical puzzles in recognition memory, including the inconsistent relationship between manipulations of learning and the isosensitivity function's slope, the lack of invariance of the slope with manipulations of bias or payoffs, the effects of aging on the decision-making process in recognition, and the nature of responding in remember-know decision tasks. ND-TSD poses novel, theoretically meaningful constraints on theories of recognition and decision making more generally, and provides a mechanism for rapprochement between theories of decision making that employ deterministic response rules and those that postulate probabilistic response rules.
Nerve growth factor and a fibroblast growth factor-like neurotrophic activity in cerebrospinal fluid of brain injured human patients

We report here the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of some brain-injured human patients soon after injury. The NGF was quantified against a recombinant human NGF standard in a two-site enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay using antibodies against murine B NGF. None of the samples collected more than 2 days after injury contained detectable levels of NGF. When the CSF was assayed for the ability to promote neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells, neurite outgrowth was reduced, but not completely blocked, by antibodies to B NGF, suggesting that there were other biologically active factors present. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) also promotes neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. In an initial screening for the presence of FGF, we employed PC12 cells and NR119 cells, PC12 variants in which recombinant human B NGF, but not recombinant human basic FGF, promotes neurite outgrowth. CSF from brain injury patients promoted greater neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells than from NR119 cells, suggesting that some of the biological activity associated with the injury CSF may be due a FGF. This possibility is further supported by the observation that the biological activity of the injury CSF significantly reduced by batch absorption with heparin Sepharose, suggesting the presence of a heparin binding neurotrophic factor. Neurotrophic factors appear in CSF as a consequence of diverse types of brain injury, including head trauma, intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. The appearance of these factors may reflect important common elements in the complex series of cellular changes occurring in response to acute brain injury.
Glutamate receptor subunit expression in the rhesus macaque locus coeruleus.

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a major noradrenergic brain nucleus that regulates states of arousal, optimizes task-oriented decision making, and may also play an important role in modulating the activity of the reproductive neuroendocrine axis. Rodent studies have shown that the LC is responsive to glutamate receptor agonists, and that it expresses various glutamate receptor subunits. However, glutamate receptor subunit expression has not been extensively examined in the primate LC. We previously demonstrated expression of the NR1 NMDA glutamate receptor subunit in the rhesus macaque LC and now extend this work by also examining the expression of non-NMDA (AMPA and kainate) ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits. Using in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry, we confirmed the presence of the obligatory NR1 subunit in the LC. In addition, we demonstrated expression of the AMPA glutamate receptor subunits GluR1, GluR2, and GluR3. More extensive receptor profiling, using rhesus monkey gene microarrays (Affymetrix GeneChip®), further corroborated the histological findings and showed expression of mRNA encoding ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits NR2A, NR2D, GluR4, and GluR6, as well as the metabotropic glutamate receptor subunits mGluR1, mGluR3, mGluR4, mGluR5, and mGluR7. These data provide a foundation for future examination of how changes in glutamate receptor composition contribute to the control of primate physiology.
Clinical Markers and Clinical Consequences of Stunned Myocardium

Clinical markers must be identified to distinguish between stunned and acutely ischemic myocardial tissue, as well as to assess the viability of myocardium. Evaluation of electrocardiographic ST segment abnormalities can distinguish transmural oxygen deprivation from subendocardial oxygen declines, but stunned myocardium may have normal ST segments. Myocardial contrast echocardiography can estimate regional myocardial blood flow but ultrasound measurement of blood flow is not always able to discern stunned from nonviable myocardium. Change in extracellular pH has been used to study ischemia, but has not yet been shown to reflect differences between stunned and ischemic myocardium. A combination of clinical markers of flow, delivery, and oxygen consumption may be necessary in order to differentiate between stunned and ischemic regions. This distinction can have important therapeutic consequences because patients with acutely ischemic but viable myocardium may be ultimately harmed by inotropic drugs that increase myocardial oxygen demand. In contrast, inotropes may be indicated for stunned myocardial tissue. The determination of the reversibility of myocardial dysfunction can also impact on decisions to use mechanical cardiocirculatory support. Differentiation of stunned and ischemic myocardium might also streamline ICU assignments and lead to more effective use of high technology resources.