cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Simple Approximation to the Completion Time Distribution for a PERT Network

A heuristic method for PERT analysis is presented, designed in such a way as to keep computational and informational needs to a minimum and to be easy to implement. The procedure is computationally efficient and quite accurate, even though the only information required on activity time distributions is in the form of simple discrete approximations. A numerical study is described which provides guidelines on the number of values to use and the computer time required.
NDE of structural ceramics

Radiographic, ultrasonic, scanning laser acoustic microscopy (SLAM), and thermo-acoustic microscopy techniques were used to characterize silicon nitride and silicon carbide modulus-of-rupture test specimens in various stages of fabrication. Conventional and microfocus X-ray techniques were found capable of detecting minute high density inclusions in as-received powders, green compacts, and fully densified specimens. Significant density gradients in sintered bars were observed by radiography, ultrasonic velocity, and SLAM. Ultrasonic attenuation was found sensitive to microstructural variations due to grain and void morphology and distribution. SLAM was also capable of detecting voids, inclusions and cracks in finished test bars. Consideration is given to the potential for applying thermo-acoustic microscopy techniques to green and densified ceramics. The detection probability statistics and some limitations of radiography and SLAM also are discussed.
Visual reaction time as a function of stimulusbackground contrast

Gewohnlich werden bei Reaktionsexperimenten Schallreize in verhaltnismasiger Stille, Lichtreize dagegen bei ziemlich groser Helligkeit der Umgebung gegeben. Wir haben versucht, diese Unterschiede in den Versuchsbedingungen fur die beiden Sinne dadurch auszugleichen, das wir die Lichtreize bei Dunkelheit gaben. Zum Vergleich und zur Kontrolle wurden Versuche mit Lichtreaktionen bei gewohnlicher Beleuchtung und mit Schallreaktionen vorgenommen. Wahrend der ersten zweihundert Messungen verkurzte sich die Reaktionszeit erheblich. Die Durchschnitte der nachsten hundert Reaktionszeitmessungen zeigten fur unsere Versuchsbedingungen, (1.) das die Reaktionszeit auf Schallreize bedeutend kurzer ist als auf Lichtreize, die bei normaler Helligkeit gegeben werden (Differenz/W.F.Diff.=29.31), (2.) das die Reaktionszeit auf bei Dunkelheit gegebene Lichtreize bedeutend kurzer ist als auf solche, die bei Helligkeit gegeben werden (Differenz/W. F.Diff.=25.03), und (3.) das die Reaktionszeit auf bei Dunkelheit gegebene Lichtreize praktisch identisch ist mit der Schallreaktionszeit (Differenz/W.F.Diff.=0.76).
Colonialism and international health: a study in social change in Ghana.

Abstract This paper examines the role of colonial rule and of international agencies in developing modern health care in Ghana. Our purpose is to discuss processes in Ghanaian society in a way that will be relevant for comparison to other non-Western countries. What factors in colonialism supported the evolution of modern health care? What health measures were implemented to make the Gold-Coast-now Ghana-hospitable to colonialism? What roles do international agencies play in the continuing evolution of modern health care?
An inflammatory eruption associated with recombinant human IL‐6

Summary Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an endogenous cytokine with multiple biological functions, including amplification of the inflammatory response. Recombinant human IL-6, administered as part of a chemotherapeutic regimen, has recently been shown to cause regression of certain types of malignant tumours. We report a patient who developed a cutaneous eruption consisting of coalescent, erythematous, scaling macules and papules after administration of recombinant human IL-6, given as part of her chemotherapy for ductal carcinoma of the breast.
Hybrid Cardiovascular Suite: The Operating Room of the Future

The evolving specialty of cardiovascular hybrid surgery that involves the integration of advanced interventional techniques into cardiovascular surgery requires sophisticated angiographic imaging capabilities in the operating room (hybrid suite). This new operating-room concept enables new cardiac-surgery therapies and will play a vital role for the advancement of minimally invasive cardiovascular surgery. Careful planning and professional expertise is a key factor for every hybrid room project.
Effects of Bilingual Language System on Release from Proactive Inhibition

The study investigated the effects of the compound-coordinate distinction on bilingual memory storage. Two groups of bilinguals, corresponding to the two language systems, served in four Brown-Peterson short-term memory conditions: Category change, Language change, Language and Category change, and Control. No differences between the two types of bilinguals were found.
Diamagnetic lanthanide tris β-diketonate complexes with aryl-containing ligands as chiral NMR discriminating agents

Abstract Diamagnetic lanthanum(III) and lutetium(III) tris β-diketonate complexes with the aryl-containing ligands 3-benzoyl-(+)-camphor and 3-(2-naphthoyl)-(+)-camphor are effective organic-soluble chiral NMR discriminating agents for oxygen- and nitrogen-containing compounds. Enantiomeric discrimination of sufficient magnitude to determine the enantiomeric purity is observed in the 1 H NMR spectra of compounds with hydroxyl, carbonyl, oxazolidinone, amine, and sulfoxide groups. Diamagnetic lanthanide complexes with the aryl-containing β-diketonate ligands are almost always more effective than those with 3-trifluoroacetyl-(+)-camphor, 3-heptafluorobutyryl-(+)-camphor, and d,d-dicampholylmethane that have been previously reported. Many hydrogen atoms of the substrates are significantly shielded in the presence of the lanthanide chelates with the aryl-containing ligands, which likely enhances the extent of enantiomeric discrimination in the NMR spectra. No combination of metal and ligand is most effective for all substrates. Larger enantiomeric discrimination is usually observed in benzene- d 6 or cyclohexane- d 12 than in chloroform- d . Diamagnetic lanthanide tris β-diketonates with the aryl-containing ligands provide an alternative to paramagnetic chelates that often cause too much broadening in the 1 H NMR spectrum.
Geometric nonlinearity and mechanical anisotropy in strained helical nanoribbons

Fabrication and synthesis of helical nanoribbons have received increasing attention because of the broad applications of helical nanostructures in nano-elecromechanical/micro-electromechanical systems (NEMS/MEMS), sensors, active materials, drug delivery, etc. In this paper, I study the mechanical principles used in designing strained helical nanoribbons, and propose the use of a full three-dimensional finite element method to simulate the coexistence of both left- and right-handed segments in the same strained nanoribbon. This work can both help understand the large deformation behaviours of such nanostructures and assist in the design of helical nanostructures for engineering applications.
Side-mode gain in semiconductor lasers

Side-mode gain and coupling coefficients in semiconductor laser media are calculated with the use of a multimode Fourier technique valid both for mode spacings that are small compared with the carrier–carrier relaxation rates and for spacings comparable with these rates as predicted by the Boltzmann theory of Binder et al. [ Phys. Rev. B45, 1107 ( 1992)]. The medium is described by a free-carrier model that provides for carrierprobability pulsations around quasi-equilibrium Fermi–Dirac values. We find that population pulsations play just as important a role as spectral hole burning for mode spacings comparable with the intraband relaxation rates. For the carrier–carrier relaxation rates of Binder et al., side-mode gain is predicted to be smaller than the main-mode gain, leading to single-mode operation. However, for somewhat smaller intraband relaxation rates, side-mode gain is readily found that exceeds the single-mode gain, which would encourage multimode operation. In addition, we find that the gain and coupling coefficient spectra are sensitive to the k dependence of the carrier—carrier relaxation rates and might provide a useful way to measure these rates. We are also able to explain the asymmetric side-mode gain spectra for small beat frequencies in terms of the rapid decrease of the quasi-equilibrium Fermi–Dirac electron distribution just above the gain region.
Introducing Standards and Sustainable Design

The ABET Engineering Criteria require a capstone design project where students use “appropriate engineering standards.” One of the ABET design constraints that students must consider is “sustainability.” The new United States Standards Strategy has as one of its goals to “establish standards education as a high priority within the United States private, public and academic sectors.” The first Fundamental Canon of the ASCE Code of Ethics states in part that civil engineers “shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of their professional duties.” ASTM E 2432-05 Standard Guide for General Principles of Sustainability Relative to Buildings provides a framework for organizing student design projects to accomplish multiple objectives. However, IEEE’s experience in introducing standards in senior design courses indicates that the senior year may be too late and that the introduction to standards should occur in the first or second year. The purpose of this paper is to outline strategies for including standards and sustainability in courses throughout curricula to build the experience, knowledge, and interest necessary to fulfill the ABET capstone requirements in a meaningful way.
Theoretical model of performance of a silicon piezoresistive pressure sensor

Abstract This paper will describe briefly the two kinds of signal-conditioning interfaces of silicon piezoresistive pressure sensors: hardware compensation and software compensation. A detailed model of the accuracy budget for both approaches is explained. It will be shown that the device-to-device variations of the temperature coefficient of offset are a critical element, and that a calibration of this coefficient is unavoidable to get an accuracy of about 1 % full scale. It will also be demonstrated that the ADC resolution is the key parameter in a software-compensation approach, and that the resolutions of the feedback loops for offset and gain adjustments are the key parameters in a hardware approach. When the sensor interface is optimized, the performance depends on the sensor non-linearity and on the temperature-reading error.
An essay on the evolution of cognition: Constructing a theoretical conceptual framework

In this essay we provide an interdisciplinary approach to the problem of the evolution of human cognition and suggest the theoretical framework of genetic system theory (GST) for organizing the relevant content of several disciplines. This bio-social-cultural theory is based on the assumption that organisms are dynamic systems which interact with one another and their environment and are themselves composed of dynamic internal relations at several levels. Special emphasis will be placed upon these internal cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the physiological mechanisms of learning and memory. The human individual organism is emphasized because in its experiential activity over time it is the site of integration for social, and cultural stimuli and because of its unique properties among living things. The primary disciplines for our discussion are drawn from the biological, social, and humanistic sciences and several concrete examples are given from each science.
In situ surfactant generation as a means of miniemulsification

In situ emulsification, where the surfactant is synthesized spontaneously at the oil/water interface, has been put forth as a simpler method for the preparation of miniemulsions-like systems. Miniemulsions are relatively stable oil-(e.g., monomer)-in-water emulsions having droplet sizes anywhere in the range of 50–500 nm, and are typically created with high shear and stabilized by the combination a surfactant and a costabilizer. Using the in situ method of preparation, emulsion stability and droplet and particle sizes were monitored and compared with conventional emulsions and miniemulsions. Styrene emulsions prepared by the in situ method do not demonstrate the stability of a comparable miniemulsion. Upon polymerization, the final particle size generated from the in situ emulsion did not differ significantly from the comparable conventional emulsion polymerization; the reaction mechanism for in situ emulsions is more like conventional emulsion polymerization rather than miniemulsion polymerization. Similar results were found when the in situ method was applied to controlled free radical polymerizations (CFRP), which have been advanced as a potential application of the method. Molecular weight control was found to be achieved via diffusion of the CFRP agents through the aqueous phase owing to limited water solubilities. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
The Context and Consequences of Sexual Assault Among Undergraduate Women at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs)

To examine the context of sexual assault and postassault actions and consequences among women attending historically Black colleges or universities (HBCUs), web-based surveys were administered in November 2008 to 3,951 undergraduate women attending four HBCUs. Data on the context in which assaults occurred were generated for women who had been sexually assaulted since entering college (n = 358). Multivariate models were run on the full sample to examine the association between sexual assault and symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results indicated that most survivors were assaulted by assailants well known to them and when the survivor and perpetrator were drinking alcohol. Very few survivors disclosed their experiences to formal sources of support. Survivors had significantly more symptoms of depression and were more likely to screen positive for PTSD than nonvictims. Further research on disclosure and its moderating role on the mental health consequences of sexual assault is needed.
High permeability membranes for the dehydration of low water content ethanol by pervaporation

Energy efficient dehydration of low water content ethanol is a challenge for the sustainable production of fuel-grade ethanol. Pervaporative membrane dehydration using a recently developed hydrophilic polymer membrane formulation consisting of a cross-linked mixture of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and a blend of 99 and 88% hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) is found to be an attractive method. These polymeric membranes possess high water permeabilities at low feed water concentrations (<5 wt%) in ethanol compared to similar membranes in which all of the poly(vinyl alcohol) portion was 99% hydrolyzed.
Disturbance-Mediated Variation in Stand Structure between Varieties of Pinus clausa (Sand Pine)

Geographically mediated differences in exposure to disturbance agents that operate at different scales impose demographic contrasts between plant populations. We examined such effects on the stand-scale population structure of the two varieties of Pinus clausa (sand pine). Pinus clausa var. immuginata stands of the Florida panhandle exhibited reverse-J diameter and age structures, with ongoing stem recruitment and relatively high seedling and sapling densities in canopy gaps. Seedling radial growth rates were relatively slow in P. c. var. immuginata stands, reflecting the partially closed character of the forest canopy. Radial growth-release events among trees were recorded in 35 – 65% of trees in P. c. var. immuginata stands. Timing of releases matched exposure to hurricanes and extratropical storms in these coastal settings. Wind damage provides opportunities for recruitment and growth of stems, so that stands of P. c. var. immuginata do not require stand-destroying disturbances to persist in the landsc...
Protein kinase Cδ oxidation contributes to ERK inactivation in lupus T cells

Objective CD4+ T cells from patients with active lupus have impaired ERK pathway signaling that decreases DNA methyltransferase expression, resulting in DNA demethylation, overexpression of immune genes, and autoimmunity. The ERK pathway defect is due to impaired phosphorylation of T505 in the protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) activation loop. However, the mechanisms that prevent PKCδ T505 phosphorylation in lupus T cells are unknown. Others have reported that oxidative modifications, and nitration in particular, of T cells as well as serum proteins correlate with lupus disease activity. We undertook this study to test our hypothesis that nitration inactivates PKCδ, contributing to impaired ERK pathway signaling in lupus T cells. Methods CD4+ T cells were purified from lupus patients and controls and then stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Signaling protein levels, nitration, and phosphorylation were quantitated by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting of T cell lysates. Transfections were performed by electroporation. Results Treating CD4+ T cells with peroxynitrite nitrated PKCδ, preventing PKCδ T505 phosphorylation and inhibiting ERK pathway signaling similar to that observed in lupus T cells. Patients with active lupus had higher nitrated T cell PKCδ levels than did controls, which correlated directly with disease activity, and antinitrotyrosine immunoprecipitations demonstrated that nitrated PKCδ, but not unmodified PKCδ, was refractory to PMA-stimulated T505 phosphorylation, similar to PKCδ in peroxynitrite-treated cells. Conclusion Oxidative stress causes PKCδ nitration, which prevents its phosphorylation and contributes to the decreased ERK signaling in lupus T cells. These results identify PKCδ as a link between oxidative stress and the T cell epigenetic modifications in lupus.
Effect of ovarian endometriosis on ovulation in rabbits

To study the relationship between endometriosis and ovulatory dysfunction, we induced ovarian endometriosis in the rabbit model. Adipose tissue was placed in the contralateral ovary as a control. Ovulation was induced with human chorionic gonadotropin, and ovulation points were counted before and after induction of endometriosis. Periovarian adhesions were graded, and ovaries were histologically examined. A significant decrease in the number of ovulation points was observed in ovaries with endometrial tissue ( p = 0.001) but not in ovaries that contained adipose tissue ( p = 0.095). Periovarian adhesions decreased the number of ovulation points ( p p p = 0.45). We conclude that, in the rabbit model, minimal ovarian endometriosis impairs ovulation primarily through a mechanism related to periovarian adhesions.
Chronic ethanol exposure attenuates the anti-apoptotic effect of NMDA in cerebellar granule neurons.

Abstract: Ethanol, added to primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons simultaneously with NMDA, was previously shown to inhibit the anti-apoptotic effect of NMDA. The in vitro anti-apoptotic effect of NMDA is believed to mimic in vivo protection against apoptosis afforded by innervation of developing cerebellar granule neurons by glutamatergic mossy fibers. Therefore, the results suggested that the presence of ethanol in the brain at a critical period of development would promote apoptosis. In the present studies, we examined the effect of chronic ethanol exposure on the anti-apoptotic action of NMDA in cerebellar granule neurons. The neurons were treated with ethanol in vitro for 1-3 days in the absence of NMDA. Even after ethanol was removed from the culture medium, as ascertained by gas chromatography, the protective effect of added NMDA was significantly attenuated. The decreased anti-apoptotic effect of NMDA was associated with a change in the properties of the NMDA receptor, as indicated by a decrease in ligand binding, decreased expression of NMDA receptor subunit proteins, and decreased functional responses including stimulation of increases in intracellular Ca2+ and induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression. The latter effect may directly underlie the attenuated protective effect of NMDA in these neurons. The results suggest that ethanol exposure during development can have long-lasting effects on neuronal survival. The change in the NMDA receptor caused by chronic ethanol treatment may contribute to the loss of cerebellar granule neurons that is observed in animals and humans exposed to ethanol during gestation.
Relationship between asking an older adult about falls and surgical outcomes.

Importance More than one-third of all US inpatient operations are performed on patients aged 65 years and older. Existing preoperative risk assessment strategies are not adequate to meet the needs of the aging population. Objectives To evaluate the relationship of a history of falls (a geriatric syndrome) to postoperative outcomes in older adults undergoing major elective operations. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective, cohort study was conducted at a referral medical center. Persons aged 65 years and older undergoing elective colorectal and cardiac operations were enrolled. The predictor variable was having fallen in the 6 months prior to the operation. Main Outcomes and Measures Postoperative outcomes measured included 30-day complications, the need for discharge institutionalization, and 30-day readmission. Results There were 235 subjects with a mean (SD) age of 74 (6) years. Preoperative falls occurred in 33%. One or more postoperative complications occurred more frequently in the group with prior falls compared with the nonfallers following both colorectal (59% vs 25%; P = .004) and cardiac (39% vs 15%; P = .002) operations. These findings were independent of advancing chronologic age. The need for discharge to an institutional care facility occurred more frequently in the group that had fallen in comparison with the nonfallers in both the colorectal (52% vs 6%; P P = .001) groups. Similarly, 30-day readmission was higher in the group with prior falls following both colorectal ( P = .04) and cardiac ( P = .02) operations. Conclusions and Relevance A history of 1 or more falls in the 6 months prior to an operation forecasts increased postoperative complications, the need for discharge institutionalization, and 30-day readmission across surgical specialties. Using a history of prior falls in preoperative risk assessment for an older adult represents a shift from current preoperative assessment strategies.
Successful reconstruction by omental graft in a case of recurrent traumatic CSF rhinorrhea.

We reported successful reconstruction by omental graft in a case of reccurent traumatic CSF rhinorrhea. A 21-year-old male was brought to our hospital by traffic accident in coma state. Skull X-ray showed left frontal depressed fracture extending to the superior orbital rim. CT scan revealed traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, left cerebral contusional hemorrhage and severe brain swelling, so we carried out removal of the hematoma and external decompression. After that CSF rhinorrhea appeared, but disappeared before long, and after five months he discharged. After one year he returned to our hospital because of meningitis by CSF rhinorrhea. We confirmed the point of leakage from frontal skull base to ethmoid sinus by MRI and metrizamide CT, and we carried out repairment to frontal skull base with temporal muscle and periosteum. After three months he recurred CSF rhinorrhea and this time we carried out reconstruction to frontal skull base used by omental graft separated from abdomen. Since then CSF rhinorrhea has not reccured. Omentum possesses various functions such as protection against infection, ability of various shapes, absorption of CSF and adhesion to the surrounding tissue, so we regards it as very useful material to reconstruction of skull base.
Paying More to Get Less: The Effects of External Hiring versus Internal Mobility

Individuals often enter similar jobs via two different routes: internal mobility and external hiring. I examine how the differences between these routes affect subsequent outcomes in those jobs. Dr...
TIME RESOLVED FLOW MEASUREMENTS OF UNSTEADY VORTEX GENERATOR JETS IN A SEPARATING BOUNDARY LAYER

Vortex generator jets (VGJs) have been found to be an effective method of active separation control on the suction side of a low pressure turbine (LPT) blade at low Reynolds numbers. The flow mechanisms responsible for this control were studied and documented in order to provide a basis for future improvements in LPT design. Data was collected using a stereo PIV system that enabled all three components of velocity to be measured. First, steady VGJs were injected into a laminar boundary layer on a flat plate (non-separating boundary layer) in order to more fully understand the characteristics and behavior of the produced vortices. Normally injected jets created vortices of lesser strength that migrated out farther from the boundary layer. The vortices produced by angled jets (injected at 30˚ pitch and 90˚ skew angles to the freestream) remained closer to the wall and maintained their structure for a longer distance. The angled jets also produce vortices that were more effective at sweeping low momentum fluid up from the boundary layer while transporting high momentum freestream fluid down towards the wall. Second, pulsed VGJs were injected on a flat plate with an applied adverse pressure gradient equivalent to that experienced by an LPT blade. This configuration was used to study the effectiveness of the flow control exhibited by both jet configurations on a separating boundary layer. Time averaged results showed similar boundary layer separation reduction for both normal and angled jets, however individual characteristics of the control differed. Normal jets created vortices that traveled downstream more quickly, while the vortices from the angled jets reduced the boundary layer separation to a greater extent. NOMENCLATURE B jet blowing ratio (Uj/Ue) Cx axial chord (m) F +
The Cultural Logic of Media Convergence

Responding to the contradictory nature of our current moment of media change, this article will sketch a theory of media convergence that allows us to identify major sites of tension and transition shaping the media environment for the coming decade. Media convergence is more than simply a technological shift. Convergence alters the relationship between existing technologies, industries, markets, genres and audiences. ●
Directed targeting of chromatin to the nuclear lamina is mediated by chromatin state and A-type lamins

Nuclear organization has been implicated in regulating gene activity. Recently, large developmentally regulated regions of the genome dynamically associated with the nuclear lamina have been identified. However, little is known about how these lamina-associated domains (LADs) are directed to the nuclear lamina. We use our tagged chromosomal insertion site system to identify small sequences from borders of fibroblast-specific variable LADs that are sufficient to target these ectopic sites to the nuclear periphery. We identify YY1 (Ying-Yang1) binding sites as enriched in relocating sequences. Knockdown of YY1 or lamin A/C, but not lamin A, led to a loss of lamina association. In addition, targeted recruitment of YY1 proteins facilitated ectopic LAD formation dependent on histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation and histone H3 lysine di- and trimethylation. Our results also reveal that endogenous loci appear to be dependent on lamin A/C, YY1, H3K27me3, and H3K9me2/3 for maintenance of lamina-proximal positioning.
Vale Dictum: An Editor's View of the Field of Pediatric Psychology and Its Journal

Examines activities of Editor of the Journal of Pediatric Psychology for issues published 1988-1992. Articles published during term are analyzed in terms of senior author gender, affiliation, academic rank, grant support, theoretical orientation, population type, population age, article type, and research purpose. Comparisons are made to earlier analysis of article trends in Journal by Elkins and Roberts (1988). A summary is provided of what the Journal reflects about pediatric psychology in terms of clinical practice, scientific research, and professional issues.
Invariant-based specification, synthesis, and verification of synchronization in concurrent programs

Concurrency is used in modern software systems as a means of addressing performance, availability, and reliability requirements. The collaboration of multiple independently executing components is fundamental to meeting such requirements and such collaboration is realized by synchronizing component execution.Using current technologies developers are faced with a tension between correct synchronization and performance. Developers can be confident when simple forms of synchronization are used, for example, locking all accesses to shared data. Unfortunately, such simple approaches can result in significant run-time overhead, and, in fact, there are many cases in which such simple approaches cannot implement required synchronization policies. Implementing more sophisticated (and less constraining) synchronization policies may improve run-time performance and satisfy synchronization requirements, but fundamental difficulties in reasoning about concurrency make it difficult to assess their correctness.This paper describes an approach to automatically synthesizing complex synchronization implementations from formal high-level specifications. Moreover, the generated coded is designed to be processed easily by software model-checking tools such as Bandera. This enables the generated synchronization solutions to be verified for important system correctness properties. We believe this is an effective approach because the tool-support provided makes it simple to use, it has a solid semantic foundation, it is language independent, and we have demonstrated that it is powerful enough to solve numerous challenging synchronization problems.
Inhibition of Tooth Development with a Sclerosing Agent, Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUAINHIBITION DEL DISVELOPPAMENTO DENTAL PER UN AGENTE SCLEROTISANTE (SULFATO TETRADECYLIC DE NATRIUM).-Le tertie e quarte premolares in stato evolvente de 15 canes hybrida esseva tractate con injectiones de 0,3 ml de un solution de 3 pro cento de sulfato tetradecylic de natrium alternatemente al lateres sinistre e dextere. Un sterile solution salin esseva injicite pro objectivos de controlo ad in le dentes contralateral.Examines radiographic revelava le complete inhibition del eruption del dentes. Tamen, un latente sed atrophic disveloppamento de radices esseva notate in tres dentes.Histologicamente, responsas pulpal de inflammation sequite del formation secundari de dentina e osso si ben como responsas de degeneration ameloblastyc, de invasion ossee, e de resorption de adamante in organos adamantin esseva observate.
Particokinetics In Vitro: Dosimetry Considerations for In Vitro Nanoparticle Toxicity Assessments

The rapid growth in the use of in vitro methods for nanoparticle toxicity assessment has proceeded with limited consideration of the unique kinetics of these materials in solution. Particles in general and nanoparticles specifically, diffuse, settle, and agglomerate in cell culture media as a function of systemic and particle properties: media density and viscosity and particle size, shape, charge and density, for example. Cellular dose then is also a function of these factors as they determine the rate of transport of nanoparticles to cells in culture. Here we develop and apply the principles of dosimetry in vitro and outline an approach for simulation of nanoparticle particokinetics in cell culture systems. We illustrate that where equal mass concentrations (mug/ml) imply equal doses for dissimilar materials, the corresponding particle number or surface area concentration doses differ by orders of magnitude. More importantly, when rates of diffusional and gravitational particle delivery are accounted for, trends and magnitude of the cellular dose as a function of particle size and density differ significantly from those implied by "concentration" doses. For example, 15-nm silver nanoparticles appear approximately 4000 times more potent than micron-sized cadmium oxide particles on a cm(2)/ml media basis, but are only approximately 50 times more potent when differences in delivery to adherent cells are considered. We conclude that simple surrogates of dose can cause significant misinterpretation of response and uptake data for nanoparticles in vitro. Incorporating particokinetics and principles of dosimetry would significantly improve the basis for nanoparticle toxicity assessment, increasing the predictive power and scalability of such assays.
New Assignments for Multitasking Signal Transduction Inhibitors

An article presented in this issue of Molecular Pharmacology (p. 1527) provides an intriguing example of how tyrosine kinase inhibitors can be put to many uses. In this article, the action of dasatinib (BMS-354825) is contrasted with that of imatinib, a kinase inhibitor that is currently being used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia and other disorders. Both pharmacologic inhibitors target several tyrosine kinases, including Bcr-Abl and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). Up to this point, the PDGFR has not been a primary therapeutic target for this class of agents. The work of Chen and colleagues shows that dasatinib is a particularly potent inhibitor of PDGFR and that the compound also targets Src kinase. The authors suggest that this combination of activities could be useful in the treatment of vascular obstructive diseases. Although a lack of absolute specificity has typically been regarded as a pharmacologic drawback, this study exemplifies how drugs with multiple molecular targets can potentially provide a very beneficial spectrum of therapeutic activities in multiple disease states.
Treslin, DUE‐B, and GEMC1 cannot complement Sld3 mutants in fission yeast

Initiation of DNA replication in eukaryotes is an evolutionarily conserved process that involves two distinct steps: the formation of prereplication complexes at replication origins in G1 and the assembly of preinitiation complexes (pre-ICs) in S phase, which leads to activation of the replication helicase. For the assembly of pre-ICs in yeast, formation of the Sld2-Dpb11-Sld3 complex is a critical event that requires phosphorylation of Sld2 and Sld3 by cyclin-dependent kinase. In mammals, RecQL4 and TopBP1 are excellent ortholog candidates for Sld2 and Dpb11, respectively. In this past year, three TopBP1-interacting proteins Treslin/Ticrr, GEMC1, and DUE-B have been identified in metazoans as possible functional orthologs of the yeast Sld3. To test this hypothesis, we carried out several complementation tests in fission yeast. The proteins were expressed at various levels in the temperature-sensitive sld3-10 mutant and in cells that lack endogenous Sld3. Our result showed that none of these metazoan proteins could rescue growth defect of the sld3 mutants. Although the result may have several interpretations, it is possible that the helicase activation in mammals has diverged in complexity during evolution from that in yeasts and may involve multiple players that interact with TopBP1.
Proficient and Less Proficient Comprehenders' Strategy Use for Different Top-Level Structures.

This study examined proficient and less proficient high school comprehenders' use of strategies as they read three passages with different top-level structures: collection, causation, and comparison. Subjects were 24 tenth and eleventh graders who were divided into proficient and less proficient comprehenders based on results of standardized comprehension tests: proficient comprehenders scored above the 70th percentile; less proficient comprehenders below the 50th percentile. Content area passages were used with the proficient comprehenders and were revised for the less proficient comprehenders so that the passages would be the same relative difficulty for both groups. Results indicate that both groups of readers used similar strategies: rereading, previous knowledge, inference, reading subsequent text, utilizing author's structure, relating to the main idea, and focusing on key vocabulary. Use of inferences was more valuable than other strategies on the collection passage, and use of author's structure was more valuable on the causation passage than on the other passages for the proficient comprehenders. Proficient comprehenders differed from less proficient comprehenders in their greater use of previous knowledge on the collection passage and their greater use of vocabulary strategies on the causation and comparison passages. Implications for instruction are addressed. The purpose of this study was to explore comprehension strategy use of proficient and less proficient high school comprehenders as they read expository passages that were written with different top-level structures. Although many researchers have explored readers' general strategy use and many have investigated the effects of text structure on reading, the relationship between strategy use and toplevel structure has not yet been established. During the last 15 years, knowledge and use of comprehension strategies have been the focus of many reading research studies. Influenced by cognitive psycholo
From computational discovery to experimental characterization of a high hole mobility organic crystal

The development of new organic semiconductors with high mobility and air stability will facilitate their widespread application. In this Article, in silico screening of extended oligothiophenes leads to the synthesis of a high performance semiconductor.
Untangling Differences in Cancer Mortality Rates: A Closer Look at Race and Education

JNCI Vol. 99, Issue 18 | September 19, 2007 In this issue of the Journal, Albano et al. ( 1 ) draw attention to the association between education and cancer mortality overall and for the most common sites among white men and women and among black men and women. Their effort to cull the information on educational level from death certificates adds to the wealth of descriptive data on racial disparities in cancer mortality in the United States. However, the authors are not able to address with confidence a question that many readers will ask: do differences in education explain racial differences in cancer mortality? Albano et al. ( 1 ) show age-adjusted cancer mortality rates by years of formal education within strata that are defi ned by sex and race for individuals aged 25 – 64 years using information from death certifi cates collected in 47 of the 50 states and the District of Columbia for the year 2001. These rates are broadly representative of those for individuals younger than 65 years in the US population. The age restriction excludes deaths in older people, which, for example, constitute more than 90% of deaths from prostate cancer ( 2 ). Two unrealistic assumptions are required to extrapolate from the data presented by Albano et al. ( 1 ) to a conclusion that education level explains some fraction of the difference in cancer mortality rates between blacks and whites: fi rst, that we can estimate the effect of race on educational achievement, and second, that we can estimate the effect of increasing a child’s educational level on his or her subsequent risk of death from cancer. Estimating these effects is challenging because educational level both refl ects and affects personal and family income in childhood and adulthood, health insurance coverage and the use of preventive measures, early detection of cancer and medical care, occupational choices, and behavioral, occupational, and environmental factors — all of which have an impact on mortality. How might comparisons of education-, sex-, and race-specifi c cancer mortality rates obtained from vital statistics records improve health? Unequal mortality rates between groups can sometimes provide hints about where a successful public health intervention might have the greatest potential impact. The extra detail about educational level provided in the study by Albano et al. ( 1 ) might help in the design of more intensive attempts at reducing cancer Untangling Differences in Cancer Mortality Rates: A Closer Look at Race and Education
Morphology of primary visual cortex predicts individual differences in fixation duration during text reading

In skilled reading, fixations are brief periods of time in which the eyes settle on words. E-Z Reader, a computational model of dynamic reading, posits that fixation durations are under real-time control of lexical processing. Lexical processing, in turn, requires efficient visual encoding. Here we tested the hypothesis that individual differences in fixation durations are related to individual differences in the efficiency of early visual encoding. To test this hypothesis, we recorded participants' eye movements during reading. We then examined individual differences in fixation duration distributions as a function of individual differences in the morphology of primary visual cortex measured from MRI scans. The results showed that greater gray matter surface area and volume in visual cortex predicted shorter and less variable fixation durations in reading. These results suggest that individual differences in eye movements during skilled reading are related to initial visual encoding, consistent with models such as E-Z Reader that emphasize lexical control over fixation time.
The comparison of AZO and AZOY films on transmission and conductivity

This paper presents two purposes: 1) the effect of the sputtering power density on AZO and AZOY films by using pulse DC magnetron sputtering technology; 2) the comparison of the differences between AZO and AZOY films optical and electrical properties under different power density. The AZO and AZOY films' resistivity decrease with the increasing of power density; both of them reach 560 μΩcm while the power density is 2.26 W/cm2. The transmission of AZO and AZOY films reduces as the extending of power density. Yet, AZO films become more sensitive. When power density increases from 0.42 to 2.26 W/cm2, transmission is significantly reduced from 88% to 74%. However, AZOY films show opposite reaction toward power density. While power density increases from 0.42 to 2.26 W/cm2, the transmission still keeps at 90%. Therefore, we can expect that AZOY films in this study are suitable for the application of transparent and conductive abilities.
A World of Progressive Simplicity in Wallace Stevens's MAN AND BOTTLE

In 1913, Ezra Pound articulated the literary imperative for the age of modernism: “Any work of art which is not a beginning, an invention, a discovery is of little worth,” and later urged artists t...
Analysis of the Reaction Force for a Gas Phase SN2 Process: CH3Cl + H2O → CH3OH + HCl†

The “reaction force” F(Rc) is the negative derivative of a system's potential energy V(Rc) along the intrinsic reaction coordinate of a process. If V(Rc) goes through a maximum, as is commonly the case, then F(Rc) has a characteristic profile: a negative minimum followed by zero at the transition state and then a positive maximum. These features reflect four phases of the reaction: an initial one of reactant preparation, followed by two of transition to products, and then relaxation of the latter. In this study, we have analyzed, in these terms, a gas-phase SN2 substitution, selected to be CH3Cl + H2O → CH3OH + HCl. We examine, at the B3LYP/6−31G* level, the geometries, energetics, and molecular surface electrostatic potentials, local ionization energies, and internal charge separation.
Benefits of Calcitriol Therapy and Serum Phosphorus Control in Dogs and Cats with Chronic Renal Failure: Both Are Essential to Prevent or Suppress Toxic Hyperparathyroidism

Benefits of calcitriol therapy in uremic dogs and cats are considered by discussing mechanisms underlying the positive responses to a survey relating to this treatment. The survey deals with behavioral changes, anorexia, physical activity, and prolongation of lives of treated dogs and cats. Mechanisms of relief of central nervous system depression, anorexia, depressed energy metabolism, muscular weakness, cardiomyopathy, osteodystrophy, and nephrocalcinosis are considered, using evidence from human, experimental, and veterinary medicine to explain the observed benefits. Mechanisms by which serum phosphorus control plays its part in the control of hyperparathyroidism are discussed. Appropriate timing of calcitriol use and recommended doses are considered.
Contextual Topic Model Based Image Recommendation System

With the incredibly growing amount of image data uploaded and shared via the internet, recommender systems have become an important necessity to ease users' burden on the information overload. Existing image recommendation systems are designed for discovering the most relevant images with a given query image or short query composed by a few words. However, none of them considers deal with long query, where the query could in any length and potentially contains multiple query topics. To address this problem, we present a contextual topic model based image recommendation system. Compared to using a search engine such as Google Image, our system has the advantage of being able to discern among different topics within a long text query and recommend the most relevant images for each detected topic with semantic "visual words" based relevance.
Selective Targeting of a Novel Epsin–VEGFR2 Interaction Promotes VEGF-Mediated Angiogenesis

Rationale: We previously reported that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced binding of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) to epsins 1 and 2 triggers VEGFR2 degradation and attenuates VEGF signaling. The epsin ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM) was shown to be required for the interaction with VEGFR2. However, the molecular determinants that govern how epsin specifically interacts with and regulates VEGFR2 were unknown. Objective: The goals for the present study were as follows: (1) to identify critical molecular determinants that drive the specificity of the epsin and VEGFR2 interaction and (2) to ascertain whether such determinants were critical for physiological angiogenesis in vivo. Methods and Results: Structural modeling uncovered 2 novel binding surfaces within VEGFR2 that mediate specific interactions with epsin UIM. Three glutamic acid residues in epsin UIM were found to interact with residues in VEGFR2. Furthermore, we found that the VEGF-induced VEGFR2–epsin interaction promoted casitas B-lineage lymphoma–mediated ubiquitination of epsin, and uncovered a previously unappreciated ubiquitin-binding surface within VEGFR2. Mutational analysis revealed that the VEGFR2–epsin interaction is supported by VEGFR2 interacting specifically with the UIM and with ubiquitinated epsin. An epsin UIM peptide, but not a mutant UIM peptide, potentiated endothelial cell proliferation, migration and angiogenic properties in vitro, increased postnatal retinal angiogenesis, and enhanced VEGF-induced physiological angiogenesis and wound healing. Conclusions: Distinct residues in the epsin UIM and VEGFR2 mediate specific interactions between epsin and VEGFR2, in addition to UIM recognition of ubiquitin moieties on VEGFR2. These novel interactions are critical for pathophysiological angiogenesis, suggesting that these sites could be selectively targeted by therapeutics to modulate angiogenesis.