cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DNA Nanotechnology: Bacteria as factories

Producing large quantities of designer DNA nanostructures at low cost has been a long-standing challenge in nanobiotechnology. It is now possible with the aid of bacteria.
Whether evaluation — whether utilization

In “Evaluation: Manifestations of a New Field,” Flaherty and Morel1 (1978) suggest there is such great variety among the various endeavors termed evaluation that it is too early to define the characteristics of evaluation. Rather we should search for the common elements of these various endeavors and let that commonality define the process. At the 5th Annual Conference of the Evaluation Network, Kirkhart (1979) moderated a symposium on “Making Evaluation Results Useful; Knowledge Utilization Re-Examined,” to some extent at least, a reaction to the oft cited complaint that results of many evaluations are ignored. Such inattention to evaluation results may be partly responsible for Tornatzky’s (1979) argument, in “The Triple-Threat Evaluator,” that evaluators should do more than evaluate; they should work toward modifications of the programs they evaluate, improving the effectiveness of current, helpful programs, “performing euthanasia of social programs that are ineffective, or harmful, or both.” He goes on to say he “finds it difficult to separate the general role of the evaluator from the specific roles of researcher, and innovator, and politicianadministrator.” Fox and Rappaport (1972) suggest programs need not be evaluated, but if they are, “good” evaluation can be utilized: On a different level, some mental health professionals argue that formal evaluation studies are inappropriate to the mental health field and that program decisions are better based on professional intuition than on such studies. We contend that, although program decisions must ultimately be based on judgment regardless of whether evaluation is conducted, good evaluation can provide information that can contribute to the decision making process. (emphasis added) (p. 172)
Shape and extent of the void formed by a horizontal jet in a fluidized bed

The introduction of reactant gas into a fluidized-bed chemical reactor as a jet is a common design practice. However, the shape and extent of the void formed by a jet into a fluidized bed and the manner in which the void breaks up into bubbles have still not been described well. An experimental study of a horizontal jet into a 15 cm by 38 cm cross-section fluidized bed was carried out using an X-ray system. Instantaneous solid fraction averaged along 15-cm chords across the bed were measured. The mean value and the fluctuating component of solid fraction were determined for two initial jet diameters, 0.64 and 1.27 cm, and three initial jet velocities, 23, 46 and 69 m/s. Maps of the mean solid fraction and of statistical properties of the fluctuating component show that there are three discernible regions in the jet-influenced area of the bed. These are a coherent void, bubble trains, and a surrounding compaction zone.
Dry and wet strengths of polymeric films prepared from an aqueous colloidal polymer dispersion, Eudragit RS30D

Abstract The mechanical properties of polymeric films are traditionally evaluated on dry cast or sprayed films. In this study, films were cast from an aqueous colloidal polymer dispersion [poly(ethylacrylate methylmethacrylate-trimethylammonioethylmethacrylate chloride) copolymer, Eudragit RS30D], The mechanical properties were measured not only in the dry but also in the wet state by a puncture test, wherein a puncturing probe was driven through the dry or wet film. The puncture strength and elongation at puncture were measured as a function of crosshead speed, film thickness, type and concentration of the plasticizer (triethyl citrate or acetyl tributyl citrate), and storage humidity. The puncture strength decreased and the elongation increased with increasing plasticizer concentration with dry films. An HPLC assay was used to determine the amount of plasticizer in the polymer -films before and after exposure to an aqueous medium in order to correlate the plasticizer content in the films with the resultant mechanical properties. Triethyl citrate, a water-soluble plasticizer, leached from the polymeric films resulting in significant changes in the mechanical properties when compared to dry or wet films prepared with the non-leaching, water-insoluble acetyl tributyl citrate. The mechanical properties of the films were affected by the storage humidity.
976 THE USE OF A NEW RESPIRATORY INDEX TO ASSESS THE SEVERITY OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME IN THE PREMATURE INFANT

976 THE USE OF A NEW RESPIRATORY INDEX TO ASSESS THE SEVERITY OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME IN THE PREMATURE INFANT
Ecological optimization of pollution control equipment and planning from a simulation perspective

Once pollution control equipment is installed in a factory (or at another pollution source site) it needs to be adjusted for optimal performance. Typically trying to decide the optimal settings for several control knobs on the machine in question can give rise to a nonlinear multivariate optimization problem. It can be difficult to solve with theoretical techniques. Therefore, multi-stage Monte Carlo simulation is tried here on a hypothetical problem of this kind along with other pollution control problems. Additionally a discussion of the multi-stage simulation theory and other potential applications to pollution control from a management and planning perspective is presented. The multi stage Monte Carlo optimization theory is further demonstrated with some geometric and statistical illustrations. Also the generality of the multi stage approach to other areas of modeling and simulation is featured.
Insulin Hypersecretion in Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis. Role of Parathyroids

ABSTRACT Plasma insulin levels following the administration of intravenous glucose were studied in patients with chronic renal failure treated by a Giovannetti diet, or by regular hemodialysis. The plasma insulin response in the diet-treated patients was significantly reduced when compared with the response of normal controls but was generally increased in patients treated by hemodialysis. The insulin response of dialyzed patients without severe hyperparathyroidism was not significantly higher than normal controls. The insulin response was significantly increased in dialyzed patients with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism and in one patient with primary hyperparathyroidism. After parathyroidectomy the early insulin response returned to normal levels in both primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Impaired glucose tolerance, as shown by a low glucose decay constant (Kg value), was present in the uremic, diettreated patients. There was no evidence of impaired carbohydrate tolerance in the dialyzed pat...
A Hierarchical Modeling Scheme With Non Functional Requirements

This paper presents a sequence of multi domain matrix based modeling scheme, that includes non functional design requirements, to capture conceptual design information. The current matrix based modeling schemes are congruent to the steps followed in typical design processes but are limited to functional requirements. An industrial case study is analyzed to understand how and where the non functional requirements contribute to the design. It is observed from the case study that the non functional requirements drive the design decision process and constrains the way the product functionality is realized. Based on the observations made in the case study, a sequence of multiple domains is proposed: functional requirements to functions, functions to working principle, working principle to non functional requirements, non functional requirements to components, components to design parameters, design parameters to test measures and test measures to tests. This sequence is realized in a matrix based hierarchical modeling scheme, to capture the conceptual design information.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Social Work in Jewish Community Centers: A Question of Compatibility

This article focuses on the Jewish community center JCC) as a host setting for social work practice. Findings of a national study of JCC professional staff designed to explore the degree of congruence between social work values and JCC practice are presented. The findings have implications for other sectarian and nonsectarian host settings providing similar types of services. The survey was sent to practitioners at 191 of 200 JCCs. The sample was drawn from a population of MSW and non-MSW personnel. Respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which they fulfilled particular social work responsibilities. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the independent t tests were used to analyze the data. The study findings demonstrate that social workers actively call on their knowledge, values, and skills, deal with the social welfare concerns of constituents, and use the agencies' Jewish function as a guide for their practice.
Calculation of maximum entropy distributions and approximation of marginalposterior distributions

Abstract It is shown how members of the broad class of Cobb-Koppstein-Chen probability density functions can be generated by maximizing Shannon's entropy subject to appropriate side conditions. A particular member of the class, the quartic exponential distribution, is obtained by maximizing Shannon's entropy subject to the conditions that the probability density function integrate to one and have given first four moments. An algorithm for computing the quartic exponential distribution is provided and applied to approximate marginal posterior probability densities. These approximations are compared with those provided by the Pearson density function approximation procedure and exact densities obtained by numerical integration. It is found that the maximum entropy method performs very well.
Light-cone fluctuations in flat spacetimes with nontrivial topology

The quantum light-cone fluctuations in flat spacetimes with compactified spatial dimensions or with boundaries are examined. The discussion is based upon a model in which the source of the underlying metric fluctuations is taken to be quantized linear perturbations of the gravitational field. General expressions are derived, in the transverse trace-free gauge, for the summation of graviton polarization tensors, and for vacuum graviton two-point functions. Because of the fluctuating light cone, the flight time of photons between a source and a detector may be either longer or shorter than the light propagation time in the background classical spacetime. We calculate the mean deviations from the classical propagation time of photons due to the changes in the topology of the flat spacetime. These deviations are in general larger in the directions in which topology changes occur and are typically of the order of the Planck time, but they can get larger as the travel distance increases.
Group Scores: A Rejoinder to Burket

Dr. George Burket and I appear to agree on the existence of a problem in the calculation and interpretation of group scores on norm-referenced tests, but we part company on the issue of that problem's causes and solutions. His comment (Burket, 1987) contains some fine measurement theory and insightful observations, particularly in the final three paragraphs. However, these paragraphs are in large part irrelevant to the one point in the article that Burket especially controverts, namely my suggestion that publishers' scaled score development procedures may be largely responsible for the sorts of problems identified. Other portions of the comment, which are relevant to this controverted point, challenge ideas that I offered "as hypotheses and as a basis for discussion" (Baglin, 1986, p. 65) in a section titled "Why Does This Phenomenon Occur?" However, nothing in the comment has caused me to retract or modify this hypothesis or, for that matter, any of the original article. Quite the contrary, the absence in the comment of any substantive discussion, much less rebuttal, of my hypothesized cause and suggested solutions leads me to strengthen my contention that a large share at least of the culpability for this problem lies precisely with the publishers' scaled score development procedures. Four points in the comment should be clarified. First, the statement is made that "asymmetry in the normative distributions makes possible the problem described at the outset in Baglin's paper, where a local mean falls below the national mean yet is well 'above average' in terms of percentiles (i.e., above the median)" (Burket, 1987, pp. 175-176). This could be, theoretically, a full or partial explanation of the phenomenon I cited if the original raw score normative distribution had been positively skewed. But, as is noted in the article, that distribution was negatively skewed, thus making Burket's statement untenable. Second, it is stated the the "apparent discrepancies ... noted by Baglin ... result from basic mathematical facts" (Burket, 1987, p. 175), one of which is identified as the asymmetry issue discussed above. Because the asymmetry explanation is inaccurate, it follows that this further contention is also inaccurate. Third, the comment contends that it is possible to "come close" in an effort "to simultaneously transform two or more distributions to perfect normality on the same baseline" (Burket, 1987, p. 175) and cites my Table 7 as evidence. This is selective use of data. Tables 4, 8, and 9 show analogous maximum discrepancies of up to 10 times the magnitude of the one chosen as an example. It should not be inferred or implied that the Table 7 situation is typical or even common. Fourth, the comment's Table 1 and associated discussion deal exclusively with individual scores, not with group scores, which are the topic of my article. Furthermore, the percentile and NCE derived scores therein are straightforward computations based on the raw scores-a variant of what I suggested in the original article's
Ceramic-based multisite microelectrodes for electrochemical recordings.

This paper describes the development and characterization of ceramic-based multisite arrays for electrochemical recordings in biological systems. These electrodes represent a parallel technology to the design of microelectrodes using silicon substrates. The ceramic substrates are stronger than silicon and are nonconducting, which makes them better suited for in vivo electrochemical measurements. The current designs are based on formation of four-site (50 × 50 μm with 200 μm spacing) electrodes on ceramic wafers using photolithography. The recording sites and connecting lines are made of Pt with a polyimide coating to insulate the connecting lines. The resulting electrodes are cut from the wafers producing a 1 cm length microelectrode that tapers to a ∼2−5 μm tip. Electrochemical measures of dopamine and hydrogen peroxide support that the sensitivity, selectivity, and response characteristics of the electrodes exceed those of previously published silicon substrate-based microelectrodes. This is the first d...
Application of a model of instrumental conditioning to mobile robot control

Instrumental conditioning is a psychological process whereby an animal learns to associate its actions with their consequences. This type of learning is exploited in animal training techniques such as 'shaping by successive approximations,' which enables trainers to gradually adjust the animal's behavior by giving strategically timed reinforcements. While this is similar in principle to reinforcement learning, the real phenomenon includes many subtle effects not considered in the machine learning literature. In addition, a good deal of domain information is utilized by an animal learning a new task; it does not start from scratch every time it learns a new behavior. For these reasons, it is not surprising that mobile robot learning algorithms have yet to approach the sophistication and robustness of animal learning. A serious attempt to model instrumental learning could prove fruitful for improving machine learning techniques. In the present paper, we develop a computational theory of shaping at a level appropriate for controlling mobile robots. The theory is based on a series of mechanisms for 'behavior editing,' in which pre-existing behaviors, either innate or previously learned, can be dramatically changed in magnitude, shifted in direction, or otherwise manipulated so as to produce new behavioral routines. We have implemented our theory on Amelia, an RWI B21 mobile robot equipped with a gripper and color video camera. We provide results from training Amelia on several tasks, all of which were constructed as variations of one innate behavior, object-pursuit.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reward only is not enough: Evaluating and improving the fairness policy of the P2P file sharing network eMule/eDonkey

Limiting the threat of free-riding behavior is an important design issue for peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing networks. However, the fairness policy that rewards contributors with credit in one of the most popular P2P file sharing networks, eMule/eDonkey, hasn’t been thoroughly studied. In this paper, motivated by our experiments with the eMule/eDonkey network, we firstly theoretically analyze the content exchange process with credit in eMule/eDonkey and then verify the mathematical model by an agent-based simulation. Both the numerical and simulation-based results confirm our discovery in the experiments that eMule/eDonkey’s local credit strategy can not provide enough fairness as it doesn’t explicitly punish free-riders. To overcome this drawback, we propose a new free-riding control scheme, which can simply maintain the current credit local structure and take advantage of the credit policy. Extensive numerical evaluation and simulation indicate that this scheme significantly improves system fairness.
A stationary stochastic parameter model and OLS estimation of beta: A simulation study

Abstract A procedure that explicitly estimates the form of beta nonstationary followed by a security is examined. Beta estimates and forecasts generated from this process are compared with estimates and forecasts generated by the ordinary least squares (OLS) procedure. With the true underlying parameters known in the simulations, estimator basis adn efficiency are both measured. The OLS estimators and predictors are found to be quite robust, generally providing accurate estimates even when OLS conditions are seriously violated. The expanding advocacy of random-coefficient and other stochastic parameter models is open to question.
Prognostic impact of hemodynamic response to adenosine in patients older than age 55 years undergoing vasodilator stress myocardial perfusion study

Background— The prognostic importance of various hemodynamic responses to adenosine infusion in patients undergoing adenosine stress myocardial perfusion stress (MPS) has not been defined. Methods and Results— We identified 3444 unique patients (53.5% women, mean age 74.0±8.4 years) who underwent adenosine (with no additional exercise) stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (MPS) and were followed up for 2.0±0.8 years. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to assess the prognostic value of hemodynamic variables in predicting cardiac death (CD). Two hundred twenty-four CDs (6.5%) occurred during follow-up. By multivariable analysis, higher rest heart rate (HR) and to a lesser extent lower peak HR were markers of CD. When added to the multivariable model in place of peak and rest HR, the peak/rest HR ratio was an independent predictor of CD. Peak/rest HR ratio additionally risk-stratified patients within each MPS category. A significant interaction was foun...
Abnormal myelin and axonal integrity in recently diagnosed patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) show significant white matter injury; whether that injury represents myelin or axonal damage is unclear. The objective was to examine myelin and axonal changes in patients with newly diagnosed OSA over control subjects. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING University-based medical center. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-three newly-diagnosed, treatment-naive OSA and 23 age- and sex-matched control subjects. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Radial and axial diffusivity maps, calculated from diffusion tensor imaging data (3.0 Tesla MRI scanner), indicating diffusion perpendicular (myelin status) or parallel (axonal status) to fibers, respectively, were normalized, smoothed, and compared between groups (analysis of covariance; covariate: age). Global brain radial and axial diffusivity values, and global brain volume with myelin and axonal changes were determined, and region-of-interest analyses performed in areas of significant differences between groups based on voxel-based procedures. Global radial and axial diffusivity values were significantly reduced in OSA versus control subjects (radial, P = 0.004; axial, P = 0.019), with radial (myelin) diffusivity reduced more than axial (axonal), and more left-sided reduction for both measures. Localized declines for myelin and axonal measures appeared in the dorsal and ventral medulla, cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala, corpus callosum, insula, cingulate and medial frontal cortices, and other cortical areas (P < 0.005), all regions mediating functions affected in OSA. CONCLUSIONS Fiber injury appears in critical medullary respiratory regulatory sites, as well as cognitive and autonomic control areas. Myelin is more affected in newly diagnosed OSA than axons, and primarily on the left side, possibly from the increased myelin sensitivity to hypoxia and asymmetric perfusion.
Welded Slump-Graded Sand Couplets: Evidence for Slide-Generated Turbidity Currents (Gres D'Annot Submarine Fans, Maritime Alps): ABSTRACT

Most investigations that discuss the origin of turbidites state, or intimate, that turbidity currents are surges commonly initiated by catastrophic events related to submarine sliding on slopes. This concept is almost universally accepted by specialists although little "hard" observational data are available. In general theory, failure is triggered by stresses that can result from several factors (high sediment accumulation rate, slope oversteepening, earthquake, subsurface gas generation, etc) which give rise to excess pore pressure and a weakening of the sediment. Liquefaction and decrease in overall shear resistance are usually invoked as causes of sediment mobility. Increased mobility within the slab results in increased disorder of original sediment stratification an structure. Grain-to-grain structure is disrupted during acceleration, causing changes in pore pressure and allowing mixing with water that, in turn, results in further alteration of original structure. Metastable, high sensitivity, cohesionless sediments are most susceptible to mobility and, in turn, transformation from submarine sliding to turbidity current flow. Continuing sedimentologic studies of spectacularly exposed gres d'Annot deep-sea fan deposits (lowermost Oligocene) in the French Maritime Alps provide clues to resolve the problem of slide-to-turbidite transformation. Most noteworthy are massive channelized strata in upper and mid-fan sectors characterized by a lower slump member that evolves upward to a turbidite. This merging is indicative of probable generation of sediment gravity flows from submarine sliding. A proposed scheme suggests failure on a fan valley wall by submarine sliding that could entrain the flow of sand either from adjacent reaches of valley walls and/or from farther up-axis in the fan valley. In this manner, flow of some of the sand initiated by the sliding event would come to rest at nearly the same time and po ition as the slump mass near the base of the fan valley wall and in the axis proper. In some cases, the slump mass may bypass the base of the valley wall and, as it accelerates, transformation may be induced with resulting flow of sediment down-axis and basinward. The above phenomenon has a bearing on hydrocarbon exploration. Modern ocean floor surveys and regional field studies, such as those of the Annot Sandstone Formation, indicate that there is a nonrandom distribution of turbidites with respect to slumps deposited on marine margins and basins. Moreover, massive channelized submarine fan valleys may serve as ideal reservoirs for both oil and gas. Thus the model proposed here, if valid, clearly would be important in helping refine paleogeographic interpretation and in pinpointing potential hydrocarbon-bearing targets in the subsurface. End_of_Article - Last_Page 799------------
Cochlear implant candidacy in the United States: prevalence in children 12 months to 6 years of age.

Summary Objective Pediatric cochlear implantation has been demonstrated to be effective for children as well as cost effective for society. One of Healthy People 2010 goals is to increase the number of people who are deaf or significantly hard of hearing to begin to use a cochlear implant system. NIDCDs Healthy Hearing Progress Reports from 1999 reported that only 2 out of every 1000 adults who are deaf or hard of hearing received a cochlear implant. There were two main objectives for this study: (1) to estimate the number of children between the ages of 12 months and 6 years of age with severe to profound bilateral hearing loss who could benefit from a cochlear implant and (2) to determine if the number of children projected to be candidates received this medical care. Methods Using the 2000 US Census Data from children 12 months to 6 years, the number of children with severe to profound bilateral hearing loss was calculated. Children who would be considered “neurologically devastated” and the children with absent eighth nerves were excluded from the calculations. Results Based on the total population of slightly over 231 million, 15,219 children presented with severe to profound hearing loss. Taking into account some exclusions, 12,816 children would be considered cochlear implant candidates. Based on the number of children who were implanted in 2000, approximately 55% of the projected number of candidates received a cochlear implant. Conclusion Even though the estimates do not reflect a direct measure of actual candidates in the targeted age groups, the population who could benefit from this technology is still being significantly underserved in the United States. With a continued shortage of qualified personnel to serve these children, insufficient reimbursement rates, and disparities in implantation rates based on ethnicity and socioeconomic status, the question remains can we truly meet the needs of these children?
The REPEAT study: recognizing and evaluating periodic local reactions in allergen immunotherapy and associated systemic reactions

Background Prior studies have demonstrated that large local reactions (LLRs) to subcutaneous immunotherapy do not predict systemic reactions (SRs). However, a recent study demonstrated an increase in LLRs among systemic reactors in practices using routine local reaction dose adjustments. Objective To investigate the association between LLRs and SRs within a practice that does not dose adjust for LLRs. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of an electronic immunotherapy database during a 12-month period at a single site that does not dose adjust for LLRs. An LLR was defined as larger than the size of the patient's palm measured at 30 minutes. Logistic regression was performed to investigate the association between SRs and LLRs after controlling for variable numbers of injections and visits among patients. Results Three hundred sixty patients received a total of 9,679 injections (6,609 visits). Twenty-four patients (6.7% of patients) experienced 38 LLRs (0.4% of injections, 0.6% of visits), whereas 46 patients (12.7% of patients) experienced 51 SRs (0.5% of injections, 0.77% of visits). Only 10 patients (2.8%) experienced both LLRs and SRs, and 36 of 46 SR patients (78.3%) never had an LLR. Among the 24 LLR patients, the SR rate was 1.3% (12/932) of injections and 2.0% (12/611) of visits compared with the 336 non-LLR patients for whom the SR rate was 0.4% (39/8,747) of injections and 0.7% (39/5998) of visits. Of these 24 LLR patients, 10 (41.7%) experienced at least 1 SR vs 36 of 336 non-LLR patients (10.7%). After controlling for number of injections and 1 vs 2 injections per visit, a subgroup of LLR patients were more likely to have an SR during their subcutaneous immunotherapy course (odds ratio, 4.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.9–11.7). Recurrent LLR patients (n = 10) were not more likely to experience an SR (0.4% per injection). Conclusions Although LLRs do not predict SRs, a subgroup (41.7%) of LLR patients experience a higher frequency of SRs during their immunotherapy course. In light of a similar previous study, this association occurs irrespective of whether a dose adjustment protocol is used for LLRs.
Computational predictions of flame spread over alcohol pools

The effects of buoyancy and thermocapillarity on pulsating and uniform flame spread above n-propanol fuel pools have been studied using a numerical model. Data obtained indicate that the existence of pulsating flame spread is dependent upon the formation of a gas-phase recirculation cell which entrains evaporating fuel vapor in front of the leading edge of the flame. The size of the recirculation cell which is affected by the extent of liquid motion ahead of the flame, is shown to dictate whether flame spread is uniform or pulsating. The amplitude and period of the flame pulsations are found to be proportional to the maximum extent of the flow head. Under conditions considered, liquid motion was not affected appreciably by buoyancy. Horizontal convection in the liquid is the dominant mechanism for transporting heat ahead of the flame for both the pulsating and uniform regimes.
Cyanogenic glycosides of Malesherbia

Abstract Twenty-eight species of Malesherbia were tested and found to be cyanogenic. Analysis of HPLC, GC, NMR and comparisons of R f values on paper chromatograms showed all to possess tetraphyllin A and B as major cyanogens, with epitetraphyllin B and deidaclin being present occasionally. These data confirm the close relationship of this family with other families which produce structurally related cyanogens, the Passifloraceae, Turneraceae and Flacourtiaceae. In none of these families is tetraphyllin A the major cyanogen, however. The genus Gynopleura , sometimes segregated from Malesherbia , does not differ in this character.
Ubiquitous Brms1 expression is critical for mammary carcinoma metastasis suppression via promotion of apoptosis

Morbidity and mortality of breast cancer patients are drastically increased when primary tumor cells are able to spread to distant sites and proliferate to become secondary lesions. Effective treatment of metastatic disease has been limited; therefore, an increased molecular understanding to identify biomarkers and therapeutic targets is needed. Breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1) suppresses development of pulmonary metastases when expressed in a variety of cancer types, including metastatic mammary carcinoma. Little is known of Brms1 function throughout the initiation and progression of mammary carcinoma. The goal of this study was to investigate mechanisms of Brms1-mediated metastasis suppression in transgenic mice that express Brms1 using polyoma middle T oncogene-induced models. Brms1 expression did not significantly alter growth of the primary tumors. When expressed ubiquitously using a β-actin promoter, Brms1 suppressed pulmonary metastasis and promoted apoptosis of tumor cells located in the lungs but not in the mammary glands. Surprisingly, selective expression of Brms1 in the mammary gland using the MMTV promoter did not significantly block metastasis nor did it promote apoptosis in the mammary glands or lung, despite MMTV-induced expression within the lungs. These results strongly suggest that cell type-specific over-expression of Brms1 is important for Brms1-mediated metastasis suppression.
Developing critical thinking, creativity and innovation skills

A desirable goal of engineering education is to teach students how to think critically and be creative and innovative. However, the speed of technological innovation and the continual expansion of disciplinary knowledge leave little time in the curriculum for students to formally study innovation, particularly at the undergraduate level. At West Point we have developed a novel upper-division interdisciplinary undergraduate engineering course that simultaneously develops the critical thinking, creativity and innovation of our students. This course is structured as a deliberate interactive engagement between students and faculty that employs the Socratic Method to develop an understanding of disruptive and innovative technologies and a historical context of how social, cultural, and religious factors impact the acceptance or rejection of innovation. The course begins by developing the background understanding of what disruptive technology is and a historical context about successes and failures of social, cultural, and religious acceptance of technological innovation. To develop this framework, students read The Innovator's Dilemma by Clayton M. Christensen, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas S. Kuhn, The Discoverers by Daniel J. Boorstin, and The Two Cultures by C.P. Snow. For each class meeting, students also read current scientific and technical literature and come prepared to discuss current events related to technological innovation. Each student researches potential disruptive technologies and prepares a compelling argument of why the specific technologies are disruptive so they can defend their choice and rationale. During course meetings students discuss the readings and specific technologies found during their independent research. As part of this research, each student has the opportunity to interview forward thinking technology leaders in their respective fields of interest.
Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor and Its Ligand Regulate the Reentry of Adult Ventricular Myocytes into the Cell Cycle

To determine whether insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulation in vitro of ventricular myocytes isolated from infarcted hearts is characterized by the reentry of cells into the cell cycle, the expression and kinase activity of cyclins E, A, and B and DNA synthesis were evaluated 5 days after coronary artery occlusion and 24 and 48 h following the addition of IGF-1. Myocytes surviving an acute myocardial infarction were employed because of their increase in surface insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors (IGF-1R). Western blot analysis documented that IGF-1 resulted in an upregulation of cyclins D1, E, A, and B in viable postinfarcted myocytes. Cyclin E- and A-associated histone H1 kinase activity and cyclin D1-associated retinoblastoma protein-associated kinase activity also increased, but cyclin B kinase activity was not enhanced by IGF-1. These changes in cyclins and kinase activities were characterized by a significant increase in the number of cells labeled by bromodeoxyuridine, from approximately 630/10(6) to nearly 9, 000/10(6) myocytes. This latter value was reduced by more than 50% by antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to IGF-1R mRNA. However, IGF-1 stimulation did not induce nuclear mitotic division and cytokinesis. In conclusion, the growth-promoting effect of IGF-1 on adult myocytes is regulated by the density of IGF-1R, which conditions the activation of the replicatory machinery of the cells. The failure of IGF-1 to enhance cyclin B kinase activity may be responsible for a block in the cell cycle and the inability of myocytes to progress through the M phase and subsequently divide.
Capital recovery for the regulated firm under certainty and regulatory uncertainty

Abstract This paper examines the rate-of-return regulated firm's incentives in negotiations over cost recovery. It develops optimal recovery paths for the firm facing certainty versus uncertainty of discretionary regulatory policy. Front-loaded capital recovery is not generally optimal under certainty, which is contrary to Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rules. However, with the consideration of regulatory uncertainty, the optimal recovery path is remarkably close to FASB-approved rules. The optimal recovery under certainty becomes time-consistent if the discretionary power of the regulators to alter a previously agreed upon plan is removed.
Food safety approaches to examining HACCP costs and performance and technologies

In this article, the authors describe the survey methodology needed to obtain data to support several empirical analyses dealing with food safety issues. The most striking finding about the survey methodology was the much higher response rate due to the use of priority mail and an incentive payment of $5 versus priority mail only or first-class mail only. Letters of support from the major meat and poultry trade associations and the up to five contacts of potential survey respondents by the surveying organization also appear to have improved the response rate. Overall, the survey methodology yielded nearly 1,000 responses from 1,705 possible meat and poultry plants on their costs of compliance with the Pathogen Reduction/Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point rule of 1996, plant characteristics, and use of food safety technologies and practices. [EconLit Citations: L250, L510, L150] © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 23: 193–210, 2007.
THE STRUCTURE OF COMMUTATIVE RESIDUATED LATTICES

A commutative residuated lattice, is an ordered algebraic structure , where (L, ·, e) is a commutative monoid, (L, ∧, ∨) is a lattice, and the operation → satisfies the equivalences for a, b, c ∊ L. The class of all commutative residuated lattices, denoted by , is a finitely based variety of algebras. Historically speaking, our study draws primary inspiration from the work of M. Ward and R. P. Dilworth appearing in a series of important papers [9, 10, 19–22]. In the ensuing decades special examples of commutative, residuated lattices have received considerable attention, but we believe that this is the first time that a comprehensive theory on the structure of residuated lattices has been presented from the viewpoint of universal algebra. In particular, we show that is an "ideal variety" in the sense that its congruences correspond to order-convex subalgebras. As a consequence of the general theory, we present an equational basis for the subvariety generated by all commutative, residuated chains. We conclude the paper by proving that the congruence lattice of each member of is an algebraic, distributive lattice whose meet-prime elements form a root-system (dual tree). This result, together with the main results in [12, 18], will be used in a future publication to analyze the structure of finite members of . A comprehensive study of, not necessarily commutative, residuated lattices is presented in [4].
Multiscale Coarse-Graining of Mixed Phospholipid/Cholesterol Bilayers

Coarse-grained (CG) models for mixed dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC)/cholesterol lipid bilayers are constructed using the recently developed multiscale coarse-graining (MS-CG) method. The MS-CG method permits a systematic fit of the bonded and nonbonded interactions and system pressure to trajectory and force data derived from an underlying reference all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The CG sites for lipid and cholesterol molecules are associated with the centers-of-mass of atomic groups because of the simplicity in the evaluation of the forces acting on them from the atomistic MD data. Corresponding models with four-site and seven-site representations of the cholesterol molecule were also developed. The latter CG models differed by the bonding scheme of CG sites to represent intramolecular interactions. A one-site MS-CG model based on the TIP3P potential was used for water, with the interaction site placed at the molecular geometrical center, and the analytical fit of the model is presen...
Anaplastic Wilms' Tumor and Other Clinically Aggressive Childhood Renal Neoplasms: Ultrastructural and Immunocytochemical Features

The ultrastructural and immunocytochemical findings in a series of 32 rarely encountered childhood renal malignancies are reviewed. The discussion includes anaplastic Wilms' tumors, renal clear cell sarcomas, rhabdoid tumors, carcinomas, sarcomas, neuroendocrine tumors, and lymphomas. An attempt is made to assess the relative merits of these two techniques in the differential diagnosis of these often troublesome lesions.
How Cancer Shapes Evolution and How Evolution Shapes Cancer

Evolutionary theories are critical for understanding cancer development at the level of species as well as at the level of cells and tissues, and for developing effective therapies. Animals have evolved potent tumor-suppressive mechanisms to prevent cancer development. These mechanisms were initially necessary for the evolution of multi-cellular organisms and became even more important as animals evolved large bodies and long lives. Indeed, the development and architecture of our tissues were evolutionarily constrained by the need to limit cancer. Cancer development within an individual is also an evolutionary process, which in many respects mirrors species evolution. Species evolve by mutation and selection acting on individuals in a population; tumors evolve by mutation and selection acting on cells in a tissue. The processes of mutation and selection are integral to the evolution of cancer at every step of multistage carcinogenesis, from tumor genesis to metastasis. Factors associated with cancer development, such as aging and carcinogens, have been shown to promote cancer evolution by impacting both mutation and selection processes. While there are therapies that can decimate a cancer cell population, unfortunately cancers can also evolve resistance to these therapies, leading to the resurgence of treatment-refractory disease. Understanding cancer from an evolutionary perspective can allow us to appreciate better why cancers predominantly occur in the elderly and why other conditions, from radiation exposure to smoking, are associated with increased cancers. Importantly, the application of evolutionary theory to cancer should engender new treatment strategies that could better control this dreaded disease.
Trauma Outcome Process Assessment (TOPA) Model: An Ecological Paradigm for Treating Traumatized Sexually Abusive Youth

Discussed is a comprehensive, ecologically based paradigm applicable across cultures and created to assess the effects of abusive traumatic experiences, the Trauma Outcome Process Assessment (TOPA) model (Rasmussen, 1999, 2004, 2007; Rasmussen, Burton, & Christopherson, 1992). The TOPA model comprehensively assesses the risk and protective factors and trauma outcomes that contribute to self-destructive and/or abusive behavior in youth. TOPA interventions integrate structured cognitive-behavioral treatment exercises with expressive methods (Rasmussen, 2001). TOPA may help sexually abusive youth to decrease maladaptive behavioral responses to traumatic experiences and integrate past traumas with other life events.
Changes in disparities following the implementation of a health information technology-supported quality improvement initiative

BACKGROUND Health information technology (HIT)-supported quality improvement initiatives have been shown to increase ambulatory care quality for several chronic conditions and preventive services, but it is not known whether these types of initiatives reduce disparities.
CO2 turnover in the fermentation of 3,4,5 and 6 carbon compounds by the propionic acid bacteria.

Abstract The fermentation of 3, 4, 5 and 6 carbon compounds by the propionic acid bacteria have been investigated by quantitative determination of the products and by estimating the CO2 turnover and distribution of the fixed CO2 in the products. It has been found that there is a remarkable similarity in the quantitative relationship of the products of all the substrates, which is independent of the length of the carbon chain. If a cleavage of the 4 or 5 carbon substrates to C1 or C2 compounds occurs, these cleavage products are largely converted to succinate and propionate by secondary reactions. The CO2 turnover was quite low and did not indicate that CO2 is formed as a primary cleavage product from erythritol or adonitol. With these substrates, the distribution of fixed CO2 in the products was identical to that found from C3 and C6 compounds and thus no evidence of a unique mechanism of fermentation was obtained by this method. CO2 turnover was investigated in relation to the problem of the mechanism of formation of propionate. Under certain conditions, it was found that the CO2 turnover was much lower than that required by a mechanism in which succinate is decarboxylated to propionate and CO2. It is suggested that the formation of propionate from a C4 dicarboxylic acid may involve a “C1” which is not CO2 but may be converted to CO2. Considerable variation has been found in the ability of different cell preparations to fix CO2. The best fixation was obtained with cells grown on a glycerol, yeast extract, phosphate, vitamin-B medium. NaF inhibits completely the net fixation of CO2 but it does not prevent the incorporation of 14CO2 into the propionate and succinate.
Addressing depression in obstetrics/gynecology practice ☆

Efforts to improve the care of depression in primary care patients have largely ignored the potential of obstetrics/gynecology (OB/GYN) practices. We describe feasibility studies of a depression screening and care management intervention in three diverse OB/GYN practices. Patients were screened using the Patient Health Questionnaire. A depression care manager offered education and referral assistance to women who screened positive for depression. The prevalence of depression was higher in the hospital clinic (20.2%, 47/233) than the suburban clinic (10.7%, 8/75) or the office practice (8.2%, 48/583). Seventy-two women participated in the care management intervention. Patient satisfaction with the intervention was high and at 1-month follow-up, 31.9% of patients had kept or scheduled a new mental health appointment. Depression interventions developed in primary care can be successfully adapted for use with patients in OB/GYN practices. Additional modifications, particularly efforts to improve coordination of care with both general medical and mental health providers, are needed.
A Quantum Yield for the Inactivation of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Protein

THE properties of crystalline tobacco mosaic virus protein serve to make it a most interesting substance for photochemical investigation. Its photo-inactivation by ultra-violet radiation has been demonstrated by several workers1,2, who have reported a monomolecular reaction for the process, thus indicating that the absorption of a single quantum is sufficient to bring about inactivation of this gigantic molecule. However, the quantum yield of this reaction has never been determined, although it is now possible to do so from existing data by assembling the necessary information from several sources. This calculation will now be made.
An investigation of recall in the ABI/INFORM database when selecting by journal

Recall was investigated in the ABI/INFORM database in the four key Fields through which the same journal might be selected: Journal Code (JC), Journal Title (JN), CODEN (CO), and ISSN (SN). Considering thirteen journal titles, recoveries are given for each of the key fields and ranked in descending order of recall JC, JN(EXPAND), SN, CO, JN. Some non‐recoveries are investigated and reasons are given. Variant spelling is the most commonly encountered error in the JN Field. Missing information is the most common cause of non‐recovery in the JC, CO and SN fields.