cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic Post Traumatic Headaches Unresponsive to Medication Management

Chronic post traumatic headaches (PTH) are being more frequently seen in military medicine due to the increasing prevalence of patients suffering from explosive related head injuries. Data from recent wars in the Middle East have shown a higher proportion of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) caused by blast-related and explosive injuries. Patients who have served in military combat operations in the middle-east have a higher chance to develop PTH related to TBIs. These patients can be difficult to manage as there are limited medication options for the treatment of these headaches in patients. This brief report describes 2 patients who suffered from chronic PTH who failed a multitude of medication management.
Diversity During Recruitment At An Internal Medicine Residency Program

Abstract Background The right problem for graduate medical education (GME) program directors is whether diversity in their GME programs is as good as diversity in feeder entities to their GME programs. Generally, the feeder entities to GME residency programs are their affiliated medical schools. However, the specific feeder entities to GME residency programs are the unfiltered applicants’ pool who apply to these programs through Electronic Residency Application Service® (ERAS®). Objectives To analyze associations in diversity among the GME applicants, the GME interviewees and the GME residents within an internal medicine residency program assuming that unfiltered applicants’ pool is the specific feeder entity to the analyzed GME program. Methods We analyzed associations in age-group, gender, ethnicity and race diversity among the GME applicants, the GME interviewees and the GME residents within an internal medicine residency program for ERAS® 2018-2020 seasons to decipher Cramer’s V as association coefficients (“diversity scores”). Results The only significant finding was that among Not Hispanic or Latino ethnicity applications, race of ERAS® applicants had a very weak association with them being called for interviews or them becoming residents during ERAS® 2019 season as well as during the entire three-season-period (2018-2020). Conclusion Race of Not Hispanic or Latino ethnicity ERAS® applicants had a very weak association with them being called for interviews or them becoming residents at the analyzed internal medicine residency program.
Bioclimatic gradients and soil property trends from northernmost mainland Norway to the Svalbard archipelago. Does the arctic biome extend into mainland Norway

The boundary between the boreal and arctic biomes in northwest Europe has been a matter of debate for many years. Some authors consider that the boundary is marked by the northern limit of tree growth in the northernmost Norwegian mainland. In this study we have collected air and soil temperature data from 37 heath stands from northern Finnmark (71°N), the northernmost part of the Norwegian mainland, through Bear Island (74°N) in the Barents sea, to Adventsdalen (78)°N (in Spitsbergen) in Svalbard archipelago. In Finnmark, plots both south and north of the treeline were investigated. Vegetation and soil chemistry analyses were performed on the plots in Finnmark and Svalbard. Significant decreasing south-north trends in air and soil temperatures were observed from Finnmark to Spitsbergen. Soils in Finnmark were acidic and rich in organic matter, while those on Adventsdalen were basic and poor in organic matter. Vegetational analysis identified five communities: three in Finnmark and two on Adventsdalen. The communities in Finnmark had marked mutual similarities but were very different from those on Adventsdalen. No significant ecological differences between heaths south and north of the treeline in Finnmark were observed. Air and soil temperature variables in Finnmark were outside the recognized range for the arctic biome and inconsistent with the presence of permafrost both south and north of the treeline. A major difference between Finnmark and Spitsbergen was amount of soil frost and length of the growing season. Our results suggest that the boreal biome extends all the way to the north coast of mainland Norway; and previously used division of heaths in Finnmark into boreal, alpine and arctic biomes is not justified.
The Challenge to Polymer Chemists in Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis

The use of an insoluble polymeric support as a “handle” to facilitate the operations of peptide synthesis (called “solid phase peptide synthesis” by Bruce Merrifield, its inventor) is the most important advance in peptide synthesis since the introduction of the carbobenzoxy group by Bergmann more than thirty years ago. In the decade since the initial announcement of the method by Merrifield (1), its application in several laboratories has led to the synthesis of a wide range of peptides, and even proteins. Several of the more outstanding of these syntheses are listed in Table 1.
Rome-sacking and barebacking: longing, rhetoric, and revolution in Augustine and queer theory

Augustine’s sermon on ‘The Sacking of the City of Rome’ appears to lack the pastoral rhetoric that readers of his Confessions are so familiar with. This paper recovers the pastoral dimension of Aug...
UUV On-Board Path Replanning using PRM-A*

Path planning algorithms for unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) are broadly categorized into two sub-areas: global path planning and local path planning. A global path planner employs known information about the operational environment to return a path from the start point to the goal while avoiding any obstacles. Here obstacles are static, such as islands, docks, ship wrecks, etc. The path is determined prior to the UUV's departure. In contrast, a local path planner recalculates the path returned by the global path planner as needed to avoid unexpected moving obstacles such as ships, boats, swimmers, other UUVs, etc. In this paper, we present a novel local path planner for UUVs using an adaptation of the global path planning algorithm PRM-A* discussed in a companion article in this same conference [8]. It is assumed that the algorithm is implemented on-board the UUV and works in conjunction with sensors that can detect the position of the moving obstacles. The proposed local path planner allows the UUV to follow the original path returned by the global path planner, with deviations only as needed to avoid the newly detected obstacles. Thus, only the segment of the path being blocked by the obstacle is avoided, and the original path is otherwise retained. While the focus here has been on UUVs, the same approach can be applied for unmanned surface vehicles (USVs).
Using Holistic Design and Technology to Stimulate Critical Thinking in Mathematical Modeling

Critical thinking can be defined as reflection, based on deep content knowledge, which informs the thinker about how best to apply his knowledge in a given situation. With the increasing demand for higher education to produce graduates that are not only well educated in their field of study but who can also think critically within it, one instructional model that promotes critical thinking is holistic design. Holistic design provides strategies for complex learning by presenting students with authentic, real-world tasks. In my junior-level mathematical modeling course at Baylor University, one such task my students investigate is building a schedule to repay an automobile loan. This project requires that students account for all financial aspects of the car buying process. In order to accomplish this, they must engage inductive and deductive reasoning skills while leveraging their knowledge of exponential growth and recursive relationships to construct a mathematical model. As they build their models, students use Excel to explore the consequences of their assumptions and gauge the reasonableness of their calculations. In the final phase, students use the internet to find an online car payment calculator. They must compare it to their model, describe similarities and differences, and reconcile any inconsistencies. Once their model is completed, students must then write a paper describing their model, its ingredients, and how it works. Requiring that students reflect on and articulate their solution has shown to be particularly effective at engaging the students’ cognitive analysis, synthesis, and evaluation processes which fuel critical thinking.
Statistical Estimation of the Productive Functions and Supply Response of the Summer Sesame Crop in Sohag Governorate

Oil crops are the main source of vegetable oil production in the Arab Republic of Egypt, especially the sesame crop, as the percentage of oil extracted from its seeds ranges between 55-60%, besides that the seed is rich in protein, calcium, phosphorus and protein from 15-25%. Mineral. The research problem is represented in the failure of oil crops production to meet the increasing needs of oils, which was reflected in the remarkable rise in prices, which is due to the fact that the strategies of cultivating these crops are linked to other strategies as these crops are not grown for the purpose of producing oils only, but for other purposes. As for the significant physical relations between the quantities of the resources used and the amount of output obtained, it was found that the research sample farms are produced in the first stage and therefore are not produced in the economic stage, and then the quantities of these resources can be increased to reach the optimum volume of output and thus increase production. As for the significant physical relations between the quantities of the resources used and the amount of output obtained, it was found that the research sample farms are produced in the first stage and therefore are not produced in the economic stage, and then the quantities of these resources can be increased to reach the optimum volume of output and thus increase production.
Spectroscopic studies on organometallic compounds—III: Infrared spectra of perfluorovinyl metal compounds

Abstract The infrared spectra of the compounds CF 2 :CFBF 2 , CF 2 :CFBCl 2 , (CH 3 ) 2 Sn(CF:CF 2 ) 2 , (CH 3 ) 2 Ge(CF:CF 2 ) 2 , (C 2 H 5 ) 2 Si(CF:CF 2 ) 2 , (CF 2 :CF) 4 Sn, (CF 2 :CF) 3 As and (CF 2 :CF) 2 Hg have been recorded in the region 650–3500 cm −1 . Most of the observed absorption frequencies have been assigned by correlation with known spectra.
Prevention of high flow problems of arteriovenous grafts: Development of a new tapered graft

Blood flow of 2 to 3 liters/min was measured in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) arteriovenous dialysis grafts. The flow studies were done at the time of graft banding for high output cardiac failure or peripheral steal. Routine tapering of the arterial end of these grafts to a diameter of less than 5 mm has virtually eliminated this problem. Prototype tapered PTFE grafts supplied by the graft manufacturers have been very acceptable during 12 months of use.
Theropod-bird link reconsidered

Norell et al.1 describe a Velociraptor ‘wishbone’ which they interpret as a new piece of evidence for the theropod origin of birds. The bone fits a pattern of furcula-like structures that have been discovered in certain late Cretaceous theropods, including Oviraptor, Ingenia and possibly others2, some of which possess clavicles — usually not fused. But this interpretation gives rise to problems of chronology, structure and function.
Design of an on-board charger for universal inductive charging in electric vehicles

Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) technology is a potential solution in battery charging of electrical vehicles (EV). However, problems of varied magnetic coupling caused by coil misalignment still limit its practical applications. Besides improvements of inductive chargers, the EV manufacturers need a standard on the power-receiving part for adaptive charging in various conditions. Accordingly, this paper proposes design of an on-board charger, which cooperates with the previously proposed universal inductive charger (UIC), for more universal, efficient and safe EV charging in various coupling and load conditions. The optimal design of the secondary LC circuit and the receiving pad is provided. A simple and low-cost control method based on the dual-mode operation of the DC-DC converter is applied, to coordinate with the UIC for more accurate control on the frequency and voltage. Simulation results and a prototype validate the proposed on-board charger is robust and applicable, and performs better for universal inductive charging.
Cocaine-associated myocardial infarction

Myocardial ischaemia and infarction has become a well-recognized sequelae of cocaine use. The possibility of recent cocaine use should be assessed in patients with potential myocardial ischaemia because the treatment of patients with myocardial ischaemia related to cocaine differs from that of patients with myocardial ischaemia unrelated to cocaine. Patients with cocaine-associated myocardial ischaemia should receive initial treatment with benzodiazepines to decrease central adrenergic stimulation. Aspirin should be used to reduce thrombus formation, and nitroglycerin to reverse coronary vasoconstriction. Patients with continued ischaemia can be treated with either low doses of phentolamine, or verapamil. If ischaemia continues after treatment with these agents mechanical reperfusion or thrombolytic therapy should be considered depending upon the clinical circumstances. Patients with myocardial ischaemia secondary to cocaine should not receive treatment with beta adrenergic antagonists as these agents enhance coronary vasoconstriction thereby worsening ischaemia.
Continuous output tracking control of a class of nonlinear systems

Inverse dynamic tracking control problem of a class of nonlinear systems arising from aerospace and mechanical engineering is addressed. Because modelling uncertainties and external disturbances are always present in these systems, inverse dynamics technique is not applicable directly. A compensated inverse dynamics approach is proposed to account for the effect of uncertainties. The compensation is achieved by adaptive and robust schemes. Application of the proposed strategy to the vibration suppression of a two-bay flexible truss structure is presented. >
An enhancement to universal modeling algorithm context for real-time applications to image compression

A universal modeling algorithm, Context, introduced by J. Rissanen (see IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol.29. no.5, 1983) for binary strings, is generalized for nonbinary strings, which makes it applicable to modeling many types of random processes, such as those encountered in image compression, both lossless and lossy, chaotic systems, and generally whenever prediction is needed. This generalization includes two major improvements, the control of the size of the required tree and a modification of the original context selection rule to improve accuracy and speed, based upon the idea of stochastic complexity, which in the current implementation are combined. In addition to the description of the new version of the algorithm, its application to image compression is discussed. >
Neoliberalism in the Academic Borderlands: An On-going Struggle for Equality and Human Rights

The article examines the negative impact of neoliberal policies upon the work of border intellectuals within the university, whose scholarship seeks to explicitly challenge longstanding structural inequalities and social exclusions. More specifically, the notion of neoliberal multiculturalism is defined and discussed with respect to the phenomenon of economic Darwinism and the whitewashing of contemporary academic labor, despite a tradition of progressive struggle within the academy. In response to the current counter-egalitarian climate of neoliberalism, a call is issued for a critical pedagogy that supports a revolutionary vision of human rights and democratic life.
The hydration number n of calcium dipicolinate trihydrate, CaDP·nH2O, and its effect on the IR spectra of sporulated Bacillus bacteria

Previous results have shown a unique "quartet" of peaks in the infrared spectra of the sporulated phase of Bacillus bacteria, the four peaks being observed reproducibly for many different species of Bacillus endospores. We consistently observe peaks at 766, 725, 701, and 659 cm-1 and with the same relative amplitudes, as well as other spore peaks at 1441, 1277, 1015 cm-1. We have previously suggested that the peaks arise from calcium dipicolinate, not the conjugate acid. In this paper we conduct a theoretical and experimental study to show that the IR peaks not only arise from the calcium dipicolinate, a known spore component, but specifically the trihydrate salt, CaDP•3H2O. This is shown by calculating the absolute IR intensities of the lone dipicolinate dianion, the calcium salt, as well as the mono-, di- and tri-hydrate salts of calcium dipicolinate. The quartet peaks arise from the crystalline trihydrate salt as we verify both experimentally as well as using quantum chemistry methods. Using a method whereby the calculated intensities are not normalized, only the trihydrate spectrum shows low frequency modes (below 1000 cm-1, including the quartet) having intensities comparable to those of the pyridine ring. The vibrational modes in this part of themore » spectrum are associated with many internal coordinate motions including contributions from the Ca2+ counterion and the three waters including Ca-O-H bends, H2O-Ca-O torsions and O-C-O bends. Index Headings: Infrared, calcium dipicolinate, Bacillus, Bacteria, Endospores« less
Relating the Bottom Pressure and the Surface Elevation in the Water Wave Problem

An overview is presented of recent progress on the relation between the pressure at the bottom of the flat water bed and the elevation of the free water boundary within the context of the one-dimensional, irrotational water wave problem. We present five different approaches to this problem. All are compared to (1) numerical data for Stokes waves, one-dimensional traveling wave solutions of the full irrotational water wave problem, and (2) experimental data for high-amplitude waves in a long, narrow (i.e. one-dimensional) wave tank.
Mobile-based hazmat sign detection and recognition

In this paper we describe a mobile-based hazardous material (hazmat) sign detection and recognition system. Hazmat sign detection is based on visual saliency models. We use saliency maps to denote regions that are likely to contain hazmat signs in complex scenes and then use a convex quadrilateral shape detector to find hazmat sign candidates in these regions. Experimental results show that our proposed hazmat sign detection and recognition method is capable of dealing with projective distorted, blurred, and shaded signs. The test image dataset consists of images taken in the field under various lighting and weather conditions, distances, and perspectives.
Modelling change in the Peruvian-Chilean Eastern Pacific Fisheries

Time-series analyses of the Peruvian-Chilean Eastern Pacific Fisheries output are presented. The paper discusses how human action and adverse environmental conditions have affected regional productivity levels and fish stock. It is shown that overfishing during critical environmental periods is the likely cause for fluctuations in regional output and the decline of Peru's fishing (anchovy) industry, in opposition to the theory that holds that stock depletion is caused solely by ENSO (El Nino/Southern Oscillation) events. Policy implications are drawn from empirical findings, ŝtressing the need for strict resource management and future restrictions on fish captures when ENSO events are highly probable.
Fine needle aspiration of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the temporomandibular joint.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) problems are usually the result of functional disorders. Tumors of the TMJ are rarer entities, the diagnosis of which may be delayed due to a clinical impression of a functional ailment. We report a case of a patient with a recurrent TMJ area lesion diagnosed cytologically as pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), an entity that very rarely involves the TMJ and is usually diagnosed by histology. The differential diagnosis of PVNS in the context of its location in and around the TMJ is also discussed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011;39:45–48. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Spectroscopic characterization of the Leu513His variant of fungal laccase: effect of increased axial ligand interaction on the geometric and electronic structure of the type 1 Cu site.

A variety of spectroscopic techniques, combined with density functional calculations, are used to describe the electronic structure of the Leu513His variant of the type 1 Cu site in Myceliophthora ...
Efficacy of β-lactamase-resistant penicillin and influence of penicillin tolerance in eradicating streptococci from the pharynx after failure of penicillin therapy for group A streptococcal pharyngitis

We studied the ability of dicloxacillin, a β -lactamase-resistant penicillin, to eradicate persistent group A streptococcl from the upper respiratory tract of children previously given penicillin V, and concomitantly assessed the role of antibiotic (penicillin and dicloxacillin) tolerance as a contributing factor. During a group A streptococcal pharyngitis outbreak, 66% of 324 children were found to be culture positive for group A streptococcl. Ninety percent of these isolates were serotype M-1, T-agglutination pattern T-1. The treatment failure rate after initial orally administered penicllin treatment was 21% (42 of 204). These 42 children then received either a second course of penicillin V orally or a course of dicioxacillin. The resulting rates of failure to eradicate the homologous streptococcal serotype were 83% (20 of 24) and 50% (9 of 18). respectively (P
Isotope effects in elastic ion-surface scattering; He+ and Ne+ on solid and liquid Ga

Abstract Yields have been measured of 3 He + , 4 He + , 20 Ne + and 22 Ne + backscattered at 138° from monoenergetic (200–2300 eV) ion beams normally incident on solid and liquid Ga. The oscillatory dependence of the He + yields on reciprocal incident ion speed agrees generally with previous measurements using chemically bound Ga targets, but marked isotope dependences are shown to exist. Comparison with angle dependent yield measurements implies that the isotope effects are due to differences in collision trajectories for 3 He + and 4 He + which have the same speed and scatter angle. The He + yield oscillations show no dependence on the solid/liquid phase of Ga. Some evidence of oscillatory structure is found in the Ne + yields which are about 40% larger from solid than from liquid Ga.
Solubility of monoglycerides in oil and its relation to the production of global edible spread

Solubility data have been presented for monostearin, monopalmitin, and monoglycerides of triple-pressed stearic acid and hydrogenated lard in cotton-seed oil. Monoglyceride precipitated from solution by quick chilling became less soluble after tempering 18 hrs. at 45°C. Decreased solubility was related to increased crystallinity as determined by X-ray diffraction. Solubility data thus confirmed conclusions previously reported that tempering operates to improve global spread primarily through recrystallization which is now shown to involve converting precipitates of low degree of molecular order into more perfect crystals.
Evolution of the total lightning structure in a leading‐line, trailing‐stratiform mesoscale convective system over Houston, Texas

[1] Line-normal, vertical cross sections of Houston Lightning Detection and Ranging (LDAR) VHF radiation sources and radar reflectivity provide new insights into the three-dimensional total lightning structure and evolution of a leading-line, trailing-stratiform (LLTS) mesoscale convective system (MCS) over Houston, Texas, on 31 October 2005. Previous research examining only the mature stage of an MCS showed that the overwhelming majority of VHF lightning sources occurred in the convective region with a lightning pathway extending rearward and descending in altitude into the stratiform region. This descending pathway was most likely associated with small, charged ice particles advected from the convective line. Unlike previous research, the lightning pathway observed during the evolution of the MCS on 31 October 2005 initially extended rearward 40 km at a nearly constant height of 9–10 km. In less than an hour, the lightning pathway evolved into a sloped pathway, similar to that found by previous research, with a horizontal extent between 50 to 60 km and downward descent of 4 to 5 km. During the lightning pathway evolution, radar analysis showed an increase of reflectivity in the midlevels of the stratiform region, consistent with increased depositional and aggregational growth above the melting layer. Broadening (increased range of values) of radar reflectivity above the melting layer was most likely an indication of a strengthening mesoscale updraft in the stratiform region. This strengthening updraft may have contributed to an increase in the growth of the small, charge carrying ice crystals giving them a greater fall speed. In addition, the mesoscale updraft may have promoted an environment conducive to local stratiform region charge generation in the mixed phase region just above the melting layer.
Chemistry of thienopyridines. IX. Direct nitration of thieno[2,3‐b]pyridine and thieno[3,2‐b] pyridine

Thieno[ 2,3-b]pyridine (I) and thieno[3,2-b]pyridine (II) were nitrated at C-3 in ca. 50% yield by means of nitric-sulfuric acids. Reduction of 3-nitro-I (Ia) with tin and hydrochloric acid gave 3-amino-I (Ib) (39%), which was converted to 3-acetylamino-I (Ic) and to dipyrido[2,3-b:2′,3′-d]thiophene (V). Reduction of 3-nitro-II (IIa) with iron and acetic acid at 100° gave 3-acetyl-amino-II (IIb) (25%), while use of tin and hydrochloric acid at room temperature gave 2-chloro-3-amino-II (IIc). Assignments of position of nitration are based on nmr spectral data (which indicate. that substitution occurs in the thiophene ring) and on non-identities of Ic, IIb, and V with authentic samples of 2-acetylamino-I, 2-acetylamino-II, and dipyrido[2,3-b:3′,2′-d]thiophene (VI), respectively. Results are consistent with reactivity indices for I and II as calculated from simple Huckel Molecular Orbital theory and with observations on nitration and reduction in the isoteric quinoline system.
The effect of fluctuations on emission spectra: practical distinctions between raman and fluorescence spectra

Abstract By the use of stochastic theory it is clearly shown that two types of emission should to fluctuations such as would occur during interactions with their environment are resonantly driven by light. In our approach the electromagnetic field is treated in a classical manner and decay is introduced by a Wigner-Weisskopfansatz. The two types of emission should occur for a three-level system and relaxation to other levels is not involved in the mechanism. Also included is a discussion of operational definitions of fluorescence (and other spontaneous emissions) and of the relationship between absorption and scattering in terms of dephasing or T 2 processes, especially as this relates to conventional emission phenomena.
Endogenous VIP May Contribute to Vagally Induced Electrophysiological Changes in Canine Atria

Background: There has been increasing evidence that complex interactions among the various components of intracardiac neural network play an important role in atrial fibrillation (AF). Perfusion of vasoactive intestine polypeptide (VIP), a neural polypeptide, co-released with acetylcholine from intrinsic cardiac neurons during vagal stimulation, was shown to shorten the action potential duration (APD), decrease the intraatrial conduction velocity (CV), and promote induction of AF. However, the effect of endogenous VIP remains unclear. Methods: In 6 isolated arterially perfused canine left atria, high-resolution optical mapping techniques with di-4-ANEPPS and blebbistatin were used to measure APD and CV during fat-pad ganglion plexus stimulation (GPS, 30Hz, 10.2±2.3Volt validated with blockage of atrioventricular conduction), at during H9935, a VIP antagonist (1 μM) perfusion. The atria were paced at 200beats per minute. Metoprolol (1.8μM) was used to block the sympathetic effects. Results: Average APD was shorter (21%) during GPS compared to the baseline (100±8ms vs. 126±7ms, p<0.05), and average CV was slower than baseline (87±10cm/sec vs. 103±13cm/sec, p<0.05), which recovered within 2 min (APD: 128±8ms, p<0.05; CV: 105±13cm/sec, p<0.05). With H9335, the APD shortening effect (17%) of GPS persisted (GPS, 105±14ms, vs. 127±8ms at baseline and 125±10ms after recovery, p<0.05) with a trend towards being less pronounced as compared to GPS effect without H9335 (−18±6ms vs. −29±3ms, p=0.07). However, the GPS-induced CV slowing was abolished by H9335 (97±14cm/sec, vs. 103±15cm/sec at baseline and 101±16cm/sec after recovery, p=0.23). The effects of endogenous VIP were eliminated by atropine during GPS, indicating VIP release from intrinsic cardiac neurons may be mediated by muscarinic recpetors. Conclusion: Neuronally released VIP could contribute vagal effects and is primarily responsible for CV slowing during GPS. Neuronal release of VIP is likely mediated by muscarinic receptors in the intrinsic cardiac neurons.
Three-dimensional shape and source location from depth and reflectance

We introduce a novel methodology for accurate determination of surface normals and light source location from depth and reflectance data. Estimation of local surface orientation using depth data alone from range finders with standard depth errors can produce significant error. On the other hand, shape-from-shading using reflectance data alone produces approximate surface orientation results that are highly dependent upon just the right initial surface orientation estimates as well as regularization parameters. Combining these two sources of information gives vastly more accurate surface orientation estimates under general conditions than either one alone, even when the light source location is not initially known. Apart from increased knowledge of local orientation, this also can provide better knowledge of local curvature. We propose novel iterative methods which enforce satisfaction of the image irradiance equation and surface integrability without using regularization. These iterative methods work in the case where the light source is any finite distance from the object producing variable incident light orientation over the object. These are realistic machine vision conditions in a laboratory setting.
Simple model calculations of induction times for O2 dissociation

Abstract Exact numerical calculations of induction times and steady rates are presented for several simple models of O 2 dissociation in the linear, highly dilute limit. Comparison of these calculations with experiment demonstrates the need for large multi-quantum steps in models of high-temperature dissociation. Models which assume a Boltzmann distribution may be expected to give induction times which are shorter than the otherwise equivalent exact calculation.
TiO2 nanotubes infiltrated with nanoparticles for dye sensitized solar cells

We present a detailed study of the infiltration of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes (NTs) with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The aim is to combine the merits of the NP's high dye loading and high light harvesting capability with the NT's straight carrier transport path and high electron collection efficiency to improve the DSSC performance. On infiltrating NTs with TiCl4 solution followed by hydrothermal synthesis, 10 nm size NPs were observed to form a conformal and dense layer on the NT walls. Compared with the bare NT structure, dye loading of this mixed NT and NP structure is more than doubled. The overall photon conversion efficiencies of the fabricated DSSCs are improved by 152%, 107%, and 49% for 8, 13, and 20 µm long NTs, respectively. Electron transport and recombination parameters were extracted based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. Although a slight reduction of electron lifetime was observed in the mixed structures due to enhanced recombination with a larger surface area, the diffusion length is still significantly longer than the NT length used, suggesting that most electrons are collected. In addition to dye loading and hence photocurrent increment, the photovoltage and filling factor were also improved in the mixed structure due to a low serial resistance, leading to the enhancement of the overall efficiency.
Chronic haloperidol treatment: effects on operant responding and inter-response time.

Three groups (n = 6) of male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to barpress for food reinforcement on a fixed ratio-40 schedule. Each group then received one of three doses of haloperidol (0.125, 0.25, or 0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) according to the following treatment regimen: Baseline, Presession, Postsession, Presession, Postsession, Baseline, Extinction. Each treatment lasted six days each. Only the Presession and Extinction conditions resulted in a significant decrease in the number of reinforcements earned. The number of inter-response times greater than ten sec was inversely related to the number of reinforcements earned. The fact that chronic presession, but not postsession treatment, significantly decreased the number of reinforcements earned would favor an anhedonia interpretation over one postulating cumulative motor deficits. In any event, prior concurrent experience with the drug effect and the operant behavior appears to be critical to the decrement induced by haloperidol.
Traumatic peptic ulcer

T HE factor of trauma in the genesis of acute and chronic peptic ulcer has been of interest for many years. In spite of extensive German and French writings, which embody numerous reports of cases, contributions to the subject in EngIish are strikingly few. However, some of the ear-her Continenta reports were written before roentgenoscopy came into use, and before duodena1 uIcer was a frequentIy observed entity, and many times the diagnosis of uIcer was based on symptoms alone, without confirmation by operation or necropsy. But contemporary authors of texts on diseases of the stomach writing in EngIish, such as Crohn, Hurst and Stewart, Rehfuss and others, have given consideration to the cIinica1 significance of traumatic peptic uIcer. A compIete review and appraisa1 of a11 materia1 printed up to five or six years ago has been made by von Redwitz and Fuss. The 1930 edition of Stern’s textbook aIso contains a comprehensive review of the German Iiterature. Von Redwitz and Fuss concIuded that undoubtedIy in rare instances, trauma may Iead to the origin and deveIopment of a chronic ulcer of the upper part of the digestive tract. By virtue of the exceIIent tendency to hea demonstrated after a freshIy sustained injury to the gastric mucosa, onIy under circumstances entireIy favorabIe to formation of uIcer can acute trauma resuIt in a chronic ulcer. Therefore, it must be assumed that other uIcer-forming factors are present; acute trauma reaIIy is probabIy more a precipitating than an unaided causative factor. It would be diffrcuIt to determine whether death of a circumscribed area of mucous membrane had resuIted from direct injury to the mucous membrane itself, or whether the necrosis had been caused indirectIy, by injury to bIood vesseIs and nerves. It appears more probabIe that chronic trauma has a definite inffuence on the chronicity of an uIcer, but it does not aIways suffice of itseIf to produce the picture of chronic peptic uIcer. From a cIinica1 standpoint it is obvious that trauma is not a factor in the origin of the majority of acute and chronic gastric and duodena1 uIcers, unIess the incidence and significance of miId degrees of trauma to patients predisposed to uIcer has been disregarded. Because there is no indubitabIe proof that an uIcer forms as the direct result of trauma, there are physicians who, without due deIiberation of a11 the ascertainabIe facts, deny the existence of a traumatic uIcer under any circumstance. Trauma, when it is said to be causative of uIcer, usuaIIy impIies externa1 bIunt force directed to the epigastrium, without direct penetration of the abdomina1 or viscera1 parietes, resuIting in variabIe degrees of injury to the gastric waI1. It is chiefIy in this sense that the subject wiI1 be considered; a case aIso wiI1 be reported. However, mechanical trauma to the stomach and duodenum may occur not onIy from without, in an acute or chronic fashion, but aIso from within in the same way. Aside from uIcers resuIting from external trauma, the other types of traumatic ulcer chiefly observed cIinicaIIy are those secondary to foreign bodies, and diaphragmatic hernia.
Muon transfer from muonic hydrogen to atomic oxygen and nitrogen

The results of diabatic hyperspherical close-coupling calculations are presented for the charge exchange of a negative muon from muonic hydrogen to oxygen and nitrogen for collision energies from 10 ˛3 to 10 3 eV. It is shown that converged results can be obtained using a much smaller number of channels than in the traditional adiabatic approach. For the energy range below 10 eV our results for nitrogen are in good agreements with the available experimental data and the recent calculations within hyperspherical elliptic coordinates. However, discrepancies were found in the case of oxygen, where a p-wave shape resonance is shown to contribute significantly to the cross sections. We show that for oxygen the p-wave resonance extends to a large volume and is sensitive to the many-body effect. Calculations including outer screening of the oxygen atom have been performed to illustrate the importance of this effect.
The Relationship Between Pathological Gambling and Sensation Seeking: The Role of Subscale Scores

Research investigating the relationship between gambling and sensation seeking has yet to establish conclusively whether pathological gamblers (PGs) are more or less sensation seeking than nonpathological gamblers (NPGs). Sensation seeking is usually measured with the Zuckerman et al. (J Consult Clin Psychol 46:139-149, 1978) SS Scale form V (SSS-V). Whereas previous studies relied on the SSS-V total score, the current study uses two samples to demonstrate the importance of the SSS-V subscales, which include Thrill and Adventure Seeking (TA), Experience Seeking (ES), Disinhibition (DS), and Boredom Susceptibility (BS). In two samples, strong intrascale correlations between DS and BS, and between TA and ES, suggest that certain subscales reflect similar underlying characteristics. In both samples PGs displayed higher scores than NPGs on the DS and BS subscales, with mean differences in Sample 2 reaching significant levels for both DS and BS. Results support the notion that the SSS-V can be divided into concepts reflecting actual behavior, based on the DS and BS subscales, and hypothetical behavior, based on the TA and ES subscales. Furthermore, PGs appear to have a preference for the more behavioral subscales while NPGs show a preference for the more hypothetical subscales. Reasons for the subscale divisions and preferences are discussed.
Classification of problem behaviors in young children: A comparison of four systems☆

Abstract Both 156 toddler-aged children (16 to 18 months old at first testing) and their parents provided data on four measures that have been used for selecting children who might have problems: (1) attachment classification (Ainsworth Strange Situation), (2) temperament, (Toddler Temperament Scale), (3) parent ratings of child problem behaviors (Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 2–3), and (4) playgroup observation of child problem behaviors, (Fagot Interactive Code). The attachment and temperament data were collected at 18 months, the peer playgroup data from 18 to 24 months, and the parent ratings of child problem behaviors at 24 months. The best agreement was between the same raters on different systems (i.e., mother temperament ratings with mother problem behavior ratings). When systems were compared across raters (mothers versus fathers) or methods (ratings, attachment classification, and observations), most predictions were very close to or below chance. The implications for treatment and prevention programs are discussed.
Gas Holdup in a Cocurrent Air-Water-Fiber Bubble Column

Effects of superficial liquid velocity (Ul ), superficial gas velocity (Ug ), and fiber mass fraction (C) on gas holdup (e) and flow regime transition are studied experimentally in well-mixed water-cellulose fiber suspensions in a cocurrent bubble column. Experimental results show that the gas holdup decreases with increasing Ul when C and Ug are constant. The gas holdup is not significantly affected by C in the range of C 1.5%, a significant amount of gas is trapped in the fiber network and recirculates with the water-fiber slurry in the system; as a result, the measured gas holdup is higher than that at C = 1.5%. The axial gas holdup distribution is shown to be a complex function of superficial gas and liquid velocities and fiber mass fraction. The drift-flux model is used to analyze the flow regime transitions at different conditions. Three distinct flow regimes are observed when C ≤ 0.4%, but only two are identified when 0.6% ≤ C ≤ 1.5%. The superficial gas velocities at which flow transition occurs from one regime to another are not significantly affected by Ul and slightly decrease with increasing C.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Effects of the Leaving Group and of Ion Pairing on the Stereochemistry of E2 Reactions. An ab Initio Study

Computational studies of the stereochemistry of E2 reactions of ethyl derivatives, EtX, at MP2/6-31+G*//MP2/6-31+G* give the following results (X, base, ΔΔH⧧(syn − anti in kcal mol-1)): F, OH-, 6....
Enrollment, expenditures, and utilization after CHIP expansion: evidence from Alabama

Abstract Objective In October 2009, Alabama expanded eligibility in its Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), known as ALL Kids, from 200% to 300% of the federal poverty level (FPL). We examined the expenditures, utilization, and enrollment behavior of expansion enrollees relative to traditional enrollees (100–200% FPL) and assessed the impact of expansion on total program expenditures. Methods We compared unadjusted mean person-month-level expenditures and utilization of expansion enrollees and various categories of existing enrollees and used a 2-part modeling strategy to examine differences after controlling for enrollee characteristics. We used probit models to examine adjusted differences in reenrollment behavior by eligibility category. Results Expansion enrollees had higher total monthly expenditures ($10.33, P P P P P Conclusions The expansion population was characterized by moderately higher health expenditures and utilization, and more persistent enrollment relative to fee group enrollees who are subject to the same levels of cost sharing and annual premiums. Although states are prohibited from changing program eligibility until 2019, the costs associated with the expansion population will be important to future policy decisions.
Finite Amplitude Gravity Waves: Harmonics, Advective Steepening and Saturation

Abstract Steepening, harmonics generation, and saturation of a finite amplitude gravity wave are calculated in an approximate fashion by means of a new and elementary approach. The mechanism for these phenomena is nonlinear advection. For simplicity, attention is confined to a single wave or wave packet in a quasi-stationary background. A principal result of the calculation is that harmonics are generated which cause the wave velocity fluctuation to steepen; harmonics of the density fluctuation are neglected. The wave velocity steepens more and more with increasing amplitude until, at a particular amplitude, it breaks and saturates. Energy flows from the primary wave into harmonies down to turbulence. This steepening and saturation resembles the shoaling of an ocean wave. In both cases, steepening of the velocity fluctuation is caused by the advective, v′ · ∇v′ term in the Navier-Stokes equation. Of special interest is that the lapse rate becomes marginally stable at about the same time that the wave velo...
Conservation of non-game wildlife in California: A model programme

Abstract Public interest prompted the California State Legislature to provide needed authority and precedent-setting mandates for the management and protection of its non-game wildlife resources. Newly established activities and regulations include: research and field surveys on species-specific problems; the introduction of protective categories for threatened or unique species; bag limits and seasons on the taking of any unprotected animal; a moratorium on mountain lion hunting; measures to promote increases in the numbers of the rare Tule elk; curtailment of imported wildlife; a ban on the trade in endangered species; protective measures for intertidal organisms; and land acquisition of areas with important habitats. These constitute a comprehensive programme that merits wider adoption in the USA.
A Molecular Network That Produces Spontaneous Oscillations in Excitable Cells of Dictyostelium

A network of interacting proteins has been found that can account for the spontaneous oscillations in adenylyl cyclase activity that are observed in homogenous populations of Dictyostelium cells 4 h after the initiation of development. Previous biochemical assays have shown that when extracellular adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) binds to the surface receptor CAR1, adenylyl cyclase and the MAP kinase ERK2 are transiently activated. A rise in the internal concentration of cAMP activates protein kinase A such that it inhibits ERK2 and leads to a loss-of-ligand binding by CAR1. ERK2 phosphorylates the cAMP phosphodiesterase REG A that reduces the internal concentration of cAMP. A secreted phosphodiesterase reduces external cAMP concentrations between pulses. Numerical solutions to a series of nonlinear differential equations describing these activities faithfully account for the observed periodic changes in cAMP. The activity of each of the components is necessary for the network to generate oscillatory behavior; however, the model is robust in that 25-fold changes in the kinetic constants linking the activities have only minor effects on the predicted frequency. Moreover, constant high levels of external cAMP lead to attenuation, whereas a brief pulse of cAMP can advance or delay the phase such that interacting cells become entrained.
Detection of magnetism in the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) using magnetic resonance imaging

Red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) workers, queens, and alates were analyzed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the presence of natural magnetism. Images of ants showed distortion patterns similar to those of honey bees and monarch butterflies, both of which possess ferromagnetic material. The bipolar ring patterns of MRI indicated the presence in fire ants of small amounts of internal magnetic material, which may be used in orientation behaviors, as in the honey bees. Bioelectromagnetics 18:396–399, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The role of expectations on automobile demand

Abstract This study investigates the influence of adaptive expectations on the purchase of automobiles by income quintile. Through maximum likelihood estimation, it is found that the coefficients of adaptation to income exhibit a trend towards faster rates in the upper quintiles. The effects of a “truncation remainder” and of serial correlation are also noted.