cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of growth hormone-independent adipogenesis by a 3T3 cell variant

We have examined the regulation of adipogenesis of a 3T3-F442A cell variant. The variant, designated 3T3-GH-independent clone 16 (GI-16), was isolated after serum-induced adipogenic commitment. 3T3-GI-16 fibroblasts displayed a lower serum requirement for adipogenesis than the 3T3-F442A parent cell. Insulin-stimulated adipogenesis of 3T3-GI-16 cells in serum-free medium (SFM) was extensive in the absence of GH, as judged by oil red O staining or glycerol-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase activity, a property not associated with the 3T3-F442A cell. In SFM devoid of GH the concentration of insulin required to promote half-maximal adipogenesis of 3T3-GI-16 fibroblasts was 5 nM. The expression of GH-independent adipogenesis by 3T3-GI-16 cells was not due to exposure to adipogenic stimuli during routine passage, as insulin-stimulated differentiation was not a function of the inoculation density in nonadipogenic cat serum. We noted that nine proteins resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis behaved in a differentiation-dependent manner during adipogenesis of 3T3-GI-16 and 3T3-F442A fibroblasts in SFM. The concentrations of all nine proteins were regulated in a GH-independent manner during insulin-stimulated adipogenesis of 3T3-GI-16 fibroblasts. In contrast, the presence of insulin alone markedly altered the expression of only two of the proteins during differentiation of 3T3-F442A cells. The observed changes in the expression of five presently uncharacterized differentiation-dependent proteins were most likely due to employment of SFM. Our results suggest that expression of GH-independent insulin-induced adipogenesis of 3T3-GI-16 fibroblasts reflects a prior commitment by GH during our selection protocol. These results are discussed in the context of a model in which adipogenesis in vivo is postulated to proceed through the sequential action of GH and insulin on target cells.
Tip region of the bremsstrahlung spectrum from incident electrons of kinetic energy 50 keV-1.84 MeV

Numerical calculations for the tip region of the electron bremsstrahlung spectrum are reported for incident electron kinetic energies in the range from 50 keV to 1.84 MeV. The calculations are exact within the framework of a single electron in a screened central potential and are obtained by summing integrals resulting from a partial-wave expansion of the wave functions. Results are compared with previous theoretical calculations and with experiments. For low energies the screening correction to the spectrum is generally not small. We find that for high-$Z$ elements the discrepancies between theory and experiment reported by Starek, Aiginger, and Unfried are due to the use of inaccurate theoretical approximation. For low-$Z$ elements the discrepancy remains.
Not Your Typical Pneumonia: A Case of Exogenous Lipoid Pneumonia

The constellation of chronic cough, dyspnea, and hemoptysis can include a broad range of differential diagnoses. Although uncommon, exogenous lipoid pneumonia (ELP) should be considered when patients present with this symptom complex. We report a case of a 72-year-old female who presented with hemoptysis, cough, and dyspnea. The admission computed tomography scan of the chest revealed progressive interstitial infiltrates. Bronchoscopy revealed diffuse erythema without bleeding. Culture and cytology of lavage fluid were negative. Open-lung biopsy revealed numerous lipid-laden macrophages and multinucleated foreign-body giant cells. On further questioning, the patient admitted to the daily use of mineral oil for constipation. The diagnosis of ELP was made. The literature review revealed that many cases typically present with chronic cough with or without dyspnea. Our case illustrates an unusual presenting symptom of hemoptysis and the need to identify patients who can be at risk of developing this rare condition.
Soil microbial biomass and community composition along an anthropogenic disturbance gradient within a long-leaf pine habitat

Some of the finest surviving natural habitat in the United States is on military reservations where land has been protected from development. However, responsibilities of military training often require disturbance of that habitat. Herein, we show how the soil microbial community of a long-leaf pine ecosystem at Fort Benning, Georgia responds to military traffic disturbances. Using the soil microbial biomass and community composition as ecological indicators, reproducible changes showed increasing traffic disturbance decreases soil viable biomass, biomarkers for microeukaryotes and Gram-negative bacteria, while increasing the proportions of aerobic Gram-positive bacterial and Actinomycete biomarkers. Soil samples were obtained from four levels of military traffic (reference, light, moderate, and heavy) with an additional set of samples taken from previously damaged areas that were remediated via planting of trees and ground cover. Utilizing 17 phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) variables that differed significantly with land usage, a linear discriminant analysis with cross-validation classified the four groups. Wilks’ lambda for the model was 0.032 (P<0.001). Overall, the correct classifications of profiles was 66% (compared to the chance that 25% would be correctly classified). Using this model, 10 observations taken from the remediated transects were classified. One observation was classified as a reference, three as light trafficked, and six as moderately trafficked. Non-linear artificial neural network (ANN) discriminant analysis was performed using the biomass estimates and all of the 61 PLFA variables. The resulting optimal ANN included five hidden nodes and resulted in an r2 of 0.97. The prediction rate of profiles for this model was again 66%, and the 10 observations taken from the remediated transects were classified with four as reference (not impacted), two as moderate, and four as heavily trafficked. Although the ANN included more comprehensive data, it classified eight of the 10 remediated transects at the usage extremes (reference or heavy traffic). Inspection of the novelty indexes from the prediction outputs showed that the input vectors from the remediated transects were very different from the data used to train the ANN. This difference suggests as a soil is remediated it does not escalate through states of succession in the same way as it descends following disturbance. We propose to explore this hysteresis between disturbance and recovery process as a predictor of the resilience of the microbial community to repeated disturbance/recovery cycles.
Living the Upright Posture with a Disability: Challenges and Lessons for a Philosophical Anthropology

In “The Upright Posture,” Straus (1966/1980) writes from the perspective of a White, able-bodied, male. In this article, Straus's anthropology will be critiqued from the perspective of a person wit...
4-vinyl protochlorophyllide excretion by Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa in nicotinamide-enriched medium

Abstract Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa excreted a green pigment in a medium enriched with 0.08% (w/v) nicotinamide. This greening phenomenon appeared only if excess nicotinamide was present in the medium. The pigment was nonphytylated and was precipitable in solution adjusted to 60% saturation with (NH4)2SO4. The spectral absorption properties of the pigment in ether was similar to that of 4-vinyl protochlorophyllide. The significance of 4-vinyl protochlorophyllide excretion in nicotinamide-enriched medium is discussed.
Developmental plasticity of thermal tolerances in temperate and subtropical populations of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Variation in temperature imposes selection pressures on organisms. In variable environments, organisms must adopt fixed or plastic strategies that enable persistence over a broad range of temperatures. In coarse-grained environments, where the thermal variation among generations exceeds that within generations, selection should favor developmental plasticity. Here, we compare the degree of developmental plasticity of thermal tolerances between populations of Drosophila melanogaster from environments with relatively high (Marlton, NJ, USA) and relatively low (Miami, FL, USA) variance in temperature among generations. We predicted that flies from Marlton would exhibit a greater plasticity of thermal tolerances than would flies from Miami. Flies from both populations were reared in three ecologically relevant treatments, after which we assessed knockdown and chill-coma recovery times. Flies from both populations responded plastically to temperature, but flies from New Jersey did not exhibit greater plasticity. Our results complement previous comparative studies and indicate that selection favors plasticity of thermal tolerances equally in these populations.
National information policy and a mandate for oversight by the information professions

Abstract The responsibility of the information professions to understand the changing infrastructure of information generation, dissemination, and access is delineated. Geopolitical considerations, including perceived cultural imperialism and the economics of information, are outlined with special focus on telecommunications, transborder data flow, and technology transfer. Domestic U.S. information policy is summarized from three viewpoints: information generation, information sector growth, and information access. Finally, a mandate is given for the information professions to establish a formal oversight agency on matters of information policy.
Flux-based assessment at a manufacturing site contaminated with trichloroethylene

Groundwater and contaminant fluxes were measured, using the passive flux meter (PFM) technique, in wells along a longitudinal transect passing approximately through the centerline of a trichloroethylene (TCE) plume at a former manufacturing plant located in the Midwestern US. Two distinct zones of hydraulic conductivity were identified from the measured groundwater fluxes; a 6-m-thick upper zone ( approximately 7 m to 13 m below the ground surface or bgs) with a geometric mean Darcy flux (q(0)) of 2 cm/day, and a lower zone ( approximately 13 m to 16.5m bgs) with a q(0) approximately 15 cm/day; this important hydrogeologic feature significantly impacts any remediation technology used at the site. The flux-averaged TCE concentrations estimated from the PFM results compared well with existing groundwater monitoring data. It was estimated that at least 800 kg of TCE was present in the source zone. The TCE mass discharge across the source control plane (85 m x 38 m) was used to estimate the "source strength" ( approximately 365 g/day), while mass discharges across multiple down-gradient control planes were used to estimate the plume-averaged, TCE degradation rate constant (0.52 year(-1)). This is close to the rate estimated using the conventional centerline approach (0.78 year(-1)). The mass discharge approach provides a more robust and representative estimate than the centerline approach since the latter uses only data from wells along the plume centerline while the former uses all wells in the plume.
A study of cyproheptadine in the treatment of metastatic carcinoid tumor and the malignant carcinoid syndrome

Sixteen patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors and the malignant carcinoid syndrome were treated with cyproheptadine (Periactin, Merck, Sharp & Dohme, West Point, PA) at maximum tolerable doses that ranged from 12 to 48 mg daily. Usual side effects were mild sedation and dry mouth, but three patients found it impossible to sustain treatment due to nausea and vomiting. Most patients had significant relief of diarrhea, frequently associated with weight gain. Relief of flushing was uncommon. The therapeutic benefit produced by cyproheptadine would appear to be a peripheral effect because 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) excretion in these patients was not reduced. Although there have been case reports of objective tumor regression with cyproheptadine therapy, this was not observed in any of these 16 patients. Cyproheptadine would appear to be a useful therapeutic tool for the management of diarrhea associated with the malignant carcinoid syndrome. An appropriate initial total daily dose is 0.4 mg/kg divided in three fractions with prompt modification to produce minimal and tolerable side effects.
Delineation of Ground-Water Flow Systems in the Southern Great Basin Using Aqueous Rare Earth Element Distributions

The rare earth element (REE) signature of ground waters from both felsic volcanic rocks on the Nevada Test site and from the regional Paleozoic carbonate aquifer of southern nevada resemble the REE signature of the rocks through which they flow. Moreover, the REE signatures of Ash Meadows ground waters are similar to those of springs in the Furnace Creek region of Death Valley but different from shallow ground waters from predominantly tuffaceous alluvial deposits in the Amargosa Desert, perched ground waters from felsic volcanic rocks, and ground waters that have only flowed through the regional Paleozoic carbonate aquifer. The similar REE patterns of Ash meadows and Furnace Creek ground waters support previous investigations that suggested ground waters discharging from the Furnace Creek springs are similar to the ground waters emerging from the Ash meadows springs. The REE patterns indicate that the contribution of ground water from the Amargosa Desert to the Furnace Creek springs is of minor importance. The REE analyses along with previous stable isotope, ground-water potentiometric surface relationships, and geologic structure analyses support ground-water flow from east to west in the fractured and faulted carbonate rocks beneath Ash Meadows, the Amargosa Desert, and the southern end of themore » Funeral Mountains. The observations are contrary to some previous investigations that identified shallow ground waters from the central and northwestern Amargosa Desert as a substantial component of the ground water that discharges from the Furnace Creek springs.« less
Analysis of Catalytically Enhanced Solar Absorption Chemical Reactors: Part I—Basic Concepts and Numerical Model Description

A detailed numerical model is presented for high-temperature, catalytically enhanced, solar absorption chemical reactors. In these reactors, concentrated solar energy is volumetrically absorbed throughout a porous absorber matrix impregnated with a catalyst. The catalyst promotes heterogeneous reactions with fluid-phase reactant species flowing through the absorber. This paper presents a description of a numerical model and the basic concepts of reactor operation. The numerical model of the absorber includes solar and infrared radiation, heterogeneous chemical reactions, conduction in the solid phase, and convection between the fluid and solid phases. The model is nonlinear primarily due to both the radiative transfer and the heterogeneous chemistry occurring in the absorber. The nonlinear two-point boundary value problem is solved using superposition with orthonormalization and an adaptive solution point scheme. This technique preserves accuracy throughout the domain. The model can be modified for other chemical reactions and can be simplified to model volumetric air-heating receivers.
Influence of spring and summer water temperature on brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis, growth and age structure in the Ford River, Michigan

The influence of late spring and summer water temperatures on brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis, growth and age structure was evaluated from 1984 to 1991 in the Ford River, Michigan. Temperature was monitored and brook charr sampled for vital statistics from late May through September using fyke nets and weirs at four locations within a 25.8 km section of stream. Scale analysis was used to determine captured brook charr age, past length at age and relative annual growth rates. Late spring and summer water temperature patterns varied between years with the greatest variability occurring in May and June. Age and size structure also varied between years and was significantly related to temperature. Years with cooler late spring and summer temperature patterns were dominated by older (age 2 and 3), larger brook charr, while years with warmer spring and summer temperature patterns were dominated by younger (age 1), smaller brook charr. Spring and summer temperature did not appear to have a significant effect on the growth of age 0 or age 1 brook charr. However, temperature was negatively related to brook charr growth from age 2 on. As spring and summer water temperatures are critical to brook charr growth and survival, it is important that a streams thermal regime be considered when establishing management goals for this species.
An experimental study on process variables in crystal growth by ohno continuous casting

Crystal growth, by the recently developed Ohno continuous casting (O.C.C) process, was studied using pure tin. The effects of four process variables on crystal growth were studied: these were the mold exit temperature, the casting speed, the melt temperature, and the cooling condition. Small single crystals of 6.4 mm diameter were produced both by repeated necking and by using single crystal seeds. Excellent surface quality was obtained in these small-diameter crystals.
Abstract B23: Reprogramming of the cancer kinome in response to targeted kinase inhibition

Kinases are members of a large dynamic and cooperative signaling network, which senses inhibition of key nodal kinases and induces compensatory responses that offset pharmacological intervention. Combination therapies that target multiple growth- and survival promoting kinases are proving to be a better strategy for successful cancer therapy. What is lacking is the ability to measure whole kinome activity and to assess kinome adaptation and resistance to targeted therapies. We have developed a chemical proteomics approach that couples kinase affinity capture with quantitative mass spectrometry, providing a systems biology platform to profile global kinome activity in cancer cells, GEMM tumors and patient biopsies. Our chemical proteomic approach captures the majority of the expressed kinome estimated by RNA-seq and detects altered kinome activity profiles in response to stimulus or kinase inhibitors. Kinases from all major kinome subfamilies are captured with a large percentage representing the understudied kinome. For example, we discovered previously undefined activation of tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases in breast cancer cell lines in response to targeted kinase inhibitors that are currently in clinical trials. Combined kinome activity assessment using chemical proteomics and RNAi synthetic lethal screens predicted a specific kinase inhibitor combination therapy. The combination therapy gave apoptosis and tumor regression in a breast cancer GEMM, where single agents were largely ineffective. Thus we predicted an effective combination therapy based on assessment of kinome response to treatment of cells with drug.
Egocentric and geocentric frames of reference in memory of large-scale space.

This experiment investigated the frames of reference used in memory to represent the spatial structure of a large-scale outdoor environment. Participants learned the locations of eight objects in an unfamiliar city park by walking through the park on one of two prescribed paths that encircled a large rectangular building. The aligned path was oriented with the building; the misaligned path was rotated by 45°. Later, participants pointed to target objects from imagined vantage points using their memories. Pointing accuracy was higher in the aligned than in the misaligned path group, and the patterns of results differed: In the aligned condition, accuracy was higher for imagined headings parallel to legs of the path and for an imagined heading oriented toward a nearby lake, a salient landmark. In the misaligned condition, pointing accuracy was highest for the imagined heading oriented toward the lake, and decreased monotonically with angular distance. These results indicated that locations of objects were mentally represented in terms of frames of reference defined by the environment but selected on the basis of egocentric experience.
NASA Education: Using Inquiry in the Classroom So that Students See Learning in a Whole New Light

This article addresses how NASA uses inquiry in the classroom so that students can see learning in a whole new light. The goal is to increase scientific literacy among Americans and to entice a greater number of students to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Although NASA offers a diverse array of programs that incorporate inquiry learning through a well-established distribution network, this article examines two programs: the Virtual Design Center (VDC), created by the Classroom of the FutureTM, and the NASA Explorer Schools program, one of four pathfinder initiatives that the Agency launched to inspire the next generation of space explorers.
A suggested approach to linking decision styles with business ethics

This essay seeks to link management action with business ethics. It utilizes two conceptual models of decision making (bounded rationality and preferred decision styles) to examine the important processes of information gathering and information processing. This analysis is then related to the ethical aspects of a business decision to help explain differences in the selection of ethical criteria.
Measuring preschool cognitive growth while it's still happening: The Learning Express

Abstract Educators need accurate assessments of preschool cognitive growth to guide curriculum design, evaluation, and timely modification of their instructional programs. But available tests do not provide content breadth or growth sensitivity over brief intervals. This article details evidence for a multiform, multiscale test criterion-referenced to national standards for alphabet knowledge, vocabulary, listening comprehension and mathematics, developed in field trials with 3433 3–5 1 / 2 -year-old Head Start children. The test enables repeated assessments (20–30 min per time point) over a school year. Each subscale is calibrated to yield scaled scores based on item response theory and Bayesian estimation of ability. Multilevel modeling shows that nearly all score variation is associated with child performance rather than examiner performance and individual growth-curve modeling demonstrates the high sensitivity of scores to child growth, controlled for age, sex, prior schooling, and language and special needs status.
A generalized multivariate kurtosis ordering and its applications

It has been commonly admitted that the meaning of a descriptive feature of distributions is given by an ordering and that the measures for this feature are meaningful only if they preserve the ordering. However, while many multivariate kurtosis measures have been introduced, multivariate kurtosis orderings have received relatively little investigation. In this paper, we propose and study a generalized multivariate kurtosis ordering. Under some conditions, this ordering is affine invariant and determines elliptically symmetric distributions within affine equivalence. Some special cases of the generalized ordering provide the kurtosis orderings for various existing multivariate kurtosis measures. Those kurtosis orderings are applied to explore the relationships of the multivariate kurtosis measures. Some other applications of the generalized multivariate kurtosis ordering are also given.
Combined measure of pro- and anti-oxidant exposures in relation to prostate cancer and colorectal adenoma risk: an update

Purpose We previously proposed an oxidative balance score (OBS) and illustrated its practical application by using data from previously completed case-control studies of two neoplasms – sporadic colorectal adenoma and prostate cancer. In the present study we extend our analysis by substituting questionnaire-based measures with systemic biomarkers of pro- and anti-oxidant exposures. Methods Low, medium and high pro-oxidant exposures, and high, medium and low antioxidant exposures were assigned 0, 1 and 2 points, respectively and individual points for all exposures were then summed to calculate the overall score. Case and controls were compared using logistic regression analysis after adjusting for covariates. Results When OBS was treated as a continuous variable the adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each additional score point were the same: 0.90 (95% CI: 0.83–0.97) for each study. When the OBS was divided into three approximately equal intervals, a comparison of the lowest to highest category showed similar adjusted ORs (95% CIs) of 0.34 (0.13–0.88) and 0.34 (0.14–0.86) for colorectal adenoma and prostate cancer, respectively. Conclusions Our analyses provide support for the stated hypothesis that combined measures of pro- and anti-oxidant exposures may be associated with oxidative stress-related conditions.
Phase ordering kinetics of the Bose gas

We study the approach to equilibrium of a Bose gas to a superfluid state. We point out that dynamic scaling, characteristic of far from equilibrium phase-ordering systems, should hold. We stress the importance of a nondissipative Josephson precession term in driving the system to a new universality class. A model of coarsening in dimension {ital d}=2, involving a quench between two temperatures below the equilibrium superfluid transition temperature ({ital T}{sub {ital c}}), is exactly solved and demonstrates the relevance of the Josephson term. Numerical results on quenches from above {ital T}{sub {ital c}} in {ital d}=2,3 provide evidence for the scaling picture postulated. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
The Materials Super Highway: Integrating High-Throughput Experimentation into Mapping the Catalysis Materials Genome

The materials genome initiative (MGI) aims to accelerate the process of materials discovery and reduce the time to commercialization of advanced materials. Thus far, the MGI has resulted in significant progress in computational simulation, modeling, and predictions of catalytic materials. However, prodigious amounts of experimental data are necessary to inform and validate these computational models. High-throughput (HT) methodologies, in which hundreds of materials are rapidly synthesized, processed, and characterized for their figure of merit, represent the key experimental enabler of the theoretical aspects of the MGI. HT methodologies have been used since the early 1980s for identifying novel catalyst formulations and optimizing existing catalysts. Many sophisticated screening and data mining techniques have been developed and since the mid-1990s, this approach has become a widely accepted industrial practice. This article will provide a short history of major developments in HT and will discuss screening approaches combining rapid, qualitative primary screens via thin-film techniques with a series of quantitative screens using plug flow reactors. An illustrative example will be provided of one such study in which novel fuel-flexible sulfur tolerant cracking catalysts were developed. We will then illustrate a path forward that leverages existing HT expertise to validate, provide empirical data to and help guide future theoretical studies.
TOURMALINE: STRUCTURAL FORMULA CALCULATIONS

The results of chemical analyses of tourmaline are usually incomplete owing to difficulties in dealing with the light elements, valence states of transition metals, and problems with the heterogeneity of crystals. Where there are undetermined components, assumptions must be made in order to develop a structural formula. The normalization procedures for tourmaline-group minerals have been compared to determine which schemes provide the most accurate formula in cases where there is a lack of information. The normalization on 31 anions, assuming OH values if necessary, produces a more useful formula than schemes that ignore F or B. Iteration of Li may give a first approximation of Li content; Li2O may be added to the calculations until Y + Z + T = 15 apfu . Care should be taken with all assumptions; the common assumption that all iron is ferrous and OH + F = 4 apfu can result in the misidentification of buergerite as “fluor-schorl”. Ultimately, as many data should be collected as possible, including information on the structure, Fe3+/Fe2+ value, and Li and H contents.
Physical aging of thin glassy polymer films monitored by gas permeability

Abstract The physical aging at 35 °C of three glassy polymers, polysulfone, a polyimide and poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), has been tracked by measurement of the permeation of three gases, O 2 , N 2 , and CH 4 , for over 200 days. Several techniques were used to accurately determine the thickness of films (∼400 nm–62 μm) in order to obtain absolute permeability coefficients and to study the effects of film thickness on the rate of physical aging. Each film was heated above the polymer T g to set the aging clock to time zero; ellipsometry revealed that this procedure leads to isotropic films having initial characteristics independent of film thickness. A substantial pronounced aging response, attributed to a decrease in polymer free volume, was observed at temperatures more than 150 °C below T g for thin films of each polymer compared to what is observed for the bulk polymers. The films with thicknesses of approximately 400 nm of the three polymers exhibit an oxygen permeability decrease by as much as two-fold or more and about 14–15% increase in O 2 /N 2 selectivity at an aging time of 1000 h. The results obtained in this study were compared with prior work on thickness dependent aging. The effects of crystallinity on physical aging were examined briefly.
Enthalpies of mixing in the liquid mixtures of zinc fluoride with the fluorides of lithium, sodium and potassium

Abstract The enthalpies of mixing of the liquid mixtures of zinc fluoride with the fluorides of lithium, sodium, and potassium have been measured by the direct liquid-liquid mixing method at 1232 K (LiF, KF) and 1279K (NaF). The system ZnF2KF was also studied at 1325K. All systems show nearly symmetrical enthalpy of mixing curves, and have negative values of ΔH0·5M which range from −1·0 kcal mole−1 for ZnF2LiF, to −2·9 kcal mole−1 for ZnF2NaF and −5·8 kcal mole−1 for ZnF2KF (1232K). The results for ZnF2KF indicate that the principal anionic complex in this system may be ZnF3− or possibly a polymer of this composition. The enthalpies of fusion of ZnF2 and KZnF3 have been measured by transposed temperature drop calorimetry with the following results: ΔHf(ZnF2 = 9·54 ± 0·6 kcal mole−1 and ΔHf(KZnF3) = 16·64 ± 0·8 kcal mole−1. A combination of these values with the new enthalpy of mixing data for ZnF2KF allows a calculation of the enthalpy change for the reaction: KF(s) + ZnF2(s) = KZnF3(s). We find ΔH°(1140) = −11·6 kcal mole−1 with an estimated uncertainty of about ±10%.
Dead is dead — An alternative strategy for urban water management

Abstract An alternative to carrying capacity concepts to enhance urban environmental quality is suggested. Concentrating people in areas to densities greater than permitted by carrying capacity limits is defined as a “dead-is-dead” strategy since higher densities do not necessarily cause further degradation of environmental quality. Concentration of population should reduce the total area subjected to human impacts and stimulates earlier attention to environmental quality stresses.
Childfree by choice: Attitudes and adjustment of sterilized women

This research compares the attitudes, values and adjustment of childfree women to those of two relevant comparison groups. The study represents a methodological advance in that: (a) the childless sample represents women clearly committed to that lifestyle and (b) childfree women are compared with women who also have made active, although dissimilar, childbearing decisions. Discriminant analysis suggests that voluntarily sterilized, childless women differ from women pregnant for the first time and from women sterilized after having two children in attitudes and values but not adjustment. Findings are discussed in relation to those of other studies which have used: (a) objective assessments of attitudes, values and/or adjustment, and (b) comparison groups.
The adsorption of methane on W(110)

The adsorption of CH4 and CD4 on W(110) was investigated. A monolayer of methane, probably containing 7 × 1014 molecules cm−2 is adsorbable at 25 K and desorbs near 50 K. Isothermal desorption is initially zero order but changes to first order after ∼58% of the layer has desorbed. Activation energies of desorption are equal in the zero and first order regimes. Depending on which crystal resistance versus T curve is used these are either 1.9 or 2.2 kcal mol−1. Even the higher value does not exceed the heat of sublimation of methane. It was not possible to adsorb higher layers on clean W(110), although the rate of methane evaporation at 25 K, the “resting temperature” of the crystal, is much too small to account for this. We speculate that nucleation of methane crystals on CH4W(110) is inhibited. Precoverage with oxygen changed desorption to first order even for very low O coverage, OW = 0.05. At higher O coverages CD4 desorption showed two peaks, one at 31 K, the other at 57 K. However the total amount of methane contained in these peaks was only 1.6 monolayers. With the exception of the inability to adsorb more than one layer of methane on the surface the present results show striking similarities to the adsorption of Xe on W(110) [R. Opila and R. Gomer, Surf. Sci. 112 (1981) 1].
Biomarker Qualification via Public–Private Partnerships

Biomarkers linked to patient outcomes (safety and efficacy) have an increasingly important role in drug development. Consequently, validation and qualification of such biomarkers are essential, often requiring large data sets from well-controlled randomized clinical trials. In the December 2009 issue of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, investigators utilizing data from four pharmaceutical companies and working under the auspices of the Biomarkers Consortium described the utility of adiponectin as an early predictor of glycemic control in diabetic patients taking peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists. This work illustrates the advantages of large public-private partnerships for biomarker qualification.
Atomic torsional modal analysis for high-resolution proteins.

We introduce a formulation for normal mode analyses of globular proteins that significantly improves on an earlier one-parameter formulation [M. M. Tirion, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1905 (1996)] that characterized the slow modes associated with protein data bank structures. Here we develop that empirical potential function that is minimized at the outset to include two features essential to reproduce the eigenspectra and associated density of states in the 0 to $300\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ frequency range, not merely the slow modes. First, introduction of preferred dihedral-angle configurations via use of torsional stiffness constants eliminates anomalous dispersion characteristics due to insufficiently bound surface side chains and helps fix the spectrum thin tail frequencies (100--$300\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$. Second, we take into account the atomic identities and the distance of separation of all pairwise interactions, improving the spectrum distribution in the 20 to $300\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ range. With these modifications, not only does the spectrum reproduce that of full atomic potentials, but we obtain stable reliable eigenmodes for the slow modes and over a wide range of frequencies.
CRACKING AND DEPOSITION BEHAVIOR OF SUPERCRITICAL HYDROCARBON AVIATION FUELS

ABSTRACT Trends in increasing aircraft speeds and engine efficiencies are increasing vehicle and engine heat loads. Especially at higher Mach numbers, fuel is an attractive heat sink. For many vehicle applications, utilization of this heat sink would increase fuel temperatures beyond critical values, typically 370–400°C (700–750°F). As temperatures increase beyond about 480°C (900°F), this heat addition can lead to thermal/catalytic cracking of the fuel, leading to an “endothermic” fuel. The principal barrier to the use of high temperature fuels is the deposition of carbonaceous material on heat exchanger passages, filters, fuel injectors, and other fuel system components. This paper will review progress in understanding and mitigating the thermal instability/deposition problem.
Teen Living Programs for Young Mothers Receiving Welfare: An Analysis of Implementation and Issues in Service Delivery

Changes in welfare programs are likely to have several important effects on populations served by social workers. While most attention has addressed the work requirement and time limits imposed by welfare reform, other aspects of the legislation also require attention. Living requirement legislation for teen parents receiving welfare has led the state of Massachusetts to develop Teen Living Programs (TLPs). TLPs are residential programs that allow teen parents to fulfill the living requirement when they are unable to live in the home of a parent or adult guardian. Data collected during program site visits to report on the implementation of the programs are used in this paper. This report identifies and analyzes issues related to service delivery that may be useful to social workers, policymakers, and program developers interested in supporting adolescent mothers affected by living requirement legislation. Analysis includes discussion of programming and staff, standardization of services, flexibility and i...
Dehumidification of Air by Aqueous Lithium Chloride in a Packed Column

Abstract A packed bed absorber-stripper system has been designed to dehumidify moist air by contact with aqueous solutions of lithium chloride. The packing material used in the study is 1.6 cm (5/8 inch) polypropylene Flexi rings, which have a surface to volume ratio of 342 m2/m3 (104 ft2/ft3). The absorber is capable of handling air face velocities from 3362.4 to 6746.4 kg/m2h and liquid flow rates from 2534.1 to 54648 kg/m2h. Solutions of 30% and 40% lithium chloride in water were employed as the dehumidifying agent. The minimum liquid flow rate calculated from the equilibrium data would be too low to wet the packing surface completely, and could not be used in the actual operating system. Therefore, liquid flow rates greater than the minimum wetting rate for the packing were used. Measured flooding conditions corresponded closely with exiting empirical correlations. Mass transfer coefficients ranged from 0.062 kmol/m3s at 40% flooding to 0.166 kmol/m3s at 80% flooding for the 40% lithium chloride solut...
Supramolecular diblock copolymers : A field-theoretic model and mean-field solution

We consider a supramolecular diblock copolymer melt in which two homopolymers of different species can reversibly bond at terminal binding sites to form a diblock copolymer. The grand canonical ensemble is particularly convenient for formulating field-theoretic models of supramolecular assembly because the chemical equilibrium of bonding reactions impose constraints on the chemical potentials of the polymer species. Unlike the analogous model for a three component blend of A and B homopolymers with an irreversibly bonded AB diblock copolymer, both xN and N appear as independent parameters, where x is the Flory interaction parameter and N is the length of the diblock copolymer. In addition, an extra parameter characterizes the free energy of forming a bond. Analytic methods and numerical self-consistent field theory are used to calculate the phase diagram in the mean-field approximation. For symmetric systems with equal volume fractions and chain lengths of the two homopolymers, we predict re-entrant behavior upon cooling in narrow parameter ranges for both disordered and lamellar phases. In the case of the lamellar phase, we find re-entrant behavior in which the intermediate phase is either disordered or macrophase separated. We explain this behavior as a competition between the bonding equilibrium, the chemical incompatibility of the two species and the translational entropy loss upon forming a diblock copolymer.
The value of interdisciplinarity: a study based on the design of Internet search engines

Continued development of the Internet requires the development of efficient, easy-to-use search engines. Ideally, such development should call upon knowledge and skills from a variety of disciplines, including computer science, information science, psychology, and ergonomics. The current study is intended to determine whether search engine design shows a pattern of interdisciplinarity. Two disciplines were selected as the focus for the study: computer science, and library/information science. A citation analysis was conducted to measure levels of interdisciplinary research and publishing in internet search engine design and development. The results show a higher level of interdisciplinarity among library and information scientists than among computer scientists or among any of those categorized as other. This is reflected both in the types of journals in which the authors publish, and in the references they cite to support their work. However, almost no authors published articles or cited references in fields such as cognitive science, ergonomics, or psychology. The results of this study are analyzed in terms of the writings of Patrick Wilson, Bruno Latour, Pierre Bourdieu, Fritz Ringer, and Thomas Pinelli, focusing on cognitive authority within a profession, interaction between disciplines, and information-gathering habits of professionals. Suggestions for further research are given.
The Shapes of Cross-Correlation Interferometers

Cross-correlation imaging interferometers designed in the shape of a curve of constant width offer better sensitivity and imaging characteristics than other designs because they sample the Fourier space of the image better than other shapes, for example, "'s" or "'s." In a cross-correlation interferometer each pair of antennas measures one Fourier component with a spatial wavenumber proportional to the separation of the pair. Placing the individual antennas of the interferometer along a curve of constant width, a curve that has the same diameter in all directions, guarantees that the spatial resolution of the instrument will be independent of direction because the measured Fourier components will have the same maximum spatial wavenumber in all directions. The most uniform sampling within this circular region in Fourier space will be created by the particular symmetric curve of constant width that has the lowest degree of rotational symmetry or fewest number of sides, which is the Reuleaux triangle. The constant width curve with the highest symmetry, the circle is the least satisfactory although still considerably better than 's or 's. In all cases, the sampling can be further improved by perturbing the antenna locations slightly off a perfect curve to break down symmetries in the antenna pattern which cause symmetries and hence nonuniformities in the sampling pattern in Fourier space. Appropriate patterns of perturbations can be determined numerically. As a numerical problem, optimizing the sampling in Fourier space can be thought of as a generalization of the traveling salesman problem to a continuous two-dimensional space. Self-organizing neural networks which are effective in solving the traveling salesman problem are also effective in generating optimal interferometer shapes. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's Submillimeter Array, a cross-correlation imaging interferometer for astronomy, will be constructed with a design based on the Reuleaux triangle.
Factorization and arithmetic functions for orders in composition algebras

A well-known product, referred to as the Dirichlet convolution product, is generalized to arithmetic functions defined on an order in a Cayley division algebra. Factorization results for orders, multiplicative functions and analogues of the Moebius inversion formula are discussed.
Teaching Bayesian Statistics Using Sampling Methods and MINITAB

Abstract Bayesian statistics can be hard to teach at an elementary level due to the difficulty in deriving the posterior distribution for interesting nonconjugate problems. One attractive method of summarizing the posterior distribution is to directly simulate from the probability distribution of interest and then explore the simulated sample. We illustrate the use of Rubin's Sampling-Importance-Resampling (SIR) algorithm to simulate posterior distributions for three inference problems. In each example, we focus on the construction of the prior distribution and then use exploratory data analysis techniques to describe the posterior samples and make inferences. The use of MINITAB macros is presented to illustrate the ease of performing this simulation on standard statistical computer programs.
Single feed circularly polarised microstrip ring antenna and arrays

Single feed circularly polarized antennas are receiving much attention within the antenna community. Circular polarization is beneficial because current and future applications require the additional design freedom of not requiring alignment of the electric field vector at the receiving and transmitting locations. A single feed allows a reduction in the complexity, weight, and RF loss of an array feed. Circularly polarized strip antennas, CP-MSA, have the additional advantage of small size and produce a completely planar antenna which is compatible with microwave and millimeter, MIC, and monolithic, MMIC, integrated circuits. This paper introduces a simple and robust design of a single feed antenna system; namely a stub ring antenna fed by proximity coupling from an embedded microstrip line. We present an analysis of a single element and two and four element arrays.
Semi-automatic semantic annotation of PubMed queries

Information processing algorithms require significant amounts of annotated data for training and testing. The availability of such data is often hindered by the complexity and high cost of production. In this paper, we investigate the benefits of a state-of-the-art tool to help with the semantic annotation of a large set of biomedical queries.Seven annotators were recruited to annotate a set of 10,000 PubMed? queries with 16 biomedical and bibliographic categories. About half of the queries were annotated from scratch, while the other half were automatically pre-annotated and manually corrected. The impact of the automatic pre-annotations was assessed on several aspects of the task: time, number of actions, annotator satisfaction, inter-annotator agreement, quality and number of the resulting annotations.The analysis of annotation results showed that the number of required hand annotations is 28.9% less when using pre-annotated results from automatic tools. As a result, the overall annotation time was substantially lower when pre-annotations were used, while inter-annotator agreement was significantly higher. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference in the semantic distribution or number of annotations produced when pre-annotations were used. The annotated query corpus is freely available to the research community.This study shows that automatic pre-annotations are found helpful by most annotators. Our experience suggests using an automatic tool to assist large-scale manual annotation projects. This helps speed-up the annotation time and improve annotation consistency while maintaining high quality of the final annotations.