cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concepts of Myelin and Myelination in Neuroradiology

Until the advent of MR imaging, knowledge of the structure of myelin and the process of myelination were of little importance to the neuroradiologist. Other than some mild changes in the attenuation of white matter, myelination resulted in no significant alterations of CT (1) or sonographic studies. MR studies, on the other hand, have been increasingly used for pediatric brain imaging. MR imaging's greater sensitivity to small changes in the water content of brain tissue, to changes in the binding of free water (revealed by magnetization transfer), and to the extent and anisotropy of water diffusion (revealed by diffusion imaging) has cast new light on this very complex and important molecule. Assessing myelination has become a key component of evaluating the child with delayed development. Moreover, better understanding of the nature of myelin and the effect of its different components on MR imaging parameters may help us to understand and diagnose inborn errors of metabolism better. In this review, I discuss what is known regarding the function and structure of CNS myelin and the effects of the various components of myelin on the signal imparted to the MR image. Summary Abnormalities of myelin can cause a wide variety of disorders of the nervous system. MR imaging is a powerful tool for the study of myelin and its disorders. However, only by understanding the physiologic properties and structure of myelin can we use MR imaging to its fullest capacity for studying patients with myelin disorders. In this review, I have discussed the structure of myelin as it relates to MR imaging of normal myelination and to neurologic disorders resulting from abnormalities of myelin. Thinking of myelin and its disorders in this manner will be critical to using MR imaging techniques optimally to diagnose and study these disorders further.
Mentoring Young Children: Impact on College Students

(2007). Mentoring Young Children: Impact on College Students. Childhood Education: Vol. 84, No. 1, pp. 15-19.
HOUSEHOLD LOCATION AND RACE: A 20-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE*

In research conducted some 20 years ago, we elucidated the starkly lower suburbanization propensities of black households in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. The paper showed that simulated closure of large socio-economic gaps between blacks and whites did little to diminish prevailing high levels of residential segregation or otherwise enhance moves by black households to areas of educational, employment, and housing opportunity. Some two decades later and in the wake of significant urban evolution, this paper assesses anew racial variations in residential location choice. Results of the multinomial logit (MNL) analysis indicate large, persistent racial differentials in intrametropolitan residential location choice. While black location choice in 2000 was relatively more dispersed than in 1980, it remained remarkably concentrated in D.C. and Prince George's County. As in our prior analysis, results showed that large simulated gains in black economic and educational status had little effect on prevailing racial segregation. These findings underscore the ongoing, limited access of black households to schooling, employment, and homeownership opportunities available outside traditional areas of settlement. In marked contrast, the locational choices of Latino and immigrant households bore greater similarity to those of whites and were more sensitive to improvements in socio-economic status.
Synthetic or Equivalent Load Curves

This paper describes short approximate methods for the solution of several types of intangible problems which require load-curve analyses. Laborious effort may be expended in compiling results from a group of curves without greater precision than is believed possible to obtain from the use of one or a few synthetic curves which combine the characteristics under investigation, and permit the determination of such items as peak loads, losses, and required capacities of equipment.
Performance of Several Low-Cost Accelerometers

Several groups are implementing low-cost host-operated systems of strong-motion accelerographs to support the somewhat divergent needs of seismologists and earthquake engineers. The Advanced National Seismic System Technical Implementation Committee (ANSS TIC, 2002), managed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with other network operators, is exploring the efficacy of such systems if used in ANSS networks. To this end, ANSS convened a working group to explore available Class C strong-motion accelerometers (defined later), and to consider operational and quality control issues, and the means of annotating, storing, and using such data in ANSS networks. The working group members are largely coincident with our author list, and this report informs instrument-performance matters in the working group’s report to ANSS. Present examples of operational networks of such devices are the Community Seismic Network (CSN; csn.caltech.edu), operated by the California Institute of Technology, and Quake-Catcher Network (QCN; Cochran et al., 2009; qcn.stanford.edu; November 2013), jointly operated by Stanford University and the USGS. Several similar efforts are in development at other institutions. The overarching goals of such efforts are to add spatial density to existing Class-A and Class-B (see next paragraph) networks at low cost, and to include many additional people so they become invested in the issues of earthquakes, their measurement, and the damage they cause.
A graph grammar based approach to automated multi-objective analog circuit design

This paper introduces a graph grammar based approach to automated topology synthesis of analog circuits. A grammar is developed to generate circuits through production rules, that are encoded in the form of a derivation tree. The synthesis has been sped up by using dynamically obtained design-suitable building blocks. Our technique has certain advantages when compared to other tree-based approaches like GP based structure generation. Experiments conducted on an opamp and a vco design show that unlike previous works, we are capable of generating both manual-like designs (bookish circuits) as well as novel designs (unfamiliar circuits) for multi-objective analog circuit design benchmarks.
Peripheral Cryoablation for Treatment of Active Pars Planitis: Long-Term Outcomes of a Retrospective Study

Purpose To compare the long-term outcomes of peripheral retinal cryoablation to conventional treatment for active pars planitis. Design Retrospective, interventional, comparative case series. Methods Review at a single institution was conducted to compare the effect of cryotherapy to eyes with pars planitis to those receiving conventional therapy (topical, regionally injected, or oral corticosteroid therapy). Best-corrected visual acuity (VA), complications, resolution of cystoid macular edema (CME), and anterior chamber and vitreous inflammation were assessed. Results One hundred thirty-six eyes were treated conventionally, 50 eyes were treated with cryotherapy. Median follow-up was 60.8 months (range 8.1–223.1 months) in the cryotherapy group and 45.0 months (range 3.1–339.0 months) in the controls. There were no significant differences in baseline VA, anterior chamber and vitreous inflammation, presence of CME, and prior use of regional corticosteroid injections. VA improved over time in the cryotherapy group (slope of −0.0018 logMAR units per month; P = .023) but declined in the controls (slope of +0.0011 logMAR units per month; P = .023). Kaplan-Meier survival estimates demonstrated faster times to resolution of anterior chamber cell, vitreous cell, and CME in the cryotherapy-treated eyes. Hazard ratios of remission (adjusted for confounding factors) for vitreous cell and CME for those treated with cryotherapy compared to controls were 4.73 (95% confidence interval 1.63, 13.63; P = .004) and 6.85 (95% confidence interval 1.06, 44.78; P = .044), respectively. No ocular complications were identified in the cryotherapy group. Conclusions These data suggest that peripheral retinal cryoablation therapy is an effective treatment for active pars planitis and may be better than conventional regional corticosteroid injections and oral corticosteroid therapy for induction of remission.
Rorschach Assessment of Leadership Traits in College Student Leaders1

The Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS) may possess distinct advantages as a tool for identifying leaders but current research is inadequate to support its validity in organizational contexts. To s...
Family Policy Initiatives in Ecuador: A Call for Explicit Family Policies

Family policy initiatives in Ecuador have targeted primarily families living in poverty. This chapter discusses some of the major policy initiatives oriented to improve the living conditions of economically disadvantaged families in Ecuador. Even though governments recognize the importance of family policies, existing policies and programs for families living in poverty do not directly focus on family issues. They represent more implicit than explicit family policies. This chapter analyzes some of the issues that may hinder the development, implementation, and evaluation of family policies in Ecuador. Such issues stem from political and economic instability, legislation, changing family demographics, as well as coordination among agencies that develop, implement, and evaluate policies. Challenges are discussed as related to family policies and recommendations to improve existing policy initiatives.
Liver transplantation for pediatric patients: a review and update.

Liver transplantation for pediatric patients has made significant progress since its introduction over 25 years ago. Newer preservation solutions permit elective timing of the procedure and a clearer understanding of the natural history of the underlying liver disease has helped to define those patients most in need of a transplant earlier in the course of their illness. In particular, advances in immunosuppression and in our understanding of immune tolerance will further enhance successful liver engraftment and minimize the risk of infectious illness following transplantation. Gene transfer therapy and “cell” grafts may diminish the need for liver transplantation in selected individuals as advances in molecular biology continue.
The effects of the 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n- propylamino)tetralin on spontaneous activity, cocaine-induced hyperactivity and behavioral sensitization: A microanalysis of locomotor activity

The influence of the 5-hydroxytryptamine1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di- n -propylamino)tetralin (DPAT) on locomotor hyperactivity induced by the acute and chronic administration of cocaine was assessed. Horizontal activity was measured in the periphery and center of an open field test enclosure equipped with photobeams; vertical activity was also recorded. Peripheral hyperactivity induced by an acute administration of cocaine (10 or 20 mg/kg) was significantly enhanced by 0.2 mg/kg DPAT. In contrast, central and vertical activities were reduced in a dose-related manner by DPAT (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg); DPAT also suppressed central (0.2 mg/kg) and vertical (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) activities when administered alone. Similar observations were made on day 1 of chronic treatment with DPAT (0, 0.1, or 0.2 mg/kg) injected 15 min before an injection of cocaine (0, 10, or 15 mg/kg) administered twice daily for 7 days. By day 7 of repeated DPAT treatment, sensitization of DPAT-evoked peripheral activity developed, which contrasted with tolerance to the central and vertical hypoactivity evoked by DPAT. Sensitization developed to the repeated treatment with 15 mg/kg cocaine but not 10 mg/kg cocaine. Interestingly, enhancements of all activity measures were observed between days 1 and 7 in rats cotreated with DPAT plus either dose of cocaine. This sensitization to DPAT plus cocaine was expressed on challenge with DPAT and cocaine but not with cocaine alone. The present study implies that the stimulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptors is capable of modulating the hyperactivity evoked by cocaine, possibly via modulation of the mesoaccumbens dopamine circuit thought to mediate the behavioral effects of cocaine.
Beyond the power of networks: Differentiating network structure from social media affordances for perceived social support

Existing research suggests that social media use is associated with higher levels of social capital—the resources contained within a person’s network of friends, family, and other acquaintances. However, in predicting access to these resources, it has been impossible to distinguish the affordances of social media from the underlying advantage of maintaining a favorable social network of relationships on- and offline. Based on data from a representative, national survey, we compare the relationship between social network structure and various activities on Facebook for one type of resource: informal social support in the form of companionship, emotional support, and tangible aid. In addition to a positive association between number of close ties, overall network size and diversity and social support, we find that Facebook status updates and private messaging are independently associated with perceived support. We argue that these affordances are an outcome of the “pervasive awareness” provided by social media.
Long wavelength optical response of graphene-MoS2 heterojunction

The optical response of graphene-MoS2 heterojunctions is investigated. Spatial resolution photoresponse maps obtained using multiple bias conditions are measured and analyzed by exciting the graphene-MoS2 heterojunction area, MoS2, and Ti-MoS2 junction on the same device with an 800 nm wavelength Ti-Sapphire raster scanning laser. It is found that a large photothermal electric (PTE) effect is the dominant mechanism for photoresponse in a graphene-MoS2 heterojunction. Responsivities of 0.139 mA/W and 0.019 mA/W on the graphene-MoS2 heterojunction area and 0.457 mA/W and 0.032 mA/W on the Ti-MoS2 junction area are observed with and without a bias, respectively, using a 430 μW laser. Current enhancement due to laser illumination is observed as far as 14 μm from the edge of the graphene-MoS2 heterojunction. Voltage generated by the PTE effect lowers the Schottky barrier junction, enabling more current flow during laser excitation. Photothermal-generated voltages of 0.22–0.47 mV and 31.8–37.9 mV are estimated ...
Immune checkpoints expression in MSI versus MSS colorectal cancers and their potential therapeutic implications.

3620 Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is divided into 2 groups based on genomic differences: chromosomal instability (80%), and microsatellite instability (MSI) (20%). MSI CRC is associated with...
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRESS AND DRAW RATIO OF POLYETHYLENE DURING ULTRA DRAW

The relationship between stress and draw ratio of crystalline polymer during the ultra draw were investigated in terms of phase equilibrium under stress between the crystalline phase and amorphous phase which is induced by the fracture of crystallite during the deformation. The two types of deformation were considered; one is that caused when the folded chain crystals are fractured by stretching (F type deformation), the other when the folded chain crystals as well as tie links which are induced during the ultra draw were fractured (FT type deformation). From the thermodynamical consideration on the phase equilibrium the stress at an extremely low draw rate, the critical stress σc, was obtained aswhere x: crystallinity, ΔGm: Gibbs' free energy of fusion, αn: neck draw ratio, αm: maximum draw ratio at perfectly extended state, and α: draw ratio during ultra draw.The stress-draw ratio relation of polyethylene was studied at the temperatures from 30°C to 120°C and at the draw rate from 1 to 1000mm/min. It was found for linear polyethylene that F type deformation occurs by the stretching at low draw rate and at high temperature, whereas FT type deformation occurs by stretching at high draw rate and at low temperature. As for the crosslinked polyethylene which was obtained by γ-ray irradiation at the dosage of 10 and 20Mrad, FT type deformation occurred in all stretching conditions.The maximum draw ratio could not be measured by experiment because the rupture took place before the maximum extention. The ratio was obtained only for crosslinked polyethylene by fitting the master curve of stress-draw ratio which was obtained theoretically for FT type deformation to the logarithmic plots of stress-draw ratio relation obtained by experiment. The maximum draw ratios obtained by this method were in good agreement with that calculated from the chain length between crosslinks. It was proved from these results that the adopted models are suitable for explaining the deformation mechanisms.
Characterization of d-tubocurarine binding site of Torpedo acetylcholine receptor

d-Tubocurarine (curare) is a well-characterized competitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), and it is usually assumed that curare and agonists share a common binding site. We have examined the role of several highly conserved residues of the alpha-, gamma-, and delta-subunits in the interaction of curare with the Torpedo acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Curare inhibition of wild-type receptors is consistent with curare binding to a single high-affinity binding site [inhibitor constant (Ki) = 20 nM]. Phenylalanine substitutions for two tyrosine residues implicated as being in the ligand binding site (alpha Y93F, alpha Y190F) reduce curare affinity, indicating that these residues are also important for high-affinity curare binding. Phenylalanine substitution for alpha Y198 [alpha Y198F (notation used here: subunit/amino acid in wild-type/residue number/substitution)] causes a 10-fold increase in curare affinity (Ki = 3.1 nM), and measurement of the recovery from curare inhibition indicates that this increase in affinity is due to a reduction in the rate of curare dissociation from the receptor. In addition to the alpha-subunits, portions of the ligand binding sites also reside on the gamma- and delta-subunits, and photoaffinity studies have implicated two residues (gamma W55 and delta W57) as forming part of the curare sites. The gamma W55L mutation results in an eightfold decrease in curare affinity (Ki = 170 nM), whereas the delta W57L mutation has no effect. These data support the notion that the high-affinity curare binding site is formed by segments of the alpha- and gamma-subunits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Trial of Penicillamine in Advanced Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

Abstract A total of 227 patients with histologically advanced primary biliary cirrhosis entered a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial to determine whether penicillamine (1 g per day) was therapeutically effective; 111 patients received the drug, and 116 received placebo. The two groups were highly comparable at entry with regard to clinical, biochemical, and histologic features. Penicillamine therapy did not result in an overall improvement in survival as compared with placebo. Clinical symptoms and serial hepatic laboratory values reflected the progressive nature of the disease and were similar in both groups. There were no substantial differences between treatment groups in the morphologic features of sequential biopsy specimens. The development of major side effects led to permanent discontinuation of penicillamine in 22 per cent of the patients taking the drug. We conclude that penicillamine is not useful for patients with histologically advanced primary biliary cirrhosis. The trial is being co...
Feasibility Study on Time System in Power Grid

By reviewing the history of power grid time system and the study on the current working status,this paper analyses the requirements of power grid on time and the impact of time.It discusses the necessary and feasibility of unified time system in power grid and put forward the solution based on the analysis on the characteristics of power grid and related business requirements.
Screening of DNA Methylation Changes by Methylation-Sensitive Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction (MS-RAPD-PCR)

While the role of genetic events of DNA mutations in gene expression changes is well established, increasing evidence suggests that epigenetic changes of DNA methylation and histone modifications play important role in the regulation of gene expression. DNA methylation is the most frequent epigenetic alteration observed in mammalian genomes, and it frequently mediates transcriptional repression. Various methods are available for detection of DNA methylation changes. Methylation Sensitive-Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction (MS-RAPD-PCR) is a restriction enzyme digestion and PCR-based method for analysis of DNA methylation changes. This method is cost-effective, requires simple and basic instrumentation, and therefore can easily be performed in any laboratory with basic setup with a regular DNA thermal cycler and DNA gel electrophoresis system. Other advantages of this method over other methods for DNA methylation analysis are that it requires very less DNA amount and can screen DNA methylation changes globally at genome wide level with high sensitivity. This method has been successfully used to detect DNA methylation changes associated with various human diseases including cancer. This chapter describes the detailed experimental protocol for MS-RAPD-PCR.
Irritability in Youths: A Translational Model

Although irritability is among the most common reasons that children and adolescents are brought for psychiatric care, there are few effective treatments. Developmentally sensitive pathophysiological models are needed to guide treatment development. In this review, the authors present a mechanistic model of irritability that integrates clinical and translational neuroscience research. Two complementary conceptualizations of pathological irritability are proposed: 1) aberrant emotional and behavioral responding to frustrative nonreward, mediated by reward-system dysfunction; and 2) aberrant approach responding to threat, mediated by threat-system dysfunction. The authors review the pathophysiological literature, including animal studies, as well as experimental psychology and clinical studies. Data suggest that, relative to healthy children, irritable children have deficient reward learning and elevated sensitivity to reward receipt and omission. These deficits are associated with dysfunction in the prefro...
Title IX Then and Now at Old Dominion University: Listening for the Echoes

Old Dominion University celebrates its pioneering role in addressing the landmark federal gender equity legislation known as Title IX, noting with pride that it was among the first universities in the country to offer scholarships for female studentathletes. What the popular portrayal of Old Dominion as a trailblazer misses is the internal struggle over gender-equity issues within the University at the time Title IX was being implemented. A 1975 letter discovered in the Old Dominion University Archives and Special Collections provides unique insight into that conflict, and offers an opportunity to analyze the University’s commitment to gender equity through both a historical and modern lens. A hermeneutical analysis of the 40-year-old letter was used to inform a question line for six modern-day female administrators at the University. Echoes of 1975 are plentiful in their words, and offer new insight into how gender-equity struggles have changed through the decades in higher education.
Virtual reality social training for adolescents with high-functioning autism

Virtual reality training has potential to be an effective mode of therapy for players with autism spectrum disorders, but existing systems are not suited to the complex interactions required for this application; evaluation and treatment of autism is still a challenging task for human experts. In this paper we present an adaptive training system that learns to map player performance deficits to the most effective instructional response. This system uses a neural network to monitor player performance and a learning fuzzy inference system to map performance deficits to instructional techniques. The functionalities of the system are then evaluated.
The Central Control of Biosonar Signal Production in Bats Demonstrated by Microstimulation of Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Echolocating Bat, Pteronotus Parnelli Parnelli

One of the ultimate goals of sensory neurobiology is to understand how sensory feedback controls subsequent motor behavior. For both auditory and speech scientists, it is of particular interest to know how auditory information influences vocalizations, and conversely how vocalization affects auditory processing. Such questions have an important bearing on both the vocal behavior of the mature organism, and the acquisition of vocal repertoires in the young during development. In many vertebrate species, communication sounds are learned from a combination of exposure to the sounds produced by adults, listening to self-vocalized sounds, and laryngeal and orofacial motor feedback. Thus there is a feedback loop established which involves learning a model of the signal via auditory stimulation, subsequent attempts to duplicate the model vocally, and comparison of the resulting vocalization with the internalized model again via auditory analysis. This process has been well documented for the learning of species-specific song patterns in many songbirds (Konishi and Nottebohm 1969; Marler and Peters 1977), and is thought to guide the development of human speech patterns (Marler 1976).
Excess Charge in Small Semiconductor Particles

We address the question of the effect of excess charge on the spectroscopy of small semiconductor particles. A variety of reducing species was used to inject charge into small CdS particles. A blue-shift or broadening of the spectrum is often observed at the low energy edge of the absorption. The effect of the excess charges on the absorption spectra of the particles is independent of the source of the electrons or the pH of the solution. The spectral shifts are essentially independent of the loading of electrons into the particle. Time resolved conductivity measurements show that no protons are released to the bulk of the solution upon injection of electrons from H atoms below the point of zero charge. We infer that a dipole is created across the particle in that case.
Peers as Teachers of Anger Management to High School Students with Behavioral Disorders.

We investigated the use of a peer-delivered social skills instructional package to teach four high school students with behavioral disorders to express anger appropriately. In contrast to previous ...
Investigating the relationships between unfaithful parent’s apologies, adult children’s third-party forgiveness, and communication of forgiveness following parental infidelity:

Guided by theorizing on forgiveness, this study examined the impact of communication on the third-party forgiveness process for adult children following the discovery of their parents’ infidelity. ...
The Tea Party is Half Right (2011)

This article, published in 2011, points out that large segments of the American public have strong reasons to be frustrated and angry, for instance about the Wall Street bailout that left Main Street behind. Furthermore, Tea Partiers/ Trump voters are correct that there is a serious problem with the way the government operates. Their mistake is in thinking that the size of the government is the problem; the real problem is that the government has been captured by special interests. (The article also notes that so far most right wing activists are expressing their anger in a legitimate and institutionalized way—by running candidates in elections.
Constructing simulation output intervals under input uncertainty via data sectioning

We study the problem of constructing confidence intervals (CIs) for simulation outputs in the presence of input uncertainty, where the constructed CIs capture both the statistical noises from the simulation replications and the input data. We present a simple technique based on sectioning input data that provides exact asymptotic confidence guarantees. Unlike some existing approaches, our technique bypasses the need to consistently estimate variances that could be computationally demanding. It can be flexibly applied to dependent data and to both parametric and nonparametric input models.
An updated analysis of 4 randomized ECOG trials of high‐dose interferon in the adjuvant treatment of melanoma

Background The pivotal E1684, E1690, E1694, and E2696 trials of adjuvant high-dose interferon-α (HDI) enrolled nearly 2000 patients, and established HDI as the standard of care in adjuvant therapy for patients with resected high-risk melanoma. Herein, the authors present an updated analysis of these 4 trials. Methods Survival and disease status were updated in September 2016. These data represent a median follow-up of 17.9 years for the E1684 trial, 12.2 years for the E1690 trial, 16.0 years for the E1694 trial, and 16.5 years for the E2696 trial. Results The current analysis confirmed the benefit to recurrence-free survival (RFS) of HDI in the E1684 trial at a median follow-up of 17.9 years. The RFS benefit in the E1694 trial remained evident at a median follow-up of 16 years. Furthermore, the results of the current study confirmed the RFS benefit of adjuvant HDI compared with observation in a pooled analysis of the E1684 and E1690 trials. No overall survival benefit was apparent in this pooled analysis. Updated results for the E1690 and E2696 trials did not differ from those previously reported. In addition, to the authors' knowledge, the current study is the first to report a significant difference in melanoma-specific survival (MSS) between patients treated with HDI compared with the ganglioside GM2/keyhole limpet hemocyanin (GMK) vaccine in the E1694 trial. Conclusions In patients with resected high-risk melanoma, adjuvant HDI demonstrated improved RFS in the E1684 and E1694 trials, and improved MSS in a pooled analysis of HDI in the E1694 trial. To the authors' knowledge, these findings represent the most mature level of evidence for the benefit of HDI with respect to RFS and MSS. HDI is the only approved adjuvant treatment for which there are data available in patients with resected stage IIB/IIC melanoma, and remains a reasonable treatment option in this population.
J. M. G. Le Clézio and Gérard Gouesbet’s cosmic, ecocentric framework for understanding the nature of human violence:

This study investigates the highly original theories about the origins of human violence developed by the physicist Gerard Gouesbet and the Franco-Mauritian writer J. M. G. Le Clezio. Both authors ...
Factors that influence nontraditional adult learners’ online course completion: an explanatory sequential mixed methods study

This study, viewed through the lens of the adult learning theory of andragogy, employed an explanatory sequential mixed method research design. Further, this investigation examined to what extent N...
Improved genetic identification of acipenseriform embryos with application to the endangered pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus.

We produced pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus embryos at five pre-hatch developmental stages and isolated and quantified genomic DNA from four of the stages using four commercial DNA isolation kits. Genomic DNA prepared using the kit that produced the largest yields and concentrations were used for microsatellite DNA analyses of 10-20 embryos at each of the five developmental stages. We attempted to genotype the hatchery-produced embryos at 19 microsatellite loci and confirmed reliable genotyping by comparing the microsatellite genotypes to those of known parents. Embryos at stages 5 and 8 did not produce reliable genotyping while those at stages 14, 24 and 33 did. We used the same DNA isolation method on 262 wild-caught acipenseriform embryos collected from the lower Yellowstone River. A total of 200 of the wild embryos were successfully identified to stages 8 to 34 and the rest could not be staged. Using a combination of single nucleotide polymorphism and microsatellite markers, 249 of the wild-caught embryos were genetically identified as paddlefish Polyodon spathula, five were identified as shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus and eight failed to amplify. None were identified as pallid sturgeon. This study demonstrates that early-stage wild-spawned acipenseriform embryos can be genetically identified less than 24 h post-spawn. This methodology will be useful for recovery efforts for endangered pallid sturgeon and can be applied to other acipenseriform species.
Diagnostic accuracy of urinary indices to detect mild dehydration in young men following acute riboflavin, Vitamin C or beetroot supplementation.

Summary Background Individuals of all ages are encouraged to monitor their hydration status daily to prevent clinically severe fluid imbalances such as hyponatremia or dehydration. However, acute oral nutritional supplementation may alter urinary hydration assessments and potentially increase the likelihood of inappropriate clinical decisions or diagnosis. This investigation sought to examine the influence of three common over-the-counter nutritional supplements (beetroot, riboflavin, and Vitamin C) on urinary hydration assessments in physically active young men after a 2% exercise-induced dehydration. Design Eight males (Mean ± SD; age: 22 ± 3 yr; body mass index: 27 ± 5.0) consumed either a standard meal with supplementation (intervention) or a standard meal without supplementation (control). Participants performed a variety of aerobic or resistance exercises until reaching ≥2% body mass loss in a counter-balanced, double-blinded design. Following exercise participation, urine samples were collected for an 8 h observational period during which food consumption was replicated. Urine samples were analyzed for urine color, specific gravity, volume, and osmolality. Maintenance of ~2% body mass loss (2.6 ± 0.5%; range: 1.7–4.0%) was confirmed following the 8 h observational period. Results Statistically significant (p Conclusions These findings indicate that urine color, specific gravity, and osmolality maintain clinical utility to detect moderate levels of dehydration in physically active men consuming commercially available doses of beetroot, riboflavin, or Vitamin C.
Effect of Free Stall Pen Design on Feeding Behavior

The purpose of this study was to determine if a difference exists in group feeding behavior in dairy cows housed in free stall pens with either 2-rows or 3-rows of stalls.
How Metacognitive Monitoring Feedback Influences Workload in a Location-Based Augmented Reality Environment

This research aims to investigate the impact on workload caused by metacognitive monitoring feedback (MCMF) in a location-based augmented reality (AR) learning environment. MCMF helps learners to monitor and control their cognitive processes and influences their learning behaviors. However, it should be studied further how MCMF affects student workload while using the AR system. In this study, we conducted an experiment to compare perceived mental workload between two groups (with MCMF vs. without MCMF). The results show that MCMF does not increase students’ workload. It means that MCMF can be used effectively without workload increment while learning. The current study advanced our understanding of metacognitive strategies on subject interaction in a location-based AR environment. Furthermore, the study outcomes could develop better metacognitive strategies without increasing learners’ workload in the AR environment.
Traumatic Stress as a Treatment Priority: Its Prevalence and Impact on Children’s Mental Health Services

This study examined the prevalence of traumatic stress in children’s community mental health settings and assessed the impact of traumatic stress on therapy. Data were collected as part of a random...
COVID-19 mortality and the overweight: Cross-Country Evidence.

Abstract Objective(s) The objective is to study the role, if any, of excess body weight in COVID-19 mortality. Study design This is a cross-country study of plausible associations between COVID-19 mortality and the proportion of overweight among adults, controlling for age, gender, and income. Methods Parametric and non-parametric regression analysis. Results We observe a statistically significant positive association between COVID-19 mortality and the proportion of the overweight in adult populations spanning 154 countries. This association holds across countries belonging to different income groups and is not sensitive to a population's median age, proportion of the elderly, and/or proportion of females. The estimated elasticities of COVID-19 mortality, with respect to the proportion of the overweight in adult populations, are consistently higher for sub-samples of countries that belong to a higher income group. On an average, every percentage point increment in the proportion of the overweight in adult populations contributes to an additional 3.5% points to COVID-19 mortality for high income countries: the limits of confidence intervals around this point estimate range between 1.5 and 5.4. Conclusions A positive association between COVID-19 mortality and the proportion of the overweight in a country's adult population is robust, subject to alterations in the conditioning information set on age, gender, and income. Our findings call for an effective alignment of public policy regulations with public health priorities.
The push-and-pull of frenemies: When and why ambivalent relationships lead to helping and harming.

We integrated theories of social exchange and emotional ambivalence to explain how ambivalent relationships influence interpersonally directed helping and harming behaviors. Using multiple methodologies, including a study of student teams, an experiment, and a quasifield study of retail employees, we compared ambivalent relationships with positive and negative relationships. Our three studies provide convergent evidence that ambivalent relationships with coworkers are positively related to both helping and harming behaviors. These dueling effects were mediated by the experience of ambivalent emotions. We also demonstrate that ambivalent emotions, and their downstream behavioral effects were amplified when individuals in ambivalent relationships had strong affiliative interpersonal goals. Overall, our findings have implications for theory on the relational antecedents of helping and harming, social exchange theory, and the effects of ambivalence in organizations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
The Geometry of Elliptic Curves

Elliptic curves, our principal object of study in this book, are curves of genus one having a specified base point. Our ultimate goal, as the title of the book indicates, is to study the arithmetic properties of these curves. In other words, we will be interested in analyzing their points defined over arithmetically interesting fields, such as finite fields, local (p-adic) fields, and global (number) fields. However, before doing so we are well advised to study the properties of these curves in the simpler situation of an algebraically closed field, i.e., to study their geometry. This reflects the general principle in Diophantine geometry that in attempting to study any significant problem, it is essential to have a thorough understanding of the geometry before one can hope to make progress on the number theory. It is the purpose of this chapter to make an intensive study of the geometry of elliptic curves over arbitrary algebraically closed fields. (The particular case of elliptic curves over the complex numbers is studied in more detail in Chapter VI.)
Simulation of spin-polarized transport in submicrometer device structures

The Monte Carlo approach is utilized to study spin-polarized electron transport in spintronic device structures. Evolution of the electron spin polarization vector is controlled by the spin-orbit interaction. Spin polarization properties, including the spin-dephasing length and orientation of the polarization vector, are investigated, for the applied voltage from 0.05 V to 0.25 V, and for temperatures ranging from 77 K to 300 K.
Chapter 21 Paraquat-induced production of reactive oxygen species in brain mitochondria.

Abstract Paraquat (PQ) is a prototypical redox cycling agent commonly used experimentally to generate reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Recently, PQ has also come under investigation as a potential environmental neurotoxin associated with increased risk for neurodegenerative disease developing after chronic exposure. The interactions of PQ with mitochondria remain an important aspect of its toxicity, particularly in the brain, although the underlying mechanisms are relatively uncharacterized. Here, we describe the basic measurement of PQ‐induced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in isolated brain mitochondria by use of two independent methods, polarography and fluorometry. The advantages of the use of these two independent methods include the capability to validate results and overcoming limitations in the use of either method exclusively. These simplified in vitro techniques for measurement of mitochondrial‐generated H2O2 can be easily applied to other tissues and models.
Concept learning in text comprehension

This paper presents a mechanism to reverse engineer a cognitive concept association graph (CAG) which is formed by a reader while reading a piece of text. During text comprehension a human reader recognizes some concepts and skips some. The recognized concepts are retained to construct the meaning of the read text while the other concepts are discarded. The concepts which are recognized and discarded vary for every reader because of the differences in the prior knowledge possessed by all readers. We propose a theoretical forward calculation model to predict which concepts are recognized based on the prior knowledge. To demonstrate the truthful existence of this model, we employ a reverse engineered approach to calculate a concept association graph as per the rules defined by the model. An empirical study is conducted of how six readers from an undergraduate class of Computer Networks form a concept association graph given a paragraph of text to read. The model computes a resultant graph which is flexible and can give quantitative insights into the more complex processes involved in human concept learning.
Extended abstract: formal verification of architectural patterns in support of dependable distributed systems

Building robust, secure distributed systems in the presence of transient faults, node failures, and changes in network topology poses a multitude of challenges. To meet current engineering challenges such as pervasive and ubiquitous computing, one must adopt model-driven approaches to build distributed applications. We propose the synchronous paradigm for component integration and coordination: developers use an abstraction that respects the synchrony hypothesis, i.e., each external event is processed by the system completely before the arrival of the next event. Based on the synchronous model, the Secure Operations Language (SOL) is designed as a verifiable language for the integration of high assurance systems.
Rethinking School Lunch: Education for Sustainability in Practice

This paper complements Fritjof Capra’s paper in this issue, “Sustainable Living, Ecological Literacy, and the Breath of Life.” It explores how concepts essential to ecological literacy can also guide strategies for overcoming bar- riers to introducing integrated, multidisciplinary pedagogy into school cur- ricula. It examines how the crisis of childhood obesity and nutrition-related illness constitutes a point of systemic instability that creates an opportunity to integrate experiential learning and academics, and to promote ecological thinking while addressing mandated standards. It illustrates the contribu- tions to environmental education that a small third-party organization with a clear conceptual framework can make.
Reading Instruction in the Resource Room: Set up for Failure

The reading instruction, grouping practices, and outcomes for students with learning disabilities (LD) in resource room settings were examined. The study was a follow-up of an observational study done 2 years previously (Vaughn, Moody, & Schumm, 1998). Whole class instruction was the dominant grouping format although several teachers used small groups and individualized activities. Half of the special education teachers provided differentiated materials and instruction to match the learning levels of the students that they taught. Overall, no significant gains in reading comprehension were evidenced by students in this study. Results from the fluency tests also revealed inadequate student progress in reading. The failure of the present structure of the resource room to provide opportunities for a special education is discussed.
Cross Sections for Two-Body Sequential Decay Reactions

A general procedure is given for calculating the double differential cross section for a two-body sequential decay reaction, given the angular distributions for the initial and decay reactions. The kinematics, reference frame transformations, and the Jacobians required for transforming the cross sections are developed for the general two-body sequential decay reaction.
Geologic and hydrologic hazards in glacierized basins in North America resulting from 19th and 20th century global warming

Alpine glacier retreat resulting from global warming since the close of the Little Ice Age in the 19th and 20th centuries has increased the risk and incidence of some geologic and hydrologic hazards in mountainous alpine regions of North America. Abundant loose debris in recently deglaciated areas at the toe of alpine glaciers provides a ready source of sediment during rainstorms or outburst floods. This sediment can cause debris flows and sedimentation problems in downstream areas. Moraines built during the Little Ice Age can trap and store large volumes of water. These natural dams have no controlled outlets and can fail without warning. Many glacier-dammed lakes have grown in size, while ice dams have shrunk, resulting in greater risks of ice-dam failure. The retreat and thinning of glacier ice has left oversteepened, unstable valley walls and has led to increased incidence of rock and debris avalanches.
Marked spontaneous improvement in ejection fraction in patients with congestive heart failure

Abstract purpose: The overall prognosis for patients with congestive heart failure is poor. Defining specific populations that might demonstrate improved survival has been difficult. We therefore examined our patient database for patients with congestive heart failure who demonstrated sustained improvement in left ventricular function and associated resolution of signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure. patients and methods: We identified 11 patients with severe congestive heart failure (average ejection fraction 21.9 ± 4.23% (± SD) who developed spontaneous, marked improvement over a period of follow-up lasting 4.25 ± 1.49 years. All 11 patients were initially symptomatic with exertional dyspnea and fatigue for a minimum duration of 3 months. They form a subset of a larger group of 97 patients with chronic congestive heart failure that we have followed with sequential ejection fraction measurements. All 11 patients were treated with digitalis diuretics, and either converting-enzyme inhibitors or a combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine. Ten of the 11 patients had a history consistent with chronic alcoholism, and each reportedly abstained from alcohol during follow-up. results: During the follow-up period, the average ejection fraction improved in 11 patients from 21.9 ± 4.23% to 56.64 ± 10.22%. Late follow-up indicates an average ejection fraction of 52.6 ± 8.55% for the group. Congestive heart failure resolved in each case. conclusions: We conclude that selected patients with severe congestive heart failure can markedly improve their left ventricular function in association with complete resolution of heart failure. This appears to be particularly evident in those patients with chronic alcoholism who subsequently abstain.