cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploration and play in howler monkeys ( Alouatta palliata )

Exploration and play were observed in eight troops of howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) containing 56 young and 95 adults. The behavior patterns of seven age classes are described. There was a clear trend for animals to spend less time in nonsocial exploration with increasing age, and for the frequency of social play to follow an inverted “U” pattern, peaking in the early juvenile stage at 15–30 min per day. The howlers' specialization for eating large quantities of difficult to digest plant matter affected their play: as the young became increasingly dependent on plant food around the infants stage, there was a shift in their playtimes to allow for the energy demanding activity of digestion. This and other aspects of howler behavior are related to a reinforcement theory of exploration and play.
Shape recognition using morphological transformations

A morphological hit-or-miss algorithm is presented which can distinguish a distorted shape from among others and locate it. Shape recognition is presented in noisy environments as a problem of recognizing imperfect shapes. The method employs only one hit-or-miss operation. The resultant shape location is presented by a small cluster of points within a known set. The role of window W in the hit-or-miss transformation is discussed, and it is shown that the boundary of the complement of the shape, delta A/sup c/, can be used as a structuring element on the complement of the image, I/sup c/, with the result of the hit-or-miss transformation being the same as that when a window is used in the transformation. Without a window restriction, the hit-or-miss transformation is more practical in shape recognition. >
Role of subunit interactions in P450 oligomers in the loss of homotropic cooperativity in the cytochrome P450 3A4 mutant L211F/D214E/F304W

Abstract The contribution of conformational heterogeneity to cooperativity in cytochrome P450 3A4 was investigated using the mutant L211F/D214E/F304W. Initial spectral studies revealed a loss of cooperativity of the 1-pyrenebutanol (1-PB) induced spin shift (S50 = 5.4 μM, n = 1.0) but retained cooperativity of α-naphthoflavone binding. Continuous variation (Job’s titration) experiments showed the existence of two pools of enzyme with different 1-PB binding characteristics. Monitoring of 1-PB binding by fluorescence resonance energy transfer from the substrate to the heme confirmed that the high-affinity site (KD = 0.3 μM) is retained in at least some fraction of the enzyme, although cooperativity is masked. Removal of apoprotein on a second column increased the high-spin content and restored cooperativity of 1-PB binding and of progesterone and testosterone 6β-hydroxylation. The loss of cooperativity in the mutant is, therefore, mediated by the interaction of holo- and apo-P450 in mixed oligomers.
Helper and suppressor functions of panned populations of immune peritoneal T cells with reactivity to the rat mammary adenocarcinoma 13762A.

Abstract The phenotype of glass-adherence-depleted tumor-immune peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (PEL) which generated anti-tumor reactivity against the rat mammary adenocarcinoma 13762A in vitro was examined by indirect panning. Monoclonal antibodies W3/25 and OX8, directed against the CD4 and CD8 differentiation antigens, respectively, were used to separate immune PEL into subsets of functionally different T cells. The panned populations of immune PEL were examined for anti-tumor reactivity in three different in vitro assays. Tumor-specific proliferation, tumor-specific induction of the helper lymphokine interleukin 2 (IL-2), and tumor-specific induction of an antiproliferative tumor-induced suppressor lymphokine (TISL) were determined. Panning experiments together with indirect immunofluorescence analysis of unpanned immune PEL indirectly indicated that a proportion of cells (15–20%) coexpressed CD4 and CD8 antigens. Strong tumor-specific proliferation and IL-2 and TISL production were generated from these double-positive cells, as determined by double-panning experiments. Significant tumor-specific proliferation and IL-2 production were produced also from CD4 + CD8 − cells, but TISL production was minimal, and could be accounted for by contaminating CD4 + CD8 + cells. CD4 − CD8 + cells produced negligible responses against the tumors as measured by these three assays, and no synergistic responses were demonstrated when CD4 − CD8 + cells were incubated together with CD4 + CD8 − cells. These data demonstrated that CD4 + CD8 + T cells exist in primed populations of rat peripheral lymphocytes, and that both helper and suppressor functions were generated from these double-positive cells.
Assessing Mexican pottery paint recipes using particle-induced X-ray emission

Decorated pottery dating from the Epiclassic through Early Postclassic (ca. A.D. 650-1150) was selected for chemical characterisation of pottery slips and paints. Specimens include pottery types commonly occurring across the Basin of Mexico and Tula, Hidalgo. Recipes for slips and paints require training and first-hand knowledge of specialised techniques in production. A high degree of similarity of recipes across the region suggests widespread knowledge in the preparation and use of paint and slip. Distinct patterns in rare elements suggest differentiation in locally available pigments, and clays reflect regionally available sources of materials and differences in recipes. Particleinduced X-ray emission (PIXE) is a nondestructive method of identifying concentrations (in ppm) for 18 chemical elements. Data collection was conducted by the author using the Arizona State University (ASU) ion beam analysis of materials (IBeAM) laboratory. A sample of 136 pottery sherds was chosen and PIXE was conducted on red, black, white paints and slips. Specimens were chosen from a larger sample previously assessed for compositional characterisation of ceramic paste using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Results indicate that variation in red paints are high in iron-oxide and vary by pottery type. Black paint in Aztec I pottery is high in iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), indicating a Fe-Mn paint recipe. Cream coloured slips vary by region and pottery type. PIXE characterisation identifies the chemical element concentrations contributing to the colourant pigments, the clay matrix in the binding materials, and trace indicators of localised impurities in clays and minerals contributing to paints and slips.
Advances in Remote Participation for Fusion Experimental Facilities

Magnetic fusion experiments continue to grow in size and complexity resulting in a concurrent growth in collaborations between experimental sites and laboratories worldwide. Collaborative research within each group, combined with collaboration between groups is presenting new and unique challenges in the field of remote participation technology. These challenges are being addressed by the worldwide creation and deployment of advanced collaborative software and hardware tools. This paper reviews the work of the National Fusion Collaboratory Project, identifies areas of work required for the success of future-large-scale experiments, and argues that even though ITER's first plasma is over a decade away the intervening time should be used for further development and testing of the technologies outlined in this paper
ATOMISTIC MODELING OF INTERPHASES IN SPIDER SILK FIBERS

Abstract We present a structural description of the intercrystalline polymer interphase based on atomistic modeling for spider dragline silk fibers. In the model small crystallites are connected by interphases. The interphases are assumed to be thin layers (
The Prevalence and Economic Value of Doubling Up

“Doubling up” (living with relatives or nonkin) is a common source of support for low-income families, yet no study to date has estimated its economic value relative to other types of public and private support. Using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we examine the prevalence and economic value of doubling up among families with young children living in large American cities. We find that doubling up is a very important part of the private safety net in the first few years of a child’s life, with nearly 50 % of mothers reporting at least one instance of doubling up by the time their child is 9 years old. The estimated rental savings from doubling up is significant and comparable in magnitude to other public and private transfers.
Elbow plica syndrome: presenting with elbow locking in a pediatric patient

This case report is of a symptomatic posterior-lateral elbow plica in a child who presented with elbow locking. MR images demonstrated thickening of a posterior-lateral plica between the radius and capitellum of the elbow. Surgery confirmed a thickened and inflamed posterior-lateral plica, which was resected with subsequent improvement of the child's symptoms. This case shows the clinical importance of identifying thickening of posterior-lateral plicae in children and suggesting the diagnosis of plica syndrome, an entity that has not been previously reported in children in the radiologic literature.
Effect of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Binding Temperature on Molecular Weights of αs-,β, and κ-Caseins

Abstract Molecular weights of α s -, β -, and κ -caseins were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Sodium dodecyl sulfate was bound to these casein components at room temperature or by incubating at 40C overnight or at 80C for 1h. Binding of sodium dodecyl sulfate to α s -casein in absence of heat gave a molecular weight of 30,400 which was 3000 to 4000 daltons less than that for α s -casein bound at 40 and 80C. The molecular weight of β -casein bound at 40 and 80C was 6000 to 7000 daltons higher than that bound to sodium dodecyl sulfate at room temperature. Although the molecular weight of κ -casein did not vary substantially under the three treatments, break-down products ensued from it, especially at 80C. Sodium dodecyl sulfate binding to casein components should be at room temperature.
Voting Behavior of Chicago Democrats at the Illinois Constitutional Convention Machine Unity and Disunity

By analyzing roll call voting behavior and the socioeconomic characteristics of representatives to the 1970 Illinois Constitutional Convention, this study seeks to assess: (1) the roll call cohesiveness of Chicago Democrats and other voting groups in the assembly; (2) the social, economic, and ethnic composition of major voting blocs; and (3) the kinds of issues which may tend to factionalize machine delegates. Factor analysis shows that the Chicago Democratic group was by far the most unified voting set at the Con-Con. However, given the heterogeneous elements which comprised the machine bloc, there were various roll calls—basically revolving around divergent ethnic and religious interests -which promoted substantial disunity in the ranks of the Chicago organization.
Voltage-sensitive magnetic gels as magnetic resonance monitoring agents

MANY polymer gels undergo a volume phase transition in electric fields1–5. We report here the synthesis of a polyelectrolyte gel that incorporates magnetic particles of iron oxide into the polymer network; these particles couple the gel volume transition to the NMR relaxation times of the surrounding water. We find that the water proton relaxation rates (T2−1) in aqueous suspensions of particles of the magnetic gel increase significantly in an electric field. Such changes can also be induced by the hyperpolarization of red blood cells in the suspension, presumably as a result of the electric fields at the cell membrane surfaces. These gels may play a part in magnetic resonance imaging analogous to that of voltage-sensitive dyes in optical imaging6–9.
Exercise manages fatigue during breast cancer treatment: a randomized controlled trial

Fatigue is the most prevalent and debilitating symptom experienced by breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy and few evidence-based treatments are available to manage this distressing side-effect. The purpose of this multi-institutional randomized controlled trial was to determine the effects of exercise on fatigue levels during treatment for breast cancer. Sedentary women (N=119) with Stage 0-III breast cancer receiving outpatient adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy were randomized to a home-based moderate-intensity walking exercise program or to usual care for the duration of their cancer treatment. Of participants randomized to exercise, 72% adhered to the exercise prescription; 61% of the usual care group adhered. The intention-to-treat analysis revealed no group differences in part because of a dilution of treatment effect as 39% of the usual care group exercised and 28% of the exercise group did not. When exercise participation was considered using the data analysis method of instrumental variables with principal stratification, a clinically important and statistically significant (p=0.03) effect of exercise on pretest-to-posttest change in fatigue levels was demonstrated. Adherence to a home-based moderate-intensity walking exercise program may effectively mitigate the high levels of fatigue prevalent during cancer treatment.
The Political Correctness Controversy Revisited Retreat From Argumentation and Reaffirmation of Critical Dialogue

It is the task of every generation to reassess the tradition in which it lives, to discard what it cannot use, and to bring into context with the distant and intermediate past the most recent contributions to the Great Conversation.Robert M. Hutchins (1951)
Hyponatremia among runners in the Boston Marathon.

Background Hyponatremia has emerged as an important cause of race-related death and life-threatening illness among marathon runners. We studied a cohort of marathon runners to estimate the incidence of hyponatremia and to identify the principal risk factors. Methods Participants in the 2002 Boston Marathon were recruited one or two days before the race. Subjects completed a survey describing demographic information and training history. After the race, runners provided a blood sample and completed a questionnaire detailing their fluid consumption and urine output during the race. Prerace and postrace weights were recorded. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with hyponatremia. Results Of 766 runners enrolled, 488 runners (64 percent) provided a usable blood sample at the finish line. Thirteen percent had hyponatremia (a serum sodium concentration of 135 mmol per liter or less); 0.6 percent had critical hyponatremia (120 mmol per liter or less). On univariate...
An Adaptive Method of Unequal Error Protection of Celp Parameters by Optimal Energy Distribution

We propose an Unequal Error Protection (UEP) alternative to the Rate Compatible Punctured Convolutional (RCPC) Codes by optimally varying the bit/symbol waveform energy, at transmission, as a function of its significance. In specific, the problem of robust transmission of Code Excited Linear Prediction (CELP) FS1016 (4.8 kbps) parameters over the Rayleigh and AWGN channels is considered. It is shown that the performance of Trellis Coded Modulation combined with unequal energy distribution is as effective in relative performance as an UEP scheme by RCPC. Thus we propose an UEP scheme suitable for bandwidth constrained systems and also for systems which require adaptation to varying channel conditions. The objective performance measures used are Segmental SNR (SSNR) and Average Distance (AD). Subjective tests are also performed to validate the performances of the system.
Highly unsaturated phospholipid molecular species of rat erythrocyte membranes: selective incorporation of arachidonic acid into phosphoglycerides containing polyunsaturation in both acyl chains.

This study describes for the first time the complete molecular species composition and turnover of [3H]arachidonic acid in various glycerophospholipid classes of rat erythrocytes, a model system that has been extensively used to investigate numerous membrane phenomena. Quantitative analysis of the individual molecular species of the choline, ethanolamine, serine, and inositol glycerophospholipid classes was possible by preparing their diradylglycerobenzoate derivatives that can be quantitated by on-line uv detection in conjunction with high-performance liquid chromatography; turnover of the molecular species containing arachidonate was evaluated in erythrocytes labeled with [3H]arachidonic acid. A unique observation was the significant amounts of 22:6–20:4, 20:4–20:4, and 18:2–20:4 species observed in the diacyl fractions of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. Moreover, the analysis of the specific radioactivities of individual phospholipid species from erythrocytes incubated with [3H]arachidonic acid demonstrated a selective incorporation of arachidonic acid into the most highly unsaturated molecular species in all of the phospholipid classes examined. Although the 22: 6–20:4, 20:4–20:4, and 18:2–20:4 species represented only 4.5% of the total mass of the diacyl phosphoglycerides, these species accounted for a major portion (37%) of the arachidonic acid incorporated into the phospholipids. These results demonstrate the existence of unique populations of phospholipid molecules in rat erythrocytes with a high degree of unsaturation that exhibit a very rapid metabolic turnover rate.
Structure and Reaction Mechanism of Phosphoethanolamine Methyltransferase from the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum AN ANTIPARASITIC DRUG TARGET

In the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum, a multifunctional phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase (PfPMT) catalyzes the methylation of phosphoethanolamine (pEA) to phosphocholine for membrane biogenesis. This pathway is also found in plant and nematodes, but PMT from these organisms use multiple methyltransferase domains for the S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) reactions. Because PfPMT is essential for normal growth and survival of Plasmodium and is not found in humans, it is an antiparasitic target. Here we describe the 1.55 A resolution crystal structure of PfPMT in complex with AdoMet by single-wavelength anomalous dispersion phasing. In addition, 1.19-1.52 A resolution structures of PfPMT with pEA (substrate), phosphocholine (product), sinefungin (inhibitor), and both pEA and S-adenosylhomocysteine bound were determined. These structures suggest that domain rearrangements occur upon ligand binding and provide insight on active site architecture defining the AdoMet and phosphobase binding sites. Functional characterization of 27 site-directed mutants identifies critical active site residues and suggests that Tyr-19 and His-132 form a catalytic dyad. Kinetic analysis, isothermal titration calorimetry, and protein crystallography of the Y19F and H132A mutants suggest a reaction mechanism for the PMT. Not only are Tyr-19 and His-132 required for phosphobase methylation, but they also form a "catalytic" latch that locks ligands in the active site and orders the site for catalysis. This study provides the first insight on this antiparasitic target enzyme essential for survival of the malaria parasite; however, further studies of the multidomain PMT from plants and nematodes are needed to understand the evolutionary division of metabolic function in the phosphobase pathway of these organisms.
Growth factors promote inositol uptake in BC3H1 cells.

Abstract BC3H1 cells induced to differentiate by serum withdrawal were found to incorporate substantially less [ 3 H]inositol into their phosphoinositides than cells induced to differentiate by growth in the presence of high serum. This decrease was found to be due to a decline in the rate of [ 3 H]inositol uptake by the serum-starved cells. Addition of purified growth factors such as TGF-β, EGF and FGF to these cells promoted inositol uptake and lead to an increase in the incorporation of [ 3 H]inositol into phosphoinositides. Stimulation of inositol uptake by TGF-β required at least a 24 hr exposure to the growth factor. These data indicate that growth factors regulate phosphoinositide metabolism at many different levels including at the level of inositol uptake.
Integrating the desire–for–control and rational choice in a corporate crime context

The “rational choice” framework, with its focus on risks and rewards, is often used to explain corporate criminality. In this paper, we build on this framework by integrating the notion of “desire‐for‐control.” Although common to many psychologists, the desire‐for‐control, or the general wish to be in control over everyday life events, has not been examined for its relevance in understanding criminal activity generally, or within corporate offending in particular. After demonstrating the importance of desire‐for‐control in the corporate context, we use data from a sample of managers and MBA students to examine the extent to which desire‐for‐control relates to rational‐choice considerations and corporate criminal decision‐making. Results suggest that desire‐for‐control (1) influences the interpretation of rational‐choice considerations and (2) is positively related to corporate criminality even after controlling for a number of important situational‐ and individual‐level factors. Implications for future th...
Remembering as doing

Koriat & Goldsmith are right in their claim that the “ecological” and “traditional” approaches to memory rely on different metaphors. But the underlying ecological metaphor is not correspondence (which in any case is not a metaphorical notion): it is action. Remembering is a kind of doing; like most other forms of action it is purposive, personal, and particular.
Functional genomics of the murine immune system

The mouse and human genome sequences provide new opportunities to characterize mammalian gene functions on a genome-wide level. Toward this end, we have developed strategies for tagged-sequence mutagenesis in mice. Tagged-sequence mutagenesis has been used first, to analyze genes implicated in posttranscriptional gene regulation, and second, to identify genes important in immune cell development and function.
Evaluation of antiplatelet agents for secondary prevention of stroke using mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis.

Abstract Background The current guidelines recommend various antiplatelet agents used alone or in combination for secondary prevention of noncardioembolic stroke. Objective The purpose of this study was to conduct a mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis to determine which antiplatelet or combination of antiplatelet agents is most efficacious and tolerable in patients with prior stroke. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (1945 through March 2012), EMBASE (1974 through March 2012), and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry (1975 through April 2012) to identify randomized trials evaluating the role of various antiplatelet agents and combinations for the secondary prevention of stroke. Key articles were cross-referenced for additional studies. Data were screened and evaluated to generate direct and indirect comparisons for recurrent stroke and overall hemorrhagic events. Data were reported as rate ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs. Results A total of 24 articles were included in the analysis. Eleven antiplatelet regimens were compared in >88,000 patients. The combination of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) plus dipyridamole (DP) was more protective against recurrent stroke than ASA alone (RR = 0.78; 95% CI, 0.64–0.93), and no differences were found in all other direct and indirect comparisons with active treatment. ASA plus DP was associated with more overall hemorrhagic events than DP (RR = 1.83; 95% CI, 1.17–2.81), cilostazol (RR = 2.12; 95% CI, 1.21–3.48), and triflusal (RR = 1.67; 95% CI, 1.05–2.78) but fewer events than the combination of ASA plus clopidogrel (RR = 0.38; 95% CI, 0.25–0.56). The combination of ASA plus clopidogrel was associated with an excess of overall hemorrhagic events compared with clopidogrel (RR = 2.81; 95% CI, 1.96–4.10), cilostazol (RR = 5.56; 95% CI, 3.03–9.66), DP (RR = 4.78; 95% CI, 2.80–8.21), sarpogrelate (RR = 3.59; 95% CI, 1.96–6.45), terutroban (RR = 2.13; 95% CI, 1.21–3.61), ticlopidine (RR = 2.80; 95% CI, 1.69–5.00), and triflusal (RR = 4.36; 95% CI, 2.62–7.81). Conclusion We found that ASA plus DP was more protective than ASA alone for preventing recurrent stroke; however, no difference was found between most direct and indirect comparisons of antiplatelet agents and combinations. More overall hemorrhagic events seemed to occur with the combination of ASA and clopidogrel than with other treatments. Selection of antiplatelet therapy for the secondary prevention of stroke must be individualized according to patient comorbidities, including risk of stroke recurrence and bleeding.
One size doesn't fit all: estimating environmental Kuznets curves for hazardous waste site counts

An emergent empirical literature demonstrates the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), or inverted-U relationship, between environmental pollution and per capita income. Results are controversial and open to a variety of interpretations. The first contribution of this paper is to extend the limited empirical evidence of the EKC relationship to an unexpected context – counts of hazardous waste sites across U.S. counties. However, the primary contribution of this paper is methodological. By applying the EM algorithm, and the latent class Poisson model, to heterogeneous count data we employ an innovative technique for investigating EKC results. This approach allows us to identify three latent classes all exhibiting the inverted-U relationship but with distinct characteristics. Hence one size doesn't fit all, and we find that three EKCs are required to adequately fit the data. One potential implication is that environmental policy should be designed differentially for these different classes. In particular, it may need to be geographically targeted for the efficient cleanup of blighted urban areas. Finally, future EKC studies should evaluate the potential for multiple curves. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exercise Induced Non-Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia and Indication for Invasive Management:

Diagnostic stress echo testing is commonly performed in patients with known or suspected cardiovascular disease. There has been considerable debate in management of exercise induced non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT). In this case report, we present our experience with a case of exercise induced NSVT, and subsequent angiographically significant left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery lesion.
Outcomes of vascularized bone graft reconstruction of the mandible in bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaws

Objectives/Hypothesis: To describe the clinical entity and therapeutic challenges of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ). The use of vascularized bone grafts for reconstruction of the mandible in extensive BRONJ is proposed. Study Design: Multi-institutional retrospective review. Methods: Patients undergoing mandible reconstruction with vascularized bone grafts after segmental mandible resection for BRONJ were evaluated. Mandible reconstruction was only performed on patients with intractable pain, fistulae, or pathologic fracture and after failure of comprehensive conservative therapy. No patients had a history of primary or metastatic head and neck malignancy or radiation therapy. Bone union was established with follow-up radiography. Results: Eleven patients met inclusion criteria. Mean patient age was 61.3 years. Median follow-up was 13.9 months. All patients had undergone therapy with bisphosphonates and had no other identifiable cause of mandible osteonecrosis. Preoperatively, pathologic mandible fractures were present in 73% of patients, and 36% had orocutaneous fistulae. Fibula osteocutaneous flaps were used in all cases with no failures. In all patients, bony union was demonstrated clinically and radiographically. Postoperative wound complications occurred in 36% of patients but were all treated successfully with conservative therapy. There was no BRONJ recurrence within the study follow-up period. Conclusions: Osteonecrosis is a significant complication of bisphosphonate therapy, and current literature does not support vascularized reconstruction. We demonstrate that vascularized bone graft reconstruction with the fibula free flap offers a high success rate of bony union and fistula closure and should be offered to selected patients with advanced cases of BRONJ. Laryngoscope, 2010
Subcutaneous delivery of insulin loaded poly(fumaric-co-sebacic anhydride) microspheres to type 1 diabetic rats

The method of phase inversion nanoencapsulation (PIN) and microencapsulation was used to produce biodegradable poly(fumaric-co-sebacic anhydride) (p(FASA)) microspheres that contain insulin. Microspheres were characterized by SEM and a laser light scattering technique to determine particle size distribution. Insulin stability was determined by RP and SEC HPLC. Release rate studies were conducted and microspheres were administered subcutaneously (SQ) to type 1 diabetic rats to determine the bioactivity of insulin at three different dosages. Pharmacokinetic parameters for SQ experiments were measured using the trapezoidal rule by plotting average plasma insulin level (PIL) vs. time and determining peak concentration (CP), the time of peak concentration (TP), duration of PIL curve (D), and relative bioavailability (RB). When our insulin containing formulation was analyzed by HPLC, there was no evidence of high molecular weight transformation (HMWT) or deamidated products. In addition, we effectively altered the onset, peak, and duration of insulin action after SQ injection.
How can primary concerns of school district superintendents guide school health efforts

School-based research and health promotion interventions typically require upper administration support and acceptance to succeed. This paper focuses on a recently completed Delphi survey of the majority of school district superintendents in a frontier state. The survey examined superintendent district-level concerns at the elementary, middle/junior high, and high school levels. Primary concerns revolved around school funding, classroom education and student achievement, and teacher-centered issues. Implications for this research are discussed as are the importance of these data to those interested in working with schools to improve student health. The importance of this information for implementation of coordinated school health programs also is discussed.
Differentiation of CD4+ T Cells to Th1 Cells Requires MAP Kinase JNK2

Abstract Precursor CD4 + T cells develop into effector Th1 and Th2 cells that play a central role in the immune response. We show that the JNK MAP kinase pathway is induced in Th1 but not in Th2 effector cells upon antigen stimulation. Further, the differentiation of precursor CD4 + T cells into effector Th1 but not Th2 cells is impaired in JNK2-deficient mice. The inability of IL-12 to differentiate JNK2-deficient CD4 + T cells fully into effector Th1 cells is caused by a defect in IFNγ production during the early stages of differentiation. The addition of exogenous IFNγ during differentiation restores IL-12-mediated Th1 polarization in the JNK2-deficient mice. The JNK MAP kinase signaling pathway, therefore, plays an important role in the balance of Th1 and Th2 immune responses.
VLF electromagnetic investigations of the crater and central dome of Mount St. Helens, Washington

Abstract A very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic induction survey in the crater of Mount St. Helens has identified several electrically conductive structures that appear to be associated with thermal anomalies and ground water within the crater. The most interesting of these conductive structures lies beneath the central dome. It is probably a partial melt of dacite similar to that comprising the June 1981 lobe of the central dome.
Bioflavonoid-rich botanical extracts show antioxidant and gene regulatory activity.

: Reactive oxygen and nitrogen metabolites are obligatory and essential products of metabolism. Unregulated increase in their production is associated with a number of chronic illnesses. Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and wines are implicated in the prevention of chronic diseases. Molecular mechanisms by which fruits and vegetables confer their disease-preventive actions are poorly defined. However, recent developments in the fields of genomics and bioinformatics provide powerful tools to investigate the mechanisms by which botanicals affect cellular functions. This monograph illustrates the potential of large-scale messenger RNA analysis to unravel the role of transcription in mediating the effects of botanical extracts with antioxidant properties. The application of microarrays and oligonucleotide arrays shows multiple effects of antioxidant extracts on the expression of a broad spectrum of genes.
Comparison of corticosteroid binder IB with the α-chymotrypsin- and RNase-treated hepatic glucocorticoid receptors

Abstract Rat liver and kidney cytosolic extracts contain the glucocorticoid receptor (binder II) and corticosteroid binder IB, both of which possess the steroid- and DNA-binding domains. Since it has been speculated that the smaller binder IB may be generated from binder II by proteolysis, the chymotrypsinproduced receptor fragment in rat liver cytosol has been compared with binder IB in terms of charge, size and DNA binding characteristics. The [ 3 H]triamcinolone acetonide-receptor complex is converted to a smaller fragment by short term digestion (10°C, 30 min) with 100 μg/ml α-chymotrypsin. Although the chymotrypsin fragment produced from previously heat-activated binder II and binder IB both exhibit DNA-binding capability, they differ in charge and size. Whereas the α-chymotrypsin-treated receptor has a Stokes radius of 30 A and elutes from DEAE-cellulose at 0.06 M potassium phosphate in a linear salt gradient, binder IB has a Stokes radius of 20 A and elutes in the buffer wash of the DEAE-cellulose column. Thus, while binder IB can be resolved from the heat-activated form of the [ 3 H]TA-receptor on DEAE, the heat activated α-chymotrypsin product elutes from the anion exchange resin at the same ionic strength as intact activated binder II (i.e. at 0.05 M potassium phosphate), and the unactivated intact receptor elutes at about 0.20 M potassium phosphate. A more extended digestion with α-chymotrypsin (24 h, 0°C) results in elimination of the DNA binding site without further reduction of the Stokes radius or change in the elution pattern from DEAE-cellulose. Furthermore, molybdate completely blocks formation of binder IB but does not inhibit the production of the receptor fragment by α-chymotrypsin. Treatment of the hepatic [ 3 H]TA-receptor complex with RNase has no effect on the charge, size or DNA binding properties of the bound receptor. These results suggest that RNase does not activate the [ 3 H]TA-receptor complex nor does it produce a IB-like component in the liver cytosol. The present results are consistent with the hypothesis that binder IB is formed in vitro by a process which may not involve proteolytic cleavage or RNase-induced modification of the glucocorticoid receptor (binder II).
Cognitive Complexity and the Affective Stimulus Values of Photographed Faces

-25 male and 25 female college students rank ordered 14 photographs of male faces from least liked to most liked and then rated the 4 least liked and the 4 best liked photographs on 10 scales, according to the procedure described by Bieri, Atkins, Briar, Leaman, Miller, and Tripoldi (1966). For both sex groups and for two types of scores, cognitive complexity was significantly greater for ratings of least liked photographs than for ratings of best liked photographs.
Preparation of thioesters for the ligation of peptides with non-native substrates☆

A one-pot procedure for the synthesis of thioesters from primary amines is reported. Polyamides containing one or more primary amines were prepared by solid-phase synthesis and reacted with thiolane-2,5-dione followed by alkylation with benzyl bromide to produce the target thioesters in good yield. The thioesters thus prepared were conjugated to peptides to produce polyamide–peptide chimeras using the ‘native chemical ligation’ method. This flexible synthetic procedure provides a ready route to both natural and unnatural substrates for chemical ligation reactions.
Atg21 is a Phosphoinositide Binding Protein Required for Efficient Lipidation and Localization of Atg8 during Uptake of Aminopeptidase I by Selective Autophagy

Delivery of proteins and organelles to the vacuole by autophagy and the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway involves novel rearrangements of membrane resulting in the formation of vesicles that fuse with the vacuole. The mechanism of vesicle formation and the origin of the membrane are complex issues still to be resolved. Atg18 and Atg21 are proteins essential to vesicle formation and together with Ygr223c form a novel family of phosphoinositide binding proteins that are associated with the vacuole and perivacuolar structures. Their localization requires the activity of Vps34, suggesting that phosphatidylinositol(3)phosphate may be essential for their function. The activity of Atg18 is vital for all forms of autophagy, whereas Atg21 is required for the Cvt pathway but not for nitrogen starvation-induced autophagy. The loss of Atg21 results in the absence of Atg8 from the pre-autophagosomal structure (PAS), which may be ascribed to a reduced rate of conjugation of Atg8 to phosphatidylethanolamine. A similar defect in localization of a second ubiquitin-like conjugate, Atg12-Atg5, suggests that Atg21 may be involved in the recruitment of membrane to the PAS.
Behavioral and adrenal responses and meal expectancy in rats with fornix transection.

Abstract The behavioral and corticosterone responses of control rats and rats with fornix transections were examined during eating sessions and when consummatory behavior was blocked but cues controlling the behavior were maintained. Rats with fornix transection exhibited increased frequencies of eating, trips away from the food cup, and exploration, but decreased durations of these behaviors, and differential organization of behavior during eating and blocked eating sessions. Control rats exhibited increased corticosterone levels to blocked eating; fornix transected rats did not. The groups did not differ on basal corticosterone levels or hromonal responses to deprivation, and neither group exhibited conditioned hormonal responses to repeated sampling. The results indicate that control rats, but not rats with fornix transection, respond to the violation of an expectation with increased corticosterone levels.
Proton irradiation of metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes

Metallic single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) films on space qualified solar cell coverglass were irradiated with 100 keV protons at doses of 1 × 1013 and 1 × 1014 protons/cm2. The samples were analyzed using UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and four-point probe measurements. The results indicate that defects are not introduced into the metallic carbon nanotubes after irradiation.
Thermodynamics and kinetics of nanovoid nucleation inside elastoplastic material

Continuum thermodynamic and kinetic approaches to nanovoid nucleation as a fracture process inside elastoplastic material are developed. They include solutions to such conceptual problems as determination of the thermodynamic driving force and activation energy, and determination of the kinetic relationship between tensile fracture pressure and temperature. A kinetic pressure–temperature diagram for nanovoid nucleation is determined which, in addition to fracture, includes alternative mechanisms related to phase transformations. Fracture occurs below the kinetic melting temperature, sublimation takes place at high temperature and evaporation occurs in the intermediate range. Sublimation via virtual melting competes with fracture and evaporation.
Bainite viewed three different ways

The present status of the three principal definitions of bainite currently in use is reviewed. On the surface relief definition, bainite consists of precipitate plates, producing an invariant plane strain (IPS) surface relief effect, which form by shear,i.e., martensitically, at temperatures usually aboveMs andMd. The generalized microstructural definition describes bainite as the product of the diffusional, noncooperative, compctitive ledgewise growth of two precipitate phases formed during eutectoid decomposition, with the minority phase appearing in nonlamellar form. This alternative mode of eutectoid decomposition is thus fundamentally different from the diffusional, cooperative, shared growth ledges mechanism for the formation of pearlite developed by Hackney and Shiflet. The overall reaction kinetics definition of bainite views this transformation as being confined to a temperature range well below that of the eutectoid temperature and being increasingly incomplete as its upper limiting temperature, the kineticBs, is approached. Recent research has shown, however, that even in steels (the only alloys in which this set of phenomena has been reported), incomplete transformation is not generally operative. Revisions in and additions to the phenomenology of bainite defined in this manner have been recently made. Extensive conflicts among the three definitions are readily demonstrated. Arguments are developed in favor of preference for the generalized microstructural definition, reassessment of the overall reaction kinetics definition, and discarding of the surface relief definition.
Implementation Of A Hybridization Station For Mating Grumman Z-Plane Modules With HgCdTe Arrays

This paper discusses the hybridization,electrical interconnection via indium bump bonds, of Rockwell designed and fabricated infrared detector arrays onto three dimensional Grumman (Z-Plane) ceramic signal processing modules. The hybridization of detector arrays to the Z-Plane module provides the basic building block for large two dimensional focal plane arrays. This unique Z-Plane module provides on-focal plane data processing which decreases the requirement for interconnect wiring between the focal plane and data processing electronics. This effort implements a modified bonder mating station for use in hybridizing Grumman ceramic multi-layered Z-Plane modules and Rockwell HgCdTe photovoltaic detector arrays. The work involves the hybridization of large aspect ratio detector arrays (16:1). Two detector arrays are mounted end to end on a Z-Plane module for a total length of over one inch. The mating station features a visible viewing system which displays both the detector array and module indium bumps prior to mating. The detector array has electro-plated indium bumps with a typical height of 10-12 microns and the Z-Plane module has vacuum deposited indium pads typically 3 microns high. Hybrid mating tolerances on the order of two tenths of a mil accuracy are routinely held. The hybrid mating station will be reviewed through initial modification, engineering evaluation, semi-manual operation, optimization of mating parameters, resultant bond pull strength and effect on photodiodes. Current yield for this mating system will also be presented. The system will be further refined to increase ease of operation and throughput with the addition of software and microprocessor control. The commitment to achieving good mechanical and electrical indium bonds in this Z-Plane technology has resulted in successful hybrids using both short wave (SWIR) and medium wave (MWIR) infrared HgCdTe detector arrays.
On Customer Contact Centers with a Call-Back Option: Customer Decisions, Routing Rules, and System Design

Organizations worldwide use contact centers as an important channel of communication and transaction with their customers. This paper describes a contact center with two channels, one for real-time telephone service, and another for a postponed call-back service offered with a guarantee on the maximum delay until a reply is received. Customers are sensitive to both real-time and call-back delay and their behavior is captured through a probabilistic choice model. The dynamics of the system are modeled as anM/M/N multiclass system. We rigorously justify that as the number of agents increases, the system's load approaches its maximum processing capacity. Based on this observation, we perform an asymptotic analysis in the many-server, heavy traffic regime to find an asymptotically optimal routing rule, characterize the unique equilibrium regime of the system, approximate the system performance, and finally, propose a staffing rule that picks the minimum number of agents that satisfies a set of operational constraints on the performance of the system.
Quantized Nonlinear Control | A Survey

Quantized control systems design is motivated by the convergence of controls and communications to address modern engineering applications involving the use of information technology. This paper presents an overview of recent developments on the control of linear and nonlinear systems when the control input is subject to quantization or the quantized states or outputs are used as feedback measurements. The co-existence of high-dimensionality, quantization, nonlinearity and uncertainty poses great challenges to quantized control of nonlinear systems and thus calls for new ideas and techniques. The field of quantized nonlinear control is still at its infancy. Preliminary results in our recent work based on input-to-state stability and cyclic-small-gain theorems are reviewed. The open problems in quantized nonlinear control are also outlined.
Poetry and the Rhetoric of Management: Easter 1916

An exploration of William Butler Yeats's poem Easter 1916 as an illustration of the proposition that poetry is a natural medium for expressing and contemplating doubt, paradox, and contradiction—features of life, well-known to experienced managers, but normally banished, perhaps with reason, from the public language of management.
Examining the bodhisattva's brain

Owen Flanagan's The Bodhisattva's Brain aims to introduce secular-minded thinkers to Buddhist thought and motivate its acceptance by analytic philosophers. I argue that Flanagan provides a compelling caution against the hasty generalizations of recent “science of happiness” literature, which correlates happiness with Buddhism on the basis of certain neurological studies. I contend, however, that his positive account of Buddhist ethics is less persuasive. I question the level of engagement with Buddhist philosophical literature and challenge Flanagan's central claim, that a Buddhist version of eudaimonia is a common core conception shared by all Buddhists. I argue that this view is not only a rational reconstruction in need of argumentation but is in tension with competing Buddhist metaphysical theories of self, including the one Flanagan himself endorses.
Nickel uptake and utilization by microorganisms

Nickel is an essential nutrient for selected microorganisms where it participates in a variety of cellular processes. Many microbes are capable of sensing cellular nickel ion concentrations and taking up this nutrient via nickel-specific permeases or ATP-binding cassette-type transport systems. The metal ion is specifically incorporated into nickel-dependent enzymes, often via complex assembly processes requiring accessory proteins and additional non-protein components, in some cases accompanied by nucleotide triphosphate hydrolysis. To date, nine nickel-containing enzymes are known: urease, NiFe–hydrogenase, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, acetyl–CoA decarbonylase/synthase, methyl coenzyme M reductase, certain superoxide dismutases, some glyoxylases, aci-reductone dioxygenase, and methylenediurease. Seven of these enzymes have been structurally characterized, revealing distinct metallocenter environments in each case.