cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of knowledge and development on subordinate level categorization

Abstract Children and adults with high, moderate, and low levels of dinosaur knowledge were provided with a series of tasks to determine the relative effects of knowledge and development on subordinate category extension, differentiation, and subsequent revision. As knowledge increased, individuals generated higher proportions of category underextensions and lower proportions of overextensions. Adults, but not children, who were highly knowledgeable about dinosaurs demonstrated similar patterns of extension for unfamiliar categories, suggesting that knowledge transfer is mediated by age-related strategies. Adults at all levels of knowledge were more likely to revise their category extensions than children were. The relation between intelligence and expertise in object domains is considered and a preliminary model of the effects of knowledge and development on skill at categorization is presented.
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR COPPER IN ADULT MALE MICE FED AIN-93M RODENT DIET

Abstract Adult male Swiss-Webster mice were fed diets similar to AIN-93M containing 0.8, 1.7 2.5, 3.6, 4.3, 5.4, and 6.5 mg copper/kg. Significant reductions in serum copper, serum ceruloplasmin amine oxidase activity, and liver copper concentrations were observed in mice fed dietary copper concentrations lower than 2.5 mg/kg. By using nonlinear modeling of serum copper concentrations and serum ceruloplasmin amine oxidase activity, it was estimated that the minimal dietary concentration of copper to maintain maximal levels of these parameters in adult male mice was between 2.5 and 4 mg/kg diet.
Spectral theory for algebraic combinations of Toeplitz and composition operators

Abstract We determine the essential spectra of algebraic combinations of Toeplitz operators with continuous symbol and composition operators induced by a class of linear-fractional non-automorphisms of the unit disk. The operators in question act on the Hardy space H 2 on the unit disk. Our method is to realize the C ∗ -algebra that they generate as an extension of the compact operators by a concrete C ∗ -algebra whose invertible elements are easily characterized.
Two-spoke placement optimization under explicit specific absorption rate and power constraints in parallel transmission at ultra-high field.

Abstract The spokes method combined with parallel transmission is a promising technique to mitigate the B 1 + inhomogeneity at ultra-high field in 2D imaging. To date however, the spokes placement optimization combined with the magnitude least squares pulse design has never been done in direct conjunction with the explicit Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and hardware constraints. In this work, the joint optimization of 2-spoke trajectories and RF subpulse weights is performed under these constraints explicitly and in the small tip angle regime. The problem is first considerably simplified by making the observation that only the vector between the 2 spokes is relevant in the magnitude least squares cost-function, thereby reducing the size of the parameter space and allowing a more exhaustive search. The algorithm starts from a set of initial k-space candidates and performs in parallel for all of them optimizations of the RF subpulse weights and the k-space locations simultaneously, under explicit SAR and power constraints, using an active-set algorithm. The dimensionality of the spoke placement parameter space being low, the RF pulse performance is computed for every location in k-space to study the robustness of the proposed approach with respect to initialization, by looking at the probability to converge towards a possible global minimum. Moreover, the optimization of the spoke placement is repeated with an increased pulse bandwidth in order to investigate the impact of the constraints on the result. Bloch simulations and in vivo T 2 ∗ -weighted images acquired at 7 T validate the approach. The algorithm returns simulated normalized root mean square errors systematically smaller than 5% in 10 s.
Biorthogonal diffusion wavelets for multiscale representations on manifolds and graphs

Recent work by some of the authors presented a novel construction of a multiresolution analysis on manifolds and graphs, acted upon by a given symmetric Markov semigroup {T t } t≥0 , for which T t has low rank for large t.1 This includes important classes of diffusion-like operators, in any dimension, on manifolds, graphs, and in nonhomogeneous media. The dyadic powers of an operator are used to induce a multiresolution analysis, analogous to classical Littlewood-Paley 14 and wavelet theory, while associated wavelet packets can also be constructed. 2 This extends multiscale function and operator analysis and signal processing to a large class of spaces, such as manifolds and graphs, with efficient algorithms. Powers and functions of T (notably its Green's function) are efficiently computed, represented and compressed. This construction is related and generalizes certain Fast Multipole Methods, 3 the wavelet representation of Calderon-Zygmund and pseudo-differential operators, 4 and also relates to algebraic multigrid techniques. 5 The original diffusion wavelet construction yields orthonormal bases for multiresolution spaces {V j }. The orthogonality requirement has some advantages from the numerical perspective, but several drawbacks in terms of the space and frequency localization of the basis functions. Here we show how to relax this requirement in order to construct biorthogonal bases of diffusion scaling functions and wavelets. This yields more compact representations of the powers of the operator, better localized basis functions. This new construction also applies to non self-adjoint semigroups, arising in many applications.
The dorsal vagal complex as a site for cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide to suppress gastric emptying

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-derived peptides (CARTp) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) alter feeding and gastrointestinal function after central administration, and the gas...
The physiologic role and therapeutic potential of the Mpl-ligand in thrombopoiesis.

The constant and appropriate production of megakaryocytes, and subsequently platelets, is critical for maintenance of hemostasis. Inadequate megakaryopoiesis and/or thrombopoiesis can lead to serious bleeding disorders. The humoral factors regulating these processes have been the subject of study for several decades. Although many cytokines have been shown to influence megakaryocyte development and platelet production, none appeared to do so in a lineage-dominant fashion analogous to the situation with erythrocyte and neutrophil production. More recently, a ligand for the hematopoietic cytokine receptor encoded by the c-mpl gene (Mpl ligand) has been shown to have profound effects on megakaryocyte growth and development. These effects appear to include the expansion of megakaryocyte progenitors (i.e. megakaryocyte-colony stimulating activity), and induction of megakaryocyte maturation to the point of platelet production (i.e. thrombopoietin). Administration of recombinant Mpl-ligand to rodents or primates treated with myelosuppressive agents abrogates or alleviates the severity and the duration of the resultant thrombocytopenias. The in vitro and in vivo data to date indicate that this new cytokine holds tremendous promise as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of thrombocytopenia associated with cancer therapies.
The appropriation of the parental role through communication during the transition to parenthood

This research investigates the appropriation of the parental role during the transition to parenthood. Ten married couples were interviewed separately and together before and after the birth of a first child. The interviews were analyzed through two different interpretive methodologies: constant comparison of individual interview incidents and analysis of selected couple conversational excerpts. An analysis of the data revealed three relevant dimensions salient to the appropriation of the parental role: role expectations, role enactment, and role negotiation. Within each of the dimensions a particular tension emerged which made expectations, enactment, and negotiation about the role of parent difficult. The dilemmas involve the accuracy/inaccuracy of one's role expectations, other's facilitation/inhibition of self's role enactment, and openness/closedness in negotiating the parental role with one's spouse. The implications of the findings are contrasted with previous work regarding expectations, the relat...
Effects of Testing Context on Ball Skill Performance in 5-Year-Old Children With and Without Developmental Delay

Background and Purpose. Physical therapists often test ball-playing skills of children with disabilities using standardized testing, which may not predict performance of ball skills in games with peers. This type of testing is used by physical therapists to determine whether children have delays in ball-handling skills. The purpose of this study was to compare ball skill performance of children with and without developmental delay in a one-to-one testing situation and in a structured game with peers. Subjects. Five-year-old children with developmental delay (n=20) and 5-year-old children without disabilities (n=20) participated in the study. Methods. We used the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales receipt and propulsion scale to test children one-to-one with a therapist and during a structured game with peers. Results. Subjects without developmental delay performed better than subjects with developmental delay under both testing conditions. Children with developmental delay performed better in the one-to-one testing condition than in the game with peers. The performance of children without developmental delay did not differ under the 2 conditions. Boys performed better than girls. Conclusions and Discussion. Physical therapists should consider the potential effect of environment on the ball-handling skills of children with disabilities.
Self-Study In Teacher Education A Means And Ends Tool For Promoting Reflective Teaching

This article presents an argument for self-study of teacher education practices as a means and ends tool for promoting reflective teaching. The assertion is that self-study serves a dual purpose: as a means to promote reflective teaching and as a substantive end of teacher education. The argument consists of a five-part theoretical rationale for the use of self-study in reflection-oriented teacher education programs. Taken together, the various components of this rationale suggest that the promotion of reflective teaching will require something other than an additive approach to teacher education reform. Rather, self-study calls for a reconceptualization of the very process of teacher education itself. When teacher educators adopt self-study as an integral part of their own professional practice, the terrain of teacher preparation shifts. Self-study becomes more than just a means to the treasured aim of reflective teaching-self-study becomes an end of teacher education in its own right.
Characterization of thin-film microelectrode array and signal conditioning microchip for high spatial resolution Surface Laplacian measurement

Surface Laplacian (SL) electrograms have been found to be superior to unipolar electrograms in detecting local activation by providing local activation time, activation block and wavefront initiation information. Traditional electrode configurations do not provide adequate spatial resolution or signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) to measure SLs accurately in vivo. The purpose of this work is to develop a customized thin-film microelectrode array (TFMEA) with a custom multichannel signal conditioning microchip (SCM) that significantly improves the SNRs to make high-quality SL measurements feasible. In vitro and in vivo testing and characterization results clearly demonstrate the ability of the TFMEA-SCM system to obtain detailed SL measurements.
New minimal distortion shift gauge

Based on the recent understanding of the role of the densitized lapse function in Einstein's equations and of the proper way to pose the thin sandwich problem, a slight readjustment of the minimal distortion shift gauge in the $3+1$ approach to the dynamics of general relativity allows this shift vector to serve as the vector potential for the longitudinal part of the extrinsic curvature tensor in the new approach to the initial value problem, thus extending the initial value decomposition of gravitational variables to play a role in the evolution as well. The new shift vector globally minimizes the changes in the conformal 3-metric with respect to the spacetime measure rather than the spatial measure on the time coordinate hypersurfaces, as the old shift vector did.
Deformation and failure modes under compressive loading in lamellar TiAl

A physically based micromechanical model is applied to study finite compressive deformation and failure in lamellar TiAl microstructures. Orientation dependent yielding of lamellar TiAl single crystals is specifically modeled. Finite element computations show that deformation is inherently non-uniform in the lamellar microstructure. Intergranular fracture (at low strains) and internal buckling (at high strains) are found to be two of the most important failure modes.
Molecular steps in soluble guanylate cyclase activation

Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is a hemoprotein that is selectively activated by specifically binding NO. Once activated sGC synthesizes cyclic GMP from GTP which then triggers reactions essential to animal physiology. sGC essentially functions as a selective sensor for NO. sGC belongs to a recently identified group of proteins termed the H-NOX family (Heme Nitric oxide/OXygen binding proteins) that includes bacterial counterparts from aerobic and anaerobic organisms [1-4]. Based on our recent structure of a family member [3], a molecular basis for the ligand discrimination against O2 in NO-regulated sGCs has been established. Further studies have pointed towards O2-regulated sGCs in C. elegans [5]. NO binding to the heme remains as a key molecular activation step; however, it has become clear that activation and deactivation are regulated in a complex manner [6,7]. In the accepted model shown below, NO binds to the sGC heme, activating the enzyme after conversion to the 5coordinate nitrosyl complex.
Phytoplankton phosphorus limitation and food quality for Bosmina

Recent studies have demonstrated that Daphnia, a cladoceran (anomopod) zooplankton species with a high phosphorus content, can become P limited when fed algae deficient in phosphorus. Bosmina is another common anomopod zooplankter, but its body has a lower percentage of P than does that of Daphnia, and Bosmina might therefore be less susceptible to P mineral limitation. To test for this hypothesized interspecific difference in nutrition, Bosmina and Daphnia were raised on two food types: P-deficient or P-sufficientScenedesmus acutus in two concentrations (0.2 or 1.0 mg C L 21 ). As predicted by its lower P content, Bosmina growth and fecundity were not affected by the P content of algal food, even though P-deficient food caused significant declines in these life history parameters for Daphnia. Results suggest that Bosmina has a lower P requirement than does Daphnia and that Bosmina may process phosphorus more efficiently or be better able to survive losses in body P content. The outcome of competition between Bosmina and Daphnia therefore might shift in favor of low-P-content zooplankton such as Bosmina under conditions of seston P mineral limitation.
pFabric: minimal near-optimal datacenter transport

In this paper we present pFabric, a minimalistic datacenter transport design that provides near theoretically optimal flow completion times even at the 99th percentile for short flows, while still minimizing average flow completion time for long flows. Moreover, pFabric delivers this performance with a very simple design that is based on a key conceptual insight: datacenter transport should decouple flow scheduling from rate control. For flow scheduling, packets carry a single priority number set independently by each flow; switches have very small buffers and implement a very simple priority-based scheduling/dropping mechanism. Rate control is also correspondingly simpler; flows start at line rate and throttle back only under high and persistent packet loss. We provide theoretical intuition and show via extensive simulations that the combination of these two simple mechanisms is sufficient to provide near-optimal performance.
Crpc Research Into Linear Algebra Software for High Performance Computers

In this paper we look at a number of approaches being investigated in the Center for Research on Parallel Computation CRPC to develop linear algebra soft ware for high-performance computers. These ap proaches are exemplified by the LAPACK, templates, and ARPACK projects. LAPACK is a software library for performing dense and banded linear algebra computa tions, and was designed to run efficiently on high-per formance computers. We focus on the design of the distributed-memory version of LAPACK, and on an ob ject-oriented interface to LAPACK.
On multi-resolution coding and a two-hop network

Summary form only given. We study the source coding problem on a simple two-hop network with side information on the middle and end nodes. For the degraded case, where the side information at the end node is weaker than the side information at the middle node, a complete characterization of the rate-distortion region is derived.
Integrating system health management into the early design of aerospace systems using Functional Fault Analysis

This paper introduces a systematic design methodology, namely the functional fault analysis (FFA), developed with the goal of integrating SHM into early design of aerospace systems. The basis for the FFA methodology is a high-level, functional model of a system that captures the physical architecture, including the physical connectivity of energy, material, and data flows within the system. The model also contains all sensory information, failure modes associated with each component of the system, the propagation of the effects of these failure modes, and the characteristic timing by which fault effects propagate along the modeled physical paths. Using this integrated model, the designers and system analysts can assess the sensor suitepsilas diagnostic functionality and analyze the ldquoracerdquo between the propagation of fault effects and the fault detection isolation and response (FDIR) mechanisms designed to compensate and respond to them. The Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle has been introduced as a case example to illustrate the use of the Functional Fault Analysis (FFA) methodology during system design.
Robustness to Friction Estimation for Nonlinear Position Control of an Electrohydraulic Actuator

A near input-output (IO) linearizing position tracking controller is a nonlinear controller based on a nonlinear model of an electrohydraulic actuator. It uses feedback of piston friction force. In this paper, a friction model is identified from offline experiments and is subsequently approximated with differentiable functions. The effects of altering the friction estimate and even of ignoring it altogether, are investigated. For the test system considered, the near IO linearizing controller is moderately robust to this uncertainty in friction.
Privacy-preserving cooperative scientific computations

Abstract: The growth of the Internet has triggered tremendous opportunities for cooperative computation, in which multiple parties need to jointly conduct computation tasks based on the private inputs they each supply. These computations could occur between mutually untrusted parties, or even between competitors. For example, two competing financial organizations might jointly invest in a project that must satisfy both organizations' private and valuable constraints. Today, to conduct such a computation, one must usually know the inputs from all the participants; however if nobody can be trusted enough to know all the inputs, privacy will become a primary concern. Linear systems of equations problem and linear least-square problem problems are two important scientific computations that involve linear equations. Solutions to these problems are widely used in many areas such as banking, manufacturing, and telecommunications. However, the existing solutions do not extend to the privacy-preserving cooperative computation situation, in which the linear equations are shared by multiple parties, who do not want to disclose their data to the other parties. In this paper, we formally define these specific privacy-preserving cooperative computation problems, and present protocols to solve them.
Germanium Dichloride–Dioxane Complex

[28595-67-7] C4H8Cl2GeO2 (MW 231.60) InChI = 1S/C4H8O2.Cl2Ge/c1-2-6-4-3-5-1;1-3-2/h1-4H2; InChIKey = NYMJLNHIEKAQSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (germylene precursor; Lewis acid catalyst; insertion reactions; cycloadditions and polymerizations) Physical Data: mp 176–178 °C. Solubility: slightly sol Et2O; sol THF. Preparative Methods: a 100 mL flask equipped with a reflux condenser, nitrogen inlet, and gas outlet connected to a bubbling tower (for removing HCl) was charged with 21.8 g of germanium tetrachloride (0.102 mol), 18.7 mL of anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (0.220 mol), and 5 mL of hexane. To this solution at rt was slowly added 9.6 mL of 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (0.054 mol) through the condenser. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 8 h, cooled to rt, and filtered to remove a precipitated white solid via cannula. The solid was washed with three 20 mL portions of hexane, then dried in vacuo to give 14.5 g (63%) of the germanium dichloride–dioxane complex as a white solid.2 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: should be handled under nitrogen and stored in a refrigerator. Germanium is reputed to be of low toxicity. Use in a fume hood.
Sol-gel Synthesis of LaAlO3; Epitaxial Growth of LaAlO3 Thin Films on SrTiO3(100)

A LaAlO3 precursor solution was prepared via an all alkoxide sol-gel route. The solution of lanthanum methoxyethoxide and aluminum methoxyethoxide in 2-methoxyethanol was prepared via ligand exchange starting from lanthanum isopropoxide and aluminum sec-butoxide and was used to make both LaAlO3 powders and films. Complete hydrolysis of the solution formed a gel that yielded well-crystallized LaAlO3 powders when fired in air at 800 °C. A partially hydrolyzed solution was spun-cast on SrTiO3 (100) single crystal substrates. Epitaxial films of LaAlO3 were subsequently formed during pyrolysis in O2 at 800 °C in a rapid thermal annealing furnace for a total of 8 min. The films were strongly c-axis oriented, verified by x-ray rocking curve results from the (003) plane with full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) = 0.87°, and had good in-plane texture shown by a ϕ scan of the (202) plane with FWHM = 1.07°.
Connection principles for multipath, packet switching networks

Packet switched Multistage Interconnection Networks (MINs) have been mostly proposed to use unique connection path between any source and destination. We propose to add a few extra stages in an MIN to create multiple paths between any source and destination. Connection principles of Multipath MINs (MMINs) for packet switching are presented in this paper. Performance of such network is analyzed for possible use in multiprocessor systems and dataflow computers. For an MMIN with n nodes, the number of required stages is confined in the range [log2n+1, 2log2n-1]. Each stage consists of n/2 buffered 2-by-2 switching cells. In practice, one or two extra stages is sufficient beyond log2n stages required in a unique-path MIN. The delays of MMINs are shown much shorter than that of using unique-path MINs for packet switching. The improvement lies in significantly reduced packet wait delays in buffers, especially under heavy traffic conditions. The tradeoffs between reduced network delays and increased hardware cost are studied. Optimal design criteria and procedures are provided for developing MMINs with a fixed network size and stages.
Separating in-shell pistachio nuts from kernels using impact vibration analysis

A sorting system has been developed for the separation of small in-shell pistachio nuts from kernels without shells on the basis of vibrations generated when moving samples strike a steel plate. Impacts between the steel plate and the hard shells, as measured using an accelerometer attached to the bottom of the plate, produce higher frequency signals than impacts between the plate and the kernels. Signal amplitudes, on the other hand, were highly variable and by themselves were not useful for the separation of samples. An algorithm was developed using both amplitude and frequency information to classify the signals. The algorithm activated an air nozzle to divert in-shell nuts away from the kernel stream. A prototype sorter was tested at throughput rates of 0.33, 10, 20, and 40 nuts per second using a mix of 10% in-shell and 90% kernels. At the lowest throughput rate, classification accuracies were 96% for in-shell nuts and 99% for kernels. For throughput rates between 10 and 40 nuts/s, correct classification ranged from 84 to 90% for in-shell nuts. For kernels, accuracy was 95% at 10 and 20 nuts/s and 89% at 40 nuts/s.
Absolute Calibration of a Light Detector

A method is described for the determination of the absolute spectral sensitivity of a photomultiplier in the wavelength range from 2200 A to cutoff. The standard of radiation is thermal radiation from a tungsten strip lamp and the dispersing instrument is an arrangement of two conventional grating monochromators in tandem. The major portions of the calibration are the determinations of the monochromator transmissions and then of the relative and finally absolute spectral sensitivity of the photomultiplier. As an example of the use of this detector, the determination of the absolute spectral output of two lamps is described.
Optimal data allocation in a bus computer network

A study is made of the partitioning of a global database and the allocation of the partitions in a bus computer system. The authors deal with systems where database partitioning and the allocation of the partitions to processing nodes can be solved simultaneously. The combined decision is referred to as data allocation. The objective is to allocate data so that the mean transaction response time is minimized. A queuing optimization model for solving the problem is formulated as a nonlinear programming problem. The uniqueness of the optimal policy is proved and an optimization procedure is developed. The model is illustrated with a sample system. >
Lipid-protein interactions mediate the photochemical function of rhodopsin

We have investigated the molecular features of recombinant membranes that are necessary for the photochemical function of rhodopsin. The magnitude of the metarhodopsin I to metarhodopsin II phototransient following a 25% +/- 3% bleaching flash was used as a criterion of photochemical activity at 28 degrees C and pH 7.0. Nativelike activity of rhodopsin can be reconstituted with an extract of total lipids from rod outer segment membranes, demonstrating that the protein is minimally perturbed by the reconstitution protocol. Rhodopsin photochemical activity is enhanced by phosphatidylethanolamine head groups and docosahexaenoyl (22:6 omega 3) acyl chains. An equimolar mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine containing 50 mol% docosahexaenoyl chains results in optimal photochemical function. These results suggest the importance of both the head-group and acyl chain composition of the rod outer segment lipids in the visual process. The extracted rod lipids and those lipid mixtures favoring the conformational change from metarhodopsin I to II can undergo lamellar (L alpha) to inverted hexagonal (HII) phase transitions near physiological temperature. Interaction of rhodopsin with membrane lipids close to a L alpha to HII (or cubic) phase boundary may thus lead to properties which influence the energetics of conformational states of the protein linked to visual function.
Internet-scale IPv4 alias resolution with MIDAR

A critical step in creating accurate Internet topology maps from traceroute data is mapping IP addresses to routers, a process known as alias resolution. Recent work in alias resolution inferred aliases based on similarities in IP ID time series produced by different IP addresses. We design, implement, and experiment with a new tool that builds on these insights to scale to Internet-scale topologies, i.e., millions of addresses, with greater precision and sensitivity. MIDAR, our Monotonic ID-Based Alias Resolution tool, provides an extremely precise ID comparison test based on monotonicity rather than proximity. MIDAR integrates multiple probing methods, multiple vantage points, and a novel sliding-window probe scheduling algorithm to increase scalability to millions of IP addresses. Experiments show that MIDAR's approach is effective at minimizing the false positive rate sufficiently to achieve a high positive predictive value at Internet scale. We provide sample statistics from running MIDAR on over 2 million addresses. We also validate MIDAR and RadarGun against available ground truth and show that MIDAR's results are significantly better than RadarGun's. Tools such as MIDAR can enable longitudinal study of the Internet's topological evolution.
α-Adrenergic Receptors in Human Adipocyte Membranes: Direct Determination by [3H]Yohimbine Binding

The presence of α2-adrenergic receptors in membranes derived from human sc adipose tissue was directly demonstrated with a new α2-selective ligand, [3H]yohimbine. Binding of this radiolabeled antagonist to adipocyte membranes was of high affinity (Kd =3.9 ± 2.4 nin) and saturable. Computer modelling of [3H]yohimbine saturation curves demonstrated that it binds to a homogeneous class of sites with a density of 145.0 ± 33.8 fmol/mg protein. Adrenergic agonists competed with [3H]yohimbine in the order expected of α-receptors, and their binding was strongly influenced by guanine nucleotides. Competition of α-antagonists with this radioligand demonstrated yohimbine to be more potent than prazosin, indicative of α2-receptors. Antagonist binding was unaffected by guanine nucleotides. Paired saturation curves in these adipocyte membranes with the α2-selective [3H]yohimbine and the nonsubtype selective α-antagonist [3H]dihydroergocryptine demonstrated similar receptorconcentrations. [3H]Dihydroergocryptine has bee...
Spatial Comprehension and Comparison Processes in Verification Tasks.

Abstract Two experiments use the sentence-picture verification paradigm to study encoding and comparison processes with spatial information. Subjects decided whether a spatial description of a figure or a geometric figure matched a second figure. Three critical results (the effects of display complexity, the effects of lexical markedness, and the relative speeds of “same” and “different” responses) covaried across four experimental conditions. These results demonstrate that task-specific variables can be the primary determinants of how subjects verify sentences. When the two displays were presented successively and subjects took as much time as they needed to prepare for the test figure, verification time was not affected by the pictorial complexity of the test figure or by the markedness of the relational terms used in the descriptions, and “same” responses were faster than “different” responses. When subjects had less time to study the spatial description before the test picture appeared, the effects of complexity and lexical markedness on verification time increased and were largest when the two displays appeared simultaneously; concurrently, “differents” became faster than “sames.” This pattern of results is not easily handled by current models for sentence-picture verification.
An Analysis of Patient Acceptance and Safety of a Prefilled Insulin Injection Device

This article summarizes and interprets the findings of Carter and colleagues in this issue of Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, a study of the real world use of a prefilled insulin pen device. In this observational study, people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes rated their experience with the SoloSTAR pen device after 6–10 weeks of use. Data on patient satisfaction, product technical complaints, and adverse effects were reported. Randomized, controlled trials are needed that compare the various pen devices and the vial/syringe in terms of accuracy of dosing, adherence to therapy, and ease of use (including patient perception of injection force required) to assess whether a particular method of insulin delivery or pen delivery device provides a clinical advantage over another.
Effects of high-LET neon (20Ne) particle radiation on the brain, eyes and other head structures of the pocket mouse: a histological study.

SummaryA study was made of tissues from 130 pocket mice after a single head-only exposure to high-LET 20Ne particle radiation at 1000, 100 or 10 rad (nominal surface dose) with the view of obtaining base-line data regarding the effectiveness of HZE (cosmic-ray) particles during spaceflight.First seen at 2–3 weeks after exposure, necrotic neurons in the cerebrum reached peak incidence (0·04 per cent at 1000 rad, 0·003 per cent at 100 rad and < 0·0005 per cent at 10 rad) after 4–5 weeks and decreased to low levels thereafter. Incidence in the cerebellum was lower. Neuroglia, cells of the subependymal matrix and dentate gyrus precursor cells suffered acute damage at 1000 and at 100 rad. At 1000 rad, enlarged hyperchromatic neuroglia, first noted at 3 weeks, increased in number up to 7 months, then declined. Alterations in the retina and olfactory epithelium were seen at 1000 rad, and reaction in the scalp at 100 rad. Damage was incurred by dentinoblasts at 10 rad.Changes similar to those observed in pocket m...
The Politics of Privatization

As indicated in the previous section, the decision to privatize should be guided by whether privatization is likely to raise national welfare and living standards. Most discussions on privatization suggest that policymakers are indeed primarily motivated by a desire to improve economic efficiency and growth. For example, Mark Baker from Privatization International suggests that: There can be no doubt … that the once prevalent view of privatization as an exclusively rightwing ideology has shown itself to be shortsighted and ill informed. Practically every administration in the world has now embraced the principles of rationalization and efficiency that the majority of contributors to this book give as the major objective in transferring state owned companies to the private sector (Baker, 1998: 1).
Anaesthesia for paediatric lower limb surgery

### Key points Musculoskeletal problems in children account for about one-third of all congenital abnormalities. Many, such as clubfoot and hip dysplasia may be isolated in otherwise healthy children but a significant number of patients present for surgery with a musculoskeletal aspect of their multi-system disease. The anaesthetic care and management of the child requiring lower limb orthopaedic surgery may range from the straightforward to the very complex and this is largely dependent upon the child's pre-existing condition for which they require the corrective surgery. This article will focus on the assessment and anaesthetic management of children requiring surgery to correct their lower limb problems. Children with some underlying medical conditions frequently require orthopaedic intervention and these include: ### Spina bifida Caused by incomplete closure of the embryonic neural tube, spina bifida has a range of clinical presentations, from spina bifida occulta to meningocele and Arnold–Chiari malformation associated with hydrocephalus. The total incidence of spina bifida is 5.8 per 10 000 total births but the incidence of elective termination in affected pregnancies is ∼72%, so incidence in live births is much lower. Ten year survival now exceeds 80%.1 Myelomeningocele is a sac containing meninges and neural elements bulging through a vertebral defect and which is closed surgically shortly after birth, but the underlying spinal cord damage remains. Abnormal lower limb growth and denervation can lead to developmental abnormalities such as hip dysplasia and talipes equinovarus (clubfoot). Neuromuscular imbalance occurs when spastic or unopposed muscles work …
Growth suppression of human pancreatic cells by a novel PKCβ inhibitor, enzastaurin

14141 Background: Human pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease. Standard therapy, gemcitabine, is not able to alter the natural history of the disease. Targeting intracellular signaling molecul...
Carefree in Play

This teaching case, Carefree in Play, focuses on the behavior of a corporate board during a control contest, a time of potentially acute conflict between management and shareholders. It illustrates how a board may be subverted and lays the groundwork for discussion of what should be done to ensure the effective discharge of director responsibilities.
Cases, Costumes, and Civic Concepts: Three Decades of the 'Equal Justice Under Law' Video Series

To facilitate students' knowledge of constitutional principles, and later to commemorate the Constitution's bicentenary, the U.S. Judicial Conference commissioned Equal Justice Under Law - a set of four period-costume video dramatizations of the most significant Marshall Court decisions. Usually the first Court cases to which constitutional law students are exposed, these cases are neither easy to teach nor conceptually accessible for most students who are just beginning to understand legal reasoning. In this article, I show that the films continue to bring to life events portrayed in legal decisions that students might otherwise dismiss as simply required reading. In order to reconstruct the decision-making processes for the series, I draw on material from the papers of Judges Edward Dumbauld and Clement Haynsworth. Other conclusions are reached by combining analysis with the teaching notes written by Justice Harry Blackmun, and classroom experience using the material.
Breast-health screening perceptions of Chinese Canadian immigrant women aged 30 to 69

The global prevalence of breast cancer in the century continues to increase although mortality rates could be reduced by early detection and treatment. While the incidence of cancer, stages of diagnosis, and survival rates vary among different ethnic groups, early detection through breast-health screening and prompt treatment are effective in reducing mortality rates. The purpose of this case study was to explore and describe the perceptions of breast-health screening among Chinese Canadian immigrant women and barriers that prevented them from having breast-health screening. A purposeful sample of 27 women aged 30 to 69 who had migrated from China, resided in Canada for 5 years, and had no history of breast cancer was recruited. Semi-structured interviews and two focus groups provided information about participants’ breast-health screening experiences. Although participants were cognizant of the ramifications of breast cancer and benefits of screening, they were reluctant to utilize clinical opportunities for early detection. Findings suggested that Chinese cultural beliefs and practices contribute to low participation in breast-health screening can represent opportunities for health care professionals to proactively educate communities on the benefits of preventive health and recommend breast-health screening. Potential strategies to promote breast-health screening include culturally sensitive linguistic educational programs, physician recommendations or referrals to breast-health screening as a standard process for annual medical visits, expanded operating hours for screening clinics, and community-based outreach initiatives. Findings from this study may provide policymakers, health care leaders, public health officials, and health educators evidence-based information for developing policies, guidelines, and educational programs to help new immigrant women access preventive health services such as breast-health screening program. Future research on a broader demographic group may yield additional insights on strategies to optimize early detection of breast cancer.
A MODEL FOR INTERDIFFUSION AT METAL SEMICONDUCTOR INTERFACES: CONDITIONS FOR SPIKING

We have derived a dynamical model for interdiffusion at aluminum-silicon interfaces which can explain the great variety of rates of interdiffusion observed for this system. The variables addressed by the model include the degree of covalent bonding which occurs at the chemical interface and the local atomic structure of that interface. Local solid solubility data and maximum rates of dissolution are derived analytically, and good agreement is observed between the model and both thermodynamic data for the bulk aluminum-silicon system and kinetic data for reaction rates at differently prepared interfaces. The influence of dopants and structural defects on the predictions of the model is in accord with experimental observations. The model points to some critical conditions for the preparation of thermally stable aluminum-silicon interfaces, which are potentially applicable to other metal-semiconductor systems.
Icing Wind Tunnel Tests of a Contaminated Supercritical Anti-iced Wing Section during Simulated Take-off

Icing wind tunnel tests were conducted at the National Research Council Canada’s 3 m x 6 m Propulsion and Icing Wind Tunnel (PIWT) located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The tests were performed on a generic supercritical airfoil representative of those found on regional jet-type aircraft. Tests nominally consisted of coating the wing with anti-icing fluid, applying various levels of contamination (e.g., snow, ice pellets, freezing rain, or combinations thereof), and then simulating a take-off condition in the wind tunnel by accelerating the wind speed and pitching the wing through a desired pitch-profile. The wing performance was evaluated primarily by the measured lift-loss relative to the lift generated by a clean wing, as well as a visual assessment. The experimental results were used as guidance for regulators in determining allowance times for aircraft operating in winter precipitation with ice pellets. Results showed greater sensitivity of this airfoil to contamination effects as compared to previous work on non-supercritical airfoil sections.
Sociodemographic disparities associated with perceived causes of unmet need for mental health care.

Objective Mental disorders are among the leading causes of disability in the United States. In 2011, over 10 million adults felt that even though they needed treatment for mental health problems, they received insufficient or no mental health care and reported unmet need. This article assesses associations between sociodemographic characteristics and perceived causes of unmet needs for mental health care. Method A sample of 2,564 adults with unmet mental health need was obtained from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Outcome variables were 5 main reasons for unmet need: cost, stigma, minimization, low perceived treatment effectiveness, and structural barriers. Each cause of unmet need was regressed on sociodemographic, health, and service use characteristics. Women had higher odds of cost-related reasons for unmet need than men. Odds of stigma and structural barriers were greater among Blacks than Whites, and among rural than metropolitan residents. Compared with the uninsured, insured persons were less likely to report cost barriers. However, insured persons had higher odds of stigma and minimization of mental disorders. Conclusions and implications for practice Insurance alone is unlikely to resolve the problem of unmet need. Understanding the social epidemiology of perceived unmet need will help identify populations at risk of not receiving mental health care or insufficient care. Focusing on specific programs and services that are designed to address the causes of perceived unmet need in particular populations is important. Future research should explore how intersecting social statuses affect the likelihood of perceived unmet need.
OP0042 Increased modeling-based bone formation and decreased bone resorption on endocortical surfaces in male cynomolgus monkeys treated with sclerostin antibody

Background Bone formation on previously quiescent surfaces occurs through a process known as bone modeling, which differs from the resorption-coupled formation that occurs during bone remodeling. The robust anabolic effects of sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) on trabecular surfaces were previously demonstrated to occur almost entirely via modeling in both OVX rats 1 and adolescent non-human primates. 2 Objectives In the current analysis, we quantified the effects of Scl-Ab on modeling- and remodeling-based bone formation on the femur endocortical surface in male cynomolgus monkeys. Methods Adolescent (4-5-year-old) monkeys were treated biweekly with subcutaneous vehicle (Veh) or 30 mg/kg Scl-Ab for 10 weeks. Tetracycline (25 mg/kg) was injected on days 14 and 24, and calcein (8 mg/kg) was injected on days 56 and 66. Histomorphometry was performed on cross-sections of the left femur diaphysis. Results Calcein-based mineralizing surface (MS/BS) was increased from 14% in Veh to 88% in the Scl-Ab group (p Conclusions These results demonstrate that Scl-Ab markedly increased modeling-based bone formation and reduced bone resorption in cortical bone, similar to the findings in trabecular bone. These contrasting effects on bone formation and resorption illustrate the unique tissue-level mechanism of Scl-Ab, which was consistent across both trabecular and cortical sites. Based on these results in non-human primates, the therapeutic profile of Scl-Ab provides a rapid and efficient process by which bone mass can be increased. References Li et al. J Bone Min Res. 2007;22(S1):S36. Ominsky et al. J Bone Min Res. 2010;25(S1):S53. Disclosure of Interest M. Ominsky Shareholder of: Amgen Inc., Employee of: Amgen Inc., Q.-T. Niu Shareholder of: Amgen Inc., Employee of: Amgen Inc., H. Z. Ke Shareholder of: Amgen Inc., Employee of: Amgen Inc.
Adsorption of Ruthenium and Iron Metallocenes on Silica: A Solid-State NMR Study

Ruthenocene, bis(indenyl)ruthenium, bis(tetrahydroindenyl)ruthenium, cyclododecane, ferrocene, and ferrocene-d2 have been adsorbed on silica surfaces by grinding the polycrystalline materials with silica. The adsorption process proceeds without solvent and is practically complete within 2 h. Its progress is monitored by 1H, 13C, and 2H solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The transition from the crystal lattice to the surface species that are highly mobile is proven by strongly reduced chemical shift anisotropies and diminished dipolar interactions. Furthermore, the residual line widths are reduced. All solid-state NMR spectra indicate that the transition from a monolayer to the crystalline state is abrupt, and no multiple layers form on the surfaces. A correlation between surface coverage and 2H residual line widths has been established. Besides a hydrophobic dry silica surface, wet and TMS-capped silica have been used as supports. The adsorption leads to the highest surface coverages and most mobile species fo...
A Novel Neuromodulator in Basal Ganglia

Cannabinoids are a family of compounds that naturally occur in the marihuana plant(Cannabis sativa)and produce their effects through recently cloned G-coupled cannabinoid receptors (Matsuda et al. 1990; Munro et al. 1993). Of the myriad of physiological actions of cannabinoids, the motor effects seem to be mediated by the neural CB1 cannabinoid receptor (Rinaldi-Carmona et al. 1994, Compton et al. 1996). In general, activation of CB1 receptors by cannabinoid agonists inhibits neurotransmission through various mechanisms: by inhibition of adenylate cyclase thus decreasing the cellular levels of cAMP (Howlett et al 1995), by activation of K+ channels thus decreasing the excitability of the cell (Deadwyler et al. 1993), and by inhibition of N/Q Ca2+ channels thus inhibiting neurotransmitter release (Mackie et al 1992).