cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cathodoluminescence of copper and nickel surfaces

Abstract Cathodoluminescence spectra of clean and oxidized Cu(100) and Ni(100) surfaces, using 60–1000 eV electron bombardment, has been measured. A broad peak at 310 nm has been observed for both clean Cu and Ni surfaces. This peak is attributed to radiative recombination of electrons from the point X ' 4 with holes at the point X 5 of the energy band diagram. A narrow peak at 520 nm has been found to correlate with the growth of oxide on the Cu and Ni surfaces. This peak can be attributed to electronic transitions involving energy levels of the O 2- ions. The cathodoluminescence technique appears useful for studying the initial growth of metal oxides.
Using ambulatory virtual environments for the assessment of functional gait impairment: a proof-of-concept study.

This study aimed to demonstrate the sensitivity of virtual reality (VR)/motion tracking to detect global functional gait impairment resulting from an emulated knee disability as a prelude to describing mobility changes following lower limb injury/treatment. Participants walked in a figure-8 around two virtual posts placed 6m apart while viewing the computer-generated environment in a helmet-mounted display. Three-dimensional position and orientation of the participant's head were tracked and used to update the virtual scenes, measure walking path and speed, and control task parameters with real-time feedback. Participants walked with/without an emulated lower extremity disability (splint preventing normal knee flexion). Participants performed the task at self-selected Natural (NAT) speed providing a baseline measure of their turning speed and area. Turning speed and area were then in turn maintained fixed (controlled speed, CS; controlled path, CP) while the other variable was measured as a gait impairment indicator. Different adaptive strategies were used to cope with the emulated deficit during the NAT scenario: maintaining turning speed while altering path geometry; decreasing turning speed while maintaining path geometry; and combining the previous two strategies. This resulted, on average, in decreased turning speeds and increased turning areas. The CS and CP manipulations respectively generated even greater turning areas and more consistent speed decreases. The three subtests acted as intertwined filters enabling the detection of functional gait impairment in all subjects regardless of their adaptive strategies. This proof-of-concept study demonstrated how VR/motion tracking technology can be used to detect and quantitatively characterize global functional mobility impairment. Language: en
Robust Loop Detection for Interactively Placing Evenly Placed Streamlines

The authors present a robust and fast loop-detection strategy to interactively place dense, uncluttered, evenly spaced streamlines, which help visualize complex flows. Although loop detection is critical to streamline placement, few researchers have addressed this issue. In this paper an effective, robust, and fast loop-detection strategy for creating evenly spaced streamlines is described. At a negligible additional cost, it allows interactive streamline placement for complex flows on an ordinary PC.
Thrust Enhancement in Hypervelocity Nozzles by Chemical Catalysis

In the hypersonic flight regime, the air-breathing supersonic combustion ramjet (scramjet) has been shown to be a viable propulsion system. The current designs of scramjet engines provide performance benefits only up to a Mach number of 14. Performance losses increase rapidly as the Mach number increases. To extend the applicability of scram'jets beyond Mach 14, research is being conducted in the area of inlet and wave drag reduction, skin-friction and heat-transfer reduction, nozzle loss minimization, low-loss mixing, and combustion enhancement. For high Mach number applications, hydrogen is the obvious fuel choice because of its high energy content per unit mass in comparison with conventional fuels. These flight conditions require engines to operate at supersonic internal velocities, high combustor temperatures, and low static pressures. The high static temperature condition enhances the production of radicals such as H and OH, and the low-pressure condition slows the reaction rates, particularly the recombination reactions. High-temperature and low-pressure constraints, in combination with a small residence time, result in a radical-rich exhaust gas mixture exiting the combustor. At high Mach number conditions (due to low residence time), H and OH do not have enough time to recombine ; thus, a significant amount of energy is lost as these high-energy free radical are exhausted. The objective of the present study is to conduct a flowfield analysis for a typical nozzle geometry for NASP-type vehicle to assess for thrust enhancement in hypervelocity nozzles by substituting small amount of phosphine for hydrogen.
Obesity and Health System Reform: Private vs. Public Responsibility

Obesity is a particularly vexing public health challenge, since it not only underlies much disease and health spending but also largely stems from repeated personal behavioral choices. The newly enacted comprehensive health reform law contains a number of provisions to address obesity. For example, insurance companies are required to provide coverage for preventive-health services, which include obesity screening and nutritional counseling. In addition, employers will soon be able to offer premium discounts to workers who participate in wellness programs that emphasize behavioral choices. These policies presume that government intervention to reduce obesity is necessary and justified. Some people, however, argue that individuals have a compelling interest to pursue their own health and happiness as they see fit, and therefore any government intervention in these areas is an unwarranted intrusion into privacy and one's freedom to eat, drink, and exercise as much or as little as one wants. This paper clarifies the overlapping individual, employer, and social interest in each person's health generally to avoid obesity and its myriad costs in particular. The paper also explores recent evidence on the impact of government interventions on obesity through case studies on food labeling and employer-based anti-obesity interventions. Our analysis suggests a positive role for government intervention to reduce and prevent obesity. At the same time, we discuss criteria that can be used to draw lines between government, employer, and individual responsibility for health, and to derive principles that should guide and limit government interventions on obesity as health reform's various elements (e.g., exchanges, insurance market reforms) are implemented in the coming years.
Developmental Expression and Activities of Specific Fos and Jun Proteins Are Functionally Related to Osteoblast Maturation: Role of Fra-2 and Jun D during Differentiation*

Developmental studies of oncogene expression implicate the Fos and Jun family of transcription factors in the regulation of bone growth and differentiation. Promoters of many developmentally regulated genes, including osteocalcin, a marker of osteoblast differentiation, contain AP-1 sites that bind Fos/Jun dimers. Here, we demonstrate that the selective expression of fos- and jun-related genes is functionally related to the stage of osteoblast growth and differentiation in vitro. During osteoblast proliferation, nuclear protein levels of all seven activating protein-1 (AP-1) members are maximal. Subsequently, during the period of extracellular matrix maturation, levels decline. In fully differentiated osteoblasts, Fra-2 and (to a lesser extent) Jun D are the principal AP-1 members detectable by Western blot analysis. AP-1 complex composition and binding activity also exhibit developmental changes. All Fos and Jun family members are involved in AP-1 complex formation in proliferating cells, whereas Fra-2 a...
Bayesian cell filter for constrained non-Gaussian estimation

The Bayesian approach provides the most general formulation of the recursive state estimation problem. Except for linear-Gaussian systems, the solution is seldom amenable to implementation. This paper poses the estimation problem in discretized state space. A novel approach is used to model probabilistic dynamics as finite state Markov chains. The Bayesian cell filter can handle nonlinearities, nonGaussian process and measurement noise and constraints. The filter splits the problem into offline modeling and online estimation tasks. The cell filter is compared with Monte Carlo based particle filter for accuracy and efficiency.
Gene expression arrays in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: will the blind men finally see the elephant?

The term juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is a erm used to describe a heterogeneous group of disorers that share the common characteristic of chronic nflammation and hyperplasia of synovial membranes. he term overlaps, but is not synonymous with, the erms juvenile chronic arthritis (used in the British iterature) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (a term oming into more common use internationally). For all hree major subtypes of JRA (ie, systemic, polyarticlar, and pauciarticular), the histologic appearance of he inflamed synovium is indistinguishable from that een in adult rheumatoid arthritis, leading many invesigators to conclude that similar pathogenic mechaisms must be involved in these phenotypically disinct diseases. The pathogenesis of JRA is unknown. Current theries of disease pathogenesis have been informed by he following two observations: (1) the presence of D4 T-lymphocytes demonstrating a CD45RO “memory”) phenotype in inflamed synovium; and (2)
Electron transport is the functional limitation of photosynthesis in field-grown Pima cotton plants at high temperature

Restrictions to photosynthesis can limit plant growth at high temperature in a variety of ways. In addition to increasing photorespiration, moderately high temperatures (35‐42 ∞ C) can cause direct injury to the photosynthetic apparatus. Both carbon metabolism and thylakoid reactions have been suggested as the primary site of injury at these temperatures. In the present study this issue was addressed by first characterizing leaf temperature dynamics in Pima cotton ( Gossypium barbadense ) grown under irrigation in the US desert south-west. It was found that cotton leaves repeatedly reached temperatures above 40 ∞ C and could fluctuate as much as 8 or 10 ∞ ∞ ∞ C in a matter of seconds. Laboratory studies revealed a maximum photosynthetic rate at 30‐33 ∞ C that declined by 22% at 45 ∞ C. The majority of the inhibition persisted upon return to 30 ∞ C. The mechanism of this limitation was assessed by measuring the response of photosynthesis to CO 2 in the laboratory. The first time a cotton leaf (grown at 30 ∞ ∞ ∞ C) was exposed to 45 ∞ C, photosynthetic electron transport was stimulated (at high CO 2 ) because of an increased flux through the photorespiratory pathway. However, upon cooling back to 30 ∞ C, photosynthetic electron transport was inhibited and fell substantially below the level measured before the heat treatment. In the field, the response of assimilation ( A ) to various internal levels of CO 2 ( C i ) revealed that photosynthesis was limited by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration at normal levels of CO 2 (presumably because of limitations in thylakoid reactions needed to support RuBP regeneration). There was no evidence of a ribulose1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) limitation at air levels of CO 2 and at no point on any of 30 A ‐ C i curves measured on leaves at temperatures from 28 to 39 ∞ C was RuBP regeneration capacity measured to be in substantial excess of the capacity of Rubisco to use RuBP. It is therefore concluded that photosynthesis in field-grown Pima cotton leaves is functionally limited by photosynthetic electron transport and RuBP regeneration capacity, not Rubisco activity.
Behavioral Adjustment of Pediatric Burn Victims

Investigated the relationship of a variety of biopsychosocial variables to maternal ratings of children's psychosocial adjustment in a sample of 68 child burn survivors. Results indicated that (a) the mean maternal ratings of behavioral adjustment for pediatric burn patients did not differ from those reported for nonburned, nonclinic children, (b) a relatively small but statistically significant percentage of children had overall adjustment scores in the deviant range, and (c) little variance in the behavioral outcome measures was accounted for on the basis of three sets of predictor variables (demographic, burn severity, injury visibility) hypothesized to influence children's adjustment. Results suggest that the prevalence of behavioral disturbance in long-term pediatric burn survivors may be lower than previous reports have indicated. Implications of the results for consultation and future research are discussed.
A low probability of intercept signal detection receiver using quadrature mirror filter bank trees

This paper describes a new type of spread spectrum intercept receiver. The receiver uses orthogonal wavelet techniques and a Quadrature Mirror Filter (QMF) bank tree to decompose a waveform into components representing the energy in rectangular "tiles" in the time frequency plane. By simultaneously examining multiple layers of the tree, the dimensions of concentrations of energy can be estimated with a higher resolution than is normally associated with linear transform techniques. This allows detection and feature extraction even when the interceptor has little knowledge of specific parameters of the signal being detected. For example, no prior knowledge of channelization or time segmentation is assumed. In addition, the receiver can intercept and distinguish between multiple signals.
Data transmission for mobile radio

During the last few years data communication has become important in the mobile radio services. This tutorial paper introduces the reader to the basic concepts of data transmission. Typical transmission channel configurations, various modulation methods, signal spectra, and bit error probabilities when transmitting data over a mobile radio channel are described.
Predicting exotic earthworm distribution in the northern Great Lakes region

Identifying influences of earthworm invasion and distribution in the northern Great Lakes is an important step in predicting the potential extent and impact of earthworms across the region. The occurrence of earthworm signs, indicating presence in general, and middens, indicating presence of Lumbricus terrestris exclusively, in the Huron Mountains located in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan were modeled using generalized linear models and stepwise regression to identify important environmental variables. Models were then applied to earthworm occurrence data from Seney National Wildlife Refuge, also located in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to validate results. Occurrence of earthworm signs was associated with high soil pH, high basal area of earthworm preferred overstory species, and north facing aspects. Middens of L. terrestris were associated with high soil pH, high basal area of preferred species, and close proximity to roads. The resulting model for L. terrestris was incorporated into a geographic information system (GIS) to map the expected distribution, both current and potential, across the study area. Results indicate that L. terrestris has not yet fully saturated its potential habitat, as it is currently found close to roads and has yet to establish in most interior forests sampled. Comparing field measured data to GIS layers revealed limitations in the precision of publicly available spatial data layers that should be addressed in future attempts to predict the extent of earthworm invasion across the larger Great Lakes region. However, within the Huron Mountains, it is predicted that the distribution of L. terrestris will cover, at minimum, 41 % of the area.
The importance of the microbiome and metabolome in health and disease of dogs and cats

The canine intestinal tract harbors a highly complex microbial ecosystem. Various studies have reported changes in microbial communities in acute and chronic gastrointestinal diseases, especially in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and acute diarrhea. Most commonly observed are decreases in the bacterial phyla Firmicutes (i.e., Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Faecalibacterium) and Bacteroidetes, with concurrent increases in Proteobacteria (i.e. Escherichia coli). Due to the importance of microbial and host derived metabolites for intestinal health, it is important to better understand the functional consequences of microbial dysbiosis. Novel approaches such as shotgun sequencing of DNA allow describing the functional changes in the bacterial metagenome in gastrointestinal disease. Furthermore, wide scale and untargeted measurements of metabolic products derived by the host and the microbiota in intestinal samples allow a better understanding of the functional alterations that occur in gastrointestinal disease. For example, changes in bile acid metabolism, short-chain fatty acid concentrations, and tryptophan pathways have recently been reported in humans and dogs. Also, metabolites associated with the pentose phosphate pathway were reported to be differentially expressed in gastrointestinal inflammation and indicate the presence of oxidative stress in dogs with IBD. Of interest is that these changes did not correlate with clinical activity, suggesting the presence of ongoing inflammation. Better understanding of the interactions of microbial-derived metabolites and the host will yield insights into the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal diseases and may be a new avenue for therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, some of these metabolic pathways can be used for monitoring of therapy success.
Supporting the NIH: the Original Crowdfunding of Medical Research

There is strong support in our society for increased medical research and Americans give generously to private foundations that help fund that research. In this op-ed, I look at how these organizations fit into the national research landscape compared to funding by the NIH and I urge everyone to contact their representatives in Congress since even a small increase in the NIH budget can have a huge impact on research funding that is available to fight disease.
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)-Ribosylation of the Guanosine Triphosphatase (GTPase) Rho in Resting Peripheral Blood Human T Lymphocytes Results in Pseudopodial Extension and the Inhibition of T Cell Activation

Scrape loading Clostridium botulinum C3 exoenzyme into primary peripheral blood human T lymphocytes (PB T cells) efficiently adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylates and thus inactivates the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Rho. Basal adhesion of PB T cells to the β1 integrin substrate fibronectin (Fn) was not inhibited by inactivation of Rho, nor was upregulation of adhesion using phorbol myristate acetate (PMA; 10 ng/ml) or Mn++ (1 mM) affected. Whereas untreated PB T cells adherent to Fn remain spherical, C3-treated PB T cells extend F-actin–containing pseudopodia. Inactivation of Rho delayed the kinetics of PMA-dependent PB T cell homotypic aggregation, a process involving integrin αLβ2. Although C3 treatment of PB T cells did not prevent adhesion to the β1 integrin substrate Fn, it did inhibit β1 integrin/CD3-mediated costimulation of proliferation. Analysis of intracellular cytokine production at the single cell level demonstrated that ADP-ribosylation of Rho inhibited β1 integrin/ CD3 and CD28/CD3 costimulation of IL-2 production within 6 h of activation. Strikingly, IL-2 production induced by PMA and ionomycin was unaffected by C3 treatment. Thus, the GTPase Rho is a novel regulator of T lymphocyte cytoarchitecture, and functional Rho is required for very early events regulating costimulation of IL-2 production in PB T cells.
Polarimetry of the LMC X‐Ray Binary A0538−66 during an “On/Off” Transition in 1991

ABSTRACT We present polarimetric and spectroscopic observations of the X‐ray binary A0538−66 obtained in 1991 near periastron passage during cycles 291, 294, and 310. The system was in an active phase during cycle 291 ( \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $\phi =0.98$ \end{document} ), with X‐ray outbursts being observed in the previous two cycles. By cycle 294 ( \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{s...
A Conceptual Basis for Graphics-Based Data Management (Extended Abstract)

This paper introduces the data structures and graphics-based user interface to the Engineering Support Environment (ESE). This proposed system combines and extends principles of database management, configuration management, and graphics interfaces to support the engineering life cycle activities in connection with the design, analysis, and manufacture of physical objects. ESE can be broken down to three major components: the design-related information storage component, the design data storage component, and a graphics-based user interface. Design-related information is represented in ESE using the semantically oriented IFO database model. Design data in this system is represented using AND/OR DAGs, which are extended in ESE to store historical design information and to provide sophisticated configuration management capabilities. Access to these components is provided through a multi-frame, graphics-based user environment which supports rich browsing capabilities, including interactive data updates during browsing sessions.
Cellular Proliferation in the Liver

This report discusses cellular proliferation in the liver of the rat during postnatal growth and during induced growth following partial hepatectomy. Space limitations preclude a comprehensive survey of the literature. The reader is referred to recent reviews (6, 7, 26, 40).
Oxygen Activation by Co(II) and a Redox Non-Innocent Ligand: Spectroscopic Characterization of a Radical-Co(II)-Superoxide Complex with Divergent Catalytic Reactivity

Bimetallic (Et4N)2[Co2(L)2], (Et4N)2[1] (where (L)3– = (N(o-PhNC(O)iPr)2)3–) reacts with 2 equiv of O2 to form the monometallic species (Et4N)[Co(L)O2], (Et4N)[3]. A crystallographically characterized analog (Et4N)2[Co(L)CN], (Et4N)2[2], gives insight into the structure of [3]1–. Magnetic measurements indicate [2]2– to be an unusual high-spin CoII-cyano species (S = 3/2), while IR, EXAFS, and EPR spectroscopies indicate [3]1– to be an end-on superoxide complex with an S = 1/2 ground state. By X-ray spectroscopy and calculations, [3]1– features a high-spin CoII center; the net S = 1/2 spin state arises after the Co electrons couple to both the O2•– and the aminyl radical on redox non-innocent (L•)2–. Dianion [1]2– shows both nucleophilic and electrophilic catalytic reactivity upon activation of O2 due to the presence of both a high-energy, filled O2– π* orbital and an empty low-lying O2– π* orbital in [3]1–.
29.—Finiteness of the Order of Meromorphic Solutions of some Non-linear Ordinary Differential Equations

It is well known that the existence of transcendental meromorphic solutions of non-linear ordinary differential equations puts severe restrictions on the equation, the most striking example being the theorem of Malmquist [ 3 ]. The value distribution theory of R. Nevanlinna was applied to such questions by K. Yosida [ 8 ] who used it to prove Malmquist's theorem as well as important generalisations. An alternate approach was given by H. Wittich [ 4,5,6 ] and in his argument the finiteness of the order played an essential role. Wittich estimated the corresponding enumerative and proximity functions via the calculus of residues. In this note a geometric argument is proposed instead (closest packing of small discs in a bigger circle or on its rim). This method seems to generalise more readily to Yosida's extensions.
Risk Factors of Obesity in Low Income Head Start Children

The purpose of the study was to investigate the contributing risk factors of obesity among low income Head Start children, and to determine if there is a correlation between caregivers’ perceptions of their own weight and health status, and that of their children. A cross-sectional descriptive study design was utilized. A convenience sample of 195 Head Start children and caregiver pairs were recruited from two Head Start Organizations within the District of Columbia (DC). Measured heights and weights of children and their caregivers were used to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI). A questionnaire was used to ascertain data on caregivers’ perceptions of their children’s weight status, doctors’ diagnoses of children’s weight/height status, caregivers’ perceptions of their own health condition, and sociodemographic data. Results of the study showed that caregivers’ perceived their overweight/obese children as being of normal weight/height status. The majority of the caregivers misperceived their own health status in a positive way. Significant relationships were found between caregiver educational level and child BMI, and between doctors’ weight advice and child BMI. It was concluded that the caregivers underestimated the prevalence of overweight/obesity among their children, and overstated their own health status. Child BMI status was directly related to caregivers’ educational attainment.
Dual approval of a residency program: ten years' experience and implications for postdoctoral training

In 1985, the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) changed its educational policies to permit osteopathic postdoctoral programs in settings that were accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). In response to this policy change, an existing ACGME-accredited emergency medicine residency was modified to create a combined osteopathic/allopathic residency program that meets the educational requirements of both the AOA and the ACGME. Our 10-year experience with this combined osteopathic/allopathic emergency medicine residency is described in terms of program development, governance structure involving key stakeholders, faculty distribution--equal numbers of allopathic and osteopathic faculty, and educational outcome of the total number of residents graduated (93 graduates, with 33 osteopathic physicians and 60 allopathic physicians). Lessons learned from the 10 years' experience of this combined residency program, as well as current issues, are explained. The future potential of such dual-approved programs on the supply of residency positions is discussed from the viewpoint of osteopathic postdoctoral education.
Effect of Different Levels of Illumination on the Life Cycle of the Face Fly

During the first attempts by other investigators to establish laboratory colonies of the face fly, Musca autumnalis DeGeer, it appeared that the illumination level might have some influence upon successful colonization. Research by Fales et al. (1961), the first to successfully establish a laboratory colony in the United States, indicated that a high level of illumination was necessary for rearing the face fly indoors. If this were so, it was desirable to determine whether colonies could be maintained under lower levels of illumination and, if so, the effect upon the fly’s life cycle. To evaluate this point, face flies were reared under different levels of illumination and their life cycles compared.
Research Status of In Situ Deformed Cu-based Composites

In situ deformed Cu-based composites are a kind of high performance functional materials with a great application potential.In situ Cu-based composites are widely researched for their high strength coupled with good electrical conductivity.The purpose of this paper is to review some recent research developments in the final deformation processing,thermal stability,strengthening and conducting mechanisms and to point out the developing tendency of these materials.
Fuzzy PID controller based on genetic tuning for light underwater seam tracking system

A fuzzy PID controller based on genetic tuning is proposed in this paper,and is applied to the underwater seam tracking system.The underwater seam tracking system is complex nonlinear system and conventional PID is not well,fuzzy PID controller is designed to adjust parameters of the PID controller online,which is base on Mamdani reasoning and takes seam position error and the error variation rate as fuzzy input variables.But initial parameter of PID has a an effect on the control system,and then genetic algorithms is used to tune initial parameter for fuzzy PID controller,the seam tracking system is simulated in Matlab 7.0 at the same time.Simulation results show that the fuzzy PID controller is with genetic tuning has the advantage of quick response and high precision,compared with the controller without genetic tuning.The performance of system is obviously improved by the control mothed as well.
B-CLL Antibodies Comprised of Stereotypic VH1-69, D3-16, and JH3 Rearrangements Immunoprecipitate Cellular Protein(s).

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is typically due to a clonal expansion of B-lymphocytes that can be divided into two classes based on the mutation status of the variable region of the antibody produced by the leukemic clone. Mutated B-CLL (antibody with ≥ 2% mutation) is associated with longer survival than unmutated B-CLL. Segregation of patients based on antibody mutation suggests a functional role for antigen binding to antibody in this disease. Furthermore, many different subsets of B-CLL antibodies have very similar CDR3 sequences, suggesting some common antigen reactivity. Subset I contains rearrangements comprised of an unmutated sequence encoded by V H 1-69, D3-16, and J H 3 with a nearly identical HCDR3 region. Antibodies from this subset strongly bind cytoplasmic structures in HEp-2 cells by immunofluorescence and are polyreactive against multiple autoantigens (ssDNA, dsDNA, insulin) by ELISA. In contrast, subset VI, which comprises a mutated sequence encoded by V H 3-21 and J H 6 resulting in a nearly identical HCDR3 that differs from that of subset I, does not bind HEp-2 cells and is not polyreactive. Because the subset I B-CLL antibodies were reactive with HEp-2 cells, we prepared HEp-2 cell extracts in order to isolate the cellular antigen recognized by these antibodies. Antibodies from both subset I (patients CLL068 and 258) and VI (patient CLL412) were recombinantly overexpressed and purified as human IgG1s. Antibody was bound to protein G agarose beads and incubated with cell extracts overnight. Bound cellular antigen was immunoprecipitated, washed, eluted, run on SDS-PAGE, and stained with Coomassie Blue. Both CLL068 and 258 antibodies immunoprecipitated protein bands at about 45 and 200 kDa. These bands have been isolated and are undergoing microsequencing analysis. In contrast, CLL412 did not immunoprecipitate any protein bands under the same conditions. Thus, unmutated subset I CLL antibodies react with common cellular protein(s), whose identity may be useful in understanding B-CLL.
The Power of a Presumption: California as a Laboratory for Unauthorized Immigrant Workers’ Rights

In recent years, California has served as the primary laboratory for policy experimentation related to unauthorized immigrant workers’ rights. No other state, to date, has advanced comparable policy initiatives that preserve state-provided workers’ rights regardless of immigration status. Through close examination of two open Supremacy Clause questions under California’s Agricultural Labor Relations Act, the article illustrates that states can, as a constitutional matter, and should, as a policy matter, serve as laboratories for unauthorized immigrant worker rights. Exploring the outer boundaries of state action in this area is particularly compelling given the significant labor force participation of unauthorized immigrants in low-wage jobs in the United States, given the disproportionate labor rights violations experienced by this population and given thirty years of federal legislative inaction on comprehensive immigration reform.
TRANSITION TO THE MESOMORPHIC STATE IN POLYPHOSPHAZENES

The poly(organophosphazenes) of general structure [(RO) 2 PN] n , where RO may be an alkoxy or an aryloxy group, are generally crystalline and exhibit both a first order transition to a mesomorphic phase at a temperature designated T(l) and the transition to the isotropic melt at a temperature T M which is 150 to 250°C higher. An investigation of the behavior at T(l) and T M by scanning calorimetric and thermal expansion methods is presented. It is shown that the thermal history of the sample at temperatures above T(l) has a strong influence on the endotherm at T(l) implying that it is possible to alter the structure of the mesomorphic phase and, in turn, the crystalline structure formed on cooling. The results of x-ray diffraction studies indicate that the T(l) transition involves a transformation from the crystalline structure to a metrically hexagonal lattice exhibiting lateral order but longitudinal disorder and that side chain packing controls the interchain distance. Preliminary broad line NMR data show that the disorder above T(l) is dynamic rather than positional and arises from the onset of rapid side chain and backbone motions.
Parallelizing the Murϕ verifier

With the use of state and memory reduction techniques in verification by explicit state enumeration, runtime becomes a major limiting factor. We describe a parallel version of the explicit state enumeration verifier Murϕ for distributed memory multiprocessors and networks of workstations that is based on the message passing paradigm. In experiments with three complex cache coherence protocols, parallel Murϕ shows close to linear speedups, which are largely insensitive to communication latency and bandwidth. There is some slowdown with increasing communication overhead, for which a simple yet relatively accurate approximation formula is given. Techniques to reduce overhead and required bandwidth and to allow heterogeneity and dynamically changing load in the parallel machine are discussed, which we expect will allow good speedups when using conventional networks of workstations.
Decentralized Real Structured Singular Value Synthesis

Abstract This paper describes and illustrates a practical methodology for robust, fixed-structure controller synthesis using a decentralized static output feedback problem formulation. To account for real-parameter structured uncertainty, scaled Popov bounds for the real structured singular value are employed. A worst-case H 2 cost bound with respect to the controller parameters is formed, and quasi-Newton optimization algorithms are used to solve the numerical optimization problem. Numerical results are provided for a MIMO 16th-order acoustic duct model with uncertain dynamics for both centralized and decentralized controller structures.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Pediatric and Cardiac Intensive Care Units

Approximately 5000 to 10,000 children suffer an in-hospital cardiac arrest requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) each year in the United States. Importantly, 2% to 6% of all children admitted to pediatric intensive care units (ICUs) receive CPR, as do 4% to 6% of children admitted to pediatric cardiac ICUs. Survival from pediatric ICU cardiac arrest has improved substantially during the past 20 years presumably due to improved training methods, CPR quality, and post-resuscitation care. Extracorporeal life support CPR remains an important treatment option for both cardiac and noncardiac ICU patients.
Thermal switch using controlled capillary transition in heterogeneous nanostructures

Abstract The development of a nanoscale thermal switch is a crucial step toward advanced thermal management systems including future thermal logic gates and computers. This study demonstrates a new nanoscale thermal switch mechanism using controlled, morphological transition from adsorption to capillary state in a novel gas-filled nanostructure, i.e., a nanogap with controllable nanoposts on one surface only. The degree of thermal switch, S, at given gas pressures are predicted using Ar-filled Pt-based nanostructures and Non-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics (NEMD) simulation combined with Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation. It is found that S increases by increasing the height of the nanoposts and temperature difference across the nanostructure, and decreasing the interpost spacings, with the maximum degree of switch, Smax ∼ 45 and ∼ 170 for ΔT = 10 K and 60 K, respectively, for the nanogap size of 5 nm. It is also observed that a stronger solid-fluid surface interaction results in a wider switch operating temperature window.
The association of perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms among Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese Americans

OBJECTIVES Few studies have investigated ethnic differences in discrimination and depressive symptoms, and the link between them among foreign-born Asian Americans. This study identifies if depressive symptoms and perceived discrimination differ by Asian ethnicity, and if perceived discrimination is associated with depressive symptoms among foreign-born Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese Americans. METHODS This study uses data from the Asian American Liver Cancer Prevention Program (N = 600). Using nonprobability sampling, foreign-born Asian American adults (58% female, Mage = 47.3 years, SD = 11.82) were recruited from the community in the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area. Perceived discrimination was defined using everyday and major discrimination scales; the Centers for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale defined the outcome of depressive symptoms. Multiple logistic regressions were conducted to determine if this association exists. RESULTS A high prevalence of depressive symptoms (one third to one fifth per ethnicity) and ethnic differences between foreign-born Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese Americans were found; increased perceived discrimination was associated with worse depressive symptomology. Those with "high" and "mild discrimination" had greater odds of being depressed than those who had never experienced discrimination; those with "unfair treatment" had greater odds of being depressed than those who had none. Major experiences of discrimination were less common and less likely associated with depressive symptoms than everyday experiences. CONCLUSIONS Foreign-born Asian Americans experience substantial discrimination and depressive symptoms. Future studies should stratify by Asian ethnicity and examine the differences between minor and major experiences of discrimination to provide appropriate mental health prevention and treatment for this population. (PsycINFO Database Record
What Do Emotions Do for Us

This book poses and answers the question: What do emotions do for us? This question is centuries old, but only recently has behavioral and neurological study of emotion progressed to the point that we can start to answer. Scientific study of emotions has been a relatively recent development, in part because of the sentiment conveyed in the quote above from Camus. Emotions feel so deeply personal, and so related to our values and hopes, that it is almost impossible to convey their meaning to others in ways that can be understood. As soon as we apply a label to the emotion, it seems to lessen the experience itself. Yet the strength of the scientific study of emotion rests in the ability of researchers to approach the topic with methodological rigor – they must define what emotions are, what causes them, and how to elicit and measure them. Applying the scientific method to the study of emotion has allowed researchers who study human behavior to examine the consequences of emotions for people. The findings help us to understand emotions in daily life and in mental health disorders, as well as how to think about emotion to improve our lives.
Spine Tumors: Surgery Perspective

Tumors of the spine comprise a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that can be characterized by their pathology, anatomic location, and degree of invasiveness. The majority of spine tumors encountered by clinicians are metastatic, accounting for approximately 70% of all spine tumors [1]. Less frequently encountered neoplasms of the spine and spinal cord include primary lesions such as meningiomas, schwannomas, osseous tumors of the spine, ependymomas, and gliomas. At the time of death, approximately 70% to 90% of all terminal cancer patients have evidence of metastatic disease on postmortem examination [2]–4], with the spinal column being the most common site for bony metastases [5]. Each year, an estimated 18,000 patients will be diagnosed with metastatic spine disease [6], [7]. Metastatic lesions most frequently originate from primary tumors in the breast, lung, and prostate [5], [8]–[10]. Frequent clinical presentations include back pain and symptoms from spinal cord/nerve root compression, resulting in pain and disability. Furthermore, it is likely that the observed incidence of metastatic spine disease will continue to increase over the next several decades, as diagnostic capabilities improve [11], [12].
Historical Concepts and Social Ontology

This chapter takes up a specific task: to identify and analyze some of the ontological and conceptual conditions that must be satisfied in order for historical analysis and inquiry to be feasible. How does the historian need to think as he or she formulates a discursive representation of a period of history? What assumptions does the historian make about the structures and entities that make up the social world? And what sorts of conceptual schemes are needed in order to permit the historian to do his or her work of comparison and explanation? Are there “big structures” in history? And do “big structures” fall into kinds or universals that recur in different contexts?
Life-world and History

The questions raised in this essay stem not so much from attacks upon transcendental phenomenology, but appear within the context of the phenomena investigated by phenomenology itself. These phenomena seem to lead not only to complex overlays and relationships, but above all, to dilemmas requiring further and deeper investigations. Such dilemmas may suggest some of the directions for phenomenological researches. These dilemmas are not the inventions of the author, but have been suggested, and at times discussed by phenomenologists.1 Apart from these concerns, questions of the difference between phenomenological research and phenomenological philosophizing will have to be addressed. Does philosophizing interfere in phenomenological work by creating “problems” or does it offer an access to phenomena that otherwise would be inaccessible? In turn, do phenomena exhibit a structure of dilemmas and thus give rise to philosophical problematics, lending phenomenology a place in the philosophical sun? Can such dilemmas be resolved philosophically or phenomenologically? Would the possibility of an overlapping here mean a phenomenological contribution to major philosophical questions? There appears an already established tradition that speaks to these questions, drawing phenomenology into the problematics of various contemporary philosophical trends.2 While this speaks well of phenomenology, it also tends to detract from the phenomenological work that is equally if not more important. It is hoped that the latter task will not be neglected in this writing.
“Home is where the heart is…or is it?”: A phenomenological exploration of the meaning of home for older women in congregate housing

Abstract This qualitative study explored the meaning of home for older women living in a congregate housing complex in a Southeastern city of the United States who have been more or less successful in making it a home. Through in-depth interviews, 20 older women shared detailed descriptions of their thoughts, feelings, and ideas of home and of their current environment as a home. All but one of the women were emotionally attached to their new environment and considered it home. Common themes were that for the women, the meaning of home was manifested in (1) the autonomous decision to find a place somewhere, (2) the deliberate resolve to feel in place anywhere, and (3) the ongoing effort to stay placed there. A successful late-life move depends less on concrete and/or external factors and more on social and/or intrinsic factors. U.S. housing policy must become more reflective of the processes older adults use to be “at home”.
Size-Minimized Quantum Dots for Molecular and Cellular Imaging

Semiconductor quantum dots, tiny light-emitting particles on thenanometer scale, are emerging as a new class of fluorescent labels for a broad range of molecular and cellular applications. In comparison with organic dyes and fluorescent proteins, they have unique optical and electronic properties such as size-tunable light emission, intense signal brightness, resistance to photobleaching, and broadband absorption for simultaneous excitation of multiple fluorescence colors. Here we report new advances in minimizing the hydrodynamic sizes of quantum dots using multidentate and multifunctional polymer coatings. A key finding is that a linear polymer containing grafted amine and thiol coordinating groups can coat nanocrystals and lead to a highly compact size, exceptional colloidal stability, strong resistance to photobleaching, and high fluorescence quantum yields. This has allowed a new generation of bright and stable quantum dots with small hydrodynamic diameters between 5.6 and 9.7 nm with tunable fluorescence emission from the visible (515 nm) to the near infrared (720 nm). These quantum dots are well suited for molecular and cellular imaging applications in which the nanoparticle hydrodynamic size needs to be minimized. Together with the novel properties of new strain-tunable quantum dots, these findings will be especially useful for multicolor and super-resolution imaging at the single-molecule level.
Health Research, Qualitative

Qualitative health research is social research that uses qualitative methods to study problems in health, illness, and medicine. Qualitative health research is distinguished from clinical and quantitative research. During the 1950s and 1960s studies by University of Chicago trained sociologists (e.g., Goffman, Strauss, Roth, Freidson, Becker) laid the groundwork for the modern development and expansion of this mode of research. This research is characterized by ethnographic approaches and the use of qualitative and textual data, especially from interviews and observation. Many studies focus on the subjective aspects of social life. The major modes of qualitative health research have come to include participant observation, in-depth interviews, focus groups, and content analysis. The topics explored with qualitative methods include medical organizations, doctor–patient encounters, self and biographical work, and the experience of illness. Qualitative health research is also manifested in feminist research, narrative studies, and conversational analysis. It has survived disciplinary critiques, including issues about measurement and generalizabilty of case studies and the postmodernist skepticism of the validity of the ethonographic narrative, and also has become established in other disciplines, especially anthropology and nursing, and is well represented in a numerous countries, especially the UK and France.