cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of the Stanford 7-day recall to assess habitual physical activity.

Abstract PURPOSE: The ability of the Stanford 7-Day Recall (7-DR), a well known instrument for surveying work and leisure-time physical activity (PA) in epidemiologic studies, to assess levels of habitual PA in men and women was evaluated. METHODS: The 7-DR was administered twice, one month apart. Its accuracy was studied in 77 men and women, aged 20–59 years, by its repeatability and comparison of both administrations of the 7-DR with: fourteen 48-hour physical activity records; fourteen 48-hour Caltrac accelerometer readings; peak oxygen uptake (VO 2 peak) determinations; and percent body fat. These criteria measures were obtained over a year's duration. RESULTS: One month repeatability correlation coefficients for 7-DR total activity were r = 0.60 p ⩽ 0.01 and r = 0.36 p ⩽ 0.05 for men and women, respectively. Comparison of corresponding indices of activity between the 7-DR and the PA record indicated: 1) a closer relationship in men for total ( r = 0.58 for visit 10 7-DR and 0.66 for visit 11 7-DR, p ⩽ 0.01), and very hard ( r = 0.44 and 0.60, p ⩽ 0.05) activity then in women ( r = 0.32 and 0.33, p ⩽ 0.05, and r = 0.21, ns and 0.43, p ⩽ 0.01, respectively); and 2) in general, lower and less consistent associations for hard, moderate, and light activity. Total PA by the 7-DR was significantly associated with Caltrac readings r = 0.54 and 0.45 in men only. 7-DR results were more consistently related to VO 2 peak in men than women, but were significantly related to percent body fat in women only. CONCLUSIONS: The ability of the 7-DR to assess habitual PA was greater for more vigorous than for lower intensity PA.
Cognitive Hypnotherapy for Anxiety Disorders

Cognitive hypnotherapy, also known as cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy (CBH), is applied to the treatment of anxiety disorders. Specific techniques are described and illustrated. The research on CBH is discussed. CBH seems to be at least as effective as behavior therapy (BT) and cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) treatments that employ imagery and relaxation techniques for anxiety disorders. However, more research is needed because of the lack of adequate studies comparing CBH with BT and CBT. Clinical implications and suggestions for future research are offered.
Impact of HAART on causes of death of persons with late-stage AIDS.

Context The increasing use of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAARTs) has changed the course of AIDS-related illnesses and enhanced the quality of life of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and may have changes the causes of deaths in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FAMILY STRUCTURE, REPORTS OF ILLNESS AND HEALTH CARE DEMAND FOR CHILDREN: EVIDENCE FROM RURAL BANGLADESH

Access to health care in lesser-developed countries is often quite limited, especially in rural areas. However, less is known about how different factors, such as household structure, parental income and parental education, modify such access to care. This study uses individual-level data from rural Bangladesh during and following a period of major flooding to examine factors associated with reports of illness and demand for doctors in households with children less than 10 years of age. Using information about the number of children who were reported sick and also those who were taken to a doctor, a model was estimated for such reports and decisions to visit a doctor. Overall, 74% of households reported an illness in a child during the study period. The likelihood of reports was significantly greater for boys (36%) than girls (31%). In most analyses, there was no association between parental education and reports of child illness after adjusting for village- and household-level heterogeneity. However, in analyses limited to female children, greater education of the household head was associated with lower odds of such a report (odds ratio [OR] 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.91-1.00). Parental education and income were also related to household decisions to seek medical care, though results once again differed based on the sex of the child. There was a particularly strong effect between maternal education level and demand for medical care for boys (OR 1.13; CI 1.01-1.27), though not for girls (OR 0.96; CI 0.84-1.09). Overall, the likelihood of a doctor's visit for a sick child was positively related to household income and at the highest levels of income was a virtual certainty.
Cardiovascular intraindividual variability in later life: the influence of social connectedness and positive emotions

Healthy normotensive men and women (N=33) underwent a 60-day diary assessment of emotions and cardiovascular functioning. Individual differences in social connectedness and mood were measured in questionnaires, and positive emotions, negative emotions, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were assessed daily for 60 consecutive days. Results confirmed that the cardiovascular undoing effect of positive emotions is evident primarily in the context of negative emotional arousal. The daily associations between positive emotions and cardiovascular outcomes were linked to individual differences in social connectedness. Controlling for individual differences in mood levels, multilevel regression analyses showed that social connectedness predicted extended positive emotion, diminished SBP and DBP reactivity, and more rapid SBP recovery from daily negative emotional states.
Densification of LSGM electrolytes using activated microwave sintering

Abstract Lanthanum gallate doped with alkaline rare earths (LSGM) powders were densified using an activated microwave sintering process for developing a dense stable electrolyte layer for applications in intermediate temperature-solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). Due to heat generation in situ, the process of sintering gets activated with faster kinetics compared to a conventional sintering process. The effect of various microwave process parameters on the microstructure and phase formation was studied. The sintered pellets were characterized using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive analysis (SEM-EDAX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The density of LSGM pellets microwave sintered at 1350 °C for 20 min is greater than 95% theoretical density with a fine grained microstructure (∼2–3 μm) and without the presence of other phase(s).
On the electrical charge of motor vehicle exhaust particles

Abstract The electrical characteristics of particles emitted in motor vehicle exhaust are examined via single and tandem differential mobility analysis (DMA). The measurements reveal that large fractions of the particles, approximately 60–80% are electrically charged, but with nearly equal numbers of positively and negatively charged particles, which leaves the exhaust aerosol essentially electrically neutral. The tandem DMA approach provides a means to sort the particles according to both their size and charge level. It reveals exhaust particles with up to ± 4 units of electrical charge. As the charge increases, the mean particle size increases, but the width of the distribution and particle concentration decrease. Plotted as a function of charge, at fixed size, the data follow a Boltzmann charge distribution with temperatures in the range of 800–1100 K. The experimental measurements are also examined in terms of a charged particle coagulation model. The model, based solely on the initial condition of a monodisperse aerosol with small equal fractions of + and - particles, predicts size and charge distributions in semiquantitative agreement with experiment, and helps explain why the Boltzmann form is maintained after ionization ceases. Nucleation mode particles that form during dilution and cooling of the exhaust remain neutral.
Amphetamine enhancement of reward asymmetry.

Rats with bilaterally implanted lateral hypothalamic electrodes were tested daily for self-stimulation to each side of the brain; rotation (circling behavior) was recorded concomitantly. All rats rotated in a perferred direction regardless of the side of the brain stimulated and all rats had asymmetries in self-stimulation sensitivity (threshold and rate-intensity functions) related to the direction of rotation. Amphetamine both enhanced rotation and potentiated the asymmetry in self-stimulation sensitivity. Subsequently rats were tested in a choice procedure providing concurrent access to rewarding stimulation of either side of the brain; currents were titrated such that, under baseline conditions, rats continually alternated between self-stimulating one side of the brain or the other. Amphetamine induced a robust preference for stimulation to the more sensitive side of the brain (the side having a lower thereshold). The results are discussed in relation to mechanisms of drug reinforcement and to biological etiologies of schizophrenia. It is proposed that schizophrenia results from a lateralized overactivity of dopaminergic neuronal systems mediating reward and that amphetamine mimics schizophrenic symptomatology by enhancing lateralization of the same systems.
Hopping conduction in Na-β-alumina: Temperature dependence

Abstract The temperature dependence of a.c. conductivity σ(ω), in Na-β-alumina is calculated on the basis of a simple hopping model. Comparison of the calculated results with the experimental data shows reasonably good agreement.
Congenital pericarditis due to maternal lupus erythematosus.

The structural alteration of the glomerular capillary basement membranes in hereditary nephritis may be related to the lack of normal adult GBM antigen(s) or to persistence of neonatal GBM antigen(s) in this condition. Both the characteristic ultrastructural defect and the failure to localize anti-GBM antibodies are useful in the pathologic diagnosis of hereditary nephritis. REFERENCES 1. Spear GS, and Slusser RJ: Alport's syndrome. Emphasizing
Ventricular assist device support as a bridge to heart transplantation in patients with giant cell myocarditis

Aims Giant cell myocarditis (GCM) carries a poor prognosis and many patients require end-stage therapies. This study sought to determine the outcome of patients bridged with ventricular assist devices (VAD) to orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). Methods and results A retrospective data collection of all patients with GCM was performed. Diagnosis was determined by endomyocardial or explanted heart biopsy. Eight patients were found, but two of those patients went directly to OHT and were excluded. The remaining six patients received VADs, and these patients, aged 44 ± 18 years, were included. Five of the six patients were bridged with biventricular support and one patient was supported by left ventricular assist device (LVAD) alone. Two patients died on device support. Four patients were bridged to OHT 77 ± 42 days after device implantation. All four patients bridged with a VAD are alive, with a mean follow-up of 5.7 ± 4.1 years. Two patients were found to have recurrent GCM in the transplanted heart and were treated successfully with immunosuppression. Three patients had high grade (2R) rejection at 66 ± 52 days post-OHT. Cardiac function was preserved in all patients, and only one patient had cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Conclusion Patients with end-stage GCM can be successfully bridged with VADs to OHT with very good post-OHT survival. The proper immunosuppressive regimen for this group needs further investigation given the frequency of rejection and GCM recurrence.
EFFECTS OF SELECTED CYTOTOXIC AGENTS ON ANTIBODY PRODUCTION IN MAN; A PRELIMINARY REPORT

Experiments were performed to detect any effect of the chemical agents employed on antibody production in man. These agents are commonly classed as cytotoxic. Mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine, 5fluorouracil, 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine and methotrexate were chosen for study. Cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine, 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine and methotrexate were found to eliminate or markedly impair the serologic response to a foreign antigen in humans with various neoplastic diseases. Mechlorethamine under the circumstances of these experiments did not interfere noticeably with the development of circulating antibodies against P. tularensis or Vi antigen. The patients who received mechlorethamine or no drug-treatment developed antibody titers in a fashion similar to that reported by Saslaw in normal men immunized with Pasteurella tularensis vaccine and by Landy in normal men given the Vi antigen. None of the chemical agents studied under the conditions of these experiments significantly altered existing red-blood-cell isoagglutinin titers or established (cutaneous) delayed hypersensitivity. In these experiments, no obvious relation between changes in the formed elements of the peripheral blood and suppression of immune responsiveness was detected. Inspection of the patient data in the various experimental categories with regard to their ages, medical diagnoses, extent of their diseases, survival times, serum albumin/globulin ratios, isoagglutinin titers and responsiveness to (delayedmore » hypersensitivity) skin tests does not suggest that any of these variables, singly or in combination, could be related to the altered antibody responses which are attributed to the drugs. Conclusions concerning the comparative effectiveness of these agents in suppressing immune responses must await completion of quantitative dose-response and dose-schedule studies. Similarly, sound extrapolations from animal studies to man must be based on careful quantitative scrutiny of the several variables involved in each experimental system. (auth)« less
A functional contextual approach to obesity and related problems

Approximately two-thirds of Americans are overweight or obese. Medical obesity interventions have focused primarily on weight loss, without full consideration of psychological factors. Not surprisingly weight gain following these interventions is common. Third wave behavior therapies utilize an acceptance-based, functional contextual framework to understand psychological and behavioral problems, with an emphasis on increasing values-consistent behavior rather than the reduction of negatively evaluated thoughts and feelings events. The present article summarizes the available literature of functional contextual interventions applied to obesity and collateral health conditions. Overall efficacy of these approaches, potential mediators and moderators, and areas for future research are described. Future research on such factors is warranted to improve understanding of functional contextual factors in obesity treatment.
Yield and Net Returns during the Transition to Organic Feed Grain Production

In the mid-Atlantic region, the demand for organic dairy has provided incentives for farmers to transition their land to organic feed grain production. At the same time, interest in minimum-tillage organic production is growing. Two field experiments were conducted to assess the effects of a first year cover crop and tillage system on weed populations, cash crop yield, and net returns over the 3-yr transition period in a cover crop-soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)-corn (Zea mays L.) feed grain rotation. The cover crop treatments were rye (Secale cereale L.)-hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) (hereafter RYE) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.)-red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) (hereafter TIM). Tillage system treatments were moldboard plow (full tillage, FT) and chisel plow (minimum tillage, MT). Across both experiments, soybean yields ranged from 1190 to 3721 kg ha -1 . Corn grain yields were affected by tillage in the first experiment only, and were 59% higher in FT (9370 kg ha -1 ) compared to MT (5906 kg ha -1 ). Weed abundance was primarily affected by tillage, with densities in corn being 244% higher in MT compared to FT. Cumulative net returns in the first experiment were profit-generating in systems where TIM was the initial cover crop (mean = U.S. $ 317 ha -1 ). Mean cumulative net returns were positive in three of the four treatment combinations in the second experiment (U.S. $ 74-299 ha -1 ). Improved strategies for minimizing the costs associated with fertilization and management of weeds in minimal tillage will be necessary to improve the profitability and sustainability of reduced-tillage organic systems.
Phycomyces: Growth Responses of the Sporangium

During the development of the sporangiophore of the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus there occurs a period of several hours when the sporangiophore does not elongate; instead, its "growth" is diverted into the formation of a sporangium at its top. This period of head formation is called stage II. Clearly, growth has not ceased but rather the geometry of the growing area has changed from that of a cylinder to a sphere. The growing sphere is found to have properties similar to the stage IV growing zone in that it functions as a sensory receptor and effector. The growing sporangium responds to both light (light head response) and humidity (wet head response). A model is presented giving a possible mechanism by which the ultimate size of the sporangium is regulated.
EXAMINING MOTORCYCLE CONSPICUITY THROUGH RECALL OF TRAFFIC EVENTS: A PRELIMINARY SURVEY

Familiarity with motorcycles may be related to their conspicuity. A survey was constructed that approached the idea of conspicuity through the recall of various traffic scenarios. Respondents were classified as either motorcycle owners or non owners. Motorcycle owners were more familiar with the characteristics of motorcycles than nonowners and believed that they had seen more motor scooters in the last 7 days.
A methodological framework for comparative assessments of equipment energy efficiency policy measures

When government policy-makers propose new policies, they need to assess the costs and benefits of the proposed policy measures to compare them to existing and alternative policies and to rank them according to their effectiveness. In the case of equipment energy efficiency regulations, comparing the effects of a range of alternative policy measures requires evaluating their effects on consumers’ budgets, on national energy consumption and economics, and on the environment. A useful methodology to perform such policy analysis should represent in a single framework the characteristics of each policy measure and provide comparable results. This paper presents an integrated methodological framework for the prospective assessment of the energy, economic, and environmental impacts of a variety of equipment energy efficiency policy measures. The framework is a comparative assessment tool for energy efficiency policy measures that (a) relies on a common set of primary data and parameters; (b) follows a single functional approach to estimate the energy, economic, and emissions savings resulting from each assessed measure; and (c) summarizes results in a set of metrics to facilitate comparative assessments. It provides a general methodology useful for evaluating a broad range of policies to promote greater equipment energy efficiency and the capability to further compare the impacts of such market interventions. The paper concludes with a demonstration of the use of the framework to compare the estimated impacts of 12 policy measures focusing on increasing the energy efficiency of gas furnaces in the USA.
Observations of serration characteristics and acoustic emission during serrated flow of an Al–Mg alloy

Abstract Study of serrated flow is important for the production of metal alloy parts with smooth surfaces and for fundamental understanding of microscale plastic deformation. In this experimental investigation of a rolled Al–Mg alloy, serrated flow was observed for the entire plastic flow region at three different strain rates. Strain and strain rate dependent serration amplitudes and widths were quantified. In addition, the acoustic emission (AE) signature from the plastic flow region was analyzed in detail and was related to the serrations in the macroscopic stress versus strain results. For all experiments, deformation bands on the surfaces of the specimens were found to be consistent with ‘Type B’ serrations. Video observations of the deformation bands were synchronized with the AE, and the deformation bands were found to coincide with more persistent AE bursts and anomalies in the serrations.
Barotropic Dynamics of the Beta Gyres and Beta Drift

Abstract The movement of a symmetric vortex embedded in a resting environment with a constant planetary vorticity gradient (the beta drift) is investigated with a shallow-water model. The authors demonstrate that, depending on initial vortex structure, the vortex may follow a variety of tracks ranging from a quasi-steady displacement to a wobbling or a cycloidal track due to the evolution of a secondary asymmetric circulation. The principal part of the asymmetric circulation is a pair of counterrotating gyres (referred to as beta gyres), which determine the steering flow at the vortex center. The evolution of the beta gyres is characterized by development/decay, gyration, and radial movement. The beta gyres develop by extracting kinetic energy from the symmetric circulation of the vortex. This energy conversion is associated with momentum advection and meridional advection of planetary vorticity. The latter (referred to as “beta conversion”) is a principal process for the generation of asymmetric circulat...
Making Time With Taste.Focus on "Taste Response Variability and Temporal Coding in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract of the Rat"

Until recently, almost all debates concerning the neural coding of taste have focused on the labeled line (LL) and across neuron pattern (ANP) hypotheses. The former theory postulates that the identity of a taste on the tongue is signaled by activity in the particular subset of neurons dedicated to
The Piquetero Movement of Greater Buenos Aires: Working Class Protest During the Current Argentine Crisis

AbstractAt a time when traditional Argentine labour has become debilitated, a new social movement has emerged representing parts of a working class now characterized by mass unemployment and job instability. The piquetero movement of the Buenos Aires region constitutes a highly successful effort to mobilize parts of the growing body of impoverished individuals without jobs into a new type of working class community. The controversial political tactics most commonly utilized by emerging piquetero groups consist of the temporary blockage of strategic roads in or near the capital as part of a bargaining technique meant to induce the national government to concede places in its nominally universal unemployment relief program to particular piquetero groups. Such political bargaining with a vulnerable government seems an adoption of traditional tactics employed by Argentine trade unionists when jobs were more easily available. Organized around certain well-known concepts taken from the version of the social mov...
Category and attribute knowledge deterioration in Alzheimer's Disease

A prevalent theory regarding the deterioration of semantic memory in Alzheimer's disease is that it is a bottom-up process. If this is true, performance on tests of attribute knowledge should decline more rapidly than performance on tests of categorical knowledge as dementia severity increases. In the present study, a convincing pattern of findings to either support or reject the theory failed to emerge. This raised questions regarding the ability to separate attribute and categorical knowledge, and whether one can be tested without influence of the other. Questions also were raised regarding the additional cognitive processes needed to complete tasks of semantic memory.
Remembering, Understanding, and Representation*

Starting with the facts that not everything that is understood is remembered, and that not everything that is remembered is understood, this paper urges that models of language processing should be able to make a distinction between comprehension and memory. To this end, a case is made for a spreading activation process as being the essential ingredient of the comprehension process. It is argued that concepts activated during comprehension not only restrict the search set for candidate concepts to be used in a top-down fashion, they also constitute part of an episodic representation that can come to be part of long-term memory. The way in which these representations atrophy is discussed, as is the way in which their idiosyncratic components are eliminated in producing representations in semantic memory. Some observations on the comprehension and memory of text are made and arguments are presented to show how intrusions and omissions in recall can be handled. Some existing experimental data is reanalized in terms of the proposed model and alternative interpretations consistent with the model are shown to be possible.
Computational cloning of drug target genes of a parasitic nematode, Oesophagostomum dentatum

Gene identification and sequence determination are critical requirements for many biological, genomic, and bioinformatic studies. With the advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, such determinations are predominantly accomplished in silico for organisms for which the genome is known or for which there exists substantial gene sequence information. Without detailed genomic/gene information, in silico sequence determination is not straightforward, and full coding sequence determination typically involves time- and labor-intensive PCR-based amplification and cloning methods. An improved method was developed with which to determine full length gene coding sequences in silico using de novo assembly of RNA-Seq data. The scheme improves upon initial contigs through contig-to-gene identification by BLAST nearest–neighbor comparison, and through single-contig refinement by iterative-binning and -assembly of reads. Application of the iterative method produced the gene identification and full coding sequence for 9 of 12 genes and improved the sequence of 3 of the 12 genes targeted by benzimidazole, macrocyclic lactone, and nicotinic agonist classes of anthelminthic drugs in the swine nodular parasite Oesophagostomum dentatum. The approach improved upon the initial optimized assembly with Velvet that only identified full coding sequences for 2 genes. Our reiterative methodology represents a simplified pipeline with which to determine longer gene sequences in silico from next generation sequence data for any nematode for which detailed genetic/gene information is lacking. The method significantly improved upon an initial Velvet assembly of RNA-Seq data that yielded only 2 full length sequences. The identified coding sequences for the 11 target genes enables further future examinations including: (i) the use of recombinant target protein in functional assays seeking a better understanding of the mechanism of drug resistance, and (ii) seeking comparative genomic and transcriptomic assessments between parasite isolates that exhibit varied drug sensitivities.
A simulation model for American football plays

Abstract A Monte Carlo model is presented which simulates the time history of the players' positions and velocities. Passing plays are excluded. The play is broken into constant-interval epochs at which the players select their respective strategies. These in turn are used in conjuctions with kinematic equations to update the players' state variables. Various objectives are formulated via nonlinear programming problems for the three classes of players (offensive ball-carrier, defensive tacklers and offensive blockers). Interactions between players (blocking and tackling) are postulated from considerations of particle dynamics. Sample results are presented and methods of validating the model are discussed.
The effect of digital nerve stimulation on recruitment order of motor units in the first deep lumbrical muscle of the cat.

Abstract The normal recruitment order of EMG spikes of the first deep lumbrical muscle of the cat's hindpaw, usually seen during cortical stimulation, pad pinch and weak plantar nerve stimulation, was temporarily reversed after stimulation of the medial digital nerve of the foot at 50 Hz for 2 min, and normal order was recovered in 2 to 10 min. The longer the period of stimulation of the medial digital nerve was, the longer the time for recovery. min. After prolonged medial digital nerve stimulation, EMG responses to pad pinch and plantar nerve stimulation were facilitated. Combination of some stimuli (e.g. cortical stimulation and plantar nerve stimulation, pad pinch and plantar nerve stimulation, plantar nerve and medial digital nerve stimulation) also produced reversal of recruitment order during the period of stimulation. A functionally single motor nerve fiber to the first deep lumbrical muscle was isolated from the motor nerve axons in L7 and S1 of the spinal cord of cats, and physiological properties of pairs of motor units whose recruitment order was temporarily altered by plantar nerve stimulation after prolonged stimulation of the medial digital nerve of a foot were examined. Motor units with large action potentials were more facilitated than motor units with small action potentials after prolonged stimulation of the medial digital nerve. The former motor units showed fast contraction time, large twitch tension, low resistance to fatigue and presence of sag-behavior. The latter motor units showed slow contraction time, small twitch tension and high resistance to fatigue. High threshold motor units with middle-sized surface EMG records were recruited after motor units with large potentials had been recruited; motor units with middle-size action potentials were beta motor axons branching to both intrafusal and extrafusal muscle fibers. The beta motor axons also showed fast conduction velocity and the presence of sag-behavior.
Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and the effect of polyethylene glycol on inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus

Substrate analog inhibitors of Bacillus cereus phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) were synthesized and screened for their suitability to map the active site region of the enzyme by protein crystallography. Analogs of the natural substrate phosphatidylinositol (PI) were designed to examine the importance of the lipid portion and the inositol phosphate head group for binding to the enzyme. The synthetic compounds contained pentyl, hexyl, or hexanoyl and octyl lipid chains at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of the glycerol backbone and phosphonoinositol, phosphonic acid, methyl phosphonate, phosphatidic acid, or methyl phosphate at the sn-3 position. The most hydrophobic compound, dioctyl methyl phosphate 14, was also the best inhibitor with an IC50 of 12 microM. In a series of dihexyl lipids, compounds with phosphonoinositol head groups inhibited more strongly than those that do not contain inositol but are otherwise identical. Compound 29, a short-chain lipid with a phosphonoinositol head group, was found to be a competitive inhibitor and the most potent in this series with an IC50 of 18 microM (Ki = 14 microM). Analogs with dihexyl chains were better inhibitors than those with dihexanoyl chains, presumably because the ether-linked lipids are more hydrophobic than the ester-linked lipids. No appreciable difference in inhibition was found between a phosphonoinositol lipid and the corresponding difluorophosphonoinositol lipid. Inositols and inositol derivatives that do not contain lipid moieties show IC50s about 3 orders of magnitude above those of the short-chain lipids. In this group, glucosaminyl(alpha 1-->6)-D-myo-inositol inhibited more strongly than myo-inositol, which in turn is a better inhibitor than inositol phosphate. The addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG-600) resulted in a marked decrease in inhibition by the short-chain lipids, but had little effect on the water-soluble head group analogs. This is accounted for in terms of solubilization of the amphipathic inhibitors by PEG. Since PEG is required in the crystallization, these data indicate that the best strategy for obtaining enzyme inhibitor complexes is to start by cocrystallizing PI-PLC with the head group analogs. The next step is to synthetically add the shortest possible hydrophobic moieties to the analogs and cocrystallize these with the enzyme. This strategy may be applicable to other lipolytic enzymes.
APA's resilience initiative

Resilience is the human ability to adapt in the face of tragedy, trauma, adversity, hardship, and ongoing significant life stressors. Focus groups conducted by the APA Practice Directorate after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, found people to be experiencing a chronic sense of stress and uncertainty for which they wanted to be more resilient. In response, APA launched its public education campaign, “The Road to Resilience,” in August 2002. A key component of the campaign is community outreach by psychologists, in which psychologists around the country bring information about resilience directly into their communities. This has allowed psychologists to help their communities and to help communities better understand the value of psychology.
Enhancement of KRS-XE for 50-keV advanced mask-making applications

KRS-XE, a high performance chemically amplified photoresist designed specifically for e-beam mask making applications, has been enhanced to achieve reduced “footing” on chrome oxide surfaces while still maintaining the original lithographic characteristics that make KRS-XE a promising mask making candidate. These attributes include high resolution, superior bake latitudes, high vacuum stability, coated shelf life of greater than 2 months, and, most notably, the absence of a post exposure bake. In conjunction with the footing reduction the requisite sensitivity requirement of <10uC/cm2 with 50 keV exposure tools has been achieved while retaining the robust process latitude previously reported for this resist. Through a careful study of the photoresist formulation components a route to the ultra-high sensitivity of <2.5uC/cm2 at 50 keV has been elucidated which will further enhance throughput, decrease heating effects, and potentially be a suitable resist for e-beam projection lithography (EPL).
Response of lettuce cultivars to sludge‐amended soils and bed types

Abstract A 2‐year nutrition experiment was conducted to determine the effects of sludge, bed, and genotype on lettuce growth and leaf elemental concentration levels. Three leaf lettuce cultivars (Lactuca sativa cvs. Grand Rapids, Ruby, Salad Bowl) were grown in field plots of silt loam amended with 90 MT/ha/year of industrial or municipal sludge and a control with no sludge application. The 3 bed types used were a level or flat bed, a 15‐cm raised bed, and a 15‐cm raised bed of unamended topsoil over prepared flat bed (overcover bed). Sludge and bed type did influence yield and leaf elemental concentrations for all 3 cultivars. When significant differences occurred, the highest yields were with municipal sludge and raised beds and the highest leaf nutrient concentrations with the industrial sludge. Bed effects on leaf elemental concentrations were variable. ‘Grand Rapids’ had significantly lower leaf concentration levels for all elements (except P in 1982) when compared to either ‘Grand Rapids’ or ‘Salad ...
The Influence of Personality Composition in Applied Piano Groups

A one-session study of six four-student groups investigated problem-solving and performance in piano as influenced by a judging-perceiving personality preference of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Three group types were formed from the freshman music majors of nonkeyboard concentration: predominately judging, predominately perceiving, and equally mixed. The task involved both the harmonization and performance of the melody. Groups were scored on two factors of performance: aesthetic-expressive and accurate. Group process was evaluated by dividing the sessions into time segments and encoding verbal activity into six problem-solving behaviors. As a measure of student perception, each student completed a questionnaire. No difference was found in performance results; however, each group type developed its own problem-solving process. Significant differences were found in the amount of total verbal activity, specific verbal behavior, and student perception of group process. Data suggest the importance of teac...
Bidirectional axonal transport of free glycine in identified neurons R3–R14 of Aplysia

The axonal transport of 3H-amino acids was studied in the axons of identified neurons R3--R14 in the parietovisceral ganglion (PVG) of the mollusc Aplysia. The PVG was incubated (3--24 hr) in media containing physiological concentrations of single 3H-amino acids while the isolated nerve was superfused with plain or chemically altered media. The nerve was then sliced into sequential segments for biochemical analyses or fixed for autoradiography. 3H-glucine was transported at 70 mm/day in 6X greater quantities than other amino acids which were transported at less than 40 mm/day. In the 3H-glycine experiments, greater than 80% of the label transported into the nerve remained as free glycine, comigrating with glycine in thin-layer chromatographs. In autoradiographs of sections 4 mm from the ganglion-nerve barrier, greater than 50% of the silver grains were over R3--R14 axons which occupy less than 10% of the nerve cross-sectional area. EM autoradiographs confirmed that grains were within R3--R14 and not in surrounding glia. The selective transport of glycine was inhibited by Hg2+, by vinblastine and Nocodazole, and by low Ca2+ media. Autoradiographs of vinblastine-treated nerves showed a drastic reduction in label over R3--R14 and other axons. Label was also transported retrogradely; this transport rate was similar to the orthograde rate, but 5--10 times less label moved retrogradely. Autoradiographs showed that the retrograde label was localized to R3--R14 axons. This report clearly demonstrates the rapid, selective, and bidirectional transport of a free amino acid and provides further evidence that glycine may be used as a neurochemical messenter by neurons R3--R14.
Utility of Lumbar Puncture for First Simple Febrile Seizure Among Children 6 to 18 Months of Age

OBJECTIVES. American Academy of Pediatrics consensus statement recommendations are to consider strongly for infants 6 to 12 months of age with a first simple febrile seizure and to consider for children 12 to 18 months of age with a first simple febrile seizure lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Our aims were to determine compliance with these recommendations and to assess the rate of bacterial meningitis detected among these children. METHODS. A retrospective cohort review was performed for patients 6 to 18 months of age who were evaluated for first simple febrile seizure in a pediatric emergency department between October 1995 and October 2006. RESULTS. First simple febrile seizure accounted for 1% of all emergency department visits for children of this age, with 704 cases among 71 234 eligible visits during the study period. Twenty-seven percent (n = 188) of first simple febrile seizure visits were for infants 6 to 12 months of age, and 73% (n = 516) were for infants 12 to 18 months of age. Lumbar puncture was performed for 38% of the children (n = 271). Samples were available for 70% of children 6 to 12 months of age (131 of 188 children) and 25% of children 12 to 18 months of age (129 of 516 children). Rates of lumbar puncture decreased significantly over time in both age groups. The cerebrospinal fluid white blood cell count was elevated in 10 cases (3.8%). No pathogen was identified in cerebrospinal fluid cultures. Ten cultures (3.8%) yielded a contaminant. No patient was diagnosed as having bacterial meningitis. CONCLUSIONS. The risk of bacterial meningitis presenting as first simple febrile seizure at ages 6 to 18 months is very low. Current American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations should be reconsidered.
Nano-pattemed coupled spin torque nano oscillator (STNO) arrays — A potentially disruptive multipurpose nanotechnology

This work focuses on the modeling, simulation, design space exploration and applications for Spin Torque Nano Oscillators (STNOs), with special emphasis on nano-arrays of such oscillators formed using patterned magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with modulated coupling either through spin waves in the substrate or through electrical coupling with AC currents to the leads of the STNOs. This interesting coupling behavior of STNO arrays can allow their use as associative memories.
Predictions of Fundamental Frequency Changes During Phonation Based on a Biomechanical Model of the Vocal Fold Lamina Propria

Summary This study examines the local and global changes of fundamental frequency ( F 0 ) during phonation and proposes a biomechanical model of predictions of F 0 contours based on the mechanics of vibration of vocal fold lamina propria. The biomechanical model integrates the constitutive description of the tissue mechanical response with a structural model of beam vibration. The constitutive model accounts for the nonlinear and time-dependent response of the vocal fold cover and the vocal ligament. The structural model of the vocal fold lamina propria is based on a composite beam model with axial stress. Results show that local fluctuations such as F 0 overshoots and undershoots can be characterized by the biomechanical model and might be related to the processes of stress relaxation of vocal fold tissues during length changes. The global changes of F 0 declination in declarative sentence production can also be characterized by the model. Such F 0 declination is partially attributed to the peak stress decay associated with stress relaxation of the vocal fold lamina propria and partially to neuromuscular control of the vocal fold length.
The role of endorectal coil MRI in preoperative staging and decision-making for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer

Introduction The optimal management of newly diagnosed prostate cancer requires individualization of the treatment plan based upon the most accurate clinical characterization of tumor location and extent of disease. The role of imaging in prostate cancer staging continues to evolve. In this review, we address the utility of endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging (eMRI) in both local staging and its ability to facilitate the decision in choosing one treatment strategy over another after the initial diagnosis of localized prostate cancer.
A Review of Recent Advances and Future Directions in the Quantitative Literature on Civil War

This paper reviews the booming literature on civil war. It presents the major theoretical perspectives and key empirical results on the determinants of civil war. The paper identifies controversies in the field and suggests ways to improve and organize our research. The conclusion outlines possible future directions for research on civil wars.
Association of environmental factors with levels of home and community participation in an adult rehabilitation cohort.

Abstract Keysor JJ, Jette AM, Coster W, Bettger JP, Haley SM. Association of environmental factors with levels of home and community participation in an adult rehabilitation cohort. Objective To examine whether home and community environmental barriers and facilitators are predictors of social and home participation and community participation at 1 and 6 months after discharge from an acute care or inpatient rehabilitation hospital. Design Cohort study. Setting Postacute care. Participants Adults (N=342) age 18 years or older with a diagnosis of complex medical, orthopedic, or neurologic condition recruited from acute care and inpatient rehabilitation facilities. The mean age ± standard deviation of participants was 68±14 years; 49% were women and 92% were white. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Participation in social, home and community affairs as assessed with the Participation Measure for Post-Acute Care. Results Adjusting for covariates, 1 month after discharge a greater presence of home mobility barriers ( P P P Conclusions This study provides new empirical evidence that environmental barriers and facilitators do influence participation in a general rehabilitation cohort, at least in the short term.
Data labeling for integrity in SCADA systems

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems attain important data for critical infrastructure monitoring and control. The data is also used by various high level applications in automation engineering, decision support, operation planning and scheduling, and measurement and accounting. Due to the increasing security threats and system failures, SCADA data may be compromised, corrupted, or produced by malfunctioned devices/applications. Ensuring a high level of data integrity is critical for the operations of SCADA systems and the supported business functions. In this paper, a data labeling approach is proposed to ensure data integrity in SCADA systems. Essentially, a label records the component information of a data item as well as how the data is generated. This information is used to assess how damage to a component data could result in damage to compound data items and, more importantly, how to detect such damage and correct any affected data. For any compromised data that has been recovered, its label must be updated, called relabeling. We define relabeling strategies and communication models to propagate component updates to all the affected data items to ensure that they can be corrected, thus to maintain data integrity. To our best knowledge, our work is the first of its kind to specifically address data integrity issues in SCADA systems.
Cell-by-cell mapping of carrier concentrations in high-temperature superconductors

The correlation between atomic and electronic structure in the vicinity of grain boundaries in YBa2Cu3O7-δ is investigated on the scale of the coherence length, using a combination of Z-contrast imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy in the scanning transmission electron microscope. The detector arrangement of the microscope enables both techniques to be performed simultaneously, allowing the exact crystallographic location of the probe to be determined from the image. As the pre-edge feature of the oxygen K-absorption edge is very sensitive to the partial density of unoccupied states, it can be calibrated to give an accurate measure of local hole concentrations (±5%). Spatial resolution is limited only by the 2.2 A probe size, thus allowing the electronic properties of the material to be inferred on a scale less than the coherence length. Results are discussed from the study of YBa2Cu3O7-δ films prepared by laser ablation on yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) substrates, where a symmetric (near Σ5) grain boundary shows no significant hole depletion in the boundary region, while an asymmetric (near Σ17) boundary shows depletion extending over a region far greater than the atomic disorder shown in the image. Application of this technique to the study of interfaces in other superconducting systems is discussed.
Contingent and Noncontingent Schedules of Continuous and Partial Reward in Rats

The effects of contingent reward (R) and nonreward (N) and noncontingent reward (r) and nonreward (n) on extinction performance were investigated. Both R and N were delivered contingently on a runway running response while r and n were delivered by placing Ss directly into the goal box. In acquisition, the 32 albino rats were given 5 contingent trials and 4 noncontingent placements each day for 2 days. Group CC received the daily sequence RrRrRrRrR; Group CP, RnRrRnRrR; Group PC, RxNrRrNrR; and Group PP, RnNrRnNrR. 15 extinction trials were given with 5 trials per day. An analysis of variance applied to the mean log total times in extinction showed that Group CP was significantly more resistant to extinction than Group CC and that Group PP was more resistant to extinction than Group PC. Neither the difference between Groups CC and PC nor the difference between Group CP and PP approached significance. The results were discussed in terms of their relevance to the modified aftereffects hypothesis and dissona...