cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Float trajectories in the deep western boundary current and deep equatorial jets of the tropical Atlantic

Abstract Fourteen neutrally buoyant SOFAR floats at a nominal depth of 1800 m were tracked acoustically for 3.7 yr in the vicinity of the western boundary and the equator of the Atlantic Ocean. The trajectories revealed a swift, narrow, southward-flowing deep western boundary current (DWBC) extending from 7N across the equator. Two floats crossed the equator in the DWBC and went to 10S. Two other floats left the DWBC and drifted eastward in the equatorial band (3S–3N). Three floats entered the DWBC from the equatorial current system and drifted southward. These results suggest that at times the DWBC flows directly southward across the equator with a mean velocity of 8–9 cm/s averaged over long distances (∼2800 km). At other times DWBC water is diverted eastward near the equator for long periods (2–3 yr), which can reduce the mean along-boundary velocity to 1–2 cm/s. This is much less than the instantaneous along-boundary velocities in the DWBC, which are often above 25 cm/s and occasionally exceed 50 cm/s. Mean eastward-flowing jets were observed near 2N and 2S bounding a mean westward jet centered on the equator (1S–1N). The southern jet at 2S coincides with a CFC-rich plume centered south of the equator. The CFC plume is inferred to have been advected by the southern jet across the Atlantic and into the Gulf of Guinea.
Inguinal hernia: relationship to respiratory disease in prematurity

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the risk of respiratory disease for developing inguinal hernia (IH). Study design: A retrospective case-control study reviewed medical records of 100 outborn infant males, gestational age (GA) less than 35 weeks, admitted between July 1999 and November 2002 to our level III neonatal intensive care unit. Prospectively selected variables were reviewed from 50 cases of IH and 50 controls. Results: Premature infants expressing IH were more likely to have had lower GA and birth weight, longer duration of mechanical ventilation, use of high-frequency oscillating ventilator (HFOV), higher peak mean airway pressures during mechanical ventilation, and postnatal dexamethasone exposure. Adjusted results showed dexamethasone, HFOV in infants less than 28 weeks GA, and length of mechanical ventilation remained significant. Multivariate analysis revealed dexamethasone as an independent risk for the expression of IH. Conclusions: The association of IH expression with mechanical support and dexamethasone administration was substantial. These data provide further caution when using either HFOV or dexamethasone in preterm infants with respiratory insufficiency.
Distributed Neural Networks for Signal Change Detection: On the Way to Cognition in Sensor Networks

Cognition is a fundamental feature of natural intelligence, which a modern technology has not yet been able to reproduce in full capacity. Sensor networks provide a new technological support for a substantial increase in an amount and quality of information that might be collected and communicated in complex adaptive systems. Their application may significantly raise the degree of intelligence in system design and implementation into the levels where effects of cognition will start kicking in. The paper describes the results of an empirical study aiming to demonstrate that a cognition ability may be treated as a generic sensor network feature. The new architecture with neural networks distributed over the sensor network platforms was developed for sensor network engineering applications. The detection system learns to detect the change of not only the signal levels but also sensor signal shapes and parameters that represent a more complicated task. The architecture allows for a significant reduction in resource consumption without compromising the change detection performance. Implemented as an agent controlling the sensor network self-adjustment to the objects under measurement in the sensor network composed from typical sensor motes, the novel neural network structures may achieve a significant saving in power consumption and an increase in a possible network deployment time from a few days to a few years. The experiments prove that a neural-network-based change detection system is feasible for sensor networks application designs and could be successfully implemented on the technological platforms currently available on the market.
Territorial markings as a predictor of driver aggression and road rage

Aggressive driving has received substantial media coverage during the past decade. We report 3 studies testing a territorial explanation of aggressive driving. Altman (1975) described attachment to, personalization of, and defense of primary territories (e.g., home) as being greater than for public territories (e.g., sunbathing spot on a beach). Aggressive driving may occur when social norms for defending a primary territory (i.e., one's automobile) become confused with less aggressive norms for defending a public territory (i.e., the road). Both number of territory markers (e.g., bumper stickers, decals) and attachment to the vehicle were significant predictors of aggressive driving. Mere presence of a territory marker predicts increased use of the vehicle to express anger and decreased use of adaptive/constructive expressions.
NMR 1,3 Dialxial Deshielding Effect of the Hydroxyl Group on Ring Hydrogens Studied from Partially Deuterated Six-Membersed Ring Compunds

The deshielding effect of the hydroxyl group on axial ring protons through 1,3-diaxial spatial interaction has been studied in trans - o -tolyl- trans -5-hydroxycyclohexanol-3,3,6,6- d 4 (II) and trans -2- o -tolyl- cis -4-hydroxycyclohexanol-3,3,6,6- d 4 (III) in deuterated chloroform, acetone- d 6 , methanol- d 4 , acetic acid, and pyridine; in 4- tert -butyl- trans -1,4-cyclohexanediol-3,3,5- d 4 (VI) in methanol- d 4 and pyridine; and in 4- tert -butyl- cis -1,4-cyclohexanediol-3,3,5,5- d 4 (VII) in pyridine. A consistent downfield shift of about 0.50 p.p.m. was found for the signal of H-1 of If in the first 4 solvents, but a considerably larger shift of 0.90 p.p.m. was obtained in pyridine. A downfield shift of about 0.58 ± 0.05 p.p.m. was found for the signal of H-2 in III in the first 4 solvents while a shift of 0.97 p.p.m. was obtained in pyridine. The deshielding effect of the tertiary hydroxyl groups in VI and VII was found to he smaller than that of the secondary hydroxyl in II and III in a given solvent, but the magnitude of the pyridine solvent effect was about the same in the 2 series.
Simulations of GPR in dispersive media using a frequency-dependent PSTD algorithm

Recently an efficient pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) algorithm has been developed to solve partial differential equations in computational electromagnetics and acoustics. It uses the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm to approximate spatial derivatives, and the perfectly matched layer (PML) to eliminate the wraparound effect. Due to its high accuracy in the spatial derivatives, this method requires a significantly smaller number of unknowns than a conventional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method when solving large-scale problems. In this work, the authors further extend the PSTD algorithm to frequency-dependent media and apply the algorithm to simulate ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements in a dispersive Earth. The dispersion of the soil is treated by the recursive convolution approaches. The convergence property of the PSTD algorithm is investigated for the scattering of a dispersive cylinder. Multidimensional large-scale problems in GPR measurements are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of this frequency-dependent PSTD algorithm.
A DENTAL CURRICULUM WITH CONCERN FOR AGING ADULTS‐PART II: COMPLETE DENTURE THERAPY

This article discusses the present and projected need for complete denture treatment by the senior citizens of the United States and the State of Florida. It describes innovative aspects of the complete denture curriculum at the University of Florida College of Dentistry. Students accomplish all necessary procedures for patients in need of complete dentures without exposure to a traditional preclinical laboratory course simulating these same procedures. This permits more efficient use of curriculum time and affords more opportunities for student interaction with the aged edentulous (toothless) patient. The college's self‐paced modular curriculum is discussed as is the use of competency‐based clinical behavioral objectives. An interdisciplinary approach is used in both didactic instruction and Clinical evaluation of patient management skills for the aging complete denture patient.
Nonuniversal Behavior of the Thermodynamic Interaction Parameter in Blends of Star and Linear Polybutadiene

Values of the bulk thermodynamic interaction parameter, χ eff , for blends of anionically polymerized star (number of arms = 4, 6, 8, 12) and linear polybutadienes (PB) of well-defined architecture and molecular weight were measured as a function of temperature using small-angle neutron scattering. Comparison of these measured values of χ eff -with results from comparable polystyrene (PS) blends suggests the existence of nonuniversal aspects in the thermodynamic interaction due to entropic contributions, χ e , arising from architectural differences in chains. While the value of χ e , for PS star/linear blends increases monotonically with number of arms in the star, the value of χ e in the PB star/linear blends does not, a result which cannot be anticipated by the Gaussian field theory (GFT) of Fredrickson et al. 1 An important discrepancy between theory and experiment is also found for the variation of χ e , with linear chain length. Theory anticipates the value of χ e , should decrease with increasing linear chain size, but in fact it increases. Qualitative agreement with the GFT is found on two counts: χ e , decreases with increasing concentration of star (when assuming χ isotpic for linear/linear blends is constant with concentration), and χ e decreases with increasing length of the star arm. In general, the value of χ e for a PB blend of star and linear components is larger than the value of χ e for a comparable PS blend. Indeed, phase separation is observed in one particular PB blend of a six-arm star with a sufficiently large linear chain.
Cellular response to oxidative stress: signaling for suicide and survival.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), whether produced endogenously as a consequence of normal cell functions or derived from external sources, pose a constant threat to cells living in an aerobic environment as they can result in severe damage to DNA, protein, and lipids. The importance of oxidative damage to the pathogenesis of many diseases as well as to degenerative processes of aging has becoming increasingly apparent over the past few years. Cells contain a number of antioxidant defenses to minimize fluctuations in ROS, but ROS generation often exceeds the cell's antioxidant capacity, resulting in a condition termed oxidative stress. Host survival depends upon the ability of cells and tissues to adapt to or resist the stress, and repair or remove damaged molecules or cells. Numerous stress response mechanisms have evolved for these purposes, and they are rapidly activated in response to oxidative insults. Some of the pathways are preferentially linked to enhanced survival, while others are more frequently associated with cell death. Still others have been implicated in both extremes depending on the particular circumstances. In this review, we discuss the various signaling pathways known to be activated in response to oxidative stress in mammalian cells, the mechanisms leading to their activation, and their roles in influencing cell survival. These pathways constitute important avenues for therapeutic interventions aimed at limiting oxidative damage or attenuating its sequelae.
The Uncertain Origins of Mesoamerican Turkey Domestication

The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is the only domesticated vertebrate to originate from North America. Accurate reconstructions of the timing, location, and process of its domestication are thus critical for understanding the domestication process in the ancient Americas. A substantial amount of recent research has been devoted to understanding turkey domestication in the American Southwest, but comparatively little research has been conducted on the subject in Mesoamerica, despite the fact that all modern domestic turkeys descend from birds originally domesticated in Mexico during pre-colonial times. To address this disparity, we have conducted a review of the available literature on early turkeys in the archaeological record of Mesoamerica. We evaluate the evidence in terms of its accuracy and use this evaluation as a stepping off point for suggesting potential avenues of future research. Although the lack of available data from Mesoamerica currently precludes detailed cross-cultural comparisons, we briefly compare the origins and intensification of turkey rearing in Mesoamerica with the American Southwest to generate more dialogue among researchers independently studying the topic in these two distinct but interconnected cultural regions.
Worshipping Breasts in the Maternal Landscape of India

The female breast as a motif has played an important part in Hindu Brahmanical worship and representation since the Indus Valley Civilization. Nevertheless, breasts and their representation as icons in the Brahmanical imagination have been neglected in art historical scholarship, which has tended to focus on the lingam (phallus) and the yoni (vulva) as the archetypal symbols of fertility in the religious imagery of India. This essay will provide an introduction to the role of breasts as independent symbols in Hindu rituals and religious practices. Analyzing a selection of case studies including the breast-shaped Telugu tali pendant, the goddess Sati’s breast and the stanakunda tank at Bajreswari Temple in Kangra, as well as the association of breast iconography with Shaivite symbolism at two temples in Andhra Pradesh, the essay will investigate the representation of breasts in the maternal landscape of India. By taking a contemporary anthropological approach and using visual and archaeological source mate...
Spin Dynamics Calculations in the Two-Dimensional Classical XY-Model

We report preliminary results from the first large scale numerical study of critical spin dynamics in the two dimensional classical XY model. We integrate the hamiltonian equations of motion, starting from a set of configurations generated by Monte Carlo. In addition to the expected spin wave peak in the Kosterlitz-Thouless phase, we find a strong central peak, and unexpected structure below the spin wave peak. The dynamic critical exponent is measured to be z = 1.00(4) in the KT-phase.
0414 Cumulative mercury exposure and peripheral nerve function in a sample of U.S. dental professionals

Objectives To calculate individual cumulative mercury exposures from a convenience sample of dental professionals and measure the effect on peripheral nerve function. Method Participants attended the American Dental Association’s (ADA) conventions held from 1997–2006. Individual surveys were completed and measurements were taken of the median and ulnar sensory nerve amplitude and latency in the dominant hand. The ADA has measured the average urinary mercury concentration of participants since 1977, allowing a cumulative mercury exposure to be estimated for each individual dentist based on the number of years they practiced dentistry. Both fixed and mixed effects (accounting for repeated measures) linear regression models were used. Results 3923 observations from 2649 dentists were used to perform linear regression using multiple models. Models included individuals with or without imputed BMI, along with either repeated measures or initial observations only. Adjusted covariates included hand temperature, gender, age and BMI. Individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, carpal tunnel syndrome (for median nerve models only), or hand temperatures interfering with the accuracy of the instrument were excluded. The main effect of cumulative exposure was found to be significant (p-value Conclusions Using an estimated cumulative mercury exposure as the measure of effect shows a significant positive association with decreased peripheral nerve function. This study is the first of its kind to estimate dentists’ cumulative mercury exposure and its effect on peripheral nerve function.
Implementation of Real-time Event and Information Monitoring for Web-based Reservoir Dispatching Automation

Flex,the new technology,is introduced.According to integrated develop principle of reservoir dispatching information publishing system,a new architecture software of Web-based information publishing system is designed for the purpose of reasonable using software resources.For the goal of publishing real-time event and information,certain real-time information monitoring applications are developed,which will serve as the technical foundation for integrated application of reservoir dispatching automation system in wide area.
Epidemic Features of Food Poisoning in Haizhu District of Guangzhou City during 2004—2007

[Objective] To understand the law and features of food poisoning in Haizhu District, and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and elimination of food poisoning. [Methods]Statistical analysis was made on the food poisoning reports and investigation reports in Haizhu District of Guangzhou City during 2004—2007.[Results]During the 4 years, 52 cases of food poisoning were found with 610 poisoned people and no death cases; the average annual morbidity was 1.68/1lakh; 52.79%, 25.74%, 12.30% and 9.18% of the food poisonings took place in the collective canteens, catering service units, household and others; the case numbers and persons in the bacterial food poisoning were the largest among the causative factors, followed by chemical food poisoning, food poisonings of unknown causes and toxic animals and plants were less, which accounted for 78.85% and 91.15%, 17.31% and 7.54%, 3.85% and 2.13%, 1.92% and 0.82% respectively; the main pathogenic bacteria in bacterial food poisonings were Campylobacter, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus; the major pathogenic bacteria in the chemical food poisonings were Methamidophos and Clenbuterol; most chemical food poisoning occurs in the households with few cases and poisoned persons but severe harm. [Conclusion]The situation of food poisoning is still stern in Haizhu District; effective measures should be taken for the prevention and control according to the law and features of food poisonings in that area.
Relationship of bone remodeling, oxygen consumption, and blood flow in bone.

Blood entering and leaving tibiae of normal dogs and dogs in states of low bone remodeling and high bone remodeling (hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, and hyperthyroidism) was analyzed for ten-minute 85Sr clearances, arteriovenous differences in oxygen content, partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and pH. The arteriovenous differences in oxygen content of tibial blood were the same in high, normal, and low-remodeling states. 85Sr clearance was decreased in dogs with low-bone remodeling and increased in dogs with high-bone remodeling. The close adjustment of osseous blood flow, as indirectly determined by 85Sr clearance, with remodeling activity and the constant oxygen uptake indicate the importance of alterations in blood flow in meeting the increased nutritional demands of active tissues. These adjustments of blood flow through bone to changing nutritional needs suggest a metabolic factor linking flow to the tissue's need for nutrients.
Renal Na-myo-inositol cotransporter mRNA expression in Xenopus oocytes: Regulation by hypertonicity

Canine renal cells in culture (MDCK cells) accumulate organic osmolytes, including myo-inositol (MI), in response to hypertonic stress. When medium tonicity is increased, intracellular concentration of MI rises because hypertonicity elicits increased uptake of MI via Na-MI cotransporter(s). To study the mechanism for this increase in cotransporter activity, poly(A)+ RNA isolated from MDCK cells maintained in hypertonic or isotonic medium was injected into Xenopus oocytes, and Na-dependent MI uptake was measured 3-5 days later. Poly(A)+ RNA from hypertonic cells induced clear expression of the cotransporter. In contrast, oocytes injected with poly(A)+ RNA isolated from MDCK cells maintained in isotonic medium exhibited cotransporter activity like oocytes injected with water. Upon size fractionation of RNA, peak activity appeared in a fraction that contained poly(A)+ RNA with median size of approximately 4 kilobases. Na-dependent MI uptake by poly(A)+ RNA-injected oocytes was inhibited by both phlorizin and phloretin. We suggest that hypertonicity-induced upregulation of the Na-MI cotransporter involves an increase in mRNA and synthesis of cotransporter protein(s).
A Many-Core Implementation of the Direct N-Body Problem

This chapter presents several optimizations that are usually necessary to obtain good performance on an Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor. It also explains why these optimizations where done intending that the applicability of the chapter is broader than the N-body kernel that is used to drive the presentation. These optimizations also lead to the performance improvement on processors in general.
Contrasting Roles of a Brain-Specific Protein Kinase C Substrate

Increased phosphorylation of the neuronal membrane-bound protein F1 and translocation of its kinase, Ca2+- and phospholipid-stimulated protein kinase C (PKC), have been related to long-term increases in adult synaptic efficacy in a number of reports from our laboratory (Routtenberg et al.,1985; Lovinger et al., 1985; Akers et al., 1986).
Comparison of Vascular Plugs and Pushable Coils for Variceal Embolization After TIPS.

OBJECTIVE. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) with variceal embolization is routinely performed to treat variceal bleeding. Embolization using vascular plugs is reported, but outcomes are not known. Outcomes and material costs of embolization using vascular plugs and coils are compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A single center's medical records of TIPS procedures (May 2003–December 2014) with variceal embolization were reviewed. Twenty patients with vascular plug embolization (age [± SD], 50 ± 10 years; seven men and 13 women; median Model for End-Stage Liver Disease [MELD], 20; interquartile range [IQR], 14–23) were compared with an age-, sex-, and MELD-matched cohort who underwent coil embolization (age, 50 ± 9 years; seven men and 13 women; median MELD, 17; IQR, 15–19; p = 0.52). Procedure details, primary outcome (rebleeding), secondary outcome (mortality), and costs were compared. RESULTS. Vascular plug use was associated with a lower fluoroscopy time (49.05 minutes [IQR, 36–62] vs 68...
Synthesis and characterization of two polydentate pyridylamines, their acidified salts and late first-row transition metal complexes

Abstract Synthesis and characterization of a new tripodal polydentate pyridylamine C L and an improved synthesis of analogue N L were developed. Acidified salts of the two polyamines ( C LH and N LH ), one trizinc ( 1 ), and two monometallic complexes ( 2 and 3 ) were synthesized and structurally characterized. Protonation of the polyamines occurred at the pyridine N atoms, strongly supported by the hydrogen bonds between the cations and anions in the extended network. Structural analysis of the three complexes supported by N L demonstrated its versatile coordination modes.
The Man Who Loved Only Numbers

What follows is a fictional introduction to an itinerant mathematician whose life was so devoted to number theory that he did without all the things that people usually desire. It could have happened this way. Twins Jack and Jill are at home when the doorbell rings. Opening the door, they find a little elderly man, who looks a bit like Woody Allen. Without identifying himself, he announces “My mind is open.” “What does that mean,” Jill inquires.
“Difference Dating”: A novel approach towards dating alpine glacial moraines

Abstract The East Antarctic Ice Sheet responds sluggishly to shifts in climate. To capture subtle changes in Antarctic climate, researchers have focused instead on smaller alpine and cirque glaciers that fringe the ice sheet throughout the McMurdo Dry Valleys. The exposure ages of glacial moraine boulders scatter widely and often incorporate large amounts of inheritance, prohibiting the construction of a regional deglaciation chronology. We present a new sampling technique that takes advantage of ubiquitous desert pavements and allows for the detection of inheritance in overlying glacial moraine boulders. Our approach requires a large sample set, but offers increased confidence in modeling moraine age, an acceptable trade-off considering the need for more refined Antarctic paleoclimate reconstructions. Using the beryllium-10 system in sandstone quartz, we show that single exposure ages collected from moraine boulder tops are frequently inaccurate, and consistently over- and underestimate moraine age. Difference Dating offers a new approach to dating alpine glacial moraines independent from traditional boulder exposure age dating.
Abuse-Deterrent Opioid Formulations — Putting the Potential Benefits into Perspective

Focusing on preventing intentional abuse of prescription opioids may distract prescribers, patients, and policymakers from considering the limited evidence supporting long-term opioid use for chronic pain and the other risks associated with all opioid formulations.
A Man who Humbly Lived in Authenticity

Conscientizacao (conscientization) (see Chapter 7) is not a process that is static, nor formulaic; rather it is a process that assumes an understanding of our unfinishedness and the critical place of the dialectical interweaving of reflection and action (praxis), implying that this understanding is a “requirement” in becoming more authentically human “if we are to deepen our awareness of our world, of facts, of events, of the demands of human consciousness to develop our capacity for epistemological curiosity” (Freire, 1998, p. 55).
No Time to Lose: A Life in Pursuit of Deadly Viruses, by Peter Piot

In this action-packed memoir, Peter Piot, director of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and former executive director of UNAIDS, takes the reader through his career thus far as a c...
Acute Pancreatitis Admission Trends: A National Estimate through the Kids' Inpatient Database

Objectives To evaluate national health care use and costs for pediatric acute pancreatitis. Study design The Kids' Inpatient Database for 2006, 2009, and 2012 was queried for patients with a principal diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Cases were grouped by age: preschool ( 14 years of age). Results A total of 27 983 discharges for acute pancreatitis were found. The number of admissions increased with age: young n = 1279, middle n = 8012, and older n = 18 692. Duration of stay was highest in preschool children (median, 3.47 days; IQR, 2.01-7.35), compared with school age (median, 3.22 days; IQR, 1.81-5.63) and adolescents (median, 2.87 days; IQR, 1.61-4.81; P Conclusion Admission of children for acute pancreatitis constitutes a significant healthcare burden, with a rising number of admissions with age. However, the cost and duration of stay per admission are highest in young children.
Effect of oregano oil and tannic acid combinations on the quality and sensory characteristics of cooked chicken meat.

The antioxidant effects of oregano essential oil and tannic acid combinations on ground chicken breast and thigh meats were studied. Six treatments, including: 1) control (none added), 2) 100 ppm oregano essential oil + 5 ppm tannic acid, 3) 100 ppm oregano essential oil + 10 ppm tannic acid, 4) 200 ppm oregano essential oil + 5 ppm tannic acid, 5) 200 ppm oregano essential oil + 10 ppm tannic acid, and 6) 5 ppm butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) for breast or 14 ppm for thigh meat, were prepared. Cooked meat samples were individually vacuum-packaged in oxygen-impermeable vacuum bags and then cooked in-bag to an internal temperature of 75°C. After cooling to room temperature, the cooked meat was re-packaged in new oxygen-permeable bags and stored at 4°C for 7 days. Cooked ground chicken meats were analyzed for lipid and protein oxidation and volatiles at 0, 3, and 7 d of storage. The significant differences among the treatments were very clear in cooked meat samples: Thigh meat patties showed higher 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total carbonyl, and volatiles content compared to the breast meat during storage. A combination of 200 ppm oregano oil with 10 ppm tannic acid showed the most significant effects (P < 0.05) on TBARS, total carbonyl, and off-odor volatile formation for both breast and thigh meats. Oregano oil (200 ppm) and 10 ppm tannic acid combination also showed positive effects on the sensory scores of chicken thigh meat. In conclusion, the combination of 200 ppm oregano oil and 10 ppm tannic acid could be a good replacement for the synthetic antioxidants in ground cooked chicken meat.
Comment: A Discussion of “Nonparametric Bayes Modeling of Populations of Networks”

We congratulate Durante, Dunson, and Vogelstein (2017) on their excellent article. While the modeling of single networks has received much attention, we agree with the authors that the modeling of ...
The Formation of Antibody Variable Region Genes

The solution of the problem of how immunoglobulin genes produce antibody molecules is the result of extraordinary developments in the fields of immunology and molecular biology. The immunochemists, of course, discovered the interesting features of the structure of antibody molecules and proposed a variety models to account for the structural and organizational features of this remarkable class of proteins. The molecular biologists, on the other hand, set out to develop the genetic approaches that would—in the end—put these theories to the test. Six or seven years ago neither of these groups could have anticipated the spectacular success that the development of recombinant DNA technology has made possible. Many of the questions raised by immunologists are now answered in concrete terms. We know how immunoglobulin genes are encoded in germline DNA and how this structure is altered in antibody producing cells. We know that several powerful mechanisms exist to shuffle bits of DNA and RNA in somatic cells and we know how these mechanisms act to create diversity. We also suspect that we are viewing mechanisms that have significance beyond the immune system itself.
CATHOLIC SCHOOLS AS ‘A NATION IN MINIATURE’: CATHOLIC CIVISM IN SENEGAL AND BENIN, 1960–1970s

Catholic school alumni played a crucial role in shaping Senegal and Benin in the first decades after independence.1 Though they came from a variety of religious and socioeconomic backgrounds, they nevertheless strongly identified with their Catholic schooling experience. Indeed, these West African alumni composed a distinct social group that had been inculcated in the habits and values of ‘Catholic civism’, an ideology based around public service, self-discipline, moral restraint, honesty, and community. While many studies of educated youth emphasize their political activism, Catholic school youth engaged in the subtler process of shaping their new countries by transforming colonial-era institutions from within. Beyond politics, students who graduated in the early independence era used Catholic civism as both a social marker and an implicit social critique.
The validity of the commercially-available, low-cost, wrist-worn Movband accelerometer during treadmill exercise and free-living physical activity.

Low-cost physical activity monitors may provide a more accurate measure of physical activity than subjective methods (e.g., self-report) while being less costly than research-grade accelerometers. ...
Incarceration Through the Lens of Genocide and Restorative Justice

This chapter describes one’s effort to connect the principles of restorative justice in genocidal contexts to mass incarceration in a criminology course. After learning these principles, students introduced them to formerly incarcerated women at Hour Children, an organization in New York City. The women then used these principles to articulate their experiences of offending—adopting a new understanding of harm and being harmed. The interactions between students and the women were recorded, and students’ written reflections revealed profound insights into the humanity of formerly incarcerated individuals and the harm that can be perpetuated in and by the criminal justice system.
Efficient Computation of Convolutional Decoder Reliability Without a CRC

The reliability-output Viterbi algorithm (ROVA) of Raghavan and Baum computes the probability that the codeword selected by Viterbi decoding is in error, allowing unreliable decoding to be identified without the overhead of a cyclic redundancy check (CRC). ROVA can be used as a stopping criterion for variable length (VL) codes with feedback. Separately, Polyanskiy et al. proposed accumulated information density (AID) as a stopping criterion for VL codes for computation of random coding bounds. This paper compares the accuracy and complexity of ROVA and AID. It turns out that AID is far less accurate than ROVA. This paper proposes codeword information density (CID), which modifies AID to improve its accuracy and leads to a lower-complexity implementation of ROVA. The paper concludes with an analytical expression for the random variable describing the correct decoding probability computed by ROVA and uses this expression to characterize how the probabilities of correct decoding, undetected error, and negative acknowledgement behave as a function of the selected threshold for reliable decoding.
Adapting School Psychological Evaluation to the Blind Child

□ In summary, it is important for the school to have knowledge of individual traits and needs in youngsters if the best educational opportunity is to be offered to all. It is easier to measure the ...
Exploring the optimal allostatic load scoring method in women of reproductive age.

Aims The aim of this study was to determine the optimal allostatic load scoring method. Design This is a secondary analysis of data on women of reproductive age from the 2001-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods We created allostatic load summary scores using five scoring methods including the count-based, Z-Score, logistic regression, factor analysis and grade of membership methods. Then, we examined the predictive performance of each allostatic load summary measure in relation to three outcomes: general health status, diabetes and hypertension. Results We found that the allostatic load summary measure by the logistic regression method had the highest predictive validity with respect to the three outcomes. The logistic regression method performed significantly better than the count-based and grade of membership methods for predicting diabetes as well as performed significantly better for predicting hypertension than all of the other methods. But the five scoring methods performed similarly for predicting poor health status. Conclusion We recommended the logistic regression method when the outcome information is available, otherwise the frequently used simpler count-based method may be a good alternative. Impact The study compared different scoring methods and made recommendations for the optimal scoring approach. We found that allostatic load summary measure by the logistic regression method had the strongest predictive validity with respect to general health status, diabetes and hypertension. The study may provide empirical evidence for future research to use the recommended scoring approach to score allostatic load. The allostatic load index may serve as an 'early warning' indicator for health risk.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INTEGRATION OF TECHNOLOGY INTO SOCIAL STUDIES AND CONSRUCTIVIST PEDAGOGIES

Educational technologies, specifically computer and the Internet technologies, have apparently become powerful tools in the classroom as they change the way we teach and learn today. That is why pedagogies of school reform are now highly influenced by and built around the “constructivist” theories of learning, assuming the use of technology in education for active and meaningful knowledge construction. Due to these trends it appears inevitable that social studies educators do need know how to use technology effectively in their educational settings. Therefore, after a brief look at the concepts of technology and educational technology including a rationale for the use of technology in education, the current literature specifically on the integration of technology in the social studies with a reference to constructivism is examined. As a result, based on this study it seems that the infusion of technology into educational environments—specifically in the social studies—alinged with constructivist pedagogy bears the potential to inspire new ways of teaching and learning.
Intrinsically Switchable and Bandwidth Reconfigurable Ferroelectric Bulk Acoustic Wave Filters

Reconfigurable bulk acoustic wave filters provide a number of advantages for wireless communication systems, including compact size, cost effectiveness, and less complexity. This article presents the design methodology of an intrinsically switchable and bandwidth reconfigurable film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) filter, employing the electrostriction in ferroelectric barium strontium titanate (BST). Two examples of ferroelectric BST-based filters are designed and fabricated as a proof of concept. Under the application of a dc bias voltage, the fabricated switchable filters exhibit a bandpass response with a fractional BW of 3%. By changing the state of the ferroelectric BST FBARs through applied dc bias voltages, the bandwidth of the filters is adjusted. Without any bias, the filters switch OFF to provide isolation between the input and output ports. BST-based bandwidth reconfigurable filters can potentially reduce the number of required filters and switches in future multiband RF front ends.
Bidirectional dc-dc Converter Control in Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System

This paper presents a control scheme for the charge and discharge operations of a hybrid energy storage system comprised of batteries and supercapacitors. The benefits of high-power density of supercapacitors and high-energy density of batteries have a potential to improve the dynamic performance of a power system and improve the battery life when combined. Bidirectional dc-dc converters are integrated with the hybrid energy storage system to control the charge and discharge operations of the energy storage system. A model and simulation of the system is developed in Matlab/Simulink and the results are presented.
Point-of-Care Ultrasound in the Evaluation of COVID-19.

Abstract Background The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has caused a pandemic, overwhelming health care systems around the world. Hospitals around the world, including the United States, have been struggling to adapt to the influx of patients with COVID-19, the illness caused by SARS-CoV2, given limited resources and high demand for medical care. Objectives This article seeks to provide emergency physicians with a guide to sonographic findings in COVID-19 and an algorithm by which point-of-care lung ultrasound may assist emergency physicians caring for these patients during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Discussion The studies currently being published have established a typical set of ultrasound findings in COVID-19. Point-of-care lung ultrasound is rapid and accessible in most emergency departments in the United States, and even in many resource-poor settings. Conclusion Point-of-care ultrasound provides numerous benefits to emergency providers caring for patients with COVID-19, including decreasing resource utilization, assisting in diagnosis, guiding management of the critically ill patient, and aiding in rapid triage of patients under investigations for COVID-19.
The effects of smartphone facilitated social media use, treadmill walking, and schoolwork on boredom in college students: Results of a within subjects, controlled experiment

Abstract Smartphone and social media use are common leisure activities among college students. These activities are correlated with boredom in survey research, yet causality is undetermined. Using an experimental design, we assessed the effect of smartphone use and other common, free-choice activities on boredom. For this study, 40 college students completed four, 30-min conditions on separate days each in the same room: quiet sitting (Control); treadmill walking (Treadmill); utilizing a smartphone to engage with social-media (Smartphone); and completing self-selected schoolwork (Schoolwork). Participants completed three validated surveys assessing different aspects of state boredom at pre, mid, and post for each condition. A four condition by three time-point repeated-measure ANOVA compared the mean results for each measure of boredom. Both the Smartphone and Control conditions caused statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in all three measures of boredom. The Treadmill condition led to increases in two of the measures of boredom. Conversely, Schoolwork caused a statistically significant decrease in boredom across all three measures. Thus, given a 30-min free-choice period, students should be advised that doing schoolwork or, to a lesser extent, taking a walk might better prevent boredom than social media driven smartphone use.
Mathematical Modelling of Nonlinear Phenomena in Fracture Mechanics

In damage-tolerant and structural-integrity analyses, the residual strength of a flawed component must be evaluated. For brittle materials, linear-elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) concepts, such as plane-strain fracture toughness, KIc, are used. For materials that exhibit large amounts of plasticity at the crack tip prior to failure, LEFM techniques must be extended to incorporate new notions such as J-integral, CTOD, CTOA, R-curve and Ct-integral. Introduction of these quantities and the demonstration of their applications in materials and designs pertinent to the engineering fields will be the primary theme of these lectures.
Inequalities Via Majorization and Weak Majorization

The concept of majorization basically concerns the comparison of the degrees of diversity among the components between two vectors. For fixed k , two real vectors that are considered are a = (a 1 …, a k )' and b = ( b 1 ,…,b k )'. Let a [1] ≥· ·≥a [k] , b [1] ≥ · ·≥b [k] denote the ordered values of the components of a and b. a is said to weakly majorize b or b is said to be weakly majorized by a, in symbols a ≫ b , if In this, the condition that the components of the vectors have a common total is dropped. Therefore, if two real vectors are not comparable through majorization, they might still be comparable through weak majorization. In particular, a> b holds if a>b or (and ) a ≥ b , that is, a [i] ≥ b [i] for each i . This chapter discusses the probability inequalities in multivariate distributions, using majorization and weak majorization as a tool. If two parameter vectors or two sets can be partially ordered through majorization or weak majorization, then under suitable conditions, the corresponding probability contents can be ordered. It is in this capacity that majorization and weak majorization play an important role in deriving probability inequalities. The chapter presents several basic preservation theorems under integral transformations. The chapter discusses their implications in location and scale parameter families.
The accuracy and predictability of micro Doppler radar signature projection algorithm measuring functional movement in NCAA athletes

Abstract Background Development of accessible cost-effective technology to objectively, reliably, and accurately predict musculoskeletal injury risk could aid the effort to prevent chronic pain and disability. Recent work on micro-Doppler radar suggests it merits investigation towards these goals. The micro-Doppler signals that are created can infer differences in gross movements such as walking versus crawling in military settings where direct vision is not possible. Unique micro-Doppler signals may be able to identify more subtle movement patterns which would not be easily seen by the human eye. Research Question Can micro Doppler radar predictably and accurately identify subtle differences in movement conditions? Methods This is a cross sectional study recruiting NCAA athletes to jump in front of the micro-Doppler radar barefoot, with shoes, and shoes with a heel lift. The micro-Doppler radar signature projection algorithm was developed to determine whether the radar is able to distinguish the three distinct movement patterns. Results Confusion matrices were used to visualize the performance of the support-vector machine at the 80/20 test/train split correctly classifying barefoot subjects, shoes and heel lift, and shoes correctly at 0° with respect to the radar 90.9 %, 86.7 %, and 89.5 % of the time, respectively. At 90° with respect to the radar, it was successful 94.1 %, 100 %, and 80 % of the time, respectively. Conclusion This study suggests that the micro-Doppler radar signature projection algorithm is highly accurate and able to predict subtle differences in movement that are not readily observed with conventional motion capture systems. Future studies are needed to better understand if micro-Doppler signals can identify pathologic movement patterns or movement that is associated with increased risk of injury.
Estimating the Impact of “Humanizing” Customer Service Chatbots

In this work, we investigate how applying human-like characteristics to customer service chatbots can influence retail outcomes. This is an important managerial question as creating effective chatb...
Predictors of Depression Stigma in Medical Students: Potential Targets for Prevention and Education.

Introduction Suicide rates are higher among U.S. physicians than the general population. Untreated depression is a major risk factor, yet depression stigma presents a barrier to treatment. This study aims to identify early career indications of stigma among physicians-in-training and to inform the design of stigma-reduction programs. Methods A cross-sectional student survey administered at a large, Midwestern medical school in fall 2009 included measures of depression symptoms, attitudes toward mental health, and potential sources of depression stigma. Principal components factor analysis and linear regression were used to examine stigma factors associated with depression in medical students. Results The response rate was 65.7%, with 14.7% students reporting a previous depression diagnosis. Most students indicated that, if depressed, they would feel embarrassed if classmates knew. Many believed that revealing depression could negatively affect professional advancement. Factor analyses revealed three underlying stigma constructs: personal weakness, public devaluation, and social/professional discrimination. Students associating personal weakness with depression perceived medication as less efficacious and the academic environment as more competitive. Those endorsing public stigma viewed medication and counseling as less efficacious and associated depression with an inability to cope. Race, gender, and diagnosis of past/current depression also related to beliefs about stigma. Depression measures most strongly predicted stigma associated with personal weakness and social/professional discrimination. Conclusions Recommendations for decreasing stigma among physicians-in-training include consideration of workplace perceptions, depression etiology, treatment efficacy, and personal attributes in the design of stigma reduction programs that could facilitate help-seeking behavior among physicians throughout their career.