cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence of pleistocene events in the structure of the continental shelf off the northeastern United States

Abstract In 1958 and 1959 a seismic reflection reconnaissance was made of three regions of the continental shelf off northeastern United States: the outer shelf off New Jersey and Long Island, the shelf south of Martha's Vineyard, and Georges Bank. Broadband high resolution techniques, including the first use of arrays of underwater spark sources, permitted the delineation of reflectors as little as 4–6 m apart to depths of 100–300 m beneath the seafloor. Profiles of the outer shelf off the New Jersey coast and Long Island suggest that the major events of the Pleistocene age can be traced in a complex series of five sedimentary sequences separated by well developed unconformities. These sedimentary sequences and the erosional surfaces separating them appear to be the products of fluvial and marine processes during regressions and transgressions of the sea. Thirty kilometers south of Martha's Vineyard folded and overthrust plates of layered sediments found along a lobate front are apparently the result of ice pressure. The shelf edge south of Martha's Vineyard was built up and out apparently without enduring the heavy erosion found off New Jersey. A strong reflector that post-dates the time when the layered sediments were disturbed south of Martha's Vineyard is overlain by more than 200 m of sediments at this shelf edge. At the northern edge of Georges Bank both the layered base-rock and the more recent sediments are cut by filled channels which drained north towards the Gulf of Maine. The southern surface of the bank is built up more than 70 m by several successive deposits. Within these deposits there are filled channels. This and other evidence suggests that glaciers overrode the northern part of the bank, and that these successive deposits are a result of glacial depositions, modified by marine reworking during successive regressions and transgressions of the sea in Pleistocene time.
Regulation of alloimmune Th1 responses by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 following transplantation.

Background The cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor p21 inhibits cellular proliferation of many cell types, including T cells. Autoimmune models, however, have yielded conflicting results regarding the role of cdk inhibitors and T-cell function. The role of p21 in T-cell function after transplantation has not been investigated directly. We hypothesized that p21 plays an important role in alloantigen-driven responses in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) and in vivo using the heterotopic murine cardiac allograft model. Methods Wild type (WT) and p21-deficient (p21-/-) mice were used as recipients, and the effects of p21 overexpression were assessed by transplanting p21 adenoviral-transfected cardiac allografts. Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and 3H-thymidine incorporation were used to evaluate for T-cell priming and proliferation in vitro, whereas graft histology was evaluated for rejection. Results When stimulated with alloantigens in vitro, splenocytes from p21-/- mice mounted enhanced proliferative responses and decreased Th2 responses relative to their WT counterparts. No differences in Th1 responses were noted when p21-/- cells were stimulated with alloantigens in vitro; however, after cardiac transplantation, Th1 responses were enhanced in p21-/- recipients relative to WT mice. This enhanced in vivo Th1 response was associated with exacerbated graft rejection in p21-/- recipients. Interestingly, p21 transfection of WT allografts inhibited graft rejection and Th1 priming. Conclusions p21 controls the intensity of the immune response posttransplantation, with overexpression inhibiting allograft rejection. Our data demonstrate that p21 controls T-cell priming and suggest that p21 and other cdk inhibitors may serve as potential targets for therapeutic manipulation of alloimmune responses.
Prostaglandins E2 and D2 have little effect on rabbit sleep.

Abstract Prostaglandins (PGs) are hypothesized to be involved in sleep regulation; PGE 2 and PGD 2 are major PGs in the hypothalamus of many species and are proposed to reciprocally promote wakefulness and sleep respectively. PGD 2 and PGE 2 are also major PGs in rabbit cerebrospinal fluid, yet their effects on rabbit sleep have not heretofore been systematically investigated. We report here that a bolus injection of PGE 2 into a lateral cerebral ventricle induces dose-dependent fevers and transient sleep responses in rabbits. PGE 2 induces a suppression of sleep of 24 min duration. In contrast, PGD 2 , across a wide range of doses (0.25–500 nmol) failed to alter sleep; however, at the highest dose it induced fever. We conclude that if PGs are involved in sleep regulation, a chronic stimulation of their production by other sleep factors is necessary.
Self-calibration for microrefractive lens measurements

Micro-optics are essential components for building compact optoelectronic and micro-electro-optical mechanical systems and micro-refractive lenses are an important example. Refractive lenses are continuous relief structures and details of their dimensional shape, refractive index and homogeneity strongly influence performance. Some dimensional and transmitted light properties of the refractive components can be measured with scanning white light interferometers (SWLI), profilometers, and phase-shifting micro-interferometers, however limitations exist with each method. Micro-interferometry is the most promising and can be used to measure radius of curvature, focal length, dimensional surface errors, and transmitted wavefront. However, methods have not been optimized to achieve low uncertainties. Systematic biases can be comparable to figure errors on the part, therefore a rigorous calibration method is needed. Current practice involves measuring a very high quality part and measured errors are equated to instrument biases. It is often difficult, however, to obtain such a part. The alternative is to use a self-calibration test. As an alternative, the random ball test can be applied to micro-interferometers and SWLIs for self-calibration. This paper details the implementation of this test for both types of instruments and describes the method of estimating the calibration uncertainty.
Systemic CD56+ Cells Can Predict Pregnancy Outcome

PROBLEM: To evaluate differences in circulating CD56+ cells between successful and unsuccessful pregnancies, 114 pregnant women were studied prospectively. METHOD: Seventy women had a history of infertility (INF) and 44 had two or more previous spontaneous abortions (RSA). Among the infertile women, 12 were donor egg recipients (DER) and 15 underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for treatment of male factor infertility. Nineteen women were varrying multiple gestations (MG) and 55 had singleton gestations (SG). Thirteen additional women were receiving intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). RESULTS: The percentage of CD56+ cells was determined in 310 blood samples from 114 pregnant women by flow cytometry. The prevalence of women with persistent elevation of percent of 56+ cells (>12%) was 58% among DER, 73% among ICSI, 37% among MG, 22% among SG, 18% among RSA, and 39% among INF. Thirteen women with SG received IVIG, 10 had CD56+ cells greater than 12% and all 13 experienced live births. Women with percentage CD56+ cells persistently greater than 12% who were not DER, not ICSI, not receiving IVIg, and not varrying MG had a live birth rate of 11%. Women with greater than 12% CD56+ cells had normal karyotype in 78% of concepti studied in contrast to women less than 12% CD56+ cells who had 68% abnormal karyotypes (P=0.04). CONCLUSION: Elevated CD56+ cells in pregnant women who are not DER, not ICSI, not receiving IVIg, and not carrying MG predicts loss of a karyotypically normal conceptus with a specificity of 87% and positive predictive value of 78%. While the specificity value of this test is high in both infertile and RSA populations, the sensitivity is 86% in RSA and only 54% in INF suggesting this test does not identify all losses among INF. It may identify a subset of pregnancies at risk for loss of a karyotypically normal embryo that may respond to treatment with IVIg
Restoration of sensory and motor function in earthworm escape reflex pathways following ventral nerve cord transplantation

Twelve segments of earthworm ventral nerve cord (VNC) were excised from either segments 10-22 (i.e., within the MGF sensory field) or segments 75-87 (i.e., within the LGF sensory field) in donor worms and heterotopically, or homotopically, transplanted into recipient animals. Morphological evidence indicated that by four days after transplantation, peripheral connections were formed between the transplanted VNC and the body wall of the recipient, many of these connections involving novel pathways projecting ventrally from the transplant. Restoration of giant fiber touch sensitivity in the transplant occurred from 4-14 days after transplantation. Regardless of the site of transplantation, the restored sensitivity (i.e., MGF versus LGF sensory field) always reflected the origin of the donor VNC. Restoration of MGF-mediated motor activity in the transplant occurred approximately 17-22 days after transplantation. In the case of heterotopic transplants (i.e., anterior VNC into posterior segments), the restored MGF-mediated muscle potentials were facilitating, indicating at least some tendency for persistence of this feature after transplantation. Behavioral observations suggested that reconnections involving other reflex pathways (e.g., those controlling setal movements and peristaltic locomotion) were made within the transplant region and that properties of the restored reflexes reflected those of the donor VNC. The rapid restoration of sensory and motor connections, despite heterotopic placement, indicates a significant capacity for peripheral regeneration by the transplanted VNC. On the other hand, the maintenance of various properties of reflex function, despite heterotopic transplantation, suggests a limited capacity for rearrangement of established central connections in the transplanted VNC.
Downspout politics, upstream conflict: formalizing rainwater harvesting in the United States

This article examines the formalization of rainwater harvesting (RWH) and the implications of new policy trends for water governance. Analysis of 96 RWH policies across the United States indicates three trends: (1) the ‘codification’ of water through administrative rather than public law; (2) the institutionalization of RWH through market-based tools; and (3) the rise of policies at different spatial scales, resulting in greater institutional complexity, new bureaucratic actors, and potential points of friction. Drawing on the cases of Colorado and Texas, the article argues that states with diverse legal traditions of water enable more successful regulatory environments for downspout alternatives.
In search of effective text input interfaces for off the desktop computing

It is generally recognized that today's frontier of HCI research lies beyond the traditional desktop computers whose GUI interfaces were built on the foundation of display—pointing device—full keyboard. Many interface challenges arise without such a physical UI foundation. Text writing—ranging from entering URLs and search queries, filling forms, typing commands, to taking notes and writing emails and chat messages—is one of the hard problems awaiting for solutions in off-desktop computing. This paper summarizes and synthesizes a research program on this topic at the IBM Almaden Research Center. It analyzes various dimensions that constitute a good text input interface; briefly reviews related literature; discusses the evaluation methodology issues of text input; presents the major ideas and results of two systems, ATOMIK and SHARK; and points out current and future directions in the area from our current vantage point.
The new-but is it improved?-power system [deregulation issues]

In this paper, the author examines the effect that deregulation will have on the US power system. The paper details how the electric power industry in the USA is undergoing major changes, both politically and technically, as a result of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's Orders 888 and 889 issued in 1996. These orders essentially deregulate the transmission network, allowing producers and customers access to the network for electricity transactions.
The Athletic Performance of Thoroughbred Racehorses out of Mares with Suspected Placentitis during Gestation

Thoroughbred mares treated for signs of placentitis are potentially costly to farms and owners. Although these treatments often are effective, the resulting foal may require expensive aftercare. The current study investigated the future racing performance of foals from mares treated for clinical and subclinical signs of placentitis compared with matched control mares that had no signs of placentitis producing foals on the same farms. In total, 190 horses born from mares with suspected placentitis met the criteria for analysis and were matched with 190 horses born on the same farm. Mare data and percentage of stakes winners in each group were analyzed with Student t test. Analysis between pairs of horses was done using a paired t test for number of starts, wins, places, shows, and amount earned. Significance was set at a P value of <.05. Mares with suspected placentitis were slightly older than control mares, had slightly shorter lengths of gestation, and had a longer interval to subsequent pregnancy than control mares (P < .05). Horses out of suspected placentitis mares that were racing as 2 year olds in the study had no difference in starts, wins, places, shows, and percentages of black-type race winners; however, this group earned more than their matched control pairs (P < .05). Older horses (3 year olds) out of suspected placentitis mares had no differences in number of starts, wins, places, shows or amount earned; however, the matched control older horses had more black-type race winners (P < .05). The information from this study may aid owners when making decisions about treatment options.
Intensity autocorrelation function for a flexible polymer

Abstract An exact expression for the autocorrelation function of the intensity of light scattered from a solution of large, flexible polymers is obtained using a simple “mean-force” model. A Q 2 dependence of the reciprocal relaxation time is found for both small values of QR G and also very large values of QR G . At small QR G the relaxation time is proportional to the translational diffusion coefficient D of the entire polymer, while at large QR G the relaxation time is proportional to the sum of D and an effective segment diffusion coefficient kt / f .
On the Smoothing Properties of Solutions to the Modified Korteweg-de Vries Equation

Abstract We study the smoothness of solutions of the initial value problem for the generalized Korteweg-de Vries equation u t + u k u x + u xxx = 0, k ∈ Z + , k ≥ 2. The solution u can be written in its integral form u(x, t) = u 1 (t) + u 2 (t), where u1(t) and u2(t) are the linear and the integral parts of u, respectively. It is established that for data in Hs with s ≥ 1, u2 possesses better regularity in the persistence properties and the smoothing effects than the solution u. Our main tools are recent results obtained by C. Kenig, G. Ponce, and L. Vega (Well-posedness and scattering results for the generalized Korteweg-de Vries equation via the contraction principle, Comm. Pure Appl. Math.46 (1993), 527-620) related to the well-posedness of solutions of the generalized Korteweg-de Vries equation.
Rigid–plastic interface for an embedded crack

Discrete cracks have traditionally been modelled by zero-thickness interface elements. Such models usually assume that the relative displacements across the interface have both elastic and inelastic components. In such a case, the elastic stiffness assigned to the interface acts as a penalty parameter that must be high enough to ensure that the elastic deformations will be minimal. In recent years, solid finite-elements with embedded displacement discontinuities have emerged as an alternative way to model discrete cracks. A method that allows for an embedded crack element to use any plasticity-based constitutive model for the internal interface, but without penalty parameters, is presented in this paper. In this method, the elastic properties of the solid portion of the element are used to perform the function that the penalty parameters previously have been used to perform. The resulting interface model is perfectly rigid–plastic. Numerical comparisons show significant improvements in accuracy and efficiency over the penalty method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BIOSTRAT: a program for simulating the stratigraphic occurrence of fossils☆

BIOSTRAT is a program for simulating the stratigraphic occurrence of marine fossils in single outcrops or in cross-sections through a sedimentary basin. It is primarily for use as a forward model, but could be used to inverse model a particular outcrop or basin. BIOSTRAT combines a random-branching model of evolution with a Gaussian ecological model of species with respect to water depth. Several modules are included that facilitate using the output of the sedimentary basin model, STRATA. BIOSTRAT has applications in the testing of biostratigraphic methods, for exploring how evolutionary events get filtered by the stratigraphic record, for testing paleoecological statistical methods, and for understanding how patterns of morphologic change in fossil species are distorted by the processes of sediment accumulation.
The NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 reduces capsaicin-induced c-fos expression within rat trigeminal nucleus caudalis.

The effect of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (5R, 10S)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclo-hepten-5,10-i mine hydrogen maleate (MK-801) was examined on c-fos-like immunoreactivity (c-fos-LI) in urethane-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats using a polyclonal antibody. C-fos, an indicator of neuronal activation, was assessed within the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC), area postrema. lateral reticular and solitary tract nuclei 2 h after intracisternal injection of capsaicin. C-fos-positive cells were counted at three representative levels corresponding to obex, -2.05 mm and -6.45 mm in 18 tissue sections (50 microm). A weighted average was obtained reflecting total brainstem expression within lamina I, II of TNC using a recently validated method. Capsaicin (0.1, 1, 5, 10 and 15 nmol) caused a dose-dependent labeling of cells in lamina I, II at obex similar to that previously reported after intracisternal blood or carrageenin administration in rats and guinea pigs. MK-801 (0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg) administered i.p. 30 min before capsaicin (5 nmol in 100 microl artificial CSF) reduced significantly and dose-dependently (12%, 36% and 47%, respectively) the c-fos-LI cells in TNC at each level from rostral to caudal but not in solitary tract, area postrema and lateral reticular nuclei, and for unexplained reasons, increased c-fos-LI within the inferior olive. These results suggest that NMDA receptors provide a potential therapeutic target for cephalic pain (e.g. migraine) due to trigeminovascular activation from meningeal afferents.
Resident research forums stimulate novel research within general surgical training programs.

Background Our surgery residency includes an annual Resident Research Day (RRD) for presentation of resident research. We hypothesized that RRD stimulates the development of novel research. We evaluated this among our residents and at other institutions. Study Design An electronic survey was distributed to current and alumni residents at our institution. The survey questions addressed residents' perceptions of RRD and were graded on a 5-point Likert scale. Another electronic survey was distributed to Program Directors (PDs) or Associate Program Directors (APDs) for all U.S. general surgery residencies. Questions assessed type of RRD and impact on research productivity. Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington) and MedCalc (MedCalc Software, Inc, Mariakerke, Belgium) software were used for analyses. Results The response rate was 76% (47/62) among residents and alumni. These 47 respondents submitted 98 projects to RRD, which included retrospective clinical studies (53%), basic science (35%), medical education research (6%), and prospective clinical papers (6%). Twenty projects (20%) were created expressly for RRD, of which 7 were presented at outside scientific meetings and 8 were published in peer-reviewed journals. The response rate was 47% among PD/APD (88/188). Most programs have an RRD or similar forum (78%) without difference between university and community programs (p = 0.78). Higher rates of resident submission were associated with dedicated research time for most residents (p = 0.01). Required submission was associated with novel projects created for RRD (p Conclusions RRD and similar forums occur at most general surgery training programs. They stimulate research activity and satisfy most residents' expectations. RRD leads to completion of novel research projects that are presented both internally and in peer-reviewed form.
Jubilees 46:6‐47:1 and 4QVisions of Amram

The present paper explores the ways in which the authors of the Hebrew Book of Jubilees and the Aramaic Visions of Amram used the motif of a Canaanite-Egyptian war as they labored with the issues raised by the accounts at the end of Genesis and the beginning of Exodus. There is no clear indication that either writer used the work of the other; rather the war in question seems to have been a motif that was available to both when they composed their works and that each adopted and adapted independently.
Male breast cancer: a gender issue

The incidence of male breast cancer is rising, and the treatment of this disease has been extrapolated from the knowledge of female breast cancer despite multiple differences in the pathogenesis, biology and genetics of these two disease entities. Although there have been major advances in hormonal manipulation for the treatment of breast cancer, an improved understanding of the potential differences between male and female breast cancer is essential to providing new opportunities for therapeutic intervention and likely improved outcome, as discussed in this review. The incidence of male breast cancer (MBC) is rising; however, mortality due to MBC has not changed, unlike female breast cancer. This lack of change is mostly attributable to a lack of major progress in the understanding and treatment of the disease. The treatment of MBC has been extrapolated from the knowledge of female breast cancer, despite the multiple differences in the pathogenesis, biology and genetics of these two disease entities, especially the differences with regard to the role of male hormones as well as estrogens in MBC compared with female disease. Although major advances in hormonal manipulation for the treatment of breast cancer are being developed, an improved understanding of the potential differences between male and female breast cancer is essential, as this would provide new opportunities for therapeutic intervention and probable improved outcome for MBC. This review aims at highlighting the major differences between male and female breast cancer with an emphasis on hormonal therapy, and discusses some of the recent advances in MBC.
The effects of light cycle phase on morphine-induced conditioned taste aversions in the Lewis, Fischer and Sprague-Dawley rat strains

The present experiment investigated the effect of light cycle phase on morphine-induced conditioned taste aversions in the Lewis (LEW), Fischer (F344) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat strains. Separate groups of rats from each strain were trained during either the light phase or the dark phase on a procedure in which saccharin was paired with one of two doses of morphine (or vehicle). With 3.2 mg/kg morphine, strain differences were observed during the light phase, with F344 rats displaying a significantly stronger taste aversion than the LEW rats, who displayed a significantly stronger aversion than the SD rats. In contrast, during the dark phase, 3.2 mg/kg morphine produced comparable, moderately strong aversions in all strains. With 10.0 mg/kg morphine, F344 rats developed stronger aversions than either the LEW or SD rats in both phases of the light cycle. The effect of light cycle was most clearly seen in the SD rats, where stronger aversions were produced in the dark phase for both morphine doses. For the LEW rats, stronger aversions were produced in the dark as compared to the light only with the low dose of morphine. For the F344 rats, aversions of comparable strength were observed in both phases of the light cycle for both morphine doses. The finding that light cycle differentially affects morphine-induced taste aversions in these strains is consistent with what is known about strain differences in circadian patterns of corticosterone activity and with previous results relating corticosterone to morphine-induced taste aversions.
Emergency medicine pharmacy.

It started with a simple request: we, two postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) critical care residents, wanted to be scheduled in the emergency department (ED) to conduct clinical rotations, but we found that this request was far more complicated than imagined. At the time, there was no clinical pharmacy
A Modification of the Roper-Suffridge Extension Operator

The Roper-Suffridge extension operator extends a locally univalent mapping defined on the unit disk of ℂ to a locally biholomorphic mapping defined on the Euclidean unit ball of ℂn. Furthermore, the extension of a one variable mapping that is either convex or starlike has the analogous property in several variables. Motivated by recent results concerning the extreme points of the family K n of normalized convex mappings of the Euclidean ball in ℂn, we introduce a new extension operator that, under precise conditions, takes the extreme points of K 1 to extreme points of K n. In general, we examine the conditions under which this new extension operator will take a convex or starlike mapping of the unit disk to a mapping of the same type defined on the unit ball.
Inferring Upon Heterogeneous Associations in Dairy Cattle Performance Using a Bivariate Hierarchical Model

Multivariate hierarchical Bayesian models provide a flexible framework for comprehensive study of biological systems with more than one outcome. Recent methodological developments facilitate modeling of heterogeneous associations between outcomes by specifying a linear mixed model on (co)variances at different levels of the data structure. Motivated by previous evidence for heterogeneous correlations in animal agriculture, we apply the proposed hierarchical Bayesian models to study the nature of the correlations between key performance outcomes in dairy cattle production systems, namely milk yield and reproduction. That is, the association between these outcomes might depend upon various fixed and random effect sources of heterogeneity both at the individual cow (residual) level as well as the herd (cluster) level. We thus propose a sequential modeling approach based on the deviance information criterion to select relevant explanatory variables on both types of associations. Furthermore, we extend the proposed methodology to accommodate right-censored outcomes, as common for dairy reproduction data, and use it to analyze field data from the Michigan dairy industry. The nature of the associations between milk production and reproduction in dairy cattle was inferred to be strongly heterogeneous and driven by multiple farm management practices and herd attributes, as well as by random clustering effects, at both cow and herd levels, thereby suggesting potential between-herd and within-herd intervention strategies to optimize performance of dairy production systems. Supplementary materials are available online.
USEFULNESS OF INFORMATION ON MATES OF SIRES IN ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION.

Abstract DHIA data representing 24,853 daughter-dam comparisons for 263 Holstein A.I. sires were studied to determine the usefulness of information on a sire's mates (dams of daughters) in sire evaluation. Although there was a mean bias of 41lb of milk per sire, due to selection of mates, the relative ranking of the bulls was the same (rank correlation=+0.998) when daughters' deviations alone were used as when both daughter and dam deviations were employed for ranking. If point estimates of a bull's breeding value are desired, failure to employ the mates' deviations will, on the average, result in an overestimate of the sire's merit. Analyses of variance indicated that the bulls' mates were equally as variable as the daughters of the bulls. A heritability estimate for milk yield of 0.24 was obtained by daughter-dam regression.
Similarity theory for aerosol beams

Abstract A similarity theory is found to exist for aerosol beams of sufficiently small particles when the beams are generated by laminar, isentropic, continuum expansions. Since this theory describes the complete dynamics of the beam particles, it can be used to determine any property of an aerosol beam such as particle terminal velocity or TOF over a fixed path length or particle transmission efficiency through a collimating hole. For the small particles for which the similarity theory applies, these beam properties depend uniquely on a dimensionless similarity variable β. This similarity variable provides by itself substantial insight into the properties of aerosol beams because it reveals the functional dependence of the beam properties on the various particle, gas, and nozzle parameters. For large particles the beam properties depend on several variables rather than a single similarity variable. Nevertheless, the qualitative behavior of beams of large particles is indicated by the behavior of beams of small particles. The collimation separation process for isolating beam particles of selected size is discussed. Particle aerodynamic diameter is expressed in terms of β.
Numerical investigation of the flow past a cavity

Numerical simulations are used to investigate the resonant instabilities in the flow past an open cavity. The compressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved directly (no turbulence model) for two-dimensional cavities with laminar boundary layers upstream. The computational domain is large enough to directly resolve a portion of the radiated acoustic field. The results show a transition from a shear layer mode, for shorter cavities and lower Mach numbers, to a wake mode for longer cavities and higher Mach numbers. The shear layer mode is well characterized by Rossiter modes. The wake mode is characterized instead by a large-scale vortex shedding with Strouhal number independent of the Mach number. The vortex shedding causes the boundary layer to periodically separate upstream of the cavity. The wake mode oscillation is similar to that reported by Gharib and Roshko (J. Fluid Mech.,177, 1987) for incompressible flow with a laminar upstream boundary layer. The results suggest that laminar separation upstream of the cavity edge is the cause of the transition to wake mode.
A Discrete Model for Eye Tracking Movements

A sampled data model was developed to describe the major characteristics of the eye movement control system for nonpredictive tracking. It agrees with experimental transient responses and frequency characteristics for normal eye movements during following of a moving target in a horizontal plane. Furthermore, the model predicts the observed changes in transient and frequency characteristics and the limits of stability as the effective visual feedback is varied by adding the measured eye position to the target command signal.
The Portrayal of Female Terrorists in the Media: Similar Framing Patterns in the News Coverage of Women in Politics and in Terrorism

Although women have been among the leaders and followers of terrorist organizations throughout the history of modern terrorism, the mass media typically depict women terrorists as interlopers in an utterly male domain. A comparison of the framing patterns in the news about women in politics and the entrenched stereotypes in the coverage of female terrorists demonstrates similarities in the depiction of these legitimate (women in politics) and illegitimate political actors (women in terrorism). Just like the managers of election campaigns are cognizant of the electorate's stereotypical gender perceptions, terrorist organizations know about and exploit cultural gender cliches that are reinforced by the media. The argument here is that the implementation of anti- and counterterrorist policies must not be influenced by the mass-mediated images of female terrorists because they do not reflect reality.
Changes in the judgments of sensitizers and repressers in response to failure and success evaluations of group performance.

Abstract : The study was intended to test hypotheses concerning the differential responses of sensitizers (those subjects utilizing primarily approaching responses to anxiety) and repressers (those subjects utilizing primarily avoiding responses to anxiety) to authoritative evaluations of group performance. Four five-man groups of sensitizers and four groups of repressers were assigned to each of the following experimental conditions: failure, success and neutrality. These conditions were evaluations of group performances that had taken place in immediately preceding problem-solving, non-face-to-face activities. Before and after measures were obtained of subjects' judgments of their actual fastest and slowest times and their ideal fastest and slowest times. The major conclusion drawn from this experiment was that group factors may constitute a set of mitigating conditions that intervene between the presence of stimuli and their effects on the manifest productions of personality. Group factors were believed to have operated in our experiment in two ways: first, via the task of making judgments of group performance, and second, via the anxiety-reducing presence of similar others in a group context when confronted with social evaluation.
Basin modelling: Applications of sensitivity analysis

Abstract Geological processes related to petroleum generation, migration and accumulation are simulated with mathematical/computer models based on geological principles. Sensitivity analysis is a comprehensive examination of how geological, geophysical and geochemical parameters influence the reconstructions of geohistory, thermal history, and hydrocarbon generation history. Using a 1-D fluid flow/compaction model we examine the effects of some of the commonly used parameters (such as depth, age, lithology, porosity, permeability, unconformity, eroded thickness and erosion time, temperature at sediment surface, bottom-hole temperature, present-day heat flow, thermal gradient, thermal conductivity, and kerogen type and content) on the evolution of formation thickness, porosity, permeability, pressure with time and depth, heat flow with time, temperature with time and depth, vitrinite reflectance ( R 0 ) and TTI with time and depth, the “oil window” in terms of time and depth, and the amount of hydrocarbons generated with time and depth. The sensitivity variations are helpful: (1) to understand the importance of the parameters in the reconstructions of geohistory, thermal history and hydrocarbon generation history in sedimentary basins; and (2) to provide knowledge of resolution capabilities of models with respect to input data, input parameters and intrinsic assumptions so that basin evolution models are more effective in hydrocarbon exploration.
Control of molecular and microdomain orientation in a semicrystalline block copolymer thin film by epitaxy

Epitaxial crystallization is utilized to control both molecular chain orientation and microdomain structure in a thin film of a semicrystalline triblock copolymer, composed of crystallizable polyethylene (PE) end blocks and an amorphous ethylene-alt-propylene (PEP) midblock where the microphase separation is driven by crystallization from a homogeneous melt, characterized by small-angle and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. Surface interaction due to a crystallographic matching of unit cells between the crystalline PE block and benzoic acid (BA) substrate induces high orientation of the crystalline PE block, resulting in a well-ordered parallel lamellar microphase-separated structure. The excellent orientation induced by the surface interaction is evidenced by the selected area electron diffraction (SAD) pattern and bright-field (phase contrast) and dark-field (diffraction contrast) transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the block copolymer thin film. The data clearly show that the chain axis (ĉ) of...
Optimal Foraging by Patch and Prey Selection in Thamnophis Sirtalis Similis

Abstract Patch and prey selections by blue-striped garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis similis) were examined in a series of simultaneous choice situations. We presented snakes with choices between small or large patches (defined by the size of the bowl in which they foraged) containing either small or large prey fish and recorded subject choices, attacks made, and capture success. T. s. similis appeared to optimize energy investments by discriminating between differing patch and prey characteristics and choosing those situations characterized by the lowest procurement cost. Subjects foraged successfully most often in small patches with large prey, where they also made the fewest mean attacks per fish captured. Choices followed success rates in that T. s. similis selected small patches with large prey most often. Results are discussed in light of foraging optimization in other garter snakes and ectotherms in general.
Coordination and transport of alkali metal cations through phospholipid bilayer membranes by hydraphile channels

Hydraphiles are synthetic ionophores that were designed to mimic some properties of protein channels that conduct such cations as sodium. They use macrocyclic (crown) polyethers as amphiphilic headgroups and as entry and exit portals. Their overall length is controlled by covalent links between the two headgroups (distal macrocycles) and the "central relay" unit, typically also an azacrown. The hydraphiles insert in the bilayer membranes of synthetic phospholipid vesicles or vital cells and mediate the transport of cations. The hydraphiles were intended to be models but they are functional channels. Because they are symmetric, they are non-rectifying but they show open-close behavior characteristic of natural channels. Because they are non-rectifying, when they insert into a microbial membrane, they lead to a rapid change in osmotic balance that proves fatal to bacteria.
“Walls” between “Those People”? Contrasting Perspectives on World Politics

This lecture inquires into two existential positions that concern Robert Frost in an excerpt from his poem “Mending Wall.”
FTIR spectra of (HF)2 and (HF)3 species in solid argon at 12K

Abstract Condensation of argon/HF mixtures at 12 K revealed sharp new 3825.5 and 3702.0 cm −1 absorptions which exhibited different growth behaviour on sample warming. Mixed HF/DF samples revealed a single mixed isotopic satellite near the DF counterpart of the former band assigned to (HF) 2 and a group of satellites for the latter band assigned to (HF) 3 .
Loss of accreditation at historically Black colleges and universities

Regaining accreditation is an urgent and immediate task to maintain an institution's sources of support.
Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation as a Bridge to Lung Transplantation: Successful Transplantation After 155 Days of Support

We present a case of a woman with acute respiratory distress syndrome and irrecoverable lung function that was successfully bridged to lung transplantation after 155 consecutive days of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Extending Object-Oriented Optimizations for Concurrent Programs

Object-oriented programming encourages extensive use of fields in objects. Most object-oriented programs are also concurrent, due to a finalizer or user interface thread. The combination of concurrency and frequent use of fields presents an optimization challenge: it is difficult for an optimizer to establish invariants between fields at different points in the program and recognize redundancy introduced by synchronization primitives. In this paper, we describe techniques to optimize code for field access in concurrent object-oriented programs. We leverage the fact that for correctness, programmers must use some form of concurrency control. We adapt several techniques for analyzing the synchronization properties of fields, including identifying fields associated with objects that are always locked before their use and identifying fields that are accessed from only one thread, to locate optimization opportunities that remain sound, even for concurrent programs. We extend existing optimizations, including redundant-load elimination, array-bounds check elimination, and null check elimination, to use these analyses. We show that extending these optimizations with a combination of analysis techniques is straightforward and relatively inexpensive, using analyses that already exist in mature object-oriented compilers. We also find that concurrency in our benchmarks does not substantially reduce the benefits of the original optimizations.
Species Variation in Testicular Δ5-3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity: Absence of Activity in Primate Leydig Cells

The activity of Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was studied in the testicular interstitial cells of 13 species, including 23 human and 2 monkey specimens. No activity could be demonstrated histochemically in the Leydig cells of human or monkey testes. Variations in the degree of activity visualized were present in the other species. No taxonomic correlation was possible. A5-3β- Hydroxysteroids, other than dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), were used as additional substrates in the study of the primate material. No activity toward them was noted. (Endocrinology 76: 463,1965)
Relative Stimulatory Effects of Commonly Ingested Beverages on Gastric Acid Secretion in Humans

Patients with peptic ulcer disease are often advised to avoid cola, coffee, and alcoholic beverages. However, the effect of many popular beverages on gastric acid secretion has not been systematically studied. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of nine commonly ingested beverages on gastric acid secretion in humans. Six healthy subjects were each studied on 11 separate days and in random order. Test substances included 360 ml of Coke, Tab, 7-Up, instant Maxwell House coffee (4.5 g), instant Kava coffee (4.5g), instant Sanka coffee (4.5 g), tea (4.25 g), milk, and beer. Water served as a control. Mean ± SE maximal acid output to pentagastric was 27.0 ± 6.1 mmollh. Each beverage was swallowed at its usually consumed temperature. Gastric acid secretion was measured by intragastric titration until either the liquid had left the stomach or for 1 h. Phenol red was used as a marker to measure emptying. All beverages had emptied by >90% by 1 h, except milk that had emptied by 77%. Gastric acid secretion during the 3.5 h after each beverage was significantly (p 70% of maximum acid output to pentagastrin while beer and milk increased gastric acid secretion to >95% of the pentagastrin response. Several properties of each beverage were determined: calorie and caffeine content, osmolality, ionized calcium, initial pH, and buffering capacity to pH 1.5. No single property was an adequate predictor of the secretory response. It was concluded that many commonly ingested beverages are potent stimuli of gastric acid secretion.
Gender, Race, and Socioeconomic Status Affects Outcomes After Lung Cancer Resections in the United States

Background The effect of gender, race, and socioeconomic status on contemporary outcomes after lung cancer resections has not been comprehensively evaluated across the United States. We hypothesized that risk-adjusted outcomes for lung cancer resections would not be influenced by these factors. Methods From 2003 to 2007, 129,207 patients undergoing lung cancer resections were evaluated using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. Multiple regression analysis was used to estimate the effects of gender, race, and socioeconomic status on risk-adjusted outcomes. Results Average patient age was 66.8 ± 10.5 years. Women accounted for 5.0% of the total study population. Among racial groups, whites underwent the largest majority of operations (86.2%), followed by black (6.9%) and Hispanic (2.8%) races. Overall the incidence of mortality was 2.9%, postoperative complications were 30.4%, and pulmonary complications were 22.0%. Female gender, race, and mean income were all multivariate correlates of adjusted mortality and morbidity. Black patients incurred decreased risk-adjusted morbidity and mortality compared with white patients. Hispanics and Asians demonstrated decreased risk-adjusted complication rates. Importantly low income status independently increased the adjusted odds of mortality. Conclusions Female gender is associated with decreased mortality and morbidity after lung cancer resections. Complication rates are lower for black, Hispanic, and Asian patients. Low socioeconomic status increases the risk of in-hospital death. These factors should be considered during patient risk stratification for lung cancer resection.
A Fraught Exchange? U.S. Media on Chinese International Undergraduates and the American University

In this article, we analyze the U.S. media discourse on Chinese international undergraduate students, the largest international student group since 2009. The discourse describes a market exchange, but reveals a struggle between: on the one hand, “a fair exchange”—between excellent Chinese students and world-class American liberal education; and, on the other hand, a “faltering exchange”—between ethically suspect and inassimilable Chinese students and a mercenary and possibly mediocre American university. We argue that this media reporting builds on long-standing seemingly contradictory images of an alluring China market and a threatening “Yellow Peril.” We suggest that this media contest indexes the challenges of campus internationalization; just as the media questions real value on both sides of the exchange, so too is the campus encounter fragile and fraught.
Impacts onto H2O ice: Scaling laws for melting, vaporization, excavation, and final crater size

Abstract Shock-induced melting and vaporization of H 2 O ice during planetary impact events are widespread phenomena. Here, we investigate the mass of shock-produced liquid water remaining within impact craters for the wide range of impact conditions and target properties encountered in the Solar System. Using the CTH shock physics code and the new 5-phase model equation of state for H 2 O, we calculate the shock pressure field generated by an impact and fit scaling laws for melting and vaporization as a function of projectile mass, impact velocity, impact angle, initial temperature, and porosity. Melt production nearly scales with impact energy, and natural variations in impact parameters result in only a factor of two change in the predicted mass of melt. A fit to the π -scaling law for the transient cavity and transient-to-final crater diameter scaling are determined from recent simulations of the entire cratering process in ice. Combining melt production with π -scaling and the modified Maxwell Z-model for excavation, less than half of the melt is ejected during formation of the transient crater. For impact energies less than about 2 × 10 20 J and impact velocities less than about 5 km s −1 , the remaining melt lines the final crater floor. However, for larger impact energies and higher impact velocities, the phenomenon of discontinuous excavation in H 2 O ice concentrates the impact melt into a small plug in the center of the crater floor.