cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Screening the U.S. potato collection for frost hardiness

Potato is one of the most important world vegetables with respect to value of production and nutritional impact. Frost susceptibility reduces or precludes production on millions of hectares worldwide. In contrast to disease and pest problems, cultural or chemical treatments are not likely to be helpful in combating frost, so genetic improvement must be sought. Fortunately, wild relatives of the cultivated potato have been shown to exhibit frost tolerance far superior to that of cultivated species. In this research, over 2,600 accessions representing 101 species in the US potato collection at Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin were visually screened after natural frosts in a uniform field in 1992. This provided a more comprehensive survey of germplasm accessions, further characterized species’ hardiness and intraspecific variation. The most hardy species wereSolanum acaule, S. albicans, S. commersonii, andS. demissum. An additional previously unreported extremely frost hardy species (Solanum paucissectum) was discovered. This information should expand the insights and germplasm options available to those intent on breeding desirable varieties with high levels of frost hardiness.
Density of states for an electron in a correlated Gaussian random potential: Theory of the Urbach tail

A detailed study of the density of states (DOS) \ensuremath{\rho}(E) in the tail for an electron in a spatially correlated Gaussian random potential V(x) is presented. For disordered solids characterized by short-range order extending a distance L, of the order of the interatomic spacing, we consider autocorrelation functions B(x)\ensuremath{\equiv}〈V(x)V(0)〉 of the form (i) ${V}_{\mathrm{rms}{}^{2}\mathrm{exp}[\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}(\mathit{\ensuremath{\Vert}}\mathit{x}\mathit{\ensuremath{\Vert}}/\mathit{L}{)}^{m}]}$ for 1\ensuremath{\le}ml\ensuremath{\infty}. For short-range disorder characterized by two correlation lengths ${L}_{1}$ and ${L}_{2}$, we consider the model (ii) B(x)=${\mathit{V}}_{\mathrm{rms}}^{2}$[\ensuremath{\alpha} exp(-${\mathit{x}}^{2}$/${\mathit{L}}_{1}^{2}$)+(1-\ensuremath{\alpha})exp(-${\mathit{x}}^{2}$/${\mathit{L}}_{2}^{2}$)]. Finally, we consider the case of longer-range correlations (iii) B(x)=${\mathit{V}}_{\mathrm{rms}}^{2}$[1+(x/L${)}^{2}$]-${\mathit{m}}_{1}$/2, which may be relevant to system with topological disorder or disordered polar materials in which the randomness may be modeled by frozen-in longitudinal-optical phonons.We find that for reasonable choices of the correlation lengths and rms potential fluctuation that the entire experimentally observable part of the DOS in three dimensions lies in the crossover regime between the shallow energy Halperin-Lax tail \ensuremath{\rho}(E)\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\Vert}E${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{3/2}$exp(-const\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\ensuremath{\Vert}E${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{1/2}$) and the deep Gaussian tail \ensuremath{\rho}(E)\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\Vert}E${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{3}$exp(-\ensuremath{\Vert}E${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{2}$/${2\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{rms}}^{2}$) where the energy E is measured relative to the shifted continuum band edge. For systems with rapidly decaying short-range correlations (m\ensuremath{\ge}2) the crossover regime exhibits a linear exponential (Urbach) tail which easily spans five decades in the DOS. The extent of linearity is highly sensitive to the range of the correlation function B(x). The screened-Coulomb impurity model (m=1) requires a screening length considerably smaller than the interatomic spacing to give an Urbach tail. These results are obtained numerically by saddle-point (instanton) evaluation of a replica-functional-integral representation of the one-electron propagator. The instanton method provides an asymptotic expansion for the band-tail DOS, which is nearly exact for all energies below the shifted continuum edge. Comparison is made to the Feynman path-integral method and to a simple physical argument which yields to a high degree of accuracy the results of the instanton method. Our results provide a basis for understanding the extent, precision, and universality of Urbach tails in disordered materials.
Reoperative laparoscopic paraesophageal herniorrhaphy can produce excellent outcomes

Patients undergoing laparoscopic paraesophageal herniorrhaphy present with various esophageal and extraesophageal symptoms. Given a recurrence rate of up to 44%, reoperative intervention is necessary on a number of patients. The goal of this study is to determine whether patients proceeding with reoperative laparoscopic paraesophageal herniorrhaphy experienced symptom resolution equal to or better than patients undergoing first-time repair. A frequency-based symptom assessment consisting of 24 esophageal and extraesophageal reflux symptoms was developed and administered pre- and postoperatively to patients undergoing initial or reoperative paraesophageal herniorrhaphy during a 7-year period. A composite score for esophageal and extraesophageal symptoms was calculated. Retrospective analysis of patient records including diagnostic studies, and operative and postoperative progress notes was performed. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. In 195 patients, 89.9% of patients had resolved or improved individual symptom scores at 6 months postoperatively after primary or reoperative paraesophageal herniorrhaphy. Paraesophageal herniorrhaphy resulted in improvements of both esophageal (16.1 ± 8.5 preoperatively versus 3.5 ± 5.0 at 6 months postoperatively; p < 0.001) and extraesophageal (8.6 ± 7.5 preoperatively versus 2.2 ± 5.1 at 6 months postoperatively; p < 0.001) composite scores and all individual symptom scores (p < 0.05). Preoperatively, patients undergoing reoperative surgery had significantly higher solid dysphagia and abdominal discomfort, but lower odynophagia scores. Furthermore, reoperative patients had significantly lower preoperative composite extraesophageal scores (6.1 ± 7.2 reoperative versus 9.1 ± 7.5 primary; p < 0.05) and individual symptom scores in laryngitis, hoarseness, and coughing. Only heartburn in reoperative patients was significantly higher at 12 months postoperatively. Otherwise, there was no significant difference in individual or composite symptom scores between groups postoperatively. All scores had significant improvement postoperatively when compared with preoperative scores. Our data demonstrate that reoperative laparoscopic paraesophageal herniorrhaphy can produce excellent results, comparable to first-time repair.
Concentrations of hesperidin and other orange peel flavonoids in citrus processing byproducts

The concentrations of flavonoids were measured in the peel of different orange (Citrus sinensis L.) varieties and compared to the distributions of flavonoids in the byproducts of orange processing. While the flavanone glycoside hesperidin was the main flavonoid in peel, precipitation of this compound during processing resulted in dramatic losses in hesperidin in filtered peel juice and filtered molasses. Yet, hesperidin occurred at very high levels in dimethyl sulfoxide extracts of unfiltered molasses (5718 ppm) and in the centrifuged insoluble solids of orange peel molasses (65 642 ppm). The polymethoxylated flavone aglycons were the only flavonoids in cold-pressed orange peel oil. These compounds also occurred in high concentrations in light-density oil solids and in commercial wax isolated from the cold-pressed peel oil. Thus, the different citrus peel byproducts are selectively enriched with high concentrations of different groups of flavonoid compounds. Keywords: Citrus sinensis; bioflavonoids; orang...
Russian Orthodoxy, Russian nationalism, and Patriarch Aleksii II

This paper was first presented at the Association for the Study of Nationalities 2005 World Convention at Columbia University, New York City. The author is grateful to Beth M. Admiraal and Tanya Dunlop for their comments on the earlier drafts of this work.
The study to optimize CD uniformity by reliable area CD measurement on 45nm D/R DRAM

As design rule of memory device is shrinking, the various errors obtained by process, such as line edge roughness, local CD variation and electron beam shot placement error, are significant to CD measurement results on mask and wafer. Reliable CD measurement is needed to represent real feature size of mask and wafer results in high accurate CD target and uniformity by various CD correction techniques before mask fabrication and after. Recently light transmittance control technique on mask has been introduced, which reduce the field CD variation of wafer [1]. To correct the wafer field CD uniformity by selective control of the light transmittance of mask, good correlation of mask CD and wafer field CD is important [2][3]. AIMS (aerial image measurement and simulation) or light intensity uniformity of inspection tools or other light intensity measurement tools are generally used to measure mask CD uniformity on mask. In this study, mask CD uniformity measured by CD-SEM was used to compensate the field CD variation on wafer, by enhancing the correlation between wafer field CD uniformity and mask using spatial filtering of SEM image and area CD measurement concept. Expected residual error of wafer field CD error using correction of mask CD uniformity were compared to wafer CD variation by selective light correction using wafer CD uniformity map.
Cis-regulatory elements: molecular mechanisms and evolutionary processes underlying divergence

Cis-regulatory sequences, such as enhancers and promoters, control development and physiology by regulating gene expression. Mutations that affect the function of these sequences contribute to phenotypic diversity within and between species. With many case studies implicating divergent cis-regulatory activity in phenotypic evolution, researchers have recently begun to elucidate the genetic and molecular mechanisms that are responsible for cis-regulatory divergence. Approaches include detailed functional analysis of individual cis-regulatory elements and comparing mechanisms of gene regulation among species using the latest genomic tools. Despite the limited number of mechanistic studies published to date, this work shows how cis-regulatory activity can diverge and how studies of cis-regulatory divergence can address long-standing questions about the genetic mechanisms of phenotypic evolution.
Trypanosoma cruzi in non-human primates with a history of stillbirths: a retrospective study (Papio hamadryas spp.) and case report (Macaca fascicularis)

Background Congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi has been described in humans and experimental work has been conducted with mice, but not with non-human primates (NHPs). Methods We conducted a retrospective study of female baboons (Papio hamadryas spp.) naturally seropositive or seronegative for T. cruzi with history of fetal loss, and we report a stillbirth in a cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) with placental T. cruzi amastigotes. Results There were no differences in menstrual cycle parameters and the number of fetal losses between seropositive and seronegative baboons with history of fetal loss. The amount of parasite DNA detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) in M. fascicularis placenta was within the range detected in infected baboon tissues. Conclusions There is no evidence that chronic maternal T. cruzi infection causes fetal loss in baboons. Q-PCR is a useful diagnostic tool to study archived NHP placentas.
Differentiation of Sinus Rhythms from Supraventricular Tachydysrhythmias by Activation Sequence and Timing

WALSH, C.A., ET AL.: Differentiation of Sinus Rhythms from Supraventricular Tachydysrhythmias by Activation Sequence and Timing. Implantable device detection of tachydysrhythmias remains unreliable and inexact. False responses may occur because of misinterpretation of sinus tachycardia (ST) as a supraventricular tachydysrhythmia (SVTD). Timing of atrioventricular (AV) activation and ventricular dispersion identified and discriminated between ST and SVTDs in 11 dogs. Three bipolar epicardial electrodes recorded left atrial and left and right ventricular depolarizations simultaneously during normal sinus rhythm (NSRJ (mean of 5 beats in 11/11 dogs), ST produced by phlebotomy (50 beats in 10 episodes in 6/11) or isoproterenol infusion (105 beats in 21 episodes in 10/11), sinus bradycardia (SB) produced by vagal stimulation (140 beats in 29 episodes in 10/11), and during atrial flutter (AFL) (15 beats in 3 episodes in 3/11) and atrial fibrillation (AF) (152 beats in 31 episodes in 9/11) induced by programmed electrical stimulation. During lidocaine infusion, NSR (55 beats in 11 episodes in 10/11 dogs), SB (84 beats in 17 episodes in 7/11), AFL (10 beats in 2 episodes in 1/11], and AF (103 beats in 21 episodes in 7/11) were recorded. During isoproterenol infusion, SB (45 beats in 9 episodes in 5/11), AFL (15 beats in 3 episodes in 2/11), and AF (64 beats in 13 episodes in 5/11) were recorded in addition to ST. The interval between the left atrial and left ventricular intrinsic deflections (A-V1) and between the left and right ventricular intrinsic deflections (V1-V2) of each beat was measured. The mean value (msec) of A-V1 and V1-V2 in each episode was compared to NSR in the same dog. A difference of ≥ 16 ms was used for differentiation. In all cases except SB with first-degree AV block, V1-V2 in each episode was insignificant (0-14msec), categorizing the rhythms as supraventricular. During NSR, ST and SB without AV block, Δ A-V1 was small (0–15 msec). In contrast Δ A-V1 was ≥ 16 ms in 6/8 episodes of AFL. The remaining two episodes could be differentiated by the greater number of atrial versus ventricular beats. AF could be detected by the variability of A-V1. An algorithm using the relative number of atrial vs ventricular beats and A-V1 and V1-V2 timing can provide automated dysrhythmia detection, without effect from lidocaine or isoproterenol infusion.
Motor coordination deficits in mice lacking RGS9

RGS9-2 is a striatum-enriched protein that negatively modulates dopamine and opioid receptor signaling. We examined the role of RGS9-2 in modulating complex behavior. Genetic deletion of RGS9-2 does not lead to global impairments, but results in selective abnormalities in certain behavioral domains. RGS9 knockout (KO) mice have decreased motor coordination on the accelerating rotarod and deficits in working memory as measured in the delayed-match-to-place version of the water maze. In contrast, RGS9 KO mice exhibit normal locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, cue and contextual fear conditioning, startle threshold, and pre-pulse inhibition. These studies are the first to describe a role for RGS9-2 in motor coordination and working memory and implicate RGS9-2 as a potential therapeutic target for motor and cognitive dysfunction.
Cytology of myoepithelial carcinoma of the salivary gland.

BACKGROUND Myoepithelial carcinoma, also know as malignant myoepithelioma, is rare in the salivary gland, and its cytologic features have rarely been reported. DESIGN Four cases of myoepithelial carcinoma with cytology were retrieved from the archives of the Pathology Departments of two academic institutes. In three cases, the specimens were obtained by fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA); the remaining case was a bench aspiration performed on the surgically resected specimen at the time of intra-operative consultation. The cytologic features were reviewed and correlated with the histology. RESULTS The four patients with myoepithelial carcinoma (two men and two women) ranged in age from 48 to 64 years. Three cases arose from the parotid gland, and the remaining case was a recurrent tumor in the minor salivary glands of the hard palate. The aspirates of two cases consisted of predominantly spindle cells, one predominantly epithelioid/plasmacytoid cells, and one with a mixture of both spindle and epithelioid/plasmacytoid cells. Cellular pleomorphism was noted in two cases and mitotic figures in three cases. Two cases were cytologically diagnosed as malignant spindle cell neoplasm, not otherwise specified. The FNA of the recurrent tumor was diagnosed as consistent with the previous malignancy. The remaining case was interpreted as a pleomorphic adenoma with atypia. CONCLUSIONS The cytologic features of myoepithelial carcinoma are diverse and may lack overt features of malignancy. Pathologists should be aware of this entity when evaluating cytologic specimen of salivary gland mass. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2002;96:32–6. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10314
Geomorphology of lunar grabens requires igneous dikes at depth

Dense coverage of high-resolution topographic measurements from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) now allows for a global survey of the long-wavelength morphology of lunar grabens, with important implications for the geologic processes that form them. Comparing model ground displacements for grabens that arise solely from faulting, and from faulting involving a dike at depth, with topographic measurements across some of the most prominent and best-preserved grabens shows that many of them are underlain by a dike. Matching ground displacement models to topographic observations is the only way to detect, and also provide specific geometric information about, dikes too small to be resolved in available gravity and magnetic measurements, and thus allows for quantitative assessments of magma source depths and required magma overpressures. Dike-forming magmas are likely mantle derived, originating from depths greater than 20 km, with dike widths exceeding 100–500 m. Such dike geometric properties are only plausible if a mechanically weak lunar lithosphere was under extension at the time of dike emplacement.
Cognitive Psychology and the Study of Scientific Discovery1

This article focuses on the validation and explanatory power of the predominant model of scientific discovery used in cognitive science. Two strategies of validation are identified: validation by r...
Toward a Unified Validation Framework in Mixed Methods Research

The primary purpose of this article is to further discussions of validity in mixed methods research by introducing a validation framework to guide thinking about validity in this area. To justify the use of this framework, the authors discuss traditional terminology and validity criteria for quantitative and qualitative research, as well as present recently published validity terminology for mixed methods research. The authors discuss the rationale for their framework and how it unifies thinking about validity in mixed methods research. Finally, they discuss how the framework can be used.
Phosphocreatine restores high-energy phosphates in ischemic myocardium: implication for off-pump cardiac revascularization

Abstract Background High-energy phosphate metabolism is altered in the ischemic myocardium. We investigated the effects of in vivo administration of phosphocreatine (PCr) in a transient ischemic rat model to emulate off-pump myocardial revascularization. Study design Rats received either PCr (100 mg/kg) or saline intravenously 1 hour before surgery. Regional ischemia was maintained for 12 minutes by ligation of the left anterior descending artery and compared with sham-operated animals. Cardiac tissue was studied for ATP, PCr, and inorganic phosphate (P i ) using 31 P-cryo-NMR. Results were compared by ANOVA. Results Levels of ATP were significantly (p i and PCr remained unchanged. The PCr/P i ratio was altered in ischemic hearts, reflecting an increased energy demand. PCr administration significantly (p Conclusions PCr restores high-energy phosphates and attenuates metabolic stress during periods of myocardial ischemia in the rat. Preconditioning with PCr may serve as a useful adjunct to off-pump coronary revascularization.
The effects of generation redispatch on Hopf bifurcations in electric power systems

In this paper, we examine how varying the generation redispatch can improve the system stability margins with respect to Hopf bifurcations, as well as robustness to uncertainties in load modeling and distribution. It is seen that an optimal selection of load following units plays a key role in accomplishing these objectives. An optimal redispatch strategy is proposed, and is verified through a variety of experiments on the IEEE 39-bus system.
Scintillation time dependence and pulse shape discrimination in liquid argon

Using a single-phase liquid argon detector with a signal yield of 4.85 photoelectrons per keV of electronic-equivalent recoil energy (keVee), we measure the scintillation time dependence of both electronic and nuclear recoils in liquid argon down to 5 keVee. We develop two methods of pulse shape discrimination to distinguish between electronic and nuclear recoils. Using one of these methods, we measure a background- and statistics-limited level of electronic recoil contamination to be $7.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ between 52 and 110 keV of nuclear recoil energy (keVr) for a nuclear recoil acceptance of $50%$ with no nuclear recoil-like events above 62 keVr. Finally, we develop a maximum likelihood method of pulse shape discrimination based on the measured scintillation time dependence.
Novel filtering function using an embedded ring resonator

A novel resonator based on embedded rings may find important applications as novel ultra-small filter, modulator and delay element. It exhibits 10 times higher delay and potential for high-speed modulation.
The Development of Visual Short‐Term Memory Capacity in Infants

Four experiments assessed visual short-term memory capacity in 4- to 13-month-old infants by comparing their looking to changing and nonchanging stimulus streams presented side by side. In each stream, 1 to 6 colored squares repeatedly appeared and disappeared. In changing streams, the color of a different randomly chosen square changed each time the display reappeared; the colors remained the same in nonchanging streams. Infants should look longer at changing streams, but only if they can remember the colors of the squares. The youngest infants preferred changing streams only when the displays contained one object, whereas older infants preferred changing streams when the displays contained up to 4 objects. Thus, visual short-term memory capacity increases significantly across the first year of life.
Reversal of Dense Signs Predicts Recovery in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose— The presence of computed tomography dense signs in acute ischemic stroke indicates thrombosis. We sought to ascertain whether reversibility of these signs provides additional prognostic information. Methods— Baseline and follow-up imaging was obtained from 18 patients who had received intravenous abciximab and heparin as part of an ongoing safety study in acute ischemic stroke. Presence of signs and their reversal were assessed and correlated with mortality and 90-day outcome. Results— Fourteen of the 18 patients had dense dot signs in the middle cerebral or dense signals in the basilar artery on baseline computed tomography. The signs reversed in 7 (group 1) and persisted in 7 (group 2). Mean baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale did not differ. All 7 in group 1 were alive at 90 days, with 3 of 7 alive in group 2. Ninety-day modified Rankin Scale was lower in group 1 (1.9±1.57) compared with group 2 (4.6±1.9; P =0.01). Conclusions— The reversal of dense signs predicts a much better outcome than its persistence. These signs should receive additional attention for both their diagnostic and prognostic importance.
On the propagation of shock waves through regions of non-uniform area or flow

This paper refers to the work of Moeckel (1952) on the interaction of an oblique shock wave with a shear layer in steady supersonic flow and the work of Chester (1955) and Chisnell (1957) on the propagation of a shock wave down a non-uniform tube. It is shown that their basic results can be obtained by the application of the following simple rule. The relevant equations of motion are first written in characteristic form. Then the rule is to apply the differential relation which must be satisfied by the flow quantities along a characteristic to the flow quantities just behind the shock wave. Together with the shock relations this rule determines the motion of the shock wave. The accuracy of the results for a wide range of problems and for all shock strengths is truly surprising.The results are exactly the same as were found by the authors cited above. The derivation given here is simpler to perfom (although the original methods were by no means involved) and of somewhat wider application, but the main reason for presenting this discussion is to try to throw further light on these remarkable results.In discussing the underlying reasons for this rule, it is convenient to use the propagation in a non-uniform tube as a typical example, but applications to a number of problems are given later. A list of some of these appears at the beginning of the introductory section.
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Older Patients with MDS.

The incidence of myeloid malignancies, including myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) increases with age. While several therapeutic modalities have been developed, for most of these patients the only treatment with curative potential is allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). The development of reduced/low intensity transplant conditioning regimens allows to successfully transplant patients in their ‘60s and even ‘70s, although comorbidities may determine who does come to transplantation and who does not. Also, as many as half of the patients will develop graft versus host disease (GVHD), even with HLA matched donors, requiring therapy for extended periods of time, and GVHD and treatment with glucocorticoids is likely to impact the quality of life. Nevertheless, dependent upon disease stage at HCT, the presence of comorbidities and the regimen used, 30% to 50% of patients 60 years of age or older, may survive long-term cured of their disease. Future studies should focus on the incorporation of non-transplant modalities into the overall transplant approach, the prevention of GVHD, and the utilization of immunotherapy to reduce the incidence of relapse and GVHD and further improve overall transplant success.
Economic Evaluation of the Routine Childhood Immunization Program in the United States, 2009

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the economic impact of the 2009 routine US childhood immunization schedule, including diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate, inactivated poliovirus, measles/mumps/rubella, hepatitis B, varicella, 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate, hepatitis A, and rotavirus vaccines; influenza vaccine was not included. METHODS: Decision analysis was conducted using population-based vaccination coverage, published vaccine efficacies, historical data on disease incidence before vaccination, and disease incidence reported during 2005 to 2009. Costs were estimated using the direct cost and societal (direct and indirect costs) perspectives. Program costs included vaccine, administration, vaccine-associated adverse events, and parent travel and work time lost. All costs were inflated to 2009 dollars, and all costs and benefits in the future were discounted at a 3% annual rate. A hypothetical 2009 US birth cohort of 4 261 494 infants over their lifetime was followed up from birth through death. Net present value (net savings) and benefit-cost ratios of routine childhood immunization were calculated. RESULTS: Analyses showed that routine childhood immunization among members of the 2009 US birth cohort will prevent ∼42 000 early deaths and 20 million cases of disease, with net savings of $13.5 billion in direct costs and $68.8 billion in total societal costs, respectively. The direct and societal benefit-cost ratios for routine childhood vaccination with these 9 vaccines were 3.0 and 10.1. CONCLUSIONS: From both direct cost and societal perspectives, vaccinating children as recommended with these vaccines results in substantial cost savings.
Geography and ethics II: Emotions and morality

In this second report, I consider the relationship between emotion and morality from a geographical perspective. Though traditional and contemporary engagements in moral philosophy and psychology offer a diverse range of theories and approaches to emotions and morality, few of these explicitly consider or incorporate the role of space. I consider theories of embodiment and relationality as one means through which emotions become collective and institutionalized, with a focus on emotional geographies and care. I conclude by reflecting on political emotions as conflictive but insightful signals of societal shifts in our moral emotions, and suggest that incorporating emotions may also provide a different way of thinking about the problem of distant care.
Validation and Development of a Modified Breast Graded Prognostic Assessment As a Tool for Survival in Patients With Breast Cancer and Brain Metastases

Purpose Several indices have been developed to predict overall survival (OS) in patients with breast cancer with brain metastases, including the breast graded prognostic assessment (breast-GPA), comprising age, tumor subtype, and Karnofsky performance score. However, number of brain metastases—a highly relevant clinical variable—is less often incorporated into the final model. We sought to validate the existing breast-GPA in an independent larger cohort and refine it integrating number of brain metastases. Patients and Methods Data were retrospectively gathered from a prospectively maintained institutional database. Patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases from 1996 to 2013 were identified. After validating the breast-GPA, multivariable Cox regression and recursive partitioning analysis led to the development of the modified breast-GPA. The performances of the breast-GPA and modified breast-GPA were compared using the concordance index. Results In our cohort of 1,552 patients, the breast-GPA was val...
Nonbinary LDPC-Coded Modulation for High-Speed Optical Fiber Communication Without Bandwidth Expansion

We propose a scheme that can attain the same transmission bit rate as the corresponding conventional polarization-division-multiplexed (PDM) quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) scheme while occupying lower bandwidth and, hence, achieving a higher spectral efficiency. In contrast to the conventional approach, which increases the symbol rate and thus the occupied bandwidth to transmit the redundant symbols due to forward error correction (FEC), the proposed approach expands the underlying signal constellation in size and reduces the FEC code rate accordingly to form a mechanism that can achieve coded transmission without bandwidth expansion. Such a scheme can find applications in scenarios where there exist stringent bandwidth restrictions and bandwidth expansion is not considered as a viable option. Although the idea of constellation expansion in lieu of bandwidth expansion is mainly associated with Ungerboeck's trellis-coded modulation (TCM), our proposed nonbinary low-density parity-check (LDPC)-coded modulation scheme shows that block-coded modulation schemes can also be used with expanded constellations to achieve transmission without bandwidth expansion and without resorting to TCM. Our results reveal that for small to medium constellation sizes, the proposed scheme can preserve bandwidth while not experiencing significant increase in required optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR). For large constellation sizes, however, to keep the increase in required OSNR at manageable levels, we propose using controlled bandwidth expansion where constellation expansion and bandwidth expansion are used simultaneously to obtain a balance between the two critical system parameters of bandwidth and required OSNR.
Reading Between the Lines: Motives, Beliefs, and Achievement in Adolescent Boys

This study of adolescent boys’ literacy builds on motivation theory and uses the Motivations for Reading Questionnaire (Wigfield, Guthrie, & McGough, 1996) as a foundation. Survey and achievement data were collected from 330 students and eight teachers at a Catholic, all-boys high-school. Results suggest that the motivational constructs identified by Wigfield and colleagues for elementary students remain relatively intact with this sample, but that some motives for reading may change over time. For teachers, believing a student was a good reader was related to beliefs that the student read the assignments; believing that a student should try harder was related to beliefs about knowing what that student struggles with in class. Several modest relationships between questionnaire responses and student achievement scores were also found.
Antivirulence Genes: Insights into Pathogen Evolution through Gene Loss

The emergence of new pathogens and the exploitation of novel pathogenic niches by bacteria typically require the horizontal transfer of virulence factors and subsequent adaptation—a “fine-tuning” process—for the successful incorporation of these factors into the microbe's genome. The function of newly acquired virulence factors may be hindered by the expression of genes already present in the bacterium. Occasionally, certain genes must be inactivated or deleted for full expression of the pathogen phenotype to occur. These genes are known as antivirulence genes (AVGs). Originally identified in Shigella, AVGs have improved our understanding of pathogen evolution and provided a novel approach to drug and vaccine development. In this review, we revisit the AVG definition and update the list of known AVGs, which now includes genes from pathogens such as Salmonella, Yersinia pestis, and the virulent Francisella tularensis subspecies. AVGs encompass a wide variety of different roles within the microbe, including genes involved in metabolism, biofilm synthesis, lipopolysaccharide modification, and host vasoconstriction. More recently, the use of one of these AVGs (lpxL) as a potential vaccine candidate highlights the practical application of studying AVG inactivation in microbial pathogens.
ESL Mentoring for Secondary Rural Educators: Math and Science Teachers Become Second Language Specialists Through Collaboration

This article draws on data from the capstone graduate course in a specially designed professional development program for rural math and science teachers that describes how participant teachers translated their newly acquired knowledge about English as a second language (ESL) into a mentoring experience for their rural content specialist peers. Teachers indicated that the mentoring experience was beneficial in that they were able to work together to identify issues relevant to their schools and to cocreate tailor-made solutions in order to support their English language learners (ELLs). They also indicated that their prior understandings of mentoring changed in positive ways, which also included shifts in their own identities as teachers. These findings suggest that peer mentoring can be a useful component of professional development for ESL-trained content teachers in small and rural schools.
New Elastomers by Reactive Processing. Part I. Vulcanizable Precured Alloys from NBR and ACM

Abstract The dynamic vulcanization of ACM (the dispersed phase) during its mixing with NBR (the continuous phase) can produce a new type of millable specialty elastomer alloy. The millable dynamic vulcanizate containing the crosslinked dispersed phase can be later mixed with curatives for the continuous phase, fillers, antidegradants, etc. The completed mixture of millable dynamic vulcanizate with the additional curatives (for the NBR), fillers, stabilizers, etc. can then be vulcanized e.g., in a heated mold. Thus, the dynamic vulcanization technique is a means of separately controlling the vulcanization of individual phases of a blend of elastomers. Since the ACM can be completely vulcanized during the dynamic vulcanization stage of the mixing process, the usual postcuring associated with ACM technology is not necessary. Also, since the continuous or external phase is NBR, the prevulcanized millable alloy exhibits processability more similar to that of NBR than to that of ACM. Sticking and splitting on t...
Tests of a SQUID-Based Co-Magnetometer Readout for a Neutron EDM Experiment

In a new experimental search for an electric dipole moment (EDM) of the neutron, polarized 3 He will occupy the same volume as the neutrons under study to serve as a co-magnetometer, enabling precise corrections for ambient magnetic field drifts that would otherwise severely limit the reach of the experiment. One of the two methods that will be built into the apparatus is to directly detect the 3 He magnetization signal using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)-based gradiometers. In a previous work in this Transactions, we proposed a candidate design for a SQUID system consistent with experimental requirements and the planned neutron EDM apparatus. Because the 3 He precession signal is at approximately 100 Hz, signal contamination from low-frequency magnetic noise could adversely affect the co-magnetometer readout precision; the addition of reference magnetometer channels to the SQUID system could mitigate this risk. In this paper, we present noise studies of the candidate SQUID system in a test apparatus and demonstrate effective ambient magnetic field noise cancelation with the implementation of reference channels. In addition, we report a demonstration of low-noise SQUID operation while a nearby photomultiplier tube and its high-voltage power supply are operating.
Mixing of the tear film under the eyelids.

Apart from its role in flushing out debris or noxious substances from the conjunctival sac there are two practical reasons why we can be interested in the circulation of the tear fluid over the surface of the conjunctiva beneath the eyelids. The first is that after topical instillation of a drug it could be trapped in a reservoir formed by the fornices of the conjunctiva and this would control its contact time with the eye. The second is that poor mixing of the tear fluid might introduce sampling errors into the estimation of tear flow by the fluorescein dilution method1.
Thalamus & Electrical Status Epilepticus in Sleep

Researchers at Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, and other centers in the US; Winnipeg, Canada; and Barcelona, Spain compared the prevalence during a 14-year period and the type of early developmental lesions in 147 patients with electrical status epilepticus in sleep (ESES), 100 with prominent sleep-potentiated epileptiform activity (PSPEA) and 47 patients without PSPEA as controls.
The Relationship Between Vocational Rehabilitation Professional’s Interactions With Businesses and Employment Outcomes for Consumers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired

The purpose of this study was to determine if there is an association between how vocational rehabilitation (VR) counselors and business relations (BR) staff interact with employers and employment ...
New Mixed Metal Transition Via-Fill Conductors for Cost Effective DuPont GreenTape™ 951 & 9K7 LTCC Circuits

LTCC (Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic) technology provides an option for circuit designers that combines the benefits of HTCC and thick film technologies and is the technology of choice for many complex automotive, consumer, and military applications. For demanding and high reliability applications, LTCC circuits containing gold conductors for all ground planes, signal traces, and via fills are common. With the rise in gold cost from $400/TO in 2005 to a recent peak of over $1,200/TO in 2009, OEMs and circuit designers are forced to seek lower cost alternatives to all gold LTCC structures. The use of all silver conductors raises questions of reliability, especially for the external silver layers, and wire-bonding to silver is not possible. The traditional method employed to address cost and reliability has been the use of mixed metallurgies, rather than using gold throughout the LTCC module. Silver based conductors for signal and ground are used internally, with gold conductors for wire bonding, brazing,...
Leukocyte rolling in vivo is mediated by P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1

Leukocyte rolling, an early and important step in the inflammatory response, is mediated by the selectin family of adhesion molecules. The selectins bind with low affinity to sialylated and fucosylated glycans such as sialyl Lewisx (sLex), but bind with high affinity to only a few specific glycoproteins on cell surfaces. One such glycoprotein is P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1). The relative contributions of low- and high-affinity ligands to leukocyte rolling in vivo are unknown. We show here that a monoclonal antibody to PSGL-1 (PL1) dramatically reduces rolling of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and promyelocytic HL-60 cells in venules of acutely exteriorized rat mesentery. Control PMN and HL-60 cell rolling flux fractions were 39% +/- 3% and 33% +/- 5%, which were reduced by PL1 to 7% +/- 2% and 6% +/- 2%, respectively. Similar reductions were seen with F(ab) fragments of PL1. PL1-treated PMN rolled at significantly higher mean velocities than untreated PMN owing to intermittent rather that continuous interactions. These findings show that interaction of P-selectin with PSGL-1 is required for rolling of myeloid cells in mesenteric venules at physiologic shear stress in vivo.
Computational Nanomechanics of Materials

We present a review of computational methods and their applications for nanoscale mechanics of materials. Brief introductory overviews of first-principles calculations and molecular dynamics simulations are first provided, followed by various applications such as fracture mechanics and plasticity at the nanoscale. Next, recent advancement of multiscale materials modeling is reviewed, spanning from electronic scale to continuum scale. Among many multiscale methods, two newly proposed methods, the multiscale continuum theory and the virtual atom cluster model, are introduced with more details.
Voltage Stability and Control of Offshore Wind Farms With AC Collection and HVDC Transmission

This paper investigates the stability and control of offshore wind farms employing medium-voltage ac collection and high-voltage dc (HVDC) transmission to the onshore power grids. Type-IV (full power conversion) turbines and HVDC rectifier based on voltage-source converters are assumed. Output impedance models of the wind turbines and input impedance models of the HVDC rectifier in the positive- and negative-sequence are developed using the harmonic linearization method. An impedance-based stability criterion is then applied to determine the stability of the offshore ac collection bus. Possible instability of the ac bus voltage and resonance between the wind farm and the HVDC rectifier are examined through analysis of the system impedance model. The analytical impedance models are used to identify the root causes of such instability and resonance problems, and to develop possible solutions. Detailed circuit simulation is used to validate the analysis. Individual converter impedance models are also validated by experimental measurements of scaled-down prototypes.
158 EFFECT OF RED CELLS, LEUKOCYTES, AND BACTERIA ON URINE DIPSTICK TESTING FOR PROTEIN: ROLE IN THE TRANSIENT ALBUMINURIA OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) may be characterized by transient albuminuria on urinary dipstick testing. The etiology of transient albuminuria in UTI is unclear but may be considered to result from glomerular or nonglomerular sources. We have theorized that nonglomerular sources are the more likely cause and could include infection-associated inflammation of the bladder mucosa with release of serum albumin into the urine and/or represent a false-positive result from red cells (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs) and/or bacteria (BAC). To test the latter hypothesis, we mixed RBCs (fresh blood draw), WBCs (buffy coat from RBC sample), or BAC (laboratory grade E. coli for standard subcloning studies) with normal urine and performed dipstick testing for albuminuria (DTFA). All cellular fractions were prepared by washing × 3 in PBS and cell numbers determined after counting in a hemocytometer. To assess the effect of temperature, samples were examined at 24°C (room temperature) and after 1 hour at 37°C (similar to physiologic conditions). DTFA was performed using Multistix 10SG dipsticks (Bayer). Results As shown, neither RBCs nor WBCs affected urinary dipstick albuminuria at 24°C, however, BAC gave a positive test. In contrast, at 37°C, all cellular elements gave positive DTFA. Control tubes with PBS were negative for DTFA for all conditions and temperatures. The data suggest that at 37°C, RBCs, WBCs, and BAC may result in positive DTFA in urine and that the temperature may influence the result. It is unclear from these studies if the DTFA represent a false positive (ie, interference with the dipstick) or liberation of albumin from cells. Conclusion The transient albuminuria of UTI may result in part from RBCs, WBCs, and/or BAC giving positive DTFA. We would theorize that with therapy, the urinary concentration of the above cells is reduced, leading to a “clinical resolution” of albuminuria. Additional studies investigating combinations of cellular fractions and/or direct assays for albumin may give further clues to the etiology of this phenomenon.
Psychological care of school-age children with leukemia in 23 cases

Objective To investigate the role of psychological care in school-age children with leukemia during treatment. Methods The psychological state of school-age children with leukemia were divided into four types,patients in different stages were given by psychological care,so that made the treatment of children with leukemia smooth and efficient. Results After receiving psychological care in school-age children with leukemia,the proportion of poor psychological state,such as silent anxiety,depression low self-esteem,fear,despair,which were reduced,the depression and low self-esteem children which had statistically significant proportion of the previous(P0.05),the proportion of children in actively cooperation type was greatly increased than before given psychological care,the difference was significant(P 0.05). Conclusion Positive psychological intervention can get better cooperation with children, reduce their stress and anxiety,which is conducive to the process in treatment of leukemia.
Plastic deformation and fracture of FeV alloys

Abstract A study of yielding, slip character and ductility of quenched unalloyed iron and several FeV ferritic alloys has been carried out in the temperature range of −269°C to 25°C. The mechanical properties of unalloyed iron have been shown to be markedly influenced by cooling rate from the annealing temperature or by low temperature aging. FeV alloys, on the other hand, are unaffected by such treatments. Alloy softening in FeV ferrites results from the removal of carbon and nitrogen from solution in the melt or at the annealing temperature. Vanadium also scavenges oxygen, thereby suppressing intergranular fracture in quenched coarse-grained ferrite. The ductile-to-brittle-transition temperature of each alloy is shown to coincide with the temperature at which slip character changes from wavy to planar glide. Vanadium suppresses wavy glide in a manner analogous to lowering the test temperature.
78‐1: Invited Paper: Foldable AMOLED Integrated with On‐cell Touch and Edge Sealing Technologies

A 5 mm bending radius foldable on-cell touch AMOLED is successfully demonstrated with foldable TFT backplane, thin film encapsulation, and an on-cell touch front plate. Aided by computer simulation, we develop the 60 μm thick AMOLED structure, and introduce new backplane design to minimize the mechanical stress. For improved reliability, we also propose an edge sealing technology to the foldable AMOLED.