cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Myocardial ischemia during daily activities the importance of increased myocardial oxygen demand

The role of increased myocardial oxygen demand in the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia occurring during daily activities was evaluated in 50 patients with coronary artery disease and exercise-induced ST segment depression. Each patient underwent ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring for ST segment shifts during normal daily activities and symptom-limited bicycle exercise testing with continuous ECG monitoring. All 50 patients had ST depression greater than or equal to 0.1 mV during exercise. A total of 241 episodes of ST depression were noted in the ambulatory setting in 31 patients; only 6% of these were accompanied by angina pectoris. Significant (0.1 mV) ST depression during ambulatory monitoring was preceded by a mean increase in heart rate of 27 +/- 12 beats/min. Patients with ischemia during daily activities developed ST depression earlier during exercise (7.9 +/- 4.4 vs. 14.2 +/- 6.4 min, p less than 0.001) and tended to have significant ECG changes at a lower exercise heart rate and rate-pressure product than did those without ST depression during ambulatory monitoring. In the 31 patients with ischemia during daily activities, the mean heart rate associated with ST depression in the ambulatory setting was closely correlated with the heart rate precipitating ECG changes during exercise testing (r = 0.74, p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Experiments and analysis on the resolution requirements for alphanumeric readability

Experiments and analysis were used to determine the number of resolvable cycles across an alphanumeric character required for readability. This has serious implications for the resolution needed for a surveillance camera to present a “readable” image to a human. Fourier analysis was used to predict the number of cycles required for readability. Using two-dimensional Fourier transforms, the set of 26 English letters and 10 Arabic numerals was analyzed and classified. This theory is supported by empirical data based on user identification of random English letters and Arabic numerals. The results strongly indicate that accurate readability (defined as 90% correctness or better) can be accomplished with approximately 2.8 cycles across a block letter. This appears to suggest a lower resolution requirement than that generally accepted for unknown target identification. The reason is the limited data set of only 36 alphanumeric characters, of which the observer possesses a priori knowledge. Moreover, the ability to read an alphanumeric is a steep function of the resolution between 2 and 3 cycles per character height. The probability of correct “Reading” can be expressed similarly to that of Detection, Recognition and Identification by using a postscript such as “Read 90 ”.
Risk factors for excessive or inadequate gestational weight gain among Hispanic women in a U.S.-Mexico border state.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify risk factors for excessive or inadequate gestational weight gain and associated morbidities among Hispanic women in a U.S.-Mexico border state. Design Case-control design. Setting New Mexico. Participants Hispanic women responding to the New Mexico Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System 2000 to 2003; 1,597 women in final excessive versus adequate gestational weight gain analyses and 1,351 in final inadequate versus adequate gestational weight gain analyses Methods Information from birth certificates and Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System questionnaires were use in logistic regression analyses to identify risk factors and associated events. Results Prevalence of excessive gestational weight gain was 35.7%, while inadequate gestational weight gain was 30.4%. Among factors associated with increased risk of excessive gestational weight gain were overweight (odds ratio [OR]=2.87, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.11, 3.90) or obese status (OR=1.82, 95% CI=1.38, 2.39), whereas residing in a U.S.-Mexico border county reduced such risk (OR=0.75, 95% CI=0.59, 0.97). Among risk factors for inadequate gestational weight gain were gestational diabetes (OR=1.58, 95% CI=1.05, 2.37) and inadequate prenatal care (OR=2.17, 95% CI=1.56, 3.02). After adjusting for confounders, inadequate gestational weight gain increased risk of low birth weight (OR=l.92, 95% CI=1.11, 3.29), while excessive gestational weight gain reduced this risk (OR=0.29, 95% CI=0.12, 0.68) but increased risk of macrosomia (OR=2.07, 95% CI=1.32, 3.25). Conclusion Prepregnant overweight and obese status were among factors associated with excessive gestational weight gain among Hispanic women, whereas inadequate prenatal care was among factors associated with increased risk of inadequate gestational weight gain.
‘What about the couple?’ Interracial marriage and psychological distress ☆

Abstract We explore the association between racial composition of couples—that is, whether they are interracial or homogamous—and the psychological distress of their members, as measured in a screening scale for non-specific psychological distress. We use a pooled 1997–2001 National Health Interview Survey sample of the married and cohabiting population of the United States. We compare the odds of distress for interracial vs. same race married/cohabiting adults. There are several key findings. Interracial marriage is associated with increases in severe distress for Native American men, white women, and for Hispanic men and women married to non-white spouses, compared to endogamous members of the same groups. Higher rates of distress are observed for intermarried persons with African American or Native American husbands or wives, and for women with Hispanic husbands. Lower socioeconomic status explains approximately half of the increased distress experienced by white women, while higher socioeconomic status partially suppresses increases in distress for Hispanic men and women.
Modeling Constrained Layer Frictional Interfaces With Discontinuous Basis Functions

Constrained layer frictional interfaces, such as joints, are prevalent in engineering applications. Because these interfaces are often used in built-up structures, reduced order modeling techniques are utilized for developing simulations of them. One limitation of the existing reduced order modeling techniques, though, is the loss of the local kinematics due to regularization of the frictional interfaces. This paper aims to avoid the use of regularization in the modeling of constrained layer frictional interfaces by utilizing a new technique, the discontinuous basis function method. This method supplements the linear mode shapes of the system with a series of discontinuous basis functions that are used to account for nonlinear forces acting on the system. A symmetric, constrained layer frictional interface is modeled as a continuous system connected to two rigid planes by a series of Iwan elements. This symmetric model is used to test the hypothesis that symmetric problems are not subjected to the range of variability seen in physical structures, which have non-uniform pressure and friction distributions. Insights from solving the symmetric problem are used to consider the case where a non-uniform distribution of friction and pressure exists.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A putative monooxygenase mimic which functions via well-disguised free radical chemistry

The hydroxylation of cycloalkanes at 25 °C by the syringe pump addition of tert-alkyl hydroperoxides (10 and 1 equiv based on catalyst) to deoxygenated acetonitrile containing cycloalkanes (0.64 M) and 0.61 mM of the catalyst, [FeIII2O(TPA)2(H2O)2]4+, is demonstrated to be a reaction which involves freely diffusing cycloalkyl radicals, i.e., free alkyl radicals.
The Mathematical Ethicist

Opening a copy ofThe Mathematical Intelligencer you may ask yourself uneasily, “What is this anyway—a mathematical journal, or what?” Or you may ask, “Where am I?” Or even “Who am I?” This sense of disorientation is at its most acute when you open to Colin Adams’s column. Relax. Breathe regularly. It’s mathematical, it’s a humor column, and it may even be harmless.
Prior aspirin use in unstable angina predisposes to higher risk: the aspirin paradox

Abstract Background : Aspirin is the most widely prescribed agent used in prevention of coronary thrombosis. Thus, many patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes have a history of aspirin usage. Methods : To assess response to medical therapy in patients taking aspirin prior to admission with an acute coronary syndrome, we reviewed outcomes data from the Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q-wave Coronary Events (ESSENCE) and Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms (PRISM-PLUS) studies. Results : Patients with acute coronary syndromes who had taken aspirin prior to enrolment were less likely to have non-Q-wave myocardial infarction on admission (ESSENCE: 16.0% vs. 29.2%, p p p =0.017; PRISM-PLUS: 23.5% vs. 12.1%, p p =0.009) and tirofiban with unfractionated heparin (23.5% vs. 16.0%, p =0.007) than from unfractionated heparin alone. Non-prior aspirin users presented with higher rates of non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Conclusions : Prior aspirin users admitted with acute coronary syndromes may have a more benign presentation, but are more likely to be failed by medical therapy with unfractionated heparin and should be considered as a high-risk group. Enoxaparin or the combination of tirofiban and unfractionated heparin are both more effective than unfractionated heparin in this group.
Localization of naloxone-sensitive [3H]dihydromorphine binding sites within the hippocampus of the rat

In vitro radioautographic experiments were performed on coronal rat brain slices to determine the precise localization of [3H]dihydromorphine binding sites sensitive to naloxonem within the hippocampus. Binding was observed in all cel fields and in dentate gyrus (DG) in the order CA2 > CA1 > CA3 > DG. Within each cell field the density of receptors was greatest in the stratum pyramidale, which in field CA2 was 77% as dense as the striatum. The existence of a dense population of opiate binding sites within the hippocampus is consistent with the view that this structure is involved in opiate actions.
TOPICS IN LOCAL BIFURCATION THEORY

Abstract : Suppose Lambda, X, Z are Banach spaces, M: Lambda x X yields Z is a mapping continuous together with derivatives up through some order r. A Bifurcation surface for the equation (1) M(lambda,x) = 0 is a surface in parameter space Lambda for which the number of solutions x of (1) changes as lambda crosses this surface. Under certain generic hypotheses on M, it is shown that one can systematically determine the bifurcation surfaces by elementary scaling techniques and the implicit function theorem. This document gives a summary of these results for the case of bifurcation near an isolated solution or families of solutions of the equation M(lambda sub 0, x) = 0. The results have applications of the buckling theory of plates and shells under the effect of external forces, imperfections, curvature and variations in shape. The results on bifurcation near families has applications in nonlinear oscillations and the theory of homoclinic orbits.
Integer Functions on the Cycle Space and Edges of a Graph

A directed graph has a natural $${\mathbb {Z}}$$-module homomorphism from the underlying graph’s cycle space to $${\mathbb {Z}}$$where the image of an oriented cycle is the number of forward edges minus the number of backward edges. Such a homomorphism preserves the parity of the length of a cycle and the image of a cycle is bounded by the length of that cycle. Pretzel and Youngs (SIAM J. Discrete Math. 3(4):544–553, 1990) showed that any $${\mathbb {Z}}$$-module homomorphism of a graph’s cycle space to $${\mathbb {Z}}$$that satisfies these two properties for all cycles must be such a map induced from an edge direction on the graph. In this paper we will prove a generalization of this theorem and an analogue as well.
Epistemology of Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Literature Meta-analysis

A meta-analysis was conducted to inform the epistemology, or theory of knowledge, of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). The CEC terminology acknowledges the existence of harmful environmental agents whose identities, occurrences, hazards, and effects are not sufficiently understood. Here, data on publishing activity were analyzed for 12 CECs, revealing a common pattern of emergence, suitable for identifying past years of peak concern and forecasting future ones: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT; 1972, 2008), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA; 1972, 2009), nitrosodimethylamine (1984), methyl tert-butyl ether (2001), trichloroethylene (2005), perchlorate (2006), 1,4-dioxane (2009), prions (2009), triclocarban (2010), triclosan (2012), nanomaterials (by 2016), and microplastics (2022 ± 4). CECs were found to emerge from obscurity to the height of concern in 14.1 ± 3.6 years, and subside to a new baseline level of concern in 14.5 ± 4.5 years. CECs can emerge more than once (e.g., TCAA, DDT) and the multifactorial process of emergence may be driven by inception of novel scientific methods (e.g., ion chromatography, mass spectrometry and nanometrology), scientific paradigm shifts (discovery of infectious proteins), and the development, marketing and mass consumption of novel products (antimicrobial personal care products, microplastics and nanomaterials). Publishing activity and U.S. regulatory actions were correlated for several CECs investigated.
Comparison of two methods for the management of appendicular mass in children

Appendicitis is the most common surgical emergency in pediatric surgery. In the presence of an appendicular mass, surgical management can be difficult. We evaluate the results of appendix mass management both with immediate operation and conservative treatment over a period of 5 years. Forty children who presented with appendicular mass over a period of 5 years were reviewed. Their mean age was 7.6±2.7 years, and the mean duration of symptoms was 7.8±2.7 days. We evaluated the children in two groups: The first group included 19 children who were operated on immediately, and the second group included 21 children who were managed conservatively, followed by elective appendectomy. In the first group, mean hospitalization time was 8.7±3.2 days. The complication rate was found to be high (26.3%). Ileal injury occurred in two patients, intraabdominal abscess developed in one patient, and wound infection developed in another. Appendectomy could not be done in one patient who required another laparotomy 8 weeks later. In the second group, mean hospitalization time was 8.9±2.6 days. Two patients (8.6%) failed to respond to conservative management. Elective appendectomy was performed after 2–3 months. Two patients returned with perforated appendicitis 5 months and 12 months later, respectively, because they were not brought back for subsequent appendectomy. It can be concluded that conservative treatment of appendicular mass is safe; we also advocate elective appendectomy because of the probable risk of recurrence.
Systematic study of the kaon to pion multiplicity ratios in heavy-ion collisions

We present a systematic study of the kaon to pion multiplicity ratios (K{sup +}/{pi}{sup +} and K{sup -}/{pi}{sup -}) in heavy-ion collisions from AGS to RHIC energy using the relativistic quantum molecular dynamics (RQMD) model. The model describes reasonably well the available experimental data on K{sup +}/{pi}{sup +} and K{sup -}/{pi}{sup -}. Within the model, we find that the strong increase of the ratios with the number of participants is mainly due to hadronic rescattering of produced mesons with ingoing baryons and their resonances. The enhancement of K/{pi} in heavy-ion collisions with respect to elementary p+p interactions is larger at AGS than SPS energy, and decreases smoothly with bombarding energy. The total multiplicity ratios at RHIC energy are predicted by RQMD to be K{sup +}/{pi}{sup +}=0.19 and K{sup -}/{pi}{sup -}=0.15. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Separation of Cesium from High Ionic Strength Solutions Using a Cobalt Hexacyanoferrate-Modified Graphite Electrode

Graphite electrodes modified with cobalt hexacyanoferrate (CoHCF) were used to investigate the feasibility of electrochemically (EC) controlled ion exchange for separation and transfer of Cs from high sodium wastes. A thin layer of CoHCF was formed on the graphite substrate. The surface CoHCF phase was highly selective to Cs+ in the presence of overwhelmingly higher concentrations of Na+ and K+. Cs+ was incorporated into the electrode at 0 V and expelled at +1.0 V. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the EC control of the cesium flux and its association with the Fe oxidation state in the CoHCF phase. There was a good correlation between the electric charge passed through the electrode and the amount of Cs incorporated or released. The maximum share of charge associated with Cs+ incorporation is ca. 40%. The performance of the electrode was stable in the range of pH from 1 to 11, but it deteriorated at pH > 11. The CoHCF electrodes performed well in multicycle processes of Cs separation and tr...
Exploiting Symmetry in Transmission Lines for Transmission Switching

Symmetry caused by the presence of identical transmission lines in the transmission switching problem can have a significant negative impact on mixed-integer linear programming methods due to the redundant computation of identical subproblems. Unfortunately, it is not obvious how to remove symmetry by remodeling pairs of identical lines as one line without potentially affecting the quality of the solution. In this letter, we conclude that how one deals with symmetry can drastically affect computation times.
Molecular characterization and effect of shear on the distribution of long branching in poly(vinyl acetate)

Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) of Mw 750,000 Mw/Mn 3.85 and Bn (the number of long branches per molecule) 2.2 was subjected to chain scission by mechanical (high-speed stirring) as well as chemical (saponification and reacetylation) methods to investigate the effect of shear on the branching distribution. The extent of long branching was measured by gel permeation chromatography on-line with low-angle laser light scattering photometry. It was concluded that (i) the branches through the acetate group are long and are ruptured preferentially on shearing, (ii) the branches through the α- and β-carbons are not broken on shearing, (iii) the extent of long branching through the acetate group is about 67% of total branching, and (iv) the poly(vinyl alcohol) derived from branched PVAc contains a smaller but nevertheless significant amount of branching.
Effects of Size and Reynolds’ Number on Centrifugal Diffuser Performance

The use of non-conventional diffusing systems for centrifugal compressors has been mandated by the smaller diameter of many advanced turbofan engines. Optimizing the design of these geometrically complex diffusers by rotating component tests is both expensive and time-consuming. Methods of designing and static blow testing low-diameter, controlled-contour passage diffusers have been previously reported in which scaled-up models of six diffuser passages were constructed and tested at a Reynolds number comparable to that encountered in rotating component tests. One design was fabricated in full size and run in both a static blow test and a rotating component test. This paper reports on the performance of this design at several Reynolds numbers up to those encountered in engine application for several diffuser throat blockages. It is shown that as with geometrically simpler passages such as conical diffusers, static blow tests can also be used to optimize the design of geometrically more complex diffusing passages.Copyright © 1981 by ASME
Anaerobic digestion of piggery waste using a stationary fixed film reactor

Abstract A fixed film digester with a 35 litre support void volume, treating piggery waste at 35°C, was capable of handling high organic loading rates and short hydraulic retention times without process failure. The digester had a film support made of fired potter's clay and a surface-to-volume ratio of 157 m 2 m −3 . It could be loaded to 18·7 kg Volatile Solids (VS) m −3 day −1 without substantial increases in volatile acid levels or a reduction in the quality of the digester gas. Maximum methane gas production was 3·8 m 3 (STP) m −3 day −1 and the conversion of Volatile Solids into methane decreased with decreasing hydraulic retention time.
Saturation thresholds of evoked neural and hemodynamic responses in awake and asleep rats

Neural activation generates a hemodynamic response to the localized region replenishing nutrients to the area. Changes in vigilance state have been shown to alter the vascular response where the vascular response is muted during wake compared to quiet sleep. We tested the saturation thresholds of the neurovascular response in the auditory cortex during wake and sleep by chronically implanting rats with an EEG electrode, a light emitting diode (LED, 600 nm), and photodiode to simultaneously measure evoked response potentials (ERPs) and evoked hemodynamic responses. We stimulated the cortex with a single speaker click delivered at random intervals 2-13 s at varied stimulus intensities ranging from 45-80 dB. To further test the potential for activity related saturation, we sleep deprived animals for 2, 4, or 6 hours and recorded evoked responses during the first hour recovery period. With increasing stimulus intensity, integrated ERPs and evoked hemodynamic responses increased; however the hemodynamic response approached saturation limits at a lower stimulus intensity than the ERP. With longer periods of sleep deprivation, the integrated ERPs did not change but evoked hemodynamic responses decreased. There may be physical limits in cortical blood delivery and vascular compliance, and with extended periods of neural activity during wake, vessels may approach these limits.
Extreme nighttime air temperatures in 2010 impact rice chalkiness and milling quality

Research shows that elevated nighttime air temperatures (NTATs) contribute to increased chalk formation and reduced milling quality in rice. Arkansas rice-growing regions experienced exceptionally warm weather conditions during the summer of 2010, providing an opportunity to test this hypothesis under extreme conditions. Data from a previous study, conducted in years 2007–2009 (Ambardekar et al., 2011), was extended to include 2010 data, and analyzed to evaluate the correlations of 95th percentiles of NTAT frequencies (NT95) occurring during reproductive (R) stages of six rice cultivars with chalk and peak head rice yields (pHRYs). Long-grain cultivars produced chalk values that were positively correlated to NT95, and pHRYs that were inversely correlated, during the R5 through R8 stages. Medium-grain cultivars, Bengal and Jupiter, which in the original study showed little or no response to elevated NTATs during all R-stages, showed significant positive correlations between chalk, and negative correlations between pHRY, and NT95, during the R7 and R8 stages. The 2007–2009 analyses indicated quadratic relationships of chalk with NT95 and linear relationships of pHRY with NT95. However, addition of the 2010 data indicated that both of these relationships were quadratic in nature. The extreme temperatures observed in 2010 also verified that while cultivars vary in their level of resistance to NTAT effects, all of the rice cultivars analyzed throughout the four-year study exhibited some degree of susceptibility to extreme NTAT temperatures occurring during critical grain-filling stages. © 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Longitudinal change in chronic fatigue syndrome: what home-based assessments reveal

The purpose of this 2-year prospective study was to compare standard self-report and ecologically-based outcome measures in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Standard measures assessed physical function, fatigue impact, psychological variables, and global impression of change ratings. Ecological measures included actigraphy, a structured activity record, and an electronic fatigue/energy diary. Results for this high functioning sample (N = 75) revealed that self-report global improvement was significantly associated with lower momentary fatigue and fatigue impact, and a higher frequency of standing up (at home), but not with actigraphy or psychological variables. However, actigraphy change was significantly correlated with change in self-report physical function. At follow-up, only a small minority (<20%) scored in the healthy adult range for fatigue impact and physical function. The findings suggest that home-based measures of symptom severity and physical functioning may provide evidence of change (or lack of change) that is important for interpreting standard self-report outcomes in CFS.
Partition of rose bengal anion from aqueous medium into a lipophilic environment in the cell envelope of Salmonella typhimurium: implications for cell-type targeting in photodynamic therapy.

Abstract Photodynamic therapy employs photosensitizers for the selective destruction of tumor tissue while sparing the surrounding healthy tissue. Photosensitization may also be applied to the selective eradication of micro-organisms. Photosensitized inactivation requires that the sensitizer bind to the target and therefore the factors that determine photosensitizer binding are critical to photosensitization selectivity. This paper reports the determination of some features of the binding site of the potent photosensitizer, Rose Bengal, in Salmonella bacteria and describes some of the factors that affect this binding. The shift in the wavelength of maximum fluorescence and experiments with the fluorescence quencher TNBS indicate that Rose Bengal is located in a non-aqueous compartment such as the outer membrane. The dye does not seem to significantly accumulate inside the cell, but rather to accumulate in the outer membrane. Time-dependent changes in sensitizer localization in two strains of Salmonella typhimurium that differ in cell wall formation, LT-2 and TA1975, correspond to their differences in susceptibility to photosensitized killing. Therefore these results provide clues to the factors that determine photosensitization selectivity. Understanding this phenomenon is essential for the efficient design of selective photosensitizers and for optimizing antitumor and antiviral photodynamic therapy.
Development of PLZT Film-on-Foil Capacitors with High Dielectric Strength

Ferroelectric film-on-foil capacitors hold special promise to replace discrete passive components in the development of electronic devices that require greater performance and smaller size. We have grown ferroelectric Pb 0.92 La 0.08 Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 O 3 (PLZT) films on nickel substrates by chemical solution deposition. The dielectric properties were determined for samples of ≈1.15-μm-thick PLZT film grown on LaNiO 3 -buffered nickel substrates. Measurements on these samples yielded a dielectric constant of ≈1300, dielectric loss (tan δ) of ≈0.05, and leakage current density of ≈7 × 10 -9 A/cm 2 . An energy density of ≈74 J/cm 3 was measured at room temperature with 250-μm-diameter capacitors. Highly accelerated lifetime tests were conducted at 100°C to determine the reliability of the ≈1.15-μm-thick film-on-foil capacitors under field stress conditions (with applied electric field from 8.7 × 10 5 V/cm to 1.3 × 10 6 V/cm). The breakdown behavior of the PLZT film-on-foil capacitors was evaluated by Weibull analysis. A voltage acceleration factor of ≈-6.3 was obtained. From the test results, a mean time to failure of >3000 hr was projected for capacitors operated at 100°C with ≈2.6 × 10 5 V/cm dc electric field.
Sensing, coordination and control in adversarial environments with limited actions

This Plenary Talk will introduce a paradigm for networked control systems operating in an uncertain environment, where the number of instants when a controller communicates with the plant (for example sends control signals to the plant) and the number of instants sensors communicate plant information to the controller are severely restricted, and both the sensors and the controllers have to make most of the few opportunities they have. Derivation of both optimal controller and optimal sensor policies under such nontraditional restrictions will be discussed, and the framework will be extended to scenarios where the communication at both links could be disrupted by an adversary, which also acts intermittently. In this latter case, what is sought for is not an optimal solution, but rather a saddle-point solution between two opposing parties. In both cases, the optimal or saddle-point policies are of the threshold type.
Eigenvalues of Composite Matrices

Because of the symmetry of the problems encountered in the applications of matrices to physics, electrical engineering and numerical analysis, it frequently turns out that the matrix to be considered is a composite matrix, that is, a matrix whose elements are matrices. For example, the matrix may be where A1 and A2 are square matrices of order n which need not commute. It is easy to prove that the eigenvalues of this matrix of order 2n are the eigenvalues of the two matrices, A1+A2 and A1−A2 of order n.
Fabrication Techniques For High Power Laser Optics

This paper reviews optical fabrication and measurement techniques for the manufacture of high-energy laser optics. The discussion of fabrication techniques includes continuous polishing of flat surfaces, controlled grinding, and fabrication procedures developed for low absorption metal mirrors and window materials. Characterization techniques of absorption calorimetry, fringes of equal chromatic order, and total integrated scatter are described along with corresponding measurement data.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A parallel algorithm for generating discrete orthogonal polynomials

Abstract A parallel algorithm that makes use of the classical three-term recursion formula to construct an orthogonal family of polynomials with respect to a discrete inner product is proposed. The algorithm requires O(N log N) parallel arithmetic steps on a distributed-memory multiprocessor with N + 1 processors to construct the polynomials pi(x) for 0 ≤ i ≤ N. If hypercube topology is assumed, the algorithm can be implemented with the additional overhead of O(N log N) routing steps. In this case the implementation is quite simple, requiring only scalar single node broadcast and accumulation procedures together with a Gray code mapping. The limited processor version of the algorithm requires O(N2 /p + N log p) arithmetic and O(N log p) routing steps on a hypercube with p ≤ N + 1 nodes. We present some experimental results obtained on an Intel cube.
Water Resources as Social Problems

. Evidence from 1969 studies in Virginia and Ohio suggests that neither community leaders nor the general public are likely to define water related problems as major problem areas. An examination of the components of a social problem tends to indicate that water problems have not moved beyond a level of minimal public concern. When respondents were willing to describe existing or potential water problems, perceptions as well as possible solutions were described in abstract rather than action-oriented terms. It is suggested that efforts to eliminate water resource problems are not likely to be effective until public concern moves to motivational and behavioral levels.
A new approach to the closure of cloacal exstrophy

Cloacal exstrophy patients are often difficult to reconstruct. Urinary continence is usually achievable only with a catheterizable stoma of some type. Since cloacal exstrophy is usually associated with omphalocele or gastroschisis, one-stage closure of the abdominal wall defect is frequently impossible. We prefer to incorporate the exstrophic large bowel, which separates the hemibladders, into the closed bladder as a sort of “natural” augmentation to maximize its volume for use as a continent reservoir. If a silastic “silo” or synthetic mesh is required to close the abdominal wall, excessive scarring occurs and later creation of a continent stoma is usually difficult and time-consuming. In all but those with the smallest abdominal wall defects we recommend that the omphalocele and upper abdominal wall be repaired first, replacing the evicted gut into the peritoneal cavity. During nutritional stabilization a tissue expander is placed under the superficial musculature of the chest wall. The flap is enlarged by gradual inflation of the tissue expander until it fills the abdominal wall defect left by subsequent closure of the cloacal exstrophy. The flap is then rotated inferiorly with blood supply intact at the time of bladder closure to make good the remaining abdominal wall defect. This flap improves the appearance of the abdominal wall and reduces scarring. Thus, this approach has the possibility of making subsequent operations to provide continence shorter, simpler, and more successful in most infants with cloacal exstrophy.
Activated B cells in the granulomas of nonhuman primates infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

In an attempt to contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis , host immune cells form a granuloma as a physical and immunological barrier. To date, the contribution of humoral immunity, including antibodies and specific functions of B cells, to M. tuberculosis infection in humans remains largely unknown. Recent studies in mice show that humoral immunity can alter M. tuberculosis infection outcomes. M. tuberculosis infection in cynomolgus macaques recapitulates essentially all aspects of human tuberculosis. As a first step toward understanding the importance of humoral immunity to control of M. tuberculosis infection in primates, we characterized the B-cell and plasma-cell populations in infected animals and found that B cells are present primarily in clusters within the granuloma. The B-cell clusters are in close proximity to peripheral node addressin-positive cells and contain cells positive for Ki-67, a proliferation marker. Granuloma B cells also express CXCR5 and have elevated HLA-DR expression. Tissues containing M. tuberculosis bacilli had higher levels of M. tuberculosis -specific IgG, compared with uninvolved tissue from the same monkeys. Plasma cells detected within the granuloma produced mycobacteria-specific antibodies. Together, these data demonstrate that B cells are present and actively secreting antibodies specific for M. tuberculosis antigens at the site of infection, including lung granulomas and thoracic lymph nodes. These antibodies likely have the capacity to modulate local control of infection in tissues.
Characteristics associated with involuntary versus voluntary legal status at admission and discharge among psychiatric inpatients.

Background The objective of this analysis was to determine the ways in which patients’ legal statuses at hospital admission and discharge are associated with select sociodemographic and clinical variables. This study specifically investigated differences between patients who were voluntary during both admission and discharge, patients who were involuntary on admission but voluntary on discharge (having converted to voluntary status during hospitalization), and patients who were involuntary during both admission and discharge.
Paper: Discrete model reference adaptive control with an augmented error signal

A method is developed for designing discrete model reference adaptive control systems when one has access to only the plant's input and output signals. Controllers for single-input, single-output, nonlinear, nonautonomous plants are developed via Lyapunov's second method. The augmented error signal method is employed to ensure that the normally used true error signal approaches zero asymptotically without requiring anticipative values of the plant output signal. Such anticipative signals are replaced by others easily obtained from low pass digital filters operating on the plant's input and output signals.
Photosystem II activity of chloroplast fragments lacking P700

Abstract Chloroplast fragments, prepared with the detergent Triton X-100, had a pigment composition characteristic of Photosystem II. The fragments had chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratios of 1.7–1.9 and had no detectable P700, either by photochemical or chemical assay. In addition, the fragments were devoid of cytochrome f and cytochrome b 6 but cytochrome b 559 was present. The Triton fragments could not photoreduce NADP + from ascorbate in the presence of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol as the electron carrier. The Photosystem II activity of the fragments included electron-transfer reactions with either water or diphenylcarbazide as electron donor which were sensitive to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU). In addition the fragments could photoreduce NADP + with ascorbate as electron donor in the presence of plastocyanin as the electron carrier. This reaction was insensitive to DCMU and proceeded more effectively with 664-nm actinic illumination than with 715-nm actinic illumination. These results are consistent with the concept of two Photosystem II reactions cooperating in noncyclic electron transport.
A Flow Boiling Microchannel Evaporator Plate for Fuel Cell Thermal Management

In order to provide a high-power density thermal management system for PEM fuel cell applications, a flow boiling microchannel evaporator plate has been developed that operates in a closed loop two-phase thermosyphon. The flow is passively driven by gravity, and the flow rate initially increases with increasing evaporation rate and then decreases after reaching a peak flow rate. A microchannel plate has been fabricated with 56 square channels that have a 1 mm × 1 mm cross-section and are 115 mm long. The working fluid, HFE-7100, has been chosen due to its favorable saturation temperature at one atmosphere. Experiments have been conducted with the heat flux as the control variable. Measurements of mass flow rate, temperature field, and pressure drop have been made. The flow regimes are predominately bubbly and slug. The maximum heat flux observed, 32 kW/m2, is an order of magnitude greater than that required in current fuel cells and is limited by a Ledinegg instability. Two-phase thermal hydraulic models ...
A Disappearing Number

The first thing you notice when you walk into the theater is that it doesn't feel like a theater?it feels like a lecture hall. So you look at your program to be sure: "A Disappearing Number" it reads, "conceived and directed by Simon McBurney." McBurney is the artistic director of Complicite, a London-based theater company whose productions are known for their visual acrobatics resulting from a fusion of the ater with dance, music and state-of-the-art technological effects. But there is no evi dence that anything remotely acrobatic is about to happen. Everywhere the lights are up, and on stage there is a lectern and a large white board flanked on one side by an overhead pro jector and on the other by a cold, fire-mar shal approved steel door. And then, quite appropriately, a mathematician comes out. Her name is Ruth, she is wearing a white coat, and, after nervously welcoming us all to her presentation, she pulls out a marker and starts in on a lecture about infinite series.
Literacy teachers' perceptions of professional development that increases integration of technology into literacy instruction

A national survey of 1441 literacy teachers in the US was conducted to understand the integration of digital technology into instruction. This paper reports results from open-ended questions in the survey aimed at determining teachers’ perceptions about how to improve professional development in the area of technology integration. Data were analysed using qualitative methods. Respondents identified four factors that they believe would contribute effectively to their own professional development: (a) time: time to explore, practise, and prepare for literacy instruction into which they integrate technology; (b) access: access to equipment during and after professional development; (c) knowledge: access to higher level knowledge, knowledgeable presenters, and relevant background knowledge; and (d) support: ongoing, follow-up, and small group support. Implications for the improvement of literacy teachers’ professional development and student learning are discussed.
Factors affecting aids‐related sexual risk‐taking behavior among college students

Questionnaires were mailed to a random sample of students at a university in Southern California. The results revealed that for the most part, students were engaging in few activities that would protect them from contracting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Regression analyses were used to evaluate several variables related to sexual risk‐taking, i.e., condom use, number of sexual partners in the last three months, and casual sex. The most consistent predictors of cautious sexual behaviors were age at first intercourse, average number of partners per year, being female and using seatbelts while driving. Safer sexual practices were not influenced by religiosity or having had a course on human sexuality or religiosity. The findings lead us to conclude that AIDS‐related education must not rely solely on programs designed to relay AIDS information only, but must also stress the value of certain lifestyle habits, social responsibility, and caution in face of risky activities.
Complex redox behaviors of Ni substituted cuprates

Special thermal processing of YBa2(Cu0.95M0.05)3Oy, M=Ni produces extended orthorhombic ranges which can be either cell volume expanded electron doped superconducting, or at higher y, semiconducting, where conventional materials are superconducting.
Sensitization of TiO2 by Phosphonate-Derivatized Proline Assemblies

Surface electrochemical and photoelectrochemical measurements on ITO (In2O3:Sn) or TiO2 of two proline assemblies are reported. Surface coverage on ITO of Pbp-pra(RuIIb2m)-OH(PF6)2 and Bpb-pra(RuIIb2m)-OCH3(CF3CO2)2 are (1.5−2.4) × 10-10 mol/cm2, comparable to monolayer coverages of (1.5−2.5) × 10-10 mol/cm2 for [Ru(bpy)2(4,4‘-(CO2H)2bpy)](PF6)2 and [Ru(bpy)2(4,4‘-(PO3H2)2bpy)](Br)2. Incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) measured in Graztel-type photovoltaic cells are sensitive to subtle structural differences in the assemblies. IPCE values for Pbp-pra(RuIIb2m)-OH(PF6)2 and Bpb-pra(RuIIb2m)-OCH3(CF3CO2)2 are 2% and <0.1%, which are compared to 23% for both [Ru(bpy)2(4,4‘-(PO3H2)2bpy)](Br)2 and [Ru(bpy)2(4,4‘-(CO2H)2bpy)](PF6)2 under the same conditions.
Threshold Photoneutron Cross Section for Mg 26 and a Source of Stellar Neutrons

The differential photoneutron cross section for ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{26}$ at 135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} has been measured as a function of photon energy from 10 keV to 1.5 MeV above threshold by the threshold photoneutron technique. Several prominent resonances have observed, including one located at 54.3 keV above threshold. The existence of this resonance in the ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{26}$ compound system might provide, through the reaction ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{22}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, n){\mathrm{Mg}}^{25}$, the primary production mechanism for neutrons in stars.
The effects of arm crank training on the physiological responses to submaximal wheelchair ergometry.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the cardiovascular and metabolic effects of a 5 wk arm crank (AC) training program on submaximal wheelchair (WC) ergometry in ablebodied women. The 6 subjects in the training group (TG) and 4 in the control group (CG) performed a 10 min WC exercise prior to and following the training period at a power output (PO) that elicited 70% of the pre-training peak oxygen uptake ( $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}} } $$ ). Steady state $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}} } $$ , heart rate (HR), cardiac output $${\dot Q_c }$$ and stroke volume (V s) were measured. Resting and post-exercise blood lactate concentrations (LA) were measured, the difference was recorded as net LA. The TG exercised on the AC 3 d · wk−1 at a PO that elicited 85% of each subject's recorded peak HR. Each session consisted of four 4 min exercise bouts preceded by a 2 min warm-up and interspersed with 2 min rest periods. After training, the TG had a significantly (p<0.05) lower HR, largerV s and lower LA in response to the WC exercise. $${\dot Q_c }$$ and $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ were not significantly altered. The results demonstrate that the AC exercise program used in this study produced a physiological training effect which was observed during submaximal WC exercise of an intensity frequently encountered during daily WC ambulation. It appears that short-term, moderate intensity AC training offers an adequate stimulus to reduce the stress imposed by wheelchair locomotion.
Sickle cell-thalassemia presenting as arthritis of the hip.

Avascular necrosis of the humeral and femoral heads is reported in an otherwise asymptomatic 69-year-old woman with sickle cell-thalassemia. Ten previously reported instances of avascular necrosis in patients with sickle cell-thalassemia are briefly reviewed.
Feasibility of event-related potential methodology to evaluate changes in cortical processing after rehabilitation in children with cerebral palsy: a pilot study.

This study examined the feasibility of using event-related potentials (ERPs) to measure changes in cortical processing following an established rehabilitative intervention (constraint-induced movement therapy, CIMT) for children with cerebral palsy (CP). Sixteen participants with a diagnosis of hemiparetic CP, with a median age of 6 years, were assessed pre and immediately post CIMT and at 6-month follow-up, using a picture–word match/mismatch discrimination task and standard neurobehavioral measures. Intervention effects were evident in improved performance on behavioral tests of sensory and motor function and the increased mean ERP amplitude of the N400 match/mismatch response on the side ipsilateral to the lesion. These effects were maintained 6 months after the intervention. No such changes were observed on the side contralateral to the lesion. This research suggests that ERPs can measure rehabilitation-induced changes in neural function in children with CP.
An analytical characterization for an optimal change of Gaussian measures

We consider two Gaussian measures. In the “initial” measure the state variable is Gaussian, with zero drift and time-varying volatility. In the “target measure” the state variable follows an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, with a free set of parameters, namely, the time-varying speed of mean reversion. We look for the speed of mean reversion that minimizes the variance of the Radon-Nikodym derivative of the target measure with respect to the initial measure under a constraint on the time integral of the variance of the state variable in the target measure. We show that the optimal speed of mean reversion follows a Riccati equation. This equation can be solved analytically when the volatility curve takes specific shapes. We discuss an application of this result to simulation, which we presented in an earlier article.