cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of an organ procurement experience on preclinical medical student perceptions of transplant surgery

Transplant surgery is a predominantly male specialty with high burnout rates. There are currently limited data regarding how programs can attract a diverse applicant pool to the field of transplant surgery. This study evaluated the effect of an Organ Procurement Experience elective on preclinical medical students' perceptions of transplant surgery in a prospective, longitudinal study. Preclinical medical students were anonymously surveyed before and after attending a deceased donor organ procurement. Questions focused on the following themes: Personal Beliefs, Personal/Professional Life, Diversity, and Gender Equality. Responses were rated on a five-point Likert scale. Ninety-nine and 45 students completed pre/post-procurement survey, respectively. Post-procurement responses demonstrated increased education about the field (2.1/5 vs 3.89/5, P < 0.001) and perceptions of the personalities and collegiality between surgeons (3.06/5 vs 3.73/5, P = 0.005). Post-procurement, women were less likely to feel that female transplant surgeons are treated differently (3.98/5 vs. 3.45/5, P < 0.017). Post-procurement, 19% agreed that transplant surgeons have a high quality of life. One percent of respondents felt the current gender distribution in transplant surgery is satisfactory. The Organ Procurement Experience significantly improved preclinical students' perceptions of the field. However, there remains a strong concern about quality of life and gender diversity within the field.
Task Allocation, Migration and Scheduling for Energy-Efficient Real-Time Multiprocessor Architectures

Abstract Power consumption is becoming complicated to tackle each day in the embedded systems industry. As the demand for speed and accuracy increases, so does the power consumption of these systems. While introduction of multiprocessors have been shown to reduce the power problem compared to a uni-processor, researchers have tried to attain results using methods such as voltage and frequency scaling and scheduling methods. As an extension of these methods, task migration can be used to further reduce the power consumption of multiprocessor architectures. This article introduces a three-part framework to energy reduction of applications on a multiprocessor through an effective task allocation technique followed by task migration and finally a proper task scheduling scheme based on the earliest deadline first (EDF) method. Our experimental results showed great improvement over multiple state of the art energy reduction methods in the literature especially in the case of higher system workload over a range of underlying system architectures.
Evidence and Implications Behind a National Decline in Primary Care Visits.

Primary care is the foundation of the health care system and the basis for new payment and delivery reforms in the USA. Yet since 2008, primary care visit rates dropped by 6–25% across a range of populations in five sources of national survey and administrative data. We hypothesize three likely mechanisms behind the decline: decreases in patients’ ability, need, or desire to seek primary care; changes in primary care practice such as greater use of teams and non-face-to-face care; and replacement of in-person primary care visits with alternatives such as specialist, retail clinic, and commercial telemedicine visits. These mechanisms require further investigation. In the meantime, the trend prompts us to optimize the primary care visit and embrace the growth of alternatives while preserving the fundamental benefits of primary care.
Stablecoins & The Decentralized Organization

Classifying cryptocurrencies is already an emerging issue that has attracted the attention of virtually every regulatory agency both in the United States and overseas, and this does not appear to be a passing trend. As the market for blockchain based cryptocurrencies continues to expand and develop in nature, including institutional investment opportunities there is a growing need for price stabilization and clearer reporting requirements.
Fluidic Oscillator with Variable Sweep and Inclination Angles

This work introduces a fluidic oscillator design that allows control over the sweep and inclination angles, independent of the supply flow rate. These capabilities are made possible by injecting fl...
Research-to-Resource: Use of Technology to Support 21st Century Skills in a Performing Ensemble Program.

In a global society, 21st century skills are fundamental for every student. Furthermore, in today’s digital world, technology is expected to be part of students’ learning experiences. In the follow...
Validation of a Brief Multi-Dimensional Assessment of Dementia Severity.

Author(s): Peipert, John D; Jennings, Lee A; Romero, Tahmineh; Hays, Ron D; Wenger, Neil S; Keeler, Emmett; Reuben, David B | Abstract: Background/objectivesBriefer measures of symptoms and functional limitations may reduce assessment burden and facilitate monitoring populations of persons with dementia (PWD).DesignProspective follow-up study.SettingUniversity-based dementia care management program.Participants1,091 PWD.MeasurementsWe assessed cognition (Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)-11 tasks), neuropsychiatric symptom severity (Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire Severity Scale (NPIQ-S)-12 items), and functional ability (Activities of Daily Living (ADL)-6 items; Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ)-10 items). Item response theory was used to select subsets of items by identifying low item discrimination (l1.50), poor item fit (χ2 ), local dependence (LD), and with difficulty similar to other items. We estimated correlations between original and shorter scales and compared their associations with mortality. We added two symptoms (trouble swallowing, coughing when eating) reflecting late-stage dementia complications, created a multi-dimensional dementia assessment composite, and examined its association with mortality.ResultsFive MMSE tasks were eliminated: two with low discrimination, two with difficulty similar to other items, and one with poor fit. The remaining tasks were correlated with the full MMSE at r = 0.82. We retained three ADLs that were correlated with the total ADL set at r = 0.95 and kept five FAQ items that were not LD (correlation with full FAQ, r = 0.97). Associations with mortality were similar between the longer and shorter scales. A higher score on the composite (range 0-100) indicates worse dementia impact and was associated with mortality (hazard ratio (HR) per scale point: 1.03 (1.02-1.04)).ConclusionThese brief assessments and dementia composite may reduce administration time while preserving validity.
Using the health belief model to assess the impact of student pharmacist-led health outreach events

Abstract Introduction This study sought to assess the impact student pharmacist-led health outreach events had on participants in the Health Belief Model domains of perceived severity of disease, perceived barriers, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy. Methods This study was an observational pre‐/post-survey design conducted between January and December 2019 at student pharmacist-led community health outreach events in the Salt Lake City, Utah metropolitan area. The survey was developed partially based on the Health Belief Model and consisted of seven items with a five-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). The survey was completed by participants before and immediately after engaging in the outreach event. Results A total of 31 participants across a variety of demographics and educational backgrounds completed the study. The surveys from the outreach events showed statistically significant increases in the participants' perceived severity of disease, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy. Perceived benefits was not significantly changed. Conclusions Student pharmacist-led community health outreach events significantly increase participants' perceived severity of disease, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy, which may indicate increased willingness to adopt the recommended health behavior.
Community participation and neighborhood factors associated with physical and mental health among low-income mothers in the United States

Religious and social participation and neighborhood factors have been associated with health outcomes. Because depression and physical health problems are common among mothers, we sought to underst...
A method to estimate intra-cluster correlation for clustered categorical data

Correlated categorical data often arise from studies involving cluster randomized trials, a cluster sampling scheme, or repeated measurements. The intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC) is use...
Where in the cell is my protein

The application of cryo-correlative light and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-CLEM) gives us a way to locate structures of interest in the electron microscope. In brief, the structures of interest are fluorescently tagged, and images from the cryo-fluorescent microscope (cryo-FM) maps are superimposed on those from the cryo-electron microscope (cryo-EM). By enhancing cryo-FM to include single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), we can achieve much better localization. The introduction of cryo-SMLM increased the yield of photons from fluorophores, which can benefit localization efforts. Dahlberg and Moerner (2021, Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, 72, 253–278) have a recent broad and elegant review of super-resolution cryo-CLEM. This paper focuses on cryo(F)PALM/STORM for the cryo-electron tomography community. I explore the current challenges to increase the accuracy of localization by SMLM and the mapping of those positions onto cryo-EM images and maps. There is much to consider: we need to know if the excitation of fluorophores damages the structures we seek to visualize. We need to determine if higher numerical aperture (NA) objectives, which add complexity to image analysis but increase resolution and the efficiency of photon collection, are better than lower NA objectives, which pose fewer problems. We need to figure out the best way to determine the axial position of fluorophores. We need to have better ways of aligning maps determined by FM with those determined by EM. We need to improve the instrumentation to be easier to use, more accurate, and ice-contamination free. The bottom line is that we have more work to do.
Sex in the Era of COVID-19 in a U.S. National Cohort of Cisgender Men, Transgender Women, and Transgender Men Who Have Sex with Men: April-May 2020

Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an increasing body of research focused on the effects that measures like stay-at-home orders and social distancing are having on other aspects of health, including mental health and sexual health. Currently, there are limited extant data on the effects of the pandemic on sexual and gender minorities. Between April 15, 2020, and May 15, 2020, we invited participants in an ongoing U.S. national cohort study (Together 5000) to complete a cross-sectional online survey about the pandemic, and its effects on mental and sexual health and well-being (n = 3991). Nearly all (97.7%) were living in an area where they were told they should only leave their homes for essentials. Most (70.1%) reported reducing their number of sex partners as a result of the pandemic. Among the 789 participants prescribed HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), 29.9% said they stopped taking their PrEP entirely, and 14.2% started selectively skipping doses. For those who had been taking PrEP, discontinuing PrEP was associated with having no new sex partners (β = 0.90, 95% CI 0.40–1.40). Among the 152 HIV-positive participants, 30.9% said they were unable to maintain an HIV-related medical appointment because of the pandemic and 13.8% said they had been unable to retrieve HIV medications. Additionally, 35.3% of participants were experiencing moderate to severe anxiety because of the pandemic and 36.7% reported symptoms of depression. In a multivariable logistic regression, reporting a new sex partner in the prior 30 days was significantly associated with being aged 30 or older (vs. not, AOR = 1.21), being Black (AOR = 1.79) or Latinx (AOR = 1.40, vs. white), and being unsure if they had been in close contact with someone diagnosed with COVID-19 (AOR = 1.32, vs. no contact). It was unassociated with COVID-19-induced anxiety, depression, or knowing someone hospitalized with COVID-19. The pandemic has caused disruptions in sexual behavior (partner reduction) as well as difficulties navigating PrEP and HIV care continua. Findings will guide more comprehensive public health responses to optimize HIV prevention and treatment in the era of COVID-19.
An investment decision model for the optimal placement of phasor measurement units

We propose a two-phase investment decision model for the optimal placement of PMUs.We show the advantages of the two-phase PMU placement plan.We develop a problem-specific genetic algorithm to solve the PMU placement problem.We consider the N - 1 observability reliability requirement in our proposed model.We study optimal PMU placement with and without considering zero-injection buses. Safe operation and reliability of the electrical power systems necessitate full observability of the power grid. Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are the state-of-the-art intelligent devices that collect synchronized phasors of voltages and currents in real time. It is not economically justifiable to install PMUs at all buses of the power grid. Hence, designing the PMUs network and determining their optimal placement in the power grid is an investment decision. In this paper, we propose a new investment decision model to determine the optimal placement of PMUs that guarantees the full observability of the power grid. Network observability rules are applied to reduce the capital cost of installing PMUs. A problem-specific genetic algorithm is developed to determine the optimal investment decision. The N - 1 reliability requirement of the power grid has been integrated in the model as well to obtain the resilient network design against all single contingencies such as failure of a PMU or a transmission line. Furthermore, a two-phase investment plan is proposed, which provides the power system investors with more flexibility and avoids unnecessary investment costs. In the first phase, PMUs are installed to achieve full observability of the power grid whereas additional PMUs will be installed in the second phase to guarantee the full observability in case of single contingencies. To test the efficacy of the proposed model, experiments are conducted on multiple IEEE test systems with and without considering zero-injection buses. The results are compared to the other methods such as integer linear programming and heuristic methods. The analysis shows that the proposed approach is promising and verifies its efficacy.
Nonparametric inference on quantile marginal eects

We propose a nonparametric method to construct condence intervals for quantile marginal eects (i.e., derivatives of the conditional quantile function). Under certain
Aging with a neurodisability: morbidity and life expectancy issues.

This issue of NeuroRehabilitationfocuses on life expectancy and aging-related morbidity for persons with a neurologic disability. Papers were contributed on four neurologic disabilities: spinal cord injury; traumatic brain injury; multiple sclerosis; and cerebral palsy. Each of these papers provides valuable new information and insights into the aging process and also demonstrates the inherent difficulties of studying the effects of aging among persons with and without neurologic disabilities. These difficulties include separating the effects of current age, time post-onset (duration of disability), age at onset, and calendar time (treatment era effects) as well as controlling for survivor effects as time post-onset increases. While cross-sectional studies can provide important clues to the effects of aging, have the advantage of relatively low cost, and can be done efficiently and over a relatively short period of time, they can also produce misleading results when interpreted in the context of aging. Therefore, appropriately designed cohort (longitudinal) studies that track changes within people over time as they age must eventually be conducted to confirm the aging-related conclusions obtained from cross-sectional studies. Extensive literature already exists on long-term survival and life expectancy after spinal cord injury [2– 8,10,14]. Life expectancy following multiple sclerosis is typically reduced by only a few years if at all. How
Applications: Network Application Performance Analysis

This chapter analyzes the performance of an Internet application protocol and its relation to the underlying network protocols. Network applications are part network protocol and part traditional application program. It is noted that OPNET's Application Characterization Environment (ACE) provides powerful visualization and diagnosis capabilities that aid in network application analysis. ACE provides specific information about the root cause of application problems. ACE can also be used to predict application behavior under different scenarios. ACE takes as input a real trace file captured using any protocol analyzer, or using OPNET's capture agents. Further, the chapter illustrates the performance of an FTP application. The bottlenecks for the application scenario are also explored. It also examines the sensitivity of the application to different network conditions such as bandwidth and packet loss. It is observed that the FTP application runs on that network which, the client connects to the server over a 768 Kbps Frame Relay circuit with 36 ms of latency.
Evidence-based management of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a review.

Purpose: To provide evidence-based guidelines for the prophylaxis and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Source: Literature from randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, logistic regression analyses and expert opinion in the management of PONV. Principal findings: The etiology of PONV is multifactorial. Patient, anesthesia, and surgery related risk factors have been identified. Universal PONV prophylaxis is not cost-effective. Identification of patients at high-risk of PONV allows targeting prophylaxis to those who will benefit most from it. No prophylaxis is needed for patients at low risk for PONV. For patients at moderate risk for PONV, prophylaxis using a single antiemetic or a combination of two agents should be considered. Double and triple antiemetic combinations should be considered for patients at high risk for PONV. Furthermore, a multimodal approach should be adopted incorporating steps to keep the baseline risk of PONV low. The optimum cost-effective approach to the management of PONV will differ between an ambulatory centre and an inpatient hospital setting. For the treatment of established PONV in patients who failed prophylaxis, patients should not receive a repeat dose of the prophylactic antiemetic. Rather, a drug acting at a different receptor should be used. Beyond six hours after surgery, patients can be treated with any of the agents used for prophylaxis, except dexamethasone and transdermal scopolamine. Conclusion: PONV are common after anesthesia and surgery. We provided evidence-based guidelines for the management of this problem based on the available literature.
Prolapse of the uterus, hydronephrosis, hypertension

Abstract 1. 1. In 97 cases of prolapse of the uterus, hypertension was found to be present in 74, or 76 per cent. 2. 2. It is suggested that prolapse of the uterus with resultant ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis causes a decrease in the renal blood supply and hypertension.
Triiodothyronine(T3) neogenesis in lean and obese LAN-cp rats☆

Abstract Pre-obese LA N -cp rats consumed more food and gained weight more rapidly than their lean littermates, and measures of adipose tissue depots indicated that the excess weight was deposited principally as carcass fat. Serum T3 concentrations and resting metabolic rates were lower in corpulent than in lean animals, consistent with a greater efficiency of weight gain in those animals. In vitro measures of T3 neogenesis from T4 were lower in corpulent than in lean animals in liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle and greater in interscapular brown adipose tissue. The intracellular generation of T3 from T4 is a fundamental component of the normal adaptive response to alterations in diet and environment, and is an essential prerequisite for the expression of non-shivering thermogenesis. These results are consistent with a functional impairment in the activity of the enzyme T4-5′-deiodinase in peripheral tissues, and suggest that this impairment is contributory if not causative of obesity in this strain of rat.
Dislocation reduction in large-diameter LEC GaAs growth: II. Microstructural characterization

Abstract Extensive microstructural characterization of undoped and isovalent (indium) doped, large diameter, semi-insulating GaAs crystals grown in a low gradient LEC configuration has been conducted. As indium is added to GaAs, a dramatic transition occurs in dislocation microstructure from cellular to axial at an indium concentration corresponding to the onset of “lattice hardening”. Both continuous and discontinuous axial dislocations were identified. Characterization of crystals grown with lattice matched seeds, different crystallographic orientations, fully encapsulated melts, and necked seeds showed that reproducible growth of completely dislocation-free crystals remains as a formidable challenge. A model is proposed explaining the nucleation and propagation of axial dislocations in terms of radial inhomogeneities of the indium concentration at the growth interface. Approaches to achieving dislocation-free growth are presented based on this model. Finally, the correlation between dislocation and the EL2 defect center was found to follow the behavior previously reported for undoped material.
Consumer Rental Car Choice: Price, Agent, and Brand Effects

Car rentals constitute a significant portion of vacation travel expenditures. This research study uses a model developed in prior literature to explore the effects of vehicle brand, rental agency image, and rental price on consumers' willingness to rent automobiles. Results indicate that branding and price impact consumers' decisions to rent motor vehicles. However, the influence of the agency on the rental decision is limited. Managerial implications of these findings are discussed.
Models for Understanding Collective Intelligence on Wikipedia

Through examining established and evolving conceptions of intelligence across natural and social science and applying them to Wikipedia, this article argues that the world's largest encyclopedia and broadest implementation of the wiki is an online instance of collective intelligence CI, as it fits key models for this concept. Further, by relying on sociotechnical ensembles of human intelligence, programmed bots, social bureaucracy, and software protocols, a more humanistic CI, as proposed by Levy, is realized in a virtual knowledge space that embodies information as both product and process while empowering its community to explore the cultural possibilities of its collectivism.
The effect of rabbit anti-mouse brain-associated θ serum on the immunologic responsiveness of AKR mice

Abstract Rabbit anti-C3H mouse brain-associated antiserum (BA-θ) was tested for its effect on the immunologic responsiveness of preleukemic and leukemic AKR mice to sheep erythrocytes. This BA-θ antiserum was cytotoxic in vitro for both C3H and for AKR thymocytes, and was immunosuppressive in vivo . Greater immunosuppression was effected by the antiserum in preleukemic AKR mice than in leukemic animals. Control rabbit serum also was cytotoxic in vitro and immunosuppressive in vivo , but this activity was removed by absorption with homologous erythrocytes and liver tissue, and with agarose. Conversely, absorption of the rabbit anti-BA-θ serum had no effect on either the in vitro cytotoxic activity, or on the in vivo immunosuppression.
The role of higher education in economic development: an empirical study of Taiwan case

Abstract This paper investigates the effects of higher education curricula on the labor force and thus on economic growth in Taiwan over the 1965–2000 period. To examine the potential differential effects of curricular structure, four academic disciplines in higher education in Taiwan were selected. In addition, outputs were divided into three industrial sectors to examine whether different academic disciplines have differential effects on economic development in each sector. Results reveal that higher education overall provided a positive and significant effect on Taiwan’s economic development and that engineering and the natural sciences majors played the most prominent role in this process.
Application of Fenton‐Based Reactions for Treating Dye Wastewaters: Stability of Sulfonated Azo Dyes in the Presence of Iron(III)

Fenton- and photo-assisted Fenton advanced oxidation processes generate reactive oxygen species from hydrogen peroxide and are candidates for the remediation of dye wastewaters. The purpose of this study was to investigate interactions of iron (III) with hydroxyazo dyes. The o-hydroxyazo dyes Acid Orange 7 (AO7; 4-[(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)azo]benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt) and Acid Orange 10 (AO10; 7-hydroxy-8-(phenylazo)naphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid disodium salt) represent dyes allegedly able to chelate FeIII through the chromophore. The p-hydroxyazo dye Acid Orange 20 (AO20; 4-[(4-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)azo]benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt) represents an analogous structure that is unable to chelate FeIII due to the position of the OH group. Reactions were carried out at pH 2 – 3 in perchlorate or chloride media in the absence of peroxide. No evidence was found by UV/VIS spectroscopy for complexation of FeIII by the o-hydroxyazo chromophore. Instead, FeIII apparently coordinated or formed an ion pair with the sulfonate group, and, when only one sulfonate group was present (i.e., AO7), the dye formed a co-precipitate with iron(III) hydrous oxides and perchlorate ion. Dye precipitation was seeded by colloidal iron hydrolysis product nuclei. By contrast, the p-hydroxyazo dye (AO20) was rapidly oxidized by iron(III). The net Fe2+/oxidized AO20 ratio was 2 : 1, and a minor yield of 1,4-naphthoquinone was obtained. The major initial oxidation product, which was not identified, formed a reversible complex with Fe2+. Results of this study indicate that the effectiveness of Fenton-based methods for treating certain azo dyes that form insoluble ferric salts may be compromised by removal of the catalyst from solution. However, the degradation of certain other azo dyes might be assisted by direct thermal oxidation by iron(III).
Monte Carlo description of time- and space-resolved multiple forward scatter in natural water

The universal scatter function for natural water produces beam spread patterns in multiple forward scatter which remain compact in time and angular subtense, even neglecting absorption.
MID‐CENTURY ART: ITS SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS AND ITS ROLE IN EDUCATION

Vision + Value Series. Gyorgy Kepes (ed.). Education of Vision. New York: Geo. Braziller, Inc., 1965, pp. 233 + vii. Structure in Art and Science. New York: Geo. Braziller, Inc., 1965, pp. 189 + vii. The Nature of Art and Motion.
Structureactivity relationship with therapeutic chelating agents

Abstract Although the vast majority of therapeutic chelating agents are water soluble rather than lipid soluble (e.g. EDTA, D-penicillamine, DTPA, desferrioxamine and unithiol, among others,) recent studies [1, 2] have shown that lipid soluble chelating agents and those that give soluble metal chelates, may be the only effective means of mobilizing intracellular deposits of certain metals. This has been shown most strikingly in the case of cadmium present in the kidney (as metallothionein). Such deposits can be mobilized by both BAL and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. Because it is possible to synthesize derivatives of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate with varying lipophilicity, we have undertaken to prepare some of these compounds and examine their behavior as antidotes for acute cadmium intoxication. The animal experiments have been carried out using procedure of Gale et al . [2, 3], while syntheses have been done using published procedures [4]. The dithiocarbamates prepared and examined are shown in Table I, together with information on their efficacy as antidotes. The behavior of these compounds as antidotes can be correlated using the pi substituent constants of Hansch, as tabulated by Chu [5]. For each compound the relative hydrophobic nature can be estimated as the sum of the pi substituent constants of R 1 and R 2 . These sums are shon in the last column of Table I. Figure 1 below shows the survival ratio variation with Σπ. One of the adverse effects of such dithiocarbamates is their ability to transport cadmium to the brain, an effect which is also related to the lipophilicity of the chelating agent. If the Net Efficacy of the chelating agent is defined as t001 . Antidotal Behavior of Dithiocarbamates ( −S 2 CNR 1 R 2 ) Compd. R 1 R 2 Relative Survival Ratio a Relative Brain Cd b Σπ A C 2 H 5 C 2 H 5 1.00 1.00 2.04 B CH 3 CH 3 1.00 0.88 1.12 C C 2 H 4 OH C 2 H 4 OH 0.88 0.30 −1.54 D CH 3 CH 2 COO − 0.63 0.14 −4.16 E CH 3 C 2 H 4 OH 1.00 0.00 −0.21 F CH 2 COO − 0.38 0.02 −5.44 a Relative Survival Ratio = Survival Rate/Survival Rate for A. b Relative Brain Cd = Brain Cd/Brain Cd for A. then such a net efficacy (with n = 2), as plotted in Fig. 2, can be seen to reach a maximum in the region Σπ≈0. It is possible that such correlations will prove useful in the development of optimal chelating agents for the removal of intracellularly deposited metal ions.
Global ocean circulation and equator-pole heat transport as a function of ocean GCM resolution

To determine whether resolution of smaller scales is necessary to simulate large-scale ocean climate correctly, I examine results from a global ocean GCM run with different horizontal grid spacings. The horizontal grid spacings span a range from coarse resolutions traditionally used in climate modeling to nearly the highest resolution attained with today's computers. The experiments include four cases employing 4°, 2°, 1° and 1/2° spacing in latitude and longitude, which were run with minimal differences among them, i.e., in a controlled experiment. Two additional cases, 1/2° spacing with a more scale-selective sub-gridscale mixing of heat and momentum, and approximate 1/2° spacing, are also included. The 1/2° run resolves most of the observed mesoscale eddy energy in the ocean. Artificial constraints on the model tend to minimize differences among the different resolution cases. Nevertheless, the simulations show significant changes as resolution increases. These changes generally but not always bring the model into better agreement with observations. Differences are typically more noticeable when comparing the 4° and 2° runs than when comparing the 2° and 1° runs or the 1° and 1/2° runs. A reasonable conclusion to draw for current studies with coupled ocean-atmosphere GCMs is that the ocean grid spacing could be set to about 1° to accrue the benefits of enhanced resolution without paying an excessively steep price in computer-time cost. The model's poleward heat transport at 1/2° grid spacing peaks at about 1 × 1015 W in the Northern Hemisphere and 0.5 × 1015 W in the Southern Hemisphere. These values are significantly below observations, a problem typical of ocean GCMs even when they are less constrained than in the present study. This present problem is alleviated somewhat in the 1/2° run. In this case, however, the eddies resolved by the model generally act to counter rather than to reinforce the heat transport of the mean flow. Improved heat transport may result less from enhanced resolution than from other changes made in this version of the model, such as more accurate wind forcing.
Epitaxial growth and characterization of GaAs/Al/GaAs heterostructures

Abstract We report on transmission electron microscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, X-ray and Raman scattering studies of GaAs/Al/GaAs heterostructures grown by migration enhanced epitaxy.
Heterogeneous hosts: how variation in host size, behaviour and immunity affects parasite aggregation

Summary Infection heterogeneity is one of the most fundamental patterns in disease ecology, yet surprisingly few studies have experimentally explored its underlying drivers. Here, we used large-scale field assessments to evaluate the degree of parasite aggregation within amphibian host populations followed by a novel experimental approach to assess the potential influence of host size, behaviour and immunity in reproducing such heterogeneity. Among 227 wetlands, 2468 hosts and seven parasite species, infections were consistently aggregated among host individuals within populations of the Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla). For each parasite species, the relationship between the log-mean and log-variance of infection load was strongly linear (R2: 0·91–0·98) with a slope between 1·37 and 1·67, indicative of aggregation relative to the expected Poisson slope of unity. In laboratory trials with P. regilla and the most virulent trematode (Ribeiroia ondatrae), experimental reductions in either host immunity (through corticosterone exposure) or antiparasite behaviours (through anaesthesia exposure) increased parasite infection loads in isolated hosts by 62–102% relative to unmanipulated individuals. In a second experiment designed to test how variation in host immunity, behaviour and body size affected variation in infection load within small groups (dyads), a reduction in immune function or behaviour of one host significantly amplified infection heterogeneity within the group, effectively doubling the variance-to-mean ratio. However, immunity affected aggregation only in the absence of behavioural manipulation, and changing the size distribution of hosts did not appreciably affect aggregation. Using Taylor's Power Law to integrate field and laboratory data, we found that only treatments involving behavioural reductions achieved aggregation levels comparable to natural host populations. Thus, despite their short duration, our treatments generated heterogeneity in infection loads similar to natural observations. These results emphasize how, alongside extrinsic variation in parasite exposure risk, individual host attributes generally and behaviour in particular have the potential to influence infection success and parasite aggregation. Continued integration of infection heterogeneity research across space, among host species, and over time has important implications for understanding and managing human and wildlife diseases.
Distribution and Abundance of Small Mammals along an Elevational Transect in Temperate Rainforests of Chile

Assemblages of small mammals in temperate Andean rainforests of southern South America are diverse but poorly known. Herein, we describe an elevational transect through temperate rainforests in Valle de La Picada, Chile, during February and March, 1984. The transect consisted of standardized removal trapping (165 traps set in lines at ca. 7-m intervals and operated for 6 consecutive days) at each of seven elevations: 425 m, 505 m, 620 m, 715 m, 820 m, 920 m, and 1,135 m. A total of 514 small mammals representing two species of marsupials and seven species of sigmodontine rodents was collected. Trap success averaged 7.4% across traps, days, and elevations. Number of captures by individual traps during the sample period was indistinguishable from a Poisson distribution, both throughout the transect and at individual levels, suggesting independence of captures among traps. Captures were biased significantly by trap type, with museum specials securing significantly more Dromiciops australis and all forms of Akodon than Sherman live traps; the same biases were suggested by captures of Irenomys tarsalis and Auliscomys micropus . As expected, total number of individuals taken at each elevation declined throughout the sampling period while the cumulative number of species rose. Number of species, number of individuals, and species diversity varied inversely with elevation. Number of species and species diversity taken each day reached a maximum after 2–4 days of sampling. Captures of Rhyncholestes raphanurus, Akodon sanborni , putative hybrids of A. sanborni and Akodon longipilis , and I. tarsalis were correlated inversely with elevation. Conversely, D. australis, A. longipilis , and A. micropus were taken more commonly at higher elevations, whereas captures of Oryzomys longicaudatus, Akodon olivaceus , and Geoxus valdivianus appeared unrelated to elevation. Systematic sampling procedures are viewed as essential for describing fundamental patterns of abundance and distribution that can be compared with other studies.
Algorithms for Fuzzy Segmentation

Fuzzy segmentation is an effective way of segmenting out objects in pictures containing both random noise and shading. This is illustrated both on mathematically created pictures and on some obtained from medical imaging. A theory of fuzzy segmentation is presented. To perform fuzzy segmentation, a `connectedness map' needs to be produced. It is demonstrated that greedy algorithms for creating such a connectedness map are faster than the previously used dynamic programming technique. Once the connectedness map is created, segmentation is completed by a simple thresholding of the connectedness map. This approach is efficacious in instances where simple thresholding of the original picture fails.
The Hydroxide‐Promoted Catalytic Hydrodefluorination of Fluorocarbons by Ruthenium in Aqueous Media

A ruthenium complex ligated by the non-innocent protic ligand 2,6-imidizoylpyridine (IPI) in aqueous potassium hydroxide media is shown to be a suitable catalyst for the CF bond activation and subsequent hydrodefluorination (and hydrogenolysis) of a model fluorocarbon. Furthermore, the conversion of CF bonds was enhanced upon increasing the concentration of potassium hydroxide [KOH]. A simple, non-ligated heterogeneous analogue derived from ruthenium(III) trichloride trihydrate dissolved in aqueous potassium hydroxide is shown to be an even more active catalyst, capable of hydrodefluorination of aryl fluorocarbons at room temperature and alkyl fluorocarbons under more forcing conditions.
The Lyapunov Exponents for Schrödinger Operators with Slowly Oscillating Potentials

Abstract By studying the integrated density of states, we prove the existence of Lyapunov exponents and the Thouless formula for the Schrodinger operator − d 2 / dx 2 +cos x ν with 0 ν L 2 [0, ∞). This yields an explicit formula for these Lyapunov exponents. By applying rank one perturbation theory, we also obtain some spectral consequences.
An implicit world view in technology and its consequences for contemporary life

The way in which technology is being used as the model for many of our thought patterns today requires urgent consideration, particularly for nursing, because background patterns of thinking that are commonly accepted in our present health care culture have tremendous implications for nursing research and the facilitation of a nurse's desire to promote health.
Coupling between local structure and global stability of a protein: Mutants of staphylococcal nuclease

Staphylococcal nuclease exists in solution as a mixture of two folded (N and N') and two unfolded (U and U*) forms. Earlier workers (Evans et al. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 3621 have proposed that the N'/N and U/U* structural differences involve cis/trans isomerization about the peptide bond with N and U cis and N' and U* trans. The present results show that residue changes throughout the nuclease structure have large effects on the distribution of the N and N' forms. The N'/N ratios at 313 K for nuclease H 124L (N'/N = 0.07) and nuclease G79S ("IN = 12) differ by 2 orders of magnitude. Thermodynamic parameters for equilibria linking the two folded and two unfolded substates were evaluated for seven mutants of nuclease which were found by kinetic assays to have similar enzymatic activities but by NMR spectroscopy to have a wide dispersion of thermal stabilities. Our results indicate that mutational perturbations of the N'/N equilibrium in folded nuclease (AG for the N F! N' reaction) are strongly coupled to changes in the stability of the N form (AG for the N F! U reaction), but much less so to the stability of the N' form (AG for the N' 2 U* reaction). A major structural difference between the two folded forms (N and N') of the enzyme staphylococcal nuclease, as well as between the two unfolded forms (U and U*) of the protein, has been attributed to cis trans isomerization about the Ly~"~-Pro"~ peptide bond: N and U cis, N' and U* trans. Evidence for this has been educed from the following: (1) the absence of N'/N chemical shift multiplicity in nuclease P117GI (Evans et al., 1987) and (2) the observation of two unfolded forms (U and U*) as reported by two 'H NMR peaks
Evidence that sensory axons are mitogenic for Schwann cells

WE have obtained preparations of peripheral nerve tissue in culture which provide either Schwann cell populations, essentially free of connective tissue cells such as fibroblasts, or outgrowing neurites from sensory (or autonomic) ganglia entirely free of ensheathing Schwann cells or connective tissue elements. Thus, these two major elements of peripheral nerve can be studied and characterised separately or in recombination. We report here that the ‘bare’ sensory ganglion neurite provides a potent stimulus for thymidine incorporation and mitosis in Schwann cells.
Interventional radiology in the gynaecological oncology patient

The use of radiologically guided percutaneous procedures has greatly reduced the morbidity and mortality of gynaecological oncology patients. Certain procedures, previously requiring major surgery, can now be performed with little patient discomfort, with conscious sedation instead of general anaesthesia, and frequently on an outpatient basis. In this chapter, diagnostic and therapeutic arteriography and venography will be discussed as well as radiologically guided genitourinary interventions. This represents an overview of what is available to the gynaecologist from the interventional radiologist in his/her practice.
Sensitivity of Two Disjunct Bacterioplankton Communities to Exudates from the Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa Kützing

Microcystis aeruginosa Kutzing releases a variety of bioactive compounds during growth. This study determined whether bacteria from communities co-occurring (M+) or not (M-) with this cosmopolitan cyanobacterium respond similarly to its products. Fifty M+ bacteria from a M. aeruginosa bloom site (Western Basin of Lake Erie) and 50 M- bacteria from a Microcystis-free site (East Twin Lake, Portage Co., OH) were isolated and grown on Standard Methods Agar. Three levels of testing were performed: chemotaxis, antibiotic response, and 48-h cell abundance. Chemotaxis was compared using capillary tubes placed in contact with bacterial, Standard Methods Broth (SMB) suspensions. The capillary choices were conditioned SMB, M. aeruginosa exudate, and BG-11. M+ bacteria showed significantly greater (Tukey's test, p < 0.005) positive chemotaxis to M. aeruginosa exudate compared to control conditions and to M-strains. The latter showed a negative chemotactic response to M. aeruginosa exudate compared to control conditions. Antibiotic response was tested by sensitivity disk assays, first using M. aeruginosa exudates, whole cells, and homogenized cells, and then placing the disks on bacterial lawns of each strain. M+ bacteria were significantly more resistant to inhibition than M- bacteria (chi-square test, p < 0.01). M. aeruginosa exudate, BG-11 algal medium, SMB, and distilled water effects on 48-h abundance of the strains were compared. The M- community bacteria exhibited significantly lower growth yields (Tukey's comparison of means test, p < 0.005) in M. aeruginosa exudate than did the M+ strains. It is evident that those bacteria co-occurring with M. aeruginosa are more likely to be attracted to it, able to withstand exposure to it, and able to utilize its products without inhibition than are bacteria from communities without previous exposure to this cyanobacterium.
Procedure for sectioning the brains of small animals In situ.

A method for sectioning the delicate brains of small animals without removing them from the skull is described. A nitric acid-phloroglucin solution is used first to decalcify the bones of the head after which a very gradual dehydration procedure is employed to minimize separation of the soft and hard tissues which are being processed simultaneously. This method ensures excellent preservation and correct spatial localization of structures of the skull, central nervous system, and of the peripheral receptors, including their connections with the central nervous system. Photomicrographs of slides prepared using this method are presented and possible research applications are discussed.
The Evolution of a Children's Domestic Violence Counseling Group: Stages and Processes.

The purpose of this qualitative case study is to illuminate the lived experiences of 4 young children between 6 and 7 years old who witnessed domestic violence while revealing the complex relationship between group process and stage development in their 18-week counseling group. Data revealed that processes occurring between and among group members shaped the evolution of the counseling group through a series of stages that are similar to those seen in adult counseling groups. The data also revealed developmental differences between group processes occurring between these young members and the ways in which group processes unfold in adult counseling groups.
Longitudinal Stability in Reading Comprehension Is Largely Heritable from Grades 1 to 6

Reading comprehension is a foundational academic skill and significant attention has focused on reading development. This report is the first to examine the stability and change in genetic and environmental influences on reading comprehension across Grades 1 to 6. This developmental range is particularly important because it encompasses the timespan in which most children move from learning how to read to using reading for learning. Longitudinal simplex models were fitted separately for two independent twin samples (N = 706; N = 976). Results suggested that the shared environment contributed to variance in early but not later reading. Instead, stability in reading development was largely mediated by continuous genetic influences. Thus, although reading is clearly a learned skill and the environment remains important for reading development, individual differences in reading comprehension appear to be also influenced by a core of genetic stability that persists through the developmental course of reading.
Imagine a better world

Given that humans are here to stay on Earth for some time yet, what can we do to lessen our impact?
The Roles of MicroRNAs in the Cancer Invasion-Metastasis Cascade

Cancer metastasis results from a multi-step cascading process that includes: 1) vascularization of the primary tumor; 2) detachment and invasion of cancer cells; 3) intravasation into lymphatic and blood vessels; 4) survival and arrest in the circulation; 5) extravasation into distant organs; and 6) colonization and growth of metastatic tumors. microRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in this multi-step process, both promoting and suppressing metastasis. This review updates the progress made in understanding the roles of miRNAs for invasion and metastasis during cancer progression. A specific miRNA signature of cancer metastasis is also reviewed.
Improvements in the fabrication of thin foil apertures for electron microscopy

SUMMARY Schabtach (1974) developed a process for making ‘thin’ (i.e. self-cleaning) apertures for electron microscopes. Several improvements in this process are described, the most important of which is the deposition of a heavy metal by DC sputtering rather than by evaporation, making the process much easier.