cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mapping the spatial distribution of the biomass and filter‐feeding effect of invasive dreissenid mussels on the winter‐spring phytoplankton bloom in Lake Michigan

The effects of the invasive bivalves Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel) and Dreissena rostriformis bugensis (quagga mussel) on aquatic ecosystems, including Lake Michigan, are a topic of current interest to scientists and resource managers. We hypothesised that the winter–spring phytoplankton bloom in Lake Michigan is reduced at locations where the fraction of the water column cleared per day by Dreissena filter feeding approached the net growth rate of phytoplankton, when the water column was not stratified. To test this hypothesis, we compared the spatial distribution of Dreissena filter‐feeding intensity (determined from geostatistical modelling) to the spatial distribution of chlorophyll (determined from satellite remote sensing). To map the spatial distribution of Dreissena biomass and filter‐feeding intensity, we developed a geostatistical model based on point observations of mussel biomass measured in Lake Michigan in 1994/1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010. The model provided fine‐scale estimates of the spatial distribution of biomass for the survey years and provided estimates, with their uncertainty, of total biomass lakewide and within subregions. The approach outlined could be applied more generally to map the distribution of benthic biota in lakes from point observations. Total biomass of Dreissena in Lake Michigan, estimated from the geostatistical model, increased significantly over each five‐year period. The total biomass in units of 10⁶ kg ash‐free dry mass (AFDM) (with 90% confidence interval) was 6 (4–8) in 1994/1995, 18 (14–23) in 2000, 408 (338–485) in 2005 and 610 (547–680) in 2010. From 1994/1995 to 2005, increases were observed in all regions of the lake (northern, central and southern) and in all depth zones ( 90). However, from 2005 to 2010, for depths of 50 m. The filter‐feeding intensity of Dreissena exceeded the benchmark spring phytoplankton growth rate of 0.06 day⁻¹ in 2005 for depths <50 m (lakewide). In 2010, the filter‐feeding impact exceeded 0.06 day⁻¹ within depths <90 m (lakewide), which greatly increased the spatial area affected relative to 2005. A regression analysis indicated a significant relationship between the reduction in satellite‐derived chlorophyll concentration (pre‐D. r. bugensis period to post‐D. r. bugensis period) and spatially co‐located filter‐feeding intensity (fraction of water column cleared per day) during periods when the water column was not stratified (December to April).
Phonological short-term memory in logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia and mild Alzheimer's disease

It has been argued that individuals with logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA) have an impairment of the phonological loop, which is a component of the short-term memory (STM) system. In contrast, this type of impairment is not thought to be present in mild typical Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, one would predict that people with lvPPA would score significantly lower than a matched AD group on tasks that require phonological STM. In the current study, an lvPPA group was compared with a mild AD group that was matched on age, education, and general cognitive functioning. For a subset of the tasks that involved pseudowords, the AD and lvPPA groups were compared to a healthy control group that was matched on age and education. The lvPPA group was more impaired than the AD group on all of the tasks that required phonological STM, including the pseudoword tasks, but there were no significant differences between these groups on tasks that required visuospatial STM. Compared to the healthy controls, the lvPPA group performed significantly worse on the repetition and reading of pseudowords, while the AD group did not differ significantly from the controls on these tasks. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that phonological STM is impaired in lvPPA.
Hollywood and Hitler, 1933-1939

This excellent and comprehensive study, like David Welky’s The Moguls and the Dictators: Hollywood and the Coming of World War II (2008), focuses on how Hollywood’s reaction to the rise of Fascism ...
Interactive tools designed to study mix in inertial confinement fusion implosions

Graphical user interface tools have been built in IDL to study mix in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosion cores. FLAME, a code which investigates yield degradation due to mix, was designed to post-process 1D hydrodynamic simulation output by implementing a variety of mix models. Three of these mix models are based on the physics of the fall-line. In addition, mixing data from other sources can be incorporated into the yield degradation analysis. Two independent tools called HAME and YAME were developed to calculate the spatial extent of the mix region according to the Haan saturation model and Youngs' phenomenological model, respectively. FLAME facilitates a direct comparison to experimental data. The FLAME, HAME, and YAME interfaces are user-friendly, flexible, and platform-independent.
Are dysplasia and colorectal cancer endoscopically visible in patients with ulcerative colitis

Background Dysplasia and colorectal cancer (CRC) in ulcerative colitis (UC) develop via pathways distinct from sporadic CRC and may occur in flat mucosa indistinct from surrounding tissue. Surveillance guidelines, therefore, have emphasized the `roach of periodic endoscopic examinations and systematic random biopsies of involved mucosa. Given the imperfect nature of this random approach, recent work has focused on improved surveillance techniques and suggests that neoplasia is endoscopically visible in many patients. Objective To assess the endoscopic visibility of dysplasia and CRC in UC. Design This was a retrospective review that used the University of Chicago Inflammatory Bowel Disease Registry and the clinical administrative database. All cases of dysplasia or CRC in UC between November 1994 and October 2004 were identified. The approach to surveillance in these patients included both random biopsies at approximately 10-cm intervals throughout the involved colon and directed biopsies of polypoid lesions, masses, strictures, or irregular mucosa distinct from surrounding inflamed tissue. Findings on endoscopy were compared with pathologic findings from biopsy or surgical specimens. Visible dysplasia was defined as a lesion reported by the endoscopist that led to directed biopsy and that was confirmed by pathology. Invisible dysplasia was defined as dysplasia diagnosed on pathology but not described on endoscopy. Per-lesion and per-patient sensitivities were determined. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patients Database of patients with inflammatory bowel disease seen at the University of Chicago. Main Outcome Measurements Endoscopically visible neoplasia. Results In this database, there were 1339 surveillance examinations in 622 patients with UC. Forty-six patients were found to have dysplasia or CRC at a median age of 48 years and with median duration of disease of 20 years. Of these patients, 77% had pancolitis, 21% had left-sided colitis, and 2% had proctitis. These patients had 128 surveillance examinations (median 3 per patient; range, 1-9 per patient), and, in 51 examinations, 75 separate dysplastic or cancerous lesions were identified (mean, 1.6 lesions per patient; standard deviation, 1.3). Thirty-eight of 65 dysplastic lesions (58.5%) and 8 of 10 cancers (80.0%) were visible to the endoscopist as 23 polyps and masses, 1 stricture, and 22 irregular mucosa. The per-patient sensitivities for dysplasia and for cancer were 71.8% and 100%, respectively. The overall per-lesion and per-patient sensitivities were 61.3% and 76.1%, respectively. Limitations Retrospective review of clinical databases and medical records. Conclusions Dysplasia and cancer in UC are endoscopically visible in most patients and may be reliably identified during scheduled examinations. Future surveillance guidelines should incorporate this information.
Cell membrane as a model for the design of semifluorinated ion-selective nanostructured supramolecular systems

Abstract The synthesis and polymerization of two AB3 tapered, self-assembling methacrylate monomers ( 12 and 13 ) based on a first generation semifluorinated alkyl-substituted monodendron (i.e. minidendron) are described. These monomers contain either a benzo-15-crown-5 derivative, which is incorporated via the esterification of 4′-hydroxymethyl-1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxabenzocyclopentadecane or a podant group, which is incorporated via the monoesterification of tetraethylene glycol at its focal point, and both bear polymerizable groups on their periphery. The corresponding polymers ( 14–16 ) self-assemble and subsequently self-organize into supramolecular networks, which form a 2-D hexagonal columnar lattice via the fluorophobic effect. These networks consist of a continuous phase, which is based on the semifluorinated, paraffinic barrier layer and which is perforated in a hexagonal array by ion-selective or ion-active channels constructed from the benzo crown-ether and tetraethylene glycol respectively. The replacement of alkyl groups from the periphery of the tapered monodendrons with semifluorinated ones induces the self-assembly and, subsequently, the self-organization into supramolecular networks. These networks form 2-D hexagonal columnar lattices with thermal stability in some cases of up to 110°C. The design of such functional supramolecular systems was inspired by the bilayer fluid mosaic structure of the cell membrane. The lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, which in its ordered state acts as a barrier to the passage of polar molecules, was replaced with the semifluorinated paraffinic barrier, while the protein-based ionic channels were replaced with benzo-15-crown-5 and tetraethylene glycol based channels. The resulting supramolecular material has the mechanical integrity required for both ion-active and ion-selective nanostructured supramolecular systems.
Poster: Haplotype discovery from high-throughput sequencing data

The problem of haplotype discovery from from high-throughput sequencing data arises in several settings when sequencing machines are used for recovering in a given sample of all transcripts or bacteria (transcriptome and bacteriome reconstruction) as well as assembly of viral quasispecies and their frequencies. The standard model includes an instance of sequencing machine run consisting of a set of reads with observed frequencies and a (prior) panel consisting of (1) a set of candidate strings (e.g., obtained from existing databases or assembled from reads) that are believed to emit the observed reads and (2) a weighted match between reads and strings, where weight is calculated based on the mapping of the reads to the strings.
Calcium channel regulation by calcineurin, a Ca2+-activated phosphatase in mammalian brain.

Abstract The enzymatic addition or removal of phosphate esters on serine and threonine hydroxyls alters the activity of many proteins that contribute to the characteristic structure and function of nerve cells 1 . Recently, calcineurin, a major calmodulin-binding protein in mammalian brain, has been purified and identified as a Ca 2+ -activated protein phosphatase. Preliminary experiments suggest that calcineurin may limit Ca 2+ influx through dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca 2+ channels in the plasma membrane by dephosphorylating the channel, or a closely associated protein, and inactivating it.
Applying Conditional Random Fields to payload anomaly detection with CRFPAD

Payload anomaly detection is a relatively young branch of intrusion detection focusing on the analysis of packet payloads to identify attacks in the application layer. Previous payload anomaly detection systems have used models such as Support Vector Machines and various Markov models. The model proposed in this paper for analysis is the Conditional Random Fields model. Conditional Random Fields have been successfully applied to anomaly detection methods other than payload anomaly detection. In this paper, a prototype payload anomaly detection system is discussed then tested against a public data set. The results of the testing show that the Conditional Random Fields model is a very powerful model for payload anomaly detection.
632 Oral Therapy of Acute Watery Diarrhea (AWD)in wellnourished Children (WNC) in USA and Panama (P)

Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) containing 90 m.mol/L of Na have been successfully used in the treatment of dehydration secondary to AWD among undernourished children in many parts of the world;however, little data are available on the use of ORS in WNC. We evaluated the use of two ORS (ABNa+90 (A) or 50 (B); C1- 80 (A) or 40 (B);K+ 20;and HCO3- 30. Intake and output measurements and serum electrolytes were monitored serially until discharge. 16, 14, 11 in USA and 30, 33 and 31 in P were randomized to Groups A,B & C respectively. The mean weight gain after hydration in US was 3.6% and 6.6% in P All the ORS patients (including 2 that presented with serum Na of 155 & 157 m.Eq/L in Groups A & B respectively) were successfully hydrated with ORS alone,with one exception. This patient in Group A (US) who required additional IV hydration had a high stool output (11.25 ml/kg/hr). None of the patients experienced hyper- or hyponatremia, hyper- or hypokalemia after commencing treatment. The mean volume of ORS ingested during the illness was 244 and 267 ml/kg (p>0.05) in Groups A & B respectively in U.S. and 103 and 82 ml/kg (p>0.05) respectively in P.We conclude that both ORS A & B can be successfully used for the hydration of WNC with AWD.
FOXP3 and breast cancer: implications for therapy and diagnosis

Yang Liu1† & Pan Zheng2 †Author for correspondence 1University of Michigan School of Medicine, Division of Immunotherapy, Section of General Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Tel.: +1 734 615 3158; Fax: +1 734 763 2162; E-mail: yangl@umich.edu 2University of Michigan School of Medicine, Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA E-mail: panz@umich.edu ‘Our analysis of human breast cancer samples provides strong support for an important role for FOXP3 gene in the development of breast cancer.’
Assessment of Active Play, Inactivity and Perceived Barriers in an Inner City Neighborhood

Avondale, a disadvantaged neighborhood in Cincinnati, lags behind on a number of indicators of child well-being. Childhood obesity has become increasingly prevalent, as one-third of Avondale's kindergarteners are obese or overweight. The study objective was to determine perceptions of the quantity of and obstacles to childhood physical activity in the Avondale community. Caregivers of children from two elementary schools were surveyed to assess their child's physical activity and barriers to being active. Three hundred and forty surveys were returned out of 1,047 for a response rate of 32%. On school days, 41% of caregivers reported that their children spent more than 2 h watching television, playing video games, or spending time on the computer. While over half of respondents reported that their children get more than 2 h of physical activity on school days, 14% of children were reported to be physically active less than 1 h per day. Caregivers identified violence, cost of extracurricular activities, and lack of organized activities as barriers to their child's physical activity. The overwhelming majority of caregivers expressed interest in a program to make local playgrounds safer. In conclusion, children in Avondale are not participating in enough physical activity and are exposed to more screen time than is recommended by the AAP. Safety concerns were identified as a critical barrier to address in future advocacy efforts in this community. This project represents an important step toward increasing the physical activity of children in Avondale and engaging the local community.
Who Can We Trust?: The Economic Impact of Insider Threats

AbstractInformation Systems (IS) Security has become a critical issue in the IT world. Among all threats against IS security, the insider threat is the greatest. This paper proposes a game theoretical model to study the economic impact of insider threats on IS security investments. We identify three factors influencing the optimal IS security investment: breach function sensitivity, deterrence level, and advantage rate. Our simulation results show that the optimal investment required to protect an information systems infrastructure from insiders is several magnitudes higher than for protecting against external hackers.
The John Birch and Martin Luther King, symbols in the radical right

(1971). The John Birch and Martin Luther King, symbols in the radical right. Western Speech: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 4-14.
The flow induced by a rotating disk in a particulate suspension

A typical finite volume fraction two phase flow model is used to investigate the influence of assumptions about the nature of particle phase viscosity and the structure of particle phase boundary conditions at a solid surface on solutions to the Von Karman problem for a particle/fluid suspension. Solutions are obtained numerically by an iterative finite difference method. Comparisons of these solutions with one another and with previously published work reveal that both the particle phase viscosity and solid surface boundary conditions influence the nature of predictions in important ways. Selected numerical results are presented graphically to illustrate these conclusions
Association between oxidative stress and masked hypertension in a multi-ethnic population of obese children and adolescents.

Objective To evaluate whether oxidative stress is correlated with adiposity, obesity-related metabolic abnormalities, and ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in a multi-ethnic pediatric population. Study design We conducted a prospective study enrolling 42 obese children (age, 12.8 ± 2.4 years) and 34 non-obese children (age, 11.8 ± 3.4 years). We measured urine 8-isoprostane and hydrogen peroxide (markers of oxidative stress) in both obese and non-obese groups. In the obese group, we measured the 24-hour ABP and obtained an oral glucose tolerance test, lipid panel, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Results 8-isoprostane and hydrogen peroxide were correlated with body mass index standard deviation score and waist circumference. The mean 8-isoprostane and hydrogen peroxide levels of the obese group were higher than those of the non-obese group. In the subset of obese subjects who underwent ABP monitoring, 8-isoprostane was correlated with mean 24-hour systolic blood pressure: within the obese group, 8-isoprostane was higher in obese children with elevated mean 24-hour systolic blood pressure. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence of a significant correlation between oxidative stress, adiposity, and blood pressure in children. Longitudinal studies in a larger population sample are needed to validate the association between elevated urine 8-isoprostane level and cardiovascular risk factors in an obese pediatric population.
Dealing with random and selective attacks in wireless sensor systems

We present a framework for analyzing the effects of random and selective compromises (using order statistics) in sensor networks. We discuss the problem of ensuring data integrity at the source and during transit in sensor networks, and present an analysis of the reliability of reports from mobile collectors. No analysis has appeared in the literature of source integrity for mobile nodes, or of selective attacks in sensor networks. We address transit data integrity by presenting mGKE, a key establishment scheme for general group-based sensor deployments, and present a detailed analytical and experimental comparison of mGKE with current schemes. mGKE outperforms current methods in terms of resilience, connectivity, and memory and communication overhead.
Gap Structure Effects on Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Intensities for Gold Gapped Rods

Gapped rods provide a unique platform for elucidating structure/function relationships, both for single-molecule electrochemical techniques and for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). This paper attempts to elucidate the dependence of SERS intensities on gap topography and gap distance for gold gapped rods with segment lengths varying over a wide range (40-2000 nm). Significantly, we have determined that rough gaps lead to a smaller SERS enhancement than smooth gaps for these structures even though the rough gaps have a larger total surface area. Both theory and experiment show periodic variation of SERS intensity with segment length as determined by odd-symmetry plasmon multipoles. Excitation of even-symmetry modes is dipole forbidden (for polarization along the rod axis), but this selection rule can be relaxed by roughness or, for smooth gaps, by near-field coupling between the rod segments.
The Successful Treatment of Recurrent Nephrotic Syndrome With the MOPP Regimen in a Patient With a Remote History of Hodgkin’s Disease

The association of Hodgkin's disease and minimal-change nephrotic syndrome is well established. We describe a gentleman who developed Hodgkin's disease that was treated successfully. Two years later, he developed minimal-change nephrotic syndrome that responded to steroids. Over the next 9 years, the patient experienced two episodes of nephrotic syndrome due to focal segmental glomerulonephritis that were successfully treated with the mustard/vincristine/prednisone/procarbazine (MOPP) regimen. There was no evidence of recurrence of Hodgkin's lymphoma during any episode of nephrotic syndrome.
Molecular basis for multiple forms of LDH-X

The guinea pig has three molecular species of LDH-X which are inhibited by antiserum directed against the C subunit. Only two of these are selectively inhibited by anti-A polypeptide antiserum. Heterotetramers produced by in vitro dissociation and recombination of isozymes and containing B-C subunit combinations are selectively inhibited only by the anti-C antiserum. Therefore, the subunit composition of these multiple forms of LDH-X are: CCCC; CCCA; CCAA. Similarly, rat testes contain two forms of LDH-X which can be described as CCCC and CCCA tetramers.
Using the SimOS machine simulator to study complex computer systems

SimOS is an environment for studying the hardware and software of computer systems. SimOS simulates the hardware of a computer system in enough detail to boot a commercial operating system and run realistic workloads on top of it. This paper identifies two challenges that machine simulators such as SimOS must overcome in order to effectively analyze large complex workloads: handling long workload execution times and collecting data effectively. To study long-running workloads, SimOS includes multiple interchangeable simulation models for each hardware component. By selecting the appropriate combination of simulation models, the user can explicitly control the tradeoff between simulation speed and simulation detail. To handle the large amount of low-level data generated by the hardware simulation models, SimOS contains flexible annotation and event classification mechanisms that map the data back to concepts meaningful to the user. SimOS has been extensively used to study new computer hardware designs, to analyze application performance, and to study operating systems. We include two case studies that demonstrate how a low-level machine simulator such as SimOS can be used to study large and complex workloads.
FGF/FGFR signaling coordinates skull development by modulating magnitude of morphological integration: evidence from Apert syndrome mouse models.

The fibroblast growth factor and receptor system (FGF/FGFR) mediates cell communication and pattern formation in many tissue types (e.g., osseous, nervous, vascular). In those craniosynostosis syndromes caused by FGFR1-3 mutations, alteration of signaling in the FGF/FGFR system leads to dysmorphology of the skull, brain and limbs, among other organs. Since this molecular pathway is widely expressed throughout head development, we explore whether and how two specific mutations on Fgfr2 causing Apert syndrome in humans affect the pattern and level of integration between the facial skeleton and the neurocranium using inbred Apert syndrome mouse models Fgfr2+/S252W and Fgfr2+/P253R and their non-mutant littermates at P0. Skull morphological integration (MI), which can reflect developmental interactions among traits by measuring the intensity of statistical associations among them, was assessed using data from microCT images of the skull of Apert syndrome mouse models and 3D geometric morphometric methods. Our results show that mutant Apert syndrome mice share the general pattern of MI with their non-mutant littermates, but the magnitude of integration between and within the facial skeleton and the neurocranium is increased, especially in Fgfr2+/S252W mice. This indicates that although Fgfr2 mutations do not disrupt skull MI, FGF/FGFR signaling is a covariance-generating process in skull development that acts as a global factor modulating the intensity of MI. As this pathway evolved early in vertebrate evolution, it may have played a significant role in establishing the patterns of skull MI and coordinating proper skull development.
Phylogenetic analysis of pines using ribosomal DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms

Phylogenetic relationships among 30 species of the genusPinus were studied using restriction site polymorphism in the large subunit of nuclear rDNA. Of the 58 restriction sites scored, 48 were phylogenetically informative, and the 30 species reduced to ten taxa when species with identical restriction site patterns were combined. These ten taxa corresponded to the currently recognized subsections of the genus, with the sole exception ofP. leiophylla, which was identical in its pattern of restriction sites to all three species included from subsect.Oocarpae despite its being in a different section of subg.Pinus (Pinea instead ofPinus). A measure of the proportion of phylogenetic information contained within the data set (Homoplasy Excess Ratio, or HER) revealed that the character states were significantly non-randomly distributed among the ten taxa (HER = 0.71, p < 0.01). Branchand-bound searches using either Wagner or Dollo parsimony as the optimization criterion were carried out using PAUP in order to estimate phylogenetic relationships among the ten taxa. Three taxa (Picea pungens, Tsuga canadensis, andLarix decidua) were used independently as outgroups for purposes of rooting the trees. Despite the extreme differences in the assumptions underlying the Wagner and Dollo parsimony, the two gave surprisingly similar estimates of phylogeny, with both analyses supporting the monophyly of the two major subgeneraPinus andStrobus and differing in topology only in the placement of subsect.Ponderosae within subg.Pinus. The likelihood for the Wagner tree was only slightly higher than that computed for the Dollo tree.
Evaluation of a respiratory rate monitor in postsurgical patients.

Abstract Study Objective: To evaluate the clinical use of a cardiorespiratory rate monitor in patients receiving epidural opioids following major surgery. Design: For 6 hours during the night following surgery, patients were continuously monitored with a cardiorespiratory rate monitor and a pulse oximeter, as well as by an in-room observer. Setting: Postoperative surgical ward at a university hospital. Patients: Eight ASA physical status I and II patients ages 30 to 76 years. Interventions: Any bradypneic, hypoxemic, bradycardic, or tachycardic event was confirmed by the observer and recorded. Measurements and Main Results: The cardiorespiratory rate monitor accurately identified true bradypneic episodes in five of the eight patients. There were no false-positive alarms. The respiratory rate monitor and the pulse oximeter identified one episode of hypoxemic. There were no episodes of bradycardic or tachycardic. Conclusions: The cardiorespiratory rate monitor is useful in patients at risk for bradypnea following surgery.
Suppression of erythroid progenitors in ponies infected with equine infectious anaemia virus

Six clinically normal ponies were infected intravenously with equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) to determine the effect of EIAV on numbers of erythroid, granulocyte/monocyte and fibroblastic progenitors in the bone marrow. Bone marrow progenitor assays were performed at weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 postinfection. The late erythroid progenitors, colony-forming units-erythroid (CFU-E), were suppressed at each time point postinfection with the maximal suppression occurring at week 2 postinfection. The maximal suppression corresponded to the peak of plasma virus concentration. The maximal suppression of the early erythroid progenitors, burst-forming units-erythroid (BFU-E), also occurred at week 2 postinfection. Removal of adherent cells from the bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) abrogated the suppression. Neither granulocyte/monocyte progenitors (CFU-GM) nor fibroblastic progenitors (CFU-F) were affected by EIAV infection.
Discovery of Mer specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment and prevention of thrombosis.

The role of Mer kinase in regulating the second phase of platelet activation generates an opportunity to use Mer inhibitors for preventing thrombosis with diminished likelihood for bleeding as compared to current therapies. Toward this end, we have discovered a novel, Mer kinase specific substituted-pyrimidine scaffold using a structure-based drug design and a pseudo ring replacement strategy. The cocrystal structure of Mer with two compounds (7 and 22) possessing distinct activity have been determined. Subsequent SAR studies identified compound 23 (UNC2881) as a lead compound for in vivo evaluation. When applied to live cells, 23 inhibits steady-state Mer kinase phosphorylation with an IC50 value of 22 nM. Treatment with 23 is also sufficient to block EGF-mediated stimulation of a chimeric receptor containing the intracellular domain of Mer fused to the extracellular domain of EGFR. In addition, 23 potently inhibits collagen-induced platelet aggregation, suggesting that this class of inhibitors may have ...
Role of NusA in L4-mediated Attenuation Control of the S10 r-Protein Operon ofEscherichia coli

Abstract The transcription of the 11 gene S10 operon of Escherichia coli is autogenously regulated by one of the operon's products, ribosomal protein L4. This protein stimulates termination of transcription in vivo at a specific site within the S10 leader. The in vivo effect can be reproduced in a purified transcription system but requires an additional factor, NusA. Our earlier in vitro studies showed that NusA is required for RNA polymerase pausing at the termination site; such paused complexes are further stabilized by L4, which presumably accounts for L4's stimulation of termination in vivo . Here we show that NusA is not absolutely required for RNA polymerase to recognize the attenuation site: at low (5 μM) UTP concentration, RNA polymerase pauses at the site, although the paused transcription complex formed in the absence of NusA can be further stabilized by subsequent addition of the protein. Furthermore, RNA polymerase pausing at the attenuation site is not sufficient for the L4 effect, since L4 cannot stabilize a transcription complex paused at the attenuation site in the absence of NusA. We have been able to isolate paused complexes formed without NusA and / or L4; such complexes are active upon re-addition of NTPs, and respond as expected to the addition of L4 or NusA. Our experiments are consistent with the notion that L4 is a stable component of a paused transcription complex.
Modeling of binary molten-salt phase diagrams via neural networks

Computational neural networks are used as implicit thermodynamic models for calculating phase diagrams of binary molten salts. The neural network model accurately describes conformai ionic solution theory in binary systems thereby providing an efficient scheme for determining phase diagrams. Preliminary results are presented formodel AC 2-BC2 systems.
Numerical analysis of surface-tension-driven coating flow

Bondline readout (BLRO) is a coating defect frequently exhibited on adhesively bonded, polymeric automotive body panels painted with high-glamour/flow clearcoats. BLRO or telegraphing results from Marangoni-type, surface-tension-driven flows. The goal of this study is to use an efficient one-dimensional numerical code (based on the lubrication approximation) to obtain further insight into the mechanism of temperature- and concentration-induced BLRO flows in order to validate a proposed BRLO mechanism and ultimately to help eliminate the highly undesirable BLRO coating defect. Further insight is realized by investigating numerically the effects on BLRO of gravity and five parameters-initial film thickness, heating rate, viscosity, solvent volatility, and solvent-to-resin surface-tension ratio. Possible solutions to the BLRO problem are discussed.
Precipitous Onset for Superfluidity in 3 He- 4 He Mixtures

The precipitous onset step of Kosterlitz, Thouless, and Nelson has been investigated in $^{3}\mathrm{He}$-$^{4}\mathrm{He}$ mixture films over the temperature range 1.3 K to ${T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$. The constant relating the minimum value of superfluid density to the absolute temperature is found experimentally to be universal up to 30% $^{3}\mathrm{He}$. Comparison is made with recent mixture theories. Measurements were made at 24 MHz with a quartz microbalance adsorptometer.
Standard definitions of chromatic induction fail to describe induction with S-cone patterned backgrounds.

Abstract Inducing patterns that selectively stimulate the S cones can induce large shifts in color appearance. For example, a “peach” test-ring presented within contiguous purple and non-contiguous lime inducing rings appears pink while the physically identical peach test-ring appears orange when presented within contiguous lime and non-contiguous purple inducing rings (Fig. 1c). These shifts have been accounted for by a neural substrate which predicts that chromatic assimilation and simultaneous contrast can operate synergistically to produce large shifts with these patterns [Monnier, P., & Shevell, S. K. (2004). Chromatic induction from S-cone patterns. Vision Research , 44 , 849–856]. Here, induction was measured for test-rings that stimulated the S cones either more or less than did the inducing rings. According to standard definitions of induction, color shifts for test s -chromaticities either lower or higher than both inducing chromaticities should be attenuated compared to test-rings of intermediate S-cone stimulation. On the other hand, a previously proposed model of induction predicted independence of the color shifts with test-ring s -chromaticity. Consistent with standard definitions of induction, a reduction in the magnitude of the color shifts for test-ring chromaticities either lower or higher in S-cone excitation than the inducing chromaticities was observed. Additional measurements with patterns that have been shown to isolate assimilation and simultaneous contrast were conducted. For these patterns, expectations based on standard definitions of induction suggested that the magnitude of the color shifts should be monotonic with the S-cone stimulation of the test-ring, and the direction of the color shift should reverse for test-ring chromaticities either lower or higher than both inducing chromaticities compared to test-rings of intermediate chromaticity. In contrast, the previously proposed model of induction based on a receptive-field with S-cone spatial antagonism predicted the color shifts should be independent of the test-ring chromaticity (Monnier & Shevell, 2004). Color shifts were generally independent of the level of the test-ring chromaticity, supporting the S-cone antagonistic model of induction.
n-Doping of organic electronic materials using air-stable organometallics: a mechanistic study of reduction by dimeric sandwich compounds.

Several 19-electron sandwich compounds are known to exist as "2×18-electron" dimers. Recently it has been shown that, despite their air stability in the solid state, some of these dimers act as powerful reductants when co-deposited from either the gas phase or from solution and that this behavior can be useful in n-doping materials for organic electronics, including compounds with moderate electron affinities, such as 6,13-bis[tri(isopropyl)silylethynyl]pentacene (3). This paper addresses the mechanisms by which the dimers of 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylrhodocene (1 b(2)), (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)(1,3,5-trialkylbenzene)ruthenium (alkyl=Me, 2 a(2); alkyl=Et, 2 b(2)), and (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)(benzene)iron (2 c(2)) react with 3 in solution. Vis/NIR and NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography indicate that the products of these solution reactions are 3(·-) salts of the monomeric sandwich cations. Vis/NIR kinetic studies for the Group 8 dimers are consistent with a mechanism whereby an endergonic electron transfer from the dimer to 3 is followed by rapid cleavage of the dimer cation. NMR crossover experiments with partially deuterated derivatives suggest that the C-C bond in the 1 b(2) dimer is much more readily broken than that in 2 a(2); consistent with this observation, Vis/NIR kinetic measurements suggest that the solution reduction of 3 by 1 b(2) can occur by both the mechanism established for the Group 8 species and by a mechanism in which an endergonic dissociation of the dimer is followed by rapid electron transfer from monomeric 1 b to 3.
The development of more sensitive solvent systems for separation of cholesterol and low-molecular-weight cholesteryl esters by thin-layer chromatography

Abstract Four solvent systems have been developed for more effective one-stage separation of cholesterol and its low-molecular-weight esters from their mixtures by one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. These four solvent systems have been tested for separation of cholesterol, cholesteryl formate, cholesteryl acetate, and cholesteryl propionate from their mixtures and compared to the results of separation by two-stage solvent system, one-dimensional TLC techniques reported in the literature.
Synthesis and photodegradation of poly[2,5-bis(dimethylsilyl)furan]

Poly[2,5-bis(dimethylsilyl)furan] (V), a copolymer with alternating furan and disilyl units, has been prepared by the Wurtz coupling of 2,5-bis(dimethylchlorosilyl)furan (II) with sodium metal dispersion in toluene. Lower molecular weight poly[2,5-bis(dimethylsilyl)furan] (IV) has been prepared by a similar condensation reaction with 2,5-bis(dimethylfluorosilyl)furan (III). IV and V have been characterized by 1H, 13C and 29Si NMR, IR, and UV spectroscopy as well as by GPC, TGA and elemental analysis. Photolysis of V in a benzene/methanol solution results in degradation of the polymer.
Carbon dioxide-water clathrate as a reservoir of CO2 on Mars

It has been suggested that the residual polar caps of Mars contain a reservoir of permanently frozen carbon dioxide which is controlling the atmospheric pressure. However, observational data and models of the polar heat balance suggest that the temperatures of the Martian poles are too high for solid CO_2 to survive permanently. On the other hand, the icelike compound carbon dioxide-water clathrate (CO_2·6H_2O) could function as a CO_2 reservoir instead of solid CO_2, because it is stable at higher temperatures. This paper shows that the permanent polar caps may contain several millibars of CO_2 in the form of clathrate, and discusses the implications of this permanent clathrate reservoir for the present and past atmospheric pressure on Mars.
Assembly of genes from partially overlapping fragments using single-stranded DNA and sequence-specific synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides

A simple procedure for the precise assembly of functional DNA sequences from overlapping fragments is described. The fragments to be joined are cloned in tandem in the proper relative orientation into a vector from which single-stranded DNA copies can be obtained. Single-stranded DNA is cut by a restriction enzyme at corresponding sites in the two overlap regions, which are made double-stranded by annealing an oligonucleotide of appropriate sequence to them. This results in the excision of the unwanted sequences between the two overlap regions. After removal of the restriction enzyme the DNA is reannealed using the same oligonucleotide, ligated to give closed circular molecules and used to transform competent cells. Clones with the desired structure appear in the progeny at high frequency. The method has the advantage that restriction enzymes with short recognition sequences, cutting frequently in the target DNA, can be used and hence the overlap region required can be quite short.
In vitro splicing of the ribosomal RNA precursor in nuclei of tetrahymena

Abstract The macronuclear rRNA genes of Tetrahymena thermophila contain a 0.4 kb intervening sequence. In this paper we present evidence that the excision of the intervening sequence from pre-rRNA occurs in vitro in isolated T. thermophila nuclei. The transcription-processing system includes α-amanitin to inhibit non-rRNA synthesis and aurintricarboxylic acid to inhibit endogenous nucleases. A discrete 0.4 kb RNA comprises up to 6% of the RNA synthesized in this system. Southern hybridization with restriction fragments of the rDNA (rRNA genes) shows that the 0.4 kb RNA contains the intervening sequence. The size of the 0.4 kb RNA, 410–425 nucleotides, is the size predicted if the entire intervening sequence were excised as a single linear molecule. The 0.4 kb RNA accumulates post-transcriptionally and appears to be stable in vitro. T. pigmentosa strain 6UM, whose rDNA has an intervening sequence of the same size and location as that of T. thermophila, also produces a 0.4 kb RNA in vitro; T. pigmentosa strain 8ALP, with no rDNA intervening sequence, produces no such RNA. The measurement of the accumulation of the excised intervening sequence is a convenient assay for the pre-rRNA splicing activity and a means for characterizing some of the details of the reaction. The resistance of the splicing activity to concentrations of aurintricarboxylic acid that inhibit other endogenous nucleases should be useful in assaying the splicing enzyme during purification.
Distribution and extent of involvement in brachial plexopathies caused by gunshot wounds, motor vehicle crashes, and other etiologies: A 10-year electromyography study

OBJECTIVE: To examine the differences in the extent and distribution of brachial plexopathy involvement caused by gunshot wounds (GSW), motor vehicle crashes (MVCs), and other etiologies, based on electrophysiologic data. DESIGN: Retrospective review of electrophysiologic data from 1993 to 2002. SETTING: A large urban county hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Sequential patients (N=109) with the diagnosis of brachial plexopathy established by electromyography testing. This included 35 patients with GSW, 25 involved in an MVC, and 49 with other etiologies. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable.Main Outcome Measures The brachial plexus was divided into 9 regions: upper, middle, and lower root; upper, middle, and lower trunks; and lateral, posterior, and medial cords. Regions involved by needle study on electromyography were denoted as positive or negative. The total number of regions involved was also recorded. RESULTS: Injury was most common in the trunks (52%), cords (36%), and roots (12%) (Pearson chi(2), P<.000). Specifically, the "other" category had the greatest number of injuries to the trunks (54%) (Pearson chi(2), P<.000), whereas the trunks (46%) and cords (45%) were more evenly affected in GSW cases (Pearson chi(2), P=.585). In the MVC group, there was a trend toward more trunks (56%) being affected (Pearson chi(2), P=.076). CONCLUSIONS: Differences were noted in the distribution of injury when examining subtypes of traumatic brachial plexopathies. Language: en
Honoring Teachers for Their Vocation and Potential

. One goal of the Wabash Center is to honor teachers for their potential, and hospitality has been a primary means to that end. A lesson learned is that the intention and effort to honor teachers create contexts for meaningful discussions, creative learning, and personal renewal of those engaged in workshops and consultations. The lesson is valuable for those engaged in all forms of adult learning, especially in colleges and theological schools.
The postcranium of Miocene hominoids: Were dryopithecines merely “dental apes”?

This paper reviews the non-dental morphological configuration of Miocene hominoids with special reference to the hypothesis of linear relationships between certain fossil species and living analogues. Metrical analysis of the wrist shows thatDryopithecus africanus andPliopithecus vindobonensis are unequivocally affiliated with the morphological pattern of quadrupedal monkeys. Similar analyses of the fossil hominoid elbow shows that they are more cercopithecoid-like than hominoid-like. Multivariate analysis of theP. vindobonensis shoulder in the matrix of extant Anthropoidea indicate that this putative hylobatine fossil shows no indication of even the initial development of hominoid features. The total morphological pattern of theD. africanus forelimb as assessed by principal coordinates analysis of allometrically adjusted shape variables has little resemblance toPan. Likewise, the feet and proximal femora of the Miocene fossils are unlike any living hominoid species. Even theD. africanus skull is similar to extant cercopithecoids in several features. Although ancestors cannot be expected to resemble descendants in every way, the striking dissimilarity between Miocene and extant hominoids seems to eliminate the consideration of a direct ancestor-descendant relationship between specific Miocene and modern forms.
The poetics of politics: commitment in modern Persian literature

(1985). The poetics of politics: commitment in modern Persian literature. Iranian Studies: Vol. 18, No. 2-4, pp. 147-188.
Temperature Effects on Nickel Sorption Kinetics at the Mineral–Water Interface

In recent years, innovative studies have shown that sorption of metals onto natural materials results in the formation of new mineral-like precipitate phases that increase in stability with aging time. While these findings have demonstrated the usefulness of current state-of-the-art molecular-scale methods for confirming macroscopic data and elucidating mechanisms, basic kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for the formation of the metal precipitates have not been examined. This study examined Ni-sorption kinetics on pyrophyllite, talc, gibbsite, amorphous silica, and a mixture of gibbsite and amorphous silica over a temperature range of 9 to 35°C. Using the Arrhenius and Eyring equations, we calculated the energy of activation (E,) and enthalpy (ΔH ) , entropy (ΔS ) , and free energy of activation (ΔG ) , related to the formation of the Ni precipitates. Based on values of E, (93.05 to 123.71 kJ mol -1 ) and ΔS (-27.51 to -38.70 J mol -1 ), Ni sorption on these sorbents was surface-controlled and an associative mechanism. The ΔH values (90.60 to 121.26 kJ mol -1 ) suggest, as indicated by E a values, that an energy barrier was present for the system to overcome in order for the reaction to occur. Additionally, the large, positive ΔG values suggest there is an energy barrier for product formation. Although metal precipitation reactions often occur in the natural environment, this study shows that the rate of these reactions depends strongly on temperature.