cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sociology of Entrepreneurship

Since the 1970s, we have witnessed a growing body of scholarship that investigates the social context, processes, and consequences of entrepreneurship. Despite—or, perhaps, because of—the conceptual vagueness around the definition of the entrepreneur, this topic has attracted attention from a wide range of interdisciplinary scholars and has been applied to a variety of entrepreneurial activities among businesses, nonprofits, social movements, and public sector initiatives. This review begins with three views of entrepreneurs that are rooted in classical scholarship, conceptualizing them as innovators, autonomy seekers, and organizers. It then analyzes the mechanisms that link these views to entrepreneurial outcomes at different levels of analysis. Scholarship on social networks examines how the structure of relations may transmit new ideas, encourage freedom from interpersonal constraint, and produce social support for organizing. Research on career structures considers how past organizational contexts tend to augment or decrease entrepreneurial propensities. Studies of organizational populations and regions address when the ecology of those contexts allows entrepreneurs to carve out a new niche, despite competition from incumbents. The review concludes with suggestions for improving research methodology and the representativeness of social contexts in the study of entrepreneurship. Keywords: organization; autonomy; innovation; business; networks; technology
Highly Available Distributed Storage Systems

As the need for data explodes with the passage of time and the increase of computing power, data storage becomes more and more important. Distributed storage, as distributed computing before it, is coming of age as a good solution to make systems highly available, i.e., highly scalable, reliable and efficient. The focus of this thesis is how to achieve data reliability and efficiency in distributed storage systems. This thesis consists of two parts. The first part deals with the reliability of distributed storage systems. Reliability is achieved by computationally efficient MDS array codes that eliminate single points of failure in the systems, thus providing more reliability and flexibility to the systems. Two new classes of MDS array codes are presented: the X-Code and the B-Code. The encoding operations of both codes are optimal, i.e., their update complexity achieves the theoretical lower bound. They distribute parity bits over an columns rather than concentrating them on some parity columns. The X-Code has a very simple geometrical structure, and the B-Code is related to a 3-decade old graph theory problem: perfect one-factorization (or P1F) of a complete graph, solutions to one problem lead directly to solutions to the other. The second part of the thesis deals with the efficiency of distributed storage systems. While it is intuitive that redundancy can bring reliability to a system, this thesis gives another direction: using redundancy actively to improve performance (efficiency) of distributed data systems. General analytical results on the performance of (n, k) systems are given, as are two schemes to improve the performance of general data server systems, namely the data distribution and the data acquisition schemes. In addition, a novel deterministic voting scheme is proposed, which generalizes all known simple deterministic voting algorithms. It can be tuned to various application environments with different error rates to drastically reduce average communication complexity. These schemes are based on error-correcting codes, particularly the MDS array codes developed in the first part. Finally, some research problems related to storage systems are proposed as future directions.
Characteristic modes for planar structure feed design

The frequency behavior of the first characteristic mode along a thin plate was presented. For this structure, the first mode retained the shape of its resonant current distribution below resonance but significant changes were seen above resonance. The rectangular planar monopole was analyzed, and tapering the monopole near the feed point was found to enhance the match with the feed. For each monopole width, a taper angle was identified to give the best match.
Humane Slaughter Laws

Much recent scholarship has focused on the conditions under which farm animals are raised.1 This article examines not how such animals are kept, but how they are killed and how such killing is regulated by law. Animal slaughter is a significant issue, in part because of the numbers involved: in the United States, over nine billion chickens are killed each year for food, along with more than a hundred million pigs, and tens of millions of cattle.2 According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the global figures for 2005 were 48 billion chickens, 1.3 billion pigs, and 301 million cattle.3 Still, it is not because of the numbers alone that the slaughtering process is important. The potential for animals to suffer stress, pain, and fear during slaughter is unusually high. It is a critical stage in the life cycle of a farm animal and therefore calls for the highest levels of care and compassion. This article has three purposes. First, it provides an introduction to the slaughter process and to its regulation, principally in the United States, but with occasional discussion of international practices and laws. Second, it collects a considerable amount of data and legal authority regarding animal slaughter in a single location and so may be a platform for further scholarship. And third, it contains specific suggestions for reforms that will help the United States move closer to a system of humane slaughter for farm animals.
Supersensitivity to allosteric GABA A receptor modulators and alcohol in mice lacking PKCε

Several of the actions of ethanol are mediated by gamma-aminobutyrate type A (GABA(A)) receptors. Here we demonstrated that mutant mice lacking protein kinase C epsilon (PKCepsilon) were more sensitive than wild-type littermates to the acute behavioral effects of ethanol and other drugs that allosterically activate GABA(A) receptors. GABA(A) receptors in membranes isolated from the frontal cortex of PKCepsilon null mice were also supersensitive to allosteric activation by ethanol and flunitrazepam. In addition, these mutant mice showed markedly reduced ethanol self-administration. These findings indicate that inhibition of PKCepsilon increases sensitivity of GABA(A) receptors to ethanol and allosteric modulators. Pharmacological agents that inhibit PKCepsilon may be useful for treatment of alcoholism and may provide a non-sedating alternative for enhancing GABA(A) receptor function to treat other disorders such as anxiety and epilepsy.
Isolation and characterization from pathogenic fungi of genes encoding ammonium permeases and their roles in dimorphism.

Summary Nutrient sensing plays important roles in fungal development in general, and specifically in critical aspects of pathogenicity and virulence, for both ani- mal and plant pathogens. Dimorphic pathogens such as the phytopathogenic smut fungi, Ustilago maydis and Microbotryum violaceum , must switch from a yeast-like to a filamentous form in order to cause disease. Two genes encoding methylammonium per- meases (MEPs) were identified from each of these latter fungi and all the encoded proteins were most similar to Mep2p, the high-affinity permease from Sac- charomyces cerevisiae that plays a direct role in pseudohyphal or filamentous growth for that organ- ism. This is the first report of MEPs from pathogenic fungi. The two genes from U. maydis and one of the genes from M. violaceum were expressed in diploid S. cerevisiae mutants deleted for all three mep genes ( mep1mep2mep3 ). Each of the heterologous genes could complement the severe growth defect of the S. cerevisiae mutant on low ammonium. Moreover, the U. maydis ump2 gene, initially detected as an upreg- ulated gene in budding cells, was also able to com- plement the pseudohyphal defect characteristic of the mutant yeast. This gene is thus one of few heterolo- gous MEP genes capable of efficiently restoring pseudohyphal growth in yeast. For U. maydis , disrup- tion of ump2 eliminated the filamentous phenotype of haploid cells on low ammonium, while ump1 disrup- tion only slightly reduced methylamine uptake. The most significant drop in methylamine uptake was seen for the ump2 and the ump1ump2 double mutants. Moreover, when grown in liquid medium, the ump1ump2 double mutant aggregated and sedi- mented. Also, the importance of a putative site for phosphorylation by protein kinase A was investigated in both Mep2p and Ump2p via site-directed mutagenesis of the respective genes. A mutation predicted to prevent phosphorylation of either pro- tein, still allowed each to provide growth on low ammonium, but eliminated their abilities to provide pseudohyphal growth for the S. cerevisiae triple mutant. These findings allow us to present a model of how ammonium transporters play a role in regulating dimorphic growth in fungi.
Characterization and synthesis of mono- and diphytanyl ethers of glycerol.

The methanolyzed lipids of the extreme halo- phile, Halobacterium cutirubrum, were separated into glycerol diether and glycerol monoether fractions. The diether was shown by synthesis to be 2,3-di-O-(3'R,7'R,ll 'R,15'-tetra- methylhexadecy1)-sn-glycerol. The monoether fraction was separated by thin-layer chromatography on boric acid-im- pregnated silicic acid into about equal amounts of a- and j3- isomers. The a-isomer was found to be identical with the synthetic 3-0-(3'R,7 'R,ll 'R,15 '-tetramethylhexadecy1)-sn- glycerol, and the j3-isomer was identical with the synthetic 2-0-(3 'R,7 'R,11 'R,15 '-tetramethylhexadecyl) glycerol.
Effects of anemia on pulse oximetry and continuous mixed venous hemoglobin saturation monitoring in dogs

The accuracy of pulse oximetry (for pulse hemoglobin oxygen saturation [SpO2]) and mixed venous oximetry (for mixed venous hemoglobin oxygen saturation [SvO2]) was assessed during progressive normovolemic anemia in dogs. Splenectomized mongrel dogs under general anesthesia were monitored with a three-wavelength pulmonary artery oximeter catheter (10 dogs) and a pulse oximeter (11 dogs). Data were collected while fractional inspired oxygen concentration (FIO2) was varied from 1.00 to 0.05 in seven steps. The dogs then underwent isovolemic hemodilution, and the FIO2 was again varied. This sequence continued until data no longer could be obtained. The accuracy of each device was assessed by determining the bias (the average difference between the continuous monitor oximeter and the bench oximeter) and the precision (the standard deviation of the difference). For the three-wavelength Oximetrix catheter (for hemoglobin oxygen saturation denoted here SoxO2), the overall bias (SoxO2 - SvO2) and precision were -0.7 +/- 8.6% for the 193 data points. The accuracy as assessed by bias and precision for SoxO2 was similar for hematocrits of 40-15%. (Bias +/- precision was 2.1 +/- 5.7% for hematocrits greater than 40%, and -1.1 +/- 7.5% for hematocrits of 15% to 19%). At hematocrits between 10 and 14%, the precision worsened to 12%, and for hematocrits less than 10% the bias +/- precision was -11.5 +/- 11.8%. The overall SpO2 accuracy was 0.2 +/- 7.6% for 178 points. The pulse oximeter's accuracy was similar, down to hematocrits of 10%. Below 10%, the bias and precision worsened to -5.4 +/- 18.8%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Safeguarding abila through multiple data perspectives VAST 2014 Grand Challenge award: Effective analysis and presentation

We introduce a system for visual analysis of news articles, emails, GPS tracking data, financial transactions and streaming micro-blog data. This system was developed in response to the 2014 VAST Grand Challenge and comprises of several interfaces for mining textual, network, spatio-temporal, financial, and streaming data.
NMR CHEMICAL SHIFT TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF ISOCYANOMETHANE

Abstract We have measured the temperature dependence of the 1H, 13C and 14N isotropic chemical shifts for isocyanomethane, C2H3NC1, both as a neat liquid and in dilute liquid solution with ethanol/ethylene glycol. In both samples, the hydrogen chemical shielding is essentially independent of temperature; the terminal carbon atom becomes more shielded, and the nitrogen and methyl carbon atoms become less shielded with decreasing temperature. The apparent solvent-induced chemical shift changes are −0.57, −1.20, −1.24 and −2.03 ppm for 1H, 14N, 13C2 and 13C1, respectively, compared with the neat liquid. We discuss and compare the temperature dependencies for the nitrogen chemical shift and quadrupole coupling parameter. The nuclear spin–spin coupling parameters were measured at high and low temperatures for both samples. JNC1 shows a definite solvent dependence, and a possible temperature dependence in the neat liquid. Any possible solvent or temperature dependencies for the other spin–spin coupling parameters are within experimental uncertainty.
Mechanical properties of bonded elastomer discs subjected to triaxial stress

The aim of this article was to evaluate and analyze the mechanical properties of bonded elastomer discs subjected to triaxial stress on an MTS (machine for testing samples) equipment. Saveral pulling tests were run on an Instron machine using an O-ring type of samples to evaluate the mechanical properties of testing unfilled nitrile rubber subjected to uniaxial tension. It was found from the stress–strain curve of the O-ring samples that a very small stress softening occurred when the maximum strain is less than 200%. It was also found that the stress and strain at break does not drastically vary with respect to strain rate. The initial modulus does not vary with respect to strain rate up to e = 2 min−1, and only for large values of e does the modulus depend on the strain rate. The material used for the uniaxial tension experiments were bonded between two rigid cylindrical steel plates and the specimens were subjected to uniaxial tension on an MTS machine. It was found that the initial modulus in tension was smaller than in compression. The theoretical predicted initial modulus from Gent's equation was much larger than experimentally estimated. It was shown that the elastomer in the pancake tests was not incompressible and a value of 0.494 was determined for the effective Poisson's ratio. A mathematical equation was derived for the effective Poisson's ratio as a function of the volume fraction of voids within the testing material. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Upslope flow of turbidity currents: A comparison among field observations, theory, and laboratory models

Field observations from the marine realm indicate that turbidity currents are capable of transferring detritus considerable distances upslope onto bathymetric highs. Upslope deposition occurs because of the combined effects of flow thickness, tilting of the cross-flow surface slope, and a vertical shift in the flow's center of gravity. Numerical analysis and laboratory experiments indicate that the maximum run-up elevation of a subcritical turbidity current is approximately equal to 1.53 times the flow thickness.
The roles of three forms of human thyroid hormone receptor in gene regulation.

Abstract We have expressed three forms of human thyroid hormone receptor (hTRα1, α2, and β) in cultured cells by transient transfection. hTRα1 and β transfected cells showed increased triiodothyronine (T 3 ) binding capacity, but hTRα2 transfected cells did not. When hTRα1 or β was cotransfected with pUrGH(S), in which a portion of the rat GH 5' flanking region ( −236 −147 ) was ligated into the CAT reporter plasmid (pUTKAT1), T 3 increased CAT gene expression. When hTRα2 was cotransfected with pUrGH(S), T 3 did not alter CAT gene expression. When hTRα1 or β was cotransfected with pUrGH(O), in which a synthetic oligonucleotide representing the TRE from the rat GH 5' flanking region ( −189 −160 ) was substituted for the natural enhancer in pUTKAT1, T 3 increased CAT gene expression. When hTRα1 and β were cotransfected with pUrGH(O), induction by T 3 was increased. When hTRα2 was cotransfected with hTRα1 or β, induction by T 3 was decreased. These results indicate that hTRα1 and β function as native TR, that hTRα1 and β can recognize the same TRE, that hTRα1 and β can function additively, and that hTRα2 can inhibit the action of hTRα1 and β.
A BiCMOS Ka-band RF-pulse former for short-range high-resolution radar and high-data-rate communication systems

An ultra-low-leakage RF-pulse former capable of producing very narrow RF pulses with small rising and falling time for short-range high-resolution radar and high-data-rate communication systems is developed using 0.18-µm BiCMOS technology. The narrow RF pulses are produced from a continuous-wave RF signal by gating a high-speed single-pole single-throw switch implemented with small gate-resistors. The RF-pulse former exhibits an extremely low RF leakage implementing the RF leaking suppression technique, in which the RF leaking signal is cancelled by combining with its replica using an active balun. In addition, the active balun also amplifies the gated RF pulses hence providing gain for the RF-pulse former. A graphical analysis based on the insertion loss and isolation contours, enabling selection of the optimum sizes for transistors in the series-shunt switches, is also presented. From 31 to 37.1 GHz, the designed RF-pulse former exhibits −1.9 dB (loss) to 1.1 dB (gain) and 14.5–30-dB input return loss. The output return loss is higher than 10 dB from 33 to 35.9 GHz. From 30 to 40 GHz, the isolation is higher than 40 dB and, especially at 34 GHz, the isolation reaches 70 dB. The rising and falling times were measured as 136 and 70 ps, respectively. Very narrow RF pulses of 200 ps have been generated. The RF-pulse former consumes a 7.3 mA from a 1.8-V power supply and occupies a chip area of 0.225 mm2. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:2773–2777, 2013
Deregulation of Glucose Transporter 1 and Glycolytic Gene Expression by c-Myc

Unlike normal mammalian cells, which use oxygen to generate energy, cancer cells rely on glycolysis for energy and are therefore less dependent on oxygen. We previously observed that the c-Myc oncogenic transcription factor regulates lactate dehydrogenase A and induces lactate overproduction. We, therefore, sought to determine whether c-Myc controls other genes regulating glucose metabolism. In Rat1a fibroblasts and murine livers overexpressing c-Myc, the mRNA levels of the glucose transporter GLUT1, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, and enolase were elevated. c-Myc directly transactivates genes encoding GLUT1, phosphofructokinase, and enolase and increases glucose uptake in Rat1 fibroblasts. Nuclear run-on studies confirmed that the GLUT1 transcriptional rate is elevated by c-Myc. Our findings suggest that overexpression of the c-Myc oncoprotein deregulates glycolysis through the activation of several components of the glucose metabolic pathway.
A Cooperative Learning Activity on Methods of Selecting a Sample

Abstract This article describes a classroom activity designed to stimulate students to think creatively about methods of selecting a representative sample from a population. Students are presented with a dataset consisting of gender, SAT verbal score, SAT mathematics score, and high school grade point average for 317 freshmen from North Carolina State University. The students, who have not yet studied sampling, work in groups of three or four to generate three possible methods for selecting a representative sample of 20 freshmen from the population of 317. Each group uses its proposed methods to select three samples and computes various summary statistics and plots for the variables in each sample. The students are then given corresponding information for the entire population. After comparing sample statistics and population parameters, the groups evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed sampling methods. During the two semesters that I have used this activity in my Statistics 101 class,...
Business Alliances and the Strategy of the Japanese Firm

With the transformation of global capital markets, it has become essential for American managers to consider capital market relationships as a part of their overall corporate strategies. This article explores these strategies from the point of view of America9s leading industrial competitor, Japan. Japanese firms have forged special business alliances that link banks, shareholders, and trading partners together into coherent groupings of mutual interest. These alliances have resulted in close investormanagement relationships quite different from those in the U.S. This in turn has shaped other facets of Japanese business, including its long-term investment strategies and its internal management systems.
Focus on quantitative methods. Determining cut-off scores

The major methods for determining cut-off scores for certification and licensing examinations, and other criterion-referenced tests that result in pass/fail decisions, are described. Two major categories of methods are available: examination-centered and examinee-centered. Particular emphasis is given to the widely used Angoff (1971) method, and its common modifications. Some of the outstanding procedural and statistical issues are briefly discussed, including the need for more attention given to determining cut-off scores for measures used in clinical and research settings.
Regional radiographic damage and functional limitations in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: differences in early and late disease

Objective Both radiographic damage and functional limitations increase with the duration of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). We examined whether radiographic damage contributed more to functional limitations in late AS than in early AS, and if the strength of association varied with the anatomic region of damage. Methods In this cross-sectional study of 801 patients with AS, we examined associations of the lumbar modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS), the cervical mSASSS, lumbar posterior fusion, cervical posterior fusion, and hip arthritis with the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) and the Health Assessment Questionnaire modified for the spondyloarthritides (HAQ-S). Results Higher lumbar and cervical mSASSS scores were associated with more functional limitations, but there was an interaction between mSASSS scores and the duration of AS, such that the strength of their association with functional limitations decreased with increasing duration of AS. Cervical posterior fusion was associated with worse functioning independent of mSASSS scores. Hip arthritis was significantly associated with functional limitations independent of spinal damage measures. Among patients with AS duration ≥40 years, the number of comorbid conditions accounted for most of the variation in functioning. Results were similar for both the BASFI and the HAQ-S. Conclusion Although both radiographic damage and functional limitations increase over time in AS, the relative contribution of radiographic damage to functional limitations is lower among patients with longstanding AS than with early AS, suggesting patients may accommodate to limited flexibility. Damage in different skeletal regions impacts functioning over the duration of AS. Functional limitations due to comorbidity supervene in late AS.
A new undecassacharide subunit of xyloglucans with two α-l-fucosyl residues

A new oligosaccharide subunit of xyloglucan was isolated from the beta-(1----4)-endoglucanase digestion products of the xyloglucan in what is referred to as "sycamore extracellular polysaccharides" and found to be an undecasaccharide having two terminal alpha-L-fucopyranosyl residues. The undecasaccharide was structurally characterized by 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy, fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry (f.a.b.-m.s.), and glycosyl-residue and glycosyl-linkage composition analyses. The structure of the undecasaccharide was confirmed by digesting it with a hydrolase that releases alpha-D-Xylp-(1----6)-D-Glc from the non-reducing end of xyloglucan oligosaccharides.
The Limits of Notice and Choice

The US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has embarked on a series of three workshops on exploring privacy. The first, in December 2009 in Washington, DC, focused on market and regulatory issues; the second, in January in Berkeley, California, examined technological issues; and the third, scheduled for March in Washington again, will focus on possible solutions. But after hearing from more than 70 speakers at two standing-room only workshops, at least one theme is emerging: notice and choice are inadequate tools for protecting information privacy or security.
Clicks due to Swan-Ganz Catheter

Nonejection systolic and diastolic clicks appeared when a Swan-Ganz catheter was positioned in the proximal portion of the right pulmonary artery. The clicks disappeared on inflation of the catheter's balloon. Initial impressions included secondary prolapse of the mitral leaflets, an accentuated third heart sound, and the exposure of an occult opening snap. These high-frequency sounds are thought to be generated by the forward and backward movement, of the catheter against either me proximal portion of the pulmonary artery or the right ventricular outflow tract or by a whipping action of the catheter itself.
Mechanical analysis of statolith action in roots and rhizoids

Abstract Published observations on the response times following gravistimulation (horizontal positioning) of Chara rhizoids and developing roots of vascular plants with normal and “starchless” amyloplasts were reviewed and compared. Statolith motion was found to be consistent with gravitational sedimentation opposed by elastic deformation of an intracellular material. The time required for a statolith to sediment to equilibrium was calculated on the basis of its buoyant density and compared with observed sedimentation times. In the examples chosen, the response time following gravistimulation (from horizontal positioning to the return of downward growth) could be related to the statolith sedimentation time. Such a relationship implies that the transduction step is rapid in comparison with the perception steo following gravistimulation of rhizoids and developing roots.
Tidal signatures and aliasing in temperature data from slowly precessing satellites

[1] Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIME-GCM) data are used to simulate tidal patterns in satellite-borne observations of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region. The results are given for the measurement geometry of the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument, though the technique is applicable to any satellite-based instrument. TIME-GCM tides are sampled along the instrument measurement track and analyzed in terms of ascending/descending orbit node differences. Our simulations show a significant aliasing, e.g., of migrating and nonmigrating diurnal and semidiurnal components into tidal fields of observed zonal wavenumbers s′ ≥ 0. Above the mesopause, the model tides induce a 10 K bias in daily means of zonally averaged temperatures. An estimate of the tide-induced vertical displacement of air parcels is given, assuming tidal motions are adiabatic. Corresponding signatures are expected to be present in MLT observations of chemical species. Addressing tidal-sampling issues is of general interest for comparing satellite observations with models, climatologies, and other measurements.
The Influence of Applying Additional Weight to the Affected Leg on Gait Patterns During Aquatic Treadmill Walking in People Poststroke

Abstract Jung T, Lee D, Charalambous C, Vrongistinos K. The influence of applying additional weight to the affected leg on gait patterns during aquatic treadmill walking in people poststroke. Objective To investigate how the application of additional weights to the affected leg influences gait patterns of people poststroke during aquatic treadmill walking. Design Comparative gait analysis. Setting University-based aquatic therapy center. Participants Community-dwelling volunteers (n=22) with chronic hemiparesis caused by stroke. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Spatiotemporal and kinematic gait parameters. Results The use of an ankle weight showed an increase in the stance phase percentage of gait cycle (3%, P =.015) when compared with no weight. However, the difference was not significant after a Bonferroni adjustment was applied for a more stringent statistical analysis. No significant differences were found in cadence and stride length. The use of an ankle weight showed a significant decrease of the peak hip flexion (7.9%, P =.001) of the affected limb as compared with no weight condition. This decrease was marked as the reduction of unwanted limb flotation because people poststroke typically show excessive hip flexion of the paretic leg in the late swing phase followed by fluctuating hip movements during aquatic treadmill walking. The frontal and transverse plane hip motions did not show any significant differences but displayed a trend of a decrease in the peak hip abduction during the swing phase with additional weights. The use of additional weight did not alter sagittal plane kinematics of the knee and ankle joints. Conclusions The use of applied weight on the affected limb can reduce unwanted limb flotation on the paretic side during aquatic treadmill walking. It can also assist the stance stability by increasing the stance phase percentage closer to 60% of gait cycle. Both findings can contribute to the development of more efficient motor patterns in gait training for people poststroke. The use of a cuff weight does not seem to reduce the limb circumduction during aquatic treadmill walking.
Investigations on lignins and lignification. XXI. Identification of phenolic esters in the culture medium of Lentinus lepideus and the O-methylation of methyl P-coumarate to methyl P-methoxycinnamate in vivo.

Abstract 1. 1. The simultaneous occurence of methyl p -coumarate, methyl isoferulate, and methyl p -methoxycinnamate in the culture medium of Lentinus lepideus was established. The transformations of these phenolic esters were studied. 2. 2. Sixty per cent of the total isotopic activity of methyl p -coumarate-carboxyl-C 14 added to the medium was recovered in the methyl p -methoxycinnamate isolated from the culture. This incorporation of the activity suggests that in the biosynthesis of methyl p -methoxycinnamate by this mold, methyl p -coumarate may function as a direct precursor, and it reveals that the O -methylation of methyl p -coumarate to methyl p -methoxy-cinnamate could be achieved. 3. 3. Twenty per cent of the total activity of methionine added to the medium was recovered in the methyl p -methoxycinnamate isolated from the culture. The activity was located in the carbon of OCH 3 and also to the same extent in the methyl carbon of the ester.
Further Consideration of Advanced Clinical Solutions Word Choice: Comparison to the Recognition Memory Test-Words and Classification Accuracy in a Clinical Sample

Word Choice (WC), a test in the Advanced Clinical Solutions package for Wechsler measures, was examined in two studies. The first study compared WC to the Recognition Memory Test-Words (RMT-W) in a clinical sample (N = 46). WC scores were significantly higher than RMT-W scores overall and in sample subsets grouped by separate validity indicators. In item-level analyses, WC items demonstrated lower frequency, greater imageability, and higher concreteness than RMT-W items. The second study explored WC classification accuracy in a different clinical sample grouped by separate validity indicators into Pass (n = 54), Fail-1 (n = 17), and Fail-2 (n = 8) groups. WC scores were significantly higher in the Pass group (M = 49.1, SD = 1.9) than in the Fail-1 (M = 46.0, SD = 5.3) and Fail-2 (M = 44.1, SD = 4.8) groups. WC demonstrated area under the curve of .81 in classifying Pass and Fail-2 participants. Using the test manual cutoff associated with a 10% false positive rate, sensitivity was 38% and specificity was 96% in Pass and Fail-2 groups with 24% of Fail-1 participants scoring below cutoff. WC may be optimally used in combination with other measures given observed sensitivity.
Honeydew production, survival and reproduction by Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on susceptible and resistant clones of Fragaria spp.

Abstract Honeydew production, survival, and production of nymphs were tested as indicators of resistance of strawberry clones to the strawberry aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell). All correlated with resistance but survival was the simplest to measure and was very consistent from plant to plant within clones. The results showed that field screening of strawberry seedlings for resistance to the aphid often falsely identifies seedlings as being resistant when, in reality, they have escaped infestation. The laboratory procedures permit quick confirmation of refutation of field results.
Brans-Dicke cosmology with the cosmological constant

The Brans-Dicke equations with the cosmological constant are studied. We present exact solutions in the spatially flat Robertson-Walker metric in the matter-dominated universe. A brief discussion on this cosmology is given.
Mutants and pseudorevertants of moloney murine leukemia virus with alterations at the integration site

Soon after infection, retroviruses synthesize a DNA copy of the genomic RNA and insert that DNA into the cellular genome by recombination at inverted repeat sequences at the termini of the viral genome. We have generated mutations that alter one terminus of the genome of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV). Some mutations did not prevent integration of the viral DNA even though the very terminal bases were disrupted. Other mutations had dramatic effects on the efficiency of infection; in these cases the formation of preintegrative DNA was normal but the establishment of the productive provirus was prevented. One of these defective mutants gave rise to a pseudorevertant which differed from the wild type but displayed normal infectivity. An unusual number of bases of viral DNA were removed during the integration reaction carried out by this virus.
Controlled human exposures to ambient pollutant particles in susceptible populations

Epidemiologic studies have established an association between exposures to air pollution particles and human mortality and morbidity at concentrations of particles currently found in major metropolitan areas. The adverse effects of pollution particles are most prominent in susceptible subjects, including the elderly and patients with cardiopulmonary diseases. Controlled human exposure studies have been used to confirm the causal relationship between pollution particle exposure and adverse health effects. Earlier studies enrolled mostly young healthy subjects and have largely confirmed the capability of particles to cause adverse health effects shown in epidemiological studies. In the last few years, more studies involving susceptible populations have been published. These recent studies in susceptible populations, however, have shown that the adverse responses to particles appear diminished in these susceptible subjects compared to those in healthy subjects. The present paper reviewed and compared control human exposure studies to particles and sought to explain the "unexpected" response to particle exposure in these susceptible populations and make recommendations for future studies. We found that the causes for the discrepant results are likely multifactorial. Factors such as medications, the disease itself, genetic susceptibility, subject selection bias that is intrinsic to many controlled exposure studies and nonspecificity of study endpoints may explain part of the results. Future controlled exposure studies should select endpoints that are more closely related to the pathogenesis of the disease and reflect the severity of particle-induced health effects in the specific populations under investigation. Future studies should also attempt to control for medications and genetic susceptibility. Using a different study design, such as exposing subjects to filtered air and ambient levels of particles, and assessing the improvement in biological endpoints during filtered air exposure, may allow the inclusion of higher risk patients who are likely the main contributors to the increased particle-induced health effects in epidemiological studies.
Separation of wheat proteins by two-dimensional reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography plus free zone capillary electrophoresis

ABSTRACT Gliadins and glutenins from four hard red winter wheat cultivars were separated by a novel two-dimensional (2D) technique. Protein extracts were separated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography as the first dimension with each 30-sec interval collected separately. Those fractions were then separated by free-zone capillary electrophoresis (FZCE) for the second dimension. Data was combined into 2D surface contour plots similar to traditional gel electrophoresis 2D maps. For HPLC, C8 and C18 columns were used in the first dimension to separate gliadins and glutenins, respectively. Uncoated fused silica capillaries (27 cm × 25 μm, i.d.) were used for the 2D FZCE separations. Differences in the 2D maps of both gliadin and glutenin fractions were found between pairs of both closely related and sister lines that varied in quality.
Viscoelastic analysis of bonded connections

Abstract A viscoelastic analysis algorithm is presented which incorporates a special finite element to model the adhesive and a direct integration procedure for advancing the solution with time. The adhesive element is capable of modeling the assumptions of commonly used lap joint theories. The direct integration process employed has the advantage that it is computationally simple, has minimal storage requirements, requires very little programming effort to transform an elastic analysis algorithm into a viscoelastic analysis algorithm, and employs higher order integration formulae which allow large time steps to be taken. Test problems verify that the algorithm can duplicate the results of Delaie and Erdogan [J. appl. Mech. 48, 331–338 (1981)].
The measurement of the surface tension of some pure metals in the solid state

Abstract Measurements of the surface tension of pure solid aluminium, beryllium, iron, titanium and rhenium are reported and are compared with previous work. The values obtained in the present work using the compensated zero-creep method are shown to be consistent with those in previous work but are of a higher accuracy than the previous values.
Studies of the cellular uptake of hydrogel nanospheres and microspheres by phagocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells.

Intensive research efforts have been placed on the development of nanospheres for targeted drug delivery for treating a variety of diseases, including coronary restenosis, cancer, and inflammatory reactions. Although most of these drug-bearing spheres are delivered via intravenous administration, little is known about the effect of sphere physical characteristics on the responses of vascular and blood cells. To find the answer, this work was aimed to investigate the cellular uptake of nanosized (100 nm) and microsized hydrogel spheres (1 μm) made of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) by vascular cells and phagocytes under various flow conditions in vitro. We found that the cellular uptake of nanospheres depended on incubation times and sphere concentrations as well as on the introduced shear stress levels of the medium. Measurements of the intracellular-released fluorescence and confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed that nanospheres were internalized by endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells more than microspheres, whereas microspheres were rapidly taken up by phagocytes, especially at high concentration. Our results strongly suggest that hydrogel nanospheres are more effective as an intravascular delivery system compared to microspheres in the terms of vascular cellular uptake and biocompatibility. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
An Anionic Porphyrin Binds β-Lactoglobulin A at a Superficial Site Rich in Lysine Residues

Binding of small ligands to globular proteins remains a major research topic in biophysics. We have studied the binding of several photoactive dyes to beta-lactoglobulin (BLG), as a model to investigate the photoinduced effects of porphyrins on proteins. A combination of optical spectroscopies (fluorescence, circular dichroism) and molecular docking simulations were used to estimate the pH-dependence of the binding parameters and the docking location for meso-tetrakis(sulfonatophenyl)-porphyrin (TPPS). We have observed that the binding of TPPS is not modulated by the pH-mediated conformational transition of the protein (i.e., Tanford transition). Binding of TPPS appears to occur with some degree of negative cooperativity. Moreover, TPPS remains bound even upon partial denaturation of the protein. These results are consistent with a superficial binding site at a location removed from the aperture of the interior beta-barrel. Binding occurs through electrostatic interactions between the negative SO(3) (-) groups of TPPS and positively charged Lys and Arg residues. This is the first study that explores the interaction of an anionic porphyrin with BLGA in a pH range that spans across the Tanford transition. Establishing the location of the binding site will enable us to explain the photoinduced conformational effects mediated by TPPS on BLG.
Combination of PDT and a DNA demethylating agent produces anti-tumor immune response in a mouse tumor model

Epigenetic mechanisms, which involve DNA methylation and histone modifications, result in the heritable silencing of genes without a change in their coding sequence. However, these changes must be actively maintained after each cell division rendering them a promising target for pharmacologic inhibition. DNA methyltransferase inhibitors like 5-aza-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) induce and/or up-regulate the expression of MAGE-type antigens in human and mice cancer cells. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown to be an effective locally ablative anti-cancer treatment that has the additional advantage of stimulating tumor-directed immune response. We studied the effects of a new therapy that combined the demethylating agent 5-aza-dC with PDT in the breast cancer model 4T1 syngenic to immunocompetent BALB/c mice. PDT was used as a locally ablating tumor treatment that is capable of eliciting strong and tumor directed immune response while 5-aza-dC pretreatment was used promote de novo induction of the expression of P1A.protein. This is the mouse homolog of human MAGE family antigens and is reported to function as a tumor rejection antigen in certain mouse tumors. This strategy led to an increase in PDT-mediated immune response and better treatment outcome. These results strongly suggest that the MAGE family antigens are important target for PDT mediated immune response but that their expression can be silenced by epigenetic mechanisms. Therefore the possibility that PDT can be combined with epigenetic strategies to elicit anti-tumor immunity in MAGE-positive tumor models is highly clinically significant and should be studied in detail.
Adsorption studies on hydrated and dehydrated silicas

Abstract Dehydration of colloidal silicas by heating at elevated temperatures improves their ice nucleating ability. Adsorption studies were performed to study their surface characteristics, on both hydroxylated and dehydroxylated samples. To monitor surface areas, argon was found to be a more reliable adsorbent than nitrogen. The latter displayed a specificity depending on hydroxyl concentration. The highly dehydrated amorphous silicas gave the same surface areas if 16.2 A2 was used for the co-area of nitrogen and 16.6 A2 for argon. Water adsorption was used to assess the surface concentration of hydroxyls and isopropanol adsorption to determine their steric distribution. The dehydrated silica prepared by heating a wet, precipitated variety hydrated partially on cooling in air. Contrary to earlier reports, boiling in water did not yield a fully hydroxylated surface.
The Escherichia coli PriA helicase-double-stranded DNA complex: location of the strong DNA-binding subsite on the helicase domain of the protein and the affinity control by the two nucleotide-binding sites of the enzyme.

Abstract The Escherichia coli PriA helicase complex with the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), the location of the strong DNA-binding subsite, and the effect of the nucleotide cofactors, bound to the strong and weak nucleotide-binding site of the enzyme on the dsDNA affinity, have been analyzed using the fluorescence titration, analytical ultracentrifugation, and photo-cross-linking techniques. The total site size of the PriA–dsDNA complex is only 5 ± 1 bp, that is, dramatically lower than 20 ± 3 nucleotides occluded in the enzyme–single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) complex. The helicase associates with the dsDNA using its strong ssDNA-binding subsite in an orientation very different from the complex with the ssDNA. The strong DNA-binding subsite of the enzyme is located on the helicase domain of the PriA protein. The dsDNA intrinsic affinity is considerably higher than the ssDNA affinity and the binding process is accompanied by a significant positive cooperativity. Association of cofactors with strong and weak nucleotide-binding sites of the protein profoundly affects the intrinsic affinity and the cooperativity, without affecting the stoichiometry. ATP analog binding to either site diminishes the intrinsic affinity but preserves the cooperativity. ADP binding to the strong site leads to a dramatic increase of the cooperativity and only slightly affects the affinity, while saturation of both sites with ADP strongly increases the affinity and eliminates the cooperativity. Thus, the coordinated action of both nucleotide-binding sites on the PriA–dsDNA interactions depends on the structure of the phosphate group. The significance of these results for the enzyme activities in recognizing primosome assembly sites or the ssDNA gaps is discussed.
An Analytical Investigation of Forced Convection Heat Transfer to Fluids Near the Thermodynamic Critical Point

A numerical solution is carried out for heat transfer to fluids near the thermodynamic critical point for turbulent flow through a circular tube with constant wall heat flux. An adaptation of the Patankar-Spalding implicit finite difference marching procedure is used. Agreement of the results with experimental data for water and carbon dioxide show the solution to be quite accurate very near the critical point provided the wall temperature at inlet is less than the pseudocritical temperature of the fluid.
Frames of reference for helicopter electronic maps - The relevance of spatial cognition and componential analysis

Computer-generated map displays for NOE and low-level helicopter flight were formed according to prior research on maps, navigational problem solving, and spatial cognition in large-scale environments. The north-up map emphasized consistency of object location, wheareas, the track-up map emphasized map-terrain congruency. A component analysis indicates that different cognitive components, e.g., orienting and absolute object location, are supported to varying degrees by properties of different frames of reference.
Jensen on burks 1

We critically examine the portions of Arthur Jensen's books that concern Barbara Burks's 1928 study of adoptive families. Jensen cites the low correlations of children's IQs with measures of home environment as evidence that environment plays only a minor role in the determination of intelligence. We find that Burks's sample was highly selective, that her environmental measures were limited, and that Jensen has misrepresented the content and implications of her study.