cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depolarization of near-resonance Rayleigh scattering by barium ions

The polarization ratio of near-resonance Rayleigh scattering (NRRS) from barium ions in a resonant laser-driven plasma has been measured. The Ba+ resonance transition involved in the NRRS originates from a state with angular momentum J ≠ 0. It has been deduced from the experimental results that the resonance scattering is completely depolarized, which is in good agreement with theory.
Molecular interaction of the antagonist N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1- (2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide with the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.

N-(Piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR141716; 1) is a potent and selective antagonist for the CB 1 cannabinoid receptor. Using the AM1 molecular orbital method, conformational analysis of 1 around the pyrazole C3 substituent identified four distinct conformations designated Tg, Ts, Cg, and Cs. The energetic stability of these conformers followed the order Tg > Cg > Ts >Cs for the neutral (unprotonated) form of 1 and Ts > Tg > Cs > Cg for its piperidine N-protonated form. Unified pharmacophore models for the CB 1 receptor ligands were developed by incorporating the protonated form of 1 into the superimposition model for the cannabinoid agonists 4-[4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-2-hydroxyphenyl]perhydro-2α,6β-dihydroxynaphthalene (CP55244; 2) and the protonated form of (R)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-[(4-morpholinyl)methyl]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl](1-naphthalenyl)methanone (WIN55212-2; 3) reported previously (Shim et al. In Rational Drug Design Symposium Series; Parrill, A. L., Reddy, M. R., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999; pp 165-184). Values of K i for 1 and a series of 31 structural analogues were determined from radioligand binding analyses by competitive displacement of [ 3 H]CP55940 from cannabinoid receptors in a rat brain membrane preparation. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) was employed to construct three-dimensional (3D)-quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for this data set as unprotonated species assuming the Tg, Cg, and Ts conformers and for the protonated species assuming the Ts, Tg, and Cs conformers. Values of the conventional r 2 and cross-validated r 2 (r cv 2 ) associated with these CoMFA models exceeded the threshold for statistical robustness (r 2 ≥ 0.90) and internal predictive ability (r cv 2 ≥ 0.50) in each of these six cases except for the protonated species assuming the Tg conformer (i.e., r 2 = 0.97; r cv 2 = 0.36). Results from conformational analyses, superimposition models, and 3D-QSAR models suggest that the N1 aromatic ring moiety of 1 dominates the steric binding interaction with the receptor in much the same way as does the C3 alkyl side chain of cannabinoid agonists and the C3 aroyl ring of the aminoalkylindole agonists. We also determined that several of the conformers considered in this study possess the proper spatial orientation and distinct electrostatic character to bind to the CB 1 receptor. We propose that the unique region in space occupied by the C5 aromatic ring of 1 might contribute to conferring antagonist activity. We further propose that the pyrazole C3 substituent of 1 might contribute to conferring either neutral antagonist or inverse agonist activity, depending upon the interaction with the receptor.
Short term electric load forecasting via fuzzy neural collaboration

Abstract An important element of effective power system operation is the well-planned short term scheduling of power generating units. Power system operators use historical load data to schedule available generating units to meet hourly system loads in an economical and reliable manner. This paper describes how a Fuzzy Logic (FL) expert system is integrated with Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for a more accurate short-term load forecast. The 24 h ahead forecasted load is obtained through two steps. First, a FL module maps the highly nonlinear relationship between the weather parameters and their impact on the daily electric load peak. Second, 12 ANN modules are trained using historical hourly load and weather data combined with the FL output data, to perform the final forecast. Comparisons made between this model, an ANN model, and an Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) model show the efficiency and accuracy of this new approach.
Thermodynamics of MnO, FeO, and phosphorus in steelmaking slags with high MnO contents

The thermodynamics of managanese oxide and iron oxide and the phosphate capacity of CaO-SiO2-MnO-Fe t O-P2O5-MgOsat slags with high MnO contents relevant to the smelting of MnO ores in steelmaking were investigated. Previous data were limited to about 5 pct MnO, whereas in this study MnO contents up to 25 pct were studied. The activity of MnO showed positive deviation from ideal behavior and increased with basicity, while that of Fe t O decreased with basicity. This is reflected in that the manganese distribution ratio at a given Fe t O content decreases with basicity and high Mn in the metal is favored by high basicity. CaF2 additions up to 4 pct did not affect the activities of MnO and Fe t O. The activity coefficient of P2O5 decreases and the phosphate capacity increases with basicity. There was not adverse effect of high MnO contents on the dephosphorizing abilities of the slags.
POSSIBILITY OF SYNTHESIZING AN ORGANIC SUPERCONDUCTOR

London’s idea that superconductivity might occur in organic macromolecules is examined in the light of the BCS theory of superconductivity. It is shown that the criterion for the occurrance of such a state can be met in certain organic polymers. A particular example is considered in detail. From a realistic estimation of the matrix elements and density of states in this polymer it is concluded that superconductivity should occur even at temperatures well above room temperature. The physical reason for this remarkable high transition temperature is discussed. It is shown further that the superconducting state of these polymers should be distinguished by certain unique chemical properties which could have considerable biological significance.
Racial differences in satisfaction with mental health services among victims of intimate partner violence.

Research on mental health among victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) has often ignored racial minorities. As the US population has become more racially diverse, the dearth of research on racial minorities’ experience with current mental health systems makes it challenging for service providers and practitioners to serve them adequately. This study hypothesized that satisfaction with mental health services would be different across race in both the general population and among IPV victims. This study used the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys. Logistic regression analyses were conducted. The study results revealed racial differences in satisfaction only in the IPV group. Race had effects on perceived helpfulness among IPV victims. Asian victims of IPV were more likely to perceive mental health services as helpful than any other race groups. Financial security had a positive effect both on subjective satisfaction and perceived helpfulness among IPV victims.
Graphic sequences with a realization containing a complete multipartite subgraph

A nonincreasing sequence of nonnegative integers @p=(d"1,d"2,...,d"n) is graphic if there is a (simple) graph G of order n having degree sequence @p. In this case, G is said to realize@p. For a given graph H, a graphic sequence @p is potentiallyH-graphic if there is some realization of @p containing H as a (weak) subgraph. Let @s(@p) denote the sum of the terms of @p. For a graph H and n@?Z^+, @s(H,n) is defined as the smallest even integer m so that every n-term graphic sequence @p with @s(@p)>=m is potentially H-graphic. Let K"s^t denote the complete t partite graph such that each partite set has exactly s vertices. We show that @s(K"s^t,n)=@s(K"("t"-"2")"s+K"s","s,n) and obtain the exact value of @s(K"j+K"s","s,n) for n sufficiently large. Consequently, we obtain the exact value of @s(K"s^t,n) for n sufficiently large.
Polygonal designs with blocks of size k≤10

The use of polygonal designs is motivated by the desire to avoid the selection of contiguous units in a sample from an ordered finite population. However very little is known about polygonal designs that have block size 5 or more. We present new polygonal designs with blocks of sizes 5 through 10, including the first designs with block sizes 9 and 10. For block sizes 5 through 7, we identify, with one possible exception, all values for the number of varieties for which a polygonal design exists.
Absent left main coronary artery : angiographic findings in 83 patients with separate ostia of the left anterior descending and circumflex arteries at the left aortic sinus

Abstract Among 20,332 adult patients who underwent consecutive cardiac catheterization and coronary arteriography, 83 (0.4%) were angiographically identified as having an absent left main coronary artery. The angiographic characteristics of this coronary anomaly include: (1) the presence of two well-separated coronary ostia at the left aortic sinus resulting in separate origin of the left anterior descending and circumflex arteries; (2) an increased incidence of left coronary dominance; (3) a higher (6%) than usual (0.5% to 1.5%) incidence of myocardial bridging; (4) lack of a high incidence of congenital heart anomalies; and (5) an incidence of atheroscierotic coronary artery disease simillar to that of patients whose left main artery is intact. In 39% of the patients difficulties in selectively cannulating the separate ostium of the circumflex artery and adequately opacifying this vessel resulted in a need to change the diagnostic catheter size. Recognition of this coronary anomaly is needed to ensure accurate angiographic interpretation and is important for patients undergoing cardiac surgery to selectively perfuse these separate vessels during cardiopulmonary bypass.
Ethics Appropriate for an Empire: A Question Whose Time Has Come

AbstractThis article offers a Christian ethical commentary upon the debate over the contemporary "American Empire." While many decry unprecedented US global dominance based on various secular standpoints, few have articulated religiously-grounded perspectives on this new US relation to the world. The task of mustering religious objections to openly imperial ambitions looms particularly large in light of prominent unabashed defenses of US global hegemony. The paper has three parts: (1) preliminary clarifications regarding terminology and context; (2) a survey of policies (e.g., unilateralism in foreign policy, interventions, a doctrine of pre-emptive war, diminished regard for international institutions) that reflect imperial ambitions and conflict with mainstream Christian perspectives on global justice and self-determination; and (3) a tentative listing of seven criteria appropriate for the pursuit and exercise of power on the part of global hegemons, in light of Christian principles. The constructive ta...
MRI of lumbar intradural disc herniation

We present the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance of a patient with an intradural lumbar disc herniation and discuss this entity. This case demonstrates the role of MRI in comparison to myelography/postmyelogram computed tomography with respect to the diagnosis of intradural disc herniation.
Surface chemistry of water and hydrogen on polycrystalline TiAl, FeAl, and NiAl and the effect of boron

Abstract The chemistry of water and hydrogen on polycrystalline TiAl, FeAl, and NiAl has been investigated with and without boron. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiments suggest that hydrogen interacts strongly with the transition-metal component of the aluminides. TPD spectra obtained for the hydrogen product resulting from water decomposition on TiAl, FeAl, and NiAl are similar to the hydrogen TPD spectra obtained from corresponding clean aluminide surfaces that were exposed to molecular hydrogen. Oxygen resulting from water decomposition preferentially resides on the aluminum component as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) shows that a near-surface boron concentration of 20 at% decreases the density of states at the Fermi level on FeAl. Boron is found to dramatically reduce the surface reactivity of FeAl toward hydrogen, consistent with the change in electronic structure. A similar decrease in reactivity for molecular hydrogen is found on TiAl when boron is present. The reactivity of NiAl for hydrogen is found to be unaffected when boron is present, under our experimental conditions.
Plasma lipoproteins of turkeys injected with a single dose of diethylstilbestrol

Abstract Turkeys injected with a single dose of diethylstilbestrol (DES) (15, 30 or 60 mg) develop a hyperlipoproteinemia which is characterized by a large increase in chylomicrons, a weak pre-beta lipoprotein concentration and an absence of beta- and alpha-lipoproteins. The hyperlipoproteinemia was pronounced between 3 and 12 days post injection. The rate and degree of development of the induced hyperlipoproteinemia is similar for the 3 levels of DES injected. Increased concentrations of cholesterol and protein are found in the low-density lipoproteins (LDL) between 4 and 20 days post injection, while the cholesterol and protein content of the high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are greatly reduced. The levels of cholesterol and protein in the LDL HDL HDL return to normal on day 44 post injection.
The distributions of the soluble-protein components in the crystalline lenses of mammals

Abstract 1. 1. The distributions of the soluble proteins in the lenses of eleven species of mammals, representing six orders, were determined by free electrophoresis, by zone electrophoresis (cellulose acetate) and by sedimentation. 2. 2. The general contours of free electrophoretic patterns for mammalian lens extracts are characteristic for class Mammalia. 3. 3. The free electrophoretic patterns, on the basis of fine detail, appear to be characteristic for at least four orders of mammals: Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Rodentia and Primates. 4. 4. The sedimentation patterns do not appear to be characteristic for the order or the class. 5. 5. The primate lens proteins appear to differ from those of the other mammals in at least two aspects: (1) the predominating intermediate component (β-crystallin) in primate lens has a greater electrical charge at pH 8·6; (2) the fast component (α-crystallin) in the primate lens appears to bind to cellulose acetate or else precipitate during electrophoresis. 6. 6. Either a primate or possibly the guinea-pig (Cavia porcelus) should be used for the development of experimental cataract similar to that occurring in the human lens.
Assessing personal meanings of death: Empirical refinements in the threat index

Abstract Over the past decade, researchers have shown increasing concern with the psychometric soundness of instruments devised to measure death attitudes. This paper reviews data on the development, validation, revision, and extension of the Threat Index, a widely used measure of the threat implied by one's personal death. In addition, the paper discusses two new research directions deriving from the Threat Index literature; these research directions enhance the utility of the Threat Index in clinical and scholarly investigations.
The conversion of an aziridine plus a phenyl-substituted amine oxide or aminoether to a benzodiazepine derivative

Abstract The conversion of an aziridine to a tetrahydrobenzodiazepine derivative using LiI, an iron carbonyl complex, and an amine oxide, or using LiI and a gem -aminoether is studied. The reaction of an aziridine with LiI and a phenyl-substituted iminium salt generates mainly a 1,2-diamine. The addition of t -butoxide to the iminium reaction changes the product ratio leading to a diamine as the minor product and a benzodiazepine as the major product. The structure proof of the tetrahydrobenzodiazepine derivative and the mechanism of these transformations are discussed.
Effect of Uniaxial and Hydrostatic Strain on the Optical Constants and the Electronic Structure of Copper

The linear response of the optical constants of Cu to a general strain is presented for the range $1.5\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\le}5.5$ eV. The transitions ${X}_{5}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{{X}_{4}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ at 4.0 eV and ${E}_{F}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{L}_{1}$ at 4.15 eV are identified. The deformation potentials $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}({E}_{F}\ensuremath{-}{{L}_{3}}^{\mathrm{upper}})}{\ensuremath{\partial}e}=\ensuremath{-}(1.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1)$ eV and $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}({L}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{F})}{\ensuremath{\partial}e}=\ensuremath{-}(9.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5)$ eV with $e=\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}V}{V}$, and $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}{L}_{1}}{\ensuremath{\partial}{e}_{\mathrm{yz}}}=\ensuremath{-}(72\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}12)$ eV with ${e}_{\mathrm{xy}}={e}_{\mathrm{yz}}={e}_{\mathrm{zx}}$, ${e}_{\mathrm{xx}}={e}_{\mathrm{yy}}={e}_{\mathrm{zz}}=0$ for k\ensuremath{\parallel}[111] are evaluated from the measurements. They are used to derive the volume coefficients of the Fermi energy, $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}(\mathrm{ln}{E}_{F})}{\ensuremath{\partial}e}=\ensuremath{-}1.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3$, and of the position of the $d$ bands, $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}(\mathrm{ln}{E}_{d})}{\ensuremath{\partial}e}=\ensuremath{-}1.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5$, with respect to ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1}$. The measurements are consistent with the assumption that direct interband transitions dominate the absorption above 2 eV.
Statistical properties of equilibrium states for rational maps

Equilibrium states of rational maps for Holder continuous potentials are not -mixing, mainly due to the presence of critical points. Here we prove that for disks the normalized return times of arbitrary orders are, in the limit, Poisson distributed as the radius of the disks go to zero. The return times are normalized by the measure of the disks. We also show that rational maps are weakly Bernoulli with respect to the partition given by Denker and Urbanski.
Resonant tunneling in double superlattice barrier heterostructures

Abstract We have investigated resonant tunneling in double barrier heterostructures in which the tunnel barriers have been replaced by short period superlattices, and have shown for the first time quantum well confinement in a single quantum well bounded by superlattices. These results also demonstrate the first utilization of short period binary superlattices as effective tunnel barriers to replace the conventional Al x Ga 1−x As barriers. The superlattice structure does not exhibit the asymmetry around zero bias in the electrical characteristics normally observed in the conventional Al x Ga 1−x As barrier structures, suggestive of reduced roughness at the inverted interface by superlattice smoothing. The superlattice barrier also exhibits an anomalously low barrier height. The performance of this symmetric superlattice structure is compared with an intentionally constructed asymmetric double barrier superlattice structure, which exhibits pronounced asymmetry in the electrical characteristics. The observed behavior supports the view that resonant enhancement occurs in the quantum well.
Effects of in vivo monoclonal anti-I-A antibody treatment in neonatal mice on intrathymic and peripheral class II antigen expression

Intrathymic, Ia-bearing antigen-presenting cells (APC) are believed to play an important role in the development of a mature, functional T-cell repertoire. We used chronic in vivo treatment of neonatal mice with anti-I-A monoclonal Ab (MAb) to examine the expression of I-A and I-E antigens on intrathymic and peripheral APC. Three weeks after continuous treatment with anti-I-A MAb, FACS analysis of unfractionated spleen cells revealed a 75-90% reduction in the number of I-A bearing cells. Splenic antigen-presenting capacity measured by the ability of unseparated or density gradient-enriched APC to stimulate I-A- or I-E-reactive T-cell hybridomas was also greatly reduced. In contrast to the expression of I-A and I-E molecules in the splenic APC, anti-I-A MAb treatment resulted in decreased thymic APC I-A expression without significant changes in I-E as measured by FACS analysis. This was confirmed in functional studies in which allo-I-A- or auto-I-A-reactive T-cell hybridomas could not be stimulated by treated thymic APC. Unlike splenic APC, anti-I-A-treated thymic APC did not differ significantly from normals in their ability to stimulate allo-I-E-reactive T hybridomas. This lack of linkage or comodulation of I-A and I-E expression on thymic but not splenic APC may allow us to study the role of I-A molecules and I-E molecules on the development and expansion of functional, mature T-cell repertoires.
Method of developing an interlock system for Linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery

An interlock system was developed to enhance safety in stereotactic radiosurgery procedures on a linear accelerator. This system assists in 1) avoiding any collision between the gantry and a floor-mounted radiosurgery stand, 2) leaving the field size to that which was used for a regular treatment prior to a radiosurgery procedure, and 3) preventing accidental motion of the couch vertically, laterally, or longitudinally after the radiosurgery head frame is attached to a floor-mounted stand. Linacs (Varian Clinac 6/100 and Clinac 2100C, Varian, Palo Alto, CA) have gantry, couch angle, and collimator encoding potentiometers which supply input signals to the digital readout systems on the console, gantry, and record management system (RMS). Our approach was to tap into the analog signals derived from those potentiometers. Our interface circuit compares these signals to desired adjustable motion limit values and generates stop signals to the gantry rotation motor or the couch rotation motor control circuits when the limits are reached. In our departments, a 5 × 5 cm field size is used for the secondary collimator (jaws). When it is larger or smaller than this, our system creates a “customer interlock” which ties into the accelerator interlock logic and prevents initiation of radiation until corrected. The interface circuit consists of several LM339N quad comparators, ILQ-74 quad optosiolators, N4400 transitors, and logic elements. To bypass this gantry, couch angle, and collimator limits during regular operation, a switch was installed in parallel with interlock motion control relays, so that operation of these relays will not affect gantry rotation and the normal limits will apply. The front panel of the interface control box also includes switches for independent disabling of all couch motions. We found the system to be very useful in minimizing possible human errors and is easy to activate. The system allows easy limit adjustments to any gantry angle within the normal preset range, and it can be connected to the linear accelerator with minimal modification to the existing hardware. Both centers have treated over 100 patients with this system in use. The use of this device is limited to those performing radiosurgery with linear accelerators. Radiat. Oncol. Invest. 4:287–291, 1996. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electrophoretic study of histones in the unicellular alga Olisthodiscus luteus

Abstract Basic proteins were prepared from isolated nuclei of the unicellular alga Olisthodiscus luteus . The ratio of DNA/RNA/basic protein for these nuclei was 1 : 0.17 : 1.1, respectively, and the amino acid composition of the basic protein was very similar to that of Euglena and calf histones. The Olisthodiscus basic proteins were separated into four major components by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in four gel systems: (1) low pH disc gels containing 2.5 M urea; (2) two-dimensional low pH-urea gels in which the second dimension contained 1% Triton X-100; (3) slab gels containing 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); (4) two-dimensional gels combining systems (1) and (3). The presence of four rather than five major histone fractions was shown to be not merely the result of proteolytic degradation. Results from the urea-containing gels suggest that an H1-like histone is missing, while electrophoresis in the SDS-containing gels shows the presence of a component resembling H1. In view of recent reports documenting the presence of five major histones in lower eukaryotes as well as in higher organisms, the presence of only four histones in Olisthodiscus suggests that this primitive eukaryote is unusual in its histone complement.
Multicenter report on dialysis and transplantation in Korea, 1986. Korean Society of Nephrology

Since 1981, the Korean Society of Nephrology began annual report on renal replacement therapy in Korea. The annual number of new patients receiving dialysis treatment in 1986 increased to 957 patients (23.3 per million population) from 825 patients (20.4 per million population) in 1985. And the total number of patients on replacement therapy increased from 1,508 patients (37.3 per million population) to 2,534 patients (61.7 per million population). 1,340 patients (32.6 per million population) of these patients were on hemodialysis, 573 patients (13.9 per million population) on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and 621 patients (15.1 per million population) on functioning renal graft as of December 31, 1986. The common causes of renal failure of new patients were chronic glomerulonephritis (41.6%) followed by diabetic nephropathy (12.6%), nypertensive nephrosclerosis (7.8%), chronic pyelonephritis (2.5%) and others. The annual mortality rate decreased from 21.9% in 1981 to 13.5 in 1986. The common causes of death in patients on dialysis therapy were cardiac (32.8%), vascular (14.7%), infective (14.7%) and social problems (11.2%) in the order of frequency. Recently, the number of patients requiring dialysis is rapidly increasing due to expanded medical insurance support for dialysis and improved economic status of our country. Therefore, it is necessary to draw up counterplan for a rapid growth of the number of new patients.
Glia-Neuron Intercellular Calcium Signaling

There is increasing evidence for bidirectional communication between glial cells and neurons. In this study, calcium signaling in primary glia/neuron cultures was investigated using video fluorescence
Discovery of 3.6-s X-ray pulsations from 4U0115+63

SAS 3 observations reveal a pulsation period of 3.61 sec for the transient X-ray source 4U0115+63. Positional measurement is accurate to approximately 30 arc s, and has led to the likely identification of an optical counterpart. The intensity of the pulses, as reported on 5.9 January 1978, is given as approximately 1.7 times that of the Crab Nebula (1-27 keV). Spectral information was also obtained from the ratios of counting rates in the first three energy channels of the center slat collimator detector (1-27 keV). Two classes of models are proposed to explain the transient nature of the X-ray sources: (1) episodic mass transfer in a binary system, and (2) eccentric binary orbits.
Regional and laminar specificity of kainate-stimulated cobalt uptake in the rat hippocampal formation.

Kainate and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors were initially found to be impermeable to calcium, but cloning and expression studies subsequently revealed that certain kainate and AMPA receptor subunit combinations display substantial divalent cation permeability. The regional and cellular distribution of calcium-permeable kainate/AMPA receptors has not been extensively investigated, however. In this study, we used a histochemical technique, the kainate-stimulated cobalt uptake assay, to localize calcium-permeable kainate responsive receptors in the rat hippocampal formation. In the presence of cobalt, kainate produced a highly localized, dark granular precipitate in dendrites, perikarya, or both, of hippocampal neurons. Kainate-stimulated cobalt uptake was time- and concentration-dependent (1 μM–1 mM) and was blocked by the glutamate receptor antagonist, kynurenate. The specific cellular location of cobalt labeling varied regionally within the hippocampal formation, switching from selective labeling of only apical dendrites in Ammon's horn subregion 1a (CA1a) to a diffuse band of punctate labeling in CA1c to labeling of cell bodies along with their proximal dendrites in CA3. Furthermore, increasing the kainate concentration not only enhanced the intensity of cobalt labeling, but also changed the pattern of cellular staining from exclusively dendritic labeling to extensive staining of both cell bodies and dendrites in CA1a pyramidal neurons. High kainate concentrations or prolonged incubation times produced a diffuse cellular labeling suggestive of neurotoxicity. These data are consistent with evidence that specific kainate and AMPA receptor subunit combinations are targeted to specific synapses in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 402:141–154, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Quality controls and security features for U.S. currency and postage stamps

The US Bureau of Engraving and Printing produces over 9 billion Federal Reserve notes per year. Each note must maintain unfirm consistency for both security features and print quality. The quality control process necessary to assure the uniform nature of US currency requires a significant multi-tiered approach. Based on innovative optoelectronic techniques, individual security features are examined as a critical element during each phase of the production process. Print quality standards must also be strictly maintained and monitored to assure the uniformity of the most popular printed item in the world. This presentation describes the approach and some of the techniques developed and implemented in-house to carry out the necessary monitoring and control.
Aminopyrine demethylase. Kinetic evidence for multiple microsomal activities.

Abstract The Lineweaver-Burk plots of rat liver microsomal aminopyrine demethylase activity are nonlinear. The curve is characteristic of a reaction catalyzed by two enzymes. Pretreating animals with phenobarbital stimulates the demethylase activity and produces a linear reciprocal plot with an apparent K m for aminopyrine of 7 × 10 −4 M. Pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene causes no stimulation, but increases the apparent K m for aminopyrine by an order of magnitude or more. 3-Methyl-cholanthrene in vitro has no effect on the aminopyrine demethylase activity and the changes in kinetic behavior following 3-methylcholanthrene treatment are inhibited by administration of ethionine. The inhibitor SKF-525A, at a concentration of 4 × 10 −5 M, differentiated between the demethylase activities present in the two types of induced animals, inhibited the activity found in microsomes of phenobarbital-induced rats but had little effect on the activity in microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats. These results and the results of other investigators which suggest the existence of multiple drug-metabolizing activities are discussed.
Coherent states and partition function

The concept of coherent states for arbitrary Lie group is suggested as a tool for explicitly obtaining an integral representation of the partition function, whenever the Hamiltonian has a dynamical group. Two examples are thoroughly discussed: the case of the nilpotent group of Weyl related to a generic many-body problem with two-body interactions, and the case of\(\mathop \Pi \limits_{k^ \otimes }\)SU(1, 1)(κ) relevant for a superfluid system.
Case of the season: osteosarcoma of the breast.

Acase of high-grade extraskeletal osteosarcoma of the breast is reported. Features of the tumor on mammography and ultrasound are described and illustrated. Pathologic analysis is presented to include the histologic and cytologic features of the tumor. Literature review concerning tumor features, diagnostic evaluation, and clinical management is outlined. Case Report A 54-year-old white woman with a medical history significant for bipolar affective disorder and hypertension presented with a palpable mass in her left breast. Given the patient’s psychiatric history, pertinent details concerning her medical history are few. Screening mammography demonstrated a 3.5-cm lobular mass in the medial left breast. Clinical examination demonstrated a golf ball-sized mass located at the 9-o’clock position in the left breast. Diagnostic mammography 1 month later demonstrated a 3.43.73.8-cm lobular mass with partially circumscribed and partially indistinct margins, which had increased in size when compared with the patient’s previous study (Figs. 1 and 2). Extensive calcifications within the mass suggested bony metaplasia or osteoidformation(Fig.3).High-resolutionsonographydemonstrated a densely shadowing mass, compatible with the extensive calcification seen on mammography. Increased through transmission was also present (Fig. 4). Doppler evaluation demonstrated marked surrounding vascularity. A 14-gauge ultrasound guided core biopsy of the lesion was performed, which resulted in a pathologic diagnosis of a high-grade neoplasm with a focal epitheloid appearance intermixed with a prominent osseous component. A pankeratin/CAM5 stain showed no definite epithelial component. ER, PR, and Her-2/neu stains were all negative. The differential diagnosis included osteosarcoma versus a metaplastic breast carcinoma with osseous differentiation. Complete excision was recommended. A simple mastectomy and sentinel lymph node dissection were performed, with no lymph node metastasis found. Macroscopic pathologic examination of the specimen from the left breast revealed a 3.1 3 2.5-cm ill-defined, firm white-tan-pink, focally hemorrhagic, diffusely calcified, granular mass with 10% to 15% necrotic extent. Specifically, the tumor demonstrated 52 mitotic figures per 10 high-powered fields. Venous and lymphatic invasion were absent. Additionalpathologicfindingsincludedasmallfocusofatypical lobular hyperplasia with microcalcifications.
A mixed finite element for laminated composite plates based on the use of bubble functions

A new laminated composite plate finite element is proposed that is numerically stable and accurate in displacements and stresses, including transverse shear stress. The formulation is based on the Hellinger—Reissner principle with Mindlin kinematics. All stress components are given independent approximations and do not satisfy equilibrium conditions a priori. A novel feature of the formulation is the additive decomposition of the displacement field into two parts corresponding to nodal interpolations and independent local basis functions. The additional basis functions and their associated parameters play an important role in characterizing the accuracy of the element. These functions eliminate shear locking in the lower order elements and provide additional variational constraints on the stresses, leading to very accurate results. A 4‐node and a 9‐node version are developed and it is shown that both elements pass the patch test suggested by Zienkiewicz et al. and are stable in the sense of the Babuska—Brezzi condition. The special structure of the element flexibility matrix provides computational efficiency approaching that of displacement based formulations.
Time-scale for critical growth of partial and supercavitation development over impulsively translating projectiles

Abstract A physical mechanism is proposed to explain an experimentally observed critical time scale that governs the partial cavity development over blunt free flying cylindrical projectiles. The projectiles were ejected using a modified gas-gun mechanism consisting of a barrel and explosive charge. Upon ignition, high-pressure gases forced a projectile down the launch barrel and into quiescent water. Results indicate that initial small cavities created at the projectile forebody are convected downstream where they subsequently grow towards the forebody, partially enveloping the projectile in a vapor cavity. The time at which the initially stable bubbles rapidly expand signifies that the partial cavity development process has begun. When this time is quantified and is non-dimensionalized appropriately, a time-scale for the critical growth (CGTS) for the cavitation is revealed. A plausible explanation of the partial cavity development process observed in these experiments is that the process is due to the interaction between small cavitation bubbles shed from the projectile forebody and the vortex ring generated by the impulsively started projectile. This interaction mediates the destabilization and spontaneous growth of small unstable bubbles resulting in the formation of partial cavitation over the projectile. An additional supercavitation formation mechanism was observed and is attributed to the launch mechanism. This process is not due to pure hydrodynamic cavitation, but rather an effect we term “gas-leakage” whereby the driving gases contaminated the aft flow field near the projectile and thus facilitated supercavitation to occur on a reduced time scale. This mechanism is equivalent to off-body ventilated supercavitation.
A critical comparison between mechanistically based probability and statistically based modeling for materials aging

Probability analyses are increasingly used for reliability and durability assessments in the life-cycle design and management of engineered systems. This paper provides a critical comparison between the mechanistically based probability and statistically based approaches. The crucial differences between the two approaches are highlighted and demonstrated through modeling of the creep crack growth response of a high-strength steel. The impact of these differences on structural reliability and durability analyses for life-cycle design and management is discussed.
Quantification of codon selection for comparative bacterial genomics.

Statistics measuring codon selection seek to compare genes by their sensitivity to selection for translational efficiency, but existing statistics lack a model for testing the significance of differences between genes. Here, we introduce a new statistic for measuring codon selection, the Adaptive Codon Enrichment (ACE). This statistic represents codon usage bias in terms of a probabilistic distribution, quantifying the extent that preferred codons are over-represented in the gene of interest relative to the mean and variance that would result from stochastic sampling of codons. Expected codon frequencies are derived from the observed codon usage frequencies of a broad set of genes, such that they are likely to reflect nonselective, genome wide influences on codon usage (e.g. mutational biases). The relative adaptiveness of synonymous codons is deduced from the frequency of codon usage in a pre-selected set of genes relative to the expected frequency. The ACE can predict both transcript abundance during rapid growth and the rate of synonymous substitutions, with accuracy comparable to or greater than existing metrics. We further examine how the composition of reference gene sets affects the accuracy of the statistic, and suggest methods for selecting appropriate reference sets for any genome, including bacteriophages. Finally, we demonstrate that the ACE may naturally be extended to quantify the genome-wide influence of codon selection in a manner that is sensitive to a large fraction of codons in the genome. This reveals substantial variation among genomes, correlated with the tRNA gene number, even among groups of bacteria where previously proposed whole-genome measures show little variation. The statistical framework of the ACE allows rigorous comparison of the level of codon selection acting on genes, both within a genome and between genomes.
Attention and implicit memory tests: The effects of varying attentional load on conceptual priming

The role of attention during encoding is important to many current accounts of the implicit/explicit memory distinction. Some accounts suggest that implicit memory tests reflect automatic (non-attentiondemanding) encoding processes, whereas other accounts (such as the transfer-appropriate-processing view) suggest that performance on conceptual implicit tests requires attention during encoding. The present study manipulates attention at encoding over several levels (by varying short-term memory load) and examines the effects on the category-exemplar production task (a conceptual implicit memory test) and its explicit counterpart, category-cued recall. Dividing attention decreased performance on both tests, but in different ways. Mild divisions of attention reduced recall but not conceptual priming. Strong divisions of attention reduced performance on both tests and, in addition, eliminated conceptual priming entirely. These findings resolve apparently conflicting results in the literature and help to clarify the relationship between attention and performance on implicit memory tests.
Characteristics of vocal fold adduction related to voice onset.

Summary This study examined whether vocal fold kinematics prior to phonation differed between hard (glottal), normal, or breathy onsets in men and women. Glottal landmarks were identified and digitized from videotape recorded with a rigid laryngoscope during different voice onset types. Significant linear relationships (p ⩽ 0.0055) were found among onset types on measures of (a) gesture duration when moving from 80% to 20% of maximum distance during adduction, (b) maximum velocity, (c) duration between the completion of adduction and phonation onset, and (d) ratios of maximum velocity to maximum distance between the vocal processes, an estimate of stiffness. The gesture duration was greatest for breathy onsets and least for hard onsets, while the maximum velocity, latency between adduction and phonation onset, and estimated stiffness were greatest for hard onsets and least for breathy onsets. The results suggest that one trajectory seems to be used with increases in gesture duration being accompanied by decreases in articulator stiffness when moving from hard to normal to breathy voice onset types.
Microscale Laser Surgery Demonstrates the Grasping Function of the Male Sex Combs in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila bipectinata

Male secondary sexual traits of animals are richly diversified in form and complexity, yet there are many species in which their precise function remains unknown. Within the genus Drosophila, species belonging to the melanogaster and obscura species groups have evolved a remarkable variety of sex combs, male-limited secondary sexual traits located on the tarsi of both front legs. Information concerning sex comb function is minimal or absent, except for D. melanogaster, where previous studies indicate that the sex combs are used for grasping the female prior to copulation. These studies, however, do not unambiguously demonstrate comb function, because it has not been possible to ascribe observed behavioral outcomes of the various comb manipulations to changes in the combs per se. We used microscale laser surgery to manipulate comb size in D. melanogaster and D. bipectinata, and tested the hypothesis that the sex combs function as grasping devices in courtship, making them essential for copulation to ensue. Results of high-resolution behavioral analysis in small observation arenas demonstrated that in both species in which sex combs were surgically eliminated, males were unable to grasp, mount or copulate. The combless foretarsi of these altered males slipped off the end (D. melanogaster) and sides (D. bipectinata) of the female abdomen when courting males attempted to grasp. In most cases, males whose sex combs were reduced but not completely removed exhibited similar copulation probabilities as surgical control males, a result we demonstrated in observation chambers as well as under more ecologically realistic conditions inside population cages where males and females interacted on the surface of fruit substrates. Thus, the sex combs in D. melanogaster and D. bipectinata are grasping devices, essential for mounting and copulation.
Physisorption of CO2 on non-ice materials relevant to icy satellites

Abstract CO2 is known to adsorb onto clay and other minerals when a significant atmospheric pressure is present. We have found that CO2 can also adsorb onto some clays when the CO2 partial pressure is effectively zero under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) if cooled to the surface temperatures of the icy satellites of Jupiter and Saturn. The strength of adsorption and the spectral characteristics of the adsorbed CO2 infrared (IR) ν 3 absorption band near 4.25 μm depend on the composition and temperature of the adsorbent. CO2 remains adsorbed onto the clay mineral montmorillonite for > 10 s of min when exposed to a vacuum of ∼ 1 × 10 −8 Torr at ∼ 125 K . CO2 does not adsorb onto serpentine, goethite, or palagonite under these conditions. A small amount may adsorb onto kaolinite. When heated above 150 K under vacuum, the CO2 desorbs from the montmorillonite within a few minutes. The ν 3 absorption band of CO2 adsorbed onto montmorillonite at 125 K is similar to that of the CO2 detected on the saturnian and Galilean satellites and is markedly different from CO2 adsorbed onto montmorillonite at room temperature. We infer the adsorption process is physisorption and postulate that this mechanism may explain the presence and spectral characteristics of the CO2 detected in the surfaces of these outer satellites.
The disaster continues: A qualitative study on the experiences of displaced Hurricane Katrina survivors.

Disaster survivors have not only experienced a tragedy, but they may also have been simultaneouslydisplaced to places usually unfamiliar to them. What does being displaced mean in terms of survivorsexperiences? This qualitative study explored, through in-depth interviews, the experiences of ninedisplaced Hurricane Katrina (HK) survivors. Using critical theory as a framework, our intent was todescribe the experiences before, during, and after HK of displaced survivors who sought disaster reliefaid from a social services agency in a city in southeastern United States. A consensual qualitativeresearch (CQR) analysis (Hill et al., 2005) yielded four domains: (a) Life before HK, (b) preparing forthe storm, (c) losses after HK, and (d) consequences of being displaced. For these nine participants, lifebefore HK was fraught with family conditions of poverty, substance abuse, and criminal arrest. Inpreparing for the storm, participants made the decision to stay or evacuate, depending on their contextsand available resources. Losses after HK included lives, shelter, employment, belongings, safety, andcommunity. Consequences of being displaced included financial hardship, the fight for resources, loss oftrust and faith in government, inadequate health care, strained relationships with family or friends, andseparation from community. Displacement after the storm resulted in more vulnerability and the loss ofa cultural community, which had been the participants main source of support. These results underscorehow practitioners and policymakers need to consider how culturally different the survivors home wasfrom where they were relocated.Keywords: disaster preparedness and planning, Hurricane Katrina, displacement, disaster stress andcoping, qualitative study
New Method to Quantitatively Determine the Spontaneity of the Emulsification Process

A method to quantitatively determine the spontaneity (S) of the spontaneous emulsification process using a laser diffraction particle size analysis technique is presented. The method was experimentally tested by studying the rate of increase of the specific interfacial area (cm2 mL-1 s-1) and the equilibrium specific interfacial area for different systems formed by the surfactant Brij30 dissolved in linear alkyl oils (C8−C16) when brought in contact with ultrapure water. The experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method, and they also suggest that the oil chain length of the linear alkyl oils has an important effect on the driving force of the spontaneous emulsification process in these systems. Finally, a molecular spontaneous emulsification mechanism is proposed for the systems studied.