cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RADIOTHERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF OSSEOUS METASTASES: A SURVEY OF CURRENT PATTERNS OF CARE

Purpose: Radiotherapy plays a major role in the management of painful osseous metastases. This survey was conducted to study the current approaches to this clinical problem in the radiotherapy community. Methods and Materials: A questionnaire was sent to 2500 members of the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. It consisted of 30 multiple-choice questions regarding four hypothetical clinical scenarios likely to be encountered in daily practice. Questions related to the technique of choice [local field (LF) vs. hemibody radiotherapy (HBI)], the use of systemic radionuclides (SR), fractionation schemes, dose, the integration of modalities, and the follow-up of these patients. The analysis is based on 817 (33%) responses received regarding 3268 cases. Results: Local field is the most common form of therapy. Overall, LF was used, alone or in combination with other forms of therapy, in 54% and 74% of patients, respectively. LF was used more frequently in patients with breast cancer than in patients with prostate cancer (79% vs. 45%; p = 0.0001). Long fractionation schemes were used by 90% of physicians in 96% of cases. Short fractionation schemes were used by 7% of physicians in 4% of cases. This tendency was more pronounced in private practice than in the university or government/multidisciplinary settings (p = 0.008) and in physicians starting their practice before 1982 (p = 0.05). The most common schedule was 30 Gy in 10 fractions, used by 77% of physicians in 64% of cases. HBI was used, alone or in combination with other forms of therapy, in 1% and 2% of patients, respectively. It was used more frequently in patients with prostate cancer than in patients with breast cancer (1.2% vs. 0.1%, respectively; p < 0.0001). SR were used alone or in combination with local-field irradiation in 21% and 40% of cases, respectively. SR were used more frequently in patients with prostate cancer than in those with breast cancer (28% vs. 0.2%, respectively; p < 0.00001). The most common radionuclide in use is Sr-89 (99%) at a dose of 4 mCi (73%) or 10.8 mCi (26%). Conclusions: Although LF remains the mainstay of therapy, our results demonstrate the emergence of a new pattern of practice: LF to the painful site in combination with SR for clinically occult metastases. Despite an ongoing academic debate regarding fractionation schemes, the vast majority of American practitioners advocate long schedules.
Data center characteristic temperature signatures and SHI correlation to nondimensional parameters

Design of high power data center with cost effective reliable cooling solutions is essential for reliability. Over designed cooling systems and rack layouts allowing mixing of air streams increase the energy consumption and cost of data centers. Air current mixing is a factor to control when looking to improve the thermal cooling performance in large data centers. In this work, real time temperature data is collected from sensors located at the input and output of racks. Data collected reveal consistent temperature signatures. Temperature signature trends provide an insight of the mixing of hot and cool air streams in the data center. Uniform temperature trends indicate balanced regions within data center that are not perturbed by variations in air currents. Linear temperatures with monotonic variation are indicative of gradual mixing of hot and cold air in the input region of racks. Presence of pockets of hot or cold air is manifested as "u" shape trends. They are symptomatic of larger flow reversals occurring in the input region in front of racks, with great potential of reducing the coefficient of performance of data centers. The slope temperature in any temperature trend is another indication of the air mixing degree. The supply heat index (SHI) related to the degree of mixing is correlated to parameters of the data center. A nondimensional parameter G is defined in function of Eckert and Reynolds number. G shows a strong linear correlation with SHI for row of racks and a more scattered relation for single racks. G may be used as a first approximation to predict the cooling performance of a data center.
Cross sections for 170.5 ° backscattering of 4He from carbon for 4He energies between 1.6 and 5.0 MeV

Cross sections for 170.5° backscattering of 4He ions by natural oxygen atoms in target films for 4He laboratory energies in the range 1.8–5.0 MeV have been measured. A thick (~ 35 keV) Al2O3 target film (~ 850 A), deposited on a carbon substrate and overcoated with ~ 200 A of Ta, was used for cross-section measurement in nonresonant regions. A thin (~ 6 keV) Ta/Nb/Al target film, containing 60% oxygen, was used in strong resonance regions. In both cases, the non-Rutherford 4He-O cross section was determined by comparison with the nearly Rutherford 4He-Ta cross section at the same energy. The cross sections were measured at maximum intervals of 50 keV, with smaller intervals used in the neighborhood of resonances. Results are given in graphical and tabular form; cross sections are given as ratios to the Rutherford cross section, with typical uncertainties of ± 2%; resonance energy uncertainties are typically ± 5 keV. Discrepancies between these and previous measurements are discussed.
Perceived cognitive function in breast cancer survivors: evaluating relationships with objective cognitive performance and other symptoms using the functional assessment of cancer therapy-cognitive function instrument.

Context Perceived cognitive impairment (PCI) has been shown to be one of the most common symptoms after breast cancer treatment. However, this symptom does not always correlate with objective cognitive performance and is often highly associated with other patient-reported symptoms. Objectives Using a sample of breast cancer survivors (BCS), this study examined relationships among the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive (FACT-Cog) scale, a self-report questionnaire that measures PCI; impact on quality of life (QoL); comments from others (other); perceived cognitive ability (PCA); objective cognitive performance on tests of verbal memory, speed of processing, and executive functioning; and other symptoms (fatigue, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance). Methods The BCS who were aged 40 years or older and at least one year post-chemotherapy treatment were enrolled. Participants completed questionnaires and a brief neuropsychological assessment. Results A total of 88 BCS who were on average 56.7 (SD 8.5) years old and 5.3 (SD 4.1) years post-treatment participated; 94% reported clinically significant PCI. The PCI was significantly correlated with some objective measures of immediate and delayed verbal memory and executive function, whereas PCA was associated with all these measures. The PCI and PCA were both significantly associated with depressive symptoms, fatigue, and anxiety, but only PCI was related to poor global sleep quality. Conclusion The PCA was highly correlated with objective neuropsychological performance and may be clinically useful in identifying problems with verbal memory and executive functioning in BCS.
Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: Hematologic Emergency in the Critical Care Setting

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare and potential life-threatening clinical syndrome that results from uncontrolled activation of the immune system. Secondary HLH, more commonly observed in adult patients, is seen in the context of underlying triggering conditions. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been recognized as the leading infectious cause and is associated with a poor outcome. As clinical and laboratory features of HLH could overlap with septic shock syndrome in most patients, the diagnosis of HLH, especially in adults, is the most challenging aspect of the disease that results in delayed recognition and treatment of rapidly progressive multiorgan system failure. We report a case of Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a patient who presented with signs of septic shock syndrome and we review the literature on the topic.
The influence of non-condensable gases on the net work produced by the geothermal steam power plants

Abstract The majority of geothermal reservoirs contain a fraction of non-condensable gases (mainly CO 2 ) which are released and form a mixture with the steam entering the turbine of the power-producing installation. This paper examines the effect of non-condensable gases on the turbine work, the turbine efficiency and the extraction work. The theory developed determines the net work obtained by a geothermal power plant and shows where atmospheric turbines should be preferred to condensing turbines.
Effects of Cage Shape, Age at Housing, and Types of Rearing and Layer Waterers on the Productivity of Layers

Abstract The effects of cage shape, age at housing, and types of rearing and laying waterers on the productivity and ingestive behavior of two groups of caged White Leghorn layers were studied. In Experiment 1, chicks reared in pens equipped with either dome or trigger-cup waterers were housed at 17, 18, and 19 wk of age in a four-per-deep cage or a shallow cage equipped with either nipple (NW) or trigger-cup waterers (TCW). The type of rearing waterer had no significant effect on mortality, weight gain, or feed consumption from 1 day of age to housing. Pullets housed at 17 wk of age matured 3 and 5 days earlier, laid at 1.0 and 1.9% higher rates, and gained 6.1 and 5.3% more weight than those housed at 18 and 19 wk of age, respectively. Deep-caged hens consumed more feed (127.9 versus 120.2 g per hen per day) and had poorer feed conversion (2.09 versus 1.95 kg per doz) than shallow-caged hens. Although the TCW hens consumed significantly more feed in grams per hen per day (159 versus 117) and drank significantly less water (109.9 versus 123.8) 3 days posthousing than the NW birds, no significant differences in the frequency and duration of these activities existed. In Experiment 2, the chicks were reared as in Experiment 1 and housed at 18 wk of age in deep or shallow cages with NW or TCW. Neither the cage shape nor the type of rearing waterers had a significant effect on age at sexual maturity, hen-day egg production, or mortality.
A novel reaction of hemoglobin in invertebrate tissues II. Observations on molluscan muscle

Abstract 1. 1. Spectra of slices of red muscle from the marine gastropod molluscs Aplysia californica and Busycon caniculatum were examined in a recording spectrophotometer. The spectrum seen is that of hemoglobin with negligible contribution from other pigments. 2. 2. Muscle slices when sealed in a small chamber exhaust the O 2 dissolved in their substance. Under these conditions, the hemoglobin of Busycon muscle and of muscle from one natural population of Aplysia is converted to a form exhibiting an absorption spectrum characterized by maxima at 422, 548, and 570 mμ. The reaction is reversible, since the oxyhemoglobin spectrum reappears when the tissue is returned to O 2 . 3. 3. Muscle from Aplysia of a different natural population, under anaerobic conditions, displays the spectrum of deoxyhemoglobin. After exposure to NaCN or NaN 3 slices of this same muscle under anaerobic conditions display the spectrum characterized by absorption maxima at 422, 548, and 570 mμ. The reaction is reversed by admitting O 2 . 4. 4. The suggestion is advanced that the derivative of hemoglobin characterized by an absorption maximum at 422 mμ is involved, possibly as an electron carrier, in cyanide-insensitive O 2 consumption.
C-glycosylation of substituted heterocycles under Friedel-Crafts conditions (I): a two-step synthesis of the thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidine c-nucleoside analog of inosine

Abstract Direct stannic chloride catalyzed C-glycosylation of N-formyl-4-amino-3-carboalkoxy thiophenes with 1- O -acetyl-tri- O -benzoyl-β- D -ribofuranose, followed by annelation of a fused pyrimidone ring upon treatment with ammonia, constitutes a short approach to the synthesis of a new C-nucleoside inosine analog.
Retaining fractal gait patterns learned in virtual environments

Fractal patterns in gait are a hallmark of a healthy and adaptive locomotor system. These fractal patterns degrade with natural aging or pathology, potentially reflecting a decline in gait functionality. This experiment replicated our previous work that indicated fractal patterns in gait could be manipulated by synchronizing to fractal visual stimuli presented in virtual reality and examined factors that may influence retention. Visual stimuli that were presented at discrete time intervals led to retained fractal patterns in gait, whereas continuously presented visual stimuli did not lead to retention.
Comparative analysis of dust emission of digging and loading equipment in surface coal mining

This paper presents a comparative analysis of dust emission of digging and loading equipment in surface coal mining. Field measurements and laboratory studies were completed, and dust emission for front-end wheel loader and cable shovel was determined by three methods: (1) the EPA AP-42 emission factor estimation equations (AP-42 dust emission estimation), (2) the methodology used in the development of AP-42 equations (Type 2 dust emission estimation) and (3) the methodology used in the EPA AERMOD model (Type 3 dust emission estimation). Collection of data on dust emission was conducted at an operating surface coal mine in the eastern United States. Results of this study revealed that dust emission obtained by the AP-42 dust emission estimation method exceeded the field-based emission determined by both Type 2 and Type 3 dust emission estimation methods. It was also observed that the dust emission determined by the Type 2 method exceeded the emission obtained by the Type 3 method. This research may assist...
R-wave amplitude changes during exercise in adolescents with left ventricular pressure and volume overload

Abstract To determine the diagnostic value of exerciseinduced R-wave changes in adolescents with congenital heart disease, the responses of 50 adolescents without significant heart disease were compared with those of 72 patients with either a left ventricular (LV) pressure or volume overload lesion. Among the pressure overload group, 24 patients had valvular aortic stenosis (AS) and 27 had coarctation of the aorta. The volume overload group included 12 patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) and 9 with aortic regurgitation (AR). Severity of the cardiac lesion was assessed using cardiac catheterization in patients with AS, physical examination in patients with coarctation of the aorta and clinical or angiographiec criteria, or both, in patients with valvular regurgitation. The R wave was measured in 10 consecutive QRS complexes in leads II, aVF and V 5 at rest, maximal exercise and 1-minute recovery. At maximal exercise, control subjects had a mean decrease in amplitude (ΔR) of −3.6 mm (p
Extracellular unit analysis of the hippocampal penicillin focus

Abstract Extracellular recordings were made of unit activity in penicillin foci in the cat hippocampus, and the location of selected cells was ascertained by methyl blue marks. Most units demonstrated firing patterns consistent with previously reported intracellular data, consisting of a short burst of spikes followed by a period of prolonged inhibition during the inter-ictal discharge. Two additional firing patterns, suggestive of inter-neuron activity, were noted. The first of these showed prolonged trains of high frequency spikes during inter-ictal discharges occuring at low frequencies (approximately every 10 sec). As the inter-ictal discharges were evoked more frequently the spike trains became disrupted and eventually dropped out before a seizure developed. The second firing pattern consisted of short bursts of spikes coincident with the surface paroxysm, which became very long trains as the discharges were evoked slightly more frequently. Cells showing all three firing patterns were located in all layers of the hippocampus. Some cells showing all three patterns could be activated antidromically, indicating that they were pyramidal cells. When studied for several seizure periods, cells were seen to convert from one firing pattern to another. Inter-ictal firing pattern was not correlated with firing pattern during seizure. It is concluded that anatomic cell types in the hippocampus cannot be identified by their firing pattern during epileptic events. Furthermore, it appears that even during the very stereotyped inter-ictal discharges which occur in hippocampal penicillin foci, individual cells may significantly vary their firing pattern during the paroxysms.
In Situ Synthesis and Characterization of Shape Memory Alloy Nitinol by Laser Direct Deposition

Nitinol is well known for its unique shape-memory and super-elastic properties along with its excellent biomechanical compatibility and corrosion resistance. In this study, a laser direct deposition technique was explored to synthesize high-quality, near-net-shape nitinol components directly from elemental nickel and titanium powders as opposed to using expensive prealloyed nitinol powder. The systematic characterization of samples was done using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Transformation temperatures were obtained using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). With an optimum ratio of nickel and titanium powder mixture, optimal laser parameters, and post-heat treatment, samples with homogeneous and nearly fully dense NiTi phase were synthesized with less unwanted secondary phases occupying less than 3.2 pct volume fraction. Furthermore, these results were compared with those obtained for samples deposited using prealloyed nitinol powder. This technique offers maximum flexibility and cost benefit in the manufacturability of near-net-shape nitinol components.
Adenylylation state of glutamine synthetase and permeability properties of Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Abstract The state of adenylylation, n, of glutamine synthetase (GS) in Pseudomonas fluorescens has been determined as a function of growth conditions. Compared to the behavior of Escherichia coli, atypical responses to either carbon or nitrogen starvation were observed when P. fluorescens was grown with either succinate, malate, or fumarate as the sole source of carbon and energy. Under conditions of carbon starvation (high NH4+ low dicarboxylic acid substrate), the value of n falls rapidly from 10 to 1.0 during prolonged incubation in the stationary phase, whereas the value of n is unexpectedly high (ca. 10) in extracts of nitrogen-starved cells. These abnormal responses are attributable to particular permeability properties of P. fluorescens cells compared to E. coli. The unusual changes in nitrogen-starved cells are related to the release of α-ketoglutarate by such cells during incubation or washing procedures. These changes can be prevented by the addition of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to the cultures 5 min prior to harvesting the cells, or by freezing the cell pellets just after centrifugation and sonication within 3 min of suspension in buffer, or by suspending freshly harvested cells in buffer containing α-ketoglutarate and orthophosphate (i.e., effectors that favor deadenylylation of glutamine synthetase). The abnormal changes which occur during carbon starvation in the presence of excess NH4+ can be prevented by addition of ATP and glutamine to the buffer in which the freshly harvested cells are suspended prior to sonication. The results suggest that during the stationary phase of growth on succinate, fumarate, or malate (but not on glucose), the cellular membrane becomes permeable to small molecules that regulate the adenylylation cascade, and indeed, it was observed that such whole cells expressed, without any chemical or physical treatment, more than 50% of the glutamine synthetase activity they contained. Such cells may be useful in studies to examine the effects of multiple metabolites on the regulation of glutamine synthetase adenylylation in situ.
Finally, faces find favor

Historical trends in face perception research during the past half century are summarized. The dual process model offered by cognitive neuroscientists to account for the perception of identity and emotion expression in the face is briefly reviewed together with supporting evidence. An ecological approach that incorporates missing pieces of face perception is offered as an additional, broader conceptual framework. It is argued that a comprehensive theory of face perception must account for the extraction from a facial image of all the attributes that are perceived (social category, identity, emotion, psychological and physical traits) as well as the interdependence of attributes as shown in moderating influences of one attribute on the perception of others. It also must specify the stimulus information that conveys each attribute, perceiver attunements that influence detection of each attribute, the development of these attunements, the neural mechanisms engaged in processing various attributes, and the be...
The tumor suppressor p53 modifies mutational processes in a human lymphoblastoid cell line.

Abstract Abnormalities in the p53 gene play an important role in genomic instability and tumorigenesis. Our previous work showed that p53 status is correlated with differential mutability in two closely related human lymphoblastoid cell lines, TK6 and WTK1. WTK1 cells, which contain a mutation in p53 (p53Ile 237 ) show a remarkably increased mutability, larger genetic alterations at the thymidine kinase locus ( tk ), an increased ability to catalyze recombination, and a delay in the onset of apoptosis after X-irradiation, compared to TK6 (p53+/+). In the present study, we demonstrate that after transfection and subsequent overexpression of the known dominant negative mutant p53 Ala 143 allele (mp53Ala 143 ) in TK6, there were significantly enhanced spontaneous and X-ray-induced mutant frequencies at the tk locus, and delayed onset of X-ray-induced apoptosis, to a similar extent as in WTK1. In addition, high protein expression of mp53Ala 143 in transfectants was correlated with both increased mutation frequency and altered apoptosis kinetics. Similar results were obtained with p53 Ile 237 transfection into TK6. Our observations indicate that the product of the p53 gene affects mutational processes. We hypothesize that p53 dysfunction can lead to increased mutagenicity at the endogenous tk gene in human lymphoblastoid cell lines either through delayed apoptosis in response to DNA damage or by mediating increased recombination.
Role of phospholipase D in the activation of protein kinase D by lysophosphatidic acid

Abstract Protein kinase D was auto-phosphorylated at Ser916 and trans-phosphorylated at Ser744/Ser748 in Rat-2 fibroblasts treated with lysophosphatidic acid. Both phosphorylations were inhibited by 1-butanol, which blocks phosphatidic acid formation by phospholipase D. The phosphorylations were also reduced in Rat-2 clones with decreased phospholipase D activity. Platelet-derived growth factor-induced protein kinase D phosphorylation showed a similar requirement for phospholipase D, but that induced by 4β-phorbol 12 myristate 13-acetate did not. Propranolol an inhibitor of diacylglycerol formation from phosphatidic acid blocked the phosphorylation of protein kinase D, whereas dioctanoylglycerol induced it. The temporal pattern of auto-phosphorylation of protein kinase D closely resembled that of phospholipase D activation and preceded the trans-phosphorylation by protein kinase C. These results suggest that protein kinase D is activated by lysophosphatidic acid through sequential phosphorylation and that diacylglycerol produced by PLD via phosphatidic acid is required for the autophosphorylation that occurs prior to protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation.
Serum diastase in the newborn infant

Summary 1. The blood during the neonatal period has very little diastatic activity. 2. The highest values obtained during the neonatal period were in the first three days of life. This may possibly represent a persistence of enzyme supplied by the mother.
Dispute systems design, power, and prevention

Discussion at the Washington dispute systems design conference highlighted a basic agreement among designers who brought to the table experience in contexts as varied as families, corporations, schools, prisons, citizen groups, and governments. For all the differences expressed about definitions of practice, responsibility toward power balances, and the significance of dispute prevention, conferees never wavered from a common theme that joined them together—a sharing in dispute systems design work.
Bronchiolocentric chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Three patients presented with symptoms of severe dyspnea, radiologic evidence of bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, and one had diffuse wheezing on auscultation. Open-lung biopsies revealed a neoplastic lym-phocytic infiltrate in an exquisitely bronchiolocentric distribution with relative sparing of the rest of the lung parenchyma. Two patients had a history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), whereas pulmonary disease was the initial manifestation of the lymphoproliferative disorder in the third. Clinical and pathologic features of the three cases are discussed.
Fabrication and characterization of tough elastomeric fibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications

Development of biodegradable tough elastomeric scaffolds are important for engineering tissues such as myocardium and heart valves that experience dynamic environments in vivo. Biomaterial scaffolds should ideally provide appropriate physical, chemical and mechanical cues to the seeded cells to closely mimic the native ECM. Collagen fibers form an important component of native myocardium as well as heart valve leaflets and provide necessary tensile properties to these tissues. Amongst various polymers, collagen mimicking biodegradable elastomer, Poly-(glycerol-sebacate) (PGS) has shown great promise in microfabricated scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. However, its use is limited by its solubility and the ability to cast nano-/microfibrous structures. For its superior mechanical properties, thermal or UV crosslinking of the pre-polymer is required under high temperatures and vacuum limiting fabrication of fibers. In this work, we fabricated electrospun PGS fibers were fabricated by simply blending it with biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer without any post-processing. It was hypothesized that microfibrous PGS-PCL scaffolds would provide appropriate physical (fibrous structure) and chemical (balanced hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity) to the cells in addition to the mechanical properties.
Platinum and palladium complexes of the type [M(EPh)2(dppe)] (EO, S, Se)

The syntheses of platinum and palladium dppe (dppe=1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) complexes containing anionic Group 16 ligands are reported. [Pt(OPh)2(dppe)] is prepared by reaction of the chloro complex with NaOPh, but the palladium analogue is too unstable to be isolated. Complexes of the form [M(SPh)2(dppe)] (MPd, Pt) are obtained from [MCl2(dppe)] and PhSH in the presence of tributylamine, whereas [M(SePh)2(dppe)] species are formed by oxidative addition of Ph2Se2 to [M(C2H4)(dppe)], generated in situ. Bond cleavage in [Pt(OPh)2(dppe)] occurs much more readily than in its sulfur and selenium analogues.
Studies on Leaf Surface Lipid of Tobacco IV. Comparisons of Epicuticular Alkane Composition in Nicotiana Species

Alkane composition was determined on the leaves of 52 Nicotiana species and 2 horticultural species. All Nicotiana spcies except N. glauca contained substantial amounts of branched (iso- and anteiso-) alkanes. Nicotiana species were divided roughly into six groups by their resemblance on alkane composition.This classification system was correlated to the botanical classification.The evolution of Nicotiana species was discussed on the basis of alkane composition.
Sexual Agreement Classifications for Gay and Bisexual Men and Implications for Harm Reduction HIV Prevention

HIV prevention educators frequently encourage gay and bisexual men (GBM) to negotiate condom use prior to sexual engagement. Identifying groups of GBM based on their presexual agreements can aid efforts to tailor interventions. Using cross-sectional data from 1,188 GBM who reported having sex with a nonprimary sex partner in the 90 days prior to the survey, the authors identified presexual agreement patterns. For both HIV-positive and HIV-negative GBM, two groups existed: men agreeing to no anal sex and men agreeing to anal sex with condoms. Among HIV-negative participants, there was a group agreeing to anal sex without specifying condom use. Among HIV-positive participants, there was a group agreeing to anal sex without condoms; this was the largest group of HIV-positive participants. Despite a presexual agreement to use condoms, substance use during sex increased the risk of unprotected anal sex. Suggestions for applying harm reduction to HIV prevention based on agreement classifications are discussed.
Eye movements as a window into real-time spoken language comprehension in natural contexts

When listeners follow spoken instructions to manipulate real objects, their eye movements to the objects are closely time locked to the referring words. We review five experiments showing that this time-locked characteristic of eye movements provides a detailed profile of the processes that underlie real-time spoken language comprehension. Together, the first four experiments showed that listeners immediately integrated lexical, sublexical, and prosodic information in the spoken input with information from the visual context to reduce the set of referents to the intended one. The fifth experiment demonstrated that a visual referential context affected the initial structuring of the linguistic input, eliminating even strong syntactic preferences that result in clear garden paths when the referential context is introduced linguistically. We argue that context affected the earliest moments of language processing because it was highly accessible and relevant to the behavioral goals of the listener.
Laparoscopic revision of failed antireflux operations.

Abstract Background. A small number of patients fail fundoplication and require reoperation. Laparoscopic techniques have been applied to reoperative fundoplications. We reviewed our experience with reoperative laparoscopic fundoplication. Methods. Reoperative laparoscopic fundoplication was undertaken in 28 patients, 19 F and 9 M, of mean age 56 years ± 12. Previous antireflux procedures included 19 open and 12 laparoscopic antireflux operations. Results. Symptoms were heartburn (90%), dysphagia (35%), and atypical symptoms (30%%). The mean interval from antireflux procedure to revision was 13 months ± 4.2. The mean DeMeester score was 78 ± 32 (normal 14.7). Eighteen patients (64%) had hiatal breakdown, 17 (60%) had wrap failure, 2 (7%) had slipped Nissen, 3 (11%) had paraesophageal hernias, and 1 (3%) had an excessively tight wrap. Twenty-five revisions were completed laparoscopically, while 3 patients required conversion to the open technique. Complications occurred in 9 of 17 (53%) patients failing previous open fundoplications and in 4 of 12 patients (33%) failing previous laparoscopic fundoplications and included 15 gastrotomies and 1 esophagotomy, all repaired laparoscopically, 3 postoperative gastric leaks, and 4 pneumothoraces requiring tube thoracostomy. No deaths occurred. Median length of stay was 5 days (range 2–90 days). At a mean follow-up of 20 months ± 17, 2 patients (7%) have failed revision of their fundoplications, with the rest of the patients being essentially asymptomatic (93%). Conclusions. The results achieved with reoperative laparoscopic fundoplication are similar to those of primary laparoscopic fundoplications. Laparoscopic reoperations, particularly of primary open fundoplication, can be technically challenging and fraught with complications.
Characterization of the metabolic forms of 6‐thioguanine responsible for cytotoxicity and induction of differentiation of HL‐60 acute promyelocytic leukemia cells

HL-60 human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells that lack hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity have been developed by mutagenization and selection. These cells exhibited markedly decreased sensitivity to the cytotoxic action of 6-thioguanine (TG) and, in contrast to parental HL-60 cells, had the capacity to undergo terminal granulocytic differentiation after treatment with this purine antimetabolite. Analysis of extracellular and intracellular metabolites of TG revealed negligible metabolism of TG in these HGPRT- HL-60 cells. These findings are consistent with the concept that inhibition of cellular replication requires generation of analog nucleotide and suggest that TG itself is capable of initiation of differentiation. 6-Thioguanosine (TGuo) had limited activity, while beta-2'-deoxythioguanosine (dTGuo) was inactive, as an inducer of maturation of HGPRT- HL-60 cells. These cells converted relatively large amounts of the nucleosides to the free base TG; the simultaneous exposure of cells to 8-aminoguanosine (AGuo), an inhibitor of purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity, decreased the degradation of TGuo and dTGuo to TG and promoted the intracellular accumulation of TG nucleotides, presumably through the action of nucleoside kinase activities. In a double mutant deficient in both HGPRT and deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) activities, dTGuo was devoid of cytotoxicity and was an effective inducer of maturation. The potency of dTGuo as an inducer in this system was not significantly affected by the presence of AGuo. These results suggested that dTGuo itself was also an active initiator of maturation. Thus, induction of differentiation appeared to be due to the free base, TG, as well as its deoxynucleoside form, dTGuo, whereas the formation of TG nucleotides appeared to antagonize maturation and produce cytotoxicity.
Corrigendum to “Apparent molar volumes and heat capacities of aqueous lithium chloride, rubidium chloride, and cesium chloride at temperatures from (278.15 to 393.15) K at the pressure 0.35 MPa” [Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 2003 (36) 331–339]

m0 61.479 ± 0.004 m1 0.50721 ± 0.00005 10 AE m2 0.81064 ± 0.00003 m3 4.438 ± 0.004 m4 1.660 ± 0.004 10 AE m5 2.168 ± 0.001 D 0.55 It has come to our attention that the apparent molar volumes, V/, of aqueous LiCl that we recently reported are incorrect at the lowest molality m = 0.02489 mol AE kg 1 [1]. An error occurred from the use of incorrect values of sw, the period of vibration of water in the vibrating tube densimeter, in the following equation:
Exposure to neighborhood immigrant concentration from adolescence to young adulthood and immune function among Latino young adults.

The immune system plays a critical role in the prevention of infectious and chronic disease. We investigate associations between exposure to neighborhood immigrant concentration across the transition from adolescence to adulthood and immune function among Latino young adults, including moderation by nativity. Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1994–2008) were analyzed. Immune function was measured via Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibody levels (higher levels indicate impaired immune function) among EBV-positive Latino adults (N=1130). Results indicated the averaged individual exposure to immigrant concentration (mean % of foreign-born residents in the census tract across waves 1–4) was associated with immune function for foreign-born Latinos only (b=−0.37, P<0.05). For waves of exposure, only the cumulative measure of living in an immigrant enclave (census tracts with ≥40% foreign-born residents) across all waves was associated with immune function and only for foreign-born Latinos (b=−0.22, P<0.05). Research on the mechanisms through which neighborhood immigrant concentration confers salubrious physiological outcomes for foreign-born Latinos is needed.
Viscoelastic toughening of aluminosilicate refractory ceramics

Abstract This paper presents the results of a combined experimental and theoretical study of the effects of Na2O addition on the microstructure, viscoelastic toughening and thermal shock resistance of aluminosilicate refractory ceramics. The Na2O was added to change the viscosity–temperature characteristics of the glassy phase and to promote viscoelastic toughening. It was observed that doping of an aluminosilicate with 4–6 wt.% Na2O significantly alters the microstructure, from mullite within a glassy matrix to aluminum oxide laths within a glassy matrix. The glassy matrix is shown to form viscoelastic ligaments. These bridge cracks form and grow during cold shock from elevated temperatures (1100–1400 °C). The viscoelastic bridges have the net effect of shielding the crack tips from transient thermal stresses due to thermal shock. They therefore improve the cold shock resistance of the ceramic. The insights developed from the experiments were used to guide the development of a fracture mechanics model for the prediction of viscoelastic toughening due to crack bridging.
Fluorometric characterization of dityrosine: complex formation with boric acid and borate ion.

Abstract Borate/boric acid solutions have distinctive effects on the absorption and fluorescence emission spectra of dityrosine. In the presence of excess borate/boric acid, the fluorescence emission maximum of the singly ionized dityrosine chromophore shifts from 407 nm (quantum yield = 0.80) to 374 nm (quantum yield = 0.14). Fluorescence measurements performed as a function of pH and concentration are consistent with a 1:1 complex which may dissociate to either boric acid and singly ionized dityrosine (K1 = 17 mM) or to monoborate ion and unionized dityrosine (K2 = 0.10 mM). As a consequence of the pKa values characteristic of dityrosine and boric acid, complex formation is maximal near pH 8. 2,2′-Dihydroxy-biphenyl shows similar interactions. The fluorescence of dityrosyl calmodulin (0 Ca2+) also responds to the addition of boric acid, giving K1 = 42 mM and K2 = 2 mM. Singly ionized dityrosine produced through dissociation occurring in the excited state does not interact with boric acid.
Accumulation of a Threonine Biosynthetic Intermediate Attenuates General Amino Acid Control by Accelerating Degradation of Gcn4 via Pho85 and Cdk8

Gcn4 is a master transcriptional regulator of amino acid and vitamin biosynthetic enzymes subject to the general amino acid control (GAAC), whose expression is upregulated in response to amino acid starvation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that accumulation of the threonine pathway intermediate β-aspartate semialdehyde (ASA), substrate of homoserine dehydrogenase (Hom6), attenuates the GAAC transcriptional response by accelerating degradation of Gcn4, already an exceedingly unstable protein, in cells starved for isoleucine and valine. The reduction in Gcn4 abundance on ASA accumulation requires Cdk8/Srb10 and Pho85, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) known to mediate rapid turnover of Gcn4 by the proteasome via phosphorylation of the Gcn4 activation domain under nonstarvation conditions. Interestingly, rescue of Gcn4 abundance in hom6 cells by elimination of SRB10 is not accompanied by recovery of transcriptional activation, while equivalent rescue of UAS-bound Gcn4 in hom6 pho85 cells restores greater than wild-type activation of Gcn4 target genes. These and other findings suggest that the two CDKs target different populations of Gcn4 on ASA accumulation, with Srb10 clearing mostly inactive Gcn4 molecules at the promoter that are enriched for sumoylation of the activation domain, and Pho85 clearing molecules unbound to the UAS that include both fully functional and inactive Gcn4 species.
Student attitudes toward flipping the general chemistry classroom

The idea of “flipping the classroom” to make class time more engaging and student-centred has gained ground in recent years. The lecture portion of General Chemistry I and General Chemistry II courses were pushed outside the classroom using pre-recording technology and streaming delivery of content, in order to make in-class time more interactive. This paper reports the results of surveys of student attitudes toward aspects of flipping the classroom, such as having lecture delivered outside the classroom, leaving more in-class time for questions and problem solving. Based on the survey results, the flipped classroom model will continue to be used for the foreseeable future.
Ovarian adenylate cyclase activation by human chorionic gonadotrophin.

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is capable of stimulating adenylate cyclase activity in homogenates of luteinized rat ovarian tissue. hCG from which the sialic acid residues have been removed by treatment with neuraminidase (asialo-hCG) has approximately 12% of the activity of the intact hormone. Neither the a nor the β subunits of hCG caused any stimulation of the enzyme. An adenylate cyclase system is also present in fractions sedimenting with operationally-defined nuclei, mitochondria, and micro-somes. The enzyme in these fractions is not stimulated by hCG.
Making Cellular Memories

The induction of a protracted response to a brief stimulus is a form of cellular memory. Here we describe the role of transcriptional regulation in both natural and synthetic memory networks and discuss the potential applications of engineered memory networks in medicine and industrial biotechnology.
Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks following UV Damage in Three Sulfolobus solfataricus Strains

DNA damage repair mechanisms have been most thoroughly explored in the eubacterial and eukaryotic branches of life. The methods by which members of the archaeal branch repair DNA are significantly less well understood but have been gaining increasing attention. In particular, the approaches employed by hyperthermophilic archaea have been a general source of interest, since these organisms thrive under conditions that likely lead to constant chromosomal damage. In this work we have characterized the responses of three Sulfolobus solfataricus strains to UV-C irradiation, which often results in double-strand break formation. We examined S. solfataricus strain P2 obtained from two different sources and S. solfataricus strain 98/2, a popular strain for site-directed mutation by homologous recombination. Cellular recovery, as determined by survival curves and the ability to return to growth after irradiation, was found to be strain specific and differed depending on the dose applied. Chromosomal damage was directly visualized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and demonstrated repair rate variations among the strains following UV-C irradiation-induced double-strand breaks. Several genes involved in double-strand break repair were found to be significantly upregulated after UV-C irradiation. Transcript abundance levels and temporal expression patterns for double-strand break repair genes were also distinct for each strain, indicating that these Sulfolobus solfataricus strains have differential responses to UV-C-induced DNA double-strand break damage.
Venous stars in mediastinal disease

Alterations in the skin may be the first or the most striking manifestation of an internal disease. This fact is exemplified at times by erythema nodosum in sarcoidosis, facial flush in metastatic carcinoid, and xanthomata with hyperpigmentation in biliary cirrhosis. Any list of cutaneous "signatures" also should include venous stars. These structures, occasionally referred to as venules, varicules, or venous telangiectases, are small, dilated, superficial cutaneous veins. Although venous stars may have great clinical significance, they have received little attention in medical writings. The purpose of this report is to describe 2 patients in whom the appearance of venous stars over the chest constituted the first objective evidence of obstruction of the veins of the superior mediastinum. Report of Cases Case 1.— This 60-year-old man was admitted to the Salt Lake County General Hospital on April 2, 1961, because of hemoptysis of 2 weeks' duration. Four months before admission the
Divalent cation permeability and blockade of Ca2+-permeant non-selective cation channels in rat adrenal zona glomerulosa cells.

The effects of the divalent cations Ca2+, Mg2+ and Ni2+ on unitary Na+ currents through receptor-regulated non-selective cation channels were studied in inside-out and cell-attached patches from rat adrenal zona glomerulosa cells. External Ca2+ caused a concentration-dependent and voltage-independent inhibition of inward Na+ current, exhibiting an IC50 of 1.4 mm. The channel was also Ca2+ permeant and external Ca2+ shifted the reversal potential as expected for a channel exhibiting a constant Ca2+:Na+ permeability ratio near to 4. External and internal 2 mm Mg2+ caused voltage-dependent inhibition of inward and outward Na+ current, respectively. Modelling Mg2+ as an impermeant fast open channel blocker indicated that external Mg2+ blocked the pore at a single site exhibiting a zero voltage Kd of 5.1 mm for Mg2+ and located 19% of the distance through the transmembrane electric field from the external surface. Internal Mg2+ blocked the pore at a second site exhibiting a Kd of 1.7 mm for Mg2+ and located 36% of the distance through the transmembrane electric field from the cytosolic surface. External Ni2+ caused a voltage- and concentration-dependent slow blockade of inward Na+ current. Modelling Ni2+ as an impermeant slow open channel blocker indicated that Ni2+ blocked the pore at a single site exhibiting a Kd of 1.09 mm for Ni2+ and located 13.7% of the distance through the transmembrane electric field from the external surface. External 2 mm Mg2+ increased the Kd for external Ni2+ binding to 1.27 mm, consistent with competition for a single binding site. Changing ionic strength did not substantially affect Ni2+ blockade indicating the absence of surface potential under physiological ionic conditions. It is concluded that at least two divalent cation binding sites, separated by a high free energy barrier (the selectivity filter), are located in the pore and contribute to Ca2+ selectivity and permeability of the channel.
A SERIES EXPANSION APPROACH TO INTERPRETING THE SPECTRA OF THE TIMOSHENKO BEAM

Abstract The Timoshenko beam model results in two fourth order partial differential equations in time and space. Consequently, solving the boundary value problem yields two independent sequences of natural frequencies and two corresponding sequences of mode shapes. A particular natural frequency and its corresponding mode shape describe one particular solution to the boundary value problem of the Timoshenko beam. From an eigenfunction expansion sense, all these possible solutions have to be considered in the complete series expansion of the solution. However, the question of whether these two independent sequences of natural frequencies, implies the existence of two distinct spectra of frequencies, has been a long standing topic of debate, and hitherto has not been resolved completely. The object of this paper is to provide answers to some of the issues raised by this debate. In this context, the complete solution in a series form to the Timoshenko beam is investigated, and it is shown for the first time that a particular mode shape of the solution is naturally expressed by an ordered pair of characteristic values, rather than a single characteristic value. This representation facilitates the progressive ordering of all the natural frequencies of the system and their respective mode shapes in a single set, and eliminates the remaining argument for the two spectra interpretation.