cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavior Problems and Mental Health Contacts in Adopted, Foster, and Nonadopted Children

The implications of adoption for the emotional and behavioral adjustment of children have been an issue in child welfare for many years. Past research has suggested that adopted children are over-represented in mental health settings. In addition, some studies have suggested that adopted and nonadopted children differ on measures of social, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive functioning. The current study used data from a large, representative sample in the United States to examine whether adopted children are more likely to have had mental health contacts or emotional or behavioral problems than nonadopted children. Age of placement in the adoptive home was examined as a variable contributing to the adjustment of adopted children. Results suggest that adopted and foster children are more likely to have mental health contacts than nonadopted children. Results are mixed regarding whether adopted and foster children have more behavior problems than nonadopted children. However, significant differences between adopted, foster, and nonadopted children disappeared when a small group of influential cases were removed. This suggests that the differences seen between the groups reflect a small number of cases and are not representative of the groups of adoptees and foster children as a whole. The vast majority of adopted children showed patterns of behavior problems similar to those of nonadopted children. These results are discussed in relation to the past literature and areas for future research.
Subjective predictions of outcome among alcoholics

This study examines the importance of Subjective Staff Ratings as predictors of the 3- and 12- month outcomes in 375 male primary alcoholic inpatients. For short-term outcome, while combinations of more usual predictors including two aspects of the pretreatment drinking history, evidence of a stable personal relationship, prior alcoholic hospitalizations, employment status, and posttreatment recovery home placement explained up to 5% of the variance on three measures of short-term outcome, Subjective Ratings alone explained up to 6%. The combination of Subjective Ratings and objective historical data explained up to 9% of the variance. The data indicate that it is difficult to accurately predict short term outcome among primary alcoholics, that the Subjective Ratings of prognosis by the treatment staff are important predictors of short-term outcome which do not overlap greatly with more traditional predictors, but that these ratings appear to add little to the longer term outcome prediction.
Hybrid synthetic/real aperture antenna for high resolution microwave imaging

Observations of key hydrological parameters at the spatial and temporal scales required in the post-2002 era face significant technological challenges. These measurements are based on relatively low frequency thermal microwave emission (at 1.4 GHz for soil moisture and salinity, 10 GHz and up for precipitation, and 19 and 37 GHz for snow). The long wavelengths at these frequencies coupled with the high spatial and radiometric resolutions required by the various global hydrology missions necessitate the use of very large apertures. Two-dimensional Synthetic Thinned Array Radiometry (2-D STAR), though promising in the long term, has many technical challenges in the areas of power, and sensitivity for very large apertures (i.e. greater than 300 wavelengths). This paper will discuss an alternative approach to the pure 2-D STAR, which uses an offset parabolic cylinder reflector fed by multiple elements to form a 1-D STAR. In essence a single STAR element is composed of a feedhorn and parabolic cylinder reflector. The elements are sparsely arrayed and thus can share a single reflector. This antenna would have no moving parts once deployed, have much higher sensitivity than a Y-shaped 2-D STAR of equivalent size, many fewer receivers than that 2-D STAR, and the reflector could be made of a thin film and lightweight deployment system for high packing density. The instrument using this approach would be a cross track push broom imager. An overview of the design parameters, potential deployment mechanisms and applications will be presented.
Interpretation of pre-sunrise electron densities and negative ions in the D-region

Abstract Pre-sunrise rocket measurements of the electron density in the D -region were carried out at Wallops Island, Virginai, on 15 July 1964, 14 June 1965, and 14 June 1966, when the solar zenith angle was near 95°; these rocket measurements were complemented by ground-based, steep-incidence VLF amplitude measurements of the NSS skywave. On 15 July 1964 and 14 June 1965, the rocket measurements revealed the presence of electrons in the D -region when the solar zenith angle was near 95°; and the VLF recordings showed absorption commencing at χ = 94°, approximately. However, during the pre-sunrise period on 14 June 1966, the VLF absorption commenced when the solar zenith angle was near 98°; and a rocket experiment near χ = 94° revealed an electron density profile almost identical to the one obtained on 14 June 1965, the exception being a ledge of ionization between 85 and 90 km. Based on the rocket electron density and VLF measurements, and assumptions of the height distribution of ozone, it is suggested that the VLF amplitude decreases near χ = 94° and χ = 98° are caused by the photodetachment of electrons from high-electron-affinity negative ions by solar u.v. radiation. Also, it is believed that an occasional VLF amplitude decrease commencing near χ = 99° is caused by the photodetachment of electrons from a low-electron-affinity negative ion by solar visible radiation.
The excitability of plant cells: With a special emphasis on characean internodal cells

This review describes the basic principles of electrophysiology using the generation of an action potential in characean internodal cells as a pedagogical tool. Electrophysiology has proven to be a powerful tool in understanding animal physiology and development, yet it has been virtually neglected in the study of plant physiology and development. This review is, in essence, a written account of my personal journey over the past five years to understand the basic principles of electrophysiology so that I can apply them to the study of plant physiology and development. My formal background is in classical botany and cell biology. I have learned electrophysiology by reading many books on physics written for the lay person and by talking informally with many patient biophysicists. I have written this review for the botanist who is unfamiliar with the basics of membrane biology but would like to know that she or he can become familiar with the latest information without much effort. I also wrote it for the neurophysiologist who is proficient in membrane biology but knows little about plant biology (but may want to teach one lecture on "plant action potentials"). And lastly, I wrote this for people interested in the history of science and how the studies of electrical and chemical communication in physiology and development progressed in the botanical and zoological disciplines.
Infectious complications of TNF-α inhibitor monotherapy versus combination therapy with immunomodulators in inflammatory bowel disease: analysis of the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System.

Background & aim Incremental increase in the risk of serious infections with combinations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors and immunomodulators compared to monotherapy with these agents in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unclear. Our aim was to analyze whether there is such an incremental increase in the odds of serious infections. Methods The FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (2003 - June 2011) was queried for 'Primary Suspect' reports of various infections with TNF-α inhibitors, systemic corticosteroids and immunomodulators with usage indication of IBD. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for baseline odds of infections as well as serious infections (requiring hospitalization and/or death) with monotherapy and combination therapy (compared to 5-Aminosalicylates) as well as incremental increase in odds for dual or triple combination therapy (compared to monotherapy or dual combination therapy respectively) using Fisher's exact test with SPSS 20 (IBM Co. Armonk, NY, USA). Results TNF-α inhibitor (OR 1.95; CI, 1.06-3.59) and immunomodulator (OR 9.99; CI, 1.28-78.16) monotherapy as well as in combination augmented baseline odds of serious infection for IBD patients. No incremental increase in the odds with combination therapy was seen when an immunomodulator was added to a TNF-α inhibitor (OR 0.37; CI, 0.05-2.80) and when both were used with a systemic corticosteroid (OR 0.91; CI, 0.50-1.66). Variations in these were seen for the individual infection subtypes. Conclusions TNF-α inhibitor and immunomodulator monotherapy increase the baseline odds of acquiring a serious infection. Combination therapy with these drugs does not further increase the odds of serious infections compared to monotherapy.
Effects of Nonuniform Beam Filling on Rainfall Retrieval for the TRMM Precipitation Radar

The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) will carry the first spaceborne radar for rainfall observation. Because the TRMM Precipitation Radar (PR) footprint size of 4.3 km is greater than the scale of some convective rainfall events, there is concern that nonuniform filling of the PR antenna beam may bias the retrieved rain-rate profile. The authors investigate this effect theoretically and then observationally using data from the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Airborne Rain Mapping Radar (ARMAR), acquired during Tropical Oceans Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment in early 1993. The authors' observational approach is to simulate TRMM PR data using the ARMAR data and compare the radar observables and retrieved rain rate from the simulated PR data with those corresponding to the high-resolution radar measurements. The authors find that the path-integrated attenuation and the resulting path-averaged rain rate are underestimated. The reflectivity and rain rate near the top of the rainfall column are overestimated. The near-surface reflectivity can be overestimated or underestimated, with a mean error very close to zero. The near-surface rain rate, however, is usually underestimated, sometimes severely.
Exploring the Source of Green Gold

The global value chain has provided opportunities for artisanal gold mining communities in Colombia to build a mining model based on ecological principles. In the region of El Choco, Colombia Corporacion Oro Verde was established in 1999. The program established a certificate scheme, which is now integrated into the newly developed Fairmined and Fairtrade standard. The label guarantees that the gold is extracted and processed in compliance with social and environmental standards, and without the use of chemicals. In return the miners are offered favorable market access and a 15% premium on top of a guaranteed price. Oro Verde serves as an example of local development from the bottom up, while also illustrating that this development is achieved only when a set of actors works together – from the local to the international level. The challenge ahead is to balance the need for revenue generation activities and increasing production, with environmental considerations.
The relationship between accounting students’ personality, professional skepticism and anticipatory socialization

ABSTRACTProfessional skepticism is an essential component of every successful audit. Research in psychology identified the trait professional skepticism as an enduring personality construct. The current study examines the relationship between the Big Five personality characteristics and accounting students’ trait professional skepticism and their level of anticipatory socialization. Using a sample of 293 accounting students close to graduation, results indicate a positive relationship between Big Five personality characteristics and the trait professional skepticism, and between personality and anticipatory socialization. There is also a positive relationship between professional skepticism and anticipatory socialization. These results are useful to accounting educators who attempt to socialize accounting students into the profession.
Regeneration and Regulation in the Developing Central Nervous System

Since the publication in 1958 of Liu and Chamber’s1 seminal study on the reorganization of connections in the adult cat spinal cord after the selective elimination of certain of its afferent inputs, there has been a veritable flood of papers dealing with various aspects of the phenomenon which has come to be known as “neuromorphological plasticity.” Since much of this work has been reviewed in a number of recent publications,2–5 we need not consider it at length here, except to point out that there is now a substantial body of evidence for essentially three different types of response to partial denervation in many regions of the brain and spinal cord. The first and perhaps most common response is axonal sprouting,which, at least in some systems, may lead to virtually a complete reinnervation of the deafferented region by collaterals from adjoining intact axons. Second, in other situations, and especially in the developing nervous system, partial deafferentation may lead either to the misrouting of axons into regions that they would not normally ennervate or, alternatively, to the persistence of fibers that normally degenerate or are withdrawn. And third, certain neuronal systems, such as the central aminergic pathways, appear to be capable of true regeneration following surgical interruption.
Solvent Tunable Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Rod–Coil Block Copolymers with Chiral, Helical Polycarbodiimide Segments: Polymeric Nanostructures with Variable Shapes and Sizes

The nanoscale self-assembly of four amphiphilic rod–coil di- and triblock copolymers with chiral, rodlike poly(N-1-phenethyl-N′-methylcarbodiimide) (PPMC) segments and random coil, hydrophilic PEG blocks has been investigated using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). This self-assembly proved to be highly tunable simply upon altering the concentration and chemical structure of the hydrophilic selective solvent and/or blending the copolymers with polycarbodiimide homopolymer. When spin-coated from dilute (c = 0.5 mg/mL) THF/H2O solutions, these interesting polymers adopted either simple spherical micelles or spherical polymersomes depending on the relative amount of H2O used for dissolution. Switching selective solvent from H2O to MeOH induced changes in aggregation behavior, as evidenced by DLS and AFM, with interesting nanoworm and nanomaggot micelle assemblies observed when spin-coated from dilute THF/MeOH solutions. Blending high-MW PPMC homopolymer with the b...
Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding

The approach to nonvariceal UGI bleeding has been reviewed. Therapeutic endoscopy has been shown to be superior to medical therapy in patients with an actively bleeding ulcer and those at high risk of rebleeding. Of endoscopic therapies available to the GI endoscopist, multipolar electrocoagulation, heater probe, and injection therapy are comparable in efficacy and safety.
Bicuspid aortic valve increases risk of permanent pacemaker implant following aortic root replacement

Objectives We aimed to assess the incidence and possible differences in postoperative conduction delay after aortic root replacement (ARR) in bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) patients compared with a tricuspid aortic valve (TAV). Methods A total of 380 patients undergoing ARR at our institution between 2005 and 2013 were included in the analysis. Patients were stratified by aortic valve anatomy: BAV, n = 191 vs TAV, n = 189. Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic data were retrospectively analysed at different time points (pre-, postoperatively and at follow-up). Primary outcome of interest was permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation within 30 days, the composite of new PPM or new left fascicular or bundle branch block (PPM or LBBB) was the secondary outcome of interest. Age range was 24-89.5 years and incidence of preoperative moderate to severe aortic stenosis was 9.7%. Results BAV patients had higher incidence of PPM implantation within 30 days (5.8 vs 1.6% in TAV, P = 0.053); moreover, the composite of PPM or LBBB was also more frequent in BAV (8.4 vs 2.1%, P = 0.010). BAV was independently associated with PPM insertion (OR 4.08, P = 0.047) and also an independent predictor of PPM or LBBB in multiple regression (OR 4.96, P = 0.006). Conclusions Significantly higher incidence of PPM implantation or LBBB may exist after ARR in bicuspid patients and BAV was confirmed to be an independent predictor for postoperative conduction disturbances by multivariable regression.
Examining the relationship between environmental factors and conflict in pastoralist areas of East Africa

The eastern Africa region has long been known for recurring drought, prolonged civil war and frequent pastoral conflicts. Several researchers have suggested that environmental factors can trigger conflicts among pastoralist communities, but quantitative support for this hypothesis is lacking. Here we use 29years of georeferenced precipitation and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data to evaluate long term trends in scarcity of water and forage for livestock, and then ask whether these environmental stressors have any predictive power with respect to the location and timing of 11years of conflict data based on Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) and Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP). Results indicate that environmental stressors were only partly predictive of conflict events. To better understand the drivers behind conflict, the contribution of other potential stressors to conflict need to be systematically quantified and be taken into consideration.
Conservation concerns in the deep.

In their Perspective “A dive to challenger deep” (20 April, p. [301][1]), R. A. Lutz and P. G. Falkowski highlight the exciting advancements in engineering that allowed director James Cameron to dive to Challenger Deep, the deepest point on Earth. As Lutz and Falkowski point out, ever-improving
Recognition for Pests Classifier in Stored-grain Based on Gabor Wavelet and SVM

Recognition for pests classifier in stored-grain based on gabor wavelet and SVM is presented.It consists of two main steps: feature extraction and classifying.The feature vector is composed of the mean and standard deviations of the subbands acquired by Gabor filter.Using the genetic algorithms it determines the SVM kernel to decrease the amount of work.The experimental results show that visible improvements both in diminishing error rate and robustness.
Fourier Translate-based Band-hinder Filter of Fingerprint Image Preprocessing

A new band-hinder filter based on Fourier translate was supplied,which could enhance the operation velocity and adapt to the demand for image enhanced.The new band-hinder filter can make the binarization of fingerprint image do not lose characteristic information.
Creating Order: The Role of Heuristics in Website Selection

ABSTRACTHeuristics, or mental shortcuts, can be efficient tools for decision making; however, they can also lead to biases. This study examines how undergraduate students might use heuristics when evaluating websites retrieved from a Google search. Student participants were asked to review a Google search for “genetically modified food” and select the websites they would likely use for an academic project. The Google search was presented in either the original or reversed order. After indicating initial preferences, students reviewed screen shots of six preselected websites from the Google search and rated each on various content attributes, after which they were asked whether they would use each for their research. The order in which participants saw the results affected their initial choices. Participants were more likely to choose the results near the top of the list. Once students evaluated websites on content attributes, the order effects diminished, but were still detectable. When asked to evaluate ...
The static dielectric constant of dipolar solids

A calculation of the static dielectric constant of a crystalline — dipolar material of simple structure is outlined. It is assumed that the dipoles are arranged in a simple cubic structure (NaCl type) and that ordering forces between them depend on the shape of the molecule and are exerted between nearest neighbors only (short range forces). Each dipole is assumed to have two possible positions 180° apart and, in equilibrium at the absolute zero of temperature, nearest neighbors point in opposite directions so that the part of the dielectric constant due to the permanent dipoles is zero. The material is then completely ordered. As the temperature is raised, thermal agitation causes more and more dipoles to turn through 180° and eventually a second order transition temperature T 0 at which long range order disappears, is reached. The variation of static dieleciric constant with temperature can be calculated using Frohlich's general formula and taking account of the short range ordering forces by Bethe's method.
Methods to Monitor Cell Surface Expression and Endocytic Trafficking of CFTR in Polarized Epithelial Cells

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-mediated chloride secretion is critical to maintaining airway surface hydration and efficient mucociliary clearance in the upper airways. Mutations in CFTR in cystic fibrosis lead to reduced expression of functional CFTR channels at the apical plasma membrane of the airway epithelium, leading to dehydration of the airway surface liquid and diminished mucociliary clearance. Cell surface CFTR is modulated by changes in CFTR endocytosis and recycling, effectively altering the cell surface abundance of the channel. This chapter examines current methods employed to measure the cell surface expression of CFTR, as well as methods to monitor CFTR movement through the endocytic pathway.
Mammalian SWI/SNF Enzymes and the Epigenetics of Tumor Cell Metabolic Reprogramming

Tumor cells reprogram their metabolism to survive and grow in a challenging microenvironment. Some of this reprogramming is performed by epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetics is in turn affected by metabolism; chromatin modifying enzymes are dependent on substrates that are also key metabolic intermediates. We have shown that the chromatin remodeling enzyme Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1), an epigenetic regulator, is necessary for rapid breast cancer cell proliferation. The mechanism for this requirement is the BRG1-dependent transcription of key lipogenic enzymes and regulators. Reduction in lipid synthesis lowers proliferation rates, which can be restored by palmitate supplementation. This work has established BRG1 as an attractive target for breast cancer therapy. Unlike genetic alterations, epigenetic mechanisms are reversible, promising gentler therapies without permanent off-target effects at distant sites.
Tunneling through time: Horizontal gene transfer constrains the timing of methanogen evolution

Archaeal methane production is a major component of the modern carbon cycle. It has been proposed that the metabolism of methanogenic Archaea also contributed to a "methane greenhouse" during the early Archaean Eon, a hypothesis requiring evidence for the evolution of methanogenesis at or before this time. Molecular clock models are frequently used to estimate divergence times of organismal lineages in phylogenies, as well as the order of character acquisition. However, estimating the timing of microbial evolutionary events, especially ones as ancient as the Archaean, is challenged by the lack of diagnostic fossils. Other methods are thus required to calibrate the ages of these clades. Horizontal gene transfers (HGTs) are ubiquitous evolutionary events throughout the Tree of Life, complicating phylogenomic inference by introducing topological conflicts between different gene families across taxa. As HGTs also convey relative timing information between lineages, they can be harnessed to provide geological age constraints for clades lacking a fossil record. We derive a valuable temporal constraint on the timing of the evolution of methanogenesis from a single HGT event from within archaeal methanogen lineages to the ancestor of Cyanobacteria, one of the few microbial clades with recognized crown group fossils. Results of molecular clock analyses using this HGT predict methanogens most likely diverging within Euryarchaeota no later than 3.51 Ga, and methanogenesis itself likely evolving substantially earlier. This timing provides independent support for scenarios wherein microbial methane production has a substantial role in maintaining temperatures on the early Earth.
Let's Talk About Breastfeeding: The Importance of Delivering a Message in a Home Visiting Program.

Purpose:To examine the potential impact of paraprofessional home visitors in promoting breastfeeding initiation and continuation among a high-risk population.Design:A secondary analysis of program data from a statewide home visitation program.Setting:Thirty-six Healthy Families New York sites across New York State.Subjects:A total of 3521 pregnant mothers at risk of poor child health and developmental outcomes.Intervention:Home visitors deliver a multifaceted intervention that includes educating high-risk mothers on benefits of breastfeeding, encouraging them to breastfeed and supporting their efforts during prenatal and postnatal periods.Measures:Home visitor-reported content and frequency of home visits, participant-reported breastfeeding initiation and duration, and covariates (Kempe Family Stress Index, race and ethnicity, region, nativity, marital status, age, and education).Analysis:Logistic regression.Results:Breastfeeding initiation increased by 1.5% for each 1-point increase in the percentage of ...
Growth of Epitaxial ZnSn x Ge 1-x N 2 Alloys by MBE

ZnSnxGe1−xN2 alloys are chemically miscible semiconductor compounds with potential application as earth-abundant alternatives to InxGa1−xN. Preparation of ZnSnxGe1−xN2 thin-films by reactive RF sputter deposition yield low-mobility, nanocrystalline films. In contrast, the growth of ZnSnxGe1−xN2 films by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) on c-plane sapphire and GaN templates is described herein. Epitaxial films exhibited 3D growth on sapphire and 2D single-crystal quality on GaN, exhibiting substantial improvements in epitaxy and crystallinity relative to nanocrystalline sputtered films. Films on sapphire were n-type with electronic mobilities as high as 18 cm2 V−1 s−1, an order of magnitude greater than the 2 cm2 V−1 s−1 average mobility observed in this work for sputtered films. Mobility differences potentially arise from strain or surface effects originating from growth techniques, or from differences in film thicknesses. In general, MBE growth has provided desired improvements in electronic mobility, epitaxy, and crystal quality that provide encouragement for the continued study of ZnSnxGe1−xN2 alloys.
Baseline factors associated with better response to insulin lispro low mixture or insulin glargine: A post hoc analysis of the DURABLE study.

Abstract Aims To identify baseline characteristics associated with better efficacy and safety responses to twice-daily insulin lispro low mixture (LM) or once-daily insulin glargine (IG) in insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods This post hoc analysis of the DURABLE study used the gradient-boosting method to generate hypothetical outcomes with the alternative treatment to assigned study drug to evaluate the potential additional benefit of one insulin over the other in association with influential baseline covariates in the same patient. The magnitude of additional benefit was further quantified by the generalized linear model and recursive partitioning regression tree method. Results Baseline characteristics with the highest relative influence on 24-week outcomes in the overall population (LM, n = 1045; IG, n = 1046) were: for HbA1c change: fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (29.31%), age (28.57%); for reaching target HbA1c 0.4%) in some subpopulations. IG was superior over LM in most patients for less weight gain and hypoglycemia and lower FPG. Conclusions Differences in magnitude of response to twice-daily LM and once-daily IG in association with baseline characteristics of insulin-naive patients with T2D were found. Future real-world studies using these statistical methods could help identify patients who respond better to certain insulin regimens to help guide clinicians in treatment decisions.
Exploring Alcohol Use Motivations in Underage College Students: Contributions of a Person-Centered Analytic Approach

The goal of this article is to illustrate how a person-centered analytic approach can inform our understanding of alcohol use motivations in underage college students and to build off of a related ...
Scales of collective entrainment and intermittent transport in collision-driven bed load

Abstract. Fluvial bed-load transport is notoriously unpredictable, especially near the threshold of motion where stochastic fluctuations in sediment flux are large. A general statistical mechanics framework has been developed to formally average these fluctuations, and its application requires an intimate understanding of the probabilistic motion of individual particles. Laboratory and field observations suggest that particles are entrained collectively, but this behavior is not well resolved. Collective entrainment introduces new length and time scales of correlation into probabilistic formulations of bed-load flux. We perform a series of experiments to directly quantify spatially-clustered movement of particles (i.e., collective motion), using a steep-slope 2D flume in which centimeter-scale marbles are fed at varying rates into a shallow and turbulent water flow. We observe that entrainment results exclusively from particle collisions and is generally collective, while particles deposit independently of each other. The size distribution of collective motion events is roughly exponential and constant across sediment feed rates. The primary effect of changing feed rate is simply to change the entrainment frequency, although the relation between these two diverges from the expected linear form in the slowly-driven limit. The total displacement of all particles entrained in a collision event is proportional to the kinetic energy deposited into the bed by the impactor. The first-order picture that emerges is similar to generic avalanching dynamics in sandpiles: avalanches (collective entrainment events) of a characteristic size relax with a characteristic timescale regardless of feed rate, but the frequency of avalanches increases in proportion to the feed rate. The transition from intermittent to continuous bed-load transport then results from the progressive merger of entrainment avalanches with increasing transport rate. As most bed-load transport occurs in the intermittent regime, the length scale of collective entrainment should be considered a fundamental addition to any probabilistic bed-load framework.
Irinotecan-associated dysarthria: A single institution case series with management implications in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies.

Irinotecan (Camptosar©, CPT-11), a topoisomerase I inhibitor, is a commonly used cytotoxic chemotherapeutic in the treatment of multiple malignancies, particularly of gastrointestinal origin. Dysar...
Influential Factors in Pursuit of Pediatric Urology Fellowship Training

AbstractIntroduction:We investigated factors that helped recent fellows achieve a successful match and sought to understand the influences in pursuing a career in pediatric urology. Selecting to co...
Three-Dimensional Wireless Sensor Networks: Geometric Approaches for Topology and Routing Design

Three-dimensional (3D) wireless sensor networks have attracted a lot of attention due to their great potential usages in both commercial and civilian applications, such as environmental data collection, pollution monitoring, space exploration, disaster prevention, and tactical surveillance. Unfortunately, the design of 3D networks is surprisingly more difficult than the design in two-dimensional (2D) networks. Many properties of the network require additional computational complexity, and many problems cannot be solved by extensions or generalizations of 2D methods. In addressing these challenges, there have been new network protocols and algorithms designed for 3D wireless sensor networks using geometric approaches. In this chapter, we review the most recent advances in 3D topology control and 3D geographic routing for 3D wireless sensor networks.
Blood and bone marrow transplantation for patients with Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Most lymphomas are initially sensitive to chemotherapy and radiation. Unfortunately, many patients will relapse with their disease. Dose escalation of chemotherapy is often limited by hematopoetic toxicity. The realization that a significantly higher dose of chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy could be delivered to a patient by reconstituting their marrow with hematopoetic stem cells paved the way to autologous blood or marrow transplantation (ABMT) for patients with lymphoma. Initial studies were performed in refractory patients. These studies demonstrated the feasibility of this approach and ushered in more definitive trials in patients with homogenous histologies.
Circulating orexin changes during withdrawal are associated with nicotine craving and risk for smoking relapse

We examined the extent to which orexin measured during smoking and the early phase of abstinence was related to craving, withdrawal, stress hormones, and risk for smoking relapse in men and women. Considering its role in modulating nicotine-related reward, we predicted that a reduction in circulating orexin during withdrawal would be associated with increased craving and risk for smoking relapse. Two hundred and eighty five participants provided biological samples and self-report information to identify predictors of smoking relapse. All participants attended two laboratory sessions, which were before and after a period of required abstinence from smoking. After quitting, participants also attended four weekly sessions to track smoking relapse. Only smokers who relapsed within the follow-up period exhibited reduced orexin levels during the initial withdrawal period; ACTH, but not craving nor cortisol, increased across the abstinence period for successful abstainers but not for relapsers. Sex differences in orexin and craving or withdrawal associations also emerged. Adding sex, HPA hormones, and self-reported measures of craving and withdrawal as potential mediators had minimal effects on the above abstinence and orexin effects. These results provide the first evidence that circulating orexin may be a useful marker of risk for relapse; and sex, adrenal hormones, and self-reported craving and withdrawal were not mediators of this effect. The results point to a promising pathway to investigate objective biological markers for craving and smoking relapse and highlight the complexity of the neurobiology of relapse.
Coverage-based detection of copy number alterations in mixed samples using DNA sequencing data: a theoretical framework for evaluating statistical power

DNA sequencing can discover not only single-base variants but also copy-number alterations (CNAs). In shotgun sequencing, regions of CNAs show step-wise changes in read depth when compared to adjacent "normal" regions, allowing their detection by parametric statistical tests that compare the mean coverage in suspected regions against that of a baseline distribution. Traditionally, the power of such a test depends on (1) the integer number of copy number change, (2) the overall sequencing depth, (3) the length of the CNA region, (4) the read length and (5) the variation of coverage along the genome, which depends on many experimental factors, including whether the chosen platform is whole-genome, whole-exome, or targeted-panel sequencing. In cases involving inadvertent sample mixing or genuine somatic mosaicism, power also depends on the mixing ratio. However, the analysis of statistical power that considers the interplay of all these factors has not been systematically developed. Here we present a general analytical framework and a series of simulations that explore situations from the simplest to the increasingly multifactorial. Specifically, we expand the expression of power to include not just the known factors but also one or both of two complications: (1) the dispersion of read depth around the mean beyond the independent sampling-by-sequencing assumption, and (2) the reduced fraction of the CNA-bearing sample ("purity") as seen in studies of intratumor heterogeneity or in clinical monitoring of minimal residual disease. We describe the analytical formula and their simplifications in special cases, and share the extendable scripts for others to perform customized power analysis using study-specific parameters. As study designs vary and technologies continue to evolve, the input data and the noise characteristics will change depending on the practical situation. We present two use cases commonly encountered in cancer research: ultra-shallow whole-genome sequencing for detecting large, chromosome-scale events, and targeted ultra-deep sequencing for surveillance of known CNAs in rare tumor clones in the task of sensitive detection of cancer relapse or metastasis. We also present an online calculator at https://shiny.med.umich.edu/apps/hanyou/CNV_Detection_Power_Calculator/.
Towards Scalable and Ubiquitous Millimeter-Wave Wireless Networks

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology is emerging as the most promising solution to meet the multi-fold demand increase for mobile data. Very short wavelength, high directionality, together with sensitivity to rampant blockages and mobility, however, render state-of-the-art mmWave technologies unsuitable for ubiquitous wireless coverage. In this work, we design and implement UbiG - a mmWave wireless access network - that can deliver ubiquitous gigabits per second wireless access consistently to the commercial-off-the-shelf IEEE 802.11ad devices. UbiG has two key design components: (1) a fast probing based beam alignment algorithm that can identify the best beam consistently with guaranteed latency in a mmWave link, and the algorithm scales well even with a very large number of beams; and (2) an infrastructure-side predictive ranking based fast access point switching algorithm to ensure seamless gigabits per second connectivity under mobility and blockage in a dense mmWave deployment. Our IEEE 802.11ad testbed experiments show that UbiG performs close to an "Oracle" solution that instantaneously knows the best beam and access point for gigabits per second data transmission to users.
Why white supremacist women become disillusioned, and why they leave

This article examines the relationship between becoming disillusioned with racist ideas and/or groups and the decision to leave organize white supremacism. We explore a classical sociological puzzl...
Irreversible aldolization of ketones with bisdicyclohexylboron enediolates

Abstract Unlike the reported reversible addition of ketone enolborinates to ketones, the aldolization of ketones with bisboron enediolates derived from carboxylic acids proceeds without difficulty. A variety of α,β,β-trisubstituted-β-hydroxy acids have been thus synthesized in good to excellent yields and diastereoselectivities.
Effects of laparoscopic vs open abdominal surgery on costs and hospital readmission rate and its effect modification by surgeons' case volume.

Laparoscopy provides a minimally invasive alternative to open abdominal surgery. Current data describing its association with hospital readmission and costs in relation to surgeon laparoscopic case volume is limited to smaller databases and subsets of operations. This retrospective cohort study of 23,285 adult abdominal operations from 2007 to 2015 compares 30-day readmission rate and costs between laparoscopic and open abdominal operations and examines effect modification by surgeon laparoscopic case volume. Outcomes were all-cause hospital readmission within 30 days after discharge and index hospital admission cost. All-cause hospital readmission rates were significantly lower after laparoscopic abdominal operations compared with open operations (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.56, 95% CI 0.46–0.69, p < 0.001) with a difference in readmission risk attributable to laparoscopic approach of − 4.0% (95% CI − 5.4 to − 2.6%) in complete-case analysis. Among surgeons with a high laparoscopic case volume, the estimated difference in readmission risk through laparoscopy was magnified (− 5.8%, 95% CI − 7.5 to − 4.1%) compared to low surgeon laparoscopic case volume (− 2.9%, 95% CI − 4.8 to −1.1%, p for interaction = 0.005). The estimated difference in costs of the index hospital admission attributable to laparoscopic approach was − $3869 (95% CI − $4200 to − $3538; adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.77, 95% CI 0.75–0.79, p < 0.001). Laparoscopy was followed by significantly lower rates of readmissions related to gastrointestinal (aOR 0.68, 95% CI 0.55–0.85, p = 0.001), wound complications (infection: aOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.23–0.47, p < 0.001; non-infectious: aOR 0.47, 95% CI 0.30–0.74, p = 0.001), and malignancy (aOR 0.68, 95% CI 0.55–0.85, p < 0.001). The findings remain robust after multiple imputation and sensitivity analyses. Laparoscopy versus open abdominal surgery is associated with reduced hospital readmissions related to malignancy, gastrointestinal, and wound complications. Effect modification by higher laparoscopy case volume argues for continued proliferation of laparoscopy in abdominal surgeries.
Measurement of a Latino cultural value: The Simpatía scale.

Objective Simpatia, a term that captures the tendency to prefer and create social interactions characterized by warmth and emotional positivity while also avoiding conflict and/or overt negativity, is a cultural factor relevant to Latinos. The goal of this article was to develop a scale that measures this cultural value. Method A self-report scale measure of simpatia was developed and administered to a combined sample of Latinos (N = 296) drawn from 3 larger studies. The scale's factor structure was explored, and its internal consistency and validity were tested. Results Exploratory factor analysis supported an 18-item scale and indicated 2 factors: simpatia-related positivity/warmth and simpatia-related negativity/conflict avoidance. Cronbach's alphas for the overall scale and subscales showed internal consistency. Validity analyses revealed that across subscales, simpatia was positively associated with positive emotion expressivity and dispositional positive emotion. The simpatia-related positivity/warmth subscale was also positively associated with an orientation toward Latino culture. Conclusions The Simpatia Scale, which captures dual aspects of simpatia that emphasize the positive and avoid the negative, provides a new tool for advancing the study of Latino culture. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Reported U.S. wild game consumption and greenhouse gas emissions savings

Meat production creates high greenhouse gas emissions while consumption of wild game meat presumably has lower greenhouse gas impacts. We estimated the amount of meat legally harvested in the Unite...
Natural Ventilation Performance Simulation and Analysis of New Type Sound Insulation Window

To evaluate the ventilation performance of new type sound insulation window, a window model with streamline-structure micro-perforated panel absorber (MPA) was simulated based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Finite element model of the insulation window was built to analyze the flow field in muffler channel, velocity in vent and pressure loss of the channel. To contrast with the simulation model, an insulation window artifact was produced and tested in ventilation quantity detection. The results show that the dominant pressure loss is local hydraulic loss that comes from MPA structure. The total pressure loss increased by 4.3 Pa under 0.5 m/s inlet wind velocity. The difference of pressure loss between simulation and actual test is 6.3%. CFD simulation is an effective and low-cost method to evaluate the ventilation performance with visual results. The results provide valuable reference for optimal design of insulation window.
Recurrent Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Event Rates Differ Among Patients Meeting the Very High Risk Definition According to Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status.

Background The risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events may differ by sociodemographic factors among patients meeting the definition of very high risk according to the 2018 Am...
Disseminated Nocardiosis in a Renal Transplant Recipient

Nocardiosis is an uncommon opportunistic Gram-positive bacterial infection caused by aerobic actinomycetes in the genus Nocardia. Nocardia can cause localized or systemic suppurative diseases involving eyes, kidneys, skin, lungs, bone, and central nervous system. Disseminated nocardiosis is a rare condition, seen among immunocompromised patients. We report the case of a 55-year-old African American, kidney transplant male recipient on maintenance immunosuppression, who was diagnosed with cutaneous and pulmonary nocardiosis. Presenting symptoms were shortness of breath, and bilateral lower extremities pain and swelling. Tissue culture grew Gram-positive bacilli specified as Nocardia farcinica from thigh and gluteal abscesses. CT thorax showed bilateral reticulonodular opacities. The patient was managed with immunosuppression reduction and specific treatment with high-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) in conjunction with linezolid. Combination antibiotics were continued for four weeks, and thereafter, TMP-SMX alone was continued for 12 months, at which point all lesions had healed. Nocardiosis with systemic involvement carries a poor prognosis. However, early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic coverage had a favorable outcome in a renal transplant recipient. Recommended treatment duration is 6 to 12 months.
Game Theoretical Energy Management of EV Fast Charging Station with V2G Capability

Grid modernization, transportation electrification and alternative energy technology applications are interconnected with electric vehicle grid integration (EVGI) to form the energy internet. The EVGI management strategies incorporating both charging and discharging is one of the most common research problem in this area. It becomes more complicated when renewable energy is added as a source and implemented in commercial scale. In this article, a community based commercial electric vehicle (EV) fast charging station with vehicle to grid (V2G) power supply capability is proposed. The charging station load is supplied by photovoltaic (PV), energy storage system (ESS), EV discharge power and the grid. Dynamic pricing, user behavior based EV load model and grid loading conditions are considered in the model. For optimum sizing of the components, HOMER software provided by National Renewable Energy Laboratory is used. A non cooperative Stackelberg game theory is proposed for energy management. The results are compared with a conventional sequence based control algorithm.The proposed algorithm shows lower cost of energy (COE) for EV charging, and have surplus income from system to grid (X2G) energy sales. Thus, from the charging station perspective it can generate profit, also it can be beneficial for EV owners if they can manage their charging and discharging time according to the announced charging/discharging prices.