cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cancer archetypes co-opt and adapt the transcriptional programs of existing cellular states

ABSTRACT Tumors evolve as independent systems comprising complex survival-ensuring functions, however the nature of these distinct processes and their recurrence across cancers is not clear. Here we propose that melanoma cancer-cells can be classified to three ‘archetypes’ that co-opt the neural crest, mature melanocytes, and stress gene expression programs, respectively, have a unique subclonal structure, and are conserved between zebrafish and human melanomas. Studying the natural history of a zebrafish melanoma tumor at the single-cell level, we found that one archetype exclusively exhibits the signature of the Warburg effect, suggesting that a shifting balance in energy production occurs differentially in the tumor. Deconvolving bulk human melanomas, we found that patients with a dominant fraction of the neural crest archetype show worse survival rates, indicating a clinical relevance for the composition of archetypes. Finally, we provide evidence that extending our approach to other cancer types can reveal universal and cancer-specific archetypes.
Effects of Sexual Experience on Psychostimulant- and Opiate-Induced Behavior and Neural Plasticity in the Mesocorticolimbic Pathway

Many factors, including social elements, influence drug addiction in humans and can be modeled in laboratory rodents. In general, the presence of social reward is protective against drug abuse and the absence or removal of social reward in both humans and rodents increases vulnerability to drug addiction. The current review chapter is focused on studies from our lab that have examined the effects of sociosexual behavior in male rats on drug-induced behaviors, including changes in both psychostimulant and opiate behavior. Furthermore, we review the underlying neural mechanisms by which these effects occur. Together, these results may help elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying the interaction between social and drug rewards and the mechanisms by which a loss of social rewards increase the vulnerability to drug addiction development.
Delocalizing Strain in an Interconnected Joint on a Textile Substrate

Interconnect join failure is a common theme in wearable technology, but has yet to be addressed or resolved. The purpose of this thesis is to begin study of isolating and identifying ways to relieve an interconnect joint stress that is common in e-textiles and wearable technology. An overview of related work in the area of delocalizing strain in an interconnected joint are presented, followed by proposing an experimental design used to determine the cause-effect relationship between variables that affect interconnect joint failure.
When to stop renal replacement therapy in anticipation of renal recovery in AKI: The need for consensus guidelines.

There is wide variation in clinical practice regarding timing of discontinuation of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). Prolonged, unnecessary RRT treatment can contribute to length of stay, overall hospital costs, and risk of complications associated with RRT. In addition, prolonged RRT can paradoxically lengthen the time for which the patient remains dialysis-dependent. Well-designed, randomized clinical trials have utilized varied discontinuation criteria specifically related to urine output and creatinine clearance, which impedes the comparison of outcomes from such studies. Other observational studies have attempted to assess the sensitivity and specificity of various criteria for discontinuation of RRT. Whether diuretics influence renal recovery has not been fully elucidated as well. In this article, we propose a starting framework for RRT discontinuation criteria to guide clinicians and clinical researchers. We emphasize the importance of frequent clinical assessment while considering discontinuation of RRT for AKI patients with a creatinine clearance >15 mL/min on a timed urine collection and/or a urine output >400 mL/24 h without diuretics, or >2000 mL/24 h with diuretics. We also discuss newer biomarkers, methods of GFR estimation, and imaging techniques that may play a greater role in the future. Clinical trials objectively comparing the success of RRT discontinuation criteria will be required to provide high-quality evidence for our proposed guidelines.
Alexander Disease and Astrotherapeutics

Alexander disease is a protein aggregation disorder resulting from mutations in the intermediate filament protein, GFAP. Progress in the past 15 years has defined numerous aspects of astrocyte function that are impacted by these mutations, and that might be amenable to correction. Since reversal of astrocyte dysfunction is likely to be valuable in a wide variety of conditions, Alexander disease offers unique opportunities for exploring the newly emerging field of astrotherapeutics.
Experimental realization and magnetotransport properties of half-metallic Fe 2Si

Thin films of the high Curie temperature intermetallic ferromagnet β - Fe 2 Si were synthesized via molecular beam epitaxy. Investigation using X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy shows a hexagonal crystal structure and a smooth topography. Theoretically, Fe 2 Si has been predicted to exhibit uniquely desirable magnetotransport properties. We report on these properties experimentally, including the ordinary Hall coefficient R 0 and anomalous Hall resistivity ρ x y A H. The compound is found to be a soft Heisenberg ferromagnet with temperature dependent magnetization based on the thermal excitation of spin waves. We present a detailed look into the contributions to its longitudinal resistivity, which due to the presence of a spin-flip gap Δ k B, indicating a half-metallic band structure. The correct scaling relations between these components of the resistivity tensor ( ρ x x and ρ x y) are also discussed.
Towards Automatic Cough and Snore Detection

Motivation: Cough is a common symptom of many respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [1] or asthma. It is a three-phase expulsive motor act, characterized by the inspiratory, followed by a forced expiratory phase against the closed glottis, with a sudden opening of the glottis and thus, rapid expiratory airflow phase, which can end with a further partial glottis closure phase. As a result, up to three distinct acoustic phases can be observed in a cough event: $\Phi -1$) explosive phase, $\Phi -2$) intermediate phase and $\Phi -3$) voiced phase (Figure 1(a)). An automatic detection of cough events from audio data can help to overcome limitations of the current medical best practice for cough symptom assessment using self-reported questionnaires, such as the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ), Cough-Specific Quality-of-Life Questionnaire (CQLQ) or COPD Assessment Test (CAT), which often suffer from various biases such as recall bias. Similarly, snore events, which consist of multiple periodic patterns (Figure 1(b)), can be detected automatically from audio data; thereby, can help to assess the quality of sleep [2], [3]. In this work, we present an audio analysis approach to detect individual cough and snore events. Our preliminary results underline the potential of smartphones to objectively report on patient symptoms.
A super-combo-drug test to detect adverse drug events and drug interactions from electronic health records in the era of polypharmacy

Pharmacoinformatics research has experienced a great deal of successes in detecting drug-induced adverse events (AEs) using large-scale health record databases. In the era of polypharmacy, pharmacoinformatics faces many new challenges, and two significant challenges are to detect high-order drug interactions and to handle strongly correlated drugs. In this article, we propose a super-combo-drug test (SupCD-T) to address the aforementioned two challenges. SupCD-T detects drug interactions by identifying optimal drug combinations with increased AE risks. In addition, SupCD-T increases the statistical powers to detect single-drug effects by combining strongly correlated drugs. Although SupCD-T does not distinguish single-drug effects from their combination effects, it is noticeably more powerful in selecting an individual drug effect in the multiple regression analysis, where confounding justification between two correlated drugs reduces the power in testing the individual drug effects on AEs. Our simulation studies demonstrate that SupCD-T has generally better power comparing with the multiple regression analysis. In addition, SupCD-T is able to select meaningful drug combinations (eg, highly coprescribed drugs). Using electronic health record database, we illustrate the utility of SupCD-T and discover a number of drug combinations that have increased risk in myopathy. Some novel drug combinations have not yet been investigated and reported in the pharmacology research.
Trace element geothermometry and geospeedometry for cumulate rocks: Quantitative constraints on thermal and magmatic processes during igneous crust formation

Cumulate rocks record the magmatic and cooling processes during formation of Earth's igneous crust. Extracting the information of these two processes from mineral records, however, is often convolu...
Rediscovering Silicones: The Anomalous Water Permeability of “Hydrophobic” PDMS Suggests Nanostructure and Applications in Water Purification and Anti‐Icing

Cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is simultaneously water-repellent and highly permeable to water vapor. Unfilled and silica-free cross-linked PDMS films of variable thickness (8-160 µm) are prepared and their water vapor transmission rates and permeability values are determined. Vapor transmission rate increases as membrane thickness decreased from 160 to 15 µm, but does not increase further when the film thickness is decreased to 8 µm. Rate-limiting sorption is implicated as the cause of this effect and substantiated by a surface modification to enhance adsorption rate. Water vapor does not macroscopically condense on films thin enough to operate in this kinetic regime, and vapor transmission rates as high as 60% of the transmission rates through air are measured. A mechanism for water permeation is offered based on those proposed for nanoscopically confined water in carbon nanotubes and aquaporins.
Incidence and cost of radical prostatectomy for NCCN low-risk prostate cancer in Utah.

232Background: Guidelines Support active surveillance (AS) as the preferred treatment for men with NCCN low-risk prostate cancer (Gleason 3+3, prostate-specific antigen [PSA] <10 ng/ml, ≤T2a). Rece...
Buckling of Sandwich Plates and Shells

Application of the governing linear equations of equilibrium and the associated boundary conditions as applied to the stability of sandwich plates and shells with anisotropic laminated composite facings and a weak core is addressed while the facings are considered symmetric with respect to both their local and global mid-surfaces. Both sandwich plates and shells are considered with implications of various structural configurations. Such structural configurations consider the structural tailoring of the face sheets, the panel face thickness, the aspect ratio, etc. on the buckling load. Finally, validations are made with results found within the existing literature.
Phase-Sensitive Vibrationally Resonant Sum-Frequency Generation Microscopy in Multiplex Configuration at 80 MHz Repetition Rate

Vibrationally resonant sum-frequency generation (VR SFG) microscopy is an advanced imaging technique that can map out the intensity contrast of infrared and Raman active vibrational modes with micron to submicron lateral resolution. To broaden its applications and to obtain a molecular level of understanding, further technical advancement is needed to enable high-speed measurements of VR SFG microspectra at every pixel. In this study, we demonstrate a new VR SFG hyperspectral imaging platform combined with an ultrafast laser system operated at a repetition rate of 80 MHz. The multiplex configuration with broadband mid-infrared pulses makes it possible to measure a single microspectrum of CH/CH2 stretching modes in biological samples, such as starch granules and type I collagen tissue, with an exposure time of hundreds of milliseconds. Switching from the homodyne- to heterodyne-detected VR SFG hyperspectral imaging can be achieved by inserting a pair of optics into the beam path for local oscillator generation and delay time adjustment, which enables self-phase-stabilized spectral interferometry. We investigate the relationship between phase images of several different C-H modes and the relative orientation of collagen triple-helix in fibril bundles. The results show that the new multiplex VR SFG microscope operated at a high repetition rate is a powerful approach to probe the structural features and spatial arrangements of biological systems in detail.
Galvanic coupling of some stressed stainless steels to dissimilar metals underground

Stainless steels, Type 301 half hard and Type 301 full hard, have been found susceptible to failure by hydrogen embrittlement when stressed as low as 40 percent of their yield strength and cathodically charged above 1 μA/cm 2 by galvanic coupling to a dissimilar metal in four years of exposure at six underground test sites. However, stainless steels Type 304 and alloys 26Cr-1Mo and 26Cr-6.5Ni were resistant under similar conditions. Failures by stress-corrosion cracking were not observed in any of the materials. Electrochemical measurements made periodically above ground are correlated with the subsequent visual examination of the specimens.
Fractional Quantization of the Hall Effect

The Fractional Quantum Hall Effect is caused by the condensation of a two-dimensional electron gas in a strong magnetic field into a new type of macroscopic ground state, the elementary excitations of which are fermions of charge 1/m, where m is an odd integer.
Purification and comparison of sex-dependent and sex-independent gulonolactonase of rats.

Abstract In view of the androgen control exerted upon renal gulonolactonase activity in the rat and the absence of such control upon hepatic enzyme activity, the renal enzymes from the adult male and female have been compared with each other as well as with the male hepatic enzyme. The enzymes from the three sources are immunologically alike. Moreover, these enzymes have been characterized with respect to pH optimum, relative substrate specificity, Km, metal ion requirement, and isoelectric point and found to be indistinguishable. Gulonolactonase from male rat liver has been purified to near homogeneity as judged by electrofocusing and disc gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight is estimated to be 42,000 based on gel retardation chromatography and on electrophoresis on acrylamide in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The turnover number is estimated to be 13,500 moles of d-gluonolactone hydrolyzed per mole of enzyme per min.
The Need to Measure the Effect of Merger Policy and How to Do It

In this article, I explain the inadequacy of our current state of knowledge regarding the effectiveness of antitrust policy towards mergers. I then discuss the types of data that one must collect in order to be able to perform an analysis of the effectiveness of antitrust policy. There are two types of data one requires in order to perform such an analysis. One is data on the relevant market pre and post merger. The second is data on the specific predictions of the government agencies about the market post-merger. A key point of this article is to stress how weak an analysis of only the first type of data is. The frequent call for retrospective studies typically envisions relying on just this type of data, but the limitations on the analysis are not well understood. As I explain below, retrospective studies that ask whether prices went up post merger are surprisingly poor guides for analyzing merger policy. It is only when the second type of data is combined with the first type that a reliable analysis of antitrust policy can be carried out. There is a need both to collect the necessary data and to analyze it correctly.
Chapter 15 Existence of competitive equilibrium

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that the mathematical model of a competitive economy conceived as an attempt to explain the state of equilibrium reached by a large number of small agents interacting through markets. Four distinct, but closely related, approaches to the existence problem are recognized. At first, proofs of existence of an economic equilibrium were uniformly obtained by application of a fixed-point theorem of the Brouwer type or Kakutani type or by analogous arguments. This approach, which has remained of central importance to the present, is the subject of the chapter. Second, in the past decade, efficient algorithms of a combinatorial nature for the computation of an approximate economic equilibrium were developed. Third, recently, the theory of the fixed-point index of a map and the degree theory of maps were used to establish the existence of an economic equilibrium, and finally a differential process was proposed whose generic convergence to an economic equilibrium provides an alternative constructive solution of the existence problem.
The second twin

Abstract Two hundred and seven deliveries producing 414 infants during the years 1965 through 1969 are included in this study. Apgar scores, birth weights, and methods of delivery were reviewed. At 1 minute second twins had a higher incidence of fair and poor Apgar scores when compared to those of the first twins. Total breech extraction or version and extraction were associated with 23 of 42 second infants weighing 2,000 grams of more and given fair or poor 1 minute scores.
Marasmius oreades lectin induces renal thrombotic microangiopathic lesions

The present studies demonstrate that infusion of a type B specific lectin derived from the mushroom Marasmius oreades (MOA) into mice binds selectively to the glomerular endothelial cells via surface carbohydrate moieties resulting in cell injury and death associated with platelet-fibrin thrombi. This selective MOA binding to the endothelial cells can be abrogated by a sugar specific for the carbohydrate sequence. Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS) and the closely associated Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) are diseases associated with widespread microvascular injury in various organs. Clinically, these diseases are associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. The kidney glomerulus is a primary target of this microvascular injury. There are many underlying etiologies including bacterial toxins. Experimentally, such toxins injure endothelial cells in vitro but in vivo studies have failed to reproduce the characteristic renal pathology. We suggest that MOA-induced glomerular microangiopathic injury could be used to study the pathophysiology of endothelial cell injury as related to glomerular microangiopathic injury.
Resonance Raman spectroscopy of chemically modified retinals: assigning the carbon--methyl vibrations in the resonance Raman spectrum of rhodopsin.

Abstract To assign the observed vibrationsl modes in the resonance Raman spectrum of the retinylidene chromophore of rhodopsin, we have studied chemically modified retinals. The series of analogs investigated are the n-butyl retinals substituted at C9 and C13. The results obtained for the 11-cis isomer have clearly assigned the CCH3 vibrational frequencies observed in the spectrum of the retinylidene chromophore. The data show that the C(9)CH3 stretching vibration can be assigned to the vibrational mode observed in the 1017 cm−1 region, and the vibration detected at 997 cm−1 can be assigned to the C(13CH3 vibration. The C(5)CH3 stretching mode does not contribute to the vibrations observed in this region. The splitting in the C(n)CH3 (n = 9, 13) vibration is characteristic of the 11-cis conformation. The results on the modified retinals do not support the hypothesis that the splitting arises from equilibrium mixtures of 11-cis, 12-s-cis and 11-cis, 12-s-trans in solution. Thus, this splitting cannot be used to determine whether the chromophore in rhodopsin is in a 12-s-cis or 12-s-trans conformation. However, our results demonstrate that there are other vibrational modes in the spectra which are sensitive to this conformational equilibrium and we use the presence of a strong ~ 1271 cm−1 mode in bovine and squid rhodopsin spectra as an indication that the chromophore in these pigments is 11-cis, 12-s-trans.
Application of the quasi-particle method to 63Cu

Abstract The wave functions generated by (i) the quasi-boson plus quasi-proton scheme and (ii) the two quasi-neutron plus quasi-proton scheme are used to study electric transition rates and inelastic alpha scattering cross sections in 63Cu. This nucleus was chosen as a test case for these two methods because of readily available and fairly complete experimental data. Scheme (ii) gives many more low-lying states than scheme (i); however, in both schemes a “quartet” of spins 1 2 − , 3 2 − , 5 2 − and 7 2 − appears with strong electric transitions and large inelastic alpha scattering cross sections that also obey the well-known parity phase rules for excitation by alpha particles. Such states are identified with the “collective” levels observed experimentally for 63Cu. It is found that scheme (i) is far superior to scheme (ii) as regards agreement between calculation and experiment for negative parity levels. In the case of positive parity levels, however, scheme (i) turns out to be unsuitable and scheme (ii) is used. In this case eight positive parity levels of a collective nature are produced. Comparison with observed energies and excitation cross sections in alpha particle scattering is made in all cases where such experimental data are available. Sum rules for electric quadrupole transitions are also compared with experiment.
Incorporating Predictor Network in Penalized Regression with Application to Microarray Data

We consider penalized linear regression, especially for “large p, small n” problems, for which the relationships among predictors are described a priori by a network. A class of motivating examples includes modeling a phenotype through gene expression profiles while accounting for coordinated functioning of genes in the form of biological pathways or networks. To incorporate the prior knowledge of the similar effect sizes of neighboring predictors in a network, we propose a grouped penalty based on the Lγ-norm that smoothes the regression coefficients of the predictors over the network. The main feature of the proposed method is its ability to automatically realize grouped variable selection and exploit grouping effects. We also discuss effects of the choices of the γ and some weights inside the Lγ-norm. Simulation studies demonstrate the superior finite sample performance of the proposed method as compared to Lasso, elastic net and a recently proposed network-based method. The new method performs best in variable selection across all simulation set-ups considered. For illustration, the method is applied to a microarray dataset to predict survival times for some glioblastoma patients using a gene expression dataset and a gene network compiled from some KEGG pathways.
Buildup analysis for interference tests in stratified formations

Interlayered crossflow modifies the responses of both the producing layer and the supporting, less-permeable layer in such a manner that the conventional analysis based on the Ei type-curve graphical method becomes no longer valid. A forced match of pressure data from a stratified formation to the Ei type curve results in overestimation of both the formation storage and the permeability. Type curves that take into account the interlayered crossflow are developed and applied to analyze buildup data from interference tests at a water injectivity test site, Prudhoe Bay, AK.
Open selections on smooth fans

Abstract Given a dendroid X, an open selection is an open map s : C ( X ) → X such that s ( A ) ∈ A for every A ∈ C ( X ) . We show that a smooth fan X admits an open selection if and only if X is locally connected.
Wess-Zumino consistency condition for entanglement entropy.

In this Letter, we consider the variation of the entanglement entropy of a region as the shape of the entangling surface is changed. We show that the variation satisfies a Wess-Zumino-like integrability condition in field theories which can be consistently coupled to gravity. In this case, the ``anomaly'' is localized on the entangling surface. The solution of the integrability condition should give all the nontrivial finite local terms which can appear in the variation of the entanglement entropy. The answers depend on the intrinsic and extrinsic geometry of the entangling surface, but the form does not depend on the details of the field theory. The coefficients, which multiply the purely geometric contributions, will depend on the particular details of the field theory.
An Integrated Approach for Structural Characterization of Complex Solid State Electrolytes: The Case of Lithium Lanthanum Titanate

Neutron scattering and first principles simulation are integrated to reveal the atomic-level to nano-scale structure of lithium lanthanum titanate (LLTO), a representative solid electrolyte material with applications in Li-ion batteries. The integrated approach solves the hierarchical local structure of LLTO in detail, including the coupled chemical order and topological distortion, as well as their correlation length scale and the spatial modulation with coherent boundaries. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations are used to map out the distribution of the mobile ions and identify the migration pathway. Overall, this integrated approach provides powerful means for detailed study of materials with complex local chemical and topological environment.
Clustering (Xu, R. and Wunsch, D.C.; 2008) [Book review]

This is a comprehensive book dedicated exclusively to the area of cluster analysis and finding similarities in data. The book focuses on the theory and practice of clustering and can be appealing to a broad variety of readers. Applied mathematicians and computer scientists will find it useful as a reference material, summarizing most of the current day algorithms. Biomedical engineers and bioinformatics researchers will appreciate the large number of practical examples in gene data analysis, image segmentation, computer vision, and other applications. A substantial number of the end-of-chapter problems make this book suitable as a textbook in graduate-level courses in science or engineering.
Light-induced expression of ipt from Agrobacterium tumefaciens results in cytokinin accumulation and osmotic stress symptoms in transgenic tobacco

Cytokinins are plant growth regulators that induce shoot formation, inhibit senescence and root growth. Experiments with hydroponically grown tobacco plants, however, indicated that exogenously applied cytokinin led to the accumulation of proline and osmotin. These responses were also associated with environmental stress reactions, such as salt stress, in many plant species. To test whether increased endogenous cytokinin accumulation led to NaCl stress symptoms, the gene ipt from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, encoding isopentenyl transferase, was transformed into Nicotiana tabacum cv. SR-1 under the control of the light-inducible rbcS-3A promoter from pea. In high light (300 μmol PPFD m-2 s-1), ipt mRNA was detected and zeatin/zeatin glucoside levels were 10-fold higher than in control plants or when transformants were grown in low light (30 μmol PPFD m-2 s-1). High light treatment was accompanied by increased levels of proline and osmotin when compared to low light grown transformed and untransformed control plants. Elevated in planta cytokinin levels induced responses also stimulated by salt stress, suggesting either common or overlapping signaling pathways are initiated independently by cytokinin and NaCl, setting in motion gene expression normally elicited by developmental processes such as flowering or environmental stress.
One-phonon calculation of atom-surface inelastic scattering of the He-Cu(111) system.

With use of the distorted-wave Born approximation derived from an ab initio time-independent scattering theory, an expression for the differential reflection coefficient for one-phonon transitions is presented. In addition, the relation between the truncation of the interaction potential and the Debye-Waller factor is discussed. Numerical calculations are carried out for the He-Cu(111) system. The copper surface is taken to be a slab of 80 layers with nearest-neighbor interactions for the computation of the phonon dispersion relations and polarization vectors. The plate modes corresponding to the lowest two nearly-degenerate dispersion curves are mapped onto the Rayleigh modes. With use of a pair potential proposed by others, the differential reflection coefficient for one-phonon transitions corresponding to the Rayleigh modes is calculated. The phonon wave vectors are chosen to lie along the 〈11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0〉 direction, with magnitudes ranging from 0.05 to 0.60 A${\mathrm{\r{}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The shape of the differential reflection coefficient is in good agreement with experiment. It is found that the projectile mainly interacts with the vibrational motion of the atoms in the first layer of the crystal and that the interactions involving the displacements of the second or deeper layers only reduce the differential reflection coefficient slightly. The change in the differential reflection coefficient due to the Debye-Waller factor is found to be small, as the temperature increases from 60 to 300 K. Further, it is found that the differential reflection coefficient increases with increasing temperature due to the Bose-Einstein distribution of the phonons and is larger for phonon annihilation than for phonon emission because of the density of the final states of the projectile and the kinematic conditions of the scattering.
Cluster Processing For 16-Mb DRAM Production

Multichamber and in-situ technology are used to meet the challenge of manufacturing 16-Mb cost/per-formance DRAMs. The 16-Mb fabrication process is more complex than earlier 1-Mb and 4-Mb chips. Clustering of sequential process steps effectively compensates for both manufacturing complexity and foreign-material (FM) related defect densities. The development time of clusters combining new processes and equipment in multiple automated steps is nearly as long as the product development cycle. This necessitates codevelopment of manufacturing process clusters with technology integration while addressing the factors influencing FM defect generation, processing turnaround time (TAT), manufacturing costs, yield and array cell and support device designs. The advantages of multichamber and in situ processing have resulted in their application throughout the entire 16-Mb DRAM process as appropriate equipment becomes available.
Quadrupole radiation in fast-neutron capture on /sup 40/Ca

Differential cross sections have been measured for the reaction /sup 40/Ca(n, ..gamma../sub 0/)/sup 41/Ca at seven angles in 1-MeV steps and at theta/sub lab/ = 90/sup 0/ in 200-keV steps for incident neutron energies of 6--13 MeV. The extracted a/sub 2/ coefficients and the fore-aft asymmetry are in good agreement with a direct-semidirect model calculation if the isoscalar giant quadrupole resonance is included.
COMMUTING PATTERNS IN THE OSAKA METROPOLITAN AREA: A GIS‐BASED ANALYSIS OF COMMUTER RAIL PASSENGERS

The urban economic growth and suburbanization had increased the number of suburban commuters using rail transit in the Osaka metropolitan area for 40 years since the 1950s. This trend reversed to continuous shrinkage in the 1990s. The reduction in passengers may lead to financial problems for the operators and an increase in railway fares or decline in quality of service. This study investigates the factors responsible for the decline in demand for rail service by analyzing changes in population and commuters using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and small area statistics linked with locations of urban rail networks. The results indicate that the dispersion of jobs from 1990 to 2000 significantly reduced commutes by rail. Demographic analysis shows that because of low fertility rates and the rapidly aging population the decline in the number of commuters will intensify in coming decades, causing serious financial problems for railway operators.
Regulation of Cdc42 polarization by the Rsr1 GTPase and Rga1, a Cdc42 GTPase-activating protein, in budding yeast.

ABSTRACT Cdc42 plays a central role in establishing polarity in yeast and animals, yet how polarization of Cdc42 is achieved in response to spatial cues is poorly understood. Using live-cell imaging, we found distinct dynamics of Cdc42 polarization in haploid budding yeast in correlation with two temporal steps of the G1 phase. The position at which the Cdc42–GTP cluster develops changes rapidly around the division site during the first step but becomes stabilized in the second step, suggesting that an axis of polarized growth is determined in mid G1. Cdc42 polarization in the first step and its proper positioning depend on Rsr1 and its GTPase-activating protein (GAP) Bud2. Interestingly, Rga1, a Cdc42 GAP, exhibits transient localization to a site near the bud neck and to the division site during cytokinesis and G1, and this temporal change of Rga1 distribution is necessary for determination of a proper growth site. Mathematical modeling suggests that a proper axis of Cdc42 polarization in haploid cells might be established through a biphasic mechanism involving sequential positive feedback and transient negative feedback.
Tricyclic antidepressants in red cells and plasma: correlation with impaired intraventricular conduction in acute overdose.

OBJECTIVE Tricyclic antidepressant levels in red blood cells and plasma in acute overdose and their association with cardiotoxicity were studied. METHODS This was a prospective study in 15 patients with acute tricyclic antidepressant overdose. Tricyclic antidepressant parent compounds and metabolites were measured in red blood cells and plasma, and tricyclic antidepressant levels were correlated with ECG indexes of toxicity. RESULTS Plasma levels of the parent compounds were higher than their red blood cell levels on admission (mean +/- SD, 691 +/- 409 and 337 +/- 220 ng/ml, respectively). Admission metabolite levels were higher in red blood cells than in plasma (264 +/- 180 and 190 +/- 164 ng/ml, respectively). QRS duration and the red blood cell levels of the metabolites were significantly correlated at the time of admission (r = 0.77, p < 0.01), as well as at 6 to 10 hours (r = 0.74, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In acute overdose, a shift of tricyclic antidepressants from plasma to red blood cells and increased levels of red blood cell metabolites reflect tissue redistribution of the drug. Tricyclic antidepressant red blood cell metabolites are the best markers for impaired intraventricular conduction.
A circadian clock measures photoperiodic time in the male lizard Anolis carolinensis

Photoperiod plays an important role in controlling the annual reproductive cycle of the male lizard Anolis carolinensis. The nature of photoperiodic time measurement in Anolis was investigated by exposing anoles to 3 different kinds of lighting paradigms (resonance, T cycles, and night breaks) to determine if photoperiodic time measurement involves the circadian system. Both the reproductive response and the patterns of entrainment of the activity rhythm were assessed. The results show that the circadian system is involved in photoperiodic time measurement in this species and that a discrete photoinducible phase resides in the latter half of the animals' subjective night. Significantly, the ability of the circadian system to execute photoperiodic time measurement is crucially dependent on the length of the photoperiod. Resonance, T cycle and night break cycles utilizing a photoperiod 10–11 h in duration reveal circadian involvement whereas these same cycles utilizing 6 or 8 h photoperiods do not.
Displacement of Valproic Acid and Carbamazepine from Protein Binding in Normal and Uremic Sera by Tolmetin, Ibuprofen, and Naproxen: Presence of Inhibitor in Uremic Serum That Blocks Valproic Acid-Naproxen Interactions

Displacement of valproic acid (90-95% bound to albumin) and carbamazepine (80% bound to albumin) by salicylate, leading to higher concentrations of pharmacologically active free drugs, has been reported. We studied the possibility of displacement of valproic acid and carbamazepine by other strongly albumin-bound nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs tolmetin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. We observed statistically significant displacement of carbamazepine from protein binding in uremic serum at higher therapeutic concentrations of all three antiinflammatory drugs we studied, whereas in normal serum, we observed statistically significant displacement only with 75 micrograms/ml of naproxen. For valproic acid, we observed significant displacement even at lower therapeutic concentrations with all three drugs when the study was conducted using a normal serum pool. In the uremic serum pool, we observed significant displacements only with tolmetin and ibuprofen, whereas we observed no significant displacement of valproic acid even with higher concentrations of naproxen. We conclude that tolmetin, naproxen, and ibuprofen can displace both carbamazepine and valproic acid from protein binding, but uremic serum contains an inhibitor that blocks valproic acid-naproxen interaction.
Estrogen Elicits Cortical Zone-Specific Effects on Development of the Primate Fetal Adrenal Gland

In the present study, we determined whether endogenous estrogen, the levels of which increase with advancing pregnancy, regulates growth and development of the baboon fetal adrenal cortex. Fetal adrenal glands were obtained at mid- (d 100) and late (d 165, term is 184 d) gestation from untreated baboons and on d 165 from animals in which endogenous estrogen production was suppressed by administration of aromatase inhibitor CGS 20267 between d 100 and 165. Volumes of the respective cortical zones were determined by zone-specific immunocytochemical staining of steroidogenic enzymes and image analysis. Fetal adrenal weight and volume increased (P < 0.01) 3-fold between mid- and late gestation and an additional 70% (P < 0.01) by administration of CGS 20267, which decreased (P < 0.001) fetal serum estradiol levels by more than 95%. Mean ± se volume (×10−10 μm3) of the fetal cortical zone increased from 3.45 ± 0.28 at midgestation to 6.64 ± 0.69 at late gestation in untreated baboons and to 12.55 ± 0.99 (P < 0....
Distributed file systems - a survey

There exist a number of file systems with different solutions to the problems of data access, concurrency control [1], serializing transactions [5], deadlock control and recoverability. There are pros and cons to every solution, and not all solutions are independent of each other. Also, depending on the applications, a file system can be designed in several different ways.
Who Does Historical Research in Gabon? Obstacles to the Development of a Scholarly Tradition

It has been common practice over the years to preface any discussion of Gabonese history with remarks as to how little has been written on the subject.2 If our scope were limited to published studies in English and in French, we would have to conclude that the above remarks still apply. However, we would be deceiving ourselves, as Gabonese researchers have been producing unpublished m6moires de maitrises and theses de doctorats in French universities since the late 1960s and, since 1982, they have been producing m6moires de maitrises in history at the Universit6 Nationale Omar Bongo (henceforth "UNOB") in Libreville. As a result there now exists a corpus of research that foreign scholars are obliged to absorb during their time in country; yet another item to add to an already crammed agenda. Gabon, of course, is not unique in this regard, as virtually all African countries have created similar bodies of research. Access remains the problem for the foreign scholar since these materials are rarely published or available outside their country of origin. Annotated bibliographies, or bibliographical guides of any kind, are to my knowledge extremely rare for materials of this nature. Yet in the best of these studies, Gabonese researchers exploit their language and cultural skills to conduct field interviews with informants and thus create important new sources of historical data. It is my contention that a systematic effort to work through these locally-produced materials is indispensable to successful historical research and that historians of Africa need to share information on the research accomplishments of students and scholars in history departments throughout the continent. In this way an aspect of "History in Africa" that has been hitherto neglected will receive the attention it de-
Resource-configurations for manufacturing networks: Matching plant capabilities to product value

Extending from the resource-based view, diverse capabilities of manufacturing plants represent heterogeneous resources, which, coupled with product characteristics, affect performance. Using a three-way classification, this study proposes that `pilot? plants provide strategic value through product development effectiveness, `contributor? plants are conducive to efficiency in process improvement, and `source? plants provide cost competitiveness.
Musical Echoes: South African Women Thinking in Jazz

Title: Musical echoes: South African women thinking in jazz Author: Muller, Carol and Sathima, Bea Benjamin Publisher: Duke University Press Publication year: 2011 ISBN 978-0-8223-4914-3
An electronic finding aid using extensible markup language (XML) and encoded archival description (EAD)

Increasingly, XML applications are appearing on the World Wide Web, from e‐commerce to information management. In the case of libraries and archives, XML enables more flexible information management and retrieval than using MARC or a relational database management system. Describes a project to explore the use of XML and the EAD, and the development of a prototype electronic finding aid. It focuses on the technical aspects, and reviews the options available and the choices made. This is done within the setting of a small‐ to medium‐sized archive with minimal tools and resources.
Effects of morphine and nalorphine upon tooth pulp thresholds of dogs in the alert and drowsy state.

The alteration of tooth pulp thresholds of dogs with chronically implanted electrodes was determined in the awake and drowsy states after morphine and nalorphine. The elevation in tooth pulp threshold was significantly greater after morphine than during the alert or drowsy state of the animal. Nalorphine antagonized this effect of morphine.
Elastic and Inelastic Cross Sections for Electron-Hg Scattering from Hg Transport Data

Elastic- and inelastic-scattering cross sections for low-energy electrons in Hg have been obtained through comparison of experimental and calculated transport data. Electron-electron interactions and superelastic collisions are incorporated into the numerical solution for the electron-energy distribution. The electron-electron interactions are shown to have a pronounced effect upon computed drift velocity and characteristic energies at low $\frac{E}{N}$, while superelastic collisions principally alter the cascade ionization rate. Details of the present method for solving the dc Boltzmann equation, including the above process, are discussed.
Survival after massive procainamide ingestion

A 79 year old man with coronary heart disease and renal insufficiency ingested approximately 19 g of procainamide hydrochloride. The plasma procainamide concentration peaked at 77 mg/liter 3 hours after ingestion. Despite severe hypotension, intraventricular conduction disturbances and central nervous system depression, the patient survived with supportive care. The serum half-life of procainamide was 8.8 hours throughout the first 24 hours. Renal clearance of procainamide was similar to creatinine clearance, but biotransformation was most important in the elimination of the drug. Peritoneal dialysis contributed little to the removal of procainamide.
Laser-assisted voice adjustment (LAVA) in transsexuals.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate results of laser-assisted voice adjustment (LAVA) surgery in male-to-female (MTF) transsexual patients with androphonia. Methods: The authors conducted a prospective case–control study of MTFs who underwent CO2 laser vocal fold vaporization between 1997 and 2003. Thirty-one patients were self-referred for voice feminization. Pre- and postoperative evaluations were completed. Patients' voices were recorded to obtain Fo before and after surgery. Voice Handicap Index (VHI) questionnaires were completed by post-LAVA patients. A panel of blinded listeners identified patients as male or female based on samples of connected speech recorded over the telephone. Results: Mean follow-up (23 weeks) revealed pitch increases averaging 26 Hz. Self-evaluations revealed increases in voice femininity, congruity with self-image, and satisfaction. However, the evaluations also showed decreased vocal quality, loudness, and vocal range. Mean VHI was consistent with VHI scores associated with Reinke's edema. Six of 10 patients were consistently perceived as female. Conclusion: LAVA provides a conservative treatment for androphonia. Postoperative voice therapy may optimize outcomes.
Symmetries and structure in the fp shell and g9/2 shell

First in a single-j-shell calculation (j = f7/2) we discuss various symmetries, e.g., two to one in 44Ti vs 43Ti. We note that the wave function amplitudes for T(higher) states are coefficients of fractional parentage, and that orthogonality of T(higher) and T(lower) states leads to useful results. Then we consider what happens if T = 0 two-body matrix elements are set equal to zero. We find a partial dynamical symmetry with several interesting degeneracies. It is noted that some formulae developed for identical particles also apply to different (companion) problems involving mixed systems of protons and neutrons. In the g9/2 shell, where one can have for the first time seniority violation for identical particles, we find some interesting yet unproven results.
Deficits in foraging behavior after telencephalon ablation in the goldfish (Carassius auratus).

Abstract Foraging behavior was examined in normal, sham-operated, and forebrainablated goldfish. The pattern of learning, long-term memory, and relearning capabilities were tested. Olfaction was ruled out as the directing mechanism involved with foraging in this species. Although forebrain-ablated fish demonstrated arousal deficits, arousal alone was not sufficient to explain the deficits in foraging behavior in ablated fish. Long-term memory deficits were found in the ablated fish. Learning patterns also differed between the forebrainless fish and the normal and sham-operated fish.
Analysis of Treatment Planning Time Among Systems and Planners for Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy

Radiation oncology is a technologically advanced health care specialty in which numerous innovations, such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), require significant manpower and resources. For 3 main disease sites (prostate, head and neck, and lung), the authors investigated IMRT planning time across the United States among commonly used treatment planning systems (TPS). Treatment planning time was investigated in different components of IMRT: data transfer, contouring, beam arrangements, optimization, dose calculation, and phantom plans. The results showed significant variability among the TPS depending on the functionality and efficiency of the TPS algorithm. This study provides a road map to quantify the manpower needed and the selection of proper tools for IMRT planning and could be a model for any health care task.