cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
QQQ̅ model of meson-baryon processes

A $\mathrm{QQ}\overline{Q}$ model of beson-baryon scattering and production of both positive- and negative-parity mesons is developed as a generalization of the "elementary meson" model proposed earlier by the authors. The model is based on the assumption that mesons are tighter structures than baryons, which allows the former to "see through" the latter, but not vice versa. The formalism allows the full inclusion of multiple-scattering effects within the meson-quark system via the $\mathrm{QQ}\overline{Q}$ structure, and leaves scope for the inclusion of similar effects between the meson and the quarks in the baryon, as a second-stage process. The model is more restricted than the usual quark models (based on additivity), which in general enable correlations of meson-baryon, baryon-baryon, and baryon-antibaryon amplitudes. The model makes little use of dynamics, except for the method of "spectator functions" to calculate the amplitudes for the various processes in terms of residues at the appropriate poles of the relevant spectator functions. However, the possible uses of simple dynamical considerations are indicated, by which the larger amplitudes could be distinguished from the smaller ones. The amplitudes are evaluated in a two-stage process, the first step indicating the "$\mathrm{SU}(3)$ level" of predictions, involving only one spin-parity type at a time, while the second step gives $\mathrm{SU}(6)$-type predictions which in principle connect mesons of different spin-parity assignments. For the negative-parity mesons (${0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$), the results are similar to those obtained by previous authors. However, the model provides, with no extra physical assumptions but considerably more algebraic manipulations, amplitude relations for the production of positive-parity mesons (${0}^{+}$, ${1}^{+}$, and ${2}^{+}$) which, according to the quark picture, are structures of the form $^{1}P_{1}$ and $^{3}P_{0,1,2}$, and are expected to simulate mesons of the type $B$, ${A}_{1}$, and ${A}_{2}$ (and perhaps also the scalar mesons). No attempt is made in this paper to confront the predictions with experiment, which will be the subject of a subsequent communication.
A finite element random response analysis of a complex panel with fluid-conveying pipes

A finite element approach is developed for a complex panel with fluid-conveying pipes undergoing large deflections subjected to random loadings. The influence of fluid velocity on the random response is investigated. The root-mean-square (rms) deflections and frequencies for different sound spectrum level value are studied. All four edges of the panel are considered to have the same conditions and restrictions. Either simply supported of clamped boundary condition with respect to the transverse deflection of the panel is considered. The prediction of fatigue life is then based on obtained rms stress. This analytical investigation will help to broaden the basic understanding of the role of fluid flow within structures subjected to acoustic loading.
A Simplified Mass-Transfer Model for Visual Pigments in Amphibian Retinal-Cone Outer Segments

When radiolabeled precursors and autoradiography are used to investigate turnover of protein components in photoreceptive cone outer segments (COSs), the labeled components—primarily visual pigment molecules (opsins)—are diffusely distributed along the COS. To further assess this COS labeling pattern, we derive a simplified mass-transfer model for quantifying the contributions of advective and diffusive mechanisms to the distribution of opsins within COSs of the frog retina. Two opsin-containing regions of the COS are evaluated: the core axial array of disks and the plasmalemma. Numerical solutions of the mass-transfer model indicate three distinct stages of system evolution. In the first stage, plasmalemma diffusion is dominant. In the second stage, the plasmalemma density reaches a metastable state and transfer between the plasmalemma and disk region occurs, which is followed by an increase in density that is qualitatively similar for both regions. The final stage consists of both regions slowly evolving to the steady-state solution. Our results indicate that autoradiographic and cognate approaches for tracking labeled opsins in the COS cannot be effective methodologies for assessing new disk formation at the base of the COS.
Within-texture collinearity improves human texture segmentation.

Spatial arrangement has been shown to facilitate both detection of a threshold target by collinear flankers and detection of smooth chains within random arrays of suprathreshold elements. Here, we investigate the effect of alignment between texture elements on orientation-based texture segmentation. Textures composed of Gabor elements were used in a figure-discrimination task. The degree of collinearity within the texture was manipulated, and threshold figure-ground orientation differences found. A facilitative effect of collinearity on segmentation was seen, which was insensitive to Gabor carrier phase at the texture-element co-axial spacing of 3λ used here. The pattern of results with respect to collinearity could not be attributed simply to improved linkage of local orientation contrast at figure borders in isolation, and instead suggests a role for the figure interior in texture segmentation.
INTRODUCING STRUCTURAL DIVERSITY IN OLIGONUCLEOTIDES VIA PHOTOLABILE, CONVERTIBLE C5-SUBSTITUTED NUCLEOTIDES

Chemically synthesized oligonucleotides are functionalized at defined sites while in their protected form on solid-phase supports via the incorporation of nucleotides containing masked alkyl carboxylic acids or alkylamines. The reactive functional groups are selectively revealed upon 365 nm irradiation of the appropriate o-nitrobenzyl based protecting group. For the photolabile nucleotide that reveals alkylamines, a combination of analytical methods revealed that very high yields (≥94%) of the oligonucleotide containing a single reactive functional group were obtained by using photolysis conditions that do not damage the biopolymer. Either functionalized nucleotide is efficiently coupled to the corresponding reaction partner via PyBOP mediated amide bond formation. Isolated yields of the conjugated oligonucleotides are ≥90%. This method is compatible with introducing multiple modified sites sequentially and is amenable to the synthesis of libraries of oligonucleotides in a combinatorial fashion containing...
Responsive systems: an introduction

This paper introduces responsive systems: systems that are real-time, event-based, or time-dependent. There are a number of trends that are accelerating the adoption of responsive systems: timeliness requirements for business information systems are becoming more prevalent, embedded systems are increasingly integrated into soft real-time command-and-control systems, improved message-oriented middleware is facilitating growth in event-processing applications, and advances in service-oriented and component-based techniques are lowering the costs of developing and deploying responsive applications. The use of responsive systems is illustrated here in two application areas: the defense industry and online gaming. The papers in this special issue of the IBM Systems Journal are then introduced. The paper concludes with a discussion of the key remaining challenges in this area and ideas for further work.
Morphology of Vapor Deposited Polyimides Containing Copper Phthalocyanine

A vapor deposition polymerization technique is applied to grow composite films containing polyimide and copper phthalocyanine (CuPc). Specifically, 4,4′-oxydianiline and 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride are co-evaporated in the presence of CuPc. Spectroscopy experiments confirm the formation of polyimide segments and suggest that embedded CuPc molecules have less mobility than pure CuPc films. Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies show that the majority of CuPc initially assumes an amorphous phase. Upon curing, partial crystallization of CuPc occurs, forming small crystals (α phase) that are suspended in a polyimide matrix. These crystals exhibit enhanced thermal stability compared to pure vapor-deposited CuPc.
High-throughput platform assay technology for the discovery of pre-microrna-selective small molecule probes.

MicroRNAs (miRNA) play critical roles in human development and disease. As such, the targeting of miRNAs is considered attractive as a novel therapeutic strategy. A major bottleneck toward this goal, however, has been the identification of small molecule probes that are specific for select RNAs and methods that will facilitate such discovery efforts. Using pre-microRNAs as proof-of-concept, herein we report a conceptually new and innovative approach for assaying RNA–small molecule interactions. Through this platform assay technology, which we term catalytic enzyme-linked click chemistry assay or cat-ELCCA, we have designed a method that can be implemented in high throughput, is virtually free of false readouts, and is general for all nucleic acids. Through cat-ELCCA, we envision the discovery of selective small molecule ligands for disease-relevant miRNAs to promote the field of RNA-targeted drug discovery and further our understanding of the role of miRNAs in cellular biology.
Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation and Phase Diagrams of Simulated Fernald Waste Glasses

Previous study of crystallization behavior in heat-treated Fernald waste glasses has produced an extensive data base of crystal phases likely to appear in various composition ranges and their corresponding liquidus temperatures. In addition, we have frequently observed amorphous phase separation in these glasses and, occasionally, evidence of crystallization originating from such phase separation. These glasses contain more than 10 components. The composition ranges for the major components are: MgF{sub 2} 10-26 wt%; CaO 4-27 wt%; Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} 3-15 wt%; SiO{sub 2} 25-40 wt%. The morphology of the phase separation as observed in the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is dark, spherical, globules dispersed in a continuous matrix. Globules are depleted in Mg, Ca and F, and enriched in Al and Si compared to the matrix. Phase separation occurs more frequently in melts relatively higher in Si and F. A more systematic study on a simplified and simulated seven component system (Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, B{sub 2}O{sub 3}, CaO, Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}, SiO{sub 2}, Na{sub 2}O and MgF{sub 2}) has been undertaken to determine the subliquidus miscibility gap and liquidus curve data. Glasses were formulated by varying the concentrations of MgF{sub 2}, CaO, Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, and SiO{sub 2} within the rangesmore » specified above at fixed levels of Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}, B{sub 2}O{sub 3} and Na{sub 2}O. The miscibility gap and liquidus curve were obtained by heat-treating the glass samples at different temperatures and observing any phase separation and crystallization in the SEM and the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). We report the results of this study to enhance the understanding of the thermodynamic properties of multi-component silicate systems which are usually the basis of nuclear waste glasses.« less
A semi-blind technique for MIMO channel matrix estimation

In this work we present a semi-blind algorithm for the estimation of a flat-fading MIMO channel matrix H. The algorithm is based on a decomposition of the channel matrix H as the product of a whitening matrix W and a unitary matrix Q. The whitening matrix can be estimated blindly from all received data. Several techniques are then suggested to estimate the optimum rotation matrix from training samples. Since it uses both blind and training data, the algorithm is semi-blind in nature. Theoretical results show that estimation of the channel matrix based on estimating only the Q matrix from pilot data can perform more efficiently than estimating H directly from the pilot data. However, performance of the technique depends on the accuracy with which W is estimated and is found to typically perform well in low SNR and fading environments.
Frequency-dependent synchrony in locus ceruleus: Role of electrotonic coupling

Electrotonic coupling synchronizes the spontaneous firing of locus ceruleus (LC) neurons in the neonatal rat brain, whereas in adults, synchronous activity is rare. This report examines the role of action potential frequency on synchronous activity in the adult LC. Decreasing the firing frequency in slices from adult animals facilitated the appearance of subthreshold oscillations and increased the correlation of the membrane potential between pairs of neurons. Conversely, increasing the firing frequency decreased the amplitude and synchrony of the oscillations among pairs. The frequency-dependent synchrony was not observed in slices from neonatal rats, where synchrony was observed at all frequencies, suggesting a developmental change in the properties of the LC network. A mathematical model confirmed that a reduction of the coupling strength among a pair of coupled neurons could generate frequency-dependent synchrony. In slices from adult animals, the combination of electrotonic coupling and firing frequency are the key elements that regulate synchronous firing in this nucleus.
Studies on nucleation process in diamond CVD: an overview of recent developments

This paper presents an updated and systematic overview of the recent developments in studies on nucleation processes in diamond CVD. The nucleation mechanisms are discussed, and the nucleation enhancement methods developed to date are summarized. The effects of surface conditions and deposition parameters on the surface nucleation are described. Finally, a brief description of theoretical and modeling studies on the surface nucleation is given.
Corset and Lace: Adapting Ada Runtime Support to Real-Time Systems.

Corset and Lace are runtime environment interfaces. Corset is an interface specification for a compact runtime support environment for tasking, for Ada. Lace is a specification for a low-level adaptable com- mon executive that implements a model of real-time, lightweight tasks. These interfaces are designed to promote a wide range of implementa- tions and extensions, tailored to the needs of diverse applications and hardware configurations, especially real-time embedded systems.
A conflict sense routing protocol and its performance for hypercubes

We propose a new switching format for multiprocessor networks, which we call conflict sense routing protocol. This switching format is a hybrid of packet and circuit switching, and combines advantages of both. We initially present the protocol in a way applicable to a general topology. We then present an implementation of this protocol for a hypercube computer and a particular routing algorithm. We also analyze the steady-state throughput of the hypercube implementation for random node-to-node communications.
Statistical Representation of Turbulence I

It is important that we look in more detail at the characteristics of turbulence and its distribution in the atmosphere under various meteorological conditions. This information will have important applications in the construction of better models of mean flow and in estimating the diffusion of properties emitted from chimneys, automobiles, and other sources.
Functional consequences following infection of the olfactory system by intranasal infusion of the olfactory bulb line variant (OBLV) of mouse hepatitis strain JHM.

The present study assessed the functional consequences of viral infection with a neurotropic coronavirus, designated MHV OBLV, that specifically targets central olfactory structures. Using standard operant techniques and a 'go, no-go' successive discrimination paradigm, six BALB/c mice were trained to discriminate between the presentation of an air or odor stimulus (three mice for each of the odorants propanol and propyl acetate). Two additional BALB/c mice were trained to discriminate between the presentation of air and the presentation of either vanillin or propionic acid. Following criterion performance, each mouse received an additional 2000 trials of overtraining. At completion of overtraining one mouse from the propanol and propyl acetate groups were allocated as untreated. The remaining six mice were inoculated with 300 microl of the OBLV stock per nostril for a total of 1.5 x 10(6) p.f.u. in 600 microl. Following a 1 month rest, untreated and inoculated animals were again tested on their respective air versus odor discrimination task. Untreated animals immediately performed at criterion levels. In contrast, inoculated animals varied in their capacity to discriminate between air and odorant. Five of the six inoculated mice showed massive disruption of the olfactory bulb, including death of mitral cells; the other was more modestly affected. In addition, the density of innervation of the olfactory mucosa by substance P-containing trigeminal fibers is also affected by inoculation. Those mice that remained anosmic to the training odorants had the most severe reduction in mitral cell number and substance P fiber density among the inoculated animals.
Passion Work: The Joint Production of Emotional Labor in Professional Wrestling.

This paper presents a case of jointly produced passion work. Passion work is emotional labor designed to elicit a strong response from subjects through an impression of extreme states such as pain, agony, or suffering. Based on an ethnographic investigation of professional wrestling participants, this study analyzes the backstage emotion teamwork that takes place within the self and with other performers. The study traces how performers do this physical labor and the social consequences of such work. The findings demonstrate that a) social rewards are intrinsic to performances of passion work, b) jointly produced passion work allows for the sort of breadth that is difficult to achieve in solo emotional work, and c) emotional labor shapes identity in recreational performances of the body.
Health Care Employee Perceptions of Patient-Centered Care

Given the importance of health care employees in the delivery of patient-centered care, understanding their unique perspectives is essential for quality improvement. The purpose of this study was to use photovoice to evaluate perceptions and experiences around patient-centered care among U.S. Veterans Affairs (VA) health care employees. We asked participants to take photographs of salient features in their environment related to patient-centered care. We used the photographs to facilitate dialogue during follow-up interviews. Twelve VA health care employees across two VA sites participated in the project. Although most participants felt satisfied with their work environment and experiences at the VA, they identified several areas for improvement. These included a need for more employee health and wellness initiatives and a need for enhanced opportunities for training and professional growth. Application of photovoice enabled us to learn about employees' unique perspectives around patient-centered care while engaging them in an evaluation of care delivery.
Is telemedicine the panacea for Sub-Saharan Africa's medical nightmare?

"Ever since my eye swelled up, I've gone to church to pray for a cure...I always knew He would send a way to make me better---I just didn't know it was going to be from London," says Anna Mobutsu, a 23-year-old farm laborer, who cannot imagine journeying farther than a bus ride from her home in the small African town of Nelspruit. An illiterate single parent with a 7-year-old and an elderly mother to support on about $56 a month, Anna does not even own a TV to introduce her to a world beyond her own. "But this afternoon I went to London" [2].
A study of the influence of high voltage device characteristics by electron beam irradiation during nanoprobing

It has been widely reported that floating gate irradiation using a charged beam can shift device parameters with the scaling of the devices [1–4]. For high voltage (HV) devices, the effects of electron beam (EB) induced damage, however, have not been reported. This paper describes how charge damage during EB exposure should also be considered for high voltage (HV) devices when scanning electron microscope (SEM) is employed for probe guidance. In this study, the effects of EB cathode potential on CMOS transistor threshold voltage and off-state current are investigated using HV, middle voltage (MV), and low voltage (LV) devices. The experimental results show that, to avoid damage, the acceleration voltage of EB should be lower.
Nomenclatural notes and identification of small-eared shrews (Mammalia: genus Cryptotis) from Cobán, Guatemala, in The Natural History Museum, London

Abstract A small series of shrews collected in Guatemala and registered in the British Museum between 1843 and 1907 includes parts of type series for three species: Corsira tropicalis Gray (1843), Sorex micrurus Tomes (1862), and Blarina tropicalis Merriam (1895). These three names are now considered equivalent, but my recent review of the specimens comprising the series indicates that they include three distinct species: Cryptotis merriami Choate (1970), Cryptotis oreoryctes Woodman (2011), and Cryptotis tropicalis (Merriam 1895). I review the taxonomic history of these specimens, provide current identifications tied directly to museum register numbers, describe how to distinguish the three species, and provide revised synonymies for these species.
High intensity infrared laser irradiation calorimetry: direct-determination of heat input to chlorodifluoromethane and ethyl acetate

Abstract The heat absorbed when chlorodifluoromethane (CF2HCl) and ethyl acetate were irradiated with a pulsed infrared CO2-TEA laser was measured using a laser calorimeter. The measurements show that CF2HCl at high pressure (> 10 torr) was completely thermally equilibrated during the laser pulse, while at low pressure (
A graph-based approach for timing analysis and refinement of OPS5 knowledge-based systems

We examine the problem of predicting the timing behavior of knowledge-based systems for real-time applications. In particular, we describe a suite of tools which analyze OPS5 programs to understand their timing properties. First, a graphical representation of an OPS5 program is defined and evaluated. This graph represents the logical control flows of an OPS5 program. Most of our analysis is based on this data structure. Second, we describe a novel tool which verifies that an OPS5 program can terminate in finite time. If the termination of the OPS5 program is not expected, the "culprit" conditions are detected. These conditions are then used to correct the problem by adding extra rules to the original program. Third, another tool is introduced to aid timing analysis of OPS5 programs. This tool generates a set of test data which maximize the program execution time. Other functions are also provided to facilitate the timing analysis.
Bayesian filters for image estimation

We consider recursive estimation of images modeled by non-Gaussian autoregressive (AR) models and corrupted by spatially white Gaussian noise. The goal is to find a recursive algorithm to compute a near minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimate of each scene pixel using a fixed lookahead of D rows and D columns of the observations. Our method is based on a simple approximation which facilitates the development of a useful suboptimal nonlinear estimator. In the process, we draw on the well-known reduced update Kalman filter to circumvent computational load problems. A simulation example demonstrates the non-Gaussian nature of the residual for an AR image model and that our algorithm compares favourably with Kalman filtering techniques in such cases.
Enhanced and prolonged cross-presentation following endosomal escape of exogenous antigens encapsulated in biodegradable nanoparticles

Summary CD8+ T-cell responses are critical in the immunological control of tumours and infectious diseases. To prime CD8+ T cells against these cell-associated antigens, exogenous antigens must be cross-presented by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). While cross-presentation of soluble antigens by dendritic cells is detectable in vivo, the efficiency is low, limiting the clinical utility of protein-based vaccinations. To enhance the efficiency of presentation, we generated nanoparticles from a biodegradable polymer, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), to deliver antigen into the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen presentation pathway. In primary mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), the MHC class I presentation of PLGA-encapsulated ovalbumin (OVA) stimulated T cell interleukin-2 secretion at 1000-fold lower concentration than soluble antigen and 10-fold lower than antigen-coated latex beads. The microparticles also served as an intracellular antigen reservoir, leading to sustained MHC class I presentation of OVA for 72 hr, decreasing by only 20% after 96 hr, a time at which the presentation of soluble and latex bead-associated antigens was undetectable. Cytosol extraction demonstrated that antigen delivery via PLGA particles increased the amount of protein that escaped from endosomes into the cytoplasm, thereby increasing the access of exogenous antigen to the classic MHC class I loading pathway. These data indicate that the unique properties of PLGA particle-mediated antigen delivery dramatically enhance and sustain exogenous antigen presentation by MHC class I, potentially facilitating the clinical use of these particles in vaccination.
Transition kernels for bilinear time-frequency distributions

The author proposes a sequence of time-frequency signal representations which offer a continuous transition from time smoothed pseudo-Wigner-Ville distributions (PWVD) to a specified class of positive representations. This allows the selection of a representation which offers the desired tradeoff between the inherent localization properties of the PWVD and the lack of interference terms present in the class of positive representations, a cause of some criticism of the method. The sequence converges uniformly to the specified positive distribution. >
Negative regulation of liver regeneration by innate immunity (natural killer cells/interferon-γ)

Background & Aims: Hepatic lymphocytes are composed mainly of natural killer (NK) cells and NKT cells, which play key roles in innate immune responses against pathogens and tumors in the liver. This report analyzes the effects of activation of innate immunity by viral infection or the toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligand on liver regeneration. Methods: The partial hepatectomy (PHx) method was used as a model of liver regeneration. Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection and the TLR3 ligand polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] were used to activate innate immunity. Results: NK cells are activated after PHx, as evidenced by producing interferon (IFN)-γ. Infection with MCMV or injection of poly(I:C) further activates NK cells to produce IFN-γ and attenuates liver regeneration in the PHx model. Depletion of NK cells or disruption of either the IFN-γ gene or the IFN-γ receptor gene enhances liver regeneration and partially abolishes the negative effects of MCMV and polyI:C on liver regeneration, whereas NKT cells may only play a minor role in suppression of liver regeneration. Adoptive transfer of IFN-γ +/+ NK cells, but not IFN-γ −/− NK cells, restores the ability of polyI:C to attenuate liver regeneration in NK-depleted mice. Finally, administration of polyI:C or IFN-γ enhances expression of several antiproliferative proteins, including STAT1, IRF-1, and p21cip1/waf1 in the livers of partially hepatectomized mice. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that viral infection and the TLR3 ligand negatively regulate liver regeneration via activation of innate immunity (NK/IFN-γ), which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis.
Psychosocial Predictors of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Intentions for Young Women 18 to 26: Religiosity, Morality, Promiscuity, and Cancer Worry

Abstract Objectives To determine whether five psychosocial variables, namely, religiosity, morality, perceived promiscuity, cancer worry frequency, and cancer worry severity, predict young women's intentions to receive the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. Methods Female undergraduate students (n = 408) completed an online survey. Questions pertaining to hypothesized predictors were analyzed through bivariate correlations and hierarchical regression equations. Regressions examined whether the five psychosocial variables of interest predicted intentions to vaccinate above and beyond controls. Proposed interactions among predictor variables were also tested. Results Study findings supported cancer worry as a direct predictor of HPV vaccination intention, and religiosity and sexual experience as moderators of the relationship between concerns of promiscuity reputation and intentions to vaccinate. One dimension of cancer worry (severity) emerged as a particularly robust predictor for this population. Conclusions This study provides support for several important, yet understudied, factors contributing to HPV vaccination intentions among college-aged women: cancer worry severity and religiosity. Future research should continue to assess the predictive contributions of these variables and evaluate how messages and campaigns to increase HPV vaccination uptake can utilize religious involvement and worry about cancer to promote more effectively HPV vaccination as a cancer prevention strategy.
Avoiding Anesthetic Disaster for the Patient With Pulmonary Disease

T HE PATIENT with acute and chronic pulmonary disease presents a challenge for the anesthesiologist because of the potential for perioperative hypoxemia, hypercarbia, bronchospasm, and postoperative pulmonary complications. In order to avoid an anesthetic disaster, careful preoperative preparation, anesthetic choice and intra-operative management, and postoperative care are required. This article reviews the perioperative management of the patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), restrictive lung disease, and acute respiratory failure.
Too Rough a Justice: The Ethiopia-Eritrea Claims Commission and International Civil Liability for Claims for Rape Under International Humanitarian Law

The developments in international law prohibiting rape during armed conflict have grown at a rapid pace in recent decades. Whereas rape had long been considered an inevitable by-product of armed conflict, evolution in international humanitarian law (IHL) has relegated this conception mostly to the past. The work of international criminal tribunals has been at the forefront of this change, developing the specific elements of the international crime of rape, and helping to change the perception of rape in international law. Violations of IHL, however, also give rise to civil liability. Despite the advances with respect to rape made in the international criminal law context, non-criminal adjudication of claims for rape has been rare. Recently, the Ethiopia-Eritrea Claims Commission completed eight years of work, making numerous damage awards for civil claims based on violations of IHL that occurred during the war between those two states. Among the claims it heard were several claims for rape, brought by both parties. Thus, the completed work of the Ethiopia-Eritrea Claims Commission represents an important opportunity to examine civil adjudication of claims for rape under IHL.This Article asks whether the work of the Commission has helped to extend the protections afforded by IHL, and whether its treatment of the claims for rape is in line with the progress made within IHL regarding the conceptualization of rape. It locates and analyzes the work of the Commission within the broader changes that have occurred within IHL with respect to rape, outlines the work of the Commission, and analyzes its substantive and procedural decisions. This Article argues that, while the Commission contributed certain substantive and procedural advances to IHL, it may have simultaneously created certain gaps in the IHL regime and hindered the conceptualization of rape within IHL.
Implications of the Study of Body Types for Physical Education

(1948). Implications of the Study of Body Types for Physical Education. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 241-297.
Preliminary validation of a romantic attachment orientation measure from the California Adult Q-Sort

We present data on the preliminary validation of a measure of romantic attachment orientation from the California Adult Q-Sort (CAQ). The CAQ is found in several longitudinal data sets, and researchers can use the CAQ to answer questions about changes in romantic attachment across the lifespan. Expert raters nominated CAQ items that were characteristic of attachment anxiety and avoidance. In a sample of observers and targets, we compared ratings based on composites of these CAQ items to self- and observer-reports from a widely used scale of adult attachment. These expert-generated measures of CAQ-attachment orientation correlated highly with ECR measures of attachment orientation, suggesting that items from the CAQ can reliably measure an individual’s attachment orientation.
Evaluating Location Privacy in Vehicular Communications and Applications

Vehicular ad hoc networks may one day prevent injuries and reduce transportation costs by enabling new safety and traffic management applications, but these networks raise privacy concerns because they could enable applications to perform unwanted surveillance. Researchers have proposed privacy protocols, measuring privacy performance based on metrics such as $k$ -anonymity. Because of the frequency and precision of location of queries in vehicular applications, privacy measurement may be improved by considering additional factors. This paper defines continuous network location privacy ; presents KDT -anonymity, which is a composite metric including average anonymity set size, i.e., $K$ , average distance deviation, i.e., $D$ , and anonymity duration, i.e., $T$ ; derives formulas to calculate theoretical values of $K$ , $D$ , and $T$ ; evaluates five privacy protocols under realistic vehicle mobility patterns using KDT -anonymity; and compares KDT -anonymity with prior metrics.
Structure and Dynamics of Chipmunk Home Range

This paper reports the results of a study of home range behavior of eastern chipmunks ( Tamias striatus ) carried out by a new approach. Focal observation was implemented with the aid of a digital event recorder. From this is developed a quantitative description of the spatial and temporal distributions of behavior within home ranges. These distributions constitute the home range. Use of the home range is extremely irregular. Individual variability overshadows sexual and seasonal differences in time budgets and the spatial distributions of behaviors. Movements radiate from a frequently visited center to less frequently visited peripheral areas. Repetitive movement patterns are superimposed on short- and long-term changes. Different behaviors are distributed at different distances from the center of activity. The concept of home range depends heavily on the methodology brought to bear on it; therefore, the concept is reexamined here in light of this new approach.
Response of Citrus Mites to Selected Quinoxaline Cyclic Di or Trithiocarbonates

Response of the Pacific spider mite, Tetranychus pacificus McGregor, and the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), to laboratory and/or field applications of thioquinox, Morestan® (6-methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedithiol cyclic S,S .dithiocarbonate), and related compounds was evaluated, Morestan was most toxic to the nymphs of P. citri and least toxic to the eggs. Twenty-five laboratory selections with Morestan failed to bring about a change in the susceptibility of T. pacificus to this compound. Residues of Morestan and some related compounds caused a high percentage of adult P. citri to abandon the treated fruit surface. About 50% of these migrating mites died even though they immediately reached untreated lemon leaves. High humidities decreased the migrating response and mortality of P. citri to Morestan residues. Thioquinox and Morestan field applications resulted in as adequate control or more effective control of P. citri as petroleum oil or other acaricide applications. Morestan residues resulting from field applications influenced the adult mite migrating activity or affected mortality for 50-90 days after treatment. Residues above 3.5 ppm on oranges or 2.0 ppm on lemons did not increase percent mite mortality or result in increased migration; as the amount of residue decreased below 3.5 or 2.0 ppm, respectively, the percent mortality and loss by migration decreased in linear proportion to the amount of residue.
Dislocation Models for Strengthening in Nanostructured Metallic Multilayers

Ultra-high strength metallic multilayers are ideal for investigating the effects of length scales in plastic deformation of metallic materials. Experiments on model systems show that the strengths of these materials increase with decreasing bilayer period following the Hall-Petch model. However, as the layer thickness is reduced to the nm-scale, the number of dislocations in the pile-up approaches one and the pile-up based Hall-Petch model ceases to apply. For nm-scale semi-coherent multilayers, we hypothesize that plastic flow occurs by the motion of single dislocation loops, initially in the softer layer, that deposit misfit type dislocation arrays at the interface and transfer load to the harder phase. The stress concentration eventually leads to slip in the harder phase, overcoming the resistance from the misfit arrays at the interface. A model is developed within the framework of classical dislocation theory to estimate the strengthening from this mechanism. The model predictions are compared with experimentally measured strengths.
Directed-Distributed Gradient Descent

Distributed Gradient Descent (DGD) is a well established algorithm to solve the minimization of a sum of multi-agents' objective functions in the network, with the assumption that the network is undirected, i.e., requiring the weight matrices to be doubly-stochastic. In this paper, we present a distributed algorithm, called Directed-Distributed Gradient Descent (D-DGD), to solve the same problem over directed graphs. In each iteration of D-DGD, we augment an additional variable at each agent to record the change in the state evolution. The algorithm simultaneously constructs a row-stochastic matrix and a column-stochastic matrix instead of only a doubly-stochastic matrix. The analysis shows that D-DGD converges at a rate of O(ln k/√k).
‘Go Away, Mute English!’ Selling English in Web Advertising:

Triggered by the increasing use of the Internet, the ‘English learning boom’ and ‘English fever’ in South Korea, web advertising is used by English language institutes as one of the most popular mo...
Explaining and Predicting Behavior

The purpose of this chapter is mainly to discuss how one can determine the motives, goals, or values of past decision-makers from knowing what decisions they have reached and their likely perceptions of the relevant facts. One may also be able to deduce their perceptions from knowing their decisions and goals.
A variable-pitch slat stack for task-specific slit-slat collimation: A preliminary report

The slit-slat collimator is experiencing a resurgence with the trend towards SPECT systems dedicated to imaging of specific organs, such as the heart and the breast. The slit-slat, a hybrid of a parallel-hole and pinhole collimators, is optimal for imaging at medium, 10-20 cm distances. The hybrid nature of the collimation, based on the use of separate, orthogonal components, affords a unique opportunity for design of collimators that can be changed without disturbing the patient. Such collimator exchange can be invaluable when separate imaging tasks with different resolution/sensitivity needs are performed during a multi-phase study. High sensitivity imaging is an important tool for patient positioning in systems which achieve high efficiency by using their detector to image a small FOV; collimator exchange would permit the use of high resolution collimation after positioning. Beyond scout imaging used for positioning, collimator exchange may permit protocols combining a dynamic study using the high-sensitivity mode, followed by a study with a high-resolution mode, once tracer distribution reaches equilibrium. We have designed and constructed a variable slat stack prototype which permits rapid switching between hi-sens and hi-res modes. The design is based on two interpenetrating 3 mm-pitch stacks of 0.25 mm tungsten foils suspended at their edges by two sets of thin interleaved aluminum walls with narrow shelves. For the high sensitivity mode, one of the stacks can be collapsed on top of the other. In this report, we present a preliminary assessment of the prototype. Combined with our previously demonstrated interchangeable slit conveyor system, the ability to rapidly exchange collimation along the both dimensions brings an unprecedented functionality within a minimal footprint.
Some Diagnostic Observations of Post-September 11, 2001 Crisis Groups

Crisis groups following the September 11 attack in New York were an opportunity to learn about people in crisis. The many groups that were formed to assist individuals' return to work, school, and home offered opportunities to observe how people managed their personal crises. While diagnoses such as Post-traumatic Stress Disorder were used, they offer no help in understanding group dynamics and individual behavior in groups. In this paper a psychoanalytic group orientation is offered to help learn about the impact of such terrible crises on individuals and the use of psychoanalytically oriented groups to aid in their path to recovery.
cMyc Regulates the Size of the Premigratory Neural Crest Stem Cell Pool

The neural crest is a transient embryonic population that originates within the central nervous system (CNS) and then migrates into the periphery and differentiates into multiple cell types. The mechanisms that govern neural crest stem-like characteristics and self-renewal ability are poorly understood. Here, we show that the proto-oncogene cMyc is a critical factor in the chick dorsal neural tube, where it regulates the size of the premigratory neural crest stem cell pool. Loss of cMyc dramatically decreases the number of emigrating neural crest cells due to reduced self-renewal capacity, increased cell death, and shorter duration of the emigration process. Interestingly, rather than via E-Box binding, cMyc acts in the dorsal neural tube by interacting with another transcription factor, Miz1, to promote self-renewal. The finding that cMyc operates in a non-canonical manner in the premigratory neural crest highlights the importance of examining its role at specific time points and in an in vivo context.
Magnitudes and moments of duration

Abstract Coda-duration τ at 42 of the stations in the U.S. Geological Survey9s central California seismic network (CALNET) for earthquakes in five source regions of central California—the Parkfield and San Juan Bautista sections of the San Andreas fault, the Sargent fault, the Coyote Lake section of the Calaveras fault, and the Livermore area—are used to obtain empirical formulas relating local magnitude M L and seismic moment M 0 to τ and epicentral distance Δ. Models with log 2 τ fit the data better than those assuming a log τ dependence. For 55 earthquakes with 1.1. ≦ M L ≦ 5.3, M L = 0.92 + 0.607 (±0.005)log 2 τ + 0.00268(± 0.00012)Δ. These M L assume a Wood-Anderson seismograph magnification of 2800; 0.15 should be subtracted from these M L for continuity with magnitudes obtained from or calibrated against typical (magnification ∼ 2000) Wood-Anderson seismographs. For 53 earthquakes with 18.4 ≦ log M 0 ≦ 22.3, log M 0 = 17.97 + 0.719(± 0.0007)log 2 τ + 0.00319(±0.00013)Δ. These relations provide unbiased estimates of M L for 1.5 ≲ M L ≲ 5.3 and 19 ≲ log M 0 ≲ 22.3. Station corrections can significantly improve the accuracy and precision of M L and log M 0 estimates, particularly if τ from a small number of stations are used. Regional variations in station corrections reflect an increase in coda duration toward the south within the CALNET.
Estimating groundwater inflow and leakage outflow for an intermontane lake with a structurally complex geology: Georgetown Lake in Montana, USA

Stable isotopes of the water molecule (δ18O and δD) for groundwater, lake water, streams, and precipitation were coupled with physical flux measurements to investigate groundwater–lake interactions and to establish a water balance for a structurally complex lake. Georgetown Lake, a shallow high-latitude high-elevation lake, is located in southwestern Montana, USA. The lake is situated between two mountain ranges with highlands primarily to the east and south of the lake and a lower valley to the west. An annual water balance and (δ18O and δD) isotope balance were used to quantify annual groundwater inflows of 2.5 × 107 m3/year and lake leakage outflows of 1.6 × 107 m3/year. Roughly, 57% of total inflow to the lake is from groundwater, and 37% of total outflow at Georgetown Lake is groundwater. Stable isotopes of groundwater and springs around the lake and surrounding region show that the east side of the lake contains meteoric water recharged annually from higher mountain sources, and groundwater discharge to the lake occurs through this region. However, springs located in the lower western valley and some of the surrounding domestic wells west of the lake show isotopic enrichment indicative of strong to moderate evaporation similar to Georgetown Lake water. This indicates that some outflowing lake water recharges groundwater through the underlying west-dipping bedrock in the region.
An end-user's guide to the HEART score and pathway

Abstract Background Chest pain accounts for a significant percentage of emergency department (ED) presentations. The HEART score and pathway have demonstrated an ability to appropriately risk stratify and discharge from the ED a significant proportion of patients. Objective This review evaluates vital components of the HEART score and pathway, while discussing important considerations for current and future use. Discussion Chest pain is a common ED presentation, and several conditions associated with chest pain result in patient morbidity and mortality. One major disease is acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Despite the fear associated with this disease, it accounts for a minority of patients with chest pain in the ED. Emergency physicians rarely miss myocardial infarction (MI) or ACS, with miss rates Conclusions Appropriate use of the HEART pathway reliably risk stratifies patients. Physicians must consider several key components when utilizing the HEART pathway, and future directions may incorporate other patient factors.
Hepatobiliary Oncologic Surgery in the Elderly

This review aims to describe the treatment and outcomes in the perioperative management of elderly patients undergoing hepatic surgery for cancer. There is a broad perception that elderly patients are more frail and less able to tolerate major resection. They are therefore offered surgery less often than younger patients. Elderly patients can tolerate major hepatectomies with comparable length of surgery, rate of transfusion, and length of hospital stay as younger patients. However, they are more apt to develop significant cardiopulmonary complications and require discharge to an acute care facility. When matched for tumor stage, disease-specific survival is similar to younger patients. Contrary to what is sometimes perceived, elderly patients can tolerate major hepatic resection. However, this requires careful patient selection and preoperative evaluation, as elderly patients are more prone to complications, concerns related to quality of life outcomes and perioperative mortality.