cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Origin and ultrastructure of complex septa in schizophyllum commune development.

The mode of origin of cross-walls in living cells of S. commune was studied in basidiospore germinants, vegetative homokaryotic mycelium and the dikaryon of this mushroom. The de novo origin of septa in basidiospore germinants always involved annular ingrowth of cross-walls. The restriction of intercalary growth was observed in the transition from a two-celled hypha to a three-celled unit. Primary branch formation occurred in nonseptate germinants, subterminal cells of the young hypha and in the hyphal apex. Septum formation in purely vegetative homokaryotic mycelium as well as the main cross-wall of the dikaryon was also by annular ingrowth. Ultrastructure studies of the septal pore apparatus revealed no differences in those of germinants, wild-type or morphologically aberrant unilateral diploidizing strains of vegetative mycelium or in the clamp connection of the dikaryon. Simple septa of two general types prevailed in the common-A heterokaryon of S. commune.
Breast and cervical cancer screening in older women: the San Diego Medicare Preventive Health Project.

Abstract Background. This study presents rates and correlates of cancer screening, including mammography, clinical breast exam, breast self-examination, and Pap tests, in older women. Age was the predictor of main interest. Results. Among a sample of female Medicare beneficiaries ages 65 and older, who were members of a health maintenance organization, there was a significant, inverse relationship between age and mammography adherence, while controlling for health status, physician utilization, education, and income. The proportions of subjects ages 65–74 and 75+ never having had a mammogram were 17 and 32%, respectively, and the proportions having had annual mammograms were 40 and 28%, respectively. Pap test frequency showed a trend toward an inverse relationship with age, controlling for demographic and health-related variables. In the youngest age group (65–69), 52% had annual Pap tests, whereas in the oldest group (80+), only 36% had annual Pap tests. Age did not predict frequency of clinical breast exam, and the relationship of age to breast self-examination was inconclusive. The role of the physician in promoting cancer screening is discussed.
Energy Levels of Bloch Electrons in Magnetic Fields

From the calculation of the energy levels of conduction electrons in a simple model of a metal in a magnetic field three interesting results emerge. (a) Quantum corrections to Onsager's semiclassical quantization formula are found to be sufficiently small that the usual interpretation of the de Haas-van Alphen effect should provide an accurate measure of Fermi-surface cross sections in potassium. (b) The undetermined constant appearing in Onsager's formula is found to be $\frac{3}{4}$ for effects due to "lens" orbits in hexagonal metals when the magnetic field lies in the basal plane. (c) The quantization of energy levels in a variety of periodic open orbits is predicted to be observable in principle through cyclotron-resonance experiments in a suitable geometry in the intermediate magnetic-breakdown regime.
Hypothalamic blood flow following goldthioglucose-induced lesions

Abstract Blood flow to the ventromedial region of hypothalamus was studied in mice at various times following injection of the chemical compound goldthioglucose (GTG). India ink solution was used to outline the blood vessels. It was found that blood flow to the hypothalamus was not effected up to 4 hours after GTG injection. At 5 hours after injection, notable blood flow changes were observed in the region of the infundibulum, while from 6 hours to 21 days (the latter being the longest postinjection period studied), blood flow was reduced to the entire ventromedial hypothalamic region. This area extended from the anterior hypothalamic region to the mamillary nucleus and included the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei. No reduction in blood flow was observed in the lateral hypothalamic region. Also, blood vessels, occasionally outlined within the region of the lesion, showed normal-appearing cells immediately adjacent to them.
Numerical Study to Achieve Stratified EGR in Engines

Exhaust Gas Re-circulation (EGR) has been used in intemal combustion engines to control automotive emissions. EGR is usually used to dilute the inlet charge, which consists of air, by redirecting part of the exhaust into the inlet manifold of the engine. This results in a reduction of the oxygen mass fraction in the inlet charge. However, dilution of the air-fuel mixture in an engine using stratified EGR could offer significant fuel economy saving comparable to lean burn or stratified charge direct-injection SI engines. The most critical challenge is to keep the EGR and air-fuel mixture separated, or to minimize the mixing between the two zones to an acceptable level for stable and complete combustion. Swirl-type stratified EGR and fuel-air flow structure is considered desirable for this purpose, because the circular shape of the cylinder tends to preserve the swirl motion. Moreover, the axial piston motion has minimal effect on the swirling motion of the fluid in the cylinder. In this study, we consider intake system design in order to generate a two-zone combustion system, where EGR is maintained in a layer on the periphery of the cylinder, and the fuel-air mixture is maintained in the center of the cylinder. KIVA-3V was used to perform numerical simulations on different EGR systems. The simulations were performed to determine if the two-zones can be generated in the cylinder, and to what extent mixing between the two zones occurs. For the engine geometries considered in this study, the results showed that it is possible to generate the two zones, but mixing is difficult to control.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Contained Ruptured Paravisceral Aortic Aneurysm Related to Immunoglobulin G4 Aortitis

Background To describe a case of autoimmune inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) associated with rupture. Methods A 63-year-old woman presented with 5 days of abdominal pain, malaise, fever, and chills after 6 months of debilitating back pain with a 3-kg weight loss. On examination, she was shown to have a tender palpable pulsatile abdominal mass. Computed tomographic angiography revealed a multilobulated paravisceral AAA (5.5 cm in maximal diameter) and bilateral popliteal aneurysms. The appearance of the aneurysms was indicative of primary aortic infection. Laboratory examinations demonstrated a white blood cell (WBC) count of 12.3×10 9 /L, erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 131 mm/hr, normal antinuclear antibody level, and C-reactive protein level of 211 mg/L. Nuclear WBC scan showed no uptake of tracer around the aorta. Blood and urine cultures were negative. Because of the AAA size and symptoms, open repair was expedited. The operation was performed through a transabdominal midline incision with a mediovisceral rotation. Extensive retroperitoneal inflammation extending into the paravisceral aorta was encountered. Supraceliac clamping was possible. The aorta was replaced from the level of the superior mesenteric artery to the aortic bifurcation with a 16-mm rifampin-soaked graft with reimplantation of the left renal artery. Cultures and biopsies were done. Results Histology demonstrated vessel wall rupture, adventitial fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration, obliterative phlebitis, lymphoid follicles, perineural inflammation, and immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) plasma cell infiltration, consistent with a contained ruptured aneurysm associated with IgG4 periaortitis. The patient had a long postoperative course with prolonged intubation and renal failure requiring hemodialysis, which resolved 8 weeks postoperatively. Immunosuppression was paramount for her improvement. Conclusion IgG4-related inflammatory AAAs are rare; this is the first report of one with a contained rupture. The patient’s symptoms, the unusual appearance on computed tomography, the presence of popliteal aneurysms in a woman, and the normal WBC scan were indicative of an inflammatory etiology. Tissue biopsy was critical to obtain histological diagnosis and direct treatment.
582: Haptoglobin (Hp) switch-on pattern as a biomarker of exposure to intra-amniotic inflammation in twin pregnancies

exposure to intra-amniotic inflammation in twin pregnancies Catalin S. Buhimschi, Unzila A. Ali, Kristine Trotta, Guomao Zhao, Katherine Campbell, Christina M. Duzyj, Ramesha Papanna, Sonya S. Abdel-Razeq, Heather Lipkind, Vineet Bhandari, Irina A. Buhimschi Yale University, Ob/Gyn & Reprod Sci., New Haven, CT, Yale University, Department of Pediatrics, New Haven, CT OBJECTIVE: Compartmentalization of the inflammatory process in twin gestations complicated by preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and/or infection may be advantageous for the unexposed fetus. Little is known about how a heightened inflammatory state in one gestational sac impacts the second twin. Hp is an acutephase reactant protein considered near-absent at birth (switch-off). Antenatal exposure to inflammation results in precocious switch-on in Hp expression with immunoreactive levels dependent on fetal phenotype (Hp0-0, Hp1-1, Hp2-1, or Hp2-2). The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between antenatal exposure to inflammation and fetal Hp expression pattern in twins. STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed 120 paired cord blood samples from 60 twin pregnancies (GA: 30 [26-33] wks, 87% di/di), who presented with symptoms of preterm labor or PPROM. Venous cord blood was obtained under sterile conditions at birth. Fetal inflammatory status was assessed by IL-6 levels. Hp expression patterns, phenotypes and levels were determined by Western blot and immunoassay. Data was analyzed based on GA at birth, chorionicity and placental histology. RESULTS: 1) The fetal Hp switch status analysis demonstrated the following: 65% (39/60) of pregnancies had both fetuses in Hp-off state, 22% (13/60) had fetuses in discordant Hp switch state, and 13% (8/ 60) had both fetuses Hp switched-on; 2) In pregnancies with discordant Hp status, fetuses with Hp switch-on were more likely to be the presenting twin, had significantly higher immunoreactive Hp levels (twin switch-on: 10 [7-17] vs. twin switch-off: 0.3 [0.1-2.5] ug/mL, P .001), IL-6 (twin switch-on: 67 [6.5-2,823] vs. twin-off: 5 [3-12] pg/mL, P .001), and higher grades of histological chorioamnionitis (P .05), independent of GA, chorionicity and fetal Hp phenotype. CONCLUSION: We provide evidence that in twin pregnancies the fetal Hp expression patterns and levels may be discordant based on antenatal exposure to inflammation.
Reengineering a natural riboswitch by dual genetic selection

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) riboswitches are found in bacterial and eukaryotic mRNAs and regulate gene expression by switching the local RNA structure upon binding TPP to the natural RNA aptamer. We reengineered a natural TPP riboswitch which represses the downstream gene expression in response to TPP so that the downstream gene is activated in response to the ligand by dual genetic selection. We identified and characterized a number of artificial riboswitches which exhibit opposite response to TPP compared to the wild-type. The results suggest a remarkable flexibility of the riboswitch mechanism to implement different modes of gene regulation which may have been a beneficial feature for the primitive cells.
Large excavations and multi-disciplinary studies in deep underground laboratories

Since 2013, we have gathered some information on excavations recently completed, renovated, or planned in Asia, Europe, North and South America. In this review, we presented what we learned on both the large excavations and on multi-disciplinary studies. Large excavations in physics laboratories are driven by the needs associated with designing next generation of experiments to detect rare events. Some existing physics laboratories are interested to use available spaces for geo-sciences studies, including microbiological research for deep life. Summary of recent progress will be discussed.
Reflections on Evaluating Health Communication Campaigns

The purpose of this special issue of Communication Methods and Measures is to promote a dialogue on the issue of health communication campaign outcome evaluation. The articles are based upon a one-day preconference that took place at the Tenth Biennial Kentucky Conference on Health Communication (KCHC) in Lexington, Kentucky, in April 2008. In the current article we reflect on these article contributions, discuss design elements used by these studies to reduce internal validity threats, and propose future areas for research on campaign evaluation. We make several conclusions regarding campaign evaluation, including the need for 1) increased use of design elements known to increase internal validity in campaign evaluations and 2) new methodological studies that examine how evaluation design affects the accuracy of inferences made with regard to campaign effects.
Production of “internal surface reveresed-phase” supports: The hydrolysis of selected substrates from silica using chymotrypsin

Abstract The degree of hydrolysis of substrates attached to silica supports with α-chymotrypsin has been evaluated relative to the production of “internal surface reversed-phase” supports. The peptide substrates N-tert.-butoxycarbonyl- l -phenylalanine (Boc- l -Phe), N-carbobenzoxy- l -valine- l -phenylalanine, N-acetyl- l -phenylalanine (acetyl- l -Phe) and N-benzoyl- l -phenylalanine as well as phenylpropionic acid were attached to glycerylpropyl-bonded silica via a diamine spacer using 1,1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide as a coupling catalyst. The products released from the silica support on enzyme treatment were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Boc- l -Phe and acetyl- l -Phe were successfully cleaved from the rigid silica matrix in high yields, whereas the remaining substrates were hydrolyzed to a lesser extent.
Acceleration of hydrolysis of bisphenol A polycarbonate by hindered amines

Abstract The hydrolysis of bisphenol A polycarbonate is accelerated when a small amount of any of a number of hindered amine light stabilizers is incorporated in the resin and it is exposed to elevated temperature and humidity. The degree of this base-catalyzed hydrolysis is markedly affected by the structure of the light stabilizer. Secondary amines appear to be more effective catalysts than the corresponding tertiary amines, and two amide derivatives exhibit only very slightly accelerated hydrolysis when compared with additive-free polycarbonate.
The ischium and hip extensor mechanism in human evolution

Although it is commonly stated that the ischia of the late Pliocene–early Pleistocene hominid fossils are long and ape-like, new interpretations show this view to be fallacious. An important new theory proposed by Robinson concludes that the gracile form of early hominid was an efficient biped, but the robust form was a less efficient biped and was adapted for tree climbing. Interpretation of the ischium is crucial to this idea. The present study shows that (1) the gracile and robust australopithecine ischia had similar relative lengths and (2) that the hamstring mechanism was probably very similar in the two forms of South African early hominid.
Remarks About the Hypothesis of Limiting Fragmentation

Remarks are made about the hypothesis of limiting fragmentation. In particular, the concept of favored and disfavored fragment distribution is introduced. Also a sum rule is proved leading to a useful quantity called energy-fragmentation fraction.
Body weight status and onset of cognitive impairment among U.S. middle-aged and older adults.

Abstract Objective To examine the relationship between body weight status and onset of cognitive impairment among U.S. middle-aged and older adults. Methods Study sample came from 1996 to 2010 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, consisting of 6739 community-dwelling adults born between 1931 and 1941 who were free from cognitive impairment in 1996. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from self-reported height/weight. Cognitive impairment was defined by a composite score of 11 or lower on the immediate and delayed word recall, serial 7's, and backwards counting tests. Kaplan–Meier estimator and Cox proportional hazards model were performed to examine the association between base-year body weight status and future onset of cognitive impairment. Results Compared with their normal weight counterparts, the unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) for cognitive impairment incidence was 2.03 (95% confidence interval: 1.38–3.00), 1.15 (1.02–1.29), 1.28 (1.14–1.43), and 1.59 (1.33–1.92) among underweight (BMI Conclusion Underweight is a robust risk factor for onset of cognitive impairment in later life. Weight management programs targeting middle-aged and older adults should focus on achieving and maintaining optimal body weight.
Hypotension and bradycardia induced by amitriptyline in healthy volunteers

Seventeen healthy volunters in three groups received no treatment, or 25 or 50 mg doses of amitriptyline. Maximal measured concentrations of amitriptyline occurred at 4 h post-dosage. There was a dose-dependent change in performance of a digit symbol substitution test. Visual analogue scales measuring drowsiness, speed of thinking, and lethargy were sensitive to the drug. The low dose induced no blood pressure changes, but tachycardia occurred. The higher dose induced hypotension with bradycardia, a hitherto undocumented reaction to the drug.
No critter left behind: an invertebrate renaissance.

The new developments outlined above (see also [18xSystems neurobiology without backbones. Greenspan, R.J. Curr. Biol. 2004; 14: R177–R179Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMedSee all References18]), coupled with the long and glorious history of invertebrate biology, augur a bright future for the spineless and for those who study them. Not only will this movement expand the boundaries of our knowledge, but more importantly, it will begin to move us towards a truly evolutionary concept of mechanism.
A Computer Compatible Comparator-Densitometer for Use in High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

During the past few years the potentiality of high resolution mass spectrometry for the determination of the structure of the organic molecules has been recognized and is presently a fast expanding field. One of the major problems is that of data acquisition since from a molecule of average complexity (i.e. mass 500) a few hundred ions are formed, the mass of which has to be determined with an accuracy of 1:105 to 1:106 to permit assignment of the elemental composition of each ion. Both the quality as well as the quantity of these data (one or two dozen of spectra can easily be recorded per day) requires the use of highly automated data reduction equipment that produces the data in computer compatible form or is operated on-line. A motor driven comparator-densitometer is used to take optical density readings every 0.5 or 1.0 microns and to record them on an incremental magnetic tape. Conversion first into line positions and relative intensities and then into chemically meaningful information is done using an IBM 7094 computer.© (1966) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Spectrum and Ionization Potential of Radium

A new interpretation of the connection between the two groups of terms in Ra I found by Rasmussen is suggested and confirmed by new observations which he has courteously communicated. Certain term-designations are altered. The first ionization potential is 5.252 volts.
Evolution of proneural atonal expression during distinct regulatory phases in the developing Drosophila eye

Abstract Background Receptors of the Notch family affect the determination of many cell types. In the Drosophila eye, Notch antagonises the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) protein atonal, which is required for R8 photoreceptor determination. Similar antagonism between Notch and proneural bHLH proteins regulates most neural cell determination, however, it is uncertain whether the mechanisms are similar in all cases. Here, we have analyzed the sensitivity of atonal expression to Notch signalling using a temperature-sensitive Notch allele, by the expression of activated Notch or of the ligand Serrate, and by monitoring expression of the atonal-dependant gene scabrous and of the Notch-dependent Enhancer of split genes. Results The atonal expression pattern evolves from general ‘prepattern' expression, through transient ‘intermediate groups' to R8 precursor-specific expression. Successive phases of atonal expression differ in sensitivity to Notch. Prepattern expression of atonal is not inhibited. Inhibition begins at the intermediate group stage, corresponding to the period when atonal gene function is required for its own expression. At the transition to R8 cell-specific expression, Notch is activated in all intermediate group cells except the R8 cell precursor. R8 cells remain sensitive to inhibition in columns 0 and 1, but become less sensitive thereafter; non-R8 cells do not require Notch activity to keep atonal expression inactive. Thus, Notch signaling is coupled to atonal repression for only part of the atonal expression pattern. Accordingly, the Enhancer-of-split m δ protein is expressed reciprocally to atonal at the intermediate group and early R8 stages, but is expressed in other patterns before and after. Conclusions In eye development, inhibition by Notch activity is restricted to specific phases of proneural gene expression, beginning when prepattern decays and is replaced by autoregulation. We suggest that Notch signalling inhibits atonal autoregulation, but not expression by other mechanisms, and that a transition from prepattern to autoregulation is necessary for patterning neural cell determination. Distinct neural tissues might differ in their proneural prepatterns, but use Notch in a similar mechanism.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Photosensitive Donors in ZnO

Electron paramagnetic resonance of photosensitive donors in zinc oxide with oxygen vacancies
Impact perforation resistance of laminated and assembled composite plates

A previous study on impact response of composite laminates concluded that impact perforation was the most important damage stage in composite laminates subjected to impact loading since impact characteristics and degradation of mechanical properties of composite laminates reached critical levels once perforation took place. It was also found that thickness had a greater influence on impact perforation resistance than in-plane dimensions. However, as the composite laminates became very thick, the manufacturing cost for obtaining high-quality composite laminates could become unaffordable. In an effort to meet design requirements and to reduce manufacturing costs, assembled composite plates, which were organized by assembling multiple thin composite laminates together, were considered as alternatives to thick laminated composite plates. Various joining techniques including mechanical riveting, adhesive bonding, stitching and their combinations were used in assembling two- and four-laminate plates. Experimental results revealed that epoxy bonding outperformed other joining techniques. Although good bonding resulted in a higher impact bending stiffness and subsequently a higher perforation threshold, increasing the laminate thickness, or the number of laminates, was found to be more efficient in raising perforation threshold than improving the joining stiffness. As a major finding of the study, the assembled composite plates were found to have perforation thresholds similar to the laminated counterpart. Hence, the former could be used to replace the latter, at least, as far as perforation threshold was concerned.
Frequency-modulation polarization-spectroscopy detection of persistent spectral holes

Frequency-modulation polarization spectroscopy was used to detect persistent and anisotropic spectral holes written in the 607-nm color center in irradiated NaF and in the 683-nm absorption in phthalocyanine free-base-doped polyethylene. The high sensitivity of the technique permitted holes to be detected that had been written with exposure times down to 100 μsec. A general theory of frequency-modulation polarization spectroscopy is developed and specialized to the case of linear pump polarizations. Rate-equation models are presented to describe the anisotropic hole-burning process in a material, such as NaF, for which the absorbing centers have a finite distribution of possible orientations and in amorphous materials for which the distribution is uniform. The erasure of anisotropic holes because of excitation by the probe beam is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. A particular geometry was found to minimize this erasure effect in NaF.
Neurocognitive aging and cardiovascular fitness: recent findings and future directions.

In the first century, CE, the Roman satirist Juneval famously observed Orandum est, ut sit mens sana in corpore sano, or “A sound mind in a sound body is something to be prayed for.” This implicit link between mental and physical health, also paralleled by Eastern philosophies and practices such as tai chi, has survived the millennia since Juneval and his contemporaries. More recently, controlled examinations of the effects of physical fitness on cognitive performance have shown that improving cardiovascular fitness (CVF) can help to reduce the deleterious effects of age on cognition and brain structure. Thus, as we age, it may well be the case that a sound mind is a natural concomitant of a sound body. Numerous cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have examined the effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive performance in aging humans since earlier studies, which found that physically fit older adults performed better on simple cognitive tasks than their less-fit counterparts. This base of knowledge recently has been furthered through examinations of cortical structure (Colcombe et al., 2003) and neurocognitive function in aging humans via functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging techniques. In this manuscript, we will briefly review some of our recent research on the effects of CVF on brain function, structure, and behavior in older adults. We will then outline some of our current and future directions in this area.
INFORMATION LITERACY, NEW LITERACIES, AND LITERACY

Literacy was once thought to be well understood and well defined. However, it has been argued that the digital world has disrupted previous notions of literacy, supplanting them with “new” forms of literacies—first in various new literacy studies and now in the library and information science (LIS) scholarship as it applies to information literacy (IL). But do the old forms of literacy in fact hold LIS back? Do the critiques of conceptions of literacy fully represent that foundational scholarship? Are the “new” literacies really all that different from traditional notions of literacy? A review both of concepts of literacy and IL that have been critiqued and of core ideas of foundational scholarship on the shift from orality to literacy that stand at the center of the scholarly debate over literacy in general, together with an identifying of conceptual foundations of critical reflexivity that underwrite “new” literacies, is undertaken here to inform the scholarly assumptions and claims of LIS and IL.
NORMAL STATE IMPLICATURE

In the right situation, a speaker can use an unqualified indefinite description without being misunderstood. This use of language, normal state implicature, is a kind of conversational implicature, i.e. a non-truth-functional context-dependent inference based upon language users' awareness of principles of cooperative conversation. I present a convention for identifying normal state implicatures which is based upon mutual beliefs of the speaker and hearer about certain properties of the speaker's plan. A key property is the precondition that an entity playing a role in the plan must be in a normal state with respect to the plan.
Health Status and Needs of Latino Dairy Farmworkers in Vermont

Vermont is a new Latino destination where many Spanish-speaking migrants have found work on dairy farms. One hundred twenty Latino workers were surveyed on 59 Vermont dairy farms to develop a demographic profile and evaluate their self-assessed health status and barriers to care. The study found, similar to other studies, the majority of workers were young, male Mexicans. However, the workers in this study, as compared to others, originated farther south in Mexico and there were significant regional differences in educational attainment. Workers defined health in terms of their ability to work and the majority believed themselves to be in good health. The majority felt that moving to the United States has not changed their health status. The most common health issue reported was back/neck pain, followed by dental and mental health issues. Workers are both physically and linguistically isolated and reported isolation as the most challenging aspect of dairy farm work. Fear of immigration law enforcement was the primary barrier to care. Community-based initiatives, including partnerships with colleges and universities, outreach to farm employers and the adoption of "bias-free policing" are strategies that can increase access to health care for Latino dairy farmworkers in the United States.
Synthesis of polystyrene model colloids with controlled surface chemistry: A statistical study

Abstract Monodisperse model polymer colloids stabilized with strongly ionized, hydrolysis-resistant surface groups are formed without emulsifying or stabilizing additives when a complexed form of cupric or silver ion is used as oxidant to produce free radical initiator from sulfite ion. It is believed that the surface groups are sulfonate ions. In one case (latex 46), the surface charge of 17.6 μC/cm2 was unchanged in the acid form after heating 24 hr/95°C. In another case (latex 39D), the yield was 86% with a particle size standard deviation of 5%. An experimental design was used to study selected variables in preparing styrene colloids with redox systems based on silver ammine complex or cupric cyanide complex. It revealed a strong effect of redox capacity, A, and an interaction of A with the level of complexing agent.
Organoborazines. III. Homo- and copolymerization of p-vinylphenylcyclotriborazines†

Abstract : The polymerization and copolymerization with styrene of a series of unsymmetrically B-p-vinylphenyl-N-methyl, and N-phenyl borazines (R3(R2) 2B3N3(R1)3; R1 = methyl, phenyl, R2 = methyl phenyl, R3 = p-vinylphenyl) has been studied. The polymerization of these monomers yielded both tractable and crosslinked materials. The polymers obtained were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, gel permeation chromatography and thermogravimeteric analysis. The reactivity ratios for the copolymerization reaction were calculated by the Mortimer-Tidewell method.
For Social Peace in Brazil: Industrialists and the Remaking of the Working Class in São Paulo, 1920-1964

This book is the first major study of industrialists and social policy in Latin America. Barbara Weinstein examines the vast array of programs sponsored by a new generation of Brazilian industrialists who sought to impose on the nation their vision of a rational, hierarchical, and efficient society. She explores in detail two national agencies founded in the 1940s (SENAI and SESI) that placed vocational training and social welfare programs directly in the hands of industrialist associations. Assessing the industrialists' motives, Weinstein also discusses how both men and women in Brazil's working class received the agencies' activities. Inspired by the concepts of scientific management, rational organization, and applied psychology, Sao Paulo's industrialists initiated wide-ranging programs to raise the standard of living, increase productivity, and at the same time secure lasting social peace. According to Weinstein, workers initially embraced many of their efforts but were nonetheless suspicious of employers' motives and questioned their commitment to progressivism. By the 1950s, industrial leaders' notion of the working class as morally defective and their insistence on stemming civil unrest at all costs increasingly diverged from populist politics and led to the industrialists' active support of the 1964 military coup.
Correction: Enyne [4 + 4] photocycloaddition with polycyclic aromatics

Correction for ‘Enyne [4 + 4] photocycloaddition with polycyclic aromatics’ by Buddha B. Khatri et al., Org. Chem. Front., 2014, 1, 961–964.
Do Private Prisons Really offer Savings Compared with their Public Counterparts

Private contracting of public services has been alleged to reduce costs. We address the critical question of whether private contracting really saves money, using the US prison privatisation experience as an example. Although the consensus in the literature identifies such savings, we raise economic issues of incomplete contracting, asymmetric information and moral hazard, which complicate matters. We discuss explicit, implicit, and agency costs that show that measuring the savings and quality impact of private contracting is more challenging than the literature suggests, and often inconclusive. This may suggest caution in designing solutions to cost pressures.
Hardened by Design Techniques for Implementing Multiple-Bit Upset Tolerant Static Memories

We present a novel MBU-tolerant design, which utilizes layout-based interleaving and multiple-node disruption tolerant memory latches. This approach protects against grazing incidence particle strikes, which produce disruptions with the widest possible spatial separation. Advantages with respect to size, complexity, and MBU tolerance are realized when this approach is compared to existing solutions.
Infants' Construction of Actions in Context: Piaget's Contribution to Research on Early Development

This centennial celebration of Piaget's birth offers an opportunity to reflect upon the lasting impact that he has had on developmental psychology. The contributions that we consider most important in his theory of infant development reflect what is most important in his general theory: his emphasis on infants as active agents constructing their own worlds and his focus on the dynamic role of physical and social contexts in that construction.
Simulating fire patterns in heterogeneous landscapes

A broad-scale probabilistic model of forest fires, EMBYR, has been developed to simulate the effects of large fires burning through heterogeneous landscapes. Fire ignition and spread are simulated on a gridded landscape by (1) examining each burning site at each time step, (2) independently evaluating the probability of spread to eight neighbors based on fuel type, fuel moisture, wind speed and direction, and (3) distributing firebrands to downwind sites, where the probability of ignition of new fires is a function of fuel type and moisture conditions. Low values for the probability of spread, I, produce a dendritic burn pattern resembling a slow, meandering fire, whereas higher values of I produce solid patterns similar to a rapidly moving, intensely burning fire. I had to be greater than a critical value, ic, estimated to lie between 0.250 and 0.251, to have a 50% chance of propagating across the landscape by adjacent spread alone. The rate of spread of fire at I=0.30 was nearly four times faster when firebrands were included in the simulations, and nearly eight times faster in the presence of moderate wind. Given the importance of firebrands in projecting fire spread, there is a need for better empirical information on fire spotting. A set of model parameters was developed to represent the weather conditions and fuel types on the subalpine plateau of Yellowstone National Park, WY, USA. Simulation experiments were performed to reveal relationships between fire and landscape-scale heterogeneity of fuels. In addition, EMBYR was used to explore fire patterns in the subalpine plateau by simulating four scenarios of weather and fuel conditions. The results of repeated simulations were compared by evaluating risk (the cumulative frequency distribution of the area burned) as a function of the change in weather conditions. Estimates of risk summarized the high degree of variability experienced in natural systems, the difficulty of predicting fire behavior when conditions are near critical thresholds, a quantification of uncertainties concerning future weather conditions, and useful tool for assessing potential wildfire effects.
Community Structure and Seasonal Dynamics of Dactylogyrus Spp. (Monogenea) on the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) from the Salt Valley Watershed, Lancaster County, Nebraska

Abstract The gill monogene communities of Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) in 3 distinct sites on converging streams were investigated from 2004 to 2006 in 3 different seasons. Thirty collections of P. promelas were made in southeastern Nebraska along 3 converging tributaries: Elk Creek (40.88534°N, 96.83366°W), West Oak Creek (40.9082°N, 96.81432°W), and Oak Creek (40.91402°N, 96.770583°W), Lancaster County, Nebraska. In all, 103 P. promelas were collected from Elk Creek, 115 from West Oak Creek, and 78 from Oak Creek and examined for gill monogenes. Among the P. promelas collected, 93.5% were infected with up to 3 species of Dactylogyrus, including Dactylogyrus simplex Mizelle, 1937, Dactylogyrus bychowskyi Mizelle, 1937, and Dactylogyrus pectenatus Mayes, 1977. Mean intensities at Elk Creek, West Oak Creek, and Oak Creek were 17.6, 22.8, and 25.1, and prevalences 88, 95, and 97%, respectively. At these 3 sites: (1) P. promelas does not share Dactylogyrus species with Semotilus atromaculatus (Creek ...
Comparison of the Respiratory Microbiome in Healthy Nonsmokers and Smokers

Rationale: Results from 16S rDNA-encoding gene sequence–based, culture-independent techniques have led to conflicting conclusions about the composition of the lower respiratory tract microbiome. Objectives: To compare the microbiome of the upper and lower respiratory tract in healthy HIV-uninfected nonsmokers and smokers in a multicenter cohort. Methods: Participants were nonsmokers and smokers without significantcomorbidities.Oralwashesandbronchoscopicalveolarlavages were collected in a standardized manner. Sequence analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA-encoding genes was performed, and the neutral modelincommunityecologywasusedtoidentifybacteriathatwere the most plausible members of a lung microbiome. Measurements and Main Results: Sixty-four participants were enrolled. Mostbacteriaidentifiedinthelungwerealsointhemouth,butspecific bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus, Methylobacterium, and Ralstonia species were disproportionally represented in the lungs compared with values predicted by the neutral model. Tropheryma was
Binding of the Positron Emission Tomography Tracer Pittsburgh Compound-B Reflects the Amount of Amyloid-β in Alzheimer's Disease Brain But Not in Transgenic Mouse Brain

During the development of in vivo amyloid imaging agents, an effort was made to use micro-positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in the presenilin-1 (PS1)/amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mouse model of CNS amyloid deposition to screen new compounds and further study Pittsburgh Compound-B (PIB), a PET tracer that has been shown to be retained well in amyloid-containing areas of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Unexpectedly, we saw no significant retention of PIB in this model even at 12 months of age when amyloid deposition in the PS1/APP mouse typically exceeds that seen in AD. This study describes a series of ex vivo and postmortem in vitro studies designed to explain this low retention. Ex vivo brain pharmacokinetic studies confirmed the low in vivo PIB retention observed in micro-PET experiments. In vitro binding studies showed that PS1/APP brain tissue contained less than one high-affinity ( K d = 1-2 nm) PIB binding site per 1000 molecules of amyloid-β (Aβ), whereas AD brain contained >500 PIB binding sites per 1000 molecules of Aβ. Synthetic Aβ closely resembled PS1/APP brain in having less than one high-affinity PIB binding site per 1000 molecules of Aβ, although the characteristics of the few high-affinity PIB binding sites found on synthetic Aβ were very similar to those found in AD brain. We hypothesize that differences in the time course of deposition or tissue factors present during deposition lead to differences in secondary structure between Aβ deposited in AD brain and either synthetic Aβ or Aβ deposited in PS1/APP brain.
Computational methods to detect conserved non-genic elements in phylogenetically isolated genomes: application to zebrafish

Many important model organisms for biomedical and evolutionary research have sequenced genomes, but occupy a phylogenetically isolated position, evolutionarily distant from other sequenced genomes. This phylogenetic isolation is exemplified for zebrafish, a vertebrate model for cis-regulation, development and human disease, whose evolutionary distance to all other currently sequenced fish exceeds the distance between human and chicken. Such large distances make it difficult to align genomes and use them for comparative analysis beyond gene-focused questions. In particular, detecting conserved non-genic elements (CNEs) as promising cis-regulatory elements with biological importance is challenging. Here, we develop a general comparative genomics framework to align isolated genomes and to comprehensively detect CNEs. Our approach integrates highly sensitive and quality-controlled local alignments and uses alignment transitivity and ancestral reconstruction to bridge large evolutionary distances. We apply our framework to zebrafish and demonstrate substantially improved CNE detection and quality compared with previous sets. Our zebrafish CNE set comprises 54 533 CNEs, of which 11 792 (22%) are conserved to human or mouse. Our zebrafish CNEs (http://zebrafish.stanford.edu) are highly enriched in known enhancers and extend existing experimental (ChIP-Seq) sets. The same framework can now be applied to the isolated genomes of frog, amphioxus, Caenorhabditis elegans and many others.
A Cysteine Substitution Probes β3H267 Interactions with Propofol and Other Potent Anesthetics in α1β3γ2L γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptors.

BACKGROUND Anesthetic contact residues in γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors have been identified using photolabels, including two propofol derivatives. O-propofol diazirine labels H267 in β3 and α1β3 receptors, whereas m-azi-propofol labels other residues in intersubunit clefts of α1β3. Neither label has been studied in αβγ receptors, the most common isoform in mammalian brain. In αβγ receptors, other anesthetic derivatives photolabel m-azi-propofol-labeled residues, but not βH267. The authors' structural homology model of α1β3γ2L receptors suggests that β3H267 may abut some of these sites. METHODS Substituted cysteine modification-protection was used to test β3H267C interactions with four potent anesthetics: propofol, etomidate, alphaxalone, and R-5-allyl-1-methyl-5-(m-trifluoromethyl-diazirinylphenyl) barbituric acid (mTFD-MPAB). The authors expressed α1β3γ2L or α1β3H267Cγ2L GABAA receptors in Xenopus oocytes. The authors used voltage clamp electrophysiology to assess receptor sensitivity to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and anesthetics and to compare p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate modification rates with GABA versus GABA plus anesthetics. RESULTS Enhancement of low GABA (eliciting 5% of maximum) responses by equihypnotic concentrations of all four anesthetics was similar in α1β3γ2L and α1β3H267Cγ2L receptors (n > 3). Direct activation of α1β3H267Cγ2L receptors, but not α1β3γ2L, by mTFD-MPAB and propofol was significantly greater than the other anesthetics. Modification of β3H267C by p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate (n > 4) was rapid and accelerated by GABA. Only mTFD-MPAB slowed β3H267C modification (approximately twofold; P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS β3H267 in α1β3γ2L GABAA receptors contacts mTFD-MPAB, but not propofol. The study results suggest that β3H267 is near the periphery of one or both transmembrane intersubunit (α+/β- and γ+/β-) pockets where both mTFD-MPAB and propofol bind.
LANGUAGE PLANNING AS A BRANCH OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS

This transcript of a talk on language planning as a branch of sociolinguistics reviews various ways linguists define language and seek lo account for its appropriate use. For a language planner, at issue is language use in context. Planners need lo pay attention to the changes that naturally occur in language and allow for them, or steer them in certain directions. Language planning involves the interaction of a number of processes such as revival, modernization, purification, standardization, the production of special lexicons, or Ihn development or reform of orthographies. It is essential that planning makes use of common sense and is attuned to what people will and will not do when they use language.
Intraplant Distribution of Three Insect Predators on Cotton, and Seasonal Effects of Their Distribution on Vacuum Sampler Efficiency

During early season, Geocoris punctipes (Say), Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, and Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer were found primarily on cotton plant terminals. During mid and late season, populations were found to be 7 to 8 nodes below plant terminals. After fruiting structures were formed, most H. convergens and a large percentage of G. punctipes were found between fruit and bracts. C. maculata also tended to concentrate on fruit, but to a lesser extent than the other species. Population estimates obtained with a vacuum sampler were only slightly lower than estimates based on whole-plant visual searches when predators were primarily on plant terminals. Estimates based on vacuum samples were much lower, however, when insect populations were found primarily between bracts and fruits.
THE FOUNDATION PROBLEMS ON THE GULF COAST

The foundation problems of the coastal region of the Gulf of Mexico are unique. Normally, a coastal region is thought of as the land area, such as a plain, adjacent to a body of water. Such a region usually is somewhat regular in its geology and because of the natural resources, terrain or climate may be given to a relatively common industry involving a somewhat similar development throughout. The coastal region of the Gulf of Mexico, as regards the United States, violates this criterion in a multitude of ways. The region is not limited to the coastal plain bordering the Gulf of Mexico, by any means, but, rather has been broadened by our commerce and the need for the development of natural resources to also embrace, the delta areas and offshore belt extending to the limit of the continental shelf, lying as far as 70 miles from the shore. The delta areas have long been avoided in the past by industry of all types that is, with the exception of the fishing industry, because of the unstable nature of the foundation media. Likewise the continental shelf area normally is not considered for industrial development because of the availability of the more desirable coastal plain. However, the quest for natural resources, like sulphur and petroleum, in spite of the efforts toward Federal Control, has made necessary the solution of very extraordinary foundation problems in this offshore area. In addition to the foregoing unusual aspects of the foundation problems of the Gulf Coast, the coastal plain is unusual in itself because this region at one time formed the floor of the Gulf of Mexico and, as the sea receded or the land was uplifted, the residual sedimentary soils have been drained and desiccated to result in unusual formations that serve as foundation media for the industrial and domestic developments of the region. The foregoing factors combine to make the foundation problems of the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Region very interesting.