cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conformational studies of nucleic acids. II. The conformational energetics of commonly occurring nucleosides.

Abstract We have examined the conformational energetics of the eight most commonly occurring nucleosides—A, U, G, C, dA, dT, dG, dC—as monitored by a semi-empirical energy force field. These are the first reported calculations to completely explore the entire conformational spaces available to all eight major nucleosides using experimentally consistent furanose geometries and an appropriate force field. Central to our approach is the ability to model an experimentally reasonable furanose for each nucleoside directly from only one parameter, the phase angle of pseudorotation P, as described in the previous paper (D.A. Pearlman, and S.-H. Kim, preceeding paper in this issue). This allows us to specify the conformation of a nucleoside by three variables: torsion angle γ (05′—C5′—C4′—C3′); torsion angle χ (04′—C1′—N9/N1—C4/C2); and P. In our study each of these parameters was allowed to vary independently and in small increments over the range 0–360°. The empirically observed preferences for C3′-endo and C2′-...
Interpretation and Management of Dementia-Related Behavior Problems:

Te purposes of this study were to explore family caregiver perceptions and interpretations of dementia-related behavior problems, and describe how these perceptions and interpretations influenced the caregivers' experiences managing these behavior problems. Using intensive interviewing techniques, family caregivers to persons with dementia (N = 10: all women) were asked to describe their experiences managing behavior problems. The results suggest that the caregiver's interpretation of the nature and cause of the behavior and her perception of the care receiver's ability to control it influence the way in which the caregiver manages the behavior problems, and the degree to which she experiences negative consequences. These results may have important implications for the way in which health professionals intervene to assist family caregivers in managing problem behaviors related to dementia.
Vitamin D: More than just affecting calcium and bone

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid that is essential for maintaining normal calcium metabolism. In vitamin D deficiency, calcium absorption is insufficient and cannot satisfy the body's needs. Consequently, parathyroid hormone production increases and calcium is mobilized from bones and reabsorbed in the kidneys to maintain normal serum calcium levels--a condition defined as secondary hyperparathyroidism. Most organs, including the gut, brain, heart, pancreas, skin, kidneys, and immune system have receptors for 1,25 (OH)vitamin D. Furthermore, all of these organs have the capacity to synthesize 1,25 (OH)vitamin D from vitamin D. Extensive research suggests that vitamin D deficiency is common and represents a global health problem. Clinical consequences related to low vitamin D levels include not only osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and rickets, but also neuro-muscular dysfunction and fractures. Falls related to neuromuscular dysfunction lead to 40% of all nursing home admissions and are the largest single cause of injury-related deaths in elderly people. About one-third of all persons 65 and older fall at least once a year, resulting in more than 1.5 million emergency room treatments and more than 300,000 hospitalizations. Falls cause more than 11,000 deaths per year, most of them in elderly patients (> or = 75 years) who suffer hip fractures. It is well established that vitamin D deficiency not only has serious consequences for bone health, but also for other organ systems. Previous studies have shown that vitamin D supplementation reduces the number of fractures and directly improves neuromuscular function, thus helping to prevent falls and subsequent fractures. In addition, vitamin D appears to have other important functions as a regulator of cell differentiation and cell growth.
Internal consistency reliability of the WISC-IV among primary school students'.

Summary.—Internal consistency reliabilities of the WISC-IV subtest and index scores were estimated for a sample of 76 primary school students from a small Midwestern community. Means for age and Full Scale IQ were 8.2 yr. (SD = 2.3) and 110.5 (SD = 11.7), respectively. Internal consistency reliabilities were compared with those for the WISC-IV standardization sample of 200. The range of reliabilities for the subtests was from .76 for Picture Concepts to .94 for Arithmetic and from .92 for Perceptual Reasoning Index to .96 for Verbal Comprehension Index and Full Scale IQ. The Full Scale IQ internal consistency reliability is comparable to that of the standardization sample. However, in all but one instance the reliabilities were greater than those of the normative sample.
Response of Restrained Concrete Beams under Design Fire Exposure

Results from fire resistance experiments on six RC beams are presented in this paper. The test variables included concrete strength (permeability), support conditions, fire scenario, and load ratio. Data from fire tests are used to illustrate the comparative performance of high strength concrete (HSC) and normal strength concrete (NSC) beams under fire conditions. Also, data from the tests is used to validate a macroscopic finite-element model specifically developed for tracing the fire response of RC beams. Results from the tests and numerical studies show that HSC beams have lower fire resistance than that of NSC beams. It is also shown that HSC beams exhibit higher levels of spalling which is largely influenced by the permeability of concrete, type of fire exposure, load level, and restraint conditions. Similarly, the type of fire scenario, axial restraint, and load level have significant influence on the overall fire resistance of RC beams. These factors are to be considered for evaluating the fire resistance of RC beams under fire conditions.
Matching Schemas in Online Communities: A Web 2.0 Approach

When integrating data from multiple sources, a key task that online communities often face is to match the schemas of the data sources. Today, such matching often incurs a huge workload that overwhelms the relatively small set of volunteer integrators. In such cases, community members may not even volunteer to be integrators, due to the high workload, and consequently no integration systems can be built. To address this problem, we propose to enlist the multitude of users in the community to help match the schemas, in a Web 2.0 fashion. We discuss the challenges of this approach and provide initial solutions. Finally, we describe an extensive set of experiments on both real-world and synthetic data that demonstrate the utility of the approach.
Coenzyme q10 benefits symptoms in gulf war veterans: Results of a randomized double-blind study

We sought to assess whether coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) benefits the chronic multisymptom problems that affect one-quarter to one-third of 1990—1 Gulf War veterans, using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Participants were 46 veterans meeting Kansas and Centers for Disease Control criteria for Gulf War illness. Intervention was PharmaNord (Denmark) CoQ10 100amg per day (Q100), 300amg per day (Q300), or an identical-appearing placebo for 3.5 0.5 months. General self-rated health (GSRH), the primary outcome, differed across randomization arms at baseline, and sex significantly predicted GSRH change, compelling adjustment for baseline GSRH and prompting sex-stratified analysis. GSRH showed no significant benefit in the combined-sex sample. Among males (85% of participants), Q100 significantly benefited GSRH versus placebo and versus Q300, providing emphasis on Q100. Physical function (summary performance score, SPS) improved on Q100 versus placebo. A rise in CoQ10 approached significance as a predictor of improvement in GSRH and significantly predicted SPS improvement. Among 20 symptoms each present in half or more of the enrolled veterans, direction-of-difference on Q100 versus placebo was favorable for all except sleep problems; sign test 19:1, ) with several symptoms individually significant. Significance for these symptoms despite the small sample underscores large effect sizes, and an apparent relation of key outcomes to CoQ10 change increases prospects for causality. In conclusion, Q100 conferred benefit to physical function and symptoms in veterans with Gulf War illness. Examination in a larger sample is warranted, and findings from this study can inform the conduct of a larger trial.
Further examination of alveolar septal adaptation to left pneumonectomy in the adult lung

Abstract Recent data from our laboratory are presented concerning alveolar septal adaptation following 42–45% lung resection by left pneumonectomy (PNX) in adult foxhounds compared to sham-operated control animals. Results confirm our previous conclusion that compensation in the remaining lung occurs without a net growth of additional alveolar septal tissue. The major ultrastructural responses are (a) alveolar capillary distention, which recruits capillary blood volume and surface area, leading to a 30–50% increase in lung diffusing capacity estimated by morphometry, a magnitude similar to that measured by physiologic methods; (b) a selectively increased volume of type 2 alveolar epithelial cells. These data, taken together with the balanced compensatory growth of alveolar septal cells observed in adult dogs following 55–58% lung resection by right PNX, support a graded alveolar cellular response to chronic mechanical strain with the alveolar epithelial cells being activated first; as strain increases further with greater lung resection other alveolar cells also become activated leading to an overt increase in septal tissue volume. The spatial distribution of lobar mechanical strain and lobar tissue volume assessed by high resolution computed tomography was markedly non-uniform after PNX, suggesting possible non-uniform distribution of alveolar cellular response. The sequential activation of physiologic recruitment and cellular adaptation confer additive functional benefits that optimize long-term exercise performance after PNX.
Differential effects of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins-1, -2, -3, and -6 on cultured growth plate chondrocytes

Differential effects of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins-1, -2, -3, and -6 on cultured growth plate chondrocytes. Background In children with chronic renal failure (CRF), impairment of longitudinal growth is in part due to excess amounts of circulating high-affinity insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) that might decrease or prevent insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding to its signaling receptor. However, it appears from the clinical studies that various IGFBPs may have contrasting effects on longitudinal growth. Because of the potential importance of the IGFBPs as modulators of longitudinal growth in pediatric CRF, the aim of the present study was to investigate the biological effects of IGFBP-1, -2, -3, and -6 on cultured growth plate chondrocytes that express the type 1 IGF receptor. Methods The effects of exogenous IGFBPs on IGF-independent and IGF-dependent proliferation of rat growth plate chondrocytes in primary culture were investigated. Proliferation was assessed by colony formation of agarose-stabilized long-term suspension cultures and by the [ 3 H]thymidine assay. The effects of IGFBPs on IGF-I binding and the binding of IGFBPs to chondrocytes were assessed by binding studies with radiolabeled proteins in monolayer culture. Results Intact IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-6 inhibited in equimolar concentration the IGF-I- and IGF-II-stimulated DNA synthesis and cell proliferation, whereas the biological activity of IGFBP-3 was complex. It had an IGF-independent antiproliferative effect and also inhibited IGF-dependent chondrocyte proliferation under coincubation conditions, whereas under preincubation conditions IGFBP-3 enhanced IGF-I-responsiveness. Studies on the mechanism by which IGFBP-3 potentiated IGF activity demonstrated that under preincubation conditions IGFBP-3 is capable to associate with the cell membrane and to facilitate IGF-I cell surface binding. Conclusions Intact IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-6 act exclusively as growth inhibitors on IGF-dependent proliferation of growth plate chondrocytes. IGFBP-3, however, can either inhibit IGF-independent and IGF-dependent cell proliferation, or enhance IGF responsiveness of chondrocytes dependent on the temporal relationship to the IGF exposure.
Autoinducer-2 is produced in saliva-fed flow conditions relevant to natural oral biofilms.

Aims: We evaluated the ability of a dual-species community of oral bacteria to produce the universal signalling molecule, autoinducer-2 (AI-2), in saliva-fed biofilms. Methods and Results: Streptococcus oralis 34, S. oralis 34 luxS mutant and Actinomyces naeslundii T14V were grown as single- and dual-species biofilms within sorbarods fed with 25% human saliva. AI-2 concentration in biofilm effluents was determined by the Vibrio harveyi BB170 bioluminescence assay. After homogenizing the sorbarods to release biofilm cells, cell numbers were determined by fluorometric analysis of fluorescent antibody-labelled cells. After 48 h, dual-species biofilm communities of interdigitated S. oralis 34 and A. naeslundii T14V contained 3·2 × 109 cells: fivefold more than single-species biofilms. However, these 48-h dual-species biofilms exhibited the lowest concentration ratio of AI-2 to cell density. Conclusions: Oral bacteria produce AI-2 in saliva-fed biofilms. The decrease of more than 10-fold in concentration ratio seen between 1 and 48 h in S. oralis 34–A. naeslundii T14V biofilms suggests that peak production of AI-2 occurs early and is followed by a very low steady-state level. Significance and Impact of the Study: High oral bacterial biofilm densities may be achieved by inter-species AI-2 signalling. We propose that low concentrations of AI-2 contribute to the establishment of oral commensal biofilm communities.
Opiate activity of [DAla2,ΔzPhe4]-methionine-enkephalinamide

Abstract The opiate-like activity of [DAla 2 ,Δ z Phe 4 , Met 5 ]-enkephalinamide (ΔFE) was evaluated in the stimulated guinea pig ileum assay and the mouse tailflick test. In vitro it caused a naloxone-reversible inhibition of the electrically induced twitch at a dose about one-fifth that of [DAla 2 ,Met 5 ]-enkephalinamide (DAE). The ED 50 for the analgesic effect of ΔFE after intracerebral injection was also approximately one-fifth that of DAE. However, ΔFE was not active after intraperitoneal injection. These data imply that some increases in the potency of enkephalin derivatives may not be entirely attributable to resistance to enzymatic degradation, but may be related to preferred structural conformation at the receptor.
Multiple Analyses on a Single Disc Electrophoretic Preparation

DISC electrophoresis has been shown to be a rapid means of producing very high resolution separations of proteins1,2. Various histochemical methods, such as the periodic acid–Schiff and the Feulgen techniques, have been applied to the gel columns to identify various proteins after electrophoretic separation. Although the reproducibility of disc electrophoresis is quite good, it is difficult to correlate results of staining each of several replicate separations by different methods because one cannot be completely certain that each protein fraction migrated exactly the same distance in each replicate gel column, and various histochemical techniques may not show protein bands seen by others, thus making it difficult to determine relative positions of the bands.
Comment on “A 12-million-year temperature history of the tropical Pacific Ocean”

Zhang et al . (Reports, 4 April 2014, p. 84) interpret TEX 86 and U 37 K 9 paleotemperature data as providing a fundamentally new view of tropical Pacific climate during the warm Pliocene period. We argue that, within error, their Pliocene data actually support previously published data indicating average western warm-pool temperature similar to today and a reduced zonal gradient, referred to as a permanent El Nino–like state.
Media modules: A hands-on approach to media for education students

Modules One, Two, and Three have been a required part of the seminars for the past eight years at Purdue University Calumet. It has been the experience of this university, that the students feel more comfortable in seminar with the small group setting. Since the EML/IRC is open 67 hours a week including evenings and Saturday, the students find they are better able to schedule their time to complete Modules One, Two, and Three in an independent manner. Faculty feel the seminars and modules are successful because instructors take on more of a leadership role in the seminar and leave the expertise of media to the Educational Media Lab/Instructional Resource Center. Specified topics are covered in each seminar class to ensure the students are exposed to topics and problems relevant to their future teaching experiences. Revisions are made on the Module booklets to ensure the students are aware of new equipment and technology. It is through these seminars and module experiences that the students can begin to grow and prepare for their teaching profession.
On dual processing and heuristic approaches to moral cognition

We examine the implications of dual‐processing theories of cognition for the moral domain, with particular emphasis upon ‘System 1’ theories: the Social Intuitionist Model (Haidt), moral heuristics (Sunstein), fast‐and‐frugal moral heuristics (Gigerenzer), schema accessibility (Lapsley & Narvaez) and moral expertise (Narvaez). We argue that these theories differ from each other in important ways and should be carefully distinguished. We examine these theories in the light of the ‘Berkowitz Rule’ with respect to educational practice and conclude with some thoughts about the implications of this work for resetting the boundary between ethical theory and moral psychology.
A Systematic Review of Outcomes and Complications of Treating Unstable Distal Radius Fractures in the Elderly

Purpose As the population in developed countries continues to age, the incidence of osteoporotic distal radius fractures (DRFs) will increase as well. Treatment of DRF in the elderly population is controversial. We systematically reviewed the existing literature for the management of DRFs in patients aged 60 and over with 5 common techniques: the volar locking plate system, nonbridging external fixation, bridging external fixation, percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation, and cast immobilization (CI). Methods We reviewed articles retrieved from MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL Plus that met predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria in 2 literature reviews. Outcomes of interest included wrist arc of motion, grip strength, functional outcome measurements, radiographic parameters, and the number and type of complications. We statistically analyzed the data using weighted means and proportions based on the sample size in each study. Results We identified 2,039 papers and selected 21 papers fitting the inclusion criteria in the primary review of articles with a mean patient age of 60 and older. Statistically significant differences were detected for wrist arc of motion, grip strength, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score, although these findings may not be clinically meaningful. Volar tilt and ulnar variance revealed significant differences among groups, with CI resulting in the worst radiographic outcomes. The complications were significantly different, with CI having the lowest rate of complications, whereas the volar locking plate system had significantly more major complications requiring additional surgical intervention. Conclusions This systematic review suggests that despite worse radiographic outcomes associated with CI, functional outcomes were no different from those of surgically treated groups for patients age 60 and over. Prospective comparative outcomes studies are necessary to evaluate the rate of functional recovery, cost, and outcomes associated with these 5 treatment methods. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
Library instruction and information literacy —1995

The following is an annotated list of materials dealing with information literacy including instruction in the use of information resources, research, and computer skills related to retrieving, using, and evaluating information. This review, the twenty‐second to be published in Reference Services Review, includes items in English published in 1995. After 21 years, the title of this review of the literature has been changed from “Library Orientation and Instruction” to “Library Instruction and Information Literacy,” to indicate the growing trend of moving to information skills instruction.
Algo.Rhythm: computational thinking through tangible music device

I present the design of Algo.Rhythm, a tangible computational drum kit with programmable behaviors. By arranging and physically connecting a number of drum-bots, each of them records beat patterns from outside world or its precursor, replays the patterns in selectable ways, and passes the rhythm to its neighbors along the drum-bot's surface in 3D space. The construction of drum-bots and the delivery of the beat patterns provide users a unique opportunity to learn a set of computational concepts like sequential execution, iteration, or forking through composing music.
Leishmania Induces Survival, Proliferation and Elevated Cellular dNTP Levels in Human Monocytes Promoting Acceleration of HIV Co-Infection

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that is widely prevalent in many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Infection with Leishmania has been recognized to induce a striking acceleration of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) infection in coinfected individuals through as yet incompletely understood mechanisms. Cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage are the predominant cell types coinfected by both pathogens. Monocytes and macrophages contain extremely low levels of deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) due to their lack of cell cycling and S phase, where dNTP biosynthesis is specifically activated. Lentiviruses, such as HIV-1, are unique among retroviruses in their ability to replicate in these non-dividing cells due, at least in part, to their highly efficient reverse transcriptase (RT). Nonetheless, viral replication progresses more efficiently in the setting of higher intracellular dNTP concentrations related to enhanced enzyme kinetics of the viral RT. In the present study, in vitro infection of CD14+ peripheral blood-derived human monocytes with Leishmania major was found to induce differentiation, marked elevation of cellular p53R2 ribonucleotide reductase subunit and R2 subunit expression. The R2 subunit is restricted to the S phase of the cell cycle. Our dNTP assay demonstrated significant elevation of intracellular monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) dNTP concentrations in Leishmania-infected cell populations as compared to control cells. Infection of Leishmania-maturated MDMs with a pseudotyped GFP expressing HIV-1 resulted in increased numbers of GFP+ cells in the Leishmania-maturated MDMs as compared to control cells. Interestingly, a sub-population of Leishmania-maturated MDMs was found to have re-entered the cell cycle, as demonstrated by BrdU labeling. In conclusion, Leishmania infection of primary human monocytes promotes the induction of an S phase environment and elevated dNTP levels with notable elevation of HIV-1 expression in the setting of coinfection.
Conformational Changes in Sindbis Virus Induced by Decreased pH Are Revealed by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering

Alphaviruses, such as Sindbis virus, undergo dramatic changes in three-dimensional structure upon exposure to low pH, and such exposure can establish conditions allowing fusion of the virus membrane with a cell plasma membrane upon return to neutral pH. While exposure to low pH is not required for entry of Sindbis virus into vertebrate or invertebrate cells, the conformational changes occurring at low pH may mimic those occurring upon virus-receptor interaction. Here, we employed small-angle neutron scattering with contrast variation to probe how the structure of a mammalian-grown Sindbis virus responds to moderately acidic pH. Several changes took place throughout the virion structure when the pH decreased from 7.2 to 6.4. Specifically, the RNA in the virion core underwent a conformational change. Additionally, the protein was redistributed. A significant amount of protein moved from the layer containing the lipid bilayer to the exterior of the virion. The results improve our understanding of the pH-driven alteration of Sindbis virus structure.
Recursive reminding and children's concepts of number

According to the recursive reminding hypothesis, repetition interacts with episodic memory to produce memory representations that encode – and recursively embed – experiences of reminding. These representations provide the rememberer with a basis for differentiating among the first time something happens, the second time it happens, and so on. I argue that such representations could mediate children's understanding of natural number.
Immunohistochemical Examination of Intracerebral T Cell Recruitment and Adhesion Molecule Induction in Herpes Simplex Virus-Infected Mice

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in the nervous system is tightly controlled by the T-cell-mediated response. This report describes the temporal relationships among HSV-1 infection, intracerebral adhesion molecule induction, and T cell migration in intravitreally inoculated mice. HSV-1 immunoreactivity, initially detected at 3 days, increased in area and intensity in the superior colliculus, oculomotor nucleus, and geniculate through 5 days. By 6 days, HSV-1 was nearly undetectable in the same regions and the mice survive the infection. At the peak of HSV-1 immunoreactivity, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were strongly expressed in all infected brain regions. Additionally, in these region a few CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were detected. The heaviest T cell migration and adhesion molecule expression occurred at 6 days, coinciding with the decrease in HSV-1 immunoreactivity. However, in SCID and athymic mice, HSV-1 was not cleared from the brain and the mice died. Together, these data suggest that HSV-1 infection of the brain is followed by adhesion molecule induction in and T cell extravasation into the infected brain regions. Most importantly, an efficient T cell response was required to eradicate infectious HSV-1 from the brain.
Sputtered SiO2 Induced Atomic Interdiffusion in Semiconductor Nano Heterostructures

We investigate the influence of sputtered silica as annealing cap on the enhancement of intermixing rate of semiconductor quantum nanostructures. After sputtered silica application and subsequent rapid thermal annealing, we observed bandgap shift of over 200 meV with respect to the bandgap of as-grown material from various GaAs-based quantum well (QW) heterostructures such as GaAs/AlGaAs, InAlGaP/GaAs, and GaAs/AlGaAs systems at significantly lower temperature than the conventional dielectric cap process with plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The results suggest that the sputtered silica process is a promising intermixing technique for the monolithic integration of multiple active/passive photonic components on GaAs-based material systems.
Nonparametric repeated significance tests for some analysis of covariance models

For a general class of nonparametric analysis of covariance problems (with stochastic covariates), some repeated significance testing procedures are developed. These procedures rest on the construction of suitable rank order statistics based on the partial sequence of sample sizes and allow for a monitoring of experimentation with the objective of a possible early termination of experimentation. The basic theory is based on the weak convergence of certain stochastic processes relating to the rank order statistics. Various properties of the proposed tests are discussed.
Flow through porous media: A procedure for locating the free surface

A finite element procedure is developed to accurately locate the free surface of unconfined seepage flow through porous media. The free surface is taken as the boundary between wet and dry soils, with flow in the saturated region characterized by Darcy's law. The method involves equations and meshing which are fully consistent with a general formulation for geotechnical engineering problems involving simultaneous solution of pore fluid pressures and soil skeleton displacements. Accuracy and versatility of the proposed procedure are demonstrated by solving various unconfined seepage flow problems through earth structures. Free surfaces and flownets are presented for the calculated flow fields.
Economic Impact of the Farm-Raised Catfish Industry on the Mississippi State Economy

Abstract The Mississippi catfish industry began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Employment, income, and investment stemming from the growth of the farm-raised catfish industry have been, and continue to be, critical to the economic development of delta and eastern regions of Mississippi. Estimates of total investment in catfish feed mills, farms, and processing plants were estimated to range from $600 to $700 million. Farm-gate sales of catfish were $260 million in 2001. Direct effects of the Mississippi farm-raised catfish industry were estimated using primary and secondary data for the industry and indirect and induced effects were estimated using an IMPLAN input-output model using 2000 Mississippi data. The total impact (direct, indirect, and induced) of the Mississippi farm-raised catfish industry was estimated to be 10,760 employees, $208.25 million in income, and $342.33 in value added.
Reply to Prof. Lettau

of the soil/air interface, which is a parameter theoretically convenient for evaluating G. Similar differences of views are not rare in the scientific literature. Sutton (1953, p. 206), for example, states in this respect: “the data may be analyzed in two ways, (1) by following the lead of a theory which has undergone sufficient mathematical development to make possible detailed comparison with measurement or (2) by investigation of the empirical relations which may serve subsequently as the foundation of a rational theory”. At times, however, the boundary between these two approaches is difficult to define. We thank Prof. Lettau for his remarks and for giving us the opportunity to explain the three reasons for our proposal. The first reason is that the rigorously derived Lettau formulae are theoretically satisfying but they are expressed as a function of the temperature at the soil/air interface. However, “the surface temperatures of leaves or the ground are difficult to measure. Very fine-wire electrical thermometers can be attached to leaves or appressed to the ground, but even using a large number may not give an adequate spatial sample. Probably the best approach is to sense the surface temperature remotly by a radiation thermometer” (Oke, 198 1, pp. 310-3 11). Oke also discussed the limits of radiometric measurements (e.g. error due to emissivity: about 1 “C). These difficulties cannot be avoided by extrapolating air or soil profiles, as mentioned by Munn (1966, p. 24): “the large vertical temperature gradients that exist near the surface are illustrated; the impossibility of extrapolating profiles to obtain a surface temperature is evident”. The second reason is philosophical in nature and is herewith expressed by Prof. Lettau (Lettau, 1979, p. 451): “the primary external factor is solar flux density and its absorption and/or the resulting net radiation at the active surface”. “The net radiation is the main determinant of the climate. The magnitude of the net radiation of the underlying surface greatly affects the distribution of temperature in the soil and adjacent air layers, which accounts for the particular role of the net radiation in the calculation of evaporation and snow melting, and also in a number of problems concerned with weather forecasting” (Kondratiev, 1969, p. 657). For this reason, we searched for an equation to calculate G, H, and
TOP-C: a task-oriented parallel C interface

The goal of this work is to simplify parallel application development, and thus ease the learning barriers faced by non-experts. It is especially useful where there is little data-parallelism to be recognized by a compiler. The applications programmer need learn the intricacies of only one primary subroutine in order to get the full benefits of the parallel interface. The applications programmer defines a high level concept, the task, that depends only on his application, and not on any particular parallel library. The task is defined by its three phases: (a) the task input, (b) sequential code to execute the task, and (c) any modifications of global variables that occur as a result of the task. In particular, side effects (which change global variable values) must not occur in phase (b). Forcing the user to re-organize his computation in these terms allows us to present the applications programmer with a single global environment visible to all processors (whether on a SMP or a NOW architecture), in the context of a masterslave architecture. Both a shared memory implementation (running on an SGI or SUN Solaris architecture) and a NOW memory implementation (running on top of MPI) are described. The implementations were tested by a naive program for integer factorization, and by a more sophisticated Todd-Coxeter coset enumeration. Integer factorization was chosen so as to exercise the major features of TOP-C in an unambiguous context.
Emergence of Cognition from Action.

Theories of brain function have evolved through multiple stages. The first proposition wasthat brain networks support a set of reflex responses, with current sensory inputs producing immediate motor outputs. The behaviorist paradigm suggested that actions can always be explained as a response to immediate external cues. In response to these views, the cognitive paradigm argued that behavior cannot be understood simply as input–output functions because the hidden layers of brain generate unpredictability. The central processing was termed “cognition.” Here we propose a neuroscience-based model of cognition. Our core hypothesis is that cognition depends on internal models of the animal and its world, where internally generated sequences can serve to perform “what if” scenarios and anticipate the possible consequences of alternative actions without actually testing them, and aid in the decisions of overt actions. We support our hypotheses by several examples of recent experimental findings and show how externally guided cell assembly sequences become internalized to support cognitive functions.
GENETICS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE LIFE HISTORY OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. I. FEMALE PRODUCTIVITY

Starting from four basic strains of Drosophila melanogaster , two laboratory strains (cn bw, Tokyo) and two isofemale lines (B-102, B-103) originated from a wild population in Texas, we constructed by repeated backcrosses through females for 20 or more generations a total of 16 strains of all possible combinations between the chromosome sets and cytoplasmic classes. Females from these 16 synthesized strains were then examined for their reproductive performance during their entire life span.—The chromosome set from the cn bw strain was found to associate with the highest female productivity when the age of females was very young, but these females ceased their reproduction and died relatively earlier, resulting in a smaller number of total progeny. The B-102 and B-103 chromosome sets, on the other hand, were associated with the lowest productivity when the females were young, but they lived and continued reproduction longer, resulting in a larger number of total progeny. The Tokyo chromosome set was associated with female productivity intermediate between the other two groups.—Cytoplasmic factors were found to affect the productivity of young females, with the cytoplasm from the cn bw strain associated with the highest productivity. Longevity was not cytoplasmically affected.—There was a clear interaction in female productivity between the Tokyo chromosome set and the cytoplasm from the Texas isofemale lines; the lifetime female productivity, as well as longevity, associated with the Tokyo chromosome set was found to increase considerably when it was substituted into the cytoplasm of the Texas isofemale line. This chromosome-cytoplasm interaction appeared to be independent of the two systems of hybrid dysgenesis.
Applicability of Slug Interference Tests for Hydraulic Characterization of Unconfined Aquifers: (1) Analytical Assessment

Aquifer test methods available for characterizing hazardous waste sites are sometimes restricted because of problems with disposal of contaminated ground water. Partly for this reason, slug tests have become a popular method for determining hydraulic properties at such sites. Slug interference responses within unconfined aquifers are characterized by an initial wave or hump, which is followed by a flat transitional plateau region and then by a declining, recessional limb segment. The shape and amplitude of the initial wave are primarily controlled by the elastic characteristics (i.e., S) and degree of anisotropy within the aquifer, while transmissivity is the principal parameter affecting the transmission (i.e., arrival time) of the slug interference response. Wellbore storage and delayed-yield effects tend to attenuate the test response. The transitional and late-time recessional segments are significantly influenced by the aquifer`s specific yield. In addition, test well/aquifer relationships, e.g., observation well distance, aquifer thickness, and well depth/aquifer penetration, also strongly affect slug interference characteristics. The sensitivity of the propagated response to test well/aquifer relationships indicates that slug interference tests can be designed to maximize the expected response for aquifer property characterization.
Genetic association of bovine lymphocyte antigen DRB3 alleles with immunological traits of Holstein cattle.

Abstract The associations between alleles at the BoLA (bovine lymphocyte antigen) DRB3 locus and 20 indicator traits of innate and adaptive immunity were investigated. Periparturient Holsteins (n=127) were genotyped at the BoLA DRB3 locus using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Twenty-two alleles were observed in the study population, and frequencies ranged from 21 to DRB3 alleles and each of the immunological variables. Significant associations were found with 13 of the leukocyte functions tested. The number of immune parameters with significant associations with any allele ranged from 0 (with alleles DRB3.2*23 and DRB3.2*27 ) to 7 (with DRB3.2*8 ). The immunological parameter that had the most associations with alleles was serum IgG 2 concentration with 6 alleles. One group of 4 alleles (representing 46% of the total allele frequency) was uniformly associated with increased IgM and complement and decreased mononuclear cell numbers. Thus, we demonstrated that the BoLA DRB3 genotype can influence measures of innate and adaptive immunity.
Status of the PSR improvement program

A program of improvements to increase intensity and improve reliability of the Los Alamos Proton Storage Ring (PSR) has been under way for several years. Reduction of stored beam loss rates by a factor of 4.6 since 1987 through exploitation of H/sup 0/ injection has allowed the average intensity to increase by a factor of two to 75 /spl mu/A. Reliability of the PSR and associated beam delivery systems has been improved by extensive rework of numerous subsystems. Radiation protection has been improved by additional shielding of Line D and extensive use of relatively fail-safe radiation detectors incorporated into an improved radiation security system. >
Cluster Methodology Defines Archetype Sentinel Consomic Rats

A clustering method was developed to identify rats demonstrating characteristics of hypertension ('sentinel' animals). Although all rats in the group do not demonstrate every symptom of hypertension, these 'archetype sentinels' do demonstrate essential characteristics of the disease. This method applies two computational techniques to create a mechanism for classifying individuals whose biomedical profile include a spectrum of disease related phenotypes. First, fuzzy cluster means (FCM) is used to distinguish a very small group of archetype subjects from the general population. Archetypes are defined as those subjects that are most often classified correctly within a limited portion of the entire collection of biomedical phenotypes. The resulting archetype is then examined to determine which phenotypes best characterize the set. In this study, the defining set of phenotypes demonstrate essential symptoms of hypertension. Consequently, we consider the archetype set 'sentinel' animals for hypertension. The archetype sentinels are then used to train a neural network (NN) to determine the physiological characteristics of pheno-typed subjects which are not the archetype sentinels. Two inbred strains of rats are used: Brown Norway (BN) and the Brown Norway/Salt Sensitive Chromosome 20 (SS20BN). The physiological database contains a total of 63 phenotypes (41 renal, 22 cardiac). A total of 79 phenotyped rats were analyzed with the FCM method yielding 6 BN archetypes and 5 SS20BN archetype subjects characterized by a total of 39 phenotypes (18 renal and 21 cardiac.) These 11 archetype sentinels then were used as a neural network training set to classify the non-archetype sentinel subjects as either normal (BN) or hypertensive (SS20BN). Of all rats tested, 10 of 11 BN and 10 of 10 SS20BN rats were properly classified. Overall, 95% of the rats were classified correctly, with one false positive result. Results demonstrate that the FCM method can be used to isolate the "Archetype Sentinels." These archetype sentinels can then be used to train a perceptron neural network to determine classification of unrelated rats with the same genetic background. This approach can be generalized and used to classify other disease and normal rat models. In addition, the method may be applied to human population studies in a similar manner
Comparison of Molecular and Histological Changes in Zebrafish Gills Exposed to Metallic Nanoparticles

Research has demonstrated that metallic nanoparticles produce toxicity in aquatic organisms that is due largely to effects of particulates as opposed to release of dissolved ions. The present research examined the interplay of nanoparticle composition and dissolution on response of the zebrafish gill following exposure to toxic (nanocopper or nanosilver) or nontoxic (nano-TiO2) nanometals. Female zebrafish were exposed to 48-h no observable effects concentration of nanocopper and nanosilver or to soluble Cu and Ag that matched the concentration of dissolved metals released during nanoparticle exposure. Both nanocopper and nanosilver exposures increased metal content associated with gill tissue, though silver concentrations were much higher following nanosilver exposures suggesting that intact silver nanoparticles are associated with the gill. Morphological and transcriptional responses of the gills differed among various nanomaterials and between nanoparticulate and soluble species. Nanocopper increased mean gill filament width by three to fourfold between 24 and 48 h, whereas nanosilver did not alter gill filament width at either time point. Global gene expression analysis demonstrates that the exposure to each nanometal or soluble metal produces a distinct gene expression profile at both 24 and 48 h, suggesting that each exposure is producing biological response by a different mechanism. The differences in responses among the exposures indicates that each particle is having a distinct biological effect that does not appear to be driven solely by release of soluble metal ions into the water column. Based on these results, care should be taken when inferring toxicity of nanomaterials from data on a different material.
An Empirical Study of Iterative Data-Flow Analysis

The iterative algorithm is widely used to solve instances of data-flow analysis problems. The algorithm is attractive because it is easy to implement and robust in its behavior. The theory behind the iterative algorithm establishes a set of conditions where the algorithm runs in at most d(G)+3 passes over the graph - a round-robin algorithm, running a "rapid" framework, on a reducible graph (Kam and Ulman, 1976). Fortunately, these restrictions encompass many practical analyses used in code optimization. Even when the rapid restrictions are not met, the iterative algorithm still terminates and produces correct results for a broad class of problems. Given the ubiquity of the iterative algorithm, it is important for compiler writers to understand the performance tradeoffs of different implementations of the algorithm. This paper lays out a number of different data structures to speed up the iterative algorithm using a worklist approach and shows carefully designed experiments using three different iteration-based analyses. Our experience shows not only that the worklist algorithm is significantly faster than the round-robin approach, but that this advantage can be reversed if mistakes are made in the worklist implementation
Dynamics of disordered diblocks of polyisoprene and polyvinylethylene

The apparent thermorheological simplicity of disordered diblocks is reconciled with the failure of time−temperature superposition of corresponding miscible blends by examining the relaxation of the constituent blocks using rheo-optical techniques. Diblocks of 1,4-polyisoprene (PIP) and polyvinylethylene (PVE) are examined over a range of temperatures for two compositions (φ_(PIP) = 0.25 and 0.75). Unlike blends of PIP and PVE, the block copolymers appear to obey time−temperature superposition on the basis of their viscoelastic properties. However, departure from thermorheological simplicity is exposed in their stress−optical behavior. In particular, the copolymer rich in the high T_g component (φ_(PIP) = 0.25) shows distinct temperature dependencies for the individual blocks, in accord with the behavior of PIP/PVE blends. The block copolymer rich in the low T_g component (φ_(PIP) = 0.75) is thermorheologically simple because both blocks have similar monomeric friction coefficients ζ_(o,PVE) ≈ ζ_(o,PIP), again in accord with prior results on PIP/PVE blends. The failure of time−temperature superposition in these diblocks was not previously observed because the change in ζ_(o,PVE)/ζ_(o,PIP) with temperature produces subtle changes in the overall relaxation spectrum relative to a linear chain of uniform friction.
The Russell–Silver Syndrome: A Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature

The Russell-Silver syndrome's phenotypic features consist of musculoskeletal abnormalities, genitourinary malformations, craniofacial dysmorphy and cutaneous dyschromia, which is usually reported as cafe au lait spots. We present the first instances of a large, unilateral, achromic patch as an additional cutaneous manifestation of the Russell-Silver syndrome.
Compact plasma source for removal of hydrocarbons for surface analysis

A low–energy, constricted-anode Anders-type plasma source was built and tested for the chemical removal of adventitious carbon on surfaces. Oxygen plasma, generated in the source, extends to the sample surface through an aperture in the anode. This plasma reacts with surface hydrocarbons and removes them in less than a minute without influencing the intrinsic surface stoichiometry of nonoxidizing samples such as minerals, glasses, and metal oxides. Adventitious carbon removal is critical for accurate binding energy determination and quantitative measurements in XPS and AES, particularly in multicomponent materials. We measure the plasma to be composed primarily of O+ and O2+, with minor H+, H2+, and O++ components. Ion energy distributions were measured for O+ and O++ and show all emitted ions have energies less than 50 eV, confirming chemical desorption as the primary removal mechanism. The plasma source, easily built ‘in house’, is compact and can be mounted on a 2.75-in flange for in situ specimen cleaning prior to surface analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.