cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chinese preschoolers’ risk-taking behaviors: a tripartite relation

Unintentional injury has been a leading threat to Chinese children. Children’s risk-taking is influenced by their evaluation of risky behavior and related safety knowledge, which also vary considerably by child and family characteristics. In light of the Health Belief Model, the current study (1) proposes and tests a tripartite relation among Chinese preschoolers’ safety knowledge, evaluations of risk, and risk-taking behavior; (2) examines how the tripartite relation varies by child, family, and residential characteristics. Preschooler–caregiver dyads (N = 217) completed questionnaires and interviews. The results confirmed the existence of the tripartite relation in Chinese preschoolers. Rural children, children with siblings, and those from families with low SES or high mobility, all demonstrated less safety knowledge, viewed risk-taking behaviors as unlikely to result in injury, and exhibited more risky behaviors. This study is the first to consider these issues in a sample of preschoolers. The findings suggest that preschool injury prevention programs should address preschoolers’ safety knowledge and evaluative skills along with those of their caregivers.
Evidence that microRNAs are part of the molecular toolkit regulating adult reproductive diapause in the mosquito, Culex pipiens

For many insects, diapause is the primary mechanism for surviving unfavorable seasons. Some aspects of diapause regulation are well known, but we still lack a mechanistic understanding of molecular mechanisms that control the diapause pathway. Accumulating evidence suggests microRNAs regulate diapause in evolutionarily diverse insect species including flesh flies and moths, and, it is likely that microRNAs regulate multiple characteristics of diapause, including arrested egg follicle development and fat hypertrophy, in females of the Northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens. To investigate microRNA regulation of diapause in this species, we measured changes in egg follicle development and total lipid content over 22 days following adult emergence. We also evaluated changes in the abundance of candidate microRNAs associated with these physical changes during the same time frame. We found egg follicle size and lipid content were nearly the same in diapausing and nondiapausing females on the day of adult emergence, and then diverged over time such that by day 22 diapausing females had significantly smaller egg follicles and higher total lipids than their nondiapausing counterparts. Several microRNAs associated with lipid metabolism in insects, including miR-14-3p, miR-277-3p, and miR-305-5p, were underexpressed in diapausing females compared to nondiapausing females on the day of adult emergence, which suggests microRNA regulation occurs ahead of observed changes in these two features of the diapause phenotype. We also found miR-309-3p, miR-375-3p which stimulate ovarian development in other mosquito species, were underexpressed in diapausing females of Cx. pipiens at times after diapause is fully established and may be responsible for the arrest in ovarian development in this species. Taken together, our results demonstrate that changes in the abundance of some microRNAs is associated with phenotypic changes in diapause Cx. pipiens and suggests this epigenetic mechanism is part of the molecular toolkit regulating diapause.
Scrotal circumference in yearling Hereford bulls: adjustment factors, heritabilities and genetic, environmental and phenotypic relationships with growth traits.

Field data on 4,233 yearling Hereford bulls were analyzed using fixed and mixed model least-squares procedures to examine factors affecting scrotal circumference; determine appropriate adjustment factors; and study genetic, environmental and phenotypic relationships among scrotal circumference and growth traits. Scrotal circumference was affected by postweaning feed level; contemporary group/feed level; age of dam; and covariates age, weight and height. Of the three covariates, weight had the greatest effect, and any factor which caused an increase in weight tended to increase scrotal circumference. Quadratic effects of age, weight, height and age X age of dam interaction effects were significant or approached significance, but were of minor importance. Large contemporary group effects suggested the need for expressing scrotal circumferences as trait ratios or as deviations from contemporary group means. Scrotal circumference adjustment factors recommended for yearling Hereford bulls were .026 cm X d-1 of age and .8, .2 and .1 for sons of 2-, 3- and 4-yr old dams, respectively. Heritability of weight-adjusted scrotal circumference was .46 +/- .06 compared with .49 +/- .06 for age-adjusted scrotal circumference, indicating considerable additive genetic variation for relative scrotal size. Correlations between scrotal circumference and growth traits were moderate to high. The genetic correlation between scrotal circumference and yearling weight was the highest of these at .44 +/- .16. Potential implications of this relationship are discussed.
ewrapper: Perceived Receptivity to Engagement Strategies in mHealth

In this paper, we report findings from our pilot study using semi-structured interviews to assess users' perceived receptivity to an adaptive system of engagement strategies, ewrapper, that "wraps" around decision points in a dietary self-monitoring mobile application. Study participants were asked to perform a "think-aloud" usability exercise with paper prototypes of the intervention's interface design. This was followed by a needs and preferences assessment of the operationalization of various engagement strategies used in the design of ewrapper. We provide future design guidelines for such systems to improve user engagement.
Landslide risk perception, social vulnerability and community resilience: The case study of Maierato (Calabria, southern Italy)

Abstract Community resilience is the ability of people exposed to disasters, crises and underlying vulnerabilities, to anticipate, to prepare for, to reduce the impact of, to cope with and to recover from the effects of shocks and stresses without compromising their long-term prospects. In February 2010, the town of Maierato (Calabria, southern Italy) was hit by a large landslide, which radically changed the morphology of the territory and produced an important social and economic impact. The aim of this paper is to deal with the concepts of social vulnerability and community resilience, within the framework of the landslide risk governance and the perception of the risk. Survey was conducted by means of a structured questionnaire interviewing 200 adults. Results, analyzed by means of qualitative methods with the support of descriptive statistics, highlighted several important remarks. Globally, this case study indicates that urgent actions should be taken to reduce disaster-risk such as: improving citizens' understanding of disaster management, reinforcing risk governance to improve disaster management, investing in risk mitigation and programs fostering adaptation and resilience, improving emergency planning strategies.
Machine Learning in Networking

With a significant improvement in performance and efficiency recently, machine learning techniques have been widely applied in the areas of computer vision, natural language processing, and pattern recognition. While machine learning techniques have shown their superior ability in solving many complex problems, their applications to the networking area is still at an early stage. This chapter reviews state-of-the-art machine learning applications in the networking area, with the purpose of providing some insights on existing solutions and future opportunities. An overview of machine learning begins the chapter. This is followed by discussions of the applications of machine learning techniques to traffic classification, traffic routing, and resource management, respectively.
The Compensatory Reserve Index Responds to Acute Hemodynamic Changes in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease: A Proof of Concept Study

Patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) who undergo cardiac procedures may become hemodynamically unstable. Predictive algorithms that utilize dense physiologic data may be useful. The compensatory reserve index (CRI) trends beat-to-beat progression from normovolemia (CRI = 1) to decompensation (CRI = 0) in hemorrhagic shock by continuously analyzing unique sets of features in the changing pulse photoplethysmogram (PPG) waveform. We sought to understand if the CRI accurately reflects changing hemodynamics during and after a cardiac procedure for patients with CHD. A transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TcPVR) model was used because left ventricular stroke volume decreases upon sizing balloon occlusion of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and increases after successful valve placement. A single-center, prospective cohort study was performed. The CRI was continuously measured to determine the change in CRI before and after RVOT occlusion and successful TcPVR. Twenty-six subjects were enrolled with a median age of 19 (interquartile range (IQR) 13–29) years. The mean (± standard deviation) CRI decreased from 0.66 ± 0.15 1-min before balloon inflation to 0.53 ± 0.16 (p = 0.03) 1-min after balloon deflation. The mean CRI increased from a pre-valve mean CRI of 0.63 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56–0.70] to 0.77 (95% CI 0.71–0.83) after successful TcPVR. In this study, the CRI accurately reflected acute hemodynamic changes associated with TcPVR. Further research is justified to determine if the CRI can be useful as an early warning tool in patients with CHD at risk for decompensation during and after cardiac procedures.
Clot composition of embolic strokes of undetermined source: a feasibility study

A number of emerging studies have evaluated clot composition in acute ischemic stroke. Studies of clot composition of embolic strokes of undetermined strokes are lacking. We sought to analyze the RBC to platelet ratios in clots and correlated our findings with stroke etiology. This was a prospective study analyzing clots retrieved by mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke patients at our institution. All clots were stained and scanned at 200x magnification by using a Scanscope XT digital scanner (Apergio, Vista, California). Image-J software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland) was used for semi quantitative analysis of percentage RBC’s and platelets. Unpaired t-test was used to compare means of RBC to Platelet ratios. Correlation of RBC to Platelet ratios with stroke etiology was performed. A total of 33 clots from 33 patients were analyzed. Stroke etiology was undetermined in 6 patients, cardioembolic in 14, large vessel atherosclerosis (LVA) in 9, and carotid dissection in 4. The mean RBC to platelet ratio was 0.78:1 (+/− 0.65) in cardioembolic clots, 1.73:1 (+/− 2.38) in LVA and 1.4:1(+/− 0.70) in carotid dissections. Although patients with undetermined etiology had a similar clot composition to cardioembolic stroke (0.36:1+/− 0.33), (p = 0.19), it differed significantly from LVA and dissections respectively (p = 0.037, p = 0.01). In our study, a low RBC to Platelet ratio was found among patients with embolic strokes of undetermined source, however shared similar characteristics with cardioembolic thrombi. Ongoing collection and analysis is needed to confirm these findings and its significance in evaluating stroke etiology.
Sustained Delivery of SB-431542, a Type I Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 Receptor Inhibitor, to Prevent Arthrofibrosis

Fibrosis of the knee is a common disorder resulting from an aberrant wound healing response and is characterized by extracellular matrix deposition, joint contraction, and scar tissue formation. Th...
0101 Community greening, fear of crime, and mental health outcomes in flint, Michigan

Statement of purpose The purpose of this study was to explore how land parcel maintenance is associated with positive mental health outcomes using data collected during community greening efforts conducted in Flint, MI in 2017–2018. Unmaintained vacant land in urban areas is associated with a number of negative outcomes for residents of urban areas, including mental and physical health, safety, and quality of life. Community programs which promote land parcel maintenance in urban neighborhoods have been found to reverse some of the effects that unmaintained land has on nearby residents. Methods/Approach Trained observers assessed the maintenance of approximately 7200 land parcels and surveyed 691 residents (57% Female, 53% Black, M age = 51). We grouped land parcels and aggregated resident data to 397 street segments and compared three structural equation models (SEM) to estimate the relationships between parcel maintenance, fear of crime, and mental distress for residents when controlling for a set of individual-, neighborhood-, and Census-level variables. Results We found a negative association between parcel maintenance values and fear of crime, and a positive association between fear of crime and mental distress at the street segment level. Conclusions Our results supported our hypothesis that the general land maintenance is related to mental distress through its relationship with residents’ fear of crime. Significance Continued development and support of community greening programs are likely to be associated with positive health and safety outcomes for residents in maintained neighborhoods.
Kinematic Analysis of Dance-Based Exergaming: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Recent studies demonstrate improvements in both postural stability and mobility among aging populations and those with stroke who are exposed to dance-based exergaming (DBExG). However, age-related deficits and aging with cortical pathology may lead to distinct movement adaptation patterns during DBExG, which could impact therapeutic outcomes.Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the movement kinematics (postural stability and mobility) of healthy older adults, older adults with stroke, and young adults for different paces of dance during DBExG. Method: The study included 33 particpants (11 participant from each group of healthy older adults, older adults with chronic stroke, and healthy young adults) who performed the DBExG using slow- (SP), medium- (MP), and fast-paced (FP) songs with movements in the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions. Center of mass (CoM) sway area, excursion (Ex), and peaks as well as hip, knee, and ankle joint excursions were computed. Results: Results of the study revealed that CoM sway areas and Exs were greater for healthy young adults than for older adults with stroke for the SP dance (p < 0.05) and that there were significantly more AP CoM peaks for young adults than for healthy older adults and those with stroke for the FP dance (p < 0.05). Young adults also exhibited greater hip and ankle Exs than older adults with stroke (p < 0.05) for all song paces. Similarly, knee and ankle Exs were greater for healthy older adults than for older adults with stroke for all song paces (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The quantitative evaluation and comparison of the movement patterns presented for the three groups could provide a foundation for both assessing and designing therapeutic DBExG protocols for these populations.
Maternal and Child Health Benefits of the Mamata Conditional Cash Transfer Program in Odisha, India

BACKGROUND Conditional cash transfers (CCTs) are demand-side interventions that link cash receipt to fulfilment of health-promoting conditions such as regular health check-ups and investment in human capital. In 2011, the Indian state of Odisha, implemented a statewide CCT program-the Mamata Scheme-towards improving maternal/child health outcomes and promoting health-seeking behavior. Mamata targets pregnant and lactating women aged ≥19 y, and provides a sizable financial incentive relative to household income levels. OBJECTIVES We aimed to longitudinally examine whether, and to what extent, initiation of the Mamata scheme corresponded with changes in health and nutrition outcomes in Odisha, relative to comparison states in India. METHODS Outcomes included maternal health service utilization [antenatal care (ANC), iron-folic acid supplementation, breastfeeding counseling, full child immunization, tetanus vaccination, vitamin A supplementation] and nutrition [anemia during pregnancy and stunting, anemia in children 200,000 mother-child dyads. Tests of parallel trends indicated that preintervention trends were similar across all outcomes in Odisha with the exception of anemia. When comparing Odisha with other states for health services, DID models indicated that exposure to Mamata corresponded with increased odds of counseling for breastfeeding (OR: 2.74; 95% CI: 1.97, 3.80), ANC receipt (OR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.99), and full immunization (OR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.37, 2.08). DID models also indicated decline in stunting (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.84, 1.02) and anemia (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.54, 0.71) among U5 children in Odisha following Mamata, relative to comparison states. Models comparing poor with nonpoor groups indicated the presence of heterogeneous effects. CONCLUSIONS This study provides proof-of-concept for potential improvements in maternal and child nutrition outcomes following CCTs that incentivize health care utilization in India.
An Analysis of Blade Deicing Techniques for Multi-Rotor UAV Propellers

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have become indispensable data acquisition tools for atmospheric research with their ability to collect data from an aerial perspective. However, current UAV technology restricts their operation to warm and dry weather. In subzero high-humidity conditions, the propeller blades on multi-rotor UAVs can accrete critical amounts of ice, reducing their thrust. Published methods for preventing ice accretion on full-sized flight vehicles are currently not suitable for small power-limited drones, so other methods of ice prevention must be explored. Two such methods explored in this work include coatings and propeller-reversal. The first method involved spraying the propeller blades with a hydrophobic chemical coating. Various coatings were tested, including: ethylene glycol, silicone spray, Rain-X, and WD-40. Each coated propeller was tested in an environmental chamber under atmospheric conditions known to cause severe mid-flight icing. The thrust curve for each coated propeller was recorded and compared to a set of control tests subjected to the same environmental conditions. The second method involved a propeller-reversal technique, where a propeller with accumulated ice was quickly spun in the reverse direction to dislodge buildup. A high-speed camera was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the propeller-reversal by observing ice shearing from the blade surface. The findings from this research serve as a foundation upon which additional deicing techniques for UAVs can be explored.
Implication of the Type III Effector RipS1 in the Cool-Virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum Strain UW551.

Members of the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex cause a variety of wilting diseases across a wide range of hosts by colonizing and blocking xylem vessels. Of great concern are race 3 biovar 2 strains of R. solanacearum capable of causing brown rot of potato at cool temperatures, which are select agents in the United States. To gain a better understanding of cool-virulence mechanisms, we generated libraries of transposon mutants in the cool-virulent strain R. solanacearum strain UW551 and screened 10,000 mutants using our seedling assay for significantly reduced virulence at 20oC. We found several mutants that exhibited reduced virulence at 28oC and 20oC, and also mutants that were only affected at the cooler temperature. One mutant of the latter chosen for further study had the transposon inserted in an intergenic region between a type III secretion system effector gene ripS1 and a major facilitator superfamily protein gene. Gene expression analysis showed that expression of ripS1 was altered by the transposon insertion, but not the major facilitator superfamily protein gene. An independent mutant with this insertion upstream of ripS1 was generated and used to confirm virulence and gene expression phenotypes. The effector, RipS1, has unknown function and is part of a family of effectors belonging to the largest known type III effectors. The functional connection between RipS1 and cool-virulence of R. solanacearum UW551 suggests that RipS1 (and/or its upstream promoter element) may serve as a potential target for development of cool-virulence-specific diagnostic tools to differentiate the highly regulated cool-virulent strains from non-cool-virulent strains of R. solanacearum. Our results provide important information for continued work toward a better understanding of cool-virulence of R. solanacearum and development of proper control strategies to combat this important plant pathogen.
Workplace boredom as an empowering experience: a psychoanalytic reconceptualization of boredom and identity in organizations

The study develops a psychoanalytic perspective on boredom as an important resource for narratively constructing the self with significant implications for how functional or dysfunctional it is. By...
Status of Fiberoptics Technology for Propulsion Control Systems

Optical sensors and optically controlled actuators for use in airbreathing engine control systems are discussed. The environmental conditions in which the aircraft will operate require the fiberoptic cables and optical connectors to perform reliably at temperatures over the -55 C to 260 C range. The status of fiberoptics technology for operation in this environment is reviewed.
Debunking Five Great Myths About the Fourth Amendment Exclusionary Rule

In this article, I undertake to debunk five great myths about the Fourth Amendment Exclusionary Rule. First, I debunk the myth that the contemporary exclusionary rule is constitutionally required in order to achieve several objectives, which include but are not limited to deterring future police misconduct. Second, I discredit the assertion that even if the rule is intended only to deter future police misconduct, it is justified because it efficiently accomplishes this objective. Third, I disagree with the contention that even if the present rule is too inefficient in deterring future police to justify its continuation, it can be sufficiently improved by a modification that accounts for the seriousness of the crime or the dangerousness of the criminal. Fourth, I oppose the argument that even if deterrence is insufficient to justify the rule, the rule’s objectives can be expanded to encompass and promote noble aspirations beyond police deterrence, which thereby justify the rule. Fifth and finally, I dispute the moral claim that even if none of the utilitarian justifications for the rule are sufficient, the rule is needed to preserve the integrity of the criminal justice system. Based on all the foregoing, I conclude that the exclusionary rule should be rescinded and replaced with an approach that punishes those who violate the Fourth Amendment while avoiding actions, such as suppression, which can frustrate justice by undermining the efficacy and legitimacy and the criminal trials.
Nyerere: The Early Years

Julius Kambarage Nyerere (1922-1999), the first President of Tanzania, was a man whose political life was uniquely and inextricably bound into the history of the nation he created. Yet, though 'Baba wa Taifa', Father of the Nation, there is still no adequate biography. This book presents the first truly rounded portrait of Nyerere's early life, from his birth in 1922 until his graduation from Edinburgh in 1952, helping us to see his later political achievements in a new light. It was after returning to Tanganyika that 'Mwalimu' (the teacher) formally entered politics, and led efforts to deliver Tanganyika to independence. Drawing on interviews with his contemporaries, as well as archival sources, including his letters as a student and files that the colonial authorities kept on him, this revelatory and engaging account allows us to see Nyerere afresh. It also brings a new perspective on how the scholarship that Nyerere engaged with as a young man in Scotland influenced his ideas of the uhuru movement against colonial rule and, later, the ujamaa policy of African socialism that so defined his leadership of an independent Tanzania. Thomas Molony is Lecturer in African Studies at the University of Edinburgh.
A Review of “Therapeutic Nations: Healing in an Age of Indigenous Human Rights”

Dian Million, an Indigenous feminist scholar, explores how theories of trauma have been articulated and shaped by neoliberal ideologies. Million contends that Indigenous models of self-determinatio...
Learning rule for associative memory in recurrent neural networks

We present a new learning rule for intralayer connections in neural networks. The rule is based on Hebbian learning principles and is derived from information theoretic considerations. A simple network trained using the rule is shown to have associative memory like properties. The network acts by building connections between correlated data points, under constraints.
Effect of freezing and thawing processes on some physical properties of saline–sodic soils mixed with sewage sludge or fly ash

Abstract Dispersion of saline–sodic soils was rather difficult to leach. Therefore, negative effects of freeze–thaw on soil physical properties should be reduced by inexpensive and practical methods. This study investigates the effect of freeze–thaw cycles (3, 6, and 9) on wet aggregate stability, bulk density, and permeability coefficient in three soils with different electrical conductivity and exchangeable sodium percentage levels (soil I: 5.30 dS m−1, 47.51%; soil II: 42.80 dS m−1, 55.45%; soil III: 36.30 dS m−1, 59.34%) which consist of different proportions of sewage sludge and fly ash by volume (10%, 20%, and 30%). The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions using disturbed and non-cropped soil samples mixed with sewage sludge and fly ash. Soils mixed with sewage sludge produced higher aggregate stability and permeability coefficients and lower bulk density values as compared to the soils mixed with fly ash. Sewage sludge added with a rate of 30% eliminated the negative effects of freeze–thaw processes on wet aggregate stability. Freeze–thaw processes did not affect the bulk density of the soils II and III, which were mixed with sewage sludge. However, fly ash addition decreased the bulk density of these soils very significantly after nine freeze–thaw cycles. Addition of sewage sludge or fly ash with rates of 20% and 30% significantly increased the permeability coefficients in soil I after nine freeze–thaw cycles. Results indicated that addition of sewage sludge and/or fly ash to saline–sodic soils could be alternative way for reducing negative effects of freezing–thawing on soil wet aggregate stability, bulk density, and permeability coefficient.
Calculation of and quadrupole coupling constants on optimized molecular structures of pyrimidine, 2-X- and 5-X-pyrimidine, with X=F, Cl, Br, and CN

Abstract 14 N (1,3) quadrupole coupling constants (nqcc's) were calculated on B3P86/6-31G(3d,3p) optimized molecular structures of pyrimidine (PRM), 2-X-PRM, and 5-X-PRM, with X=F, Cl, Br, and CN. For PRM, the root mean square difference between calculated and experimental nqcc's is 6 kHz (0.3%). For 2-F-PRM, the calculated value of −5.254 MHz for ( χ bb − χ cc ) lies within the rather large uncertainty (≈1%) in the experimental value. Hyperfine structure due to χ aa was unresolved – its calculated value is −0.062 MHz. In the remaining molecules, for which no experimental data are available, nitrogen nqcc's are predicted. In the Cl-PRMs, 35 Cl nqcc's are predicted. In the halogen substituted PRMs, differences in nqcc's correlate with differences in carbon–halogen bond lengths.
Prior experience satisfaction and subsequent fairness perceptions within the service experience.

ABSTRACT Past service encounters provide powerful information about the future intentions of customers. This study examines 302 recalled customer service encounters and measures the differences in fairness perceptions of the service encounter outcome between new customers and previous customers, and then between customers with previous positive experiences and between customers with previous negative experiences. A significant difference existed between customers with previous positive experiences and those customers with previous negative experiences. Each group reported similar outcomes with their next visit, which leads towards a tendency of repeat performances for the business. The power of understanding the past experiences of the customer is valuable to service researchers and practitioners in understanding the importance of the perception the customer leaves with. It can govern the expectations the customers have as well as help predict the next experience the customer has with the business and inf...
Crime, criminal and crime control policy myths

This essay examines myths that inform common conceptions of crime and criminals and the implementation of crime control policy. It also explores sources of and reasons for the perpetuation of these myths. A principal thesis is that myths are perpetuated because they serve both the short-term interests of the general public as well as the long-term interests of social elites. Finally, the essay considers contradictions and consequences of beliefs and policies based on myths.
Combining RTI and psychoeducational assessment: What we must assume to do otherwise

The Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA; 2004) permitted lack of students' response to intervention (RTI) to be considered as a basis for documenting specific learning disabilities (SLD). The previous method of detecting SLD, which relied on IQ and achievement testing, consequently is no longer mandatory. Accordingly, proposals for the abandonment of IQ, and perhaps all standardized psychoeducational assessment, have arisen. In this article, it is proposed that the joint use of RTI and psychoeducational testing is indispensable when school-based evaluations concern SLD eligibility. The singular use of either RTI or psychoeducational testing requires adoption of several implicit and apparently untenable assumptions. Those assumptions are made explicit in this article, and each is examined. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 797–806, 2006.
Frank loop unfaulting mechanism in fcc metals during neutron irradiation

Abstract The unfaulting mechanism whereby sessile Frank dislocation loops evolve into a complex tangle of glissile dislocations during irradiation of face centered cubic metals is not well understood. It is generally presumed that such loops grow by absorption of point defects until interactions develop which provide sufficient impetus for nucleation of an unfaulting event. The loops then become glissile, interact and form a dislocation network. The present study identifies an alternate mechanism which has been observed to occur in an austenitic precipitation-strengthened commercial alloy irradiated in the EBR-II fast reactor. The mechanism requires an interaction between the sessile Frank loop and a moving glissile perfect dislocation. An unfaulting dislocation is created which, as it moves, eliminates the Frank loop and leaves only a perfect dislocation with the original Burgers vector. The process is demonstrated by an example illustrated with transmission electron micrographs. The impact of this alternate mechanism on the development of the dislocation microstructure in a metal undergoing irradiation creep is discussed in relation to relevant irradiation creep models.
Multiple enhancers contribute to expression of the NK-2 homeobox gene ceh-22 in C. elegans pharyngeal muscle

Summary: Gene expression in the pharyngeal muscles of C. elegans is regulated in part by the NK-2 family homeodomain factor CEH-22, which is structurally and functionally related to Drosophila Tinman and the vertebrate Nkx2–5 factors. ceh-22 is expressed exclusively in the pharyngeal muscles and is the earliest gene known to be expressed in this tissue. Here we characterize the ceh-22 promoter region in transgenic C. elegans. A 1.9-kb fragment upstream of ceh-22 is sufficient to regulate reporter gene expression in a pattern identical to the endogenous gene. Within this promoter we identified two transcriptional enhancers and characterized their cell type and temporal specificity. The distal enhancer becomes active in the pharynx near the time that ceh-22 expression initiates; however, it becomes active more broadly later in development. The proximal enhancer becomes active after the onset of ceh-22 expression, but it is active specifically in the ceh-22-expressing pharyngeal muscles. We suggest these enhancers respond to distinct signals that initiate and maintain ceh-22 gene expression. Proximal enhancer activity requires a short segment containing a CEH-22 responsive element, suggesting that CEH-22 autoregulates its own expression. genesis 31:156–166, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A microcomputer based simulation model for a military scheduling application

This study analyzes various design alternatives in determining the manpower requirements needed for an army orders processing operation. Specifically it will enable a National Guard Plans and Training orders. The analysis is performed by use of simulation modeling. Different manpower alternatives were evaluated that included varying numbers and arrangements of processes. Consideration was given to the total processing time objectives in order to determine these levels of manpower. It is intended that this model will ultimately reside in interactive software on a microcomputer.
Study on sound transmission characteristics of a cylindrical shell using analytical and experimental models

Abstract A circular cylindrical cavity enclosed by a thin elastic shell is found in many practical devices such as expansion volume mufflers, hermetic compressors and aircraft cabins. Analytical and experimental studies are conducted in this work to understand the characteristics of sound transmission through the cylindrical wall of such a system. Using an infinitely long circular cylindrical shell subjected to a plane incident wave, an exact solution is obtained by solving the classical shell vibration equations and the acoustic wave equations simultaneously. Transmission losses obtained from the solution are compared to the transmission losses that are measured for a cylindrical shell of finite length and the same cross-sectional dimensions. The comparison suggests that the theoretical model can be used as an effective design tool despite considerable simplifications involved.
The Relationship of Clinical Findings to CT Scan Evidence of Adrenal Gland Metastases in the Staging of Bronchogenic Carcinoma

Objective To determine whether, during the staging of newly diagnosed bronchogenic carcinoma, clinical indicators predict the presence or absence of adrenal metastases detected by computerized tomographic (CT) scans. Design Retrospective review of charts and roentgenograms. Setting Academic medical center. Patients Two hundred five consecutive patients diagnosed with bronchogenic carcinoma, of whom 173 had sufficient data available for analysis. Measurements Charts were reviewed for abnormalities in three clinical categories (signs, symptoms, and routine laboratory tests) and the presence of extrapulmonary tumor spread. The CT scans were reviewed for evidence of adrenal involvement by radiologists blinded to clinical findings. Main Results: Thirty patients had abnormal adrenal glands on CT scan. In 26 the abnormality was believed to represent adrenal metastasis, whereas in four the CT findings were consistent with adrenal adenomas. The frequency of adrenal metastases varied with the number of positive clinical findings (χ 2 =105.4; p 2 =111.82; p Conclusions Our findings indicate that adrenal metastases are found in patients with a large tumor burden who have clinical indicators of widespread disease. We found no evidence of adrenal metastases by CT in any patient with a normal clinical evaluation. We conclude that CT scans through the adrenal glands are unnecessary when staging newly diagnosed bronchogenic carcinoma if the findings from the initial clinical evaluation are normal.
Joint Models for a Primary Endpoint and Multiple Longitudinal Covariate Processes

Summary Joint models are formulated to investigate the association between a primary endpoint and features of multiple longitudinal processes. In particular, the subject-specific random effects in a multivariate linear random-effects model for multiple longitudinal processes are predictors in a generalized linear model for primary endpoints. Li, Zhang, and Davidian (2004, Biometrics60, 1–7) proposed an estimation procedure that makes no distributional assumption on the random effects but assumes independent within-subject measurement errors in the longitudinal covariate process. Based on an asymptotic bias analysis, we found that their estimators can be biased when random effects do not fully explain the within-subject correlations among longitudinal covariate measurements. Specifically, the existing procedure is fairly sensitive to the independent measurement error assumption. To overcome this limitation, we propose new estimation procedures that require neither a distributional or covariance structural assumption on covariate random effects nor an independence assumption on within-subject measurement errors. These new procedures are more flexible, readily cover scenarios that have multivariate longitudinal covariate processes, and can be implemented using available software. Through simulations and an analysis of data from a hypertension study, we evaluate and illustrate the numerical performances of the new estimators.
The Schreber case: a reinterpretation from an adult-developmental perspective.

Previous interpretations of the Schreber case have tended to focus on childhood factors which led to Schreber's delusional breakdowns, while ignoring the role of adult-developmental issues. In the current paper, a multicausal view is taken, considering childhood factors (e.g., being raised by an authoritarian father), psychosocial experiences (e.g., the failure to have children and the accompanying stress), and adult developmental issues (e.g., the psychological and moral challenges involved in assuming the position of judge in a high court) that, along with a biological predisposition--played a role in Schreber's mental illness. Within the context of this larger view of Schreber's life, it is then possible to understand better Schreber's own view--that being changed into a woman for God to create a new bread of men--was a solution to his psychological situation. This solution, however, is highly symbolic, concrete, and does not represent development but, rather, avoidance and a kind of regression. It is argued that the introduction of adult-developmental issues in this case allows for a more complete understanding of the case. The current account also represents an attempt to provide understanding while remaining true to the phenomenological experience of Schreber.
Die immunologische Funktion von Monocyten und Makrophagen

Die immunologische Funktion von Monocyten und Makrophagen wird im Hinblick auf die Aufnahme von Antigenen durch diese Zellen, deren intracellulare Lokalisation, Abbau und Retention diskutiert. In vitro-Modelle und in vivo-Untersuchungen uber das Zusammenwirken von Makrophagen und ihnen verwandter Zellen mit solchen der lymphatischen Reihe werden besprochen sowie Ergebnisse aus Tierversuchen uber die genetische Kontrolle der Antigenerkennungsfahigkeit diskutiert. Zum Abschlus wird auf Storungen der Makrophagenfunktion und solche des afferenten Anteils der Immunreaktion hingewiesen. Bei der engen Verwandtschaft von Blutmonocyten zu vollentwickelten Makrophagen gewinnen Methoden zur Isolierung solcher Zellen an Bedeutung und tragen zur Entwicklung klinischer Testmethoden der Makrophagenfunktion bei.
Race, Quarterbacks, and the Media Testing the Rush Limbaugh Hypothesis

Talk show host Rush Limbaugh made headlines in 2003 when he appeared on a cable sports program and claimed the media were biased in favor of African American quarterbacks. Using a sample made up of the seven African American starting quarterbacks in the National Football League matched with seven White quarterbacks with comparable statistics, this study considers whether newspaper coverage was slanted by race. The data, including more than 10,000 articles published during the 2002 football season, show minor and inconsistent differences in coverage between African American and White quarterbacks and offer no support to Limbaugh's position. Despite themedia's apparent lack of bias in this situation, response to Limbaugh's comments in the media avoided the larger issue of race and instead focused on the playing ability of African American quarterbacks.
Extramedullary hemopoiesis arising in the gut mimicking carcinoma of the cecum

Summary A patient initially treated for iron deficiency anemia was later found to have myelofibrosis. She developed increasing splenomegaly and then a mass in the right iliac fossa for which a right hemicolectomy was performed. Histopathology demonstrated extramedullary hemopoiesis in the spleen and cecum. The patient subsequently developed a protein-losing enteropathy and she deteriorated and died 14 mths later. Autopsy was not performed.
Reviews and Reactions: A Rhetorical-Cultural Analysis of The Business of Being Born

This article analyzes The Business of Being Born, a documentary that critiques dominant American childbirth practices, practitioners, and locations as overmedicalized, and offers midwife-attended homebirth as a safe, viable option. The rhetorical-cultural analysis focuses on the documentary's reception, including twenty-six film reviews and two statements issued by the American Medical Association and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. The article demonstrates the role of ethos in genre reception, with a particular look at celebrity ethos associated with documentaries. The article suggests not only that visual arguments such as documentaries currently affect cultural conversations more readily than print arguments but also that dominant discourses and ideologies delimit those conversations' boundaries.
Substance P (SP)-Neurokinin-1 Receptor (NK-1R) Alters Adipose Tissue Responses to High-Fat Diet and Insulin Action

Peripheral administration of a specific neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) antagonist to mice leads to reduced weight gain and circulating levels of insulin and leptin after high-fat diet (HFD). Here, we assessed the contribution of substance P (SP) and NK-1R in diet-induced obesity using NK-1R deficient [knockout (KO)] mice and extended our previous findings to show the effects of SP-NK-1R interactions on adipose tissue-associated insulin signaling and glucose metabolic responses. NK-1R KO and wild-type (WT) littermates were fed a HFD for 3 wk, and obesity-associated responses were determined. Compared with WT, NK-1 KO mice show reduced weight gain and circulating levels of leptin and insulin in response to HFD. Adiponectin receptor mRNA levels are higher in mesenteric fat and liver in NK-1 KO animals compared with WT, after HFD. Mesenteric fat from NK-1R KO mice fed with HFD has reduced stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase and protein kinase Cθ activation compared with WT mice. After glucose challenge, NK-1R KO mice remove glucose from the circulation more efficiently than WT and pair-fed controls, suggesting an additional peripheral effect of NK-1R-mediated signaling on glucose metabolism. Glucose uptake experiments in isolated rat adipocytes showed that SP directly inhibits insulin-mediated glucose uptake. Our results further establish a role for SP-NK-1R interactions in adipose tissue responses, specifically as they relate to obesity-associated pathologies such as glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Our results highlight this pathway as an important therapeutic approach for type 2 diabetes.
Fine details of the nodal electronic excitations in Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca Cu 2 O 8 + δ

Very high energy resolution photoemission experiments on high quality samples of optimally doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta show new features in the low-energy electronic excitations. A marked change in the binding energy and temperature dependence of the near-n
Characterizing environmental pressures along the US/Mexico border: An application of the Toxics Release Inventory in environmentrics

Abstract Public data bases are becoming increasingly available to environmental researchers. We discuss use of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Toxics Release Inventory data base for research purposes in the context of characterizing a geographical area in terms of industrial toxic chemical emissions into the environment. We present as examples highlights of ongoing exploratory data summary for the U.S. side of the U.S./Mexico border area during 1988–1992 which show how different parts of the border area have unique patterns of emissions. The TRI was the first national industrial toxic emissions inventory, and constitutes a unique and useful resource for data on industrial toxic chemical releases in the United States for researchers prepared to invest in fully understanding its strengths and limitations.
Dependence of contrast on probe/sample spacing with the magneto-optic Kerr effect scanning near-field magneto-optic microscope (MOKE-SNOM)

A magneto-optic Kerr effect scanning near-field optical microscope is used to image a stripe domain wall in a Co/Pt multilayer sample. The microscope is an improved version of a type previously reported, which uses light scattering from surface plasmons in 20 - 40 nm Ag particles as a near-field probe. Data is presented for both the probe intensity and polarization contrast as a function of probe/sample spacing. Oscillatory behavior in both sets of data is reasonably explained with a simplified model of optical interference.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Lessons Learned: One Experience With Focus Groups in a School Setting

Focus group research is an effective way for school nurses to gain knowledge about a diverse range of issues that children in schools may face. It is a means to gather information about perceptions, feelings, points of view, and manners of thinking from a group of individuals about a specific topic. This article overviews focus groups as a research methodology and describes an experience of using them to gain information about low-income caretakers' knowledge of childhood nutrition. Several important lessons were learned from this study. These included the need to be flexible during the research process, to be creative in recruitment strategies, to maintain open communication with all the involved parties, and to share enthusiasm for the study. Learning more about children and their families can assist school nurses in planning and implementing interventions that enhance health and school achievement.
Using a Cost-Benefit Analysis to Teach Ethics and Statistics

We used Rosnow's (1990) method for quantifying the costs and benefits of research to teach undergraduate psychology students research ethics and the statistical concepts of central tendency and var...
From Ce3Bi4Pt3 to CeCoIn5: 10 years of new materials research at LANL

Abstract We review the serendipitous but directed path from Kondo insulator Ce 3 Bi 4 Pt 3 to heavy-Fermion superconductor CeCoIn 5 as exemplary of Zachary Fisk's unique approach to new materials synthesis. The significance as well as the current status of the CeMIn 5 materials is also discussed. Finally, based on these insights, we speculate as to paths forward in exploratory materials research.