cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards a Framework for Weapon Control Systems

The current approach taken by Naval high assurance Weapon Control Systems (WCS) requires a hefty premium for their highly-engineered low risks products. The alternative is a COTS based strategy that cost less but increases risk and is provided on a large scale for global markets. In this paper we look toward a new approach to the development of WCS software as a method to reconcile the seemingly contradictory equations: deliver more value to Navy programs in the form of high assurance software while simultaneously reducing the total cost by constructing and applying a WCS framework. This paper focuses on the rationale and challenges for the development of a software framework as a reuse technique that can be applied to Navy high assurance WCS. Its application is described in the Cooperative Communication Control Core Engagement software.
Teacher or playmate? Asian immigrant and Euro-American parents’ participation in their young children’s daily activities

Parents often arrange activities for their children either by providing them with opportunities or restricting their participation. The way children spend their time affects their cognitive and social development. This study compares the involvement of Asian immigrant and Euro-American parents in their young children’s daily activities, with particular attention to two contrasting roles: teacher and playmate. Parents of children aged 3 to 6 years (n = 24 children in each group) kept daily logs of their children’s activities and companions for a week. Results show that parents in both groups spent similar amounts of time in play activities with their children, although the Euro-American parents did more pretend play and the Asian parents did more constructive play. However, Asian parents spent far more time on preacademic activities with their children such as learning letters and numbers, playing math games, and working with the computer. The cultural differences among parents are mirrored to a lesser extent by patterns of participation of siblings, friends, and babysitters with the target children. These results are discussed in relation to universality and cultural specificity of parenting beliefs and practices.
Public rituals and community power: St. Patrick's day parades in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1841-1874

Abstract The development of a political strategy to address the uneven distribution of power and resources in a 19th-century American city is the focus of this paper. It is argued that public celebrations of St. Patrick's Day in the city of Lowell, Massachusetts must be seen as something more than simple expressions of Irish tradition and culture. Instead, as the literature in social history is making increasingly clear, parades and other forms of mass public ritual are better characterized as demonstrations of community power and solidarity and serve as complex commentaries on the political economy of urban-industrial social relations. In Lowell, the parades were at first used to impress both the Yankee and the Irish communities with the spectacle of Irish respectability. Ultimately they were used to press for Irish participation in republican America on specifically Irish terms.
1133 SLEEP STUDIES IN INFANTS BETWEEN BIRTH AND SIX MONTHS OF AGE

Altered sleep state patterns have been associated with various clinical entities in the perinatal period, such as infants of diabetic mothers, infants of addicted mothers and premature infants with an abnormal neonatal course. The objective of this study was to provide normative laboratory sleep state values during the first six months of life. Twelve-hour polygraphic measures were obtained in 10 full term infants during the first week of life and at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 months of age. Each minute of the recording was coded as Awake (AW), Active Sleep (AS) or REM, Quiet Sleep (QS) and Indeterminate (IN). A computer program calculated sleep variables. The entire study was replicated in another group (N=10). Results were assessed with an analysis of variance. The total percent of time spent in AS decreased with age. This was due to the decrease in the number of AS episodes. Both the duration of AS episodes and intervals between them remained the same. The percent of time in QS increased with age. This was due only to an increase in the duration of QS episodes. The average percent of time spent in AW and IN remained the same. The mean number of awakenings (16) at one and two months was twice as high than at four and six months. Although variability among infants was high, the age effects described were robust. Only relatively large departures from normative values are indicative of abnormal developmental patterns.
Resonance transition 795-nm rubidium laser using He buffer gas

Resonance transition rubidium laser (5 2 P 1/2 →5 2 S 1/2 ) is demonstrated with a hydrocarbon-free buffer gas. Prior demonstrations of alkali resonance transition lasers have used ethane as either the buffer gas or a buffer gas component to promote rapid fine-structure mixing. However, our experience suggests that the alkali vapor reacts with the ethane producing carbon as one of the reaction products. This degrades long term laser reliability. Our recent experimental results with a "clean" helium-only buffer gas system pumped by a Ti:sapphire laser demonstrate all the advantages of the original alkali laser system, but without the reliability issues associated with the use of ethane. We further report a demonstration of a rubidium laser using a buffer gas consisting of pure 3 He. Using isotopically enriched 3 He gas yields enhanced mixing of the Rb fine-structure levels. This enables efficient lasing at reduced He buffer gas pressure, improved thermal management in high average power Rb lasers and enhanced power scaling potential of such systems.
Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of malingered and other invalid WAIS-R and clinical memory data

Abstract To further the understanding of malingering and other compromises to data validity on standard neuropsychological tasks, the present study evaluated WAIS-R and clinical memory data produced by two groups from a mildly head-injured sample: Malingerers (MPs; n = 12) were identified via below chance forced-choice testing; “QVs” (n = 10) provided implausible neuropsychological performances but were not clearly malingering. A low level of performance characterized the data of the MPs and QVs: Full Scale IQ and Performance IQ were significantly lower for MPs and QVs than for matched controls, and obtained IQ for MPs and QVs averaged 18 points below estimated IQ. On the California Verbal Learning Test, total words recalled and recognition memory were significantly lower for MPs and QVs than for controls. In contrast, qualitative analyses, such as approximate answers, bizarre responses, “scatter” on the WAIS-R, inconsistency in performance across similar tasks, clustering, and intrusions on memory measur...
Contribution of mitochondria to cardiac muscle water/macromolecule proton magnetization transfer.

The contribution of mitochondria to water-macromolecule proton magnetization transfer (MT) was evaluated in porcine heart tissue. An examination of isolated mitochondria in suspension, at the same concentration as found in heart tissue, revealed MT effects very similar in magnitude and bandwidth to those in intact heart tissue. Disruption of the gross structure of the mitochondria by freeze-thawing or with detergent resulted in only ∼25% decreases in MT, which suggests that the structure of the mitochondria is not critical for these effects. The current data indicate that mitochondria macromolecules contribute significantly to MT in the intact heart. Magn Reson Med 50:1312–1316, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
As We May Think and Be: Brain-computer interfaces to expand the substrate of mind

Over a half-century ago, the scientist Vannevar Bush explored the conundrum of how to tap the exponentially rising sea of human knowledge for the betterment of humanity. In his description of a hypothetical electronic library he dubbed the memex, he anticipated internet search and online encyclopedias (Bush, 1945). By blurring the boundary between brain and computer, brain-computer interfaces (BCI) could lead to more efficient use of electronic resources (Schalk, 2008). We could expand the substrate of the mind itself rather than merely interfacing it to external computers. Components of brain-computer interfaces could be re-arranged to create brain-brain interfaces, or tightly interconnected links between a person’s brain and ectopic neural modules. Such modules – whether sitting in a bubbling Petri dish, rendered in reciprocally linked integrated circuits, or implanted in our belly – would mark the first step on to a path of breaking out of the limitations imposed by our phylogenetic past Novel BCI architectures could generate novel abilities to navigate and access information that might speed translational science efforts and push the boundaries of human knowledge in an unprecedented manner.
Derivation of a JC virus-resistant human glial cell line: implications for the identification of host cell factors that determine viral tropism.

Abstract JC virus (JCV) is a common human polyomavirus that infects 70–80% of the population worldwide. In immunosuppressed individuals, JCV infects oligodendrocytes and causes a fatal demyelinating disease known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). The tropism of JCV is restricted to oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and B lymphocytes. Several mechanisms may contribute to the restricted tropism of JCV, including the presence or absence of cell-type-specific transcription and replication factors and the presence or absence of cell-type-specific receptors. We have established a system to investigate cellular factors that influence viral tropism by selecting JCV-resistant cells from a susceptible glial cell line (SVG-A). SVG-A cells were subjected to several rounds of viral infection using JC virus (M1/SVEΔ). A population of resistant cells emerged (SVGR2) that were refractory to infection with the Mad-4 strain of JCV, the hybrid virus M1/SVEΔ, as well as to the related polyomavirus SV40. SVGR2 cells were as susceptible as the SVG-A cells to infection with an unrelated amphotropic retrovirus. The stage at which these cells are resistant to infection was investigated and the block appears to be at early viral gene transcription. This system should ultimately allow us to identify glial specific factors that influence the tropism of JCV.
Optical information for detecting loss in one's own forward speed☆

An experiment was conducted to determine whether accuracy and efficiency of detecting loss in one's own forward speed are constant when optical information is invariant over a wide range of environmental variables. Deceleration rate, initial forward velocity, and altitude were varied so as to isolate initial optical flow rate, optical flow deceleration, and optical flow damping invariants specified in observer-relevant metrics. The candidate resulting in the most consistent effect on performance was global damping, which specifies a contrast of flow deceleration with initial flow rate. The finding is a first step toward validating a procedure for identifying functional invariants by assessing the usefulness of mathematically specified optical information for the perception of egomotion. The research represents both a methodological development and empirical support for the broader program of ecological functionalism.
Policing and procedural justice: a state-of-the-art review

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to systematically and comprehensively review the literature on procedural justice in policing, in the context of both police-citizen encounters and organizational decision making. Design/methodology/approach – The current study reflects a narrative meta-review of procedural justice within policing generated through a systematic and exhaustive search of several academic databases (e.g. Criminal Justice Abstracts, Criminology: A SAGE Full Text Collection, EBSCO Host, PsychInfo, etc.). Findings – The current meta-review identified 46 studies that matched the selection criteria. In this body of research, 28 studies analyzed procedural justices within the context of police-citizen encounters and 18 studies examined procedural justice within the context of police organization decision making. In general, the body of research yields two main findings. First, citizens’ perceptions of procedural justice during interactions with the police positively affect their views of poli...
Americans’ Perceptions of Commitment to Strong Families Across Race and Ethnic Groups

Theories of prejudice examining perceptual differences of in-groups and out-groups, such as social dominance and group threat perspectives, have found them to be important in generating hegemonic identity formations. This study uses data from the General Social Surveys to explore how these hegemonic group perceptions influence attitudes toward stronger families using race and ethnic groups as proxy measures where Whites are considered the in-group. A modified ecosystemic-interactionist approach along with elements from group threat and social dominance theories as support was used to investigate the underlying premise that group membership influenced respondents’ perceptions of their own family vis a vis others. Overall, the study found support for the underlying premise that membership influenced group perceptions, group knowledge, and group beliefs about commitment to strong families. Additionally, these findings suggest that groups develop most of their beliefs and subsequently their attitudes from lim...
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF BLACK SODALITE

The electronic structure of black sodalite, ${\mathrm{Na}}_{8}{(\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{O}}_{4}{)}_{6},$ is determined in the local-spin-density approximation (LSDA). This structure has six Na atoms to compensate the six Al atoms, leaving two excess Na atoms. A band-gap electronic state is induced in the wide oxide gap by the excess sodium, and has ``particle in a box'' behavior. Magnetic orderings of these gap states are studied. Analytic models show that an antiferromagnetic ordering is lowest in energy in the LSDA. A self-consistent LSDA calculation shows the system to change from a metal to an antiferromagnetic insulator when spin orderings are allowed. Hopping and Hubbard-U parameters are estimated, and the many-body correlated Hubbard model is solved using a constrained path Monte Carlo technique, which again predicts the system to be antiferromagnetic with a ${T}_{c}$ of order 50 K.
Living Hymns and Iterations

This text is a spiritual (re)search. I selected a local Pentecostal church that would align with and trouble the conservative Methodist Christian background with which I grew up. The text (re)creates this tension. How do I (re)create belief? How do I (re)construct (“preserve”) reality? How do I preserve the Self in the face of a changing Other? How do I (re)construct the Other in the face of a changing Self? I explore and alter this border of Self/Other, specifically the portion that defines spirituality/rationality. I allow for and encourage the overlap of desire and observation. I experiment with modes of spirituality/ rationality, with fields of possible/impossible. Using the Christian Trinity as a structure, I juxtapose identities and modes to create a text that is disjointed, nonlinear, and multiple. A prayer, a hymn, a true fiction.
EFFECTS OF VIEWING A PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARY DEBATE An Experiment

Do televised debates between presidential candidates stimulate campaign interest and learning? This question can best be answered by controlling the problem of self-selection: The people who normally watch may already be interested in the presidential campaign. Since the self-selection problem may be most acute during the fall campaign, we chose to study the effects of the February 20, 1980, debate involving seven Republican candidates. Experimental group subjects were asked to watch the debate in exchange for a small payment, while two control groups were not. Key measurement took place during a “surprise” March wave where none of the groups had any advance warning that they would be interviewed. In March, Experimentals continued to learn more than controls about events occurring after the first interview, and they displayed greater interest in the Democratic race while maintaining their previously stronger interest in the Republicans.
Microcapsules filled with reactive solutions for self-healing materials

Abstract Microcapsules containing a solvent and reactive epoxy resin are a critical component for the development of cost-effective, low toxicity, and low flammability self-healing materials. We report a robust in situ encapsulation method for protection of a variety of oil soluble solvents and reactive epoxy resins surrounded by a thin, polymeric, urea–formaldehyde (UF) shell. Resin–solvent capsules are produced in high yield with diameters ranging from 10 to 300 μm by controlling agitation rates. These capsules have a continuous inner shell wall and a rough exterior wall that promotes bonding to a polymer matrix. Capsules as small as 300 nm in diameter are achieved through sonication and stabilization procedures. The presence of both the epoxy resin and solvent core components is confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements, and the relative amount of epoxy and solvent in the liquid core is determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The capsules are shown to satisfy the requirements for use in self-healing materials including processing survivability, thermal stability, and efficient in situ rupture for delivery of healing agent.
Courtship feeding in decorated crickets: is the spermatophylax a sham?

Abstract Abstract. The spermatophore transferred by a male decorated cricket, Gryllodes sigillatus , at mating includes a large gelatinous spermatophylax, devoid of sperm, which the female removes and feeds on after copulation. Previous studies have shown that consumption of the spermatophylax keeps the female preoccupied while sperm from the remaining portion of the spermatophore is expelled into her reproductive tract; hence, the spermatophylax functions to ensure complete sperm transfer. To determine whether consumption of the spermatophylax also provides significant nutritional benefits to females and whether such benefits are contingent on food availability, female G. sigillatus were allowed to consume zero, one, or three spermatophylaxes per day and were either deprived of food, fed 30% of ad libitum food demands, or allowed unrestricted access to food (Purina® cricket chow). The number of spermatophylaxes consumed by females had no significant effect on the mass of eggs or number of nymphs produced, and there was no significant interaction between the number of spermatophylaxes consumed and food availability. Although there may be other benefits to its consumption, the present study suggests that as a food 'gift', the spermatophylax is a sham.
Beneficial metabolic activities of inflammatory cytokine interleukin 15 in obesity and type 2 diabetes

In obesity, chronic inflammation is believed to induce insulin resistance and impairs adipose tissue function. Although this view is supported by a large body of literature, it has been challenged by growing evidence that pro-inflammatory cytokines may favor insulin sensitivity through induction of energy expenditure. In this review article, interleukin 15 (IL-15) is used as a new example to explain the beneficial effects of the proinflammatory cytokines. IL-15 is secreted by multiple types of cells including macrophages, neutrophils and skeletal muscle cells. IL-15 expression is induced in immune cells by endotoxin and in muscle cells by physical exercise. Its transcription is induced by transcription factor NF-κB. IL-15 binds to its receptor that contains three different subunits (α, β and γ) to activate JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt, IKK/NF-κB and JNK/AP1 pathways in cells. In the regulation of metabolism, IL-15 reduces weight gain without inhibiting food intake in rodents. IL-15 suppresses lipogenesis, stimulates brown fat function, improves insulin sensitivity through weight loss and energy expenditure. In human, circulating IL-15 is negatively associated with body weight. In the immune system, IL-15 stimulates proliferation and differentiation of T cells, NK cells, monocytes and neutrophils. In the anti-obesity effects of IL-15, T cells and NK cells are not required, but leptin receptor is required. In summary, evidence from human and rodents supports that the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-15 may enhance energy expenditure to protect the body from obesity and type 2 diabetes. The mechanism of IL-15 action remains to be fully uncovered in the regulation of energy expenditure.
An observable property equivalent to a choice model for discrimination experiments

The choice model considered by Luce in an earlier work is stated in terms of unobservable parameters. In this paper a consequence of the model, involving only observables, is shown to be equivalent to the model.
Nickel-iron dithiolato hydrides relevant to the [NiFe]-hydrogenase active site.

The ferrous dithiolato carbonyl Fe(S2C3H6)(CO)2(dppe) (1) condenses with NiCl2(dppe) to give [FeNi(pdt)(μ-Cl)(CO)(dppe)2]BF4 ([2Cl]+). The corresponding reaction of the ditosylate Ni(OTs)2(dppe) gave the dication [(CO)2(dppe)Fe(pdt)Ni(dppe)](OTs)2 ([2(CO)](OTs)2) (pdt = 1,3-propanedithiolate; dppe = 1,2-C2H4(PPh2)2; OTs− = CH3C6H4-4-SO3−). Reduction of the bimetallic dicarbonyl with borohydride salts afforded impure, thermally stable hydride, [(CO)(dppe)Fe(pdt)(μ-H)Ni(dppe)]+ ([2H]+). A reliable route to NiFe(SR)2H species entailed protonation of (CO)3Fe(pdt)Ni(dppe) to give [(CO)3Fe(pdt)(μ-H)Ni(dppe)]+ ([3H]+). The iron−nickel dithiolato hydride, [3H]BF4, was characterized crystallographically: as anticipated by biophysical studies, the hydride ligand is bridging, the Fe center is octahedral, and the Ni center is pentacoordinate. Solutions of [3H]BF4 undergo substitution by dppe to give [2H]+. The hydride undergoes rapid deprotonation and is an electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution from trifluoroacetic ...
Hidradenitis suppurativa in prepubescent and pubescent children

Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is an uncommon disease, which is particularly rare in young and prepubescent children. HS pathology centers on the follicular unit and involves aberrant cutaneous cellular immunity. HS tends to first manifest in puberty, but a handful of prepubescent cases of HS have been reported and are linked to hormonal disorders, in particular elevated testosterone. The most common manifestations of HS are abscesses, scarring, acne inversa, and keloids, especially in the intertriginous areas of the groin and the axilla. Treatments including topical anti-infectives including chlorhexidine wash, topical clindamycin, tretinoin cream, and azelaic acid cream, which may be of limited use because bacteria involved in HS likely create biofilms. Oral agents include clindamycin with or without rifampin for short-term usage. Cases resistant to conservative therapy have been reported to respond to finasteride, onabotulinumtoxin, or microfractionated 10,600-nm CO2 laser.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CHICKEN MEAT AT TEMPERATURES BETWEEN −75 AND 20°C

Effects of temperature and time postmortem on the thermal conductivity of white and dark chicken meat were studied using a line heat source thermal conductivity probe to measure thermal conductivity. The effect of time postmortem was determined at body temperature and 20° C by leaving probes in whole birds for periods of 1–2 days; time postmortem had no significant effect. The effect of temperature was studied at temperatures of 20, 10, 0, −10, −20, −40 and −75°C using cylindrically shaped samples 3/4 in. in diam × 11/2 in. long. 48 samples were used from 24 7-lb cockerels. Three thermal conductivity measurements were made on each sample at each temperature level. The effect of temperature was similar to that reported in the literature for other meats. The following equations may be used to express the results obtained for white meat: k(Watt/m-°C) = 0.476 + 0.00060T(°C) (0–20°C) and k(Watt/m-°C) = 1.07 − 0149T − 1.04 × 10−4T2(−75 to −10°C). Similar expressions were obtained for dark meat.
Dissociation of tolerance to the analgesic and hypothermic effects of morphine by using thyrotropin releasing hormone

Abstract The effects of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) on tolerance to the analgesic and hypothermic effects of morphine were determined in male Swiss Webster mice. The tolerance to morphine was induced by SC implantation of a morphine pellet containing 75 mg morphine free base for 3 days. Subcutaneous injections of TRH (4 mg/kg) twice a day inhibited tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine, as evidenced by a greater degree of analgesia in TRH treated mice as compared with similarly treated vehicle injected controls. The same treatment, however, failed to modify tolerance to the hypothermic effect of morphine. These effects were produced with alterations in brain or plasma levels of morphine. It is concluded that tolerance to the two pharmacological effects of morphine may involve separate mechanism.
Heterogeneous nucleation by small liquid particles

Abstract Classical nucleation theory is used to calculate the nucleating ability of small liquid particles. It is shown that the deformation of the liquid particle as an embryo grows on it may have a pronounced effect on its nucleating ability. Applications to water condensation, sublimation, and freezing are presented and compared with similar results for solid nuclei. The liquid nucleus predictions are more easily tested than the corresponding predictions for solid nuclei, and the advantages of studying liquid nuclei experimentally are emphasized.
Exact control of linear systems with multiple controls

It is shown how the linear control system \dot{x} = Ax + Bu where A and B are n \times n and n \times m matrices, respectively, can be driven from an arbitrary initial condition x(0) = x_{0} \in E^{n} to an arbitrary final condition x(T) = x_{f} \in E^{n} by a vector u = (u_{i}) of piecewise constant controls u_{i}(t) in an arbitrary time period T . A simple algorithm for finding u is given along with a worked example.
Simultaneous perturbation optimization for efficient image restoration

The Gibbs sampler of Geman and Geman (G&G) (1984) is a standard technique for image restoration. We implemented a similar estimation technique based on a new optimization method (simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA)). Preliminary tests of our results show comparable performance to the Gibbs sampler but with faster running times. This study suggests that SPSA is a strong candidate for use in image restoration.
Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery or Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Proximal Left Anterior Descending Artery Stenosis: A Meta-Analysis

Background We conducted a metaanalysis comparing early and midterm cardiovascular adverse events associated with minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass graft surgery (MIDCABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), with a focus on drug-eluting stents (DES). Methods A systematic literature review (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and so forth) yielded 12 studies (7 randomized controlled trials; 5 observational) pooling more than 2,000 patients. A random effect, inverse variance metaanalysis was conducted, and a subgroup analysis of the PCI-DES cohort was performed. Events were compared as risk ratios using a 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity of results was evaluated by Eggers I 2 test. Results are presented as early (0 to 1 year) and midterm (2 to 5 years). Results Midterm mortality in the PCI and MIDCABG groups (3.6% and 2.6%, respectively) was comparable (1.24, 95% CI: 0.66 to 2.33; p = 0.5; I 2 = 0%). Risk of early restenosis was lower in the MIDCABG cohort compared with PCI (0.40, 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.99; p = 0.05; I 2 = 57%). Although the early risk of recurrence of angina was comparable, over time it was 61% (43% to 74%) lower for MIDCABG patients ( p p 2 = 0%) and target vessel reinterventions (risk ratio 4.16, 95% CI: 2.7 to 6.6; p 2 = 0%) at midterm follow-up (2 to 5 years). Conclusions Survival rates are comparable after either MIDCABG or PCI for proximal LAD disease. However, even the use of DES was associated with significantly higher rates of angina recurrence and the need for target vessel reintervention as compared with MIDCABG.
The effect of hyperoxic exposure on antioxidant enzyme activities of alveolar type II cells in neonatal and adult rats.

ABSTRACT: Neonatal animals of several species are more tolerant of hyperoxic exposure than arc adults, but the mechanisms of increased neonatal tolerance are unknown, as are the cell types, if any, that contribute to oxygen resistance. We studied the effect of in vivo exposure to 85% oxygen for 72 h on the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, glutathionc peroxidase, catalase and superoxide disnwtase (SOD), in alveolar type II cells and whole lung from adult and neonatal rats. Baseline antioxidant enzyme activities were generally lower in neonatal type II cells compared with adults. Baseline enzyme activities did not differ in neonatal type II cells and lung homogenates except for lower catalase activity in type II cells. Hyperoxic exposure resulted in 35–38% increases in antioxidant enzyme activities in neonatal whole lung. In neonatal type II cells, SOD activity increased by 170% after hyperoxia, whereas catalase and glutathione peroxidase were not significantly changed. In the adult whole lung, hypcroxk exposure resulted in increases in only glutathione peroxidase activity, whereas in adnlt type II cells there was a significant decrease in SOD activity after O2 exposure. Therefore, although baseline antioxidant enzyme activities were not higher hi neonatal type II cells compared with whole lung, there were differences in the antioxidant enzyme responses of adult and neonatal type II cells to hyperoxia, particularly with respect to SOD. The ability of the neonatal type II cell to respond to hyperoxia with an early increase in SOD activity may contribute to the enhanced oxygen tolerance of the neonate.
THE MUSEUM OF RESILIENCE: Raising a Sympathetic Public in Postwelfare Chicago

This article offers an analysis of a “sympathetic public” cohering around the U.S. welfare state's wreckage that is tuned to the material dimensions of emplacement. It does this through an exploration of efforts to bring a national public housing museum to Chicago. Museum supporters mobilized the properties of ruined public housing to summon affinities and identifications with the U.S. poor and to reconfigure public reckoning about poverty in the United States. The public examined here is an anticipated one. Conceptually, I depart from text-based understandings of publics and publicity. I follow how museum supporters sought to curate encounters with ruined housing in ways that would socialize beholders into the attentiveness necessary to reflect and act properly on poverty. The “sympathetic” dimensions of this anticipated public operate on two levels. First, future visitors’ identifications with the struggles of bygone residents would combat “unsympathetic” representations of U.S. poor. Second, visceral contact with a place once inhabited by bygone residents would render contagious the perspectives, values, and practices they used to navigate social inequality and state-mediated neglect. The anticipated public then also anticipates the kind of citizenry capable of managing social protection at a “postwelfare” moment.
Remembering Don Ifill

Several colleagues and I remember Don Ifill, his conversations with us, and his tireless efforts to use simulation/gaming to help people and organizations interface honestly with their issues.
Genomic organization and regulation by dietary fat of the uncoupling protein 3 and 2 genes.

Uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) dissipates the transmitochondrial proton gradient as heat. UCP2 and UCP3 are two recently discovered homologues that also have uncoupling activity and thus presumably have a role in energy homeostasis. We now report the genomic structure of murine UCP3 (7 exons) and UCP2 (8 exons). UCP3 is approximately 8 kilobases upstream of UCP2. An UCP3 variant mRNA, UCP3S, was also found and characterized. The effect of a high fat diet (45% versus 10%) on UCP3 and UCP2 mRNA levels was measured. Eating the 45% fat diet for eight weeks caused greater weight gain in AKR and C57BL/6J mice than in the obesity-resistant A/J mice. The high fat diet increased muscle UCP3 expression twofold in C57BL/6J animals. UCP2 expression increased slightly on the 45% fat diet in white adipose of AKR mice, but not in A/J or C57BL/6J mice. In skeletal muscle, UCP2 expression showed little variation with diet. Thus, UCP2 and UCP3 expression levels change in response to diet-induced obesity, but the changes are modest and depend on the tissue and genotype. The data suggest that it is not a reduction in UCP2 or UCP3 expression that causes obesity in the susceptible mice.
Flowgraph Models for Generalized Phase Type Distributions Having Non‐Exponential Waiting Times

. Aalen (1995) introduced phase type distributions based on Markov processes for modelling disease progression in survival analysis. For tractability and to maintain the Markov property, these use exponential waiting times for transitions between states. This article extends the work of Aalen (1995) by generalizing these models to semi-Markov processes with non-exponential waiting times. The generalization allows more realistic modelling of the stages of a disease where the Markov property and exponential waiting times may not hold. Flowgraph models are introduced to provide a closed form for the distributions in situations involving non-exponential waiting times. Flowgraph models work where traditional methods of stochastic processes are intractable. Saddlepoint approximations are used in the analysis. Together, generalized phase type distributions, flowgraphs, and saddlepoint approximations create exciting and innovative prospects for the analysis of survival data.
Graph queries in a next-generation Datalog system

Recent theoretical advances have enabled the use of special monotonic aggregates in recursion. These special aggregates make possible the concise expression and efficient implementation of a rich new set of advanced applications. Among these applications, graph queries are particularly important because of their pervasiveness in data intensive application areas. In this demonstration, we present our Deductive Application Language (DeAL) System, the first of a new generation of Deductive Database Systems that support applications that could not be expressed using regular stratification, or could be expressed using XY-stratification (also supported in DeAL) but suffer from inefficient execution. Using example queries, we will (i) show how complex graph queries can be concisely expressed using DeAL and (ii) illustrate the formal semantics and efficient implementation of these powerful new monotonic constructs.
A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease

Humans are colonized by multitudes of commensal organisms representing members of five of the six kingdoms of life; however, our gastrointestinal tract provides residence to both beneficial and potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Imbalances in the composition of the bacterial microbiota, known as dysbiosis, are postulated to be a major factor in human disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. We report here that the prominent human symbiont Bacteroides fragilis protects animals from experimental colitis induced by Helicobacter hepaticus, a commensal bacterium with pathogenic potential. This beneficial activity requires a single microbial molecule (polysaccharide A, PSA). In animals harbouring B. fragilis not expressing PSA, H. hepaticus colonization leads to disease and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in colonic tissues. Purified PSA administered to animals is required to suppress pro-inflammatory interleukin-17 production by intestinal immune cells and also inhibits in vitro reactions in cell cultures. Furthermore, PSA protects from inflammatory disease through a functional requirement for interleukin-10-producing CD4+ T cells. These results show that molecules of the bacterial microbiota can mediate the critical balance between health and disease. Harnessing the immunomodulatory capacity of symbiosis factors such as PSA might potentially provide therapeutics for human inflammatory disorders on the basis of entirely novel biological principles.
Suppression of adjacent-channel and cochannel FM interference via extended Kalman filtering

The problem of demodulating an FM signal in the presence of an adjacent-channel or cochannel interferer is addressed. The pertinent measurement equation and a first-order state-space model of the underlying message processes are incorporated in an optimal estimation framework. Due to the nonlinearity of the measurement equation the extended Kalman filter is used. The resulting system consists of two interconnected second-order phase-locked loops (PLLs), each of which tracks one of the two FM signals. The system is contrasted with the previous state of the art in the area, which combined maximum a posteriori estimation with adaptive filtering and also yielded a cross-coupled PLL structure. The significant differences in the new system are variable loop gains, a different amplitude estimator structure, and an interconnection between the internal states of the PLLs. Computer simulation results are presented comparing the relative effectiveness of the Kalman filter and the maximum a posteriori estimator. >
A distributed control framework for smart grid development: Energy/water system optimal operation and electric grid integration

a b s t r a c t In this work, we propose a conceptual distributed control framework for electrical grid integrated with distributed renewable energy generation systems in order to enable the development of the so-called "smart electrical grid". First, we introduce the key elements and their interactions in the proposed control architecture and discuss the design of the distributed control systems which are able to coordinate their actions to account for optimization considerations on the system operation. Subsequently, we focus on a specific wind/solar energy generation system connected to a reverse osmosis water desalination system and the electrical grid and design two supervisory predictive controllers via model predictive control to operate the integrated system taking into account short-term and long-term optimal maintenance and operation considerations, respectively. Simulations are carried out to illustrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor in the human and the sand rat intervertebral disc.

Introduction Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was first identified in the intervertebral disc (IVD) when its molecular upregulation was observed in sections of nucleus pulposus cultured under conditions of increased osmolarity. BDNF is now known to be involved in a number of biologic functions, including regulation of differentiation/survival of sensory neurons, regulation of nociceptive function and central pain modulation, and modulation of inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. In addition, more recent investigations show that BDNF can induce the recruitment of endothelial cells and the formation of vascular structures. The objectives of the present study were to use immunocytochemistry to determine the distribution of BDNF and its receptor (BDNF-tropomyosine receptor kinase B) in the human IVD, and to test for gene expression of BDNF and its receptor in cultured human annulus fibrosus cells. Methods We studied immunohistochemical localization of BDNF and its receptor in the human annulus, quantified the percentage of outer annulus and inner annulus cells and nucleus cells positive for BDNF immunolocalization, and studied the gene expression of BDNF and its receptor using microarray analysis. Results The percentage (mean ± standard error of the mean) of cells positive for BDNF localization was significantly greater in the outer annulus (32.3 ± 2.7%, n = 22) compared with either the inner annulus (8.1 ± 1.5%, n = 6) or the nucleus (10.4 ± 2.8%, n = 3) (P < 0.0001). BDNF-receptor immunolocalization showed a pattern similar to that of BDNF, but was not quantitatively assessed. BDNF gene expression levels from cultured annulus cells showed a significant positive correlation with increasing levels of IVD degeneration (P = 0.011). Conclusion These findings provide data on the presence of BDNF and its receptor in the human IVD at the translational level, and on the expression of BDNF and its receptor by cultured human annulus cells. Our findings point to the need for further studies to define the role of BDNF in the human IVD and to investigate regulatory events within the disc that control the expression of BDNF and its receptor.
Weight Management for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Global Cardiovascular Risk Reduction

Most patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are overweight or obese, and the relation between obesity, especially of the visceral compartment, and the risk for developing diabetes is well recognized. Excessive adipose tissue is associated with insulin resistance as well as the increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and prothrombotic factors, all of which contribute to elevating the risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). In particular, abdominal obesity, or excess visceral adiposity, has been linked to a cluster of risk factors (high blood pressure, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and impaired fasting glucose) that constitute the metabolic syndrome, the presence of which confers an increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In fact, a large waist circumference, a surrogate measure of abdominal adiposity, is 1 of the main criteria for diagnosing the metabolic syndrome. Lifestyle modification is the first-line approach to the management of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. However, if patients are unable to achieve a weight loss of 5%–10% of initial body weight and improve cardiometabolic risk factors with lifestyle modification alone, physicians should consider using adjunctive long-term pharmacotherapy. A variety of approved and investigational pharmacologic agents, including sibutramine, orlistat, metformin, and rimonabant, have been shown to reduce weight and ameliorate metabolic syndrome components, thereby reducing cardiovascular risk. Such global risk reduction is crucial for patients with diabetes, in whom CAD is a major cause of mortality.
Enforcing Safety and Consistency Constraints in Policy-Based Authorization Systems

In trust negotiation and other forms of distributed proving, networked entities cooperate to form proofs of authorization that are justified by collections of certified attribute credentials. These attributes may be obtained through interactions with any number of external entities and are collected and validated over an extended period of time. Although these collections of credentials in some ways resemble partial system snapshots, current trust negotiation and distributed proving systems lack the notion of a consistent global state in which the satisfaction of authorization policies should be checked. In this article, we argue that unlike the notions of consistency studied in other areas of distributed computing, the level of consistency required during policy evaluation is predicated solely upon the security requirements of the policy evaluator. As such, there is little incentive for entities to participate in complicated consistency preservation schemes like those used in distributed computing, distributed databases, and distributed shared memory. We go on to show that the most intuitive notion of consistency fails to provide basic safety guarantees under certain circumstances and then propose several more refined notions of consistency that provide stronger safety guarantees. We provide algorithms that allow each of these refined notions of consistency to be attained in practice with minimal overheads and formally prove several security and privacy properties of these algorithms. Lastly, we explore the notion of strategic design trade-offs in the consistency enforcement algorithm space and propose several modifications to the core algorithms presented in this article. These modifications enhance the privacy-preservation or completeness properties of these algorithms without altering the consistency constraints that they enforce.
Agent interoperation across multiagent system boundaries

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International Faculty: Experiences of Academic Life and Productivity in U.S. Universities.

Using the 2003 Survey of Doctoral Recipients, we examined satisfaction and research productivity of international faculty as compared to U.S. faculty. The study found that foreign-born, foreign-educated faculty are significantly more productive than their U.S. counterparts after controlling for personal, professional, and institutional variables. No significant difference in the productivity was found between foreign-born U.S.-educated and U.S. faculty. The concentration of international scholars on a campus positively affects productivity for U.S. faculty but not for foreign-born, foreign-educated faculty.
Telling Stories with Green the DragonBot: A Showcase of Children's Interactions Over Two Months

The language skills of young children can predict their academic success in later schooling. We may be able to help more children succeed by helping them improve their early language skills: a prime time for intervention is during preschool. Furthermore, because language lives in a social, interactive, and dialogic context, ideal interventions would not only teach vocabulary, but would also engage children as active participants in meaningful dialogues. Social robots could potentially have great impact in this area. They merge the benefits of using technology -- such as accessibility, customization and easy addition of new content, and student-paced, adaptive software -- with the benefits of embodied, social agents -- such as sharing physical spaces with us, communicating in natural ways, and leveraging social presence and social cues. To this end, we developed a robotic learning/teaching companion to support children's early language development. We performed a microgenetic field study in which we took this robot to two Boston-area preschools for two months. We asked two main questions: Could a robot companion support children's long-term oral language development through play? How might children build a relationship with and construe the robot over time?