cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Echoes of a Yolmo Buddhist's Life, in Death

Shi mandi mareko hoina. Sareko ho. I hear these words as I drive south along Interstate 84, gliding past Worcester and Hartford and a world of unknown places as the magnetic trace of a voice recorded months before sounds through an unreliable tape deck set on the seat beside me. Time and again during these weekly commutes from Boston to New York and back again, I listen to the voice and try to soak up the sounds and grammars of the sentences heard. I wonder about the welfare of the speaker, hoping that the old man is alive and well and talking still while asking myself why there isn't more of an anthropology of voice, of the histories of voicings in their many particulars as they are heard and echoed by others who speak or write in turn. Shi mandi mareko hoina .... "Dying does not mean dying."' The voice belongs, if a voice can ever belong to its speaker, especially once it is recorded and resounded electronically, to an elderly man often called "Meme Lama" or Grandfather Priest by other members of his community, many of whom identify themselves as "Yolmo wa" or "Yolmo people," an ethnically Tibetan Buddhist people who for two centuries or so have lived in hamlets and villages along the upper ridges of the Yolmo or Helambu Valley of north-central Nepal. Meme (pronounced "mhem-e") lived in a village on the southwestern ridge of this valley until some twenty years ago, when, in seeking a more comfortable life in the city, he moved with his second wife and daughter to Chabahil, an ethnically mixed neighborhood on the eastern outskirts of Kathmandu, about one mile west of the Tibetanesque neighborhood of Boudhanath. Born in 1916, the second son of a respected priest from a prestigious Nyingma lama lineage, Meme raised a daughter and three sons with his first wife, who died in 1964. He remarried two years later, and his second wife soon gave birth to a daughter, as yet unmarried and living still with her parents. Much of his life had been spent either farming or practicing "the lama work," with the former taking priority in his youth and the latter gaining importance as he grew older, in part because his weakening body prevented him from working as he once did and in part because
Effect of intravenous drug administration mode on drug distribution in a tumor slab: A Finite Fourier Transform analysis

Cancer therapy using chemotherapeutic drugs frequently involves injection of the drug into the body through some intravenous mode of administration, viz , continuous (drip) infusion or single/multiple bolus injection(s). An understanding of the effect of the various modes of administration upon tumor penetration of drug is essential to rational design of drug therapy. This paper investigates drug penetration into a model tumor of slab geometry (between two capillaries) in which the overall transport rate of drug is limited by intra-tumor transport characterized by an effective diffusion coefficient. Employing the method of Finite Fourier Transforms (FFT), analytical solutions have been obtained for transient drug distribution in both the plasma and the tumor following three modes of administration, viz , continuous infusion, single bolus injection and equally-spaced equal-dose multiple bolus injections, of a given amount of drug. The qualitative trends exhibited by the plasma drug distribution profiles are consistent with reported experimental studies. Two concepts, viz , the dimensionless decay constant and the plasma/tumor drug concentration trajectories, are found to be particularly useful in the rational design of drug therapy. The dimensionless decay constant provides a measure of the rate of drug decay in the plasma relative to the rate of drug diffusion into the tumor and is thus characteristic of the tumor/drug system. The magnitude of this parameter dictates the choice of drug administration mode for minimizing drug decay in the plasma while simultaneously maximizing drug transport into the tumor. The concentration trajectories provide a measure of the plasma drug concentration relative to the tumor drug concentration at various times following injection. When the tumor drug concentration exceeds the plasma drug concentration, the drug will begin to diffuse out of the tumor. Knowledge of the time at which this diffusion reversal occurs is especially useful for optimum scheduling of subsequent bolus injections in a multiple bolus dosing regimen. There are no reported applications of the FFT method to solve repeated input functions in either the chemical engineering or pharmaceutical science literature. Thus, the application of FFT method to solve multiple bolus injections is a unique one. Use of this FFT based analysis as a predictor tool can limit the number of costly experiments which are being done now to achieve this purpose. Even though the model in its present form is simplified, the analysis thereof has nevertheless led to a better understanding of the various factors that must be taken into account for rational design of drug therapy.
Eccentric Muscle Contractions: Their Contribution to Injury, Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Sport

Muscles operate eccentrically to either dissipate energy for decelerating the body or to store elastic recoil energy in preparation for a shortening (concentric) contraction. The muscle forces produced during this lengthening behavior can be extremely high, despite the requisite low energetic cost. Traditionally, these high-force eccentric contractions have been associated with a muscle damage response. This clinical commentary explores the ability of the muscle-tendon system to adapt to progressively increasing eccentric muscle forces and the resultant structural and functional outcomes. Damage to the muscle-tendon is not an obligatory response. Rather, the muscle can hypertrophy and a change in the spring characteristics of muscle can enhance power; the tendon also adapts so as to tolerate higher tensions. Both basic and clinical findings are discussed. Specifically, we explore the nature of the structural changes and how these adaptations may help prevent musculoskeletal injury, improve sport performance, and overcome musculoskeletal impairments.
Inhibition of estrogen signaling activates the NRF2 pathway in breast cancer

Exposure to higher levels of estrogen produces genotoxic metabolites that can stimulate mammary tumorigenesis. Induction of NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-dependent detoxifying enzymes (e.g., NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1)) is considered an important mechanism of protection against estrogen-associated carcinogenesis because they would facilitate removal of toxic estrogens. Here, we studied the impact of estrogen-receptor (ER) signaling on NRF2-dependent gene transcription. In luciferase assay experiments using the 5-flanking region of the human NQO1 gene promoter, we observe that ERα ligand-binding domain (LBD) is required for estrogen inhibition of NQO1 promoter activity in estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay shows that estrogen recruits ERα and a class III histone deacetylase SIRT1 at the NQO1 promoter, leading to inhibition of NQO1 transcription. Inhibition of ERα expression by the antiestrogen shikonin reverses the inhibitory effect of estrogen on NQO1 expression. As a consequence, a chemoprevention study was undertaken to monitor the impact of shikonin on DNA lesions and tumor growth. Treatment of MCF-7 breast cancer cells with shikonin inhibits estrogen-induced 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of DNA damage. NQO1 deficiency promotes estrogen-dependent tumor formation, and shikonin inhibits estrogen-dependent tumor growth in an NQO1-dependent manner in MCF-7 xenografts. These results suggest that estrogen-receptor signaling pathway has an inhibitory effect on NRF2-dependent enzymes. Moreover, shikonin reverses the inhibitory effects of estrogen on this pathway and may contribute to breast cancer prevention.
Tevatron closure: There's life in the old dog yet

The closure of the Tevatron particle accelerator later this year doesn't spell the end of its glittering career, says Fermilab chief Piermaria Oddone
Saving more teeth-a case for personalized care.

Background: Certain risk factors such as tobacco use, diabetes, genetic variations on the IL1 gene, and other inflammatory conditions are hypothesized to predict tooth loss in patients treated in a large medical center. Tooth loss trends are hypothesized to be greater in patients with more risk factors. Methods: DNA samples for 881 individuals were taken from the Dental Registry and DNA Repository at University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine. Clinical data for all 4137 subjects in the registry were also available. SNP genotyping was performed on the samples for IL1α (rs1800587) and IL1β (rs1143634). IL1 positive status was determined as having one or more of the recessive alleles for either SNP. Tooth loss status was determined based on dental records and data gathered for age, sex, ethnicity, and self-reported medical history. Various statistical analyses were performed on the data including genetic association analysis by the PLINK software, chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, and ANOVA tests to determine significance. Results: Tooth loss averages increased with age by all risk factors (smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and interleukin genotypes; p = 4.07E-13) and by number of risk factors (p = 0.006). Increased tooth loss is associated with age and number of risk factors including diabetes, tobacco use, IL1+, and cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: These trends suggest that older patients and those with more risk factors should seek further preventive care to reduce future tooth loss.
Age Differences and Correlates of Worrying in Young and Elderly Adults

A cross-sectional investigation compared worry and its correlates in elderly people (N = 89) and in college students (N = 74). Consistent with prediction, the elderly adults expressed significantly fewer worries than the college students about finances and social events. Both groups were equally worried about health issues. The elderly scored higher on the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale, scored in the external direction on the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale, and were more oriented toward the past and present than the future. Worry in the elderly was related to less favorable attitudes toward the future, and among college students worry was related to negative attitudes toward the present. For both age groups, an external locus of control was associated with higher worry scores.
A new solution for the nonorientable case 1 of the heawood Map Color Theorem

Abstract A simpler method for proving γ (K n ) = (n − 3)(n − 4) 6 when n ≡ 1 (mod 12).
Selecting antigens for cancer vaccines.

A cancer vaccine is streamlined by identifying a small set of potent immunogens in a tumor cDNA library.
Female Mixed Urinary Incontinence: A Clinical Review

Importance Mixed urinary incontinence, a condition of both stress and urge urinary incontinence, is prevalent in 20% to 36% of women and is challenging to diagnosis and treat because urinary symptoms are variable and guidelines for treatment are not clear. Objective To review the diagnosis and management of mixed urinary incontinence in women, with a focus on current available evidence. Evidence Review MEDLINE was searched from January 1, 1992, to December 31, 2013. Additional citations were obtained from references of the selected articles and reviews. Articles that discussed the prevalence, diagnosis, results, and treatment of mixed urinary incontinence were selected for review. Evidence was graded using Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine levels of evidence for treatment recommendations. Findings The MEDLINE search resulted in 785 articles. After selection and obtainment of additional citations, a total of 73 articles were reviewed. There is high-quality (level 1) evidence for treating urinary incontinence with weight loss, for treating stress urinary incontinence by performing anti-incontinence procedures of both traditional and mid-urethral slings and retropubic urethropexies, and for managing urge urinary incontinence with anticholinergic medications. However, direct high-quality evidence for treatment of women with mixed urinary incontinence is lacking, as are clear diagnostic criteria and management guidelines. Conclusion and Relevance High-quality, level 1 evidence for urinary incontinence therapy can guide clinicians in the treatment of the components of mixed urinary incontinence. Because high-quality evidence is lacking regarding the treatment of mixed urinary incontinence, treatment generally begins with conservative management emphasizing the most bothersome component. Randomized trials in women with mixed urinary incontinence populations are needed.
An adjustable RF coil loading device

This paper describes an adjustable loading device that can substitute for the tissue losses of various sized patients in a whole-body MR imager. It resembles a lowpass birdcage resonator but with resistors replacing the capacitors on the cylindrical surface. Power dissipated is a monotonic function of the total surface conductance of the loader. The loader can be used in conjunction with a low loss water filled phantom to measure signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The impact on measured SNR due to screening by the loader and changing the phantom size or composition are also briefly discussed.
Hemoglobin-Based Red Blood Cell Substitutes and Nitric Oxide

Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) have been studied for decades as red blood cell substitutes. Profound vasoconstrictor effects have limited the clinical utility of HBOCs and are attributable to avid scavenging of nitric oxide (NO). Inhaling NO can charge the body's stores of NO metabolites without producing hypotension and can prevent systemic hypertension induced when HBOCs are subsequently infused. Concurrent breathing of low NO doses can prevent pulmonary vasoconstriction after HBOC infusion without augmenting plasma methemoglobinemia.
Mixed effects modeling of weight change associated with placebo and pregabalin administration

Objective: To characterize change from baseline weight over time for pregabalin and placebo administration. Methods: Asymptotic fraction of baseline weight was modeled with a nonmixture model and a mixture model as a function of baseline weight, exposure, time, covariate effects, and subject-specific random effects. Model fit was assessed using standard diagnostic plots. Predictive performance was assessed using both data similar to the original data, and open-label data. Results: The nonmixture model indicated that a typical patient (baseline weight 82 kg) receiving placebo or 300 mg/day pregabalin approached an asymptotic fractional change from baseline weight of [mean (95% prediction interval for typical individual)] 0.7% (−5.5% to 7.4%) or 2.5% (−3.8% to 9.1%), respectively, with a half-life of 17 days. Substantial between-subject variability is observed, with some drug-treated subjects remaining weight neutral or losing weight, at all levels of exposure. Structural fixed effects parameters for the two submodels (mixture model) were in close agreement with each other and with those for the nonmixture model. The mixture model described two subpopulations differing in interindividual variability. No significant interindividual-varying covariates influencing the mixture probabilities were identified other than exposure. Both models had adequate fit; both models performed well during external validation. Predictive performance (nonmixture model) was adequate to ~900 days. Conclusions: The weight of a typical 82-kg patient receiving placebo or pregabalin (300 mg/day) approaches an asymptotic fractional change from baseline weight of 0.7%, or 2.5%, respectively, with a half-life of 17 days. Substantial between-subject variability remains unexplained.
Gasification of biomass chars in carbon dioxide: dependence of gasification rate on the indigenous metal content

Chars were prepared under standard conditions (750 °C, N2) from ten different types of biomass belonging to a wide range of plant origins and with a wide range of natural metal ion contents. When these chars were gasified with carbon dioxide at 700 °C the rates of gasification were found to show linear dependence on the combined molar concentration of the dominant metals (potassium and calcium), with correlation coefficient r = 0.970, provided two samples were omitted. The samples omitted were from wheat straw and coir dust, which had the highest silicon content of the samples studied and showed abnormally low rates of gasification. It was concluded that the catalytic effect of K was reduced by reaction with silica to form silicate during pyrolysis. This was confirmed by addition of silica to a high K, low Si sample (potato pulp) and by observation of the reduced gasification rate in the derived char. Catalysis of gasification by Ca (in lignite) does not appear to be significantly reduced by silica under the above conditions. These results indicate that the gasification reactivities of chars from any type of biomass can be predicted with reasonable certainty from knowledge of the metal ion content, provided the biomass has low Si content. It also appears that the chemical and physical properties of the chars are remarkably similar, despite the wide range of plant species and morphologies from which they are derived.
Selection of Bacterial Antagonists Using Enrichment Cultures for the Control of Summer Patch Disease in Kentucky Bluegrass

A continuous enrichment culture procedure was used to isolate bacteria from various soil sources capable of suppressing summer patch disease of turfgrass. Cultures consisted of a minimal salts medium supplemented with the mycelium of Magnaporthe poae, the causal agent of summer patch, as the sole carbon source. Percentages of chitinolytic bacteria increased in all enrichments over time. Approximately 30% of randomly selected isolates from enrichment cultures significantly reduced summer patch symptom development compared with untreated controls. Six isolates consistently suppressed summer patch in Kentucky bluegrass by more than 50% compared with controls in repeated experiments. All six isolates colonized the turfgrass rhizosphere in high populations. The six isolates ranged in the spectrum of extracellular enzymes that they expressed. The best disease-suppressing isolate, N4-7, expressed chitinase, glucanase, lipase, and protease activity, and inhibited the growth of M. poae in vitro.
A new fast multipole boundary element method for solving 2-D Stokes flow problems based on a dual BIE formulation

A fast multipole boundary element method (BEM) is presented in this paper for large-scale analysis of two-dimensional (2-D) Stokes flow problems based on a dual boundary integral equation (BIE) formulation. In this dual BIE formulation, a linear combination of the conventional BIE for velocity and the hypersingular BIE for traction is employed to achieve better conditioning for the BEM systems of equations. In both the velocity and traction BIEs, the direct formulations are used, that is, the boundary variables involved are the velocity and traction directly. The fast multipole formulations for both the velocity BIE and traction BIE for 2-D Stokes flow problems are presented in this paper based on the complex variable representations of the fundamental solutions. Several numerical examples are presented to study the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed approach. The numerical results clearly demonstrate the potentials of the developed fast multipole BEM for solving large-scale 2-D Stokes flow problems.
A Description of Laboratory-Reared Zoeae of Cancer Magister Dana, and Megalopae Taken Under Natural Conditions (Decapoda Brachyura)

Larven von Cancer magister wurden im Laboratorium erbrutet und uber 5 Zoea-Stadien, Megalopa, Krabbenform und zwei nachfolgende Hautungen bis zu einem dritten Krabbenstadium gezuchtet. Etwa 260 Zoeae wurden bei 10,5° C in Salinitaten von 26 bis 30‰ gehalten und mit kurzlich geschlupften Artemia Nauplien gefuttert. Die normale Larvenentwicklung umfasst 5 Zoea-Stadien und 1 Megalopa-Stadium. Insgesamt betrug die Entwicklungszeit vom Schlupfen bis zum ersten Krabbenstadium 111 Tage. In der freien Natur belauft sich der entsprechende Zeitraum offenbar auf 128 bis 158 Tage. Wahrend der Zoea-Entwicklung blieb die Beborstung des ersten Endopoditen-segmentes der Maxilla und Maxillula, des Endopoditen der zweiten Maxillipeden und der Antenne konstant. Prazoea-Stadien oder andere Zusatzstadien wurden nicht beobachtet. Zur Forderung der Uberlebenschancen der Larven wurden dem benutzten Seewasser Penicillin und Streptomycin zugesetzt.
Giant multipole resonances in the deformed fissionable nucleusU238

The deformed, fissionable nucleus $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ was studied with inelastic scattering of 87.5 MeV electrons between 5 and 40 MeV excitation energy with inelastic momentum transfers ranging from 0.32 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ to 0.58 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for an excitation energy of 15 MeV. Resonance cross sections extracted were compared with distorted-wave Born-approximation calculations using the Goldhaber-Teller, Steinwedel-Jensen, and Myers-Swiatecki models of the giant resonance. It is demonstrated that up to the first minimum of the form factor the cross section is nearly completely determined by one parameter, the transition radius ${R}_{\mathrm{tr}}$. Using the known systematics of various multipole resonances in other, nonfissionable nuclei as a guide, it was found that the assumed ground state radius of $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ had to be enlarged by about 10% for all multipolarities, to bring the strength found into agreement with the systematics and with other experiments in $^{238}\mathrm{U}$. In particular, while the model-independent values for position and width of the giant dipole resonance agree well with photon experiments, a scaled version of the Myers-Swiatecki model had to be used to produce agreement in strength. Similarly a scaled Goldhaber-Teller model was used for the isoscalar $E2$ resonance at 9.9 MeV. The situation for the isovector states above the giant dipole resonance, $E2$, and $E3$ (or $E0$ is even more complicated. It is argued that with proper caution and consideration of other available data the use of the collective models mentioned above may give valuable insight into the charge distribution of $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ at higher excitation energies.
The information matrices of the parameters of multiple mixed time series

Abstract Closed form matrix equations are given for the information matrix of the parameters of the vector mixed autoregressive moving average time series model.
Regression forecasts when disturbances are autocorrelated

A Monte Carlo simulation is used to study the quality of forecasts obtained from regression models with various degrees of autocorrelation present in the disturbances. The methods used to estimate the model parameters include least squares, full maximum likelihood, Prais-Winsten, Cochrane-Orcutt and Bayesian estimation. Results indicate that the Cochrane-Orcutt method should be avoided. The full maximum likelihood, Prais-Winsten and Bayesian methods are relatively more efficient than least squares when the degree of autocorrelation is high (greater than or equal to 0.5) and show little efficiency loss when the degree is low. These results hold for both trended and untrended independent variables.
Infrared spectroscopy in an H2O2He discharge: H3O+

Abstract In an effort to observe and identify the long-time elusive infrared spectrum of the HO 2 + ion, we have undertaken a thorough investigation of an H 2 O 2 He glow discharge. A high resolution tunable infrared laser (color center laster) spectrometer along with high sensitivity velocity modulation detection was used. An ac glow discharge of 100 mTorr H 2 , 100 mTorr O 2 , and 1–10 Torr He was studied between 3100 and 3600 cm −1 . The majority of the spectrum can be attributed to the H 3 O + ion. The hot band, ν 2 + ν 3 ← ν 2 , has been studied along with a complete analysis of the ν 3 fundamental. Different plasma conditions were used to help distinguish the hot band transitions from the fundamental transitions. Deviations due to perturbations were observed in the P P ( J , 6) and P Q ( J , 6) transitions of all the bands. The assignments and analysis are presented.
To “see” or not to “see”: That is the selection task

The present series of experiments examined a recent hypothesis by Margolis (1987) to explain the poor performance usually obtained on Wason's four-card selection task. According to Margolis, the difficulty stems mainly from scenario ambiguity in which the context is misperceived, and partially from semantic ambiguity in which the meaning of the if … then rule is misinterpreted. Reliable facilitation on an abstract version of the task was observed when these two ambiguities were eliminated. In order to observe the facilitation, however, the consequent part of the rule had to be phrased to prevent matching. These findings are discussed in terms of Evans's heuristic and analytic processing model of reasoning and Cheng and Holyoak's pragmatic reasoning schemas theory.
Criteria for diagnosing age‐associated memory impairment: Proposed improvements from the field

We pooled clinical and research experience to suggest revised criteria for diagnosing age‐associated memory impairment and to propose guidelines for identifying more select subgroups with age‐consistent memory impairment and late‐life forgetfulness.
Temperature-dependent saturation measurements in the photo-excited triplet state of pyrene-d-10

Abstract The spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times between the sublevels of the excited triplet state of pyrene-d-10 in a host crystal of fluorene have been measured as a function of temperature (100°–300°K). The method of power saturation was used and an improved method of obtaining the amount of inhomogeneous broadening from the saturation behavior of the resonance line was developed. The spin-lattice relaxation time is found to be correlated to the number of filled trap centers in the host crystal.
The Hedonist's Dilemma

In this paper, I argue that hedonism about well-being faces a powerful dilemma. However, as I shall try to show here, this choice creates a dilemma for hedonism. On a subjective interpretation, hedonism is open to the familiar objection that pleasure is not the only thing desired or the only thing for which we possess a pro-attitude. On an objective interpretation, hedonism lacks an independent rationale. In this paper, I do not claim that hedonism fails once and for all. However, this dilemma illustrates a serious problem for hedonism, the solution to which is not immediately obvious, and which must be addressed if hedonism is to be considered a serious competitor for the true theory of well-being.
Magnetically compensated supersonic beams for nonlinear optics

Doppler frequently shifts for a laser field interacting with a diverging supersonic atomic beam are canceled using spatially varying Zeeman shifts. Dense atomic beams with long interaction path lengths and narrow linewidths are obtained for spectroscopic and nonlinear-optics applications.
Observations of the deep-sea floor from 202 days of time-lapse photography

MANY photographic surveys have been made of the deep-sea floor to determine objects of interest to both geologists and biologists1–4. With the exception of the use of the Isaacs5 baited ‘Monster Camera’, most photoreconnaisance surveys have suffered from being only instantaneous snapshots of the bottom. The added dimension provided by time sequence framing significantly increases the amount of information to be obtained from the use of bottom viewing cameras particularly in regard to the rates of various bottom processes. The Bottom Ocean Monitor (BOM) was developed by Gerard and Thorndike in 1974. It consists of a Thorndike time-lapse camera system and a long-term Thorndike photographic nephelometer mounted on a tripod with an Aandera current and temperature recorder6 above the tripod, all provided with an acoustic release. Using this equipment, we have taken more than 1,200 time-lapse photographs at 4,873 m depth in the North Equatorial Pacific Ocean. We report here that they show evidence of more rapid benthic biological processes and changes in sediment microtopography than had been previously assumed.
Ethnic Variations in the Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status and Psychological Distress Among Latino Adults

This study investigated the association between SES and psychological distress among Latinos. Data were from the National Latino and Asian American Study’s Cuban (N = 577), Mexican (N = 868), and Puerto Rican (N = 495) adult samples. Regression analysis was used to assess the association between SES measured as education, household income, and wealth and psychological distress for three Latino subgroups, respectively. Results indicate that wealth is the most important predictor for all three Latino groups. Cubans, Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans are all disadvantaged on wealth possession and being in debt is associated with more psychological distress for them. The health benefit of wealth is especially significant for Cubans and Puerto Ricans. In contrast with findings in many previous studies, household income is not significantly related to mental health. The finding that only wealth is weakly associated with psychological distress among Mexicans suggests that the Hispanic Health Paradox only applies to Mexicans. Education is strongly associated with distress among Cubans, with college degrees producing the largest protection from mental illness. Findings also indicate that physical health and discrimination are strongly associated with psychological distress independent of the SES measures. This study contributes to an understanding of the health significance of SES among Latinos. It highlights the importance of examining ethnic variations in the association of socioeconomic status and mental health among Latinos and of identifying the mental health impact of various measures of socioeconomic status.
TTID: A novel gene at 5q31 encoding a protein with titin-like features.

A deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5 is a recurring abnormality in malignant myeloid disorders. In previous studies, we identified an approximately 1-Mb segment in 5q31 that was deleted in all patients examined. As part of a positional cloning project to identify transcribed sequences in this region, we identified and characterized the TTID gene. This gene contains 10 exons that extend over 19 kb. The composite cDNA is approximately 2.3 kb and encodes a protein of 498 amino acids, with a predicted molecular mass of 55 kDa. The C-terminal half of this putative protein contains an internally repeated domain of 43 amino acids, which resembles the N-terminal half of an immunoglobulin domain from the immense skeletal muscle protein titin. The TTID gene is expressed in multiple muscle tissue types as well as in thyroid gland and bone marrow. We evaluated the gene as a candidate tumor suppressor gene by searching for mutations in malignant myeloid disorders with abnormalities of chromosome 5. However, we detected no inactivating mutations. A single nucleotide change (G to A) was identified at nucleotide position 1889 in the untranslated region of the mRNA, which may represent a polymorphism. Therefore, TTID is unlikely to be the candidate tumor suppressor gene involved in malignant myeloid disorders.
The 2010 Donough O'Brien Presidential Address: The contribution of heterozygosity to disease.

It is with great pleasure that the SIMD presents the following summary, prepared by Dr. Georgirene Vladutiu, of her Donough O'Brien Presidential Address delivered at the annual meeting of the SIMD in New Mexico in March, 2010.
What Causes Biliary Atresia? Unique Aspects of the Neonatal Immune System Provide Clues to Disease Pathogenesis

Biliary atresia (BA) is the most frequent identifiable cause of neonatal cholestasis, and the majority of patients will need liver transplantation for survival. Despite surgical intervention with the Kasai portoenterostomy, significant fibrosis and cirrhosis develop early in life. An increased understanding of what causes this inflammatory fibrosing cholangiopathy will lead to therapies aimed at protecting the intrahepatic biliary system from immune-mediated damage. This review focuses on studies pertaining to the role of the adaptive immune response in bile duct injury in BA, including cellular and humoral immunity. The neonatal presentation of BA prompts the question of what potential modifications of unique aspects of the neonatal immune system set the stage for the progressive biliary disease. This review also discusses the characteristics of neonatal immune response and the theories on how alterations of this response could contribute to the pathogenesis of BA. These include aberrant type 1 helper T-cell (TH1) and TH17 responses, deficiencies in regulatory T cells, activation of humoral immunity, and autoimmunity. To advance our understanding of the etiology of BA, future studies should focus on the unique aspects of the neonatal immune system that have gone awry.
Form or Function: A Comparison of Expert and Novice Judgments of Similarity Among Fish

Ethnobiologists debate whether folk biological classifiers are natural historians attending primarily to the morphology of organisms or are pragmatists concerned primarily with utility. We argue that this question is best understood as a problem in intracultural variation: the relative importance of form and function depends on who is asked to judge the similarity of organisms as well as how they are asked to judge it. We find that expert fishermen judge similarities among fish on both functional and morphological criteria, while novices judge on morphological criteria alone and thereby approach the scientific classification of fish more closely than experts. Experts also vary more than do novices, presumably because they control more different kinds of knowledge on which to base a similarity judgment.
A synthesis of the aromatic segment of rifamycin s

Abstract The aromatic segment 15 of rifamycin S ( 1 ) was synthesized from the cyclohexadienone 2 or ii in high overall yield.
Contemporary Approaches to the Literature of the First World War: A Critical Survey

Contemporary studies of First World War literature share a sense of common ancestry in Paul Fussell’s 1975 study The Great War and Modern Memory, in which the author proclaims irony as the defining mode of war writing, and identifies the archetypal writer as a young, upper-class English infantry officer. Post-Fussellian critics worked first to expand this narrow canon, primarily through the rediscovery and evaluation of neglected writing by women. Critics also began to question the war canon’s assumed separation from mainstream modernism, and argued that these two strands of postwar literary production were in fact fundamentally entwined. In the 1990s, cultural studies approaches generated productive readings of the war literature in its wider context, alongside non-fiction and ephemeral writings, non-literary artistic productions, and public memorial efforts. This interdisciplinary approach was complemented by a new internationalism: comparative historiography, championed by Jay Winter, aimed to correct the mistaken assumptions that arose from a conventional focus on the political and cultural affairs of any single country. Taken together, these trends are evidence that the current priority in this ever-expanding field is to acknowledge and explore the diversity of the war experience.
Flame Temperature Measurement by Monitoring an Alkali Emission Doublet Exposed to a Selectively Filtered Background Source

The traditional line reversal method for measuring flame temperature has been modified to eliminate balancing of the background radiation source and facilitate real-time measurement. Two closely spaced emission lines of a Group IA element are simultaneously monitored and compared to the emission of a known source. The new technique uses optical filtering to reduce the apparent temperature of the source at the wavelength corresponding to one of the transitions. The ratio of the absorption/emission intensities of the two lines is directly related to the flame temperature. Flames as hot as 2800 K can readily be probed using the new technique. Experimental data for cool flat flames compare well with thermocouple measurements.
Crustal stabilization through the processes of ridge subduction: Examples from the Chugach metamorphic complex, southern Alaska

A tectonic process commonly overlooked in the growth and formation of continental crust is ridge subduction. This process can stabilize a forearc accretionary complex through high grade metamorphism, anatexis, pluton emplacement, and underplating of mafic rock. An excellent example of the process is in the Chugach metamorphic complex (CMC), southern Alaska, formed as a result of late Cretaceous to Paleogene subduction of the Kula–Farallon (or Kula–Resurrection) ridge. Ridge subduction subjected the trench-fill turbidites of the accretionary prism to greenschist to amphibolite grade metamorphism under high-temperature/low-pressure conditions, converting them to a gneissic basement in the core of the CMC, and regional near-trench plutonism. In addition to high grade metamorphism and near-trench plutonism, the CMC experienced three distinct phases of deformation associated with triple-junction position in the process of becoming stabilized continental crust: 1) accretionary prism-related compression and metamorphism, 2) eastward migration of the triple-junction and associated ridge subduction producing orogen-parallel extension, peak metamorphism, and mafic underplating, and 3) dextral transpression following the migrating triple junction. This combination of progressive deformation and tectonic phases produces continental crust, effectively becoming a stable tectonic backstop by the time of Neogene Yakutat terrane collision, the present-day locus of deformation.
Gaussian matrix elements in a cylindrical harmonic oscillator basis

Abstract We derive a formalism, the separation method, for the efficient and accurate calculation of two-body matrix elements for a Gaussian potential in the cylindrical harmonic-oscillator basis. This formalism is of critical importance for Hartree–Fock and Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov calculations in deformed nuclei using realistic, finite-range effective interactions between nucleons. The results given here are also relevant for microscopic many-body calculations in atomic and molecular physics, as the formalism can be applied to other types of interactions beyond the Gaussian form. The derivation is presented in great detail to emphasize the methodology, which relies on generating functions. The resulting analytical expressions for the Gaussian matrix elements are checked for speed and accuracy as a function of the number of oscillator shells and against direct numerical integration.
One Loop Operator Matrix Elements in the Unruh Vacuum

Abstract We present the details of a study of the matrix elements of local operators in the Unruh vacuum for real massive scalar fields in arbitrary d -spatial dimensions (also the Casimir effects for an infinite plane conductor). This state produces negative expectations for renormalized operators such as φ 2 and T μν with the structure of thermal corrections where the temperature is a local Hawking temperature. We trace this to the lack of precise boundary conditions for the theory on the horizon. Though the Minkowski vacuum appears to be populated with Rindler particles, it produces the general coordinate transform of the Minkowski results as dictated by general covariance. A simple corollary is that broken symmetries are not seen to be restored at large acceleration; the dynamical interpretation of this fact by the accelerating observer is surprising.
The myth of the new female offender: Some evidence from attitudes toward law and justice

This study compared the attitudes of male and female prisoners toward law and justice. Three distinct factors were examined: attitudes toward criminal justice personnel, attitudes concerning the sanctity of law, and attitudes regarding rationalizations for law violation and conditions justifying it. Female prisoners were found to exhibit more negative attitudes toward criminal justice system personnel but more positive attitudes toward the sanctity of the law, and they did not endorse rationalizations for law violation. The finding of females' positive attitudes toward the law is consistent with gender role socialization. The study findings indicate strong internalization of gender roles by the female prisoners. The women's negative attitudes toward criminal justice personnel may have resulted from differential expectations or from the fact that women experience incarceration differently than men. Further research is necessary to clarify this finding. The present study suggests that if there is a
A new three-parameter cloud/aerosol particle size distribution based on the generalized inverse Gaussian density function

We describe a three-parameter cloud/aerosol size distribution based on the generalized inverse Gaussian density function that provides a simple and convenient recipe for characterizing aerosol radiative properties. The feature that makes this distribution attractive is that all of its moments can be calculated analytically providing simple formulas for the effective radius and variance and relating these to other important quantities such as the particle number and mass densities. Another advantage of this distribution is the smooth exponential cut-off not only for large particles sizes but also in small particles regime which prevents the singularity that occurs at zero size for large effective variances for distributions like the popular gamma distribution. Unlike most size distributions in current use the proposed functional form has a third-parameter (order) which provides greater flexibility in representing different distributional shapes. Analytical expressions for the moments of the generalized inverse Gaussian distribution in the generic case contain ratios of modified Bessel functions, however for half-integer orders these expressions are simple ratios of polynomials. As a practical example we compare extinction efficiency factors and asymmetry parameters computed for several different orders of the proposed distribution function.
Distribution modeling and analysis of high penetration PV

The interconnection of distributed resources on the electric grid has steadily been growing over the past few years with distribution planners seeing a significant number of requests for distributed wind and solar PV. In order to effectively evaluate renewable resources on the distribution system, either large-scale or small-scale projects at high-penetration levels, certain characteristics unique to this resource must be considered in the system impact and planning processes, namely the time-varying nature of the renewable resource and location-based impacts. This panel paper describes a modeling and analysis approach used to capture these important factors when performing distribution impact studies as well as the Open Distribution System Simulator (OpenDSS) software tool that can be used to perform such studies.
The Role of Transporters in the Pharmacokinetics of Orally Administered Drugs

Drug transporters are recognized as key players in the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. The localization of uptake and efflux transporters in organs responsible for drug biotransformation and excretion gives transporter proteins a unique gatekeeper function in controlling drug access to metabolizing enzymes and excretory pathways. This review seeks to discuss the influence intestinal and hepatic drug transporters have on pharmacokinetic parameters, including bioavailability, exposure, clearance, volume of distribution, and half-life, for orally dosed drugs. This review also describes in detail the Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) and explains how many of the effects drug transporters exert on oral drug pharmacokinetic parameters can be predicted by this classification scheme.
mRNA Decay in Escherichia coli Comes of Age

When Apirion first proposed that mRNA decay in Escherichia coli involves a series of endo- and exonucleolytic events (2), the general working assumption was that the turnover of transcripts is a simple salvage pathway that is necessary for recycling of ribonucleotides. Although experimental data at that time indicated that mRNAs are rapidly degraded (11, 40) and that decay of individual transcripts is independent of length (9), the number and specificities of the enzymes that actually carry out transcript degradation were still open questions. Twenty-nine years and many experiments later, a much different picture has emerged. Not only is the pathway of mRNA decay far more complex than originally envisioned, but it apparently also plays an integral role in regulating the expression of many genes. While many important features of this system remain to be elucidated, this prospective attempts to convey the current state of knowledge. In addition, it focuses primarily on those areas where there are disagreements regarding important features of the mRNA decay process.
Specifying PML conductivities by considering numerical reflection dependencies

Berenger's perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition (ABC) has greatly enhanced finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) scattering analysis. In a discretized domain, however, performance is signal-dependent and large-angle performance is poor due to a rapid reduction in layer decay rate. Increasing the conductivity to offset this reduction increases the discretization errors, especially at near-normal incidence angles. However, by carefully specifying the conductivity in each of the PML sublayers, it is possible to balance the small and large angle performance. The signal-dependence of reflections may be described in terms of the number of spatial points per wavelength. This lends itself to an overall strategy for which to search for PML profiles that provide superior performance for waves incident on a PML at angles between 0-75/spl deg/ and signals that have at least 15 spatial points per wavelength sampling. A one-dimensional (1-D) projection method may be employed to allow an exhaustive search to become a viable alternative to optimization. Such a search provides profile parameters that, while not necessarily "optimal," give excellent wide-angle wide-band reflection performance.
Lagrangian dynamics for classical, Brownian, and quantum mechanical particles

In the framework of Nelson’s stochastic mechanics [E. Nelson, Dynamical Theories of Brownian Motion (Princeton University, Princeton, 1967); F. Guerra, Phys. Rep. 77, 263 (1981); E. Nelson, Quantum Fluctuations (Princeton University, Princeton, 1985)] we seek to develop the particle counterpart of the hydrodynamic results of M. Pavon [J. Math. Phys. 36, 6774 (1995); Phys. Lett. A 209, 143 (1995)]. In particular, a first form of Hamilton’s principle is established. We show that this variational principle leads to the correct equations of motion for the classical particle, the Brownian particle in thermodynamical equilibrium, and the quantum particle. In the latter case, the critical process q satisfies a stochastic Newton law. We then introduce the momentum process p, and show that the pair (q,p) satisfies canonical‐like equations.
Changing Focus: Exploring Images of Women and Empowerment in Egypt

In moving away from prescriptive one‐way communications exercises, participatory development communications use better strategies to engage communities and capture nuance. This article examines a communications case study in Egypt: a photography competition aimed at understanding how local photographers depict women and empowerment in their images. Opportunities for discussion and self‐reflection provide cultural producers the space to delve into how they see women and how they then choose to represent them. This type of communications initiative actively courts a richer understanding of empowerment, leaving room for the complexities this might entail.