cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Negative gravity anomaly over spreading rift valleys: Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 26°N

Abstract A pronounced negative free-air gravity anomaly commonly occurs over the median valley of slow spreading ocean ridges. Previous results, using Wiener filtering and cross-spectral analysis techniques for the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, obtained estimates of the elastic plate thickness in the range of 7–13 km and the existence of a residual negative gravity anomaly over the median rift valley, suggesting that the rift valley has a response function different than the remainder of the spreading ridge. In this paper we have improved the derivation of the topography-gravity admittance function for spreading ocean crust by carefully avoiding several sources of spectral splattering when processing the data: (1) selecting data from a cruise that followed a flowline of central North Atlantic relative plate motion and hence is least corrupted by fracture zones; and (2) accounting for the difference in distance between the gravity meter and the regional variation in elevation as the ridge crest is traversed. Improvements of lesser importance include the use of cubic splines to interpolate to equally spaced data rather than linear interpolation, and correction of the free-air anomaly values for long-wavelength variations of the indirect effect. Comparison of the resulting admittance function to elastic flexure response functions suggests an elastic plate thickness of about 8 km. The improved admittance function, when convolved with the ridge topography, provides a predicted gravity profile that accounts very well for the negative anomaly over the rift valley. Therefore, the isostatic response function for the rift valley is similar to that for the topography away from the rift valley.
Nf1 haploinsufficiency augments angiogenesis

Mutations in the NF1 tumor-suppressor gene underlie neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), in which patients are predisposed to certain tumors such as neurofibromas and may associate with vascular disorder. Plexiform neurofibromas are slow growing benign tumors that are highly vascular and can progress to malignancy. The development of neurofibromas requires loss of both Nf1 alleles in Schwann cells destined to become neoplastic and may be exacerbated by Nf1 heterozygosity in other non-neoplastic cells. This study tested the hypothesis that Nf1 heterozygosity exaggerates angiogenesis. We found that Nf1 heterozygous mice showed increased neovascularization in both the retina and cornea in response to hypoxia and bFGF, respectively, compared to their wild-type littermates. The increase in corneal neovascularization was associated with heightened endothelial cell proliferation and migration, and increased infiltration of inflammatory cells. In addition, Nf1 heterozygous endothelial cell cultures showed an exaggerated proliferative response to angiogenic factors, particularly to bFGF. These findings support the conclusion that Nf1 heterozygosity in endothelial cells and perhaps inflammatory cells augments angiogenesis, which may promote neurofibroma formation in NF1.
FURTHER STUDIES OF THE VIDIAN GANGLION AS A SOURCE OF INNERVATION OF THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF THE HYPOPHYSIS

BILATERAL removal of the sphenopalatine ganglion, in the rat, is followed by pseudopregnancy in 40 per cent of the cases (1). This result suggested a pos-sible neural effect upon the gonadotropic function of the hypophysis. In-vestigation of the proximal nerve supply to the sphenopalatine ganglion disclosed (2) at the junction of the greater superficial petrosal nerve with the great deep petrosal nerve a small ganglion, the Vidian ganglion, from which small branches are distributed to the sixth nerve, to the internal carotid plexus, and to the sheath and probably the parenchyma of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. The present study is concerned with the Vidian ganglion as a possible source of innervation to the an-terior lobe, and with the physiological effects on the hypophysis of Vidian gan-glionectomy. Two aspects of hypophyseal function have been selected for study in animals in which the Vidian ganglia have been extirpated, a) the gonadotropic factor, with the production of pseudopregnancy as a cr...
Superconducting critical fields of alkali and alkaline-earth intercalates of MoS2

Results are reported for measurements of the critical-field anisotropy and temperature dependence of group-VIB semiconductor MoS2 intercalated with the alkali and alkaline-earth metals Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Sr. The temperature dependences are compared with present theories on the relation between critical field and transition temperature in the clean and dirty limits over the reduced-temperature range from 1 to 0.1. The critical-field anisotropy data are compared with predictions based on coupled-layers and thin-film ('independent-layers') models. It is found that the critical-field boundaries are steep in all cases, that the fields are greater than theoretical predictions at low temperatures, and that an unusual positive curvature in the temperature dependence appears which may be related to the high anisotropy of the layer structure. The results show that materials with the largest ionic intercalate atom diameters and hexagonal structures (K, Rb, and Cs compounds) have the highest critical temperatures, critical fields, and critical-boundary slopes; the critical fields of these materials are observed to exceed the paramagnetic limiting fields.
CENTRALISERS IN THE INFINITE SYMMETRIC INVERSE SEMIGROUP

For an arbitrary set X (finite or infinite), denote by I(X) the symmetric inverse semigroup of partial injective transformations on X. For an element a in I(X), let C(a) be the centralizer of a in I(X). For an arbitrary a in I(X), we characterize the elements b in I(X) that belong to C(a), describe the regular elements of C(a), and establish when C(a) is an inverse semigroup and when it is a completely regular semigroup. In the case when the domain of a is X, we determine the structure of C(a) in terms of Green's relations. 10.1017/S0004972712000779
A dunite-norite lunar microbreccia.

An olivine-rich microbreccia with noritic affinities, collected on the Apollo 14 mission to Fra Mauro, is described and analyzed. A photomicrograph (by plain transmitted light) of the microbreccia is discussed. One of three distinct areas on the microbreccia is shown to be a dunite containing over 90% olivine. The other two are more gabbroic in composition, though most of the mineral clasts are olivine. The fine grained matrix material contains significant amounts of K2O and P2O5, suggesting a relation to norites.
inv(16)/t(16;16) acute myeloid leukemia with non–type A CBFB-MYH11 fusions associate with distinct clinical and genetic features and lack KIT mutations

The inv(16)(p13q22)/t(16;16)(p13;q22) in acute myeloid leukemia results in multiple CBFB-MYH11 fusion transcripts, with type A being most frequent. The biologic and prognostic implications of different fusions are unclear. We analyzed CBFB-MYH11 fusion types in 208 inv(16)/t(16;16) patients with de novo disease, and compared clinical and cytogenetic features and the KIT mutation status between type A (n=182; 87%) and non-type A (n=26; 13%) patients. At diagnosis, non-type A patients had lower white blood counts (P=.007), and more often trisomies of chromosomes 8 (P=.01) and 21 (P KIT mutation, whereas 27% of type A patients did (P=.002). Among the latter, KIT mutations conferred adverse prognosis; clinical outcomes of non-type A and type A patients with wild-type KIT were similar. We also derived a fusion-type-associated global gene-expression profile. Gene Ontology analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed - among others - an enrichment of up-regulated genes involved in activation of caspase activity, cell differentiation and cell cycle control in non-type A patients. We conclude that non-type A fusions associate with distinct clinical and genetic features, including lack of KIT mutations, and a unique gene-expression profile.
Effects of aldosterone on the impedance properties of cultured renal amphibian epithelia

The cultured renal amphibian cell line A6 has proven advantageous for studies of Na+ transport regulation. In the present study, the effects of aldosterone action on the transepithelial electrical properties of this epithelium were assessed. Specifically, the time course of aldosterone action was determined and the effects of chronic (10–18 day) aldosterone elevation were assessed using transepithelial equivalent circuit methods and impedance analysis techniques. Short-term (<4 hr) exposure to aldosterone (0.1 μ m) stimulated the amiloride-sensitive short-circuit current (I sc) by over twofold and increased the transepithelial conductance (G T) by approximately 12%. The increases in I scand G Twere maintained in epithelia subjected to chronic aldosterone exposure. In contrast to previous reports, paracellular resistance (R j) was not altered by aldosterone. This difference may be related to the longer time of exposure or different basal Na+ transport rates in the present study. The apical membrane conductance was significantly increased for aldosterone-treated epithelia compared to aldosterone-depleted (i.e., serum-deprived) controls. Apical membrane area (capacitance) was not significantly affected. This finding is consistent with a higher density (number of channels per membrane area) of conducting Na+ channels in this membrane following aldosterone stimulation. Basolateral membrane properties were not significantly altered for aldosteronetreated tissues compared to serum-treated control tissues. In contrast, basolateral membrane-specific conductance (i.e., basolateral membrane conductance normalized to basolateral membrane capacitance) was significantly lower for serum-deprived epithelia than for serum-treated controls or aldosterone-treated tissues. The effects of chronic aldosterone exposure were also evaluated for the A6 subclonal cell line, 2F3. Similar to A6 epithelia, I scwas essentially doubled following aldosterone stimulation while R jand cellular driving force (E c) were not affected. Apical membrane conductances under control conditions for 2F3 epithelia were higher than those for A6, but were not significantly different from A6 following aldosterone exposure or serum deprivation. These findings suggest possible differences in the regulation of apical membrane Na+ channels for 2F3 and A6 epithelia.
Neutron-proton effective range parameters and zero- energy shape dependence

A completely model-independent effective range theory fit to available, unpolarized, np scattering data below 3 MeV determines the zero-energy free proton cross section {sigma}{sub 0} = 20.4287 {+-} 0.0078 b, the singlet apparent effective range r{sub s} = 2.754 {+-} 0.018{sub stat} {+-} 0.056{sub syst} fm, and improves the error slightly on the parahydrogen coherent scattering length, a{sub c} = -3.7406 {+-} 0.0010 fm. The triplet and singlet scattering lengths and the triplet mixed effective range are calculated to be a{sub t} = 5.4114 {+-} 0.0015 fm, a{sub s} = -23.7153 {+-} 0.0043 fm, and {rho}{sub t}(0,-{epsilon}{sub t}) = 1.7468 {+-} 0.0019 fm. The model-independent analysis also determines the zero-energy effective ranges by treating them as separate fit parameters without the constraint from the deuteron binding energy {epsilon}{sub t}. These are determined to be {rho}{sub t}(0,0) = 1.705 {+-} 0.023 fm and {rho}{sub s}(0,0) = 2.665 {+-} 0.056 fm. This determination of {rho}{sub t}(0,0) and {rho}{sub s}(0,0) is most sensitive to the sparse data between about 20 and 600 keV, where the correlation between the determined values of {rho}{sub t}(0,0) and {rho}{sub s}(0,0) is at a minimum. This correlation is responsible for the large systematic error in r{sub s}. Moremore » precise data in this range are needed. The present data do not event determine (with confidence) that {rho}{sub t}(0,0) {ne} {rho}{sub t}(0, -{epsilon}{sub t}), referred to here as ''zero-energy shape dependence''. The widely used measurement of {sigma}{sub 0} = 20.491 {+-} 0.014 b from W. Dilg, Phys. Rev. C 11, 103 (1975), is argued to be in error.« less
Distributed Bayesian multiple-target tracking in crowded environments using multiple collaborative cameras

Multiple-target tracking has received tremendous attention due to its wide practical applicability in video processing and analysis applications. Most existing techniques, however, suffer from the well-known "multitarget occlusion" problem and/or immense computational cost due to its use of high-dimensional joint-state representations. In this paper, we present a distributed Bayesian framework using multiple collaborative cameras for robust and efficient multiple-target tracking in crowded environments with significant and persistent occlusion. When the targets are in close proximity or present multitarget occlusions in a particular camera view, camera collaboration between different views is activated in order to handle the multitarget occlusion problem in an innovative way. Specifically, we propose to model the camera collaboration likelihood density by using epipolar geometry with sequential Monte Carlo implementation. Experimental results have been demonstrated for both synthetic and real-world video data.
Technical Change, Accumulation and the Rate of Profit Revisited:

Recent work has drawn attention to the connection between technical change and the labor market. Reasonable assumptions concerning both the reality of positive capital accumulation and the effect of technical change on wage rates reveal the ubiquitous possibility of viable technical changes that raise the composition of capital and lower the rate of profit. A complete non-steady-state growth model including both optimal technical change and labor-market dynamics is described; the model provides a test of the empirical likelihood of an accumulation path with a rising profit share and falling profit rate. A general perspective on the existence and role of critical tendencies in capitalist economic growth is presented.
Late Juvenlle-onset Krabbe's Disease

Krabbe's disease is an autosomal recessive leukodystrophy characterized by a lack of galactocerebroside beta-galactosidase activity. In contrast to the classic early infantile-onset form of Krabbe's disease, less recognized, late-onset variants exist. The authors present a case of late juvenile-onset Krabbe's disease, including the associated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Most patients with late-onset Krabbe's disease present with visual loss due to optic atrophy. Associated gait abnormalities and parental consanguinity should increase the clinician's suspicion that a child may have late-onset Krabbe's disease. Because of the prolonged survival in late-onset Krabbe's disease, the recent development of bone marrow transplantation for these patient makes diagnosis of this disorder particularly important.
Statistical Analysis of Certain Binary Division Algorithms

Nondeterministic extensions of the nonrestoring method of binary division have been described by MacSorley [1]. One extension requires that the magnitudes of the divisor and partial remainders be "normal," i. e., in the range [0.5, 1.0). This leads to a time improvement of more than two relative to conventional nonrestoring methods. Other extensions involve the use of several divisor multiples (or trial quotients). A Markov chain model is used here to analyze these methods. Steady-state distributions are determined for the division remainder and performance figures based on both this steady-state distribution and a random distribution are calculated. These are compared with the results of a computer simulation of 214 randmly-chosen division problems using two specific methods of division.
Sources of Bias and Solutions to Bias in the Consumer Price Index

Four sources of bias in the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) have been identified. The most discussed is substitution bias, which creates a second order bias in the CPI. Three other changes besides prices changes create first order effects on a correctly measured cost of living index (COLI). I explain in this paper that a "pure price" based approach of surveying prices to estimate a COLI cannot succeed in solving the 3 problems of first order bias. I discuss economic and econometric approaches to measuring the first order bias effects as well as the availability of scanner data that would permit implementation of the techniques.
Path-based control of smoke simulations

In this paper, we propose a novel path-based control method for generating realistic smoke animations. Our method allows an animator to specify a 3D curve for the smoke to follow. Path control is then achieved using a linear (closed) feedback loop to match the velocity field obtained from a 3D flow simulation with a target velocity field. The target velocity field can be generated in a variety of ways and may include the small scale swirling motion characteristic of turbulent flows. We provide several examples of complex smoke paths to demonstrate the efficacy of our approach.
Apoprotein E as a lipid transport and signaling protein in the blood, liver, and artery wall

Apoprotein E (apoE) is synthesized by a number of tissues including the liver, brain, adipose tissue, and artery wall. The majority of apoE is found in the plasma associated with specific lipoprotein subclasses and is derived primarily from the liver. However the fact that apoE expression is sustained in nonhepatic tissues suggests that the local production must have some unique functional attribute. ApoE is involved in many steps in lipid and lipoprotein homeostasis, for the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and for HDL. ApoE is also important for lipid homeostasis in the brain, artery wall, and adipose tissue through its synthesis by glial cells, adipocytes, and macrophages. In addition, nonlipid related functions have also been attributed to apoE, including effects on immune response and inflammation, oxidation, and smooth muscle proliferation and migration. Some of these effects have been shown to be dependent upon different domains of the protein, different concentrations, and lipidation state. Thus, this multifunctional protein impacts normal and pathophysiology at multiple levels.
Metal ion effect on vibrational frequencies of bound dioxygen in model compounds of heme proteins: Fe(II) versus Co(II)

Abstract The ν(O 2 ) and ν(FeO 2 ) (ν, stretching) of a simple “unprotected” oxy-iron porphyrin, Fe (TPP) (piperidine)O 2 , were observed for the first time at 1157 (IR, in CH 2 Cl 2 ) and 575 cm −1 (resonance Raman, in toluene), respectively. The corresponding resonance Raman bands of Co (TPP) (piperidine) O 2 are at 1142 (in CH 2 Cl 2 ) and 509 cm −1 (in toluene), respectively. Thus, the ν(O 2 ) as well as the ν(MO 2 ) is markedly shifted to lower frequencies when the central metal (M) is changed from Fe(II) to Co(II). Further confirmation of this metal-ion effect was made by comparing ν(O 2 ) and ν(MO 2 ) of several pairs of picket fence porphyrins measured in the same medium. Currently, the assignment of the ν(O 2 ) of HbO 2 , MbO 2 and their Co-reconstituted analogs is controversial. The results of our studies on their model systems suggest that a similar metal-ion effect should be operative in native heme proteins and their Co-reconstituted analogs.
Antibody-independent, complement-mediated enhancement of HIV-1 infection by mannosidase I and II inhibitors

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infectivity and cytopathic effect require proper maturation of the viral envelope glycoprotein carbohydrate moieties. We have found that fresh human serum enhances the infectivity of HIV-1 in MT-2 cell infection assays when virus is synthesized in the presence of the mannosidase I inhibitor, 1-deoxymannojirimycin, or the mannosidase II inhibitor, swainsonine, but has no enhancing effect on virus synthesized in the presence of the glucosidase I inhibitors, castanospermine and 1-deoxynojirimycin, or the glucosidase II inhibitor, bromoconduritol. Enhanced infections were characterized by cytopathic effect, antigen synthesis and reverse transcriptase release, all which occurred sooner than in control-infected cultures. This enhancement of infection was also observed in C1q-deficient serum but was not observed in serum that was heat-inactivated or depleted of complement components C3 or factor B, thus suggesting a requirement for the alternate pathway of complement.
Korea's Attempts to Eliminate Chinese Characters and the Implications for Romanizing Chinese

Klopodoj de Koreio elimini cinajn ideogramojn kaj la implicojje romiigo de la cinaApogantoj de alfabeta skribsistemo en Cinio heroldis la sperton de Koreio forlasi cinajn ideogramojn kaj transiri al tute fonetika skribsistemo kiel pruvon pri la vivkapablo de tiu koncepto. La analogio, kvankam instrua, estas serioze mankohava. Malgraŭ fruaj klopodoj en Suda Koreio anstataŭigi ideogramojn per sistemo plene hangul, kontraŭuloj de la reformo sukcesis reenkonduki la ĉinajn ideogramojn per montro al la senintencaj konsekvencoj de la reformo, kaj per argumentado, ke la rolo de la registaro estas sekvi, ne gvidi, la socion. En Norda Koreio, kie la publika opinio estas malpli decida faktoro, oni nuligis similan reformon, kun malpli videblaj efikoj. Kvankam nordkoreaj eldonajoj aperas tute lau hangul-sistemo, la utiligo de la skribsistemo estas apogata de plena edukado pri cinaj ideogramoj.El la korea ekzemplo la lerninda leciono ne estas, ke la cina lingvo povas au ne povas esti skribat a per fonetika skribo, sed ke por sukcesigi la reformon oni devas solvi certajn lingvajn problemojn. Paralelaj spertoj en ambau Koreioj implicas, ke klopodoj anstatauigi ideogramojn en Cinio devas esti akompanataj de rimedoj kiuj pligrandigas la redundancon au antaŭvideblon de alfabetaj tekstoj je ĉiuj niveloj — grafemaj, leksikaj, stilaj — dume evitante artefaritajn elementojn, kiuj senkreditigas reformon. "Digrafiismo", la samtempa utiligo de cina skribsistemo por iuj specoj de skribado kaj de fonetika skribo por aliaj, prezentas la plej bonan solvon por tiu komplika lingva kaj kultura problemo.
Contesting Colonial Rule in South Africa

Sean Redding, (Athens, Ohio University Press, 2006), xi +266 pp, $26.95/£17.50 paperback, ISBN 978-0-8214-1705-8 This richly detailed and long-awaited book joins a corpus of new work on culture and...
Xanthan, Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose and High Fructose Corn Syrup Sensory Effects in a Reduced Calorie Syrup Model

Reduced calorie fruit syrup model systems were prepared using xanthan (0.01-0.49%), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) (0.2-0.8%), and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) (33-43% soluble solids). A central composite design was used to formulate 15 different products for study using response surface methodology (RSM). The model syrups were tested for viscosity ; pH ; percent solids ; and the following sensory attributes: pourability, thickness, slipperiness, absorption into pancakes, sweetness and off-flavors. Viscosity, pourability, slipperiness, and absorption into pancakes highly correlated with each other. Higher gum levels increased viscosity and slipperiness but decreased pourability and absorption into pancakes. Increased solid levels were associated with decreased viscosity and slipperiness. Sweetness perception was not affected.
Placental transfer of (3H)-GM1 and its distribution to maternal and fetal tissues of the rat

The demonstration that ganglioside GM1 pretreatment reduced the ethanol induced neurobehavioral effects in adult pups exposed to ethanol in utero, prompted study to examine whether GM1 crosses the placenta and penetrates fetal tissues. The present results indicate that 3H-galactose labeled GM1 not only passes the placenta but also served as a substrate for the synthesis of polysialogangliosides, and remained in various tissues up to 48 h after maternal (3H)-GM1 administration.
Use of rituximab in the antiphospholipid syndrome

B cells are promising targets for treatment in autoimmune diseases. Rituximab, a chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that depletes B cells, is approved for use in rheumatoid arthritis and is often used to treat refractory autoimmune thrombocytopenia. There is increasing interest in using rituximab in other autoimmune diseases, including the antiphospholipid syndrome. We reviewed the published clinical experience of rituximab use in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Data are limited to case reports and small case series. In 19 of 21 reported cases, rituximab appeared to have a beneficial clinical effect. Antiphospholipid antibodies levels were significantly decreased in ten of 12 cases. Controlled clinical trials are needed to determine if rituximab is effective in the antiphospholipid syndrome.
Cynthia M. Baker. Rebuilding the House of Israel: Architectures of Gender in Jewish Antiquity. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002. 260 pp.

Cynthia Baker's Rebuilding the House of Israel is one of a handful of studies that seek to interpret Jewish culture during late antiquity by setting rabbinic sources and archaeological remains from the Land of Israel in dialogue. Baker is a careful and perceptive reader of both the primary tannaitic sources that she discusses and of the material record. In fact, the body of the book, in which she discusses the domestic context (well titled “The Well-Ordered Bayit : Bodies, Houses and Rabbis in the Ancient Galilee”) and the marketplace (“Men, Women and the Shuk : Cultural Currencies on the Open Market”) is a well-written description and analysis of the preserved evidence. Baker shows, for example, that rabbinic notions of privacy and the placement of windows within extant structures reflect similar interests. More important, she shows the ways that various spaces, both public and private, were used by ancient Jewish women, and how gender issues played out within environments constructed by Jewish men and women in Roman Palestine. The impetus for this study was not ultimately Rabbinic literature or archaeology, however. It is what Baker sees as a misconception in recent scholarship. Baker argues against a position whereby Jewish women in antiquity were starkly limited to the domestic realm, while the public realm (and even elements of the private) were reserved for men.
Perfluorinated compounds and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in great blue heron eggs from Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana

ABSTRACT In 2007 archived great blue heron (Ardea herodias) eggs collected from Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, IN, (Indiana Dunes) in 1993 were analyzed for 11 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) and 7 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate, the major contributor to total PFC concentrations, were below the toxicity thresholds estimated for bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), but within the toxicity threshold estimated for white leghorn chickens (Gallus domesticus). The ranking of PBDE congener concentrations by percent concentration (PBDE-47>-99>-100>153>-154>-28>-183) was consistent with the Penta-PBDE formulation. Total PBDE concentrations in great blue heron eggs from Indiana Dunes were elevated and probably reflect local contamination from highly urbanized and industrialized inputs into Lake Michigan. Polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations were within levels associated with altered reproductive behavior in other avia...
Ribosome Biogenesis in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Ribosomes are highly conserved ribonucleoprotein nanomachines that translate information in the genome to create the proteome in all cells. In yeast these complex particles contain four RNAs (>5400 nucleotides) and 79 different proteins. During the past 25 years, studies in yeast have led the way to understanding how these molecules are assembled into ribosomes in vivo. Assembly begins with transcription of ribosomal RNA in the nucleolus, where the RNA then undergoes complex pathways of folding, coupled with nucleotide modification, removal of spacer sequences, and binding to ribosomal proteins. More than 200 assembly factors and 76 small nucleolar RNAs transiently associate with assembling ribosomes, to enable their accurate and efficient construction. Following export of preribosomes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, they undergo final stages of maturation before entering the pool of functioning ribosomes. Elaborate mechanisms exist to monitor the formation of correct structural and functional neighborhoods within ribosomes and to destroy preribosomes that fail to assemble properly. Studies of yeast ribosome biogenesis provide useful models for ribosomopathies, diseases in humans that result from failure to properly assemble ribosomes.
Predicting Nitrogen Content in the Northern Mixed-Grass Prairie

Forage quality and quantity are important factors affecting livestock production from grazing lands. ‘‘Greenness’’ has been proposed as an indicator of herbage quality in semiarid environments, particularly nitrogen (N) content. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of estimating N content of forage using dead:green ratios and accumulated growing-degreedays (AGDD). Standing crop samples were collected April through October over 3 years from each of 3 replicated grazing regimes on a silty range site in eastern Montana. Samples were sorted into live, current dead, and old dead components, then dried, ground, and analyzed for N content. The AGDD for base temperature 458F (7.28C) was calculated from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reported monthly average temperatures for Miles City. An equation to predict percent N in the total standing crop from percent dead forage and AGDD was developed using multiple linear regression. This equation accounted for 75.9% of variation in percent N, and prediction error variance was 0.026. To validate this equation, data were obtained from samples collected from April through September in an independent study of 8 areas on silty and claypan range sites grazed during autumn and winter. Samples from these sites were treated and analyzed in the same manner as those used to develop the equation. The developed equation was used to predict percent N for the validation data. The resulting correlation between predicted and actual values was 0.79. The regression coefficient for actual values on predicted values was 0.995 6 0.125. The intercept did not differ from 0.0 (P ¼ 0.22), and prediction error variance was 0.042. This equation has utility for predicting N level of forage from Northern Great Plains rangelands.
An Evaluation of Drivers Using an Ignition Interlock Device Breath Tests while Driving

The threat of drunk drivers on our nation's highways has led to the proliferation of court-mandated ignition interlock devices (IIDs), which test the driver for alcohol consumption before ignition and during operation of the vehicle. Previous research has already demonstrated the distraction potential of IIDs. Litigation has suggested that this difficulty is particularly severe for individuals with small lung capacity, such as women and smokers. The current research sought to augment the previous distraction finding while also comparing men and women in terms of their ability to successfully use a Lifesafer FC-100 interlock device. Results showed that women had significantly less success in providing adequate breath samples to successfully operate the interlock device while driving, and supported previous distraction findings. Implications as well as suggestions for and challenges of further research are provided.
Linking Acknowledgement to Action: Closing the Loop on Non-Urgent, Clinically Significant Test Results in the Electronic Health Record

Failure to follow-up nonurgent, clinically significant test results (CSTRs) is an ambulatory patient safety concern. Tools within electronic health records (EHRs) may facilitate test result acknowledgment, but their utility with regard to nonurgent CSTRs is unclear. We measured use of an acknowledgment tool by 146 primary care physicians (PCPs) at 13 network-affiliated practices that use the same EHR. We then surveyed PCPs to assess use of, satisfaction with, and desired enhancements to the acknowledgment tool. The rate of acknowledgment of non-urgent CSTRs by PCPs was 78%. Of 73 survey respondents, 72 reported taking one or more actions after reviewing a CSTR; fewer (40–75%) reported that using the acknowledgment tool was helpful for a specific purpose. Forty-six (64%) were satisfied with the tool. Both satisfied and nonsatisfied PCPs reported that enhancements linking acknowledgment to routine actions would be useful. EHR vendors should consider enhancements to acknowledgment functionality to ensure follow-up of nonurgent CSTRs.
FiConn: Using Backup Port for Server Interconnection in Data Centers

The goal of data center networking is to interconnect a large number of server machines with low equipment cost, high and balanced network capacity, and robustness to link/server faults. It is well understood that, the current practice where servers are connected by a tree hierarchy of network switches cannot meet these requirements (8), (9). In this paper, we explore a new server-interconnection struc- ture. We observe that the commodity server machines used in today's data centers usually come with two built-in Ethernet ports, one for network connection and the other left for backup purpose. We believe that, if both ports are actively used in network connections, we can build a low-cost interconnection structure without the expensive higher-level large switches. Our new network design, called FiConn, utilizes both ports and only the low-end commodity switches to form a scalable and highly effective structure. Although the server node degree is only two in this structure, we have proven that FiConn is highly scalable to encompass hundreds of thousands of servers with low diameter and high bisection width. The routing mechanism in FiConn balances different levels of links. We have further developed a low- overhead traffic-aware routing mechanism to improve effective link utilization based on dynamic traffic state. Simulation results have demonstrated that the routing mechanisms indeed achieve high networking throughput.
Gq-linked NK2 receptors mediate neurally induced contraction of human sigmoid circular smooth muscle☆☆☆

Abstract Background & Aims: Because tachykinins have been identified as neurotransmitters in the guinea pig colon and human ileum, we examined a possible role of tachykinin receptors and neurokinin (NK) A in neurally induced contraction of human sigmoid colon circular muscle. Methods: Muscle strips were stimulated electrically for 10 seconds. Single cells were isolated by enzymatic digestion and permeabilized by saponin. [ 35 S]GTPγS binding was assayed with or without NKA for 5 minutes. Intracellular Ca 2+ was measured using Fura 2. Results: In the presence of 100 μmol/L L-NNA, 100 μmol/L atropine did not affect electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced contraction. A peptide NK 2 -receptor antagonist (NK-2ra) but not an NK 1 antagonist FK888 (1 μmol/L) eliminated EFS-induced contraction. NKA-induced contraction in muscle strips and single cells was virtually abolished by NK-2ra, but not by FK888. In permeabilized cells, contraction was blocked by Gq-protein antibodies, but not by other G-protein antibodies, suggesting that NKA activates Gq, which was confirmed by a [ 35 S]GTPγS binding assay. NKA-induced contraction and increase in cytosolic Ca 2+ were abolished by depletion of intracellular Ca 2+ stores. Conclusions: Tachykinins may be the main excitatory neurotransmitters in human sigmoid circular muscle. NKA activates Gq-linked NK 2 receptors, which cause Ca 2+ release, followed by contraction. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2000;119:51-61
FRAC: Implementing Role-Based Access Control for Network File Systems

We present FRAC, a Framework for role-based access control in network file systems. FRAC is a reference monitor that controls the message flow between file system clients and servers. FRAC supports role hierarchies, user sessions, and static and dynamic separation of duty constraints. It also allows administrators to define dynamic policies based on access history and the environment, e.g., time of day. FRAC introduces a virtual control namespace (VCN) that provides an interface to query and update the state of the access control framework over the standard file system protocol. This namespace eliminates the need for executing specialized user agents either at the client or at the server. Therefore, FRAC does not require any modification to either the file system client or the file server. We have implemented FRAC for the widely deployed NFS protocol using FileWall, a file system proxy previously developed by us. Our experimental evaluation shows that FRAC imposes minimal overheads for the common file system operations.
Testing separability in marked multidimensional point processes with covariates

In modeling marked point processes, it is convenient to assume a separable or multiplicative form for the conditional intensity, as this assumption typically allows one to estimate each component of the model individually. Tests have been proposed in the simple marked point process case, to investigate whether the mark distribution is separable from the spatial–temporal characteristics of the point process. Here, we extend these tests to the case of a marked point process with covariates, and where one is interested in testing the separability of each of the covariates, as well as the mark and the coordinates of the point process. The extension is not at all trivial, and covariates must be treated in a fundamentally different way than marks and coordinates of the process, especially when the covariates are not uniformly distributed. An application is given to point process models for forecasting wildfire hazard in Los Angeles County, California, and solutions are proposed to the problem of how to proceed when the separability hypothesis is rejected.
Modeling and Analysis of High-Speed I/O Links

Improvements in signaling methods, circuits and process technology have allowed input/output (I/O) data rates to scale beyond 10 Gb/s over several legacy channels. In this regime, it is critical to accurately model and comprehend channel/circuit nonidealities in order to co-optimize the link architecture, circuits, and interconnect. Empirical and worst-case analysis methods used at lower rates are inadequate to account for several deterministic and random noise sources present in I/O links today. In this paper, we review models and methods for statistical signaling analysis of high-speed links, and also propose a new way to integrate behavioral modeling approaches with analytical methods. A computationally efficient segment-based analysis method is shown to accurately capture the effect of transmit jitter and its interaction with the channel. In addition, a new jitter interpretation approach is proposed to enable the analysis of arbitrary I/O clocking topologies. We also present some examples to illustrate the practical utility of these analysis methods in the realm of high-speed I/O design.
Role of Parafacial Nuclei in Control of Breathing in Adult Rats

Contiguous brain regions associated with a given behavior are increasingly being divided into subregions associated with distinct aspects of that behavior. Using recently developed neuronal hyperpolarizing technologies, we functionally dissect the parafacial region in the medulla, which contains key elements of the central pattern generator for breathing that are important in central CO2-chemoreception and for gating active expiration. By transfecting different populations of neighboring neurons with allatostatin or HM4D Gi/o-coupled receptors, we analyzed the effect of their hyperpolarization on respiration in spontaneously breathing vagotomized urethane-anesthetized rats. We identify two functionally separate parafacial nuclei: ventral (pFV) and lateral (pFL). Disinhibition of the pFL with bicuculline and strychnine led to active expiration. Hyperpolarizing pFL neurons had no effect on breathing at rest, or changes in inspiratory activity induced by hypoxia and hypercapnia; however, hyperpolarizing pFL neurons attenuated active expiration when it was induced by hypercapnia, hypoxia, or disinhibition of the pFL. In contrast, hyperpolarizing pFV neurons affected breathing at rest by decreasing inspiratory-related activity, attenuating the hypoxia- and hypercapnia-induced increase in inspiratory activity, and when present, reducing expiratory-related abdominal activity. Together with previous observations, we conclude that the pFV provides a generic excitatory drive to breathe, even at rest, whereas the pFL is a conditional oscillator quiet at rest that, when activated, e.g., during exercise, drives active expiration.
The heterogeneous home

Due to several recent trends, the domestic environment has become more homogeneous and undifferentiated. Drawing on concepts from environmental psychology, we critique these trends. We propose heterogeneity as a new framework for domestic design, and we present design sketches that illustrate how ubiquitous computing technologies can interact with the domestic environment to create a more varied and restorative environment. This work speaks to a number of core issues in ubiquitous computing, such as how the increased presence of devices impacts quality of life, the desirability or undesirability of ubiquitous temporal and spatial availability of devices, and the advantages and disadvantages of device convergence ("all-in-one" devices) versus device proliferation (single application devices).
More Religion, Less Crime? Science, Felonies, and the Three Faith Factors

In recent decades, as politicians and journalists have paid greater attention to religion, social scientists have too. Much attention has focused on religion in relation to various indices of social and civic well-being. There are now four different schools of thought, two academic and two popular, regarding the relationship between religion and crime. While much worthwhile scientific research has been done, religion remains a neglected variable in criminology and in criminal justice studies. The popular view that “religion reduces crime” is neither without empirical foundation nor without need for far more refined and intensive testing. This article offers a simple algorithm for future social science research on crime and religion in relation to three different faith factors, three different species of religious nonprofit organizations, three different categories of crime, and three different types of empirical research.
The Mythical Swing Voter

Cross-sectional surveys conducted during the 2012 U.S. presidential campaign showed large swings in support for the Democratic and Republican candidates, especially before and after the first presidential debate. Using a unique (in terms of scale, frequency, and source) panel survey, we find that daily sample composition varied more in response to campaign events than did vote intentions. Multi-level regression and post-stratification (MRP) is used to correct for selection bias. Demographic post-stratification, similar to that used in most academic and media polls, is inadequate, but the addition of attitudinal variables (party identification, ideological self-placement, and past vote) appear to make selection ignorable in our data. We conclude that vote swings in 2012 were mostly sample artifacts and that real swings were quite small. While this account is at variance with most contemporaneous analyses, it better corresponds with our understanding of partisan polarization in modern American politics.
Excitonic photovoltaic effect in a cyanine dye molecular assembly electronically coupled to n- and p-type semiconductors

Abstract A solar cell of configuration N-[DDD----D]-P with a molecularly organized dye J-aggregate [DDD---D] electronically coupled to n- and p-type semiconductors is illustrated by fabricating a model device with TiO 2 and CuSCN as the n- and p-type substrates and the thiocyanate of a cationic pentamethine cyanine dye as D. Functional moieties in D anchors to TiO 2 establishing electronic coupling and serving as a template for assembly of a J-aggregated film. Bonding of sulfur in thiocyanate anions at the other end of the aggregate create the electronic coupling needed to facilitates transfer of holes to CuSCN. The cell exhibits photo-response originating from excitons generated in the bulk of the thick dye film as well as direct sensitized injection at the first interface. The dye molecular assembly is found to admit exciton transport over relatively long distances and significant hole mobility.
Spinal Cord Modular Organization and Rhythm Generation: An NMDA Iontophoretic Study in the Frog

Saltiel, Philippe, Matthew C. Tresch, and Emilio Bizzi. Spinal cord modular organization and rhythm generation: a NMDA iontophoretic study in the frog. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 2323–2339, 1998. Previou...
At the End of Ten Years

In 1965 Congress had found and declared that “the encouragement and support of national progress in the humanities and the arts, while primarily a matter of private and local initiative, is also a matter of concern to the Federal Government.”l This was landmark legislation. Not since the American Revolution had there been so clear a public statement by any Congress of the need for government to foster the quality of life. Indeed, the legislation went further than the simple “pursuit of happiness” into the essential human need for aesthetic nourishment of the spirit.
The WTO at 20: an economist’s perspective

Purpose – This paper aims to clarify the role that economic methodology and approach can help the World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body (AB)make better decisions. The author discusses two prominent disputes to demonstrate how economics could have resulted in improved AB decision. First, there is the question of whether countervailing duties can continue to be imposed subsequent to privatization of state-owned enterprises. Second, there is the frequently challenged zeroing issue. Design/methodology/approach – The author uses a case study method. He reviews the details of specific disputes and explains how standard microeconomic methods would have produced greater clarity in the determinations and hence promoted a more efficient dispute resolution process. Findings – In this commentary, however, the author addresses a frustration with the AB, namely, the reluctance of the AB to embrace economics in its decision-making. He argues that economic methods would produce superior determinations. Originalit...
Dynamics Governing a Simulated Mesoscale Convective System with a Training Convective Line

AbstractThis research investigates the dynamics of a simulated training line/adjoining stratiform (TL/AS) mesoscale convective system (MCS), with composite atmospheric fields used as initial and lateral boundary conditions for the simulation.An initial forward-propagating MCS developed within a region of elevated convective instability and low-level lifting associated with warm-air advection along the terminus of the low-level jet. The environmental conditions external to the MCS continued to provide lift, moisture, and instability to the western side of the forward-propagating MCS, and these conditions were initially responsible for backbuilding on the system’s western side. Most parcels that encountered the southwestern outflow boundary were lifted insufficiently far to reach their levels of free convection (LFCs), and their LFC heights were increased by latent heating above them. These parcels continued northeastward beyond the surface outflow boundary (OFB), were gradually lifted, and initiated convec...