cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a nutrition education module as a component of the career orientation of foreign missionaries

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a nutrition education module, emphasizing both cognitive and affective concepts, on the nutrition knowledge, flexibility of attitude toward nutrition and attitude about nutrition education of missionaries during their orientation period. The experimental (n = 22) and control (n = 19) groups completed pre- and post-test questionnaires that were developed for this study. Missionaries in the experimental group demonstrated significant increases in both nutrition knowledge and more positive attitudes about nutrition education after participation in the module. The control group, however, had no significant increase in knowledge at post-testing and, in general, had significantly more negative attitudes about nutrition education. No significant changes in flexibility were detected for the control group and only for one statement in the experimental group. Significant positive correlations resulted at post-testing between nutrition knowledge and attitude, as well as knowledge and flexibility for the experimental group and between flexibility and attitude for both the experimental and control groups. Results from this study suggest that a change in nutrition knowledge precedes a change in attitude in the knowledge-attitude-behavior pathway as revealed by an analysis of covariance. This sequence supports the principles of adult learning and the theory of holistic education upon which the program of missionary orientation is based.
Access to IVF.

1. Norman Fost, MD MPH* 1. 2. *Department of Pediatrics and Program in Medical Ethics, University of Wisconsin Hospital, Madison, WI. 1. Should all health-care services, including IVF, be equally available to all? 2. Do parents act immorally by creating a child at high risk of major disability or suffering? I am in substantial agreement with most of the central points made in “The Ethics of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF).” Therefore, I will address two issues that were not addressed: who should have access to IVF and what policies would follow if those who disagreed were correct. Before getting to those points, however, I would like to buttress one key point on which I think Goldworth yielded ground unnecessarily; that is, the implications of considering the embryo as a person in the full sense of the word. As Goldworth points out, the definition of personhood is unavoidably a social construct. Reasonable people, religious and secular, always will disagree on the various available definitions. It is most certainly not a scientific question that can be resolved by experiment. When a definition is constructed for a social purpose, it is helpful to determine the purpose. In this case, “personhood” is shorthand for the position that an embryo should be entitled to the same privileges and protections as all other entities who generally are included in that category. At one level, such a proposal seems silly. Even the most ardent proponent of the embryo-as-person view would not suggest that an embryo is entitled to the same level of health care as other persons. Although the United States lags behind most countries in positing a right to health care, there are advocates who argue that every person should be entitled to some decent minimum of health care. Someone who makes that claim presumably would not assert that a sick or dying embryo was entitled, for example, to emergency services, including ambulance or helicopter transport, to get it …
Decreased Lung Function After Inhalation of Ultrafine and Fine Particulate Matter During Exercise Is Related to Decreased Total Nitrate in Exhaled Breath Condensate

This study was designed to investigate PM(1) inhalation during exercise on lung function, exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), and total nitrate (NO3), S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Inhalation of combustion-derived PM is associated with adverse respiratory health. A mechanistic action of PM on lung function is not defined; however, nitrosative/oxidative stress is likely. Prior to and after two 30-min exercise bouts 4-5 days apart, inhaling low (7382 +/- 1727 particles cm(- 3)) or high (252,290 +/- 77,529 particles cm(- 3)) PM(1), 12 nonasthmatic males performed spirometry and eNO and EBC collection. Normal resting lung function did not change after low PM(1) exercise. After high PM(1) exercise, FEV(1) and FEF(25-75) fell significantly (p = .0005, p = .002) and was related to [PM(1)] (r = -.55, p = .005 and r =-.61, p = .002; respectively); 11- and 52-ml decreases were calculated for each 20,000 particles cm(- 3) increase for FEV and FEF(25-75). NO3 did not change after low PM(1) exercise (30.5% increase), but significantly decreased by 43.8% after high PM(1) exercise, and correlated with lung function changes (r = .63, and r = .54 for FEV(1) and FEF(25-75), respectively; p = .001 and p = .007). No change in GSNO was observed. Alveolar NO decreased after high PM(1) conditions (p = .02); eNO pre-to-post difference was related to changes in FEV(1) (r = .60, p = .002). MDA increased 40% after low PM exercise (NS) and increased 208% after high PM exercise (p = .06). Thus, high PM(1) inhalation during exercise caused a reduced alveolar contribution to eNO; NO3 and eNO variables were decreased and were related to impaired lung function. Decreased NO(3) and eNO may be due to superoxide/NO formation of peroxynitrite, resulting in lipid peroxidation.
Nanoscale Anisotropic Plastic Deformation in Single Crystal Aragonite

The nanoscale anisotropic elastic-plastic behavior of single-crystal aragonite is studied using nanoindentation and tapping mode atomic force microscopy imaging. Force-depth curves coaxial to the axis exhibited load plateaus indicative of dislocation nucleation events. Plasticity on distinct slip systems was evident in residual topographic impressions where four pileup lobes were present after indentation with a conospherical probe and distinct, protruding slip bands were present after indentation with a Berkovich pyramidal probe. A finite element crystal plasticity model revealed the governing roles of the {110} slip system family, as well as the (100)[010], (100)[001], (010)[100], (010)[001], (001)[100] and (001)[010] systems.
Carcinoma of the thyroid gland: current therapy.

A therapeutic approach to thyroid cancer has been outlined. An effort was made to identify some areas of therapy which are controversial. Long-term follow-up of patients suggests that our approach is justified. It is recognized that there are still many unanswered questions and some of these may be concerned with immunological factors involved.
Diabetic Retinopathy as Detected Using Ophthalmoscopy, a Nonmyciriatic Camera and a Standard Fundus Camera

The study was performed to evaluate whether the severity of diabetic retinopathy as assessed by three alternative methods was concordant with the severity of retinopathy as determined from 30 degrees stereoscopic photographs. The three methods were direct ophthalmoscopy through an undilated pupil, nonstereoscopic 45 degrees retinal photography through a pharmacologically undilated pupil and nonstereoscopic 45 degrees photography through a dilated pupil. A single 45 degrees photograph centered between the disc and fovea was taken and direct ophthalmoscopy was performed on 99 persons prior to pharmacological dilation of the pupil. After dilation, another 45 degrees photograph was taken of the same field, as well as 30 degrees stereoscopic color photographs of DRS fields 1, 2 and 4 (modified). Corresponding photographic fields were graded by masked, trained graders for the severity of retinopathy and for the presence of specified diabetic lesions using the Modified Airlie House Classification scheme. For three levels of severity of retinopathy (none, nonproliferative or proliferative) exact agreement between direct ophthalmoscopy and grading of retinopathy from stereoscopic photographs taken with the standard 30 degrees camera was 54.3% (n = 94). For four levels of severity of retinopathy (none, microaneurysms only, all other nonproliferative retinopathy and proliferative retinopathy), exact agreement between gradings of retinopathy of the 45 degrees photographs taken through undilated pupils and 30 degrees photographs taken through dilated pupils was 82.5% (n = 63); and for 45 degrees photographs and 30 degrees photographs taken through dilated pupils it was 86.5% (n = 74). These data suggest that 45 degrees nonstereoscopic fundus photographs, when graded according to a standard classification scheme, provide reasonably reliable photographic representation of the severity of retinopathy when broad overall categories are used.
A Novel Lipid Hydroperoxide-derived Cyclic Covalent Modification to Histone H4 *

Previous studies have established that 4-hydroxy-2nonenal is a lipid hydroperoxide-derived aldehydic bifunctional electrophile that reacts with DNA and proteins. However, it has now been recognized that 4-oxo2-nonenal is also a major product of lipid hydroperoxide decomposition. Furthermore, 4-oxo-2-nonenal is more reactive than 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal toward the DNAbases 2-deoxyguanosine, 2-deoxyadenosine, and 2-deoxycytidine and proteins. The formation of 4-oxo-2-nonenal can be induced through vitamin C-mediated or transition metal ion-mediated homolytic decomposition of polyunsaturated -3 lipid hydroperoxides such as 13(S)-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid. We have discovered that synthetic 4-oxo-nonenal or 4-oxo-2-nonenal-generated from 13(S)-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid recognizes the specific amino acid motifs of His 75 , Ala 76 , and Lys 77 in bovine histone H4. Reaction of the histidine and lysine residues with 4-oxo-2-nonenal results in the formation of a novel cyclic structure within the protein. The cyclic structure incorporates the histidine imidazole ring and a newly formed pyrrole derived from the lysine. The cyclic imidazole-pyrrole derivative that is formed from the small N-acetyl-His-Ala-Lys peptide exists as a mixture of two atropisomers that interconvert upon heating. Such lipid hydroperoxidederived modifications could potentially modulate transcriptional activation in vivo. Furthermore, the ability to synthesize cyclic peptides using 4-oxo-2-nonenal will facilitate the preparation of novel structural analogs with potential biological activity.
A STAP algorithm approach to fMRI: A simulation study

Purpose To adapt the space-time adaptive processing (STAP) algorithm, previously developed in the field of sensor array processing and applied to radar signal processing, for use in construction of brain activation maps in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Materials and Methods STAP is a two-dimensional filter in which both the spatial and temporal responses are controlled adaptively. It processes space-time data as a complete spatiotemporal set. Unlike presently used fMRI techniques, STAP locates activated regions both spatially and in frequency. Results Computer simulations incorporating actual MRI noise indicate that STAP exhibits a high degree of accuracy in detecting the small signal intensity changes inherent in fMRI. Conclusion Because STAP processes space-time data as a single data matrix, it exhibits potential over currently available fMRI methods in providing a measure of the full spatiotemporal extent of a task-related activity. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:715–722. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evidence of counterion migration in ionic polymer actuators via investigation of electromechanical performance

Abstract Functional ionomeric polymer membranes are the backbone of a wide range of ionic devices; the mobility of ions through the ionomeric membrane is the principle of operation of these devices. Drift and diffusion of ions through ionomeric membranes strongly depend on the ionic properties of host membrane, as well as the physical and chemical properties of the ions. It is well-established that cations and anions provided via a dopant (e.g. electrolyte or ionic liquid) are mobilized under stimulation. However, in this study, we report that in addition to ions sourced by the dopant, counterions of the ionomeric membrane are also mobilized when stimulated. In particular, we have investigated the electromechanical response of ionic electroactive polymer actuators consisting of Nafion ionomeric membranes with different counterions and have demonstrated that those with cation counterions of larger Van der Waals volume exhibit stronger actuation due to motion of the larger cation counterions compared to actuators consisting of Nafion with counterion of smaller Van der Waals volumes.
Chest tube placement in children during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

Abstract Background Pleural collections of air and fluid are frequent in infants and children treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). In this anticoagulated population, chest tube placement is potentially hazardous, and catastrophic hemorrhage has been reported. We sought to define the risks associated with chest tube placement in a large population of children managed with ECMO. Methods The records of 189 consecutive children managed with ECMO at two children's hospitals were reviewed. Demographics, indications for ECMO, and ECMO courses were reviewed. In particular, the occurrence of pleural collections and the frequency and technique of chest tube placement were evaluated. The incidence of complications and mortality were determined. Results The median age of the subjects was 2days. The overall mortality was 26.5%. A pneumothorax was found in 19 (10.1%), a pleural effusion in 26 (13.8%), and a hemothorax in 2 (1.0%). A chest tube was placed in 27 (19 by a needle-guide wire technique and 8 by cut-down). Major bleeding complications occurred in 6 subjects (22%). Conclusions There was a significant incidence of major bleeding complications and death in subjects in whom chest tubes were placed. The placement of a chest tube during ECMO should be done only if it is likely to improve pump flow or promote weaning of support.
Elevated excitatory neurotransmitter levels in the fibromyalgia brain

Consistent brain imaging findings demonstrate that neurobiological factors may contribute to the pathology of 'central' pain states such as fibromyalgia (FM). Studies using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy suggest that glutamate (Glu), a key excitatory neurotransmitter, may be present in higher concentrations within the brains of FM patients. This neurotransmitter imbalance is present in multiple brain regions that have been implicated in processing pain information. However, it is unknown if elevated Glu is acting at the synapse. New investigations are needed to investigate the molecular action of Glu in FM and to investigate these findings during treatment that modulates glutamatergic neurotransmission.
Bringing java's wild native world under control

For performance and for incorporating legacy libraries, many Java applications contain native-code components written in unsafe languages such as C and Cpp. Native-code components interoperate with Java components through the Java Native Interface (JNI). As native code is not regulated by Java's security model, it poses serious security threats to the managed Java world. We introduce a security framework that extends Java's security model and brings native code under control. Leveraging software-based fault isolation, the framework puts native code in a separate sandbox and allows the interaction between the native world and the Java world only through a carefully designed pathway. Two different implementations were built. In one implementation, the security framework is integrated into a Java Virtual Machine (JVM). In the second implementation, the framework is built outside of the JVM and takes advantage of JVM-independent interfaces. The second implementation provides JVM portability, at the expense of some performance degradation. Evaluation of our framework demonstrates that it incurs modest runtime overhead while significantly enhancing the security of Java applications.
Tolerable Time-Varying Overflow on Grass-Covered Slopes

Engineers require estimates of tolerable overtopping limits for grass-covered levees, dikes, and embankments that might experience steady overflow. Realistic tolerance estimates can be used for both resilient design and risk assessment. A simple framework is developed for estimating tolerable overtopping on grass-covered slopes caused by slowly-varying (in time) overtopping discharge (e.g., events like storm surges or river flood waves). The framework adapts the well-known Hewlett curves of tolerable limiting velocity as a function of overflow duration. It has been hypothesized that the form of the Hewlett curves suggests that the grass erosion process is governed by the flow work on the slope above a critical threshold velocity (referred to as excess work), and the tolerable erosional limit is reached when the cumulative excess work exceeds a given value determined from the time-dependent Hewlett curves. The cumulative excess work is expressed in terms of overflow discharge above a critical discharge that slowly varies in time, similar to a discharge hydrograph. The methodology is easily applied using forecast storm surge hydrographs at specific locations where wave action is minimal. For preliminary planning purposes, when storm surge hydrographs are unavailable, hypothetical equations for the water level and overflow discharge hydrographs are proposed in terms of the values at maximum overflow and the total duration of overflow. An example application is given to illustrate use of the methodology.
Measuring group synchrony: a cluster-phase method for analyzing multivariate movement time-series.

A new method for assessing group synchrony is introduced as being potentially useful for objectively determining degree of group cohesiveness or entitativity. The cluster-phase method of Frank and Richardson (2010) was used to analyze movement data from the rocking chair movements of six-member groups who rocked their chairs while seated in a circle facing the center. In some trials group members had no information about others’ movements (their eyes were shut) or they had their eyes open and gazed at a marker in the center of the group. As predicted, the group level synchrony measure was able to distinguish between situations where synchrony would have been possible and situations where it would be impossible. Moreover, other aspects of the analysis illustrated how the cluster phase measures can be used to determine the type of patterning of group synchrony, and, when integrated with multi-level modeling, can be used to examine individual-level differences in synchrony and dyadic level synchrony as well.
Gene Duplication of C4A in the Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Old Order Amish: C4A*2A*3 is in Coupling with HLA A3, Cw4, B35, BfF, DR1, GLO2

Eight families (76 individuals) of the Old Order Amish religious isolate of Lancester County, Pennsylvania, were selected for complement phenotype analysis. Gene duplication at the C4A locus was detected in three families. The duplication (C4A*2A*3) was present on the same HLA haplotype in all cases and could be traced to one founder. The phenotype for the two loci of the fourth component of complement (C4A and C4B) were determined by electrophoresis in agarose, immunofixation with anti-C4 antiserum, crossed-gel immunoelectrophoresis, and hemolytic overlay. Factor B (Bf) phenotype was determined by immunofixation. The order of genes in haplotypes is written HLA-A, Cw, B, C4A, C4B, Bf, DR, DQ, GLO.
Modulating “Jousting” C–F---H–C Interactions with a Bit of Hydrogen Bonding

We have synthesized a series of molecules wherein very close C–F---H-C σ-bond interactions, which we have termed “jousting”, can be perturbed through both red- and blue-shifted hydrogen bonding effects. These interactions were induced by the placement of various functional groups geminal to the H–C bond. “Jousting” interactions appear to be an admixture of F---H hydrogen bonding and C–H bond compression. The associated electronic effects from changes in the functional group at the X-position were also studied.
Effects of Thyroxin and Female Hormone on One Phase of Saddle Feather Development

The c-isochrone has been defined by Fraps and Juhn1 as the locus of points in the regenerated feather representing a given level of cell division around the annular collar of the feather germ. This locus appears as a constant configuration in each vane-half of the grown feather and is symmetrical with respect to a common transverse shaft level. If the barbs of either vane-half are in parallel array (at any uniform angle with the shaft), the c-isochrone is a straight line from shaft to margin, equidistant on shaft and a given barb from the point of union of that barb with the shaft. In Fig. 1, for example, barbs are laid out at right angles to the shaft, AB (apex of the feather at A), and the c-isochrone must form in this particular construction an angle of 45° with the shaft. Since the apex of the feather forms first, an apical-most c-isochrone, Am of Fig. 1, drawn from apices of the two barbs uniting at their bases to form the shaft (when these are in alignment with the shaft) identifies elements represe...
Organized Crime in the United States

Organized crime in the United States is generally traced to Sicilian immigrants who came to the United States in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Prohibition set in motion the organization of Italian dominated organized crime; however, by the 1980s the Italians no longer controlled organized crime, giving way to more recent immigrant groups. Two major theoretical positions are presented to explain ethnic involvement in organized crime: “the alien conspiracy theory” and “the ethnic succession theory.” Keywords: crime; immigration; race and ethnicity
Promoting Social Communication in a Child With Specific Language Impairment

Social difficulties represent a major area of concern in children with specific language impairment (SLI). Social skills interventions targeting communication or language skills of children with SLI have been generally ineffective. The current study tested the efficacy of a social skills intervention consisting of multiple behavioral interventions to increase nonverbal, verbal, and turn-taking conversation skills of an 8-year-old male with SLI. Using a multiple baseline across skills design, data were collected in a university clinic setting. Visual analysis indicated that when training for a target skill was introduced, percentage of skill steps successfully demonstrated increased. In addition, pre- and postintervention standardized rating scales completed by parents and teachers indicated improvements in pragmatic skill use in nontraining environments. Results and implications are described in terms of utilization of interventions for pragmatic skills of children with SLI.
The difference between “equivalent” and “not different”

Experimenters frequently wish to establish that populations of units can be considered equivalent to each other, in order to leverage improved knowledge about one population for characterizing the new population or to establish the comparability of item..
Women in Professional Selling: A Human Resource Management Perspective

The authors present a set of human resource management tactics that can assist women who are pursuing sales careers and organizations that need effective salesforces. Topics discussed include recruiting selection, training, mentoring, managing and supporting.
Post-Transfusion Hepatitis—Update

Rapid progress has been made in the epidemiology, virology, pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis A and B infections during the last 50 years. The widespread testing of blood donors for HBsAg by sensitive methods has dramatically reduced the incidence of post-transfusion hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). This reduction has uncovered the existence of another hepatitis-causing agent or agents, the non-A, non-B hepatitis virus, which now accounts for about 90% of post-transfusion hepatitis cases. The epidemiology, clinical manifestations and pathology of non-A, non-B hepatitis are reviewed. Guidelines for the use of immune globulins for prophylaxis are discussed.
LGBTI Rights and Experiences in Three Southern African Nations

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief overview of basic information pertaining to LGBTI rights, issues, experiences and activism in Botswana, South Africa and Swaziland. The original data presented here were collected during fieldwork conducted from December 2014 to May 2015 in these three Southern African nations.
Component versus System Level ESD

This chapter establishes the electrostatic discharge (ESD) control methods and ESD target levels for IC components and outlines the details of the system level ESD threats and the corresponding test methods. It discusses why correlation with component-level ESD ratings cannot be expected to work. The chapter briefly reviews the test methods used to analyze an IC chip for its robustness against ESD transients in the field and discusses specific control programs for advanced devices. An overview of the differences between the system level and HBM test methods is also provided. Automobile applications commonly refer to system level ESD stress testing according to ISO 10605. The purpose of IEC 6100-4-2 and related standards is to prove the system level ESD robustness of the finished system which will be handled by the end-customer.
Mechanical properties of high-entropy alloys

This chapter reviews mechanical properties of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) in the fields of hardness, compression, tension, serration behavior, fatigue, and nanoindentation. It shows that the hardness of HEAs varies widely from 140 to 900 HV, highly depending on the alloy systems and related processing methods. The effects of annealing treatment, alloying, and structure on the hardness are discussed. The hardness at high temperatures is also summarized. For compression tests, several parameters of materials, such as Young’s modulus, compressive yield strength, elastic strain, and plastic strain, are determined and discussed. Various loading conditions, such as temperatures, Al contents, strain rates, sample sizes, and aging/annealing effects, are reported to have influence on the microstructural evolution during compression deformation. Microcompression experiments have been performed on HEAs. Even though the study of tensile properties of HEAs is limited to few alloy systems, the effects of structures, grain sizes, alloying elements, and processing parameters on the yielding stress, ductility, and shape of the stress–strain curve, and fracture behavior are discussed. The characteristic elastic behavior is studied by in situ neutron-diffraction techniques during tension. A mean-field theory (MFT) successfully predicts the slip-avalanche and serration statistics observed in recent simulations of plastic deformation of HEAs. Four-point-bending-fatigue tests are conducted on the Al0.5CoCrCuFeNi HEA at various applied loads and reveal that fatigue properties of HEAs could be generally better, compared with conventional alloys and bulk metallic glasses. Nanoindentation studies on the incipient plasticity and creep behavior are discussed. The future work related to mechanical properties of HEAs is suggested at the end.
Autonomous and Adaptive Control of Populations of Bacteria Through Environment Regulation

The proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a significant threat to humans health and welfare. To reduce the bacterial pathogenesis and growth, we propose an autonomous biological controller that can adaptively generate quorum sensing inhibitors and control the iron availability in the environment. As the main theoretical contribution, we provide a detailed analysis of our proposed controller that includes model calibration, system response, and inhibitor effectiveness. We also formulate a constrained optimization problem to choose the values of the biological parameters of the proposed controller under given environment constraints. Finally, we validate our results via detailed population-level simulations and demonstrate that bacteria virulence can be significantly reduced without developing drug resistance or inducing selective pressure among bacteria wild type and mutants. This work represents a first step towards a paradigm change in reducing bacterial pathogenesis via controlling the dynamics of the cell-cell communication through environment regulation.
Data on the genome-wide identification of CNL R-genes in Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.

Abstract We report data associated with the identification of 242 disease resistance genes (R-genes) in the genome of Setaria italica as presented in “Genetic diversity of disease resistance genes in foxtail millet ( Setaria italica L.)” (Andersen and Nepal, 2017) [1] . Our data describe the structure and evolution of the Coiled-coil, Nucleotide-binding site, Leucine-rich repeat (CNL) R-genes in foxtail millet. The CNL genes were identified through rigorous extraction and analysis of recently available plant genome sequences using cutting-edge analytical software. Data visualization includes gene structure diagrams, chromosomal syntenic maps, a chromosomal density plot, and a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree comparing Sorghum bicolor , Panicum virgatum , Setaria italica , and Arabidopsis thaliana . Compilation of InterProScan annotations, Gene Ontology (GO) annotations, and Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) results for the 242 R-genes identified in the foxtail millet genome are also included in tabular format.
Longitudinal Links between Pornography Use, Marital Importance, and Permissive Sexuality During Emerging Adulthood

ABSTRACTLimited research exists concerning pornography’s influence on emerging adult’s relationship trajectories, with no research examining how pornography use predicts emerging adults’ beliefs about marriage. The study includes cross-sectional results of 568 emerging adults and longitudinal results of 142 participants who were followed from the original sample. Regression analyses found that pornography use was cross sectionally associated with a higher importance placed on sexual readiness before getting married and more permissive sexual attitudes. Longitudinal regression analyses showed that pornography use predicted lower marital centrality and more permissive sexual attitudes. These results suggest that pornography use is linked not only to emerging adults’ sexual scripts but also may be influencing broader relationship scripts.
Are Lease Water Markets Still Emerging in California

Over the past 15 years water markets in California have evolved, but not as fast as expected, and not between the agents who were initially expected to be active in the market. The chapter reviews the disappointing performance of the state-sponsored groundwater bank in the 2009 drought and advances some hypotheses as to why the trades were not larger. The growth in bilateral trades between urban and agricultural regions and the role of environmental constraints on restricting water trades is summarized and discussed. One source of problems for the emerging water market in California is the multiplicity of ways in which opponents can use valid environmental regulations to delay or block water trades until the window of opportunity for spot trades is no longer open. Two recent examples are analyzed.
D-4F Increases Paraoxonase 1 Activity in HDL

HDL, apoA-I, and apoA-I mimetic peptides have been shown to prevent LDL oxidation in cell-free systems and in the artery wall coculture studies. Moreover, HDL, apoA-I, and apoA-I mimetics have been shown to decrease lesions and improve vascular reactivity in animal models of atherosclerosis and in humans. The primary mechanism by which HDL and apoA-I and apoA-I mimetic peptides exert their beneficial effect has been presumed to be the enhancement of reverse cholesterol transport. However, apoA-I has also been shown to be capable of removing “seeding molecules” from LDL, thus preventing the oxidation of LDL-derived phospholipids to those that are thought to be responsible for the inflammatory response characteristic of atherosclerosis. D-4F is an apoA-I mimetic peptide that demonstrates many of the properties of apoA-I itself. Oral D-4F increases paraoxonase activity in monkeys and causes the formation of pre-s HDL. When added in nanomolar amounts to normal human plasma, D-4F reduces lipoprotein lipid hydroperoxide content, increases paraoxonase activity, and converts proinflammatory HDL to anti-inflammatory. Adding the combination of D-4F and pravastatin to mouse chow synergized to result in a significant increase in apoA-I levels, HDL-cholesterol, and paraoxonase activity in old apoE-null mice. We have shown that incubation of HDL from human patients or apoE deficient mouse with D-4F results in reduction of lipid hydroperoxides and an increase in paraoxonase activity in HDL
Bone Health in Immobile Adolescents

Adolescents with disorders associated with chronic immobilization have low bone mass and are at increased risk of sustaining fragility fractures of long bones and the vertebrae. Immobilization, whether it is abrupt, progressive or chronic, disrupts normal bone growth (length, diameter, cortical and trabecular thickness) and mineralization that occurs during childhood and adolescence. This results in slender, thin and under-mineralized bones, which are prone to fragility fractures. In addition to immobilization, inadequate dietary calcium intake, vitamin D deficiency, pubertal delay/arrest and treatment with high doses of glucocorticoids may contribute to reduced bone strength in this population. While fragility fractures of long bones are associated with low bone mineral content and density, vertebral fractures can occur without significant reduction (Z-score ≥ −2) in lumbar spine bone mineral density. Thus, screening for vertebral fractures is recommended in youngsters with Duchenne muscular dystrophy who are treated with high doses of glucocorticoids. Management includes physical therapy, optimization of nutrition, correction of vitamin D deficiency, treatment of delayed puberty and judicious use of bisphosphonates on compassionate grounds to in those with fragility fractures.
A visually guided beamformer to aid listening in complex acoustic environments

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of recent work on the visually guided hearing aid (VGHA; Kidd et al. JASA 133, EL202). The latest prototype VGHA consists of a lightweight, head-mounted, 18-microphone array combined with PC-based software to create a highly-tuned acoustic beamformer steered in real time by an integrated binocular eye tracker. Recent work on the two main functional sub-components of the VGHA (beamforming and eye-gaze control) focused on the benefits that may be obtained by listeners with hearing loss (and in some cases by listeners with normal hearing) attempting to understand speech masked by one or more competing sounds (such as Gaussian noise or additional speakers). These benefits include improved signal-to-noise ratio under different masked conditions and faster steering (compared to fixed directional amplification steered by head turns). The VGHA may be simulated over headphones by PC-based implementations using HRTFs and an optional external eye-tracker. This has allowed testing a number of variations of beamformer properties and the evaluation of multiple types of sound processing strategies including the incorporation of natural binaural cues. Overall, the VGHA holds considerable promise for improving selective listening in a variety of complex listening conditions.
New Hypotheses and Unanswered Questions in Running Injury Research – comment on Nigg et al.

After critical evaluation of the evidence, Nigg et al.’s target article reject currently discussed hypotheses regarding relationships between impact forces, pronation, and running injuries. In doing so, they highlight methodological questions underlying research in this field. This commentary focuses on three such questions including: how are impact forces and the relationship between impact and injury being quantified, what are the methods currently used to measure foot pronation and what are metrics being extracted, and the importance of focusing on individual response patterns. Each of these areas represents important venues for continued development in the field of running biomechanics and running injuries.
Behavior as a Measure of Adverse Responses to Environmental Contaminants

Toxicology and pharmacology blend into one another like successive scenes merged into a movie. Both investigate the actions of chemical agents on living systems. Both call upon disciplines ranging from molecular biology to behavior. But they diverge on goals. Pharmacology ultimately aims to restore normal function, an aim directed by its historic coupling with therapeutics. Toxicology ultimately aims to forestall the disruption of normal function by providing a guide to hazards. These divergent goals prescribe differing research tactics exemplified by the role of behavior as much as by any other shared discipline.
Protein Digestion Techniques

Modern MS instruments are capable of measuring the molecular weights of intact proteins with a fairly high degree of accuracy. So why not do proteomics simply by measuring the masses of intact proteins? Unfortunately, intact mass measurements are of relatively little use for three reasons. First, as good as MS instruments are, there are still errors in the measurements they produce. The greater the mass of the protein, the greater the absolute magnitude of the error. Those errors introduce enough uncertainty to make the measurements insufficiently accurate for definitive identification. Moreover, diverse posttranslational modifications further complicate assignments based on mass. Second, not all proteins are amenable to intact mass measurements. It can be very difficult to obtain mass measurements on very large and hydrophobic proteins. Third, the sensitivity of measurements of intact protein masses is not nearly as good as sensitivity for peptide mass measurements and peptide tandem MS analyses. For these reasons, doing proteomics by analyzing intact proteins is not a realistic option at present.
Molecular Pathology of Cholestasis

Cholestasis will remain a key problem in liver disease as far as differential diagnosis, prognosis and therapy are concerned until its pathogenesis is resolved. It thus challenges the clinician, both gastroenterologist and surgeon; the morphologist; and the physiologist, each of whom uses his own definition, varying from ‘piling up of biliary substances in the blood’ to ‘visible stagnation of bile in the liver’ to ‘inhibition of hepatocellular bile secretion’ (1).
Archival Issues Related to Digital Creations

intellectual creations” as human expressions embodied in text, music, or other forms of art. Increasingly, we encode these creations in digital formats that have extremely short life cycles. Eventually, backward compatibility is lost. Thus, after very little time, a digital encoding format becomes obsolete, and intellectual works encoded in the format may become irretrievable. In contrast, the cultural worth of an intellectual creation may not be realized for generations. Additionally, future generations must access artifacts, including intellectual creations, to understand a culture in historical context. We contend that technology – intensive storage and manipulation of data may result in an inability to gain this access. Technology creators have some responsibility to facilitate future retrieval through careful documentation, and by selective maintenance of hardware that may be required to access archival media.
A toll-like receptor agonist to drive melanoma regression as a vaccination adjuvant or by direct tumor application.

9582Background: Toll like receptor (TLR) agonists may enhance vaccination or direct immune activation at the tumor microenvironment. This trial evaluates the biologic and clinical effects of Resiqu...
Diagnosis and Management of Fungal Infections in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Invasive fungal disease contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in the hospitalized pediatric patient. Intensive care unit patients, secondary to both their underlying illness and exposure to known risk factors, represent a high-risk group. Significant diagnostic limitations make early detection and treatment initiation difficult, with treatment delays associated with worse outcomes. Early detection therefore requires clinicians to maintain a high index of suspicion. While the use of biomarkers and fungal PCR represent a promising avenue for earlier diagnosis, most tests have not yet been validated in pediatric patients. Until then, the clinician should limit testing to those patients with known risk factors and interpret results within the larger clinical picture. Empiric therapy with respect to invasive candidiasis should be restricted to patients with known risk factors and a sepsis-like picture who fail to respond to broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy within a 72-h time frame, noting again that this is not a standardized guideline. Clinicians must be mindful of pharmacokinetic variation and dosing variability when implementing treatment in the pediatric population.
Photoabsorption spectra of s 1 -electron metal clusters

Collinear laser/molecular beam photodepletion spectroscopy has developed into a powerful tool for the determination of electronic absorption in neutral alkali metal clusters free of perturbing matrix effects. We briefly discuss the method, present data on selected Nax and LiyNax−y,x≤20, contrast measurements with the known optical response of larger colloidal metal clusters, compare microcluster spectra with the predictions of various models and speculate on future experimental and theoretical developments in this field.
Birth mode, breastfeeding and childhood infectious morbidity in the Yucatec Maya.

OBJECTIVES Cesarean delivery is linked to breastfeeding complications and child morbidity. These outcomes may disproportionately affect Latin American indigenous populations that are experiencing rising cesarean delivery rates, but often inhabit environments that exacerbate postnatal morbidity risks. We therefore assess relationships between birth mode, infant feeding practices, and childhood infectious morbidity in a modernizing Yucatec Maya community, where prolonged breastfeeding is the norm. We predicted that under these conditions, cesarean delivery would increase risk of childhood infectious morbidity, but prolonged breastfeeding postcesarean would mitigate morbidity risk. METHODS Using a longitudinal child health dataset (n = 88 children aged 0-60 months, 24% cesarean-delivered, 2290 observations total), we compare gastrointestinal infectious (GI) and respiratory infectious (RI) morbidity rates by birth mode. We model associations between cesarean delivery and breastfeeding duration, formula feeding and child nutritional status, then model GI and RI as a function of birth mode, child age, and feeding practices. RESULTS Cesarean delivery was associated with longer breastfeeding durations and higher child weight-for-age, but not with formula feeding, GI, or RI. Adolescent motherhood and RI were risk factors for GI; formula feeding and GI were risk factors for RI. Regional housing materials protected against GI; breastfeeding protected against RI and mitigated the effect of formula feeding. CONCLUSIONS We find no direct link between birth mode and child infectious morbidity. Yucatec Maya mothers practice prolonged breastfeeding, especially postcesarean, and in conjunction with formula feeding. This practice protects against childhood RI, but not GI, perhaps because GI is more susceptible to maternal and household factors.
Alzheimer Disease and Other Dementias

This chapter discusses the outpatient management of dementia, with a major focus on Alzheimer disease (AD) and other irreversible dementing disorders. Their epidemiology and the demographic characteristics of the American population threaten to make dementia one of the major medical, social, and economic problems of our society during the coming decades. Dementia is a markedly age-dependent condition affecting 5%–15% of the population over age 65 and 25% of those over 85, the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population. Recent epidemiological studies (e.g., Rocca, Amaducci, and Schoenberg, 1986) have predicted that, despite a constant incidence rate, the prevalence of severe AD will increase by 42% during the next 15 years; more than 8 million people could be affected by the year 2000. Dementia is one of the major determinants of institutionalization (Katzman, 1986), and 60%–70% of nursing-home patients suffer from a dementing disorder—AD in 50%–80% of cases (U.S. Congress, 1985). According to the U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, the cost of institutional care for patients with dementia exceeded $25 billion in 1985 and will have escalated to $43 billion a year by 1990.
Neighborhood walkability perceptions: associations with amount of neighborhood-based physical activity by intensity and purpose.

Background:Built environments are associated with physical activity (PA), but most studies to date have employed acontextual PA outcome measures. The purposes of this study were to examine the proportion of PA that occurred within participants’ neighborhoods and associations between neighborhood walkability attributes and different intensities and purposes of PA episodes occurring specifically within neighborhoods. Methods:384 community residents completed 7 subscales of the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) and a detailed 7-day PA log-booklet that included the duration, intensity, and purpose of all episodes. Results:Only one-third of reported PA episodes occurred in participants’ neighborhoods. Higher ratings for 5 of the 7 walkability variables were associated with an increased likelihood of engaging in at least some moderate-intensity neighborhood PA (versus none), but were not significantly associated with engaging in greater levels of neighborhood PA (150+ versus 1−149 minutes). Land...
The Role of Photodynamic Therapy and Cryotherapy for the Management of Barrett’s Esophagus

Gastroesophageal reflux can cause injury to the normal stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus. This injury may lead to replacement of the normal esophageal lining by a metaplastic columnar intestinal-like epithelium known as Barrett’s esophagus (BE). The clinical relevance of BE lies in its sequential progression from intestinal metaplasia (IM) to low-grade dysplasia (LGD), high-grade dysplasia (HGD), and, finally, invasive adenocarcinoma. In the absence of dysplasia, BE is associated with a low annual incidence of progression to adenocarcinoma (less than 0.5), but the incidence of progression to adenocarcinoma is up to five times as high when dysplasia is present. The management of BE with dysplasia and early cancer has shifted over the years, moving away from surgical resection (esophagectomy) to diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy. Endoscopic therapy aims to remove the metaplastic or dysplastic tissue to a depth that destroys all the BE but minimizes damage to the submucosal layer of the esophagus to avoid stricture formation and transmural injury. Several treatment options—endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and tissue ablative therapies such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and cryotherapy (CT)—have been recognized as safe and effective therapies to accomplish this and are now the standard of care in many expert centers. This chapter will focus on the role of photodynamic therapy and cryotherapy in the management of BE.