cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of ammonia on growth and survival of recently hatched channel catfish

Abstract The lethal concentration for 1% of the test organisms (LCl) of un-ionized ammonia for 1-d-posthatch larval channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in 96-h static-renewal exposures was 0.263 mg/L (95% confidence interval, 0.072–0.373 mg/L). The 96-h LC1 of un-ionized ammonia was 0.147 mg/L (95% confidence interval, 0.025–0.252 mg/L) for 7-d-old, newly transformed juveniles. Dry weights of fish that survived 7-d exposures were inversely related to un-ionized ammonia concentrations. The highest concentration of un-ionized ammonia tested that did not result in significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) in growth-the no-observable-effect concentration (NOEC)-for l-d-old larval and 7-d-old juvenile channel catfish was 0.082 and 0.093 mg/L, respectively. The lowest concentration of un-ionized ammonia tested that resulted in significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in growth-the lowest-observable-effect concentration (LOEC)-for 1-d-old larval and 7-d-old juvenile channel catfish was 0.233 and 0.212 mg/L, respectively. The...
DIRECT EVIDENCE FOR ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN RARE EARTH IONS IN TERBIUM- EUROPIUM TUNGSTATES

The transfer of excitation energy from one species of rare earth ion to another was directly observed in terbium europium tungstates. The experiment consisted of the absorption of monochromatic light in a terbium absorption line with a resulting emission of the red europium fluorescence. (C.E.S.)
The Evolution of a Laboratory Syllabus for Quantitative Analysis

In this paper, we describe the evolution of a laboratory syllabus for a course in Quantitative Analysis. Over the past two decades, the syllabus has changed from one having individual students do mostly ‘wet’ chemical analyses on commercial unknowns to one having groups of students do instrumental analyses on ‘real’ samples. We describe, in some detail, the current laboratory syllabus, which requires students to calibrate volumetric equipment, to determine the active ingredients in Dristan using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, to determine calcium levels in over-the-counter tablets using both atomic absorption spectroscopy and an ion-selective electrode, to determine lead in wine bottle caps using differential pulse polarography, to measure pKa values for sulfonated naphthols using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and to determine caffeine and aspartame in common beverages using HPLC. Group work is emphasized, and written reports are required. Students have responded quite positively to the current syllabus, especially to the use of ‘real’ samples.
Linking large and small computers

A PDP-8/I was connected to an IBM/370 via telephone. Programs enable the PDP-8 to send data to practically any large-scale computer having timesharing capabilities. These programs can be used as models by others wishing to analyze data on a large computer.
Geology of Panamint Valley ‐ Saline Valley Pull‐Apart System, California: Palinspastic evidence for low‐angle geometry of a Neogene Range‐Bounding Fault

Geological studies support the interpretation that northern Panamint Valley and Saline Valley, southeast California, form paired pull-apart basins on opposite sides of the right-slip Hunter Mountain Fault Zone. Eight to ten km of late Cenozoic net slip can be established on the Hunter Mountain Fault Zone. Palinspastic reconstruction of northern Panamint Valley indicates that the valley was formed by movement on a shallow crustal, low-angle normal fault of 0–15 degree west dip during the last 3.0 Ma. This interpretation appears to contradict the notions that little extension is accomodated in the uppermost crust by low-angle faulting and that the most recent extension in the Basin and Range Province is accomodated exclusively by high-angle faulting. Saline Valley, however, is interpreted to have formed by extension on closely spaced, rotated planar normal faults. Thus, within one geometric system of paired pull-apart basins, extension appears to have been accommodated in the shallow crust in two different ways.
Lattice-matched Al0.95Ga0.05AsSb oxide for current confinement in InP-based long wavelength VCSELs

We examine, for the first time, Al 0.95 Ga 0.05 AsSb-oxide as the lateral current confining layer for InP-based optoelectronic devices including vertical cavity surface emitting lasers. In this paper, Al0.95Ga0.05AsSb-oxide confined broad area edge emitting lasers were used to study current confinement and optical loss. Results show that the threshold current density scales effectively down to a confining layer width of 6.5 μm and the differential efficiency remains unchanged down to 4 μm, indicating no aperture induced excess loss. This suggests that thin AlGaAsSb layers, at low oxidation temneratures. mav eet oxidized homogeneously without leaving metallic-Sb behind.
The Political Cultures of Israel's Radical Right: Commentary on Ehud Sprinzak's The Ascendance of Israel's Radical Right∗

(1993). The Political Cultures of Israel's Radical Right: Commentary on Ehud Sprinzak's The Ascendance of Israel's Radical Right. Terrorism and Political Violence: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 132-159.
Complementation and characterization of the Pneumocystis carinii MAPK, PCM.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways transfer environmental signals into intracellular events such as proliferation and differentiation. Fungi utilize a specific pheromone-induced MAPK pathway to regulate conjugation, formation of an ascus, and entry into meiosis. We have previously identified a MAPK, PCM, from the fungal opportunist Pneumocystis, responsible for causing severe pneumonia in patients with AIDS. In order to gain insight into the function of PCM, we expressed it in Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficient in pheromone signaling and tested activation and inhibition of this MAPK pathway. PCM restored pheromone signaling in S. cerevisiae fus3Δ kss1Δ mutants with α-factor pheromone (six-fold increase) and was not activated by osmotic stress. Signaling through this pathway decreased 2.5-fold with 10 μM U0126, and was unaffected with SB203580. We evaluated the conditions for native PCM kinase activity isolated from Pneumocystis carinii organisms and found that 0.1 mM MgCl2, pH 6.5, temperature 30–35°C, and 10 μM ATP were optimal. The activity of PCM is significantly elevated in P. carinii trophic forms compared to cysts, implicating a role for PCM in the life cycle transition of P. carinii from trophic forms to cysts.
Application of 1-38 μm imagery for thin cirrus detection in daytime imagery collected over land surfaces

Abstract While considerable effort has been expended on research into the analysis of optically thin cirrus clouds, the global detection and accurate identification of these clouds remains inadequate, especially in daytime meteorological satellite imagery collected over land surfaces. Recently, 1·38 μm imagery was recommended for the improved detection of these thin cirrus clouds. Since this channel is centred on a strong water vapour absorption band and water vapour is concentrated in the lower atmosphere, incident solar energy in the 1·38 μm spectral band is strongly attenuated once prior to reaching the Earth's surface and a second time after being reflected back toward space under normal atmospheric conditions. Thus, it has been postulated that any energy measured by an airborne (or space-borne) radiometer operating in this spectral band would originate from scattering off of mid-level water and high-level ice clouds, making even thin cirrus readily detectable. While initial results have been encourag...
Reassessing “a statewide study of ECE and non-ECE schools on reading achievement, grades 2 and 3, based on the California assessment program results”

In November 1976, the California State Department of Education (SDE) presented to the Board of Education its Consolidated Evaluation Report. Included in this report was an analysis of test scores for schools participating in the Early Childhood Education (ECE) program. From the trends in the test scores, the Department concluded that reading achievement of third grade pupils in ECE schools was slightly higher than it was before those schools entered the program. A Statewide Study of ECE and non-ECE Schools on Reading Achievement, Grades 2 and 3, Based on the California Assessment Program Results (see article, this issue) presents an analysis of ECE schools statewide, and comes to the conclusion that ECE schools were not performing at the level of non-ECE schools. In addition, a section of the article reviews the SDE report and concludes that: "At the present time the methodology used by the State Department of Education is sufficiently complex that it is not understood by most evaluation specialists in the state." This response to the conclusions drawn by A Statewide Study . . . is divided into three sections. The first reviews the State Department of Education's findings and points out that the methodology used to arrive at the positive conclusions concerning progress of pupils in ECE schools was actually quite straightforward. The second section presents a new look at the ECE data, using straightforward methodology, and shows that the conclusions arrived at in the SDE report would have remained the same even if the simpler data analysis had been used as the basis for judgment. The third section reviews A Statewide Study.. . and provides specific examples to demonstrate why the methodology used in that study produces misleading results.
4-D Image Mapping Spectrometer (IMS) with structured illumination

We present a 4-D (x, y, z, λ) Image Mapping Spectrometer with structured illumination. Depth resolved fluorescence spectral channel images of thick biological tissues were acquired with axial resolution of ~ 1 μm.
Thermodynamics of ternary PdPtH solid solutions

Abstract The solubility of hydrogen in PdPtH ternary solutions in equilibrium with hydrogen gas at atmospheric pressure was measured in the temperature range 625–1250 K and in PdPt binary solvents containing up to 61 at.% Pt. Concomitant elastic measurements provided data which enable the partial thermodynamic functions of the hydrogen atoms, deduced from the solubility measurements, to be converted to refer to a hypothetical PdPt lattice of constant specific volume. The resulting volume-corrected functions are discussed in terms of the cell model for ternary solutions and are shown to vary with temperature and platinum concentration in a manner in accord with this model. In contrast with Pd(Au, Ag, Cu)H solid solutions, the isobars for the PdPtH system always show a decreasing hydrogen solubility at any given temperature as the platinum content of the PdPt matrix increases, whereas isobars for the Pd(Au, Ag, Cu)H solutions show well-defined solubility maxima. This marked difference in thermodynamic behavior is almost entirely due to volume effects caused by changes in the host lattice and not to differences in the hydrogen-metal interactions in a rigid lattice system.
Reelfoot Rift: Reactivated Precursor to the Mississippi Embayment

Tectonic elements involved in the formation of the Mississippi embayment, as inferred from geophysical and geological information, originated in late Precambrian time with continental rifting (the Reelfoot rift) and intrusion of high-density magma into the crust. Isostatic subsidence in early Paleozoic time formed the Reelfoot basin, approximately coincident with the modern embayment, in which several kilometers of sediment were deposited. Closing of the proto—Atlantic Ocean and subduction in the southern Appalachian Mountains in middle to late Paleozoic time were accompanied by uplift and widespread erosion in the midcontinent. A period of rift reactivation and intrusion in late Mesozoic time, in association with rapid subsidence in the Gulf of Mexico, prompted renewed isostatic subsidence within the embayment, forming the elongate depositional trough observed today. Continued seismicity and positive free-air gravity anomalies indicate that isostatic adjustment continues to the present time.
Biological chemistry: catalytic competition for cells.

Ways of evolving proteins, and assessing the vast numbers of variants needed to identify those with novel enzymatic activity, are themselves evolving. Oil droplets containing basic cell machinery provide a promising approach.
Block the FAS, lose the fat

A small-molecular-weight drug originally developed to treat cancer produces sustained reduction in body weight in obese mice by a novel hypothalamic mechanism. The findings suggest new targets for the development of anti-obesity drugs.
Contested Namesakes: East Berlin School Names under Communism and in Reunified Germany.

Within weeks and months of the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, numerous busts and portraits of school namesakes disappeared from the foyers, hallways, and “tradition rooms” ( Traditionszimmer ) of East Berlin schools and were relegated to trash bins. In 1990 municipal authorities formalized this spontaneous purge of school identities by eliminating the names of all schools in eastern Berlin. Over the course of the 1990s administrators, teachers, and students in the newly restructured schools began to discuss a wide range of new school identities.
Synthesis and Characterization of Water-Soluble Silver and Palladium Imidazol-2-ylidene Complexes with Noncoordinating Anionic Substituents

Zwitterionic imidazolium salts have been synthesized bearing alkylsulfonate and alkylcarboxylate substituents and used as precursors to water-soluble metal−carbene complexes. Reaction of the zwitterionic imidazolium compounds with Ag2O gave bis(imidazol-2-ylidene)silver complexes. These compounds have been characterized spectroscopically and by electrospray mass spectrometry. A DMSO solvate of bis[1-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3-(3-sulfonatopropyl)imidazol-2-ylidene]silver sodium salt has been structurally characterized. In the solid state, this complex exists as a coordination polymer in which the sodium ions bridge the sulfonate groups from two bis(imidazol-2-ylidene)silver moieties. Diiodobis[1-mesityl-3-(3-sulfonatopropyl)imidazol-2-ylidene]palladium disodium salt has also been prepared in low yield and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry.
Spider feeding behaviour optimises dietary essential amino acid composition

Classical models of foraging behaviour1–3 assume that feeding patterns maximising the net caloric gain per unit time or minimising the tune spent in foraging will be favoured by natural selection. There is some evidence for this behaviour in some foragers4, mostly higher vertebrates for which time and energy constraints are frequently paramount. However, while these models may suffice under some circumstances, nutritional information from the veterinary, wildlife management, and entomological literature shows that an animal requires a diet containing all necessary nutrients to be truly fit (physiologically and evolutionarily). Therefore unless animals are very severely constrained energetically, foraging behaviour should lead to nutritional as well as caloric optimisation. Here I show that free-living wolf spiders will tend to prey on three species in proportions which optimise the proportions of the essential amino acids they provide in the diet.
THE METABOLIC CHARACTERISTICS OF NUCLEOLAR, CHROMOSOMAL, AND CYTOPLASMIC RIBONUCLEIC ACID OF DROSOPHILA SALIVARY GLANDS

Incorporation and retention of adenine-8-C14 and of P32O4 by nucleolar, chromosomal, and cytoplasmic RNA have been studied. Radioisotope concentrations were determined from autoradiographs, by grain counting, and RNA concentrations by microphotometry after basic staining. The relation between rates of RNA accumulation and rates of adenine incorporation was used to determine if synthesis was used to replace RNA which was lost from a fraction, and to obtain estimates of turnover rate. Nucleolar incorporation patterns indicate its incorporation is independent of growth, and there is complete turnover of the fraction in an hour or less. Nucleolar turnover is attributed to degradation of RNA within the nucleolus rather than to movement of intact molecules from the nucleolus. Chromosomal RNA reaches a much lower maximum specific activity than nucleolar, and a slightly higher maximum than cytoplasmic RNA. It showed faster incorporation than cytoplasmic RNA while accumulating RNA at the same rate as the cytoplasm, suggesting chromosomal RNA turnover. No evidence of cytoplasmic RNA turnover was found: rate of incorporation and rate of growth were correlated, and retention studies detected no decrease in amount of RNA-C14, RNA-P32, or RNA. Different ultimate precursors are indicated for nucleolar and non-nucleolar RNA by the observation that the nucleolar precursor is labeled before the precursor of non-nucleolar RNA.
Batch mesophilic anaerobic digestions of potato wastewaters

Information on the effect of types of potato wastewaters upon the performance of an anaerobic treatment system is lacking at this time. The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of the batch, mesophilic, anaerobic digestion process in treating potato wastewaters, and to determine the treatment efficiency for organic pollutant removal. The three types of potato wastewaters used in this study included potato juice, potato starch, and mashed potato wastewaters. After 5 weeks of treatment, the potato starch wastewaters lost more TSS (total suspended solids) than the mashed potato and potato juice wastewaters. The potato juice wastewater lost more COD (chemical oxygen demand) than the mashed potato and potato starch wastewaters. With respect to gas production, the potato juice wastewater had the highest value followed by the potato starch and mashed potato wastewaters. Over 80% of the COD can be removed by the batch, mesophilic, anaerobic digestion process. The type of potato wastewater had an important effect on the COD, TSS removal and gas production. This research proved that the batch, mesophilic, anaerobic digestion process can remove a high percentage of organic pollutants from potato wastewaters. This is a significant step in solving water pollution problems in potato industries.
Inactivation of MS2 coliphage by UV and hydrogen peroxide: Comparison by cultural and molecular methodologies

The use of advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are expected to increase for removal of emerging contaminants and pathogens from drinking water. In this study, the performance of a small community ultraviolet light reactor in combination with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for MS2 coliphage inactivation with two different flow rate conditions of 1 gal/min (gpm) and 2 gpm was evaluated. Following UV radiation, MS2 showed a reduction of 5.3–5.8 log10 when quantified with cultural plaque counts, whereas corresponding quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) data showed only a 1.7–2.8 log10 reduction in viral RNA copy number. When H2O2 was added at either 2.5 or 5 ppm with UV at both flow rate conditions, enhanced MS2 inactivation occurred with a more than 7 log10 reduction observed via plaque counts, indicating that all added MS2 had been inactivated, since no plaques were formed after incubation at 37°C for 24 h. In contrast, qPCR only showed a corresponding 3–4 log10 reduction in viral RNA copy number. This r...
Flavivirus DNA vaccine with a kick.

Immunization with single-round infectious particles enhances potency of a DNA vaccine against West Nile virus.
Abstract S5-6: Activating HER2 mutations in HER2 gene amplification negative breast cancers.

Background: Breast cancer genome sequencing projects, performed by the genome sequencing centers in the U.S., Canada, and the U.K., are elucidating the somatic mutations and other genomic alterations that occur in human breast cancer. These studies recently identified somatic HER2 mutations in breast cancers lacking HER2 gene amplification. Results: Compilation of data from seven sequencing studies documented 22 patients with somatic HER2 mutations. These mutations clustered in three regions. The first cluster was at amino acid (aa) 309–310 (exon 8), located in the extracellular domain. These aa residues form part of the HER2 dimerization interface. The second cluster was at aa 755–781, located in the kinase domain (exons 19–20). This was the most common location for HER2 mutations, with 17 out of 22 patients having somatic mutations here. The third region was at aa 835–896, also in the kinase domain (exons 21–22). Using multiple experimental approaches (cell line experiments, in vitro kinase assays, protein structure modeling, and xenograft experiments), we tested seven of these HER2 mutations and showed that 4 of them are activating mutations that are sensitive to lapatinib and trastuzumab. Another 2 mutations were found to be lapatinib resistant and we determined their sensitivity to neratinib, canertinib, and gefitinib. Conclusions: These findings biologically validate somatic HER2 mutations as good targets for breast cancer treatment, but the appropriate choice of targeted drug is dependent on the precise mutation present. This study is among the first to functionally characterize mutations identified by breast cancer genome sequencing. A prospective, multi-institutional clinical trial has been launched to screen for HER2 mutation positive patients and determine the clinical outcome of treatment with HER2 targeted drugs. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr S5-6.
Inhibitory factors derived from human tumors: isolation of factors which suppress macrophage mediated cytotoxicity.

Previously, we had demonstrated that plasma inhibitory factors obtained from colon cancer patients suppressed macrophage mediated cytotoxicity. When this inhibitor was further purified, four fractions (A, B, C and D) with inhibitory activity were isolated. In this study, it was found that these four purified inhibitory factors also dramatically decreased the extent of macrophage mediated cytotoxicity induced by LPS when added during the activation phase of the assay. When the secretions from a variety of fresh tumors as well as several established tumor cell lines were purified utilizing immunoadsorbent techniques, those same inhibitory factors were recovered. It was found that 8 of the 11 secretions obtained from a variety of fresh tumors and established tumor cell lines secreted inhibitor A; 6 secreted inhibitors B and 5 secreted inhibitor C. (The presence of inhibitor D was not studied.) Furthermore, one of the 11 tumors studied secreted none of these inhibitory factors. These findings lend support to the theory that these inhibitory factors which are initially produced by the tumor and subsequently shed into the sera ultimately lead to in vivo suppression of macrophage mediated cytotoxicity.
CLEO and QCD: From beauty to charm

Abstract The CLEO Collaboration stands on the brink of making major contributions in the area of QCD. With the advent of the high-luminosity asymmetric B -factories at SLAC and KEK, CLEO has ceased taking data at the γ(4S) and begun a program that will first take large data sets at the three bound states of bb and then move to lower energies to conduct precision studies D and D s mesons and to probe in depth the radiative decays of the J/ψ . These new measurements will confront QCD and, in particular, match the precision of Lattice predictions. This “certification” of the Lattice techniques will in turn maximize the impact of the precision experimental results from SLAC and KEK.
Decreased CP-1 (NF-Y) Activity Results in Transcriptional Down-Regulation of Topoisomerase IIα in a Doxorubicin-Resistant Variant of Human Multiple Myeloma RPMI 8226

Abstract Decreased topoisomerase II (Topo II) activity results in resistance to antineoplastic agents targeting this enzyme. Dox1V derived from human multiple myeloma RPMI 8226 demonstrated a 4-fold resistance to doxorubicin in the absence of MDR1 overexpression ortopo IImutations (Futscher B.W., Foley N., Gleason-Guzman M., Meltzer P.S., Sullivan D.M., and Dalton W.S., Int'l. J. Cancer, 66: 520-5, 1996.). Consistent with its drug resistant phenotype, a 2- to 3-fold decrease intopo IIexpression was identified. To investigate the molecular basis for decreasedtopo IIexpression in Dox1V, a semi-quantitative analysis of Topo II activity, protein level and mRNA transcript were performed. The results demonstrated that reduced Topo II activity is due to a decreased mRNA level. Southern blot and sequencing experiments revealed wild-type sequence of thetopo IIpromoter in the drug resistant cells. Transient gene expression assays demonstrated thattopo IIis transcriptionally down-regulated in Dox1V independent of the promoter sequence of the endogenous alleles. Instead, the activity of a ubiquitous transcription factor CP-1 (NF-Y) interacting with thetopo IIpromoter is decreased. The decrease in CP-1/NF-Y activity in Dox1V is correlated well with the decrease intopo IItranscriptional activity, transcript level, Topo II protein and enzyme activity. Therefore, transcriptional down-regulation resulted from a reduced CP-1/NF-Y activity is responsible for decreasedtopo IIexpression in Dox1V cells.
Estimating The Number Of Diagnostic Work Stations In A Digital X-Ray Department

The number of diagnostic work stations needed in a digital x-ray department varies as a function of department case load, the primary types of diagnostic activity, the number of radiologists on staff, and their relative proficiencies. Other factors which must be considered are the distribution of work load, the amount of time a user is willing to wait for a station, the cost of the stations, and system reliability. There are two extreme solutions to this problem: one work station per department versus one per radiolo-gist. Empirical data available in the literature provides some limiting assumptions. This paper will use that data and analyze the problem using multi-server queuing theory. Estimates using this approach indicate that an "average" department in a medium to large hospital will need five or more work stations to successfully operate an all digital department.
Empire's Verticality: The Af/Pak Frontier, Visual Culture, and Racialization from Above

AbstractWith the growing use of armed drones by the US homeland security state, the nexus of race, space, and visuality has developed a vector of verticality, what I call 'racialization from above', to supplement the long history of racialization on the ground, both in the United States and abroad. Taking the killing of Osama Bin Laden as a point of departure, this article considers how racialization from above transmutes the temporality of warfare through notions of pre-emption and endurance, recalibrates Orientalist imagined geography through recast concepts of proximity, and fixates on the capacity for 'precision targeting' along the borders of US imperial cartography. While doing so reveals how the raciality of the war on terror is produced through visual technologies, the article concludes by speculating briefly on how a counter-archive might enable us to see otherwise.
Magnesium and calcium ions enhance barotolerance of streptococci

Magnesium and calcium ions were found to enhance barotolerance of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC strain 9790 growing in a complex, glucose-containing medium. Enhancement was indicated both by higher growth rates and yields at 408 atm, and also by an increase in the maximum pressure permitting growth from 550 to 700 atm. The optimum concentration of either ion was ca. 50 mM, and both ions appeared to be equipotent in affecting the same processes by chemically specific interactions. Sodium, potassium, strontium, manganous, chloride, bromide or sulfate ions were all ineffective or only marginally effective in enhancing barotolerance. Mg++ and Ca++ also enhanced growth of compressed, ribose-degrading cultures. Pressure increased the sensitivity of streptococcal growth to low pH, and there appeared to be two distinct effects of Mg++ and Ca++ on barotolerance. First, the rate of exponential growth was enhanced prior to the time at which culture acidity began to limit growth. Second, growth was possible in more acid conditions under pressure when the ions were present, and enhanced yields from compressed cultures were related to this partial reversal of the potentiating effect of high pressure on acid inhibition of growth. Barotolerance of Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae was not enhanced by these ions; while tolerance of two types of chain-forming cocci freshly isolated from a rotting mussel was enhanced.
Hematocrit measurement technology for use in low-resource environments utilizing a microfluidic disk with optical reader

A portable hematocrit measurement technology is desired to allow for the rapid screening of anemia in low-resource environments. In this work, we describe the development of a microfluidic disk that is combined with a novel optical hematocrit reader to enable the screening of anemia in a point-of-care format. The system features a three-chamber microfluidic disk that interfaces with a microcentrifuge to achieve separation of a 15 μL blood sample. The hematocrit of the separated sample is then measured by the optical reader using red, green, blue color analysis. If successful, this system could enable the screening of anemia in a variety of resource-poor settings.
Patient expectations as predictor of chemotherapy-induced nausea.

We examined the relationship between patient's pretreatment expectations for nausea and vomiting and their subsequent development in a homogeneous group of 29 female cancer patients receiving platinum-containing chemotherapy as inpatients (Study 1) and in 81 subjects with any of a variety of cancer diagnoses treated largely as outpatients (Study 2). Each study found a significant relationship between patients' expectations for nausea development measured prior to their first treatment and their mean postchemotherapy nausea severity (both, p<0.05). Patients' expectations accounted for unique variance in nausea severity in each study even after controlling for known pharmacological and physiological predictors of nausea (Study 1: ΔR2=.18, p<.04; Study 2: ΔR2=.05, p<.03). By contrast, we found no significant relationships between expectations for vomiting and subsequent vomiting.
Detection and description of spatial patterns of bacterial brown spot of snap beans using cyclic samples

ABSTRACT Snap bean plants within seven-row segments that ranged from 65 to 147 m were sampled, using a cyclic sampling plan. In the cyclic sampling plan, only 6 of every 31 plants were sampled, but sampled plants were spaced such that pairs of plants that were 1, 2, 3, 4,…, 1,525 plants apart could be identified within each sample. Every leaflet on every sampled plant was assessed for bacterial brown spot, and the proportion of disease leaflets per plant was determined. Arcsine square-root-transformed disease incidence values were analyzed for spatial patterns by autocorrelation and spectral analyses. Disease patterns were detected at several different scales within a single snap bean row, at distances that ranged from ˜20 to ˜100 m. Approximately 23 to 53% of the disease variability in the samples could be described by sine and cosine curves, indicating a substantial component of regularity in the disease patterns. Possible origins for these regular patterns, including cultural practices and seed infesta...
Thinking Like a Mountain: Aldo Leopold and the Evolution of an Ecological Attitude toward Deer, Wolves, and Forests

When initially published more than twenty years ago, Thinking Like a Mountain was the first of a handful of efforts to capture the work and thought of America's most significant environmental thinker, Aldo Leopold. This new edition of Susan Flader's masterful account of Leopold's philosophical journey, including a new preface reviewing recent Leopold scholarship, makes this classic case study available again and brings much-deserved attention to the continuing influence and importance of Leopold today. Thinking Like a Mountain unfolds with Flader's close analysis of Leopold's essay of the same title, which explores issues of predation by studying the interrelationships between deer, wolves, and forests. Flader shows how his approach to wildlife management and species preservation evolved from his experiences restoring the deer population in the Southwestern United States, his study of the German system of forest and wildlife management, and his efforts to combat the overpopulation of deer in Wisconsin. His own intellectual development parallels the formation of the conservation movement, reflecting his struggle to understand the relationship between the land and its human and animal inhabitants. Drawing from the entire corpus of Leopold's works, including published and unpublished writing, correspondence, field notes, and journals, Flader places Leopold in his historical context. In addition, a biographical sketch draws on personal interviews with family, friends, and colleagues to illuminate his many roles as scientist, philosopher, citizen, policy maker, and teacher. Flader's insight and profound appreciation of the issues make Thinking Like a Mountain a standard source for readers interested in Leopold scholarship and the development of ecology and conservation in the twentieth century."
Fenfluramine-induced hypothermia is associated with cutaneous dilation in conscious rats.

The antiobesity agent, fenfluramine, produces hypothermia in rodents by an, as yet, uncharacterized mechanism. The present study was conducted in conscious rats to determine if fenfluramine-induced hypothermia was associated with cutaneous dilation. In animals maintained at 16 °C, core body temperature (TCORE) was measured telemetrically, and tail surface temperature was monitored with thermocouples fixed to the tail (TTAIL). d-Fenfluramine (10 mg/kg ip) produced a rapid increase in TTAIL of 7.7±0.4 °C (P<.001) and a decline in TCORE of 4±0.3 °C (P<.001). Two findings indicate that the increase in TTAIL was due to the withdrawal of a sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone. First, pretreatment with the ganglionic blocker, pentolinium, prevented fenfluramine-induced changes in TTAIL. Second, when sympathetic tone to the tail was physiologically withdrawn by increasing the environmental temperature to 28 °C, fenfluramine treatment produced no increase in TTAIL. Moreover, the effects of fenfluramine on TTAIL and TCORE depended on the uptake of fenfluramine into serotonergic neurons because these effects were markedly attenuated by pretreatment with the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, fluoxetine. The hypothermic effect of fenfluramine occurred despite the fact that total body oxygen consumption increased by 20%. The results suggest that heat loss due to the dilation of the cutaneous circulation contributes to fenfluramine-induced hypothermia.
The Concept of Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis

Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS), and it can have a major impact on health-related quality of life. Therefore, it is imperative that healthcare practitioners regularly assess fatigue in their patients with MS. Fatigue can be caused either by the disease process (primary fatigue) or by other problems such as insomnia, infections, or depression (secondary fatigue). Because the causes of secondary fatigue are generally amenable to treatment, it is important that healthcare practitioners distinguish between the two types of fatigue when assessing and treating fatigue. Because fatigue is a subjective experience, it can be difficult to measure. Tools such as the Fatigue Impact Scale and the Fatigue Severity Scale can be used to help clinicians and researchers measure fatigue. The Symptom Management Model can be used to guide healthcare practitioners in the assessment and treatment of fatigue. A variety of treatment options are available for MS-related fatigue, and it is important that patients and their support systems are made aware that fatigue can be managed.
Comparison of the body wall myosin heavy chain sequences from Onchocerca volvulus and Brugia malayi.

The complete coding sequence of Onchocerca volvulus myosin heavy chain has been determined from a series of overlapping cDNAs. The protein sequences from the 2 filarids, one responsible for subcutaneous filariasis, the other for lymphatic filariasis, show 92% identity, and are 1957 amino acids long. Each protein sequence is also equally related, with 75% identity, to MHC-B, the protein encoded by the unc-54 gene of the free-living nematode C.elegans. Such analysis is useful in phylogenetic studies among nematodes, as well as in structure-function relationships among myosin isolates.
Correlation of clinical and biochemical findings with diabetic ketoacidosis-related cerebral edema in children using magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging.

Objective To determine clinical and biochemical factors influencing cerebral edema formation during diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children. Study design We used magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging to quantify edema formation. We measured the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of brain water during and after DKA treatment in 26 children and correlated ADC changes with clinical and biochemical variables. Results Mean ADC values were elevated during DKA treatment compared with baseline (8.13 ± 0.47 vs 7.74 ± 0.49 × 10−4 mm2/sec, difference in means 0.40, 95% CI: 0.25 to 0.55, P Conclusions The degree of edema formation during DKA in children is correlated with the degree of dehydration and hyperventilation at presentation, but not with factors related to initial osmolality or osmotic changes during treatment. These data support the hypothesis that CE is related to cerebral hypoperfusion during DKA, and that osmotic fluctuations during DKA treatment do not play a primary causal role.
Abstract 5170: Identification of factors secreted by melanoma exhibiting propensity for lung metastases

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Disseminated malignant melanoma is a result of widespread lymphatic and systemic metastases. We hypothesized that melanoma cells secret a cohort of factors that orchestrate tumor microenvironment to enable them to expand and metastasize. A proteomic approach was used to identify factors secreted by a lung metastatic and its parental primary melanoma cell lines as well as four primary cultured melanoma cell strains established from surgical material of melanoma patients. The lead factors identified were matricellular proteins, extracellular matrix proteins, tissue metalloproteinases, proteinase inhibitors, and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. Several of these factors exhibit differential levels between the primary and the lung metastatic cell lines. To establish a melanoma lung metastasis signature, lung metastatic melanoma tumor cell lines derived from xenograph melanoma were selected. Protein secretion in culture medium by melanoma cells that exhibit a propensity to metastasize to the lung was analyzed using Western blot analysis. Our data show that decreased extracellular level of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP1, MMP2) and increased level of proteinase inhibitors (TIMP1, Glia-derived nexin) are associated with the development of melanoma lung metastases. These results suggest that these proteins can be useful markers in clinical testing for melanoma progression and as potential targets for intervening metastatic melanoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5170. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5170
Isomaltose excretion in health, severe injury, and disease.

Abstract The excretion of urinary aldoses was studied in nine severely injured or ill surgical patients and seven healthy subjects. The disaccharide isomaltose, at first found in large amounts in the urine of two injured men, was found to be regularly present in the urine of healthy, fasting individuals in the range of 2.35–3.23 mg/24 hr(2.80 mg/24 hr). Its level decreased by the fourth day of complete caloric starvation (less than 1.5 mg/24 hr). In a group of five patients, isomaltose ranged from 9.26 to 102.12 mg/24 hr (46.7 mg/24 hr). The highest value was found in a comatose patient with a brain stem injury, and the lowest one was found in a patient treated for cardiopulmonary insufficiency. In addition to isomaltose and a few only partially identified other oligosaccharides, the most frequently and profoundly elevated urinary aldoses were mannose, lactose, and glucuronolactone. No interrelations could be established in the rise of isomaltose, glucose, and other elevated saccharides. It is suggested that their elevated excretion is a consequence of independent metabolic and functional processes. High isomaltose excretion appears to be part of the systemic glycogenolytic response of the human body to severe injury and disease.
Echocardiographic measures associated with early postsurgical myocardial dysfunction in pediatric patients with mitral valve regurgitation.

Background The assessment of left ventricular (LV) systolic function using conventional echocardiographic measures is problematic in the setting of mitral regurgitation (MR) given that altered loading conditions can mask underlying ventricular dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to characterize LV function and deformation before and after effective mitral valve repair or replacement to determine echocardiographic measures associated with early postoperative myocardial dysfunction. Methods Baseline LV function was assessed retrospectively by conventional echocardiography and speckle-tracking strain analysis pre- and postoperatively in patients diagnosed with MR between January 2000 and March 2013, excluding patients with less than mild to moderate MR preoperatively, left-sided obstructive lesions, large septal defects, or more than mild MR postoperatively. Results Forty-six pediatric patients were evaluated (average age, 8.2 ± 6.4 years). Thirteen patients had normal preoperative ejection fractions but significant postoperative dysfunction (defined as an ejection fraction P = .04), global circumferential strain (−13.2 ± 5.6% vs −17.1 ± 4.6%, P = .02), and global circumferential strain rate (−0.94 ± 0.40 vs −1.36 ± 0.42 sec −1 , P = .004) were found to be statistically different. Using receiver operating characteristic curves, an older preoperative age (area under the curve, 0.67; P = .03), lower global circumferential strain magnitude (area under the curve, 0.74; P = .007), and lower global circumferential strain rate magnitude (area under the curve, 0.80; P = .0004) were determined to be factors associated with early postoperative LV dysfunction after surgical repair of MR. Conclusions Strain measurements may be useful as part of the echocardiographic assessment of patients with MR and can guide timing for surgical repair in the pediatric population.
Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR) Study of Isolated C70 Molecules and C70 Films

Abstract The X-band ODMR of C70 molecules isolated in a toluene/polystyrene (C70:T/PS) glass and C70 films is compared to that of C60. As C60:T/PS, the C70 glasses exhibit only a triplet pattern at g ≊ 2, clearly due to an exciton delocalized over the molecule; however, it is strikingly asymmetric and narrower, due to the larger size of C70. The ODMR of both C60 and C70 films includes a narrow photoluminescence-enhancing polaron resonance and full- and half- field narrow and broad triplet exciton patterns. As in the glasses, the narrow pattern is due to the exciton delocalized over the molecule and is narrower in C70 The broad pattern is tentatively assigned to a triplet localized on a face adjacent to a neighboring molecule. In contrast to C60, the ODMR of C70 films is detectable up to 295 K, apparently due to the slower rotation.
Two-atom two-photon resonance fluorescence

Abstract The excitation spectrum arising from the interaction between two identical two-level atoms, one of which is excited in the presence of a strong electromagnetic field (pump field), is investigated when the atomic transition frequency is nearly twice the frequency of the pump field. The excitation spectrum consists of those describing the symmetric and antisymmetric modes, respectively. The spectral functions for the symmetric and antisymmetric modes are derived and discussed in detail. The possibility to measure directly the magnitude of the dipole-dipole interaction energy is discussed.
Root canal morphology of the human maxillary second premolar

Abstract Two hundred human maxillary second premolars were decalcified, injected with dye, and cleared in order to determine the number of root canals and their different types, the curvature of the roots and root canals in all directions, the ramifications of the main root canals, the location of the apical foramina and transverse anastomoses, and the frequency of apical deltas.
Thoracic epidural versus patient-controlled analgesia in elective bowel resections

Abstract Background: This study was undertaken to determine if thoracic epidural analgesia is of practical benefit after bowel resection. Methods: Patients were prospectively randomized to receive either a thoracic epidural or patient-controlled analgesia for pain control after bowel resection. A standardized postoperative protocol was instituted after surgery. Results: Pain scores were significantly lower in the epidural group. Return of bowel function, and interval to discharge was not different between groups. Cost and complication rates were significantly higher in the epidural group. Conclusions: Although pain scores were significantly lower in the epidural group, this did not translate into a quicker return of bowel function or earlier discharge of the patient. Furthermore, the epidural group had a significantly higher complication rate and cost. Therefore, while thoracic epidural analgesia provides superior pain control, it does not offer a significant advantage over patient-controlled analgesia in return of bowel function after bowel resection.
Differential ring proton NMR shieldings and cyclic stabilization energies

Abstract Ring currents are thought to be responsible for unusual magnetic susceptibility effects in organic ring systems and represent a method of measuring cyclic stabilization/destabilization (aromaticity/antiaromaticity). They should, in principle, also affect nuclear shieldings in such systems, especially proton shieldings. By studying a variety of four-, five-, and six-membered organic ring systems, we investigate the question here by theoretical means as to whether proton shieldings reflect such cyclic stabilization/destabilization effects as measured by homomolecular homodesmotic reaction energies. While absolute shieldings show only a slight hint of correlation, it is found that differences in ring proton shieldings between the fully unsaturated species and its monoene counterpart show a clear correlation with this energy. In particular, mean differential shieldings exhibit a good linear relationship with the homomolecular homodesmotic reaction energy that is quantitatively comparable to other measures of aromaticity/antiaromaticity.
Careful Numerical Study of Flowfields about Symmetric External Conical Corners

A numerical study of the flowfield about asymmetrical external axial corners formed by the juncture of swept compressive wedges is presented. The geometrical configuration allows a unified treatment of external corners typical of delta wings and rectangular inlets. The study investigates how the flow transitions from a symmetrical flowfield with a cross-flow stagnation point at the corner to an asymmetrical flowfield for which the flow spills over the corner. The effects of leading-edge sweep, wedge compression, and corner radius are investigated.