cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public Support for Religious Education in the Nineteenth-Century United States.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the three overlapping movements during the nineteenth century that sought to provide public support for religious education. The first movement sought to fund denominational schools directly from public revenues. These publicly supported denominational schools received funds from the state in proportion to the number of students they enrolled. The second movement tried to establish common non-denominational religious schools. These non-denominational religious public schools were supported by the Protestant majority, though opposed by Catholics and Lutherans. In the third movement, the religious public schools, attempted to create schools that were nondenominational during the class hours but were denominational outside class hours.
Structure of a directory space: a case study with a UNIX operating system

Abstract The subjects of this study are the structure of directory spaces and users' search behaviors in a UNIX operating system environment. Protocol analyses, questionnaires and surveys were conducted with users of the CAD-VAX and SPICE-VAX computers in the Architecture and Computer Science departments at Carnegie Mellon University. Findings indicate that most directories studied were organized hierarchically (tree structure) but with few levels. Some nodes were specialized as file storage areas (the leaves of the tree) and others as switch nodes that were used primarily during search. Depth first search characterized both the organization of the directories and the behavior of the users. Single-step as opposed to multiple-step traversal of the directory tree was also prevalent. Recommendations for system friendliness in terms of reusability, orientation, robustness, and consistency are discussed.
An Overview of Epithelio-Mesenchymal Transformation

Epithelium is the tissue phenotype of early embryos and primitive adults of the chordate phylum. A second tissue type, however, is produced by epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) in higher cho
Nudging, Ensemble, and Nudging Ensembles for Data Assimilation in the Presence of Model Error

AbstractObjective data assimilation methods such as variational and ensemble algorithms are attractive from a theoretical standpoint. Empirical nudging approaches are computationally efficient and can get around some amount of model error by using arbitrarily large nudging coefficients. In an attempt to take advantage of the strengths of both methods for analyses, combined nudging-ensemble approaches have been recently proposed. Here the two-scale Lorenz model is used to elucidate how the forecast error from nudging, ensemble, and nudging-ensemble schemes varies with model error. As expected, an ensemble filter and smoother are closest to optimal when model errors are small or absent. Model error is introduced by varying model forcing, coupling between scales, and spatial filtering. Nudging approaches perform relatively better with increased model error; use of poor ensemble covariance estimates when model error is large harms the nudging-ensemble performance. Consequently, nudging-ensemble methods always...
Theoretical latent hardening of crystals in double slip—I. F.C.C. crystals with a common slip plane

Abstract T he hardening of all slip systems in f.c.c. crystals, deforming in finite double-slip on two systems with a common slip plane, is determined according to the “simple theory” of rotation-dependent plastic anisotropy. Both tensile and compressive axial-loading are considered. Of particular interest are predictions of crystal response after the loading axis has rotated into a higher symmetry position (6-fold in tension and 4-fold in compression). In contrast with classical Taylor hardening, the simple theory predicts that the axis will “overshoot” the higher symmetry position. A postulate of minimum plastic work plays a significant role in the theoretical analyses of multiple-slip positions.
8*8 symmetric nonblocking integrated acoustooptic space switch module on LiNbO/sub 3/

An 8*8 symmetric nonblocking integrated acoustooptic space switch module has been realized on a Y-cut LiNbO/sub 3/ substrate, 1.0*10.0*37.0 mm in size. The switch module consists of a new hybrid beam expanding-collimating lens, a large aperture focusing lens, and a pair of four-element tilted surface acoustic wave (SAW) transducer arrays in a titanium-in-diffused channel-planar-channel composite waveguide. Experimental results of point-to-point nonblocking switching at the optical wavelength of 0.6328 mu m, including an average crosstalk of -12.2 dB, optical switching efficiency of 25% at 125 mW RF drive power, carrier frequency increment of 13.5 MHz for switching between adjacent output channels and reconfiguration time of 0.4 mu s have been obtained. >
Self synchronization based air traffic control and collision avoidance system

The task of the Air Traffic Control (ATC) is to optimize the use of air space and to avoid collision among aerial vehicles. Air space can be defined as a set of infinite number of planes, direction, routes etc. The existing ATC system can to maximizing the use of available air space but the human involvement at various stages limits it capability. The NextGen [1] vision of air traffic control system proposed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) mainly focuses on automation of various aspects of ATC system and minimizing human intervention to improve efficiency and performance. We envision that in the future it will be required to eliminate the location specific (airport based) takeoff and landing. Lightweight Aircraft should be allowed to take off from any location and be allowed to land anywhere. We consider the future requirements and present a novel automated air traffic control and collision avoidance system in this paper. In this paper we introduce a unique scheme of synchronization among aerial vehicles and air traffic control systems. It helps to obtain unique route for each flight to minimize the conflict but if it is not possible to find a unique route then the scheme provides an optimized solution that efficiently uses shared resources such as runways, navaids [2] etc. We also present a new conflict resolution and collision avoidance technique using self synchronization among aerial vehicles without the help from ATC.
Improved cloud detection in GOES scenes over land

Abstract Accurate cloud detection in satellite data over land is a difficult task complicated by spatially and temporally varying land surface reflectivities and emissivities. The GOES split-and-merge clustering (GSMC) algorithm for cloud detection in GOES scenes over land provides a computationally efficient, scene specific way to circumvent these difficulties. The algorithm consists of three steps: 1) a split-and-merge clustering of the input data which segments the scene into its natural grouping; 2) a cluster labeling procedure which uses scene specific adaptive thresholds (as opposed to constant static thresholds) to label the clusters as either cloud or cloud-free land; and 3) a post-processing step which imposes a degree of spatial uniformity on the labeled land and cloud pixels. An “a priori” mask feature also enhances cloud detection in traditionally difficult scenes (e.g., clouds over bright desert). Results show that the GSMC algorithm is neither regionally nor temporally specific and can be used over a large range of solar altitudes.
A FIELD TEST OF THE ACCURACY OF A PASSIVE ACOUSTIC LOCATION SYSTEM

ABSTRACT In this study, we tested the ability of a computer-based passive acoustic location system (ALS) to determine the two-dimensional locations of vocalizing animals. The ALS uses multi-track tape recordings to estimate locations based on arrival time delays between widely-spaced microphones. We tested the accuracy of ALS location estimates using tape recordings of wild free-ranging birds made with 4 microphones placed at the corners of a 40m square. We compared ALS location estimates for these birds with locations determined by surveying the locations of the perches birds vocalized from. ALS location estimates were typically less than lm away from surveyed locations when birds vocalized within the square microphone array, rising to just over 2m for birds vocalizing from within 25m beyond the array boundary. Beyond 25m, accuracy diminished rapidly with increasing distance. ALS accuracy did not depend on the bird species located, but location estimates based on frequency-modulated tonal notes were more...
Crystal structures of 2-chloro- and 2,5-dichloro-benzophenones

The crystal structures of 2-chlorobenzophenone (1) and 2,5-dichlorobenzophenone (2) were obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystallization of 1 occurs in the centrosymmetric monoclinic space group P21/c (No. 14) with a = 8.2812(8), b = 16.5933(1), c = 7.7599(7); β = 98.488(5)° and Z = 4. Crystallization of 2 occurs in the centrosymmetric orthorhombic space group Pbca (No. 61) with a = 16.414(3), b = 7.7896(1), and c = 17.754(4); and Z = 8. Details of the structures and spectroscopic results are presented and discussed. Torsion angles about the carbonyl functionality were found to be outside the previously observed values for unsubstituted benzophenones by greater than 20°.
THE ROBUSTNESS OF THE SYNTHETIC CONTROL CHART TO NON-NORMALITY

The Synthetic control chart has recently been introduced as an improvement over the standard Shewhart control chart for detecting changes in the mean of a normally distributed process. The salient features of the Shewhart chart and the Conforming Run Length chart are integrated to produce the Synthetic control chart. In many practical instances, the Synthetic chart is superior to the Shewhart chart in terms of quicker detection of out-of-control status when the process data are normally distributed. The robustness of the Synthetic chart to violations of the normality assumption is the central theme of this study. We find that in-control average run lengths for the Synthetic chart are reasonably close to the normal theory values when there is moderate nonnormality or when the sample size n is large. Additionally, out-of-control average run lengths are comparable to the corresponding normal theory values for a variety of non-normal distributions.
Data communication between an expert system shell and a conventional algorithmic program with application to cam motion specification

Although more and more expert system shells have begun to provide communication interfaces to conventional procedural languages, the interfaces are basically shell- and language-dependent. This paper presents a simple, shell- and language-independent data communication technique between a shell and a procedural language via a concept analogous to the handshake data transmission used in microprocessors. A control file is used for the action of handshake. The communication interface is between two data files in two different language environments. A program written in a LISP-based expert system shell, OPS 5, and one written in a procedural language, FORTRAN, were tested to verify the presented technique.
Microdischarge behaviour in the silent discharge of nitrogen - oxygen and water - air mixtures

In this paper measurements of the behaviour of single microdischarges between metal and glass electrodes for both negative and positive polarities of the metal (designated and transitions, respectively), as well as the overall discharge behaviour between glass electrodes (GG), will be presented for different nitrogen - oxygen and water vapour - air mixtures. Increasing the oxygen concentration in nitrogen decreases the transferred charge per microdischarge for both polarities ( and ), while the total transferred charge per cycle is increased. With increasing water content in air, more charge is transferred per microdischarge for the polarity , but no significant change in the amount of transferred charge was found for a microdischarge. Less total charge is transferred per cycle with increasing water content. This is also true for double-dielectric barrier discharges (GG). The results suggest that water vapour coats the dielectric, reducing the surface resistance and increasing the effective dielectric capacity. This mechanism is supported by analysis of the voltage versus charge plot (Lissajous figure) for the involved capacitances of a double-barrier discharge. The reduction of the surface resistance of the dielectric and the resulting increase in the effective dielectric capacitance, are shown by photographs of spatially isolated microdischarges in a metal - pin dielectric arrangement.
Steam distillation with resin extraction for isolation and concentration of organic compounds from aqueous samples

Abstract Steam distillation is combined with solid-phase resin extraction using a simple apparatus and interface. A concentration factor of at least 100 is obtained. The method is effective for the isolation and concentration of organic compounds from complex aqueous samples ar μg l−1 levels. Factors affecting the recovery of model compounds are studied; it is shown that the recovery of many compounds is improved markedly by disconnecting the condenser. Under proper conditions, compounds with boiling points in excess of 400°C are recovered quantitatively in only 24 mill.
The Influence of Feeding Ascorbic Acid and Sulfate on Egg Production and on Cholesterol Content of Certain Tissues of the Hen

Abstract Continuously feeding 1333 p.p.m. ascorbic acid to S.C.W.L. chicks resulted in delayed onset of egg production compared to controls. Ascorbate fed hens had increased (P
Involvement of gynecologic oncologists in the treatment of patients with a suspicious ovarian mass.

OBJECTIVE:To identify the factors associated with inclusion of a gynecologic oncologist in managing the care of a woman with suspected ovarian cancer.METHODS:A vignette-based survey was mailed to 3,200 physicians aged 64 and younger who were randomly sampled from family physician, general internist,
Multicolor Monomeric Near-Infrared Fluorescent Proteins

The genetically encoded near-infrared fluorescent probes are preferable for non-invasive in vivo imaging. In the near-infrared spectral region (650-900 nm) mammalian tissues are relatively transparent to light because the combined absorption by hemoglobin and water is minimal.Previously, we have developed five spectrally distinct fluorescent proteins, iRFP670, iRFP682, iRFP702, iRFP713 (aka iRFP) and iRFP720, from bacterial phytochromes. As a chromophore, iRFPs use a heme derivative, called biliverdin, abundant in mammalian cells. All iRFPs incorporate endogenous biliverdin efficiently and autocatalytically, do not require its exogenous supply and, therefore, can be used as easily as GFP-like proteins. iRFPs are dimers and can mainly serve for labeling of organelles and whole cells. iRFPs have enabled multicolor imaging of deep tissues in living animals.Here we report a palette of monomeric iRFPs suitable for protein tagging, which also do not require external biliverdin. To engineer these proteins we first used rational design to monomerize the proteins and engineer spectral shifts. Then we applied directed molecular evolution with the high-throughput screening for selection of mutants, which incorporate biliverdin efficiently and specifically. As the result, we have engineered three spectrally different monomeric iRFPs, named miRFP670, miRFP703 and miRFP709. miRFPs are characterized by high effective brightness in mammalian cells, high pH stability and high photostability. We demonstrated that miRFPs perform well as fusion tags for cellular proteins.The set of miRFPs should enable imaging of several tagged proteins in living mammals, and thus will be useful in cell and developmental biology and biomedicine. The developed molecular evolution approaches could be used for optimization of genetically encoded tools derived from other photoreceptors including flavoproteins and opsins.
Data visualization and analysis within a Hydrologic Information System: Integrating with the R statistical computing environment

This paper presents a prototype software system for visualization and analysis of hydrologic data that provides interoperability between the Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI) Hydrologic Information System (HIS) and the R statistical computing environment. By linking these two systems within a single desktop software application, an integrated hydrologic data management and analysis environment has been created that simplifies the process used by scientists and engineers to find, access, organize, and analyze the hydrologic data needed in modeling and managing hydrologic and environmental systems. The implementation of this work is a software plug-in for the CUAHSI HIS HydroDesktop software system called HydroR. We describe the design, graphical user interface, and implementation of the HydroR plug-in. An example application of HydroR is presented in which total suspended solids concentrations are modeled for the Little Bear River using a regression developed from turbidity and total suspended solids observations downloaded from the CUAHSI HIS using HydroDesktop. Finally, we conclude with a summary of our experience in developing interoperability between HIS and R and suggest future developments that can extend the capabilities we have developed. We developed a software system that integrates the CUAHSI HIS and R.HydroR combines data discovery and management with analysis and visualization in a single software environment.HydroR reduces effort required to access data and transfer it into an analysis environment.HydroR promotes repeatable analyses and may reduce potential errors.
Persistence and Change in a Growing Community: a Case Study of Seabrook, New Hampshire

This is a study of the “Great Change” in a small town: Seabrook, New Hampshire. Previous sociological literature suggests that many elements of “community,” such as cohesion, autonomy and local leadership, tend to disappear as the larger society comes to dominate local activities. Case study data on community actions and leadership in three phases of Seabrook's history (pre-boom, boom, post-boom) over the years 1950– 1980 give evidence of persistence of community despite changes in local characteristics. The community retained its essential pattern of leadership and action while it became more diverse and dynamic. The findings suggest that substantial change, while perhaps inevitable for small towns on the fringes of a metropolitan society, need not spell the demise of community.
The Halpern Syndrome of Monocular Visual Vertigo: A Rare Cause of Monocular Eye Closure

Background: Halpern syndrome is a vestibular disorder characterized by vertigo, a tendency to tilt to one side, and spontaneous closure of the ipsilateral eye. Symptoms are exacerbated during monocular viewing with the ipsilateral eye and alleviated during monocular viewing with the contralateral eye. It has long been attributed to a mismatch between visual and vestibular input.Methods: Reexamination of Halpern syndrome in light of new concepts of visuo-vestibular disease.Results: The visually dependent postural disequilibrium in Halpern syndrome recapitulates the dorsal light reflex in fish, in which unequal luminance input to the two eyes evokes a tilt of the body toward the brighter side.Conclusion: Patients with Halpern syndrome close one eye to restore vertical postural orientation. Halpern syndrome may result from reactivation the dorsal light reflex in the setting of central vestibular disease.
Basic Amino Acid Transport in Escherichia coli: Properties of Canavanine-Resistant Mutants

A mutant of Escherichia coli strain CanR 22 has been isolated which is resistant to growth inhibition by canavanine, an analogue of arginine. The properties of this strain and of another canavanine-resistant mutant, JC182-5 (isolated by Celis et al. [5]), were studied. The mutation is pleiotropic in that it results in a reduction in the activity of two distinct permeases, the arginine-specific and lysine-arginine-ornithine transport systems. The lesion maps at min 56 of the E. coli linkage map, at or near the argP locus. Although strain CanR 22 excretes arginine, this excretion appears to result from reduced ability to concentrate arginine, rather than the loss of transport ability being the result of excretion. This conclusion is based on findings with a canavanine-resistant strain auxotrophic for arginine, which exhibits transport properties similar to those of the prototrophic strains. Additionally, growth in the presence of arginine or ornithine results in a repression of the activity of the two basic amino acid transport systems. Neither the arginine-specific nor the lysine-arginine-ornithine binding proteins of the mutant cells show significant alterations in terms of amount, physical properties, or kinetic parameters. These observations lead to the proposal of a model for the two basic amino acid transport systems in which two carrier proteins with different specificities interact with a common energy coupling mechanism. A lesion in the gene (or one of the genes) for this coupling mechanism can confer canavanine resistance.
Review of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Around the World

SUMMARY. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a gamma coronavirus that causes a highly contagious disease in chickens. The virus can affect the upper respiratory tract and the reproductive tract, and some strains can cause a nephritis. Different serotypes and genetic types of the virus have been identified worldwide and for the most part do not cross-protect. In addition, new types of the virus continue to arise due to mutations and recombination events in the viral genome, making this virus difficult to identify and extremely difficult to control. Surveillance and identification of IBV types is extremely important for control of the disease and the advancement of molecular methods have aided in this pursuit. Genetic typing of IBV, which involves reverse transcription–PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the S1 glycoprotein gene, has revolutionized diagnosis and identification of this virus by making it possible to type and compare the relatedness of a large number of virus isolates in a short perio...
TonB-dependent systems of uropathogenic Escherichia coli: aerobactin and heme transport and TonB are required for virulence in the mouse.

The uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain CFT073 has multiple iron acquisition systems, including heme and siderophore transporters. A tonB mutant derivative of CFT073 failed to use heme as an iron source or to utilize the siderophores enterobactin and aerobactin, indicating that transport of these compounds in CFT073 is TonB dependent. The TonB− derivative showed reduced virulence in a mouse model of urinary tract infection. Virulence was restored when the tonB gene was introduced on a plasmid. To determine the importance of the individual TonB-dependent iron transport systems during urinary tract infections, mutants defective in each of the CFT073 high-affinity iron transport systems were constructed and tested in the mouse model. Mouse virulence assays indicated that mutants defective in a single iron transport system were able to infect the kidney when inoculated as a pure culture but were unable to efficiently compete with the wild-type strain in mixed infections. These results indicate a role for TonB-dependent systems in the virulence of uropathogenic E. coli strains.
Transcription affects formation and processing of intermediates in oligonucleotide‐mediated gene alteration

The role of transcription in oligonucleotide (ODN)-directed gene modification has been investigated in mammalian cells. The importance of transcription is demonstrated using mammalian cell lines with varying degrees of transcription of the mutant LacZ reporter gene, residing in both episome and chromosome. Gene correction occurs more efficiently when the target gene is actively transcribed and antisense ODN is more active than sense ODN. Using an approach that combines biochemical studies with a cell-based assay to measure the functional activity of intermediates it is shown that a joint molecule, consisting of supercoiled DNA and homologous ODN targeted to correct the mutated base, is a functional intermediate in the gene repair process. Furthermore, this approach showed that a resected joint molecule is a downstream intermediate of the D-loop. These results indicate that the primary reason for efficient gene repair exhibited by the antisense ODN is its increased accessibility to the non-transcribed strand, and as a consequence an increased formation of intermediate during active transcription. Moreover, the processing of intermediates was also affected by transcription, suggesting that ODN-directed gene repair may be linked to transcription-coupled repair. Thus, transcription plays an important role in ODN-directed gene repair by affecting the formation and processing of key intermediates.
Disruption of Oncogene/Tumor Suppressor Networks During Human Carcinogenesis

Oncogenes were initially discovered as retrovirally transmitted tumor causing agents. The realization that such retroviral oncogenes constitute specifically altered versions of cellular genes—proto-oncogenes, was a landmark discovery that set the stage for the molecular and mechanistic era of cancer research. Moreover, the studies on oncogene functions have been instrumental in delineating many of the paradigms of cellular signal transduction. In contrast to the original studies in animals, oncogenic activation through retroviral transmission does not appear to be a major factor in human tumorigenesis. However, oncogenes are frequently activated by gain of function mutations or fusions with other genes, or they are aberrantly expressed due to amplification, increased promoter activity, or protein stabilization, and hence they play integral roles in the genesis of human tumors.
Marcellus Shale Development and the Susquehanna River An Exploratory Analysis of Cross-Sector Attitudes on Natural Gas Hydraulic Fracturing

In this exploratory analysis, we survey Susquehanna River basin stakeholders regarding the environmental, social, and economic impacts of natural gas hydraulic fracturing in the Marcellus Region. Our survey involved collecting data based on four categories: economic opportunity, protection of health and safety, preserving communities, and achieving energy security. We separated responses on a cross-sector basis in order to differentiate between the nonprofit, government, and private sectors. Overall, responses by the three sectors are relatively similar. Of the 21 questions measured by a 5-point Likert-type scale (with 5 being the highest priority), 17 questions measure above 3 for all three sectors. With hydraulic fracturing in the Marcellus Region in the early stages of a typical energy “boom-bust” cycle, the results of this survey provide baseline data to compare with stakeholder attitudes at later stages of the cycle.
Diel patterns of reproduction in rotifer populations from a tropical lake

SUMMARY. The diel patterns of reproduction were studied for three rotifer populations from Lake Valencia, Venezuela. Significant departures from uniformity were recorded for egg eclosion and egg deposition rates in Keratella americana and Brachianus calyciflorus, but only from egg deposition rates in B. havanaensis. The existence of non-random reproduction has practical ramifications for studies of population dynamics and secondary production.
Modulation of host cell mechanics by Trypanosoma cruzi

To investigate the effects of Trypanosoma cruzi on the mechanical properties of infected host cells, cytoskeletal stiffness and remodeling dynamics were measured in parasite-infected fibroblasts. We find that cell stiffness decreases in a time-dependent fashion in T. cruzi-infected human foreskin fibroblasts without a significant change in the dynamics of cytoskeletal remodeling. In contrast, cells exposed to T. cruzi secreted/released components become significantly stiffer within 2 h of exposure and exhibit increased remodeling dynamics. These findings represent the first direct mechanical data to suggest a physical picture in which an intact, stiff, and rapidly remodeling cytoskeleton facilitates early stages of T. cruzi invasion and parasite retention, followed by subsequent softening and disassembly of the cytoskeleton to accommodate intracellular replication of parasites. We further suggest that these changes occur through protein kinase A and inhibition of the Rho/Rho kinase signaling pathway. In the context of tissue infection, changes in host cell mechanics could adversely affect the function of the infected organs, and may play an important role on the pathophysiology of Chagas' disease.
Blending with an Other: An Analysis of Trance Channeling in the United States

Our psychobiological heritage as human beings seems to include an inherent capacity to experience trance, as a type of altered state of consciousness (Bourguignon 1973:12). Fully 90 percent of human societies exhibit institutionalized forms of altered states of consciousness (Bourguignon 1973:11), and furthermore, trance states are experienced in a variety of types of societies, irrespective of their level of socioeconomic or sociopolitical organization or complexity (Winkelman 1989). As Bourguignon has pointed out, however, although trance is a universal capacity, its utilization, institutionalization, and patterning are culturally mediated (1973:12). I would assert, further, that the experience of trance is culturally constructed to the extent that beliefs and ideas about trance states determine their content and
Pure-mode network analyzer concept for on-wafer measurements of differential circuits at millimeter-wave frequencies

A measurement concept based on a two-port vector network analyzer has been developed, which enables pure-mode on-wafer measurements of differential circuits in the millimeter-wave frequency range. An error model for the measurement system is derived as required for future calibration algorithms. Based on WR15 waveguide components, together with 1.85-mm coaxial probes, a setup has been built and its amplitude and phase imbalances have been characterized in the frequency range from 50 to 65 GHz.
Detailed Phonon Generation Simulations via the Monte Carlo Method

Modeling heat generation at nanometer scales in silicon is of great interest and particularly relevant to the heating and reliability of nanoscale and thin-film transistors. Joule heating is usually simulated as the dot product of the macroscopic electric field and current density [1]. This approach does not account for the microscopic non-locality of the phonon emission near a strongly peaked electric field region. It also does not differentiate between electron energy exchange with the various phonon branches and does not give any information regarding the types of phonons emitted. The present work addresses both of these issues: we use a detailed Monte Carlo (MC) simulation to compute sub-continuum and phonon mode-specific heat generation rates, with applications at nanometer length scales.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN AN AUSTERE ENVIRONMENT: THE CHALLENGE OF THE EIGHTIES

It is clear, even to the most casual observer, that the era of intensive spending for rural development ended with the 1970s. The combined effects of inflation and recession, and the efforts of the Reagan administration to reduce government spending to combat these problems, signal the beginning of a new era in rural development. While there has been considerable disenchantment with the morass of unrelated federal agencies and spending programs that have constituted the actors and means in the process of rural development policy, the current milieu seems to have created considerable pessimism concerning the future of rural areas. The degree to which such a pessimistic outlook is justified is debatable, although there is certainly some reason for concern for the short-term human suffering that is already evident as programs are cut and services are reduced.
Utilization of panoramic radiographs to evaluate short-term complications of mandibular fracture repair.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Detection of complications after mandibular fracture repair is generally based on the clinical examination. However, postoperative evaluation of the patient often includes imaging of the repaired mandible. At our institution, the majority of patients with mandibular fracture have had at least one panoramic mandible radiograph taken postoperatively. The purpose of this study was to assess whether these radiographic studies contributed to detection of complications and thereby had an impact on the clinical course of the patient. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods : The available medical records over a 5-and-a-half-year period of all patients who were treated at our institution for a fractured mandible were reviewed. Patients included in the study were those who were followed for at least 2 months and two postoperative visits, Results: Our series of 289 patients included 25 patients with complications. Of these patients, 24 had postoperative panoramic radiographs. All of the complications were discovered based on history and physical examination. In six of the patients with complications, the panoramic radiograph was suspicious for a complication. There were five false-positive studies of the 240 postoperative studies performed in patients without complications. No complications were diagnosed based on radiography. Conclusions: After surgical treatment of mandibular fractures, panoramic radiographs add little to the physical examination and history toward the detection of complications. We believe that panoramic radiographs need not be used routinely, but may be reserved for patients who have complaints or physical findings suggestive of complications. radiograph, postoperative infection, complication.
Interleukin-32 positively regulates radiation-induced vascular inflammation.

Purpose To study the role of interleukin-32 (IL-32), a novel protein only detected in human tissues, in ionizing radiation (IR)–induced vascular inflammation. Methods and Materials Irradiated (0–6 Gy) human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with or without various agents—a cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) inhibitor, a cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) inhibitor, or lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs)—were used to assess IL-32 expression by Northern blot analysis and quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Expression of cell adhesion molecules and leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells using human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) cells was also analyzed. Results Ionizing radiation dramatically increased IL-32 expression in vascular endothelial cells through multiple pathways. Ionizing radiation induced IL-32 expression through nuclear factor κB activation, through induction of cPLA2 and LPC, as well as induction of Cox-2 and subsequent conversion of arachidonic acid to prostacyclin. Conversely, blocking nuclear factor κB, cPLA2, and Cox-2 activity impaired IR-induced IL-32 expression. Importantly, IL-32 significantly enhanced IR-induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecules and leukocyte adhesion on endothelial cells. Conclusion This study identifies IL-32 as a positive regulator in IR-induced vascular inflammation, and neutralization of IL-32 may be beneficial in protecting from IR-induced inflammation.
Minority Women and Career Adjustment

Minority women have experiences that are similar to those of minority men and White women, but their membership in two (or more) minority groups can be the source of unique challenges and stressors in the workforce. This article examines theory and research on minority women's issues with career adjustment, and uses the Theory of Work Adjustment (Lofquist & Dawis, 1991) to discuss a case of a client experiencing racism in her job.
Theorem of corresponding states applied to saturated liquids and vapors

The existence of a single generalized compressibility-factor relationship for univariant systems has long been denied because reduced variables do not provide a generalized vapor-pressure relationship. The present study demonstrates that a saturation curve depends on the ability of the theorem of corresponding states to correlate the reduced temperature as a function of reduced, pressure and the critical compressibility factor. Saturation curves for both the liquid and the vapor phases are established from compressibility data on a variety of systems, substantiating this conclusion. The compressibility factors of saturated mixtures are correlated with pseudoreduced properties based upon Kay's pseudocritical concept. The results indicate that the compressibility factors of saturated liquid mixtures can be predicted with reasonable precision over the entire two-phase region. For pseudoreduced isotherms of unity and above, the same isotherms apply to both phases and are approximately consistent with published compressibility charts for pure gases.
A Prototype Software Framework for Internet-Enabled Collaborative Development of a Structural Analysis Program

This paper describes a prototype implementation of a software platform that enables the utilization and collab- orative development of structural analysis programs, taking advantage of the Internet and web-based technologies. The new platform would allow users to have easy access to the structural analysis platform via the Internet. Users can have direct access to the analysis program and the analysis results by using a web-browser or other application programs, such as MATLAB. Furthermore, the platform is intended to serve as a common finite element structural analysis tool for which researchers and users can build, test, and incorporate new developments. Researchers and developers can link the analy- sis platform with their developments by utilizing pre-defined Internet-enabled communication interfaces. The prototype system is applied to perform a nonlinear dynamic analysis for a two-dimensional frame structure. It is shown that the Internet-enabled collaborative paradigm can potentially provide greater flexibility and extendibility than traditional structural analysis programs, which are typically packaged individually.
Cache memory replacement policy for a uniprocessor system

Cache memory hierarchies are used to buffer those portions of main memory with the most frequent use by the CPU. As cache memory is very costly, good design techniques must consider small cache sizes maintaining high levels of use (hit ratio) and ease of implementation. The memory replacement policy is important in maintaining a high hit ratio. Most replacement policies used are easily implemented when the main memory has fixed page locations. A new cache algorithm using a variable page configuration is explained in terms of program behaviour.
Stories and Programs of Research Revelations about Humanbecoming

In this column, humanbecoming theory will be considered from a concrete perspective using stories about Katie written by Dr. Kristine Florczak. It will also be discussed as it relates to more scholarly endeavors in the form of programs of research conducted by Dr. Steven Baumann and Dr. Thomas Doucet.
Degradation and stabilization of polyacetal copolymers

Acetal copolymers prepared from trioxane and ethylene oxide consist of polyoxymethylene segments with oxyethylene units distributed in the chain. These oxyethylene units profoundly affect the thermal and chemical behavior of the polymer. The presence of the oxyethylene units renders the copolymer amenable to thermal or base hydrolytic treatment which results in a final product with stable endgroups. The copolymers so obtained are significantly more stable, thermally and chemically, than acetylated polyoxymethylene homopolymer.
20. Circadian Variation in Paramedic-Initiated Turndowns to Basic Life Support

Objectives : Paramedic-initiated turndowns-to-BLS are a high-risk area for EMS. One non-clinical factor that might affect paramedics’ decision-making is a 24-hour work schedule. We attempted to determine the presence of circadian variation in the turndown rate from ALS to BLS when paramedics work 24-hour shifts. Methods : Retrospective analysis of all 1994 ALS patient evaluations. Encounters were classified as: ALS transport; turndown-to-BLS; patient-initiated refusal of transport; other transport; field death. Analysis of variation in turndown rate by hour of ALS dispatch was performed using logistic regression to make paired comparisons for each hour. Results : 17,877 patients were evaluated by ALS. Of these, 10,956 (61%) were ALS transports, 6,200 (35%) were not transported by ALS, and 721 (4%) were dead. Of the 6,200 alive non-ALS transports, 4,291 (69%) were turned down to BLS, 1,748 (28%) refused transport, and 161 (3%) were transported by others. One turndown-to-BLS was excluded due to missing dispatch time; for the remaining 4,290 the overall turndown rate was 25%. The turndown rates for 15 of 24 hours did not differ significantly ( p >0.01) from any other hour. The rates at the following hours differed significantly: hour 3 20,22; hour 10 > 22; hour 13 > 20,22; hour 16 > 20,22.
Reoperation for groin pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy: does it really work?

Abstract Background Chronic groin pain after inguinal hernia repair (IHR) is a vexing problem. Reoperation for groin pain (R4GP) has varied outcomes. Methods A retrospective review and telephone survey of adults who presented with groin pain after IHR from 1995 to 2014. Results Forty-four patients underwent R4GP; 23% had greater than 1 R4GP. Twenty-three (52%) had hernia recurrence at the time of R4GP. Twenty (45%) underwent nerve resection, and 13 (30%) had mesh removed. Twenty-eight patients completed a telephone survey. Of these, 26 (93%) respondents indicated they experienced pain after their last R4GP for a median duration of 12.5 months. At study completion, 5 patients continued to have debilitating chronic groin pain, 5 had moderate pain, 6 had minimal discomfort, and 12 were pain-free. Twenty-four respondents (86%) would proceed with reoperation(s) again if they could go back in time. Conclusions Although most patients do not experience immediate relief with R4GP, the majority receive some benefit in long-term follow-up.
Directional sound sensitivity in utricular afferents in the toadfish, Opsanus tau

The inner ear of fishes contains three paired otolithic end organs, the saccule, lagena and utricle, which function as biological accelerometers. The saccule is the largest otolith in most fishes and much of our current understanding on auditory function in this diverse group of vertebrates is derived from anatomical and neurophysiological studies on this end organ. In contrast, less is known about how the utricle contributes to auditory functions. In this study, chronically implanted electrodes were used, along with neural telemetry or tethers to record primary afferent responses from the utricular nerve in free-ranging and naturally behaving oyster toadfish Opsanus tau Linnaeus . The hypothesis was that the utricle plays a role in detecting underwater sounds, including conspecific vocalizations, and exhibits directional sensitivity. Utricular afferents responded best to low frequency (80–200 Hz) pure tones and to playbacks of conspecific boatwhistles and grunts (80–180 Hz fundamental frequency), with the majority of the units (∼75%) displaying a clear, directional response, which may allow the utricle to contribute to sound detection and localization during social interactions. Responses were well within the sound intensity levels of toadfish vocalization (approximately 140 SPL dBrms re. 1 µPa with fibers sensitive to thresholds of approximately 120 SPL dBrms re. 1 µPa). Neurons were also stimulated by self-generated body movements such as opercular movements and swimming. This study is the first to investigate underwater sound-evoked response properties of primary afferents from the utricle of an unrestrained/unanesthetized free-swimming teleost fish. These data provide experimental evidence that the utricle has an auditory function, and can contribute to directional hearing to facilitate sound localization.
Reactions of an Electronically Unsaturated Chromaborane. Coordination of CS2 to (η5-C5Me5)2Cr2B4H8 and Its Hydroboration to a Methanedithiolato Ligand

The reaction of the electronically unsaturated Cp*2Cr2B4H8 (1; Cp* = η5-C5Me5) cluster with CS2 yields the saturated Cp*2Cr2(CH2S2B4H6) (3) cluster in better than 90% isolated yield. Both solution spectroscopic and solid-state crystallographic data show that 3, with C2 point symmetry, contains an intracluster bridging methanedithiolato H2CS2 ligand in which the S atoms of the ligand have replaced two transoid BHCr bridging hydrogens in 1, which in turn have added to the carbon atom. The three compounds 1, Cp*2Cr2(CO)2B4H6 (2), and 3 exhibit similar cluster geometries but possess 42, 44, and 46 cluster valence electrons, respectively.
Patterns of moisture and temperature in canopy and terrestrial soils in a temperate rainforest, Washington

The temperate rainforest on the Olympic Peninsula represents a biome that is characterized by unusually high epiphyte biomass and accompanying canopy soils. These canopy communities form thick mats...
Understanding Art Through Technical Analysis Inferences From Pigment Identification

Pigment identification and technical analysis of works of art provide the historian and conservator with information that allows a new view of an object. The methods the analyst chooses depends on the nature of the sample and the materials and method expected for the age of the object being examined. Several analytical methods are used frequently in the museum field with great success; these include x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, x-ray powder diffraction methods and optical microscopy. Results from the analysis of pigments in paintings by Derain, Beckmann, El Greco, G. David, and Gentileschi are given. The results include discovery of an unpublished formulation of cobalt violet, example of the use of particle size to change the appearance of color, and the use of x-ray fluorescence to determine artists' palettes without removing samples from the works of art. The study of the El Greco and the Gentileschi show how technical investigations can complement art historical research.
Hierarchically structured materials from block polymer confinement within bicontinuous microemulsion-derived nanoporous polyethylene.

The self-assembly behavior of block polymers under strong two-dimensional and three-dimensional confinement has been well-studied in the past decade. Confinement effects enable access to a large suite of morphologies not typically observed in the bulk. We have used nanoporous polyethylene, derived from a polymeric bicontinuous microemulsion, as a novel template for the confinement of several different cylinder-forming block polymer systems: poly(isoprene-b-2-vinylpyridine), poly(styrene-b-isoprene), and poly(isoprene-b-dimethylsiloxane). The resultant materials exhibit unique hierarchical arrangements of structure with two distinct length scales. First, the polyethylene template imparts a disordered, microemulsion-like periodicity between bicontinuous polyethylene and block polymer networks with sizes on the order of 100 nm. Second, the block polymer networks display internal periodic arrangements produced by the spontaneous segregation of their incompatible constituents. The microphase-separated morpholo...