cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In the hypoxic central nervous system, endothelial cell proliferation is followed by astrocyte activation, proliferation, and increased expression of the α6β4 integrin and dystroglycan

Cerebral hypoxia induces a profound angiogenic response in the central nervous system (CNS). Using a mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoxia, we previously demonstrated that angiogenic vessels in the hypoxic CNS show marked upregulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein fibronectin, along with increased expression of its major receptor, α5β1integrin on brain endothelial cells (BEC). As cerebral hypoxia also leads to glial activation, the aim of the current study was to define the temporal relationship between BEC responses and glial cell activation in this model of cerebral hypoxia. This revealed that BEC fibronectin/α5β1 integrin expression and proliferation both reached maximal level after 4 days hypoxia. Interestingly, up to 4 days hypoxia, all dividing cells were BEC, but at later time-points proliferating astrocytes were also observed. GFAP staining revealed that hypoxia induced marked astrocyte activation that reached maximal level between 7–14 days hypoxia. As newly formed cerebral capillaries require ensheathment by astrocyte end-feet in order to acquire mature brain endothelium characteristics, we next examined how expression of astrocyte end-feet adhesion molecules is regulated by hypoxia. This showed that the astrocyte adhesion receptors α6β4 integrin and dystroglycan were both markedly upregulated, with a time-course that closely resembled astrocyte activation. Taken together, this evidence shows that cerebral hypoxia promotes first an endothelial response, in which fibronectin promotes BEC proliferation. This is then followed by an astrocyte response, involving astrocyte activation, proliferation and re-organization of astrocyte end-feet, which correlates with increased expression of astrocyte end-feet adhesion molecules.
Enhanced expressions of sodium-glucose cotransporters in the kidneys of diabetic Zucker rats.

Diabetes-mediated changes in mRNA expressions of kidney glucose transporters SGLT1 and SGLT2 were investigated in Zucker rats. SGLTs expressions in pre-diabetic obese rats were similar to leans. SGLT1 and SGLT2 levels in diabetic obese rats were 1.6 (P < 0.03) and 4.8 (P < 0.002) folds higher than age-matched leans, respectively.
Structural geomorphology of a fast-spreading rise crest: The East Pacific Rise near 3°25′S

A deeply-towed instrument package was used in a detailed survey of the crest of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) near 3°25′S, where the Pacific and Nazca plates are separating at 152 mm/yr. A single 90 km-long traverse of the rise crest extends near-bottom observations onto the rise flanks. A ridge at the spreading axis is defined by its steep regional slopes, probably caused by rapid crustal contraction as the spreading magma chamber freezes, rather than by outward-facing fault scarps. It can be divided into a marginal horst-and-graben zone with low (<50 m), symmetric fault blocks, and a 2 km-wide elongate axial shield volcano that is unfaulted except for a narrow crestal rift zone. This has a summit graben (10–35 m deep) probably formed by caldera collapse, and narrow pillow basalt walls built over vent fissures. Small, low (<50 m) volcanic peaks occur on the shield volcano and the horst-and-graben zone, and some may have been built away from the spreading axis. Major plate-building lava flows issue from the crestal rift zone and flow an average of 500 m down the sides of the volcano. The marginal horst-and-graben zone results from tensional faulting of a thin crust of lava, and evolves by progressive shearing on inclined fault planes. Crustal extension continues at least as far as 20 km from the axis, and the large, long fault blocks formed in thicker crust beyond the subaxial magma chamber develop into abyssal hills. Pelagic sedimentation, at a maximum rate of 22 m/106 years, gradually infills open fissures and smooths the small-scale roughness of the fault blocks. Off-axis volcanism has also resulted in smoother crust, and built seamounts. Comparison of the EPR at 3°25′S with the Famous Rift and Galapagos Rift reveals a similarity in the processes and small-scale landforms at fast, medium and slow-spreading ridges. There are significant differences in the medium-scale landforms, probably because plate-boundary volcanic and tectonic processes act on crust of very different strength, thickness, and age.
Quantum criticality between topological and band insulators in $(3+1)$-dimensions

Four-component massive and massless Dirac fermions in the presence of long range Coulomb interaction and chemical potential disorder exhibit striking fermionic quantum criticality. For an odd number of flavors of Dirac fermions, the sign of the Dirac mass distinguishes the topological and the trivial band insulator phases, and the gapless semimetallic phase corresponds to the quantum critical point that separates the two. Up to a critical strength of disorder, the semimetallic phase remains stable, and the universality class of the direct phase transition between two insulating phases is unchanged. Beyond the critical strength of disorder the semimetallic phase undergoes a phase transition into a disorder controlled diffusive metallic phase, and there is no longer a direct phase transition between the two types of insulating phases.
Construyendo la modernidad. Escritura y arquitectura en el Madrid moderno (1918–1937)

En su libro anterior, Ciudades en mente: dos incursiones en el espacio urbano de la narrativa espanola moderna (1887–1334) (2002), Carlos Ramos analizaba cuatro novelas – modelos de narrativa vangu...
Delayed Readout Of Computed Radiography Receptor Plates: Effects On Perceived Image Quality

For the past few years we have been conducting physical,psychophysical, and clinical evaluations of the Toshiba computed radiography system (TCR) [1-4]. The research described in this paper grew out of the seemingly conflicting information derived from the physical and psychophysical evaluations conducted on the TCR by our group.
Association of glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity with cell membrane and transport vesicles in hippocampal and hypothalamic neurons of the rat

The aim of the present study was to reveal at the ultrastructural level cytoplasmic loci that display glucocorticoid receptor (GR) immunoreactivity in pyramidal neurons of the CA1 sector of the hippocampus and in cells of the medial parvicellular subnucleus of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Adrenalectomized male rats were injected intraperitoneally with corticosterone (CS) (1 mg/100 g bw) and sacrificed within 4 hr. Vibratome sections of the perfusion-fixed forebrains were processed for immunocytochemical detection of type 2 GR by means of the BuGr, anti-rat liver GR monoclonal antibody and silver-gold-intensified diaminobenzidine chromogen. The corticosterone administration gradually shifted the GR immunoreactivity (IR) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Samples taken 20-40 min after the steroid treatment demonstrated pyramidal cells expressing GR IR in both the cytoplasmic and nuclear pools. Although the chromatin-associated appearance of GR in the nucleus was identifiable at the light microscopic level, the nature of immunoreactive intracytoplasmic loci was not. Ultrastructural analysis of the cytoplasm indicated that fine silver-gold grains marking GR-immunoreactive sites associated with the plasma membrane and coated and regular vesicles. Noted occasionally beneath the plasma membrane of the cell bodies and dendrites, the vesicles also appeared at deeper locations in dendritic processes and around the cell nuclei. These results suggest that glucocorticoid receptors participate in signal transduction at the level of the cell membrane, as well as at the level of the genome in the cell nucleus.
Dual exchange rates in Europe and Latin America

This article uncovers some important empirical regularities surrounding the operation of formal dual exchange rates in Europe and Latin America in the 1970s and 1980s. Although there are some parallels between the European and Latin American experiences, there are also interesting differences in terms of the size and nature of the distortion created by two official exchange rates; the response of the distortion to foreign interest rates, real commercial exchange rates, and domestic budget deficits; and the motives for adopting this exchange rate regime. Empirical work on dual exchange rate regimes is made difficult by the transitory nature of these regimes and by frequent changes in institutional practices.
Mathematical Modeling -- Guide to High-Dose Methotrexate Infusion Therapy

A mathematical model that describes methotrexate pharmacokinetics has been refined for use as a guide to dose escalation during high-dose methotrexate infusion therapy. Parameters for the model are adjusted for a patient by the SAAM computer program of Berman and Weiss, on the basis of plasma concentrations obtained during the initial course of therapy. Various dose escalations can be simulated by the computer and a print-out of predicted plasma concentrations obtained.
Static and Dynamic Analysis of Carbon Nanotube-Based Switches

In this paper, we report on molecular dynamics (MD), continuum (based on linear and nonlinear beam theories) and combined molecular dynamics/continuum simulation of carbon nanotube based nanoelectromechanical switches. As a prototype device, we study the pull-in voltage characteristics of a nanoelectromechanical switch made of a suspended single wall nanotube over a ground plane. The various simulations (MD, continuum and combined MD/continuum) have been performed accounting for the electrostatic and van der Waals forces between the nanotube and the ground plane. The results from the nonlinear continuum theory compared well with the results from MD, except, for cases, where nanotube buckling was observed. When buckling occurs, the electromechanical behavior of the switch is simulated by employing a combined MD/continuum approach. The combined MD/continuum approach is computationally more efficient compared to the MD simulation of the entire device. Static and dynamic pull-in, pull-in time and fundamental frequency analysis is presented for fixed-fixed and cantilever carbon nanotube switches.
High-frequency output characteristics of AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors for large-signal applications

Abstract High-frequency ic-vce output characteristics of bipolar transistors, derived from calculated device cutoff frequencies, are reported. The generation of high-frequency output characteristics from device design specifications represents a novel bridge between microwave circuit design and device design: the microwave performance of simulated device structures can be analyzed, or tailored transistor device structures can be designed to fit specific circuit applications. The details of our compact transistor model are presented, highlighting the high-current base-widening (Kirk) effect. The derivation of the output characteristics from the modeled cutoff frequencies are then presented, and the computed characteristics of an AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor operating at 10 GHz are analyzed. Applying the derived output characteristics to microwave circuit design, we examine large-signal class A and class B amplification.
Potentiation of amphetamine-induced hyperactivity by acute but not by chronic para-chlorophenylalanine treatment in the rat.

Abstract Acute pre-treatment with para-chlorophenylalanine potentiated amphetamine-induced hyperactivity. Chronic pre-treatment with para-chlorophenylalanine failed to produce potentiation of the amphetamine effect. Activity levels were slightly depressed following acute para-chlorophenylalanine treatment alone and significantly depressed following chronic para-chlorophenylalanine alone. The findings indicate that the acute effects of a drug can be different from its chronic effects. The data may be consistent with the notion that a gradual adjustment to para-chlorophenylalanine took place with time.
Numerical simulation of polar lows and comma clouds using simple dry models

Linear and nonlinear numerical channel models are used to simulate polar low/comma cloud evolution. The basic state of the model is idealized and can be specified analytically. It has strong horizontal as well as vertical wind shear and implicitly includes the effect of sensible heat fluxes from the lower boundary. This is done by having a layer of reduced stability present in the lower troposphere. The results of the linear model study are presented and used to provide input for the nonlinear model integration. It is shown that, given sufficient horizontal resolution, many features of polar low/comma clouds can be simulated by the nonlinear primitive equations model and the idealized basic state, in particular a rapidly growing disturbance with a wavelength on the order of 1000 km.
UNFAVORABLE EXPERIENCES WITH THE AYRE ROTATING STOMACH BRUSH.

1. Four unfavorable experiences with the use of the Ayre rotating stomach brush are reported. In one case, a piece of gastric mucosa was accidentally obtained; in 2 others, serious trauma to the posterior wall in the stomach occurred, and in a fourth, the brush unit became detached in the stomach.
Prenatal auditory discrimination in the bobwhite quail.

Bobwhite quail embryos (Colinus virginianus) were tested to two conspecific calls on Day 22 of incubation (total incubation period = 23–24 days). In previous postnatal tests, one of these calls, a maternal exodus-like call, was highly attractive, and the other, an incidental quail call, was not an effective attractant. The embryos significantly increased their rate of bill-clapping when presented with the exodus-like call, and showed no change in ongoing activity when confronted with the incidental call. Thus, the differential responsiveness parallels that seen postnatally. Such prenatal discriminative ability had previously been shown only in Anseriformes. The advantage of the bobwhite quail for studies of species-specific perceptual development is discussed.
A family of supersymmetric quantum mechanics models with singular superpotentials

Abstract We consider a family of supersymmetric quantum mechanics models depending on three natural numbers ( l, m, n ), l > m > n . In particular, supersymmetry appears explicitly broken since the superpotentials are singular. We can define our models as “half-solvable”: while one of the Hamiltonians is analytically solvable (Rosen-Morse potential) the supersymmetric partner requires numerical methods.
A blind symbol synchronization algorithm using adaptive equalizers

In this paper the problem of synchronization of data blocks between the transmitter and receiver is discussed, and a solution is described for blind synchronization by using a blind channel estimator. In earlier work [2], a blind wideband channel estimation algorithm for multipath channels was introduced, which is based on the second order statistics of the received signals. For that blind equalization and channel estimation method, a blind synchronization algorithm was needed. This paper describes a windowing method, which uses the estimated channel taps to calculate the delay between transmitter and the receiver unit. The channel vector is determined, and the significant values of the channel entries are located to determine the relative shift between the input and output. This is then used to provide synchronization at the receiver. Simulation results show the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed synchronization algorithm.
A new look at the human Rad51 protein.

The nearly ubiquitous RecA family of recombinases includes the bacterial RecA, archaeal RadA, and eukaryotic Rad51 and Dmc1 proteins (1–4). These proteins share sequence and structural homology and a close functional relationship. The proteins form extended filaments on DNA and promote the central DNA strand exchange steps of recombinational DNA repair. Despite extensive study, these proteins have proven to be tough subjects from which to extract mechanistic information. Until recently, molecular studies have been hampered by the limited availability of structural information, particularly with respect to the interaction of these proteins with DNA. The first 3D structures, provided by Steitz and coworkers (5, 6), represented a major step forward. However, they did not include DNA and proved to reflect an inactive conformation of the protein. Many similar structures have appeared in the intervening years, none featuring bound DNA. After a long period of failed efforts in many laboratories, the void has begun to be filled in the past year. First came the appearance of a RecA protein structure that included bound DNA (7). Now comes the publication in this issue of PNAS of a model for human Rad51 protein (hsRad51) bound to DNA (8).
The effect of the diffusion of solute between the particle and the interface on the particle pushing phenomena

Interaction between moving solid/liquid interfaces and particles during solidification of alloys has been analyzed. A particle pushing criterion which incorporates the diffusion of the solute between the particle and the interface is proposed. In addition, the stability of the interface behind the particle is discussed. The shape of the interface behind the particle was obtained in terms of the ratio of the diffusion coefficient of the solute to the velocity of the interface (D/V). Based on this, the critical interface velocity was calculated under steady state conditions. It was found that the concentration of the solute behind the particle increases with increasing the interface velocity; in addition at high interface velocity the curvature of the interface is independent of interface velocities. It was found that the critical interface velocity under steady state conditions is one order lower than the critical interface velocity calculated numerically by Wu et al. in Al-Si alloy containing SiC particles.
Educating for Good Work: From Research to Practice

ABSTRACTLaunched in 1995, the GoodWork Project is a long-term, multi-site effort to understand the nature of good work across the professional landscape and to promote its achievement by relevant groups of students and professionals. In this essay, the authors review the goals and methods of the initial research project and its most salient findings. They describe the GoodWork Toolkit, a versatile instrument that consists of actual dilemmas faced by professionals, along with exercises designed to make the issues salient to those who use the Toolkit. Introduced as well is a system of classification of the dilemmas, in terms of their applicability across the professional landscape; and a review of the range of educational settings in which GoodWork materials have been utilized.
Fusarium graminearum : When species concepts collide

Species in fungi can be defined by reference to species concepts based on morphology, ecology, biology and phylogenetics. Fusarium graminearum , an important pathogen of wheat, barley, rice and maize has been subjected to analyses based on all four of these concepts. Data relevant to the biological concept usually are interpreted to support only a single, but genetically diverse, species, while data relevant to the phylogenetic concept usually are interpreted to support multiple species each with a narrower genetic base. The nomenclature used is important not only for mycologists, but also for regulators and for quarantines that may result from inappropriate applications of the phylogenetic species names. Further work is required to resolve the currently existing incongruities in nomenclature and species concepts.
Rural Illinois hospital chief executive officers' perceptions of provider shortages and issues in rural recruitment and retention.

ABSTRACT: Background: It is important to assess rural health professions workforce needs and identify variables in recruitment and retention of rural health professionals. Purpose: This study examined the perspectives of rural hospital chief executive officers (CEOs) regarding workforce needs and their views of factors in the recruitment and retention process. Methods: A survey was mailed to CEOs of 28 Illinois rural hospitals, in towns ranging from 3,396 to 33,530 in population size. The survey addressed CEO perceptions of number of physicians needed by specialty, need for other health professionals, and variables important to recruitment and retention. Findings: Twenty-two CEOs (79%) responded to the survey. Eighty-six percent indicated a physician shortage in the community, with 64% reporting the need for family physicians. CEOs also indicated the need for physicians in obstetrics-gynecology, general and orthopedic surgery, general internal medicine, cardiology, and psychiatry. In terms of needs for other health professionals, most often mentioned were registered nurses (91%), pharmacists (64%), and nurses’ aides (46%). Related to recruitment and retention, most often mentioned by the CEOs was community attractiveness in general, followed by practice and physician career opportunities. Conclusions: CEOs offer 1 important perspective on health professions needs, recruitment, and retention in rural communities. While expressing a range of opinions, rural hospital CEOs clearly indicate the need for more primary care physicians, call for an increased capacity in nursing, and point to community development as a key factor in recruitment and retention.
Inapparent genital herpes simplex virus infection in college women

During a six-month period, 600 gynecological samples were collected from 585 women with typical herpes lesions, women with non-herpes symptoms (ie, vaginitis, moniliasis, trichomoniasis, etc), and normal women seen at the student health center gynecological clinic and processed for herpes simplex virus (HSV) isolation. From these specimens, 29 samples from 25 of the 585 women (4.3%) were positive for HSV. When these isolates were typed using plaque diameter in chick cells, heat stability of viral thymidine kinase (T.K.), and restriction endonuclease patterns it was found that 18 samples (15 patients or 60%) were HSV-2 and 11 samples (10 patients or 40%) were HSV-1. Inapparent HSV infections constituted 20.0% of the virologically confirmed samples (5 of 25 patients) and represented 0.9% of the total patients studied (5 of 585). The inapparent infections were about equally divided between the two HSV types (2 were HSV-2 and 3 were HSV-1), and 4 of 5 occurred in the presence of clinically diagnosed monilia.
The theory of economic and legal rationality

The standard definition, axioms, and constraints that define economic rationality are compared with the definition, axioms, and constraints implicit in legal rationality. Each discipline has two axioms. One specifies its goal and the other specifies consistency. These axioms, together with a specification of the constraints on the goals, provide a formal description of each discipline. Economic rationality is constrained by resource and budget constraints and legal rationality is constrained by institutional constraints, the chief of which is the principle of stare decisis which mandates that judges are required to decide like cases alike. Two conclusions, therefore, arise. First, a major distinction between economic and legal rationality is that the binary relations of economic rationality are completely ordered (complete consistency), whereas the binary relations of legal rationality are merely partially ordered (partial consistency). Second, if judges are willing to balance interests through trade-offs, economic rationality will be the dominant rationality, in which case, economic categories can be mapped into the relevant legal categories. If legal rationality is the dominant rationality, economic and legal rationality are not necessarily consistent.
Aging and cross-linking of skin collagen

This report represents a clear demonstration of a cross-link in collagen whose abundance is related to chronological aging of an organism. Recently its structure was identified as histidinohydroxylysinonorleucine. Quantification of the cross-link in various aged samples of bovine and human skin indicate that it rapidly increases from birth through maturation. Subsequently, a steady increase occurs with aging, approaching 1 mole/mole of collagen. This compound seems to be related to the relative proportions of soluble to insoluble collagen from skin in neutral salt, dilute acid, and denaturing aqueous solvents (higher concentration in the insoluble portion). It is absent from other major collagenous tissues such as dentin, bone and tendon.
A recursive algorithm for the infinity-norm fixed point problem

We present the PFix algorithm for the fixed point problem f(x) = x on a nonempty domain [a,b], where d ≥ 1, a,b ∈ Rd, and f is a Lipschitz continuous function with respect to the infinity norm, with constant q ≤ 1. The computed approximation x satisfies the residual criterion ||f(x) - x||∞ ≤ e, where e > 0. In general, the algorithm requires no more than Σi=1dSi function component evaluations, where s ≡ ⌈ max(1, log2(||b - a||∞/e))⌉ + 1. This upper bound has order O(⌈ log2d(1/e)⌉ as e → 0. For the domain [0,1]d with e 1 the absolute criterion problem has infinite worst-case complexity when information consists of function evaluations. Finally, we report several numerical tests in which the actual number of evaluations is usually much smaller than the upper complexity bound.
Taxonomic Status and Biogeography of the Southern Bog Lemming, Synaptomys cooperi, on the Central Great Plains

We assessed geographic and nongeographic variation among populations of the southern bog lemming ( Synaptomys cooperi ) in Arkansas, Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and South Dakota based on morphological data. Univariate and multivariate analyses of 15 cranial characters revealed no consistent sexual dimorphism. Geographic variation in cranial morphology of adults varied clinally, with individuals increasing in size from north to south and east to west. The largest individuals overall were from southwestern Kansas ( S. c. paludis ) and southwestern Nebraska ( S. c. relictus ), and the smallest individuals were from populations in eastern Illinois ( S. c. gossii ). We found only minor steps in clinal variation of cranial morphology, which may be attributed to periodic or recent isolation. No individuals of S. c. paludis and S. c. relictus have been collected since 1946 and 1968, respectively, and these taxa may be extinct. Because of the paucity of specimens, taxonomic conclusions as to the intraspecific relationships of populations are speculative. We, therefore, recommend retention of the currently recognized subspecies S. c. gossii, S. c. paludis , and S. c. relictus until genetic characters can be analyzed.
Biofeedback-assisted relaxation: effects on phagocytic capacity.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether subjects who self-report high levels of stress have lower immunity, and whether “low”-immunity subjects under “high” stress could enhance phagocytic activity through biofeedback-assisted relaxation (BAR). During Phase 1, the level of stress and the level of phagocytic immune functioning (nitroblue tetrazolium test) were assessed as “high” or “low.” Significant chi-square analysis (x2=3.8624, df=1, p<.05) showed that subjects with “high” stress had “low” immunity. Sixteen “high”-stress, “low”-immunity subjects were randomly assigned to BAR and control groups during Phase 2. Following treatment, NBT changes showed significant increases (F=11.11, p<.003) for experimental group as compared to control group. White blood cell count and white blood cell differential were unchanged across blood samples for both groups. Experimental subjects reported significant decreases in tension-anxiety and increases in overall coping. BAR was concluded to have improved coping skills and phagocytic capacity. BAR affected the quality, rather than the quantity, of phagocytic neutrophils.
Development of the fuel-powered compact SMA actuator: second-generation actuator

This paper discusses the design and experimental results of the improved fuel-powered compact SMA actuator system and its comparison with the first-generation design. The K-alloy SMA strip (12 mm × 0.9 mm), actuated by a forced convection heat transfer mechanism, is embedded in a rectangular channel. In this channel, a rectangular piston, with a slot to accommodate the SMA strip, runs along the strip and prevents mixing between the hot and cold fluid in order to increase the efficiency of the system. The main energy source is fuel, such as propane, in order to achieve high energy and power densities of the system. Numerical analysis was performed to determine optimal channel geometry and to estimate maximum available force, strain and actuation frequency of the SMA actuator. The combustor/heat exchanger was designed to achieve higher heat transfer rates to the hot fluid from the energy source. The SMA actuator system is composed of pumps, valves, bellows, radiator, combustor/heat exchanger and control unit. The experimental testing of the SMA actuator system resulted in 735 N force with 2.5% strain and 0.25 Hz actuation frequency in closed-loop operation.
High-β, improved confinement reversed-field pinch plasmas at high density

In Madison Symmetric Torus [Dexter et al., Fusion Technol. 19, 131 (1991)] discharges where improved confinement is brought about by modification of the current profile, pellet injection has quadrupled the density, reaching ne=4×1019m−3. Without pellet injection, the achievable density in improved confinement discharges had been limited by edge-resonant tearing instability. With pellet injection, the total beta has been increased to 26%, and the energy confinement time is comparable to that at low density. Pressure-driven local interchange and global tearing are predicted to be linearly unstable. Interchange has not yet been observed experimentally, but there is possible evidence of pressure-driven tearing, an instability usually driven by the current gradient in the reversed-field pinch.
Adenylate Kinase 2 Links Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism to the Induction of the Unfolded Protein Response

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a homeostatic signaling mechanism that balances the protein folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with the secretory protein load of the cell. ER protein folding capacity is dependent on the abundance of chaperones, which is increased in response to UPR signaling, and on a sufficient ATP supply for their activity. An essential branch of the UPR entails the splicing of XBP1 mRNA to form the XBP1 transcription factor. XBP1 has been shown to be required during adipocyte differentiation, enabling mature adipocytes to secrete adiponectin, and during differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells. Here we find that adenylate kinase 2 (AK2), a mitochondrial enzyme that regulates adenine nucleotide interconversion within the intermembrane space, is markedly induced during adipocyte and B cell differentiation. Depletion of AK2 by RNAi impairs adiponectin secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, IgM secretion in BCL1 cells, and the induction of the UPR during differentiation of both cell types. These results reveal a new mechanism by which mitochondria support ER function and suggest that specific mitochondrial defects may give rise to impaired UPR signaling. The requirement for AK2 for UPR induction may explain the pathogenesis of the profound hematopoietic defects of reticular dysgenesis, a disease associated with mutations of the AK2 gene in humans.
Experimental and theoretical studies of phase modulation in Yb-doped fiber amplifiers

We present detailed studies of the effect of sinusoidal phase modulation on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in ytterbium-doped fiber amplifiers. Based on a time-dependent SBS model, SBS enhancement factor versus pump linewidth for different modulation depths ranging from 0 to π , and modulation frequencies ranging from 30 MHz to 500 MHz were analyzed. In addition, experimental validation of SBS suppression via sinusoidal phase modulation is presented with experimental results agreeing well with the model and simulations. Furthermore, narrow linewidth coherent beam combining (CBC) of 5 sinusoidal phase modulated lasers is demonstrated via LOCSET.
Using Student Writing Assignments to Assess Critical Thinking Skills: A Holistic Approach

This work offers an example of one school's holistic approach to the evaluation of critical thinking by using student writing assignments. Faculty developed tools to assess achievement of critical thinking competencies, such as analysis, synthesis, insight, reflection, open mindedness, and depth, breadth, and appropriateness of clinical interventions. Faculty created a model for the development of program-specific critical thinking competencies, selected appropriate writing assignments that demonstrate critical thinking, and implemented a holistic assessment plan for data collection and analysis. Holistic assessment involves the identification of shared values and practices, and the use of concepts and language important to nursing.
A voice and ink XML multimodal architecture for mobile e-commerce systems

This paper presents a multimodal interface architecture that combines standardized voice and ink formats to facilitate the creation of robust and efficient multimodal mobile e-Commerce systems, particularly for noisy mobile environments. The platform provides a Web interactive system for generic multimodal application development. By providing mutual disambiguation of input signals and superior error handling this architecture should broaden the spectrum of users to the general population, including permanently and temporarily disabled users. Integration of VoiceXML and InkXML provides a standard data format to facilitate Web based development and content delivery. We present a prototype platform and sample dialogues.
Cell Membrane Dynamics

Cell membranes are two-dimensional fluids that exhibit a wide range of dynamic behaviors. Recent technical advances have enabled unprecedented views of membrane dynamics in living cells. In this technical review, we provide a brief overview of three well-studied examples of membrane dynamics: lateral diffusion of proteins and lipids in the plane of the membrane, vesicular trafficking between intracellular compartments, and exchange of proteins on and off membranes. We then discuss experimental approaches to monitor membrane protein and lipid dynamics, and we place a special emphasis on the use of genetically encoded fluorescent probes and live cell-imaging techniques.
Who's Stereotyping Whom: A Conceptual and Analytical Reinterpretation of the Sager and Schofield (1980) Study

A recent study by Sager and Schofield (1980), employing a Black and White sample, examined the influence of racial cues on the interpretation of ambiguously aggressive acts. Based on a significant main effect of race permutations on a scale measuring perceived aggression, the authors suggested that the data reflect a general bias by both White and Black subjects against Black actors, and they concluded that be havior ratings by Black students reflect the same "anti-Black bias" as those by White students. The validity of this conclusion is rejected as untenable based on purely logical deductions, and a more tenable interpretation of the data is presented. Examination of the data reveals that the sig nificant differences observed for White and Black judges are a result of two different response sets and not a similar ' 'anti-Black bias" as postulated by Sager and Schofield. The data pattern indicates that although perceived aggression ratings for same race actors (i.e., Whites judging Whites and Blacks judg...
Air‐sea disequilibrium of carbon dioxide enhances the biological carbon sequestration in the Southern Ocean

[1] Sinking and subduction of organic material removes carbon from the surface ocean and stores it in inorganic form after remineralization. The wind-driven upwelling of deep waters, notably in the Southern Ocean, counteracts the biological carbon sequestration by returning excess carbon from the abyss, potentially releasing it back to the atmosphere. Numerical models have shown that significant fraction of the excess carbon in the Antarctic Surface Water is not degassed to the atmosphere but reenters into the deep ocean due to the incomplete air-sea equilibration, effectively increasing the efficiency of biological carbon storage in the deep ocean. We develop a simple theory to consider the controls on this effect. The theory predicts a strong coupling between biological carbon sequestration and air-sea disequilibrium expressed as a linear relationship between the biological carbon pump and the degree of supersaturation in the deep ocean. Sensitivity experiments with a three-dimensional ocean biogeochemistry model support this prediction and demonstrate that the disequilibrium pump almost doubles the efficiency of biological carbon sequestration, relative to the effect of nutrient utilization.
Proceedings of the 2003 international symposium on Physical design

This year's Symposium covers many important topics from timing and clocking to placement and partitioning to benchmarking and design planning. An outstanding set of technical papers has been selected for the program. All of these papers appear here in the paper and electronic versions of the proceedings. In addition, we will provide access to the foils presented at the conference for those authors who allow us to post them. You may check them out at our web site: www.ispd.cc.These papers are complemented by talks from invited speakers. We are delighted to have Raul Camposano as our keynote speaker. Dr. Camposano is Senior Vice President of Technology and Information Systems and the Chief Technical Officer of Synopsys. This year's symposium also includes several invited sessions from specialists in the field. Monday's keynote is followed by two talks on core placement and physical synthesis technology, one from IBM and one from Cadence. Later that afternoon, researchers from IBM and Intel will address ASIC design challenges and correct-by-construction design methodologies. Tuesday's invited talks are highlighted by, a Magma talk on a complete design for power methodology and flow for large ASICs and a session on the interactions between lithography and routing. Indeed, routing is hardly a solved problem; many challenges required for next-generation technologies remain. Finally, Wednesday is highlighted by several invited talks by experts from industry and academia who will present physical design and synthesis techniques targeted toward regular circuit fabrics.
Glutamine Supplementation did not Benefit Athletes During Short-Term Weight Reduction

The purpose was to determine if glutamine supplementation would prevent a loss of lean mass in athletes during a 12-day weight reduction program. It was hypothesized that supplementation would spare lean body mass. Subjects (n=18) exercised and dieted to create a 4186kJ·day(-1) energy deficit and a 8372 kJ·day(-1) energy deficit on days 1-5, days 6-12, respectively. The glutamine (GLN) group (n=9) ingested 0.35 g·kg(-1) body mass of glutamine while a placebo was administered to the remaining subjects. Body mass (BM), lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass (FM), were measured at days 0, 6, and 12. GLN and placebo groups both lost significant amounts of BM, LBM and FM. There were no significant differences between groups. The findings indicate little benefit for retention of lean mass with supplementation of glutamine during a short-term weight reduction program.
The spatiotemporal expression pattern of the bone morphogenetic protein family in rat ovary cell types during the estrous cycle

In the mammalian ovary, great interest in the expression and function of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family has been recently generated from evidence of their critical role in determining folliculogenesis and female fertility. Despite extensive work, there is a need to understand the cellular sites of expression of these important regulatory molecules, and how their gene expression changes within the basic ovary cell types through the cycle. Here we have performed a detailed in situ hybridization analysis of the spatial and temporal expression patterns of the BMP ligands (BMP-2, -3, -3b, -4, -6, -7, -15), receptors (BMPR-IA, -IB, -II), and BMP antagonist, follistatin, in rat ovaries over the normal estrous cycle. We have found that: i) all of the mRNAs are expressed in a cell-specific manner in the major classes of ovary cell types (oocyte, granulosa, theca interstitial, theca externa, corpora lutea, secondary interstitial, vascular and ovary surface epithelium); and ii) most undergo dynamic changes during follicular and corpora luteal morphogenesis and histogenesis. The general principle to emerge from these studies is that the developmental programs of folliculogenesis (recruitment, selection, atresia), ovulation, and luteogenesis (luteinization, luteolysis) are accompanied by rather dramatic spatial and temporal changes in the expression patterns of these BMP genes. These results lead us to hypothesize previously unanticipated roles for the BMP family in determining fundamental developmental events that ensure the proper timing and developmental events required for the generation of the estrous cycle.
Doing double duty: power-line communications

In 2001, the German Minister of Economy passed several laws, allocating frequencies up to 30 MHz for the introduction of new technologies, such as power-line communications (PLC). The proposed PLC systems are designed to increase data to megabits per second, offering high speed Internet access. Interference to amateur radio operators and shortwave listeners is considered.
Onna Rashiku (Like a Woman): The Diary of a Language Learner in Japan

political topic. These chapters also describe attempts to implement standardization programs and their impact on the country's sociolinguistic realities. The author, however, saves his harshest criticism for those experts who debate these issues in academic forums but do not address the grassroots problems of plurilingual societies and oral cultures in an anthropological sense. Throughout the book, the author contrasts various approaches to the Indian language experience. He discusses the early and continued conflicts between proponents of a national, common medium and those who argued for the use of local languages in daily life and education, for the linking of nonstandard languages to the mainstream language as a transitional measure, and for the use of a diversity of dialects or languages in speaking with standard language skills used for writing. The author's conclusion is that ESL teachers need to view language diversity both as an asset to society and as an issue to be dealt with pragmatically. The book is difficult for readers in the sense that it assumes a certain
Disrupting Print: Emigration, the Press, and Narrative Subjectivity in the British Preaching and Writing of Zilpha Elaw, 1840-1860s

The Memoirs of the Life, Religious Experience, Ministerial Travels and Labours of Mrs. Zilpha Elaw, An American Female of Colour; Together with Some Account of the Great Religious Revivals in America [Written by Herself ] (1846) is an important yet often misread, misplaced, and undervalued text. Scholars treat Zilpha Elaw, who was never enslaved, almost as if she has no story to tell because she fails to fit neatly into the context of how we read black Americans in the nineteenth century. The dearth of textual frameworks other than those of impoverished, undereducated, enslaved, and profoundly victimized Africans in America has engendered a flattening of the ways in which we approach the scholarship on all texts authored by antebellum Americans, particularly those written by free blacks. By paying closer attention to alternative genealogies such as Elaw’s, critics can begin to contextualize and articulate different concerns and priorities for the fields of early African American literary history and print culture. Elaw used a self-authored and self-authorized hybrid narrative to delegitimize a nation’s narrative of enslavement and celebrate the freedom of both her body and spirit. I examine the print-mediated ethos of Great Britain that exoticized Elaw as a product of slave culture, specifically, in its representations of her preaching and, generally, by the daily editorials, news items, and public opinions expressed about
Optimization of the filler content of filled polyester resin

A method for the constrained optimization of the filler content in polyester resin was demonstrated. The fillers investigated included marble, clay, pecan shell flour, and hollow microspheres in various concentrations. The method of optimization included an experimental design to generate data and a polynomial regression analysis to determine the mechanical property constraint functions. The constraints were well approximated by linear functions, and linear programming was used to find optimum compositions for several possible applications.
Sparse non-negative matrix factorizations via alternating non-negativity-constrained least squares for microarray data analysis

Motivation: Many practical pattern recognition problems require non-negativity constraints. For example, pixels in digital images and chemical concentrations in bioinformatics are non-negative. Sparse non-negative matrix factorizations (NMFs) are useful when the degree of sparseness in the non-negative basis matrix or the non-negative coefficient matrix in an NMF needs to be controlled in approximating high-dimensional data in a lower dimensional space. Results: In this article, we introduce a novel formulation of sparse NMF and show how the new formulation leads to a convergent sparse NMF algorithm via alternating non-negativity-constrained least squares. We apply our sparse NMF algorithm to cancer-class discovery and gene expression data analysis and offer biological analysis of the results obtained. Our experimental results illustrate that the proposed sparse NMF algorithm often achieves better clustering performance with shorter computing time compared to other existing NMF algorithms. Availability: The software is available as supplementary material. Contact:hskim@cc.gatech.edu, hpark@acc.gatech.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Visual binding through reentrant connectivity and dynamic synchronization in a brain-based device

Effective visual object recognition requires mechanisms to bind object features (e.g. color, shape, and motion) while distinguishing distinct objects. Synchronously active neuronal circuits among reentrantly connected cortical areas may a basis for visual binding. To assess the potential of this mechanism, we have constructed a mobile brain-based device, Darwin VIII, which is guided by simulated analogues of cortical and sub-cortical areas required for visual processing, decision-making, reward, and motor responses. These simulated areas are reentrantly connected and each area contains neuronal units representing both the mean activity level and the relative timing of the activity of groups of neurons. Darwin VIII learns to discriminate among multiple objects with shared visual features, and associated `target? objects with innately preferred auditory cues. We observed the co-activation of globally distributed neuronal circuits that corresponded to distinct objects in Darwin VIII?s visual field. These circuits, which are constrained by a reentrant neuroanatomy and modulated by behavior and synaptic plasticity, are necessary for successful discrimination. By situating Darwin VIII in a rich real-world environment involving continual changes in the size and location of visual stimuli due to self-generated movement, and by recording its behavioral and neuronal responses in detail, we were able to show that reentrant connectivity and dynamic synchronization provide an effective mechanism for binding the features of visual objects.