cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ADIPSIC TO POLYDIPSIC SHIFT IN GERBILS INDUCED BY FOOD DEPRIVATION

When food deprivation is imposed on certain species, a marked increase in water consumption is observed. This phenomenon has been demonstrated in rabbits (Cizek, 1954; Huang, 1955), hamsters (Kutscher, Stillman, & Weiss, 1968b), and gerbils (Kutscher, Stillman, & Weiss, 1968a; Reynierse, Scavio, & Spanier, 1970). The increased drinking with rabbits and gerbils immediately followed food deprivation, while hamsters showed adipsia (decreased drinking) prior to the polydipsia. Further, many animal species drink less when hungry and do nor develop polydipsia under food deprivation; dogs, rats, and Barbary doves reduce drinking under food deprivation (Reynierse, et al., 1970). This increase in water consumption by gerbils is of specific interest as the natural habitat of this species is the semi-arid deserts of Mongolia, northern Korea, and the Necca province of China (Winkelmann & Getz, 1962). The investigations of food-deprivation-induced polydipsia with gerbils have used conditions of total food deprivation and 1 gm. of food per S per day (Kutscher, et al., 196%) as well as 50% of normal individual daily food intake (Reynierse, et al., 1970). A comparison of these results indicates that greater polydipsia occurs as deprivation conditions become more severe, however, whether the onset of polydipsia differs as a function of food deprivation level has not been studied and cannot be determined from the above studies. For example, feeding gerbils 1 gm. of food per day could range from 10 to 20% of Ss normal food consumption. This was the method used by Kutscher, et al. (1968a) and could account for the large standard deviations (SD) reported by these Es. This study reports that gerbils after 5 days of 1 gm. of food available per day, increased water consumed from 7.4 f 2.5 ml. SD under free-feeding to 26.6 z!z 10.8 mL SD on the last day of deprivation. The present study was undertaken primarily to determine by analysis oi individual Ss' data as well as group data the trend of onset of polydipsia with varying food-deprivation levels and whether this phenomenon is a transient or sustained effect. Also, food-deprivation polydipsia was extended to female getbils; all previous studies had used only males.
Are the elderly really machiavellian? A reinterpretation of an unexpected finding

In an article published recently in theJournal of Business Ethics, Vitellet al. (1991) found that elderly respondents scored surprisingly high on a measure of Machiavellianism. This paper offers an alternative explanation for this unexpected result — it may be an artifact of the survey format employed — and recommends additional research to help clarify the issues raised by Vitell and his colleagues.
Predictors of Mortality in Paravalvular Abscess

Background Paravalvular abscess formation is an ominous complication of infective endocarditis; however, prognostic variables in paravalvular abscess are poorly defined. Methods We examined our experience in patients with paravalvular abscess between 1987 and 2004. Clinical, echocardiographic, microbiologic, and surgical data were examined. Results There were 45 patients (17 females), age 57 ± 17 years. Twenty-four patients had prosthetic valve endocarditis. Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative S. aureus were the most common organisms accounting for 25 (56%) cases. Thirty-eight patients (84%) underwent surgery during initial admission. Surgical mortality was 7%, in-hospital mortality was 31%, and 1-year mortality was 38%. Between patients who died and patients who survived, there were no differences in age (61 ± 20 years vs 55 ± 15 years, P = .3), type of microorganism, presence of prosthetic heart valves (47% vs 57%), presence of moderate to severe or severe regurgitation of involved valve (47% vs 57%, P = .37), presence of associated valvular vegetation (93% vs 93%), area of abscess (5.6 ± 2.9 cm 2 vs 4.4 ± 3.2 cm 2 , P = .39), left ventricular systolic function (56% ± 13% vs 56% ± 10%, P = .9), white cell count (13 ± 4 vs 13 ± 7, P = .9), or polymorphonuclear leukocytosis (86% ± 6% vs 81% ± 9%, P = .1). Patients who died were sicker on admission compared with those who survived (33% had stroke or altered mental status vs 7%, P = .03) and had worse renal function compared with those who survived (creatinine 4 ± 4 mg/dL vs 1.6 ± 1.9 mg/dL, P = .009). Conclusion Neurologic impairment and renal impairment are significant determinants of 1-year survival in patients who present with paravalvular abscess.
Translating word problems to number problems

One of the great challenges I have faced in a lifetime of teaching physics to first-year college students is to help them to develop the ability to translate word problems into algebraic formulations that can yield the correct solutions to the word problems. The example cited here is a case of a common failure which I have seen so often. Warren would have his readers believe that the answer to question No.2 is the correct answer to question No.1.
Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of Sjögren's syndrome.

Primary Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease that is characterized by keratoconjunctivitis sicca and xerostomia resulting from lymphocytic infiltrates of the lacrimal and salivary glands. The criteria for the diagnosis of SS continue to be controversial, leading to confusion in the clinical and research literature. It is important to distinguish SS (an idiopathic autoimmune process) from other processes, including hepatitis C infection, autonomic neuropathy, and drug side effects, that can result in sicca symptoms. Recent studies on the pathogenesis of SS in humans and in animal models examine the clonality of the T cell infiltrates, cytokine production by lymphocytes and glandular epithelial cells, neuroendocrine and hormonal factors that affect glandular secretion, and the fine structure of antigens recognized by T and B cells. Studies of SS have allowed comparison of lymphocytes in blood and in the glandular tissue lesions; important differences in the gland microenvironment play an important role in the initiation and perpetuation of the autoimmune process. For example, apoptotic death depends on the balance of Fas, Fas ligand, nuclear factors (eg, bcl-2, bax, and myc), cytokines, neuropeptides, and cell membrane interactions with extracellular matrix. Although increased rates of apoptosis may be present in the blood T cells of SS patients, some glandular T cells are resistant to apoptosis. Recent advances have led to improved understanding of signal transduction in response to cytokines and hormones that play a role in the local and systemic manifestations of SS. New approaches to therapy are designed to improve the qualitative properties of corneal epithelial surface, as well as increase tear volume.
ANTISENSE SUPPRESSION OF S-RNASE EXPRESSION IN NICOTIANA USING RNA POLYMERASE II- AND III-TRANSCRIBED GENE CONSTRUCTS

In the Solanaceae, self-incompatibility is controlled by a single, multi-allelic (‘S’) locus. One product of this locus is a ribonuclease, the S-RNase, which is expressed predominantly in mature pistils and has recently been shown to cause allele-specific pollen rejection in transgenic plants. Hybrid Nicotiana plumbaginifolia × N. alata plants were used to test the effects of antisense suppression of the S A2-RNase from N. alata using three different gene constructs: two driven by RNA polymerase II-transcribed promoters, and the third, containing a truncated soybean tRNAmet-i gene, transcribed by RNA polymerase III. All three constructs caused suppression of S-RNase activity in the transgenic plants. Unexpectedly, the CaMV 35S promoter was more effective for antisense suppression than the tissue specific tomato ChiP promoter. Antisense suppression of S-RNase correlated with low sense S A2 transcript levels and high antisense S A2 transcript levels. Untransformed hybrids that contained the N. alata S A2 allele were incompatible with N. alata S A2 pollen, while transgenic plants with suppressed S A2 gene expression accepted the pollen. The utility of this hybrid plant system for studying some aspects of antisense gene suppression is discussed.
Complete Fifth Ray Amputation with Peroneal Tendon Transfer—A Staged Surgical Protocol

Nonhealing neuropathic ulcers overlying the fifth metatarsal are frequently associated with cavus foot structure and are often complicated by osteomyelitis. Partial fifth ray amputation for metatarsal phalangeal joint ulceration and osteomyelitis is a time-proven procedure. Recurrent wounds and persistent osteomyelitis at the amputation stump or fifth metatarsal base create significant challenges in a cavus foot with neuropathy. Long-term success with removal of the entire fifth ray is largely dependent on preventing infection of the cuboid and maintaining peroneal tendon function. The described technique demonstrates our surgical principles and technical pearls in performing a staged complete fifth ray amputation with initial antibiotic bead placement and delayed peroneal tendon transfer. The peroneus longus tendon transfer has the advantage of preserving the eversion force to counterbalance the posterior tibial tendon and allowing the first ray to elevate, thereby alleviating some of the sagittal plane deformity associated with a cavus foot structure. The surgical tips and pearls are accompanied by procedure indications and incision planning options. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a staged protocol involving complete fifth ray resection, initial antibiotic bead placement, and delayed peroneus longus tendon transfer.
Impact of woven fabric: Experiments and mesostructure-based continuum-level simulations

Abstract Woven fabric is an increasingly important component of many defense and commercial systems, including deployable structures, restraint systems, numerous forms of protective armor, and a variety of structural applications where it serves as the reinforcement phase of composite materials. With the prevalence of these systems and the desire to explore new applications, a comprehensive, computationally efficient model for the deformation of woven fabrics is needed. However, modeling woven fabrics is difficult due, in particular, to the need to simulate the response both at the scale of the entire fabric and at the meso-level, the scale of the yarns that compose the weave. Here, we present finite elements for the simulation of the three-dimensional, high-rate deformation of woven fabric. We employ a continuum-level modeling technique that, through the use of an appropriate unit cell, captures the evolution of the mesostructure of the fabric without explicitly modeling every yarn. Displacement degrees of freedom and degrees of freedom representing the change in crimp amplitude of each yarn family fully determine the deformed geometry of the mesostructure of the fabric, which in turn provides, through the constitutive relations, the internal nodal forces. In order to verify the accuracy of the elements, instrumented ballistic impact experiments with projectile velocities of 22–550 m/s were conducted on single layers of Kevlar ® fabric. Simulations of the experiments demonstrate that the finite elements are capable of efficiently simulating large, complex structures.
Oxytocin-stimulated responses in a pregnant human immortalized myometrial cell line.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Smooth muscle cells isolated from the myometrium of a pregnant woman at term were infected with a replication-defective adenovirus vector expressing the E6/E7 proteins of human papilloma virus 16. A clonal line, PHM1-41, was selected by resistance to Geneticin and examined for maintenance of smooth muscle phenotype and response to oxytocin. The immortalized cell line retained morphological characteristics of proliferating smooth muscle cells in culture for up to 22 passages and has been used for over 2 years. The cells expressed smooth musclespecific a-actin and retained estrogen receptors. Oxytocin receptors were present, as measured by whole cell binding assay using the oxytocin antagonist 1 2 sl-d(CH2)5 [Tyr-(Me)2,Thr4, -Orn 8 ,Tyr9-NH2] as ligand and oxytocin as competitor. The data were best described by a one-site binding model, with a Kd of 0.36 nM and a binding site concentration of 37 fmol/tig DNA. PHM1-41 cells responded to oxytocin with an increase in intracellular free calcium (EC,, 15 nM) and an increase in phosphatidylinositol turnover. Oxytocin-stimulated phosphatidylinositol turnover was inhibited by preincubation with the cAMP analog CPT-cAMP. This immortalized myometrial cell line should prove useful for studies relating to human myometrial function.
A note on pattern matching: Where do you find the match to an empty array?

The question in the title is answered, and the answer justified by a derivation and use in two applications, string partitioning and string editing. Some implications for APL language extensions are also noted.
Slow excited state injection and charge recombination at star-shaped ruthenium polypyridyl compounds--TiO2 interfaces.

The excited states of two star-shaped nanometre-sized ruthenium polypyridyl compounds were largely unchanged when anchored to nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films due to a highly symmetrical and rigid ligand structure that isolated the chromophoric core from the semiconductor. Interfacial electron transfer occurred on unusually slow time scales.
Members' Attitudes Toward Corporate Sponsorship of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

Corporate sponsorship of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics has become commonplace; however, published reports on membership approval of sponsorship appear nonexistent. This study investigates attitudes of Academy members regarding corporate sponsorship. Participants included 2968 members of the Academy aged 18 and older. Thirty-two states and districts from 3 additional states sent the link to an anonymous, self-administered online survey to their members. The survey consisted of 33 items and was administered between January and March 2011. Results suggest that Academy members have strong opinions about corporate sponsorship and the Academy should be more selective as to which corporations should be allowed to sponsor the association.
A process for reducing workload and enhancing residents' education at an academic medical center.

ABSTRACTAcademic medical centers are under increasing pressure to find alternatives to residents for the provision of patient care and to expand and improve the educational opportunities for residents. To address these concerns, the authors performed a study of the medical wards at Harborview Medica
A Classic Work Revisited: Democracy and the Public Service

Frederick Camp "Fritz" Mosher passed away in 1990, but his writings on professionalism, public service, and democratic governance remain valuable guides to the field of public adminis tration. Four decades after it was first published in 1968 and revised in 1982, Mosher's best-known and most accessible work, the monograph Democracy and the Public Service, remains one of the most widely cited books in the field. Mosher was a major figure in the remarkable second generation of scholars trained in the field of public administration. Along with such peers and friends as Dwight Waldo, Harold Seidman, Herbert Kaufman, Frank Sherwood, James Fesler, Don Price, Roscoe Martin, Emmette Redford, Lynton K. Caldwell, and Paul Van Riper, Mosher epitomized the faith?a term he himself often applied?of his generation in the ideals of democracy, constitutional ism, and public service, learned not just in the class room but also in their experiences of war, economic depression, and growing public cynicism toward government.
Successful endovascular treatment of a ruptured mycotic intracavernous carotid artery aneurysm in an AIDS patient

As the medical treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) continues to advance, the HIV-related aneurysms may pose a clinical problem of increasing magnitude. The authors report on a successfully treated ruptured mycotic intracavernous carotid artery aneurysm case in an AIDS patient. This 41-year-old AIDS patient presented with severe epistaxis. His head CT revealed acute blood in the left sphenoid sinus with bony erosion of the lateral wall (Fig. 1). The cerebral angiogram demonstrated a quite irregularly shaped intracavernous carotid artery aneurysm with proximal arterial stenosis (Fig. 2). After balloon test occlusion, this aneurysm was trapped endovascularly with detachable balloons (Fig. 3). The blood culture was positive for Aspergillus. The patient died 2 years later from other AIDS-related causes. The cerebral aneurysms in HIV/AIDS patients can be generally categorized into two groups: the mycotic aneurysms from bacterial or fungal infections and the HIV-associated aneurysms as a distinct entity. To plan appropriate interventions, a high degree of clinical suspicion must be exercised to promptly recognize the mycotic nature of many HIV-related aneurysms.
The dynamical role of solvent on the ICN photodissociation reaction: connecting experimental observables directly with molecular dynamics simulations

The ICN photodissociation reaction is the prototype system for understanding energy disposal and curve crossing in small molecule bond-breaking. The wide knowledge base on this reaction in the gas phase makes it an excellent test case to explore and understand the influence of a liquid solvent on the photo-induced reaction dynamics. Molecular dynamics simulations that include surface-hopping have addressed numerous aspects of how the solvent should influence non-adiabatic transitions and energy flow and ultimately determine product branching for this reaction system. In this paper, we report femtosecond transient absorption work directly combined with new molecular dynamics simulations that make direct connection with the spectroscopic observables. The full spectral evolution after initiating ICN photodissociation at 266 nm in water and ethanol is recorded with unprecedented time resolution, fast enough to see the nascent products emerge before interacting with the solvent cage. Use of a 266 nm pump maximizes the probability of subsequent caging on the upper diabat while launching large rotational energy release for trajectories emerging on the lower diabat. The 2D dataset yields a map of the different products and how they interconvert. In particular, information on the branching ratio and spectral evolution of the product bands is revealed as the products relax their electronic and rotational degrees of freedom. An evolution from rotationally hot gas-phase like CN (sharp band, at 390 nm) to equilibrated and solvated CN radicals (broad, at 326 nm in water and 415 nm in ethanol) is clearly observed in both solvents, and signals assignable to I* are also captured. The non-adiabatic molecular dynamics simulations focus on identifying when trajectories curve cross, filtering the trajectory ensemble into spectroscopically distinct sub-populations and analyzing the rotational energy for the CN product population. The experimental results, taken together with the MD simulations, establish the initial surface crossing probability and suggest multiple passes through the curve crossing region determine the final product yields and provide a source of freshly torqued CN radicals that continues to top up the population of rotationally hot photoproduct over the first few picoseconds.
Local cerebral glucose utilization in normoxemic and hypoxemic newborn lambs.

To determine if hypoxemia altered local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) in newborn lambs, and where these alterations occurred, we measured LCGU using the 2-[14C]deoxyglucose [( 14C]DG) autoradiographic technique in lambs made hypoxemic by gradual reduction in inspired oxygen concentration. In 5 normoxemic control lambs, aged 3 days. LCGU of the cerebral cortex and white matter was higher than published values of LCGU in similar structures in near term normal fetuses and 2-4 times higher than reported values in normoxemic puppies. LCGU was highest in vestibular nuclei and auditory structures, followed by cerebellar nuclei, cerebral subcortical structures, and white matter. In 6 hypoxemic newborn lambs (paO2 14-18 torr) consistent increases in LCGU were noted only in the corona radiata compared to the values obtained in the normoxemic control lambs (36.5 +/- 8.1 vs. 23.9 +/- 1.7 mumol/100 per min, mean +/- S.D., P less than 0.02). This increase in LCGU in white matter was clearly noted in autoradiographs in which thin dark central regions within white matter often reached high into the gyri. In the hypoxic group. LCGU of the corona radiata superseded the value in many gray matter structures. In addition, patchy increases of [14C]DG utilization were present in the cerebral cortex of two hypoxemic lambs. Acute hypoxemia increases glucose utilization of the corona radiata to values equivalent to many gray matter structures, and leads to heterogeneous glucose metabolism in the cerebral cortex, but does not alter LCGU in other gray matter structures of newborn sheep.
Designing Effective Video Teletraining Instruction: The Florida Teletraining Project.

The Florida Teletraining Project was an evaluation study that sought to test the feasibility of providing various military courses to the Reserve Components using community college personnel. Delivery was via a two-way interactive system, TNET, one of the Army's teletraining networks. Five courses were delivered and evaluated in the project. This article describes the course design requirements used to develop the interactive video courseware for the project. It also presents the results of the performance tests and reactions of the students and some of the instructional personnel to the instructional methods used in the courses. Results showed that all students passed the performance tests (consistent with the U.S. Army's mastery requirements) and over 90% passed on the first attempt. Students and instructional personnel were positive about the strategies that were designed for the video teletraining courses. They rated the learning methods, including the interactivity provided, to be useful and effective.
Impact Study of Sandwich Composite Structures with Delamination

Finite element analyses were conducted to analyze the dynamic response of an unbalanced sandwich beam, a balanced sandwich beam, and a balanced sandwich plate subject to a low energy impact. In particular, strain versus time history, failure location and mode, and the influence ofan existing delamination crack on the failure were investigated. It was found that, in the presence ofa small delamination crack, the failure load of a sandwich composite structure increased compared to that of the non-delaminated structure. For a small crack, failure under impact loading was core shearing, that occurred away from the crack tip. However, as the delamination crack length increased, the core shearing failure occurred at the crack tip under a reduced impact load. Thus, the failure location shifted moving away from the crack tip to the crack tip as the delamination crack size increased from a small size to a large size. The failure load for a large crack structure was significantly smaller than that ofthe non-delaminated structure. Core shearing failure was followed by delmaination at the core/faceplate interfaces. When the initial delamination crack size became longer than half of the beam length, the crack further propagated through the interface. Furthermore, a delamination crack did not result in a substantial increase in the maximum deflection compared to that of the non-delaminated specimen. Thus, detection ofdelamination cracks was difficult from the deflection measurement under a low energy impact. Finally, the effect of crack surface friction on the dynamic behaviour and failure of the sandwich structures was small.
Calcite cementation along the Refugio/Carneros fault, Coastal California: a link between deformation, fluid movement and fluid–rock interaction at a basin margin

Abstract Calcite cement occurs at two localities 24 km apart at the ends of the steep-dipping, east–west trending Refugio/Carneros fault, Santa Barbara area, California coast. These occurrences offer clear evidence for interrelated faulting and fluid movement. The Refugio fault juxtaposes Oligocene Vaqueros sandstone, with about 100 m of apparent normal offset, against overlying Miocene Rincon shale. At the western end of the fault, calcite, up to 1.5 m thick with individual crystals 20 cm across, fills the fault zone and extends via small fractures into the adjacent sandstone. Physical and geochemical evidence from the calcite demonstrates repeated episodes of deformation and fluid movement. The carbon isotopic values of this fault-related calcite ( δ 13 C PDB −40 to −45‰) indicate the carbon was generated from oxidation of methane. Estimated crystallization temperatures are around 100°C, although the outcrop is calculated to have been submerged at least a few 100 m subsea depth.
A COMPUTER MODEL FOR SOME BRANCHING-TYPE PHENOMENA IN HYDROLOGY

ABSTRACT In hydrology, branching-type phenomena occur in several instances, for example in ground-water flow (splitting flow channels in a porous medium) and in the formation of a natural river network (combining, i.e., inverse branching, of small rivers to form large rivers). Such phenomena can be treated by the statistics of topological bifurcating arborescences. It is shown how ensembles of arborescences can be generated on a computer and expectation values for observables can be calculated. In this fashion, the laws of dispersion processes in flow through porous media and Horton's law of stream numbers in drainage basins are shown to be the outcome of very simple statistical assumptions.
Developmental toxicity of cesium in the mouse

Abstract 1. 1. Maternal intake of 1 mEq CsCl in drinking water at conception until weaning the offspring mice resulted in certain maternal mediated neonatal and developmental toxicity. 2. 2. Initial reduction in body and brain weights were determined in male offspring due to maternal exposure to Cs salt before they attained the control levels. 3. 3. Offspring from both sexes showed increased spleen weight from control as a consequence of maternal exposure to Cs. This may precipitate delayed immunotoxicity. 4. 4. Maternal Cs exposure did not alter litter size or specific activities of offspring heart lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes from respective controls. 5. 5. Maternal exposure to Cs altered specific activities of offspring liver alcohol- and aldehyde dehydrogenase during development compared to controls. 6. 6. The results indicate neonatal and developmental toxicity of Cs as a function of maternal intake of CsCl during pregnancy and breast feeding.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Hermaphroditism in Fishes

Hermaphroditism is a derived and polyphyletic condition in fishes, documented in about 2% of all extant teleost species scattered across more than 20 taxonomic families in 9 orders. It shows a variety of expressions that can be categorized into sequential and synchronous modes. Among the sequential hermaphrodites are protogynous species in which an individual begins reproductive life as a female and later may switch to male, protandrous species in which a fish starts as a male and later may switch to female, and serial bi-directional sex changers. Among the synchronous hermaphrodites (in which an individual can simultaneously produce eggs and sperm) are several outcrossing and one predominantly selfing species. A few species also consist of mixtures of hermaphroditic and single-sex individuals. All of these reproductive categories have been the subject of numerous theoretical and empirical treatments from an evolutionary perspective. Here we highlight some of the major conclusions from these studies, which collectively have been informative on a variety of biological topics related to reproductive modes, gender allocations, sexual conflict and gamesmanship, mating systems, and life-history tradeoffs.
Ecosystem Development After Mangrove Wetland Creation: Plant–Soil Change Across a 20-Year Chronosequence

Mangrove wetland restoration and creation efforts are increasingly proposed as mechanisms to compensate for mangrove wetland losses. However, ecosystem development and functional equivalence in restored and created mangrove wetlands are poorly understood. We compared a 20-year chronosequence of created tidal wetland sites in Tampa Bay, Florida (USA) to natural reference mangrove wetlands. Across the chronosequence, our sites represent the succession from salt marsh to mangrove forest communities. Our results identify important soil and plant structural differences between the created and natural reference wetland sites; however, they also depict a positive developmental trajectory for the created wetland sites that reflects tightly coupled plant-soil development. Because upland soils and/or dredge spoils were used to create the new mangrove habitats, the soils at younger created sites and at lower depths (10–30 cm) had higher bulk densities, higher sand content, lower soil organic matter (SOM), lower total carbon (TC), and lower total nitrogen (TN) than did natural reference wetland soils. However, in the upper soil layer (0–10 cm), SOM, TC, and TN increased with created wetland site age simultaneously with mangrove forest growth. The rate of created wetland soil C accumulation was comparable to literature values for natural mangrove wetlands. Notably, the time to equivalence for the upper soil layer of created mangrove wetlands appears to be faster than for many other wetland ecosystem types. Collectively, our findings characterize the rate and trajectory of above- and below-ground changes associated with ecosystem development in created mangrove wetlands; this is valuable information for environmental managers planning to sustain existing mangrove wetlands or mitigate for mangrove wetland losses.
Second species periodic solutions with an 0(μ) near-moon passage

This paper uses the results of second-order asymptotic matching in the restricted three body problem to establish the existence and first-order asymptotic approximation of various families of second species periodic solutions with one near-moon passage during a half-period. In this way, the existence and asymptotic approximation of second species solutions with any number of near-moon passages during a half-period can be established based on higher order asymptotic matching. Second species solutions with near-moon passages have not been studied numerically due to the difficult nature of this problem.
Curriculum Infusion as College Student Mental Health Promotion Strategy

This article describes efforts to increase faculty involvement in suicide prevention and mental health promotion via curriculum infusion. The participants were faculty, staff, and 659 students enrolled in classes of a large eastern university from Fall 2007–Spring 2011. Counselors, health educators, and medical providers recruited faculty from a variety of disciplines to develop mental health promotion programs in their courses. This article describes seven such collaborations, illustrating how faculty was able to encourage students to see connections between their academic content and real world college experience, and the implications for mental health. As a result of these collaborations, faculty had a deeper understanding of mental health issues and resources on campus and an appreciation for the opportunity to collaborate in novel ways. After curriculum infusion was introduced to the campus faculty referrals to counseling did not noticeably increase, but there was increased faculty engagement in ment...
dUTP pyrophosphatase and uracil-DNA glycosylase in rat liver and hepatomas

Abstract 1. 1. The activity of dUTP pyrophosphatase (dUTPase) was similar in rat liver and hepatomas of slow or moderate growth rate but was increased several fold in three rapidly growing hepatomas. 2. 2. There was an approx three-fold increase in the activity of uracil-DNA glycosylase in Morris hepatoma 7800 but there was little change in activity in other hepatomas that were examined. 3. 3. The activities of dUTPase and uracil-DNA glycosylase were not significantly affected by two diets that may be promotional for hepatocarcinogenesis, a high orotate diet and an arginine-deficient diet.
Dynamics in the quantum/classical limit based on selective use of the quantum potential.

A classical limit of quantum dynamics can be defined by compensation of the quantum potential in the time-dependent Schrodinger equation. The quantum potential is a non-local quantity, defined in the trajectory-based form of the Schrodinger equation, due to Madelung, de Broglie, and Bohm, which formally generates the quantum-mechanical features in dynamics. Selective inclusion of the quantum potential for the degrees of freedom deemed “quantum,” defines a hybrid quantum/classical dynamics, appropriate for molecular systems comprised of light and heavy nuclei. The wavefunction is associated with all of the nuclei, and the Ehrenfest, or mean-field, averaging of the force acting on the classical degrees of freedom, typical of the mixed quantum/classical methods, is avoided. The hybrid approach is used to examine evolution of light/heavy systems in the harmonic and double-well potentials, using conventional grid-based and approximate quantum-trajectory time propagation. The approximate quantum force is defined on spatial domains, which removes unphysical coupling of the wavefunction fragments corresponding to distinct classical channels or configurations. The quantum potential, associated with the quantum particle, generates forces acting on both quantum and classical particles to describe the backreaction.
Case management and behavioral contracting. Components of rural substance abuse treatment.

Abstract This article presents a model of case management with rural clients entering drug and alcohol treatment. As part of a larger treatment protocol called Structured Behavioral Outpatient Rural Therapy, behavioral contracting is combined with strengths perspective case management to help rural clients motivate themselves to engage and complete drug and alcohol treatment. This combined approach is designed to continually communicate and teach an “A-B-C” cognitive-behavioral approach to problem-solving and change. While not a panacea for addressing the myriad problems facing clients with drug use problems, such an approach promises to improve “treatment as usual” formats, which often ignore the formidable obstacles to human change experienced by rural clients and clinicians.
Overcoming absorption saturation with doping in p-type quantum well infrared photodetectors: modeling and experiment

Bound-to-continuum normal-incidence absorption in p-type GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) is strongest when the second light-hole (LH2) level is resonant with the top of the valence band QW. However, we found that such absorption saturates as a function of doping in the well. Using the envelope-function model (EFA), this paper shows that moving the LH2 resonance slightly deeper into the continuum avoids absorption saturation and produces optimal p-QWIP response. A suitable set of mid-IR samples was grown to test this conjecture and their photoresponse measured. The results indicate that absorption can be more than doubled through the use of the new p-QWIP designs. This result is explained by showing that the line of resonances in the continuum as a function of the in-plane wave vector eventually becomes a bound LH2 band in the well at some critical wave vector. Therefore, it is possible to avoid absorption saturation by matching this critical wave vector (i.e., well width and/or well depth) with the Fermi wave vector (i.e., doping in the well) for the desired QWIP (i.e., cutoff wavelength).
Naloxone inhibits diazepam-induced feeding in rats.

Abstract Diazepam will induce feeding in rats. This feeding has a rather stable latency and does not wane with repeated doses. Naloxone hydrochloride, in doses as small as 0.25 mg/kg, subcutaneously, inhibited the feeding induced by diazepam, 25 mg/kg, intragastrically.
Immunotherapeutic strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma.

There is a continuing need for innovative, alternative therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Immunotherapy for cancer is attractive because of the exquisite specificity of the immune response. Activation of an HCC-specific response can be accomplished by strategies targeting tumor-associated self-antigens (for example, α-fetoprotein [AFP]). Gene array studies have added to the list of HCC-specific gene products that can be targeted. Alternatively, the immune response can be targeted against viral antigens in those patients infected with hepatitis B or C virus. Uncharacterized and mutated antigens can also be targeted with whole tumor cell or tumor lysate-based immunization strategies or with vectors coding for genes that make the tumor immunogenic, allowing the immune system to naturally evolve specificity against immunogenic target antigens. Strategies being investigated in animal models include increasing tumor immunogenicity by targeting cytokines or costimulatory molecules to tumor; immunization with tumor cells fused with antigen-presenting cells; adoptive transfer of viral antigen-specific T cells; and targeting AFP-expressing HCC cells by DNA, adenovirus, peptide, and dendritic cell (DC) strategies. Strategies that have been tested in human clinical trials include adoptive transfer of lymphocytes and autologous tumor-pulsed DC as well as 2 AFP-based strategies: AFP-derived peptides in Montanide and AFP peptides pulsed onto autologous DC. These trials, testing novel immune-based interventions in HCC subjects, have resulted in immunologic responses and have impacted recurrence and survival in HCC subjects.
OCS Oil and gas: Relationships between resource management and environmental research

Abstract Physical, biological, and chemical baselines followed by the assessment of change through monitoring have provided scientific information about pollutants after their dispersal in the marine environment. Effective management of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) requires that predictions about effects of alternate courses of action be available in advance of major decisions. Hence, a baseline and monitoring method that provides information concerning impacts after they have occurred does not fit the government's requirements for management especially when the course of development is not easily altered after it is initiated. A new method is presented that identifies steps in the OCS leasing process, examines the technology that they activate, and targets applied research on the most significant subject areas.
Biosynthesis of monoterpenes: partial purification, characterization, and mechanism of action of 1,8-cineole synthase.

Abstract Geranyl pyrophosphate:1,8-cineole cyclase (cineole synthase) catalyzes the conversion of geranyl pyrophosphate to the symmetrical monoterpene ether 1,8-cineole (1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) by a process thought to involve the initial isomerization of the substrate to the tertiary allylic isomer, linalyl pyrophosphate, and cyclization of this bound intermediate to the α-terpinyl carbocation that is subsequently captured by water and undergoes heterocyclization to the remaining double bond. The enzyme was isolated from the secretory cells of the glandular trichomes of Salvia officinalis (garden sage) and partially purified, and the properties of this monoterpene cyclase, previously determined in crude cell-free extracts, were reexamined. These properties (pH optimum, divalent metal ion requirement, molecular weight, pI) were similar to those determined previously with the exception of substrate utilization; geranyl pyrophosphate was shown to be a more efficient substrate than the cis -isomer, neryl pyrophosphate, in the absence of competing phosphatase activity that contaminated earlier preparations of this enzyme. As with other monoterpene cyclases of herbaceous species, cineole synthase was inhibited by cysteine- and histidine-directed reagents, and protection against inactivation was provided by the substrate-metal ion complex. Studies with 18 O-labeled acyclic precursors and H 2 18 O, followed by mass spectrometric analysis of the product, confirmed that water was the sole source of the ether oxygen atom of 1,8-cineole. The electrophilic nature of the coupled isomerization-cyclization reaction was examined with a series of substrate and intermediate analogues. The overall stereochemistry of the cyclization of geranyl pyrophosphate to the symmetrical monoterpene was established by determining the enantioselectivity for (3 R )- or (3 S )-linalyl pyrophosphate as an alternative substrate and by oxidation of [3- 3 H]1,8-cineole, derived from [1- 3 H]geranyl pyrophosphate, to (±)-3-keto-1,8-cineole and radio-GLC separation of diastereomeric ketal derivatives to determine the labeled enantiomer.
The role of staging laparoscopy for multimodal therapy of gastrointestinal cancer

Background: This prospective study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy and the therapeutic relevance of staging laparoscopy.
Bullying: A Community Approach

Until recently, bullying was considered to be a problem mainly associated with schools. This is not the case. Bullying can occur wherever people are in contact, in either small or large groups. Schools are a most important part of the community and can be viewed as a focal point in countering bullying behaviour. However, this paper contends that bullying needs to be placed in a wider community context and in addition to the school, considers the role of parents, non-teaching staff, school bus drivers, shopkeepers, doctors and the police. It also outlines initiatives in the youth sector to counter bullying.
High-Level Verification

The growth in size and heterogeneity of System-on-Chip (SOC) design makes their design process from initial specification to IC implementation complex. System-level design methods seek to combat this complexity by shifting increasing design burden to high-level languages such as SystemC and SystemVerilog. Such languages not only make a design easier to describe using high-level abstractions, but also provide a path for systematic implementation through refinement and elaboration of such descriptions. In principle, this can enable a greater exploration of design alternatives and thus better design optimization than possible using lower level design methods. To achieve these goals, however, verification capabilities that seek to validate designs at higher levels as well their equivalences with lower level implementations are crucially needed. To the extent possible given the large space of design alternatives, such validation must be formal to ensure the design and important properties are provably correct against various implementation choices. In this paper, we present a survey of high-level verification techniques that are used for both verification and validation of high-level designs, that is, designs modeled using high-level programming languages. These techniques include those based on model checking, theorem proving and approaches that integrate a combination of the above methods. The high-level verification approaches address verification of properties as well as equivalence checking with refined implementations. We also focus on techniques that use information from the synthesis process for improved validation. Finally, we conclude with a discussion and future research directions in this area.
Is There a Best Way to Set Positive Expiratory-End Pressure for Mechanical Ventilatory Support in Acute Lung Injury?

Airspace collapse is a hallmark of parenchymal lung injury. Strategies to reopen and maintain patency of these regions offer three advantages: improved gas exchange, less lung injury, and improved lung compliance. Elevations in intrathoracic pressure to achieve these goals, however, may overdistend healthier lung regions and compromise cardiac function. Positive expiratory-end pressure is a widely used technique to maintain alveolar patency, but its beneficial effects must be balanced against its harmful effects.
The influence of acute ethanol exposure on growth hormone release in female rats.

This study investigates the site (hypothalamic or pituitary) at which ethanol (ETOH) alters GH release in female rats. Both the hypothalamic response to clonidine (CLON), an alpha 2 -adrenergic agonist, and the pituitary response to growth-hormone releasing hormone (GRH) were tested. Jugular cannulae were inserted for drug administration and undisturbed blood sampling. ETOH was injected IP 24 and 1 h before experimentation. In animals receiving saline or ETOH (1, 2, or 3 g/kg), there was no response to CLON and no difference in GH levels between groups. On the other hand, there was a significant surge in GH release in response to a high dose of GRH (1000 ng/kg) in both saline controls and in ETOH (3 g/kg) animals. Although there was no difference in the height of the surge between groups, baseline GH levels were higher in animals that received ETOH. In response to a low dose of GRH (250 ng/kg) the GH surge was only significant in the ETOH animals. In animals receiving somatostatin antiserum (anti-SRIF; 0.5 ml) in combination with the low GRH dose, the surge in GH levels was significant in both saline and ETOH animals, however, the surge was higher in saline compared to ETOH animals. The results of this study suggest that: 1) ETOH alters the SRIF system (release or reception) in female rats and that this interaction is evident when GRH concentration is low, and 2) ETOH may also inhibit GH release by interfering with the GRH system, however, the site of this influence most likely does not involve an alpha 2 -GRH component.
The effect of combustion temperature on coal ash fine-fragmentation mode formation mechanisms

Abstract Ash particles smaller than 2.5 μm in pulverized coal combustion ash are difficult to capture in particulate control devices and may pose greater harm to human health than larger particles if emitted into the atmosphere. The fine fragment coal ash mode, centered around 2 μm, is less well understood than larger coarse and smaller ultrafine ash. Proposed formation mechanisms include bursting, shedding, or fragmenting of larger particles; particle-to-particle impaction; and adjunct particle formation. Increased heating rate may increase bursting and shedding of large particles and an increased overall temperature may lead to increased mineral vaporization, condensation, and subsequent merging into fine fragment particles. This study aimed at exploring these effects by varying the combustion temperature while maintaining a nearly constant residence time. Pulverized Illinois #6 bituminous coal was combusted at three different peak combustion temperatures in a self-sustaining downflow combustor operated at 15 kW to generate ash, resulting in incremental temperature/residence time profiles following the same general trend. The size segregated ash samples were collected from the post-combustion zone in a Dekati low pressure inertial impactor. The mass of each fraction was measured and the ash was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. The fine fragment mode ash types were classified into char, coarse, agglomerates, fragments, multi-spheres, and odd/unidentifiable classes. The abundance of these particle types were used to evaluate the significant fine fragment ash formation mechanisms and determine potential impacts of heating rate/temperature on fine-fragment particle formation. The results revealed that the mass fraction of multi-sphere, fragments, char, and agglomerates all increase with decreasing temperature. Further, there appears to be multiple formation mechanisms responsible for the generation of fine fragment sized multi-sphere and fragment type particles.
Gain-Flattened Hybrid Silica-Based Er-Doped Fiber Amlifiers Designed for More Than 25nm-Bandwidth without Gain Equalizers

Without gain equalizers, newly-designed hybid silica-based EDFAs exhibit relative gainnon-uniformity as small as 5.8% over 2Snm-bandwidth , which is comparable to those of fluoride-based EDFAs.