cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direction of self-motion is perceived from optical flow

Can moving observers distinguish the direction in which they are moving from the direction in which they are looking? Radial patterns of optical flow could be used to perceive the translational direction of self-motion and to guide locomotion. However, these patterns are confounded by eye movements, which has led previous investigators to reject the outflow pattern and to propose alternative strategies. Using computer-generated displays of optical flow, we show here that humans can perceive their direction of self-motion during stationary fixations, pursuit eye movements, and with displays that simulate the effects of eye movements. We conclude that optical flow is sufficient for perceiving the direction of self-motion and provide evidence for a theory based on differential element motion.
Pediatric Urology: Transrectal Posterior Sagittal Approach to Prostatic Utricle (Mullerian Duct Cyst)

We describe use of the posterior sagittal trans-anorectal approach to excise a prostatic utricle in a child. This alternative approach provides excellent exposure to the retrourethral space, permitting safe and functional reconstruction.
Two oxepane-type diterpene lactones from melampodium diffusum

Abstract The isolation and structure elucidation of two new oxepane diterpene lactones, 1,10,17-trihydroxymelfusanolide and 1,10-dihydroxy-17-acetoxymelfusanolide, from Melampodium diffusum are reported. The structure determination involved chemical and spectral methods.
Osteoporosis in Children: Implications for Nursing

Osteoporosis affects children worldwide. These children are at increased risk of fractures from activities of daily living and may be restricted in their play secondary to this. Parents live in fear of causing a fracture during routine activities, and they worry about their children's future bone health. As nurses, we can make a difference at many levels in the lives of these children, their families, and other caregivers. We first need to understand what osteoporosis is, potential prevention strategies, and risk factors. We can then help to identify the child at high risk, educate them and their family, and be a resource for other caregivers and health professionals who are less familiar with childhood osteoporosis. From prevention to diagnosis, treatment and safe handling practices, pediatric nurses can have a positive influence in the lives of all children and families. In emergency rooms, operating rooms, patient care units, clinics and within the home, schools, or communities, nurses with knowledge of osteoporosis will impact the life of a child living with this often debilitating condition in many positive ways.
Oil development-operating cost estimates, 1955–1985

Abstract Few if any published oil production cost estimates can be verified as to method and basic data. Using US drilling costs and some assumptions explained in the text, this paper estimates development-operating costs in 41 oil-producing nations, from 1955 to 1985, from publicly available data on drilling. Estimation methods are described in detail so that anyone with access to better information on any item can substitute it to arrive at a better estimate.
Friendly Relations: Situating Friendships Between Men and Women in the Early American Republic, 1780–1830

Men and women who became friends in the early American republic struggled with societal worries about the purity and chastity of their friendships. More so than other pairs of friends, heterosocial friends had to attend to how their friendships appeared to those around them. One of the most important ways of doing so was positioning a friendship in relation to spouses. In an era when marriage was the central structure for relations between men and women and fears of seduction and ruin were rampant, friends of the opposite sex needed to integrate their friendships within their marriages. This paper examines how men and women did so through the lens of their correspondence. Navigating a society without clear boundaries or rules for conducting a friendship between a man and a woman, individual pairs of friends improvised to create safe friendships in person and in letters. The careful intertwining of marriages and friendships they created demonstrates the way intimate social relationships were embedded in the social fabric of the early American republic.
A surface plasmon resonance sensor probe based on retro-reflection

Abstract A new surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing probe is presented. The probe is based on retro-reflection, consisting of a stable, one-piece substrate that is simple to construct. The orientation of the sensing surface requires a minimal sample volume, and the device is easily optimized for maximum sensitivity in different applications. The sensor presented here exhibited a sensitivity of 3.36×10 −5 refractive index units. The versatility and simplicity of this new sensor configuration provide the potential to introduce SPR sensing techniques to industrial applications.
Progress in Practice: Can Undergraduate Student Affiliate Groups Survive After the (Re)Energizers Graduate?

The collective memory of the work of undergraduate student clubs is often fleeting, perhaps even more so than the memory of some academic faculty committees! Unlike fraternal organizations, with which members still identify long after they leave their student years, undergraduate students in preprofessional clubs more naturally dis-identify with their organizations once they
Purification of His6-tagged Photosystem I from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

We have developed a rapid method for isolation of the Photosystem I (PS1) complex from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using epitope tagging. Six histidine residues were genetically added to the N-terminus of the PsaA core subunit of PS1. The His(6)-tagged PS1 could be purified with a yield of 80-90% from detergent-solubilized thylakoid membranes within 3 h in a single step using a Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) column. Immunoblots and low-temperature fluorescence analysis indicated that the His(6)-tagged PS1 preparation was highly pure and extremely low in uncoupled pigments. Moreover, the introduced tag appeared to have no adverse effect upon PS1 structure/function, as judged by photochemical assays and EPR spectroscopy of isolated particles, as well as photosynthetic growth tests of the tagged strain.
Determination of Protein Solubility in Oilseed Meals Using Coomassie Blue Dye Binding

Abstract Protein solubility in KOH has been shown to be a good indicator for overprocessing of oilseed meals. However, the conventional method requires determination of N, usually by the Kjeldahl method, which is time consuming and expensive. The current study evaluated the use of Coomassie blue dye (CB) to reduce the time and expense of conducting the protein solubility assay for different oilseed meals. Samples of solvent-extracted soybean meal, canola meal, and sunflower meal were autoclaved for 0 to 120 min at 121 C and 124 kPa. Protein solubility, in .2% KOH for soybean meal and sunflower meal and in .5% KOH for canola meal, was determined using Kjeldahl N or CB. In the CB assay, an aliquot of the soluble protein solution was mixed with CB and absorbance measured at 595 nm. Protein solubility decreased as autoclaving time increased for all oilseed meals, with the response being greatest for SBM. The results indicated that time after addition of CB to the soluble protein solution affected dye binding values and that spectrophotometer readings should be made within 1 min after mixing the CB with the soluble protein. It was also necessary to prepare a standard curve of dye binding versus soluble protein for each individual oilseed meal, because the amount of dye bound per unit of protein and the linear range in dye binding values varied among the oilseeds. Overall, protein solubility values determined by the Kjeldahl N method and the CB method were in very good agreement (r = .99).
Probing the Democratic Peace Argument Using Linguistic Fuzzy Logic

Why have the numerous debates on the “democratic peace” remained inconclusive? In addressing this question, the paper examines causality in social sciences by using propositional calculus in the framework of linguistic fuzzy logic. The paper does this by taking into account the possibility that some causal relations might be more or less of a sufficient type while others might be more or less of a necessary type, and while still others might be of both types to a lesser or greater degree of truth. The paper shows that depending on how much more or less democratic the two states are, and depending on how much more or less they feel threatened by one another, this more or less sufficiently causes a more or less possibility of fighting between the two states. Therefore, the lack of agreement on the possibility of a democratic peace is strictly speaking neither a problem of empirical validation, nor one of theoretical explanation, although these are still important issues. Instead, the lack of agreement has m...
Evidence for inelastic processes for N3+ and N4+ from ion energy distributions in He/N2 radio frequency glow discharges

The ion energy distributions (IEDs) striking surfaces in rf glow discharges are important in the context of plasma etching during the fabrication of microelectronics devices. In discharges sustained in molecular gases or multicomponent gas mixtures, the shape of the IED and the relative magnitudes of the ion fluxes are sensitive to ion–molecule collisions which occur in the presheath and sheath. Ions which collisionlessly traverse the sheaths or suffer only elastic collisions arrive at the substrate with a measurably different IED than do ions which undergo inelastic collisions. In this article we present measurements and results from parametric calculations of IEDs incident on the grounded electrode of a rf glow discharge sustained in a He/N2 gas mixture while using a Gaseous Electronics Conference Reference Cell (33.3 Pa, 13.56 MHz). We found that the shape of the IEDs for N+3 and N+4 provide evidence for inelastic ion–molecule reactions which have threshold energies of <10 eV.
Can Baryonic Dark Matter BE Solid Hydrogen

Some requirements are discussed for solid hydrogen formation in cold dark dense clouds in galaxies. If temperatures in the clouds are near the microwave background temperature of 2.7 K and molecular hydrogen densities are 3×105 cm−3 or higher, as suggested by recent observations, it may be possible for solid hydrogen objects to form. Comet size hydrogen solids could build from molecular hydrogen condensation on grains and by collisions. Heated primarily by cosmic rays, objects with 100 km radii could last billions of years. The larger objects may be detectable, in the future, by sensitive gravitational lensing or eclipsing observations. Other possibilities are discussed for future detection of the cold dark dense molecular hydrogen regions. In our model, helium is added along with the hydrogen to preserve the primordial helium to hydrogen mass ratio,Y p , of the standard model. In the hot regions of the universe the solid hydrogen objects sublime and melt so our model predictsY p =0.250, the same as other baryonic dark matter models with identical values of ω=0.1,H o =50 and η=6.8×10−10. This value cannot be ruled out at present because of the large systematic uncertainties in the observed value of 0.232. In the cold dark regions where solid hydrogen objects exist, we predict thatY p will be greater than 0.250. Observations are not yet sensitive enough to measure this ratio.
Third-Party Liability: Who Pays for Computer Damages?

Abstract The success of modern technology is based on its proven record of performance. We expect that our computers will always work properly. In particular, the Internet requires that users have confidence in its reliability and integrity.
A Gaussian hypergeometric series evaluation and Apéry number congruences

If p is prime, then let φp denote the Legendre symbol modulo p and let p be the trivial character modulo p. As usual, let n+1Fn(x)p := n+1Fn „ φp, φp, . . . , φp p, . . . , p | x « p be the Gaussian hypergeometric series over Fp. For n > 2 the non-trivial values of n+1Fn(x)p have been difficult to obtain. Here we take the first step by obtaining a simple formula for 4F3(1)p. As a corollary we obtain a result describing the distribution of traces of Frobenius for certain families of elliptic curves. We also find that 4F3(1)p satisfies surprising congruences modulo 32 and 11. We then establish a mod p2 “supercongruence” between Apery numbers and the coefficients of a certain eta-product; this relationship was conjectured by Beukers in 1987. Finally, we obtain many new mod p congruences for generalized Apery numbers.
Methodological optimization of tinnitus assessment using prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex

Recently prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex (ASR) became a popular technique for tinnitus assessment in laboratory animals. This method confers a significant advantage over the previously used time-consuming behavioral approaches utilizing basic mechanisms of conditioning. Although this technique has been successfully used to assess tinnitus in different laboratory animals, many of the finer details of this methodology have not been described enough to be replicated, but are critical for tinnitus assessment. Here we provide detail description of key procedures and methodological issues that provide guidance for newcomers with the process of learning to correctly apply gap detection techniques for tinnitus assessment in laboratory animals. The major categories of these issues include: refinement of hardware for best performance, optimization of stimulus parameters, behavioral considerations, and identification of optimal strategies for data analysis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Tinnitus Neuroscience.
"Tectonic" hippocampal malformations in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.

Abstract Histological analysis of hippocampi removed en bloc during surgical treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy revealed a subgroup of patients with bulbous expansions of the CA1 pyramidal cell/subicular layers that were consistently accompanied by “tectonic” invaginations of the adjacent dentate gyrus. Most hippocampi containing the CA1/subicular anomaly and the tectonically deformed dentate gyrus exhibited minor cell loss compared to hippocampi with typical hippocampal sclerosis, and retrospective analysis revealed that conventional imaging methods usually failed to detect subtle hippocampal atrophy or abnormal signal characteristics in patients with this anomaly. Cells within the anomaly exhibited the spherical appearance of undifferentiated pyramidal layer neurons, and were immunopositive for the neuronal marker NeuN. Immunostaining for the synaptic marker β-synuclein suggested abnormal dentate gyrus lamination in segments containing the pyramidal cell layer anomaly, but not in unaffected areas of the same specimens. Despite differences in the extent of neuronal loss between patients with hippocampal sclerosis and those with the CA1/subicular anomaly, the incidence of antecedent febrile seizures was similar in both groups. In a comparison group of hippocampi obtained at autopsy, structural irregularities were evident, but were consistently less disruptive to hippocampal architecture than the anomalies observed in epilepsy patients. We hypothesize that developmental malformation of the CA1 pyramidal cell/subicular layers may adversely influence the subsequent development of the adjacent dentate gyrus, and may render temporal lobe structures hyperexcitable and more vulnerable to relatively innocuous seizures and injuries. Thus, these presumably developmental hippocampal anomalies may serve as substrates for early febrile seizures and subsequent epilepsy.
Normal resting electrocardiographic variants in young athletes.

AbstractWith a growing awareness of the tragedy of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in young athletes, more extensive pre-participation examinations are being performed prior to competitive sport participation. In addition to a history and physical, young athletes often have a 12-lead resting electrocardiogram (ECG) to better identify heart disease associated with SCA. Complicating this process is that certain “abnormal” resting ECG findings are considered normal variants in healthy children and young adults. The ability to recognize these normal variants is often useful in preventing excessive referral of patients to cardiologists for evaluation of resting ECG's that are benign variations of normal and in making sound decisions regarding appropriate clearance to exercise. This review describes these normal variants.
Thermal Conductivity of Metals

As indicated in a previous paper, elementary classical considerations suggested a relation between thermal conductivity $k$, atomic heat $C$, density $\ensuremath{\rho}$, and absolute temperature $T$ of the form $\frac{k}{C\ensuremath{\rho}}=\frac{K}{T}+{K}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. This is now shown to be in agreement with recent theories on the metallic state. The first term on the right relates to conduction by the crystal lattice, the second term, ${K}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, refers to conduction by electrons. It is found experimentally that ${K}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is the conductivity in the molten condition. The present paper shows these relations for lead, tin, and zinc. The data reported for lead are new. A modification of the experimental method previously used for zinc was required for the work on lead (a much poorer conductor) and is here explained.
Polymyositis Presenting as a Neck Mass

• Polymyositis is a rare disease entity belonging to the class of enigmatic disorders known as the collagen vascular diseases. It is characterized by proximal muscle weakness. More than 50% of the patients with this disease have development of head and neck manifestations, most commonly a heliotrope rash or dysphagia. Weakness and atrophy of neck muscles, and lolling of the neck have also been described. We report a case of polymyositis presenting as a neck mass, a heretofore undescribed manifestation of this disease in the head and neck. A review of the literature and an interdisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and management of this unusual disease will be described. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.1992;118:318-320)
DDRO: A novel performance monitoring methodology based on design-dependent ring oscillators

As CMOS technology scales, circuit performance becomes more sensitive to manufacturing and environmental variations. Hence, there is a need to measure or monitor circuit performance during manufacturing and at runtime. Since each circuit may have different sensitivities to process variations, previous works have focused on synthesis of circuit performance monitors that are specific to a given design. In this work, we study the potential benefit of having multiple design-dependent monitors. We develop a systematic approach to the synthesis of multiple design-dependent monitors, as well as a corresponding delay estimation method. Our approach synthesizes design-dependent ring oscillators (DDROs) using standard library gates. This has the advantage of quick design turnaround time and reduced schedule impact, because the DDRO implementation can leverage automation in conventional implementation flows. Our delay estimation method seeks to minimize the number of parameters as well as computing resources (i.e., to limit information storage and exchange) used in delay estimation based on monitoring results. Experiments show that our delay estimation method using multiple DDROs reduces overestimation (timing margin) by up to 25% compared to use of a single DDRO.
Identification of thin plates seen in R5(SixGe1−x)4 alloys, where R is Gd, Tb, Dy, and Er

Abstract R5(SixGe1−x)4 alloys, where R is Tb, Dy, and Er, have been examined. Their microstructures consisted of large grains with thin plates of a second phase. Energy dispersive spectrometry of the plates revealed a rare earth rich composition. It is proposed that the plates are R5(SixGe1−x)3 compounds, similar to results seen in Gd5(SixGe1−x)4.
Synthesis and evaluation of a radioiodinated benzothiazole derivative as a radioligand for in vivo quantitation of β-amyloid deposits in aging and alzheimer's disease

Amyloid deposits in the form of senile plaques and fibrillary tangles have been targeted as a biomarker for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and evaluation of the efficacy of therapeutic treatments (1–3). For in vivo quantitation of amyloid deposits in AD, efforts have been made to develop radiopharmaceuticals for PET and/or SPECT imaging that readily penetrate the blood brain barrier and selectively localize in the area of beta-amyloid deposits in AD brain. To date, these agents such as radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (4), plaque-related proteins (5, 6), analogues of Congo red (7–11), and membrane dyes (12) have found limited use due to either marginal brain uptake or high non-specific binding.
Magneto-elastic waves in initially stressed conductors

Die Fortpflanzung elastischer Wellen in einem anfanglich spannungsbelasteten, unbegrenzten, leitenden Medium in Anwesenheit eines magnetostatischen Feldes wird mittels einer linearen Theorie untersucht, die von einer nichtlinearen Elastizitatstheorie abgeleitet wird. Die ebene, periodische Wellenlosung wird fur den Fall erhalten, dass der ideale Leiter sich in einem gleichformigen magnetischen Feld befindet. Drei verschiedene anfangliche Spannungszustande werden in Betracht gezogen: Wenn der anfangliche Spannungszustand als Norm betrachtet wird, dann fuhrt das magnetische Feld zu einer gegenseitigen Beeinflussung zwischen den Longitudinal- und Transversalwellen, wahrend die Wellengeschwindigkeiten sowohl vom Magnetfeld als auch von der Anfangsspannung abhangen. Es wird gezeigt, dass das Magnetfeld manchmal die Wellengeschwindigkeit so beeinflusst, dass der Effekt des anfanglichen Spannungszustandes aufgehoben wird.
Catalytic partial oxidation of natural gas to syngas

Abstract We trace the development of catalytic partial oxidation technology for the conversion of natural gas to synthesis gas (CO + H 2 ) from steam reforming to autothermal reforming to direct oxidation. Synthesis gas which has applications in methanol, ammonia and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis has been conventionally produced by endothermic steam reforming processes in fired tube furnaces. Catalytic partial oxidation is much faster, highly selective in a single reactor, and much more energy efficient. It could thus significantly decrease capital and operating costs of syngas production. In this review, we consider catalysts as well as reactors. Processes, issues and practical difficulties are discussed with academic and industrial efforts presented in parallel. New millisecond contact time direct oxidation processes which eliminate the use of steam and use autothermal reactors orders of magnitude smaller than those used for conventional steam reforming hold promise for commercialization.
The Relationship between Youth Violence, Victimization, and Educational Outcomes

Prior research on the relationship between adolescent violence, victimization, and educational attainment has largely focused on the relationship between victimization experiences and later educational outcomes. Lost in this line of inquiry is a) the relationship between one’s own violent behavior and later educational outcomes and b) the overlap between being a victim and being a perpetrator. The aim of this project is to address those limitations in the literature. Findings show that being both a victim and perpetrator of violence significantly increase the risk of dropping out of school and not attending college. Both aspects of violence have their own unique negative effect on the risk of limited future attainment. While this does not suggest that these youth are definitively at risk for limited achievement later in life, it does suggest that their path to future success is severely inhibited by these violent experiences.
Renaturation of Leishmania donovani 3′-nucleotidase following sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

1. 1. Renaturation of a 3′-nucleotidase from the surface membrane of Leishmania donovani promastigotes was achieved following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). 2. 2. Enzyme activity was detected in situ in gels, following SDS removal, by incubating the gels in reaction mixtures containing 3′-AMP or 3′-UMP as substrate followed by staining for the inorganic phosphate (Pi) reaction product with malachite green-molybic acid solution. 3. 3. Conditions for the removal of SDS by diffusion and for the renaturation of enzyme activity are described including evidence for the detergent requirement, which is best satisfied by 3[(3-cholamido-propyl)-dimethylammonio]2-hydroxy-1-propane sulfonate (CHAPSO). 4. 4. Results indicate that the 3′-nucleotidase migrates under these conditions as a polypeptide with an MT of 43,000.
Power in practice: best interests or coercive control?

In her article, Sonya Charles argues convincingly that certain obstetrical practices use “manipulation, intimidation, and violence” to coercively control the behavior of pregnant women (Charles 201...
Unique Protein Determinants of the Subtype-selective Ligand Responses of the Estrogen Receptors (ERα and ERβ) at AP-1 Sites

The two subtypes of human estrogen receptor, alpha (hERalpha) and beta (hERbeta), regulate transcription at an AP-1 response element differently in response to estradiol and the anti-estrogens tamoxifen and raloxifene. To better understand the protein determinants of these differences, chimeric and deletional mutants of the N-terminal domain and the F region of ERalpha and ERbeta were made and tested in transient transfection assays at the classical estrogen response element (ERE) site as well as at an AP-1 site. Although the same regions on each receptor subtype appeared to be primarily responsible for estradiol activation at an ERE and in HeLa cells, major differences between ERalpha and ERbeta mutants were seen in the estrogen and anti-estrogen responses at an AP-1 site. This differential ligand response maps to the N-terminal domain and the F region. These results suggest that different estrogenic and anti-estrogenic ligands use different mechanisms of activation and inhibition at the AP-1 site. In contrast to previous studies, this work also shows that many of subtype-specific responses are not transferred to the other subtype by swapping the N-terminal domain of the receptor. This implies that there are other unique surfaces presented by each subtype outside of the N-terminal domain, and these surfaces can play a role in subtype-selective signaling. Together, these data suggest a complex interface between ligand, response element, and receptor that underlies ligand activation in estrogen signaling pathways.
Homoleptic uranium(IV) alkyl complexes: synthesis and characterization.

The addition of 4.5 equiv of LiCH2SiMe3 to [Li(THF)]2[U(OtBu)6], in the presence of LiCl, results in the formation of the homoleptic uranium(IV) alkyl complex [Li14(OtBu)12Cl][U(CH2SiMe3)5] (1) in low yield. Complex 1 has been characterized by X-ray crystallography. As a solid, 1 is thermally stable for several days at room temperature. However, 1 rapidly decomposes in C6D6, as indicated by 1H and 7Li{1H} NMR spectroscopy, owing to the lability of the [Li14(OtBu)12Cl]+ cation. To avoid the formation of the [Li14(OtBu)12Cl]+ counterion, alkylation of UCl4 was investigated. Treatment of UCl4 with 5 equiv of LiCH2SiMe3 or LiCH2tBu at −25 °C in THF/Et2O affords [Li(DME)3][U(CH2SiMe3)5] (2) and [Li(THF)4][U(CH2tBu)5] (3), respectively, in good yields. Similarly, treatment of UCl4 with 6 equiv of MeLi or KCH2C6H5 generates the U(IV) hexa(alkyl) complexes [Li(TMEDA)]2[UMe6] (4) and {[K(THF)]3[K(THF)2][U(CH2C6H5)6]2}x (5) in 38% and 70% yields, respectively. The structures of 3−5 have been confirmed by X-ray crys...
Effect of Complex Formation on Drug Absorption X: Effect of Polysorbate 80 on the Permeability of Biologic Membranes

Low concentrations of a nonionic surfactant (poly-sorbate 80) in the bathing solution increase significantly the absorption and exsorption rate constants of 4-aminoantipyrine in goldfish. This effect is evident in absorption and exsorption studies involving chemical assays as well as in experiments in which absorption rate was determined indirectly on the basis of the time of onset of a pharmacologic effect. The ratio of rate constants with: without surfactant was similar in the three types of experiments. It is concluded that polysorbate 80 enhances drug transfer by a direct effect on the biologic membranes and not by interacting with the drug.
Regulation of cytochrome P-450p by phenobarbital and phenobarbital-like inducers in adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture and in vivo.

Treatment of rats with phenobarbital increases the hepatic concentration of P-450p, a form of cytochrome P-450 believed to be controlled primarily by a mechanism that stereospecifically recognizes glucocorticoids like dexamethasone and anti-glucocorticoids like pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile [Schuetz, E.G., & Guzelian, P.S. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 2007]. To test the possibility that phenobarbital induces P-450p indirectly by increasing the availability of endogenous glucocorticoids in the liver, we added phenobarbital and phenobarbital-like inducers to primary monolayer cultures of adult rat hepatocytes incubated in serum-free medium without glucocorticoids and found stimulated de novo synthesis of P-450p measured as increased incorporation of [3H]leucine into immunoprecipitable P-450p protein. With some of the inducers, notably the organochlorine pesticides chlordane and trans-nonachlor, there was a greater accumulation of P-450p measured on quantitative immunoblots than could be accounted for by the increase in P-450p synthesis. "Pulse-chase" experiments confirmed that these compounds significantly lengthen the half-life of P-450p up to 60 h as compared to the values in control (11 h) or dexamethasone-treated (10 h) cultures. Treatment of rats with chlordane, trans-nonachlor, or other cyclodiene organochlorine pesticides confirmed that these agents increase the concentration of P-450p in liver microsomes analyzed on immunoblots of two-dimensional electrophoretic gels. The time courses of induction in trans-nonachlor-treated rats of P-450p protein and of P-450PB proteins induced by phenobarbital were similar as were the amounts of P-450PB mRNA and P-450p mRNA measured by hybridization to cloned cDNA probes. However, analysis of structure-activity relationships among polychlorinated biphenyls revealed that isomers with two ortho chlorinated positions maximally induced P-450PB whereas isomers with three and four ortho chlorines maximally induced P-450p in rats and in hepatocyte culture, respectively. We conclude that P-450p is induced by the phenobarbital class of inducers through direct contact with the hepatocytes involving decreased degradation of the protein and stimulation of its synthesis in a manner similar but not identical with that of P-450PB.
Simple scaling laws for influenza A rise time, duration, and severity

Simple scaling laws are developed for the severity and characteristic time scales of influenza A infection in man. The scaling laws are based on a model of the infection described by six coupled ordinary differential equations that describe the time courses of the numbers of infectious viral particles, activated cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, interferon molecules, infected cells, uninfected cells, and the subset of uninfected cells that are protected by interferon from viral infection. Computer simulations show that the disease can be regarded approximately as a two-stage process. In the first stage, the growth in the number of infected cells is determined primarily by the interferon-enhanced limitation in the available number of target cells. In the second stage, the bulk of the duration of the infection is determined mainly by the destruction of the infected cells by the cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. The severity and characteristic times of the infection are found to depend simply on the logarithm of the initial number of viruses.
Classical conditioning of attitudes as a function of source consensus

Employing the general approach which Neal Miller (1959) has called “extension of liberalized S-R theory,” an analogy was drawn between source consensus in attitude formation and UCS-strength in classical conditioning. 350 Ss were exposed to persuasive arguments advocated by a group source with five levels of consensus (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of “the experts”). As in classical conditioning, response probability was a negatively accelerated increasing function of “UCS-strength” (consensus) (p<.01).
δ-Glutamate Receptors Are Differentially Distributed at Parallel and Climbing Fiber Synapses on Purkinje Cells

Neurons containing multiple excitatory inputs may sort and target glutamate receptor subtypes to subsets of synapses. A good model for testing this hypothesis is the Purkinje cell, which expresses significant levels of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate, kainate, N-methyl-D-aspartate, delta-, and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Purkinje cells receive two excitatory inputs, the parallel and climbing fibers; the combined effect of stimulation of these two inputs is to produce long-term depression of parallel fiber/Purkinje cell neurotransmission. Distribution of glutamate receptors in these two synapse populations in rat cerebella was studied using preembedding immunocytochemistry with antibodies to GluR1, GluR2/3, GluR5-7, NR1, delta 1/2, and mGluR1 alpha. Moderate/dense postsynaptic staining was most frequent in postsynaptic densities and spines of both parallel and climbing fiber synapses with mGluR1 alpha antibody, was intermediate in frequency with GluR2/3 and GluR5-7 antibodies, and was least frequent with GluR1 and NR1 antibodies. The most striking finding was the absence of significant postsynaptic staining with delta 1/2 antibody in climbing fiber synapses in adult animals, even though postsynaptic staining was prevalent in parallel fiber synapses with this antibody. In contrast to adults, moderate/dense postsynaptic immunolabeling of climbing fiber synapses with delta 1/2 antibody was common in rats at 10 days postnatal. This study provides direct morphological evidence that delta-glutamate receptors are differentially targeted to synapse populations. Our results support previous suggestions that delta 2 is involved in development of parallel and climbing fiber synapses and in long-term depression of parallel fiber/Purkinje synaptic responses in adults.
Analysis of damping in particle-reinforced superplastic zinc composites

The damping behavior of superplastic zinc (SPZ) particulate composites with up to 42.5 vol pct spherical TiC particles (3 Μm in diameter) was studied in the 25 ‡C to 330 ‡C temperature range using a low frequency torsion pendulum. The observed damping at room temperature was modeled as a combination of a diffusion-controlled dislocation relaxation and a grain boundary relaxation. Addition of TiC produced a lower dislocation damping contribution at room temperature, but this loss was offset by an increased contribution from the grain boundary relaxation. An increase in the elastic modulus was also observed for the composite. The validity of a theoretical model for predicting changes in the grain boundary relaxation peak temperature resulting from the introduction of large nondeforming particles was tested. This study demonstrates that grain sliding in SPZ alloys occurs by cooperative sliding of grain clusters containing three to five grains. The activation energy for this process was found to be 111 kJ/mole (1.15 eV), which is in agreement with previously published values for grain sliding in SPZ. A second internal friction peak at a temperature just below the eutectoid transformation temperature was also observed and this peak was associated with recrystallization.
Understanding the Role of Rituximab in ANCA GN: Regressing toward the Mean

Who in their right mind could argue? It made complete pathogenetic sense that remission induction could be accomplished by rituximab-induced depletion of circulating peripheral CD20-positive B cells in patients with ANCA vasculitis. ANCAs are bioindicators of inflammatory autoimmune conditions
The terpene complement of slow and fast growing Sitka spruce terminals as related to Pissodes strobi (Peck) (Col., Curculionidae) host selection1

Abstract Fast growing, 1-year-old Sitka spruce terminals - preferred material for oviposition by Pissodes strobi - contained significantly less myrcene than slow growing terminals and current growth. Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen uber die Terpenzusammensetzung von langsam- und schnellwachsenden Sitkafich-tenterminaltrieben und deren Einflus auf die Wirtswahl von Pissodes strobi (Peck) (Col., Curculionidae) Es wurde festgestellt, das schnellwachsende ljahrige Terminaltriebe der Sitkafichte, die das bevorzugte Brutmaterial von Pissodes strobi sind, einen signifikant geringeren Myrcengehalt aufweisen als langsamwachsende Terminaltriebe und diesjahrige Triebe.
The isotopes of hydrogen and helium in the Galactic cosmic radiation - Their source abundances and interstellar propagation

A self-consistent model describing the interstellar propagation of Galactic cosmic radiation is developed using low-energy measurements and calculations of the effects of interstellar propagation and solar modulation. The source ratio H-1/He-4 at constant energy per nucleon is determined to be 12.2 + or - 1.5, and the mean path length for an exponential path length weighting function required to account for the data is 7.2 + or - 1.0 g/sq cm. The measured H-2/He-4 and He-3/He-4 ratios do not vary by more than about 30 percent over the solar cycle. The behavior of the ratios during the solar cycle reflects the energy dependence of the local interstellar ratios, and leads to an energy dependence of the mean path length below 1 GeV per nucleon weaker than that inferred from boron/carbon. The source ratio H-1/He-4 inferred from the low-energy data is consistent both with the value inferred from high-energy cosmic ray data using a model of rigidity-dependent confinement and with the solar system abundance ratio.
Disturbance versus edge effects in sugar-maple/beech forest fragments

Abstract Edge-to-interior gradients of woody vegetation were examined on northern and southern aspects of two sugar-maple/beech forest fragments that differed in cultural history. In site 1, a remnant old-growth fragment, the importance of sugar maple and beech increased from edge to interior on the southern aspect, while that of less-shade-tolerant species decreased. Differences in total stem densities also differentiated edge from interior, with highest canopy densities and lowest ground-layer densities near the edge. Compositional and structural gradients were further reflected in ordinations depicting a vegetation gradient from the southern edge to the interior. A similarity was apparent between the extreme edge positions on the northern aspect and the mid-to interior-gradient positions on the southern aspect. An assumed microclimatic gradient was invoked to explain the vegetation patterns. In site 2, a formerly grazed second-growth fragment, differences in composition and structure between edge and interior forest did not occur as a gradient. Retardation in edge-forest development was attributed to the disturbance history of the fragment. The recognition of differences in edge-forest development relative to disturbance history may be requisite for accurate determination of edge effects in disturbed landscapes.
Sorption, diffusion and permeation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane through adsorbent-filled polymeric membranes☆

Abstract Addition of hydrophobic adsorbents such as activated carbon into polymeric membranes increased the sorption capacity for 1,1,1-trichloroethane and the trichloroethane permeability of the membranes used in the pervaporation mode. Water permeability also increased for all filled membranes due to increased water sorption. The intrinsic separation factor for trichloroethane, however, increased only for membranes filled with activated carbon. It did not change for membranes filled with a carbonaceous adsorbent made by polymer pyrolysis. The solubility of trichloroethane in the filled membranes was measured directly by a “purge and trap” method. The trichloroethane diffusivities in the filled membranes were calculated from the solubility and permeation data or determined by desorption experiments. It was shown from these results that the enhancement in trichloroethane selectivity and permeability for the activated carbon-filled membrane was mainly due to the increase of trichloroethane solubility.
Metabolic O-dealkylation of 1-(4′-ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-7-methoxy or ethoxy-trans-2-octene, potent juvenoids

Abstract 1-(4′-Ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-7-methoxy or ethoxy- trans -2-octene (the ethyl-methoxide and ethyl-ethoxide) are more stable in some biological systems and less stable in others than 1-(4′-ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-6,7-epoxy- trans -2-octene (the ethyl-epoxide). In housefly adults and mealworm pupae the persistence increases in the order of the ethyl-epoxide, -methoxide and -ethoxide but with adult stable flies the epoxide is of intermediate stability. The alkoxides are metabolized in living insects and microsomal oxidase systems of houseflies and mouse liver mainly by O -dealkylation, at a higher rate for the methoxide than the ethoxide, but benzylic oxidation of the ethyl group also occurs and is more important in the degradation of the ethyl-epoxide than the ethyl-alkoxides. The photostability on silica gel is slightly better for the ethyl-ethoxide than the -methoxide or -epoxide.
Nursing diagnosis at work. From metaphors to nursing diagnoses.

Nursing Diagnosis at Work shows that nursing diagnosis is alive, well, and at work in clinical settings. As they strive to enable nurses and nursing students to use data sets to make inferential decisions, the nursing faculty at Southeastern Louisiana University found an innovative source as a data set. Two faculty members describe one of the strategies they use to make nursing diagnosis work for their students. If you have identified another well-known data set, please share it and the way you have used it. MKMJ.
The political economy of state-level fair employment laws, 1940–1964

Abstract This paper explores the political economy of anti-discrimination legislation during the ascendancy of the Civil Rights Movement. It traces the diffusion of state-level fair employment laws and evaluates the relative importance of various demographic, political, and economic factors in promoting such legislation. Activism by Jewish organizations, the NAACP, and unions (particularly the CIO) were key factors in securing the adoption of fair employment legislation. Less unemployment, a larger Catholic population, more competitive political systems, and Democratic governorships appear to have been less important. Predicted times for the adoption of fair employment laws by the southern states underscore the necessity of federal intervention to establish legal protection from job market discrimination.
Abrupt Changes in the Seasonal Cycle of North American Snow Cover

Continental-scale snow cover extent has now been monitored from space for more than 20 yr in visible wavelengths. Here, the authors utilize weekly snow cover extent charts derived from such analyses to identify unusually rapid (1 week) spatially extensive snow cover accumulation and ablation events across the North American continent. Ancillary data are employed to describe the atmospheric patterns associated with the events. These episodes, which occur irregularly from year to year, bring about important changes in the total albedo of the continent. Rapid extensive accumulation events occur during two preferred portions of the accumulation season. The early season accumulation events average 1-week snow cover increases of 3.9 3 106 km2 and begin near the end of October. Late season accumulation events occur 1 month later and lead to average increases of 3.5 3 106 km2. These rapid advances in the North American snowpack are associated with distinct and consistent atmospheric anomalies that are conducive to spatially extensive snowfalls. Rapid ablation events also fall into two groupings based upon their timing within the annual cycle. Early season ablation episodes occur near the middle of March and account for snow cover losses averaging 2.1 3 106 km2. Early ablation events are associated with fluxes of sensible and latent heat induced by atmospheric disturbances moving along the Canadian‐U.S. border. Late season events occur near the middle of May and are generally associated with anomalous high pressure at the surface and aloft over eastern Canada. This category of ablation events is not associated with large sensible heat flux to the snowpack. The loss of snow cover is more likely associated with downwelling longwave radiation fluxes from cloudy skies or shortwave radiation fluxes under clear-sky conditions.
Description of the pain experience: a study of school-age children.

Analysis of children's responses describing the pain experience revealed that 9- to 12-year-olds can identify causes of pain, can select words that describe pain, and can express how they feel when in pain. Hospitalized children described painful experiences related to surgery and medical procedures and used words related to tension, fear, and overall pain intensity significantly more often than nonhos-pitalized children.Funded by the Committee on Research of the Academic Senate of the University of California, San Francisco.
Generation of static and dynamic patterned co-cultures using microfabricated parylene-C stencils

Many biological processes, such as stem cell differentiation, wound healing and development, involve dynamic interactions between cells and their microenvironment. The ability to control these dynamic processes in vitro would be potentially useful to fabricate tissue engineering constructs, study biological processes, and direct stem cell differentiation. In this paper, we used a parylene-C microstencil to develop two methods of creating patterned co-cultures using either static or dynamic conditions. In the static case, embryonic stem (ES) cells were co-cultured with fibroblasts or hepatocytes by using the reversible sealing of the stencil on the substrate. In the dynamic case, ES cells were co-cultured with NIH-3T3 fibroblasts and AML12 hepatocytes sequentially by engineering the surface properties of the stencil. In this approach, the top surface of the parylene-C stencil was initially treated with hyaluronic acid (HA) to reduce non-specific cell adhesion. The stencil was then sealed on a substrate and seeded with ES cells which adhered to the underlying substrate through the holes in the membrane. To switch the surface properties of the parylene-C stencils to cell adhesive, collagen was deposited on the parylene-C surfaces. Subsequently, a second cell type was seeded on the parylene-C stencils to form a patterned coculture. This group of cells was removed by peeling off the parylene-C stencils, which enabled the patterning of a third cell type. Although the static patterned co-culture approach has been demonstrated previously with a variety of methods, layer-by-layer modification of microfabricated parylene-C stencils enables dynamic patterning of multiple cell types in sequence. Thus, this method is a promising approach to engineering the complexity of cell–cell interactions in tissue culture in a spatially and temporally regulated manner.