cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends in Opioid Use in Pediatric Patients in US Emergency Departments From 2006 to 2015.

Importance The use of opioids to treat pain in pediatric patients has been viewed as necessary; however, this practice has raised concerns regarding opioid abuse and the effects of opioid use. To effectively adjust policy regarding opioids in the pediatric population, prescribing patterns must be better understood. Objective To evaluate opioid prescribing patterns in US pediatric patients and factors associated with opioid prescribing. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used publicly available data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2015. Analysis included the use of bivariate and multivariate models to evaluate factors associated with opioid prescribing. Practitioners from emergency departments throughout the United States were surveyed, and data were collected using a representative sample of visits to hospital emergency departments. The study analyzed all emergency department visits included in the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey for patients younger than 18 years. All statistical analysis was completed in June of 2018 and updated upon receiving reviewer feedback in October of 2018. Exposures Information regarding participants’ medications was collected at time of visit. Participants who reported taking 1 or more opioids were identified. Main Outcomes and Measures Evaluation of opioid prescribing patterns across demographic factors and pain diagnoses. Results A total of 69 152 visits with patients younger than 18 years (32 727 female) were included, which were extrapolated by the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to represent 293 528 632 visits nationwide, with opioid use representing 21 276 831 (7.25%) of the extrapolated visits. Factors including geographic region, race, age, and payment method were associated with statistically significant differences in opioid prescribing. The Northeast reported an opioid prescribing rate of 4.69% (95% CI, 3.69%-5.70%) vs 8.84% (95% CI, 6.82%-10.86%) in the West (P = .004). White individuals were prescribed an opioid at 8.11% (95% CI, 7.23%-8.99%) of visits vs 5.31% (95% CI, 4.31%-6.32%) for nonwhite individuals (P Conclusions and Relevance This research demonstrated an overall reduction in opioid use among pediatric patients from 2011 to 2015 compared with the previous 5 years; however, there appear to be variations in factors associated with opioid prescribing. The association of location, race, payment method, and pain diagnoses with rates of prescribing of opioids suggests areas of potential quality improvement and further research.
Tackling Fundamental Challenges of Carrier Transport and Device Variability in Advanced SinFinFETs for 7nm Node and Beyond

We demonstrated that the fundamental scaling challenges of carrier transport and device variability can be tackled by S/D epitaxy and HK/MG RPG optimizations on the leading-edge 7nm Si $n$ FinFETs, paving the way for continuous scaling. Mitigations of S/D long-range Coulomb interactions and gate-corner work-function roll-up enhance $I_{\text{DSAT}}$ by 18% and 9% respectively at constant gate overdrive, translating to a 13% speed-power enhancement in the ring oscillator. These techniques show larger $I_{\text{DSAT}}$ enhancements than that of $I_{\text{DLIN}}$ . By using an improved characterization method, their unique transport characteristics are clarified.
Southern Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Adult Emergence and Population Growth Assessment After Selection With Vacuolar ATPase-A double-stranded RNA Over Multiple Generations

The southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), was exposed over multiple generations to vacuolar (v)ATPase-A double-stranded (ds)RNA, first as adults and later, as neonate larvae. During adult selection, high mortality and lower fecundity were observed in the RNAi-selected cages after beetles were exposed to sublethal dsRNA concentrations that varied between LC40 and LC75. During larval selection, a delay in adult emergence and effects on population growth parameters were observed after neonates were exposed to sublethal dsRNA concentrations that varied between LC50 and LC70. Some of the parameters measured for adult emergence such as time to reach maximum linear adult emergence, time elapsed before attaining linear emergence, termination point of the linear emergence, and total days of linear emergence increase, were significantly different between RNAi-selected and control colonies for at least one generation. Significant differences were also observed in population growth parameters such as growth rate, net reproductive rate, doubling time, and generation time. After seven generations of selection, there was no indication that resistance evolved. The sublethal effects caused by exposures of southern corn rootworm to dsRNAs can affect important life history traits and fitness especially through delays in adult emergence and reduction in population growth. Although changes in susceptibility did not occur, the observation of sublethal effects suggests important responses to potential selection pressure. Assuming resistance involves a recessive trait, random mating between susceptible and resistant individuals is an important factor that allows sustainable use of transgenic plants, and delays in adult emergence observed in our studies could potentially compromise this assumption.
Motion sickness in passenger vehicles during test track operations

AbstractAs automation transforms drivers into passengers, the deployment of automated vehicles (AVs) has the potential to greatly increase the incidence of motion sickness. A study was conducted to...
Epigenetic mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and their clinical relevance

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and a leading cause of disability. The development of disease-modifying pharmacologic therapy for OA currently faces major obstacles mainly because the pathogenic mechanism(s) underlying OA remain unclear. Previous studies suggested that the alterations in the expression of catabolic and anabolic genes in articular chondrocytes might be involved in the pathogenesis of OA. However, the regulatory mechanisms for aberrant gene expression in osteoarthritic chondrocytes remain largely unknown. Recent advances in epigenome studies have shed light on the importance of epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the initiation and progression of OA. These advances may promote the development of new biomarkers and epigenetics-based strategies for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of OA.
Post-mastectomy radiation arteritis in a patient presenting with upper extremity claudication

Radiation arteritis is a rare but serious complication following radiation therapy for the treatment of breast cancer. We present the case of a 53-year-old female presenting with right upper extremity claudication 4 months following radiation therapy for the treatment of right breast cancer, stage 3b invasive ductal carcinoma. She was referred to vascular surgery and initial imaging with computed tomography angiography (CTA) revealed occlusion from the origin of the subclavian to axillary artery. We discuss the implications that these vascular findings have on potential breast reconstruction options.
Correlation of LINE-1 hypomethylation with size and dysplasia in colorectal tubular adenomas, and risk for synchronous and metachronous CRC.

e16083Background: Conventional adenomas (tubular or tubulovillous adenoma; TA) are frequently detected in patients undergoing average risk screening colonoscopy. Risk stratification of adenomas is ...
[Erratum to: Increased risk of deep vein thrombosis in intensive care unit patients with CoViD-19 infections?-Preliminary data]

Die Inzidenz tiefer Beinvenenthrombosen (TVT) bei intensivpflichtigen CoViD-19-Patienten wurde bisher nur in wenigen Studien untersucht. Prospektive vergleichende Studien mit Non-CoViD-19-Intensivpatienten fehlen ganzlich. Die Inzidenz TVT bei an CoViD-19 erkrankten Intensivpatienten verglichen mit Non-CoViD-19-Patienten, die im selben Zeitraum auf den Intensivstationen des Universitatsklinikums Augsburg behandelt wurden, wurden erhoben. Zudem soll untersucht werden, welche Art der Antikoagulation zum Zeitpunkt des Auftretens der TVT bei CoViD-19-Patienten vorlag und inwiefern eine TVT bei diesem Patientengut mit einer erhohten Letalitat vergesellschaftet ist. In der prospektiven Single-Center Studie wurden im Zeitraum vom 18.04.2020 bis 30.04.2020 20 SARS-CoV2-positive Patienten mit 20 Non-CoViD-Patienten auf Intensivstation bezuglich des Auftretens tiefer Beinvenenthrombosen verglichen. Hierzu wurden demographische Daten, Laborparameter und klinische Verlaufe erfasst und ausgewertet. Die Rate an TVT war im untersuchten Kollektiv bei Patienten mit SARS-CoV2 deutlich erhoht (CoViD-19-Patienten: 20 % vs. Non-CoViD-19-Patienten: 5 %). Sowohl das Vorliegen einer TVT sowie deutlich erhohte D‑Dimer-Werte waren in der vorliegenden Studie mit erhohter Letalitat vergesellschaftet. Wir empfehlen bei der stationaren Aufnahme von Patienten mit SARS-CoV2-Verdacht oder Nachweis die Bestimmung der D‑Dimere und im Falle erhohter Werte die groszugige Indikationsstellung zur Kompressionssonographie der tiefen Beinvenen. So konnen TVT fruh erkannt und eine therapeutische Antikoagulation begonnen werden. Alle stationaren CoViD-19-Patienten sollten eine Thromboseprophylaxe mit NMH erhalten. Weitere Studien zu Point-of-care-Methoden (TEG®, ROTEM®) zur Erkennung einer Hyperkoagulabilitat bei SARS-CoV2 sind notwendig.
Multi-view Frequency LSTM: An Efficient Frontend for Automatic Speech Recognition.

Acoustic models in real-time speech recognition systems typically stack multiple unidirectional LSTM layers to process the acoustic frames over time. Performance improvements over vanilla LSTM architectures have been reported by prepending a stack of frequency-LSTM (FLSTM) layers to the time LSTM. These FLSTM layers can learn a more robust input feature to the time LSTM layers by modeling time-frequency correlations in the acoustic input signals. A drawback of FLSTM based architectures however is that they operate at a predefined, and tuned, window size and stride, referred to as 'view' in this paper. We present a simple and efficient modification by combining the outputs of multiple FLSTM stacks with different views, into a dimensionality reduced feature representation. The proposed multi-view FLSTM architecture allows to model a wider range of time-frequency correlations compared to an FLSTM model with single view. When trained on 50K hours of English far-field speech data with CTC loss followed by sMBR sequence training, we show that the multi-view FLSTM acoustic model provides relative Word Error Rate (WER) improvements of 3-7% for different speaker and acoustic environment scenarios over an optimized single FLSTM model, while retaining a similar computational footprint.
Indium Tin Oxide Nanoparticle-Coated Silica Microsphere with Large Optical Nonlinearity and High Quality Factor

High nonlinearity optical devices are of interest for compact, low power devices. Whispering gallery mode (WGM) microresonators offer strong nonlinear optical responses due to high quality factors ...
Reliability estimation of jacket type offshore platforms against seismic and wave loadings applied in time domain

A novel approach is proposed for the reliability estimation of jacket-type offshore platforms excited by dynamic loadings (wave and seismic) applied in time domain. The information on risk is extra...
Functional proximity mapping of RNA binding proteins uncovers a mitochondrial mRNA anchor that promotes stress recovery

Abstract Proximity labeling (PL) with genetically-targeted promiscuous enzymes has emerged as a powerful tool for unbiased proteome discovery. By combining the spatiotemporal specificity of PL with methods for functional protein enrichment, it should be possible to map specific protein subclasses within distinct compartments of living cells. Here we demonstrate this capability for RNA binding proteins (RBPs), by combining peroxidase-based PL with organic-aqueous phase separation of crosslinked protein-RNA complexes (“APEX-PS”). We validated APEX-PS by mapping nuclear RBPs, then applied it to uncover the RBPomes of two unpurifiable subcompartments - the nucleolus and the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). At the OMM, we discovered the RBP SYNJ2BP, which retains specific nuclear-encoded mitochondrial mRNAs during translation stress, to promote their local translation and import of protein products into the mitochondrion during stress recovery. APEX-PS is a versatile tool for compartment-specific RBP discovery and expands the scope of PL to functional protein mapping. Graphic Abstract
Irrigation return flow and nutrient movement mitigation by irrigation method for container plant production

The production of nursery crops demands substantial irrigation, with overhead irrigation the most common method of application; however, this method is inefficient with respect to water used and the precision with which it is applied, resulting in the generation of irrigation return flow and concomitant agrochemical export. Microirrigation systems such as individual container spray stakes provide water directly to crops thus applying water more efficiently than overhead systems but may be more costly in terms of installation (smaller pipes and components; however, a greater quantity of pipes and components) and maintenance. The study was conducted at the Michigan State University Research Nursery, where four ornamental shrub taxa were produced in #3 (11.3 L) containers using a control with 19 mm overhead irrigation per day and a conventional phosphorus fertilizer (Conv) (19-2.16-6.64), compared with four treatments: a static, daily (2 L per container) spray stake irrigation (SS2Lpd) and conventional phosphorus fertilizer; a static daily (2 L per container) spray stake irrigation and low phosphorus fertilizer (LowP) (19-1.62-6.64); spray stake irrigation based on substrate volumetric water content (θ) (up to 2.4 L per container) (SSθ) and conventional fertilizer; and spray stake irrigation based on θ (up to 2.4 L per container) and low phosphorus fertilizer. Spray stakes reduced irrigation by 76–80% compared to the overhead control, and reduced the generation of both surface and subsurface irrigation return flow (IRF), mitigating the movement of both N and P (over 98% reduction in surface IRF). Plant growth index (GI) was measured on 12 June 2017 and 6 October 2017, followed by a destructive harvest to measure shoot dry weight, and shoot nutritional content. For all four taxa, microirrigation systems were capable of producing plants of equivalent GI and shoot nutritional concentration; however, plants receiving the low phosphorus fertilizer produced less shoot biomass. Microirrigation is effective in reducing water use, water lost to IRF (particularly surface IRF), and associated fertilizer movement, while maintaining crop size.
A Finite Element Approach for Repeated Elastic-Plastic Rolling Contact

A versatile, finite element approach for modelling repeated, elastic-plastic rolling and rolling-plus-sliding has been developed. Results obtained validate earlier theories and provide improved descriptions of the extent of plasticity and the values of residual stresses and the cyclic and cumulative strains. This paper reviews the approach and the different aspects of the computational problem.
Newly-developed, forward-viewing echoendoscope: a comparative pilot study to the standard echoendoscope in the imaging of abdominal organs and feasibility of endoscopic ultrasound-guided interventions.

Background and Aim: Multiple diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) procedures have been widely performed using a standard oblique-viewing (OV) curvilinear array (CLA) echoendoscope. Recently, a new, forward-viewing (FV) CLA was developed, with the advantages of improved endoscopic viewing and manipulation of devices. However, the FV–CLA echoendoscope has a narrower ultrasound scanning field, and lacks an elevator, which might represent obstacles for clinical use. The aim of this study was to compare the FV–CLA echoendoscope to the OV–CLA echoendoscope for EUS imaging of abdominal organs, and to assess the feasibility of EUS-guided interventions using the FV–CLA echoendoscope. Methods: EUS examinations were first performed and recorded using the OV–CLA echoendoscope, followed immediately by the FV–CLA echoendoscope. Video recordings were then assessed by two independent endosonographers in a blinded fashion. The EUS visualization and image quality of specific abdominal organs/structures were scored. Any indicated fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or intervention was performed using the FV–CLA echoendoscope, with the OV–CLA echoendoscope as salvage upon failure. Results: A total of 21 patients were examined in the study. Both echoendoscopes had similar visualization and image quality for all organs/structures, except the common hepatic duct (CHD), which was seen significantly better with the FV–CLA echoendoscope. EUS interventions were conducted in eight patients, including FNA of pancreatic mass (3), pancreatic cyst (3), and cystgastrostomy (2). The FV–CLA echoendoscope was successful in seven patients. One failed FNA of the pancreatic head cyst was salvaged using the OV–CLA echoendoscope. Conclusions: There were no differences between the FV–CLA echoendoscope and the OV–CLA echoendoscope in visualization or image quality on upper EUS, except for the superior image quality of CHD using the FV–CLA echoendoscope. Therefore, the disadvantages of the FV–CLA echoendoscope appear minimal in light of the potential advantages.
Learning and Applying Generalised Solutions using Higher Order Resolution

The performance of problem solvers and theorem provers can be improved by means of mechanisms that enable the application of old solutions to new problems. One such (learning) mechanism consists of generalising an old solution to obtain a specification of the most general problem that it solves. The generalised solution can then be applied in the solution of new problems wherever instances of the general problem it solves can be identified.
HCO3post− secretion by rat distal colon: Effects of inhibitors and extracellular Na+

Abstract Background/Aims: The large intestine secretes HCO 3 − via a Cl−HCO3post− exchange mechanism located in the apical membrane of colonocytes. However, an additional transport system(s) must facilitate HCO 3 − (OH − ) entry or H + exit across the basolateral cell surface. The aim of this study was to determine that mechanism(s). Methods: A modified Ussing apparatus was used to measure net HCO 3 − secretion in segments of rat distal colon. Results: When added to the serosal solution, 10 mmol/L 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyano-2,2′-disulfonic acid stilbene (SITS), 1 mmol/L SITS and 0.1 mmol/L dilsothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid, inhibited HCO 3 − secretion by 88%, 51%, and 30%, respectively. However, the Na+H+ exchange inhibitors, amiloride (1 mmol/L), dimethylamitoride (0.1 mmol/ L), ethylisopropylamiloride (0.1 mmol/L), failed to affect HCO 3 − secretion. Acetazolamide (1 mmol/L) blocked HCO 3 − secretion by approximately 60% when in the serosal solution but had little effect when in the mucosal solution. Ion substitution studies showed that HCO 3 − secretion required Na + in the serosal solution (K 0.5 ~ 12 mmol/L). HCO 3 − secretion was unaffected by depolarizing the basolateral membrane potential with K + -rich medium. Conclusions: These data are consistent with Na + linked HCO 3 − transport across the colonocyte basolateral membrane, which appears to be electroneutral.
Global Magnetohydrodynamics — A Tutorial

Global modeling and simulation of the complex Earth’s space environment requires thorough understanding of the physical processes, the application of robust and sophisticated numerical techniques, an efficient implementation of the numerical algorithms, including parallelization, and comprehensive evaluation against data. This tutorial and review article introduces and discusses the very foundation of global modeling: the choice of numerical grids, the governing equations, numerical algorithms, error estimates, boundary conditions, magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling, and coupling with a thermosphere-ionosphere model. Two examples, simulations of a magnetospheric substorm and of a magnetic storm, show the utility as well as the limitations of the model and exemplify the current state-of-the-art and the lessons learned during the past decade. This article should help non-specialists to understand what goes into such models, what their main use is, and where global models have limitations. Those who are more familiar with global and large-scale models will find a review of latest results.
Purification and characterization of the hydrogen uptake hydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrodictium brockii.

Abstract Pyrodictium brockii is a hyperthermophilic archaebacterium with an optimal growth temperature of 105 degrees C. P. brockii is also a chemolithotroph, requiring H2 and CO2 for growth. We have purified the hydrogen uptake hydrogenase from membranes of P. brockii by reactive red affinity chromatography and sucrose gradient centrifugation. The molecular mass of the holoenzyme was 118,000 +/- 19,000 Da in sucrose gradients. The holoenzyme consisted of two subunits by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The large subunit had a molecular mass of 66,000 Da, and the small subunit had a molecular mass of 45,000 Da. Colorometric analysis of Fe and S content in reactive red-purified hydrogenase revealed 8.7 +/- 0.6 mol of Fe and 6.2 +/- 1.2 mol of S per mol of hydrogenase. Growth of cells in 63NiCl2 resulted in label incorporation into reactive red-purified hydrogenase. Growth of cells in 63NiCl2 resulted in label incorporation into reactive red-purified hydrogenase. Temperature stability studies indicated that the membrane-bound form of the enzyme was more stable than the solubilized purified form over a period of minutes with respect to temperature. However, the membranes were not able to protect the enzyme from thermal inactivation over a period of hours. The artificial electron acceptor specificity of the pure enzyme was similar to that of the membrane-bound form, but the purified enzyme was able to evolve H2 in the presence of reduced methyl viologen. The Km of membrane-bound hydrogenase for H2 was approximately 19 microM with methylene blue as the electron acceptor, whereas the purified enzyme had a higher Km value.
Herpes zoster infection after liver transplantation in patients receiving induction therapy with alemtuzumab.

: Background: The incidence of herpes zoster (HZ) infection in liver transplant recipients prior to the use of induction therapy with monoclonal antibodies has been reported as being 1.2–18%. We studied the occurrence of HZ in liver transplant recipients that received induction therapy with alemtuzumab (Campath 1H®). Material and methods: This was a retrospective review of primary liver transplant recipients who received alemtuzumab as induction therapy at our center. HZ infection was diagnosed clinically as the presence of a characteristic vesicular rash in a dermatomal distribution without any further virological confirmation. Results: A total of 118 liver transplant recipients were treated with alemtuzumab between August 2002 and August 2005. Twelve patients developed HZ infection, and the cumulative probability of a patient developing HZ infection by 36 months post-transplant ±1 SE was estimated as 16.5 ± 5.0%. The median time for onset of the infection was 10.2 months (range 4.7–30.7) after the transplant. All patients had only one dermatomal distribution, and none developed systemic infection or complications such as postherpetic neuropathy. All patients except one were treated with systemic intravenous acyclovir. One patient received famciclovir. All of the patients had received ganciclovir during the post-transplant period but were not receiving any other antiviral medication at the time of the infection. Conclusion: Herpes zoster infection has previously been reported as a frequent complication of liver transplantation. Our study suggests that it occurs in approximately 16% of patients receiving induction therapy with alemtuzumab. Although alemtuzumab is a powerful immunosuppressive agent and there is still little information regarding its long-term safety when used in liver transplantation, our data do not suggest any increase in the occurrence and complications of HZ.
Long-Term Physical Illness in Childhood: A Challenge to Psychosocial Adaptation

Robert Louis Stevenson, a victim of pulmonary tuberculosis, once wrote, “Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well.” Children with a chronic physical disorder who have successfully mastered the physical, social, and emotional hardships associated with their illness well illustrate his point. This paper intends to review the common forms of emotional stress experienced by the child with a long-term illness and by his parents. It also describes the major adaptational techniques enabling the sick child and his family to achieve a satisfactory psychosocial adaptation.
Therapy With Difficult Clients: Using the Precursors Model to Awaken Change

An approach to working with clients who simply do not want to change. Therapeutic change, in the view of Fred J. Hanna, hinges on the presence of seven "precursors" of change: hope, awareness, a sense of the necessity of change, the willingness to experience anxiety or difficulty, the willingness to confront issues, the exertion of the will or effort, and the presence of social support. The presence of these precursors bodes well for a client no matter what the therapist's theoretical orientation. Their absence creates roadblocks to therapeutic change no matter how skilled the therapist, how potent the theory, or how close the relationship. In this guide, Hanna offers a tool for assessing the readiness for change in clients and in therapists. He offers strategies, examples and insights for therapists who face seemingly insurmountable obstacles in the therapeutic relationship.
A synopsis of the genus Blakea (Melastomataceae) in Mexico and Central America.

A regional synopsis of the genus Blakea is presented that recognizes 33 species in Mexico and Central America. This summary includes a key, distributional and phenological information, notes on morphological variation, and discussions that provide rationale for relegating six binomials to synonymy. Descriptions and diagnoses are presented for four new species of Blakea (B. coloradensis, B. darcyana, and B. perforata from Panama; and B. wilsoniorum from southern Costa Rica and Panama). Analysis of the type specimens and recently collected flowering material of Topobea storkii necessitates its transfer to Blakea. Three other species (B. cuatrecasii, B. repens, and B. subconnata var. obtusa), all of which were previously known from Andean South America, are reported from Panama for the first time. Blakea, with approximately 100 species, is one of two berry-fruited genera comprising the natural neotropical tribe Blakeeae (Almeda, 1990). It is best represented in wet montane regions from southern Mexico and the West Indies to Bolivia and Brazil. Although northwestern South America is undoubtedly the center of species richness for Blakea (Wurdack, 1973), southern Central America is clearly the area of focal importance for unusual diversity in floral morphology. This floral diversity reflects adaptations to a broad array of important pollinators in the region, including rodents, buzzing bees, and hummingbirds (Almeda, 1990; Lumer, 1981; Lumer & Schoer, 1986). For a woody genus with showy, often spectacular, flowers, it is surprising that Blakea has escaped the attention of serious students until recently. The genus has not been treated in its entirety since Cogniaux's (1891) familial monograph. Even the most recent floristic treatments of the family Melastomataceae for the Mesoamerican region appeared over 30 years ago (Gleason, 1958; Standley, 1924, 1938; Standley & Williams, 1963; Winkler, 1965) when many areas were still little-explored and poorly known botanically. The account presented here is a precursor to the treatment that will appear in Flora Mesoamericana. Four new species and one new generic transfer are proposed in the context of a regional synopsis. This summary also includes a key to the 33 recognized species, distributional and phenological information, notes on variation, and discussions that provide rationale for relegating previously recognized species to synonymy.
Effect of phase fluctuations on the single-particle properties of underdoped cuprates

We study the effect of order parameter phase fluctuations on the single-particle properties of fermions in the underdoped cuprate superconductors using a phenomenological low-energy theory. We identify the fermion-phase field coupling as the Doppler shift of the quasiparticle spectrum induced by the fluctuating superfluid velocity and we calculate the effect of these fluctuations on the fermion self-energy. We show that the vortex pair unbinding near the superconducting transition causes a significant broadening in the fermion spectral function, producing a pseudogaplike feature. We also discuss the specific heat and show that the phase fluctuation effect is visible due to the short coherence length.
FROM PEASANT SOLDIERING TO PEASANT ACTIVISM: REFLECTIONS ON THE TRANSITION OF A MARTIAL TRADITION IN THE FLAMING FIELDS OF BIHAR

In his ethnohistory of the military labour market in eastern Hindustan, 1450-1850, Dirk Kolff is concerned as much with the qualities of the supply side of the market, that is the villages of the rural countryside, as by the demand side of what the state might need or when it might need it. He describes the towns and villages of the region as an armed society in the Mughal and early modern centuries, and implies that this martial ethos extends into the late nine teenth and the twentieth centuries. My suggestion is that the social, cultural, and political his tory of the twentieth century affirms this to be the case, generally in Gangetic north India, and specifically so in Bhojpur and Bihar, the heart of Kolff's Hindustan.
The properties of Rous sarcoma virus purified by density gradient centrifugation.

Abstract Preparations of Rous sarcoma virus, purified by density gradient centrifugation, have been examined by electron microscopy and chemical analysis. Sections of the pellet obtained by high speed centrifugation of such preparations show a high degree of homogeneity. Examination of shadowed preparations, combined with virus assays, allowed an estimate to be made of the number of physical particles per infectious unit. This number was 750 for tissue culture fluid and 1200 for purified preparations. Analysis showed that the particles contained an average of 9.5 × 10 6 molecular weight units of ribonucleic acid, of which the base composition has been determined. The purification procedure used seems likely to prove useful for other viruses, particularly those which are easily inactivated, since the virus is maintained in suspension at low temperature and neutral pH throughout.
RELATION OF VACCINAL IMMUNITY TO THE PERSISTENCE OF THE VIRUS IN RABBITS

1. By means of cataphoresis vaccine virus can be obtained from suspensions of tissue which are inactive by the usual tests of animal inoculation. 2. Active virus can be obtained by cataphoresis from the tissues of rabbits long recovered from the effects of cutaneous vaccination. 3. Evidence is brought forward which suggests that immunity in a virus disease, such as vaccinia, may be linked with the persistence in the body of living virus.
Physicochemical properties and chromatographic behavior of a homologous series of methotrexate-α-γ-dialkyl ester prodrugs

Abstract A homologous series of 5 α, γ-dialkylester prodrugs of methotrexate (dimethyl through dipentyl) have been synthesized utilizing an acid-catalyzed direct esterification procedure. A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for separating each diester from its corresponding α- and γ-monoester mixture and methotrexate utilizing a pH 3 buffer solution/acetonitrile combination has been developed. The physicochemical properties of each diester including their chromatographic capacity factors and octanol/dimethyl formamide-water partition coefficients have been determined as well as the correlation between these two parameters. The effect of chain length and mobile phase composition on the capacity factors is shown. The methylene group contribution to both capacity factors and partition coefficients have been calculated. Also, the thermodynamic significance of these findings, based on free energy calculations, is discussed. From the data obtained in these experiments evolves a discussion of the possible application of these compounds to the topical treatment of psoriasis.
Vehicle specific power approach to estimating on-road NH3 emissions from light-duty vehicles.

NH3 emissions from motor vehicles have been the subject of a number of recent studies due to their potential impact on ambient particulate matter (PM). Highly time-resolved NH3 emissions can be measured and correlated with specific driving events utilizing a tunable diode laser (TDL). It is possible to incorporate NH3 emissions with this new information into models that can be used to predict emissions inventories from vehicles. The newer generation of modal models are based on modal events, with the data collected at second-by-second time resolution, unlike the bag-based emission inventory models such as EMFAC and MOBILE. The development of an NH3 modal model is described in this paper. This represents one of the first attempts to incorporate vehicle NH3 emissions into a comprehensive emissions model. This model was used in conjunction with on-road driving profiles to estimate the emissions of SULEV, ULEV, and LEV vehicles to be 9.4 plus or minus 4.1, 21.8 plus or minus 5.2, and 34.9 plus or minus 6.0 mg/mi, respectively. We also implement this new NH3 model to predict and evaluate the NH3 emission inventory in the South Coast air basin (SoCAB). (A)
Distinguished Scholar Invited Essay Behavioral Decision Making: Implications for Leadership and Organizations

The past few decades have witnessed greatly enhanced interest in behavioral decision theory. Unlike traditional decision theory, which is normative or prescriptive and seeks an optimal solution, be...
Performance of Traditional and Web-Based EDI

This article examines three categories of companies with regard to electronic data interchange (EDI) usage: (1) companies that use no EDI at all, (2) companies that use traditional EDI, and (3) companies that use Web-based EDI. Performance is examined for these three types of companies using the following dimensions: process cost; operational efficiency; customer satisfaction, coordination, cooperation, and commitment between EDI partners; and overall performance. Results show that companies using Web-based EDI experience superior performance in commitment between EDI partners as well as overall performance, while companies using Web-based or traditional EDI experience superior performance in internal operational efficiency as well as overall performance.
Dynamic behavior of Bradford's law

This paper examines two problems associated with Bradford's law: (1) Since empirical data deviate from the law in many applications, what are the significant factors influencing the Bradford graphs? (2) What will be the evolution over time of the Bradford graphs? A computational analysis of the two problems is made based on Herbert Simon's model. Several significant findings about the dynamic behavior of Bradford's law are identified. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Identification and expression patterns of kif3bz during the zebrafish embryonic development

Abstract We are reporting the identification, expression patterns, and possible biological functions of zebrafish kif3b (kif3bz) encoding 475 amino acids. Kif3Bz contains the kinesin motor domain, catalytic domain, KISc domain, and one single coiled coil domain. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that kif3bz is a highly conserved gene among the tested vertebrates. First of all, both maternal and zygotic messages of kif3bz were evenly distributed in the blastomeres at 2‐cell stage. Its ubiquitous expression throughout the blastomeres continued till 40% epiboly. However, kif3bz transcripts became restricted in Kupffer's vesicle at tailbud and 6‐somite stages. At 13‐somite stage, kif3bz expression pattern became specific to the telencephalon, diencephalon, trigeminal placode, and somites. Such expression patterns were further intensified in the telencephalon, diencephalons, hind brain, pronephric ducts, optic vesicles, and spinal cord neurons in the 23‐somite stage embryos, and last till 24 hpf. We discussed po...
Effect of Neuraminidase Treatment on the Biological Activity of Highly Purified Ovine FSH and LH n i Hypophysectomized Immature Male and Female Rats

Highly purified ovine FSH and LH were treated with neuraminidase to remove sialic acid and the desialylated derivatives were examined for biological activity in hypophysectomized immature male and female rats. The male rats were hypophysectomized at 22 days of age and beginning on day 25 were injected sc twice daily for 4 days with native or neuraminidase-treated FSH (total dose, 15 or60μg) or LH(12μg). The ventral prostates, seminal vesicles, and testes were then removed and weighed, and serum testosterone levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. The female rats were hy-pophysectomized on day 28 and beginning on day 35 were injected sc twice daily for 4 days with native or neuraminidase-treated FSH (8 μg) or saline. On the morning of day 39, the rats were given an ovulating dose of gonadotropin (8 μg native or neuraminidase-treated FSH, or 1.28 μg native or neuraminidase-treated LH) or 1.0 ml saline iv via tail vein. Twenty-four hours later ova were counted in the oviducts, the ovaries were weighed, and...
Revision total elbow arthroplasty for prosthetic fractures.

BackgroundFractures of total elbow arthroplasty components are uncommon, and the literature provides little guidance regarding the management and outcomes of treatment of these complications. The goal of this report was to investigate the prevalence and management of fractures of ulnar and humeral c
Accounting for Aggregation in Heating and Imaging of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Application in Thermal Therapies

Magnetic nanoparticles (mNPs) are known to heat and produce contrast for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in response to varying magnetic fields. These phenomena are being clinically applied in the detection and treatment of diseases such as cancer. However, one important factor that has been largely overlooked in the field is the effect of aggregation on the mNPs’ performance once they are delivered into target cells and tissues. Specifically, nanoparticle aggregation caused by protein interactions and cellular uptake can lead to shifts in their behavior due to increases in the interparticle magnetic interactions and changes to Brownian motion. This will affect both the mNPs’ ability to heat and to be imaged by MRI.© 2013 ASME
Organelles are transported on sliding microtubules in Reticulomyxa.

Organelles and plasma membrane domains appear to be transported along Reticulomyxa’s microtubule cytoskeleton. Previously we demonstrated that organelle and cell surface transport share the same enzymatic properties and suggested that both are powered by the same cytoplasmic dynein. Motility analysis in Reticulomyxa is complicated by the fact that the microtubules also are motile and appear to “slide” bidirectionally throughout the network. We have utilized laser ablation to address this frame-of-reference problem as to how each transport component (microtubule sliding vs. organelle translocations) contributes to reactivated bidirectional translocation of organelles along the microtubule cytoskeleton. Laser ablation was used to cut microtubule bundles from lysed networks into 4 ‐15-mm segments. After examining these reactivated cut fragments, it appears that the majority of organelles did not move relative to microtubule fragments, but remained attached to microtubules and moved as the microtubules slid. Microtubule sliding stops after 1‐2 min and cannot be reactivated even when perfused with fresh ATP. Furthermore, once sliding stops, organelle transport also stops. Our findings indicate that the majority of Reticulomyxa pseudopodial organelles do not move along the surface of the microtubules, rather it is the sliding of the microtubules to which they are attached that moves them. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 47:296 ‐306, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Attention and Emotional Responses to Sexual Stimuli and Their Relationship to Sexual Desire

Little is known about why individuals vary in their levels of sexual desire. Information processing models, like Barlow’s (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54:140–148, 1986) model of sexual functioning, suggest that individuals with higher sexual desire attend more and respond with more pleasant emotions to sexual cues than individuals with lower levels of sexual desire. In this study, 69 participants (36 women, 33 men) completed a dot detection task measuring attention capture by sexual stimuli and a startle eyeblink modulation task indexing the valence of emotional response to affective stimuli. Participants with high levels of sexual desire were slower to detect targets in the dot detection task that replaced sexual images but did not differ in startle eyeblink responses to sexual stimuli. The results suggest that the amount of attention captured by sexual stimuli is a stronger predictor of a person’s sexual desire level than the valence of the emotional responses elicited by such stimuli.
Multihopping Strategies: An Error-Exponent Comparison

Multihop channels are believed to provide benefits in performance because the reduction in transmission distance per hop directly translates to increased channel gains. However, a potential concern of multihop transmission is that the incurred delay also increases with the number of hops, and hence may pose challenges for delay-sensitive applications. This paper investigates the issue of delay from the perspective of error exponents, motivated by the fact that delay is tightly coupled with reliability. Two multihopping strategies are compared. The concatenated coding strategy, in which relay nodes perform inner coding and the source-destination pair further performs outer coding, is shown to provide near-optimal performance at low rates. In contrast, the pass-or-decode strategy, where relay nodes can either decode-and-forward or simply pass the received symbols, is shown to outperform the concatenated coding strategy as the achievable rate increases. The comparison suggests different system architectures for high and low rate applications,respectively.
Policy Windows and Two-Level Games: Explaining the Passage of Acid-Rain Legislation in the Clean Air Act of 1990:

Because of the transboundary nature of most environmental problems, environmental policy often lies at the intersection of domestic and international forces. Yet, because domestic and international issues are usually examined with different sets of theories and models, we tend to explain the policy process and outcome by emphasizing only one arena. Analysis of domestic policy is often dominated by process models, whereas scholars of international relations tend to apply rational models to explain state behavior. We apply Kingdon's ‘policy windows’ model of agenda setting and Brams's dynamic game theory framework to the development of acid-rain legislation enacted by the USA in the Clean Air Act of 1990. We compare the explanations of these theories with the work of other analysts, as well as with perceptions of policymakers by using data from interviews of policymaking elites in Canadian and US government, industry, and interest groups. It is demonstrated that process models and models of strategic intera...
The value of endocervical curettage in the management of the patient with abnormal cervical cytologic findings

Patients with adequate colposcopic examinations and dysplasia on the endocervical curettage specimen usually undergo further diagnostic evaluation. This study evaluated 712 patients and found the frequency of positive endocervical curettage specimens to be 17.6%. Cervical conization or hysterectomy specimens were examined in 66 cases with a positive endocervical curettage. Of these, 69.7% had histologic evidence of discontinuous dysplasia in the endocervical canal. The endocervical curettage specimens were grouped by the percentage of endocervical epithelium that was dysplastic: group 1, less than 10%; group 2, 10% to 50%; group 3, greater than 50%. Confirmed histologic endocervical involvement was 80%, 56%, and 60%, respectively. The involvement of the endocervical canal also increased with increasing grade of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Of the 66 cases examined with positive endocervical curettage specimens, 62.1% had grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia on the ectocervix. Seven patients had positive endocervical margins, with six of these occurring in grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia lesions. Two unsuspected cases of cervical malignancy were identified by endocervical curettage.
Dexamethasone can modulate glucose-regulated and heat shock protein synthesis.

When L929 cells are cultured in the abssence of glucose the rate of synthesis of two polypeptides (95,000 and 82,000 Mr) is increased while that of an 85,000 Mr polypeptide is correspondingly decreased. It has been shown recently that the 85,000 Mr polypeptide is identical with the heat shock protein that is associated with the Rous sarcoma virus transforming gene product (pp60src). The present study shows that dexamethasone completely inhibits the alterations in the pattern of protein synthesis that would normally ensue following glucose deprivation. In fact, synthesis of the 85,000 Mr polypeptide and another polypeptide (69,000 M,) that is not glucose regulated are dramatically increased. In contrast, when L929 cells are maintained in ample glucose the effects of dexamethasone are much less dramatic with only one major SDS polyacrylamide gel band (90,000 Mr) being affected. This effect is specific for glucocorticoids. One-dimensional peptide mapping did not demonstrate any obvious structural relatedness among the 95,000, 90,000, 85,000, and 82,000 Mr polypeptides. Therefore, the observed changes appear to result from alterations in the rate of protein synthesis rather than from changes in precursor-product relationships. It is suggested on the basis of this data that glucocorticoids may play a role in modulating the response of cultured cells to glucose deprivation by eliciting a heat shock-like response.
Coming in from the bush: settled life by the !Kung and their accommodation to Bantu neighbors.

Fieldwork done in the late 1980s shows that !Kung San are living in settled villages with subsistence based on stock keeping, gardening, government distribution of surplus foods, foraging, and in some cases, employment by neighboring cattle-keeping groups. The !Kung villages differ in the degree of dependence on Bantu neighbors. Four village types are distinguished. The least and most dependent villages contrast on several measures including size of the ethnic !Kung population, adult sex ratio, percent of individuals of mixed parentage, and the availability of primary kin.