cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What do managers look for in candidates for international assignments

Globalization of business highlights the need for individuals with the right skills and experiences for international assignments. Gender, age, ethnicity, family situation, professional qualifications, past international experiences, as well as psychological characteristics can be counted among the selection criteria of a candidate for such assignments. This current study examines the role of assignment context and selecting manager characteristics in the selection process. First, these candidate characteristics are considered together with features of the assignment such as duration, destination, and task performed to examine if their consistency are critical. Second, whether managers draw from their own past and consider their own family situation and international experiences, or select a candidate with same gender, age, or ethnicity is investigated. The findings suggest that without matching manager characteristics and assignment features, candidate characteristics are of little importance.
Thermodynamics and kinetics of RNA tertiary structure formation in the junctionless hairpin ribozyme

The hairpin ribozyme consists of two RNA internal loops that interact to form the catalytically active structure. This docking transition is a rare example of intermolecular formation of RNA tertiary structure without coupling to helix annealing. We have used temperature-dependent surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to characterize the thermodynamics and kinetics of RNA tertiary structure formation for the junctionless form of the ribozyme, in which loops A and B reside on separate molecules. We find docking to be strongly enthalpy-driven and to be accompanied by substantial activation barriers for association and dissociation, consistent with the structural reorganization of both internal loops upon complex formation. Comparisons with the parallel analysis of a ribozyme variant carrying a 2'-O-methyl modification at the self-cleavage site and with published data in other systems reveal a surprising diversity of thermodynamic signatures, emphasizing the delicate balance of contributions to the free energy of formation of RNA tertiary structure.
Type of knowledge sharing and its impact on collaborative new product development

While integrating suppliers into producer new product development (NPD) would appear to be beneficial, there lacks a consensus as to what knowledge should be shared between producers and suppliers, especially within turbulent environments. This paper examines how in-depth and complex the knowledge sharing should be between producers and suppliers, given varying environmental conditions. To this point, we propose that small-scale technical exchanges are generally more effective in collaborative NPD efforts than more complex technology transfers. We also analyze two forms of environmental uncertainty, market turbulence and technology turbulence, as they influence the knowledge sharing measures. A survey of project managers reveals that while technical exchanges positively influence NPD performance, technology transfers have no impact (except in radical product development projects) and thus may not always be appropriate in producer–supplier NPD collaborations. We also find that market turbulence and technology turbulence influence technical exchanges, but in differing manners.
Aharonov-Bohm Oscillations in Single Bi Nanowires

We report on the study of the magnetoresistance (MR) of 55 nm diameter single bismuth nanowire at a temperature of 1.5 K. For a wide range of magnetic fields and different sample orientations the MR exhibit field-periodic modulations. We have observed 3 periods of MR oscillations; one of them is consistent with theoretical predictions for the Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in disordered cylinders. Two others may be connected with Dingle’s predictions for oscillations resulting from quantization of the electron energy spectrum.
Change in breast density as a response to adjuvant endocrine treatment: An American cohort.

e11523 Background: Anti-estrogen treatment is the cornerstone in adjuvant therapy of estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. Previous work has demonstrated that endocrine therapy (ET) reduces breast density on subsequent mammograms. Research from Korea and Sweden has shown that decreased mammographic density (MD) after ET is a positive prognostic marker for long-term survival. We seek to validate this finding in a North American cohort. Methods: We identified 102 patients treated at our institution with ER positive breast cancer from 2003-2006, with mammograms available in our system and an intact contralateral breast. MD was measured as percentage volume density using Volpara software (v. 1.2); MD reduction (MDR) was defined as Follow up MD - Baseline MD*100 / Baseline MD. Baseline MD was measured from a preoperative mammogram, and Follow up MD from mammograms taken 1-2 years after start of ET. Logistic regression analysis was performed with endpoint defined as locoregional or distant breast cance...
Neural Correlates of Memory Storage

Ion channels have long been known to undergo progressive transformations during the growth and development of organisms, particularly during early stages (Best et al., 1988; O’Dowd et al., 1988; Nuccitelli, 1988; Aguayo, 1989). Only recently has evidence been accumulated to conclusively demonstrate that persistent changes of ionic channels also occur during the storage of memory (Alkon, 1987).
EAAI-13 Preface

The Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence (EAAI-13) seeks to advance the AAAI goal of improving the teaching and training of AI practitioners. The symposium provides a venue for both researchers and educators to discuss pedagogical issues and share resources related to teaching AI and using AI in education across a variety of curricular levels (K-12 through postgraduate training).
Definite Reference Mutability

Reference immutability type systems such as Javari and ReIm ensure that a given reference cannot be used to mutate the referenced object. These systems are conservative in the sense that a mutable reference may be mutable due to approximation. In this paper, we present ReM (for definite Re[ference] M[utability]). It separates mutable references into (1) definitely mutable, and (2) maybe mutable, i.e., references whose mutability is due to inherent approximation. In addition, we propose a CFL-reachability system for reference immutability, and prove that it is equivalent to ReIm/ReM, thus building a novel framework for reasoning about correctness of reference immutability type systems. We have implemented ReM and applied it on a large benchmark suite. Our results show that approximately 86.5% of all mutable references are definitely mutable.
Epidemiological Survey on the prevalence awareness and effective medication of hypertension

Hypertension is an important public health challenge worldwide. Hypertension is defined as systolic blood pressure of 120 mmHg or higher or diastolic blood pressure of 80 mmHg or higher. It can be classified into two groups. First is Primary hypertension and another is Secondary hypertension. Hypertension is directly responsible for 57% of all stroke deaths and 24% of all coronary heart disease deaths in India. Food intake plays an important role in hypertension disease as high salt intake increases the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Hypertension was significantly higher in those who take alcohol and in subjects with raised total cholesterol level but in multivariate analysis only age, education and cholesterol level were in dependently associated in hypertension. Hypertension has been associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. A meta-analysis also reported that lower values of blood pressure are associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease and also with chronic kidney disease. The Present study deals with the survey on the awareness and the effective medication that could take place to reduce the risk of hypertension. The study include around 50 patients of hypertension on the basis of their prescription given to them. The aim and objective is to reduce the side effect and lesser toxicity, diet to be followed during the treatment and observe the patients of hypertension with effective medication in different hospitals.
Rolling Resistance Revisited

ABSTRACT Rolling resistance defined as energy loss per unit distance is well accepted by the tire science community. It is commonly believed that the dominant part of energy loss into heat is cause...
Loss Minimization Design of Ferrite Core in a DD-Coil-Based High-Power Wireless Charging System for Electrical Vehicle Application

In this article, a core design and optimization method is proposed for the double-D (DD) coil-based inductive wireless charging system (WCS) to minimize the core loss. Core loss is the most significant loss in a medium to high power wireless charging pad. Conventional approaches assume a uniform distribution of the magnetic field in the core. However, the magnetic field in the core is highly nonuniform, which leads to a localized higher core loss. For investigating the loss behavior thoroughly, the core loss versus the flux density distribution has been studied analytically for varying core geometry. Based on this analysis, an optimal criterion has been derived for geometric design of the core to minimize the core loss. The proposed model is verified through finite element analysis (FEA) and tested through a laboratory prototype of DD coil-based 5.0-kW WCS. Experimental results showed a noticeable core loss reduction up to 25% compared to the conventional block and bar core. 1 1 This article is prepared based on a closely related concept of the authors presented in the IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference (APEC) in March 2018 [7] .
Incorporation of thermal gels for facile microfluidic transient isotachophoresis

Transient isotachophoresis (tITP) is a robust analytical technique that integrates sample preconcentration with electrophoretic separation. Despite the benefits afforded by tITP, its implementation poses a significant technical challenge because discontinuous electrolytes must remain spatially segregated for analysis. Here, we present a unique strategy to simplify tITP execution by using thermally reversible gels. Gels with distinct electrolyte compositions were introduced into separate microchannels in a cross-channel PDMS device while in their liquid states. Temperature was then altered to solidify the gels, which limited electrolyte diffusion and enabled reliable tITP analyses of both small molecule dyes and DNA. System performance was characterized using model fluorescent dyes. Separation efficiencies of >106 plates m−1 were achieved with detection limits of 5 pM. This strategy was then expanded to the analysis of DNA where distinct stacking and sieving gels were incorporated into the device for analyte preconcentration and separation. This proof-of-concept experiment demonstrated that a DNA ladder could be focused and separated in <1 min. These results illustrate the suitability of thermal gel tITP for rapid analyses of biological macromolecules. This user-friendly tITP system provides low detection limits and high efficiency separations for diverse analytes using low-complexity, inexpensive microfluidic devices.
Death of a Child Prior to Midlife, Dementia Risk, and Racial Disparities.

Objectives This study considers whether experiencing the death of a child prior to midlife (by parental age 40) is associated with subsequent dementia risk, and how such losses, which are more common for black than for white parents, may add to racial disparities in dementia risk. Methods We use discrete-time event history models to predict dementia incidence among 9,276 non-Hispanic white and 2,182 non-Hispanic black respondents from the Health and Retirement Study, 2000-2014. Results Losing a child prior to midlife is associated with increased risk for later dementia, and adds to disparities in dementia risk associated with race. The death of a child is associated with a number of biosocial variables that contribute to subsequent dementia risk, helping to explain how the death of child may increase risk over time. Discussion The death of a child prior to midlife is a traumatic life course stressor with consequences that appear to increase dementia risk for both black and white parents, and this increased risk is explained by biosocial processes likely activated by bereavement. However, black parents are further disadvantaged in that they are more likely than white parents to experience the death of a child, and such losses add to the already substantial racial disadvantage in dementia risk.
The NPT—CTBT Connection

The 2020 Review Conference on the Treaty on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation of Weapons (NPT) will mark a benchmark 50th anniversary of the entry into force of the Treaty, which is considered the cornerstone of non-proliferation. A Preparatory Committee for the Review Conferences, which are held every five years, normally holds a two-week session in each of the three years leading up to the review conference. Three such ‘PrepComs’ convened in Vienna in 2017, in Geneva in 2018 and in New York in 2019. All indications point to a contentious review in 2020. Over the years of nine Review Conferences, States Parties have probably spent more time discussing Article VI of the Treaty than any other. It causes the most aggravation because it calls for pursuing negotiations towards disarmament, and a treaty on general and complete disarmament, which some see as tangible and others see as an elusive goal. Over the years, most States Parties have believed that the first step in that direction is the entry into force of a Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). States Parties decided in 1995 to extend the NPT indefinitely, with the understanding that a CTBT, a Middle East Zone free of Weapons of Mass Destruction, and other conditions would be met. In keeping with these demands, and after generations of calls for a comprehensive nuclear test ban, negotiations at the Conference on Disarmament led to the signing of the CTBT at the United Nations in September 1996. Twenty-three years later there is a global norm against nuclear test explosions, the verification regime is more than 90% complete, and large-scale on-site inspection exercises in Kazakhstan and Jordan have demonstrated that those provisions in the treaty are effective. However, eight of the 44 countries specified in the CTBT that must ratify for it to enter into force have yet to do so. How to square this circle remains problematic.
Continence Index: a new screening questionnaire to predict the probability of future incontinence in older women in the community

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a chronic, costly condition that impairs quality of life. To identify older women most at risk, the Medical Epidemiologic and Social Aspects of Aging (MESA) datasets were mined to create a set of questions that can reliably predict future UI. MESA data were collected during four household interviews at approximately 1 year intervals. Factors associated with becoming incontinent at the second interview (HH2) were identified using logistic regression (construction datasets). Based on p values and odds ratios, eight potential predictive factors with their 256 combinations and corresponding prediction probabilities formed the Continence Index. Its predictive and discriminatory capability was tested against the same cohort’s outcome in the fourth survey (HH4 validation datasets). Sensitivity analysis, area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, predicted probabilities and confidence intervals were used to statistically validate the Continence Index. Body mass index, sneezing, post-partum UI, urinary frequency, mild UI, belief of developing UI in the future, difficulty stopping urinary stream and remembering names emerged as the strongest predictors of UI. The confidence intervals for prediction probabilities strongly agreed between construction and validation datasets. Calculated sensitivity, specificity, false-positive and false-negative values revealed that the areas under the ROCs (0.802 and 0.799) for the construction and validation datasets, respectively, indicated good discriminatory capabilities of the index as a predictor. The Continence Index will help identify older women most at risk of UI in order to apply targeted prevention strategies in women that are most likely to benefit.
The Environmental Case against Employmentism

Since materially opulent lifestyles are a significant cause of environmental degradation, environmentalists often call for us to live more simply. This call is typically focused on consumption. But...
Developing Collective Decision-Making Through Future Learning Environments

In the science and technology-driven twenty-first century, we have the tools and knowledge to collaboratively solve increasingly complex problems. However, do we have sufficient people with the capacity to do this? To develop this citizenry, recent educational approaches authentically engage students in collaboratively building knowledge, re-imaging students as active members of a community of novice scientists. Information and communication technology tools are essential in this process. For example, with the open source web software, Future Learning Environment 4 (FLE4) students take ownership for their community’s knowledge production as they seek to answer scientific questions. By reaching out to rich information sources (web, books, teacher, each other, etc.), students develop, debate, and improve theories. FLE4’s scaffolding enables this sophisticated classroom discourse. Simultaneously, the online dialog provides teachers with rich and authentic data to incrementally assess student learning. Additionally, assessing these student discourses allows teachers to evaluate their class’ collaborative skills and science abilities, which are impossible to assess through standardized assessments. This chapter provides a pedagogical model that helps teachers grow knowledge-building communities, a software program that supports this instructional model, and possible investigative strategies for assessing learning, from the level of diverse individuals up to the community level.
l ≠ 0 Pairing in Superconductors

lt is shown that one- and two-particle Green's functions for superconductors whose Cooper pairs are in states of non-zero relative angular momentum (L. P. Gurkov and V. M. Galitskii, Soviet Phys.-J.E.T.P. 13: 792(l961)) do not describe a wave function for the isotropic state. lt is impossible, in general, to construct a complete hierarchy of Green's functions with the first two given by the GurkovGalitskii functions. (L.N.N.)
The State, Resources and Developmental Prospects in Sub-Saharan Africa

This chapter returns to the relationship between natural resource abundance and the prospects of state-led development in resource-rich African countries. It re-engages with the debate on the nexus between the political economy of resource extraction and prospects of state-led development and examines the conceptual and analytical challenge of resource-rich states becoming developmental, and the conditions under which this can be achieved. The chapter interrogates the dominant literature on natural resource wealth-development discourses that seeks to draw a determinate linkage between the ‘resource curse’ on the one hand, and resource-rich African states on the other hand, and how this linkage renders democratic and developmental projects impossible, impracticable or problematic in Africa. At the heart of the discourse is the question of whether Africa can produce developmental states or not. The chapter delves into the theoretical and empirical interrogation of natural resource sectors as key components of development in resource-rich African states, the examination of the rather gloomy prognosis on which Africa’s resource curse is premised and the articulation of an alternative view for rethinking the nexus between resources and the state in Africa.
Bibliometric Analysis of Research Studies Based on Federally Funded Children's Health Surveys

Abstract Objective Bibliometric analyses are commonly used to measure the productivity of researchers or institutions but rarely used to assess the scientific contribution of national surveys/datasets. We applied bibliometric methods to quantify the contributions of the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) and the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs (NS-CSHCN) to the body of pediatric health-related research. We also examined dissemination to nonresearch audiences by analyzing media coverage of statistics and research produced from the surveys. Methods We conducted a search of the Web of Science database to identify peer-reviewed articles related to the NSCH and NS-CSHCN published between 2002 and 2019. We summarized information about citation counts, publishing journals, key research areas, and institutions using the surveys. We used the Lexis Advance database Nexis to assess media coverage. Results The publication set included 716 NSCH/NS-CSHCN journal articles published between 2002 and June 2019. These publications have in turn been cited 22,449 times, including in 1614 review articles. Over 180 journals have published NSCH/NS-CSHCN articles, and the most commonly covered research areas are in pediatrics; public, environmental and occupational health; psychology; and health care sciences and services. Over 500 institutions have used NSCH/NS-CSHCN data to publish journal articles, and over 950 news media articles have cited statistics or research produced by the surveys. Conclusions NSCH/NS-CSHCN data are widely used by government, academic, and media institutions. Bibliometric methods provide a systematic approach to quantify and describe the contributions to the scientific literature made possible with these data.
Reduction of Hamiltonian Systems with Involutory Functions

Trajectory optimization through indirect methods yields a finite-dimensional boundary-valued problem whose dynamical motion is governed by a Hamiltonian system. Such Hamiltonian systems possessing constants-of-motion may be reduced to an equivalent, but lower dimensional problem. In the case of involutory constants-of-motion under the Poisson bracket induced by the symplectic form, we give a general procedure for deriving the lower dimensional boundary-valued problem.
In Vivo Corrosion of Sleeved Ceramic Femoral Heads: A Retrieval Study

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate a series of retrieved sleeved ceramic femoral heads used in total hip arthroplasty (THA) and determine qualitative and quantitative damage and corrosion patterns. Methods An IRB-approved implant retrieval database was utilized to identify all sleeved ceramic femoral heads collected from 1995 to 2004. There were 16 implants with an average duration of in situ of 70 months (range, 13-241 months). The femoral stem was known in 14 cases and was titanium alloy in each of those cases. None were revised for metal-related complications. Ten implants (63%) were from primary THAs, and 6 (38%) were from revision THAs. Damage and corrosion were qualitatively graded using a modified Goldberg method. A quantitative assessment was performed with a coordinate measurement machine (CMM). Results Among the 16 retrieved implants, 1 (6%) demonstrated severe Grade 4 corrosion, 5 (31%) had moderate Grade 3 corrosion, 5 (31%) had mild Grade 2 corrosion, and 5 (31%) had no visible corrosion at the inner sleeve that interfaces with the stem trunnion. The only case of grade 4 corrosion occurred in the only head-sleeve in the study that was not factory assembled and was mated with a titanium molybdenum zirconium ferrous (TMZF) alloy stem. The mean maximum linear corrosion depth at the taper interface, as measured by the CMM, was 7.7 microns (range, 0.9-32.9 microns). Conclusion This study is the first to quantify corrosion at the titanium interface of sleeved ceramic femoral heads. Potentially clinically significant damage and corrosion patterns were observed in a few failed retrievals; however, the majority of cases demonstrated minimal or no damage.
Design of Curcumin Loaded Carbon Nanodots Delivery System: Enhanced Bioavailability, Release Kinetics, and Anticancer Activity

Despite the potential health benefits of curcumin, such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, its usage is limited by poor bioavailability and low aqueous sol...
Product Recall and Product-Harm Crisis: A Summary of the Multidisciplinary Literature

The author summarizes the multidisciplinary literature on product recall and product-harm crisis. He next summarizes the empirical findings from marketing research on recall, identifying the drivers, the effects, the strategies, and their relationships.
Flip It and Break It: Using Flipped Lessons and Breakouts to Energize Learning

Flipping the classroom using instructional videos and creating escape room style breakout activities are instructional strategies that can enliven classroom learning experiences. Combined they can enhance the one-shot information literacy session by increasing instructional time and engaging learners in a hands-on activity that promotes critical thinking skills, knowledge application, collaboration, and research resiliency. This article follows the continuing evolution of an experiment with using breakout style lessons in face to face and flipped classes.
Roundtable: Analyzing the 2018 Midterm Elections: The Intersections of Black and Progressive Politics

This panel will discuss and analyze how the recent candidacies of Stacey Abrams, Andrew Gillum, and Ben Jealous have shaped our understanding of contemporary Black politics. Although these candidates were unsuccessful in their campaigns, these races demonstrate that Black candidates can be competitive in statewide races in the South. We will explore the questions of the Black political agenda, Black liberation, voter suppression, Blacks’ collective emotional experiences in politics, and whether or not progressive politics can bring about changes in American politics that will directly impact the plight of Black people.
White Women, WYD (What You Doing)?

In 2016, political scientists were under the assumption that women would vote overwhelmingly for Hillary Clinton. But why did they make this assumption? Having believed that womanhood works under a universal umbrella, they conceptualized women as a political collective, who would share the same desire to elect the first female President. But what they soon realized was that this could not be any more wrong. Assumed uniformity by gender is not any more useful for women as it is for men. These assumptions had clear electoral consequences, manifesting in polls, which highlighted that assuming solidarity among women who hold no allegiance to one another otherwise was problematic. While a majority of women did vote for Hillary Clinton, particularly Black women, who are known to be the most reliable voting bloc among Democrats, we noticed that white women, particularly non-educated white women, did not adhere to this voting trend. In other words, non-educated white women did not vote for Hillary Clinton. Trump’s victory stumped the majority of pollsters and political commentators, who expected women to carry Hillary Clinton to the White House, as they expected Black Americans to carry Barack Obama in 2008. But are these electoral results really all that surprising?
Measurable Monte Carlo Search Error Bounds.

Monte Carlo planners can often return sub-optimal actions, even if they are guaranteed to converge in the limit of infinite samples. Known asymptotic regret bounds do not provide any way to measure confidence of a recommended action at the conclusion of search. In this work, we prove bounds on the sub-optimality of Monte Carlo estimates for non-stationary bandits and Markov decision processes. These bounds can be directly computed at the conclusion of the search and do not require knowledge of the true action-value. The presented bound holds for general Monte Carlo solvers meeting mild convergence conditions. We empirically test the tightness of the bounds through experiments on a multi-armed bandit and a discrete Markov decision process for both a simple solver and Monte Carlo tree search.
Optimal Sampling Locations to Reduce Uncertainty in Contamination Extent in Water Distribution Systems

AbstractDrinking water utilities rely on samples collected from the distribution system to provide assurance of water quality. If a water contamination incident is suspected, samples can be used to...
HPV-positive oral papillomas in an adolescent—A diagnostic dilemma

Human papillomavirus oral papilloma is often sexually transmitted, but non-sexual modes of transmission should be considered, including autoinoculation from skin lesions. A patient-centered multimodality approach should be utilized in the pediatric population.
Standardization of dental patient-reported outcomes measurement using OHIP-5 – Validation of “Recommendations for use and scoring of Oral Health Impact Profile versions”

Abstract Background Recently, “Recommendations for use and scoring of Oral Health Impact Profile versions” (here abbreviated as Recommendations Project) were proposed by an international group of oral health researchers to standardize assessment of perceived oral health. They recommended a four-dimensional measurement approach consisting of Oral Function, Orofacial Pain, Orofacial Appearance, and Psychosocial Impact as the set of dental patient-reported outcomes to be measured with the 5-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-5). Aim This study aimed to validate the “Recommendations for use and scoring of Oral Health Impact Profile versions” by replicating the findings they are based on. Methods OHIP data came from the “Dimensions of OHRQoL Project.” Its Validation Sample (5,022 prosthodontic patients and general population subjects) as well as its Additional Sample (N = 583 prosthodontic patients and general population subjects) were used. Validation of the Recommendations Project's findings was performed in two steps. First, correlations among OHIP versions presented in the Recommendations Project were replicated in the Validation Sample. Second, participants of the Additional Sample were subjected to a hypothetical treatment program that assigned two treatments to them according to their level of perceived oral health impact using OHIP versions. The performance of abbreviated OHIP versions was evaluated. Results The high correlations among summary scores of 5-, 14-, 19-, and 49-item OHIP versions (r = 0.91-0.98), found in the Recommendations Project, were replicated. All short OHIP versions performed similarly when classifying participants for a hypothetical tailored treatment program. Conclusions Findings reported in “Recommendations for use and scoring of Oral Health Impact Profile versions” were validated, thus supporting the feasibility of a standardized assessment of perceived oral health in all settings across all oral diseases. Psychometrically solid and practical assessment can be performed with OHIP-5.
The physiology of secretin.

Publisher Summary The mucosal lining of the alimentary tube forms a number of hormones which regulate the motor and secretory activities of the organs of digestion. The existence of five such hormones can be considered to be well established, which are: (1) gastrin, which stimulates gastric acid secretion, (2) cholecystokinin, which causes contraction of the gall bladder, (3) enterogastrone, which inhibits acid secretion and muscular contractions of the stomach, (4) pancreozymin, which stimulates enzyme secretion by the pancreas, and (5) secretin, which is the subject of this chapter. With the exception of gastrin, which is formed by the pyloric inucosa of the stomach, these are all formed by the mucosa of the small intestine, particularly its upper portion. As a group, the gastrointestinal hormones share these characteristics: (1) they are formed by mucosa with a predominantly exocrine function, (2) they are formed in response to chemical and mechanical stimuli acting in the alimentary canal, (3) they have a short latency between application of a stimulus for release and occurrence of the hormonal effect and little persistence after withdrawal of the stimulus, and (4) they are protein or polypeptide in chemical nature.
Military Threats: The Costs of Coercion and the Price of Peace

Part I. Coercion and Credibility: 1. Introduction 2. Commitment and signalling in coercive bargaining Part II. A Theory of Military Threats: 3. A model of military threats 4. Comparing the instruments of coercion Part III. Elements of Militarized Deterrence: 5. Militarization and the distribution of power and interests 6. The expansion of the Korean War, 1950 7. The price of peace and military threat effectiveness Part IV. Conclusions: 8. Implications Appendix A. Formalities for Chapter 2 Appendix B. Formalities for Chapter 3 Appendix C. Formalities for Chapter 4 Appendix D. Formalities for Chapter 5.
Automatic Data Decomposition for Message-Passing Machines

The data distribution problem is very complex, because it involves trade-off decisions between minimizing communication and maximizing parallelism. A common approach towards solving this problem is to break the data mapping into two stages: an alignment stage and a distribution stage. The alignment stage attempts to increase parallelism, while the distribution stage attempts to decrease communication overhead. As opposed to previous approaches, we consider the alignment and distribution problems in a unified framework, and attempt to simultaneously maximize parallelism and minimize communication overhead. The problem becomes harder if dynamic remapping, multi-dimensional distributions, array replications and control flow are taken into account. This paper formulates the full data decomposition problem that addresses all these issues and presents a simple new algorithm to find the optimal solution of the dynamic data distribution problem, given the number of processors and a partitioning of the input program into phases. The algorithm runs efficiently for small search spaces (several hundreds of data distributions).
The Politics of Knowledge in Theory and Practice

ABSTRACT The authors, former graduate students at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, discuss their work with a grassroots community organization (the Homeless Action Committee) engaged in direct action organizing around issues of homelessness, poverty and economic development in Ann Arbor between 1989 and 1994. They find that the group developed an innovative approach to collective intellectual work as an integral part of its political activity. The work of the Homeless Action Committee is put forward as a model for progressive intellectuals seeking engagement with the theory and practice of Freirean pedagogy, emphasizing critical consciousness and political action challenging oppression.
Static Buckling Tests of Aerospace Vehicle Structures

Guidelines on the development of a successful test plan for large-scale, aerospace vehicle shell buckling tests with particular attention given to defining test objectives and requirements are presented. In addition, some of the more challenging aspects of test planning, test operations, test article, and test apparatus design are discussed, and recommendations on instrumentation and control system setup for buckling tests and including state-of-the-art measurement approaches and technologies are provided. In many cases, actual examples are given. This chapter is intended to provide the first time as well as the experienced test engineer or project manager with experiences and lessons learned from recent large-scale aerospace vehicle development test activities at NASA. Keywords: buckling; testing; thin-walled shells; high-fidelity test methods; planning, procedures; design; inspection; instrumentation; documentation
Photoproduction of Muon Pairs

A series of experiments measuring the photoproduction of muon pairs has been performed at the Cornell 10 Gev electron synchrotron. In an earlier experiment1, we made measurements of muon pair photoproduction for muon pair invariant masses of from 650 to 1150 Mev to test the validity of quantum electrodynamics. No significant deviations from the predictions of QED were observed. The set of measurements reported on here increased the invariant mass range measured to 2000 Mev. The object of these experiments was to measure the branching ratio of o→u++u−,to search for possible production of new vector mesons, and to look for deviations from the predictions of QED at higher masses. Preliminary results of these measurements are given below. Final analysis is in progress.
Spatiotemporal fire dynamics in mixed-conifer and aspen forests in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado, USA

Mixed-severity fire regimes may be the most extensive yet poorly understood fire regimes of western North America. Understanding their long-term spatiotemporal dynamics is central to debates regarding altered fire regimes and the need for restoration in the context of changing climate and nearly a century of active fire suppression. However, the complexity of fire patterns and forest stand and landscape structures characteristic of mixed-severity regimes poses a substantial challenge to understanding their long-term dynamics. In this study, we develop analysis methods aimed at understanding the fire-driven forest dynamics of mixed-severity systems and apply them in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado. We sampled fire scars, stand structure, and >4300 tree ages across two 1340-ha landscapes (Williams Creek and Squaretop Mountain) that span the environmental gradient of montane mixed-conifer and aspen forests. New approaches were applied to identify pulses of tree recruitment, evaluate climate and fire as potential drivers of synchronous recruitment pulses, and combine fire scar and recruitment data to reconstruct fires. The reconstructions provided detailed fire history for each stand, which in turn was used to develop a fire-severity metric, compare fire frequency and severity by forest type, and develop a simulation procedure to evaluate the degree to which tree regeneration depended on fire by species within each forest type. Twenty fires were reconstructed since 1685 at Williams Creek and 13 fires since 1748 at Squaretop Mountain. Patterns of fire severity varied within each fire and over successive events, including high-severity patches of hundreds of hectares in both study areas. Dry mixed-conifer forests experienced relatively short fire intervals (mean 21 years) and low fire severity, and regeneration of the main conifer species was largely dependent on open conditions sustained over successive fires. Moist mixed-conifer forests experienced longer fire intervals (mean 32 years) and a broader range of severities, and fire-caused canopy openings were important for initiating pulses of tree recruitment. Most (83%) aspen stands included two or more post-fire cohorts. The methods presented here can be adapted to other mixed-severity systems to better understand their long-term spatial and temporal dynamics and develop restoration priorities.
Disadvantaged Language Minority Students and Their Teachers: A National Picture.

BackgroundEducational outcomes for language minority (LM) children are of great concern across the nation because these students have lower grades, are rated by their teachers as having lower skill...
Characterizing the Impact of Requirements Volatility on Systems Engineering Effort

This paper describes the results of a study aimed at increasing the understanding of the causes of requirements volatility, its impact on systems engineering effort, and its changing dynamics over the system life cycle. The objective of the research is to improve the ability of systems engineers to anticipate and manage the effects of changing requirements. The ultimate goal of this study is to develop a model for quantifying the impact of requirements volatility on systems engineering effort that can be incorporated into the Constructive Systems Engineering Cost Model. Based on a review of the literature and expert judgment collected through surveys in five workshops, we identify five observations that summarize the key considerations of requirements volatility.
Hyperpolarizing Effects of Morphine, Clonidine and 2-Chloroadenosine in Myenteric Neurons Associated with Tolerance to Morphine

Chronic treatment of guinea pigs with morphine produces nonspecific subsensitivity (tolerance) of the longitudinal smooth muscle myenteric plexus (LM/MP) preparation of the guinea pig ileum to morphine, clonidine and 2-chloroadenosine correlated with a partial depolarization of myenteric S neurons. The purpose of our investigation was to gain further evidence regarding the cellular mechanism of tolerance. Either morphine or placebo pellets were implanted s.c. in guinea pigs 7 days before the experiment. Subsensitivity was confirmed by a marked decrease of the inhibitory effect of 0.1 μM morphine and 0.3 μM clonidine on neurogenically induced twitches in longitudinal smooth muscle myenteric plexus preparations from the morphine-pretreated guinea pigs. Intracellular microelectrode recording established that only myenteric S neurons that were hyperpolarized by morphine exhibited the depolarized state (difference of 7.2 mV), which occurred without a change in the threshold for initiation of action potentials. S neurons that were hyperpolarized by superfusion with solution containing morphine, 0.1 μM, were acutely hyperpolarized an equivalent amount (6–8 mV) by clonidine, 0.3 μM, or 2-chloroadenosine, 0.1 μM. Morphine and clonidine, but not 2-chloroadenosine, reduced input resistance. The hyperpolarizations and changes in conductance were not different between tolerant and control preparations for any agonist. It is concluded that 1) the receptors for the three agonists are colocalized on selected S neurons, 2) the transduction process for the hyperpolarizing effect of 2-chloroadenosine is different than that for morphine and clonidine, 3) cross-tolerance among the agonists is not a function of altered receptors or signal transduction processes and 4) the depolarized state is associated with tolerance of myenteric S neurons.
For a healthy histone code, a little SUMO in the tail keeps the acetyl away

Chemical modification of histones through a growing number of post-translational mechanisms is an integral part of transcription. A recent report provides exciting new evidence that conjugation of the ubiquitin-like protein SUMO to histones opposes acetylation and establishes SUMOylation as an important histone mark linked to transcriptional repression.
Supervised categorical principal component analysis for genome-wide association analyses

In order to have a better understanding of unexplained heritability for complex diseases in conventional Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), aggregated association analyses based on predefined functional regions, such as genes and pathways, become popular recently as they enable evaluating joint effect of multiple Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), which helps increase the detection power, especially when investigating genetic variants with weak individual effects. In this paper, we focus on aggregated analysis methods based on the idea of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The past approaches using PCA mostly make some inherent genotype data and/or risk effect model assumptions, which may hinder the accurate detection of potential disease SNPs that influence disease phenotypes. In this paper, we derive a general Supervised Categorical Principal Component Analysis (SCPCA), which explicitly models categorical SNP data without imposing any risk effect model assumption. We have evaluated the efficacy of SCPCA with the comparison to a traditional Supervised PCA (SPCA) and a previously developed Supervised Logistic Principal Component Analysis (SLPCA) based on both the simulated genotype data by HAPGEN2 and the genotype data of Crohn's Disease (CD) from Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC). Our preliminary results have demonstrated the superiority of SCPCA over both SPCA and SLPCA due to its modeling explicitly designed for categorical SNP data as well as its flexibility on the risk effect model assumption.
Characteristics and Treatment of Hypertension in Women: A Review of the Literature

ABSTRACT Although there are documented differences between women and men in frequency and severity of hypertension and in the relation between hypertension and cardiovascular risk, few studies have been designed to evaluate efficacy and safety of antihypertensive therapy in women. Efficacy of nonpharmacologic interventions to lower blood pressure may differ between the sexes; women have greater difficulty losing weight than men but may respond better than men to dietary sodium reduction. In general, women and men do not respond differently to antihypertensive therapy; however, there may be differences in response to certain classes of antihypertensives. There are limited data on safety of specific antihypertensive agents in women. In some studies, researchers found a greater incidence of adverse effects in women. Effects on sexual functioning and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of antihypertensive drugs in women have been studied inadequately. More data are needed to guide the management of hypertension in women.
Modeling Seagrass Density and Distribution in Response to Changes in Turbidity Stemming from Bivalve Filtration and Seagrass Sediment Stabilization

In many areas of the North American mid-Atlantic coast, seagrass beds are either in decline or have disappeared due, in part, to high turbidity that reduces the light reaching the plant surface. Because of this reduction in the areal extent of seagrass beds there has been a concomitant diminishment in dampening of water movement (waves and currents) and sediment stabilization. Due to ongoing declines in stocks of suspension-feeding eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in the same region, their feeding activity, which normally serves to improve water clarity, has been sharply reduced. We developed and parameterized a simple model to calculate how changes in the balance between sediment sources (wave-induced resuspension) and sinks (bivalve filtration, sedimentation within seagrass beds) regulate turbidity. Changes in turbidity were used to predict the light available for seagrass photosynthesis and the amount of carbon available for shoot growth. We parameterized this model using published observations and data collected specifically for this purpose. The model predicted that when sediments were resuspended, the presence of even quite modest levels of eastern oysters (25 g dry tissue weight m−2) distributed uniformly throughout the modeled domain, reduced suspended sediment concentrations by nearly an order of magnitude. This increased water clarity, the depth to which seagrasses were predicted to grow. Because hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) had a much lower weight-specific filtration rate than eastern oysters; their influence on reducing turbidity was much less than oysters. Seagrasses, once established with sufficiently high densities (>1,000 shoots m−2), damped waves, thereby reducing sediment resuspension and improving light conditions. This stabilizing effect was minor compared to the influence of uniformly distributed eastern oysters on water clarity. Our model predicted that restoration of eastern oysters has the potential to reduce turbidity in shallow estuaries, such as Chesapeake Bay, and facilitate ongoing efforts to restore seagrasses. This model included several simplifiying assumptions, including that oysters were uniformly distributed rather than aggregated into offshore reefs and that oyster feces were not resuspended.