cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum physics: Andreev states taken to the next level.

The Andreev bound states are a hallmark of the theory of superconducting weak links. Using the versatile Josephson effect as source, device and detector, these spin-1/2 states have been directly observed. See Letter p.312 Brian Josephson proposed in 1962 that a dissipationless 'supercurrent' should flow between two superconductors separated by a weak link such as a tunnel junction. He was right, and the Josephson effect launched a new field of research with applications to magnetometry, medicine and astronomy. This paper describes an aspect of the Josephson effect that has previously been overlooked. Existing Josephson junction applications are based on properties of just the ground state, in which the electron pairs that carry the supercurrent localize at the weak link and form so-called Andreev doublets of ground and excited pair states. Bretheau et al. establish the existence of excited Andreev pair states through spectroscopic measurements of superconducting atomic contacts. This previously overlooked degree of freedom for tunneling electron pairs is a new quantum resource that could be exploited in novel types of superconducting qubits.
The Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27Kip1 Is Stabilized in G0 by Mirk/dyrk1B Kinase

Elevated levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27 block the cell in G0/G1 until mitogenic signals activate G1 cyclins and initiate proliferation. Post-translational regulation of p27 by different phosphorylation events is critical in allowing cells to proceed through the cell cycle. We now demonstrate that the arginine-directed kinase, Mirk/dyrk1B, is maximally active in G0 in NIH3T3 cells, when it stabilizes p27 by phosphorylating it at Ser-10. The phospho-mimetic mutant p27-S10D was more stable, and the non-phosphorylatable mutant p27-S10A was less stable than wild-type when expressed in G0-arrested cells. Following phosphorylation by Mirk, p27 remains a functional CDK inhibitor, capable of binding to CDK2. Mirk did not induce the translocation of p27 from the nucleus in G0, but instead co-localized with nuclear p27. Depletion of Mirk by RNA interference decreased the phosphorylation of p27 at Ser-10 and the stability of endogenous p27. RNAi to Mirk increased cell entry from G0 into G1 as shown by increased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and decreased expression of p27. These data suggest a model in which Mirk increases the amount of nuclear p27 by stabilizing it during G0 when Mirk is most abundant. Mitogen stimulation then causes cells to enter G1, reduces Mirk levels (Deng, X., Ewton, D., Pawlikowski, B., Maimone, M., and Friedman, E. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 41347-41354), and initiates the translocation of p27 to the cytoplasm. In addition, depletion of Mirk by RNAi in postmitotic C2C12 myoblasts decreased protein but not mRNA levels of p27, suggesting that stabilization of p27 by Mirk also occurs during differentiation.
Doomed to Repeat Iraq News, 2002-2007

This article describes a tendency of news to isolate war policy outcomes from each other and from strategic goals and official responses. These predictable patterns of press coverage and policy developments are referred to as accountability gaps . We argue that professional norms and commercial pressures overwhelm whatever hesitancy news organizations have to alter their organizational and professional behavioral patterns that lead to predictable reoccurrences of accountability gaps. Habitual deference to White House officials means that positive frames are likely to prevail, regardless of conditions on the ground, while declining attention to the costs of war as they accumulate—and becoming less newsworthy-diminishes the weight of counterframes. As casualties and other consequences of policy in Iraq became routine, their news value diminished. As casualties became routine and other costs of war mounted in ways difficult to convey, official good news frames tended to dominate news narratives.
Moments of semiclassical and classical absorption and emission band shapes of impurities in solids

General expressions for all moments are calculated for both semiclassical and classical approximations to absorption and emission band shapes due to impurities whose vibrational interactions with the surrounding lattice of a solid contain both linear and quadratic terms. The first five moments are presented and compared to the exact quantum-mechanical results. The semiclassical approximation is found to be most accurate for vibrational interactions having either linear or linear plus quadratic terms with strong coupling and/or high temperature. The semiclassical approximation is rarely, if ever, appropriate if only quadratic terms occur. The classical approximation is a valid representation of the semiclassical approximation at high temperatures. These conclusions are shown to be consistent with the correspondence principle.
Probabilistic information processing: implementation and evaluation of a Semi-PIP diagnostic system.

Abstract A computer-aided diagnostic system called Semi-PIP which uses subjectively estimated patient attribute-disease relationships and is sensitive to conditional dependencies is described and tested. This model uses the best of four tested methods to subjectively classify data into conditionally independent complexes. Its performance is compared to two models which ignore conditional dependencies, and to three physicians diagnosing on the basis of symptoms, physical signs and laboratory information. Analysis of the results indicates that Semi-PIP is superior to the other computer models, and almost as accurate as the majority physician diagnosis.
The influence of grain structure on the ductility of the al- cu- li- mn- cd alloy 2020

The effect of various grain structures, produced by thermomechanical treatments, on the monotonie tensile properties of the Al-Cu-Li-Mn-Cd alloy 2020 was investigated. Materials having a completely or partially recrystallized structure exhibit elongations between 4 and 8 pct when aged to peak strength. For both cases the low ductility is associated with (a) planar deformation, (b) random texture, (c) the presence of large intermetallic compounds along the recrystallized grain boundaries, and (d) precipitate free zones. The first three enhance crack nucleation at high angle grain boundaries, and subsequent crack propagation occurs along the precipitate free zones. The completely unrecrystallized materials have elongations between 10 and 13 pct in both longitudinal and transverse directions. The high ductility is associated with a sharp texture and a transgranular fracture mode. The maximum ductility is obtained by reducing the unrecrystallized grain size. The results of this study suggest that improved properties of a 2020-type alloy may be obtained by lowering the Fe and Si contents to remove coarse constituent phases, eliminating Cd, and replacing Mn with Zr in order to obtain a highly textured, unrecrystallized structure.
Predicting severity of cochlear hair cell damage in adult chickens using DPOAE input-output functions

Abstract Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) were recorded from the ear canal of aged broiler chickens which have been shown to present with age-related cochlear degeneration [Hear. Res. 166 (2002) 82]. We describe the relationship between the shape of the DPOAE input–output (I/O) function and the type of hair cell damage present at and between the cochlear frequency places of the DPOAE primary tones ( f 1 and f 2 ). The mid stimulus level compressive growth of the mean DPOAE I/O functions is reduced in a graded fashion relative to the severity of hair cell damage. However, individual DPOAE I/O functions within most hair cell damage groups show large variability from this characteristic. Various least squares regression models were used to predict hair cell density from indices derived from the DPOAE I/O function (area, threshold and slope). The results showed that no simple linear relationship exists between hair cell density and the DPOAE I/O function indices. Multivariate binary logistic regression used DPOAE I/O function indices to predict membership in hair cell damage groups. The logistic model revealed that DPOAE threshold can be used to predict the occurrence of severe/total hair cell damage with good specificity though poor sensitivity.
Recoil effects and the elementary particle treatment of electron capture

The elementary particle approach to electron capture as formulated by McFarland and Repko is generalized to cover arbitrary allowed captures and to include weak magnetism and induced tensor form factors.
Opsonic effect of the alternative complement pathway on channel catfish peripheral blood phagocytes

This study determined the effect of the alternative complement pathway (ACP) on neutrophil and monocyte phagocytes from peripheral blood of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Fluorescent-labeled latex microspheres, Edwardsiella ictaluri and Escherichia coli were used to quantify phagocytic attachment and ingestion. Activation of the ACP enhanced the attachment of bacteria and microspheres to neutrophils and monocytes. Activation of the ACP by serum opsonization of Esherichia coli increased its ingestion by neutrophils in comparison with Edwardsiella ictaluri and microspheres. Inactivation of the ACP and C3b diminished attachment by neutrophils and monocytes, and ingestion by neutrophils of microspheres and bacteria. Ingestion by monocytes was not affected by activation of the ACP. In the present study, we found that the ACP functions in opsonophagocytosis in catfish and that ingestion by neutrophils was especially enhanced.
Biological Remediation of Groundwater Containing Both Nitrate and Atrazine

Due to its high usage, mobility, and recalcitrant nature, atrazine is a common groundwater contaminant. Moreover, groundwaters that are contaminated with atrazine often contain nitrate as well. Nitrate interferes with the biological degradation of atrazine and makes it more difficult to use in situ biological methods to remediate atrazine contaminated groundwater. To solve this problem we used two reactors in sequence as models of in situ biobarriers; the first was a vegetable-oil-based denitrifying biobarrier and the second an aerobic reactor that oxygenated the denitrifying reactor’s effluent. The reactors were inoculated with an atrazine-degrading microbial consortium and supplied with water containing 5 mg l−1 nitrate–N and 3 mg l−1 atrazine. Our hypothesis was that the denitrifying barrier would remove nitrate from the flowing water and that the downstream reaction would remove atrazine. Our hypothesis proved correct; the two reactor system removed 99.9% of the atrazine during the final 30 weeks of the study. The denitrifying barrier removed ~98% of the nitrate and ~30% of the atrazine while the aerobic reactor removed ~70% of the initial atrazine. The system continued to work when the amount of nitrate–N in the influent water was increased to 50 mg l−1. A mercury poisoning study blocked the degradation of atrazine indicating that biological processes were involved. An in situ denitrifying barrier coupled with an air injection system or other oxygenation process might be used to remove both nitrate and atrazine from contaminated groundwater or to protect groundwater from an atrazine spill.
The colonial model, subcultural theory, and intragroup violence

Frantz Fanon's explanation of exceptionally high rates of intragroup violence among natives of European colonies has been virtually neglected by social scientists seeking to understand violence. This study discusses important similarities between Fanon's colonial model and subcultural theory, including Wolfgang and Ferracuti's subculture of violence thesis. More importantly, it is shown that decolonization in the Caribbean island of St. Vincent is accompanied by a decrease in the frequency of intragroup violence as the colonial model suggests.
JK coryneforms: a continuing problem for hospital infection control

Control of nosocomial infection is complicated by emergence of endogenous flora as nosocomial pathogens. The JK group of diphtheroids (coryneforms) exemplify this problem. Infection with these organisms is frequent in certain segments of the hospital population and is associated with procedures as well as drug therapy. A number of factors suggest that cross-infection due to JK coryneforms may become even more prominent in the future. Development of rational control measures will require attention to problems of organism definition and methods used for identifying cases, characterizing the patient at risk, and typing organisms in epidemiologic studies.
Elementary teachers' use and perception of rewards in the classroom

Abstract In the past four decades much research has gone into the use of rewards in education yet little attention has been given to the use of rewards from the perspective of teachers. This mixed method study examined how elementary school teachers define and use rewards in their classrooms and how various motivational constructs such as goal orientation, self-efficacy, and autonomy relate to teachers' use of rewards. Results revealed that all teachers in our sample use some form of rewards in their classrooms and the majority use some form of tangible rewards. Rewards were most frequently given for behaviour management, but there was a significant relationship between the use of rewards for behaviour and those given for academic achievement. Performance goal orientations for teaching were positively related to the use of tangible rewards and a higher degree of classroom control and negatively related to teacher self-efficacy. When asked to report on the appropriateness of using rewards in the classroom only one-third of the teachers reported that they should be used conditionally.
A learning algorithm for Hodgkin-Huxley type neuron models

A learning algorithm for conductance-based neuron models is derived in a similar way as those for continuous-time neural networks. The algorithm was used for estimating a region in the parameter space that reproduces a set of oscillation patterns at different levels of current injection.
Premarital affect as a predictor of postnuptial marital satisfaction

Although well established with newlywed couples, studies examining the association between affective communication during conflict and later relationship satisfaction yield inconsistent results with premarital samples. The current study reexamined this association with a different method of coding affect observed during discussions of separate male- and female-selected problem topics and contemporary methods for modeling dyadic data. The sample included 32 engaged couples assessed across the transition to marriage. Premarital affect correlated with concurrent and postnuptial relationship satisfaction. Men's and women's premarital affect also predicted changes in women's relationship satisfaction across the transition to marriage when controlling for cohabitation, length of the assessment interval, and age. Implications are discussed in the context of prominent developmental models of marriage and current premarital interventions.
Convergent Rates for Solutions of Dirichlet Problems of Quasilinear Equations

The convergent rates for bounded solutions of Dirichlet problems of quasilinear elliptic (possibly degenerate) equations in slab-like domains are derived in terms of the convergent rates of the boundary data and the coefficients of the operator. The equations considered include the prescribed mean curvature equation. The results are proved by constructing a family of local barrier functions based on the structure of the operator and the convergent rate of the boundary data. The construction of local barriers is inspired by early work due to Finn and Serrin that is related to the minimal surface equation.
Transcervical Conservation Laryngeal Surgery: An Anatomic Understanding to Enhance Functional and Oncologic Outcomes

The goal of this review is to facilitate an improved understanding of the indications and contraindications to transcervical conservation laryngeal surgery in the treatment of glottic and supraglottic carcinoma. An overview of seminal anatomic principles is presented to provide guidance for clinicians contemplating open partial laryngectomy options.
Nonlinear tracking control of kinematically redundant robot manipulators

In this study, we consider the nonlinear control of kinematically redundant robot manipulators. Specifically, we use a Lyapunov technique to design a model based nonlinear controller that achieves exponential link position and subtask tracking. We then illustrate how the model based controller can be redesigned as an adaptive full-state feedback controller that achieves asymptotic link position and subtask tracking despite parametric uncertainty associated with the dynamic model. We also illustrate how the model based controller can be redesigned as an exact model knowledge output feedback controller that achieves semi-global exponential link position and sub-task tracking despite the lack of link velocity measurements. We note that the control strategy does not require the computation of inverse kinematics and does not place any restriction on the self-motion of the manipulator; hence, the extra degrees of freedom are available for subtasks (i.e., maintaining manipulability, avoidance of joint limits and obstacle avoidance). Simulation results are included to illustrate the performance of the control law.
Nucleotide Catalyzed Conversion of Racemic Zeolite-Type Zincophosphate into Enantioenriched Crystals

Homochirality is a ubiquitous feature in living systems and plays a crucial role in biological processes. In the biosphere, many naturally occurring biochemical molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates are homochiral.[1] In comparison, homochirality in the lithosphere and the inorganic world is a quite rare phenomenon. For example, even though quartz is chiral, it is found in nature in both right- and left-handed forms.[2] Also, unlike homochiral organic molecules,[3] chirality in the inorganic system often depends on the crystallization process which allows the generation of chirality through the organization of achiral inorganic units into the enantiomorphous space group. This crystallization process, however, almost always generates a mixture of right- and left-handed crystals, even though statistical fluctuations may occasionally result in enantioenriched bulk samples.[4]
Situating Emotion: A Critical Realist View of Emotion and Nonconscious Cognitive Processes for the Law

This Article attempts to clarify legal thinking about emotion in decision making. It surveys evidence from psychology and neuroscience on the extensive role that emotion and related nonconscious cognitive processes play in human behavior, then evaluates the treatment of emotion in three legal views of decision making: rational choice theory, behavioral economics, and cultural cognition theory. The Article concludes that each theory is mistaken to treat emotion mostly as a decision objective rather than a part of the decision-making process and, indeed, to treat it as a force that mostly compromises that process. The Article introduces the view that emotion is a critical behavioral process that plays a role in most if not all decisions and is not readily amenable to accumulation or maximization. The Article discusses broad implications of this view for welfarist legal theory and policy generally and for an ongoing debate on risk regulation between behavioral economists and cultural cognition theorists. It also sketches potential applications in the law of employment discrimination, consumer protection, and criminal law.
Surface morphology of columnar joints and its significance to mechanics and direction of joint growth

Columnar joints in basaltic lava flows display conspicuous bands oriented normal to column axes. New observations show that each band contains a single plumose structure and thus represents an individual crack, or joint segment, formed during a discrete growth event. Analysis of plumose structure and intersections of cracks leads to a new kinematic model of columnar jointing, and provides the first direct proof that columnar joints grow incrementally from exterior to interior regions of solidifying magma bodies. Columnar joints form by nucleation and growth of new cracks on the edges of older cracks. Each new crack begins at a point and propagates mostly normal to column axes and along the leading edge of a developing column face, where thermal stress is concentrated. Inward propagation of cracks toward hotter regions is limited by a decrease of thermal stress and by the brittle-ductile transition of lava; outward and lateral propagation is limited by mechanical interaction with previous cracks and by low thermal stress in already fractured lava. Cracks often diverge slightly from the planes of previous cracks, probably because of spatial and temporal changes in directions of local principal stresses. Mechanical interaction causes a diverging crack to overlap, curve toward, and usually intersect the previous crack behind its edge, leaving a blind tip that points in the overall growth direction of the columnar joints. This and other directional criteria are applied to determine joint-growth patterns in several lava flows of the western United States. In two-tiered and multi-tiered flows, downward-growing columnar joints usually meet upward-growing joints well below the middle of the flows, which indicates very rapid cooling of upper portions relative to lower portions. This supports the idea that convection of water in columnar joints connected to the surface may be an important mechanism for cooling the upper portions of these flows, whereas conduction is probably the dominant cooling mechanism at the bases.
Image segmentation based on multiresolution filtering

The multiresolution filtering technique is developed and applied to smooth image segmentation. The technique is based on approximations of a signal by some orthonormal wavelet basis at various resolutions. It is shown that the filter is close to being shift invariant and linear in phase according to an index on wavelets and also capable of suppressing local quadratic variations due to small bumps or noise by going to coarser approximations. An image segmentation scheme is proposed based on the technique. It has been tested on a variety of real images. >
Retinal blood flow detection in diabetic patients by Doppler Fourier domain optical coherence tomography

We present human retinal blood flow investigation for diabetic patients using Doppler Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FDOCT). The scanning pattern consisted of two concentric circles around the optic nerve head. The blood flow in one patient with diabetes and no retinpathy and another patient with treated proliferative diabetic retinopathy were measured. The patient without retinopathy showed a total blood flow value at the lower level of the normal range. The flow distribution between superior and inferior retina was balanced. The patient with diabetic retinopathy had a flow value lower than the normal people. Our study shows that Doppler FD-OCT can be used to evaluate the total retinal blood flow in patients with retinal diseases.
Swarm intelligence based surveillance protocol in sensor network with mobile supervisors

This paper addresses the surveillance problem using sensor networks with mobile sinks. Sensors' low computational capabilities and limited energy motivate our design of a swarm intelligence based, energy aware protocol, SSP, to route data to a mobile destination. Using the swarm agent technique to integrate nodes' residual energy as a metric for the route selection, SSP prolongs the network lifetime by evenly balancing residual energy across nodes and minimizing the protocol's overhead. The protocol scales well. Simulation results show that SSP outperforms similar protocols that are previously proposed.
On the role of interband surface plasmons in carbon nanotubes

We review the properties of collective surface excitations—excitons and interband plasmons—in single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes. We show that an electrostatic field applied perpendicular to the nanotube axis can control the exciton-plasmon coupling in individual small-diameter (≲nm) singlewalled nanotubes, both in the linear excitation regime and in the non-linear excitation regime with the photoinduced biexcitonic states formation. For double-walled carbon nanotubes, we report a profound effect of interband surface plasmons on the inter-tube Casimir force at tube separations similar to their equilibrium distances. Strong overlapping plasmon resonances from both tubes warrant their stronger attraction. Nanotube chiralities possessing such collective excitation features will result in forming the most favorable innerouter tube combination in double-walled carbon nanotubes. These findings pave the way for the development of new generation of tunable optoelectronic and nano-electromechanical device applications with carbon nanotubes.
Regulation of the human brain natriuretic peptide gene by GATA-4.

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a cardiac hormone constitutively expressed in the adult heart. We previously showed that the human BNP (hBNP) proximal promoter region from −127 to −40 confers my...
Multidimensional Test Escape Rate Modeling

Today's SoC designs contain many types of circuitry, each with various test types. This article revisits the classic test escape models and highlights their limitations in a test environment with different types of circuits and different test types with overlapping coverage. A new methodology for test escape rate prediction is presented.
Multiple Ga−Ga Bonding Character in Na2[Ga(GaTrip2)3], and a Comparison with Neutral Ga(GaTrip2)3 (Trip=2,4,6‐iPr3C6H2)

Delocalized over the Ga4 framework, the two electrons are lost in the oxidation of Na2 [Ga(GaTrip2 )3 ] to Ga(GaTrip2 )3 . This leads to a lengthening of the Ga-Ga bond by about 0.08 A. Ar=Trip=2,4,6-iPr3 C6 H2 .
Damage Mechanisms and the Mechanical Properties of a Laminated 0/90 Ceramic/Matrix Composite

The tensile properties of a 0/90 laminated CAS matrix composite reinforced with Nicalon fibers have been measured. Some effects of notches have also been explored. Changes in modulus and permanent strain caused by matrix cracking have been measured and compared with available models. For this comparison, independent measurements have been made of the constituent properties and the residual stress. The ultimate tensile strength has also been measured and compared with a global load-sharing model. It is concluded that lower-bound matrix cracking models provide good predictability of the stresses at which various matrix cracking mechanisms first operate. Also, the ultimate tensile strength is found to be consistent with a global load-sharing model, based on the in situ strength properties of the fibers. Conversely, the evolution of matrix cracks at stresses above the lower bound has yet to be adequately modeled. In addition, a need is identified for improved models relating elastic properties and permanent strains to matrix crack spacing.
When Hispanic Students Are Not Expected to Succeed: A Successful Principal's Experience.

This case focuses on culturally responsive leadership. Culturally responsive leadership is defined here by the way the principal manifests his or her advocacy for the children he or she serves. In this principal’s case, the authors analyze characteristics of culturally responsive leadership in an inner-city elementary school with a majority of Hispanic students. During her tenure as a principal at Stephens, Ms. Martinez sharply raised the academic performance of students. However, far from idyllic, her experience in the school involved courage and resilience.
A Comprehensive Strategy for Developing Closed-Ended Survey Items for Use in Studies of Older Adults

Objective . The purpose of this study is to describe the development and implementation of a nine-step strategy for devising closed-ended survey questions that assess religion in late life. The intent was to illustrate one way in which qualitative and quantitative methods could be combined in the same study. Methods . The following methods and procedures were developed to create closed-ended questions: Focus groups, in-depth interviews, input from ongoing quantitative studies, input from an expert panel, cognitive interviews, a quantitative pretest, a nationwide random probability sample of elderly people, and rigorous empirical psychometric testing. Three hundred ninety-nine older people took part in the first seven steps, and 1,500 elders participated in the nationwide survey. Results . Approximately 175 closed-ended survey items were developed assessing 14 different major dimensions of religion. In the process, practical solutions to a number of problems encountered in implementing the nine-step strategy are discussed.
Two-Point LDV Measurements in a Plane Mixing Layer

Investigations into the nature of the large structures in a two-dimensional shear layer were carried out using laser Doppler velocimetry in the GALCIT free-surface water tunnel. By simultaneous measurements of velocity at two points outside the turbulent region, above and below the shear layer, it was possible to measure the strength (total circulation) and location of the vorticity center of the large structures. It was found that structures not in the process of pairing convect downstream with the center of their cores close to the ray y/x along which the mean velocity is given by U_m = l/2(U_1 + U_1 ). The determined value of the mean circulation is consistent with the independent measurements of the mean spacing between the structures. Results indicate that if the large structure vorticity distribution is elliptical, the inclination angle of its axis of symmetry with respect to the now direction is small.
Identity of the mtDNA haplotype(s) of Phytophthora infestans in historical specimens from the Irish Potato Famine

The mtDNA haplotypes of the plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans present in dried potato and tomato leaves from herbarium specimens collected during the Irish potato famine and later in the 19th and early 20th century were identified. A 100 bp fragment of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) specific for P. infestans was amplified from 90% of the specimens (n = 186), confirming infection by P. infestans. Primers were designed that distinguish the extant mtDNA haplotypes. 86% percent of the herbarium specimens from historic epidemics were infected with the Ia mtDNA haplotype. Two mid-20th century potato leaves from Ecuador (1967) and Bolivia (1944) were infected with the Ib mtDNA haplotype of the pathogen. Both the Ia and IIb haplotypes were found in specimens collected in Nicaragua in the 1950s. The data suggest that the Ia haplotype of P. infestans was responsible for the historic epidemics during the 19th century in the UK, Europe, and the USA. The Ib mtDNA haplotype of the pathogen was dispersed later in the early 20th century from Bolivia and Ecuador. Multiple haplotypes were present outside Mexico in the 1940s-60s, indicating that pathogen diversity was greater than previously believed.
Equilibrium Between Water Vapor, Water, Aqueous Solutions, and Ice in Bulk

In this chapter, we shall discuss the equilibrium thermodynamics of and between the bulk phases of water, ice and aqueous solutions. In addition to providing useful information on the behavior of water substance, this material, with surface effects included, will also serve as a basis for our later discussion on the phase changes which lead to cloud particle formation.
Abstract 50: Adiposity is Associated with Genome-wide DNA Methylation in Adipose Tissue

Background: Adiposity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and CVD, suggesting an important role for adipose tissue in development of these conditions. There is interest in epigenetic mechanisms by which genetic and environmental factors may contribute to adiposity, however studies of DNA methylation in relation to adiposity rarely focus on adipose tissue. Objective: To determine whether genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in blood and adipose tissue are associated with central fat, body fat distribution, and obesity in adulthood. Methods: Participants (aged 44-50 years) were from the New England Family Study birth cohort, born in Providence, RI . Of 400 participants assessed during 2010-2011, a representative subsample of 106 participants (68 women, 38 men) was selected for DNA methylation analyses. DNA methylation in subcutaneous adipose tissue and peripheral blood leukocytes was evaluated using the Infinium HumanMethylation450K BeadChip. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans asse...
Malicious Users’ Transactions: Tackling Insider Threat

This paper investigates the issues of malicious transactions by insiders in database systems. It establishes a number of rule sets to constrain the relationship between data items and transactions. A type of graph, called Predictive Dependency Graph, has been developed to determine data flow patterns among data items. This helps in foretelling which operation of a transaction has the ability to subsequently affect a sensitive data item. In addition, the paper proposes a mechanism to monitor suspicious insiders’ activities and potential harm to the database. With the help of the Predictive DependencyGraphs, the presented model predicts and prevents potential damage caused by malicious transactions.
The New Victims of the Old Anti-Catholicism

Santayana once said that those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it, the implication being that we can avoid future mistakes by paying better attention to past ones. Perhaps this is so. Or perhaps it is as George Bernard Shaw once said — that we learn from history only that we learn nothing from history. Yet one thing is surely clear. To the extent that modern injustices have identifiable historical antecedents, we rightly stand doubly condemned for them.This Essay looks at four modern church-state cases which span the First Amendment spectrum. The plaintiffs are religiously diverse — one is a Wiccan, one is a Muslim, one is an evangelical Protestant, and one is an atheist. Unsurprisingly, their claims find support in very different political communities. But the plaintiffs in these cases all have certain things in common. They are all, in their own ways, religious minorities. All of their legal cases were ultimately lost. And most importantly for the purposes of this Essay, each of their cases connects deeply with the nineteenth-century history of Catholicism in this country.In various ways, Catholics of the nineteenth century were mistreated by the Protestant majority. The injustices they faced were sanctioned by courts as well as legislatures, and legal rules were created to render their injuries both judicially non-cognizable and socially invisible. These four modern plaintiffs are, in some ways, latter-day Catholics. They suffer some of the same injuries; indeed, they are sometimes inhibited by the very same legal doctrines created to repress the Catholic minority over a century ago. One can think of these four plaintiffs as the new Catholics — or, perhaps more accurately, as the new victims of the old anti-Catholicism. As we struggle with our twenty-first century challenges of religious pluralism, it helps to realize how much our struggles have in common with earlier ones. Perhaps, armed with this knowledge, we can do a bit better now than our forefathers did then.
On the Varieties of Empathic-Trance Experiences.

I am grateful to Stephen Lankton, the Editor-in-Chief of the American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, for the opportunity to guest-edit this special issue on empathy and hypnosis. I have been engaged...
Examining the Factor Structure and Reliability of the Safe Patient Handling Perception Scale: An Initial Validation Study.

Purpose Perceiving imminent safe patient handling and movement (SPH&M) dangers may reduce musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries for nurses in the workplace. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the 17-item Safe Patient Handling Perception Scale (SPHPS) as an evaluation instrument assessing perceptual risk of MSK injury based on SPH&M knowledge, practice, and resource accessibility in the workplace. Methods Data were collected from a convenience sample (N = 117) of nursing employees at a Veteran Affairs Medical Center. Factor analysis identified three factors: knowledge, practice, and accessibility. Findings The SPHPS demonstrated high levels of reliability, supported by acceptable alpha scores (SPHM knowledge [α = .866], SPHM practices [α = .901], and access to SPHM resources [α = .855]), in addition to the relatively low Standard Error of Measurement scores (SEM). Conclusion The study outcomes suggest that the SPHPS is a valid and reliable tool that can measure participants' perceived risk factors for MSK injuries.
How Does Gameplaying Support Values and Psychological Well-Being Among Cancer Survivors?

Abstract Objective: This qualitative study examined the extent to which playing recreational computer games and videogames is perceived by cancer survivors as supporting personal values. Values serve as behavioral guides and may thus impact health outcomes; therefore activities that have the potential to support values deserve further attention so their role in promoting health may be better understood. Materials and Methods: We asked a sample of survivors who play recreational games (n = 73) open-ended questions about the types of recreational games they play, about something they really value in life, and the extent to which playing games supports the value. Data analysis used a grounded theory approach, supported by computer-assisted qualitative analysis software. Results: Three major themes emerged linking gameplaying to survivors' values: the need to create and maintain social connections, the desire to help others, and the need to experience alternate realities (including escape and exploration). Co...
Evaluation of thin film Capacitors Fabricated from Heterogeneous Polypyrrole Based Langmuir-Blodgett Films

The electrical properties of Langmuir-Blodgett films of conducting polypyrrole were investigated in an effort to illucidate the molecular architecture of these multilayer films and determine the mechanism of conduction. Values of the dielectric constant and transverse conductivity recorded as a function of frequency were determined from electrical measurements performed on devices made with the conductive polymer. The highly anisotropic nature of the conductivity as well as the frequency dependence demonstrated by both the conductivity and dielectric constant provide evidence for a highly ordered molecular structure in which the conductive and insulative components of the multilayer film form an organized, layered structure. Even greater control of the electrical and structural properties has been achieved through the fabrication of a thin film superlattice in which the conducting polymer and an insulating derivative were deposited as alternating bilayers. The properties of the superlattice were close to those predicted for an inhomogeneous, mixed media.
Seizures in Childhood Ischemic Stroke

Clinical and radiographic findings in children (age range, 1 month to 18 years) with seizures after ischemic stroke between 1996 and 2006 were analyzed retrospectively at Chang Gung Children’s Hospital and University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
Arthur Schnitzler’s Dream Story: Fridolin’s Dream as Schnitzler’s Subconscious

Arthur Schnitzler’s short story Dream Story offers a unique insight into the subconscious of Schnitzler himself, provided through the choices of character names, and the experiences he details throughout the story. The character of Fridolin provides a stunning foil to Schnitzler’s own life. Additionally, Schnitzler serves as an emblem of the fin-de-Siecle Vienna personality: sexually liberal with a chauvinistic bent.
FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION OF PROTEIN IN FOOD SYSTEMS

SUMMARY The functional properties of proteins and protein isolates in food processing must be taken into account, quite apart from their nutritional properties. Stability, texture, flavor, and all the factors that control the properties of a food are largely dependent on changes in the proteins during processing, but not nearly enough is known about these changes. If novel proteins and isolates are to be incorporated into foods, we need much more information about their functional properties.
Construction or demolition: Does problem construction influence the ethicality of creativity?

Creativity researchers have long sought to understand the factors that foster or inhibit creative performance. Researchers have evaluated individual difference variables, such as personality (Feist, 1998; Furnham & Nederstrom, 2010), motivation (Amabile, 1996), and intelligence (Furnham & Nederstrom, 2010), as well as environmental factors, such as leadership (Reiter-Palmon & lilies, 2004) and organizational culture (Hunter, Bedell, & Mumford, 2007). More recently, researchers also have been interested in the implications or intent of the creative idea or solution. Do solutions lead to negative consequences that can be anticipated or even wanted by the problem-solver? Can we find a way to develop ethical and creative solutions?
American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists' 1982 membership survey.

A survey of 1,024 U.S. members of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists (AAGL) concerning 1982 practice revealed that 125,560 laparoscopic sterilizations had been performed. The bipolar method was the most frequent one, used by 65%. The band was used by 21%, the clip by 4% and the unipolar method by 11%. Local anesthesia was used in 4% of cases and open laparoscopy in 4%. No correlation was possible between technique used and the incidence of hemorrhage (0.45 per 1,000), bowel injury (0.42 per 1,000), postoperative pelvic infection (0.42 per 1,000) or anesthetic complications (0.16 per 1,000).
An Illustrative Comparison of Statistical Data Analysis and Inference

This paper illustrates some of the basic ideas underlying statistical data analysis. The purpose is to compare these with the standard theoretical approach to statistical inference...
Linear and nonlinear properties of reduced two-layer models for non-hydrostatic free-surface flow

Abstract A two-layer model with uniform non-hydrostatic pressure in the bottom produces favorable dispersion properties for coastal wave transformation at the computational requirements of a one-layer model. We derive the nonlinear governing equations and the corresponding dispersion relation, shoaling gradient, and super- and sub-harmonics to understand the theoretical performance of this reduced model. With the layer interface near the bottom, the dispersion relation shows an extended applicable range into deeper water at the expense of a slight overestimation of the celerity in intermediate water depth. The shoaling gradient rapidly converges to the exact solution in the shallow and intermediate depth range. These complementary characteristics allow identification of an optimal interface position for both linear wave properties. The resulting model exhibits good nonlinear performance in shallow and intermediate water depth and produces super- and sub-harmonics comparable to a two-layer model. Numerical tests involving standing waves show the reduced model has smaller discretization errors in the dispersion relation comparing to a one-layer model. Case studies of regular wave transformation over a submerged bar and a uniform slope provide comparison with laboratory data and demonstrate the linear and nonlinear properties derived from the governing equations. The good shoaling and nonlinear properties give rise to accurate waveforms in both cases, while dispersion errors from the governing equations and numerical schemes accumulate over time leading to phase shifts of the modeled waves.
Superoxide Stimulates DOPAL Autoxidation, Lysyl Adduct Formation, and Crosslinking of α-Synuclein

Parkinson’s etiology has long been associated with redox imbalance and oxidative stress in dopaminergic neurons. The catecholaldehyde hypothesis suggests that DOPAL, an obligate product of dopamine catabolism, is a central nexus in a network of pathways leading to disease-state neurodegeneration, owing to its toxicity and potent ability to oligomerize alpha synuclein, the main component of protein aggregates in Lewy bodies. In this work we examine the connection between reactive oxygen species and DOPAL autoxidation. We show that superoxide propagates a chain reaction oxidation, and that this reaction is dramatically inhibited by superoxide dismutase. Moreover, superoxide dismutase prevents DOPAL from forming dicatechol pyrrole adducts with lysine and from covalently crosslinking alpha synuclein. Given that superoxide is the main radical byproduct of impaired cellular respiration, our results provide a plausible mechanistic link between mitochondrial dysfunction and synuclein aggregation in dopaminergic neurons.
Getting to “no”: Locating critical peace education within resistance and anti-oppression pedagogy at a Shi’a Islamic school in Lebanon:

This paper critically engages observations from a school that was aligned with a resistance movement in Lebanon during a post-war period of sustained political violence (2006–2007). Focusing on the...
Examining the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and social participation among Veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to examine differences in social participation among Veterans with spinal cord injuries/disorders with and without post-traumatic stress disorder, and det...
Experiments and modeling of the autoignition of methyl pentanoate at low to intermediate temperatures and elevated pressures in a rapid compression machine

Abstract Methyl valerate (C 6 H 12 O 2 , methyl pentanoate) is a methyl ester and a relevant surrogate component for biodiesel. In this work, we present ignition delays of methyl valerate measured using a rapid compression machine at a range of engine-relevant temperature, pressure, and equivalence ratio conditions. The conditions we have studied include equivalence ratios ( ϕ ) from 0.25 to 2.0, temperatures between 680 K and 1050 K, and pressures of 15 bar and 30 bar. The ignition delay data demonstrate a negative temperature coefficient region in the temperature range of 720–800 K for both ϕ = 2.0 , 15 bar and ϕ = 1.0 , 30 bar, with two-stage ignition apparent over the narrower temperature ranges of 720–760 K for 15 bar and 740–760 K at 30 bar. In addition, the experimental ignition delay data are compared with simulations using an existing chemical kinetic model from the literature. The simulations with the literature model under-predict the data by factors between 2 and 10 over the entire range of the experimental data. In addition, a new chemical kinetic model is developed using the Reaction Mechanism Generator (RMG) software. The agreement between the experimental data and the RMG model is also not satisfactory. To help determine the possible reasons for the disagreement, a path analysis of both models is completed. It is found that improvements to both the reaction pathways and thermodynamic properties are required. Further directions for future improvement of the methyl valerate model are discussed.