cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exercise and Detraining: Effect on Food Intake, Adiposity and Lipogenesis in Osborne-Mendel Rats Made Obese by a High Fat Diet

Five-week-old male, Osborne-Mendel rats were fed a control (CON) or high fat diet (HF) (18 and 68% calories as fat, respectively). At 15 weeks of age HF rats weighed more and had a greater percent body fat than CON rats. Half the rats in each diet group were then exercised for 6 weeks on a treadmill. During exercise, food intake was unaffected in both diet groups, while body weight gain was reduced only in HF rats compared to sedentary rats. Exercise lowered fat gain and decreased lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in all rats, reduced in vivo lipogenesis in CON rats, and attenuated the development of obesity in HF rats. Following exercise, rats were kept inactive (i.e., detrained) for 2 weeks. Detraining increased food intake, weight gain, fat deposition and LPL activity in comparison to sedentary rats. In CON detrained rats lipogenesis returned to sedentary levels; in all detrained rats retroperitoneal fat cell number increased over that found in exercised rats. Thus, HF feeding induced obesity while exercise attenuated its development. Exercise-induced effects were not long lasting as they were reversed within 2 weeks of exercise termination as evidenced by a rapid increase in food intake, weight gain and lipogenesis.
Numerical Modeling of Ocean Circulation

The modelling of ocean circulation is important not only for its own sake, but also in terms of the prediction of weather patterns and the effects of climate change. This 2007 book introduces the basic computational techniques necessary for all models of the ocean and atmosphere, and the conditions they must satisfy. It describes the workings of ocean models, the problems that must be solved in their construction, and how to evaluate computational results. Major emphasis is placed on examining ocean models critically, and determining what they do well and what they do poorly. Numerical analysis is introduced as needed, and exercises are included to illustrate major points. Developed from notes for a course taught in physical oceanography at the College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University, this book is ideal for graduate students of oceanography, geophysics, climatology and atmospheric science, and researchers in oceanography and atmospheric science.
N-(1-Benzene­sulfonyl-4-acetyl­pyrrol-3-yl)­acet­amide

The structure of the title compound, C14H14N2O4S, has been determined as part of an investigation into the structure and substitution patterns in benzene­sulfonyl-protected pyrroles.
Time‐dependent response of the global ocean clathrate reservoir to climatic and anthropogenic forcing

[1] Buffett and Archer (2004) showed a model of the steady state global ocean clathrate reservoir that reproduces drill data and predicts a global methane inventory of about 5000 Gton C. The model inventory is very sensitive to ocean temperature, with factor-of-two changes in methane inventory in response to temperature changes of 1.5°C. Here we explore the potential time-dependent behavior of the clathrate reservoir, assuming simple first-order rate constants for methane accumulation and meltdown in response to changes in the predicted steady state reservoir. For melting, we divide the reservoir into two parts, one melting catastrophically and the other slowly. Evolution of clathrates through geologic time is very sensitive to the choice of these rate constants. A positive feedback exists during a transient meltdown event, stronger if the catastrophic-melting fraction is high and its melting timescale is fast. A clathrate reservoir governed by such kinetics would melt down periodically, on a multimillion-year timescale determined by the rate constant for clathrate accumulation. Ideally, we would like a model that predicts runaway melting in the Paleocene and stability in the Pleistocene. However, the model is most unstable when climate is cold, rather than warm. Opting for stability in the Pleistocene constrains the melting kinetic parameters, leaving one degree of freedom. The grow-in timescale must be 5 Myr or longer, to get the deglacial δ13C right, but shorter than 10 Myr, in order for clathrates to have built up through geologically recent cooling. The model thus constrained predicts methane fluxes of 200 Gton C or less on deglaciations, but eventual releases of 2000–4000 Gton C in response to a ∼2000 Gton C anthropogenic carbon release. Anthropogenic climate change differs from a deglaciation in that it warms the ocean to temperatures not seen in millions of years.
Packer in Context: Formalism and Fairness in the Due Process Model

Herbert Packer’s The Limits of the Criminal Sanction (1968) has spawned decades of commentary. This essay argues that Packer’s two-model conceptualization of the criminal process is best understood within his professional milieu of doctrinal legal scholarship and the political context of the Warren Court revolution. Within this context, the essay suggests a distinction between two due process visions: formalism and fairness. This distinction is useful for illuminating debates and decisions on criminal procedure matters in the Supreme Court such as Terry v. Ohio (1968) and Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000). I conclude by encouraging sensitivity to legal and historical context in future commentary on Packer’s framework.
犬の若年性蜂窩織炎：18例を用いた後ろ向き研究（1976-2005）

18例の子犬，3週齢から5ヵ月齢を若年性蜂窩織炎と診断した。皮膚科診察時，すべての子犬が顔（口吻，口唇，眼瞼）の病変と下顎および前肩甲リンパ節の腫大がみられた。11例（61％）で耳介に，さらに6例（33％）で広範に皮疹がみられた。これら子犬において，発熱は22％，嗜眠は17％だけであった。免疫抑制グルココルチコイド療法で7～21日間に17例が軽快した。副作用はみられなかった。軽症だった1例は自然軽快した。再発例はなかった。
TE scattering from a conducting cylinder of arbitrary cross-section covered by multiple layers of lossy dielectrics

A simple moment solution is summarised for the problem of electromagnetic scattering from a perfectly conducting cylinder of arbitrary cross-section which is covered by multiple dielectric layers of arbitrary cross section. The system is excited by a plane wave polarised transverse electric to the axis of the cylinder. The equivalence principle is used to replace the cylinders by equivalent electric and magnetic surface currents radiating into an unbounded medium. A set of coupled integral equations involving the surface currents is obtained by enforcing the boundary conditions on the tangential component of the total magnetic field. The method of moments is used to solve the integral equations. Pulse expansion and point matching are used. Some of the limitations of the method are briefly discussed. Results for the surface currents and the scattering cross-sections are presented. Computed results are in very good agreement with the exact or other available published data.
Left ventricular assist devices as destination therapy for end-stage heart failure

In the therapy of advanced heart failure, left ventricular assist devices represent an exciting new option. The role of mechanical circulatory support is currently limited predominantly by factors related to device durability. The population for whom mechanical circulatory support can be considered as permanent therapy is defined by those for whom improvement in survival and clinical function is expected from current devices. Reported device survival in the range of 50% at 1 year limits the present candidate population to those with greater than 50% mortality at 1 year, who are not eligible for cardiac transplantation, after which survival is 50% at 10 years. Even as we learn to identify these patients who are “sick enough” to warrant device placement and yet “well enough” to survive surgery, the devices and surgical techniques are evolving so that the outcomes are improving and the candidate population is expanding.
Pressor responses to amastatin, bestatin and Plummer's inhibitors are suppressed by pretreatment with the angiotensin receptor antagonist sarthran.

Abstract The aminopeptidase inhibitors, amastatin (AM) and bestatin (BE), and carboxypeptidase inhibitor Plummer's (PL) were applied intracerebroventricularly (ICV) in rats following pretreatment with the angiotensin receptor antagonist sarthran (Sar 1 ,Thr 8 -AII) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Angiotensin II (AII) was also included as a comparison vasoactive peptide. Pressor responses were recorded at 30 min intervals for 90 min to ascertain the duration of the antagonistic effect of sarthran on subsequent injections of AM, BE, PL and AII. Sarthran was effective in suppressing pressor activity to AII- and PL-induced pressor activity until 60 min following pretreatment, and AM- and BE-induced pressor responses until 90 min following pretreatment. These data suggest that AM, BE and PL are having their presser effects via the central angiotensinergic system and that the patterns of AM, BE, PL and AII recovery from the influence of a specific angiotensin receptor antagonist are similar. The results are consistent with the concept that these inhibitors may increase endogenously synthesized angiotensins which are associated with pressor responses.
Economic Value of Days Open for Holstein Cows of Alternative Milk Yields with Varying Calving Intervals

Abstract Value of days open was estimated by budgeting simulation of a commercial herd situation for Holstein cows of alternative milk yields with varying calving intervals. Values for days open were differences of income over feed cost per cow per day among alternative calving intervals of 12, 13, and 15 mo. Producing abilities for milk of cows corresponding to a 13-mo calving interval were 5900, 6800, 7700, and 8600kg 3.5% milk per 300-day lactation. Conditions of herd management were a fixed policy of 65 days dry, herd size of 120 cows, group feeding with income-maximizing rations solved by linear programming, and a herd age structure of 30% of cows Effect was little on annual income over feed cost in the short run for modest increases or decreases of calving interval. Depending on milk producing ability, minor positive or negative differences occurred by increasing calving interval from 12 to 15 mo. However, there was a positive value per day open ($.21 to $.40) for all milk producing abilities when calving interval was increased from 12 to 13 mo and a consistently negative value per day open (−$.04 to −$.23) when it was increased from 13 to 15 mo. Thus, the 13-mo calving interval appears to be close to optimal. Costs associated with changes in either direction from 13 mo were small enough not to be a major management issue when cows were grouped and fed according to milk yield and when dry period was 65 days.
Hemodynamic effects of an irregular sequence of ventricular cycle lengths during atrial fibrillation.

Abstract Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine the independent hemodynamic effects of an irregular sequence of ventricular cycle lengths in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Background. Atrial fibrillation may reduce cardiac output by several possible mechanisms, including loss of the atrial contribution to left ventricular filling, valvular regurgitation, increased ventricular rate or irregular RR intervals. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of an irregular RR interval, independent of the average ventricular rate, on cardiac hemodynamic data during AF. Methods. Sixteen patients with AF were studied invasively. During intrinsically conducted AF (mean rate 102 ± 22 beats/min), the right ventricular apex electrogram was recorded onto frequency-modulated (FM) tape. After atrioventricular node ablation, the right ventricular apex was stimulated in three pacing modes in randomized sequence: 1) VVI at 60 beats/min; 2) VVI at the same average rate as during intrinsically conducted AF (102 ± 22 beats/min); and 3) during VVT pacing in which the pacemaker was triggered by playback of the FM tape recording of the right ventricular apex electrogram previously recorded during intrinsically conducted AF (VVT 102 ± 22 beats/min). Results. Compared with VVI pacing at the same average rate, an irregular sequence of RR intervals decreased cardiac output (4.4 ± 1.6 vs. 5.2 ± 2.4 liters/min, p Conclusions. An irregular sequence of RR intervals produces adverse hemodynamic consequences that are independent of heart rate.
Religion in Latin America: Behavioral and cognitive approaches

Crumrine, N. Ross and Alan Morinis, eds. Pilgrimage in Latin America, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991. xvi + 432 pp. including collected references and index. $45.00 cloth. Cobo, Father Bernabe. Inca Religion and Customs. Roland Hamilton, translator and editor. Foreword by John Howland Rowe. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990. xxiii + 279 pp. including maps, notes, glossary, and index. $12.95 paper. Lawston, E. Thomas and Robert N. McCauley, eds. Rethinking Religion: Connecting Cognition and Culture. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. ix + 194 pp. including references and index. $42.50 cloth.
Dementia praecox, 1886: a new turning point?

Historians of medicine delight in reconstructing the life course – one might say career – of disease concepts. ‘Biographies of disease’ now appear as formal serial offerings by publishers (see, for example, Healy, 2008), granting them a celebrity status equal to that of famous physicians. To borrow the language of historical sociologist Andrew Abbott (2001: 247–9) regarding the study of individual lives, disease histories are framed by ‘trajectories’ (or ‘master narratives’) and ‘turning points’. Trajectories are the ‘smooth befores and afters ... linked by a relatively abrupt “turning point”’(Abbott, 2001: 247). Trajectories are ‘stable regimes’ characterized by their inertial, historicist, causally comprehensible nature. Turning points bracket these deceptively smooth episodes, for they are critical moments when there is a change of trajectory, and they can only be recognized in hindsight. They are ‘causally incomprehensible’ – hence our fascination with them. The life course of an individual – or a disease concept – is the story of a series of chaotic turning points bracketing stable episodes (trajectories). For historians who follow the ‘“who said it first” creed’ (Berrios, Luque and Villagran, 2003: 128), issues of priority are therefore of paramount importance: collapsing a formerly identified turning point into an expanded trajectory, now bounded by a new focal turning point, might, just might, change the way in which we view the entire life course of a disease concept. Or, as is more often the case, not. Heinrich Schule (1840–1916) of the Illenau asylum in Baden, Germany, may now be regarded as the first alienist to use the Latin term dementia praecox. He did so in 1886 in the third edition of his textbook, Klinische Psychiatrie: specielle Pathologie und Therapie der Geisteskrankheiten (Schule, 1886: 14, 250, 451–2, 477). His use of this term to describe a psychotic disorder predates its use by the Prague psychiatrist Arnold Pick (1851–1924) in 1891, and by Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926) in Heidelberg in 1893 (see: Pick, 1891; Kraepelin, 1893). Whether Schule was directly influenced by the French alienist Benedict-Augustin Morel (1809–73), who used the term demence precoce in 1852 and 1860 (see: Berrios, Luque and Villagran, 2003: 117–18; Dowbiggin, 1996: 388), now becomes the new problem for historians eager to plum the significance of a potential new turning point in the history of psychiatry.
Multigluon processes and the Slavnov-Taylor identity.

From the Slavnov-Taylor identity we show in the Feynman--'t Hooft gauge that the amplitude of a multigluon process can be simplified to satisfy the simple Ward-Takahashi identity with respect to all external gluon momenta involved, with the possible exception of at most one gluon. Then the simple form of the polarization projection of the Abelian case can be used for these gluons without the compensating ghost terms and thus simplify the cross-section calculation of multigluon processes. The method applies to processes which involve massive quarks as well as to processes which contain non-QCD interactions.
US temperature/precipitation relationships: implications for future 'greenhouse' climates

Abstract An analysis of monthly values of precipitation and maximum and minimum air temperatures for all 1218 stations of the US Historical Climatology Network from 1900 to 1987 suggests that, in the mean, the CO2/trace gas-induced ‘greenhouse effect’ will probably lead to greater precipitation, lower maximum temperatures, and higher minimum temperatures, as radiatively active components of the atmosphere continue to increase in concentration.
Temporal resolution of figures and grounds

Recent studies have demonstrated that establishing figure-ground organization influences other perceptual processes. Specifically, figures undergo perceptual processing earlier than ground regions (Lester, Hecht, & Vecera, 2009), and they are processed for longer durations relative to ground regions (Hecht & Vecera, 2011). One potential consequence of figures' extended processing is degraded temporal resolution compared to ground regions. To test this hypothesis, observers completed a modified flicker-fusion task while viewing either displays that contained well-defined figures and grounds or displays that were ambiguous. As evidenced by increased sensitivity for flickering targets on the ground regions, the current results support the claim that figures have poorer temporal resolution than ground regions.
Surface Active Agents: Chemical Types and Applications

The rapid growth of the chemical industry in this country has greatly increased the number of new chemicals whose physiological effects must be reckoned with. Thus, the armamentarium of the dermatologist has been considerably strengthened by the addition of numerous synthetic products, the so-called surface active agents (1). It is the purpose of this review to describe the chemical type and classification of these synthetic organic products, and to give some examples of their use in the compounding and administration of therapeutic agents.
Wind-induced ventilation of the burrow of the prairie-dog,Cynomys ludovicianus

Where a fluid flows across a surface, such as wind over the earth, the velocity gradient created provides a potential source of work. This gradient might be employed by one burrowing animal to induce air-flow in its long, narrow burrow. The burrow of the black-tailed prairie-dog constitutes a respiratory dead-space of extraordinary magnitude in which diffusion appears inadequate for gas exchange. But the burrow is arranged in a manner appropriate for wind-induced ventilation, typically with two openings at opposite ends and with mounds surrounding these openings of two forms (Fig. 3), with one form on each end.
Probing transverse coherence of x-ray beam with 2-D phase grating interferometer

Transverse coherence of the x-ray beam from a bending magnet source was studied along multiple directions using a 2-D π/2 phase grating by measuring interferogram visibilities at different distances behind the grating. These measurements suggest that the preferred measuring orientation of a 2-D checkerboard grating is along the diagonal directions of the square blocks, where the interferograms have higher visibility and are not sensitive to the deviation of the duty cycle of the grating period. These observations are verified by thorough wavefront propagation simulations. The accuracy of the measured coherence values was also validated by the simulation and analytical results obtained from the source parameters. In addition, capability of the technique in probing spatially resolved local transverse coherence is demonstrated.
Decreased growth inhibition by recombinant gamma interferon is associated with increased transforming growth factor-α production in keratinocytes cultured from psoriatic lesions

Keratinocytes from involved psoriatic plaques (PP), uninvolved, clinically symptomless skin of psoriatic patients (PN) and normal healthy skin (NN) have been cultured in a low calcium serum free system for multiple passages. In this way, the keratinocytes were removed from microenvironmental factors present in the skin. While the basal rate of proliferation of the PP, PN and NN keratinocytes was not different, the PP cells produced more transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) than NN cells, and the antiproliferative response of PP cells to gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), a product of activated T lymphocytes, was reduced. We studied IFN-gamma because it can inhibit the proliferation of NN keratinocytes, induce their differentiation and the appearance of two immunoregulatory cell surface molecules, HLA-DR and intercellular adherence molecule-I (ICAM-I), and because in another epithelial cell system, epidermal growth factor (EGF) modulates IFN-gamma activity. The mean antiproliferative effects of IFN-gamma at 50,200, and 500 U/ml for the PP group (n = 10) was less compared to the NN group (n = 11); P less than 0.001, while the PN group (n = 5) had a less dramatic, but statistically significant, reduction in growth inhibition by IFN-gamma only at 200 and 500 U/ml compared to NN cells; P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01, respectively. The amount of TGF-alpha produced and secreted by PP keratinocytes from five different individuals was significantly greater than by NN keratinocyte cultures. In addition, IFN-gamma induced TGF-alpha to a lesser extent in PP keratinocytes compared to NN keratinocyte cultures. Keratinocytes isolated from atopic dermatitis and Sezary syndrome patients were similar to NN keratinocytes. In contrast to its differential effects on TGF-alpha production and proliferation, IFN-gamma induced similar amounts of HLA-DR and ICAM-I on PP, PN and NN keratinocytes. Thus, for the PP keratinocytes, there was a dissociation between the antiproliferative and immunomodulatory effects of IFN-gamma. These results support our previous hypothesis that the hyperproliferation and altered differentiation of keratinocytes in psoriatic plaques is linked to an altered responsiveness of the keratinocytes to IFN-gamma. Moreover, these results provide an in vitro correlate of our in vivo observation of increased TGF-alpha levels in psoriatic plaques. A new pathophysiological model to understand psoriasis is proposed which integrates these observations involving IFN-gamma and TGF-alpha. This experimental approach also provides a system to dissect biochemical pathways of pathophysiological importance for keratinocyte hyperproliferation in psoriasis.
Translational energy dependence of the reaction of atomic oxygen with polyimide films

Atomic beam experiments are reported in which atomic oxygen, produced in a conventional microwave discharge beam source, struck Kapton samples at a translational energy of approximately 0.14 eV. After being exposed to an atomic oxygen fluence in excess of 2xl0 cm~, the Kapton samples showed no evidence of reaction, either to the naked eye or under microscopic examination. These experiments, and others performed in this laboratory and elsewhere, strongly support the notion that there is a true dynamic barrier (in incident translational energy) of between 0.2 and 1 eV for the etching of polyimide films by atomic oxygen.
Tibial Tuberosity Osteotomy for Patellofemoral Realignment Alters Tibiofemoral Kinematics

Background: Tibial tuberosity realignment surgery is performed to improve patellofemoral alignment, but it could also alter tibiofemoral kinematics.Hypothesis: After tuberosity realignment in the malaligned knee, the reoriented patellar tendon will pull the tuberosity back toward the preoperative position, thereby altering tibiofemoral kinematics.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: Ten knees were tested at 40°, 60°, and 80° of flexion in vitro. The knees were loaded with a quadriceps force of 586 N, with 200 N divided between the medial and lateral hamstrings. The position of the tuberosity was varied to represent lateral malalignment, with the tuberosity 5 mm lateral to the normal position; tuberosity medialization, with the tuberosity 5 mm medial to the normal position; and tuberosity anteromedialization, with the tuberosity 10 mm anterior to the medial position. Tibiofemoral kinematics were measured using magnetic sensors secured to the femur and tibia. A repeated measures analysis of va...
5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside administration and purine release from the hypoxic/hypotensive rat cerebral cortex

Abstract The effects of the purine precursor 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAriboside) on the release of purines from cerebral cortices of normoxic and hypoxic/hypotensive rats was studied with the cortical cup technique. AICAriboside was administered either intravascularly (50 mg/kg) or intraperitoneally (500 mg/kg) to ascertain whether this agent can be used to enhance adenosine levels in the cerebral cortical interstitial fluid. Following its intraperitoneal administration AICAriboside appeared rapidly in the cortical superfusates at concentrations of up to 9 μM and remained at this level for a 90 min period. After intravascular administration, AICAriboside levels peaked at 2 μM, and then declined rapidly. No increases in basal (normoxic) or hypoxia-elicited adenosine levels in the cortical superfusates were observed. Increases did occur in the basal and hypoxia-evoked levels of hypoxanthine, xanthine and, especially, of uric acid. AICAriboside administration appears to have caused an increase in adenosine metabolite, rather than in adenosine, levels in the cerebral interstitial fluid and it may therefore be of little benefit as a precursor for adenosine formation and release in the treatment of cerebral ischemic damage.
Diphytanyl glycerol ether distributions in sediments of the Orca Basin.

Abstract Archaebacterially produced diphytanyl glycerol ether (DPGE) was examined in core sediments from the Orca Basin, an anoxic hypersaline basin in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, to observe its spatial variability and potential origin. A differential extraction protocol was employed to quantify the isopranyl glycerol ethers associated with unbound, intermediate-bound, and kerogen-bound lipid fractions. Archaebacterial lipids were evident at all depths for the unbound and intermediate-bound fractions. Concentrations of DPGE ranged from 0.51 to 2.91 μg/g dry sediment at the surface and showed secondary maxima deeper in basin sediments. Intermediate-bound DPGE concentrations exhibited an inverse relationship to unbound DPGE concentrations. Kerogen-bound DPGE concentrations were normally below detection limits. Earlier studies describing the general homogeneity of lipid components within the overlying brine and at the brine/seawater interface suggest that the large-scale sedimentary DPGE variations observed in this study result from spatial and temporal variations in in situ production by methanogenic or extremely halophilic archaebacteria.
Reacting to Changes in Nonverbal Behaviors Relational Satisfaction and Adaptation Patterns in Romantic Dyads

Two studies investigated patterns of nonverbal cues between intimates as predicted by schema-based models of behavioral adaptation. In Study 1, participants engaged in a game- playing episode. Consistent with, but extending past research, some adaptation occurred when partners acted uninvolved, used cues signifying low activity, and showed positive affect. Further, satisfied couples were more likely than dissatisfied dyads to reciprocate their partners’positive affect. In the second study, couples discussed upcoming plans. Reciprocity occurred for almost all behavioral composites but did not differentiate satisfied from dissatisfied couples significantly. It is argued that reciprocity should be predicted in intimate relationships and that it contributes to the communication climate of the relationship. Other influences have an important, but lesser, impact.
Impact of corrections for dynamic selection bias on forecasts of retention behavior

We investigate the impact of corrections for dynamic selection bias on forecasting accuracy in a multi-period stay/leave model. While corrections for selection bias are needed for consistent coefficient estimates, they do not necessarily produce more accurate forecasts than uncorrected techniques. Theorem 1 shows that, apart from estimation errors, a shrinkage principle applies: the heterogeneity restriction imposed by uncorrected and combination techniques improves accuracy for forecasting individuals that leave, and hurts accuracy for forecasting individuals that stay. This has important implications for decision making because of the potential for asymmetric losses. We also present an illustrative empirical application and results from Monte Carlo experiments. We find that differences in relative accuracy vary directly with the degree of selection bias and inversely with the percentage of the initial population that stays. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coordination Chemistry, Structure, and Reactivity of Thiouracil Derivatives of Tungsten(0) Hexacarbonyl: A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation into the Chelation/Dechelation of Thiouracil via CO Loss and Addition.

The synthesis of 2-thiouracil and 6-methyl-2-uracil derivatives of tungsten carbonyl from the reaction of photogenerated W(CO)(5)(solvent) (solvent = MeOH or THF) and the corresponding [Et(4)N][thiouracilate] is described. The crystal structure of the [Et(4)N][W(CO)(5)(2-thiouracilate)], 1, derivative is reported where the thiouracilate is found to be bound to the tungsten center via the exocyclic sulfur atom. In the solid-state structure of 1 two anions are associated by means of two hydrogen bonds between the metal bound nucleobases. These pentacarbonyl complexes stereoselectively lose cis carbonyl ligands, as is apparent from (13)C-labeling studies, to provide the endocyclic nitrogen N(1)-chelated tungsten tetracarbonyl derivatives, e.g., [Et(4)N][W(CO)(4)(2-thiouracilate)], 3. The kinetics of the loss of CO from the pentacarbonyl anions to afford the metal tetracarbonyls, and the reverse of that process, were monitored by means of in situ infrared spectroscopy in the nu(CO) region as a function of temperature. These studies reveal that the tetracarbonyl anions in CO-saturated acetonitrile ([CO] approximately 6 x 10(-)(3) M) are unstable with respect to the formation of the pentacarbonyl derivatives, i.e., the equilibrium 1 right harpoon over left harpoon 3 + CO lies to the left under an atmosphere of carbon monoxide. From the activation parameters determined for the dissociative CO loss process (DeltaH() = 82.0 +/- 3.6 kJ mol(-)(1) and DeltaS() = -44.9 +/- 9.6 J mol(-)(1) K(-)(1) for complex 1) it is apparent that the sulfur-bound thiouracilate ligand is serving as a pi-donor during CO dissociation, i.e., behaving as a cis-labilizing ligand. Ab initio geometry optimizations carried out for the process 1 right harpoon over left harpoon 3 + CO at the Hartree-Fock and DFT levels support these experimental observations. For example, complex 1 is shown to be more stable than 3 + CO and chelation via the endocyclic N(1) donor is favored over N(3) binding. Finally, the "16-electron" intermediate resulting from CO dissociation in 1 was found to possess a significantly shortened W-S interaction, presumably due to the pi-donating ability of the thiouracilate ligand.
Information Visualization, Web 2.0, and the Teaching of Writing

Abstract With the development of free, online, interactive visualization tools, the field of information visualization—or infovis—is being opened to diverse users and uses, and particularly to novice users who want to visualize personally relevant information. Indeed, Web 2.0 is making infovis increasingly viable as a medium for organizing, exploring, analyzing, and creatively deriving meaning from the deluge of information that we face in our everyday lives. For writing teachers, new developments in information visualization bring valuable opportunities to enhance our students’ digital and critical competencies. Projects that ask students to visualize text, personal data, and social data can provide compelling entry points into Web 2.0, as students learn about existing tools and sources of data, create their own visualizations, and then analyze the insight that they and others can gain through seeing data represented visually. Incorporating infovis assignments into writing classes can help us reinvigorate some of our standard assignments, encourage students to think critically about the software they use, and provide new opportunities for the production of digital artifacts.
Food Habits and Feeding Chronology of the Blackbanded Darter, Percina nigrofasciata (Agassiz), in Halawakee Creek, Alabama

Abstract In Halawakee Creek, Percina nigrofasciata showed two distinct feeding peaks; one in the morning and a higher one in late afternoon. Immature forms of Diptera, Ephemeroptera, and Trichoptera were dominant in the diet over the 24-hour period. Although these organisms were most abundant in drift during the night, most were eaten during daylight. Daytime feeding peaks suggests that P. nigrofasciata are visual feeders. Daily ration varied from 2.6 to 4.9% of the body weight. Optimum temperature range for maximal feeding in natural habitat was 17–23 C. Feeding rate was low or high, above or below this temperature range. The fish were highly insectivorous. Numerically and on the basis of percent frequency of occurrence dipteran larvae were the most important item in the diet throughout the year. Ephemeropteran nymphs constituted the bulk of the food by weight. Trichopteran larvae ranked third in importance. Other items which were eaten occasionally included copepods, cladocerans, amphipods, isopods, col...
Phenacenes: A family of graphite ribbons. 1. Syntheses of some [7]phenacenes by stilbene-like photocyclizations☆

Abstract The largest previously reported phenacene, the name we propose for the family of polycyclic aromatic compounds having fused benzene rings in an extended phenanthrene-like structural motif, contains only six rings ([6]phenacene). We have employed stilbene-like photocyclizations to synthesize the unsubstituted [7]phenacene, an extremely insoluble compound, as well as 2,13-di- n -pentyl[7]phenacene and 2,13-di- tert -butyl[7]phenacene, two alkyl-substituted derivatives with greatly improved solubilities.
Ref cell hydrolases: Glycosidase activities in human erythrocyte plasma membranes.

Human erythrocyte plasma membranes were found to contain the following glycosidases: α- and β-glucosidase, α- and β-galactosidase, α- and β-fucosidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, β-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, β-xylosidase and α-mannosidase. All the enzymes except β-fucosidase had activity interpreted to be on the external surface of the plasma membrane. The enzymes had optimum pH values of 5.2 to 5.0 and temperatures of 37 to 40°C. The enzymes were not greatly activated by divalent cations but Hg++ and Pb++ were inhibitory. The enzyme extract of the human erythrocyte plasma membranes liberated carbohydrate from intact red cells, which lead to the speculation that the glycosidases might function to modify the erythrocyte plasma membrane.
Partner-Specific Risk Perception: A New Conceptualization of Perceived Vulnerability to STDs

This document presents the results of 2 studies conducted to test the new conceptualization of perceived vulnerability to AIDS posed by a specific sexual partner at a specific time. These studies assess a theoretical model of partner-specific risk perception (PSRP) based on the perception of vulnerability to HIV or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) from a partner at a given time and the impact of this risk perception to behavior. A cross-sectional design was used to determine the PSRP in the first study. Results indicate that the global risk perception sexual history of the partner and the characteristics of the relationship were related to PSRP although an insignificant prediction on condom use was observed. Problems on the time frame for the risk-perception question and phrasing of the specific risk-perception questions arose. Given these problems a second study using a longitudinal design was conducted. Predictors of PSRP during the first study was replicated and a better understanding of how risk perception influences safer sex practices was indicated. This study concludes that the perception of partner-specific risk is based on the number of previous partners and STD history and the length and commitment to the relationship.
Teacher beliefs toward academically at risk students in inner urban schools

Research has consistently documented that teacher expectations influence student outcomes. These expectations are communicated via specific classroom behaviors and practices that differ substantially for high- vs. low-expectation students. Expectations, to a large extent, are a part of a personal belief system influenced by prior experience with diverse students, teachers' role definition, knowledge of appropriate strategies and techniques, and support services available. In urban schools where there are large proportions of academically at-risk students, these factors interact to determine whether or not students receive instruction necessary to improve their low achievement levels.
Accelerator mass spectrometry in biomedical dosimetry: relationship between low-level exposure and covalent binding of heterocyclic amine carcinogens to DNA.

Abstract Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is used to determine the amount of carcinogen covalently bound to mouse liver DNA (DNA adduct) following very low-level exposure to a 14C-labeled carcinogen. AMS is a highly sensitive method for counting long-lived but rare cosmogenic isotopes. While AMS is a tool of importance in the earth sciences, it has not been applied in biomedical research. The ability of AMS to assay rare isotope concentrations (10Be, 14C, 26Al, 41Ca, and 129I) in microgram amounts suggests that extension to the biomedical sciences is a natural and potentially powerful application of the technology. In this study, the relationship between exposure to low levels of 2-amino-3,8-dimethyl[2-14C]imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline and formation of DNA adducts is examined to establish the dynamic range of the technique and the potential sensitivity for biological measurements, as well as to evaluate the relationship between DNA adducts and low-dose carcinogen exposure. Instrument reproducibility in this study is 2%; sensitivity is 1 adduct per 10(11) nucleotides. Formation of adducts is linearly dependent on dose down to an exposure of 500 ng per kg of body weight. With the present measurements, we demonstrate at least 1 order of magnitude improvement over the best adduct detection sensitivity reported to date and 3-5 orders of magnitude improvement over other methods used for adduct measurement. An additional improvement of 2 orders of magnitude in sensitivity is suggested by preliminary experiments to develop bacterial hosts depleted in radiocarbon. Expanded applications involving human subjects, including clinical applications, are now expected because of the great detection sensitivity and small sample size requirements of AMS.
Measurement and modeling of short-channel MOS transistor gate capacitances

A flexible electrometer method for measuring the gate capacitances of small-geometry MOS transistors is described. This technique applies to standard test transistors requiring any on-chip circuitry. Subfemtofarad accuracy and high resolution (better than 0.1 fF) have been achieved. This technique permits flexibility with regard to choices of DC biases and test devices and provides a good means of monitoring capacitance changes in the device reliability studies. The measured gate capacitances show prominent short-channel effects. A short-channel MOS transistor capacitance model has been developed which takes into account the mobility-degradation effect, velocity-saturation effect, bias-dependent fringing-field effect, and source-drain series resistance effect. Good agreement between the measured and modeled results is found. This model can be easily modified for circuit-simulation applications.
Myocardial Metabolism in Progressive Muscular Dystrophy

Myocardial metabolism was studied in 11 patients with progressive muscular dystrophy. Coronary blood flow was measured in four, the cardiac output in six patients. The blood concentrations of oxygen, glucose, inorganic phosphate, pyruvate, and lactate, and the serum activities of malic dehydrogenase and aldolase were determined in simultaneously drawn coronary sinus and arterial blood samples. The cardiac outputs were elevated in all patients. Myocardial extractions of pyruvate and lactate were negative in two patients. Inorganic phosphate concentrations in blood were elevated. Malic dehydrogenase and aldolase were released by the heart in several patients. Differences in oxidation-reduction potential between arterial and coronary venous blood were positive, suggesting glycolysis in the heart muscle. This was accompanied by increased myocardial extraction of glucose. Apparently aerobic glycolysis occurred, since sufficient oxygen was present to account for all glucose extracted. Stimulation of glycolysis ...
Approximate constitutive equations for slow flow of rigid plastic viscoelastic fluids

Abstract A theory of slow flow of rigid plastic viscoelastic fluids is developed, which expresses the stress tensor in terms of a von Mises yield surface plus an expansion of acceleration tensors. The purpose of this theory is to represent the flow of concentrated suspensions of small interacting particles in polymer fluids. The 0th-order fluid turns out to be von Mises theory for perfectly plastic solids. The first-order fluid is equivalent to Oldroyd's theory of Bingham plastics. A second-order fluid theory, which is rather complex in form, is also derived.
High-performance surface-tension-driven capillary pumping based on layer-by-layer self assembly of TiO 2 nanoparticles

This paper reports a surface-tension-driven powerful capillary microfluidic pump based on layer-by-layer (LbL) self assembly technique. The capillary pump with several parallel patterned silicon microchannels 200 µm wide is only coated with titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles using LbL nano self assembly technique. The capillarity is investigated in a 45° inclined platform and a horizontal platform. The results show that this micropump can drive DI water more than 60 mm high or more without additional power in 4 seconds. This surface-tension-driven powerful capillary micropump may enhance pumping functionality and flexibility to expand the toolbox for variety of microfluidic systems.
Board Diversity as a Camouflage Signal

Previous research on board diversity suggests that diverse boards can signal quality of the firm to the public, influencing firm reputation and legitimacy. However, signals vary in nature, with dif...
Slavery and Christianity in the British West Indies

Slavery in the British Empire was always centered in the British West Indies. To a greater degree than in the Southern Thirteen Colonies, economic life in the West Indies depended upon Negro slavery, and the population of the islands soon became predominantly Negro. With the loss of the Thirteen Colonies after 1775, slavery within the British Empire became almost entirely confined to the Caribbean colonies. Until the emancipation of the slaves in 1833, British eyes were focused upon the West Indies whenever slavery was mentioned.
Using hazard networks to determine risk reduction strategies

In many cases, the interdependencies among the hazards in a system can be expressed by means of a hazard network, in which the nodes correspond to the hazards and the links indicate how they depend on one another. We formulate a set of mathematical optimization models which apply in such circumstances and can be used to determine the best protection or prevention strategy based on the estimated costs of mitigation. We illustrate how the model works in three different situations: (1) when total mitigation of any hazard eliminates all the hazards that follow it, (2) when a number of hazards must be totally mitigated to achieve the same effect, and (3) when partial mitigation helps to reduce the risks associated with subsequent hazards. The models developed and illustrated are readily scalable and should apply to a wide range of risk management problems.
Crossing Boundaries to Increase Relevance in Organizational Research

In this volume, Palmer et al. and Miller et al. take different approaches to assessing the relevance debate in organizational studies. After commenting on these papers, we recommend that a “full-cy...
Physical Properties of Confined Silicon Structures Using EDIP

Physically confined structures such as thin films and nanowires are becoming increasingly important in the energy and electronics sectors. This has resulted from the ability to tailor nanostructures to yield physical properties that are significantly different from bulk. The main focus of this work is to examine how physical confinement in one and two dimensions affects the phonon wave vector spectrum within the first Brillouin zone of silicon thin films and silicon nanowires. Dispersion curves as well as density of states (DOS) are obtained using the dynamical matrix approach and a harmonic approximation to the three-body environmentally-dependent interatomic potential (EDIP). It is also shown how these changes in the phonon spectrum for both films and wires affect the volumetric specific heat with respect to bulk. The simulations are carried out assuming ideal free-standing boundary conditions. It is shown that confinement effects on the phonon specific heat are only important below 5 mm for both silicon films and wires.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Observation of an anomally in the π+π− system at 980 MeV☆

Abstract An anomaly at 980 MeV is seen in both the mass distribution and angular distribution of the π + π − system produced in the reaction π + p → Δ ++ π + π − at 7 GeV/ c . Experimental results for the related final states Δ ++ K + K − , Δ ++ π + π − π + π − and Δ ++ π + π − (neutrals) are presented.
State health policy making determinants, theory, and methods: A synthesis

The American states exhibit considerable differences in health policy and market characteristics. Not only do they display substantial variation in spending, but they also display substantial variation in the strategies chosen to control costs, improve access, and ensure quality care. This article synthesizes studies that use 50-state statistical techniques to model policy adoption in the health sector. The purpose is to assess the strengths and weaknesses of this literature, to place it in the context of comparative state policy research generally, and to identify factors that best predict 17 health policy outcomes at the state level. A database was assembled containing 245 equations abstracted from 63 studies published between 1975 and 2002. Some predictors (such as income, aged population, public opinion, and nursing home beds) were studied much more frequently than others (e.g., education, divided government, federal Medicaid mandates, other states' adoptions). Results show that 43 of the 87 policy making determinants examined consistently predict two or more state-level outcomes, including four that predict five outcomes (non-white, urban, income, unemployment), two that predict six (tax capacity/effort, hospital beds), and two that predict seven (nursing home beds, liberal public opinion). Gaps are shown to exist in our understanding of the policy making effects of political system and intergovernmental characteristics.
Dividing the Waters—An Advanced Text

This book fills a need that has been evident for some time, namely a need for a synthesis of the present state of the art of applying systems analysis techniques to water resource allocation problems. The book is aimed at the senior undergraduate or first-year graduate student. It as assumes that the reader is familiar with the common techniques of systems analysis, such as linear programing and dynamic programing, and so the author concentrates his attention on using these and other related methods in the water resource allocation field, using examples drawn from the literature, which includes many of his own publications.