cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boundary shear stress induced by raindrop impact

An efficient mathematical model for calculation of the boundary shear stress field induced by raindrop impact is developed and tested using numerical and experimental data. The model comprises a series of dimensionally consistent, closed-form, algebraic equations, written in terms of physically meaningful parameters describing the fluid properties and initial conditions at the instant of drop impact. The relationships in the model are derived from the analysis of data generated by a computer code which numerically solves the Navier-Stokes equations for two-dimensional flow of a viscous, incompressible fluid with a free surface. The resulting simplified, algebraic model is validated using data from laboratory experiments which employ hot-film anemometry to measure drop induced boundary shear stresses. Substantial agreement is found between model and experimental results with regard to the boundary shear stress magnitudes and sensitivity of magnitudes to different water layer depths, drops sizes, drop veloc...
Trials and tribulations: the professional development of surgical trialists

Abstract Background Regulatory and professional bodies issue an ever-increasing number of guidance documents on the ethics and methods of clinical trials, but the quality of clinical trials of invasive therapeutic procedures continues to be a concern. We interviewed aspiring and accomplished surgical trialists to understand how they use guidance documents and other resources in their work. Methods We performed a qualitative research study involving semistructured interviews of a diverse sample of 15 surgical trialists. Results Professional development as a surgical trialist was haphazard, inefficient, and marked by avoidable mistakes. Four types of resources played constructive roles: formal education; written materials on clinical trials; experience with actual trials; and interpersonal interactions with peers, experts, collaborators, and mentors. Recommendations for improvement centered on education, mentoring, networking, participating in trials, and facilitation by department chairs. Conclusions The haphazard and unstructured nature of the current system is adding unnecessarily to the numerous challenges faced by surgical trialists.
Depression in the college population: An E-S-A approach to primary prevention.

Nurse practitioners working on college campuses are vital to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of depression. Every year, untreated depression results in school failure, social isolation, promiscuity, self-medication with drugs and alcohol, and suicide. On a college campus, collaboration between the student health clinic and the counseling center is an optimal approach to preventive counseling and treatment for depression. Language: en
Chaotic and ambient vibration analysis of composite lap joint damage

We examined strain time series from fiber Bragg gratings sensors located in various positions on a composite material beam attached to a steel plate by a lap joint. The beam was vibrated using both broad-band chaotic signals (Lorenz system), and a narrow band signal conforming to the Pierson-Moskowitz frequency distribution for wave height (ambient excitation). The system was damaged by decreasing the torque on instrumented bolts in the lap joint from very tight all the way through to a joint with a gap and slippage. We analyzed the strain data by reconstructing the attractor of the system in the case of chaotic forcing and a pseudo-attractor in the case of sea-wave forcing. Using the highest torque case as an "undamaged" baseline, we calculated the continuity statistic between the baseline attractor and the attractors of the various damage levels for both forcing cases. We show where one can and cannot say that the functional relationship between the attractors changes and how those changes are related to damage levels.
Pareto efficiency in locally convex spaces II: Stability results

In this second part of our work on Pareto efficiency we study the stability of the set of efficient points under perturbations of the data. For that purpose we use a general notion of convergence of sets which is known as the Kuratowski-Mosco convergence. We also determine the properties of EffK(S) as a function of the set S and of the dominance cone K. Finally our work is extended to stochastic Pareto efficiency and we derive several stability results, we determine the measurability of the efficiency multifunction and we obtain a new characterization of the efficient points of the aggregate set.
Critical phenomena in systems of finite thickness I. The spherical model

Abstract The critical behavior of d-dimensional spherical models is investigated for hypercubical lattices which are infinite in d − 1 dimensions (d ⩾ 3) but finite with n “layers” in the d-th dimension. Boundary conditions, (a) periodic, (b) antiperiodic, and (c) free-surface, are applied in the finite dimension. The shift in the critical temperature, Tc,d(n), varies for n ⪢ 1 as (a) n−(d−2) (all d); (b) n−1 (d = 3), n−2 lnn (d = 4), n−2 (for d ⩾ 5); and (c) n−1 lnn (d = 3), n−1 (for d ⩾ 4). The critical temperature is depressed below the bulk value Tc(∞), under conditions (a) and (b), but the presence of surfaces (c) enhances Tc(n)aboveTc(∞) for n ⩾ 1. The bulk critical region is asymptotically “rounded” in all cases on a scale x = n2φ = O(1) where φ is proportional to the deviation in spherical field; this effect, unlike the critical point shift, corresponds to the bulk correlation length matching the thickness n. Finally, the behavior of the susceptibility per spin is studied for boundary conditions (a) and (c) and found to be in accord, on the whole, with the finitesize scaling theory developed by Fisher. The appropriate scaling functions are explicitly calculated.
MITIGATION OF PYRITE DISSOLUTION DUE TO HUMIC ACIDS ADDITION

ABSTRACT The addition of humic acids to three types of pyrite samples, namely: i) naturally occurring pyrite, ii) coal pyrite, and iii) acid refuse sample resulted in a significant decrease in solids dissolution under nitrogen, as well as air. Three possible mechanisms for the observed decrease in pyrite dissolution that involve chelation, adsorption and enhancement of the solution pH due to humic acids addition are presented and discussed.
Hairy cell leukemia: a successful model for experimental therapeutics—pentostatin and new ideas

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) was once considered an untreatable form of chronic lymphoid malignancy. Based upon the recognition of the importance of adenosine deaminase to the normal B cell survival and proliferation, a hypothesis was developed that temporary inhibition of this enzyme might be therapeutically successful in treating chronic B cell leukemias. Pentostatin was initially explored in patients with refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Both pentostatin and cladribine, purine nucleoside analogs, have been utilized to successfully treat HCL. The high degree of complete and durable remission observed with either agent resulted in many believing that the treatment of this rare disease had been fully optimized. However, a considerable number of patients will relapse. While tremendous progress has been made in initial management, the issues related to optimal therapy, timing of initiation of treatment, and discovery of novel agents that may be effective in those who have relapsed are important. ...
A rapid filtration method for estimating the rate of glucose penetration into Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells

Abstract A filtration system for separating 0.2 – 0.4 ml of a cell-free medium from one ml of suspension containing 10–15 vol% Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells within 5 seconds is described. Values obtained from simultaneous samples of whole suspension and cell-free medium make possible calculation of intracellular concentrations. Leakage of intracellular components into the filtrate is shown to be less than 10%. Intracellular histidine accumulation over 90 minutes was measured with the filtration system and a centrifugation system, and the two systems were found to give comparable results. Application of the filtration method to glucose accumulation during the first 90 seconds after addition of 2.5 m m glucose to a cell suspension is 54 m m , pH 7.4 phosphate buffer at 30 ° indicated that the intracellular glucose level approached the extracellular level within 20 seconds. The initial rate of glucose entry averaged 23 mmoles per liter of intracelluar fluid per minute and intracellular free glucose accumulated at an average rate of 10 mmoles per liter per minute. It is concluded that the rate of glucose penetration does not generally limit the rate of “activated” glycolysis during the first minute after glucose addition.
Assessment of Shielding Material Performance for Deep Space Missions

Radiation doses from galactic cosmic rays (GCR) are a significant issue for spacecraft crew exposures in deep space. We report initial work to evaluate a range of materials for GCR shielding. Earlier work has shown that conventional spacecraft materials, aluminum and higher atomic number structural alloys, provide relatively little shielding and, under certain conditions, may increase radiation risk. Materials containing high proportions of hydrogen and other low atomic mass nuclei provide improved GCR shielding. Polyethylene (PE) is generally considered a good performance benchmark shield material. However, PE shielding occupies volume and adds mass to the spacecraft. In this work we investigate several materials that are shown to provide shielding similar to PE, but which could furnish additional spacecraft functions, possibly eliminating the need for materials currently used for structural support or thermal management. Carbon forms that can incorporate a large mass of hydrogen, as well as polymers and polymer composites are being explored. Calculations of shielding effectiveness in GCR spectra have been carried out. Experiments to measure shielding properties recently have been completed at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) located at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) using high energy beans of O16. In this paper we report preliminary shielding results.
Electrocatalysis in direct methanol fuel cells: in-situ probing of PtRu anode catalyst surfaces

Abstract Stripping voltammetry of CO adsorbed at unsupported, highly dispersed PtRu anode catalysts, is demonstrated here as an in-situ probe of surface composition for this type of direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) catalyst. Reported data [1] for stripping voltammetry of CO adsorbed at bulk PtRu alloy electrode surfaces served as the basis for this in-situ surface diagnostic. CO stripping data collected in this work for three dispersed, unsupported PtRu catalyst samples — all of significant oxygen content as received — strongly suggest that surface metal alloy domains of atomic ratio Ru:Pt near 1:1 are key for higher DMFC anode activity. The PtRu catalyst sample of highest DMFC anode activity displays highest CO stripping peak currents and charges per unit (BET) surface area under a given scan rate and temperature. This indicates higher population of metal alloy sites, free of blocking by oxide components of the sample. Combined data from CO stripping and XRD measurements indicate that a higher degree of overall alloying, as brought about by more extensive sample reduction, results also in a more reduced catalyst surface. We conclude that the activity of unsupported, dispersed PtRu catalysts in anodic oxidation of methanol depends on two major factors: maximized catalyst surface area and a catalyst surface with maximum number of metal alloy sites of atomic ratio close to 1:1. The best DMFC anode catalyst sample examined by us has a BET surface area (as received) of 70 m 2 g −1 and the CO stripping data suggest that, in the fuel cell at the relevant anode potential, 50% of that BET surface area is metal PtRu alloy of composition near 1:1.
Electric Dipole Moments: A Global Analysis

We perform a global analysis of searches for the permanent electric dipole moments (EDMs) of the neutron, neutral atoms, and molecules in terms of six leptonic, semileptonic, and nonleptonic interactions involving photons, electrons, pions, and nucleons. By translating the results into fundamental charge-conjugation-parity symmetry (CP) violating effective interactions through dimension six involving standard model particles, we obtain rough lower bounds on the scale of beyond the standard model CP-violating interactions ranging from 1.5 TeV for the electron EDM to 1300 TeV for the nuclear spin-independent electron-quark interaction. We show that planned future measurements involving systems or combinations of systems with complementary sensitivities to the low-energy parameters may extend the mass reach by an order of magnitude or more.
The clinical utility of expressing hearing thresholds in terms of the forward-going sound pressure wave.

AbstractObjective: To assess the clinical utility of quantifying pure-tone hearing thresholds in terms of the forward-going sound pressure wave. Design: Sound pressure measurements in the ear canal were used to derive, with hearing threshold measurements, hearing thresholds expressed in terms of the forward-going sound pressure wave, hearing thresholds based on coupler-based calibration, and hearing thresholds expressed in terms of the sound pressure measured at the microphone. Study sample: Fifty-two adults, 18 to 34 years of age, served as the study group. Results: Audiogram configurations were similar up to 2000 Hz for the three expressions of hearing threshold, consistent with the ear canal acting as a simple volume up to this frequency. Above 2000 Hz, notable differences in hearing threshold were found, consistent with the acoustic input impedance of the ear differing from a rigid, hard-walled cavity. Repeat testing showed all three expressions of hearing threshold to be repeatable. High density meas...
Electrophoretical mobility of human lymphocytes in the presence of E. colil-asparaginase☆

The incubation of lymphocytes with E. colil-asparaginase decreases both their electrophoretical mobility and blastogenesis in cell culture. This shows that l-asparaginase causes disturbances not only on the lymphocyte metabolism but also on the lymphocyte surface.
Elasticities, ratios and energy modelling

Abstract This paper shows certain pitfalls in calculating elasticities and ratios. By studying some commonly used econometric models of energy, it is then argued that income elasticity could be considered stable both in the short run and in the long run. Lastly, we have derived a formula which clearly relates the income elasticity to the energy–income ratio. The difference of elasticities among the developing and developed countries can be explained directly from the formula.
Rethinking Time Geography in the Information Age

As everyday activities are increasingly carried out at least in part through digitally mediated remote interaction, researchers interested in the complex relationships between urban activities, spaces, and travel are running up against the limits of familiar forms of time geography. This paper argues that because information and communication technologies (ICTs) are loosening the traditionally close links between activity, place, and time, physicalist models such as the space–time path and prism of time geography may need to be reexamined in light of the new realities. An important part of these new realities is the fact that virtual communications depend on specific kinds of material means (computers and mobile phones, in particular). These now compete with and complement a fundamentally different kind of material means (of physical transportation) which have traditionally been at the basis of time-geographic analyses. The paper proposes a novel conceptual framework for time geography, whereby people's s...
Optimum advertising policy over time for subscriber service innovations in the presence of service cost learning and customers' disadoption

Abstract On the theoretical side, this paper characterizes qualitatively optimal advertising policy for new subscriber services. A monopolistic market is analyzed first for which customers’ disadoption, discounting of future profits streams and a service cost learning curve are allowed. After characterizing the optimal policy for a general diffusion model, the results pertaining to a specific diffusion model for which advertising affects the coefficient of innovation that incorporates the disadoption rate are reported. The results of the theoretical research show that the advertising policy of the service firm in the presence of customers’ disadoption could be very different from the same when disadoption is ignored. On the empirical side, four alternative diffusion models are estimated and their predictive powers using a one-step-ahead forecasting procedure compared. The diffusion data analyzed are related to the Canadian cable TV industry. Empirical research findings suggest that the specific diffusion model considered above is not only of theoretical appeal but also of major empirical relevance. The analytical findings of the study are documented in six theoretical propositions for which proofs are provided in a separate Appendix . The results of a related numerical experiment together with the analytical findings pertaining to the competitive role of advertising are included. Managerial implications of the study together with directions for future research are also discussed.
Method of forming tiny silicon nitride spacer for flash EPROM

The silicon nitride spacer technology is widely used in split gate non-volatile memory device sand flash EPROM. A tiny spacer structure is formed on tunnel oxide layer adjacent to the sidewall of floating gate electrode to prevent write disturbance that caused by reverse tunneling. But the processing is very critical for such flash EPROM devices since the dimension the SN spacer are so small. It was influenced not only by SN spacer dry etching but also later photo-resistance strip process of implantation for threshold voltage adjustment. A new method of forming tiny SN spacer by using anisotropic dry etching and isotropic wet etching was presented in this paper.
Juvenile‐to‐Adult Antler Development in White‐Tailed Deer in South Texas

Abstract Past studies using penned deer provide conflicting results on the age when reliable predictions about antler growth potential in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) can be made. We captured wild whitetail males via aerial net gun on 12 ranches in 5 counties in south Texas, USA, from 1999 to 2007 to determine if a reliable juvenile-to-adult relationship in antler development existed. We individually marked and released captured animals at the trap site after we took antler and body measurements. We recaptured marked animals as possible in subsequent years or until we obtained final measurements after legal harvest. Amount of growth in the first set of antlers in whitetail males was a poor predictor of antler growth at maturity. By 4.5 years of age there were no differences (P > 0.05) in antler measurements regardless of the amount of development of the first set of antlers at 1.5 years. We concluded culling of yearling males based on number of antler points would have little positive effect...
Chronic allergen challenge induces pulmonary extramedullary hematopoiesis.

ABSTRACTAllergic inflammation is associated with increased generation and trafficking of inflammatory cells, especially eosinophils, to sites of inflammation. The effect of acute versus chronic airway allergen challenge on hematopoietic activity in the bone marrow (BM) and lungs was investigated using murine models of allergic airway inflammation. Acute allergen challenge induced proliferation of BM cells and significantly increased generation of eosinophil, but not multipotent, granulocyte-macrophage (GM), or B-lymphocyte progenitor cells. However, no hematopoietic activity was observed in the lungs. With chronic challenge, BM cells failed to proliferate, but exhibited increased capacity to generate multipotent as well as eosinophil, GM, and B-lymphocyte progenitors. In addition, increased generation of eosinophil- and GM-specific progenitors was observed in the lungs. Although no differences were observed in their ability to roll on BM endothelium in vitro or in vivo, CD34-enriched hematopoietic/stem pr...
Searching for the two-photon brightest red fluorescent protein and its optimum excitation wavelength

We study 2PA spectra of red fluorescent proteins (FPs), including DsRed2, mRFP, tagRFP, and mFruits in a wide range of excitation wavelengths, 600 - 1200 nm. For evaluation of mature FP extinction coefficient and concentration we propose a pure optical method which is based on Strickler - Berg equation, relating fluorescence radiative lifetime with molecular extinction coefficient. 2PA spectra and maximum cross sections are very sensitive to either changes in the chromophore structure (mOrange vs mRFP) or mutations in chromophore surrounding (DsRed and mFruits). All red FPs show two pronounced 2PA transitions, the first peaking in the 1000 - 1100-nm region, and the second - near 700 - 760 nm. For each region we have found a mutant, which is 3 - 4 times two-photon brighter than the benchmark EGFP.
The microsoft data platform

Advances in hardware, storage, devices, connectivity, and web technology are changing the way applications are designed, deployed, and managed. Applications are increasingly becoming data-centric and data is everywhere, and in all tiers (from the client to the cloud). Data across multiple tiers requires data access and management capabilities across these tiers. The Microsoft Data Platform presents a vision for an end-to-end data platform that offers data services across all tiers.
Pathogenic Properties of Encephalomyocarditis Virus Plaque Variants.

SummaryThe pathogenic properties of two plaque-variants (r+ and r) of the EMC virus were investigated in mice of different ages. Both variants caused lethal infections in newborn animals after i.c., i.p. and s.c. inoculation. They also were virulent for 3-week mice when introduced i.c. However, the r+ variant was non-pathogenic in adult animals injected by peripheral routes. The two variants grew for extended periods of time in soft tissues at the s.c. site of inoculation. Although viremia and central nervous system disease appeared in animals receiving r, a generalized infection failed to develop in those inoculated with r+. No evidence was found to indicate that interferon or antibody altered the pathogenicity of this variant. Revertant PFU invariably developed when r+ variant was grown in cell cultures; virulent r or r-like viruses comprised 0.5 to 2% of the PFU in r+ pools. Accordingly, it was necessary to employ fewer than 100 PFU of r+ to obtain a uniform population of the variant for pathogenicity ...
Simulation as a Transportation Tool

Simulation has been used to solve a tenninal operation problem involving manning in existing facilities and to test changes in design for new facilities. The discussion includes why General Purpose Simulation System (GPSS) III was chosen, how the model was developed, further uses for the same model, and the results of the simulation.
Quinone methide formation from 4-alkylcatechols: a novel reaction catalyzed by cuticular polyphenol oxidase

Abstract Oxidation of 4-alkylcatechols by cuticular polyphenol oxidase gives quinone methides as initial products as opposed to the conventional quinones. This new reaction accounts for several conflicting observations on the catecholamine chemistry in insect cuticle.
Surface-induced superparamagnetic relaxation in nanoscale ferrihydrite particles.

The effect of surface on superparamagnetic relaxation for nanoscale ferrihydrite particles (d\ensuremath{\sim}5 nm) has been investigated using M\"ossbauer spectroscopy. With increasing surface chemisorption of ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{4}^{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, the superparamagnetic transition temperature (${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{B}}$) falls from 100 to 40 K and the transition sharpens. This indicates that the ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{4}^{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ species eliminate the surface unpaired spins and create a nonmagnetic medium, thereby significantly reducing the magnetic coupling between the particles. For ferrihydrite particles impregnated on a silica support, the particle interaction becomes negligible and the superparamagnetic transition occurs at a still lower temperature of \ensuremath{\sim}12 K; the spectra exhibit characteristic size-dependent features. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A source of variance in IQ unique to the lower-scoring monozygotic (MZ) cotwin

Environmental factors more common in twins than singletons appear to be disadvantageous with respect to intelligence. If these factors contribute to within-pair differences in IQ, the effect should be found more in the cotwin lower in IQ (the low twin) than in the cotwin higher in IQ (the high twin). In this case, the variance of the low twins should exceed that of the high twins. This hypothesis was tested for five samples of monozygotic (MZ) twins and three samples of dizygotic (DZ) twins but was confirmed only for the MZ samples. These results suggest that there are disadvantageous environmental factors unique to MZ twins which contribute to within-pair variability. Such factors will cause heritability coefficients obtained using MZ twins to be underestimated.
Nucleation rates and bubble stability in water-carbon dioxide solutions

Abstract Using classical nucleation theory, homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation rates are calculated for a supersaturated water/CO2 solution typical of a carbonated beverage. Heterogeneous rates are calculated for a smooth planar surface, and surfaces containing spherical and conical cavities or projections, and for a range of contact angles. These results are displayed. The stability of preexisting bubbles in a finite volume of water/CO2 solution is also examined.
Within-channel gap detection using dissimilar markers in cochlear implant listeners

Temporal gap detection thresholds were measured between perceptually dissimilar electrical markers in cochlear implant listeners. Both markers were presented to the same electrode pair. The amplitude and pulse rate of the first marker were fixed, and gap thresholds were measured as a function of either the pulse rate or the amplitude of the second marker. In either case, U-shaped functions were obtained, with lowest gap thresholds occurring when the two markers were similar in both amplitude and pulse rate. Because the two markers were presented to the same electrode pair, the data cannot be accounted for on the basis of across-channel interactions. It is hypothesized that when different markers are used, the perceptual discontinuity from the first marker to the second is similar to the sensation of a brief gap, and dominates the gap detection process. Thus, gap threshold functions with electrically dissimilar markers serve more as indicators of perceptual distance between the markers and less as measures of temporal resolution.
Methods for assaying nine bovine complement components and C3b-inactivator☆

Abstract Methods are presented for titrating bovine C3b-inactivator, C2, C3 and C4† by non-hemolytie means, and for assaying all the components of bovine complement except C2 by hemolysis. All components were detected at serum dilutions above 1:1000, and some at dilutions above 1:100,000. The non-hemolytie assays for C3b-inactivator, C2, C3 and C4 make use of bovine conglutinin, and utilize a method for measuring conglutination with a Coulter Counter. Cell-bound bovine C1 was found to be capable of reacting with guinea pig C2 and C4 in the presence of 0.02 M , but not 0.04 M EDTA, which led to the erroneous assumption that stable EAC142 bov had been produced. Bovine serum was found to contain a potent, heat-stable inhibitor of C5b6 or possibly nascent C7 sites.
Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: Failure of normal allele to compensate for mutant allele at a regulated genetic locus

In normal human fibroblasts, the synthesis of a cell surface receptor for plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) is regulated by a sensitive system of feedback suppression. The number of functional LDL receptors declines by more than 20 fold when cellular stores of esterified cholesterol are increased by incubation of cells with an exogenous source of cholesterol. Fibroblasts from patients with the heterozygous form of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) possess one functional allele and one nonfunctional allele at the LDL receptor locus. In the current studies, we have examined the effect that this deficiency produces upon the pattern of regulation of the single functional allele at the LDL receptor locus. Under growth conditions that induced a maximal rate of LDL receptor synthesis (that is, growth in the absence of an exogenous source of cholesterol), the FH heterozygote cells produced about one half as many functional LDL receptors as did the normal cells. More importantly, when grown in the presence of increasing amounts of exogenous cholesterol, the FH heterozygote and normal cells suppressed their respective LDL receptor activities in parallel. Over a wide range of LDL receptor activities, at each level of cellular esterified cholesterol, the FH heterozygote cells expressed about one half as many receptors as did the normal cells. These data indicate that in the FH heterozygote cells, the receptor regulatory mechanism dictates that the normal allele produce only the amount of gene product that it would normally produce at a given level of cellular esterified cholesterol. The failure of the regulatory mechanism to stimulate the normal allele at the LDL receptor locus to produce twice its normal amount of gene product leaves the FH heterozygote cells with a persistent 50% deficiency in LDL receptors under all conditions of cell growth.
Putting Feminist Pedagogy to the Test: The Experience of Women's Studies from Student and Teacher Perspectives

Critics of women's studies (WS) have charged that WS teaching overemphasizes students' personal experience and is overly politicized. They claim further that WS classes discourage critical, indepen...
The management of palatally displaced maxillary canines: Considerations and challenges

This article opens with a recognition that ectopic maxillary canines may lead to frank impactions requiring a coordinated and multidisciplinary approach to their surgical/orthodontic management and the potential benefit of managing canine ectopia, particularly palatally displaced canines, more conservatively in their pre-eruptive ectopic positions in an effort to avoid impaction. The prevalence of palatally displaced canines (PDC) in various populations and corroborating as well as competing or conflicting opinions of etiology are briefly reviewed. Some of the traditional as well as relatively newer strategies and associated investigations of managing pre-eruptive palatally displaced maxillary canines are discussed, and the imaging techniques utilized to identify and locate ectopic maxillary canines are also discussed. Early detection of ectopic canines must include at the very least panoramic and/or periapical radiographs as part of any mixed dentition orthodontic examination and assessment. The sometimes unpredictable continued path of the ectopic maxillary canine poses clinical and ethical issues to the clinician when developing treatment strategies as part of any overall orthodontic treatment plan for young patients presenting with maxillary canine ectopia. The need for more thoughtful and carefully designed randomized clinical trials with a greater emphasis on subject sample scrutiny is strongly recommended to add much needed clarity to the clinical management of ectopic maxillary canines.
Soluble fibrin complexes in coronary disease

Abstract The occurrence of intravascular coagulation in coronary artery disease was evaluated by measurement of soluble fibrin complexes (SFC). Using 4% agarose and a long column it was possible to quantify by gel filtration the SFC including high molecular weight fibrinogen derivatives and to separate them from fibrinogen, and fibrinogen degradation products. Of 21 patients with chest pain undergoing coronary angiography, 16 patients with one or more coronary arteries significantly occluded on angiogram showed a marked increase in percent SFC (23.3 ± 3.5 SEM) while 5 individuals with chest pain and normal angiograms had only 10.9 ± 2.0% SFC. In contrast, 6 normal individuals had only 4.6 ± 1.3% of their fibrinogen in the form of SFC. A modest correlation was demonstrated between levels of SFC and degree of coronary occlusion which probably reflects the generalized atherosclerosis in these patients. Serum fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) in the patients' sera as assayed by staphlococcal clumping test were found to be moderately elevated only in patients with abnormal angiograms. The role of the intrinsic coagulation pathway was evaluated by assays of prekallikrein (preK), kallikrein inhibitors (KI) and determinations of inactive Hageman factor (factor XII). No significant changes were found in the two groups of patients when compared to normal suggesting that activation of the intrinsic pathway was not involved.
Evacuees’ information sources and reentry decision making in the aftermath of Hurricane Ike

In the aftermath of a hurricane, local emergency managers need to communicate reentry plans to households that might be scattered over multiple counties or states. To better understand evacuees' households' reliance on different information sources at the time they decided to return home, this study collected data on reentry after Hurricane Ike. The results from a survey of 340 evacuating households indicated that there was low compliance with official reentry plans and that none of the information sources produced greater compliance with official reentry plans. Nonetheless, there were significant changes in the utilization of different sources of emergency information over the course of an evacuation but local news media remained the most common sources throughout the event. There also were significant differences in the relative importance of different sources of reentry information, with people relying most on information from peers. In summary, local authorities need to identify more effective ways to communicate with evacuees that have relocated to distant communities and to motivate them to comply with official reentry plans.
Identifying criminal activities at the operating system level

This paper presents a scheme to support curtailing illegal activities that are carried out with the help of computers. The paper focuses on determining criminal character of a user by analyzing user’s interactions with the computer at the operating system level. Doing this at the operating system level gives an advantage of catching all interactions of the user with the computer. User interaction information is obtained during the system use and this information is classified using neural network. Neural network does the processing to obtain the criminal character of the user. A sample test was conducted on 200 different users (50 criminal users and 150 normal users). The results reported show that the proposed system is practical and accurate.
Anxiety Sensitivity and Sleep-Related Problems in Anxious Youth

Anxiety disorders constitute the most common mental health disturbance experienced by youth. Sleep-related problems (SRPs) are highly prevalent among anxious youth and encompass a variety of problems including nighttime fears, insomnia, and refusal to sleep alone. Given that chronic sleep disturbance is associated with a range of behavioral and physical problems in youth and predicts future psychopathology, it is important to elucidate the nature of SRPs in anxious youth. The present study investigated the relationship between sleep problems and anxiety sensitivity in a sample of 101 anxious youth, ages 6-17. Heightened anxiety sensitivity significantly predicted prolonged sleep onset latency across the sample, even after accounting for severity of anxiety, depression, and age. Results support previous research indicating that SRPs are common among anxious youth and suggest that anxiety sensitivity may play a particularly important role in sleep onset latency.
The interaction of folic acid and glycoprotein glycosyltransferase activities of rat kidney

Abstract The activities of fetuin: N-acetylneuraminic acid, collagen: glucose and fetuin: galactose transferases derived from rat kidney homogenates and microsomal fractions were measured in the presence of folic acid after purification of the enzymes by gel chromatography. In general, folic acid reduced the specific activity of the purified fetuin: N-acetylneuraminic acid and increased the activity of the purified collagen: glucose transferase. Gel chromatography reduced the fetuin: N-acetylneuraminic aicd transferase specific activity of kidney homogenates. A 6-fold stimulation of the fetuin: gal specific activity of the crude kidney 10 000 × g supernatant was observed with folic acid. After chromatography of the rat kidney homogenate through Sephadex G-75 and Bio-Gel P-200, fetuin: galactose transferase activity was stimulated nearly 20-fold by folic acid, thereby resulting in a total 53-fold increase in enzyme activity compared to the crude supernatant assayed without folic acid. Several possible mechanisms for the action of folic acid on glycosyltransferases were investigated. No evidence for the formation of a radiolabeled lipid intermediate or for specific folic acid-protein interaction was found. At present, no explanation exists for the action of folic acid on these glycoprotein: glycosyltransferase activities.
Cellular adhesion molecules in rat adjuvant arthritis

Objective. To examine adhesion molecule expression during the progression of inflammation in a rheumatoid arthritis model of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) in rats. Methods. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to determine the distribution of the following adhesion molecules: lymphocyte function–associated antigen 1 (LFA-1; CD11a/CD18), Mac-1 and p150/95 (CD11bc/CD18), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and CD44 in tissue sections from the ankle joints of rats with AIA. Control animals and those with AIA were killed at intervals over a 54-day period after injection with mineral oil and Mycobacterium butyricum, respectively. Results. CD44 and LFA-1 were expressed on lymphocytes, macrophages, and synovial (ST) lining cells. CD44 expression on macrophages was found to be increased compared with control animals by day 18, and was significantly increased by day 41. CD44 expression on lymphocytes significantly increased earlier, on days 11–18. Increased LFA-1 expression on macrophages occurred late, on day 41. LFA-1 expression on lymphocytes was significantly increased on days 25, 47, and 54. ST lining cells exhibited two distinct periods of increased expression, one early, on days 11–25 and one later, on days 41–54. CD11b/c was expressed on macrophages and ST lining cells, showing a significant increase on AIA rat ST lining cells compared with control animals on day 4. No differences in ICAM-1 expression on endothelial cells between rats with AIA and controls were found on any of the days examined. Conclusion. CD44 expression is up-regulated on macrophages and lymphocytes during the early development of AIA, while LFA-1 expression is up-regulated later in the development of AIA. The up-regulation of CD44 and LFA-1 at different times in the development of AIA suggests an important role for these adhesion molecules in establishing and sustaining an inflammatory response in the AIA joint.
Bulk superconductivity above 30 K in T-phase compounds.

High-pressure (3 kbar) oxygenation of (La, Sm, Sr){sub 2}CuO{sub 4} compounds having the {ital T}{sup *} structure leads to bulk superconducting transitions above 30 K and the appearance of a diamagnetic response at temperatures as high as {similar to}37 K. With increasing oxygenation pressure, the electrical resistivity and thermoelectric power progress from hoppinglike to more nearly metalliclike transport. The similarity in {ital T}{sub {ital c}} and transport character with those of {ital T}-phase La{sub 2{minus}{ital x}}Sr{sub {ital x}}CuO{sub 4}, despite significant structural differences, further constrains possible mechanisms for superconductivity in the cuprates.
Aircraft Conceptual Design and Risk Analysis Using Physics-Based Noise Prediction

An approach was developed which allows for design studies of commercial aircraft using physics-based noise analysis methods while retaining the ability to perform the rapid trade-off and risk analysis studies needed at the conceptual design stage. A prototype integrated analysis process was created for computing the total aircraft EPNL at the Federal Aviation Regulations Part 36 certification measurement locations using physics-based methods for fan rotor-stator interaction tones and jet mixing noise. The methodology was then used in combination with design of experiments to create response surface equations (RSEs) for the engine and aircraft performance metrics, geometric constraints and take-off and landing noise levels. In addition, Monte Carlo analysis was used to assess the expected variability of the metrics under the influence of uncertainty, and to determine how the variability is affected by the choice of engine cycle. Finally, the RSEs were used to conduct a series of proof-of-concept conceptual-level design studies demonstrating the utility of the approach. The study found that a key advantage to using physics-based analysis during conceptual design lies in the ability to assess the benefits of new technologies as a function of the design to which they are applied. The greatest difficulty in implementing physics-based analysis proved to be the generation of design geometry at a sufficient level of detail for high-fidelity analysis.
Do pinyon jays alter nest placement based on prior experience

Abstract The role of prior experience in nest-site selection by a long-lived corvid, the pinyon jay, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus , was investigated. The major sources of nest failure were loss to avian predators ( Corvus corax and Corvus brachyrhynchos ) and abandonment after cold and snowy spring weather. Cold weather favours exposed nesting because solar radiation reduces the energetic costs to nesting females and quickly melts snow in and around the nest. Predation favours cryptic nests. The relative height at which individual jays nested (an index of nest exposure) was compared to their previous nest height and to the fate of that nesting attempt. For the following reasons jays appear to associate nest exposure with the fate of a particular nesting attempt: (1) after nesting in exposed sites, subsequent nests were 27·3% lower (more concealed) in the nest tree following predation, but only 9·7% lower when predation did not occur; (2) concealed nest sites were avoided only after failure due to cold weather; and (3) nest placement following the successful fledging of young did not differ significantly from the previous nest placement. The frequency of nesting in exposed locations dropped from 80% to 55% after individuals suffered their third predatory experience when nesting in exposed locations. Experienced jays nested relatively low throughout the season, which enhances concealment, but nested farther out from the trunk early in the season, which reduces incubation costs. The use of prior experience in nest-site selection is adaptive because sites can include properties associated with past success and exclude those associated with past failure.
MyD88-dependent and independent pathways of Toll-Like Receptors are engaged in biological activity of Triptolide in ligand-stimulated macrophages.

Triptolide is a diterpene triepoxide from the Chinese medicinal plant Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F., with known anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and anti-cancer properties. Here we report the expression profile of immune signaling genes modulated by triptolide in LPS induced mouse macrophages. In an array study triptolide treatment modulated expression of 22.5% of one hundred and ninety five immune signaling genes that included Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs elicit immune responses through their coupling with intracellular adaptor molecules, MyD88 and TRIF. Although it is known that triptolide inhibits NFκB activation and other signaling pathways downstream of TLRs, involvement of TLR cascade in triptolide activity was not reported. In this study, we show that triptolide suppresses expression of proinflammatory downstream effectors induced specifically by different TLR agonists. Also, the suppressive effect of triptolide on TLR-induced NFκB activation was observed when either MyD88 or TRIF was knocked out, confirming that both MyD88 and TRIF mediated NFκB activation may be inhibited by triptolide. Within the TLR cascade triptolide downregulates TLR4 and TRIF proteins. This study reveals involvement of TLR signaling in triptolide activity and further increases understanding of how triptolide activity may downregulate NFκB activation during inflammatory conditions.
Fluoride binding to humic acid

Fluoride (F−) binding to humic acid has been measured as a function of pH (5–6.6). The pH dependent binding is attributed to the anion being trapped within the large structure (territorial bound) but is not bound to a particular functional group (site bound). Studying fluoride binding provides insight to cation, anion and neutral species interactions with humic acid.
Seasonal changes in soluble protein, nucleic acids, and tissue pH related to cold hardiness of alfalfa

Summary Studies were undertaken to examine the association between the cold hardiness and nitrogen metabolism of plants of two alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) varieties differing in genetic potential for developing cold hardiness. Crowns and roots of the genetically hardy variety contained greater quantities of water-soluble, trichloroacetic acidprecipitable protein and nucleic acids than the crowns and roots of the nonhardy variety during the development and maintenance of cold hardiness. Moreover, the relationship between each of these nitrogenous constituents and cold hardiness was closer for the hardy variety than for the nonhardy variety. Seasonal trends for cold hardiness, content of water-soluble, trichloroacetic acid-precipitable protein, and content of the nucleic acids were markedly different for the two varieties. In response to changing environmental conditions in the fall, varietal differences were first noted for deoxyribonucleic acid content, then for ribonucleic acid content, and lastly in the water-soluble, trichloroacetic acid-precipitable protein content and cold hardiness of the plants.
The bottleneck graph partition problem

The bottleneck graph partition problem is to partition the nodes of a graph into two equally sized sets, so that the maximum edge weight in the cut separating the two sets is minimum. Whereas the graph partition problem, where the sum of the edge weights in the cut is to be minimized, is NP-hard, the bottleneck version is polynomial. This paper describes an O(n 2 log n) algorithm for the bottleneck graph partition problem, where n is the number of nodes in the graph. We point out two interesting issues related to dynamic algorithms. We also generalize our polynomiality result (for fixed k) to the bottleneck k-cut problem with specified vertices and bounded components.