cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the irreversible production of entropy

The importance of irreversible entropy production is emphasized. The first and second laws of thermodynamics are both expressed by equalities by giving due recognition to the irreversible production of entropy. By specialization and combination of these equations, an "efficiency equation" is derived, applicable to cyclical and steady-state processes, and useful in studying the efficiency of practical processes. The thermodynamic theory involved in determining amounts of entropy produced by irreversible processes is investigated, and six cases of irreversible entropy production are treated in detail. The "efficiency equation" is applied to four practical processes to illustrate its usefulness in analyzing the causes of inefficiency in practical situations. The first and second law equations are directly applied to two theoretical problems so selected as to illustrate differences in the theoretical importance of being able to express the second law in the form of an equality. The concept of temperature is discussed, and the extent of its validity under non-equilibrium situations is analyzed.
A haplotype at chromosome Xq27.2 confers susceptibility to prostate cancer.

We conducted an association study to identify risk variants for familial prostate cancer within the HPCX locus at Xq27 among Americans of Northern European descent. We investigated a total of 507 familial prostate cancer probands and 507 age-matched controls without a personal or family history of prostate cancer. The study population was subdivided into a set of training subjects to explore genetic variation of the locus potentially impacting risk of prostate cancer, and an independent set of test subjects to confirm the association and to assign significance, addressing multiple comparisons. We identified a 22.9 kb haplotype nominally associated with prostate cancer among training subjects (292 cases, 292 controls; χ2 = 5.08, P = 0.020), that was confirmed among test subjects (215 cases, 215 controls; χ2 = 3.73, P = 0.040). The haplotype predisposed to prostate cancer with an odds ratio of 3.41 (95% CI 1.04–11.17, P = 0.034) among test subjects. The haplotype extending from rs5907859 to rs1493189 is concordant with a prior study of the region within the Finnish founder population, and warrants further independent investigation.
Solution of symmetric linear complementarity problems by iterative methods

A unified treatment is given for iterative algorithms for the solution of the symmetric linear complementarity problem: $$Mx + q \geqslant 0, x \geqslant 0, x^T (Mx + q) = 0$$ , whereM is a givenn×n symmetric real matrix andq is a givenn×1 vector. A general algorithm is proposed in which relaxation may be performed both before and after projection on the nonnegative orthant. The algorithm includes, as special cases, extensions of the Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel, and nonsymmetric and symmetric successive over-relaxation methods for solving the symmetric linear complementarity problem. It is shown first that any accumulation point of the iterates generated by the general algorithm solves the linear complementarity problem. It is then shown that a class of matrices, for which the existence of an accumulation point that solves the linear complementarity problem is guaranteed, includes symmetric copositive plus matrices which satisfy a qualification of the type: $$Mx + q > 0 for some x in R^n $$ . Also included are symmetric positive-semidefinite matrices satisfying this qualification, symmetric, strictly copositive matrices, and symmetric positive matrices. Furthermore, whenM is symmetric, copositive plus, and has nonzero principal subdeterminants, it is shown that the entire sequence of iterates converges to a solution of the linear complementarity problem.
Reading Comprehension Instruction for Secondary Students: Challenges for Struggling Students and Teachers

This article describes research on reading comprehension instruction with secondary students with learning disabilities. Specific difficulties for the struggling reader at the secondary level are described, followed by a review of reviews of the reading comprehension instruction research. Specific details from the most promising practices that have scientific evidence are highlighted. These practices include peer tutoring that incorporates comprehension strategy instruction and elaborative strategies in history and science classes. Research using Inspiration software to generate spatially organized graphic organizers to facilitate comprehension of content-area instruction is presented. Finally, implications for practice and for future research are discussed.
Identification of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Target Gene TiPARP as a Mediator of Suppression of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and of Nicotinamide as a Corrective Agent for This Effect

The environmental toxin TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, dioxin) produces diverse toxic effects including a lethal wasting syndrome whose hallmark is suppressed hepatic gluconeogenesis. All TCDD toxicities require activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor. Whereas the mechanism for AHR induction of target genes is well understood, it is not known how AHR activation produces any TCDD toxicity. This report identifies for the first time an AHR target gene, TiPARP (TCDD-inducible poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, PARP7) that can mediate a TCDD toxicity, i.e. suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. TCDD suppressed hepatic glucose production, expression of key gluconeogenic genes, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), and NAD+ levels, and increased PARP activity and TiPARP expression. TCDD also increased acetylation and ubiquitin-dependent proteosomal degradation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 α (PGC1α), a coactivator of PEPCK and G6Pase transcription. TiPARP overexpression reproduced TCDD effects on glucose output and NAD+ levels whereas TiPARP silencing diminished them. TiPARP overexpression also increased PGC1α acetylation and decreased PGC1α levels. In contrast, silencing of cytochromes P450 (CYP) 1A, main AHR-induced genes, did not alter TCDD suppression of gluconeogenesis. The vitamin B3 constituent, nicotinamide (NAM), prevented TCDD suppression of glucose output, NAD+, and gluconeogenic genes and stabilized PGC1α. The corrective effects of NAM could be attributed to increased NAD+ levels and suppression of AHR target gene induction. The results reveal that TiPARP can mediate a TCDD effect, that the AHR is linked to PGC1α function and stability and that NAM has novel AHR antagonist activity.
Influence of tab and disk design on shade matching of dental porcelain.

Abstract Statement of Problem. Given the complexity of tooth color, the variations of shade within each tooth, and translucency, it is difficult to view only one small area and select a shade match for restorations. Purpose. This study tested the effect of specimen design on porcelain shade matching, hypothesizing that flat disks would be matched to one another with more accuracy than tooth-shaped tabs to tabs. Material and Methods. All testing was conducted in a Macbeth SpectraLight booth with D65 illumination. Seventy-three senior dental students (25 women and 48 men; mean age, 27 years) were asked to match selected Vita porcelain disks and Vita shade tabs to like specimens. The design order, namely matching tabs or disks first, was alternated for each observer. The specimens were handed to the observer individually. No time limit for matching was imposed, although each observer was given explicit instructions related to the observation and handling of the specimens. Upon completion of the matching exercises, each student received his or her standardized test results and reviewed the matching results. The time for testing and review was approximately 20 minutes per observer. An analysis of variance, with gender and order as 2 factors that could affect matching scores, was performed (P Results. The mean matching scores were 78.4% for disks and 73.6% for tabs ( P =.119). Female observers matched 76.5% of the disks and 77.5% of the tabs, whereas male observers matched 79.4% of the disks and 71.6% of the tabs ( P =.054). Matching disks before tabs yielded equivalent levels of shade matching (disks, 77.6%; tabs, 77.1%). When tabs were matched first, the scores were as follows: disks, 79.8%, and tabs, 67.3% ( P =.010). Conclusion. Within the limitations of this study, there was no significant difference in shade-matching accuracy between the 2 shapes, although the order of design matching resulted in a difference in shade-matching ability. When tabs were matched first and disks second, improved matching was evident on the second test. The reverse was not true; no learning was demonstrated when the tabs were matched after the disks. (J Prosthet Dent 2002;88:591-7.)
Enhancement of Bacillus cereus spore lytic enzyme by a heat-labile non-dialyzable factor in spore extracts.

Abstract A heat-labile, non-dialyzable factor has been found in extracts of Bacillus cereus T spores which enhances the murein-solubilizing activity of the spore lytic enzyme apparently by a direct effect on the enzyme.
Immobilized RGD peptides on surface-grafted dextran promote biospecific cell attachment.

Dextran has recently been investigated as an alternative to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) for low protein-binding, cell-resistant coatings on biomaterial surfaces. Although antifouling properties of surface-grafted dextran and PEG are quite similar, surface-bound dextran has multiple reactive sites for high-density surface immobilization of biologically active molecules. We recently reported nontoxic aqueous methods to covalently immobilize dextran on material surfaces. These dextran coatings effectively limited cell adhesion and spreading in the presence of serum-borne cell adhesion proteins. In this study we utilized the same nontoxic aqueous methods to graft cell adhesion peptides on low protein-binding dextran monolayer surfaces. Chemical composition of all modified surfaces was verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Surface-grafted cell adhesion peptides stimulated endothelial cell, fibroblast, and smooth muscle cell attachment and spreading in vitro. In contrast, surface-grafted inactive peptide sequences did not promote high levels of cell interaction. Surface-grafted high affinity cyclic RGD peptides promoted cell type-dependent interactions. With dextran-based surface coatings, it will be possible to develop well-defined surface modifications that promote specific cell interactions and perhaps better performance in long-term biomaterial implants.
Pathogenesis of asthma

There is now strong evidence that airway inflammation is a predominant underlying problem in patients with asthma, and it has been suggested that ongoing inflammation may lead to airway injury and remodeling. There is also recent evidence that longstanding asthma could be associated with loss of elastic recoil, which can enhance airway obstruction and worsen asthma control [82,83]. Therefore, the use of anti-inflammatory therapy has been advocated in all guidelines, including the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) Expert Panel Report [84] and its recent update [85] that recommended inhaled steroids as a first mode of therapy for patients with mild, moderate, or severe, persistent asthma. There is preliminary evidence that early institution of anti-inflammatory therapy might lead to disease modification and limit the progression of subepithelial fibrosis and airway remodeling. The pathogenesis of asthma clearly involves many cells and mediators, although the contribution of each individual factor is probably different from patient to patient depending on the setting and stimulus. Although currently available therapies are highly effective in controlling asthma symptoms and limiting exacerbations in the majority of patients, there is still a subset of patients that proceed to develop severe asthma with decreased lung function, lack of responsiveness to therapy, or frequent exacerbations. It is hoped that rapid progress in the area of asthma genetics and pharmacogenetics will yield a more precise and patient-specific understanding of asthma pathogenesis and allow practitioners to prescribe therapies that are designed for a particular patient or exacerbation. That will undoubtedly help to improve the care of asthma, limit its morbidity, and reduce the side effect of medications.
Finite Element Modeling in Female Pelvic Floor Medicine: a Literature Review

Female pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) includes conditions such as urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, or fecal incontinence. One in every ten women will, at some point of their lives, suffer a form of PFD so severe that it will require surgery, with one third of these undergoing repeated surgical procedures. PFD occurs due to damage to levator ani muscle (LAM), endopelvic fascia, and nerves organized as a complex load-bearing apparatus in the pelvis. Our ability to understand treatment failure and prevention strategies necessitates an understanding of these tissue elements and their structural and functional interactions. Biomechanical engineering is a discipline that studies and analyzes structure-function relationships. Geometric and finite element modeling are tools that have been widely used by biomechanical engineers to computationally simulate vaginal delivery and pelvic floor function and dysfunction. The aim of this review was to discuss the role of computational modeling in female pelvic floor medicine.
Role of inflammatory pathways in the development and cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes

Experimental and epidemiologic studies support the role of inflammation in the development of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Serum levels of inflammatory markers, in particular highly sensitive C-reactive protein, have been found to be strong predictors of increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease independent of traditional risk factors. A beneficial effect of thiazolidinediones, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and statins in the prevention of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular events has recently been reported, and potential anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action for these compounds have been described. Prospective, randomized clinical trials are currently underway to confirm these initial findings and define indications for treatment of patients at risk.
Microsecond time-scale dynamics from relaxation in the rotating frame: experiments using spin lock with alternating phase.

A spin lock comprised of radiofrequency pulses with alternating phase, ðxÞð� xÞðxÞð� xÞ .. ., is proposed as a new technique to probe microsecond time-scale dynamics. A series of R1q measurements using different pulse duration tp allows one to determine exchange rate, kex, the product papbðDxabÞ 2 involving populations of the exchanging species, pa and pb, together with chemical shift difference, Dxab, and the strength of the spin-lock field, B1. The interpretation is based on simple analytical expression for R1q derived on the basis of Redfield theory. The application of the method is demonstrated for partially deuterated molecule of cyclohexane undergoing chair-to-chair interconversion at )9C. 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The Evidence-Based Use of Thiazide Diuretics in Hypertension and Nephrolithiasis

Thiazide-type diuretics are commonly used in the treatment of hypertension and nephrolithiasis. Evidence from randomized clinical trials needs to be considered in decisions about agent choice and dose. In nephrolithiasis, one of the major limitations of the literature is a paucity of data on the dose-response effect of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) on urinary calcium excretion. The best available evidence for prevention of stone recurrence suggests the use of indapamide at 2.5 mg/d, chlorthalidone at 25 to 50 mg daily, or HCTZ 25 mg twice a day or 50 mg daily. In hypertension, chlorthalidone (12.5 to 30 mg daily) may be the best choice when a diuretic is used for initial therapy, with indapamide (1.5 mg daily) being a valuable alternative for older patients. When adding a thiazide to other drug classes, indapamide (2.5 mg daily) has demonstrated value in hypertensive patients who have had a stroke, and HCTZ (12.5 to 25 mg daily) has a safe track record in several patient groups. Although chlorthalidone has not been tested as add-on therapy, the authors believe it is a safe option in such cases.
A Reliability Generalization of the Overexcitability Questionnaire–Two:

Reliability generalization (RG) is a meta-analysis that combines and synthesizes reliability coefficients from different studies to ascertain the average observed reliability across studies. An RG ...
CuBr2/N,N,N',N'-tetra[(2-pyridal)methyl] ethylenediamine/tertiary amine as a highly active and versatile catalyst for atom-transfer radical polymerization via activator generated by electron transfer

A highly active and versatile CuBr 2 /N,N,N',N'-tetra[(2-pyridal)methyl]ethylenediamine (CuBr 2 /TPEN)-tertiary amine catalyst system has been developed for atom transfer radical polymerization via activator-generated-by-electron-transfer (AGET ATRP). The catalyst mediates good control of the AGETATRPs of methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and styrene at 1 mol-% catalyst relative to initiator. A mechanism study shows that tertiary amines such as triethylamine reduces the CuBr 2 /TPEN complex to CuBr/TPEN.
Comparative efficacy of 5 days of dirithromycin and 7 days of erythromycin in skin and soft tissue infections

We investigated the comparative efficacy and safety of dirithromycin and erythromycin in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections in this double-blind, randomized, multicentre study, in which 439 patients were randomized to treatment with dirithromycin (500 mg daily for 5 days) or erythromycin (250 mg every 6 h for 7 days). All randomized patients were included in the termination analysis, which showed that 187 of 220 (85.0%) dirithromycin recipients and 177 of 219 (80.8%) erythromycin recipients were clinically cured or improved (95% confidence interval (CI) � 3.0% to � 11.4%). In the termination analysis of the 211 bacteriologically evaluable patients, clinical cure or improvement occurred in 83 of 100 (83%) dirithromycin recipients and in 89 of 111 (80.2%) erythromycin recipients (95% CI � 7.8% to � 13.4%), and bacteriological eradication occurred in 85 of 100 (85%) and 89 of 111 (80.2%), respectively. Adverse events were similar in incidence and nature between the two groups, except that there was less nausea with dirithromycin (3.6% versus 8.2%; P � 0.042). Ten of 220 (4.5%) dirithromycin recipients and 27 of 219 (12.3%) erythromycin recipients returned >20% of their prescribed medication (P � 0.033). In the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections, dirithromycin (500 mg daily for 5 days) was comparable in efficacy to, and caused significantly less nausea than, erythromycin (250 mg every 6 h for 7 days). Compliance with the dirithromycin regimen was superior to that with the erythromycin regimen.
Clearing the highest hurdle: Human-based case studies broaden students' knowledge of core evolutionary concepts

An anonymous survey instrument was used for a ten year study to gauge college student attitudes toward evolution. Results indicate that students are most likely to accept evolution as a historical process for change in physical features of non-human organisms. They are less likely to accept evolution as an ongoing process that shapes all traits (including biochemical, physiological, and behavioral) in humans. Students who fail to accept the factual nature of human evolution do not gain an accurate view of evolution, let alone modern biology. Fortunately, because of students’ natural curiosity about their bodies and related topics (e.g., medicine, vestigial features, human prehistory), a pedagogical focus on human evolution provides a fun and effective way to teach core evolutionary concepts, as quantified by the survey. Results of the study are presented along with useful case studies involving human evolution.
Scanning probe microscopy study of exfoliated oxidized graphene sheets

Exfoliated oxidized graphene (OG) sheets, suspended in an aqueous solution, were deposited on freshly cleaved HOPG and studied by ambient AFM and UHV STM. The AFM images revealed oxidized graphene sheets with a lateral dimension of � 5–10 lm. The oxidized graphene sheets exhibited different thicknesses and were found to conformally coat the HOPG substrate. Wrinkles and folds induced by the deposition process were clearly observed. Phase imaging and lateral force microscopy showed distinct contrast between the oxidized graphene and the underlying HOPG substrate. The UHV STM studies of oxidized graphene revealed atomic scale periodicity showing a (0.273 ± 0.008) nm � (0.406 ± 0.013) nm unit cell over distances spanning few nanometers. This periodicity is identified with oxygen atoms bound to the oxidized graphene sheet. I(V) data were taken from oxidized graphene sheets and compared to similar data obtained from bulk HOPG. The dI/dV data from oxidized graphene reveals a reduction in the local density of states for bias voltages in the range of ±0.1 V. Published by Elsevier B.V.
The universal metric properties of nonlinear transformations

The role of functional equations to describe the exact local structure of highly bifurcated attractors ofx n+1 =λf(x n ) independent of a specificf is formally developed. A hierarchy of universal functionsg r (x) exists, each descriptive of the same local structure but at levels of a cluster of 2 r points. The hierarchy obeysg r−1 (x)=−αg r(gr(x/α), withg=limr → ∞ gr existing and obeyingg(x) = −αg(g(x/α), an equation whose solution determines bothg andα. Forr asymptoticg r ∼ g − δ−r h * where δ > 1 andh are determined as the associated eigenvalue and eigenvector of the operator ℒ: $$\mathcal{L}\left[ \psi \right] = - \alpha \left[ {\psi \left( {g\left( {{x \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {x \alpha }} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)} \right) + g'\left( {g\left( {{x \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {x \alpha }} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)} \right)\psi \left( {{{ - x} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{ - x} \alpha }} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)} \right]$$ We conjecture that ℒ possesses a unique eigenvalue in excess of 1, and show that this δ is the λ-convergence rate. The form (*) is then continued to allλ rather than just discreteλ r and bifurcation valuesΛ r and dynamics at suchλ is determined. These results hold for the high bifurcations of any fundamental cycle. We proceed to analyze the approach to the asymptotic regime and show, granted ℒ's spectral conjecture, the stability of theg r limit of highly iterated λf's, thus establishing our theory in a local sense. We show in the course of this that highly iterated λf's are conjugate tog r 's, thereby providing some elementary approximation schemes for obtainingλ r for a chosenf.
Effects of image compression on iris recognition performance and image quality

With iris recognition gaining support as one of the most accurate means of human identification, its use is expanding globally. The number of researchers developing algorithms for iris recognition is increasing, and more iris image databases are available for their research. Developing algorithms that work effectively over a wide range of conditions requires a large assortment of iris images captured under varying and extreme conditions. This means that the size of the databases from which to conduct research is increasing. This paper investigates the effects of image compression on recognition system performance using a commercial iris recognition algorithm along with JPEG-2000 compression, and links these to an image quality metric. We use the ICE iris database in this research.
A parallel algorithm for hierarchical circuit extraction

An algorithm is presented that combines the benefits of hierarchical analysis and parallelism. The input is a hierarchical description of the circuit. The authors formulate and solve a general problem in scheduling. The parallel algorithm for hierarchical circuit extraction has been implemented on an Encore shared memory multiprocessor. >
Multiprocessor Schemes for Solving Block Tridiagonal Linear Systems

The solution of large, banded diagonally dominant or symmetric positive definite linear systems constitutes one of the most common computational tasks asso ciated with implementations of the finite element method in applications such as fluid dynamics and structural analysis. Thus, designing multiprocessor algorithms for solving large block tridiagonal systems becomes of paramount importance for efficient imple mentation of these applications on vector and parallel machines. We present such schemes here, along with specific performance results on the Alliant FX/8 and CRAY X-MP/48. We particularly emphasize the speedups obtained with these schemes over popular direct band solvers. The development of a candidate scheme for the multicluster CEDAR machine is our goal.
Diagnostic Challenges and Standard Therapy

In the diagnosis of multiple myeloma (MM), the clinician must exclude other disorders in which a plasma cell reaction may occur such as rheumatoid arthritis and connective tissue disorders, or metastatic carcinoma where the patient may have osteolytic lesions associated with bone metastases. Patients with smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) have none of the complicating features of MM and do not require treatment with potentially toxic agents. The plasma cell labeling index can help make a differential diagnosis of MM from SMM. Patients with a high labeling index have a high risk of complications and should be monitored carefully. However, the labeling index can be low in active MM. In addition, SMM or MGUS patients have few or no circulating plasma cells. High-dose chemotherapy and stem cell support prolong overall survival in contrast to conventional therapy. If stem cell transplantation is considered, it is important to harvest the cells before using alkylating agents to obtain a sufficient number of cells. Supportive treatment consists of the occasional use of erythropoietin to maintain adequate hemoglobin levels and adequate hydration to protect renal function. Vaccination against pneumococcal infections and the prophylactic use of antibiotic therapy during the first 2 months of treatment can be beneficial. Recognizing the symptoms of spinal cord compression and initiating dexamethasone therapy promptly to prevent paraplegia are critical.
One-Switch Independence for Multiattribute Utility Functions

Assessment of multiattribute utility functions is significantly simplified if it is possible to decompose the function into more manageable pieces. Utility independence is a powerful property that serves well for this purpose, but if it is not appropriate in a given situation, what options does the analyst have? We review some possibilities and propose a new independence assumption based on the one-switch property. We argue that it is a natural generalization of utility independence and show how it leads to tractable multiattribute utility functions.
Beyond Instrumentalism Interrogating the Micro-dynamic and Gendered and Social Impacts of Remittances in Senegal

Remittances have become orthodoxy in developing countries such as Senegal, prominently framed in development discourses, and premised on the assumptions that they are a pathway to poverty alleviati...
Multi-walled carbon nanotube sensors

This paper presents experimental results that demonstrate the sensing capability of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). A MEMS-based fabrication process was developed to fabricate a device where a single MWCNT was precisely assembled across a gap. The device could be used either as a chemical-or a flow sensor depending on design and fabrication process. A MWCNT that experienced an electrical breakdown sensitively reacted to gaseous environment. A MWCNT suspended by the dry etching of substrate functioned as a physical sensor to detect N/sub 2/ gas flow. Device fabrication process is suitable to the mass production of CNT-based NEMS/MEMS devices.
Monolithic surface-acoustic-wave phase shifter

A monolithic surface-acoustic-wave phase shifter is described. The device consists of a distributed Schottky-barrier varactor junction capable of varying the electrical boundary conditions seen by a surface acoustic wave propagating on a piezoelectric medium. Almost 180° of phase shift is achieved in 55 acoustic wavelengths of interaction region at 54 MHz.
Short-latency median-nerve somatosensory-evoked potentials and induced gamma-oscillations in humans

Recent studies have suggested that cortical gamma-oscillations are tightly linked with various forms of physiological activity. In the present study, the dynamic changes of intracranially recorded median-nerve somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) and somatosensory-induced gamma-oscillations were animated on a three-dimensional MR image, and the temporal and spatial characteristics of these activities were analysed in 10 children being evaluated for epilepsy surgery. Visual and quantitative assessments revealed that short-latency SEPs and somatosensory-induced gamma-oscillations predominantly involved the post-central gyrus and less intensely involved the pre-central gyrus and the anterior parietal lobule. Formation of a dipole of N20 peak with opposite polarities across the central sulcus was well delineated in animation movies. High-frequency (100-250 Hz) somatosensory-induced gamma-oscillations emerged in the post-central gyrus at 13.6-17.5 ms after median-nerve stimulation, gradually slowed down in frequency around and below 100 Hz, and progressively involved the neighbouring areas. A substantial proportion of somatosensory-induced gamma-oscillations was initially phase-locked and the proportion of a non-phase-locked component gradually increased over time. The primary motor hand areas proven by cortical stimulation frequently coincided with the sites showing the largest N20 peak and the largest somatosensory-induced gamma oscillations. In vivo animation of SEPs and somatosensory-induced gamma oscillations both may be utilized to localize the primary sensory-motor hand area in pre-surgical evaluation. The dipole on SEPs is consistent with the previously accepted notion that the cortices along the central sulcus are activated. The high-frequency somatosensory-induced gamma-oscillations in the post-central gyrus may represent the initial neural processing for external somatosensory stimuli, whereas the subsequent lower-frequency oscillations might represent the reafferent cortical activity occurring in larger cortical networks.
Power and sample size calculations for generalized regression models with covariate measurement error

Covariate measurement error is often a feature of scientific data used for regression modelling. The consequences of such errors include a loss of power of tests of significance for the regression parameters corresponding to the true covariates. Power and sample size calculations that ignore covariate measurement error tend to overestimate power and underestimate the actual sample size required to achieve a desired power. In this paper we derive a novel measurement error corrected power function for generalized linear models using a generalized score test based on quasi-likelihood methods. Our power function is flexible in that it is adaptable to designs with a discrete or continuous scalar covariate (exposure) that can be measured with or without error, allows for additional confounding variables and applies to a broad class of generalized regression and measurement error models. A program is described that provides sample size or power for a continuous exposure with a normal measurement error model and a single normal confounder variable in logistic regression. We demonstrate the improved properties of our power calculations with simulations and numerical studies. An example is given from an ongoing study of cancer and exposure to arsenic as measured by toenail concentrations and tap water samples.
Contribution of chromosomal polymorphisms to the G-matrix of Mimulus guttatus

Evolution of genetic (co)variances (the G-matrix) fundamentally influences multitrait divergence. Here, we isolated the contribution of two chromosomal quantitative trait loci (QTLs), a meiotic drive locus and a polymorphic inversion, to the overall G-matrix for a suite of floral, phenological and male fitness traits in a population of Mimulus guttatus. This allowed us to predict the evolution of trait means and genetic (co)variances as a function of allele frequencies, and to evaluate theories about the maintenance of genetic variation in fitness. Individuals generated using a replicated F(2) breeding design were grown under common conditions, genotyped and measured for trait values. Significant additive genetic variance existed for all traits, and most genetic covariances were significantly nonzero. Both QTLs contribute to the additive genetic (co)variances of multiple traits. Pleiotropy was not generally consistent, either between QTLs or with the genetic background. Shifts in allele frequencies at either QTL are predicted to result in substantial changes in the G-matrix. Both QTLs contribute substantially to the genetic variation in pollen viability. The Drive QTL, and perhaps also the inversion, demonstrates the contribution of balancing selection to the maintenance of genetic variation in fitness.
New Insights Into the Open Artery Hypothesis

See related article, pages 98–106 Early coronary artery reperfusion is clearly the most important therapy for acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarcts. Early reperfusion reduces myocardial infarct size and in so doing helps to prevent or minimize deleterious consequences of a large myocardial infarction, including infarct expansion (thinning and dilation of the infarct), subsequent eccentric hypertrophy and dilation of the noninfarcted ventricular muscle, and global dilation of the left ventricle.1–4 These processes encompass the phenomenon of ventricular remodeling. One of the major determinants of death at 1 year after a myocardial infarction is the degree of dilation of the left ventricle (LV).5 However, suppose early reperfusion is not available. A number of manipulations and pharmacological therapies can be administered beyond the time frame of reducing myocardial infarct size and still reduce the extent of infarct expansion and LV remodeling (Table 1). Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors6 and angiotensin receptor blockers7 have been shown to reduce LV dilation and remodeling and in some studies reduce major cardiovascular events. Cell therapy and even some noncellular therapies (collagen, alginate) may thicken the infarct scar and prevent ventricular wall dyskinesis.8–10 Aneurysmectomy and certain suturing techniques have been attempted to prevent infarct expansion and remodeling.11 Late reperfusion—too late to reduce myocardial infarct size, but early enough to favorably affect infarct healing1—also appears to limit infarct expansion and limit LV remodeling, and is the subject of the accompanying article.12 View this table: Table 1. Table 1. Factors That May Improve or Lessen Post-MI LV Remodeling Certain features are associated with worse LV remodeling (Table 2), including a large myocardial infarct, lack of any reperfusion,1 a large zone of no reflow,13 and certain antiinflammatory agents14 (such as steroids and a host of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents) introduced early enough to inhibit …
Evolutionary conservation of possible functional domains of the human and murine XIST genes

The human XIST gene, a candidate for a role in X chromosome inactivation, has recently been cloned and sequenced, yielding a 17 kb cDNA with no apparent significant, conserved open reading frame. In addition, the XIST transcript has been localized within the nucleus to the Barr body by RNA in situ hybridization. This subnuclear localization and lack of any significant protein-coding potential suggest that XIST may act as a functional RNA within the nucleus. In the absence of a conserved open reading frame, we have turned to evolutionary studies as a first step toward elucidating a function for XIST in the process of X inactivation. While probes for XIST detect homologues in numerous eutherians, sequence comparisons require significant gapping and reveal identity levels intermediate between those seen for coding and non-coding regions in other genes. Further, sequence comparison of the most likely candidate open reading frame among several primate species reveals sequence changes not normally associated with protein-coding regions. Other features of XIST are conserved in different species, however, including the position of a major transcription start site and active X chromosome-specific DNA methylation patterns at the gene's 5' end. Finally, a possible molecular basis for differing propensity toward X inactivation between Xce alleles in mouse is investigated by comparing the sequence of the Xist conserved 5' repeats in mouse strains carrying different Xce alleles.
Immunotherapy coming of age: What will it take to make it standard of care for glioblastoma?

With the recent approval by the FDA of an immunotherapy for prostate cancer and another positive immunotherapy trial in melanoma, immunotherapy may finally be coming of age. So what will it take for it to become part of the standard treatment for glioblastoma? To put this question into perspective, we summarize critical background information in neuro-immunology, address immunotherapy clinical trial design, and discuss a number of extrinsic factors that will impact the development of immunotherapy in neuro-oncology.
A Design Framework for an Online English Writing Course

This chapter proposes a design framework that applies Merrill’s first principles of instruction to an online college English writing course. The framework consists of five interrelated principles grounded in learning and instructional theories and research; it emphasizes task-centered instructional design. In addition, as a way of learners’ practice and evaluation of writing within a task-centered approach, the use of peer review is articulated in the framework. Moreover, the measurement of learners’ mental models is also described with its benefits on the provision of feedback on individual learning progression. The framework provides solid directions for research and development for the improvement of English writing.
Flow-pattern Guided Fabrication of High-density Barcode Antibody Microarray

Antibody microarray as a well-developed technology is currently challenged by a few other established or emerging high-throughput technologies. In this report, we renovate the antibody microarray technology by using a novel approach for manufacturing and by introducing new features. The fabrication of our high-density antibody microarray is accomplished through perpendicularly oriented flow-patterning of single stranded DNAs and subsequent conversion mediated by DNA-antibody conjugates. This protocol outlines the critical steps in flow-patterning DNA, producing and purifying DNA-antibody conjugates, and assessing the quality of the fabricated microarray. The uniformity and sensitivity are comparable with conventional microarrays, while our microarray fabrication does not require the assistance of an array printer and can be performed in most research laboratories. The other major advantage is that the size of our microarray units is 10 times smaller than that of printed arrays, offering the unique capability of analyzing functional proteins from single cells when interfacing with generic microchip designs. This barcode technology can be widely employed in biomarker detection, cell signaling studies, tissue engineering, and a variety of clinical applications.
Haldane as Biochemist: The Cambridge Decade, 1923–1932

From 1923 until 1932 J. B. S. Haldane served as Reader in Biochemistry at Cambridge under Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins. This decade was critical to Haldane’s intellectual development. During it, along with Fisher and Wright, he laid down the mathematical foundations of evolutionary genetics, the contribution that remains his most important claim to fame (Wright 1968). The first part of his seminal series of papers, “A Mathematical Theory of Natural and Artificial Selection,” appeared in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society in 1924 (Haldane 1924). Only the tenth and last part (Haldane 1934) post-dated his tenure at Cambridge. Meanwhile, in 1932, he had published The Causes of Evolution (1932), the main text being based on a set of lectures given at Prifysgol Cymru (Wales) in 1931. Fisher’s Genetical Theory of Natural Selection had appeared in 1930 (Fisher 1930); Wright’s long paper, “Evolution in Mendelian Populations,” in 1931 (Wright 1931). The mathematical foundations for evolutionary genetics had finally been laid down: not only had Mendelian genetics been shown to be consistent with Darwinian evolution by natural selection but had, in fact, been shown to provide the principle of inheritance which explained much of the phenomena of evolution. Haldane has routinely received full credit for his role in these developments: along with Wright and Fisher he is regarded as one of the three founders of mathematical population genetics (see, e.g., Provine (1971)).
On the Chemistry of the Fission Process in Reactor Fuels Containing UF 4 and UO 2

Electrical neutrality must be maintained in nuclear reactor fuels. The consequences of this requirement are illustrated for two fuel materials: solid UO/ sub 2/ and dilute solutions of UF/sub 4/ in molten fluorides. In both systems, changes with time of the valencies of several fission product elements are sufficient to maintain the necessary electroneutrality. In the molten fluorides, however, the situation is more complex than in the oxide, due to the possibility that certain fission product species may react with the container. The importance of rare gas removal in this regard is demonstrated. (auth)
Discussions on ammoniated operation technology of condensate polishing treatment

This paper investigates the ammoniated operation of condensate polishing treatment from the technical angles;and through the comparison of ammoniated operation and hydrogen type operation,details the factors which affect the separation size and regeneration extent of resins,inlet water quality of high velocity mixed bed and make-up water quality of system etc.in the ammoniated operation process,and in the meantime explains the whole ammoniated operation process too.
The Application of Ergonomics-based Manual Material Handling Evaluation in SGM Vehicle Assembly Line

The status of ergonomic issues for Manual Material Handling is introduced firstly,and then three different evaluation tools related to Manual Material Handling at present are reviewed and applied.Finally,the application of these three evaluation tools is compared and future task is expected.
Border crossing: Russian literature into film

Alexander Burry and Frederick White’s edited volume, Border Crossing: Russian Literature into Film, explores the socio-cultural, ideological and formal ramifications of transposing Russian literatu...
Anesthesia for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Summary MRI is a diagnostic technique that employs a strong magnetic field and RFs to generate images. The magnetic field provides interesting challenges to members of the anesthesia team: prohibitive use of any ferromagnetic material (which is attracted to the magnet), image degradation from monitoring equipment, and malfunction of routine electronic monitors kept within the vicinity of the scanner. Therefore, major changes are needed regarding the choice of anesthetic and monitoring equipment to ensure the safe delivery of anesthesia. This review highlights these problems and offers some solutions. MRI is also being used as an investigative tool to define the action and kinetics of the potent inhalation anesthetics. It is therefore of critical importance that we learn more about this exciting new frontier in imaging.
Identifying Spinal Lesion Site from Surface EMG Grid Recordings

Human spinal cord injuries (SCI) disrupt the pathways between the brain and spinal cord, resulting in substantial impairment and loss of function. We recorded surface electromyogram signals (sEMG) using grids of electrodes (8 × 8) applied on Biceps Brachii and Triceps Brachii muscles. We aimed to identify dysfunctional muscle activation in individuals with incomplete injuries of the cervical cord. We recorded sEMG and force from one SCI individual (Chronic, C5-C7, ASIA score D) and from a neurologically intact person during the generation of an isometric sinusoidal force trajectory (15s elbow flexion + 15s elbow extension). We found that the SCI subject was not able to follow the target force during elbow extension as precisely as in elbow flexion. Failure in tracking force was quantified using the root mean squared error between the target and generated forces. Our data suggest that C7 was the most affected spinal segment while the anatomical level had been diagnosed C5-C7. These data show the potential use of sEMG grid recording for localizing the motor lesion level within the spinal cord. Additional confirmatory studies are necessary to validate our results.
Criteria for Identification of α 1 and α 2 Subunits in a Purified Skeletal Muscle Calcium Channel Preparation

Skeletal and cardiac muscle Ca channels have been isolated in several different laboratories (Curtis and Catterall, 1984; Borsottoet al., 1985; Striessniget al., 1986a; Cooperet al., 1987a; Nakayamaet al., 1987). The procedures are modified versions of one of the two originally described methods, i.e., the Curtis and Catterall (1984) and the Lazdunski pro cedure (Borsottoet al., 1985). Curtis and Catterall (1984) isolated T-tubular membranes from fresh (not frozen) rabbit skeletal muscle, solubilized the membranes with 1% digitonin, and employed a four-step purification procedure, which included the combined use of wheat germ agglutinin affinity chromatography and ion exchange chromatography followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. This procedure resulted in the enrichment of the preparation in three different polypeptides termedα(135-kDa),s(55-kDa), andγ(33-kDa) subunits. Theαsubunit had a characteristic behavior under sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE); its apparent molecular weight was higher (165 kDa) under nonreducing conditions than under disulfide-reducing conditions (135 kDa) that were in the presence of dithiothreitol ors-mercaptoethanol. The Lazdunski group isolated Ttubular membranes from frozen rabbit skeletal muscle thawed at room temperature, solubilized the T-tubular membranes with 1% CHAPS, and employed a combination of Chromatographie steps utilizing anion exchange, lectin affinity, and gel filtration (Borsottoet al.,