cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
All-terrain vehicle riding among youth: how do they fair?

Abstract Purpose Pediatric all-terrain vehicle (ATV) injuries have been increasing annually for more than a decade. The objective of this study was to describe the riding behaviors, helmet use, and crash history of young ATV riders. Methods A 38 question self-administered survey was distributed to a convenience sample of children at 4 agricultural fairs during 2007. A total of 228 surveys were reviewed. Collected data included demographic information, ATV characteristics, helmet use, driving habits, and crash history. Results Survey respondents were predominantly male (71%) with an average age of 13.6 ± 2.0 years. Riding began at a young age (9.2 ± 3.2 years). Few children reported using age-appropriate sized engines (3% 3 ), and 22% of children rode ATVs with engines more than 300 cm 3 . Respondents rode primarily for recreation (94%), and more than a third reported riding without a helmet (40%). More than 70% of children reported riding with passengers, 60% without adult supervision, and nearly half (46%) rode after dark. Less than 5% of riders received any formal ATV riding/safety instruction. Of the respondents, 45% reported being involved in an ATV crash. Those children who reported a crash also rode more powerful ATVs, were more often self-taught, and overall reported higher rates of riding with passengers and without supervision, and riding after dark ( P Conclusion Dangerous driving behavior among children who ride ATVs is widespread, and current safety recommendations are largely ignored. Renewed efforts are needed to improve safety programs and create policy measures that prevent pediatric ATV crash-related injuries.
Kleene algebra with tests

We introduce Kleene algebra with tests, an equational system for manipulating programs. We give a purely equational proof, using Kleene algebra with tests and commutativity conditions, of the following classical result: every while program can be simulated by a while program can be simulated by a while program with at most one while loop. The proof illustrates the use of Kleene algebra with tests and commutativity conditions in program equivalence proofs.
Use of classification and regression trees in diuresis renography.

Rationale and Objectives Decision support systems have the capacity to improve diagnostic performance and reduce physician errors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of classification and regression trees (CART) with bootstrap aggregation as a decision support system in the baseline plus furosemide (F + 20) diuresis renography protocol to determine when obstruction can be excluded without the furosemide acquisition and to identify the key parameters for making this determination. Materials and Methods Patients with suspected ureteral obstruction were randomly assigned to a training set (80 patients, 157 kidneys) and a validation set (64 patients, 124 kidneys). Forty quantitative parameters (curve parameters, MAG3 clearance and voiding indices) were generated from each baseline Tc-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) scan. Three expert readers independently evaluated each kidney regarding the need for furosemide and resolved differences by majority vote. CART with bootstrap aggregation was applied to the training set to generate prediction algorithms which were tested in the validation set. Results The algorithm agreed with the expert decision on the necessity of furosemide in 90% (111 of 124 kidneys), with misclassification rates of 10.0% and 10.9% for the left and right kidneys, respectively. The most important discriminators were the postvoid-to-maximum count ratio, the cortical 20-minute-to-maximum count ratio, and the postvoid-to-1-to-2-minute count ratio. Conclusion CART can identify the key parameters for discriminating between nonobstruction and possible obstruction, has the potential to serve as a decision support tool to avoid unnecessary furosemide imaging, and can be applied to more complex imaging problems.
Detection of pathogenic bacteria during rhinovirus infection is associated with increased respiratory symptoms and asthma exacerbations

Background Detection of either viral or bacterial pathogens is associated with wheezing in children; however, the influence of both bacteria and viruses on illness symptoms has not been described. Objective We evaluated bacterial detection during the peak rhinovirus season in children with and without asthma to determine whether an association exists between bacterial infection and the severity of rhinovirus-induced illnesses. Methods Three hundred eight children (166 with asthma and 142 without asthma) aged 4 to 12 years provided 5 consecutive weekly nasal samples during September and scored cold and asthma symptoms daily. Viral diagnostics and quantitative PCR for Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae , and Moraxella catarrhalis were performed on all nasal samples. Results Detection rates were 53%, 17%, and 11% for H influenzae , S pneumoniae , and M catarrhalis , respectively, with detection of rhinovirus increasing the risk of detecting bacteria within the same sample (odds ratio [OR], 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4-2.7; P P = .02). In the absence of rhinovirus, S pneumoniae was associated with increased cold symptoms (mean, 2.7 [95% CI, 2.0-3.5] vs 1.8 [95% CI, 1.5-2.2]; P = .006) and moderate asthma exacerbations (18% [95% CI, 12% to 27%] vs 9.2% [95% CI, 6.7% to 12%]; P = .006). In the presence of rhinovirus, S pneumoniae was associated with increased moderate asthma exacerbations (22% [95% CI, 16% to 29%] vs 15% [95% CI, 11% to 20%]; P = .01). Furthermore, M catarrhalis detected alongside rhinovirus increased the likelihood of experiencing cold symptoms, asthma symptoms, or both compared with isolated detection of rhinovirus (OR, 2.0 [95% CI, 1.0-4.1]; P = .04). Regardless of rhinovirus status, H influenzae was not associated with respiratory symptoms. Conclusion Rhinovirus infection enhances detection of specific bacterial pathogens in children with and without asthma. Furthermore, these findings suggest that M catarrhalis and S pneumoniae contribute to the severity of respiratory tract illnesses, including asthma exacerbations.
Originalism and Loving v. Virginia

This article makes an originalist argument in defense of the Supreme Court’s holding in Loving v. Virginia that antimiscegenation laws are unconstitutional. This article builds on past work by Professor Michael McConnell defending Brown v. Board of Education on originalist grounds and by Professor Calabresi defending strict scrutiny for gender classifications on originalist grounds. Professor Calabresi’s work in this area was defended and praise recently by Slate magazine online. The article shows that Loving v. Virginia is defensible using the public meaning originalism advocated for by Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas. This article shows that the issue in Loving is a classic conflict between text and legislative history.
Correlated IR spectroscopy and visible light scattering measurements of mineral dust aerosol

[1] A combined infrared spectroscopy and visible light scattering study of the optical properties of quartz aerosol, a major component of atmospheric dust, is reported. Scattering phase function and polarization measurements for quartz dust at three visible wavelengths (470, 550, 660 nm) are compared with results from T-matrix theory simulations using a uniform spheroid model for particle shape. Aerosol size distributions were measured simultaneously with light scattering. Particle shape distributions were determined in two ways: (1) analysis of electron microscope images of the dust, and (2) spectral fitting of infrared resonance extinction features. Since the aerosol size and shape distributions were measured, experimental scattering data could be directly compared with T-matrix simulations with no adjustable parameters. χ2 analysis suggests that T-matrix simulations based on a uniform spheroid approximation can be used to model the optical properties of irregularly shaped dust particles in the accumulation mode size range, provided the particle shape distribution can be reliably determined. Particle shape distributions derived from electron microscope image analysis give poor fits, indicating that two-dimensional images may not give an accurate representation of the shape distribution for three-dimensional particles. However, simulations based on particle shape models inferred from IR spectral analysis give excellent fits to the experimental data. Our work suggests that correlated IR spectral and visible light scattering measurements, together with the use of theoretical light scattering models, may offer a more accurate method for characterizing atmospheric dust loading, and aerosol composition, size, and shape distributions, which are of great importance in climate modeling.
Variety is the spice of life: Strategies for promoting fruit and vegetable acceptance during infancy

The present manuscript describes two experimental studies that were conducted to explore the effects of an 8-day exposure to a particular food or a variety of foods between and/or within meals on fruit and vegetable acceptance in 74 infants. Whether the dietary experience modified acceptance depended on the flavors of foods experienced, whether the experience occurred between or within meals or both, and whether the target food was a fruit or vegetable. In the first study, we found that 8 days of dietary exposure to pears or a variety of fruits between meals (not including pears) resulted in greater consumption of pears by the infants but this increased acceptance did not generalize to green beans. In the second study, we found that 8 days of vegetable variety both between and within meals led to increased acceptance of green beans, carrots and spinach. Those infants who experienced green beans alone or a variety of vegetables between meals also tended to eat more green beans after the exposure. These findings suggest that not only can infants clearly discriminate flavors but repeated opportunities to taste a particular or a variety of foods may promote willingness to eat fruits and vegetables, the consumption of which is generally low in the pediatric population and the acceptance of which is difficult to enhance beyond toddlerhood.
Genetic control of distal stem cell fate within root and embryonic meristems

The root meristem consists of populations of distal and proximal stem cells and an organizing center known as the quiescent center. During embryogenesis, initiation of the root meristem occurs when an asymmetric cell division of the hypophysis forms the distal stem cells and quiescent center. We have identified NO TRANSMITTING TRACT (NTT) and two closely related paralogs as being required for the initiation of the root meristem. All three genes are expressed in the hypophysis, and their expression is dependent on the auxin-signaling pathway. Expression of these genes is necessary for distal stem cell fate within the root meristem, whereas misexpression is sufficient to transform other stem cell populations to a distal stem cell fate in both the embryo and mature roots.
Elevated red myotomal muscle temperatures in the most basal tuna species, Allothunnus fallai

The present study tested the hypothesis that Allothunnus fallai can elevate its slow-oxidative red myotomal muscle (RM) temperature. Measurements on 30 A. fallai (750–850 mm fork length) captured by hook and line off the coast of southern New Zealand revealed that RM temperatures are elevated by mean ±s.d. 8·1 ± 1·3° C (range 6·7–10·0° C) above the mean ±s.d. ambient sea surface temperature 15·3 ± 0·8° C (range 14·3 to 16·4° C). These data provide evidence that the vascular modifications to the central circulation of A. fallai act as a counter-current heat exchanger and that RM heat conservation is a character state present in all extant tuna species.
The Workforce Investment Act: How Policy Conflict and Policy Ambiguity Affect Implementation

The Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (WIA) authorizes anew workforce investmentsystem thatis rooted in the One-Stop concept, enabling customers to access a wide array of training, education, and employment services from multiple agencies at a single location. Because of the organizational change required by the legislation, including the important collaborations it has sought to create, assessing its implementation in terms of the relationships that have developed between agencies mandated to work together is crucial, particularly in regard to the potential to expand employment for individuals with disabilities served by the One-Stop system. Using Matland's analytic framework for policy implementation, which considers policy conflict and ambiguity, this article addresses WIA implementation in 3 states. Case study research in Maine, Minnesota, and Kentucky provides the opportunity to examine how certain characteristics of the legislation have affected WIA implementation and the collaboration of its partner...
Interactive microcomputer-aided design of circular suspension cable roofs

Abstract This paper presents interactive computer-aided design of circular suspension cable roofs. A microcomputer program developed in Advanced BASIC and according to the principles of structured programming is presented. The program can display/plot the plan of cable roof, the elevation of the structure including the loading on the cables and the cross-section of the reinforced concrete compression ring. The interactive program helps the user to explore many design alternatives rapidly and arrive at a practically optimum design.
Evaluation of Odor Lures for Use with Red Sticky Spheres To Trap Apple Maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Synthetic odor lures were evaluated in association with red sticky sphere traps for their attractiveness to apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh). Spheres baited with either butyl hexanoate (fruit odor) alone, ammonium carbonate (food odor) alone, or both were tested in an artificial orchard and several commercial orchards. In artificial orchard assays with released flies of high or low egg load, the combination of butyl hexanoate and ammonium carbonate was more attractive than either odor alone or unbaited spheres. Spheres baited with butyl hexanoate or ammonium carbonate alone were more attractive than unbaited spheres. This pattern was consistent for both high egg load, protein-fed flies, and low egg load, protein-starved flies. In commercial orchards, butyl hexanoate-baited spheres captured significantly more flies than ammonium carbonate-baited or unbaited spheres, which did not differ in attractiveness. Butyl hexanoate was as attractive as the combination of butyl hexanoate and ammonium carbonate. Ratios of flies captured on butyl hexanoate baited spheres to lies captured on unbaited spheres in commercial orchards declined slightly from 5.8:1 to 4.4:1 over the 10-wk trapping season. Dissections of captured females suggested that there was no difference between the odor types in terms of egg load and sexual maturity of attracted flies. Throughout the season, most (>90%) of the captured flies were sexually mature and of high egg load (>17 eggs per female). Implications of these findings for control of R. pomonella in orchards using baited red spheres are discussed.
Influence of specific individual and environmental variables on the relationship between body mass index and health-related quality of life in overweight and obese adolescents

Overweight and obese adolescents are at risk for low health-related quality of life (HRQOL). We examined the role of individual- and environmental-level variables on the relationship between body mass index (BMI kg/m2) and HRQOL in adolescents. Linear regressions were performed to conduct mediation and moderation analyses on the relationship between BMI and HRQOL in overweight and obese adolescents (N = 205). HRQOL was measured by the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. Hypothesized mediators included depression, measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; body image, measured by the gender-specific body dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory; and self-esteem, measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Mediation was assessed using Baron and Kenny’s approach and Sobel’s test of indirect effects. Anglo-acculturation, measured by the Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics-Youth, and environmental perception, measured by parent-proxy report of the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale, were hypothesized moderators. Body image mediated the relationship between BMI and HRQOL (b = −0.34, SE = 0.17, adj R 2 = 0.19, p = .051), and self-esteem was a partial mediator (b = −0.37, SE = 0.17, adj R 2 = 0.24, p = .027). Sobel’s test confirmed these results (p < .05). No significant moderation effects were found. The finding that individual-level factors, such as body image and self-esteem, influence the relationship between BMI and HRQOL while environmental factors, such as neighborhood environment and acculturation, do not extends previous research. The finding that body image and self-esteem partially mediate this relationship presents new areas to investigate in interventions that address BMI in youth.
Neuroelectronics and neurosurgery

The brain and the human nervous system are perhaps the most researched but least understood components of the human body. This is so because of the complex nature of its working and the high density of functions. The monitoring of neural signals could help one better understand the working of the brain and newer recording and monitoring methods have been developed ever since it was discovered that the brain communicates internally by means of electrical pulses. Neural signal communication is achieved by the production and propagation of small electrical signals produced by the nerve cells called neurons. Neuroelectronics is the field which deals with the interface between electronics or semiconductors to living neurons. This includes monitoring of electrical activity from the brain as well as the development of feedback devices for stimulation of parts of the brain for treatment of disorders. This paper reviews the basic principles of Neuroelectronics which are used to develop several applications ranging from diagnostic tools to brain-computer interfaces, neural stimulation and several others.
Phenotypic variation in male guppies from natural inland populations: an additional test of Haskins' sexual selection/predation hypothesis

In Venezuela, guppies,Poecilia reticulata, are found in a diversity of aquatic ecosystems fringing the western slope of the eastern Andes. These inland drainages are associated with large between-site variation in both physical and biotic environments. Numbers of potential guppy predators vary greatly between low diversity piedmont streams and high diversity llanos swamps. We analyze geographic variation in several phenotypic traits associated with conspicuousness of male guppies as an independent test of Haskins' (Haskins et al. 1961) hypothesis of natural balance between sexual selection (driving male conspicuousness) and predation (driving crypsis). Four sites were compared: a diverse llanos swamp (high predation), two Andean piedmont streams (intermediate and low predation), and a spring pool located south of Venezuela's Paria Peninsula (no aquatic predators). Because tropical wet and dry seasons are associated with varying degrees of environmental change at these sites, within-site seasonal samples provided an additional test of the role of selective predation on Male phenotypes. Phenotypic traits associated with both size and coloration supported the sexual selection/predation hypothesis. male guppies from the spring were generally more colorful than male guppies from inland drainages. Males from the diverse swamp site were smaller and less colorful than guppies from other sites. Males from the swamp population were smallest and least colorful during the early dry season, when diurnal aquatic piscivores were more diverse and abundant. Dominant spot pigments at each site were generally those that provided greatest contrast with the predominant environmental background color, lending further evidence that coloration patterns in male guppies enhance conspicuousness.
Bmp Signaling: Turning a Half into a Whole

In a famous experiment over a century ago, Hans Spemann demonstrated that amphibians have a remarkable ability to compensate for perturbations to the embryo. In this issue of Cell, Reversade and De Robertis (2005) uncover the basis of this phenomenon. They demonstrate that interactions between bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) and their inhibitors on both the dorsal and ventral sides of the early Xenopus embryo are involved in creating the body plan.
Characterization of the Somatomedin-C/Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (SM-C/IGF-I) Receptor on Cultured Human Fibroblast Monolayers: Regulation of Receptor Concentrations by SM-C/IGF-I and Insulin*

We have characterized 125I-labeled somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor 1 ([125I]SM-C/IGF-I) binding to cultured human fibroblast monolayers and have investigated the modulation of receptor concentrations by SM-C/IGF-I and insulin. Specific binding of [125I]SM-C/IGF-I to confluent monolayers at 15 C reached a steady state in 2.5 h and averaged 11.37 ± 0.71% (mean ± SEM)/1.5 × 106 cells. At 30 C, binding occurred more rapidly, peaking at 30 min, but averaged only 4%. Binding was reversible at both temperatures, and degradation of radioligand by fibroblast monolayers was negligible. Half-maximal inhibition of [125I]SM-C/IGF-I binding was observed at SM-C/IGF-I concentrations of 7 ng/ml. Compared to SM-C/IGF-I, the relative potencies of other hormones was: IGF-II, 1:10; multiplication-stimulating activity, 1:17, porcine insulin, 1:300; porcine proinsulin, 1:1000; and human GH nonreactive. Scatchard analysis was consistent with a single class of receptors, with a Ka of 1.07 × 109 M−1 and 20,000 sites/cell...
Time to the doctorate: Multilevel discrete-time hazard analysis

Secondary data on 1,028 graduate students nested within 24 programs and admitted into either a Ph. D. or Ed. D. program between 1990 and 2006 at an American public university were used to illustrate the benefits of employing multilevel discrete-time hazard analysis in understanding the timing of doctorate completion in Education and the factors related to this timing. While no single factor was found that explains conclusively the timing of doctorate completion, this analytic technique, which takes into account the clustering of students within programs and includes information about students who do not graduate by the end of the observation period (censored cases), revealed that the median time-to-doctorate was 5.8 years, with the fifth and seventh years as periods students were most likely to complete the doctorate. A student’s master’s GPA at admission, the proportion of female students in the program, and the mean GRE quantitative score in the program were each positively associated with the odds of doctorate award whereas the size of the department housing the program had a negative association. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Nanoporous Gold: Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications

Nanoporous gold (np-Au) has intriguing material properties that offer potential benefits for many applications due to its high specific surface area, well-characterized thiol-gold surface chemistry, high electrical conductivity, and reduced stiffness. The research on np-Au has taken place on various fronts, including advanced microfabrication and characterization techniques to probe unusual nanoscale properties and applications spanning from fuel cells to electrochemical sensors. Here, we provide a review of the recent advances in np-Au research, with special emphasis on microfabrication and characterization techniques. We conclude the paper with a brief outline of challenges to overcome in the study of nanoporous metals.
Antarctica and law of the sea: New resources vs. legal dilemmas

The contemporary legal status of Antarctica could soon become a polemical political issue due to the considerable natural resource wealth believed available there for exploitation. This paper examines those legal implications for Antarctica and the Southern Ocean which stem from the 1959 Antarctic Treaty vis-a-vis the emergent law for the sea as embodied in the 1982 UNCLOS III Convention.
Space-based CCD experiment for high-precision astrometry

The Astrometric Imaging Telescope, an orbiting 1.5 m low-distortion Ritchey-Chretien, will use a large format CCD to record star trails as the CCD is dragged across the image plane. Star-trail separations, when averaged over thousands of pixels, yield photon-noise limited centroids with 10 micro-arcsecond accuracy. In this paper, we will discuss the important CCD and optical design parameters that affect astrometric accuracy. For the CCD, these include charge transfer efficiency, pixel-to-pixel relative quantum efficiency, sub-pixel QE gradients, and systematic pixel dislocations. For optical design, they are tolerancing to parameters such as secondary mirror decenter and tilt, and conic constants. We present a point design for a system that can achieve 10 micro-arcsecond accuracy over a long-term mission. End-to-end modeling, including high precision diffraction calculations, is used to validate the design.
Infrared studies of matrix isolated sodium and potassium chloride and cyanide dimers

Abstract The infrared spectra of matrix isolated sodium and potassium chlorides and cyanides in different inert gas matrices were examined over the range 4000 cm −1 to 33 cm −1 . A study of the effect of superheating the vapor species on the spectra has been carried out. Temperature cycling experiments have been pursued in an attempt to differentiate between bands due to monomers, dimers, and higher polymers. Isotopic frequency shifts were measured for a carbon-13 enriched sample of sodium cyanide and carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 enriched samples of potassium cyanide in the CN region. Symmetry force constants were calculated assuming a cyclic rhombic structure for the dimers. In the case of the cyanide dimer, the CN group of the molecule was considered as a halide atom. Finally a comparison is given between the symmetry force constants of the dimers of the alkali metal fluorides, cyanides and chlorides.
Phase equilibria and ionic conductivity in the system ZrO2-Yb2O3-Y2O3

The phase equilibria in the zirconia-rich part of the system ZrO2−Yb2O3−Y2O3 were determined at 1200°, 1400°, and 1650°C. The stabilizing effects of Yb2O3 and Y2O3 were found to be quite similar with <10 mol% of either being necessary to fully stabilize the cubic fluorite-structure phase at 1200°C. The two binary ordered phases, Zr3Yb4O12 and Zr3Y4O12, are completely miscible at 1200°C. These were the only binary or ternary phases detected. The ionic conductivities of ternary specimens in this system were measured using the complex impedance analysis technique. For a given level of total dopant, the substitution of Yb2O3 for Y2O3 gives only minor increases in specimen conductivity.
Estimating volume flow rates through xylem conduits

We discuss the errors in common approximations of the volume flow rate for laminar flow through conduits with noncircular transverse sections. Before calculating flow rates, ideal geometric shapes are chosen to represent the noncircular transverse sections. The Hagen-Poiseuille equation used with hydraulic diameter underestimates the volume flow rate for laminar flow through conduits even with such ideal shapes. Correction factors that have been proposed for the Hagen-Poiseuille equation also lead to underestimates of the volume flow rate for those shapes. The exact solutions are sometimes difficult to attain, but rates calculated using the exact solutions for the ideal shapes may be as much as five times higher than the approximated rates for common transversely elongated shapes. Either the exact solutions or the approximations may be used to calculate volume flow rates through the xylem of plants. Both of these methods actually approximate flow through the original conduits because the shapes used are approximations of the conduits' transverse sections. We recommend using the exact solutions whenever possible; they should be closer to the real solution than other approximations. We give tables of correction factors for use in the cases where calculating volume flow rate from the approximate solution, the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, is more feasible. Obtaining theoretical volume flow rates that are larger than previously thought highlights the need to clarify the causes of differences between the theoretical rates and the smaller measured volume flow rates in plant xylem. As part of an ongoing project to understand the dynamics of water flow through the xylem we discuss exact equations to calculate water flow through noncircular ideal capillaries and investigate the errors in frequently used approximations. In determining theoretical volume flow rates through the xylem of plants, the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for laminar flow through conduits is often used. The Hagen-Poiseuille equation provides the exact solution for laminar flow in individual ideal capillaries with circular transverse sections, but the application of this equation to conduits with noncircular transverse sections using the hydraulic diameter results in errors in the calculated volume flow rates. Exact solutions for the determination of volume flow rate through capillaries with some common noncircular transverse sections have recently been published in English (White, 1991). In general, errors in calculated flow rates may result from anatomical deviations of the xylem conduits from ideal capillaries, or from methods used to calculate the volume flow rate. This paper investigates the latter more completely than previous botanical literature (e.g., Leyton, 1975; Nonweiler, 1975; Petty, 1978; Pickard, 1981; Zimmermann, 1983; Calkin, Gibson, and Nobel, 1986; Lewis, 1992), discusses some exact solutions for volume flow rates through some common noncircular conduits, .and recommends methods for the calculation of theoretical volume flow rates based on desired accuracy, speed, and ease of calculation.
Optical engineering for neural networks: an emerging technology

Artificial neural networks are Information processing structures based upon models of brain functions. They are highly parallel and distributed dynamical systems that can carry out information processing by means of their state response to input stimuli. These networks promises advantages in speed adaptability and fault tolerance resulting from their highly parallel architectures. In this paper feedforward and recurrent networks are reviewed. These networks consist of collections of simple processing elements and dense interconnections among the processors. The optical techniques are good candidates for proving the neural network Implementation needs specifically the heavy interconnections among the processors. Finally some Important optical neural networks are reviewed.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spin-dependent antenna splitting functions

We consider parton showers based on radiation from QCD dipoles or ``antennas''. These showers are built from $2\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3$ parton splitting processes. The question then arises of what functions replace the Altarelli-Parisi splitting functions in this approach. We give a detailed answer to this question, applicable to antenna showers in which partons carry definite helicity, and to both initial- and final-state emissions.
Basic physics of radiation damage production

Abstract The basic physical processes underlying the production of displacement damage in irradiated solids are briefly discussed, including topics from nuclear, atomic, and solid-state physics. Following a general introduction, the concepts of elementary cascade theory are presented as a basis for intuitive descriptions of the damage process. Then the production of primary recoils, mainly by nuclear processes, is discussed in enough detail to prepare a basis for calculating the primary-recoil energy spectra in typical irradiation facilities. The slowing down of fast atomic particles in solids is next discussed as a basis for developing atomistic models of damage production. Finally, several aspects of damage production, as revealed by atomistic simulation models, are outlined.
Jurassic raft tectonics in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico

The northeastern Gulf of Mexico is dominated by the 900–1800-m Florida Escarpment, which forms the bathymetric expression of the Cretaceous carbonate shelf edge. Outboard of the escarpment lies a region of salt-detached raft blocks, which are closely analogous to type examples in the Kwanza Basin, Angola, in terms of structural style, scale, and amount of extension. We undertook the first detailed structural interpretation of an emerging petroleum exploration province. The rafts detached and translated basinward by gravity gliding on the autochthonous Louann salt in the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous. The Upper Jurassic source rock (lime mudstones) of the Smackover Formation and eolian sandstone reservoir intervals of the Norphlet Formation are structurally segmented and entirely contained within the raft blocks. The rafts are separated by salt ridges and/or extensional fault gaps containing expanded uppermost Jurassic and lower Cretaceous strata of the Cotton Valley Group. The main episode of rafting occurred after deposition of the Smackover and Haynesville Formations and broke the Jurassic carbonate platform into raft blocks 2–40 km in length, which were then translated 25–40 km basinward from their original position. Map-view restoration of the raft blocks suggested a minimum extension of 100%, with basinward transport directions indicating a radial divergence of rafts. In the north of the study area, the transport direction was westerly, whereas in the south, translation was southerly. This pattern, which mimics the Florida Escarpment, suggested that the morphology of the Jurassic slope controlled the style of gravitational tectonics and the location of subsequent Cretaceous carbonate buildups. As with other linked systems on mobile substrates, the observed extension and translation must be balanced by downdip contraction. In the case of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, the contraction is largely cryptic, being accommodated by salt evacuation, compression of salt walls/stocks, and possibly open-toed canopy advance.
DNA synthesis in permeabilized mouse L cells.

Abstract Mouse L cells are rendered permeable to nucleoside triphosphates by a cold shock with a near isotonic buffer. These cells retain their morphologic integrity and use exogenously supplied nucleotides and deoxynucleotides to synthesize RNA and DNA. The newly synthesized DNA is nuclear and is the product of semiconservative replication. Incorporation of deoxynucleotides into DNA by thymidine kinase-deficient cells was used to confirm rigorously that the exogenously supplied deoxynucleotides were incorporated into DNA without intermediate processing through nucleosides. DNA synthesis requires the presence of Na+, ATP, all 4 deoxynucleotides, and Mg2+. The reaction is inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and actinomycin D. Hydroxyurea and arabinosylcytosine do not inhibit the reaction whereas cytosine arabinoside triphosphate shows competitive inhibition with the deoxynucleotides. These findings indicate that the permeable cell system can be used for in situ evaluations of the replicative DNA polymerase using the endogenous DNA template.
Anatomical basis of a passive mechanism for ovum retention at the ampulloisthmic junction

The unexplained behavior of egg retention at the ampulloisthmic junction (AIJ) is a mechanical phenomenon; therefore the key to this process must lie in the anatomy of the oviduct. To investigate the concept that simple anatomical differences between ampulla and isthmus cause AIJ retention, we quantified, in these two regions of the rabbit oviduct, the structural characteristics of the tubal wall that show marked differences: wall thickness and luminal caliber. The oviductal wall greatly increases in thickness and decreases in luminal caliber abruptly at the transition from ampulla to isthmus. These passive mechanical factors predict a dramatically reduced distensibility of the isthmic wall compared to that of the ampulla, and these factors provide us with a simple model to account for the apparent sphincteric activity of the AIJ. Actual measurements of tubal distensibility confirmed our prediction. In addition, egg transport studies following microsurgical removal of the AIJ showed normal transport, an indication that no special structure need exist at the AIJ. We conclude that the contrasting morphology of the ampulla and isthmus may suffice to explain AIJ retention, and no special active mechanism need be postulated.
Multiple receptors for endotoxin

Recent studies have identified three classes of receptor molecules involved in recognition of endotoxin. Two classes of receptors, the CD18 antigens and the scavenger receptor, recognize lipopolysaccharide directly and function principally in its catabolism. A third molecule, CD14, recognizes lipopolysaccharide with the aid of a serum protein, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, and may be a principal mediator of secretory responses of leukocytes.
Work force fragmentation in Latin America and its empirical manifestations in Ecuador.

Abstract The social impacts of economic transformation are of central concern to this study of the nature of work and process of work force fragmentation in Ecuador. Workers are classified according to their social relations of production and the technical content of their work — thus directly evaluating relations of power and autonomy among various labor groups. The distribution of workers across labor groups in 1974 and 1982 indicates ongoing work force fragmentation with expansion in ownership, managerial, and highly skilled positions. Parallel analyses for agriculture, services, and manufacturing indicate the complexity of work force structure among and within these sectors.
EFFECT OF TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE ON LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES ATTACHED TO RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS) AND SHRIMP (PENAEUS SPP.) DURING REFRIGERATED STORAGE

The potential of using trisodium phosphate (TSP) to reduce bacterial populations in fresh fishery products was explored since TSP has recently been approved by USDA for its usage in poultry processing to eliminate Salmonella contamination. Fresh headed shrimp and rainbow trout fillets were inoculated with L. monocytogenes before dipped in tap water, 10% TSP, or 20% TSP solutions and overwrap-packaged. Surface pH values, psychrotrophic plate counts, and L. monocytogenes counts of inoculated shrimp and trout fillets were determined after 0, 3, 6, and 9 days of storage at 4C. The TSP treatment resulted in relatively high residual surface pH values (11–12) initially in both shrimp and trout fillets. Compared to tap water dipping, TSP treatment did not significantly reduce psychrotrophic or Listeria populations in shrimp. However, the 20% TSP treatment significantly (p < 0.05) lowered 0-day psychrotrophic and L. monocytogenes counts of trout fillets and remained effective for 6 days during storage at 4C.
Possible genetic factors underlying the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia.

Rates of spontaneous and drug-induced repetitive jaw movements (RJM) in rats vary widely. Low and high RJM responders were isolated and genetically selected. At each generation mean RJM responses (spontaneous or SKF 38393-induced) of the two types of rats were found to differ significantly, whereas neither apomorphine-induced stereotypic responses nor D1 and D2 receptors numbers and affinities differed. A significant increase in cAMP production was evident in SKF 38393-stimulated striatal homogenates of high RJM responders as compared with low responders. Animals subjected to 8-months exposure to fluphenazine exhibited RJM that were about twice as great as that of controls, 2 months after the last treatment, with prevalence of about 75%. Similarities between RJM observed in rats and neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia suggest that the two are strongly related.
Integral design method for nonimaging concentrators

We present an integral design method for maximizing concentration onto a given absorber shape. This technique uses a variable-acceptance edge-ray principle to transform nonuniform input and output radiance distributions. It easily recovers familiar designs that transform uniform radiance distributions. The method is simpler to use and more general than previous nonimaging design techniques, such as string methods and flow-line approaches. We show how this technique is adapted to satisfy diverse boundary conditions, such as satisfying total internal reflection or design within a material of graded index. Presented are an analytic solution to the classic θ1–θ2 concentrator and a novel two-stage, two-dimensional solar collector with a fixed circular primary mirror and nonimaging secondary. This newly developed secondary provides a 25% improvement in concentration over conventional nonimaging secondaries.
Local exhaustive testing: a software reliability tool

We introduce local exhaustive testing as a simple strategy for creating test cases that uncover faults (a deficiency in the code that is responsible for incorrect behavior) with a higher probability than tests chosen randomly. To use local exhaustive testing, we identify certain inputs points as "critical," and then test all inputs close to that point. We expect that this strategy will be particularly effective in applications that include an emphasis on geometric or other regular organization. We demonstrate the effectiveness of local exhaustive testing on a collection of programs that are all implementations of a single specification, the proportional navigation problem.
New phasor estimator in the presence of harmonics, dc offset, and interharmonics

This paper proposes the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to estimate the magnitude and phase of fundamental component of sinusoidal signals in the presence of harmonics, sub-harmonics and DC offset. The proposed methodology uses a preprocessing that is able to generate a signal that represents the influence of sub-harmonics and DC offset in the fundamental component. This signal is used as input of ANN, which estimate the influence of that signal in quadrature components. Using this information, corrections can be made in quadrature components then the real value of phasor of the fundamental component is estimated. The performance of the proposed algorithm was compared with classical methods such as DFT, using one and two cycles, and LES. The results showed that the proposed method is accurate and fast. The methodology can be used as a phasor estimator of system with poor Power Quality indices for monitoring, control and protection applications.
An investigation of the applicability of attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy for measurement of solubility and supersaturation of aqueous citric acid solutions

Abstract Currently applied methods for measurement of solubility and supersaturation based on viscometry, refractometry, interferometry and density require the separation of phases prior to measurement. ATR (attenuated total reflection) infrared spectroscopy provides a unique configuration in which the infrared spectrum of a liquid phase can be obtained in a slurry without phase separation. The applicability of the technique was investigated using a micro Circle® open boat cell equipped with a ZnSe (zinc selenide) ATR rod. Experiments conducted with aqueous citric acid proved that ATR infrared spectroscopy can be successfully employed to determine solubility and supersaturation.
The reaction of iodoacetamide with polylysine, α-acetyllysine, and ε-acetyllysine

Abstract 1. 1. The kinetics of the reaction of iodoacetamide with poly- l -lysine, α-acetyllysine, and e-acetyllysine has been investigated over the pH range 7.4–11.2. 2. 2. The reactivities correlated with the respective basicities of the various nucleophiles. 3. 3. The reactivity of the polylysine was resolved into two parts; one associated with the amines of the helical regions, the other associated with the amines of the coil regions.
Catherine Rottenberg (Ed.), Black Harlem and the Jewish Lower East Side: Narratives Out of Time (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2013).

Catherine Rottenberg’s Black Harlem and the Jewish Lower East Side: Narratives Out of Time offers a well-focused and astutely edited collection of essays concerned with those two well-researched an...
Quantifying the clinical virulence of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing carbapenemase Klebsiella pneumoniae with a Galleria mellonella model and a pilot study to translate to patient outcomes

Previous studies may have overestimated morbidity and mortality due to Klebsiella pneumoniae producing carbapenemase (KPC) Klebsiella pneumoniae infections because of difficulties in modeling patient comorbidities. This pilot study sought to evaluate KPC virulence by combining clinical and Galleria mellonella models in patients with K. pneumoniae blood stream infections (BSIs). G. mellonella were inoculated using KPC(+) and KPC(−) isolates from these patients. Extent and rapidity of insect mortality was analyzed. Patients were stratified by KPC BSI status. Clinical outcomes of mortality and length of stay post-infection for survivors (LOS) were analyzed. Median virulence scores calculated from the insect studies were imputed in the clinical model. The in-vivo model revealed greater mortality in KPC(−) isolates (p < 0.001). Fifteen patients with KPC(+) BSI were matched with 60 patients with KPC(−) BSI. Hospital mortality was greater in the KPC(+) group versus the KPC(−) group (OR 3.79, 95% CI 1.00 - 14.34). LOS was longer in the KPC(+) group (p < 0.01). Conversely the virulence score attenuated the association between KPC(+) status and mortality and LOS in the final translational models. KPC(+) status was associated with decreased virulence in GM. Opposite findings were observed in patients. This pilot study demonstrates that measured virulence from GM may differ from human estimates of virulence.
The contribution of maternal race/ethnicity and fetal sex to prematurity in twins

Objective The contribution of male fetal sex to twin preterm birth (PTB) rates was evaluated in the United States. Study Design The 2002 National Center for Health Statistics Natality database was analyzed for fetal sex and twin gestations based on birth sex for MM and FF pairs (M, male; F, female). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was applied to estimate the hazard ratio for PTB with adjustments for known risks. Results Thirty-three thousand nine hundred twenty-six pairs were analyzed. PTBs between 20-36 completed weeks occurred in 59.1% MM pairs and 57.5% FF pairs. MM sex was an independent risk factor for PTB. This effect was greatest for deliveries between 20-29 weeks (hazard ratio, 1.224; 95% CI, 1.113-1.346). The effect was most pronounced in non-Hispanic white MM pairs. Conclusion In the United States, MM pairs are at greater risk for PTB. Race and ethnicity modulate sex effects. Further studies are needed to understand potential mechanisms.