cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acetaldehyde—a Potential Fumigant for Control of the Green Peach Aphid on Harvested Head Lettuce

Acetaldehyde (Aa), a naturally occurring volatile compound, killed Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on harvested head lettuce Lactuca sativa L. without injuring the commodity. Vapors of Aa at 0.25% caused 100% mortality to aphids during a 2-h exposure. When lettuce heads were infested with aphids, a higher concentration of Aa and a longer exposure (2.0% for 3 h) were required to cause 100% mortality than when the aphids were fumigated alone.
Lung Cancer in the Very Young: Treatment and Survival in the National Cancer Data Base

Abstract Introduction Young patients with lung cancer represent a distinct subset of patients with this disease. The National Cancer Data Base includes patients of all ages and contains detailed staging, treatment, and survival information. The objective of this study was to examine treatment patterns and outcomes in young patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods The National Cancer Data Base was queried for NSCLC cases from 2003 to 2009. Younger patients were defined as those aged 20 to 46 years. Older patients were defined as those aged 47 to 89 years. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment, and survival were analyzed. The primary outcomes were 5-year overall and relative survival. Results The study included 173,856 patients; 5657 were 20 to 46 years of age. Younger patients were treated differently and received more aggressive therapy at each stage. At stage I, 64% of younger patients received surgery only versus 55% of the older patients ( p p Conclusions Overall and relative survival in younger patients with NSCLC is better than in older patients, with greater benefit seen in earlier stages. Despite having fewer comorbidities and undergoing more aggressive treatment, younger patients with advanced-stage NSCLC have only marginally better overall and relative survival than older patients.
Do economic sanctions impair target economies

While the International Relations literature has long debated whether or not economic sanctions are an effective foreign policy tool, it neglects to empirically examine the damage sanctions impose on target economies. This study presents two theoretical explanations about the impact of sanctions on target countries’ economies, and collects extensive empirical data to test such theoretical connections in three areas: international trade; foreign direct investment; and foreign portfolio investment. A cross-national, time-series data analysis of 133 countries during the period from 1970 to 2005 reveals that regardless of the number of senders, the type of sanctions or the level of anticipated costs to the target and the sender, economic coercion damages none of the economic conditions of the target. This finding suggests that if the objective is to maximize economic pain in the sanctioned country, a sanctioning country should think twice before choosing economic coercion as its primary non-military strategy.
Investigation and Analysis on the Current Health Status of Staffs in Dingxi Colleges and Universities in 2010

OBJECTIVE Using health investigation to understand,school staffs' the Dingxi high blood pressure,high cholesterol and other fatty liver and the prevalence of chronic diseases,to evaluate faculty presence or potential health risk factors for the prevention and modern lifestyle-related chronic diseases and to provide the basis for developing targeted health education and health promotion strategies.METHODS For July 2010-December 2010,865 staff healthy physical examination results were statistically,hypertension,fatty liver,high cholesterol and other three detection conditions were analyzed statistically.RESULT School staff three abnormalities were 17.92%,24.16%,33.76%,in addition to high blood pressure,the other two were higher than the national average.All physical examination population accounted for 38.96%percent of overweight,obesity accounted for 9.94%,higher than the national average.CONCLUSION Fatty liver,high cholesterol,being overweight are important influencing factors in the health of staff,caused by overweightand obesity is a major risk factor for these diseases,so the promotion and chronic disease prevention for health education,disease control departments of our chronic disease is the main task of control.
Analyzing the Formation of a thin Compound Film by Taking Moments on Backscattering Spectra

The use of backscattering in the analysis of compound formation in a thin-film reaction becomes difficult when the thickness of the compound layer is comparable to the depth resolution of the instrument. This paper describes a method of circumventing this difficulty by using the change that takes place in the moment of the distribution of a given element. The growth of the compound layer is proportional to the square root of the change of moment between a reacted sample and an unreacted one. Alternative analytic methods are discussed, and an empirical cubic correction is found to give results in good agreement with those obtained by the moment method. The formation kinetics of a thin film of Pd2Si is taken as an example.
Schedule optimization to improve trunk-local bus transfer efficiency in small conurbations: A case study of New York’s capital region

Fostering the use of transit has been broadly accepted as an effective way to improve social equity and reduce the externalities caused by transportation. In the great body of transit literature, many have focused on the improvement of transfer efficiency. However, investigation on transit transfer efficiency is still lacking for medium sized cities or suburban areas that have sprawled from city centers. The special features associated with such an urban form lead to unique travel patterns and bus operations. This work develops a process to improve bus transfer efficiency for small conurbations considering their special characteristics. A case study of New York’s Capital District is used to illustrate the proposed method. Results show that the transfer waiting time can be remarkably shortened. The proposed method can be widely adapted to other transit systems in small conurbations.
Understanding Enzyme Mechanism through Protein Chimeragenesis

The preparation of chimeras, proteins that contain segments from two or more different parent proteins, is a valuable tool in protein engineering yielding structures with novel properties. In addition to the obvious practical value of hybrid proteins as catalysts and biopharmaceuticals, their careful analysis can be used to understand the role of specific domains in enzymatic catalysis and protein evolution in a unique way that complements other structure-function studies. The study of hybrid enzymes can reveal, for example, the role specific subunits and/or domains play in dictating substrate specificity, catalytic activity, processivity, and stability. Popular chimeragenesis methods, including noncombinatorial and combinatorial methods, that can be used to generate hybrid proteins, are discussed here and four case studies are presented that beautifully demonstrate how hybrids can be studied to gain detailed understanding about substrate selectivity, enzymatic activity, S.J. Benkovic Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 414 Wartik Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA, e-mail: sjb1@psu.edu
Effect of Organ Donation on Families of Brain-Dead Patients

The shortage of cadaver organs for transplantation is serious (Levey et al., 1986). Yet, few studies have been made of the psychological reactions of families after they donate the organs of a relative (see Chapter 27, this volume). Most of the literature in this area deals with the ethical and medical aspects of brain death (Simmons and Abress, 1988), the attitude of the general public (Manninen and Evans, 1985), and the logistics of approaching physicians and families. The study reported here is a small exploratory investigation of one of the first cohorts of families who donated organs of their brain-dead relatives. Relatives were interviewed in depth 1 year after the donation.
The changing landscape of diabetes prevalence among first-generation Asian immigrants in California from 2003 to 2013.

Objective The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing rapidly, particularly in Asia. Asian immigrants in Western countries are a fast-growing population who carry both intrinsic risks due to their genetic background and extrinsic risks associated with Western lifestyles. However, recent trends in diabetes prevalence and associated risk factors among Asian immigrants in the USA are not well understood. Research design and methods We examined adults aged 18 and older from the recent California Health Interview Survey data sets from 2003 to 2013 to determine prevalence of known DM among first-generation Asian immigrants and whites. The impact of various DM risk factors in Asian immigrants relative to whites was analyzed and multivariable regression models were constructed to obtain adjusted DM risk in Asian immigrants versus in whites. Results Across the study span, we identified 2007 first-generation Asian immigrants and 14 668 whites as having known DM or prediabetes mellitus (pre-DM). From 2003 to 2013, the prevalence of DM and pre-DM combined rose from 6.8% to 12.4% in Asian immigrants and 5.5% to 6.9% in whites. Much of the increase could be attributed to pre-DM, which rose from 0.7% to 3.2% in Asian immigrants during the study period. The impacts of age and body mass index on DM risk were consistently greater in Asian immigrants than in whites. Non-DM Asian immigrants were found less likely to engage in physical activity than were non-DM whites. After adjustment of various associated factors, Asian immigrants were more likely than whites to have DM and this relative risk for DM gradually increased across the study period. Conclusions A rising prevalence of known DM and particularly pre-DM among Asian immigrants in California was observed during the previous decade. To reduce the burden of diabetes and its complications, future strategies should consider specific risk factors for this ethnic group, including encouraging physical activity.
Rotation of polarization by a moving gravitational lens

We present a simple prescription for the rotation of polarization produced by a relativistically moving gravitational lens, applicable to arbitrary deflection angle and arbitrary velocity of the lens. When geometric optics is applicable, two independent components contribute to the total rotation of polarization: (i) in the frame of the lens the polarization vector experiences minimal rotation defined by the deflection angle (as measured by a set of remote observers, or no rotation if defined in terms of a parallel-propagated tetrad); (ii) the effect of the motion of the lens on the polarization can be taken into account exactly using special-relativistic Lorentz transformation of polarization. The effects of the gravitational lensing are thus parametrized by the deflection angle of the null geodesics (not necessarily small) and the motion of the lens (not necessarily with velocities much smaller than that of light).
Designing targeted ultrasound contrast for molecular imaging of secreted frizzled related protein-2 (SFRP2) without biotin-avidin linkages

Clinical translation of targeted contrast agents for molecular imaging of disease precludes the use of the biotin-avidin cross linking strategy due to the immunogenicity of avidin. Our objective was to cross link targeting ligands to ultrasound contrast using non-immunogenic covalent chemistry, and to validate the resulting targeted contrast agents using a binding assay to cultured cells.
Early Detection of Hypothermic Neuroprotection Using T2-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Mouse Model of Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy.

Perinatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders, including cerebral palsy. Standard care for neonatal HIE includes therapeutic hypothermia, which provides partial neuroprotection; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used to assess injury and predict outcome after HIE. Immature rodent models of HIE are used to evaluate mechanisms of injury and to examine the efficacy and mechanisms of neuroprotective interventions such as hypothermia. In this study, we first confirmed that, in the CD1 mouse model of perinatal HIE used for our research, MRI obtained 3h after HI could reliably assess initial brain injury and predict histopathological outcome. Mice were subjected to hypoxic ischemia (HI, unilateral carotid ligation followed by exposure to hypoxia) on postnatal day 7 (P7) and were imaged with T2-weighted MRI and diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI), 3 h after HI. Clearly defined regions of increased signal were comparable in T2 MRI and DWI, and we found a strong correlation between T2 MRI injury scores 3h after HI and histopathological brain injury 7 days after HI, validating this method for evaluating initial injury in this model of HIE. The more efficient, higher resolution T2 MRI was used to score initial brain injury in subsequent studies. In mice treated with hypothermia, we found a significant reduction in T2 MRI injury scores 3h after HI, compared to normothermic littermates. Early hypothermic neuroprotection was maintained 7 days after HI, in both T2 MRI injury scores and histopathology. In the normothermic group, T2 MRI injury scores 3h after HI were comparable to those obtained 7 days after HI. However, in the hypothermic group brain injury was significantly less 7 days after HI than at 3 h. Thus, early neuroprotective effects of hypothermia were enhanced by 7 days, which may reflect the additional 3 h of hypothermia after imaging or effects on later mechanisms of injury, such as delayed cell death and inflammation. Our results demonstrate that hypothermia has early neuroprotective effects in this model. These findings suggest that hypothermia has an impact on early mechanisms of excitotoxic injury and support initiation of hypothermic intervention as soon as possible after diagnosis of HIE.
Gender typicality in children's speech, reconsidered: Effects of stimulus composition on listener judgments

Listeners rate the speech of boys and girls as young as four years old as sounding gendered: boys are rated as sounding boy-like and girls as girl-like (Perry et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. [2001]). Recent research found that the extent to which boys’ speech sounds boy-like is correlated with measures of their gender identity and expression (Li et al., J. Phonetics [2016], Munson et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. [2015]). Munson et al. found that boys with a diagnosis of gender identity disorder [GID] were rated as sounding less boy-like than boys without GID. Munson et al.’s experiment used only a small number of girls’ productions as filler items. The current study examined listeners’ ratings of the gender typicality of speech of boys with GID and both boys and girls without GID. Significant differences in sex-typicality ratings were found between the two groups of boys. Boys with GID elicited ratings intermediate to those for boys and girls without GID. However, the differences between boys with and without GID were much smaller than those in Munson et al., suggesting that the sex distribution in the stimulus set can affect ratings of the sex typicality of children’s voices.Listeners rate the speech of boys and girls as young as four years old as sounding gendered: boys are rated as sounding boy-like and girls as girl-like (Perry et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. [2001]). Recent research found that the extent to which boys’ speech sounds boy-like is correlated with measures of their gender identity and expression (Li et al., J. Phonetics [2016], Munson et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. [2015]). Munson et al. found that boys with a diagnosis of gender identity disorder [GID] were rated as sounding less boy-like than boys without GID. Munson et al.’s experiment used only a small number of girls’ productions as filler items. The current study examined listeners’ ratings of the gender typicality of speech of boys with GID and both boys and girls without GID. Significant differences in sex-typicality ratings were found between the two groups of boys. Boys with GID elicited ratings intermediate to those for boys and girls without GID. However, the differences between boys with and without GID...
Galectin-3 and incident cognitive impairment in REGARDS, a cohort of blacks and whites

Abstract Introduction The relationship between serum galectin-3 and incident cognitive impairment was analyzed in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study. Methods Baseline galectin-3 was measured in 455 cases of incident cognitive impairment and 546 controls. Galectin-3 was divided into quartiles based on the weighted distribution in the control group, and the first quartile was the referent. Results There was an increasing odds of cognitive impairment across quartiles of galectin-3 (odds ratios, 1.00 [0.68–1.46], 1.45 [1.01–2.10], and 1.58 [1.10–2.27] relative to the quartile 1; P trend = .003) in an unadjusted model, which persisted after adjusting for age, sex, and race (P = .004). Adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors greatly attenuated this association (odds ratios, 0.97 [0.60–1.57], 1.52 [0.94–2.46], and 1.27 [0.76–2.12]; P = .15). The association differed by diabetes status (P interaction, .007). Among nondiabetics (293 cases, 411 controls), those with galectin-3 in the fourth compared with first quartile had an odds ratio of 1.6 (0.95–2.99; P trend, .02). In diabetics, the odds ratio was 0.23 (0.04–1.33). Discussion Serum galectin-3 was associated with increased risk of incident cognitive impairment in a large cohort study of blacks and whites but only in nondiabetics.
Composition dependence of the short range order structures in 0.2Na2O + 0.8[xBO3/2 + (1-x)GeO2] mixed glass formers

Abstract The atomic level structures of ternary 0.2Na2O + 0.8[xBO3/2 + (1-x)GeO2] glasses have been carefully examined for the first time using a combination of Raman, infrared (IR) and 11B magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR) spectroscopies. It was found that, like in other mixed glass former (MGF) systems, there is an unequal sharing of the sodium oxide between the two glass formers, B and Ge, across this series 0 0, the Na2O preferentially reacts with boron to create a larger number of tetrahedral boron, BO4/2−1 ≡ B4, units than would be found for a binary sodium borate glass of the same mole fraction, 0.20, of Na2O. In addition to this higher than expected fraction of B4 units as determined by the 11B MAS-NMR measurements, the Raman spectra further suggest the presence of high concentrations of octahedrally coordinated GeO6/2−2, Ge6, units in the GeO2 rich end of this compositional series, x ≤ 0.2. Across this series, it is found that there are at most five short range order (SRO) structural units present in these glasses, BO3/2 (B3), B4, GeO6/2−2 (Ge6), GeO3/2O−1 (Ge3), and GeO4/2 (Ge4), where the superscript gives the number of bridging oxygens (BOs) bonded to the central atom. The composition, x, dependence of all of these SRO structural units were determined by combining the results all of these spectral techniques and requiring that the total sum of all the negatively charged SRO units balance the positive (+0.4) charges from the Na+ ions and that the total amount of B balance to 0.8×, the total amount of Ge balance to 0.8*(1-x), and the total amount of oxygen balance to1.8–0.4× as required by the stoichiometry of this compositional series.
Safety and Outcome of Percutaneous Drainage of Pericardial Effusions in Patients with Cancer.

Malignancy is a common cause of pericardial effusions. The findings, immediate safety and longer-term outcomes of pericardiocentesis are less well defined. We reviewed the cases of all patients with malignancy that underwent pericardiocentesis at our institution over a 10-year period. From January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2016, 171 patients with cancer underwent echo-guided pericardiocentesis. A total of 53% were male with a mean age of 60 ± 15 years. The average volume drained was 485 (IQR 350 to 719) ml. The procedure was technically successful in 170/171 (99.4%) of patients without significant complications; there were no procedure-related deaths. A total of 20% had hemorrhagic, 48% had serosanguinous, and 31% serous pericardial effusions. The type of effusion was not associated with outcome. Cytology (measured in 164) was positive in 58% and only weakly related to outcome (median survival nine versus 18 weeks, p = 0.04). Per our institutional practice, a pericardial catheter was left in place until there were less than 50 ml of net drainage in 24 hours (average 3 ± 2 days). A total of 135 patients had metastatic carcinoma, 23 patients had lymphoma or chronic leukemia and 4 metastatic sarcoma. Patients with either lymphoma or chronic leukemia had better survival than those with carcinoma or sarcoma (median survival 102 vs 12 weeks, p < 0.0001) with a 46% vs 3% 5-year survival, p < 0.0001). Echoguided pericardiocentesis with extended pericardial catheter placement is safe and effective in cancer patients with pericardial effusions. However, overall outcomes are poor in cancer patients with pericardial effusions that required drainage, particularly in those with carcinoma or sarcoma.
Orbits, Services and Systems

In the 17th century Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) first observed the moons of Jupiter through his handcrafted telescope. These observations ultimately led to his realization that not only did planets encircle the Sun, but that moons could and indeed did encircle planets. To the moon of Jupiter he applied the Latin word satelles, which means “servant.” He concluded that somehow a planet ‘commanded’ its moons to remain in their constant orbits just as a master or mistress commanded the actions of a servant.
Comments on collision mechanics in ring systems

Collisions within planetary ring systems, especially Saturn's, are discussed. The particles may have coherent icy cores and less coherent granular or frosty surface layers, consistent with thermal eclipse observations. Collisions do not cause catastrophic fragmentation of the particles, although minor surface erosion and reaccretion is possible. Evolution by collisional fragmentation is thus not as important as in the asteroid belt. Models suggest that the fractional number of projectile masses dislodged when solid (or solid-core) projectiles strike solid ice or granular surface layers does not exceed the order of 10 to the minus 7th to minus 9th power. Even at this rate, the half life of ring particles would be less than the age of the solar system in crowded ring regions unless there was very efficient reaccretion. A plausible ring particle model involves solid ice cores with granular surface layers that exchange material by slow erosion and efficient reaccretion; the granular layers protect the cores from rapid erosion.
“It's Just My Job To Be ‘Out’”: Tenure Stories of Lesbian, Gay, And Bisexual Academics

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) professors who undergo the tenure review process face the possibility that homophobic prejudice and discrimination will hurt their chances of receiving promotion. In light of this potential for bias, the tenure stories of LGB academics reflect a concern for unmasking tactics of discrimination in order to dismantle institutional homophobia. The author analyzes tenure and promotion narratives of LGB professors from both sociological and folkloric perspectives, and argues that these narratives function to build solidarity within LGB communities, and provide an important means by which academics who face the potential of prejudice and retributory marginalization for their sexual orientation can expose discriminatory practices.
Cognitive–Behavioral Strategies

Can you think of any professional baseball player who has brought more attention to the mental aspect of sport than syntactically challenged New York Yankee catcher Yogi Berra? Berra is frequently quoted: “Baseball is 90% mental and the other half is physical.” While his quote often prompts a chuckle and a knowing grin, Berra was right about the cognitive aspects of performance. From baseball to swimming, soccer to fencing, and golf to running, the brain is a fascinating ally in performance. Performance is mental.
Size matters: Computed tomographic measurements of the appendix in emergency department scans.

Abstract Background Radiologists use a size cutoff in appendiceal diameter to assist surgeons in diagnosing appendicitis, however, no consensus exists as to the size of a normal adult appendix. We aim to evaluate radial appendiceal diameter on CT in adult patients both with and without appendicitis. Methods Retrospective review of adults who underwent abdominal CT was performed. Variables collected include: demographics, BMI, WBC count at presentation, radial diameter of appendix (mm), presence of fat stranding, fecalith, and free fluid. Results During the study period, 3099 patients underwent CT. The appendix was visualized on 74% of scans. Mean appendiceal diameter was 6.6 mm (±1.7). The appendix was larger in patients with appendicitis (6.6 vs. 11.4; p Conclusion While appendiceal diameter was larger in patients with appendicitis, >20% of patients without appendicitis had an appendiceal diameter >7 mm. Diameter alone should not be relied upon to diagnose appendicitis.
Optogenetic Control of the Peripheral Nervous System

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is highly complicated and heterogenous. Conventional neuromodulatory approaches have revealed numerous essential biological functions of the PNS and provided excellent tools to treat a large variety of human diseases. Yet growing evidence indicated the importance of cell-type-specific neuromodulation in the PNS in not only biological research using animal models but also potential human therapies. Optogenetics is a recently developed neuromodulatory approach combining optics and genetics that can effectively stimulate or silence neuronal activity with high spatial and temporal precision. Here, I review research regarding optogenetic manipulations for cell-type-specific control of the PNS, highlighting the advantages and challenges of current optogenetic tools, and discuss their potential future applications.
Strain Control of Silicon-Vacancy Centers in Diamond Nanophotonic Devices

We present a nano-electromechanical platform for controlling optical transitions from spatially separated color centers in diamond waveguides. We use this technology to greatly suppress spectral diffusion and demonstrate entanglement between separate emitters.
Association of Parent Training With Child Language Development: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Importance Training parents to implement strategies to support child language development is crucial to support long-term outcomes, given that as many as 2 of 5 children younger than 5 years have difficulty learning language. Objective To examine the association between parent training and language and communication outcomes in young children. Data Sources Searches of ERIC, Academic Search Complete, PsycINFO, and PsycARTICLES were conducted on August 11, 2014; August 18, 2016; January 23, 2018; and October 30, 2018. Study Selection Studies included in this review and meta-analysis were randomized or nonrandomized clinical trials that evaluated a language intervention that included parent training with children with a mean age of less than 6 years. Studies were excluded if the parent was not the primary implementer of the intervention, the study included fewer than 10 participants, or the study did not report outcomes related to language or communication. Data Extraction and Synthesis Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were applied to a total of 31 778 articles identified for screening, with the full text of 723 articles reviewed and 76 total studies ultimately included. Main Outcomes and Measures Main outcomes included language and communication skills in children with primary or secondary language impairment and children at risk for language impairment. Results This meta-analysis included 59 randomized clinical trials and 17 nonrandomized clinical trials including 5848 total participants (36.4 female [20.8%]; mean [SD] age, 3.5 [3.9] years). The intervention approach in 63 studies was a naturalistic teaching approach, and 16 studies used a primarily dialogic reading approach. There was a significant moderate association between parent training and child communication, engagement, and language outcomes (mean [SE] Hedgesg,−0.33 [0.06];P Conclusions and Relevance The findings suggest that training parents to implement language and communication intervention techniques is associated with improved outcomes for children and increased parent use of support strategies. These findings may have direct implications on intervention and prevention.
Sensitivity of Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP)

The vital question that motivated this chapter is to what extent are universally accepted, stationary Probable Maximum Precipitation values as published in Hydrometeorological Reports, representative of current and future climate behavior given our current understanding of changes to climate? To the best of our knowledge, none have explored the extent to which PMP values are altered using a replication of the procedures outlined in the Hydrometeorological Reports coupled with future climate data from numerical modeling tools or observational analyses of climatic trends.
Character: three inquiries in literary studies: by Toril Moi, Rita Felski and Amanda Anderson, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2019,160 pp., $20.00 (paperback), ISBN: 978-0226658667

People who read for pleasure read for character. It is what they remember, what they respond to, what they want to discuss after finishing a novel. At least, this is true for nonacademic readers; a...
The significance of mentorship

In this chapter, we highlight the importance of mentorship in the pursuit of a career in academic medicine, describe the role of mentors, sponsors and coaches/advisors, provide evidence-based tools to help you identify a mentor and establish effective mentoring relationships, and discuss the key components that are essential in the maintenance of a mentor-mentee relationship. We end this chapter with a discussion of the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) mandates on mentorship as a requirement for all accredited medical training institutions. We present you with a description of potential challenges that mentor-mentee relationships may face. Lastly, we discuss the cycle of mentorship for the purpose of expanding growth and the constant support to students interested in academic medicine.
The impact of ventilation rate on the fungal and bacterial ecology of home indoor air

Abstract The following study explores how measured ventilation rates influence bacterial and fungal community structure and concentrations in the indoor air of homes ventilated by leakage-based airflow. The dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities were quantified from homes within the Cherokee Nation in North Eastern, Oklahoma, USA, where seasonal air exchange rates (AERs) were measured, and seasonal outdoor and indoor air, floor dust, and settled dust samples were collected. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and DNA amplicon sequencing were paired with a mass balance model to determine if high and low ventilation rate regimes impacted bacterial and fungal concentration and community structure, and to estimate the relative contributions of microbiota to indoor air from infiltration of outdoor air (ventilation) versus indoor emissions. For indoor PM10 and settled dusts samples, comparative analyses of microbial communities revealed no significant bacterial or fungal community differences between samples taken from homes dichotomized into high (average high AER = 0.56 hr−1) and low (average low AER = 0.16 hr−1) AER regimes (p > 0.1 for all), suggesting that ventilation was not a significant factor controlling bacterial and fungal concentrations and ecologies in the indoor air of these homes. A comparison between indoor emissions (typically due to occupancy and resuspension) and ventilation (infiltration of outdoor air) as a source of bacteria and fungi indicates that indoor emissions are the dominant source of particulate matter, bacteria, and fungi, accounting for ~94% indoor air PM10, ~97% of indoor air bacteria, and ~91% of indoor air fungi. Thus, indoor emission sources must be controlled to significantly impact human bacterial and fungal (allergen) exposure in the indoor air of these residential environments.
Tidal velocities on the Mid-Atlantic Bight continental shelf using high-frequency radar

Surface current velocity from high-frequency radar data are used to study tidal currents in the Mid-Atlantic Bight, which represent an average 32% of the total kinetic energy of the surface circulation. Average annual and seasonal tidal current characteristics and the associated variance of the semi-major axis are computed. The M2 constituent dominates the tide, representing a maximum of 72.26% and an average of 51.63% of the total studied tidal signal. Its semi-major axis reaches a maximum of 10 cm s−1 around mid-shelf and its phase sweeps from north to south. Local maxima of the same order of magnitude are found near the mouths of estuaries (Long Island Sound, Hudson River, Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay) and an absolute maximum of 50 cm s−1 is found in Nantucket Shoals. These regions of localized elevated tidal amplitude are associated with high interannual and intra-annual variability due to seasonal stratification, internal waves, and sand waves. Seasonal tidal changes are large in some of these regions; thus, should not be neglected in making tidal predictions. Lastly, the authors position this paper as an updated alternative to the Moody tidal atlas as the source for tidal current values in the Mid-Atlantic Bight.
Solar radiation prediction using recurrent neural network and artificial neural network: A case study with comparisons

Abstract With the rapid advancement of the high-performance computing technology and the increasing availability of the mass-storage memory device, the application of the data-driven models (e.g., the artificial neural network (ANN) model) for solar radiation prediction is appearing in abundance in the past decade. Although the performances of these models have been discussed in a large number of studies, how to further enhance the forecasting accuracies of these data-driven approaches to better facilitate the advanced controls in the building system such as model predictive control (MPC) in smart buildings remains a challenge. Deep learning, which is considered as a powerful tool to move machine learning closer to one of its original goals, i.e., Artificial Intelligence (AI), is a viable solution to this problem. In this study, an ANN model and a recurrent neural network (RNN) model are developed to investigate the performances of the deep learning algorithms for the solar radiation prediction. The actual meteorological data (AMY) from a local weather station in Alabama is used for the training process. Various scenarios, including different sampling frequencies and moving window algorithms, are included for a comprehensive evaluation of the accuracies and efficiencies. The results suggest that compared with the ANN model, the solar radiation prediction using the RNN model has a higher prediction accuracy, with a 47% improvement in Normalized Mean Bias Error (NMBE) and a 26% improvement in Root-Mean-Squared Error (RMSE). Besides, this forecasting accuracy could even be taken to a higher level by increasing the granularity of the data or adding a moving-window algorithm to the prediction model. By increasing the sampling frequency of the training data from 1 h to 10 min, the Root-Coefficient of Variation Mean-Squared Error (CV(RMSE)) of the ANN model dropped from 30.9% to 9.41%, while the CV(RMSE) of the RNN model dropped from 9.83% to 7.64%. For the RNN model, the NMBE was improved from 0.9% to 0.2% after the implementation of the moving-window algorithm. Besides, it was found that the cloud cover could have a significant impact on the prediction accuracy.
ProtoQA: A Question Answering Dataset for Prototypical Common-Sense Reasoning

Given questions regarding some prototypical situation -- such as Name something that people usually do before they leave the house for work? -- a human can easily answer them via acquired experiences. There can be multiple right answers for such questions with some more common for a situation than others. This paper introduces a new question answering dataset for training and evaluating common-sense reasoning capabilities of artificial intelligence systems in such prototypical situations. The training set is gathered from an existing set of questions played in a long-running international trivia game show -- Family Feud. The hidden evaluation set is created by gathering answers for each question from 100 crowd-workers. We also propose an open-domain task where a model has to output a ranked list of answers, ideally covering all prototypical answers for a question. On evaluating our dataset with various competitive state-of-the-art models, we find there is a significant gap between the best model and human performance on a number of evaluation metrics.
Moral Entrepreneurship: Being Authentic and Using One’s Moral Compass to Navigate the Journey of Doing Good Deeds

Research confirms more entrepreneurs emerge daily. The Kaufman Startup Index shows approximately 330 out of every 100,000 adults became new entrepreneurs each month in 2017. Additionally, research by the Harvard Pluralism Project confirms that the United States of America is one of the most religiously diverse nations on earth. With these two phenomena occurring simultaneously, it is important to have a frank conversation about the moral compass of entrepreneurs. This chapter focuses on the following five topics: The Rise of Entrepreneurs in America, Developing and Measuring Authenticity of Entrepreneurs, Socially Responsible Entrepreneurship, Defining and Measuring the Entrepreneur Moral Compass, and Additional Measurements and Theories for Entrepreneurs. The objective is to consider the moral compass point of reference and examine practical and theoretical methods to assess the authenticity, ethics, and responsibility of entrepreneurs in America. The value of this conversation is intended to open the door for intentionality and purpose of individual businesses and consumers alike.
Electrode material–ionic liquid coupling for electrochemical energy storage

The development of new electrolyte and electrode designs and compositions has led to advances in electrochemical energy-storage (EES) devices over the past decade. However, focusing on either the electrode or electrolyte separately is insufficient for developing safer and more efficient EES devices in various working environments, as the energy-storage ability is determined by the ion arrangement and charge and/or electron transfer at the electrode–electrolyte interface. In this Review, we assess the fundamental physicochemical and electrochemical properties at the electrode–electrolyte interfaces in Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors using safe and electrochemically stable ionic-liquid electrolytes. Key reactions and interactions at the electrode–electrolyte interface, as well as geometric constraints and temperature effects, are highlighted. Building on the fundamental understanding of interfacial processes, we suggest potential strategies for designing stable and efficient ionic-liquid-based EES devices with emerging electrode materials. The development of efficient, high-energy and high-power electrochemical energy-storage devices requires a systems-level holistic approach, rather than focusing on the electrode or electrolyte separately. In this Review, we discuss the interfacial reactions and ion transport in ionic-liquid-based Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors, and summarize their impact on device performance.
Dural Substitutes Differentially Interfere with Imaging Quality of Sonolucent Transcranioplasty Ultrasound Assessment in Benchtop Model.

Background Sonolucent cranioplasty implants were recently introduced into clinical practice and tested for use with transcranioplasty ultrasound (TCUS). In situations where dural substitutes (DSs) are needed during closure, such as in extracranial-intracranial bypass, it is unclear if the DS influences the imaging quality of TCUS. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of DSs on imaging quality during TCUS assessment with sonolucent cranioplasty. Methods A tofu vascular brain model was constructed with a ClearFit implant in between 2 layers of tofu. Injection of saline solution through a 6-F Envoy DA XB endovascular catheter (6-F Envoy DA XB) inserted into the deeper tofu layer mimicked an intracranial vessel. TCUS image quality, including Doppler, with 4 different DSs (DuraGen, Durepair, DuraMatrix-Onlay, DuraMatrix Suturable) placed under the cranioplasty was compared against a control by 2 examiners. A literature search of MEDLINE and EMBASE was conducted to find previous reports of acoustic properties of DSs. Results TCUS assessment including Doppler was feasible with the model in longitudinal and axial planes, and the pulsatile particle injection was visualized in real time. DuraGen and Durepair showed Doppler quality and picture detail comparable to the control, while the DuraMatrix-Onlay and DuraMatrix Suturable were inferior to the control. The literature search yielded only 1 previous report on acoustic properties of DSs. Conclusions DSs interfere differentially with imaging quality during TCUS assessment. However, these results are based on a benchtop model and need to be further assessed in the clinical setting.
WNT4 and WNT3A activate cell autonomous Wnt signaling independent of PORCN or secretion

Abstract The enzyme PORCN is considered essential for Wnt secretion and signaling, however, we observed PORCN inhibition did not phenocopy the effects of WNT4 knockdown in WNT4-dependent breast cancer cells. This suggests a unique relationship between PORCN and WNT4 signaling. To examine the role of PORCN in WNT4 signaling, WNT4 or WNT3A were over-expressed in breast and ovarian cancer, and fibrosarcoma cell lines. Conditioned medium from these lines, and co-culture systems, were used to assess the dependence of Wnt secretion and activity on critical Wnt secretion proteins PORCN and WLS. We observed that WLS was universally required for Wnt secretion and paracrine signaling. In contrast, the dependence of WNT3A secretion and activity on PORCN varied across cell lines, and WNT4 secretion was PORCN-independent in all models. Surprisingly, WNT4 did not present paracrine activity in any tested context. Absent the expected paracrine activity of secreted WNT4, we identified cell autonomous Wnt signaling activation by WNT4 and WNT3A, independent of PORCN or secretion. The PORCN-independent, cell-autonomous Wnt signaling demonstrated herein may be critical in WNT4-driven cellular contexts, or those that are otherwise considered to have dysfunctional Wnt signaling. Summary Statement Wnt proteins can mediate an atypical mode of cell-autonomous signaling, distinct from paracrine signaling, that is independent of both palmitoylation by PORCN and Wnt secretion.
Analysis of Motility Patterns of Stentor During and After Oral Apparatus Regeneration using Cell Tracking.

Stentor coeruleus is a well-known model organism for the study of unicellular regeneration. Transcriptomic analysis of individual cells revealed hundreds of genes-many not associated with the oral apparatus (OA)-that are differentially regulated in phases throughout the regeneration process. It was hypothesized that this systemic reorganization and mobilization of cellular resources towards growth of a new OA will lead to observable changes in movement and behavior corresponding in time to the phases of differential gene expression. However, the morphological complexity of S. coeruleus necessitated the development of an assay to capture the statistics and timescale. A custom script was used to track cells in short videos, and statistics were compiled over a large population (N ~100). Upon loss of the OA, S. coeruleus initially loses the ability for directed motion; then starting at ~4 h, it exhibits a significant drop in speed until ~8 h. This assay provides a useful tool for the screening of motility phenotypes and can be adapted for the investigation of other organisms.
The False Promise of General Jurisdiction

The Supreme Court has said that general jurisdiction provides at least one clear and certain forum to sue defendants, and that assumption has begun to shape the Court’s understanding of specific jurisdiction. But that assumption is wrong. General jurisdiction does not provide a guaranteed U.S. forum for foreign defendants or in cases involving multiple defendants. And even when defendants can be sued “at home,” such cases may be (and not infrequently are) dismissed for forum non conveniens, sometimes even when no alternative forum is available. Nor is a regime reliant on a general jurisdiction backstop desirable. The Court’s narrowed version of general jurisdiction creates incentives for states to favor local defendants—as Michigan has done through choice-of-law rules that give preference to lex fori and substantive laws that favor car manufacturers. Overreliance on general jurisdiction also channels litigation to states that may not want it—a concern already voiced by Delaware courts. This essay warns against developing the law of personal jurisdiction on the assumption that general jurisdiction will guarantee an available forum in which to sue defendants. Instead, we argue that the primary engine of personal jurisdiction must remain a flexible doctrine of specific jurisdiction. Rather than hunting for new formalisms in specific jurisdiction’s relatedness requirement, the Justices should embrace specific jurisdiction’s reasonableness factors as a ready-made tool for answering their recent worries.
Thromboelastography—does it impact blood component transfusion in pediatric heart surgery?

Abstract Background The administration of blood products during pediatric cardiac surgery is common. We sought to determine if thromboelastography (TEG) is a cost-effective tool to reduce blood product transfusion in open pediatric cardiac surgery. Materials and methods A retrospective case-control study was undertaken for 150 pediatric cardiac patients requiring cardiopulmonary bypass from January 2010–May 2012, in a University-affiliated pediatric hospital. Fifty sequential patients operated on when TEG was used were compared with 100 control patients before TEG availability. Groups were matched 2:1 for age and risk adjustment for congenital heart surgery score. Blood product utilization was compared between groups, as were outcomes metrics such as postoperative complications, length of stay, and hospital costs of transfusions. Results Demographic variables, risk adjustment for congenital heart surgery score classifications, and cardiopulmonary bypass times were similar between groups. Red cell and plasma transfusion were comparable between groups. TEG patients saw a substantial reduction in the administration of platelet (1 versus 2.2 U; P Conclusions Intraoperative TEG use reduced platelet and cryoprecipitate transfusions without an increase in postoperative complications. TEG is a cost-effective method to direct blood product replacement.