cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carceral Trauma and Disability Law

Traumatized people have claimed the benefits of federal disability law with increasing success in recent years. Trauma undermines mental health and cognitive functioning, and disability laws entitle individuals with such impairments to robust accommodations and government support. But this application of disability law has so far overlooked a key site of trauma: America’s sprawling carceral system. Psychology research has shown that certain experiences that are prevalent during periods of confinement — particularly sexual victimization, nonsexual violence, and long-term isolation — routinely traumatize people who are exposed to them. This Note argues that the prevalence of such traumatic events in carceral spaces may allow many incarcerated and formerly incarcerated people to qualify as individuals with a disability for the purpose of federal disability laws. Put another way, this Note asserts that mass incarceration leads to mass trauma, and it suggests that recognizing this trauma would open new avenues of litigation to address the social and individual harms of imprisonment. Drawing on recent precedent that articulates the relationship between childhood trauma and disability law, this Note proposes that advocates should start litigating these claims on behalf of juvenile plaintiffs. But ultimately, this Note argues that traumatic experiences during both juvenile and adult incarceration can give rise to disability claims. Millions of people are currently incarcerated in the United States; understanding carceral trauma and its connection to disability law has the potential to affect the conditions of confinement and postrelease outcomes of an extraordinary number of incarcerated and formerly incarcerated people.
Self-Synchronizing Current Control of a Three-Phase Grid- Connected Inverter in the Presence of Unknown Grid Parameters

Three-phase inverters for grid-connected applications typically require some form of grid voltage phase detection in order to properly synchronize to the grid and control real and reactive power generation. This phase detection is usually based upon some type of grid voltage sensing. However, in the present work a method is proposed whereby the phase angle of the grid can be accurately identified solely via the grid current feedback. This phase observer is incorporated into a current controller which can manage the real and reactive power. The design of this combined observer/controller system is motivated and validated via a Lyapunov stability analysis. Controller Hardware-in-the-Loop results under various operating conditions are provided for further validation and realization.
U.S. Procurement in the Age of COVID-19: Challenges, Intergovernmental Collaboration, and Recommendations for Improvement

This article discusses U.S. government’s procurement of medical supplies and equipment during COVID-19 pandemic and the challenges posed by COVID-19 to U.S procurement system. The article also exam...
Duo Positive Airway Pressure Versus Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in Preterm Neonates With Respiratory Distress Syndrome After Surfactant Treatment

Objective To determine whether duo positive airway pressure(DuoPAP)or continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP)can effectively reduce the need of intubation and mechanical ventilation in preterm neonates with severe neonate respiratory distress syndrome(NRDS)after surfactant treatment.Methods In this single-center,randomized controlled trial,201preterm infants from March 2012to February 2013in Bayi Children′s Hospital Affiliated to General Hospital of Beijing Military Command of People′s Liberation Army were assessed for eligibility and 129were excluded.At last,a total of 72infants(gestational ages at 30-34+6/7 weeks)with NRDS were given surfactant and then randomly assigned to receive DuoPAP group(DuoPAP group,n=38)or NCPAP(NCPAP,n=34).If the two noninvasive ventilation were not effective,intubation and mechanical ventilation were used.The primary outcome were the need for mechanical ventilation within the first 72hours of life.PaCO 2,PaO 2,oxygenate index(OI)were compared between the two groups in 1h,12h,24h,48h,72h.The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Board of Investigation in Bayi Children′s Hospital Affiliated to General Hospital of Beijing Military Command of People′s Liberation Army.Informed consent was obtained from all participates′ parents.Results Rates of intubated in the first 24hours do not have significant difference between DuoPAP group and NCPAP groups(χ2=0.80,P=0.37),however,more infants in the DuoPAP group remained extubated compared with those in the NCPAP groups within 48,72hours(χ2=4.09,4.09;P=0.04,0.04).PaO 2 at 1h,12hin DuoPAP group were significantly higher than those of NCPAP group(t=2.99,2.56; P=0.00,0.01),there were no differences of PaO 2 at 24h,48h,72h(t=-0.40,1.39,0.96;P=0.69,0.71,0.34).PaCO 2 between the two group had significant differences at 12h,24h(t=-2.85,-2.84;P= 0.01,0.01),but there were no differences at 1h,48h,72h(t=-1.72,-0.99,0.09;P=0.09,0.33,0.93).There was a different of OIat 1h,12hbetween the two groups(t=2.54,2.46;P=0.01,0.02),but there were no different in 24h,48h,72h(t=-0.43,1.04,0.85;P=0.67,0.30,0.40).No significant differences were noted between 2groups for total time of oxygen,total time on MV,Pneumothorax,necrotizing enterocolitic(NEC),persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn(PPHN),intraventricular hemorrhage(IVH)(grades 3and 4),retinopathy of prematurity,ROP,septicemia,sputum culture,time to full feeds,recovery time of the birth weight,weight increasing rate and duration of hospitalization(P0.05).Conclusions DuoPAP can decrease the need for mechanical ventilation compared with NCPAP in NRDS after surfactant treatment and worth promoting.
Bereaved Informal Caregivers Rarely Recall a Relationship Between Transfusions and Hospice in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Aims:The inability to prescribe blood transfusions is a potential barrier to timely hospice enrollment for patients with blood cancers. The benefits and harms of transfusions near the end of life (...
Edge coloring graphs with large minimum degree.

Let $G$ be a simple graph with maximum degree $\Delta(G)$. A subgraph $H$ of $G$ is overfull if $|E(H)|>\Delta(G)\lfloor |V(H)|/2 \rfloor$. Chetwynd and Hilton in 1985 conjectured that a graph $G$ with $\Delta(G)>|V(G)|/3$ has chromatic index $\Delta(G)$ if and only if $G$ contains no overfull subgraph. The 1-factorization conjecture is a special case of this overfull conjecture, which states that for even $n$, every regular $n$-vertex graph with degree at least about $n/2$ has a 1-factorization and was confirmed for large graphs in 2014. Supporting the overfull conjecture as well as generalizing the 1-factorization conjecture in an asymptotic way, in this paper, we show that for any given $0<\varepsilon <1$, there exists a positive integer $n_0$ such that the following statement holds: if $G$ is a graph on $2n\ge n_0$ vertices with minimum degree at least $(1+\varepsilon)n$, then $G$ has chromatic index $\Delta(G)$ if and only if $G$ contains no overfull subgraph.
Decision importance and Black and Hispanic jurors’ judgments of outgroup and ingroup defendants in a trial simulation

Because they involve important decisions, should actual trials involve less or more discrimination than trial simulations? Does discrimination occur when defendant and juror both belong to underpri...
A Packaged 135GHz 22nm FD-SOI Transmitter on an LTCC Carrier

We present a packaged 135GHz broadband direct conversion transmitter IC integrated with a series-fed patch antenna on a high-performance Kyocera ceramic interposer GL771 (e r = 5.2 δ = 0.003). The IC, designed in GlobalFoundries (GF) 22nm SOI CMOS, is flip-chip bonded to the interposer using 50 µm diameter copper pillars. The IC-package interface has ~0.9 dB measured loss. The measured antenna has 11dB gain, 12° E-plane 3-dB beam-width, and 6-GHz 3-dB bandwidth. The integrated transmitter module has measured 13dBm EIRP and 6GHz 3-dB modulation bandwidth, the latter limited by the antenna. Measurements of the transmitter's modulation constellations shows that it can support 16Gbps using 16QAM and 15Gbps using 64-QAM.
Revealing the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium with O VI Absorption

Hydrodynamic simulations of growth of cosmic structure suggest that 30%-50% of the total baryons at z = 0 may be in a warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) with temperatures of ~105-107 K. The O VI λλ1032, 1038 absorption line doublet in the far-UV portion of quasar spectra provides an important probe of this gas. Utilizing recent hydrodynamic simulations, it is found that there should be about five O VI absorption lines per unit redshift with equivalent widths of ≥35 mA, decreasing rapidly to ~0.5 per unit redshift at ≥350 mA. About 10% of the total baryonic matter or 20%-30% of the WHIM is expected to be in the O VI absorption line systems with equivalent width ≥20 mA; the remaining WHIM gas may be too hot or have too low a metallicity to be detected in O VI. We find that the simulation results agree well with observations with regard to the line abundance and total mass contained in these systems. Some of the O VI systems are collisionally ionized and some are photoionized, but most of the mass is in the collisionally ionized systems. We show that the gas that produces the O VI absorption lines does not reside in virialized regions such as galaxies, groups, or clusters of galaxies but rather has an overdensity of 10-40 times the average density. These regions form a somewhat connected network of filaments. The typical metallicity of these regions is 0.1-0.3 Z☉.
The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: Group Size and Demography

A woman who gives birth like an animal to one offspring after another has a permanent backache. Ju/’hoan saying (Lee 1980: 325) A Dreamtime man died…no one knows why…and Wirlara the Moon-man, who was traveling with his large pack of dingoes, found the body and decided to try to save the man. He dragged him along by the hand but the body was rotting and pieces of it began dropping off, whereupon the Moon-man, being a clever magician, would stick them back on again. Some people saw him doing this and burst into laughter, ridiculing him for dragging a smelly corpse around. He was very angered by this, and embarrassed, so he scattered the pieces of the body far and wide, saying to the people, “From now on you will die and stay forever dead.” Had these people not ridiculed the Moon-man in the Dreamtime, human beings would never have to die. Mardu myth (Tonkinson 1978: 61) After Man the Hunter , conventional wisdom was that hunter-gatherer bands consist of about twenty-five persons and live at population densities that are only 20–30 percent of the environment's carrying capacity. Many argued that hunter-gatherers intentionally hold their populations in check through high rates of infanticide, especially female infanticide, and consequently experience low rates of population growth. We only have population-growth-rate measures for the Ju/’hoansi (0.5 percent; Lee 1979; Howell 1979), the Agta (1.1 percent; Early and Headland 1998); the Ache (2.5 percent; range: 1.6–3.5 percent; Hill and Hurtado 1996); the Hadza (1.4 percent; Blurton Jones, Smith, O’Connell, Hawkes, and Kamuzora 1992); and the New Guinean Asmat (1.5 percent; Van Arsdale 1978). From their analysis of foraging group sizes, Hamilton et al. (2007a) suggested a mean growth rate of 1.1 percent.
Effects of Incisional Pain on Food-Maintained Responding under Progressive Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement

The current set of experiments characterized the effects of incisional pain on food-maintained responding under progressive ratio operant schedules. Rats were trained to press a lever for food on a...
Width-Based Algorithms for SAT and CIRCUIT-SAT

We investigate theoretical and practical aspects of algorithms for CIRCUIT-SAT and SAT based on combinatorial parameters. Two such algorithms are given in [1] and [4] based on branch-width of a hypergraph and cut-width of a graph respectively. We give theoretical generalizations and improvements to the cut-width-based algorithm in [4] in terms of many other well-known width-like parameters. In particular, we have polynomial-time backtrack search algorithms for logarithmic cut-width and path-width, n O(logn)-time backtrack search algorithms for logarithmic tree-width and branch-width, and a polynomial-time regular resolution refutation for logarithmic tree-width. We investigate the effectiveness of the algorithm in [1] on practical instances of CIRCUIT-SAT arising in the context of Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG).
Knowledge of Performance and the Learning of a Closed Motor Skill

Abstract Gentile (1972) holds that knowledge of performance (KP) is the most effective form of information for the acquisition of a closed skill. To test this prediction, one group of subjects was given both KP and knowledge of results (KR) and the other group was given KR and verbal encouragement following each basketball shooting trial with the nondominant hand. The results showed a significant improvement in the performance of both groups in the skill acquisition phase, but a significantly higher level of performance by the KP + KR group following verbal feedback withdrawal. It was concluded that KP is a strong feedback source in the acquisition of a closed motor skill.
Drug Dosing in Acute Renal Failure: The Role of Renal Replacement Therapy in Altering Drug Pharmacokinetics

The combination of multiple medical problems requiring complex drug therapy with rapidly changing organ functions that lead to pharmacokinetic alterations makes drug regimen design in the intensive care unit challenging. Acute renal failure leads to even greater physiologic disturbances requiring additional pharmacologic, nutritional, and dialytic support. A variety of renal replacement modalities, both intermittent and continuous, are used to manage the solute, volume, and acid-base derangements of patients with acute renal failure. Renal replacement therapies differ in their impact on drug dosing. The clinician must consider the impact of both disease and treatment if drug prescribing is to be optimal. Principles of solute removal are reviewed and concepts of drug regimen design are discussed. A practical approach to drug prescribing in this setting is described. Examples of dose adjustments for intermittent and continuous renal replacement therapies are provided.
Rational Irrationality and the Microfoundations of Political Failure

Models of inefficient political failure have been criticized forimplicitly assuming the irrationality of voters (Wittman, 1989,1995, 1999; Coate and Morris, 1995). Building on Caplan's (1999a,1999b) model of ``rational irrationality'', the current papermaintains that the assumption of voter irrationality is boththeoretically and empirically plausible. It then examinesmicrofoundational criticisms of four classes of political failuremodels: rent-seeking, pork-barrel politics, bureaucracy, andeconomic reform. In each of the four cases, incorporating simpleforms of privately costless irrationality makes it possibleto clearly derive the models' standard conclusions. Moreover, itfollows that efforts to mitigate political failures will besocially suboptimal, as most of the literature implicitlyassumes. It is a mistake to discount the empirical evidence forthese models on theoretical grounds.
Assessment in Clinical Sociology

This chapter tells how to organize and conduct assessments of any problem in clinical sociology: what questions you should ask, what information to gather, decision points, and cautions. The chapter focuses on problems associated with individuals and formal organizations, but many of the principles given here are generalizable to other fields of clinical sociology.
Data Monitoring in Clinical Trials Using Prediction

Clinical trials (CTs) are often monitored for efficacy or futility. Several methods for interim monitoring of CTs have been developed. Although informative, few of these methods convey information regarding effect sizes (eg, treatment differences), and none use prediction to convey information regarding potential effect size estimates and associated precision, with trial continuation. We propose use of prediction and specifically “predicted intervals” (PIs) as a flexible and practical tool for quantitative monitoring of CTs. PIs provide information regarding effect sizes, are invariant to study design, and provide flexibility in the decision-making process. We outline construction of PIs for binary, continuous, and time-to-event endpoints and present examples of their use. PIs provide a valuable tool for Data Monitoring Committees.
COMPARISON OF THE FRICTION PERFORMANCE OF A PASSENGER CAR TIRE AND THE ASTM STANDARD TEST TIRES

Tire-pavement friction data were obtained for three tires using a pavement friction tester conforming to ASTM Method E 174. The ribbed E 501 test tire, the blank E 524 test tire, and a commercial passenger car tire of similar size and construction were tested. When new and slightly worn, the passenger car tire produces higher friction under the E 274 test conditions than does the ribbed tire. For greater water film thicknesses it is shown that the slightly worn passenger car tires produce friction levels between those of the two standard test tires. Braking distance tests were performed with the slightly worn passenger car tires on a diagonally braked vehicle in accordance with ASTM Method E 503. The results are compared with a prediction of braking distance calculated from longitudinal friction data obtained with a pavement friction tester operated over the same site under the same water film conditions. The calculations provide a conservative estimate of braking distance for use in estimating stopping sight distance.
Selenium Bioavailability from Buckwheat Bran in Rats Fed a Modified AIN-93G Torula Yeast–Based Diet

Selenium (Se) is an essential nutrient for humans and animals. The Se RDA for adult humans is 55 mug/d; however, dietary amounts as high as 200 mug/d in the highly available form of selenomethionine in yeast were shown to reduce the incidence of certain cancers. A number of natural foods contain relatively high amounts of Se; for the most part, however, the availability of food Se for absorption and utilization is unknown. This experiment was conducted to determine the bioavailability of Se from a high-protein, high-fiber bran-isolate of buckwheat groats that contains Se. The method used was based on the ability of Se from buckwheat bran to restore Se-dependent enzyme activities and tissue Se concentrations in Se-deficient rats. The responses produced from buckwheat bran Se were compared with a standard response curve generated by feeding graded amounts of Se as sodium selenite (Na(2)SeO(3); Na selenite) or selenomethionine (SeMet) in a newly reformulated AIN-93G-Torula yeast diet with a more balanced nutrient composition than older diets of this nature. Relative bioavailability was determined by using the slope-ratio assay method for enzyme data, or the parallel lines assay method for tissue Se concentration data. Results showed that Se availability from buckwheat bran based on the restoration of plasma Se was 70-80% as high as Na selenite or SeMet. However, when based on the restoration of muscle Se, buckwheat bran was 90% as high as Na selenite, but only 60% as high as SeMet. When using the ability of dietary Se to restore whole blood and liver glutathione peroxidase activity, buckwheat bran Se was 75-80% as high as Na selenite or SeMet. However, for the restoration of liver thioredoxin reductase, buckwheat bran Se was only 40% as high as Na selenite and 70% as high as SeMet. The relative bioavailability of Se from buckwheat bran with all variables considered was approximately 73% whether measured against Na selenite or SeMet. Although some variables indicated low bioavailability of Se from buckwheat bran, other factors such as Se speciation in the bran, digestibility of the bran, the cooking process, and combinations with other foods in the diet should be considered and analyzed before firm conclusions can be reached.
"De novo" aneurysms. A clinical review.

The authors present seven cases drawn from 620 consecutive cases over 30 years, in which previously undemonstrated (hence "de novo") intracranial aneurysms formed and ruptured at intervals of 3-20 years, after clipping of an initial aneurysm. Six patients were treated for rupture of a second aneurysm. All six had undergone successful treatment of a previous aneurysm; pre- and postoperative angiography showed not only successful clipping of the first aneurysm but also no incidence of multiple aneurysms. In no case was a major artery occluded at the time of the initial surgery. The implications as to natural history and the advisability of repeated arteriography in some patients with aneurysms are discussed.
Race and Gender in Education—practical and political implications

ABSTRACT The paper is written with special reference to the issues of gender and race in the context of current educational policies. It examines the practical and political implications of these policies for educational institutions. It also looks at the presence of black staff in the education profession as a whole and focuses more critically on their employment as teachers. *Opening paper delivered to a Day School at the University of Bradford on 3 May 1989.
Infrared retroreflecting lidar calibration target

A lightweight flexible lidar calibration target has been fabricated for use at 10.6 microns. The biconical reflectance of the target was kept low to reduce the possiblity of detector saturation. The target has been designed so that the biconical reflectance is nearly independent of the target orientation over the range of angles of incidence + or - 60 deg, causing the calibration properties to be independent of target orientation. The present target is relatively inexpensive to construct.
Are williams's reasons problematically external after all?

L'A. contredit la these de B. Williams selon laquelle il n'existe pas de raisons externes a l'action, mais seulement des raisons internes. Examinant la notion de bonne raison developpee par Williams dans le cadre d'une analyse deliberative active, ainsi que la theorie rationnelle de la justification de l'action fondee sur la rationalite instrumentale, l'A. montre que la reference a des faits independants de l'agent, qui s'inscrit dans le critere des raisons justifiantes etabli par Williams, refute sa propre these internaliste
How did the human brain evolve? a proposal based on new evidence from in vivo brain imaging during attention and ideation

Abstract It is proposed that brain evolution in nonhuman primates and humans was facilitated by heritable differences in neuroplasticity and in the number of neurons and synapses available during childhood and adolescence, therefore, in differences in modifiability and elaboration of neuronal networks in brains of immature primate genotypes. These differences were exploited when a primate population was forced to adapt to a new cognitively or behaviorally demanding milieu, to select more cognitively and brain competent adults who could best compete and reproduce in this new milieu, extending their genes within the population. Two recently solidified concepts suggest a mechanism for this evolutionary process: (1) “Association” neocortex can be activated by attention and ideation in the absence of sensory or motor contributions, as demonstrated by in vivo imaging and direct brain recording. (2) Activation of the immature brain can promote and stabilize neuronal networks that would disappear or otherwise lose their function by adulthood. Taking these two ideas together, it is proposed that the “thought” processes of attention and ideation, when used by immature primates to adapt to new cognitive or behavioral stresses, led by the repeated selection of genotype to more cognitively able, larger-brained species with more extensive “association” cortex and related regions.
Vitrification of bovine oocytes: implications of follicular size and sire on the rates of embryonic development.

Purpose The objectives were to test how the source of oocytes and semen impacted vitrification of large numbers of bovine oocytes and subsequent IVF and early embryo development to test procedures that may assist with assisted reproductive technologies in humans.
Patient Advocacy Group Collaboration in Genetic Research and The Scope of 'Joint Inventorship' Under U.S. Patent Law

Patent systems have traditionally operated to reward scientific innovation and discovery rather than the level and type of contribution of raw materials and other support. As U.S. and international patient advocacy groups continue to launch efforts to organize patients, collect and bank genetic material, and interface with researchers to find cures for diseases, there is need for critical examination of the scope of inventorship as constructed both in the U.S. patent law and abroad. In recently naming a non-scientist advocate a co-inventor on a patent covering a disease gene, the United States Patent & Trademark Office has determined that collaboration with researchers in providing banked genetic samples and participating in the laboratory rises to the level of inventorship. This article will review case law and U.S. patent law and discuss recent patient advocacy collaborative efforts. It will conclude with some considerations for fostering continued collaborative efforts in genetics research.
Asymptotic lower bounds for the risk of estimators of the value of a spectral density function

Discrete parameter stationary processes with joint Gaussian distributions are considered. Loss is measured by squared error. It is shown that when estimating the value of g(x 0) of a spectral density function g the risk has an asymptotic lower bound similar to those previously obtained by Farrell [6] for the problem of density function estimation. A similar result is obtained for estimates of an entire function when risk is measured by integrated square error.
Endocarditis in mice infected with Coxsackie virus B4.

Endocarditis has not been generally considered to be a complication of viral infection. We show that mural and valvular endocarditis can be produced in mice infected with Coxsackie virus B4. Because this virus commonly infects man and is highly cardiotropic, it is important to know whether it produces valvular lesions in man similar to those we describe in mice.
Effects of a bacterial inoculum in channel catfish ponds.

. A commercial bacterial Inoculum cultured on site called Biostart was applied to three channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus ponds at Auburn, Alabama, USA, three times per week from May until October 1996. There were few significant differences (P × 0.1) in concentrations of water quality variables between ponds treated with bacteria and control ponds. In addition, bottom soil carbon and nitrogen did not differ between treated and control ponds. However, survival and net production of fish was significantly (P × 0.1) greater in ponds that received the bacterial inoculum than in controls. The mechanism by which the bacterial treatment influenced fish survival cannot be explained from data collected in this study. Further studies of probiotics are needed to define the potential benefits of these treatments to aquacultural production and to determine their mechanisms of action in pond ecosystems.
Functional analysis of multiple single-stranded DNA-binding proteins from Methanosarcina acetivorans and their effects on DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase BI.

Abstract Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins and their functional homologs, replication protein A, are essential components of cellular DNA replication, repair and recombination. We describe here the isolation and characterization of multiple replication protein A homologs, RPA1, RPA2, and RPA3, from the archaeon Methanosarcina acetivorans. RPA1 comprises four single-stranded DNA-binding domains, while RPA2 and RPA3 are each composed of two such domains and a zinc finger domain. Gel filtration analysis suggested that RPA1 exists as homotetramers and homodimers in solution, while RPA2 and RPA3 form only homodimers. Unlike the multiple RPA proteins found in other Archaea and eukaryotes, each of the M. acetivorans RPAs can act as a distinct single-stranded DNA-binding protein. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer and fluorescence polarization anisotropy studies revealed that the M. acetivorans RPAs bind to as few as 10 single-stranded DNA bases. However, more stable binding is achieved with single-stranded DNA of 18-23 bases, and for such substrates the estimated Kd was 3.82 ± 0.28 nm, 173.6 ± 105.17 nm, and 5.92 ± 0.23 nm, for RPA1, RPA2, and RPA3, respectively. The architectures of the M. acetivorans RPAs are different from those of hitherto reported homologs. Thus, these proteins may represent novel forms of replication protein A. Most importantly, our results show that the three RPAs and their combinations highly stimulate the primer extension capacity of M. acetivorans DNA polymerase BI. Although bacterial SSB and eukaryotic RPA have been shown to stimulate DNA synthesis by their cognate DNA polymerases, our findings provide the first in vitro biochemical evidence for the conservation of this property in an archaeon.
The Passive Resonator Fiber Optic Gyro and Comparison to the Interferometer Fiber Gyro

Theoretical and experimental work at The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. (CSDL) indicates that it is feasible and very attractive to operate the fiber optic gyro in the passive resonant cavity mode. Recent advances in the coherent communications field indicate promise for the ready availability in the near future of narrow line diode lasers, single polarization fibers, and electro-optical waveguide signal processing circuits at the 1.3 and 1.55 micron wavelengths. The purpose of this paper is to describe the operation, characteristics, and performance of a closed loop fiber optic resonator gyro and compare it to the interferometric fiber optic gyro. The limitations and potential of the passive resonator gyro will be discussed.
Birth Order of Medical Students and the Occupational Ambitions of Their parents

Abstract Une etude anterieure, faite aux Etats-Unis, a montre que les etudiants en medecine sont en general les a[icaron]nes de leur famille; cette tendance est specialement marquee lorsque le pere souffre ďun certain desequilibre dans son statut professionnel, en ce sens que celui-ci est inferieur a ce a quoi il pouvait aspirer de par sa formation. Cette etude a ete refaite et etendue en Suede; les conclusions sont les sui- vantes : (1) Les etudiants en medecine, filles et garcons sont en general les aines de leur famille. (2) Cette tendance est plus marquee chez les filles dont le pere a un statut desequilibre. (3) Pour les etudiants des deux sexes, la proportion ďa[icaron]nes est specialement forte chez ceux qui relatent que leur pere a ete frustre dans ses aspirations professionnelles. On pourrait donc penser que le fils a[icaron]ne prend son pere comme modele de role professionnel quand le pere est satisfait de son travail, tandis que, lorsque le pere est frustre, le fils prend pour modele le role qu...
Persistence of cell division phasing in marine phytoplankton in continuous light after entrainment to light: Dark cycles

Abstract The cell division patterns of 11 species of marine phytoplankton were analyzed in cultures maintained in a 14: 10 light: dark cycle followed by 3 days of continuous illumination. All species except two diatom clones showed “typical” phased or synchronized division on the light:dark regime, although the timing of division relative to the light: dark cycle was variable. In six of the species, the division rhythm persisted throughout the 3 days of constant light, suggesting endogenous control. In others, it either damped out after 1 day, or, in the case of the two diatoms, was never evident. Persistence in constant conditions appeared to be correlated with growth rate to some extent, but not to taxonomic grouping, or timing of division on light: dark cycles.
Offline Chinese handwriting recognition: An assessment of current technology

Offline Chinese handwriting recognition (OCHR) is a typically difficult pattern recognition problem. Many authors have presented various approaches to recognizing its different aspects. We present a survey and an assessment of relevant papers appearing in recent publications of relevant conferences and journals, including those appearing in ICDAR, SDIUT, IWFHR, ICPR, PAMI, PR, PRL, SPIEDRR, and IJDAR. The methods are assessed in the sense that we document their technical approaches, strengths, and weaknesses, as well as the data sets on which they were reportedly tested and on which results were generated. We also identify a list of technology gaps with respect to Chinese handwriting recognition and identify technical approaches that show promise in these areas as well as identify the leading researchers for the applicable topics, discussing difficulties associated with any given approach.
B-field interactions and electrode optimization in the plasma electrode Pockels cell

The researchers use a 32 cm plasma electrode Pockels cell (PEPC) prototype at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to determine switching performance in the presence of external magnetic fields. The interaction with external magnetic fields is important because of the B-fields generated by the high current flow through amplifier flashlamp arrays, and their proximity to the PEPC. We have experimentally determined what is the maximum allowable magnetic induction for good PEPC operation, and then calculate the magnetic induction generated by a flashlamp array to determine the minimum PEPC to amplifier spacing. The researchers have also experimentally determined the effect of a tandem PEPC placement. Several cathode designs are considered. The researchers revisit the hollow cathode design and investigate the tradeoffs between the hollow cathode and planar magnetron. The recent development of a metallic body for the future lx2 PEPC has led to experiments with a biased boundary in the PEPC. Experimental results of various biasing potentials and dielectric coating materials for the PEPC body are discussed.
Shelter location and transportation planning under hurricane conditions

Abstract This paper develops a scenario-based bilevel programming model to optimize the selection of shelter locations with explicit consideration of a range of possible hurricane events and the evacuation needs under each of those events. A realistic case study for the state of North Carolina is presented. Through the case study, we demonstrate (i) the criticality of considering multiple hurricane scenarios in the location of shelters, and; (ii) the importance of considering the transportation demands of all evacuees when selecting locations for public shelters.
Inferring controls on the epidemiology of beech bark disease from spatial patterning of disease organisms

Spatial pattern in the distribution and abundance of organisms is an emergent property of collective rates of reproduction, survival and movement of individuals in a heterogeneous environment. The form, intensity and scale of spatial patterning can be used to test hypotheses regarding the relative importance of candidate processes to population dynamics. Using 84 plots across eastern North America, we studied populations of two associated plant parasites, the invasive felted beech scale Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind. and the native Neonectria fungi, which together cause beech bark disease (BBD). We evaluated spatial patterns at the scales of trees within stands, stands within the forest and forests within the landscape to examine four hypothetically important factors in the ecology of the disease: (i) local contagion within stands; (ii) regional contagion, or among patch infection-reinfection dynamics; (iii) variation in host susceptibility linked to genetic and/or environmental heterogeneity; and (iv) climate effects on population growth of BBD organisms. Analyses revealed an unexpected lack of spatial aggregation in BBD populations among trees, stands and forests. This implies that propagule pressure is generally sufficiently high throughout the infested region of North America such that neither trees nor stands are spared from the disease by dispersal limitations of the disease agents. Furthermore, variation in tree and stand level susceptibility has minimal impact on BBD dynamics and climate is not a conspicuous driver of abundance within the core range of BBD.
Accuracy of canine parturition date prediction from the initial rise in preovulatory progesterone concentration

Accurate prediction of parturition date is useful for clinical management of canine parturition. For nearly all normal canine pregnancies, parturition occurs 64-66 days from the LH peak, the timing of which cannot be differentiated from the initial sharp rise in serum progesterone (P4) concentrations. We sought to determine by retrospective analysis if prebreeding serum progesterone concentrations could accurately predict parturition date. Serum progesterone concentrations recorded as serial samples from 63 bitches (19 breeds) were analyzed. Progesterone concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) or chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA). The CLIA method was validated for use in determining P4 concentrations in canine serum and results were comparable to those obtained with RIA. Bitches were grouped by nonpregnant body weight (BW) and litter size (LS). Day 0 (D0), the day of preovulatory rise in serum P4, was defined as the day that P4 concentration rose to > or =l.5 ng/ml and was at least twice the baseline concentration. The predicted parturition date, 65 days following the day of preovulatory rise in serum P4 (D65), was compared to actual parturition date, the day the first pup was delivered. We determined that mean P4 concentration at D0 for all BW groups was 2.02+/-0.18 ng/ml and there was significant variation in P4 concentrations between BW groups after D1. In addition, we determined that the accuracy of parturition date prediction within a +/-1, +/-2, and +/-3 day interval using prebreeding serum progesterone concentrations was 67, 90, and 100%, respectively, and that the accuracy was not affected by body weight or litter size.
Secretion and glycosylation of rabbit macrophage type V collagenase.

Summary Cultures of freshly isolated rabbit alveolar macrophages were used to study the synthesis, secretion, and glycosylation of type V collagenase.Cells were pulse-labeled with [35S-]methionine for 15 minutes followed by a chase with cold methionine for various time periods.Type V collagenase was identified in the culture supernatants and celllysates by immunoprecipitation with a specific antiserum.Within 10 minutes of chase, an 82-kDa protein was found in the cell lysates.This protein was subsequently processed to a 92-kDa protein without identifiable intermediate forms.By 60 minutes of chase, intracellular radioactivity was no longer detectable.The larger protein could be detected within 20 minutes in the culture supernatants and accumulated in the medium for 60 minutes of chase time.Only the 92-kDa form was seen in the supernatants and the proteinase was secreted without intracellular storage or membrane association.Treatment of the 92-kDa proteinase with an enzyme which specifically removes N-linked carbohydrates resulted in an apparent reduction in molecular mass of approximately 10 kDa.Deglycosylation of the proteinase did not result in an apparent loss of activity.Thus, it was concluded that macrophage type V collagenase is synthesized as an 82-kDa polypeptide which is glycosylated by N-linkage and secreted.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy/secondary ion mass spectrometry of FeRu alloy catalysts

Abstract XPS/SIMS investigation of unsupported FeRu alloys has shown that the reduced and passivated surface contains an iron phase in addition to the alloy phase. Carefully controlled SIMS studies produced smooth correlations of Ru + and Fe + yields with composition and indicate iron enrichment of the surface. Strong FeRu + ion yields, expected for intimately mixed surfaces, demonstrate the sensitivity of SIMS to local atomic structure. Chlorine impurities, present on the surface in significant amounts, were not removed by H 2 reduction at 823 K. The results suggest that chlorine impurities may affect chemisorption results and that the passivated surface of FeRu alloys is partially covered by thin islands of iron oxide.
An ultramicromethod for the determination of conjugated and total bilirubin in serum or plasma

Summary An ultramicromethod for the determination of conjugated and total bilirubin has been described. The colorimetric reaction for bilirubin is linear from 2 to 50 mg/100 ml using a standard 25-μl aliquot of undiluted sample. Diazotization of bilirubin is not significantly depressed by excessive concentrations of hemoglobin. The test can be set up and the analysis completed in less than 12 minutes. All of the reagents are premeasured and stable at room temperature for at least 2 years.
Dysfunction of early-stage visual processing in schizophrenia: harmonic analysis

Schizophrenia is associated with severe neurocognitive deficits that constitute a core feature of the disorder. Deficits have been most extensively studied in relationship to higher-order processes. This study evaluated the integrity of early visual processing in order to evaluate the overall pattern of visual dysfunction in schizophrenia. Steady-state visual-evoked potentials (ssVEPs) were recorded over the occipital cortex (Oz) in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder (N=26) and in age-matched comparison volunteers (N=22). Two stimuli were used: windmill-dartboard and partial-windmill, which are contrast-reversing ( approximately 4 Hz), radial patterns with dominant low spatial-frequency content. Each stimulus was presented for 1 min. Fourier analysis was performed on the ssVEP data to extract the relevant temporal frequency (i.e., harmonic) components. Magnitude-squared coherence (MSC) was computed to estimate the relative signal level for each frequency component. The patients showed reduced amplitude and coherence of second harmonic responses in both conditions, but intact first harmonic responses in the windmill-dartboard condition. This finding of a differential deficit may indicate a significant loss in the magnocellular pathway, which contributes to the generation of the second harmonic component under these conditions. Early sensory deficits may lead to impairments in subsequent stages of processing.
Learning to communicate: the emergence of signaling in spatialized arrays of neural nets

We work with a large spatialized array of individuals in an environment of drifting food sources and predators. The behavior of each individual is generated by its simple neural net; individuals are capable of making one of two sounds and are capable of responding to sounds from their immediate neighbors by opening their mouths or hiding. An individual whose mouth is open in the presence of food is "fed" and gains points; an individual who fails to hide when a predator is present is "hurt" by losing points. Opening mouths, hiding, and making sounds each exact an energy cost. There is no direct evolutionary gain for acts of cooperation or "successful communication" per se.In such an environment we start with a spatialized array of neural nets with randomized weights. Using standard learning algorithms, our individuals "train up" on the behavior of successful neighbors at regular intervals. Given that simple setup, will a community of neural nets evolve a simple language for signaling the presence of food and predators? With important qualifications, the answer is "yes." In a simple spatial environment, pursuing individualistic gains and using partial training on successful neighbors, randomized neural nets can learn to communicate.
B.T.K. Strangler versus Wichita Police Department: The significance of serial murder media relations

Abstract The B.T.K. Strangler confounded residents of Wichita, Kansas, as he killed and communicated from 1974 until 2005. This study examines the media relations of the serial murderer and the Wichita Police Department (W.P.D.). Also considered is the attempt of W.P.D. to use subliminal advertising to reach the killer, by a Wichita TV station working with the police. The serial murderer performed basic media relations rather effectively. But W.P.D. did not. Subliminal persuasion was unsuccessful in influencing B.T.K. to surrender.
The hazards of blood transfusion in historical perspective

The beginning of the modern era of blood transfusion coincided with World War II and the resultant need for massive blood replacement. Soon thereafter, the hazards of transfusion, particularly hepatitis and hemolytic transfusion reactions, became increasingly evident. The past half century has seen the near eradication of transfusion-associated hepatitis as well as the emergence of multiple new pathogens, most notably HIV. Specific donor screening assays and other interventions have minimized, but not eliminated, infectious disease transmission. Other transfusion hazards persist, including human error resulting in the inadvertent transfusion of incompatible blood, acute and delayed transfusion reactions, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD), and transfusion-induced immunomodulation. These infectious and noninfectious hazards are reviewed briefly in the context of their historical evolution.
REGULATION OF RAT CARDIAC NUCLEI-ASSOCIATED MG2+-NTPASE BY PHOSPHORYLATION

A nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPase) activity appeared to be associated with a highly purified nuclear preparation from rat cardiac ventricles. Different nucleoside triphosphates (UTP greater than GTP greater than ITP greater than CTP) supported this enzymic activity, which was stimulated by Mg2+ but not by Ca2+. The nuclear NTPase activity could be down regulated by endogenous phosphorylation of a 55,000 Mr protein. Maximal phosphorylation of the 55,000 Mr protein occurred in the presence of Mg(2+)-ATP. Addition of cAMP, cGMP, Ca2+, Ca2+/phospholipid, Ca2+/calmodulin, and catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase was not associated with any further phosphorylation of the 55,000 Mr protein. However, in the presence of Ca2+/calmodulin or the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase additional proteins became phosphorylated, but these had no effect on the Mg(2+)-NTPase activity. These results indicate that a protein with Mr 55,000 may be involved in the regulation the Mg(2+)-NTPase activity associated with rat cardiac nuclei.
Assignment of a heavy-ion produced high-spin cascade to a Rh isotope

A ..gamma..-ray cascade with side chains previously assigned to /sup 99/Pd and recently shown to occur in a nuclide with Z < or = 45, is unambiguously assigned to /sub 45/Rh. Particle-..gamma.. coincidence measurements on the /sup 12/C + /sup 90/Zr and /sup 11/B + /sup 91/Zr reactions at 56 and 40 MeV, respectively, identify transitions in coincidence with charged particles to allow the elemental assignment. Systematics indicate the probable isotope is /sup 99/Rh.
Development and application of a biosensor for hypoxanthine in fish extract

Abstract A hypoxanthine biosensor was constructed using immobilized xanthine oxidase and a polarographic electrode. The enzyme was covalently immobilized on a commercially available preactivated nylon membrane. The polarographic electrode detected hydrogen peroxide and uric acid released during the enzymatic reaction. The electrode responded linearly to hypoxanthine concentration in the range 3.6–107 μM. When applied to the determination of hypoxanthine in several fish meats, the results obtained agreed well with those obtained by the conventional enzymatic method. More than 40 assays could be performed with the same membrane and each sample could be assayed in ca. 2–3 min. The biosensor provides a reliable, simple, rapid and economical method for the measurement of hypoxanthine, a useful indicator of fish freshness.