cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Language Planning Orientations and Bilingual Education in Peru.

SOMMARIOEducation bilingue y orientaciones en planification linguistica en el PeruLa position traditional de los Quechuas y su lengua frente a la education formal en el Peru ha sido, en general, la de opresion y de exclusion del primero por el segundo. Sin embargo, en los anos setenta surgio una nueva politica que puso enfasis en el uso del quechua como medio de ensenanza en las escuelas. Esta politica fue expresada en tres iniciativas: la Reforma Educativa (1972), la Politica Nacional de Education Bilingue (1972) y la Oficializacion del Quechua (1975). En este articulo se considera a estas tres iniciativas politicas en sus aspectos de planification "corpus" y planification "status" a la luz de tres orientaciones que frecuentemente caracterizan la planification linguistica (Ruiz 1984), a saber: lengua como problema, lengua como derecho y lengua como recurso.RESUMOLingvoplanaj orientiĝoj kaj dulingva edukado en PeruoSubpremo kaj ekskluzivo tradicie karakterizis la rilaton inter unuflanke la parolantoj de la lingvo Quechua kaj la lingvo mem, kaj aliflanke formala klerigo en Peruo. Tamen, tri gravaj peruaj politikoj de la 1970aj jaroj elstarigis Quechua kiel lingvon de instruado en la lernejoj: la Edukada Reformo (1972), la Nacia Dulingva Edukada Politiko (1972), kaj la Oficialigo de la Lingvo Quechua (1975). Tiu ci artikolo konsideras la statusplanajn kaj korpusplanajn aspektojn de tiuj politikoj en la kunteksto de la lingvoplanaj orientiĝoj de Ruiz (1984): lingvo-kiel-problemo, lingvo-kiel-rajto kaj lingvo-kiel-rimedo.
Direct measurement of piezoelectric shear coefficient

Piezoelectric materials exhibit electromechanical coupling which has led to their widespread application for sensors, actuators, and energy harvesters. These materials possess anisotropic behavior with the shear coefficient, and have the largest electromechanical coupling coefficient. However, the shear mode is difficult to measure with existing techniques and thus has not been fully capitalized upon in recent devices. Better understanding of the full shear response with respect to the driving electric field would significantly help the design of optimized piezoelectric shear devices. Here, a simple and low cost direct measurement method based on digital image correlation is developed to characterize the shear response of piezoelectric materials and its nonlinear behavior as a function of external field. The piezoelectric shear coefficient (d15) of a commercial shear plate actuator is investigated in both bipolar and unipolar electric fields. Two different nonlinearities and hysteresis behaviors of the actuators were observed, and the relation between the driving field amplitude and the corresponding d15 coefficient is determined. Moreover, the measured transverse displacement of the plate actuator in simple shear condition is validated through a laser interferometry technique.
Synthesis and Thermodynamic Properties of Poly(cyclohexylethylene-b-dimethylsiloxane-b-cyclohexylethylene)

Poly(styrene-b-dimethylsiloxane-b-styrene) (PS−PDMS−PS) triblock copolymers were prepared by anionic polymerization and subsequently hydrogenated using a platinum/rhenium catalyst supported on ultrawide pore silica (Pt/Re−SiO2), yielding PCHE−PDMS−PCHE, where PCHE refers to poly(cyclohexylethylene). The hydrogenation reaction resulted in polymer with negligible chain degradation as confirmed by 1H NMR and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments revealed a lamellar morphology for all specimens. Thermodynamic properties were inferred from the order−disorder transition temperatures as determined by SAXS and dynamical mechanical spectroscopy (DMS). The resulting segment−segment interaction parameter, χ(T), is assessed in the context of current published approaches to treating the thermodynamics of nonpolar polyolefins, particularly block copolymers.
A novel method for the calculation of pendular bond characteristics between unequal-sized particles

Abstract This paper presents a novel and more accurate method to calculate the mean radius of curvature ϱ of the liquid meniscus and the forces of attraction between two unequal-sized spherical particles. The present technique, which makes use of the fact that the forces exerted by two particles on one another are the same, does not require an explicit mathematical description of the liquid meniscus. It also obviates the need for calculating individual principal radii of curvature ϱ1 and ϱ2 to calculate the mean radius of curvature ϱ.
The Local Atomic Structure of Lal-xSrxCoO3: Effects Induced by The Spin-State and Non-Metal to Metal Transitions

The pair density function (PDF) used in the analysis of pulsed neutron diffraction data of La1-xSrxCoO3 revealed new structural effects which are correlated to the susceptibility and transport transitions. The transition in the spin configuration of the Co ions from the low-spin (LS) to the high-spin (HS) state in the Co perovskite oxides can potentially induce structural distortions due to the coupling of the spin to the lattice and charge. The ground state of the pure compound, LaCoO3, is in the LS state and is non-magnetic. A transition occurs to the HS state at ~50 K as indicated from the susceptibility measurements due to the thermal excitation of electrons to the eg level. The CoLSO6 octahedra associated with the Co ions in the LS configuration are distinguished from the CoHSO6 octahedra with the Co in the HS configuration because the CoLS-O bond length is shorter than the CoHS-O distance due to the different size of the corresponding Co ions. Such bond lengths are clearly identified in the local structure between 15 - 300 K. This finding is in contrast to the average structure which shows only one type of bond length in this temperature range but two types of bond lengths are suggested at considerably higher temperatures. This suggests that whereas the LS and HS CoO6-octahedra coexist, they are randomly distributed in the crystal lattice at lower temperatures and become ordered at higher temperatures. The introduction of charge carriers in the structure does not eliminate the coexistence of both the LS and HS states, indicating that with the transition to the ferromagnetic metallic state, the spin configuration is not entirely of the HS character and structural inhomogeneities are present.
Comparison of three techniques for administering radiolabeled substrates to sediments for trophic studies: uptake of label by harpacticoid copepods

Microbial grazing by two species of meiofaunal harpacticoid copepods (Heteropsyllus nunni and Thompsonula hyaenae) was determined by uptake of radioactive labels following their introduction into natural sediments from a low-energy intertidal site in Florida (29°54′40″N; 84°31′30″W) in May 1986. Grazing was related to three methods of radioactive-label introduction: injection, porewater replacement, and slurry. Uptake of label by harpacticoids was examined using two dual-label combinations, 3H-thymidine/14C-bicarbonate and 3H-thymidine/14C-acetate. The injection and porewater-replacement methods yielded statistically indistinguishable results. Results obtained by the slurry method differed significantly from the other two methods. We suggest that the unique results obtained in the slurry method were a consequence of the disruption of microbial-meiofaunal spatial relationships.
Color diagnosticity in object recognition

Does color influence object recognition? In the present study, the degree to which an object was associated with a specific color was referred to ascolor diagnosticity. Using a feature listing and typicality measure, objects were identified as either high in color diagnosticity or low in color diagnosticity. According to the color diagnosticity hypothesis, color should more strongly influence the recognition of high color diagnostic (HCD) objects (e.g., a banana) than the recognition of low color diagnostic (LCD) objects (e.g., a lamp). This prediction was supported by results from classification, naming, and verification experiments, in which subjects were faster to identify color versions of HCD objects than they were to identify achromatic versions and incongruent color versions. In contrast, subjects were no faster to identify color versions of LCD objects than they were to identify achromatic and incongruent color versions. Moreover, when shape information was degraded but color information preserved, subjects were less impaired in their recognition of degraded HCD objects than of degraded LCD objects, relative to their nondegraded versions. Collectively, these results suggest that color plays a role in the recognition of HCD objects.
Two new improved approaches to the synthesis of coumarin-based prodrugs

Abstract Our laboratory has recently reported the development of a coumarin-based, esterase-sensitive prodrug system for the preparation of prodrugs of amines, peptides, and peptidomimetics. Biological evaluations including animal studies have demonstrated the clinical potential of this prodrug system. However, the original synthetic method used required a long sequence of reactions with a relatively low overall yield. In this report, we describe two new approaches to the synthesis of these coumarin-based prodrugs. The first approach is a photochemical approach taking advantage of the photoisomerization of cinnamic acid and its derivatives. The second approach is through the catalytic hydrogenation of a triple bond for the generation of the cis double bond in the coumarinic acid moiety. Both approaches allow for the synthesis of these prodrugs in fewer steps with much improved overall yield.
Native defects at the Si/SiO2 interface-amorphous silicon revisited

Abstract We review here work which demonstrates that silicon dangling bonds, Si3, are the predominant, electrically active deep states associated with the clean crystalline silicon/amorphous SiO2 interface. Si3 exists in three charge states in the silicon band gap with E +,0 ⋍ E v + 0.3 eV and E 0,− ⋍ E v + 0.9 eV , where E represents a demarcation level between charge states. We discuss the structural and electronic characteristics of Si3 at the Si/SiO2 interface, including degree of charge localization, effective correlation energies, role of hydrogen passivation, etc. We argue, from the strongly analogous behavior in amorphous silicon, that the electronic density of states in the gap is dominated by the characteristic effects of disorder in covalently bonded semiconductors. The states consist of two topologically distinct entities: distorted, fully-bonded network configurations giving rise to shallow silicon band tails, and three-fold coordinated, amphoteric silicon defects.
Plasma aldosterone concentration of cats

Aldosterone concentrations in the plasma of specific-pathogen-free, domestic, short-hair cats given sodium replete diets were measured by a radio-immunoassay. Plasma samples assayed were taken from male and female cats of 8, 12, 17, 20, 26, 29, 40 and > 52 weeks of age, from adult non-pregnant queens, and from queens in the ninth weeks of pregnancy and in the second and fifth week of lactation. Plasma aldosterone concentration was also measured in samples taken four times over a 24 h period (06:00-06:30, 11:00-11:30, 17:00-17:30 and 23:00-23:30) in a group of seven adult male cats. neither age nor sex had a significant effect on the plasma aldosterone concentration. Also, queens had similar aldosterone concentrations in plasma whether they were non-pregnant, pregnant, or lactating. No circadian rhythm was observed in plasma aldosterone concentrations in adult male cats. The plasma aldosterone concentrations of 148 cats (87 males and 61 females, ranging in ages from 8 to > 52 weeks) had a positive skew distribution with a median of 161 pmol l-1. The upper value for plasma aldosterone concentration in healthy domestic cats as defined by the 95 percentile was 700 pmol l-1.
The effects of confinement and heat loss on outwardly propagating spherical flames

The evolution after point ignition of spherical flames subject to radiation losses and confinement (pressure rise) effects, is studied using numerical computations of an asymptotically derived model. Physical ingredients that control or characterize the solution include: Lewis numbers less than 1 so that curvature and stretch enhance the burning for flames less than ∼10 cm in radius; radiative heat losses which diminish the burning intensity and can lead to quenching; a radial inflow generated by radiative cooling of the burned gas; and pressure rise due to confinement that enhances the burning when the flame radius is a significant fraction of the confinement vessel radius. It is shown that the confinement effect can lead to extreme sensitivity to the initial data, a new result. Solution trajectories for different initial conditions in the flame speed/flame-radius plane coalesce shortly after ignition and follow a common path during several centimeters of travel. But then they can split apart with some solutions quenching, some accelerating through the remainder of the unburned gas.
Explanation between nature and text: Ancient Greek commentators on science

Abstract It is commonly agreed that the doctrines of classical Greek philosophers and scientists were transformed by commentators of, roughly, the second to sixth centuries AD. It is, however, less clear how these transformations precisely took place. This article contributes to the discussion by exploring explanative practices in ancient Greek commentaries on authors such as the Hippocratic Corpus, Aristotle, and Euclid and by arguing that among the practices concerned there was a tendency to blur the distinction of nature and text. Among the commentators discussed are Apollonius of Citium, Galen, Proclus, Pappus, Palladius, Simplicius, and Eutocius. Disciplines concerned are mathematics, medicine and natural philosophy. Having distinguished ontological and pragmatic approaches to explanation, I provide an overview of exegetical practices in commentaries which deal with natural phenomena through authoritative texts. The second part of the paper discusses the commentator’s problem of how to decide where to stop explaining or how to select the problems that deserve explanation. The last part analyzes the habit of many commentators to turn perceived gaps into stories. I conclude by returning to the communicative functions of the explanations discussed. It turns out that they, to differing degrees, all contain self-referential aspects that serve to enhance the commentator’s position within his field.
Supply chain coordination using EDI with performance implications

Focusing on Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), this paper investigates a company's use of coordinating activities and supply chain management. It is shown that firms approach the use of coordination activities differently, depending on whether the supply chain member is a supplier or a customer. This research indicates that the most significant improvements from the use of EDI occur in companies that emphasise partnerships with suppliers and a systems and information technology focus with customers. When the focus is on accommodating customers or on customer partnerships, no correlation with performance improvements is observed.
The Nature of the Task as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Extrinsic Feedback and Employee Responses1

This article presents information on a study which suggests a possible reconciliation of the conflicting findings on the relationship between extrinsic feedback and employee responses by incorporat...
Gene Expression Profiling of Orbital Adipose Tissue from Patients with Graves’ Ophthalmopathy: A Potential Role for Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein-1 in Orbital Adipogenesis

Context: The signs and symptoms of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) result from inflammation and increased volume of the orbital adipose tissues and extraocular muscles. Objective: Our objective was to identify differentially regulated genes that may be involved in stimulating the orbital adipose tissue expansion seen in GO. Design: Gene expression profiling was used to compare genes expressed in orbital adipose tissues from GO patients and normal individuals. Setting: The study took place at a private practice tertiary referral center. Patients: Orbital adipose tissues were collected at transantral orbital decompression surgery from 20 euthyroid patients undergoing this procedure for severe GO and at early autopsy from eight normal individuals having no evidence of thyroid or ocular disease. Results: Of the 12,686 genes analyzed, 25 known genes were increased in expression (>4-fold) in GO orbital tissues, whereas 11 genes were decreased (>4-fold). Up-regulated genes, confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR, included...
Regulation of Adipose Tissue Metabolism in Humans: Analysis of Responses to the Hyperinsulinemic-Euglycemic Clamp Experiment.

The suppression of lipolysis is one of the key metabolic responses of the adipose tissue during hyperinsulinemia. The failure to respond and resulting increase in plasma fatty acids could contribute to the development of insulin resistance and perturbations in the fuel homeostasis in the whole body. In this study, a mechanistic, computational model of adipose tissue metabolism in vivo has been enhanced to simulate the physiological responses during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp experiment in humans. The model incorporates metabolic intermediates and pathways that are important in the fed state. In addition, it takes into account the heterogeneity of triose phosphate pools (glycolytic vs. glyceroneogenic), within the adipose tissue. The model can simulate not only steady-state responses at different insulin levels, but also concentration dynamics of major metabolites in the adipose tissue venous blood in accord with the in vivo data. Simulations indicate that (1) regulation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) reaction is important when the intracellular lipolysis is suppressed by insulin; (2) intracellular diglyceride levels can affect the regulatory mechanisms; and (3) glyceroneogenesis is the dominant pathway for glycerol-3-phosphate synthesis even in the presence of increased glucose uptake by the adipose tissue. Reduced redox and increased phosphorylation states provide a favorable milieu for glyceroneogenesis in response to insulin. A parameter sensitivity analysis predicts that insulin-stimulated glucose uptake would be more severely affected by impairment of GLUT4 translocation and glycolysis than by impairment of glycogen synthesis and pyruvate oxidation. Finally, simulations predict metabolic responses to altered expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). Specifically, the increase in the rate of re-esterification of fatty acids observed experimentally with the overexpression of PEPCK in the adipose tissue would be accompanied by the up-regulation of acyl Co-A synthase.
The Acetate Switch of an Intestinal Pathogen Disrupts Host Insulin Signaling and Lipid Metabolism

Vibrio cholerae is lethal to the model host Drosophila melanogaster through mechanisms not solely attributable to cholera toxin. To examine additional virulence determinants, we performed a genetic screen in V. cholerae-infected Drosophila and identified the two-component system CrbRS. CrbRS controls transcriptional activation of acetyl-CoA synthase-1 (ACS-1) and thus regulates the acetate switch, in which bacteria transition from excretion to assimilation of environmental acetate. The resultant loss of intestinal acetate leads to deactivation of host insulin signaling and lipid accumulation in enterocytes, resulting in host lethality. These metabolic effects are not observed upon infection with ΔcrbS or Δacs1 V. cholerae mutants. Additionally, uninfected flies lacking intestinal commensals, which supply short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, also exhibit altered insulin signaling and intestinal steatosis, which is reversed upon acetate supplementation. Thus, acetate consumption by V. cholerae alters host metabolism, and dietary acetate supplementation may ameliorate some sequelae of cholera.
Evidence of caspase-3 activation in hyposmotic stress-induced necrosis.

Primary culture of dentate gyrus was submitted to a hyposmotic stress that induces a rapid cell death that is necrosis morphologically. Surprisingly, we observed a rapid and dramatic upregulation of the active form of caspase-3 (caspase-3(a)) in both neurons and glial cells. Caspase-3(a) immunoreactivity appears as early as 1 min after hyposmotic treatment, when some neurons are still alive, suggesting that caspase-3a may contribute to further necrotic cell death. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Nonvibrating Contact Potential Difference Probe Measurement of a Nanometer-Scale Lubricant on a Hard Disk

This paper reports on a feasibility study in the detection of nanometer thick lubricated regions on a hard disk by a novel use of a Kelvin probe. A nonvibrating Kelvin probe was constructed and used to measure the voltages between the copper surface of the probe and a hard disk partially-lubricated with a perfluoropolyether. The probe, constructed of a shielded 1.6 mm diameter gold-coated copper wire, was fixed above the hard disk and the probe voltage was obtained as a function of the speed of the disk and lubricant thickness. The probe generates an electrical signal as the interface between the lubricated and unlubricated regions is crossed. Results show that the probe can distinguish between regions on the hard disk that contain 3 and 10 nm thick lubricant films.
Synthesis and characterization of a trianionic pincer supported Mo-alkylidene anion and alkyne insertion into a Mo(IV)-Cpincer bond to form metallocyclopropene(η2-vinyl) complexes

This report describes two approaches to form complexes featuring Mo–C multiple bonds and a trianionic pincer ligand. Treating the trianionic pincer ligand precursor [ t BuOCO]H 3 (1) with MeLi provides the corresponding dilithio salt [ t BuOCHO]Li 2 (THF) 3 ( 6 ) in situ, which further reacts with Mo(NAr) (CHCMe 2 Ph)(OTf) 2 (DME) to provide the terphenyl diphenolate complex [ t BuOCHO]Mo(NAr)CHCMe 2 Ph ( 5 ). Complex 5 is characterized by 1 H, 13 C{ 1 H} NMR spectroscopy, combustion analysis, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The solid state structure of 5 reveals a distorted trigonal pyramidal geometry for the Mo(VI) ion. Treating 5 with one equiv. of phosphorane in toluene converts the diphenolate ligand into a trianionic pincer ligand by deprotonation of the pincer C ipso -H proton to give the alkylidene salt {[ t BuOCHO]Mo(NAr)(CHCMe 2 Ph)}{Ph 3 PCH 3 } ( 7 ). Treating [ t BuOCO]MoNMe 2 (NHMe 2 ) 2 ( 2 ), containing a d 2 Mo(IV) ion, with terminal alkynes (H–C≡CR, R = Ph, 3,5-F 2 C 6 H 3 , 3,5-(CF 3 ) 2 C 6 H 3 and SiMe 3 ) produces in excellent yield the corresponding metallocyclopropylidene complexes 10-R (R H, F, CF 3 ) and 11 (R = SiMe 3 ). X-ray diffraction studies on single crystals of 10-H and 11 reveal three important features: 1) a highly distorted hexacoordinate Mo(VI) center, 2) a metallocyclopropene( η 2 -vinyl) fragment, and 3) a highly distorted CH group in the metallocyclopropene unit. A single point calculation and an NBO analysis performed on 10-H′ confirms the multiple bond between Mo1 and C28. The highest occupied Kohn–Sham molecular orbital (HOMO) represents a π -combination between d yz of Mo1 and the p y orbital of C28, and the corresponding π ∗-combination of those orbitals constitutes the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO).
Extensive Myocardial Blood Flow Distribution Through Individual Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts

The regional myocardial perfusion distributions of coronary artery bypass grafts were studied in 61 patients who received 162 grafts. Selective intragraft instillations of radioactive-labeled macroaggregated albumin particles were used to study perfusion. The extent of individual graft perfusion was assessed in 100 patent grafts. Regional myocardial blood flow distribution was similar to the blood flow distribution of the native vessel receiving the graft in 64 of 100 grafts and less than that expected of the native vessel in 12 grafts. However, 24 grafts demonstrated a blood flow distribution pattern which extended beyond the normal distribution expected of the native vessel receiving the graft. This extensive perfusion could be attributed to collateral vessels or retrograde flow. A high incidence of both graft and native vessel occlusion was found in areas receiving blood from these distant grafts with extensive distributions (16/24), and left ventricular wall motion was preserved or significantly improved postoperatively in 28/31 segments in such areas. When comparing angiographic and scintigraphic methods of evaluating myocardial perfusion, the angiogram underestimated the full extent of graft blood flow distribution in 13 of 24 instances (54 percent).
Toward a Hermeneutic of the Idea of Revelation

The question of revelation is a formidable question in the proper sense of the word, not only because it may be seen as the first and last question for faith, but also because it has been obscured by so many false debates that the recovery of a real question in itself constitutes an enormous task. My lecture today will be devoted to just this enterprise.
Combinatorial optimization and vehicle fleet planning : perspectives and prospects

As a well-structured and costly activity that pervades industries in both the public and private sector, vehicle fleet management would appear to be a splendid candidate for model-based planning and optimization. And yet, until recently the combinatorial intricacies of vehicle routing and of vehicle scheduling have precluded the widespread use of optimization (exact) methods for this problem class. Our discussion in this paper identifies the extent and nature of these problem complexities and draws contrasts with other applications of combinatorial optimization. It also summarizes a number of successful uses of optimization for vehicle fleet planning and highlights potentially fruitful avenues for algorithmic development. In particular, we describe several alternative models and novel algorithms for the vehicle routing problem, show how various modeling approaches for this problem are intimately related, and illustrate the interplay between model formulations and the algorithms that they suggest. This discussion shows that prospects for applying exact methods, possibly in conjunction with heuristics, are far from fully realized and points to vehicle fleet planning as a tempting target of opportunity for further investigation.
Information systems satisfaction, loyalty and attachment: conceptual and empirical differentiation

This study aims to address an important but largely unexplored question of whether loyalty and attachment, which are increasingly relevant to the changing software market, add value as a construct to information systems (IS) use researchers compared with satisfaction. Building on prior work on the three constructs (i.e. satisfaction, loyalty and attachment) in both marketing and IS use research, this study makes two key contributions. First, this study conceptually differentiates the three constructs by articulating their distinct properties. Second, based on the conceptual differences identified, this study finds that the three constructs have a differential impact on contributory behaviours with varying levels of behavioural difficulty. The results of the study also offer other important managerial and further research implications.
Caveolin-1 Phosphorylation in Human Squamous and Epidermoid Carcinoma Cells: Dependence on ErbB1 Expression and Src Activation

Abstract Previous studies have shown that EGF can induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin-1 in murine fibroblasts following ErbB1 (EGF receptor) mutation or overexpression, but the cell signaling events linking EGF action with caveolin phosphorylation are not fully established. In this regard, we examined multiple human carcinoma cell lines that express various ErbB family members, including A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells and several squamous carcinoma cell lines. In all cases, EGF treatment induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin-1 in a time- and EGF dose-dependent manner, and immunoblotting analysis revealed that this phosphorylation occurred at tyrosine-14. The EGF-dependent phosphorylation of caveolin-1 was observed at low temperatures (4°C) and was enhanced by caveolae-disrupting agents (cyclodextrin), suggesting that this EGF-dependent system is in a low temperature-stable arrangement that allows for their interaction under conditions where mobility in the membrane is altered. To further assess the events linking EGF action with caveolin phosphorylation, we evaluated the ligand specificity of these responses and their dependence on known effectors of EGF receptor function. We observed that EGF and HB-EGF, but not heregulin, promoted caveolin-1 phosphorylation in A431 cells, suggesting that these responses are linked to EGF receptor activation and not solely occurring via the activation of other endogenous ErbB family members. In addition, the EGF-induced phosphorylation of caveolin-1 in A431 cells was blocked by the Src kinase antagonists PP1 and PP2, but not by the MEK inhibitor PD98059, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin, or cytoskeleton-disrupting agents, such as cytochalasin D, colchicine, and nocadazole. Altogether, these data indicate that multiple human carcinoma cells exhibit an EGF receptor-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin-1 and that this process is sensitive to Src family kinase inhibitors. These observations support a role for caveolin tyrosine phosphorylation in the profile of cellular responses by which Src potentiates cancer progression following EGF receptor overexpression.
Are cockpit weather information systems feasible products

Abstract This paper presents the results of a study that examined the feasibility of cockpit weather information systems in the transport, commuter, and business market segments. It begins with a description of the general weather system characteristics that study participants identified as necessary for market success. Next, the paper analyzes the financial business case for cockpit weather systems in each market segment and finds there is a compelling case for adoption of these systems. Decision reversal tables and Monte Carlo simulation show that this business case is insensitive to changes in the cost and savings elements. Finally, it presents estimates for the maximum market penetration and adoption rates in these three aviation market segments.
Complete remission of widely metastatic endometrial stromal sarcoma following combination chemotherapy

A 21-year-old female underwent a hysterectomy with the finding of an endometrial stromal sarcoma (7-9 mitoses/10 HPF) confined to the uterus. However, within 30 months of hysterectomy, metastases occurred in the spinal cord, femur and lungs. Treatment consisted of surgery and irradiation for the spinal cord metastases and ten courses of combination chemotherapy, Adriamycin, vincristine, cyclophosphamide (6 courses) and megestrol acetate (continuous since course 7). This therapy resulted in a complete clinical remission which has been maintained for eight months since completion of chemotherapy. It is suggested that this regimen be employed in patients with this rare and lethal tumor.
Metabolic profiling of ethephon-treated sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)

Increasing costs and decreasing labor availability for sweet cherry harvest in Washington State, USA, has reinvigorated commercial and research interest of mechanized harvest. Ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) can be used to improve fruit abscission for mechanical harvest. Our previous work shows that 3.5 l ha−1 ethephon enhances red color and reduces firmness of the cultivar ‘Bing’. In the current study, we used metabolic profiling of cultivars ‘Bing’, Chelan’, and ‘Skeena’ fruit meso and exocarp tissue to better understand underlying quality-related metabolism associated with ethephon application. Trees were treated using air-blast sprayer 13–14 days prior to harvest and fruit samples were harvested every 7–10 days starting at least 17 days prior to commercial harvest. Nearly 200 identified and partially characterized metabolites from mesocarp and exocarp tissue were characterized and evaluated. Principal component analysis models revealed changes in the metabolome associated with both natural ripening and ethephon-induced changes, including associations to key color, acid, and sugar components, such as cyanidin 3-glucoside, malic acid and sugar metabolism.
Personality Subtypes among Driving-While-Intoxicated Offenders: Follow-Up of Subsequent Driving Records.

Utilite predictive de definir des sous-types de personnalite chez les hommes arretes pour conduite en etat d'ivresse, en ce qui concerne la suite de leur carriere de conducteur, Cinq sous-groupes ont ete empiriquement subsumes d'apres des mesures de l'hostilite, du fonctionnement de la personnalite et des attitudes a l'egard de la conduite automobile
Regular orbits on the deleted permutation module

Let Sd denote the symmetric group of degree d. Let F be the field of r elements, and let S(d, r) = Sd × F*. Let V(d, r) be the deleted permutation module of dimension d – 1 over F, viewed as an S(d, r)-module. We determine the pairs (d, r) such that S(d, r) has a regular orbit on V (d, r). This question arose from D. Goodwin’s work on the quasisimple case of the k(GV)-problem.
Radiofluorinated Carbohydrates for Positron Emission Tomography

2-Deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose (2-(18)FDG) has represented radiofluorinated carbohydrates as the most successful tracer for positron emission tomography (PET). 2-(18)FDG uptake depends on glucose metabolism, which is related to a disease progression. 2-(18)FDG has been widely used in oncology, neurology, cardiology, infectious diseases, and inflammation, to complement anatomical modalities such as CT and MRI. Followed by the success of 2-(18)FDG, various radiofluorinated carbohydrates have been evaluated as PET tracers, which include analogs of D-ribose, D-mannose, D-galactose, D-talose, D-fructose, D-allose, lactose, L-fucose, N-acetylneuraminic acid, and L-ascorbic acid. Among those radiofluorinated carbohydrates, several have implied potential for further development. 2-Deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-galactose has been developed to assess liver function and diagnose hepatic carcinoma. 6-Deoxy-6-[(18)F]fluoro-D-fructose showed promising characteristics for diagnosis of breast cancer. Three radiofluorinated analogs of lactose have been designed as the substrates of the overexpressed hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatitis-associated protein in peritumoral pancreatic tissue for early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. The metabolism of 6-[(18)F]fluoro-L-fucose suggested that it is a bioactive analog of L-fucose in the synthesis of glycoconjugate macromolecules. 6-Deoxy-6-[(18)F]fluoro-L-ascorbic acid was evaluated to assess antioxidant function of L-ascorbic acid in rodent models of transient global ischemia and glutathione deficiency.
Lágrimas, risas y amor: Mexico's Most Popular Romance Comic Book

Romance comic books, strips, and magazines enjoy immense popularity in the United States. The same is true in Mexico where LLgrimas, risasy amor, the country's most popular romance comic book, sells between 1.2 and 1.5 million copies per week. In his study, Charles Tatum discusses some of the publication's most important aspects including its creators, readership, circulation, and basic plot and character types and settings. He finds that, as in other populargenres Ldgrimas can be reduced to basic narrative formulas which, although they are repetitive, are presented in an interesting fashion and with sufficient variety to continue to attract large numbers of readers. In a comparative section, Tatum observes that this Mexican romance comic book closely resembles its American counterpart in terms of its implicit values and attitudes. Ligrimas is both politically and socially conservative, mute regarding politics and tending to reinforce dominant values towards sex roles, the family and marriage. Readers will find some interesting parallels between Lagrimas and the fotonovelas analyzed in Flora's study.
Size and microstructure effects on the mechanical behavior of FCC bicrystals by quasicontinuum method

The effects of structure and size on the deformation of tilt bicrystals in copper are investigated by concurrent multiscale simulations at zero temperature. In the simulation of eleven grain boundary (GB) structures, a direct relation is shown between structural units and sliding at GBs. We find that GB sliding operates by atom shuffling events localized on one particular type of structural units, which are present in the GB period. When this type of unit is absent, the GB deformation process occurs by migration, or GB-mediated nucleation of partial dislocations with no sliding, depending on the initial GB configuration. The elastic limit causing sliding is found to vary slightly at zero temperature, but no correlation was obtained with the GB energy at equilibrium. Additionally, both modulus of rigidity, and elastic limit remain constant as the bicrystal size varies from 1 nm up to 25 nm. However, differences in the stress relaxation after sliding are observed with respect to the size.
Estimating sparse Volterra models using group L1-regularization

Sparse Volterra model (sVM) is defined as a Volterra model (VM) that contains only a subset of its all possible model coefficients corresponding to its significant inputs and the existing terms of those inputs. Compared with ordinary VM, sVM is more efficient and interpretable in representing sparsely connected multiple-input systems, e.g., neuronal networks. In this paper, we formulate a rigorous statistical method of estimating sVM based on the group L1-regularization. It allows simultaneous selection and estimation of the significant groups of coefficients of a VM and results in a sVM. Simulation results show that the actual structure of a sVM can be faithfully recovered even with short input-output data. This method can be extended and applied to the identification of the functional connectivity between neurons.
An interference-aware routing metric for Wireless Mesh Networks

In Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs), most routing metrics measure losses using the |direct| broadcast approach that incurs traffic overhead. On the other hand, the |indirect| approach requires the measurement of contention and interference levels. Unfortunately, the two known interference models (protocol and physical) are inapplicable on real-world implementations. This work presents an adaptation of the physical interference model that relies on a probabilistic frames arrival model and can be implemented. This adaptation allows the design of a new interference-aware routing metric. This latter is described and compared to ETX and IEEE 802.11s Airtime using a real-world indoor pre-IEEE 802.11s Wireless Mesh test-bed.
Ribosomal protein S14 is encoded by a pair of highly conserved, adjacent genes on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract We describe a Drosophila DNA clone of tandemly duplicated genes encoding an amino acid sequence nearly identical to human ribosomal protein S14 and yeast rp59. Despite their remarkably similar exons, the locations and sizes of introns differ radically among the Drosophila, human, and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ribosomal protein genes. Transcripts of both Drosophila RPS14 genes were detected in embryonic and adult tissues and are the same length as mammalian S14 message. Drosophila RPS14 was mapped to region 7C5-9 on the X chromosome. This interval also encodes a previously characterized Minute locus, M(1)7C.
Dynamic Guidance with Pseudoadmittance Virtual Fixtures

Human machine collaborative systems (HMCS) have been developed to enhance sensation and suppress extraneous motions or forces during surgical tasks requiring precise motion. However, to date such systems have enforced constraints on the position or path of a tool, but have not considered the dynamics of motion. Also, the focus has been on the effect of guidance of motion during a task, rather than on the learning of motion skills through repetition. We present a pseudo-admittance framework for HMCS design to guide the user's velocity in such tasks. Two different fixture design approaches are analyzed, implemented and compared. Three tests are then conducted, showing the fixtures' promise for both guiding and learning motions with dynamics
Direct Marketing Performance Modeling Using Genetic Algorithms

Data analysts in direct marketing seek models to identify the most promising individuals to mail to and thus maximize returns from solicitations. A variety of criterion can be used to assess model performance, including response to or revenue generated from earlier solicitations. Given budgetary limitations, typically a fraction of the total customer database is selected for mailing. This depth-of-file that is to be mailed to provides potentially useful information that should be considered in model determination. This article presents a genetic algorithm-based approach for obtaining models in explicit consideration of this mailing depth. Issues related to overfitting, common in application of machine learning techniques, are examined, and experiments are based on a real-life data set.
NOETHERIAN GENERALIZED POWER SERIES RINGS

Abstract Let R be a unitary ring and (M, ≤) a strictly ordered monoid. We show that, if (M, ≤) is positively ordered, then the generalized power series ring R[[M, ≤]] is left Noetherian, if and only if, R is left Noetherian and M is finitely generated, if and only if, R is left Noetherian and R[[M, ≤]] is a homomorphic image of the power series ring R[[x 1, x 2,…, x n ]] for some n ∈ ℕ.
Ventricular performance, coronary flow, and myocardial oxygen consumption in rats with advanced thiamin deficiency

With the use of an isolated, supported, blood perfused rat heart preparation, left ventricular performance, coronary flow, and myocardial oxygen consumption were observed in the hearts of rats with advanced thiamin deficiency and in those of normal control rats. All thiamin-deficient animals showed signs of thiamin deficiency by extreme weight loss (23 to 47%), perioral abrasions, lethargy, and ataxia. No difference was found between the ratio of left ventricular weight to body weight in the thiamin-deficient animals when compared with controls.Ventricular performance as determined by the end-diastolic pressure required to develop a given systolic pressure in the isovolumically contracting heart was comparable in the control and thiamin-deficientgroups. When the ventricles were developing high ventricular pressures both coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption were significantly greater at comparable systolic pressures in the hearts from thiamin-deficient animals. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the primary cardiovascular effect of advanced thiamin deficiency in the rat is largely through its effect on the peripheral circulation. Some evidence, however, is provided that a lack of this vitamin directly affects the myocardium so as to cause
Time to onset of effect of fluticasone propionate in patients with asthma.

Abstract Background: The effectiveness of inhaled glucocorticoids in the treatment of asthma is well documented; however, times to onset and maximal treatment effects of these agents have been poorly described. Objective: We sought to determine the time to onset of effect and the time to the best observed effect of inhaled fluticasone propionate (FP) in patients with asthma. Methods: Data from 8 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials of at least 8 weeks' duration were analyzed. Corticosteroid-naive patients (n = 1461) were treated with either FP (25 μg to 500 μg) or placebo twice daily. Efficacy evaluations included morning peak expiratory flow (PEF), asthma symptom scores, supplemental albuterol use, and FEV 1 . Results: Statistically significant improvements in PEF, asthma symptom scores, and supplemental albuterol use were observed beginning on day 1 of treatment in the FP group versus the placebo group ( P 1 were observed at the first measurement at week 1 ( P 1 (+0.52 L) and within 2 weeks for reduction in supplemental albuterol use and asthma symptom scores. Patients with the most severe airflow obstruction had the greatest change in PEF (+56 L/min) and fastest time to 50% of best observed effect (3 days) compared with patients with mild or moderate airflow obstruction; however, time to best observed effect was similar in the 3 groups (20 to 27 days). Conclusion: In patients with asthma, the onset of significant benefit of FP on PEF, symptoms, and rescue albuterol use occurred within 1 day of the start of therapy. FEV 1 improved within 1 week of the start of therapy (the first measurement after randomization). There was no effect of sex, age, or dose of FP on the time to response. The best observed response in PEF varies with the degree of baseline airflow obstruction; however, the degree of airflow obstruction has no effect on the time to best observed response. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:780-8.)
Explanation of the near equality of isoscalar and electromagnetic transition rates in neutron-excess nuclei: Comparison with data

Abstract The ratios of isoscalar and electromagnetic transition rates to the lowest 2 + state in neutron-excess nuclei are compared to predictions based on the ratios of isovector and isoscalar transition strengths determined from microscopic effective-charge theory in which gaint-quadrupole core-polarization contributions are included with a schematic model. The near equality of the isoscalar (determined from (α, α′)) and electromagnetic transition rates is explained, and it is shown that shell effects may be large but that they are compensated for in part by core-polarization effects. A comparison to data for single-closed-shell nuclei is consistent with the schematic-model prediction that the remaining shell effects are systematically different for neutron- versus proton-valence nuclei.
A linear dilution microfluidic device for cytotoxicity assays

A two-layer polymer microfluidic device is presented which creates nine linear dilutions from two input fluid streams mixed in varying volumetric proportions. The linearity of the nine dilutions is conserved when the flow rate is held constant at 1.0 µl min−1 (R2 = 0.9995) and when it is varied from 0.5–16 µl min−1 (R2 = 0.9998). An analytical expression is presented for designing microfluidic devices with arbitrary numbers of linear dilutions. To demonstrate the efficacy of this device, primary human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) were stained with nine dilutions of calcein, resulting in a linear spread of fluorescent intensities (R2 = 0.94). The operating principles of the device can be scaled up to incorporate any number of linear dilutions. This scalability, coupled with an intrinsic ability to create linear dilutions under a variety of operating conditions, makes the device applicable to high throughput screening applications such as combinatorial chemistry or cytotoxicity assays.
The new FIGO 2000 staging and risk factor scoring system for gestational trophoblastic disease: Description and critical assessment

The classification of the International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FIGO) for Trophoblastic Disease was changed at the meeting in Washington in September 2000 by combining the basic FIGO anatomic staging with the modified World Health Organization (WHO) risk factor scoring system. This presentation outlines the new system and provides a critical evaluation of the issues that have been resolved and those that are still outstanding.