cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Satellite constellation design for forest fire monitoring via a stochastic programing approach

There is significant value in the data collected by satellites during and after a natural disaster. The current operating paradigm in practice is for satellites to passively collect data when they happen to fly over a disaster location. Conversely, this article considers the alternative approach of actively maneuvering satellites to fly directly overhead of the disaster site on a routine basis. Toward this end, we seek to compute a satellite constellation design that minimizes the expected maneuver costs for monitoring an unknown forest fire. In this article, we present a 2-stage stochastic programing model for this problem as well as a accelerated L-shaped decomposition approach. A comparison between our approach and the current operating paradigm indicates that our solution provides longer duration data collections and a greater number of data collections. Analysis also shows that our proposed solution is robust over a wide array of scenarios.
Hepatic Artery Infusion Therapy for Primary Liver Tumors

Hepatic artery infusion (HAI) therapy for primary liver cancers appears to prolong survival in select candidates with advanced, locoregional disease. A typical candidate is a patient with advanced disease confined to the liver in whom resection, transplantation, and/or ablative therapies are contraindicated due to the extent of disease, recurrence risk, or involvement of hepatic vasculature. For hepatocellular carcinoma, the best evidence supporting HAI therapy involves the utilization of intra-arterial 5-FU with or without cisplatin, often in conjunction with intramuscular or subcutaneous IFN-α. Patients with concomitant cirrhosis tend to have worse outcomes, while those with hepatitis C have a better prognosis if treated with ribavirin.
The Forum…: Patterns of Food Preferences through Factor Analysis:

The fact that preferences for different foods are correlated suggests the existence of underlying psychological dimensions.Studies of soldiers’ food preferences revealed certain basic dimensions of...
Pimavanserin for Psychosis in Parkinson's Disease-Related Disorders: A Retrospective Chart Review

Psychosis is common in Parkinson’s disease-related disorders and is associated with significant morbidity. Pimavanserin is a newly approved treatment for Parkinson’s disease psychosis, but real-world experience with pimavanserin has been limited by small sample sizes and limited assessment of longitudinal outcomes. The aim was to summarize the clinical experience with pimavanserin in a large cohort of patients with Parkinson’s disease-related psychosis. We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients who were prescribed pimavanserin at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in the southeast United States between May 2016 and July 2018. We used Chi-squared analyses to compare efficacy and tolerability of pimavanserin, considering patient diagnosis, presence of dementia or delusions, use of deep brain stimulation, and prior antipsychotic failure. Additionally, we compared the clinical characteristics of patients who started treatment and those who did not, to evaluate safety outcomes. We identified 107 patients prescribed pimavanserin, and 91 began treatment. Clinical improvement in psychosis was documented in 76% of patients (69/91) and did not differ based on diagnosis, presence of dementia, delusions, use of deep brain stimulation, or prior antipsychotic failure. Adverse effects were reported in 20 patients (22%), the most common of which was worsening gait instability (5/91, 5%). Side effects led to cessation of therapy in 11 of the 91 patients (12%). At current follow-up, 50 (65%) of 77 living patients remain on treatment, with a mean treatment duration of 14.6 months. Although most of these patients are on pimavanserin monotherapy (33/50, 66%), 17 patients (34%) are on a dual-antipsychotic regimen. The living patients no longer on treatment stopped pimavanserin primarily because of a lack of perceived benefit (11/77, 14%), side effects (9/77, 12%), or both (1/77, 1%), though six patients (8%) stopped for reasons unrelated to medication effects, including the desire to reduce overall medication burden and negative media reporting on pimavanserin. Study results emphasize long-term efficacy and tolerability of pimavanserin for psychosis in Parkinson’s disease-related disorders, including patients with dementia, delusions, deep brain stimulation use, or prior antipsychotic failure.
Assessment of Brain Venous Structure in Military Traumatic Brain Injury Patients using Susceptibility Weighted Imaging and Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping.

Abstract Brain venous volume above the lateral ventricle in military patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) was assessed using two segmentation approaches on susceptibility weighted images (SWI...
The seasonal evolution of albedo across glaciers and the surrounding landscape of Taylor Valley, Antarctica

Abstract. The McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDVs) of Antarctica are a polar desert ecosystem consisting of alpine glaciers, ice-covered lakes, streams, and expanses of vegetation-free rocky soil. Because average summer temperatures are close to 0 ∘ C, the MDV ecosystem in general, and glacier melt dynamics in particular, are both closely linked to the energy balance. A slight increase in incoming radiation or change in albedo can have large effects on the timing and volume of meltwater. However, the seasonal evolution or spatial variability of albedo in the valleys has yet to fully characterized. In this study, we aim to understand the drivers of landscape albedo change within and across seasons. To do so, a box with a camera, GPS, and shortwave radiometer was hung from a helicopter that flew transects four to five times a season along Taylor Valley. Measurements were repeated over three seasons. These data were coupled with incoming radiation measured at six meteorological stations distributed along the valley to calculate the distribution of albedo across individual glaciers, lakes, and soil surfaces. We hypothesized that albedo would decrease throughout the austral summer with ablation of snow patches and increasing sediment exposure on the glacier and lake surfaces. However, small snow events ( mm water equivalent) coupled with ice whitening caused spatial and temporal variability of albedo across the entire landscape. Glaciers frequently followed a pattern of increasing albedo with increasing elevation, as well as increasing albedo moving from east to west laterally across the ablation zone. We suggest that spatial patterns of albedo are a function of landscape morphology trapping snow and sediment, longitudinal gradients in snowfall magnitude, and wind-driven snow redistribution from east to west along the valley. We also compare our albedo measurements to the MODIS albedo product and found that overall the data have reasonable agreement. The mismatch in spatial scale between these two datasets results in variability, which is reduced after a snow event due to albedo following valley-scale gradients of snowfall magnitude. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the spatial and temporal variability in albedo and the close coupling of climate and landscape response. This new understanding of landscape albedo can constrain landscape energy budgets, better predict meltwater generation on from MDV glaciers, and how these ecosystems will respond to changing climate at the landscape scale.
Cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: an update

Abstract In 2011 systemic lupus erythematosus was officially recognized as a unique risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) by the American Heart Association. While modern therapies have prolonged the lives of lupus patients, their risk for CVD is increased at a rate that traditional CVD risk factors alone cannot explain. This chapter reviews the recent research on disease biomarkers and risk-calculators in conjunction with imaging techniques that have shown subclinical atherosclerosis prior to the development of symptoms in patients with lupus. We also discuss relevant drug trials on antimalarials, immunoregulators, statins, and aspirin and their effect on CVD in patients with lupus.
Nonlinear redshift-space distortions in the harmonic-space galaxy power spectrum

Future high spectroscopic resolution galaxy surveys will observe galaxies with nearly full-sky footprints. Modeling the galaxy clustering for these surveys, therefore, must include the wide-angle effect with narrow redshift binning. In particular, when the redshift-bin size is comparable to the typical peculiar velocity field, the nonlinear redshift-space distortion (RSD) effect becomes important. A naive projection of the Fourier-space RSD model to spherical harmonic space leads to diverging expressions. In this paper we present a general formalism of projecting the higher-order RSD terms into spherical harmonic space. We show that the nonlinear RSD effect, including the fingers-of-God, can be entirely attributed to a modification of the radial window function. We find that while linear RSD enhances the harmonic-space power spectrum, unlike the three-dimensional case, the enhancement decreases on small angular scales. The fingers-of-God suppress the angular power spectrum on all transverse scales if the bin size is smaller than $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}r\ensuremath{\lesssim}\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{u}$; for example, the radial bin sizes corresponding to a spectral resolution $R=\ensuremath{\lambda}/\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}\ensuremath{\lambda}$ of a few hundred satisfy the condition. We also provide the flat-sky approximation which reproduces the full calculation to subpercent accuracy.
NADPH diaphorase detects S-nitrosylated proteins in aldehyde-treated biological tissues

NADPH diaphorase is used as a histochemical marker of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in aldehyde-treated tissues. It is thought that the catalytic activity of NOS promotes NADPH-dependent reduction of nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT) to diformazan. However, it has been argued that a proteinaceous factor other than NOS is responsible for producing diformazan in aldehyde-treated tissues. We propose this is a NO-containing factor such as an S-nitrosothiol and/or a dinitrosyl-iron (II) cysteine complex or nitrosated proteins including NOS. We now report that (1) S-nitrosothiols covalently modify both NBT and TNBT, but only change the reduction potential of NBT after modification, (2) addition of S-nitrosothiols or β- or α-NADPH to solutions of NBT did not elicit diformazan, (3) addition of S-nitrosothiols to solutions of NBT plus β- or α-NADPH elicited rapid formation of diformazan in the absence or presence of paraformaldehyde, (4) addition of S-nitrosothiols to solutions of NBT plus β- or α-NADP did not produce diformazan, (5) S-nitrosothiols did not promote NADPH-dependent reduction of tetra-nitro-blue tetrazolium (TNBT) in which all four phenolic rings are nitrated, (6) cytoplasmic vesicles in vascular endothelial cells known to stain for NADPH diaphorase were rich in S-nitrosothiols, and (7) procedures that accelerate decomposition of S-nitrosothiols, markedly reduced NADPH diaphorase staining in tissue sections subsequently subjected to paraformaldehyde fixation. Our results suggest that NADPH diaphorase in aldehyde-fixed tissues is not enzymatic but is due to the presence of NO-containing factors (free SNOs or nitrosated proteins such as NOS), which promote NADPH-dependent reduction of NBT to diformazan.
Behavioral Finance in Investing: The Existence and Importance of 'Investment Tribes' and Risk-Preference Diversity

Using case studies of two investment companies, this paper highlights that organizations may have “investment tribes,” i.e., groups of individuals who appear to exhibit similar risk tendencies for gambles involving gains or losses, possibly with a wide spread of risk preferences. Tribes and risk-preference diversity can influence and impact decision-making. Quantifying and making transparent the existence of these tribes and individual preferences, using the Risktyle methodology, which extends the original Kahneman and Tversky (1979) approach to identifying risk biases, could improve decision-making, especially in market crises such as that of March 2020. The framework presented can be helpful for investment firms and investment advisors, allowing them to become aware of potential biases. It also can be useful for asset owners that delegate decisions to third parties, because it allows them to understand how the investment firms they delegate to might behave when drawdowns result during market crises.
Methodology for seismic risk screening of existing buildings in Canada: Non-structural component scoring system1

The National Research Council of Canada (NRC) has recently developed a Semi-Quantitative Seismic Risk Screening Tool (SQST) to supersede the 1993 NRC Manual for Screening of Buildings for Seismic I...
Uterine Massage to Reduce Blood Loss Before Delivery of the Placenta in Caesarean Section: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background/Objective To estimate the effectiveness of uterine massage UM in reducing blood loss before delivery of placenta in CS. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of 1393 women who delivered with CS. Patients who underwent UM (671women) were compared with those who underwent controlled cord traction (722 women). According to risk assessment of PPH, 2 groups were both divided to low risk group and high risk group. Outcomes included blood loss amount within 2 h after delivery, incidence of PPH and intractable PPH. Results Blood loss amount within 2 h was lower in UM group than CCT group(516.6±196.5 ml compared with 674.1±272.2 ml, P Conclusion In high risk patients of PPH, UM before delivery of placenta contributed to reduce blood loss in CS.
Parental Roles in Children’s Sport Participation: Effects of Ethnicity and Immigration

Parents take on varied roles in their children’s sport, such as an interpreter, provider, and model. These roles are enacted across settings, and impact the relationship families have with sport, a...
An asymptotic preserving maxwell solver resulting in the Darwin limit of electrodynamics

In plasma simulations, where the speed of light divided by a characteristic length is at a much higher frequency than other relevant parameters in the underlying system, such as the plasma frequency, implicit methods begin to play an important role in generating efficient solutions in these multi-scale problems. Under conditions of scale separation, one can rescale Maxwell's equations in such a way as to give a magneto static limit known as the Darwin approximation of electromagnetics. In this work, we present a new approach to solve Maxwell's equations based on a Method of Lines Transpose (MOLT) formulation, combined with a fast summation method with computational complexity O(N log N), where N is the number of grid points (particles). Under appropriate scaling, we show that the proposed schemes result in asymptotic preserving methods that can recover the Darwin limit of electrodynamics.
Freshwater Composition and Connectivity of the Connecticut River Plume During Ambient Flood Tides

The Connecticut River plume interacts with the strong tidal currents of the ambient receiving waters in eastern Long Island Sound. The plume formed during ambient flood tides is studied as an example of tidal river plumes entering into energetic ambient tidal environments in estuaries or continental shelves. Passive freshwater tracers within a high-resolution nested hydrodynamic model are applied to determine how source waters from different parts of the tidal cycle contribute to plume composition and interact with bounding plume fronts. The connection to source waters can be cut off only under low-discharge conditions, when tides reverse surface flow through the mouth after max ambient flood. Upstream plume extent is limited because ambient tidal currents arrest the opposing plume propagation, as the tidal internal Froude number exceeds one. The downstream extent of the tidal plume always is within 20 km from the mouth, which is less than twice the ambient tidal excursion. Freshwaters in the river during the preceding ambient ebb are the oldest found in the new flood plume. Connectivity with source waters and plume fronts exhibits a strong upstream/downstream asymmetry. The arrested upstream front has high connectivity, as all freshwaters exiting the mouth immediately interact with this boundary. The downstream plume front has the lowest overall connectivity, as interaction is limited to the oldest waters since younger interior waters do not overtake this front. The offshore front and inshore boundary exhibit a downstream progression from younger to older waters and decreasing overall connectivity with source waters. Plume-averaged freshwater tracer concentrations and variances both exhibit an initial growth period followed by a longer decay period for the remainder of the tidal period. The tracer variance is increased by mouth inputs, decreased by entrainment, and destroyed by internal mixing. Peak entrainment velocities for younger waters are double the values for older waters, indicating stronger entrainment closer to the mouth. Entrainment and mixing time scales (1-4 hours at max ambient flood) are both shorter than half a tidal period, indicating entrainment and mixing are vigorous enough to rapidly diminish tracer variance within the plume.
DESIGN AND DEMONSTRATION OF AN ONLINE MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS GAME WITH AUTOMATED COACHING FOR LEARNING AND GRADED EXERCISES FOR ASSESSMENT

Much research and debate exists about the effectiveness of simulations as a learning and assessment tool. The questions that are typically raised are: â€œHow effective is a simulation as a pedagogical tool?â€ and â€œHow do we know that students have really learned something from the simulation?â€ The purpose of this paper is to present the design of a simulation game that includes both automated coaching to enhance student learning and graded exercises. The automated coach serves as a timely consultant to students to identify functional areas in the game that need closer attention to improve performance. The graded exercises serve two educational purposes: (a) to provide feedback to the students on their understanding of the theoretical principles embodied in the game; and (b) to serve as an assessment instrument for the instructor and college program.
Media-Induced Elevation as a Means of Enhancing Feelings of Intergroup Connectedness

The majority of research on media counter-stereotyping of race/ethnicity has tended to employ positive portrayals or counter-stereotypical exemplars as a primary strategy in eliciting positive attitudes among White participants. In contrast, this article reports the results of an experiment on the unique role of affective responses to media messages as a mechanism in inducing greater feelings of connectedness with a diversity of racial/ethnic groups. Our focus is on the affective response of elevation specifically, which refers to feelings of being moved, touched, and inspired by images of people engaged in morally beautiful acts such as love, generosity, and kindness. Results show that the experience of elevation in response to inspiring videos was associated with heightened feelings of overlap between the self and humanity, with this overlap associated with greater feelings of connectedness with those from a diversity of racial/ethnic groups. This connection was also associated with more favorable attitudes.
Selective medium for recovering specific populations of rhizobia introduced into tropical soils.

Experiments were designed to evaluate the usefulness of antifungal agents and streptomycin for recovering low densities of rhizobia inoculated into tropical soils. The results showed that yeast-mannitol agar (pH 6.0) containing 500 μg of streptomycin, 400 μg of cycloheximide and 50 μg of benomyl or chlorothalonil per ml was the best selective medium.
Acquiring External Knowledge: How Much Overlap is Best?

Knowledge overlaps between an organization's internal knowledge and the external knowledge it seeks are a key element of the ability of an organization to absorb new, external knowledge. There have been some similarities and differences in the research literature concerning the size of an overlap and its effect on an organization's knowledge management efforts. By comparing and contrasting two key literatures, absorptive capacity and organizational routines, a clearer picture can be provided to explain the effects of different sizes of knowledge overlaps. The integration of elements of these two literatures suggests that organizations should become more aware of knowledge overlap size and to take a variety of knowledge, organizational, and environmental factors into account when determining what types of external knowledge they should seek. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interenvironmental Transfer of Microorganisms on the Exterior Surfaces of Jet Aircraft

The likelihood of microorganisms being transferred to new environments by jet aircraft was investigated. Initial random sampling of the aircraft surface revealed the presence of microorganisms in varying numbers on different aerodynamic surfaces. Bacteria of the genus Bacillus were the most common isolates, comprising approximately one-third of the total organisms found. The most frequently isolated fungi were Cladosporium, Alternaria, Penicillium, and several yeasts. Sampling of surfaces before and immediately after a flight demonstrated that microorganisms were collected during flight in areas protected from the airstream and lost in those areas directly exposed to it. These experiments also showed that the majority of the organisms contaminating the aircraft were acquired from the air at ground level. The placement of microorganisms on the aircraft surface before a flight and determination of their survival after flight indicated that the test organisms were most likely to be transported in the areas protected from the airstream. The organisms showing the best chance of being transferred seem to be the sporeforming bacteria, arthrospore-forming fungi, and some yeasts. All phases of this work showed that microorganisms could be carried by jet aircraft to environments they could not reach by natural means of dispersal.
If Geoengineering Is The First Best Step Towards Global Climate Change Control, How Could It Best Be Implemented?

If, as argued elsewhere, geoengineering represents the most efficient and effective first step towards a solution of the global climate change problem, it is important to analyze how such a geoengineering effort might best be organized. A number of possible organizations are discussed and criteria are proposed for judging between them. The paper concludes that since different phases of the program can be carried on by different organizations, involving one or a possibly only a few countries would appear to offer advantages for the early and less politically sensitive research and plan development while international organizations would appear to offer important advantages for the later implementation and maintenance phases. An important question is whether the international organization should be very broadly representative of all nations, such as the United Nations, or have a narrower membership, say of developed countries willing to contribute resources towards actually implementing a plan once it has been agreed to.
Competition and Vertical Integration in the Computing Industry

Stern School of Business, New York, NY 10012.Tel. (212) 998-0864, fax (212) 995-4218.E-mail: neconomi@stern.nyu.edu,www: http://raven.stern.nyu.edu/networks/Forthcoming in Competition, Innovation, and the Role of Antitrust in the DigitalMarketplace , Jeffrey A. Eisenach and Thomas M. Lenard (eds.), Kluwer AcademicPublishers 1998. Presented at the conference “Competition, Convergence, and theMicrosoft Monopoly: The Future of the Digital Marketplace,” organized by the Progressand Freedom Foundation, Washington DC, February 4, 1998 .Key words: computers, network externalities, vertical integration, compatibility, valuechainsJEL Classification : L1, D4.
Sensitization of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to Shiga toxin: involvement of protein kinase C and NF-kappaB.

Infection of humans with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Shigella dysenteriae 1 is strongly associated with vascular endothelial cell damage and the development of hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The cytotoxic effect of Shiga toxins on vascular endothelial cells in vitro is enhanced by prior exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or either of the host cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1). The purpose of this study was to examine individual signal transduction components involved in the sensitization of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to Shiga toxin 1. The results demonstrate that class I and II protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes are required for sensitization of HUVEC to Shiga toxin by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or LPS but not by TNF or IL-1. Thus, the specific competitive inhibitor of class I/II PKC, 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycerol (AMG), prevented only the action of PMA and LPS on HUVEC. Additional data obtained with ATP binding site inhibitors which affect all PKCs (i.e., classes I, II, and III) suggest that TNF may utilize class III PKC isozymes in the Shiga toxin sensitization of HUVEC. Transcriptional activator NF-kappaB did not appear to be involved in the sensitization of HUVEC to Shiga toxin by LPS, TNF, IL-1, or PMA. Thus, the specific serine protease inhibitor L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) did not inhibit the sensitization of HUVEC to Shiga toxin by LPS, TNF, IL-1, or PMA despite its ability to inhibit NF-kappaB activation and the induction of the NF-kappaB-dependent tissue factor gene by these agents. Finally, all-trans retinoic acid partially inhibited the sensitization of HUVEC to Shiga toxin, by unknown mechanisms which also appeared to be independent of NF-kappaB activation. These results indicate that PKC plays a role in the sensitization of HUVEC to Shiga toxin in response to some, but not all, sensitizing agents. In contrast, NF-kappaB activation appears not to be involved in the sensitization of HUVEC to Shiga toxin by LPS, TNF, IL-1, or PMA.
Towards probabilistic forecasting of flash floods: The combined effects of uncertainty in radar-rainfall and flash flood guidance

Summary The flash flood guidance system (FFGS) is an operational system which assists forecasters to issue flash flood warnings and watches over the conterminous United States. Currently, it is a deterministic system: given a specified precipitation accumulation over a basin and over a time period, issuing of flash flood watches and warnings is considered depending on the exceedance of a certain threshold value (flash flood guidance – FFG). For given channel characteristics and initial soil moisture conditions, FFG values are computed with the use of a hydrologic model. The purpose of this study is to consider the effects of radar-rainfall and flash flood guidance uncertainties on the FFGS. The errors in the FFG are accounted for by quantifying the uncertainties due to the estimation of the hydraulic and terrain characteristics, and the hydrologic model parameters and initial state. To account for the uncertainties in radar-rainfall, the authors use an empirically-based radar-rainfall error model. This model requires calibration for each application region and it accounts for range effects, synoptic conditions, space–time resolutions, and the spatial and temporal dependences of the errors. Thus, the combined effects of uncertainty in both radar-rainfall and FFG can be assessed. The results are exemplified through two cases in a small basin in the Illinois River Basin. The potential of transforming FFGS into a probabilistic system is also discussed.
Research: A simulation study of enhanced arbitration methods for improving Ethernet performance

In an Ethernet with high offered load, lengthy and highly variable packet delays can occur. These delays are due in part to the ''capture effect'' whereby a single station can dominate packet transmission on an Ethernet that uses the standard Binary Exponential Backoff (BEB) arbitration algorithm despite other stations also having packets queued for transmission. One proposed solution to this problem is the Binary Logarithmic Arbitration Method (BLAM) under review by the IEEE 802.3 standards committee. This paper presents a performance evaluation of BLAM and a new, simpler arbitration method called BEB2. It is shown that both BLAM and BEB2 reduce the mean and variance of packet delay and can thus improve the transport of real-time voice traffic on Ethernet.
Erosion properties of cohesive sediments in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon

Cohesive sediment deposits characterized by a high fraction of mud (silt plus clay) significantly affect the morphology and ecosystem of rivers. Potentially cohesive sediment samples were collected from deposits in the Colorado River in Marble and Grand Canyons. The erosion velocities of these samples were measured in a laboratory flume under varying boundary shear stresses. The non-dimensional boundary shear stress at which erosion commenced showed a systematic deviation from that of non-cohesive sediments at mud fractions greater than 0.2. An empirical relation for the boundary shear stress threshold of erosion as a function of mud fraction was proposed. The mass erosion rate was modelled using the Ariathurai–Partheniades equation. The erosion rate parameter of this equation was found to be a strong function of mud fraction. Under similar boundary shear stress and sediment supply conditions in the Colorado River, cohesive lateral eddy deposits formed of mud fractions in excess of 0.2 will erode less rapidly than non-cohesive deposits. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fossil Sirenia of the west Atlantic and Caribbean region. IV. Corystosiren varguezi, gen. et sp. nov.

ABSTRACT Corystosiren varguezi, gen. et sp. nov. (Dugongidae: Rytiodontinae), is described on the basis of a skull from Yucatan, Mexico, and skull and tusk fragments from the Bone Valley district, Florida, USA. The age of this form is most probably early Pliocene, but it appears to be the sister taxon of the early Miocene Rytiodus Lartet, 1866, from France and Libya. Both had strongly deflected rostra and very large, flattened, self-sharpening tusks. Corystosiren is additionally distinguished by a broad and extremely thick skull roof. An unnamed Miocene taxon from South Carolina may be phylogenetically intermediate between C. varguezi and other rytiodontines.
Using Variable-Rate Alerting to Counter Boredom in Human Supervisory Control

A low task load, long duration experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of cyclical attention switching strategies on operator performance in supervisory domains. The impetus for such a study stems from the lack of prior work to improve human-system performance in low task load supervisory domains through the use of design interventions. In this study, a design intervention in the form of auditory alerts is introduced and the effects of the alerts are examined. The test bed consists of a video game-like simulation environment, which allows a single operator the ability to supervise multiple unmanned vehicles. Each participant in the study completed two different four hour sessions, with and without the alerts. The results suggest that the alerts can be useful for operators who are distracted for a considerable amount of time, but that the alerts may not be appropriate for operators who are able to sustain directed attention for prolonged periods.
Platelet trapping in myocardial infarct in baboons: Therapeutic effect of aspirin

Abstract Blood platelet trapping has been demonstrated in the area of evolving myocardial infarction in baboons. Sixteen baboons were subjected to ligation of the diagonal branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery, and the extent of myocardial ischemia was monitored with a 64 to 72 electrode epicardial electrocardiographic grid. Eight animals received no treatment and eight were pretreated twice (at 12 hours and at 2 hours before ligation) with aspirin, 600 mg orally. Measurement of infarct extent included all electrode points with S-T segment elevation of 2 mV or greater. Chromium-51-tagged autologous platelets were injected 15 minutes before ligation. In all animals an area of ischemia developed in which typical changes evolved in S-T segments. In three of the eight aspirin-treated animals, double ligation was carried out. Aspirin was administered after release of the first ligature but before religation, and the area of S-T segment elevation was reduced by as much as 23 percent after aspirin treatment. Platelet trapping outside the area of S-T elevation was seen in 25± 3 percent of the total wall samples in aspirin-treated animals compared with 44 ± 7 percent of those in control animals (p
An in Vivo Assay for Thyrotropin Releasing Factor

An in vivo method for assaying thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF) in mice has been described. Administration of codeine to mice given 131I and 1 μ thyroxine increased the responsiveness of the pituitary to TRF preparations. There was a linear relationship between the log dose of TRF and the increase in blood radioactivity. When TSH is assayed by this method the dose-response range is linear from 0.05 to 0.8 mU with an index of precision (λ) of 0.2. Purified TRF preparations of porcine, ovine, bovine and human origin raised blood 131I levels in the thyroxine-codeine treated mice but not in hypophysectomized mice prepared in the same manner. These same TRF preparations were also inactive in mice pretreated with large amounts of thyroxine. Doses of vasopressin, α- and β-MSH, known to release 131I from the thyroid gland in mice prepared for the McKenzie TSH assay, did not elicit a significant response in mice given codeine and 1 μg of thyroxine. These results obtained in the codeine-thyroxine assay are in agr...
Changing Patterns of Uveitis

We conducted a retrospective analysis of 600 patients with uveitis seen at the Estelle Doheny Eye Center to determine the frequency of occurrence of the various forms of uveitis and to see if the causes of uveitis have changed as compared with previous studies. In 402 cases (67.0%) we established a specific diagnosis based on history, physical findings, and laboratory studies: 167 cases (27.8%) involved primarily the anterior segment, 230 (38.4%) the posterior segment, and 111 (18.4%) occurred as panuveitis. Intermediate uveitis (pars planitis) was the single most frequently diagnosed uveitic entity and accounted for 92 cases (15.4%). We compared our findings with those of previously published studies and found that, as new diseases occur and improved diagnostic techniques become available, the differential diagnosis of uveitis continues to change.
Growth and chemical composition of eight grasses grown under high water table conditions 1

Abstract Eight grasses were grown under high water table conditions for 14 weeks in a greenhouse experiment. Water tables were maintained at 2 or 5 inches below the soil surface. Differences in water table depth influenced clipping yields only slightly. Although total root weights were not reduced with the 2‐inch water table, there was a trend for fewer roots at lower depths and more roots near the surface with this treatment. The shallowest root systems occurred with annual bluegrass, Kentucky bluegrass and creeping red fescue. Elemental composition of the clippings was influenced by species and time of sampling. The greatest effect of water table depth on elemental content of the clippings occurred with Mn.
Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction

This article identifies models of sexual function, defines and categorizes sexual dysfunction, and identifies therapeutic modalities for patients who have sexual dysfunction. Additionally, it discusses some of the questionnaires used to evaluate sexual function.
Understanding the dynamics of information management costs

IntroductionOver the past decade, the mountains of data accumulating within firms - expanding at an annual rate of 30-50% and fueled in part by recent legislation such as SEC Rule 17a-4 mandating the retention of electronic communications (for example, email and instant messaging) in financial services firms for periods of up to three years - has forced information technology (IT) executives to ask how should this data deluge be managed. Intel, whose data warehouse is currently estimated at over 30 petabytes has increased its data storage by an average of 35% annually with the expectation that, if current trends continue, its data center could expand to 165 petabytes by 2014. Yet even as data volumes climb, causing data centers to double in size every other year, an innovation-led drop in annual per-gigabyte storage costs of between 35-45% (see Figure 1) has failed to halt the rise in storage spending.With organizing and utilizing data now seen as one of the most critical issues facing firms worldwide, IT executives note that non-discretionary IT spending - 25% of which covers information management costs and storage infrastructure, in particular - has now reached a point where strategic IT initiatives are at risk. Hence, CIOs have a pressing need to understand the dynamics of information management costs and their ability to control these costs through carefully chosen policies governing data collection and retention. Knowing how these costs behave, CIOs can continue to support the data needs of their firms without limiting their IT goals.To begin this process, we examine a tiered information framework that, by considering the value of information, allows CIOs to comprehend the interplay of market forces that shape information costs. Lastly, we review several challenges posed by our framework that future academic research can help to resolve.
Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus III. The species described by Gmelin and Blumenbach in 1791

SUMMARY Of the 36 new species described by J. F. Gmelin in the 13th edition of the Systema Naturae, 15 are concluded to be valid, 15 are synonyms of previously described species, 5 are rejected as nomina dubia, and 1 is no longer placed in Conus. Gmelin described 8 new infraspecific taxa, of which 1 is considered valid and of species rank, 1 is a synonym of a previously described species, 4 are rejected as nomina dubia, and 2 are relegated to infrasubspecific status, as they are based not on allopatric populations but on morphologic variations without regard to geographic origin. The one new species described by J. F. Blumenbach in the 4th edition of his Handbuch der Naturegeschichte is concluded to be valid. As Gmelin probably possessed no specimens, but based his species on earlier published descriptions and figures, no original specimens exist. One neotype, 2 lectotypes, 8 representatives of holotypes and 21 representatives of lectotypes are selected and illustrated photographically. A representative of lectotype is selected for Blumenbach's species. By 1791, 97 species of Conus had been described, of which 62 are now considered valid. Of these 59 are Recent and 3 are Eocene fossils.
Janina Wójcicka Hoskins (1912–1996): Portrait of an Esteemed Librarian

In this article the author provides a glimpse of the life and work of Janina Wojcicka Hoskins, an influential Slavic librarian, who worked at the Library of Congress (LC) from 1951 to 1989. She emigrated from Poland during World War II. Through her efforts, the Polish collections at LC became the largest in the United States. She also mentored a number of younger Slavic librarians.
How Do You Feel?: Self-esteem Predicts Affect, Stress, Social Interaction, and Symptom Severity during Daily Life in Patients with Chronic Illness

Self-esteem has been demonstrated to predict health and well-being in a number of samples and domains using retrospective reports, but little is known about the effect of self-esteem in daily life. A community sample with asthma (n = 97) or rheumatoid arthritis (n = 31) completed a self-esteem measure and collected Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) data 5x/day for one week using a palmtop computer. Low self-esteem predicted more negative affect, less positive affect, greater stress severity, and greater symptom severity in daily life. Naturalistic exploration of mechanisms relating self-esteem to physiological and/or psychological components in illness may clarify causal relationships and inform theoretical models of self-care, well-being, and disease management.
The Laplace Transform Perturbative Triples Correction Ansatz

We describe the implementation of the spin-unrestricted Laplace transform fourth-order perturbative triples correction. A reduction in the computational scaling with respect to canonical implementations is attained without relying on the large molecule asymptote. The intrinsic scaling difficulties that the Laplace equations exhibit upon increasing the size of the basis sets are properly addressed. The method is suited for medium-size molecules.
A time-frequency approach to estimate critical time intervals in postural control.

The critical time interval (CTI) is a parameter that has been used to distinguish open-loop from closed-loop control during upright stance. The aim of this study was to develop a new method to determine CTIs. The new approach, termed the intermittent critical time interval (ICTI) method, was motivated from evidence that upright standing is an intermittent rather than an asymptotic stability control process. For this ICTI method, center-of-pressure time series are first transformed to the time–frequency domain with a wavelet method. Subsequently, the CTI is assumed equal to the time span between two local maxima in the time–frequency domain within a distinct frequency band (i.e., 0.5–1.1 Hz). This new method may help facilitate better estimates of the transition time interval between open and closed-loop control during upright stance and can also be applied in future work such as in simulating postural control. In addition, this method can be used in future work to assess temporal changes in CTIs.
PLASMA-ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION INTERACTION

THE WORK presented in this report was carried out at Aeronutronic under contract with AFSWC by Mr. R. S. Wright, Dr. C. A. Roberts, and the author. The effort will be reported in detail in a publication numbered TDR 62-13 1 due for release within the next two months. A narrative supplement describing the investigation has been prepared for the report and forms the notes for this paper. The general subject matter is the interaction of the electromagnetic field and a plasma. The relationship of such an investigation to opacity studies stems from a desire to understand the mechanism of communication through a plasma, for example. Our approach has been from a fundamental vantage. We include not only the Coulomb interaction as done by GUERNSEY, in a Ph.D. thesis under UHLENBECK and by BALESCU in a Physics of Fhids article, but also the transverse electromagnetic modes. The study of the properties of an ionized gas from a macroscopic point of view may be considered as involving the analysis of the reduction of the full Liouville equation to a simpler equation. It is well known that the Liouville equation governs the temporal and spatial behavior of the phase space distribution function from which, as averages, all macroscopic properties of the system under consideration may be obtained. The applicable phase space depends upon the character of the system under study; its dimensionality is that of the number of independent position and momentum degrees of freedom of the system. For a system possessing a large number of degrees of freedom (particles) the phase space distribution function is usually too detailed an entity for analysis and possesses too great a wealth of information for practical purposes. In general only a small amount of the information content of the full phase space distribution function can be handled or is required. Consequently, it is usually sufficient to consider a reduced description of the system. Such a description will contain information about only a few physical quantities of interest and will be descriptive of a small number of degrees of freedom. As an example, the pressure of a gas may be considered as an average of the more detailed information content of the full phase space distribution function. In forming this physical quantity all other system properties are integrated out to produce a reduced distribution function containing only the information of interest. Other simple physical quantities may be represented as averages in a similar fashion. The important point is that only reduced functions are required in practically all cases. The present analysis starts with the Liouville equation description of an ionized gas interacting through the medium of the electromagnetic field. Through a series of approximations and stages of analysis one is led to a simplified equation governing the one par-
Schottky diode silicon liquid-crystal light valve

The authors report the operation of the Hughes Schottky diode-based silicon liquid crystal light valve (SLV) using readout light in the visible region. Limiting resolutions of 28 lp/mm limited by the Schottky diode periodicity, contrast ratios of >100:1, visible input light sensitivities of better than 50 (mu) W/cm2, and response times as fast as 5 ms have been measured. Both standard twisted nematic and homeotropically-aligned liquid crystal configurations have been utilized. The main parameter of this device is the leakage current of the Schottky diodes.
Evidence for a common origin of the electrons responsible for the impulsive x-ray and Type III radio bursts.

Observations of impulsive solar flare X-rays greater than or about equal to 10 keV made with the OGO-5 satellite are compared with ground-based measurements of type III solar radio bursts in 10- to 580-MHz range. It is shown that the times of maxima of these two emissions, when detectable, agree within about 18 sec. This maximum time difference is comparable to that between the maxima of the impulsive X-ray and impulsive microwave bursts. In view of the various observational uncertainties, it is argued that the observations are consistent with the impulsive X-ray, impulsive microwave, and type III radio bursts being essentially simultaneous. The observations are also consistent with 10- to 100-keV electron streams being reponsible for the type III emission. The observations indicate that the non-thermal electron groups responsible for the impulsive X-ray, impulsive microwave, and type III radio bursts are accelerated simultaneously in essentially the same region of the solar atmosphere.
Estuarine Science: A Synthetic Approach to Research and Practice

Estuarine Science arrives at a time when our views about estuaries and how human activities interact with them is changing. The growing understanding of estuaries feeds a movement toward an active approach to their management. This movement, in turn, has spawned a number of monitoring and management programs, each of which is focused on a different coastal region. The Estuaries and Clean Waters Act of 2000, signed into law on November 7, authorizes $225 million over 5 years just to coordinate the numerous federal and nonfederal estuarine restoration programs now underway in the United States.The stakes are high. For example, failure to reverse decades of wetland loss in coastal Louisiana promises inevitable disaster for the one million residents of New Orleans. At an average elevation of 2.4 meters below sea level and sinking, New Orleans relies on the shrinking ∼50 km expanse of wetlands that lie between it and the Gulf of Mexico to absorb the storm surge from hurricanes that frequent this part of the coast.