cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semi-automated curation of protein subcellular localization: a text mining-based approach to Gene Ontology (GO) Cellular Component curation

Background: Manual curation of experimental data from the biomedical literature is an expensive and time-consuming endeavor. Nevertheless, most biological knowledge bases still rely heavily on manual curation for data extraction and entry. Text mining software that can semi- or fully automate information retrieval from the literature would thus provide a significant boost to manual curation efforts. Results: We employ the Textpresso category-based information retrieval and extraction system http:// www.textpresso.org, developed by WormBase to explore how Textpresso might improve the efficiency with which we manually curate C. elegans proteins to the Gene Ontology's Cellular Component Ontology. Using a training set of sentences that describe results of localization experiments in the published literature, we generated three new curation task-specific categories (Cellular Components, Assay Terms, and Verbs) containing words and phrases associated with reports of experimentally determined subcellular localization. We compared the results of manual curation to that of Textpresso queries that searched the full text of articles for sentences containing terms from each of the three new categories plus the name of a previously uncurated C. elegans protein, and found that Textpresso searches identified curatable papers with recall and precision rates of 79.1% and 61.8%, respectively (F-score of 69.5%), when compared to manual curation. Within those documents, Textpresso identified relevant sentences with recall and precision rates of 30.3% and 80.1% (F-score of 44.0%). From returned sentences, curators were able to make 66.2% of all possible experimentally supported GO Cellular Component annotations with 97.3% precision (F-score of 78.8%). Measuring the relative efficiencies of Textpresso-based versus manual curation we find that Textpresso has the potential to increase curation efficiency by at least 8-fold, and perhaps as much as 15-fold, given differences in individual curatorial speed. Conclusion: Textpresso is an effective tool for improving the efficiency of manual, experimentally based curation. Incorporating a Textpresso-based Cellular Component curation pipeline at WormBase has allowed us to transition from strictly manual curation of this data type to a more efficient pipeline of computer-assisted validation. Continued development of curation task-specific Textpresso categories will provide an invaluable resource for genomics databases that rely heavily on manual curation.
CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF p-TOLUIDINE AT MULTIWALLED FUNCTIONALIZED CARBON NANOTUBES

The oxidation of p-toluidine in acetonitrile by hydrogen peroxide is a very slow reaction which produces 4,4'-dimethylazoxybenzene as the product. The presence of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT) in the above reaction produces 4,4'-dimethylazobenzene. The reactions have been followed by GC/MS, which show the following mass nos.: 226,92 (without CNT) and 210,120,92,28 (with CNT). UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy shows maximum corresponding to 4,4'-dimethylazobenzene at 444 nm. The rate of formation of 4,4'-dimethylazobenzene has been determined as 0.0093 s-1.
Modeling of major martian magnetic anomalies: Further evidence for polar reorientations during the Noachian

Abstract Maps of the vector components of the Mars crustal magnetic field are constructed at the mapping altitude (360 to 410 km) using a selected set of data obtained with the Mars Global Surveyor magnetometer during 2780 orbits of the planet in 1999. Forward modeling calculations are then applied to six relatively strong and isolated, dominantly dipolar, magnetic anomalies for the primary purpose of estimating bulk directions of magnetization. Assuming that the magnetizing field was a (dipolar) core dynamo field centered in the planet, paleomagnetic pole positions are calculated for the six primary source bodies together with that for a seventh anomaly analyzed earlier. In agreement with several previous studies, it is found that six of the seven pole positions are clustered in what is now the northern lowlands in a region centered northwest of Olympus Mons (mean pole position: 34 ° ± 10 ° N , 202 ° ± 58 ° E ). Assuming that the dynamo dipole moment vector was approximately parallel to the rotation axis, the modeling results therefore suggest a major reorientation of Mars relative to its rotation axis after magnetization was acquired. Such a reorientation may have been stimulated by internal mass redistributions associated with the formation of the northern lowlands and Tharsis, for example. A comparison of the mean paleo (magnetic) equator to the global distribution of crustal fields shows that magnetic anomalies tend to occur at low paleolatitudes. The same appears to be true for the Noachian-aged valley networks, which exhibit a broad spatial correlation with the magnetic anomalies. A possible interpretation is that the formation of magnetic anomalies and the valley networks was favored in the tropics where melting of water ice and snow was a stronger source of both surface valley erosion and groundwater recharge during the earliest history of the planet. This would be consistent with models in which hydrothermal alteration of crustal rocks played a role in producing the unusually strong martian magnetic anomalies.
Integrated Energy-Harvesting Photodiodes With Diffractive Storage Capacitance

Integrating energy-harvesting photodiodes with logic and exploiting on-die interconnect capacitance for energy storage can enable new, ultraminiaturized wireless systems. Unlike CMOS imager pixels, the proposed photodiode designs utilize p-diffusion fingers and are implemented in a conventional logic process. Also unlike specialized solar cell processes, the designs utilize the on-chip metal interconnect to form a diffraction grating above the p-diffusion fingers which also provides capacitive energy storage. To explore the tradeoffs between optical efficiency and energy storage for integrated photodiodes, an array of photovoltaics with various diffractive storage capacitors was designed in a 90-nm CMOS logic process. The diffractive effects can be exploited to increase the photodiodes' response to off-axis illumination. Transient effects from interfacing the photodiodes with switched-capacitor DC-DC converters were examined, with measurements indicating a 50% reduction in the output voltage ripple due to the diffractive storage capacitance. A quantitative comparison between 90-nm and 0.35-μm CMOS logic processes for energy-harvesting capabilities was carried out. Measurements show an increase in power generation for the newer CMOS technology, however at the cost of reduced output voltage. One potential application for the integrated photodiodes is harvesting energy for a subdermal biomedical device.
Watermarking with wavelets: Simplicity leads to robustness

With ubiquitous computing comes the access of copyrighted work across computing platforms. One may have the same image (or video) on an iPod, as well as a laptop and desktop computer. Safeguarding creative content and intellectual property in a digital form has become increasingly difficult as technologies, such as the Internet, broadband availability and mobile access, advance. It has grown to be progressively easier to copy, modify and redistribute digital media, resulting in great declines in business profits. Digital watermarking is a steganographic technique that has been proposed as a possible solution to this problem. This paper examines a technique for digital watermarking which utilizes properties of the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The digital watermarking algorithm uses a database of multiple images with various properties. Eight families of wavelets, both orthogonal and biorthogonal, are compared for efficacy. To objectively measure the success of the algorithm and the influence of the mother wavelet, the PSNR for each wavelet family and image is obtained. Noise is introduced to simulate various attacks. Objective measures are used to determine the performance of the algorithm. We find that the simpler wavelet transforms, e.g. the Haar wavelet, outperform the more complex ones.
Deep learning for image classification

This paper provides an overview of deep learning and introduces the several subfields of deep learning including a specific tutorial of convolutional neural networks. Traditional methods for learning image features are compared to deep learning techniques. In addition, we present our preliminary classification results, our basic implementation of a convolutional restricted Boltzmann machine on the Mixed National Institute of Standards and Technology database (MNIST), and we explain how to use deep learning networks to assist in our development of a robust gender classification system.
A Composite Model of Mesoscale Convective Complexes

Abstract A composite analysis technique is used to investigate the evolution of mesoscale features of mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs). The early stage of the MCC lifecycle is characterized by convergence, vertical motion and heating being centered in the lower troposphere. As the MCC matures the level of peak upward motion and heating shifts to the upper troposphere. The system achieves and maintains its maximum divergence, upward motion, and anticyclonic vorticity in the upper troposphere during the latter half of the life cycle. This is in contrast to GATE tropical clusters where the maximum divergence, upward motion, and anticyclonic vorticity occurred at the mature stage of the cluster and then weakened. This difference might be explained by an MCC being an inertially stable form of mesoscale convective system whose radius exceeds the Rossby radius of deformation. The MCC is shown to be an efficient rain producer, exhibiting a precipitation efficiency exceeding 100% at the mature stage due to th...
The War Against Global Terrorism

The dominant discourse draws clear and sharp distinctions be-tween two different forms of violence: what it calls ‘terrorism’ and wars; between what it calls ‘collateral damage’ of wars and actions (by state and non-state actors) that deliberately target civilians; and between violent actions which cause harm non-violent actions which knowingly cause deaths and injuries. This paper casts doubts on these distinctions. The dominant discourse imposes these distinctions to delegitimize resistance against injustice and oppression; and in other cases, these distinctions serve to exonerate deaths and injuries caused by official policies as well as the actions of corporations.
Comparison of immunoglobulin G concentrations in primiparous and multiparous bovine colostrum1

ABSTRACT Differences in Ig production were evaluated by obtaining Holstein colostrum from 3 commercial dairy herds (689 to 1,862 cows/herd) in central Pennsylvania. Colostrum was harvested from cows within 2 to 6 h postcalving, and samples were refrigerated on farms until collection by the researchers every 2 to 3 d. Data for each sample (n = 507) included cow number, lactation number, colostrum volume, and calving date. The mean concentration (mg/mL) of IgG in colostrum was affected by parity (P
2‐(4‐Bromo­benzyl)‐1,3‐di­phenyl­propane‐1,3‐dione

The title compound, C22H17BrO2, was obtained from the mono­alkyl­ation reaction of di­benzoyl­methane with 4-bromo-1-(bromo­methyl)­benzene catalyzed by an­hydro­us potassium carbonate in acetone. A 1:1 ratio of dibenzoylmethane to p-bromo­benzyl bromide was utilized to produce this compound.
Forty Years of Farm Cost Accounting Records

PAST history does not reveal to us the origin of the desire for knowledge about farm costs. Casual reference to farm costs and the desirability of accurate records of costs are found scattered through agricultural literature from the time of the Romans to the middle of the nineteenth century. None of these references, however, indicate carefully recorded data on costs or a comprehension of suitable methods of attack on that subject. Following the establishment of agricultural colleges in America and more particularly the organization of experiment stations in connection with colleges, during the decade 1880 to 1890 more active interest in the subject is indicated. Weston of Illinois (Bulletin 50, page 55) refers to a report of the United States Commissioner of Agriculture in 1870 which contains a statement by a Mr. J. T. Burroughs concerning the cost of growing crops in Madison County, Illinois. He also refers to inquiries concerning the cost of producing corn and oats in Illinois in 1885, 1886 and 1887 as reported by the Illinois State Board of Agriculture for 1886 and 1887. Tables of yields and costs were published by the Board for all counties of the state indicating the estimated yield, acreage, price per bushel, value of crop, cost of production and profit or loss on the crop. He states also that the United States Department of Agriculture in 1893 in response to numerous inquiries relative to the cost of raising the principal cereals, circulated a questionnaire among 28,000 practical farmers asking for estimates of the cost of raising corn and oats. These estimates were compared with replies to the same questionnaire by 4,000 graduates of various agricultural colleges who were engaged in farming. The demand for information about the cost of producing various
Development of a USV-based bridge inspection system

This survey explores: the requirements of and current techniques utilized in on-water bridge inspection; USV design and configuration considerations for USV-based bridge inspection; use of acoustic sensing techniques for imaging underwater bridge structures and channel bottom features; the control and dynamic positioning of USVs for bridge inspection; and lastly, the use of advanced robotics techniques, such as system localization and mapping for improving vehicle navigation under bridges and better mapping of bridge features.
What is Wrong with Reflective Equilibria

One aspect of John Rawls’ moral philosophy, in particular, seems to be surviving the critical onslaught that greeted the publication of A Theory of Justice: his approach to moral justification, an approach we may refer to as ‘reflective equilibrium’ methodology.1 It is often said that, if nothing else, Rawls has at least succeeded in spelling out for us the way in which the justification of moral principles does, and ought to proceed.2 This is not to say that reflective equilibrium methodology has escaped criticism; indeed it has not.3 Much of this criticism has centred upon the apparent circularity inherent in this methodology. But supporters have been quick to respond. They claim that most of these criticisms are off target; most of these criticisms, they say, focus merely upon ‘narrow’ reflective equilibrium methodology, whereas it is really ‘wide’ reflective equilibrium methodology that Rawls is advocating. And, although this methodology, its proponents will admit, is, to some degree, circular, this circularity, they claim, is the sort that is unobjectionable. So, in spite of the criticisms to which it has been subjected, reflective equilibrium methodology continues to be widely regarded as the most promising and sophisticated approach to moral justification yet. I want to argue here that on the contrary, this approach to moral justification is seriously mistaken.
Biliary excretion of cholic acid and cholesterol in hyper-, hypo-, and euthyroid rats.

Summary1. Hyper- and hypothyroid rats have been prepared and, along with euthyroid control rats, have been subjected to cannulation of the common bile duct and total daily bile collection for 7 days following cannulation, 2, Analysis of this bile for cholesterol and cholic acid revealed that the excretion of cholesterol is a reflection of the level of thyroid activity, and that cholic acid excretion is lowered in both hyper- and hypothyroidism. 3. After the third postoperative day, the ratio of cholic acid to cholesterol excreted in the bile was found to be relatively constant for each type of animal. 4. Cholic acid and cholesterol excretion in the bile was suppressed in both the hyper- and hypothyroid rats in the immediate postoperative period. In 3 or 4 days following cannulation, these levels reached a plateau.
Developing a Decision Support System for Enrollment Forecasting

The objectives of this article are: 1) to illustrate the strategic forecasting approach for the administrators; and 2) to lay the foundations toward a decision support system (DSS) that would achieve a high degree of enrollment forecasting accuracy and decision flexibility at both college and department levels. A strategic framework of the DSS for enrollment forecasting is presented. Administration issues are also addressed.
Observations on Guttulinopsis vulgaris and Guttulinopsis nivea.

The genus Guttulinopsis of E. W. Olive is briefly reviewed and the common coprophilous species G. vulgaris is considered with regard to its distinguishing characteristics, the development of its fr...
Mapping Cross-Cultural Psychology Models and Methods Onto Societal Challenges Focus on Psychological Mechanisms Across Levels of Analysis

In response to Kashima’s article, this commentary uses the levels of analysis (LOAs) perspective to discuss how we may map cross-cultural psychology models and methods onto societal challenges. In our own LOA within psychology, it is pointed out that we have our own deficiencies such as the problem of WEIRD science where much of our so-called universal laws of human behavior have been built on a restricted sample from Western Educated Industrialized Rich Democracies. Besides the caveats regarding the challenges of using multiple levels of analyses, it is also argued that we should use the individual of analysis as our primary focus given our training as psychologists. This means focusing on psychological mechanisms to link them to societal problems. Several models for doing this mapping are presented such as Triandis’ recent work on self-deception as psychological mechanisms underlying extremism. Other examples include Leong and Kalibatseva’s disentangling approach, which seeks to resolve the “Black box p...
Surgical Approaches to Renal and Ureteral Calculi

SUMMARY The goals of surgery for renal calculi should be stated and ranked by the surgeon according to priority. Based upon renal anatomy, size, position, and number of stones, a surgical incision should be selected. Immediate preoperative films should always be obtained. The patient should be carefully positioned on the operating table. Incision and dissection should be adequate to accomplish the job. Good drainage must be provided in each case. Finally, meticulous renal pelvic, ureteral, and wound closure should be accomplished for primary wound healing.
A world away.

Eleanor Roosevelt is said to have issued the challenge to do one thing every day that scares you. As a pharmacy officer in the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS), I did not know exactly how I could take those words to heart. When I received a solicitation for volunteers to deploy to Iraq, I
The Euler Line (January 2009)

A hundred years ago, if you'd asked people why Leonhard Euler was famous, those who had an answer would very likely have mentioned his discovery of the Euler line, the remarkable property that the orthocenter, the center of gravity and the circumcenter of a triangle are collinear. But times change, and so do fashions and the standards by which we interpret history. At the end of the 19th century, triangle geometry was regarded as one of the crowning achievements of mathematics, and the Euler line was one of its finest jewels. Mathematicians who neglected triangle geometry to study exotic new fields like logic, abstract algebra or topology were taking brave risks to their professional careers. Now it would be the aspiring triangle geometer taking the risks. Still, the late H. S. M. Coxeter made a long and distinguished career without straying far from the world of triangles, and he introduced hundreds of others to their delightful properties, especially the Euler line. This month, we look at how Euler discovered the Euler line and what he was trying to do when he discovered it. We will find that the discovery was rather incidental to the problem he was trying to solve, and that the problem itself was otherwise rather unimportant. This brings us to the 325th paper in Gustav Enestrom's index of Euler's published work, “Solutio facilis problematum quorumdam geometricorum difficillimorum” (An easy solution to a very difficult problem in geometry) [ E325 ]. Euler wrote the paper in 1763 when he lived in Berlin and worked at the academy of Frederick the Great. The Seven Years War, which extended from 1756 to 1763, was just ending. Late in the war, Berlin had been occupied by foreign troops. Euler and the other academicians had lived the last years in fear for their own safety and that of their families, but a dramatic turn of events enabled Frederic to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat and win the war. When he returned to Berlin, he tried to manage his Academy of Sciences the same way he had managed his troops. In just three years, he had completely alienated Euler and Euler left for St. Petersburg, Russia to work at the academy of Catherine the Great. The paper was published in 1767 in the journal of the St. Petersburg Academy.
Roles of Accessory Molecules in Processing and Presentation of Foreign Antigens

The Ii sequence Phe146-Val164 was hypothesized to coil as an amphipathic, α helix in the desetope of class II MHC antigens until release in an acidic, foreign antigen-containing endosome to catalyze charging of the desetope with a structurally similar foreign peptide (1). A serum from one of four rabbits injected with a KLH-conjugated, synthetic peptide of Ii sequence 146–169, substituting Tyr for Phe146, immunoprecipitated a 67-kD protein from Raji cells after 3 hours [35S]methionine labeling and 69- and 67 kD-proteins after 5 or 10 hours of labeling, respectively. The 67-kD protein was not sensitive to endoglycosidase F treatment or tunicamycin and had a pI about 5.5. p67 was not surface expressed as judged by immunofluorescence analyses with the antiserum and by immunoprecipitation of surfacebiotinylated proteins. These human molecules might correspond to the murine proteins p72/74, described by Lakey et al. (2) to have a potential role in antigen presentation.
Role of vascular reactive oxygen species in regulating cytochrome P450-4A enzyme expression in Dahl salt-sensitive rats.

Objective The potential contribution of CYP4A enzymes to endothelial dysfunction in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats was determined by comparison to SS-5BN consomic rats having chromosome 5 carrying CYP4A alleles from the Brown Norway (BN) rat introgressed into the SS genetic background. Methods The following experiments were performed in cerebral arteries from HS-fed SS and SS-5BN rats ± the SOD inhibitor DETC and/or the superoxide scavenger Tempol: 1) endothelial function was determined via video microscopy ± acute addition of the CYP4A inhibitor DDMS or Tempol; 2) vascular oxidative stress was assessed with DHE fluorescence ± acute addition of DDMS, L-NAME, or PEG-SOD; and 3) CYP4A protein levels were compared by Western blotting. Results In DETC-treated SS-5BN and HS-fed SS rats: 1) DDMS or Tempol ameliorated vascular dysfunction 2) DDMS reduced vascular oxidative stress to control levels; 3) Chronic Tempol treatment reduced vascular CYP4A protein expression; and 3) combined treatment with Tempol and L-NAME prevented the reduction in CYP4A protein expression in MCA of HS-fed SS rats. Conclusion The CYP4A pathway plays a role in vascular dysfunction in SS rats and there appears to be a direct role of reduced NO availability due to salt-induced oxidant stress in upregulating CYP4A enzyme expression. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Glass-panel 6 Li neutron detector

We report on the development of a neutron detector utilizing solid enriched lithium, which has substantial neutron detection efficiency. The detector employs large, thin sheets of lithium in a gas-filled multi-wire proportional chamber (MWPC). Using low-cost design methods, readout electronics, and a small fraction of the already available enriched lithium available from Y-12/Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the amount of 3He equivalent detection capability for nuclear non-proliferation activities can be greatly increased.
Big Data Smart Socket (BDSS): a system that abstracts data transfer habits from end users.

Motivation The ability to centralize and store data for long periods on an end user's computational resources is increasingly difficult for many scientific disciplines. For example, genomics data is increasingly large and distributed, and the data needs to be moved into workflow execution sites ranging from lab workstations to the cloud. However, the typical user is not always informed on emerging network technology or the most efficient methods to move and share data. Thus, the user defaults to using inefficient methods for transfer across the commercial internet. Results To accelerate large data transfer, we created a tool called the Big Data Smart Socket (BDSS) that abstracts data transfer methodology from the user. The user provides BDSS with a manifest of datasets stored in a remote storage repository. BDSS then queries a metadata repository for curated data transfer mechanisms and optimal path to move each of the files in the manifest to the site of workflow execution. BDSS functions as a standalone tool or can be directly integrated into a computational workflow such as provided by the Galaxy Project. To demonstrate applicability, we use BDSS within a biological context, although it is applicable to any scientific domain. Availability and implementation BDSS is available under version 2 of the GNU General Public License at https://github.com/feltus/BDSS . Contact ffeltus@clemson.edu.
Corrosion Mechanism of Haynes 230 Alloy with Ni Crucible in MgCl2–KCl

The long-term corrosion behavior of Haynes 230 (H230) alloy in MgCl2–KCl eutectic salt was evaluated at 1273 K for 500 h in Ni crucible in argon gas. The results showed H230 alloy has good corrosion resistance. In addition, corrosion was noted to occur by depletion of Cr, which was deposited on the Ni crucible. Based on the calculation of Gibbs energy of Ni-Cr alloy and exchange current density of Cr in MgCl2–KCl, the Tafel model was constructed to investigate the corrosion potential and rate. The galvanic corrosion can be explained as the predicted results were in agreement with the experimental data.
CAR - a deep learning structure for concurrent activity recognition: poster abstract

We introduce the Concurrent Activity Recognizer (CAR) --- an efficient deep learning structure that recognizes complex concurrent teamwork activities from multimodal data. We implemented the system in a challenging medical setting, where it recognizes 35 different activities using Kinect depth video and data from passive RFID tags on 25 types of medical objects. Our preliminary results showed our system achieved an 84\% average accuracy with 0.20 F1-Score.
Social context affects behavior, preoptic area gene expression, and response to D2 receptor manipulation during territorial defense in a cichlid fish

Social context often has profound effects on behavior, yet the neural and molecular mechanisms which mediate flexible behavioral responses to different social environments are not well understood. We used the African cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni, to examine aggressive defense behavior across three social contexts representing different motivational states: a reproductive opportunity, a familiar male and a neutral context. To elucidate how differences in behavior across contexts may be mediated by neural gene expression, we examined gene expression in the preoptic area, a brain region known to control male aggressive and sexual behavior. We show that social context has broad effects on preoptic gene expression. Specifically, we found that the expression of genes encoding nonapeptides and sex steroid receptors are upregulated in the familiar male context. Furthermore, circulating levels of testosterone and cortisol varied markedly depending on social context. We also manipulated the D2 receptor (D2R) in each social context, given that it has been implicated in mediating context-dependent behavior. We found that a D2R agonist reduced intruder-directed aggression in the reproductive opportunity and familiar male contexts, while a D2R antagonist inhibited intruder-directed aggression in the reproductive opportunity context and increased aggression in the neutral context. Our results demonstrate a critical role for preoptic gene expression, as well as circulating steroid hormone levels, in encoding information from the social environment and in shaping adaptive behavior. In addition, they provide further evidence for a role of D2R in context-dependent behavior.
Physiological Principles Underlying Endocrine Therapy of Breast Cancer

The subject of endocrine therapy for advanced breast cancer is certainly not new. The first demonstration of hormonal control of breast cancer was made 81 years ago when regression of metastatic tumor was produced by ovariectomy.(1) Since then, adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy have been used to achieve similar results. These ablative procedures serve to remove sources of circulating hormones which stimulate or support breast tumor growth. Alternatively, breast cancer regression can be achieved by administering large pharmacological doses of estrogen, androgen, progestin, or glucocorticoid. Historically, the choice of endocrine therapy for an individual patient has been in large part empirical, guided by certain clinical features such as menopausal status, free interval, site of the dominant lesion, and the response to any previous endocrine therapy. Since the empirical approach has been extensively reviewed in the literature, I will not dwell upon it further in this chapter. Instead, I refer the reader to several excellent books and chapters on the subject.(2–4)
EliMO: Eliminating Channel Feedback from MIMO

MIMO beamforming provides high throughput for WiFi networks, but it also leads to high computation and communication overhead due to Channel State Information (CSI) feedback. Explicit CSI feedback provides high beamforming gains, but it introduces extremely high overhead. Implicit CSI feedback has low overhead, but it provides very low beamforming gains. We propose EliMO to completely Eliminate CSI feedback from MIMO without sacrificing beamforming gains. EliMO uses two-way channel estimation to allow WiFi Access Points (AP) to accurately estimate downlink CSI without explicit CSI feedback. To measure downlink CSI at the WiFi AP, the WiFi station (STA) puts the received signal of downlink training symbols into Feedback Training Field (FTF) and sends it back to the AP. The AP estimates the two-way channel using the received signal of FTF. Analysis and experiment results show that EliMO is able to provide as high beamforming gains as explicit CSI feedback and as low overhead as implicit CSI feedback. EliMO significantly reduces computation and communication costs of measuring and sending CSI feedback for smart devices, like smartphones, smartwatches, and wireless drones. We evaluate the throughput and energy consumption of EliMO by experiment measurements in both static and mobile scenarios. Evaluation results show that EliMO provides 5× and 4× throughput as implicit and explicit CSI feedback, espectively. Energy consumption of EliMO is only 85%/30% of that of implicit/explicit CSI feedback.
Time to Give Up the Dogmas of Attribution: An Alternative Theory of Behavior Explanation

Abstract Attribution research has held a prominent place in social psychology for 50 years, and the dominant theory of attribution has been the same for all this time. Unfortunately, this theory (a version of attribution as covariation detection) cannot account for people's ordinary explanations of behavior. The goal here is to present a theory that can. The theory is grounded in the framework of folk concepts children and adults use to make sense of human behavior, a framework that was already anticipated by Fritz Heider. To introduce the theory, I first map out this folk-conceptual framework, provide evidence for its core elements, and develop the cognitive and social features of behavior explanations, with a focus on the unique properties of intentional action explanation. I then apply the theory to a core attributional phenomenon—actor–observer asymmetries in explanation—and chart two additional applications. In light of these results, I summarize the theoretical and empirical reasons to give up these three dogmas of attribution theory: that behaviors are like all other events, that explaining behavior is choosing between person and situation causes, and that such choices are driven by covariation detection.
Micro Aerial Vehicle Path Planning and Flight with a Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm

Due to its importance for robotics applications, robotic path planning has been extensively studied. Because optimal solutions can be computationally expensive, the need for good approximate solutions to such problems has led to the use of many techniques, including genetic algorithms. This paper proposes a genetic algorithm for offline path planning in a static but very general, continuous real-world environment that includes intermediate targets in addition to the final destination. The algorithm presented is distinct from others in several ways. First, it does not use crossover as this operator does not appear, in testing, to aid in efficiently finding a solution for most of the problem instances considered. Second, it uses mass extinction due to experimental evidence demonstrating its potential effectiveness for the path planning problem. Finally, the algorithm was designed for, and has been tested on, a physical micro aerial vehicle. It runs on a single-board computer mounted on the MAV, making the vehicle fully autonomous and demonstrating the viability of such a system in practice.
Obesity, Treatment of

As the epidemic of obesity has grown during the past 20 years, the need to understand its causes and apply this knowledge to the treatment of obesity has become ever more urgent. As our understanding of obesity increases, novel ideas about techniques, strategies, molecules, and procedures will emerge that can be used to curtail the devastating effects of this epidemic.
Optimal weighting for covariance based realization algorithm

Subspace methods are powerful tools for system identification and typically based on the projection of large dimensional data matrices, that store multivariable input/output data points, onto a low rank (extended observability) matrix. The Covariance Based Realization Algorithm (CoBRA) fortunately allows the use of finite size covariance-data matrices due to covariance preprocessing, even when a large number of data points is available. In addition, the covariance preprocessing allows CoBRA to focus on the estimation of the deterministic input/output model, without the need to estimate the state space realization of possibly high-order stochastic noise model during the projection. However, avoiding noise model estimation may negatively influence model parameter variability and this paper investigates an optimal (column) weighting matrix in CoBRA in order to improve its estimation performance during projection. An in-depth theoretical analysis is presented on the asymptotic property of the estimate when using the weighting matrix and results are formulated in terms of minimal variance of the projection error. A simple example is given to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed weighted CoBRA method.
Dynamic domain reduction for multi-agent planning

We consider a scenario where a swarm of arbitrary unmanned vehicles (UxVs) are used to satisfy a multitude of diverse, spatially distributed objectives. The UxVs strive to determine an efficient schedule of tasks to service the objectives while operating as a swarm. We focus on developing autonomous high-level planning, where low-level controls are leveraged from previous work in distributed motion, target tracking, localization, and communication algorithms. We take a Markov decision processes (MDP) approach to develop a multi-agent framework that can extend to multi-objective optimization and human-interaction for swarm robotics. Utilizing state and action abstractions, we introduce a hierarchical algorithm, Dynamic domain reduction for multi-agent planning, to enable multi-agent planning for large multi-objective environments. Simulated results show significant improvement over using a standard Monte Carlo tree search in an environment with large state and action spaces.
-hóhta’hané: Mapping Genocide & Restorative Justice in Native America

Abstract. This thesis explores critical decolonial cartography as a possible language for communicating and better understanding complex, intergenerational experiences of genocide and colonialism among Native American peoples. Utilizing a self-reflexive methodology, this work makes interventions in Native American and indigenous studies, comparative genocide studies, historiography, and geography to argue for more expansive languages with which to grapple with Native experiences of genocide. In so doing, this paper also asserts the need for indigenous narrative self-determination, development of decolonial epistemologies and praxes on genocide, and languages for violence that are specifically designed to facilitate dialogue on healing. For that reason, this work not only positions cartography and maps as a particularly useful language for understanding indigenous experiences of genocide, but documents the development of this language, with the intent of supporting and guiding others in creating alternative languages that best fit their nation, community, family, and selves. Finally, the larger aim of this work is to make the case for languages on genocide that heal, rather than re-traumatize, and give a more holistic understanding of the ways in which genocide ‘takes place’ spatially and temporally, with the hope of creating a larger, more inclusive, less violent space for imagining and crafting restorative justice.
Genomic Knockout of Two Presumed Forelimb Tbx5 Enhancers Reveals They Are Nonessential for Limb Development.

Summary A standard approach in the identification of transcriptional enhancers is the use of transgenic animals carrying DNA elements joined to reporter genes inserted randomly in the genome. We examined elements near Tbx5, a gene required for forelimb development in humans and other vertebrates. Previous transgenic studies reported a mammalian Tbx5 forelimb enhancer located in intron 2 containing a putative retinoic acid response element and a zebrafish tbx5a forelimb (pectoral fin) enhancer located downstream that is conserved from fish to mammals. We used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to knockout the endogenous elements and unexpectedly found that deletion of the intron 2 and downstream elements, either singly or together in double knockouts, resulted in no effect on forelimb development. Our findings show that reporter transgenes may not identify endogenous enhancers and that in vivo genetic loss-of-function studies are required, such as CRISPR/Cas9, which is similar in effort to production of animals carrying reporter transgenes.
Mitigating Climate Change in Urban Environments: Management of Water Supplies

Energy and water are tightly connected but the possibility of mitigating climate change through water supply decisions has not been fully explored. The potential for improved efficiency is examined through analysis of the water supply systems in the five largest US cities: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Philadelphia. The energy intensity of water supply in these cities ranges from 0.15 to 1.34 kWh/m3, largely due to pumping requirements. These cities also demonstrate opportunities to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from water supply through source water protection, selection of alternative water supplies, repair and replacement of infrastructure, water conservation, and use of alternative energy supplies. Finally, decentralization of water supplies may also provide opportunities for improved energy efficiency in water supply.
Employment as a Social Determinant of Health: An Urban Partnership’s Experience with HIV Intervention Development and Implementation Using Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR)

The introduction of antiretroviral therapy has led to profound declines in AIDS-related mortality. As persons with HIV live longer, serious non-AIDS-defining illnesses have replaced HIV-related opportunistic infections as the leading causes of death. In this chapter, we outline the development of an urban community-academic partnership and how it applied community-based participatory research (CBPR) principles to build trust, expand networks, and establish a partnership to identify and meet the needs and priorities of persons with HIV in general and gay men with HIV in specific. Members of our CBPR partnership wanted to explore and better understand these needs and priorities to inform action, including intervention and programming, to positively affect the health and well-being of this vulnerable population. We chose CBPR as an approach to research to ensure authentic community engagement and full participation of community members, organizational representatives, and academic researchers in all aspects of the research process. We describe how members of our partnership came to identify employment as a social determinant of health among persons with HIV on which to explore and intervene. We outline our action-oriented intervention research using self-management concepts and constructs from hope theory. We also present lessons learned throughout our decade-long history with CBPR in Washington, DC.
Can We Define Surgical Site Infection Accurately in Colorectal Surgery

Abstract Background: Increasingly, surgical site infection (SSI) is being tied to quality of care. The incidence of SSI after colorectal surgery differs widely. We hypothesize that it is difficult to define SSI reliably and reproducibly when adhering to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definitions. Methods: Elective intra-abdominal colorectal procedures via a clean-contaminated incision performed at a single institution between January 1 and May 1, 2011 were queried. Three attending surgeons examined all patients' records retrospectively for documentation of SSI. These data were compared with the institutional National Surgeon Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) data with regard to deep and superficial incisional SSI. Results: Seventy-one cases met the inclusion criteria. There were six SSIs identified by NSQIP, representing 8.4% of cases. Review of the three attending surgeons demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of SSI, at 27%, 38%, and 23% (p=0.002). The percent of ove...
Molecular modeling and predicting dye properties

Abstract: This chapter discusses the state-of-the-art molecular modeling methods in the prediction of electronic and thermodynamic properties of organic colorants. The utility of different molecular modeling methods such as Pariser, Parr and Pople (PPP), Zerner’s Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (ZINDO) and Time Dependant-Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) in the prediction of wavelength of maximum absorption (λmax), and the effect of crystal packing on λmax are discussed. Moreover, the prediction of crystal structures using ab initio methods and the use of quantitative-structure activity relationship (QSAR) in the prediction of dye–fiber affinity are presented.
Applying machine learning to the flagellar motor for biosensing

Escherichia coli detects and follows chemical gradients in its environment in a process known as chemotaxis. The performance of chemotaxis approaches fundamental biosensor speed and sensitivity limits, but there have been relatively few attempts to incorporate the response into a functional biosensor. Toward that end, we have developed software to process digital microscope images of a large number of tethered E. coli responding to different chemical perturbations. Upwards of fifty cells can be recorded in one experiment, allowing for rapid labeling of the chemotactic responses of multiple cells. After we collected hundreds of wild-type chemotactic E. coli motor responses to dilutions of aspartate and leucine, we trained a support vector classifier (SVC) to estimate the order of magnitude of aspartate concentration between 0M, 100nM, and 1μM with a single cell classification subset accuracy of 69%. We trained another SVC to differentiate between aspartate and leucine with a single cell classification subset accuracy of 83%. Using a majority-vote method on a bacterial population of size N, estimates have 95% confidence for N = 27 bacteria for concentration detection and N = 9 bacteria for chemical differentiation. These methods are a step towards adaptable chemotaxis-based biosensing.
A Will for Willa Cather

Artists hold their creative works dear: whether paintings, poems, or songs, their human creators treat them with special care and often desire that same care be exercised after death. Directing particular uses of property from the grave can be met with several objections. The objections sound in alarmist responses to “dead hand control” and include the Rule Against Perpetuities, uncertainty, capriciousness, and the repugnancy of restraints on alienation.This Article considers these and other recurring objections in one particular context and with one particular variety of creative works: an author’s unpublished and private letters to her friends. A mechanism for achieving an artist’s restrictions over the use of her creative works after death is introduced in the form of a purpose trust. Purpose trusts are typically utilized by pet owners to ensure the continued care and preservation of their pets after the owner’s death. Purpose trusts are unique in that they lack ascertainable beneficiaries to enforce the trustee’s duties. Many purpose trusts do not qualify as charitable trusts (which can be enforced by the state attorney general’s office). Instead, a private “enforcer” must be provided. Here, a noncharitable purpose trust designed to restrict access to an author’s private correspondence is introduced; a testamentary trust hypothetically created under the terms of the Last Will and Testament of the celebrated American author Willa Cather.
Toward a Phenomenology of the Material

Can phenomenological approaches to experience allow me to attend to not just the human experience but also the material discursive forces that are a part of the shifting, moving network of agents a...
What Is Relational Justice

The relational harms of crimes of violence should be met with relational remedies; this is the aim of relational justice. Sexual and other forms of violence do grave harm to personal relations and relational capacities. Wrongdoers may, and should, be blamed for acts of disregard for the basic relational good of others. The final aim of relational justice is the return of those hurt by violence to full belonging in community, and if possible, the return of perpetrators as well. This will alter predominant views of punishment for serious crimes. Adopting a relational justice perspective should change how guilty pleas are taken and sentencing hearings are structured. Relational justice promises better recognition of sexual violence by emphasizing the relational nature of harm and wrongdoing. Relational justice also provides a new perspective on race and class discrimination in criminal justice through its emphasis on the connectedness of persons and groups in community and basic obligations to look out for the relational good of others.