cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcomes Following Arthrodesis for Atlanto-Axial Osteoarthritis.

Study design Retrospective analysis. Objective We set out to evaluate the radiographic and patient-reported outcomes following C1-C2 arthrodesis for atlantoaxial osteoarthritis (AAOA) using modern instrumentation and techniques. Summary of background data Few studies have evaluated outcomes following C1-C2 arthrodesis for AAOA using modern surgical fixation techniques. Methods Retrospective analysis of all patients following C1-C2 arthrodesis with recalcitrant AAOA from a single center, single surgeon from 2002 to 2012. Preoperative, immediate and final follow-up postoperative radiographic images were evaluated. Patient-reported outcomes scores were assessed preoperative, 1-year, and final postoperative follow-up. Results We found a total of 14 patients (13 female, 1 male) with average follow-up of 2.96 ± 2.26 years and mean age at surgery of 71.8 ± 9.3 years old. The most common construct was posterior C1-C2 bilateral screw-rod construct (SRC) (n = 9), and there were 3 patients with transarticular screw (TAS) constructs, and 2 patients with hybrid fixation (unilateral SRC and contralateral TAS). Mean change from baseline to final follow-up for Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NRS) was -4.7 ± 2.1, and Neck Disability Index (NDI) was -21.0 ± 13.6, with 11 (78.6%) patients demonstrated a substantial clinical benefit (change in NDI ≥ 10). There were no differences from baseline to all follow-up time points for SF-12 Physical and Mental Component Scores. All patients had evidence of solid C1-C2 arthrodesis and stable fixation at final follow-up, with no significant change in subaxial sagittal alignment. There were no perioperative or postoperative complications. Conclusion We report one of the largest series evaluating patient-reported outcomes in patients following arthrodesis for AAOA using modern C1-C2 fixation techniques. Our study found C1-C2 arthrodesis for AAOA to be safe and effective, with a significant improvement in patient-reported pain and neck disability and most patients reporting substantial clinical benefit. Level of evidence 4.
The CATALYST Deliberation Analytics Server

This paper describes the CATALYST analytics server, a free open-source web service that provides a substantive library of deliberation analytics for assessing large-scale argument-centric deliberations. It was developed as part of the EU CATALYST project.
How College Students Understand Their Self-Control Development: A Qualitative Analysis

AbstractRecent research has shown the importance of the positive benefits of high-levels of self-control for both individuals and society. Yet, we know only a limited amount about how college students understand and apply self-control. This qualitative study examined how a national sample of 75 students defined self-control, whether or not they believed that they had developed self-control in college, and where they found help developing it. The analysis illuminated situational strategies that students found helpful in strengthening the self-control muscle, such as advice from faculty and scheduling. The findings also affirm the important role that trusted relationships play in self-control development and guidance.
How Discrimination Shapes Social Identification Processes and Well-Being Among Arab Americans:

The increasingly xenophobic U.S. climate warrants a close investigation of Arab American responses to discrimination. We conducted secondary analyses of two large data sets to examine social identi...
Indentation response of nanoporous gold from atomistic simulations

We present classical potential molecular dynamics simulations of nanoporous gold (np-Au) impacted by a spherical indenter. The atomic structure was generated using a phase field model as a template. In agreement with previous experiments, we observe densification in the region under the indenter. The hardness values obtained from our simulations exhibit a transition from an initially perfect-plastic plateau to hardening behavior in the later stages of indentation. This transition occurs when the relative density beneath the indenter exceeds ∼0.9. Hardness values obtained from the nanoindentation simulations reach 0.6 GPa, due to the densification of the material under the indenter. Elevated dislocation densities are observed in the densified region. The mechanism of pore collapse in the densified layer under the indenter is seen to switch from uniaxial to triaxial, consistent with a change in deformation mechanism from one based on shearing of individual ligaments in np-Au to one involving dislocation-mediated plasticity around voids in a Au single crystal undergoing uniaxial compression.
EGF Triggers a Similar Signalling Cascade in Different Cell Types Overexpressing the EGF Receptor

The mechanism by which growth factors stimulate mitogenesis upon binding to their receptors involves several biochemical events and the generation of intracellular second messengers. EGF1 is regarded as a classical example of a growth factor which acts on a receptor harboring tyrosine kinase activity (Berridge, 1987 a,b; Carpenter, 1987). Recently, several reports have indicated that in certain cell types, EGF stimulates inositol lipid turnover with the formation of Ca2+- mobilizing inositol polyphosphates and 1,2-diacylglycerol activating protein kinase C (Hepler et al, 1987; Pandiella et al., 1987; Johnson and Garrison, 1987; Earp et al., 1988; Takasu et al., 1988; Moscat et al., 1988). However, other studies demonstrated that EGF was unable to trigger phosphoinositide metabolism in 3T3 fibroblasts and in a clone of A431 carcinoma cells (Besterman et al, 1986; Macara, 1986; Wakelam et al., 1986; Pandiella et al, 1987). Therefore, EGFinduced inositol lipid turnover might be considered lineagespecific, or at least cell type-specific (Earp et al., 1988), and the role of phosphoinositide metabolism in EGF-induced mitogenesis remains to be established.
Computer Aided Design of Experiments and Automatic Data Processing

Herein is described an ongoing research project whose goal is the realization of so-called Automatic Deductive Systems capable of solving class problems of interest to the chemistry related disciplines. Such systems are easily used by researchers without mathematical or computer backgrounds to help design experiments and to process data. These systems will eventually be coded in a machine and configuration independent high-level language, called TPL, so that they then can be run without change on a wide variety of machines having different peripheral equipment, architecture and memory sizes.
An Open-Source Tool for Automated Power Grid Stress Level Prediction at Balancing Authorities

The behavior of modern power systems is becoming more stochastic and dynamic, due to the increased penetration of variable generation, demand response, new power market structure, extreme weather conditions, contingencies, and unexpected events. It is critically important to predict potential system operational issues so that grid planners and operators can take preventive actions to mitigate the impact, e.g., lack of operational reserves. In this paper, an innovative software tool is presented to assist power grid operators in a balancing authority in predicting the grid stress level over the next operating day. It periodically collects necessary information from public domain such as weather forecasts, electricity demand, and automatically estimates the stress levels on a daily basis. Advanced Neural Network and regression tree algorithms are developed as the prediction engines to achieve this goal. The tool has been tested on a few key balancing authorities and successfully predicted the growing system peak load and increased stress levels under extreme heat waves.
Examining progression free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicities of palbociclib in a geriatric population.

10039Background: A recent FDA pooled analysis of patients treated with CDK4/6 inhibitors showed a trend towards improved PFS in the geriatric population, although this was not statistically signifi...
Genetic contributions to dental dimensions in brown-mantled tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

OBJECTIVES The use of dental metrics in phylogenetic reconstructions of fossil primates assumes variation in tooth size is highly heritable. Quantitative genetic studies in humans and baboons have estimated high heritabilities for dental traits, providing a preliminary view of the variability of dental trait heritability in nonhuman primate species. To expand upon this view, the heritabilities and evolvabilities of linear dental dimensions are estimated in brown-mantled tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). MATERIALS AND METHODS Quantitative genetic analyses were performed on linear dental dimensions collected from 302 brown-mantled tamarins and 364 rhesus macaques. Heritabilities were estimated in SOLAR using pedigrees from each population, and evolvabilities were calculated manually. RESULTS Tamarin heritability estimates range from 0.19 to 0.99, and 25 of 26 tamarin estimates are significantly different from zero. Macaque heritability estimates range from 0.08 to 1.00, and 25 out of 28 estimates are significantly different from zero. DISCUSSION Dental dimensions are highly heritable in captive brown-mantled tamarins and free-ranging rhesus macaques. The range of heritability estimates in these populations is broadly similar to those of baboons and humans. Evolvability tends to increase with heritability, although evolvability is high relative to heritability in some dimensions. Estimating evolvability helps to contextualize differences in heritability, and the observed relationship between evolvability and heritability in dental dimensions requires further investigation.
Creating Effective Collaborative Learning Groups in an Online Health Promotion Course

In this paper, an undergraduate-level online health promotion course is used to illustrate how to incorporate group learning experiences into courses that create productive, engaging, and skill-building environments for learners.
Affinity Lens: Data-Assisted Affinity Diagramming with Augmented Reality

Despite the availability of software to support Affinity Diagramming (AD), practitioners still largely favor physical sticky-notes. Physical notes are easy to set-up, can be moved around in space and offer flexibility when clustering un-structured data. However, when working with mixed data sources such as surveys, designers often trade off the physicality of notes for analytical power. We propose AffinityLens, a mobile-based augmented reality (AR) application for Data-Assisted Affinity Diagramming (DAAD). Our application provides just-in-time quantitative insights overlaid on physical notes. Affinity Lens uses several different types of AR overlays (called lenses) to help users find specific notes, cluster information, and summarize insights from clusters. Through a formative study of AD users, we developed design principles for data-assisted AD and an initial collection of lenses. Based on our prototype, we find that Affinity Lens supports easy switching between qualitative and quantitative 'views' of data, without surrendering the lightweight benefits of existing AD practice.
Synthesis of 6-[(hydroxyimino)phenyl)]methyl]-1-[(1-methylethyl)sulfonyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-amine. An aza analogue of enviroxime

6-[[(Hydroxyimino)phenyl]methyl]-1-[(1-methylethyl)sulfonyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-amine (1), an aza analogue of enviroxime, was synthesized in eight steps from 6-hydroxynicotinic acid (2). Acid 2 was nitrated, chlorinated with phosphorus pentachloride, and subjected to Friedel-Crafts aroylation to give 6-chloro-5-nitro-3-pyridyl phenyl ketone (5). Amination of 5 was followed by reduction of the nitro group and condensation with ethoxycarbonylisothiocyanate to give 6-benzyl-2-ethoxycarbonylamino-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]pyridine (8). The ethoxycarbonyl moiety of 8 was cleaved, N-1 was isopropylsulfonylated, and the carbonyl moiety was condensed with hydroxylamine to give 1. Compound 1 was inactive against rhinovirus 1B and poliovirus type 1.
‘I’m gonna use this White face!’: missteps of becoming a ‘race’-cognizant White scholar

This story begins with the assumption that I, the White female researcher, would elicit ‘better’ data from White participants. I told my Black female professor, ‘I’m gonna use this White face!’ Thi...
Route of administration effects on nicotine discrimination in female and male mice

Abstract Background Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has increased exponentially since their appearance on the U.S. market around 2007. To provide preclinical models of vaping that incorporate olfactory cues and chemosensory effects (including flavors) that play a role in human vaping behavior, the feasibility of using a modified e-cigarette device for delivery of aerosolized nicotine was examined in a nicotine discrimination procedure in mice. Methods Adult female and male C57BL/6 mice were trained to discriminate 0.75 mg/kg subcutaneous (s.c.) nicotine from saline. After determination of a s.c. nicotine dose-effect curve, aerosolized freebase nicotine and nicotine-containing tobacco products (i.e., non-flavored and Arctic Blast e-liquids) were evaluated. Results Nicotine (s.c.) dose-dependently substituted in mice of both sexes, although females showed less sensitivity and greater variability. By contrast, aerosolized nicotine, regardless of formulation, produced concentration-dependent increases up to maximum of 46–62% nicotine-associated responding. Brain nicotine concentrations for each sex were similar for s.c. 0.75 mg/kg nicotine and 30 mg/ml freebase nicotine. Conclusions Mice of both sexes readily acquired s.c. nicotine discrimination, but females showed less sensitivity. Further, all three formulations of aerosolized nicotine produced increases in nicotine-like responding in mice of each sex. However, the maximum magnitude of these increases did not engender a similar degree of substitution as s.c. 0.75 mg/kg nicotine, despite similar brain concentrations of nicotine at 30 mg/ml aerosolized nicotine. Additional research is needed for determination of the reason(s); however, results here demonstrate initial feasibility for examination of the discriminative stimulus effects of vaped drugs such as nicotine.
Lower bias, lower noise CMB lensing with foreground-hardened estimators

Author(s): Sailer, N; Schaan, E; Ferraro, S | Abstract: Extragalactic foregrounds in temperature maps of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) severely limit the ability of standard estimators to reconstruct the weak lensing potential. These foregrounds are not fully removable by multifrequency cleaning or masking and can lead to large biases if not properly accounted for. For foregrounds made of a number of unclustered point sources, an estimator for the source amplitude can be derived and deprojected, removing any bias to the lensing reconstruction. We show with simulations that all of the extragalactic foregrounds in temperature can be approximated by a collection of sources with identical profiles, and that a simple bias hardening technique is effective at reducing any bias to lensing, at a minimal noise cost. We compare the performance and bias to other methods such as "shear-only"reconstruction, and discuss how to jointly deproject any arbitrary number of foregrounds, each with an arbitrary profile. In particular, for a Simons Observatory-like experiment foreground-hardened estimators allow us to extend the maximum multipole used in the reconstruction, increasing the overall statistical power by ∼50% over the standard quadratic estimator, both in auto and cross-correlation. We conclude that source hardening outperforms the standard lensing quadratic estimator both in auto- A nd cross-correlation, and in terms of lensing signal-to-noise and foreground bias.
Extraction of Left Bundle Branch Pacing Lead

A 71-year old man underwent left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) for infranodal complete heart block ([Figure 1A][1]). The SelectSecure 3830 (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota) pacing lead was placed about 1 cm distal to the His region and advanced deep into the interventricular septum ([Figure 1B][1
CD30 function on normal human T cells

4672 Background: CD30, a member of the TNF-receptor family, is expressed on many types of Lymphomas, germ cell tumors and multiple myeloma. Its ligand, CD30-L (CD153), a member of the TNF family, is expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, follicular B cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma, and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. CD30 may control apoptosis, cell activation, effector function, and proliferation. Despite its important clinical role, CD30 function is not well understood. The reason probably lies in a lack of good tools for analyzing CD30. In order to analyze human CD30 function in detail, we have tried to use human T cells. However, under unstimulated condition, few cells express CD30 in normal human T cells. We now report that CD45RO+ T (memory) cells when stimulated with OKT3 express high levels of CD30+ cells. Using CD45RO+ cells the functional role of CD30 is studied. Methods and Results: Normal human T cells from healthy volunteers were used to purify CD45RO+ T cells by magnetic sorting, at this stage they are CD30 negative. After stimulation with OKT3, anti-CD28, and IL-15 or IL-2, 40% of the cells expressed CD30. CD30+ and CD30- cells were separated by cell sorting or magnetic sorting and compared by phenotype and function. Phenotypically CD30+ cells expressed higher levels of CCR7, CD30-L, CD40, and CD40-L when compared to CD30- cells. When stimulated with the anti-CD30 agonistic antibody C10 and OKT3, CD30+ cells produced significantly more IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-γ compared to CD30- cells. There was no IL-4 production and no difference in IL-10. Regarding cytotoxicity activity, both CD30+ and CD30- cells had similar cytotoxic activity. We also found that CD30 expression was dynamic. After CD30 sorting, we re-stimulated CD30- cells with OKT3 and IL-15, and observed that a significant number of previously negative cells became CD30+. Comparison of gene expression patterns between the CD30+ YT lymphoma cell line and normal human T cells using cDNA microarray analysis will highlight changes in CD30 signaling that may be specific to lymphoma cells and may contribute to oncogenic transformation.
Scattering methods for determining structure and dynamics of polymer gels

Polymer gels are unique materials, which consist of a polymer network swollen in a solvent. The modulus and the overall state of the gel depend on thermodynamic parameters, such as strand length, structure, and chemical compatibility of the solvent. Scattering techniques have been used to study the gel structure and osmotic pressure and are discussed in this Tutorial pedagogically. These techniques are not always straightforward because of trapped inhomogeneities and complicated interactions. Nevertheless, there has been considerable progress in developing analytical tools to determine the internal structure and dynamics of polymer gels. In addition to these tools, we showcase modern spatially resolved techniques, such as Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy, and offer a perspective on similar methods such as Dynamic Small Angle Light Scattering and Differential Dynamic Microscopy, which can be used to study local and interface effects in gel systems as well as any anisotropy. These new tools can fundamentally advance our understanding of local gel dynamics, which have so far been too challenging to observe.
Delinquency as a Response to Peer Victimization: The Implications of School and Cyberbullying Operationalizations:

As criminologists explore the link between bullying victimization and delinquency, they must grapple with measurement issues related to the operationalization of in-school bullying and cyberbullyin...
Congenital Heart Disease

The incidence of congenital heart disease is about 8 per 1000 live births. Of these cases, one-third have anomalies that if untreated result in death within the first year of life; two-thirds of these deaths occur in the neonatal period. With early recognition and prompt referral to a specialist center equipped for 24-hour emergency cardiac catheterization and surgery, many of these infants can now be expected to survive.
Polygenic Risk Score to Identify Subclinical Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Young Adults.

Background: Polygenic risk scores (PRS) may enhance risk stratification for coronary heart disease among young adults. Whether a coronary heart disease PRS improves prediction beyond modifiable ris...
Aristotelian Forms and Laws of Nature

Aristotelian Forms are mysterious entities. I offer an account of them as entities that make the laws of nature be laws. The Aristotelian ontology is fundamentally an anti-Humean ontology: Not only are laws a reality over and beyond regularities, but that in virtue of which they are laws is in fact that which is most truly called substance. If we further take it, say, on ethical grounds, that there are individual forms, then we get a multiplicity of substances in the universe, including multiple substances of the same sort, and the laws of nature end up being grounded in their powers. But we have global regularities, then, only because there is coordination between the lawmakers, or forms, of the solo doings of individual entities, a coordination that entails global patterns.
The Blue Crab Fishery

The history of the blue crab fishery in many ways is almost the reverse of the history of the oyster fisheries. The blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) has been yielding fluctuating but larger catches ever since the fishery first began, and the yield in 1982 was the largest ever. In the Gulf of Mexico, although the highest landings were in 1973, this is generally true also, with landings since the second world war trending upward. To gain some idea of the magnitude of the fluctuations, landings in 1976, which were about the lowest year since 1950, were only about half those of 1982. The blue crab seldom strays north of Cape Cod, and as might be expected, landings in the middle Atlantic states are highly variable, ranging from about 6.5 million pounds in 1950 and 1975 to a low of less than 400 thousand pounds in 1968. Most landings along the Atlantic coast are in Chesapeake Bay and North Carolina. In the Gulf of Mexico most landings have been in Louisiana and the west coast of Florida (Figure 10).
Mathematical Models for Chagas Disease

We present mathematical and computational results for a model for the dynamics of Chagas disease. It is caused by the parasite T. cruzi that is transported by the vectors Triatoma infestans, and affects millions of humans and domestic mammals throughout rural areas in Central and South America. The chronic disease causes mortality and severe morbidity. To control the disease spread periodic insecticide spraying of the village houses is used and also bank blood screening. The basic model for the disease dynamics consists of four nonlinear ordinary differential equations for the populations of the vectors and of infected vectors, humans, and domestic animals. It has time-dependent periodic coefficients to account for seasonality, and was developed in [1]. The main motivation for the model was to optimize the insecticide spraying schedules. The model was extended to take into account congenital transmission in both humans and domestic mammals as well as oral transmission in domestic mammals [2]. In particular, oral transmission provides an alternative to vector biting as an infection route for the domestic mammals, who are key to the infection cycle. This may lead to high infection rates in domestic mammals even when the vectors have a low preference for biting them, and ultimately results in high infection levels in humans. Another extension was to allow for random coefficients, reflecting the uncertainty in their values. The simulations show that the variations in some of the model parameters lead to considerable variations in the numbers of infected humans and domestic mammals. [1] A.M. Spagnuolo, M. Shillor, G.A. Stryker, A model for Chagas disease with controlled spraying , J. Biological Dynamics 5 (4)(2010) 299--317. [2] D.J. Coffield Jr., E. Mema, B. Pell, A. Pruzinsky, M. Shillor, A.M. Spagnuolo, and A. Zetye, A Model for Chagas Disease with vector consumption and transplacental transmission, to appear in PLOS.
A novel case of compound heterozygous congenital hyperinsulinism without high insulin levels

Congenital hyperinsulinism leads to unregulated insulin secretion and hypoglycemia. Diagnosis can be difficult and genetic testing may be warranted. This patient initially presented at 11 months with seizure activity secondary to severe hypoglycemia. Her diagnostic evaluation included genetic studies, which confirmed congenital hyperinsulinism. A novel combination of mutations in the ABCC8 gene leading to diffuse, diazoxide-unresponsive congenital hyperinsulinism was identified. Mutation analysis of ABCC8 showed three variants (R1215W – paternal, pathogenic; W739C – maternal, variant of unknown significance; R1393L – maternal, variant of unknown significance). Her clinical course continues to be complicated by severe, refractory hypoglycemia at age 3 years. We describe a novel compound heterozygous mutation leading to diffuse, diazoxide-unresponsive congenital hyperinsulinism. This case illustrates challenges associated with diagnosing and managing congenital hyperinsulinism and the importance of genetic testing.
Infections Relevant to Hematology

In this chapter, several infections are discussed that occur particularly in hematological patients. It is important to recognize these infections, as some of them elicit special changes in hematological parameters. Some viruses have transforming properties. Other infections belong to the group of opportunistic infections common in immunosuppressed patients. The vast group of infections caused by bacteria and fungi is not discussed here, but is covered in Chapter 3 (supportive therapy).
Probability and Statistics for Computer Scientists

Praise for the Second Edition: "The author has done his homework on the statistical tools needed for the particular challenges computer scientists encounter... [He] has taken great care to select examples that are interesting and practical for computer scientists. ... The content is illustrated with numerous figures, and concludes with appendices and an index. The book is erudite and … could work well as a required text for an advanced undergraduate or graduate course." ---Computing Reviews Probability and Statistics for Computer Scientists, Third Edition helps students understand fundamental concepts of Probability and Statistics, general methods of stochastic modeling, simulation, queuing, and statistical data analysis; make optimal decisions under uncertainty; model and evaluate computer systems; and prepare for advanced probability-based courses. Written in a lively style with simple language and now including R as well as MATLAB, this classroom-tested book can be used for one- or two-semester courses. Features: Axiomatic introduction of probability Expanded coverage of statistical inference and data analysis, including estimation and testing, Bayesian approach, multivariate regression, chi-square tests for independence and goodness of fit, nonparametric statistics, and bootstrap Numerous motivating examples and exercises including computer projects Fully annotated R codes in parallel to MATLAB Applications in computer science, software engineering, telecommunications, and related areas In-Depth yet Accessible Treatment of Computer Science-Related TopicsStarting with the fundamentals of probability, the text takes students through topics heavily featured in modern computer science, computer engineering, software engineering, and associated fields, such as computer simulations, Monte Carlo methods, stochastic processes, Markov chains, queuing theory, statistical inference, and regression. It also meets the requirements of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). About the Author Michael Baron is David Carroll Professor of Mathematics and Statistics at American University in Washington D. C. He conducts research in sequential analysis and optimal stopping, change-point detection, Bayesian inference, and applications of statistics in epidemiology, clinical trials, semiconductor manufacturing, and other fields. M. Baron is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association and a recipient of the Abraham Wald Prize for the best paper in Sequential Analysis and the Regents Outstanding Teaching Award. M. Baron holds a Ph.D. in statistics from the University of Maryland. In his turn, he supervised twelve doctoral students, mostly employed on academic and research positions.
Plastic separation planning enhancements from new laser identification technology and work measurement analysis

Recycling research strives to increase net revenues by evaluating the extent of disassembly, shredding, and materials separation. While many studies exist that help to clarify recycling potential of metals and glass from end-of-life electronics, much less is known from quantitative models about the optimal recovery of specific types of plastics from personal computers and printers. In this paper, we examine specifically the value relationship between the quantity of plastics separated and the time required for disassembly and segregation. Labor costs for disassembly can constitute a large portion of the total acquisition cost for a recycled material. We have conducted work measurement studies on the disassembly of 17 computers and three printers manufactured by ten producers in the years from 1986 to 1998. For each plastic part separated, we have calculated the weight per total separation time. Each recovered part was identified according to polymer resin using laser Raman spectroscopy by chemometric reference to a library of standards. We extrapolate the time as well as the product input required to accumulate specific types of plastic. As a result, we show how new laser identification technology and work measurement can be used for plastics separation planning.
Three Arguments Against the Expertise Defense

Experimental philosophers have challenged friends of the expertise defense to show that (a) the intuitive judgments of professional philosophers are different from the intuitive judgments of nonphilosophers, and (b) the intuitive judgments of professional philosophers are better than the intuitive judgments of nonphilosophers, in ways that are relevant to the truth or falsity of such judgments. Friends of the expertise defense have responded by arguing that the burden of proof lies with experimental philosophers. This article sketches three arguments which show that both (a) and (b) are probably false. If its arguments are cogent, then shifting the burden of proof is a futile move, since philosophical training makes no difference so far as making intuitive judgments in response to hypothetical cases is concerned.
Psychological Sense of Community and University Mission as Predictors of Student Social Justice Engagement

Psychological sense of community (PSOC) is a construct that may facilitate social action in university students. Similarly, a social justice-focused university mission statement might also facilitate social action and interest. The current study investigated whether psychological sense of community, agreeing with the mission statement, and taking diversity courses or service-learning courses impacted university students’ social justice attitudes and student activism. Results indicated that students with higher PSOC were more likely to agree with the university’s social justice-related mission statement, and agreement with the mission was strongly associated with favorable social justice attitudes and activism. Taking service-learning courses was also associated with favorable social justice attitudes and a greater likelihood of engaging in activism.
Publicly traded versus privately held: implications for conditional conservatism in bank accounting

Compared with privately held banks, publicly traded banks face greater agency costs because of greater separation of ownership and control but enjoy greater benefits from access to the equity capital market. Differences in control and capital market access influence public versus private banks’ accounting. We predict and find that public banks exhibit greater degrees of conditional conservatism (asymmetric timeliness of the recognition of losses versus gains in accounting income) than private banks. We predict and find that public banks recognize more timely earnings declines, less timely earnings increases, and larger and more timely loan losses. Although public ownership gives managers greater ability and incentive to exercise income-increasing accounting, our findings show that the demand for conservatism dominates within public banks and that the demand for conservatism is greater among public banks than private banks. Our results provide insights for accounting and finance academics, bank managers, auditors, and regulators concerning the effects of ownership structure on conditional conservatism in banks’ financial reporting.
Comparing the brain areas supporting nondeclarative categorization and recognition memory

Brain areas associated with both nondeclarative categorization and recognition memory were identified and contrasted using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of healthy volunteers. Activity during dot-pattern categorization and recognition were compared with a control task (counting dots) in two separate groups of participants (n=5 each). The network of areas associated with nondeclarative categorization was found to include bilateral inferior prefrontal and parietal cortical areas that have been implicated in several other studies of categorization. During recognition, increased activity was found in posterior visual areas, the precuneus, posterior cingulate and right prefrontal cortex. Using the common control condition as a reference, recognition and categorization were contrasted and recognition was found to evoke more activity in posterior early visual cortex, the precuneus, right medial temporal lobe and right dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex. Previous research has implicated changes in visual representation in learning a category of dot-pattern [23,24] by comparing activity evoked by categorical and non-categorical stimuli. The current findings support those results and additionally identify brain areas active during categorization that are involved in expressing this category knowledge.
NMR and Viscosity Investigation of Clathrate Hydrate Formation and Dissociation

To better understand clathrate hydrate mechanisms, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and viscosity measurements were employed to investigate tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate formation and dissociation processes. In NMR experiments, the proton spin lattice relaxation time (T1) of THF in deuterium oxide (D2O) was measured as the sample was cooled from room temperature down to the hydrate formation region. The D2O structural change around THF during this process was examined by monitoring the rotational activation energy of THF, which can be obtained from the slope of ln(1/T1) vs 1/T. No evidence of hydrate precursor formation in the hydrate region was found. T1 measurements of THF under constant subcooling temperature indicate that THF hydration shells do not undergo much structural rearrangement during induction. The T1 of THF was also measured as the sample was warmed back to room temperature after hydrate dissociation. T1 values of THF after hydrate dissociation were consistently smaller than those before hy...
On the road to the Origin with Darwin, Hooker, and Gray

I began this paper intending to write a short essay with the title "Plant Geography in The Origin of Species." However, I find that it has evolved into something quite different. Since the summer of 1989, when the original title was chosen, I have read some unpublished letters at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University that led me to substitute the present title. Much of the present paper now consists of excerpts from letters between Charles Darwin (1809-1882), Asa Gray (1810-1888), and Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817-1911). They are relevant to my subject because Darwin depended upon Gray and Hooker, botanists respectively at Harvard and Kew, for much of the information on phytogeography in the Origin. I intend to pursue that theme in a later publication. I do not apologize for these long excerpts, as I think that the story is best told in the words of the protagonists. Also, they show that Darwin was not operating in a vacuum. Letters of Asa Gray was published in 1893 (J. Gray 1893), and Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1918 (L. Huxley 1918). In spite of the large numbers of letters contained in these four volumes, many of the letters that I quote from have never been published. Apparently, they were not deemed of sufficient interest to the general audience that was presumed to comprise the readers of such collections. Before they are explored, however, we must see where Gray and Hooker fit in the path leading to the publication of On the Origin of Species (C. Darwin 1859). Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895) also enters our story, but more for what he is alleged to have done rather than for any early influence on Darwin. In spite of his son Leonard's statement that "Huxley was one of the few privileged to learn Darwin's argument before it was given to the world" (L. Huxley 1900:178),
Failure of ethanol or pentobarbital to suppress fighting in the pit gamecock (Gallus gallus).

The pit gamecock (Gallus gallus) provides a model of strong trained aggression. A total of 16 aggressive pairs was treated with pentobarbital (40 or 60 mg/kg, intramuscularly), or ethanol (10–30 ml/kg of 33% v/v ethanol, by gastric intubation), or ethanol plus immobilization. Pairs of treated cocks were allowed to recover together in one cage. Fighting behavior occurred immediately upon recovery of the second cock of each pair. Thus, recovery from anesthesia in pairs failed to attenuate aggressive behavior in the gamecock, contrary to the marked attenuation previously observed in the male rabbit.
On the micellar molecular weights of normal paraffin chain salts in dilute aqueous solutions

Abstract The micellar molecular weights of four normal paraffin chain salts in dilute aqueous solution have been revised to give the values: dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, 12200; sodium decyl sulfate, 9300; sodium dodecanesulfonate, 12300; sodium dodecyl sulfate, 11500. A reference model of a spherical micelle has been proposed. The MMW's estimated with its use show substantial agreement with the experimental values, except for C12 salts. The MMW's of spherical micelles of C16 salts have been predicted and verified experimentally. The data on alkyl pyridinium bromides indicate that the radius of the sperical micelle is equal to the alkyl chain length.
Analysis of Organic Nitrogen Compounds Using Paired Ion Chromatography. Applications to the Analysis of Coal-Derived Liquids

Abstract Evaluation of HPLC as a possible method by which the nitrogen compounds in coal-derived liquids could be analyzed has met with mixed results. Some chromatography fractions display very different HPLC traces in methanol compared with those obtained in a MeOH-HOAc-PIC mixture, but others are insensitive to the change in eluent. HPLC of several model compounds has revealed basic nitrogen compounds generally have longer retention times in paired ion chromatography (PIC) solutions, but that some actually have shorter times. Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds all give longer retention times in PIC solution than in methanol.
Ecology, equality and class

Perhaps it is time, or way past time, that we started thinking about equality and justice as issues of ecological relations rather than strictly as issues of economic relations. Put another way, perhaps we should begin thinking about inequality and injustice as issues of environmental degradation as well as issues of class structure. Our modern social ideas have focused on structural, class inequality, first as feudal class inequalities, and later as capitalist class inequalities. In early modern times, the scientific idea of reason, as applied to rational nature, was also understood as an individualist idea of equality, in the sense that rational individuals were also understood to be naturally equal. Before the modern emergence of reason, the legitimating idea of justice meant a sacred social order, where class inequality was given divine sanction. Feudal justice meant the maintenance of proper, inherited roles, including sacred class duties and privileges. Rational justice, however, meant the rejection...
Differentiation of N- from C-protonated aniline by neutralization-reionization

Amino- and ring-protonated aniline are distinguished in the gas phase by neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry. This method takes advantage of the dramatically different stabilities and reactivities of the neutralized forms of N- and C-protonated aniline, to ascertain thereby the specific protonation site(s). Fast atom bombardment ionization of aniline is found to yield primarily the anilinium cation (N-protonated tautomer). In contrast, chemical ionization with a variety of reagent gases is shown to generate mixtures in which the ring-protonated species predominates.
The Quiver system

The Quiver (QUIz VERification) System is an Internet server for building, maintaining, and administering programming quizzes. It is similar to the online judges used for programming contests but differs in that it targets the classroom use of programming quizzes as a teaching aid and evaluation tool. It can provide very detailed feedback regarding quiz behavior so that the student can debug her program. This system is developed as part of the grant "Intra-Curriculum Software Engineering Education" funded by the National Science Foundation (DUE 0127439).
Thermodynamics of the quasiequilibrial growth of crazes

By comparing the morphology and physical properties (averaged over the scale of 1 to 10μm) of a crazed and uncrazed polymer, it can be concluded that crazing is a new phase development in the initially homogeneous material. The present study is based on recent work on the general thermodynamic explanation of the development of a damaged layer of material. The treatment generalizes the model of a crack-cut in mechanics. The complete system of equations for the quasiequilibrial craze growth follows from the conditions of local and global phase equilibrium, mechanical equilibrium and a kinematic condition. Constitutive equations of craze growth-equations are proposed that are between the geometric characteristics of a craze and generalized forces. It is shown that these forces, conjugated with the geometric characteristics of a craze, can be expressed through the known path independent integrals (J, L, M,). The criterion of craze growth is developed from the condition of global phase equilibrium.
Doubly charged ion mass spectra: III—N‐alkanes

Doubly charged ion mass spectra have been obtained for 15 n-alkane hydrocarbons. Spectra were measured using a Nier-Johnson geometry Hitachi RMU-7L mass spectrometer operated at 1.6kV accelerating voltage. Fragment ions, which resulted from CC bond rupture and extensive H loss, dominated the spectra. Molecular ions have not been observed. The most intense ions in the doubly charged ion mass spectra of n-alkanes were [C2H4]2+, [C3H2]2+, [C4H3]2+, [C5H2]2+, [C6H6]2+, [C6H8]2+, [C7H6]2+, [C7H8]2+, [C8H6]2+ and [C8H8]2+. Appearance energies for forming the prominent doubly charged fragment ions have been measured and range from 27.5 eV to energies greater than 60eV. A geometry optimized SCF approach has been used to compute the energies and structures of prominent ions in the doubly charged mass spectra.
“Every woman adores a Fascist”: Feminist visions of fascism from Three Guineas to Fear of Flying

(2000). “Every woman adores a Fascist”: Feminist visions of fascism from Three Guineas to Fear of Flying. Women's Studies: Vol. 29, Woman and Dictatorship, pp. 37-69.
Development of compliant coating system for transfer molding of sensitive silicon dice

Exposed-die type packaging requires molding process capability to provide mold flash free situation. Presently, the trend is in adopting transfer molding to encapsulate the silicon device with epoxy molding compound, which involves high transfer pressure. Hence, to avoid any epoxy bleed on the exposed die region a novel method of applying a soft coating on the mold surface is adopted. The coating is designed to act as a leakproof sealant to resist the high packing pressure during molding and can accommodate die height variations and minimizes the clamping stress passed to the silicon die, thus avoiding any chances of die cracking. This paper describes the use of Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic model based finite element method (FEM) in the design of soft coating so as to minimize die stress under clamping and molding.
The influence of Asian summer monsoon variability on the water balance of a Tibetan lake

Past water-balance changes in Tibetan lakes are generally attributed to changes in the strength of the summer monsoon. However, the water balance of a lake reflects many different water fluxes, which are controlled by many climatic and hydrologic processes. In this research, weather data and evaporation models are used to determine the climatic cause of a recent water-balance change in Ahung Co, a lake in central Tibet. Between 1995 and 2001, lake level rose at least 20 cm and the lake began to overflow. Results indicate that an increase in summer monsoon precipitation over the lake and drainage basin is responsible for the rise in lake level. Stronger monsoon conditions between 1995 and 2001 also led to decreased lake evaporation and basin evapotranspiration due to increased clouds and humidity. This contributed to the rise in lake level, but to a much smaller extent than the increase in monsoon precipitation. Lake evaporation during the spring and fall was also reduced between 1995 and 2001 due to longer lasting ice cover. Variations in ice cover play a small role in the overall water balance of Ahung Co, however, because the lake area is small compared to the drainage basin area. If these results hold true for the past, water-balance fluctuations inferred from the geochemistry of sediments from Ahung Co provide a record of variations in monsoon precipitation during the Holocene.
Mechanical properties of polymeric fibres exposed to stress in a NOx environment

Abstract This study explores how a gaseous pollutant affects the long-term mechanical properties of nylon-6 fibres. It will be shown that the high-strength polymeric fibres degrade rather quickly when held under stress in the presence of NO x , a component of industrial pollution. Studies have been conducted on fibres, both bare and embedded in an epoxy matrix, that clearly demonstrate a synergistic effect of applied stress and NO x gas. It is observed that the combination of stresses of 50% of the ultimate fibre strength and a NO x concentration of 0.05% by volume will result in sample failure in less than half a day. This concentration is representative of NO x emitted in the exhaust of older-model cars. If these high-strength plastics are to be used in industrial or automotive applications where such pollutants would be present, this type of degradation should be taken into consideration for proper design.
A theory of gridlock: Strategic behavior in legislative deliberations

This paper studies compromise and inflexibility in political negotiations. It provides the first analysis of gridlock, a result in which politicians fail to agree on an ideal compromise but which most voters find preferable to the status quo. A multistage game is developed in which contending political blocs choose from hardline or compromise strategies. The outcomes—compromise, gridlock, or one party's ideal legislation—are a function of the incentives of political actors to cooperate or fight. The model illustrates problems in political markets that may occur when consumers are poorly informed.