cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Palliative and End-of-Life Treatment

The evolution of rectal cancer treatments has led to survival advantages for many patients. Nonetheless, clinicians must be prepared for the specialized care for rectal cancer survivors living with progressive cancer whose problems may be unique and quite complex. Recognition of the needs of patients has propelled the development of programs to provide concomitant palliative and supportive care with cancer treatment, which can help address the myriad concerns for both patients and their family and caregivers. The Institute of Medicine calls for reimbursement for practitioners for time spent with patients related to end-of-life planning [1], further displaying the added focus on patients with advanced disease. Patients who present with advanced stage rectal cancers and those experiencing progressive disease despite treatment should have access to concomitant palliative care early in their treatment course. This can facilitate the transition from a focus on disease modifying treatment to more symptom focused care. It is important to recognize that the complex issues of suffering will intensify in the setting of advanced disease. Practical expertise in the care of the dying is recognized as one of several important themes of care in order to achieve a “good death” [2].
Biosonar beampattern measurements in flying old world leaf-nosed bats

Emission beampatterns, i.e., emitted ultrasound amplitude as a function of direction and frequency, could be an important characteristic of a bat's biosonar since they determine which part of an environment is illuminated with a given frequency and at a given time. Numerical results have predicted intricate geometrical features such as multiple peaks and notches in bat biosonar beampatterns. Furthermore, it has been shown that bats with nasal emission change the shapes of their emission baffles, “noseleaves,” during pulse emission. The work presented here is aimed at understanding if and how these two aspects (beam geometry and emission dynamics) are integrated into the bats' biosonar behaviors on the wing. The experiments are conducted with Old World leaf-nosed bats (Hipposideros pratti and Hipposideros armiger) that have a pronounced noseleaf dynamics. The animals fly in a tunnel that is instrumented with synchronized arrays of high-speed video cameras and microphones. The setup allows for precise tracking of the bats with high spatial resolution as well as beampattern estimates as a function of time. A first pilot dataset has indicated the presence of local shape features in the beampattern that can also vary with time. However, further testing is needed to corroborate these findings.Emission beampatterns, i.e., emitted ultrasound amplitude as a function of direction and frequency, could be an important characteristic of a bat's biosonar since they determine which part of an environment is illuminated with a given frequency and at a given time. Numerical results have predicted intricate geometrical features such as multiple peaks and notches in bat biosonar beampatterns. Furthermore, it has been shown that bats with nasal emission change the shapes of their emission baffles, “noseleaves,” during pulse emission. The work presented here is aimed at understanding if and how these two aspects (beam geometry and emission dynamics) are integrated into the bats' biosonar behaviors on the wing. The experiments are conducted with Old World leaf-nosed bats (Hipposideros pratti and Hipposideros armiger) that have a pronounced noseleaf dynamics. The animals fly in a tunnel that is instrumented with synchronized arrays of high-speed video cameras and microphones. The setup allows for precise track...
c-erbA: protooncogene or growth suppressor gene?

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular mechanisms by which v–erbA potentiates transformation and influences the growth requirements of cells in the context of normal c–erbA /thyroid hormone receptor function. Thyroid hormones reveal or induce the activating function of protooncogene c–erbA , causing the respective genes to be transcribed at maximum efficiency and allowing the differentiation to proceed. The c–erbA acts as a growth suppressor since the resulting differentiated cells irreversibly lose proliferative potential. c-erbA implicates with growth suppressor genes––if both alleles of the c–erbA gene are inactivated, the result would be a loss of hormone responsiveness and most likely a failure of the cells to differentiate. If one allele is converted by somatic mutation into a dominant negative version, differentiation would be blocked and the cells would be free to proliferate. Both the activation of c–erbA as a dominant negative similar to c–erbA , and the loss of function by inactivation of both alleles might be involved in neoplastic transformation. There are somatic mutations that inactivate the c–erbA gene or convert one allele into a dominant negative derivative. The chapter also discusses the c–erbA regulation of erythroid differentiation and gene expression and the structural differences between c–erbA and v–erbA.
Reason, Contract, and Law in Labor Relations

OLMES did not have much occasion as judge to deal with lthe organization of labor and collective bargaining. But when he did, he stated what he called "the less popular view of the law." 1 To Holmes, our system of free enterprise and democratic government required the state, subject to the limitations of public order, to permit workers to organize and to extend their organization for the purpose of strengthening their bargaining position in the struggle for a better share in return for their services. Their shares were to be determined by the parties to the struggle, not by the state; and the state should not interfere so as to make the struggle unequal. Thus, when dealing with picketing to enforce a wage demand, he said in I896:
Integrating Real-Time Analytics and Continuous Performance Management in Smart Manufacturing Systems *

This paper proposes an approach to integrate real-time analytics with continuous performance management. The proposed system exploits the increasing availability of industrial process and production performance data. This paper identifies components of such a system and the interface between components within the system. The components presented in this paper form the basis for further research on understanding potential interoperability issues and required standardization efforts to support development of a system.
Pembrolizumab for the treatment of gastric cancer.

Introduction: Gastric cancer is one of a few gastrointestinal malignancies in which immunotherapy has shown meaningful activity. Pembrolizumab is the first and only immune checkpoint inhibitor to b...
Dimensions of sexuality and social anxiety in emerging adulthood

AbstractThis study examined the extent to which social anxiety (SA) differed by dimensions of sexual identity, attraction, romantic and sexual history. Participants were 1133 emerging adults, 635 of whom endorsed a non-heterosexual identity and/or some same gender attraction or history. Individuals who reported a minority sexual identity, any same-gender attraction or experience reported greater SA compared to majority peers, particularly those with experience with/attraction to multiple genders. Differences are discussed in terms of implications/recommendations for mental health research and the need for research on nonbinary and intersectional identities.
Enabling Catalytic Arene C-H Amidomethylation via Bis(tosylamido)methane as a Sustainable Formaldimine Releaser.

Addition of catalytic arene C–H to formaldimines has been enabled by Ru(II)-catalyzed amidomethylation with bis(tosylamido)methane as a catalytic formaldimine releaser. The new process provides an ...
Sudden collapse with new right bundle branch block.

(1994). Sudden Collapse with New Right Bundle Branch Block. Hospital Practice: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 127-128.
Dysregulated Expression of HSP70 Isoforms in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)

Abstract 1370 Stress-inducible heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is a major cytoprotective factor and a molecular chaperone that interacts with HSP90 to form a multi-chaperone complex. Cancer cells are highly dependent on this complex due to their increased demand for protein synthesis. HSP70 overexpression inhibits apoptosis and has been associated with drug resistance. However, the contribution to drug resistance in AML of specific HSP70 isoforms remains unknown. As there is growing interest in therapeutically targeting HSP70, we investigated the expression of 7 different HSP70 isoforms in AML primary cells and leukemia cell lines and their response to a novel HSP70-inhbitor, YK5. A panel of 12 leukemia cell lines and 11 primary samples was used to determine the expression of HSP70 and their response to YK5. We also evaluated the changes to the HSP70 isoforms when exposed to either heat shock or YK5. We found MV4-11, MOLM-13, and U937 sensitive to YK5 (LD50 = 1.18μM, 1.03μM, and 2.31μM at 24 hours, respectively). In contrast, OCI-AML3, TUR and THP-1 were more resistant to the inhibitor. (LD50 = 9.92μM, 9.74μM, and 8.84μM at 24 hours, respectively). Non-tumor cells, however, were significantly less affected by treatment with YK5 (72% viable cord blood mononuclear cells after 24 hour treatment with 5μM YK5). We found that the cell surface expression of HSP70 was higher in both cell lines and primary samples when compared their normal counterparts. Furthermore, quantitative PCR revealed that cell lines with higher levels of HSPA1A and lower levels of HSPA6 demonstrated higher sensitivity to YK5. Interestingly, higher levels of HSPA1A and lower levels of HSPA6 were also found in primary AML samples when compared to CD34+ cord blood cells, consistent with the relative insensitivity of normal cells to YK5. We further discovered, mining publicly available databases, that high levels of HSPA1A were associated poorer prognosis (p = 0.004), suggesting that YK5 would be beneficial to patients presenting high HSP70 expression. We also evaluated the effect of YK5 on the gene expression of the various HSP70 isoforms. Quantitative PCR revealed the ability of YK5 to downregulate HSPA6 and HSC70 (HSPA8) in both cell lines and primary samples. Strikingly, all HSP70 isoforms exhibited similar fold changes upon heat shock in primary samples, CD34+ cord blood cells, and leukemia cell lines, indicating that the cellular stress response is not damaged in AML. However, the specificity of HSP70 inhibition to leukemia cells and not normal cells suggests a dysregulated set of client proteins and increased dependency on HSP70 to maintain leukemic homeostasis. In summary, we have found dysregulated expression of the HSP70 isoforms HSPA1A and HSPA6 in leukemia cells and that the expression levels of these isoforms correlate to the sensitivity of YK5-mediated HSP70 inhibition (HSPA1A: p=0.0012 and r2=0.801, HSPA6: p=0.0011 and r2=0.847). *KKS and JFR contributed equally to this project Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
On the Persistence of Social Groups

In this short discussion note, I cast doubt upon the common view that social groups persist throughout changes in their membership, by virtue of the maintenance of their structure and/or function. ...
Reducing emergency department (ED) computed tomography (CT) utilization in women treated for gynecologic cancers.

Abstract Objectives The objective of this quality improvement (QI) project was to decrease the rate of low-value computed tomography (CT) imaging in established gynecologic oncology patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). Methods This was a cohort study with a before and after design that evaluated implementation of a QI project designed to decrease CT utilization in established gynecologic oncology patients in the ED. The pre-intervention cohort included patients admitted through the ED from 4/1/17 to 5/31/18, while the post-intervention cohort was from 6/1/18 to 5/31/19. The intervention included gynecologic oncology consultation before CT on patients who had imaging within the prior 3 weeks. Details regarding CT, ED length of stay (LOS), and oncologic history were abstracted. The value of CT was determined by consensus from 2 reviewers. Prospective data monitoring evaluated for patient safety. Results Prior to intervention, there were 129 unique ED encounters in gynecologic oncology patients leading to admission. CT scans were performed in 101 (78.3%) encounters, 57.7% of which were deemed to be of low-value. Following implementation, the CT utilization rate decreased significantly from median monthly rate of 75.2% to 49.1% (p Conclusions Implementation of an early consultation policy and imaging guidelines led to a significant decrease in unnecessary CT utilization and shorter ED LOS in gynecologic oncology patients presenting to the ED.
ROP and TOB optimization using machine learning classification algorithms

Abstract Drilling Optimization has consistently generated research interest over the years because the cost saving beneifts associated to improve drilling efficiency. Rate of penetration (ROP) and torque-on-bit (TOB) predictions have become critical to the successful drilling optimization efforts. Several physics-based and data-driven models have been developed for ROP and TOB prediction and majority of the data-driven models use regression-based approaches. This paper introduces a new approach to ROP and TOB prediction by modeling them as a classification problem consisting of two regions (low and high ROP and TOB respectively) based on a user-defined threshold. ROP and TOB are modeled as a function of with weight-on-bit (WOB), flow rate, rotray speed (RPM) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). Five different machine learning classifcation algorithms - logistic regression, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), quadratic driscriminant analysis (QDA), support vector machines (SVM) and random forest were implemented in this paper to develop the classification model. Using the Area Under Curve (AUC) as the classification performance metric, results from the simulations showed that the best classifier should be chosen for each formation . Also, for the practical application of this approach to ROP and TOB prediction, a probability gradient heat map of RPM and WOB was developed as a tool to help the driller make informed decisions on the combinations of RPM and WOB values that would yield the desired regions of ROP and TOB.
Women Empowerment Programs and Intimate Partner Violence

Women empowerment programs may reduce intimate partner violence (IPV) by improving autonomy, increasing bargaining power, and reducing socioeconomic stress. Yet, this might not happen if partners increase violence to either control the woman's resources or assert their dominance. Data from South Kivu, DRC, are consistent with the view that IPV may be related to both control and socioeconomic stress: IPV is higher when women are the main household earner, more educated, and younger than their husband and when households experienced more socioeconomic shocks. Based on these findings, the effect of empowerment programs on IPV in this setting are theoretically ambiguous.
Achilles tendon moment arms are similar when computed using a single fixed axis versus a moving instantaneous helical axis.

Abstract Accurate location of the axis of ankle rotation is critical to in vivo estimates of Achilles tendon moment arm. Here we investigated how the plantarflexion moment arm of the Achilles tendon is affected by using an instantaneous helical axis that moves with ankle motion as opposed to a single fixed joint axis that approximates the average axis of rotation. Twenty young healthy adults performed a series of weightbearing cyclical plantar- and dorsi-flexion motions. Motion analysis tracked the motions of markers placed on the foot and shank and also tracked an ultrasound probe imaging the Achilles tendon. Differences in ATma between the methods were investigated using a two-way repeated-measures ANOVA with factors of joint angle (+5°, 0°, −5°, −10°, −15°) and method (instantaneous helical axes, fixed axis). Moment arms computed between the two methods were moderately to strongly correlated, especially in the mid-range of motion (for 0° to 10° plantarflexion, all r2 > 0.619 and all p
Clearing up cloudy waters: a review of sediment impacts to unionid freshwater mussels

Freshwater unionid mussels are among the most imperiled fauna in North America, and their decline has been partially attributed to sediment from anthropogenic activities. However, there remains a d...
Infrastructure and institutions: Lessons from history

Abstract Many studies quantify the effects of infrastructures on economic welfare in the past with the aim of informing policy makers today. A different group of historical studies examines how infrastructures came about and how they were financed. These latter studies often highlight the role of the franchise and democracy. In this essay, I review historical studies on infrastructure and institutions, especially formal political constraints. One consistent finding is that policies to fund and place infrastructure in locations largely reflect the aims of those in power or with greater political influence. This illustrates one of the channels by which political institutions ultimately affect economic development. History offers a range of lessons, more of which can be uncovered through future research.
Multiliteracies for Combating Information Disorder and Fostering Civic Dialogue

Widespread misleading stories circulating in networked public spheres have raised debates about their potential harm to democracies, organizations, and individuals. In the face of this challenge, e...
Jack-of-all-trades: itaconate tolerizes NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Immune responses must be tightly regulated in order to avoid excessive inflammation. In this issue of Cell Reports, Bambouskova et al. (2021) demonstrate that itaconate and iNOS collaborate to tolerize the NLRP3 inflammasome, thereby limiting cytokine secretion and cell death.
Three New Small Snailfishes of the Genus Careproctus (Teleostei: Cottiformes: Liparidae) from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska

Three new species of small snailfishes, with maximum lengths up to only 60 mm, are described from collections in the Aleutian Islands taken during fisheries resource assessment surveys conducted by the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service. Previous molecular analyses demonstrated that two of the species are closely related; the third species was found among material thought to consist only of one of these two species. Two of the new species are distinguished from all other species of Careproctus on the basis of an anterior dorsal-fin lobe with exserted rays and bodies with widespread small rounded bumps covered with tiny prickles. They are distinguished from each other on the basis of fin ray and vertebral counts, as well as differences in body shape. The third new species is diagnosed from all other species of Careproctus by having a small teardrop-shaped body, with loose thin skin and without an anterior dorsal-fin lobe, as well as by high counts of meristic characters, especially pectoral-fin rays. Each species is found widely within the Aleutian Islands from west of Kiska Island in the west to north of Umnak Island in the east at depths of 90 to 447 m.
Exon-Skipping Antisense Oligonucleotides for Cystic Fibrosis Therapy

Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene cause cystic fibrosis (CF), and the CFTR-W1282X nonsense mutation causes a severe form of CF. Although Trikafta and other CFTR-modulation therapies benefit most CF patients, targeted therapy for patients with the W1282X mutation is lacking. The CFTR-W1282X protein has residual activity, but is expressed at a very low level due to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). NMD-suppression therapy and read-through therapy are actively being researched for CFTR nonsense mutants. NMD suppression could increase the mutant CFTR mRNA, and read-through therapies may increase the levels of full-length CFTR protein. However, these approaches have limitations and potential side effects: because the NMD machinery also regulates the expression of many normal mRNAs, broad inhibition of the pathway is not desirable; and read-through drugs are inefficient, partly because the mutant mRNA template is subject to NMD. To bypass these issues, we pursued an exon-skipping antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) strategy to achieve gene-specific NMD evasion. A cocktail of two splice-site-targeting ASOs induced the expression of CFTR mRNA without the PTC-containing exon 23 (CFTR-{Delta}ex23), which is an in-frame exon. Treatment of human bronchial epithelial cells with this cocktail of ASOs that target the splice sites flanking exon 23 results in efficient skipping of exon 23 and an increase in CFTR-{Delta}ex23 protein. The splice-switching ASO cocktail increases the CFTR-mediated chloride current in human bronchial epithelial cells. Our results set the stage for developing an allele-specific therapy for CF caused by the W1282X mutation.
Barriers to Type 2 Diabetes Management Among Older Adult Haitian Immigrants

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of older adult Haitian immigrants in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsA descriptive qualitative approach using semist...
Investigation of the diastereoisomeric association complex for the separation of amino acid enantiomers on optically active stationary phases

TFA-amino acid esters and TFA-dipeptide esters have been employed as optically active stationary phases for the resolution of amino acid enantiomers by gas chromatography. Structural consideration of the hydrogen bonded diastereoisomeric association complex formed during the separation of amino acid enantiomers led to the synthesis of an N-acyl-amino acid n-alkyl amide (N-caproyl-L-valine n-hexyl amide). This amino acid derivative fulfills the general requirements for the reversible association between the enantiomers and the asymmetric solvent molecules. The results obtained show that the amide portion, when in competition with the ester portion of a dipeptide phase, is involved in formation of the diastereoisometric association complex between the enantiomeric solutes and the chiral solvent by hydrogen bonds.
Choledochal Cysts of the Biliary Tree in Children

Choledochal cysts are rare congenital dilatations of the extrahepatic bile ducts which may also involve the intrahepatic biliary system. According to the author’s material of 21 cases over a ten-year period (1991–2000), choledochal cysts come second to biliary atresia in frequency with a female to male ratio 4:1, and consitute the majority of cholestatic jaundice cases in childhood. The incidence in western countries is estimated between 1 in 100,000–150,000. In eastern countries the incidence of choledochal cysts is higher [1, 2]
Cervical and vaginal bacterial flora: Ecologic niches in the female lower genital tract

The bacterial flora of the cervix and vaginal vault were compared by obtaining duplicate specimens for quantitative bacteriologic studies in 14 patients electively admitted for hysterectomy. There were a total of 137 isolates from the 28 specimens, including 71 aerobes and 66 anaerobes. Aggregate data showed that the flora of the two sample sites were similar by both qualitative and quantitative analysis. However, individual comparison of paired specimens showed considerable differences in that 75 of the 137 isolates were recovered from only the cervix or vaginal vault. Additional studies showed that neither low concentrations of bacteria nor the culture techniques accounted for these differences. It is concluded that most women harbor distinctive bacterial populations in the cervix and vaginal vault.
Instruments for Radiation Detection and Measurement

In nuclear medicine, it is necessary to ascertain the presence, type, intensity, and energy of radiations emitted by radionuclides, and these are accomplished by radiation-detecting instruments. The two commonly used devices are gas-filled detectors and scintillation detectors with associated electronics. These instruments are described below.
The Effects of Market Structure and Payment Rates on Private Medicare Health Plan Entry

Private insurance firms participating in Medicare can offer up to three principal plan types: coordinated care plans (CCPs), prescription drug plans (PDPs), and private fee for service (PFFS) plans. Firms can make entry and marketing decisions separately across plan types and geographic regions. We estimate firm-level models of Medicare private-plan entry using data from 2007-2009. Our models include a measure of market structure and separately identify CCP, PDP, and PFFS entry. We find evidence that entry barriers associated with CCP market concentration affect all three product types. We also find evidence of cross-product competition and common cost or demand factors that make entry with certain product combinations more likely. We predict that market presence of CCPs and PFFS plans will decrease and that of PDPs will increase in response to payment reductions included in the new health reform law.
The Road to the Top: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Mobility in the Elite Labor Market of College Basketball Coaching

We examine how career paths, job performance, affiliation ties, and race combine to affect who secures top jobs in an elite labor market. Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis, we show that examining these traits in conjunction, rather than in isolation, reveals novel insights into how one reaches the top of an occupation. Specifically, we document how factors coalesce in various ways to propel a coach to or from the top of NCAA Division I basketball. Results are particularly informative regarding race and social ties, as the importance of these conditions depend on signs of success. These findings illustrate the importance of context and perception in occupational advancement and suggest the analytic benefit of viewing job applicants as attribute clusters when examining advancement at the highest levels of an occupation.
Factors Affecting Fertility

In order to take optimal care of patients who seek preconceptional counseling and of patients who present with infertility, the treating physician needs to have an extensive knowledge of the multiple factors that infl uence human reproduction. Fecundability and time to pregnancy (TTP) are used in the literature as markers of fertility. Fecundability is defi ned as the probability of conceiving in a single menstrual cycle while TTP is the length of time in months that it takes a couple to conceive. Infertility is defi ned as the failure to achieve a successful pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected intercourse in a woman under the age of 35 years and 6 months without success in a woman 35 or older. Although the current literature describes a number of factors that are likely to play a role in the ability that a patient or couple has to conceive, it is important to highlight that evidence from randomized controlled trials is lacking for the majority of these regarding quantifi cation and certainly causality of each factor. In this chapter we summarize the most relevant factors that affect fertility, making evidence based recommendations where appropriate to better counsel our patients to improve their ability to conceive. Our recommendations will include the practice committee opinions of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) as leading institutions in reproductive medicine and women ’ s health in the United States. Weight
Distortion compensation for time-interleaved analog to digital converters

A common technique to achieve high sample rates for analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) is to time interleave two or more devices. A drawback of this approach is that mismatches between the devices cause distortion in the sample sequence. This distortion limits the dynamic range which may be achieved using a particular ADC. Although phase-plane compensation techniques exist to improve the dynamic range of ADCs, these techniques are ineffective for time-interleaved structures. This paper extends the existing phase-plane modeling techniques to time-interleaved architectures. The modified algorithms are tested using a 500 MSPS ADC and are shown to reduce harmonic and intermodulation distortion terms by well over 10 dB.
A spectrophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase.

Several methods have been developed for following the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by catalase, but these either have not been sufficiently quantitative or have not proved rapid enough to yield reliable data during the critical 1st or 2nd minute of the reaction. Chemical procedures in which residual peroxide is titrated with permanganate (l-3) or an excess of permanganate is measured calorimetrically (4) are accurate except for reaction times of less than a minute, although Lemberg and Foulkes (5) developed a micromethod for obtaining data every 10 seconds (see also Ogura et al. (6)). Considerable variability is unavoidable, however, when samples must-be taken at such short intervals. The manometric method for measuring oxygen evolved from the system proved in detailed studies to be unsuited for following the rapid breakdown of peroxide in which a diffusion process across the liquid-air interface becomes limiting. This is manifested by changes in both the order of the reaction and the rate of evolution of oxygen with variations in the rate of agitation of the reaction mixture (7). Direct measurement of hydrogen peroxide by polarography provides good quantitative data during the 1st minute of the reaction which fit first order kinetics (8). However, an elaborate, special, electronic circuit is needed for such measurements. Furthermore, as pointed out by Bonmschen, Chance, and Theorell (8), this method appears to give lower values for catalase activity than do titration techniques. Preliminary experiments for following the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by observing the decrease in light absorption of peroxide solutions in the ultraviolet were reported by Chance (9) and Chance and Herbert (10). The potentialities of this method have been investigated and a quantitative, spectrophotometric technique for following the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide has been developed for routine studies of catalase kinetics.
Optimization of a SAW metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor

A simple theoretical model is applied to the problem of a SAW (surface acoustic wave) gas sensor which operates on the principle of conductivity changes within the sensing film. The model allows the prediction of SAW sensor response for a film of known conductivity variations, and the theoretical value of SAW velocity change agrees very well with that determined by experiment. The electroacoustic attenuation was also determined to be a significant factor in designing a SAW sensor. SAW sensor response can be optimized by designing the device such that the sheet conductivity of the film is within some region dependent upon the substrate material. A WO/sub 3/ film could be designed to have a sheet conductivity within a specific range by tailoring parameters such as film thickness, doping, and heat treatment. A sensor consisting of an ST-cut SiO/sub 2/ substrate and a WO/sub 3/ film selectively sorbent to H/sub 2/S was investigated. The SAW gas sensor is configured so that the film sheet conductivity and sensor response are measured simultaneously upon exposure to H/sub 2/S. Specific operating conditions are obtained that optimized the SAW gas sensor response. >
Competition among the Axonal Projections of an Identified Neuron Contributes to the Retraction of Some of Those Projections

AP neurons in the embryonic leech CNS extend lateral projections to peripheral targets through the ganglionic nerve roots and longitudinal projections toward neighboring ganglia through the connective nerves. The lateral projections grow extensively in the periphery; in contrast, the longitudinal projections achieve relatively little growth and eventually retract, the majority having essentially disappeared by the end of embryogenesis. Cutting both nerve roots, which eliminates both lateral projections, however, induces the longitudinal projections of the AP neuron to begin to grow rapidly toward adjacent ganglia within 14 hr after the axotomy. By using a laser microbeam to cut just the lateral projections of the AP cells, we further show that it is indeed the loss of its lateral projections, and not a secondary response to the cutting of other components of the root nerves, that induces the longitudinal projections of the AP cell to grow extensively. In addition, we report that reducing the outgrowth of the lateral projections by: (1) cutting only one lateral projection, or (2) ablating pioneer neurons required by the AP neuron to establish its peripheral arbor, also results in a significant increase in the growth of the longitudinal projections. Finally, we demonstrate that increasing the outgrowth of the longitudinal projections by ablating the AP cells in adjacent ganglia results in a significant reduction in the outgrowth of the lateral projections. Taken together, these results indicate, first, that the longitudinal and lateral projections usually grow at the expense of each other, and second, that normally the extensive outgrowth of its lateral projections is a necessary condition for a developing AP neuron to retract its longitudinal projections.
In vitro anamnestic antibody response: differential cellular and calcium requirements for induction by antigen and regulation by cyclic AMP.

Abstract Lymph node cells from rabbits, immunized 6 clays previously with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) were fractionated on columns containing nylon fibers. The non-retained population (effluent cells) and the retained population (adherent cells) were subsequently characterized by various criteria. The addition of dibutyryl cAMP (DbcAMP) or cholera enterotoxin (CT) during induction by 1 and 100 μg KLH resulted in a >100% increase in antibody synthesis over the control (KLH only) responses in the unfractionated and adherent cell populations. In the effluent population CT and DbcAMP failed to enhance the 1 μg response, but did increase the 100 μg response. Antibody forming cells, as judged by ongoing antibody synthesis during the first 24 hr of culture, were deficient in the effluent population. Both the effluent and adherent cells responded to the mitogens concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, and goat anti-rabbit Fab'. The control, effluent, and adherent populations each contained approximately 45% surface Ig positive cells as judged by direct immunofluorescence. The removal of calcium from the medium during induction (0–24 hr) also demonstrated that induction of the antibody response by KLH was separable from the cAMP mediated enhancement of antibody synthesis.
Some of my best friends are dead: Treatment of the post-traumatic stress disorder patient and his family.

The psychotherapy of Vietnam combat veterans poses unusual challenges: Major trauma occur at a developmentally vulnerable time and under conditions of minimal social support. Difficulties are often triggered by the death of a close "buddy." The psychotherapist is drawn into this chaotic maelstrom and is necessarily at risk herself. In this paper relevant principles are enunciated and a detailed case presentation provided.
Light scattering in lens research: an essay on accomplishments and promises

This paper briefly reviews light scattering methodologies in lens research. In the phenomenological sense cataract formation (lens opacities or turbidities) in its early stages can be described by enhanced scattering of light. In the analytical sense information is obtained on the molecular entities involved in light scattering. In Section 2, different methodologies (mainly static and dynamic) of light scattering experiments are described, which had been used successfully in lens research. In Section 3 the problem of interpretation of light scattering data in condensed phase is considered. It is pointed out that due to interparticle interactions the concentration dependence of the data must be considered. If dilution or thin sectioning of samples is not an option, it is better to report molecular parameters in terms of diffusion coefficients or decay times. In Section 4, a case is made to encourage light scattering experiments in the polarized/depolarized modes both in static and dynamic light scatterings. Preliminary data obtained with polarized/depolarized dynamic light scattering measurements on alpha-crystallin and interpreted in view of model systems and literature data imply that the molecule is a compact sphere with somewhat restricted segment mobility. The preliminary nature of this information is due to the unavailability of high power lasers and efficient polarizers in my lab at the time of these experiments.
Central projections of the Aplysia visual system

Abstract 1. 1. Microelectrode recording techniques were used to study the responses of cerebral ganglion nerve cell bodies to stimulation of the visual system of Aplysia californica . 2. 2. Sixteen cells from the caudal medial cell clusters were found to respond to electrical stimulation of the optic nerve and/or to physiological (light) stimulation of the eye. 3. 3. The results from a sampling of intracellular response from 180 cells over the dorsal face of the cerebral ganglion suggests the absence of a centrally located optic ganglion in this visual system.
Fundamentals of Biostatistics

(2007). Fundamentals of Biostatistics. The American Statistician: Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 183-183.
Transverse deformations associated with rectilinear shear in elastic solids

The rectilinear deformation of an incompressible, isotropic clastic solid is, in general, characterized by the two planar fields of pressure and displacement magnitude, and these are, in turn, restricted by the three, generally independent, differential equations of equilibrium. The over-determined nature of this situation suggests the possibility that transverse deformations may accompany rectilinear shear—a possibility not supported by the linear theory. Within this context we consider the class of equilibrium non-linear clasticity problems which is associated with cylindrical domains whose various boundaries each are displaced rigidly along their generators. An approximation scheme is developed for determining the cross sectional deformation and a specific example for a cylinder with eccentric circular cross section is given.
Kids and adults now! Defeat Obesity (KAN-DO): rationale, design and baseline characteristics.

Abstract Background Prevention of childhood obesity is a public health priority. Parents influence a child's weight by modeling healthy behaviors, controlling food availability and activity opportunities, and appropriate feeding practices. Thus interventions should target education and behavioral change in the parent, and positive, mutually reinforcing behaviors within the family. Methods This paper presents the design, rationale and baseline characteristics of Kids and Adults Now! — Defeat Obesity (KAN-DO), a randomized controlled behavioral intervention trial targeting weight maintenance in children of healthy weight, and weight reduction in overweight children. 400 children aged 2–5 and their overweight or obese mothers in the Triangle and Triad regions of North Carolina are randomized equally to control or the KAN-DO intervention, consisting of mailed family kits encouraging healthy lifestyle change. Eight (monthly) kits are supported by motivational counseling calls and a single group session. Mothers are targeted during a hypothesized “teachable moment” for health behavior change (the birth of a new baby), and intervention content addresses: parenting skills ((e.g., emotional regulation, authoritative parenting), healthy eating, and physical activity. Results The 400 mother–child dyads randomized to trial are 75% white and 22% black; 19% have a household income of $30,000 or below. At baseline, 15% of children are overweight (85th–95th percentile for body mass index) and 9% are obese (≥ 95th percentile). Conclusion This intervention addresses childhood obesity prevention by using a family-based, synergistic approach, targeting at-risk children and their mothers during key transitional periods, and enhancing maternal self-regulation and responsive parenting as a foundation for health behavior change.
Potent mGluR5 antagonists: pyridyl and thiazolyl-ethynyl-3,5-disubstituted-phenyl series.

We report the synthesis of four series of 3,5-disubstituted-phenyl ligands targeting the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5: (2-methylthiazol-4-yl)ethynyl (1a–j,), (6-methylpyridin-2-yl)ethynyl (2a–j), (5-methylpyridin-2-yl)ethynyl (3a–j,), and (pyridin-2-yl)ethynyl (4a–j,). The compounds were evaluated for antagonism of glutamate-mediated mobilization of internal calcium in an mGluR5 in vitro assay. All compounds were found to be full antagonists and exhibited low nanomolar to subnanomolar activity.
Bending moduli of polymeric surfactant interfaces

Extension de la theorie des «brosses» polymeriques greffees en bout de chaine a des polymeres attaches sur des interfaces courbees
The influence of national versus generic branding on taste perceptions

Abstract The results of an experimental study that investigated the taste perception of generic versus national brands are presented. Using a 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design, we found that brand (national versus generic) significantly influenced the taste of the product. Additional variables were tested but were determined not significant. The implications of these findings are discussed as well as a general review of the generic branding innovation.
Behaviors leading to more effective decisions in small groups embedded in organizations

Although recent group communication research has investigated the efficacy of meeting global functions in improving group decision making, little work has been done to identify specific types of utterances that would meet these functions. Furthermore, most of this work has used students placed into ad hoc groups as participants. This paper identifies behaviors that participants in small organizational groups perceive as affecting the quality of decisions made by those groups. Exploratory factor analysis was used in two studies to identify these behaviors. In both studies reported here, three consistent factors emerged: full participation of the group members, the presence of negative socio‐emotional behaviors, and the presence of positive social emotional behaviors.
An INL Yield Model of the Digital-to-Analog Converter

The integral nonlinearity (INL) yield of any arbitrarily segmented digital-to-analog converter (DAC) has not been accurately modeled and requires long simulation time. This paper proposes an intuitive formulation of the INL yield that leads to a simple and accurate relation between the variation of the unit source element and the DAC yield with only a few fitting parameters. These parameters can be determined for varying number of bits and varying DAC segmentation. A table of parameters is provided that can be directly applied to determine the yield without additional simulation. The validity of the model and parameters is demonstrated for measured current distributions from a current-steering DAC fabricated in a 90-nm CMOS technology.
Development and implementation of a formalized geriatric surgery curriculum for general surgery residents.

Despite the growth of the elderly population, most surgical training programs lack formalized geriatric education. The authors’ aim was to implement a formalized geriatric surgery curriculum at an academic medical center. Surgery residents were surveyed on attitudes toward the care of elderly patients and the importance of various geriatric topics to daily practice. A curriculum consisting of 16 didactic sessions was created with faculty experts moderating. After curriculum completion, residents were surveyed to assess curriculum impact. Residents expressed increased comfort in accessing community resources. A greater percentage of residents recognized the significance of delirium and acute renal failure in elderly patients. Implementing a geriatric surgery curriculum geared toward surgery residents is feasible and can increase resident comfort with multidisciplinary care and recognition of clinical conditions pertinent to elderly surgical patients. This initiative also provided valuable experience for ge...
Abundance and Production of Young Largemouth Bass, Smallmouth Bass, and Yellow Perch in Two Infertile Michigan Lakes

Abstract Abundance, growth, mortality, and production were studied for young largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), smallmouth bass (M. dolomieui), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in two infertile Michigan lakes (total alkalinity of 3–10 g/liter). Year-class strength was highly variable. Mean annual survival during the second year was 5 percent for yellow perch, 12 percent for largemouth bass, and 27 percent for smallmouth bass. Mean survival of older juveniles was 69, 40, and 42 percent, respectively. Growth appeared to be positively related to abundance during the first two years of life but negatively related to density thereafter. Yearly production/biomass ratios averaged 2.1 for yellow perch, 1.4 for largemouth bass, and 1.1 for smallmouth bass. Production by young of the year constituted 9.8 to 61.8 percent of the total for the four youngest age groups. Data for adult populations revealed that juveniles made up 36 to 50 percent of the total standing crop and 77 and 84 percent of total producti...
Control of MEMS-Based Scanning-Probe Data-Storage Devices

Micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS)-based scanning-probe data-storage devices are emerging as potential ultra-high-density, low-access-time, and low-power alternative to conventional data storage. Nanoscale accuracy and short latency in the navigation of the probes are the primary control challenges in probe-storage applications. This paper focuses on the control design to address these challenges in a probe-based storage prototype using a micro-scanner as the nanopositioner for the storage medium. Experimental results demonstrate remarkably short seek times on the order of 1 ms for the worst-case seek operations. Moreover, a thermal-sensor-based approach is compared with a two-sensor-control configuration employing both the global-position information from the thermal sensors and the medium-derived position information. Drift and low-frequency noise can affect the performance of the thermal-sensor-based control scheme over long periods of operation. This is addressed by the second scheme, a novel control architecture based on the Hinfin control framework that uses the best measurement in each of the frequency regions.
Dewatering of fine coal slurries by selective heating with microwaves

Comparative experimental studies on the dewatering of a fine coal slurry sample containing ≈52% moisture by microwave heating vis-a-vis thermal heating are reported. For thermal heating, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) using different masses and different heating rates were employed. Similar experiments were carried out for dewatering by microwave heating using a conventional oven operating at 2.45 GHz and 800 W power. These quantitative experiments show that microwave heating is an order of magnitude more efficient than thermal heating, although about 10% of the residual moisture, perhaps trapped in the capillaries of the coal particles, is not removed even by microwave heating. Based on these results, a bench scale dewatering unit was designed and tested in which coal slurry in kg quantities was fed on a conveyor belt. The efficiency of this unit for dewatering fine coal slurries was estimated to be over 80% of the theoretical limit. A cost estimate of about $3/ton for the power consumed for 10% reduction of moisture is made.