cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Employment, Growth and Price Levels: A Review Article

I. Relation of the Report to component reports and to the majority and minority reports of the Joint Economic Committee. Criticisms of the Report; "the numbers game," 374. — II. Comparison of recent rates of economic growth with past rates and with rates of other countries, 375. — III. The attempt at price stability at the expense of growth. Critique of attempt to promote growth by fighting inflation. No simple relationship between changes in output and changes in prices, 376. — IV. Movements of GNP over time show long periods in which demand rather than supply determined growth of output, 379. — V. The problem of market power in attempting to control inflation, 380. — VI. Upward movements in prices have, however, been in services rather than products, 381. — VII. Antitrust action against corporations but not against labor organizations advocated to control market power, 382. — VIII. Relative increase in both private and public saving rather than in private consumption advocated, 383. — IX. Inflationary bias inherent in downward rigidity of prices. Constant rate of increase in money supply as a means of stabilizing rate of growth rejected. Selective credit controls recommended, 387. — X. U. S. position in world trade. Evidence does not indicate we are pricing ourselves out of the world market, 390. — XI. Rate of growth of 4.5 per cent annually attainable within our present economic system, 391.
A Stimulating Alternative to Hadronic Effective Theories of Strong Interactions

Generations of physicists have been told that hadronic physics should be described using hadronic degrees of freedom, if only strong-coupling could be solved. I give reasons to believe no such theory exists. This refreshing alternative turns out to be interesting, practically unexplored, and a doorway to new avenues of research. The heart of the matter is the different Hilbert spaces of the hadrons versus the variables of QCD. I first question the notion that an effective action or effective Hamiltonian description must exist on basic grounds. In a strict sense the assumption does not spring from quantum mechanics but contradicts it. Three inconvenient truths about strongly interacting systems suggest that easy and simple arguments motivating derivative expansions have a high burden of proof. I find that experiments can yield outcomes appearing to violate quantum mechanics, while in fact they are consequences of quantum mechanics in a confining gauge theory.
B Lymphocyte Cytokine Profile in a Monozygotic Twin Pair Discordant for Nephrotic Syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is the most common glomerular disorder of childhood and a leading cause of pediatric renal failure; however the etiology of NS remains largely unknown. Recent reports demonstrating that an anti-CD20 antibody can induce remission of NS strongly suggest a potentially novel role for B cells in NS pathogenesis. In this report, the authors investigated B cell cytokine profiles following in vitro stimulation in a monozygotic twin pair discordant for NS. The results revealed that clear differences in the cytokine profiles of B cells exist between the patient and the unaffected twin. This is the first report of altered B lymphocyte responses among a monozygotic twin pair that is discordant for NS. Future studies are needed to identify cytokine differences that track with NS relapse and/or NS response to therapy.
Hydrodynamic and Geologic Significance of Upper Jurassic Smackover Marine Oncolites--Evidence for Penecontemporaneous Lithification: ABSTRACT

Smackover oncolites from the Chalybeat Springs field, Columbia County, Arkansas, exhibit evidence for penecontemporaneous cementation. "Flower spar" cement, previously reported only in caliche and vadose pisoliths, has been found as thin ribbons within the oncolites. Bivalve and polychaete borings penetrate both the concentric algal laminations and the bioclastic nuclei of the nodules. Boreholes are found around the entire periphery of the nodules indicating that the oncolites were mobile at the time boring occurred. Some borings have their openings capped by subsequent layers of algally bound material, implying that the oncolites were periodically lithifying while still accreting. Foraminifera, serpulids, and bryozoans are seen to encrust the oncolites suggesting that th nodules were indurated at the time of encrustation. Smackover oncolites are characterized by micritic and pelletal laminations and contain blue-green algal filaments attributed to Girvanella. Thus, they closely resemble modern marine oncolites with the exception that modern forms are unlithified. Recent lithifying blue-green algae are known only from freshwater and hypersaline environments. The density of these large (5 to 35 mm), hard, cemented grains would be considerably higher than that of modern marine oncolites. If the cemented oncolites are assumed to have the same specific gravity as recent freshwater oncolites, current velocities exceeding 100 cm/sec would be required to initiate movement. A survey of ancient oncolites suggests that virtually all Mesozoic oncolites show evidence of penecontemporaneous cementation. End_of_Article - Last_Page 598------------
Computed Tomography vs Standard Radiology in the Evaluation of Mediastinal Adenopathy

The value of computed tomography (CT) compared with standard radiology (SR) in the evaluation of mediastinal nodes has not been clearly defined. We compared SR and CT findings with the surgical-pathologic observations in a prospective study of 51 mediastinal nodes in 59 patients, 41 with bronchogenic carcinoma and 18 with benign lung lesions. CT was characterized by a low overall accuracy (true positivity plus true negativity = 60 percent) due to the false positivity (6 percent) and, to a much greater extent, the false negativity (51 percent). The pattern was the same in the malignant and in the benign group. In all instances CT findings were statistically the same as SR findings. We conclude that mediastinal CT provides no advantage over SR. Thus, SR alone is sufficient to select the surgical procedure of choice for evaluating mediastinal nodes, and no radiologic modality should replace surgical exploration in staging mediastinal nodal pathology.
Prevalence of antibodies interactive with HTLV-I antigens in selected Solomon Islands population

Serum samples obtained in 1986 from healthy individuals in three distinct Solomon Islands populations were screened for antibodies to human lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). One of the populations tested lives on the remote Polynesian outlier atoll, Ontong Java. The other two groups, the Baegu and the Lau, are Melanesians living on Malaita, the most populous of the larger Solomon Islands. Eighty-eight of a total of 601 (14.6%) sera tested were repeatably reactive in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that uses as antigen a lysate of HTLV-I viral particles. The prevalence of antibodies interactive with HTLV-I viral particles. The prevalence of antibodies interactive with HTLV-I antigens varied among the three groups, ranging from 8.5% (16/188) in the Baegu, through 13% (7/54) in the Lau, to 18.1% (65/359) among the Ontong Java population. The specificity of the screening ELISA was confirmed by protein immunoblot. No serum samples were obtained from children under 9 years of age. Although 121 of the 601 sera came from children between the ages of 9 and 19, none of these were reactive in the HTLV-I ELISA. Starting in the third decade, the prevalence of HTLV-I seropositivity increased with age, from 8.8% (10/113) between the ages of 20 and 29 to a peak of 25.9% (15/58) and 25% (15/60) in the sixth and seventh decade, respectively. This age-specific prevalence pattern is strikingly similar to that which is seen in populations where HTLV-I infection is endemic.
Issues in modelling of advanced heterogeneous ceramics

The conceptual and computational issues regarding the development of models to predict microstructure/ mechanical-property relationships in advanced ceramics are discussed. Advanced ceramics provide a particular challenge because their higher toughness or reliability, relative to monolithic ceramics, is a result of stable, distributed damage evolution. Capturing the details of distributed damage at atomistic and microstructural length scales is computationally prohibitive, but only in certain systems does it appear plausible to neglect atomistic and crack-tip details in favor of larger-scale damage propagation and interaction. Examples, mainly from the author's own work, are briefly presented to indicate the range of problems that have been addressed and the relative successes and failures. © 1996 ESCOM Science Publishers B.V.
Omega-3 fatty acid and ADHD: blood level analysis and meta-analytic extension of supplementation trials.

Abstract Interest in the value of omega − 3 (n − 3) fatty acid supplementation for treatment of ADHD remains high. No prior meta-analysis has examined whether ADHD is associated with alterations in blood lipid levels and meta-analyses of supplementation have reached conflicting conclusions. Methods We report two new meta-analyses. Study 1 examined blood levels of omega − 3 fatty acids in relation to ADHD. Study 2 examined a larger sample of randomized intervention trials than previously reported. Results Study 1 included 9 studies (n = 586) and found lower overall blood levels of n − 3 in individuals with ADHD versus controls (g = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.26–0.59; p Conclusions Omega − 3 levels are reduced in children with ADHD. Dietary supplementation appears to create modest improvements in symptoms. There is sufficient evidence to consider omega − 3 fatty acids as a possible supplement to established therapies. However it remains unclear whether such intervention should be confined to children with below normal blood levels.
A single precursor approach to new DNA cleaving and crosslinking agents

Abstract It is demonstrated that aryl diamine 1 , designed after a d(A·T) specific minor groove binding agent, can serve as a precursor for the synthesis of two DNA cleaving (bisdiazonium 2 and bisazoester 5 ) and one crosslinking (bisazide 7 ) agents and, to this end, the present strategy is introduced as a convergent approach for the development of DNA targeted anticancer drugs.
Analgesic effects of posthypnotic suggestions and virtual reality distraction on thermal pain

The individual and combined effects of posthypnotic suggestion (PHS) and virtual reality distraction (VRD) on experimentally induced thermal pain were examined using a 2 x 2, between-groups design. After receiving baseline thermal pain, each participant received hypnosis or no hypnosis, followed by VRD or no VRD during another pain stimulus. Consistent with the hypothesis that hypnosis and VRD work via different mechanisms, results show that posthypnotic analgesia was moderated by hypnotizability but VRD analgesia was not. The impact of PHSs for analgesia was specific to high hypnotizables, whereas VRD was effective independent of hypnotizability. Results also show a nonsignificant but predicted pattern for high hypnotizables: Audio hypnosis combined with VRD reduced worst pain 22% more and pain unpleasantness 25% more than did VRD alone. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
Human cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to live attenuated 17D yellow fever vaccine: Identification of HLA-B35-restricted CTL epitopes on nonstructural proteins NS1, NS2b, NS3, and the structural protein E

Abstract Yellow fever virus (YFV) is a reemerging problem despite the existence of an effective live-attenuated vaccine. The induction of YFV-neutralizing antibodies undoubtedly contributes to vaccine efficacy, but T lymphocyte responses to YFV likely play a role in long-term efficacy. We studied the T lymphocyte responses to YFV in four vaccinees. Proliferation and cytolytic responses to YFV were demonstrated in all subjects. We isolated 13 YFV-specific CD8 + CTL lines that recognized epitopes on the E, NS1, NS2b, and NS3 proteins; eight CTL lines were HLA-B35-restricted. YFV-specific T cell responses were detectable by IFNγ ELISPOT assays 14 days postvaccination, with T cell frequencies sustained for up to 19 months. To our knowledge, this is the first report of human T lymphocyte responses following YFV vaccination. These results indicate that the live 17D YFV vaccine induced CD8 + T cell responses directed against at least four different HLA-B35-restricted YFV epitopes.
Macroscopic traffic models for vehicle-follower automated transportation systems

Abstract The problem of distributing and routing vehicles in a large automated transportation network may be approached through the design of on-line control algorithms, particularly when the network contains many origin-destination pairs and alternate routes. To develop such algorithms, it is necessary to obtain models that accurately represent the dynamic behavior of vehicles on the guideway network. In this paper, models based on density, flow and average velocity variables are derived for the vehicle-follower longitudinal control scheme. Models suitable for use in analysis and simulation work are developed for links, merges, diverges, and stations. The proposed models are shown to compare favorably with simulation results that use explicit modeling of vehicle dynamic modeling of vehicle dynamic interaction.
Using regression analysis: a guided tour

Abstract Regression analysis is a useful tool for data analysis, forecasting, and the estimation of fixed and variable components of a data set. Students frequently need to take advantage of data analyses offered by regression methodology. Regression computer packages are readily accessible and easy to use. Without an understanding of the assumptions underlying the linear regression model, it may be difficult for the student to interpret the results of regression analysis in a meaningful manner. The present paper is designed to guide the user through the use and interpretation of multiple regression analysis. To facilitate his understanding of the process, a flowchart of the process is also presented.
Dual limitation of biofilm kinetics

Abstract Dual limitation of biofilm kinetics occurs when one substrate is rate limiting near the water/biofilm interface, while a second substrate is rate limiting near the attachment surface. Each of the two substrates (1 and 2) has a unique role determined by its kinetic parameters: for example, substrate 1 is defined to have the flatter concentration gradient, which allows it to be rate limiting near the water/biofilm interface, but non-limiting closer to the attaching surface. A mathematic model was developed to generate concentration profiles within a biofilm that had single or dual limitation. From the results of modeling experiments, the boundaries of the dual-limitation region were identified. The boundaries are expressed as ratios of the substrate concentrations at the water/biofilm interface. These boundary ratios are also adjusted to take into account liquid-layer mass transport. An important result is that an algorithm for calculating the substate fluxes in the dual-limitation region is presented. The modeling results are applied to the processes of aerobic removal of soluble BOD, nitrification and denitrification. The analysis suggests the dual limitation occurs frequently for soluble-BOD removal and nitrification, but denitrification is typically limited by the organic substrate.
Infant rats are more likely than adolescents to orient differentially to amodal (intensity-based) features of single-element and compound stimuli.

An infantile predisposition to process quantity, over quality, of stimulation has been suggested in theories of cognitive and perceptual development, as well as for understanding ontogenetic differences in learning. In the present study, responsivity to stimulus intensity was assessed in preweanling and periadolescent rats by using magnitude of cardiac orienting as an index of perceived stimulus intensity. In Experiment 1, cardiac orienting was measured to low- and high-intensity auditory and visual stimuli in 15-, 17-, and 30-day-old rats. The results demonstrated that younger rats are more predisposed to respond differentially to single-element stimuli on the basis of stimulus intensity. Experiments 2, 3, and 4 examined cardiac orienting in preweanlings to compound stimuli. In accordance with studies of ontogeny of learning, the results of these experiments indicated that preweanlings process compound stimuli on the basis of net intensity, but only if there had been no prior experience with the compound's elements.
Effects of enterprise technology on supply chain collaboration: analysis of China-linked supply chain

Supply chain collaboration has received increasing attention from scholars and practitioners in recent years. However, our understanding of how enterprise information technology facilitates supply chain collaboration is still very limited, especially with regard to Chinese enterprise ownerships such as state-owned firms, joint-venture firms and local village-owned firms. This paper extends the theory established in enterprise information technology (IT) and supply chain collaboration literature and relates it with coordination in China-linked supply chain. Drawing upon an empirical study from 177 Chinese companies, we provide three major findings: (i) uncovered the importance of leveraging enterprise IT through supply chain collaboration; (ii) identified the relationship between enterprise ownership and enterprise technology use and supply chain collaboration in China-linked supply chain and (iii) illustrated effects of supply chain collaborative activities on operational and market performance.
Laser-material processing: an industrial view of packaging applications

In the past two decades, laser applications in the packaging of microelectronics and photonics have clearly made a mark in industrial processing. With the commercial availability of reliable UV and IR lasers, a wealth of techniques and methods have evolved: generation of vias, high resolution patterning of materials by etching and ablation, laser bonding and micro welding, stripping of insulation and cladding, deposition of conductors, creation of surface microstructures, cleaning of sensitive surfaces, and a variety of drilling, slicing, and dicing processes. The list goes on and on, and what new techniques may evolve is limited only by human ingenuity. In this presentation we will review several of these applications with particular emphasis on those that are industrially useful. Many interesting concepts in laser processing fill the pages of scientific and engineering journals, but few of these ideas are seriously considered for a manufacturing environment. In conclusion, we will attempt to answer just what makes an industrially successful laser process.
The effect of speaking context on elicitation of habitual pitch.

Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate if there was an effect of speaking context on the elicitation of habitual pitch [speaking fundamental frequency (SFF)]. Six simulated speaking contexts were created (speaking during a voice evaluation, speaking in public, speaking to a peer, speaking to a superior, speaking to a subordinate, and speaking to a parent or spouse), and the SFF for 30 adult women with normal voice was compared across these contexts. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a statistically significant ( P P P
The Sevillian Nobility and Trade with the New World in the Sixteenth Century

Seville was the first and, for most of the sixteenth century, the only European community permitted to trade directly with the New World. That members of her nobility, who were traditionally aloof from trade, were intimately involved testifies to the wealth to be gained and its revolutionary economic and social effects.
Degrading network capacity may improve performance: information effects in the Braess Paradox

The Braess Paradox is a major finding in the equilibrium analysis of routing decentralized traffic in directed networks that are susceptible to congestion. It demonstrates that removing one or more links from a network that is subject to congestion may under certain combinations of cost structure and number of network users decrease the cost of travel for all its users. The Braess Paradox (BP) may be illustrated in networks modeled as non-atomic games where the number of commuters is very large and, as a consequence, each commuter only controls a negligible fraction of the overall traffic. Alternatively, as in the present study, it may be illustrated in networks modeled as atomic selfish routing games, where each commuter has a non-negligible effect on the travel costs of all the other commuters.Arguments have been raised not against the counterintuitive finding of Braess but, rather, against its relevance to real life situations. The argument goes that these are highly abstract networks and their seemingly paradoxical implications arise from the many aspects in which they differ from reality rather than from these aspects that they share with it. If the BP is a rare event in selfish routing networks, restricted to judiciously chosen combinations of parameter values and very simple networks, then interest in it should clearly be limited. But if a substantial fraction of networks in communication and transportation are susceptible to the BP, then the problem of adding links to the basic network or, alternatively, removing links from the augmented network gains practical significance and should, therefore, be approached with considerable care.Our main purpose is to compare to each other two information conditions. In the PUBLIC condition, each user is informed of the route choices and payoffs of all the users. In the PRIVATE condition, each user is only informed of her own payoff. For this purpose, we construct a basic network where each of n=18 players has to choose one of four routes from a common origin to common destination. We also construct an augmented network with two additional cross road segments that give rise to the Braess paradox. We use a computer-controlled within-subject experimental design in which each player first chooses one of six routes in 60 iterations of the augmented network and then one of four routes in 60 additional iterations of the basic network. We show that when the stage game is iterated in time, under both information conditions and in both games aggregate route choices converge to equilibrium.
Panoramic scanning: Essential element of higher‐order thought

Today's children will need panoramic scanning abilities to deal with ill‐defined problems generated by an increasingly complex world. Panoramic scanning is the ability to perceive multiple perspectives and intricate patterns in complex phenomena; to cycle through different levels of analysis; and to understand the long‐term, far‐reaching implications of events. Barriers to panoramic scanning include sensory bombardment; superficial, polarized thought; overspecialization; and an emphasis on short‐term concerns. Individuals who develop broad interests, extensive knowledge bases, and big‐picture analytic skills can become panoramic pattern finders and creative connection makers. Educators of the gifted should look for and emphasize the panoramic‐scanning potential in the many extant approaches to curriculum and instruction in the field.
Functional Neuroimaging of Social Cognition in Pervasive Developmental Disorders

: An emerging literature on the neuroanatomical correlates of social cognition in pervasive developmental disorders is reviewed. Studies conducted with high-functioning adults with autism or Asperger's syndrome highlight patterns of decreased activation in ventromedial prefrontal cortex, temporo-parietal junction, amygdala, and periamygdaloid cortex, along with aberrantly increased activation in primary sensory cortices. Future studies should extend these important initial results to younger and more severely affected subjects.
Reducing False Security Alarm Calls for Police Service: A Policy Research Note:

False alarm calls are a substantial resource allocation problem for police administrators even though the issue tends not to be high profile. A panel design is utilized to describe how one municipal fine schedule affects the generation of false security alarm calls for police service by residential, commercial, and nonprofit property types. It was found that property type accounts for12% of the variation in annual false alarm generation and that, on average, false alarm production decreased substantially over time.
Assessing the Quality of a Non-randomized Pragmatic Trial for Primary Prevention of Falls among Older Adults

Current approaches to falls prevention mostly rely on secondary and tertiary prevention and target individuals at high risk of falls. An alternative is primary prevention, in which all seniors are screened, referred as appropriate, and educated regarding falls risk. Little information is available on research designs that allow investigation of this approach in the setting of aging services delivery, where randomization may not be possible. Healthy Steps for Older Adults, a statewide program of the Pennsylvania (PA) Department of Aging, involves a combination of education about falls and screening for balance problems, with referral to personal physicians and home safety assessments. We developed a non-randomized statewide trial, Falls Free PA, to assess its effectiveness in reducing falls incidence over 12 months. We recruited 814 seniors who completed the program (503 first-time participants, 311 people repeating the program) and 1,020 who did not participate in the program, from the same sites. We assessed the quality of this non-randomized design by examining recruitment, follow-up across study groups, and comparability at baseline. Of older adults approached in senior centers, 90.5 % (n = 2,219) signed informed consent, and 1,834 (82.4 %) completed baseline assessments and were eligible for follow-up. Attrition in the three groups over 12 months was low and non-differential (<10 % for withdrawal and <2 % for other loss to follow-up). Median follow-up, which involved standardized monthly assessment of falls, was 10 months in all study groups. At baseline, the groups did not differ in measures of health or falls risk factors. Comparable status at baseline, recruitment from common sites, and similar experience with retention suggest that the non-randomized design will be effective for assessment of this approach to primary prevention of falls.
HPV 16 E6 Blocks TNF-Mediated Apoptosis in Mouse Fibroblast LM Cells

The interaction between hosts and the viruses that infect them is a dynamic one, and a growing literature documents the fact that many viruses have developed mechanisms designed to avoid elimination by the host immune system. One of the immune strategies used by the host and targeted by virus proteins is apoptosis triggered by the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Mouse fibroblast LM cells are spontaneously sensitive to TNF. When the wild-type E6 protein from the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV 16) was expressed in LM cells, the cells became resistant to TNF. This resistance was examined by several means, including cell morphology, the dose- and time-independent response to TNF in a cell death ELISA, trypan blue exclusion, and cell proliferation. The level of p53 did not rise in TNF-treated cells prior to apoptosis, suggesting a p53-independent mechanism. Significant, though not complete, resistance to TNF was also observed following transfection of a plasmid expressing a mutant E6 protein, which is unable to mediate rapid degradation of the p53 tumor suppressor. These results indicate that the HPV 16 E6 protein can protect LM cells from TNF-triggered apoptosis and likely does so by a mechanism other than mediation of p53 degradation.
Reaction dynamics from orbital alignment dependence and angular distributions of ions produced in collision of Ba(1P) with NO2 and O3

Angular distributions, orbital alignment dependence, and energy dependence of the relative cross sections of various ions produced in crossed beams collisions of electronically excited barium with O3 and NO2 were used to explore the dynamics of these reactions. The Ba+ product from both reactions showed strong dependence on alignment of the Ba(1P) p orbital with respect to the relative velocity vector. The Ba+ was generally forward or forward‐sideways scattered, with the latter favored by the dominant perpendicular orbital alignment. Similar results for Ba+ from both O3 and NO2 suggest that electron transfer is favored for large impact parameter collisions in which the Ba p orbital is directed toward the molecule at the critical configuration, regardless of the symmetry of the available orbital in the isolated molecule. BaO+2 from the O3 reaction exhibited angular distributions and energy dependences which were reminiscent of the Ba+, albeit 2 orders of magnitude lower in intensity, indicating a close rel...
A study of chondrule rims and chondrule irradiation records in unequilibrated ordinary chondrites

A study of the possibility that chondrules may have had an independent existence in space was made by searching for unusual track densities in chondrules and by an investigation of the compositions of chondrule rims from thirteen unequilibrated ordinary chondrites. No unusual radiation was found; observed track densities can be explained in terms of cosmic ray exposure ages of the respective meteorites. Fine-grained rims that surround chondrules in unequilibrated ordinary chondrites are heterogeneous in composition consisting of iron sulfide and a silicate phase; fine-grained rims of the kind observed in primitive type 3 ordinary chondrites are absent in higher petrographic grades, but more crystalline, coarse-grained, and lacy sulfide rims are observed. This can be explained by chondrules having had an independent existence in space during which they acquired rims by condensation on their surfaces or by accretion of fine particles.
An unusual benzazocine elicits acetylcholine release in the isolated guinea pig ileum.

UM-1037 (3-allyl-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexahydro-8-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-benzazocine), a benzazocine compound related structurally to the narcotic antagonists cyclazocine and the N-allyl analogue of cyclazocine, SKF-10,047, but lacking the 2,6-methano bridge, has been found to produce similar signs in normal rhesus monkeys to those characteristic of the narcotic abstinence syndrome1. Narcotic antagonists have been reported to produce contraction in the isolated guinea pig ileum2,3. However, only when the ileum has been continuously exposed to morphine or related drugs in vitro or has been isolated from animals made dependent on a narcotic, does it contract when an antagonist such as naloxone is added to the perfusion medium4. Thus, this preparation has been used as an in vitro model of the narcotic abstinence syndrome, and the contraction might be considered an ‘abstinence sign’. In the present study, UM-1037 was found to produce a contraction of the guinea pig ileum isolated from normal animals similar to the contraction produced by naloxone in preparations exposed to morphine or related drugs. UM-1037, like naloxone, seems to act by releasing acetylcholine (ACh), because its actions were antagonised by atropine and tetrodotoxin. However, morphine, which is necessary for the naloxone-induced contraction, reversed the effect of UM-1037 on the ileum. Responses to UM-1037 were not altered in the presence of naloxone. Thus, the release of ACh which is produced by this unusual benzazocine in the ileum does not seem to be mediated by the opiate receptor.
Plant and insect characteristics in response to increasing density of Homalodisca coagulata on three host species: a quantification of assimilate extraction

Three experiments were performed to assess the effect of the number of the leafhopper Homalodisca coagulata (Say) (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) on the plant characteristics of Lagerstroemia indica L. (Lythraceae), Prunus salicina I,indl. (Rosaceae) and Glycine max (L.) Merrill (Leguminoseae) and on subsequent consumption rates and fecundity. Leafhoppers were placed in sleeve cages (L. indica or P. salicina) or on caged plants (G. max) for 2-3 weeks at densities of 0-16 per cage. Consumption rates and fecundity were not influenced by leafhopper treatments. Shoot growth and shoot xylem tension were examined on L. indica and G. max, and were not influenced by treatment. For G. max, plant height increased with leafhopper days, however plant dry weight was unaffected. The concentrations of primary organic compounds in xylem fluid were evaluated at the termination of experiments on L. indica (amino acids and organic acids) and G. max (amino acids, ureides, organic acids, and sugars). For L. indica, there was no significant density effect on the concentration of total amino acids or total organic acids. For the smaller legume G. max, concentrations of five primary organic compounds in xylem fluid were moderately reduced (between P = 0.05 and 0.1) with leafhopper days. Consumption rates were inversely related (between P = 0.05 and 0.1) to the concentrations of three organic compounds in xylem fluid. The total quantity of each chemical compound, organic carbon, organic nitrogen, and energy extracted by H. coagulata feeding on G. max was estimated by incorporating consumption rates, leafhopper days, diet composition, and the heat of combustion of each compound quantified. The quantity of water and nutrients (and particularly organic N) depleted by leafhopper feeding at high densities was substantial. Individual H. coagulata extracted 3.9 cm 3 water, 57 μmol organic carbon, 21 μmol organic nitrogen, and 2.7 J of chemical bond energy during a day of feeding. Moderate to large sized plants (P. salicina and L. indica) did not exhibit effects of leafhopper feeding, however high amounts of feeding on G. max increased plant height and moderately reduced the concentrations of several compounds in xylem fluid.
Handling uncertainty in the establishment of a design space for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical product

Recent trends in the pharmaceutical sector are changing the way processes are designed and executed, moving from: allowing the process to operate in a fixed point, to: allowing a permissible region in the operating space (a.k.a. design-space). This trend is driving product development to design quality into the manufacturing process (Quality by Design) and not to rely solely on testing quality in the product. These changes address the presence of uncertainties entering the process and their negative effect on product quality if the operating conditions are not free to compensate for these disturbances. This work provides a review of methods to address the presence of these uncertainties, ranging from the establishment of multivariate specifications for incoming product, to feed-forward process control. It also presents the development of a feed-forward controller to compensate the process for the observed changes in the properties of the incoming material. The development and testing of this controller is illustrated with a wet-granulation process. The performance of the multiple control strategies is back-propagated to the changes in the acceptance regions for the raw materials. Ultimately, the controller and its model are used to define an integrated design-space that accounts for the network of complex relationships between materials, process conditions and product. This work proposes and demonstrates that the use of mathematics is the only way to reach the maximum potential of the Quality by Design by providing a tool to specify an integral Design Space.
Quantitative Assessment of the Risk of Variations During Medical Device Lifecycle

The majority of medical devices are monitoring devices. Therefore, data communication and analysis are playing a crucial rule in predicting the effectiveness and reliability of a device. Device related data, patient related data and device-patient related data stored in Data Bases (DBs) are great sources for enhancing either new designs or improving already existing ones. Analyzing such data can provide researchers and device development teams with a complete justification and patterns of interest about a device’s performance, life and reliability. Data can be formulated into stochastic models based their statistical characteristics to consider the variability in data and the uncertainty about processes and procedures during early stages of the design process. This strengthens the device’s ability to function under a broader range of operating conditions. The work herein aims at targeting unwanted variations in device performance during the device development process. It employs a novel technique for variation risk management of device performance based historical process data modeling and visualization. The introduced technique is a proactive systematic procedure comprises a tool set that is being placed in the larger framework of the risk management procedure and fully utilizing data from the DBs to predict and address the risk of variations at the early stages of the design process rather than at the end of each major stage.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Compton profiles of multiply ionized oxygen atoms

Abstract We have calculated Compton profiles of multiply ionized oxygen atoms with electronic configurations 1 s m 2 s n 2 p q , m=1−2, n=0−2, q=0−4 . The values of the Compton profiles from the present calculation can be used to determine the doubly differential electron production cross sections in recent ion–atom collision experiments with oxygen ions in the rest frame of the target atoms. The calculations have been performed in impulse approximation using numerical Hartree–Fock wave functions. Compton profiles of neutral oxygen atoms, available in the literature, are in excellent agreement with the present calculation. The variation of Compton profile with the degree of ionization is investigated.
Control of pyrimidine biosynthesis by phage T4: mutants unable to catalyze the reduction of cytidine diphosphate.

Abstract Infection of Escherichia coli with phage T4 induces a large increase in ribonucleotide reductase activity. T4 mutants unable to induce this increase have been produced by mutagenesis with hydroxlyamine. Mapping studies indicate that the mutant sites are in a region of the chromosome that is close to three other genes, wh (dihydrofolate reductase), td (thymidylate synthetase), and cd (dCMP deaminase), all of which control steps in pyrimidine biosynthesis. Preliminary in vivo complementation experiments suggest that at least two nonessential phage genes are involved in the reductase activity. Thus it appears that at least five nonessential genes that control functionally related products are grouped together on the T4 chromosome.
The advantages of accelerator-based radiocarbon measurements in geophysical research

Abstract This paper reviews methods for carbon-14 dating using accelerators. 14 C is accelerated to high energies. Subsequently 14 C is separated from 14 N by passing it through a xenon gas cell or electrostatic separator. Advantages, limits and applications of the techniques are discussed.
Distributed detection of Rayleigh targets in K-distributed clutter

ABSTRACT Detection of target in the presence of Gaussian clutter using multiple radars have been studied in the recent literature. The algorithms considered include pure decision based fusion rules such as OR and AND and tests involving thefusion of partial information, such as normalized test statistic (NTS). However, based on experimental evidence, in manysituations, the compound K-distributed model seems to be a good fit for the clutter envelope. In this paper we study throughsimulation the performances of the NTS, AND, and OR tests for the detection of Rayleigh target in the presence of K-distributed clutter. The results show that for large signal to clutter power ratio and for large shape parameter values, the K-NTS significantly outperforms both the OR and the AND rules.Keywords: Distributed detection, CFAR detection, K-distribution 1. INTRODUCTION For the past several years a considerable amount of work [1-4] on single sensor (for example, radar) constant falsealarm rate (CFAR) signal detection has been done. The detection of signals becomes complex when radar returns are fromnonstationary background noise (or noise plus clutter). The probability of false alarm increases intolerably when a detectionscheme employing a fixed threshold is used. Therefore, adaptive threshold techniques are required in order to maintain anearly constant false alarm rate. Because of the diversity of the radar search environment (multiple target, abrupt changesin clutter, etc.) there exists no universal CFAR scheme. Typically the adaptive threshold of a CFAR scheme is the productof two terms, one is a fixed scaling factor to adjust the probability of false alarm, and the other is an estimate of the totalunknown noise (plus clutter) power of the test cell. The sample in the test cell is compared to this threshold in order todecide the presence or the absence of a target. A variety of CFAR techniques are developed according to the logic used toestimate the unknown noise power level. Some examples are, Cell Averaging CFAR (CA-CFAR), Ordered Statistics CFAR(OS-CFAR), Greatest Of GEAR, Smallest Of CFAR [3], and Selection and Estimation test [4].Distributed signal detection schemes are needed when system perfonnance factors such as speed, reliability, andconstraint over the communication bandwidth are taken into account. In distributed detection techniques, each sensor sendseither a binary decision or a condensed form of information (statistics) about the observations available at the sensor to thefusioii center, where a final decision about the presence of a target is made. Such techniques have been applied to CA-
Computation of orientational filters for real-time computer vision problems. iii. Steerable system and vlsi architecture

Abstract Orientational filters have been used frequently for computer vision problems. Despite their strength in various vision problems, their use has been limited in real-time applications since they are computationally intensive. Part I presented separable approximation as a way to implement a real-time orientational filter operation with a small amount of hardware. Part II presented an efficient computation scheme for 2D multi-resolution decomposition. This paper extends the results of the previous papers to construct a multi-resolution filter system where the orientation of each filter can be adaptively controlled. Such a system is called steerable and is useful in many image analysis/processing applications. This paper also presents a VLSI architecture for various orientational filter systems. The architecture is scalable in terms of the input image size, the filter size, the number of orientational filters, and the approximation order.
Recent progress and applications in glycosaminoglycan and heparin research

Heparin, the focus of this review, is a crucially important anticoagulant drug produced from animal sources, which was contaminated last year leading to a number of adverse side effects, some resulting in death. Heparin is a highly acidic polysaccharide and a member of a family of biopolymers called glycosaminoglycans. The structure and activities of heparin are detailed along with recent advances in heparin structural analysis and biological evaluation. Current state-of-the-art chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin and new approaches for its metabolic engineering are described. New technologies, including microarrays and digital microfluidics, are proposed for high-throughput synthesis and screening of heparin and for the fabrication of an artificial Golgi.
Ruthenium (II)-sulfonated BINAP: A novel water-soluble asymmetric hydrogenation catalyst.

Abstract Ruthenium (II)-sulfonated-BINAP has been synthesized and this novel water-soluble complex is shown to be an excellent asymmetric hydrogenation catalyst for 2-acylamino acid precursors and methylenesuccinic acid in both methanolic as well as in neat water solvent systems. Enantiomeric excesses approaching 90% have been obtained in aqueous and methanolic solvents. Effects of solvent, pressure and the addition of organic base on enantioselectivity are described.
Variation of lattice parameters in TiSVS solid solutions

Abstract Results of measurements of lattice parameters and densities in nonstoichiometric solid solutions of titanium and vanadium monosulfide are reported and discussed. The results indicate that a second-order phase transition from the NiAs-type of MnP-type structure occurs at an intermediate composition, and that the phase transition is accompanied by a marked change in the rate of change of the metal-metal distances in the c -axis direction.
Working With Friends Groups: Enhancing Participation Through Cultivation and Planning

ABSTRACT What should be the strategies for library fundraising during a recession? During a time when donors do not have as many resources to share, planning and assessing friends activities becomes more critical to make a better case for supporting the library. This article will describe the activities and programs of the Friends of Fondren Library at Rice University that foster participation, build loyalty from the library's donor community to the campus, and raise much-needed funds.
Current controlled high Tc superconducting switch

Abstract When a current is applied above the critical current l c of a superconductor, the material is in its normal state and has a finite resistance. Below l c the material becomes a superconductor with zero resistance. Switching between these two states can be achieved by modulating a current through the sample. Various high T c superconducting (HTS) line structures have been made. In the normal state these structures are ordinary resistors with resistances ranging from 10 μ to 100 kμ. The critical currents are in the range 10 μA–100 mA. Switching behaviour has been observed in a simple divider circuit using the HTS lines at 77 K. Applications of the current controlled HTS switch to digital and logic circuits are discussed.
Hybrid mammogram classification using rough set and fuzzy classifier

We propose a computer aided detection (CAD) system for the detection and classification of suspicious regions inmammographic images. This system combines a dimensionality reduction module (using principal component analysis), a feature extraction module (using independent component analysis), and a feature subset selection module (using rough set model). Rough set model is used to reduce the effect of data inconsistency while a fuzzy classifier is integrated into the system to label subimages into normal or abnormal regions. The experimental results show that this system has an accuracy of 84.03% and a recall percentage of 87.28%.
Fungal glycoside hydrolases for saccharification of lignocellulose: outlook for new discoveries fueled by genomics and functional studies

Genome sequencing of a variety of fungi is a major initiative currently supported by the Department of Energy’s Joint Genome Institute. Encoded within the genomes of many fungi are upwards of 200+ enzymes called glycoside hydrolases (GHs). GHs are known for their ability to hydrolyze the polysaccharide components of lignocellulosic biomass. Production of ethanol and “next generation” biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass represents a sustainable route to biofuels production. However, this process has to become more economical before large scale operations are put into place. Identifying and characterizing GHs with improved properties for biomass degradation is a key factor for the development of cost effective processes to convert biomass to fuels and chemicals. With the recent explosion in the number of GH encoding genes discovered by fungal genome sequencing projects, it has become apparent that improvements in GH gene annotation processes have to be developed. This will enable more informed and efficient decision making with regard to selection and utilization of these important enzymes in bioprocess that produce fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic feedstocks.