cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rain splash of soil grains as a stochastic advection-dispersion process, with implications for desert plant-soil interactions and land-surface evolution

[1] We formulate soil grain transport by rain splash as a stochastic advection-dispersion process. By taking into account the intermittency of grain motions activated by raindrop impacts, the formulation indicates that gradients in raindrop intensity, and thus grain activity (the volume of grains in motion per unit area) can be as important as gradients in grain concentration and surface slope in effecting transport. This idea is confirmed by rain splash experiments and manifest in topographic roughening via mound growth beneath desert shrubs. The formulation provides a framework for describing transport and dispersal of any soil material moveable by rain splash, including soil grains, soil-borne pathogens and nutrients, seeds, or debitage. As such it shows how classic models of topographic “diffusion” reflect effects of slope-dependent grain drift, not diffusion, and it highlights the role of rain splash in the ecological behavior of desert shrubs as “resource islands.” Specifically, the growth of mounds beneath shrub canopies, where differential rain splash initially causes more grains to be splashed inward beneath the protective canopy than outward, involves the “harvesting” of nearby soil material, including nutrients. Mounds thus represent temporary storage of soil derived from areas surrounding the shrubs. As the inward grain flux associated with differential rain splash is sustained over the shrub lifetime, mound material is effectively sequestered from erosional processes that might otherwise move this material downslope. With shrub death and loss of the protective canopy, differential rain splash vanishes and the mound material is dispersed to the surrounding area, again subject to downslope movement.
Oxygen Isotope Fractionation between Coexisting Calcite and Dolomite in the Freshwater Upper Carboniferous Freeport Formation

HYDROTHERMAL experiments of Epstein, Graf and Degens1 have suggested that dolomite forms from pre-existing calcite by a replacement mechanism in which the 18O/16O ratio of the original calcite remains unchanged. In an investigation of natural sedimentary dolomite-calcite rocks, Degens and Epstein2 observed no fractionation of the oxygen isotopes between coexisting calcite and dolomite in relatively young deposits and concluded that all dolomite is secondary, that is a replacement product of pre-existing calcite. Older carbonate rocks examined by those authors, however, did contain dolomite which was enriched in oxygen-18 with respect to the associated calcite. This phenomenon was explained by possible isotopic equilibration of the calcite with intrastratal fluids (which are generally enriched in oxygen-16). Dolomite is believed to be more resistant to equilibration. Hence, according to Degens and Epstein, such calcite rocks are partly replaced by diagenetic dolomite without alteration of the isotopic composition of the carbonate. With time, oxygen isotope exchange between formation waters and the calcite, but to a negligible extent between the waters and the dolomite, results in a higher 18O/16O ratio in the dolomite. Thus the difference in δ18Odol and δ18Oct observed in ancient carbonate rocks does not represent original isotopic equilibrium between these two minerals.
Measurement and correlates of family caregiver self-efficacy for managing dementia

Researchers in the aging field are paying increasing attention to the importance of perceived self-efficacy in understanding experiences and health-related outcomes of family caregivers. This paper details the strategy we used to measure family caregiver self-efficacy for managing dementia, and reports on observed associations between the resulting self-efficacy measures, caregiver depressive symptoms, and caregiver physical health symptoms. Family caregivers (n = 197) were interviewed after calling a local Alzheimer's Association chapter in the mid-western USA. Nine items inquiring about caregivers' certainty that they could carry out specific behaviors related to dementia care clustered into two distinct self-efficacy factors: symptom management self-efficacy (4 items) and community support service use self-efficacy (5 items). Internal consistency reliability for both factors was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.77 and 0.78, respectively). Symptom management self-efficacy demonstrated a much stronger correlation with a published global caregiver competence measure than did service use self-efficacy (r = 0.49 and 0.27, respectively). In a multivariate regression model predicting caregiver depression symptoms, higher symptom management self-efficacy scores were associated with fewer depressive symptoms (beta = -0.17, p < 0.05). In a separate model, higher service use self-efficacy scores (beta = -0.20, p < 0.01) and higher symptom management self-efficacy scores (beta = -0.16, p < 0.05) were associated with fewer physical health symptoms. These new measures of dementia management self-efficacy hold promise for use in future studies.
The distortion of a round jet by coil inserts of various lengths

Results of experimental investigations of turbulent jets with coil inserts of constant wire diameter and pitch spacing, but various lengths are presented. For the coil inserts, the ratios of pitch spacing and wire diameter to the tube inside diameter, p/D, and d/D, are 1.2 and 0.06 respectively and the ratios of the coil length to the tube inside diameter, L/D, are 1.41, 2.82, 5.64, 11.26 and 22.5. Results show that at the tube outlet, the largest mixing is obtained for the coils with L/D=11.26 and 22.5. Reducing the coil length would delay the mixing process to a further downstream location.
Fabrication of biaxially textured magnesium oxide thin films by ion-beam-assisted deposition

Abstract Biaxially textured MgO thin films were grown by ion-beam-assisted deposition. The film growth parameters of film thickness, ion-to-atom arrival ratio (r-value), ion beam angle, and ion beam voltage were studied. Film characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction, pole figure analysis, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Full-width half-maximum (FWHM) of MgO (220) ϕ-scans and MgO (002) ω-scans, respectively, were used to evaluate in-plane and out-of-plane film texture. MgO (220) ϕ-scan FWHM of 3.2° and MgO (002) ω-scan FWHM of 1.2° was achieved on amorphous Si3N4-coated Si substrates using a 1500-V ion source oriented at 45° to the substrate normal and an r-value of 0.90. Depositions on metallic substrates yielded MgO (220) ϕ-scan FWHM values of 5.2° and MgO (002) ω-scan FWHM of 2.5°. Root-mean-square surface roughness of these films as measured by AFM was ≈2.3 nm.
A collaborative study to establish a Korean Standard for factor VIII:C concentrate

Background and objectives: A collaborative study among five laboratories including three manufacturers and two national control laboratories was carried out to evaluate the suitability of a candidate to serve as a Korean Standard for factor VIII:C concentrate. Materials and methods: Two approaches were attempted to determine the potency of this candidate. The one is a one-stage clotting assay and the other is a chromogenic assay. To achieve acceptable precision and accuracy, the following recommendations by the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis were adopted in the assays, e.g., pre-dilution of samples in factor VIII (FVIII)-deficient plasma, inclusion of 1% albumin in the dilution buffer and calibration against the sixth International Standard for the blood coagulation factor VIII:C concentrate, coded 97/616. Results: The data collected within each laboratory and among laboratories for both assays employed here were in good agreements in the calibration of the candidate preparation against the International Standard. The overall potencies by the one-stage clotting assay and the chromogenic assay, however, showed recognizable differences between them. Each differed from each other in that the potency obtained from chromogenic assay was approximately 17% lower than that from one-stage clotting assay. The estimated geometric mean value obtained from the one-stage clotting assay was 8.4 international units (IU)/vial and that from the chromogenic assay was 6.7 IU/vial. Conclusions: Based on the results of this collaborative study, the candidate standard is judged to be suitable to serve as a Korean National Standard for factor VIII:C concentrate.
Two and three-quarter dimensional meshing facilitators

This paper presents generated enhancements for robust ‘two and three-quarter dimensional meshing’, including: (1) automated interval assignment by integer programming for submapped surfaces and volumes, (2) surface submapping, and (3) volume submapping. An introduction to the simplex method, an optimization technique of integer programming, is presented. Simplification of complex geometry is required for the formulation of the integer programming problem. A method of ‘i-j unfolding’ is defined which explains how irregular geometry can be realigned into a simplified form that is suitable for submap interval assignment solutions. Also presented is the processes by which submapping eliminates the decomposition of surface geometry, through a pseudodecomposition process, producing suitable mapped meshes. The process of submapping involves the creation of ‘interpolated virtual edges’, user defined ‘vertex types’ and ‘i-j-k space’ traversals. The creation of ‘interpolated virtual edges’ is the method by which submapping automatically subdivides surface geometry. The ‘interpolated virtual edge’ is formulated according to an interpolation scheme using the node discretization of curves on the surface. User defined ‘vertex types’ allow direct user control of surface decomposition and interval assignment by modifying ‘i-j-k space’ traversals. Volume submapping takes the geometry decomposition to a higher level by using ‘mapped virtual surfaces’ to eliminate decomposition of complex volumes.
High-density surface EMG decomposition based on a convolutive blind source separation approach

A novel automatic approach is developed in the present study to decompose high density surface electromyography (EMG) signals into motor unit (MU) firing patterns. The observed surface EMG signals are first modeled as a convolutive mixture of active MU sources. Contrast function maximization is employed to extract the first source, and separation of other sources is then carried out by an iterative deflation approach. Each extracted source is further processed and verified with the characteristics of motor unit action potential and firing patterns. The performance of the proposed automatic approach is evaluated in well-designed computer simulation. Results show that 4.7±0.5 and 7.1±0.6 MUs were correctly identified in the case of 5 and 10 active MUs respectively.
An integrated process optimization model for chemical production at Ibn Zahr

Abstract In this paper a mathematical optimization model is developed for several reactors settings. The model integrates several reactors and is stated in a general form. The model selects the settings for the reactors that maximizes profit subject to operation, selection and environmental constraints. Each setting is determined by a set of operating parameters, which are feed rate, reactor temperature and pressure. The production level and the cost of each setting is determined from the operating parameter and the raw material, labor and fuel cost. It is used to optimize Methyl-Tert-Butyle Ether (MTBE) production at the Ibn Zahr Company in Saudi Arabia. The results in the Ibn Zahr case are consistent and elevated MTBE production.
What's Wrong with Evolutionary Explanations of Human Behavior

Recent books and articles have made strong claims for an evolutionary explanation of various human behaviors. These writings may be classified according to two positions on the evolution of human behavior. According to the first position, differences in behavior between groups of human, (e.g., in intelligence) are said to be due to genetic differences. According to the second position, behavioral similarities among humans (e.g., in mating and aggression) are said to be due to genetic similarities. The evidence for these evolutionary explanations consists usually of a combination of evolutionary logic supported by general observations or correlations, behavioral analogies and comparisons with nonhuman species, and statistical analyses of data generated by non-experimental research methods. This paper presents a critique of this evidence and concludes that it is flawed scientifically and, therefore, it is insufficient to support an evolutionary explanation of human behavior. The paper concludes that environmental explantions represent an often more parsimonious alternative to evolutionary explanations, and, consequently, behavior analysts are in the best position to offer practical interventions for many of the behavioral problems that beset society.
Strengthened Glass for High Average Power Laser Applications

Recent advancements in high repetition rate and high average power laser systems have put increasing demands on the development of improved solid state laser materials with high thermal loading capabilities. We have developed a process for strengthening a commercially available Nd doped phosphate glass utilizing an ion-exchange process. Results of thermal loading fracture tests on moderate size (160 x 15 x 8 mm) glass slabs have shown a 6-fold improvement in power loading capabilities for strengthened samples over unstrengthened slabs. Fractographic analysis of post-fracture samples has given insight into the mechanism of fracture in both unstrengthened and strengthened samples. Additional stress analysis calculations have supported these findings. In addition to processing the glass' surface during strengthening in a manner which preserves its post-treatment optical quality, we have developed an in-house optical fabrication technique utilizing acid polishing to minimize subsurface damage in samples prior to exchange treatment. Finally, extension of the strengthening process to alternate geometries of laser glass has produced encouraging results, which may expand the potential for strengthened glass in laser systems, making it an exciting prospect for many applications.
CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS: MEVALONATE SYNTHESIS INHIBITED BY BILE SALTS.

Certain bile salts inhibit biosynthesis of mevalonate from acetate-2-C14 in normal rat liver homogenates. The physiological control of cholesterol biosynthesis is discussed.
Scapula form and locomotion in chimpanzee evolution

A number of primatologists have followed Coolidge (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 18:1–57, 1933) in suggesting that 1) there are significant shape differences in scapula form between pygmy and common chimpanzees, 2) scapulae of P. paniscus resemble those of hylobatids more than do those of P. troglodytes, and 3) therefore pygmy chimpanzees may exhibit a greater component of arm-swinging and other arboreal behaviors than common chimpanzees. In this paper I utilize a comparative analysis of ontogenetic allometries of linear dimensions to determine shape differences in the scapulae of adult pygmy and common chimpanzees and to clarify size-related changes in shape resulting from ontogenetic scaling, i.e., the differential extension of common patterns of growth allometry. Results demonstrate that the scapulae of adult P. paniscus are relatively narrower (in a direction approximately perpendicular to the scapula spine) than those of P. troglodytes, supporting Coolidge's original claim. The allometric analysis further demonstrates, however, that the two chimpanzee species exhibit ontogenetic scaling for all proportions of the scapula examined. Thus, adult pygmy chimpanzees have the scapula proportions observed in small adult and subadult P. troglodytes of comparable scapula size. The implications of this finding for past claims concerning differences in locomotor behavior between the species are discussed. This work lends additional support to previous studies that have demonstrated a high frequency of ontogenetic scaling within the genus Pan and a pedomorphic or juvenilized morphology in the pygmy chimpanzee.
Processes controlling the distribution and cycling of manganese in the oxygen minimum zone of the Arabian Sea

Abstract Vertical and horizontal distributions of dissolved and particulate manganese were investigated in the Arabian Sea (Northwestern Indian Ocean) during the 1995 Spring Intermonsoon period (March–April; US JGOFS Process Cruise 2; TN045). The region is characterized by an intense, basin-wide oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) that strongly influences the manganese distribution. In the OMZ, two distinct dissolved Mn (d-Mn) maxima were observed, at depths of 200–300 m and 600 m, respectively. The latter peak displayed concentration maxima of approximately 6 nanomolar and was largely confined to stations north of 19°N latitude (Stations N2–N7). This mid-depth maximum was associated with the low oxygen core of the OMZ ([O2] Saager et al. (1989, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 2259–2267). This signal was largely absent at stations along the southern transect, likely due to oxidative scavenging of d-Mn to the suspended particulate phase. Mid-depth particulate Mn maxima at some southern stations (Stations S4–S11) appear to be remnants of this feature. The upper d-Mn maximum (200–300 m depth) was more widely distributed than the 600 m peak, with d-Mn concentrations of ∼3 to as high as 8 nm at most stations east of about 62°E longitude. The signal was everywhere correlated with the secondary nitrite maximum, at stations within the main denitrification zone delineated by Naqvi (1991) . Nepheloid layers, presumably bacterial, also were associated with this depth interval. Particulate Mn profiles displayed corresponding concentration minima and low Mn/Al and reactive/refractory Mn ratios for this same depth interval, suggesting reductive dissolution of Mn-oxyhydroxides. These observations imply that in situ microbially mediated processes may be the predominant source of d-Mn in the upper OMZ, while horizontal advection is more important deeper in the water column.
Comparison of gemma production among three Lophozia species during the growing season

The extent and seasonal pattern of asexual reproduction and ability to germinate in the rare liverwort Lophozia ascendens and the common liverworts L. ventricosa and L. longiflora were studied in the Boubinský prales National Nature Reserve in Sumava Mts. (Bohemian Forest), South Bohemia, Czech Republic. Asexual reproduction was quantified as the number of gemmae produced per individual shoot. Numbers of gemmae per shoot among sampling months differed significantly; increase of gemma production was delayed in L. ascendens in comparison with gemma production of L. ventricosa and L. longiflora. We suggest that gemma production is influenced by environmental factors, mainly air humidity. Germinability of gemmae was low in early spring, highest in August and September and slightly depressed in October. This pattern suggests that rather mild winters in the Czech Republic cause the lower mortality of shoots during winter and the environmental pressure towards the production of dormant gemmae is not a prominent factor affecting the population dynamics of the species under study.
Deterioration of conjunctival PO2after CPR

An 82-year-old man was resuscitated following cardiac arrest suffered outside the hospital. Conjunctival oxygenation (PcjO 2 ), as measured by a conjunctival P0 2 monitor, increased in the immediate post-resuscitation period (60 min) and neurologic status improved. The PcjO 2 steadily declined over the next three hours. During the period of declining PcjO 2 , the systolic blood pressure tended to remain stable (104 mm Hg ± 18), the arterial PO 2 (PaO 2 ) was ⩾ 103 mm Hg, and the PcjO 2 /PaO 2 ratio initially increased, while the PcjO 2 /arterial oxygen content (CaO 2 ) ratio and neurologic status declined. The rise and subsequent fall of PcjO 2 in this patient paralleled the neurologic status and may be consistent with the cerebral reperfusion/hypoperfusion phenomena observed in experimental preparations of resuscitation from circulatory arrest.
Developmental programming of hypertension: insight from animal models of nutritional manipulation.

Low birth weight (LBW), defined as a birth weight of ≤2.5 kg at term, is a major health issue within the United States today. The risk for LBW is greater within the black population than the white, with a greater percentage of LBW occurring within the southern United States relative to other parts of the country.1 Infants born small for gestational age not only have a greater risk for survival at birth2,3 but, based on numerous epidemiological studies, face long-term consequences, such as increased risk for development of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other health problems.4–6 Barker7 first proposed that an adverse environmental stimulus experienced during a critical period of fetal development leads to slow fetal growth and permanent structural and physiological changes in the fetus predisposing it to increased risk for the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Investigators using animal models to induce an adverse fetal environment and mimic the human condition of slow fetal growth are providing convincing evidence to support the concept of developmental programming of adult disease.8–17 Although there is compelling epidemiological and experimental data that suggest that cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension may be programmed in utero, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. Investigators use unique animal models of nutritional manipulation to induce slow fetal growth to examine the mechanisms linking birth weight and chronic adult disease, such as hypertension. In this review, we discuss alterations in potential mechanistic pathways that evolve in response to fetal insult and lead to the developmental programming of hypertension, highlighting insight provided by animal models of nutritional manipulation. Nutritional restriction is one of the most common experimental methods of fetal insult used for investigation into the mechanisms of programmed hypertension and was one of the first to demonstrate that exposure to an adverse …
Functional Characterization of ttnI Completing the Tailoring Steps for Tautomycetin Biosynthesis in Streptomyces griseochromogenes

The tautomycetin (TTN) biosynthetic gene cluster has been recently cloned and sequenced from Streptomyces griseochromogenes, unveiling four genes, ttnCDFI, as candidates to encode the tailoring steps for TTN biosynthesis. It is reported that (i) TtnC plays no essential role in TTN biosynthesis, (ii) TtnI catalyzes C-5 oxidation, and (iii) combining the previous findings with TtnFD, the tailoring steps from TTN F-1 to TTN take place in the order of TtnF-catalyzed C-1″/C-2″ dehydration, TtnD-catalyzed C-3″ decarboxylation, and TtnI-catalyzed C-5 oxidation.
Yeast plasma membrane ATPase is essential for growth and has homology with (Na+ + K+), K+- and Ca2+-ATPases.

The plasma membrane ATPase of plants and fungi is a hydrogen ion pump1. The proton gradient generated by the enzyme drives the active transport of nutrients by H+-symport. In addition, the external acidification in plants and the internal alkalinization in fungi, both resulting from activation of the H+ pump, have been proposed to mediate growth responses. This ATPase has a relative molecular mass (Mr) similar to those of the Na+-, K+- and Ca2+-ATPases of animal cells and, like these proteins, forms an aspartylphosphate intermediate. We have cloned, mapped and sequenced the gene encoding the yeast plasma membrane ATPase (PMA1) and report here that it maps to chromosome VII adjacent to LEU1. The strong homology between the ammo-acid sequence encoded by PMA1 and those of (Na+ + K+), Na+-, K+- and Ca2+-ATPases is consistent with the notion that the family of cation pumps which form a phosphorylated intermediate evolved from a common ancestral ATPase. The function of the PMA1 gene is essential because a null mutation is lethal in haploid cells.
Geometry Effects on the Flow Field and the Spectral Characteristics of a Triple Annular Swirler

The dynamics of vortex breakdown are important to the performance of gas turbine combustors where swirling flows are extensively used to stabilize the flame and extend the lean flammability limit (LBO). Due to the strong interaction of vortical structures in the swirling flow with heat release and acoustical modes, vortex breakdown mechanism is essential to understanding the thermoacoustic behavior and to the development of combustion instability control strategy. This paper analyzes the vortex breakdown behavior downstream of a Triple Annular Research Swirler (TARS) based on velocity flow field data from stereoscopic PIV measurement and spectral data from hotwire/film measurements. The vortical structure is highly dependent on the different swirler combinations (swirler geometry) as well as on inlet conditions such as air flow-rate, mixing tube length and downstream conditions such as exhaust nozzle contraction ratio. The scale, location, strength, and formation mechanisms of the large-scale vortices vary for different geometries. The shape of the recirculation bubble changes with the outlet boundary conditions, suggesting that the swirling flow inside the combustion chamber remains subcritical downstream of the vortex breakdown. However, spectral analysis reveals that the dominant frequencies close to the exit of the TARS show only slight change for different outlet boundary conditions. Three ranges of frequencies characterize the spectral domain of TARS: high frequency close to the TARS exit, middle range frequency downstream of this region, and low frequency in most regions further downstream. The sources of instabilities in these three regions could be attributed to the strong shear layer, precessing vortex core and interaction between spanwise and azimuthal instabilities. The outlet boundary conditions affect the middle and low frequency range but have no effect on the high frequency. The inlet conditions have global effect on the entire flow region.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
“I'm Sorry You Had a Bad Day, but Tomorrow will be Better”: Stratagems of Interpersonal Emotional Management in Narratives of Fathers in Christian Homeschooling Households

Sociological studies on homeschooling have focused narrowly on the experience of teacher-mothers and on the academic outcomes of homeschooled children. There is a dearth of studies on the role of fathers in this subculture. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 21 Christian homeschooling fathers in the upper midwest, this article addresses a major lacuna by focusing on the perceptions and social functions of the men in these families. Results suggest that one of the principal roles of fathers is emotion management of the frustrations and role strains of their teacher-wives. In most cases, homeschooling compels fathers to develop effective strategies to mitigate the inevitable role strains and role conflicts that mother-teachers will encounter. As such, fathers in homeschooling households perform theologically grounded emotion work, and develop critical stratagems of interpersonal emotion management to ensure the prolongation of this ideologically-driven subculture.
Posterior cervical fusion failure in three morbidly obese patients following circumferential surgery

Abstract Background The stability of multilevel anterior corpectomy with fusion (ACF) is often enhanced by simultaneous posterior fusion (PF) which provides a “posterior tension band.” Three morbidly obese patients undergoing circumferential surgery had posterior fusions performed without autogenous iliac crest graft to avoid donor site morbidity. Methods Three morbidly obese patients (300–350 lbs.), averaging 48 years of age, presented with rapidly progressive moderate/severe myelopathies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) studies demonstrated severe ventral ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Two to four level plated ACFs were performed utilizing fibula strut allograft and plates. Posterior spinous process wiring/fusion from C2-T1 were completed with braided titanium cables, fibula strut allografts, Inductive Conductive Matrix (a form of demineralized bone matrix), and allograft bone to avoid iliac crest donor site morbidity in such morbidly obese patients. Halo devices were utilized until fusion was documented on postoperative X-ray and 2D-CT studies subsequently obtained 3, 6, and up to 12 months postoperatively. Patients were followed an average of 3 years. Results Postoperatively, all 3 patients demonstrated mild residual myelopathy (Nurick Grade 0-I). Nevertheless, all 3 exhibited posterior pseudarthroses accompanied by anterior strut/plate extrusion (1 patient), partial anterior graft pseudarthrosis (1 patient), and a delayed strut fracture (1 patient). The first 2 patients required secondary posterior fusions performed with autogenous iliac crest graft, while the third fused with 6 months of additional bracing. Conclusions Following circumferential cervical procedures, posterior fusions failed in 3 morbidly obese patients where iliac crest autograft was omitted in an attempt to avoid donor site morbidity.
Glueball Regge trajectories and the pomeron

Abstract Two-gluon glueballs are calculated by a new nonperturbative QCD approach where the only input is the slope of mesonic Regge trajectory. The slope of glueball trajectories is found to be 4 9 of that of the mesonic ones. The leading glueball trajectory with that slope passes through the 4 ++ and 2 ++ glueballs and has an intercept α g (0) around one, which agrees with the pomeron phenomenological values α P (0) and α ′ P (0). Since also the cylindrical topology of the graphs is the same for glueballs and the pomeron, one concludes that the pomeron is likely a C =+1 leading glueball trajectory.
The human thalamocortical sensory path in the internal capsule: Evidence from a small capsular hemorrhage causing a pure sensory stroke

A patient is presented who suffered a strokelike event during life that resulted in a hemisensory dificit for some modalities. On pathological examination of the brain, the lesion responsible for the deficit was found to be a small slit hemorrhage located in the posterior limb of the internal capsule adjacent to and minimally involving the thalamus. Clinicopathological correlation suggests that the sensory thalamocortical radiations must lie farther posterior in the posterior limb of the internal capsule than the corticospinal motor fibers, and that they probably lie adjacent to the thalamus. The case emphasizes that small slit hemorrhages deep in the brain, although rare, must be considered in the differential diagnosis of sudden hemisensory deficits.
Evolution of Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations under photoexcitation in the regime of the radiation-induced zero-resistance states

Abstract We examine the variation of the amplitude of Shubnikov–de Haas (SdH) oscillations under the influence of photoexcitation in the regime of the radiation-induced zero-resistance states in GaAs/AlGaAs devices. We find that the SdH amplitude scales linearly with the average background resistance in the vicinity of the radiation-induced resistance minima. The results show that the SdH amplitude vanishes in proportion to the background resistance at the centers of the zero-resistance states.
Race in the American Mind: From the Moynihan Report to the Obama Candidacy

In 1965 Daniel Patrick Moynihan observed that the “racist virus in the American blood stream still afflicts us.” The authors assess the tenor of racial attitudes in white and black America across the ensuing four decades. Their core conclusion is paradoxical. On one hand, a massive positive change in social norms regarding race has taken place that dislodged Jim Crow ideology and now calls for integration and equality as the rules that should guide black-white interaction. On the other hand, negative stereotypes of African Americans, cultural (not structural or discrimination-based) accounts of black disadvantage, and deep polarization over the appropriate social policy response to racial inequality yield an ongoing legacy of tension and division. The authors link these trends in attitudes to broader changes in society (i.e., racial segregation, job discrimination, rates of intermarriage), patterns of intergroup and interpersonal behavior, and national political dynamics.
The effect of spacing repetitions on the recognition memory of young children and adults

In Experiment 1, preschoolers, first graders, and third graders were presented a list of pictures that included twice-presented items separated by varying numbers of intervening items. Performance on a subsequent recognition test improved as the spacing between repetitions increased, but the effect of spacing did not interact reliably with grade level. In Experiment 2a, we replicated the spaced-repetition effect in young children and found a similar effect in college students. In Experiment 2b, we varied the conditions under which lists were presented to college students and again found a spacing function that was comparable to that of very young children. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that spaced-repetition effects in recognition are produced by fundamental memory mechanisms that are operational at a very early age and which undergo little change with development.
Steroidogenic and morphologic effects of ACTH on human fetal adrenal cells grown in tissue culture.

Tissue cultures grown from explants of human fetal adrenals have been maintained for up to 18 days. The morphological and biochemical state of the cortical cells growing from the explants was monitored by phase contrast microscopy and by measuring the extent of conversion of 4-14C-progesterone and 26-14C-cholesterol to labeled products. The cortical cells retained the ability to synthesize steroids throughout the culture periods. In addition, the cells were capable of responding to adrenocor-ticotrophin (ACTH). Cultures exposed to ACTH for 3 or more days showed a marked increase in steroidogenic activity relative to control cultures. ACTH induced concomitant morphological changes in the cells, and characteristic changes in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria were observed in the ACTH-stimulated cells. The results of these experiments suggest that ACTH increases the steroidogenic capacity of fetal adrenal cortical cells in tissue culture and that this increase is associated with proliferation and or...
STAR heavy flavor tracker

Abstract Hadrons containing heavy quarks are a clean probe of the early dynamic evolution of the dense and hot medium created in high-energy nuclear collisions. To explore heavy quark production at RHIC, the Heavy Flavor Tracker (HFT) for the STAR experiment was built and installed in time for RHIC Run 14. The HFT consists of four layers of silicon detectors. The two outermost layers are silicon strip detectors and the two innermost layers are made from state-of-the-art ultra-thin CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS). This is the first application of a CMOS MAPS detector in a collider experiment. The use of thin pixel sensors plus the use of carbon fiber supporting material limits the material budget to be only 0.4% radiation length per pixel detector layer, enabling the reconstruction of low p T heavy flavor hadrons. The status and performance of the HFT in the RHIC 200 GeV Au + Au run in 2014 are reported. Very good detector efficiency, hit residuals and track resolution (DCAs) were observed in the cosmic ray data and in the Au + Au data.
The role of orphan nuclear receptor in thymocyte differentiation and lymphoid organ development.

T lymphocytes differentiate in the thymus through several phenotypically distinct stages that are tightly regulated by multiple nuclear transcription factors. Immature CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) thymocytes make up a majority of the population in the thymus, and exhibit several phenotypic features distinct from mature T cells. DP thymocytes express only about 10% of surface TCR that are found on mature T cells and do not proliferate and produce IL-2 in response to stimulation. Several critical events of T lymphocyte maturation such as TCRα gene recombination, positive and negative selection, and CD4/CD8 lineage commitment occur around the DP stage. Recent studies from our group and others on the orphan nuclear receptor RORγ and its thymus-specific isoform RORγt support a critical role for this nuclear receptor in the regulation of DP thymocyte function. In addition, RORγ is required for the development of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches.
Stable splittings of classifying spaces of finite groups

THE object of this paper is to describe the stable splittings of classifying spaces of finite groups. The study of such splittings goes back at least to papers of Holzsager [ 133, Cooke and Smith [6] and Witten [223. Homological splittings go back even further (cf. Dold [93). There is now a long list of authors who have contributed to the subject. Stable splittings of spaces have had numerous applications in homotopy theory. The general theory developed here should make the calculation of many more stable splittings accessible. In particular we give a complete splitting of BG based only on the subgroup structure of G and the modular representation theory of the automorphism groups of subgroups of G. A different approach to the calculation of stable splittings is given in Martin0 and Priddy [173. If G is a finite group and P is a Sylow p-subgroup of G then the restriction map
By-stander activation in autoimmune thyroiditis: Studies on experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in the GFP+ fluorescent mouse

Abstract We have taken advantage of GFP+ fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged lymphocytes to examine by-stander activity in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in the mouse. To generate GFP-positive EAT-susceptible CBA/J mice (H-2k) (GFP-CBA/J mice), we backcrossed CBA/J (H-2k) with heterozygous GFP+ transgenic mice (C57Bl/6; H-2b). I-Ak and GFP expression on peripheral lymphocytes was used to select the resulting progeny up to the N7 generation. Mixed lymphocyte reactions using spleen cells from N7 GFP-CBA/J mice showed negative responses to spleen cells from CBA/J confirming the inbreeding and with marked reactivity to cells from C57BL/6. Immunization with human thyroglobulin (hTg) in GFP-CBA/J mice induced thyroiditis in 50% of the animals and high titers of Tg antibodies in all the animals. In addition, priming of GFP+ spleen cells in vitro with hTg induced a marked proliferative response (mean stimulation index = 24.7), These proliferating spleen cells were then transferred to CBA/J recipients. Fourteen days after transferring 30 × 106 Tg-primed GFP+ spleen cells into irradiated (500 rad) normal syngeneic hosts, a GFP+ lymphocytic infiltration was seen within their thyroid glands along with a GFP− lymphocytic infiltration arising from the host. This suggested that the hTg-specific transferred cells had initiated by-stander activation of naive host lymphocytes. This model of bystander cell detection confirmed that such an effect occurs in EAT and adds weight to the importance of this phenomenon in the initiation of autoimmune thyroid disease.
Purification and reconstitution of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase from human erythrocytes.

A membrane-bound phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PtdIns kinase) has been purified to apparent homogeneity from human erythrocytes. Enzyme activity was solubilized from urea-KCl-stripped, inside-out membrane vesicles by 3% Triton X-100. Purification to apparent homogeneity was accomplished by cation-exchange chromatography on phosphocellulose, followed by heparin-acrylamide chromatography. This resulted in a nearly 3900-fold purification of PtdIns kinase activity to a specific activity of 44 nmol min −1 mg −1 . The purified enzyme has an M r of 59 000 on silver-stained SDS-PAGE; however, many preparations also contain 54 kDa and 50 kDa proteins which are related to the 59 kDa protein and have PtdIns kinase activity. Kinetic analysis of the PtdIns kinase indicate apparent K m values of 40 and 35 μM for phosphatidylinositol and ATP, respectively. The purified enzyme has been reconstituted into phospholipid liposomes and shown to phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol.
New directions for the education of clinical psychologists: The primary care setting, the VA's PRIME program, and the in-depth generalist model.

As part of this special issue on psychology in primary care settings, we describe the Department of Veterans Affairs' (VA's) new approach to education for practice in the primary care setting and we concurrently address some general issues related to the education of clinical psychologists for practice in this setting. In this article we argue that the primary care psychologist, in parallel with the generalist in medicine, must have a strong generic background in clinical psychology in order to gain the broad range of clinical skills necessary to function effectively as an “in-depth generalist” (IDG) who is capable of addressing the variety of psychological issues that emerge in the primary care setting. The IDG model of professional practice, which we believe is best suited for primary care/managed care settings, requires extensive training in generic clinical skills and increased time devoted to its implementation at both the predoctoral and the postdoctoral levels.
Wavelet-domain regularized deconvolution for ill-conditioned systems

We propose a hybrid approach to wavelet-based image deconvolution that comprises Fourier-domain system inversion followed by wavelet-domain noise suppression. In contrast to conventional wavelet-based deconvolution approaches, the algorithm employs a regularized inverse filter, which allows it to operate even when the system is non-invertible. Using a mean-square-error metric, we strike an optimal balance between Fourier-domain regularization that is matched to the system and wavelet-domain regularization that is matched to the signal. Theoretical analysis reveals that the optimal balance is determined by economics of the input signal wavelet representation and the operator structure. The resultant algorithm is fast, O(N log/sub 2//sup 2/ N) where N denotes the number of samples, and is well-suited to data with spatially-localized phenomena such as edges. In addition to enjoying asymptotically near-optimal rates of error decay for some systems, the algorithm also achieves excellent performance at fixed data lengths. In simulations with real data, the algorithm outperforms the conventional LTI Wiener filter and other wavelet-based deconvolution algorithms in terms of both visual quality and MSE performance.
A 2Tb/s 6×4 mesh network with DVFS and 2.3Tb/s/W router in 45nm CMOS

A packet-switched 6×4 2D mesh network-on-chip (NoC) on a dedicated voltage and frequency island (VFI) provides 2Tb/s of bisection bandwidth, and interconnects 48 Pentium™ class IA-32 cores and 4 DDR3 channels. The 1.28Tb/s router with 16B, 5.4mm links achieves high network utilization through 8 virtual channels (VC), early-buffer write and read, route pre-computation and a 1-cycle wrapped wavefront allocator (WWFA) design. The 640K transistor, 1.17mm2 router operates at 2GHz at 1.1V while dissipating 550mW. Router energy efficiency scales up to 7.2Tb/s/W.
Albumin inhibits neutrophil spreading and hydrogen peroxide release by blocking the shedding of CD43 (sialophorin, leukosialin)

Spreading of neutrophils on protein-coated surfaces is a pivotal event in their ability to respond to soluble, physiologic agonists by releasing large amounts of hydrolases and oxidants. Using neutrophils plated on serum-, fibrinogen- or fibronectin-coated surfaces, we investigated the effect of human serum albumin (HSA) on spreading-dependent neutrophil responses. HSA suppressed the respiratory burst of neutrophils in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), complement component C5a or formylated peptide, but not phorbol myristate acetate. HSA was suppressive only if added before the onset of the respiratory burst, and suppression was reversed when HSA was removed. Likewise, HSA selectively and reversibly inhibited TNF-induced cell spreading and the associated fall in cAMP. However, HSA did not hinder TNF-induced cell adherence to the same protein-coated surfaces. We investigated cell surface sialoproteins as modulators of cell spreading and as targets for the anti-spreading action of HSA. Oxidation of the cell surface with periodate followed by reduction with 3H-borohydride and immunoblotting with specific mAbs helped identify the predominant sialoprotein on human neutrophils as CD43 (sialophorin, leukosialin). Treatment of neutrophils with C. perfringens sialidase desialylated CD43, markedly enhanced the ability of the cells to respond to TNF by spreading and undergoing a respiratory burst, and antagonized the ability of HSA to inhibit these responses. TNF-treated, adherent neutrophils shed CD43, and this was blocked by HSA, but not by ovalbumin. Exogenous neutrophil elastase removed CD43 from the neutrophil surface. HSA blocked the actions of both sialidase and elastase on CD43. In contrast, ovalbumin did not block the action of sialidase on CD43, and HSA did not inhibit the ability of sialidase to hydrolyze a synthetic substrate. These results suggested that HSA might bind CD43. In fact, the extracellular portion of CD43 bound to HSA-Sepharose, but not to ovalbumin- or glycylglycine-Sepharose. Finally, two mAbs recognizing different epitopes on CD43 mimicked HSA's inhibitory effects on neutrophil function. Thus, HSA can dissociate attachment of neutrophils from spreading. This dissociation may help neutrophils migrate along a chemotactic gradient, while decreasing their release of oxidants. CD43, a long, rigid molecule with a markedly negative charge, antagonizes neutrophil spreading. HSA appears to inhibit spreading-dependent neutrophil functions by binding to CD43 and interfering with the ability of neutrophils to shed it.