cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Being Religious: Working at Self‐Maintenance and Self‐Transformation

We see religion in the things people treat as crucial to what they are and to what they aspire to become, things that make the biggest difference in how people feel about themselves. They may be social aspects or personal (behavioral or characterological) aspects of the self. The things people are militant about, the practices in regard to which they are most scrupulous, and the things about themselves that distress them are indicators of where their religious concerns lie, whatever the subject matter. People work to maintain themselves as they want to see themselves and as they want others to see them; they seek ways to repair damage to their selves. They seek also to transform themselves so as to escape present unhappy definitions of self and to achieve ideal states of being. What needs to be changed may be perceived as aspects of personal self, as attitudes other people have toward otherwise unchangeable aspects of self, or as the entire socio-political system in which people feel trapped. The process by which people manage successfully to transform themselves includes social cooperation, including the formation of groups to provide mutual reinforcement.
Confinement and the critical dimensionality of space-time

Using Monte Carlo techniques, we study pure SU(2) gauge fields in four and five space-time dimensions and a compact SO(2) gauge field in four dimensions. Ultraviolet divergences are regulated with Wilson's lattice prescription. Both SU(2) in five dimensions and SO(2) in four dimensions show clear phase transitions between the confining regime at strong coupling and a spin-wave phase at weak coupling. No phase change is seen for the four-dimensional SU(2) theory.
Process diagnostics and functional correlation in surface metrology: novel techniques, case studies and analysis system development

Abstract While it has long been realized that surface texture can be used for functional correlation and process diagnostics, it is rarely done so in practice. Surface texture measurements are currently only used as a go/no-go gage for tolerance compliance. Therefore, there is a need to assess current industrial practices and identify directions that will advance the practice of surface metrology to diagnostics and correlation applications. This paper presents a case study based approach to this issue. Several industrial applications are compiled into case studies. Each case study requires the development of novel analytical techniques in order to advance the practice of surface metrology beyond simple parameter computation. After compiling several industrial applications into case studies, a tools requirement matrix is developed. Subsequently, a requirements specification matrix is drawn for an advanced analysis system to enable diagnostics and correlation application to be performed at the floor level.
Effects of oxygen implantation in GaAs

Oxygen implantation in GaAs has been studied by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and current-voltage (I-V) characterization. The effect of ion dose on material electrical properties was investigated by low dose implantation at 1010, 1011 and 1012 ions/cm2 with energies of 50 and 100 keV. Post-implantation annealing was studied by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) treatment at 550°C. Both n and n+ GaAs substrates were used to study the influence of substrate doping. Improved I-V characteristics were observed in diodes made from all as-implanted n-GaAs samples which implies the reduction of carrier concentration. At low dose implantation to n-GaAs, no induced trap levels were detected. The carrier compensation effect was explained by free carrier trapping. Therefore, residual trap elimination and carrier removal took place. At higher dose implantation in n-GaAs, two new hole traps were detected. RTA treatment showed the above compensation effect to be cancelled at a temperature of 550°C which indicated the compensation to be caused mostly by damage-related defects. For n+-GaAs, a higher dose is necessary for equal carrier compensation compared with lower doped n-GaAs. Additional electron traps were found for 1011 and 1012 ions/cm2 implanted in n+-GaAs which were damage-induced defect-related.
Oral histories in meteoritics and planetary science: II. Robert N. Clayton

— In this interview, taped during the Meteoritical Society meeting in Chicago in 2000 August, Robert Clayton who started his career as a terrestrial geochemist, describes how he first analyzed meteorite samples with great reluctance after years of resisting every suggestion from his colleagues that he study them. He also relates how the unaccountable results he obtained while correcting oxygen-18 analyses for carbon-13 in CO2 made sense only when he finally realized that he actually was analyzing oxygen-17. By sheer serendipity this result led to the fundamentally important new result that Allende and other meteorites carry an anomalous exotic component. Clayton now finds research on extra-terrestrial materials to be extremely interesting and exciting, with new systems turning up every year. He regrets the lack of interest he encounters in many young scientists and hopes that the availability of martian samples will persuade more terrestrial geologists and geochemists to enter the field. Clayton made his career at the University of Chicago where he has served since 1980 as the Enrico Fermi Distinguished Service Professor. In 1982 The Meteoritical Society honored Robert Clayton with its Leonard Medal.
The Relationship between Parental Involvement, Self-Regulated Learning, and Reading Achievement of Fifth Graders: A Path Analysis Using the ECLS-K Database.

This study examined the relationship between parental involvement, self-regulated learning (SRL), and reading achievement through analyzing the fifth grade data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998–1999 (ECLS-K). The results identified six dimensions of parental involvement that are likely to foster SRL of fifth graders: School Involvement, TV Rules, Homework Help, Homework Frequency, Parental Education Expectations, and Extracurricular Activities. Of these three dimensions, Parental Education Expectations, School Involvement, and Homework Help, were found to have stronger effects on SRL; Parental Education Expectations was found to have the strongest beneficial effect on SRL. The results also suggest that SRL mediates the relationship between parental involvement and reading achievement. These results provide a framework for parents to help their children develop SRL skills and guide educators and school administrators as they intend to increase parental involvement and its effectiveness.
Patterns of giving to one’s alma mater among young graduates from selective institutions

Abstract Despite the importance of alumni generated revenue, the general characteristics and motivation of individuals who are more likely to give to their alma mater are not well known outside of analyses of graduates of particular institutions. This paper examines individual characteristics that are correlated with alumni giving across graduates from 28 institutions in an attempt to identify attributes and experiences of graduates that are more likely to make donations to their alma mater. The objective of this analysis is not simply to determine the current characteristics of an individual that are associated with alumni giving, but rather to identify individual characteristics that may be observable to campus administrators and are correlated with alumni generosity.
On nonlocal fluid mechanics

Abstract A continuum theory of nonlocal fluid dynamics is proposed. The balance laws, jump conditions, and the constitutive equations are obtained generalizing classical stokesian fluids to include the nonlocal effects. Thermodynamical restrictions are used to obtain the specific forms of the constitutive equations and the nonlocal field residuals. The nonlocal effects are shown to include the surface tension and surface stresses. Steady channel flow and shear flow problems are solved.
Estrogen-induced rat pituitary tumor is associated with loss of retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product.

Abstract Chronic treatment of rats with the estrogens 17 β -estradiol or diethylstilbestrol (DES) induces pituitary tumors in Fischer 344 but not Brown–Norway or Sprague–Dawley rats. Functional loss of retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product (pRb), a major regulatory protein for the G1 to S transition of the cell cycle, has been shown in several tumors. Here we report a decreased level of pRb in pituitary tumors of the Fischer 344 rat as compared with resistant Sprague–Dawley and Brown–Norway strains. pRb protein levels decreased 70% in Fischer 344 rats that were treated with diethylstilbestrol for 10 weeks as compared with tumor resistant control animals. Interestingly, the F1 hybrid (Fischer 344×Norway) showed an intermediate range of pRb protein expression as compared with those of the parental strains. pRb expression levels in nonhemmorhagic F2 (F1×F1) rats correlated with the size of the tumors. One week withdrawal of DES increased pRb levels as compared with continuously treated rats. Also, there was a decreased association of cyclin D and cyclin dependent kinase in susceptible tumors, supporting the hypothesis of a physical and possibly functional loss of pRb in the diethylstilbestrol-induced pituitary tumor. These results suggest that the difference in pRb regulation, whether it is a direct or indirect effect of estrogen, is related to tumor resistance or susceptibility in these two rat strains.
Increased Expression of Calbindin D28k via Herpes Simplex Virus Amplicon Vector Decreases Calcium Ion Mobilization and Enhances Neuronal Survival After Hypoglycemic Challenge

Disruption of Ca 2+ homeostasis often leads to neuron death. Recently, the function of calcium-binding proteins as neuronal Ca 2+ buffers has been debated. We tested whether calbindin D 28k functions as an intracellular Ca 2+ buffer by constructing bicistronic herpes simplex virus vectors to deliver rat calbindin cDNA to hippocampal neurons in vitro. Neurons were infected with vectors delivering calbindin or a negative control or were mock-infected. After 12 or 24 h of hypoglycemia, infected cells were made aglycemic during fura-2 calcium ratiometric imaging. In response to this challenge, neuronal overexpressing calbindin had less Ca 2+ mobilized as compared with negative controls or mock-infected cells. Cells were assayed for survival after 12- or 24-h hypoglycemia or aglycemia. The calbindin vector decreased neuronal death due to hypoglycemia but not aglycemia. Here we demonstrate, in response to hypoglycemic challenge, both decreased Ca 2+ mobilization and increased survival of cells infected with the calbindin vector.
Liver retinal reductase and oxidase activities in rats exposed to low environmental temperature.

The influence of low environmental temperature on retinal reductase and retinal oxidase activities in rat liver was examined after two and four weeks of cold exposure at 5 C. Liver retinal reductase decreased whereas retinal oxidase increased with time in control rats fed a retinol-free diet, then replenished with retinyl acetate and maintained at 25 C. When rats under identical experimental conditions were exposed to 5 C, the decrease in retinal reductase and increase in retinal oxidase were both found to be greater at 5 C than at 25 C. These results support the hypothesis that increased metabolic rate from exposure of the animal to a cold environment increases the requirement for retinoic acid and decreases the storage of retinol. Even though changes in total liver retinol levels were similar in both groups, an increased utilization of retinol was indicated when the utilization of retinol was expressed as a ratio of total retinol removed from the liver to total weight gain of the animal.
Analysis of stress fields in composite laminates with interior cracks

Abstract The complete stress field in composite laminates having one or more cracked plies is determined by an approximate solution of the three-dimensional equilibrium equations under the assumption that the components of the stress tensor are independent of co-ordinate position in the direction which is in the plane of both the crack and the laminate (along the coupon width). A finite difference solution scheme is used to obtain stress distributions for various combinations of cracked plies. The solution scheme is unique in its treatment of boundary operators and in the manner by which a tridiagonal algorithm is generated and applied. Comparisons with established data are made and example distributions of stress are presented.
A refractory rash in a seborrheic distribution

A 70-year-old man presented to our clinic in April, 2014, with a 4 month history of painful, pruritic rash involving the scalp, face, chest, and back. He had a history of colon cancer and deep venous thrombosis. A biopsy sample of the rash had been interpreted as eczema, but he had had only minimum improvement with short courses of both topical and systemic corticosteroids and antibiotics. Examination showed a healthy-looking man with erythematous papules and plaques displaying cornfl akelike scale in a seborrheic distribution (fi gure). Oral and ocular mucosae were normal. Previous serological studies, including antinuclear antibody (ANA), complement, and serum protein electrophoresis, were normal. We did lesional punch biopsy for routine histology (appendix) and perilesional punch biopsy for direct immunofl uorescence (fi gure). Clinicopathological fi ndings were diagnostic of pemphigus foliaceus. Pemphigus foliaceus is a rare autoimmune bullous disease characterised by pathogenic autoantibodies against desmoglein-1 (a desmosomal protein) that cause disruption of intercellular adhesion between keratinocytes in the epidermal granular layer (acan tholysis). This results in fragile bullae that rupture easily to form erosions with characteristic scale crust. Pemphigus foliaceus often begins on the upper body in a seborrheic distribution, but progresses to widespread involvement or erythroderma if not appropriately treated. Pruritus and burning are common and can be exacerbated by UV exposure. Unlike pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus is rarely associated with mucosal involvement. Diagnosis is made with biopsies for routine histology and direct immunofl uorescence. Pemphigus foliaceus typically arises in middle age and can be drug-induced, such as by penicillamine and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. An endemic form, Fogo Sevelagem (“wild fi re”), occurs in South America and has been linked with exposure to black fl ies. Before eff ective treatment was available pemphigus foliaceus fatality reached 60% due to dehydration and sepsis. Rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, has recently gained favour as treatment of choice for pemphigus foliaceus and other autoimmune bullous diseases because of relatively high rates of induced remission compared with classic treatments. We prescribed 30 mg prednisolone daily and rituximab (375 mg/m2 intravenously once weekly for 4 weeks) for our patient, and triamcinolone 0·1% cream twice daily. At follow-up 2 months after treatment with rituximab most skin lesions were healed and we could reduce prednisolone to 20 mg daily (appendix). He will be followed up every 3 months until prednisolone is tapered off completely.
O-Benzylated thio sugars. Derivatives of 2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-d-galactopyranose suitable for use in oligosaccharide synthesis

Abstract The 4- O -benzoyl ( 15a ) 4- O - p -nitrobenzoyl ( 15b ) derivatives of 2,3, 6-tri- O -benzyl-1-thio- d -galactopyranose were synthesized from allyl 2,6-di- O -benzyl-α- d -galactopyranoside ( 1 ). In the first stage of the synthesis the 3-position of 1 was benzylated by an indirect route, and also by the direct reaction (preferred) of benzyl bromide with the 3,4- O -dibutylstannylene intermediate 7 . The product 6 was sequentially isomerized (allyl → 1-propenyl), acylated at the 4-position, and hydrolyzed. The free sultars 11a and 11b were converted into the thio sugars by a standard sequence involving formation of the glycosyl halides 13a and 13b and the reaction of these with appropriate sulfur nucleophiles. A third derivative ( 29 ) of 2,3,6-tri- O -benzyl-1-thio- d -galactopyranose, having a 4- O -allyl protecting group, was similarly made from the corresponding normal sugar 25 . The key intermediate 22 , precursor to 25 , was prepared by two routes from methyl 2,3,6-tri- O -benzoyl-α- d -galactopyranoside (17) .
Graph-theoretical comparison of protein surfaces reveals potential determinants of cross-reactivity and the molecular mimicry.

Abstract Different proteins, even without sequence similarity, still can contain similar surface regions involved in protein–protein interactions with common target. These regions can serve as structural determinants of cross-reactivity and molecular mimicry. Molecular mimicry, defined as the process in which structural properties of one molecule are simulated by the dissimilar molecules, is implicated in several biologically important processes, including autoimmune and allergic reactions, binding of some ligands to common receptor, and interactions in cell signaling. The problem of identification of the determinants of molecular mimicry is not completely solved at this time. We hypothesize that identification of structurally and chemically similar surface regions of two protein molecules capable of binding to the same target will allow us to identify sites involved in cross-reactivity including determinants of the molecular mimicry. We used a graph-theoretical approach in order to determine highly similar surface regions of two proteins with known three-dimensional structures. This approach uses a variation of Maximal Common Subgraph (MCS) isomorphism, where an association graph is constructed based on the surface-exposed residues of the two molecules and the matching regions are found based on the maximum cliques in the association graph. Testing the proposed method on the targets of autoantibody involved in antiphopholipid syndrome (APS) – β2-GPI, PC, thrombin, factor IX, factor X, and plasmin allowed identifying potential epitopes for antibody that can inhibit coagulation proteases. Application of this method to the Activated Protein C and factor VII Gla-domains revealed surface regions involved in EPCR and plasma membrane binding, consistent with known experimental results. Analysis of major pollen allergen that can cause food allergies through cross-reactivity found known epitopes involved in cross-reactivity and also revealed additional surface regions that can complement the list of epitopes. Taken together, our results suggest that the proposed graph-theoretical approach can identify determinants of cross-reactivity and molecular mimicry.
Optical Effects Module And Passive Sample Array

The Optical Effects Module (OEM) has the objective to monitor the effects of the deposition and adhesion of both molecular species and particles on optical surfaces in the Shuttle cargo bay environment. The OEM performs inflight measurements of the ultraviolet (253.7 nm) transmittance and diffuse reflectance of five optical samples at regular intervals throughout the orbital mission. Most of the obtained results indicates or implies the absence of a significant accumulation of contamination other than particulates on the samples. The contaminant species (or particulates) adhering to the samples of the Passive Sample Array (PSA) were identified by means of Auger and X-ray energy dispersive analyses. The elements silicon, chlorine, and phosphorus were discovered.
Vertical Mixing Due to Penetrative Convection

Abstract A method for estimating environmental temperature and moisture increases due to penetrative convection is discussed. The estimates depend on the upward flux across the earth surface, the large-scale horizontal convergence, and the variation of entrainment of outside air by the convective element with height. The effect of thermals originating at the surface layer as well as those at upper levels are incorporated. The method could be generalized to include the exchange of other atmospheric properties such as momentum and atmospheric pollutants. An application of the method to determine the heating of the environment by dry convection is described.
Nonminimum phase adaptive inverse control for settle performance applications

Abstract Single-track hard disk drive (HDD) seek performance is measured by settle time, t s , defined as the time from the arrival of a seek command until the measured position reaches and stays within an acceptable distance from the target track. Our previous work has shown feedforward dynamic inversion, coupled with an aggressive desired trajectory y d , is capable of achieving high performance settle times when the closed-loop dynamics are time-invariant and accurately modeled. In contrast, we describe an adaptive inversion procedure in this paper which removes the requirement for accurate initial models and tracks the position-variant dynamics present in our Servo Track Writer (STW) experimental apparatus. The proposed indirect adaptive inversion algorithm relies on a recursive least squares (RLS) estimate of the closed-loop dynamics. Pre-filtering of the RLS input signals, covariance resetting, and relative NMP system partitioning are necessary additions to the baseline adaptive algorithm in order to achieve fast settle times. Compared to the nonadaptive solution with accurate system identification, we show the adaptive algorithm achieves a 22% reduction in average settle time and a 53% reduction in settle time standard deviation.
A Method for Connecting Solution-Phase Enzyme Activity Assays with Immobilized Format Analysis by Mass Spectrometry

This paper reports an enzyme activity assay that combines the assets of both homogeneous and solid-phase formats. In this method, enzyme reactions are carried out in solution using substrates that are tagged with an immobilization reagent that allows the substrates to be selectively immobilized to self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), for direct analysis by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). As a model enzyme reaction, this work examined the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet) to an arginine side chain of a peptide substrate by the enzyme protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (RMT1). A cysteine-terminated peptide substrate was methylated by RMT1 in solution and then applied to a maleimide-presenting SAM to give selective immobilization of the peptide. Time-dependent analysis of methylation using MALDI-TOFMS clearly showed that both the presence and relative amount of the two reaction products-the mono- and dimethylated peptides-can be conveniently evaluated. This assay strategy is rapid, takes advantage of solution-phase assay conditions, avoids the use of labels and complicated purification steps, and is applicable to multianalyte analyses.
Exact Solution for Bending of Shape Memory Alloy Superelastic Beams

Bending is a common mode of application and operation of shape memory alloys (SMA). So far the coupled thermomechanical behavior of these alloys have been modeled with numerical methods such as finite element. The issue in developing exact solutions for a SMA beam in bending is because of the distributed and hysteric stress-strain profile. In this paper an analytical approach is developed to find the exact solution for the displacement due to the applied force on the SMA superelastic beam. The approach is based on the assumption of linear distribution of strain along the height of a cross section in the beam. The solution is validated by experimental data and the results of the solution for a superelastic beams for different cases are illustrated.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Social Psychological Theory and Falsification

Greenwald has suggested that the failure to settle the issue between dissonance and self-perception theories may be attributed to the fact that the operational definitions of these theories are not well-established. Therefore, unpredicted data do not necessarily disconfirm these theories; the new findings are instead incorporated into their operational definitions. Leary examined Greenwald's proposal in light of the new philosophy of science (the Holistic approach) and concluded that it is unfounded. The present contention is that, although social psychology is susceptible to the analysis of the Holistic approach, the problem of the connection between theory and data in social psychology can be distinguished from the Holistic view concerning falsification. In support of this claim, four different problems related to the theory-data connection are discussed. A comparison between the natural sciences (especially classical physics, from which the Holistic approach was developed) and social psychology is made...
State Power and Ideology in Britain: Mrs Thatcher's Privatization Programme

State-centred theory, a leading exemplar of the new institutionalism, assumes the separation of state from society and objectivity from subjectivity. This epistemological stance supports a structur...
A ONE-POINT PLOT EQUIVALENT TO THE SHEWHART CHART WITH WESTERN ELECTRIC RULES

The plot of an Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) with weighting factor λ=0.4 provides a single-point signal detection capability equivalent to the Shewhart chart for averages combined with the Western Electric rules...
Simulation analysis of commercial truck spiral bevel gear process

This study provides simulation analysis for throughput improvement of spiral bevel gear process with the existing manufacturing constraints using design of experiments. A linear regression model was developed for the throughput with one significant variable (hobber cycle time). For every minute the hobber cycle can be decreased, the output will increase by five units per 12-hour shift. If the cycle time of the hobber was reduced to less than one minute, the maximum output per 12-hour shift would be 85 pieces. This study provides an improved understanding of these independent operations and how to increase the system throughput.
Recovery of aluminum from shredded municipal and automotive wastes

Abstract The nonmagnetic rejects from shredding a typical automobile of the 1954–1964 decade contain approximately 38 kg of aluminum per metric ton. Urban refuse compositions vary greatly. Of two samples examined, one contained 2 kg of aluminum per metric ton and the other 12.5. Methods have been developed for recovering aluminum from both sources. The nonferrous metals in the nonmagnetic rejects from a shredded automobile can be concentrated into a 98 to 99 percent nonferrous metal product by a combination of air and water classification plus magnetic separation. Aluminum can then be separated from the other nonferrous metals by a sink-float process. A metallic nonferrous concentrate can be recovered from shredded urban refuse by combinations of air and water classification and magnetic separation. The aluminum can then be separately recovered by hand sorting or sink-float.
Replication of the RNA genome

Several steps in the synthesis in vitro of infectious bacteriophage RNA can now be described. The reaction catalyzed by the Qβ RNA polymerase is known to involve several components, including the enzyme, host cell factors, Qβ RNA template, and the strand complementary to the Qβ RNA. The interaction of these components and the mechanims of the reaction appears to be considerably more complex than was proposed in earlier models.
An update on vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: terminology and a practical approach to diagnosis

There are two distinct types of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), which differ in their clinical presentation, aetiology, pathogenesis and histological/immunophenotypical features. One form driven by high-risk human papilloma virus infection usually occurs in young women and has been termed classic or usual VIN (uVIN). The other, not related to viral infection, occurs in postmenopausal women with chronic skin conditions such as lichen sclerosus and lichen simplex chronicus and is termed differentiated or simplex-type VIN. The latter is the precursor lesion of the most common type of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the vulva, namely keratinizing SCC (representing 60% of cases). In contrast, uVIN usually gives rise to basaloid or warty SCC (40% of cases). The histological features of uVIN are similar to those of high grade lesions encountered in other lower anogenital tract sites (hyperchomatic nuclei with high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios and increased mitotic activity). However, differentiated VIN has very subtle histopathological changes and often escapes diagnosis. Since uVIN is driven by high-risk human papilloma virus infections, p16 immunohistochemistry is diffusely positive in these lesions and is characterized with a high Ki-67 proliferation index. In contrast, differentiated or simplex-type VIN is consistently negative for p16 and the majority of the cases harbour TP53 mutations, correlating with p53 positivity by immunohistochemistry.
An economic and clinical rationale for changing utilization review practices for outpatient psychotherapy

The growth of managed care has led to greater cost consciousness in the financing and delivery of mental health and substnace abuse services. The authors examine whether pressures to reduce the costs associated with mental health and substance abuse treatment have led to the overapplication of a popular managed care strategy, utilization review (UR), to the management of outpatient psychotherpay benefits. Several arguments are presented highlighting why changing outpatient psychotherapy UR practices would be in the best economic and clinical interests of all involved parties, including payers, managed care organizatios, (MCOs), mental health consumers, and providers. A number of alternatives to the aggressive management of outpatient psychotherapy benefits are outlined and discussed.
Stress field around a high speed screw dislocation

Abstract Using a simple lattice model, the stress field around a high speed screw dislocation is calculated. On the basis of the results, a possible pattern of “breakdown” which was discovered by Earmme and Weiner in a one-dimensional dislocation model is discussed and a new model of twinning is proposed. Mid-ribs in b.c.c, twins can be explained on the basis of this model.
Career development in academic medicine

Clinical academic medicine desperately needs the continued infusion of talented young academicians, but many young faculty are not pursuing strategies that optimize their chances for academic survival. Many junior faculty are overburdened with clinical demands and do not have a well-focused research agenda. Such situations will hinder the full development of many talented young persons. In order to optimize chances for success, young faculty should clearly define their goals, carefully negotiate the terms of their employment, practice sound principles of time management, identify a mentor, and develop a focused research agenda.
The influence of microtubule associated proteins on the production of polymorphic products from tubulin and microtubules

Crude preparations of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), as well as purified MAP 2, influence the structure of products assembled from purified tubulin at low pH values. At pH 6.2, only 12% of the assembled products were microtubules (MTs) when assembly was conducted in 10% DMSO; 88% were large sheets of protofilaments. In the absence of DMSO, 28% of the structures were MTs. As the content of MAPs in the assembly reaction was increased, the proportion of MTs increased to 87% at a MAP/tubulin (ww) ratio of 0.67 in the presence of DMSO and to 98% at a MAP/tubulin (ww) ratio of 0.33 in the absence of DMSO. Purified MAP 2 was as effective as crude MAP preparations in promoting MT formation at pH 6.2. MTs formed from purified tubulin and MAP 2 were transformed into spirals of protofilaments upon the addition of Vinblastine (VLB). Spirals were also formed when VLB was added to a mixture of tubulin and MAP 2 at 4 ° C. It thus appears that MAP 2 is a causative factor in initiating spiral formation in the presence of VLB.
The identification of the direction of electrocutaneous stimulation along lineal multistimulator arrays.

DepartmentofSpeech andHearing Sciences DE-12, UniversityofWashington Seattle, Washington 98195 Three experiments were conducted in an effort to evaluate the ability of observers to identify the direction of brief-duration spatiotemporal patterns applied to the skin. In Experi­ ment I, observers were required to identify the direction of linear sweeps of electrical stim­ ulation having varying total durations (sweep durations). Performance was evaluated at several loci on the body. The effects of stimulator number and spacing on the identification of sweep direction were evaluated in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, the effects of temporal sequencing of stimuli on the "apparent movement" phenomenon were evaluated at two body loci: the forearm and the abdomen. The results from all three experiments suggest that the ability to identify the direction of spatiotemporal sweeps can be heavily influenced by body locus, number, and spacing of electrodes. In short, the design of the tactile display may have important ramifications to the success of any sensory substitution transform hardware.
Cadmium bioavailability to three estuarine animals in relation to geochemical fractions to sediments

The effects of sediment characteristics and geochemical fractions on the biological availability of cadmium to estuarine animals were studied. Grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and a polychaete (Nereis virens) were exposed to Cd-treated sediment for 14 days. The test populations were evaluated for mortalities, oxygen consumption (exceptN. virens), and bioaccumulation of Cd. Sediment Cd was extracted sequentially to determine the exchangeable (EP), easily reducible (ERP), organic-sulfide (OSP), moderately reducible (MRP), and acid extractable (AEP) geochemical phases.
Transfer curve linearization of Bragg modulator using harmonic correction.

Guide onde planaire forme dans un support de LiNbO 3 coupe x en utilisant la diffusion du titane
Incoherent resonance decay and coherent optical ringing from coherently prepared electronic states: a new technique for probing phase memory and radiationless relaxation in gases and solids☆

A new technique is developed for measuring the incoherent resonance decay (IRD) and the coherent optical ringing of selectively (±3 MHz) prepared electronic states in solids and gases. The method utilizes electro-optic switching of a single laser mode that is on or off resonance with respect to the homogeneous molecular packets in the excited ensemble. The technique was applied to a variety of systems to give information about their phase memory (optical T_2 processes), radiative and radiationless decay (optical T_1 processes), and to measure directly their optical transition moment between the ground state and the prepared electronic state.
Deficit in the sulfonylurea receptor KATP channel complex compromises the metabolic benefit of exercise training resulting in cardiac deficits

The sulfonylurea-receptor protein that forms the stress-responsive ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel, is the identified binding site for sulfonylurea medications used widely in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical studies have indicated a compromised exertional capacity in diabetic patients treated with sulfonylureas yet the mechanism for this drug-induced impairment is unknown. Here the response following genetic ablation of KATP channel function (KO) was compared to wild-type controls following a 28-day endurance swimming protocol. While chronic aquatic training resulted in a lighter, leaner and fitter wild-type cohort, the KO manifested less augmentation in exercise capacity and lacked metabolic improvement in body fat composition and glycemic handling. Skeletal muscle analysis demonstrated myocellular defects compatible with repetitive injury/regeneration. Moreover, the continuous stress of swimming unmasked a survival disadvantage in the KO, associated with pathologic calcium-dependent structural damage in the heart, abnormal hypertrophic development and impaired cardiac function. Thus, intact function of the sulfonylurea-receptor KATP channel complex is mandatory for the attainment of the optimal physiologic benefits of exercise training while preventing injury. This work provides a mechanism for sulfonylurea-cardiovascular exercise intolerance and has wide-ranging implications for diabetic patients treated with KATP channel antagonists. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P54–P54; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.097
Recyclability of flame retardant HIPS, PC/ABS, and PPO/HIPS used in electrical and electronic equipment

Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) applications utilize various brominated and phosphorus flame returdants for reasons of fire safety. The use of flame retardants in these applications delays the spread of fires or delays the time of flashover, hence saving lives and property. An estimated 190 lives are saved annually through the use of flame retardants in television cabinets in the US. Research aimed at answering questions related to risk in use and end-of-life options for flame retardant plastics used in EEE applications has been performed and more is currently being performed. European Risk Assessment for several flame retardants is now in progress. Research has been ongoing to study various end-of-life options. This paper is a continuation of previous papers that address issues related to end-of-life, risk in use, and benefits of plastics containing flame retardants. Results of recent research aimed at determining the recyclability of plastics, such as HIPS, PC/ABS, and more recently PPO/HIPS containing brominated or phosphorus flame retardants under a variety of conditions are included.
Quantifying the Deep Tendon Reflex Using Varying Tendon Indentation Depths: Applications to Spasticity

The deep tendon reflex (DTR) is often utilized to characterize the neuromuscular health of individuals because it is cheap, quick to implement, and requires limited equipment. However, DTR assessment is unreliable and assessor-dependent improve the reliability of the DTR assessment, we devised a novel standardization procedure. Our approach is based on the hypothesis that the neuromuscular state of a muscle changes systematically with respect to the indentation depth of its tendon. We tested the hypothesis by progressively indenting the biceps tendons on each side of nine hemiplegic stroke survivors to different depths, and then superimposing a series of brief controlled taps at each indentation depth to elicit a reflex response. Our results show that there exists a unique indentation depth at which reflex responses are consistently recorded (termed the Reflex Threshold) with increasing amplitude along increasing indentation depth. We further show that the reflex threshold depth is systematically smaller on the affected side of stroke survivors and that it is negatively correlated with the Modified Ashworth Score (VAF 70%). Our procedure also enables measurement of passive mechanical properties at the indentation location. In conclusion, our study shows that controlling for the indentation depth of the tendon of a muscle alters its reflex response predictably. Our novel device and method could be used to estimate neuromuscular changes in muscle (e.g., spasticity). Although some refinement is needed, this method opens the door to more reliable quantification of the DTR.
Promoting Psychosocial and Cognitive Wellness in the Workplace: The Emerging Neuroscience of Leadership Development

While traditional management science has been criticized for being slow to adopt findings from psychological research, an emerging movement seeks to incorporate cognitive and neuroscience research and perspectives into workplace applications and leadership development. In the present chapter, social, cognitive, and affective neuroscience findings are discussed in the context of topics related to leadership development. These topics include workplace stress and stress management, emotional regulation, social interaction, and emotional intelligence. I then review efforts to understand and promote cognitive health in the workplace with a particular focus on organizational skills, decision making, and reasoning. These topics are subsequently considered in the context of executive coaching interventions and future directions that may bolster research and applications in this area.
The effect of cortisol on glucose uptake by rat epididymal fat pads.

The in vitro rate of glucose uptake by epididymal fat pads removed from adrenalectomized rats is decreased if the rats have been previously injected with cortisol. Significant effects in 150–200 gm. rats are obtained with 0.5 mg. cortisol, given in a single subcutaneous injection. The effect can be observed within 1.5 hours after injection.
A variable threshold band approach to measuring market linkages

Uncertain and changing economic conditions can have substantial effects on price relationships in spatially separated, linked markets. Although numerous studies have analysed price relationships to characterize market linkage structures, most assume that the relationships and associated linkages are time invariant. This study extends the literature by modelling and estimating time-dependent market linkages that are conditional on changes in exogenous factors. The methodology is used to investigate price relationships in North Carolina (NC) corn and soya bean markets. Empirical results indicate that generalized market-linkage models provide a better representation of price relationships over time, improving the understanding of price discovery dynamics and marketing strategies.
Liberation Sociology and Advocacy for the Sokaogon Ojibwe

As Native peoples have challenged the assault on their lands and cultures by mining and oil corporations, social scientists have become increasingly involved in research, consultation, and advocacy on behalf of Native peoples. Although there is considerable controversy about the appropriate role of social scientists in these conflicts, little academic commentary about the effects of nongovernmental environmental advocacy organizations on the outcomes of these conflicts exists. Nor is sufficient attention paid to the specific historical dynamics of Native struggles over resources in social movement theory. This Wisconsin case study addresses these issues with an examination of the author’s participation in an Indian, environmental, and sport fishing alliance that defeated the world’s largest resource corporation (Exxon) and the world’s largest mining company (BHP Billiton). The author’s involvement with the Sokaogon Ojibwe is used to reflect on the role of the sociologist as advocate and the political cons...
Dynamic transcriptional events in embryonic stem cells mediated by the super elongation complex (SEC)

Transcriptional regulation of developmentally controlled genes is at the heart of differentiation and organogenesis. In this study, we performed global genomic analyses in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells and in human cells in response to activation signals. We identified an essential role for the ELL (eleven–nineteen lysine-rich leukemia gene)/P-TEFb (positive transcription elongation factor)-containing super elongation complex (SEC) in the regulation of gene expression, including several genes bearing paused RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Paused Pol II has been proposed to be associated with loci that respond rapidly to environmental stimuli. However, our studies in ES cells also identified a requirement for SEC at genes without paused Pol II, which also respond dynamically to differentiation signals. Our findings suggest that SEC is a major class of active P-TEFb-containing complexes required for transcriptional activation in response to environmental cues such as differentiation signals.
Best Friendships, Group Relationships, and Antisocial Behavior in Early Adolescence

Correlations between adolescents' own antisocial behavior and adolescents' perceptions of the antisocial behavior of their best friends and friendship groups were examined in this study. The strength of those correlations was expected to vary as a function of the qualities of the dyadic friendships and group relationships. Perceptions of peers' antisocial behavior and dyadic friendship and group relationship qualities were collected through interviews with 431, 12- through 13-year-old adolescents. Measures of adolescents' concurrent and subsequent antisocial behaviors were obtained from the adolescents and their teachers. Adolescents who perceived their friends and groups as participating in antisocial behavior had higher self-reported and teacher-reported antisocial behavior ratings. Perceptions of best friend antisocial behavior were correlated more strongly with adolescents' own concurrent, but not subsequent, antisocial behavior when high levels of help, companionship, and security characterized dyadic friendships. The results are discussed in terms of peer influence and friendship selection processes.
Structure, function, and evolution of adenovirus virus-associated RNAs.

One of the charms of adenovirus is its unique blend of orthodoxy and idiosyncrasy. Although the virus operates largely via host cell mechanisms, at least for transcriptional and translational purposes, it coopts these mechanisms by using a variety of viral products to modify cellular activities for its own benefit. Nowhere is this better illustrated than in the virus-associated (VA) RNA genes, which are transcribed by RNA polymerase III (pol III) while the rest of the viral genome is grist for pol II. More abundant in the infected cell than any messenger RNA, the VA RNAs encode no protein but are essential for efficient translation, a feat that is accomplished through a protein kinase that is regulated by highly structured RNA molecules. The protein kinase is a key element in the cellular antiviral defenses that are induced by interferon, and it is probable that one of the roles of the VA RNAs in natural infections is to spike the defensive guns.