cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrient management regime affects water quality, crop growth, and nitrogen use efficiency of aquaponic systems

Abstract Sustainable nutrient management is of critical importance to achieve high crop yield and quality and to improve nutrient use efficiency in agricultural production systems but has not been fully established for aquaponics. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding regime on water quality, crop performance and yield, and nitrogen (N) use efficiency in recirculating aquaponic systems. The same amount of total N (120 g) was applied to aquaponics with different feeding regimes: aquaponic increasing feeding (AIF; the standard feeding regime), uniform feeding (AUF), and intermediate feeding (AMF), for one-month production of six vegetable and herb species. Crops grown in AIF and AUF showed contrasting results in yield and SPAD value (chlorophyll content), and therefore were further evaluated for nutrient profile in aquaponic solution and crop growth and performance compared to those in hydroponics (HYD), using eight leafy vegetable (Chinese cabbage, Mizuna, Swiss chard, lettuce, pac choi), herb (basil, chia), and fruity vegetable (cherry tomato) species. AUF improved water quality by reducing average concentrations of harmful compounds (i.e., NO2–N and Na) compared to AIF and crop growth and yield similar to those of HYD. Particularly, AUF tended to increase concentrations of mineral nutrients (i.e., NO3–N, PO4–P, Ca, and Mg) in aquaponic solution during the first week after transplanting, while decreasing the concentrations of harmful compounds in comparison to AIF. Regardless of feeding regime, aquaponics reduced fine root growth in leafy vegetables and herbs, compared to hydroponics. Overall, vegetables and herbs grown in AUF had a greater photosynthetic rate (Pn) from the first to the second week after transplanting and throughout production period and showed higher SPAD value and leaf total N content to the level similar to or slightly lower than HYD. Consequently, AUF increased N use efficiency (NUE) of the system by 30% and up to 600% compared to those in AIF and HYD, respectively. In conclusion, aquaponic crop production and N use efficiency can be increased by uniform feeding regime as it improves water quality and nutrient availability for better seedling establishment, consequently enhancing quality and/or yield of vegetables and herbs in aquaponics.
In Flight Thrust Reverse Actuation

This chapter details the events that can occur when an engine/nacelle system malfunction. The nacelle generally provides noise attenuation and a thrust-reversing mechanism during landing. The chapter describes the impact of the thrust-reversing (TR) system becoming deployed during flight. The dramatic yawing moment and significant loss of lift over the TR deployed wing produced loss of aircraft control and eventually loss of the aircraft, crew, and passengers.
Discharge Readiness among Limited English Proficient (LEP) parents in the NICU

Purpose: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) discharge preparation is a crucial step to ensure families’ competence in caring for their infants at home. Communication challenges between staff and families with Limited English Proficient (LEP) have been associated with less than optimal health care outcomes. We assessed if LEP families were less likely to be prepared …
The Proportion of Female Authors in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Literature Has not Changed in 20 Years.

Purpose Academic advancement often depends on publications and reflects the leadership within a profession. The present study compared the number of articles written by women in the Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (JOMS) versus the number of women in the profession of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS). Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of articles published in JOMS at 3 time points (1995, 2005, and 2015). The primary predictor variables were author gender and the 3 time points (1995, 2005, and 2015). Gender was established by visual inspection. The primary outcome variable was the proportion of articles written by women, defined as number of articles written by a woman divided by the total number of female members in the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS). The inclusion criteria were 1) original, full-length research articles in JOMS, 2) authorship by a woman, and 3) articles reported from a US academic institution. A 2-tailed χ2 test was used. The rate of change in female authorship over time was analyzed using linear regression analysis, followed by the F test (statistical significance was set at P Results During the years examined, the number of first and last female authors ranged from 3 to 6.3%. Approximately 7% of oral-maxillofacial surgeons registered with AAOMS in 2015 were women. Comparing the expected proportion of female authorship according to the number of female surgeons registered with AAOMS, the proportions of female first authorship were significantly lower than expected in 1995 and 2015. Female authorship was found to be significantly less than expected. Using linear regression analysis, we found no statistically significant changes in the proportion of female first or last authorship in the period examined (P = .69 and P = .99, respectively). Conclusions During the years examined, we found no significant increase in female authorship in JOMS, demonstrating an area of opportunity to improve gender disparity in OMS.
Suicide risk and firearm ownership and storage behavior in a large military sample

Abstract Firearms account for the majority of suicide deaths in the United States military and access to firearms is a risk factor for suicide. Prior research has shown service members tend to store firearms unsafely, with some research indicating this is particularly true among those with elevated suicide risk. Existing research has focused on individuals at known risk for suicide; however, those who die by suicide using a firearm are prone to avoiding mental healthcare and underreporting suicidal ideation, thereby necessitating an understanding of this phenomenon among firearm owners outside of the mental healthcare system. The present study examined firearm storage and suicide risk in a large nonclinical sample of service members (total sample n = 953; firearm owning sample = 473). Lifetime suicidal ideation, current depressive symptoms, and perceived likelihood of making a future suicide attempt were associated with unsafe firearm storage. In contrast, lifetime suicidal ideation was not associated with a greater likelihood to own firearms. These findings suggest those at risk of suicide are more likely to store firearms unsafely, which increases ease of access to firearms. These findings reiterate the importance of means safety as a suicide prevention strategy.
The Clinical Medical Librarian’s Handbook: Judy Carol Stribling, editor. (2020). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 154 pages, $60.00, softcover, ISBN: 978-1-5381-2770-4.

Stribling has gathered an expert group in this well written and insightful work that truly lives up to its title of handbook. From the novice to the expert, all readers of this outstanding 11-chapt...
Resumptive pronouns facilitate processing of long-distance relative clause dependencies in second language English

This study provides evidence that resumptive pronouns (RPs) can facilitate the processing of long-distance subject relative clause (RC) dependencies during second language (L2) sentence comprehension, even where they are disallowed in both the first language (L1) and the target language. A test group of 29 L1-Korean L2 learners (L2ers) of English and a control group of 25 native English speakers completed an online self-paced reading task (SPRT) and an offline acceptability judgment task (AJT) designed to test whether RPs reflect Interlanguage grammar representations and/or a strategy to alleviate processing overload. Analysis of the SPRT data from both response times and comprehension question accuracy indicates that RPs assisted the L2ers, but not the native speakers, with dependency resolution in long-distance RCs. For the AJT data, a proficiency effect was observed whereby some lower-proficiency L2ers, but not the higher-proficiency ones or the native speakers, tended to prefer RPs over gaps in long-distance RCs. The implications of these findings and plans for future research are discussed.
Total synthesis of amphidinolide E.

A convergent and highly stereocontrolled synthesis of amphidinolide E (1) has been accomplished. The synthesis features a highly diastereoselective (>20:1) BF3·Et2O promoted [3+2] annulation reaction between aldehyde 3 and allylsilane 4 to afford substituted tetrahydrofuran 2.
Thalidomide-Then and Now: Case Report of a Woman With Thalidomide Embryopathy and Review of Current Thalidomide Uses

Thalidomide was initially developed as a sedative; subsequently, its use was expanded to treat morning sickness in pregnant women. However, it was later discovered to be a teratogenic drug that was associated with embryopathy in women. A woman is described who was exposed to thalidomide in utero. She had several stigmata of thalidomide embryopathy. Although treatment of nausea and anxiety in pregnant women with thalidomide was discontinued in 1961, the drug has been found to be a useful agent for the management of several systemic conditions and dermatological disorders. Whether the treatment with thalidomide shall be incorporated in the therapeutic regime for patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection remains to be determined.
High-grade myxofibrosarcoma of the maxillary sinus: A case report and literature review

Abstract Background We describe a rare case of high-grade myxofibrosarcoma (MFS) of the maxillary sinus and review the literature on MFS of the paranasal sinuses. Methods A 66-year-old man presented for evaluation of 6–8 weeks of epistaxis and persistent nasal congestion and drainage. Imaging revealed a soft tissue mass extending from the left maxillary sinus into the left nasal cavity. After incomplete resection, the patient elected for post-operative radiotherapy, which was interrupted by rapid local progression. At this point, the patient underwent a total maxillectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy. Results The patient was without evidence of recurrence at a follow-up visit 8 months after diagnosis. Conclusions The recommended treatment of MFS is complete surgical resection. Margin status is the most important predictor of local recurrence. Our case, in which incomplete resection was followed by rapid local progression despite adjuvant radiotherapy, illustrates the unique challenges of treating MFS in the head and neck.
Decoupling Entrepreneurship Capital from Capital Stock

Per capita real gross domestic product adjusted for purchasing power parity (G) is parsimoniously explained by capitalism (C), democracy (D) and rule of law(R). G is estimated from a CDR index equal to the vector inner (dot) product of global invariant parameters [1.53 0.14 0.23 -1.21] and country specific [C D R C·D·R]. The data a re for year 2014 and 79 countries that represent practically all people in the world. C is measured by total capitalization then split into human capital of entrepreneurship imagination and creativity and capital stock of knowledge, machines, computers, training, recording devices etc. The contribution of entrepreneurship to G is found to be 6 times that of capital stock.
A novel, sensitive, and widely accessible besifloxacin quantification method by HPLC-fluorescence: Application to an ocular pharmacokinetic study.

Abstract Besifloxacin has been embraced for the treatment of ocular bacterial infections. While LC-MS/MS has been used in investigating BSF pharmacokinetics, those costly instruments are not universally available and have complicated requirements for operation and maintenance. Additionally, pharmacokinetics of besifloxacin in dose-intense regimens are still unknown. Herein, a new quantification method was developed employing the widely accessible HPLC with fluorescence detection and applied to an ocular pharmacokinetic study with an intense regimen. Biosamples were pre-treated using protein precipitation. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column using mobile phase of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile. To address the weak fluorescence issue of besifloxacin, effects of detection parameters, elution pattern, pH of mobile phase, and reconstitution solvents were investigated. The method was fully validated per US-FDA guidelines and demonstrated precision ( 0.999), matrix-effects (93–105%), recoveries (95–106%), and excellent selectivity. The method showed agreement with agar disk diffusion assays for in vitro screening and comparable in vivo performance to LC-MS/MS (Deming Regression, y = 1.010x + 0.123, r = 0.997; Bland-Altman analysis, mean difference was −6.3%; n = 21). Pharmacokinetic parameters suggested superior surface-retentive properties of besifloxacin. Maximum concentrations were 1412 ± 1910 and 0.15 ± 0.12 μg/mL; area under the curve was 1,637 and 1.08 µg·h/g; and half-life was 4.9 and 4.1 h; and pharmacokinetic-to-pharmacodynamic ratios were ≥ 409 and ≤ 17.8 against ocular pathogens in tears and aqueous humor, respectively. This readily available method is sensitive for biosamples and practical for routine use, facilitating besifloxacin therapy development.
On the invariance of the waveguide invariant

Constructive and destructive interference between different acoustic ray paths or modes is a common feature of propagation in the ocean waveguide. Russian investigators first distilled these interference effects into a single quantity, the so-called waveguide invariant. Over the last two decades, investigators have incorporated the waveguide invariant into signal processing algorithms for applications including localization, tracking, and environmental inversion. An important caveat is that a specific numerical value for the waveguide invariant sometimes applies for only a subset of all propagating modes; different numerical values can apply for different subsets. Under appropriate conditions, the waveguide invariant can appear to bifurcate with acoustic data simultaneously showing traits from both values. In the present work, a derivation is sketched that emphasizes what is actually invariant about the waveguide invariant. The proposed approach permits a more ready integration of the waveguide invariant into signal processing algorithms. Examples are presented for both deep- and shallow-water scenarios.
Kenya’s Post-Election Violence and History of Impunity

On 27 December 2007, Kenyans went to the polls for just the fourth time since the reinstatement of multi-party politics in 1992. Incumbent Mwai Kibaki, representing the Party of National Unity was controversially declared the winner and hurriedly sworn in as President. Within hours of this announcement, supporters of Raila Odinga’s Orange Democratic Movement protested this result through violent attacks upon suspected PNU supporters. Hostilities escalated when ethnic leaders from both sides of politics organised, funded and incited youths to commit acts of brutality against opponents. By the time that this 2 months of bloodshed had ceased, at least 1,113 persons had been killed, more than 350,000 forcibly displaced and countless more subjected to sexual violence and other inhumane acts. A peace settlement was negotiated by an international mediation team, led by Kofi Annan, which culminated in the formation of a power-sharing government with Kibaki as President and Odinga as Prime Minister. The Government of National Unity was entrusted with the responsibility of ensuring that the violence did not recommence and that the next elections were held peacefully. This included, inter alia, addressing the country’s history of impunity and ensuring that those responsible for the post-election violence faced criminal prosecutions.
Getting Active with Musculoskeletal Anatomy Instruction

Educational research has shown that instructional methods utilizing active learning approaches enhance student engagement in the classroom and promote increased learning and content retention. Rece...
Sequence diversity within the reovirus S2 gene: reovirus genes reassort in nature, and their termini are predicted to form a panhandle motif.

Abstract To better understand genetic diversity within mammalian reoviruses, we determined S2 nucleotide and deduced sigma 2 amino acid sequences of nine reovirus strains and compared these sequences with those of prototype strains of the three reovirus serotypes. The S2 gene and sigma 2 protein are highly conserved among the four type 1, one type 2, and seven type 3 strains studied. Phylogenetic analyses based on S2 nucleotide sequences of the 12 reovirus strains indicate that diversity within the S2 gene is independent of viral serotype. Additionally, we found marked topological differences between phylogenetic trees generated from S1 and S2 gene nucleotide sequences of the seven type 3 strains. These results demonstrate that reovirus S1 and S2 genes have distinct evolutionary histories, thus providing phylogenetic evidence for lateral transfer of reovirus genes in nature. When variability among the 12 sigma 2-encoding S2 nucleotide sequences was analyzed at synonymous positions, we found that approximately 60 nucleotides at the 5' terminus and 30 nucleotides at the 3' terminus were markedly conserved in comparison with other sigma 2-encoding regions of S2. Predictions of RNA secondary structures indicate that the more conserved S2 sequences participate in the formation of an extended region of duplex RNA interrupted by a pair of stem-loops. Among the 12 deduced sigma 2 amino acid sequences examined, substitutions were observed at only 11% of amino acid positions. This finding suggests that constraints on the structure or function of sigma 2, perhaps in part because of its location in the virion core, have limited sequence diversity within this protein.
Examining Bone Density of the Mandibular Corpus: Clinical Implications in Osteoporosis (LB42)

Osteoporosis is a ubiquitous disease, with a prevalence of 200,000,000 cases worldwide. In these cases, bone density is at least 2.5 standard deviations below the global mean. While this debilitating condition affects both genders, women are disproportionately afflicted due to post-menopausal hormonal changes. Accordingly, fractures of the hip are a common cause of morbidity and mortality among females, and as such have been well documented. It is hypothesized that the hypoestrogenic state of post-menopausal women will result in a lower bone density than that of their male counterparts. This investigation examined density changes in the lesser studied mandibular corpus as a function of age for each gender. The mandibular condyle was removed from 12 cadavers, obtaining mass and volume by digital scale and water displacement respectively, and the calculation of their densities. Our findings showed that bone density increased with increasing age (r = 0.47). However, when measures were subdivided by gender, b...
Customary International Law: The Problem of Treaties

This article addresses the relationship between customary international law and treaties. In particular, it questions the argument that the content of customary international can legitimately be inferred from the language of treaties, even when those treaties are widely ratified.
Synchronization and extinction in cyclic games with mixed strategies.

We consider cyclic Lotka-Volterra models with three and four strategies where at every interaction agents play a strategy using a time-dependent probability distribution. Agents learn from a loss by reducing the probability to play a losing strategy at the next interaction. For that, an agent is described as an urn containing $\ensuremath{\beta}$ balls of three and four types, respectively, where after a loss one of the balls corresponding to the losing strategy is replaced by a ball representing the winning strategy. Using both mean-field rate equations and numerical simulations, we investigate a range of quantities that allows us to characterize the properties of these cyclic models with time-dependent probability distributions. For the three-strategy case in a spatial setting we observe a transition from neutrally stable to stable when changing the level of discretization of the probability distribution. For large values of $\ensuremath{\beta}$, yielding a good approximation to a continuous distribution, spatially synchronized temporal oscillations dominate the system. For the four-strategy game the system is always neutrally stable, but different regimes emerge, depending on the size of the system and the level of discretization.
Measured Lifetime of the ( 3 p 5 4 s ) P 1 3 State of Argon

A direct measurement of the natural lifetime for the ($3{p}^{5}4s$) $^{3}P_{1}$ state of argon has been made using a modified delayed-coincidence method. Argon atoms are repetitively excited by pulses of electrons. For each pulse, the decaying light signal is sampled for a time $\ensuremath{\Delta}t$ at some delay time ${t}_{1}$ after the excitation is terminated. The exponential decay is then reconstructed as the delay time is changed. Collision effects are not important in the pressure region (5.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$-2.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ Torr) of the experiment and the effects due to cascading are eliminated by keeping the energy of the bombarding electrons low enough so that excitation of the $3{p}^{5}4p$ levels is negligible. The measured lifetime is dependent upon the argon pressure, and this effect is attributed to resonance trapping; a value of 21\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 nsec is obtained for the natural lifetime by using the existing theories of resonance trapping to extrapolate the data to zero pressure.
Perspective on 40 Years of Environmental Law

Environmental Law is 40 years old as a distinct body of law. This article is my historical perspective from 4 decades of teaching Environmental Law, emphasizing the early issues that set the foundations for today's Environmental Law, as well as the background in Administrative Law, Land Use Planning and Natural Resources Law that were the seeds of Environmental Law, the issues that blossomed, the issues that disappeared, and those that remain with us. The article contains kudos to the pioneers in the area. We note the changes in paradigms from resource exploitation to resource conservation and from the Master Builder to the Environmentalist.
Large Dynamic Range Nanopositioning Using Iterative Learning Control

This paper presents the control system design and tracking performance of a large range single-axis nanopositioning system that is based on a moving magnet actuator and flexure bearing. While the physical system is designed to be free of friction and backlash, the nonlinearities in the electromagnetic actuator as well as the harmonic distortion in the drive amplifier restrict the achievable tracking performance for dynamic command following. It is shown that linear feedback proves to be inadequate due to limitations arising from the low open-loop bandwidth of the physical system. For periodic commands, like those used in scanning applications, the component of the tracking error due to the nonlinearities is deterministic and repeats every period. Therefore, an iterative learning controller (ILC) is designed and implemented in conjunction with linear feedback to reduce this periodic tracking error by more than three orders of magnitude. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this ILC in achieving 18nm RMS tracking error over 6mm range in response to a 2Hz band-limited triangular command. This corresponds to a dynamic range of 105.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Temperature dependence of the Mössbauer effect on Sn-119 doped metallic lead

After perfecting a technique to manufacture extremely pure, homogeneous, smallconcentration Sn in Pb samples, we have measured the Debye-Waller factor over the temperature range of 4 to 300 K. Our data show some evidence of a line broadening between 4 and 50 K which may be accounted for by the spin-density wave model of lead proposed by A. Overhauser. [1]. Between 77 K and room temperature, we find a temperature dependence to the recoilless fraction consistent with a Debye model (Debye temperature = 107(2) K). Moreover, we find no evidence of a sudden precipitous falloff of the recoilless fraction, as was reported by Schechter et al. in 1989. The origin of this difference is discussed.
Viability of Commercially Available Bleach for Water Treatment in Developing Countries

Treating household water with low-cost, widely available commercial bleach is recommended by some organizations to improve water quality and reduce disease in developing countries. I analyzed the chlorine concentration of 32 bleaches from 12 developing countries; the average error between advertised and measured concentration was 35% (range = –45%–100%; standard deviation = 40%). Because of disparities between advertised and actual concentration, the use of commercial bleach for water treatment in developing countries is not recommended without ongoing quality control testing.
Designing a Better Fair: How Important Are the Animals?

The opportunity to interact with animals is a potentially unique opportunity offered at the fair. Unfortunately, animals carry inherent risks that offer challenges for fair managers. By better understanding consumer preferences for specific fair attributes (e.g., opportunities with animals), fair managers can work to design a more appealing fair. This study explored respondents’ preferences toward fairs using a discrete choice experiment. Results suggest that including or improving fair amenities (opportunities with animals, amusement rides and related activities, cultural exhibits, and entertainment shows) positively influenced respondent utility, while increased admission cost and travel time negatively influenced respondent utility.
Correlation of SF-12 and SF-36 in a trauma population.

Background The SF-36 is a commonly used general measure of health-related quality of life (QoL). The SF-12 is a related tool with less response burden, but its performance in a general trauma population is unknown. Hypothesis: The SF-12 would provide similar QoL information to the SF-36 in blunt trauma patients. Methods Adults with nonneurological blunt injury were prospectively enrolled. Demographic, injury, and socioeconomic data were collected. Patients were assessed with functional and psychologic questionnaires 1 and 6 months after injury. Physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) component scores of the SF-36 and SF-12 were compared using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Linear regression identified factors associated with the SF-12 and SF-36 PCS and MCS. Responsiveness to change was assessed using the standardized response mean. Results Correlation of the PCS was 0.924 and MCS was 0.925 (both P Conclusions The SF-12 can be used to assess QoL in trauma patients. The lack of responsiveness to change of the MCS suggests other methods may be necessary to fully evaluate mental QoL. Summary scores may not be sufficient to fully assess QoL in this population. Combining the SF-12 with measures to assess psychosocial variables should be further investigated.
A Nuclear Structure Of The Proposed Gamma-Ray Laser Candidate Nucleus 186 Re

We present results of theoretical nuclear structure model calculations for the gamma-ray laser candidate nucleus 186Re proposed by Collins. Our calculations of this odd-odd transitional nucleus are based on an axially-asymmetric (particle plus triaxial rotor) model for constructing the orbitals of the odd nucleons that couple under the influence of the residual neutron-proton interaction. We include pairing correlations in the determina-tion of these orbitals by using the BCS ap-proximation with newly determined pairing strengths. The matrix elements of the resid-ual neutron-proton interaction are obtained using phenomenological spin-dependent 8 function potentials of both surface and volume forms. We examine the sensitivity of the calculated low-excitation level structure of 186Re to the strength of these potentials. Calculated energy levels of 186Re will be presented and compared with experiment. The impact of our results on the proposed use of 186Re as a gamma-ray laser will be discussed. In addition, based upon these and other model calculations to be described, we assess the level of effort necessary in a full-scale the-oretical search for a viable candidate nucleus for a gamma-ray laser.
Some Conceptual and Ethical Concerns About Current Views of Pain

It is a major irony that although the definition of pain adopted by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) was cast into its current form for laudable moral reasons, it has given succor to nee-Cartesian tendencies in science and medicine, and in fact has the potential for supporting morally problem­ atic behavior. Dr. Harold Merskey, a principal architect of the definition, has explained at the 1998 American Pain Society meeting in San Diego that the initial definition of pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experi­ ence associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage" [7], was later modified in a note to allow for the reality of pain in adult humans where there was no organic cause for the pain and no evident tissue damage. The note affirmed that Pain is always subjective. Each individual learns the application of the word through experiences related to injury in early life [11].
Pressure drop characteristics of two-phase flow in a vertical channel with offset strip fins

Abstract Flow visualization photographs and measured pressure drop data are presented for vertical two-phase flow in an adiabatic channel with offset strip fins. Pressure drop data were obtained for two-phase flow of R-113 at atmospheric pressure over ranges of mass flux and quality typically encountered in small refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. Values of the two-phase multiplier for flow in the offset strip fin matrix were found to be 40–50% higher than those for a round tube under the same flow conditions. Particularly large deviations were observed at high-quality conditions where the pressure drop due to fin form drag becomes more significant. A theoretical analysis of the pressure drop associated with two-phase flow in channels with offset strip fins is also presented. This model accounts for the individual contributions of wall shear and form drag to the overall pressure gradient. While this model represents the trends of the measured data rather well, it slightly underpredicts the two-phase multipliers over the range of conditions explored here. A semiempirical superposition model of the frictional component of pressure drop for two-phase flow in offset fin matrices is also developed. Two-phase multipliers predicted using this model are in good agreement with experimental measurements, with a mean deviation of 15%.
The varicella-autoantibody syndrome.

This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the incidence of autoantibodies to phospholipids and coagulation proteins in children with acute varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection. Study groups included children with VZV alone or complicated by purpura fulminans and/or thromboembolism. VZV naive children and children who had VZV >1 y before sample collection formed a control group. Blood was assayed for the following: free protein S (PS), protein C, antithrombin, and prothrombin; antibody binding to these proteins; lupus anticoagulant; anticardiolipin antibody; antiphospholipid antibodies; and prothrombin fragment 1+2. Data regarding coinfections was collected. Forty-three VZV-infected children showed an increased frequency of lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibody, antiphospholipid antibodies, and autoantibodies to PS, protein C, prothrombin, and antithrombin in comparison to 52 children without acute VZV (p < 0.0001). Seventeen children with VZV and purpura fulminans and/or thromboembolism showed a statistically significant decrease in free PS, significantly increased PS IgG antibody, and significantly increased prothrombin fragment 1+2 (p < 0.0001) compared with the group without acute VZV and the group with uncomplicated VZV. Twenty-six children with uncomplicated VZV showed increased PS IgG antibody (p < 0.001) compared with the children without acute VZV. For all groups combined, elevated PS IgG antibody showed negative correlation with free PS (p < 0.0001) and positive correlation with prothrombin fragment 1+2 (p = 0.0002). Autoantibodies were transient. Transient antiphospholipid and coagulation protein autoantibodies were common with VZV infection, but were not predictive of thrombotic complications.
Social, Spacing, and Cooperative Behavior of the Collared Peccary, Tayassu tajacu

Social behavior of the collared peccary was studied on the lower, eastern slopes of the Mazatzal Mountains, Arizona. The social unit in this species is a cohesive herd, in which small inter-individual distances are maintained. Two conspicuous acts, one olfactory and one auditory, functioned to maintain close spacing. Social interactions were brief but tended to synchronize the activities of animals and also to bring them closer together. Amicable and neutral actions occurred far more frequently than agonistic interactions. Most agonistic behavior did not involve physical contact. Cooperative nursing, predator defense, and feeding occurred; all adults were tolerant of young, and males showed little overt competition over estrous females. The absence of sexual dimorphism, the 1:1 sex ratio within social groups, and the small, precocial litters in this species suggest an evolutionary history of pronounced sociality. Kin selection possibly was important in the evolution of social behavior in peccaries.
Electrocyte physiology: 50 years later

Weakly electric gymnotiform and mormyrid fish generate and detect weak electric fields to image their worlds and communicate. These multi-purpose electric signals are generated by electrocytes, the specialized electric organ (EO) cells that produce the electric organ discharge (EOD). Just over 50 years ago the first experimental analyses of electrocyte physiology demonstrated that the EOD is produced and shaped by the timing and waveform of electrocyte action potentials (APs). Electrocytes of some species generate a single AP from a distinct region of excitable membrane, and this AP waveform determines EOD waveform. In other species, electrocytes possess two independent regions of excitable membrane that generate asynchronous APs with different waveforms, thereby increasing EOD complexity. Signal complexity is further enhanced in some gymnotiforms by the spatio-temporal activation of distinct EO regions with different electrocyte properties. For many mormyrids, additional EOD waveform components are produced by APs that propagate along stalks that connect postsynaptic regions to the main body of the electrocyte. I review here the history of research on electrocyte physiology in weakly electric fish, as well as recent discoveries of key phenomena not anticipated during early work in this field. Recent areas of investigation include the regulation of electrocyte activity by steroid and peptide hormones, the molecular evolution of electrocyte ion channels, and the evolutionary selection of ion channels expressed in excitable cells. These emerging research areas have generated renewed interest in electrocyte function and clear future directions for research addressing a broad range of new and important questions.
Reactivity in the rat: Ovariectomy fails to affect open-field behaviors

The behaviors of ovariectomized and control female rats were sampled during repeated open-field trials. In none of these investigations did surgery have any significant effect. These failures were interpreted as limiting current views of altered stimulus reactivity resulting from this surgical insult. These data suggest also that age-related changes in open-field activity are not manifestations of the altered gonadal secretions correlated with the onset of puberty.
Experimental Investigation of a Low Velocity Electrostatic Current Meter

Walker, J. E., Whan, G. A., and Rothfus, R. R., "Fluid Friction in Noncircular Ducts," AIChE Journal, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1957, pp. 484489. Wilhelm, R. H., Wroghton, D. M., and Loeffel, W. F., "Flow of Suspensions Through Pipes," Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 31, No. 5, 1939, pp. 622-629. Bogue, D. C. and Metzner, A. B., "Velocity Profiles in Turbulent Pipe Flow," Industrial Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, Vol. 2 No. 2, 1963, pp. 143-149. Caldwell, D. H. and Babbitt, H. E., "Turbulent Flow of Sludges in Pipes," University of Illinois Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin, No. 323, Nov. 1940. Murdoch, R. and Kearsey, H. A., "Pumping Studies on Aqueous Throia Slurries,'' Transactions of the Institute of Chemical Engineers, Vol. 38, 1960, pp. 165-175. Crowley, P. R. and Kitzes, A. S., "Rheological Behavior of Thorium Oxide Slurries in Laminar Flow," Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 49, 1957, pp. 888-892.
Elevated activity of cytidine 5′-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydrolase in serum of ovarian cancer patients as a possible indicator of malignancy

Abstract Cytidine 5′-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydrolase activity has been demonstrated in homogenates of normal ovary and ovarian epithelial adenocarcinomas, as well as in the sera of normal individuals and ovarian cancer patients. The specific activity of the enzyme in ovarian tumors is significantly reduced compared to normal ovaries. In pre-operative sera of these patients, the activity is elevated about 2 fold in comparison with age and blood group matched controls. The patients with lower tissue enzyme activity have higher serum values. After tumor reductive surgery, serum levels of this enzyme are diminished, but are still higher than controls. Clinical use of this assay for detection and management of ovarian neoplasia is promising.
Seeing the local in the global: Political ecologies, world-systems, and the question of scale

Abstract Scale, as concept, has featured prominently in political ecology and remains, even if implicitly, a crucial point of analytical reference. Recent studies, drawing from both human geography and ecology, have sought to demonstrate how scales, rather than pre-existing ontologically, are both socially and environmentally produced. Given the different scales through which social and environmental processes occur, the study of society–environment relations can be improved by analysing varying scalar configurations of interaction. This recent and promising methodological corrective would greatly benefit from a dialogue with world-systems approaches, which integrate diverse scale-producing processes and to some extent overlap in scope with political ecology. World-systems perspectives, by focusing on the long-term systemic character of people–environment relations, effectively connect micro- to macro-scale social and ecological processes and explain long-term internal dynamics and interrelations of systems at different scales. Conversely, world-systems approaches could learn much from political ecologists’ consideration of nonhuman processes into understandings of scale and society–environment relations, which has a long tradition in geography, as well as from the more context-sensitive analytical framework brought to those understandings. Case studies are discussed to demonstrate not only how these two perspectives could be integrated, but also how explanations of environmental change can be thereby improved. Combining the two approaches provides the basis for a more ecologically oriented world-systems paradigm and, in political ecology, for greater sensitivity to socially large-scale systemic processes and, given the originally anti-capitalist underpinnings of both paradigms, for more political coherence.
Don’t Look for the Blade: Joumana Haddad, Autobiography, and Living on the Edge

In one of her most recent publications, I Killed Scheherazade the Lebanese writer and poet Joumana Haddad dares to put an end to one of the world’s most well-known Middle Eastern literary figures. For Haddad, this centuries-old literary figure no longer represents the reality of Arab women. At the same time, Haddad recognizes something of herself in Scheherazade. As this study demonstrates, both women tell stories in order to keep the violence of their lives at a distance. Depersonalizing her story “Living it Up (and Down) in Beirut” through multiple narrators and sources and eventually deconstructing its plausibility, Haddad manages to avoid revealing her own experience. In the process, she raises an important question about the civil war, does returning to its memory actually aid in healing its scars or just reopen old wounds?
Observation of High-Field Superconductivity of a Strongly Interacting Fermi Liquid in U 6 Fe

Measurements of the temperature dependences of the upper critical field ${H}_{c2}$ and heat capacity ${C}_{P}$ of ${\mathrm{U}}_{6}$Fe are reported. ${H}_{c2}$ increases very rapidly for a low-transition-temperature (${T}_{c}=3.8$ K) superconductor, reaching ${H}_{c2}=64$ kOe at $T=1.95$ K. ${C}_{P}$ data indicate that ${\mathrm{U}}_{6}$Fe is a strong-coupled bulk superconductor and an exchange-enhanced paramagnet with an electronic coefficient $\ensuremath{\gamma}=145\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10$ mJ/mole.${\mathrm{K}}^{2}$. ${\mathrm{U}}_{6}$Fe constitutes a metallurgically clean and conclusive example of the occurrence of high-field superconductivity in a strongly interacting Fermi liquid.
Fiber Amplification of 2 µm picoseconds pulses

Ultrashort pulses were generated by a carbon nanotube mode-locked Tm fiber laser and subsequently amplified. Amplified pulses had an average power of 0.6 W, 2.6 kW peak power, and 13 nJ of energy
Control of ION Sources for the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS)

A controls' philosophy used during research, development, and operation of ion sources for the ZGS has been instituted. The total control design concept aids in the learning curve during research, development, and the turnover to the operational group. The system is designed for manual control, central computer control, and programmer computer control. The operational multiplicity is achieved by time sharing and priority interrupt assignments. Individual control console design varies with source complexity, but basic functions are similar.
Conformational sensitivity of chiroptical spectroscopic methods: 6,6'-dibromo-1,1'-bi-2-naphthol.

The experimental vibrational circular dichroism (VCD), electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) spectra for both enantiomers of 6,6′-dibromo-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol hav...
Extending partial orders to dense linear orders

Abstract J. Łoś raised the following question: Under what conditions can a countable partially ordered set be extended to a dense linear order merely by adding instances of comparability (without adding new points)? We show that having such an extension is a Σ 1 l -complete property and so there is no Borel answer to Łoś's question. Additionally, we show that there is a natural Π 1 l -norm on the partial orders which cannot be so extended and calculate some natural ranks in that norm.
Strain a Mouse Lung Tumor Bioassay

This report summarizes data on the testing of 228 chemicals for carcinogenic activity by the strain A mouse lung adenoma bioassay. The assay is of six months duration and can distinguish two-fold dose differences in carcinogenic potential of compounds from a variety of chemical classes. Most compounds that induced lung tumors in strain A mice have also evoked a neoplastic response in other experimental animal bioassays and/or demonstrated mutagenic activity in various short-term tests. Recommendations are made for future studies on the: (a) distribution and metabolism of chemicals in strain A mouse lung tissue and in specific lung cell types, (b) ability of the lung adenoma bioassay to detect promoting agents, and (c) use of the bioassay to investigate the interactions of more than one chemical.
Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury: The At-Risk Patient and Protective Measures

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is a major complication following radiocontrast procedures. In this review, we characterize the recent literature on CI-AKI, risk factors, prevention, biomarkers, and new technologies. The premise of CI-AKI prophylaxis should focus on implementing mandatory standing orders before and after cardiac catheterization for hydration with normal saline or sodium bicarbonate and use of high-dose (1200-mg) N-acetylcysteine. Contrast agents may play a role in preventing CI-AKI. Implement catheter-laboratory technology and awareness to limit the amount of contrast dye used for any patient.
Effect of cortisone on cells at the bone-marrow interface.

A study of the association between the rate of proliferation of marrow fibroblast-like stromal cells (in vitro) and the rate of endosteal bone mineralization (EsMR) (in vivo) was undertaken in an osteopenic rat model. We report than 200 g male rats treated with cortisone acetate (5 mg/day for 7 days) exhibit decreases in marrow fibroblast colony-forming units (FCFU) and tetracycline-based measurements of EsMR at the level of the femoral midshaft. In cortisone-treated rats recovering for 1–3 weeks, the FCFU census and EsMR normalized during the first posttreatment week, remained at control levels after 2–3 weeks, and exhibited a relapse in the third week which signified only partial recovery. These changes were unrelated to patterns of body weight gain. The data indicate that the FCFU census can serve to index endosteal osteoblast vigor.
Laparoscopic Biopsy After Pancreaticoduodenal Transplantation: A First Report

Over the past 5 years, graft biopsy has become the gold standard for diagnosing rejection or graft dysfunction after pancreas transplantation. Until now, only three types of pancreas graft biopsies have been described : percutaneous, transcystoscopic, and open laparotomy. Percutaneous biopsy (whether computerized tomography scan or ultrasound guided) is unsuccessful 20% of the time. In recipients of enterically drained pancreas grafts, a transcystoscopic biopsy cannot be done. The only other alternative has been an open laparotomy. We report one case of laparoscopic biopsy of an enterically drained pancreas graft, after a percutaneous biopsy was unsuccessful. We conclude that laparoscopic pancreas graft biopsy is a safe and effective method for diagnosing graft dysfunction. It also avoids the complications and prolonged hospitalization of an open laparotomy. Laparoscopic biopsy should become another valuable tool for diagnosing pancreas graft dysfunction.
The innate immune response to hepatitis B virus infection: implications for pathogenesis and therapy

Pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated innate immune responses play an essential role in defending the host from viral infections. Intriguingly, hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been shown to induce negligible innate immune responses during the early phase of infection. Whether this is due to the failure of the virus to activate PRRs or suppression of PRR signaling pathways by the virus remains controversial. However, a plethora of evidence suggests that HBV is sensitive to PRR ligand-induced antiviral responses. This review summarizes current understanding of the interaction between HBV and PRR-mediated host innate immunity, antiviral mechanisms of PRR responses against HBV and strategies to combat chronic HBV infection via induction of host innate antiviral responses.