cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain limbic system-based intelligent controller application to lane change manoeuvre

This paper presents the application of a novel neuromorphic control strategy for lane change manoeuvres in the highway environment. The lateral dynamics of a vehicle with and without wind disturbance are derived and utilised to implement a control strategy based on the brain limbic system. To show the robustness of the proposed controller, several disturbance conditions including wind, uncertainty in the cornering stiffness, and changes in the vehicle mass are investigated. To demonstrate the performance of the suggested strategy, simulation results of the proposed method are compared with the human driver model-based control scheme, which has been discussed in the literature. The simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed controller in energy efficiency, driving comfort, and robustness.
Hepatic CYP1A in brown bullhead catalyzes the binding of 2-aminoanthracene to DNA in vivo and in vitro

Brown bullhead were injected i.p. with vehicle or β-naphthoflavone (βNF), followed 2 days later with vehicle or ring-tritiated 2-aminoanthracene ([3H]-AA), such that four treatments were obtained: (1) vehicle only; (2) βNF only; [3H]-AA only; βNF/[3H]-AA. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity in βNF-treated fish was 15-fold greater than in vehicletreated fish at day 0 and was also significantly greater than vehicle-treated fish at day 1. Western blot analysis revealed marked induction of hepatic CYP1A in fish treated with βNF and minor induction in fish treated with [3H]-AA compared with vehicle-treated fish. Hepatic DNA adducts, as measured by tritium-associated DNA, ranged from 1.47 to 2.57 pmol mg−1 DNA in fish injected only with [3H]-AA, but ranged from 5.70 to 7.82 pmol mg−1 DNA in fish injected with βNF prior to injection with [3H]-AA. Thus, βNF pretreatment significantly increased binding of [3H]-AA to hepatic DNA in vivo at all time points (P < 0.05). In vitro, hepatic microsomes from βNF-treated bullhead catalyzed the binding of [3H]-AA to DNA at a low but measurable level which was significantly inhibited (P < 0.05) by alpha-naphtho-flavone and tetrachlorobiphenyl. Collectively, these data indicate that CYP1A activates AA to a DNA-binding metabolite(s), and that CYP1A induction in bullhead results in greater DNA adduct formation in AA-exposed fish. Comparisons were made between this study and a parallel study using the same experimental design but conducted with a related Ictalurid catfish, the channel catfish.
Oxygen isotope diffusion and zoning in diopside: The importance of water fugacity during cooling

Abstract The oxygen isotope ratio of diopside correlates with crystal size in many high grade marbles, permitting the intracrystalline self-diffusion rate of oxygen in diopside to be empirically evaluated. Small (75–300 μm) and large (1.2–1.5 mm) diopside grains were analyzed in bulk for their oxygen isotope ratios by laser extraction. In many samples, δ18O correlates to size; smaller grains have lower δ18O. Published ion microprobe analyses of diopside in one sample which displays this correlation are in good agreement with predictions based on diffusion modeling and analyses of whole crystals. Other samples analyzed by laser extraction have little or no measurable correlation of δ18O to size. Investigation using cold cathode luminescence, reflected differential interference contrast microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and scanning electron microscopy shows that diopside in some of the samples that do not show δ18O correlation with size were partially dissolved at grain boundaries during cooling, indicating processes in addition to diffusion have affected δ18O. Cooling histories were calculated using the Fast Grain Boundary diffusion model Eiler et al 1992 , Eiler et al 1993 ), assuming equilibrium at peak metamorphic temperatures (700–800°C), slow cooling of 1.5–4°C/Ma, and experimentally determined diffusion coefficients for oxygen in minerals. Predicted δ18O for diopsides of different sizes are significantly different using diffusion coefficients determined under anhydrous (Pco2 = 1–100 bars) vs. hydrothermal (PH2O = 1 kbar) conditions. Samples that show a δ18O correlation to size are best predicted using the diffusion data measured under hydrothermal conditions. Measurements and calculations to predict differences in δ18O between large and small diopside grains lead to the following conclusions. (1) Natural diopsides in this study exhibit variations in oxygen isotope ratios between grains of different size, which are related to the peak temperature, cooling rate, and water fugacity during cooling. Diffusion distances are properly modeled by the size of an entire grain; there is no evidence for subdomains. (2) In slowly cooled high grade metamorphic terrains, water fugacity can be highly variable from rock to rock during cooling. For many rocks, water fugacity is the most important constraint on the degree of oxygen isotope retrograde exchange.
Intraoperative evaluation of PTFE, Dacron and autogenous vein as carotid patch materials.

Between 1983 and 1986 we prospectively randomized 71 consecutive carotid endarterectomy patients to receive patch closure with one of three materials. Autogenous saphenous vein was used in 18 cases, Dacron velour (Sauvage Filamentous) in 30 cases, and PTFE (Gore-Tex CV patch) was used in 23 cases. Blood loss in the excess of 300 ml was seen in 43% (10/23) of the PTFE group in contrast to only 22% (5/23) of the ASV group and 17% (4/23) of the Dacron group. Persistent suture hole bleeding requiring the use of a significantly larger amount of oxidized cellulose (p less than .001) was noted in the PTFE group. Operating time from clamp release to end of procedure was significantly greater in the PTFE group (p less than .05), reflecting the delay associated with suture hole bleeding. In addition, the handling characteristics of PTFE were inferior to those of Dacron or autogenous saphenous vein. Needle penetration was relatively difficult. PTFE was thicker, less flexible, and a less satisfactory match to the endarterectomized carotid than the other materials.
Protein Prenylation in Tetrahymena

Summary Tetrahymena vorax V 2S and Tetrahymena pyriformis GL were examined for the presence of proteins covalently modified with mevalonate-derived lipids. Radiolabeling of cells using [3H]mevalonolactone, [ 3 H]mevalonate, [ 3 H]farnesyl pyrophosphate or [ 3 H]geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate resulted in the appearance of protein-associated radioactivity following protein delipidation in acetone. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of labeled protein revealed radioactive polypeptides ranging in molecular mass from 123 to 14 kDa following scintillation counting of gel slices or fluorography. Methyl iodide cleavage of total labeled protein followed by HPLC analysis and scintillation counting of the released prenyl alcohols showed radioactive peaks that co-chromatographed with commercially obtained farnesol (C 15 ) and geranylgeraniol (C 20 ).
In vivo osteopontin-induced macrophage accumulation is dependent on CD44 expression.

Abstract In order to assess the role of osteopontin (OPN) in leukocyte accumulation in inflammatory conditions, native OPN and its thrombin cleaved form (OPN + Thr) were studied in vivo using a rodent subcutaneous air pouch model (AP). Both forms of OPN-induced macrophage infiltration into the AP in wild-type mice. In animals lacking CD44, macrophage numbers were significantly reduced within the cavity, but cells still accumulated along the subcutaneous lining. In animals lacking endogenous OPN, no differences were found in exogenous OPN-induced macrophage accumulation, although macrophage exhibited increased α4 integrin expression. These studies reveal that both OPN and OPN + Thr attract macrophages in vivo through CD44.
Calculations of atmospheric radiation from 4.2 mu to 5 mu.

Atmospheric radiation calculations emphasizing carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide absorption spectrum, spectral energy distribution, quasi-statistical band model, etc
Inadvertent administration of intravenous ropivacaine in a child.

Following abdominal surgery with inhalation anaesthesia and epidural ropivacaine analgesia, inadvertent intravenous (i.v.) administration of ropivacaine occurred in a 1-year-old boy. The child spent 75 min in the postanaesthesia care unit and was transferred to the paediatric intensive care unit. Two hours after transfer, it was noted that the epidural tubing was connected to the peripheral i.v. line. The child remained awake, vital signs were stable, and his oxygen saturation ranged from 96-98% on room air. The epidural catheter was removed. He did not require further pain relief for the next 10 h.
Honey promotes lower weight gain, adiposity, and triglycerides than sucrose in rats

Various dietary carbohydrates have been linked to obesity and altered adipose metabolism; however, the influences of honey vs common sweeteners have not been fully explored. We hypothesized that in comparison with sucrose, a honey-based diet would promote lower weight gain, adiposity, and related biomarkers (leptin, insulin, and adiponectin) as well as a better blood lipid profile. Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats (228.1 ± 12.5 g) were equally divided by weight into 2 groups (n = 18) and provided free access to 1 of 2 diets of equal energy densities differing only in a portion of the carbohydrate. Diets contained 20% carbohydrate (by weight of total diet) from either clover honey or sucrose. After 33 days, epididymal fat pads were excised and weighed, and blood was collected for analyses of serum concentrations of lipids, glucose, and markers of adiposity and inflammation. Body weight gain was 14.7% lower (P ≤ .05) for rats fed honey, corresponding to a 13.3% lower (P ≤ .05) consumption of food/energy, whereas food efficiency ratios were nearly identical. Epididymal fat weight was 20.1% lower (P ≤ .05) for rats fed honey. Serum concentrations of triglycerides and leptin were lower (P ≤ .05) by 29.6% and 21.6%, respectively, and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher (P ≤ .05) by 16.8% for honey-fed rats. No significant differences in serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, glucose, or insulin were detected. These results suggest that in comparison with sucrose, honey may reduce weight gain and adiposity, presumably due to lower food intake, and promote lower serum triglycerides but higher non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations.
Conflicts between principals and agents: evidence from residential brokerage

Abstract When a homeowner uses an agent to sell his property, he may have less information than his agent and be disadvantaged in price setting and negotiating. This study examines whether the percentage commission structure in real estate brokerage creates agency problems. We investigate whether agents are able to use their information advantage to either sell their own property faster or for a higher price than their clients’ properties. The empirical results confirm our theoretical predictions of agency problems, as we find that agent-owned houses sell no faster than client-owned houses, but they do sell at a price premium of approximately 4.5%.
Recombination in Bacteriophage T4: A Mechanism

Genetic recombination between rIl mutants of T4 bacteriophage grown in Escherichia coli can occur under conditions where DNA synthesis is strongly inhibited by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. The small amount of DNA synthesized under these conditions cannot account for the observed frequency of recombinants. The major mechanism of recombination in this system is a process of breakage and rejoining.
Motoric cognitive risk syndrome Multicenter incidence study

Objective: To report incidence and risk factors for motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR), a newly described predementia syndrome characterized by slow gait and cognitive complaints. Methods: We examined incidence rates of MCR in 3,128 adults aged 60 years and older, MCR- and dementia-free at baseline, participating in 4 US-based cohort studies. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of modifiable risk factors with risk of MCR were computed using Cox models. Results: Over a median follow-up time of 3.2 years, 823 of the 3,128 participants met MCR criteria. The overall age- and sex-adjusted incidence of MCR was 65.2/1,000 person-years (95% CI: 53.3–77.1), and ranged from 50.8/1,000 person-years to 79.6/1,000 person-years in the individual cohorts. MCR incidence was higher with older age but there were no sex differences. In the pooled sample adjusted for age, sex, education, and cohort source, strokes (HR 1.42, 95% CI: 1.14–1.77), Parkinson disease (HR 2.52, 95% CI: 1.68–3.76), depressive symptoms (HR 1.65, 95% CI: 1.28–2.13), sedentariness (HR 1.76, 95% CI: 1.44–2.17), and obesity (HR 1.39, 95% CI: 1.17–1.65) predicted risk of incident MCR. Conclusions: The incidence of MCR is high in older adults. Identification of modifiable risk factors for MCR will improve identification of high-risk individuals and help develop interventions to prevent cognitive decline in aging.
Resonance Raman studies of methemoglobin derivatives at room temperature and 77 K

Abstract Raman spectra in preresonance with the Soret absorption band are reported for the following methemoglobin derivatives: cyanide, cyanate, thiocyanate, hydroxy-, azide, and fluoride methemoglobin at 285 K and 77 K. For the mixed-spin derivatives, Raman intensity is observed to shift from the high-spin marker band (approx. 1480 cm−1) to the low-spin marker band (approx. 1505 cm−1) upon cooling to 77 K. In addition, Raman spectra of cyanate methemoglobin were taken as a function of temperature, and the log of the intensity ratio I 1480 /I 1505 was found to be a linear function of 1/T , indicating a thermally activated process. We interpret these results as observations of temperature-induced spin transitions. In the case of cyanate methemoglobin we find the enthalpy and entropy differences between the high-spin and low-spin states to be ΔH = 600 ± 40 cal · mol −1 and ΔS = 4.7 ± 0.7 cal · mol −1 · K −1 . The high-spin to low-spin ratio for cyanate methemoglobin determined by our experiment disagrees with the value reported for magnetic susceptibility measurements.
Restoration of ovariectomy-induced osteopenia by nitroglycerin.

Nitric oxide (NO) is known to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption. Previously, we demonstrated that the NO donor nitroglycerin (NG) prevented ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss. The current study shows that NG restores ovariectomy-induced osteopenia. Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats, 36 weeks of age, underwent OVX, and a further six rats were sham-operated. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometric (DXA) scanning prior to OVX, at 6 weeks postsurgery, and at 6 weeks posttreatment. OVX rats were then assigned to four groups and treated with either (1) vehicle, (2) 17-β-estradiol, (3) NG (0.2 mg/kg/day), or (4) a combination of estrogen and NG (n = 6/group). During the first 6-week post-OVX period, there was a significant decrease in the BMD in all ovariectomized (OVXed) rats (−11.0%, P < 0.001). There were no significant changes in BMD during the entire 12-week period in sham-operated rats. During the second 6-week period (after developing bone loss), there was no further significant loss of BMD in OVXed controls. BMD loss and loss of femur weight produced by OVXed were restored by treatment with estrogen, NG, or the two agents together during the second 6-week period (P < 0.01). The effects of estrogen and NG together, however, were not additive. The BMD of rats treated with NG alone, at 12 weeks, was similar to that of animals treated with estrogen alone or with estrogen and NG, and was comparable to that of sham-operated rats. The increased urinary excretion of deoxypyridinolines caused by OVX was negated by estrogen, NG, and estrogen together with NG (P < 0.01). In contrast to estrogen, NG did not decrease the post-OVX-induced increase of serum osteocalcin levels, suggesting that NG may also have a positive effect on bone formation. In summary, the results suggest that the NO donor, NG, reverses the OVX-induced bone loss in rats, and these effects are likely due to decreased bone resorption and, perhaps, increased bone formation.
Two Dimensions of Adult Attachment: Further Validation:

The present study used confirmatory factor analysis to identify two dimensions of adult attachment, analogous to infant attachment theory, using items derived from Hazan & Shaver's (1987) widely used self-report measure. Subjects were 571 private university or community college students. Results indicated that a two-dimensional model best fits the data, that a three-dimensional model fits slightly less well and was simply less parsimonious, and that a one-dimensional model fits less than adequately. The same two-dimensional model fits both married and non-married adults. Loneliness, dating frequency, and dating/marital status showed a different pattern of correlations with the two attachment dimensions. Heterosexual confidence and parental divorce, although correlated with attachment dimensions, did not produce significantly different patterns of correlation with the two dimensions.
Linear stable unity-feedback system: necessary and sufficient conditions for stability under nonlinear plant perturbations

The authors consider a linear (not necessarily time-invariant) stable unity-feedback system, where the plant and the compensator have normalized right-coprime factorizations. They study two cases of nonlinear plant perturbations (additive and feedback), with four subcases resulting from: (1) allowing exogenous input to delta P or not; (2) allowing the observation of the output of delta P or not. The plant perturbation delta P is not required to be stable. Using the factorization approach, the authors obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for all cases in terms of two pairs of nonlinear pseudostate maps. Simple physical considerations explain the form of these necessary and sufficient conditions. Finally, the authors obtain the characterization of all perturbations delta P for which the perturbed system remain stable. >
OPTIMAL TIMING OF NEURORADIOLOGY IN EVALUATION AND FOLLOW-UP OF CHILDREN WITH HIV INFECTION. 1084

OPTIMAL TIMING OF NEURORADIOLOGY IN EVALUATION AND FOLLOW-UP OF CHILDREN WITH HIV INFECTION. 1084
Irisin Levels Are Lower in Young Amenorrheic Athletes Compared with Eumenorrheic Athletes and Non-Athletes and Are Associated with Bone Density and Strength Estimates

Irisin and FGF21 are novel hormones implicated in the “browning” of white fat, thermogenesis, and energy homeostasis. However, there are no data regarding these hormones in amenorrheic athletes (AA) (a chronic energy deficit state) compared with eumenorrheic athletes (EA) and non-athletes. We hypothesized that irisin and FGF21 would be low in AA, an adaptive response to low energy stores. Furthermore, because (i) brown fat has positive effects on bone, and (ii) irisin and FGF21 may directly impact bone, we hypothesized that bone density, structure and strength would be positively associated with these hormones in athletes and non-athletes. To test our hypotheses, we studied 85 females, 14–21 years [38 AA, 24 EA and 23 non-athletes (NA)]. Fasting serum irisin and FGF21 were measured. Body composition and bone density were assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, bone microarchitecture using high resolution peripheral quantitative CT, strength estimates using finite element analysis, resting energy expenditure (REE) using indirect calorimetry and time spent exercising/week by history. Subjects did not differ for pubertal stage. Fat mass was lowest in AA. AA had lower irisin and FGF21 than EA and NA, even after controlling for fat and lean mass. Across subjects, irisin was positively associated with REE and bone density Z-scores, volumetric bone mineral density (total and trabecular), stiffness and failure load. FGF21 was negatively associated with hours/week of exercise and cortical porosity, and positively with fat mass and cortical volumetric bone density. Associations of irisin (but not FGF21) with bone parameters persisted after controlling for potential confounders. In conclusion, irisin and FGF21 are low in AA, and irisin (but not FGF21) is independently associated with bone density and strength in athletes.
Total quality management for bridging the expectations gap in systems development

Abstract The expectations gap in systems development is the result of differences between the expectations of end users from computer systems and their actual performance. High expectations of users are caused by vendors' self-serving claims and the glitter of technology, while the low performance of computer systems is the result of inadequacies in systems development. Application of total quality management (TQM) concepts in systems development narrows this expectations gap by meeting users' requirements of functionality and budget constraints. This is achieved by involving users, senior managers and systems developers in systems development. The development process is streamlined with computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools and project management techniques.
Personality, individual characteristics, and predisposition to technophobia: some answers, questions, and points to ponder about

Technophobia has been an enduring problem in industrial economies over the last 20 years. Though explanatory models have been proposed to explain the prevalence of technophobia, these efforts have been diffuse, contradictory, and lacking in consistency. Against this background, this paper investigates the role of individual characteristics including: (a) personality variables proposed by the big five theory of personality, (b) cognitive orientation, and (c) math and logic skills on technophobia. Data are gathered from 242 subjects at a private university in Western New York. The research hypotheses are tested using t-tests, and correlation analysis. Interpretation of results and potential directions for future research are presented.
The organization of scientific collaborations

Abstract Based on empirical analysis of 53 multi-institutional collaborations in physics and allied sciences, we find that generalizations about the essentially informal and collective social organization of collaborative projects in science stem largely from a narrow analysis of high-energy particle physics experiments. Cluster analysis reveals that the variety of organizational formats of collaborative projects can be grouped into four types, ranging from bureaucratic to participatory. Except for particle physics, which is overwhelmingly participatory and non-bureaucratic, the membership of the other three types is mostly cross-disciplinary. The four-fold typology discriminates collaborative projects with respect to their technological practices. The structure of leadership is related to the character of interdependence in data acquisition, analysis, and communication of results: greater interdependence leads to decentralization of leadership and less formalization. We conclude that extrapolation of the organizational characteristics of particle physics to scientific collaborations in general is unjustified.
Concerted regulation of skeletal muscle contractility by oxygen tension and endogenous nitric oxide

It is generally accepted that inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) facilitates, and thus nitric oxide (NO) inhibits, contractility of skeletal muscle. However, standard assessments of contractility are carried out at a nonphysiological oxygen tension [partial pressure of oxygen (pO2)] that can interfere with NO signaling (95% O2). We therefore examined, in normal and neuronal NOS (nNOS)-deficient mice, the influence of pO2 on whole-muscle contractility and on myocyte calcium flux and sarcomere shortening. Here, we demonstrate a significant enhancement of these measures of muscle performance at low physiological pO2 and an inhibitory influence at higher physiological pO2, which depend on endogenous nNOS. At 95% O2 (which produces oxidative stress; muscle core pO2 ≈400 mmHg), force production is enhanced but control of contractility by NO/nitrosylation is greatly attenuated. In addition, responsivity to pO2 is altered significantly in nNOS mutant muscle. These results reveal a fundamental role for the concerted action of NO and O2 in physiological regulation of skeletal muscle contractility, and suggest novel molecular aspects of myopathic disease. They suggest further that the role of NO in some cellular systems may require reexamination.
Growth in patients with chronic granulomatous disease

examinations. They reported a higher proportion of clinically unsuspected relapses (58 of 84), but defined relapse to include M-2. In 50 of the 84 relapses there was less than 25% blasts in the bone marrow. They found no difference, however, in the success of second remission induction or second remission duration, and concluded that "routine bone marrow investigation for detecting early relapse in acute lymphatic leukemia of childhood may be unnecessary." There are two purposes for the performance of "routine" studies in patients participating in clinical trials: (1) the benefit of the patient, and (2) to compare treatment regimens accurately. For clinical care, it would appear that the majority of relapses will be suspected on clinical or peripheral blood criteria. At present there are no data to suggest that earlier detection of relapse will change curability. It is also highly unlikely that the performance of bone marrow aspiration at frequent intervals (or any interval) will improve the statistical comparability of treatment plans, because 72% of relapses occurred within one month of finding a previous M-1 bone marrow and were clinically suspected prior to the aspiration. REFERENCES 1. Watson DK, Robinson AE, Bailey CC: A reappraisal of routine marrow examination therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Arch Dis Child 56:392, 1981. 2. Haworth C, Hippleston AD, Morris-Jones PH, et al: Routine bone marrow examination in the management of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia of childhood. J Clin Pathol 34:483, 198I. 3. Leikin SL, Brubaker C, Hartmann JR, etal : Criteria for chemotherapy in acute leukemia. Cancer 21:349, 1968. 4. Komp DM, George SL, Falletta J, et al: Cyclophosphamideasparaginase-vincristine-prednisone induction therapy in childhood acute lymphocytic and non-lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 37:1243, 1976. 5. Berry DH, Pullen J, George S, et al: Comparison of prednisone, vincristine, methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine vs vincristine and prednisone induction therapy in childhood acute leukemia. Cancer 36:98, 1975. 6. Cox DR: Regression models and life tables. J R Stat Soc 34:187, 1972.
SNOOP: A program for demonstrating the consequences of premature and repeated null hypothesis testing

The ease with which data can be collected and analyzed via personal computer makes it potentially attractive to “peek” at the data before a target sample size is achieved. This tactic might seem appealing because data collection could be stopped early, which would save valuable resources, if a peek revealed a significant effect. Unfortunately, such data snooping comes with a cost. When the null hypothesis is true, the Type I error rate is inflated, sometimes quite substantially. If the null hypothesis is false, premature significance testing leads to inflated estimates of power and effect size. This program provides simulation results for a wide variety of premature and repeated null hypothesis testing scenarios. It gives researchers the ability to know in advance the consequences of data peeking so that appropriate corrective action can be taken.
Overview of the use of prestressed concrete in U.S. nuclear power plants

Abstract The extent of the use of prestressed concrete in nuclear power plants is outlined. Evolution of large size prestressing systems and corrosion inhibiting materials is described. A summary of major problems which have been encountered with prestressed concrete construction at nuclear power plant containments in the United States is presented; that is, dome delamination, cracking of anchorheads, settlement of bearing plates, etc. Guidelines for a tendon inservice inspection program are described as well as the effectiveness of these programs. The paper concludes with an assessment of the overall effectiveness of the prestressed concrete containments.
Catalytic pyrolysis of nylon-6 to recover caprolactam

Abstract Catalytic pyrolysis has been proposed as a possible process for the recovery of caprolactam from waste nylon-6. Promising process conditions, i.e. catalyst and temperature were identified using a micro-scale reactor/molecular-beam mass-spectrometer system. At 330–360°C, in the presence of α -alumina supported KOH, the reaction proceeded at a high rate and selectivity. Only a few minutes were needed to complete the nylon-6 depolymerization with a caprolactam yield of 85%. These results were confirmed in a bench-scale fluidized bed reactor system.
A simple procedure for determining Lewis phenotypes in human saliva.

Abstract We have selected 4 murine monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to Lewis type blood group haptens to establish an assay in which antigens present in human saliva are bound to polystyrene beads and then detected by monoclonal antibodies in radioimmunoassay or in peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunoassay. Two of these antibodies detect both the Lea determinants (Leab, 1 antibody detects only Lea, and 1 only Leab. All Lewis phenotypes (Lea−b−, Lea−b+ and Lea+b+) are easily detectable in this assay. Of the 60 individualstested, 1 was Lea+b+, 4 Lea−b− 12 Lea+b− and 43 Lea−b+.
The effect of various denier capillary channel polymer fibers on the alignment of NHDF cells and type I collagen

If tissue engineers are to successfully repair and regenerate native tendons and ligaments, it will be essential to implement contact guidance to induce cellular and type I collagen alignment to replicate the native structure. Capillary channel polymer (CC-P) fibers fabricated by melt-extrusion have aligned micrometer scale surface channels that may serve the goal of achieving biomimetic, physical templates for ligament growth and regeneration. Previous work characterizing the behavior of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF), on the 19 denier per filament (dpf) CC-P fibers, demonstrated a need for improved cellular and type I collagen alignment. Therefore, 5 and 9 dpf CC-P fibers were manufactured to determine whether their channel dimensions would achieve greater alignment. A 29 dpf CC-P fiber was also examined to determine whether cellular guidance could still be achieved within the larger dimensions of the fiber's channels. The 9 dpf CC-P fiber appeared to approach the topographical constraints necessary to induce the cellular and type I collagen architecture that most closely mirrored that of native ACL tissue. This work demonstrated that the novel cross-section of the CC-P fiber geometry could approach the necessary surface topography to align NHDF cells along the longitudinal axis of each fiber.
Time consistency of monetary policy in the open economy

Abstract This paper shows that in an open economy time-consistency problems are created not only by nominal government debt, but also by nominal private debt to foreigners. Given any external nominal debt, inflation redistributes wealth between domestic residents and foreigners. A government that cares about the welfare of its residents will be tempted to inflate whenever it or its residents have issued nominal debt to foreigners. An analysis of the U.S. net investment position shows that these international considerations have become increasingly relevant for the United States, because the recent external deficits have largely been financed in nominal terms.
The effect of auditory stress on perception of intraesophageal acid in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Background & Aims: Most patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) report that stress exacerbates their symptoms, yet mechanisms underlying this association remain unknown. We sought to determine the effect of an acute laboratory stressor on perceptual and emotional responses to intraesophageal acid perfusion in healthy controls and patients with GERD. Methods: Forty-six patients with heartburn and 10 healthy controls underwent upper endoscopy and, if negative, pH monitoring. Assessment of psychologic factors and health-related quality of life was done by a questionnaire. Perceptual and emotional responses to intraesophageal acid at baseline, during auditory stress, and during an auditory control condition were determined using a randomized crossover design. Plasma levels of norepinephrine, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol were assessed. Results: Twenty-nine subjects were identified as nonerosive reflux disease and 17 as erosive esophagitis. Quality of life, psychologic profile, and personality assessment variables were similar among the 2 patient groups and the controls. There was a significant reduction in mean lag time to initial symptom perception and an increase in mean intensity rating and mean acid perfusion sensitivity score in the 2 patient groups during the stress period, which was not seen during the control condition. Healthy controls demonstrated lack of a significant change in all parameters of stimulus response functions to acid, regardless of condition. Conclusions: Acute auditory stress can exacerbate heartburn symptoms in GERD patients by enhancing perceptual response to intraesophageal acid exposure. This greater perceptual response is associated with greater emotional responses to the stressor.
Does Inflammation Contribute to Thrombotic Events

Recent studies have focused on a myriad of mechanisms by which inflammation can potentiate blood clotting. Inflammatory mediators like endotoxin and tissue necrosis factor (TNF)-α can cause the expres
Determination of SO4β1 for yttrium and the rare earth elements at I = 0.66 m and t = 25°C—implications for YREE solution speciation in sulfate-rich waters

Abstract We present a complete set of stability constants (SO4β1) for the monosulfato-complexes of yttrium and the rare earth elements (YREE), except Pm, at I = 0.66 m and t = 25°C, where SO4β1 = [MSO4+] × [M3+]−1[SO42−]−1 (M ≡ YREE and brackets indicate free ion concentrations on the molal scale). Stability constants were determined by investigating the solubility of BaSO4 in concentrated aqueous solutions of MCl3. This is the first complete set to be published in more than 30 years. The resulting SO4β1 pattern is very similar in shape to one reported by de Carvalho and Choppin (1967a) (I = 2 mol/L; t = 25°C) that has been largely ignored. Stability constants vary little between La and Sm, but display a weak maximum at Eu. Between Eu and Lu, SO4β1 decreases by 0.2 log units, substantially exceeding the ±0.02 log unit average analytical precision. The stability constant for Y is approximately equal to that for Er. Our SO4β1 pattern is consequently distinctly different from the consensus pattern, based on a single data set from 1954, which is essentially flat, with a range of only 0.07 log units between the lowest and highest SO4β1 values within the lanthanide series (excluding Y). Values of SO4β1 obtained in this work, in conjunction with the ion-pairing model of Millero and Schreiber (1982), allow prediction of SO4β1 between 0 and 1 m ionic strength. These results are used to assess both the absolute and relative extent of YREE sulfate complexation in acidic, sulfate-rich waters.
Determination of time dependence of domain growth by direct observation of small metal clusters

Abstract The in situ growth of small gold clusters on amorphous carbon substrates has been measured by direct observation, utilizing high (single-atom) resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. The time dependence of the width of the distribution of characteristic microscopic spatial frequencies in the samples was seen to obey a power-law behavior, HWHM = (t − t0)−a. The exponent measured, a = 0.15 ± 0.06, was in good agreement with scaling theories for domain growth. An excess of single atoms and small clusters was observed at all times, over that predicted by a uniform growth model of clusters. It is suggested that these support single-atom and few-atom cluster migration and activated accretion as important components of cluster growth at all times.
Constructing Reason: Human Rights and the Democratization of the United Nations

Dans cet article, l'A s'interesse a la question des droits de l'homme. L'A analyse ici l'impact des Nations Unies et des ONGs sur l'evolution des leggislations au niveau mondial. L'A revient sur l'historique de l'ONU et des ONGs pour se pencher sur la reforme recente de l'ONU et l'augmentation de l'engagement civil au niveau de la societe civile internationale
Chimeric restriction endonuclease.

Abstract Fok I restriction endonuclease recognizes the nonpalindromic pentadeoxyribonucleotide 5'-GGATG-3'.5'-CATCC-3' in duplex DNA and cleaves 9 and 13 nt away from the recognition site. Recently, we reported the presence of two distinct and separable domains within this enzyme: one for the sequence-specific recognition of DNA (the DNA-binding domain) and the other for the endonuclease activity (the cleavage domain). Here, we report the construction of a chimeric restriction endonuclease by linking the Drosophila Ultrabithorax homeodomain to the cleavage domain (FN) of Fok I restriction endonuclease. The hybrid enzyme, Ubx-FN, was purified, and its cleavage properties were characterized. The hybrid enzyme shows the same DNA sequence-binding preference as that of Ubx; as expected, it cleaves the DNA away from the recognition site. On the 5'-TTAATGGTT-3' strand the hybrid enzyme cleaves 3 nt away from the recognition site, whereas it cuts the complementary 5'-AACCATTAA-3' strand 8, 9, or 10 nt away from the binding site. Similarly engineered hybrid enzymes could be valuable tools in physical mapping and sequencing of large eukaryotic genomes.
Improved Operational Policies for Batch Extractive Distillation Columns

We and others (Hasebe et al., 1992; Meski et al., 1993; Davidyan et al., 1994) have previously developed insights into batch distillation when using a “middle vessel” batch column. We extended earlier work on reachable product regions for continuous columns to this and other batch column configurations. Our work also examined the use of a continuously flowing extractive agent to facilitate the separation of azeotropic mixtures. A middle vessel batch column has both an enriching and stripping section and thus both a distillate and bottoms product. In many ways it is just like a traditional continuous column, but we feed it by charging a middle tray having a very large holdup (a pot or still) with the initial feed. Our work compared running this column with running a batch rectifier for an azeotropic mixture when using an extractive agent. We showed that both are often able in theory to recover all of the distillate component in relatively pure form, with the middle vessel accomplishing this by “steering” t...
Treatment of HIV-Related Fatigue with Armodafinil: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of armodafinil in the treatment of fatigue in HIV+ patients, and to assess its effect on depressive symptoms and behavior once fatigue remitted. Method HIV+ patients with clinically significant fatigue were treated in a placebo-controlled randomized double-blind trial for 4 weeks. Armodafinil responders and placebo non-responders or relapsers were treated openly for a total of 16 weeks with armodafinil. The primary outcome measure for fatigue and depression was the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement Scale, supplemented by the Fatigue Severity Scale, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Safety was assessed with assays of CD4 cell count and HIV RNA viral load and the SAFTEE side effects rating scale. Maximum trial dose of armodafinil was 250 mg/d. Results Seventy patients were enrolled. Attrition was 9%. In intention-to-treat analyses, fatigue response rate to armodafinil was 75% and to placebo, 26%. Armodafinil did not reduce depressive symptoms in the absence of improved energy, but of those patients with an Axis I depressive disorder at study entry whose energy improved, 82% experienced improved mood as well. Markers of immunologic suppression did not change during treatment. At 6 months, those still taking armodafinil had more energy and fewer depressive symptoms than those who were no longer taking it. Conclusions As we found in our RCT of modafinil, armodafinil appears effective and well tolerated in treating fatigue in HIV+ patients. Side effects were minimal and most patients reported substantially improved energy and mood.
Quantitative assessment of infarct size reduction by coronary venous retroperfusion in baboons

Initial favorable reports in which coronary venous retroperfusion was begun after acute coronary artery occlusion have demonstrated a reversal of ischemic injury and improved left ventricular function. However, little information has been generated to document the extent to which retroperfusion may decrease ultimate histologically determined infarct size. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of retroperfusion in reducing infarct size by using an accurate quantitative method in which infarct size was related to the size of the anatomic perfusion bed of the occluded artery (region at risk for infarction). In an experimental group of 5 baboons, the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded and coronary venous retroperfusion started 1 hour after occlusion. After a 4-hour period of occlusion, retroperfusion was discontinued and anterograde perfusion was simultaneously restored. A control group of 5 baboons underwent an identical procedure without retroperfusion. Twenty-four hours after occlusion, hearts were excised and the previously occluded left anterior descending coronary artery as well as the adjacent arteries were infected with microvascular dye to delineate the perfusion bed of the occluded artery. Planimetry of serial corss-sections of the left ventricle enabled the size of the perfusion bed of the occluded artery and size of the infarct to be determined. The mean percentage of the perfusion bed infarcted in the control group was 94.1 +/- 0.9 (mean +/- standard error) and in the retroperfused group was 57.4 +/- 3.5 (p less than 0.001). Hence, the results demonstrated that when retroperfusion was initiated after 1 hour of coronary occlusion, the mean percentage of the perfusion bed salvaged was increased by 36.7%.
Intercontinental Transport of Air Pollution: Will Emerging Science Lead to a New Hemispheric Treaty?

We examine the emergence of InterContinental Transport (ICT) of air pollution on the agendas of the air quality and climate communities and consider the potential for a new treaty on hemispheric air pollution. ICT is the flow of air pollutants from a source continent (e.g., North America) to a receptor continent (e.g., Europe). ICT of air pollutants occurs through two mechanisms: (i) episodic advection and (ii) increasing the global background, which enhances surface concentrations. We outline the current scientific evidence for ICT of aerosols and ozone, both of which contribute to air pollution and radiative forcing. The growing body of scientific evidence for ICT suggests that a hemispheric-scale treaty to reduce air pollutant concentra tions may be appropriate to address climate and air quality concerns simultaneously. Such a treaty could pave the way for future climate agreements.
Cytotoxicity of diethyldithiocarbamate in human versus rodent cell lines.

Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) and other dithiocarbamates are currently receiving attention as potential adjuncts to traditional chemotherapy. In vitro studies with rodent cancer cell lines have consistently shown that DDTC concentrations of 0.1–1.0μ g/ml are highly cytotoxic. Paradoxically, however, concentrations of 10–100 μg/ml have been significantly less toxic.
The Use of Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) to Evaluate Practice and Control Costs in Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Management

BACKGROUND As a step toward maximizing the quality and cost-effectiveness of neurosurgical care, we designed clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the management of VP shunt malfunctions and infections at a tertiary care pediatric teaching institution. The detailed CPGs determine the use of radiographic studies, laboratory tests, and invasive procedures in the management of this problem. One purpose of the CPGs is to provide clear clinical guidelines for the medical trainee, thereby reducing variability in care and unnecessary utilization of resources. METHODS The CPGs were developed in stages over a 2-year period. The practice patterns in our institution for the management of shunt malfunctions and infections were articulated. They were compared with those published in the neurosurgical literature, and areas of clinical decision-making variability were identified. Preliminary guidelines were formulated, and data regarding patient care were prospectively collected. Based on this data, final CPGs were formulated and implemented. Total and itemized hospital charges for patients managed according to the CPGs were compared with those for patients in the 3 years before CPG implementation. RESULTS CPG-managed patients had generally lower total and itemized charges as compared with control patients. Decreased charges per hospital day and charges for shunt films in the CPG group were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The process by which the CPGs were developed and implemented, as well as the CPGs themselves, are described. We also present the clinical, demographic, and financial data that were prospectively collected for all patients managed within the CPGs over an initial 1-year period and compare it with data obtained for control groups of shunt malfunction patients admitted during the 3 years before implementation of the CPGs. We find a trend toward reduction of charges after implementation of the CPG.
Effect of Some Potentially Synergistic Treatments in Combination with 100 Krad Irradiation on the Iced Shelf Life of Cod Fillets

Irradiation of cod fillets with a maximum absorbed dose of 100 Krad extended iced storage life by about 9 days. Further extension of several days resulted when irradiation was combined concurrently with either 60% CO2 packaging atmosphere or sorbate additive. Packaging at low oxygen tension did not provide any additional benefit for irradiated fish. No important difference in storage life of treated fish was observed due to one vs three day postmortem age. The 100 Krad treatment extended grade B quality market life as opposed to grade A (prime quality) market life. Certain physical/chemical tests were evaluated for their efficacy in estimating spoilage. Concentrations of TMA, DMA, hypoxanthine, APC and pH at spoilage were comparable in control and air-irradiated samples, but were less in sorbate-irradiated fillets.
Assessing the Severity of Aortic Stenosis by Phonocardiography and External Carotid Pulse Recordings

Phonocardiograms and carotid pulse tracings were done on a group of 47 patients with all degrees of aortic stenosis and were compared with two groups of normals. Indices evaluated were pre-ejection period, left ventricular ejection time, maximum rate of arterial pulse rise, arterial half rise time (T time) and upstroke time, and timing of the peak intensity of the systolic murmur in relation to the electrocardiographic QRS and first heart sound. The indices most indicative of the presence of aortic stenosis and best correlated with its severity were the ejection time index, the maximal rate of rise of the carotid pulse and the timing of the peak of the systolic murmur. If, in a given case, all three of these indices fall outside of certain limits (ejection time index >0.42 sec, maximum rate of arterial pulse rise 0.19 sec), then severe aortic stenosis is almost invariably present.