cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NGF Signaling in Sensory Neurons: Evidence that Early Endosomes Carry NGF Retrograde Signals

Target-derived NGF promotes the phenotypic maintenance of mature dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nociceptive neurons. Here, we provide in vivo and in vitro evidence for the presence within DRG neurons of endosomes containing NGF, activated TrkA, and signaling proteins of the Rap1/Erk1/2, p38MAPK, and PI3K/Akt pathways. Signaling endosomes were shown to be retrogradely transported in the isolated sciatic nerve in vitro. NGF injection in the peripheral target of DRG neurons increased the retrograde transport of p-Erk1/2, p-p38, and pAkt in these membranes. Conversely, NGF antibody injections decreased the retrograde transport of p-Erk1/2 and p-p38. Our results are evidence that signaling endosomes, with the characteristics of early endosomes, convey NGF signals from the target of nociceptive neurons to their cell bodies.
Effects of Extraction Conditions on Improving the Yield and Quality of an Anthocyanin‐Rich Purple Corn (Zea mays L.) Color Extract

Purple corn (Zea mays L.) is a rich and economic source of anthocyanin colorants and functional ingredients. However, high levels of anthocyanin-rich waste are generated during processing, reducing the yields and increasing the costs of the final product. This waste has been associated with anthocyanin complexation with tannins and proteins. Our objective was to evaluate anthocyanin extraction methods to reduce purple corn waste. Different solvents (water, 0.01%-HCl-acidified water, and 0.01%-HCl-acidified ethanol), temperatures (room temperature, 50, 75, and 100 degrees C), and times of exposure to the solvents were investigated. Acetone (70% acetone in water) extraction was used as control. Anthocyanins, total phenolics, tannins, and proteins in extracts were measured by the pH differential, Folin-Ciocalteu, protein precipitation, and BCA assay methods. Qualitative analyses were done by HPLC coupled to a PDA detector and SDS-PAGE analysis. Water at 50 degrees C achieved the highest yield of anthocyanins (0.94 +/- 0.03 g per 100 g dry corncob) with relatively low tannins and proteins, comparable to the anthocyanin yield obtained by 70% acetone (0.98 +/- 0.08 g per 100 g dry corncob). Extending the extraction time from 20 to 60 min and using consecutive reextraction procedures reduced anthocyanin purity, increasing the yields of other phenolics. A neutral protease was applied to the extracts and effectively decomposed the major protein that was believed to contribute to the development of anthocyanin complexation and waste generation. Extraction time, consecutive reextraction procedures, and enzyme hydrolysis should be considered for high yield of anthocyanins and waste reduction.
Functional Status in Coronary Artery Disease: A One-Year Prospective Study of the Role of Anxiety and Depression

Abstract PURPOSE: Although coronary disease is the second most common cause of work and functional disability, little is known about the relative contributions of biomedical and psychosocial factors to this disability. This study was conducted to determine the associations of depression and anxiety with self-reported physical function and activity interference in patients with coronary artery disease. METHODS: This was a 1-year prospective cohort study of 198 HMO members who had elective cardiac catheterization for coronary artery disease in 1992. Measures included: severity of coronary artery stenosis from cardiac catheterization reports; anxiety and depression severity using interviewer-administered Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Rating Scales; and self-reported physical function and activity interference. RESULTS: At the time of catheterization, patients' self-reported physical function differed significantly by number of main coronary vessels stenosed >70% ( P P = 0.001), and by depression quartiles ( P = 0.001). At 1 year, physical function was no longer associated with the number of main coronary vessels stenosed at baseline, but still was significantly associated with baseline anxiety ( P P = 0.01). Moreover, change in physical function scores from baseline to 12 months was associated with baseline anxiety ( P P CONCLUSION: Anxiety and depression have a significant and persistent effect on physical function in patients with coronary artery disease. Although current treatment methods appear to neutralize the influence of coronary stenosis on physical function during the year following catheterization, this is not true for anxiety and depression.
Biological dose response to PM2.5: effect of particle extraction method on platelet and lung responses.

Particulate matter (PM) exposure contributes to respiratory diseases and cardiopulmonary mortality. PM toxicity is related to sources and composition, such as abundance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We exposed adult male BALB/c mice, via oropharyngeal aspiration, to a range of doses of PM2.5 collected during the winter in downtown Sacramento near a major freeway interchange (SacPM). Two preparation methods (spin-down and multi-solvent extraction) were tested to remove particles from collection filters. Three doses were analyzed 24 h after treatment for (1) leukocytes and total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), (2) airway-specific and whole lobe expression of PAH-sensitive genes (CYP1B1 and CYP1A1) and IL-1 b, (3) lung histology, and (4) platelet function. Both extraction methods stimulated biological responses, but the spin-down method was more robust at producing IL-1 b and CYP1B1 gene responses and the multi-solvent extraction induced whole lung CYP1A1. Neutrophils in the BALF were increased 5- to 10-fold at the mid and high dose for both preparations. Histopathology scores indicated dose-dependent responses and increased pathology associated with spin-down-derived PM exposure. In microdissected airways, spin-down PM increased CYP1B1 gene expression significantly, but multi-solvent extracted PM did not. Platelet responses to the physiological agonist thrombin were approximately twice as potent in the spin-down preparation as in the multi-solvent extract. We conclude (1) the method of filter extraction can influence the degree of biological response, (2) for SacPM the minimal effective dose is 27.5-50 µg based on neutrophil recruitment, and (3) P450s are upregulated differently in airways and lung parenchyma in response to PAH-containing PM.
Metabolically incorporated photocrosslinking sialic acid covalently captures a ganglioside–protein complex

When photoirradiated, an unnatural sialic acid analog can covalently capture the complex formed by ganglioside GM1 and cholera toxin subunit B.
Experimental Radiative Lifetimes, Branching Fractions, and Oscillator Strengths for La II and a New Determination of the Solar Lanthanum Abundance

Radiative lifetimes, accurate in most cases to ±5%, from time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence measurements on a slow beam of lanthanum ions are reported for 31 odd-parity levels of La II. Experimental branching fractions for La II from emission spectra covering the near-ultraviolet to the near-infrared are also reported. The spectra were recorded using the US National Solar Observatory 1.0 m Fourier transform spectrometer. The branching fractions are combined with the radiative lifetimes to produce 84 experimentally determined transition probabilities or oscillator strengths, generally accurate to ±10%, for La II. These new experimental results are compared to older experimental and theoretical results. These data are applied to determine a new value for the solar photospheric lanthanum abundance, (La) = 1.13, with estimated internal errors of ±0.03 and external errors of ±0.03.
Visualization Studies in Rotating Disk Cavity Flows

An experimental study was performed in a simplified turbine disk cavity consisting of a single disk rotating near a stationary flat plate, bounded radially by an axial seal fixed to the plate. Flow visualization showed boundary layers on both the rotating and stationary disks with the core between the layers rotating in solid body motion. At intermediate cooling flow rates, large vortical structures aligned with the disk spin axis and spanning the core were observed
The Life Cycle of an Extratropical Marine Cyclone. Part I: Frontal-Cyclone Evolution and Thermodynamic Air-Sea Interaction

Abstract The Experiment on Rapidly Intensifying Cyclones over the Atlantic was carried out over the western North Atlantic Ocean to provide temporally continuous comprehensive datasets from which to document the life cycle of extratropical marine cyclones. The most intense cyclogenetic event occurred on 4-5 January 1989 over the warm (>20°C) Gulf Stream current; the cyclone's central sea level pressure decreased by 60 mb in 24 h, from 996 to 936 mb. This study presents the synoptic-scale and mesoscale life cycle of this cyclone in two parts. Part I, presented here, describes the 24-h frontal-cyclone evolution through 6-h analyses of observations taken by specially deployed observing systems from air, land, and sea. The analyses of temperature, wind, and pressure about the incipient cyclone first illustrate the precursor signatures to cyclogenesis. The 850- and 500-mb temperature evolutions show a significant departure from the Norwegian frontal-cyclone model. In particular, the 850-mb analyses document 1)...
A Time-Dependent, Two Hilbert Space Approach to Long-Range Quantum Scattering

Scattering of a quantum mechanical particle by a long-range potential is studied using Enss's time-dependent method. More precisely, a simple and natural extension of the Enss method to a two Hilbert space setting is established. Applied to the consideration of long-range scattering, this extended Enss method reduces the problem of proving existence and completeness of the wave operators to the problem of solving an eikonal equation on a cone in phase space. Relying on a solution of the eikonal equation constructed by Isozaki and Kitada, it is shown that the wave operators exist and are complete whenever the potential is in the long-range class introduced by Hormander.
Multiple scattering of electromagnetic waves by randomly distributed and oriented dielectric scatterers

The coherent wave propagation and attenuation of electromagnetic waves in an inhomogeneous medium containing randomly distributed and randomly oriented nonspherical dielectric scatterers is studied using statistical averaging procedures and a self-consistent multiple-scattering theory. The specific geometry and orientation of the inhomogeneities are incorporated into the $T$ matrix of the scatterer thus making the formalism a convenient and computationally efficient scheme to study randomly oriented dielectric scatterers for a range of frequencies. The $T$ matrix of identical scatterers evaluated with respect to axes natural to the scatterers is then transformed to the arbitrary coordinate system by introducing rotation matrices that contain information about the orientation of individual scatterers. The rotation matrices can be integrated conveniently for random orientations of the scatterers.
Improving a lossy photon detector with an imperfect CNOT gate

We improve a lossy detector by using a CNOT gate to copy the classical information from the state into an ancilla qubit. This scheme works even when the CNOT gate introduces errors into the circuit.
Toll‐like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 provide mechanistic insights into the cause and effects of interleukin‐6 activation in mouse liver regeneration

Partial hepatectomy (PH) consistently results in an early increase of circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6), which is thought to play a major role in liver regeneration. Activation of this cytokine after PH requires the adaptor protein, MyD88, but the specific MyD88-related receptors involved remain unidentified. It is also unknown whether the magnitude of IL-6 elevation determines the extent of subsequent hepatocyte proliferation. Here, we uncovered artifacts in the assessment of circulating IL-6 levels when using cardiac puncture in mice after PH. By using retro-orbital bleed sampling, we show that the circulating levels of IL-6 after PH were not directly correlated with the extent of hepatocyte DNA synthesis in individual mice. The IL-6 increase after PH was attenuated in all lipopolysaccharide-hyporesponsive mouse strains studied (e.g., C3H/HeJ, Tlr4 null, Cd14 null, Tlr2,4,9 null, and Tlr2,4-Caspase1 null) and was severely abrogated in Myd88 null mice. Despite attenuated IL-6 levels, Tlr4 null mice showed normal signaling downstream of IL-6 and normal hepatocyte proliferation. In contrast, Myd88 null mice showed severe impairments in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation and Socs3 induction, but had enhanced and prolonged extracellular signal-related kinase 1 and 2 phosphorylation in the first 6 hours after PH. Unexpectedly, these changes were associated with accelerated initiation of hepatocyte proliferation, as assessed by hepatocyte bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, phospho-histone H3 immunostaining, and cyclin E and A protein expression. Conclusion: TLR-4 signaling contributes to IL-6 activation after PH, but the Tlr4-independent component appears sufficient for ensuring intact signaling downstream of IL-6. The lack of correlation between IL-6 levels and hepatocyte proliferation after PH, and the accelerated start of hepatocyte proliferation in Myd88 null mice despite abrogated cytokine activation, may highlight relevant antiproliferative effects of IL-6 signaling, possibly via Socs3, in the regulation of liver regeneration. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)
Interaction of Platelet Fc and Complement Receptors with Circulating Immune Complexes Involving the AB0 System

When platelets that are AB0-nonidentical are transfused, circulating immune complexes (CIC) are formed. In the present study we examined the ability of polyclonal antibodies to two C1q receptors on platelets, cC1q-R and gC1q-R, and a monoclonal IgG Fc gamma RII (CD32) antibody directed against the platelet Fc receptor to inhibit the uptake of CIC involving the AB0 blood group system by normal platelets. Four types of immune complexes of varying purity were made in vitro. In addition serum from 5 refractory group A patients who had demonstrable AB0 CIC, 5 patients who had received only AB0-identical platelets and had no AB0 CIC and 6 normal donors were evaluated. After exposure of normal platelets to serum of patients with demonstrable AB0 CIC there were increased levels of platelet-associated IgG. This binding was partially inhibited by preincubation of the platelets with either anti-cC1q-R (3/5 patients), gC1q-R (3/5 patients) or IgG Fc gamma RII in 4/5 patients. However, the pattern of inhibition by the three antibodies was variable. Using the artificial immune complexes a more consistent pattern was obtained. The binding of four types of artificial immune complexes to platelets was reduced by 67-99% after preincubation of the platelets with antibodies to the complement and Fc receptors. The present work supports the hypothesis that AB0 CIC bind to Fc and complement receptors on the platelet and if confirmed would suggest a pathophysiological mechanism for the clinical observations of the important role of AB0 in platelet transfusion.
Generalized decompositions of dynamic systems and vector Lyapunov functions

The notion of decomposition is generalized to provide more freedom in constructing vector Lyapunov functions for stability analysis of nonlinear dynamic systems. A generalized decomposition is defined as a disjoint decomposition of a system which is obtained by expanding the state-space of a given system. An inclusion principle is formulated for the solutions of the expansion to include the solutions of the original system, so that stabliity of the expansion implies stability of the original system. Stability of the expansion can then be established by standard disjoint decompositions and vector Lyapunov functions. The applicability, of the new approach is demonstrated using the Lotka-Voiterra equations.
Involvement of the iNKT Cell Pathway Is Associated With Early-Onset Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Response to Allergen Avoidance Therapy

Involvement of the iNKT Cell Pathway Is Associated With Early-Onset Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Response to Allergen Avoidance Therapy
Reframing the debate over health care reform: the role of system performance and affordability.

The failure to pass comprehensive national health care reform requires a new approach for framing and structuring the debate. Since 85 percent of Americans have health insurance, framing the debate around the affordability of coverage is important. More important is understanding the factors responsible for driving growth in spending, and crafting effective interventions. Our work shows that much of the rise in spending is linked to the rise in the prevalence of treated disease—much of which is preventable. Reform strategies that address this issue are not inherently partisan and may prove to be a fruitful starting point for launching the debate.
Direct measurement of forces during scanning tunneling microscope imaging of graphite

Abstract The normal force acting on a scanning tunneling microscope tip while imaging a graphite surface in air has been measured directly. Forces in the range of 10 −7 to 10 −6 N are required to achieve tunneling. Further, the force needed to maintain a constant current varies considerably as the tip scans from one part of the graphite unit cell to another. Our results are consistent with a model, originally suggested by Mamin et al., in which the force between the tip and the surface is mediated by a contamination layer, and tunneling occurs at the end of an asperity which pierces this layer. However, we cannot rule out a model where a graphite flake is dragged across the graphite surface to generate an STM image.
Prosocial behavior in hyperactive boys: effects of stimulant medication and comparison with normal boys

To clarify the effects of stimulant medication on hyperactive (ADHD) children's prosocial as well as aversive behaviors toward peers, 19 hyperactive boys, aged 7–12, were observed as they acted as “leaders” for groups of 2–4 unfamiliar younger children. In a doubleblind crossover design, subjects were observed twice, once on placebo and again on a moderate (0.6 mg/kg) dose of methylphenidate (Ritalin). Thirteen comparison boys, without problems in attention and behavior, were also observed in the same leader roles. Relative to comparison boys, hyperactive boys on placebo were more socially engaged, used more aversive leadership techniques, and were rated as less likable by the younger children in their groups. Aversive social behaviors were the strongest predictors of being disliked by the younger children. No differences were found between comparison and unmedicated hyperactive boys for any aspect of prosocial behavior. Stimulant medication had a general dampening effect on social behavior, significantly reducing social engagement and increasing (mild) dysphoria relative to the placebo condition. The implications of these findings for understanding and treating the peer relationship difficulties of hyperactive children are discussed.
Interregional migration models with source and interaction information.

The importance of information flows in models of migration are emphasized. In particular, migrants are, assumed to react to two types of information about job vacancies. ‘Interaction information’ may be defined as interpersonal communication between recent migrants and their former neighbors or friends, and ‘source information’ represents a direct flow of information from employers or agencies to individuals. Models are developed that investigate the effects of various communication rates and information retention levels on vacancy and labor-force population trajectories. It is found that attempts by planners to reduce regional inequities in vacancy rates through controlled advertising may be successful, but at the possible cost of increasing temporal fluctuations of regional vacancy rates.
Laparoscopic nissen fundoplication in childhood

An obese, 10-year-old boy presented with symptoms of pain and apnea due to gastroesophageal reflux that was unresponsive to medication. A laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication was performed, and the child was discharged from the hospital within 36 hours of the operation. The rationale and technique of a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux in childhood is described.
Gas Property Demonstrations Using Plastic Water Bottles.

Plastic water bottles are convenient containers for demonstrations of gas properties illustrating Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, and Avogadro’s law. The contents of iron-based disposable hand warmer packets can be used to remove oxygen gas from the air within an unfilled plastic water bottle.
How gypsy moth eggs freeze

Abstract Although eggs of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (L.) supercool, a steady and substantial portion freezes and dies at a steady temperature below −26°C. The rate of freezing at steady temperature is about 1% per min at −27°C and changes about tenfold per degree. The freezing of the eggs at varying temperature is predicted by integration of the rates observed at steady temperature.
The fragile X-related Gene Affects the Crawling Behavior of Drosophila Larvae by Regulating the mRNA Level of the DEG/ENaC Protein Pickpocket1

Abstract Background: Fragile X syndrome is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the fragile X mental retardation 1 ( FMR1 ) gene. How FMR1 affects the function of the central and peripheral nervous systems is still unclear. FMR1 is an RNA binding protein that associates with a small percentage of total mRNAs in vivo. It remains largely unknown what proteins encoded by mRNAs in the FMR1–messenger ribonuclear protein (mRNP) complex are most relevant to the affected physiological processes. Results: Loss-of-function mutations in the Drosophila fragile X-related ( dfmr1 ) gene, which is highly homologous to the human fmr1 gene, decrease the duration and percentage of time that crawling larvae spend on linear locomotion. Overexpression of DFMR1 in multiple dendritic (MD) sensory neurons increases the time percentage and duration of linear locomotion; this phenotype is similar to that caused by reduced expression of the MD neuron subtype-specific degenerin/epithelial sodium channel (DEG/ENaC) family protein Pickpocket1 (PPK1). Genetic analyses indicate that PPK1 is a key component downstream of DFMR1 in controlling the crawling behavior of Drosophila larvae. DFMR1 and ppk1 mRNA are present in the same mRNP complex in vivo and can directly bind to each other in vitro. DFMR1 downregulates the level of ppk1 mRNA in vivo, and this regulatory process also involves Argonaute2 (Ago2), a key component in the RNA interference pathway. Conclusions: These studies identify ppk1 mRNA as a physiologically relevant in vivo target of DFMR1. Our finding that the level of ppk1 mRNA is regulated by DFMR1 and Ago2 reveals a genetic pathway that controls sensory input-modulated locomotion behavior.
Artificial Intelligence In Processing A Sequence Of Time-Varying Images

A computer system is described for unsupervised analysis of five sets of ultrasound images of the heart. Each set consists of 24 frames taken at 33 millisecond intervals. The images are acquired in real time with computer control of the ultrasound apparatus. After acquisition the images are segmented by a sequence of image-processing programs; features are extracted and stored in a version of the Carnegie- Mellon Blackboard. Region classification is accomplished by a fuzzy logic expert system FLOPS based on OPS5. Preliminary results are given.
Clinical and electrophysiologic spectrum of fascicular tachycardias

The purpose of this report is to describe the clinical and electrophysiologic findings for patients with fascicular tachycardia (FT). Eight patients with FT, defined as tachycardia with HV interval during tachycardia less than that of HV of conducted impulses, were studied. ECG findings during FT included right bundle block and superior axis (four patients), right bundle branch block and inferior axis (one patient), and nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay (three patients). In three patients, entrainment as well as the ability to initiate and terminate the tachycardia favored a reentrant mechanism. In others, tachycardia initiation only over a critical range of paced cycle lengths and the incessant nature of the tachycardia or the presence of other atrial or ventricular foci favored a mechanism of either abnormal automaticity or triggered rhythms. Catheter ablation was successful in two of five patients in whom it was attempted. In conclusion, the ECG expression of FT is variable, depending on the site of origin of the arrhythmia in the ventricular specialized conduction system. Similarly, a variety of mechanisms and different foci may be associated with FT. Selected individuals may respond to catheter ablative therapy.
Successful life navigation by former participants in a group for pregnant and parenting teens

Background: Teen motherhood has negative consequences for mother and child. The Mothers of Mount Sinai (MOMS) Program is a group that assembles weekly and is for pregnant/parenting teens to help them become competent parents, provide job training, and encourage education and reproductive health. Methods: Former MOMS participants were recruited to complete a survey if they were over 18, and they participated in a summer job training component between 1995 and 2006. The survey included questions about participants' lives at start of MOMS and currently, including education, finances, and pregnancies. Results: Thirty-one of 77 eligible former participants completed the survey, with mean elapsed time of 10.7 years since starting MOMS. Fifty-eight percent had graduated high school, 81% had graduated high school or obtained a GED, 55% had attended some college, and 13% had graduated college. Twenty-six women (84%) are currently employed with median income in the range of $20,000–35,000. Currently, more women are...
Online reverse auctions: Common myths versus evolving reality

Abstract Business-to-Business (B2B) online reverse auctions have become a popular way to source products and services. However, due to their relative newness and conflicting reports, several myths and misconceptions about them still exist. This article investigates the truth behind five of the most common myths associated with reverse auctions and, based on insights obtained from 30 case study companies, provides prescriptive evidence and direction for supply managers regarding how not to fall victim to these myths. As such, we present and offer useful guidance to achieve the following realities: First, while a lower price is one objective in reverse auctions, it is often not the most important, and can easily be complemented with non-price attributes. Second, commodity items are usually easier candidates for reverse auctions, but non-commodity items can also be bid successfully. Third, reverse auctions can frequently hurt buyer–supplier relationships; however, there are many ways to prevent this from happening. Fourth, while first-time bidding events generally result in higher savings, continued cost advantages are possible. And finally, fifth, even though there is a decline in reverse auction usage, they are here for the long-run.
Emergencies in developed countries: are aid organisations ready to adapt?

Issues regarding the appropriateness of aid organizations have been raised since the rise in prioritization of programmatic responses to complex emergencies. These priorities and standards emerged due to the experiences of aid organizations responding to complex emergencies in developing countries. The acute and post-emergency phases of complex emergencies in developing countries primarily in Asia and Africa have been defined with regard to mortality and morbidity rates. These rates have often been used in assessments as health indicators for the whole population. Some aid organizations that responded to the Balkan crisis did not adapt the developing country paradigm for response to the needs of the situation. Problems arose concerning treatment of chronic diseases and mental health. The need for a new definition of the phases of complex emergencies which consider variables such as demographic characteristics and epidemiological disease profile is evident.
Effect of testosterone on the female anterior cruciate ligament

Injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) result in immediate and long-term morbidity and expense. Young women are more likely to sustain ACL injuries than men who participate in similar ath...
Interliterariness as a Concept in Comparative Literature

In his article, "Interliterariness as a Concept in Comparative Literature," Marian Galik observes that the concept of interliterariness has a relative short history and limited application owing to geo-political reasons. He traces the history of the concept and cites instances of its use within the Central European scholarship of comparative literature. Dionýz Durisin is identified as the most prominent exponent of the concept and Galik then locates the question of interliterariness within the context of its potential applications. The concept of interliterariness is defended as both a guiding and unifying principle in so far as it is irreducible, relative, and encompassing. Interliterariness provides the universal concept of literature and the study of literature with an ontological grounding and epistemological justification. Literatures may therefore be compared and understood via a historical process and with respect to a systematic series of related literary facts across cultural boundaries, movements, and moments. Literature thereby remains an interliterary global community, one characterized by trans/formations. Consequently, the system(at)ic study of any given literature(s) should trans/form itself accordingly. Marian Galik, "Interliterariness as a Concept in Comparative Literature” page 2 of 7 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 2.4 (2000):
Granular chute flow regimes:mass flowrates, flowrate limits and clogging

It has previously been shown that the transition from supercritical to subcritical behavior in granular chute flows often results in the formation of stagnant zones which limit the mass flow and eventually clog the chute. This paper reports an analysis of previously unpublished data for the flow of cohesionless granular material in inclined open channels. Three regimes of mass flow behavior, supercritical and two regimes of subcritical flow, were observed and are characterized by their dependence on chute inclination and geometry. (This paper represents the first report of the third flow regime.) Analysis of the experimental findings lead into empirical/mathematical expressions for the mass flow in the first two regimes as well as a prediction of the regime transition points for all three regimes. This last gives insight into the effect of chute geometry on regime transition and the subsequent clogging of chutes.
Simple reaction time as a function of preparation for a subsequent choice reaction time task

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that an increase in the number of alternatives in the choice reaction time task would lengthen the reaction time in the inunediately preceding simple reaction time task because of higher attentional preparation demand. The simple reaction time task involved an auditory click and was performed between the warning light and the visual choice reaction time task. The hypothesis was confirmed. The increase in simple reaction time as a function of information load of the subsequent choice reaction time task was explained in terms of an increased amount of conunitment of limited-capacity attentional system and was interpreted as signifying that there is at least partial parallel processing of the two tasks. The relation of these results to some recent data on the effect of expectancy and limited-capacity short-term memory was discussed.
All STEM fields are not created equal: People and things interests explain gender disparities across STEM fields.

The degree of women’s underrepresentation varies by STEM fields. Women are now overrepresented in social sciences, yet only constitute a fraction of the engineering workforce. In the current study, we investigated the gender differences in interests, and used it to explain the differential distribution of women across sub-disciplines of STEM as well as the overall underrepresentation of women in STEM fields. Specifically, we meta-analytically reviewed norm data on basic interests from 52 samples in 33 interest inventories published between 1964 and 2007, with a total of 209,810 male and 223,268 female respondents. We found gender differences in interests to vary largely by STEM field, with the largest gender differences in interests favoring men observed in engineering disciplines (d = .83 to 1.21), and in contrast, gender differences in interests favoring women in social sciences and medical services (d = -.33 and -.40, respectively). Importantly, the gender composition (percentages of women) in STEM fields reflects these gender differences in interests. The patterns of gender differences in interests and the actual gender composition in STEM fields were explained by the people-orientation and things-orientation of work environments, and were not associated with the level of quantitative ability required. These findings suggest potential interventions targeting interests in STEM education to facilitate individuals’ ability and career development and strategies to reform work environments to better attract and retain women in STEM occupations.
ISOLATION OF A NEW "CAROTENOID" FROM RAT LIVER.

A new carotenoid-like substance has been isolated from rat liver. A method for its separation and some of its properties are given. The authors wish to express their gratitude to Dr. H. F. Seibert, of the S.M.A. Corporation, for the samples of the β carotene used in these studies.
APPLICATION OF THE NRTL EQUATION TO SELECTED VLE DATA FOR THE SIMULATION OF THE CONTACT SULFURIC ACID PROCESS

Abstract The success of flowsheeting systems in modeling chemical processes is fundamentally dependent upon their ability to adequately represent the physical properties and thermodynamic quantities of the chemical system of interest. The nonideal H2SO2 and H2O system poses particular difficulties both representing the physical properties and in modeling the adsorption-reaction step involved in the formation of sulfuric acid by the contact process. This paper proposes the use of suitable nonideal correlation equations such as Wilson and Renon's NRTL for the reduction of specially formulated VLE data to develop a correlation that overcomes the difficulties associated with calculating the mass and energy balances for this system. The approach presented here enables the user to make maximum use of the flowsheeting capabilities without adding user supplied subroutines. The results indicate improved agreement over previous modeling approaches for the calculation of the absorber energy balances in which the abs...
Erythrocyte membrane vesiculation and changes in membrane composition during storage in citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine-1.

Abstract. Serial studies were made of the membranes of the erythrocytes and the vesicles shed during storage of blood in polyvinyl chloride containers for 35 days in citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine anticoagulant. Special precautions were taken to eliminate artifacts created by contaminating leukocytes, platelets and red blood cell ghosts. A total of 15.6% of the cholesterol and 5.2% of the phospholipids of the membranes was lost with no gross change in the gel electrophoretic patterns. The quantity of vesicles found in the supernatant plasma increased during storage and their membranes were characterized by the absence of spectrin, ankyrin, and periodic acid Schiff bands 2 and 3. The ratio of lipids to protein in the vesicles increased as they accumulated perhaps reflecting a rearrangement of the erythrocyte membrane constituents during prolonged maintenance at 4°C.
Concrete fracture models: testing and practice

Abstract The existing fracture models for concrete and the testing methods for fracture energy and other fracture characteristics are reviewed and some new results on the relationship between fracture testing and size effect are presented. The limitations of the cohesive crack model are discussed. The discrepancy between the fracture energy values measured by Hillerborg's work-of-fracture method and the size effect method is explained and mathematically described by the recently proposed broad-range size effect law. The implications of the recently identified large statistical scatter of the fracture energy values measured by the work of fracture, compared to those measured by the size effect method or Jenq–Shah method, are discussed. Merits of various testing methods are analyzed. A testing procedure in which the maximum loads of notched beams of only two different sizes in the ratio 2:1 and two different notch depths are tested is proposed and a least-square procedure for calculating the fracture parameters is given. A simplified testing procedure with an empirical coefficient, in which only the maximum loads of identical notched and unnotched beams of one size are tested, is also proposed as an alternative. To improve the size effect description for small sizes, the small-size asymptotics of the cohesive crack model is determined and a formula matching this asymptotics, as well as the large-size linear elastic fracture mechanics asymptotics, is presented. Finally, various arguments for introducing fracture mechanics into concrete design practice are reviewed and put into the perspective of safety factors.
The Cryostat for the SSC 6 T Magnet Option

A design has been developed for an SSC 6T option dipole magnet cryostat. The design criteria that defines the basic parameters and performance requirements are discussed. Details of the single phase assembly, suspension, insulation, thermal shields, vacuum vessels and interconnections are presented. Results of the experimental program in support of the design effort are discussed.
DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE PATTERNS TO THE CONTROL CONDITION BETWEEN TWO PROCEDURES TO ASSESS SOCIAL REINFORCERS FOR CHILDREN WITH AUTISM

Historically, reinforcer assessment procedures focus primarily on identifying nonsocial reinforcers (e.g., tangibles and edibles). Far less empirical attention has been allocated to the systematic identification of social consequences that function as reinforcers. This discrepancy is problematic given that social consequences are commonly incorporated into behavioral treatment programs without systematic evaluation of their efficacy. In this study, two methodologies (a single operant and a concurrent choice) were used to assess social reinforcers for children with autism. Results highlighted differences in response allocation to the control condition between procedures. Specifically, responding occurred in the control condition of the single-operant procedure but not in the concurrent-operant procedure. These differences highlight the need for further evaluation of procedures to assess social reinforcers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Architecture and fiber type of the pyramidalis muscle

The paired pyramidalis muscles are small triangular-shaped muscles that lie between the anterior surface of the rectus abdominus and the posterior surface of the rectus sheath. The precise function of pyramidalis muscles is unclear, but together the muscles are thought to tense the linea alba. The muscles are not always present, or are often unilateral, and vary greatly in size. Their wider inferior margins attach to the pubic symphyses and pubic crests, whereas their narrow superior margins attach to the linea alba. The gross anatomy and innervation of the pyramidalis muscles has been described by others, but their architecture and fiber type have not been determined in previous publications. The purpose of the present paper was therefore to investigate these parameters and place the findings into context for the literature available on this muscle. An example of bilateral pyramidalis muscles was recently encountered in a male cadaver that provided ample tissue for an analysis of its architecture and fiber type. The muscle mass, muscle length, fiber length, and pennation angle of muscle fibers were measured to ascertain physiological cross-sectional area and thereby estimate force production. Fiber type composition was also examined using immunofluorescent labeling. The results show that this is a muscle of mixed fiber type composition, similar to the rectus abdominus, and that the estimated forces generated by this muscle are relatively small.
Understanding how organic solvent polarity affects water structure and bonding at halocarbon–water interfaces

Vibrational sum-frequency spectroscopy (VSFS) is employed here to study the bonding and structure of water molecules at the mixed halocarbon–water interface. Mixtures of non-polar CCl4 with more polar solvents CHCl3, dichloromethane (DCM), and 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) are used to vary the polarity of the organic phase. The OH stretching modes of interfacial water molecules are used to characterize and compare the interactions between water and the different halocarbons in the organic phase. The spectroscopic results show differing degrees of interaction between water and the various halocarbon molecules in the interfacial region as manifested in spectral shifts and intensity changes in the OH stretching modes. The spectral observations indicate that as the organic phase is systematically increased in polarity with the addition of polar halocarbons, the interfacial water molecules display increased bonding interactions with the organic phase. This increased interaction between interfacial water and the interfacial halocarbons leads to a reduction in the strong orientation of interfacial water molecules that is so prevalent for water adjacent to non-polar organic liquids. The results provide important insights into water adjacent to a hydrophobic surface as that surface takes on increasingly polar characteristics. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Numbers, Diversity, and Phenology of Spiders (Araneae) Overwintering in Cardboard Bands Placed in Pear and Apple Orchards of Central Washington

Cardboard bands were placed on pear and apple trees at each of three sites to act as overwintering shelters for spiders. Bands were placed on the trees in late August, at three heights on the tree. One-third of the bands was collected in January to determine what taxa of spiders overwintered in the shelters. The remaining bands at each site were collected and replaced at weekly intervals between late August and early December to monitor phenology of movement into the shelters. More than 2,900 spiders in 10 families were recovered from the winter-collected set of bands. Spiders were collected from all three sampling heights in the trees. The majority of spiders were juveniles, although adults of some Salticidae [especially Pelegrina aeneola (Curtis) and Phanias sp.] were fairly common. The dominant families were Philodromidae (primarily Philodromus spp.) and Salticidae (primarily P. aeneola), comprising 66 and 28%, respectively, of the total specimens. In the weekly collections, >5,600 bands were sampled during the study producing >6,000 spiders represented by 12 families and 30 identified genera. Dominant taxa in the weekly collected bands included Philodromus cespitum (Walckenaer), P. aeneola, Xysticus spp. (Thomisidae), Sassacus papenhoei Peckham and Peckham (Salticidae), Phidippus spp. (Salticidae), and Anyphaena pacifica Banks (Anyphaenidae). Of these taxa, Xysticus spp., S. papenhoei, and A. pacifica were very uncommon in the winter-collected bands, and we infer from these results that these spiders used the bands as temporary refuges only, and overwintered elsewhere. Data obtained from the weekly collected bands suggested that Philodromus spp., Dictyna spp., P. aeneola, and Cheiracanthium mildei L. Koch entered overwintering shelters during the interval between mid-October and mid- to late November. Pear and apple blocks at the same site were more similar in community composition than a common crop species at two different sites. More spiders were recovered from bands placed in the unmanaged and organically managed orchards than from apple and pear blocks that received insecticides during the growing season.
Best Laid Plans: Establishing Fairness Early Can Help Smooth Organizational Change

The article reports on a study pertaining to managing organizational change. Researchers examined how the planning process for a major change effort can impact employee attitudes, including feelings of trust toward management. They found that trust in management increased over time if employees felt that they were given significant opportunities to provide input and the plan was explained and justified adequately. The results suggest that planning for organizational change represents an opportunity to build trust among employees.
Fully compliant tensural bistable micromechanisms (FTBM)

A new class of bistable mechanisms, the fully compliant tensural bistable micromechanism (FTBM) class, is introduced. The class consists of linear bistable micromechanisms that undergo tension loads, in addition to the bending loads present, through their range of motion. Proof-of-concept designs fabricated in two different microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) surface micromachining processes were demonstrated. Three sets of refined designs within the FTBM class were designed using optimization methods linked with nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA), then fabricated and tested. Measured force and displacement performance are compared to values obtained by FEA. On-chip actuation of the bistable mechanisms was achieved using thermomechanical in-plane microactuators (TIMs). The FTBM class of bistable mechanisms explores a relatively new design space for fully compliant micromechanisms, and mechanisms from this class have promise in such applications as micro shutter positioning, microvalves, and electrical microrelays. [1448].