cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Dodd‐Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act: Accomplishments and Limitations*

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 is widely described as the most ambitious and far-reaching overhaul of financial regulation in the United States since the 1930s. Together with other regulatory reforms introduced by regulatory agencies globally, the Act aims to put an end to the too-big-to-fail problem and is expected to alter the structure of financial markets in profound ways. This article provides an overall assessment of the Act in three different ways: first, in light of first economic principles, or how theory suggests we should regulate the financial sector, given the systemic risk externality each financial firm imposes on other firms and the rest of the economy; second, from a comparative perspective that views the proposed reforms in relation to those undertaken in the 1930s following the Great Depression; and, finally, in the form of an assessment of how the proposed reforms would have fared in preventing and dealing with the crisis of 2007–2009 had they been in place at the time. The article also highlights key areas that are left wholly or partly unaddressed by the Dodd-Frank Act—notably, the pricing of explicit and implicit government guarantees; dealing with inevitable opportunities for the financial sector to engage in regulatory arbitrage; and containing the systemic risk arising from collections of small institutions and markets such as money market funds and repo contracts.
Continuous SPLITT fractionation based on a diffusion mechanism

We describe the theoretical and experimental basis of continuous SPLITT fractionation in a diffusion mode, in which the transport region becomes a thin liquid diffusion barrier (a virtual membrane) dividing the sample input region from the collection region. With flow rates properly adjusted, low molecular weight components rapidly penetrate this barrier, leading to a substantial accumulation in the collection region. At the same time, only a small fraction of the higher molecular weight components will traverse this barrier because of more sluggish diffusion. Consequently, in a very short time (typically, a few tens of seconds) a substantial enrichment of the high molecular component can be achieved, although at the expense of some sample dilution. Preliminary experiments using several proteins and sodium benzoate are described that show excellent agreement with theory. Gravitational convection is shown to be generally negligible but can be induced by the presence of a densifier such as sucrose
Robust prediction from multiple heterogeneous data sources with partial information

Significant research efforts for robust integration of information from multiple sources are being pursued at a rapid pace. However, the information in heterogeneous sources is often incomplete and hence making the maximum use of all the available information is a challenging problem. Most of the recent research on data integration have been primarily focused on the cases where the information is available across all the different sources and can not effectively integrate sources in the presence of partial information. We develop an ensemble method that boosts the decisions made from different models on individual sources and obtain robust results for the task of class prediction. We propose a heterogeneous boosting framework that uses all the available information even if some of the sources do not provide any information about some objects. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework for the problem of gene function prediction and compare to the state-of-the-art methods using several real-world biological datasets. We also show that the proposed method outperforms any kind of imputation schemes that are widely used while integrating data with partial information
Mg diffusion in anorthite: implications for the formation of early solar system planetesimals

We have measured the self diffusion coefficients of Mg, Ca, and Sr in anorthitic plagioclase in order to assess the potential of Mg isotopic heterogeneities in early solar system planetesimals to survive thermal metamorphism. Diffusion couples were constructed from polished single crystals of natural anorthite and synthetic, isotopically enriched anorthite glass. Couples were annealed at atmospheric pressure and 1200–1400°C and isotopic concentration profiles were measured with an ion microprobe. The results show that Mg diffusion in anorthite is surprisingly fast, with D_(Mg) being over 2 orders of magnitude greater than D_(Sr). This indicates that the diffusion coefficient of Mg in anorthite cannot be approximated with that for Sr. Mg diffusion in the c-direction is also slightly faster than in the b-direction, while Ca and Sr diffusion appear to be isotropic. The results provide important constraints on the thermochronological history of anorthite-bearing mineral assemblages that preserve radiogenic ^(26)Mg excesses. In a planetesimal heated by the decay of ^(26)Al, the temperature at any point depends on the planetesimal size, time of formation, thermal conductivity, and depth within the planetesimal. Given sufficient heating, ^(26)Mg heterogeneities produced by the in-situ decay of ^(26)Al in Ca-, Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) and chondrules will be erased by diffusive equilibration. Using the self diffusion coefficient for Mg in anorthite measured in this study, we show that the common occurrence of ^(26)Mg excesses in these inclusions requires that they must be stored in small (≲15 km) bodies or the outermost rims of larger bodies for the first 1–2 million years of the solar system's history. For early formed bodies larger than 15 km, most of the mass will have been heated sufficiently for any radiogenic ^(26)Mg to have been diffusively homogenized in the Mg-rich planetary environment.
Is bladder dysfunction and incontinence associated with ureteroceles congenital or acquired

Purpose: Bladder dysfunction (a disorder often characterized by incontinence, urgency, patterns of dysfunctional voiding, incomplete emptying and so forth) in association with ureteroceles has been attributed to surgical intervention. A previous study suggested that patients with ectopic ureteroceles may have bladder dysfunction as part of this disorder regardless of the type of surgical intervention. We reviewed all types of ureteroceles (ectopic versus intravesical, simple versus duplex) to characterize the patterns of bladder dysfunction and its association with prior surgical treatments.Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of medical records was performed as part of a multi-institutional study. From 1986 to 2000, 616 patients were identified with ureteroceles. Bladder dysfunction was determined by detailed history (that is, voiding diary) plus urodynamic evaluation when deemed appropriate.Results: Based on initial history, 39 of 616 (6.3%) patients had some form of bladder dysfunction and 34 ...
Searching for pulsations in Kepler eclipsing binary stars

Eclipsing binaries can in principle provide additional constraints to facilitate asteroseismology of one or more pulsating components. We have identified 94 possible eclipsing binary systems in a sample of over 1800 stars observed in long cadence as part of the Kepler Guest Observer Program to search for γ Doradus and δ Scuti star candidates. We show the results of a procedure to fold the light curve to identify the potential binary period, subtract a fit to the binary light curve, and perform a Fourier analysis on the residuals to search for pulsation frequencies that may arise in one or both of the stellar components. From this sample, we have found a large variety of light curve types; about a dozen stars show frequencies consistent with δ Sct or γ Dor pulsations, or light curve features possibly produced by stellar activity (rotating spots). For several stars, the folded candidate ‘binary’ light curve resembles more closely that of an RR Lyr, Cepheid, or high-amplitude δ Sct star. We show highlights of our results and discuss the potential for asteroseismology of the most interesting objects.
Ten-Year Experience with Mycetomas in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis*

We studied 33 consecutive patients with tuberculous pulmonary cavities complicated by fungus balls to evaluate their treatment. Nineteen had surgical resection for massive or recurrent bleeding or possibility of tumor. One patient died of postpneumonectomy empyema (30-day surgical mortality, 5 percent). Fourteen had no surgery. No patient died of hemoptysis. Respiratory failure contributed most often to death. Hepatic complications and other problems of alcoholism were also prominent. Good results can be obtained by resection in these severely ill patients if care is taken to preserve functioning pulmonary tissue and to avoid complications of alcoholic hepatic disease. Within these constraints, tuberculous cavities complicated by mycetomas should be resected for massive or recurrent hemoptysis.
A Review of Sociological Understanding of Social Change in Nineteenth-Century America and England*

(1963). A Review of Sociological Understanding of Social Change in Nineteenth-Century America and England. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 49-58.
Field Dependence-Independence and College Nonmusic Majors' Description and Identification of Music Excerpts

In this investigation of the effects of field dependence-independence (FDI), general mental ability, previous music experience, and gender on music listening, 148 students enrolled in a college introductory music class recorded observations about eight music excerpts. After 1 week and again after 2 weeks, subjects used their observations to identify the excerpts. A series of multiple-regression analyses was used to examine the unique contributions of the four subject variable sets to the explanation of variance in excerpt identification (EI) scores. The regression of all sets accounted for 30.9% of the variance in EI scores. FDI, as measured by the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT), uniquely accounted for 9.1% of the variance in EI scores. General mental ability, as measured by the ACT, uniquely accounted for 6.3% of the variance in EI scores. Experience and gender each explained less than 1 % of the unique variance.
Regulation of Leydig Cell Steroidogenic Function During Aging

This article summarizes a talk on Leydig cell aging presented at the 1999 Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Reproduction. In the Brown Norway rat, serum testosterone levels decrease with aging, accompanied by increases in serum FSH. The capacity of Leydig cells to produce testosterone is higher in young than in old rats. Binding studies with hCG revealed reduced receptor number in old vs. young Leydig cells. In response to incubation with LH, cAMP production was found to be reduced in old vs. young Leydig cells, indicating that signal tranduction mechanisms in the old cells are affected by aging. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and mRNA levels are reduced in old Leydig cells, suggesting that there may be deficits in the transport of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane of aged cells. The activity of P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme is reduced in old vs. young cells, as are the activities of each of 3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17a-hydroxylase/ C17‐20 lyase, and 17-ketosteroid reductase. Serum LH levels do not differ between young and old rats, and the administration of LH failed to induce old Leydig cells to produce high (young) testosterone levels, suggesting that the cause of age-related reductions in steroidogenesis is not LH deficits. We hypothesized that reactive oxygen, produced as a by-product of steroidogenesis itself, might be responsible for age-related reductions in testosterone production by the Leydig cells. Consistent with this, long-term suppression of steroidogenesis was found to prevent or delay the reduced steroidogenesis that accompanies Leydig cell aging. A possible explanation of this finding is that longterm suppression of steroidogenesis prevents free radical damage to the cells by suppressing the production of the reactive oxygen species that are a by-product of steroidogenesis itself. LH, male reproductive tract, testes, testosterone
Fused Number Representation Systems and their Barcode Applications

In this paper we focus on: a) enhancing the performance of existing barcode systems and b) building a barcode system for mobile applications. First we introduce a new concept of generating a parametric number representation system by fusing a number of representation systems that use multiplication, addition, and other operations. Second we show how one can generate a secure, reliable, and high capacity color barcode by using the fused system. The representation, symbols, and colors may be used as encryption keys that can be encoded into barcodes, thus eliminating the direct dependence on cryptographic techniques. To supply an extra layer of security, the fused system also allows one to encrypt given data using different types of encryption methods. In addition, this fused system can be used to improve image processing applications and cryptography.
Domain interactions regulating ampa receptor desensitization.

Desensitization is a common property of glutamate and other ligand-gated ion channels, yet its molecular mechanism is unknown. For glutamate receptors, agonist binding involves interactions with identified amino acids from two lobes and may result in stabilizing the lobes in a closed “clamshell” conformation. The present studies demonstrate that two structures, β-strands 7 and 8 and α-helices J and K, functionally interact with each other and likely form hinges between the two lobes, influencing the coupling between agonist binding and desensitization. Two amino acids identified within these regions form a solvent-exposed interface with a third amino acid, a mutation of which was shown previously to block receptor desensitization (L507 in glutamate receptor 3). This interface may regulate a concerted conformational shift of the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptor subunits to the desensitized state.
Adenia (Passifloraceae) and Its Adaptive Radiation: Phylogeny and Growth form Diversification

Abstract The genus Adenia provides a natural experiment to investigate the evolution of growth form. Within the group, trees, shrubs, herbs, vines, and lianas are present. Using ITS1 + 5.8S + ITS2 sequence data, a phylogeny of 67 of ~100 species of Adenia is inferred using parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Specific hypotheses of monophyly are also tested to couch the analyses of growth form evolution within a phylogenetic framework. Within the context of this phylogeny, synapomorphies for major clades are discussed, as are patterns of growth form evolution. Absolute divergence times of nodes are estimated using penalized likelihood, and speciation rate based on these times is inferred to be fast relative to some other lineages of life. By reconstructing evolutionary history on a sample of trees from the posterior distribution of the Bayesian analysis, it is estimated that succulent stems evolved ca. four times, and tubers ca. eight. Transitions between markedly different growth forms occur on the scale of ...
A Motion-Compensated Orthogonal Transform with Energy-Concentration Constraint

This paper discusses a transform for successive pictures of an image sequence which strictly maintains orthogonality while permitting motion compensation between pairs of pictures. The well known motion-compensated lifted Haar wavelet maintains orthogonality only approximately. In the case of zero motion fields, the motion-compensated lifted Haar wavelet is known to be orthogonal. But for complex motion fields with many multi-connected and unconnected pixels, the motion-compensated lifted Haar wavelet cannot accurately maintain its transform property and, hence, suffers a performance degradation. The presented motion-compensated orthogonal transform strictly maintains orthogonality for any motion field. Further, the transform is designed with an energy-concentration constraint. The energy of the input pictures is accumulated in the temporal low-band while the temporal high-band is zero if the input pictures are identical up to a known single-connecting motion field. This constraint makes the transform suitable for coding applications
Ultrastructural visualization of cytoskeletal mRNAs and their associated proteins using double-label in situ hybridization

We have been able to visualize cytoskeletal messenger RNA molecules at high resolution using nonisotopic in situ hybridization followed by whole-mount electron microscopy. Biotinated cDNA probes for actin, tubulin, or vimentin mRNAs were hybridized to Triton-extracted chicken embryo fibroblasts and myoblasts. The cells were then exposed to antibodies against biotin followed by colloidal gold-conjugated antibodies and then critical-point dried. Identification of mRNA was possible using a probe fragmented to small sizes such that hybridization of several probe fragments along the mRNA was detected as a string of colloidal gold particles qualitatively and quantitatively distinguishable from nonspecific background. Extensive analysis showed that when eight gold particles were seen in this iterated array, the signal to noise ratio was greater than 30:1. Furthermore, these gold particles were colinear, often spiral, or circular suggesting detection of a single nucleic acid molecule. Antibodies against actin, vimentin, or tubulin proteins were used after in situ hybridization, allowing simultaneous detection of the protein and its cognate message on the same sample. This revealed that cytoskeletal mRNAs are likely to be extremely close to actin protein (5 nm or less) and unlikely to be within 20 nm of vimentin or tubulin filaments. Actin mRNA was found to be more predominant in lamellipodia of motile cells, confirming previous results. These results indicate that this high resolution in situ hybridization approach is a powerful tool by which to investigate the association of mRNA with the cytoskeleton.
Observer Design for Stochastic Nonlinear Systems via Contraction-Based Incremental Stability

This paper presents a new design approach to nonlinear observers for Ito stochastic nonlinear systems with guaranteed stability. A stochastic contraction lemma is presented which is used to analyze incremental stability of the observer. A bound on the mean-squared distance between the trajectories of original dynamics and the observer dynamics is obtained as a function of the contraction rate and maximum noise intensity. The observer design is based on a non-unique state-dependent coefficient (SDC) form, which parametrizes the nonlinearity in an extended linear form. The observer gain synthesis algorithm, called linear matrix inequality state-dependent algebraic Riccati equation (LMI-SDARE), is presented. The LMI-SDARE uses a convex combination of multiple SDC parametrizations. An optimization problem with state-dependent linear matrix inequality (SDLMI) constraints is formulated to select the coefficients of the convex combination for maximizing the convergence rate and robustness against disturbances. Two variations of LMI-SDARE algorithm are also proposed. One of them named convex state-dependent Riccati equation (CSDRE) uses a chosen convex combination of multiple SDC matrices; and the other named Fixed-SDARE uses constant SDC matrices that are pre-computed by using conservative bounds of the system states while using constant coefficients of the convex combination pre-computed by a convex LMI optimization problem. A connection between contraction analysis and L_2 gain of the nonlinear system is established in the presence of noise and disturbances. Results of simulation show superiority of the LMI-SDARE algorithm to the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and state-dependent differential Riccati equation (SDDRE) filter.
Microcosm Assessment of a DNA Probe Applied to Aerobic Degradation of cis-1,2- Dichloroethene by Polaromonas sp. Strain JS666

A molecular biological tool based on an organism-specific DNA sequence does not necessarily indicate in situ activity but serves important functions of evaluating the potential for biodegradation and mapping the distribution of an organism. Currently, DNA-based probes are accepted as evaluative tools for site assessment. However, these techniques are far from standardized, and information on precision is usually lacking. Here, we present the development and evaluation of a DNA probe for Polaromonas sp. strain JS666, a bacterium that couples growth to aerobic oxidation of cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE), and is therefore a promising candidate for bioaugmentation at sites where cDCE has accumulated in aerobic zones. The DNA probe was used in conjunction with quantitative polymerase chain reaction to track the abundance of JS666 in microcosms. This series of studies has allowed explicit resolution of the accuracy and precision of the probe and its correlation with variations in microcosm performance. We determined that the method is sufficient to monitor distribution of JS666 at bioaugmented sites. We found within environmental, mixed cultures, that the DNA target does not persist long after cell death, demonstrating that positive result from the probe is a strong indicator that degradation can occur in suitable environmental conditions. Finally, in the absence of suspected predation, the probe accurately and precisely tracks growth. Collectively, the studies appear to validate the utility of the molecular probe for site assessment in a bioaugmentation context.
Does comparing solution methods facilitate conceptual and procedural knowledge? An experimental study on learning to solve equations.

Encouraging students to share and compare solution methods is a key component of reform efforts in mathematics, and comparison is emerging as a fundamental learning mechanism. To experimentally evaluate the effects of comparison for mathematics learning, the authors randomly assigned 70 seventhgrade students to learn about algebra equation solving by either (a) comparing and contrasting alternative solution methods or (b) reflecting on the same solution methods one at a time. At posttest, students in the compare group had made greater gains in procedural knowledge and flexibility and comparable gains in conceptual knowledge. These findings suggest potential mechanisms behind the benefits of comparing contrasting solutions and ways to support effective comparison in the classroom.
The subspace projection method for constructing coupled-mode synthetic seismograms

SUMMARY Subspace projection is an algorithm to calculate synthetic long-period seismograms from weakly coupled free oscillations. The algorithm exploits the fact that seismic motion on a slowly rotating, slightly aspherical earth can be represented by a sum of hybrid multiplets that are quasi-isolated in the frequency domain. This method incorporates the coupling interactions between multiplets to first order, and incorporates coupling interaction within each hybrid multiplet with a Galerkin formalism. Subspace projection does not linearize the response of the seismic waveform itself, but rather linearizes the perturbations to the free oscillations that comprise the seismic waveform. The subspace projection method enjoys a computational advantage over full coupled-mode calculations because eigenvalue-eigenvector decompositions are calculated using much smaller matrices. It is valid for times long after the seismic source onset. Subspace projection can be represented by a power series whose speed of convergence depends on the coupling strength parameter erms. The estimated root-mean-square (rms) relative waveform perturbation caused by intermultiplet coupling is √2erms. We tested the accuracy of the algorithm with a series of numerical experiments using rotation, hydrostatic ellipticity and upper mantle lateral structure model M84A. Waveforms were constructed from the modes 0Sl, l= 2,…, 56. We found that the subspace projection seismograms, averaged over 300 source-receiver pairs within frequency bands where coupling was significant, represented 92–99 per cent of the waveform variance caused by coupling among nearest neighbours along the 0Sl dispersion branch. If two multiplets are close in frequency, subspace projection may represent the coupled-mode waveform poorly. Closely spaced multiplets dominate the interaction between different free-oscillation dispersion branches, especially spheroidal-toroidal coupling. Numerical tests suggest that problems occur for Δf≳ 0.020 mHz, even for weakly coupled multiplets. These problems can be overcome by combining closely spaced multiplets into a single ‘augmented’ hybrid subspace. Interactions with modes outside the subspace are represented by subspace projection, while interactions within the augmented subspace are calculated using quasi-degenerate coupling. Synthetic vertical-component seismograms for 0Sl, l= 2,…, 60, and 0Tl, l= 2,…, 54, show mixed-mode coupling effects principally at source azimuths near the Love-wave radiation maximum. Perturbations to the free-oscillation spectrum are large for f≲ 4.2 mHz on polar propagation paths due to rotational coupling. However, the smooth lateral structure in M84A generates a smaller amount of spheroidal-toroidal coupling, and causes only modest distortion in the spectrum for f≳ 4.5 mHz.
Aligning carbon nanotubes using bulk acoustic waves to reinforce polymer composites

Bulk acoustic waves (BAWs) are used to align multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in polymer composite materials. MWCNTs are first dispersed in the liquid state of a thermoset resin and aligned using standing BAWs. Cross-linking of the resin fixates the aligned MWCNTs in the polymer matrix material. We have quantified the alignment obtained with this method on the macro, micro, and nanoscale, and it is found to be similar to other alignment techniques such as stretching, slicing, and wet spinning. The elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength of composite material specimens with aligned MWCNTs, fabricated using this technique, are evaluated and compared with specimens consisting of randomly oriented MWCNTs and resin material without MWCNTs. Different MWCNT loading rates are considered. The elastic modulus of composite material specimens with only 0.15 weight percent aligned MWCNTs is observed to be 44% higher than specimens with randomly oriented MWCNTs, and 51% higher than specimens without MWCNTs. However, further increasing the MWCNT loading rate does not significantly increase the elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength, likely because of insufficient dispersion of MWCNTs in the thermoset matrix material.
Proofs from tests

We present an algorithm DASH to check if a program P satisfies a safety property phi. The unique feature of the algorithm is that it uses only test generation operations, and it refines and maintains a sound program abstraction as a consequence of failed test generation operations. Thus, each iteration of the algorithm is inexpensive, and can be implemented without any global may-alias information. In particular, we introduce a new refinement operator WP_alpha that uses only the alias information obtained by executing a test to refine abstractions in a sound manner. We present a full exposition of the Dash algorithm, its theoretical properties, and its implementation.
Competing Paradigms in Adult Language Acquisition

reanalyses of research in both first and second language learning have guided a general reassessment about how to become proficient in a foreign language.2 Twenty years ago proficiency was often measured in terms of a predetermined linguistic product. Instructional focus was on vocabulary and grammar used according to a norm. Increasingly today, command of language is viewed in the profession as learner-centered, the result of integrated apprehension and production processes that result from extra-linguistic as well as linguistic knowledge. A radical shift in perspective has resulted, a shift that has ushered in new data, methods, and goals of L2 teaching in the United States within a relatively short period of time. This shift in our thinking has changed the role of research and consequently its implications for foreign language instruction for adults. To speak of paradigm shifts may sound exaggerated, but it is hardly an overstatement to say that we in second language teaching have experienced a shift of great magnitude, a radical rethinking of our subject matter, tasks, and our objectives vis-a-vis the adult language learner. Yet while the rethinking is radical, its ramifications are unclear. Thomas Kuhn points out that in times of major readjustments in dominant thought, traditional patterns continue to operate concomitantly with the new ones. To distinguish between competing and oft n amalgamated versions of two concepts, Michel Foucault looks at patterns of inclusion and exclusion: What constitutes allowable
Unimolecular fragmentation kinetics by multiphoton ionization

Abstract The multiphoton ionization spectrum of aniline and its perdeutero analog have been investigated for laser wavelenghts 266–300 nm using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. A brod, asymmetrically distorted peak of m/e = 66 is interpreted to be the slow fragmentation of the parent ion, C6H7N+ → C5H6+ + HCN; its unimolecular decomposition rate is ≈ 2 × 106 s−1.
Combination of Arabic Preprocessing Schemes for Statistical Machine Translation

Statistical machine translation is quite robust when it comes to the choice of input representation. It only requires consistency between training and testing. As a result, there is a wide range of possible preprocessing choices for data used in statistical machine translation. This is even more so for morphologically rich languages such as Arabic. In this paper, we study the effect of different word-level preprocessing schemes for Arabic on the quality of phrase-based statistical machine translation. We also present and evaluate different methods for combining preprocessing schemes resulting in improved translation quality.
The effects of auditory-visual vowel identification training on speech recognition under difficult listening conditions.

Purpose The effective use of visual cues to speech provides benefit for adults with normal hearing in noisy environments and for adults with hearing loss in everyday communication. The purpose of t...
Loudness Perception of the Blind

Over the years numerous stories have evolved about the perceptual abilities of the blind. This study was an attempt to examine one area of auditory function of blind subjects - that described by equal-loudness contours. The hypothesis under test stated that there is no significant difference between the blind and sighted in thewir perception of loudness as described by equal-loudness contours.To test the experimental hypoothesis, equal-loudness contours were constructed from the results of loudness judgements by 20 blind and 20 sighted subjects. The stimuli were presented under binaural earphone conditions. A method of constant stimuli was employed whereby each subject made judgements of louder or softer to comparison stimuli presented sequentially with fixed intensities of a 1 000-Hz reference tone.The results indicated that very little difference between the data for the blind and sighted subjects for the overall equal-loudness contrours or within any single frequency or across any of the phon contorus....
The Role of Nature in the Nostalgic Experience of the Japanese

Thirty Japanese respondents provided detailed descriptions of eighty nostalgic consumption experiences. Nature themes common in Japanese culture are prevalent. Elements of nature are mentioned as direct triggers for nostalgia and as important details of nostalgic sentiments. The findings have implications for product management and the standardization-specialization debate in international advertising.
Coupled principles for computational frictional contact mechanics

Methods for simulating frictional contact response are in high demand in robotics, graphics, biomechanics, structural engineering, and many other fields where the accurate modeling of interactions between solids are required. While techniques for accurately simulating structures and continua have advanced rapidly, methods for simulating the contact between solids have lagged behind. This thesis addresses the difficulties encountered in designing robust, accurate, and efficient computational methods for simulating frictional contact dynamics. We focus on understanding the fundamental sources of difficulty in frictional contact modeling, elucidating existing structures that can be leveraged to minimize them, and designing robust, accurate and efficient algorithms to simulate challenging frictional contact problems. In this thesis a Coupled Principles formulation of discrete, time-continuous frictional contact is developed in depth. This is then applied as the basis for deriving novel, time-discrete, variational integrators that pose the discrete frictional contact problem as a system of coupled minimizations. Solutions to these systems are given by points that are optimal for both of the minimizations and avoid known issues with existing variational integration approaches for friction and contact. We then consider a specific two-step variant of these variational schemes that generalizes the popular Stewart-Trinkle model for frictional contact simulation. This is taken as a starting point for investigating the sources of difficulties found in solving these types of methods. We show that existing solution algorithms that have generally been presumed suitable for solving the contact-related optimization problems posed by these methods, fail entirely for many important examples of frictional contact and then address these limitations with our Staggered Projections algorithm. Applying a fixed-point scheme, derived from the Coupled Principles Formulation, we show that Staggered Projections efficiently obtains accurate solutions to optimization problems for many frictional contact problems that were previously impractical to solve. Finally, we also offer a detailed convergence analysis of the Staggered Projections algorithm, as well as simulations and instrumented examples that capture convincing and accurate frictional contact behaviors for both rigid and large deformation models.
Temperature Dependence of Viscoelastic Properties of Carbon-Black-Filled Rubbers in Small Shearing Deformations

Abstract Measurements of dynamic storage and loss shear moduli G′ and G″ (0.12 to 2 Hz) and shear relaxation modulus G(t) (up to 104 s) have been made on six vulcanized and one unvulcanized carbon-black-filled rubber compounds over a temperature range from −22.5° to 63°C. The maximum shear strain in the oscillatory deformations was less than 0.005 and in the stress relaxation measurements, 0.015. The temperature dependence of viscoelastic properties could not be fully described in terms of horizontal shifts (αT) of logarithmic time or frequency scales. It could, however, be largely described by vertical shifts (ST) corresponding to uniform temperature dependence of the magnitudes of contributions to modulus from a spectrum of relaxation mechanisms. There were some departures from this behavior, especially in a blend containing two rubber species and in the unvulcanized compound at long times. The temperature dependence of the ST shift factors followed the van't Hoff equation with values of ΔH from 5.9 to ...
Utilization of a mental health collaborative care model among patients who require interpreter services

Background Immigrants and refugees to the United States have a higher prevalence of depression compared to the general population and are less likely to receive adequate mental health services and treatment. Those with limited English proficiency (LEP) are at an even higher risk of inadequate mental health care. Collaborative care management (CCM) models for depression are effective in achieving treatment goals among a wide range of patient populations, including patients with LEP. The purpose of this study was to assess the utilization of a statewide initiative that uses CCM for depression management, among patients with LEP in a large primary care practice.
Developmental Patterning: Putting the Squeeze on Mis-specified Cells

Widely implicated in human disease, abnormal cellular cysts reflect dramatic defects in the maintenance of epithelial integrity. A new study reports that epithelial cysts may arise as a surprisingly general consequence of clonal defects in the specification of cell identity.
Small mammals of the Ituri Forest, Zaire : Diversity and abundance in ecologically distinct habitats

Small-mammal diversity and abundance were examined in two primary forests (mixed and mbau forests) and two disturbed habitats (secondary forest and village fields) in the Ituri Forest of Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo). Small-mammal species observed were Deomys ferrugineus, Hybomys univittatus, Hylomyscus Stella, Lophuromys flavopunctatus, Malacomys longipes, Mus minutoides, Oenomys hypoxanthus , and Praomys jacksoni . Secondary forest was the most species-rich of the four habitats examined. Mixed forest exhibited significantly higher species diversity of small mammals than mbau forest. The difference in the composition of small mammals reflected the difference in the composition of tree species between species-rich (mixed and secondary) forests and the species-poor (mbau) forest. Small mammals in village fields were not true forest species but typically were found in a wide variety of habitats. This study provides a benchmark of the ecology of small mammals in the Ituri Forest of Zaire prior to increased human disturbance.
Toxicity in Animals: Target Species

The macrocyclic lactone endectocides typified by ivermectin are safe and effective drugs when used according to label directions. However, off-label use, misuse and overdosing can result in toxicity in animal patients as revealed by pharmacovigilance activities. Preclinical toxicity studies demonstrates that the major clinical signs of toxicity are those associated with neurotoxic effects and these are the most common adverse drug reactions noted in overdosed treated animals. Subpopulations of some strains or breeds of some species appear to be uniquely sensitive to the neurotoxic effects of the macrocyclic lactones due to enhanced brain penetration by these drugs as a result of a deficiency in P-glycoprotein arising as a result of a mutation in the MDR1 gene.
Temperature in the Life History of Rhopalosiphum subterraneum Mason, a New Cotton Root Aphid

The injury caused by root-infesting aphids is frequently overlooked because of their subterranean habitat, and this often results in the wrong diagnosis of plant troubles. The cotton root aphids form a group of subterranean species whose economic importance has been somewhat underestimated. Certainly in some places in the Coastal Plains section of the Cotton Belt the insects of this group cause losses to the cotton crop second only to those by the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boh.
Synthesizing mullite from beneficiated fly ash

In the United States, approximately 50 million tonnes of fly ash are generated by electrical utilities annually. The current consumption rate for fly ash materials is less than 20% because most fly ash materials do not meet market specifications and the quality of the ash is inconsistent. A beneficiation process that produces quality-controlled fly ash components has been developed. The synthesis of mullite as a refractory material is one industrial application for the silicate sphere component from the beneficiated fly ash. As-received (untreated) fly ash did not produce a usable mullite refractory. This article discusses the fly ash beneficiation process and mullite synthesis.
Better living through prose composition? Moral and compositional pedagogy in ancient Greek and Roman progymnasmata

Ancient Greek and Roman compositional instruction, as evidenced in Greek handbooks on the progymnasmata and Quintilian9s Institutio Oratoria, included a strong moral component. The importance of moral pedagogy to ancient teachers and theorists is seen not only in the themes and contents of the exercises, but also in their sequencing and justification.
Modulation technique for common mode voltage reduction in a matrix converter drive operating with high voltage transfer ratio

This paper discusses a modified indirect space vector pulse-width modulation (ISVPWM) technique for common mode voltage (CMV) reduction in a matrix converter (MC). The ISVPWM technique offers immense flexibility in making an intelligent choice of space vectors to not only achieve the objective of variable speed operation of the drive but also target other advanced features like reduced CMV and improved output voltage distortion. A smart use of these space vectors can result in the generation of different levels in the output voltage and this capability has been utilized to address an improvement in its distortion. The fundamentals of appropriate choice of space vectors in accordance to a new space vector diagram and its corresponding switching sequence have been developed and described in detail. The effectiveness of the algorithm is substantiated by simulations in MATLAB/Simulink and experiments on a laboratory prototype.
Closed loop control of lactate concentration in mammalian cell culture by Raman spectroscopy leads to improved cell density, viability, and biopharmaceutical protein production

Accumulation of lactate in mammalian cell culture often negatively impacts culture performance, impeding production of therapeutic proteins. Many efforts have been made to limit the accumulation of lactate in cell culture. Here, we describe a closed loop control scheme based on online spectroscopic measurements of glucose and lactate concentrations. A Raman spectroscopy probe was used to monitor a fed-batch mammalian cell culture and predict glucose and lactate concentrations via multivariate calibration using partial least squares regression (PLS). The PLS models had a root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.27 g/L for glucose and 0.20 g/L for lactate. All glucose feeding was controlled by the Raman PLS model predictions. Glucose was automatically fed when lactate levels were beneath a setpoint (either 4.0 or 2.5 g/L) and glucose was below its own setpoint (0.5 g/L). This control scheme was successful in maintaining lactate levels at an arbitrary setpoint throughout the culture, as compared to the eventual accumulate of lactate to 8.0 g/L in the historical process. Automated control of lactate by restricted glucose feeding led to improvements in culture duration, viability, productivity, and robustness. Culture duration was extended from 11 to 13 days, and harvest titer increased 85% over the historical process. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2416-2424. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TU-FG-BRC-02: Radiation Therapy to Ignite An Anti-Cancer Immune Response

There is substantial current interest in the potential of radiation therapy for synergizing with novel immunotherapies to transform irradiated tumor into an immunogenic hub with capacity to ignite a powerful and adaptive longterm anti-cancer response. Interest stems from new insights into fundamental mechanisms underlying interactions between cancer, radiation and the immune system. Radically new immunotherapy approaches have been proposed, which target the immune system, rather than the cancer itself. Promising preliminary results on subsets of patients have led to a surge in research and clinical trials investigating the potential for combining new immunomodulatory agents with radiation therapy. In this symposia, we undertake a basic review of key topics and questions relating to the potential for combining radiation therapy and new immunotherapy approaches, including a focus on opportunities for medical physicists. Learning Objectives: 1.Gain insight into approaches to combining immunotherapy and radiation therapy. 2.Review latest clinical trial data investigating radiation and immunotherapy. 3.Consider how radiation therapy can better stimulate immunogenicity. 4.Explore opportunities for medical physicists in radiation and immunotherapy M Oldham has funding support from Immunolioght Llc
Multiple Sensory Modalities Used by Squid in Successful Predator Evasion Throughout Ontogeny

Squid rely on multiple sensory systems for predator detection. In this study we examine the role of two sensory systems, the lateral line analogue and vision, in successful predator evasion throughout ontogeny. Squid Doryteuthis pealeii and Lolliguncula brevis were recorded using high-speed videography in the presence of natural predators under light and dark conditions with their lateral line analogue intact or ablated via a pharmacological technique. Paralarval squid showed reduced escape responses when ablated; however, no differences were found between light and dark conditions in non-ablated paralarvae, as was previously shown in juveniles and adults, indicating that the lateral line analogue is integral for predator detection early in life. However, vision does play a role in survival because ablated squid in dark conditions had lower levels of survival than all other treatments. Throughout ontogeny, squid oriented themselves anteriorly towards the oncoming predator, maximizing sensory input to the lateral line analogue system and providing better positioning for tail-first escape jetting, the preferred escape mode. Ablated juveniles and adults had lower response times, escape velocities and peak acceleration than non-ablated individuals, indicating that the lateral line analogue enables squid to respond quicker and with more powerful jets to a predator and maximize escape success. Our findings reveal that the lateral line analogue plays a role in predator detection and successful escape response at the earliest life stages, and continues to contribute to successful evasion by aiding visual cues in juvenile and adult squid.
On Time Domain Absorbing Boundaries for Wave Propagation Problems with Nonlinearities

A method developed recently by the authors for generating simple, yet efficient, time-domain absorbing boundaries is applied to problems with nonlinearities. The procedure, involving finite elements for the interior region in addition to the absorbing boundary representing the exterior region, is illustrated for the case of an elastic, semi-infinite bar embedded in an elastoplastic Winkler foundation.
Enhancement in magnetocaloric properties of holmium chromite by gadolinium substitution

HoCrO3, Ho0.67Gd0.33CrO3, and GdCrO3 bulk powder samples were prepared by citrate route. The phase purity and the structural properties of the samples were examined by x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic measurements. The dc magnetization data revealed that the Cr3+ ordering temperatures (Neel temperature) for the HoCrO3, Ho0.67Gd0.33CrO3, and GdCrO3 samples are 140 K, 148 K, and 167 K, respectively, while the ac magnetization data revealed that the rare-earth (Ho) ordering occurs at ∼8 K for HoCrO3 and Ho0.67Gd0.33CrO3 samples. Temperature-induced magnetization reversal and spin reorientation were observed in GdCrO3 bulk sample, which depends on applied magnetic field and disappears at ∼1500 Oe and 500 Oe, respectively. By fitting the dc magnetic data with Curie-Weiss law, the effective magnetic moments were calculated to be 11.66 μB, 10.23 μB, and 9.90 μB for the HoCrO3, Ho0.67Gd0.33CrO3, and GdCrO3 samples, respectively. The isothermal magnetization data showed that the magnetic behavior changed from canted antiferromagnetic in low temperature region (below Neel temperature) to paramagnetic at high temperature. It was found that Gd substitution considerably improves the magnetocaloric effect of HoCrO3. Pure GdCrO3 bulk sample showed giant magnetocaloric entropy change (31.6 J/kg K at temperature ∼5 K and at ∼70 kOe), which is higher than that for polycrystalline RMnO3, RCrO3, and RFeO3 bulk powder samples. This renders GdCrO3 useful for potential applications in low-temperature magnetic refrigeration.