cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some determinants of partitioning behavior of lymphoblasts in aqueous biphasic systems

Partitioning behavior of murine lymphoblasts was examined in biphasic aqueous systems containing dextran and poly(ethylene glycol) with no potential difference across the interface. Persistence of cells in the upper phase of the system could be promoted by addition of the palmitate ester of poly(ethylene glycol). Partitioning effects seen here may derive from affinity of membrane sialic acid residues for dextran-rich lower-phase droplets, and antagonism of these interactions by poly(ethylene glycol) palmitate. Several determinants of partitioning behavior were examined: 1. Membrane glycosylation. Partitioning behavior of P388 and P388/ADR lymphoblasts were compared. The latter has an inherently higher degree of membrane glycosylation, resulting in a lower partition coefficient in poly(ethylene glycol) palmitate-supplemented systems. 2. Degree of esterification. Singly-esterified poly(ethylene glycol) was substantially more effective at promoting cell partition into the upper phase than was doubly-esterified glycol. Use of the latter was associated with cell-cell aggregation. 3. Relative numbers of lower-phase droplets present. Decreasing the numbers of such droplets initially present markedly increased the partition coefficient. 4. Time-dependence. Even in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) palmitate, the partition coefficient fell with time, indicating an interaction between cells and lower-phase droplets not antagonized by the ester.
European Education Reform and Its Impact on Curriculum and Admissions: Implications of the Bologna Process on United States Education

This article explores the European-wide educational reform known as the Bologna Process in order to provide an understanding of the methodology that will be used by European countries to assess course credit hours as well as degree programs. The Bologna Process is culmination of years of educational reform within the European Union (EU) and more generally Europe aimed at harmonizing educational standards to promote student mobility and more recently quality assurance. The Bologna Process will eventually have an important impact on how international admissions offices and ultimately advisors assesses course and credit transfer. This article examines the development of the Bologna Process by first tracing the origins and logic of the European Credit Transder System (ECTS). While the Bologna Process entails sweeping curricula reform, ECTS started out with a narrow mandate to standardize the methodology for credits in order to facilitate student and credit transfer among European universities. The second part...
Relativistic blast-wave model for the rapid flux variations of AO 0235+164 and other compact radio sources

A relativistic blast-wave version of a signal-screen model is developed which can adequately explain the details of the flux-density and structural variations of compact extragalactic radio sources. The relativistic motion implied by flux variations is analyzed with respect to the synchrotron spectrum of the BL Lac object AO 0235+164 observed during outbursts, and a signal-screen model for rapidly expanding shells produced by ultrarelativistic blast waves is examined. The approximate observed structure of the blast wave at three stages in its evolution is illustrated, each stage is described, and the model is applied to the flux density outburst in AO 0235+164 observed in late 1975. The results show that a relativistic blast-wave model can in general reproduce the main features of the observed flux variations in compact sources. Some problems with the proposed model are briefly discussed.
Unanticipated Teaching Demands Rise with Simulation Training: Strategies for Managing Faculty Workload

Introduction Using simulation to teach and assess learners represents a powerful approach to training, but one that comes with hidden costs in terms of faculty time, even if programs adopt existing curricula. Some simulators are built to be used independently by learners, but much of the surgical simulation curricula developed for cognitive and psychomotor tasks requires active faculty involvement and low learner-to-faculty teaching ratios to ensure sufficient practice with feedback. The authors hypothesize that the added teaching demands related to simulation have resulted in a significant financial burden to surgery training programs. To date, the effect of simulation-based training on faculty workload has not been estimated objectively and reported in the literature. Methods To test their hypothesis, the authors analyzed data from 2 sources: (1) changes over time (2006-2014) in formal teaching hours and estimated faculty costs at the University of Minnesota, General Surgery Department and (2) a 2014 online survey of general surgery program directors on their use of simulation for teaching and assessment and their perceptions of workload effects. Results At the University of Minnesota, the total number of hours spent by department faculty in resident and student simulation events increased from 81 in annual year 2006 to 365 in annual year 2013. Estimated full-time equivalent faculty costs rose by 350% during the same period. Program directors ( n = 48) of Association of Program Directors in Surgery reported either a slight (60%) or a significant (33%) increase in faculty workload with the advent of simulation, and moderate difficulty in finding enough instructors to meet this increase. Calling upon leadership for support, using diverse instructor types, and relying on "the dedicated few" represent the most common strategies. Conclusion To avoid faculty burnout and successfully sustain faculty investment in simulation-based training over time, programs need to be creative in building, sustaining, and managing the instructor workforce.
The Neurobiology of Thought: The Groundbreaking Discoveries of Patricia Goldman-Rakic 1937–2003

Patricia S. Goldman-Rakic (1937-2003) transformed the study of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the neural basis of mental representation, the basic building block of abstract thought. Her pioneering research first identified the dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) region essential for spatial working memory, and the extensive circuits of spatial cognition. She discovered the cellular basis of working memory, illuminating the dlPFC microcircuitry underlying spatially tuned, persistent firing, whereby precise information can be held "in mind": persistent firing arises from recurrent excitation within glutamatergic pyramidal cell circuits in deep layer III, while tuning arises from GABAergic lateral inhibition. She was the first to discover that dopamine is essential for dlPFC function, particularly through D1 receptor actions. She applied a host of technical approaches, providing a new paradigm for scientific inquiry. Goldman-Rakic's work has allowed the perplexing complexities of mental illness to begun to be understood at the cellular level, including atrophy of the dlPFC microcircuits subserving mental representation. She correctly predicted that impairments in dlPFC working memory activity would contribute to thought disorder, a cardinal symptom of schizophrenia. Ten years following her death, we look back to see how she inspired an entire field, fundamentally changing our view of cognition and cognitive disorders.
On some nonlinear spaces of approximating functions

Given f in C[a, b], the space of real-valued continuous functions on the interval [a, b], the best approximation in the uniform norm by an element of x,,, the polynomials degree <n, is attained by a polynomial whose properties are governed by the Tchebycheff theory (cf. [2]). If a better approximation is desired, then one may enlarge the approximating space to q,+ i, a linear space of dimension n + 2. In this paper we consider an enlargement of x,, to a space designated as V,. That V, might be a useful space for approximation purposes was suggested to us by Norman H. Painter. Let F be a function which is continuous and strictly positive on (--00, co). For a real number a, let V,(a) be the space of functions of the form F(ax)P(x), where P belongs to 71,. Let V, be the union (over all real a) of the V,(a). The situation may be generalized to consider general Haar systems, rather than just rc,. While some of our results will be valid in that context, we shall be content to state and prove our results for the special Haar system 71,. Although V, is not a linear space, it is the union of linear spaces, VJa), each of which has the Haar property. Moreover, V,(O) = TC,, and the underlying parameter space of I’,, has dimension n + 2. Hence, as a space of approximating functions, it could be compared reasonably with rc,, + , . In this regard V,, has both advantages and disadvantages. Naturally, if f, the function to be approximated, is “F-like,” then V, is preferable. More concretely, consider the case F(x) = ex. Then a function 4 (f0) of V, may have up to n zeros in [a, b], and this is true also of all its derivatives. A function of 7r,+, may have up to n + 1 zeros, but its derivatives (f0) will have less. Thus if f has several changes of curvature, an approximating function from V, may be preferable to one from K,+ *. On the other hand, any f can be interpolated by a function of rr,+ 1 at any n + 2 points. Such 333 0021-9045184 $3.00
Evaluation of reflection and refraction in simulations of ultraviolet disinfection using the discrete ordinates radiation model

Simulations of UV disinfection systems require accurate models of UV radiation within the reactor. Processes such as reflection and refraction at surfaces within the reactor can impact the intensity of the simulated radiation field, which in turn impacts the simulated dose and performance of the UV reactor. This paper describes a detailed discrete ordinates radiation model and comparisons to a test that recorded the UV radiation distribution around a low pressure UV lamp in a water-filled chamber with a UV transmittance of 88%. The effects of reflection and refraction at the quartz sleeve were investigated, along with the impact of wall reflection from the interior surfaces of the chamber. Results showed that the inclusion of wall reflection improved matches between predicted and measured values of incident radiation throughout the chamber. The difference between simulations with and without reflection ranged from several percent near the lamp to nearly 40% further away from the lamp. Neglecting reflection and refraction at the quartz sleeve increased the simulated radiation near the lamp and reduced the simulated radiation further away from the lamp. However, the distribution and trends in the simulated radiation field both with and without the effects of reflection and refraction at the quartz sleeve were consistent with the measured data distributions.
New rare earth element standards for electron microprobe analysis

Abstract Four rare earth element microprobe standards have been prepared. The base is a synthetic Ca-Alsilicate glass to which 3–4 weight percent REE have been added. The compositions of the standards have been independently confirmed by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The standards are available upon request.
Low-energy electron scattering from atomic hydrogen. II. Elastic and inelastic scattering

We present measurements of differential cross sections for elastic electron scattering from atomic hydrogen at 20 eV and 40 eV incident electron energies and ratios of differential cross sections for electron-impact excitation of atomic hydrogen to the n=2, 3, and 4 levels at incident electron energies of 14.6 eV, 15.6 eV, 17.6 eV, 20 eV, 25 eV, and 40 eV with scattering angles ranging from 10 deg. to 130 deg. We compare our results to available experimental measurements and recent convergent close-coupling calculations. Our results resolve significant discrepancies that existed between theory and past experiments.
Induction of Glutathione Synthesis in Macrophages by Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins Is Mediated by Consensus Antioxidant Response Elements

The uptake of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) by macrophages leading to conversion into foam cells is a seminal event in atherogenesis. Excessive accumulation of oxLDL can cause oxidative...
RECONSTRUCTING THE LOCAL TWIST OF CORONAL MAGNETIC FIELDS AND THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL SHAPE OF THE FIELD LINES FROM CORONAL LOOPS IN EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET AND X-RAY IMAGES

Nonlinear force-free fields are the most general case of force-free fields, but the hardest to model as well. There are numerous methods of computing such fields by extrapolating vector magnetograms from the photosphere, but very few attempts have so far made quantitative use of coronal morphology. We present a method to make such quantitative use of X-ray and EUV images of coronal loops. Each individual loop is fit to a field line of a linear force-free field, allowing the estimation of the field line's twist, three-dimensional geometry, and the field strength along it. We assess the validity of such a reconstruction since the actual corona is probably not a linear force-free field, and that the superposition of linear force-free fields is generally not itself a force-free field. To do so, we perform a series of tests on nonlinear force-free fields, described in Low & Lou. For model loops we project field lines onto the photosphere. We compare several results of the method with the original field, in particular the three-dimensional loop shapes, local twist (coronal α), distribution of twist in the model photosphere, and strength of the magnetic field. We find that (1) for these trial fields, the method reconstructs twist with a mean absolute deviation of at most 15% of the range of photospheric twist, (2) heights of the loops are reconstructed with a mean absolute deviation of at most 5% of the range of trial heights, and (3) the magnitude of non-potential contribution to a photospheric field is reconstructed with a mean absolute deviation of at most 10% of the maximal value.
Disorders of motion and depth

Damage to the human homologue of area MT produces a motion perception deficit similar to that found in the monkey with MT lesions. Even temporary disruption of MT processing with transcranial magnetic stimulation can produce a temporary akinetopsia [127]. Motion perception deficits, however, also are found with a variety of subcortical lesions and other neurologic disorders that can best be described as causing a disconnection within the motion processing stream. The precise role of these subcortical structures, such as the cerebellum, remains to be determined. Simple motion perception, moreover, is only a part of MT function. It undoubtedly has an important role in the perception of depth from motion and stereopsis [112]. Psychophysical studies using aftereffects in normal observers suggest a link between stereo mechanisms and the perception of depth from motion [9-11]. There is even a simple correlation between stereo acuity and the perception of depth from motion [128]. Future studies of patients with cortical lesions will take a closer look at depth perception in association with motion perception and should provide a better understanding of how motion and depth are processed together.
A visual lingua franca: communication in the oil and gas industry

This paper addresses theories and best practices of visual information design and delivery within the context of gas processing operations in the Middle East. Communication in this situation is complex as the majority of the workforce are non-native speakers of English and from diverse cultural and educational backgrounds. A model for visual content development is outlined and applied to this workplace case study. The paper contextualizes content that blends visual frameworks with relevant text in the region's lingua franca, English, to create a visual lingua franca in the workplace.
P-28: The Effect of Thermal Shrinkage on Indium Tin Oxide Coated Polyethylene Terephthalate for Flexible Display Applications

The shrinkage of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) coated Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) for flexible display applications is investigated using a Thermal Mechanical Analyzer (TMA). The effect of temperature on the resistance of the ITO coated PET was measured using a custom built 4-wire resistance probe in a temperature enclosure. Thermal shrinkage of the substrate effects the resistance of the ITO and is temperature and substrate dependent. The shrinkage is also anisotropic with the greatest shrinkage in the machine direction. Shrinkage of up to 4% was obtained for samples maintained at 180° C. This shrinkage can greatly influence the reliability of the ITO layer and must be considered during fabrication of flexible displays.
The role of intracellular zinc release in aging, oxidative stress, and Alzheimer’s disease

Brain aging is marked by structural, chemical, and genetic changes leading to cognitive decline and impaired neural functioning. Further, aging itself is also a risk factor for a number of neurodegenerative disorders, most notably Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Many of the pathological changes associated with aging and aging-related disorders have been attributed in part to increased and unregulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain. ROS are produced as a physiological byproduct of various cellular processes, and are normally detoxified by enzymes and antioxidants to help maintain neuronal homeostasis. However, cellular injury can cause excessive ROS production, triggering a state of oxidative stress that can lead to neuronal cell death. ROS and intracellular zinc are intimately related, as ROS production can lead to oxidation of proteins that normally bind the metal, thereby causing the liberation of zinc in cytoplasmic compartments. Similarly, not only can zinc impair mitochondrial function, leading to excess ROS production, but it can also activate a variety of extra-mitochondrial ROS-generating signaling cascades. As such, numerous accounts of oxidative neuronal injury by ROS-producing sources appear to also require zinc. We suggest that zinc deregulation is a common, perhaps ubiquitous component of injurious oxidative processes in neurons. This review summarizes current findings on zinc dyshomeostasis-driven signaling cascades in oxidative stress and age-related neurodegeneration, with a focus on AD, in order to highlight the critical role of the intracellular liberation of the metal during oxidative neuronal injury.
Education Trifecta: Win Attention, Place Knowledge, Show Understanding

ABSTRACT Continuing education for librarians and educating library school students in the areas of technical services are topics often discussed within the field of librarianship. The presenters in this session provided alternatives to “on the job” education for technical services professionals. Two presenters provided strategies for instructing an online continuing education course on acquisitions. The third presenter shared information about the development and teaching of a serials course at a library school.
Modeling hydrogen inhibition in gasification surface reactions

Abstract The gasification of carbonaceous char into synthesis gas species presents a viable thermochemical conversion pathway of both fossil fuel-based and biomass-based solid fuels. Observations of these synthesis gas species—particularly hydrogen—inhibiting gasification rates have been documented for decades. Finite-rate surface kinetic reaction mechanisms that can be applied to a variety of reactor models and conditions are needed, particularly those which describe gasification inhibition. To quantify the effects of hydrogen inhibition reactions in gasification conditions, existing surface kinetic mechanisms were employed in simulations and compared with experimental data available in the literature. A computationally inexpensive method to model the surface chemistry in simple gasification reactors is utilized in this study—where appropriate, these experiments in the literature were simulated as perfectly stirred reactors. When used in comparison with kinetically controlled experiments, this method can readily facilitate the identification of missing reaction steps in surface mechanisms. Results reveal the inability of current surface mechanisms in predicting experimentally observed inhibition trends. Modeling the inhibition with an adsorption–desorption pair of reactions based on a combination of theoretical and empirical considerations was found to improve the overall model when these reactions were appended to a current surface mechanism. Reasonable agreement with experimental data is found with regard to the kinetics of carbon gasification reactions in the inhibiting presence of hydrogen.
The Kalamazoo Promise: A study of philanthropy's increasing role in the American economy and education

This paper explores the Kalamazoo Promise through the lens of the existing literature on other privately funded scholarships programs and the broader advancement knowledge base. The author concludes that current research does not adequately explain the Promise, and suggests a conceptual model ––a logic model – to be used in philanthropy evaluation.
Automated Search for Transient Optical Point Sources

A variety of short time-scale optical phenomena may be associated with the formation and subsequent behavior of collapsed objects. Recent detection of ..gamma..-ray bursts suggests at least one population of transient sources, whose roughly isotropic distribution suggests a local origin (within a few kpc). Possible classes of events that range from nuclear goblins to neutron star quakes could be responsible for various kinds of burst emission susceptible to optical detection. However, few attempts have yet been made to actively search for such phenomena. A proposed system is described with background-limited performance that has a 1-ster field of view, is capable of detecting a 10th-magnitude event with duration of 1 sec, and that specifies its position within 20 arcmin. The system consists of two vidicon units separated by several kilometers. Parallax and coincidence conditions discriminate against atmospheric phenomena and hold the accidental event rate to less than one per year. System sensitivity is greatly improved for a restricted field of view appropriate to monitoring specific candidate regions. (auth)
A JUVENILE HORMONE AGONIST REVEALS DISTINCT DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS MEDIATED BY ECDYSONE-INDUCIBLE BROAD COMPLEX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

Juvenile hormone (JH) is an important regulator of insect development that, by unknown mecha- nisms, modifies molecular, cellular, and organismal re- sponses to the molting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). In dipteran insects such as Drosophila ,J H or JH agonists, administered at times near the onset of metamor- phosis, cause lethality. We tested the hypothesis that the JH agonist methoprene acts by interfering with function of the Broad Complex (BRC), a 20E-regulated locus encod- ing BTB/POZ-zinc finger transcription factors essential for metamorphosis of many tissues. We found that methoprene, administered by feeding or by topical application, disrupts the metamorphic reorganization of the central nervous system, salivary glands, and muscula- ture in a dose-dependent manner. As we predicted, methoprene phenocopies a subset of previously de- scribed BRC defects; it also phenocopies Deformed and produces abnormalities not associated with known mutations. Interestingly, methoprene specifically disrupts those metamorphic events dependent on the combined action of all BRC isoforms, while sparing those that require specific isoform subsets. Thus, our data provide independent pharmacological evidence for the model, originally based on genetic studies, that BRC proteins function in two developmental pathways. Muta- tions of Methoprene-tolerant (Met), a gene involved in the action of JH, protect against all features of the ''methoprene syndrome.'' These findings have allowed us to propose novel alternative models linking BRC, juvenile hormone, and MET. Dev. Genet. 22:141-159, 1998. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
CHEMICAL AND PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSES AND ASTM TEST PROCEDURES FOR THE STUDY OF DELAYED ETTRINGITE FORMATION

Although many papers have been written on case studies of incidences of delayed ettringite formation (DEF), few demonstrate a careful study of the methods of analyses for the presence and concentration of the ettringite that has formed. In addition, possibly only one suggests a method to determine potential future development of destructive ettringite. Furthermore, there have been few papers that relate to methods of test for the potential that portland cements have in causing DEF, especially under conditions where curing temperatures are low. Our studies involving DEF have not only led us to develop improved analytical methods and tests, but have also demonstrated deficiencies in several techniques employed by other investigators, and formerly even by us. We have also studied the methods for their application as ASTM standards and procedures. This paper presents our analysis methods and test procedures. The following are discussed: 1. Petrographic procedures for DEF study, including discussions of their application, advantages, and deficiencies. 2. Scanning electron microscopy procedures for DEF identification and development, including sample preparation, backscatter and secondary electron procedures, elemental dot-mapping, and flashing materials (conductive coatings) for the sample surface. 3. Qualitative and quantitative analyses for ettringite, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). 4. Procedures for quantifying the potential degree of future DEF development in concrete, using accelerated hydration and DTA determination of any additional ettringite developed. 5. Quantitative procedures for determining the amount of ettringite formed, for example at 24 h, as influenced by component concentration changes (e.g., potassium sulfate versus gypsum). 6. Use of ASTM methods for the evaluation of a cement for DEF potential.
Triclosan-loaded tooth-binding micelles for prevention and treatment of dental biofilm.

Purpose To develop tooth-binding micelle formulations of triclosan for the prevention and treatment of dental caries.
Monitoring the Zr and 113Sn breakthrough in the 113mIn eluates from a 113Sn-113mIn generator

Abstract Fast and simple methods are presented for the detection of microgram amounts of Zr and Sn in the 113 m In eluates from a 113 Sn- 113 m In generator. Detection of Sn at such a low level provides a good indication of possible 113 Sn breakthrough in these eluates.
Lactate dehydrogenase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene expression during ontogeny of the mosquito (Anopheles albimanus)†

The specific activities (and activity per organism) of L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) were determined for developmental stages of the mosquito Anopheles albimanus. The G3PDH specific activity is initially quite low, then undergoes a 5-fold increase in the fourth instar larva. During the transitional pupal stage to adult, enzyme activity increases 25-fold. The LDH specific activity in larval stages is initially about 100 times greater than that of G3PDH and reaches a peak in the late fourth instar larva. A 7-fold decrease in LDH activity occurs just before moulting to early pupa. However, in contrast to reports for Drosophila, there is then a 3-fold resurgence of LDH activity from pupal stage to the adult, mainly in the abdominal region. This is the same period in which G3PDH activity increases dramatically, primarily in the thorax. Thus, there is more than one pattern of gene expression for LDH and G3PDH within developing diptera.
Bio-mathematical approaches to the study of human variation in mortality

The recent development of a number of biologically interpretable mathematical models of human mortality has facilitated the study of human variation in mortality patterns. This paper reviews the biological basis of these models, describes the models themselves, and presents the results of four anthropological applications of these models to the study of human variation in mortality. The models examined include a multi-stage model of carcinogenesis, the Gompertz, Gompertz-Makeham, and Siler models of the age patterns of total mortality, the fixed gamma distributed model of individual heterogeneity with respect to mortality, and a stochastic compartment model useful for studying the covariates of mortality. The examples presented include applications of: (1) the multi-stage model to the study of colon cancer, (2) the fixed frailty gamma distributed model of heterogeneity to the black/white mortality crossover, and to a similar crossover identified in historical data, and (3) the Siler model to document and classify the international age patterns of mortality among contemporary nations and with several prehistoric and one contemporary anthropological population.
Studies on semduramicin and nutritional responses. 1. Level and source of protein

An experiment was conducted to determine whether feeding semduramicin at recommended levels (25 mg/kg) would affect the broiler chicken's response to dietary protein; and to determine whether protein source (all vegetable, corn and soybean meal, vs 12% high animal protein ingredients) would affect the response to semduramicin. Semduramicin was fed to half of 1,584 male Ross x Ross broilers in floor pens during the growing phase (18 to 35 d). Three protein fortification levels were also fed with protein and amino acid minimum restrictions at 80, 100, and 120% of NRC (1994) recommendations. At 35 d, semduramicin was found to cause a slight growth depression in body weight gain only when low protein levels were fed (P = 0.051). After a 7-d withdrawal period, compensatory gains occurred (P = 0.006) such that there was no interaction effect of semduramicin by protein level for 42-d body weight (P = 0.75). Birds fed the diets containing high animal protein were slightly heavier than those fed control diets containing all-vegetable protein (2.40+/-0.02 vs 2.36+/-0.01 kg/bird; P = 0.059). Semduramicin feeding did not affect feed consumption (2.43+/-0.03 vs 2.40+/-0.02 kg per bird during the growing period when it was fed) so that overall feed conversion ratios were identical to two decimal places (1.90+/-0.02 vs 1.90+0.02). Neither did semduramicin affect feathering score or weight of the No. 8 primary feather, except that feather weight tended to be improved by semduramicin feeding with the diets containing ingredients high in animal protein (P = 0.067).
Sexual Fantasies of College Students With Coercive Experiences and Coercive Attitudes

Men sexually aroused by the portrayal of force in stories or pictures also self-report a high likelihood to rape if they could get away with it and have hostile and aggressive feelings toward women. The present study assessed males' and females' written sexual fantasies and the fantasies' relationship to past sexually coercive experiences and coercive attitudes. One hundred students answered questions about their fantasies and sex life, and their fantasies were scored for explicitness, theme, emotionality, and forcefulness. Significant main effects were found for coercive experience and force versus no force in the sexual fantasies. Those with coercive experience had more sexually explicit and less emotional fantasies and males had more actual sexual experience and more themes of much younger or older partners. More force in the fantasies was associated with greater explicitness, less happy feeling, and, for males, greater feelings of excitement after the fantasy and less satisfaction with their sex life.
Further evidence on the relationship between population diversity and violent crime

This paper seeks further evidence on the relationship between population diversity and violent crime. In an earlier paper, we elaborated on Peter Blau's theory of population diversity by developing a conception of population diversity consisting of four types: biological, structural, cultural, and dynamic. Further, we argued that each type of population diversity could be distinguished along two dimensions that we called complexity and integration. Having conceived of population diversity in this manner, we maintained that complexity of population diversity facilitates violent interactions in society while integration of population diversity minimizes violent interactions. Accordingly, we hypothesized that societies characterized by high complexity and low integration would suffer the highest rates of violent crime while those characterized by low complexity and high integration would enjoy the lowest levels of violent crime. In the analysis reported in this paper, we pursue two further questions related ...
Dexmedetomidine sedation for awake tracheotomy: case report and literature review.

The safe administration of conscious sedation in a patient with a critical airway who underwent awake tracheotomy using dexmedetomidine, a selective alpha2-agonist with sympatholytic, anxiolytic, analgesic, and sedative properties, is presented. Unlike other commonly used sedative agents, dexmedetomidine provided adequate sedation with minimal respiratory depression.
Measurement of the Thermodynamics of the Hydrated Dimer and Trimer of Sulfuric Acid

We report measurements of the equilibrium constants, K(p), for the water mediated clustering of two and three sulfuric acid molecules for atmospheric temperatures and relative humidities. Limits for K(p) for the formation of the sulfuric acid tetramer and higher clusters as well as the kinetics of small sulfuric acid cluster growth are also presented. These results put strong constraints on the rate of nucleation in the atmosphere via the H(2)SO(4)/H(2)O neutral mechanism. We show that the neutral nucleation of H(2)SO(4) and H(2)O is slower than ion-induced nucleation of H(2)SO(4) and H(2)O for most conditions found in the middle and upper troposphere. These laboratory-based upper limits to the nucleation rates are also much lower than the predictions of the liquid drop model/classical nucleation theory.
Is There a Best Body Mass Index for Older Adults? Moving Closer to Evidence-Based Recommendations Regarding “Overweight,” Health, and Mortality

“If we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exercise, not too little and not too much, we would have found the safest way to health.” Hippocrates (460–357 BC) The signifi...
Sodium appetite elicited by aldosterone

Rats given access to.25 M saline in addition to drinking water were injected with either 0.5 or 1.0 mg doses of d-aldosterone acetate. Consistent increases in saline intake were observed in two of three rats injected with the 0.5 mg dose and in all six rats injected with the 1.0 mg dose.
Mechanism of Urea Activity In Sickling

To the Editor.— Nalbandian et al have recently demonstrated that urea molecules can block and reverse sickling in SS red cells. 1 Murayama has proposed that the sickling results from intertetrameric hydrophobic bonding in deoxygenated hemoglobin S; it has often been suggested that urea acts by breaking down these hydrophobic bonds, thus allowing the hemoglobin S molecule (and SS red blood cell) to return to the expanded native state. This hypothesis becomes unlikely, however, when one compares the concentrations of urea used in vivo to reverse sickling ( ∼ 50-70 millimols/liter) and the concentrations needed to disrupt hydrophobic bonding (> 2M). 2,3 We would like to suggest an alternate hypothesis for the action of urea based upon many similarities in behavior between homogeneous crosslinked gels of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (p-HEMA) in aqueous media and hemoglobin S. Hydrogels formed by the solution copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate (
An iterative phase corection program for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra

An iterative algorithm is given to correct for the zeroth and first order phase errors in NMR spectroscopy. A FORTRAN computer program is listed and two sample runs exemplified. No a priori knowledge of the existing phase errors is required. The parameters are optimised iteratively under the assumption that when the spectrum is correctly phased the ratio of the area above the spectrum to that below it is a maximum.
Determining 'Notoriously Mistaken' Supreme Court Decisions

Pepperdine Law School held a conference last March in which several commentators were asked to identify "mistaken" decisions of the Supreme Court and to fashion arguments for why those decisions deserved, or did not deserve, to be labeled "notorious" or "in the anti-canon". This essay was the keynote address at the conference.
Characterization of an infra-red multi-position sensor system

The results of calibrating an infrared multiposition sensor system are presented. The system is characterized from both a spatial position accuracy and frequency domain point of view. Data are presented to support the conclusions drawn from these results.
Photosystem-II damage and repair cycle in chloroplasts: what modulates the rate of photodamage in vivo?

Organisms that rely on oxygenic photosynthesis are subject to the effects of photo-oxidative damage, which impairs the function of photosystem-II (PSII). This phenomenon has the potential to lower rates of photosynthesis and diminish plant growth. Experimental evidence shows that the steady-state oxidation-reduction level of the primary quinone acceptor (QA) of PSII is the parameter that controls photodamage under a variety of physiological and environmental conditions. When QA is reduced, excitation energy at PSII is dissipated via a charge-recombination reaction. Such non-assimilatory dissipation of excitation generates singlet oxygen that might act to covalently modify the photochemical reaction center chlorophyll. Under steady-state photosynthesis conditions, the reduction state of QA increases linearly with irradiance, thereby causing a correspondingly linear increase in the probability of photodamage. It is concluded that there is a low probability that photodamage will occur when QA is oxidized and excitation energy is utilized in electron transport, and a significantly higher probability when QA is reduced in the course of steady-state photosynthesis.
Crossing habitat boundaries: coupling dynamics of ecosystems through complex life cycles.

Ecosystems are often indirectly connected through consumers with complex life cycles (CLC), in which different life stages inhabit different ecosystems. Using a structured consumer resource model that accounts for the independent effects of two resources on consumer growth and reproductive rates, we show that such indirect connections between ecosystems can result in alternative stable states characterized by adultdominated and juvenile-dominated consumer populations. As a consequence, gradual changes in ecosystem productivity or mortality rates of the consumer can lead to dramatic and abrupt regime shifts across different ecosystems, hysteresis and counterintuitive changes in the consumer abundances. Whether these counter intuitive or abrupt responses occur depend on the relative productivity of both habitats and which consumer life-stage inhabits the manipulated ecosystem. These results demonstrate the strong yet complex interactions between ecosystems coupled through consumers with CLC and the need to think across ecosystems to reliably predict the consequences of natural or anthropogenic changes.
Search for New Particles

We present a description of an experiment carried out at the 30 GeV Alternating Gradient Synchrotron of the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The experiment used a high intensity slow extracted proton beam of between 10$^{10}$ and 2 $\times $ $10^{12}$ protons per pulse and measured the e$^{+}$e$^{-}$ mass spectrum from the reaction p + Be $\rightarrow $ e$^{+}$e$^{-}$ + X. The result of this experiment shows the production of a new type of particle, J, which decays to e$^{+}$e$^{-}$ with a width consistent with zero. Experimental searches for more new particles will also be presented.
Identifying vulnerabilities of state estimators against cyber-attacks

State estimation has an important role in the operation of power systems and associated power markets. It is well known that state estimators are vulnerable to any existing critical measurements since their errors cannot be detected. Therefore, by manipulating a finite number of critical measurements, a hacker can bias the results of state estimation without being detected. Those biased results include both system states (bus voltage magnitudes and angles) and branch flows that are calculated by using the system states. This work investigates the cyber-attacks carried out by strategically manipulating critical measurements and proposes a method to identify the set of estimated flows that are vulnerable to those cyber-attacks. The proposed method will be described and simulations will be presented to validate the method. The paper considers power systems that are measured by a mixed set of measurements, namely power flow, injection and voltage magnitude measurements, as well as phasor measurements provided by the phasor measurement units (PMUs).
Preserving biological heterogeneity with a permuted surrogate variable analysis for genomics batch correction.

Motivation: Sample source, procurement process and other technical variations introduce batch effects into genomics data. Algorithms to remove these artifacts enhance differences between known biological covariates, but also carry potential concern of removing intragroup biological heterogeneity and thus any personalized genomic signatures. As a result, accurate identification of novel subtypes from batch-corrected genomics data is challenging using standard algorithms designed to remove batch effects for class comparison analyses. Nor can batch effects be corrected reliably in future applications of genomics-based clinical tests, in which the biological groups are by definition unknown a priori. Results: Therefore, we assess the extent to which various batch correction algorithms remove true biological heterogeneity. We also introduce an algorithm, permuted-SVA (pSVA), using a new statistical model that is blind to biological covariates to correct for technical artifacts while retaining biological heterogeneity in genomic data. This algorithm facilitated accurate subtype identification in head and neck cancer from gene expression data in both formalin-fixed and frozen samples. When applied to predict Human Papillomavirus (HPV) status, pSVA improved cross-study validation even if the sample batches were highly confounded with HPV status in the training set. Availability and implementation: All analyses were performed using R version 2.15.0. The code and data used to generate the results of this manuscript is available from https://sourceforge.net/projects/psva. Contact: ude.imhj@gitrefje Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Hyperglycemia Management in Non-critically Ill Hospitalized Patients

There is increasing evidence demonstrating negative consequences and poor clinical outcomes associated with untreated hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients. Data in specific patient populations, primarily critically ill patients, demonstrate improved patient outcomes with tight glycemic control. To date, no clear evidence exists to determine optimal glycemic targets in non-critically ill patients; however, experts agree that better glycemic control in hospitalized patients is warranted. Glycemic control is complicated by numerous factors in hospitalized patients including increased circulating stress hormones, changing nutritional status, and administration of medication therapies that contribute to hyperglycemia. In addition, fear of hypoglycemia among health care providers, a commonly cited barrier, contributes to the failure to adopt more intensive insulin regimens. Current practice trends have proven ineffective and major changes are needed. Some of those trends include the use of sliding scale insul...
Genetics of hearing loss: where are we standing now?

Hearing loss (HL) is the most common sensory impairment and is caused by a broad range of inherited to environmental causes. Inherited HL consists 50–60% of all HL cases. The inherited form of HL is further classified to different categories. More than 300 syndromes and 40 genes have been identified to result in different levels of HL. Although several diagnostic or screening tests have been developed, yet there are controversies around their use.
Additive blockade of β2‐integrin adhesion of eosinophils by salmeterol and fluticasone propionate

Migration of human eosinophils is regulated by integrin expression, conformational change, and activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). Corticosteroids have been shown to inhibit cPLA2 hydrolysis in human eosinophils. The objective of this study was to determine the mechanisms of fluticasone propionate (FP) alone or in combination with salmeterol (SM) in blocking adhesion mediated by beta 2-integrin in human eosinophils. Human eosinophils were isolated by negative magnetic selection. beta 2-integrin-mediated eosinophil adhesion was measured by residual eosinophil peroxidase activity. Eosinophils were pretreated for 12 h to 24 h with FP and with or without SM for 30 min. Both SM alone and FP alone inhibited eosinophil adhesion in concentration- and time-dependent manner. SM alone modestly (approximately 30%) inhibited interleukin (IL)-5-induced eosinophil adhesion. Blockade of IL-5-induced eosinophil adhesion caused by 10(-7) M FP at 24 h was augmented by 10(-7) M SM from 41.5% to 72.5%. Similar blockade was also observed for eotaxin-induced eosinophil adhesion. Neither SM, FP, nor FP + SM blocked either: 1) upregulation of CD11b surface expression; or 2) phosphorylation of cPLA2. Blockade of beta 2-integrin-mediated eosinophil adhesion by fluticasone propionate is augmented by salmeterol. Decreased adhesion results from augmented blockade of nuclear translocation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 caused by addition of salmeterol to fluticasone.
Advances in protein structure prediction and de novo protein design : A review

This review provides an exposition to the important problems of (i) structure prediction in protein folding and (ii) de novo protein design. The recent advances in protein folding are reviewed based on a classification of the approaches in comparative modeling, fold recognition, and first principles methods with and without database information. The advances towards the challenging problem of loop structure prediction and the first principles method, ASTRO-FOLD, along with the developments in the area of force-fields development have been discussed. Finally, the recent progress in the area of de novo protein design is presented with focus on template flexibility, in silico sequence selection, and successful peptide and protein designs.
Efficient Adaptation to Climate Change

Firms and individuals will likely engage in substantial private adaptation with respect to climate change in such sectors as farming, energy, timber, and recreation because it is in their interest to do so. The shared benefit nature of joint adaptation, however, will cause individuals to underprovide joint adaptation in such areas as water control, sea walls, and ecological management. Governments need to start thinking about joint adaptation, being careful to design efficient responses which treat climate change problems as they arise.