cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns of epoxide metabolism by epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferase associated with age and genotype in Drosophila melanogaster

Epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferase activities toward trans- and cis-stilbene oxides were measured in 3 strains of Drosophila melanogaster. Differences in age dependence, substrate selectivity and subcellular location were detected suggesting the presence of multiple forms of these enzymes. In addition, interstrain differences indicate the presence of genetic variation for epoxide hydrolase and glutathione transferase activities. These results illustrate a potential use of these assays in D. melanogaster to complement existing tests (e.g. recessive lethal tests or Ames assays) for evaluating the relationship between epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferase levels and the genotoxicity of epoxides.
Information leakage detection in distributed systems using software agents

Covert channel attacks utilize shared resources to indirectly transmit sensitive information to unauthorized parties. Current security mechanisms such as SELinux rely on tagging the filesystem with access control properties. However, such mechanisms do not provide strong protection against information laundering via covert channels. Colored Linux [20], an extension to SELinux, utilizes watermarking algorithms to “color” the contents of each file with their respective security classification to enhance resistance to information laundering attacks. In this paper, we propose a mobile agent-based approach to automate the process of detecting and coloring receptive hosts' filesystems and monitoring the colored filesystem for instances of potential information leakage. Implementation details and execution results are included to illustrate the merits of the proposed approach.
In-Space Propulsion, Logistics Reduction, and Evaluation of Steam Reformer Kinetics: Problems and Prospects

Human space missions generate waste materials. A 70-kg crewmember creates a waste stream of 1 kg per day, and a four-person crew on a deep space habitat for a 400+ day mission would create over 1600 kg of waste. Converted into methane, the carbon could be used as a fuel for propulsion or power. The NASA Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) Logistics Reduction and Repurposing (LRR) project is investing in space resource utilization with an emphasis on repurposing logistics materials for useful purposes and has selected steam reforming among many different competitive processes as the preferred method for repurposing organic waste into methane. Already demonstrated at the relevant processing rate of 5.4 kg of waste per day, high temperature oxygenated steam consumes waste and produces carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen which can then be converted into methane catalytically. However, the steam reforming process has not been studied in microgravity. Data are critically needed to understand the mechanisms that allow use of steam reforming in a reduced gravity environment. This paper reviews the relevant literature, identifies gravity-dependent mechanisms within the steam gasification process, and describes an innovative experiment to acquire the crucial kinetic information in a small-scale reactor specifically designed to operate within the requirements of a reduced gravity aircraft flight. The experiment will determine if the steam reformer process is mass-transport limited, and if so, what level of forced convection will be needed to obtain performance comparable to that in 1-g.
GOLD AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO NEUROLOGICAL/GLANDULAR CONDITIONS

Despite increasing sales of gold supplements, and claims of benefits for neurological and glandular conditions, gold has received little attention in modern medical literature except as a drug for rheumatoid arthritis. Historically, however, gold had a reputation as a nervine, a therapy for nervous disorders. A review of the historical literature shows gold in use during the 19th century for conditions including depression, epilepsy, migraine, and glandular problems such as amenorrhea and impotence. The most notable use of gold was in a treatment for alco holism developed by Keeley (1897). In the modern medical literature, gold-containing medicines for rheumatoid arthritis are known to have occasional neurotoxic adverse effects. There are also a few studies suggesting a role for gold as a naturally occurring trace element in the reproductive glands. One small recent study demonstrated a possible positive effect of gold on cognitive ability. There is a need for more experimental and clinical research of th...
The synthesis of novel polycyclic heterocyclic ring systems via photocyclization. 9. Phenanthro[9′,10′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐c]quinoline, benzo[f]phenanthro[9′,10′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐c]quinoline, and benzo[h]‐phenanthro[9′,10′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐c]quinoline

The synthesis of three novel polycyclic heterocyclic ring systems are reported via photocyclization. The specific final products in these ring systems are: phenanthro[9′,10′:4,5]thieno[2,3-c]quinoline (13), benzo[h]-phenanthro[9′,10′:4,5]thieno[2,3-c]quinoline (14), and benzo[f]phenanthro[9′,10′:4,5]thieno[2,3-c]quinoline (15).
Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North

Review of: "Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North," by Peter John Brownlee, Sarah Burns, Diane Dillon, Daniel Greene, and Scott Manning Stevens
Sets of Uniqueness, Sets of Multiplicity

Since the action in this Chapter takes place on the circle group T, we write A for A(T), PF for PF(T), and so forth.
Euclid’s Geometry

In this chapter we create a common experience by reading portions of Euclid’s Elements. We discuss the nature of proof in geometry. We introduce a particular way of recording ruler and compass constructions so that we can measure their complexity. We discuss what are presumably familiar notions from high school geometry as it is taught today. And then we present Euclid’s construction of the regular pentagon and discuss its proof.
BURGLARY SPECIALIZATION WITHIN A PAROLE COHORT: CRIMINAL LIFESTYLE OR MOONLIGHTING?

ABSTRACT In the past few years there has been a resurgence in violence specialization research. There is a paucity of literature pertaining to specialization in burglary. This research utilizes Wright and Decker's (1994) and Holzman ‘s (1982) research on burglary to generate questions on the relationship between burglary and specialization within a cohort of parolees. Findings suggest that there is small but substantial group of burglar specialists within the parole cohort. Logistic and Cox regression analyses are used.
Other Cystic Lesions of the Pancreas

Aside from cystic mucus-producing neoplasms, namely, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) and mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs), there are myriads of other cystic lesions that occur in the pancreas (Table 10-1). These include neoplasms that may typically appear solid that have cystic change, such as pancreatic endocrine tumors (PET) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDA). Also included are a large collection of non-neoplastic cysts and some benign neoplastic cysts that usually do not require resection. In general, the cytopathologist’s role is to distinguish between cysts that may require resection, such as cystic mucus-producing neoplasms and solid neoplasms with cystic degeneration, from all those that can be managed conservatively.
Protein misfolding cyclic amplification

Prion diseases are caused by a conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) to a pathological conformer (PrPSc). The “prion-only” hypothesis suggests that PrPSc is the infectious agent that propagates the disease acting as a template for the conversion of PrPC. In 2001, we developed a novel in vitro technique, called Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), which mimics this pathological process in an accelerated way. Thereby, minimal amount of PrPSc can be amplified to several millions fold, providing an important tool for diagnosis and investigation of prion biology, and the molecular mechanism of prion conversion. PMCA also offers a great platform for the study and amplification of the protein misfolding process associated with other neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.
Measurement of Raman χ(3) and Theoretical Estimation of DOVE Four Wave Mixing of Hydrogen Peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide has strong infrared (IR) transitions ν6 and its combination band ν2+ν6, which may provide a unique opportunity to implement doubly vibrationally enhanced (DOVE) four wave mixing (FWM) for directly measuring hydrogen peroxide in spectrally overcrowded mixtures. In this work, the magnitude of the DOVE third-order susceptibility χ(3) was theoretically estimated. By using a FWM interferometric method, one of the strongest Raman bands, O–O stretch ν3 Raman χ(3) of 30 wt % H2O2, was first measured to be 1.2 × 10–14 esu. The Raman χ(3) of ν2 was then determined to be 5.3 × 10–15 esu based on their relative Raman intensities. The resulting Raman χ(3) of ν2 was used to calculate the DOVE χ(3) of (ν6, ν2+ν6), together with the dipolar moments of the two IR transitions determined from IR absorption measurement. The calculated value of DOVE-IR χ(3) was 1.1 × 10–13 esu for pure H2O2, about 1.5 times larger than that of the strong ring breathing Raman band of benzene. The large DOVE χ(3) suggests the ...
The last great global warming.

The article discusses scientific evidence that suggests the pace of prehistoric global warming was much worse than what human beings are facing in the 21st century. Topics include an overview of an abrupt global warming that occurred 56 million years ago, called the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), in which the Earth's temperature rose five degrees Celsius over a period of thousand years, the resemblance between the PETM and human-induced climate change in the 21st century, and how knowledge of what happened during the PETM could help scientists foresee what the future of humankind will be like. INSET: Now and Then.
Socio-behavioral convergence in female affiliative behaviors in Pan and Ateles

Pan and Ateles converge in many aspects of their social organization. Both are characterized by a high degree of fission-fusion dynamics, in which species exhibit high variation in party size, composition, and spatial cohesion. Within this framework, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and spider monkeys (Ateles sp.) exhibit the most similarity in subgrouping patterns and social relationships. Specifically, significant overlap is found in the context of female social relationships and patterns of male-female aggression. Here, we examine how affiliative behaviors mediate female social relationships in captive spider monkeys, chimpanzees, and bonobos. Focal data were collected from five female Ateles geoffroyi at Brookfield Zoo (mean age=13.2, range: 7-21), five female bonobos at Columbus Zoo (mean age=22.0, range: 7-31), and five chimpanzees at North Carolina Zoo (mean age=20.4, range: 15-43). Female dyads did not differ in their rates of total or directional grooming, but spider monkeys engaged in significantly less mutual grooming (Kruskal-Wallis H= 8.917, N=30, p=0.012). All three species exhibited grooming reciprocity. There were no significant differences in the overall use of tension-reduction behaviors. However, there were significant differences in the types of tension-reduction behaviors, with spider monkeys using embraces (H=14.306, p=0.001), bonobos using socio-sexual behaviors (H=14.269, p=0.001), and chimpanzees using kisses (H=11.50, p=0.003). Furthermore, bonobos used tension-reduction behaviors significantly more often in feeding contexts (ANOVA F=14.357, N=15, p=0.001). We suggest that each species use tension-reduction behaviors that are species-typical, but serve as functional equivalents. However, bonobos may experience increased tension in feeding contexts, which suggests differing social and ecological pressures may necessitate an increase in tension-reduction behaviors.
A Session Negotiation Mechanism in IMS Supporting Relaybased Media Multipath Transport

Due to IMS( IP multimedia subsystem) does not support media relay-based multipath transmission mode at present,a session negotiation mechanism in IMS supporting media relay-based multipath transport was presented. Multipath transmission function was introduced to IMS system in a form of service. The multipath transport framework based on application-layer relay was combined with IMS system seamlessly. The network side of IMS was enabled to manage media multipath transmission process. The proposed mechanism not only maximize the reuse of existing IMS network infrastructure to protect the early capital investment and improve the scheme's practicability,but also enable the network side of IMS to have the ability to provide users with differentiated media transmission quality.
VARIATIONS IN THE INTRA-ARTICULAR PRESSURE OF THE HIP JOINT IN INJURY AND DISEASE. A PROBABLE FACTOR IN AVASCULAR NECROSIS.

The vascular supply of the femoral head is unique in that its vessels travel along the length of the femoral neck between the bone and the inelastic capsule, reinforced by the iliopsoas muscle. During their course, these vessels are exposed to trauma and to pressure. The high intra-articular pressure created in the hip joint during certain maneuvers and in the positions used in standard treatment suggests that, both in fractures and in certain diseases of the hip, an intra-articular tamponade may obstruct the vascular supply of the head. Consistent clinical and experimental findings have been presented which appear to verify this hypothesis. Practical application of the results of this study would point to the need for aspiration of the hip or fenestration of the capsule during the treatment of intra-articular fractures. Also, avoidance of traction in certain positions during the preoperative and the postoperative periods should be considered. The phenomenon described also argues against immobilization of the hip in extension when there is an excessive amount of synovial fluid, as is found in certain acute conditions and injuries in children.
Limited capacity for salicyl phenolic glucuronide formation and its effect on the kinetics of salicylate elimination in man

Evidence is presented which shows that man has a limited capacity to form salicyl phenolic glucuronide from salicylic acid and that this process is describable by Michaelis-Menten kinetics in the therapeutic dose range. The discovery of this saturation phenomenon, together with the previous characterization of the capacity-limited kinetics of salicylurate formation (i.e., conjugation of salicylate with glycine), has led to the elaboration of the total kinetics of salicylate elimination in man. Theoretic maximum formation rate and in vivo apparent Michaelis constants for phenolic glucuronide and salicylurate formation, apparent first-order rate constants for the formation of salicyl acyl glucuronide and gentisate, and the apparent first-order rate constant for salicylate excretion (which is highly urine pH dependent) have been determined in healthy adult volunteers. Excretion (or elimination) rate constants of metabolites were estimated by direct administration of these metabolites, by synthesis blocking methods, or by curve-fitting procedures. Digital computer simulations based on these comtants are in excellent agreement with experimental data over more than a fifteenfold dose range. Thm, almost 100 years after the introduction of salicylic acid to medicine, its effective pharmacokinetic characterization in man has been accomplished.
Global comparison of phosphoproteins in human and rodent hearts: implications for translational studies of myosin light chain and troponin phosphorylations

Cardiac remodeling and failure are regulated by a myriad of cardiac protein phosphorylations. In the present study, cardiac phosphoprotein patterns were examined in rodent and human hearts Left ventricular tissue samples were obtained from human systolic failing (n = 5) and control (n = 5) hearts and from two rat models of hypertensive heart failure, i.e., spontaneously hypertensive heart failure and Dahl salt-sensitive rats and corresponding controls. Phosphoproteins were separated by 2D-DIGE with Cydye staining, phosphoprotein patterns were analyzed using pixel intensity in rectified images. Specific phosphoproteins which were different in human versus rodent hearts were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF Mass Spectrometry. Targeted pair-wise analyses showed differences (p < 0.05) in 26 % of the pixels, which included pixels containing phosphorylated troponin T, myosin light chain, peroxiredoxin, and haptoglobin. These results show differences in rodent versus human cardiac remodeling which will influence the translation rodent studies to humans in this area.
Chapter 12 – Ethics

Ethics is a universal human attribute. People have moral values; they accept standards according to which their conduct is judged right or wrong, good or evil. Moral norms vary among individuals and among human groups, and change through historical time; but value judgments concerning human behavior are made in all cultures. This universality raises the question of whether the moral sense is an attribute of human nature determined by biological evolution , and whether human values are also determined by biological evolution rather than received from religious and cultural traditions. Moral behavior is determined by human biology, because of the presence of three biological human attributes: the ability to anticipate the consequences of one's own actions; the ability to make value judgments; and the ability to choose between alternative courses of action. Moral codes, the norms according to which we determine which actions are good and which are evil, are not determined by our biology, but rather by cultural evolution ; hence the variation of moral norms among individuals, among groups, and through historical time.
Oil, Laws, and Female Labor Force Participation

Despite the rapid rise of women’s education and the fall of their fertility rates in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), female labor force participation (FLFP) rates remain low. This paper argues that oil and gas rents and Islamic family law jointly matter. Controlling for country and year fixed-effects in a long panel dataset, it shows that per capita oil and gas rents reduce FLFP rates in countries with Islamic family law more than others. The results are robust to econometric methodology and to controlling for the interaction of rents and all other time-constant factors that are common across the MENA region, such as culture, social norms, and institutions. Moreover, the results cannot be replicated by substituting historical plough use, a strong predictor of gender discrimination, in place of Islamic family law. Policy implications are discussed.
Doctoral Sojourn Experiences of Adapted Physical Education Students from Asian Countries

The purpose of this study was to describe and explain Asian international doctoral students’ sojourn experiences into Adapted Physical Education (APE) programs at two universities. The participants were six doctoral students from Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea. This case study was conceptualized within sojourner theory (Siu, 1952). The data sources were a demographic questionnaire and face-to-face interviews conducted during the participants’ doctoral studies. The emergent themes were (a) research challenges; (b) academic, social, and hierarchical relationships with doctoral advisors; (c) burnout; and (d) situation-specific anxiety. To better support international doctoral students, this study encourages academic departments, administrators, faculty, and all doctoral students to learn to view themselves as playing various roles including academic advisors, teachers, and graduate students.
Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) after Frontline Therapy in Adolescent and Young Adult (AYA) Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Treated on Two Separate Regimens.

Abstract Retrospective and prospective studies have demonstrated that AYA patients (pts) with ALL have superior outcomes when treated with pediatric rather than adult-type regimens. Pediatric ALL regimens are therefore being applied as frontline therapy for adults up to age 30. Given the relatively favorable outcome for this group and the length of therapy employed, it will be several years before the superiority of this approach can be confirmed. MRD by multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) might be an early measurement of treatment efficacy, since detection of MRD after initial induction has been shown to predict for decreased disease-free survival (DFS). MRD monitoring may thus provide an early indication of later success for different ALL regimens in AYA patients. MRD was measured by four color MFC using lineage specific antibodies in conjunction with antibodies directed at aberrant antigens. The limit of detection was one cell in ten-thousand. MRD data for 43 pts
Perceptions of police: Experiences in the trans* community

ABSTRACTTransgender people have more frequent and negative interactions with police by way of brutality, unwarranted stops, and detainments on the basis of gender identity (Amnesty International, 2005; Wurth, Schleifer, McLemore, Todrys, & Amon, 2013). The present study aims to expand on current psychological literature by understanding the relationship between gender identity, perceptions of police, and willingness to interact with police. A non-equivalent control group design was employed to compare differences among cisgender men, cisgender women, and trans* participants regarding their perceptions of police and level of comfort with interacting with police.
Probability and Statistics with Reliability, Queuing, and Computer Science Applications. By K. S. Trivedi

(1984). Probability and Statistics with Reliability, Queuing, and Computer Science Applications. By K. S. Trivedi. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 91, No. 5, pp. 323-324.
X-Ray Measurement and Porosity in Graphite/Polyimide Composites

One of the persistent problems in the control of quality in materials used in structures is that of porosity. Whether the material is a casting, an epoxy composite, or a complex ceramic or metal matrix composite, the presence of porosity, depending upon the severity, causes a degradation of the parts performance characteristics and their longevity. The detection of porosity in many industries is important in two ways, namely, in material quality control and in monitoring process control (1). One class of materials where both of these problems arise is the graphite composites (2–4). To date, the inspection of these composites using an X-ray method has been unsatisfactory in that the film methods frequently tried did not have the sensitivity resolution to yield a quantitative measure of the porosity volume percent. Such a measure becomes even more critical in ceramic composites in that the difference between a good material and a poor one is a level of porosity rather than the presence of porosity, as is the case in graphite epoxy composites. We wish to report results of an X-ray method to measure porosity in materials using the graphite polyimide composites as an example. The method is certainly not restricted to this type of graphite composite or indeed to graphite composites.
Conservative Treatment of Patellofemoral Pain

The vast majority of patients with patellofemoral pain respond to conservative treatment. Nonoperative management consists of rest and avoidance of activities producing increased patellofemoral pressure, combined with quadriceps strengthening exercises with the knee extended. Anti-inflammatory drugs and special braces may assist in the treatment program.
Conservation of Energy

We saw in Chap. 1 that during the last quarter of the eighteenth century and first half of the nineteenth century, conservation of mass and conservation of energy were accepted as fundamental laws of nature by the scientific community. Conservation of mass can be attributed largely to quantitative investigations by Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, who began an investigation of combustion in 1772 when the chemical nature of air was still a mystery. Recognition that energy is conserved occurred around 1840. Those developments are summarized in Chap. 1.
1984 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System

Abstract In 1983, the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) piloted a project to collect epidemiological data on poison exposures reported to poison centers nationwide. 1 In 1984 the Data Collection System was available to all interested AAPCC member poison centers and was established as an ongoing National Database. The following data represent the annual report for 1984 for this National Data Collection System.
Graduate Students' Perspectives on Using E-Books for Academic Learning.

The purpose of this qualitative research was to explore (a) how graduate students interpret their experiences with the use of e-books for learning, (b) which reasons influence their preference for ...
DeCODe: a community-based algorithm for generating high-quality decompositions of optimization problems

Nonconvex optimization problems, such as those often seen in chemical engineering applications due to integer decisions and inherent system physics, are known to scale poorly with problem size. Decomposition methods, such as Benders or Lagrangean decomposition, offer much promise for improving solution efficiency. However, automatically identifying subproblems for use with these solution methods remains an open problem. Herein, a general algorithmic framework entitled Detection of Communities for Optimization Decomposition (DeCODe) is presented. DeCODe uses community detection, a concept originating from network theory, to generate optimization subproblems which are strongly interacting within individual subproblems but weakly interacting between different ones. The importance of communities in solving problems using decomposition solution methods is showcased via a least squares regression problem. The ability of DeCODe to identify nontrivial decompositions of optimization problems is demonstrated through a large renewable energy and chemical production optimal design problem and two mixed integer nonlinear program test problems.
People with Parkinson disease with and without freezing of gait respond similarly to external and self-generated cues.

Abstract Background Gait deficits in Parkinson disease (PD), including freezing of gait (FOG), can be among the most debilitating symptoms. Rhythmic auditory cueing has been used to alleviate some gait symptoms. However, different cue types, such as externally-generated and self-generated cues, affect gait variability differently. The differential effects of these cue types on people with PD with FOG (PD + FOG), who often have higher gait variability, and those with PD without FOG (PD-FOG) is unknown. Given the relationship of gait variability to fall risk, this is an important area to address. Research question This study aims to 1) confirm the association between falls and gait variability measures in PD-FOG, PD + FOG and age-matched Controls; 2) investigate the effects of different cue types on gait variability in PD-FOG and PD + FOG; and 3) determine whether baseline gait characteristics are associated with response to cues. Methods This cross-sectional study investigated PD-FOG (n = 24), PD + FOG (n = 20), and Controls (n = 24). Gait trials were collected during use of externally-generated and self-generated cues for all participants. Gait variability measures were the primary outcomes to assess the effects of rhythmic auditory cues. Results Logistic regression models showed increased gait variability was associated with falls across groups. Repeated measures ANOVAs showed externally-generated cues increased gait variability, whereas self-generated cues did not, for all groups. Pearson’s correlations showed participants with higher baseline gait variability had greater reduction in gait variability with rhythmic auditory cueing. Significance Higher gait variability is associated with falls. This study demonstrates that PD + FOG are capable of using self-generated cues without increasing gait variability measures, thereby stabilizing gait. People with higher baseline gait variability are likely to experience the largest reductions in variability with the addition of external cues.
Single cell RNA analysis of trunk neural crest cells in zebrafish identifies pre-migratory populations expressing markers of differentiated derivatives

The neural crest is a migratory population of stem-like cells that contribute to multiple traits including the bones of the skull, peripheral nervous system, and pigment. How neural crest cells differentiate into diverse cell types is a fundamental question in the study of vertebrate biology. Here, we use single cell RNA sequencing to characterize transcriptional changes associated with neural crest cell development in the zebrafish trunk during the early stages of migration. We show that neural crest cells are transcriptionally diverse, and identify pre-migratory populations already expressing genes associated with differentiated derivatives. Further, we identify a population of Rohon-Beard neurons that are shown to be sources of Fgf signaling in the zebrafish trunk. The data presented identify novel genetic markers for multiple trunk neural crest cell populations and Rohon-Beard neurons providing insight into previously uncharacterized genes critical for vertebrate development.
Ten Years of Newborn Screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) in Massachusetts

Background Massachusetts began newborn screening (NBS) for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) using measurement of T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) from dried blood spots. Objective We describe developments and outcomes from the first 10 years of this program (February 1, 2009, to January 31, 2019). Methods TREC values, diagnostic, and outcome data from all patients screened for SCID were evaluated. Results NBS of 720,038 infants prompted immunologic evaluation of 237 (0.03%). Of 237, 9 were diagnosed with SCID/leaky SCID (4% of referrals vs 0.001% general population). Another 7 were diagnosed with other combined immunodeficiencies, and 3 with athymia. SCID/leaky SCID incidence was approximately 1 in 80,000, whereas approximately 1 in 51,000 had severe T-cell lymphopenia for which definitive treatment was indicated. All patients with SCID/leaky SCID underwent hematopoietic cell transplant or gene therapy with 100% survival. One patient with athymia underwent successful thymus transplant. No known cases of SCID were missed. Compared with outcomes from the 10 years before SCID NBS, survival trended higher (9 of 9 vs 4 of 7), likely due to a lower rate of infection before treatment. Conclusions Our data support a single NBS testing-and-referral algorithm for all gestational ages. Despite lower median TREC values in premature infants, the majority for all ages are well above the TREC cutoff and the algorithm, which selects urgent (undetectable TREC) and repeatedly abnormal TREC values, minimizes referral. We also found that low naive T-cell percentage is associated with a higher risk of SCID/CID, demonstrating the utility of memory/naive T-cell phenotyping as part of follow-up flow cytometry.
Utilizing a Novel 2D Image Processing System for Relating Body Composition Metrics to Performance in Collegiate Female Rowers.

The purpose of this study was to determine if rowing performance was associated with fat mass (FM) or fat-free mass (FFM) measured using a novel 2D digital image analysis system. Nineteen female rowers (ages = 20.3 ± 1.0 years, weight = 73.8 ± 8.3 kg, height = 172.7 ± 4.7 cm) participated in this study. FM and FFM were estimated with a smartphone application that uses an automated 2D image analysis program. Rowing performance was measured using a 2 km (2k) timed trial on an indoor ergometer. The average speed of the timed trial was recorded in raw units (m·s−1) and adjusted for body weight (m·s−1·kg−1). FFM was significantly correlated to unadjusted 2k speed (r = 0.67, p 0.05). When 2k speed was adjusted to account for body weight, significant correlations were found with FM (r = −0.56, p 0.05). These data indicate that both FM and FFM are related to rowing performance in female athletes, but the significance of the relationships is dependent on overall body mass. In addition, the novel 2D imaging system appears to be a suitable field technique when relating body composition to rowing performance.
Using a Delphi Technique to Define a Feedback Culture in Graduate Medical Education.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Experts in medical education hypothesize that programs with a robust culture of feedback foster learning and growth for learners and educators, yet the literature shows no consensus for what defines a feedback culture in graduate medical education. METHODS Using a two-round, modified Delphi technique in summer and fall of 2019, the authors asked a panel of experts to identify essential elements to a feedback culture. The research team compiled a list of experts and a list of 29 descriptors of a highly functioning feedback culture. Experts rated the items as an essential, compatible, or not important aspect of a highly functioning culture of feedback. Researchers set a minimum threshold of 80% agreement and used comments from panelists to revise elements that did not meet agreement during round one. Experts then rerated the elements using information on their initial ratings, aggregate panelist ratings, and comments from all panelists. RESULTS The response rates from our panel of experts were 68% (17/25) for round one and 88% (15/17) for round two. Seventeen elements were rated as essential to a feedback culture. CONCLUSIONS An expert panel endorsed essential elements that can be used to assess feedback culture in graduate medical education programs.
Robust Binary Linear Programming Under Implementation Uncertainty

This paper studies binary linear programming problems in the presence of uncertainties that may cause solution values to change during implementation. This type of uncertainty, termed implementation uncertainty, is modeled explicitly affecting the decision variables rather than model parameters. The binary nature of the decision variables invalidates the use of the existing models for this type of uncertainty. The robust solutions obtained are optimal for a worst-case min-max objective and allow a controlled degree of infeasibility with respect to the associated deterministic problem. Structural properties are used to reformulate the problem as a mixed-integer linear binary program. The degree of solution conservatism is controlled by combining both constraint relaxation and cardinality-constrained parameters. Solutions for optimization problems under implementation uncertainty consist of a set of robust solutions; the selection of solutions from this possibly large set is formulated as an optimization problem over the robust set. Results from an experimental study in the context of the knapsack problem suggest the methodology yields solutions that perform well in terms of objective value and feasibility. Furthermore, the selection approach can identify robust solutions that possess desirable implementation characteristics.
An Online Learning Framework for Targeting Demand Response Customers

We study the optimal design of demand response and peak-time rebate programs in the electricity sector. Load-serving entities (LSEs) frequently use demand response or peak-time rebate programs to reduce consumption during peak hours. However, the LSE has imperfect information, so it typically estimates a ‘baseline’, a customer’s counterfactual energy consumption, and it offers (weakly positive) incentives for reductions below this threshold. This approach leads to generous incentives, even to customers who make no effort to reduce their demand, due to inherent variability or unpredictability of demand. We show that the estimated baseline is not necessarily the optimal threshold for calculating rebates in demand response programs. We consider a customer demand model and investigate a natural objective function for the LSE. Our methodology helps the LSE learn about customer demand patterns and also customers’ propensity for reductions over time. The LSE balances multiple objectives to determine the appropriate rebate threshold for customers. By incorporating data from a ToU pricing experiment in London, we show that compared to a conventional demand response program, our approach significantly improves the targeting of demand response payments.
On the Master Field in Two Dimensions

If a master field exists, for large N gauge theories, it is an extreme point of the set of positive linear central functionals on the group algebra of a group of loops. In two dimensions master fields exist. We exhibit it explicitly for the plane.
Collection, Purification, and Culture of Cyanobacteria

The collection of Cyanobacteria from nature, isolation of pure cultures, and large-scale culture techniques are prerequisites for detailed studies. A plankton net is generally used to obtain concentrated collections from natural waters. Replicates of the concentrated collections are placed directly into several standard liquid mineral media in the field. The mixed cultures are brought to the laboratory and streaked on 0.75 to 1.00% agar plates of the several mineral media. After a suitable incubation, individual colonies are transferred to their respective liquid mineral media. Alternation of the agar plating and liquid culture is continued until axenic cultures are obtained. Other techniques are available for obtaining axenic cultures if required. Purifications from lake bottom sediments may provide a source of Cyanobacteria absent from the waters. Culture collections can furnish important organisms for study. Large-scale culture of Cyanobacteria is conveniently achieved by simple continuous culture techniques in 20 liter glass or polypropylene bottles.
Differentiation between mu and kappa receptor-mediated effects in opioid drug discrimination: apparent pA2 analysis.

Apparent pA2 values for the opioid antagonist, quadazocine, were used to characterize differential involvement of mu and kappa opioid receptors in the discriminative stimulus effects of opioid agonists. Rhesus monkeys were trained to discriminate s.c. injections of either codeine or ethylketazocine from sham injections. In tests of drug generalization, morphine, levorphanol and alfentanil all produced dose-dependent increases in codeine-appropriate responding, and ethylketazocine produced dose-dependent increases in ethylketazocine-appropriate responding. Quadazocine antagonized the discriminative stimulus effects of each of the agonists. Apparent pA2 values for quadazocine (and slopes of the regression lines fit to the data in "Schild Plot" analysis) were 7.8 (-1.0) with morphine, 7.7 (-1.4) with levorphanol, 7.9 (-0.92) with alfentanil and 5.7 (-0.93) with ethylketazocine. If regression line slopes were constrained to equal -1, 7.8 was the apparent pA2 value with all agonists except ethylketazocine (5.7). This difference in apparent pA2 values for quadazocine confirms that different receptors (mu and kappa, respectively) mediate the discriminative effects of opioid agonists in codeine- and ethylketazocine-trained rhesus monkeys. Also, when the antagonism data were reanalyzed separately for each individual monkey, apparent pA2 values from individual animals were found to be similar to values from other animals in the same group and to values based on grouped data.
Validation of the Ottawa ankle rules. Experience at a community hospital.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To test the validity of a set of defined and tested rules for decisions on use of radiography for acute ankle injuries. DESIGN: Prospective survey. SETTING: Community hospital emergency department managing 42000 visits annually. PARTICIPANTS: A non-consecutive sample of 318 adults and children presenting during 1 year was evaluated by 25 family physicians in part-time emergency practice. INTERVENTIONS: Participating physicians interpreted the Ottawa ankle rules for all enrolled patients and ordered radiographs in 96% of cases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sensitivity of the Ottawa ankle rules to predict whether radiography is required for acute ankle injuries. RESULTS: Of the 318 cases, 22 incomplete records were excluded, leaving 259 records of adults and 37 records of patients younger than 16 accepted for analysis. Of 34 adult patients with identified fractures, only one was predicted by the rules not to require radiographs. Sensitivity of the rules was 0.971 (confidence interval [CI] 0.914 to 1.00), specificity was 0.302 (CI 0.242 to 0.362), positive predictive value was 0.174 (CI 0.120 to 0.228), and negative predictive value was 0.986 (CI 0.971 to 1.00). Radiography could have been reduced by 26.3% had the rules been applied. Of the 37 children, seven had fractures. All were properly identified by the rules. Radiography in this group could have been reduced by 22%. CONCLUSIONS: This study validates the Ottawa ankle rules and supports their use. Further research on how the rules apply to children is required.
Modelling the random effects covariance matrix in longitudinal data

A common class of models for longitudinal data are random effects (mixed) models. In these models, the random effects covariance matrix is typically assumed constant across subject. However, in many situations this matrix may differ by measured covariates. In this paper, we propose an approach to model the random effects covariance matrix by using a special Cholesky decomposition of the matrix. In particular, we will allow the parameters that result from this decomposition to depend on subject-specific covariates and also explore ways to parsimoniously model these parameters. An advantage of this parameterization is that there is no concern about the positive definiteness of the resulting estimator of the covariance matrix. In addition, the parameters resulting from this decomposition have a sensible interpretation. We propose fully Bayesian modelling for which a simple Gibbs sampler can be implemented to sample from the posterior distribution of the parameters. We illustrate these models on data from depression studies and examine the impact of heterogeneity in the covariance matrix on estimation of both fixed and random effects.
Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation in the Fetus With Atrioventricular Canal Defect: Transition From Prenatal to Postnatal Life

Atrioventricular valve regurgitation (AVVR) is a clinically important element of the common atrioventricular canal defect. Cardiac preload and afterload increase from prenatal to postnatal life. These hemodynamic changes may increase the degree of regurgitation and affect management and prognosis. We sought to investigate the frequency of change in degree of AVVR from fetal to postnatal life in this patient population. Subjects who underwent both fetal and postnatal echocardiography within 4 weeks of life between January 2008 and September 2010 were included in the study. Degree of AVVR was assessed by color Doppler imaging and scored as 0 (no regurgitation), 1 (hemodynamically insignificant regurgitation), and 2 (hemodynamically important regurgitation). Forty-nine subjects were included. Mean gestational age at fetal echocardiogram was 34 ± 2.8 weeks; age at postnatal echocardiogram was a median of <24 h of age (range 0–24). After birth, 69 % subjects had no change, 8 % of subjects had a decrease, and 22 % subjects had an increase in AVVR grade. Five patients progressed from a fetal score 0 or 1 to postnatal score 2. Neither trisomy 21 nor heterotaxy syndrome were risk factors for progression of AVVR. In patients with AV canal defects, 90 % demonstrate no hemodynamically significant change in AVVR from fetal to postnatal life, whereas 10 % display a hemodynamically significant change. AVVR appreciated in utero is predictive of neonatal regurgitation in the majority of patients. These findings have implications for the counseling and management of the fetus with AV canal defect.
Hepatic Radiation Toxicity: Avoidance and Amelioration

The refinement of radiation therapy and radioembolization techniques has led to a resurgent interest in radiation-induced liver disease (RILD). The awareness of technical and clinical parameters that influence the chance of RILD is important to guide patient selection and toxicity minimization strategies. "Classic" RILD is characterized by anicteric ascites and hepatomegaly and is unlikely to occur after a mean liver dose of approximately 30 Gy in conventional fractionation. By maintaining a low mean liver dose and sparing a "critical volume" of liver from radiation, stereotactic delivery techniques allow for the safe administration of higher tumor doses. Caution must be exercised for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or pre-existing liver disease (eg, Child-Pugh score of B or C) because they are more susceptible to RILD that can manifest in a nonclassic pattern. Although no pharmacologic interventions have yet been proven to mitigate RILD, preclinical research shows the potential for therapies targeting transforming growth factor-β and for the transplantation of stem cells, hepatocytes, and liver progenitor cells as strategies that may restore liver function. Also, in the clinical setting of veno-occlusive liver disease after high-dose chemotherapy, agents with fibrinolytic and antithrombotic properties can reverse liver failure, suggesting a possible role in the setting of RILD.
Nontraditional Students in Community Colleges and the Model of College Outcomes for Adults

The purpose of this study was to examine three components of Donaldson and Graham's (1999) model of college outcomes for adults: (a) Prior Experience & Personal Biographies, (b) the Connecting Classroom, and (c) Life-World Environment. The study was also to assess the application of these components to traditional and nontraditional students in community colleges in both technical and nontechnical courses. This study found that nontraditional students vary from traditional students in regards to the three model constructs. A post hoc descriptive discriminate analysis determined that the Life-World Environment component contributed the most to group differences with the minimally nontraditional group scoring the highest on this construct.
Hydrogen overvoltage on gold

The hydrogen reaction was investigated on H2-annealed Au in HClO4 solutions, with and without NaClO4 to 1 M, pH 0·1, 0·9 and 2·0, and in 1 M H2SO4. From open-circuit decay and from anodic and cathodic galvanostatic transients, the coverage with adsorbed oxidizable material between −0.3 and +0·4 V, and of reducible species between +0·4 and 0·0 V (he) is < 5 per cent of a mono-layer. This is supported by single-pulse differential capacitance measurements. Capacity peaks at 0·3–0·4 V indicate ClO4− adsorption. These peaks are absent in 1 M H2SO4 and replaced by a maximum at +0·65 V, possibly due to HSO4− adsorption. Cathodic Tafel slopes on first polarization are b = 0·11 ± 0·01 V, dropping to b = 0·05 V on subsequent polarizations. Exchange currents are 30 μA/cm2 at pH 0·1 on fresh electrodes, increasing to as much as 3 mA/cm2 after polarization to + 1·3 V. Anodic currents are reaction controlled; the maximum limiting currents are 900-9 μA/cm2, decreasing with increasing pH. Reaction control is caused by ClO4 − or HSO4− adsorption. It is suggested that the influence of pH is indirect and caused by the shift in equilibrium potential, 0·06 V/pH, to values more negative to the zero point of charge of Au. This should lead to stronger adsorption of H2O dipoles accompanied by increased reaction control. The data are consistent with a rate-controlling discharge step followed by a recombination reaction initially, and a discharge step followed by an increasingly rate-controlling recombination reaction on subsequent polarizations.