cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tobacco Use: A Major Risk Factor of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is one of the deadliest subtypes of stroke, and no treatment is currently available. One of the major risk factors is tobacco use. In this article, we review literature on how tobacco use affects the risk of sICH and also summarize the known effects of tobacco use on outcomes following sICH. Several studies demonstrate that the risk of sICH is higher in current cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers. The literature also establishes that cigarette smoking not only increases the risk of sICH but also increases hematoma growth, results in worse outcomes, and increases the risk of death from sICH. This review also discusses potential mechanisms activated by tobacco use which result in an increase in risk and severity of sICH. Exploring the underlying mechanisms may help alleviate the risk of sICH in tobacco users as well as may help better manage tobacco user sICH patients.
Sex Differences in Circadian Biology: Influences on Lung Health and Disease

Sex and gender differences in circadian biology and how they relate to lung health and disease remain unexplored. Several reports have provided evidence showing how lung physiology indices and pathobiology are affected in a sex-specific manner in children and adults. This chapter provides a timely update on the recent discoveries that show sex- and gender-specific differences in lung pathophysiology as it relates to peripheral clock molecules in the lungs and target cell types, which play an essential role in chronic lung diseases. Ultimately, understanding the role of sex differences in circadian clock biology and its involvement in lung health and disease will result in development of novel chronotherapeutic drugs that can be used for the treatment and management of chronic inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis.
Atrial pacing to estimate total sinoatrial conduction time in children.

No data exist concerning the total sinoatrial conduction time (TSACT) in children that compare values determined by the atrial extrastimulation technique (TSACTS) with those generated by the atrial pacing method (TSACTN). In this study, TSACT in 55 patients, age 0.2–18.5, was measured using both techniques. TSACTN was performed at a mean 90% (TSACTN−90) (n=32) or a mean 95% (TSACTN−95 and (n=38) of sinus cycle length (SCL). When data generated during determination of TSACTN−90 and TSACTS were compared, SCL and recovery cycle length (REC) were similar for both techniques. Likewise, TSACTS (128±40 ms) and TSACTN−90 (126±74 ms) were not significantly different. Coefficient of correlation wasr=0.82,p<0.001. Chi-square analysis demonstrated a strong association of normal and abnormal values between TSACTS and TSACTN−90. In contrast, when values generated during TSACTN−95 and TSACTS were compared, TSACTS exceeded TSACTN−95 (137±38 vs 105±58 ms;p<0.001). Values for SCL and REC were similar while correlation between TSACT determined by the two techniques remained strong (r=0.82,p<0.001). Despite a good correlation between TSACTN−90 and TSACTS, individual differences in magnitude and direction were noted between the two techniques. In summary, TSACTN−90 approximates TSACTS in children. TSACTN−90 is preferable to TSACTN−95, probably due to more complete sinus node capture during atrial pacing. However, the behavior of the sinus node in response to extrastimuli (single or train) precludes favoring one technique over the other. More precise evaluation of sinoatrial conduction will require direct recording of sinus node activity.
Comparison of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Patients

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fastest growing cancer in the United States. Studies have shown that compared to Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics have a higher HCC incidence and mortality rate. Most studies investigating HCC in Hispanics have been conducted utilizing data largely from the Western and Southern United States. These findings may, however, not be highly representative of Hispanics in the Northeast, given the nonhomogenous distribution and diversity of Hispanics across the United States. METHODS Some 148 HCC patients diagnosed between 1996 and 2012 were identified from a tertiary center in the northeastern United States. Hispanic patients were randomly matched to non-Hispanic White patients by year of diagnosis. Patient characteristics, HCC risk factors, treatment, and outcome were recorded. A Kaplan-Meier (KM) plot with log-rank tests was used for survival analysis. RESULTS Compared to non-Hispanic White patients (n=89), Hispanic HCC patients (n=59) were more likely to have chronic hepatitis C infection (69.5% vs. 38.2%, p < 0.01), alcoholic liver disease (37.3% vs. 21.4%, p = 0.04) and were less likely to have chronic hepatitis B infection (6.8% vs. 24.7%, p = 0.01), and private insurance (37.3% vs. 57.3%, p = 0.02). Hispanics were more likely to be diagnosed with an earlier stage disease (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer, BCLC stages A and B) compared to non-Hispanic patients (71.7% vs. 36.8%, p < 0.01) and were more likely to receive locoregional treatment. Although Hispanics trended towards improved overall survival, this finding did not hold when stratified by the BCLC stage. CONCLUSION Risk factors for HCC in the northeastern Hispanic population are like those found among Hispanics in other US regions. Other research suggests Hispanics are at increased risk for hepatic injury and HCC. However, HCC in this northeastern Hispanic population appears to be less aggressive (earlier stage and trend towards better overall survival) than non-Hispanics. Further research may be needed to identify potential differences by ethnic group for HCC risk factors, presentation, and outcomes.
Decision making about anti-TNF therapy: A pilot trial of a shared decision-making intervention.

Objective We conducted a pre-post pilot trial to determine the feasibility and acceptability of a multi-component intervention (pre-clinic letter, shared decision making cards and follow-up phone call) designed to facilitate SDM in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods We recruited physicians (n = 11) caring for IBD patients and families (n = 36) expected to discuss anti-tumor necrosis treatment. We measured feasibility and acceptability of the intervention, observed SDM, perceived SDM, decision conflict, and regret. Medical records were used to assess clinical outcomes, time to decision and adherence. We compared all outcomes between the usual care and intervention study arms. Results Two out of three intervention components were feasible. Visit length increased significantly in the intervention arm. Parents and patients rated the intervention as acceptable, as did most physicians. The intervention was associated with a higher-level of observed SDM. There was no difference perceived SDM, decision conflict, regret or quality of life outcomes between arms. Physician global assessment improved over time in the intervention arm. Conclusions This pilot trial provides important guidance for developing a larger scale trial of a modified intervention. Practice implications Overall, our intervention shows promise in supporting SDM and engaging both parents and patients in pediatric IBD decisions.
The influence of the source and valence of word-of-mouth information on post-failure and post-recovery evaluations

The purpose of this paper was to better understand the impact that word-of-mouth recommendations (WOM) source (i.e., personal vs. impersonal sources) and WOM valence (average vs. excellent) have on satisfaction and trust following a failure and recovery event. Our results showed that customers who received WOM recommendations from personal rather than impersonal sources (WOM source) were less dissatisfied with the organization when severe versus mild failures occurred. Likewise, failure severity had less negative impact on customer satisfaction evaluations when the valence of WOM information was excellent versus average. These results were more pronounced for severe failures. In addition, WOM source and WOM valence both moderated the relationship between recovery quality and trust with the organization. Specifically, excellent recovery quality had a much greater influence on trust when WOM information was obtained from personal versus impersonal sources (WOM source). Finally, when customers received WOM information that rated the service organization as excellent (WOM valence), customers also considered recovery quality to have a greater impact on their perceptions of trustworthiness than if these recommendations were average.
Training Career Practitioners: Opportunities and Challenges

This chapter addresses career practitioner training from an international perspective. The pervasive presence of career issues and the growing need for career practitioners are acknowledged. Challenges workers experience today require career practitioners in every work setting whether it is to help adult workers address the career concerns they are experiencing or to prepare students to transition to work effectively. To engage their clients competently, career practitioners must be trained effectively to provide services that include career assessment, career counseling, career and/or educational planning, job-search skill training, and career coaching.
Steady-State Concentrations of Glucose-6-Phosphate, 6-Phosphogluconate, and Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in Strains of Escherichia coli Sensitive and Resistant to Catabolite Repression

No correlation was found between the cellular steady-state concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate, and reduced nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate and resistance versus sensitivity to catabolite repression.
Signed and Complex Measures

In Chapter 4 we study signed and complex measures, which are like measures, but whose values may be either extended real numbers or complex numbers. We begin in Section 4.1 with some basic definitions and facts. Section 4.2 is devoted to the main result of this chapter, the Radon-Nikodym theorem, which characterizes those positive, signed, or complex measures whose values can be computed by integrating an integrable function. The last part of the chapter is devoted to the relation of the material in the early parts of the chapter to the classical concepts of bounded variation and absolute continuity (Section 4.4) and to the use of the Radon-Nikodym theorem to compute the dual spaces of a number of the vector spaces defined in Section 3.3 (Section 4.5).
Changing Produce Marketing Barriers: A Comparison Among Three Southern States

Produce growers in Kentucky, North Carolina, and Tennessee were surveyed in 2002 to gather information about their decision making in the areas of planting, postharvest handling, marketing, and expected changes. North Carolina has proportionately more respondents with large operations, and Kentucky and Tennessee were more similar and concentrated in smaller farms. Tennessee and Kentucky respondents were less likely to have engaged in activities that were associated with the commercial distribution system. Greater reliance on the commercial distribution system on the part of North Carolina growers is consistent with more produce export activity.
Transforming growth factor beta differentially regulates expression of integrin subunits in guinea pig airway epithelial cells.

The integrin family is composed of a large number of heterodimers, each one mediating distinct interactions with extracellular matrix and/or cell surface ligands. The expression of integrins appears to be tightly regulated in vivo, but the mechanisms by which cells control the formation and surface expression of specific pairs of subunits have not been well characterized. Two integrin subunits, the alpha subunit alpha v, and the beta subunit beta 1, could pose special problems in regulation because of their capacity to associate with multiple partners. In the present study, we have examined the effects of the cytokine transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) on the expression of alpha v- and beta 1-containing integrins in primary cultures of guinea pig airway epithelial cells, e.g. cells that we have previously found to express multiple potential partners for both alpha v and beta 1. TGF-beta 1 increased the surface expression of both alpha v- and beta 1-containing heterodimers after periods of stimulation from 24 to 72 h. These increases in surface expression were associated with significant increases in the concentrations of mRNA encoding each of the partners of alpha v and beta 1, but with only minimal increases in mRNA encoding alpha v and beta 1 themselves. Airway epithelial cells metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine during stimulation with TGF-beta 1 demonstrated only a minimal increase in the synthesis of new alpha v protein at a time when synthesis of alpha v's beta subunit partners and surface expression of alpha v-containing heterodimers were dramatically increased. These data suggest that, at least in some cells, promiscuous integrin subunits (both alpha and beta) may normally be synthesized in excess. Thus, the surface expression of specific integrin heterodimers can be regulated primarily through regulation of the synthesis of the specific partners of these subunits.
Suppression of bladder overactivity by activation of somatic afferent nerves in the foot.

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? It is known that electrical stimulation of the sacral root, pudendal nerve, or tibial nerve can inhibit bladder overactivity. These stimulation methods require surgery or repeated clinical visits that are expensive and inconvenient. This study shows for the first time that electrical stimulation of the foot can suppress bladder overactivity. Stimulation of the foot is non-invasive, easily accessible, and convenient, which could be a widely acceptable treatment for bladder overactivity. OBJECTIVE To investigate the possibility of suppressing bladder overactivity by electrical activation of somatic afferent nerves in the foot. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cats with an intact spinal cord were studied under α-chloralose anaesthesia. Bladder pressure was recorded via a urethral catheter. Foot stimulation was applied via surface pad electrodes attached to the skin of the front or hind foot. RESULTS Reflex micturition was inhibited by electrical stimulation of the hind foot at either low (5 Hz) or high (20 Hz) frequencies, but stimulation of the front foot was ineffective. The mean (sem) bladder capacity during a saline infusion cystometrogram (CMG) was significantly (P < 0.05) increased to 153.2 (18.2)% and 136.9 (14.3)% of the control bladder capacity by stimulation at frequencies of 5 Hz and 20 Hz, respectively. Intravesical infusion of 0.25% acetic acid (AA) induced bladder overactivity and reduced bladder capacity to 20.3 (8.9)% of the control capacity measured during saline infusion. Foot stimulation inhibited the AA-induced bladder overactivity recorded under isovolumetric conditions, and significantly (P < 0.05) increased bladder capacity during AA infusion. However, it only restored the small bladder capacity caused by AA irritation to 40–50% of the control bladder capacity measured during saline infusion. The effect of foot stimulation did not persist after termination of stimulation during repeated CMG tests. CONCLUSIONS This study shows the potential of noninvasive transcutaneous electrical stimulation of somatic nerves in the foot to inhibit reflex bladder activity and treat overactive bladder symptoms.
Creditor Conflict and the Efficiency of Corporate Reorganization

We develop a bargaining model that assumes a senior creditor can exert strong control over whether a firm reorganizes as a going-concern or liquidates during the bankruptcy process. The estimable parameters of the model allow us to gauge the efficiency of bankruptcy outcomes using a large sample of U.S. corporate bankruptcy cases over the period 1989 to 2011. The main result of the paper is an estimate of the value loss that results from inefficient liquidations in bankruptcy. We estimate these losses to be up to 0.28 percent of the going-concern value of the firm, on average, across all bankrupt firms in our sample. As predicted by theory, these losses primarily are realized by firms with asset values that are close to the face value of secured debt. Our estimate of efficiency losses is driven by several auxiliary findings, including estimates of the fraction of firms that are efficiently reorganized, the fraction of firms that are efficiently and inefficiently liquidated, and the average liquidation discount faced by firms in bankruptcy.
Construct Validity and Reliability of the Ethical Behavior Rating Scale

Based on data from 139 adolescents, results of a factor and correlational analyses of the Ethical Behavior Rating Scale are reported. Reliability coefficients were obtained from a test-retest metho...
The Early Effect of Ibuprofen on the Mechanical Properties of Healing Medial Collateral Ligament

We tested the hypothesis that injured ligaments in rabbits treated with ibuprofen would have decreased values of mechanical properties compared with the values of those treated with a placebo. In 24 New Zealand White rabbits, the medial collateral ligament of one hindlimb was ruptured; the contralateral ligament served as an internal control. The rabbits were treated orally, twice daily, with a 14-day course of either 35 mg of ibuprofen per kilogram of body weight or a placebo. The rabbits were sacrificed at 14 or 28 days, and the ligaments were tested in tension to failure at 0.15 mm/sec. There was no statistically significant difference in the values of mechanical properties of ligaments from rabbits treated with ibuprofen versus those treated with placebo at either 14 or 28 days after injury. Our findings suggest that there is no early deleterious effect of a short course of ibuprofen on the mechanical behavior of medial collateral ligaments.
Frequency Domain Optimal Control of Wind‐Excited Buildings

An optimal frequency‐domain approach to active control of wind‐excited buildings is proposed in which the H2 norm of the transfer function from the external disturbance to the regulated output is minimized. A wind‐excitation model established by factorizing the cross‐spectral density matrix of the wind fluctuation is included in the control design. The control of a 60‐story building under an along‐wind excitation by one mass damper, two mass dampers, and active tendon mechanisms is presented in the numerical examples. As an improvement over previous results in civil‐engineering structural control studies, measurement and minimization of building accelerations is achieved. The effects of using constant and frequency‐dependent weighting functions in the control design are also shown. In this case, the frequency‐dependent weighting functions are designed based on the frequency domain response characteristics of the building. The frequency‐domain‐based‐design approach is shown to be both flexible and powerful.
Two-dimensional heteronuclear relayed coherence transfer spectroscopy

Recently, Bolton and Bodenhausen (1, 2) have developed a new experimental 2D technique which can be useful for structure determination and for assignment of resonances. This so-called RELAY experiment transfers coherence in two steps: hrst magnetization is transferred from one nucleus to another, e.g., one proton to another, and then this transferred magnetization is relayed to a third nucleus, e.g., a carbon13. As vicinal proton-proton couplings are often we1 resolved, magnetization can be transferred between those protons, and pairs of adjacent protonated 13C ntEclei can then be identified simply by inspection of the 2D spectrum (I), a.ng
Robust detection of weak signals in a high-clutter environment

This paper will present a new algorithm for determining the presence or absence of a weak signal in non-Gaussian noise. A weak signal is one that is vanishingly small compared to the noise disturbance. There are several applications in which detecting a weak signal is important. If the weak signal is the result of the reflection of a small target then accurate detection can indicate target presence. If the target is maneuvering and measurements can only be made at widely separated fixed intervals, then after target detection an estimate of target velocity can be made. The algorithm presented in this paper is no more structurally complex than the LOD, yet possesses several important advantages over the LOD. The fundamental advantage is the fact that the underlying noise statistics do not have to be known a prior. In addition, whereas the LOD may require a rather complex nonlinearity to preprocess the data, the algorithm presented here does not. This paper will develop the algorithm, and then report on simulation testing that was performed to ascertain its performance. It will be shown that the proposed algorithm performs significantly better (that is, is able to detect the presence of weak targets) than more conventional linear detection methods (Wiener filtering).
Heat Transfer and Friction Studies in a Tilted and Rib-Roughened Trailing-Edge Cooling Cavity With and Without the Trailing-Edge Cooling Holes

Local and average heat transfer coefficients and friction factors were measured in a test section simulating the trailing-edge cooling cavity of a turbine airfoil. The test rig with a trapezoidal cross-sectional area was rib-roughened on two opposite sides of the trapezoid (airfoil pressure and suction sides) with tapered ribs to conform to the cooling cavity shape and had a 22-degree tilt in the flow direction upstream of the ribs that affected the heat transfer coefficients on the two rib-roughened surfaces. The radial cooling flow traveled from the airfoil root to the tip while exiting through 22 cooling holes along the airfoil trailing-edge. Two rib geometries, with and without the presence of the trailing-edge cooling holes, were examined. The numerical model contained the entire trailing-edge channel, ribs, and trailing-edge cooling holes to simulate exactly the tested geometry. A pressure-correction based, multiblock, multigrid, unstructured/adaptive commercial software was used in this investigation. Realizable turbulence model in conjunction with enhanced wall treatment approach for the near wall regions was used for turbulence closure. The applied thermal boundary conditions to the CFD models matched the test boundary conditions. Comparisons are made between the experimental and numerical results.
On the interaction of the bottom boundary layer and deep rings

Abstract The interaction of rings extending down to the ocean bottom and the bottom boundary layer (BBL) is studied numerically with a primitive equation model in which the BBL is resolved using the Mellor Yamada level-2.5 closure scheme. The lower portions, below the thermocline, of rings with radii of ≈50, 100 and 200 km, are considered. For rings of comparable strength, the larger ones are found to have the stronger velocity “footprint” on the bottom. The BBL is found to spin down this portion of rings by ≈60% in times 0(6 months), with most of the energy transfer lost irretrievably to bottom friction for the larger rings and to potential energy for the smaller rings. The classical constant eddy viscosity BBL formulation is found to yield similar spindown results as the model, provided the eddy viscosity is chosen to give realistic bottom stress rather than BBL thickness. The numerical model indicates that Ekman pumping out of the BBL affects the bottom mixed layer thickness more so than the Ekman pumping into the BBL, and that maximum bottom mixed layer thicknesses are found not in regions of maximum flows but in upwelling regions of relatively strong flows. Because of the presence of the Cold Filament, the HEBBLE site is found to be unsuitable for testing the model conclusions about bottom layers.
Oxygen subsurface adsorption on the Cu(110)-c(6 × 2) surface

Abstract To understand the initial steps of the oxidation of Cu(110), we applied density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study oxygen subsurface adsorption at the Cu(110)-c(6 × 2) reconstructed surface by increasing oxygen coverage. A transition from oxygen octahedral occupancy to tetrahedral preference occurs when the coverage reaches 1 monolayer, which may signal the onset of bulk oxidation that initially forms highly distorted Cu O tetrahedrons by comparing the bond lengths and angles of the resulting Cu O tetrahedron with the bulk Cu2O structure. These results suggest that a critical oxygen coverage is required for such a crossover from the oxygen chemisorption to bulk oxide formation. A comparison with the oxygen subsurface adsorption at Cu(100) suggests that the Cu(110) surface has a larger tendency to form Cu O tetrahedrons.
Tectonic stress feedback loop explains U-shaped glacial valleys

In the shadow of the Matterhorn, the broad form of the Matter Valley—like so many throughout the Alps—is interrupted by a deep U-shaped glacial trough. Carved into a landscape reflecting millennia of tectonic uplift and river erosion, growing evidence suggests the 100-meter-deep U-shaped groove was produced shortly after a shift toward major cycles of Alpine glaciation almost a million years ago. Subsequent glaciations may have therefore had little effect on the landscape.
The role of European starlings in the spread of coccidia within concentrated animal feeding operations

To investigate the relationship between European starlings and bovine coccidiosis we collected samples from European starlings, cattle feed bunks, cattle water troughs, and cattle feces within concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). These samples were screened for coccidia spp. to investigate (i) the prevalence of coccidia in starlings using CAFOs; (ii) if there is a relationship between bovine coccidiosis and starling numbers; (iii) if coccidia contamination of cattle feed and water is related to the number of starlings observed on CAFOs. Coccidia belonging to the genus Eimeria were detected in cattle feces and one water sample but no Eimeria spp. were detected in European starlings or cattle feed. However, many European starling samples were positive for Isospora. Starling use of CAFOs did not appear to be associated with coccidia spp. shedding by cattle and there was no correlation between starling numbers and contamination of cattle feed and water, suggesting that starling do not contribute to the amplification and spread of Eimeria in CAFOs.
Differences in Textural Properties in Minced Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Processed with Phosphate-Treated Proteins and Gums

Mince produced from pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) was divided into four batches. A different commercial phosphate-treated gel-forming ingredient was added to each of three batches and the fourth batch was left untreated as a control. The mince batches were adjusted to a pH of 6.8 prior to freezing. The additive treatments were at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 percent of the final product weight. Samples were stored for at -40°C for a period of four months and then measured for gel strength by punch test, torsion test, texture profile analysis (TPA), and water binding ability (WBA). The textural properties of the mince were significantly improved by the addition of gel-forming additives. A difference in textural properties was detected between the standard methods of measurements, with torsion testing yielding the most sensitive measurements.
Secretory granule growth hormone and prolactin release: independence from granule membrane ATPase.

To assess the role in hormone release of the recently characterized anionsensitive Mg+2-ATPase of pituitary secretory granules, three types of evidence were accumulated. First, granule suspensions were incubated with varying quantities of MgCl2 and ATP, and the effects on ATPase activity and release were measured. The main stimulatory influence on ATPase activity was the concentration of the complex between Mg+2 and ATP (MgATP), although very high concentrations of complex inhibited. In contrast, release of hormone was nearly totally independent of MgATP. Rather, release was primarily controlled by free Mg+2, which inhibited release at concentrations as low as 0.1 mm and reduced basal release by approximately 65–75% at concentrations approximating 2.0 mm or higher. Free ATP had small consistent inhibitory effects on ATPase activity, but stimulated protein release. Second, granules were incubated with other nucleotides and related compounds. Incubation with GTP, ITP, CTP, TTP, and UTP resulted in augmentat...