cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering as a Ubiquitous Vibrational Probe of Transition-Metal Interfaces: Benzene and Related Chemisorbates on Palladium and Rhodium in Aqueous Solution

A recently developed strategy for utilizing surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to obtain uniquely detailed vibrational information for a myriad of organic (and other) adsorbates on transition metals in electrochemical and other ambient environments is illustrated for benzene and a pair of monosubstituted benzenes, toluene and benzonitrile, on palladium and rhodium films in aqueous solution. The transition-metal layers, formed by constant-current deposition onto SERS-active gold substrates, can be sufficiently thin (3−5 monolayers, ML) so to yield near-optimal Raman scattering intensities, yet are essentially devoid of exposed “pinhole” sites, thereby eliminating spectral interferences from adsorption onto gold. Benzene was selected in view of the detailed vibrational information also available for this archetypical organic chemisorbate on transition metals in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) by means of electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Comparison of the spectral information obtained by SERS and EELS ...
Macrovascular thrombosis is driven by tissue factor derived primarily from the blood vessel wall

Leukocytes and leukocyte-derived microparticles contain low levels of tissue factor (TF) and incorporate into forming thrombi. Although this circulating pool of TF has been proposed to play a key role in thrombosis, its functional significance relative to that of vascular wall TF is poorly defined. We tested the hypothesis that leukocyte-derived TF contributes to thrombus formation in vivo. Compared to wild-type mice, mice with severe TF deficiency (ie, TF(-/-), hTF-Tg+, or "low-TF") demonstrated markedly impaired thrombus formation after carotid artery injury or inferior vena cava ligation. A bone marrow transplantation strategy was used to modulate levels of leukocyte-derived TF. Transplantation of low-TF marrow into wild-type mice did not suppress arterial or venous thrombus formation. Similarly, transplantation of wild-type marrow into low-TF mice did not accelerate thrombosis. In vitro analyses revealed that TF activity in the blood was very low and was markedly exceeded by that present in the vessel wall. Therefore, our results suggest that thrombus formation in the arterial and venous macrovasculature is driven primarily by TF derived from the blood vessel wall as opposed to leukocytes.
Tissue-specific expression of FoxD reporter constructs in amphioxus embryos

Cephalochordates (amphioxus), the closest living invertebrate relatives of the vertebrates, are key to understanding the evolution of developmental mechanisms during the invertebrate-to-vertebrate transition. However, a major impediment to amphioxus as a model organism for developmental biology has been the inability to introduce transgenes or other macromolecules into the embryos. Here, we report the development of a reproducible method for microinjection of amphioxus eggs. Specifically, we show that expression of a LacZ reporter construct including 6.3 kb of AmphiFoxD upstream regulatory DNA recapitulates expression of the endogenous gene in the nerve cord, somites, and notochord. We have also identified the 1.6 kb at the 5' end of this region as essential for expression in the first two of these domains and the 4.7 kb at the 3' end as sufficient for expression in the notochord. This study, which is the first report of a method for introduction of large molecules such as DNA into amphioxus embryos, opens the way for studies of gene regulation and function in amphioxus and for comparative studies with vertebrates to understand the relationship between the extensive gene duplications that occurred within the vertebrate lineage and the evolution of vertebrate innovations such as neural crest.
Effect of coating thickness on interfacial shear behavior of zirconia-coated sapphire fibers in a polycrystalline alumina matrix

The effect of zirconia (ZrO2) interfacial coatings on the interfacial shear behavior in sapphire reinforced alumina was examined in this study. Zirconia coatings of thicknesses ranging from 0.15 to 1.45 μm were applied to single crystal sapphire (Saphikon) fibers using a particulate loaded sol dipping technique. After calcining at 1100°C in air, the coated fibers were incorporated into a polycrystalline alumina matrix via hot pressing. Interfacial shear strength and sliding behavior of the coated fibers was examined using thin-slice indentation fiber pushout and pushback techniques. In all cases, debonding and sliding occurred at the interface between the fibers and the coating. The coatings exhibited a dense microstructure and led to a higher interfacial shear strength (> 240 MPa) and interfacial sliding stress (>75 MPa) relative to previous studies on the effect of a porous interphase on interfacial properties [1]. The interfacial shear strength decreased with increasing fiber coating thickness (from 389 ± 59 to 241 ± 43 MPa for 0.15 to 1.45 μm thick coatings, respectively). Sliding behavior exhibited load modulation with increasing displacement during fiber sliding which is characteristic of fiber roughnessinduced “stick-slip”. No effect of fiber coating thickness on the interfacial sliding stress was observed for single pushout or pushback events. Heat treatment at 1550°C in air coarsened the fiber surface roughness, resulting in significantly higher interfacial shear strengths (>30%) and interfacial sliding stresses (>60%) relative to the coated fibers in an as-hot-pressed condition. Interfacial sliding resistance decreased significantly after the first sliding cycle. Evidence of substantial “stick-slip” behavior was eliminated from the load displacement plots after one pushout/pushback cycle; however, the pushback plots exhibited evidence of fiber reseating, followed by a decreasing trend in load with increasing displacement of the fiber back to the original position. These results directly support the interphase fragmentation scenario proposed for interface fatigue in ceramic composites. The high interfacial shear strengths and sliding stresses measured in this study, as well as the potentially strength degrading surface reconstruction observed on the coated fibers after hot pressing and heat treatment, indicate that dense zirconia coatings are not suitable candidates for optimizing composite toughness and strength in the sapphire fiber reinforced alumina system.
Scoliosis Associated with Neurofibromatosis

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) is a multisystemic disease. It may manifest as abnormalities of the nervous tissue, bones, soft tissue, and skin. The manifestations of NF-1 vary from person to person and range from subclinical to severe. Individuals who carry the gene eventually exhibit some clinical feature of the disease. The penetrance for NF-1 nears 100% during adulthood. Skeletal abnormalities are common in NF-1, with most patients presenting with some type of bony dysplasia. The orthopedic complications usually appear early. They include spinal deformities, such as scoliosis or kyphosis, congenital tibial dysplasia with bowing and pseudarthrosis of the tibia, forearm, other bones, as well as overgrowth phenomenon of an extremity, and soft tissue tumors.
The Benefits of Skinner’s Analysis of Verbal Behavior for Children with Autism

Behavior analysis has already contributed substantially to the treatment of children with autism, and further gains can result from more use of Skinner’s analysis of language in Verbal Behavior (1957) and in the resulting conceptual and experimental work. The approach emphasizes a unit of analysis consisting of the relations between behavior, motivative and discriminative variables, and consequences. Skinner identifies seven types of verbal operants—echoic, mand, tact, intraverbal, textual, transcriptive, and copying a text—which function as components of more advanced forms of language. This approach focuses on the development of each verbal operant (rather than on words and their meanings) and on the independent training of speaker and listener repertoires. Five more specific contributions are described that relate to the importance of (a) an effective language assessment, (b) mand training in early intervention, (c) establishing operations, (d) an intraverbal repertoire, and (e) automatic reinforcement.
Using Fragment Cocktail Crystallography to Assist Inhibitor Design of Trypanosoma Brucei Nucleoside 2-Deoxyribosyltransferase

The 1.8 A resolution de novo structure of nucleoside 2-deoxyribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.6) from Trypanosoma brucei (TbNDRT) has been determined by SADa phasing in an unliganded state and several ligand-bound states. This enzyme is important in the salvage pathway of nucleoside recycling. To identify novel lead compounds, we exploited “fragment cocktail soaks”. Out of 304 compounds tried in 31 cocktails, four compounds could be identified crystallographically in the active site. In addition, we demonstrated that very short soaks of ∼10 s are sufficient even for rather hydrophobic ligands to bind in the active site groove, which is promising for the application of similar soaking experiments to less robust crystals of other proteins.
A Comparison of Cessation Counseling Received by Current Smokers at US Dentist and Physician Offices During 2010–2011

Objectives. We compared patient-reported receipt of smoking cessation counseling from US dentists and physicians.Methods. We analyzed the 2010 to 2011 Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey to assess receipt of smoking cessation advice and assistance by a current smoker from a dentist or physician in the past 12 months.Results. Current adult smokers were significantly less likely to be advised to quit smoking during a visit to a dentist (31.2%) than to a physician (64.8%). Among physician patients who were advised to quit, 52.7% received at least 1 form of assistance beyond the simple advice to quit; 24.5% of dental patients received such assistance (P < .05). Approximately 9.4 million smokers who visited a dentist in 2010 to 2011 did not receive any cessation counseling.Conclusions. Our results indicate a need for intensified efforts to increase dentist involvement in cessation counseling. System-level changes, coupled with regular training, may enhance self-efficacy of dentists in engag...
A THEORY OF SOLID-SOLUTIONS AND SOLID-FLUID EQUILIBRIA FOR MIXTURES

We describe the application of a recently developed cell theory of solid solutions to the calculation of solid phase thermodynamics and solid-fluid phase equilibria for hard sphere mixtures. We focus on freezing into both substitutionally ordered and substitutionally disordered solid solutions. A comparison with Monte Carlo simulation results is presented.
An Application of Heuristic Problem Solving to Accounts Receivable Management

The paper describes a very apparent application of heuristic problem solving to accounts receivable management, namely in the location of lock-boxes. Lock-boxes are post office boxes selected in a company's distribution area in order to minimize the time necessary for the company to collect and to have available the funds remitted by its customers in payment of their obligations. The paper starts with a statement of and solution to the problem of measuring a given set of locations. Next the difficulties with the formulation are pointed out and a heuristic program to reach a satisfactory solution is described. The program is written in FORTRAN IV and is currently being tested.
Algal Origin of Peloids, Peloidal Intraclasts, and Structure Grumeleuse in Paleozoic Limestones: Evidence from Cow Head Group, Western Newfoundland: ABSTRACT

Deep-water carbonate strata of Cambro-Ordovician age in western Newfoundland are composed of interstratified conglomerates and thinly bedded calcarenites, lime mudstones, and shales. Early lithification has preserved an abundant but simple algal flora in shallow-water clasts within both conglomerates and deep-water slope sediments. Large boulders contain sheets of Girvanella and arborescent clusters of Epiphyton, but only Girvanella as intraclasts, rafts of intertwined tubules, single tubules, and oncolites can be distinguished in calcarenites. Preservation of Girvanella in boulders varies from distinct tubules to "structure grumeleuse" (clotted fabric) in which patches of micrite mask any evidence of former algal structure. Comparison of Girvanella in boulders and calcarenite grains indicates that much carbonate sand consists of broken and abraded Girvanella sheets. In contrast, Epiphyton thalli appear to be comminuted to form silt- and sand-size micrite peloids. An extension of these findings is that many peloids, peloidal intraclasts, and much structure grumeleuse in early Paleozoic carbonates, both shallow and deep water, are derived from calcareous algae. These End_Page 464------------------------------ algae may have been just as important for producing carbonate sediment during the early Paleozoic as codiacean algae are in the modern ocean. This algal contribution is difficult to recognize in most ancient sediments probably because absence of early interparticle cementation, allows compaction, filling of tubules with micrite cement, or micritization. End_of_Article - Last_Page 465------------
The Myxovirus‐Resistance Protein, MX1, is a Component of Exosomes Secreted by Uterine Epithelial Cells

Problem Dairy cattle suffer from high percentages of early embryonic loss, and therefore, it is critical to study the function of the uterus at this time. We hypothesize that the antiviral protein, myxovirus resistance (MX)1, regulates secretion in uterine glandular cells during early pregnancy. Method of Study Uterine epithelial cells were used to study uterine function, in vitro. Sucrose gradients, Western blotting, and transmission electron microscopy were used to isolate and identify exosomes. Immunofluorescence and ceramide inhibitors were used for the characterization of exosomes. Results Myxovirus resistance1 was associated with exosomes and protected from proteases, indicating it was inside exosomes. MX1 partially colocalized with exosomal protein CD63, and a ceramide inhibitor reduced numbers of MX1-associated exosomes. Conclusion This study is the first to characterize MX1-associated exosomes, and we postulate that MX1 regulates secretion in epithelial cells by playing a role in exosome formation or trafficking.
Late Oligocene–early Miocene landscape evolution of the Lake Mead region during the transition from Sevier contraction to Basin and Range extension

Late Oligocene to Miocene sedimentary strata of the Lake Mead, Nevada, region hold evidence that can test models of central Basin and Range extension and tectonic evolution and illuminate paleodrainage systems related to the carving of the Grand Canyon. In this region, Sevier contraction and a period of relative tectonic quiescence predate Miocene extension and magmatism. The herein revised Rainbow Gardens Formation, formerly the oldest member of the Horse Spring Formation, is found throughout the Lake Mead area and spans the transition from quiescence to the start of extension. New detailed stratigraphic work within the Rainbow Gardens Formation, including paleocurrent analyses, stable isotope geochemical data, new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates, tephrochronologic data, and ongoing structural studies, was used to build a detailed chronostratigraphic framework and reconstruct the Rainbow Gardens basin through time. Our results show that the basin formed by a combination of inherited topography and tectonic events outside the Lake Mead region prior to ca. 25 Ma. Sedimentation rates, sedimentary facies patterns, and the lack of evidence for syndepositional faulting indicate that the basin did not form during extensional faulting, although recent work suggests that this basin was modified by uplift to the south between 18 and 20 Ma. Initially, the basin recorded fluvial sedimentation within the center of an E-NE–trending inherited valley, with two facing gravel-dominated bajadas on either side. As the valley filled, rivers from the Caliente volcanic field to the north delivered an influx of volcaniclastic material into a broad area of marshes and ephemeral lakes. In the final stages of sedimentation, just prior to the onset of extension at ca. 17 Ma, the basin filled with limestone in a series of shallow lakes. Understanding the development and evolution of this basin is crucial for testing models of extension as recorded by the younger Horse Spring Formation. In addition, the detailed sedimentology and stratigraphy place constraints on models of the formation of the Grand Canyon and suggest that a paleo–Colorado River did not deposit sediment in the Lake Mead area between 25 and 17 Ma. This work highlights the importance of detailed basin analyses, which are crucial companions to structural, tectonic, and geomorphologic studies aimed at understanding the complex evolution of lithospheric and landscape changes across a large region.
Baroclinic Rossby Waves in a Square Basin

Abstract The properties of forced baroclinic, quasigeostrophic Rossby waves in an ocean basin are discussed, with emphasis on the apparent phase speed. The response to a traveling wave wind stress curl consists of three parts, two of which propagate westward and one that tracks the wind. The apparent phase speed in the basin interior depends on the relative sizes of the amplitudes of these three terms, which vary with forcing frequency and scale and with the size of the deformation radius. With low-frequency, large-scale forcing, one westward wave dominates and its phase speed is the long baroclinic Rossby wave speed. With smaller forcing scales, the component that tracks the wind is comparably strong, and the superposition with the dominant westward wave can produce augmented apparent phase speeds. At frequencies larger than the maximum free wave frequency (proportional to the deformation radius), the westward waves are trapped in deformation-scale boundary layers, yielding a weak, directly forced interi...
Asymptotic energy levels of a rigid asymmetric top

The spectra of larger molecules are often observed to high rotational quantum numbers, and the asymptotic behaviour of the rotational energy levels is of interest. This paper is mainly concerned with the lowest-energy levels for high values of J. These tend to occur in oblate-type doublets, for which E. K. Gora gave an energy-level formula in 1965 that seems to be little known among pure rotational spectroscopists. In particular, the mean energies and splittings of these doublets are discussed and a new derivation of Gora's formula is described.
Radiation from ground plane photonic bandgap microstrip waveguides

This paper presents an analysis of radiation of photonic bandgap (PBG) microstrip structures along with the pass and stopband behavior. Simulations are compared with measurements performed on a PBG microstrip waveguide with circular slots in the ground plane, designed to have a broad stop-band centered around 10 GHz. Radiation can be significant at some frequencies for a microstrip PBG and should be considered when designing filters, harmonic terminations and antenna feeds. Radiation of -3.4 dB was measured at 15 GHz relative to the input power in the passband. Measurement data agree well with simulations.
Drought and the 2002-2003 El Niño in the Southwest U.S.

The southwest United States is currently experiencing three years of drought causing water shortages and low lake levels, and now an El Nino event is occurring. This study first assesses the current drought in the southwest United States, and then evaluates whether anticipated hydrologic impacts from the El Nino event are sufficient to end drought conditions. Drought conditions for the Colorado River basin are evaluated using 80 years (1923-2002) of streamflow data from two United States Geological Survey (USGS) stations located in the Upper Colorado River Basin (the Colorado River near Cisco, Utah and the Green River near Green River, Utah). Comparisons of historical cumulative streamflow deficits for droughts during this timeframe are examined. The current El Nino event is forecasted to persist through the end of 2002 and into early 2003 and the anticipated impacts for the Colorado River basin are less than the last El Nino event in 1997-1998. The observed streamflow for water years following the 11 identified El Nino events during 19232002 are evaluated to determine if current conditions would be sufficient to end the current drought. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is another factor that affects the hydrologic impacts of an El Nino event. The hydrologic impacts during the different phases of PDO and El Nino events will be evaluated to determine the likelihood of enhanced hydrologic impacts in the next year. The results of this research provide insight to the role of climate variability on drought in the southwest United States.
Maximal cytoreductive effort in epithelial ovarian cancer surgery

The surgical management of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer involves cytoreduction, or removal of grossly-evident tumor. Residual disease after surgical cytoreduction of ovarian cancer has been shown to be strongly associated with survival. The goal of surgery is "optimal" surgical cytoreduction, which is generally defined as residual disease of 1 cm or less. However, the designation of "optimal" surgical cytoreduction has evolved to include maximal surgical effort and no gross residual disease. In order to achieve this, more aggressive surgical procedures such as rectosigmoidectomy, diaphragm peritonectomy, partial liver resection, and video-assisted thoracic surgery are reported and increasingly utilized in the surgical management of advanced ovarian cancer. The role of maximal surgical effort also extends to the recurrent setting where the goal of surgery should be complete cytoreduction. Patient selection is important in identifying appropriate candidates for surgical cytoreduction in the recurrent setting. The purpose of this article is to review the role of maximum surgical effort in primary and recurrent ovarian cancer.
Theoretical analysis of a technique for broadband optical property estimation in two-layer tissue

Our data processing algorithms for determination of optical properties in two-layer tissue from broadband reflectance are evaluated. By combining Monte Carlo, neural network and spectral fitting approaches, accurate estimates can be produced.
Long-term radiographic evaluation of Trilock press-fit acetabular components in primary total hip arthroplasty.

A retrospective radiographic evaluation of 39 acetabu- lae reconstructed with Trilock TM press-fit components (Depuy, Warsaw, IN) without use of supplementary fixa- tion was performed. The following radiographic criteria were evaluated: change in component inclination angle, migration, osteolytic areas, and radiolucent lines. Ac- etabular components were considered loose when there was migration greater than four millimeters, change in abduction angle greater than four degrees, or a concen- tric radiolucent line greater than two millimeters. The average length of follow-up was 12.6 years. Six of the 39 (15.4%) total hip arthroplasties were considered loose. Two (5.1%) of these were revised and four (10.4%) were asymptomatic at the time of latest follow-up. Signifi- cant areas of osteolysis were found in 15 hips (38.5%). We conclude that the Trilock TM acetabular component provides adequate fixation and satisfactory long-term results.
The Revolutionary Event: Theory of Political Change

Having established that the return to beginnings designates a revolutionary event, in this chapter I explore the specific content of Machiavelli’s theory of political change. The content of the revolutionary event is treated through the analysis of “the killing of the sons of Brutus” as the sort of exemplary action that “maintains” a newly gained freedom.1 In Discourses on Livy, III,1 the emergence of the republic in and through the action of Brutus illustrates the theory of return to beginnings. Brutus’s action, that “rare example in the memory of things,”2 equally refers back to Discourses on Livy, I,16 where the possibility of “maintaining” freedom after the moment of liberation (after the expulsion of the kings) without instituting a civil principality is opened but not pursued. This possibility is given the label of “killing the sons of Brutus.”
Introduction: Robot Law

This essay is the Introduction to Robot Law (Ryan Calo, A. Michael Froomkin & Ian Kerr, eds.). The essay summarizes the contributions from scholars from law, engineering, computer science and philosophy who each provide original contributions on topics such as liability, warfare, domestic law enforcement, personhood in the face of development in robotics. It also asks whether the development of Robot Law can learn a few things from the development of Internet Law before it.
The Role of Cardiac CT in the Evaluation of Endocarditis

Endocarditis is an increasingly common yet complex disorder characterized by multiorgan system involvement, significant morbidity, and even mortality. In recent years, cardiac computed tomography (CT) has emerged as a leading imaging modality in the assessment of this disease. With ever more rapid and low-dose acquisitions, modern cardiac CT allows for confident diagnosis despite often protean and insidious clinical manifestations. At the same time, CT accurately depicts the many cardiac manifestations and complications of endocarditis while providing a comprehensive roadmap for preprocedural planning. The indications for cardiac CT in the setting of endocarditis, such as noninvasive coronary assessment prior to surgery, only continue to expand. The purpose of this article is to review the numerous uses of cardiac CT in endocarditis, including the latest clinical applications and technological innovations.
Bacteriologic Diagnosis in Anaerobic Pleuropulmonary Infections

Four types of specimens are viewed as having established reliability for the detection of anaerobic bacteria that cause pulmonary infections: blood, pleural fluid, transtracheal aspirates, and transthoracic aspirates. Blood cultures are obviously appropriate diagnostic methods but are positive in <2% of cases [ 1 ] in which the diagnosis is established by alternative methods. Pleural fluid also has unchallenged merit as a specimen but only for the minority of patients with empyema. For most patients with infections restricted to the pulmonary parenchyma, the only diagnostic methods with clearly established merit involve transtracheal aspiration and transthoracic needle aspiration. Transthoracic needle aspiration was done extensively in the preantibiotic era, but more recently its use has been largely restricted to a relatively few practitioners and a highly selective patient population. We are not aware of any practitioner who is doing transthoracic needle aspirations with any frequency for patients with anaerobic pulmonary infections, although the merit of this technique has been established in at least two studies of lung abscess by investigators in France [2] and Spain [3]. There has been extensive experience with transtracheal aspiration that verifies the utility of this technique in obtaining uncontaminated specimens from the lower airways of patients with anaerobic pulmonary infections [4-7] and also establishes the role of anaerobes in lung abscess and aspiration pneumonia [1, 5-7]. Transtracheal aspiration became popular in the late 1960s but almost disappeared from clinical practice after ~ 10 years of extensive use. Several factors contributed to this decline in its use: reports of severe complications, escalating interest in alternative techniques such as fiberoptic bronchoscopy, failure of hospitals to credential qualified physicians for performing this technique (as they do for bronchoscopy), and a common perception that empirical use of antibiotics has largely supplanted any need to es-
DOES AMIODARONE USE PRIOR TO CARDIAC TRANSPLANTATION INFLUENCE POST-TRANSPLANT SURVIVAL?

Amiodarone has a mean half-life of 58 days (range 15-142 days) and is often used to treat ventricular tachycardia in end-stage heart failure patients prior to transplant. It remains unclear if pre-transplant amiodarone use impacts early post-transplant survival. United Network for Organ Sharing
Generation of broadband 10 µm pulses using four-wave mixing compression in GaAs

We report the generation of <2 ps 10 µm pulses by four-wave mixing compression of a 200 ps CO2 laser beat-wave in GaAs. Experiments reveal that phase-mismatched quadratic interactions contribute to the effective third-order nonlinearity.
Residential yards as designer ecosystems: effects of yard management on land snail species composition

Residential yards comprise the majority of green space in urban landscapes, yet are an understudied system because of access issues and because yards may be considered biologically depauperate. Yards are purposely created and managed and, hence, qualify as designer ecosystems, a term borrowed from restoration ecology. We investigated whether yard management (watering regime, mulching, and chemical use) or dog presence affected land snail assemblage composition and described the pattern of native vs. nonnative species among yards. Land snails form an appropriate model system for yard-scale studies because snails are speciose, common, and have limited mobility. We found 32 land snail species in our survey of 61 yards in Norman, Oklahoma, USA (population size of 118,000). Snail richness in individual yards averaged nine species, with a range of three to 14 species. Native snails were found in all yards and nonnative snails were found in all but one yard. Although some of the nine nonnative species were rare, the most frequently encountered species was the nonnative Triodopsis hopetonensis. All encountered nonnative species also occur in Oklahoma plant nurseries, indicating possible introduction through the plant trade. Yard-scale watering regime and the presence of dogs were associated with differences in snail species composition but not species richness. Pesticide use and mulch type had little, if any, association with snail composition. Effects may have been diluted by treating yards as units, whereas snails were concentrated in specific microhabitats, such as under shrubs. Soil type also influenced snail assemblages and acted at a scale larger than individual yards. Considering yards as designer ecosystems facilitates investigation of how local variation in management affects biota within yards and across the residential landscape, and highlights the importance of variation among residential yards in understanding patterns of urban biodiversity.
612 The effect of household size on injury risk factors in Southern Brazil

Background The neighbourhood an individual lives in affects their injury risk. In Brazil, males of minority races with low education have the highest risk for injury. Family is an important aspect of Brazilian culture; however there is little research on how family structure affects injury risk. This preliminary analysis investigates the association between household size and risk for types of injuries. Methods Information on household demographics was collected in a survey on treatment-seeking behaviour following injury in Maringa, Brazil between May and September 2015. The prevalence of demographic factors, including insurance status, mode of transportation to health care, and education level, as well as reasons for not seeking care, were analysed by three categories of household size: 2 or fewer individuals, 3 to 5 individuals, and 6 or more individuals. Frequencies, range, and odds ratios were reported. Results Of 2678 households, the mean household size was 3.39 (r 1–15). As household size increased, enrollment in private insurance decreased; 50.5% of households of 2 or fewer had private insurance compared to only 27.5% with 6 or more. Alcohol usage prior to injury increased with household size; 5.3% of individuals in households of 2 or fewer reporting use, compared and 9.8% in houses of 6 or more. Large households had higher odds of unspecified injuries (OR: 1.85), including acts of violence, compared to households with 5 or fewer members. Odds of burn decreased with household size increase (OR: 0.833). Conclusions Household size is a component of socioeconomic status; our data shows it is associated with insurance and alcohol usage. Risk of certain injuries is associated with household size. Further research needs to assess where these injuries are occurring, such as work or home. More in-depth research is also needed on how household size affects the family member occupations, as this places them at higher risks for different forms of injuries.
The role of lymph node size and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in node-negative colon cancer

Recently, we demonstrated that the intratumoural density of CD3+ and CD8+ T cells is independently prognostic and associated with lymph node (LN) harvest and LN size in node-negative colon cancer. We assumed that FOXP3+ T cells (Tregs) could be inversely associated with these LN features. Therefore, we performed a retrospective immunohistochemical analysis using an already well-characterised collection of stage I/II colon cancer cases. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed the optimal cut-off for predicting cancer-related death to be 70 FOXP3+ Tregs/mm2 at the invasion front. Other than T-stage, none of the relevant histopathological parameters were associated with the density of FOXP3+ cells. In particular, no relation to LN size and count were found. Cancer-specific survival was significantly improved in cases with high densities (115 vs 86 months; p=0.026) in univariable but not in multivariable analysis. In contrast to other cancers, FOXP3+ T cells are associated with a favourable outcome.
Cerebral or Cerebellar Volume Loss Simulating Subdural Hematomas, Hygromas, and Arachnoid Cysts

Cerebral volume loss and cerebellar volume loss (i.e., atrophy) are usually apparent on imaging because of the prominence of the subarachnoid spaces (SASs) with associated widening of the sulci, along with mild, progressive enlargement of the ventricles, particularly the lateral ventricles. Typically, white matter volume loss, particularly of the periventricular white matter (PVWM) also accompanies such findings, all of which typically progress with age. However, bilateral, chronic hypodense subdural hematomas or hygromas (SDHs) are not uncommon in the elderly; in particular, patients who have been receiving long-term anticoagulation therapy are at risk for developing SDHs. Such chronic or acute SDHs are usually distinguishable from global volume loss (i.e., atrophy), which can even appear asymmetric between sides. One quite practical method to distinguish SDH from atrophy is to note the location and path of the cortical veins. With atrophy, the cortical veins traverse the CSF-density, hypoattenuating fluid, while with SDHs the vessels are pushed inward and compressed against the cortical surface. SDHs may also cause a mass effect if they are large enough. Also, any internal density or layering of isodense or hyperdense material indicates hemorrhage, typically the more recent acute or subacute component.
The Military-Industrial Complex and US Military Spending After 9/11

This article examines the economic, political and institutional power of the military-industrial complex (MIC) by examining its influence on military spending before and after the events of 9/11. The reasons for the continuity of MIC influence in US foreign policy is explored. This includes the role of military contractors in financing policy planning organizations, the relationship between military contractors and the Defense Department, and the centralization of executive branch authority in foreign policy decision-making, especially during critical junctures or foreign policy crises.
Critical) Reverse Engineering and Genealogy

This paper articulates "critical reverse engineering" with Foucauldian genealogy. It first explores the theoretical bases for reverse engineering, drawing mainly on software engineering literature. The author suggests that reverse engineers do more than simply take apart and document systems; they also trace technical artifacts back to preceding versions, theories of the user, and the organizations that created the artifacts. Next, the article justifies an interest in technologies by connecting reverse engineering with Science and Technology Studies. Finally, the paper considers the ways in which reverse engineering might inform genealogical inquiry, as well as the limitations of this approach.
Evaluating the potential of gold, silver, and silica nanoparticles to saturate mononuclear phagocytic system tissues under repeat dosing conditions

As nanoparticles (NPs) become more prevalent in the pharmaceutical industry, questions have arisen from both industry and regulatory stakeholders about the long term effects of these materials. This study was designed to evaluate whether gold (10 nm), silver (50 nm), or silica (10 nm) nanoparticles administered intravenously to mice for up to 8 weeks at doses known to be sub-toxic (non-toxic at single acute or repeat dosing levels) and clinically relevant could produce significant bioaccumulation in liver and spleen macrophages. Repeated dosing with gold, silver, and silica nanoparticles did not saturate bioaccumulation in liver or spleen macrophages. While no toxicity was observed with gold and silver nanoparticles throughout the 8 week experiment, some effects including histopathological and serum chemistry changes were observed with silica nanoparticles starting at week 3. No major changes in the splenocyte population were observed during the study for any of the nanoparticles tested. The clinical impact of these changes is unclear but suggests that the mononuclear phagocytic system is able to handle repeated doses of nanoparticles.
Assessing the Representativeness and Sufficiency of Chemical Data from Water Samples Collected During an Oil Spill

ABSTRACT Traditionally, the representativeness and sufficiency of data in environmental monitoring efforts are judged against an external standard, such as a pre-determined statistically-based surv...
Case Study: Animal bedding cost and somatic cell count across New England dairy farms: Relationship with bedding material, housing type, herd size, and management system

ABSTRACT Research on bedding material for dairy farmers typically focuses on microbial growth and associations with SCC. With few exceptions, information on cost or why farmers select specific bedding materials is absent from the literature. This survey study of conventional and organic dairy farmers from the 6-state New England region addresses these gaps, by exploring the relationship between bedding material cost and producer-reported SCC with bedding selection, housing type, farm scale, and management system. Survey analysis of 129 New England dairy farmers showed that the primary bedding materials used by respondents from conventional farms were sawdust, sand, and wood shavings, whereas organic farmers predominantly used sawdust, hay, and sand. From 2003 to 2013 the real cost of bedding material for survey respondents increased by 70% for conventional dairy farmers ($85 to $184/cow per year) and 71% for organic dairy farmers ($67 to $145/cow per year). Of the various bedding materials used by respondents, the cost of wood shavings was more costly than other bedding materials for both conventional and organic dairy farmers. Respondents using freestalls had lower bedding material costs than other housing types, especially those using bedded packs, which had the highest material costs for both management systems. For conventional and organic farms, bedding cost decreased as herd size increased. When analyzing producer-reported SCC, no trends were apparent with housing type, herd size, or management system. However, respondents using sawdust reported elevated SCC when compared with producers using other bedding materials.
Fitting In to Stand Out: How Teachers at Small, Urban “Specialty Schools” Experience Extra-Organizational Influence

ABSTRACTIn an era of increased attention to academic achievement gaps, expanding educational options has emerged as one approach to meeting the diverse learning needs of urban youth. This multiple-...
Modeling plant virus propagation with seasonality

Abstract Plants are essential to life. They are a source of food, medicine, clothing, and are important to a healthy environment. Unfortunately, plants can become infected with a disease. A viral infection is one way that a plant may become diseased. Often times, plants die from this infection. These viruses hurt the agriculture industry as billions of dollars are lost due to crop loss every year. An insect vector is typically the cause for the virus propagation. The vectors exhibit seasonal behavior as they are active in the warm months, but not as much so in the cooler months. To defend against the vectors, pesticides have been used. While the pesticides might be effective in controlling the vectors, they can have harmful side effects on the environment. An alternative solution is to introduce a predator, or just increase the number of a naturally present one, to prey on the insects. In this paper, we use a mathematical model of ordinary differential equation to model the dynamics of this biological process. We first present an autonomous system, then two nonautonomous systems, accounting for the periodic nature of the insects. To analyze the models, the basic reproductive number is used. We demonstrate a couple of approaches for determining this number: a time average approach and a linear operator approach. Afterwards, numerical simulations are used to demonstrate the results. Finally, comparisons are made between the models and the approaches.
Photophysics and Photochemistry of Tungsten Carbyne Complexes

Transition metal complexes that luminesce at room temperature in fluid solution upon excitation with visible light have attracted much attention since such species have low-lying excited states which may allow the utilization of optical energy in the preparation of useful chemical products. Despite this interest only few such species have been discovered. In most cases luminescence is associated with a charge transfer transition involving metal dπ electrons and the π* orbital of ligated aromatic diimines. Here we describe some of the photophysical and photochemical properties of bis-donor ligand-substituted tungsten arylcarbyne complexes [(W=CAryl)X(CO)2L2] (X=halide, L=donor ligand) (Fischer 1977), a new class of luminescent organometallic species (Bocarsly 1985). The emissive excited state is associated with the lowest energy absorption band, which is assigned to a d-metal to π*(M=CAryl) transition. Quenching experiments indicate that a signi- ficant amount of triplet character is associated with the emissive excited state. Bimolecular oxidative and reductive charge transfer quenching is also observed, demonstrating the excited state to be strongly reducing and oxidizing. Photo- induced associative ligand substitutions occur in these molecules (Cameron 1986).
CHAPTER 4 – A Universal Program

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses universal program. It discusses coding program by number, where each program p of the language S a number is associated, which is written as #(in such a way that), in such a way that the program can be retrieved from its number. In case of Halting problems, for given y, if p be the program such that #(p)= y, then HALT(x, y) is true if p (x) is defined and false if p (x) is undefined. There is no algorithm that, given a program of S and an input to that program, can determine whether the given program will eventually halt on the given input. In this form, the result is called the unsolvability of the halting problem. The negative character of the results might lead one to believe that it is not possible to compute in a useful way with numbers of programs. In fact, those who work with computer programs would be very pleased to possess algorithms that accept a program (or equivalently a program number) as input and return as output some useful property of the partial function computed by that program. However, such algorithms are not to be found.
Coccidioides immitis and posadasii; A review of their biology, genomics, pathogenesis, and host immunity

Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii are two highly pathogenic dimorphic fungal species that are endemic in the arid areas of the new world, including the region from west Texas to southern and central California in the USA that cause coccidioidomycosis (also known as Valley Fever). In highly endemic regions such as southern Arizona, up to 50% of long term residents have been infected. New information about fungal population genetics, ecology, epidemiology, and host-pathogen interactions is becoming available. However, our understanding of some aspects of coccidioidomycosis is still incomplete, including the extent of genetic variability of the fungus, the genes involved in virulence, and how the changes in gene expression during the organism's dimorphic life cycle are related to the transformation from a free-living mold to a parasitic spherule. Unfortunately, efforts to develop an effective subunit vaccine have not yet been productive, although two potential live fungus vaccines have been developed.
Language matters: effects of linguistic agency assignment on HPV prevention advocacy in Chinese public health education materials

This study was conducted to examine the effects of linguistic agency assignment on human papillomavirus (HPV) prevention advocacy in Chinese public health education materials. The participants (N =...
Activism, Firm Identity, and the Extent of Changes to Contentious Industry Practices

This study develops a conceptual model that leverages firms’ organizational and collective identities to explain when activist campaigns will pervasively modify contentious practices in industries....
Gone but not forgotten: the case for drug-eluting stents in percutaneous revascularization of the chronic coronary total occlusion.

The granting of regulatory approval for the treatment of coronary artery disease with drug-eluting stents has proven to be a hallmark event in interventional cardiology. Given the dramatic efficacy of these devices in reducing restenosis, the interventional community has rapidly extended the