cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum confinement and nonlinear optical response of conjugated molecules

The nonlinear optical response (NLO) of linear polyenes and fullerenes is studied using an anharmonic oscillator model. The influence of size effects and quantum exciton confinement on the nonlinear optical response is examined, and the time evolution of the excitons is studied. The elementary optical excitations for C60 are shown to be correlated charge density fluctuations. For linear polyenes with finite size, oscillations in the time-resolved degenerated four wave mixing (D4WM) signal due to the coherent excitation of several band states are found within the Huckel model (no Coulomb interaction). For infinite size a photon echo like behavior is obtained. The exciton-exciton interaction changes the lineshape of the D4WM signal and gives rise to a broad delayed signal whose position is given by the dephasing time of the system.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Use of a meditative state for hypnotic induction in the practice of endodontics

Abstract Thirty-five patients who were referred for endodontic therapy were used in this study of a meditative state for hypnotic induction. They were told to relax, close their eyes, and repeat silently a simple word (for example, “flower”). As they were repeating the sound, suggestions were given of numbness spreading from the tips of the toes to the facial area. Next, the patients were told to stop repeating the word. Deepening of hypnosis was then obtained by the “descending elevator” method. With most persons, it was possible to redirect the numbness to the specific tooth being treated. With others, it was necessary to obtain “glove” anesthesia and then transferral of anesthesia orally. Depending upon the clinical condition and the degree of hypno-analgesia, supplemental local anesthesia was or was not used. The time interval from eye closure to the completed suggestion of numbness was 7 to 8 minutes. With most patients, treatment was initiated within 10 to 15 minutes from the time of eye closure.
Phase II Trial of Neoadjuvant Bevacizumab Plus Chemotherapy and Adjuvant Bevacizumab in Patients with Resectable Nonsquamous Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancers

Introduction: Bevacizumab improves survival in patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This phase II clinical trial assessed the effects of the addition of bevacizumab to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in resectable nonsquamous NSCLC. Methods: Patients with resectable stage IB–IIIA nonsquamous NSCLC were treated with bevacizumab followed by imaging 2 weeks later to assess single-agent effect. After this they received two cycles of bevacizumab with four cycles of cisplatin and docetaxel followed by surgical resection. Resected patients were eligible for adjuvant bevacizumab. The primary endpoint was the rate of pathological downstaging (decrease from pretreatment clinical stage to post-treatment pathological stage). Secondary endpoints included overall survival, safety, and radiologic response. Results: Fifty patients were enrolled. Thirty-four (68%) were clinical stage IIIA. All three doses of neoadjuvant bevacizumab were delivered to 40 of 50 patients. Six patients (12%) discontinued because of bevacizumab-related adverse events. The rate of downstaging (38%), response to chemotherapy (45%), and perioperative complications (12%) were comparable with historical data. No partial responses were observed to single-agent bevacizumab, but 18% of the patients developed new intratumoral cavitation, with a trend toward improved pathologic response (57% versus 21%; p = 0.07). A major pathologic response (≥90% treatment effect) was associated with survival at 3 years (100% versus 49%; p = 0.01). No patients with KRAS -mutant NSCLC (0 of 10) had a pathologic response as compared with 11 of 31 with wild-type KRAS . Conclusion: Although preoperative bevacizumab plus chemotherapy was feasible, it did not improve downstaging in unselected patients. New cavitation after single-agent bevacizumab is a potential biomarker. Alternative strategies are needed for KRAS -mutant tumors.
Identification and transcriptional mapping of genes encoded at the IR/Us junction of equine herpesvirus type 1

Two open reading frames (ORFs) encoded at the inverted repeat unique short (Us) junction of the Short (S) region of the equine herpesvirus type 1 genome were identified by DNA sequencing of a 2876 base pair (bp) genomic segment, and transcripts encoding these ORFs were characterized by Northern blot, S1 nuclease, and primer extension analyses. These studies also established the size of each inverted repeat to be 12,768 nucleotides (nts). The IR6 ORF (816 bp), mapping at nts 12,317-11,502 of the S region, is the last gene completely encoded within each inverted repeat and encodes a predicted 30.1-kDa protein of 272 amino acids, which does not exhibit homology to other alphaherpesvirus proteins. IR6 is expressed as an early transcript of 1.2 kb which is detected initially at 1.5 hr p.i. and up to 12 hr p.i. The transcription initiation and termination sites of IR6 were mapped by primer extension and S1 nuclease analyses to nts 12,465 and 11,408, respectively. The first ORF encoded within the Us segment (909 bp; EUS1), mapping at nts 13,397-12,489, encodes a predicted 33.5-kDa protein of 303 amino acids that exhibits 29% identity to the US2 protein of herpes simplex virus 1. EUS1 is expressed as a 2.3-kb mRNA of the gamma-1 class, as its synthesis begins prior to viral DNA replication at 4 hr p.i. but is retarded by phosphonoacetic acid, an inhibitor of viral DNA replication. The Tci and Tct sites of EUS1 were mapped by S1 nuclease analyses to nts 13,637 and 11,408, respectively. Interestingly, this termination site is also utilized by three late mRNAs of 5.8, 3.8, and 1.7 kb which originate within the Us and overlap the IR6 mRNA encoded in the terminal inverted repeat (TR) of the prototype genomic isomer. EUS1 is 3' coterminal with IR6 in the inverted repeat, whereas, the 5.8, 3.8, and 1.7 kb transcripts are 3' coterminal with IR6 of the TR.
Hospital Readmissions for Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection and Use of Ethanol Lock Therapy: Comparison of Patients Receiving Parenteral Nutrition or Intravenous Fluids in the Home vs a Skilled Nursing Facility

Background: Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is the most serious long-term infectious complication of long-term home parenteral nutrition (PN). Ethanol is being used more commonly as a catheter locking solution in the home PN setting for prevention of CRBSI; however, no current literature reports the use of ethanol lock (ETL) in skilled nursing facility (SNF) patients. Methods: The authors evaluated the number of hospital readmissions for CRBSI and length of stay between SNF (not receiving ETL) and home patients (receiving or not receiving ETL) receiving PN or intravenous fluid therapy. Results: SNF patients had a significantly longer length of stay (LOS) for CRBSI hospital admissions compared with patients receiving PN at home with or without ETL (P < .001; 16 vs 8 vs 8 days). There was no LOS difference for CRBSI between home patients with or without ETL. Home PN patients not receiving ETL were more likely to have a CRBSI from Staphylococcus sp (48% vs 27%; P = .015), whereas SNF PN patien...
Mechanistic details for metathetical exchange between XCO (X = O and RN) and the tin(II) dimer, {Sn[N(SiMe3)2] (μ-OBut)}2

Abstract Metathetical exchange between carbon dioxide and the tin(II) dimer, {Sn[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ]( μ -OBu 1 )} 2 ( 3 ) has been observed to cleanly produce the two new heteroleptic tin(II) dimers, Sn[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ]( μ -OBu t ) 2 Sn(OSiMe 3 ) ( 6 ) and [Sn(OSiMe 3 )]( μ -OBu t )] 2 ( 7 ]). In addition, reaction of 3 with I equiv, of tert-butylisocyanate ( 8 ), at 25°C, quantitatively provides 6 , and with 2 equiv., quantitatively provides 7 . Likewise 6 reacts with 1 equiv, of 8 to quantitatively provide 7 . The mechanism for these latter processes has been investigated by low temperature 1 H NMR spectroscopy which reveals that metathetical exchange does not involve the tri-coordinate tin(II) centers of the dimeric structures, but rather, it occurs, in each case, via the transient monomeric tin(II) species, Sn[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ]( μ -OBu t ) ( 4 ), that undergoes metathesis to produce, initially the open dimer intermediate, Sn(OCNBu t )(OSiMe 3 )( μ -OBu t )Sn(OBu t ) (OSiMe 3 ) ( 12 ), that is observed at −10°C. Subsequent redistribution reactions then generate the final products that are observed. Together, these mechanistic details provide additional support for the ‘monomeric tin(II)’ hypothesis proposed earlier for metathetical exchange between XCO and Sn[N (SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 ( 1 ).
Errata: "Rotational Equations of Motion for a Triaxial Rigid Body"

References 1 Timoshenko, S. P. and Woinowsky-Krieger, S., Theory of Plates and Shells, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1959. 2 Pestel, E. C., "Dynamic Stiffness Matrix Formulation by Means of Hermitian Polynomials," Proceedings of the Conference on Matrix Methods in Structural Mechanics, AFFDL TR 66-80, Nov. 1966, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, pp. 479-502. 3 Olson, M. D., Lindberg, G. M., and Tullock, H. A., "Finite PlateBending Elements in Polar Coordinates," LR-512, Oct. 1968, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. 4 Sawko, F. and Merriman, P. A., "An Annular Segment Finite Element for Plate Bending," International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 3, 1971, pp. 119-129.
A modified Dijkstra's routing algorithm for increasing network lifetime in wireless body area networks

Dijkstra's routing algorithm is augmented with a novel link cost function designed to increase network lifetime by balancing energy consumption of nodes in the network. Performance is evaluated using a hardware experimental setup comprising 8 nodes and an access point placed on the body. The setup is used for real-time experiments implementing the routing algorithm in a residential environment. Results demonstrate efficient balancing of energy consumption across all nodes in the network and an average increase of 40% in network lifetime.
THE CHEMICAL MASS BALANCE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLE SOURCES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

The greater Los Angeles metropolitan area (the South Coast Air Basin) historically has had a severe air pollution problem whose visible symptom is a dense smoke-like haze mixed with fog (smog). More than 25 years ago, Friedlander and his associates began attempts to characterize the detailed chemistry of smog particles, and to interpret these results in terms of source emissions. Source apportionment was formalized using a “model”, called the chemical mass balance (CMB). The method has been applied periodically since 1968, with major attempts reported in 1975 and 1994, based on large field studies. Despite improvements in particulate sampling and chemical characterization, data availability and major emissions changes, the CMB results qualitatively remain similar. Only broad source categories are identifiable, but they generally make up more than 75% of the total mass concentration. These include primary motor vehicle emissions, suspended (earth) crustal material, and secondary species of ammonium nitrate...
Morphology and development in Aspergillus nidulans: A complex puzzle

Like other filamentous fungi, Aspergillus nidulans forms a multitude of cell types that facilitate colonization and development. The molecular basis of cellular morphogenesis in A. nidulans is not well understood. Here, we summarize results obtained from detailed annotation of the A. nidulans genome sequence for genes with predicted roles in morphogenesis, with primary focus on polarized growth, calcium signaling, and development. We draw three broad conclusions from our results. First, the components of the signal transduction pathways and morphogenetic machinery as defined in the model yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe are largely conserved in A. nidulans. Second, A. nidulans possesses many additional genes implicated in morphogenesis that are not conserved in these yeasts. Third, the number of A. nidulans genes involved in morphogenesis is likely to be rather large; based on our annotation, we estimate that as many as 2000 A. nidulans genes encode proteins that may participate at some level in morphogenesis during vegetative growth and development.
A modified ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for the determination of theophylline in serum in the presence of barbiturates.

Abstract Ultraviolet spectrophotometry is the most commonly used technique for the determination of theophylline levels for therapeutic monitoring. Common interferences in most methods are barbiturates and xanthines. A modified method which eliminates interferences from barbiturates and most xanthines is presented. Theophylline is extracted from serum with chloroform/isopropanol at pH 7.4 back extracted into dilute hydrochloric acid and then the solution is made alkaline with sodium hydroxide. Barbiturate interferences are eliminated. Interference from caffeine, uric acid, 7-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)theophylline, xanthine, and hypoxanthine are not observed. Theobromine, and the metabolite 3-methylxanthine interfere. Interference is not observed from quinidine, diazepam, salicylate, glutethimide, methyprylon, propranolol, methaqualone, dilantin and ethchlorvynol. Sulfanilamide, procainamide and chlordiazepoxide interfere.
Pathology of Hematodinium infections in snow crabs (Chionoecetes opilio) from Newfoundland, Canada

Bitter crab disease (BCD) of snow crabs, Chionoecetes opilio, is caused by a parasitic dinoflagellate, Hematodinium sp. The disease has shown an alarming increase in prevalence in the commercial fishery in eastern and northeastern areas of Newfoundland and Labrador since it was first recorded there in the early 1990s. We documented histopathological alterations to the tissues in snow crabs with heavy infections of Hematodinium sp. and during sporulation of the parasite. Pressure necrosis was evident in the spongy connective tissues of the hepatopancreas and the blood vessels in most organs. In heavy infections, little remained of the spongy connective tissues around the hepatopancreas. Damage to the gills varied; in some cases it was severe, particularly during sporulation, involving apparent thinning of the cuticle, loss of epithelial cells, and fusion of the membranous layers of adjacent gill lamellae. Affected lamellae exhibited varying degrees of distention with a loss of trabecular cells, hemocyte infiltrations, and swelling or "clubbing" along the distal margins. Large numbers of zoospores were located along the distal margins of affected lamellae suggesting that sporulation may cause a lysis or bursting of the thin lamellar cuticle, releasing spores. Pressure necrosis, due to the build up of high densities of parasites, was the primary histopathological alteration in most tissues. Hematodinium infections in the snow crab are chronic, long-term infections that end in host death, during sporulation of the parasite.
Recursive intermediate factorization and complete computational linearization of the coupled-cluster single, double, triple, and quadruple excitation equations

The nonlinear CCSDTQ equations are written in a fully linearized form, via the introduction of computationally convenient intermediates. An efficient formulation of the coupled cluster method is proposed. Due to a recursive method for the calculation of intermediates, all computational steps involve the multiplication of an intermediate with aT vertex. This property makes it possible to express the CC equations exclusively in terms of matrix products which can be directly transformed into a highly vectorized program.
Learning Disabled Adolescents in the Regular Classroom: Evaluation of a Mainstreaming Procedure.

student to use typed manuscript responses, rather than the handwriting required in the original form of the test. For students with handwriting problems, this option was deemed very desirable. Finally, anecdotal data suggest that the students liked working with the computer because it did not rush them; it was easier to spot their errors on the monitor and they preferred typing to writing. In summary, the use of educational technology in the form of microcomputers appears to have several specific benefits for educational diagnosis and assessment. Such benefits accrue both to classroom teachers and students and
Validation of LAB Color Mode as a Nondestructive Method to Differentiate Black Ballpoint Pen Inks

Nondestructive digital processing methods such as lab color mode (available in Adobe Photoshop) are emerging as alternative methods for forensic document examiners to use when attempting to differentiate writing instrument inks. Although these techniques appear to be viable, little data currently exists regarding the known or potential error rates associated with these techniques. Without adequate data, the validity and reliability of these techniques, including lab color, can not be established. In an attempt to begin to address these issues, 44 black ballpoint ink pens were obtained and used to create 990 pen-pair samples for analysis using established lab color mode techniques. No erroneous findings of "different" were reported following the examination of the known pen-pair combinations in which the same pen was used to create the samples (n = 44). Of the remaining 946 samples, 737 pen-pair samples were differentiated using the lab color mode method, while 209 samples were unable to be differentiated and were recorded as either being "similar" (n = 153) or "unsure" (n = 56). Comparison of the lab color mode results with the results obtained through additional testing using traditional infrared reflectance and infrared luminescence test methods showed that lab color differentiated 102 pen-pair samples (11%; 102/946) that were not differentiated using a VSC-4C.
A task that elicits reasoning: A dual analysis

This paper reports on the forms of reasoning elicited as fourth grade students in a suburban district and sixth grade students in an urban district worked on similar tasks involving reasoning with the use of Cuisenaire rods. Analysis of the two data sets shows similarities in the reasoning used by both groups of students on specific tasks, and the tendency of a particular task to elicit numerous forms of reasoning in both groups of students. Attributes of that task and ways that those attributes can be replicated in other domains may have implications in the teaching of early reasoning.
Hemodynamic measurements in rat brain and human muscle using diffuse near-infrared absorption and correlation spectroscopies

Measurement of concentration, oxygenation, and flow characteristics of blood cells can reveal information about tissue metabolism and functional heterogeneity. An improved multifunctional hybrid system has been built on the basis of our previous hybrid instrument that combines two near-infrared diffuse optical techniques to simultaneously monitor the changes of blood flow, total hemoglobin concentration (THC) and blood oxygen saturation (StO2). Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) monitors blood flow (BF) by measuring the optical phase shifts caused by moving blood cells, while diffuse photon density wave spectroscopy (DPDW) measures tissue absorption and scattering. Higher spatial resolution, higher data acquisition rate and higher dynamic range of the improved system allow us to monitor rapid hemodynamic changes in rat brain and human muscles. We have designed two probes with different source-detector pairs and different separations for the two types of experiments. A unique non-contact probe mounted on the back of a camera, which allows continuous measurements without altering the blood flow, was employed to in vivo monitor the metabolic responses in rat brain during KCl induced cortical spreading depression (CSD). A contact probe was used to measure changes of blood flow and oxygenation in human muscle during and after cuff occlusion or exercise, where the non-contact probe is not appropriate for monitoring the moving target. The experimental results indicate that our multifunctional hybrid system is capable of in vivo and non-invasive monitoring of the hemodynamic changes in different tissues (smaller tissues in rat brain, larger tissues in human muscle) under different conditions (static versus moving). The time series images of flow during CSD obtained by our technique revealed spatial and temporal hemodynamic changes in rat brain. Two to three fold longer recovery times of flow and oxygenation after cuff occlusion or exercise from calf flexors in a patient with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) were found.
Intelligent spectral signature bio-imaging in vivo for surgical applications

Multi-spectral imaging provides digital images of a scene or object at a large, usually sequential number of wavelengths, generating precise optical spectra at every pixel. We use the term "spectral signature" for a quantitative plot of optical property variations as a function of wavelengths. We present here intelligent spectral signature bio-imaging methods we developed, including automatic signature selection based on machine learning algorithms and database search-based automatic color allocations, and selected visualization schemes matching these approaches. Using this intelligent spectral signature bio-imaging method, we could discriminate normal and aganglionic colon tissue of the Hirschsprung's disease mouse model with over 95% sensitivity and specificity in various similarity measure methods and various anatomic organs such as parathyroid gland, thyroid gland and pre-tracheal fat in dissected neck of the rat in vivo .
Unions in the 2000 election: A strategic-choice perspective

In the 2000 elections, organized labor mounted a“massive“ political effort. The AFL-CIO spearheaded a program that emphasized both grassroots and“checkbook” politics. Labor 2000, however, represented much more than an attempt to influence elections. Political action, dedicated to a“Working Families Agenda“ became a strategy of choice to elect candidates, influence lawmakers, mobilize union members, and recruit workers into the labor movement. In this paper, I examine Labor 2000 from a strategic-choice perspective. Specifically, I look at the scope and variety of labor's political effort; how labor allocated its political resources; the degree of competition it faced; and the election outcomes. In addition, I examine the effort in terms of its potential for transforming unions. Data from a variety of sources, some of which have not been previously used, are examined to put Labor 2000 into perspective as a strategy. The results indicate that labor did have some success in mobilizing union members politically. However, labor's impact proved insufficient to achieve immediate national election goals. Questions remain about the wisdom of political action as a strategy of choice, especially in terms of its viability as an instrument for institutional revival.
DRAINAGE INTENSITY IN WESTERN NEW YORK

Three drainage intensity regions of the Allegheny Plateau formed on renewed surfaces in response to conditions imposed by glacial and periglacial processes. Because of the severe transformation of an antecedent surface into streamlined form, postglacial stream concentrations are highest in the north and decrease southward as the degree of glacial modification diminishes, permitting the survival of relict landforms better adapted to normal erosional processes. Southward differences in surface mantle characteristics consonantly affect the generation of drainage lines.
Anxiety-promoting parenting behaviors: a comparison of anxious parents with and without social anxiety disorder.

While parenting behaviors among anxious parents have been implicated in the familial transmission of anxiety, little is known about whether these parenting behaviors are unique to specific parental anxiety disorders. The current study examined differences in the use of five specific parenting behaviors (i.e., warmth/positive affect, criticism, doubts of child competency, over-control, and granting of autonomy) in anxious parents with (n = 21) and without (n = 45) social anxiety disorder (SAD) during a 5-minute task with their non-anxious child (aged 7–12 years, M = 9.14). Parents with SAD demonstrated less warmth/positive affect and more criticism and doubts of child competency than did those without SAD. There were no group differences in over-control or granting of autonomy. Findings help clarify inconsistent results in the literature, inform models of familial transmission, and suggest intervention targets for parents with SAD.
N-Nitroso derivatives of hydrochlorothiazide, niridazole, and tolbutamide

Abstract The nitrosation of 12 drugs which contain amine, urea, or simple amide groups have been studied. Nine drugs yielded no detectable N-nitroso derivatives, but niridazole and tolbutamide gave the expected N-nitrosoureas and hydrochlorothiazide gave the N-nitrosamine. The formation of N-nitroso-hydrochlorothiazide showed a fairly high second-order rate constant of 0.76 m −1 sec−1 at pH 1 and 25°C. For tobutamide, nitrosation succeeded only with dinitrogen tetroxide in methylene chloride and the pure product was not obtained reproducibly. Data are reported on the solubility, stability, and acute LD50 in rats of the N-nitroso compounds.
International occupational health.

Working conditions for the majority of the world's workers do not meet the minimum standards and guidelines set by international agencies. Occupational health and safety laws cover only about 10 percent of the population in developing countries, omitting many major hazardous industries and occupations. With rare exception, most countries defer to the United Nations the responsibility for international occupational health. The UN's international agencies have had limited success in bringing occupational health to the industrializing countries. The International Labor Organization (ILO) conventions are intended to guide all countries in the promotion of workplace safety and in managing occupational health and safety programs. ILO conventions and recommendations on occupational safety and health are international agreements that have legal force only if they are ratified by ILO member states. The most important ILO Convention on Occupational Safety and Health has been ratified by only 37 of the 175 ILO member states. Only 23 countries have ratified the ILO Employment Injury Benefits Convention that lists occupational diseases for which compensation should be paid. The World Health Organization (WHO) is responsible for the technical aspects of occupational health and safety, the promotion of medical services and hygienic standards. Limited WHO and ILO funding severely impedes the development of international occupational health. The U.S. reliance on international agencies to promote health and safety in the industrializing countries is not nearly adequate. This is particularly true if occupational health continues to be regarded primarily as an academic exercise by the developed countries, and a budgetary triviality by the international agencies. Occupational health is not a goal achievable in isolation. It should be part of a major institutional development that touches and reforms every level of government in an industrializing country. Occupational health and safety should be brought to industrializing countries by a comprehensive consultative program sponsored by the United States and other countries that are willing to share the burden. Occupational health and safety program development is tied to the economic success of the industrializing country and its industries. Only after the development of a successful legal and economic system in an industrializing country is it possible to incorporate a successful program of occupational health and safety.
A THEORETICAL MODEL FOR A TOTAL APPROACH TO INDEPENDENT LEARNING FROM TEXT

This article describes a metacognitive study method for helping secondary and postsecondary students learn how to learn from text. The method, LETME, is a total approach to study, a way of managing the entire study process which attempts to facilitate the understanding, selection, organization, retention, and analysis of information from expository text. This method was developed through a synthesis, simplification, and application of theory and research from the areas of metacognitive training, comprehension theory, and study skills. Decision‐making and self‐regulation of the learning process and awareness of metacognitive strategies is emphasized as well as training in study procedures. Research reported supports the hypothesis that training in exercising conscious control over the mental processes involved in learning through awareness of metacognitive strategies and monitoring of both comprehension and the entire study process would facilitate learning for the novice learner.
Holographic data storage in bacteriorhodopsin using phase-encoded multiplexing and spectrum spreading techniques

Holographic data storage in BR (bacteriorhodopsin) films has been investigated. The BR film has a fast response time, with high quantum efficiency, high sensitivity, and high spatial resolution. Because of these properties, BR film is attractive as an optical storage medium. Moreover, due to the high spatial resolution, a multiplexing storage scheme can be applied to store a large amount of data. We have demonstrated the possibility of using a phase-multiplexing technique to store the data in BR films. We also show the possibility of using phase masks for spectrum spreading and encoding.
A Fundamental Error Theory for Analog Computers

The material presented here allows a fairly thorough analysis of deterministic errors in continuous systems. The methods outlined in other papers using sampled-data techniques permit the extension of this theory to include discrete systems such as DAA's and Digital Computers when used for solving differential equations using operational techniques.
Sylvian fissure arachnoid cysts: a survey on their diagnostic workout and practical management

The management of Sylvian arachnoid cysts in children is still a matter of debate. Diagnosis is often incidental, and symptoms are frequently aspecific in symptomatic cases. Suggested diagnostic investigation results have been often unclear. Surgical treatment is also controversial, pure, and assisted endoscopic cyst marsupialization having entered in the traditional debate between craniotomic and shunting approach The objective of the present study was to survey if (and, eventually, which) agreement points do actually exist between internationally recognized pediatric neurosurgery centers in the management of children with a controversial type of Sylvian arachnoid cyst (Type II cyst). Contributors were asked to answer to a six-separate-part multiple choice questionnaire related to the case of a 2.7-year-old boy with a Type II left Sylvian arachnoid cyst presented in different clinical situations. If surgery was indicated, it was asked which surgical procedure the authors would have suggested as first option. The option of the mere clinical observation was chosen by the majority of surgeons in case of asymptomatic clinical discovery. On the other hand, a constantly high percentage of participants suggested direct surgical treatment based on clinical manifestations or as a preventive measure justified by the risk of spontaneous or traumatic intracranial bleeding. The only diagnostic investigation result which significantly influenced the surgical indication was a localizing electroencephalography, if the child presented with seizures. The result is that in most cases the surgical indication was based on aspecific clinical manifestations and laboratory data. Craniotomy and arachnoid cyst marsupialization represented the preferred surgical option (66.6%), 28.8% of the participants suggesting pure or assisted endoscopic cyst marsupialization as primary surgical procedure. Cyst shunting was suggested by only three centers.
Drainage design coefficients for eastern United States

Abstract The development of drainage simulation models has made it possible to quantitatively describe the performance of drainage systems, including the effects of design parameters on yields. While this was a primary goal of drainage researchers 40 years ago, it is no longer sufficient. Currently, the effect of drainage on nutrient loads and surface water quality is of equal or greater importance to production goals. Limited field data and modeling results indicate that nitrogen (N) loss in drainage water is proportional to subsurface drainage intensity (DI). This implies that the drainage system should be tailored to soil and site conditions, such that the DI is as small as possible. While simulation models can be used to determine drain depth and spacing required to maximize yields or profits for a specific site, the modeling expertise and/or the extensive data required are often not available. Simple approaches are still needed for estimating drain spacing and depth. The Hooghoudt equation has been used for many years for this purpose. Its application requires knowledge of the design drainage rate, which has not been defined for many locations in the US. A simulation study was conducted to determine the drain spacing corresponding to predicted maximum economic return for corn production on four soils at 10 locations in eastern United States. The drainage intensity (cm/day) corresponding to the optimum drain spacing was defined as the design drainage rate (DDR). DDR varied with growing season rainfall and ranged from an average (across the four soils) of 0.58 cm/day at Toledo, OH to 1.61 cm/day at Baton Rouge, LA. Variation of DDR among the four soils was least for the low rainfall locations and highest where growing season rainfall was high. The regression equation, DDR = 0.004P − 1.1, may be used to estimate DDR (cm/day) in terms of growing season rainfall, P (mm). These results were obtained for a drain depth of 1 m and surface depressional storage of 2 cm. Additional research is needed to test the relationships, and/or develop new equations, for additional drain depths and surface storages.
The design of a high resolution transformable wholebody PET camera

The conceptual design of a high-resolution positron emission tomography (PET) camera is presented. This PET has a transformable transaxial and axial fields of view to facilitate oncology applications. The photomultiplier-quadrant-sharing (PQS) detector design is used to achieve very high resolution with lower cost. It has 38 016 small bismuth germanate crystals (2.68 /spl times/ 2.68 /spl times/ 18 mm/sup 3/, 2.68 /spl times/ 3.06 /spl times/ 18 mm/sup 3/) and 924 photomultipliers (PMTs). The second-generation PQS detectors will be used for this high-resolution-oncologic-transformable PET (HOTPET). Monte Carlo simulations showed that image resolution would vary from 1.8 to 3.0 mm depending on the operating mode (detector ring diameter). The detector ring is made of 12 detector modules. Inside each module, the detector packing fraction is very high, 98.5% in both axial and transaxial dimensions to increase coincidence sensitivity to compensate for the loss from its narrower 13 cm wholebody axial field of view (AFOV) designed to reduce production cost and scatter and accidentals in 3-D imaging. The detector-ring diameter can change from 24 to 83 cm with no gaps between modules. For radiotherapy treatment planning, the ring expands to 100 cm creating an 80 cm patient port (17% detection gap). In the body modes, HOTPET has 44 detector rings (87 image planes). In the brain/breast modes, the detector diameter becomes 53 cm with a large AFOV (21 cm) with 72 detector rings (143 image planes). In the 24-cm mouse mode, coincidence nonlinearity may be reduced to yield a resolution of 1.8-2.2 mm for mouse/rat; it would have 21 cm AFOV providing a 3-7 /spl times/ higher geometrical coincidence sensitivity over a similar mouse-PET with 8 cm AFOV (no septa). The front-end electronics use the high-yield-pileup-event-recovery electronics to increase the count-rate performance and an automatic PMT gain-equalization for quality control.
Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Adults and Children

Evidence-based guidelines for the management of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections were prepared by an Expert Panel of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). The guidelines are intended for use by health care providers who care for adult and pediatric patients with MRSA infections. The guidelines discuss the management of a variety of clinical syndromes associated with MRSA disease, including skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), bacteremia and endocarditis, pneumonia, bone and joint infections, and central nervous system (CNS) infections. Recommendations are provided regarding vancomycin dosing and monitoring, management of infections due to MRSA strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin, and vancomycin treatment failures.
Emulsions versus micelles in the digestion of lipids by benthic invertebrates

Lipids can be valuable sources of energy and nutrition for organisms, but their assimilation into organisms is hampered by the difficulty of transporting these hydrophobic compounds through water. In the digestive tract of metazoans, extracellular digestion of lipids requires transport of insoluble materials from the zone of digestion to the site of absorption, which is facilitated by formation of lipid aggregates in the form of micelles or emulsions. We examined the use of these two transport modes in benthic invertebrate animals via experiments and crossphyletic characteristics of gut fluids. We examined seven benthic species for emulsions versus micelles. An obligate carnivore used emulsions (most droplet diameters were 1–20 mm), whereas deposit feeders used much smaller micelles, and a suspension feeder used neither. We tested two possible forcing factors for this trend. First, we found emulsions but not micelles to be subject to straining by sediment—a filtration process that reduces permeability to colloidal materials. Second, we varied the ratio of gut fluid to food concentration. High ratios, found with dilute food conditions characteristic of deposit feeding, favored micelles, and low ratios favored emulsions. Both of these findings are consistent with the cross-phyletic results.
USE OF THE ZONAL CENTRIFUGE TO SEPARATE PARTICLES CONTAINING TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGEN

Subcellular particles of homogenates of mouse spleen were separated at various centrifugal forces between 5000·106 and 30 000·106ω2t in the zonal centrifuge. Each fraction was analyzed for transplantation antigen, ATPase, nonspecific esterase and alkaline phosphatase. Under appropriate conditions, zonal centrifugation proved to be an efficient procedure to seperate particles containing high concentrations of transplantation antigen. After a centrifugal force of 5000·106ω2t, the antigenic particles were located in the 10–12% sucrose region, but they sedimented into denser sucrose particles anecame more disperse when subjected to larger total centrifugal forces. The density of teh particels in CsCl was about 1.2g/cm3. Transplantation antigen was solubilized by autolysis; the antigen was eluted with exclusion volume during gel filtration on Sephadex G-200.
Ethnic distribution of American Muslims and selected socio‐economic characteristics

(1984). Ethnic distribution of American Muslims and selected socio‐economic characteristics. Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs. Journal: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 47-59.
Helminths from Eight Species of African Skinks (Trachylepis: Scincidae)

Sixty skinks from Africa representing 8 species of the genus Trachylepis (Trachylepis acutilabris, Trachylepis affinis, Trachylepis binotata, Trachylepis brevicollis, Trachylepis maculilabris, Trachylepis planifrons, Trachylepis sulcata, Trachylepis varia) were examined for helminths. Adults of 1 species of Digenea (Mesocoelium monas), 1 species of Cestoda (Oochoristica truncata), and 6 species of Nematoda (Abbreviata paradoxa, Orneoascaris chrysanthemoides, Parapharyngodon rotundatus, Physalopteroides asymmetrica, Spauligodon timbavatiensis, Thubunaea fitzsimonsi) were found. Larvae of a species of Abbreviata were also found. Thubunaea fitzsimonsi in T. sulcata had the highest prevalence (83%); S. timbavatiensis in T. sulcata had the greatest mean intensity (9.0 ± 8.9). Thirteen new host records are reported. Species of Trachylepis are infected with generalist helminths that infect a variety of African lizards.
Transformer modelling for distribution system studies. I. Linear modelling basics

A distribution transformer modeling procedure is discussed which represents the distribution transformer with a minimum of input data for network, load, and fault studies, thereby allowing the transformer to be routinely included as part of the distribution network. The models are developed directly from the magnetic circuit of the transformer and described by a Z-parameter model using an ideal transformer matrix T/sub i/, which depends solely on the core structure. Values for T/sub i/ are determined for each core structure by analysis of the magnetic fluxes developed in the core. Per-unit models of the distribution transformer are described by a Z-parameter model which includes both the core and copper losses under nominal operating conditions. Y-parameter models are obtained from the Z-parameter models by matrix inversion, and can then be interconnected using the mode-to-branch transformation. >
Public Enemy No. 1?: Understanding Media Representations of Outlier Views on Climate Change

Outlier voices—particularly those views often dubbed climate “skeptics,” “denialists,” or “contrarians”—have gained prominence and traction in mass media over time through a mix of internal working...
Effects of altered soil-water availability on a tallgrass prairie nematode community.

Abstract Climate change predictions for the Great Plains region of North America include reduced growing season precipitation. The consequence of this prediction for soil fauna and belowground processes was investigated at two spatial scales by integrating experimental manipulation of soil moisture levels with natural variation in soil-water availability. Experiments consisted of (1) reciprocal core transplants across a regional precipitation gradient and (2) supplemental irrigation applied across a local topographic gradient. This report examines functional-level responses by the tallgrass prairie nematode community to differences in soil moisture levels over a four-year period. Effects on nematode community structure were complex and dependent upon nematode trophic habit and depth in the soil profile. The strongest and most consistent responses to changes in soil-water availability were displayed by herbivorous taxa, with 71% higher densities observed under wetter soil conditions across experiments and years. Responses of microbial-feeding nematodes were more variable, with lower densities observed, in some cases, in the presence of experimentally-increased soil moisture levels. Effects of regional differences in soil-water availability on the nematode community were uniformly restricted to depths >20 cm. Community responses to short-term changes in soil moisture were not consistent with patterns in community structure developed under different natural moisture regimes, suggesting divergent short-term and long-term responses of belowground biota and processes to changes in soil-water availability.
Frazer's “Folk-Lore in the Old Testament”

Sir James George Frazer is a well known authority on the subject he has made his own, and his voluminous works are familiar to every student of anthropology and the history of religions. The fact that he has put his extensive knowledge at the disposition of the Old Testament student is to be welcomed. This he has done in the works mentioned below, the larger one in three volumes, the smaller one by condensation and omission giving the main points of interest. That the larger work meets a felt want is indicated by the fact that a second printing was called for the year after the first publication, a symptom of the present interest in the comparative study of religions.
Sensor fusion for coastal waters surveillance

We describe a large sensor field whose mission is to protect coastal waters by detecting objects like submarines. The system is buoy-based and distributed over a littoral area. The opportunities for detection are short and intermittent and the signal to noise ratio is low. The topology of the field changes with time due to currents, wind, tides and storms. The field has a number of gateway nodes that have the capability to transmit off-field through a satellite, a ship or a plane. We propose an approach to fusion that includes on-buoy processing, cooperative processing with nearest neighbors and the potential for off-field processing. Each stage of processing tries both to minimize false positive events and to maximize the probability of detection when an object is present. It also tries to minimize power used in order to prolong the life of the field. We analyze the optimal placement of gateway nodes in the field to minimize power consumption and maximize reliability and probability of successful off-field transmission. We analyze the duty cycles of the sensor and gateway nodes to optimize lifetime. We also analyze the traffic that the field will be expected to handle in order to support network control and coordination, distributed fusion, off-field communication (including queries and responses, and reporting of detection events), forwarding of traffic through individual sensor nodes toward gateways or for fusion.
Cloning, stem cells, and the current national debate: incorporating ethics into a large introductory biology course.

Discussing the ethical issues involved in topics such as cloning and stem cell research in a large introductory biology course is often difficult. Teachers may be wary of presenting material biased by personal beliefs, and students often feel inhibited speaking about moral issues in a large group. Yet, to ignore what is happening “out there” beyond the textbooks and lab work is to do a disservice to students. This essay describes a semester-long project in which upperclass students presented some of the most complex and controversial ideas imaginable to introductory students by staging a mock debate and acting as members of the then newly appointed President's Council on Bioethics. Because the upperclass students were presenting the ideas of real people who play an important role in shaping national policy, no student's personal beliefs were put on the line, and many ideas were articulated. The introductory audience could accept or reject what they were hearing and learn information important for making up their own minds on these issues. This project is presented as an example of how current events can be used to put basic cell biology into context and of how exciting it can be when students teach students.
Of Wealth and Death: Materialism, Mortality Salience, and Consumption Behavior

Theoretical work suggests that feelings of insecurity produce materialistic behavior, but most empirical evidence is correlational in nature. We therefore experimentally activated feelings of insecurity by having some subjects write short essays about death (mortality-salience condition). In Study 1, subjects in the mortality-salience condition, compared with subjects who wrote about a neutral topic, had higher financial expectations for themselves 15 years in the future, in terms of both their overall worth and the amount they would be spending on pleasurable items such as clothing and entertainment. Study 2 extended these findings by demonstrating that subjects exposed to death became more greedy and consumed more resources in a forest-management game. Results are discussed with regard to humanistic and terror-management theories of materialism.