cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How nurse-midwives define themselves in relation to nursing, medicine, and midwifery

The way members of an occupation or profession define themselves influences both their interaction with other occupations in the workplace and the future direction of their profession. In order to determine how certified nurse-midwives define their occupational identity, a two-phase study was done. In the first phase, 20 nurse-midwives were interviewed at length. It was found that they used traditional midwifery ideologies of advocacy, normalcy, and competency to differentiate themselves from physicians and nurses. A nationwide survey was then sent to 300 nurse-midwives in which they were asked whether they identified more with midwifery, nursing, or medicine. Their choice of identity was then examined in light of midwifery, ideologies, situational and background factors, and ability to tolerate ambiguity. The analysis of the survey indicated that nurse-midwives identify occupationally with midwifery, rather than nursing or medicine, even though there is some alliance with both of the other occupations. The variables that were most predictive of a positive midwifery occupational identity were philosophical agreement with nurse-midwifery ideologies and increased years of nurse-midwifery practice. A short discussion of the implications of a midwifery versus a nursing identity concludes the article.
Abstract LB-126: Replication-associated DNA double-strand breaks and checkpoint abrogation promote gene amplification.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Gene amplification, a copy number increase of genomic segments through DNA rearrangements, drives cancer progression and acquired resistance to anti-cancer drugs. Understanding the cellular processes involved in gene amplification is important to rationally develop management strategies for cancer patients with such aggressive tumors. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most dangerous lesions of DNA and often initiate gene amplification. A main cellular process giving rise to DSBs in cancer cells is DNA replication, as cancer cells are under strong replication stress. We hypothesized that failure to repair replication-associated DSBs would result in DNA rearrangements and gene amplification. To test this hypothesis, we suppressed the expression of DNA repair protein MRE11 in mammalian cells. MRE11 is a component of the MRN (Mre11-Rad50-NBS1) complex that repairs DSBs of different origin including those arising during DNA replication. Indeed, knocking down MRE11 resulted in the 10-fold increase in the frequency of gene amplification. DSBs were markedly increased in the MRE11 knockdown cells in the S phase of the cell cycle, suggesting a DNA replication-associated origin of DSBs. Importantly, DSBs continued to be abundant in the M phase, indicating that MRE11 knockdown cells lack both intra-S and G2/M checkpoints. The possibility that checkpoint abrogation could also promote gene amplification was further tested in the I-SceI endonuclease-induced gene amplification system, where checkpoint abrogation by caffeine resulted in the 4-fold increase in amplification frequency. These results provide a proof-of-concept that pharmacological modulation of cell cycle checkpoints can alternate the gene amplification frequency, and may be used to prevent proliferation of cells with gene amplification. Citation Format: Anna Kondratova, Michael Marotta, Takaaki Watanabe, Hisashi Tanaka. Replication-associated DNA double-strand breaks and checkpoint abrogation promote gene amplification. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-126. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-126
Initial Clinical Experience with a Dual Lead Endocardial Defibrillation System with Atrial Pace/Sense Capability

Ninety-three patients underwent implants of the Telectronics Model 4211 ICD attached to the Enguard PFX endocardial defibrillation lead system. Eighty-one males and 12 females ranging in age from 25-85 years (mean = 64). Coronary disease was the substrate in the majority (88%); mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 30%. VT was present in 66%, VF in 22%, and both in 7%. Three lead configurations were used in the study: ventriculo-atrial (U1, 86%); bidirectional (B2, 12%); and ventricular to patch (U2, 2%). Mean RV pacing thresholds were 0.46 V pre- and 0.54 V posttesting, with no significant differences between the two. Mean R wave voltage was 11.05 mV pre- and 11.72 mV posttesting, also not significantly different. A subgroup of 13 patients had mean atrial pacing thresholds of 0.59 V at 0.5 msec pulse width, with mean P waves of 4.01 mV. Mean defibrillation threshold for the entire group was 10.6 J using biphasic waveforms. Defibrillation thresholds by configuration were: 399 V (U1); 475 V (U2); and 350 V (B2). All patients but one had thresholds < 550 V in at least one configuration. The 4211/Enguard system was implanted without (86%) or with (14%) a subcutaneous patch electrode. Early postoperative findings related to the ICD system include: one device circuit failure, one early lead dislodgement, and one pacing exist block.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nonintervention and Human Rights

Long a part of the theory and practice of international politics, the principle of nonintervention has traditionally admitted few exceptions. Recently, however, arguments have been advanced that seek to expand the grounds for armed intervention to include a wide range of situations in which violations of human rights have occurred. This paper argues that although in principle the moral justification for intervention to protect human rights is broader than defenders of a strong principle of nonintervention, such as Michael Walzer, are willing to allow, the practical constraints on armed intervention are such that it can never be more than an exceptional remedy for human rights abuses.
Instant Modular 3-D Mockup for Configuring Control and Display Equipment

A modular 3-D mockup technique was developed as a method for economizing and facilitating the design of control and display equipment. The integral parts of the mockup include modular easy-to-assemble console bays and panels (dimensioned after standard sizes and increments thereof for flexibility), simulated magnetic backed 3-D controls and displays of actual size, various writing shelf configurations, fast assembly clamps, storage cabinet with casters, Polaroid camera, etc. Human engineering constraints were designed into the mockup parts (i.e., optimum reach, height, view and control limits) so that the designers could not deviate from human engineering inputs, facilitating optimum operating conditions.
Singular boundary value problems for the Monge-Ampère equation

Abstract Given a strictly convex, smooth, and bounded domain Ω in R n we consider solving the Monge–Ampere equation det ( D 2 u ) = f ( x , − u ) for solutions in C ∞ ( Ω ) ∩ C ( Ω ¯ ) with zero boundary value, where the nonlinearity f ( x , t ) could be singular at t = 0 . We will show that under some fairly general assumptions on f the above Dirichlet problem admits a negative convex solution in Ω . Uniqueness of such solutions is then established for a wide class of nonlinearities f ( x , t ) as a consequence of a comparison principle.
Investigative Urology: The Effect of Antimicrobial Therapy on Testicular Aspirate Flow Cytometry

Many antibiotics have been shown to have adverse effects on spermatogenesis. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) flow cytometry of testicular aspirate has been shown to be an effective method of quantitatively evaluating testicular function. To assess this problem, DNA flow cytometry of testicular aspirate was performed on 8 groups of rats, each of which received antibiotics via daily gavage for 10 days. Aspirations were performed on days 0, 11 and 56. Data thus obtained were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Antibiotics studies included ciprofloxacin 15 mg./kg./day, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) 20 mg./kg./day (with trimethoprim (TMP) 4 mg./kg./day), nitrofurantoin 7 mg./kg./day, ofloxacin 10 mg./kg./day, lomefloxacin 6 mg./kg./day, doxycycline 3 mg./kg./day and norfloxacin 10 mg./kg./day. One group received the same SMX/TMP dose, together with folate 0.014 mg./kg./day. A statistically significant change in aspirate content on day 11 as compared with baseline existed in groups receiving TMP/SMX (p = 0.00025), nitrofurantoin (p = 0.0000043), ofloxacin (p = 0.000075) and doxycycline (p = 4.89 X 10(-9). Control rats and the group receiving TMP/SMX with folate showed no significant change. On day 56 the abnormality persisted in groups TMP/SMX (p = 0.042), nitrofurantoin (p = 0.001), ofloxacin (p = 0.036) and doxycycline (p = 0.003). Controls and groups receiving ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and lomefloxacin continued to show no statistically significant difference from baseline on day 56. These data suggest that SMX/TMP, nitrofurantoin, ofloxacin and doxycycline significantly alter spermatogenesis. Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and lomefloxacin had no apparent effect on spermatogenesis as measured by DNA flow cytometry.
Lessons for Service Learning in Rural Areas

The literature about service learning in planning education contains a wealth of insights from practitioners at large research universities in urban settings. Very little has been written about experiences in rural areas. The Environmental Studies Department at St. Lawrence University has experimented with several strategies for service learning in rural northern New York. As a type of service learning, the research seminar offers several advantages over conventional internships and community-based independent study. These advantages are critical in rural areas of sparse population, where few agencies exist. Case studies involving conservation easements, community planning, and historical preservation demonstrate that some agencies derive real benefits from service learning. The case studies also illustrate the following lessons: the research seminar can engage a variety of planning issues and organizations; it is helpful, though not necessary, if sponsoring organizations articulate needs, but they should...
Modulation of affective face processing deficits in Schizophrenia by congruent emotional sounds

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder resulting in prominent impairments in social functioning. Thus, clinical research has focused on underlying deficits of emotion processing and their linkage to specific symptoms and neurobiological dysfunctions. Although there is substantial research investigating impairments in unimodal affect recognition, studies in schizophrenia exploring crossmodal emotion processing are rare. Therefore, event-related potentials were measured in 15 patients with schizophrenia and 15 healthy controls while rating the expression of happy, fearful and neutral faces and concurrently being distracted by emotional or neutral sounds. Compared with controls, patients with schizophrenia revealed significantly decreased P1 and increased P2 amplitudes in response to all faces, independent of emotion or concurrent sound. Analyzing these effects with regard to audiovisual (in)congruence revealed that P1 amplitudes in patients were only reduced in response to emotionally incongruent stimulus pairs, whereas similar amplitudes between groups could be observed for congruent conditions. Correlation analyses revealed a significant negative correlation between general symptom severity (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-V4) and P1 amplitudes in response to congruent audiovisual stimulus pairs. These results indicate that early visual processing deficits in schizophrenia are apparent during emotion processing but, depending on symptom severity, these deficits can be restored by presenting concurrent emotionally congruent sounds.
Oviposition Choice of Two Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Host Strains

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a noctuid species that is composed of two morphologically identical sympatric host strains (corn and rice) that differ in their distribution among plant hosts. In an effort to explain observations of host fidelity in the field, ovipositional preference of the two strains on corn (Zea mays L.) or pasture grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis) was determined using two greenhouse bioassays. In the first bioassay, corn strain females placed more eggmasses on the screen enclosure than on corn plants while grass plants contained an intermediate number of eggmasses. Rice strain females placed most of their eggmasses on grass plants. In the second bioassay, corn strain females placed an equal number of eggmasses on corn and grass plants in comparison to rice strain females which placed >3.5× more eggmasses on grass plants than on corn plants. Individual eggs as part of the eggmasses were also counted on plants and on the screen enclosure. Corn strain females equally placed eggs on the two host plants and on the screen enclosures, however rice strain females placed more eggs on grass plants compared to corn plants or the screen enclosure. This is the first report of consistent differential oviposition between corn and rice strain fall armyworm females.
Application of bistatic MIMICS to forest canopies

A bistatic version of the Michigan Microwave Canopy Scattering model (MIMICS) is developed to simulate bistatic scattering from forest canopies. We present the applications of bistatic MIMICS in This work. By simulating the forest canopy scattering from multiple viewpoints, we can observe how a forest's structure, orientation and density affect the canopy scattering. We show that the bistatic scattering is more sensitive to forest biomass changes than backscattering. Analyzing the scattering contributions from different parts of the canopy gives us better knowledge of the microwave's interaction with the tree components. The ground effects can also be studied. The simulation results of the model offer credible results for the research and design of future bistatic radar systems.
Removal of heavy metals in POTW

Studies were conducted at three activated sludge treatment plants during normal operation. The heavy metals were measured in the influent to each plant, the primary sedimentation effluent where applicable, the discharge after activated sludge treatment and secondary sedimentation, and in one case after a final polishing filter. Both the soluble and the total portions were measured. Beryllium, nickel, and thallium were not found in detectable levels in any of the plant influents. Mercury was found in only trace amounts. The removals of the other metals varied considerably. No consistent conclusions can be made from the data; each metal, soluble or total fraction, and unit treatment operation must be interpreted individually. The only metal in the plant effluents consistently above the recommended limit was arsenic, and this barely above the limit, and the lead content from Fitchburg, despite 83% removal.
Transcriptional regulation of the type I myosin heavy chain gene in denervated rat soleus

Denervation (DEN) of rat soleus is associated with a decreased expression of slow type I myosin heavy chain (MHC) and an increased expression of the faster MHC isoforms. The molecular mechanisms be...
Genomic Instability and Catalase Gene Amplification Induced by Chronic Exposure to Oxidative Stress

Abstract Chronic exposure (>200 days) of HA1 fibroblasts to increasing concentrations of H2O2 or O2 results in the development of a stable oxidative stress-resistant phenotype characterized by increased cellular antioxidant levels, particularly catalase (D. R. Spitz et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 279: 249–260, 1990; D. R. Spitz et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 292: 221–227, 1992; S. J. Sullivan et al., Am. J. Physiol. (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.), 262: L748–L756, 1992). Acutely stressed cells failed to develop a stably resistant phenotype or increased catalase activity, suggesting that chronic exposure is required for the development of this phenotype. This study investigates the mechanism underlying increased catalase activity in the H2O2- and O2-resistant cell lines. In H2O2- and O2-resistant cells, catalase activity was found to be 20–30-fold higher than that in the parental HA1 cells and correlated with increased immunoreactive catalase protein and steady-state catalase mRNA levels. Resistant cell lines also demonstrated a 4–6-fold increase in catalase gene copy number by Southern blot analysis, which is indicative of gene amplification. Chromosome banding and in situ hybridization studies identified a single amplified catalase gene site located on a rearranged chromosome with banding similarities to Z-4 in the hamster fibroblast karyotype. Simultaneous in situ hybridization with a Z-4-specific adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) gene revealed that the amplified catalase genes were located proximate to APRT on the same chromosome in all resistant cells. In contrast, HA1 cells contained only single copies of the catalase gene that were not located on APRT-containing chromosomes, indicating that amplification is associated with a chromosomal rearrangement possibly involving Z-4. The fact that chronic exposure of HA1 cells to either H2O2 or 95% O2 resulted in gene amplification suggests that gene amplification represents a generalized response to oxidative stress, contributing to the development of resistant phenotypes. These results support the hypothesis that chronic exposure to endogenous metabolic or exogenous environmental oxidative stress represents an important factor contributing to gene amplification and genomic instability.
A wideband time-frequency Weyl symbol and its generalization

We extend the work of Shenoy and Parks (1994) on the wideband Weyl correspondence. We define a wideband Weyl symbol (P/sub 0/WS) in the time-frequency plane based on the Bertrand (1988) P/sub 0/-distribution, and we study its properties, examples and possible applications. Using warping relations, we generalize the P/sub 0/WS and the wideband spreading function (WSF) to analyze systems producing dispersive time shifts. We provide properties and special cases (e.g. power and exponential) to demonstrate the importance of our generalization. The new generalized WSF provides a new interpretation of a system output as a weighted superposition of dispersive time-shifted versions of the signal. We provide application examples in analysis and detection to demonstrate the advantages of our new results for linear systems with group delay characteristics matched to the specific warping used.
Design of low-power short-distance opto-electronic transceiver front-ends with scalable supply voltages and frequencies

The need for low-power I/Os is widely recognized, as I/Os take up a significant portion of total chip power. In recent years, researchers have pointed to the potential system-level power savings that can be realized if dynamic voltage scalable I/Os are available. However, substantial challenges remain in building such links. This paper presents the design and implementation details of opto-electronic transceiver front-end blocks where supply voltage can scale from 1.2 V to 0.6 V with almost linearly scalable bandwidth from 8 Gb/s to 4 Gb/s, and power consumption from 36 mW to 5 mW in a 130 nm CMOS process. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first circuit demonstration of voltage-scalable optical links. It demonstrates the feasibility of dynamic voltage scalable optical I/Os.
A test bed for experimenting with visualization of parallel programs

Because of the lack of the software tools to assist with concurrent programming, programming for parallel computers has been a significant technical problem for a diverse range of users. We are concentrating on techniques that allow computing and non-computing experts to define what they need and then automatically generate the specified visual language. Consequently, our visual language research aims at the development of a test bed for conducting experiments in language design and speeding up the implementation process for tools to assist in parallel computing. >
Real time plasma etch process modeling by neural networks

We address the problem of control relevant process modeling from production data for the N-well reactive ion etching processed by LAM Rainbow Etchers. Due to physical constraints we consider building an empirical neural network model using one lot of data which usually contains 24 wafers. Using the existence result of feedforward networks as universal approximators, we experimentally developed different network structures as models of the etching process under investigation. Our results are built upon extensive simulations on different lots of the process. The same modeling idea is also extended to use the network model to predict the end point detection signal prior for the processing of one wafer.
Choices of expansion and testing functions for the method of moments applied to a class of electromagnetic problems

It is well known that the choice of expansion and testing functions plays an important role in determining the rate of convergence of the integrals associated with the moment method matrix, and that an improper choice can lead to erroneous results. This convergence issue is critically examined, and to criteria for the choice of these expansion and testing functions are provided. The question of whether these functions need to satisfy the Holder condition is also investigated, and the convergence behavior of the integrals involved in the spatial- and spectral-domain moment method is discussed for some representative expansion and testing functions. >
Generalizability of Genetic Findings Related to Kidney Function and Albuminuria

Nephrology has benefitted from several recent molecular genetics breakthroughs involving susceptibility to FSGS and focal global glomerulosclerosis, encompassing both rare and common gene variants ([1][1]–[6][2]). To date, the search for diabetic nephropathy genes has been somewhat less rewarding
Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging manifestations of neurosarcoidosis

Objectives To describe clinical and neuroimaging manifestations of neurosarcoidosis in a cohort of 21 patients. Patients and methods We reviewed records of 21 patients with sarcoidosis and central nervous system (CNS) manifestations referred to Cooper University Hospital, with emphasis on neuroimaging findings and associated clinical and laboratory evidence of sarcoidosis. Nineteen patients were categorized as having “definite,” “probable,” or “possible” neurosarcoidosis, while 1 had associated CNS vasculitis and another had Hodgkin’s lymphoma with cauda equina syndrome. Results The most common manifestations included myelopathy, cranial neuropathies, and encephalopathy. In 6 patients, CNS biopsy showed sterile, noncaseating granuloma (NCG), while in the remainder, the diagnosis was established through a combination of clinical, radiographic, and laboratory findings. Notably, 10 patients developed acute neurological emergencies, including seizures, spinal cord compression, and increased intracranial pressure. Findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) included a variety of manifestations, including isolated mass lesion, diffuse intraparenchymal inflammatory lesions in the brain and spinal cord, leptomeningeal enhancement, hydrocephalus, and intracranial hemorrhage. Conclusions Sarcoidosis is associated with diverse neurological manifestations and neuroimaging findings. The diagnosis of isolated CNS sarcoidosis requires a biopsy to document the presence of sterile NCG and to exclude neoplasms and other granulomatous diseases. When a biopsy of the CNS is not possible, a diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis can reasonably be supported in many patients by MRI findings and exclusion of other disorders. Relevance Optimum management of patients with neurosarcoidosis relies on the ability of clinicians to recognize the broad spectrum of clinical and neuroimaging manifestations of the disorder.
Estimating efficacy of progressive planning for air traffic flow management

Air traffic flow management (TFM) is a set of processes and procedures which seek to balance the demand for airspace resources with the capacity of these resources. Examples of resources are airports, sectors (airspace volumes managed by air traffic controllers), and fixes (imaginary points in space used for navigation). The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is continually looking for ways to provide new tools and techniques for TFM personnel. As the TFM function improves, flight efficiency improves, and the experience of the flying public is likewise improved. In this paper, we describe a simulation modeling exercise to assess the benefit, if any, of a proposed new feature of TFM called progressive planning (P2). P2 allows the flow manager to model the impact of multiple concurrent flow management actions. It is envisioned that the improved modeling leads to better decision-making, which leads to greater flight efficiency.
Contentious Perspectives on Water Resources

Water as a Human Right for the Middle East and North Africa. Edited by Asit K. Biswas, Eglal Rached, Cecilia Tortajada. London: Routledge, 2008. 191 pp., $140.00 hardcover (ISBN-10: 0-415-44584-1). Global Corruption Report 2008: Corruption in the Water Sector. By Transparency International. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Water Integrity Network, 2008. 367 pp., $39.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-521-72795-2). Embracing Watershed Politics. By Edella Schlager, William Blomquist. CO: University of Colorado Press, 2008. 220 pp., $55.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-87081-909-4). By the end of the 21st century water may replace oil as the most contentious of global natural resource problems. Water is becoming increasingly scarce, and today water can not be found in the quantity, quality and price to meet the ever growing demand for it around the world. Even in places where water would seem to be sufficient to meet needs it is often misallocated, wasted, and degraded by pollution. Climate change is promising to make already difficult water problems yet worse. There are a very large number of river basins that cross the boundaries of nation states, and control over water resources is widely regarded as essential to the security of nation states. There is a long international history of upstream states slighting the claims of their downstream neighbors. Despite the importance of water, it has not been the subject of the kind of scrutiny in the international relations literature as has oil. While some fine books about water have been written by international relations scholars such as Ken Conca, and a considerable number of political scientists have turned their theoretically oriented attention to water such as Elinor Ostrom, David Feldman, Steve Mumme and Helen Ingram, among many others, most international treatments of water are authored by writers who are closely associated with the expert water resources community of specialists. While none of the three books under review break any new theoretical ground, they do examine water from unconventional perspectives and strongly challenge the hegemony of the dominant water expert community over prevailing conventional wisdom. …
Student Outcomes in a Local Systemic Change Project.

The Local Systemic Change initiative of the National Science Foundation supports projects focusing primarily on teacher enhancement through extensive professional development and the use of standards-based curriculum materials. The underlying rationale is that the effective use of such materials will ultimately result in enhanced student learning. However, the research base regarding the impact of these efforts on student learning is rather lean. This paper describes the results of a curriculum-aligned assessment comprising selected items from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study. The assessment was administered to fifth graders involved in a Local Systemic Change project to address the following questions: How does the performance of students involved in the project compare nationally and internationally? and Does length of involvement in the project make a difference in student performance? Additional evidence to relate student outcomes to the project's systemic change efforts are provided.
Physicochemical Surface Modification of Materials Used in Medicine

Abstract Much effort goes into the design, synthesis, and fabrication of biomaterials and devices to ensure that they have the appropriate mechanical properties, durability, and functionality. The bulk composition and organization of materials govern these properties. Surface modifications are widely applied to modulate or enhance the biointeractions of biomedical devices and improve other aspects of performance. Surface modification is used in the laboratory setting, and also for the treatment of medical devices used in the clinic. Since a medical device may already have appropriate physical properties and be well understood in the clinic, surface modification provides a means to alter only the biointeractions of the device without the need for redesign, retooling for manufacture, and retraining of medical personnel.
Preliminary computational studies of flash boiling for fuel injectors in gasoline direct injection automotive engines

A flash boiling model is being developed to capture the effects of bubble nucleation and growth inside an injector. This model will be applied to the study of flash boiling fuel injector sprays in gasoline direct injection (GDI) automotive engines. There is potential for flash boiling to reduce drop sizes, increase spray cone angles, and ultimately produce more favorable combustible fuel mixtures for a GDI engine than before. In order for that potential to be realized, however, more work needs to be done to understand how flash boiling can be promoted by heating the fuel and introducing additional nucleation sites. With this concern in mind, a quasi one-dimensional nozzle flow model is being developed to help quantify the effects of various methods that could be used to promote flash boiling. This model features a discrete mass group approach to capture the effects of a bubble size distribution on bubble growth and void fraction development. Simulations were made for a converging water nozzle, and preliminary results show that capturing a bubble size distribution is important for multiple and distributed sources of bubble nucleation. Future work will involve coupling this internal nozzle model with a flashing spray model to predict the characteristics of flashing GDI sprays.
The clinical correlation of phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10, phosphorylation of AKT to an activated state, and odontogenic ameloblast–associated protein in gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Abstract Background Approximately 15% of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) will not respond to tyrosine kinase inhibitors and drug resistance can develop over time. For refractory tumors, additional therapies are needed. Odontogenic ameloblast–associated protein (ODAM) is expressed in some epithelial malignancies and can correlate with clinical outcomes. This study evaluated ODAM and its relationship to phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and phosphorylation of AKT to an activated state (pAKT) in GISTs. Materials and methods Ninety-five distinct tumor specimens from 79 patients were identified. Morphologic features and clinical data were recorded for all tumors. Risk of recurrence was calculated using the Memorial Sloan-Kettering nomogram. Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies to ODAM, PTEN, and pAKT. Immunoreactivity was assessed for both cytoplasmic and nuclear expression. Staining patterns were correlated with clinical outcomes. Results Increasing cytoplasmic ODAM staining correlated with a lower recurrence score (P = 0.002), a lower mitotic rate (P = 0.0001), and smaller tumor size (P = 0.038). Increasing pAKT cytoplasmic staining correlated with a higher recurrence score (P = 0.037) and a higher mitotic rate (P = 0.036). ODAM and pAKT expression in the nucleus was associated with tumor origin. PTEN nuclear expression increased with increasing mitotic rate. pAKT expression increased in the cytoplasm and nucleus in high-risk tumors. Conclusions Risk of recurrence correlated with cytoplasmic expression of ODAM and pAKT, whereas nuclear expression did not predict recurrence. The staining pattern for ODAM and pAKT in the cytoplasm may further clarify the risk of recurrence beyond the available nomograms. The increased expression of pAKT in the cytoplasm and nucleus of high-risk tumors suggests a potential target for systemic therapy.
Accurate genetic detection of hepatitis C virus transmissions in outbreak settings

Hepatitis C is a major public health problem in the United States and worldwide. Outbreaks of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are associated with unsafe injection practices, drug diversion, and other exposures to blood and are difficult to detect and investigate. Here, we developed and validated a simple approach for molecular detection of HCV transmissions in outbreak settings. We obtained sequences from the HCV hypervariable region 1 (HVR1), using end-point limiting-dilution (EPLD) technique, from 127 cases involved in 32 epidemiologically defined HCV outbreaks and 193 individuals with unrelated HCV strains. We compared several types of genetic distances and calculated a threshold, using minimal Hamming distances, that identifies transmission clusters in all tested outbreaks with 100% accuracy. The approach was also validated on sequences obtained using next-generation sequencing from HCV strains recovered from 239 individuals, and findings showed the same accuracy as that for EPLD. On average, the nucleotide diversity of the intrahost population was 6.2 times greater in the source case than in any incident case, allowing the correct detection of transmission direction in 8 outbreaks for which source cases were known. A simple and accurate distance-based approach developed here for detecting HCV transmissions streamlines molecular investigation of outbreaks, thus improving the public health capacity for rapid and effective control of hepatitis C.
Acute pelvic inflammatory disease in an indigent population. An estimate of its incidence and relationship to methods of contraception.

Abstract Attack rates of acute pelvic inflammatory disease have been estimated in a population of women of reproductive age in 1965. The over-all crude attack rate in the population at risk was 9.6 per 1,000 woman-years or about 1 per cent. For women within one year of pregnancy termination, the attack rate was 22.7 per 1,000 woman-years or about 2 per cent. Women who returned to the postpartum clinic and accepted family planning service had an attack rate of 33.2 per 1,000 woman-years. Nonreturnees without family planning acceptance had a rate of 12.3 per 1,000 woman-years. When returnees and accepters are separated by type of contraceptive selected, the rates are 66.2, 13.4, and 25.2 per 1,000 woman-years for IUD, oral, and foam accepters, respectively. The study findings must be considered tentative in view of the methodologic problems involved in studying pelvic inflammatory disease and relating it to contraceptive use.
Searching strategy of the predator Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae)

Predation rates for the predator Podisus maculiventris (Say) on third-instar Epilachna varivestis Mulsant were measured in field cages in soybeans, Glycine max L., over 3 yr. Attack rates in the first 2 yr averaged 0.47 attacks per predator per day and were consistently low at low prey density. Area searched by predators was estimated from attack rates, and the estimated search area decreased as prey density increased. In a third field season, attack rates averaged 0.5 attacks per day at low prey density and increased linearly at high density. A negative exponential function was used to develop a model that described search area as a function of prey density. The model estimated that area searched ranged from a maximum of 0.50 m2 at zero prey density to an asymptotic minimum of 0.055 m2 at high prey densities. Searching less area as prey density increases keeps attack rates low and consistent at low prey density, and searching a constant amount of area at high prey density results in increasing attack rates at higher prey density. The search strategy may result from balancing energetic costs and predation risks with the benefits gained from attacking prey. Also, the strategy may reflect the budgeting of time between searching and other time-consuming activities (e.g., reproduction) by the predator. Determining the search strategy of predators may provide a better understanding of the requisites of generalist predators living in ephemeral crop systems.
Personal Integrity, Practical Recognition, and Rights

L'A. affirme la relation entre la conception de la valeur de l'individualisme moral et l'attribution a tous les individus de la juridiction morale
Exploring Personal Medicine as Part of Self-Directed Care: Expanding Perspectives on Medical Necessity.

Objective:Self-directed care (SDC) offers flexibility in and control over mental health services. This study examined the types of goods and services that individuals with serious mental illness request in an SDC intervention.Methods:Data were from a randomized controlled trial that enrolled adult participants receiving Medicaid-reimbursed services, with two years of expenditures at the 50%−90% level of all Medicaid enrollees in the county and no hospitalizations within six months of the study. Data were analyzed for 60 participants randomly assigned to an SDC intervention, who were allowed to make requests for and purchase nontraditional goods and services through a noncapitated fund. Requests were coded by using the section on activities and participation of the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Function, Disability, and Health (ICF) model. Descriptive statistics are presented for the categories of requests made by participants.Results:The 60 participants made a total of 507 re...
Fatigue Behavior and Prediction of NSM CFRP-Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Beams

AbstractIn this study, a total of 16 reinforced concrete beams (dimensions of 203×305×3,861 mm) strengthened with near-surface mounted (NSM) carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) rods and strips were tested under four-point bending fatigue loading. Monotonic loading was applied to their corresponding control specimens to obtain the static monotonic flexural strength. Fatigue loading with a range of 10% of the corresponding static strength to various upper limits was applied to determine the empirical relationship for each type of specimen. It was found that the dominating failure mode under fatigue was rebar rupture. Mixed failure modes of rebar rupture and unstable cracks in concrete were also observed in specimens with longer fatigue life. As the specimens underwent more fatigue cycles, an increase was observed in their tensile strains of CFRP and deflections due to accumulated damages and the losses of stiffness. A fatigue bond model was developed, which simulated the process of fatigue loading as fa...
The Taxonomic Value of Pore Characters in the Grass and Sedge Rusts

It is only in recent years that the germ-pores of the urediniospores of the rusts have been the objects of critical study by the mycologist. This study has been prompted by the desire to find additional morphological characters of sufficient constancy and clearness for taxonomic purposes. The first consistent use of urediniospore-pore characters in the description of rust species was made by the senior author of this paper in the second number of the North American Uredineae, issued in I898 and printed in the Bulletin of the University of Iowa. They had occasionally been incorporated in descriptions prior to this but had not been used with any constancy. The prevailing tendency had been to regard all of the urediniosporic characters as of slight taxonomic value and to place the greater dependency on characters of the teliospores. The recent authors of systematic works on the rusts who have used urediniospore-pores most consistently are Fischer, Holway, Bubak and Grove. None of these authors, however, have incorporated these pore characters in their keys as has been done in the rust part of the North American Flora, the first number of which was issued in I907. In no groups of the rusts has the taxonomist's need of sharply distinctive morphological characters been more imperative than in those which have their uredinial and telial stages on grass and sedge hosts. These are included under two genera, Nigredo (Uromyces in part) and Dicaeoma (Puccinia in part) ; the former with one-celled and the latter with two-celled teliospores. There is a growing belief, which has been strengthened by the study of the urediniospore-pores, that there is no essential difference between the two genera and that the presence of more than one cell
Spectrophotofluorometric Determination of 6-Methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone, an Indicator of Resistance to European Corn Borer in Zea Mays

By isotopic dilution Klun and Brindley (J. Econ. Entomol. 59: 711-8) showed the yield of 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (6MBOA) from maize at the whorl stage to be a reliable indicator of the plant’s resistance to the first-brood larvae of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). A spectrophotofluorometric method was devised to facilitate analysis of 6MBOA produced from the plant. Excitation of the compound at 292 mµ produced peak emission at 335 mµ the relative in tensity of the emission linear with concentrations of compound between 0.025 to 1.2 µg per ml. When 9 samples of maize, found to contain 234-1810 ppm of 6MBOA by isotopic dilution, were analyzed by the fluorometric procedure, results were in good agreement. Maize extracts contain a small amount of benzoxazolinone (BOA), which does not interfere with the 6MBOA analysis. 6MBOA and BOA in the µg range may be gas chromatographed, but the responses were not reliable for quantitative analysis.
Analysis of dinking water monitoring results in Linhai in 2011

Objective:To understand the drinking water quality in Linhai city.Methods:The water samples were analysed and evaluated according to GB5750-2006 and GB5749-2006,respectively.Results:The qualified rate of completely treated municipal centralized water supply was 91.7%.The qualified rate of completely or part treated town centralized water supply was 63.2%.The qualified rate of untreated village centralized water supply was 34.0%.The qualified rate of rural centralized water supply was 46.6%.Conclusion:The drinking water quality from municipal waterworks can meet the health needs of residents.The qualified rate of rural centralized water supply was low.To protect the health of rural residents,the drinking water quality should be improved through proper cleaning and disinfection.
SimplePPT: A simple principal tree algorithm

Many scientific datasets are of high dimension, and the analysis usually requires visual manipulation by retaining the most important structures of data. Principal curve is a widely used approach for this purpose. However, many existing methods work only for data with structures that are not self-intersected, which is quite restrictive for real applications. To address this issue, we develop a new model, which captures the local information of the underlying graph structure based on reversed graph embedding. A generalization bound is derived that show that the model is consistent if the number of data points is sufficiently large. As a special case, a principal tree model is proposed and a new algorithm is developed that learns a tree structure automatically from data. The new algorithm is simple and parameter-free with guaranteed convergence. Experimental results on synthetic and breast cancer datasets show that the proposed method compares favorably with baselines and can discover a breast cancer progression path with multiple branches.
Fluorescein Delineation of The Renal Avascular Plane: A Case Report

Abstract The delineation of the renal avascular plane is important in the technique of anatrophic nephrolithotomy. We present a new method using peripheral injection of fluorescein dye and a Woods ultraviolet lamp to outline the avascular plane.
Renal Transplantation for Wilms Tumor: Report of 20 Cases

AbstractRenal transplantation as part of the treatment for Wilms tumor was done on 20 patients. In 80 per cent the neoplasms were bilateral. Transplantation is indicated in individuals whose renal function is severely impaired or absent because of the malignancy, treatment or both. Patients who received homografts less than a year after treatment of the tumors had a 47 per cent incidence of recurrence or metastases compared to a zero incidence of these problems in those whose transplants were delayed for longer periods. Survival for 2 years or more was obtained in 75 per cent of the recipients with unilateral neoplasms and in 38 per cent of the patients with bilateral tumors.
Control of tissue tetrahydrobiopterin levels through GTP-cyclohydrolase: a factor in the regulation of monoamine synthesis

L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is the cofactor for the L-aromatic amino acid hydroxylases that participate in the synthesis of catecholamines, serotonin and melatonin (for a review see Kaufman and Fisher, 1974). The apparently low concentration of tissue BH4 (Fukushima and Nixon, 1980) relative to the Km’s of tyrosine (TH) and tryptophan hydroxylases with respect to this cofactor (Kaufman and Fisher, 1974) indicates that availability of BH4 could regulate the activity of these enzymes (Musacchio et al., 1971). Recently, the first experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis was obtained: insulin hypoglycemia and reserpine treatment increase adrenal medullary and cortical levels of BH4. This increase in cofactor levels could be attributed to the induction of GTP-cyclohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.16, also known as dihydroneopterin triphosphate synthetase), the first enzyme in the BH4 biosynthetic pathway (Abou-Donia et al., 1980; 1981; Nixon et al., 1980; Abou-Donia and Viveros, 1981; Viveros et al., 1981a; 1981b). This report presents further studies to define the extent and functional role of the increased cofactor levels in monoaminergic rich tissues.
Geographic Concentration Of Home-Based Medical Care Providers

The United States faces a shortage of providers who care for homebound patients. About 5,000 primary care providers made 1.7 million home visits to Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries in 2013, accounting for 70 percent of all home-based medical visits. Nine percent of these providers performed 44 percent of visits. However, most homebound people live more than thirty miles from a high-volume provider.
The importance of studying sex differences in disease: The example of multiple sclerosis

To date, scientific research has often focused on one sex, with assumptions that study of the other sex would yield similar results. However, many diseases affect males and females differently. The sex of a patient can affect the risk for both disease susceptibility and progression. Such differences can be brought to the laboratory bench to be investigated, potentially bringing new treatments back to the clinic. This method of research, known as a "bedside to bench to bedside" approach, has been applied to studying sex differences in multiple sclerosis (MS). Females have greater susceptibly to MS, while males have worse disease progression. These two characteristics of the disease are influenced by the immune system and the nervous system, respectively. Thus, sex differences in each system must be studied. Personalized medicine has been at the forefront of research recently, and studying sex differences in disease fits with this initiative. This review will discuss the known sex differences in MS and highlight how investigating them can lead to new insights and potential treatments for both men and women. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.