cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The importance of carbon-nitrogen biogeochemistry on water vapor and carbon fluxes as elucidated by a multiple canopy layer higher order closure land surface model

Abstract The carbon-nitrogen (CN) biogeochemistry and the prognostic canopy structure scheme used in the Community Land Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5) are integrated into the multiple canopy layer higher order closure Advanced Canopy-Atmosphere-Soil Algorithm (ACASA). The ACASA-CN model inherits the advantages from ACASA and CLM4.5, and it is the first model that represents fully prognostic terrestrial feedbacks with a higher order closure turbulence scheme and vertically resolved canopy structure. The simulations are evaluated in terms of ecological, biogeophysical and biogeochemical aspects at six AmeriFlux eddy covariance sites encompassing a variety of vegetation types and microclimatic conditions across the continental United States. Our model evaluation shows that ACASA-CN reasonably simulates surface layer properties, such as vegetation structure and plant phenology. Our results indicate that the use of a higher order closure turbulence scheme with multiple canopy layer representation is critical to land carbon cycle simulation. Based on our simulations, water vapor exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere is primarily through plant transpiration (78–88%), and canopy evapotranspiration is enhanced with the use of CN biogeochemistry. Our results indicate that the ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration exhibits a two-stage variation pattern, and the transpiration fraction decreases in dense canopies.
Estimating HbA1c from timed Self-Monitored Blood Glucose values.

Abstract Aims To analyze mathematical relationships between timed Self-Monitored Blood Glucose (SMBG) and HbA1c, and to identify the SMBG values that correlate most strongly with HbA1c. Methods We utilized the average premeal (Pre) and 90-min postmeal (Post) SMBG results from 547 A1c-Derived Average Glucose (ADAG) study participants (285 type 1, 178 type 2 and 84 non-diabetic) to analyze the mathematical relationships with HbA1c levels. Specific times of daily SMBG that best correlate with HbA1c were identified. Results Linear regression analyses showed the following correlations for Pre and Post, Pre only and Post only, respectively: HbA1c = 2.488 + 0.018 × Premg/dl + 0.012 × Postmg/dl, R2 = 0.741, P Among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), of the 6 individual timepoints, pre-dinner SMBG had the strongest correlation with HbA1c (R2 = 0.577). This was followed by pre-breakfast (R2 = 0.562). Examining combinations of timepoints revealed that pre-breakfast + pre-dinner (R2 = 0.666) performed similarly to the full 6-timepoints (pre-meals + post-meals, R2 = 0.712). Conclusions We have established mathematical relationships between HbA1c and timed SMBG values and identified pre-dinner and pre-breakfast as the two SMBG timepoints that best correlate with HbA1c in patients with type 2 DM.
Detection of an adenovirus E1A-like activity in mammalian cells.

The E1A gene product of adenovirus is responsible for the activation of early viral transcription during a lytic infection (Jones & Shenk, 1979; Berk et al., 1979; Nevins, 1981). We have previously proposed that the E1A gene product mediates transcriptional activation through an indirect mechanism, possibly involving the inactivation of a cellular negative acting regulatory element (Nevins, 1981). This notion has been strengthened by the findings that a heterologous activator, the herpesvirus immediate early gene product, can fully supply E1A function for the activation of the adenovirus genes (Feldman et al., 1982; Imperiale et al., 1983). Furthermore, at least one cellular gene, that encoding a 70kd heat shock protein, is activated as a result of the action of the E1A protein (Nevins, 1982; Kao & Nevins, 1983). Thus, it is quite clear that the activation process mediated by E1A is not an adenovirus-specific mechanism but rather appears to be a more general mechanism of transcriptional control. We have questioned whether or not the control mediated by the E1A gene is also a control mechanism normally operating in the cell. To attempt to define such a cellular E1A-like activity, we have studied the control of the expression of the heat shock gene during normal cell growth.
Soft Materials and Biomaterials under Pressure

Soft-matter macromolecular assemblies include proteins; biomembranes; surfactant, lipid, and block-copolymer mesophases; cellular cytoskeletal networks; and other large-molecule assemblies found in living systems. These systems generally differ from small-molecule systems in that the molecules have many “parts”, each of which may have a huge number of conformational substates. The free energies of different substates often differ only slightly, even though the 3-dimensional molecular structures may differ greatly. A dramatic example is the two substate ensembles represented by a protein in its native and unfolded states. Unfolding may occur with only modest changes in environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, solvent conditions) and with extremely small transition enthalpies. Despite the small energy change, the structures, and, more importantly, functionality of the folded and unfolded protein could hardly be more different.
Language acquisition: learning phrases in context

The lexicon provides the main linguistic database in any natural language processing program, associating words with their corresponding concepts. Even further significance is attached to the lexicon by the phrasal approach, where the phrasal lexicon contains entire phrases rather than single words. Consequently, parsing concerns interaction of phrases with general language patterns (e.g.: passive voice, infinitives, etc.). rather than interaction of single words. A lexical entry, or a phrase, is a pattern-concept pain representing both the linguistic pattern and the conceptualization of the phrase. This approach to language processing is appropriate for learning due to the modularity of knowledge, as represented by lexical entries.
Mood Disorders in Youth: Exercise, Light Therapy, and Pharmacologic Complementary and Integrative Approaches

The therapeutic value of physical exercise, bright light therapy and dawn simulation, and several pharmacologic treatments, including hypericum (St. John's wort), S-adenosylmethionine, and 5-hydroxytryptophan, are reviewed, with a focus on their use for treating major depressive disorder in children and adolescents and also for alleviating depressed mood in the general (nonclinical) population of youth. For each treatment discussed, all published randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials are summarized, along with some additional selected studies. Nutritional psychopharmacology and several other approaches to treating depression will be presented in an upcoming volume in the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America.
The bivalent factor H binding protein meningococcal serogroup B vaccine elicits bactericidal antibodies against representative non-serogroup B meningococci.

Abstract MenB-FHbp (Trumenba®; bivalent rLP2086) is a meningococcal serogroup B vaccine containing 2 variants of the recombinant lipidated factor H binding protein (FHbp) antigen. The expression of FHbp, an outer membrane protein, is not restricted to serogroup B strains of Neisseria meningitidis (MenB). This study investigated whether antibodies elicited by MenB-FHbp vaccination also protect against non-MenB strains. Immunological responses were assessed in serum bactericidal assays using human complement (hSBAs) with non-MenB disease-causing test strains from Europe, Africa, and the United States. Importantly, FHbp variant distribution varies among meningococcal serogroups; therefore, strains that code for serogroup-specific prevalent variants (ie, representative of the 2 antigenically distinct FHbp subfamilies, designated subfamily A and subfamily B) and with moderate levels of FHbp surface expression were selected for testing by hSBA. After 2 or 3 doses of MenB-FHbp, 53% to 100% of individuals had bactericidal responses (hSBA titers ≥ 1:8) against meningococcal serogroup C, W, Y, and X strains, and 20% to 28% had bactericidal responses against serogroup A strains; in fact, these bactericidal responses elicited by MenB-FHbp antibodies against non-MenB strains, including strains associated with emerging disease, were greater than the serological correlate of protection for meningococcal disease (ie, hSBA titers ≥ 1:4). This is in comparison to a quadrivalent polysaccharide conjugate vaccine, MCV4 (Menactra®, targeting meningococcal serogroups A, C, W, and Y), which elicited bactericidal responses of 90% to 97% against the serogroup A, C, W, and Y strains and had no activity against serogroup X. Together, these results provide clinical evidence that MenB-FHbp may protect against meningococcal disease regardless of serogroup.
Cancer overturned: Endometrioma mimicking granulosa cell tumor and the importance of FOXL2 analysis.

Background Various ovarian neoplasms may show histological findings that are morphologically indistinguishable from adult granulosa cell tumor (AGCT). Case presentation A 36 year-old women presented with left lower extremity pain and numbness. Ultrasound revealed a 10 cm left adnexal mass treated with ovarian cystectomy. Histopathology revealed endometriotic cyst with intramural granulosa cell tumor. She underwent a laparoscopic left salpingo-oophorectomy and omental biopsy by Gynecologic Oncology. Pathologic review of residual ovarian abnormality prompted a molecular analysis. FOXL2 gene mutation was absent supporting the diagnosis of benign endometrioma. Conclusions A somatic missense mutation in the FOXL2 gene is a sensitive molecular marker for AGCT. Mutation analysis can help distinguish malignant from benign pathology to provide appropriate treatment and disease surveillance.
Evaluation of a strategy to find personalized, patient-specific injected activity levels for SPECT-MPI

Reduction of radiation dose in SPECT-myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) has become an important objective. This article reports a strategy to find the optimal dose level for a given patient so that he receives the minimum radiation dose required to maintain the diagnostic accuracy obtained at current clinical dose levels. Clinical SPECT-MPI data with realistic simulated lesions was used to first compute perfusion-defect detection performances using the same dose level for all patients (global dose). Each study was evaluated using the total perfusion deficit (TPD) score provided by the clinically validated Quantitative Perfusion SPECT (QPS) software package, and the defect-detection performances were obtained from a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) study based on the patient perfusion scores. Then, personalized dose levels were found for each patient by determining at what reduced dose level the TPD score deviated from the full clinical-dose TPD. Finally, the perfusion-defect detection performance was computed using the personalized dose levels and compared to those obtained from global dose. Preliminary results suggest that further tracer dose (and hence radiation dose) reduction can be achieved by personalizing the dose levels compared to the global (non-patient specific) dose reduction approach. We found this to be the case for both filtered backprojection (FBP) and ordered subsets expectation-maximization (OS-EM).
Special Issue of the Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, Honoring Professor J.N. Reddy on his 70th Birthday

Professor J. N. ReddyIt is with great pleasure that the Special Issue of the Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures (MAMS), honoring Professor J.N. Reddy on his 70th Birthday is presented, ...
Cerebellar Function: Multiple Topographic Maps of Visual Space

New evidence from the Human Connectome Project has revealed multiple maps of visual space in human cerebellum. While some features of these maps adhere to the topographic organizational principles shared among the multiple maps in cerebral cortex, some properties appear idiosyncratic.
A yeast platform for high-level synthesis of natural and unnatural tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids

The tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) moiety is a privileged substructure of many bioactive natural products and semi-synthetic analogues. The plant kingdom manufactures more than 3,000 THIQ alkaloids, including the opioids morphine and codeine. While microbial species have been engineered to synthesize a few compounds from the benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) family of THIQs, low product titers impede industrial viability and limit access to the full chemical space. Here we report a THIQ platform by increasing yeast production of the central BIA intermediate (S)-reticuline to more than 3 g L-1, a 38,000-fold improvement over our first-generation strain. Gains in BIA output coincided with the formation of several substituted THIQs derived from host amino acid catabolism. Enabled by this activity, we repurposed the yeast Ehrlich pathway and demonstrate the synthesis of an array of unnatural THIQ scaffolds. This work provides a blueprint for synthesizing new privileged structures and will enable the targeted overproduction of thousands of THIQ products, including natural and semi-synthetic opioids.
The Prevalence of Single and Multiple Thyroid Nodules and Its Association with Metabolic Diseases in Chinese: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Purpose. The present study aims to investigate the prevalence of single and multiple thyroid nodules and its association with metabolic diseases in subjects who participated in the heath examination in China. Methods. This is a cross-sectional study. The participants who attend the physical examination at the Health Management Center of Southwest Hospital, Army Military Medical University, between January 2014 and December 2018, were included. Thyroid nodules were diagnosed by thyroid ultrasound. Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate the association between metabolic diseases and nodular thyroid disease. Results. A total of 9,146 subjects were included in this study; of them, 2,961 were diagnosed with thyroid nodules, with a prevalence of 32.4%. The prevalence in women was significantly higher than that in men (45.2% vs 26.0%; χ2 = 339.56, ), and the prevalence was gradually increased with age (Z = 20.05, ). Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that advanced age, female gender, and diabetes mellitus were positively associated with thyroid nodule in the general population. Additionally, the female gender, advanced age, and high LDL-C concentration were positively associated with high risk of multiple thyroid nodules, compared with patients of single thyroid nodule. Males and females showed heterogeneous associations with single and multiple thyroid nodule risk. Conclusions. The prevalence of thyroid nodules was relatively high. Age, female gender, and diabetes are positively associated with nodular thyroid disease. High LDL cholesterolemia is more likely to be associated with multiple thyroid sarcoidosis.
The Etiology of Delinquency and ADM Problems

An integrated social psychological model that incorporated elements of traditional strain theory, social control (bonding) theory, and social learning theory was tested and presented by Elliott et al. (1985). A satisfactory integration required some modification of the “pure” forms of these theoretical perspectives, and a detailed logical and empirical justification of the modifications was also presented. Here, we present a brief overview of the theoretical model, a discussion of the methods used to test that model for the present chapter, and a test of that model for adolescent delinquency and alcohol, drug, and mental health (ADM) problems.
Death by scientific method: Estimated mortality associated with the failure to conduct routine prospective cumulative systematic reviews in medicine and public health

Abstract Failure to routinely assess the state of knowledge as new studies accumulate results in 1) non-use of effective interventions, 2) continued use of ineffective or harmful interventions, and 3) unnecessary research. We use a published cumulative meta-analysis of interventions to reduce the harms of acute myocardial infarctions (1966-1992), and applied population attributable risk to assess the mortality consequences of the failure to cumulatively assess the state of knowledge. Failure to use knowledge that would have been available with cumulative meta-analysis may have resulted in annual estimated mortality: 41,000 deaths from non-use of intravenous dilators, 35,000 deaths from non-use of aspirin, and 37,000 deaths annually from non-use of Beta-blockers. Continued use of Class 1 anti-arrhythmic drugs, which would have been found to be harmful in 1981, resulted 39,000 deaths annually. Failure to routinely update the state knowledge can have large health consequences. The process of building knowledge and practice in medicine and public health needs fundamental revision.
A meta-analysis of the effect of binge drinking on the oral microbiome and its relation to Alzheimer's disease.

The diversity of bacterial species in the oral cavity makes it a key site for research. The close proximity of the oral cavity to the brain and the blood brain barrier enhances the interest to study this site. Changes in the oral microbiome are linked to multiple systemic diseases. Alcohol is shown to cause a shift in the microbiome composition. This change, particularly in the oral cavity, may lead to neurological diseases. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that may cause irreversible memory loss. This study uses the meta-analysis method to establish the link between binge drinking, the oral microbiome and AD. The QIAGEN Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) shows that high levels of ethanol in binge drinkers cause a shift in the microbiome that leads to the development of AD through the activation of eIF2, regulation of eIF4 and p70S6K signaling, and mTOR signaling pathways. The pathways associated with both binge drinkers and AD are also analyzed. This study provides a foundation that shows how binge drinking and the oral microbiome dysbiosis lead to permeability changes in the blood brain barrier (BBB), which may eventually result in the pathogenesis of AD.
Compassion Satisfaction and Compassion Fatigue among Violence Intervention Caseworkers

Violence intervention programs aim to help clients overcome trauma, but, due to the demands of their profession, caseworkers are at risk for experiencing low compassion satisfaction and high compas...
Investigation of the Nacelle/Pylon Vortex System on the High-Lift Common Research Model

A 10%-scale high-lift version of the Common Research Model (CRM-HL) was tested in the NASA Langley Research Center’s 14 by 22 ft subsonic tunnel. The focus of the wind-tunnel tests was to investiga...
Rethnicity: Predicting Ethnicity from Names

I provide an R package, \texttt{rethnicity}, for predicting ethnicity from names. I use the Bidirectional LSTM as the model and Florida Voter Registration as training data. Special care is given for the accuracy of minority groups, by adjusting the imbalance in the dataset. I also compare the availability, accuracy, and performance with other solutions for predicting ethnicity from names. Sample code snippet and analysis of the DIME dataset are also shown as applications of the package.
New Ways to Think about Documents

This chapter explores some ideas about how we can think of documents in several different ways from the traditional write–format–publish cycle. Instead, we think about documents in some of the same ways we do about software. We want to be able to programmatically verify that a document is “correct,” i.e., unit testing for documents. We want modular components that we can reuse across documents and contexts. We want to be able to express relationships between elements of the document to map to our actual workflow, e.g., tasks and alternative approaches and not just sections, subsections and code chunks. We go beyond dynamic documents and report generation to try to capture the actual research process, concepts, and workflow, and not just their output. This involves semantic markup in the document. While we talk about XML, many of the ideas apply to any mark-up format which we can query and modify programmatically with convenient tools. However, some aspects exploit the richer hierarchical structure of XML, as opposed to the linear format of most document mark-up systems. The goal of this chapter is not to try to convert people to using the system we use to author documents, although it is available and quite powerful. Instead, we want to encourage people to demand more of the tools they use to author documents and to think about authoring documents in new, richer ways.
Gβγ Affinity for Bovine Rhodopsin Is Determined by the Carboxyl-terminal Sequences of the γ Subunit

Abstract Two native βγ dimers, β1γ1 and β1γ2, display very different affinities for receptors. Since these γ subunits differ in both primary structure and isoprenoid modification, we examined the relative contributions of each to Gβγ interaction with receptors. We constructed baculoviruses encoding γ1 and γ2 subunits with altered CAAX (where A is an aliphatic amino acid) motifs to direct alternate or no prenylation of the γ chains and a set of γ1 and γ2 chimeras with the γ2 CAAX motif at the carboxyl terminus. All the γ constructs coexpressed with β1 in Sf9 cells yielded β1γ dimers, which were purified to near homogeneity, and their affinities for receptors and Gα were quantitatively determined. Whereas alteration of the isoprenoid of γ1 from farnesyl to geranylgeranyl and of γ2 from geranylgeranyl to farnesyl had no impact on the affinities of β1γ dimers for Gαt, the non-prenylated β1γ2 dimer had significantly diminished affinity. Altered prenylation resulted in a <2-fold decrease in affinity of the β1γ2dimer for rhodopsin and a <3-fold change for the β1γ1 dimer. In each case with identical isoprenylation, the β1γ2 dimer displayed significantly greater affinity for rhodopsin compared with the β1γ1 dimer. Furthermore, dimers containing chimeric Gγ chains with identical geranylgeranyl modification displayed rhodopsin affinities largely determined by the carboxyl-terminal one-third of the protein. These results indicate that isoprenoid modification of the Gγ subunit is essential for binding to both Gα and receptors. The isoprenoid type influences the binding affinity for receptors, but not for Gα. Finally, the primary structure of the Gγ subunit provides a major contribution to receptor binding of Gβγ, with the carboxyl-terminal sequence conferring receptor selectivity.
Incidence of dementia in relation to genetic variants at PITX2, ZFHX3, and ApoE ε4 in atrial fibrillation patients.

Introduction Mechanisms underlying atrial fibrillation (AF) and dementia are unknown. Some genetic risk factors convey risk for AF and cerebral ischemic events. These markers may identify AF patients at risk for dementia either directly or through a gene-gene interaction with the ApoE e4 variant, a known marker of dementia risk. Methods Caucasian patients with AF and a subsequent dementia diagnosis (n = 112) were matched 1:2 on sex, AF onset age, and follow-up period to AF patients without dementia. AF patients with dementia and AF patients without dementia were matched 1:1 on sex and age at dementia diagnosis (n = 112). Genotyping employed Taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to examine associations between AF/dementia groups and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), as well as gene-gene interactions. Results In dementia patients, there was an association between the PITX2 loci and AF (rs2634073: odds ratio [OR] = 2.11; P = 0.025 and rs2200733: OR = 2.27; P = 0.029). In patients with AF, there was an association between PITX2 loci, rs2200733, and dementia (OR = 2.15, P = 0.008). There was no association between ApoE e4 allele and AF in patients with dementia, although confirmation of the association between the carriage of ApoE e4 allele and dementia was found (OR = 1.79; P = 0.026) in patients with AF. There were no significant interactions between ApoE e4 allele and both the PITX2 loci and ZFHX3. Conclusions These findings support prior studies of ApoE risk of noncerebral vascular accident-related dementia/Alzheimer's risk in the Caucasians and provide support to suggest an association between PITX2-related SNPs and dementia, which may in part be attributed to silent cerebral ischemic events, a hypothesis deserving further testing.
Towards learned anticipation in complex stochastic environments

We describe a novel methodology by which a software agent can learn to predict future events in complex stochastic environments. It is particularly relevant to environments that are constructed specifically so as to be able to support high-performance software agents, such as video games. We present results gathered from a first prototype of our approach. The technique presented may have applications that range beyond improving agent performance, in particular to user modeling in the service of automated game testing.
Age and gender effects on serotonergic innervation and modulation of the hypoglossal motor nucleus

Aging results in structural, functional and neurochemical alterations in the respiratory system. Serotonin (5HT) plays a major role in breathing and the control of upper airway function. We tested the hypothesis that with increasing age there is a selective decrease in serotonergic modulation of respiratory motoneurons, in particular hypoglossal motoneurons to the tongue in male rats. We used light microscopic immunocytochemistry to study the distribution of 5HT axons and boutons throughout the hypoglossal nucleus in young and old rats male and female rats. Aged male rats (>12 months) had fewer serotonin immunoreactive axons and boutons in the hypoglossal nucleus than young male rats (<6 months). In contrast, 5HT immunoreactivity in the hypoglossal nucleus in female rats was higher than in age-matched males, and increased with age. In order to assess the functional consequences of this anatomical reorganization, we measured long term facilitation (LTF), a serotonin-dependent, long lasting increase in respiratory motor output following episodic hypoxia. LTF in the hypoglossal motor output was significantly reduced in aged male rats by comparison with young male rats [1]. In contrast, hypoglossal LTF increased in aged female rats in diestrus, but not in estrus. Taken together, these data suggest that in males, but not females, normal aging may result in decreased serotonergic facilitation of hypoglossal motoneurons that could result in reduced airway patency.
Pictures, imagery, and children’s recall of central versus peripheral sentence information

It is fairly clear that story-relevant pictures help children recall story information. But do pictures showing details distract students’ attention from central information, and thus hinder recall? In this study of second and fifth graders, such pictures (as well as subject-generated images) facilitated recall of both central and incidental information contained in single-sentence mini-stories.
Deletion Mapping of the Genes Coding for HPr and Enzyme I of the Phosphoenolpyruvate: Sugar Phosphotransferase System in Salmonella typhimurium

Sugars transported by a bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) require two soluble proteins: HPr, a low-molecular-weight phosphate-carrier protein, and enzyme I. The structural genes coding for HPr (ptsH) and Enzyme I (ptsI) are shown to be cotransducible in Salmonella typhimurium. The gene order of this region of the Salmonella chromosome is cysA-trzA-ptsH-ptsI...(crr). A method for the isolation of trzA-pts deletion is described. One class of pts deletions extends through ptsH and into ptsI; a second class includes both ptsH and ptsI and extends into or through the crr gene. The crr gene either codes for or regulates the synthesis of a third PTS protein (factor III) which is sugar-specific. A hypothesis is presented for a mechanism of deletion formation.
Special feature: Immigrant parents' concerns regarding their children's education in the United States

A growing body of research suggests that as immigrant families assimilate into U.S. culture, their children's academic achievements and aspirations decline. This article explores possible reasons for this finding from the perspective of immigrant parents from Eastern European countries whose children attend U.S. schools. In-depth, qualitative interviews are conducted with 50 married mothers and fathers who hold professional-status employment. The data are analyzed using open and axial coding approach and three central, recurring themes emerge: (a) Parental Influences: “Education is a must…. The sky is the limit”; (b) The Educational System: “Parental guidance and resources are required”; and (c) Sociocultural Influences: “Everything here is about making money…. But what about our children'” Supporting, illustrative narratives are presented in connection with each theme to explain the perspectives of these immigrant parents on their children's schooling in the United States, and to add other tentative factors for further research into the decline of the children's academic achievement and aspirations with longer residence in the United States. Implications for family and consumer scientists are presented.
Security vs performance: tradeoffs using a trust framework

We present an architecture of a trust framework that can be used to intelligently tradeoff between security and performance in a SAN file system. The primary idea is to differentiate between various clients in the system based on their trustworthiness and provide them with differing levels of security and performance. Client trustworthiness reflects its expected behavior and is evaluated in an online fashion using a customizable trust model. We also describe the interface of the trust framework with an example block level security solution for an out-of-band virtualization based SAN file system (SAN FS). The proposed framework can be easily extended to provide differential treatment based on data sensitivity, using a configurable parameter of the trust model. This allows associating stringent security requirements for more sensitive data, while trading off security for better performance for less critical data, a situation regularly desired in an enterprise.
Treatment-Induced Pathologic Necrosis: A Predictor of Local Recurrence and Survival in Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Therapy for High-Grade Extremity Soft Tissue Sarcomas

PURPOSE: To determine whether treatment-induced pathologic necrosis correlates with local recurrence and overall survival in patients who receive neoadjuvant therapy for high-grade extremity soft tissue sarcomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four hundred ninety-six patients with intermediate- to high-grade extremity soft tissue sarcomas received protocol neoadjuvant therapy. All patients underwent surgical resection after neoadjuvant therapy and had pathologic assessment of tumor necrosis in the resected specimens. RESULTS: The 5- and 10-year local recurrence rates for patients with ≥ 95% pathologic necrosis were significantly lower (6% and 11%, respectively) than the local recurrence rates for patients with less than 95% pathologic necrosis (17% and 23%, respectively). The 5- and 10-year survival rates for the patients with ≥ 95% pathologic necrosis were significantly higher (80% and 71%, respectively) than the survival rates for the patients with less than 95% pathologic necrosis (62% and 55%, respectively). P...
Wrestling With Expectations: An Examination of How Asian American College Students Negotiate Personal, Parental, and Societal Expectations

This research draws on a broader study that situates Asian American college students within larger sociohistorical and political contexts. I examined Asian American college students’ experiences and what it means to be “Asian American” in and through these experiences. Two types of expectations emerged from the data: students’ internal expectations—the expectations that they have for themselves as well as their college and postcollege experiences, and external expectations from family and society. The various ways that students negotiate internal and external expectations translate into particular understandings of freedom and possibility they carry into college. I also discuss students’ precollege racial awareness since the combined meanings of Asian American racial identity and higher education with which students enter college subsequently influence their college experiences and impacts racial identity formation during their college years.
Differentiation of benign and malignant breast lesions by in-vivo three-dimensional diffuse optical tomography.

CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2008 Abstracts Abstract #805 Background: Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) uses near-infrared light to non-invasively image total hemoglobin concentration and blood oxygen saturation in the human breast. Given its low cost, ease of use, and possibility of repeated measured over time, DOT is a promising adjunctive imaging modality for screening, diagnosis and monitoring of neoadjuvant therapy. In this study we explored the performance of DOT to differentiate benign and malignant breast lesions. Method and Materials: Forty-seven women with clinical or mammographic abnormalities were prospectively recruited for DOT. Most patients underwent gadolinium-enhanced MRI examination. Three-dimensional oxy-, deoxy-hemoglobin, total hemoglobin concentration, blood oxygen saturation and scattering coefficient images of each breast were reconstructed. Tumor-to-normal (T/N) ratios of these parameters were computed by defining tumor regions with guidance from MRI and radiology reports. In addition, optical index was constructed based on these parameters to maximize the T/N contrast. Only the biopsy-proven lesions were selected (51 breast lesions) and classified into three groups: benign lesions (N=10), malignant lesions where DOT preceded core biopsy (N=20) and malignant lesions where DOT was performed after core-biopsy (N=21). We fit a mixed effects model that estimated the mean optical T/N ratios and optical index for each group, and using the resulting standard errors developed 95% confidence intervals and tested the hypothesis that each optical contrast parameter was unity. Results: Malignant cancers showed statistically significant higher total hemoglobin concentration, scattering, oxy-hemoglobin concentration and optical index (P=0.01-0.04) compared to normal tissue. Furthermore, malignant lesions exhibited a two-fold average increase in an optical index derived from the endogenous optical parameters (95% CI: 1.4 - 2.4). To test whether bleeding due to core biopsy influence DOT results, we compared if there was statistically significant differences between two groups measured before or after core-biopsy. There were no statistically significant differences in these groups, suggesting that post biopsy hemorrhage did not alter the DOT results. Benign tumors did not show statistical significance in all of the T/N ratios. AUC of total hemoglobin concentration, scattering, oxy-hemoglobin and optical index suggested good discriminatory power with values between 0.90 and 0.99. Discussion: The data demonstrates the feasibility of differentiating benign and malignant lesions by quantitative three-dimensional DOT when the tumor location information is provided by other imaging modality. The main drawback of this study is the small number of benign lesions, which warrants further study. DOT technology is still at its developing stage and needs more investigation to find its niche in breast imaging. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 805.
Review of Auroral Particle Precipitation

An attempt to establish the precipitation signal of an auroral arc based on data gathered by sounding rockets and satellites is presented. Rocket sounding is useful for altitudes up to a few thousand km, the S3-3 satellite from 4000-8000 km, and satellites in GEO for the equatorial plane. Inverted V structures have been observed down to a few km in width by rockets, and occur on open as well as closed field lines. Observations of bursts of field-aligned electrons, simultaneous ion and electron precipitation, counter-streaming electrons and conics have been interpreted as indicating ac phenomena. The S3-3 has recorded the presence of upward flowing ions, beams, and conics, downward flowing ions, and counter-streaming electrons in the 4000-8000 km region. Finally, plasma injections at synchronous orbit have been identified as the equatorial plane signature of any auroral substorm.
How Can I Help Myself? A Critical Review of Modifiable Behaviors, Medications, and Complementary Alternative Medicine for Men Receiving Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer

Men receiving radiation for prostate cancer frequently want to know what steps they can take to optimize their chance of cure and reduce their risk of side effects. A variety of modifiable behaviors, medications, and complementary alternative medicine interventions have been investigated in this regard. In this review, we summarize data on tobacco use, exercise, statins and aspirin, and vitamins. There is limited randomized data supporting any of the interventions and additional studies are needed before clinicians can confidently inform their patients regarding what steps to take to improve their outcomes.
Cultic Anti-Judaism and Chaucer's Litel Clergeon

L'anti-judaisme du sacrifice eucharistique dans Prioress's Tale de Chaucer rappelle ou revele a ses lecteurs les rituels medievaux de la purification corporelle et sociale ayant precede de quatrieme Concile du Latran
THE IMPORTANCE OF IgA IN NONMUCOSAL IMMUNE RESPONSES

IgA may be an important component of nonmucosal immune responses, like those occurring in the central nervous system, in certain virus infections, and in multiple sclerosis. Mucosal immune responses, in appropriate, natural, and experimental situations, may be predominantly IgE or IgG, or indeed T-cell mediated.
Limitation of the axial gain of large antennas under partial coherent illumination

Based on the theory of partial coherence, a limit for the gain of a large antenna imposed by the randomness of fluctuating fields is obtained. There exists a region of gain saturation as the antenna reaches a dimension of 40 times the coherence length of fluctuating fields.
The Philosophy of the Street in Ghana: Mammy Wagons and Their Mottos ‐ A Research Note

L'A. presente quelques commentaires et une classification thematique des devises relevees sur des vehicules de transport collectif a Accra et Cape Coast (Ghana). Nombre de ces vehicules sont decores par des representations graphiques et par l'inscription de devises refletant un aspect de la culture populaire et les preoccupations morales, sociales et politiques du moment.
Integral logarithmic transform: theory and applications.

Integral logarithmic transforms (LT’s) are defined for both one- and two-dimensional input functions. These have the desirable properties of linearity and invariance to scale change of the input. One of the two-dimensional LT’s is additionally invariant to rotation. The LT’s are conveniently inverted by simple differentiation. Also, they are amenable to optical analog implementation by using incoherent light and simple collimating lenses. As an application, the problem of noise suppression of an arbitrarily scaled image, by using Wiener filtering, is considered. Use of the LT of the image data as a preprocessing step permits the creation of a single Wiener filter optimized for use at all scales of magnification. Finally, application to a problem of character recognition and matched filtering is proposed.
Two-, three-, and four-poster jets in cross flow

In connection with the problems of the ingestion of hot exhaust gases in engines of V/STOL and STOVL aircraft in ground effect, a series of studies have been undertaken. Ground impinging, two- and three-poster jets operating in the presence of cross flow were studied. The current paper is divided into two parts. The first part is a comparison of the low speed, two-, three-, and four-poster jet cases, with respect to the flowfield in the region of interaction between the forward and the jet flows. These include cases with mass balanced inlet suction. An analysis of the inlet entry plane of the low speed two- and three-poster jet cases is also given. In the second part, high speed results for a two jet configuration without inlet suction are given. The results are based on quantitative, marker concentration distributions obtained by digitizing video images.
Stronger Evidence for Four-Dimensional Spatial Representations: A Response to Frank

Andrew U. Frank's commentary (this issue) on my article (this issue) proposed an interesting alternative solution to estimating the hyper-volume of a random hyper-tetrahedron from its 3-D orthogona...
The relative importance of head size, gender and age on the auditory brainstem response

Correlations between the ABR (auditory brainstem response) and subject characteristics of gender, age, and head diameter were established in simple and multiple regression analyses of normal hearing individuals. The simple regression tests demonstrated that head diameter and gender were significantly correlated with the latencies and amplitudes of waves I, III, and V and the I-V and III-V interpeak intervals. In nearly all cases, head diameter correlated more highly with the ABR waves than did gender. Males had longer latencies than females with comparable head diameter, suggesting that factors other than head size are differentiating them. Age was significantly correlated only with the latency of wave III. All significant subject variables also were compared simultaneously in a multiple regression analysis to determine their order of significance and relative contributions to the ABR wave latencies. This permitted the establishment of regression equations for each wave latency to predict the ABR with measurable subject characteristics.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Neurologic Disease?

Partial or complete upper airway closure in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) caused by a combination of anatomic and neural factors. Increasing evidence shows neurologic lesions of the upper airway in patients with OSA. This review discusses the role of neural factors in the pathogenesis of OSA, the neurologic lesions seen in OSA, and how these can be treated.
The causes of perinatal death induced by prenatal exposure of rats to the pesticide, mirex. Part I: Pre-parturition observations of the cardiovascular system.

Prenatal exposure to mirex, a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide, induces a high rate of perinatal death, but only a low incidence of visible abnormalities which could help to account for these deaths. This study is an attempt to determine the cause of these deaths. Pregnant rats were intubated with a moderate dose of mirex, in oil, 6 mg/kg/day, on days 8½-15½ of gestation. Observations, on 78 control and 136 treated fetuses, were made on the morning before parturition was expected. Fetuses were sequentially exposed and electrocardiograms obtained with the fetus attached to the placenta and uterus. ECGs were evaluated for rate of beat, regularity of beat, PR intervals, and other features. Fetuses were examined for edema level and vitality. None of the controls were dead and none had abnormal ECGs. Of the treated group, 14% were dead, 16% had a first-degree heart block, and 2% had a second-degree heart block. Some (6%) had slow, feeble atrial beats only, possibly a third-degree block, and appeared to be dying. The severity of the symptoms was proportional to the degree of visible edema. Most of the fetuses with little or no visible edema had normal ECGs, but the majority of the moderate to severely edematous fetuses (i.e., with a layer of subcutaneous edema across the back of 0.5 mm or more) had abnormal ECGs and/or were either dead or dying. These data show that the effects of mirex on the fetal cardiovascular system are a major factor in inducing prenatal death.
A dynamically generated Chern-Simons term in QED3 with fermion self coupling☆☆☆

Abstract The critical behavior of a strongly coupled three dimensional abelian gauge theory with N flavors and fermion self interactions is studied. Two independent four Fermi coupling constants G and H are considered, which can induce the breakdown of Z2 and parity symmetries, respectively. The solutions to the 1 N Schwinger-Dyson equations are used to determine the critical exponents, together with the effective potential for the two composite, scalar and pseudoscalar, dynamical degrees of freedom. Analyzing the scaling behavior of the theory, we determine the region in coupling constant space in which a Chern-Simons term for the abelian gauge field at zero momentum is dynamically generated.
Interferon-γ receptor 1 promoter polymorphisms: population distribution and functional implications

Abstract Different polymorphisms have been described in the minimal promoter region (MPR) of the interferon-γ receptor 1 (IFNGR1), a molecule that plays a critical role in mycobacterial control. We sequenced the IFNGR1 MPR from African American, Caucasian and Korean controls, and from mycobacteria-infected patients. Six different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in the IFNGR1 MPR. The three ethnic groups showed different SNP distribution patterns, but no significant differences were detected between mycobacterial cases and controls. Two polymorphisms were found in all populations (G-611A, T-56C). We cloned the four allelic variants (var) of haplotype G-611A/T-56C into a luciferase reporter vector and determined their promoter activity. Polymorphisms at position -611 had a stronger effect on the promoter activity than those at position -56, and constructs carrying G-611 produced a stronger promoter activity than -611A constructs. The IFNGR1 MPR is a polymorphic region with at least two SNPs influencing its activity, but these are not associated with increased mycobacterial susceptibility.
Zero Secular Torque on Asteroids from Impinging Solar Photons in the YORP Effect: A Simple Proof

YORP torques, where "YORP" stands for "Yarokovsky-O'Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack." arise mainly from sun light reflected off a Solar System object and the infrared radiation emi tted by it. We show here, through the most elementary demonstration that we Can devise, that secular torques from impinging solar photons are generally negligible and thus cause little secular evolution of an asteroid's obliquity or spin rate.
Advancing massage therapy research competencies: dimensions for thought and action

Abstract Two major developments in the therapeutic massage and bodywork profession have recently brought to the forefront, in a most comprehensive fashion, the issue of research competencies . Specifically, the efforts of the American Massage Therapy Association (AMTA) Foundation's Massage Research Agenda Workgroup and the Commission on Massage Therapy Accreditation's (COMTA) expansion of competency-based standards to include a research component have both called the profession to a potentially heightened level of credibility. Accompanying such an opportunity for the massage/bodywork profession's development, though, are challenges still to be successfully deliberated and acted upon. One such challenge is that of coordinating the various curricular, instructional, organizational, and resource areas essential to advancing massage therapy research competencies. Accordingly, this paper suggests a multi-dimensional framework intended to initiate critical discussions of how the profession might now proceed.