cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual differences in behavioral reactivity: correlation with stress-induced norepinephrine efflux in the hippocampus of Sprague-Dawley rats.

The present studies investigate the hypothesis that the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system plays a role in the neural substrates underlying individual differences in behavioral reactivity to stress. Individuals were selected from a random sample of Sprague-Dawley rats and categorized as a high responder (HR), middle responder (MR), or low responder (LR) based on the initial locomotor response to a novel open field. Rats with behavioral scores at least 1 SD away from the mean for the subject sample were categorized as HR or LR rats. Middle responder rats exhibited locomotor scores representative of the mean locomotor activity of the population sample. Locomotor activity scores measured 6 days after the initial determination were similar to scores obtained in the original screening, suggesting that the locomotor response to novelty is a stable individual trait. Additionally, locomotor activity during the dark phase of the diurnal cycle was not different among the groups, suggesting that differences in locomotor activity in response to a novel open field are an index of behavioral reactivity to the stressful situation rather than an indicator of global differences in motoric activity. In vivo microdialysis was used to measure extracellular levels of hippocampal NE in the hippocampus. During baseline conditions, the efflux of hippocampal NE was similar among HR, MR, and LR rats. In response to tail-pinch stress, hippocampal NE release was elevated in all groups. This response was significantly greater in HR compared to LR rats. Across all groups, locomotor response in the novel open field was significantly correlated with the magnitude of NE release in response to subsequent application of tail-pinch stress. In contrast, administration of 1.5 mg/kg, i.p., amphetamine resulted in a similar elevation of extracellular NE level among HR, LR, and MR rats. These data suggest that activation of the LC-NE system may be involved in determining the behavioral response of individuals to environmental stress.
Graduate education in public policy

Contemporary social transformation and accelerated politicization are inducing and requiring changes in the epistemological structure and the substantive content of the social and political sciences. To accommodate to and to facilitate these changes there is here proposed an interdisciplinary program of graduate education in Public Policy which is designed (1) to aggregate the most relevant materials and usable generalizations of the sociopolitical sciences and (2) to strike a balance between viable theory and tested experience. Although the curriculum is intended to be primarily contemporaneous and futuristic, it incorporates comparative and historical as well as normative and positivistic materials and methods. A variegated and qualified body of students is expected to be recruited for the proposed program as its principal intellectual and creative component.
Energetics of the Si(111) and Ge(111) surfaces and the effect of strain.

Using tight-binding models, the energies of a number of silicon and gemanium (111) surfaces are studied. These include reconstructed surfaces with dimers and stacking faults (DS), simple adatom surfaces such as 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2 and c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8), and more complicated cases with dimers, adatoms, and stacking faults (DAS). For reconstructed surfaces containing adatoms, it is found that a simple correction term dependent on the adatom concentration is needed in the present total-energy model to account for the unusual geometry. Similarities between the silicon and germanium reconstructions are seen and compare well with ab initio results. There are also some differences between silicon and germanium; for example, the DS surfaces are lower in energy than the relaxed (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) for silicon, but higher for germanium. Si(111) reconstructs into the DAS structure while Ge(111) goes to the simple adatom c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8) surface. The c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8), 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 DAS, (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1), and 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 DS surface reconstructions of Ge(111) were studied with in-plane strain. For these surfaces, a strain of about 2% was sufficient to make the 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 DAS/DS surface lower in energy than the c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8)/(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) surface. An analysis of the energy per atom showed that the dimer-row and associated first-layer atoms played a major part in the differing energy behavior, in agreement with an earlier proposal. An expansive strain was applied to the 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2, 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 DAS, (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1), and 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 DS surface reconstructions of Si(111). With a strain of about 2.5% the adatom surfaces switched relative energies, while the adatom free surfaces required only about 1.5% strain. As for germanium, the dimer-row and associated atoms were of major importance in the differing energy change.
A Semiparametric Response Surface Model for Assessing Drug Interaction

When multiple drugs are administered simultaneously, investigators are often interested in assessing whether the drug combinations are synergistic, additive, or antagonistic. Existing response surface models are not adequate to capture the complex patterns of drug interactions. We propose a two-component semiparametric response surface model with a parametric function to describe the additive effect of a combination dose and a nonparametric function to capture the departure from the additive effect. The nonparametric function is estimated using the technique developed in thin plate splines, and the pointwise bootstrap confidence interval for this function is constructed. The proposed semiparametric model offers an effective way of formulating the additive effect while allowing the flexibility of modeling a departure from additivity. Example and simulations are given to illustrate that the proposed model provides an excellent estimation for different patterns of interactions between two drugs.
Spiral Surface Growth without Desorption

Spiral surface growth is well understood in the limit where the step motion is controlled by the local supersaturation of adatoms near the spiral ridge. In epitaxial thin-film growth, however, spirals can form in a step-flow regime where desorption of adatoms is negligible and the ridge dynamics is governed by the nonlocal diffusion field of adatoms on the whole surface. We investigate this limit numerically using a phase-field formulation of the Burton-Cabrera-Frank model, as well as analytically. Quantitative predictions, which differ strikingly from those of the local limit, are made for the selected step spacing as a function of the deposition flux, as well as for the dependence of the relaxation time to steady-state growth on the screw dislocation density.
Theoretical and Clinical Approaches to the Treatment of Drug Addiction

(1975). Theoretical and Clinical Approaches to the Treatment of Drug Addiction. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 187-202.
Maintaining Aim at a Moving Target

Lung cancer accounts for as many cancer deaths as the next four leading causes combined (breast, prostate, colon, and pancreas).1 Formerly a neglected disease, lung cancer has become a vibrant area of research. A literature search in Medline for “Lung Cancer” shows a dramatic increase in the number of publications (Figure 1). It was once possible to be an expert in lung cancer, but now at best, one can be an expert of a particular aspect. The rapid pace of new findings makes it difficult to stay abreast of even a highly focused particular aspect. The rapid advances and increasing focus on only pieces of the entire disease call for periodic reassessment of the “big picture.” Lung cancer has become a dynamic and fluid field, changing right before our eyes. This article examines changes we must keep in mind to avoid misinterpretation of new knowledge due to inappropriate comparisons.
Evidence for a psychological etiology of menstrual disorders: a critical review.

Past research which has been interpreted as support for a psychological etiology of menstrual distress is critically reviewed. This research is analyzed with respect to methodological issues such as the assessment of menstrual distress, the measurement of psychological parameters, and statistical procedures and with respect to experimenter bias apparent in the interpretation of results. It is concluded that the available empirical evidence is inadequate to support psychological causation of menstrual distress.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat and methamphetamine affect the release and activation of matrix-degrading proteinases.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dementia (HIVD) is associated with an increase in the number of activated monocytes within the central nervous system (CNS), a pathological feature that may be more remarkable in the setting of superimposed substance abuse. Monocytes may transport HIV to the brain, and, moreover, activated and/or infected monocytes have been shown to release a number of potent neurotoxins. Although the mechanisms responsible for the increase in the CNS ingress of monocytes are multiple, blood-brain barrier (BBB)-degrading matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are likely to play an important role. The current study investigates the effects of the HIV-1–encoded protein Tat, and the drug of abuse methamphetamine, on MMP release from brain derived cells. The release of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), an activator of MMPs, was also investigated. Mixed human neuron/astrocyte cultures were stimulated with Tat or methamphetamine, and supernatants were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent as...
Meconium stimulates a pro-inflammatory response in peritoneal macrophages: implications for meconium peritonitis.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Although meconium peritonitis is a rare condition, the mortality rate can be as high as 40%. Meconium peritonitis is a result of intestinal perforation in utero, which leads to dense inflammation in the peritoneal cavity. The fetus has relatively immature peritoneal defense mechanisms, so the cause of this dense inflammation is unclear. The peritoneal macrophage is a key cell in the peritoneal inflammatory response in adults. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if sterile meconium had a direct stimulatory effect on the peritoneal macrophage. Methods: Peritoneal macrophages were harvested from adult C3HHEN mice. The cells were placed in microtiter wells at 10 5 cells per well. Sterile human meconium was diluted in media and placed in the wells at varying concentrations for 8 hours. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 μg/mL) served as a positive control. Supernatants were harvested and assayed for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) using a commercial ELISA kit. Separate cells were assayed for TNF-α message using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In another series of experiments, procoagulant activity (PCA) was determined on freeze-thawed cells using a two-stage amidolytic assay. To test for the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in the PCA response H7, a PKC inhibitor, was used as well. Results: Meconium stimulation resulted in a significant increase in TNF-α compared with negative controls with a peak at 0.1% meconium (121 pg/mL v 11 pg/mL, P P Conclusions: Sterile meconium results in a marked proinflammatory response in the peritoneal macrophage with elevations of both PCA and TNF-α. The TNF response is likely mediated at a pretranscriptional level because there is a marked increase in TNF mRNA. These data suggest that the PCA response is regulated by a PKC mechanism similar to LPS. Stimulation of the peritoneal macrophage by meconium is a possible cause of the marked inflammation seen in meconium peritonitis.
Nitrogen metabolism in Xanthobacter H4-14

N2-fixation was investigated in the chemoautotrophic hydrogen bacterium Xanthobacter H4-14. N2-fixing batch cultures of this organism could only be grown at pO2 values of around 0.02 bar, and in continuous culture dissolved oxygen tensions above 16 μM were found to inhibit N2-fixation. Xanthobacter H4-14 utilized a variety of amino acids, nitrate and ammonia as nitrogen sources. Cell-free extracts from steady-state continuous cultures of ammonia grown, nitrate grown and N2-fixing Xanthobacter were assayed for the presence of ammonia assimilation enzymes. No alanine dehydrogenase or glutamate dehydrogenase activity was detected. Ammonia was assimilated exclusively via the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway, irrespective of the extracellular concentration of ammonia.
Comparative Analysis of the Carbon Dioxide Absorption and Recuperation Capacities in Aqueous 2-(2-Aminoethylamino)ethanol (AEE) and Blends of Aqueous AEE and N-Methyldiethanolamine Solutions

A study of carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption/desorption has been carried out in diverse aqueous amine solutions consisting of 2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol (AEE), monoethanolamine (MEA), and the blends of AEE and N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) at different concentrations to compare the CO2 loading and recuperation properties of these amines. The CO2 absorption loading has been estimated in 0.476, 0.951, 1.427, and 2.378 M AEE solutions, a 2.378 M MEA solution, and two blends of 1.427 M AEE + 0.418 M MDEA and 1.427 M AEE + 0.836 M MDEA with two CO2 concentrations of 5.01 and 100 vol % at 23 °C and a flow rate of 3.067 L/min. The CO2 desorption was performed by heating these solutions at 100−102 °C. The results revealed that the AEE diamine possesses a greater CO2 absorption capacity than MEA while its CO2 desorption capacity was inferior to that observed for MEA. Moreover, the CO2 recuperation capacity obtained for AEE was greater than that of MEA at the same concentration. Interestingly, the CO2 absorption in...
Experimental Study on Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Al 6061 to Trip 780/800 Steel

Friction stir welding (FSW) of dissimilar Al 6061 and TRIP 780/800 steel has been performed under different process parameters, including tool rotational speed, welding speed as well as the relative position of the tool axis to the abutting edge. Temperature and mechanical welding force was recorded during the process. Welding speed has an insignificant effect on either the maximum temperature or welding force. However, it can directly change the length of high temperature duration, which will accordingly influence temperature distribution in the weld and the microstructure. Higher rotational speed can effectively elevate weld temperature through greater amount of heat input. Metallurgical observations on weld cross sections perpendicular to the joint line was performed using both optical and scanning electron microscope. Microstructure evolution was analyzed and related to the force and temperature measurement results during the FSW process.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Personalized spiders for web search and analysis

Searching for useful information on the World Wide Web has become incr easingly difficult. While Internet search engines have been helping people to search on the web, low recall rate and outdated indexes have become more and more problematic as the web grows. In addition, search tools usually present to the user only a list of search results, failing to provide further personalized analysis which could help users identify useful information and comprehend these results. To alleviate these problems, we propose a client-based architecture that incorporates noun phrasing and self-organizing map techniques. Two systems, namely CI Spider and Meta Spider, have been built based on this architecture. User evaluation studies have been conducted and the findings suggest that the proposed architecture can effectively facilitate web search and analysis.
A personal experience with subtotal and conservation surgery as treatment for laryngeal cancer.

A personal technique for laryngeal cancer reconstructive surgery is presented and discussed. The functional and therapeutic purpose of this surgery is to broaden its indications and to improve functional results. In particular, our surgical technique involves removal of the soft internal part of the cricoid cartilage (mucosa, submucosa and perichondrium), which is otherwise conserved. Satisfactory functional results can be achieved by: (a) modeling of two symmetrical pseudoarytenoids; (b) an anterior epiglottiplasty or the use of a Hiranandani base-of-the-tongue flap to close the anterior gap (if present); (c) muscular flap lateral-plasty avoiding a cricoidhyoidpexy.
The veterinary importance of nodular worms (Olesophagostomum spp)

The nodular worms (Oesophagostomum spp) are important parasites of food animals and primates. The archaic line that parasitizes pigs appears to be less pathogenic than the parallel evolutionary lines in ruminants and primates. Morphological types of O. dentatum in pigs and an apparent new host record for O. venulosum, which normally affects sheep and wild ruminants, in cattle suggests aggressive recruitment within the genus. The same Oesophagostomum spp occur in humans and in non-human primates but it is not clear which is the natural host.
Dynamics of ligand binding to heme proteins

Abstract The dynamics of CO or O 2 binding to myoglobin are examined theoretically with particular emphasis on the effect of the globin on the barriers along possible reaction paths. By use of a diabatic representation, in which a model ligand moves in the potential of a rigid protein, two paths in or out of the heme pocket are found in myoglobin; one is by the E helix near the distal histidine and the other near the intersection of the B, D and E helices. Classical trajectories calculated for a photo-dissociated ligand in the diabatic approximation yield complicated motion; the ligand tends to spend considerable time undergoing multiple collisions with the protein matrix in the wells between barriers. To investigate the height of the barriers, the adiabatic limit is used; that is, the protein is allowed to relax in the presence of a perturbation due to the ligand-protein interaction. A detailed description is obtained for the displacements of residues required for the ligand to enter or leave the globin. The barrier heights calculated in this manner are found to be in qualitative agreement with observed values. Some differences between myoglobin and hemoglobin are described. Although the present calculations make use of a simplified model of the ligand-myoglobin system, they provide a useful first step in the analysis of the effect of the globin matrix on the binding process.
Carrier dynamics of electrons and holes in moderately doped silicon.

A time-domain spectroscopic technique, based on the generation and detection of a collimated beam of subpicosecond broadband terahertz pulses, is used to measure the absorption and dispersion of n- and p-type silicon, with resistivities of 0.1, 1, and 10 \ensuremath{\Omega} cm in the submillimeter range of 0.1--2 THz. From the transmission measurements performed at room temperature and at 80 K, the absorption and dispersion, and concomitantly the full complex conductivity, of the doped silicon could be obtained. The results provide an accurate view on the dynamics of the electrons and the holes. Although the simple Drude model, with an energy-independent relaxation time, gives a surprisingly accurate description of the observed carrier dynamics, the measurements do show that some refinements are needed. An extended model, with an energy-dependent carrier-relaxation rate, can explain most of the observed deviations from the simple Drude model.
THE FORCE EQUATIONS AND STRUCTURAL DAMPING

Abstract The problem of structural damping is investigated in association with the force equations. The mathematical results are in complete agreement with all established physical requirements for this type of energy dissipation, thereby providing the first consistent solution to the problem.
Adiabatic RARE imaging.

The practical implementation of ultra-fast spin-echo, or RARE imaging with adiabatic RF pulses and surface coil transmission at 7 T is described. Despite the large RF inhomogeneities, the adiabatic character of the 180° BIR-4 refocusing pulses ensures optimal sensitivity and minimal image artifacts. An internal ‘phase-cycle’ is used to remove spurious unwanted coherences. The short T2 relaxation times in rat brain at 7 T demand a centric, rather than a linear coverage of k-space in order to avoid excessive signal loss. T2 relaxation during k-space coverage also leads to image blurring, which can be counteracted by interleaved k-space sampling. The coverage of k-space in four acquisitions provides high-quality anatomical images comparable to conventional spin-echo images. A two-scan RARE implementation provides sufficient spatial and temporal resolution for most applications. Quantitative mapping of T1 relaxation and cerebral blood flow changes during forepaw stimulation in the rat are demonstrated. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of adrenal cortical hormones on the incorporation of C14 into the protein of lymphatic cells.

DURING the last years there have appeared a large number of publications on the effect of adrenal hormones on metabolic reactions studied either in vivo or in vitro. The influence of the adrenal cortex upon nitrogen metabolism is well known (see reviews by Sayers, 1950, and by Ingle, 1950). The numerous attempts to determine the mechanism of this action, however, have been unsuccessful. Some authors have reported that the activity of liver amino acid oxidase and of proline oxidase in kidney is diminished after adrenalectomy and is brought back to normal on injection of corticoid hormones (Cagan et al., 1950; Jensen and Gray, 1951; White et al., 1948); while others found that D-amino acid oxidase in kidney is inhibited by desoxycorticosterone (Hayano et al., 1950). It has also been reported that the synthesis of chondroitin sulfate (Layton, 1951a) and of mucopolysaccharide (Layton 1951b) in the rat is inhibited by cortisone.
Human HLA-DR beta gene hypervariable region homology in the biobreeding BB rat: selection of the diabetic-resistant subline as a rheumatoid arthritis research tool to characterize the immunopathologic response to human type II collagen.

Collagen arthritis (CA), an autoimmune model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), has been studied in various animals. However, it has not been studied in an animal with a genetic background relevant to RA. We selected rats from a diabetic-resistant (DR) subline of the diabetic BB rat because they have an autoimmune disease-prone background, but not the immunodeficiencies of the diabetic BB rat, and the third hypervariable region (HVRIII) of the BB RT1.D beta gene appeared to encode a nucleotide sequence of the human HLA DR beta gene, which has been reported to be associated with susceptibility to RA. We synthesized oligonucleotide primers flanking the RT1.D beta HVRIII, cloned polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNA into M13mp18, and confirmed the presence of the susceptibility sequence (SS) (RRRAA) by the dideoxy sequencing method in a colony of DR BB/Wor-UTM rats. When immunized with human type II collagen (CII) in incomplete Freunds adjuvant (IFA), arthritis developed rapidly by day 10 with 100% incidence. Light and electron microscopy revealed an unusually severe and aggressive, bidirectional pattern of cartilage resorption by synovial and subchondral mononuclear and multinucleated inflammatory cells. These findings coincided with a predominant humoral response to the cyanogen bromide (CB) 11 fragment of the human CII molecule by the pathogenic IgG2a isotype. This study provides further support to the role of CA as a relevant RA model, the specific roles of the CB11 fragment as a major site of arthritogenic epitopes, and of antibody mechanisms in the pathogenesis of CA. Furthermore, the identification of an RA SS in an immune response gene of the DR BB rat presents a novel opportunity to determine with an animal model the role of other antigens as well as this SS in RA.
A nonradioisotopic endpoint for measurement of lymph node cell proliferation in a murine allergic contact dermatitis model, using bromodeoxyuridine immunohistochemistry

Introduction: The murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) was developed as an alternative to guinea pig models for the assessment of the xenobiotic contact sensitization potential. However, it would be advantageous to have an alternative endpoint to the usual radioisotopic-dependent measures. In the present study, we investigated the development of a nonradioisotopic endpoint for LLNA using immunohistochemistry. Methods: Female Balb/c mice were treated by the topical application of strong sensitizers, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and a strong irritant, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), on the dorsum of both ears once daily for three consecutive days. The proliferation of cells in the auricular lymph node and ears was analyzed by means of the labeling index (LI) of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into cells. Results: Skin reactions, consisting of increased ear thickness and the presence of inflammatory cell infiltrates, were observed in mice treated with DNCB and TDI. The cell number and the weight of the lymph nodes in the mice treated with the allergens, DNCB and TDI, were increased compared to vehicle control. We observed an increase in the areas of the B220+ cells in the lymph nodes of mice treated with allergens, as determined by immunohistochemistry. There was an increase in the percentage of B220+ cells in mice treated with DNCB and TDI compared to the vehicle control, but not in those treated with SLS. Because we observed an increase in the percentage of B cells in the allergen-treated group, we measured the stimulation index (SI) in the cortex and medulla (C+M) of the lymph node. The SI values of the C+M in the lymph nodes of the mice treated with DNCB and TDI were increased more than threefold compared with that of the control. However, the SI of the C+M in the lymph nodes of the mice exposed to 25% SLS was not significantly increased compared to the vehicle control, although the lymph node weight of the SLS group was significantly increased. Discussion: In Balb/c mice, BrdU immunohistochemistry showed its potential use for the identification and differentiation of chemicals with the capacity to induce irritation and sensitization. The results suggest that the measurement of the SI in the cortex and medulla of the lymph node using BrdU immunohistochemistry could provide a useful method to screen irritants and allergens.
Ethnic differences in women's body satisfaction: an experimental investigation.

This investigation was conducted so that a clearer picture of the complex relationship between ethnicity and body satisfaction could be obtained. Although body satisfaction has recently been shown to be influenced by several factors, such as mood, no studies investigating the stability of body satisfaction (to date) have examined whether there are ethnic differences in how such factors influence body satisfaction. Eighty-four White women and 33 Black women (U.S. undergraduates) were given bogus positive or negative social feedback so that the effect of the feedback on their body satisfaction could be determined. Results indicated positive feedback increased and negative feedback decreased the body satisfaction of White women in the expected directions, but there was no such effect for the Black women. The relevance of these findings in the understanding of bulimia nervosa and eating disorders is discussed, as is the need to differentiate between ethnic groups.
Organ transplant specificity of tolerance to skin grafts with heart or kidney grafts plus nondepleting anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (RIB 5/2) and intravenous donor alloantigen administration.

Abstract Background. CD4+ T cells play an essential role in allograft rejection. Monoclonal anti-rat CD4 antibody, RIB 5/2, has been shown to modulate the CD4 glycoprotein without eliminating recipient T cells. A single dose of monoclonal anti-rat CD4 antibody RIB 5/2 plus donor splenocytes results in donor-specific unresponsiveness to heart and kidney allografts, but not skin allografts. This study examined whether tolerance to the more resistant skin graft could also be achieved with RIB 5/2. Methods. Buffalo (RT1b) recipients were given a single dose (20 mg/kg) of monoclonal antibody RIB 5/2 IP plus IV Lewis (RT1l) splenocytes (25 × 106) 21 days before Lewis heart, kidney, or skin grafts. In addition, Lewis skin was grafted either simultaneously with or after long- term Lewis heart or kidney allograft acceptance (>50 days). Results. While IV alloantigen plus RIB 5/2 results in long-term acceptance of both heart and kidney, skin allografts are rejected when transplanted alone. Simultaneous transplantation with a Lewis kidney, but not with a Lewis heart, resulted in long-term Lewis skin graft acceptance. However, recipients tolerant to Lewis kidney or heart alone will not accept subsequent Lewis skin grafts, while recipients of simultaneous Lewis skin and kidney grafts subsequently accept a second Lewis, but not third-party Brown Norway (RT1n), skin graft. Conclusion. RIB 5/2 plus Lewis donor splenocytes tolerize for donor-specific heart and kidney but not skin grafts. However, Lewis skin grafted simultaneously with a Lewis kidney, but not Lewis heart, is accepted and protects a subsequent donor-specific Lewis skin graft.
BRCA mutation‐negative women from hereditary breast and ovarian cancer families: a qualitative study of the BRCA‐negative experience

Background When women from families with a known BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation test negative for the family mutation, it is assumed that they will transition their personal cancer risk perception from high to average risk. However, there are scant data regarding the experience of mutation-negative women after genetic testing disclosure, particularly related to the shift of risk perception from assumed mutation-positive to actual mutation-negative. This study was designed to explore cancer risk perception and the experience of being a mutation-negative woman within a known BRCA1/2 mutation-positive family. Methods We employed a qualitative descriptive design and convened a sample of 13 women who contributed in-depth, semi-structured telephone interviews (audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim) and performed qualitative content analysis with NVivo 2.0 software. Results Six major content areas emerged from interview data: (i) rationale for initial involvement in the breast imaging study, (ii) rationale for continued participation, (iii) experience of living in a multiple-case family, (iv) risk perception: the personal meaning of mutation-negative status, (v) opinions regarding cancer aetiology and (vi) communication patterns between mutation-negative and mutation-positive family members. Conclusions Living in a hereditary breast and ovarian cancer family is a complex experience that affects cognitive, emotional and social functioning. Our findings indicate that mutation-negative women may have unmet psychosocial needs that must be addressed by health-care professionals, particularly in the primary-care setting following genetic disclosure of a potentially reassuring result regarding their lack of the very high cancer risks associated with BRCA1/2 mutations.
Antigen recognition by T cells and B cells: Recognition of cross-reactivity between native and denatured forms of globular antigens☆

Abstract The nature of the recognition by T cells and B cells of the native and the denatured forms of the same globular antigens, BSA or OVA, were compared. B-Cell recognition was analyzed by means of a radioimmune analysis of serum antibodies and T-cell recognition by means of an antigen-dependent proliferation assay. Rabbits hyperimmunized with native antigen in CFA produced antibodies reactive with both native and denatured antigen, with two to three times more reactivity to native antigen. Animals immunized to the denatured antigen also made antibodies reactive with both native and denatured antigens with approximately 15-fold more reactivity to denatured antigen. Inhibition and absorption studies indicated that the antibodies elicited reacted with distinct noncross-reacting antigenic determinants since unlabeled denatured antigen had no inhibitory effect on the reaction between 125I-native antigen and antibody, and vice versa. Presumably the antibodies to the alternative form of the antigen used for immunization were elicited because of small amounts of contamination with that form of the antigen present in the preparation used for immunization. T cells from BDF1 mice primed to either native or denatured antigen demonstrated good proliferative responses to both native and denatured antigen. For example, T cells from D-OVA primed animals incorporated 51,000 cpm of [3H]thymidine when stimulated with D-OVA and 44,000 cpm when stimulated with N-OVA. Unlike the situation with serum antibodies, a true cross-reactivity between N and D forms of the same antigen was demonstrable at the T-cell level. This was accomplished by determining the effect of killing antigen-stimulated proliferating cells with BUdR and light on the subsequent proliferation of the same population of cells to the alternative form of the antigen. For example, T cells from N-OVA primed animals when stimulated first with D-OVA (and treated with BUdR and light) showed a marked inhibition in their subsequent capacity to respond to both antigens (93% inhibition of N-OVA response and 80% inhibition of D-OVA response). One explanation for the extensive cross-reactivity between N and D-OVA at the T-cell level is that antigen is degraded to small peptides by the proteases present in the antigen presenting macrophages. Due to their small size, no native conformational determinants are preserved so that both native and denatured antigens generate the same “sequential” determinants. However, an attempt to verify this hypothesis by inhibiting the proliferative response with anti-denatured antibodies was not successful.
The infrared absorption spectrum of the isolated UF5 molecule in the 580–630 cm−1 region

Abstract The infrared absorption spectrum in the 16–17 μm region of the transient UF 5 molecule formed from laser photolysis of UF 6 is presented. The absorption contour and the intesity measurements allow tentative assignment of the molecular structure.
Patient specific 3D surfaces for interactive medical planning and training

The 3D Surface representation (S-rep) can be employed to illustrate solid models of physical objects. 3D S-reps have been successfully used in CAD/CAM, and in conjunction with texture mapping, in the modern gaming industry to customize avatars, improve the gaming realism and sense of presence. Current healthcare systems require patient specific information sharing for planning, training and patient education. We are proposing a cost effective method to generate patient specific S-reps and convert them to optimized X3D models in the context of medical simulations for planning, training and patient education. We assess the accuracy of the S-rep and its potential for inclusion in Web3D-based interactive medical simulations. We exemplify with an interactive X3D tool for medical planning and training of the complex X-Ray and Proton therapy procedures.
Hydrazine-Assisted, Low-Temperature Aerosol Pyrolysis Method to Synthesize γ-Fe2O3

Oxides of iron in different crystalline forms such as hematite, maghemite, and magnetite have been used in number of industrial and biomedical applications in recent years. These materials are often synthesized in multiple-step processes in which simultaneous control of particle size, shape, morphology, and crystallinity is difficult. A single-step, low-temperature spray pyrolysis of iron precursors with hydrazine in a furnace aerosol reactor (FuAR) is described. To help select viable precursors and guide selection of operating conditions for the aerosol process, hydrazine derivatives of iron precursors are prepared in batch and analyzed with TGA, FTIR, and XRD. These results were also used to identify the chemical formula of hydrazinated precursors and elucidate the reaction pathway for the precursors such as ferrous acetate, ferric nitrate, and ferrous oxalate that are suitable for single-step aerosol reactor synthesis. These iron precursors are aerosolized and reacted in situ with hydrazine vapor to de...
Recognition of depression in obstetric/gynecology practices.

Abstract Depression is a common and serious health problem that occurs twice as often in women as in men. The lifetime prevalence of major depressionin women is estimated to be as high as 21%. Although less severe and less common, mild depression and dysthymia (chronic mild depression) can cause functional disability and require treatment. Regardless of severity or duration, depression can be difficult to recognize because it frequently is masked by complaints that accompany other common obstetric and gynecologic illnesses and events. This article reviews the various depressive disorders in women with a focus on presentations that occur in obstetric and gynecologic practice.
Neuroglobin, cytoglobin, and transcriptional profiling of hypoxia-related genes in the rat cerebellum after prenatal chronic very mild carbon monoxide exposure (25 ppm)

Abstract The expression of neuroglobin (Ngb) and cytoglobin (Cygb), two recently discovered globins with a potential neuroprotective activity against hypoxia and oxidative stress, was investigated in the cerebellum of young rats (postnatal day 20) after being exposed to chronic mild carbon monoxide (CO) at 25 ppm during prenatal (group A), prenatal and postnatal (group B), the postnatal period only (group C), and air (group D). The expression of genes associated with hypoxia signaling pathways was also investigated in the rat cerebella by real-time RT–PCR after CO exposure. Ngb and Cygb mRNAs did not change in any CO-exposed group. Quantitative immunohistochemistry showed no significant change in Ngb protein; however, there was a significant increase of Cygb protein in rats from groups A, B, and C when compared with group D. In group B, genes related to the generation of reactive oxygen species (Nos2) and lipid metabolism (Apat2) were upregulated. In contrast, no changes were found in the expression of 8 genes typically upregulated by hypoxic conditions (Angptl4, Arnt2, Casp1, Crebbp, Hif1a, Hif3a, Mt3, or Vegfa) in any CO-exposed group, suggesting that hypoxia-related gene expression is not altered by this mild CO exposure. Cygb but not Ngb may protect cerebellar cells from the chronic presence of CO exposure during prenatal and postnatal development.
N-Methyl-(n-butyl)pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide-LiTFSI–poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether mixture as a Li/S cell electrolyte

Abstract We have characterized a ternary mixture of N-methyl-(n-butyl)pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PYR14TFSI) + 0.5 M LiTFSI + y poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (PEGDME) (y = kg PEGDME/kg PYR14TFSI) as an electrolyte in Li metal/S cells. The presence of PYR14TFSI in the mixture resulted in a significant improvement of the thermal stability and the ionic conductivity (σ) of the mixture with increasing PEGDME contents (for example, σ = 4.2 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 29 °C for y = 2.0). These improvements are most significant at low temperatures, which is probably due to a lowering of the viscosity of the mixture with higher amounts of PEGDME. It is found that the mixture has good compatibility with respect to Li metal as demonstrated by time-dependent interfacial impedance and galvanostatic Li stripping/deposition measurements. We found that a Li/S cell with PYR14TFSI + 0.5 M LiTFSI + y PEGDME (y = 2.0) can deliver about 1300 mAh g−1-sulfur at 0.054 mA cm−2 at ambient temperature at the first cycle. A better charge/discharge cyclability of the Li/S cell in PYR14TFSI + 0.5 M LiTFSI + y PEGDME was found at higher PEGDME contents, and a Li/S cell with the mixture having y = 2.0 exhibited a capacity fading rate of 0.42% per cycle over 100 cycles at 0.054 mA cm−2 at 40 °C. Consequently the PYR14TFSI + LiTFSI + PEGDME mixture is a promising electrolyte for Li/S cells.
Inclusion of Higher Order Harmonics in the Modeling of Optimal Low-Thrust Orbit Transfer

The higher fidelity modeling of minimum-time transfers using continuous constant acceleration low-thrust is depicted by including the higher zonal harmonics J 3 and J 4for the Earth gravity model. The inclusion of these higher order harmonics is of great benefit in carrying out accurate transfer simulations, especially for long duration flights dwelling in low altitudes where the effects of these zonals are greatest. The analysis presented here can also be coded in the flight guidance computer of spacecraft for autonomous operations and on ground computers for solution uploads and resetting during low-thrust transfers. Equinoctial elements are used to avoid singularities when orbits are circular or equatorial and the applicability of the theory is of a general nature regardless of the size, shape and spatial orientation of the orbits provided they are not of the parabolic or hyperbolic types. To this end, two sets of dynamic and adjoint differential equations in terms of nonsingular orbital elements are derived by further considering a more accurate perturbation model in the form of the higher order Earth zonal harmonics J 3and J 4. Previous analyses involved only the first-order J 2 term in order to model optimal lowthrust transfers between any two given circular or elliptic orbits. The first formulation uses the eccentric longitude as the sixth element of an equinoctial set of elements while describing the thrust as well as the zonal accelerations in the so called direct equinoctial frame. The second formulation makes use of the true longitude as the sixth element instead while resolving the thrust and the zonal accelerations in the rotating Euler-Hill frame simplifying considerably the algebraic derivations leading to the generation of the nonsingular differential equations that are also free of any singularity for the important zero eccentricity and zero inclination cases often encountered in Earth orbit transfer problems. The derivations of both nonsingular formulations are mutually validated by generating an optimal transfer example that achieves the same target conditions regardless of which formulation is used.
Neuroimmune Pharmacology from a Neuroscience Perspective

The focus of this commentary is to describe how neuroscience, immunology, and pharmacology intersect and how interdisciplinary research involving these areas has expanded knowledge in the area of neuroscience, in particular. Examples are presented to illustrate that the brain can react to the peripheral immune system and possesses immune function and that resident immune molecules play a role in normal brain physiology. In addition, evidence is presented that the brain immune system plays an important role in mediating neurodegenerative diseases, the aging process, and neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity. The identification of these mechanisms has been facilitated by pharmacological studies and has opened new possibilities for pharmacotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of brain disorders. The emerging field of neuroimmune pharmacology exemplifies this interdisciplinary approach and has facilitated the study of basic cellular and molecular events and disease states and opens avenues for novel therapies.
Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas

Acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor that constitutes 1% of pancreatic neoplasms. ACC is defined as a carcinoma exhibiting pancreatic enzyme production by neoplastic cells. Clinical presentation is usually related to either local spread or metastasis. In this Radiology-Pathology Conference, the clinical presentation and imaging findings of a patient with ACC of the pancreas, along with the differential diagnosis, are reviewed.
Neutrino oscillations at an entry-level neutrino factory and beyond

We consider the parameters of an entry-level neutrino factory designed to make the first observation of {nu}{sub e}{yields}{nu}{sub {mu}} oscillations, measure the corresponding amplitude sin{sup 2}2{theta}{sub 13}, and determine the sign of the atmospheric-scale {delta}m{sub 32}{sup 2} via matter effects. A 50 kt detector, a stored muon energy E{sub {mu}}{>=}20 GeV and 10{sup 19} muon decays would enable these goals to be met provided sin{sup 2}2{theta}{sub 13}>0.01. The determination of the sign of {delta}m{sub 32}{sup 2} also requires a baseline L{>=}2000 km. An upgraded neutrino factory with O(10{sup 20}) decays would enable the first observation of {nu}{sub e}{yields}{nu}{sub {tau}} oscillations. With O(10{sup 21}) decays the effects of a large CP phase could be measured in the case of the large angle matter oscillation solution to the solar neutrino anomaly. Our analysis includes a family of three-neutrino models that can account for the atmospheric and solar neutrino oscillation indications. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Floating Potentials in the Vicinity of Biased Flush‐Mounted Probes

An array of surface-mounted probe triplets in the Alcator C-Mod divertor region [1, 2] demonstrates the influence of a biased probe tip on local plasma potential. For the experiments described here, each poloidally aligned triplet contains one probe which measures the local I-V characteristic with a bias sweep and two passive probes which sample the floating potential. The floating potential at the two passive tips varies as a function of the bias at the swept tip. This dependence is shown to vary according to the local plasma parameters. Variations in both the amplitude and width of the floating potential disturbance on electron temperature and density are resolved and compared with different mechanisms of cross-field current transport.
When contact is not enough: Social identity and intergroup cooperation

Abstract Research on the “contact” hypothesis supports the conclusion that a necessary (if not sufficient) condition for reduction of intergroup conflict and prejudice is some form of cooperative interdependence in pursuit of common, superordinate goals. The apparent instability of cooperative arrangements among ethnic groups in the international arena challenges current social psychological theories of intergroup relations. Brewer's (1991) [Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17 , 475–482]theory of “optimal distinctiveness” provides an explanation for this instability of superordinate groups in terms of competing needs for inclusion and differentiation. Recent experimental research on cross-cutting social group identities and social roles suggests one model in which groups can maintain distinctiveness and mutual cooperation in the long run.
In Situ Measurements of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Water Column off the Palos Verdes Peninsula, California

Spatial distributions of DDT and its primary metabolites (DDTs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the water column off the Palos Verdes Peninsula, CA, were measured in the winter and summer of 1997 using an in situ sampling method. The concentrations of DDTs ranged from 0.6 to 15.8 ng/L, while those of PCBs ranged from 0.06 to 15.8 ng/L, while those of PCBs ranged from 0.06 to 1.14 ng/L at eight sampling stations. The spatial distribution patterns of DDTs and PCBs as well as the DDT/PCB concentration ratio in the water column were similar to those found in the sediment, and the vertical profiles of DDTs and PCBs at both sampling seasons exponentially decreased with increasing distance from the sea floor. In addition, the partitioning characteristics of DDTs and selected PCB congeners indicated a tendency of mobilization from sediment to water. All of these findings strongly suggest that contaminated sediments are a main source of DDT and PCB inputs to the water column surrounding the study site.