cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An oxygen barometer with the assemblage garnet–epidote

Abstract An oxygen barometer has been developed using garnet–epidote equilibria and the latest available thermodynamic data via the reaction: 2 Ca 2 FeAl 2 Si 3 O 12 (OH)= 2 Ca 2 FeAl 2 Si 3 O 12 + H 2 O+1/2 O 2 epidote (Ps 33 Czo 67 ) garnet (Alm 33 Grs 67 ) fluid where epidote (Ps 33 Czo 67 ) reacts to form (Alm 33 Grs 67 ), water and oxygen. The garnet–epidote oxybarometer has been applied to a wide variety of metamorphic rocks including low to medium-pressure greenschists and amphibolites, as well as high-pressure eclogites. Results indicate that this equation represents a sensitive oxygen monitor with only a minor dependence on pressure. Andradite solid solution of less than 15 mol% has only minor influence in the locus of the curve in f O 2 / T space. Garnet–epidote equilibria may also provide a thermometer when combined with an independent oxygen buffer. The garnet–epidote oxythermobarometer is a reliable oxygen sensor that can be applied to many low through medium-grade metamorphic rocks. The extensive solid solution found in both garnet and epidote allows this equation to be applied to mineral pairs with a wide range of compositions. The garnet–epidote oxythermobarometer is potentially applicable to any rocks that contain the equilibrium assemblage garnet+epidote.
The crystal and molecular structure of dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine oxide)copper(II)

Abstract The structure of dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine oxide)- copper(II) has been determined by a single-crystal x-ray diffraction study. The compound crystallizes as orthorhombic crystals (a=31.961(4) A, b=20.839(4) A, and c=9.886(2) A of space group Fdd2 with eight molecules per unit cel (ϱobs=1.40(2) g/cm3; ϱcalc= 1.38 g/cm3). The structure was solved from Patterson and electron density maps and refined by least- squares methods to a conventional R value of 0.044 for 1386 independent, non-zero reflections. The complex has 2-fold symmetry and the coordination about copper is a slightly elongated tetrahedron with a Cu- Cl distance of 2.170(2) A and a Cu-0-distance of 1.958(4) A; the Cu-0-P angle is 150.9.(3).
Structure, Dynamics, and Ion Conductance of the Phospholamban Pentamer

A 52-residue membrane protein, phospholamban (PLN) is an inhibitor of an adenosine-5′-triphosphate-driven calcium pump, the Ca2+-ATPase. Although the inhibition of Ca2+-ATPase involves PLN monomers, in a lipid bilayer membrane, PLN monomers form stable pentamers of unknown biological function. The recent NMR structure of a PLN pentamer depicts cytoplasmic helices extending normal to the bilayer in what is known as the bellflower conformation. The structure shows transmembrane helices forming a hydrophobic pore 4 A in diameter, which is reminiscent of earlier reports of possible ion conductance through PLN pentamers. However, recent FRET measurements suggested an alternative structure for the PLN pentamer, known as the pinwheel model, which features a narrower transmembrane pore and cytoplasmic helices that lie against the bilayer. Here, we report on structural dynamics and conductance properties of the PLN pentamers from all-atom (AA) and coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics simulations. Our AA simulations of the bellflower model demonstrate that in a lipid bilayer membrane or a detergent micelle, the cytoplasmic helices undergo large structural fluctuations, whereas the transmembrane pore shrinks and becomes asymmetric. Similar asymmetry of the transmembrane region was observed in the AA simulations of the pinwheel model; the cytoplasmic helices remained in contact with the bilayer. Using the CG approach, structural dynamics of both models were investigated on a microsecond timescale. The cytoplasmic helices of the CG bellflower model were observed to fall against the bilayer, whereas in the CG pinwheel model the conformation of the cytoplasmic helices remained stable. Using steered molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated the feasibility of ion conductance through the pore of the bellflower model. The resulting approximate potentials of mean force indicate that the PLN pentamer is unlikely to function as an ion channel.
A model too hot to handle? [MOSFET model]

The physics/process-based UFPDB compact model, unified for PDSOI and bulk-Si MOSFETs, has been overviewed. Its truly physical nature was exemplified, and the afforded straightforward evaluation of its single small set of parameters, based on device structure, was discussed. Its predictive capability was demonstrated for devices and circuits, the latter via UFPDB/Spice3 ring-oscillator simulations that benchmarked scaled PDSOI and bulk-Si CMOS technologies, projecting a sustained performance advantage for the former as the devices are scaled to their limit near L/sub gate/=60 nm. Based on the author's development and applications of UFPDB, it is strongly believed that this truly physics-based compact MOSFET model can and should replace the empirical standard, for PDSOI and bulk-Si CMOS at present, and perhaps in the future for fully depleted SOI and double-gate devices.
Vascular and Nerve Injury After Knee Dislocation: A Systematic Review

Background Vascular injury is a devastating complication of acute knee dislocation. However, there are wide discrepancies in the reported frequency of vascular injury after knee dislocations, as well as important differences among approaches for diagnosis of this potentially limb-threatening problem.
Biochemical and biophysical characterization of herbicide-resistant mutants of the unicellular cyanobacterium, Anacystis nidulans R2

Abstract Two herbicide-resistant mutants of the unicellular cyanobacterium, Anacystis nidulans R2, were obtained by mutagenesis with N -methyl- N ′-nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine. These mutants, A. nidulans R2D1 and R2D2, were selected by growth of mutagenized cells in the presence of 10 −6 M and 10 −5 M 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU), respectively. Both were found to be cross-resistant to 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino- s -triazine (atrazine) and 2- n -heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline- n -oxide (HQNO) by measurement of Photosystem II activity in the presence of the inhibitors. The DCMU-resistance trait from each mutant was transferred to a wild-type genetic background by DNA-mediated transformation of A. nidulans cells. The two resulting transformants, A. nidulans R2D1-X1 and R2D2-X1, were similar to the original mutants with respect to DCMU- and HQNO-resistance. However, both exhibited increased sensitivity to atrazine relative to the mutants from which they were derived. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis revealed that the mutants and transformants were deficient in a 34 kDa, surface-exposed polypeptide which was present in the wild-type strain; the transformants exhibited a new polypeptide of 35.5 kDa which was also highly surface-exposed.
Towards The Chemical Synthesis Of A Voltage Gated K+ Channel

Understanding the relationship between the atomic structure of a protein and the biological functions requires the ability to perturb the protein structure in a precise manner. This is generally accomplished by means of traditional site-directed mutagenesis. However, the modifications that can be introduced in this manner are limited by the set of naturally occurring amino acids. Chemical synthesis on the other hand facilitates the incorporation of a wide variety of side chain and peptide backbone modifications that enables precise modifications of the structural and electronic properties of the protein. Similar modifications are not possible using conventional mutagenesis, thus making chemical synthesis an important asset in investigations of protein structure and function. The size of the protein has been a major factor limiting the use of chemical synthesis to investigate proteins. In the field of membrane proteins, chemical synthesis has so far been accomplished only for relatively small ( 150 amino acid) membrane proteins are required. We are presently developing methodology for the chemical synthesis of the voltage gated K+ channel KvAP. Voltage gated ion channels are responsible for the generation of electrical impulses by excitable cells. They have been the subject of intense research, however, a number of key questions remain about the mechanisms of ionic selectivity and gating in these channels. We believe that using chemical synthesis for protein modification in combination with functional and structural studies will enable us to provide new information on these physiologically important processes.
A convolution algorithm for brachytherapy dose computations in heterogeneous geometries.

Currently-available brachytherapy dose computation algorithms ignore heterogeneities such as tissue--air interfaces, shielded gynecological colpostats, and tissue-composition variations in {sup 125}I implants despite dose computation errors as large as 40%. To calculate dose in the presence of tissue and applicator heterogeneities, a computer code has been developed that describes scatter dose as a 3-D spatial integral which convolves primary photon fluence with a dose-spread array. The dose-spread array describes the distribution of dose due to multiple scattering about a single primary interaction site and is precomputed by the Monte Carlo method. To correct for heterogeneities traversed by the primary photons, the dose-spread array is renormalized to reflect the density and composition of the element, and the distance to the point of interest is scaled by the pathlength of the intervening medium. Convolution calculations for {sup 125}I and {sup 137}Cs point sources in the presence of finite phantoms, air voids and high-density shields have been compared to the corresponding Monte Carlo calculations. The convolution code absolute and relative dose rate predictions are shown to agree with Monte Carlo calculations within 3%. Direct evaluation of the 3-D spatial convolution integral using 1-D adaptive integration reveals efficiency gains of 20--50 relative to Monte Carlomore » photon-transport calculations.« less
Magnesium in cardiac energy metabolism.

Abstract Free intracellular magnesium ion, which influences many metabolic processes, is the subject of ongoing research. Its concentration has been difficult to measure because the available methods, including dye injection, microelectrodes, and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements, are invasive or indirect. Concentrations ranging from 0.1 m m in frog muscle to 6 m m in barnacle muscle have been reported. We describe recent experimental evidence regarding the concentration of free intracellular magnesium and consider the limitations of these methods. A substantial body of evidence, including our models of cardiac energy metabolism and its magnesium-related processes, indicates that intracellular concentrations of free magnesium are low (ca. 0.4 m m ) and vary with time and conditions.
Anesthetic properties of a series of fluorinated compounds. II. Fluorinated ethers.

Abstract A series of halogenated ethers was screened in dogs for useful anesthetic activity. Of the compounds tested, CH3OCF2CHCl2 appeared to be the most promising, and on the basis of this investigation a clinical trial in man seems warranted.
Attenuation of TORC1 signaling delays replicative and oncogenic RAS-induced senescence

Numerous stimuli, including oncogenic signaling, DNA damage or eroded telomeres trigger proliferative arrest, termed cellular senescence. Accumulating evidence suggests that cellular senescence is a potent barrier to tumorigenesis in vivo, however oncogene induced senescence can also promote cellular transformation. Several oncogenes, whose overexpression results in cellular senescence, converge on the TOR (target of rapamycin) pathway. We therefore examined whether attenuation of TOR results in delay or reversal of cellular senescence. By using primary human fibroblasts undergoing either replicative or oncogenic RAS-induced senescence, we demonstrated that senescence can be delayed, and some aspects of senescence can be reversed by inhibition of TOR, using either the TOR inhibitor rapamycin or by depletion of TORC1 (TOR Complex 1). Depletion of TORC2 fails to affect the course of replicative or RAS-induced senescence. Overexpression of REDD1 (Regulated in DNA Damage Response and Development), a negative regulator of TORC1, delays the onset of replicative senescence. These results indicate that TORC1 is an integral component of the signaling pathway that mediates cellular senescence.
A NEW FAIRY SHRIMP OF THE GENUS STREPTOCEPHALUS FROM MEXICO WITH A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES (ANOSTRACA)

ABSTRACT Streptocephaluskargesi, new species (Streptocephalidae), is described from Veracruz, Mexico. It is distinguished from all other North American fairy shrimps of the genus Streptocephalusby the absence of a spur on the thumb, the lack of teeth on the finger, and having the frontal appendage not bilobed. A phylogenetic analysis of the nine North American species of Streptocephalus is presented.
Development on the Highly Precise Detection System for the Abnormal Discharge at the Plasma Etching Equipment

We've established a novel technology that can detect abnormal discharge of dry etching process. This technology consists of a system monitoring the signal of the plasma impedance as well as the reflection power at every 1 msec. (a millisecond) and well-optimized diagnosis algorithm. Based on the algorithm, the system can detect the abnormal discharge even at unstable plasma ignition step and send alarm signal to the dry etcher for stopping the following wafer processing. The detection system based on this technology enables us to minimize the number of damaged wafers due to the abnormal discharging.
Mechanism of transition between cellulose I and cellulose II during mercerization

It is suggested that the transformation from cellulose I to cellulose II during mercerization is the result of a progressive shift of the sheets of cellulose chains within the crystallites of a microfibril from the quarter-staggered relation in cellulose I to complete correspondence in cellulose II. Qualitatively, the results of such a shift would be consistent with the observed increases in lateral disorder, changes in cell dimensions, swelling, changes in infrared absorption, increases in reactivity of hydroxyl groups and especially with changes in the relative intensities of meridional, x-ray diffraction reflections of cellulose fibers. The consequences of such a shift also include variations of the dihedral angle at the glycosidic linkage to provide an opportunity for the conformational changes which have been deduced from Raman and infrared spectra. Such a shift may take place in the transformation of native celluloses with antiparallel structure as well as those with parallel polarity. It is consistent with and is able to explain examples of “memory” of previous treatment in cellulose samples.
Should a picture ever replace a thousand words? Harnessing technology without compromising neurosurgical resident education and patient care.

A a r F w J t i s f t p I n the article by Min et al. featured in the current issue of WORLD NEUROSURGERY, the authors aimed to determine the ability of junior residents (both neurosurgical and non-neurourgical) to appropriately select a representative image from the ntirety of a given neuroimaging study and subsequently relay his to an attending surgeon via a multimedia messaging service MMS). The pathology in question included a variety of primarily mergent neurosurgical diseases, such as intracerebral hemorhage, subdural hematoma, hydrocephalus, and one spine case. he authors concluded that MMS is an efficient and reliable way f communicating visual information regarding urgent or emerent neurosurgical conditions and that these visual data can be ccurately relayed by junior residents with minimal or no neurourgical training.
Limb-Threatening Ischemia Secondary to a Congenital Acromioclavicular Remnant

Upper extremity vascular compromise from thoracic outlet syndrome is rare and is usually the result of a "cervical rib," anterior scalene muscle abnormality, or clavicular trauma. We report a case of acute axillary artery thrombosis secondary to a congenital acromioclavicular remnant in a 40-year-old woman.
Charcoal analysis for paleoenvironmental interpretation: A chemical assay

A nitric acid digestion and ignition technique developed to measure relative frequencies of charcoal in lake and bog sediments measures the weight of charcoal relative to the dry weight of the sample (percentage charcoal) and gives results comparable to counting of microscopic charcoal. Differences in the two techniques caused by changes in sediment type were found especially in postsettlement and late-glacial parts of cores. Charcoal values from sediments less than 100-yr old cannot be compared to older charcoal values unless wood charcoal and charcoal from fossil fuel burning are separated microscopically. Tests of this chemical assay on mixtures of known weights of charcoal, leaves, and sand give correlations between observed and expected values of 0.99 to 1.00.
The Influence of Adjacent Land Uses on Macroinvertebrate Communities of Prairie Streams in Missouri

ABSTRACT The impact of adjacent land uses on aquatic macroinvertebrate communities was assessed in three low gradient, prairie streams in Missouri, USA. Aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected from 17 sites during fall 1999, and spring and summer 2000; each site was bordered by a single land use practice. We found no significant differences in taxa diversity [richness, abundance, or Fisher's log-series a (FLSA)] or composition metrics (richness and abundance of EPT taxa, functional feeding groups or Chironomidae) attributable to adjacent land use during any season. However, FLSA was significantly affected by the distance of a site from the beginning of the perennial stream during the spring and summer. Little of the variation in taxa diversity was attributable to physicochemical factors. However, these factors were more important in explaining differences in diversity among sites during the drought (fall 1999) than in other seasons. Taxonomic composition of the macroinvertebrate community effectively di...
Some Features of Synoptic–Scale Waves Based on a Compositing Analysis of GATE Data

Abstract A compositing technique has been used to analyze the wind field of easterly waves in the GATE region of western Africa and the eastern Atlantic. The compositing analysis is similar to the method of Reed and Recker (1971), but this study includes variations of the waves as a function of latitude in addition to variations as a function of east–west wavelength and height. A wave composited for the summer of 1974 has been isolated from the mean flow and analyzed on constant pressure maps. From these analyses, kinematic vertical motion has been computed in the lower and middle troposphere. The results show that the pattern of vertical motion calculated from the compositing agrees quite well with satellite cloud patterns.
In the deep valley with mountains to climb: exploring identity and multiple reacculturation

Abstract It is rare to find studies that focus on the multiple reacculturation of travelers who regularly alternate residences between their homeland and a host foreign country. These travelers are best described as intercultural transients. It is difficult to exactly say how many transients exist today because of the lack of accurate data. What is clear, however, is that the number is increasing because of improved global transportation and the large economic gaps between nations (World Telecommunications Development Report, Author, 1994). In an effort to extend general knowledge as well as consequences of intercultural adjustment, this conceptual-theoretic study facilitates understanding of the complex experience of these individuals who live on cultural borders negotiating both frequent cultural transitions and their cultural identities (Cultural Studies, Routledge, New York, 1992, pp. 96–116; Communication and Identity Across Cultures, Sage, Newbury Park, CA, 1998, pp. 34–55). Within this essay, first, we review the acculturation and reacculturation literature within the discipline of communication and note what is missing in this literature. Then, we present a new concept called “cyclical curves” to explain multiple reentry. Additionally, we offer one example of a typical intercultural transient's experience followed by a proposed taxonomy of intercultural transients. Also, we review several theoretical notions that help us understand the process of identity negotiation experienced by intercultural transients, while identifying coping strategies that may facilitate identity negotiation. Finally, we re-introduce a theory that has only recently emerged in intercultural communication studies—cultural contracts theory (African American Communication: Exploring Identity and Culture, 2nd Edition, Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, 2002; Communities, Creations, and Contradictions: New Approaches to Rhetoric for the Twenty-first Century, Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, MI, in press-a; Commun. Quarterly, 50(4) (2002); Howard J. Commun. 12(4) (2002) 43–57; J. Rural Commun. Psychol. E4(1). [Online Journal]. http://www.marshall.edu/JRCP/ )—to conceptually frame the ontological nature and problems confronted by transients.
Acute mitral regurgitation in man. Hemodynamic evidence and observations indicating an early role for the pericardium.

Four patients are presented who developed acute mitral regurgitation 5 days, 2, 3, and 18 months, respectively, before cardiac catheterization. The hemodynamic findings in the three early cases resemble those found in the presence of a constricting pericardium: left and right ventricular, as well as left and right atrial pressures, equilibrated during diastole. As expected, giant left atrial v waves accompanied markedly elevated pulmonary arterial pressures and low cardiac indices. Biplane angiocardiography showed only slight left atrial and moderate left ventricular enlargement, but showed a large regurgitant fraction and dilated pulmonary veins. Orthopnea was transient or absent in two of the three early cases. The pericardium may play a role in the early phase of acute mitral regurgitation in mimicking signs of right heart failure and preventing pulmonary edema. Development of increased pulmonary venous capacitance may be another major early mechanism of compensation since the pericardium may be preven...
Rationality and economic behavior

This paper rejects the idea that rationality can be defined as optimization, on theoretic, empirical and methodological grounds. It proposes instead a more general theory of rational action in the context of individual growth, change and development over time, in an uncertain world of social interaction, in which choices are part of a learning process. Such a theory of economic behavior is empirically testable, which is not true of either optimization or satisficing, involves conflict and tension rather than harmony, and leads to possible government action rather than laissez-faire. It also broadens economic theory to include relationships among individual behavior, institutions and values.
The Social Composition of the Czechoslovak and Hungarian Communist Parties in the 1980s

This article examines the social composition of party membership in Hungary and the former Czechoslovakia during the mid-1980s. The study makes a distinction in party membership - between party rank-and-file member and party functionary - to elucidate the relative importance of factors in recruitment and promotion. The social compositions of the two Communist parties reveal that despite the rhetoric of egalitarianism, gender inequality in political participation was systematic and common in both countries. However, intercohort differences suggest that male domination in the Czechoslovak Communist Party (KSC) might have been increasing whereas the opposite seems to have been true the Hungarian Communist Party (MSzMP). Although social origins had minor importance in membership for both parties, it does not mean that educational attainment became the de facto factor in determining party membership. In Hungary the effects of education, particularly university degrees, were significant in party membership. The lack of changes in the coefficients for university education across age cohorts further suggests that the MSzMP has always favored university graduates. In contrast, the role of education was found to be less obvious in Czechoslovakia for the entire sample and age cohorts
Case study: Examining the relationship between self‐initiations of an individual with disabilities and directive behavior of staff persons in a residential setting

This case study examines the relationship between self-initiations of an adult woman with severe disabilities and the directive behavior of staff persons in a community residential setting. Hypotheses generated from functional assessment procedures indicated that (a) Susan's low self-initiations were very likely related to high directive behavior of staff persons, and (b) infrequent problem behaviors during the morning routine were maintained by escape from repeated staff demands. An intervention was implemented to enable Susan to increase self-initiation in choice and sequence of activities and simultaneously decrease staff directives. Results and discussion focus on the need for a contextual approach for addressing problematic situations and an affirmation of the effectiveness of the positive behavioral support technology for increasing adaptive behaviors in individuals with severe disabilities.
Fatigue in Palliative Care Patients

SUMMARYFatigue is the most common symptom reported by patients approaching death. There is no generally accepted definition of this symptom. Some authors consider asthenia to be the same as fatigue, others do not. This monograph treats them as the same symptom. Fatigue may have multiple causes involving physical, emotional, and psychological factors. Drugs may cause or exacerbate fatigue. Identification and management of underlying causes, supportive therapy and drug therapy are described. Evaluation instruments that have been used to assess fatigue are described. Some open research questions are listed. A treatment algorithm, evidence tables and drug therapy tables are presented.
‘All you soldiers are what we call pro‐Boer’: The Military Critique of the South African War, 1899–1902

During the South African war, 1899–1902, the apparent inability of the British army to overcome the Boers disillusioned many of its officers, some of whom criticized various aspects of the war. The origins of this critique are traced to changes within British society caused by economic depression, which affected the landowning class from which most officers came, by urbanization and by the influx of Jewish capitalists into high society. Experience in South Africa intensified this anti-urban, anticapitalist and antisemitic ethos among officers, many of whom were disgusted by the ‘money-mad’ inhabitants of Johannesburg and by the apparent power and authority of the Jewish mineowners. Others were disturbed by the methods used against the Boers, such as farm burning and concentration camps, and were concerned that South Africa would be handed over to Jewish capitalists. Some officers regarded the Boers not only as honourable foes but also as ideal soldiers, the result of their rural upbringing. This was a type, many believed, that was disappearing in Britain because of urbanization. By 1902, many officers wanted the Boers to be offered lenient terms which would preserve a society whose assimilation was considered vital to the future interests of the British empire.
POLITICIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN BRITAIN AND FRANCE

The more highly politicized nature of French, as compared to British universities can be explained only partially in terms of such cultural and Political differences as the greater strength of the revolutionary tradition in France and the more conservative tenor of French governments in the l960's and 1970's. Political tensions in French higher education are also in Dart the result of policy choices, notably the greater speed of expansion of enrollments in France as compared to Britain and the form of French university elections, which strengthened politicized unions.
The missing equation: The wedge model alternative

Abstract This article develops an alternative method for solving the problem of the “missing equation” by including the market-nonmarket decision for factors and capital-labor mix decision for producers. The result is a wedge or supply-side model of the economy. This general equilibrium macro model describes the interaction between the product and factor markets, describes both the income and substitution effects of government actions, and provides new insights into the full impact of the government sector.
Analyzing the Demand for New Value-Added Product: Case of Pure Blueberry Sweetener

Analyzing the demand for a new product that is not on the market presents challenges as agricultural producers search for potential value-added products and develop marketing strategies for these products. This study examines the market potential for a new pure blueberry sweetener in Kentucky. The results from a contingent choice survey indicate that the average respondent was not willing to pay a significantly positive amount for the product. However, a small group of respondents, who can be identified by their overall blueberry purchasing intentions and age, was willing to pay a price higher than the product's cost of production. Small and medium-size producers who are often limited by the financial and technical constraints associated with actual market trials of new products are likely to find that the type of marketing research described here is a particularly cost-effective method of getting information to assess market potential.
Effects of intrastimulus modality change on audiovisual time-to-arrival judgments

In this research, anticipatory perception of an approaching vehicle was examined. By varying the availability of visual and acoustic media, conditions occurred in which the input to the modalities was repetitively interrupted while the presentation of the approach event continued. In these conditions, the audio and the visual signals were presented either in short and concurrent segments at regular intervals or in alternation (interleaved) at regular intervals. It was found that interrupting the signal within a single modality did not affect performance if the approach information was available in the alternate modality. These results are consistent with a modally flexible detection mechanism for the perception of approaching objects. This modal flexibility may provide some evidence that information is detected using a modality-neutral strategy.
Testing theories of behavior for extensive-form two-player two-stage games

We examine choices in two-player extensive-form games that give subjects opportunities for individualistic as well as other-regarding behavior, and where each subject makes choices in a variety of games. Following an extensive search over models, where we estimate a single parameter vector for all the games rather than different parameter vectors for each game, we find that (1) the level-n model organizes the data well, (2) other-regarding behaviors in these games appear to consist primarily of egalitarian and utilitarian behaviors, and (3) there is no significant evidence for reciprocal behavior.
The Use of Lasers in Pollution Monitoring

Optical techniques have opened up new possibilities in air pollution monitoring because of their remote-sensing capability, very high specificity, and short observation time. Techniques involving the use of lasers include Raman scattering, emission either from resonantly excited or from hot gases, and resonant absorption. Unique advantages in these applications are provided by the recently developed tunable lasers, including organic dye lasers, parametric oscillators, spin-flip Raman lasers, and semiconductor lasers. The absorption technique which promises to have the widest range of application has been tested in the laboratory by using tunable diode lasers. High-resolution absorption spectra have been measured for SF6, NH3, and C2H4 at 10.6 ?m, SO2 at 8,6 ?m, CO at 4.7 ?m, and NO at 5.2 ?m, and the C2H4 (ethylene) content of automobile exhausts has been measured by means of a derivative technique. A sensitivity sufficient to detect one ppm of NH3 in air has been achieved in a 10-cm-long gas cell. The 50 to 100-kHz resolution achievable with diode lasers is about four orders of magnitude better than the resolution of conventional spectrometers and more than adequate to resolve Doppler broadened gas absorption lines which are on the order of 100 MHz wide.
Fatalistic Tendencies: An Explanation of Why People Don't Save

This paper uses data from the 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances to analyze household savings behavior. Individuals who are relatively pessimistic about the future of the economy or who deem themselves unlucky with financial affairs are more likely to realize their need to save, but are less likely to actually do so. The results hold after controlling for a number of demographic and behavioral factors, and are consistent across income and wealth levels. A possible explanation is that pessimistic people exhibit fatalism and do not save because they believe that they have little control over their future financial situations.
Endoscopic removal of a bullet from the scapulothoracic space.

Bullet fragments have been arthroscopically extracted from the elbow, hip, knee, and subtalar joints.1,2,4-7 Scapulothoracic endoscopy is a rarely used procedure that has been reported in the treatment of subscapular bursitis.3 The anatomic landmarks and technique of scapulothoracic endoscopy have been described by Ruland et al.8 This case report presents endoscopic removal of a bullet from the scapulothoracic space.
Effects of follicle-stimulating hormone on the junction-related Sertoli cell cytoskeleton and daily sperm production in testosterone-treated hypophysectomized rats.

Specialized junctional binding of step 8 spermatids to Sertoli cells is an important spermiogenic event. In the hypophysectomized (Hypox) rat, the daily sperm production (DSP) is reduced and Sertoli cells become binding incompetent. Delayed replacement of testosterone (DT-Hypox) does not restore the normal DSP and Sertoli cells remain binding incompetent. In this study, DT-Hypox rats received FSH daily for 2 days to 3 wk concurrent with delayed testosterone replacement and were killed 8 wk after the initiation of hormone treatment. The DT-Hypox rat treated with FSH for 2 days to 2 wk had a significantly reduced DSP. Sertoli cells remained binding incompetent as evidenced by structurally abnormal ectoplasmic specializations and an abnormal pattern of f-actin and vinculin immunostaining. The DT-Hypox rat treated with FSH for 3 wk had a normal DSP. Sertoli cells were binding-competent as evidenced by structurally intact ectoplasmic specializations and the normal pattern of f-actin and vinculin immunostaining. The results indicate that the "priming" effect of FSH necessary to restore normal spermiogenesis is associated with restoration of the junction-related Sertoli cell cytoskeleton (i.e., FSH induction of binding competency) expressed as intact ectoplasmic specializations and peripheral distribution of f-actin and vinculin.
Fabrication and characterization of patterned micrometre scale interpenetrating Au–TiO2 network nanocomposites

Integrated micrometre scale interpenetrating Au–nanostructured TiO2 (Au–NST) network nanocomposites have been fabricated using a two-step process. First, NS Tp adarrays were prepared by reacting patterned Ti surfaces with aqueous H2O2 .N ST formed is porous with pores 50–200 nm in diameter and walls about 75–125 nm thick. Second, Au was infiltrated into pores of NST using electroless deposition to form the nanocomposite. SEM studies indicate that Au was deposited into pores of NST with little void formation. Selective deposition of Au on NST pads was confirmed using XRD and area-mode XPS. This process is a general route to forming micrometre-scale nanocomposite features consisting of NST and metals that are amenable to electroless deposition. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Google TV search: dual-wielding search and discovery in a large-scale product

In 2006 Google designed and implemented a TV Show search system which featured a dual-navigation control combining a powerful search system with an interactive, personalize-able TV listings grid. The dual-control system allowed users to move fluidly between explicit search and general discovery, obtain detailed information without leaving the global context and construct a personal channel for easy access and recommendations. As a complete system, TV Search integrated with Google's general search page through a mini-listings onebox and also exported information out to Google calendar, Gmail and TiVo. Building this TV Search system as a large-scale product meant addressing many technological, business and fine-grained user experience details. This paper describes the design process including the early designs, the user studies and the details of the final system including the mini-guide, main page dual-control and the integrated services on the detail pages.
Endotoxin-Induced Hypersensitivity to Histamine in Mice I. Contrasting Effects of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides and the Classical Histamine-Sensitizing Factor of Bordetella pertussis

Abstract Pieroni, Robert E. (Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston), Edward J. Broderick, and Leo Levine. Endotoxin-induced hypersensitivity to histamine in mice. I. Contrasting effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharides and the classical histamine-sensitizing factor of Bordetella pertussis. J. Bacteriol. 91:2169–2174. 1966.—The capacity of typhoid and possibly of pertussis endotoxins to induce histamine-shock susceptibility in some of the mice that survive graded doses of these endotoxins was confirmed. It was demonstrated, however, that pertussis endotoxin cannot be the main source of the typical histamine sensitization of pertussis vaccine. The following points are made. (i) With typhoid and pertussis endotoxins as inducers of histamine shock, no systematic relation between deaths and induction dose could be found, and 100% mortality could not be achieved. In contrast, with pertussis protective fraction as inducer, there was clear dose-response regression, with 100% mortality possible. (ii) The major part of the histamine-sensitizing activity of pertussis vaccine or its extracts was destroyed by trypsinization or by heating for 30 min at 100 C. These processes do not affect the histamine-sensitizing activity of the endotoxins. The implication for purified pertussis vaccine with high histamine-sensitization capacity is that endotoxin need not necessarily be present. The significance and possible mechanisms of action of endotoxin-induced histamine sensitivity are briefly discussed.
Mixed lineage kinase 3 negatively regulates IKK activity and enhances etoposide-induced cell death.

Abstract Mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) is a mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) that activates multiple MAPK signaling pathways. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a transcription factor that has important functions in inflammation, immunity and cell survival. We found that silencing mlk3 expression with RNA interference (RNAi) in SKOV3 human ovarian cancer epithelial cells and NIH-3T3 murine fibroblasts led to a reduction in the level of the inhibitor of kappa B alpha (IκBα) protein. In addition, we observed enhanced basal IκB kinase (IKK) activity in HEK293 cells transiently transfected with MLK3 siRNA and in NIH3T3 cells stably expressing MLK3 shRNA (shMLK3). Furthermore, the basal level of NF-κB-dependent gene transcription was elevated in shMLK3 cells. Silencing mlk3 expression conferred resistance of cells to etoposide-induced apoptotic cell death and overexpression of wild type MLK3 (MLK3-WT) or kinase-dead MLK3 (MLK3-KD) promoted apoptotic cell death and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Overexpression of MLK3-WT or MLK3-KD enhanced etoposide-induced apoptotic cell death and cleavage of PARP. These data suggest that MLK3 functions to limit IKK activity, and depleting MLK3 helps protect cells from etoposide-induced cell death through activation of IKK-dependent signaling.
Design Features and Test Results of an Unmanned Free Swimming Submersible

Presently various underwater tasks are accomplished by means of tethered platforms or manned submersibles. Due to the high costs of men and ships the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is developing an Unmanned Free Swimming Submersible (UFSS) to demonstrate that an autonomous vehicle may be used as an alternate method to undertake these tasks. This paper discusses the design features of this vehicle and the results of recent shallow water tests in the Patuxent River. These tests proved that UFSS could maneuver autonomously using its microcomputer. The tests also proved that under certain environmental conditions the vehicle could adapt to these conditions by use of the microcomputer and associated real-time software.
The Unmet Global Health Need of Severe and Complex Allergies: Meeting the Challenge

THE GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN OF ALLERGIC DISEASES AND ASTHMA Allergies affect up to 30 to 40% of the population worldwide, and the severity and complexity of allergic diseases, including asthma, continue to increase. This escalation in the prevalence of allergies is especially seen in children and young adults, and they bear the greatest burden of these trends. Globally, 300 million people suffer from asthma, and approximately 200 to 250 million people suffer from food allergies. One tenth of the population suffers from drug allergies, and 400 million suffers from rhinitis. Moreover, allergic diseases often commonly occur together in the same individual. With the increase in multiple allergies in a single patient and the increase in food allergies, anaphylaxis, and severe asthma, the impact of severe and complex allergies is considerable. Because of this, an integrated approach to diagnosis and treatment of allergies is required. This dramatic increase in the prevalence of allergies is observed as societies become more affluent and urbanized, outdoor and indoor pollution increase, and life style and dietary habits change. Other contributing factors are climate change and reduced biodiversity. This indicates the need for better environmental control measures. Furthermore, the economic costs of allergies and asthma are high both in terms of direct and indirect costs. Despite the high prevalence of allergy in the population, expert or specialist allergy treatment is very difficult to access in many countries, and there is a lack of appropriate training not only at the undergraduate level but also at the postgraduate level. The WAO White Book on Allergy from the World Allergy Organization (WAO) summarizes the burden of allergic diseases worldwide: risk factors, impact on the quality of life of patients, morbidity, mortality, socioeconomic consequences, recommended treatment strategies, future therapies, and the cost–benefit analyses of care.
Tolls for heterogeneous selfish users in multicommodity networks and generalized congestion games

We prove the existence of tolls to induce multicommodity, heterogeneous network users that independently choose routes minimizing their own linear function of tolls versus latency to collectively form the traffic pattern of a minimum average latency flow. This generalizes both the previous known results of the existence of tolls for multicommodity, homogeneous users (Beckman et al., 1956) and for single commodity, heterogeneous users (Cole et al., 2003). Unlike previous proofs for single commodity users in general graphs, our proof is constructive - it does not rely on a fixed point theorem - and results in a simple polynomial-sized linear program to compute tolls when the number of different types of users is bounded by a polynomial. We show that our proof gives a complete characterization of flows that are enforceable by tolls. In particular, tolls exist to induce any traffic pattern that is the result of minimizing an arbitrary function from R/sup E(G)/ to the reals that is nondecreasing in each of its arguments. Thus, tolls exist to induce flows with minimum average weighted latency, minimum maximum latency, and other natural objectives. We give an exponential bound on tolls that is independent of the number of network users and the number of commodities. We use this to show that multicommodity tolls also exist when users are not from discrete classes, but instead define a general function that trades off latency versus toll preference. Finally, we show that our result extends to very general frameworks. In particular, we show that tolls exist to induce the Nash equilibrium of general nonatomic congestion games to be system optimal. In particular, tolls exist even when 1) latencies depend on user type; 2) latency functions are nonseparable functions of traffic on edges; 3) the latency of a set S is an arbitrary function of the latencies of the resources contained in S. Our exponential bound on size of tolls also holds in this case; and we give an example of a congestion game that shows this is tight; it requires tolls that are exponential in the size of the game.
Characterization of Lymphocyte Response in the Female Genital Tract during Ascending Chlamydial Genital Infection in the Guinea Pig Model

It is well known that pathology caused by chlamydial infection is associated closely with the host response to the organism and that both innate and adaptive host responses contribute to tissue damage. While it is likely that the organism itself initiates the acute inflammatory response by eliciting cytokine and chemokine production from the host cell, the adaptive response is the result of activation of the cell-mediated immune response. While there are several studies describing the nature of the pathologic response in primate, guinea pig, and murine models, there is less information on the kinetics of the CD4 and CD8 response following primary and challenge infections. In this study, we have quantified by flow cytometry the mononuclear cell response to genital infection with the agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis in the cervix, endometrium, and oviducts at various times following a primary intravaginal infection and after a challenge infection. Tissues from individual animals were assessed for cells expressing CD4, CD8, or Mac-1 and for B cells. Peak responses of each subset occurred 10 to 14 days after a primary infection. The number of Mac-1-expressing cells in each tissue site was found to be dependent on the size of the inoculating dose of chlamydiae. The responses of each cell type were generally stronger in the cervix than in the upper genital tract. In contrast to the murine model but consistent with the primate models, there were equal numbers of CD4 and CD8 cells present in the infiltrates. Twenty-one days after challenge infection, which was performed 50 days after the primary infection, there was a significant increase in the number of CD4, CD8, and B cells in the oviduct compared to the number of these cells at the same time after a primary infection, providing clear cellular evidence for a cell-mediated immune pathologic response.