cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential ultrasonic indices of separation distress in the presence and absence of maternal cues in infant rats bred for high and low positive social affect.

OBJECTIVE Preclinical models of human mood disorders commonly focus on the study of negative affectivity, without comparably stressing the role of positive affects and their ability to promote resilient coping styles. We evaluated the role of background constitutional affect of rats by studying the separation and reunion responses of infants from low and high positive affect genetic lines (i.e., differentially selected for High and Low 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalisations (USVs). METHODS Infants from Low and High 50 kHz USV breeding lines were isolated from mothers and exposed to either social (familiar or unfamiliar bedding) or neutral (clean bedding) odour cues between two short isolation periods, and tested in homeothermic and hypothermic ambient temperatures. Negative affect was estimated by monitoring separation distress calls (35-45 kHz USVs). RESULTS Low Line pups called at higher rates than High Line, and their rates were stable regardless of odour cue. In contrast, High Line pups increased vocalisations during the second compared with the first isolation periods and during exposure to both familiar and unfamiliar odour cues, but not to neutral odour. Furthermore, the greatest increase in USV emission was seen in the second isolation period following exposure to the unfamiliar odour. However, both lines showed comparable elevated distress USVs to the thermal stressor. CONCLUSION High Line animals, selected for a positive affective phenotype (50 kHz USVs), exhibited reduced separation anxiety responses in infancy, making this a promising animal model for the role of constitutional affective states in emotional responsivity and potential resilience against emotional disorders.
PERFORMANCE AND NOISE CHARACTERISTICS OF PULSE DETONATION ENGINES

This paper describes numerical simulations, with simplified as well as full reaction kinetics, of a single cycle pulse detonation engine (PDE) with alternative geometrical features. Focus of the present studies is on the presence of a nozzle extension at the end of the tube and its effect on reactive flow evolution using both quasi-1D and 2D simulations and on the influence of the complexity of the combustion reaction. Quantification of performance parameters as well as noise generation associated with the PDE is made, with comparison of these data sets with available experimental data. It is found that simplified reaction kinetics are able to sufficiently capture important gasdynamic processes in the PDE, that is, sufficient for reasonable estimates of engine performance parameters to be made. The presence of a divergent nozzle is seen to contribute to an overall increase in impulse for the PDE, despite a resulting reduction in the differential pressure at the thrust wall. The presence of a convergent nozzle is seen to have the opposite effect, with a reduced overall impulse but an increase in thrust wall pressure, thus suggesting the potential for optimization of PDE performance based on nozzle geometry.
A bispecific antibody targeting sclerostin and DKK-1 promotes bone mass accrual and fracture repair

Inhibition of the Wnt antagonist sclerostin increases bone mass in patients with osteoporosis and in preclinical animal models. Here we show increased levels of the Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) in animals treated with sclerostin antibody, suggesting a negative feedback mechanism that limits Wnt-driven bone formation. To test our hypothesis that co-inhibition of both factors further increases bone mass, we engineer a first-in-class bispecific antibody with single residue pair mutations in the Fab region to promote efficient and stable cognate light-heavy chain pairing. We demonstrate that dual inhibition of sclerostin and DKK-1 leads to synergistic bone formation in rodents and non-human primates. Furthermore, by targeting distinct facets of fracture healing, the bispecific antibody shows superior bone repair activity compared with monotherapies. This work supports the potential of this agent both for treatment and prevention of fractures and offers a promising therapeutic approach to reduce the burden of low bone mass disorders.
Viscera, Emotion, and Administration: the Lessons of “Embodied” Disgust

This article seeks to articulate and examine linkages between the responsibility of many public administrators for corporeal human bodies and one embodied, socially constructed and monitored emotion. Positioning "disgust" as a startling and relevant illustrative case, it suggests that body, reason and emotion may be inseparable, intertwined, and mutually constitutive. The author argues for thoughtful examination of negative emotions, showing how they challenge theory and provoke practitioners, asserting the role of viscera in both engendering and countering human abuses, and suggesting humane administrative responses.
Estrogen priming in advanced breast cancer

The successful treatment of advanced breast cancer has reached a plateau in recent years. Estrogen priming is a new combination therapy involving estrogens, antiestrogens, and chemotherapy that may result in the improvement of treatment responses. This investigational therapy is designed to synchronize cell cycles with estrogens and antiestrogens in order to enhance the activity of cell cycle-specific anticancer drugs. The pharmacological manipulation of cell growth coupled with appropriate antineoplastic agents could result in a new treatment approach for advanced breast cancer. The rationale and current status of estrogen priming are reviewed.
Power Injection Through Ultrasound-Guided Intravenous Lines: Safety and Efficacy Under an Institutional Protocol.

Abstract Background After an index case of contrast-associated compartment syndrome, an urban hospital instituted a protocol limiting high-speed injection to intravenous (IV) lines started proximal to the forearm and testing those lines before contrast injection. Objective In this article, we estimate the safety and efficacy of high-speed injection using this protocol in patients with IV lines inserted under ultrasound guidance. Methods In an ambispective study, we enrolled prospective cohorts of ED patients requiring high-speed radiographic contrast media injection (≥3.5 mL/sec) into two groups: those with IV lines placed under ultrasound guidance and those with IV lines placed using traditional inspection and palpation. We also performed a retrospective review involving those groups. In addition, we reviewed hospital records for all patients with compartment syndrome between January 2010 and December 2011. We calculated 95% confidence intervals using normal approximation or exact calculation. Results Between November 2013 and August 2014, the ED referred 32 patients to the Department of Radiology for computed tomography angiography involving high-speed contrast injection through ultrasound-guided IV lines. Of these, 25 of 32 (78%) had successful injection (7 failed in the Department of Radiology) vs. 26 of 27 (96%) with catheters inserted using traditional methods (risk difference 0.18 [95% confidence interval −0.01 to 0.38]). Based on retrospective records, we estimated 79 additional cases. We found no cases of compartment syndrome during either period, for an incidence estimate of 0 per 100 cases (95% confidence interval 0–3). Conclusion A hospital policy for high-speed contrast injection through ultrasound-guided IV lines has a safe record. However, 22% of patients with ultrasound-guided IV lines were refused for CT.
Arts and humanities inquiry in the Long-Term Ecological Research Network: empathy, relationships, and interdisciplinary collaborations

The Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network is a collection of 25 National Science Foundation-funded sites committed to long-term, place-based investigation of the natural world. While activities primarily focus on ecological research, arts and humanities inquiry emerged in 2002 and since then, a substantial body of creative work has been produced at LTER-affiliated sites. These art-humanities-science collaborations parallel a wider trend in universities and non-profits. However, there is little empirical work on the value and effectiveness of this work. After launching a survey in 2013 to assess the values and challenges associated with arts and humanities in the LTER Network (Goralnik et al. 2015), which identified empathy as a meaningful potential outcome of this creative work, we conducted a follow-up analysis to understand the following: the relevance of empathy in the LTER Network; the role of empathy in bridging arts, humanities, and science collaborations; and the capacity of empathy to connect wider audiences both to LTER science and to the natural world. Our research included phone interviews with representatives from 15 LTER sites and an audience perception survey at an LTER-hosted art show. We found that arts-humanities-science collaborations have great potential to catalyze relationships between scholars, the public, and the natural world; cultivate inspiration and empathy for the natural world; and spark awareness shifts that can enable pro-environmental behavior. Our research demonstrates the potential for art-humanities-science collaborations to facilitate conservation attitudes and action in the Network and beyond.
China and ASEAN: Energy Security, Cooperation and Competition by Hong Zhao (review)

Zhao, Hong. China and ASEAN: Energy Security, Cooperation and Competition. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2015. Review by Robert L. Curry, Jr.
Potable Drinking Water

Human civilization has always depended on a reliable supply of safe drinking water for survival, but even though two-thirds of the Earth’s surface is covered with water (mostly nonpotable seawater), such a commodity is not universally available. In the United States we have gone to great lengths to provide safe drinking water to the increasing percentage of our population residing in cities and towns. The twentieth century has seen major advances in municipal water treatment accompanied by dramatic decreases in waterborne diseases such as typhoid fever. Nonetheless, several incidents in the 1990s have made us realize that we cannot take these advances for granted.
Optimal design and dispatch of a system of diesel generators, photovoltaics and batteries for remote locations

Renewable energy technologies, specifically, solar photovoltaic cells, combined with battery storage and diesel generators, form a hybrid system capable of independently powering remote locations, i.e., those isolated from larger grids. If sized correctly, hybrid systems reduce fuel consumption compared to diesel generator-only alternatives. We present an optimization model for establishing a hybrid power design and dispatch strategy for remote locations, such as a military forward operating base, that models the acquisition of different power technologies as integer variables and their operation using nonlinear expressions. Our cost-minimizing, nonconvex, mixed-integer, nonlinear program contains a detailed battery model. Due to its complexities, we present linearizations, which include exact and convex under-estimation techniques, and a heuristic, which determines an initial feasible solution to serve as a “warm start” for the solver. We determine, in a few hours at most, solutions within 5% of optimality for a candidate set of technologies; these solutions closely resemble those from the nonlinear model. Our instances contain real data spanning a yearly horizon at hour fidelity and demonstrate that a hybrid system could reduce fuel consumption by as much as 50% compared to a generator-only solution.
Comparing the cytotoxicity of electronic cigarette fluids, aerosols and solvents

Background As thousands of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) refill fluids continue to be formulated and distributed, there is a growing need to understand the cytotoxicity of the flavouring chemicals and solvents used in these products to ensure they are safe. The purpose of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity of e-cigarette refill fluids/solvents and their corresponding aerosols using in vitro cultured cells. Methods E-cigarette refill fluids and do-it-yourself products were screened in liquid and aerosol form for cytotoxicity using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)−2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The sensitivity of human pulmonary fibroblasts, lung epithelial cells (A549) and human embryonic stem cells to liquids and aerosols was compared. Aerosols were produced using Johnson Creek’s Vea cartomizer style e-cigarette. Results A hierarchy of potency was established for the aerosolised products. Our data show that (1) e-cigarette aerosols can produce cytotoxic effects in cultured cells, (2) four patterns of cytotoxicity were found when comparing refill fluids and their corresponding aerosols, (3) fluids accurately predicted aerosol cytotoxicity 74% of the time, (4) stem cells were often more sensitive to aerosols than differentiated cells and (5) 91% of the aerosols made from refill fluids containing only glycerin were cytotoxic, even when produced at a low voltage. Conclusions Our data show that various flavours/brands of e-cigarette refill fluids and their aerosols are cytotoxic and demonstrate the need for further evaluation of e-cigarette products to better understand their potential health effects.
Flip-chip assembly: is the bi-material model acceptable?

The bonding layer in flip-chip assembly designs is characterized, unlike in epoxy bonded assemblies, by a relatively high effective Young’s modulus of its composite material, which is comprised of high-modulus solder and low-modulus epoxy encapsulant (underfill). Simple, easy-to-use and physically meaningful tri- and bi-material analytical stress models are developed for the evaluation of the thermally induced interfacial shearing stresses, as well as normal stresses acting in the cross-sections of the assembly components. While in a tri-material model all the three materials, the chip, the substrate and the bonding layer, are treated as “equal partners”, in a bi-material model a significant simplification is made, assuming that the bonding layer is much thinner than the bonded components, the chip and the substrate, and/or that its effective Young’s modulus is significantly lower than the moduli of the chip and the substrate materials. In the carried out numerical example based on the application of the tri-material model, the highest shearing stress occurs at the chip-bond interface and is significantly, by the factor of about 2.45, higher than the stress at the substrate-bond interface, but even the latter stress is about twice as high as the maximum shearing stress predicted on the basis of the bi-material model. As to the normal stresses acting in the cross-sections of the assembly components, the tri-material model predicts that the highest stresses occur in the chip, the lowest—in the substrate, and that the stresses in the bond are rather high, about 59% of the stresses in the chip. The bi-material model, however, simply assumes that the normal stresses in the bond are zero. The normal stresses in the chip predicted on the basis of this model are only about 78% of the stress predicted by the tri-material model. The normal stresses in the substrate evaluated on the basis of the bi-material model are almost twice as high as the tri-material model predicts, but these stresses are low anyway: it is the state of stress in the chip and in the bonding layer, and the interfacial stress at the chip-bond interface that should be of the primary concern to the device designer. It is concluded that while a simple bi-material model can be successfully used for adhesively bonded assemblies, characterized by a thin and/or low modulus bonding layer, a tri-material model should be employed for flip-chip assemblies, when high-modulus solders are used. Future work should include finite-element analyses and experimental evaluations.
Who wants to know? Older adults’ interest in housing information

Nearly 80% of adults aged 45+ reported wanting to remain in their homes and communities as they age and stay at home even when they experience physical and cognitive declines. As the population of ...
Common Feeding Problems in Young Children

Even before a baby is born, parents watch carefully for signs of their expectant child’s health and development. The growing emphasis on prenatal care reflects a greater awareness of the effects of maternal health behaviors on the unborn child. However, concerns and questions about the child’s developmental progress do not abate after birth. In fact, the most common questions asked of pediatricians by parents of infants and toddlers concern what is normal for a child at different ages (Reisinger & Bires, 1980; Riter, personal communication, October, 1995). Parents typically ask, “When will my child develop a stable sleep schedule?”; “When should I begin potty training my child?”; and “When will my child [reach a particular developmental milestone]?”
Fractal Sets as Final Coalgebras Obtained by Completing an Initial Algebra

This paper is concerned with final coalgebra representations of fractal sets. The background to our work includes Freyd’s Theorem: the unit interval is a final coalgebra of a certain endofunctor on the category of bipointed sets. Leinster’s far-ranging generalization of Freyd’s Theorem is also a central part of the discussion, but we do not directly build on his results. Our contributions are in two different directions. First, we demonstrate the connection of final coalgebras and initial algebras; this is an alternative development to one of his central contributions, working with resolutions.Second, we are interested in the metric space aspects of fractal sets. We work mainly with two examples: the unit interval [0,1] and the Sierpinski gasket \(\mathbb{S}\) as a subset of ℝ2.
Trust Regions in Surrogate-Assisted Evolutionary Programming for Constrained Expensive Black-Box Optimization

This paper develops a new surrogate-assisted evolutionary programming (EP) algorithm for computationally expensive constrained black-box optimization. The proposed algorithm, TRICEPS (Trust Regions In Constrained Evolutionary Programming using Surrogates) builds surrogates for the black-box objective function and inequality constraint functions in every generation of the EP and uses a trust-region-like approach to refine the best solution at the end of each generation. Each parent produces a large number of trial offspring in each generation, and then the surrogates are used to identify promising trial offspring, which become the actual offspring where the objective and constraint functions are evaluated. After the function evaluations at these offspring, TRICEPS finds a minimizer of the surrogate of the objective function within a trust region centered at the current best solution and subject to surrogate inequality constraints with a small margin and with a distance requirement from previously evaluated points. The trust region is either expanded or reduced depending on whether the subproblem solution turned out to be feasible and whether the ratio of the actual improvement to the predicted improvement exceeds or falls below certain thresholds. TRICEPS is implemented using a cubic radial basis function (RBF) model with a linear polynomial tail and is compared to an RBF-assisted EP called CEP-RBF (Regis 2014b) and to other alternatives on 18 benchmark problems and on an automotive application with 124 decision variables and 68 black-box inequality constraints. Performance and data profiles show that TRICEPS is a substantial improvement over CEP-RBF and it is much better than the other alternatives on the test problems used.
Management of Prenatally Diagnosed Congenital Malformations — Actual Problems and the Importance of an Interdisciplinary Team Approach

Modern methods of prenatal diagnosis — especially ultrasonography, amniocentesis, and fetoscopy — provide us with early information concerning the clinical state of the fetus. Reports in the lay press of sensational intrauterine surgery have made the public aware of these possibilities and have led to considerable, sometimes very controversial discussions. Intrauterine therapy has been both hailed as a great advance and condemned in various articles in the lay press as well as in scientific journals. This highlights the fact that there is a considerable amount of uncertainty about the actual value of these new methods and their practical consequences today. Early recognition of congenital malformations in utero may be the basis for many important decisions regarding the future of mother and child. The same prenatal diagnostic methods not only help the future child but also allow the physician to consider selective termination of pregnancy. Termination of pregnancy is certainly justified, for instance, in cases of antenatally diagnosed anencephaly. In the great majority of cases, however, the situation is less clear cut and may lead to serious ethical, moral, religious, and even legal disputes. The complex problems of prenatal diagnosis and their consequences can therefore not be discussed in isolation in an ivory tower of modern medicine. They have to be put within the social, socioeconomic, ethical, and religious conditions of the western society of today.
Defining the Cambium

The terms cambial cell, cambial fiber, mother cell, and tissue mother cell were often employed in a nonspecific sense with reference to the cambium by early investigators. At times, one of these terms might be confined to the dividing cell(s), and at other times it might include derivative cells. The nonspecificity of the terms was due mainly to difficulties in isolating the cambium for microscopic observation, consequently, to difficulties in formulating a precise definition.
Urinary Incontinence: Nonsurgical Treatments

Nonsurgical treatments for urinary incontinence can be effective in reducing symptoms and incontinence episodes in older men and women. Behavioral interventions include toileting programs with scheduled, timed, or prompted voiding and habit or bladder training; caffeine and fluid management; pelvic floor muscle training; stress and urge reduction strategies; nocturia reduction strategies; constipation management; and functional and environmental changes. These can be selectively combined into an individualized therapeutic regimen that is recommended as first-line treatment. Devices and medication, including antimuscarinic and beta-3 adrenoreceptor agonists, alpha-blockers, and/or 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors in men and topical vaginal estrogen in women, can be added to behavioral interventions if needed to optimize efficacy. Frail older adults and those with dementia require particular caution in instituting drug therapy for incontinence.
HDL Cholesterol Quantitation by Phosphotungstate-Mg2+ and by Dextran Sulfate-Mn2+-Polyethylene Glycol Precipitation, Both with Enzymic Cholesterol Assay Compared with the Lipid Research Method

Two methods using commercial kits for high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol quantitation were compared with the Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) procedures. HDL cholesterol quantitations on 50 patient specimens by the Lancer HDL cholesterol Rapid Stat Kit (Lancer) with phosphotungstate-Mg2+ precipitation and enzymic cholesterol assay averaged 424 mg/L, and by a method with dextran sulfate-Mn2+-polyethylene glycol (dextran sulfate) precipitation and enzymic cholesterol assay averaged 474 mg/L. By comparison, the LRC method (heparin-Mn2+ precipitation combined with a Liebermann-Burchard reagent cholesterol assay) averaged 478 mg/L. Supernates obtained by the three precipitation methods had similar cholesterol values when analyzed by the LRC assay, suggesting that the observed differences were primarily due to differences between the cholesterol assays. Results were consistent with underestimation by the enzymic assay of cholesterol in the supernates, offset by a positive interference of Mn2+ in the dextran sulfate-produced supernates. Among-day CVs of 4-5% were observed for the Lancer method, and 6-7% for the dextran sulfate method. Sedimentation of precipitates in hypertriglyceridemic specimens was excellent by both methods.
“By a Grey-Eye’s Heed”

In “Harry Ploughman,” Gerard Manley Hopkins describes an agrarian laborer in nautical terms to illustrate how work itself becomes a propeller for life’s voyage. The dynamics of sound due to the sonnet’s rhythm, syntax, and structure imitate the atmosphere and movements of both farmer and ship. By echoing images from “The Wreck of the Deutschland,” Hopkins points to the crucial roles of conscience and grace for guiding action, but not only toward material results. More importantly, they direct the worker toward selfless integrity and conviction, toward greater fullness of being. Hopkins’s polysemous portrayal alludes to the expertise needed for navigating challenges on land, at sea, and in verse. Hopkins’s mastery, like that of all workers who proceed with intensity in response to divine promptings or “stress,” serves as a vehicle for conducting souls to their eternal harbor. The sonnet’s maritime associations, as well as the multivalence of its eye, breath, and child images resonate in Hopkins’s spiritual writings and thereby highlight the vocational aspect of human labor.
Opportunity Youth: Insights and Opportunities for a Public Health Approach to Reengage Disconnected Teenagers and Young Adults:

Approximately 1 in 9 teenagers and young adults aged 16-24 in the United States is currently disconnected from school and employment. These disconnected young people (ie, opportunity youth) are not only at high risk for long-term emotional, behavioral, and health problems, but they also represent a loss of human capital, with high social and economic costs. In this article, we offer a public health perspective on opportunity youth by describing their distribution in the population and consequences of their disconnection; proposing a conceptual model of the issue based on epidemiological principles, life course development concepts, and ecological theory; and recommending multisector strategies for preventing disconnection of young people and reengaging opportunity youth. A public health approach to the problem of opportunity youth would involve developing and investing in youth monitoring data systems that can be coordinated across multiple sectors, consolidating both the delivery and funding of services for opportunity youth, developing policies and programs that encourage engagement of young people, and fostering systematic approaches to the testing and scaling up of preventive and reengagement interventions.
Más allá de la familia: Una reflexión teórica sobre la definición del habitante de la vivienda

Este articulo es una reflexion teorica sobre el uso sociologico de los conceptos de familia y hogar como ocupantes de la vivienda. Se aboga por la redefinicion del ocupante de la vivienda como hogar antes que como familia, superando asi una concepcion reduccionista que prima la importancia de la vivienda como espacio socializador de la familia antes que como escenario vital. Tal reflexion permite incorporar como sujeto de estudio al actor que envejece, que cambia, y que no manifiesta necesidades residenciales solo con base en el ciclo del hogar, sino en el propio curso de vida. Pero ademas reflexiona sobre las limitaciones de asociar de forma indisoluble la vivienda a la familia. Esta argumentacion no pretende minar la importancia de la familia, sino reclamar el reconocimiento de la vivienda como un espacio continente mayor, que conciba la dimension continua del hogar ademas de sus multiples formas sin que sea necesaria una justificacion: la vivienda no es importante (solo) porque cobije las funciones socializadoras-reproductoras de la familia, sino porque permite desarrollar la funcion de habitar, alojando a todo tipo de hogares. This article is a theoretical reflection on the sociological use of the concepts of family and household as occupants of the dwelling. It advocates the redefinition of the occupant of housing as a home/household rather than as a family, thus overcoming a reductionist conception that emphasizes the importance of housing as a socializing space of the family rather than as a vital scenario. Such reflection allows to incorporate as a subject of study the actor who is aging, who changes, and who does not manifest residential needs only based on the household cycle, but on the life course itself. The article also reflects on the limitations of inextricably associating housing with the family. This argument does not intend to undermine the importance of the family, but to claim the recognition of housing as a greater continent, which conceives the continuous dimension of the household in addition to its multiple forms without a justification being necessary: housing is not important (only) because it shelters the socializing-reproducing functions of the family, but because it allows the development of the function of inhabiting for all types of households.
Spread and Control of Misinformation with Heterogeneous Agents

We consider an agent-based model to explore the mechanism behind the diffusion of low- and high-quality information in online social networks. In particular, we investigate how agents with heterogeneous criteria of quality affect the spread of low-quality information. We also propose a simple method for enhancing the spread of high-quality information without hindering the system’s information diversity. Our results show that the proposed solution mitigates the influence of malicious agents on the overall system’s quality, and also show how it controls low-quality information in the presence of agents with heterogeneous criteria of information’s quality assessment.
Exploring problem decomposition and program development through block-based programs

Although teachers need to assess computational thinking (CT) for computer science education in K-12, it is not easy for them to evaluate studentsâ€™ programs based on the perspective. The purpose of this study was to investigate studentsâ€™ CT skills reflected in their Scratch programs. The context of the study was a middle school coding club where seven students voluntarily participated in a five-week coding activity. A total of eleven Scratch programs were analyzed in two aspects: problem decomposition and program development. Results revealed that students demonstrated proper decompositions of problems, which supported program development processes. However, in some cases, students failed to decompose necessary parts as their projects got sophisticated, which resulted in the failure or errors of programs. Regarding program development, algorythmic thinking had been identified as the area to be improved. Debugging and evaluation of programs were the necessary process students needed to practice. Implications for teaching CT skills were discussed.
Are You What You Eat

Many of us are extremely confused about what constitutes a good diet. The aim of this chapter is to untangle the complex science behind our understanding of the relationship between diet and health. It discusses the impact of calorie reduction, food composition (fat, protein, and carbohydrate), and food digestibility on our health and wellbeing. It considers recent debates about the relative merits of different kinds of fats (saturated versus unsaturated), sugars (fructose versus glucose), and polysaccharides (starch versus dietary fiber) on our health. It highlights some of the problems that have arisen from using new innovations in food science to change our diets, such as the trans-fat debacle, where replacing saturated fats with partially hydrogenated fats may have caused hundreds of thousands of deaths. Some of the innovative strategies that food scientists have developed to create reduced calorie foods that look, feel, and taste good are highlighted, such as fat and starch mimetics based on tiny milk balls and gummy hairs. The science behind the design of foods that make us feel fuller is described, as more satiating foods would help to stop us overeating. Finally, this chapter makes the argument that we need better quality processed foods, rather than avoiding processed foods altogether, to address obesity and other chronic diseases, because most of us still want affordable and convenient foods.
Design studies using MCNP6® for an oil well logging prototype tool and a test facility

Abstract Many oil well logging tools carry on board highly radioactive C 137 s and/or A 241 m - Be sources. These dangerous radionuclides are often unsecured and used in remote locations. There is some risk of the material being stolen to create dirty bombs. To address this problem, our research group has designed and constructed an oil well logging prototype tool and a testing facility to attempt to demonstrate that a neutron machine source can replace the use of C 137 s and 241 Am - Be sources. A Deuterium-Tritium (DT) neutron generator was chosen for the study. Various tool and testing facility designs were studied using the MCNP6 ® code. The final tool and test facility are described. The design process and MCNP6 ® tools used to model the well-logging prototype tool and facility are described. Simulated and experimental detector responses comparison are presented.
On Degree-0 Elliptic Orbifold Gromov–Witten Invariants

We compute, by two methods, the genus-1 degree-0 orbifold Gromov–Witten invariants with non-stacky insertions which are exceptional cases of the dilaton and divisor equations. One method involves a detailed analysis of the relevant moduli spaces. The other method, valid in the presence of torus actions with isolated fixed points, is virtual localization. Our computations verify the conjectural evaluations of these invariants. Some genus-1 twisted orbifold Gromov–Witten invariants are also computed.
Innovative Activity of Entrepreneurs across Cultures

Researchers suggest that national culture can both facilitate and constrain the economic behaviors of entrepreneurs within countries. This study explores the relationship between three dimensions o...
Abnormal Striatal Development Underlies the Early Onset of Behavioral Deficits in Shank3B−/− Mice

Summary The neural substrates and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the onset of cognitive and motor deficits in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) remain unclear. Mutations in ASD-associated SHANK3 in mice (Shank3B−/−) result in the accelerated maturation of corticostriatal circuits during the second and third postnatal weeks. Here, we show that during this period, there is extensive remodeling of the striatal synaptic proteome and a developmental switch in glutamatergic synaptic plasticity induced by cortical hyperactivity in striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs). Behavioral abnormalities in Shank3B−/− mice emerge during this stage and are ameliorated by normalizing excitatory synapse connectivity in medial striatal regions by the downregulation of PKA activity. These results suggest that the abnormal postnatal development of striatal circuits is implicated in the onset of behavioral deficits in Shank3B−/− mice and that modulation of postsynaptic PKA activity can be used to regulate corticostriatal drive in developing SPNs of mouse models of ASDs and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Outcomes of Women Compared With Men After Non–ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes

Abstract Background It remains disputed whether women are at excess risk of adverse outcomes versus men after non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTEACS) or whether differences are explained by discordant risk factors. Objectives A sex-specific analysis of cardiovascular outcomes after NSTEACS across trials conducted by the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Study Group was performed to determine the impact of sex on cardiovascular outcomes in this dataset. Methods Ten TIMI trials were identified that enrolled >2,500 patients with NSTEACS within 30 days of hospitalization. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association of sex with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) after adjusting for relevant risk factors in individual trials; point estimates were then combined by using random effects models. Individual components of the composite outcome and all-cause mortality were also analyzed. Results Among 68,730 patients with NSTEACS, 19,827 (29%) were women. Women were older and more frequently had hypertension, diabetes, prior heart failure, and renal impairment than men. Before considering relevant confounders, women were at similar risk of MACE compared with men (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99 to 1.09; p = 0.16) but at higher risk of all-cause death (HR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.24; p = 0.03). After adjustment for baseline differences, risks of MACE (HR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88 to 0.98; p Conclusions After accounting for cardiovascular risk factors, women enrolled in clinical trials were at lower risk of MACE than men after NSTEACS. Women, however, remain undertreated with many evidence-based therapies.
Active Learning and Conceptual Understanding in Biology

Evidence within the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines demonstrates that engagement in the learning process is pivotal for students’ development of conceptual understanding in their respective field of study. Achieving such engagement depends largely on the extent to which faculty incorporate active-learning strategies (ALSs) into their curricula in a purposeful manner. Specifically, ALSs should be aligned to explicit student learning objectives and forms of assessment in order to assist students in acquiring deep understanding of the content. In this chapter, we first define active learning and provide several examples of common ALSs. Subsequently, we discuss the relationship between active learning and students’ development of conceptual understanding in the biological sciences, with particular attention given to factors that have the potential to mediate that relationship. We conclude by offering recommendations for how faculty might assess conceptual understanding in their own classrooms as well as the efficacy of ALSs more broadly.
ERCI on CDROM: a comparison of DIALOG ondisc, OCLC'S search CD450 and silver platter

Le CD-ROM occupe depuis quelques mois une place importante dans la litterature ou son apparition sur le marche est comparee, en importance, a celle du papyrus. En fait, il ne s'agit pas actuellement pour une bibliotheque de savoir si elle doit ou non acquerir un CD-ROM, mais de decider quel produit acheter. 3 versions d'ERIC existent actuellement sur CD-ROM: la Jean and Alexander Heard Library a entrepris une etude approfondie des avantages et des inconvenients des realisations de Silver Platter, OCLC et DIALOG. Les principaux points etudies sont: le materiel necessaire, les procedures d'installation, les couts, les temps de recherche, l'affichage et l'impression des resultats, le teledechargement, la documentation et l'aide aux utilisateurs. Des tableaux comparatifs concluent cette etude. (INTD)
Incorporating Rights: Making the Most of the Meantime

Stakeholders in the business and human rights movement speak of a “smart mix” to fix the global governance gap that gives rise to abuses. Hard law may be required to ensure access to remedy to victims, but soft law and standard setting should not be underestimated for preventing violations. To be clear, I do not oppose a treaty in principle. However, I do think the drafters would be well advised to heed the advice offered by Professor Ruggie — a business and human rights treaty should work to reinforce and to build on the regulatory dynamics already underway in the implementation of the Guiding Principles. I do not see the treaty proposal as a threat to progress but rather a call to redouble efforts and to focus attention on the work that still remains to ensure human rights are promoted and protected.
Bombay Blood Group

The Bombay blood group is the name of the null allele for the Hh blood group system and is exceedingly rare. There is more than one genetic mechanism that leads to H-deficient phenotypes, or the Bombay phenotype (O h ). The Hh blood group system is composed of one gene ( FUT1 ) that encodes fucosyltransferase enzyme that adds fucose to cellular surface molecules to form the H antigen. Thus, the immunodominant H antigen is an indirect gene product; its expression is influenced by the ABO and secretor ( FUT2 ) genes. Blood transfusion for Bombay phenotype patients requires red cells from a Bombay phenotype donor.
Evaluation of biological and economic efficiency of the All Heifer, No Cow beef production system using a system dynamics model based on 6 yr of demonstration herd data

Alternative management strategies with no cows and all heifers may improve biological and economic efficiency of beef production. The All Heifer, No Cow (AHNC) beef production system involves insemination of nulliparous heifers with female sex-selected semen (FSS) to produce primarily female calves that are early weaned at 3 mo of age. Dams are finished on a high concentrate diet and harvested before 30 mo of age. The objectives of this research were to: 1) build a dynamic model of an AHNC beef production system to quantify system biological and economic efficiency; 2) compare effects of utilizing FSS vs. conventional semen on biological and economic efficiency; 3) evaluate what-if scenarios to determine the effects on biological and economic efficiency of changing variables ±5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% from initial observed values; and 4) evaluate the effects on biological and economic efficiency of changing variables ±10% from initial observed values. A model was built over a 21-yr horizon using Stella Architect. Biological parameter values in the model were based on the 6 yr of data collected from the management of an AHNC demonstration herd. In the model animal, total digestible nutrients (TDN) intake, hot carcass weight (HCW), and age at harvest were randomized. Feed, animal, and carcass prices included in the model were based on 10 yr of historical U.S. price data. Key response variables were biological and economic efficiency (mean ± SD). Biological efficiency was defined as the ratio of output (kilograms of HCW produced) to input (lifetime kilograms of feed TDN consumed), and economic efficiency was measured using a benefit-cost ratio (BCR) and unit variable cost (UVC). Over 40 simulation runs, the predicted mean biological efficiency was 0.0714 ± 0.0008. Economic efficiency was 0.95 ± 0.02 and US $445.41 ± 0.06 for BCR and UVC, respectively. Biological and economic efficiency was improved in the conventional semen scenario; biological efficiency was 0.0738 ± 0.0008, and BCR and UVC were 0.99 ± 0.04 and US $407.24 ± 0.006, respectively. Under this parameterization and market conditions, the AHNC beef production system failed to achieve profitability under any scenario that was evaluated. However, this review did not account for the potential increased genetic benefit from a decreased generation interval and the reduction in feed energy in comparison to a conventional cow/calf system.
Framing, Motivated Reasoning, and Opinions About Emergent Technologies

How do individuals form opinions about new technologies? What role does factual information play? We address these questions by incorporating 2 dynamics, typically ignored in extant work: information competition and over-time processes. We present results from experiments on 2 technologies: carbon-nanotubes and genetically modified foods. We find that factual information is of limited utility—it does not have a greater impact than other background factors (e.g., values), it adds little power to newly provided arguments/frames (e.g., compared to arguments lacking facts), and it is perceived in biased ways once individuals form clear initial opinions (e.g., motivated reasoning). Our results provide insight into how individuals form opinions over time, and bring together literatures on information, framing, and motivated reasoning.
Conceptualizing causal powers: activity, capacity, essence, necessitation

Talk of powers is muddled. Building upon (Groff, in: R. Groff & J. Greco (eds) Powers and capacities in philosophy: The new aristotelianism, Routledge, London, 2012a, pp 207–227), I disambiguate four senses of the term: powers construed as activity, as capacity/potentiality, as essence and as necessity, respectively, in an attempt to clarify what it is that realists about causal powers take themselves to be realists about.
Oral electrolyte composition and fluid meal type influence the abomasal environment in Holstein calves.

Oral electrolyte solutions (OES) are an important supplemental therapy to reestablish hydration and electrolyte balance in scouring calves. The osmolality and the type of alkalinizing agent in OES must be considered when evaluating commercial products and developing treatment protocols. Management constraints may restrict OES administration to occur shortly following milk replacer (MR) feeding. Consumption of volumetrically large, nutrient-dense fluid meals may result in prolonged elevations in gastric pH and delayed abomasal emptying rates. Alterations to the functionality and environment of the abomasum may elicit growth of potentially pathogenic bacterial populations, ultimately resulting in clinical abomasal disease (e.g. abomasitis, bloat). The objectives were to determine the effects of OES composition and liquid meal type on the abomasal environment in healthy Holstein calves.
Increasing adherence to a standardized rounding procedure in two hospital in-patient units

Standardized bedside rounds can improve communication and the quality of care for patients in hospitals. However, it can be challenging to change previously established provider practices to adhere to new procedures. This study evaluated 2 packaged interventions, derived from a modified Performance Diagnostic Checklist interview, to increase adherence to standardized rounding practices in 2 hospital units. Researchers observed physicians at a university hospital on rounds 2-3 times per week, and 2 phases of intervention were implemented to improve adherence. The interventions included task clarification, feedback, and weekly huddles. Compared to baseline, phases 1 and 2 of the intervention improved clinician adherence to the standardized bedside rounding checklist by 24.94% and 30.94% in unit 1 and 26.76% and 44.06% in unit 2, respectively. The standardized rounds did not require additional time following the intervention. These results indicate that physician adherence can be improved through behavioral interventions.
Continuous-Culture Chemostat Systems and Flowcells as Methods to Investigate Microbial Interactions

Polymicrobial diseases are difficult to reproduce and to study. In vivo and in vitro models are often used to study specific microbial interactions or parameters associated with infection and disease. This chapter focuses on the in vitro techniques that have identified mechanisms of interspecies and intergeneric cooperation among microorganisms. It presents two of the most common in vitro methods used to investigate microbial interactions: continuous-culture chemostat systems and flowcells. Biofilms form in each of the two models that can be used to identify mechanisms of interspecies and intergeneric cooperation among microorganisms applicable to polymicrobial diseases. Chemostat studies can be used to assess the responses of steady-state cultures to stresses applied by the experimenter. Flowcells offer additional advantages and the effects of treatment on biofilms can be visually assessed by time-resolved, nondestructive means or measured in sampled, effluent waste media. Both of these systems have identified synergistic and mutualistic interactions among microorganisms resulting in unique mechanisms of attachment and metabolic interdependence. These methods are rapidly gaining acceptance and are used to study biofilm diseases, particularly the interactions among members of the resident flora, factors involved in the transition of the biofilm from a commensal to a pathogenic relationship with the host, and the mode of action of antimicrobials.