cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metoclopramide, H2 Blockers, and Proton Pump Inhibitors: Pharmacotherapy for Gastroesophageal Reflux in Neonates

Pharmacotherapy for gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in neonates, aimed at interfering with this physiologic process and potentially reducing the negative sequelae that providers often attribute to GER, consists primarily of drugs that increase the viscosity of feeds, reduce stomach acidity, or improve gut motility. Medications used to treat clinical signs thought to be from GER, such as apnea, bradycardia, or feeding intolerance, are among the most commonly prescribed medications in neonatal intensive care units in the United States, despite the lack of evidence of safety and efficacy in this population.
Temporary redness of the hair in ulcerative colitis.

The hair of a patient with ulcerative colitis turned red with malnutrition and resumed its normal dark brown color with a gain in real body weight. The condition is similar to one feature of kwashiorkor.
Prolactin (in Vitro) Decreases the Glucose Stimulation Threshold, Enhances Insulin Secretion, and Increases Dye Coupling among Islet B Cells*

The purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro effect of ovine PRL (oPRL) on the dynamics of insulin secretion and dye coupling among islet B cells. The effect of oPRL (2 μg/ml) on insulin secretion was time dependent and reached a maximum on day 4 when there was a 2.4-fold increase in insulin secretion from cultured neonatal rat islets (n = 6, p < 0.001). When islets cultured in the presence of oPRL for 4 days were perifused, 300 mg/dl glucose stimulation resulted in insulin release of 131 ± 20 μU/ml · 100 μg islet tissue as compared to control islets 94 ± 20 μU/ml-100 μg islet tissue (n = 7, p < 0.02). Stimulation of the islets with a linear 30–250 mg/dl glucose gradient resulted in a threshold for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion of 73 ± 6 mg/dl glucose for the oPRL treated islets (n = 7) as compared to a threshold of 123 ± 6 mg/dl glucose for control islets (n = 7, p < 0.001). Mean islet volume was unchanged after 4 days of oPRL treatment but was 34% greater after 8 days (n = 6, p < 0.001...
Long range order in Ni3Mo based ternary alloys—II. Coherent phase solvii

Abstract The maximum temperatures for the existence of the coherent long range ordered phases formed in Ni3(Mo, X) ternary alloys, where X =Al, Ta, V or W, have been determined by a series of up-quenching experiments. Transmission electron microscopy of these alloys has shown that the Ni2Mo phase (prototype structure Pt2Mo) has a higher solvii than the Ni4Mo phase (Strukturbericht designation Dla) or the Ni3Mo phase (Strukturbericht designation DO22) in each alloy. When the DO22 structure was observed to form, as in the Al and Ta-bearing ternaries, the Pt2Mo solvus was lowered compared to that of the V and W alloys. These results can be rationalized as due to a lowering of the ratio of the second to the first nearest neighbor pair interaction parameter, V2/V1, caused by the Al or Ta substitutions compared to V or W. This explanation is based upon the predictions of the statistical thermodynamic theory of short range order, i.e. in calculated coherent (order-disorder) phase diagrams.
An algorithm for predicting proton nuclear magnetic resonance deshielding over a carbon-carbon double bond.

Abstract Hydrogen nuclei located over a carbon–carbon double bond in a strong magnetic field experience NMR shielding effects that result from the magnetic anisotropy of the nearby double bond and various other intramolecular shielding effects. We have used GIAO, a subroutine in Gaussian 98, to calculate isotropic shielding values and to predict the proton NMR shielding increment for a simple model system: methane held in various orientations, positions, and distances over ethene. The average proton NMR shielding increments of several orientations of methane have been plotted versus the Cartesian coordinates of the methane protons relative to the center of ethene. A single empirical equation for predicting the NMR shielding experienced by protons over a carbon–carbon double bond has been developed from these data. The predictive capability of this equation has been validated by comparing the shielding increments for several alkenes calculated using our equation to the experimentally observed shielding increments. This equation predicts the NMR shielding effects more accurately than previous models that were based on fewer geometries of methane over ethene. In fact, deshielding is predicted by this equation for protons over the center and within about 3 A of a carbon–carbon double bond. This result is in sharp contrast to predictions made by the long-held McConnell “shielding cone” model found in nearly every textbook on NMR, but is consistent with experimental observations. The algorithm for predicting the (de)shielding increment for a proton over an alkene can be used in a spreadsheet on a PC or incorporated into software that estimates chemical shifts using additive substituent constants or a database of structures. In either application its use can substantially improve the accuracy of the estimated chemical shift of a proton in the vicinity of a carbon–carbon double bond, and thus assist in spectral assignments and in correct structure determination.
The effect of temperature and relative humidity on the flight performance of female Aedes aegypti.

Abstract The influence of temperature and r.h. on the flight performance of tethered virgin female Aedes aegypti was investigated. Mosquitoes of similar age were flown to exhaustion on flight mills at various temperatures and relative humidities. Parameters measured were distance flown, duration of flight, speed of flight, initial weight of mosquitoes, and live weight lost during exhaustive flight. The temperature range at which sustained tethered flight occurred was 15 to 32°C. Temperature extremes at which flight was possible were 10 and 35°C; however, performance was minimal in both duration and distance at these temperatures. The optimal temperature for flight was 21°C. Mosquitoes flew farther at 15°C than at the commonly reported optimal temperature of 27°C. In general, flight performance was greater below 27°C. Relative humidity within 30 to 90 per cent had no demonstrable influence on flight performance at any temperature studied except at 32°C, where 30 per cent had a marked limiting effect on mosquito flight.
Macroinvertebrate Communities on Hard Substrates in Western Lake Erie: Structuring Effects of Dreissena

Of the approximately 140 non-indigenous species that have invaded the Great Lakes since the early 1800s, few have had greater effects on this ecosystem than the zebra and quagga mussel (Dreissena polymorpha and D. bugensis, respectively). In this study the effects of these bivalves on macroinver-tebrates inhabiting hard substrates in western Lake Erie were quantified. Biomass, densities, diversity of macroinvertebrates, and paniculate organic matter mass were measured on bricks with high and low Dreissena densities that were held at a depth of 3.5 mfor 49 days in 1996. Total macroinvertebrate densi ties and biomass (excluding Dreissena) were two and five times greater on substrates with high Dreissena densities than when Dreissena were rare. These differences were largely attributed to the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus, itself an invading species, which constituted 29 and 31% of total macroinvertebrate densities and biomass, respectively, on Dreissena-dominated substrates. Dreissena also stimulated increased macroinvertebrate diversity, causing a shift from a community dominated by the chironomid Dicrotendipes neomodestus to an assemblage characterized by increased densities and equitability of hydroids (Hydridae), the flatworm Dugesia tigrina, tubificid oligochaetes, leeches (Alboglossiphonia het-eroclita and immature Erpobdellidae), limpets (Ancylidae), snails (Physella integra and Amnicola limosa), Echinogammarus, the microcaddisfly Hydroptila ?waubesiana, and the chironomid Micro-tendipes pedellus. No taxon responded negatively to Dreissena in this study. In addition, particulate organic matter mass, an important food and habitat resource for benthic invertebrates, was two times greater on Dreissena-dominated substrates than on bricks with few Dreissena. Our results support hypotheses that Dreissena have strong effects on community dynamics and energy flow pathways in the Great Lakes.
Central venous blood oxygen saturation monitoring in patients with chronic pulmonary arterial hypertension treated with continuous IV epoprostenol : Correlation with measurements of hemodynamics and plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels

Background IV epoprostenol is a highly effective therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, monitoring the efficacy and adjusting the dose of epoprostenol often requires serial invasive hemodynamic measurements. This study investigated whether superior vena cava (SVC) oxygen saturation measured from the indwelling catheter and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level would predict right heart catheterization markers associated with lower survival rates (right atrial pressure [RAP], > 10 mm Hg; pulmonary artery [PA] oxygen saturation, Methods Twenty-seven epoprostenol-treated PAH patients had a BNP level and SVC oxygen saturation measured from their indwelling central venous catheters. The results were compared with cardiac catheterization results. Results SVC oxygen saturation and BNP level both showed significant correlation with hemodynamic variables. BNP level correlated best with RAP ( r = 0.66; p r = 0.91; p 10 mm Hg]), but sensitivity was only 65%. An SVC oxygen saturation of Conclusions SVC oxygen saturation and BNP level predict hemodynamics associated with lower survival rates and may be useful as “noninvasive” markers of prognosis in epoprostenol-treated PAH patients. BNP levels have a lower sensitivity relative to specificity, and a normal BNP level did not exclude a high RAP or low PA oxygen saturation.
Resistance of microbial and soil properties to warming treatment seven years after boreal fire.

Boreal forests store a large fraction of global terrestrial carbon and are susceptible to environmental change, particularly rising temperatures and increased fire frequency. These changes have the potential to drive positive feedbacks between climate warming and the boreal carbon cycle. Because few studies have examined the warming response of boreal ecosystems recovering from fire, we established a greenhouse warming experiment near Delta Junction, Alaska, seven years after a 1999 wildfire. We hypothesized that experimental warming would increase soil CO2 efflux, stimulate nutrient mineralization, and alter the composition and function of soil fungal communities. Although our treatment resulted in 1.20 °C soil warming, we found little support for our hypothesis. Only the activities of cellulose- and chitin-degrading enzymes increased significantly by 15% and 35%, respectively, and there were no changes in soil fungal communities. Warming resulted in drier soils, but the corresponding change in soil water potential was probably not sufficient to limit microbial activity. Rather, the warming response of this soil may be constrained by depletion of labile carbon substrates resulting from combustion and elevated soil temperatures in the years after the 1999 fire. We conclude that positive feedbacks between warming and the microbial release of soil carbon are weak in boreal ecosystems lacking permafrost. Since permafrost-free soils underlie 45–60% of the boreal zone, our results should be useful for modeling the warming response during recovery from fire in a large fraction of the boreal forest.
Interactions between type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor, extracellular matrix and vitronectin

Regulation of plasminogen activation is a key process in controlling proteolytic events in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and this regulation is achieved through the action of specific plasminogen activator (PA) inhibitors (PAIs). Type I PAI (PAI-1) is the physiological inhibitor both of urinary-type PA (u-PA) and tissue-type PA (t-PA) (Loskutoff et al., 1989) and is a major component of the ECM of cultured cells. This inhibitor may protect ECM constituents against cellular proteases and thus influence the cell migration and tissue destruction that occurs during development, inflammation and tumor metastasis. In this review, we discuss the properties of PAI-1 and the evidence that the binding of PAI-1 to ECM is mediated by serum-derived vitronectin (Vn).
Particle size measurement of inert-gas-atomized powder

Abstract Metal powder produced by supersonic inert gas metal atomization (SiGMA) has been analyzed using several diagnostic methods. This analysis has brought to our attention several interesting and unexpected results. Some of these unexpected results concern the reliability of the various particle-measuring techniques, the procedure for proper (reproducible) particle size analysis, and the graphical representation of the data that best shows the powder's characteristics. This study has also shown that gas-atomized powders produced in the SiGMA facility have distinct size distribution characteristics that do not follow the log-normal pattern. The fragmentation mechanisms leading to droplet formation which explain the SiGMA powder size distribution data are examined. We conclude that these new powder analysis procedures are applicable to all inert-gas-atomized powder and can lead to a better understanding of an atomizing system's operative liquid disruption mechanisms.
Adaptive agents, intelligence, and emergent human organization: Capturing complexity through agent-based modeling

Perhaps the most difficult challenge in understanding social phenomena is their intractably complex nature. For much of the 20th century social scientists attempted to unravel the complexities of the social realm by emulating the methodologies of the natural sciences. Although these approaches enhanced social science research, they have fallen short of capturing emergent behavior and self-organization. For some years now, new approaches to the study of complex adaptive systems have offered researchers in both the physical and social sciences an important new theoretical and methodological framework for helping to understand a variety of nonlinear, dynamic systems. Complex adaptive systems are characterized often by “agents” interacting or capable of interacting with each other in dynamic, often nonlinear and surprising ways. Most social phenomena would readily fit the description of a complex adaptive system. The difficulty researchers have faced, given the opaque character of social processes, is to develop methodologies appropriate for better exploring such complex adaptive systems. A growing number of social scientists, dissatisfied with traditional methodologies, are seeking new methods for exploring the complexities of social dynamics. One of the emerging developments is the use of agent-based modeling and simulation to examine how social phenomena …
Sex and Affiliation in College Cafeterias

Observation of over 6300 people in a variety of public places on two college campuses found significantly more females (65%) than males (55%) in the company of other people. Inter views with 238 people leaving the cafeteria revealed that females were more likely to plan to eat with others, or, if unable to find someone to eat with, to forego lunch. Methodological problems in inferring behavioral dispositions from observational and in terview data are discussed and it is concluded that the data are consistent with but do not prove the stereotype that women are more social than men.
Examining the coverage of influenza vaccination among people with cardiovascular disease in the United States

Background People with chronic cardiovascular conditions are at increased risk of developing complications from relative common influenza infection. Methods We examined the coverage of influenza vaccination during the past 12 months among people with cardiovascular disease (CVD) using data from the National Health Interview Survey 2002. Results The coverage of influenza vaccination among people with CVD was observed to be less than optimum (32.7%) after adjusting for age. Among separate components studied, the coverage of influenza vaccination was highest among people with congestive heart failure (37.1%) and lowest among people with stroke (31.4%). Hypertension was the most commonly reported condition with influenza vaccination coverage of 32.6%. Only 22% of people with CVD aged Conclusions People with CVD, especially those
The folding landscape of an α‐lytic protease variant reveals the role of a conserved β‐hairpin in the development of kinetic stability

Most secreted bacterial proteases, including alpha-lytic protease (alphaLP), are synthesized with covalently attached pro regions necessary for their folding. The alphaLP folding landscape revealed that its pro region, a potent folding catalyst, is required to circumvent an extremely large folding free energy of activation that appears to be a consequence of its unique unfolding transition. Remarkably, the alphaLP native state is thermodynamically unstable; a large unfolding free energy barrier is solely responsible for the persistence of its native state. Although alphaLP folding is well characterized, the structural origins of its remarkable folding mechanism remain unclear. A conserved beta-hairpin in the C-terminal domain was identified as a structural element whose formation and positioning may contribute to the large folding free energy barrier. In this article, we characterize the folding of an alphaLP variant with a more favorable beta-hairpin turn conformation (alphaLP(beta-turn)). Indeed, alphaLP(beta-turn) pro region-catalyzed folding is faster than that for alphaLP. However, instead of accelerating spontaneous folding, alphaLP(beta-turn) actually unfolds more slowly than alphaLP. Our data support a model where the beta-hairpin is formed early, but its packing with a loop in the N-terminal domain happens late in the folding reaction. This tight packing at the domain interface enhances the kinetic stability of alphaLP(beta-turn), to nearly the same degree as the change between alphaLP and a faster folding homolog. However, alphaLP(beta-turn) has impaired proteolytic activity that negates the beneficial folding properties of this variant. This study demonstrates the evolutionary limitations imposed by the simultaneous optimization of folding and functional properties.
Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale for migraine prophylaxis: hope or hype?

“But the quality which is considered of the highest order in surgical operations is self-possession. The head must always direct the hand , otherwise the operator is unfit to discover an effectual remedy…. ” —Sir Astley Cooper, Operating Theatre, St. Thomas' Hospital, London (Lancet, October
[D70] High-fidelity texture display via programmable friction

Summary form only given. We present two surface haptic displays capable of rendering high-frequency textural content directly to the fingertip exploring the device. The friction of the fingertip with the glass plate is modulated either by electrostatic attraction or ultrasonic out-of-plane vibration. The unique rendering capabilities of these devices is possible to a high-speed non-contact position sensing and haptic rendering computed on a real-time embedded controller with a 5000 Hz update rate. As the finger explores the virtual surface the friction reduction signal, a sine wave at ultrasonic frequency, is modulated with the friction force profile of the texture, encoded in space. The combination of high-speed position sensing and low latency haptic rendering results in a vivid sense of spatial tactile feature, unlike anything perceived on devices that exhibit longer finger position delays.
Group differences in pain modulation: pain-free women compared to pain-free men and to women with TMD

Previously reported differences in sensitivity to experimental pain stimuli between the sexes, as well as between temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients and healthy control subjects, may be attributable in part to group differences in two pain modulatory mechanisms: the baroreceptor reflex arc and the endogenous opioid system. Twenty-two pain-free (PF) men, 20 PF women and 20 women with TMD underwent two testing sessions in which heat pain and ischemic arm pain threshold and tolerance were measured during both sessions, but followed relaxation during one session and laboratory stress tasks during the other. Blood pressure (BP) and plasma -endorphin (E) concentration were measured during a baseline rest and during the stress or relaxation periods. PF men's threshold and tolerance for heat pain, but not for ischemic pain, exceeded that of PF women's during both sessions. PF women and TMD women did not differ in sensitivity to either pain modality; however, significantly lower ischemic pain threshold (IPTh) was linked to oral contraceptive use in PF women but not TMD patients. In the men alone, higher baseline systolic BP (SBP) was correlated with higher heat pain threshold on both days and heat pain tolerance on the stress day. Conversely, in TMD women, higher baseline SBP was correlated with lower ischemic pain tolerance (IPTol) on both days; BP and pain sensitivity were not related in PF women. In men, but not in PF or TMD women, stress systolic and diastolic BP were positively correlated with heat pain threshold and tolerance and higher diastolic reactivity to stress were correlated with higher heat pain and IPTh and tolerance. On the stress day, higher baseline E level was strongly associated with higher IPTol in PF women but marginally associated with lower IPTol in TMD women. Thus, it appears that a BP-related analgesic mechanism (probably baroreceptor-mediated) predominates in PF men, while an endogenous opioid mechanism predominates in PF women. Stress enhances the expression of these central mechanisms. Female TMDs appear unable to effectively engage normal pain-inhibitory systems; opioid receptor desensitization and/or downregulation are probably implicated, because TMDs' production of E appears normal.
Skin slough complication of ventriculoatrial shunting for hydrocephalus.

1. Ronchese, F.: Twisted hairs (pill torti), Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 26: 98, 1932. 2. Gates, R. R.: Human genetics, Vol. 1, New York, 1946, The Macmillan Company, p. 309. 3. Appel, B., and Messina, S. J.: Pili torti hereditaria, New England J. Med. 226: 912, 1942. 4. BjSrnstad, R.: Pill torti and sensory-neural loss of hearing, Proc. Seventeenth Meeting Northern Dermatological Soc., Copenhagen, May, 1965. 5. Reed, W. B., et al.: Hereditary auditory syndromes with dermatologic manifestations, Arch. Dermat. In press. 6. Reed, W. B.: Personal communication. 7. Levin, B., Mackay, H. M. M., and Oberholzer, V. G.: Argininosuccinic aciduria, Arch. Dis. Childhood 36: 622, 1961. 8. Grosfeld, J. C. M., Mighorst, J. A., and Moolhuysen, T. M. G. F.: Argininosuccinic aciduria in monilethrix, Lancet 2: 789, 1964. 9. Efron, M. L., and Hoefnagel, D.: Argininosuccinie acid in monilethrix, Lancet 1: 321, 1966. Letter to editor. 10. Menkes, J. H., Alter, M., Steigleder, G. K., Weakley, D. R., and Sung, J. H.: A sexlinked recessive disorder with retardation of growth, peculiar hair, and focal cerebral and cerebellar degeneration, Pediatrics 29: 764, 1962.
Chemically induced nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness

In summary, it is clear that in some instances, inhalant exposure to irritating chemicals can result in nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The physiologic mechanisms underlying the induction of nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness in this setting are poorly understood. Although inflammation is the pathologic hallmark of nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma, it has not been well demonstrated in chemically-induced nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness. This article has highlighted the observation that despite the large number of individuals exposed to respiratory irritants in our society in and away from industrial settings, very few develop obvious nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Further study is necessary in this important area.
Genetic hazards of ionizing radiations: Cytogenetic extrapolations from mouse to man

The frequencies of X-ray induced asymmetrical interchanges (dicentrics) and acentric fragments (deletions) at several doses were measured in the circullating leukocytes of six species. The leukocytes of the species used had similar DNA contents but different chromosome and chromosome arm numbers. The data for dicentrics were fitted separately for each species by regression analysis to the model Yj = bjD + cjD2. All species gave a good fit to this model. As expected, when the dicentric data for all species were pooled and fitted to this model a poor fit was obtained. However, if a term for arm number was included, so that the model Yj = (Nj−1) (bD+cD2) was fitted, a significant amount of the variation among species could be accounted for. At each dose there was an approximately linear relationship between the yield of dicentrics and the arm number. Man, with an effective arm number of 81, had twice as many dicentrics as the mouse, with an effective arm number of. These results strongly suggest that the chromosome arm number of a species influences the yield of asymmetrica interchanges. The chromosome arm number did not appear to influence the yield of deletions, and the yields induced in the mouse and man at easch dose were equal. These results show that man is twice as sensitive as the mouse to the induction of translocations, whereas the two species are equally sensitive to the indcution of deletions and, in all probability, to the production of mutations.
REFLIST: Programs to compile a reference list from word processor text

With the decreasing price of microcomputers, their use as word processors to prepare manuscripts is on the increase. However, the author is still left with the tedious and error prone task of assembling a reference list of citations in the manuscript. This involves a manual search of the text for citations, alphabetizing the citations, and completing a reference for each item in the list. However, alphabetization is easily accomplished via a computerized sort, and since the same references appear in many different manuscripts, compilation of the reference list can be expedited by a computerized search of a master reference me. It is desirable to have the computer assemble a citation list and create a reference list automatically. Such a facility not only saves time but also insures greater accuracy of citations in a reference list. The programs described here, when used in conjunction with a word processor program such as SCRlPSIT, perform these functions with little user intervention. Program Description. The programs are written according to the syntax of Radio Shack Level II disk BASIC 1.1 and their editor-assembler. The first of these, REFLISTl, searches the text of a manuscript held in memory for the occurrence of citations following the American Psychological Association (APA) formatthat is, a name or list of names followed by a date. The search is implemented by an assembly language routine that is supervised by the BASIC program. Upon completion of the search, a disk file is created which contains all citations in the order in which they appear in the text. This me includes multiple references to the same work but does not include citations using "et al." to indicate repetition. A second BASIC program, REFLIST2, serves three general functions: (l) It allows the user to edit the citation list created by REFLISTl so that errors in the text citations do not influence the alphabetization of the list: (2) it alphabetizes the corrected list, deleting multipl~ citations to the same source; (3) after creating a list of unique references, REFLIST2 searches a master reference file for each reference. These functions are described in more detail below. The editing feature allows the user to delete or modify references contained in the citation list. For exam: ple, if authors' names are misspelled or cited out of order, the reference can be corrected at this point. In
Obadiah's ‘Day of the Lord': A Semiotic Reading:

The semiotics of Yuri Lotman employs a theoretical contradiction. A symbol, by definition, must be both repeatable and unrepeatable within the same semiotic system. This paradox precludes the possibility of a perfectly static symbol in poetry. Every symbol, by nature of its syntagmatic axis, must develop as the surrounding semiotic system unfolds. This article demonstrates that when Lotmanian semiotics is applied to the poetry of Obadiah, it becomes evident that Obadiah's use of ‘day’ originally appears to be two distinct symbols as determined by their differing syntagmatic values. Yet as the system develops, the apparently separate usages of the symbol are drawn together in a heightened state of tension before their fusion into a single unified sign for the ‘day of the Lord’ within the system.
Biochemical Differentiation of APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G Proteins Associated with HIV-1 Life Cycle

APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F are cytidine deaminase with duplicative cytidine deaminase motifs that restrict HIV-1 replication by catalyzing C-to-U transitions on nascent viral cDNA. Despite 60% protein sequence similarity, APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G have a different target consensus sequence for editing, and importantly, APOBEC3G has 10-fold higher anti-HIV activity than APOBEC3F. Thus, APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G may have distinctive characteristics that account for their functional differences. Here, we have biochemically characterized human APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G protein complexes as a function of the HIV-1 life cycle. APOBEC3G was previously shown to form RNase-sensitive, enzymatically inactive, high molecular mass complexes in immortalized cells, which are converted into enzymatically active, low molecular mass complexes by RNase digestion. We found that APOBEC3F also formed high molecular mass complexes in these cells, but these complexes were resistant to RNase treatment. Further, the N-terminal half determined RNase sensitivity and was necessary for the high molecular mass complex assembly of APOBEC3G but not APOBEC3F. Unlike APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G strongly interacted with cellular proteins via disulfide bonds. Inside virions, both APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G were found in viral cores, but APOBEC3G was associated with low molecular mass, whereas APOBEC3F was still retained in high molecular mass complexes. After cell entry, both APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G were localized in low molecular mass complexes associated with viral reverse transcriptional machinery. These results demonstrate that APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G complexes undergo dynamic conversion during HIV-1 infection and also reveal biochemical differences that likely determine their different anti-HIV-1 activity.
Diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in prostate needle biopsy tissue.

Prostate cancer is a major public health problem throughout the developed world. For patients with clinically localised prostate cancer, the diagnosis is typically established by histopathological examination of prostate needle biopsy samples. Major and minor criteria are used to establish the diagnosis, based on the microscopic appearance of slides stained using haematoxylin and eosin. Major criteria include an infiltrative glandular growth pattern, an absence of basal cells and nuclear atypia in the form of nucleomegaly and nucleolomegaly. In difficult cases, basal cell absence may be confirmed by immunohistochemical stains for high-molecular-weight cytokeratins (marked with antibody 34βE12) or p63, which are basal cell markers. Minor criteria include intraluminal wispy blue mucin, pink amorphous secretions, mitotic figures, intraluminal crystalloids, adjacent high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, amphophilic cytoplasm and nuclear hyperchromasia. Another useful diagnostic marker detectable by immunohistochemistry is α-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR), an enzyme selectively expressed in neoplastic glandular epithelium. Cocktails of antibodies directed against basal cell markers and AMACR are particularly useful in evaluating small foci of atypical glands, and in substantiating a diagnosis of a minimal adenocarcinoma. Reporting of adenocarcinoma in needle biopsy specimens should always include the Gleason grade and measures of tumour extent in the needle core tissue. Measures of tumour extent are (1) number of cores positive for cancer in the number of cores examined, (2) percentage of needle core tissue affected by carcinoma and (3) linear millimetres of carcinoma present.
Candidate chances, ideological moderation, and American nomination politics: A simulation approach

This study employs a decision model to study the effects on popular support of candidate chances and candidate moderation in the American presidential nomination process. The decision model draws upon psychological and rational choice theories of decision making to accommodate both the complexity of choice citizens face in the typical nomination campaign, and the need to keep decision costs in bounds. We use the model to simulate voter decision making under repeated trials of nomination campaigns. The simulation trials vary the chances candidates have of winning their party's nomination, and the ideological moderation of competing nomination candidates. Our results show that increasing a candidate's chances for the nomination can have substantial payoff in support, but that the consequences of moderating a candidate's ideological stand are more muted. Our research speaks to broader guest ions of decision making when information costs are high but cognitive effort remains low, and to the resolution of intraparty conflict in a dynamic and volatile political environment.
EFFECT OF COOKING METHOD ON TBA NUMBERS OF STORED BEEF

Conditions favoring the development of TBA retarding activity (TBRA) in cooked meat were studied. Beef semitendinosus muscle was heated by different home cooking methods (roasting, braising, pressure cooking, pressure canning, and electric slow-cooking). Lipid oxidation was measured by the 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test after storing meat for 5 days. Meat which was subjected to high temperatures and/or long periods of heating developed lower TBA numbers than did samples subjected to lower temperatures for shorter periods of time. TBRA was postulated to have resulted from antioxidant substances produced from browning reactions which progress as the meat is heated.
Let's CHAT: Cultural Historical Activity Theory in the Creative Writing Classroom

Though significant in-roads have been made in terms of establishing what has become known as ‘creative writing studies,’ there are still many areas left unexplored. One particular area that yields some interesting possibilities is Cultural Historical Activity Theory or CHAT. Often associated with and applied to human-computer interaction, CHAT has been described as a multifaceted clarifying tool, capable of being utilized in a variety of disciplines in order to understand and analyze human behavior. More specifically, CHAT allows researchers to gain insight into the nature of specific human activities, to better understand the behaviors, motivations, and processes that occur when individuals work to achieve a certain goal in various culturally or historically conditioned contexts. While scholars such as David Russell, Elizabeth Wardle, and Donna Kain have recognized the value of CHAT in specific areas of writing studies and curriculum development, their explorations have been limited, focusing almost excl...
Laughter-induced left bundle branch block.

Laughter-Induced LBBB. We present the case of a patient with ischemic heart disease and intermittent left bundle branch block, reproducibly induced by laughter. Following treatment of ischemia with successful deployment of a drug-eluting stent, no further episodes of inducible LBBB were seen. Transient ischemia, exacerbated by elevated intrathoracic pressure during laughter, may have contributed to onset of this phenomenon. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23 pp. 1136-1138, October 2012)
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy for rapid multicomponent analysis in a capillary electrophoresis system

We describe a new technique for performing multicomponent analysis using a combination of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), which we refer to as CE/FCS...
Living Donor and Split‐Liver Transplants in Hepatitis C Recipients: Does Liver Regeneration Increase the Risk for Recurrence?

Concern exists that partial liver transplants (either a living donor [LD] or deceased donor [DD] in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive recipients may be associated with an increased risk for recurrence. From 1999 to 2003, at our institution, 51 HCV-positive recipients underwent liver transplants: 32 whole-liver (WL) transplants, 12 LD transplants and 7 DD split transplants. Donor characteristics differed in that WL donors were older, and LD livers had lower ischemic times. Recipient characteristics were similar except that mean MELD scores in LD recipients were lower (p < 0.05). With a mean follow-up of 28.3 months, 46 (90%) recipients are alive: three died from HCV recurrent liver disease and two from tumor recurrence. Based on 1-year protocol biopsies, the incidence of histologic recurrence in the three groups is as follows: WL, 81%; LD, 50% and DD split, 86% (p = 0.06 for LD versus WL). The mean grade of inflammation on the biopsy specimens was: WL, 1.31; LD, 0.33 and DD split, 1.2 (p = 0.002 for LD versus WL; p = 0.03 for LD versus DD split). Mean stage of fibrosis was: WL, 0.96; LD, 0.22 and DD split, 0.60 (p = 0.07 for LD versus WL). Liver regeneration does not seem to affect hepatitis C recurrence as much, perhaps, as factors such as DD status, donor age and cold ischemic time.
A modular framework for the LCA-based simulation of production systems

The development of new methodologies and tools supporting the design and management of eco-effective manufacturing systems represents a major challenge for the emerging sustainable production paradigm. Novel methodologies based on Life Cycle Assessment will be powerful tools to quantify the environmental impacts of factories and manufacturing system operations. The full exploitation of Life Cycle Assessment tools within frameworks for production process development still needs significant research efforts. A modular calculation of Environmental Profiles for a Production Line is proposed as a structured approach. An industrial application is described, with reference to a woodworking production line, outlining the major benefits of the approach.
Transverse distance between the membrane and the agonist binding sites on the Torpedo acetylcholine receptor: a fluorescence study

Fluorescence dipolar resonance energy transfer between a receptor-bound fluorescent agonist, dansyl-C6-choline, and two membrane-partitioned fluorescent probes, C18-rhodamine and C12-eosin, was used to measure the transverse distance between the acetylcholine (ACh) binding sites on the intact Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and the surface of the lipid membrane. Control experiments demonstrated that: (1) dansyl-C6-choline binds to cobra-alpha-toxin sensitive sites on the nAChR with a KD approximately 20 nM, (2) the quantum yield of dansyl-C6-choline increases 3.1-fold upon binding, and (3) the receptor-bound dansyl-C6-choline fluorescence is stable for at least 2 h. The calculated transverse distances between receptor-bound dansyl-C6-choline and the membrane-partitioned acceptors, C12-eosin and C18-rhodamine, were 31 and 39 A, respectively. Therefore, given the dimensions of the extracellular domain of the receptor, the ACh binding sites are located significantly below (approximately 25 A) the extracellular apex of the nAChR. These results are in agreement with the recent proposed location for the ACh binding sites in a pocket within each of the two alpha-subunits, approximately 30 A above the membrane surface (Unwin, N. (1993) J. Mol. Biol. 229: 1101–1124).
Thermodynamic evaluation of activated charcoal as a poison antidote by high-performance liquid chromatography. I: Derivation and validation of an equation for Gibbs free energy of liquid-solid adsorption.

An in vitro method utilizing high-performance liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was developed in order to investigate the adsorptive process between activated charcoal and various drugs and toxic chemicals by measuring their Gibbs free energy of adsorption from various acetonitrile: water mobile phases. This report details the derivation and validation of the equation for calculating the Gibbs free energy of liquid-solid adsorption via HPLC. The derived equation incorporates the following experimental parameters: specific surface area of the adsorbent, specific retention volume of the solute, molar volume of the mobile phase, and surface concentration of the solute in a predefined standard state. This equation was validated by means of a closed thermodynamic cycle composed of three segments. Each segment represents a different physical process: gas-solid adsorption of methyl iodide on activated charcoal, gas-liquid solution of methyl iodide in n-hexadecane, and liquid-solid adsorption of methyl iodide on activated charcoal from n-hexadecane. The Gibbs free energy for each of these thermodynamic processes was determined by the appropriate chromatographic technique. Since the cycle did not balance because it did not account for the interaction of n-hexadecane and activated charcoal, it was altered to include a gas-liquid-solid chromatographic technique. When the Gibbs free energies of solution and gas-solid adsorption determined by this chromatographic technique were incorporated into the cycle, the resulting imbalance was only 0.213 kJ/mol (1.1%), thereby validating the derived equation.
Impaired acidification in early endosomes of ClC-5 deficient proximal tubule

Abstract ClC-5 chloride channel deficiency causes proteinuria, hypercalciuria, and nephrolithiasis (Dent’s disease). Impaired endosomal acidification in proximal tubule caused by reduced chloride conductance is a proposed mechanism; however, functional analysis of ClC-5 in oocytes predicts low ClC-5 chloride conductance in endosomes because of their acid interior pH and positive potential. Here, endosomal pH and chloride concentration were measured in proximal tubule cell cultures from wildtype vs. ClC-5 deficient mice using fluorescent sensors coupled to transferrin (early/recycling endosomes) or α2-macroglobulin (late endosomes). Initial pH in transferrin-labeled endosomes was ∼7.2, decreasing at 15 min to 6.0 vs. 6.5 in wildtype vs. ClC-5 deficient cells, respectively; corresponding endosomal chloride concentration increased from ∼16 mM to 47 vs. 36 mM. In contrast, acidification and chloride accumulation were not impaired in late endosomes or Golgi. Our results provide direct evidence for ClC-5 involvement in acidification of early endosomes in proximal tubule by a chloride shunt mechanism.
Perceptions of family history and genetic testing and feasibility of pedigree development among African Americans with hypertension

Background:Pedigree development, family history, and genetic testing are thought to be useful in improving outcomes of chronic illnesses such as hypertension (HTN). However, the clinical utility of...
Approximation of an analytic function on a finite real interval by a bandlimited function and conjectures on properties of prolate spheroidal functions

We show that an arbitrary function f , analytic within a rectangle around the real interval x ∈[ −1, 1], can be approximated by a bandlimited function of bandwidth c with an accuracy on x ∈[ −1, 1] which decreases exponentially fast with the bandwidth c. We explicitly construct the approximation f bl (x; c) and show that its Fourier transform is well-behaved (i.e., belongs to the “Schwartz space” of rapidly decaying C ∞ functions). We also show that an alternative method of constructing a bandlimited approximation using prolate spheroidal functions yields a series for the Fourier transform of f which is usually divergent. We offer numerical evidence for two conjectures about properties of prolate spheroidal functions. First, the eigenvalues λn of the prolate integral equation, � 1
Intranuclear Birbeck Granules in Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

(1997). Intranuclear Birbeck Granules in Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis. Ultrastructural Pathology: Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 597-600.
Papel de la ecocardiografía en la detección y el pronóstico de la regurgitación mitral isquémica

Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is mitral regurgitation (MR) due to complications of coronary artery disease and not fortuitously associated with it. Acute MR secondary to ruptured papillary muscle after myocardial infarction is rare and often fatal. We focus on functional MR, much more common, which occurs without any intrinsic valve disease. It was often underrated because of low murmur intensity but with the use of echocardiography this complication is observed between 15%-20% after a myocardial infarction. Recent advances in noninvasive Doppler echocardiography allow accurate assessment of regurgitant volume and effective regurgitant orifice and thus provide the tools to reliably evaluate the prognosis and mechanisms of IMR. IMR presence is associated with excess mortality. The mortality risk is directly related to the degree of regurgitation and a regurgitant volume > or = 30 ml or an effective regurgitant orifice > or = 20 mm2; define a high-risk group. Presence and degree of the regurgitation are related to local left ventricular remodeling. The apical and posterior displacement of papillary muscles leads to excess valvular tenting which in turn, in association with loss of systolic annular contraction, determines the severity of the regurgitation. In current clinical practice, IMR is mainly corrected by ring annuloplasty. However, this technique does not correct local alterations of left ventricular remodeling and its benefits on long-term outcome remains to be demonstrated.
Status of coordination and standardization of snow‐surveying

Snow-surveying for stream-flow forecasting has now grown to interstate, national, and even international importance. It was conceived and developed to fit conditions and needs of our western states by Dr. J. E. Church in the Lake Tahoe Region of Nevada. From this point it sent roots elsewhere and broadened to its present scope, largely through the initiative of individuals working independently and under various exigencies. This manner of expansion, though resulting in noteworthy progress that probably otherwise would not have occurred, has had an inherent fault. There has been a constant tendency toward independent rather than concerted effort. To make of these present activities a service of full value to the country at large, further coordination of effort and standardization of procedure is required.