cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Telehealth and Inequity During the COVID-19 Response

The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the use of telehealth to improve health care access and promote social distancing. However, telehealth introduces new challenges and barriers for health care access, particularly where patients are responsible for initiating a telehealth encounter without a facilitating provider (e.g., a health clinic as an originating site). A successful telehealth encounter requires capable technology, reliable high-speed internet, and sufficient digital literacy to use telehealth software. In addition to these telehealth-specific barriers, traditional health care barriers, such as cost, coverage, cultural competence, and disability, can be compounded or amplified by the confluence of telehealth and the impacts of COVID-19. Unfortunately, these barriers are disproportionately experienced by many populations that already face disparities in COVID-19 burden and risk. As such, health care disparities and inequities could widen for some populations with an increased focus on telehealth during the COVID-19 response. This Chapter supplements the recommendations provided in the first Volume with additional recommendations intended to address telehealth disparities and inequities including funding for community health workers to educate and train patients for telehealth services and subsidizing technology and internet access needed for telehealth services. This paper was prepared as part of the COVID-19 Policy Playbook: Legal Recommendations for a Safer, More Equitable Future, a comprehensive report published by Public Health Law Watch in partnership with the de Beaumont Foundation and the American Public Health Association.
Beyond Seattle: WATS and Advanced Imaging in Barrett’s Esophagus:

Barrett’s esophagus is the sole known precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Endoscopic surveillance for Barrett’s esophagus is recommended to help identify and manage dysplasia, with the ultimat...
Longitudinal assessments of strength and dynamic balance from pre-injury baseline to 3 and 4 months after labrum repairs in collegiate athletes

Background: There is a lack of quantitative assessments of athletes’ functional strength and dynamic balance following labrum repairs. Purpose:To compare the upper extremity strength and dynamic ba...
Suppression of Device Voltage Stress from Ground Leakage Current for Soft-Switching Solid-State Transformer

Grounding related issues are critical for safe and reliable operation of solid-state transformer (SST) in medium-voltage (MV) utility applications. This paper presents the issue of additional device voltage stress due to grounding-path current for current-source soft-switching solid-state transformer (S4T). The S4T achieves single-stage AC-AC, AC-DC, or DC-DC conversion with full-range ZVS, derived from the current-source/flyback converters. However, the flyback operation means that the device voltage in the inactive reverse-blocking bridge can be influenced by parasitic current. A comprehensive parasitic model of a modular S4T (M-S4T) prototype is developed from direct measurements and datasheets. Using the developed parasitic model and equivalent circuits, the causes of the voltage stress are analyzed. A voltage-stress suppression scheme of connecting additional grounding capacitors to the transformer terminal and the input terminal is proposed. Robust parameter design guidelines of the proposed scheme are given. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified experimentally with a M-S4T prototype based on SiC MOSFETs and diodes under single-module and stacked-module testing cases up to 1.6 kV peak.
Complete Lambert Solver Including Second-Order Sensitivities

The complete parameter space for Lambert’s problem includes all possible geometries, flight times, and revolutions. An earlier work exploited a rectangular form of this parameter space to interpola...
Impurity Effects in High-Purity Metals

The effects of impurities on high-purity metals is evaluated in terms of the rate at which the science of metals is advancing, and what is needed to enhance materials knowledge. The definition of purity, types of effects, and hydrogen embrittlement are discussed, along with examples of impurity effects in Fe, Ag, W, Al, and Cr. (P.C.H.)
3D indoor route planning for arbitrary-shape objects

Route planning, which is used to calculate feasible routes in a given environment, is one of the key issues in navigation systems. According to different constraints in different given space, various route planning strategies have been developed in recent years. Current route planning models for indoor space focus on providing routes for pedestrians or fix-sized users, like robots and persons in wheelchairs. None of the existing model can provide feasible routes for arbitrary-shape users, which appears to be more and more useful in many situations, like users driving small indoor autos or moving carts with products. This paper proposes a two-phase route planning model which can support route planning for users with arbitrary shapes. In the first phase, the LEGO model represents the entire space by using different types of cubes. These cubes are further merged in the second phase to form the maximum accessible blocks. By computing the maximum accessible widths and lengths between blocks, a LEGO graph is built to perform route searching algorithms.
Isolation of a third lipoamide dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida.

Abstract Pseudomonads are the only organisms so far known to produce two lipoamide dehydrogenases (LPDs), LPD-Val and LPD-Glc. LPD-Val is the specific E3 component of branched-chain oxoacid dehydrogenase, and LPD-Glc is the E3 component of 2-ketoglutarate and possibly pyruvate dehydrogenases and the L-factor of the glycine oxidation system. Three mutants of Pseudomonas putida, JS348, JS350, and JS351, affected in lpdG, the gene encoding LPD-Glc, have been isolated; all lacked 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, but two, JS348 and JS351, had normal pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. The pyruvate and 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenases of the wild-type strain of P. putida were both inhibited by anti-LPD-Glc, but the pyruvate dehydrogenase of the lpdG mutants was not inhibited, suggesting that the mutant pyruvate dehydrogenase E3 component was different from that of the wild type. The lipoamide dehydrogenase present in one of the lpdG mutants, JS348, was isolated and characterized. This lipoamide dehydrogenase, provisionally named LPD-3, differed in molecular weight, amino acid composition, and N-terminal amino acid sequence from LPD-Glc and LPD-Val. LPD-3 was clearly a lipoamide dehydrogenase as opposed to a mercuric reductase or glutathione reductase. LPD-3 was about 60% as effective as LPD-Glc in restoring 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity and completely restored pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in JS350. These results suggest that LPD-3 is a lipoamide dehydrogenase associated with an unknown multienzyme complex which can replace LPD-Glc as the E3 component of pyruvate and 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenases in lpdG mutants.
Why groupware succeeds: discretion or mandate?

Single-user applications are designed with a 'discretionary use' model In contrast, for large systems, upper management support is considered crucial to adoption Which applies to groupware? The relatively low cost of groupware reduces high-level visibility, but some argue that social dynamics will force mandated use-the large system approach. Interview studies of recently adopted on-line meeting schedulers in two large organizations found successful, near-universal use achieved without managerial mandate. Versatile functionality and ease of use associated with discretionary products appeared to be factors leading to adoption Other factors included organization-wide infrastructure and substantial peer pressure that developed over time.
Chemoprevention of skin cancer: Current status and future prospects

Chemoprevention represents a relatively new and promising strategy whereby the use of natural or synthetic agents the process of carcinogenesis can be slowed, reversed or completely halted. Especially for the skin cancer, chemoprevention could be an important armamentarium because of increasing incidence of such cancers and because skin is continuously exposed to various environmental carcinogens that include both chemical agents and solar ultraviolet radiations. A wide range of compounds, both synthetic and naturally occurring has been shown to possess cancer chemopreventive effects in murine skin carcinogenesis models. Only a limited number of these agents have been tested for their efficacy in the human population. Here, we provide a brief review on the skin cancer chemopreventive potential and mechanism of action of various synthetic and natural agents. Many of these agents are present in daily diet and are supplemented or topically applied against prevention of various stages of skin cancer. We will also discuss the current status and future prospects of these agents for development as promising chemopreventive agents against skin cancer.
Endogenous expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in cell line WEHI-231.

Because of its susceptibility to apoptosis on Ag receptor cross-linking, cells of the mouse cell line WEHI-231 have been classified as immature B cells. Surprisingly, however, the cell line expresses activation-induced cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that mediates hypermutation and Ig class switch recombination in activated B cells. Although both cDNA sequence and protein expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase appear normal, the cell line does not hypermutate an indicator plasmid. For the readout, the indicator plasmid depends on the removal of deoxyuridine after transition from C to U and, therefore, on functional expression of uracil N- glycosylase 2, which is normal in WEHI-231. At the endogenous Ig locus, however, WEHI-231 does undergo the canonical hypermutation of G · C to A · T base pairs to some extent. The cell line also expresses the germline transcripts of the Ig γ2b, e, and α loci, but it does not switch its IgM surface Ig.
Nanoantenna Design for THz-band Rectification

This paper proposes a new nanoantenna-design-procedure for single- as well as double-band, CMOS- compatible, room temperature THz rectifiers. The sensitivity of the THz sensors are optimized. In case of double band sensors the cross-talk is kept under control.
Mode of onset of torsade de pointes in congenital long QT syndrome

Objectives. We sought to describe the mode of onset of spontaneous torsade de pointes in the congenital long QT syndrome. Background. Contemporary classifications of the long QT syndrome (LQTS) refer to the congenital LQTS as “adrenergic dependent” and to the acquired LQTS as “pause dependent.” Overlap between these two categories has been recognized, and a subgroup of patients with “idiopathic pause-dependent torsade” has been described. However, it is not known how commonly torsade is preceded by pauses in the congenital LQTS. Methods. We reviewed the electrocardiograms (ECGs) of all our patients with congenital LQTS evaluated for syncope or sudden death (30 patients). Documentation of the onset of torsade de pointes was available for 15 patients. All these patients had “definitive LQTS” by accepted clinical and ECG criteria. Results. Pause-dependent torsade de pointes was clearly documented in 14 of the 15 patients (95% confidence interval 68% to 100%). The cycle length of the pause leading to torsade was 1.3 ± 0.2 times longer than the basic cycle length, and most pauses leading to torsade were unequivocally longer than the preceding basic cycle length (80% of pauses were >80 ms longer than the preceding cycle length). Conclusions. The “long-short” sequence, which has been recognized as a hallmark of torsade de pointes in the acquired LQTS, plays a major role in the genesis of torsade in the congenital LQTS as well. Our findings have important therapeutic implications regarding the use of pacemakers for prevention of torsade in the congenital LQTS.
Hot Feet: Erythromelalgia and Related Disorders

Erythromelalgia is an extraordinary pain syndrome first described by S. Weir Mitchell in 1878. Episodes of severe burning pain in the distal limbs, accompanied by striking redness and warmth of the skin, are precipitated by heat or activity and can be terminated only by cooling the affected part. Primary erythromelalgia is a sporadic or autosomal-dominant hereditary disorder whose symptoms begin in childhood. Secondary erythromelalgia occurs in association with thrombocythemia, collagen-vascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, peripheral neuropathy, and use of certain drugs. Aspirin is effective for patients with thrombocythemia, but most other cases are very resistant to treatment. The pathogenesis of erythromelalgia has remained puzzling, especially the peculiar switch-like manner in which symptoms are turned on by heat and turned off by cold. Following Ochoa's description of the ABC (angry backfiring C nociceptors) syndrome, it seems plausible to regard erythromelalgia as a problem of sensitized skin polymodal C-fiber receptors. C-fiber threshold to activation by heat would be lowered to 32 degrees C to 36 degrees C; activated C fibers would cause vasodilation via axon reflexes with redness, heat, and swelling. Cooling would bring the nociceptors below threshold. Secondary erythromelalgia may result from humoral factors released from platelets or ischemic tissues or from C-fiber injury in some cases of neuropathy, whereas primary erythromelalgia could be due to a mutation of the capsaicin receptor.
African Americans' attitudes toward cigarette excise taxes.

Objectives. This study examined African Americans' opinions regarding cigarette excise taxes and other tobacco control issues. Methods. A stratified cluster sample of US congressional districts represented by African Americans was selected. African Americans from 10 districts were interviewed. Results. Forty-seven percent of respondents stated that taxes on tobacco products should be increased, whereas about 30% believed that they should be reduced. Almost 75% disagreed that raising taxes on tobacco products is unfair to African Americans, and 57.9% reported that they would not be opposed to increasing taxes on cigarettes even if low-income smokers would be hit the hardest. Conclusions. The present results indicate substantial support for cigarette excise taxes among African Americans.
A COMPARATIVE IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY ON STRIATAL MET-ENKEPHALIN EXPRESSION IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND IN PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY

Using a sensitive immunoperoxidase technique we examined Met-enkephalin (MEnk) expression in the striatum and globus pallidus external segment (GPe) from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). In AD patients strong MEnk-like immunoreactivity was persistent in the striatum showing so-called “striosomes”. In addition, a number of typical “woolly fibers” were observed in the GPe. MEnk-positive striosomes were also visible in the striatum of PSP patients and were similar to those of normal controls and of AD patients. However, the MEnk-positive “woolly fibers” appcarance was less well recognizable in the GPe from all the PSP patients examined.
Photomask Dimensional Measurements And The Clear/Dark Ratio

Four line-width measuring systems were tested for variations in the measured width of identical resolution targets as a function of the clear-to-dark (C/D) ratio of the surrounding field. Test masks were made of resolution bars in a checkerboard field. The C/D ratio of this field was varied on each mask to create eleven samples per mask with C/D ratios from 0% to 100%. Photocomposition was used to ensure that the C/D ratio of the field did not disturb the dimensions of the resolution bars during manufacture. Thus, any dimensional variations from sample to sample were due to effects of the C/D ratio on the measurement process. This was verified in a scanning electron microscope. Masks produced in both chromium oxide and iron oxide were measured on an image-shearing system, a photometric system, and on two different TV-type systems. One TV-type system was affected by the C/D ratio. This system was tested further to determine the cause of the problem. A method of minimizing the problem was determined.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Potentials of Thermodynamic and Free Zero Charge at the Interface between Two Immiscible Electrolytes

Electrocapillary equations are analyzed for partially polarizable interfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES), and the determination of thermodynamic and free zero charge potentials at the oil/water interface is considered. The difference between potentials corresponding to the minimum of differential capacitance and maximum of electrocapillarity curves is caused by faradaic processes and nonideal polarizability of ITIES. The difference depends on the contribution of penetrating ions to the surface charge. Because the inner layer parameters are nonlinear functions of the potential difference at ITIES, the minimum capacitance potential shifts with increasing electrolyte concentrations even when there is no specific ion adsorption.
Origins and nature of vessels in monocotyledons. 9. Sansevieria

Abstract Sections of fixed material of four collections of three species of Sansevieria were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to initiate study of distribution of vessel elements and the ultrastructural nature of tracheary elements in the genus. Roots of Sansevieria have scalariform perforation plates in vessels; only tracheids are present in stems (= rhizomes) and leaves. This distribution is similar to that of genera of Asparagales claimed in recent molecular phylogenies to be close to Sansevieria: Dracaena, Ophiopogon, and Ruscus. Also similar in tracheary element types is Orchidaceae, now considered a member of Asparagales. Ultrastructural study of Sansevieria tracheary elements reveals intermediacy between vessel elements and tracheids because porose pit membranes extend across entire end walls of tracheids, and portions of scalariform perforation plates of vessel elements. This correlates with longevity of roots in Sansevieria, and probable moderate transpiration rates in leaves. In Sansevieria, as in other monocotyledons, vessel type occurrence, organographic distribution, and tracheary element ultrastructure relate primarily to ecology, although molecular-based trees, in fact, help understand the patterns of shift in ecological adaptation with attendant change in tracheary element structure.
Temporal dynamics in growth and white skeletal muscle composition of the mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus during chronic hypoxia and hyperoxia

Specific growth rate (GS) and white skeletal muscle composition were measured in the mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus over a period of 28 days at four levels of dissolved oxygen (DO): severe hypoxia (c. 1·2 mg O2 l?1), moderate hypoxia (3·0 mg O2 l?1), normoxia (7·1 mg O2 l?1) and hyperoxia (10·6 mg O2 l?1). The GS was calculated over 0–8, 0–14, 0–28 and 14–28 days, and muscle protein, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), DNA, RNA and water were measured at 0, 8, 14 and 28 days. Exposure of fish to severe hypoxia was associated with significantly reduced GS, lower muscle protein content and lower RNA:DNA compared with other DO treatments. When calculated over the first and second half of the 28 day exposure, however, GS of fish in severe hypoxia increased significantly during the second two-week interval, to the same rate as that of normoxic fish. Muscle LDH activity and water content were not significantly affected by DO level. Neither moderate hypoxia nor hyperoxia significantly affected GS or any biochemical variable. The results demonstrate that F. heteroclitus can tolerate wide variation in ambient oxygen concentration and, during prolonged exposure to severe hypoxia, shows significant compensation for the initial negative effects on growth. The capacity of F. heteroclitus to grow over a wide range of DO probably contributes to its ability to exploit habitats characterized by marked variation in oxygen availability.
Diverse Roles of E-Cadherin in the Morphogenesis of the Submandibular Gland: Insights Into the Formation of Acinar and Ductal Structures

The formation of acinar and ductal structures during epithelial tissue branching morphogenesis is not well understood. We report that in the mouse submandibular gland (SMG), acinar and ductal cell fates are determined early in embryonic morphogenesis with E-cadherin playing pivotal roles in development. We identified two morphologically distinct cell populations at the single bud stage, destined for different functions. The outer layer of columnar cells with organized E-cadherin junctions expressed the neonatal acinar marker B1 by E13.5, demonstrating their acinar fate. The interior cells initially lacked distinct E-cadherin junctions, but with morphogenesis formed cytokeratin 7 (K7) -positive ductal structures with organized E-cadherin junctions and F-actin filaments. Inhibition of E-cadherin function with either siRNA or function blocking antibody caused extensive apoptosis of ductal cells and aberrantly dilated lumens, providing the first evidence that E-cadherin regulates ductal lumen formation during branching morphogenesis of the salivary gland.
Literature-Based Automated Reconstruction, Expansion, and Refinement of the TGF-β Superfamily Ligand-Receptor Network

The TGF-β pathway transduces a variety of extracellular signals into intracellular responses that control multiple cellular processes, including cell growth, apoptosis, and differentiation. It encompasses 33 ligands that interact with 7 type II receptors and 5 type I receptors at the plasma membrane to potentially form 1,155 ligand-receptor complexes in mammalian cells. Retrieving the information of the complexes that are actually formed from reading the literature might be tedious and prone to missing links. Here, we have developed an automated literature-mining procedure to obtain the interactions of the TGF-β ligand-receptor network. By querying the Information Hyperlinked over Proteins (iHOP) online service and processing the results, we were able to find pairwise interactions between ligands and receptors that allowed us to build the network automatically from the literature. Comparison with available published review papers indicates that this method is able to automatically reconstruct and expand the TGF-β superfamily ligand-receptor network. Retrieving and parsing the full text of the manuscripts containing the interactions allowed us to refine the network interactions for specific cell lines.
Developing hybrid structural health monitoring via integrated global sensing and local infrared imaging

Sensing technology and sensor development have received increased attention in the recent years, and a number of types of sensors have been developed for various applications for materials and structures. In this paper, we will discuss the concept of combining sensing of global vibration and local infrared imaging techniques. The global vibration-based techniques determine the health condition of structures by the changes in their dynamic properties or responses to external disturbs or excitations. Infrared Imaging is introduced here to detect local defects or problems so that to provide more direct and accurate assessment about the severity and extent of the damage. The progress on developing a hybrid structural health monitoring system is presented through the results on both the global sensing algorithm study and local infrared imaging investigation on a steel C channel.
The mechanism of adsorption of fatty acids and other surfactants at the oxide—water interface

Abstract The technique of microelectrophoresis was used to obtain electrochemical evidence of any specific adsorption of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and other surfactants at the Al 2 O 3 and Fe 2 O 3 —water interfaces. The adsorption of alkyl sulfonates and sulfates on both of these oxide colloids resulted from simple physisorption together with subsequent hydrophobic interaction at higher adsorption densities. Lauric acid also adsorbed on alumina by simple physisorption plus hydrophobic interaction whereas on Fe 2 O 3 it showed not only hydrophobic adsorption but also specific chemisorption. In contrast, potassium octyl hydroxamate showed very strong specific chemisorption but no hydrophobic interaction. Oleic acid appears to chemisorb on both Fe 2 O 3 and A1 2 O 3 , but it is complicated by deterioration of the oleic acid.
Characterizing Queries in Different Search Tasks

The purpose of this study is to explore the characteristics of queries of varied search tasks driven by different user intents. For this, the study collected empirical and descriptive evidence of twenty-nine subjects' information searching process on the Web. Several indicators have been employed to determine different characteristics of queries. The results indicate that there were statistical differences in query iteration, identical query, failed query, click-through query rate among different search tasks with different search intent. The results also indicate different search tasks result in different query interval lengths.
A micro method for the determination of levulinic acid

Abstract A method for the determination of levulinic acid in 2.5- to 25-microgram quantities is presented. The method includes the formation of levulinic acid 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone in benzene in the presence of H2SO4 and the extraction of the resulting 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone by 0.5 N NaOH. The optical density of the alkaline layer at 540 millimicrons is then determined.
Rotational analysis of the NO2 6125-Å region

Abstract In the NO 2 6125-A region 135 transitions belonging to four bands have been assigned using laser-induced fluorescence. On the whole, the rotational structure of the four vibronic bands is well characterized by near-prolate symmetric top relations. The 6125 and 6126-A bands perturb each other, the former having predominantly the character of the A 2 B 2 state, the latter the X 2 A 1 state; this parent-daughter relationship is recognized to occur else-where in the NO 2 visible spectrum.
104, 106pd(p,n)104, 106Ag and Pd(p,n) spin parity and structure studies

The neutron enhancements from 104, 106Pd(p, n)104, 106Ag have been measured from the 52+, 12+,32+, IAR in 105Ag and the 52+, 12+, IAR in 107Ag. Angular distributions from 104Pd(p, n)104Ag were measured and compared to theory. The masses of 104Ag(103.913183) and 106Ag (105.906678) were measured by direct neutron time-of-flight comparison to 89Y(p, n)89Zr. Gamma-ray spectra from 104, 106Pd(p, n, γ)104, 106Ag were measured from threshold to 1400 keV and coincidence spectra were measured to determine the level sequence in 104, 106Ag. Neutron and γ-ray enhancements and Hauser-Feshbach comparisons were used to suggest the spin and parity of energy levels.
Surface photochemistry: from hot reactions to hot materials

Abstract The field of surface photochemistry has been rather fruitful for two major reasons: its contribution to the understanding of surface dynamics and its importance in the fabrication of surface materials. On the fundamental side, instead of addressing electronic transitions, it is my attempt here to illustrate the importance of surface photochemistry in understanding dynamics of the ground electronic states, those which are generally associated with thermal reactions. In the world of materials fabrication, I would like to point out the unique advantages of surface photochemistry over gas-phase photochemistry or thermal chemistry in the stringent control of ultra-thin films and ultra-small dimensions, i.e. nanotechnology. Both aspects of surface photochemistry are demonstrated using selected examples from my laboratory.
Effects of cell positive cans and separators on the performance of high-voltage Li-ion batteries

The effects of different cell positive cans and separators on first-cycle Coulombic efficiency and long-term cycling stability of a high-voltage spinel cathode are investigated systematically. Compared to stainless steel (SS) positive cans, aluminum (Al)-clad SS-316 positive cans are much more resistant to oxidation at high voltages; therefore, the initial Coulombic efficiency of the batteries with Al-clad can is improved by more than 13%. Among the five separators studied in this work, the polyethylene (PE) separator exhibits the best electrochemical stability. The cells using LiCr0.05Ni0.45Mn1.5O4 as the cathode, an Al-clad positive can, and a PE separator exhibits a first-cycle Coulombic efficiency of about 90% and a capacity fading of only 0.01% per cycle.
Google's Bid to Build Cooperation and Partnerships Through Librarian Central and Google for Educators

This article considers the Google Librarian Central and the Google for Educators sites and related projects, such as The Literacy Project, from the search and advertising giant, and how libraries, schools, and others view their value and impact.
The effects of grouping visual stimuli on the cortical evoked potential

The University Of Michigan. Ann Arbor. Michigan The effect of grouping elements of a visual stimulus on the amplitude of the bipolar occipital evoked potential is considered in two experiments. A marked and orderly relation is found. Various classes of hypotheses are advanced to account for this finding.
Studies on the Feeding Value of Mow-Cured Baled Hay

Summary The feeding value of similar baled alfalfa hays cured either in the mow or field was studied over a period of 3 yr. Without the aid of heated air the carotene content of the mow-cured hays was variable, depending on the prevailing weather conditions. When the outside air was cool and humid, as in the cases of the first-cutting hays, the mow drying process was prolonged, with most of the carotene in the hay being destroyed. The mow-curing of baled hay seems to be a much more difficult process than the curing of long hay because of the difficulty of getting air to pass through the bales, even though loosely packed. The use of supplemental heat is to be recommended as a more dependable processing procedure for baled hay. When compared in feeding trials in which equal quantities of hays were fed on a cow-weight basis and with concentrates at the rate of 1 lb. for each 4 lb. of 4 per cent fat-corrected milk, no significant differences in feeding value were found between baled hays cured either in the mow or in the field. The mow-cured baled hays seemed to be as palatable to the dairy cows as the field-cured baled hays.
Learning the Language of Evolution: Lexical Ambiguity and Word Meaning in Student Explanations

Our study investigates the challenges introduced by students’ use of lexically ambiguous language in evolutionary explanations. Specifically, we examined students’ meaning of five key terms incorporated into their written evolutionary explanations: pressure, select, adapt, need, and must. We utilized a new technological tool known as the Assessment Cascade System (ACS) to investigate the frequency with which biology majors spontaneously used lexically ambiguous language in evolutionary explanations, as well as their definitions and explanations of what they meant when they used such terms. Three categories of language were identified and examined in this study: terms with Dual Ambiguity, Incompatible Ambiguity, and Unintended Ambiguity. In the sample of 1282 initial evolutionary explanations, 81 % of students spontaneously incorporated lexically ambiguous language at least once. Furthermore, the majority of these initial responses were judged to be inaccurate from a scientific point of view. While not significantly related to gender, age, or reading/writing ability, students’ use of contextually appropriate evolutionary language (pressure and adapt) was significantly associated with academic performance in biology. Comparisons of initial responses to follow-up responses demonstrated that the majority of student explanations were not reinterpreted after consideration of the follow-up response; nevertheless, a sizeable minority was interpreted differently. Most cases of interpretation change were a consequence of resolving initially ambiguous responses, rather than a change of accuracy, resulting in an increased understanding of students’ evolutionary explanations. We discuss a series of implications of lexical ambiguity for evolution education.
Redefining prosthetic ankle mechanics: Non-anthropomorphic ankle design

The moment transferred at the residual limb socket interface of transtibial amputees can be a limiting factor of the comfort and activity level of lower limb amputees. The high pressures seen can be a significant source of pain, as well as result in deep tissue damage. The compensation of the sound limbs causes an asymmetrical gait which can be a contributor of early onset osteoarthritis in the sound limbs. It has been shown that the moment transferred with conventional passive prostheses can be lowered in magnitude by aligning the tibia with ground reaction forces, but this limits the effectiveness of the device. With recent powered prosthetics designed to mimic the missing limb, power can be injected into the gait cycle, but can also be limited by this pressure threshold. This paper shows the results of calculations that suggest that altering the prosthetic ankle mechanism can reduce the socket interface moments by as much as 50%. This supports the development of an active non-anthropomorphic ankle prosthesis which reduces socket interface moments while still injecting substantial power levels into the gait cycle.
Three-Dimensional Scattering and Inverse Scattering from Objects With Simultaneous Permittivity and Permeability Contrasts

There has been increasing efforts in enhanced biomedical and geophysical imaging in the recent years exploring the magnetic contrast agent. The handling of both dielectric and magnetic contrasts adds on difficulties to the forward and inverse scattering problems. In this paper, the 3-D scattering and the inverse scattering from objects having simultaneous electric and magnetic contrasts are presented, where the permittivity, conductivity, and permeability of the objects can all be different from the background. To cope with the challenging high computation cost in the 3-D scattering problem, we formulate the combined field volume integral equations and extend the stabilized biconjugate gradient method and fast Fourier transform (BCGS-FFT) method to compute the electromagnetic field incorporating both the electric and magnetic contrasts. The variational Born iterative method for electrical contrast inversion in axisymmetric media is generalized to 3-D and to the simultaneous reconstruction of objects with electric and magnetic contrasts. The BCGS-FFT method provides the predicted scattered field from the 3-D heterogeneous objects and the Frechet derivatives in the inverse scattering problem. The efficient forward solver also dramatically reduces the computation time of the inverse problem. Numerical results are presented to validate the forward solver and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the inverse scattering method.
The contribution of Allison and Nissen to the evolution of hiatus herniorrhaphy

Even though it was not until 1950 that Barrett introduced the term "reflux esophagitis", this entity is now the most common disease afflicting the western world. Diaphragmatic herniation, recognized by Sennertus in 1541, was first repaired by Potemski (1889). Before World-War II, the condition was considered rare; symptomatology, as in external herniae, was ascribed to pinching of the stomach by the hernial ring. Only large protrusions, with signs of impending incarceration, volvulus, or strangulation, were operated upon. Modern understanding derives from studies of short, strictured esophagi. Because of endoscopic "gastric" biopsies in children, Findlay and Kelly considered them congenital "misplacements". However, Allison (1943), finding adults with ulceration and scarring, argued they were acquired. Later (1953) he concluded that the distal esophagus may be lined with metaplastic adenomatous epithelium which can harbor malignancy. His repair, reestablishing the crural pinchcock was, as pointed out by his countryman Collis (who in 1957 constructed a neo-esophagus from the Magenstrasse), inadequate. Nissen performed (1936) gastroesophagectomy in a case of peptic ulceration of the cardia. To avoid leakage he buried the anastomosis. Amazingly, 17 years later he learned that the patient had no reflux. He then successfully performed and reported (1956) fundoplication in a man and woman with gastroesophageal reflux disease. His operation remains the basis for surgical therapy today.
New Breast Cancer Genes—Discovery at the Intersection of Complex Data Sets

The identification of genes that contribute to the oncogenic process, including those that determine risk of cancer onset, holds the key not only in understanding mechanisms of oncogenesis but also in the identification of new targets for therapeutic development. Traditional methods of genetics and molecular biology have been successful but are slow and laborious. The advent of genome technologies, leading to the generation of large data sets describing various properties of genes and proteins relevant to cancer phenotypes, has afforded a new opportunity for discovery. M. Vidal and colleagues have made use of this data, and in particular the integration of various forms of genome-scale data, to identify new genes involved in breast cancer.
An inlet zone analysis for the lubrication of a drawing process by a rigid-plastic solid

Abstract An upper-bound method is used to model the entrainment of a solid lubricant in a drawing process. The lubricant is treated as a rigid-plastic solid. A semi-empirical equation for the thickness of the lubricant film that will be entrained under ideal fractional conditions is given.
Fixed elements in involutive residuated lattices

An involutive residuated lattice (IRL) is a lattice-ordered monoid possessing residual operations and a dualizing element d. The involution, i.e., the function \({x \mapsto x\backslash d}\), of an IRL induces a lattice anti-isomorphism, and is also an order-2 bijection of the underlying set. We examine which such bijections may be induced by the involution of an IRL.
Experimental simulation of martian gully forms

Abstract Gullies are widespread on slopes on the surface of Mars and have been investigated by numerous authors, yet their formation processes remain elusive. In an attempt to understand the possibility of a water-based origin for these forms, we undertook a series of flume experiments at Earth surface temperatures and pressures. Our objectives were to produce forms that resemble those most commonly observed on Mars, documenting their morphometric characteristics and identifying any statistically significant relationships between form and controlling factors of slope and flow rate. Experiments were conducted in a 1×1.5 m2 flume filled with medium grain size sand. The experiments were run over a slope angle range of 10–30°, corresponding to the range for gullies on Mars. Water from a constant-head tank fed through 5 mm silicone hose to a rotameter and then released just below the surface at the top of the slope. Gullies were produced at slope angle values of 10°, 20°, and 30° and flow rate values of 445, 705, 965, and 1260 mL min−1 at each angle. Eighteen parameters were identified and subsequently measured on each gully produced in the flume. Gully forms were successfully reproduced and displayed development of the fundamental morphological components observed on Mars: alcove, channel, and apron. Slope–gully form relationships for each component revealed the following results: higher slope angles formed shorter gullies with thicker apron deposits. Moreover, longer gullies were seen at higher flow rates. We concluded that forms visually similar to those observed on Mars can be created by water in the laboratory flume under terrestrial conditions. Morphometric parameters can be measured and permit identification of controlling factors. Experimental simulation of gullies appears possible with proper scaling of experimental parameters. Although not directly scalable to Mars, flume gully parameters may be used to develop numerical models in the future.
MHC class I assembly: out and about

The assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules with peptides is orchestrated by several assembly factors including the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and tapasin, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) oxido-reductases ERp57 and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), the lectin chaperones calnexin and calreticulin, and the ER aminopeptidase (ERAAP). Typically, MHC class I molecules present endogenous antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). However, the initiation of CD8+ T-cell responses against many pathogens and tumors also requires the presentation of exogenous antigens by MHC class I molecules. We discuss recent developments relating to interactions and mechanisms of function of the various assembly factors and pathways by which exogenous antigens access MHC class I molecules.
The utility of serologic testing for varicella in an adolescent population.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine what proportion of adolescents without a history of varicella are seropositive, and if serologic testing of this adolescent subpopulation is cost-effective. We identified 122 patients with ‘no’ or ‘unknown’ histories of chicken pox from our adolescent clinic. Of these, 58 (48%) were found to be Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) seropositive. Cost to the government for batched serologic testing of all unknowns was $682.65, while each adolescent vaccinated cost $59.60. Serologic testing prior to routine immunization of adolescents with unclear varicella histories saved $2774.15 (38% of routine immunization costs). In this population, serologic testing is more cost effective than routinely immunizing all unknowns.
Hybridization of the negative index response by resonant coupling to a dipole absorber inside a metamaterial

We demonstrate a resonant coupling and hybridization between the structural resonance in the permeability of a fishnet and a material resonance in the dielectric spacer layer. Experimental data shows a good agreement with theory.
Exploration of ductile, brittle failure characteristics through a two-parameter yield/failure criterion

Abstract A criterion is developed for determining whether a particular mode of failure is expected to be of ductile type or brittle type depending upon both the material type and the particular state of stressing the isotropic material to failure. The material type is specified by an α index obtained from two specific failure properties and a recently formulated failure theory. The ductile versus brittle criterion then involves the α material specification and the mean normal stress part of the imposed stress state. Several illustrative examples are given for different stress states and a spectrum of materials types. Closely related to the failure mode types are the orientations of the associated failure surfaces. In uniaxial tension, the present method shows a distinct failure orientation transition from ductile type to brittle type as the type of material changes.
The piano lesson: An autoethnography about changing clinical paradigms in aphasia practice

Background : Managing the clinical relationship in the therapeutic process is a difficult issue to study, because it is based on cognitive knowledge as well as emotional processing. Addressing the emotional work of the clinician is particularly important in developing expertise as a therapist. In order to effectively change between therapeutic schools of thought, emotional aspects must be acknowledged, because different therapeutic schools of thought rely more or less on the authoritative role of the clinician. Aims : The purpose of this paper is to discuss narrative autoethnography as a qualitative research tool with potential applications in aphasiology, and to demonstrate its usefulness through an example. Methods & Procedures : An evocative story about a single aphasia therapy session is presented, written according to introspective autoethnographic techniques. The narrative reflects the inner emotional processes of a clinician and illustrates the emotional aspects of negotiating clinical roles. The s...
Beyond Jihad: the New Thought of the Gamāʿa Islāmiyya

The last few decades have led to a veritable global conflation between “Islamic movement” and violence. Unnoticed in all of this has been an ideological evolution within certain Islamist circles themselves. One such instance is that of the notorious Gamâʿa Islâmiyya of Egypt, which in 1997 began a campaign not only to renounce political violence per se but to declare such violence to be Islamically improper and to present an Islamically reasoned argument to this effect. This article traces this evolution in the Gamâʿa's thinking and exams key aspects of its new ideological stand, including its critique of contemporary jihadism overall, not least of which the ideological outlook of al‐Qâʿida
Successful treatment of low turnover osteoporosis resulting from prolonged reserpine therapy with intermittent calcitonin and phosphate therapy.

Coherence therapy, popularly known by the actonym ADFR (Activate, Depress, Free, Repeat), was designed to increase bone mass in osteopenic patients. Accordingly, we report a case of a hypogonadal male with histologically proven low bone turnover osteoporosis and a progressive vertebral fracture syndrome, who responded favorably to ADFR treatment with the use of salmon calcitonin and inorganic phosphate. Dramatic increments in bone mass were observed during a 68-month period of therapy. Serial quantitative computerized tomography demonstrated a 146% increase from baseline in bone mineral density for the first 30 months of treatment, and dual energy radiography yielded a 36.5% increase for the subsequent 31–68 months. Furthermore, no episode of fracture occurred since coherence therapy was initiated.
SNR Estimation for a Non-Coherent M-FSK Receiver in a Rayleigh Fading Environment

This paper deals with the problem of estimating average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for a communication system employing non-coherent M-ary frequency shift keying (NCMFSK) over fading channels and white Gaussian noise (AWGN). We derive two estimators; one using maximum likelihood (ML) approach and other using the data statistics. Various scenarios have been taken into account including data-aided (DA), non-data aided (NDA) and joint estimation using both the data and pilot sequences. We also derive the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) for the estimators. The results show that for a particular region of interest (e.g. high SNR or low SNR) and depending upon the availability of pilot sequence, a particular SNR estimation scheme is suitable.
Immediate glycosylation of Sindbis virus membrane proteins

Abstract The mechanisms by which the membrane proteins of Sindbis virus are initially glycosylated during growth of the virus in chick cells was studied. The experiments suggest strongly that the two viral glycoproteins are glycosylated before release from the polysome, and that this glycosylation involves transfer of a large 1800 dalton oligosaccharide to the polypeptide chains. The donor of the oligosaccharide is most probably a lipid.