cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
G6PC2 confers protection against hypoglycemia upon ketogenic diet feeding and prolonged fasting.

Abstract Objective G6PC2 is predominantly expressed in pancreatic islet beta cells. G6PC2 hydrolyzes glucose-6-phosphate to glucose and inorganic phosphate, thereby creating a futile substrate cycle that opposes the action of glucokinase. This substrate cycle determines the sensitivity of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion to glucose and hence regulates fasting blood glucose (FBG) but not fasting plasma insulin (FPI) levels. Our objective was to explore the physiological benefit this cycle confers. Methods We investigated the response of wild type (WT) and G6pc2 knockout (KO) mice to changes in nutrition. Results Pancreatic G6pc2 expression was little changed by ketogenic diet feeding but was inhibited by 24 hr fasting and strongly induced by high fat feeding. When challenged with either a ketogenic diet or 24 hr fasting, blood glucose fell to 70 mg/dl or less in G6pc2 KO but not WT mice, suggesting that G6PC2 may have evolved, in part, to prevent hypoglycemia. Prolonged ketogenic diet feeding reduced the effect of G6pc2 deletion on FBG. The hyperglycemia associated with high fat feeding was partially blunted in G6pc2 KO mice, suggesting that under these conditions the presence of G6PC2 is detrimental. As expected, FPI changed but did not differ between WT and KO mice in response to fasting, ketogenic and high fat feeding. Conclusions Since elevated FBG levels are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular-associated mortality (CAM), these studies suggest that, while G6PC2 inhibitors would be useful for lowering FBG and the risk of CAM, partial inhibition will be important to avoid the risk of hypoglycemia.
Shrinkage reduced polyimide-graphene oxide composite aerogel for oil absorption

Abstract This work investigates the role of graphene oxide (GO) in mitigating shrinkage in polyimide (PI) aerogels and on enhancement of oil absorption capacity by the aerogel materials. The study considers grafting of GO particles with pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) to obtain GO-modified PMDA prior to reaction with 2,2′-dimethylbenzidine to obtain polyamic acid. The polyamic acid chains are crosslinked using 1, 3, 5-tris (4-aminophenyl) benzene and chemically imidized using acetic anhydride and pyridine to obtain polyimide gel. The resulting aerogel specimens, obtained by supercritical drying of the gels, show significant reduction of diameter shrinkage from 9.0% for unmodified monoliths to 0.8% in the presence of 5.2 wt% GO, 9.1% reduction in surface energy compared to unmodified aerogel, high surface area (>504 m2/g), high porosity (>93%), and low bulk density (
General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Jet Formation and Large-Scale Propagation from Black Hole Accretion Systems

The formation and large-scale propagation of Poynting-dominated jets produced by accreting, rapidly rotating black hole systems are studied by numerically integrating the general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic equations of motion to follow the self-consistent interaction between accretion disks and black holes. This study extends previous similar work by studying jets till $t\approx 10^4GM/c^3$ out to $r\approx 10^4GM/c^2$, by which the jet is super- fast magnetosonic and moves at a lab-frame bulk Lorentz factor of $\Gamma\sim 10$ with a maximum terminal Lorentz factor of $\Gamma_\infty\lesssim 10^3$. The radial structure of the Poynting-dominated jet is piece-wise self-similar, and fits to flow quantities along the field line are provided. Beyond the \alf surface at $r\sim 10$--$100GM/c^2$, the jet becomes marginally unstable to (at least) current-driven instabilities. Such instabilities drive shocks in the jet that limit the efficiency of magnetic acceleration and collimation. These instabilities also induce jet substructure with $3\lesssim\Gamma\lesssim 15$. The jet is shown to only marginally satisfy the necessary and sufficient conditions for kink instability, so this may explain how astrophysical jets can extend to large distances without completely disrupting. At large distance, the jet angular structure is Gaussian-like (or uniform within the core with sharp exponential wings) with a half-opening angle of $\approx 5^\circ$ and there is an extended component out to $\approx 27^\circ$. Unlike in some hydrodynamic simulations, the environment is found to play a negligible role in jet structure, acceleration, and collimation as long as the ambient pressure of the surrounding medium is small compared to the magnetic pressure in the jet.
Doerr, Neriko Musha. (2019). Transforming study abroad: A handbook. Berghahn. 221 pages.

In her new handbook, Transforming Study Abroad: A Handbook (2019), Doerr takes the discourse surrounding several education abroad concepts in a new direction. She emphasizes the need for a rigorous theoretical framework throughout the education abroad experience for students to successfully process their experiences while studying abroad. Transforming Study Abroad is a well-researched and practical handbook that includes sample questions for students to consider that can be used in various settings, such as in one-on-one meetings with administrators, in small group discussions, or during orientation sessions. Additionally, the book could lend itself as a textbook for a reflection-based education abroad course. Abstract in German In ihrem neuen Handbuch Transforming Study Abroad: A Handbook (2019) nimmt Doerr den Diskurs uber verschiedene Konzepte des Auslandsstudium in eine neue Richtung. Sie betont die Notwendigkeit der Nutzing eines theoretischen Rahmens rund um das Auslansstudium, damit die StudentInnen ihre Erfahrungen wahrend des Studiums erfolgreich verarbeiten konnen. Transforming Study Abroad ist ein gut recherchiertes und praktisches Handbuch, das Beispielfragen enthalt, die die StudentInnen berucksichtigen konnen und die in verschiedenen Situationen verwendet werden konnen, z. B. in Einzelgesprachen mit BeraterInnen, in Diskussionen in kleinen Gruppen oder wahrend Orientierungssitzungen. Daruber hinaus eignete sich das Buch als Lehrbuch fur einen reflexionsbasierten Kurs wahrend des Auslandsstudiums.
Noninvasive glucose monitoring using polarized light

We propose a compact noninvasive glucose monitoring system using polarized light, where a user simply needs to place her palm on the device for measuring her current glucose concentration level. The primary innovation of our system is the ability to minimize light scattering from the skin and extract weak changes in light polarization to estimate glucose concentration, all using low-cost hardware. Our system exploits multiple wavelengths and light intensity levels to mitigate the effect of user diversity and confounding factors (e.g., collagen and elastin in the dermis). It then infers glucose concentration using a generic learning model, thus no additional calibration is needed. We design and fabricate a compact (17 cm x 10 cm x 5 cm) and low-cost (i.e., r and p values of the Pearson correlation coefficients between our predicted glucose concentration and reference glucose concentration are 0.91 and 1.6 x 10-143, respectively. These errors are comparable with FDA-approved glucose sensors, which achieve ≈90% clinical accuracy with a 10% mean ARD.
Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy

Myoclonic epilepsy presenting in a cognitively normal adolescent is often related to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. However, there are similar clinical features that suggest progressive myoclonus epilepsy. These include cognitive or motor regression, progressively worsening seizures, persistent slowing of the background on EEG, as well as family history of epilepsy. Due to variable phenotypes, any family history of epilepsy can be significant. There are multiple causes of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. If there is a possibility of a progressive myoclonus epilepsy, it is essential to exclude mitochondrial disorders as an etiology because valproic acid, often used to treat myoclonic seizures, will worsen underlying mitochondrial disease and precipitate or worsen hepatic failure. There are no specific treatments for progressive myoclonus epilepsy, and management is symptomatic. However, it is important to make the diagnosis in order to allow the family to understand the inheritance pattern, progressive nature, and variable phenotypes of the disease.
PK-5 teacher perspectives on the design of remote teaching: pedagogies and support structures to sustain student learning online

The shift to emergency remote teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted a need to develop technologies, resources, and strategies for teaching elementary grade learners online. This study uses online teacher inquiry as a form of practice-based knowledge production to identify and develop instructional practices and support structures for online teaching in grades PK-5. Six teachers of PK-5 classrooms in the United States participated in a teacher inquiry program as they transitioned from in-person to online teaching. Findings provide guidance to assist teachers and administrators in designing teaching and structures that support online learning in the elementary grades. © 2021 ISTE.
The PCMT model of organizational support: An integrative review and reconciliation of the organizational support literature.

We present an integrative conceptual review that reconciles the organizational support, social exchange, and social support literatures. In particular, we argue that the prevailing, singular conceptualization of organizational support is misaligned with contemporary perspectives on social exchange-which has served as the bedrock for organizational support theory since organizational support theory's inception-and is inconsistent with the social support literature-which has long recognized that support takes several forms. Thus, we draw on both the social exchange and social support literatures to develop four unique forms of organizational support: Teleological, Personalized, Collectivistic, and Monistic Organizational Support. With this enlarged framework for understanding organizational support in hand, we then detail the various research opportunities that the integration of these literatures affords. Specifically, we explain that this framework warrants future research related to the development of new measures, the differential prediction of outcomes, and the discovery of organizational support profiles. We also invoke the social support literature to highlight the potential opportunities in applying optimal matching theory to organizational support, examining relationships between received and perceived organizational support, and identifying the consequences of excessive organizational support. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
P114 Screen Time and Physical Activity Patterns Among Preschoolers from Rural, Underserved Communities

Background High levels of screen time and low levels of physical activity (PA) are associated with childhood obesity. Sixty minutes or less for daily screen time and at least 180 minutes of PA, including 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), are current recommendations for preschoolers. The home environment, including the physical environment and parent attributes, may impact screen time and PA among children. Objective To examine whether screen time and PA levels of preschoolers relate home environment and parental attributes. Study Design, Setting, Participants The HEROs (HEalthy EnviROnments) study is a technology-based, interactive intervention to promote healthy eating and PA among preschoolers in rural Colorado. Measurable Outcomes/Analysis Data describing the home environment was collected at baseline (Fall 2019/Winter 2020) including demographics, anthropometrics, child and parent screen time, and home electronic and PA equipment availability and access. Accelerometers were used to collect 7 days of objective PA and sedentary time for children and parents. Descriptive statistics and independent samples t tests were conducted. Results Parent-child dyads (n = 32; 39.4% Hispanic) were included in the study. Children had low levels of MVPA (mean = 13.3 min, SD = 7.5) and none met MVPA recommendations. Further, 60.6% exceeded screen time recommendations. Parents of children who met screen time recommendations were more likely to have a post-high school education (t = 3.063, P = 0.005 than those who did not meet recommendations. No group differences were noted in child or parent BMI, MVPA, sedentary time, the availability of PA equipment, number or type of screens children had access to, or parent screen time. Conclusion Screen time is high and physical activity is low among this sample of preschoolers. Given children's high engagement in screen time, future intervention efforts using digital strategies to increase PA could be undertaken. Funding NIFA.
Care Outcomes in People Living with HIV and Cancer

The evolving epidemiology of people living with HIV (PLWH) shows growing trends towards age-related conditions and diseases. As antiretroviral therapies (ART) have improved, AIDS-related cancers have declined but non-AIDS-related cancers are on the rise. Despite advances in HIV care, there continues to be significant health outcome disparities between PLWH with cancer compared to the general population. This literature review aims to highlight evidence on healthcare and biological risk factors, such as screening rates, age at diagnosis, stage at diagnosis, ART treatment, and cancer treatment that could be contributing to disparities in cancer outcomes. Engagement in HIV care with early initiation and continuous adherence to ART impacts diagnosis and progression of cancer and cancer type, morbidity, and mortality. Unfortunately, early cancer detection may still not reduce the adverse cancer outcomes among PLWH since receipt of any cancer treatment and guideline-concordant cancer treatment are frequently lower among PLWH than the general population. Integrated, multidisciplinary clinics for PLWH and cancer, as described in this review, may offer one way to meet the changing needs of this population. Other strategies that can help improve diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cancer among the 1.2 million PLWH in the USA are imperative.
Disodium 4-nitro­phenylphosphate hexa­hydrate

Two formula units of disodium 4-nitro­phenylphosphate hexa­hydrate, 2Na+·C6H4NO6P2−·6H2O, are present in the asymmetric unit. The 4-nitro­phenyl groups of the two dianions are essentially identical in structure, while the phosphate groups differ in conformation.
High Occupancy/Toll Lanes: Phasing in Conjestion Pricing a Lane at a Time

A consensus is emerging among transportation economists that the best way to deal with freeway congestion is to charge for driving during peak hours. The main barrier to implementation is political: drastic change is politically unpopular. This paper proposes a way of overcoming the political obstacles by phasing in congestion pricing over a period of many years. The proposal involves modifying the current concept of High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes. Current HOV lanes are not very effective at reducing traffic; 43 percent of car-poolers are members of the same household. They cost everyone but serve few drivers. We propose replacing HOV lanes with HOT lanes: High Occupancy/Toll lanes. A HOT lane would give free passage to three-occupant vehicles (HOV3s) but permit all others to pay a peak-hour toll for access. This would utilize more of the lane's capacity, demonstrate congestion pricing on a wide scale, and generate revenues to pay for HOT lane construction. In cases where the choice is between a HOT lane or no additional lane, the HOT-lane option also promotes ridesharing.
Alkaline phosphatase in HeLa cells. Stimulation by phospholipase A2 and lysophosphatidylcholine.

Abstract Treatment of homogenates and plasma membrane preparations from HeLa cells with phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) caused a 50% increase in activity of membrane-associated alkaline phosphatase. Lysophosphatidylcholine, dispersed in 0.15 M KCl, affected alkaline phosphatase in a similar fashion by releasing the enzyme from particulate fractions into the incubation medium and by elevating its specific activity. Higher concentrations of lysophosphatidylcholine solubilized additional protein from particulate fractions but did not further increase the specific activity of the released alkaline phosphatase. Particulate fractions from HeLa cells were exposed to the effects of liposomes prepared from lysophosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. The ratio of particulate protein/lysophosphatidylcholine (by weight) required for optimal activation of alkaline phosphatase was one. Kinetic studies indicated that phospholipase A2 and lysophosphatidylcholine enhanced the apparent V of the enzyme but did not significantly alter its apparent K m . The increased release of alkaline phosphatase from the particulate matrix by lysophosphatidylcholine was confirmed by disc electrophoresis. The release of the enzyme by either phospholipase A2 or by lysophosphatidylcholine appeared to be followed by the formation of micelles that contained lysophosphatidylcholine. The new complexes had relatively less cholesterol and more lysophosphatidylcholine than the native membranes. The possibility that lysophosphatidylcholine formed a lipoprotein complex with the solubilized alkaline phosphatase was indicated by a break point in the Arrhenius plot which was evident only in the lysophosphatidylcholine-solubilized enzyme but could not be demonstrated in alkaline phosphatase that had been released with 0.15 M KCl alone.
Retinoid Metabolism During Intestinal Absorption

A number of enzymes have been described that might participate in the metabolism of dietary carotenes and retinyl esters necessary for absorption. For several steps two or more different activities are known. Which of the candidate enzymes actually is important in normal physiology is generally not known with any certainty. However, various properties of the enzymes, determined in vitro, can suggest the more likely participants. The ability to interact with retinoids bound to the enterocyte-specific cellular retinol-binding protein, type two, is an important determinant in several cases
Socially guided machine learning

Social interaction will be key to enabling robots and machines in general to learn new tasks from ordinary people (not experts in robotics or machine learning). Everyday people who need to teach their machines new things will find it natural for to rely on their interpersonal interaction skills. This thesis provides several contributions towards the understanding of this Socially Guided Machine Learning scenario. While the topic of human input to machine learning algorithms has been explored to some extent, prior works have not gone far enough to understand what people will try to communicate when teaching a machine and how algorithms and learning systems can be modified to better accommodate a human partner. Interface techniques have been based on intuition and assumptions rather than grounded in human behavior, and often techniques are not demonstrated or evaluated with everyday people. Using a computer game, Sophie's Kitchen, an experiment with human subjects provides several insights about how people approach the task of teaching a machine. In particular, people want to direct and guide an agent's exploration process, they quickly use the behavior of the agent to infer a mental model of the learning process, and they utilize positive and negative feedback in asymmetric ways. Using a robotic platform, Leonardo, and 200 people in follow-up studies of modified versions of the Sophie's Kitchen game, four research themes are developed. The use of human guidance in a machine learning exploration can be successfully incorporated to improve learning performance. Novel learning approaches demonstrate aspects of goal-oriented learning. The transparency of the machine learner can have significant effects on the nature of the instruction received from the human teacher, which in turn positively impacts the learning process. Utilizing asymmetric interpretations of positive and negative feedback from a human partner, can result in a more efficient and robust learning experience. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Promoting Gender Equality: The Role of Ideology, Power, and Control in the Link Between Land Ownership and Violence in Nicaragua

Scholars have argued that institutional inequities and control over resources are linked to gender-based violence. However, psychologists have yet to reposition their research questions to examine how structural inequities lead to power imbalances and gender-based norms that perpetuate threats to women's health and safety. This study provides a theoretical framework for, and an examination of, hypotheses surrounding the role of land ownership in shifting gender relations and women's receipt of violence that have been posed in the literature but never empirically tested. Surveys conducted in rural Nicaragua revealed that land ownership among women challenges traditional gender ideology and increases women's power and control within the marital relationship, which in turn, reduces levels of violence. The findings have important implications for the discussion of gender-based violence in the context of development and for initiatives that can lead to more equitable policies for women. The study puts psychology at the crossroads of women's human rights, globalization, and social change by putting forth a novel model for understanding inequality and providing an empirical framework for social justice.
Stimulant Medication Therapy in the Treatment of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Stimulant medications are an effective and relatively safe treatment modality within the overall management of most children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Although the precise mechanism of action is not yet known, these drugs affect the function of multiple central nervous system neurotransmitters. Response to medications cannot be predicted reliably, and the use of single-blind drug trials is a practical way to assess and monitor efficacy. Primary care physicians are in the position to educate parents, teachers, and children about the appropriate use of stimulant medications.
Design and optimization of a dual-energy gas microstrip detector

The design principles and optimization procedures of a novel digital radiographic technique for dual-energy imaging based on gas microstrip hybrid defection principles are presented and analyzed. The detector consists of a solid state crystal coupled to a gas microstrip substrate. The proposed technology combines the high quantum detection efficiency of the solid state materials with the high gain and submicron resolution of the microstrip substrate. By simultaneously providing high spatial resolution and high contrast resolution it is expected that the dual-energy gas microstrip hybrid digital radiographic detector will have potential impact in medical diagnosis and treatment follow-up.
The enzymatic acetylation of chloramphenicol by extracts of R factor-resistant Escherichia coli.

Chloramphenicol-resistant strains of Escherichia coli which carry the episomal resistance transfer factor R inactivate the antibiotic by enzymatic acetylation. In the presence of chloramphenicol and acetyl coenzyme A, cell extracts catalyze the formation of both a monoacetyl and a diacetyl derivative of chloramphenicol. Definitive identification of the reaction products as 3-acetoxy chloramphenicol and 1,3-diacetoxy chloramphenicol was possible with the use of thin layer chromatography and ultraviolet spectroscopy. A simple spectrophotometric assay of acetylation has been devised based on the disappearance of acetyl coenzyme A. Preliminary kinetic data for the acetylation of chloramphenicol and related compounds are presented.
Clinical progress in endocardial defibrillation.

In an effort to understand the mechanisms underlying successful and unsuccessful cardioversion, we undertook clinical studies to examine the mechanism of ventricular tachycardia termination and acceleration with endocardial shocks. 12,13 These studies demonstrate that successful ventricular tachycardia cardioversion is related to electrophysiologic effects of the endocardial shock on critical slowly conducting elements on the ventricular tachycardia circuit
Exstrophy in the adolescent and young adult population

The bladder exstrophy-epispadias-cloacal exstrophy complex is a spectrum of genitourinary malformations requiring multiple major reconstructive operations on each affected child. The need for surgical correction in this condition often continues through adolescence and into adulthood. Experience in caring for individuals with exstrophy-epispadias has taught us a great deal about the long-term functional, psychological, and social outcomes involved. Children undergoing repeated hospital admissions and extensive multiple operations have the potential for long-term adjustment problems with incontinence, ambulatory difficulties, psychological disturbance, sexual dysfunction, and issues surrounding self-esteem and social integration. By examining relevant published works from the world literature over the last 20 years, in this article we address with each of these areas and offers some insight into the ongoing issues.
Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, congenital heart disease, and sudden cardiac death.

The etiologies of sudden cardiac death following the surgical treatment of congenital heart defects remain uncertain. A young patient with prior repair of partial anomalous plumonary venous return is presented, in whom brief episodes of a supraventricular tachyarrhythmia (rate 170/min) were documented to result in ventricular fibrillation. This unusual sequence may represent a basis for unexplained sudden cardiac death in other patients following atrial surgical procedures for the treatment of congenital heart disease.
When Cooperative Federalism Isn’t: How U.S. Federal Interagency Contradictions Impede Effective Wetland Management

One goal of cooperative federalism is for the federal government to help states adopt policies that are widely considered socially beneficial but which states might not adopt independently. Sometimes, however, federal interventions actually can prevent states from adopting sound policy innovations. U.S. states struggle to adopt rapid wetland assessment tools because of contradictory pressures exerted on states by two federal agencies locked in protracted conflict. This tension creates opportunities for states to influence federal policy and leads each federal agency to try to use states as instruments for imposing its priorities on the other. When analyzing the conditions under which cooperative federalism does not achieve its intended purposes, scholars should attend to horizontal intergovernmental complexity and the realities of policy implementation.
NUMERICAL MODELLING OF GENERATION AND TRANSPORT OF GAS AND HEAT IN SANITARY LANDFILLS III. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

A mathematical model for the generation and transport of gas and heat in a sanitary landfill is developed based on earlier work on the Mountain View Controlled Landfill Project (MVCLP) in California. The present model incorporates biokinetic model equations describing the dynamics of the microbial landfill ecosystem into a multilayer, time-dependent gas and heat transport and generation models. It is based on the fundamental principles governing the physical, chemical, and microbiological processes in a porous media context such as a sanitary landfill. The model includes biochemical and temperature feedback loops to simulate the effects of their corresponding parameters on microbiological processes. The resulting integrated biokinetic, gas, and heat generation and transport model was used to simulate field data from the MVCLP and to assess the sensitivity of model results to biological parameters. The model can be used to predict the rate and total production of methane in a landfill.
Risk assessment research: only the beginning.

[This editorial is an essentially unedited version of testimony I presented to the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology (Subcommittee on Technology, Environment, and Aviation) on November 16, 1993. The hearing marked the release of an Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) report entitled “Researching Health Risks,” for which I was part of an advisory panel (along with Curtis Travis and a dozen other experts in risk assessment). The title of my testimony foreshadowed the dual message I hoped to convey: that more research to improve risk assessment is sorely needed, but that we ought not let that need blind us to other deficiencies in risk-based decision-making that may deserve equal or greater attention.]
A biomechanical analysis of the effect of lateral column lengthening calcaneal osteotomy on the flat foot

Abstract Background Biomechanical models have been used to study the plantar aponeurosis, medial arch height, subtalar motion, medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy, subtalar arthroereisis and the distribution of forces in the normal and flat foot. The objective was to examine the hypothesis that increased load on the medial arch in the adult flat foot can be reduced through a 10 mm lateral column lengthening calcaneal osteotomy 10 mm proximal from the calcaneal cuboid joint. Methods A three dimensional multisegment biomechanical model was used with anatomical data from a normal foot, a flat foot and a foot corrected with a 10 mm lateral column lengthening calcaneal osteotomy. The response of a normal foot, a flat foot and a flat foot with a 10 mm lateral column lengthening calcaneal osteotomy to an applied load of 683 N was analyzed using the biomechanical model. Data for the biomechanical model was obtained from a cadaver foot using the direct linear transformation method. Direct linear transformation uses multiple cameras to determine the spatial location of anatomical landmarks. Findings Load on the first metatarsal increases to 37% body weight in the flat foot compared to 12% for the normal foot and the moment about the talo-navicular joint increases from 5.6 N m to 21.6 N m. Lateral column lengthening shifts the load toward the lateral column, decreasing load on the first metatarsal to 10% and decreasing the moment about the talo-navicular joint to 8.1 N m. Interpretation The analysis shows that a 10 mm lateral column lengthening calcaneal osteotomy reduces the excess force on the medial arch in an adult flat foot and adds biomechanical rationale to this clinical procedure.
Alcohol Use: From Childhood Through Adolescence

Alcohol use is often overlooked and more importantly unsuspected in young children 3–11 years of age. Alcohol use in preteens is commonly overlooked when there is growing evidence to suggest that the age at which one begins drinking can be predictive of future problem drinking and other substance abuse. There is a need for health care professionals and elementary school educators to be aware of the real and growing problem of alcohol use from childhood through adolescence. It is sometimes difficult to recognize because many of the effects of alcohol mimic routine presentations seen in children. This article focuses on the significance, contributing factors, effects on the body, comorbidities, and social and psychological effects of alcohol use on children through adolescence. It also examines diagnostic screening for alcohol use in adolescence and the detrimental role of the nurse in assisting with identifying and preventing the problem of alcohol use in childhood through adolescence.
On a Littlewood-Paley identity and characterization of wavelets

Abstract A W-family is a family of 2s − 1 functions in L2( R s), s ≥ 1, whose binary dilations and integer translates form a Riesz basis of L2( R s) such that the dual Riesz basis is also generated by 2s − 1 functions by the same operations. An objective of this paper is to show that any W-family satisfies an identity of Littlewood-Paley type, and conversely, this identity can be used to partially characterize a W-family. In addition, Littlewood-Paley identities for dyadic wavelets and frames along with their duals are also establised. In particular, such an identity is used to characterize dual dyadic wavelets for perfect reconstruction form information of integral wavelet transforms on dyadic resolutions and continous-space domains. It is also shown that dual dyadic wavelets are not unique in general.
Suicide and the contemporary woman: Are male and female suicide rates converging?

Nationwide statistics on White suicide rates for the years 1960–1978 are examined to assess whether the suicide rates of women are increasing relative to those of men. This is accomplished by calculating for the total population and for several age groupings the “sex differential” (SD), which is defined as the percentage of suicides which are female after adjustments are made for the sex distribution in the population. The data reveal that the SD narrowed from 1960–1967, held steady from 1968–1972, and then widened slightly from 1973–1978. The most important aspects of these trends are that (a) the narrowing of the SD is due more to declining suicide rates among older (over-40) males than to increasing female suicide rates, and (b) the narrowing of the SD and the small increases in female suicide rates occurred prior to 1970 and thus were earlier than would be expected on the basis of changing sex-role expectations. Post hoc explanations of these patterns refer to methodological factors and to changes in social integration resulting from a variety of sociohistorical factors.
Individual differences in novelty seeking on the playground maze predict amphetamine conditioned place preference.

Abstract Previous research has shown that a rat’s level of activity in a novel environment can predict the strength of amphetamine-induced locomotor behavior and self-administration, but not amphetamine-conditioned place preference. The increase in activity observed when a rat is exposed to an inescapable novel environment may reflect escape behavior due to stress. To assess approach to novelty in a free-choice test, we examined the ability of a new test, the playground maze, to predict individual differences in response to amphetamine (1 or 3 mg/kg). Using the playground maze to categorize rats as either high or low novelty seekers, it was found that individual differences in novelty seeking did not predict amphetamine-induced changes in locomotor activity following either a single or repeated injections. However, high novelty seekers showed greater amphetamine-conditioned place preference than low novelty seekers. These results provide support for the hypothesis that novelty seeking and drug reward are neuropharmacologically related.
Some Inequalities Among Hadron Masses

Some rigorous inequalities governing hadron masses in QCD are proved. One states that the electromagnetic mass shift of the pion is positive. The other states that if ${m}_{A\overline{B}}$ is the mass of the lightest meson made from a quark of type $A$ and an antiquark of type $B$, then---under conditions such that annihilation into gluons can be ignored---$2{m}_{A\overline{B}}g~{m}_{A\overline{A}}+{m}_{B\overline{B}}$. These inequalities agree with experimental data and have analogs for arbitrary vectorlike gauge theories. The first inequality has applications to the vacuum alignment problem in vectorlike technicolor theories.
Anorexia nervosa: distorted body image.

Anorexia nervosa is a psychosomatic disorder in which the patient— usually a young middle class female—relentlessly pursues her “ideal”; body image. Body image is the mental picture we have of ourselves, and the anorexic has a distorted perception of that image—the thinner she becomes, the fatter she perceives herself to be. A profile of anorexic patients and their families, the relationship between anorexia and body image, and ways of managing the anorexic patient are explored.
Topological subgraphs of cubic graphs and a theorem of dirac

The topological subgraph relation between cubic graphs is analyzed. The analysis is then applied to generalize a theorem of Dirac.
Development of a chromatographic method for the isolation and detection of hygromycin B in biological fluids

An affinity chromatography method was developed for the purification of hygromycin B from biological fluids. Lysozyme and alpha-lactalbumin were immobilized on an N-hydroxysuccinimide activated agarose support. Hygromycin B solubilized in water was bound by the proteins and subsequently eluted using 10 mM sodium citrate buffer, pH 4.0. Hygromycin B was purified from swine plasma, bovine serum and bovine milk samples using a combination of ion-exchange chromatography for initial clean-up of spiked biological samples followed by affinity chromatography. Thin layer chromatographic analysis of the isolated hygromycin B revealed one band with the same R(F) value as the hygromycin B standard.
A fuzzy linguistics model for job related injury risk assessment

Abstract This paper represents an ongoing research project to develop an Artificial Intelligence model which will predict the likelihood of employee injury in the work place. Proven ergonomic principles will be incorporated into the knowledge base of an expert system. The goal of the system is to provide assistance in employee placement, reducing task related injury, and improving work place conditions. The expert system will use fuzzy set theory to make decisions about the level of risk associated with a particular individual and/or task. The three components of input required are personal characteristics, work place conditions, and environmental factors.
Inhibition of 5-HT2 receptor-mediated head-twitch response by cocaine via indirect stimulation of adrenergic α2 and serotonergic 5-HT1A receptors

Cocaine inhibits the 5-HT2-mediated (±)-DOI-induced head-twitch response (HTR) in mice in a dose-dependent manner. In order to investigate the possible inhibitory mechanism(s) of cocaine on 5-HT2 receptor function, we studied the effects of the selective adrenergic α2 receptor antagonist yohimbine and the β-adrenergic/5-HT1 receptor antagonist alprenolol, and the 5-HT3 antagonist ICS 205–930 on the inhibitory action of cocaine on the (±)-DOI-induced HTR. Neither yohimbine (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) nor alprenolol (10 mg/kg) pretreatment had any significant effect on the (±)-DOI-induced HTR. However, both antagonists prevented the inhibitory effects of cocaine on the (±)-DOI-induced HTR. The 5-HT3 antagonist ICS 205–930 neither produced HTR nor decreased the (±)-DOI-induced HTR frequency. The present results suggest that cocaine inhibits 5-HT2 receptor function by increasing the synaptic concentration of norepinephrine and serotonin via inhibition of their uptake and thus indirectly stimulating the respective inhibitory adrenergic α2 and serotonergic 5-HT1A receptors. Furthermore, cocaine's 5-HT3 antagonist properties appear not to play a role in the inhibition of head-twitch behavior.
The Professional Engineering Genres (PEG) Project

This paper reports on research work being conducted by faculty at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. In the spring of 2002, technical communication faculty developed an online survey instrument designed to gather information from alumni of Rose-Hulman about the genres of communication they use most in their professional engineering practice. Initially used to survey mechanical engineering alumni, the survey has been expanded to include electrical computer, and civil engineering alumni as well. This paper explains the primary research questions we investigated and shows how the survey instrument was designed to answer those questions. Next, results from the first survey of mechanical engineers are given, with particular focus on one common genre-the progress report-as it functions within two different work environments. Finally, results from subsequent surveys are outlined in order to demonstrate the applications of this research to classroom practice, both in technical communication and in engineering.
Considerations for control of house construction in coastal dunes

Abstract This study was conducted to determine if maintenance of the integrity of coastal dunes as a form of storm protection should require restrictions on the types of buildings located within the dune zone. A properly built house does not appear to endanger the integrity of the dune to a point where the hazard potential is increased. Active human uses of the dune and programs of dune stabilization can play a more important role in changing the configuration of coastal dunes than elevated structures. Buildings constructed landward of the dune should be built in a manner which is compatible with an eventual location within the dune. Construction standards should be specified in land‐use controls along with regulations to control the active human uses such as sand stabilization programs.
Testing of Composite Overhead Ground Wire Containing Optical Fibers

To determine whether composite overhead ground wire containing optical fibers can withstand extreme field conditions, mechanical and electrical tests were conducted on two types of composite wire. The performance of the composite units surpassed that of an existing overhead ground wire, confirming the feasibility of using them as combined ground wires and communication links.
The immersed interface method for acoustic wave equations with discontinuous coefficients

Abstract A numerical method of second order accuracy is developed to solve acoustic wave equations in heterogeneous media, whose solutions are discontinuous across the interfaces between different wave speeds. High resolution multi-dimensional flux-limiter methods are used on a Cartesian grid. Near the interface, special formulas are developed using the immersed interface method that incorporate the jump conditions and give pointwise second order accuracy even when the interface is not aligned with the grid.
An Investigation of Grinding with Electroplated CBN Wheels

Abstract Grinding of hardened bearing steel with electroplated CBN wheels was Investigated with particular attention to how the wear of the abrasive grains affects the wheel topography and grinding performance during the wheel ire. Power, surface roughness, and wheel topography data were obtained throughout the wheel life for internal cylindrical grinding. Dulling of CBN gratis by attrition was found to cause an increase in the grinding power, but the degree of dulling was restricted mainly by grain fracture and also by grain pullout. Grain fracture and pullout had a much smaller effect on the progressive increase in active grain density, which caused the surface roughness to progressively decrease. Wheel failure tended to occur by stripping of the abrasive layer when the radial wear reached about 70% - 60% of the grain dimension
Dietary lactitol fermentation increases circulating peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1 in rats and humans.

Abstract Objective Recently peptide YY (PYY) has attracted interest as a possible regulator of food intake. Release of PYY by nutrients in the distal small intestine is thought to contribute to the so-called ileal brake by inhibiting motility and secretion in the foregut. Our objective was to establish whether plasma concentrations of the gut peptides PYY and glucagon-like peptide-1 in rats and humans change in response to intake of a non-absorbable but fermentable carbohydrate. Methods The acute response was determined in rats by killing animals 0, 5, 10, and 24 h after a single meal with or without lactitol (100 g/kg of semisynthetic diet) and measuring PYY and glucan-like peptide-1 concentrations in plasma. Food intake, body mass, and plasma peptide levels were also determined in rats fed the same diet for 10 d. Healthy human volunteers consumed lactitol or sucrose as a fruit-flavored drink. Breath hydrogen levels were measured at 45-min intervals over the next 7.5 h and plasma peptide concentrations were assessed after 0 and 5 h. Volunteers were also asked to complete a questionnaire to record satiety and well-being. Results Ingestion of lactitol significantly increased the acute postprandial PYY response in rats, and prolonged consumption decreased weight gain in growing rats. In humans given a single dose of lactitol, the effects on PYY were much less marked but the postprandial decrease in circulating concentrations of PYY was attenuated. There was no effect on plasma glucan-like peptide-1. Conclusion Our observations are consistent with a role for fermentation products in the release of gastrointestinal peptides in the rat and, to a lesser extent, in humans.
Pushing beyond resistors and constipators: implementation considerations for infection prevention best practices

Despite increased knowledge in the science of infection prevention, the implementation of evidence-based best practices remains a challenge. The dissemination of infection prevention risk reduction best practices should be approached with flexibility and a collaborative perspective. High-quality evidence and cost assessments to support interventions are important initial considerations. An implementation framework should be contextually appropriate, take into account an organization’s culture, and be mindful of an approach that minimizes complexity. Trialing an intervention within a specific unit may later lead to increased uptake organization wide. Highly functional collaborations with effective leaders are needed for successful implementation. Leadership for infection prevention initiatives may include upper level management; however, hospital epidemiologists and infection preventionists often play this role. Although published data fail to identify a single best integrative strategy for infection prevention practice change, success has been associated with education initiatives and seminars, audit and feedback, distribution of educational materials, marketing, mass media, positive deviance, and the employment of champions, facilitators, role models, and opinion leaders. Local personnel, such as organizational resistors and constipators, can be barriers to idea dissemination and implementation. In addition to a thoughtfully conceived implementation strategy, dealing with infection prevention resistors and constipators includes getting their buy-in early in the dissemination process, working around them, or terminating their employment. More data are needed to best define which infection prevention dissemination strategies are most effective.
Phénoménologie des gaz de combustion dans les explosifs détonants solides

Es wird festgestellt, dass die auf einer gemeinsamen Universalkurve (nach Cook) liegenden Messwerte der Covolumina der Schwaden ublicher detonierender Festsprengstoffe eine rasche Berechnung aller wichtigen Daten des Sprengvorganges ermoglichen, wenn ein geeignetes Naherungsverfahren angewandt wird. Es werden nur die numerischen Werte der Anfangsdichte und der Detonationsgeschwindigkeit benotigt. Die Anwendung des Verfahrens auf die Projektion eines metallischen Belages (explosive plating) wird durchgefuhrt.