cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of adverse events following immunization surveillance in Nanyang of 2012

Objective: To evaluate the performance of adverse event following immunization( AEFI) and find the key problem of surveillance system in Nanyang in 2012. Methods: AEFI data from system reported by Nanyang city in 2012 was analyzed by the descriptive epidemiology method. Results: 127 AEFI cases were totally reported in Nanyang in 2012. The reported cases in 8 counties were bellow 10,accounting for 61. 54%. More cases occurred in males than females with the ratio of 1. 89∶ 1. Cases aged 1 year were the most,common accounting for 53. 54%. 98. 42% were presented general reactions after immunization,and 1. 57% were rare,serious reactions. 51. 18% were caused by the immunization of Diphtheria,Tetanus and Pertussis Combined Vaccine,Absorbed( DPT). The highest rate was estimated 110. 24 /1 000 000 caused by Diphtheria and Tetanus Combined Vaccine( DT). 101 cases occurred within 24 h after vaccination,accounting for 79. 53%. The reported rate and the investigated rate within 48 h were all 100%. Conclusion: The sensitivity of Nanyang AEFI surveillance should be improved. Young children within 2 days after vaccination are the focus of the AEFI surveillance.
Recent Advances in the Analysis, Extraction, Characterization and Biological Activities of Chemical Substances of Kunlun Chrysanthemum(Coreopsis tinctoria)

Kunlun chrysanthemum(Coreopsis tinctoria), which is found in the high altitude mountain area of Xinjiang, China, is reported to exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities including hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antihypertensive and anti-oxidant effects. In this review, we summarize the recent progresses in the analysis, extraction and characterization and biological activities of chemical substances of Coreopsis tinctoria, with the aim to lay the ground for further study of its biological functions and development into functional foods.
Comparing Metaphors Reveals their Persuasive Capacity.

Metaphors pervade discussions of sociopolitical issues and influence the way we think. One challenge facing researchers, however, is that it can be difficult to make principled predictions about exactly how metaphors will influence thought. Here, we use an explicit comparison task to quantify the persuasive capacity of metaphors. In Experiment 1, people were given two metaphors and two policy responses. They were asked to match one policy to each metaphor. In Experiment 2, people read metaphorically framed issues and chose between policy responses. We found that data from the explicit comparison task predicted behavior from another group of participants on the metaphor framing task; a measure of linguistic association from LSA did not predict behavior on the framing task. These results suggest a relationship between explicit analogical comparison and more implicit natural language metaphor processing. It also provides a method for measuring the conceptual entailments of metaphors.
Targeting the Proteasome Pathway for the Treatment of Solid Tumors

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a highly complex protein network that maintains proteostasis and cell viability through the targeted and timely turnover of selected substrates. The proteasome serves as the catalytic core of the UPS to precisely recognize and efficiently execute the rapid ATP-dependent removal of ubiquitinated proteins. Small-molecule pharmacologic inhibitors exploit the pivotal role of the proteasome in cellular metabolism as a molecular vulnerability in cancer cells to promote the selective cytotoxicity of tumor cells. Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) have yielded durable clinically responses that dramatically improve the survival of patients diagnosed with the invariably fatal hematologic malignancy multiple myeloma (MM). Success of the PI bortezomib in the treatment of the hematologic malignancy MM has emerged as the standard of care and catapulted the UPS into a position of prominence as a model system in cancer biology and drug development. However, advancement of PIs to improve the treatment of patients with solid tumors has been far more challenging and less successful. Clinical assessment of second-generation PIs progresses as well as pharmacologics to intervene at other points within the UPS is being explored for both hematologic and solid tumors. Agents to target non-proteolytic activities associated with the proteasome are emerging as are agents to inhibit Ub-binding proteins. New approaches to unravel the UPS should advance its utilization as a drug development platform in mechanism-based anticancer strategies that include PIs as monotherapy or in synergistic combinations that improve the outcome of patients with solid tumors.
In Situ Characterization of the Self-Assembly of a Polystyrene–Polydimethylsiloxane Block Copolymer during Solvent Vapor Annealing

Grazing incidence X-ray scattering was used to follow the microphase separation during room-temperature solvent annealing of films of high interaction parameter cylinder-forming 16 kg/mol polystyrene-b-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer in a toluene–heptane mixed solvent vapor. Microphase separation was observed for swelling ratios above 1.2, but swelling ratios above 1.9 caused the films to disorder. The films exhibited a thickness-dependent microdomain reorientation during annealing, with the initial out-of-plane cylinder orientation converting to an in-plane orientation as a result of preferential surface interactions. Drying led to a reduction in the out-of-plane cylinder spacing, with slower drying leading to greater deswelling and larger distortion of the hexagonal lattice.
Hund Interaction, Spin-Orbit Coupling, and the Mechanism of Superconductivity in Strongly Hole-Doped Iron Pnictides.

We present a novel mechanism of $s$-wave pairing in Fe-based superconductors. The mechanism involves holes near ${d}_{xz}/{d}_{yz}$ pockets only and is applicable primarily to strongly hole doped materials. We argue that as long as the renormalized Hund's coupling $J$ exceeds the renormalized interorbital Hubbard repulsion ${U}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, any finite spin-orbit coupling gives rise to $s$-wave superconductivity. This holds even at weak coupling and regardless of the strength of the intraorbital Hubbard repulsion $U$. The transition temperature grows as the hole density decreases. The pairing gaps are fourfold symmetric, but anisotropic, with the possibility of eight accidental nodes along the larger pocket. The resulting state is consistent with the experiments on ${\mathrm{KFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$.
Vitamin E and β-carotene did not reduce lung cancer in men who smoked

Source Citation The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Eng...
New technologies and the labor market

Abstract Using newspaper job ad text from 1960 to 2000, we measure job tasks and the adoption of individual information and communication technologies (ICTs). Most new technologies are associated with an increase in nonroutine analytic tasks, and a decrease in nonroutine interactive, routine cognitive, and routine manual tasks. We embed these interactions in a quantitative model of worker sorting across occupations and technology adoption. Through the lens of the model, the arrival of ICTs broadly shifts workers away from routine tasks, which increases the college premium. A notable exception is the Microsoft Office suite, which has the opposite set of effects.
NONLINEAR EFFECTS OF ELASTIC COUPLING IN UNSYMMETRIC LAMINATES

Classical lamination theory predicts the room-temperature shape of all unsymmetrically laminated, elevated-temperature cure composites to be a saddle shape. Experimental observation indicates, however, that in many cases the room-temperature shape is cylindrical. In addition, a second cylindrical shape can often be obtained from the first by a simple snap-through action. It is the elastic couplings between inplane and out-of-plane deformations which are inherent in unsymmetric laminates that are responsible for the room-temperature shape. However, the couplings are so strong that geometrically nonlinear effects are produced. These are not accounted for in the classical theory. This paper reviews a theory developed to explain the effects of the coupling on laminate shape. The theory is based on a minimization of the laminate's total potential energy. The theory accounts for geometric nonlinearities. Because the problem is nonlinear, approximate solutions are sought by using a Rayleigh-Ritz procedure. Because of the observed snap-through of some laminates, stability of the predicted shapes is examined. Numerical results and some limited experimental data are presented for several laminates.
Direct evidence for a decarboxylation mechanism in the biosynthesis of alkanes in B. oleracea.

Abstract Exogenous n -triacontanoic acid-R-3H (C30) labeled the alkane fraction of the leaves of Brassica , oleracea . This conversion was about 7 times as rapid in young leaves as that in the old leaves. Little incorporation of 3H into other lipids or water of the leaf occurred. Gas chromatographic analysis showed that C29 alkane was the major labeled alkane. These results show that n -C30 acid was decarboxylated to n -C29 alkane.
Korean reading speed: Effects of print size and retinal eccentricity.

Evaluating the effects of print size and retinal eccentricity on reading speed is important for identifying the constraints faced by people with central-field loss. Previous work on English reading showed that 1) reading speed increases with print size until a critical print size (CPS) is reached, and then remains constant at a maximum reading speed (MRS), and 2) as eccentricity increases, MRS decreases and CPS increases. Here we extend this work to Korean, a language with more complex orthography. We recruited 6 Korean native speakers (mean age = 22) and measured their reading speed in central vision (0°) and peripheral vision (10° in the lower field). 900 Korean sentences (average 8.25 words) were created with frequently-occurring beginner-level words, presented using a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm. Data for English reading were obtained from Chung, Mansfield & Legge, Vision Research, 1998, for comparison. MRS was similar for Korean and English at 0° (713 vs. 787 wpm), but decreased faster with eccentricity for Korean. CPS was larger for Korean than for English regardless of eccentricity, but increased with eccentricity similarly for both languages. From 0 to 10°, MRS decreased by a factor of 6.5 for Korean and 2.8 for English, and CPS increased by a factor of 11.7 for Korean and 10.2 for English. Korean reading speed is more affected by retinal eccentricity than English, likely due to additional within-character crowding from more complex orthography. Korean readers with central-field loss may experience more difficulty than English readers.
Right tumor, right time: Systematic methodology for fiducial marker placement to achieve reliable and reproducible image guided (IG) delivery of intratumoral immunotherapy into deep/visceral (D/V) lesions and target-lesion imaging follow-up.

e24137Background: Immunotherapy is revolutionizing the treatment of many malignancies. Trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of image guided (IG) intratumoral injection (ITI) of immunotherapy a...
Gut microbiome disruption altered the biotransformation and liver toxicity of arsenic in mice

The mammalian gut microbiome (GM) plays a critical role in xenobiotic biotransformation and can profoundly affect the toxic effects of xenobiotics. Previous in vitro studies have demonstrated that gut bacteria have the capability to metabolize arsenic (As); however, the specific roles of the gut microbiota in As metabolism in vivo and the toxic effects of As are largely unknown. Here, we administered sodium arsenite to conventionally raised mice (with normal microbiomes) and GM-disrupted mice with antibiotics to investigate the role of the gut microbiota in As biotransformation and its toxicity. We found that the urinary total As levels of GM-disrupted mice were much higher, but the fecal total As levels were lower, than the levels in the conventionally raised mice. In vitro experiments, in which the GM was incubated with As, also demonstrated that the gut bacteria could adsorb or take up As and thus reduce the free As levels in the culture medium. With the disruption of the gut microbiota, arsenic biotransformation was significantly perturbed. Of note, the urinary monomethylarsonic acid/dimethylarsinic acid ratio, a biomarker of arsenic metabolism and toxicity, was markedly increased. Meanwhile, the expression of genes of one-carbon metabolism, including folr2, bhmt, and mthfr, was downregulated, and the liver S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) levels were significantly decreased in the As-treated GM-disrupted mice only. Moreover, As exposure altered the expression of genes of the p53 signaling pathway, and the expression of multiple genes associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was also changed in the As-treated GM-disrupted mice only. Collectively, disruption of the GM enhances the effect of As on one-carbon metabolism, which could in turn affect As biotransformation. GM disruption also increases the toxic effects of As and may increase the risk of As-induced HCC in mice.
Chemogenic Subqualities of Mouthfeel

Mouthfeel refers to the physical or textural sensations in the mouth caused by foods and beverages that are essential to the acceptability of many edible products. The sensory subqualities contributing to mouthfeel are often chemogenic in nature and include heat, burning, cooling, tingling, and numbing. These "chemesthetic" sensations are a result of the chemical activation of receptors that are associated with nerve fibers mediating pain and mechanotransduction. Each of these chemesthetic sensations in the oral cavity are transduced in the nervous system by a combination of different molecular channels/receptors expressed on trigeminal nerve fibers that innervate the mouth and tongue. The molecular profile of these channels and receptors involved in mouthfeel include many transient receptor potential channels, proton-sensitive ion channels, and potassium channels to name a few. During the last several years, studies using molecular and physiological approaches have significantly expanded and enhanced our understanding of the neurobiological basis for these chemesthetic sensations. The purpose of the current review is to integrate older and newer studies to present a comprehensive picture of the channels and receptors involved in mouthfeel. We highlight that there still continue to be important gaps in our overall knowledge on flavor integration and perception involving chemesthetic sensations, and these gaps will continue to drive future research direction and future investigation.
No Evidence to Support Lowering Surgeon Reimbursement for Total Joint Arthroplasty Based on Operative Time: An Institutional Review of 12,567 Cases.

Abstract Background The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services has recently added primary total joint arthroplasty (TJA) codes to the 2019 Potentially Misvalued Codes List. The American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons and the American Medical Association have called for contemporary data that would assess operative time to inform the decision on reimbursement valuation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to report total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) operative times within a large multihospital and physician organizational enterprise to assess stability over time. Methods The study was a retrospective review (2015-2019) of a prospectively maintained multihospital health system database. A total of 12,567 consecutive TJAs were included (5742 THAs by 16 surgeons; 6825 TKAs by 20 surgeons). Operative time was between incision and completion of wound closure. Descriptive statistics were performed for categorical/continuous variables, and trend analysis was performed to assess if there was a change in time over the study period. Results For THA, 43.1% were male, with a mean age of 64.1 ± 11.8 years and a mean BMI of 30.1 ± 6.6. The mean operative time was 96.4 ± 36.8 minutes. For TKA, 39.4% were male, with a mean age of 66.2 ± 9.4 years and a mean BMI of 32.7 ± 6.8. The mean operative time was 103.6 ± 29.9 minutes. Trend analysis demonstrated no significant difference in operative time across the study period. Conclusion Our analysis demonstrated that operative time has remained stable, with mean time for THA and TKA consistently within 3.6 minutes of the historical benchmark of 100 minutes. Given these findings in a large institutional cohort, there is no definitive evidence to support changing current procedural valuation for TJA based on operative time.
Working with Clinical Agencies

The role of the faculty member, and her working relationship with personnel of service agencies, vary in different programs and reflect the beliefs of faculty and educational administrators about what this role should be. One belief holds that, in order for a program of clinical teaching to be effective, the faculty must have some control over the conditions under which nursing service is rendered. Such control usually entails a dual position, in which one individual carries responsibility for both nursing education and nursing service.
Urinary excretion of the carcinogenic heterocyclic amine 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) in smokers

831 Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are a class of experimental animal carcinogens formed during the cooking of grilled meats, poultry, and fish. HAAs induce tumors in rodents at multiple sites that include: liver, stomach, colorectum, prostate and mammary gland. Some epidemiologic studies have reported elevated risks of cancer development in many of these organs of humans who frequently eat meat cooked well-done that can contain HAAs. These compounds have been implicated in the etiology of colorectal and other cancers in humans. Tobacco smoke is another potential source of exposure to HAAs. For example, 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (AαC) occurs in tobacco smoke condensate at levels up to 260 ng/cigarette. These levels are 25 to 100-fold higher than the levels of benzo(a)pyrene and 4-aminobiphenyl, established human carcinogens measured in some brands of cigarettes. AαC is a potent liver carcinogen in mice and a potent colon-specific mutagen in transgenic mice. However, no data exist on in vivo exposure levels of AαC in humans or how they may vary by smoking status. In this study, we assessed AαC levels in spot urine samples collected at baseline from 170 participants of the Shanghai Cohort Study, a population-based cohort study of diet and cancer among 18,244 men aged 45-64 years recruited during 1986-1989 in Shanghai, China. Subjects were interviewed in-person at baseline to obtain information on exposures, including cigarette smoking. We used a tandem, solvent-solid phase extraction method to isolate AαC in urine, followed by quantification using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) with a detection limit of 4 parts-per-trillion. Urine creatinine levels were determined using a standard method. As a means of adjusting for the varying concentration of spot urine samples across study subjects, we used the AαC/creatinine ratio as the biomarker for AαC exposure in vivo. The binomial test was used to compare the proportions of smokers versus nonsmokers who were positive for urinary AαC. The analysis of variance method was used to examine the association between levels of urinary AαC and number of cigarettes smoked per day. Sixteen (18.6%) of 86 nonsmokers were positive for urinary AαC versus 41 (48.8%) of 84 cigarette smokers; the difference was statistically significant (p This is the first report on the identification of AαC in urine of tobacco smokers. The potential role of this HAA in tobacco-related cancers in humans should be investigated.
Warrant Revealed and an Institutional Response: The AAT and Graffiti Art

Knowledge organization concerns itself with the process of documenting the products of various domains of scientific and cultural research and expression. Disciplines with the longest history of intellectual inquiry often have the most granular systems in popular use to describe their respective processes and products of endeavor, such as the hard sciences, age old religions, mathematics, and philosophy. Yet the world is a place of continuous exploration, discovery, and development. Newer disciplines such as gender and sexuality studies, nanotechnology, and social media studies have shorter histories and have undergone challenges as terminologies adapt from older, parent disciplines to provide descriptive support for related, yet new concepts. One such discipline is that of street art
Ultralow-binder-content thermoplastic composites based on lunar soil simulant

Abstract In a recent study, we developed ultralow-binder-content (UBC) structural materials based on lunar soil simulant and thermoset binders. In the current research, we investigated thermoplastic binders. Compared to thermosets, advanced thermoplastics could be more UV resistant, more durable, more robust, and recyclable. Our main technology is the compaction self-assembly (CSA). By using only ~4 wt% polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) binder, the thermoplastic-binder UBC composite was stronger than typical steel-reinforced concrete in flexural tests. The CSA operation was separate from the curing procedure. This study may provide an important in-situ resource utilization method for the large-scale construction on the Moon.
Chapter 6 – Laboratory standard

Publisher Summary The Laboratory standard includes many requirements identical to the Hazard Communication Standard, including requirements related to the determination of chemical hazards, the use of material safety data sheet (MSDS), the training of personnel, and the rights of employees to information regarding workplace hazards and means for protecting themselves from exposure. The overall responsibility for compliance with the Laboratory Standard is assigned to an in-house chemical hygiene officer (CHO). In small companies that must comply with both the Laboratory Standard and the Hazard Communication Standard, a safety officer often fills the roles of both the CHO and right-to-know coordinator (RTKC); in large companies, these roles are frequently undertaken by different employees. Written standard operating procedures (SOPs) have long been procedural fixtures in the typical laboratory as the basic means of ensuring scientific compliance with standardized analytical techniques, procedures, and protocols. The Laboratory Standard expands the meaning of SOPs to include health and safety procedures. Under this standard, health-and safety-oriented SOPs are of two types—general SOPs, which focus on generic issues that pertain to all laboratories, and specific SOPs, which focus on the particular kinds of chemical hazards present in a particular laboratory.
Predictors of Hospitalization in a Cohort of Children with Elevated Symptoms of Mania.

Describe hospitalization rates in children with elevated symptoms of mania and determine predictors of psychiatric hospitalizations during the 96 month follow-up. Eligible 6–12.9 year olds and their parents visiting 9 outpatient mental health clinics were invited to be screened with the Parent General Behavior Inventory 10-item Mania Scale. Of 605 children with elevated symptoms of mania eligible for follow-up, 538 (88.9%) had ≥ 1 of 16 possible follow-up interviews and are examined herein. Multivariate Cox regression indicated only four factors predicted hospitalizations: parental mental health problems (HR 1.80; 95% CI 1.21, 2.69); hospitalization prior to study entry (HR 3.03; 95% CI 1.80, 4.43); continuous outpatient mental health service use (HR 3.73; 95% CI 2.40, 5.50); and low parental assessment of how well treatment matched child’s needs (HR 3.97; 95% CI 2.50, 6.31). Parental perspectives on mental health services should be gathered routinely, as they can signal treatment failures.
Women's Reproductive Rights Policies and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A State-Level Analysis to Assess the Role of Race and Nativity Status.

Introduction Reproductive rights policies can potentially support or inhibit individuals’ abilities to attain the highest standard of reproductive and sexual health; however, research is limited on how broader social policies may differentially impact women of color and immigrants in the U.S. This study examines the associations among state-level reproductive rights policies, race, and nativity status with preterm birth and low birth weight in the U.S. Methods This was a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of all births occurring within all the 50 states and the District of Columbia using vital statistics birth record data in 2016 (N=3,945,875). Modified log-Poisson regression models with generalized estimating equations were fitted to estimate the RR of preterm birth and low birth weight associated with tertiles of the reproductive rights policies index. Analyses were conducted between 2019 and 2020. Results Compared with women in states with the most restrictive reproductive rights policies, women living in the least restrictive states had a 7% lower low birth weight risk (adjusted RR=0.93, 95% CI=0.88, 0.99). In particular, low birth weight risk was 8% lower among Black women living in the least restrictive states than among their counterparts living in the most restrictive states (adjusted RR=0.92, 95% CI=0.86, 0.99). In addition, low birth weight risk was 6% lower among U.S.-born Black women living in the least restrictive states than among those living in the most restrictive states, but this was marginally significant (adjusted RR=0.94, 95% CI=0.89, 1.00). No other significant associations were found for race–nativity-stratified models. Conclusions Women living in states with fewer restrictions related to reproductive rights have lower rates of low birth weight, especially for Black women.
Who is Committed to Education? An Analysis of Surgical Education Research Publications.

OBJECTIVE Advances in surgical training have led to the recent emergence of surgical education research. While the importance of surgical education research is well recognized, not all surgical journals are publishing these works. The objective of this study was to analyze the volume and types of surgical education publications in general surgery and surgical subspecialty journals. DESIGN A PubMed search string was developed to identify surgical education publications in general surgery (GS, n = 10) and surgical subspecialty (SS, n = 16) journals from 2015 to 2019. Publications were catalogued into 7 categories: curriculum and/or teaching, trainee assessment, program evaluation, wellness and/or burnout, resident research, case outcomes with resident involvement, and other. Journals were also categorized by impact factor into 3 groups. Statistical analysis was performed using linear regression and Wilcoxon rank-sum to analyze differences in education publication number and percent between GS and SS journals, as well as between different impact factor groups. RESULTS The median proportion of surgical education publications was 1.2% (IQR 0.3-2.8%) of total publications for journals queried. The highest proportion of surgical education publications by a journal was 13.9%. All other journals had median ≤ 5.5%. GS journals had a significantly higher median percent of surgical education publications than SS journals (2.9% [IQR 1.7-4.8%] vs 0.5% [IQR 0.0-1.4%] p 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Education research is an important component of the surgical literature, with similar publication rates among journals of different impact factors. Publication volume is higher among general surgery than surgical subspecialty journals. With the ever-changing paradigm of surgical training, a rigorous scientific approach is needed to ensure effective training of future surgeons. Subspecialty journals should promote surgical education research to further understand and develop training in their field.
Opponent backgrounds reduce discrimination sensitivity to competing motions: effects of different vertical motions on horizontal motion perception.

Abstract We examined the relationship between two distinct motion phenomena. First, locally balanced stimuli in which opposing motion signals are presented spatially near one another fail to cause a robust firing pattern in brain area MT. The brain’s response to this motion is effectively suppressed, a phenomenon known as opponency. Second, past research has found that discrimination sensitivity to a target motion is negatively affected by a superimposed irrelevant motion signal – a process we call “perceptual suppression.” In the current study, we examined how opponency affects the strength of perceptual suppression. We found unexpected results: a target motion embedded within an opponent background was harder to discriminate than a target motion embedded within a non-opponent background. We argue that this pattern of results runs contrary to the clear prediction stemming from the current understanding of the role of opponency in motion processing and tentatively offer an explanation based on recent MT physiology.
Functions to Predict Optimal Irrigation Programs

Davis, Calif., programming dates and depths of irrigations are based on comparison of the estimated sequence of maximum evapotranspiration rates (ET m a x rates) throughout the season with the sequence of actual ET rates expected if no irrigation is given. The difference constitutes an expected sequence of ET deficits which carefully programmed irrigations may alleviate fully or in part. ET m a x depend on the sequence of leaf canopy development and on evaporative conditions at the site being planned for. ET actual rates (unirrigated) depend on the sequence of root system development, available soil water in storage at planting time, and growing season rainfall. Time relationships of corn leaf canopy and root system development researched at Davis, Calif., are combined with irrigation planning site measurements of climate, soil, and soil water content to estimate the sequence of ET deficits. Measurement of actual irrigation operational efficiency completes the needed information.
Real-Time Computerized Fluoroscopy and Radiography—A Progress Report

This report describes our initial experiences in the medical profession with real-time digital processing of X-ray transmission information taken from the video output of a conventional X-ray fluoroscopy and cine fluoroscopy system. X-rays are produced with an X-ray tube operated between 45 and 100 kVp, 1 to 300 mA, and filtered by a variety of materials, the choice depending on the type of information which is to be isolated during the imaging process. The transmitted beam is detected by a cesium iodide image intensifier viewed by a television system with a lead-oxide vidicon tube. The video signal is digitized to 8-bit accuracy every 100 ns and stored in any of three identical 256 by 256 random-access memories. Data may be temporally integrated to 13-bit gray-scale resolution. Several algorithms may be employed to process the data. All algorithms are presently dedicated hardware-based functions which were assembled in our laboratories. Although analog data may be processed from video tape, best results are achieved when image processing is performed on the original data. In the latter case the desired fully processed images appear during, or immediately after, the X-ray exposure. Present imaging modes include (1) three-spectrum K-edge imaging of iodine, (2) time-dependent subtraction angiography using intravenous injections of iodinated contrast agents, (3) time-dependent subtraction mask mode imaging of nonopacified hearts, (4) time-derivative displays of opacified and nonopacified hearts, and (5) cardiac phase displays of nonopacified hearts. K-edge subtraction imaging of opacified hearts at rates of 30 to 60 per second is also being investigated.
The performance high density rectangular m-ary QAM modulation for broadband wireless communications

The implementation of high order modulation schemes in communications systems has a direct impact on throughput performance. The higher the order, the more bits per symbol can be transmitted. However, there is also an increase in the probability of error. In this paper we investigate the performance of high order rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) for wireless broadband communications by simulating the bit error rate of 64 QAM, 256 QAM, and 1024 QAM in the presence of Rayleigh and Rician Channels with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). Theoretical values of maximum achievable data rates for each order modulation are calculated and analyzed.
THE UNQUIET... EVEN LOUD, ANDRAGOGY! Alternative Assessments for Adult Learners

This article argues that prevailing assessment methods confuse the adult learner, fail to place the instructor in a facilitative mode, and hamper attempts at learner empowerment. Descriptions of more appropriate evaluative methods are given, along with student responses to these methods.
Neural substrates within primary visual cortex for interactions between parallel visual pathways.

Publisher Summary Parallel processing is a common feature of sensory systems in the mammalian brain. Specialized sensory receptors and neural circuits extract behaviorally relevant information from the environment and the brain integrates this information to generate perception and behavior. At the broadest level, parallel pathways are apparent in the specialized systems that extract information pertaining to each of the individual senses. The creation of behaviorally relevant feature detectors, as well as the generation of a coherent visual percept, requires integration of information across streams and this integration begins in the primary visual cortex (V1). The parallel visual pathways that originate in the primate (macaque monkey) retina, the functional organization of input from the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (LGN) to V1, the local circuits within V1 that mediate integration of information across streams, and the relationships between each of V1's separate subcircuits and the extrastriate visual areas to which they project are reviewed in this chapter. The chapter demonstrates that the sites of termination of LGN input within V1 correspond to the zones that stain dark for cytochrome oxidase and each functionally distinct pathway provides input to a distinct zone within V1. The chapter also presents anatomical studies, which show that the layer 4B of V1 is not the sole source of input to dorsal visual areas, nor does it receive exclusively magnocellular input. Moreover, ventral visual areas receive input from layer 4B, as well as from blobs and interblobs, and the blobs and interblobs receive convergent input from multiple visual pathways.
Synergy between Compositional Modeling and Bayesian Networks

My work is focused on interdisciplinary areas of computer science and natural sciences. Currently, I am working on diagnosis of continuous and hybrid systems. In the recent past, I have worked on explanation generation [1, 2] in the context of compositional modeling [3].
Liquid Phase Epitaxial Growth of InAs1 − x Sb x

Single‐crystal epitaxial layers of have been grown using a steady‐state, liquid phase epitaxial growth technique. In the range of they were grown on InAs substrates from liquid compositions on the pseudobinary phase diagram and also from liquids in the In‐rich corner of the ternary phase diagram at temperatures between 580° and 720 °C. In the range of they were grown on InSb substrates from In‐rich liquids with growth temperatures ranging from 480° to 520°C. The grown crystals are homogeneous in the region more than 4µ from the substrate. The optical absorption edges are sharp, similar to the InAs absorption edge. The 300°K energy band gap as a function of composition may be described by the following expression The electrical properties of the alloys with are similar to those of pure , i.e., when typical mobilities are 30,000 cm2/V‐sec at 300°K and 50,000 cm2/V‐sec at 77°K. For alloys with typical mobilities are 67,000 cm2/V‐sec at 300°K and 50,000 cm2/V‐sec at 77°K. Incorporation of Sn during growth of from the pseudobinary liquid at 720 °C was found to give n‐type doping. Under these conditions the distribution coefficient was determined to be 0.01.
Forensic nurses' experiences of receiving child abuse disclosures

Purpose. A child's self-disclosure of abuse is a critical component in initiating intervention to stop abuse and decrease the likelihood of long-term negative outcomes. This study described the context in which child abuse victims disclosed to forensic nurses. Design and Methods. Thirty interviews were conducted at the International Forensic Nurses Scientific Assembly 2007 and then analyzed using narrative inquiry methodology. Results. Five themes emerged: child-friendly environment, building rapport, engaged listening, believing unconditionally, and the potential for false disclosures. Practice Implications. Nurses can provide an environment that allows a child the perception of limitless time to share their unique stories. Language: en
Extraction of discriminative functional MRI activation patterns and an application to Alzheimer's disease

We propose a novel Dynamic Recursive Partitioning approach for discovering discriminative patterns of functional MRI activation. The goal is to efficiently identify spatial regions that are associated with non-spatial variables through adaptive recursive partitioning of the 3D space into a number of hyper-rectangles utilizing statistical tests. As a case study, we analyze fMRI datasets obtained from a study that explores neuroanatomical correlates of semantic processing in Alzheimer’s disease. We seek to discover brain activation areas that discriminate controls from patients. We evaluate the results by presenting classification experiments that utilize information extracted from these regions. The discovered areas elucidated large hemispheric and lobar differences being consistent with prior findings. The overall classification accuracy based on activation patterns in these areas exceeded 90%. The proposed approach being general enough has great potential for elucidating structure-function relationships and can be valuable to human brain mapping.
1‐t‐Butoxycarbonyl‐1,2,4‐triazole

[41864-24-8] C7H11N3O2 (MW 169.18) InChI = 1S/C7H11N3O2/c1-7(2,3)12-6(11)10-5-8-4-9-10/h4-5H,1-3H3 InChIKey = XWUFRDJEUOAMNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (a reagent for protection of amines with the tert-butoxycarbonyl group1) Physical Data: mp 40 °C. Solubility: sol DMF and DMSO. Form Supplied in: the reagent is commercially available and is supplied as a solid. Preparative Method: 1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-1,2,4-triazole 1 is available commercially, but it can readily be prepared from the reaction of tert-butoxycarbonyl azide with 1-trimethylsilyl-1,2,4-triazole or reaction of tert-butanol with N,N′-carbonyl-di-1,2,4-triazole in high yield.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: anhydrous conditions are recommended for reactions, and the reagent is best stored at 0–4 °C.
Parainguinal laparotomy as an alternative surgical approach for removal of an enterolith in the small colon of a horse

Summary This report describes the use of a parainguinal approach to the abdomen to remove an obstruction in the small colon that could not be removed using an initial ventral midline approach. The use of a parainguinal approach should be considered for removal of an obstruction in the distal portion of the small colon.
Use of Peyer's patch and lymph node fragment cultures to compare local immune responses to Morganella morganii.

Abstract Lymphoid tissue fragment cultures were established to analyze the differentiative processes among B cells in Peyer's patches (PP) and peripheral lymph nodes (PLN), especially those in germinal centers. PP cultures from both conventionally reared mice and formerly germ-free mice colonized with Morganella morganii could be maintained for greater than 12 days with continued B-cell division, especially among cells binding high levels of peanut agglutinin, a characteristic of germinal center cells. PLN cultures from conventionally reared mice injected with a heat-killed vaccine of M. morganii could be maintained for the same amount of time. Over this period, PP cultures continued to secrete immunoglobulin A (IgA) as well as smaller amounts of IgM. PP cultures from formerly germ-free mice colonized with M. morganii showed net increases of IgA antiphosphocholine (anti-PC) antibodies with avidities as high as those of the prototypic T15 monoclonal antibody. Similar PLN fragment cultures from conventionally reared mice given footpad injections of M. morganii showed net increases of IgM and IgG anti-PC antibodies in the culture fluid. Thus, although M. morganii stimulated lymphoid tissues in vivo to produce an anti-PC response in vitro when given by either the oral or the parenteral route, the antibody isotypes differed between PP and PLN fragment cultures. Fragment culturing may offer a complementary and simpler way to detect a local secretory IgA response than does either measuring IgA antibody in secretions or detecting IgA antibody in the cytoplasm of plasma cells in the lamina propria of gastrointestinal or respiratory tissue.
Relationships Between Psychosocial-Spiritual Well-Being and End-of-Life Preferences and Values in African American Dialysis Patients

The objective of the study was to examine whether psychosocial and spiritual well-being is associated with African American dialysis patients' end-of-life treatment preferences and acceptance of potential outcomes of life-sustaining treatment. Fifty-one African Americans with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and interview with measures of symptom distress, health-related quality of life, psychosocial and spiritual well-being, and preferences and values related to life-sustaining treatment choices. The subjects were stratified by end-of-life treatment preferences and by acceptance of life-sustaining treatment outcomes, and compared for psychosocial and spiritual well-being, as well as sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Individuals who desired continued use of life-sustaining treatment in terminal illness or advanced dementia had significantly lower spiritual well-being (P=0.012). Individuals who valued four potential outcomes of life-sustaining treatment as unacceptable showed a more positive, adaptive well-being score in the spiritual dimension compared with the group that valued at least one outcome as acceptable (P=0.028). Religious involvement and importance of spirituality were not associated with end-of-life treatment preferences and acceptance of treatment outcomes. African Americans with ESRD expressed varied levels of psychosocial and spiritual well-being, and this characteristic was associated with life-sustaining treatment preferences. In future research, the assessment of spirituality should not be limited to its intensity or degree but extended to other dimensions.
Factors released from sea urchin eggs affect cyclic nucleotide metabolism in sperm.

CYCLIC nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors and exogenous cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP can increase or maintain mammalian sperm motility, respiration rate and fructolytic rate1–7. Sperm from various species have been shown to contain high activities of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase8–10, guanylate cyclase11,12, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase11, phospho-protein phosphatase13, and adenylate cyclase11,14. These and other observations have led to speculation that cyclic nucleotides regulate or modulate sperm motility and metabolism15, and that this modulation may occur during the processes of capacitation or fertilisation15–17. The latter hypothesis requires that factors from the female or from the ovum itself alter sperm cyclic nucleotide levels. Until now there has been no demonstration of a naturally occurring factor of animal origin that can substantially change cyclic nucleotide levels in sperm15. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there are factors released from eggs that can alter sperm cyclic nucleotide levels. Gametes from sea urchins were used because both eggs and sperm can be obtained in large quantities, and because factors released from sea urchin eggs have been known for some years to alter sea urchin sperm motility18–20 and respiration20,21.
Analysis of the chromosome 2(2H) region of barley associated with the correlated traits Fusarium head blight resistance and heading date.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) that results in reduced grain yield and quality through the accumulation of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). Coincident QTL for FHB severity, DON concentration, and heading date (HD) map to a region of chromosome 2(2H) designated Qrgz-2H-8. It is unclear whether disease resistance at this locus is due to a pleiotropic effect of late HD by delaying the host exposure to the pathogen or a tightly linked resistance gene. The objectives of this study were to develop a set of near isogenic lines (NILs) for the Qrgz-2H-8 region and to genetically dissect the QTL region containing the coincident traits. Two NIL populations were developed consisting of F2- and F4-derived recombinants from a cross between a BC5 line carrying the donor parent (Chevron) alleles in the Qrgz-2H-8 region and the recurrent parent M69. Analysis of field and marker data from these NILs revealed that the Chevron alleles conditioning FHB resistance, late HD, and low DON concentration were successfully introgressed into the BC5 parent line and were segregating among NILs. QTL analysis of the F4-derived population showed that the HD QTL is adjacent to the FHB QTL. Furthermore, a single NIL was identified that was similar to the resistant BC5 parent for FHB severity and the early flowering parent M69 for HD. These results indicate that the relationship between FHB and HD at the Qrgz-2H-8 region is likely due to tight linkage rather than pleiotropy.
Dieldrin and DDT in the tissues of mice fed aldrin and DDT for seven generations.

Seven-Generation Study (P — F6): The concentration and total retention of dieldrin or p,p′-DDT and metabolites were determined in the total carcass of Swiss-Webster mice fed dietary supplements of aldrin 5 or 10 ppm, or DDT 100 ppm, to age 260 days.
Insights into the relation between mrna and protein expression patterns: II. Experimental observations in Escherichia coli.

There is a need for improved appreciation of the importance of genome-wide mRNA and protein expression measurements and their role in understanding translation and in relation to genome-wide mathematical frameworks for gene expression regulation. We investigated the use of a high-density microarray technique for mRNA expression analysis and a two-dimensional protein electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry method for protein analysis to monitor changes in gene expression. We applied these analytical tools in the context of an environmental perturbation of Escherichia coli cells-the addition of varying amounts of IPTG. We also tested the application of these tools to the study of a genetic perturbation of Escherichia coli cells-the ability of certain strains to hypersecrete the hemolysin protein. We observed a lack of correspondence between mRNA and protein expression profiles. Although our data do not include measurements on all expressed genes (because the ability to measure protein expression profiles is limiting), we observed that the qualitative and quantitative behavior of the measurements of a subset of expressed genes is similar to the behavior of the entire system. The change in observed average mRNA and protein amplification factors for 77 and 52 genes coincided with the observed change in mRNA amplification factor for the entire system. Furthermore, we found that the use of relative changes in expression could be used to elucidate mechanisms of gene expression regulation for the system studied, even when measurements were made on a small subset of the system.