cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DEMONSTRATION OF THE SEQUENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF VACCINIAL ANTIGENS AND VIRUS IN INFECTED CELLS: OBSERVATIONS WITH CYTOCHEMICAL AND DIFFERENTIAL FLUORESCENT PROCEDURES

Virus-induced alterations in vaccinia virus-infected HeLa cells have been followed by immunofluorescent and cytochemical techniques. In a time sequence study, infected cells show an early increase in cytoplasmic RNA content, followed by appearance of centers of viral DNA synthesis in the cytoplasm. The centers of synthesis were detected at 4 hours post infection, with the acridine orange fluorochrome stain as compared to 6 hours with Feulgen and methyl green-pyronin stains. Marginal fragmentation of the inclusion bodies was seen at 8 to 10 hours post infection, and appears to coincide with the first increase in cell-associated virus. With the immunofluorescent technique, it was found that the LS antigen of the virus can be detected at about 4 hours post infection. This is followed at 5 to 6 hours post infection by the appearance of the NP antigen. Both antigens are found only in the cytoplasm, and precede the appearance of the infective particle. The HA antigen, a by-product of virus-cell interaction, is not seen until about 10 hours post infection; that is, several hours after the appearance of both the LS and NP antigens, and only after the appearance of mature virus. The successful application of the use of two immune sera, each labeled with a different fluorescent dye for the simultaneous visualization of two antigens within a cell, is reported. Using this technique, the sites of LS and NP antigen synthesis, were easily differentiated. The intimate mixing of the two antigens at a later stage appears to coincide with the fragmentation of the inclusion body and the first detectable increase in cell-associated virus. The evidence obtained strongly suggests that the typical inclusion body observed in vaccinia-infected cells is composed mainly of the NP antigen.
An analysis of the trend in ground-level ozone using non-homogeneous poisson processes

Abstract This paper provides a method for measuring the long-term trend in the frequency with which ground-level ozone present in the ambient air exceeds the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone. A major weakness of previous studies that estimate the long-term trend in the very high values of ozone, and therefore the long-term trend in the probability of satisfying the NAAQS for ozone, is their failure to account for the confounding effects of meterological conditions on ozone levels. Meteorological variables such as temperature, wind speed, and frontal passage play an important role in the formation of ground-level ozone. A non-homogenous Poisson process is used to account for the relationship between very high values of ozone and meteorological conditions. This model provides an estimate of the trend in the ozone values after allowing for the effects of meteorological conditions. Therefore, this model provides a means to measure the effectiveness of pollution control programs after accounting for the effects of changing weather conditions. When our approach is applied to data collected at two sites in Houston, TX, we find evidence of a gradual long-term downward trend in the frequency of high values of ozone. The empirical results indicate how possibly misleading results can be obtained if the analysis does not account for changing weather conditions.
Acid deposition models for detecting the effect of changes in emissions: an exploratory investigation utilizing meteorological variables

Abstract Two models are presented that incorporate meteorological variables to improve the assessment of the effects of emissions reductions on the concentration of sulfate in precipitation. We obtain results using these models from 12 sites in the NADP/NTN network for the 10-year period 1979–1988. In both models, we estimate the emissions effect and discuss appropriate measurements of error. Although we use historical data to evaluate the models, this methodology is developed to improve the assessment of anticipated future emission reductions under the Clean Air Act amendments of 1990. The emphaseis of this research is not on the actual estimates of the effect of emission changes. Rather, we show that the incorporation of meteorological variables offers some hope for improving the assessment of the effects of emission reductions. We provide a preliminary evaluation of the improvement in the methodology utilizing meteorological variables at 12 NADP/NTN sites in the eastern U.S.A.
Cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase from sea urchin eggs, merogons, and embryos

Abstract The presence of cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase has been established in sea urchin eggs and four-cell embryos by subcellular fractionation and use of enucleate egg halves. ATP is the only ribonucleoside triphosphate incorporated. This incorporation is time dependent, contingent on input protein concentration, and immune to a variety of antimetabolites known to inhibit DNA-directed RNA synthesis. Both the unfertilized egg and the four-cell embryo cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase activities display a preference for Mn2+. While oligo(A)4 is inactive as a primer, addition of oligo(A) 16 , poly(A) 45 and poly(A) 90 stimulates ATP incorporation. On a unit per milligram protein basis, the endogenous activity associated with cytoplasmic fractions obtained from nucleate and enucleate egg halves is 36 and 83% that obtained with the cytoplasmic fraction prepared from the unfertilized egg. In the presence of oligo(A) 16 , both the nucleate and enucleate egg halves exhibit 81% of the activity associated with the unfertilized egg cytoplasmic fraction. The level of Mn2+ cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase activity from the four-cell embryo is approximately 50% that of the unfertilized egg. This decrease does not appear to be due to either a postfertilization alteration in the subcellular localization of poly(A) polymerase or an increase in RNase activity. Supplementation with oligo(A) 16 failed to restore the four-cell embryo cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase potential to a level comparable to that of the unfertilized egg. Suppression of postfertilization protein synthesis by emetine, however, prevents this developmental decline in ATP incorporation thereby suggesting that postfertilization cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase activity is subject to negative translational control.
Recent progress at MIT on THz gyrotron oscillators for DNP/NMR

Signal-to-noise is a key ingredient in successful NMR experiments, a fact that has stimulated the development of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). In solid state magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR experiments, we have observed signal enhancements of 50–400 at 140 and 250 GHz operating frequencies, depending on a variety of experimental conditions. These experiments are possible because of the development of gyrotrons for generating the high frequency microwaves needed for DNP/NMR. We report progress in the development of tunable gyrotrons at 330 and 460 GHz for DNP/NMR spectroscopy. The successful recent demonstration of DNP/NMR enhancements using the 460 GHz gyrotron with a 700 MHz NMR spectrometer makes it the highest frequency DNP/NMR system currently in operation worldwide. A 527 GHz gyrotron is now under development for application in an 800 MHz NMR system. We present an overview of the systems and related THz technologies developed at MIT for DNP/NMR spectroscopy.
Association of escherichia coli 0127:B8 with an outbreak of infantile gastroenteritis and its concurrent distribution in the pediatric population

Summary 1. An epidemic of gastroenteritis in an adoption home associated with Escherichia coli 0127:B8 has been described. It is postulated that this organism was the etiological agent. 2. Neomycin in Kaopectate mayhave been effective treatment and prophylaxis in this epidemic. 3. Cultures of 128 well infants and327 sick infants from Denver during the time of the epidemic yielded only two positive cultures of E. coli 0127: B8. Both of these infants had diarrhea.
Thinking through education: the geographies of contemporary educational restructuring

Despite playing central roles in state-building, economic development, social reproduction, and cultural politics, education has remained on the margins of critical geographical thought. Recent research, however, suggests that geographers are taking notice of the widespread and profound restructuring underway in advanced capitalist education sectors. This paper considers the possibilities for geographical research on (formal) education, and outlines one particular agenda for this emerging field. Rather than advocating a discrete topical specialty, it proposes developing a decentered and outward-looking literature — one in which education systems, institutions, and practices are positioned as useful sites for a variety of theory-building projects. The paper sketches several applications of this `joined-up' approach. `Thinking through' education — either as a constitutive moment or a critical case study of sociospatial transformation — may inform discussions of the geographies of neoliberalization, globaliz...
Professionalism and the match: a pediatric residency program's postinterview no-call policy and its impact on applicants

OBJECTIVE. The National Residency Matching Program allows match participants to recruit each other and try to influence future ranking decisions in their favor, but it also states that participants “must not make statements implying commitment.” The National Residency Matching Program cautions against statements such as, “We plan to rank you very highly on our list,” because they can be misinterpreted as an informal commitment. To avoid issues around miscommunication, the University of Washington Pediatric Residency Program instituted a postinterview no-call policy with applicants. The purpose of this study was to determine this policy9s impact on applicants. METHODS. A Web-based, anonymous survey was sent after the National Residency Matching Program deadline for submitting rank lists but before match day to applicants who interviewed at our program from 2003 to 2006. Applicants were asked whether our program9s position on their rank list would have been influenced more favorably, less favorably, or not at all had they received a telephone call from our program. RESULTS. The survey response rate was 53% (n = 468). A total of 10.3% (n = 48) of the applicants to our program would have been favorably influenced by a telephone call after their interview. Significantly more applicants reported that a recruiting call from our program would have caused them to rank our program more favorably in 2006 (17.2%) than in 2003–2005 combined (8.4%). CONCLUSIONS. We identified a vulnerable applicant population whose rank lists are potentially influenced by questionable postinterview communication from residency programs. To protect the integrity and fairness of the match, we call for more explicit guidelines regarding postinterview communication with applicants.
From catfish to organic fish: making distinctions about nature as cultural economic practice

Abstract This paper addresses the cultural economy of nature and the material culture of economic practice. Attending to ways that cultural notions about the biophysical world play key roles in political economic conflicts, discussion centers on two recent debates involving the cultural economy of seafood production and trade. The first debate is over whether the label “catfish” should include catfish imported from Vietnam into the United States; the second deals with whether fish and shellfish should be eligible to be certified “organic” under new US regulations. Analysis reveals that the key dynamic in these debates is not necessarily how people think about “nature”, but instead is how people make distinctions about the world. Rather than focusing on what is natural or not, key actors make distinctions among both organisms and environments. The ways that different groups define and enclose the biophysical world works to distinguish places as either appropriate or not for certain kinds of production activities. The overall argument is that significance and meaning of the biophysical become implicated in economic geographies by making distinctions about the world that then become important for how economic activity can work. As such, cultural economic approaches should attend to the ways that the biophysical is involved in relations such as competition and international trade, while nature–society approaches should shift focus from Nature to specific aspects of the biophysical world.
Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry: A Long Overdue Addition to the Chemistry Curriculum.

Portable Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analyzers have undergone significant improvements over the past decade. Salient advantages of XRF for elemental analysis include minimal sample preparation, multielement analysis capabilities, detection limits in the low parts per million (ppm) range, and analysis times on the order of 1 min. This article aims to stimulate interest in incorporating XRF into undergraduate chemistry lecture and lab settings.
Self-adjointness of the Dirac Hamiltonian in point instanton and meron fields

The instanton and meron field configurations have been used extensively in the literature. They are used in solitonic solutions arising from gravitation to attempts at explaining the confinement of quarks in QCD. We examine the Dirac Hamiltonian in the field of the point Yang-Mills and C${\mathrm{P}}_{1}$ instantons as well as the meron configurations to determine whether there is a self-adjointness problem. We find that both C${\mathrm{P}}_{1}$ and the Yang-Mills instanton Hamiltonians are indeed self-adjoint but that the meron solution admits a U(2) worth of self-adjoint extensions. These extensions will show up in all calculations involving meron-fermion couplings and possibly also in characterizing the SU(2) vacuum structure.
A framework for e‐government: privacy implications

Purpose – The paper proposes a conceptual framework of the stages of electronic government that describes and integrates the unique relationship between the government and its varied constituents, and identifies and applies the global constraints that affect the implementation of e‐government at each stage.Design/methodology/approach – Building on and expanding stages of e‐government suggested in prior literature, a framework is designed to recognize that the five stages of e‐government will have differing impacts when considering six different categories of constituents. In addition, the framework considers three global constraints superimposed on these stages and relationship; laws and regulations, technical feasibility, and user feasibility. The paper then provides an example of implementation of the framework by exploring the issue of privacy in electronic government.Findings – The relationships mapped the stages of e‐government, affected by global motivators and constraints, are unique and complex. P...
Achieving small dimensions with an environmentally friendly solvent: photoresist development using supercritical CO2

solubility while still showing performance equal to polym er photoresists. In addition, because of their small, discrete structures, these mate rials can possess unifor m dissolution rates and lower line-edge roughness compared to traditiona l polymer resists. For these materials, dissolution rates in supercritical CO
Reverse and pseudoreverse cortical sign in thoracolumbar burst fracture: radiologic description and distinction—a propos of three cases

In thoracolumbar burst fracture the “reverse cortical sign” is a known entity that corresponds to a fragment of the posterior wall that has been flipped 180° with the cancellous surface of the fragment facing posteriorly in the canal and the cortical surface (posterior wall) facing anteriorly. The identification of such reverse cortical fragment is crucial as ligamentotaxis is classically contraindicated as the posterior longitudinal ligament is ruptured. Recognition of such a flipped cortical fragment has relied so far on the axial CT. The advent of CT scans with sagittal reconstruction has allowed us to better describe such entities that have received little attention in the literature. The goal of this report was therefore to describe the appearance of the reverse cortical sign and its likes as they can appear on axial CT scans, sagittal reconstructions and MRI. During 1-year practice at our institution we had to treat three patients with thoracolumbar burst fracture associated with what looked like a reverse cortical sign on the axial CT scans. Further analysis of the sagittal reconstruction CT could differentiate the true reverse cortical sign from a new entity that we coined “the pseudoreverse cortical sign” as observed in two out of the three cases. In the pseudo reverse cortical sign what appears to be a flipped piece of posterior vertebral body is actually part of the superior or inferior endplate that is depressed into the comminuted vertebral body. In such cases the posterior longitudinal ligament appears to be in continuity and therefore such fracture can theoretically be treated with posterior ligamentotaxis as evidenced in one of our case. Careful analysis of the CT scan and specifically the sagittal reconstruction and MRI can differentiate two separate entities that may correspond to a different severity injury.
Does co-NP have short interactive proofs?

Abstract Babai (1985) and Goldwasser,Micali and Rackoff (1985) introduced two probabilistic extensions of the complexity class NP. The two complexity classes, denoted AM[Q] and IP[Q] respectively, are defined using randomized interactive proofs between a prover and a verifier. Goldwasser and Sipser (1986) proved that the two classes are equal. We prove that if the complexity class co -NP is contained in IP[k] for some constant k (i.e., if every language in co -NP has a short interactive proof), then the polynomial-time hierarchy collapses to the second level. As a corollary, we show that if the Graph Isomorphism problem is NP-complete, then the polynomial-time hierarchy collapses.
Appearance of beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in human ventricular cerebrospinal fluid upon analgesic electrical stimulation

beta-Endorphin-like immunoreactivity in human ventricular cerebrospinal fluid was measured with a specific radioimmunoassay. The subjects were undergoing a surgical procedure for relief of chronic intractable pain. This procedure involved the focal stimulation of a medial thalamic site adjacent to the wall of the third ventricle. Samples were collected before and during the analgesic stimulation. No beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity could be detected prior to stimulation, suggesting that baseline levels are below 25 fmol/ml of cerebrospinal fluid. Electrical stimulation led to substantial increases (13- to 20-fold) in immunoreactive material in every subject. These results suggest that beta-endorphin-like material can be released into the ventricular system and may contribute to the pain blockade that results from periventricular stimulation.
Cryosurgical ablation of unresectable hepatic metastases.

Background and Objectives: Recent advancements in the technology of cryosurgery along with the development and refinement of intraoperative ultrasound have led to a feasible alternative for some patients with unresectable hepatic malignancy. This paper reports our first year's experience with cryosurgical ablation of unresectable hepatic malignancies. Methods: From May 1996 to July 1997, 12 patients with colorectal hepatic metastases underwent exploration for possible resection and/or cryosurgery. At surgery, three patients had extensive disease and were not candidates for any surgical treatment, three underwent formal right hepatic lobectomy, five underwent a combination of resection and cryoablation, while one underwent cryoablation alone. Results: In the six patients who received cryosurgery, the mean number of metastatic lesions was four (range 1-6). The mean number of lesions frozen was two (range 1-4) with a mean size of 2.5 cm. (range 1-5 cm). There were no intraoperative deaths and no major postoperative complications. All patients were discharged home in stable condition with a mean hospital stay of eight days (range 5-14 days). At a mean follow-up of 17.3 months (range 10-22) three patients were alive with disease and three were disease free. Conclusions: Cryosurgical ablation is a safe method of treating unresectable hepatic malignancies and it may extend survival in carefully selected patients.
Husband-wife diet concordance and changes in dietary practices by surviving spouses of cancer cases.

Abstract Diet concordance and changes in dietary practices by surviving spouses of cancer cases were investigated by studying 69 husband‐wife pairs during an eight‐year period spanning the death from cancer of one spouse. The data base consisted of reports for each cancer case from the Adventist Health Study (AHS) where a surviving spouse was available. Two questions were addressed. 1. Do husbands and wives eat similar diets? 2. Did survivors change their diet practices during the eight‐year period? Three sets of dietary data were compared with the AHS food frequency questionnaire: reports made in 1976 by cases; reports made in 1976 by their spouses (initial); and the spouses’ reports in 1984 (current). Diet concordance and dietary changes for 35 key food groups were evaluated both for individual foods and across foods by computing recall scores. The results were analyzed with univariate and multivariate methods. Comparison of means and Spearman rank‐order correlations revealed good initial concordance be...
Stressful Life Events and Criminal Homicide

Stressful life events experienced by a 50 percent random sample of criminal homicide offenders (270) and a 30 percent random sample of nonviolent felonious property offenders (194) incarcerated in North Carolina over a two-year period are analyzed. Dohrenwend et al. Psychiatric Epidemiological Research Interview (PERI) was expanded to include occurrences in childhood and was used to assess the extent of stressful life events. These events were divided into loss and nonloss items; and whether the event occurred in the early life of the offender (past event) or in closer proximity to the crime (recent event). Murderers were divided into primary offenders, those whose victims were family members or close friends; and nonprimary offenders, those who killed strangers or mere acquaintances. The findings show that criminal homicide offenders experienced stressful life events in greater number and more consistently than did nonviolent felons. Further, primary homicide offenders tended to suffer more stressful lif...
Secular trend in neonatal mortality in the mountain states

Reviewing trends in neonatal mortality from 1957 to 1967, it is clear that neonatal and infant mortality has declined faster in the mountain states than in the low altitude states. Accordingly, the increased neonatal and infant mortality at high altitudes or in the mountain states cannot be attributed to high altitude hypoxia alone. Furthermore, the decline in neonatal mortality in the mountain states has not been accompanied by a decrease in the frequency of low birth weight (below 2500 gm) and is therefore not a product of increasing body size in the neonate.
Observations on flumethiazide in the treatment of essential hypertension

Abstract 1. 1. Flumethiazide (ademol) given in a dose of 500 mg. twice a day for two months has proved to be an effective antihypertensive agent in 41 per cent of patients with mild hypertension as measured by blood pressures recorded in the supine position. A slight orthostatic hypotensive effect was noted in that 53 per cent responded as measured by blood pressures recorded in the upright position. Only 12 per cent of the patients became normotensive as measured by blood pressures recorded in the supine position. Minimal side effects were observed. 2. 2. A significant additive effect on blood pressure was noted when rauwolfia (whole root) and flumethiazide (ademol) were given in combination. The results were better when flumethiazide, rather than rauwolfia, was given prior to the combined therapy. Combined therapy using 500 mg. of flumethiazide given twice a day and 50 mg. of rauwolfia given twice a day for two months resulted in a significant reduction in blood pressure in 73 per cent of the patients when flumethiazide was given first and in 64 per cent when rauwolfia was given first. 3. 3. An orthostatic hypotensive effect was noticed when flumethiazide was given alone or in combination. 4. 4. A relationship between a decrease or increase in body weight and a decrease or increase in the blood pressure was noted. 5. 5. Causes for the slightly different responses in groups A and B are discussed.
Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Stainless Steel Type 316 Plate and 16-8-2 Weldments in Air and High-Carbon Liquid Sodium

The fatigue crack growth rates of Type 316 stainless steel and 16-8-2 gas tungsten arc welds were measured in air and high-carbon liquid sodium at 510/sup 0/C (950/sup 0/F) for secondary sodium loop Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor applications. Loading variables such as low frequency, load ratio, and hold time at peak load were studied. Supporting studies show that carburization of crack faces occurs prior to any crack tip carburization for the crack sizes and load frequencies of this study. Thus, a carburization effect on da/dN is not shown for relatively short-term tests. Low stress intensity, ultra-low frequency tests to simulate service would be required to show this effect. The crack growth rate curve for 16-8-2 welds was below Type 316 base metal curves for both air and hig-carbon sodium at 510/sup 0/C (950/sup 0/F). Crack growth rate curves for Type 316 and 16-8-2 welds in high-carbon sodium were below the corresponding curves for air.
Direct sediment toxicity testing procedure using sediment-chromotest kit

A semiquantitative direct sediment toxicity testing procedure using the Sediment-Chromotest was developed. This procedure has advantages over many other toxicity bioassays. It is simple, quick, and reliable, and does not require special instrumentation. The direct sediment toxicity testing procedure involves the use of serial dilutions of solid phase suspensions mixed with stressed bacteria (Escherichia coli) and a cocktail containing the specific inducer for the chromogenic enzyme and other essential factors. The assay is based on the ability of toxicants to inhibit the de novo synthesis of an inducible enzyme, beta-galactosidase. The amount of de novo synthesized enzyme is determined by a colorimetric reaction. This new procedure measures the presence of bioavailable toxicants in sediments, suspended sediments, soils, and other solid wastes directly without extraction and concentration. © by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Selenium Responsive Myositis during Prolonged Home Total Parenteral Nutrition in Cystic Fibrosis

The need for routine supplementation of total parenteral nutrition solutions with selenium (Se) has not been clearly defined. Although clinical selenium deficiency in patients on prolonged total parenteral nutrition has been reported, it is rarely observed in the United States. We report a 19-year-old woman with cystic fibrosis who developed muscle pain and weakness after 3 months on total parenteral nutrition which was not supplemented with Se. Coincident with her onset of symptoms, markedly elevated serum creatine kinase values were observed compared to baseline levels. Subsequent evaluations revealed undetectable (less than 0.02 microgram/ml) serum and urine Se levels in this patient. In addition, electromyographic evidence of myositis and nonspecific membrane irritability was documented. Therapy with oral Se rapidly reversed her symptoms and normalized with serum creatine kinase values over a 10-day period. Prolonged treatment with Se was required to achieve normal values of Se in the serum. Patients with severe pancreatic insufficiency, such as cystic fibrosis, may be at risk for clinical Se deficiency if on prolonged total parenteral nutrition without supplementation. Elevated creatine kinase levels should alert physicians to the possibility of Se deficiency in such patients.
Isocyanide Insertion Reactions with Organometallic Group 4 Tropocoronand Complexes: Formation of η2-Iminoacyl, Enediamido, η2-Imine, and μ-Imido Products

The reactivity of the tropocoronand complexes [M(TC-3,n)R2] (M = Zr(IV), Hf(IV); n = 3, 5; R = CH2Ph, Ph) with aryl and alkyl isocyanides is described. Alkyl isocyanides induced migration of both benzyl groups to afford the bis(iminoacyl) species [Hf(TC-3,n){η2-(R)NC(CH2Ph)}2] (n = 5, R = Cy (1), n-Bu (2); n = 3, R = Cy (3)). Different products were isolated with aryl isocyanides, depending on the rate of substrate addition. Treatment of [M(TC-3,n)(CH2Ph)2] with excess 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide (ArNC) generated the enediamido = Zr (4), Hf (5)) via coupling of two bis(iminoacyl) groups, whereas slow step-wise addition produced = Zr, n = 3 (6); M = Hf, n = 3 (7), n = 5 (8)). The η2-imine an intermediate in the formation of 7, was isolated and characterized, but the corresponding zirconium species was unstable in solution, decomposing to form the imido-bridged compound {[Zr(TC-3,3)]2(μ-NAr)2} (10). Altering the nature of the carbon donor ligands also influenced the reactivity. Addition of both aryl and a...
Trophic relationships among terrestrial molluscs in a Hawaiian rain forest: analysis of carbon and nitrogen isotopes

Soil and adjacent leaf-litter environments support a diverse decomposer fauna. This has led to what is known as ‘the enigma of the soil fauna’, or the question of how it is possible for such large numbers of species to coexist without obvious biotic mechanisms, such as competitive exclusion, limiting coexistence (Anderson 1975). Dietary specialization or effective partitioning of food resources could be a mechanism to avoid niche overlap among sympatric soil/litter species (Chahartaghi et al. 2005, Jennings & Barkham 1975). However, unravelling the complexities of trophic relationships can be difficult, especially in soil/leaf-litter habitats where both consumers and prey are small, diverse and often unidentifiable (Scheu & Falca 2000). As such, the trophic relationships among species in these habitats typically remain unresolved.
Intracellular Delivery of Peptidyl Ligands by Reversible Cyclization: Discovery of a PDZ Domain Inhibitor that Rescues CFTR Activity

A general strategy was developed for the intracellular delivery of linear peptidyl ligands through fusion to a cell-penetrating peptide and cyclization of the fusion peptides via a disulfide bond. The resulting cyclic peptides are cell permeable and have improved proteolytic stability. Once inside the cell, the disulfide bond is reduced to produce linear biologically active peptides. This strategy was applied to generate a cell-permeable peptide substrate for real-time detection of intracellular caspase activities during apoptosis and an inhibitor for the CFTR-associated ligand (CAL) PDZ domain as a potential treatment for cystic fibrosis.
Living Leadership: A Systemic Constructionist Approach:

This article offers a practical theory of leadership grounded in systemic thinking and social constructionism. A systemic constructionist approach conceptualizes leadership as a co-created, performative, attributional, and contextual process where the ideas articulated in talk or action are recognized by others as progressing tasks that are important to them. Using a systemic constructionist framework, we argue that leadership theory and research needs to give attention to three important discursive practices: (1) sensemaking, (2) positioning, and (3) play. The implications for theory, research, and practice from a systemic constructionist perspective are highlighted.
Religion, Conflict, and Regimes: A Two-Branch Model of Non-Democracy

Despite the predictions of traditional modernization theory, the 21st century has not seen the collapse of religion on a global scale (Norris and Inglehart 2004; Inglehart and Welzel 2005). The continued importance of religion in social and political life has affected political variables in a variety of ways, both positive and negative. However, many observers argue that the salience of religion has sustained conflict in India, Northern Ireland, Iraq, and elsewhere. The consequences of this type of conflict are manifold: religious conflict destroys lives, shatters economies, and destabilizes regimes. The persistence of religious conflict necessitates analysis of its causes, features, and consequences. This project focuses on one dimension of religious conflict in particular – its impact on democracy. Specifically, this project addresses how religious differences (both in terms of piety and religious diversity in a given country) translate into regime outcomes. It analyzes two mechanisms by which salient religious divisions lead to non-democracy; first, by legitimizing authoritarian regimes, and second, by unsettling democratic arrangements.
The Impact of Teaching Self-Determination Skills on the On-Task and Off-Task Behaviors of Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

A multiple baseline across participants design was used to examine the functional relation between the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction (SDLMI) intervention and the on- and off-task behaviors of high school students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). The results showed that all four students significantly increased on-task behaviors and decreased off-task behaviors and all four participants maintained the increase of on-task behaviors and the decrease of off-task behaviors after the intervention was withdrawn. All four students made progress toward their goal of implementing on-task behavior in the classroom and generalized on-task behavior to a second general education classroom. The study provides evidence of effective self-determination instruction that supports students to improve their behavior in a general education classroom. Implications for practice and future research are provided.
The relative affective potency of glycine, L-serine and sucrose as assessed by a brief-access taste test in inbred strains of mice.

In general, rodents prefer both sucrose and L-serine relative to water and treat both compounds as possessing a similar taste quality (e.g. ‘sweetness’) despite that they are believed to bind with different T1R heterodimeric receptors in taste bud cells. We assessed the affective potency of these compounds along with glycine, which is thought to bind with both T1R receptor complexes, using a brief-access taste test in a gustometer. Unconditioned licking responses of two ‘taster’ strains (C57BL/6J and SWR/J), which display high preference for low concentrations of sucrose, and two ‘non-taster’ (129P3/J and DBA/2J) strains, which display blunted preference for low concentrations of sucrose, were measured during 5 s trials of varying concentrations of a single compound when mice (n = 10/strain/stimulus) were non-deprived and when access to home-cage water was restricted. In non-deprived mice, sucrose generated monotonically increasing concentration–response curves regardless of strain, whereas glycine was only marginally effective at stimulating licking and L-serine produced relatively flat functions. The profile of responsiveness across strains was more complex than expected. For example, when tested with sucrose in the nondeprived condition, the 129P3/J non-taster strain surpassed the responsiveness of taster mice at mid-range to high concentrations. Under water-restricted conditions, these mice also were significantly more responsive to high concentrations of both sucrose and glycine compared with the other strains when stimulus licking was standardized relative to water. Thus, the affective potency of the stimuli tested here seems to be related to the ability of the compounds to bind with the T1R2+3 receptor complex. However, the profile of strain responsiveness to these tastants in the brief-access test does not appear to be simply explained by the sweetener ‘taster’ status of the strain.
Articular Talar Injuries in Athletes Results of Microfracture and Autogenous Bone Graft

BackgroundThe treatment options of talar osteochondral lesions are numerous. Although studies show these treatments have been used with varying success, the ability to return to activity (RTA), including sports after treatment of talar dome injuries, have not been well documented.HypothesisA treatment plan that uses microfracture for Hepple stage 2 through 4 lesions and autogenous bone grafting for Hepple stage 5 lesions for athletes with articular lesions of the talus will produce a high rate of return to athletic activity.Study DesignCase series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsPreoperative and postoperative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores and RTA were assessed prospectively 2 to 8 years after surgery in high-demand (athletic) patients with articular injuries to the talar dome treated according to the above protocol over a 6-year period.ResultsThere were 26 microfracture procedures and 20 bone grafts to the talus. The AOFAS scores for both microfracture (preoperative, 54.6; postop...
Neighborhood Psychosocial Hazards and Cardiovascular Disease: The Baltimore Memory Study

Objectives. We examined associations between cardiovascular disease and neighborhood psychosocial hazards, such as violent crime, abandoned buildings, and signs of incivility, to evaluate whether features of place are associated with older adult health.Methods. We analyzed first-visit data from the Baltimore Memory Study of randomly selected residents aged 50 to 70 years (n=1140) of 65 contiguous neighborhoods in Baltimore, Maryland. We looked for associations between self-reports of history of selected cardiovascular diseases and scores on the 12-item neighborhood psychosocial hazards scale.Results. After adjustment for established individual risk factors for cardiovascular disease, residents in neighborhoods with scores in the highest quartile of the psychosocial hazards scale had more than 4 times higher odds of a history of myocardial infarction and more than 3 times higher odds of myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack, or intermittent claudication compared with residents living in ...
Improvement of Teacher Food Allergy Knowledge in Socioeconomically Diverse Schools After Educational Intervention

Background. Increasingly, teachers are the first respondents to food allergic reactions in schools. Studies of food allergy in school settings have identified deficiencies in teacher recognition and treatment of reactions. We sought to determine the effect of a didactic session on teacher knowledge of the causative foods, symptoms, and treatment of reactions in diverse elementary schools. Methods. An educational intervention project using a pretest–posttest control group design was performed. Teacher knowledge about food allergy causes, symptoms, and treatment of food allergic reactions was assessed. Results. The average percentage of correctly answered questions by teachers at baseline for each school ranged from 60% to 68%. After education, teachers at the intervention schools answered 24.6% to 34.6% (confidence interval = 21.5-74.1 and 32.1-103.9, respectively) more questions correctly compared with 4.0% to 4.3% (confidence interval = 2.5-21.6 and 0.9-31.0, respectively) in control schools. Conclusions...
Old wine in a new technology, or a different type of digital divide?:

Gender differences exist in both general and specific uses of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Most of this research has focused on computers and the internet to the exclusion of mobile phones. Little research has examined gender differences in specific types of mobile phone usage, especially among youth. This issue is examined using data from a random sample of middle-school students. Although gender differences exist at the bivariate level, the picture changes in multivariate models. Boys exhibited greater frequency of use for non-social, gadget-like features of mobile phones; no gender differences existed in more traditional communicative mobile phone uses.
Histone acetyltransferase CBP is vital to demarcate conventional and innate CD8+ T-cell development.

Defining the chromatin modifications and transcriptional mechanisms that direct the development of different T-cell lineages is a major challenge in immunology. The transcriptional coactivators CREB binding protein (CBP) and the closely related p300, which comprise the KAT3 family of histone/protein lysine acetyltransferases, interact with over 50 T-lymphocyte-essential transcriptional regulators. We show here that CBP, but not p300, modulates the thymic development of conventional adaptive T cells versus those having unconventional innate functions. Conditional inactivation of CBP in the thymus yielded CD8 single-positive (SP) thymocytes with an effector-, memory-, or innate-like T-cell phenotype. In this regard, CD8 SP thymocytes in CBP mutant mice were phenotypically similar to those reported for Itk and Rlk protein tyrosine kinase mutants, including the increased expression of the T-cell master regulatory transcription factor eomesodermin (Eomes) and the interleukin-2 and -15 receptor beta chain (CD122) and an enhanced ability to rapidly produce gamma interferon. CBP was required for the expression of the Itk-dependent genes Egr2, Egr3, and Il2, suggesting that CBP helps mediate Itk-responsive transcription. CBP therefore defines a nuclear component of the signaling pathways that demarcate the development of innate and adaptive naive CD8(+) T cells in the thymus.
Determining Boron Speciation with an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer

A method of differentiating elemental B from oxidized B using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) is presented. The method was developed and validated on weapons grade BKNO3.
Control of square-wave inverters in high power hybrid active filter systems

This paper presents a new control scheme for a hybrid parallel active filter (HPAF) system intended for high-power applications-up to 100 MW nonlinear loads-to meet IEEE 519 recommended harmonic standards. The active filter inverter is realized with small-rated (1%-2% of the load rating) square-wave inverters operating at the dominant harmonic frequencies. The proposed system achieves harmonic isolation at desired dominant harmonic frequencies, such as the fifth and seventh, even in the presence of supply voltage harmonic distortions. A novel method of active filter inverter DC-bus control, as proposed here, achieves power balancing by exchanging energy at the fundamental frequency and at the dominant harmonic frequency (such as the fifth). The proposed square-wave inverter-based HPAF system provides improved filtering characteristics as compared to the conventional passive filter and is expected to be cost effective for high-power nonlinear loads compared to the conventional passive filter or other active filtering solutions. The concept of harmonic isolation at dominant harmonic frequencies by square-wave inverters with the proposed control scheme is validated by simulation results.
A domain-specific marker for the hepatocyte plasma membrane. II. Ultrastructural localization of leucine aminopeptidase to the bile canalicular domain of isolated rat liver plasma membranes.

Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) is an integral membrane glycoprotein localized to the apical membrane domain of intestinal and kidney epithelial cells. By indirect immunofluorescence, we have shown that antibodies raised against rat intestinal LAP recognized a similar protein concentrated in the bile canalicular (BC) domain of the hepatocyte in situ (Roman, L.M., and A.L. Hubbard, 1983, J. Cell Biol., 96:1548-1558). We have extended this localization to the ultrastructural level. When a saponin-permeabilized, agarose-embedded plasma membrane (PM) fraction was incubated with affinity-purified anti-LAP, 85% of the protein A-gold particles associated with the three recognizable PM domains were present in the BC. The levels of labeling on the other two domains (sinusoidal and lateral) did not exceed that observed with nonimmune controls. The concentration of LAP in the BC domain in isolated PM sheets prompted us to use this antigen for the affinity isolation of BC membrane (Roman, L.M., and A.L. Hubbard, 1984, J. Cell Biol., 98:1497-1504, companion paper).
Initiation of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods (IUDs and implant) at pregnancy termination reduces repeat abortion

Commentary on: Cameron S, Glasier A, Chen Z. Effect of contraception provided at termination of pregnancy and incidence of subsequent termination of pregnancy. BJOG 2012; 119: 1074– 80.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] Despite the availability of effective modern contraceptive methods, unplanned pregnancy continues to be a major problem worldwide. In 2008, the worldwide abortion rate was found to be 28/1000 women aged 15–44, unchanged from 2003 rates of 29/1000 women.1 Immediate initiation of long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods following pregnancy termination has been identified as an effective strategy to reduce repeat unintended pregnancy and abortion. Access to these LARC methods—intrauterine devices (IUDs) and implants—continues to be problematic, especially in the setting of pregnancy termination. Previous research has shown that delayed initiation of these methods often results in failure to obtain the method. Improving access to the most effective methods at the time of termination when women are particularly motivated … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBJOG%2B%253A%2B%2Ban%2Binternational%2Bjournal%2Bof%2Bobstetrics%2Band%2Bgynaecology%26rft.stitle%253DBJOG%26rft.aulast%253DCameron%26rft.auinit1%253DS.%26rft.volume%253D119%26rft.issue%253D9%26rft.spage%253D1074%26rft.epage%253D1080%26rft.atitle%253DEffect%2Bof%2Bcontraception%2Bprovided%2Bat%2Btermination%2Bof%2Bpregnancy%2Band%2Bincidence%2Bof%2Bsubsequent%2Btermination%2Bof%2Bpregnancy.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1111%252Fj.1471-0528.2012.03407.x%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F22703553%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03407.x&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=22703553&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F18%2F3%2Fe29.atom
Defining Eligibility for Services Under PL 99-457

The concepts of multivariate risk and mandated family focus are relevant considerations for states formulating eligibility criteria. This article examines categories of eligibility and their relation to these two factors. An alternative viewpoint on eligibility is presented that challenges professionals to rethink both the purposes of screening and evaluation, as well as the relation between primary health care and community-based early intervention programs.
Philosophical Method and Intuitions as Assumptions

Many philosophers claim to employ intuitions in their philosophical arguments. Others contest that no such intuitions are used frequently or at all in philosophy. This article suggests and defends a conception of intuitions as part of the philosophical method: intuitions are special types of philosophical assumptions to which we are invited to assent, often as premises in argument, that may serve an independent function in philosophical argument and that are not formed through a purely inferential process. A series of philosophical case studies shows that intuitions in these arguments contain the relevant features. The view has implications for philosophical method, offering a compromise between opponents on the divisive debate of the merits of experimental philosophy: experimental philosophy provides an especially useful role in philosophical assumption analysis.