cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Putting Human Assessments of Machine Translation Systems in Order

Human assessment is often considered the gold standard in evaluation of translation systems. But in order for the evaluation to be meaningful, the rankings obtained from human assessment must be consistent and repeatable. Recent analysis by Bojar et al. (2011) raised several concerns about the rankings derived from human assessments of English-Czech translation systems in the 2010 Workshop on Machine Translation. We extend their analysis to all of the ranking tasks from 2010 and 2011, and show through an extension of their reasoning that the ranking is naturally cast as an instance of finding the minimum feedback arc set in a tournament, a well-known NP-complete problem. All instances of this problem in the workshop data are efficiently solvable, but in some cases the rankings it produces are surprisingly different from the ones previously published. This leads to strong caveats and recommendations for both producers and consumers of these rankings.
Gombosi Receives 2013 Space Weather and Nonlinear Waves and Processes Prize: Citation

The Space Physics and Aeronomy section of AGU awards the Space Weather and Nonlinear Waves and Processes Prize to Tamas Gombosi of the University of Michigan. Gombosi, the founding director of the Center for Space Environment Modeling, has been a leader in space weather research, a visionary in space weather numerical modeling for several decades, and a pioneer of international space physics collaboration. Gombosi's major contributions to space weather include the development of the first time-dependent numerical model of the terrestrial polar wind and the creation of the BATS-R-US magnetohydrodynamic model, a powerful and versatile numerical tool widely used today for modeling the global geospace, the heliosphere, and the solar interior.
The Buff at Red Hart Cafe

And he said, Hear thou, therefore, the words of the Lord: I saw the Lord sitting on his throne, and all the host of heaven standing by him on his right hand and on his left. And the Lord said, Who shall per suade Ahab, that he may go up and fall at Ramoth-gilead? And one said on this manner, and another said on that manner. And there came forth a spirit, and stood before the Lord, and said, I will persuade him. And the Lord said unto him, By what means? And he said, I will go forth, and I will be a lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets. And he said, Thou shalt persuade him, and prevail also; go forth, and do so. I Kings 22:19-22
Phase II trial of 5-fluorouracil and alpha-2b interferon in patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer

Abstract Objectives Metastatic prostate cancer remains a disease with no effective therapy. We treated 13 patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and alpha-2b interferon. Our objectives were to determine the response rate and toxicity of recombinant alpha interferon and 5-FU in patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer. Methods Patients with progressive hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer with adequate hematologic and renal function underwent baseline bone scans, computed tomographic (CT) scans of abdomen and pelvis, and measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Therapy consisted of a 5-day loading course of 5-FU at 500 mg/m 2 with alpha-2b interferon 9 million units subcutaneously 3 times weekly followed by weekly 5-FU and alpha interferon 3 times per week. Results When PSA was used as a response parameter with modified National ProstaticCancer Project (NPCP) criteria, no objective responses were seen. Using NPCP criteria alone, 5 patients had stable disease. Post-therapy PSA values increased from baseline in 8 of 11 patients (2% to 72%) and declined in 3 patients (3% to 16%). Frequent dosage modifications were required with the dose intensity of 5-FU and alpha interferon of 57% and 58%, respectively. Toxicity was significant, with 31 % of patients having grade 3 to 4 mucositis and 46% grade 3 to 4 fatigue. Conclusions 5-FU and alpha interferon, when administered at the dosage and schedule utilized in this study, have no clinically significant activity and are associated with unacceptable toxicity in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. The role of PSA as an indicator of response remains unclear.
Brain and endocrine function.

A brief review of relationships between brain and pituitary gland is presented. The primary portal plexus of the pituitary and hypothalamic neurones terminating upon these vessels represent the prime mechanism for neural influence upon adenohypophyseal function. The vascular architecture here may also permit a feedback loop from the adenohypophysis to the hypothalamus. Neurones (“final neural components”) are presumed to be responsible for the elaboration of releasing factors (hypophysiotrophins). Influencing these cells is a wide variety of afferent neural circuits with both excitatory and inhibitory components. In addition to the question of identity of many of these circuits, a major problem for future research is the manner in which this diverse neural information is processed into an integrated signal to the final common neurone.
Partial and total cell retention in a filtration-based homogeneous perfusion reactor

Suspended mammalian cells can be cultivated in a variety of operational modes (pure chemostat, total cell retention, or partial cell retention) in a homogeneous perfusion bioreactor by varying the cell bleed rate. Hybridomas were grown in the reactor at a perfusion rate of 2.0 day -1 for over 10 weeks at different specific growth rates and viable cell densities achieved by varying the extent of cell retention. Cell metabolism in the reactor was found to vary with the extent of cell retention, which determined both cell density and specific growth rate. With partial cell retention, the nutrient consumption and metabolite production rates decreased with both increasing growth rate and increasing cell density. The specific and volumetric antibody production rates, however, increased dramatically with cell density (and to a lesser extent with decreasing growth rate). The specific MAb production rate was lower with total cell retention than with partial retention at the same growth rate. Since the reactor can be operated over a range of perfusion rates and extents of cell retention, the system can be used to culture cell lines with widely different productivity patterns.
Synaptic arrays of the inner plexiform layer in the developing retina of Xenopus.

Abstract During embryonic and larval development in Xenopus laevis , arrays of synapses made by amacrine cells form in two phases: an initial phase of rapid synaptic addition and a second phase of slower addition. In the region near the optic nerve, at which all measurements were made, these synapses first appear at stage 40 (approx 66 hr postfertilization). Connectivity increases at a rate of 8.6 synapses per hr per inner nuclear layer (INL) nucleus until stage 47 (132 hr postfertilization). After this phase the rate of formation decreases to 1.19 synapses per hr per INL nucleus. Synaptic arrays made by bipolar cells have only one phase of addition. A synapse made by a bipolar cell may be identified by its presynaptic ribbon, the first of which are seen at stage 40. Ribbons are added to the IPL neuropil at a rate of 4.6 ribbons per hr per INL nucleus until stage 47. After this the number of ribbons per INL nucleus in the area near the optic nerve remains constant. Although they may be found, amacrine to amacrine synapses (serial conventional) remain at low numbers throughout larval and early postmetamorphic life. This is unlike the condition found in Rana pipiens where a dramatic increase in amacrine to amacrine connectivity occurs at metamorphosis.
Detection of steady-state visual-evoked potential using differential canonical correlation analysis

Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) is an electroencephalogram (EEG) activity elicited by periodic visual flickers. Frequency-coded SSVEP has been commonly adopted for functioning brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Up to date, canonical correlation analysis (CCA), a multivariate statistical method, is considered to be state-of-the-art to robustly detect SSVEPs. However, the spectra of EEG signals often have a 1/f power-law distribution across frequencies, which inherently confines the CCA efficiency in discriminating between high-frequency SSVEPs and low-frequency background EEG activities. This study proposes a new SSVEP detection method, differential canonical correlation analysis (dCCA), by incorporating CCA with a notch-filtering procedure, to alleviate the frequency-dependent bias. The proposed dCCA approach significantly outperformed the standard CCA approach by around 6% in classifying SSVEPs at five frequencies (9-13Hz). This study could promote the development of high-performance SSVEP-based BCI systems.
Ontogeny of the fetal immune system: study on pregnancies with Rh-isoimmunization and nonimmune fetal hydrops

This study aims at observing and comparing the antigen expression of some fetal T- and B-lymphocyte subpopulations in Rh-isoimmunization, which determines anemic hypoxia in the fetus, and nonimmune fetal hydrops (NIFH) which, even if there are some etiological factors involved, causes hipoxic hypoxia in the fetus. Twelve fetuses were studied by way of 30 fetal blood samples obtained by ultrasound-guided cordocentesis between the 20th and 36th gestational week. Twenty-four blood samples in all where taken from the eight fetuses with Rh-isoimmunization. Six blood samples were obtained from the four fetuses with NIFH. The lymphocyte phenotypes studied by monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry were the following: CD3, CD4, CD8, expression of T-lymphocyte subpopulations; BsIg, CD19, expression of B-lymphocyte subpopulations. We observed a near-normal maturation process in fetuses with Rh isoimmunization, whereas in fetuses with NIFH we observed inhibition and/or delayed expression of T-lymphocytes. An early and increased B-lymphocyte activation marked a cooperation between the two systems in the early gestational periods.
Complete uterine necrosis following chemoradiation for advanced cervical cancer: A case report

Abstract Background Radiation therapy is an effective therapy for advanced cervical cancer. Although generally transient, complications of radiation therapy can become severe and require further intervention. Uterine necrosis is uncommon and the management can be complex. Case A 46-year-old African American female with stage IB2 squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix was treated with chemoradiation after an aborted radical hysterectomy. Five months after completion, the patient developed severe pelvic pain and persistent vaginal bleeding. Several biopsies confirmed radiation necrosis without evidence of tumor. Due to the severity of symptoms, the patient underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy. Conclusion Uterine necrosis is a rare, late complication after chemoradiation for cervical cancer. Although several treatment options exist for radiation necrosis, surgical intervention may be necessary in severe cases.
A fully automated two-way locomotor training apparatus

A fully automated two-way locomotor training apparatus is described. The device employs two bilevel chambers that are separated by a length of straight alley. The rat is dropped from the distinctively cued upper level of one chamber onto the grid floor of its lower level. To escape shock, the rat must leave this lower level, traverse the alley segment, and jump into the upper level of the opposite compartment. Although the animal is required to traverse the same alley in two directions, its terminal response always carries it into a distinctive goal region where shock never occurs. A brief experiment is described that was designed to assess the effectiveness of this device in the acquisition and extinction of a locomotor escape response with rats.
Inhibitor of differentiation 1 promotes endothelial survival in a bleomycin model of lung injury in mice.

The Id family of genes encodes negative regulators of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors and has been implicated in diverse cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and migration. However, the specific role of Id1 in lung injury has not been investigated. Bleomycin has been widely used to generate animal models of acute lung injury and fibrogenesis. In this study we found that, on bleomycin challenge, Id1 expression was significantly up-regulated in the lungs, predominantly in endothelial cells, as revealed by double immunolabeling and quantitative flow cytometric analysis. Mice with Id1 loss-of-function (Id1−/−) displayed increased vascular permeability and endothelial apoptosis in the lungs after bleomycin-induced injury. Cultured Id1−/− lung microvascular endothelial cells also showed decreased survival when exposed to bleomycin. We detected a decrease in the level of Bcl-2, a primary anti-apoptotic protein, in Id1−/− endothelial cells, suggesting that down-regulated Bcl-2 may promote endothelial apoptosis in the lung. Therefore, we propose that Id1 plays a crucial role in promoting endothelial survival in the adult lung on injury. In addition, bleomycin-exposed Id1−/− mice showed increased lung collagen accumulation and fibrogenesis, suggesting that Id1 up-regulation in the lung may play a critical role in lung homeostasis.
A Computational Study of Reductive Elimination Reactions to Form C−H Bonds from Pt(II) and Pt(IV) Centers. Why Does Ligand Loss Precede Reductive Elimination from Six-Coordinate but Not Four-Coordinate Platinum?

In agreement with the experimental results of Halpern on (PPh3)2Pt(CH3)H, B3LYP and CCSD(T) calculations on the model species (PH3)2Pt(CH3)H (1) find that reductive elimination of methane from this four-coordinate, Pt(II) complex proceeds without prior PH3 ligand loss. The free energy of activation calculated for reductive elimination of methane from 1 is in good agreement with the value measured for (PPh3)2Pt(CH3)H. In contrast to the case for 1, we were unable to find a genuine pathway for direct reductive elimination of methane, without concomitant ligand loss, from (PH3)2Cl2Pt(CH3)H (13). This computational finding is in accord with the observation that reductive eliminations from six-coordinate, Pt(IV) complexes almost invariably take place via a pathway involving loss of a ligand, prior to the reductive elimination step. PH3 ligand loss is found to lower the barrier to reductive elimination by slightly more in the Pt(IV) complexes than in the Pt(II) complexes. However, our calculations indicate that...
Family Literacy Makes Sense: Families That Read Together Succeed Together

Family Literacy Specialist, Carole Talan gives us her own impressions on how the home environment affects the young reader; both positively and negatively. Drawing from her Californian perspective, Talan outlines the role libraries can play in establishing a positive, literate atmosphere for children who do not enjoy that luxury at home.
Thermal studies on the crystallization kinetics of triglycerides and milkfat by DSC

Slow-cooling (1.25 K min−1) crystallization experiments were conducted on bulk and emulsified samples of trilaurin, tripalmitin and tristearin. In addition, isothermal crystallization experiments were performed on bulk and emulsified trilaurin. Emulsified samples show greater supercooling, and lower crystallization rates compared to bulk samples. The temperature dependence of the crystallization rates was analyzed. Slow-cooling crystallization experiments on milkfat samples do not show the same clear differences between bulk and emulsion samples. The temperature dependences of the crystallization rates for bulk and emulsion samples were very similar. The results, particularly the comparisons between bulk and emulsion samples, and the comparisons between triglyceride and milkfat, suggest that in emulsified triglyceride samples the rate-determining step is nucleation. Both nucleation and propagation contribute to the crystallization rate for bulk triglycerides. For milkfat samples, the results suggest that there may be an unusually high concentration of active nuclei influencing bulk crystallization rates of the low-melting fraction.
Reed Nesbit and pediatric urology.

Abstract Objectives. To ascertain the pediatric urology experience and contributions of Reed Nesbit, a urologist known primarily as an educator, transurethral resectionist, and prostate expert. Methods. The writings of Nesbit and appropriate background references were analyzed. Results. Nesbit's contributions to pediatric urology, particularly the Cabot-Nesbit orchidopexy, the buttonhole preputial transposition, the dorsal tunical tuck for chordee, and the elliptical anastomosis were significant. Conclusions. Nesbit's contributions to pediatric urology were innovative and enduring.
Agriculture in North America on the Eve of Contact: A Reassessment

Abstract Despite countless archaeological excavations at prehistoric agricultural sites, understanding of the cultivation practices of native North Americans ca. 1492 remains imperfect, and regional syntheses of agricultural patterning elusive. The problem remains that excavations and surveys focus more on site function than on food production; more on the remains of plants than on cultivation practices; more on socioeconomic hypotheses than on human-environmental or spatial implications. This paper uses extensive ethno-historical accounts of early European explorers that help to identify five different types of agricultural methods in use during the Contact period. I argue that the agroecological landscapes of both the Southwest and Eastern Woodlands were quite complex, in response to mosaic environments, and that labor-intensive agriculture was as common in the East as in the Southwest. Subtleties in irrigation strategies were of equal if not greater importance than the obvious function of simply provid...
Effect of prostaglandin E2 upon release of pancreatic somatostatin-like immunoreactivity

Abstract Infusion of prostaglandin E 2 (1 ug/kg/min) in six normal dogs elicited a greater than two-fold rise in pancreaticoduodenal vein somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. Insulin and glucagon also rose. The results raise the possibility that the function of the canine pancreatic D-cell is under prostaglandinergic influence.
Reinforcement Tensile Behavior Under Cyclic Moving Wheel Loads

Numerous studies have revealed the benefits of using geogrids in a flexible pavement, especially for reducing permanent deformation. One of the questions that remain about the effectiveness of a geogrid in reinforcing of pavement is the extent to which the geogrid is engaged and mobilized throughout its service. This paper presents results of a laboratory study on various geogrid products embedded in flexible-pavement sections. The laboratory-scale pavement sections were subjected to cyclic moving wheel loads by using reduced-scale accelerated pavement testing (APT). During the APT, strains that developed in the geogrids were measured at intervals of loading applications by strain gauges installed in pairs on the upper and lower surfaces of the geogrid ribs. Permanent deformation of the subgrade was also measured at the same intervals of loading applications. The measurements of geogrid strains throughout the construction process indicated that the construction resulted in a considerable prestressing effe...
Nanoparticle effects on the crystallization of polyethylene at elevated pressures

Abstract We describe here phase and morphological changes that are induced when polyethylene-containing dispersion of nanoclay is isothermally crystallized in the pressure range of 0.1–150 MPa. To delineate and separate the effects of applied crystallization pressure from nanoparticle effects, a relative comparison is made between neat polyethylene and polyethylene containing dispersion of nanoclay under similar experimental conditions. X-ray diffraction studies support the evidence of monoclinic phase at high crystallization pressure in addition to commonly observed orthorhombic phase of polyethylene. The nucleation of monoclinic phase is encouraged by nanoclay even at low crystallization pressures. Furthermore, orientation effects were observed in the nanocomposite system. The equilibrium melting point is insignificantly influenced on the addition of nanoclay and weakly refines the structure, such that the crystallization pressure has no obvious effect. The weak thermodynamic interaction between nanoclay and polyethylene compared to polypropylene–nanoclay system is supported by the small shift in glass transition temperature and no changes in the modification of absorption bands of polyethylene in Fourier transform infrared spectrum.
Conversing with Straw Men While Ignoring Dictators: A Reply to Roger Ames

In a rebuttal of Ames's critique of his conception of universal human rights, Donnelly asserts that Ames has misrepresented his arguments, creating a straw man from Ames's own preconceived notion of the Western liberal tradition while ignoring the substantive debates. In response to Ames's cultural approach to human rights, Donnelly argues that culture cannot be viewed as static. Structural, political, and economic factors have significant effects upon culture and the rights of each citizen. Donnelly concludes that the more significant cause of China's failure to recognize the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is not Confucian culture but rather China's own corrupt and dictatorial regime; thus the international community must continue to condemn China's violations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Graph use in psychology and other sciences

Since the early 19th century, graphs have been recognised as an effective method of analysing and representing scientific data. However, levels of graph use have varied widely since then, partly due to increasing reliance on inferential statistics in some fields. Recent studies indicate that graph use is closely related to the 'hardness' of scientific disciplines, and that this finding holds for journal articles and textbooks across the subfields of psychology. In the area of animal behaviour, journals devote about one-sixth of their page space to graphs, a level of graph use approximating that of biology and physics. Implications for the training of scientists in the use of visual displays are considered.
Activity of aluminum in liquid AgAl, FeAl, FeAlC, and FeAlCSi alloys

Abstract Experimental data on the distribution of aluminum between liquid iron and silver at 1600°C are presented. The effects of carbon and silicon in the iron are shown. Recent data of Hillert on the cell: Al(s)¦AlCl 3 in NaCl(l)¦AlAg alloy (s) are extrapolated to obtain the activity of aluminum in liquid Ag-Al solutions. This and the distribution data lead to values for the activity coefficient of aluminum in liquid iron. In the infinitely dilute solution in pure iron, γAl° = 0.031 at 1600°. The value of log γAl increases almost linearly with the concentration of Al, C, or Si. The solubility of graphite in iron decreases with increasing aluminum content.
CMOS wireless transceivers: the new wave

A new generation of wireless transceivers is being intergrated into CMOS IC technology, which so far has been used mainly to realize digital and mixed analog-digital baseband circuits. This article reviews some of the RF CMOS circuit design techniques, and shows how an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of these circuits influences choice of radio architecture. The CMOS approach to radio design calls for the elimination of discrete components in favor of high levels of on-chip integration which freely use translators and mix analog and digital functionality; in these respects, it departs from traditional RF circuit practices. Successful wireless devices of the future will require that radio system design evolve around these new trends in RF integration.
A Revision of the Genus Ephemerella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae): I. The Subgenus Timpanaga

1927–Needham – Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 20: 108. 1935–Traver – Biol. Mayflies, 565 ( hecuba group). 1954–Edmunds and Traver – Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 56: 238. 1954– Demoulin – Bull. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 90: 324. The subgenus Timpanoga of the genus Ephemerella contains but a singIe species, Ephmerella hecuba Eaton. Needham (1927) derived the name for this subgenus from Mt. Timpanogos in north central Utah, after collecting specimens of Ephemerella hecuba in the nearby Provo River. He based the subgenus on the nymph which shows remarkable morphological distinction with its broad entire frontal shelf and its extremely flattened body.
Cerebral blood flow during carotid endarterectomy.

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured during 28 carotid endarterectomies in 25 patients, by injection of 133Xe into the exposed internal carotid artery (ICA). Twenty-three patients had episodic cerebral or retinal ischemia and five had neurologic deficits before operation. Initial CBF values were variable. Increases of PaCoCo2 caused CBF to increase in four of six patients, to increase slightly in one, and to decrease in one. In each of 19 procedures, CBF decreased during surgical occlusion of the ICA, 11 times to less than 30 ml/100 g/min, but absence of postoperative worsening indicated that decreased ICA blood flow is not a major risk of the procedure; embolization from the site of operation may be a greater threat to the patient. CBF increased after 14 endarterectomies, perhaps due to failure of autoregulation or to reactive hyperemia. Measurements of jugular PVoo2 and lactate concentration were of little value.
The synthesis and ring-opening metathesis polymerization of an amphiphilic redox-active norbornene

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of an amphiphilic, ferrocenyl-modified norbornene is reported. Linked together through a quaternary ammonium salt, the norbornenyl moiety makes this monomer susceptible to ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) using (PCy 3 ) 2 RuCl 2 CHPh, while the ferrocenyl group allows for the incorporation of a redox-active group in the polymer backbone. The resulting polymers are soluble in both aqueous and organic media. Such polymers are important for the development of materials for electrochemically-based diagnostic applications. Cyclic voltammetry studies revealed that reversible redox waves are observed for both the monomer and polymer, although the E 1/2 of the polymer is approximately 145 mV lower than that of the monomer, reflecting very different local environments.
A role for prostaglandins in estrogen growth regulation

Abstract Several lines of evidence support the theory that estrogen increases prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) receptor number and amplifies the intracellular response to the uterine mitogen, PGF 2α , in primary cultures of rabbit endometrium. It is proposed here that estrogen induction of growth in target tissues may be mediated through prostaglandins. Determination of prostaglandin receptor status and prostaglandin levels in estrogen dependent tumors could be of importance as diagnostic tools. The use of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors and/or antagonists in the therapy of these tumors should be considered.
The Development of a Listening Comprehension Test for Kindergarten and Beginning First Grade.

Results of a year's study to develop and validate a test of listening comprehension for kindergarten and beginning first grade (TLC) are presented. Two forms of the test were written, each consisting of six graded passages and 84 questions presuming to measure literal and inferential comprehension. One hundred forty kindergarten pupils, participating in small groups, marked picture responses after receiving standardized auditory stimuli through individual headsets. The TLC fulfilled two of the three statistical criteria for parallel tests. The alternate-form and internal reliabilities should be considered high. Content, criterion-related, and predictive validities were established. Results of the study suggested that, in light of the population studied, the two forms of the Wallner Test of Listening Comprehension appear to have sufficient reliability and validity to warrant their use as measures of early listening comprehension.
Two methods for tracking small animals in SPECT imaging

High-resolution single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging have proven to be useful techniques for non-invasively monitoring mutations and disease progression in small animals. A need to perform in vivo studies of non-anesthetized animals has led to the development of a small-animal imaging system that integrates SPECT imaging equipment with a pose-tracking system. The pose of the animal is monitored and recorded during the SPECT scan using either laser-generated surfaces or infrared-reflective markers affixed to the animal. The reflective marker method measures motion by stereoscopically imaging an arrangement of illuminated markers. The laser-based method is proposed as a possible alternative to the reflector method with the advantage that it is a non-contact system. A three-step technique is described for calibrating the surface acquisition system so that quantitative surface measurements can be obtained. The acquired surfaces can then be registered to a reference surface using the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm to determine the relative pose of the live animal and correct for any movement during the scan. High accuracy measurement results have been obtained from both methods.
Relationship between packing structure and porosity in fixed beds of equilateral cylindrical particles

Abstract Fixed beds of cylindrical particles are important in chemical engineering applications, but their packing structures are not as well understood or as well characterized as sphere packings. In this work, X-ray microtomography is used to obtain 3D images of 1.8 mm diameter equilateral cylinders in a 23 mm cylindrical container over a range of bulk porosities. A novel algorithm is used to computationally reconstruct the packings, resulting in data sets that give the location and orientation of each cylinder in the imaged packings. Extensive analysis has been performed, including bulk and local porosities, radial distribution functions, and parameters describing local and global ordering. The major factors affecting packing structure are the overall packing density and the proximity to the wall. At the highest overall packing densities, near-wall porosity becomes nearly equal to interior porosity, and significant global ordering occurs near the wall. For a vertical container, global ordering is characterized by the alignment of the particles with an orthogonal coordinate system that has one axis coincident with r (as defined by the container) and the other two axes in the z – θ plane, but rotated 45 ∘ with the horizontal. The observed structures are relevant in the context of flow maldistribution and heat transfer in fixed beds.
Impaired delay eyeblink classical conditioning in individuals with anterograde amnesia resulting from anterior communicating artery aneurysm rupture

Anterior communicating artery (ACoA) aneurysm rupture can lead to an anterograde amnesia syndrome similar to that observed after damage to the hippocampus and medial temporal lobes (MT). It is currently believed that ACoA amnesia results from basal forebrain damage that disrupts hippocampal processing without direct hippocampal damage. Converging evidence from animal studies and computational modeling suggests that qualitative differences may exist in the pattern of memory impairment after basal forebrain or MT damage. For example, animals with basal forebrain but not hippocampal damage are impaired at delay eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC). In this study, individuals with ACoA amnesia were shown to be impaired at delay EBCC compared with matched controls; this contrasts with the spared delay EBCC previously observed in MT amnesia. This finding suggests the beginning of a possible dissociation between the memory impairments in MT versus ACoA amnesia.
Categorization Skills In Infants.

The prototypical category-learning experiences with which infants are confronted are ones in which they have had prior experience with and have clearly noted the differences among a set of objects. Their task, then, is to notice also the similarities among the objects and to form a category based on these similarities. The goals of the current experiments were to create a laboratory situation in which it was clear that 10-month-old infants were distinguishing one category exemplar from another, and then to determine the structure of the category representation the infants developed under these learning conditions. A set of artificially created face stimuli was used in which the mean and modal prototypes were distinct. The infants' performance could not be explained by the context theory; they appear to have retained a count of the feature values observed during study. These data give support to the claim that prior to language, infants have available strategies for abstracting category-level information from their perceptual experiences with discriminable objects and events.
Group decision making: a report of an experimental study.

When a group of people must decide on some one action, such as where shall we go out to dinner, or in an investment club which stock shall we buy, how do the individual members come to a decision that affords the best resolution of the question at hand for the group as a whole? What about differences of opinion among members that lead to conflict in making a choice? Is such conflict helpful or disruptive in the decision-making process? Reported here is an experiment on group decision making that takes into account such variables as the decision rule used by the group, the information structure of the group, and the relationship among individual goals and the group goal.
Forecasting Snow and Rain for the New York City Area Using the Method of Ordered Statistics

The occurrence of rain and snow for New York City is examined in relation to atmospheric parameters at three levels for four first order weather bureau stations. An objective forecasting guide is developed using order statistic properties. Incorporating surface and upper level data, the guide is a highly accurate forecast tool.
Citation Classics in Deviant Behavior: A Research Note

The number of citations a scholarly work receives is a common measure of its impact on a field. Citation classics are works that are the most highly cited. The purpose of the present article is to describe and analyze citation classics in the journal Deviant Behavior (DB) and to compare them to classics in related academic journals. Data are from the Web of Science and refer to the number of citations each of the top 1% of articles in DB received since 1979. Data are also collected for three additional journals for comparative purposes. Of the 960 works published in DB, the median citations for DB citation classics were 55.5 with a range between 43 and 103. The impact of DB citation classics was in the middle of the three comparison journals. The principle themes of DB classics included delinquency (3) and sexual deviance (3). The other topics included one article each on suicide, dating violence, employee deviance, and involuntary childlessness. The classics represent a balance between qualitative and qu...
Significance of human leukocyte antigens DR3 and DR4 in chronic viral hepatitis

Immune mechanisms have been implicated in chronic viral hepatitis, and these may be influenced by genetic factors. To determine if disease severity in chronic viral hepatitis is associated with the human leukocyte antigens DR3 and/or DR4, 109 patients were evaluated prospectively. The frequencies of DR3 and DR4 in these patients were compared to those in 80 normal subjects. Patients with DR3 and/or DR4 had the same occurrence of severe disease as patients with other DR antigens (21% versus 30%, P = 0.3). Patients with DR3, however, had higher serum gamma globulin and immunoglobulin G levels than patients with DR4 and a greater frequency of severe disease (36% vs 12%, P = 0.046). Patients with DR4 had concurrent immunologic diseases more commonly than patients with DR3 (44% vs 9%, P = 0.005) and patients with other DR antigens (44% vs 9%, P = 0.0002). Patients with DR4 but not DR3 had severe disease less frequently than other patients (9% vs 31%, P = 0.02). The frequencies of DR3 in patients with severe disease (37% vs 18%, P = 0.06) and DR4 in patients without severe disease (44% vs 30%, P = 0.07) were different than those in normal subjects but not to a statistically significant level. We conclude that patients with DR3 and DR4 have different clinical and laboratory findings and disease severity. Patients with DR4 have milder disease than patients with other DR antigens. Disease severity, however, is not closely associated with DR3 or DR4.
Mechanistic Studies on the Repair of a Novel DNA Photolesion: The Spore Photoproduct

UV irradiation of spores results in the formation of the spore photoproduct. This novel DNA photolesion is repaired in the germinating spore in a reaction catalyzed by the spore photoproduct lyase. Model studies, using a simple bispyrimidine, suggest that this repair reaction proceeds by hydrogen abstraction from C6 of the spore photoproduct followed by β-scission of the bond linking the two pyrimidines and back hydrogen atom transfer.
Passive reporting greatly underestimates the rate of transfusion-associated circulatory overload after platelet transfusion.

Background Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) is the second leading cause of reported transfusion-related fatalities in the United States. While its occurrence has been previously investigated after red cell and plasma transfusion, no data are available regarding its association with platelet transfusion. Our goal was to determine the rate of platelet-associated TACO at our university medical centre. Study Design and Methods This study had retrospective and prospective analyses. The 13-year retrospective analysis served to determine the historical rate of platelet-associated TACO by passive reporting. The 30-day prospective analysis included active surveillance of all non-emergently issued and non-operative platelet recipients ≥16 years old with no transfusions in the previous 6 h determined by analysis of blood bank product issue records. Data collected included demographics, vital signs pre- and posttransfusion, fluid balances, supplemental oxygen use, reports of dyspnoea, and infusion rates. For the prospective analysis, all variables were collected within 24 h of transfusion from the medical record and, when necessary, interviews with care providers and/or patients. Results In the retrospective analysis, 366 reactions were reported, of which 6 (1·6%) were TACO. The historical rate of TACO was 1:5997 transfused platelet units. During the prospective analysis, 225 eligible patients received a total of 334 units of platelets. The average platelet transfusion volume was 261 ± 26 ml, and the average infusion rate was 391 ± 198 ml/h. Two unreported TACO reactions were discovered and characterized by new-onset hypertension, crackles on lung auscultation, dyspnoea, hypoxia and supplemental oxygen requirements which resolved completely with diuresis. The rate of TACO during this prospective analysis was 1:167 transfused platelet units. Conclusion Platelet-associated TACO is greatly underestimated by passive reporting in the adult patient population.
Formation of isoprenoid pyrophosphates from mevalonate by orange enzymes

Abstract Enzyme preparations from orange juice vesicles decarboxylated mevalonate-1- 14 C in presence of ATP and Mg ++ . These enzyme preparations also converted isopentenyl pyrophosphate-1- 14 C (IPP) to dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). The products of mevalonate-2- 14 C metabolism include mevalonate phosphate, mevalonate pyrophosphate, IPP and DMAPP. Linalool was the major 10-carbon product detected in enzymatically hydrolyzed reaction mixture from mevalonate-2- 14 C. Juice vesicle preparations also phosphorylated linalool-3- 14 C in presence of ATP and Mg ++ . Evidence of enzymes that convert mevalonate to linaloyl pyrophosphate suggests that citrus fruits synthesize terpenoids from mevalonate via linaloyl pyrophosphate.
4.5.3 A Comparison Study in Software Requirements Negotiation

In a period of two years, two rather independent experiments were conducted at the University of Southern California. In 1995, 23 three-person teams negotiated the requirements for a hypothetical library system. Then in 1996, 14 six-person teams negotiated the requirements for real multimedia related library systems. A number of hypotheses were created to test how real software projects differ from hypothetical ones. Other hypotheses address differences in uniformity and repeatability. The results indicate that repeatability in 1996 was even harder to achieve then in 1995 (Egyed-Boehm, 1996). Nevertheless, this paper presents some surprising commonalties between both years that indicate some areas of uniformity. In both years, the same overall development process (spiral model) was followed, the same negotiation tools (WinWin System) were used, and the same people were doing the analysis of the findings. Thus, the comparison is less blurred by fundamental differences like terminology, process, etc.
The relationship between organizational support, work-family conflict, and the job-life satisfaction of university coaches

Abstract This study examined the relationship between organizational support, work-family conflict, and job and life satisfaction among coaches. Data from collegiate head coaches with families (N = 253) were gathered through a mailed questionnaire. Results from a series of covariance structure models indicated that a partially mediated model was the best fitting model, χ2 = (255, N = 253) 461.20, p < .001; root mean error of approximation = .05; comparative fit index = .95; parsimonious normed fit index = .71. In partial support of the study hypotheses, the results supported full mediation of the direct effect from organizational support to life satisfaction. Work-family conflict partially mediated the relationship between organizational support and job satisfaction. Job satisfaction partially mediated the effect of organizational support and work-family conflict to life satisfaction.
Improved iterative computation of the expected discounted return in Markov and semi-Markov chains

This paper seeks to reduce the computation needed by iterative methods to find the expected discounted return in a finite semi-Markov or Markov chain. Two new norm reducing extrapolations and a new iterative method are presented and shown to be convergent. Their application is illustrated on several 100 row problems. One of the extrapolations, the row sum extrapolation, appears to be promising.
Human Parainfluenza Virus Infection after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Risk Factors, Management, Mortality, and Changes over Time

Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are uncommon, yet high-risk pathogens after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT). We evaluated 5178 pediatric and adult patients undergoing HCT between 1974 and 2010 to determine the incidence, risk factors, response to treatment, and outcome of HPIV infection as well as any change in frequency or character of HPIV infection over time. HPIV was identified in 173 patients (3.3%); type 3 was most common (66%). HPIV involved upper respiratory tract infection (URTI; 57%), lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI; 9%), and both areas of the respiratory tract (34%), at a median of 62 days after transplantation. In more recent years, HPIV has occurred later after HCT, whereas the proportion with nosocomial infection and mortality decreased. Over the last decade, HPIV was more common in older patients and in those receiving reduced intensity conditioning (RIC). RIC was a significant risk factor for later (beyond day +30). HPIV infections, and this association was strongest in patients with URTI. HCT using a matched unrelated donor (MURD), mismatched related donor (MMRD), age 10 to 19 years, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) were all risk factors for HPIV infections. LRTI, early (
Pharmacological and immunochemical characterization of α2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in mouse brain

α2 nAChR subunit mRNA expression in mice is most intense in the olfactory bulbs and interpeduncular nucleus. We aimed to investigate the properties of α2* nAChRs in these mouse brain regions. α2 nAChR subunit-null mutant mice were engineered. Pharmacological and immunoprecipitation studies were used to determine the composition of α2 subunit-containing (α2*) nAChRs in these two regions. [125I]Epibatidine (200 pmol/L) autoradiography and saturation binding demonstrated that α2 deletion reduces nAChR expression in both olfactory bulbs and interpeduncular nucleus (by 4.8±1.7 and 92±26 fmol˙mg-1 protein, respectively). Pharmacological characterization using the β2-selective drug A85380 to inhibit [125I]epibatidine binding proved inconclusive, so immunoprecipitation methods were used to further characterize α2* nAChRs. Protocols were established to immunoprecipitate β2 and β4 nAChRs. Immunoprecipitation specificity was ascertained using tissue from β2- and β4-null mutant mice, and efficacy was good (>90% of β2* and >80% of β4* nAChRs were routinely recovered). Immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that interpeduncular nucleus α2* nAChRs predominantly contain β2 subunits, while those in olfactory bulbs contain mainly β4 subunits. In addition, the immunoprecipitation evidence indicated that both nuclei, but especially the interpeduncular nucleus, express nAChR complexes containing both β2 and β4 subunits.
Application of a Pressure Electrostatic Generator to the Transmutation of Light Elements by Protons

The design and performance of a pressure electrostatic generator capable of operating at 1.7 Mv in a cylindrical tank of over-all length 13′ 6″ and diameter 8′ at a pressure of 80 lb. per square inch is discussed. Studies of the gamma-radiation produced in the transmutation of F19, N15 and C13 by protons are also reported.
Gender differences in the relationships among obesity, adiponectin and brachial artery distensibility in adolescents and young adults.

Obesity-related cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of cardiovascular (CV) mortality. Obesity-related reduction in vascular protective adipose-derived proteins, such as adiponectin (APN), has an important role. We compared brachial artery distensibility (BrachD) with APN, the level of adiposity and other CV risk factors (CVRFs) in 431 post-pubertal subjects (mean 17.9 years). Gender differences in average values were examined by t-tests. Correlations among BrachD, obesity and other CVRFs were examined. Regression analysis was performed to determine whether APN provided an independent contribution to BrachD, while controlling for obesity and other CVRFs. Male subjects had lower BrachD (5.72±1.37 vs 6.45±1.60% change per mm Hg, P<0.0001) and lower APN (10.50±4.65 vs 13.20±6.53; all P<0.04) than female subjects. BrachD correlated with APN (r=0.25, P< 0.0001). Both BrachD and APN correlated with measures of body size, including height, weight and body mass index (BMI). Both correlated with higher systolic blood pressure, glucose, insulin and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (all P<0.01). In multivariate analysis, APN, gender, APN*gender and BMI z-score predicted BrachD (r2=0.305). On the basis of gender difference, only BMI z-score was significant for male subjects (r2=0.080), whereas APN and BMI z-score contributed for female subjects (r2=0.242, all P<0.0001). BrachD is independently influenced by obesity in both male and female subjects. In female subjects, APN exerts an additional independent effect even after adjusting for blood pressure (BP), lipid levels and insulin. Differences in the effect of the APN–adiposity relationship on obesity-related vascular disease may be one reason for gender differences in the development and progression of atherosclerosis.