cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Place that “Offers the Greatest Interest:” Northeast Asia and the Making of Asa Gray's Disjunction Thesis

Abstract. It is well known that Asa Gray's 1859 essay on the floristic connections between Japan and the United States were among the earliest applications of Charles Darwin's theory to be published before Origin of Species. Commonly known as the “Asa Gray disjunction thesis,” Gray's diagnosis of that previously inexplicable pattern not only established his reputation as a philosophical naturalist and incited debate with Louis R. Agassiz, but also left rich issues for botanists to investigate. This paper examines the making of Gray's 1859 essay and its relation to Gray's intellectual development. The first section focuses on how Gray in the 1830s and 1850s accumulated and arranged those cases suggestive of the floristic relationship between North America and East Asia. The second section details the ways in which Gray in the late 1850s integrated those thoughts—suggested to him by Darwin, George Bentham, Joseph D. Hooker, and James D. Dana—in order to explain the cases he had amassed during the past decad...
The clonal nature of carcinogen-induced altered foci of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase expression in rat liver

The clonality of tumors has been convincingly established. Because it is generally accepted that tumor formation involves a number of steps, it is important to determine which if any of the precursors of tumors are clonal. A series of chimeric rats produced between congenic strains by morulae aggregation were used to establish the cellular composition of foci of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP; E.C. 2.3.2.2) expression in liver following initiation with N-nitrosodiethylamine and promotion with phenobarbital. The chimeras were produced between congenic rat strains (PVG and PVG-RT1a) genetically distinguished by alleles of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Monoclonal antibodies directed to distinctive class I MHC alloantigens were used to detect patterns of mosaicism in the animals. The parental genotypes present in most visceral tissues could be easily distinguished by our method. Analysis of 499 enzyme-altered foci revealed that 474 were comprised solely of either PVG-RT1a or PVG cells. Some apparent mixture of cells from the two lineages was observed in 25 lesions, most of which were very small. The observed pattern of distortion of normal patch distribution clearly indicated the expanding and clonal nature of these lesions.
A Uniform Modeling of Networked Control System with Random Delays

The modeling of networked control system is the foundation of the analysis, design, and simulation. In this paper, the main drawbacks of the current literatures related to networked control system are discussed. Meanwhile, a uniform model is developed based on the linear time-invariable plant model, including the situations in which the network-induced delays are shorter or longer than sampling periods. Considering the dynamic features of controller, noise and packets dropout, the uniform model is built in the discrete stochastic formation, and then many conveniences are presented for the controller design and stability analysis.
Lines Have Been Drawn: Gender Gaps in Merchandising, Retailing and Consumer Behavior Publications:

Historical documentation of the role of women in retail development has been limited. While the Department of Commerce reports that women now own 40 percent of all service sector businesses, women ...
On the interpretation of frequency response functions for oceanic gravity and bathymetry

Summary. Oceanic bathymetry and gravity comprise a geophysical system which is often characterized by a linear frequency response function or admittance. The actual behaviour of this system differs in important respects, however, from that of an ideal linear model. Three sources of such differences are considered in this study: the presence of noise in the data, non-linearity due to finite amplitude and intrinsic two-dimensionality of the data fields. The high positive correlation between admittance amplitude and coherence estimates obtained in a number of studies indicates that the noise is not normally distributed with zero mean, as generally assumed. Non-linear modification of the admittance results from the finite amplitude of the bathymetry and the non-linear elasticity of the lithosphere. The former effect increases with bathymetric roughness and is most pronounced for shortwavelength, uncompensated bathymetry; the latter is significant only if the deflection of the lithosphere is comparable to its elastic thickness, as for certain large seamounts in the Pacific Ocean which were emplaced on lithosphere near ridge crests. The most severe problem arises for features which are markedly two-dimensional. Features typical of observed oceanic seamounts are characterized by admittances along tracks which differ substantially from those appropriate to one-dimensional bathymetry. This difference occurs primarily in the long-wavelength portion of the admittance, rendering problematic the comparison of observed admittances (or gravity anomalies) with theoretical expressions.
Transient heat conduction in a composite slab with variable thermal conductivity

Transient heat conduction in a composite slab is investigated in the present work by using the orthogonal collocation method. The present numerical method is found to be quite efficient and highly stable even for the power-type temperature dependence of thermal conductivity which often cuases severe computational instability to many numerical methods.
Targeting effects on the volume of the focused-ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening in Non-Human Primates in vivo

Drug delivery to subcortical regions is susceptible to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) hindering the molecular exchange between the blood stream and the brain parenchyma. Focused ultrasound coupled with the administration of microbubbles has been proven to open the BBB locally, transiently and non-invasively both in rodents and in Non-Human-Primates (NHPs). The development of this disruption technique independent of MRI monitoring is of outstanding importance yet restrained to the targeting optimization. The current paper establishes the linear relationship of the incidence angle with the volume of BBB opening (V BBB ) and the applied pressure when sonicating the Caudate Nucleus and the Putamen region of five NHPs. In addition, the effect of central nervous system structures on the opening morphology is evaluated by identification of the gray-to-white-matter ratio at the opening site. Finally, the targeting accuracy is assessed by estimation of the geometric and angle shift of the opening from the targeted region. Interestingly, results prove a monotonic increase of the opening volume with close to normal incidence angles. Moreover, 80.35% of the opening lies on gray matter regions compared to only 19.41% attributed to the white matter. The BBB opening was found to be shifted axially, towards the transducer, and laterally with an average angle shift at 4.5°. Finally, we were able to reproduce our findings by employing the same stereotactic and ultrasonic parameters in different experiments and animals. This study documents the a priori prediction of the opening volume through manipulation of the angle and pressure establishing the predictability, accuracy and safety of the current technique on NHPs.
A possible notion of short-term value-based reliability

In this paper we develop a possible notion of short-term value-based reliability for operating an electric power network. As the electric power industry goes through the restructuring process, the operation based on the value-based reliability may be more appropriate than that based on the traditional (N-1) security criteria. The value-based reliability requires a framework where the factors to be considered include not only the cost of energy and the cost of generation reserve (and interruptible load contracts) for anticipated contingencies, but also the cost of generation adjustment, and the cost of demand interruption following each actual contingency. In this framework each contingency needs to be evaluated as a stochastic dynamic process since the effect of a contingency depends on the unpredictable time of its occurrence. It is shown that the new notion developed here can be useful in analyzing the performance of already functioning market or in designing unbundled markets for energy, reserve and adjustment.
THE EXTRACELLULAR Ca2+-SENSING RECEPTOR: Central Mediator of Systemic Calcium Homeostasis

The cloning of the G protein-coupled, extracellular calcium (Ca(2+)o)-sensing receptor (CaR) has identified a central mediator of the mechanism governing systemic Ca(2+)o homeostasis. This system enables organisms to adapt successfully to wide variations in dietary Ca(2+)o intake while maintaining near constancy of Ca(2+)o. Whereas discussions of Ca(2+)o homeostasis have generally focused on the key role of Ca(2+)o-elicited changes in parathyroid hormone secretion, the presence of the CaRs in effector tissues of this system enables direct regulation of processes (e.g. renal tubular Ca(2+) reabsorption and possibly bone formation and resorption) that add additional layers of homeostatic control. As we understand more about how the CaR regulates these tissues, we may find that it participates in other processes relevant to mineral ion homeostasis, including the control of the 1-hydroxylation and activation of vitamin D3 or reabsorption of phosphate in the renal proximal tubule. Regardless, the remarkable sensitivity of the CaR to small changes in Ca(2+)o allows adjustments in the response of the Ca(2+)o homeostatic system to increases or decreases in the intake of dietary Ca(2+), for instance, that cause barely detectable alterations in Ca(2+)o. Furthermore, the CaR likely participates in coordinating interactions among several different homeostatic control systems (including those for water, Mg(2+)o, Na(+), extracellular volume, and/or blood pressure), despite the fact that these systems are often considered to function largely independently of mineral ion metabolism.
Genital warts, papillomaviruses, and genital malignancies.

Human papilloma virus (HPV) infections of the genital tract are wide­ spread and often subclinical. Of about a dozen genital tract HPVs, types 16 and 18 are strongly associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix and of other sites in the lower genital tract. In invasive cervical cancers, the viral genomes are often integrated into the cellular DNA and are transcriptionall y active. These viruses, with additional cofactors, play
A review of snapshot multidimensional optical imaging: Measuring photon tags in parallel

Multidimensional optical imaging has seen remarkable growth in the past decade. Rather than measuring only the two-dimensional spatial distribution of light, as in conventional photography, multidimensional optical imaging captures light in up to nine dimensions, providing unprecedented information about incident photons' spatial coordinates, emittance angles, wavelength, time, and polarization. Multidimensional optical imaging can be accomplished either by scanning or parallel acquisition. Compared with scanning-based imagers, parallel acquisition-also dubbed snapshot imaging-has a prominent advantage in maximizing optical throughput, particularly when measuring a datacube of high dimensions. Here, we first categorize snapshot multidimensional imagers based on their acquisition and image reconstruction strategies, then highlight the snapshot advantage in the context of optical throughput, and finally we discuss their state-of-the-art implementations and applications.
Asperger's Syndrome and Nonverbal Learning Disorder

Asperger's syndrome and nonverbal learning disorder are two conditions often first diagnosed during childhood. Although these disorders share many characteristics, they are currently conceptualized as belonging to different diagnostic categories. The common and distinguishing characteristics of these disorders are described as well as current information about etiology, prevalence, and treatment considerations.
Plaque Assay for Rickettsia mooseri in Tissue Samples

SummaryA plaque assay using primary CE fibroblasts was shown to be sensitive for the direct isolation and quantitation of the relative number of R. mooseri from infected guinea pig tissues.The authors gratefully acknowledge the advice and assistance of Paul Fiset, A. D. Waddell, and M. Schneider.
A μm-resolution heterogeneous tissue model for the magnetic stimulation of multifascicular sciatic nerve

Efficacy of magnetic stimulation of the central or peripheral nervous system depends on the spatial and temporal distribution of the induced electric field generated by the magnetic coil. Therefore, accurate estimation of the induced electric field is crucial to the design and optimization of magnetic coils, particularly as the coil dimensions are reduced. In this work, we developed a numerical model of a multifascicular sciatic nerve to study the effect of tissue heterogeneity on the induced electric field. Using a multi-resolution electric field solver, we can resolve feature sizes as small as 1μm, allowing inclusion of the nerve membrane and the myelination layer. Preliminary results indicate that fascicle distribution and axons' proximity to each other significantly affect the magnitude and distribution of the induced electric field as compared to traditional homogeneous tissue models for field simulation.
Perceived dyscognition reported by patients with fibromyalgia

Objectives Patients with fibromyalgia often report dyscognition as a symptom; however, the literature on this symptom is sparse. Our objective for this cross-sectional study was to characterize dyscognition among patients with fibromyalgia, identify comorbid symptoms associated with dyscognition, and evaluate its relation with fibromyalgia severity. Methods Dyscognition was assessed with the Multiple Abilities Self-report Questionnaire (MASQ) for 681 patients with fibromyalgia. Other assessed comorbid symptoms were pain, fatigue, sleep problems, mood, physical and mental health, and autonomic function. Correlation and regression modeling were used to identify relations between the MASQ subscales and other fibromyalgia symptoms. Mixed analysis of variance was used to examine the profile of dyscognition in different levels of fibromyalgia. MASQ subscale scores from a previously described healthy normal control population were used for comparison. Results The mean (SD) age of the study patients was 55.8 (12.6) years, and most patients were female (93%) and white (91%). Perceived dyscognition was most related to depression, anxiety, and autonomic function. Across all fibromyalgia severity levels, patients had significantly higher levels of perceived dyscognition than the healthy controls. Significant differences existed for the MASQ total and most MASQ subscales among patients with mild, moderate, and severe fibromyalgia. Conclusions Our study results provide further evidence that perceived dyscognition in fibromyalgia is influenced by various comorbid symptoms. In treating patients with fibromyalgia who have dyscognition, clinicians should consider the multiple types of dyscognition and the effects of other fibromyalgia symptoms.
Plain roentgenograms of the spine in the injured athlete.

The valued techniques and types of plain roentgenograms of the cervical spine and the lumbar spine in athletic injuries are discussed. A considerable number of injury types exist, as well as a large number of various roentgen- ographic views that the physician may order. In approaching the athlete with an injured spine, the physician depends on the length of symptoms, associated physical findings such as neurologic deficit, and clinical information available for both the cervical and lumbar spine injury.
Dialogizing Dorothy: Voicing the Feminine as Spousal Sister in The Prelude

Amid all the discussion of the presence and absence of Coleridge in Wordsworth’s autobiographical epic, much less attention has been paid to the role of Dorothy Wordsworth as a suppressed and speaking voice at crucial moments in the texts that become the poem on her brother’s life. While The Prelude may be a poem to Coleridge, it is also a poem for Dorothy, and the difference between these two prepositions generates important dialogical energy and expressive rhetoric in the palimpsest that forms Wordsworth’s verse life-story. Dorothy helps figure forth a whole range of Wordsworthian women imbedded in various drafts of various poems, from lost children to mad mothers, from Julia to the Maid of Buttermere, from abandoned Annette to the spousal Mary. My emphasis suggests, at least in part, that we take seriously the Wordsworth who, in June of 1832, described Coleridge and Dorothy as ‘the two Beings to whom my intellect is most indebted’ (LY, 2: 536). My purpose is neither to offer another appreciation of Dorothy’s role in Wordsworth’s domestic arrangements, nor to stress a biographically based reading of specific scenes. Rather, I suggest that Wordsworth figures forth the feminine — and produces important rhetorical power in his most self-creating text — out of a conversation with Dorothy’s texts and her ‘wise’ (and surprisingly active) ‘passiveness’.
Control of Connective Tissue Genes

The connective tissues of the lung consist of fibrous components such as the collagens, elastin, and nonfibrous components including proteogly-cans, laminin, tenascin, and other proteins. The major goal of this chapter is to describe the ways in which the expression of these components is controlled, and the relationship of these control mechanisms to normal development and pathologic processes. This is a large area with an extensive literature and, because of space limitations, coverage cannot be comprehensive. Emphasis is, therefore, placed on consideration of type I collagen, elastin, and fibronectin as examples that illustrate general principles of regulation of gene expression. Expression of the macro-molecular constituents of the extracellular matrix is tightly regulated both spatially and temporally. Although post-transcriptional mechanisms play an important role in some instances, the major focus of this chapter is on transcriptional control which is the most frequent way by which this regulation is achieved.
Accurate and interpretable classification of microspectroscopy pixels using artificial neural networks.

This paper addresses the problem of classifying materials from microspectroscopy at a pixel level. The challenges lie in identifying discriminatory spectral features and obtaining accurate and interpretable models relating spectra and class labels. We approach the problem by designing a supervised classifier from a tandem of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models that identify relevant features in raw spectra and achieve high classification accuracy. The tandem of ANN models is meshed with classification rule extraction methods to lower the model complexity and to achieve interpretability of the resulting model. The contribution of the work is in designing each ANN model based on the microspectroscopy hypothesis about a discriminatory feature of a certain target class being composed of a linear combination of spectra. The novelty lies in meshing ANN and decision rule models into a tandem configuration to achieve accurate and interpretable classification results. The proposed method was evaluated using a set of broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (BCARS) microscopy cell images (600 000 pixel-level spectra) and a reference four-class rule-based model previously created by biochemical experts. The generated classification rule-based model was on average 85% accurate measured by the DICE pixel label similarity metric, and on average 96% similar to the reference rules measured by the vector cosine metric.
Functions of fungal melanin beyond virulence

Melanins are ancient biological pigments found in all kingdoms of life. In fungi, their role in microbial pathogenesis is well established; however, these complex biomolecules also confer upon fungal microorganisms the faculty to tolerate extreme environments such as the Earth's poles, the International Space Station and places contaminated by toxic metals and ionizing radiation. A remarkable property of melanin is its capacity to interact with a wide range of electromagnetic radiation frequencies, functioning as a protecting and energy harvesting pigment. Other roles of fungal melanin include scavenging of free radical, thermo-tolerance, metal ion sequestration, cell development, and mechanical-chemical cellular strength. In this review, we explore the various functions ascribed to this biological pigment in fungi and its remarkable physicochemical properties.
Output Synchronization Using Predictive Control

Abstract In this paper, we develop a predictive control formulation of the output synchronization problem. The plant model used is an input/output model. The control law uses output feedback and preview information about the reference trajectory. A predictive controller is proposed which uses the output prediction and a receding horizon approach. Stability analysis is discussed for the closed loop system. It is shown that the resulting multi-input multi-output system is asymptotically stable. A computationally efficient algorithm for online implementation is discussed. We show simulation results for output synchronization of a biaxial machining center with axes mismatch.
Educating Moral Business Leaders Without the Fluff and Fuzz

Peter Pruzan defines spiritual-based leadership as “an inclusive and yet highly personal approach to leadership that integrates a leader’s inner perspectives on identity, purpose, responsibility and success with her or his decisions and actions in the outer world of business.” He argues, “spiritual-based leadership implies not just a transformation of the teaching and the practice of leadership, but also, and more fundamentally, the transformation of the individual leader’s mind-set.” I do not take issue with Pruzan’s idea of spiritual-based leadership for the reason that Pruzan says academics object to it—because it is ‘fluffy’ and cannot be empirically tested. The problem, as I see it, is not that Pruzan’s idea of spiritual leadership is ‘fluffy’ but that it is ‘fuzzy’. One cannot tell from his description what spiritual leadership means, how differs from ideas in a variety of other ideas in philosophy and leadership studies. In short, the problems with spiritual-based leadership are primarily conceptual not as Pruzan says, pragmatic. You cannot teach or have spiritual-based leadership unless you understand what it is and what it does. However Pruzan argues that making it ‘doable’ “may lead to its self-eradication.” This papers endeavors to suggest other ways of articulating what Pruzan wants to say that are doable for those who teach and practice leadership.
Metastable phase selection from undercooled Zr77Rh23 liquid alloys

Abstract From measurements of X-ray and neutron scattering of electrostatically levitated Zr 77 Rh 23 liquids, a variety of metastable crystallization behavior was observed. The metastable phase selection in deeply undercooled liquid droplets is characterized and their crystallization pathways discussed. A metastable phase previously identified as a primary devitrification product from the metallic glass formed when undercooling was maximized to near the hypercooling limit. The direct formation of α–Zr and the equilibrium C16 phase as well as a newly discovered Zr 5 Rh 3 (Mg 5 Si 3 -type) phase are also reported.
Urinary incontinence in pregnant adolescents: A case series.

Aims Determine the severity of urinary incontinence (UI) and its effect on the quality of life (QoL) of pregnant adolescents, as well as explore the strategies used to manage UI and the reporting/investigation of this condition by healthcare professionals. Methods A case series was conducted in three Brazilian public hospitals that offer prenatal care. Inclusion criteria were: age between 10 and 19 years, gestational age of 27 weeks or more, and reported UI in the third trimester of pregnancy. All volunteers responded to the Incontinence Severity Index (to assess severity of UI) and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence—Short Form (to evaluate the effect of UI on QoL). A descriptive analysis of data were done. Results A total of 329 incontinent pregnant adolescents with mean age of 17.09 years (95%CI 16.92-17.26), who reported voiding urgency (72.0%), increased daytime urinary frequency (75.1%), nocturia (96.7%), and mixed UI (44.1%) were included in the study. UI was considered moderate to severe (79.3%) and had a moderate effect on QoL (mean 9.84; 95%CI 9.40-10.28). The volunteers used UI management strategies (66.6%), with bladder emptying prior to activities (56.8%) and the use of sanitary pads (29.5%) most frequently reported. UI is not disclosed voluntarily (89.1%) or explored by healthcare professionals (91.2%). Conclusion UI can be moderate to severe and has a moderate effect on QoL in incontinent pregnant adolescents, who use strategies to manage this condition. Healthcare professionals do not identify this urinary symptom during prenatal care.
Comment on “Abyssal upwelling and downwelling driven by near-boundary mixing”

AbstractMcDougall and Ferrari have estimated the global deep upward diapycnal flow in the boundary layer overlying continental slopes that must balance both downward diapycnal flow in the deep inte...
Serum concentrations of soluble (s)L- and (s)P-selectins in women with ovarian cancer.

Introduction The aim of the study was to compare serum concentration of soluble L- and P-selectins in women with ovarian cancer (OC) and healthy controls, and to investigate sL- and sP-selectin levels with regard to clinical and pathological parameters. Correlation analysis was used to measure the following: sL- and sP-selectin concentration and Ca125; sP-selectin and platelet concentrations; and sL-selectin and serum leukocyte levels in women with OC. Material and methods The study included 29 patients with OC and 23 healthy controls. Serum concentrations of sL- and sP-selectins were measured in all subjects. Routine diagnostic tests: CBC and USG (both groups) and Ca125 (study group) were performed. Results Significantly higher serum concentrations of sL- and sP-selectins were found in the study group as compared to controls. Lower levels of serum sL-selectin were observed in women with poorly-differentiated OC (G3) and advanced stages of the disease (FIGO III, IV), but the results were statistically insignificant. No statistically significant relationship was detected between sP-selectin serum concentration in women with OC and tumour differentiation, histological type, and stage of the disease. No significant correlation was found between sL- and sP-selectins and Ca125 levels. A weak correlation was found between serum concentration of sP-selectin in women with OC and platelet count. No statistically significant correlation was observed between sL-selectin concentration and serum leukocyte levels in women with OC. Conclusions The analysis of sL- and sP-selectin concentrations may be a useful tool in the diagnosis of OC. The levels of sL-selectin decrease with disease progression.
Local media tone, economic conditions, and the evaluation of US governors

Connections between media coverage, economic conditions, and performance evaluations of political leaders have seldom been explored in specific local media markets, due to the challenges of measuri...
Opponent modeling and exploitation in poker using evolved recurrent neural networks

As a classic example of imperfect information games, Heads-Up No-limit Texas Holdem (HUNL) has been studied extensively in recent years. While state-of-the-art approaches based on Nash equilibrium have been successful, they lack the ability to model and exploit opponents effectively. This paper presents an evolutionary approach to discover opponent models based on recurrent neural networks (LSTM) and Pattern Recognition Trees. Experimental results showed that poker agents built in this method can adapt to opponents they have never seen in training and exploit weak strategies far more effectively than Slumbot 2017, one of the cutting-edge Nash-equilibrium-based poker agents. In addition, agents evolved through playing against relatively weak rule-based opponents tied statistically with Slumbot in heads-up matches. Thus, the proposed approach is a promising new direction for building high-performance adaptive agents in HUNL and other imperfect information games.
Disc Electrophoresis in Polyacrylamide Gel

Earlier electrophoretic procedures, such as paper electrophoresis described in Exercise No. 9 of this Manual, were rapidly replaced by the much better resolving electrophoresis procedures in gel. While regular paper or cellulose acetate paper electrophoresis detected a maximum of 6 to 7 components in a human serum sample, electrophoresis in Polyacrylamide gel separates 15 or more components with ease. Particularly sharp electrophoretic separation can be achieved by the so-called disc electrophoresis. There are a number of physical-chemical explanations for the very high resolution achieved by such procedures, but discussion of these would be beyond the scope of this Manual. Those who wish to understand the background of this phenomenon should read the relevant chapter in the book by H.R. Maurer (1971) on disc electrophoresis. Part A of this Exercise describes the separation of serum protein components by disc electrophoresis.
Applications to One-Electron Atoms

Hydrogen is the unique atom for which bound-state wave functions are known exactly. The alkali metal atoms, with a single valence electron, can also be conveniently included in the class of “one-electron” atoms. A model that represents the closed-shell positive ion core of these atoms by an effective static potential is well justified, so that low-energy electron scattering is essentially a two-electron problem for both hydrogen and the alkali metals.
Current State of Digital Soil Mapping and What Is Next

Digital soil mapping (DSM) involves research and operational applications to infer on patterns of soils across various spatial and temporal scales. DSM is not solely focused to map soils and their properties, but often environmental issues such as land degradation and global climate change, require assessing soils in context of ecosystem change and environmental stressors imparting control on soil properties. In this section an overview is provided of state-of-the art DSM applications and their constraints and potential is discussed. Future trends and challenges to map soils using digital approaches are outlined.
Secondary Earth/Environmental Science Teachers' Aversion to Videotaped Self-Study

This descriptive paper recounts the use of action research in the context of an NSF-funded, three-year professional development program for earth/environmental science teachers entitled Earth-View (ESI-9911850). We describe the implementation of action research during the program and the ways in which the participants responded. Participants typically focused their research efforts on student learning and attitudes. No participants, however, elected to examine their own behaviors, although a few studied teaching choices and their effects on learning or attitudes. Various reasons were provided for their research choices including a strong aversion to the use of video recording, which is disturbing as it serves as one of the most powerful tools educational researchers have available to examine teacher behaviors. We conclude by offering suggestions for program leaders regarding ways to encourage earth/environmental science professional development participants to study their own practice using video recordings.
Closing Remarks: Changing Perspectives in Polyamine Research

The extraordinary diversity of new observations and experiments that were presented during this Symposium attest to the vigor and creativity of contemporary research on polyamines. The ever-increasing influx into our field of highly talented young investigators is particularly encouraging. In the restricted time available it would be impossible to comment on most of the outstanding advances announced at this meeting. So I shall consider only very few topics, the choice of which is heavily biased by my personal scientific interests and experiences.
An explicit divergence-free DG method for incompressible flow

Abstract We present an explicit divergence-free DG method for incompressible flow based on velocity formulation only. An H ( div ) -conforming, and globally divergence-free finite element space is used for the velocity field , and the pressure field is eliminated from the equations by design. The resulting ODE system can be discretized using any explicit time stepping methods. We use the third order strong-stability preserving Runge–Kutta method in our numerical experiments. Our spatial discretization produces the identical velocity field as the divergence-conforming DG method of Cockburn et al. (2007) based on a velocity–pressure formulation, when the same DG operators are used for the convective and viscous parts. Due to the global nature of the divergence-free constraint and its interplay with the boundary conditions, it is very hard to construct local bases for our finite element space. Here we present a key result on the efficient implementation of the scheme by identifying the equivalence of the mass matrix inversion of the globally divergence-free finite element space to a standard (hybrid-) mixed Poisson solver. Hence, in each time step, a (hybrid-) mixed Poisson solver is used, which reflects the global nature of the incompressibility condition. In the actual implementation of this fully discrete scheme, the pressure field is also computed (via the hybrid-mixed Poisson solver). Hence, the scheme can be interpreted as a velocity–pressure formulation that treats the incompressibility constraint and pressure forces implicitly, but the viscous and convective part explicitly. Since we treat viscosity explicitly for the Navier–Stokes equation, our method shall be best suited for unsteady high-Reynolds number flows so that the CFL constraint is not too restrictive.
Electrooculogram and submandibular montage to distinguish different eye, eyelid, and tongue movements in electroencephalographic studies.

Abstract Objective We propose an electrooculogram and submandibular montage that helps to discriminate eye/eyelid/tongue movements and to differentiate them from epileptiform activity or slowing on electroencephalography (EEG). Methods We analyzed different eye/eyelid and tongue movements in 6 and 4 patients, respectively. Six peri–orbitally and one submandibular electrodes were placed. We referred these electrodes to an indifferent reference (Cz/Pz) and we recorded eye/eyelid and tongue movements simultaneously with the 10–20 system EEG. Additionally, we analyzed 2 seizures with the electrooculogram montage. Results The electrooculogram deflections always showed an opposite phase direction when eye/eyelid movements occurred. Conversely, epileptiform activity produced deflections in the same phase direction in all electrooculogram electrodes. The electrooculogram montage was able to distinguish eye ictal semiology. Vertical tongue movements showed opposite phase deflections between the submandibular and the inferior ocular electrodes. Horizontal tongue movements revealed opposite phase reversal deflections between both inferior ocular electrodes. Conclusions The proposed montage accurately defines different eye/eyelid and tongue movements from brainwave activity. Additionally, it is useful to differentiate eye/eyelid movements from epileptiform activity and to characterize ictal ocular semiology, which can help localize or lateralize the epileptogenic zone. Significance We propose this new montage to provide added value to prolonged video-EEG studies.
Resolving Difficulties in the BIEM Caused by Geometric Corners and Discontinuous Boundary Conditions

Problems of scientific and engineering interest often involve domains having sharp corners; mathematical modeling of many such problems leads to discontinuous boundary conditions.
Psychosocial Impact of Cancer-Related Infertility

Cancer and its treatments directly or indirectly affect patients’ ability to have children. Threats to fertility are accompanied by complex psychosocial sequelae. Patients can experience distress due to the implications of infertility for their relationships. Attempting to make fertility preservation decisions while navigating cancer treatment options is extraordinarily challenging – especially for women. The financial burden of cancer care, fertility preservation procedures, and other paths to parenthood such as adoption can leave patients feeling that having a child is beyond their reach. These concerns may be heightened based on sociodemographic factors that have been associated with disparities in oncology and fertility care. Cancer patients who make the decision to pursue parenthood experience distress about the safety and efficacy of preservation procedures, which leads to decisional conflict and emotional distress. Despite these concerns, patients belonging to certain religions’ traditions see biological children as the only option. This can exacerbate feelings of hopelessness and create a situation in which they feel they cannot simultaneously honor their religious beliefs and their desire for children. Those who wish to pursue adoption are often met with seemingly insurmountable obstacles of financial strain and potentially discriminatory policies. Patients who want to engage assisted reproductive technologies report distress stemming from the belief that pregnancy and cancer recurrence are linked. Patients worry about the impact their cancer history or cancer treatments could have on future children’s health. Patients report the fear that chemotherapy or radiation may cause birth defects or that their children could be more susceptible to developing cancer. In these instances, patients experience a tension between the steps they undertake to pursue parenthood and feelings of guilt and perceived selfishness. Patients who already have children may worry that stressful attempts to have more may negatively affect quality of life for their existing children. Often, the full biopsychosocial implications of cancer-related infertility and possible paths to parenthood are not discussed. There is a need for psychosocial screening, enhanced patient-clinician communication, and support resources to assist patients struggling with infertility.
Iron- and cobalt-induced activation of HOOH and of dioxygen for the ketonization of methylenic carbons, the dioxygenation of arylolefins and catechols, and the monooxygenation of hydrocarbons

Abstract In pyridine/acetic acid solvent Fe II (PA) 2 (PA =picolinate) and Fe II (DPA) (DPA = 2,6-dicarboxylato-pyridine) catalyze hydrogen peroxide for the selective ketonization of methylenic carbons, and the dioxygenation of arylolefins to aldehydes. Analogous chemistry is facilitated by related cobalt complexes and solvent systems. With the py2 (HOAc) solvent Fe II (DPAH) 2 (1) is autoxidized by O 2 to (DPAH) 2 Fe II OFe III (DPAH) 2 via two reactive intermediates, (DPAH) 2 Fe(O 2 ) (2) and (DPAH) 2 Fe III OOFe III (DPAH) 2 (3). The latter, when formed in the presence of excess substrate, ketonizes methylenic carbons and dioxygenates arylolefins and catechols (to muconic acid). In contrast, Fe II (DPAH) 2 in 3:1 MeCN/py in the presence of hydrocarbon substrates and PhNHNHPh activates O 2 via species 2 for the catalytic monooxygenation of substrate C-H bonds. Hence, this system represents a reaction mimic for the methane monooxygenase proteins.
Precision medicine and companion diagnostics in drug development

Abstract Precision medicine (PM) is an innovative approach to tailor disease prevention and treatment that takes into account differences in people’s genes, environments, and lifestyles with the goal to target the right treatments to the right patients at the right time. While the personalization of medicine has been recognized for as long as people have been practicing medicine about 400–500 years BC, the initiative has been a hot topic from drug and diagnostic developers, clinicians, and regulators over the past two decades. To enable PM a diagnostic test, commonly known as companion diagnostic (CDx), has to be approved and comarketed with the targeted therapy in order to select patients who can be eligible for the treatment. The approval of HercepTest in 1998 for Herceptin in breast cancer stimulated the appetites of stakeholders, and now the FDA-approved CDx exceeds 40 devices. This chapter discusses the value of PM and CDx in drug development and highlight the different models of CDx development and regulatory approval.
Association of SNP genotype in ABCB1 with completion of intraperitoneal chemotherapy in ovarian and primary peritoneal cancer.

5077 Background: A standard of care (SOC) for the adjuvant treatment of ovarian and primary peritoneal cancer is a platinum-based intravenous (IV) chemotherapy doublet. Intraperitoneal (IP) chemoth...
Chapter 20 – Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy is a broad ranging term used to define a group of nonprogressive disorders that affect the development of movement and posture and occurred within the developing fetal or infant brain. Its etiologies are extensive and it remains the most prevalent chronic childhood motor disability. In addition to impairments in fine and gross motor function, affected individuals may have problems with cognition, epilepsy, vision, speech and language, psychological issues, swallowing, bowel/bladder dysfunction, and orthopedic deformities. Conventionally, CP has been subclassified based on its predominant motor disability (spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic), but it is essential to recognize that other neurogenetic disorders can impersonate each of these categories. This chapter also reviews the diagnostic evaluation, assessment scales, and management of CP.
Ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty learning curve.

Ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty is currently one of the newest techniques available to aesthetic surgeons. Plastic surgery organizations have undertaken the challenge of teaching proper ultrasound techniques and protocols via a series of ultrasound task force credentialing courses. The purpose of this article is to share our learning curve experiences with this technique. Our intent is to aid others with their learning curve so that more predictable early results are obtained. Between April 25, 1997, and July 15, 1997, a total of 84 patients comprising 150 anatomic sites underwent ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty at Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, VA. These procedures were performed by four different plastic surgeons, with most cases (n=59) and procedures (n=114) performed by the senior author (M.L.Z.). The morbidity involved with these cases was early and consisted of three seromas and one focal area of iatrogenic epidermal abrasion. Follow-up has ranged from 7 to 10 months; there are no dissatisfied patients nor any patients currently scheduled for secondary corrective procedures. Our conclusions are (1) ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty is a safe and efficacious procedure; (2) there is a steep learning curve to the procedure, which we believe involves a minimum of 30 patients and requires great attention to detail in terms of volume of infused tumescent solution, and ultrasonic aspiration times; and (3) volume for volume, morbidity associated with this procedure should be no greater than with traditional tumescent lipoplasty.
Signal Selection Heuristics for Post-Silicon Validation

Limited observability is the key challenge in post-silicon validation and can be alleviated by using an on-chip trace buffer which monitors and captures the response of certain selected signals during run-time. Use of on-chip trace buffers for debug introduces area overhead along with increased power consumption. This imposes a constraint on the number of signals selected to be traced. In this work, we review some trace signal selection algorithms proposed in the literature and propose several new heuristics. Given the constraints on the width (number of signals traced) and depth (number of cycles over which they are traced), these algorithms attempt to select the best set of signals to maximize the state restoration ratio. We evaluate the quality and performance of these heuristic signal selection algorithms while using two different techniques for state restoration: the forward propagation and backward justification (FB) method and the satisfiability (SAT) based method.
Emerging Nanopharmaceuticals and Nanonutraceuticals in Cancer Management

Nanotechnology is the science of nanoscale, which is the scale of nanometers or one billionth of a meter. Nanotechnology encompasses a broad range of technologies, materials, and manufacturing processes that are used to design and/or enhance many products, including medicinal products. This technology has achieved considerable progress in the oncology field in recent years. Most chemotherapeutic agents are not specific to the cancer cells they are intended to treat, and they can harm healthy cells, leading to numerous adverse effects. Due to this non-specific targeting, it is not feasible to administer high doses that may harm healthy cells. Moreover, low doses can cause cancer cells to acquire resistance, thus making them hard to kill. A solution that could potentially enhance drug targeting and delivery lies in understanding the complexity of nanotechnology. Engineering pharmaceutical and natural products into nano-products can enhance the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Novel nano-formulations such as liposomes, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, quantum dots, nano-suspensions, and gold nanoparticles have been shown to enhance the delivery of drugs. Improved delivery of chemotherapeutic agents targets cancer cells rather than healthy cells, thereby preventing undesirable side effects and decreasing chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Nanotechnology has also revolutionized cancer diagnosis by using nanotechnology-based imaging contrast agents that can specifically target and therefore enhance tumor detection. In addition to the delivery of drugs, nanotechnology can be used to deliver nutraceuticals like phytochemicals that have multiple properties, such as antioxidant activity, that protect cells from oxidative damage and reduce the risk of cancer. There have been multiple advancements and implications for the use of nanotechnology to enhance the delivery of both pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products in cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Exploring the role of engineering judgment in engineer identity formation through student technical reports

The engineering disciplines are rigorous in their application of scientific principles, and these principles are the ones most directly addressed in undergraduate engineering classrooms. However, engineers are also called to make decisions that implicitly account for complex criteria, including the welfare of those who use or are impacted by the systems engineers design and the economic needs of their employers. As a result, engineering is an art that requires practitioners to routinely navigate difficult tradeoffs that require professional judgments. These judgments include economic, ethical, social, and value-based dimensions. These dimensions can be conflicting, increasing the complexity of practice and foregrounding the prominence of judgment. And often, these judgements need to be explained to colleagues, managers, and clients through a range of written documents. Yet little work to date has investigated the relationship between the writing engineering students do and the development of engineering judgement, particularly in terms of how these facets intersect in students developing engineering identities . Therefore, the overall goal of this project is to elucidate the interactions between how students’ identification with the engineering profession impacts the way they convey engineering judgments to different audiences.