cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated feature subset selection/extraction with applications in bioinformatics

Feature subset selection and extraction algorithms are actively and extensively studied in machine learning literature to reduce the dimensionality of feature space, since high dimensional data sets are generally not efficiently and effectively handled by a large array of machine learning and pattern recognition algorithms. When we stride into the analysis of large scale bioinformatics data sets, such as microarray gene expression data sets, the high dimensionality of feature space compounded with the low dimensionality of sample space, creates even more problems for data analysis algorithms. Two foremost characteristics of microarray gene expression data sets are: (1) the correlation between features (genes) and (2) the availability of domain knowledge in computable format. In this dissertation, we will study effective feature selection and extraction algorithms with applications to the analysis of the new emerging data sets in the bioinformatics domain. Microarray gene expression data set, the result of large scale RNA profiling techniques, is our primary focus in this thesis. Several novel feature (gene) selection and extraction algorithms are proposed to deal with peculiarities on microarray gene expression data set. To address the first characteristic of the microarray gene expression data set, we first propose a general feature selection algorithm called Boost Feature Subset Selection (BFSS) based on permutation analysis to broaden the scope of selected gene set and thus improve classification performance. In BFSS, subsequent features to be selected focus on those samples where previously selected features fail. Our experiments showed the benefit of BFSS for t-score and S2N (signal to noise) based single gene scores on a variety of publicly available microarray gene expression data sets. We then examine the correlations among features (genes) explicitly to see if such correlations are informative for the purpose of sample classification. This results in our gene extraction algorithm called virtual gene. A virtual gene is a group of genes whose expression levels are combined linearly. The combined expression levels of a virtual gene instead of the real gene expression levels are used for sample classification. Our experiments confirm that by taking into consideration the correlations between gene pairs, we could indeed build a better sample classifier. Microarray gene expression data set only represents one aspect of our knowledge of the underlying biological system. Currently there are lots of biological knowledge in computable format that can be accessed from Internet. Continue to address the second characteristic of the microarray gene expression data set, we investigate the integration of domain knowledge, such as those imbedded in gene ontology annotations, for the use of gene selection and extraction. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND RATES OF CHANGE

This chapter discusses the functions, limits, and rates of change. The study of calculus is concerned with the mathematical study of change. There are two basic geometric problems that call for the use of calculus: (a) finding a tangent to a curve, and (b) finding the area under a curve. There is a close relationship between the tangent problem and the problem of determining the rate at which a variable quantity is changing in value. The portion of calculus concerned with this problem is commonly called differential calculus. The portion of calculus concerned with these ideas is commonly called integral calculus. A function that is continuous at every point is called continuous; if there is at least one point of discontinuity, then the function is called discontinuous.
Quantum Virial Coefficients via Path Integral Monte Carlo with Semi-classical Beads

Conventionally, Path Integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) calculations are performed with ‘classical beads’ (beads interacting via a classical potential) by using the primitive approximation for the thermal density matrix. Higher order propagators of the thermal density matrix have been proven to achieve faster convergence and better precision in quantum calculations than using just the primitive approximation. Use of different propagators in PIMC leads to methods equivalent to performing PIMC with ‘semi-classical beads’ (beads interacting via a semi-classical potential). We examine the Takahashi-Imada (TI) propagator as well as an ad hoc semi-classical potential in PIMC calculations for computing the quantum second virial coefficient for helium-4. We compare the performance of the two approaches based on semi-classical beads against values computed from PIMC using conventional classical beads. We find that while the TI propagator has the same or marginally better precision compared to the classical case, it has the best convergence rate (with respect to number of path-integral beads) among the three approaches. The convergence rate of the ad hoc potential is marginally better than its classical counterpart, and its precision is approximately the same as the classical case.
Understanding the Timing of Birth: The Continuing Challenge to Prevent Prematurity

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Delineate the frequency and increasing incidence of preterm birth. 2. Describe models for determining the timing of birth based on interacting interval and circadian timers. 3. Explain differences in mechanisms for labor induction between humans and nonprimate mammals. 4. Describe conserved pathways for labor in humans and nonprimate mammals. 5. Delineate promising avenues for future study of human preterm birth. Preterm birth is the primary cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, occurring in approximately 10% of all births and affecting almost 500,000 infants in the United States annually. Although medical progress over the past 30 years has dramatically improved survival for these infants, their birth occurring at a time of central nervous system, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal immaturity still predisposes them to long-term cognitive and physical impairments. Intervention focusing on preventing preterm birth is an ideal strategy for alleviating this problem. However, despite receiving considerable attention, the mechanisms underlying the timing of normal labor and the pathogenesis of preterm labor remain obscure. Progress has been made in identifying the roles of infection, uterine structural anomalies, and fetal or maternal stress in prematurity, but the preterm birth rate has increased 27% since 1981 in the United States. Approximately 50% of human preterm births have no clear medical causes, but racial disparities in preterm labor rates independent of geographic, maternal medical, and socioeconomic factors suggest a significant genetic contribution to the timing of labor. The grouping of the timing of births in different pregnancies in the same mother strengthens the suggestion of a significant genetic contribution to the timing of labor. In this article, we review data regarding the timing of term labor and preterm labor, with a specific focus on relevance to human labor. Many identifiable factors contribute to human preterm birth. Placental abruption, multiple gestation pregnancy, …
5-Thio-α-d-glucopyranose: Via Conversion of a Terminal Oxirane Ring to a Terminal Thiirane Ring

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the preparation of 5-thio-α- d -glucopyranose via conversion of a terminal oxirane ring to a terminal thiirane ring. Two general methods are used for positioning a sulfur atom on C-4 or C-5 of a sugar. In one procedure, a terminal oxirane ring is converted with a thiourea or thiocyanate anion to a terminal thiirane ring. The thiirane ring is then opened by a nucleophile such as acetate anion, which leaves the sulfur atom on the penultimate carbon atom by preferential attack at the end carbon. In a second procedure, thioacetate or thiocyanate anions are used to displace an appropriate sulfonyloxy group at either C-4 or C-5 of a sugar derivative. 5-thio- d -glucopyranose has been prepared by both methods, but the oxirane–thiirane transformation gives slightly higher yields.
Modernism and the Scientific Construction of the Built Environment

THIS CHAPTER IS AN OVERVIEW OF ONE OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL architectural design trends of the twentieth century: Modernism. It begins with a discussion of some of the contradictions of Modernism, the gap between its lofty goals and sometimes less successful reality. Then the story is told of its beginnings in Europe and ideas developed by Le Corbusier, the Bauhaus School, and others. This is followed by a detailing of Modernism’s health goals and use of new building technologies. Next Le Corbusier’s Radiant City design is discussed. Then the triumph of Modernism, first in Europe and elsewhere and eventually the United States, is outlined. The chapter then turns to the problems of Modernism and the reaction against it. The next sections discuss Modernist housing and city building styles, including some of its important legacies. The chapter concludes with an assessment of Modernism’s health, sustainability, and equity impacts (table 6.1).
Artificial Nucleation of Cumulus Clouds

A field research program was designed to obtain statistically significant answers concerning the efficacy of precipitation inducement methods in cumulus clouds. Operations were carried out in the Caribbean Sea area and in the Central United States. Successful experiments were conducted on 122 valid pairs of clouds. Each pair of clouds consisted of one treated and one untreated cloud. The treated cloud was randomly selected.
Queer Transgressive Cultural Capital

Social justice education unconsciously adheres to a deficit model by focusing on how minority groups are disadvantaged. To escape this, the author offers a new model: “queer transgressive cultural capital,” which can help examine intersectional groups from a place of strength. Branching from Yosso’s (Race Ethnic Educ 8(1): 69–91, 2005) adaptation of Bourdieu’s [The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). Westport: Greenwood Press, 1986] work, queer transgressive cultural capital is defined as the ways minoritized communities proactively challenge and move beyond boundaries to create their own reality. Additionally, transgression involves an element of play (White and Stallybrass, The politics and poetics of transgression. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986; Huizinga, Homo ludens: A study of the play-element in culture. Boston: Beacon Press, 1955), making it stand apart from resistance. Transgressive cultural capital can change educators’ perceptions of minoritized groups and allow them to examine artifacts from these groups in light of their strengths. This also allows a focus on the sophisticated ways queer groups use rhetoric and symbols to represent the complexity of their identity. This chapter provides an explanation of queer transgressive cultural capital and uses the example of the undocuqueer activist movement to examine the idea in more depth as well as offers ideas for incorporating it into the classroom. Additionally, ideas are offered for future work using this framework.
Herd Protection from Drinking Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions

Herd immunity arises when a communicable disease is less able to propagate because a substantial portion of the population is immune. Nonimmunizing interventions, such as insecticide-treated bednets and deworming drugs, have shown similar herd-protective effects. Less is known about the herd protection from drinking water, sanitation, and hand hygiene (WASH) interventions. We first constructed a transmission model to illustrate mechanisms through which different WASH interventions may provide herd protection. We then conducted an extensive review of the literature to assess the validity of the model results and identify current gaps in research. The model suggests that herd protection accounts for a substantial portion of the total protection provided by WASH interventions. However, both the literature and the model suggest that sanitation interventions in particular are the most likely to provide herd protection, since they reduce environmental contamination. Many studies fail to account for these indirect effects and thus underestimate the total impact an intervention may have. Although cluster-randomized trials of WASH interventions have reported the total or overall efficacy of WASH interventions, they have not quantified the role of herd protection. Just as it does in immunization policy, understanding the role of herd protection from WASH interventions can help inform coverage targets and strategies that indirectly protect those that are unable to be reached by WASH campaigns. Toward this end, studies are needed to confirm the differential role that herd protection plays across the WASH interventions suggested by our transmission model.
PARVMEC: An Efficient, Scalable Implementation of the Variational Moments Equilibrium Code

The ability to sustain magnetically confined plasma in a state of stable equilibrium is crucial for optimal and cost-effective operations of fusion devices like tokamaks and stellarators. The Variational Moments Equilibrium Code (VMEC) is the de-facto serial application used by fusion scientists to compute magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equilibria and study the physics of three dimensional plasmas in confined configurations. Modern fusion energy experiments have larger system scales with more interactive experimental workflows, both demanding faster analysis turnaround times on computational workloads that are stressing the capabilities of sequential VMEC. In this paper, we present PARVMEC, an efficient, parallel version of its sequential counterpart, capable of scaling to thousands of processors on distributed memory machines. PARVMEC is a non-linear code, with multiple numerical physics modules, each with its own computational complexity. A detailed speedup analysis supported by scaling results on 1,024 cores of a Cray XC30 supercomputer is presented. Depending on the mode of PARVMEC execution, speedup improvements of one to two orders of magnitude are reported. PARVMEC equips fusion scientists for the first time with a state-of-the-art capability for rapid, high fidelity analyses of magnetically confined plasmas at unprecedented scales.
The Impact Project: A Relational Cultural Approach to Combating Bullying and Interpersonal Violence

ABSTRACTActs of bullying and interpersonal violence have grave public health implications. Existing anti-bullying and interpersonal violence interventions rely on scripted, solution-focused protocols that lack relational shifts necessary for lasting change. The Impact Project is a grassroots campaign sponsored in conjunction with President Duffey’s 2015–2016 American Counseling Association Presidential Initiative on Anti-Bullying and Interpersonal Violence. The Impact Project is framed by relational cultural theory (RCT) and aims to help combat bullying and interpersonal violence by publicly honoring those who may not know or understand their value. This article addresses the mental and public health implications of bullying and interpersonal violence and the application of RCT to developing integrated community interventions. Recommendations for cultivating creative spaces, promoting resilience, and continuing the “impact” are provided.
Immunotherapy in genitourinary malignancies

Treatment of cancer patients involves a multidisciplinary approach including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Traditionally, patients with metastatic disease are treated with combination chemotherapies or targeted agents. These cytotoxic agents have good response rates and achieve palliation; however, complete responses are rarely seen. The field of cancer immunology has made rapid advances in the past 20 years. Recently, a number of agents and vaccines, which modulate the immune system to allow it to detect and target cancer cells, are being developed. The benefit of these agents is twofold, it enhances the ability the body's own immune system to fight cancer, thus has a lower incidence of side effects compared to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. Secondly, a small but substantial number of patients with metastatic disease are cured by immunotherapy or achieve durable responses lasting for a number of years. In this article, we review the FDA-approved immunotherapy agents in the field of genitourinary malignancies. We also summarize new immunotherapy agents being evaluated in clinical studies either as single agents or as a combination.
Couple Conflict in Parents of Children with versus without Autism: Self-Reported and Observed Findings.

We compared the couple conflict of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to a comparison group of parents of children without disabilities using self-reported and observational measures. In total, 178 couples who had a child with ASD (aged 5–12 years) and 174 couples who had children without disabilities (aged 5–12 years), recruited from a Midwestern state in the United States, reported on couple conflict in everyday life and engaged in an observed couple conflict interaction. Parents of children with ASD reported more frequent, severe, and unresolved couple problems than the comparison group. Parents who had a child with ASD were observed to have less engaged, balanced, and cooperative couple conflict interactions, but demonstrated more positive affect and sensitivity towards one another, than parents in the comparison group. Group differences had small effect sizes. Findings have implications for marital therapy and relationship education programs.
Secure proximity detection for NFC devices based on ambient sensor data

In certain applications, it is important for a remote server to securely determine whether or not two mobile devices are in close physical proximity. In particular, in the context of an NFC transaction, the bank server can validate the transaction if both the NFC phone and reader are precisely at the same location thereby preventing a form of a devastating relay attack against such systems.
Instagram Use and Self-Objectification: The Roles of Internalization, Comparison, Appearance Commentary, and Feminism

The current study examined potential mediators (i.e., internalization of cultural standards of beauty, engaging in upward and downward appearance comparison, and receiving positive and negative appearance-related commentary), moderators (i.e., feminist beliefs), and moderated mediation of the links between Instagram (an electronic way to share visual images) use and self-objectification and body surveillance among 492 undergraduate women from the Southeast United States. Results revealed that internalization of cultural standards of beauty and engaging in upward appearance comparison uniquely mediated Instagram usage and self-objectification and body surveillance links. Additionally, findings from the moderation analyses indicated that the direct effect of Instagram usage on body surveillance was contingent on feminist beliefs, such that this relationship was only significant among women with lower and moderate feminist beliefs. This finding suggests that higher feminist beliefs play a buffering or protective role whereas lower feminist beliefs play an intensifying role. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Toward an Aristotelian Analysis of Causation in Psychological Research

The need for systemic approaches in empirical research is becoming increasingly apparent. One systemic approach which suggests consideration of various sources of causation is the Aristotelian model of efficient, material, formal, and final causation. Many programs of research fail to consider each of these sources. The use of highly sophisticated methods of analysis to investigate the influence of variables representing only one type of causation is an example of misplaced precision. Conclusions derived from programs of research would be decidedly strengthened and made more definitive if they were based on research concerning all four Aristotelian sources of causation.
Discharge Plans for Geriatric Inpatients with Delirium: A Plan to Stop Antipsychotics?

Background Studies show inpatient geriatric patients with reversible conditions like delirium may continue on antipsychotic medications without clear indications after hospital discharge. We conducted this study to determine how often geriatric patients were discharged on a newly started antipsychotic during admission with a plan for discontinuation of the antipsychotic documented in the discharge summary. Design We conducted retrospective chart review identifying geriatric inpatients in our health system started on a new antipsychotic during admission. In patients discharged from the hospital on a new antipsychotic, we examined the discharge summary for a discontinuation treatment plan. Results Of 487 patients started on a new antipsychotic, 147 (30.2%) were discharged on the antipsychotic. Of those, 121 (82.3%) had a diagnosis of delirium. Discharge summaries of 15 (12.4%) patients discharged on an antipsychotic with a diagnosis of delirium included instructions for discontinuation of the antipsychotic. Of those patients discharged with instructions for discontinuation, 12 (80%) received a psychiatric or geriatric medicine consult. Conclusion In our health system, the majority of geriatric patients with delirium, discharged on a new antipsychotic had no instructions outlined to outpatient providers for discontinuation management. Further interventions could target increasing antipsychotic guidance at transitions of care.
Effect of parathyroidectomy on osteopontin and undercarboxylated osteocalcin in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Surgical treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) improves bone metabolism. Osteocalcin (OC) and its undercarboxylated form (ucOC) are associated with bone and energy metabolism. Osteopontin (OPN), a multifunctional protein expressed in bone, is involved in resorption, along with β-carboxyl-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen (β-CTX), and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Our aim was to investigate these biomarkers of bone metabolism in patients with PHPT. Methods: We examined 30 individuals with PHPT, in a clinical research facility, before and 1 month following parathyroidectomy. Circulating levels of OC, ucOC, OPN, β-CTX, and OPG were examined as bone biomarkers along with inflammatory markers (e.g., interleukin-6 [IL-6], lipocalin-2), insulin resistance (i.e., homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]), adiposity (i.e., leptin, adiponectin), PTH, calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, creatinine, and demographics. Results: Participants (27 females/3 males) we...
Osteocyte calcium signals encode strain magnitude and loading frequency in vivo

Osteocytes are considered to be the major mechanosensory cells of bone, but how osteocytes in vivo process, perceive, and respond to mechanical loading remains poorly understood. Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signaling resulting from mechanical stimulation has been widely studied in osteocytes in vitro and in bone explants, but has yet to be examined in vivo. This is achieved herein by using a three-point bending device which is capable of delivering well-defined mechanical loads to metatarsal bones of living mice while simultaneously monitoring the intracellular Ca2+ responses of individual osteocytes by using a genetically encoded fluorescent Ca2+ indicator. Osteocyte responses are imaged by using multiphoton fluorescence microscopy. We investigated the in vivo responses of osteocytes to strains ranging from 250 to 3,000 [Formula: see text] and frequencies from 0.5 to 2 Hz, which are characteristic of physiological conditions reported for bone. At all loading frequencies examined, the number of responding osteocytes increased strongly with applied strain magnitude. However, Ca2+ intensity within responding osteocytes did not change significantly with physiological loading magnitudes. Our studies offer a glimpse into how these critical bone cells respond to mechanical load in vivo, as well as provide a technique to determine how the cells encode magnitude and frequency of loading.
Discovery of Melanocortin Ligands via a Double Simultaneous Substitution Strategy Based on the Ac-His-dPhe-Arg-Trp-NH2 Template.

The melanocortin system regulates an array of diverse physiological functions including pigmentation, feeding behavior, energy homeostasis, cardiovascular regulation, sexual function, and steroidogenesis. Endogenous melanocortin agonist ligands all possess the minimal messaging tetrapeptide sequence His-Phe-Arg-Trp. Based on this endogenous sequence, the Ac-His1-dPhe2-Arg3-Trp4-NH2 tetrapeptide has previously been shown to be a useful scaffold when utilizing traditional positional scanning approaches to modify activity at the various melanocortin receptors (MC1–5R). The study reported herein was undertaken to evaluate a double simultaneous substitution strategy as an approach to further diversify the Ac-His1-dPhe2-Arg3-Trp4-NH2 tetrapeptide with concurrent introduction of natural and unnatural amino acids at positions 1, 2, or 4, as well as an octanoyl residue at the N-terminus. The designed library includes the following combinations: (A) double simultaneous substitution at capping group position (Ac) to...
EXHIBIT REVIEW -- Henry Ossawa Tanner: Modern Spirit

THERE ARE ELEMENTS in the life story of Henry Ossawa Tanner (1859–1937) that sound almost like Hollywood stereotypes: a strict minister father forces his son to labor in a flour mill but can-not thwart the boy’s urgent wish to become a painter; a generous patron finances his flight from provincial America to cosmopolitan Paris, where he mingles with artists and contracts a near-fatal disease; success at the Paris Salon underwrites his marriage and a country house in Brittany; newer trends in painting bypass the frustrated and forgotten painter, who dies in relative obscurity.
Glycoproteins Specified by Herpes Simplex Viruses

Membrane glycoproteins specified by enveloped viruses are important determinants of viral pathogenecity. They are exposed on the surfaces of virions and on the surfaces of infected cells. They mediate entry of the virus into cells and cell-to-cell spread of infection and also influence tissue tropism and host range. As a consequence of the foregoing, viral membrane glycoproteins are also probably the most important elicitors of protective immune responses.
“The New Harmony” of Ferruccio Busoni’s Fantasia Contrappuntistica

In Ferruccio Busoni's writings, an important nexus emerges between his general views on contemporary harmony, the theories and practices of Bernhard Ziehn and Wilhelm Middelschulte, and his approac...
Abstract 3463: Crosstalk between PKCalpha and TGF-beta signaling suppresses inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (Id1) expression in intestinal epithelial cells

Inhibitor of DNA binding (Id) proteins (Id1-Id4) are dominant negative antagonists of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors with recognized functions in development, stem cell self-renewal, and cell fate determination. Recent studies have identified Id proteins as master regulators of cancer-initiating cells and tumor aggressiveness, with critical roles in regulation of central hallmarks of cancer, including cell proliferation, survival, senescence, angiogenesis, migration, metastasis, and chemoresistance. In colorectal cancer (CRC), Id1 overexpression is associated with aggressive clinical behavior and poor prognosis, while decreasing sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. Protein kinase C α (PKCα) is a serine/threonine kinase that functions as a tumor suppressor in CRC. PKCα signaling induces cell cycle arrest in nontransformed IEC-18 intestinal epithelial cells via an ERK-dependent mechanism. A major target of PKCα negative control in these cells is Id1. To further characterize mechanisms underlying the tumor-suppressive effects of PKCα, we modulated PKCα expression and activation in CRC cells and nontransformed IEC-18 cells and performed RNA-seq analysis to identify changes in gene expression. This analysis identified transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGFβR1) as an mRNA upregulated by PKCα signaling. Subsequent RT-PCR and Western blot analysis confirmed that PKCα upregulates TGFβR1 at both the mRNA and protein levels. The MEK inhibitors U0126 and PD98059 blocked PKCα upregulation of TGFβR1, pointing to an ERK-dependent mechanism. Notably, inhibition of TGFβR1 with GW788388 prevented PKCα-mediated Id1 downregulation, linking TGF-β signaling to the tumor-suppressive effects of PKCα. Further studies indicated that TGFβR1 activates a p38-mediated noncanonical pathway to downregulate Id1 in response to PKCα activity. Collectively, these findings identify a PKCα→Erk→TGFβR1→p38→Id1 signaling axis in intestinal epithelial cells. Both PKCα and TGF-β function as tumor suppressors in the intestinal epithelium and both pathways are inactivated during intestinal tumor progression. By providing a direct link between two tumor-suppressive signaling pathways with established effects on intestinal tumorigenesis, our findings broaden our understanding of CRC and open avenues for potential novel therapeutic approaches to this disease. (Supported by NIH grants DK60632, CA54807, CA036727 and CA191894.) Citation Format: Xinyue Li, Michelle Lum, Adrian Black, Jennifer Black. Crosstalk between PKCalpha and TGF-beta signaling suppresses inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (Id1) expression in intestinal epithelial cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3463.
Effects of pulmonary flow heterogeneity on oxygen transport parameters in exercise.

Abstract Under resting normoxic conditions, the healthy lung has ample oxygen uptake capacity relative to oxygen demand, but during exercise, increased oxygen demand and utilization become increasingly dependent on ventilation-perfusion matching. A mathematical model is used to investigate the effect of pulmonary flow heterogeneity, as characterized by the coefficient of variation (CV) of capillary blood flow, on pulmonary oxygen uptake in exercise. The model reveals that any level of heterogeneity up to a CV of 3 is consistent with the observed level of arterial oxygen tension under resting conditions, but that such high levels of heterogeneity are incompatible with the levels of oxygen uptake observed during exercise. If a normal diffusing capacity is assumed, the best fit to literature data on arterial oxygen content of exercising humans under normoxic and hypoxic conditions is found with a relatively low CV of 0.48, suggesting that local flow regulation mechanisms such as hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction play an important role in ventilation-perfusion matching during exercise.
Input design for active fault diagnosis

Abstract Reliably diagnosing faults and malfunctions has become increasingly challenging in modern technical systems because of their growing complexity as well as increasingly stringent requirements on safety, availability, and high-performance operation. Traditional methods for fault detection and diagnosis rely on nominal input–output data, which can contain insufficient information to support reliable conclusions. Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in active fault diagnosis, which addresses this issue by injecting input signals specifically designed to reveal the fault status of the system. This paper provides an overview of state-of-the-art methods for input design for active fault diagnosis and discusses the primary considerations in the formulation and solution of the input-design problem. We also discuss the primary challenges and suggest avenues for future research in this rapidly evolving field.
Evolutionary time explains the global distribution of freshwater fish diversity

Abstract The latitudinal diversity gradient is Earth’s foremost biodiversity pattern, persistent across clades and geologic time. Several recent studies have shown that diversification rates are similar among latitudes, and therefore cannot explain the latitudinal diversity gradient. An alternative explanation is that the tropics were colonized earlier than the temperate zone, allowing more time for speciation to build richness. Here we test the diversification-rate and colonization time hypotheses in freshwater ray-finned fishes, a group comprising nearly a quarter of all living vertebrate species and with a longer evolutionary history than other vertebrates. To build a global timeline for colonization and diversification, we performed ancestral area reconstructions on a time-calibrated phylogeny of all ray-finned fishes using occurrence records from over 3,000 freshwater habitats. We found that diversification rates are not systematically related to latitude, consistent with analyses in other groups. Instead, the timing of colonization to continental regions had 2–5 times more explanatory power for species richness than diversification rates. Earlier colonization explains high richness in the tropics, with the Neotropics in particular supporting the most diverse fauna for the past 100 million years. Most extratropical fish lineages colonized shortly after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, leaving limited time to build diversity even in places where diversification rates are high. Our results demonstrate that evolutionary time, reflecting colonization and long-term persistence of lineages, is a powerful driver of biodiversity gradients.
The Objective of Stability of the Euro Area as a Whole

This chapter focuses on the meaning of the objective of the ‘stability of the euro area as a whole’, which has been formally introduced in art. 136(3) TFEU. After recalling the role of objectives in the EU legal framework, the research will develop an exhaustive definition and qualification of the ‘stability of the euro area as whole’ in the light of the case law of the CJEU and the academic debate. The objective will distinguish it from other interpretations of stability such as monetary, fiscal and financial stability. The analysis will argue that the ‘stability of the euro area as a whole’ essentially consists of the preservation of the existence and the integrity of the monetary union, whose establishment is a goal of the EU in accordance with art. 3(4) TEU.
Abstract 513: Exosomes Derived From Podoplanin Positive Cells Induce Fibrosis and Inflammation in Healthy Mouse Heart

Superseding fibrosis is the leading cause of the adverse remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI); inflammation and paracrine signals enhance the fibrosis and ventricular dysfunction and inhibit...
Radiation-induced segregation in a ceramic.

Radiation-induced segregation is well known in metals, but has been rarely studied in ceramics. We discover that radiation can induce notable segregation of one of the constituent elements to grain boundaries in a ceramic, despite the fact that the ceramic forms a line compound and therefore has a strong thermodynamic driving force to resist off-stoichiometry. Specifically, irradiation of silicon carbide at 300 °C leads to carbon enrichment near grain boundaries, whereas the enrichment diminishes for irradiation at 600 °C. The temperature dependence of this radiation-induced segregation is different from that shown in metallic systems. Using an ab initio informed rate theory model, we demonstrate that this difference is introduced by the unique defect energy landscapes present in the covalent system. Additionally, we discover that grain boundaries in unirradiated silicon carbide grown by chemical vapour deposition are intrinsically carbon-depleted. The inherent grain boundary chemistry and its evolution under radiation are both critical for understanding the many properties of ceramics associated with grain boundaries. Radiation-induced segregation is widely observed in metals. Here it is discovered that radiation-induced segregation also occurs in a ceramic, with carbon atoms in silicon carbide segregating to the grain boundaries under irradiation.
Remote cameras versus visual and auditory methods for surveying the Colorado chipmunk ( Neotamias quadrivittatus )

Noninvasive survey methods may be necessary when studying rare species or when site conditions are likely to result in unintended mortalities during conventional live trapping. Traditional noninvasive methods based on visual and auditory observations, such as stationary point and roaming, time-constrained area surveys, may be prone to error. Remote cameras are primarily used with large mammals but have increasingly been applied to small mammals. We compared survey methods for a rare subspecies of the Colorado chipmunk (Neotamias quadrivittatus oscuraensis) occurring in a remote mountain range in New Mexico using stationary point surveys; roaming, time-constrained area surveys; and remote-camera survey methods. We detected chipmunks at substantially more locations using remote cameras (13%–23%) versus surveys using visual and auditory cues at stationary points (2.6%) or roaming within 2.7-ha plots (5.6%). In addition, remote cameras have additional strengths, such as reducing the risk of false positive and false negative results as well as providing verifiable and archivable evidence that can be used to corroborate study results.
Mystery of Bloom-Gilman duality: A light-front holographic QCD perspective

Light-front wave functions motivated by holographic constructions are used to study Bloom-Gilman duality, a feature of deep inelastic scattering. Separate expressions for structure functions in terms of quark and hadronic degrees of freedom (involving transition form factors) are presented, with an ultimate goal of obtaining a relationship between the two expressions. A specific two-parton model is defined and resonance transition form factors are computed using previously derived light-front wave functions. A new form of global duality (integral over all values of $x$ between 0 and 1) is derived from the valence quark-number sum rule. Using a complete set of hadronic states is necessary for this new global duality to be achieved, and the previous original work does not provide such a set. This feature is remedied by amending the model to include a longitudinal confining potential, and the resulting complete set is sufficient to carry out the study of Bloom-Gilman duality. Specific expressions for transition form factors are obtained and all are shown to fall as $1/{Q}^{2}$, at asymptotically large values. This is because the Feynman mechanism dominates the asymptotic behavior of the model. These transition form factors are used to assess the validity of the global and local duality sum rules, with the result that both are not satisfied within the given model. Evaluations of the hadronic expression for $q(x,{Q}^{2})$ provide more details about this lack. This result is not a failure of the current model because it shows that the observed validity of both global and local forms of duality for deep inelastic scattering must be related to a feature of QCD that is deeper than completeness. Our simple present model suggests a prediction that Bloom-Gilman duality would not be observed if deep inelastic scattering experiments were to be made on the pion. The underlying origin of the duality phenomenon in deep inelastic scattering is deeply buried within the confinement aspects of QCD, and its origin remains a mystery.
Targeting mTOR and DNA repair pathways in residual triple negative breast cancer post neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients who do not achieve pathologic complete response post neoadjuvant chemotherapy have a poor prognosis. Alteration in PI3K/mTOR plus DNA repair pathways are some of the major mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance. We designed an open-label phase II clinical trial to evaluate if the combination of everolimus (mTOR inhibitor) plus cisplatin (interferes with DNA function) will improve the rate of pathologic response, as assessed by residual cancer burden (RCB). Twenty-four Stage II/III TNBC patients with residual cancer > 1 cm post neoadjuvant anthracycline and taxane-based chemotherapy were enrolled. Patients received everolimus daily orally at 10 mg for 12 weeks and cisplatin IV at 20 mg/m2 weekly for 4 cycles (21-day cycle), until definitive surgery. The primary endpoint was the rate of RCB-0-I at the surgery. The median age of the whole cohort was 50.1 years, with 66.7% non-Hispanic Caucasians. Of the 24 patients enrolled, 22 were included in the efficacy analysis. Twenty-one patients underwent definitive surgery while one patient developed distant metastasis. Five patients had RCB-I at surgery, a response rate of 23% (5/22). Patients with germline PALB2 mutation or somatic PI3KCA mutation had a pathologic response, achieving RCB-I at the surgery. Three patients had metaplastic histology achieving RCB-I at the surgery. Estimated OS at 1 year was 100% in the RCB-I group vs. 76.5% in others, which was not statistically significant due to the small sample size. Certain cohorts including PALB2 germline mutation carrier and somatic PI3KCA mutations warrant further investigation. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01931163. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01931163 .
Does the minimum wage have a higher impact on the informal than on the formal labour market? Evidence from quasi-experiments

This article investigates a puzzle in the literature on labour markets in developing countries: labour legislations not only have an impact on the formal labour market but also an impact on the informal sector. It has even been argued that the impact on the informal sector in the case of the minimum wage is stronger than on the formal sector. Using quasi-experiments of minimum wage changes and thereby exploiting geographical variation of the minimum wage bite, I find evidence for this hypothesis. Informal workers, workers without social security contribution, experienced significant wage increases when the minimum wage was raised while formal workers did not. This result highlights that noncompliance with one labour legislation, the social security contribution, does not necessarily imply noncompliance to other labour laws such as the minimum wage.
Palpation facilities for conducting dairy reproductive herd health programs

There are many key elements in making a dairy reproductive herd health program successful. The success of any such program is dependent upon the complete cooperation of all involved personnel; the maintenance and periodic evaluation of complete, accurate records on every cow within the herd; the regular scheduling of routine herd health visits; and the availability of a safe, comfortable palpation facility. The information gained during routine rectal palpations forms the basis for many important decisions regarding the management of each cow within the herd. Because of this, palpation facilities should be safe, both for the cows and the palpator; should be comfortable for the palpator; and should cause the cows minimal stress.
Prostitutes and Promises: Multicultural Authentic Leadership

Authentic leadership has been described as when a leader says what they do and does what they say. Authentic leadership is also a style that is assigned by the followers not something declared by the leader. This chapter demonstrates how the main character is genuine about her beliefs, leading to an open and honest exchange with foreign strangers of a distinct cultural belief system. Different cultures have varying morale beliefs and values which can lead to miscommunications and misunderstandings. Socio-rhetorical analysis is used to explore the book of Joshua and the character of Rahab. Addressing the question of whether Rahab demonstrates the traits of and authentic leader.
Cyclic Shuffle Compatibility

Consider a permutation p to be any finite list of distinct positive integers. A statistic is a function St whose domain is all permutations. Let S(p,q) be the set of shuffles of two disjoint permutations p and q. We say that St is shuffle compatible if the distribution of St over S(p,q) depends only on St(p), St(q), and the lengths of p and q. This notion is implicit in Stanley's work on P-partitions and was first explicitly studied by Gessel and Zhuang. One of the places where shuffles are useful is in describing the product in the algebra of quasisymmetric functions. Recently Adin, Gessel, Reiner, and Roichman defined an algebra of cyclic quasisymmetric functions where a cyclic version of shuffling comes into play. The purpose of this paper is to define and study cyclic shuffle compatibility. In particular, we show how one can lift shuffle compatibility results for (linear) permutations to cyclic ones. We then apply this result to cyclic descents and cyclic peaks. We also discuss the problem of finding a cyclic analogue of the major index.
Extended prophylaxis with idraparinux prevented recurrence of venous thromboembolism but increased risk for bleeding.

Source Citation The van Gogh Investigators. Extended prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism with idraparinux. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1105-12. 17855671
Yet Another Jewish Tombstone from Late Antique Zoar/Zoora: The Funerary Marker of Hannah Daughter of Levi

The Jewish inscriptions tells much about a small Jewish community on the once-vibrant Dead Sea region. This chapter, the result of the type of student-faculty collaboration that Bruce Zuckerman so loves, presents yet another exemplar, this one from the collection of Shlomo Moussaie , and makes some comments regarding its historical context. The publication of each new Zoar inscription sheds newlight upon the Jews who flourished in Zoar during late antiquity, and of the texture of life in Byzantine Zoora. Hannah, daughter of Levi, is yet another of a growing list of Jews, who can be called by name, and who lived within Jewish community. Her tombstone, preserved in the dry heat of Ghor es-Safi, is yet another window into the lives and deaths of this fascinating community. Keywords: Byzantine Zoar; Hannah; Jewish tombstone; Levi
Cinéma, littérature et esthétique dans Neige noire de Hubert Aquin

Neige noire incorpore une double representation de sa propre narrativite : cinematographique, par l’utilisation de la forme du scenario, et litteraire, notamment par la mise en scene du rapport entre l’auteur et le lecteur. Cet article demontre que, par la confrontation de ces deux structures differentes, Aquin a pu explorer les limites de l’ecriture et de la narration, et chercher a exprimer son ideal esthetique d’une ecriture totale.
A Bioeconomic Analysis of the Northern Baltic Salmon Fishery: Coexistence versus Exclusion of Competing Sequential Fisheries

We develop a bioeconomic model of the northern Balticsalmon fishery that takes into account thesimultaneous harvest of wild and reared salmon. Weassess the optimal harvest allocation between thecommercial offshore, inshore, and estuary fisheries,and the recreational river fishery that sequentiallyharvest the salmon stock. We restrict the solution tospawning stocks sufficient to preserve the wildsalmon. Empirical results suggest closure of theoffshore and inshore fisheries. Optimal managementenhances the wild stock, and results in substantialeconomic gains to the fishery. Current fisheryregulation improves the performance of the fisheryover open access, but fails to utilize the fullproductive potential of the resource.
Design, double sided post-processing, and packaging of CMOS compatible bio-MEMS device arrays

Methods for design, double-sided post-processing and packaging of commercially fabricated CMOS chips for Bio-MEMS applications are presented. These techniques apply to a wide range of devices and allow for both electrical and optical stimulation and assessment of biological specimens. The techniques are straightforward and can be applied to dies fabricated through state of the art CMOS foundries. The resulting assemblies are designed to withstand environments commonly necessary for working with the biological materials such as biological temperatures, pressures, and moisture or autoclave. The proposed packaging is extremely versatile and can be modified to accommodate numerous additions to the system such as syringe inlets or mountable elements.