cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Green light augments far-red-light-induced shade response

Plants grown in shade exhibit changes in architecture and gene expression to best accommodate growth in photosynthetically challenging conditions. Adaptive changes in morphology include stem and petiole elongation and leaf hyponasty. These changes can be induced by low red to far-red ratio (R/Fr ratio) or by enrichment of green light relative to red and blue. In this report we demonstrate the relationship between far-red and green light in combination. Wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana plants were treated with a high and low R/Fr ratio background with or without supplemental green light. The addition of green light augmented the far-red response. Genetic analysis showed that the green effect operates independently of cry1, cry2, phot1, and phot2 receptors. Additive effects are not observed in phyA and phyB double mutants, but are observed in the phy signal transduction mutants pif4, pif5, pif7. The transcript levels of shade-associated genes (PIL1, ATHB2, and HFR1), are induced by low R/Fr ratio conditions and are reduced in the presence of green light, but not in phyAphyB mutants. The reduction in shade-related gene expression caused by supplementation of green light is inconsistent with the elongated petiole phenotype observed. These results suggest that phyA or phyB is required for the green light shade response, but they are not the main receptors because green light would increase the R/Fr ratio, leading to a non-shade phenotype.
Role of Diet in the Determination of Jejunal Sucrase Activity in the Weanling Rat

Summary: This study was designed to determine the critical difference between rat milk and rat chow with respect to their effects on jejunal sucrase activity during the fourth postnatal wk. Rats were weaned onto special diets on postnatal day 17, and jejunal sucrase was assayed on day 28. A pelleted diet containing lactose as sole carbohydrate did not cause depression of sucrase activity. Sucrase values (μmoles/hr/mg protein) were 10.49 ± 0.81 (n = 15) for the lactose chow and 6.65 ± 0.29 (n = 16) for the sucrose chow. This indicates that the nature of the dietary carbohydrate does not account for the sucrase differences of weaned and nonweaned animals. Likewise, the physical consistency of the diet is unimportant because sucrase values were just as high on a liquid diet (10.91 ± 0.77 μmoles/hr/mg protein; n = 8) as on the solid diets. However, when the relative proportions of carbohydrate and fat in the diet were varied, there were significant effects on sucrase activity; values on a low carbohydrate diet (4.30 ± 0.33 μmoles/hr/mg protein; n = 8) being less than one-half those on a high carbohydrate diet (10.91 ± 0.77 μmoles/hr/mg protein; n = 8). Speculation: The terminal maturation of jejunal sucrase is dependent on the normal process of weaning. The critical feature of the weanling diet is that it is a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet. In the absence of this dietary transition, intestinal development remains incomplete.
Introduction to XMPP protocol and developing online collaboration applications using open source software and libraries

Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is an open, XML-based protocol aimed at near-real-time, extensible instant messaging (IM) and presence information. It has been expanded into the broader realm of message-oriented middleware. Built to be extensible, the protocol has been extended with features such as Voice over IP and file transfer signaling. XMPP protocol has been used by many social networking platforms including gtalk, and facebook; collaborative services like google wave, and gradient; geo-presence systems like Nokia Ovi Contacts; multiplayer games like chesspark, and by many online live customer support and technical support services. In this manuscript, I will introduce XMPP and its extensions. In the tutorials I will demonstrate how you can leverage some of the available open source software and libraries for rapid development of XMPP enabled services and communication platforms. The tutorial slides and supplementary materials will be available on my website: http://drozturk.com/talks.
The 14th International Conference on Alzheimer's Drug Discovery, 9 – 10 September 2013, in Jersey City, New Jersey

The following conference was the 14th International Conference on Alzheimer's Drug Discovery held 9 - 10 September 2013, in Jersey City, NJ. The conference attracted about 140 attendees with 49% from academia, 36% from industry and private practice, 10% from nonprofit organizations and 2% from the government. The meeting had two plenary speakers that kicked off each morning of the conference and then two sessions each day to cover different aspects of Alzheimer's disease drug discovery. There were sessions on neuroprotection, mitochondrial function, biomarkers, ApoE, tau and protein clearance. The conference was organized by the Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF) with all of the presenters supported by grants awarded by the ADDF. The conference had financial support from the pharmaceutical companies Merck & Co., Eli Lilly & Co. and Pfizer, Inc. Friends, exhibitors and media partners also helped financially support the conference.
Total respiratory support from swine lungs in primate recipients

Abstract The use of nonhuman lung donors, such as swine, has the potential to provide an unlimited supply of organs. However, hyperacute rejection has prevented pulmonary xenotransplantation. Objective: Our aim was to test the hypothesis that immunodepletion by pretransplantation swine lung perfusion will prevent hyperacute swine-to-primate pulmonary xenograft rejection and allow for a functional swine pulmonary xenograft. Methods: Seven baboons underwent left pneumonectomy followed by orthotopic transplantation of the swine left lung. Four baboons received immunodepletion by perfusion with swine lungs before transplantation, and three received no treatment before transplantation. Results: After transplantation, pulmonary xenografts from immunodepleted baboons had a low pulmonary vascular resistance and a high pulmonary blood flow compared with control animals, which had a high pulmonary vascular resistance and a low pulmonary blood flow. After 60 minutes of reperfusion, three of four immunodepleted animals also tolerated complete occlusion of the right pulmonary artery, with the baboon relying completely on the swine pulmonary xenograft for respiratory function for 11 hours. Pathologic analysis of peripheral lung biopsy specimens taken from control lungs displayed alveolar disruption and hemorrhage within small vessels, whereas swine lungs transplanted into immunodepleted baboons displayed little histologic evidence of injury. Furthermore, pulmonary xenografts transplanted into immunodepleted baboons demonstrated excellent respiratory function and adequate hemodynamics during occlusion of the right pulmonary artery. Conclusion: Hyperacute pulmonary xenograft rejection can be prevented by pretransplantation swine lung perfusion. Swine pulmonary xenografts can provide complete respiratory support in primates when rejection is prevented. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998:115;19-27)
Age of first exposure to football and later-life cognitive impairment in former NFL players

Objective: To determine the relationship between exposure to repeated head impacts through tackle football prior to age 12, during a key period of brain development, and later-life executive function, memory, and estimated verbal IQ. Methods: Forty-two former National Football League (NFL) players ages 40–69 from the Diagnosing and Evaluating Traumatic Encephalopathy using Clinical Tests (DETECT) study were matched by age and divided into 2 groups based on their age of first exposure (AFE) to tackle football: AFE ,12 and AFE $12. Participants completed the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST), Neuropsychological Assessment Battery List Learning test (NAB-LL), and Wide Range Achievement Test, 4th edition (WRAT-4) Reading subtest as part of a larger neuropsychological testing battery. Results: Former NFL players in the AFE ,12 group performed significantly worse than the AFE $12 group on all measures of the WCST, NAB-LL, and WRAT-4 Reading tests after controlling for total number of years of football played and age at the time of evaluation, indicating executive dysfunction, memory impairment, and lower estimated verbal IQ. Conclusions: There is an association between participation in tackle football prior to age 12 and greater later-life cognitive impairment measured using objective neuropsychological tests. These findings suggest that incurring repeated head impacts during a critical neurodevelopmental period may increase the risk of later-life cognitive impairment. If replicated with larger samples and longitudinal designs, these findings may have implications for safety recommendations for youth sports. Neurology® 2015;84:1–7
Myocardial perfusion imaging is an effective screening test for coronary artery disease in liver transplant candidates

A reliable screening test for coronary artery disease (CAD) in liver transplant (LT) candidates with end-stage liver disease is essential because a high percentage of perioperative mortality and morbidity is CAD-related. In this study, the effectiveness of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) for identification of significant CAD in LT candidates was evaluated. Records of 244 patients meeting criteria for MPI were evaluated: 74 met inclusion criteria; 40 had a positive MPI and cardiology follow-up; 27 had a negative MPI and underwent LT; and seven had a negative MPI and then had coronary angiography or a significant cardiac event. A selective MPI interpretation strategy was established where MPI-positive patients were divided into high, intermediate, and low CAD risk groups. The overall incidence of CAD in this study population was 5.1% and our strategy resulted in PPV 20%, NPV 94%, sensitivity 80%, and specificity 50% for categorizing CAD risk. When applied only to the subset of patients categorized as high CAD risk, the strategy was more effective, with PPV 67%, NPV 97%, sensitivity 80%, and specificity 94%. We determined that renal dysfunction was an independent predictive factor for CAD (p < 0.0001, odds ratio = 8.1), and grades of coronary occlusion correlated significantly with chronic renal dysfunction (p = 0.0079).
In-situ membrane hydration measurement of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Abstract Achieving proper membrane hydration control is one of the most critical aspects of PEM fuel cell development. This article describes the development and application of a novel 50 cm 2 fuel cell device to study the in-situ membrane hydration by measuring the through-thickness membrane swelling via an array of linear variable differential transducers. Using this setup either as an air/air (dummy) cell or as a hydrogen/air (operating) cell, we performed a series of hydration and dehydration experiments by cycling the RH of the inlet gas streams at 80 °C. From the linear relationship between the under-the-land swelling and the over-the-channel water content, the mechanical constraint within the fuel cell assembly can suppress the membrane water uptake by 11%–18%. The results from the air/air humidity cycling test show that the membrane can equilibrate within 120 s for all RH conditions and that membrane can reach full hydration at a RH higher than 140% in spite of the use of a liquid water impermeable Carbel MP30Z microporous layer. This result confirms that the U.S. DOE's humidity cycling mechanical durability protocol induces sufficient humidity swings to maximize hygrothermal mechanical stresses. This study shows that the novel experimental technique can provide a robust and accurate means to study the in-situ hydration of thin membranes subject to a wide range of fuel cell conditions.
Performance of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing YieldGard Rootworm corn (MON 863), a nontransgenic genetically similar corn, or conventional corn hybrids

Two studies were conducted at two loca- tions to evaluate growth performance and carcass char- acteristics of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing either YieldGard Rootworm corn (MON 863), a non- transgenic genetically similar corn (RX670), or two con- ventional nontransgenic corn hybrids (DK647 and RX740). A randomized complete block design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments (two genders and four corn hybrids) was used. Study 1 used 72 bar- rows and 72 gilts (progeny of Danbred sires × (Danbred × NE White line) dams grown from 22.7 to 117.0 kg BW). Pigs were housed in a modified open-front building in single-gender groups of six (six pens per dietary treat- ment). Study 2 used 80 barrows and 80 gilts (progeny of PIC 337 sires × C22 dams) grown from 29.5 to 114.9 kg BW. Pigs were housed in an environmentally con- trolled finishing building in single-gender groups of five (eight pens per dietary treatment). The test corns were
Stem cell transplants for myelodysplastic syndromes: refining the outcome predictions

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are best regarded as a spectrum of diseases with distinct underlying biologies (as characterized by chromosomal abnormalities) and different prognoses. Disease characteristics and outcome of MDS are defined by two well-established classifications. Firstly, the FAB
Family Relationships and Advance Care Planning: Do Supportive and Critical Relations Encourage or Hinder Planning?

gression models and data from a sample of 293 older adults, we estimated the effects of family relationship quality on the likelihood of completing ACP and appointing a spouse or adult child as DPAHC. Analyses controlled for demographic and health characteristics. Results. Better o verall family functioning increased the odds of ACP. Higher levels of spousal support increased the odds of holding informal discussions, whereas spousal criticism reduced the odds of naming one’s spouse as DPAHC. Both criticism and emotional support from children increased the odds that a child was named as DPAHC. Discussion. F amily dynamics affect ACP in complex ways and should be considered when patients and their families discuss end-of-life care and make DPAHC designations.
The fossil record and history of doves on Bermuda (Aves: Columbidae)

Abstract Four bones of a dove from Bermuda are tentatively identified with the West Indian Zenaida Dove as cf. Zenaida aurita. These occur in deposits dating to about 55,000 to 28,000 years ago that formed during the last glacial period when the land area of Bermuda was much larger. At that time, the West Indies would have been a much more likely source area than eastern North America for dove as a potential colonist of Bermuda. The Bermuda dove appears to have been a resident and perhaps became extinct as a result of flooding of the Bermuda platform and reduction in land area during the present interglacial. The two doves found on Bermuda today (Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura and Common Ground Dove Columbina passerina) are absent in the fossil record and apparently did not become established on the island until after human settlement in the seventeenth century.
Adhesion release and yield enhancement of microstructures using pulsed Lorentz forces

Adhesion of microstructures is an important failure mechanism in surface-micromachined devices. In this paper, a simple and effective method for releasing pinned microstructures is presented. The method uses the Lorentz force due to the interaction of a current with an external magnetic field to generate an upward force that frees the microstructures. The static and transient behavior of beams under the Lorentz force is examined. Critical values of current and pulse durations needed to release the microstructures are determined and verified with experimental data. Using this technique, previously pinned beams and rectangular plates have been released. The release technique is suitable for mass production environments since it is easily applied during the electrical testing of the device, thereby increasing the manufacturing yield.
Generation and synchronization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses: intrinsic properties of the GT1-1 GnRH neuronal cell line.

Abstract The immortalized neuronal cell line GT1-1 was used to investigate the endogenous pattern of GnRH release. The GT1-1 cell line was derived from a GnRH-secreting tumor in a transgenic mouse induced by genetically targeted expression of the potent simian virus 40 oncogene encoding tumor antigen. Cells attached to coverslips were superfused in Sykes-Moore chambers with Locke's medium, Ca(2+)-free Locke's medium, or Opti-MEM (another defined medium) for 2 hr, and samples were collected at 4-min intervals. Release of GnRH in 17 of 18 superfusion chambers was seen to be pulsatile when data were analyzed by cluster analysis. No significant differences were observed whether only one or both of the coverslips forming the chamber were coated with cells. Pulses exhibited a mean interpulse interval of 25.8 +/- 1.5 min, a mean duration of 18.8 +/- 1.4 min, and a mean amplitude of 150.5 +/- 6.0% above preceding nadir. The removal of Ca2+ from the Locke's medium resulted in the progressive reduction of the amplitude and eventually in the absence of identifiable pulses. Pulses reappeared after the return of Ca2+ to the medium. It is concluded that the GT1-1 cell line secretes GnRH in a rhythmic pattern. These findings suggest that the pulsatile release of GnRH (GnRH pulse generator) may be an intrinsic characteristic of the GnRH neurons. Synchronization of pulsatile release from individual neurons could be mediated via numerous cell-to-cell contacts observed in the cultured cells on coverslips. Synchronization of GnRH release from cells on two physically separated coverslips forming a chamber would appear to be accomplished by a diffusible mediator.
Vertical bipolar transistors fabricated in local silicon on insulator films prepared using confined lateral selective epitaxial growth (CLSEG)

A new technique called the confined lateral selective epitaxial growth (CLSEG) process has been used successfully to produce thin local silicon-on-insulator (SOI) films of high material quality. Two different vertical bipolar transistor structures are fabricated in local SOI to evaluate the material quality and to demonstrate the versatility of the CLSEG technique. The first bipolar structure emitter is formed by ion implantation silicon and demonstrates maximum DC current gains ( beta /sub max/) of 400 with junction ideality factors of less than 1.08. A second bipolar structure is fabricated which simultaneously forms both the emitter and subcollector regions. The subcollector is formed on the underside of the local SOI film by exposing it during the emitter phosphorus diffusion and serves to reduce parasitic collector resistance (r'/sub C/). These nonoptimized underdiffused devices have measured beta /sub max/=158 and lower r'/sub C/. A PISCES simulation accurately predicts the measured r'/sub C/ value and indicates values at least as low as 74 Omega in an optimized layout. >
Sickle-Cell Pain: Advances in Epidemiology and Etiology

New epidemiological findings recast pain in sickle-cell disease (SCD) as being more often a chronic manifestation than was previously thought, although acute pain is still the hallmark of the disease. SCD pain intensity, the number of painful locations, and the frequency of hospitalizations due to SCD pain may worsen with age. In adults and even in children, the quantity and severity of SCD pain may be vastly underestimated, because most of the "iceberg" of SCD pain is "submerged" at home, and only the tip of the iceberg is seen by health care providers when acute SCD care is rendered in emergency rooms and hospitals. Implications of this "iceberg phenomenon" are significant for clinicians, researchers, employers, policy makers, and the public. Nevertheless, both emergency room and hospital utilization for SCD pain remain prevalent. Often, utilization recurs early, perhaps emblematic of poor acute pain management. New data show the protean impacts of SCD pain on health-related quality of life, sleep, and psychological and social health. The relationship of the severity of SCD pain to the severity of underlying sickle vasculopathy is unclear, but epidemiologic evidence and patient descriptors suggest a temporal evolution of pain mechanisms. At first, increasingly worse nociceptive pain from vaso-occlusion and local lesions may evolve over the first two decades of life. Then, in the third and following decades, central neuropathic pain may also evolve due to past and continuing nociceptive stimuli. New findings confirm environmental contributors to SCD pain, including seasonal (colder) temperatures, barometric pressure, and wind speed.
The Erotic Vaṭan [Homeland] as Beloved and Mother: To Love, To Possess, and To Protect

Modern nations have often been explicitly imagined through familial metaphors. In particular, the construction of the national community as a brotherhood (a fraternity) has pointed both to the centrality of male bonding in the production of nationalist sentiment and to the exclusion of women from the social contract. Within that contract not only were women “subject to men's power; it also implied complementary bonds between men;… women had no place in the new political and social order except as markers of social relations between men.”Hunt's observation recalls Sedgwick's analysis of how male bonding is mediated through the figure of woman. In nationalist discourse representing the homeland as a female body has often been used to construct a national identity based on male bonding among a nation of brothers.
Crystal Structure of Vancosaminyltransferase Gtfd from the Vancomycin Biosynthetic Pathway: Interactions with Acceptor and Nucleotide Ligands

The TDP-vancosaminyltransferase GtfD catalyzes the attachment of l-vancosamine to a monoglucosylated heptapeptide intermediate during the final stage of vancomycin biosynthesis. Glycosyltransferase...
Green chemistry. Sustaining a high-technology civilization

By learning how to balance natural resource limitations and pollution prevention with economic growth, green chemistry will become the central science of sustainability. The elimination of persistent pollutants is vital for a sustainable civilization. To achieve this, the most important guiding concept is that the elemental composition of technology should be shifted toward the elemental composition of biochemistry. Oxidation chemistry is currently a prolific producer of persistent pollutants. Many arise from the use of chlorine, hypochlo- rite, or chlorine dioxide in large-scale oxidation processes. Oxidation chemistry can be greened by replacing these with catalyzed alternatives based on Nature's oxidizing agent, hydrogen peroxide. TAML ® (TetraAmidoMacrocyclicLigand) iron catalysts, which were invented at Carnegie Mellon University, are widely patented and are being developed to acti- vate H2O2 for commercial applications. TAML activators are water-soluble, easy to use, function well from neutral to basic pH, are not dominated by nonselective Fenton-like reac- tivity, are straightforward to synthesize, work effectively in minute concentrations, enable peroxide processes to occur at temperatures well below those of the processes targeted for replacement, and are amenable to modification for capturing novel selectivities. TAML acti- vators are "dial-a-lifetime" catalysts: an activator can be chosen exhibiting a lifetime com- mensurate with the desired task.
Simulating the Formation and Evolution of Behind Armor Debris Fields

Under the auspices of a DoD High Performance Computing Modernization Program (HPCMP) Capability Applications Project (CAP), researchers at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) evaluated the performance of the CTH shock physics code[1] on the Opteron cluster recently installed at the ARL Major Shared Resource Center (MSRC). This system has 2304 processors for batch processing, each running at a clock speed of 2.2 GHz. Scalability trials were conducted using up to 2048 processors and involved the simulation of the yawed, oblique impact of a long rod penetrator with a thin plate. This case has been used in the past as a standard benchmark in assessing the scalability of CTH on many other scalable systems deployed by HPCMP[^2-8]. The scalability of CTH on the Opteron cluster was studied for both fixed and adaptive meshes. After the scalability study was completed, CTH simulations were conducted to evaluate the potential to use shock physics simulations to augment experimental data in behind armor debris applications. These simulations were conducted for both fixed and adaptive meshes using 512-2048 processors. A variation of a fracture model currently under development at ARL was also evaluated. This paper describes the scalability of CTH on the Opteron cluster and the results of a set of simulations to model the formation and evolution of behind armor debris fields.
Integration host factor binds specifically to multiple sites in the ompB promoter of Escherichia coli and inhibits transcription.

Abstract Escherichia coli integration host factor (IHF) is a DNA-binding protein that participates in gene regulation, site-specific recombination, and other processes in E. coli and some of its bacteriophages and plasmids. In the present study, we showed that IHF is a direct negative effector of the ompB operon of E. coli. Gel retardation experiments and DNase I footprinting studies revealed that IHF binds to three sites in the ompB promoter region. In vitro transcription from ompB promoter fragments was specifically blocked by IHF. In vivo experiments showed that IHF is a negative effector of ompB expression in growing cells. Analysis of IHF binding site mutations strongly suggested that IHF binding in the ompB promoter region is necessary for the negative effects seen in vivo.
Understanding negative capacitance dynamics in ferroelectric capacitors

We investigate negative capacitance transients-the time period during ferroelectric switching when the voltage across a ferroelectric changes in a direction opposite to that of the charge-by constructing a simple series network of an isolated single crystalline ferroelectric capacitor and an external resistor. A study of negative capacitance dynamics in such a circuit reveals that the time scale of this phenomenon is controlled by the external resistor rather than by the material dependent intrinsic speeds. As a canonical approach for directly measuring ferroelectric negative capacitance, these experiments could guide the efforts to stabilize negative capacitance in a transistor structure for sub-60 mV/decade subthreshold characteristics as well as help assess negative capacitance response speed at technologically relevant dimensions.
Joint Segmentation and Registration for Infant Brain Images

The first year of life is the most dynamic and perhaps the most critical phase of postnatal brain development. The ability to accurately characterize structure changes is very critical in early brain development studies, which highly relies on the performance of image segmentation and registration techniques. However, either infant image segmentation or registration, if deployed independently, encounters much more challenges than the adult brains due to dynamic appearance change with rapid brain development. Fortunately, image segmentation and registration of infant images can assist each other to overcome the above difficulties by harnessing the growth trajectories (temporal correspondences) learned from a large set of training subjects with complete longitudinal data. To this end, we propose a joint segmentation and registration algorithm for infant brain images. Promising segmentation and registration results have been achieved for infant brain MR images aged from 2-week-old to 1-year-old, indicating the applicability of our joint segmentation and registration method in early brain development studies.
The Heart-of-Mind Method: Legitimating a New Buddhist Movement in 1930s China

This article uses theory developed in the study of NRMs to analyze strategies of legitimation employed by the Chinese Buddhist Wang Xiangliu (1876–1937) as he sought to spread a new form of esoteric Buddhism in 1930s China. It discusses the specific historical and religious context in which Wang was operating in order to identify the particular tensions between the new Heart-of-Mind Method and the dominant culture. This context resulted in the specific issues that Wang focused on in arguing for the legitimacy of this nascent tradition, which included: 1) claims in society that esoteric Buddhism is “superstitious;” 2) changing cultural and political attitudes toward Japan and Tibet, which were the sources of much esoteric teaching in circulation in China during that period; and 3) the religious demand that any esoteric lineage be based upon a legitimate, traditional lineage which had the potential to undermine apparently sui generis traditions like Wang’s.
Long term effect of thal fundoplication.

ABSTRACT: Surgery for gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants and children has been shown to be safe and effective in short term follow up, but no long term follow up is available on children who have had Thal fundoplication. This study assesses the long term structural and functional integrity of the Thal fundoplication carried out in children less than 2 year of age at least 10 years earlier. Subjective assessment of symptoms in all patients and objective tests (barium upper GI series, 24 hour pH study) in 24 randomly selected children were performed. At long term follow-up, 100 percent had correction of symptoms with 96 percent parental satisfaction. Majority could belch (96 percent) and vomit (79 percent). Twenty four-hour pH studies done in the first 12 patients was essentially normal. Hiatus hernia with an intact wrap is a frequent radiological finding in long term follow-up which does not require any treatment in asymptomatic patients.
High-pressure viscometry of polymerized silicate melts and limitations of the Eyring equation

In situ falling-sphere measurements of viscosity have been performed to determine the viscosity of dacite melt (68 wt% SiO2) from 1.5 to 7.1 GPa at temperatures between 1730 and 1950 K, using the T-25 MA8 multianvil apparatus at the GSECARS 13-ID-D beamline at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Lab. The viscosity of dacite melt decreases between 1.5 and 7.1 GPa. At 1.5 GPa and 1825 K the viscosity is 86.6 ± 17.3 Pa⋅s, whereas at 6.6 GPa and 1900 K it is 2.8 ± 0.6 Pa·s. The negative pressure dependence of viscosity results in an activation volume of –12.4 ± 1.4 cm3 /mol at 1800 K and –5.1 ± 0.9 cm3 /mol at 1900 K. These new data are compared with viscosities estimated from the Eyring equation using oxygen self-diffusion data for the same bulk composition at high pressures. The Eyring equation generally predicts viscosities that are greater than measured viscosities. In addition, the Eyring equation predicts a minimum viscosity at 5 GPa, but no minimum was seen in our falling sphere data set. These discrepancies suggest that the mechanisms for viscous s ow and self-diffusion of oxygen in polymerized melts may differ at high pressures, thus limiting the utility of the Eyring equation for high-pressure extrapolations. Further development of the Adam-Gibbs theory may provide an alternative for relating self-diffusion and viscosity at high pressures.
On Planning: Towards a Natural History of the Will

Drawing on insights from decision analysis, game theory, general dynamics, physics and engineering, this esay will examine the diversity of planning phenomena, and in that way take some steps towards assembling rudiments for the budding science, in the process innovating (parts of) a technical vocabulary. The key is focus upon the organization of effort in time. This paper categorizes forms of organization of effort in time, and yields an analysis of both individual agency and coalitions of agents as forms of effort organized in time. Finally, it articulates precise questions pertaining to the natural (evolutionary) history of forms of agency that we now find on the ground.
FURTHER REFINEMENT AND BENCH MARKING OF A SINGLE-GRID ERROR ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE

This paper is a further development of the work presented in a previous publication by the authors on the topic of discretization error estimation using error transport equation technique on a single grid computation. The goal is to develop a dynamic algorithm that can be used in conjunction with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation codes to quantify the discretization error in a selected process variable. The focus is applications where the conservation equations are solved for primary variables such as velocity, temperature and concentration, using finite difference and/or finite volume approach. An error transport equation (ETE) is formulated and a generalized source term for the ETE is proposed. More extensive and complex examples are presented to elucidate problems encountered and provide possible remedies to improve error prediction. The ETE results are compared with those of the more commonly used Richardson Extrapolation method.
The Historic Contribution of Chinese Marxist Philosophy

The Communist Party of China has gradually been evolving Chinese Marxist philosophy,which has reflected the practice logic about the revolution,reconstruction and reform in China.The philosophy thoughts of Mao Ze-dong,Deng Xiao-ping and "Three Representatives" Important Thinking are main represents of Chinese Marxist philosophy.The historic contributions of Chinese Marxist philosophy are having opened a way of developing Marxist philosophy in the new historic condition,made Marxist philosophy concrete and national in China,founded the philosophy thinking of the Communist Party of China to solve the tasks in the new age,and afforded the cognitive means the thinking ways to guide the revolution,reconstruction and reform.
Characterization of two types of fetal hemoglobin: alpha 2G gamma 2 and alpha 2A gamma 2

The effect of differences in G gamma and A gamma fractions of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) on the kinetics of polymerization of HbS-HbF mixtures was studied. We also examined their effect on oxygen affinity, surface hydrophobicity, mechanical stability, and solubility of HbF. Differences in G gamma:A gamma ratio did not affect the polymerization of mixtures of HbF and HbS, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of HbF on the polymerization of HbS is independent of the G gamma:A gamma ratio of HbF and is totally dependent on the fraction of HbF in the mixture. The oxygen equilibrium curve of HbF was not affected by differences in the ratios of G gamma and A gamma in HbF. In contrast, surface hydrophobicity, mechanical stability, and solubility of HbF were affected by differences in the G gamma:A gamma ratio. The higher the G gamma:A gamma ratio, the smaller the elution volume on a TSK Gel SW hydrophobic column in high phosphate buffer. The mechanical stability of HbF was also dependent on the ratio of G gamma:A gamma; stability was greater at higher fractions of A gamma. Differences in the G gamma:A gamma ratio also affected solubility of HbF: HbF containing the higher fraction of G gamma was the more soluble. These data indicate that although alanine at the 136th position of the gamma chains has a stronger surface hydrophobicity than does glycine, this difference does not affect either the polymerization of HbS or the oxygen affinity of HbF.
The location of the Mendelian linkage groups in Chlamydomonas reinhardii

Evidence is presented which contradicts a recent suggestion by Levine and Goodenough that the haploid nucleus of Chlamydomonas reinhardii contains eight chromosomes and that eight of the sixteen known linkage groups may be located within the chloroplast. On the contrary there is direct and indirect evidence that there are sixteen chromosomes located within the nucleus.
A Public Health of Consequence: Review of the February 2017 Issue of AJPH.

An introduction is presented in which the authors discuss various reports within the journal on topics including American public health, challenges involving population health science (PHS), and the political aspects of public health in the U.S.
Application and experimental validation of a CFD based erosion prediction procedure for jet impingement geometry

Abstract Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based erosion prediction procedures are carried out to predict erosion for a submerged liquid jet impingement geometry. 3-D modeling with different near wall treatments are employed to simulate the wall bounded turbulent jet flow. Discrete Phase Model (DPM) is applied to track particles and obtain particle impact characteristics. Erosion is calculated using typical erosion ratio equations in the literature (Zhang et al., 2009) [1]. In this paper, two categories of near wall modeling approaches (wall functions and near wall models) are presented and examined. Particle impact parameters are extracted and compared with measured data to determine the most accurate near wall modeling approaches. A procedure for grid refinement particular for erosion simulations is proposed and followed by uncertainty analysis from the CFD predictions. Experimental data with uncertainty quantified for 300 μ m large particles and 25 μ m small particles are utilized to validate the proposed procedure. It is shown that following the proposed procedure yields very good erosion prediction from CFD regardless of particle size.
“We Are Joined Together Temporarily” The Tragic Mulatto, Fusion Monster in Lee Frost's The Thing with Two Heads

In Lee Frost9s 1972 film The Thing with Two Heads, a white bigot unknowingly has his head surgically grafted onto the body of a black man. From that moment on, these two personalities compete for control of their shared body with ridiculous results. Somewhere between horror and comedy, this Blaxploitation film occupies a strange place in interracial discourse. Throughout American literature, the subgenre of tragic mulatto fiction has critiqued segregation by focusing on the melodramatic lives of those divided by the color line. Most tragic mulatto scholarship has analyzed overtly political novels written by African American writers from the Reconstruction Era or Harlem Renaissance, and examining these overtly political texts has produced valuable ways to understand American racism9s harsh reality. Beyond this focus on reality, however, The Thing with Two Heads is a valuable contribution to the field of tragic mulatto studies because its focus on the fantastic plot of a black/white conjoined twin provides opportunities to theorize race in ways that more reality-bound works cannot. This article explores how this horror-comedy articulates different discourses regarding interracialism, conjoined twins, and monstrosity in ways that reveal much about American ideas about race, selfhood, and identity.
Evaluation of the Interplay Between Homework Motivation and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Youth With ADHD: Associations With Homework Performance:

Objective: This study evaluated which Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) factors (i.e., Slow, Sleepy, Daydreamer) are most strongly associated with homework motivation, and whether homework motivation mediates the path between SCT and academic impairment. Method: Participants were 285 middle school students (boys 209) in Grades 6 to 8 (ages 10-15 years) who were comprehensively diagnosed with ADHD. Results: Parent- and self-report of SCT Slow behaviors predicted homework motivation above and beyond symptoms of ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), anxiety, depression, and intelligence. The mediation models tested were multi-informant and cross-rater (parent-report of SCT to self-report of motivation to teacher-report of homework problems), and suggest that low motivation may help explain the associations between SCT and functional impairment. Conclusion: SCT and motivation are significantly associated constructs. Clinically, youth with ADHD and comorbid SCT may be more likely to present with low motivation, placing them at risk for academic failure. The manuscript discusses potential clinical implications of these findings.
Total synthesis campaigns toward chlorophylls and related natural hydroporphyrins – diverse macrocycles, unrealized opportunities

Covering: up to 2018 Chlorophylls, bacteriochlorophylls and related hydroporphyrins constitute invaluable natural products but have largely remained outside the scope of viable syntheses. The campaign toward chlorophyll a by Woodward and coworkers is a deservedly celebrated landmark in organic synthesis yet the route entailed 49 steps, relied on semisynthetic replenishment of advanced intermediates, and then pointed to (but did not implement) uncertain literature procedures for the final transformations. Indeed, the full synthesis at any scale of any (bacterio)chlorophylls - conversion of small-molecule starting materials to the product - has never been accomplished. Herein, the reported syntheses of (±)-bonellin dimethyl ester (0.93 mg) and tolyporphin A O,O-diacetate (0.38 mg), as well as the never-fully traversed route to chlorophyll a, have been evaluated in a quantitative manner. Bonellin and tolyporphin A are naturally occurring chlorin and bacteriochlorin macrocycles, respectively, that lack the characteristic fifth ring of (bacterio)chlorophylls. A practical assessment is provided by the cumulative reaction mass efficiency (cRME) of the entire synthetic process. The cRME for the route to chlorophyll a would be 4.3 × 10-9 (230 kg of all reactants and reagents in total would yield 1.0 mg of chlorophyll a), whereas that for (±)-bonellin dimethyl ester or tolyporphin A O,O-diacetate is approximately 6.4 × 10-4 or 3.6 × 10-5, respectively. Comparison of the three syntheses reveals insights for designing hydroporphyrin syntheses. Development of syntheses with cRME > 10-5 (if not 10-4), as required to obtain 10 mg quantities of hydroporphyrin for diverse physicochemical, biochemical and medicinal chemistry studies, necessitates significant further advances in tetrapyrrole chemistry.
Securities Class Actions, CAFA and a Countrywide Crisis: A Call for Clarity and Consistency

Denise Mazzeo* The unfolding of the credit crisis raises novel issues in securities litigation. This Note explores the conflict between the nonremoval provision of the Securities Act of 1933 (’33 Act) and the removal provisions of the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 (CAFA), and their interplay in the context of class actions involving mortgage-backed securities. Circuits are currently split over whether or not such class actions are removable under CAFA. The Seventh Circuit and the Southern District of New York have held that class actions asserting only ’33 Act claims are removable under CAFA unless they fall within one of CAFA’s exceptions, while the Ninth Circuit has found that the ’33 Act’s nonremoval provision trumps CAFA. This Note unpacks the historical purposes and legislative histories of CAFA and the federal securities laws, and examines them under the lens of the current financial crisis. The Note argues that the Seventh Circuit interpretation is superior because it gives effect to all of CAFA’s provisions, as well as the historical purposes of the ’33 Act. CAFA applies to all class actions, including securities class actions, but not to individual securities actions. Individual securities actions are not removable under the ’33 Act, thus giving effect to the nonremoval provision and its historical purposes of providing investor protection. While looking to the past is instructive, courts should consider the present situation. Though they are not traded on a national exchange, mortgage-backed securities are currently at the heart of the countrywide credit crisis. To that end, this Note proposes that the approach with the most clarity and consistency is to allow for removal to federal courts of securities cases that are of real national importance.
The Reality of Humiliation: A Reflection

In lieu of an abstract, below is the essay's first paragraph. "There are many factors that have played a role in the decrease of privacy in the United States today. Since the attacks on September 11, 2001, we as Americans have experienced a widening increase of governmental restrictions, searches, and inquiries that are set in place to insure our future security against terrorist threats. Coupled with this official state entrance into our privacy we also have been subject to deeper invasions privacy from the public sector. We now hunger to see into peoples’ personal lives and to live vicariously through them, sometimes fanatically." This alumni corner is available in Verbum: http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/verbum/vol2/iss1/3 Contributions from the Department of Religious Studies Alumni Featured Article from Jonathan Schott, Class of 2002 Prize for Brief Essay Awarded by Jonathan Schott, Class of 2002 & Jodi Rowland, Class of 2004 Look for future Alumni contributions in upcoming issues Alumni Corner The Reality of Humiliation: A Reflection
Breast mri for diagnosis and staging of breast cancer

Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been a very fast developing tool for the assessment of breast cancer and quickly moved from research to clinical settings. It is being used to evaluate patients with specific indications and as a screening tool for high-risk patients. The value of breast MRI arises from its very high sensitivity in detecting breast cancer but more importantly from its ability to functionally assess physiological and biochemical properties of breast tissue, thus helping in the management of breast cancer, including the assessment of the extent of disease, the detection of contralateral disease, and the evaluation of treatment response. Response to treatment has been traditionally assessed based on gross tumor size change, a parameter that has been shown to have limitations in the accurate prediction of the treatment response and outcome. MRI offers functional methods to aid treatment response assessment that better reflect the viability of tumor and tumor burden versus just size changes. Understanding the indications for breast MRI, diagnostic criteria utilized to detect and characterize breast cancer, and technical challenges are important in both clinical and research settings. In this chapter we discuss the utilization of breast MRI in breast cancer diagnosis and staging, including the review of patterns of enhancement and principles of pharmacokinetic modeling for dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, application of diffusion-weighted imaging and MR-guided breast biopsy, as well as review of technical considerations for optimization of image acquisition and assessment of treatment response.
A Matrix Algebra for Neural Nets

Almost thirty-five years ago in their classic paper, McCulloch and Pitts (1943) described a method for modeling the nervous system. The basic idea of McCulloch and Pitts’ paper is that the nervous system can be described as a finite set of elements, called neurons, that have only two states, “on” and “off,” They assumed that time could be quantized into a set of discrete instants, so that the state of a neuron at the next instant of time would be a function of the present states of the neurons (and external inputs) that impinged on it.