cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On textbook explanations of import quotas

In the international economics textbook literature, one commonly sees the administration of import quotas explained by government auction of import licenses [R. Caves and R. Jones, World Trade and Payments, 1978]. These explanations usually assume the quota restricts imports to a level obtained from previous analysis of a tariff. With the quota filled, auction revenue equals the tariff revenue generated by the aforementioned tariff. Unnoted in this discussion is that whether the quota is actually filled under an auction regime depends on the import level which maximizes the value of the import licenses. Should an import level below quota result in the licenses being worth more than with a filled quota, then even with all licenses auctioned, the high bid will not utilize the licenses to their statutory limit. The latter occurrence is not unexpected, given standard assumptions employed in tariff and quota analysis. Assume import supply is perfectly elastic. Given a linear import demand, if the quota exceeds one-half the free trade level of imports, the high bid for licenses will be one which does not fully utilize the licenses. In particular, the import level which will maximize the value of the licenses will occur at the intersection of the supply schedule and a function which is marginal to the demand schedule. Since this marginal schedule is equidistant between the price axis and the demand schedule when the latter is linear, a competitive auction for the assumed quota will enable the high bidder to enforce this optimal import level, leaving a portion of the licenses unused. For textbook analysis to hold, a constraint on the auction must exist whereby the licenses are widely distributed among the importers despite the auction format. Only if the quota is less than one-half the free trade import level will textbook analysis hold without constraint on the auction process. It is curious this point has been uniformly ignored in the recent texts. J. Bhagwati's celebrated 1969 article on the equivalence of tariffs and quotas [Trade, Tariffs, and Quotas, p. 264] makes the same general point, without noting, however, the importance of whether the quota is greater or tess than one-half the free trade import level. While it is well-known that textbooks lag the literature, when the lag approaches ten years it would seem the lag has become an oversight.
Truth Via Anaphorically Unrestricted Quantifiers

A new approach to truth is offered which dispenses with the truth predicate, and replaces it with a special kind of quantifier which simultaneously binds variables in sentential and nominal positions. The resulting theory of truth for a (first-order) language is shown to be able to handle blind truth ascriptions, and is shown to be compatible with a characterization of the semantic and syntactic principles governing that language. Comparisons with other approaches to truth are drawn. An axiomatization of AU-quantifiers and a model theory for them is given, and an appendix contains a completeness proof.
Quantitative simultaneous fit to the liquidus surface and thermodynamic data for the GaInSb system using an associated solution model for the liquid

Abstract The liquidus surface and extensive thermodynamic properties in the Ga-In-Sb system are fit simultaneously in a quantitatively satisfactory manner. The Ga u In l-u Sb solid solution phase is described as quasiregular in the components GaSb and InSb. The liquid phase is assumed to consist of the species, Ga, In, Sb, GaSb, and InSb which contribute to the excess Gibbs energy of mixing by quadratic and cubic terms in the species mole fractions. The simplest version of this model that leads to an asymmetric behavior of the component chemical potentials in the Ga-Sb and In-Sb systems is identified and found to be adequate. Contrary to common usage in the literature it is not assumed a priori that the relative (to its pure liquid elements) heat capacity of CaSb(s) (or InSb(l)) is equal to that of GaSb(l) (inSb(s)). This assumption is generally incorrect for associated solution models. Moreover, the parameters of the liquid phase are constrained so that the enthalpy and entropy of mixing of GaSb(l) at the melting point of GaSb(s) are properly related to the enthalpy and entropy of formation of GaSb(s). Two similar constraints are used for InSb(l).
Making and Mis‐Making: Poiesis in Exodus 25–40

The article examines Milbank’s critique of the modern assumption that what is humanly constructed is secular, and his attempt to rehabilitate a theological concept of poiesis. After surveying Milbank’s critique of secular instrumentalism, an exegetical examination of the tabernacle texts in Exodus 25–40 offers general support for Milbank’s proposal. However, Milbank’s dependence upon Vico makes it difficult for him to identify an ‘extra-artificial’ standard by which mis-making can be identified and criticized.
Adherence of randomized trials within children's surgical specialties published during 2000 to 2009 to standard reporting guidelines

Background Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are uncommon in pediatric surgical specialties and the quality of reporting is unknown. Our primary purpose was to analyze published surgical RCTs involving children to measure adherence to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines. Study Design Published RCTs from January 1, 2000 through December 31, 2009 were reviewed. The trials were evaluated for the presence of 7 CONSORT guidelines and also graded according to the Jadad scale. Results Two hundred and twenty-eight trials were included. Five trials met all 7 CONSORT criteria (2%) and 53 had a Jadad score of ≥3 (23%). Slightly more than 50% of all trials specified primary outcomes and Conclusions Adherence to CONSORT guidelines is low across the spectrum of children's surgical specialties, although significant differences do exist. Future RCTs in children's surgical specialties should specifically focus on areas of low adherence to reporting guidelines.
Ultraviolet-inactivation of conidia from heterokaryons of Neurospora crassa containing uv-sensitive mutations.

Abstract The effect of three UV-sensitive mutations of Neurospora crassa, upr-1, uvs-4 and uvs-6, on the ultraviolet-inactivation of conidia from two-component heterokaryons was investigated. In two-component heterokaryons with wild-type sensitivity to radiation inactivation, all three conidial fractions exhibited similar ultraviolet-inactivation curves. Each UV-sensitive mutation studied uniquely modified the ultraviolet-inactivation curves of conidia from two-component heterokaryons. In heterokaryons heterokaryotic for upr-1, the upr-1 mutation was recessive and the repair function determined by the wild type allele was functional to some degree in homokaryotic upr-1 conidia. All three conidial fractions of heterokaryons containing upr-1 in both components showed increased sensitivity to ultraviolet light. The uvs-4 mutation was recessive and resulted in conidia with increased UV-sensitivity only when included in both components of a heterokaryon. Homokaryotic uvs-4 conidia, which arose from heterokaryons containing both uvs-4 and wild-type components, exhibited wild-type survival. Therefore, as with upr-1, there was a carryover of the repair capability to conidia which were genetically UV-sensitive. The uvs-6 mutation, when included in one component of a two-component heterokaryon, resulted in increased UV-sensitivity of both heterokaryotic and homokaryotic uvs-6 conidia. When both components contained uvs-6, the UV-sensitivity of all three conidial fractions was increased and all showed similar inactivation curves. Thus, as with upr-1 and uvs-4, there was a carryover of the wild-type repair capability to genetically uvs-6 conidia. Heterokaryon tests for complementation between two non-allelic UV-sensitive mutations showed that in heterokaryotic conidia, complete complementation occurred between upr-1 and uvs-4.
Measurement of K* and K0 inclusive rates in e+e- annihilation at 29 GeV

We have measured the K/sup 0/+K /sup 0/ inclusive cross section in e/sup +/e/sup -/ annihilation at 29 GeV with the Mark II detector SLAC PEP. We find 1.27 +- 0.03 +- 0.15 K/sup 0/+K /sup 0/ per hadronic event. We have also used time-of-flight particle identification to measure the K/sup + -/ rate over the momentum range 300--900 MeV/c.
Enhanced third-order nonlinear optical response of photonic bandgap materials

Abstract We calculate the nonlinear phase shift acquired by a laser beam in propagating through a one-dimensional photonic bandgap material, that is a material in which the linear refractive index is periodically modulated along the direction of propagation. We find that the nonlinear phase shift shows resonances for laser frequencies close to the edge of the stop band of the photonic bandgap structure. Enhancements of the nonlinear phase shift compared with that of a homogeneous nonlinear optical material by a factor of approximately five are predicted under realistic laboratory conditions. We find that similar enhancements of the two-photon absorption rate can occur for a material with an imaginary nonlinear susceptibility. We also treat the case of a photonic bandgap material containing a ′defect,' that is a central region somewhat too thick to conform to the periodicity of the system, and find that the nonlinear phase shift can be enhanced by a factor of approximately thirty.
Can the rat liver maintain normal brain DHA metabolism in the absence of dietary DHA

Abstract Background Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is required for normal brain function. The concentration of DHA in the brain depends on both diet and liver metabolism. Objective To determine rat brain DHA concentration and consumption in relation to dietary n-3 (omega-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content and liver secretion of DHA derived from circulating α-linolenic acid (α-LNA). Design Following weaning, male rats were fed for 15 weeks either: (1) a diet with a high DHA and α-LNA content, (2) an n-3 PUFA "adequate" diet containing 4.6% α-LNA but no DHA, or (3) an n-3 PUFA "deficient" diet containing 0.2% α-LNA and no DHA. Brain DHA consumption rates were measured following intravenous infusion in unanesthetized rats of [1- 14 C]DHA, whereas liver and brain DHA synthesis rates were measured by infusing [1- 14 C]α-LNA. Results Brain DHA concentrations equaled 17.6, 11.4 and 7.14μm/g in rats on diets 1, 2 and 3, respectively. With each diet, the rate of brain DHA synthesis from α-LNA was much less than the brain DHA consumption rate, whereas the liver synthesis-secretion rate was 5–10 fold higher. Higher elongase 2 and 5 and desaturase Δ5 and Δ6 activities in liver than in brain accounted for the higher liver DHA synthesis rates. Furthermore, these enzymes were transcriptionally upregulated in liver but not in brain of rats fed the deficient diet. Conclusions While DHA is essential to normal brain function, this need might be covered by dietary α-LNA when liver metabolic conversion machinery is intact and the diet has a high α-LNA content.
Molecular Dynamics of Ion−Chelate Complexes Attached to Dendrimers

We studied the molecular dynamics of vanadyl−chelate complexes covalently attached to the surface of cascade polymers, dendrimers. The rotational correlation times of the ion−chelate complex were determined from computer simulations of their EPR spectra. The chelate 2-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-6-methyldiethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid was covalently attached to ammonia core poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) cascade polymers via a thiourea (TU) linkage, resulting in PAMAM−TU−DTPA cascade polymers. X-band EPR spectra of their vanadyl complexes were taken, and the A and g matrices were determined from the rigid limit spectra using the SIMPOW program. Spectra were fitted with modification of the slow-motional line-shape theory. Our results indicate that the rotational correlation times of the surface chelate increase with molecular weight and resemble those of “internal” segmental motions found in PAMAMs. For this macromolecular system, the rotational correlation times alone cannot account for differences in the relax...
Saint-Venant End Effects In Composites

In this paper, we demonstrate that the neglect of elastic end effects, usually justified by appealing to Saint-Venant's principle, cannot be applied routine ly in problems involving composite materials. In particular, for fiber rein forced composites, the characteristic decay length over which end effects are significant is, in general, several times longer than the corresponding length for isotropic materials. For plane strain or generalized plane stress of a highly anisotropic transversely isotropic (or orthotropic) material, modeling a fiber- reinforced composite, the characteristic decay length is of order b(E/G) 1/2, where b is the maximum dimension perpendicular to the fibers and E, G are the longitudinal Young's modulus and shear modulus respectively. Thus when E/G is large, as for fiber-reinforced composites, end effects are transmitted over a distance which is of the order of several specimen widths. This is in marked contrast with the situation for isotropic materials where decay lengths of one ...
Chemical structure of rat liver cytochrome b5. Isolation of peptides by high-pressure liquid chromatography.

Abstract The complete amino acid sequence of rat cytochrome b 5 has been determined. Isolation of this species of cytochrome b s in its native form from microsomes by means of detergent solubilization required the inclusion of the protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, throughout the isolation steps. Omission of the protease inhibitor yielded a 97-residue heme-containing peptide without the membranous segment. The primary structure of the intact molecule was deduced from automated sequence analysis of peptides generated by proteolytic or chemical cleavage and isolated exclusively by reversed-phase HPLC. The blocked amino terminus of cytochrome b 5 was identified as N -acetylalanine. The hexosamine content of the cytochrome preparation was less than 0.1 mol/mol protein, indicating an absence of asparaginyl linked oligosaccharide.
ENTROPY AND GRANULAR MATERIALS: MODEL

The macrostructure of a granular material is treated as an ensemble of microstates of like spheres where each microstate is identified by a coordination number and a corresponding porosity. The probability of occurrence of these finite numbers of microstates is constrained by measurable information concerning the macrostate and described by maximizing the information entropy subject to these constraints and the axioms of probability theory. The macrostate behavior is then deduced from the probabilities of occurrence of the microstates and their mechanical performance. Existing observations of phenomena in granular media as related to soils and liquids are discussed and explained in light of the proposed entropy maximization scheme. Critical tests to examine the viability of the entropy model are proposed.
A Novel Mechanism for the Regulation of Photosynthesis Gene Expression by the TspO Outer Membrane Protein of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1

A bacterial homolog of the mammalian mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor, the tryptophan-rich sensory protein (TspO) has been previously demonstrated to negatively affect the transcriptional expression of several photosynthesis genes ofRhodobacter sphaeroides. To identify components of the signal transduction pathway from the outer membrane-localized TspO to the DNA-active transcription factor(s), we examined the involvement of TspO in the regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism in R. sphaeroides. By analyzing the tetrapyrrole pigments accumulated by resting cell suspensions of R. sphaeroides, we demonstrated that TspO negatively regulates the activity of coproporphyrinogen III oxidase in this bacterium. hemN, encoding one of the isoenzymes of coproporphyrinogen III oxidase ofR. sphaeroides, provided in trans to the wild type strain, produced a TSPO1 mutant phenotype by abolishing the negative effect of TspO on the transcription of the photosynthesis genes, crtI and puc. It is proposed that TspO, by regulating the exit of certain tetrapyrrole intermediates of the heme/bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic pathways in R. sphaeroides in response to the availability of molecular oxygen, causes the accumulation of a biosynthetic intermediate that serves as a corepressor for both specific pigment gene transcription and thepuc operon. The relationship between the bacterial TspO and the mitochondrial peripheral benzodiazepine receptor is discussed.
Mutations Define Cross-talk between the N-terminal Nucleotide-binding Domain and Transmembrane Helix-2 of the Yeast Multidrug Transporter Pdr5: POSSIBLE CONSERVATION OF A SIGNALING INTERFACE FOR COUPLING ATP HYDROLYSIS TO DRUG TRANSPORT*

The yeast Pdr5 multidrug transporter is an important member of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily of proteins. We describe a novel mutation (S558Y) in transmembrane helix 2 of Pdr5 identified in a screen for suppressors that eliminated Pdr5-mediated cycloheximide hyper-resistance. Nucleotides as well as transport substrates bind to the mutant Pdr5 with an affinity comparable with that for wild-type Pdr5. Wild-type and mutant Pdr5s show ATPase activity with comparable Km(ATP) values. Nonetheless, drug sensitivity is equivalent in the mutant pdr5 and the pdr5 deletion. Finally, the transport substrate clotrimazole, which is a noncompetitive inhibitor of Pdr5 ATPase activity, has a minimal effect on ATP hydrolysis by the S558Y mutant. These results suggest that the drug sensitivity of the mutant Pdr5 is attributable to the uncoupling of NTPase activity and transport. We screened for amino acid alterations in the nucleotide-binding domains that would reverse the phenotypic effect of the S558Y mutation. A second-site mutation, N242K, located between the Walker A and signature motifs of the N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain, restores significant function. This region of the nucleotide-binding domain interacts with the transmembrane domains via the intracellular loop-1 (which connects transmembrane helices 2 and 3) in the crystal structure of Sav1866, a bacterial ATP-binding cassette drug transporter. These structural studies are supported by biochemical and genetic evidence presented here that interactions between transmembrane helix 2 and the nucleotide-binding domain, via the intracellular loop-1, may define at least part of the translocation pathway for coupling ATP hydrolysis to drug transport.
Targeted cytogenetic analysis of gastric tumors by in situhybridization with a set of chromosome‐specific dna probes

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with biotinated chromosome-specific repetitive DNA probes was used for the cytogenetic study of ten gastric adenocarcinomas. All tumors (eight male, two female patients) were histologically moderately or poorly differentiated and nine of ten had metastasized to regional lymph nodes. The authors applied a set of satellite DNA probes, specific for chromosomes 1, 7, 17, X, and Y in order to detect numerical chromosome aberrations in freshly isolated tumor cell nuclei. Normal diploid human lymphocyte nuclei and, in a number of cases, normal gastric mucosa served as controls. Parallel with the hybridization experiments DNA flow cytometric study of acridine orange (AO)-stained tumor cells was carried out. By means of FISH the authors found seven cases to be aneuploid, the other three cases appeared diploid. This was confirmed by DNA flow cytometric analysis with AO. Furthermore, loss of the Y chromosome in a high percentage of cells was seen by FISH in six of eight tumors from male patients. In the other two male samples a possible loss was observed in a small proportion of cells (15%). In three patients from whom the authors had normal gastric mucosa the Y loss was restricted to the tumor cells. These data indicate that in situ hybridization with chromosome-specific repetitive DNA probes can serve as a cytogenetic tool for the analysis of interphase nuclei of solid human tumors, at least with respect to the detection of numerical chromosome abnormalities.
FTC tackles M&A review reforms

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) monitors all M&A transactions. Most transactions are cleared without any problems. But in some cases, companies are asked for additional information— which frequently results in some kind of enforcement response and serious consequences for the companies involved. It is also very costly and time-consuming. Recognizing that the FTC has proposed some reforms. But what are they? And how will they affect companies? The authors of this article have some answers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shape-adaptive coding using binary set splitting with k-d trees

The binary set splitting with k-d trees (BISK) algorithm is introduced. An embedded wavelet-based image coder based on the popular bitplane-coding paradigm, BISK is designed specifically for the coding of image objects with arbitrary shape. While other similar algorithms employ quadtree-based set partitioning to code significance-map information, BISK uses a simpler and more flexible, binary decomposition via k-d trees. Additionally, aggressive discarding of transparent regions is implemented by shrinking sets to the bounding box of their constituent opaque coefficients before further partitioning. Empirical results indicate that the proposed BISK coder consistently yields efficient performance when compared to a variety of other shape-adaptive coders.
Yop1p, the yeast homolog of the polyposis locus protein 1, interacts with Yip1p and negatively regulates cell growth.

Rab proteins are small GTPases that are essential elements of the protein transport machinery of eukaryotic cells. Each round of membrane transport requires a cycle of Rab protein nucleotide binding and hydrolysis. We have recently characterized a protein, Yip1p, which appears to play a role in Rab-mediated membrane transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we report the identification of a Yip1p-associated protein, Yop1p. Yop1p is a membrane protein with a hydrophilic region at its N terminus through which it interacts specifically with the cytosolic domain of Yip1p. Yop1p could also be coprecipitated with Rab proteins from total cellular lysates. The TB2 gene is the human homolog of Yop1p (Kinzler, K. W., Nilbert, M. C., Su, L.-K., Vogelstein, B., Bryan, T. M., Levey, D. B., Smith, K. J., Preisinger, A. C., Hedge, P., McKechnie, D., Finniear, R., Markham, A., Groffen, J., Boguski, M. S., Altschul, S. F., Horii, A., Ando, H. M., Y., Miki, Y., Nishisho, I., and Nakamura, Y. (1991) Science 253, 661–665). Our data demonstrate that Yop1p negatively regulates cell growth. Disruption ofYOP1 has no apparent effect on cell viability, while overexpression results in cell death, accumulation of internal cell membranes, and a block in membrane traffic. These results suggest that Yop1p acts in conjunction with Yip1p to mediate a common step in membrane traffic.
Pharyngeal Dysphagia in Children with Down Syndrome

ObjectivePharyngeal dysphagia (PD) in children with Down syndrome (DS) has not been examined. This study aims to describe the incidence, duration, and precipitating factors of PD in a large cohort of children with DS.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary care children’s hospital.MethodsThe International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) code for DS was used to identify all children treated at a single institution from 1992 to 2012. Patient charts were reviewed for signs, symptoms, and documentation of PD. Videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS) established the final diagnosis of PD in affected patients. Otolaryngologic interventions and their impact on PD were also explored.ResultsA total of 228 patients with the ICD-9 code for DS were found. Twenty-seven patients (11.8%) were excluded due to record deficiencies. Thus, of the 201 children with DS who were available for complete review, 116 (57.7%) had and established diagnosis of PD by VFSS. The mean age at first diag...
Adolescents with disruptive behavior disorder investigated using an optimized MR diffusion tensor imaging protocol

Adolescents with disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) and controls were investigated using an optimized MR diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) protocol in order to assess any possible structural abnormalities associated with DBD. Thirty-six patients and 40 normal subjects were examined. The extracted diffusion fractional anisotropy (FA) results demonstrate that for the DBD patients there is significantly reduced FA in both the frontal and left temporal regions. The largest brain area with significantly reduced FA is located within the arcuate fasciculus, which has projections extending from the temporal lobe to the frontal lobe along the lateral ventricle, lateral to the tapetum. The reduced FA reflects directly a lower extent of myelination and less coherent fiber track structures in the fasciculus, which in turn may indicate communication weakness among the associated cortical areas. The detected white matter microstructural abnormality, therefore, may be related to the developmental deficits observed in the patient group.
The truth about hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer

Recent decisions regarding hormone-replacement therapy/estrogen-replacement therapy as well as its association with breast cancer have caused confusion for practitioners. This article attempts to elucidate recent controversies and provides a critical review of recent publications. While low-dose hormone-replacement therapy seems to be a reasonable option for symptomatic postmenopausal women, they should be counseled properly regarding their risk of developing or suffering a recurrence of breast cancer.
Smad3 Potentiates Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ)-induced Apoptosis and Expression of the BH3-only Protein Bim in WEHI 231 B Lymphocytes

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) is a potent growth inhibitor and inducer of apoptosis in B lymphocytes and is essential for immune regulation and maintenance of self-tolerance. Here we show that exogenous overexpression of Smad3 potentiates TGFbeta-induced apoptosis and expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bim in WEHI 231 B lymphocytes. Overexpression of dominant-negative forms of Smad3 abrogate these TGFbeta-induced responses. We also demonstrate that TGFbeta induces Bim protein expression concomitant with its induction of apoptosis in the mouse progenitor B lymphocyte cell line, Ba/F3. Enhanced expression of Bim protein induced by TGFbeta is associated with an increased association of Bim with Bcl-2 and a concomitant loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, we find that the anti-apoptotic effect of the pro-survival cytokine CD40 results in the abrogation of TGFbeta-mediated Bim induction. Our data provide the first evidence of Bim expression levels that are increased by the addition of a pro-apoptotic cytokine, TGFbeta, and also suggest that the TGFbeta-specific transcription factor Smad3 plays a role in mediating Bim expression levels and apoptosis.
Rethinking Special Education Referral: A Procedural Model

A 13-step procedural model for identification and referral that formalizes a regular education component—an area that is typically overlooked.
Limitations of the Three-Microphone Signal Enhancement Technique

The so-called three-microphone method is a signal enhancement method that allows one to educe a signal buried in extraneous noise using the coherence between each pair of microphones in a three microphone system. This method holds considerable promise for separating core noise from jet-mixing noise provided the limitations of the three-microphone method are well understood. A detailed uncertainty analysis of the three-microphone method is carried out in order to determine error bands for calculated data. The behavior of the method when multiple correlated sources are present is studied via numerical simulations and model-scale experimentation in anechoic facilities. Results from this numerical-simulation and model-scale testing form the backbone of this paper. Conclusions concerning the practical usage of the limitations of the three-microphone technique are drawn.
Human aerobic performance: too much ado about limits to V̇O2

Human endurance performance is often evaluated on the basis of the maximal rate of oxygen uptake during exercise (V(O(2)max)). Methods for overcoming limits to V(O(2)max) are touted as means for increasing athletic endurance performance. Here, we argue that the respiratory system is well designed for delivering O(2) to meet O(2) demands and that no single factor is rate-determining for O(2) uptake. We show that V(O(2)max) can vary 5000-fold among mammals, while any limitation to O(2) delivery by a single component of the respiratory system affects V(O(2)max) by 10% or less. Attempts to increase O(2) delivery by enhancing one step in the respiratory system are shown to have little effect. Blood doping, hyperoxia and O(2) supplementation of high-altitude natives all raise O(2) availability substantially to the working muscles, but these treatments increase V(O(2)max) only minimally. Finally, we argue that O(2) uptake is only one of a number of properties important to human aerobic performance.
Sec24p and Sec16p cooperate to regulate the GTP cycle of the COPII coat

Vesicle budding from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) employs a cycle of GTP binding and hydrolysis to regulate assembly of the COPII coat. We have identified a novel mutation (sec24-m11) in the cargo-binding subunit, Sec24p, that specifically impacts the GTP-dependent generation of vesicles in vitro. Using a high-throughput approach, we defined genetic interactions between sec24-m11 and a variety of trafficking components of the early secretory pathway, including the candidate COPII regulators, Sed4p and Sec16p. We defined a fragment of Sec16p that markedly inhibits the Sec23p- and Sec31p-stimulated GTPase activity of Sar1p, and demonstrated that the Sec24p-m11 mutation diminished this inhibitory activity, likely by perturbing the interaction of Sec24p with Sec16p. The consequence of the heightened GTPase activity when Sec24p-m11 is present is the generation of smaller vesicles, leading to accumulation of ER membranes and more stable ER exit sites. We propose that association of Sec24p with Sec16p creates a novel regulatory complex that retards the GTPase activity of the COPII coat to prevent premature vesicle scission, pointing to a fundamental role for GTP hydrolysis in vesicle release rather than in coat assembly/disassembly.
Surrender to God and Stress: A Possible Link Between Religiosity and Health

An abundance of evidence supports that stress predicts poor health, and religiosity, broadly defined, typically predicts good health. It is possible that one mechanism by which religiosity positively impacts health is through reduction in or prevention of the stress response, and that Surrender (Surrender to God) is a measure that captures aspects of religiosity that would predict lowered stress levels. In the present investigation, two samples were studied in order to investigate the relationship between one characterization of religiosity (Surrender) and stress. Participants in Study 1 were 460 (306 female) Southern Appalachian undergraduate university students who completed the Surrender Scale (Wong-McDonald & Gorsuch, 2000) and the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI, Spielberger, 1983) online during spring 2009. Study 2 utilized a high-risk (low income and/or high pregnancy risk) sample of 230 pregnant women involved in a longitudinal study who completed the Surrender Scale and the Prenatal Psychosocial Profile (PPP, Curry, Campbell, & Christian, 1994), which contains an 11-item stress measure, during their first research contact early in pregnancy. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that Surrender was consistently inversely related to stress on both the STAI and the PPP. These findings contribute to the current understanding of the religiosity‐health association in two ways. First, they offer support for Surrender and its associated lower stress levels to be explored as a mechanism by which religiosity influences health. Second, findings support the exploration of the potential for stress reduction through increasing Surrender in reportedly religious individuals.
Sustainability of humic acids in the presence of magnesium oxide

Abstract The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) is a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) repository for the disposal of transuranic waste generated from the U.S. defense program. Humic acids (HA), known to strongly bind to actinides and which may be generated by the degradation of organic materials present in the waste, may influence the performance of the WIPP. This work presents experimental results on the effect of WIPP brines, ERDA-6 and GWB, and of the WIPP engineered barrier, Premier Chemicals magnesium oxide, on the solubility of HA. In the absence of MgO, a portion of HA initially precipitates, but a constant concentration of HA remains in solution: over a 60 day period of time, at least 290 ± 10 mg/L HA can remain soluble in de-ionized (DI) water, 30 ± 4 mg/L in 95% ERDA-6, and 31 ± 4 mg/L in 95% GWB. For solutions initially containing from 0 to 400 mg/L HA, the ratio of the initial HA concentration and the soluble HA concentration is 1.3 in DI water, 13 in 95% ERDA-6, and 11 in 95% GWB. In the presence of MgO, all HA precipitate within 60 days in systems with a high liquid-to-solid ratio (10.0 g/g) or a low ratio (2.4 g/g). This phenomenon is due to HA precipitation and/or sorption on the surface of MgO.
Identifying and Understanding Relevant System Safety Standards for use in the Automotive Industry

A new generation of software-controlled vehicle systems promises to help enhance vehicle safety, performance and comfort. As these new, often complex systems are added, system safety programs are followed to help eliminate potential hazards. An important part of planning for a safety program is to understand applicable standards. This paper identifies, reviews, categorizes, and summarizes the importance of several applicable standards for incorporation in a system safety program.
Analysis of Electromigration- and Stress-Induced Dynamical Response of Voids Confined in Metallic Thin Films

A theoretical analysis based on self-consistent dynamical simulations is presented of electromigration- and stress-induced surface morphological response of voids confined in metallic thin films. The analysis predicts the onset of stable time-periodic states for the void surface morphological response, which is associated with current-driven wave propagation on the void surface. This time-periodic response is demonstrated under certain electromigration conditions and detailed response diagrams are presented which map the corresponding parameter space to regions of steady, time-periodic, and unstable surface morphological response. The evolution of the electrical resistance of these thin films also is computed, providing an interpretation for experimentally observed time-periodic response of the electrical resistance of metallic interconnect lines on the basis of current-driven void morphological evolution. In addition, we demonstrate significant effects on the electromigration-induced morphologically stable void migration of mechanical stress application in a metallic thin film. Specifically, we find that under certain electromechanical conditions, elastic stress can cause substantial retardation of void motion, as measured by the constant speed of electromigration-induced translation of morphologically stable voids. More importantly, this effect suggests the possibility for complete inhibition of void motion under stress.
Process Cheese: Scientific and Technological Aspects—A Review

ABSTRACT: Process cheese is produced by blending natural cheese in the presence of emulsifying salts and other dairy and nondairy ingredients followed by heating and continuous mixing to form a homogeneous product with an extended shelf life. Extensive research on the important physicochemical and functional properties associated with process cheese and the various physicochemical, technological, and microbiological factors that influence these properties has resulted in process cheese being one of the most versatile dairy products with numerous end-use applications. The present review is an attempt to cover the scientific and technological aspects of process cheese and highlight and critique some of the important research findings associated with them. The 1st objective of this article is to extensively describe the physicochemical properties and microstructure, as well as the functional properties, of process cheese and highlight the various analytical techniques used to evaluate these properties. The 2nd objective is to describe the formulation parameters, ingredients, and various processing conditions that influence the functional properties of process cheese. This review is primarily targeted at process cheese manufacturers as well as students in the field of dairy and food science who may want to learn more about the scientific and technological aspects of process cheese. The review is limited to the relevant research associated with process cheeses as defined by the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations and does not cover imitation and substitute cheeses.
Comparison of high-latitude line-of-sight ozone column density with derived ozone fields and the effects of horizontal inhomogeneity

Extensive ozone measurements were made during the second SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE II). We compare high-latitude line-of-sight (LOS) slant column ozone measurements from the NASA DC-8 to ozone simulated by forward integration of measurement- derived ozone fields constructed both with and without the assumption of horizontal homogeneity. The average bias and rms error of the simulations assuming homogeneity are rel- atively small ( 6 and 10%, respectively) in comparison to the LOS measurements. The comparison improves signifi- cantly ( 2% bias; 8% rms error) using forward integrations of three-dimensional proxy ozone fields reconstructed from potential vorticity-O3 correlations. The comparisons pro- vide additional verification of the proxy fields and quantify the influence of large-scale ozone inhomogeneity. The spa- tial inhomogeneity of the atmosphere is a source of error in the retrieval of trace gas vertical profiles and column abun- dance from LOS measurements, as well as a complicating factor in intercomparisons that include LOS measurements at large solar zenith angles.
Picking and nibbling in children and adolescents with eating disorders

Objective Picking and nibbling (P&N), defined as eating in an unplanned and repetitious way between meals and snacks, is prevalent among adults with eating disorders (EDs), but unexamined among youth with EDs. This study sought to assess the prevalence of P&N in youth with EDs and its association with ED and comorbid pathology. Method Youth (N = 515; ages 7–18) who presented to one outpatient ED research-clinical program were assessed for ED and comorbid pathology. Results Two-fifths (n = 214, 41.6%) of youth endorsed P&N. These individuals were older (p .05). Discussion Consistent with research in adults, PN 48:1102–1105).
Elastomeric polyurethanes modified with geminal bisphosphonate groups

Three types of elastomeric segmented polyurethanes represented by a polyether-urethane, a polyurethane-urea, and a polycarbonate-urethane were introduced into a modified low-temperature variant of base-induced N-alkylation of urethane hard segments with an excess of 1,6-dibromohexane in N,N′-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), resulting in the modification of polymers with 0.08–0.26 mmol/g of pendant 6-bromohexyl groups. Either lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) or sodium hydride was used to initiate the reaction, although LDA was found to be more suitable for the bromoalkylation. Selected bromoalkylated polyurethanes of all three types were reacted with thiol-containing bisphosphonates, to yield the polymers modified with 0.08–0.12 mmol/g of geminal nonesterified covalently attached bisphosphonate groups. Two thiol-containing geminal bisphosphonates used in the modifications were prepared via reactions of nucleophilic addition to vinylidene-bisphosphonic acid. All three types of polyurethanes were found equally suitable for the modifications. The bisphosphonate-modified polyurethanes with nonmetallic cations on the bisphosphonate groups remain soluble in the solvents suitable for the dissolution of nonmodified polymers and can be processed into films by solvent casting. After the exchange of nonmetallic cations to sodium, the polymers become insoluble in any solvent, probably as a result of the intermolecular coordination of bisphosphonate groups with the metal cations. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 105–116, 2001
Cadmium Chloride Induces DNA Damage and Apoptosis of Human Liver Carcinoma Cells via Oxidative Stress

Cadmium is a heavy metal that has been shown to cause its toxicity in humans and animals. Many documented studies have shown that cadmium produces various genotoxic effects such as DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations. Ailments such as bone disease, renal damage, and several forms of cancer are attributed to overexposure to cadmium. Although there have been numerous studies examining the effects of cadmium in animal models and a few case studies involving communities where cadmium contamination has occurred, its molecular mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated. In this research, we hypothesized that oxidative stress plays a key role in cadmium chloride-induced toxicity, DNA damage, and apoptosis of human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells. To test our hypothesis, cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Lipid hydroperoxide content stress was estimated by lipid peroxidation assay. Genotoxic damage was tested by the means of alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay. Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry assessment (Annexin-V/PI assay). The result of MTT assay indicated that cadmium chloride induces toxicity to HepG2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, showing a 48 hr-LD50 of 3.6 µg/mL. Data generated from lipid peroxidation assay resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase of hydroperoxide production, specifically at the highest concentration tested. Data obtained from the Comet assay indicated that cadmium chloride causes DNA damage in HepG2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. A strong concentration-response relationship (p < 0.05) was recorded between annexin V positive cells and cadmium chloride exposure. In summary, these in vitro studies provide clear evidence that cadmium chloride induces oxidative stress, DNA damage, and programmed cell death in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells.
Rational Dosing of Chemotherapy in Patients with Kidney Failure

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage Kidney disease (ESKD) is continuing to rise. Meticulous attention to drug dosing is paramount in patients with reduced or absent kidney function. Cancer poses unique challenges in patients with CKD, particularly as relates to chemotherapy selection and dosing. In this chapter, we discuss different methods of estimating kidney function in order to provide rational dosing of chemotherapy in patients with reduced or absent kidney function. When selecting chemotherapeutic agents in patients with CKD or ESKD, one should first consider, whenever possible, choosing agents that are mostly eliminated via the hepatic route, thereby “bypassing” the issues surrounding impaired renal excretion. However, if a chemotherapeutic agent is chosen that is primarily eliminated via the kidney, it is imperative that the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) be estimated so as to adjust the dose appropriately. Careful monitoring of drug levels when available and certain prophylactic measures, for example, adequate hydration, can help reduce potential toxicity and limit untoward effects of certain chemotherapeutic agents. Finally, one has to be cognizant of potential drug interactions, particularly those involving agents with inherent nephrotoxic properties.
Some Comparative Experience in Adjusting Local Units and Areas.

The problem of adjusting the units and areas of local government to meet changing conditions seems to be a universal one. It involves not only the question of procedure, but also the quest of the ideal. With the exception of school districts, extensive experimentation has not been forthcoming in the United States; other English-speaking countries have been far more concerned with local units and areas. The present paper deals with the experiences of four central governments—England and Wales, New Zealand, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. None of them has found the ideal system. All have evolved various successful techniques to adjust local units and areas from time to time. I Widespread interest in reorganizing the areas and units of local government in England and Wales has been evident since before 1944. During the period 1943 to 1945, numerous individuals and groups came forward with plans for reform, among them the Labor party, the Liberal party, the Liberal National Committee, the National Association of Local Government Officers, the Association of Municipal Corporations, the County Councils Association, and the Urban and Rural Districts Associations. Proposals by the two Liberal groups, the counties, and the urban and rural districts involved only minor variations from the existing local government structure. As a result, most interest was focused upon the NALGO and AMC reports calling for varying plans of single all-purpose authorities and on Labor's proposal for a two-tier structure.
An Overview of Adolescent Development, Behavior, and Clinical Intervention:

Adolescent assessment should be based on knowledge of the developmental tasks and normative behavior of this age group. Strategies for interviewing adolescents and special interventions are reviewe...
Dysmorphic Urinary Erythrocytes

Figure 1. A kidney biopsy in a 34-year-old man with IgA nephropathy showed mesangial-cell proliferation and predominant mesangial IgA deposition. At the time of the biopsy, the patient's serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels were 1.3 mg per deciliter (110 μmol per liter) and 13 mg per deciliter (4.6 mmol per liter), respectively. Microscopical examination of the urine revealed many dysmorphic urinary erythrocytes with spheroid surface protrusions (Panel A, ×1450) indicative of glomerular hematuria. A glomerular erythrocyte ghost (Panel B, ×3250) has a small neck at the base of each surface protrusion, demonstrating its connection with the cytoplasm of . . .
The Relationship between Risk Management Intervenors and the Community

The management of toxicologic risk at the community level is a very complex process. It is generally construed as a centrally-directed activity void of interaction. Our observations in communities facing health risks as a result of chemical contamination of groundwater indicate that there is considerable interaction between centralized risk managers and community members. This paper introduces a systematic framework which can be used to describe the risk management process. We have found that the risk management process is iterative, interactive and layered in time, and that the pools of participants overlap. There also is feedback on two levels. We have disaggregated the process into individual decision units, each of which is then broken down into a series of four stages: identification of the decision question, emergence of interested parties, attempts to influence the decision outcome, and reaching the decision outcome. This framework for analyzing the risk management process helps to identify important events that otherwise may go unnoticed.