cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability of δ-Pu alloys from first-principles theory

Abstract It has been proposed [Phys. Rev. B 66 (2002) 205109] that δ-Pu is stabilized at higher temperatures by magnetic interactions driving a disordered magnetic state. At lower temperatures, however, the magnetic moments are expected to align in an antiferromagnetic fashion which has been shown to destabilize δ-Pu mechanically. Consequently, δ-Pu is unstable below about 600 K but can be stabilized at lower temperatures when alloyed with a small amount of a suitable ‘δ-Pu stabilizer’. Here we explain this stabilizing effect in terms of the balance between ordered and disordered magnetism and how this balance is offset by the addition of an alloying component. For this purpose we have applied density functional theory (DFT), implemented in the Korringa–Kohn–Rostocker (KKR) method within the Green’s function formalism. The effect of magnetic moment disorder as well as compositional disorder was treated by means of the coherent potential approximation (CPA) implemented, in the former case, in conjunction with the disordered local moment (DLM) model. These calculations show that an alloy component larger than δ-Pu has a stabilizing effect, whereas a magnetic component that is smaller has a strongly destabilizing effect on δ-Pu. The ordered Pu 3 Al, Pu 3 Ga, Pu 3 In, and Pu 3 Tl compounds (in the Cu 3 Au structure) are all found to have negative heat of formation with calculated density close to experimental data.
Differential characterization of three alternative spliced isoforms of DPPX

Abstract Transient subthreshold-activating somato-dendritic A-type K + currents ( I SA s) have fundamental roles in neuronal function. They cause delayed excitation, influence spike repolarization, modulate the frequency of repetitive firing, and have important roles in signal processing in dendrites. We previously reported that DPPX proteins are key components of the channels mediating these currents (Kv4 channels) (Nadal, M.S., Ozaita, A., Amarillo, Y., Vega-Saenz, E., Ma, Y., Mo, W., Goldberg, E.M., Misumi, Y., Ikehara, Y., Neubert, T.A., Rudy, B., 2003. The CD26-related dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-like protein DPPX is a critical component of neuronal A-type K+ channels. Neuron 37, 449-461). The DPPX gene encodes alternatively spliced transcripts that generate single-spanning transmembrane proteins with a short, divergent intracellular domain and a large extracellular domain. We characterized the modulatory effects on Kv4.2-mediated currents and the rat brain distribution of three splice variants of the DPPX subfamily of proteins. These three splice isoforms – DPPX-S, DPPX-L, and DPPX-K – are expressed in adult rat brain and modify the voltage dependence and kinetic properties of Kv4.2 channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Analysis of a deletion mutant that lacks the variable N-terminus showed that the N-terminus is not necessary for the modulation of Kv4 channels. Using in situ hybridization analysis, we found that the three splice variants are prominently expressed in brain regions where Kv4 subunits are also expressed. DPPX-K and DPPX-S mRNAs have a widespread distribution, whereas DPPX-L transcripts are concentrated in few specific areas of the rat brain. The emerging diversity of DPPX splice variants, differing only in the N-terminus of the protein, opens up intriguing possibilities for the modulation of Kv4 channels.
Fluorescence spectral properties of troponin C mutant F22W with one-, two-, and three-photon excitation

We report the first measurements of protein fluorescence with three-photon excitation, using a mutant of troponin C (TnC) that contains a single tryptophan residue F22W. From the emission intensity dependence on laser power we determine that TnC F22W displays one-, two-, and three-photon excitation at 285, 570, and 855 nm, respectively. The emission spectra and intensity decays are identical for one-, two-, or three-photon excitation. The steady-state and time 0 anisotropies are distinct for each mode of excitation, but the correlation times were the same, suggesting that three-photon excitation of proteins can be accomplished without significant effects of the locally intense illumination. The excitation anisotropy spectrum from 830 to 900 nm displays only negative values, suggesting dominant excitation via the 1Lb state of tryptophan from 830 to 900 nm.
Anxiety, respiration, and cerebral blood flow: implications for functional brain imaging.

Brain functional imaging methods, such as fMRI, are sensitive to changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) that are normally associated with changes in regional neural activation. However, other endogenous and exogenous factors can alter CBF independently of brain neural activity, thus complicating the interpretation of functional imaging data. The presence of an anxiety disorder, as well as change in state anxiety, is often accompanied by respiratory alterations that affect arterial CO2 tensions and produce significant changes in CBF that are independent of task-related neural activation. Therefore, the effects of trait and state anxiety need to be given close consideration in interpreting functional imaging findings. In this paper, we review the dependence of most brain functional imaging methods on localized changes in CBF and the potentially confounding effects of anxiety-related alterations of respiration on interpreting patterns of functional activation. Approaches for addressing these effects are discussed.
Measurement of fluid contents and wetting front profiles by real-time neutron radiography

Few methods exist for measuring rapidly changing fluid contents at the pore scale that simultaneously allow whole flow field visualization. We present a method for using real-time neutron radiography to measure rapidly changing moisture profiles in porous media. The imaging technique monitors the attenuation of a thermal neutron beam as it traverses a flow field and provides measurements every 30 ms with an image area .410 cm 2 and a spatial resolution , 0.05 cm. The technique is illustrated by measuring the variation in moisture content across a wetting front moving at constant velocity through SiO2 sand. The relative contributions of the hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity terms in Richards’ equation to the total fluid flux within the wetting front region were also measured. The diffusivity was found to rise from zero to a peak value within the wetting front region before falling off while the conductivity was found to rise monotonically. The reliability of the technique was checked via mass balance. q 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Selectively doped germanium THz laser

Monte Carlo simulation of carrier dynamics and far-infrared absorption was performed to test the importance of electron-electron interaction in selectively doped multi-layer p-Ge laser at high doping concentration. The laser design exploits the known widely tunable mechanism of THz amplification on inter-sub-band transitions in p-Ge, but with spatial separation of carrier accumulation and relaxation regions, which allows remarkable enhancement of the gain. The structure consists of doped layers separated by 200 - 500 nm of pure-Ge. Vertical electric field (~ 1 - 2 kV/cm) and perpendicular magnetic field (~ 1 T) provide inversion population on direct intersubband light- to heavy-hole transitions. Heavy holes are found to transit the undoped layers quickly and to congregate mainly around the doped layers. Light holes, due to tighter magnetic confinement, are preferably accumulated within the undoped layers, whose reduced ionized impurity scattering rates allow higher total carrier concentrations, and therefore higher gain, in comparison to bulk p-Ge lasers. Preliminary results of the calculations show a possibility of laser operation at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Device design and diagnostics of CVD grown structure are presented. Combination of total internal reflection and quasi-optical cavity design provides high laser cavity Q.
Anti-invasive and antimetastatic activities of ribosomal protein S6 kinase 4 in breast cancer cells.

Purpose: We have previously shown that p90 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 4 (RSK4), an X-linked gene, is highly up-regulated in mammary tumors of MMTV- c-Myc transgenic mice. In this study, we further investigated whether RSK4 inhibits or promotes breast tumor growth and progression. Experimental Design: Stable overexpression or small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown of RSK4 was done in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. Stable clones were tested for cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth in soft agar, invasive and metastatic ability of these clones in vitro and tumorigenesis, invasive and metastatic ability in vivo in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Results: Here, we show that exogenous expression of RSK4 resulted in decreased cell proliferation and increased accumulation of cells in G 0 -G 1 phase, which paralleled with enhanced expression of tumor suppressor genes: retinoblastoma protein, retinobl astoma-associated 46 kDa protein, and p21 protein. Overexpression of RSK4 resulted in reduced colony formation in soft agar and suppressed invasive and migratory activities of MDA-MB-231 cells both in vitro and in vivo . Importantly, RSK4-overexpressing cells showed up-regulation of claudin-2 and down-regulation of CXCR4, both of these play roles in invasion and chemotaxis. Conclusions: These results indicate that RSK4 expression may limit the oncogenic, invasive, and metastatic potential of breast cancer cells. Anti-invasive and antimetastatic activities of RSK4 may be, in part, due to its regulation of claudin-2. Increased expression of RSK4 in c-Myc-overexpressing cells and a dose-dependent induction of luciferase reporter gene activity suggest that c-Myc may regulate RSK4 expression.
Parametric warping for motion estimation

Summary form only given. In warping (also known as mesh-based) motion estimation, motion vectors at individual pixels are computed through an interpolation of a subsampled set of motion vectors. A method for calculating optimal warping coefficients was introduced previously. This algorithm finds the interpolation coefficients, at each individual pixel location (within a block), such that the mean squared luminance errors are minimized. It has been observed that optimal coefficients vary widely with time and across different sequences. This observation motivates the optimization of the warping coefficients locally in time. However, doing so requires the encoder to transmit the coefficients to the decoder. Assuming a 16/spl times/16 block and four floating point coefficients per pixel, this would require a considerable overhead in bitrate. Especially in low bitrate regimes, such overhead is likely to be unacceptable. This paper proposes a parametric class of functions to represent the warping interpolation kernels. More specifically, we propose to use the two-parameter family of functions.
Fast Track: A Software System for Speculative Program Optimization

Fast track is a software speculation system that enables unsafe optimization of sequential code. It speculatively runs optimized code to improve performance and then checks the correctness of the speculative code by running the original program on multiple processors. We present the interface design and system implementation for Fast Track. It lets a programmer or a pro?ling tool mark fast-track code regions and uses a run-time system to manage the parallel execution of the speculative process and its checking processes and ensures the correct display of program outputs. The core of the run-time system is a novel concurrent algorithm that balances exploitable parallelism and available processors when the fast track is too slow or too fast. The programming interface closely affects the run-time support. Our system permits both explicit and implicit end markers for speculatively optimized code regions as well as extensions that allow the use of multiple tracks and user de?ned correctness checking. We discuss the possible uses of speculative optimization and demonstrate the effectiveness of our prototype system by examples of unsafe semantic optimization and a general system for fast memory-safety checking, which is able to reduce the checking time by factors between 2 and 7 for large sequential code on a 8-CPU system.
Effects of Cage and Floor Pen Management on Behavior, Production, and Physiological Stress Responses of Laying Hens

Behavior, physiology, health, egg production, and egg quality characteristics of laying hens housed either 1/1394-cm2 cage (S), 2/1394-cm2 cage (HD), 2/2788-cm2 cage (LD), or in floor pens (P), each containing 25 hens, were monitored in order to assess hen welfare in different management systems. Egg production was highest in P and S hens. There were no differences among treatment groups in feed efficiency, egg weight, or egg taste, although egg shell breaking strengths were lower in HD hens despite their relatively low egg production. Blood spots were most common in eggs from caged hens. With respect to behavior, penned hens locomoted more, spent less time in stationary exploration than caged birds, and utilized nest boxes for activities in addition to egg laying. The HD hens fed less frequently than did the LD, and HD cage pairs engaged less frequently in simultaneous feeding, drinking, and resting behavior than LD pairs. Plasma corticosterone levels were initially found to be higher in pens than cages; this difference disappeared when the use of trap-nesting to capture P birds for sampling was discontinued. Nighttime corticosterone levels were higher in HD hens. In contrast, primary and secondary hemagglutination titers to sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) antigen, heterophil to lymphocyte ratios, hepatic zinc metallothionein, serum zinc, and body weights did not differ among treatments. Mortality, however, was lower in pens. It was concluded that, although there were striking dissimilarities in behavior between the pen and cage environments, physiological and production data did not provide evidence of stress associated with cage housing per se. High density caging, however, may be a stressor; this is discussed with reference to other research.
Learning fuzzy measure parameters by logistic LASSO

In this paper, a novel Bayesian hierarchical method is defined by the use of logistic distribution and a Laplacian prior to learn the parameters on fuzzy measures. The new algorithm goes beyond previously published MCE based approaches. It has the advantage that it is applicable to general measures, as opposed to only the Sugeno class of measures. In addition, the monotonicity constraints are handled easily with minimal time or storage requirements. This is made by the use of an alternated sampling to avoid favoring maxlike operators or min-like operators. The use of the logistic distribution eliminates the necessity of using desired outputs, and the Laplacian prior regularize the parameters in the fuzzy measures. Results are given on synthetic and real data sets, the latter obtained from a landmine detection problem.
Bone Marrow Dendritic Cells from Mice with an Altered Microbiota Provide Interleukin 17A-Dependent Protection against Entamoeba histolytica Colitis

ABSTRACT There is an emerging paradigm that the human microbiome is central to many aspects of health and may have a role in preventing enteric infection. Entamoeba histolytica is a major cause of amebic diarrhea in developing countries. It colonizes the colon lumen in close proximity to the gut microbiota. Interestingly, not all individuals are equally susceptible to E. histolytica infection. Therefore, as the microbiota is highly variable within individuals, we sought to determine if a component of the microbiota could regulate susceptibility to infection. In studies utilizing a murine model, we demonstrated that colonization of the gut with the commensal Clostridia-related bacteria known as segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) is protective during E. histolytica infection. SFB colonization in this model was associated with elevated cecal levels of interleukin 17A (IL-17A), dendritic cells, and neutrophils. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from SFB-colonized mice had higher levels of IL-23 production in response to stimulation with trophozoites. Adoptive transfer of BMDCs from an SFB+ to an SFB− mouse was sufficient to provide protection against E. histolytica. IL-17A induction during BMDC transfer was necessary for this protection. This work demonstrates that intestinal colonization with a specific commensal bacterium can provide protection during amebiasis in a murine model. Most importantly, this work demonstrates that the microbiome can mediate protection against an enteric infection via extraintestinal effects on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. IMPORTANCEEntamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis, an infectious disease that contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality due to diarrhea in the developing world. We showed in a murine model that colonization with the commensal members of the Clostridia known as SFB provides protection against E. histolytica and that dendritic cells from SFB-colonized mice alone can recapitulate protection. Understanding interactions between enteropathogens, commensal intestinal bacteria, and the mucosal immune response, including dendritic cells, will help in the development of effective treatments for this disease and other infectious and inflammatory diseases. The demonstration of immune-mediated protection due to communication from the microbiome to the bone marrow represents an emerging field of study that will yield unique approaches to the development of these treatments.
Quantifying Minor Irritancy to the Human Corneal Surface

Purpose. To assess the response of human corneas to minor irritancy using cell counts from contact lens cytology. Methods. Three potential irritants were investigated: 0.01% benzalkonium chloride (BAC), surface exposure produced by voluntarily holding the eye open (EXP), and irrigation of the corneal surface (IRR). One of the two eyes was randomly selected to be tested and the other eye served as a control. Following the treatment corneal surface cells were collected from soft contact lenses with four insertions and removals. Cells were counted using fluorescent staining of acridine orange and Hoechst. Ten normal human subjects took part in each experiment. Results. Nucleated cell counts increased significantly (p 0.05). Cell structures without nuclei were always present (cell ghosts), and they were counted separately. These structures showed green fluorescent staining from acridine orange, but no nuclear staining with Hoechst. The number of cell ghosts inc...
The Effect of Pain on Infant Behaviors

Facial, body, and cry behaviors, heart rate, palmar sweating, and acoustic cry measures were compared across differing levels of infant pain. Eighty-eight infants were placed in a 16-cell matrix of 4 ages (0 to 3 mo., 4 to 6 mo., 7 to 9 mo., and 10 to 12 mo.) and levels of pain (LOP) (none, mild, moderate, severe) with 5 to 6 infants occupying each cell. Matrix placement was determined by agreement of > 75% among five pediatric clinical nurse specialists who viewed videotapes and read information about the infant's history, diagnosis, medical and/or surgical status, medications, and nutritional/fluid status. Coded infant behaviors and acoustic cry parameters were compared using a 2-level (LOP, age) MANOVA. Behaviors that differed across LOP were influenced by infant development. Facial expressions were clinically useful LOP indicators only for 0- to 3-month-old infants. Facial and body behaviors and cry measures that differed across LOP in younger infants did not differ in older infants due to the development of intentionality. Cry orientation and consolability may be useful clinical indicators of pain with older infants.
Active affective State detection and user assistance with dynamic bayesian networks

With the rapid development of pervasive and ubiquitous computing applications, intelligent user-assistance systems face challenges of ambiguous, uncertain, and multimodal sensory observations, user's changing state, and various constraints on available resources and costs in making decisions. We introduce a new probabilistic framework based on the dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) to dynamically model and recognize user's affective states and to provide the appropriate assistance in order to keep user in a productive state. We incorporate an active sensing mechanism into the DBN framework to perform purposive and sufficing information integration in order to infer user's affective state and to provide correct assistance in a timely and efficient manner. Experiments involving both synthetic and real data demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed framework as well as the effectiveness of the proposed active sensing strategy.
Controller-induced parasitic torque ripples in a PM synchronous motor

Permanent magnet (PM) synchronous machines with a sinusoidal back electromotive force are ideally capable of torque-ripple-free operation. However, parasitic torque ripples can still be induced from motor design and controller implementation. This paper focuses on a systematic analysis of possible sources of torque ripple in a PM synchronous machine drive resulting from limitations in the motor controller. It takes into account the effects of finite encoder resolution, controller CPU word length, current sensing errors, and inverter pulsewidth-modulation switching. Approaches for analyzing and calculating torque ripple from each of those sources have been developed. Characteristics of the various parasitic torque ripples are discussed. Experimental and simulation data to verify important results are also presented.
Comments on "A necessary and sufficient condition for the stability of nonnegative interval discrete systems" by B. Shafai et al

In the above-titled paper (ibid., vol.36, no.6, p.742-6, June 1991), the authors gave necessary and sufficient conditions for the Schur stability of nonnegative interval matrices. The commenter suggests that these conditions may be more conveniently stated in terms of characteristics of M-matrices and are easy consequences of some well-known facts in nonnegative matrix theory. The M-matrix characterization further reveals that the conditions in the above-titled paper fall into a special case of a known result for the general interval matrices. >
Low molecular weight soluble starch and its relationship with sorghum couscous stickiness

Abstract Soluble carbohydrates from sorghum couscous were extracted with water and subjected to low-pressure, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Differences were observed in their amount and composition in couscous produced from different sorghum cultivars. When chromatographed on a high cut-off Sepharose CL-2B column, the soluble carbohydrates eluted at a molecular weight lower than that of amylose. Two distinct peaks were obtained when the soluble carbohydrates were chromatographed on a low cut-off SEC (Bio-Gel P-10) column. Peak I was a high molecular weight (HMW) component which complexed iodine with maximum absorption at 540 nm. Peak II consisted of low molecular weight components that did not complex with iodine. The soluble carbohydrate fraction was debranched with isoamylase and fractionated on the Bio-Gel P-10 column. A minor fraction (Fraction I), representing long chains, and two major fractions representing intermediate (Fraction II) and short chains (Fraction III) were obtained, indicating that the soluble material contained branched starch molecules. For Fraction I, λmaxranged from 570 to 580 nm which corresponded to DPnof 50–60 glucose units. For Fraction II, λmaxranged from 510 to 525 nm which was equivalent to DPn26–30. Fraction III did not complex iodine and was assumed to be composed of low molecular weight molecules. Couscous texture (stickiness) was highly correlated with the amount of HMW soluble fraction (r=0·86, p
Manifold bootstrapping for SVBRDF capture

Manifold bootstrapping is a new method for data-driven modeling of real-world, spatially-varying reflectance, based on the idea that reflectance over a given material sample forms a low-dimensional manifold. It provides a high-resolution result in both the spatial and angular domains by decomposing reflectance measurement into two lower-dimensional phases. The first acquires representatives of high angular dimension but sampled sparsely over the surface, while the second acquires keys of low angular dimension but sampled densely over the surface.We develop a hand-held, high-speed BRDF capturing device for phase one measurements. A condenser-based optical setup collects a dense hemisphere of rays emanating from a single point on the target sample as it is manually scanned over it, yielding 10 BRDF point measurements per second. Lighting directions from 6 LEDs are applied at each measurement; these are amplified to a full 4D BRDF using the general (NDF-tabulated) microfacet model. The second phase captures N=20-200 images of the entire sample from a fixed view and lit by a varying area source. We show that the resulting N-dimensional keys capture much of the distance information in the original BRDF space, so that they effectively discriminate among representatives, though they lack sufficient angular detail to reconstruct the SVBRDF by themselves. At each surface position, a local linear combination of a small number of neighboring representatives is computed to match each key, yielding a high-resolution SVBRDF. A quick capture session (10-20 minutes) on simple devices yields results showing sharp and anisotropic specularity and rich spatial detail.
Forest-atmosphere exchange of ozone: sensitivity to very reactive biogenic VOC emissions and implications for in-canopy photochemistry

Abstract. Understanding the fate of ozone within and above forested environments is vital to assessing the anthropogenic impact on ecosystems and air quality at the urban-rural interface. Observed forest-atmosphere exchange of ozone is often much faster than explicable by stomatal uptake alone, suggesting the presence of additional ozone sinks within the canopy. Using the Chemistry of Atmosphere-Forest Exchange (CAFE) model in conjunction with summer noontime observations from the 2007 Biosphere Effects on Aerosols and Photochemistry Experiment (BEARPEX-2007), we explore the viability and implications of the hypothesis that ozonolysis of very reactive but yet unidentified biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) can influence the forest-atmosphere exchange of ozone. Non-stomatal processes typically generate 67 % of the observed ozone flux, but reactions of ozone with measured BVOC, including monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, can account for only 2 % of this flux during the selected timeframe. By incorporating additional emissions and chemistry of a proxy for very reactive VOC (VRVOC) that undergo rapid ozonolysis, we demonstrate that an in-canopy chemical ozone sink of ~2 × 108 molec cm−3 s−1 can close the ozone flux budget. Even in such a case, the 65 min chemical lifetime of ozone is much longer than the canopy residence time of ~2 min, highlighting that chemistry can influence reactive trace gas exchange even when it is "slow" relative to vertical mixing. This level of VRVOC ozonolysis could enhance OH and RO2 production by as much as 1 pptv s−1 and substantially alter their respective vertical profiles depending on the actual product yields. Reaction products would also contribute significantly to the oxidized VOC budget and, by extension, secondary organic aerosol mass. Given the potentially significant ramifications of a chemical ozone flux for both in-canopy chemistry and estimates of ozone deposition, future efforts should focus on quantifying both ozone reactivity and non-stomatal (e.g. cuticular) deposition within the forest.
Nonlinear spectra/dispersion of quinolinium dyes using dual-arm Z-scan

We report two-photon absorption spectra and nonlinear refraction dispersion of a new series of quinolinium heptamethine cyanine dyes measured using our dual-arm Z-scan and fit of spectra and dispersion with an essential-state model.
The fractional chromatic number of Mycielski's graphs

James Propp The most familiar construction of graphs whose clique number is much smaller than their chromatic number is due to Mycielski, who constructed a sequence Gn of triangle-free graphs with X(Gn) = n. In this article, we calculate the fractional chromatic number of Gn and show that this sequence of numbers satisfies the unexpected recurrence an+1 = an + (1/an). © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Museums as sites of memory and oblivion: the persistence of alterity in museums of the Western world1

Two new museums, the Quai Branly Museum and the Museum of Immigration History, inaugurated in Paris in 2006 and 2007, present the “Other” through a collection of artifacts and art objects from Oceania, Asia, Africa, and the Americas for the first museum, and through the history of immigration to France from the nineteenth century to the twenty-first century for the second museum. But how is the “Other” (i.e. immigrants and non-Western art) represented? Do these museums contribute to a rewriting of a shared world history? And of a transnational and transcultural French national history? While these museums apparently honor and celebrate in gorgeous settings the “Other”, they end up dominating and controlling them because they offer only a partial and biased image of them. Both museums create discourses that are a means to forget, rather than remember, and are actually complicit in the violent suppression of non-canonical memory, representing a quiet cultural violence that is perpetrated against memory and ...
Cardinals in V(B)

The theorems of this section can be obtained from the corresponding results in the theory of forcing by translating them in the manner outlined in Corollary 14.23. However, since this translation requires the existence of elementary subsystems of V and thus cannot be carried out in ZF we shall try to give direct proofs in V (B) . Corresponding to the fact that every cardinal in M[G], where 〈M, P〉 is a setting for forcing and G is P-generic over M, is a cardinal in M we have the following.
Effect of the Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act on the Nutritional Quality of Meals Selected by Students and School Lunch Participation Rates

Importance Effective policies have potential to improve diet and reduce obesity. School food policies reach most children in the United States. Objective To assess the nutritional quality of foods chosen by students and meal participation rates before and after the implementation of new school meal standards authorized through the Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act. Design, Setting, and Participants This descriptive, longitudinal study examined changes in the nutritional quality of 1 741 630 school meals at 3 middle schools and 3 high schools in an urban school district in Washington state. Seventy two hundred students are enrolled in the district; 54% are eligible for free and reduced-price meals. Student food selection data were collected daily from January 2011 through January 2014 during the 16 months prior to and the 15 months after implementation of the Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act. Exposure The Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act. Main Outcomes and Measures Nutritional quality was assessed by calculating monthly mean adequacy ratio and energy density of the foods selected by students each day. Six nutrients were included in the mean adequacy ratio calculations: calcium, vitamin C, vitamin A, iron, fiber, and protein. Monthly school meal participation was calculated as the mean number of daily meals served divided by student enrollment. Mean monthly values of mean adequacy ratio, energy density, and participation were compared before and after policy implementation. Results After implementation of the Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act, change was associated with significant improvement in the nutritional quality of foods chosen by students, as measured by increased mean adequacy ratio from a mean of 58.7 (range, 49.6-63.1) prior to policy implementation to 75.6 (range, 68.7-81.8) after policy implementation and decreased energy density from a mean of 1.65 (range, 1.53-1.82) to 1.44 (range, 1.29-1.61), respectively. There was negligible difference in student meal participation following implementation of the new meal standards with 47% meal participation (range, 40.4%-49.5%) meal participation prior to the implemented policy and 46% participation (range, 39.1%-48.2%) afterward. Conclusions and Relevance Food policy in the form of improved nutrition standards was associated with the selection of foods that are higher in nutrients that are of importance in adolescence and lower in energy density. Implementation of the new meal standards was not associated with a negative effect on student meal participation. In this district, meal standards effectively changed the quality of foods selected by children.
Kar9 Controls the Cytoplasm by Visiting the Nucleus.

Kar9 positions mitotic spindles during budding yeast cell division. Reporting in this issue of Developmental Cell, Schweiggert et al. (2016) show that modulation of Kar9 stability mediates crosstalk between cytoplasmic and nuclear microtubules, using an elaborate mechanism that involves regulated nuclear transport as well as SUMOylation and ubiquitination.
Purification of ligandin by affinity chromatography on sulfobromophthalein-agarose gel.

SummaryAffinity chromatography of rat liver cytosol on sulfobromophthalein coupled to agarose via a glutathione bridge is described. Protein bound to the gel is eluted with 0.1 M Na2HPO4 at pH 9.2, resulting in a fourfold enrichment of ligandin as compared to cytosol. This technique should be useful in the study of organic anion binding to rat liver components other than cytosol, and may permit characterization of their potential role in hepatic uptake and excretory mechanisms.
Investigation on mosquito breeding ground at building floor and residential quarters

ObjectiveTo master and eliminate mosquito breeding ground at building floor and residential quarters,provide scientific evidence for controlling mosquito.MethodsProfessional organizations by three kinds of different floors of the high school lower floor and residential rooms for up to record.Different types of mosquito larvae breeded in stagnant water,classification statistics.ResultsFloor divided by the highest rate of positive mosquito breeding ground was five-floor building of stagnant water.Inspection department 182 stagnant water were inspected.There were 76 mosquito breeding ground,accounting for 41.7 %.Residential containers of stagnant water had various plant inspection of mosquito breeding ground for maximum storage containers.163 mosquito larvae breed department occupied 47.2%.ConclusionShaoguan urban construction of the mosquito breeding ground floor stagnant water concentrated in the following five-floor.Residential indoor storage of containers of stagnant water for aquatic plants had maximum mosquito breeding.
Investigation of Occupational Hazards in Nanshan District of Shenzhen City

[Objective]To analyze the occupational hazards in Nanshan District of Shenzhen City,and to provide scientific evidence for better prevention and control of occupational diseases. [Methods]]Excel was used to form a database in arranging and analyzing the data collected from occupational hazardous report and occupational hygienic supervision of Nanshan District up to July 2010. [Results]The Top 3 enterprises with occupational hazard in Nanshan District were manufacturers of communication equipment computer and other electronic equipment,textiles manufacturers,manufacturers of electrical machinery and equipment.The Top 3 in number of hazard-explored workers were manufacturers of communication equipment computer and other electronic equipment,textiles manufacturers,metal manufactories.Chemical toxicants range of degree was primarily concentrated in Ⅱ andⅠ.The Top 3 enterprises with highly toxic products and hazard-explored workers were manufacturers of communication equipment computer and other electronic equipment,manufacturers of electrical machinery and equipment,manufacturers of special purpose machinery. [Conclusion]It is necessary to classify the enterprises based on the main industry,number of hazard-explored workers and highly toxicant products.The prevention and control of occupational diseases should tightly focus on the seriously hazardous professions and areas,and strengthen the supervision and the monitoring management.
The Formation of Community-Engaged Scholars: A Collaborative Approach to Doctoral Training in Education Research.

In this article, Mark R. Warren, Soojin Oh Park, and Mara Casey Tieken explore the training and development of community-engaged scholars in doctoral programs in education. Community-engaged scholars working in the field of education collaborate with families, teachers, and communities to support their efforts to address educational inequities, marking an important way that researchers can promote social justice in public education. Yet these collaborations require particular skills and orientations of researchers, which traditional models of doctoral education are not designed to develop. Additionally, much less attention has been paid to the process of training and equipping emerging community-engaged researchers. This article presents the findings of a self-study of a research project designed to build among doctoral students the skills, dispositions, and commitments of community-engaged scholarship. The authors argue that by fostering collaborative learning and creating a community that embraces proje...
Molecular Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis Infections by Probe Hybridization, PCR, LCR,TMA, and Q-β Replicase.

The use of cell cultures for the laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections was popularized during the 1970s and 80s (1-4). The techniques required live organisms and were restricted to specialized laboratories. During the 1980s the detection of chlamydia-specific antigens was extensively used and compared to cell culture, provided a less stringent transportation of clinical specimens. Both direct fluorescent antibodies (DFA) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) systems were commercialized (5-7) and algorithms for confirming false positives were popularized (8,9). The first nucleic acid detection assay for C.trachomatis was evaluated during this time frame with comparisons to culture and antigen detection (10-14). In the early 1990s, the following amplified nucleic acid assays detecting C. trachomatis gene fragments were developed: polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ligase-chain reaction (LCR), Q-β replicase-amplified hybridization (QBRAH), transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). Extensive evaluations of PCR and LCR have shown, through discordant analysis and expansion of the reference standard for positives, that these amplified assays are 20-30% more sensitive than culture, antigen, or nonamplified nucleic-acid detection methods (15-29). This range in sensitivity (for PCR and/or LCR) is influenced by the rate of inhibitors of amplification found in clinical specimens.
Advancing Continence in Typically Developing Children: Adapting the Procedures of Foxx and Azrin for Primary Care.

Objective To (1) identify and summarize procedures of Foxx and Azrin's classic toilet training protocol that continue to be used in training typically developing children and (2) adapt recent findings with the original Foxx and Azrin procedures to inform practical suggestions for the rapid toilet training of typically developing children in the primary care setting. Method Literature searches of PsychINFO and MEDLINE databases used the search terms "(toilet* OR potty* AND train*)." Selection criteria were only peer-reviewed experimental articles that evaluated intensive toilet training with typically developing children. Exclusion criteria were (1) nonpeer reviewed research, (2) studies addressing encopresis and/or enuresis, (3) studies excluding typically developing children, and (4) studies evaluating toilet training during infancy. Results In addition to the study of Foxx and Azrin, only 4 publications met the above criteria. Toilet training procedures from each article were reviewed to determine which toilet training methods were similar to components described by Foxx and Azrin. Common training elements include increasing the frequency of learning opportunities through fluid loading and having differential consequences for being dry versus being wet and for voiding in the toilet versus elsewhere. Conclusion There is little research on intensive toilet training of typically developing children. Practice sits and positive reinforcement for voids in the toilet are commonplace, consistent with the Foxx and Azrin protocol, whereas positive practice as a corrective procedure for wetting accidents often is omitted. Fluid loading and differential consequences for being dry versus being wet and for voiding in the toilet also are suggested procedures, consistent with the Foxx and Azrin protocol.
Introduction: Space as a Critical Concept

This book moves along the wide arc of the “spatial turn” that critical thinking has taken over the last thirty years. It follows this trajectory in order to see how and where space , something that defies reduction to a simple or stable definition, can now be appreciated for its ecological implications. The principal argument that follows is that, to varying degrees, philosophers born of or nurtured by the ferment of “May 1968” build their work over a spatial crisis that has since broadened to include consideration of the well-being of the planet. When critics and writers take a spatial turn they move from traditionally restricted fields of study, their disciplines as it were, to see where their work stands in view of globalization. The spatial turn now curves toward an ethics of living and working collectively on a planet whose habitability seems to be problematic and whose resources are today less abundant than they had been three decades ago. Before all else it must be asked: might a prodigiously accumulating critical mass of writing on space be a symptom of a diminishing return? Would the increasing number of reflections on the nature of space betray a sense of its attrition? The questions are posed to underscore the paradox motivating much of what follows. While the space our globe allots to us can seem oddly infinite in its finite measure, our worst fears tell us that it is vanishing.
Blocking peptides and molecular mimicry as treatment for kidney disease

Protein mimotopes, or blocking peptides, are small therapeutic peptides that prevent protein-protein interactions by selectively mimicking a native binding domain. Inexpensive technology facilitates straightforward design and production of blocking peptides in sufficient quantities to allow preventive and therapeutic trials in both in vitro and in vivo experimental disease models. The kidney is an ideal peptide target, since small molecules undergo rapid filtration and efficient bulk absorption by tubular epithelial cells. Because the half-life of peptides is markedly prolonged in the kidneys compared with the bloodstream, blocking peptides are an attractive tool for treating diverse renal diseases, including ischemia, proteinuric states, such as membranous nephropathy and focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, and renal cell carcinoma. Therapeutic peptides represent one of the fastest-growing reagent classes for novel drug development in human disease, partly because of their ease of administration, high binding affinity, and minimal off-target effects. This review introduces the concepts of blocking peptide design, production, and administration and highlights the potential use of therapeutic peptides to prevent or treat specific renal diseases.
High Rate 3D Nanofabrication by AFM-based Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Nanomachining

Abstract This paper introduces a high precision 3D nanofabrication approach using ultrasonic vibration assisted nanomachining using an AFM operating in constant height control mode. Nanostructures with 3D features were successfully fabricated on PMMA film with the feature height manipulated through controlling the absolute heights of z-scanner in AFM. Two methods were used to move the AFM tip to create desire features, vector mode and raster scan mode. Relatively simple features, such as stair-like nanostructure with five steps was successfully fabricated in vector mode. Complex nanostructure with discrete height levels and continuous changes were successfully fabricated in raster scan mode. By carefully selecting the machining parameters, the feature dimension and height can be precisely controlled with only small variation from the designed value. Moreover, this paper explores the capability of transferring 3D nanostructures from PMMA film onto silicon substrate. After calibrating the recipe of Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) process, 3D nanostructures are successfully transferred to silicon wafer with controllable selectivity between PMMA and silicon. The results of fabricating 3D structures on silicon substrates show promising potential of many applications, such as mold preparation in nanoimprint lithography.
Problems of different territorial jurisdiction of the authorities of social and legal protection of children (OSPOD) and courts regarding the provision of the protection of the rights of minor children

Abstract The Czech Republic, as a signatory of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, has vested the practice of state administration in the field of care for minor children to the authorities of social and legal protection of children (OSPOD). The purpose of such legal establishment is to provide complex care for minor children on the lowest administrative instance (according to the Act on Social and Legal Protection of Children). Territorial jurisdiction of OSPODs is determined by Act No. 359/1999 Coll., on the Social and Legal Protection of Children, and is therefore established according to the official permanent residence of each child. The real decision-making regarding the protection of the rights of minors is the responsibility of municipal courts. These courts appoint OSPODs as “collision representatives” who protect the interests of minor children in court proceedings. However, the territorial jurisdiction of these courts is determined by Act No. 292/2013 Coll., on Special Court Proceedings. According to this latter act, the court that is eligible to carry out proceedings is the general court of the minor, and in fact it is typically the court where the minor resides. The real place of residence and the place of official permanent residence are not always identical. The aim of this paper is to assess the complex legislation on the issue in theory, and to point out the practical impact and possible problems derived from the different territorial jurisdiction of OSPODs and courts. Additionally, qualitative research has been carried out, based on structured interviews. The respondents are nine municipal court judges who specialize in family law, and nine leading employees of OSPODs. The respondents in both groups are selected in matching pairs, so that their responses reflect the mutual positional relation of the judges in the territory of the court and the local OSPODs. On the theoretical level, the research concerns the evaluation of judicial scholarly writings and court decisions in the field and defines and identifies the problems derived from the different territorial jurisdiction of the bodies. In the interviews, all respondents said that they found the different jurisdictions highly problematic. The wider impact of the issue has also been assessed in terms of guaranteeing the participation of collision representatives in the decision making of courts regarding minor children.