cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catch share programs in the Western Pacific—A solution in search of a problem?

Abstract The movement toward catch shares by NOAA Fisheries and fisheries managers worldwide responds to dysfunctional fisheries plagued by a host of interrelated problems including radically shortened seasons, a race to fish, supply gluts, lowered product quality, increased bycatch, safety issues, excess capacity, and lack of profitability. However, the NOAA Catch Shares Policy recognizes that catch shares are not appropriate for every fishery, and others have agreed that the success of catch shares programs depends on their fit with ecological, economic, and social characteristics. This article describes the characteristics of the Hawaii-based deep-set longline fleet, identified by NOAA Fisheries as a possible candidate for catch shares because it operates under a bigeye tuna quota instituted by the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission. One of the main concerns in the fishery is the potential for closing during the holiday season, a culturally important time for fish consumption in Hawaii. An evaluation of the fishery suggests that many of the problems leading to development of catch shares programs in other fisheries are not present, but that some warning signs exist which could be addressed by catch share programs or other management alternatives.
The polychaete Cirriformia punctata is chemically defended against generalist coral reef predators

The Caribbean cirratulid polychaete, Cirriformia punctata (Grube, 1856), is bright orange and burrows just below the surface of fine carbonate sand with only its filamentous tentacles and gills exposed to potential predators. In addition to its conspicuous coloration, C. punctata lacks obvious structural and morphological defenses. We hypothesized that C. punctata protects itself from predation using secondary metabolites as a chemical defense. Feeding bioassays were performed using whole worms to determine palatability against two generalist coral reef predators: the bluehead wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum, and the brown anemone, Aiptasia sp. Additionally, assays were conducted with hermit crabs of the genus Paguristes, but with limited success. In all assays, C. punctata was unpalatable to consumers. The tentacles and body of the worm were separately assayed using T. bifasciatum to determine whether the defensive mechanism was differentially allocated to body regions that are differently exposed to potential predators. Both the tentacles and body of C. punctata were unpalatable to T. bifasciatum, indicating no specific allocation of defenses. Crude organic extracts of whole C. punctata were unpalatable to T. bifasciatum, confirming that the worm defense is chemical rather than morphological. Chemical defenses of Cirriformia spp. appear to be generally effective against taxonomically diverse potential consumers.
Haiti in the Aftermath of the Earthquake: The Politics of Catastrophe

This article examines whether the earthquake of January 2010 has the potential to generate a seismic transformation of the Haitian political and social structure. In other words, will the practices...
Luminosity and CFF in Deuteranopes and Protanopes

The absolute-threshold spectral-sensitivity curves of deuteranopes and protanopes were compared with the luminosity curves obtained by heterochromatic flicker photometry and side-by-side brightness matching. The luminosity measurements between 500 and 700 nm paralleled the absolute-threshold spectral sensitivity over a luminance range of 4–400 td. CFF–log I functions were obtained at six spectral wavelengths from deuteranopes and protanopes. At 580 nm, where the absolute threshold gave identical estimates of sensitivity for deuteranopes and protanopes, the deuteranopes showed a steeper CFF–log I slope than protanopes. At 4000 td, the deuteranopes had CFF thresholds of 50 cps compared with 40 cps for protanopes.
Components for a GaAs delta-sigma modulator oversampled analog-to-digital converter

The authors examine the design issues, alternatives, and problems of a GaAs delta-sigma modulator. Components for a delta-sigma modulator are designed and fabricated in a depletion-mode GaAs MESFET technology. They are individually characterized and are integrated together into a second-order delta-sigma modulator. Valuable design principles are recommended for future GaAs delta-sigma modulators. Although it did not meet its initial goals, the first attempt demonstrates the modulator's noise shaping ability, which enables it to perform beyond the precision of the individual GaAs components. The modulator achieved 9-10-b performance for a 200-MHz sampling rate and 2-MHz output word rate. Components such as the comparator and 1-b DAC (digital-to-analog converter) limited the performance of the modulator. Nevertheless, corrections and improvements were identified for future GaAs delta-sigma modulator components. >
Hawking radiation and classical tunneling: A ray phase space approach

Acoustic waves in fluids undergoing the transition from sub- to supersonic flow satisfy governing equations similar to those for light waves in the immediate vicinity of a black hole event horizon. This acoustic analogy has been used by Unruh and others as a conceptual model for “Hawking radiation.” Here, we use variational methods, originally introduced by Brizard for the study of linearized MHD, and ray phase space methods, to analyze linearized acoustics in the presence of background flows. The variational formulation endows the evolution equations with natural Hermitian and symplectic structures that prove useful for later analysis. We derive a 2 × 2 normal form governing the wave evolution in the vicinity of the “event horizon.” This shows that the acoustic model can be reduced locally (in ray phase space) to a standard (scalar) tunneling process weakly coupled to a unidirectional non-dispersive wave (the “incoming wave”). Given the normal form, the Hawking “thermal spectrum” can be derived by invoking standard tunneling theory, but only by ignoring the coupling to the incoming wave. Deriving the normal form requires a novel extension of the modular ray-based theory used previously to study tunneling and mode conversion in plasmas. We also discuss how ray phase space methods can be used to change representation, which brings the problem into a form where the wave functions are less singular than in the usual formulation, a fact that might prove useful in numerical studies.
Rev1 promotes replication through UV lesions in conjunction with DNA polymerases η, ι, and κ but not DNA polymerase ζ

Translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases (Pols) promote replication through DNA lesions; however, little is known about the protein factors that affect their function in human cells. In yeast, Rev1 plays a noncatalytic role as an indispensable component of Polζ, and Polζ together with Rev1 mediates a highly mutagenic mode of TLS. However, how Rev1 functions in TLS and mutagenesis in human cells has remained unclear. Here we determined the role of Rev1 in TLS opposite UV lesions in human and mouse fibroblasts and showed that Rev1 is indispensable for TLS mediated by Polη, Polι, and Polκ but is not required for TLS by Polζ. In contrast to its role in mutagenic TLS in yeast, Rev1 promotes predominantly error-free TLS opposite UV lesions in humans. The identification of Rev1 as an indispensable scaffolding component for Polη, Polι, and Polκ, which function in TLS in highly specialized ways opposite a diverse array of DNA lesions and act in a predominantly error-free manner, implicates a crucial role for Rev1 in the maintenance of genome stability in humans.
Whole-Mount Immunostaining Methods to Study the Blood and Lymphatic Vasculature in the Embryonic Mouse Skin and Adult Mouse Cornea

In order to study the lymphatic/blood vascular system, in mouse adult/embryonic tissues we often make use of histological sections. Although immunostaining of histologic sections does give an idea of the underlying vasculature, one of the shortcomings of these methods includes lack of possibilities of studying the vessel branching patterns. The whole mount staining of various mouse tissues provides an opportunity to study the entire vasculature including whole vessel width, vascular morphogenesis, and valve formations. Additionally data quantification of lymphatic/blood vasculature is often most accurate with whole mount immunostaining. In this chapter we present simple techniques for staining whole mount mouse embryonic dorsal skins (DS) and adult mouse corneal tissues for visualization of lymphatic and blood vasculature for research purposes.
Plans, goals, and search strategies for the selection of a move in chess

In the spring of 1970 at the Adriatic resort town of Herzeg-Novi, the strongest speed tournament of all time was held. Of the twelve participants, all but one was a grandmaster. Bobby Fischer won the double round robin with the amazing score of 19 points (out of a possible 22). The time limit for each game was 5 minutes, and it was reported that Fischer spent only half his allotted time on the average [4].
The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis: Atherogenesis and Inflammation

Atherosclerosis and its complications, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, remain major causes of morbidity and mortality in the Western World; coronary heart disease alone accounts for over half a million deaths in the United States annually (4). Because atherosclerosis is a slowly progressive disease, which begins in childhood and does not become manifest until middle-age or later, its etiology and pathogenesis have been difficult to elucidate. Yet in the past decade or two, cellular and molecular approaches to the study of the cells of the vascular wall, as well as innovative methods for examination of abnormalities in lipid metabolism, have provided numerous insights into the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. One of these insights is the resurgent appreciation that atherosclerosis is a response of the vascular wall to injury (117–119), having many of the features of the inflammatory response in other tissues (81, 119). Atherosclerosis was likened to inflammation by Rayer in 1823 (112), and this concept was extended by Virchow (145) a few decades later; in 1950, Saphir and Gore (124) spoke of the evidence for an inflammatory basis of coronary arteriosclerosis in the young, and most recently Joris and Majno (81) stressed the similarities between the two processes. That atherosclerosis has similarities to inflammation will be apparent from the considerations which follow, as will be the implications of these concepts to future work on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its prevention and treatment.
Mycobacterial Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: A New York City Hospital Experience

There has been a tenfold increase in the total number of new mycobacterial isolates from January 1982 to June 1986 at the Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York City. We studied the impact of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex (ARC) on this and found that of 273 positive isolates, 46 were from AIDS patients (24 were Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare [MAI] and 22 were M tuberculosis [MTB]. In our population, over 80% of the AIDS patients with MTB were intravenous drug abusers (IVDAs) (18/22), and their tuberculosis presented early and aggressively. Although Pneumocystis carinii was the commonest opportunistic pathogen, AIDS patients with MAI, whether IVDA or homosexual, were afflicted with twice as many opportunistic infections as compared to those with MTB. Further extensive epidemiologic investigation is required to explain the rise in mycobacterial isolates from the general population. The presence of unusual progressive mycobacterial infection in inner-city patients may be the harbinger of AIDS, particularly in IVDAs and homosexuals.
HTTP-WEB Server-based Monitoring System

Internet applications for the WWW server,the most widely used is different from the traditional SNMP and RMON monitoring mode,the system to bypass the Web Server's SNMP Agent and Mib library,using HTTP protocol's request,response mode,response status line through the acquisition,subject entities in response to the content,reach of the Web Server running and monitoring of the contents page.Experiments show that the method can experiment on the Web Server management,improved management and monitoring of real-time performance.
Clinical feature and treatment of nitrogen suffocation

Nitrogen is the most component in air,inhalation of high concentration of nitrogen may cause asphyxia,its incidence is only next to that of carbon monoxide poisoning or hydrogen sulfide poisoning.In this paper,the clinical feature of nitrogen suffocation and its treatment,especially the first-aid measures and on-site oxygen therapy were well reviewed.
Novel titanium dioxide/iron (III) oxide/graphene oxide photocatalytic membrane for enhanced humic acid removal from water

Abstract Membrane fouling caused by natural organic matters such as humic acid has been one of the major obstacles inhibiting the wide application of membrane technologies for water treatment. In this work, a novel membrane made of interconnecting TiO 2 nanowires, Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles, and graphene oxide (GO) sheets was prepared via a simple hydrothermal, colloidal blending, and vacuum filtration method. Membrane performance of humic acid removal under simulated solar irradiation and in the dark were compared for membranes with different Fe 2 O 3 /TiO 2 /GO compositions. It was demonstrated that enhanced humic acid removal was achieved due to the greater adsorption of humic acid by Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles and the improved photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 by the GO sheets that can facilitate separation of photo-induced electron-hole. An optimal Fe 2 O 3 :TiO 2 :GO weight ratio of 50:100:10 was identified, and over 98% humic acid removal was achieved in a short-term test (2 h) and 92% removal in a 12 h test under solar irradiation. By contrast, only 51% humic acid removal was obtained by the same membrane in dark in the 12 h test. A lower pressure drop across the membrane was also observed under solar irradiation (20 kPa) compared with that in the dark (50 kPa). This nanomaterial-based novel membrane contributes to the development of a more effective water treatment technology.
« Tous concernés… Même nos adolescents ». Conduites à risques : une approche de prévention en entreprise

Introduction Le role des medecins du travail et de leurs equipes est maintenant incontournable dans la prevention de la consommation de drogues et d’alcool sur les lieux de travail depuis la loi 2011-867 du 20 juillet 2011. Nous avons cree un groupe de travail pluridisciplinaire avec pour objectifs d’aborder de facon collective les conduites a risques, d’impacter les collaborateurs dans les spheres professionnelles, familiales, personnelles et d’informer sur la legislation. Methodologie Le groupe a organise du 16 juin au 4 decembre 2014, 9 journees de prevention collective dans les principaux sites IBM en France. Un officier de police intervenant exterieur (major de police, ancien policier de la brigade des stupefiants de Pairs, formateur anti-drogue) animait ces journees avec un support video, des panneaux informatifs (crees par un de nos partenaires) et un quiz geant. Un effort important de communication a precede et accompagne chaque journee (annonces audio, information par le Comite d’etablissement, la Mutuelle et sur les ecrans des sites visites). Resultats L’analyse des questionnaires met en evidence une grande satisfaction de la part de tous les participants autant sur le theme choisi (69 %) que sur l’organisation (86 %). L’animation a fait l’unanimite. Les personnes presentes ont reconnu avoir peu de connaissance du sujet et 70 % d’entre elles declarent que cette manifestation leur a apporte des informations nouvelles. Si 51,8 % des personnes se disent non concernees par le sujet et ne pensent donc pas devoir changer leurs habitudes, 26 % sont au contraire favorables a l’idee de modifier leur comportement. Les participants se disent prets a en parler autour d’eux, a leurs enfants et a leurs proches. On note que pour la recherche d’informations sur les sujets de sante, les collaborateurs privilegient les sources Internet (39,5 %). Conclusion Riche de ces echanges et de ces retours, la sensibilisation sur le sujet des addictions a permis d’informer, premier acte d’une prevention. Le developpement d’une information sante sur les reseaux sociaux internes pourrait etre un complement aux actions de prevention de l’equipe. Ces journees ont en tout cas montre la pertinence d’une approche collective prealable a toute action ciblee en sante publique.
Temperature Effect on Dielectric Breakdown and Charges Retention of Nanocrystalline Cadmium Selenide Embedded Zr-Doped HfO2 High- ${k}$ Dielectric Thin Film

Temperature influence on the dielectric breakdown and charges retention of the nanocrystalline cadmium selenide embedded high- ${k}$ dielectric thin film has been investigated. The embedding of nanocrystals in the high- ${k}$ stack strongly enhanced the charge storage capability. Metal oxide semiconductor capacitors composed of this kind of dielectric structure showed the two-step breakdown phenomenon corresponding to failures of the interface and the bulk high- ${k}$ layers, separately. The failure process was accelerated by the rise of temperature due to increases of defect states and defect effective conduction radii. The memory window was changed with the rise of temperature due to the competitive charge trapping and detrapping mechanisms. This paper provided important information on the practical application of this novel type of memory device.
FPGA implementation of dynamic run-time behavior reconfiguration in robots

Using a single robot for multiple operations has been a significant problem for researchers in Robotics since available space, cost, and power consumption are constraints to the increasing number of behaviors on a robot. An efficient technique to implement multiple behaviors in robots using FPGA based partial reconfigurable hardware is presented in this paper. Robots built using reconfigurable FPGAs can have their functionalities modified at run-time without completely taking the robot off-line. Resource efficiency increases because only the modules corresponding to the current behavior are implemented in the FPGA while inactive modules are stored in an external memory. The approach is validated through a case study where teams of robots are configured to meet application specific requirements and the run-time behaviors of these robots are modified dynamically using Xilinx Virtex-II Pro FPGAs.
The effect of carbon on the microstructures, mechanical properties, and deformation mechanisms of thermo-mechanically treated Fe40.4Ni11.3Mn34.8Al7.5Cr6 high entropy alloys

Abstract The effects of cold rolling followed by annealing on the mechanical properties and dislocation substructure evolution of undoped and 1.1 at. % carbon-doped Fe40.4Ni11.3Mn34.8Al7.5Cr6 high entropy alloys (HEAs) have been investigated. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT) were employed to characterize the microstructures. The as-cast HEAs were coarse-grained and single phase f.c.c., whereas the thermo-mechanical treatment caused recrystallization (to fine grain sizes) and precipitation (a B2 phase for the undoped HEA; and a B2 phase, and M23C6 and M7C3 carbides for the C-doped HEA). Carbon, which was found to have segregated to the grain boundaries using APT, retarded recrystallization. The reduction in grain size resulted in a sharp increase in strength, while the precipitation, which produced only a small increase in strength, probably accounted for the small decrease in ductility for both undoped and C-doped HEAs. For both undoped and C-doped HEAs, the smaller grain-sized material initially exhibited higher strain hardening than the coarse-grained material but showed a much lower strain hardening at large tensile strains. Wavy slip in the undoped HEAs and planar slip in C-doped HEAs were found at the early stages of deformation irrespective of grain size. At higher strains, dislocation cell structures formed in the 19 μm grain-sized undoped HEA, while microbands formed in the 23 μm grain-sized C-doped HEA. In contrast, localized dislocation clusters were found in both HEAs at the finest grain sizes (5 μm). The inhibition of grain subdivision by the grain boundaries and precipitates lead to the transformation from regular dislocation configurations consisting of dislocation-cells and microbands to irregular dislocation configurations consisting of localized dislocation clusters, which further account for the decrease in ductility. Investigation of the formation mechanism and strain hardening of dislocation cells and microbands could benefit future structural material design.
An Empirical Assessment of IT Disaster Probabilities

Driven by the incentives of cost-efficiency and competition, business has placed more of its critical information asset into automated systems and networks (Hughes, 1997). As a result, business has become more dependent upon the uninterrupted function of information systems. The interruption of business due to the loss or denial of the information assets required for normal operations can have a catastrophic impact on a firm’s bottom line (Glennen, 1997). Such disasters may involve the loss of integrity or reliability in a critical dataset or in the means by which data is transported, manipulated, or presented for use.
Risk Assessment for a Recombinant Biosensor

Under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), intergeneric microorganisms intended for commercial purposes are reviewed for their safety. TSCA-subject microorganisms include those in several use categories such as fermentation applications for specialty chemical production (detergent enzymes, etc), biofertilizers, ore mining, oil recovery, biomass conversion, and bioremediation. Such intergeneric microorganisms are subject to Premanufacture Notification (PMN) review prior to commercialization, and voluntary PMNs are requested if the microorganisms will be used in field tests to examine issues such as efficacy prior to full commercialization. In either case, the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA) Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) reviews the PMN and legally-binding conditions on the microorganism’s production, and use are negotiated between the proponent and OPPT in order to address any risk concerns identified in the USEPA’s review. In the case of field tests proposed for Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain HK44 (pUTK21), the decision took the form of a Consent Order under Section 5(e) of TSCA.
Eating Disorders Across the Life-Span: From Menstruation to Menopause

Biological susceptibility to eating psychopathology influences the onset, course, and maintenance of eating disorders across the life-span. Consequently, a developmental lens is imperative to understand the expression of eating disorders and to identify key risk factors and windows for prevention for women at each stage of life. As early as puberty, the associated neuroendocrine changes that occur may trigger expression of an eating disorder for those with a genetic predisposition. Subsequently, this has a potentially deleterious effect on later reproductive physical and mental health. Eating disorders often impact pregnancy and birth outcomes as well as increase vulnerability to perinatal mood and anxiety disorders. Additionally, perinatal issues such as anxiety, weight retention, and difficulty with child feeding can have an intergenerational effect, increasing the risk of onset in successive generations. This chapter explores the dynamic interplay between women’s physical development, eating disorder symptoms, and overall mental health.
Real-World Effectiveness of Physical Therapy for Common Neck Pain Diagnoses: A Multivariate Analysis of 1554 Patients.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study (Level of evidence-3). OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the real-life effectiveness of physical therapy (PT) for patients initially presenting with common neck pain diagnoses. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Neck pain is a common cause of morbidity and a leading cause of disability in the United States. PT is prescribed as a first-line treatment for the vast majority of patients with neck pain; however, there is limited literature supporting the effectiveness of these treatments. METHODS A total of 1554 patients enrolled in PT for the nonoperative treatment of neck pain were included in the study. Three primary patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures [neck disability index (NDI), resting numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), and activity NPRS] were recorded before and at conclusion of therapy. Improvement was noted if patients met a threshold value for a minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Bivariate analysis using a χ test and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed to determine risk factors predictive of treatment failure. RESULTS About 40.5% of patients achieved MCID for NDI with an average change of -6.31 points. For resting NPRS and activity NPRS scores, 50.6% and 52.1% of patients achieved MCID with an average change of -1.93 and -2.36, respectively. After multiple logistic regression analysis, worker's compensation status was found to be an independent predictor for treatment failure in all groups; whereas, Medicare status was found predictive of achieving MCID in the activity NPRS group. CONCLUSIONS We observed that up to half of the patients analyzed met the minimum criteria for improvement in neck pain with respect to the PRO measures, suggesting that real-life effectiveness of PT for common neck pain diagnoses may approach 50%.
Identification of Kinase Inhibitors that Regulate Nuclear Receptor Nurr1 (NR4A2) Cellular Activity

Abstract The ability to regulate the activity NR4A subfamily of nuclear receptors would be potentially useful in the treatment of multiple diseases, but to date, few regulators have been reported. This is likely due to the fact that the NR4A subfamily does not have a typical unoccupied nuclear receptor ligand binding pocket, but rather a pocket that is occupied with hydrophobic side chains of adjacent amino acids. It follows that traditional nuclear receptor assays that seek to identify ligands that bind within the ligand binding pocket would not be successful. We have thus focused on an alternate assay to identify NR4A regulators based on the fact that regulation of NR4A, at least partially, results from phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of the amino terminal region of the protein. We developed a medium throughput cellular assay using a fusion of the amino terminus of Nurr1 (NR4A2) with luciferase reporter and used the assay to screen a large and diverse protein kinase inhibitor set (PKIS). We identified multiple kinase inhibitor compounds from PKIS that significantly increased or decreased the cellular activity of Nurr1. These molecules serve as starting points to discover selective tools for regulation of Nurr1/Nurr1pathway. This work was supported by Shaw University Institutional funds and the experiments were performed in a laboratory containing equipment supplied from a previously funded NIH RIMI grant (Research Instrumentation for Minority Institutions).
GATA Transcription Factors and Cardiovascular Disease

Development of the mammalian heart is a complex process that involves the specification and differentiation of cardiovascular progenitor cells, their migration to the organ-forming region, interactions and signaling within and between tissues, and later growth and functional maturation of the organ. Normal heart structure and function rely on the precise expression and regulation of the transcription factor network during organogenesis. Over the last three decades, intensive studies from a number of invertebrate and vertebrate species have identified multiple genes encoding cardiac transcription factors, including GATA4/5/6, Nkx2-5, Tbx5, SRF, Mef2c, FOG, and HAND2, which are required for cardiogenesis. Defective expression or interactions between cardiac transcription factors underlie a significant portion of congenital heart disease. In this chapter, we summarize the current understanding of the functions of GATA transcription factors, especially GATA4, GATA5, and GATA6, in cardiovascular development and the molecular interactions of GATA factors with other transcription factors. The association of GATA transcription factors with cardiovascular disease is also discussed.
Creating Social Creativity: Integrative Transdisciplinarity and the Epistemology of Complexity

The increasing interest in “social creativity” over the last 20 years, has also led to a reflection on how “creativity” has itself been created by researchers. Different strategies in the study of creativity reflect different underlying assumptions about, among other things, the nature and role inquiry, the fundamental unit of analysis, the relationship between self and society, and the purpose of research. Two approaches are outlined in broad strokes, focusing on simplicity and complexity respectively. The former is inspired by the natural sciences and aims to abstract the essential feature of a phenomenon from unessential elements, with the laboratory as its gold standard. The more recent complex approach addresses context, relationships and connections as well as uncertainty and unpredictability. In order to address the complexity of connections, relationships, emergence, and factors that cannot be contained in one discipline, one of the central characteristics of a complex approach is its transdisciplinarity, and specifically Integrative Transdisciplinarity.
A Method of Shoreline Delineation

This a presentation of an empirical method of determining the usual (or mean) high water line on both beach and rock shore line. Evidence is presented as proof of the accuracy of the method, and mention is made of the consistency of results when the method is applied. Because the criteria are based on a combination of photographic tom, texture, alignment patterns and small indistinguishable object images and their shadows, it is claimed to be applicable to most circumstances. A ll the criteria may not be present. Selection of the few illustrations is based upon proximity of beach and rock shore lines with additional evidence in the vicinity presented for verification of the conclusion. The area has been independently compiled from prints of the same exposures a sufficient number of times to afford a check on consistency of interpretation. The above conditions have ilimited the selection of illustrative material. The illustrations are believed to offer about average difficulties. The text contains the keys to letters and numbers which appear in the illustrations.
Behavioral economics and health-care markets

Abstract This chapter summarizes research in behavioral health economics, focusing on insurance markets and product markets in health care. We argue that the prevalence of choice difficulties and biases leading to mistakes in these markets establish a special place for them in economic analysis. In addition, we argue that while the behavioral health-economics literature has done a better job documenting consumer-choice mistakes in insurance and treatment choices than explaining why those mistakes occur, it is clear that we should not ignore these mistakes in our analyses. We document evidence showing that consumers leave lots of money on the table in their insurance-plan choices, sometimes thousands of dollars. This is true both when consumers make active choices (e.g., they do not have a default plan) and when they make passive choices (e.g., they have a default plan). We discuss the implications of this body of work for the design and regulation of insurance markets, including the interaction between consumer choice difficulties or biases and adverse selection. We then document evidence on consumer mistakes in health-care utilization and treatment choices, especially in response to changes in prices such as copayments and deductibles. We show how choice difficulties or biases may lead patients to respond to such increases in patient cost-sharing by reducing demand for high-value care, muddying the traditional argument that the price elasticity of demand for medical care meaningfully captures the degree of moral hazard. We conclude with directions for future research.
Collaborative-Cognitive Model for Introductory Software Development

Descartes’ methodology for problem solving stands to this day as a model of clarity of thought and remains the basic guidance for problem solving activities like software development. This chapter addresses the interdependence among problem solving, cognition, program development, and collaboration. We describe a model that can serve as a guide for designing environments for collaborative, introductory program design. To determine the type of support such environments should provide, we first review existing problem solving methodologies and define a standard model for problem solving. We then examine the tasks specific to introductory level software development and identify how to adapt the standard problem solving model to program development. We then describe the cognitive techniques that support each task of the model, integrating the problem solving and program-development tasks with the cognitive methods required at each step. We conclude by indicating how the process is affected when collaboration is added to the mix.
Sleep and activity patterns in older patients discharged from the hospital.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Although sleep disturbance is common in acutely ill patients during and after a hospitalization, how hospitalization affects sleep in general medicine patients has not been well characterized. We describe how sleep and activity patterns vary during and after hospitalization in a small population of older, predominately African American general medicine patients. METHODS Patients wore a wrist accelerometer during hospitalization and post-discharge to provide objective measurements of sleep duration, efficiency, and physical activity. Random effects linear regression models clustered by subject were used to test associations between sleep and activity parameters across study days from hospitalization through post-discharge. RESULTS We recorded 404 nights and 384 days from 54 patients. Neither nighttime sleep duration nor sleep efficiency increased from hospitalization through post-discharge (320.2 vs. 320.2 min, p = 0.99; 74.0% vs. 71.7%, p = 0.24). Daytime sleep duration also showed no significant change (26.3 vs. 25.8 min/day, p = 0.5). Daytime physical activity was significantly less in-hospital compared to post-discharge (128.6 vs. 173.2 counts/min, p < 0.01) and increased 23.3 counts/min (95% CI = 16.5 to 30.6, p < 0.01) per hospital day. A study day and post-discharge period interaction was observed demonstrating slowed recovery of activity post-discharge (β 3 = -20.8, 95% CI = -28.8 to -12.8, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Nighttime sleep duration and efficiency and daytime sleep duration were similar in-hospital and post-discharge. Daytime physical activity, however, was greater post-discharge and increased more rapidly during hospitalization than post-discharge. Interventions, both in hospital and at home, to restore patient sleep and sustain activity improvements may improve patient recovery from illness.
Large-scale patterns of seed removal by small mammals differ between areas of low- versus high-wolf occupancy.

Because most tree species recruit from seeds, seed predation by small-mammal granivores may be important for determining plant distribution and regeneration in forests. Despite the importance of seed predation, large-scale patterns of small-mammal granivory are often highly variable and thus difficult to predict. We hypothesize distributions of apex predators can create large-scale variation in the distribution and abundance of mesopredators that consume small mammals, creating predictable areas of high and low granivory. For example, because gray wolf (Canis lupus) territories are characterized by relatively less use by coyotes (C. latrans) and greater use by foxes (Vulpes vulpes, Urocyon cinereoargentus) that consume a greater proportion of small mammals, wolf territories may be areas of reduced small-mammal granivory. Using large-scale, multiyear field trials at 22 sites with high- and low-wolf occupancy in northern Wisconsin, we evaluated whether removal of seeds of four tree species was lower in wolf territories. Consistent with the hypothesized consequences of wolf occupancy, seed removal of three species was more than 25% lower in high-wolf-occupancy areas across 2 years and small-mammal abundance was more than 40% lower in high-wolf areas during one of two study years. These significant results, in conjunction with evidence of seed consumption in situ and the absence of significant habitat differences between high- and low-wolf areas, suggest that top-down effects of wolves on small-mammal granivory and seed survival may occur. Understanding how interactions among carnivores create spatial patterns in interactions among lower trophic levels may allow for more accurate predictions of large-scale patterns in seed survival and forest composition.
Data-driven optimization of building layouts for energy efficiency

Abstract One of the primary driving factors in building energy performance is occupant behavioral dynamics. As a result, the layout of building occupant workstations is likely to influence energy consumption. In this paper, we introduce methods for relating lighting zone energy to zone-level occupant dynamics, simulating energy consumption of a lighting system based on this relationship, and optimizing the layouts of buildings. The optimization makes use of both a clustering-based approach and a genetic algorithm, and it aims to reduce energy consumption. We find in a case study that nonhomogeneous behavior (i.e., high diversity) among occupant schedules positively correlates with the energy consumption of a highly controllable lighting system. We additionally find through data-driven simulation that the naive clustering-based optimization and the genetic algorithm (which makes use of the energy simulation engine) produce layouts that reduce energy consumption by roughly 5% compared to the existing layout of a real office space comprised of 151 occupants. Overall, this study demonstrates the merits of utilizing low-cost dynamic design of existing building layouts as a means to reduce energy usage. Our work provides an additional path to reach our sustainable energy goals in the built environment through new non-capital-intensive interventions.
Functional outcomes and survivorship of distal femoral osteotomy with cartilage restoration of the knee

Abstract Introduction Few studies have reported on functional outcome and survivorship of simultaneous distal femoral osteotomy (DFO) and cartilage restoration techniques, including lateral femoral condyle osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA). Objectives The purpose of this investigation is therefore to evaluate short-term outcomes, mid-term outcomes, and satisfaction in patients receiving OCA and DFO. Methods A registry of consecutive patients undergoing DFO with concomitant OCA between 2004 and 2017 was retrospectively reviewed. Patient records meeting inclusion criteria were reviewed to collect baseline demographic data; both pre- and postoperative radiographs were reviewed. Patients were contacted to complete postoperative outcome questionnaires. Subsequent surgical history and patient satisfaction were also assessed. The postoperative outcomes obtained were compared to prospectively collected preoperative outcome scores. Outcomes were compared using paired t-testing, with statistical significance defined as P Results A total of 24 patients were identified, of which 17 (70.8%) completed follow-up at a mean of 7.13 years (range, 2-14.2 years) after surgery. At final follow-up, there were significant improvements in IKDC (P Conclusion In young, active patients with valgus deformity and lateral chondral defects of the knee, DFO with concomitant OCA can significantly improve functional scores compared to baseline at a minimum of 2 years after surgery.
O01.4 The global Treponema pallidum OMPeome: a structural platform for deciphering stealth pathogenicity and developing a syphilis vaccine with worldwide efficacy

Background The outer membrane (OM) of Treponema pallidum (Tp) serves as the interface between the syphilis spirochete and its obligate human host and also is key to developing a vaccine with worldwide efficacy. We used structural modeling and bioinformatics to delineate the repertoire of OM proteins (OMPs) in the Tp Nichols strain. The Tp ‘OMPeome’ consists of two ‘stand-alone’ proteins (BamA and LptD) involved in OM biogenesis and four paralogous families involved in influx/efflux of small molecules: 8-stranded β-barrels, long-chain fatty acid transporters (FadLs), OM factors (OMFs) for efflux pumps, and Tp repeat protein (Tprs). Design/Methods Three-dimensional structural OMP models were generated with I-TASSER, Phyre2, and trRosetta. SAXS was used to solve solution structures for TprK and T. denticola MOSP, the Tpr family parental ortholog. Results Tp’s BamA (TP0326) is the central component of a hybrid BAM system in which POTRA1–5 interacts with the DUF domain of TamB (TP0325). Although Tp lacks lipopolysaccharide, its genome encodes a nearly complete LPS transporter apparatus. The LptD ortholog (TP0515) contains a large unstructured C-terminal domain, which models LptE-like inside the β-barrel. Tp encodes four 8-stranded β-barrels, each containing positively charged extracellular loops that could contribute to pathogenesis. Surprisingly, Tp encodes five FadL orthologs, all of which display features (i.e., hatch domain and NPA motifs) that are characteristic of Gram-negative FadLs. Three (TP0548, TP0859 and TP0865) have α-helical extensions that could interact with periplasmic components. The Tp genome encodes Mac and RND efflux pumps that presumably achieve combinatorial diversity via co-expression of four paralogous OMFs. Lastly, we confirmed the bipartite membrane topology of Tprs using SAXS to solve solution structures for MOSPN domains of TprK and MOSP. Conclusions The Tp Nichols OMPeome provides a structural framework to (i) elucidate Tp’s enigmatic parasitic strategies, (ii) identify targets of natural immunity, and (iii) interrogate candidate vaccinogens.
The Use of Magnets in the Treatment of Congenital Disorders

The use of magnets to treat congenital disorders is still in its early stages. The published experience worldwide falls into two categories: magnets used to facilitate the treatment of atresias of the alimentary tract and magnets used to guide the growth and remodeling of bone for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. In general, the use of magnets to treat congenital disorders has been aimed at the gradual distraction of malformed tissue to achieve a more anatomically and physiologically normal state. At this time, the applications are best described as investigational. In this chapter, we will highlight the various congenital defects for which magnets have been employed and review the worldwide published experience with the use of magnets to treat these pediatric conditions.
Treatment of Hypertension in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: a Contemporary Approach

Blood pressure guidelines worldwide have changed their recommended blood pressure goals multiple times over the past decade due to an evolving understanding of the treatment of hypertension in patients with diabetes mellitus. While it is evident through randomized trials that treatment of hypertension in diabetes mellitus prevents complications, the optimal blood pressure goal is not clear. Post hoc analyses of the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes-Blood Pressure (ACCORD-BP) trial, its long-term follow along study ACCORDION, and Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) suggest that patients with diabetes have a reduced risk of adverse cardiovascular events when aiming for more intensive blood pressure targets. High-quality data support guideline recommendations for more aggressive blood pressure targets in patients with diabetes mellitus. Reasoning for a return to more aggressive blood pressure goals in this at-risk population is discussed, and treatment strategies encompassing contemporary therapeutic options are recommended.
Don’t Compound the Caremark Mistake by Extending it to ESG Oversight

Since the foundational decision in In re Caremark Intern. Inc. Derivative Litig., 698 A.2d 959 (Del. Ch. 1996), Delaware corporate law has required boards of directors to establish reasonable legal compliance programs. Although Caremark has been applied almost exclusively with respect to law and accounting compliance, the original Caremark decision contemplated applying the oversight duty to the corporation’s “business performance.” Accordingly, there is no doctrinal reason that Caremark claims should not lie in cases in which the corporation suffered losses, not due to a failure to comply with applicable laws, but rather due to lax risk management. The question thus arises as to whether Caremark should be extended to board failures to exercise oversight with respect to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors. Obviously, where existing legislation or regulations impose compliance obligations in ESG-related areas, such as human resources, the environment, or worker safety, Caremark already applies. As such, boards must “ensure that compliance and monitoring systems are in place” to oversee corporate compliance with those laws. Many ESG issues are not yet the subject to legal requirements, however. The question addressed in this Article is whether the board’s Caremark obligations should be extended to encompass oversight of corporate performance with such issues. In other words, should the board face potential liability not just for failing to ensure that the company has adequate reporting and monitoring systems in place to insure compliance with ESG-related legal requirements, but also to monitor ESG risks in areas where corporate compliance would be voluntary or aspirational.
Principles of Musculoskeletal Infections

The goal of this unit is to familiarize the reader with infectious diseases of bones and joints and their pathogenesis, bacteriology, morbid anatomy, clinical course, and complications. Upon completion of this unit, the learner should be able to describe, list, or identify the routes of infection of bones and joints, cellular responses to infection, differences between pediatric and adult populations with regard to musculoskeletal infections, pathogenesis of acute and chronic osteomyelitis, complications of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, bacteriology of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, diagnosis of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, medical and surgical treatment of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, considerations of infections around orthopedic implants, and diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infections.