cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The evolution of conspicuous facultative mimicry in octopuses: an example of secondary adaptation?

The ‘Mimic Octopus’Thaumoctopus mimicus Norman & Hochberg, 2005 exhibits a conspicuous primary defence mechanism (high-contrast colour pattern during ‘flatfish swimming’) that may involve facultative imperfect mimicry of conspicuous and/or inconspicuous models, both toxic and non-toxic (Soleidae and Bothidae). Here, we examine relationships between behavioural and morphological elements of conspicuous flatfish swimming in extant octopodids (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae), and reconstructed ancestral states, to examine potential influences on the evolution of this rare defence mechanism. We address the order of trait distribution to explore whether conspicuous flatfish swimming may be an exaptation that usurps a previously evolved form of locomotion for a new purpose. Contrary to our predictions, based on the relationships we examined, flatfish swimming appears to have evolved concurrently with extremely long arms, in a clade of sand-dwelling species. The conspicuous body colour pattern displayed by swimming T. mimicus may represent a secondary adaptation potentially allowing for mimicry of a toxic sole, improved disruptive coloration, and/or aposematic coloration. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101, 68–77.
Relation of Maternal Age and Pattern of Pregnancy Drinking to Functionally Significant Cognitive Deficit in Infancy

Prospective studies of the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on development have focused primarily on the detection of subtle deficits. This study was designed to extend those findings by evaluating dose-response, functional significance, and pattern of drinking in greater detail. 480 African-American infants, recruited to overrepresent prenatal exposure at moderate-to-heavy levels, were assessed. For the five outcomes tested, nonparametric and hockey stick regression analyses both indicated essentially no relation between pregnancy drinking and developmental outcome below a median threshold of 0.5 oz absolute alcohol/day, with the impact of the exposure increasing gradually above threshold. Functional deficit was defined in terms of performance in the bottom 10th percentile of the distribution. For four of the five outcomes tested, there was no increased incidence of functionally significant deficit in infants born to moderate-to-heavy drinking mothers <30 years old, whereas those born to older drinking mothers were 2 to 5 times more likely to be functionally impaired. Among the infants exposed above threshold, functionally significant deficits were seen primarily in those whose mothers averaged at least 5 drinks/occasion on an average of at least once/week. By contrast, a history of alcohol abuse was not related to functional deficit. These data suggest that efforts to reduce the incidence of alcohol-related functional impairment should specifically target the older mother who engages in intermittent heavy drinking during pregnancy.
Effects of lidocaine on shock-induced vulnerability.

Introduction: Lidocaine is known to increase the defibrillation threshold (DFT) of monophasic shocks (MS) and have no effect on DFT of biphasic shocks (BS). The aim of this study was to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of vulnerability and defibrillation through the investigation of this difference. Methods and Results: We studied the effect of 15 μM lidocaine on shock-induced vulnerability using fluorescent imaging of Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts. Vulnerability was assessed as vulnerable window with shock strengths of 15 to 150 V and vulnerable period (VP) with shock delivery phase of 0% to 100% of action potential duration (% APD). With MS, lidocaine caused a significant increase in both the upper limit of vulnerability (ULV, 71 ± 17 V vs 120 ± 1.5 V, P < 0.01) and upper limit of VP (91 ± 8.0% APD vs 110 ± 4.2% APD, P < 0.01). With BS, lidocaine had no effect on ULV (40 ± 3.4 V vs 45 ± 4.5 V) and did not increase the upper limit of VP (78 ± 8.9% APD vs 96 ± 12% APD, P < 0.01). Lidocaine caused reduction of the conduction velocity during pacing (0.58 ± 0.08 m/s vs 0.44 ± 0.05 m/s, P < 0.01), shock-induced break excitation (0.82 ± 0.17 m/s vs 0.30 ± 0.07 m/s, P < 0.01), and postshock reentry (0.34 ± 0.07 m/s vs 0.19 ± 0.08 m/s, P < 0.01). Lidocaine had no effect on shock-induced virtual electrode polarization. Conclusion: Lidocaine increased MS ULV due to slowing of shock-induced break-excitation wavefronts, which resulted in enhanced probability of survival of virtual electrode induced phase singularity. Lidocaine had no effect on BS ULV because no break excitation was induced by BS. Reduction of conduction velocity by lidocaine resulted in increased dispersion of repolarization and led to upper limit of VP increase for both MS and BS. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 14, pp. S237-S248, October 2003, Suppl.)
Weight of the evidence or wait for the evidence? Protecting underground miners from diesel particulate matter.

A coalition of mine operators has used a variety of tactics to obstruct scientific inquiry and impede public health action designed to protect underground miners from diesel particulate matter. These workers are exposed to the highest level of diesel particulate matter compared with any other occupational group.This case study profiles a decade-long saga of the Methane Awareness Resource Group Diesel Coalition to impede epidemiological studies on diesel exhaust undertaken by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the National Cancer Institute, and to derail a health standard promulgated by the Mine Safety and Health Administration. The case study highlights the coalition’s mastery of legislative, judicial, and executive branch operations and the reaction of policymakers.
Shotgun lipidomics: multidimensional MS analysis of cellular lipidomes

Shotgun lipidomics, comprised of intrasource separation, multidimensional mass spectrometry and computer-assisted array analysis, is an emerging powerful technique in lipidomics. Through effective intrasource separation of predetermined groups of lipid classes based on their intrinsic electrical propensities, analyses of lipids from crude extracts of biologic samples can be directly and routinely performed. Appropriate multidimensional array analysis of lipid pseudomolecular ions and fragments can be performed leading to the identification and quantitation of targeted lipid molecular species. Since most biologic lipids are linear combinations of aliphatic chains, backbones and head groups, a rich repertoire of multiple lipid building blocks present in discrete combinations represent experimental observables that can be computer reconstructed in conjunction with their pseudomolecular ions to directly determine the lipid molecular structures from a lipid extract. Through this approach, dramatic increases in the accessible dynamic range for ratiometric quantitation and discrimination of isobaric molecular species can be achieved without any prior column chromatography or operator-dependent supervision. At its current state of development, shotgun lipidomics can analyze over 20 lipid classes, hundreds of lipid molecular species and more than 95% of the mass content of a cellular lipidome. Thus, understanding the biochemical mechanisms underlying lipid-mediated disease states will be greatly facilitated by the power of shotgun lipidomics.
The density and shear velocity contrast at the inner core boundary

SUMMARY A systematic search of short-period GDSN seismograms from 1980 to 1984 at ranges from 20" to 90" identifies two probable PKiKP arrivals. PKiKPIPcP amplitude ratios for these phases are consistent with previous studies. However, more typically PKiKP is not observed, even when clear PcP arrivals are seen. We use these data to place upper bounds on PKiKPIPcP amplitude ratios for 100 event-station pairs. These bounds indicate that most measurements of PKiKP amplitudes are biased toward large values and predict reflection coefficients at the inner core boundary (ICB) which are too high. Our upper limits on PKiKP amplitudes roughly constrain the density jump at the ICB to be less than l.Og~m-~ and the shear velocity at the top of the inner core to be greater than 2.5 km s-l, assuming a sharp discontinuity at the ICB. Upper bounds on PKiKPIP amplitude ratios at ranges between 70" and 90" are consistent with these results but are less reliable due to take-off angle differences between P and PKiKP. Approximately 50 observed free oscillations of the Earth are sensitive to the structure of the inner core. Modem models derived from these and other mode data typically have a density jump at the ICB of 0.5-0.6 g ~m-~. An experiment in which we varied the mean density of the inner core indicates that the mode frequencies are roughly linear functionals of this parameter. The fit to the data is seriously degraded if the density jump is significantly different from 0.55 g ~m-~. Many of the modes are also strongly sensitive to the shear velocity in the inner core, and forward modelling indicates that the average inner-core shear velocity is probably 3.45 f 0.1 km s-'. These results are compatible with the short-period PKiKP amplitude bounds, indicating that there is no inconsistency between PKiKP and normal mode data regarding the density and shear velocity structure at the inner core boundary.
Two generalized complex orthogonal space-time block codes of rates 7/11 and 3/5 for 5 and 6 transmit antennas

Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs have two advantages, namely, fast maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding and full diversity. Rate 1 real (pulse amplitude modulation-PAM) space-time codes (real orthogonal designs) for multiple transmit antennas have been constructed from the real Hurwitz-Radon families, which also provides the rate 1/2 complex (quadrature amplitude modulation-QAM) space-time codes (complex orthogonal designs) for any number of transmit antennas. Rate 3/4 complex orthogonal designs (space-time codes) for three and four transmit antennas have existed in the literature but no high rate (>1/2) complex orthogonal designs for other numbers of transmit antennas exist. We present rate 7/11 and rate 3/5 generalized complex orthogonal designs for five and six transmit antennas, respectively.
How students view the general nature of their errors

In this study we examined how two students viewed the general nature of their proportional reasoning errors as they attempted to generalize numeric situations. Using a teaching experiment methodology we studied the reasoning of two students over 18 instructional sessions. One student, Dallas, appeared to recognize that the proportional reasoning error applied to all cases of a particular problem situation and began to apply this reasoning across problems. The other student, Lloyd, exhibited difficulty seeing the generality of his mistaken use of proportional reasoning and regularly repeated this error during the study. From the data we developed a schematized description of how students view the generality of their errors and tracked the changes in these views over the course of the study. We analyze how Dallas and Lloyd’s perception of errors shaped their understanding of proportional reasoning and provide suggestions for the role errors play in restructuring a student’s conceptual schema.
The Seven Layer Model of Collaboration: An Exploratory Study of Process Identification and Improvement

In preparing for conflict, the US military must make complex decisions based on a vast amount of information in as quickly and efficiently as possible. The Military Decision Making Process (MDMP) has been developed to structure the efforts of a combat unit as they decide how to best implement the orders of a higher command. The process is highly collaborative, as staff officers assemble information necessary for the mission, conduct scenario analyses (war-games), and select and implement. Collaboration Engineers attended a week-long MDMP training camp to analyze the MDMP for opportunities to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the processes. To identify processes of improvement, the engineers used the Seven Layer Model of Collaboration (SLMC) which aids in the identification of the goals, deliverables, activities, patterns of collaboration, techniques, actions, and technologies associated with each process. We report in this study some of the more promising improvement opportunities found using the SLMC. We also report on some classes of problems observable across work practices within the MDMP, which may likely extend to other work practices. We end with a discussion of these classes and opportunities for future research.
'Lint ball' omphalitis, a rare cause of umbilical discharge in an adult woman: a case report.

Introduction: Umbilical discharge in adult is rare and is usually induced by foreign material, most commonly hair. Rarely, it may be due to embryonal anomalies. We are reporting an unusual case of umbilical discharge in adult secondary to an impacted lint ball. Case presentation: A 55-year-old obese woman presented with a 4-month history of hemorrhagic discharge from the umbilicus. Deep from the base of the umbilicus, a 0.8 cm gray-tan mass was removed that on microscopic examination revealed a lint ball. Conclusion: An impacted lint ball may be a rare cause of umbilical discharge in adult.
Paediatric psychopharmacology: closing the gap between science and practice

Children and adolescents do not always respond to treatment with psychotropic agents in a similar fashion to adults. Differences in safety and therapeutic response may occur across the life cycle. For example, despite the fact that tricyclic antidepressants are traditionally the ‘gold standards’ of pharmacotherapy for depressed adults, it does not seem that youths with depression benefit from treatment with these agents [1]. Similarly, it appears that earlier age at onset is associated with a reduced propensity to respond to neuroleptics for patients with schizophrenia [2]. In addition, young patients have been noted to be at higher risk for developing neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal side effects when compared to adults [3]. Simply put, what is known about the safety and effectiveness of psychotropic compounds in adults cannot necessarily be presumed to be applicable to teenagers or children.
Powder Processing Effects on the Rapid Low‐Temperature Densification of ZrB2–SiC Ultra‐High Temperature Ceramic Composites Using Spark Plasma Sintering

Investigating the powder processing effects on a ZrB2–25 vol% SiC ceramic composite densified using spark plasma sintering (SPS) allows for identification of densification mechanisms and enables a reduction in sintering temperature to a minimum of 1650°C. Attrition milling (AM) and ball milling (BM) were investigated as processing methods to produce a fine and coarse powder densified using SPS with or without a tube furnace preheat treatment. Ceramics formed from AM and BM powders contain 1.66 wt% oxygen contamination, primarily ZrO2 and SiO2, and 0.35 wt% oxygen contamination as SiO2, respectively. Heat treatment slightly reduces oxygen contamination but has significant impacts on the densification mechanisms. Without heat treatment, powder coarsening dominates the initial sintering process in the SPS inhibiting densification until ~1350°C. After heat treatment, sintering and densification is enabled at low temperature, 1000°C–1100°C. The densification of ZrB2–SiC composites can be broken into a two-step process with phase 1 as the sintering step based on powder surface area reduction and phase 2 as a forging step where high-temperature creep and pressure eliminate porosity after the primary grains have formed. A time–temperature-density plot illustrates the change in densification mechanism used to fully densify ZrB2–SiC composites in SPS.
Regulation of spinal interneuron development by the Olig-related protein Bhlhb5 and Notch signaling.

The neural circuits that control motor activities depend on the spatially and temporally ordered generation of distinct classes of spinal interneurons. Despite the importance of these interneurons, the mechanisms underlying their genesis are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the Olig-related transcription factor Bhlhb5 (recently renamed Bhlhe22) plays two central roles in this process. Our findings suggest that Bhlhb5 repressor activity acts downstream of retinoid signaling and homeodomain proteins to promote the formation of dI6, V1 and V2 interneuron progenitors and their differentiated progeny. In addition, Bhlhb5 is required to organize the spatially restricted expression of the Notch ligands and Fringe proteins that both elicit the formation of the interneuron populations that arise adjacent to Bhlhb5+ cells and influence the global pattern of neuronal differentiation. Through these actions, Bhlhb5 helps transform the spatial information established by morphogen signaling into local cell-cell interactions associated with Notch signaling that control the progression of neurogenesis and extend neuronal diversity within the developing spinal cord.
Pediatric hydrocephalus: systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. Part 4: Cerebrospinal fluid shunt or endoscopic third ventriculostomy for the treatment of hydrocephalus in children

Object The objective of this systematic review was to examine the existing literature comparing CSF shunts and endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) for the treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus and to make evidence-based recommendations regarding the selection of surgical technique for this condition. Methods Both the US National Library of Medicine and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were queried using MeSH headings and key words specifically chosen to identify published articles detailing the use of CSF shunts and ETV for the treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus. Articles meeting specific criteria that had been determined a priori were examined, and data were abstracted and compiled in evidentiary tables. These data were then analyzed by the Pediatric Hydrocephalus Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines Task Force to consider treatment recommendations based on the evidence. Results Of the 122 articles identified using optimized search parameters, 52 were recalled for full-text revi...
An Examination of British, Irish, and U.S. Partners' Responses to Ethical Dilemmas

The research seeks to explain the differences in extent and specificity of accounting-and-auditing standards between-countries by examining the relationship between moral development and auditing ethical dilemmas. The sample includes 102 partners from the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, and the United States. The research found that partners from the United Kingdom and Ireland were more likely to do additional audit work and that higher-moral-development partners had lower estimates of underreporting. The data did not support the anticipated difference in moral development between partners from the British Isles and the United States. However, about 41 percent of the partners from the British Isles did not have a college education, which has been shown to increase moral development.
The Spectrum of Radiation from Lightning

A theory is presented for the spectrum of radiation from lightning applicable in the range LF to VHF. This is done by adopting the hypothesis that all events in the flash (e.g., return strokes, K-changes, etc.) can be modelled in terms of a current pulse propagating along a tortuous channel. Using a Fraunhofer approximation for radiation in the far field, a formula for the electric field radiated from an arbitrary event is obtained, and then this result is summed over all events to obtain an expression for the spectrum of the composite flash. The result predicts a spectral decrease as the inverse of frequency (1/v) in agreement with data.
Rillenkarren at Vayia: geomorphology and a new class of Early Bronze Age fortified settlement in Southern Greece

With ever more inhibited programmes of excavation, new methods of site survey are always welcome. Here a soil geomorphologist joins forces with archaeologists to read the history of limestone blocks exposed on the surface at sites in southern Greece. Rillenkarren for example are vertical grooves caused by rainfall on stones that remained for long periods in the same place. These and other observations showed that what looked like clearance cairns had in fact been piled up in the Early Bronze Age and led in turn to the definition of a new type of settlement.
Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response to acute psychosocial stress: Effects of biological sex and circulating sex hormones

Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis influences the risk for developing stress-related disorders. Sex-dependent differences in the HPA axis stress response are believed to contribute to the different prevalence rates of stress-related disorders found in men and women. However, studies examining the HPA axis stress response have shown mixed support for sex differences, and the role of endogenous sex hormones on HPA axis response has not been adequately examined in humans. This study utilized the largest sample size to date to analyze the effects of biological sex and sex hormones on HPA axis social stress responses. Healthy, 18- to 30- year-old community volunteers (N=282) completed the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), a widely used and well-validated stress-induction laboratory procedure. All women (n=135) were tested during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle (when progesterone levels are most similar to men). Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol measures were collected at multiple points throughout pre- and post-TSST. Testosterone and progesterone (in men) and progesterone and estradiol (in women) were determined pre-TSST. Following the TSST, men had greater ACTH and cortisol levels than women. Men had steeper baseline-to-peak and peak-to-end ACTH and cortisol response slopes than women; there was a trend for more cortisol responders among men than women. Testosterone negatively correlated with salivary cortisol response in men, while progesterone negatively correlated with ACTH and cortisol responses in women. These data confirm that men show more robust activation of the HPA axis response to the TSST than do women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Testosterone results suggest an inhibitory effect on HPA axis reactivity in men. Progesterone results suggest an inhibitory effect on HPA axis reactivity in women. Future work is needed to explain why men mount a greater ACTH and cortisol response to the TSST than do women during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.
Freeform surface relief diffractive optic for photovoltaic spectrum splitting

A surface relief diffractive optical element (DOE) for photovoltaic (PV) spectrum splitting is fabricated and tested. The optic is designed using a modified Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm. The module consists of a DOE followed by a 3.3 cm focal length lens. Alternating side-by-side PV cells - Indium Gallium Phosphide and Silicon - are placed at the collection plane. The DOE is fabricated in photopolymer using grayscale lithography. Optical efficiency and spectral distribution are measured with a scanning spectrometer. Two-bandgap conversion efficiency of 25.4% is achieved using the fabricated DOE. Simulations show that 28.4% conversion efficiency is possible with this type of optical element, which approaches the maximum possible conversion efficiency of the two-cell combination used (32.4%).
Optimal Revisit in Sequential Search

I develop a model of sequential search with costly revisit. I show that revisiting a previously sampled alternative can be optimal under certain conditions on the cost of revisit. This contrasts with the classical model of sequential search in which revisit is costless but is never optimal. This result suggests a new theoretical explanation for observed revisit in data on consumer search.
Minimally Invasive Posterior Fusion and Internal Fixation With the Atavi® System

Although interest in minimally invasive posterior internal fixation and fusion has recently exploded, it is not because the technical developments are also recent. The foundations of these procedures were laid more than 60 yr ago, when the first endoscopes were used to examine patients’ spinal nerves within the cauda equina (1). From that beginning, the evolution was slow until several technological advances facilitated a safe and effective procedure with a reasonable learning curve.
Thioesterase superfamily member 1 suppresses cold thermogenesis by limiting the oxidation of lipid droplet-derived fatty acids in brown adipose tissue

Objective Non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a central role in energy homeostasis. Thioesterase superfamily member 1 (Them1), a BAT-enriched long chain fatty acyl-CoA thioesterase, is upregulated by cold and downregulated by warm ambient temperatures. Them1−/− mice exhibit increased energy expenditure and resistance to diet-induced obesity and diabetes, but the mechanistic contribution of Them1 to the regulation of cold thermogenesis remains unknown.
"Reducing my risks": a phenomenon of older widows' lived experience.

While scholars and practitioners often use the concept of "risk" in relation to older persons who live at home, there has been limited exploration of risk from the perspective of older persons themselves. During a phenomenologic study of the lived experience of seven older widows who were living alone at home, the participants articulated the risks they experienced and described the ways in which they attempted to reduce these risks. The results have meaningful implications for home care providers and policy makers.
The Demerits of the Code Modal

Linguistic code(s) is/are generally applied in verbal communication,therefore,coding and decoding processes are involved in communication.However,more processes are involved than mere these two processes inference in particular.Based on the respective evaluation of the Relevance Theory,this paper has reviewed the code modal theory,and criticized the demerits of the Code Modal.
Latino Civic Group Participation, Social Networks, and Physical Activity.

Objectives We examined whether social networks and resource awareness for physical activity may mediate the relationship between civic group participation and physical activity. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of a randomly selected sample of 335 Latinos (mean age 42.1 ± 16.4 years) participating in the San Diego Prevention Research Center's 2009 Household Community Survey. Serial multiple mediation analysis tested the hypothesis that civic group participation is associated with meeting physical activity recommendations through an indirect mechanism of larger social networks followed by greater knowledge of physical activity community resources. Results The indirect effects of level of civic group participation as well as religious, health, neighborhood, or arts group participation on meeting national physical activity recommendations were significant in models testing pathways through social network size and physical activity resource awareness. The direct effect was only significant for health group indicating that participating in a health group predicted physical activity independent of social network size and awareness of physical activity resources. Conclusion Belonging to civic groups may promote physical activity engagement through social network diffusion of information on community physical activity resources which has implications for health.
DOSE RESPONSE RELATIONS FOR UV INDUCED REPAIR PHENOMENA

ABSTRACT Dose responses for four UV-induced phenomena have been examined for induction with monochromatic UV light at 265nm, using the same irradiation techniques and dosimetry. These show that for W-reactivation of UV-damaged λ-phage, induced inhibition of post radiation DNA degradation and induced radioresistance the relations are similar, though not identical. In the case of the induction of λ-prophage the relation is clearly different, sigmoidal rather than sharply rising at low doses. Inactivation of the λ-repressors evidently involves some additional dose-dependent process.
GPUShare: Fair-Sharing Middleware for GPU Clouds

Many new cloud-focused applications such as deeplearning and graph analytics have started to rely on the highcomputing throughput of GPUs, but cloud providers cannotcurrently support fine-grained time-sharing on GPUs to enablemulti-tenancy for these types of applications. Currently, schedulingis performed by the GPU driver in combination with ahardware thread dispatcher to maximize utilization. However, when multiple applications with contrasting kernel running timesand high-utilization of the GPU need to be co-located, thisapproach unduly favors one or more of the applications at theexpense of others. This paper presents GPUShare, a middleware solution forGPU fair sharing among high-utilization, long-running applications. It begins by analyzing the scenarios under which thecurrent driver-based multi-process scheduling fails, noting thatsuch scenarios are quite common. It then describes a softwarebasedmechanism that can yield a kernel before all of its threadshave run, thus giving finer control over the time slice for whichthe GPU is allocated to a process. In controlling time slices onthe GPU by yielding kernels, GPUShare improves fair GPUsharing across tenants and outperforms the CUDA driver byup to 45% for two tenants and by up to 89% for more thantwo tenants, while incurring a maximum overhead of only 12%.Additional improvements are obtained from having a centralscheduler that further smooths out disparities across tenants'GPU shares improving fair sharing by up to 92% for two tenantsand by up to 76% for more than two tenants.
Predictors of treatment utilization and unmet treatment need among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder from a national sample.

Abstract Objective Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic psychiatric condition associated with significant disability that often remains untreated. Sociodemographic and family-level factors may serve as predictors of unmet treatment need, identifying groups that would most benefit from policies aimed at increasing access to the mental health care system. Method Data from the nationally representative Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiologic Surveys were used to identify predictors of mental health treatment utilization, both with a mental health specialist and with a general health practitioner, and self-reported unmet treatment need among individuals who endorsed past-year PTSD. We defined unmet treatment need as self-reporting a mental health problem and not accessing mental health care in the general or specialty mental health care system. Results Among 600 participants, predictors of unmet treatment need included being non-Latino black [odds ratio (OR) 2.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25–3.54], having a high school education versus some college (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.34–4.48), and being employed or unemployed versus not being in the workforce (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.00–3.02 and OR 4.95, 95% CI 1.60–15.34, respectively). Recursive partitioning identified younger age and being married as predictors of low treatment utilization. Conclusions Future research should elucidate barriers to accessing treatment among those with PTSD in these underserved groups.
Insights on the REV of Source Shale from Nano- and Micromechanics

Nano. In the past decade, chemical, physical, and mechanical characterization of source rock reservoirs has moved towards micro- and nano-scale analyses. This is primarily driven by the fact that the representative elementary volume (REV) for characterizing shales is at the nanometer scale. Nanoindentation is now used in many industrial and university laboratories to measure both stiffness and strength and other mechanical properties of materials, such as anisotropic Young’s moduli and plastic yielding parameters. However, standardized methods of testing and analysis are yet to be developed.
Evolution of avian breeding strategies and its relation to the habitat preferences of Mesozoic birds

Birds are the only extant tetrapods, which incubate their eggs with body heat in nests outside of soil. Nesting free of sediment is now considered to have evolved comparatively late in avian evolution, within Ornithuromorpha, the clade including modern birds. Egg turning by the breeding adults was identified as an evolutionary corollary of this derived reproductive behavior and is due to a higher albumen content of the egg. An associated increase of egg width in the ornithuromorph subclade Ornithurae is reflected by opening of the pubic symphysis. Here it is hypothesized that the lower yolk to albumen ratio led to a reduced hatchling precocity and that different habitat preferences of Mesozoic birds account for the evolution of the derived avian reproductive biology in Ornithuromorpha. Unlike their sister taxon, the predominantly arboreal Enantiornithes, early ornithuromorphs were aquatic or terrestrial animals. After egg deposition in the ground was abandoned, early ornithuromorphs probably still nested on the ground, and in this case increased parental care is more likely to evolve in taxa that also forage on ground level. In Enantiornithines, by contrast, the evolution of increased post-hatching parental care was impeded by the fact that the “superprecocial” chicks hatched on the ground and entered arboreal habitats soon thereafter. If an increased post-hatching parental care was among the selective drivers of ornithuromorph breeding biology, offspring predation may have been a critical factor in the evolution of Cretaceous birds.
Adoption of 3D-printing technologies in manufacturing: A survey analysis

Abstract Current manufacturing literature discusses the potential for 3D-printing to optimize both operations and supply chain management performance. In addition various countries have invested heavily in encouraging the adoption and use of 3D-printing in manufacturing. Despite this, very little current literature exists on addressing the question: what impacts 3D-printing adoption? Through the use of diffusion of innovations theory and unified theory of acceptance and use of technology, this study addresses three research inquiries. (1) Does top-management adoption category impact 3D-printing speed of actual adoption as well as speed of potential adoption in manufacturing? (2) What are the main drivers of intention-to-adopt 3D-printing in manufacturing from the perception of top-management on the innovation? And (3) Does top-management perceptions differ based on adoption category in the context of 3D-printing adoption? Survey analysis was used to examine these questions with 270 top-management representatives from manufacturing firms across the United States. The results provide evidence that top-management adoption category impacts potential speed of adoption. In addition the results provide conflicting evidence on the role of complexity and effort expectancy in intention-to-adopt 3D-printing. Post-hoc moderation analyses suggest innate individual characteristics of top-management play a role in the impact of these perceptions on intention-to adopt 3D-printing.
The Application of Technology to an Academic Clinical Practice and Career: Evidence-Based Medicine, Telepsychiatry, and Distance Education

Background. There are many paths to telemental health as an enjoyable career. An academic career involves significant clinical, educational, research, and administrative dimensions. Technology is a key part of personal experience, professional activities, and our societal evolution. Methods. This chapter uses personal and professional narratives about day-to-day work, projects, and key turning points to discuss themes and opportunities for readers. Results. Medicine, telepsychiatry, and other technologies offer a rewarding career path. Intersections of passions and collaboration with others make progress logarithmic rather than additive. My career involves work with trainees, interdisciplinary mental health staff, and colleagues in other areas of medicine and public health initiatives at the community, state, and federal levels. All of these endeavors provide opportunities to apply technology and, in many ways, to improve patient care, communicate with others, and disseminate information—all in all, to be administratively more efficient and effective. Personal and professional use of technologies overlap in some regards, but are very different in others. Conclusions. Technology offers opportunities to learn, teach, and administer programs.
Effect of Pregnancy and Delivery on Cytokine Expression in a Mouse Model of Pelvic Organ Prolapse.

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pregnancy and delivery mode on cytokine expression in the pelvic organs and serum of lysyl oxidase like-1 knockout (LOXL1 KO) mice, which develop pelvic organ prolapse after delivery. Methods Bladder, urethra, vagina, rectum, and blood were harvested from female LOXL1 KO mice during pregnancy, after vaginal or cesarean delivery, and from sham cesarean and unmanipulated controls. Pelvic organs and blood were also harvested from pregnant and vaginally delivered wild-type (WT) mice and from unmanipulated female virgin WT controls. Specimens were assessed using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Both CXCL12 and CCL7 mRNA were significantly up-regulated in the vagina, urethra, bladder, and rectum of pregnant LOXL1 KO mice compared with pregnant WT mice, suggesting systemic dysregulation of both of these cytokines in LOXL1 KO mice as a response to pregnancy.The differences in cytokine expression between LOXL1 KO and WT mice in pregnancy persisted after vaginal delivery. CCL7 gene expression increases faster and to a greater extent in LOXL1 KO mice, translating to longer lasting increases in CCL7 in serum of LOXL1 KO mice after vaginal delivery, compared with pregnant mice. Conclusions Lysyl oxidase like-1 KO mice have an increased cytokine response to pregnancy perhaps because they are less able to reform and re-cross-link stretched elastin to accommodate pups, and this resultant tissue stretches during pregnancy. The up-regulation of CCL7 after delivery could provide an indicator of level of childbirth injury, to which the urethra and vagina seem to be particularly vulnerable.
Parental attributions for positive behaviours in children with autism spectrum disorder

Background The present study examined parental attributions for positive child behaviour in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and their association with parent outcomes. Method In total, 175 couples who had a child with ASD (5–12 years) completed measures about the child's positive behaviour, ASD symptoms, functional skills and negative behaviour problems, and their own positive and negative affect and closeness in the parent–child relationship. A comparison group of 170 couples who had a child without a neurodevelopmental disability also completed measures. Results Dyadic multilevel models were conducted. Parents of children with ASD believed that their child's positive behaviour was due to factors less internal to the child, less stable and less controllable by the child than the comparison group. Beliefs about stability were associated with closeness in the parent–child relationship. Child age and level of impairment and parent education were associated with parental attributions. Conclusions Interventions that alter parental attributions may offer pathways to increase closeness in the parent–child relationship.
Mixed-criticality processing pipelines

While a number of schemes exist for mixed-criticality scheduling in a single processor setting, no solution exists to cover the industry need for end-to-end scheduling across multiple processors in a pipeline. In this paper, we present an end-to-end zero-slack rate-monotonic scheme (ZSRM) based on real-time pipelines, called the ZSRM pipeline scheduler, that addresses this need. Under ZSRM, each task is associated with a parameter called zero-slack instant, and whenever a higher-criticality job has not finished at its zero-slack instant relative to its arrival time, all jobs of lower criticality are suspended to meet the deadline of the higher-criticality job. We develop a new schedulability test and algorithm for computing the zero-slack instants of tasks scheduled across a pipeline.
Tactical Emergency Casualty Care (TECC): Principles and Practice

Tactical Emergency Casualty Care (TECC) is a civilian adaptation of the principles of Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC). It takes into account the tactical environment and objectives and balances priorities in a risk-benefit strategy in order to provide goals of care that are feasible. TECC also takes into account providers ranging from civilian bystanders to fully trained surgeons and their various scopes of practice to render recommendations at various phases of care. The importance of hemorrhage control is stressed, but other causes of potentially preventable death such as pneumothorax and loss of airway are also addressed. Care is divided into Hot, Warm, and Cold Zones with specific objectives and interventions geared to minimize risk to the provider while maximizing patient benefit. Ultimately, the biggest opportunity to mitigate preventable death remains the rapid evacuation of wounded to appropriate definitive care facilities.
Maximum Likelihood for Matrices with Rank Constraints

Maximum likelihood estimation is a fundamental optimization problem in statistics. We study this problem on manifolds of matrices with bounded rank. These represent mixtures of distributions of two independent discrete random variables. We determine the maximum likelihood degree for a range of determinantal varieties, and we apply numerical algebraic geometry to compute all critical points of their likelihood functions. This led to the discovery of maximum likelihood duality between matrices of complementary ranks, a result proved subsequently by Draisma and Rodriguez.
Differences in Innovation Approaches between the Product Developers of Wearable Technology and Fashion Industries

The market size of the Wearable Technology (WT) industry will grow to over U.S. $100 billion by 2023 (Hayward et al., 2016). Despite this increase, the experts have pointed out that fashion companies are lagging in innovation in the WT domain. Researchers argue that, for successful product development (PD), WT teams must have transformational leadership (TL), which is found to be a key factor for a team's innovative work behavior (IWB), which has three step, idea generation (IG), idea promotion (IP), and idea realization (IR). This study is one of the first attempts to investigate different levels of team's TL and IWB between WT and fashion PD teams. The result identifies certain team behavior traits conducive for innovation, which fashion PD teams could utilize if they would like to compete against WT teams. The results also inform the mangers of WT and academicians who trains their workforce of the importance of skills required for IWB and TL.
From Family Values to Religious Freedom: Conservative Discourse and the Politics of Gay Rights

On the issue of gay rights, today’s social conservatives are more likely to describe their opposition as a matter of religious freedom or personal conscience as opposed to a belief that gays and le...
Recognizing, Stabilizing, and Managing Children with Heart Failure in the Emergency Department and Other Acute Care Settings

Heart failure is uncommon in children, but it often initially presents in acute care settings, such as the emergency department. As a result, clinicians need to be aware of its causes and common presenting symptoms, as well as basic principles of stabilization and management. The causes of heart failure in children vary by age, and many symptoms initially attributable to other organ systems may actually indicate heart failure. Here, we review the principles of recognizing, stabilizing, and managing pediatric heart failure in the emergency department.
Experimental Stress Intensity Distributions by Optical Methods

For over a decade, the first author and his associates have worked towards the development of an optical experimental modelling technique for predicting both the flaw shape and the stress intensity factor distribution in three dimensional (3D) cracked body problems where neither are known a priori. The application is associated with sub-critical flaw growth, the precursor to most service fractures.
[Ni(PMe2NPh2)2](BF4)2 as an Electrocatalyst for H2 Production

A nickel(II) bis(diphosphine) complex, [Ni(PMe2NPh2)2](BF4)2 (PMe2NPh2 = 1,5-diphenyl-3,7-dimethyl-1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane), has been synthesized and characterized. This complex, which contains pendant amines in the diphosphine ligand, is an electrocatalyst for hydrogen production by proton reduction. Using [(DMF)H]OTf as the acid, a turnover frequency of 1,540 s–1 was obtained with no added water, and a turnover frequency of 6,700 s–1 was found with 1.0 M water added. Thermochemical studies show that the hydride donor ability of [HNi(PMe2NPh2)2](BF4) is ΔG°H– = 54.0 kcal/mol, and we estimate a driving force for H2 elimination of 13.8 kcal/mol. [Ni(PMe2NPh2)2](BF4)2 is the fastest H2 production catalyst in the [Ni(PR2NR′2)2](BF4)2 family of complexes.
Homology with Arbitrary Coefficient Groups

This chapter is more algebraic in nature than the preceding chapters. In §2 we discuss chain complexes. This discussion mainly puts on a formal basis many facts that the reader must know by now. Nevertheless, there is some point to a systematic organization of the ideas involved, and certain new ideas and techniques are introduced. The remainder of the chapter is concerned with homology groups with arbitrary coefficients. These new homology groups are a generalization of those we have considered up to now. In the application of homology theory to certain problems they are often convenient and sometimes necessary.
TCT-771 Temporal Trends in Risk Profiles of Patients Receiving Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Insights from the Washington State Clinical Outcomes Assessment Program (COAP)

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are common procedures to revascularize coronary artery disease. The temporal changes in the risk profiles for patients undergoing these procedures are not well defined. The Clinical Outcomes Assessment Program (COAP
Radium-223 following front-line chemotherapy for patients with non-small cell lung cancer and bone metastases.

e21211Background: Radium-223 dichloride (Ra-223) is a targeted- alpha particle emitting therapy directed at bone metastases with high-linear energy transfer at a short-range. This study investigate...