cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Type 2 diabetes in a 5-year-old and single center experience of type 2 diabetes in youth under 10

The worrisome rise in pediatric type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is most prevalent among minority ethnic/racial populations. Typically, T2DM occurs during puberty in high risk obese adolescents with evidence of insulin resistance. Screening for T2DM in obese youth can be a daunting task for pediatricians and differentiating between pediatric T1DM and T2DM in obese youth can be challenging for pediatric endocrinologists. There is very limited data regarding the prevalence of T2DM among youth < 10 years of age. Here we present the case of a 5-year-old Hispanic male diagnosed with T2DM after referral by his pediatrician for abnormal weight gain, acanthosis nigricans and an elevated HbgA1c. He subsequently became symptomatic for diabetes with confirmed hyperglycemia and HbgA1c of 9.7% (83 mmol/mol) at the time of formal diagnosis. Type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (GAD65, Islet, and ZincT8) and monogenic diabetes genetic tests were negative. Due to elevated liver enzymes and baseline HbgA1c, he received basal insulin as his initial therapy. In this paper, we will discuss this case and present an IRB approved retrospective review of the characteristics of the 20 T2DM patients <10 years of age identified to date in our pediatric diabetes center. This review highlights that while uncommon, the diagnosis of T2DM merits consideration even in prepubertal children. This is especially true when working with a high risk population, such as our Hispanic South Texas youth.
Brief report: Examining executive and social functioning in elementary-aged children with autism

There is a paucity of literature examining the relationship between executive and social functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Twenty-three school-aged children with ASD participated. Executive functioning was measured using the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment, Second Edition and Differential Ability Scales, Second Edition, and the teacher-rated Behavior Rating of Inventory of Executive Function. Independent assessors observed children’s social functioning on the playground while children with ASD and their peers completed a survey to measure peer friendships and rejections. Overall, poorer executive functioning was associated with increased playground isolation and less engagement with peers. This suggests that metacognitive skills such as initiation, working memory, and planning and organization are associated with children’s social functioning.
The Community of Those Who Do Not Exist: Communication among Monsters in the Films and Novels of Jean Rollin

The films of Jean Rollin (1938–2010) are little known today, and his novels are all but completely ignored. With an erudite, aggressively scandalous style, both mediums present monstrosity as an ethical praxis, one deeply concerned with communication and community. This article explores these themes in Rollin's oeuvre, both cinematic and literary, by investigating the structure of Rollinien monstrosity as a brand of eroticism that engages the work of Georges Bataille. Rollin knew Bataille personally, read him deeply, and refers to him throughout his books and films. The communicative and communal practices of Rollin's monsters offer an application and a critique of Bataillian eroticism, with the aim of inculcating a taste for tumultuous and even violent moral revolt.
Relative to open surgery, minimally-invasive renal and ureteral pediatric surgery offers no improvement in 30-day complications, yet requires longer operative time: Data from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Pediatrics.

Purpose Performance of minimally-invasive surgery (MIS) is increasing relative to open surgery. We sought to compare the contemporary rates of short-term complications of open versus laparoscopic renal and ureteral surgery in pediatric patients. Materials and Methods A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Pediatrics database was performed of all cases in 2014 identified using CPT procedure codes for nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy (PN), ureteroneocystostomy (UNC), and pyeloplasty, and reviewed for postoperative complications. Univariate analysis was performed to determine 30-day complications, with comparison between open and MIS approaches. Receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis was performed to determine differences in body surface area (BSA) and age for open versus MIS. Results Review identified 207 nephrectomies, 72 PN, 920 UNC, and 625 pyeloplasties. MIS was associated with older age and larger BSA except for cases of UNC. Apart from PN, operative durations were longer with MIS. However, only PN was associated with significantly longer length of hospital stay (LOS). There was no difference in incidence of all other 30-day complications. When evaluating BSA via ROC, the area under the curve (AUC) was found to be 0.730 and was significant. Children with a BSA greater than 0.408 m2 were more likely to have MIS (sensitivity, 66.9%; specificity, 69.3%). Regarding age, the AUC was 0.732. Children older than 637.5 days were more likely to have MIS (sensitivity, 72.8%; specificity, 63.3%). Conclusions Pediatric MIS is associated with longer operative time for nephrectomy, but shorter LOS following PN. Surgical approach was not associated with difference in short-term complications.
TERT, HRAS, and EIF1AX Mutations in a Patient with Follicular Adenoma.

Background: Molecular markers are increasingly used as diagnostic tools in the management of thyroid nodules. There is a paucity of studies evaluating the prevalence of molecular markers in benign ...
Clinical Reactions to the Effects of Police Work

One of the basic tenets of the psychodynamic model is that behavior is overdetermined. This means that there is almost always more than one cause of someone’s overt behavior, so there are invariably several causes underlying a particular act. In essence, we must regard behavior as very much like a bill passed in Congress: every committee having something to do with the bill has some input; lobbyists influence the legislators to vote for or against it; both houses have to accept its provisions through compromise; the executive must sign it; and the judiciary must not question its legality. Consequently, the bill is the product of the influence of all these groups, which often conflict with each other for dominance, and its passage is the outcome of conflict and compromise among them. In the same way behavior is the result of the interaction of several causes that may compete with each other for expression. It reflects the influence, conflicts and compromise among the id, ego and superego.
Atypical acinar cell lesions of the pancreas in mice induced by 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide.

The carcinogenic effect of 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide (4-HAQO) on exocrine pancreas of mice after a single intravenous (i.v.) injection was investigated. At a dose of 24 mg/kg body weight, 100% of the mice killed at the end of 40 weeks had developed atypical acinar cell foci (AAF) in the pancreas. Each pancreas contained an average of 18.3±2.7 AAF. Cells in AAF were arranged as acini and their cytoplasm contained eosinophilic zymogen granules. The nuclei were large, round to oval, basally located and contained 1–2 prominent nucleoli. Cells in AAF showed a markedly increased mitotic activity with an index of 4±0.7/1000 cells as compared to a value of 0.25±0.25 in the acinar cell population of control pancreas. Autoradiographic studies showed a labeling index of 23±3 in AAF as compared to only 1.5±0.29 in the pancreatic acinar cells of controls. These findings indicate that 4-HAQO induces pancreatic lesions in mice which are quite similar to the acidophilic foci observed in rat pancreas and may serve as another useful model for studies of pancreatic carcinogenesis.
The Technology of Data Communications

The computer-oriented individual historically has viewed the field of data communications with some disdain and, more recently, with some trepidation. The field has grown too quickly and it has grown too complex. The prevailing attitude of systems programmers, analysts, and application programmers has been: if data communications can be ignored, then maybe it will go away because there are more important problems to be considered. But, it has not gone away!
Conceptual Replications of the Critical Content Monitoring General Outcome Measure in Science Content

We conducted conceptual replications for an online-administered general outcome measure known as critical content monitoring in science. Totally, 547 Grades 4 to 6 students from a rural Louisiana s...
Random Hamiltonians with Arbitrary Point Interactions

We consider disordered Hamiltonians given by the Laplace operator subject to arbitrary random self-adjoint singular perturbations supported on random discrete subsets of the real line. Under minimal assumptions on the type of disorder, we prove the following dichotomy: Either every realization of the random operator has purely absolutely continuous spectrum or spectral and exponential dynamical localization hold. In particular, we establish Anderson localization for Schrodinger operators with Bernoulli-type random singular potential and singular density.
CRISPR genome editing in stem cells turns to gold.

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells have been engineered using gold nanoformulations conjugated with CRISPR capable of targeting two distinct genomic loci of therapeutic interest, with potential engraftment in humanized mouse models.
III/V-on-Si MQW lasers by using a novel photonic integration method of regrowth on a bonding template.

Silicon photonics is becoming a mainstream data-transmission solution for next-generation data centers, high-performance computers, and many emerging applications. The inefficiency of light emission in silicon still requires the integration of a III/V laser chip or optical gain materials onto a silicon substrate. A number of integration approaches, including flip-chip bonding, molecule or polymer wafer bonding, and monolithic III/V epitaxy, have been extensively explored in the past decade. Here, we demonstrate a novel photonic integration method of epitaxial regrowth of III/V on a III/V-on-SOI bonding template to realize heterogeneous lasers on silicon. This method decouples the correlated root causes, i.e., lattice, thermal, and domain mismatches, which are all responsible for a large number of detrimental dislocations in the heteroepitaxy process. The grown multi-quantum well vertical p-i-n diode laser structure shows a significantly low dislocation density of 9.5 × 104 cm-2, two orders of magnitude lower than the state-of-the-art conventional monolithic growth on Si. This low dislocation density would eliminate defect-induced laser lifetime concerns for practical applications. The fabricated lasers show room-temperature pulsed and continuous-wave lasing at 1.31 μm, with a minimal threshold current density of 813 A/cm2. This generic concept can be applied to other material systems to provide higher integration density, more functionalities and lower total cost for photonics as well as microelectronics, MEMS, and many other applications.
Real-time hydrocarbons sweet spot identification in shale formations while drilling horizontally using geo-mechanical and geophysical parameters

This work presents an innovative comprehensive approach to properly identify intervals with the most favourable potential and properties to produce hydrocarbons known as hydrocarbons 'sweet spots'. The approach is applied to horizontal wells in shale formations but not limited to this scenario. One of the singularities of this work rests on the proposal that rock properties are obtained from logging while drilling (LWD) techniques. This self-supported methodology is applied to characterise the reservoir from the stand points of geo-mechanics, geophysics, and geopressure. Rock and fluid properties measured along the horizontal section of the well while drilling served to generate a synthetic acoustic log. Changes in trends of geo-mechanical and geophysical properties such as brittleness and acoustic impedance are used as indicators of hydrocarbons presence. Ultimately, the methodology is proposed to properly select the intervals to complete and to optimise the length of the horizontal section of the well. [Received: March 23, 2017; Accepted: September 5, 2018]
Innominate Vein Turn-down Procedure for Failing Fontan Circulation

After the Fontan, systemic venous hypertension induces pathophysiologic changes in the lymphatic system that can result in complications of pleural effusion, ascites, plastic bronchitis, and protein losing enteropathy. Advances in medical therapy and novel interventional approaches have not substantially improved the poor prognosis of these complications. A more physiological approach has been developed by decompression of the thoracic duct to the lower pressure common atrium with a concomitant increase of preload. Diverting the innominate vein to the common atrium increases the transport capacity of the thoracic duct, which in most patients enters the circulation at the left subclavian-jugular vein junction. Contrary to the fenestrated Fontan circulation, in which the thoracic duct is drained into the high pressure Fontan circulation, turn down of the innominate vein to the common atrium effectively decompresses the thoracic duct to the lower pressure system with "diastolic suctioning" of lymph. Innominate vein turn-down may be considered for medical-refractory post-Fontan lymphatic complications of persistent chylothorax, plastic bronchitis, and protein losing enteropathy. Prophylactic innominate vein turn-down may also be considered at time of the Fontan operation for patients that are higher risk for lymphatic complications.
Thermographic detectability of porosity in multi-layered bare and anodized aluminum laser welds

Abstract This study investigates porosity detection by means of thermography in multi-layered laser welded aluminum joints. Samples with varying levels of porosity were created by laser welding bare or anodized aluminum material in multiple layers. For comparison, two Al 1100 top layer materials, one anodized and one bare, were welded in multiple layer configurations onto a 1.6 mm Al substrate. The samples were characterized by electrical measurements, tensile tests, and X-ray computed tomography imaging. Thermography was performed on the entire sample set, where the heat source distribution was used to analyze raw thermal data corresponding to the weld region-of-interest. A maximum peak histogram value of the thermography data was determined and was found to correlate well with the X-ray CT, electrical resistance, and tensile data. Thermography was observed to be more affected by pores close to the surface as confirmed by the porosity cross sections from the CT data. It was seen however, that in areas of many small pores, the overall thermography values indicated lower heat flow than other areas even if the individual pores could not be resolved. Overall it is shown that thermography correlates well with electrical resistance and tensile results, although more studies are needed to evaluate thicker stack-ups due to the limits placed by thermal diffusion.
The relationship between psychological symptom ratings and crime in juvenile justice system involved young people.

RATIONALE Prior research has not adequately examined the relationship between psychological state and offending. Limitations include over-reliance on criminal convictions as the dependent variable, failure to examine a comprehensive set of psychological states, the limited nature of measures and the frequent use of cross-sectional data that cannot ensure temporal ordering. AIMS To explore the relationship between five self-reported psychological states-anxiety, depression, hostility, paranoia and psychoticism-and three types of offending-violent, non-violent and marijuana use-reported 6 months later in a sample of justice system involved young people. METHODS Data were acquired from the publicly available Pathways to Desistance dataset, a longitudinal study of 1262 young people (86% male) involved in the criminal justice system. Measures of psychological state were self-reported using the Brief Symptom Inventory at project entry and self-report offending measures 6 months later. RESULTS No psychological states were significantly associated with reports of marijuana use and depression was not related to offending. Anger and paranoia each predicted an increased variety of violent and non-violent offending, while anxiety and psychoticism each increased the variety of violent but not non-violent offending. Clinically significant states on one or more sub-scales were related to variety of both violent and non-violent offending. IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that early screening of psychological state may help identify young people at risk for offending. Further research might be directed at clarifying the extent of actual disorder and the nature of interventions that would best help not only those with a diagnosable disorder, but also those with aspects of their psychological state which trouble them, but which may not actually amount to disorder.
Retracing some paths in categorical semantics: From process-propositions-as-types to categorified reals and computers.

The logical parallelism of propositional connectives and type constructors extends beyond the static realm of predicates, to the dynamic realm of processes. Understanding the logical parallelism of process propositions and dynamic types was one of the central problems of the semantics of computation, albeit not always clear or explicit. It sprung into clarity through the early work of Samson Abramsky, where the central ideas of denotational semantics and process calculus were brought together and analyzed by categorical tools, e.g. in the structure of interaction categories. While some logical structures borne of dynamics of computation immediately started to emerge, others had to wait, be it because the underlying logical principles (mainly those arising from coinduction) were not yet sufficiently well-understood, or simply because the research community was more interested in other semantical tasks. Looking back, it seems that the process logic uncovered by those early semantical efforts might still be starting to emerge and that the vast field of results that have been obtained in the meantime might be a valley on a tip of an iceberg. In the present paper, I try to provide a logical overview of the gamut of interaction categories and to distinguish those that model computation from those that capture processes in general. The main coinductive constructions turn out to be of this latter kind, as illustrated towards the end of the paper by a compact category of all real numbers as processes, computable and uncomputable, with polarized bisimulations as morphisms. The addition of the reals arises as the biproduct, real vector spaces are the enriched bicompletions, and linear algebra arises from the enriched kan extensions. At the final step, I sketch a structure that characterizes the computable fragment of categorical semantics.
Legal and Policy Challenges for Future Marsh Preservation in the Chesapeake Bay Region

As communities face increased flooding from relative sea level rise and attempt to preserve their marshes, they face a number of policy challenges including limited public awareness of the extent of the risk, limited authorities, and limited funds. This paper highlights these legal and policy challenges and discusses some tools to address them.
Risks of feature leakage and sample size dependencies in deep feature extraction for breast mass classification.

PURPOSE Transfer learning is commonly used in deep learning for medical imaging to alleviate the problem of limited available data. In this work, we studied the risk of feature leakage and its dependence on sample size when using pretrained deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) as feature extractor for classification breast masses in mammography. METHODS Feature leakage occurs when the training set is used for feature selection and classifier modeling while the cost function is guided by the validation performance or informed by the test performance. The high-dimensional feature space extracted from pretrained DCNN suffers from the curse of dimensionality; feature subsets that can provide excessively optimistic performance can be found for the validation set or test set if the latter is allowed for unlimited reuse during algorithm development. We designed a simulation study to examine feature leakage when using DCNN as feature extractor for mass classification in mammography. Four thousand five hundred and seventy-seven unique mass lesions were partitioned by patient into three sets: 3222 for training, 508 for validation, and 847 for independent testing. Three pretrained DCNNs, AlexNet, GoogLeNet, and VGG16, were first compared using a training set in fourfold cross validation and one was selected as the feature extractor. To assess generalization errors, the independent test set was sequestered as truly unseen cases. A training set of a range of sizes from 10% to 75% was simulated by random drawing from the available training set in addition to 100% of the training set. Three commonly used feature classifiers, the linear discriminant, the support vector machine, and the random forest were evaluated. A sequential feature selection method was used to find feature subsets that could achieve high classification performance in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) in the validation set. The extent of feature leakage and the impact of training set size were analyzed by comparison to the performance in the unseen test set. RESULTS All three classifiers showed large generalization error between the validation set and the independent sequestered test set at all sample sizes. The generalization error decreased as the sample size increased. At 100% of the sample size, one classifier achieved an AUC as high as 0.91 on the validation set while the corresponding performance on the unseen test set only reached an AUC of 0.72. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that large generalization errors can occur in AI tools due to feature leakage. Without evaluation on unseen test cases, optimistically biased performance may be reported inadvertently, and can lead to unrealistic expectations and reduce confidence for clinical implementation.
Rapid Structure-Based Annotation and Profiling of Dihydrochalcones in Star Fruit (Averrhoa carambola) Using UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS and Molecular Networking.

Dihydrochalcones are a subclass of flavonoids. There has been growing interest in dihydrochalcones for their health benefits and potential to modulate flavor, but their comprehensive profile in diverse plant species is lacking. Star fruit is a tropical fruit rich in dihydrochalcones. In this study, a systematic annotation using UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS and molecular networking was established to rapidly identify dihydrochalcones in 12 star fruit cultivars. A total of 53 dihydrochalcones were characterized within a short retention time including one novel compound (phloretin-3'-C-(2-O-trans-p-coumaroyl)-β-d-fucopyranoside) and 23 compounds identified from the Averrhoa genus for the first time. 3-Hydroxyphloretin was the most abundant dihydrochalcone in star fruit. All the identified dihydrochalcones had a higher abundance in leaves compared to fruits. This is the first report that systematically investigates dihydrochalcones in star fruit of multiple cultivars, and the results could provide a useful reference for the future development and utilization of plant genetic resources.
Rapid Detection of Significant Traumatic Brain Injury Requiring Emergency Intervention.

Moderate and severe traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are a major cause of severe morbidity and mortality; rapid diagnosis and management allow secondary injury to be minimized. Traumatic brain injury...
Repeated Listens in the Music Discovery Process

The long-tail problem for recommender systems is the phenomenon where few items in a system receive most of the interactions, while most items are unpopular and, therefore, are difficult to recommend. In the music domain, this problem is exacerbated by the fact that listeners revisit the songs and artists they enjoy, further widening the gap between popular and unpopular items. This chapter explores many avenues to address the long-tail problem, including a human-subjects study conducted by the authors, which tested the effects of repetition on retention rate. The results of the study indicate that with just one additional listen to a liked unfamiliar song, the listener is 10% more likely to revisit during normal listening.
Linear Regression with Mismatched Data: A Provably Optimal Local Search Algorithm

Linear regression is a fundamental modeling tool in statistics and related fields. In this paper, we study an important variant of linear regression in which the predictor-response pairs are partially mismatched. We use an optimization formulation to simultaneously learn the underlying regression coefficients and the permutation corresponding to the mismatches. The combinatorial structure of the problem leads to computational challenges, and we are unaware of any algorithm for this problem with both theoretical guarantees and appealing computational performance. To this end, in this paper, we propose and study a simple greedy local search algorithm. We prove that under a suitable scaling of the number of mismatched pairs compared to the number of samples and features, and certain assumptions on the covariates; our local search algorithm converges to the global optimal solution with a linear convergence rate under the noiseless setting.
Mitophagy Mediates Metabolic Reprogramming of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Undergoing Endothelial Differentiation.

Pluripotent stem cells are known to shift their mitochondrial metabolism upon differentiation, but the mechanisms underlying such metabolic rewiring are not fully understood. We hypothesized that during differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), mitochondria undergo mitophagy and are then replenished by the biogenesis of new mitochondria adapted to the metabolic needs of the differentiated cell. To evaluate mitophagy during iPSC differentiation, we performed live cell imaging of mitochondria and lysosomes in hiPSCs differentiating into vascular endothelial cells using confocal microscopy. We observed a burst of mitophagy during the initial phases of hiPSC differentiation into the endothelial lineage, followed by subsequent mitochondrial biogenesis as assessed by the mitochondrial biogenesis biosensor MitoTimer. Furthermore, hiPSCs undergoing differentiation showed greater mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids and an increase in ATP levels as assessed by an ATP biosensor. We also found that during mitophagy, the mitochondrial phosphatase PGAM5 is cleaved in hiPSC-derived endothelial progenitor cells and in turn activates β-catenin-mediated transcription of the transcriptional co-activator PGC-1α, which upregulates mitochondrial biogenesis. These data suggest that mitophagy itself initiates the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism through transcriptional changes during endothelial cell differentiation. In summary, these findings reveal a mitophagy-mediated mechanism for metabolic rewiring and maturation of differentiating cells via the β-catenin signaling pathway. We propose that such mitochondrial-nuclear crosstalk during hiPSC differentiation could be leveraged to enhance the metabolic maturation of differentiated cells.
Preparing Culturally Responsive Pre-service Teachers for Culturally Diverse Classrooms

Higher education is currently faced with three realities: (1) students of color comprise almost half of the public school population; (2) the number of teachers of color has not risen in proportion with students of color; (3) the demographic makeup of the teaching force is predominantly White. In response, the author used a phenomenology, qualitative research design to answer the following questions: What personal factors influence pre-service teachers’ cultural diversity knowledge base? What cultural diversity learning experiences are in place to prepare pre-service teachers to effectively teach culturally and linguistically diverse students? How do pre-service teachers perceive their professional preparedness to implement culturally responsive teaching practices in a diverse classroom? The first phase of the study involved the collection of demographic background characteristics to examine personal factors that may influence pre-service (N=82) teachers’ cultural diversity knowledge base. In Phase 2, the author conducted a follow-up focus group interview with a sub-sample selected from Phase 1. Analyzing the interview revealed disparities among preservice teachers regarding the aspects of culturally responsive teaching knowledge and implementation. The article concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of the results.
THE JURISPRUDENCE OF GREED

Antonio, the merchant of Venice, is an admirable, or at least unobjectionable, figure.4 He cares about his friends and the finer things in life. Although he is a merchant and deals with money, he conducts his trade honorably and discreetly, and his work is not the focus of his life. He is intelligent, generous, and patient-a good fellow on whom his friends can rely. Shylock, the usurer, cares almost exclusively about making money. When his greed is thwarted, he is consumed by his desire for vengeance. True, he loves his daughter, but moneymaking is the focus of
Process‐based modeling of tsunami inundation and sediment transport

[1] The infrequent and unpredictable nature of tsunamis precludes the use of field experiments to measure the hydrodynamic and sediment transport processes that occur. Instead, these processes are often approximated from laboratory, numerical, and theoretical studies or inferred from observations of the resultant sediment deposits. Here Delft3D, a three-dimensional numerical model, is used to simulate the inundation and sediment transport of a tsunami similar in magnitude to the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami over one measured and three idealized morphologies. The model is first shown to match well the observations taken at Kuala Meurisi, Sumatra, and then used to examine in detail the processes that occur during the tsunami. The model predicts that at a given cross-shore location the onshore flow accelerates rapidly to a maximum as the wavefront passes, and then gradually decelerates before reversing direction and flowing offshore. The onshore flow does not tend to zero everywhere at maximum inundation, but instead flow reversal occurs near the shoreline even as the wavefront continues to inundate landward. While some sediment is eroded by the passing wavefront, the suspension of sandy sediment is dominated by the long-duration, high-velocity backwash that occurs along the beach face and offshore of the shoreline. Some of the sediment suspended during backwash is advected shoreward by the subsequent wave, creating large spatial gradients in the suspended sediment concentrations, which may not be in equilibrium with the local hydrodynamics. The inundation and transport of sediment during a tsunami can be affected by complexities in the morphological profile and interactions between multiple waves, and many of the hydrodynamic and sediment transport processes predicted here are similar to analogous processes previously observed in the swash zone.
Carbon export and cycling by the Yukon, Tanana, and Porcupine rivers, Alaska, 2001–2005

[1] Loads and yields of dissolved and particulate organic and inorganic carbon (DOC, POC, DIC, PIC) were measured and modeled at three locations on the Yukon River (YR) and on the Tanana and Porcupine rivers (TR, PR) in Alaska during 2001–2005. Total YR carbon export averaged 7.8 Tg C yr−1, 30% as OC and 70% as IC. Total C yields (0.39–1.03 mol C m−2 yr−1) were proportional to water yields (139–356 mm yr−1; r2 = 0.84) at all locations. Summer DOC had an aged component (fraction modern (FM) = 0.94–0.97), except in the permafrost wetland-dominated PR, where DOC was modern. POC had FM = 0.63–0.70. DOC had high concentration, high aromaticity, and high hydrophobic content in spring and low concentration, low aromaticity, and high hydrophilic content in winter. About half of annual DOC export occurred during spring. DIC concentration and isotopic composition were strongly affected by dissolution of suspended carbonates in glacial meltwater during summer.
When the Thyroid Speaks, the Heart Listens

Thyroid hormone (TH, triiodothyronine, T3) signaling is critical for proper heart development and function. Myocyte-specific genes regulated by TH comprise a “who’s who” list of proteins responsible for cardiomyocyte function: myosin heavy chain (MHC), sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-activated ATPase (SERCA), phospholamban, α- and β-adrenergic receptors, adenyl cyclase, protein kinase C, and a variety of ion channels. With this list of players, it is not surprising that alterations in TH stimulation have significant consequences for cardiac function including heart rate, contractility, and mass. The multiple effects of TH upon function of the cardiovascular system were recently summarized in an excellent review.1 The importance of regulating TH stimulation during the process of normal cardiac development has been established, particularly with regard to postnatal changes. Maturation of the myocardium depends upon increasing TH signaling after birth, which induces growth and the transcriptional reprogramming that leads to the characteristic gene expression profile of the adult heart. More than a decade has passed since initial reports showed the gene expression profile of the fetal heart (where TH stimulation is relatively low) was recapitulated in the hypertrophic and/or failing myocardium. This seminal observation suggestive of dysfunctional TH signaling spawned numerous investigations to examine the potential benefit of manipulating TH signaling to mitigate heart failure.2 However, using TH in a therapeutic context to combat reactivation of fetal gene expression in the failing heart may be hampered by altered expression of the appropriate thyroid receptors (TRs) needed to transduce TH signals. Two TR isoforms, designated TRα1 and TRβ1, which can bind TH with similar affinity, are present within the heart. A third isoform, TRα2, is a splice variant of TRα1 that does not bind TH and can act as a dominant-negative protein for TR signaling. Significance of a fourth isoform, TRβ2, remains unresolved since low levels …
14. Toward a Thirteenth Amendment Exclusionary Rule as a Remedy for Racial Profiling

This chapter addresses a particular remedy for a specific type of Thirteenth Amendment violation: namely, the exclusion from criminal trial of evidence obtained by racial profiling. As a matter of constitutional interpretation and historical context, racial profiling should be treated as a badge or incident of slavery prohibited by the Thirteenth Amendment. The victims of racial profiling should both be able to sue violators and to prevent evidence obtained by racial profiling from being used against them in criminal proceedings. The exclusionary rule bars the use of evidence in a criminal trial where that evidence was unconstitutionally obtained. Whatever the abstract merits of current arguments surrounding the efficacy or wisdom of the exclusionary rule generally or in other contexts, the Thirteenth Amendment does not countenance the government's obtaining criminal convictions based upon evidence gathered by police practices that amount to a badge or incident of slavery. While the exclusion of evidence that is relevant to the defendant's guilt potentially carries social costs, those costs are justified in cases of racial profiling because the practice is abhorrent to the Thirteenth Amendment and the rule of law.
Differential toxicity of RCAII (ricin) on rabbit intestinal epithelium in relation to postnatal maturation.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this work was to assess the toxic lectin ricin (RCAII) as a probe for the study of intestinal permeability in the developing small bowel. Jejunal explants from suckling and adult rabbits were exposed to varying dosages of RCAII for 30 min at 25° C and then cultured in toxin-free medium. The RCAII dose required to inhibit protein synthesis during 6 h of culture increased from 0.1 μg/ml in 4-day-old rabbits to 25 μg/ml in weanling rabbits. RCAII cytotoxicity was almost completely blocked by 0.1 M lactulose in all age groups. The kinetics of I25I-RCAII binding to purified microvillus membranes were determined by incubating a fixed concentration of membrane protein (30 μg) with increasing concentrations of labeled lectin (2-18 μg/ml). Binding attained saturation with adult but not with suckling animal membranes. The latter yielded a curvilinear relationship in Scatchard plots, suggesting either several classes of binding sites or negative cooperativity. RCAII binding was confined to the delipidated fraction of the membranes and decreased by 42% from 6 days old to adult age. The extreme sensitivity of colostral epithelium to RCAII is probably related to the high level of endocytosis exhibited by the immature membrane of suckling rabbits. The development of increasing resistance to the toxin, and associated decrease in binding, might be related to disappearance of saccharide sites in productive surface receptors occurring in the developmental course of intestinal glycosylation.
Short-Course Prophylaxis against Tuberculosis in HIV-Infected Persons: A Decision and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Background: Isoniazid prophylaxis for 12 months effectively prevents tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons and may decrease the incidence of other HIV-related disease and mortality. Recent clinical ...
Folding cooperativity in RNA and DNA is dependent on position in the helix.

Secondary structural motifs play essential roles in the folding and function of RNA and DNA molecules. Previous work from our lab compared the folding of small DNA and RNA hairpin loops containing a sheared GA pair [Moody, E. M., Feerar, J. C., and Bevilacqua, P. C. (2004) Biochemistry 43, 7992−7998]. We found that the small DNA hairpins fold in a highly cooperative manner with indirect coupling, while their RNA counterparts fold in a much less cooperative fashion and display direct coupling. Herein, we extend this study to the double-stranded helix. We carried out double mutant cycles on base pairs having identical nearest-neighbor contexts but located in either external or internal helical registers. In the external register, both RNA and DNA exhibit extensive folding cooperativity between the penultimate and terminal base pair, which is independent of mismatch identity. In contrast, DNA exhibits virtually no folding cooperativity in the center of the helix, while RNA maintains substantial coupling, whi...
Topology in the Weinberg-Salam theory

We show that the configuration space of the classical, bosonic Weinberg-Salam theory has a non-contractible loop. This probably implies that there is an unstable, static, finite-energy solution of the field equations. Its energy is the height of the barrier for tunneling between "topologically distinct" vacuums. We establish an upper bound on this energy of order 10 TeV.
Design and Analysis of an Anthropometric Leg of the Humanoid Robot: Tyche

This paper is concerned with the development of an anthropometric robotic leg for the humanoid robot, Tyche (Goddess of fortune). The design is based on physiology and anthropometry of human leg. The geometries of the links are finalized based on topological studies and avoidance of singularity condition. Fault tolerant design is incorporated in the design. A pantograph mechanism is used as the control device, which helps in magnifying the input. The kinematic and dynamic analyses are performed on the Tyche-leg. Five different cases are considered based on a cubic input motion profile. The kinematic and dynamic parameters are plotted with respect to time.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance studies of proteins.

The combination of advanced high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques with high-pressure capability represents a powerful experimental tool in studies of protein folding. This review is organized as follows: after a general introduction of high-pressure, high-resolution NMR spectroscopy of proteins, the experimental part deals with instrumentation. The main section of the review is devoted to NMR studies of reversible pressure unfolding of proteins with special emphasis on pressure-assisted cold denaturation and the detection of folding intermediates. Recent studies investigating local perturbations in proteins and the experiments following the effects of point mutations on pressure stability of proteins are also discussed. Ribonuclease A, lysozyme, ubiquitin, apomyoglobin, α-lactalbumin and troponin C were the model proteins investigated.
Risk, return, security-valuation and the stochastic behavior of accounting numbers

There is a considerable body of empirical research in accounting devoted to the analysis of relationships between accounting numbers and security prices. Very roughly, this body of research may be classified into three different categories: (i) share price valuation models and the determination of market equity values; (ii) the measurement of “unexpected earnings” and their contemporaneous association with security returns; (iii) the forecasting of future security returns. The selection and definition of accounting numbers in most of these types of studies have, by and large, been quite heuristic. The accounting variables are usually selected with little consideration given to their empirical time-series behavior; more important appears to be their intrinsic economic connotations. The approaches can thus be thought of as stipulating the existence of “real” economic variables, e.g., real income for a period, and then using numbers of published accounting statements as estimates of the real variables. The errors in estimates of the true variables are then often minimized by the use of aggregation procedures and the diversification effects of such procedures. The postulating of real economic variables has another methodological advantage: it permits the use of comparative statics analysis of corporate behavior and its effect on equity risk and return. For example, Hamada [7], among others, has shown that leverage affects risk in the usually hypothesized manner but this analytical result depends on the assumption that leverage and earnings are real and unambiguous economic variables without “measurement” errors.
Bispectral Index Monitoring in Helicopter Emergency Medical Services Patients

Background. Many critically ill patients are given sedatives andparalytics to facilitate aeromedical transport. Bispectral index (BIS) monitoring is a computer-derived electroencephalography (EEG) analog currently used to monitor the level of awareness of sedated patients. It gives a score of 1–100, with 1 representing no brain function and100 representing a completely alert patient. Objective. To evaluate whether critically ill patients are adequately sedated during aeromedical transport. Methods. This was a prospective, observational study of a convenience sample of critically ill patients transported by helicopter. All intubated patients who received sedatives and/or paralytics to facilitate transport were eligible for enrollment by the attending clinician. Prior to liftoff, a BIS sensor was applied to the patient's forehead. Minimum, maximum, andmean BIS index scores were recorded every minute during transport. Results. Forty-seven patients (57% male) were enrolled, with a median age of 60 years (inte...
The effect of dielectric friction on the rate of charge separation in type II ZnSe/CdS semiconductor nanorods

The effect of dielectric friction on the rate of charge separation in type II ZnSe/CdS semiconductor nanorods has been investigated using picosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The spatial separation of an excited electron-hole pair was estimated from the redshift in band edge absorption corresponding to the decrease in the exciton binding energy. The present study identifies a considerable effect of the solvent polarity on the rate of charge separation in semiconductor heterostructures, which should be taken into account when selecting nanorod caging media, such as solvents or polymer matrices.
A Brown Algal Virus Genome Contains a “RING” Zinc Finger Motif

The brown filamentous alga Feldmannia sp. contains a large icosahedral dsDNA virus, FsV, of which there are multiple variants. A 4.5-kb SstI-HindIII fragment (SH4.5) that is conserved among all genome variants was sequenced. Three open reading frames (ORF-1, -2, and -3, containing 555, 2022, and 411 bp, respectively) were shown to be transcriptionally active by ribonuclease protection assay. A "RING" zinc finger motif and a nucleotide binding site motif were identified in ORF-2.
Component mode analysis of a simple non-linear, non-conservative system

Abstract A component mode analysis is carried out based upon the use of constraint conditions and Lagrange multipliers to treat exemplary physical systems with non-linear damping. Both viscous and dry friction dampers attached to a linear elastic (beam) system are examined. The method is shown to possess conceptual and computational advantages by its ability to reduce the analysis of a multimode system to a small number of degrees of freedom equal to that associated with the non-linear component.
Acyloxy neighboring-group participation in the acid-catalyzed cleavage of methyl 2,3-anhydro-β-d-ribofuranoside☆

Abstract The reaction of methyl 2,3-anhydro-β- d -ribofuranoside with hydrogen bromide in an acetic acid—acetic anhydride solution leads to the formation of methyl 2,3-di-O-acetyl-5-bromo -5-deoxy-α,gb- d -xylofuranoside. Similar treatment of methyl 2,3-anhydro-5-O-benzoyl-β- d -ribofuranoside provided methyl 2-O-acetyl-3-O-benzoyl-5-bromo-5-deoxy-α,β- d -xylofuranosides. The position of halogen substitution was ascertained by hydrogenolysis to the resultant 5-deoxy sugars, which were characterized by their n.m.r. spectra. Confirmation of the structural assignment for methyl 2-O-acetyl-3-O-benzoyl-5-deoxy-α,β- d -xylofuranoside was obtained by synthesis from 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α- d -xylofuranose. The formation of the 5-bromo derivatives under the reported conditions probably occurred through the intermediacy of the 3,5-acyloxonium ions. Similar conversions were observed when the starting compound was treated with hydrogen chloride, acetyl bromide, or acetyl chloride in acetic acid—acetic anhydride solutions.
On the spectral gap for fixed membranes

The distance between the second and first eigenvalues for the Dirichlet Laplacian of a domain is called its (spectral) gap. We show that the gap of a convex planar domainD symmetric about both thex andy axes is no smaller than the gap of an oriented rectangle which containsD.
Pharmacotherapy in the geriatric population

The geriatric population constitutes the largest group of consumers of medications in this country. Changes in the pharmacokinetic response to medications of this population are less predictable than in younger age groups, thereby resulting in adverse reactions and drug interactions in multidrug users. Dentists need to be aware of these changes as well as alterations in therapeutic responses to the medications most commonly used in dental treatment: sedatives, local anesthetics, analgesics, and antibiotics.
The Pacific sea surface temperature

Abstract The Pacific sea surface temperature data contains two components: N L , a signal that exhibits the familiar El Nino/La Nina phenomenon and N H , a signal of one-year period. Analysis reveals: (1) The existence of an annual solar forcing F S ; (2) N H is phase locked directly to F S while N L is frequently phase locked to the 2nd or 3rd subharmonic of F S . At least ten distinct subharmonic time segments of N L since 1870 are found. The beginning or end dates of these segments have a near one-to-one correspondence with the abrupt climate changes previously reported. Limited predictability is possible.