cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Change Detection in Shallow Coral Reef Environments Using Landsat 7 Etm+ Data

Abstract This paper aims to clarify the potential of the new Landsat 7/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensors for change detection in coral reef environments. We processed images of two reef sites in Florida and Hawaii acquired over short time intervals (2 weeks and 3 months). During these periods, reefs were not affected by major disturbances (phase shift, strategy shift, bleaching, and hurricanes). This stability allowed us to assess the bias in change detection analysis. Two methods for change detection analysis were applied. The first one estimates the atmospheric conditions (Rayleigh and aerosol radiances, ozone and diffuse transmittances) using an ETM+/SeaWiFS multisensor approach. The second method is an empirical correction based on pseudoinvariant features that compensates for different atmospheric conditions as well as for any sensor (noise) or environmental (water column, sea surface state) conditions. The atmospheric correction alone did not provide an accurate match in images across time due to significant whitecaps and possible sun glint and its products required an empirical adjustment. Therefore, for the images in this study there was not substantial benefit in performing an atmospheric correction compared to an empirical correction alone. Both methods resulted in a minimum uncertainty of 4, 3, and 3 digital counts, respectively, in ETM+ Bands 1–3. Finally, we completed the study of real images by the analysis of ETM+ reflectance spectra for a large variety of coral reef objects. We concluded that the assessment of the rates of change in three ubiquitous classes ‘sand,’ ‘background’ (including rubble, pavement, and heavily grazed dead coral structure), and ‘foreground’ (including living corals and macroalgae) emerges as the most reproducible and feasible application for the ETM+ sensor.
A step towards using urinary nitrogen as a tool for validating 24-hour dietary recall interviews.

In an active population, cars urinary nitrogen output provide a satisfactory basis for estimating protein . intake without preliminary screening to rule out metabolic disease?. A successful demonstration would justify comparing average protein intake for active groups derived from 24-hour recall interviews with that obtained from 24-hour urine specimens. This could then be a practical test of the hypothesis that 24-hour recall data provide valid estimates for groups.
Ca sparks do not explain all ryanodine receptor-mediated SR Ca leak in mouse ventricular myocytes.

Diastolic Ca leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of ventricular myocytes reduces the SR Ca content, stabilizing the activity of the SR Ca release channel ryanodine receptor for the next beat. SR Ca leak has been visualized globally using whole-cell fluorescence, or locally using confocal microscopy, but never both ways. When using confocal microscopy, leak is imaged as “Ca sparks,” which are fluorescent objects generated by the local reaction-diffusion of released Ca and cytosolic indicator. Here, we used confocal microscopy and simultaneously measured the global ryanodine-receptor-mediated leak rate (Jleak) and Ca sparks in intact mouse ventricular myocytes. We found that spark frequency and Jleak are correlated, as expected if both are manifestations of a common phenomenon. However, we also found that sparks explain approximately half of Jleak. Our strategy unmasks the presence of a subresolution (i.e., nonspark) release of potential physiological relevance.
Narrative Identity Achieved Through Utterances: The Implications of Bakhtin for Managing Change and Learning

Ricoeur’s work on narrative has been instrumental in moving the conception of identity from the rational mind (Cartesian) to a text of narratives of meanings, desires, and aspirations. But his effort to question the Cartesian certainty came at a price, namely an excessive emphasis on personhood. This paper explicates the relevance of Bakhtin’s notion of dialogue for management by arguing for a critical examination of Ricoeur’s centripetal superiority of narrative order in favour of centrifugal encounters based on a Bakhtinian (dialogical) tension, one between an active addressor and an active addressee, rather than an active reciter and a passive listener. Adopting Bakhtin’s ideas has clear implications for the management of change and development of learning organisations.
Control of hydroxyapatite nanoparticle morphology using wet synthesis techniques: Reactant addition rate effects

Abstract Hydroxyapatite is a widely used biomaterial that, due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability, can be applied to a variety of biomedical problems. The effect of reactant addition rate during wet synthesis on hydroxyapatite particle morphology was studied. It was found that by decreasing reactant addition rate, the size and aspect ratio of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles could be increased. Reactant addition rates tested ranged from 0.80 mL/min to 140 mL/min, with resulting particles ranging from 255 nm long rod-shaped particles to 27 nm diameter spherical particles. X-ray diffraction confirmed that at all reactant addition rates pure hydroxyapatite was generated. Controlling reactant addition rate is therefore a practical and simple approach for preparing hydroxyapatite particles with varied morphologies and particle sizes suitable for different biomedical applications.
Tumors originating in the ischioanal fossae

Abstract Tumors originating in the ischioanal fossa are rare. Such tumors present problems interesting in differential diagnosis and treatment. The subjective symptoms caused by tumors of the ischioanal fossa, as shown by these cases, are not definitely peculiar to the lesion but in general include painless, progressive swelling which causes difficulty on sitting or defecation. The findings of asymmetry in the ischioanal region, overlying normal skin, and circumscribed movable tumor mass that is not tender are of value in differential diagnosis. These tumors should always be excised and the tissue examined microscopically for the correct diagnosis.
A lattice-based model of the kinetics of twin boundary motion

Abstract In this paper we derive a macroscopic kinetic law for twin boundary motion from a lattice dynamical model. The model is developed for compound and type-1 twins and it is explicitly illustrated for a Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy. The governing multiple-well energy is calculated using an effective interatomic potential; a Frenkel–Kontorowa type model is developed for the dynamics at the lattice scale; and a quasi-continuum approximation is used to determine the continuum-scale kinetics. The model predicts that compound twins in the Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy are an order of magnitude more mobile than type-1 twins which is consistent with experimental observations.
Communication strategies in early adolescent conflict: An attributional approach

This study used attribution theory to investigate how attributions of responsibility influence early adolescents' communication strategy preference during friendship conflicts. It was hypothesized that selfresponsibility would be related to more cooperative ways of communicating (integrative strategies), whereas perceptions of other-responsibility would be related to less cooperative ways of communicating (distributive or passive strategies). Participants ( N = 67) between the ages of twelve and fourteen read hypothetical conflict scenarios and described how they would communicate to resolve the conflict. Partial support for the hypothesis was found; however, complex details, such as the conflict theme and use of multicommunication strategies, were important variables in the resolution process. Conflict resolution programs, mediators, and clinicians might consider these complex aspects in trainings and practice.
Arsenic in North Carolina: Public Health Implications

Abstract Arsenic is a known human carcinogen and relevant environmental contaminant in drinking water systems. We set out to comprehensively examine statewide arsenic trends and identify areas of public health concern. Specifically, arsenic trends in North Carolina private wells were evaluated over an eleven-year period using the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services database for private domestic well waters. We geocoded over 63,000 domestic well measurements by applying a novel geocoding algorithm and error validation scheme. Arsenic measurements and geographical coordinates for database entries were mapped using Geographic Information System techniques. Furthermore, we employed a Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) geostatistical framework, which accounts for geocoding error to better estimate arsenic values across the state and identify trends for unmonitored locations. Of the approximately 63,000 monitored wells, 7712 showed detectable arsenic concentrations that ranged between 1 and 806 μg/L. Additionally, 1436 well samples exceeded the EPA drinking water standard. We reveal counties of concern and demonstrate a historical pattern of elevated arsenic in some counties, particularly those located along the Carolina terrane (Carolina slate belt). We analyzed these data in the context of populations using private well water and identify counties for targeted monitoring, such as Stanly and Union Counties. By spatiotemporally mapping these data, our BME estimate revealed arsenic trends at unmonitored locations within counties and better predicted well concentrations when compared to the classical kriging method. This study reveals relevant information on the location of arsenic-contaminated private domestic wells in North Carolina and indicates potential areas at increased risk for adverse health outcomes.
Characterization of Thin Biological Tissue With Scanning Acoustic Microscopy

The present article reports a technique to measure velocity of a biological specimen, wherein the thickness of the biological specimen and the diameter of the measurement area of the specimen are in the order of a few microns. The kidney was selected for the specimen as an example of the soft material. The kidney was thinly sliced by a microtome and located on a substrate. The thickness of the specimen was substantially 3 μm. For the substrate, fused quartz was used because its elastic properties are known and stable. The spherical acoustic lens was used to determine the position for the measurement. The frequencies of 400 and 600 MHz were used for the measurement and the visualization respectively. The generation of the Rayleigh waves in the above conditions was simulated by numerical calculations based on the wave propagation theory for layered media.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Implementing High-Fidelity Simulation in Practical Nursing Education

Abstract Simulations using human patient simulator technology are being used in many areas of nursing education. As simulation use increases, nurse educators and those in staff development need examples of how to design and use simulations for various levels of nursing practice. This project describes the development, implementation, and evaluation of an asthma scenario using a human patient simulator with practical nursing students enrolled in a 1-year certificate program. The simulation incorporated physical assessment, technical skills, and critical thinking appropriate to the role of the practical nurse and was based on Pamela Jeffries' Nursing Education Simulation Framework. Recommendations for future simulation development and collaborative experiences are included.
Polymerized liposomes as potential oral vaccine carriers: Stability and bioavailability

The potential of polymerized liposomes as oral vaccine carriers is evaluated. The stability of polymerized liposomes is demonstrated in mouse gastrointestinal tracts using dual-labeled liposomes. Similar transit kinetics displayed by the two labels of different hydrophobicity indicate the intactness of the polymerized liposomes inside the gastrointestinal tract. Uptake of liposomes from mouse gastrointestinal tract by Peyer's patches is quantified by measuring the amount of radiolabeled liposomes retained in the tissues following liposome oral administration. Bioavailability of liposomal contents is examined in macrophage cultures with calcein-containing liposomes. Liberation of calcein in cells suggests the breakdown of liposomal membranes and the intracellular release of their encapsulated materials.
Agreement between two dietary methods in reported intake of beer, wine and liquor.

This study compares reported beer, wine and liquor intake from a dietary quantity-frequency questionnaire and a 16-day diet diary kept by the same respondents in the 1984-85 University of Michigan Food Frequency Study. The study subjects were 228 black and white men and women, aged 24-51 years. On the two methods, the reported mean ethanol intake derived from each beverage, mean frequency of intake of each beverage and mean quantity for each beverage were similar. The relative rankings of individuals by the amount of ethanol for each beverage were also similar. The methods agreed less well on whether a particular beverage was ever consumed. The absolute amount of ethanol from each beverage agreed more closely between methods than did the percent of ethanol from each beverage. Results were similar for each race-sex subgroup. These findings suggest that analyses should use the reported amount of ethanol from each beverage, rather than converting to percentages or classifying according to the most used bever...
Single seed descent: a tool to exploit durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) genetic resources

A large wealth of genetic diversity is present in the diversity centers of durum wheat. However, modern breeding selection methods are mostly based on improvement of elite lines which have a narrow genetic base; this limits a lot the genetic pool which breeders can exploit for the production of new varieties ready to face the predicted climate changes or adaptation to new cultivation areas. The oncoming changing climatic conditions claim for the need of finding new adaptation traits to both abiotic and biotic stresses to be introduced in modern elite varieties. These traits are often found in landraces stored in germplasm collections. The Eurisco database reports a total of over 17,000 durum accessions, some 6,800 of which are traditional varieties and/or landraces: Besides their incontestable usefulness, their great number hampers the possibility to explore their genepool. A different approach to reduce the number of genotypes to screen for new useful traits to use in breeding programs while maintaining a good representation of the genetic background, is the constitution of a working durum wheat collection selected by mean of a single seed descent (SSD) approach so far called SSD genotypes. The working collection, accounts for over approximately 450 genotypes representative of 40 countries mainly concentrated in the Mediterranean area and Horn of Africa. The SSD genotypes were subjected to large scale SNP screening by ILLUMINA Infinium iSelect 90k wheat chip and the data were analysed to assess the heterozygosity and the genetic diversity present in the SSD population. Moreover the population was preliminary phenotyped following field growth. Both analyses give the picture of a good level of genetic variability represented in the SSD genotypes. This makes this collection a good candidate for a new “genetool” for durum wheat breeding and research.
Effects of RNAi-mediated silencing of PEN-2, APH-1a, and nicastrin on wild-type vs FAD mutant forms of presenilin 1.

The γ-secretase complex consists of PS1/PS2, nicastrin, APH-1a, and PEN-2. PS1 undergoes endoproteolytic processing to yield two fragments: PS1-NTF and PS1-CTF. Changes in PEN-2 levels have been shown previously to affect the endoproteolytic processing of wild-type (wt)-PS1. However, the effects of PEN-2 on the proteolytic processing of familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD) mutant forms of PS1 have not yet been reported. To determine whether PEN-2 affects the proteolytic processing of mutant PS1 in the same manner as that of wt-PS1, we established RNA interference (RNAi) for PEN-2 in H4 human neuroglioma cells stably transfected to express wt or FAD mutant forms of PS1 including L286V, A246E, and that lacking exon 9 (Δ9). As expected, in H4 cells expressing wt-PS1, RNAi for PEN-2 increased levels of PS1-FL and attenuated PS1 endoproteolysis. Likewise, in cells expressing PS1 with the FAD missense mutations, L286V and A246E, RNAi for PEN-2 increased PS1-FL and reduced PS1 endoproteolysis. However, in H4 cells stably transfected to express the FAD-linked Δ9 mutation (PS1 lacking exon 9), RNAi for PEN-2 did not increase but, instead, decreased PS1-FL. In contrast, RNAi for nicastrin and APH-1a decreased PS1-FL in H4 cells expressing either wt-PS1 or Δ9-PS1. In summary, the metabolism of wt-PS1 and FAD-linked Δ9-PS1 is specifically and differentially affected by loss of function of PEN-2.
The Pedagogy of Paul

In addition to being a remarkable theologian, there can be no doubt that Paul was a skilled teacher. In this article we highlight connections between Paul's pedagogy and educational principles that are currently propounded. Religious educators today can follow Paul's pedagogy as they teach by example, know their audiences, redirect conversations when necessary, speak students’ language, seek for common ground, and reach out to those who struggle. Although Paul lived and taught nearly 2,000 years ago he provides patterns of pedagogy that modern educators can apply.
Melanistic Rattus norvegicus in Southwestern Georgia

Few studies of the prevalence of melanism in wild Norway rats have been published. The latest pertinent publication concerned the observations of Watson (Nature, 154: 334, 1944) in England. He noted that 21 of 1,266 Rattus norvegicus Erxl. trapped from several localities in the British Isles were melanistic and surmised that an incidence as high as 1.66 per cent could not be accounted for by mutation and recombination factors alone. Most studies in the United States have been concerned with the various color forms of the roof rat, Rattus rattus Linn. The melanistic Norway rat superficially resembles the black form of the roof rat, and it is of importance that this similarity be recognized in the application of rodent-control measures where these two species occur together as in southwestern Georgia. The occurrence of melanism in various species, which is also of interest to students of genetics and evolution, has been attributed to natural selection and heredity as well …
Observations and experiments on spontaneous rhythmical behavior in the chick embryo.

Abstract Major characteristics of motility in chick embryos are described from its beginning at stage 21 ( 3 1 2 –4 days ) to stage 33 (8 days). The first exteroceptive reflexes can be elicited at stage 31, that is, 3 1 2 –4 days after onset of motility. During this period all motility is self-generated in the central nervous system. Extirpation of cervical, brachial, or thoracic segments of the spinal cord at early stages does not preclude motility in isolated parts. Hence, parts of the spinal cord are capable of autonomous motility. The early behavior up to 9–10 days is rhythmical; activity phases of 5–15 seconds are followed by inactivity phases lasting for 30–60 seconds. Kymograph recordings of the periodicity in normal embryos and in isolated parts showed differences in the time pattern. The activity and inactivity phases of isolated parts are more regular, and they are characterized by a higher percentage of longer activity and inactivity phases. The hypothesis is advanced that the periodicity of the motility of normal embryos results from a superimposition of a shorter cycle originating in the brain over a longer cycle intrinsic in the spinal cord.
Automated kinesthetic trainer enhances kinesthetic memory development

Abstract This research studied the usefulness and effectiveness of providing movement guidance and haptic feedback in enhancing kinesthetic memory development. Participants were trained to perform horizontal welding in two different settings: free-hand (traditional group) or under physical guidance (machine group). Their welding performance, as well as kinesthetic memory development was evaluated. As for kinesthetic memory, since it is related to movement and posture, three parameters were measured: moving speed, muscle activity, and elbow angle. Machine group significantly outperformed traditional group in performance, and also showed significant better control of moving speed than the traditional group. However, muscle activity pattern and elbow angle didn‘t differ significantly between two groups. The finding suggested that welding training can be improved significantly by providing appropriate movement guidance, and this method can also be expanded to other training. Relevance to industry Work of this study is relevant to industry in two perspectives: 1) providing guidance and haptic feedback can be used in any kinds of training in industry that involves posture and movement development; 2) a new and effective training method for welders was proposed and verified from scientific study.
Cropping and Tillage Systems Effects on Soil Erosion under Climate Change in Oklahoma

Soil erosion under future climate change is very likely to increase because of increases in occurrence of heavy storms. The objective of this study is to quantify the effects of common cropping and tillage systems on soil erosion and surface runoff during 2010 to 2039 in central Oklahoma. A combination of 18 cropping and tillage systems is evaluated using the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model for 12 climate change scenarios projected by four global climate models (GCMs) under three emissions scenarios. Tillage systems include conventional, reduced, delayedno tillage. Cropping systems include continuous monocultures of winter wheat, soybean, sorghumcotton and double crops of wheat and soybeans. Compared with the present climate, overall t tests show that the future mean precipitation will decrease by some 6% (>98.5% probability), daily precipitation variance increase by 12% (>99%), and mean temperature increase by 1.36°C (>99%). Despite the projected precipitation declines, the overall averaged runoff and soil loss will increase by 19.5 and 43.5% because of increased occurrence of large storms. Soil erosion is positively related to the degree of tillage disturbances in all cropping systems. Compared with the conventional till, reduced, delayedno tillage substantially reduce soil erosion, showing that adoption of conservation tillage will be effective in controlling soil erosion in the next 30 yr. Cropping systems decrease runoff and soil loss from continuous cotton to soybean to sorghum to wheat in all tillage systems under climate change, indicating a preference of winter wheat for controlling runoff and soil loss in the region.
Electrical states in the rabbit brain can be altered by light and electromagnetic fields

Abstract The effect of low-frequency magnetic fields on the rabbit electroencephalograph (EEG) was studied using a quantitative procedure that permitted statistical evaluation of the response of individual animals. The field conditions used were those predicted by various theories to result in field-animal interactions; light and sham exposure were employed as positive and negative controls, respectively. Sixty-seven percent of the rabbits exhibited changes in the EEG power spectra when light was presented in 2-s epochs; none of the animals responded to sham exposure. When 1 Gauss, 5 Hz, was presented in 2-s epochs, 100% of the animals tested responded to the presence of the field. The rabbits did not respond when the magnetic-field frequency was higher than the physiological range (1–20 Hz) or when it was tuned for resonance of K+. The results showed that an electrical state function may be operationally defined for the rabbit brain, and used to assess the occurrence of an interaction between an animal and external magnetic fields.
Electrochemistry of Self-Assembled Monolayers of Iron Protoporphyrin IX Attached to Modified Gold Electrodes through Thioether Linkage

Iron(III) protoporphyrin IX (Fe(III)PP) and iron(III) hematoporphyrin (Fe(III)HP) were selectively and covalently attached to dimercaptoalkane-modified gold electrodes. Reaction of their vinyl or hydroxyethyl groups with the surface-immobilized thiols produced thioether linkages, reminiscent of the heme macrocycle attachment in c-type cytochromes. Cyclic voltammetry revealed reversible electrochemistry of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of FePPs and FeHPs on the thiol-modified gold substrates. The surface coverage estimated from the charges transferred corresponds to 30% of a monolayer. The heterogeneous rate constant of electron transfer between the Fe(III)PPs and the gold substrate decreases exponentially with the length of the spacer, demonstrating a value of 1.0 A-1 for the tunneling length coefficient, β. At pH 8, a linear increase of the formal redox potential (E°‘) with the length of the linker was also observed. This suggests that in the film, there is a close contact between the porphyrins and t...
Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is a common cause of acute kidney injury. Many etiologies of AIN have been recognized--including allergic/drug-induced, infectious, autoimmune/systemic, and idiopathic forms of disease. The most common etiology of AIN is drug-induced disease, which is thought to underlie 60-70% of cases. Multiple agents from many different classes of drugs can cause AIN, and the clinical presentation and laboratory findings vary according to the class of drug involved. AIN is characterized by interstitial inflammation, tubulitis, edema, and in some cases, eventual interstitial fibrosis. A definitive diagnosis of AIN can be established only by kidney biopsy. Noninvasive tests such as (67)gallium scintigraphy and testing for eosinophiluria have limited diagnostic utility. The mainstay of therapy for drug-induced AIN is timely discontinuation of the causative agent. Although the benefits of corticosteroid therapy remain unproven, they do appear to have a positive effect in some patients with drug-induced AIN, especially when treatment is initiated early in the course of the disease. In general, the prognosis for drug-induced AIN is good, and at least partial recovery of kidney function is normally observed. Early recognition is crucial because patients can ultimately develop chronic kidney disease.
A simple rapid test for lead poisoning.

The test described in this communication utilizes the phenomenon of osmotic resistance of erythrocytes in lead poisoning and could be used for detection of children with an increased lead burden. Our preliminary observations suggest that it can identify more than 85 per cent of children with blood lead levels of 0.06 mg. per 100 ml. or higher, and a higher percentage of children with blood lead levels of 0.09 mg. per 100 ml. and higher. The test is rapid, simple to perform, requires only 0.04 ml. of blood, and utilizes reagents and equipment available in almost any laboratory.
Dynamic Relaxation: A Technique for Detailed Thermo-Elastic Structural Analysis of Transportation Structures

Dynamic relaxation is a technique developed to solve static problems through an explicit integration in finite element. The main advantage of such a technique is the ability to solve a large proble...
Chemical kinetic modeling study of shock tube ignition of heptane isomers

High-temperature detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms are developed for all nine chemical isomers of heptane (C7H16), following techniques and models developed previously for other smaller alkane hydrocarbon species. These reaction mechanisms are tested by computing shock tube ignition delay times for stoichiometric heptane/oxygen mixtures diluted by argon. Although no corresponding experiments have been reported in the literature for most of these isomers of heptane, intercomparisons between the computed results for these isomers and comparisons with available experimental results for other alkane fuels are used to validate the reaction mechanisms as much as possible. Differences in the overall reaction rates of these heptane isomers are discussed in terms of differences in their molecular structure and the resulting variations in rates of important chain branching and termination reactions. The implications of these results regarding ignition of other alkane fuels are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 868–877, 2001
Numerical simulation on the HV transmission tower-line system under ice shedding

Ice shedding from conductors may easily induce electrical and mechanical accidents, which cause serious threat to the safe operation of transmission lines. In this paper, a three dimensional finite element model of tower-conductor-ground wire-insulator system for a 500kV transmission line was established in ANSYS, and the dynamic responses of ice shedding under different load cases were analyzed for the transmission tower-line system. Newmark method is applied for the solution of the nonlinear transient dynamic analysis. Three variables were considered in the ice-shedding simulating analysis, which includes tower-line coupled effect, phase combination of the ice-shedding conductors as well as thickness of the accreted ice. Influences of all the variables on the dynamic responses of jumping heights, loads at the end of insulators and the forces of transmission tower were mainly studied.
The effects of l-cycloserine on gangliosides in the developing mouse brain

Abstract Marked changes in ganglioside composition occur during brain development and in cultured neurons concomitant with differentiation, and maximum ganglioside synthesis occurs during neuronal maturation and synaptogenesis. These findings indicate that gangliosides probably play an important role in brain development. In this study the effects of parenterally administered l -cycloserine (an inhibitor of sphingosine synthesis) on gangliosides during the period of rapid neonatal brain growth in mice were studied. Two groups of mice (saline control and l -cycloserine—20 mg/kg/day) were treated for 8 or 16 days, starting at postnatal day 6, and sacrificed at 14, 22, 32, 62 or 110 days of age. Undernourished controls were also sacrificed at the same times. Body and cerebral weights in the l -cycloserine group were less than those of saline control animals at early ages, but the l -cycloserine animals did not show sparing of cerebral weight in relation to body weight as did the undernourished controls. Compared to saline control animals the l -cycloserine group had significantly less total lipid extract and nonlipid residue over all age groups. Animals treated with l -cycloserine had less total ganglioside NeuNAc per hemisphere, but normal concentrations on a fresh weight basis. Both groups had identical ganglioside patterns. These results indicate that although l -cycloserine does affect some aspects of brain development, it is not useful as a selective inhibitor of ganglioside synthesis in neonatal ICR Swiss Webster mice treated with a dose equivalent to the LD-17. Its value in modifying ganglioside synthesis should be viewed with caution.
Semiclassical Pseudodifferential Operators and the Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem

In this paper we show how semiclassical pseudodifferential operators together with Getzler’s rescaling can be used to give a systematic proof of the Atiyah-Singer index theorem using the resolvent or the heat kernel.
EV71 vaccines: a milestone in the history of global vaccine development.

Three vaccines against enterovirus 71 (EV71) have completed phase 3 clinical trials with good safety and efficacy results. These vaccines may benefit children living in Asian countries who have been under the threat of severe hand, foot and mouth disease in recent years. These vaccines may also represent the start of a new trend for more vaccines against emerging infections in developing countries. A global system that includes contributions from vaccine producers in developing countries is needed to ensure the safety, quality and access of these new vaccines.
An ethological analysis of human infant crying: answering Tinbergen's four questions.

The proximate causes, survival value, ontogeny, and evolutionary history of human infant crying are examined. Experiments and field observations involving infant distress vocalizations and begging calls in avian, mammalian, and nonhuman primate species are considered, as are ethnographic records of infant care and responses to crying in nonindustrialized societies. It is argued that human infant crying evolved as a primarily acoustic, graded signal, that it is a fairly reliable, if imperfect, indicator of need for parental care and that its primary function is to promote parental caregiving. Selection pressures that may have shaped the evolution of crying and its potential for corruption through dishonesty also are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 265–285, 2001
Human organ transplantation

Human organ transplantation: Societal, medical‐legal, regulatory, and reimbursement issues. Edited by Cowan, D., Kantorowitz, J., Moskowitz, J., and Rhein‐Stein, P. (Health Administration Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1987), 458 pages, $34.00.
Does the ribosome translate cancer

Ribosome biogenesis and translation control are essential cellular processes that are governed at numerous levels. Several tumour suppressors and proto-oncogenes have been found either to affect the formation of the mature ribosome or to regulate the activity of proteins known as translation factors. Disruption in one or more of the steps that control protein biosynthesis has been associated with alterations in the cell cycle and regulation of cell growth. Therefore, certain tumour suppressors and proto-oncogenes might regulate malignant progression by altering the protein synthesis machinery. Although many studies have correlated deregulation of protein biosynthesis with cancer, it remains to be established whether this translates directly into an increase in cancer susceptibility, and under what circumstances.
The coordinated action of G-CSF and ELR + CXC chemokines in neutrophil mobilization during acute inflammation.

In this study, we have identified a unique combinatorial effect of the chemokines KC/MIP-2 and the cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) with respect to the rapid mobilization of neutrophils from the bone marrow in a model of acute peritonitis. At 2 hours following an intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate, there was a 4.5-fold increase in blood neutrophil numbers, which was inhibited 84% and 72% by prior administration of blocking mAbs against either the chemokines KC/MIP-2 or G-CSF, respectively. An intraperitoneal injection of G-CSF acted remotely to stimulate neutrophil mobilization, but did not elicit recruitment into the peritoneum. Further, in vitro G-CSF was neither chemotactic nor chemokinetic for murine neutrophils, and had no priming effect on chemotaxis stimulated by chemokines. Here, we show that, in vitro and in vivo, G-CSF induces neutrophil mobilization by disrupting their SDF-1α–mediated retention in the bone marrow. Using an in situ perfusion system of the mouse femoral bone marrow to directly assess mobilization, KC and G-CSF mobilized 6.8 × 106 and 5.4 × 106 neutrophils, respectively, while the infusion of KC and G-CSF together mobilized 19.5 × 106 neutrophils, indicating that these factors act cooperatively with respect to neutrophil mobilization.
MATING SYSTEM OF THE TENT-MAKING BAT ARTIBEUS WATSONI (CHIROPTERA: PHYLLOSTOMIDAE)

Vertebrate mating systems are influenced by ecological and phylogenetic factors, and the variation observed in mating behavior is frequently attributable to the extent to which male assistance in the rearing of offspring increases a female’s reproductive rate, size and stability of female groups, and density and distribution of females in space. In this study we evaluate patterns of association and parentage to describe the mating system of the tentmaking bat Artibeus watsoni. During 16 consecutive months, we regularly surveyed 2 sites in southwestern Costa Rica and determined size, composition, and stability of social groups, and established patterns of parentage within roosts. We found female-biased, mixed-sex social groups formed by individuals located in several roosts within an area. Roosting associations were low (average across all sites: 31%), and the frequent changes between roosting partners suggests that males and females formed nonexclusive mating bonds, which was further supported by our finding that only 27% of young were sired by the male within a roosting group. Paternal sibships were only observed in 17% of dyads of young roosting together, indicating that few males copulated with .1 female of the roosting group during the mating season. However, paternal sibships were only observed in Golfito, which could be explained by greater group size and stability attributable to lower roost availability. Thus, our findings are consistent with a polygynandrous mating system (2 or several males sharing access to 2 or several females, and vice versa) in which males associated intermittently with females that frequently switched roosts, and where breeding opportunities for males seemed related to the defense of roosts, roosting territories, or both.
Videolaparoscopic implantation of long-term peritoneal dialysis catheters.

Implantation of peritoneal dialysis catheters by traditional laparotomy or trocar/guidewire techniques leaves the operator blind to the actual location and configuration of the peritoneal catheter tubing; it is associated with drainage dysfunction from catheter obstruction in 10–22% of catheter placements. This report presents a laparoscopic technique that allows accurate tube placement with complete visualization of the implant procedure. The peritoneal dialysis catheter was implanted through a port inserted in a paramedian location. Videoscopic monitoring was performed through a second port inserted in a pararectus location on the opposite side of the abdomen. Nitrous oxide gas was utilized for peritoneal insufflation thus permitting the procedure to be accomplished under local anesthesia. Follow-up of ≤12.7 months (median, 4.4) for the first 28 patients revealed a high rate of successful catheter function with an outflow obstruction rate of 3.6%. The procedure was well tolerated by patients under local anesthesia on an outpatient basis. Videolaparoscopy is ideally suited for peritoneal dialysis catheter implantation. Visual conformation of proper catheter location and configuration during the implant process are associated with lower incidences of outflow failure.
The Politics of International Regime Complexity

The increasing density of international regimes has contributed to the proliferation of overlap across agreements, conflicts among international obligations, and confusion regarding what international and bilateral obligations cover an issue. This symposium examines the consequences of this “international regime complexity” for subsequent politics. What analytical insights can be gained by thinking about any single agreement as being embedded in a larger web of international rules and regimes? Karen Alter and Sophie Meunier's introductory essay defines international regime complexity and identifies the mechanisms through which it may influence the politics of international cooperation. Short contributions analyze how international regime complexity affects politics in specific issue areas: trade (Christina Davis), linkages between human rights and trade (Emilie Hafner-Burton), intellectual property (Laurence Helfer), security politics (Stephanie Hofmann), refugee politics (Alexander Betts), and election monitoring (Judith Kelley). Daniel Drezner concludes by arguing that international regime complexity may well benefit the powerful more than others.
The changing nature of entomological collections: Uses, functions, growth and management

The Informal Conference on entomological collections was held in Section 1, of the XVth International Congress of Entomology, Washington, D.C., USA on August 23rd, 1976. Participants discussed various aspects of entomological collections and systematic activities associated with such collections. The speakers represented six countries and a wide spectrum of professional areas. They provided a broader view of the more critical problems facing the world's entomological collections. The functions and uses of entomological collections were reviewed and aspects of computer applications related to the collections discussed. Also, legal and international aspects of the collecting, depository, and exchange of the insect materials were discussed. Dr Elizabeth N. Marke, President of the Entomological Society of Australia explained the events that led to the present Australian legislation on exportation of insect specimens, and pointed out the difficulties of this stringent law and of the effort by the society to repeal the law. This conference agreed to propose a resolution for the Congress on "Scientific Collecting, Exchange and Transfer of the Entomological Specimens" which was drafted by J. C. M. Carvalho, K. C. Kim (Chairman), L. V. Knutson, and C. W. Sabrosky. This resolution, with a minor modification, was passed unanimously by the XVth International Congress of Entomology at the Closing Plenary Session after approval by the Permanent Committee.
Asian urban development policies in the 1990s: From growth control to urban diffusion

Abstract Continued rapid urbanization in Asian countries during the 1990s will create daunting challenges for governments and the private sector in providing sufficient numbers of jobs for a burgeoning urban labor force, extending urban services and infrastructure, and dealing with physical expansion of megacities. Policies aimed at creating a “balanced” pattern of urban development in Asian countries over the past three decades have largely failed. Programs to slow rural-urban migration and to control the expansion of metropolitan areas fell far short of their goals. Most governments now recognize that diffusion of urban growth, rather than its control and suppression, is essential for economic development. During the 1990s, Asian governments are refocusing their urban development policies on (1) mobilizing financial resources for investments in services and infrastructure, (2) improving the efficiency of metropolitan areas as economic units, (3) investing in secondary cities and towns with growth potential and integrating urban and rural markets, (4) seeking greater participation of the private sector in urban development, and (5) decentralizing more administrative and financial responsibilities to local governments in urban areas.
Nanoporous Pd Film Sensors for Detection of High Concentration Hydrogen

Blistering of Pd films upon absorption of high concentration hydrogen is one of the big problems for hindering wide application of Pd-film hydrogen sensors. We fabricated robust nanoporous Pd sensors with anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) as a substrate and Ni as a transition layer. The resistive sensors have a quick and reversible response to hydrogen gas at room temperature. Unlike dense Pd films supported by traditional wafers, the AAO-supported nanoporous films are highly stable in detecting high concentration hydrogen (up to 10% H 2 ).
Agile Broadcast Services: Addressing the Wireless Spectrum Crunch via Coalitional Game Theory

The performance of cooperation strategies for broadcast services sharing a common wireless channel is studied in the framework of coalitional game theory. Two strategies are examined. The first represents an open sharing model where each service provider is allowed to transmit at any time but simultaneous transmissions result in interference. It is shown analytically that in the absence of coordination cost, the grand coalition formed by all providers cooperating to avoid simultaneous transmissions is both sum-rate optimal and stable. The second strategy represents an orthogonal access method where service providers are granted exclusive access to a subset of the available channels, each having a guaranteed successful transmission opportunity. In the absence of coordination cost, the grand coalition where all providers cooperate by sharing their guaranteed right to access the channel is sum-rate optimal but unstable, in the sense that some group of providers may have an incentive to deviate from the grand coalition. In the presence of coordination cost, a different scenario arises. In both models large coalitions do not form, and simulation results suggest that the open access model for large networks can lead to a regime where performance is considerably limited by interference.
A Highly Linear and Efficient CMOS RF Power Amplifier With a 2-D Circuit Synthesis Technique

A 2-D circuit synthesis technique (2DCST) is introduced that simultaneously linearizes the AM-AM and AM-PM distortions of CMOS RF power amplifiers (PAs). A class-AB nMOS RF PA fabricated in a 0.18-μm CMOS process is reported. With a WCDMA signal, the amplifier achieved 41.6% power-added efficiency (PAE) with -33-dBc single-adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR1) and 38.5% PAE with -40-dBc ACPR1 at output powers of 24.9 and 24.0 dBm, respectively. This state-of-the-art linearity and efficiency performance is comparable to that of GaAs HBT linear RF PAs. The 2DCST is applicable to a broad range of analog circuits and other semiconductor technologies.
Suicide Care: Obstacles in the Education of Psychiatric Residents:

The author describes obstacles to education in suicide care that arise from misinformation and from personal and professional anxieties among residents and staff. An approach is presented to managing these obstacles by continuing education of all staff, group discussions of multiple clinical cases with senior staff, expert didactic teaching, individual and group supervision, and multidisciplinary team experience. The approach emphasizes provision of accurate information and comprehensive clinical experience, promotion of non-moralistic, problem-solving attitudes, and assistance with neurotically-derived disabilities that interfere with suicide care.
Highly Selective Escape from KSHV-mediated Host mRNA Shutoff and Its Implications for Viral Pathogenesis

During Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic infection, many virus-encoded signaling molecules (e.g., viral G protein–coupled receptor [vGPCR]) are produced that can induce host gene expression in transiently transfected cells, and roles for such induced host genes have been posited in KS pathogenesis. However, we have recently found that host gene expression is strongly inhibited by 10–12 h after lytic reactivation of KSHV, raising the question of whether and to what extent de novo host gene expression induced by viral signaling molecules can proceed during the lytic cycle. Here, we show by microarray analysis that expression of most vGPCR target genes is drastically curtailed by this host shutoff. However, rare cellular genes can escape the host shutoff and are potently up-regulated during lytic KSHV growth. Prominent among these is human interleukin-6, whose striking induction may contribute to the overexpression of this cytokine in several disease states linked to KSHV infection.
Stator- and rotor-flux-based deadbeat direct torque control of induction machines

A new deadbeat type of direct torque control (DTC) is proposed, analyzed, and experimentally verified in this paper. The control is based on stator and rotor flux as state variables. This choice of state variables allows a graphical representation which is transparent and insightful. The graphical solution shows the effects of realistic considerations such as voltage and current limits. A position- and speed-sensorless implementation of the control, based on the self-sensing signal injection technique, is also demonstrated experimentally for low-speed operation. The paper first develops the new deadbeat DTC methodology and graphical representation of the new algorithm. It then evaluates feasibility via simulation and experimentally demonstrates performance of the new method with a laboratory prototype including the sensorless methods.