cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advancing Medicine with Food and Nutrients

Food and nutrients are the original medicine and the shoulders on which modern medicine stands. But in recent decades, food and medicine have taken divergent paths and the natural healing properties of food have been diminished in the wake of modern technical progress. With contributions from highly regarded experts who work on the frontlines of disease management, the bestselling first edition of Advancing Medicine with Food and Nutrients, Food and Nutrients in Disease Management effectively brought food back into the clinical arena, helping physicians put food and nutrients back on the prescription pad. Board-certified in General Preventive Medicine, Ingrid Kohlstadt, MD, MPH has been elected a Fellow of the American College of Nutrition and a Fellow of the American College of Preventive Medicine. Guided by Dr. Kohlstadt, this authoritative reference equips clinicians with the information they need to fully utilize nutritional medicine in their practice. New in the Second Edition Toxic exposures such as molds, microbial infections, xenoestrogens, heavy metals, and inert nanoparticles Food safety issues: precautions for patients with preexisting medical conditions, adequate labeling of food allergens such as gluten, potential adverse effects of artificial sweeteners, consequences of applying ionizing radiation to food, food-borne mycotoxins, critical food restrictions following bariatric surgery, precautions for preparing food in the home Consumer advocacy issues on navigating claims of medical foods and dietary supplements Physical forces on nutritional needs, such as ultraviolet light initiating vitamin D synthesis, non-ionizing radiation’s effects on brain glucose metabolism and excess body fat’s effects on inflammation and hydration Preventive medicine and how to preserve resiliency at the individual and public health levels Written by doctors for doctors, Advancing Medicine with Food and Nutrients, Second Edition reunites food and medicine. Buttressed with new evidence, leading physicians on the frontlines of disease management apply the latest scientific advances to the clinical practice of medicine. Each chapter offers adjuncts to standard care, fewer side effects, improved risk reduction, or added quality of life. An article by Ingrid Kohlstadt on education and nutrition appeared in TIME Magazine online on November 12, 2014.
Design and implementation of an intelligent position controller-based adaptive self-tuning drive system

This paper proposes an intelligent position controller for high performance drives and motion controls. The controller is based on theory of the self-tuning tracking control. It integrates the principles of fuzzy logic with learning functions of neural networks into intelligent control architecture. A matrix formulation of a fuzzy rule-based system is introduced. Consequently, a training algorithm-based error function is also expressed in a matrix form. The resulting controller is significantly simple in structure and learning capability, and robust, and has high tracking performance (with respect to reference and measured data). With the proposed controller the rotor position can trace any arbitrary selected trajectory without overshooting or overstressing the hardware system. The entire system is designed and implemented in the laboratory using a hardware setup. The results of the laboratory testing are described in the paper. Compared to the PI controller, the proposed controller yields a better dynamic performance with shorter settling time, without overshoot. Experimental results have shown that the proposed controller adaptively and robustly responds to a wide range of operating conditions.
Respiratory Distress During Feeding in a Newborn

A newborn presents with respiratory distress during feeding. ### Prenatal History: ### Birth History and Presentation: The male infant was delivered by induced vaginal delivery due to prolonged rupture of membranes. Delivery was complicated by 1-minute shoulder dystocia. After delivery, the infant initially was limp, with no respiratory effort, but responded well to positive pressure ventilation with spontaneous respirations at 2 minutes after birth. Apgar scores were 2, 4, 7, and 8 at 1, 5, 10, and 15 minutes, respectively. He was transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) because of tachycardia, grunting, and apneic spells. Blood cultures were taken, antibiotics were started, and he was placed on 2 L/min oxygen via nasal cannula. A chest radiograph demonstrated clear lungs bilaterally. His cultures were negative, and his respiratory distress resolved quickly. He received a total of 48 hours of antibiotics. He was discharged from the hospital 3 days after birth. Two days later, he developed a fever and cyanosis during a feeding. At the emergency department, his temperature was101.3°F (38.5°C). Blood and urine were obtained for culture, and a lumbar puncture was performed. He was started again on antibiotics and admitted to the NICU. Routine chest radiography showed a cystlike structure in the right lower lobe (RLL). ### Vital Signs: ### Physical Examination:
Preoperative inflammatory biomarkers and neurovegetative symptoms in peritoneal carcinomatosis patients.

e20628 Background: Inflammation plays a central role in peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) etiology and progression, and circulating levels of inflammatory biomarkers prior to surgery predict progressi...
Perinatal Immune Activation Produces Persistent Sleep Alterations and Epileptiform Activity in Male Mice.

Increasing evidence suggests a role for inflammation in neuropsychiatric conditions, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous work in rodents has established that immune activation during critical developmental periods can cause phenotypes that reproduce core features of ASD, including decreased social interaction, aberrant communication, and increased repetitive behavior. In humans, ASD is frequently associated with comorbid medical conditions including sleep disorders, motor hyperactivity, and seizures. Here we use a ‘two-hit’ immune-activation paradigm to determine whether perinatal immune activation can also produce these comorbid features in mice. In this paradigm, we treated timed-pregnant mice with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), which simulates a viral infection, on gestational day 12.5 according to an established maternal immune activation regimen. A subset of the offspring also received a second ‘hit’ of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which simulates a bacterial infection, on postnatal day 9. At 6 weeks of age, mice were implanted with wireless telemetry transmitters that enabled continuous measurements of electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), locomotor activity, and subcutaneous temperature. Effects at 7 and 12 weeks of age were compared. Both prenatal Poly I:C and postnatal LPS produced changes in locomotor activity and temperature patterns, increases in slow-wave sleep, and shifts in EEG spectral power, several of which persisted at 12 weeks of age. Postnatal LPS also produced persistent increases in spontaneous bursts of epileptiform activity (spike-wave discharges) that occurred predominantly during sleep. Our findings demonstrate that early-life immune activation can lead to long-lasting physiologic perturbations that resemble medical comorbidities often seen in ASD and other neuropsychiatric conditions.
Synaptic plasticity may underlie l-DOPA induced dyskinesia

l-DOPA provides highly effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, but l-DOPA induced dyskinesia (LID) is a very debilitating response that eventually is presented by a majority of patients. A central issue in understanding the basis of LID is whether it is due to a response to chronic l-DOPA over years of therapy, and/or due to synaptic changes that follow the loss of dopaminergic neurotransmission and then triggered by acute l-DOPA administration. We review recent work that suggests that specific synaptic changes in the D1 dopamine receptor-expressing direct pathway striatal projection neurons due to loss of dopamine in Parkinson's disease are responsible for LID. Chronic l-DOPA may nevertheless modulate LID through priming mechanisms.
Go Tiny or Go Home: How Living Tiny May Inadvertently Reduce Privacy Rights in the Home

Seeking to live a more minimal lifestyle, people across America are choosing to leave their traditional homes and move into “tiny homes” averaging about 200 square feet of living space. As with many fads, this new form of dwelling has brought numerous legal obstacles, including finding a location where tiny homes are permitted by local zoning laws and designing the structure to comply with local building codes. As municipalities re-examine their housing regulations, another issue looms on the horizon, namely, what Fourth Amendment rights the occupants of tiny homes enjoy. This article explores that issue. This article specifically considers whether the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement would apply to tiny homes constructed on trailers, or whether instead such structures could be searched without a warrant under the automobile exception, an issue no court has addressed. Because a tiny home has characteristics of a motor home, recreational vehicle, or house trailer, this article examines Fourth Amendment case law pertaining to those structures. Although most courts would likely apply the framework set forth in California v. Carney, 471 U.S. 386 (1985) – a case-specific analysis focused on the structure’s “inherent mobility” and whether it serves a residential or vehicular function – this article proposes that the tiny home on wheels be afforded the same warrant protections traditional homes enjoy. This article will likely be the first scholarly article to address this issue, and will provide a framework of analysis for litigants and courts as these cases arise.
Model Selection and Regression t-Statistics

It is shown that dropping quantitative variables from a linear regression, based on t-statistics, is mathematically equivalent to dropping variables based on commonly used information criteria.
Design Issues for Early-Stage Clinical Trials for Cancer Vaccines

The development of cancer vaccines provides a challenge to the accepted methods for the design of early-stage clinical trials, which were developed primarily with chemotherapeutic agents in mind. Although the ultimate goals are the same, there are inherent differences between vaccine therapies and chemotherapeutic regimens in the frequency and nature of adverse events, and more importantly, in the measures used to determine therapeutic benefit. This chapter describes the ways in which these differences may necessitate alternative approaches for the design of vaccine trials.
Cardiovascular Facts and Formulas

The management of the critically ill patient requires considerable knowledge of cardiovascular performance, physiology, and the measurements of these parameters. Many therapies are aimed at altering one or more cardiovascular parameters, and, therefore, an understanding of the relation between these variables is essential.
A randomized phase II study of chemoradiation and pembrolizumab for locally advanced cervical cancer.

TPS5601Background: The standard of care for patients with LACC is concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CRT) with weekly cisplatin. Five-year disease overall survival after contemporary CRT for LACC i...
Women and the State: Ideology, Power, and the Welfare State*

This chapter considers the shift in the political beliefs signaled by the gender gap. Women became wage workers on a mass scale. Whatever this actually meant in the lives of women, it clearly meant that women had entered the mainstream of ideas about power simply because most of those ideas are about marketplace power. The relationship of women to the welfare state hardly needs documenting. The welfare state brings together millions of poor women who depend on welfare-state programs. If ideologies are forged in the crucible of memory and experience, then the scale of the institutional shifts lends weight to contention that a major ideological transformation is at work. Ideology was either consensual and axiomatic, in which case it changed little or only gradually; or if the ideas of particular groups changed sharply, then it was the stresses in the social structure that had generated the deviation that deserved scrutiny.
Redistricting Out Representation: Democratic Harms in Splitting Zip Codes

Abstract Redistricting poses a potential harm to American voters in limiting choice and accountability at the polls. Although voters still technically retain their right to contact their congressio...
Tobacco-Related Counseling and Documentation in Adolescent Primary Care Practice: Challenges and Opportunities.

Introduction Primary care visits present an opportunity to reduce tobacco use and tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) among adolescents. To date, few studies have examined tobacco-related electronic health record (EHR) documentation in adolescent visits. The purpose of this study was to (1) describe tobacco-related EHR documentation practices in adolescent care clinics, including whether alternative tobacco products, parental use, and TSE were addressed; and (2) identify aspects of adolescent tobacco use that may inform EHR updates and counseling and documentation practices. Methods Following a convergent mixed-methods design, we conducted an EHR review of 508 adolescent well-child visits, performed focus groups with pediatric providers and staff, and conducted in-depth interviews with adolescent patients. Record review data and interview transcripts were analyzed and interpreted concurrently. Results In the EHR review, cigarette screening was documented in 92.3% of visits, smokeless tobacco screening in 51.4%, parental tobacco use in 23.2%, and home TSE in 33.1% of visits. Smoking status options were not mutually exclusive and did not include noncigarette products. No records documented assessment of e-cigarette use, despite nearly half of adolescent interview respondents citing these as the most popular products among adolescents. In interviews, adolescents discussed their experiences with alternative tobacco/nicotine products more than cigarettes. Conclusions Tobacco use status prompts should be revised for clarity and include noncigarette tobacco products and TSE. Provider education on noncigarette products and TSE assessment is needed. Improvements in EHR systems, resources, and tools can lead to better tobacco screening, prevention, and treatment practices among primary care providers. Implications Clinical guidelines call for pediatricians to assess and treat adolescent and parental tobacco use during primary care visits. The use of electronic health records (EHRs) can improve screening and counseling practices; however, few studies have examined tobacco-related EHR documentation practices in adolescent care settings. This mixed-methods study found low rates of EHR documentation related to noncigarette nicotine/tobacco products, parental tobacco use, and tobacco smoke exposure. These results demonstrate the need for increased provider training and EHR modifications to facilitate comprehensive tobacco control efforts in the adolescent population.
The Influence of an Engineering Design Experience on Elementary Teachers' Nature of Engineering Views

The Next Generation Science Standards in the United States placed a special emphasis on engineering unlike previous national science education policy documents. Some studies attempted to examine students’ and teachers’ nature of engineering (NOE) views, but NOE views should be better conceptualized before further exploration of students’ and teachers’ NOE views. This study sought to assess the influence of solving an engineering design problem on elementary teachers’ nature of engineering (NOE) views. We examined changes in NOE views of 30 elementary teachers from different schools in a large urban school district in southwestern United States. An open-ended NOE questionnaire coupled with individual interviews was used to collect data about participants’ NOE views before and after the engineering design experience. Elementary teachers participated in a 3-day professional development program that engaged them in designing soda can crushers. Overall, we found that elementary teachers made substantial gains in their NOE views. The result of the present study supports the inclusion of more explicit and reflective strategies to teach NOE aspects during engineering design experiences.
Anatomy of the Subscapularis: A Review:

The subscapularis is the largest and most powerful muscle of the rotator cuff. Occupying the vast majority of the subscapular fossa, it is the only internal rotator of the rotator cuff. The subscap...
A Clustering Based Scenario Generation Method for Stochastic Power System Analysis

Ahstract-A critical step in stochastic optimization models of power system analysis is to select a set of appropriate scenarios and significant amounts of scenario generation methods exist in the literature. This paper develops a clustering based scenario generation method, which aims to improve the performance of existing scenario generation techniques by grouping a set of correlated wind farms into clusters according to their cross-correlations. Copula based models are utilized to model spatiotemporal correlations and the Gibbs sampling is then used to generate scenarios. Our results show that the generated scenarios based on clustered wind farms outperform existing approaches and can provide a better characterization of wind power uncertainties.
Some like it slow: a bioenergetic evaluation of habitat quality for juvenile Chinook salmon in the Lemhi River, Idaho

Management and conservation of freshwater habitat requires fine spatial resolution and watershed-scale and life-stage-specific methods due to complex linkages among land, climate, water uses, and a...
Remdesivir - An Important First Step.

Beigel et al. have provided in the Journal the first report of an effective treatment for Covid-19, resulting from a rigorously designed and conducted clinical trial.1 It is remarkable that a rando...
Computational Structure Design of a Bio-Inspired Armwing Mechanism

Bat membranous wings possess unique functions that make them a good example to take inspiration from and transform current aerial drones. In contrast with other flying vertebrates, bats have an extremely articulated musculoskeletal system which is key to their energetic efficiency with impressively adaptive and multimodal locomotion. Biomimicry of this flight apparatus is a significant engineering ordeal and we seek to achieve mechanical intelligence through sophisticated interactions of morphology. Such morphological computation or mechanical intelligence draws our attention to the obvious fact that there is a common interconnection between the boundaries of morphology and closed-loop feedback. In this work, we demonstrate that several biologically meaningful degrees of freedom can be interconnected to one another by mechanical intelligence and, as a result, the responsibility of feedback-driven components (e.g., actuated joints) is subsumed under computational morphology. The results reported in this work significantly contribute to the design of bio-inspired Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) with articulated body and attributes such as efficiency, safety, and collision-tolerance.
Quantifying the Predictive Performance of Objectively Measured Physical Activity on Mortality in the UK Biobank.

Background Objective measures of physical activity (PA) derived from wrist-worn accelerometers are compared with traditional risk factors in terms of mortality prediction performance in the UK Biobank. Methods A subset of participants in the UK Biobank study wore a tri-axial wrist-worn accelerometer in a free-living environment for up to 7 days. A total of 82,304 individuals over the age of 50 (439,707 person-years of follow-up, 1,959 deaths) had both accelerometry data that met specified quality criteria and complete data on a set of traditional mortality risk factors. Predictive performance was assessed using cross-validated Concordance (C) for Cox regression models. Forward selection was used to obtain a set of best predictors of mortality. Results In univariate Cox regression, age was the best predictor of all-cause mortality (C=0.681) followed by twelve PA predictors, led by minutes of moderate to vigorous PA (C=0.661) and total acceleration (C=0.661). Overall, 16 of the top 20 predictors were objective PA measures (C from 0.578 to 0.661). Using a threshold of 0.001 improvement in Concordance, the Concordance for the best model that did not include PA measures was 0.735 (9 covariates) compared with 0.748 (12 covariates) for the best model with PA variables (p-value Conclusions Objective measures of PA derived from accelerometry outperform traditional predictors of all-cause mortality in the UK Biobank except age and substantially improve the prediction performance of mortality models based on traditional risk factors. Results confirm and complement previous findings in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
Pulmonary abscess secondary to oesophageal carcinoma erosion.

Pulmonary abscesses are relatively rare phenomena.[1][1] Similar in pathophysiology to other abscesses elsewhere, lung abscesses typically are well-circumscribed collections of inflammatory debris after a period of organisation following an initial infection or another underlying process. However,
Interpreting Write Performance of Supercomputer I/O Systems with Regression Models

This work seeks to advance the state of the art in HPC I/O performance analysis and interpretation. In particular, we demonstrate effective techniques to: (1) model output performance in the presence of I/O interference from production loads; (2) build features from write patterns and key parameters of the system architecture and configurations; (3) employ suitable machine learning algorithms to improve model accuracy. We train models with five popular regression algorithms and conduct experiments on two distinct production HPC platforms. We find that the lasso and random forest models predict output performance with high accuracy on both of the target systems. We also explore use of the models to guide adaptation in I/O middleware systems, and show potential for improvements of at least 15% from model-guided adaptation on 70% of samples, and improvements up to $10 \times$ on some samples for both of the target systems.
Law as Refuge of Anarchy: Societies without Hegemony or State

Late in his exceedingly protracted life, Ernst Junger introduced the term “anarch” to refine his notion of resistance amid political decay. Hermann Amborn’s argument would have benefitted by taking...
Communication-Efficient Signature-Free Asynchronous Byzantine Agreement

In this work, we focus on the problem of byzantine agreement (BA), in which $n$ distributed processors seek to reach an agreement on an $\ell$ -bit value, but up to $t$ processors might be corrupted by a Byzantine adversary and act as dishonest nodes. In particular, we consider the communication-efficient BA in an asynchronous setting, where the network communication might have arbitrarily time delay. The primary challenge of designing the BA protocol in this setting is that we need to handle both the message delay from honest nodes and the Byzantine behavior from dishonest nodes simultaneously. In this work we propose a new signature-free asynchronous byzantine agreement (ABA) protocol, which achieves the optimal communication complexity of $O(n\ell)$ when $\ell\geq t\log t$ , given $n\geq 5t+1$ . A protocol is said to be signature-free if the protocol design does not depend on the cryptographic machinery such as hashing and signature. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first signature-free ABA protocol that achieves the optimal communication complexity of $O(n\ell)$ when $\ell$ is almost linearly scaled with $t$ .
Residual changes and thickness effects in glass-forming polymer thin films after solvent vapor annealing

Abstract Residual solvent in polymer coatings caused by solvent vapor annealing (SVA) may be used as an indicator of the SVA effectivity for block-copolymer self-assembly and other applications. To analyze the residual changes, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) technique has been applied to 6–200 nm thick glassy polymer coatings processed by SVA. This method is based on the film thickness contraction and expansion measurements by ellipsometry in vacuum as the temperature of the sample ramps up. The measurements are corrected for the polymer thermal expansion. The polymers used are polystyrene, poly (methyl methacrylate), and poly (2-vinyl pyridine). The TPD curves exhibit up to 2 distinct desorption peaks. One peak appears in the vicinity of the film's glass transition temperature Tg. This feature shows up only if the coating has reached a solvent-induced glass transition during the preceding vapor annealing. The other desorption event is a broad feature appearing at the temperatures below Tg. This peak is observed even for the coatings without previous solvent vapor exposure, although the SVA enhances the effect. The magnitude of the desorption effect corresponds to 1% of the residual solvent content or less for about 30 nm thick films. The desorption demonstrates a clear thickness effect and becomes more pronounced for thinner films, but not exceeding a few % of the residual solvent in 5–8 nm thick coatings. It is supposed that the desorption event in the Tg vicinity is mainly caused by the loss of the solvent or voids from the polymer due to the increased molecular mobility, while the low temperature feature is mostly a desorption of residual gases from the sample surface. Application of the TPD data and sorption-desorption isotherms to the optimization of the SVA procedure and creating a process window plot is demonstrated.
Russian in post-Soviet countries

В статье проводится сравнительный анализ языковой политики в отношении русского языка и языковой практики на территории четырнадцати пост-советских стран. Вначале анализируется взаимосвязь между языковой политикой, которая предопределяет статус русского языка в каждой из стран, языковой ситуацией в общественной сфере, в том числе в области образования и трудоустройства, и языковой ситуацией в частной практике, которая позволяет понять настоящее положение русского языка и предсказать тенденции его сохранения и передачи. Анализ проводится на основе данных цензусов и обзоров, а где возможно также социолингвистических и этнографических исследований. Затем, общие тенденции развития анализируются с точки зрения исторических, социополитических, социоэкономических, демографических и лингвистических факторов, взаимоотношения между которыми ведут к тому, что в географически близких странах складываются разные языковые ситуации.
pediatric-dosages.ch: from a dosage booklet to a “clinical decision support system“

Adverse drug events caused by medication errors are about three times as frequent in hospitalised children as they are in adult patients [1]. In many cases, pharmacotherapy in children requires additional know-how because of a lack of data about the use of drugs in this patient population. In Switzerland, about 50% of the drugs are prescribed off label or are unlicensed in paediatrics [2, 3]. The fact that wrong doses are amongst the most frequent medication errors in children [1, 4, 5] shows that finding the right dose is an especially demanding task for health-care professionals.
Average infiltration at Yucca Mountain over the next million years

[1] An uncertainty distribution is developed to describe areal-average infiltration at Yucca Mountain averaged over the next million years. The distribution uses Infiltration Tabulator for Yucca Mountain (ITYM) model results to estimate uncertainty in net infiltration given decadal-average climate, driven with two independent estimates for potential future climatic sequences. Both future climatic sequences use orbital mechanics linked to paleoclimatic proxies to estimate future climate states, but one uses primarily biotic indicators and the other uses primarily abiotic indicators to link paleoclimate to orbital stage. Abiotic indicators suggest that present-day climate variation by latitude in the Great Basin is reasonably analogous to glacial-scale climate variation at a single location once orographic, lake effect, and insolation influences are accounted for. In the southern Sierra Nevada, abiotic indicators suggest that mean annual precipitation was 1.7–1.9 times larger than present and mean annual temperature was 5.6–7°C cooler than present at the last glacial maximum. The influence of decadal to millennial-scale variability is estimated using the 8000 year Methuselah Walk tree-ring record, which suggests that even large inferred fluctuations over the Holocene only modestly increase 8000-year-average infiltration. Combining the future-climate projections with the infiltration model uncertainty distribution yields approximately lognormal uncertainty distributions for projected million-year areal-average net infiltration, with a mean of 41 mm/yr and coefficient of variation of 0.81. Even if anthropogenic effects significantly alter climatic patterns relative to past climate cycles, the projected anthropogenic period is sufficiently brief that million-year averages are not likely to be substantially influenced.
Profile of Expression of Helicobacter pyloriγ‐Glutamyltranspeptidase

Background: Helicobacter pylori produces γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), a potential virulence factor involved in induction of host cell apoptosis. Regulation of the production of this protein is not known. Methods: The transcription start sites were determined by primer extension analysis. Transcription level of the GGT gene was examined by measuring the mRNA by RT-PCR and expression level of GGT protein was examined by Western blot analysis under different conditions. Results: Two transcription start sites were identified; thymine at 78-bp upstream and adenine at 79-bp upstream from the ATG codon of the GGT gene. There was a possible -10 consensus promoter sequence (ATTAAT), but no apparent -35 consensus sequence was found. The transcription of the mRNA and the expression of the protein were at almost constant level during the course of culture. The mRNA level increased by exposure to low pH; however, the actual protein expression level remained almost constant. Addition of glutamine or glutamate did not affect the mRNA level and the protein expression level to a remarkable degree, nor did co-culture with AGS cells affect the GGT activity level. Conclusion: It was suggested that H. pylori GGT is constitutively expressed under various conditions.
Computer programs to facilitate detailed analysis of how people study text passages

Three computer programs are described for an IBM Personal Computer; these programs enable the gathering of detai3led data on reading and study processes. The programs (A) present any text of the experimenter’s choosing and permit subjects to study the lines and pages of that text in any order; (B) allow for the subject’s use of a light pen to record study time per line, to answer questions, and to indicate lines that are, for instance, important or difficult by “highlighting” them (i.e, changing them to reverse video); (C) allow for multiple study sessions and a review session; (D) present and score multiple-choice questions; (E) permit the use of fill-in test items; (F) calculate 176 values, including detailed data on highlighting, quality of study, testing, and times and frequencies on 18 different categories of lines in study and in review; and (G) make a printout of the raw data and the 176 summary statistics. Also described is one example of a 28-page text and a test that have been used in conjunction with the programs. Data are provided to illustrate the usefulness of the programs.
Comparison of Ultrasound and Cineangiographic Measurements of the Mean Rate of Circumferential Fiber Shortening in Man

It has been shown that cineangiographic measurement of the mean rate of circumferential fiber shortening (mean VCF) at the minor left ventricular equator is a reliable method for evaluating the mechanics of cardiac performance. Since fiber shortening can be derived from the echocardiogram, we sought to validate the measurement of mean VCF by this noninvasive technic in patients studied by both methods. In 15 patients considered to have normal left ventricular function, the average mean VCF determined by ultrasound was 1.29 ± 0.23 circumferences/sec, while in the 13 patients with reduced left ventricular performance this value was 0.75 ± 0.16 circumferences/sec ( P < 0.001). Values of mean VCF by the two technics were similar and separated normal from abnormal ventricular function in 27 of 28 patients. The average mean velocity of posterior wall motion was 4.7 ± 1.1 cm/sec in normal patients and 3.9 ± 1.3 cm/sec in abnormals, but posterior wall velocities did not correlate well with either ultrasound or cineangiographic determinations of mean VCF. Ejection fraction calculated from ultrasound measurements correlated significantly with the ejection fraction calculated by cineangiography (r = 0.83, P < 0.0001). The ejection fraction and mean V CF , as determined by ultrasound in the 28 patients, correlated well (r = 0.92, P < 0.0001), but there were six discordant points. From these studies we conclude that the ultrasound determination of mean VCF is a valid method for distinguishing normal from abnormal myocardial performance of the left ventricle. These data also support the use of ultrasound in determining ejection fraction. Estimation of posterior wall velocity, although perhaps useful in the serial study of the same patient, seems limited in its ability to assess cardiac performance accurately.
Chaotic Vibrations of Nonlinearly Supported Tubes in Crossflow

By means of the unsteady-flow theory and a bilinear mathematical model, a theoretical study is presented for chaotic vibrations associated with the fluidelastic instability of nonlinearly supported tubes in a crossflow. Effective tools, including phase portraits, power spectral density, Poincare maps, Lyapunov exponent, fractal dimension, and bifurcation diagrams, are utilized to distinguish periodic and chaotic motions when the tubes vibrate in the instability region. The results show periodic and chaotic motions in the region corresponding to fluid-damping-controlled instability. Nonlinear supports, with symmetric or asymmetric gaps, significantly affect the distribution of periodic, quasiperiodic, and chaotic motions of a tube exposed to various flow velocities in the instability region of the tube-support-plate-inactive mode.
Two-dimensional reconstruction algorithm of an inverse-geometry volumetric CT system

An inverse-geometry volumetric CT (IGCT) system uses a large source array opposite a smaller detector array. Conventional 2D IGCT reconstruction is performed by using gridding. We describe a 2D IGCT reconstruction algorithm without gridding. The IGCT raw data can be viewed as being composed of many fan beams, each with a detector at its focus. Each projection is undersampled but the missing samples are provided by other views. In order to get high spatial resolution, zeros are inserted between acquired projection samples in each fan beam, and reconstruction is performed using a direct fan beam reconstruction algorithm. Initial IGCT reconstruction results showed ringing artifacts caused by fact that the rho samples in the ensemble of views are not equally spaced. We present a new method for correcting the errors that reduces the artifacts to below one Hounsfield Unit
Effects of combined high and low temperature deformation processing of β III titanium

The structure and properties of β III titanium alloy (nominal composition: 11.5 pct Mo, 6 pct Zr, 4.5 pct Sn, bal Ti) were studied as a function of combined high and low temperature ther-momechanical processing. A water quenched extrusion was deformed various amounts by swaging at room temperature prior to the aging treatment. No re-solution heat treatment was employed. The swaging introduced mechanical twinning and a small amount of stress induced orthorhombic martensite. Following a 900°F, 8 hr aging treatment, substantial increases in yield and tensile strength were observed, combined with a severe decrease in tensile ductility in samples with small amounts of swaging. The orientation and morphology of the deformation products have a critical influence on tensile ductility. A decrease in the plane strain fracture toughness accompanied the large increase in tensile strength.
An RF sheath model for high plasma density equipment simulations

Summary form only given. In modeling plasma etching equipment, accurate representation of the RF sheath is required to properly simulate the DC bias, ambipolar field and electron heating. From a practical standpoint, numerically resolving the thin sheath encountered in high plasma density reactors ([e]>10/sup 11/-10/sup 12/ cm/sup -3/) in computer models of these devices is not feasible. We have developed a sheath model which can be solved self-consistently within the framework of a 2-dimensional plasma equipment model. Due to the fact that the sheath is thin compared to the dimensions of interest, the sheath locally appears to be 1-dimensional. The sheath simulation we developed takes advantage of this scaling. It consists of a 1-dimensional local model which is implemented at each mesh point along the boundary of the reactor. The sheath model tracks the charging/discharging of the sheath during the RF cycle. The sheath model has been incorporated into the fluid and electron Monte Carlo modules of a 2-dimensional hybrid model for inductively coupled plasmas (ICP). Results will be presented for plasma potential profiles and electron heating in ICP reactors in which the substrate is independently biased.
Generalized cover facet inequalities for the generalized assignment problem

The generalized assignment problem is that of finding an optimal assignment of agents to tasks, where each agent may be assigned multiple tasks and each task is performed exactly once. This is an NP-complete problem. Algorithms that employ information about the polyhedral structure of the associated polytope are typically more effective for large instances than those that ignore the structure. A class of generalized cover facet-defining inequalities for the generalized assignment problem is derived. These inequalities are based upon multiple knapsack constraints and are derived from generalized cover inequalities.
Notch Responds Differently to Delta and Wingless in CulturedDrosophila Cells

Notch, a cell surface receptor, is required for producing different types of cells during development ofDrosophila melanogaster. Notch activates expression of one set of genes in response to ligand Delta and another set of genes in response to ligand Wingless. The means by which Notch initiates these different intracellular activities was examined in this study. Cultured cells expressing Notch were treated with Delta or Wingless, and the effect on Notch was examined by Western blotting. Treatment of cells with Delta resulted in accumulation of ∼120-kDa Notch intracellular domain molecules in the cytoplasmic fraction. This form of Notch did not accumulate in cells treated with Wingless, but the ∼350-kDa full-length Notch molecules accumulated. These results indicate that N responds differently to binding by Delta and Wingless, and suggest that although the Delta signal is transduced by the Notch intracellular domain released from the plasma membrane, the Wingless signal is transduced by the Notch intracellular domain associated with the plasma membrane.
The role of carboxylic acids in TALSQuEAK separations

Recent reports have indicated that Trivalent Actinide–Lanthanide Separation by Phosphorus reagent Extraction from Aqueous Komplexes (TALSPEAK)-type separations chemistry can be improved through the replacement of bis-2-ethyl(hexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP) and diethylenetriamine-N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentaacetic acid (DTPA) with the weaker reagents 2-ethyl(hexyl) phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (HEH[EHP]) and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine-N,N′,N′-triacetic acid (HEDTA), respectively. This modified TALSPEAK has been provided with an adjusted acronym of TALSQuEAK (Trivalent Actinide–Lanthanide Separation using Quicker Extractants and Aqueous Komplexes). Among several benefits, TALSQuEAK chemistry provides more rapid phase transfer kinetics, is less reliant on carboxylic acids to mediate lanthanide extraction, and allows a simplified thermodynamic description of the separations process that generally requires only parameters available in the literature to describe metal transfer. This article focuses on th...
Higher derivative terms in spinodal decomposition

Abstract The effects of higher order terms on the kinetics of spinodal decomposition are evaluated. The terms considered are the higher derivative terms in the diffuse interface free energy expansion. It is shown that the next approximation to the local free energy results in a kinetic amplification factor of the form: R(β) = N v −1 M (−ƒ″β 2 − 2κβ 4 + 2μβ 6 ) , where μ can be related to coefficients in the free energy expansio Problems associated with a continuation of the expansion to evaluate further effects on spinodal decomposition kinetics are noted.
Mass spectral and NMR studies of some cinnolines

Fragmentation upon electron impact of cinnoline (1) occurs with the consecutive loss of N2 and C2H2. Fragmentation of 4,4′-dicinnolyl (2) and 4-styrylcinnoline (4) gives a series of ions leading to the “dibenzoladderene” ion (3) and the 1-phenylbenzodibutylene ion (5) respectively. Fragmentation of 4-styrylquinoline (6) also leads to 5, but of more interest is the loss of H. during ring rearrangement to give the highly resonance stabilized 3-styrylbenzocyclo-pentadieneoneimine ion (7) which then loses N. Fragmentation of various other substituted cinnolines follow different pathways: 4-methylcinnoline (8) apparently fragments through the “1,2-diazatropylium” ion (9); nitrocinnolines fragment with initial loss of the nitro substituent; aminocinnolines fragment with initial loss of N2; and 4-cinnolone (17) fragments with the consecutive loss of two HCN's and CO. The NMR spectra of cinnolines generally show the following order of deshielding: 3-proton > 8-proton > 4-proton. The spectra of cinnolinum chloride (18) is interpreted in terms of protonation at N-1 of 1, and the spectrum of 17 is interpreted in terms of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Two-stage rank estimation of quantile index models

Abstract This paper estimates a class of models which satisfy a monotonicity condition on the conditional quantile function of the response variable. This class includes as a special case the monotonic transformation model with the error term satisfying a conditional quantile restriction, thus allowing for very general forms of conditional heteroscedasticity. A two-stage approach is adopted to estimate the relevant parameters. In the first stage the conditional quantile function is estimated nonparametrically by the local polynomial estimator discussed in Chaudhuri (Journal of Multivariate Analysis 39 (1991a) 246–269; Annals of Statistics 19 (1991b) 760–777) and Cavanagh (1996, Preprint). In the second stage, the monotonicity of the quantile function is exploited to estimate the parameters of interest by maximizing a rank-based objective function. The proposed estimator is shown to have desirable asymptotic properties and can then also be used for dimensionality reduction or to estimate the unknown structural function in the context of a transformation model.
Tribology of metal-containing diamond-like carbon coatings

Abstract Ball-on-disk tests were run for several commercial and in-house metal-containing diamond-like carbon (Me:DLC) coatings on steel coupons. The balls, which were made from either WCCo or 52100 steel, developed normal stresses between roughly 100 MPa and 1 GPa during the course of the experiments. The wear resistance of the Me:DLC coatings from the various sources (running against WC balls) differed by up to nearly an order of magnitude, but each case the wear coefficient was constant until the coating wore away. Abrasiveness of the Me:DLC coatings (running against steel balls) differed by up to almost three orders of magnitude. The rates at which the steel wore away fell drastically for some Me:DLC coatings during the course of the tests. Some possible explanations for this fall are considered. Coating morphology did not correlate with any other measured properties.
Limitations on the control of hexagonal mirror segment figures by means of edge measurements

Giant segmented telescopes in general require in situ control of the figures of their hexagonal segments. The necessary inputs may be either direct, through surface measurements, or indirect, through measurements of the intersegment edge heights. We investigate the limitations on the indirect (edge height) control that follow from the geometrical properties of hexagonal surfaces and find that these may be substantial. In particular, there are many unmeasurable modes, which we construct and count systematically, and whose potential effect on the segment figure problem we discuss.
Comparative Analysis of Scheduling Algorithms For QoS Support in Wide Area Networks

Scheduling is an important aspect of next generation wide area networks, as it plays a major role in deter mining the quality of service (QoS) a particular appli cation receives. In this paper, we discuss the main de sign issues related to scheduling and provide a frame work for the analysis of different scheduling algorithms to support the QoS requirements of multi media applications. Detailed simulation experiments, using different network parameters, including switch buffer sizes, inter-arrival rates, service rates, and net work link capacities, were conducted. Our results show that simple scheduling algorithms such as FCFS are not adequate to support real-time QoS when the network load is heavy. The results also show that more complex algorithms may be required to provide an ac ceptable level of service guarantees.
Synovectomy and continuous passive motion (CPM) in hemophiliac patients

Abstract Synovectomy of the knee is a procedure that has been used traditionally for the management of arthropathies due to intraarticular bleeding diatheses. Although open synovectomy controls recurrent bleeding problems, the success of this procedure has been limited frequently by disabling stiffness of the joint. In an attempt to improve on the results of open synovectomy, arthroscopic synovectomy was combined with continuous passive motion (CPM) in a prospective surgical and rehabilitation program. Five male patients aged 10 to 35 years, with chronic and/or recurrent hemarthroses due to hemophilia, underwent arthroscopic synovectomy of the knee. CPM was begun in the recovery room and continued for 5–7 days. Each patient had mildly restricted range of motion (ROM) immediately postoperatively as compared with preoperative measurements. Both active and passive ROM improved rapidly with CPM and physical therapy. By 3–6 months postoperatively, all patients except one had achieved an active ROM greater than the preoperative range, and all showed a significant reduction in documented bleeding episodes. The combination of arthroscopic techniques, which result in minimal extraarticular trauma, and immediate mobilization using CPM has been successful in maximizing the benefits and minimizing the complications of synovectomy in the patient with hemorrhagic arthropathy.