cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parent–Child Communication

Parent–child communication is the verbal and nonverbal interaction between a parent and child within a family system. Parents are biological or nonbiological caregivers (e.g., adoptive parents or stepparents) and parent–child communication takes place throughout the child's ages and developmental stages. Theories utilized by scholars of parent–child communication come from within and beyond the communication discipline. Research on parent–child communication focuses on individual characteristics of the parent and the child, the quality and content of communicative exchanges, and child-level and relationship-level outcomes. Keywords: children; family communication; interpersonal communication; relational communication
Scope of occupational health and safety

This chapter illustrates the scope of occupational health and safety. Safety, health, and welfare are the most useful for defining the dimensions of the contemporary approach to risk management in the workplace. The concern for worker health and safety is no longer simply a national issue; it is a concern that is central to the developing global economy. At both national and international levels, the modern corporation is perceived as having both a moral and a legal responsibility to protect its employees from workplace sources of injury and workplace insults to a worker's preexisting debilitation. In large companies, worker health and safety often becomes the assigned responsibility of a full-time safety officer; in smaller companies, the various duties associated with a safety officer are most often performed by a number of employees who, nonetheless, have other responsibilities in production or administration. There are many variants among organizational structures that companies use to manage workplace health and safety risks.
Everyday Practices and Symbolic Forms of Resistance: Adapting to Environmental Change in Coastal Louisiana

Environmental and technological disasters, extractive industries, river mismanagement, and climate change are drastically transforming coastal Louisiana's sea- and landscape. The environmental degradation and related social, cultural, health, and economic impacts are particularly significant for Louisiana's tribal communities that have called the region home for centuries. Despite being faced with an uncertain future of whether the diminishing land they live on will stay above the rising tide, the tribes still persist and continue to adapt to a changing environment and a transforming subsistence-based livelihood. This chapter focuses on the everyday strategies the tribes and residents employ to be included in hurricane protection systems, maintain their communities and culture, be included as citizens and acknowledged as Natives. As communities around the world face increasing impacts and challenges from global environmental change and dominant political, economic, and social structures and ideologies, it is important to look not just at the forms of resistance that make headlines but also the everyday forms. It is through both the everyday practices and locally formed partnerships that a democratization of the adaptation process could emerge, one that includes decision-making based on more equitable distribution of knowledge sharing and integration, public participation, local input, and science and multiple perspectives.
Magnetism of Gd 5 Ge 4 from first principles

The origin of ferromagnetism appearing as a result of a magnetic-field-induced first-order phase transition in ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{4}$ is explored by calculating the total energy, local exchange splitting, density of states, and magnetic moments. The calculations were performed using the tight-binding linear muffin-tin orbital method within the nonlocal exchange correlation parametrization in the density functional theory including the on-site Coulomb interaction parameter. The total energy as a function of shear distortion along the $a$ axis for two different orthorhombic structures is in agreement with experiment, indicating a first-order magnetostructural transition in ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{4}$. The rearrangement of Gd $5d$ and Ge $4p$ densities of states, the substantial differences in atom-projected band energies, the exchange splitting, and the magnetic moments calculated with ferromagnetic spin arrangements in the orthorhombic ${\mathrm{Sm}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{4}$-type and ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{5}{\mathrm{Si}}_{4}$-type structures of ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{4}$ help to clarify the differences in the magnetic states of these two structures. Our calculations indicate that the ${\mathrm{Sm}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{4}$-type structure of ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{4}$ is the structural ground state and that it is antiferromagnetic.
Cell mechanotransduction: Stretch to express

Forces applied to the cell surface induce stretching of the chromatin in the nucleus and a rapid increase in gene expression.
Adults with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and T(1;19) Abnormality Have a Favorable Outcome with Hyper-CVAD Chemotherapy

Among the well-described cytogenetic abnormalities in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a translocation involving chromosomes 1 and 19 [t(1;19) (q23;p13)] occurs in a small subset but has varyingly been associated with a good or bad prognosis in different studies. Adults with ALL and t(1;19) treated at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center were reviewed. Their clinical features and outcome were compared to those with other cytogenetic abnormalities. Endpoints included complete remission rate (CR), complete response duration (CRD) and overall survival (OS). Of 411 adults with pre-BALL, 12 patients had t(1;19). Ten of the 12 patients with t(1;19) received Hyper-CVAD (Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Adriamycin, Dexamethasone alternating with Methotrexate and high-dose Cytarabine); the other 2 were treated with VAD (Vincristine, Adriamycin, Dexamethasone). All 12 patients achieved CR; the 3-year survival rate was 73%. Patients with t(1;19) had significantly better CRD and OS when compared to all other patients combined as well as individually to patients with Ph+, t(4;11), and lymphoma-like abnormalities [6q(−), 14q+, t(11;14), t(14;18)]. Adults with ALL and t(1;19) have an excellent prognosis when treated with the Hyper-CVAD regimen. Outcome of patients by cytogenetic group: t(1;19) vs. individual cytogenetic groups | OVERALL SURVIVAL | N | Fail | 3-Year % | Median (weeks) | P-value | |:--------------------------------:| --- | ---- | -------- | -------------- | ------- | | T(1,19) | 12 | 3 | 73 | Not recorded | | | Diploid | 138 | 72 | 52 | 179 | 0.09 | | Lymphoma-like | 20 | 17 | 35 | 54 | 0.008 | | Ph+ | 117 | 88 | 23 | 68 | 0.0002 | | Miscellaneous | 112 | 56 | 56 | 236 | 0.17 | | T(4,11) | 12 | 10 | | 58 | 0.002 | | COMPLETE RESPONSE DURATION (CRD) | N | Fail | 3-Year % | Median (weeks) | P-value | | T(1,19) | 12 | 2 | 80 | Not recorded | | | Diploid | 133 | 59 | 54 | 177 | 0.06 | | Lymphoma-like | 16 | 13 | 34 | 89 | 0.009 | | Ph+ | 102 | 52 | 42 | 63 | 0.006 | | Miscellaneous | 100 | 41 | 59 | 401 | 0.16 | | T(4,11) | 11 | 7 | NR | 45 | 0.018 |
Diversity and distribution of avian haemosporidians in sub-Saharan Africa: an inter-regional biogeographic overview.

The diversity of avian malaria parasites is much greater than 20th century morphologists realized and virtually every study in this field in the last 15 years has uncovered previously undocumented diversity at multiple levels within the taxonomic hierarchy. Despite this explosion of knowledge, there remain vast sampling gaps, both geographically and host-taxonomically, which makes characterizing patterns of diversity extremely challenging. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge of sub-Saharan African avian malaria parasite diversity, focusing on avian hosts endemic to Africa. The relative proportions of the parasite genera included here, Plasmodium, Haemoproteus (including Parahaemoproteus) and Leucocytozoon, varied between regions, in part due to habitat preferences of the insect vectors of these genera, and in part we believe due to sampling bias. Biogeographic regions of sub-Saharan Africa harbour about the same proportion of endemic to shared parasite lineages, but there appears to be no phylogenetic structuring across regions. Our results highlight the sampling problem that must be addressed if we are to have a detailed understanding of parasite diversity in Africa. Without broad sampling within and across regions and hosts, using both molecular tools and microscopy, conclusions about parasite diversity, host–parasite interactions or even transmission dynamics remain extremely limited.
Evidence of correlated evolution and adaptive differentiation of stem and leaf functional traits in the herbaceous genus, Helianthus.

Premise of the study Patterns of plant stem traits are expected to align with a "fast-slow" plant economic spectrum across taxa. Although broad patterns support such tradeoffs in field studies, tests of hypothesized correlated trait evolution and adaptive differentiation are more robust when taxa relatedness and environment are taken into consideration. Here we test for correlated evolution of stem and leaf traits and their adaptive differentiation across environments in the herbaceous genus, Helianthus. Methods Stem and leaf traits of 14 species of Helianthus (28 populations) were assessed in a common garden greenhouse study. Phylogenetically independent contrasts were used to test for evidence of correlated evolution of stem hydraulic and biomechanical properties, correlated evolution of stem and leaf traits, and adaptive differentiation associated with source habitat environments. Key results Among stem traits, there was evidence for correlated evolution of some hydraulic and biomechanical properties, supporting an expected tradeoff between stem theoretical hydraulic efficiency and resistance to bending stress. Population differentiation for suites of stem and leaf traits was found to be consistent with a "fast-slow" resource-use axis for traits related to water transport and use. Associations of population traits with source habitat characteristics supported repeated evolution of a resource-acquisitive "drought-escape" strategy in arid environments. Conclusions This study provides evidence of correlated evolution of stem and leaf traits consistent with the fast-slow spectrum of trait combinations related to water transport and use along the stem-to-leaf pathway. Correlations of traits with source habitat characteristics further indicate that the correlated evolution is associated, at least in part, with adaptive differentiation of Helianthus populations among native habitats differing in climate.
Significance of Anti-HLA Antibodies on Adult and Pediatric Heart Allograft Outcomes.

As methods for HLA antibody detection have evolved and newer solid phase assays are much more sensitive, the last 15 years has seen a renewed focus on the importance of HLA antibodies in solid organ transplant rejection. However there is still much controversy regarding the clinical significance of antibody level as depicted by the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of a patient’s neat serum. Emerging techniques, including those that identify antibody level and function, show promise for the detection of individuals at risk of allograft rejection, determination of the effectiveness of desensitization prior to transplant, and for monitoring treatment of rejection. Here we review current publications regarding the relevance of donor-specific HLA antibodies in adult and pediatric heart transplantation with graft survival, development of antibody mediated rejection and cardiac allograft vasculopathy. The negative impact of DSA on patient and allograft survival is evident in adult and pediatric HT recipients. Many questions remain regarding the most appropriate frequency of assessment of pre- and post-transplant DSA as well as the phenotype of DSA memory vs. true de novo antibody using large multi-center adult and pediatric cohorts and state-of-the-art methodologies for DSA detection and characterization.
Using Rhizomatics to Think Differently about Teaching

In this study, we investigated the teaching practices of three first-year science teachers, Mauro, Bruce, and June, who taught in the same urban, diverse, highpoverty district in the Northeastern United States. To study their teaching practices as complex, situated phenomena, we used concepts from rhizomatics (Deleuze & Guattari, 1987) to construct three case studies describing the practices that emerged over the fall semester of their school year.
An Operational Look at Take-Back Legislation

This paper explores the gap between the principles of take-back legislation and their implementation. The discussion is based on my experience with take-back legislation implementations in Europe and in the United States, as well as my research exploring the underlying economics of take-back systems on the ground. I argue that the transposition of legislative principles into working systems can lead to an array of unintended consequences, ranging from exacerbated environmental damage to uneven competitive landscapes. I illustrate these phenomena with the help of a series of economic models, and argue that the design of environmental legislation needs to carefully take into account the economics of such practices on the ground. A natural follow-up question is to what extent such legislation should define an implementation structure. Answering this question can help legislators in identifying the correct boundaries and scope of legislation they write and environmental NGOs in strategic lobbying.
Locating Canadian Writing Centres: An Empirical Investigation

As writing centres in Canada face challenges to their existence, funding, and stature, it may be helpful to situate the Canadian experience empirically. This project investigates the number of, geographical, institutional, and physical locations of, and longevity of Canadian writing centres using information from an original database and survey examining writing centres located outside the United States. In the study, findings from Canada are compared to those from the United States, where the only other comprehensive investigations of writing centres have taken place. Results demonstrate that 123 writing centres in Canada are located in all 10 Canadian provinces as well as the Yukon territory, almost half of centres operate under the academic affairs umbrella of their university and are physically located in the library, and that while writing centres in Canada are newer, on average, than their U.S. peers, they may be located in proportionally more universities. Unfortunately, the changes Canadian writing centres are experiencing are not new, as writing centres have previously faced challenges to their existence and place in the university. However, information about the number, institutional and physical location, and longevity of Canadian writing centres may be useful to administrators as they advocate for and further develop their writing centres.
Knee osteoarthritis prediction on MR images using cartilage damage index and machine learning methods

This study explored the hidden biomedical information from knee MR images for osteoarthritis prediction. We have computed the Cartilage Damage Index (CDI) information from 36 informative locations on tibiofemoral compartment from 3D MR imaging reconstruction and used PCA analysis to process the feature set. The processed feature set and original raw feature set were severed as input to four machine learning methods (artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), random forest and naive Bayes) respectively. To examine the different effect of medial and lateral informative locations, we have divided the 36-dimensional feature set into 18-dimensional medial feature set and 18-dimensional lateral feature set and run the experiment on four classifiers separately. Experiment results showed that the medial feature set generated better prediction performance than the lateral feature set, while using the total 36-dimensional feature set generated the best. PCA analysis is helpful in feature space reduction and performance improvement. The best performance was achieved by ANN with area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve = 0.761 and F-measure = 0.714. Experiment results indicated that the informative locations on medial tibiofemoral compartment contain more valuable information than informative locations on lateral tibiofemoral compartment, for OA severity prediction. Therefore, to improve the design of the clinically used CDI, it could be considered to select more points from the medial tibiofemoral compartment while reduce the number of points selected from the lateral tibiofemoral compartment.
“Child Psychopath” Films of the 1980s and 1990s

This essay examines the nexus of cultural factors—for example, rising juvenile crime rates, adoption practices, and a punitive approach to crime—that led to a proliferation of the figure of the “child psychopath” in such films as Mikey (1992), Child of Rage (1992) The Good Son (1993), The Paper Boy (1994), Relative Fear (1994), and Daddy’s Girl (1996), and the relationship between these portrayals and the subsequent moral panic over “superpredators,” ultraviolent juvenile criminals who operated without remorse or conscience. The conclusion briefly considers the implications of the “rebirth” of the child psychopath in the 2010s and the way the figure has transformed in response to a different sociopolitical climate.
Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods in Designs of Spatial Sampling Points

The key ingredient of the quasi-Monte Carlo method is to generate a set of points with a low discrepancy. One of the basic components in statistical inference for continuous spatial processes is to design a set of sampling points properly so as to minimize errors. It is the purpose of this paper to relate the quasi-Monte Carlo method to the problem of spatial sampling designs, which is done in the context of estimation of integrals of spatial processes and regression estimation with correlated errors. It turns out that for spatial processes with no quadratic mean derivatives, small mean squared errors of estimation are attained if spatial sampling points are so chosen to have a low mean squared discrepancy. Several useful equalities and inequalities concerning mean squared errors are given.
An analysis of intra-industry differences in the effect of regulation: The case of deposit rate ceilings

Abstract This study examines the impact of deposit rate ceiling changes on the market value of commercial banks and stock savings and loan associations. Statistically significant increases in market value are found on announcement of the removal of ceilings on large denomination certificates of deposit. In contrast, retail commercial banks and savings and loans experienced declines in value on announcement of the elimination or relaxation of deposit rate ceilings on small denomination consumer accounts. In addition, for all events analyzed, significant differences were found in the effect of ceiling changes on the market value of wholesale and retail commercial banks.
Mammographic parenchymal patterns as an imaging marker of endogenous hormonal exposure: a preliminary study in a high-risk population.

Rationale and Objectives Parenchymal texture patterns have been previously associated with breast cancer risk, yet their underlying biological determinants remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the potential of mammographic parenchymal texture as a phenotypic imaging marker of endogenous hormonal exposure. Materials and Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed. Digital mammography (DM) images in the craniocaudal (CC) view from 297 women, 154 without breast cancer and 143 with unilateral breast cancer, were analyzed. Menopause status was used as a surrogate of cumulative endogenous hormonal exposure. Parenchymal texture features were extracted and mammographic percent density (MD%) was computed using validated computerized methods. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between texture features and menopause status, after adjusting for MD% and hormonally related confounders. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) of each model was estimated to evaluate the degree of association between the extracted mammographic features and menopause status. Results Coarseness, gray-level correlation, and fractal dimension texture features have a significant independent association with menopause status in the cancer-affected population; skewness and fractal dimension exhibit a similar association in the cancer-free population ( P P P P Conclusion Mammographic texture patterns may reflect the effect of endogenous hormonal exposure on the breast tissue and may capture such effects beyond mammographic density. Differences in texture features between pre- and postmenopausal women are more pronounced in the cancer-affected population, which may be attributed to an increased association to breast cancer risk. Texture features could ultimately be incorporated in breast cancer risk assessment models as markers of hormonal exposure.
The widening intellectual scope of psychoanalysis.

PETER BUCKLEY, M.D.* THE WIDENING INTELLECTUAL SCOPE OF PSYCHOANALYSIS In a recent featured article in The American Journal of Psychiatry,1 the distinguished neuroscientist and psychiatrist, Eric R. Kandel, exhorted psychoanalysis to undergo an intellectual renaissance by embracing both the insights of the neurobiological sciences and a true scientific tradition. He commented: "It would be unfortunate, even tragic, if the rich insights that have come from psychoanalysis were to be lost in the rapprochement between psychiatry and the biological sciences. With the perspective of time, we can readily see what has hindered the full intellectual development of psychoanalysis during the last century. To begin with, psychoanalysis has lacked any semblance of a scientific foundation. Even more, it has lacked a scientific tradition, a questioning tradition based not only on imaginative insights but on creative and critical experiments designed to explore, support, or, as is often the case, falsify those insights." Kandel's paper is provocative on many levels-he contends that in the course of psychoanalysis, interpretive and other interventions produce biological changes in the patient's brain. He observes that a neural basis for a set of unconscious processes has been discovered, albeit an unconscious quite different from that postulated by psychoanalysis, and he challenges psychoanalysis to establish the neurobiological properties of its unconscious. A review of aspects of the recent psychoanalytic literature would suggest that Kandel's clarion call has been anticipated if not yet wholeheartedly embraced. Olds and Cooper2 recently observed: "Now that the cognitive and neuroscientists are studying the brain at higher levels of function, and are asking questions about memory, motivation, consciousness, emotion, and symbolism, we psychoanalysts are suddenly in the position of having an enormous amount of information to offer them." They cite recent work on the effect of stress on the hippocampus, that part of the brain which is the site of episodic memory (the memory of specific autobiographical events). Intense stress (such as child abuse), by a distinct neurobiological mechanism involving the inhibitory effect of glucocorticoid steroids, results in vague memories or general hyperarousal states that lose their time and space markers as opposed to clearly or accurately registered memories. They note that "memory of trauma may be distorted, obscured and reduced to non-specific fear and dread and it may be rendered timeless, never really relegated to the past, seeming always present, but because of the biology of its original registration, it cannot ever be 'restored' or 'recovered' with accuracy. As Freud described, such memories, may be `constructed,' but never 'reconstructed'." Olds and Cooper point out that such biological information provides confirmation for psychoanalytic inferences of trauma in a particular patient's past while "making us doubly suspicious of precisely recovered memories under such circumstances. …
Basics of neurosurgical techniques and procedures

Neurosurgical procedures are a collaborative effort between surgical, ­anesthesiology, and nursing teams. Approaches to the cranial vault are generally designed to minimize retraction and manipulation of surrounding neural tissue and to provide the shortest distance possible from the surgeon’s hands to the surgical target. Cranial procedures are unique in that the approach vector can take on any number of trajectories. The position of the patient’s head is determined by the anatomic location of the lesion and the approach and exposure selected by the neurosurgeon. Similarly, approaches to the spine are dependent on the target of interest and are typically posterior, anterior, lateral, or some combination of the three.
Unifying Geometric, Probabilistic, and Potential Field Approaches to Multi-robot Coverage Control

This paper unifies and extends several different existing strategies for multi-robot coverage control, including ones based on Voronoi partitions, probabilistic models, and artificial potential fields. We propose a cost function form for coverage problems that can be specialized to fit different distributed sensing and actuation scenarios. We show that controllers based on Voronoi partitions can be approximated arbitrarily well by simpler methods that do not require the computation of a Voronoi partition. The performance of three different controllers designed with the new approach is compared in simulation. We also formally delineate two classes of multi-agent problems: consensus problems and non-consensus problems. We show that coverage control is a non-consensus problem and that it requires the optimization of a nonconvex cost function.
Year One of the IBM Watson AI XPRIZE: Case Studies in “AI for Good”

The IBM Watson AI XPRIZE is a four-year competition where teams work to improve the world with artificial intelligence. The competition began in 2017 with 148 problem domains in sustainability, artificial general intelligence, education, and a variety of other grand challenge areas. 59 teams advanced to the second year of the competition and ten teams earned special recognition as “milestone nominees.” The properties of the advancing problem domains highlight opportunities and challenges for the “AI for Good” movement. We detail the judging process and highlight preliminary results from cutting the field of competing teams.
Using Multicultural Picture Books to Promote Racial Justice in Urban Early Childhood Literacy Classrooms

Recent census data indicate that student populations in U.S. classrooms continue to become increasingly racially diverse. Despite these changes, many early childhood teachers remain reluctant to te...
A Global Multimodel Analysis of Predicted Changes in Plant water use Efficiency and Primary Productivity in the 21ST Century

It is uncertain how plants will respond to predicted changes in environmental conditions in the 21st century. Reduced precipitation and higher temperatures may negatively affect plant metabolism and reduce carbon uptake. Conversely, increases in atmospheric CO2 may offset reductions in plant productivity. This work investigates predicted changes in water use efficiency (WUE) in the 21st century by analyzing an ensemble of earth system models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5). Significant intermodel variability was observed for the ensemble (larger variability for RCP8.5, higher intermodel agreement in Southeast Asia, lower intermodel agreement in arid areas). Global, regional and latitudinal distributions of departures of projected conditions in relation to historical values showed high model sensitivity to concentration pathways and increase in GPP and WUE for most of the planet at the end of the century (increases consistently higher for RCP8.5). Higher increases in GPP and WUE are predicted to occur over higher latitudes in the northern hemisphere. Decreases in productivity and WUE occur mostly in the tropics, affecting tropical forests in Central America and in the Amazon. The observed intermodel variability stresses the key role played by estimates derived from flux towers and remote sensing.
Headcase and Unkempt Regulate Tissue Growth and Cell Cycle Progression in Response to Nutrient Restriction.

Summary Nutrient restriction (NR) decreases the incidence and growth of many types of tumors, yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we identified Headcase (Hdc) and Unkempt (Unk) as two NR-specific tumor suppressor proteins that form a complex to restrict cell cycle progression and tissue growth in response to NR in Drosophila. Loss of Hdc or Unk does not confer apparent growth advantage under normal nutrient conditions but leads to accelerated cell cycle progression and tissue overgrowth under NR. Hdc and Unk bind to the TORC1 component Raptor and preferentially regulate S6 phosphorylation in a TORC1-dependent manner. We further show that HECA and UNK, the human counterparts of Drosophila Hdc and Unk, respectively, have a conserved function in regulating S6 phosphorylation and tissue growth. The identification of Hdc and Unk as two NR-specific tumor suppressors provides insight into molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-tumorigenic effects of NR.
Assessment of maternal referral systems used for a rural Zambian hospital: the development of setting specific protocols for the identification of complications.

Background: In resource-limited countries, it is estimated that up to 75% of maternal deaths are preventable. Maternal referral systems are an effective measure to help prevent these deaths. Objective: The objective of this study was to delineate criteria that health care workers use to identify obstetrical emergencies and make referrals, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the established referral system and to implement improvements to this system. Methods: Using a qualitative study design, the individuals with the highest level of formal obstetrics training at 10 health posts that refer to a rural Zambian hospital were surveyed using semi-structured interviews regarding their referral protocols. Data were analyzed through open-coding. At the conclusion of the interview, standardized referral protocols for obstetric emergen- cies derived from published guidelines and local practices were distributed. Results: Identified complications resulting in referral most commonly included post-partum hemorrhage (70%), prolonged labor (70%), malpresentation (50%), antepartum hemorrhage (40%), and retained placenta (40%). While numerous reasons for referral were identified, there was little consensus on the referral protocol used for each complication. Obstacles to successful referral most commonly included cellular network disruptions (70%), distance (50%), and lack of transportation (30%). The referral protocols distributed to health posts covered only 11 of the 23 complications cited as the most common reason for referral. Conclusion: The referral criteria and protocols were updated to include all of the reported complications. We propose this document for others working in resource-limited settings attempting to establish or evaluate a maternal referral systems. Keywords: Maternal referral systems, Zambian hospital, protocols, complications.
Early Literacy Experiences of Independent University Youth

The purpose of this constructivist qualitative study is to describe the early literacy experiences of independent university students at a mid-size public institution in the Rocky Mountain region of the Western United States. Data are collected through single, face-to-face, semi-structured one hour interviews with five volunteer participants. The narrative study finds that the parallel experiences in early life and early literacy of the participants relate to their pursuit of higher education and also challenges stereotypes which educators and caregivers may hold about poor and seemingly dysfunctional families. This research informs the best practices of early childhood educators, higher education faculty, caregivers, and service providers.
Forecasting Water Demands in South Florida in the Context of Everglades Restoration: Retrospective

AbstractTraditional economic forecasts had consistently underestimated the hypergrowth of South Florida and its need for freshwater from the 1970s through the 1990s. It was hypothesized that the co...
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Relative Dose-Response Tests to Assess Vitamin A Status

Vitamin A (VA) is an essential nutrient often lacking in the diets of people in developing countries. Accurate biomarkers of VA status are vital to inform public health policy and monitor interventions. The relative dose-response (RDR) and modified-RDR (MRDR) tests are semi-quantitative screening tests for VA deficiency that have been used in Demographic and Health Surveys and VA intervention studies. A systematic review and meta-analysis of sensitivity and specificity were conducted to summarize the physiological evidence to support the RDR tests as methods to assess VA status and investigate the impact of different pathological and physiological states on the tests. A total of 190 studies were screened for inclusion, with 21 studies comparing the RDR tests with the gold-standard biomarker, liver VA concentration (68% and 80% sensitivity and 85% and 69% specificity for the RDR and MRDR, respectively). Nearly all studies with VA interventions in VA-deficient populations demonstrated a response of the tests to VA intake that would be expected to improve VA status. The impacts of chronic liver disease, protein malnutrition, age, pregnancy and lactation, infection and inflammation, and various other conditions were examined in 51 studies. The RDR and MRDR tests were reported to have been used in 39 observational studies, and the MRDR has been used in at least 6 national micronutrient surveys. The RDR and MRDR are sensitive tests for determining population VA status and assessing VA interventions. Although they are robust to most physiological and pathological states, caution may be warranted when using the tests in neonates, individuals with chronic liver disease, and those with protein or iron malnutrition. Research on further improvements to the tests to increase accessibility, such as sampling breast milk instead of blood or using intramuscular doses in subjects with malabsorption, will allow wider adoption. This review was registered with PROSPERO as CRD42019124180.
Does double-blind peer review impact gender authorship trends? An evaluation of two leading neurosurgical journals from 2010 to 2019.

Objective Publications are key for advancement within academia. Although women are underrepresented in academic neurosurgery, the rates of women entering residency, achieving board certification, and publishing papers are increasing. The goal of this study was to assess the current status of women in academic neurosurgery publications. Specifically, this study sought to 1) survey female authorship rates in the Journal of Neurosurgery (JNS [not including JNS: Spine or JNS: Pediatrics]) and Neurosurgery from 2010 to 2019; 2) analyze whether double-blind peer review (started in Neurosurgery in 2011) altered female authorship rates relative to single-blind review (JNS); and 3) evaluate how female authorship rates compared with the number of women entering neurosurgery residency and obtaining neurosurgery board certification. Methods Genders of the first and last authors for JNS and Neurosurgery articles from 2010 to 2019 were obtained. Data were also gathered on the number and percentage of women entering neurosurgery residency and women obtaining American Board of Neurological Surgeons (ABNS) certification between 2010 and 2019. Results Women accounted for 13.4% (n = 570) of first authors and 6.8% (n = 240) of last authors in JNS and Neurosurgery publications. No difference in rates of women publishing existed between the two journals (first authors: 13.0% JNS vs 13.9% Neurosurgery, p = 0.29; last authors: 7.3% JNS vs 6.0% Neurosurgery, p = 0.25). No difference existed between women first or last authors in Neurosurgery before and after initiation of double-blind review (p = 0.066). Significant concordance existed between the gender of first and last authors: in publications with a woman last author, the odds of the first author being a woman was increased by twofold (OR 2.14 [95% CI 1.43-3.13], p = 0.0001). Women represented a lower proportion of authors of invited papers (8.6% of first authors and 3.1% of last authors were women) compared with noninvited papers (14.1% of first authors and 7.4% of last authors were women) (first authors: OR 0.576 [95% CI 0.410-0.794], p = 0.0004; last authors: OR 0.407 [95% CI 0.198-0.751], p = 0.001). The proportion of women US last authors (7.4%) mirrors the percentage of board-certified women neurosurgeons (5.4% in 2010 and 6.8% in 2019), while the percentage of women US first authors (14.3%) is less than that for women entering neurosurgical residency (11.2% in 2009 and 23.6% in 2018). Conclusions This is the first report of female authorship in the neurosurgical literature. The authors found that single- versus double-blind peer review did not impact female authorship rates at two top neurosurgical journals.
Early Experience with Intravesical Gemcitabine-Docetaxel for BCG-Naïve Patients with High Grade Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

Introduction Intravesical BCG remains a first-line treatment for patients with intermediate/high risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) desiring bladder preservation. In the era of BCG shortage, alternative therapies such as sequential dual intravesical gemcitabine and docetaxel (gem/doce) have been described. We report short term outcomes of patients with BCG-Naive NMIBC treated with gem/doce in lieu of BCG. Methods Patients with high grade NMIBC who had not previously received BCG underwent visually complete TURBT followed by 6 weekly instillations of gemcitabine and docetaxel. At each instillation, patients received 1g of gemcitabine followed by 40mg of docetaxel each for 1-hour dwell. Primary outcome measure was 6-month cystoscopic response rate. Secondary outcome measures include 3-month cystoscopic response rate and progression to MIBC. Results 18 BCG-naive subjects received intravesical gem/doce and completed follow up cystoscopy. Initial staging was Ta in 10, T1 in 4, and CIS in 4. At 6-month cystoscopy, 14/18 patients (78%) were visually free of recurrence. Of the 4 patients with CIS at initial staging, 3 (75%) were visually free of recurrence at 6-month cystoscopy and had benign urine cytology. On ensuing TURBT, there were 2 histologic recurrences. One patient had progression from CIS with Ta disease to CIS with T1 disease and one had persistent T1 disease. No patient progressed to muscle invasion during follow up. There were no further instances of tumor recurrence or progression between 3 and 6 months. All patients started on gem/doce (n=18) completed induction without dose reduction or missed instillation due to adverse effects. Conclusions Sequential adjuvant gemcitabine/docetaxel intravesical therapy after TURBT shows promising 6-month response rates for BCG-naive high grade NMIBC. Longer follow up is needed to assess durable response or effects on recurrence or progression.
Can systems integration lead to improved performance? The role of strategic alliances

Abstract Despite growing research attention to systemic products and systems integration, there is still a dearth of research on the performance benefits that firms can attain from increased systems integration capabilities. We address this research gap using a longitudinal sample of 245 first-tier automotive suppliers and find that an increased systems integration capability positively affects financial performance. By considering the crucial role of manufacturing alliances, we also find evidence that vertical alliances with buyers positively moderate the relationship between systems integration capabilities and performance, while horizontal alliances have a negative moderating effect. These results contribute to the dynamic capabilities literature by providing empirical evidence that systems integration capability is a relevant predictor of firm performance, and expands the current understanding of how system manufacturers should manage their business-to-business (B2B) relationships.
France’s Ahmeds and Muslim others: The entanglement of racism and Islamophobia:

In this article, I use the example of Ahmed Merabet, a Muslim and Algerian-origin police officer who was one of the victims of the January 2015 Charlie Hebdo massacre, as a way to understand how Is...
Virtual Anatomy and Point-of-Care Ultrasonography (POCUS) Integration Pilot for Medical Students.

Despite its significant clinical use, there is no standardized point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) curriculum in undergraduate medical education. As Covid-19 abruptly mandated the use of virtual education, instructors were challenged to incorporate and improve POCUS education within these new constraints. It was hypothesized that integrating POCUS into anatomy via brief video lessons and a subsequent interactive virtual lesson would lead to an objective understanding of POCUS concepts, improved understanding of the corresponding anatomy, and subjective improvement of student confidence with POCUS. A cross-sectional descriptive study assessed first-year medical students' perspectives and performance before and after the interventions (n = 161). The intervention was split into two parts: (1) three optional ten-minute POCUS videos that reinforced anatomy concepts taught in the laboratory sessions, and (2) a subsequent two-hour interactive virtual session reviewing POCUS and anatomy concepts. Students completed a knowledge and confidence assessment tool before and after the interactive session. Survey responses (n = 51) indicated that 94% of students felt the optional videos improved their understanding of POCUS and were educationally valuable. 50% indicated that the demonstrations improved their anatomy understanding. Initial self-reported confidence was low after the optional video lessons despite an average score of 58% on the knowledge assessment (n=130). However, confidence increased significantly along with an increase in score performance to 80% after the interactive session (n = 39, P < 0.01). Results suggest the virtual integration pilot enhanced student learning of both anatomy and POCUS.
Evaluating the Impact of New Technology on Human-Machine Cooperation

New technology is changing the face of complex dynamic systems in a wide variety of applications. Given the magnitude, pace and costs of this technological change, errors in the design of human-machine systems need to be detected early in the system development process. This is especially true for high risk domains where design errors can have severe consequences on human-machine system performance. If problems are discovered after a system has been put in service or even late in the design process, the degrees of freedom for modification of the design may be severely reduced due to the costs and commitment involved. In addition, if evidence of possible deficiencies in the human-machine ensemble appears late in the development process, there may be a variety of pressures operating that encourage one to interpret evidence of fundamental design problems as only indicating the usual problems associated with the introduction of any new system.
Modeling Market Microstructure Time Series

Microstructure data typically consist of trades and bid and offer quotes for financial securities that are collected at fine sampling intervals (often within the day). This paper reviews approaches taken to modeling these data. The emphasis is on the techniques of stationary multivariate time series analysis: autoregressive and moving average representations o f standard microstructure models, vector autoregressive estimation, random-walk decompositions and cointegration. The paper also discusses the challenges posed by irregular observation frequencies, discreteness and nonlinearity.
A limited defense of the knowledge argument

L'A. mesure la plausibilite de la premisse principale de l'argument de la connaissance developpe par F. Jackson en faveur d'un physicalisme objectif. Soulevant la question des experiences visuelles de la couleur, d'une part, et examinant les differentes objections epistemiques et semantiques opposees au cas Mary par D. Dennett, D. Kaplan et D. Lewis, d'autre part, l'A. montre que la conception traditionnelle du physicalisme est compatible avec la these des faits nouveaux defendue par Jackson
Book Review: No Time to Mourn by Jeanette Ndhlovu

Since the country of South Africa became a legitimate democracy in 1994, with the participation of black South Africans in the voting process, many books have been written about the decades long resistance struggle against the apartheid governing system in the country. For the most part however the male leaders of the black resistance such as Steve Biko and Nelson Mandela, have received most of the academic notice and publishing attention. Winnie Mandela, former wife of Nelson Mandela has occasionally received recognition by virtue of her political activism in the country as South Africa’s first lady. There were however many women in the resistance movement who served and risked their lives along with the men in battling the oppression of the apartheid government. The Honorable Jeanette Ndhlovu was one of these unsung heroes of the people’s war against apartheid and was a consequential strategist in the actualization of American support to pressure the white South African government to abandon the apartheid system. As a result of her efforts, she has been awarded several powerful positions as a representative for the new government of the Republic of South Africa to the United Nations. Most recently she was designated the prestigious position of Consul General of the South African Embassy in Los Angeles, California. This appointment marks the latest accomplishment for an extraordinary African woman from humble beginnings who through her own strength of character and will to survive prevailed over seemingly insurmountable obstacles and personal tragedy to become a respected leader in the governing party of the ANC of South Africa and has become an inspiration to women of the African Diaspora around the world.
Blacks and the American Ethos. A Reevaluation of Existing Theories

Recently, research concerning Blacks and the American ethos has concluded that Blacks do support the underlying principles of American society in much the same way and to the same extent as Whites. For the most part, scholars have been content with this notion rather than attempting to take the research one step further in order to examine why this might be the case (Myrdal, Sterner, & Rose, 1944; Parent, 1985). This article will argue that this apparent relationship is misleading and that, although Blacks do support the ideals of economic individualism in American society, it is not for the reasons that have been suggested. At first glance the idea that Blacks support the American ethos would seem illogical. Blacks historically have been discriminated against and have been excluded from this American dream. Today, they generally make up the poorer sections of society, with lower incomes, lower levels of education and, in fact, generally fewer opportunities than Whites. Since they do not always have equal opportunities in society, it would seem plausible to expect that they would not support the principles of economic individualism to the same extent as Whites.