cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sbf/MTMR13 coordinates PI(3)P and Rab21 regulation in endocytic control of cellular remodeling

Cells rely on the coordinated regulation of lipid phosphoinositides and Rab GTPases to define membrane compartment fates along distinct trafficking routes. The family of disease-related myotubularin (MTM) phosphoinositide phosphatases includes catalytically inactive members, or pseudophosphatases, with poorly understood functions. We found that Drosophila MTM pseudophosphatase Sbf coordinates both phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI(3)P) turnover and Rab21 GTPase activation in an endosomal pathway that controls macrophage remodeling. Sbf dynamically interacts with class II phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and stably recruits Mtm to promote turnover of a PI(3)P subpool essential for endosomal trafficking. Sbf also functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that promotes Rab21 GTPase activation associated with PI(3)P endosomes. Of importance, Sbf, Mtm, and Rab21 function together, along with Rab11-mediated endosomal trafficking, to control macrophage protrusion formation. This identifies Sbf as a critical coordinator of PI(3)P and Rab21 regulation, which specifies an endosomal pathway and cortical control.
The effect of moderate hemodilution with Fluosol on cytochrome P4502D6 activity in the rat.

Desmethylimipramine (desipramine, DMI) is predominantly 2-hydroxylated to 2-hydroxydesipramine, and the remainder is N-demethylated to didesmethylimipramine (DDM1) in both rats and man. DMI 2-hydroxylation is mediated by the same cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme (P4502D6) in rats and man. Fluosol hemodilution has previously been shown to influence the activity of P4502B1 and P4502B2, the cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes induced by phenobarbital in rats. In this study, DMI was used as a model substrate to investigate the influence of moderate Fluosol hemodilution on P4502D6 activity in rats. DMI total body clearance was not influenced by Fluosol hemodilution. This was an anticipated outcome since phenobarbital had a negligible effect on DMI metabolism, and Fluosol and phenobarbital affect the same isoenzymes. DMI Vdss was increased at 0.5 hour after hemodilution, but decreased from 24-72 hours. The decreased Vdss is most likely due to increased concentrations of alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein. Thus, Fluosol hemodilution i...
Enhanced second-harmonic generation in AlGaAs/Al x O y cavities embedded in submicron waveguides

We report cavity-enhanced second-harmonic generation from a tightly confining non-linear optical device for optical frequency conversion, which employs a novel waveguide-embedded dichroic mirror, highly reflective at the fundamental wavelength and transmissive at the second harmonic.
Integrated design as a cooperative problem solving activity

The authors present integrated design as an improved design method involving cooperative problem-solving. Integrated design takes advantage of commonly occurring task decompositions in design problems and encourages group problem-solving rather than sequential problem-solving. The cooperative problem-solving approach is characterized by dynamic cooperation between knowledge sources with overlapping expertise working in parallel to solve the design problem. Each knowledge source can consist of human and machine-based experts with similar expertise working closely together. The interactions of the resulting community of experts can be described as task sharing, information sharing, and constraint resolution. The overall goal of integrated design through cooperative problem solving is to produce optimized designs more efficiently and effectively and to prevent costly redesign iterations. >
Celebrating Local Histories and Defining Neighbourhood Communities: Place-making in a Gentrified Neighbourhood

Processes of place-making in urban neighbourhoods include accounts of history that may vary among social groups of residents, especially in neighbourhoods that have witnessed decay and/or regeneration. This paper investigates the historical narratives of residents of a gentrified neighbourhood formerly known as a Little Italy in New Haven, Connecticut, US, as processes of place-making. It confronts these with histories of agents `absent' in the dominant narratives—here, poor Black residents. The paper addresses the consequences of the discursive dominance of certain narratives over others and discusses how such historical narratives affect place stratification and how the symbolic meanings of place strengthened through such accounts of history affect a neighbourhood's access to resources.
Juvenile Court Judges' Perceptions of What Factors Affect Juvenile Offenders' Likelihood of Rehabilitation

An instrument was developed to measure whether judges perceive the likelihood of rehabilitation to be influenced by extra-legal factors. A self-administered questionnaire was sent to 1,040 juvenile court judges across the United States. Two indices-extra-legal and legal-were created to measure the relationship between judges' perceptions and the factors they consider in their transfer decisions. Primary analysis used frequencies, cross-tabulations, and measures of association. The factors that judges may consider in their transfer decisions are specified and vary according to state statutes. Extra-legal factors are never included in the statutes as factors that may be considered. Nonetheless, the findings suggest that judges consider extra-legal factors in determining an offender's likelihood of rehabilitation. The results suggest that both male and non-minority judges' perceive that extra-legal characteristics affect an offender's likelihood of rehabilitation. All judges seem to believe that family structure and prior record are almost equally important factors in determining offenders' likelihood of rehabilitation. Thus, although judges consider legal factors in determining an offender's likelihood of rehabilitation, they also include criteria not explicitly permitted by law.
Solubility enhancement and QSPR correlations for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons complexation with α, β, and γ cyclodextrins

Through batch equilibrium experiments, hydroxypropyl substituted α, β, and γ cyclodextrin (CDs) were shown to greatly increase the apparent solubility of eight common polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aqueous solutions. Equations based on the volume fraction of solution composed of water and CDs have been developed to determine guest phase distribution. Based on these equations, the results of this and similar studies for CD showed that a log–log relationship exists between the fraction of CD occupied with a guest organic compound and the aqueous solubility of those guests (rsq 0.980). Analysis of potential quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR) found strong correlations between structural properties of the guests (e.g. aqueous solubility, octanol/water partitioning coefficient, molar volume, molecular surface area, and polarizability) and water/CD partitioning coefficients, phase distribution of the PAH between water and CD phases, and the fraction of CD molecules occupied with a guest PAH. Noteworthy among these, is the inverse relationship between the log of the fraction of CD molecules occupied under saturated conditions and the ratio of the molar volume of the PAH to the volume of the CD cavities (rsq for α, β, and γ: 0.887–0.892). Comparisons of the three CDs shows that while the size of the guest compound reduces its propensity to enter into the CD cavity, the effect of the guest size is lessened as the width of the CD ring increases. Development of these QSPR correlations provides a means to predict and evaluate guest/CD interactions for homologous series of compounds.
First-Year Student Perceptions of Academic Advisement: A Qualitative Study and Reality Check

Researchers on student preferences for academic advising style suggest that students prefer developmental advising but experience prescriptive advising. However, data regarding first-year students are absent from these studies, thus limiting the conclusions. Therefore, I describe first-year students and their expectations and experiences with academic advisement. Students in the study preferred prescriptive advising and described their advising experience as primarily prescriptive. Further examination of first-year students’advising preferences and consideration of effective advising as a developmental process, rather than a static philosophy of either developmental or prescriptive advising, is indicated.
Revisiting stepped septum circular polarizer using full-wave simulations

Septum is an effective polarizer to generate circular polarizations from the linear excitations in a waveguide. In this paper, the functionality of the septum is revisited using full-wave simulations, and a graphical visualization is presented to aid in better understanding the fundamental principals of a stepped septum circular polarizer. Septum responses to even and odd mode excitations are analyzed, and the electric field distributions inside the septum polarizer are presented. The simulated S-parameters and axial ratio validates its effectiveness.
Emerging self‐exploration by 2‐month‐old infants

Two-month-olds and newborns were tested in a situation where they had the opportunity to experience different auditory consequences of their own oral activity on a dummy pacifier. Modulation of oral activity was scored and analyzed relative to two types of contingent auditory feedback, either analog or non-analog to the effort exerted by the infant on the pacifier. The dummy pacifier was connected to an air pressure transducer for recording of oral action. In two different experimental conditions, each time the infant sucked above a certain pressure threshold they heard a perfectly contingent sound of varying pitch. In one condition, the pitch variation was analog to the pressure applied by the infant on the pacifier (analog condition). In another, the pitch variation was random (non-analog condition). As rationale, a differential modulation of oral activity in these two conditions was construed as indexing some voluntary control and the sense of a causal link between sucking and its auditory consequences, beyond mere temporal contingency detection and response‐stimulus association. Results indicated that 2-month-olds showed clear signs of modulation of their oral activity on the pacifier as a function of analog versus non-analog condition. In contrast, newborns did not show any signs of such modulation either between experimental conditions (analog versus non-analog contingent sounds) or between baseline (no contingent sounds condition) and experimental conditions. These observations are interpreted as evidence of self-exploration and the emergence of a sense of self-agency by 2 months of age.
A species-specific recognition system directs haustorium development in the parasitic plant Triphysaria (Scrophulariaceae)

Parasitic plants use host molecules to trigger developmental programs essential for parasitism. One such program governs the initiation, development, and function of haustoria, parasite-specific organs responsible for attachment and invasion of host tissues. Haustoria development can be initiated by several different molecules produced by appropriate host species. We are interested in understanding how these signals are interpreted by two related facultative parasites, Triphysaria eriantha (Benth.) Chuang and Heckard, and T. versicolor Fischer and C. Meyer, to distinguish their own roots from those of potential hosts. We used an in vitro bioassay to determine what proportion of different Triphysaria populations formed haustoria in the presence and absence of closely related and unrelated host species. We found that the proportion of plants with haustoria was the same whether the plants were grown in isolation or with a conspecific host. In contrast, a significantly higher proportion of plants made haustoria when the host was a congeneric Triphysaria. Plants with haustoria neither enhanced nor inhibited other plants' propensity to form haustoria. Together these results indicate that qualitative differences exist in haustorium-inducing factors exuded by closely related species. The highest proportion of Triphysaria had haustoria when grown with Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Even in this case, however, some Triphysaria failed to develop haustoria. Interestingly, the percentage of haustoria that had vessel elements was higher when connections were made with Arabidopsis than with another Triphysaria. These results demonstrate that host recognition can be manifested at multiple points in haustorium development.
Regulatory Program Foundations: Program Standards

Model program standards provide foundations upon which regulatory programs can be built and continuously improved and are important in the development of an integrated food safety system (IFSS). Standards for federal, state, or local agencies do not carry the legal authority of laws, statutes, ordinances, or regulations. Rather, standards serve as a guide for agency managers in the design and management of a food safety regulatory program. As a result, regulatory agencies can measurably improve their existing programs and better focus on those factors that contribute to foodborne illness. Food protection professionals (FPPs) should be aware of the role that program standards play in the overarching goal of food safety. This, in turn, can help improve industry and consumer confidence in food protection programs and enhance uniformity within and between regulatory agencies.
Kinetic Study of the Reaction of the CFCl2CH2O Radical with O2

The 2-fluoro-2,2-dichloroethoxy radical, CFCl2CH2O, is an intermediate in the mechanism of the tropospheric degradation of CFCl2CH3 (HCFC-141b), a chlorofluoromethane replacement in some large-scale industrial applications. In this work, the reaction of CFCl2CH2O with O2 was investigated at 10−35 Torr and 251−341 K by UV flash photolysis and time-resolved mass spectrometry. CFCl2CH2O2 radicals were formed from the photolysis of CFCl2CH3/N2/O2 mixtures. The CFCl2CH2O radical is a product of the reactions of CFCl2CH2O2 with Cl and ClO and the self-reaction. The rate of formation and decay of CFCl2CH2O was followed by observations of the fragment ion CClCH2O+. The rate coefficient of the reaction of CFCl2CH2O with O2, determined from CHCl2CH2O decay in excess O2 by both pseudo-first-order analysis and nonlinear regression, can be expressed as (2.4 ± 0.5) × 10-15 exp[−(944 ± 55)/T] cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The half-life for removal of CFCl2CH2O radicals from the atmosphere by the title reaction is 6 ms in the mid-...
Abstract 2899: Mitophagy imparts enzalutamide resistance in prostate cancer

Purpose: Anti-androgens are widely used in androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), a standard-of-care for patients with recurrent prostate cancer (PCa). Unfortunately, most patients ultimately develop resistance to ADT and progress to castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Recently, two agents that block androgen receptor activation [abiraterone acetate (Zytiga, JJ 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2899. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2899
The microarchitecture of C. elegans behavior during lethargus: homeostatic bout dynamics, a typical body posture, and regulation by a central neuron.

STUDY OBJECTIVES The nematode C. elegans develops through four larval stages before it reaches adulthood. At the transition between stages and before it sheds its cuticle, it exhibits a sleep-like behavior during a stage termed lethargus. The objectives of this study were to characterize in detail behavioral patterns and physiological activity of a command interneuron during lethargus. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS We found that lethargus behavior was composed of bouts of quiescence and motion. The duration of individual bouts ranged from 2 to 100 seconds, and their dynamics exhibited local homeostasis: the duration of bouts of quiescence positively correlated with the duration of bouts of motion that immediately preceded them in a cAMP-dependent manner. In addition, we identified a characteristic body posture during lethargus: the average curvature along the body of L4 lethargus larvae was lower than that of L4 larvae prior to lethargus, and the positions of body bends were distributed non-uniformly along the bodies of quiescent animals. Finally, we found that the AVA interneurons, a pair of backward command neurons, mediated locomotion patterns during L4 lethargus in similar fashion to their function in L4 larvae prior to lethargus. Interestingly, in both developmental stages backward locomotion was initiated and terminated asymmetrically with respect to AVA intraneuronal calcium concentration. CONCLUSIONS The complex behavioral patterns during lethargus can be dissected to quantifiable elements, which exhibit rich temporal dynamics and are actively regulated by the nervous system. Our findings support the identification of lethargus as a sleep-like state. CITATION Iwanir S; Tramm N; Nagy S; Wright C; Ish D; Biron D. The microarchitecture of C. elegans behavior during lethargus: homeostatic bout dynamics, a typical body posture, and regulation by a central neuron. SLEEP 2013;36(3):385-395.
Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis of the Finger Caused by Exophiala spinifera

A patient with severe rheumatoid arthritis treated with prednisone had a painless soft tissue nodule develop on the dorsal aspect of the ring finger. She denied any history of hand trauma, animal exposure, or systemic symptoms such as fever or malaise. Fungal cultures performed on an aseptically obtained aspirate of this lesion demonstrated dark, olive-black creamy colonies on Sabouraud's agar. Slide cultures made from mold colonies produced slender conidial forms with annellations and spine-like conidiophores, features characteristic of Exophiala spinifera. The lesion was surgically excised, and the patient was successfully treated with a course of oral itraconazole. This nodular lesion has not recurred at the time of this writing. Exophiala species are difficult to differentiate, and E. spinifera may be confused with Exophiala jeanselmei. A literature review will consider Exophiala species and clinical manifestations produced by these dematiaceous fungi.
Longer-Term Outcomes of Geriatric Odontoid Fracture Nonunion:

Introduction:Longer-term outcomes of patients with geriatric type II odontoid fracture nonunion remain unclear.Methods:Thirty-four consecutive geriatric patients (>70 years old) with minimally disp...
Fully covered self-expanding metal stents versus lumen-apposing fully covered self-expanding metal stent versus plastic stents for endoscopic drainage of pancreatic walled-off necrosis: clinical outcomes and success

Background and Aims Endoscopic transmural drainage/debridement of pancreatic walled-off necrosis (WON) has been performed using double-pigtail plastic (DP), fully covered self-expanding metal stents (FCSEMSs), or the novel lumen-apposing fully covered self-expanding metal stent (LAMS). Our aim was to perform a retrospective cohort study to compare the clinical outcomes and adverse events of EUS-guided drainage/debridement of WON with DP stents, FCSEMSs, and LAMSs. Methods Consecutive patients in 2 centers with WON managed by EUS-guided debridement were divided into 3 groups: (1) those who underwent debridement using DP stents, (2) debridement using FCSEMSs, (3) debridement using LAMSs. Technical success (ability to access and drain a WON by placement of transmural stents), early adverse events, number of procedures performed per patient to achieve WON resolution, and long-term success (complete resolution of the WON without need for further reintervention at 6 months after treatment) were evaluated. Results From 2010 to 2015, 313 patients (23.3% female; mean age, 53 years) underwent WON debridement, including 106 who were drained using DP stents, 121 using FCSEMSs, and 86 using LAMSs. The 3 groups were matched for age, cause of the pancreatitis, WON size, and location. The cause of the patients' pancreatitis was gallstones (40.6%), alcohol (30.7%), idiopathic (13.1%), and other causes (15.6%). The mean cyst size was 102 mm (range, 20-510 mm). The mean number of endoscopy sessions was 2.5 (range, 1-13). The technical success rate of stent placement was 99%. Early adverse events were noted in 27 of 313 (8.6%) patients (perforation in 6, bleeding in 8, suprainfection in 9, other in 7). Successful endoscopic therapy was noted in 277 of 313 (89.6%) patients. When comparing the 3 groups, there was no difference in the technical success ( P = .37). Early adverse events were significantly lower in the FCSEMS group compared with the DP and LAMS groups (1.6%, 7.5%, and 9.3%; P P = .001). The mean number of procedures required for WON resolution was significantly lower in the LAMS group compared with the FCSEMS and DP groups (2.2 vs 3 vs 3.6, respectively; P = .04). On multivariable analysis, DP stents remain the sole negative predictor for successful resolution of WON (odds ratio [OR], 0.18; 95% confidence interval, 0.06-0.53; P = .002) after adjusting for age, sex, and WON size. Although there was no significant difference between FCSEMSs and LAMSs for WON resolution, the LAMS was more likely to have early adverse events (OR, 6.6; P = .02). Conclusions EUS-guided drainage/debridement of WON using FCSEMSs and LAMSs is superior to DP stents in terms of overall treatment efficacy. The number of procedures required for WON resolution was significantly lower with LAMSs compared with FCSEMSs and DP stents.
Research on Energy-saving of Ferroalloy Companys Based on Measured Data and Case Applications

The state will implement in depth the basic national policy of "energy saving and emission reduction" in 12th Five-Year periods,high energy consumption enterprises continue to face the plight of the power cuts.In order to explore methods of out of the woods,energy-saving analysis was made to a ferroalloy's factory in the area of Southern Power Grid.Portable power quality analyzer FLUKE435 is used to carry out long and continuous measurements of electrical equipment,combined with the basic theory of industrial enterprises of energy-saving,scientific energy-saving analysis was made to transformers,furnace transformers,motors,pumps,lighting and air conditioning systems,etc.The ideas and methods had some reference and promotional value.
Parsing the heterogeneity of mild cognitive impairment: Lumpers and splitters

The study by Knopman et al.1 in this issue of Neurology ® examines how variations in the pattern and degree of mild cognitive deficits, common in older adults without dementia, predict the development of dementia. What the study reveals is not entirely novel and essentially confirms clinical intuition: individuals with broader and deeper cognitive impairments have the highest risk of future dementia. The study's main accomplishment, however, is the light it shines on what is obscured when a categorical construct such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI)2 is applied to what is clearly a continuous process—the gradual progression of MCI to dementia and Alzheimer disease.
Phase conversion for fusion lasers

An essential requirement for direct drive laser fusion is the uniform irradiation of spherical targets that are located in the quasi-far field of a laser system. A major impediment to irradiation uniformity with high-power solid-state laser systems is the presence of a hot-spot structure at the target plane.1 The hot-spot intensity nonuniformities are caused by spatial variations in the near-field phase front of each laser beam. Although for many tabletop applications diffraction-limited laser performance can be obtained through static phase correction, adaptive optics, or phase conjugation, such approaches are either excessively expensive, difficult to implement, or not yet available for large-aperture high-peak-power laser beams.
Out from underground: The discourse of emerging fugitives

Jane Alpert, Bernardine Dohrn, Abbie Hoffman, and Cathlyn Wilkerson were among a handful of fugitives who went underground in the 1970s to avoid fines and imprisonment stemming from protest activities. In emerging from underground, these fugitives faced dramatic role passages that they handled discursively by employing two pairs of paradoxical strategies—integration/differentiation and deviance/respectability—that they did not attempt to resolve. The first construct in each pair managed the self‐image of the fugitive; the second functioned to accommodate societal expectations. I suggest that the maintenance of paradox allowed the fugitives to present ambiguous identities and thus to achieve a balance between consistency and accommodation that may prove to be the organizing principle of any discourse that accompanies dramatic role shifts.
A prototype of the MRI-compatible ultra-high resolution SPECT for in vivo mice brain imaging

In this paper, we will present a preliminary study based on a prototype of the MRI-compatible, ultra-high resolution SPECT system for use in a pre-existing Siemens 3.0 T MR scanner. The system uses an ultra-high special resolution energy-resolved photon-counting (ERPC) CdTe detector that we have recently developed. This detector consists of eight detector hybrids, each having a pixilated CdTe detector of 1mm thickness, bump-bonded to a custom-designed CMOS readout ASIC. Each detector hybrid offers an imaging area of 1.1cm × 2.2cm that is divided into an array of 32 × 64 pixels with a pitch size of 350μm × 350μm. A prototype SPECT system has been designed and tailored for use inside the 3.0 T Siemens scanner for tomographic imaging. It consists of a single ERPC detector head, coupled to a collimation aperture. The system is supported by a non-magnetic gantry that allows the system to be moved in and out the Siemens scanner and to be rotated around the object to obtain a sufficient angular sampling. All shielding, supporting and cooling structures are proved to be MRI-compatible. The imaging performance of the prototype system with presence of magnetic field will be evaluated by using image of the Co57 point source and the results will be presented.
Crosstown traffic: punk rock, space and the porosity of the Berlin wall in the 1980s

This paper argues that crosstown traffic in the East and West German punk subculture was an essential aspect of how popular music helped to challenge the political legitimacy of the East German government. West German punks frequently crossed the border to attend Eastern punk concerts, meet with friends and trade stories and experiences, connections that helped to foster a transnational community of alternative youths. These interactions denied official claims that punk was the result of capitalist decadence while undermining the East German government's efforts at cultivating a distinctive socialist identity. Nor were border crossings unidirectional, as Eastern punks made daring attempts to connect with their Western cousins. Writing for West German fanzines, appearing in the Western press and even managing to release Eastern recordings smuggled westwards, Eastern punks crossed the Iron Curtain and in so doing, worked to present an alternative vision of Eastern youth to the world and join the global punk scene.
The Collapse of the Mycenaean Economy: Imports, Trade, and Institutions 1300–700 BCE

In this book, Sarah Murray provides a comprehensive treatment of textual and archaeological evidence for the long-distance trade economy of Greece across 600 years during the transition from the Late Bronze to the Early Iron Age. Analyzing the finished objects that sustained this kind of trade, she also situates these artifacts within the broader context of the ancient Mediterranean economy, including evidence for the import and export of commodities as well as demographic change. Murray argues that our current model of exchange during the Late Bronze Age is in need of a thoroughgoing reformulation. She demonstrates that the association of imported objects with elite self-fashioning is not supported by the evidence from any period in early Greek history. Moreover, the notional 'decline' in trade during Greece's purported Dark Age appears to be the result of severe economic contraction, rather than a severance of access to trade routes.
Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration, Second Edition

This second edition expertly reveals the nuances of third-party funding in international arbitration, examines the phenomenon in key jurisdictions, and provides a reliable resource for users and potential users who may wish to tap into and make use of this distinctive funding tool. Since the first edition of this invaluable book in 2012, third-party funding has become more mainstream in international arbitration practice. The second edition includes discussion of recent institutional developments as they relate to third-party funding, including the work of the ICCA-Queen Mary Task Force on third-party funding and how third-party funding is being incorporated into arbitral rules and investment treaties. This updated book is well written and covers an interesting, topical, and previously unexplored aspect of international arbitration, and it concludes with observations regarding third-party funding in international investment arbitration and predictions regarding the future of the third-party funding industry worldwide.
Thermal Degradation Pathways of Aqueous Diamine CO 2 Capture Solvents

Abstract Diamines have shown promise as CO2 capture solvents, yet very little is known about their pathway for thermal degradation. In this study, diamine thermal degradation was quantitatively monitored in lab-scale experiments on four aqueous diamine solvents; ethylenediamine (EDA) 1,2-propanediamine (1,2-DAP), 1,3-diaminopropane (1,3-DAP) and N-methyl-1,2-ethanediamine (N-MEDA), to gain a more comprehensive understanding of their degradation pathway(s). The major degradation products were identified by high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS). Degradation pathways were proposed showing that the primary thermal degradation route for this class of amine are through carbamate formation followed by intermolecular cyclization to form an imidazolidinone or nucleophilic attack by a free amine to form a diamine urea.
Pore-Scale Simulation of Interphase Multicomponent Mass Transfer for Subsurface Flow

A simulation framework is proposed to simulate multicomponent multiphase flow in porous media at the pore scale. It solves equations for the species concentrations in the framework of the volume-of-fluid approach including thermodynamics equilibrium at the fluid/fluid interface. Particular attention is paid to the derivation of the boundary condition for the concentration at the solid walls. The method is validated by comparison with analytical solutions of simple setups. Then, the approach is used to investigate and upscale mass transfer across interfaces in different configurations, including the drainage of water in a tube by a gas carrying a contaminant, mass transfer in thin films, and mass transfer in complex porous structures under various flow conditions.
Mechanisms of muddy clinothem progradation on the Southwest Louisiana Chenier Plain inner shelf

In both modern and ancient shelf settings, mud-dominated successions commonly contain complex stratigraphic geometries in which low-gradient clinothems feature prominently. Despite their ubiquity, the full range of mechanisms responsible for sediment dispersal and clinothem progradation in such settings is not well understood. Using sediment core data (210PbXS, 137Cs, grain size, porosity, X-radiography) and shallow seismic observations, this study examines the mechanisms of across-shelf sediment transport and clinothem progradation on the muddy Southwest Louisiana Atchafalaya Chenier Plain inner shelf. Observations indicate that rapid transfer of organic matter-rich sediment to the outer topsets and clinothem rollover occurs mainly via hydrodynamic fluid-mud processes during times of high wave-current bed shear stress (e.g., during the passage of storms). Rapid sedimentation, wave perturbation, and the development of biogenic methane within the shallow seabed result in the generation of large internal pore water pressures such that the clinothem rollover and foreset sediments are inherently in a condition of incipient failure. Subsequent basinward sediment transfer to the foresets occurs largely in association with low-gradient (<0.02°) mass-failure events, evidenced by widespread scarping and mudflows on the seabed. These represent an important and as yet unattributed mechanism for clinothem progradation in the study area and are likely to drive basinward sediment transport in other muddy shelf clinothem systems, both modern and ancient.
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension in Children and Adolescents: An Update.

Premise Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), previously known as pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTC) is a serious neurological disorder that can lead to irreversible visual loss. Predominantly a disorder affecting women in reproductive years, the pediatric population is not spared. Problem In the past few years, the condition has been redefined, due to new accepted values for opening pressure in children and advances in neuroimaging. Emerging techniques in ophthalmology are being increasingly used to monitor disease in these patients. And, although the treatment tools have not changed in several years, important evidence for efficacy for acetazolamide finally came to light in recent years in the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial (IIHTT). Potential solution This review article provides an overview on recent advances in diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of IIH.
Preexposure prophylaxis guidelines have low sensitivity for identifying seroconverters in a sample of young Black MSM in Chicago.

Background Identification of clients at greatest risk of acquiring HIV is critical for preexposure prophylaxi (PrEP) implementation. Young black MSM (YBMSM) have high incidence of HIV. We examined published guidelines in identifying eligible PrEP candidates, including seroconverters, in a representative cohort of YBMSM. Methods The uConnect cohort included YBMSM aged 16-29 years during PrEP roll-out in Chicago from 2013 and 2016. YBMSM with indications for PrEP were determined using Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines, the HIV incidence risk index for MSM (HIRI-MSM) scoring tool, and Gilead recommendations with calculation of sensitivities, specificities, and area under the curve (AUC) for HIV seroconversion over 18 months. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) using Poisson regression were modeled to compare individual and network factors associated with seroconversion. Results In the study cohort, 300 HIV uninfected YBMSM contributed 390.4 person-years of follow-up [mean age (SD), 22.3 years (3.07)]. HIV incidence was 8.5 cases per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval, 6.0-11.9). One network factor was associated with seroconversion: having partners more than 10 years older (IRR = 4.4, 95% confidence interval, 1.6-11.8). Overall, 49% of the cohort had an indication for PrEP using CDC guidelines; 72% using HIRI-MSM, and 86% using Gilead recommendations. HIV seroconverters (n = 33) were identified as PrEP eligible prior to seroconversion with sensitivities/AUCs for CDC (52%/0.51), HIRI-MSM (85%/0.57), and Gilead guidelines (94%/0.54). Conclusion Low sensitivity of CDC guidelines and limited AUC of HIRI-MSM and Gilead screening tools are of concern for PrEP implementation among most at risk populations such as YBMSM. Consideration of demographics, local epidemiology, and network factors may better guide identification of clients who could benefit most from PrEP.
The Physics of Electromagnetic Cascade

When an electron with an energy of the order of one GeV or more is introduced in matter, it radiates photons of comparable energy. These photons produce negatron-positron pairs which radiate in their turn. Eventually, the energy of the original electron is divided in a “shower” or “cascade” (Fig. 1). When finally electrons are created, set in motion or have lost enough energy so that further energy losses will take place primarily through collision mechanisms rather than through radiation, they no longer contribute to the shower and the shower stops.
The effect of 1-methoxypropylpropylnitrosamine in Syrian golden hamsters.

The carcinogenicity of the α-dipropylnitrosamine (DPN) methylether, 1-methoxypropylpropylnitrosamine (1-MPPN), was investigated in Syrian hamsters for comparison with the effect of the α-DPN acetylester, 1-acetoxypropylpropylnitrosamine (1-APPN). It seemed possible that 1-MPPN, 1-APPN and DPN could form a common intermediate. However, contrary to the effect of 1-APPN, no tumors were found at the injection site after subcutaneous 1-MPPN treatment. The main target organ for 1-MPPN was the respiratory tract (as with DPN) and the lungs were greatly affected. In addition, pharyngeal and forestomach tumors occurred, and these were not observed after DPN administration. The results of 1-MPPN treatment, relative to DPN and 1-APPN, are discussed.
Dichloroacetate induces different rates of cell death in cancer and noncancer cell lines in vitro.

Aims and background The pyruvate mimetic dichloroacetate (DCA) has been shown to induce cell death in cancer cells. A number of studies in vitro and in vivo have suggested this molecule may serve as an anticancer agent, but some cells are resistant. Here we wanted to examine the effects of DCA on cancerous and noncancerous cells grown in culture for a prolonged period of exposure and at increasing concentrations. Methods Six cancer cell lines (A549, SK-HEP-1, HCT116, UPCI:SCC070, HeLa and MES-SA) and three noncancerous lines (RPE, GM03349B and HEK293) were exposed to 0.5 mM DCA for seven days and cell counts were taken every day to determine viability and cell cycle progression. The same cell lines were also exposed to higher doses of DCA up to 10 mM and viability was scored. Results Five cancer cell lines showed high levels of cell death early in the trial, but three of the lines showed a second delayed increase in cell death at later stages. HCT116 cells were unaffected by 0.5 mM DCA. GM03349B and RPE cells also died when treated with DCA. At high concentrations, all cell lines exhibited high rates of death. No specific cell cycle arrest of the cells was observed. Conclusion We found that there is considerable difference in the way cancer cells are affected by DCA. Some have populations that are highly resistant to treatment, while others have stronger rates of death only after prolonged exposure. We also found noncancerous cells are not all resistant to DCA, a significant finding that has not previously been observed in other in vitro DCA trials.
On the direct observation of the gas-dynamics of laser-pulse sputtering of polymers

We bring together a wide range of ideas relating to the gas-dynamic effects that are now recognized to play a leading role in laser-pulse sputtering. The ideas are grouped according to three basic models. (a) In the “effusion” model one deals with particles which are released from a target surface, form a Knudsen layer (KL), and then enter an unsteady adiabatic expansion (UAE). When the release terminates at time t=τr there is an abrupt change at the surface from positive to zero flow velocity, which means that particles moving towards the surface are reflected. The flow breaks up into three regions and analytical solutions exist for all aspects of this flow. (b) In the “recondensation” model the comportment of the target is initially like that of the effusion model but when the release terminates at t=τr the change at the surface is from positive to negative flow velocity, meaning that particles which move towards the surface recondense. Only numerical solutions presently exist (due to Sibold and Urbassek) but they are sufficient to show that the flow breaks up into two (not three) regions. (c) The “outflow” model could be described as the escape of gas from a finite reservoir, a well-known problem since it describes some aspects of guns. In its application to laser sputtering it is assumed that bond-breakage occurs rapidly over a characteristic depth and the resulting gas-like particles then flow out in a UAE; there is no formal KL.
Predictors of competitive success of national-level powerlifters: a multilevel analysis

Powerlifting is a sport consisting of the squat, bench press, and deadlift. The overall winner is determined using the Wilks formula to make comparisons across weight classes. To date, literature e...
Exploring Movement and Direction in Social Sciences

Instead of describing the fields of anthropology, economics, management, political science, economics, psychology, or sociology, this chapter explores movement and direction in the study of human well-being, sense-making, and decision-making which are areas of study traversing the social sciences. It features fresh perspectives gleaned from leading edge human brain research as well as current applications of long-standing explanations of what moves people.
Cathodic protection to minimize corrosive wear in ball mills

Cathodic protection using impressed current was employed to reduce mill wall wear during ball milling. Wear rates were determined from weight-loss measurements made on four 1-in.-diam mild steel coupons that were installed flush with the interior surface of the mill wall. Grinding tests were conducted on quartz, pyrite and quartz-pyrite mixtures at pH levels of 4.6, 7.1 and 9.2. Cathodic protection was shown to reduce mill wear by 30% to 60%. An examination of the coupon surfaces using scanning electron microscopy showed that cathodic protection greatly reduced pitting corrosion. The presence of a sulfide mineral, such as pyrite, was found to increase the wear rate significantly, possibly due to galvanic interactions. It was also found that the wear rate is significantly higher than the sum of abrasive wear and the corrosive wear, due to a synergistic effect.
Modeling and Control of Inverter-Interfaced Wind Farms

Modeling and control of Type 3 and Type 4 wind turbines are introduced in this chapter. Both of these wind energy conversion systems are known as variable-speed wind turbines. The Type 3 version, also known as the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based technology, consists of a wind turbine, induction generator, and two partially rated back-to-back voltage source converters (VSCs). The modeling of turbine and induction generator are first presented. The tie-reactances of the VSCs are also integrated in the model. This is followed by the description of converter controls. Both grid-connected mode and isolated mode of controls are elaborated. Finally, the modeling and control of a Type 4 wind turbine based on permanent magnet synchronous generator and full-converter system are discussed.
COMPUTER ETHICS: A PRIMER

Computers have become an integral part of all aspects of the society. The use and misuse of computers have increased dramatically. Computer ethics has emerged with the birth of computers. It is essentially a new discipline that addresses ethical issues in the use and management of computer technology. It simply consists of a set of moral principles that regulate the use of computers. It is part of the legal framework of our society. This paper provides a brief introduction to computer ethics
Indocyanine Green Use During Pediatric Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Abstract Purpose: To demonstrate that the use of indocyanine green fluorescent cholangiography (ICG-FC) in the pediatric patient population during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) allows identific...
Recurrent Snowmelt Pattern Synthesis Using Principal Component Analysis of Multiyear Remotely Sensed Snow Cover

Snow acts as a vital source of water especially in areas where streamflow relies on snowmelt. The spatiotemporal pattern of snow cover has tremendous value for snowmelt modeling. Instantaneous snow extent can be observed by remote sensing. Cloud cover often interferes. Many complex methods exist to resolve this but often have requirements which delay the availability of the data and prohibit its use for real‐time modeling. In this research, we propose a new method for spatially modeling snow cover throughout the melting season. The method ingests multiple years of MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer snow cover data and combines it using principal component analysis to produce a spatial melt pattern model. Development and application of this model relies on the interannual recurrence of the seasonal melting pattern. This recurrence has long been accepted as fact but to our knowledge has not been utilized in remote sensing of snow. We develop and test the model in a large watershed in Wyoming using 17 years of remotely sensed snow cover images. When applied to images from 2 years that were not used in its development, the model represents snow‐covered area with accuracy of 84.9–97.5% at varied snow‐covered areas. The model also effectively removes cloud cover if any portion of the interface between land and snow is visible in a cloudy image. This new principal component analysis method for modeling the interannually recurring spatial melt pattern exclusively from remotely sensed images possesses its own intrinsic merit, in addition to those associated with its applications.
Research Applications for the Geostationary Lightning Mapper Operational Lightning Flash Data Product

The Lightning Cluster Filter Algorithm in the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) ground system identifies lightning flashes from the stream of event detections. It excels at clustering simple flashes but experiences anomalies with complex flashes that last longer than 3 s or contain more than 100 groups, leading to flashes being artificially split. We develop a technique that corrects these anomalies and apply it to the 2018 GLM data to document all lightning across the Americas. We produce statistics describing the characteristics and frequencies of reclustered GLM flashes and thunderstorm area features. The average GLM Americas flash rate in 2018 was 11.7 flashes per second with the greatest flash rate densities occurring over Lake Maracaibo (157 flashes per km2/year). Lloro, Choco, Colombia had the most thunderstorm activity with 256 thunder days. The longest GLM flash spanned 673 km, the largest flash covered 114,997 km2, and the longest-lasting flash had a 13.496-s duration. The first case occurred over Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, while the other two cases occurred in the central United States. All three extreme flashes are located in the stratiform regions of Mesoscale Convective Systems. The highest flash rate for a thunderstorm area feature was 17.6 flashes per second, while the largest thunderstorm was 216,865 km2 in size. Both storms occurred in South America. These initial results demonstrate the value that the development of a reprocessed GLM science product would offer and how such a product might be created at a reduced computational cost.
A myosin-based mechanism for stretch activation and its possible role revealed by varying phosphate concentration in fast and slow mouse skeletal muscle fibers

Stretch activation (SA) is a delayed increase in force following a rapid muscle length increase. SA is best known for its role in asynchronous insect flight muscle, where it has replaced calcium’s ...