cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inferior olive and oculomotor system

Three subnuclei within the inferior olive are implicated in the control of eye movement; the dorsal cap (DC), the beta-nucleus and the dorsomedial cell column (DMCC). Each of these subnuclei can be further divided into clusters of cells that encode specific parameters of optokinetic and vestibular stimulation. DC neurons respond to optokinetic stimulation in one of three planes, corresponding to the anatomical planes of the semicircular canals. Neurons in the beta-nucleus and DMCC respond to vestibular stimulation in the planes of the vertical semicircular canals and otoliths. Each these olivary nuclei receives excitatory and inhibitory signals from pre-olivary structures. The DC receives excitatory signals from the ipsilateral nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) and inhibitory signals from the contralateral nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH). The beta-nucleus and DMCC receive inhibitory signals from the ipsilateral nucleus parasolitarius (Psol) and excitatory signals from the contralateral dorsal Y group. Consequently, the olivary projection to the cerebellum, although totally crossed, still represents bilateral sensory stimulation. Inputs to the inferior olive from the NOT, NPH, Psol or Y-group discharge at frequencies of 10-100 imp/s. CFRs discharge at 1-5 imp/s; a frequency reduction of an order of magnitude. Inferior olivary projections to the contralateral cerebellum are sagittally arrayed onto multiple cerebellar folia. These arrays establish coordinate systems in the flocculus and nodulus, representing head-body movement. These climbing fiber-defined spatial coordinate systems align Purkinje cell discharge onto subjacent cerebellar and vestibular nuclei. In the oculomotor system, olivo-cerebellar circuitry enhances and modifies eye movements based on movement of the head-body in space.
A Framework for Circular Drawings of Networks

Drawings of graphs which show the inherent strengths and weaknesses of structures with clustered views would be advantageous additions to many network design tools. In this paper we present a framework for producing circular drawings of networks represented by non-biconnected graphs. Furthermore, the drawings produced by these techniques clearly show the biconnectivity structure of the given networks. We also include results of an extensive experimental study which shows our approach to significantly outperform the current state of the art.
An evaluation of adult clasping strength for restraining lap-held infants.

Quasi-static and dynamic pull tests were conducted to measure the maximum forces that adults can voluntarily exert in holding a 7.9 kg infant dummy (age 6 months) in their laps. The results indicat...
Criteria for preparing, evaluating, and standardizing iodinated globulins for radioimmunoassay procedures.

Procedures were examined for labeling immune globulins with radioactive iodine using chloramine-T as the oxidizing agent. The chloramine-T method was critically evaluated to establish the optimal conditions for preparing iodinated globulins with high specific radioactivities without impairing their immunospecificities for use in in vitro radioimmunoassays. The results showed that the use of 100 μg of chloramine-T per ml, 500 to 1,000 μCi of Na 125I per mg of protein, and a 10-min oxidation reaction time produced globulins of both high specific radioactivities and immunospecificities. Criteria were established for evaluating and determining optimal concentrations of iodine-labeled globulin for use in radioimmunoassays. The results of this investigation indicated that the amount of labeled indicator globulin used in radioimmunoassays should be based upon protein concentration rather than radioactivity.
Women's suffrage and the growth of the welfare state

In this paper we test the hypothesis that extensions of the voting franchise to include lower income people lead to growth in government, especially growth in redistribution expenditures. The empirical analysis takes advantage of the natural experiment provided by Switzerland's extension of the franchise to women in 1971. Women's suffrage represents an institutional change with potentially significant implications for the positioning of the decisive voter. For various reasons, the decisive voter is more likely to favor increases in governmental social welfare spending following the enfranchisement of women. Evidence indicates that this extension of voting rights increased Swiss social welfare spending by 28% and increased the overall size of the Swiss government.
Spontaneous breakdown of gauge symmetries sans scalar mesons

The question of whether the masses of fermions and vector mesons can be generated by the spontaneous breakdown of gauge symmetries in field theories without scalar mesons is discussed. Working with the models proposed by Cornwall-Norton and Jackiw-Johnson, we are able to demonstrate that the dynamical generation of masses is a viable possibility in such theories. We calculate the vector-mesonfermion mass ratio by using nonperturbative and nonasymptotic solutions to the Dyson-Schwinger equations, in terms of the coupling constants of the field theories. Our results are true modulo renormalization and complications stemming from the axial vector anomaly.
Post-transplant persistent lymphopenia is a strong predictor of late survival in isolated intestine and multivisceral transplantation

Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) has been identified as a prognostic factor in liver transplantation. We hypothesized that a lower ALC may be linked to poor outcomes in isolated intestinal/multivisceral transplantation (IIT/MVT). The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic impact of ALC in IIT/MVT. A total 141 IIT/MVT patients were eligible for the study. Post-transplant ALCs (at 3, 6, and 12 months) were evaluated, and prognostic impact of trend of ALC during the first year was investigated. Of these 141 patients, 108 patients survived in the first year (1-year survivors). One-year survivors were categorized according to post-transplant ALC at each time point. When ALC was decreased throughout the first year (post-transplant persistent lymphopenia: <500/μl at 3, 6, and 12 months), patient survival (P < 0.001, hazard ratio = 5.09) and graft survival (P < 0.001, hazard ratio = 5.15) after the first year was significantly worse, and this remained to be an independent risk factor. Negative impact of persistent lymphopenia on patient and graft survival was significant regardless of type of intestinal graft. Infection leading to mortality occurred more frequently in the persistent lymphopenia group (43% vs. 24%). Trend of post-transplant ALC may be a strong predictive marker for long-term outcome in 1-year survivors after IIT/MVT.
Lung reduction surgery in chronic obstructive lung disease

In the 1960s the promise of the Brantigan lung reduction surgery was shattered when it was shown that the improvement in airway conductance drifted back towards the preoperative value over a period of 12 to 18 months. Since then there has been a marked improvement in our understanding of emphysema, its pathology, and techniques for obtaining images of the lung. In addition, reliable automated cardiopulmonary and physiologic testing, advances in critical care medicine, and new pharmacologic agents have improved patient care. Surgical techniques now allow better control of air leaks and access to anatomic regions not previously accessible. The combination of all of the above makes lung reduction surgery worth re-examining as a palliative procedure for severely symptomatic patients. Clearly, it is not a panacea but can in some cases produce dramatic improvements in symptomatology and quality of life. This article presents the available data describing potential mechanisms of improvement and clinical outcomes following lung reduction surgery. It also outlines areas that need further work, such as patient selection and surgical techniques.
Brackets to the eigenvalues of the Schrödinger equation, part 1. Tridiagonal matrices

The problem of upper and lower bounds to the first few eigenvalues of a very large or infinite tridiagonal matrix H is studied. Those eigenvalues of a comparison-matrix Mn which are lower than a characteristic limit, together with the corresponding eigenvalues of the variational matrix Hn are shown to bracket exact eigenvalues of H. Mn differs from Hn only in the last off-diagonal element and is easily obtained from H. Sufficient conditions for lower bounds are based on a low estimate of the characteristic limit. For increasing dimensions n, the lower bounds approach the exact eigenvalues from below. As a numerical illustration, brackets to the known eigenvalues of the harmonic oscillator with a linear perturbation are calculated.
Multiple specializations in the peripheral auditory system of the CF-FM bat,Pteronotus parnellii

Cochlear microphonic (CM) and evoked neural potentials (N1) were recorded from the cochlear aqueduct of awakePteronotus parnellii. The CM audiograms obtained with continuous sounds had more or less uniform thresholds except for a sharp threshold notch at about 60 kHz (Fig. 1). When brief tone bursts were presented, the envelopes of the CM responses were always similar to the envelopes of the applied signals except when tone bursts having frequencies at or close to the frequency of the tuned sensitivity notch were presented (i.e., 59–63 kHz). The CM rise-decay times for frequencies around 60kHz were much longer than those of the presented signals (Fig. 2). The prolonged decay times are thought to be due to the ringing of the basilar membrane resulting from a mechanical resonance in the cochlea. The evoked neural potential audiograms (N1-on and N1-off responses) differed considerably from the CM audiogram. Of particular importance is the N1-off audiogram which exhibited very sharp tuning in four frequency regions: 31–33 kHz, 60–63 kHz, 71–73 kHz, and 91–92 kHz (Fig. 5). The frequencies evoking the lowest thresholds of the CM and N1-off (in the 60 kHz region) were either identical or differed by only 100–400 Hz. The sharp tuning in the 60 kHz region of both the CM and N1 audiograms could be eliminated by presenting 90–100 dB continuous sounds for one min but only if the signal frequency was equal to the tuned frequency of the CM audiogram (Figs. 8–13). Presenting intense sounds having frequencies above or below the tuned 60kHz region had no effect on the audiogram. The overstimulation procedure had remarkably specific effects on the CM and N1-off audiograms causing the greatest threshold increases at the 60 kHz tuned frequency and progressively smaller threshold changes on the slopes of the tuned notch. Assuming that the sharp changes of the N1-off thresholds reflect some important underlying mechanism, the N1-off audiograms demonstrate multiple specializations in the peripheral auditory system ofPteronotus with the bat possessing at least three and possibly four sharply tuned regions. With regard to mechanism, the tuned notch in the CM audiogram, the curious CM rise-decay times evoked by tone bursts, and the ease with which the 60 kHz sensitivity notch can be eliminated all argue strongly in favor of a mechanical resonance in the cochlea which is responsible for the sharp tuning around 60 kHz. On the other hand, the absence of tuned notches in the 30 kHz and 90 kHz regions of the CM audiogram together with the absence of any discernable ringing of the CM potentials evoked by 30 kHz and 90 kHz tone bursts both argue against a resonance mechanism for the tuning at these harmonically related frequency regions. Finally, the fact that overstimulating the 60 kHz region had no discernable effect on the N1-off tuning at 30 kHz and 90 kHz demonstrates that the mechanism responsible for the tuned regions at 30 kHz and 90 kHz are independent of the resonance feature of the cochlea at 60 kHz.
Platelet-activating factor-induced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate generation in undifferentiated and differentiated U937 cells : Role of tyrosine kinase

We compared the effect of platelet-activating factor (PAF) on inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) content in undifferentiated and differentiated U937 cells. In both cell types, PAF induced a rapid transient and concentration-dependent elevation of IP3 content. The production of IP3 in response to PAF was greater in differentiated than in undifferentiated cells. The increases in IP3 produced by PAF in both types of cell were inhibited by the PAF receptor antagonist, WEB 2086, as well as by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein. PAF also caused increased tyrosine phosphorylation of a 32 kDa protein substrate in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells. The magnitude of the phosphorylation was, however, greater in the differentiated cells. Genistein reduced the PAF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the substrate in both cell preparations. The specific binding of [3H]PAF was also markedly enhanced in differentiated cells. This effect was attenuated by genistein. The results indicate that PAF induces the production of IP3 in U937 cells via tyrosine kinase-mediated mechanisms and this process is augmented in differentiated cells.
Long-Term Treatment Evaluation of Children with Lactose Intolerance 568

Lactose intolerance (LI), a consequence of decreased or absent intestinalβ-galactosidase activity is common in the pediatric population. Treatment generally includes dietary lactose restriction, use of exogenous lactase or a combination of the two. To evaluate the effectiveness of these therapies we interviewed 100 patients (58 male, 42 female, aged 4-19 y, mean=11.0 y) 6-36 months after diagnosed as being LI by a positive hydrogen breath test, using a standardized questionnaire. The interview included questions about initial symptoms, present diet, use of exogenous lactase and present symptoms. Participants also graded their symptom severity. Of the 100 subjects interviewed, 60% were on a lactose-free diet, 67% used lactase tablets, and 42% used both. Data analysis showed a significant (p<0.01) reduction in the frequency of abdominal pain, diarrhea, gassiness, bloating and abdominal distention, whether they were on a lactose-restricted diet or taking lactase tablets. Diet restriction alone resulted in a significant decrease in the reported symptoms of abdominal pain by 50%, diarrhea by 83%, bloating by 66%, gassiness by 60%, and abdominal distension by 66%. Lactase tablets alone resulted in a significant decrease in abdominal pain by 47%, diarrhea by 60%, bloating by 41%, gassiness by 44% and abdominal distension by 66%. However, children who were both lactose-restricted and used lactase tablets had an even greater decrease of symptom occurrence (p<0.001) when compared to either alone. The results describing severity of symptoms were similar, showing a significant (p<0.01) reduction of abdominal pain, diarrhea and gassiness employing either therapy alone. Combining therapies resulted in a more significant (p<0.001) reduction of symptom severity than either alone. Use of single or combined therapies however, had no effect on the occurrence or severity of bloating and abdominal distention. Conclusions: A large percentage of pediatric patients continue to utilize treatment for their lactose intolerance up to 3 years following diagnosis. Treatment of lactose intolerance by either dietary restriction or use of exogenous lactase causes a significant reduction of symptoms and symptom severity, and the efficacy of these modalities increases significantly when these two modalities are combined.
Application of the concept of simple structure to Alexander's data.

A battery of 20 tests originally analyzed by Alexander (1) was reworked according to the principle of simple structure. His results were sustained in general. Both analyses yielded five factors in the first-order domain. Of these, three factors in the re-analysis (v,X andF) have almost exactly the same loadings as the corresponding factors in the original work, and were interpreted in the same way. The loading pattern of a fourth factor,Z, left uninterpreted in the original study, happened to be more clear in the re-analysis, and an interpretation was attempted. It appears to be a factor of perceptual synthesis, and seems to play an important role in intellectual processes. A fifth factor, not present in Alexander's results, appeared in the new analysis: the reasoning factor, involved in inductive and deductive thinking. All four cognitive factors are related to a general factor that can be thought of as representing abstraction and education of relations and correlates, these processes being, therefore, the essential feature underlying intellectual behavior, at least in that sector surveyed by the tests of the present battery.
A slice theorem for the space of solutions of Einstein's equations

A slice for the action of a group G on a manifold X at a point x e X is, roughly speaking, a submanifold Sx which is transverse to the orbits of G near x. Ebin and Palais proved the existence of a slice for the diffeomorphism group of a compact manifold acting on the space of all Riemannian metrics. We prove a slice theorem for the group D of diffeomorphisms of spacetime acting on the space E of spatially compact, globally hyperbolic solutions of Einstein's equations. New difficulties beyond those encountered by Ebin and Palais arise because of the Lorentz signature of the spacetime metrics in E and because E is not a smooth manifold- it is known to have conical singularities at each spacetime metric with symmetries. These difficulties are overcome through the use of the dynamic formulation of general relativity as an infinite dimensional Hamiltonian system (ADM formalism) and through the use of constant mean curvature foliations of the spacetimes in E. (We devote considerable space to a review and extension of some special properties of constant mean curvature surfaces and foliations that we need.) The conical singularity structure of E, the sympletic aspects of the ADM formalism, and the uniqueness of constant mean curvature foliations play key roles in the proof of the slice theorem for the action of D on E. As a consequence of this slice theorem, we find that the space D = E / D of gravitational degrees of freedom is a stratified manifold with each stratum being a sympletic manifold. The spaces for homogeneous cosmologies of particular Bianchi types give rise to special finite dimensional symplectic strata in this space G . Our results should extend to such coupled field theories as the Einstein-Yang-Mills equations, since the Yang-Mills system in a given background spacetime admits a slice theorem for the action of the gauge transformation group on the space of Yang-Mills solutions, since there is a satisfactory Hamiltonian treatment of the Einstein-Yang-Mills system, and since the singularity structure of the solution set is known
Hindered transport through micropores with adsorbed polyelectrolytes

Abstract Pressure-driven flow of water and diffusion of macromolecules were studied with track-etched mica membranes to which a charged polymer, poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS), was adsorbed. The macromolecules were dextrans of different molecular weights. The hydrodynamic experiments exhibited shear-thinning behavior; the equivalent hydrodynamic thickness of the polymer layer decreased with increasing flow rate of solvent (water plus electrolyte) through the pores. The polymer effect on molecular diffusion depended on the size of the diffusing macromolecule, with larger molecules experiencing a greater hindrance. The equivalent hydrodynamic thickness of the adsorbed polymer layer was greater than the diffusional thickness for all but the largest dextrans (molecular weight = 70,000). Both the hydrodynamic and diffusional thicknesses increased when the electrolyte (KCl) concentration was lowered, a result consistent with the notion that the adsorbed polymer layer expands at lower electrolyte concentrations due to less screening of the repulsion between charged segments of the polymer chain. The effects of electrolyte concentration were reversible unless the concentration was increased above a factor of two times the value at which the polymer adsorbed, in which case the original hydrodynamic thickness was not recovered when the electrolyte concentration was reduced.
The five W's of bullying on Twitter

Machine learning is used to describe how bullying is represented on social media.More than 9million posts referred to bullying episodes on Twitter over two years.Using social media data allows for an examination of all bullying role-players.Investigating real-time posts provides timely, dynamic data about bullying. This paper explores the utility of machine learning methods for understanding bullying, a significant social-psychological issue in the United States, through social media data. Machine learning methods were applied to all public mentions of bullying on Twitter between September 1, 2011 and August 31, 2013 to extract the posts that referred to discrete bullying episodes (N=9,764,583) to address five key questions. Most posts were authored by victims and reporters and referred to general forms of bullying. Posts frequently reflected self-disclosure about personal involvement in bullying. The number of posts that originated from a state was positively associated with the state population size; the timing of the posts reveal that more posts were made on weekdays than on Saturdays and more posts were made during the evening compared to daytime hours. Potential benefits of merging social science and computer science methods to enhance the study of bullying are discussed.
Interspecific Killing of a Branta bernicla (Brant) by a Male Branta canadensis (Canada Goose)

Abstract Interspecific killing dissociated from predation is rare in birds. An instance of this behavior episode in which a male Branta canadensis (Canada Goose) killed a Branta bernicla (Brant) was observed and photographed on Long Island, NY in April 2011. The Canada Goose exhibited aggressive nest-defense behavior that is well known for this species, and we suspect that this aggression combined with the Brant's inability to defend itself due to its smaller size led to this unusual result. The male Canada Goose maintained its attack until the Brant died.
Evapotranspiration over a camelina crop at Maricopa, Arizona ☆

Abstract Evapotranspiration (ET) over an oilseed crop, Camelina sativa , was evaluated for an experimental plot in Maricopa, Arizona between December 2006 and April 2007. Camelina (cv. Robinson) was grown in a 1.3-ha field in a randomized design containing 32 plots replicated for four levels of water depletion: 40, 55, 65, and 75%. Six supplemental plots evaluated water stress with 85% soil water depletion. A surface energy balance model, utilizing meteorological and radiometric observations within the plots, was implemented to estimate latent heat fluxes from the camelina canopy at 15-min intervals during most of the growing season. The latent heat fluxes were then summed to produce daily estimates of ET. A distinct aspect of the model was the incorporation of canopy thermal infrared observations at 15 different locations, which allow plant water stress detection. The resulting ET values were compared with independent observations of soil water depletion, obtained from soil neutron probe profiles. Agreement on a plot-by-plot basis between modeled and observed ET values was very good, where root mean squared errors (RMSE) were usually less than 0.8 mm d −1 , R 2 > 0.78 , and bias 0.76 mm d −1 . Average yield for the camelina crop was 1000 ± 310 kg ha −1 . Average total oil content was 41.4 ± 3.8 % by weight. Oil content was predicted by yield with fair accuracy where R 2 was 0.425 and RMSE was 2.36%. Correlation between resultant camelina yield and total ET was weak; the four main water depletion treatment plots showed no dependence of yield upon cumulative ET. The secondary water stress treatment plots, however, did show dependence, where a 20% reduction in cumulative ET resulted in a corresponding 24% reduction in yield. Hence seasonal camelina water minimally required 333–423 mm. The ET results showed that the surface energy balance is a feasible and valuable technique for monitoring crop water requirement over this potential oil seed crop. Further work is needed to characterize the relation between camelina yield and ET, including tests of different varieties and levels of fertilization.
Fracture toughness of heat-pressed and layered ceramics.

Statement of problem Veneering ceramic materials designed to be used with high noble alloy and zirconia-based restorations have been reported to be susceptible to chipping in vivo . Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture toughness of heat-pressed and layered ceramics intended for zirconia and high-noble alloy substrates. Material and methods Bar specimens were fabricated from 8 different ceramics (Ivoclar-Vivadent [I] and Noritake [N]) intended for pressing (P) and layering (L) to high noble alloy (M) and zirconia (Z) substrates, following the ISO 6872 protocol. The single edge notch beam test method was used to create a notch in the center of each specimen, which was then tested with a universal testing machine (n=6, cross-head speed=0.5 mm/min) and the fracture force values recorded. These values were used to calculate the fracture toughness (K 1c ) for each specimen. Fracture surfaces were examined with a scanning electron microscope, and the basic components of the tested ceramics were determined by using energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Data were analyzed with 3-way ANOVA, followed by multiple comparisons using the Holm method (α=.05). Results The mean (SD) of the calculated fracture toughness values obtained ranged from 1.20 (0.04) MPa·m 1/2 (group NZL) to 1.74 (0.04) MPa·m 1/2 (group IZL). Fracture toughness was significantly higher in group IZL (1.74) than group IZP (1.41), but lower in group NZL (1.20) than group NZP (1.36) ( P P =.018), and no significant difference was found between group NML and group NMP ( P =.14). Veneering ceramics used with a metal substrate showed a crystalline structure mixed with a glassy phase pattern on the fracture surface. The results of EDX analysis on the fracture surfaces indicated that the tested ceramics were composed of Si, Al, K, Na, Mg, and oxygen elements. Conclusions Ceramics used for veneering zirconia substrate may have various fracture toughness values that relate primarily to the processing technique.
Auger and other characteristic energies in secondary electron spectra from Al surfaces

Abstract The energy spectra of secondary electrons back-scattered from clean, oxygen covered, and Cu covered Al surfaces have been determined. The data support the previous suggestion that Auger electrons can experience both characteristic energy loss and absorption phenomena. From the experimental results it was not possible to determine whether densities of states of electrons in the valence band affected the Al L2,3 VV Auger spectrum. This portion of the spectrum was greatly changed by oxygen absorption on the Al surface, but little affected by less than a monolayer of Cu. Conversely, characteristic loss spectra were less sensitive to oxygen on the surface, but were highly sensitive to the presence of copper at even less than monolayer coverage. A correlation between characteristic loss and “true” secondary spectra from clean surfaces was established and possible reasons for the correlation are discussed.
A Medical Strategy to Reduce Persistent Chest Tube Drainage After the Fontan Operation

A standardized medical regimen aimed at reducing pleural effusions after the Fontan operation was compared with a randomly selected retrospective cohort. The duration of chest tube drainage, hospital stay, and the need for pleural sclerosis were significantly reduced, indicating that postoperative management plays an important role in reducing this morbidity.
Billing for psychiatric evaluations: options for coding and reimbursement

The complexity of the current practice environment challenges clinicians to master complicated billing and coding regulations. Failure to properly bill and code can result in reduced potential revenue for services providers and, if improperly done, could lead to paybacks or penalties for the clinician. The purpose of this article is to assist psychiatrists in choosing the optimal coding for new evaluations and to understand the documentation requirements. Comparisons are provided between the "psychiatry codes" and the "evaluation and management" series. Details of required history, examination, and medical decision-making are listed in order to provide the tailed knowledge necessary to appropriately utilize some higher paying evaluation and management coding options for psychiatric evaluations.
Oral Condyloma Acuminatum

Fifty-one cases of oral condyloma acuminatum are reported, bringing the total number in the English medical/dental literature to approximately 156 cases. Ninety-five percent of the 59 new cases were in males. Eight-one percent occurred in the age range of 21-40 years. The most common locations were upper lip, lingual frenum, dorsum of the tongue, and lower lip. Thirty-four percent presented with multiple lesions.
Multi-source IPTV networks: Zap time and bandwidth optimization

Broadcast television viewing over the Internet (IPTV) is becoming commonplace. Multicasting trees serve as an efficient mechanism to deliver streaming data as each internal node duplicates the packets it receives and sends it along to its children which eventually delivers them to the clients. Given a set of multicasting trees whose roots are servers capable of broadcasting a set of distinct channels, and a set of clients (which are not part of the multicasting trees) each with a set of requested channels, our goal is to determine for each client for each of its channel request, a node (contact node) in the appropriate multicast tree (that serves the channel). The contact nodes are determined in such a way that certain optimization constraints are taken into consideration and satisfied. We have provided Integer Programming (IP) models and heuristics to find these contact nodes in order to optimize constraints on zap time and bandwidth utilization. The proposed IP model is novel and the polynomial-time heuristic provide a fairly good solution in a short amount of time.
The relationship between total prehospital time and outcome in hypotensive victims of penetrating injuries

Most authorities in the field of trauma recommend that seriously injured patients be transported directly to a regional trauma center, even if it requires bypassing nearby community hospitals. The purpose of our study was to examine the relationship between the survival rates of patients with presumed hemorrhagic shock due to penetrating injuries and the total prehospital time required to manage and deliver those patients to a single regional trauma center in a large urban area. During a 30-month-period, 498 consecutive victims of penetrating injury, presenting in the field with a systolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or less and transported to a single regional trauma center, were prospectively evaluated in terms of age; initial prehospital trauma score; injury severity score (ISS); TRISS probability of survival; response, scene, transport, and total prehospital times; and survival (discharge from hospital). All patients were managed and transported by a single urban paramedic service that has a fairly uniform response time (5.3 ± 3 min) throughout its entire service area. The response area is spread out over an approximately 1,000 square-mile region, and transport times to the regional trauma center can exceed a half hour. The total prehospital time (TPT) was calculated as the time elapsed from the receipt of the emergency call to the time of arrival at the regional trauma center. Patients arbitrarily were categorized into four subsets according to the initial prehospital trauma score (1, 2 to 6, 7 to 11, 12 to 15). Patients also were analyzed in terms of four incremental groups of increasing TPT (0-20, 21-30, 31-40, > 40 min). All but two of the 498 patients were delivered to the regional trauma center within one hour after receipt of the emergency call. While mortality correlated, as expected, with a lower TS, the outcome was not adversely affected by increased prehospital times in any of the TS subsets. The results indicate that, even in a geographically large urban EMS system, the time factor involved in managing and transporting hypotensive penetrating injury victims directly to a regional trauma center does not appear to be related to an adverse outcome, at least during the first hour after injury.
Latent inhibition of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response as a function of CS intensity

A series (450) of preexposures to a tone CS retarded subsequent conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response (NMR). Retardation relative to nonpreexposed controls was observed with strong (95 dB) as well as weak (75 dB) tones. A subsequent experiment involving summation tests in which the tone was compounded with an excitatory (light) CS as a function of tone intensity suggested that preexposure resulted in a loss of salience rather than active inhibition.
Patterns of Teachers' Whole-Class Perceptions and Predictive Relationships between Teachers' and Parents' Perceptions of Individual Child Competence.

Abstract The stratification or dispersion of first grade teachers’ perceptions of children’s competence was evaluated as a moderator of the predictive relationship between teachers’ and parents’ perceptions of individual children’s competence. Classroom stratification of teachers’ perceptions about child intelligence and about child social difficulties was measured by the dispersion of teacher’s ratings of individual children in their class (Nclassrooms=60; Nchildren=1240). The stratification of teachers’ perceptions was found to be stable across the year. Greater stratification predicted teachers’ perceptions of less child competence and also predicted less change in teachers’ perceptions of individual children over the school year. There was no evidence that teachers who tended to see more stratification among child intelligence were more accurate in their perceptions. In linking teachers’ perceptions to parents’ perceptions, fathers’ perceptions of children’s social difficulties became more congruent with teachers’ perceptions across first grade if children were in high- but not low-stratified classrooms. Implications of this parent- and domain-specific relationship are discussed.
Supracondylar femoral fracture above a PFC posterior cruciate-substituting total knee arthroplasty treated with supracondylar nailing: A unique technical problem

Supracondylar fracture above a total knee arthroplasty with a posterior cruciate-substituting design presents a challenging problem to the orthopaedic surgeon. The standard treatment using a intramedullary rod is made difficult by the design of the PFC cruciate-substituting total knee arthroplasty (Johnson & Johnson Orthopaedics, Raynham, MA), which prevents entry of a standard supracondylar nail to the medullary canal of the femur. A technique for using an interlocking intramedullary rod to treat a supracondylar fracture above a posterior cruciate-substituting total knee arthroplasty is described. A case is presented illustrating this technique.
Cobordism groups of immersions

THE general problem of describing the category of differential manifolds and maps is extremely complicated. Thorn has introduced the technique of cobordism to simplify this problem in v ,,nh t!,,a CIIV-O \uq,, th-t ‘. ’ . <,r1.-, ‘1v just as the cobordism groups of embeddings turn out to be the homotopy groups of the Thorn spaces of the classifying vector bundles, the cobordism groups of immersions turn out to be the reduced stable homotopy groups of those spaces. This identification is made by relying heavily on Hirsch’s theorems describing immersions. Let R be the real numbers, e,, e,, e3, . . the standard basis vectors of R* and nj : R” + R the jth co-ordinate projection. Also, G,, is the r-planes through 0 in R”” and t,, the canonical r-plane bundle over G,.,. Leaving details aside for the moment, we will say roughly that the sum of two immersions f and g of closed k-manifolds M and N respectively isfu g if M n N = @ and undefined otherwise, The two immersions will be said to be cobordant if there is a manifold X such that dX is the disjoint union of M and N, and if there is an immersion F: X+ s~;+l~+~[O, 11, transverse regular along rc;+ik+ ,({O} u {l}), such that F 1 M =fand F(x) = g(x) + en+k+l if x E N. The relation of cobordism turns out to be an equivalence relation and the immersions of closed k-manifolds in Rn+k form an abelian group .Mk(n) modulo cobordism. The bigraded group C,,NJq) has a natural structure of a bigraded ring, commutative with respect to the total degree p + q. Then, THEOREM 5. C,,.Af,,(q) 0 2, is a bigradedpolynomial algebra with generators fO, fi, fi, . . . such that fi E Af, +. 4i(2). Thus there is a real difference between cobordism of immersions and the usual cobordism, since in the latter case all elements have order 2-we make no orientation assumptions here. A further difference is in the appearance of odd torsion,
Zero-branes and the symplectic hypermultiplets

We study the scalar fields of the five-dimensional N=2 hypermultiplets using the method of symplectic covariance developed in previous work. For static spherically symmetric backgrounds, we show that exactly two possibilities exist. One of them is a Bogomol'nyi-Prasad-Sommerfeld (BPS) zero-brane carrying charge under the hypermultiplets. We find an explicitly symplectic solution of the fields in this background and derive the conditions required for a full spacetime understanding.
Post-Deployment Readjustment Inventory: Reliability, Validity, and Gender Differences

This article describes the development and psychometric properties of the Post-Deployment Readjustment Inventory (PDRI). Items were derived from interviews with post-deployed troops from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF) and clinicians. A diverse sample of 215 post-deployed men (183) and women (32) completed the PDRI, General Information Form, Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), and Posttraumatic Checklist—Military version (PCL-M). The PDRI Global scale and six subscales (Career Challenges, Social Difficulties, Intimate Relationship Problems, Health Problems, Concerns About Deployment, and PTSD Symptoms) show excellent internal consistency and strong correlations with standardized measures. In addition, the PDRI detected unique patterns of readjustment for those who were exposed to various war stressors: military sexual trauma (MST), witnessing others injured/killed, and being injured. Gender differences revealed that women reported more MST and men reported more witnessing of ot...
A fuzzy-genetic approach to network intrusion detection

Computer networks have expanded significantly in use and numbers. This expansion makes them more vulnerable to attack by unwanted agents. Many current intrusion detection systems (IDS) are unable to identify unknown or mutated attack modes or are unable to operate in a dynamic environment as is necessary with mobile networks. As a result, it is necessary to find new ways to implement and operate intrusion detection systems. Genetic-based systems offer to ability to adapt to changing environments, robustness to noise and the ability to identify unknown attack methods. This paper presents a fuzzy-genetic approach to intrusion detection that is shown to increase the performance of an IDS.
The Prevalence of Asymptomatic Microscopic Hematuria in Women with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

of $789 per QALY and robotic had a CE ratio of $1,092 per QALY; the incremental CE ratio per additional QALY was $9,496. Incremental CE ratio was $17,152 per additional QALY. Sensitivity analysis on all utilities, cost estimates and complication estimates did not reach plausible thresholds. Conclusion: Uphold vaginal support systemwas more cost-effective than robotic sacrocolpopexy even when the cost of the robot itself was not factored in.
Interactive querying of temporal data using a comic strip metaphor

Finding patterns in temporal data is an important data analysis task in many domains. Static visualizations can help users easily see certain instances of patterns, but are not specially designed to support systematic analysis tasks, such as finding all instances of a pattern automatically. VizPattern is an interactive visual query environment that uses a comic strip metaphor to enable users to easily and quickly define and locate complex temporal patterns. Evaluations provide evidence that VizPattern is applicable in many domains, and that it enables a wide variety of users to answer questions about temporal data faster and with fewer errors than existing state-of-the-art visual analysis systems.
The effect of agents used in the treatment of bronchial asthma on carbohydrate metabolism and histamine sensitivity after beta-adrenergic blockade

Abstract The common ability of theophylline and epinephrine to protect asthmatic patients against inhalation challenge, to protect mice sensitized to histamine by beta-adrenergic blockade, to produce hyperglycemia, and to alter the levels of liver and muscle glycogen has prompted a comparison of these effects with and without the prior administration of corticosteroids. In intact CFW mice epinephrine was protective against histamine and caused hyperglycemia. However, in adrenalectomized CFW mice epinephrine was neither protective against histamine nor did it cause hyperglycemia except when cortisone was administered. Contrawise, in CF 1 mice even the combination of adrenalectomy and beta-adrenergic blockade with MJ-1999 (5 mg. per kilogram) fails to produce histamine sensitivity or prevent epinephrine hyperglycemia. However, liver glycogen is depleted in both strains of mice by epinephrine. In intact CFW mice under the experimental conditions employed, aminophylline induced glycogenolysis in liver but not in muscle in the presence of beta-adrenergic blockade. In fact, muscle glycogenesis increased with increasing doses of beta-adrenergic blockade in the presence of either aminophylline or epinephrine and correlated with the degree of histamine sensitivity. If another group of identically prepared mice are pretreated with hydrocortisone, there is restoration of the glycemic abnormality, increased liver glycogen, normalization of the muscle glycogen, and protection against histamine. These findings indicate that it is the increased peripheral uptake of glucose into glycogen rather than the level of glucose in the blood that more closely parallels sensitization to histamine challenge. The effect of corticosteroids in the adrenergically beta-blocked mouse reacting by themselves or enhancing the effect of theophylline or epinephrine may be interpreted in light of their effect on cyclic AMP by sensitizing the beta receptors, that is, lowering the receptor threshold to catecholamine action. It is postulated that corticosteroids work through a similar mechanism in bronchial asthma.
Sporotrichoid Lymphangitis Due to Staphylococcus aureus in a Diabetic Patient

We describe a case of sporotrichoid lymphangitis (nodular lymphangitis or lymphocutaneous syndrome) that was an unusual clinical presentation of Staphylococcus aureus infection in a diabetic patient. Common pyogenic bacteria should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sporotrichoid lymphangitis.
Symbolic probabilistic inference in belief networks

The Symbolic Probabilistic Inference (SPI) Algorithm [D'Ambrosio, 1989] provides an efficient framework for resolving general queries on a belief network. It applies the concept of dependency-directed backward search to probabilistic inference, and is incremental with respect to both queries and observations. Unlike most belief network algorithms, SPI is goal directed, performing only those calculations that are required to respond to queries. The directed graph of the underlying belief network is used to develop a tree structure for recursive query processing. This allows effective caching of intermediate results and significant opportunities for parallel computation. A simple preprocessing step ensures that, given the search tree, the algorithm will include no unnecessary distributions. The preprocessing step eliminates dimensions from the intermediate results and prunes the search path.
SOIL SELENIUM FRACTIONATION, DEPTH PROFILES AND TIME TRENDS IN A VEGETATED SITE AT KESTERSON RESERVOIR

Kesterson Reservoir, in the San Joaquin Valley of California, was used for disposal of saline, seleniferous agricultural drain waters during the years 1981 - 1986. The combined effects of infrequent drain water application, reduction and oxidation of Se, and evapotranspirative removal of soil water within the upper 1 m of the soil profiles appear to provide explanations for distribution patterns of Se in soils of upland sites. From 1987 to 1990, an approximate doubling in average soil solution Se concentrations was observed. It is shown that currently only relatively insignificant quantities of Se have been transported into the Pond 11 soils from the shallow water table. Sequential extraction of these upland soils indicated that substantial inventories of Se were associated with soluble, adsorbed, carbonate, and soil organic matter fractions, while Se retained within refractory inorganic fractions were minor. The mobilization of Se from these potentially labile pools may account for the observed increases in soil solution concentrations of Se following the draining of Kesterson Reservoir.
Clear cell sarcomas and metastatic soft tissue melanomas. A flow cytometric comparison and prognostic implications

Eleven soft tissue clear cell sarcomas (CCS) were examined flow cytometrically for their DNA content with a correlation of the DNA with the patients' survival. Diploidy was expressed in six sarcomas and it conferred a longer survival (mean, 68.6 months) than aneuploid sarcomas (mean, 8.2 months). For comparison, 13 metastases to soft tissues from cutaneous melanomas were assessed by flow cytometric study. The aneuploid neoplasms of both entities were categorized into low and high degree based on extent of the DNA index (DI). Low degree was defined by a DI of less than or equal to 1.5 and high degree by a DI of greater than 1.5. Significant differences in DNA content between CCS and metastatic melanomas were observed. Melanomas were preponderantly aneuploid (11/13) of high degree (mean DI, 1.7) whereas CCS manifested more diploidy (six of 11) and their aneuploidy was of a low degree (mean DI, 1.2; P = 0.001). Clear cell sarcomas and melanomas were also examined for their immunoreactivity to S-100 protein and HMB-45 antigen. All CCS reacted with S-100 protein and HMB-45. In CCS the reactions were diffuse for both in six tumors, diffuse with HMB-45 and moderate to S-100 protein in three tumors and diffuse with S-100 and moderate with HMB-45 in two tumors. All melanomas reacted diffusely to S-100 protein except for one heavily pigmented tumor which reacted only focally. The reaction to HMB-45 was diffuse in nine and focal in three melanomas. These data suggest that measurements of DNA content in CCS may be valuable in predicting clinical outcome and that there are quantitative differences in DNA content between CCS and metastatic melanoma in soft tissues.
Preparation and Characterization of Two New N-Heterocyclic Carbene Gold(I) Complexes and Comparison of Their Catalytic Activity to Au(IPr)Cl

Gold catalysts with N-heterocyclic carbene ligands have become an attractive tool for organic synthesis. Two new gold complexes (9, 11) are prepared and their structures are determined by X-ray structural analysis. Their catalytic activities have been studied with a new intramolecular cyclopropanation reaction starting from the propargyl esters tethered to a terminal alkene. Although no or low enantioselectivity was observed with 9 or 11, the insight gained from this study is the importance of the steric effects of the NHC ligand.