cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mutual Supplementary Effect of the Proteins of Soybean and Sesame Meals

Abstract Soybean meal, when used as the sole protein source of the diet, has been shown to be an adequate source of amino acids for the chick, except for a slight deficiency of methionine (Almquist, et al., 1942). The protein sources which contain an excess of methionine (e.g., dried milk, fish meal) are not available in adequate amounts under war conditions to meet the demand for soybean meal supplements, so a search has been made of vegetable protein concentrates which might fill this need. Sesame meal protein has been found by analysis to contain 3.4 percent methionine as compared with 1.8 to 2.0 percent for soybean meal protein (Almquist, et al., 1942). The methionine requirement for optimal growth of the chick is approximately 0.5 percent of the diet (Grau and Almquist, 1943). On this basis alone, a total dietary protein content of 20 percent could supply enough methionine if 7.1 percent . . .
Eclipse Measurements of Io's Sodium Atmosphere.

The satellites of Jupiter eclipsed each other in 1985, and these events allowed an unusual measurement of the sodium in Io's extended atmosphere. Europa was used as a mirror to look back through the Io atmosphere at the sun. The measured column abundances suggest that the atmosphere is collisionally thin above 700 km and may be collisionally thin to the surface. The sodium radial profile above 700 km resembles a 1500 K exosphere with a surface density near 20,000 sodium atoms per cubic centimeter, but a complete explanation of the dynamics requires a more complex nonthermal model: the calculated loss rates suggest that the atmosphere is being replaced on a time scale of hours.
High-performance liquid chromatography of in vitro synthesized poly(adp-ribose) on ion-exchange columns, separation of oligomers of varying chain length and estimation of apparent branching

Abstract Separated macromolecular fractions of in vitro synthesized poly(ADP-ribose) by liver nuclei were subjected to ion-exchange chromatography in a programmed high-performance liquid chromatographic elution system. The effects of ionic strength, pH and temperature on the separation of poly(ADP-ribose) chains were determined. Short chain oligomers (up to n  11) were fractionated into individual components by baseline separation. Each fraction was analyzed for chain length. Trace amounts of Ado(P)Rib(P)Rib(P) found in phosphodiesterase digests were taken as indication of apparent branching. In phosphodiesterase digests of the shorter oligomers, besides traces of the above component, two other digestion products were also observed, presumably representing oligomer termini, one terminal fragment being dominant in short oligomers. Medium and long chain oligomers were partly resolved to individual components, and especially the long oligomers exhibited marked temperature dependent elution patterns. Apparent branching increased with increasing chain length up to about 3% for n  44 and components presumably indicating termini diminished to mere traces. The adenine spectra of all fractions identified individual components.
Hamlet and the Ghost of Purgatory: Intimations of Killing the Father

Once an angry man dragged his father along the ground through his own orchard. Stop! cried the groaning old man at last, Stop! I did not drag my father beyond this tree.
Evidence for a peripheral effect of serotonin or metabolites in 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced hypothermia

Abstract The effects of l-5-hydroxytryptophan (l-5-HTP) on the body temperatures of restrained rats were studied alone and following pretreatment with the central and peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, benserazide (R04-4602), the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, carbidopa (MK-486), or the peripheral serotonergic antagonist, xylamidine tosylate. l-5-Hydroxytryptophan alone (25–200 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased body temperature in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment (1 or 4 hr) with benserazide (25–400 mg/kg) produced a dose- and time-dependent blockade of the hypothermic effects of 25 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of l-5-HTP. Pretreatment with carbidopa (12.5–50 mg/kg) or xylamidine tosylate (1 and 3mg/kg) also produced dose- and time-dependent antagonism of the hypothermic effects of 25 mg/kg of l-5-HTP. Serotonin (5-HT) creatinine sulfate (5–20 mg/kg, i.p.), produced a dose-related hypothermic effect similar to l-5-HTP. Pretreatment with xylamidine tosylate (1 and 3 mg/kg) produced a dose- and time-dependent blockade of the temperature decrease produced by 5 mg/kg of 5-HT. These results suggest that the hypothermic effect produced by systemic l-5-HTP administration in the rat is entirely the result of an effect of serotonin (or metabolites) outside the blood-brain barrier.
Life-extending control of fossil fuel power plants

The objective of life-extending control is to achieve a trade-off between structural durability and dynamic performance. This paper focuses on structural durability of the main steam header under load following to illustrate how the life-extending control of fossil fuel power plants can be achieved via feedforward/feedback. This concept is potentially applicable to both new and aging power plants under a variety of operational modes such as hot start-up, scheduled shutdown, and load following where the plant power is rapidly maneuvered to meet the varying load demand. The feedforward control policy is synthesized via nonlinear optimization of a multi-objective cost functional of dynamic performance and service life under the constraints of actuator saturation, operational limitations, and allowable structural damage, including thermomechanical fatigue and plastic deformation. A linear robust feedback control law that is superimposed on the feedforward sequence is synthesized based on induced L2-norm techniques. The results of simulation experiments are presented to demonstrate that the proposed feedforward/feedback control policy is potentially capable of ramping the plant power up at a rate of 10% of the full load per minute while maintaining the specified performance and satisfying the damage constraints.
Disruption of the 14-3-3 Binding Site within the B-Raf Kinase Domain Uncouples Catalytic Activity from PC12 Cell Differentiation

A number of Raf-associated proteins have recently been identified, including members of the 14-3-3 family of phosphoserine-binding proteins. Although both positive and negative regulatory functions have been ascribed for 14-3-3 interactions with Raf-1, the mechanisms by which 14-3-3 binding modulates Raf activity have not been fully established. We report that mutational disruption of 14-3-3 binding to the B-Raf catalytic domain inhibits B-Raf biological activity. Expression of the isolated B-Raf catalytic domain (B-Rafcat) induces PC12 cell differentiation in the absence of nerve growth factor. By contrast, the B-Rafcat 14-3-3 binding mutant, B-Rafcat S728A, was severely compromised for the induction of PC12 cell differentiation. Interestingly, the B-Rafcat 14-3-3 binding mutant retained significant in vitro catalytic activity. In Xenopus oocytes, the analogous full-length B-Raf 14-3-3 binding mutant blocked progesterone-stimulated maturation and the activation of endogenous mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Similarly, the full-length B-Raf 14-3-3 binding mutant inhibited nerve growth factor-stimulated PC12 cell differentiation. We conclude that 14-3-3 interaction with the catalytic domain is not required for kinase activity per se but is essential to couple B-Raf catalytic activity to downstream effector activation.
BIMOLECULAR FLUORESCENCE COMPLEMENTATION ANALYSIS OF INDUCIBLE PROTEIN INTERACTIONS: EFFECTS OF FACTORS AFFECTING PROTEIN FOLDING ON FLUORESCENT PROTEIN FRAGMENT ASSOCIATION

Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis enables visualization of the subcellular locations of protein interactions in living cells. Using fragments of different fluorescent proteins, we investigated the temporal resolution and the quantitative accuracy of BiFC analysis. We determined the kinetics of BiFC complex formation in response to the rapamycin-inducible interaction between the FK506 binding protein (FKBP) and the FKBP-rapamycin binding domain (FRB). Fragments of yellow fluorescent protein fused to FKBP and FRB produced detectable BiFC complex fluorescence 10 min after the addition of rapamycin and a 10-fold increase in the mean fluorescence intensity in 8 h. The N-terminal fragment of the Venus fluorescent protein fused to FKBP produced constitutive BiFC complexes with several C-terminal fragments fused to FRB. A chimeric N-terminal fragment containing residues from Venus and yellow fluorescent protein produced either constitutive or inducible BiFC complexes depending on the temperature at which the cells were cultured. The concentrations of inducers required for half-maximal induction of BiFC complex formation by all fluorescent protein fragments tested were consistent with the affinities of the inducers for unmodified FKBP and FRB. Treatment with the FK506 inhibitor of FKBP-FRB interaction prevented the formation of BiFC complexes by FKBP and FRB fusions, but did not disrupt existing BiFC complexes. Proteins synthesized before the addition of rapamycin formed BiFC complexes with the same efficiency as did newly synthesized proteins. Inhibitors of protein synthesis attenuated BiFC complex formation independent of their effects on fusion protein synthesis. The kinetics at which they inhibited BiFC complex formation suggests that they prevented association of the fluorescent protein fragments, but not the slow maturation of BiFC complex fluorescence. Agents that induce the unfolded protein response also reduced formation of BiFC complexes. The effects of these agents were suppressed by cellular adaptation to protein folding stress. In summary, BiFC analysis enables detection of protein interactions within minutes after complex formation in living cells, but does not allow detection of complex dissociation. Conditional BiFC complex formation depends on the folding efficiencies of fluorescent protein fragments and can be affected by the cellular protein folding environment.
A Novel Technique for Computing Negabinary Squares

A novel technique for computing squares of negabinary numbers is described in this correspondence. The basic principle is to use an arithmetic algorithm normally utilized for the square-root operation. Asuitable recursive combinations are shown to reduce the problem of obtaining the square of "n" bit number to the addition of [n/3] operands and the change of sign in the last step is shown to be helpful in reducing the hardware. One way for further improvement is also suggested.
From surface to depth, between psychoanalysis and affect

This introduction contextualizes this special issue by comparing different aspects of affect studies and psychoanalysis. It also meditates on the work of artist D-L Alvarez. Questions regarding the relation of surface and depth in critical theory are central to this introduction.
Failure detection processes by an expert system and hybrid pattern recognition

This paper describes the architecture of a failure diagnosis system, as used in automatic testing, automatic imaging inspection, and specific failure detection tasks in electronics. A new knowledge representation scheme is also given, in relation to hybrid pattern recognition rules. Current work on building a knowledge base of diagnostic metarules is mentioned.
Effect of serum source on protein-free diet lymphocyte blastogenesis.

The influence of protein depletion on serum factors in PHA lymphocyte blastogenesis was studied in a rat model. Buffalo rats were divided randomly into two groups and fed either a protein-free (PF) diet or a regular 25% protein diet (RD). At weekly intervals, lymph node lymphocytes were cultured with PHA in either autologous or pooled 10% rat serum. For weeks 3 through 6, PHA stimulated blastogenesis of lymphocytes from rats maintained on PF diet incubated with autologous serum decreased significantly compared with RD lymphocytes cultured with RD serum. At week 4, PHA blastogenesis of PF lymphocytes cultured with RD serum was similar to that of RD lymphocytes incubated with RD serum. At weeks 5 and 6, PHA stimulation of PF lymphocytes assayed with RD serum was depressed compared with RD lymphocytes cultured with RD serum. For weeks 4 through 6, blastogenesis of RD lymphocytes assayed with PF serum decreased significantly compared with RD lymphocytes incubated with RD serum. Three weeks of protein repletion of rats previously on a PF diet for 6 weeks restored PHA blastogenesis to that observed for lymphocytes from animals in the RD group. The data suggested that suppression of PHA blastogenesis of lymphocytes from rats maintained on PF diet involved a serum factor in the early stages of protein depletion and an additional defect (not serum related) in lymphocyte blastogenesis after prolonged protein depletion. In addition, this defect was corrected after a period of protein repletion.
The retreat from history: a Marxist analysis of Freud.

It is noteworthy that several recent studies of Freud have attempted to situate his thought within an intellectual context which includes the theo retical work of Karl Marx. Perhaps the most important and well-known of these studies is Paul Ricoeur's book, Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation.1 It is not Ricoeur's intention to provide an in-depth comparative examination of Freud and Marx; in fact, the linkage he draws between these two major thinkers is defined in terms of the specific problem that motivates his study of Freud, namely, the problem of interpretation. Nevertheless, in the opening section of Freud and Philosophy, under the title of 'The Placing of Freud', Ricoeur situates the theoretical outlook of Freud within the company of two other modern thinkers, Marx and Nietzsche. Ricoeur contends that
An inelastic electron tunneling spectral (IETS) study of Rh6(CO)16 and Rh4(CO)12 absorbed on alumina

The IET spectra of Rh6(CO)16 and Rh4(CO)12 absorbed on alumina were obtained. The results indicate that Rh6(CO)16 remains essentially intact on dry alumina, while on wet alumina the cluster rearranges but does not appear to dissociate into monoatomic species. Rh4(CO)12 also rearranges on absorption on alumina.
PRODUCTION OF BCG VACCINE IN A LIQUID MEDIUM CONTAINING TWEEN 80 AND A SOLUBLE FRACTION OF HEATED HUMAN SERUM : I. PRODUCTION AND VIABILITY OF THE CULTURE.

Diffuse, submerged growth of BCG bacilli has been obtained in liquid media containing 0.02 per cent Tween 80 and the soluble fraction of human serum heated under acid conditions (pH 2.5) at 65 degrees C. In the absence of glucose or glycerine,-which had a detrimental effect on viability-these cultures consisted predominantly of cells that were living and that remained viable during prolonged storage at temperatures ranging from 4 to 37 degrees C.
The Failed Adoption of Journalism Study

The academic study of journalism resembles in many ways a failed adoption. Journalism study has no certain home, nurturing forces split by divisiveness and territoriality, and birth, foster, and adoptive parents at such cross-purposes that they cannot understand the child at the core of their attentions. Journalism is too important not to be understood by everyone, and universities need to play a role in helping to explain how it works. Yet the counterproductive actions of three agents—journalism professionals, academics who study journalism, and academics who care little for the study of journalism—are pushing the study of journalism into crisis mode. Meanwhile, as journalism itself continues to grow in the shadow of tensions about its appropriate placement in the academy, it begins to resemble a child whose inexplicable behavior is accountable only to itself. Disciplines Communication This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/313 The Failed Adoption of Journalism Study
Human food flavor additives as bird repellents: I. Conjugated aromatic compounds

Avian repellents derived from natural products and human food flavorants may be less expensive to register under United States environmental pesticide registration requirements. However, one difficulty faced by workers attempting to target repellents for development is the need to screen large numbers of compounds for activity, as well as consideration of formulation and environmental constraints. In this study, we compare the bird repellent activity of aldehyde-based human food additives and compare the levels of activity with our previously elucidated model for structure–activity relationships (SAR) for bird repellents. We find that a previously elucidated SAR model for identifying acetophenone and anthranilate bird repellents is applicable to predicting the activity of aromatic aldehyde flavorants as well. In particular, of the nine flavorants tested, four, benzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, o-tolualdehyde, and o-anisaldehyde, warrant further consideration as bird repellents. L© 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN DISEASE. Transgenic and Knockout Models of Autoimmunity: Building a Better Disease?

The development of transgenic and knockout technologies has driven an explosion in new animal models of disease. These engineered diseases are a departure from previous animal models in that pathological syndromes are created from a priori assumptions about how disease pathogenesis could develop. Such models have been useful in providing new information on the functions of effector molecules such as cytokines, and in following the behavior of lymphocytes in vivo. However, the contrived nature of the systems might generate false information, unless validated by careful reference to human disease and spontaneous disease in other animal models.
Implementing restorative justice in police departments

Police are first responders to community calls for service, yet traditional responses tend to diminish victim roles significantly. Research has shown that victims and communities can benefit from the use of restorative justice techniques. This study examines how restorative justice can be integrated into some police practices when responding to calls for service involving individuals who are mentally ill and in domestic violence situations. The authors also discuss how police officers can use restorative practices involving family group conferencing and community reparation boards. Organizational impediments to change are identified and ways in which police departments can overcome these barriers are discussed.
THE SERPENT'S TRAIL: WILLIAM JAMES, OBJECT‐ORIENTED PROGRAMMING, AND CRITICAL REALISM

Pragmatism has played only a small role in the half century and more of the science-and-religion dialogue, in part because pragmatism was at a low ebb in the 1950s. Even though Jamesean pragmatism in particular is experiencing a resurgence, owing partly to the work of Rorty and Putnam, it remains inconspicuous in the dialogue. Excepting artificial intelligence and artificial life, computer science also has not played a large role in the dialogue. Recent research into the foundations of object-oriented programming, however, shows this increasingly pervasive practice possesses an implicit pragmatist epistemology. Although science will have to become more computational, it will have to come to terms with both object-oriented computing and its implicit pragmatism, which in turn supports the conclusion that we have fresh warrant for recasting the science-and-religion dialogue in Jamesean pragmatist terms. Some preliminary consequences of such a recasting of the dialogue are explored.
Re‐Thinking Illegality as a Violence Against, not by Mexican Immigrants, Children, and Youth

Sociohistorical theory was used to examine illegality as a form of state violence that bears upon the formation of undocumented Mexican immigrants. This article proposes a theory of dialectical violence that integrates societal with personal enactments of violence through case illustrations of Mexican youth. In a grassroots association defending immigrants' rights, youth develop within conflicting discourses about undocumented immigrants proposed by society, family, and community. Methods included ethnographic analysis of the association's documents, a workshop in which five participants authored a booklet with texts and illustrations about their lives in the city, and an interview with their mothers. Findings illustrate how Mexican youth enter a cycle of violence as a result of their undocumented status, socioeconomic class, language and ethnic-racial memberships.
Scaling and bounds in thermal conductivity of planar Gaussian correlated microstructures

In this study 2d two phase microstructures closely resembling the experimentally captured micrographs of the interpenetrating phase composites are generated using a Gaussian correlation function based method. The scale dependent bounds on the effective thermal conductivity of such microstructures are then studied using Hill-Mandel boundary conditions. A scaling function is formulated to describe the transition from statistical volume element (SVE) to representative volume element (RVE), as a function of the mesoscale δ, the correlation length of the Gaussian correlation function λ, the volume fraction v, and the contrast k between the phases. The scaling function is determined through fitting the data from extensive simulations conducted over the parameter space. The scaling function shows that SVE approaches RVE as (δ/λ)−1.16. A material scaling diagram allows estimation of the RVE size, to within a chosen accuracy, of a given microstructure characterized by the correlation length of the Gaussian correla...
Oligometastases treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy: long-term follow-up of prospective study.

Purpose To analyze the long-term survival and tumor control outcomes after stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for metastases limited in number and extent. Methods and materials We prospectively analyzed the long-term overall survival (OS) and cancer control outcomes of 121 patients with five or fewer clinically detectable metastases, from any primary site, metastatic to one to three organ sites, and treated with SBRT. Freedom from widespread distant metastasis (FFDM) was defined as metastatic disease not amenable to local therapy (i.e., resection or SBRT). Prognostic variables were assessed using log-rank and Cox regression analyses. Results For breast cancer patients, the median follow-up was 4.5 years (7.1 years for 16 of 39 patients alive at the last follow-up visit). The 2-year OS, FFDM, and local control (LC) rate was 74%, 52%, and 87%, respectively. The 6-year OS, FFDM, and LC rate was 47%, 36%, and 87%, respectively. From the multivariate analyses, the variables of bone metastases (p = .057) and one vs. more than one metastasis (p = .055) were associated with a fourfold and threefold reduced hazard of death, respectively. None of the 17 bone lesions from breast cancer recurred after SBRT vs. 10 of 68 lesions from other organs that recurred (p = .095). For patients with nonbreast cancers, the median follow-up was 1.7 years (7.3 years for 7 of 82 patients alive at the last follow-up visit). The 2-year OS, FFDM, and LC rate was 39%, 28%, and 74%, respectively. The 6-year OS, FFDM, and LC rate was 9%, 13%, and 65%, respectively. For nonbreast cancers, a greater SBRT target volume was significantly adverse for OS (p = .012) and lesion LC (p Conclusions Select patients with limited metastases treated with SBRT are long-term survivors. Future research should address the therapeutic benefit of SBRT for these patients.
The Human Environment: The Road Not Taken, The Road Still Beckoning

Abstract Repeated attempts to establish a monistic description of geography ignore the essential pluralism of our four traditions. From the 1960s on, the spatial tradition came to dominate the field. Thus following the environmental revolution in the late 1960s, the man-land or human environment tradition in geography was too small to provide the training and leadership for the increasingly professionalized movement despite high levels of scientific leadership and interdisciplinary competence evidenced by many individual geographers. The great enduring, scientific challenges of the human environment persist, and new opportunities are offered geographers to use their skills, knowledge, and values for human survival. These challenges include the Malthusian dilemma of population and resources, the nature and determinants of the human transformation of the earth, and the sustainable development of the biosphere. I describe a brief intellectual history of these problems, offer selective examples of work underw...
Clients' Representations of Childhood Emotional Bonds with Parents, Social Support, and Formation of the Working Alliance.

Survey data were collected from 102 client-counselor dyads at 3 counseling centers with regard to (a) client and counselor 3rd-session working alliance ratings, (b) quality of clients' current social relationships, as evidenced by social-support satisfaction, and (c) clients' representations of care and overprotection in their memories of childhood emotional bonds with their mothers and fathers. Care pertains to memories of parents' emotional responsiveness, warmth, and attention to clients' needs. Overprotection pertains to memories of parents' intrusive control and resistance at attempts to gain independence. Results indicated that social support was a significant predictor of client-rated working alliance, whereas clients' bonds with fathers were a significant predictor of counselor-rated working alliance. A trend toward interactions between social support and parental bonds in predicting counselor-rated alliance was also suggested. The working alliance, with conceptual origins in psychodynamic theory (cf. Sterba, 1934; Zeitzel, 1956), has been proposed as a part of the counseling relationship that is crucial to successful outcome regardless of the theoretical underpinnings of the therapy (Bordin, 1979, 1980). Drawing from the work of Greenson (1967) and Bordin (1979), Gelso and Carter (1985) described the working alliance as an emotional alignment between the counselor and the client that engages the self-observing, rational aspects of the client and the working, "therapizing" aspects of the counselor. Bordin (1979) suggested that the working alliance is composed of emotional bonds of trust and attachment between counselor and client, as well as agreement about the goals of treatment and the therapeutic tasks needed to achieve those goals. Evidence documenting the importance for successful therapy outcome of the counseling relationship in general (Orlinsky & Howard, 1986), and the working alliance in particular (for reviews see Gaston, 1990; Horvath & Symonds, 1991), continues to accumulate. Some studies have reported quite strong associations, with the working alliance accounting for up to 30%-45% of the variance in therapeutic outcome (Horvath & Greenberg, 1989). A recent meta-analysis reported a more modest, but nevertheless significant, effect size averaged across 24 studies (Horvath & Symonds, 1991). Although the bulk of previous research has examined the working alliance as a predictor of therapy outcome, more attention has been given recently to predictors of the working alliance itself, with studies of factors that affect counselors' capacity to form working alliances (Mallinckrodt & Nelson, 1991), as
The extent and function of parental attachment among first-year college students.

The extent and function of the parent-child bond, conceptualized according to Ainsworth's (M.D.S. Ainsworth, M. C. Blehar, E. Walters, and S. Wally [1978],Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation, Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ) model of attachment, was explored for a group of first-year college students (N=173) at a selective, prestigious, northeastern university. Overall, students' descriptions of their parental relationships were positive and resembled Ainsworth's secure attachment type. Most students viewed their parents as a secure base, encouraging independence and remaining available as a source of support when needed. Furthermore, students indicated that they sought parental help more than a moderate amount in situations of stress. For female students, close parental relationships were found to be positively associated with self-reports of assertion.
Martian Cratering, 4, Mariner 9 initial analysis of cratering chronology

Early analyses of cratering and other Martian surface properties that indicated extensive ancient erosion have been strongly supported by Mariner 9 data. By their great variations in density, these craters indicate a history of Martian erosion and crustal development intermediate between earth and the moon.
A stagger-tuned five-cavity klystron with distributed interaction

This paper describes the operation of a five-cavity klystron with distributed interaction using stagger-tuned cavities. A bandwidth of 64 Mc with a gain of about 30 db at 40 per cent efficiency is typical of the performance of the amplifier.
Rectilinear coordinate frames for Deep sea navigation

Since 1964 the National Deep Submergence Facility and Deep Submergence Laboratory at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) have performed thousands of scientific dives with human occupied, remotely operated, and towed vehicles. Each of these vehicles uses an equirectangular map projection within their navigation systems, colloquially known as the AlvinXY coordinate scheme. Equirectangular projections provide a simple, affine mapping between geographic coordinates and the coordinates of a cartesian grid. Additionally, AlvinXY and similar coordinate systems disregard the effect of depth upon the coordinate mapping. Advances in underwater navigational instrumentation during the past forty years now allow localization to such precision that, in some cases, the precision of the navigation solution is comparable to that of errors introduced by working in this simple coordinate space. In this paper, we characterize the effects of projection errors in this system upon vehicle navigation and localization for deep oceanographic vehicles today.
Morphine, but not trauma, sensitizes to systemic Acinetobacter baumannii infection.

Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen in civilian intensive care units. Recently the incidence has increased in wounded military personnel. Morphine is documented in numerous animal studies to be immunosuppressive and to sensitize to infection. The hypotheses were tested that morphine, administered for analgesia in the battlefield, predisposes to Acinetobacter infection, and that the opioid may have an additive or synergistic effect with trauma. To test these hypotheses, an intraperitoneal infection model was established in mice using several Acinetobacter strains. Morphine administered for 48 h by implantation of a slow-release morphine pellet increased mortality compared to animals receiving a placebo pellet, an effect that was blocked by the mu-opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone. Acinetobacter burdens in the blood, spleens, livers, and lungs of morphine-treated mice, were significantly higher than those in placebo-treated animals, confirming that mortality was due to potentiated growth of the bacteria. There were also elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in morphine-treated versus placebo-treated mice. Morphine caused a reduction in the total number of cells in the peritoneal cavity, a decrease in the percentage and total numbers of neutrophils, and a decrease in the total number of macrophages. Morphine treatment also suppressed levels of the neutrophil-inducing molecules, IL-17A and KC/CXCL1. However, IL-17A−/− mice given morphine were not sensitized to Acintobacter infection to a greater degree than similarly treated wild-type mice. Trauma alone did not sensitize to Acinetobacter infection, and there was no additive effect between morphine and trauma. These results support the hypothesis that morphine potentiates Acinetobacter infection.
The linear electrooptic (pockels) effect in cubic crystals; wide angle light intensity modulation.

The wide angle light intensity modulation characteristics of a polarizer–crystal–polarizer window are presented for linear electrooptic (Pockels effect) crystals of cubic symmetry class 4¯3m. Polarizer effects and crystal effects both contribute to a nonuniform intensity distribution over wide angle fields of view. Examples are plotted for normal and oblique viewing and for crossed and parallel polarizers. In general, the transmitted intensity does not vary excessively and is more a function of the polarizers than the crystal.
The effect of vitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the toxic symptoms of cadmium exposed rats

Abstract The effects of vitamin D 3 and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on the toxic symptoms of cadmium exposed young rats fed a modified AIN diet were studied for 14 weeks. All rats exposed to 20 ppm and 40 ppm of cadmium ions (Cd 2+ ) in the drinking water displayed smaller weight gains than the control group. Both vitamin D 3 and 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 increased the weight gain in weeks 7–14 over their respective Cd 2+ controls. Relative weights of liver and spleen per 100 gm body weight showed no apparent response to Cd 2+ but significant increases in the weights of both kidney and testis were observed. Both vitamin D 3 and 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 showed a protective effect on the kidney and vitamin D 3 on the testis. Relative femur wet weights were higher in the Cd 2+ -exposed smaller rats when compared to the controls. Analysis of the femurs revealed an increase in water and a decrease in mineral content with Cd 2+ exposure, although no difference in organic matter was observed. These findings were considered to be symptomatic of osteoporosis. Neither vitamin D 3 nor 1, 25 dihydroxylvitamin D 3 consistently altered the weights or composition of the femurs at the concentrations we tested. Peripheral blood studies revealed that Cd 2+ increased the mononuclear cell: segmented cell ratio by inhibiting myelopoiesis. Although no changes in hematocrit or peripheral red blood cell counts were noted, rats exposed to 40 ppm Cd 2+ for 14 weeks showed evidence of erythrocyte hypochromia with intracellular non-heme iron inclusions.
N = 3 and N = 1 supersymmetry in a new class of solutions for d = 11 supergravity☆

We present a new class of compactifying solutions for d = 11 supergravity. The internal 7-spaces are described by coset manifolds Npqr of the form SU(3) × U(1)/U(1) × U(1). The three integers p, q, r characterize the embedding of the stability subgroup U(1) × U(1) in SU(3) × U(1). Their supersymmetry content is quite remarkable. For a particular choice of p, q, r the isometry of Npqr is SU(3) × SU(2): in this case we find that N = 3 supersymmetry survives. For all the other values of p, q, r, supersymmetry is broken to N = 1, and the isometry group is SU(3) × U(1). We also find a class of solutions with internal photon curl Fαβγδ ≠ 0, breaking all supersymmetries.
Effects of premium discount on workers' compensation claims in agriculture in Finland.

Background The objective of this study was to measure changes in injury claim rates after a premium discount program was implemented in the Finnish farmers' workers' compensation insurance. We focused on measures that could indicate whether the changes occurred in the true underlying injury rate, or only in claims reporting. Methods Monthly injury claim rates were constructed at seven disability duration levels from January 1990 to December 2003. We conducted interrupted time series analyses to measure changes in the injury claim rates after the premium discount was implemented on July 1, 1997. Three additional policy change indicators were included in the analyses. Results The overall injury claim rate decreased 10.2%. Decreases occurred at four severity levels (measured by compensated disability days): 0 days (16.3%), 1–6 days (14.1%), 7–13 days (19.5%), and 14–29 days (8.4%). No changes were observed at higher severity levels. Minor injuries had a seasonal pattern with higher rates in summer months while severe injuries did not have a seasonal pattern. Conclusions The premium discount decreased the overall claim rate. Decreases were observed in all categories up to 29 disability days. This pattern suggests that under-reporting contributes to the decrease but may not be the only factor. The value of the premium discount is lower than the value of a lost-time claim, so there was no financial reason to under-report lost-time injuries. Under-reporting would be expected to be greatest in the 0 day category, but that was not the case. These observations suggest that in addition to under-reporting, the premium discount may also have some preventive effect. Am. J. Ind. Med. 48:100–109, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Expectoration of a lung metastasis in a patient with colorectal carcinoma

Metastatic disease is present in up to 20% of patients at the time of diagnosis of colorectal cancer. The most frequently involved sites are the liver and the lungs. A rare form of lung metastatic disease is endobronchial metastases, most commonly seen with breast cancer and colon cancer. Their clinical and imaging profile is similar to primary bronchogenic carcinoma. Tumor expectoration is an unusual manifestation of endobronchial metastases (as well as of the primary lung carcinoma). We report the case of a 75-year-old man with known liver and lung metastatic disease from colon cancer who experienced an episode of tissue expectoration. Pathology examination of the expectorated piece of tissue was consistent with colonic adenocarcinoma. Tumor expectoration is a rare event, with < 30 cases reported in the literature. Most of the cases reported include secondary lung malignancies, with renal cell carcinoma being the most common primary site. Endobronchial metastases from colon cancer are rare. Patients with colon cancer can benefit from sputum cytology because this type of metastases is shown to have exfoliative properties. To assess the need for endobronchial management with stent placement or bracytherapy, bronchoscopy should be considered in certain circumstances (the onset of respiratory symptoms, rapid response to chemotherapy, long history of metastatic disease with multiple systemic therapies given, undulating response in tumor, as well as after a reported episode of tissue expectoration).
Two Applications of Potential Vorticity Thinking

The phenomena of dissipative destabilization of external Rossby waves and the acceleration of the zonal mean jet during baroclinic life cycles are described in terms of potential vorticity. The main principle of the potential temperature variations at rigid boundaries have the same effect on the interior flow as do sheets of potential vorticity located just within the boundaries. It is noted that the potential vorticity theory is useful for understanding the dynamical behavior of meterological phenomena.
Effect of Urea on the Cold Precipitation of Protein in the Lens of the Dogfish

WHEN lenses of young rats are cooled below 10° C they become reversibly opaque due to the precipitation of a cold-precipitable protein. This fraction is prepared by homogenizing rat lenses in several volumes of water and cooling the 105,000g supernatant to 0° C. Repeated solubilization at 20° C and precipitation at 0° C serves as a means of purification1. The cold-precipitation phenomenon is thought to be caused by changes in protein conformation due to a disturbance of the balance between hydrogen and hydrophobic bonding of protein chains at lower temperatures.
A Question of Compatibility: Feminism and Islam in Turkey

This article compares the views of Turkish secular feminist and Islamist activists and/or scholars with respect to the question of the compatibility of Islam and feminism. The issue of whether Isla...
Transport phenomena in a steam-methanol reforming microreactor with internal heating

An experimental and theoretical study of steam reforming of methanol is carried out in a packed-bed microreactor with internal heating. Experimental results of the methanol conversion and carbon monoxide concentration in an internally heated reformer are compared with those of an externally heated reformer. Higher methanol conversion and carbon monoxide concentration are obtained for internal heating at the same conditions. The results show the conversion efficiency of methanol and CO concentration increase with increasing internal heating rate over the range of operating conditions. A correlation for the conversion efficiency of methanol has been obtained as a function of the internal heating rate and a dimensionless time parameter which represents the ratio of the characteristic time of the methanol flow to the time for chemical reaction.
State Formation in Central America: The Struggle for Autonomy, Development, and Democracy

Introduction United States Policies and the Central American Context Evolution and Growth of State Capacity The Crisis and Its Structural Causes Security and Freedom of Action in International Politics Role of the Armed Forces Economic Development Strategy Planning for the Future Citizenship and Political Participation Summary and Conclusions Index
On the transient behaviour in discrete-time model reference adaptive control: analysis and possible improvement

Abstract This paper shows that a result recently obtained for arbitrarily improving the zero-state transient performance of a continuous-time model reference adaptive control scheme, does not have a counterpart in discrete-time. Using standard l 1 optimal control theory, it is shown that unlike the continuous-time case, it is not possible to modify the control law to obtain arbitrarily small l ∞ gain for the closed-loop transfer function from the parameter mismatch to the tracking error. Nevertheless, the control law may be modified to minimize this gain, perhaps resulting in improved error transients.
DISPUTING AND REGULATORY POLICY: THE EXAMPLE OF A STATE PUBLIC UTILITY AGENCY

The literature on policy making has largely ignored the formulation and implementation of policy when governmental agencies process citizen disputes. In this essay we provide an initial exploration of the dimensions of agency policy making and policy implementation during dispute processing. Using a case study of dispute processing by a state public utilities regulatory agency, it appears that dispute processing contributes to evolutionary policy formulation and implementation by providing a context for the incremental adjustment and legitimation of continuing policies, by sponsoring negotiations leading to the serial adaption of existing policies to new circumstances, and by screening disputes and sharpening the issues in disputes so they are amenable to policy development through agency adjudicatory procedures. The findings of the case study suggest that processing of citizen complaints flowing into the “bottom” of an agency is potentially as important as the politics of the rule making and licensing procedural contexts in the conduct of regulatory policy.
Solubility of Anthracene in Binary Alcohol + 1-chlorobutane Solvent Mixtures at 298.2 K

Abstract Experimental solubilities are reported for anthracene dissolved in six binary alcohol + 1-chlorobutane solvent mixtures at 25°C. The alcohol cosolvents studied were 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol. Results of these measurements are used to test a mathematical representation based upon the combined Nearly Ideal Binary Solvent (NIBS)/Redlich-Kister equation. For the six systems studied, the Combined NIBS/Redlich-Kister equation was found to mathematically describe the experimental data, with overall average absolute deviations between measured and calculated values being approximately\pm 0.4%.
Two-Dimensional Finite Bin-Packing Algorithms

Given a set of rectangular pieces, the two-dimensional bin-packing problem is to place the pieces into an open-ended bin of infinite height such that the height of the resulting packing is minimize...
Demographic Consequences of Descrimination among Conspecific Host Plants by Battus Philenor Butterflies

Ovipositing Battus philenor butterflies discriminate among conspecific host plants in the field. Discrimination has no detectable effect on larval growth rates or on predispersal mortality but does appear to enhance larval survival by increasing larval size at dispersal. A comparison of these results with those of a previous study suggests that the effects of discrimination among conspecific hosts on larval survival are similar in magnitude to analogous effects of discrimination between host species. The results of this study suggest that models and discussions of the evolution of host selection behavior that treat plant species as the unit of discrimination may be seriously flawed because they overlook significant aspects of insect behavior. See full-text article at JSTOR
The Impact of Nonidentical ABO Deceased Donor Kidney Transplant on Kidney Utilization

Background Blood type AB kidney transplant candidates have the shortest waiting times, yet the current allocation system allows allocation of type A donor kidneys to type AB recipients. Study Design United Network for Organ Sharing/Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network data between 1995 and 2004, retrospective observational study. Setting & Participants 189,773 candidates listed for kidney-only transplant; 93,604 kidneys transplanted, 15,580 kidneys discarded. Predictor Blood type and demographic/clinical variables. Outcomes & Measurements The extent of disparities in waiting times and concurrent differences in recovery, discard, live donor, and deceased donor transplant rates. Results Blood type O, A, B, and AB candidates constituted 48%, 34%, 14%, and 4% of the list, respectively. Live donor transplant rates were lowest for type AB candidates (13.4% vs 15.5%, 16.8%, and 15.2%; P Limitations Observational data. Potential confounding from unmeasured covariates. Conclusion Allocation of type A kidneys to type AB recipients not only increases disparities in waiting times between these 2 groups; but concurrent with the shorter waiting times for type AB candidates, there is suboptimal use of type AB deceased donor and living donor kidneys.
Para–ortho isomerization of H2+. Non-Born–Oppenheimer direct variational calculations with explicitly correlated all-particle Gaussian functions

Abstract Direct variational calculations are performed for all bound rovibrational states of the H 2 + ion corresponding to the ground and first excited rotational levels (the N = 0 and N = 1 states). The Born–Oppenheimer (BO) approximation is not assumed in the calculations and all-particle explicitly correlated Gaussian basis functions are used for the wave-function expansion. The exponential parameters of the Gaussians are optimized with the aid of analytically calculated energy gradient determined with respect to these parameters. The non-BO energies are used to determine the ortho–para nuclear-spin isomerization energies and the non-BO wave functions are used to determine the expectation values of the interparticle distances.
Analog Representation and the Parts Principle

Analog representation is often cast in terms of an engineering distinction between smooth and discrete systems. The engineering notion cuts across interesting representational categories, however, so it is poorly suited to thinking about kinds of representation. This paper suggests that analog representations support a pattern of interaction, specifically open-ended searches for content across levels of abstraction. They support the pattern by sharing a structure with what they represent. Continuous systems that satisfy the engineering notion are exemplars of this kind because they are uninterpretable unless they are structure-preserving. Analog representations, so understood, include pictures, images, diagrams, and most graphs. This conception of analogicity also fits well with a line of thought about what makes perceptual states distinctive: they satisfy a “parts principle”.