cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional organizations in the German cooperative banking system in the late 19th century

Abstract Germany's successful 19th-century credit cooperatives were by design small, limited their operations to specific geographical areas, and employed few paid staff, most of whom had little business experience. Cooperatives would seem vulnerable to liquidity problems caused by correlated shocks to their member's fortunes. They would also seem vulnerable to fraud and mis-management and to have problems convincing the public they were safe places to invest money. The historical record shows, however, that the cooperatives overcame these problems, growing steadily in numbers and assets. The minimal government regulation to which the cooperatives were subject did little to overcome their potential weaknesses. Rather, the cooperatives devised a series of regional banks and auditing associations to which most cooperatives eventually belonged. Regional cooperative banks provided liquidity and emergency loans to member cooperatives, obviating some disadvantages of their small size. Auditing associations monitored member cooperatives and provided confidence to the public by ensuring adherence to basic standards.
Stimulation of serum inhibin concentrations by gonadotropin-releasing hormone in men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

Inhibin is a gonadal hormone thought to be important in FSH regulation. We investigated the effects of the hypogonadotropic state and subsequent GnRH-induced increases in gonadotropin levels on inhibin secretion. Serum levels of inhibin, LH, FSH, and testosterone (T) as well as sperm concentrations were measured in 5 men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) before (baseline) and during 8 weeks of GnRH therapy (5 μg, sc, every 2 h). Baseline and peak inhibin levels were compared to those in a group of 19 normal men. Before GnRH administration, the mean serum inhibin level was significantly lower in the IHH men than in the normal men [166 ± 56 (±SE) vs. 588 ± 30 U/L; P < 0.001]. Serum inhibin levels rose after 1 week of GnRH therapy (P < 0.05) and remained higher than the baseline level thereafter. The mean peak inhibin level during GnRH administration was lower than the mean value in normal men (485 ± 166 vs. 588 ± 30 U/L; P < 0.05). Serum LH and FSH levels rose promptly to the midnormal ran...
Inhibition of x-box binding protein 1 reduces tunicamycin-induced apoptosis in aged murine macrophages

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is induced by the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the ER. Although apoptosis induced by ER stress has been implicated in several aging-associated diseases, such as atherosclerosis, it is unclear how aging modifies ER stress response in macrophages. To decipher this relationship, we assessed apoptosis in macrophages isolated from young (6–8 weeks) and aged (16–18 months) mice and exposed the cells to the ER stress inducer tunicamycin. We found that aged macrophages exhibited more apoptosis than young macrophages, which was accompanied by reduced activation of phosphorylated inositol-requiring enzyme-1 (p-IRE1α), one of the three key ER stress signal transducers. Reduced gene expression of x-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), a downstream effector of IRE1α, enhanced p-IRE1α levels and reduced apoptosis in aged, but not young macrophages treated with tunicamycin. These findings delineate a novel, age-dependent interaction by which macrophages undergo apoptosis upon ER stress, and suggest an important protective role of IRE1α in aging-associated ER stress-induced apoptosis. This novel pathway may not only be important in our understanding of longevity, but may also have important implications for pathogenesis and potential treatment of aging-associated diseases in general.
Measurements of the performance of an electrohydrodynamic heat pipe

The performance of an electrohydrodynamic heat pipe formed by enclosing three straight axial electrodes with a 1.27 cm O.D. internally threaded stainless steel tube was measured with Freon-11 as working fluid. The condenser and evaporator conductances at low power were comparable to those measured in a conventional capillary driven heat pipe using similar working fluids. The evaporator conductance improved at high power probably due to the onset of nucleate boiling. The maximum heat throughput for this pipe was substantially higher than that of a conventional pipe.
Density fluctuation effects on collective neutrino oscillations in O-Ne-Mg core-collapse supernovae

We investigate the effect of matter density fluctuations on supernova collective neutrino flavor oscillations. In particular, we use full multiangle, three-flavor, self-consistent simulations of the evolution of the neutrino flavor field in the envelope of an O-Ne-Mg core-collapse supernova at shock breakout (neutronization neutrino burst) to study the effect of the matter density ``bump'' left by the He-burning shell. We find a seemingly counterintuitive increase in the overall ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{e}}$ survival probability created by this matter density feature. We discuss this behavior in terms of the interplay between the matter density profile and neutrino collective effects. While our results give new insights into this interplay, they also suggest an immediate consequence for supernova neutrino burst detection: it will be difficult to use a burst signal to extract information on fossil burning shells or other fluctuations of this scale in the matter density profile. Consistent with previous studies, our results also show that the interplay of neutrino self-coupling and matter fluctuation could cause a significant increase in the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{e}}$ survival probability at very low energy.
A preliminary investigation into the source of odor-cue production

Rats received a daily eight-trial double-alternation sequence of reward/nonreward in a straight runway during three phases of an experiment designed to investigate the source of reward/nonreward odor cues. Appropriately patterned responding was strongly established during the first (control, feet uncovered) phase, heightened during the second phase, when odors emanating from the feet were precluded, and returned to the original Phase 1 level during the third phase (feet uncovered). Even though the foot sweat pads do not appear to be a source for reward/nonreward odor, the present data do suggest that they may be a possible source of odors that compete with reward/nonreward odor cues.
Exploring communication pathways to better health: Clinician communication of expectations for acupuncture effectiveness

Objective This study tested a pathway whereby acupuncturists’ communication of optimism for treatment effectiveness would enhance patients’ satisfaction during treatment, which in turn would contribute to better pain and function outcomes for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.
Adsorption isotherms on silica for methanol and 1-hexanol modifiers from supercritical carbon dioxide

Adsorption isotherms were determined for methanol and 1-hexanol on silica from supercritical carbon dioxide at four temperatures and three mobile phase densities. Maximum stationary phase concentrations were extrapolated from linear least squares fits of the data to the Langmuir equation for monolayer adsorption. From these results, maximum surface area coverages were calculated using the mean molecular area of each modifier. The maximum, molar stationary phase concentration of methanol was found to exceed that of 1-hexanol under all experimental conditions; however, in each case the surface area coverage by hexanol was calculated to be larger. The capacity factors of several substituted and unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons were determined in 0–1% (w/v) methanol modifier carbon dioxide. From the linearity of capacity factor versus modifier concentration plots, the ability of the solutes to compete with methanol for active column sites was determined. Unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons do not appear to compete with the modifier for direct adsorption onto modifier-sorbing active sites.
Ecological and paleoenvironmental information using stable isotope profiles from living and fossil molluscs

Stable oxygen and carbon isotopic profiles from Recent specimens of Spisula solidissima and Placopecten magellanicus collected off the Virginia coast are used to calibrate annual temperature-controlled cycles in the δ18O profile and shell growth characteristics. The amplitude of the annual δ18O cycles decreases with increasing water depth, and may be used as a relative depth indicator. The isotopic of profiles of two fossil specimens of Pleistocene Spisula are very similar in amplitude and character to modern analogues, and verify the formation of annual growth increments in these fossil specimens. Offsets between the δ18O profiles of the fossil and modern specimens are related to known temperature and ice-volume effects during the late Pleistocene and support the utility of mollusc-isotope records as a stratigraphic tool. Carbon isotopic profiles from all specimens show light values in the spring and/or fall, associated with seasonal phytoplankton productivity. Offsets in the carbon isotopic composition between infaunal and epifaunal species may be related to sediment porewater geochemistry and oxidation of organic matter. Trends toward lighter δ13C values through ontogeny suggest the effects of metabolic changes from a fast-growing juvenile into a slower-growing, sexually-mature adult. Anomalies in both the oxygen and carbon isotopic profiles identify the formation of minor shell growth increments as corresponding to hydrographic perturbations and to winter cold temperatures.
PARTIALLY INTEGRABLE HIGHEST WEIGHT MODULES

We prove a more general version of a result announced without proof in [DP], claiming roughly that in a partially integrable highest weight module over a Kac-Moody algebra the integrable directions from a parabolic subalgebra.
Teaching NeuroImages: Diffuse cerebral neurosarcoidosis mimicking gliomatosis cerebri

A 30-year-old man with a history of bipolar disease presented with 6 months of cognitive decline, unsteady gait, urinary retention, and bilateral upper extremity tremors. Multiple punctate enhancing lesions were seen on brain MRI (figure). Differential diagnosis included infection (viral, tuberculosis, or cryptococcus), toxic leukoencephalopathy, gliomatosis cerebri, angiocentric lymphoma, and neurosarcoidosis. CT chest scan, CSF studies, HIV testing, hepatitis panel, drug screen, and vasculitis panel were negative. Brain biopsy revealed neurosarcoidosis. The patient responded well to high-dose steroids and IV cyclophosphamide. MRI in neurosarcoidosis often reveals enhancing periventricular white matter lesions, in this case mimicking diffuse gliomatosis cerebri.1,2
NEGATIVE AUTOMAINTENANCE OMISSION TRAINING IS EFFECTIVE

Twelve pigeons were exposed to negative automaintenance contingencies for 17-27 sessions immediately after brief (14-16 sessions) or extended (168-237 sessions) exposure to positive automaintenance contingencies, or after 4-10 sessions of instrumental training. In all conditions, negative automaintenance contingencies virtually eliminated responding, reducing response rates to an average 1.3 responses per min. This reduction in response rate was validated by a model of transition between early and late response rates that assumed exponential transition of rates from one set of contingencies to the next. The model faithfully reproduced cumulative records, and yielded estimates of terminal rates under negative automaintenance that were close to operant level.
Cartesian and joint space teleoperation for nonholonomic steerable needles

Robotically steered needles can improve clinical procedures by curving significantly within the body to attain targets and avoid obstacles. Needles that steer by tip asymmetry are nonholonomic systems, which are difficult to control manually (i.e. in joint space) due to under-actuation and unintuitive kinematic constraints. We propose a new teleoperation approach for nonholonomic systems (steerable needles in particular) that allows a user to command the desired position of a robot in Cartesian space and provides force feedback to represent kinematic constraints and the position error of the robot. We performed a user study with a virtual environment to evaluate the effectiveness of Cartesian space teleoperation in comparison to traditional joint space teleoperation, as well as the role of force feedback in Cartesian space teleoperation. Time-to-target and needle insertion length were significantly smaller for Cartesian space control than for joint space control, and when combined with force feedback, Cartesian space control resulted in significantly less targeting error than joint space control. Force feedback during Cartesian space control also reduced tracking error between the user and needle during insertion. Users rated Cartesian space control as easier overall; however, a few subjects felt they had less direct control of the needle.
Measurement of anastomosis geometry in lower extremity bypass grafts with 3-D ultrasound imaging

The attachment sites of lower extremity bypass grafts are known to exhibit a wide range of geometries. Factors that determine the geometry of a given anastomosis include graft material, graft site, native vessel size, graft size and individual patient anatomy. Therefore, it is difficult to specify a standard anastomosis geometry before surgery and difficult to predict the effect of the geometry on long-term graft patency. We have used 3-D ultrasound imaging to study 46 proximal anastomoses of lower limb bypass grafts. We have developed methods to characterize the 3-D geometry of the anastomosis in terms of component sizes and angles. These detailed geometric measurements describe a range of anastomosis geometries and establish standardized parameters across cases that can be used to relate anastomosis geometry to outcome.
Localization of a neurectoderm-associated cell surface antigen in the developing and adult rat.

Abstract The distribution of a neurectoderm-associated carbohydrate antigen (termed D1.1) in tissues of the developing and adult rat was determined using indirect immunofluorescent techniques. The antigen was detected as early as embryonic days 8 and 9 when it was localized to cells within the developing neural plate and neural tube. As the central nervous system (CNS) developed, the anti-D1.1 antibody labeled neuroepithelial cells but not terminally differentiated neurons or glial cells. In addition, the notochord and somatic mesoderm were labeled transiently with the antibody. Outside of the CNS, the antibody labeled dorsal foot ganglia neurons, adrenal chromaffin cells and cells of the kidney glomerulus. These tissues were labeled at embryonic day 14 and the labeling persisted in the adult. We used a sensitive immunoautoradiography assay to identify antigenic gangliosides present in extracts of these tissues. The anti-D1.1 antibody recognized a ganglioside of kidney and adrenal glands that has a chromatographic mobility identical to that of the D1.1 antigen previously identified from cell lines and developing cerebellum. However, the antibody bound to a separate and distinct set of gangliosides present in extracts of adult dorsal root ganglia. Thus, the carbohydrate sequence recognized by the antibody can be associated with more than one molecular species of ganglioside. These results demonstrate that within the context of the developing CNS, the D1.1 antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen, but, as is the case with other cell surface carbohydrate antigens, is also found on a limited but developmentally unrelated set of tissues in the adult.
ENERGY--MOMENTUM SPECTRUM AND VACUUM EXPECTATION VALUES IN QUANTUM FIELD THEORY.

We consider nonlinear boson self‐interactions with a periodic spatial cutoff. We prove that the energy‐momentum spectrum lies in the forward light cone. A momentum cutoff does not influence this result. For theories with finite‐field strength renormalization, we obtain bounds on the vacuum expectation values of products of the φt's and ∇φ's. These bounds are uniform in the volume (and possible momentum) cutoff.
The Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Social Phobia:

Mary is a 35-year-old, married, Caucasian female who presented for treatment with complaints of anxiety and panic when in the following situations: writing in front of others, one-to-one situations atwork, and going to the doctor. When in these situations, she feared that she would exhibit symptoms of anxiety and would thus be humiliated and embarrassed. Because of this fear, she had avoided these situations formany years or otherwise endured themwith great anxiety. Marywas diagnosedwith social phobia and was seen for 31 sessions of individual, cognitive-behavioral therapy. Treatment involved self-monitoring, cognitive restructuring, muscle relaxation, breathing retraining, and graduated exposure. At termination, Mary no longermet criteria for social phobia and demonstrated improvements in many areas including lowered subjective experience of anxiety, decreased avoidance, and decreased physiology associated with anxiety. This case is presented as an example of the use of cognitive-behavioral principles in...
Protection by diethyldithiocarbamate against carbon tetrachloride lethality in rats and against carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation in vitro

Abstract Diethyldithiocarbamate provides excellent protection against carbon tetrachloride-induced lethality when administered 1 hr prior to the poison. Lipoperoxidation of liver microsome preparations and the pro-oxidant effect of carbon tetrachloride in vitro are inhibited by low concentrations of diethyldithiocarbamate. On the other hand, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity is not affected by addition of diethyldithiocarbamate. These results suggest that the action of the protective agent is not at the level of the flavoprotein of the microsomal electron transport system but elsewhere in the process of lipid peroxidation.
Neutron irradiation and annealing of 10B doped chemical vapor deposited diamond films

10B doped diamond films grown by hot filament chemical vapor deposition were neutron irradiated at moderately high fluence levels. The as-irradiated and annealed samples, along with an unirradiated sample, were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. It was found that a non-diamond amorphous phase was formed on irradiation. This phase transformed back to diamond on annealing. No graphite formation was observed. A comparison with nanodiamond powder was made. A similarity between irradiated diamond films and nanocrystalline diamond powder is discussed.
Complex engineered, organizational and natural systems: Issues Underlying the Complexity of Systems and Fundamental Research Needed To Address These Issues

This paper describes an effort to determine the rationale and content for a research agenda in complex systems. This effort included a workshop conducted with 50 thought leaders in complex engineered, organizational, and natural systems. The results of this workshop were subsequently presented to seven groups in academia and industry across the United States. In this way, additional comments, suggestions, and insights were gained from roughly 200 participants in these presentations. The objectives of these eight events were to understand the underlying issues that cause us to perceive a system to be complex, and formulate a set of fundamental research questions whose pursuit would advance abilities to address these issues. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng: 260–271, 2007
Evolution of CO on Titan

The early evolution of Titan's atmosphere is expected to produce enrichment in the heavy isotopomers of CO, ^(13)CO and C^(18)O, relative to ^(12)C^(16)O. However, the original isotopic signatures may be altered by photochemical reactions. This paper explains why there is no isotopic enrichment in C in Titan's atmosphere, despite significant enrichment of heavy H, N, and O isotopes. We show that there is a rapid exchange of C atoms between the CH_4 and CO reservoirs, mediated by the reaction ^1CH_2+^*CO→^(1*)CH_2+CO, where ^*C is ^(13)C. Based on recent laboratory measurements, we estimate the rate coefficient for this reaction to be 3.2×10^(−12) cm^3 s^(−1) at the temperature appropriate for the upper atmosphere of Titan. We investigate the isotopic dilution of CO using the Caltech/JPL one-dimensional photochemical model of Titan. Our model suggests that the time constant for isotopic exchange through the above reaction is about 800 Myr, which is significantly shorter than the age of Titan, and therefore any original isotopic enhancement of ^(13)C in CO may have been diluted by the exchange process. In addition, a plausible model for the evolution history of CO on Titan after the initial escape is proposed.
Hexameric assembly of the proteasomal ATPases is templated through their C termini

The proteasome is a large proteolytic machine that degrades ubiquitin-tagged proteins. Substrates are recognized and unfolded by the regulatory particle (RP) and translocated into a central proteolytic chamber called the core particle (CP) where degradation takes place. The CP associates with the RP at either one or both ends. The RP can be further subdivided into the base and lid. Two studies from Finley and colleagues elucidate the pathway of RP assembly. They report the identification of three molecular chaperones that assist in the assembly of the RP. Assembly of the base proceeds through a complex consisting of five proteins, called BP1, which functions as an intermediate in the process. These studies show that RP assembly is a highly orchestrated process. The proteasome is a large proteolytic machine that degrades ubiquitin-tagged proteins. Substrates are recognized and unfolded by the regulatory particle (RP) and translocated into a central proteolytic chamber, called the core particle (CP), where degradation takes place. Here, and in a complimentary study, the pathway of RP assembly is elucidated, demonstrating that RP assembly is a highly orchestrated process. Substrates of the proteasome are recognized and unfolded by the regulatory particle, and then translocated into the core particle (CP) to be degraded1. A hetero-hexameric ATPase ring, containing subunits Rpt1-6, is situated within the base subassembly of the regulatory particle1. The ATPase ring sits atop the CP, with the Rpt carboxy termini inserted into pockets in the CP2,3,4,5,6. Here we identify a previously unknown function of the Rpt proteins in proteasome biogenesis through deleting the C-terminal residue from each Rpt in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our results indicate that assembly of the hexameric ATPase ring is templated on the CP. We have also identified an apparent intermediate in base assembly, BP1, which contains Rpn1, three Rpts and Hsm3, a chaperone for base assembly. The Rpt proteins with the strongest assembly phenotypes, Rpt4 and Rpt6, were absent from BP1. We propose that Rpt4 and Rpt6 form a nucleating complex to initiate base assembly, and that this complex is subsequently joined by BP1 to complete the Rpt ring. Our studies show that assembly of the proteasome base is a rapid yet highly orchestrated process.
Miniaturized multiplex label-free electronic chip for rapid nucleic acid analysis based on carbon nanotube nanoelectrode arrays

BACKGROUND: Reducing cost and time is the major concern in clinical diagnostics, particularly in molecular diagnostics. Miniaturization technologies have been recognized as promising solutions to provide low-cost microchips for diagnostics. With the recent advancement in nanotechnologies, it is possible to further improve detection sensitivity and simplify sample preparation by incorporating nanoscale elements in diagnostics devices. A fusion of micro- and nanotechnologies with biology has great potential for the development of low-cost disposable chips for rapid molecular analysis that can be carried out with simple handheld devices. APPROACH: Vertically aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are fabricated on predeposited microelectrode pads and encapsulated in SiO2 dielectrics with only the very end exposed at the surface to form an inlaid nanoelectrode array (NEA). The NEA is used to collect the electrochemical signal associated with the target molecules binding to the probe molecules, which are covalently attached to the end of the MWNTs. CONTENT: A 3 x 3 microelectrode array is presented to demonstrate the miniaturization and multiplexing capability. A randomly distributed MWNT NEA is fabricated on each microelectrode pad. Selective functionalization of the MWNT end with a specific oligonucleotide probe and passivation of the SiO2 surface with ethylene glycol moieties are discussed. Ru(bpy)2+ -mediator-amplified guanine oxidation is used to directly measure the electrochemical signal associated with target molecules. SUMMARY: The discussed MWNT NEAs have ultrahigh sensitivity in direct electrochemical detection of guanine bases in the nucleic acid target. Fewer than approximately 1000 target nucleic acid molecules can be measured with a single microelectrode pad of approximately 20 x 20 microm2, which approaches the detection limit of laser scanners in fluorescence-based DNA microarray techniques. MWNT NEAs can be easily integrated with microelectronic circuitry and microfluidics for development of a fully automated system for rapid molecular analysis with minimum cost.
FusionHunter: Identifying fusion transcripts in cancer using paired-end RNA-seq

Motivation: Fusion transcripts can be created as a result of genome rearrangement in cancer. Some of them play important roles in carcinogenesis, and can serve as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. With more and more cancer genomes being sequenced by nextgeneration sequencing technologies, we believe an efficient tool for reliably identifying fusion transcripts will be desirable for many groups. Results: We designed and implemented an open-source software tool, called FusionHunter, which reliably identifies fusion transcripts from transcriptional analysis of paired-end RNA-seq. We show that FusionHunter can accurately detect fusions that were previously confirmed by RT-PCR in a publicly available dataset. The purpose of FusionHunter is to identify potential fusions with high sensitivity and specificity and to guide further functional validation in the laboratory. Availability: http://bioen-compbio.bioen.illinois.edu/FusionHunter/.
Eight outrageous statements about HR science

Abstract The thesis of this article is that HRM research falls short on all three of the criteria that define a successful science: rigor, relevance, cumulative progress. To bring HR research to the level of a successful science, programmatic, theory based research is needed in which there is a pursuit of important research questions and the use of diverse research methods. The needs of a variety of stakeholders must be considered in addition to those of corporate management. The context of HRM should be considered, along with the paradox, complexity, and chaos that inevitably accompany such consideration. Finally, and perhaps most important, attempts to improve HR as science must avoid overreactions in which one criterion of successful science is overemphasized to the neglect of the others.
The Role of Endografts in the Management of Type B Aortic Dissections

Type B aortic dissection is a rare, but deadly, disease process. Advances in endovascular therapy have provided alternative means for the management of aortic dissection. This comprehensive review examines the incidence, pathophysiology, presentation, diagnosis, risk factors, and management of type B aortic dissection, with an emphasis on endovascular intervention. Additionally, this review provides current information regarding the procedural outcomes, complications, mortality, and overall survival of endovascular versus conventional management of type B aortic dissections.
Microwave power absorption differences between normal and malignant tissue

Abstract An open-ended coaxial probe that produced a fringing field in the termination tissue was used to measure the fractional power absorption for malignant tumors and normal adjacent tissue in female W/Fu isogeneic rats over the 30 to 2000 MHz range. The fractional power absorption was determined as the difference in measured incident and reflected power divided by the incident power for SMT-2A tumors, and for normal adjacent muscle and mammary tissue. For the coaxial probe, the ratio of power absorbed in malignant to that in normal adjacent tissue peaked at 180 MHz with values of 4.28 and 1.40 for malignant/mammary and malignant/ muscle, respectively. By fitting the measured data to an equation for power absorption because of the fringing-field probe, tissue conductivity and dielectric constant versus frequency were determined. These tissue properties were used to determine the ratio of power absorbed in malignant to normal tissue versus frequency for a propagating plane wave. For plane waves, peak differential absorption occurs at 300 MHz; 4.81 and 1.46 for malignant/ mammary and malignant/muscle, respectively. Since direct-contact applicators for microwave hyperthermia have both fringing-field and plane-wave characteristics, our results indicate that any operating frequency from 180 to 300 MHz would provide a near optimum differential power absorption between malignant and normal tissue.
Mean time to failure of SnAgCuNi solder joints under DC

Electromigration time to failure and electrical resistivity of 95.5%Sn-1.5%Ag-0.5%Cu-0.03W%Ni (SACN) microelectronics solder joints have been investigated experimentally. A Black's type electromigration time to failure equation is developed to describe the time to failure versus current density and temperature. The activation energy over the range of 83°C∼174°C is measured to be 0.77±0.12eV, and the current density exponent is found to be (8.60±1.65). It is also shown that the most commonly used Black's electromigration time to failure equation cannot be used for solder joints.
Administrative Proxies for Judicial Review: Building Legitimacy from the Inside-Out

Judicial review is considered an indispensible legitimizer of the administrative state. Not only is it a hallmark feature of the Administrative Procedure Act, but the various standards of review reinforce democratic norms, promote accountability, and act as a check against arbitrariness. Unreviewable agency actions, therefore, must find their legitimacy elsewhere. This article evaluates the promise of “inside-out” legitimacy as an alternative or complement to judicial review. We theorize, based on insights from the administrative law and procedural justice literatures, that administrative process design can do much to advance legitimacy without the need to rely on judicial review to check administrative decisionmaking. Next, we connect the theoretical conceptions of legitimacy to administrative behavior by offering metrics for testing intrinsic legitimacy. To demonstrate how these metrics might be applied, we present an empirical study of an innovative administrative fire-alarm process that enables interested parties to petition EPA to withdraw states’ authorization to administer the major environmental statutes. While this process may trigger a variety of responses by EPA, there is generally little recourse to the courts for citizens dissatisfied with the process or its outcomes. Our findings suggest that, even without external checks, EPA engages in numerous behaviors indicative of intrinsic legitimacy. In addition, the process itself produces real substantive outcomes. Armed with these findings, we conclude with an assessment of institutional design features that may contribute to inside-out legitimacy.
NEAR-REAL-TIME LOSS ESTIMATION FOR INSTRUMENTED BUILDINGS

A technique is developed to model instrumented buildings with a second-generation performance-based earthquake engineering approach, producing a damage and loss estimate shortly after the cessation of strong motion. It estimates the likely locations of damage (including concealed structural damage), potentially saving the owner time and money by focusing post-earthquake safety and repair inspections. It provides a rapid estimate of repair costs, allowing the owner quickly to apply for recovery funds or an insurance claim. The method uses basement accelerograms, a stochastic structural model, and nonlinear time-history structural analysis to estimate probabilistic engineering demands (structural response). Structural response is input to fragility functions for each damageable assembly to estimate probabilistic physical damage on a component-by-component basis. Probabilistic repair costs for each assembly are calculated and summed, and contractor overhead and profit are added to produce a probability distribution of total repair cost. A simple Bayesian-updating technique employs upper-story accelerograms to refine the stochastic structural model. It is found in application that using the upper-story accelerograms produces only a modest change in the distributions of damage and repair cost, because most of the uncertainty in repair cost results from the uncertainty in the fragility functions and cost distributions, not from uncertainty in the structural model.
Algorithmic modifications extending MELTS to calculate subsolidus phase relations

Algorithmic modifications to the MELTS software package are presented in order that calculations of heterogeneous phase equilibria can be performed in the subsolidus. Methods are presented for: (1) selecting an "initial guess assemblage" that satisfies the bulk composition constraints; (2) detecting saturation of new phases (including liquid) in an assemblage; (3) adding and removing phases from the assemblage without adjusting the system bulk composition; and (4) constraining the assemblage to a fixed f_(O2). These methods have O2 been added to MELTS, allowing it to calculate heterogeneous phase equilibria with or without liquid, closed or open to O, and with fixed intensive variables (P,T), (P,S), (P,H), or (V,T). Applications include fractional melting calculations, metamorphic phase equilibria, and geophysical models of subsolidus regions of the Earth.
Sucrose Improves Insecticide Activity Against Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae).

The addition of sucrose to insecticides targeting spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), enhanced lethality in laboratory, semifield, and field tests. In the laboratory, 0.1% sucrose added to a spray solution enhanced spotted wing drosophila feeding. Flies died 120 min earlier when exposed to spinosad residues at label rates enhanced with sucrose. Added sucrose reduced the LC50 for dried acetamiprid residues from 82 to 41 ppm in the spray solution. Laboratory bioassays of spotted wing drosophila mortality followed exposure to grape and blueberry foliage and/or fruit sprayed and aged in the field. On grape foliage, the addition of 2.4 g/liter of sugar with insecticide sprays resulted in an 11 and 6% increase of spotted wing drosophila mortality at 1 and 2 d exposures to residues, respectively, averaged over seven insecticides with three concentrations. In a separate experiment, spinetoram and cyantraniliprole reduced by 95-100% the larval infestation of blueberries, relative to the untreated control, 7 d after application at labeled rates when applied with 1.2 g/liter sucrose in a spray mixture, irrespective of rainfall; without sucrose infestation was reduced by 46-91%. Adding sugar to the organically acceptable spinosyn, Entrust, reduced larval infestation of strawberries by >50% relative to without sugar for five of the six sample dates during a season-long field trial. In a small-plot field test with blueberries, weekly applications in alternating sprays of sucrose plus reduced-risk insecticides, spinetoram or acetamiprid, reduced larval infestation relative to the untreated control by 76%; alternating bifenthrin and phosmet (without sucrose) reduced infestation by 65%.
Southernization of the Nation and Nationalization of the South: Racial Conservatism, Social Welfare and White Partisans in the United States, 1956–92

Many scholars and pundits believe that the 1964 presidential election between Barry Goldwater and Lyndon Johnson disrupted the New Deal order and ushered in a sixth party system anchored in part by race issues. But, curiously, the conventional wisdom has not fared well empirically. In this article, I employ disaggregated survey data and novel methodological tools to identify temporal patterns in the relationships between partisanship, New Deal issues and race issues. My conclusions are as follows: (1) the association between race issues and partisanship has switched signs in the South; (2) a racial axis of cleavage has opened up outside the South; (3) the New Deal issue axis has grown in the South; and (4) New Deal issues continue to cleave partisans outside the South.
The personal genome project.

Mol Syst Biol. 1: 2005.0030 Large potential benefits for systems biology reside in applications to human health and identity. To develop our community's skills in these directions, ready access to highly integrated and comprehensive human genome and phenome data sets is extremely important and increasingly feasible technically. The few human 'functional genomics' data sets available today tend to be isolated from one another. Some of the tools needed to break through this impasse are addressed below in the context of a Personal Genome Project (PGP) as a natural successor to the Human Genome Project (HGP)—two recent buds in the ancient field of genetics. From my first interaction with Wally Gilbert in 1976, it seemed that a large (but appealing) leap would be to go from his new method for sequencing 30 bp segments to a method to get everyone's full genome sequenced. Six billion base pairs for six billion people had a nice ring to it. This was still merely a fantasy when we published a paper called 'Genomic Sequencing' in 1984 (Church and Gilbert, 1984) and conspired to create a 3 billion dollar HGP later that year (Cook‐Deegan, 1989). For the subsequent 16 years, radical technology development (while kept alive in a few 'back‐rooms') was clearly a minor funding priority relative to 'production' sequencing. However, by 2001, the criticisms of the old technology grew and the call for affordable personal genomes became irresistible (Jonietz, 2001). In early 2004, the NIH‐NHGRI posted a request for applications, and in October 2004 and August 2005, announced grant awards totaling $70 million for technology leading to human genome sequences for $100 000 in 5 years and $1000 in 10 years (http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/aug2005/nhgri‐08.htm). As if the motivation were not already high enough, at the recent Genome Sequencing & Analysis Conference in Hilton Head (October …
Quaternary cave levels in peninsular Florida

Abstract The hypothesis that caves in the Florida Peninsula are tied to Quaternary sea levels was proposed by hydrogeologists, without data, some 40 years ago. The hypothesis is a version of glacial control of cave levels, which is the logical combination of the water-table theory of speleogenesis and the concept that base level positions the water table. At the USA type example of glacial control of cave levels—Mammoth Cave in the Paleozoic rocks of Kentucky—the intermediary is base level determined by rivers. By hypothesis, the intermediary for Florida is glacioeustatic sea level. This paper presents elevation data that supports this hypothesis. Recent cave surveys in the air-filled caves and spot elevations from archived maps reveal prominent levels of passages centered at 5, 12, 21, and 30 m above sea level over broad areas. They do not follow the large-scale structure of the Floridan aquifer. Instead, they align with nearby, coastal marine terraces identified as modal peaks on frequency plots from various topographic data bases. Levels matching with the three highest terraces—Wicomico, Penholoway, and Talbott—are particularly clear. Lower levels, if they accord with sea-level stands, are likely composites. Data from cavities encountered in drilled wells (e.g., bit drops) and spot elevations from archived underwater cave maps demonstrate passage levels at depths of 15, 30, 70, and 90–120 m below the modern water table. The depths below water table are similar to the depths below sea level of distant submerged terraces and paleoshoreline features identified using multibeam bathymetric data in the Gulf of Mexico. The cave, bit-drop, and terrace data are all consistent with the concept that Quaternary sea level is the fundamental control on the cave-scale porosity within the Floridan aquifer. This conclusion does not rule out the possibility that lithologically favored positions, paleokarst features and confining units, and mixing zones are also involved in the location of caves levels in this near-coastal environment.
Evolution of competitive fitness in experimental populations of E. coli: what makes one genotype a better competitor than another?

An important problem in microbial ecology is to identify those phenotypic attributes that are responsible for competitive fitness in a particular environment. Thousands of papers have been published on the physiology, biochemistry, and molecular genetics of Escherichia coli and other bacterial models. Nonetheless, little is known about what makes one genotype a better competitor than another even in such well studied systems. Here, we review experiments to identify the phenotypic bases of improved competitive fitness in twelve E. coli populations that evolved for thousands of generations in a defined environment, in which glucose was the limiting substrate. After 10000 generations, the average fitness of the derived genotypes had increased by ∼ 50% relative to the ancestor, based on competition experiments using marked strains in the same environment. The growth kinetics of the ancestral and derived genotypes showed that the latter have a shorter lag phase upon transfer into fresh medium and a higher maximum growth rate. Competition experiments were also performed in environments where other substrates were substituted for glucose. The derived genotypes are generally more fit in competition for those substrates that use the same mechanism of transport as glucose, which suggests that enhanced transport was an important target of natural selection in the evolutionary environment. All of the derived genotypes produce much larger cells than does the ancestor, even when both types are forced to grow at the same rate. Some, but not all, of the derived genotypes also have greatly elevated mutation rates. Efforts are now underway to identify the genetic changes that underlie those phenotypic changes, especially substrate specificity and elevated mutation rate, for which there are good candidate loci. Identification and subsequent manipulation of these genes may provide new insights into the reproducibility of adaptive evolution, the importance of co-adapted gene complexes, and the extent to which distinct phenotypes (e.g., substrate specificity and cell size) are affected by the same mutations.
Comparison and combination of ear and face images in appearance-based biometrics

Researchers have suggested that the ear may have advantages over the face for biometric recognition. Our previous experiments with ear and face recognition, using the standard principal component analysis approach, showed lower recognition performance using ear images. We report results of similar experiments on larger data sets that are more rigorously controlled for relative quality of face and ear images. We find that recognition performance is not significantly different between the face and the ear, for example, 70.5 percent versus 71.6 percent, respectively, in one experiment. We also find that multimodal recognition using both the ear and face results in statistically significant improvement over either individual biometric, for example, 90.9 percent in the analogous experiment.
Identification of a mammalian nuclear factor and human cDNA-encoded proteins that recognize DNA containing apurinic sites.

Abstract Damage to DNA can have lethal or mutagenic consequences for cells unless it is detected and repaired by cellular proteins. Repair depends on the ability of cellular factors to distinguish the damaged sites. Electrophoretic binding assays were used to identify a factor from the nuclei of mammalian cells that bound to DNA containing apurinic sites. A binding assay based on the use of beta-galactosidase fusion proteins was subsequently used to isolate recombinant clones of human cDNAs that encoded apurinic DNA-binding proteins. Two distinct human cDNAs were identified that encoded proteins that bound apurinic DNA preferentially over undamaged, methylated, or UV-irradiated DNA. These approaches may offer a general method for the detection of proteins that recognize various types of DNA damage and for the cloning of genes encoding such proteins.
Expression of genes involved in vascular development and angiogenesis in endothelial cells of adult lung

Profiling gene expression in endothelial cells advances the understanding of normal vascular physiology and disease processes involving angiogenesis. However, endothelial cell purification has been challenging because of the difficulty of isolating cells and their low abundance. Here we examine gene expression in endothelial cells freshly isolated from lung capillaries after in vivo labeling with fluorescent cationic liposomes and purification by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Of the 39,000 genes and expressed sequence tags evaluated on custom oligonucleotide arrays, 555 were enriched in endothelial cell fraction. These included familiar endothelial cell-associated genes such as VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, angiopoietin-2, Tie1, Tie2, Edg1 receptor, VE-cadherin, claudin 5, connexin37, CD31, and CD34. Also enriched were genes in semaphorin/neuropilin (Sema3c and Nrp1), ephrin/Eph (ephrin A1, B1, B2, and EphB4), delta/notch (Hey1, Jagged 2, Notch 1, Notch 4, Numb, and Siah1b), and Wingless (Frizzled-4 and Tle1) signaling pathways involved in vascular development and angiogenesis. Expression of representative genes in alveolar capillary endothelial cells was verified by immunohistochemistry. Such expression reflects features that endothelial cells of normal lung capillaries have in common with embryonic and growing blood vessels. About half of the enriched genes, including exostosin 2, lipocalin 7, phospholipid scramblase 2, pleckstrin 2, protocadherin 1, Ryk, scube 1, serpinh1, SNF-related kinase, and several tetraspanins, had little or no previous association with endothelial cells. This approach can readily be used to profile genes expressed in blood vessels in tumors, chronic inflammation, and other sites in which endothelial cells avidly take up cationic liposomes.
Important Poisonous Plants on Rangelands

Management strategies based on toxin level in the plant, animal susceptibility, and grazing behavior can reduce the risk of poisoning. DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v27i5_lee
Hardware-Based and Hybrid L1 Data Cache Bypassing to Improve GPU Performance

Intelligent GPU cache bypassing can improve the efficiency of using GPU memory bandwidth, which can benefit GPU performance. In this paper, we study a pure hardware-based GPU cache bypassing method that can be applied to GPU applications without having to recompile the programs. Moreover, we introduce a hybrid method that can exploit profiling information to further enhance the hardware-based bypassing. Our experimental results show that the hardware-based cache bypassing can improve performance for most benchmarks, and the hybrid method can achieve performance comparable to the state-of-the-art compiler-based bypassing with much less profiling cost.