cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using the technology acceptance model to explain how attitudes determine Internet usage: The role of perceived access barriers and demographics

Abstract Despite the fact that most Americans use the Internet, those who are older, less educated, minority and lower income have lower usage rates than younger, highly educated, white and wealthier individuals. We develop and test an extended version of the technology acceptance model (TAM) to explain these differences. We found that age, education, income and race are associated differentially with beliefs about the Internet, and that these beliefs influence a consumer's attitude toward and use of the Internet. Further, we found that although access barriers have a significant effect in the model, perceptions regarding ease of use and usefulness have a stronger effect. Our results suggest that by extending the TAM, to include perceived access barriers helps to explain demographic-based differences in Internet use. We also provide key insights for both managers and policymakers.
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: management options and emerging therapies.

No abstract available Keywords: AJCC; American Joint Committee on Cancer; EGFR; HBV; HCC; HCV; IBD; ICC; LN; PSC; VEGF; epidermal growth factor receptor; hepatitis B virus; hepatitis C virus; hepatocellular carcinoma; inflammatory bowel disease; intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; lymph node; primary sclerosing cholangitits; vascular endothelial growth factor.
Transient aggregation of nascent thyroglobulin in the endoplasmic reticulum : relationship to the molecular chaperone, BiP

Because of its unusual length, nascent thyroglobulin (Tg) requires a long time after translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to assume its mature tertiary structure. Thus, Tg is an ideal molecule for the study of protein folding and export from the ER, and is an excellent potential substrate for molecular chaperones. During the first 15 min after biosynthesis, Tg is found in transient aggregates with and without interchain disulfide bonds, which precede the formation of free monomers (and ultimately dimers) within the ER. By immunoprecipitation, newly synthesized Tg was associated with the binding protein (BiP); association was maximal at the earliest chase times. Much of the Tg released from BiP by the addition of Mg-ATP was found in aggregates containing interchain disulfide bonds; other BiP-associated Tg represented non-covalent aggregates and unfolded free monomers. Importantly, the immediate precursor to Tg dimer was a compact monomer which did not associate with BiP. The average stoichiometry of BiP/Tg interaction involved nearly 10 BiP molecules per Tg molecule. Cycloheximide was used to reduced the ER concentration of Tg relative to chaperones, with subsequent removal of the drug in order to rapidly restore Tg synthesis. After this treatment, nascent Tg aggregates were no longer detectable. The data suggest a model of folding of exportable proteins in which nascent polypeptides immediately upon translocation into the ER interact with BiP. Early interaction with BiP may help in presenting nascent polypeptides to other helper molecules that catalyze folding, thereby preventing aggregation or driving aggregate dissolution in the ER.
Late Recurrence after Radical Cystectomy: Patterns, Risk Factors and Outcomes

Purpose: We evaluated the outcome in patients with late recurrence of urothelial carcinoma after radical cystectomy.Materials and Methods: We identified 2,091 patients who underwent radical cystectomy at our institution between 1980 and 2006. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared based on recurrence timing (less than 5 years vs 5 or greater) and location (urothelial vs nonurothelial) using the log rank test. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to evaluate variables associated with late recurrence and death from bladder cancer.Results: Median postoperative followup was 16.6 years. Late recurrence was identified in 82 patients (3.9%). On multivariate analysis younger age (p = 0.0008), nonmuscle invasive disease (p = 0.01) and prostatic urethral involvement (p <0.0001) were significantly associated with an increased risk of late recurrence. Five-year post-recurrence cancer specific survival was significantly worse after recurrence within 5 years from radical cystec...
Novel Capacitive Gap-Coupled Bandpass Filter Using Non-Uniform Arbitrary Image Impedance

This paper introduces a new design technique for a capacitive gap-coupled bandpass fllter (BPF) using non-uniform arbitrary image impedances. Based on the proposed BPF equivalent circuit model, the fllter's design equations are derived, and they are validated from comparisons of the calculated and simulated results. For this theoretical veriflcation, the BPF using non-uniform arbitrary image impedances is designed using the speciflcations of: center frequency (fc) = 5:8GHz, fractional bandwidth (FBW) = 3:5%, and fllter stage (N) = 3. The calculated and simulated results of the designed fllter show good agreement. The BPF using the proposed design method could provide an advantage that one can arbitrarily determine two difierent image impedances, which ultimately afiects the BPF's coupling gaps and line widths. This could result in suitable fllter dimensions, i.e., gaps and line width, for a conventional low resolution photolithography fabrication although a low or high dielectric constant substrate is used for the design.
TOPping Off Meiosis

Double-strand breaks (DSBs) threaten chromosome integrity. The most accurate repair of DSBs is by homologous recombination (HR), catalyzed by recombination proteins such as Rad51. Three papers in this issue of Molecular Cell (Fasching et al., 2015; Kaur et al., 2015; Tang et al., 2015) now reveal the role of three of these proteins in budding yeast: Sgs1 (BLM homolog), Top3 (TOPIIIα homolog), and Rmi1. They demonstrate several steps where all three proteins act together, and find additional functions of the Top3-Rmi1 subcomplex that are critical for the completion of meiosis.
Drawing graphs with GLEE

This paper describes novel methods we developed to lay out graphs using Sugiyama's scheme [16] in a tool named GLEE. The main contributions are: a heuristic for creating a graph layout with a given aspect ratio, an efficient method of edge-crossings counting while performing adjacent vertex swaps, and a simple and fast spline routing algorithm.
Security, Disease, Commerce: Ideologies of Postcolonial Global Health

Public health in the United States and Western Europe has long been allied with national security and international commerce. During the 1990s, American virologists and public health experts capitalized on this historical association, arguing that ‘emerging diseases’ presented a threat to American political and economic interests. This paper investigates these arguments, which I call the ‘emerging diseases worldview’, and compares it to colonial-era ideologies of medicine and public health. Three points of comparison are emphasized: the mapping of space and relative importance of territoriality; the increasing emphasis on information and commodity exchange networks; and the transition from metaphors of conversion and a ‘civilizing mission’, to integration and international development. Although colonial and postcolonial ideologies of global health remain deeply intertwined, significant differences are becoming apparent.
РОССИЙСКАЯ ТЕОРИЯ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ: КАКОЙ ЕЙ БЫТЬ?

Russian IR theory faces many difficulties including underdevelopment of empiric research and overall abstract approach of theoretic studies. The article suggests to reconsider the development of the Russian IR theory in order to face the new economic, political and ethno-cultural challenges. The formation of Russian IR theory is still underway, and it is characterized by contradictions and the presence of mutually exclusive universalist and isolationist approaches. The article raises the question of overcoming the extreme approaches in the IR theory through reducing the gap between the teaching of IR and Russian political thought. The article concludes that the development of IR in Russia requires deep knowledge of its intellectual roots, thus the study of the Russian political thought becomes the necessity.
Clinical and quantitative comparison of amyloid PET tracers florbetapir and PiB

1120 Objectives Florbetapir F 18 PET was FDA approved in April 2012 to qualitatively measure brain amyloid to aid in the clinical diagnosis of dementia. Our goal is to compare florbetapir to the amyloid imaging gold standard: Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB). We would like to compare tracers cross-sectionally and longitudinally. We can also compare tracers (at baseline) to other biomarker and imaging values. Methods 110 unique participants were recruited from the Knight Alzheimer9s Disease Research Center at Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine. Each participant underwent florbetapir and PiB PET within a two-week window. The order of the two scans was random. A 3T MRI was collected within one year. Participants were asked to undergo a lumbar puncture to measure CSF biomarkers. Images were corrected for modality. Florbetapir PET scans were read clinically by two trained radiologists. 15 participants had follow-up florbetapir PET scans approximately one year after baseline. 5 of these 15 also had a follow-up PiB scan at one year. Results Imaging results include florbetapir MCSUVR, PiB MCSUVR, SUVR by brain regions, wm SUVR, hippocampal volume, and clinical positivity rating. CSF values include Aβ42, total tau, and p-tau. Florbetapir SUVR and PiB SUVR were highly correlated globally as well as regionally. Correlations between white matter regions were significantly lower. Mean MCSUVR was 1.34 for PiB and 0.89 for florbetapir. Correlations between each tracer and other imaging or biomarkers varied, but were generally similar for each tracer. Conclusions Florbetapir and PiB uptake values are highly correlated globally and regionally. A lower correlation between white matter regions is consistent with non-specific white matter binding. Other AD biomarkers and imaging markers correlate roughly equally with both tracers. Research Support NIH P50 AG05681, P01AG026276, P01AG003991, 2UL1TR000448; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly); The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Research Initiative; The McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience, 22 3922 26239N; Generous support from Fred Simmons and Olga Mohan; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology Research Award
The Problem of Pragmatism in American History

In 1950 Henry Steele Commager saw no reason to doubt that "pragmatism" was a central theme in American life, flowing naturally out of American experience and becoming, in the twentieth century, "almost the official philosophy of America. " 1 Being pragmatic was so essential to being American, observed the Amherst pamphlet on "Pragmatism and American Culture" in the same year, that to debate the merits of pragmatism was to place "American civilization itself . .. on trial." 2 Indeed, people seeking to identify what was wrong with America-or what was so splended about it-had been dissecting the writings of pragmatists for years.3 The indispensability of the concept of pragmatism for the study of American history was implied across the board, from the narrowest of scholarly monographs to the most sweeping assessments of the American character, from the gushiest patriotic tract to the most embittered denunciation of American shortcomings. In 1980, "pragmatism" is a concept most American historians have proved they can get along without. Some nonhistorians may continue to believe that pragmatism is a distinctive contribution of America to modern civilization and somehow emblematic of America, but few scholarly energies are devoted to the exploration or even the assertion of this belief. The space devoted to
Cusp catastrophe model of employee turnover.

A cusp catastrophe model is developed to explain job turnover of nursing employees. The temporal dynamics of the catastrophe model suggest that leavers experience lower organization commitment than...
Neutrophil migration is defective during recombinant human granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor infusion after autologous bone marrow transplantation in humans

We have previously reported that continuous intravenous (IV) administration of recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rHuGM-CSF) to humans following high-dose alkylating agent chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow support (ABMS) results in myeloid bone marrow maturation, accelerated granulocyte recovery, and reduced treatment-related toxicity. However, we found that leukocyte counts declined rapidly after discontinuation of rHuGM-CSF therapy, which suggests possible growth factor effects on leukocyte margination and migration. For these reasons we studied granulocyte margination by using 111In-labeled autologous granulocytes and found similar granulocyte margination before (21.5% +/- 13.4%) and during continuous IV rHuGM-CSF infusion (23.3% +/- 9.6%). Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans and granulocyte hydrogen peroxide production was similar before and during rHuGM-CSF infusion and similar to patients treated with the same high-dose chemotherapy and ABMS but not receiving growth factor. However, migration of granulocytes to a sterile inflammatory site was markedly reduced during continuous rHuGM-CSF infusion (1.2 +/- 0.9 WBCs/cm2, 24 hr) as compared with baseline (39.6 +/- 17.7 WBCs/cm2/24 hr; P less than .0008). These findings may be of relevance when extravascular granulocytes are required for host defense.
Mass Spectral Identification and Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Methyl 4-Chloroindolyl-3-Acetate in Canned and Frozen Peas

Methyl 4-chloroindolyl-3-acetate (MCIA), a naturally occurring auxin, has been identified in canned and frozen peas by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC)/mass spectrometry. Eight samples were analyzed for MCIA using slightly modified official AOAC multiple pesticide residue procedures employing GLC with microcoulometric detection. Levels of MCIA averaged 0.20 ppm for canned peas and 0.16 ppm for frozen peas. Recovery of MCIA from a fortified sample was 40%.
Acoustical Imaging of Underwater Plumes

We review the research done to acoustically image naturally occurring underwater plumes. The review was undertaken to gain perspectives that might help in our efforts to image high-temperature, black-smoker, hydrothennal plumes in the deep ocean (Palmer, Rona and Mottl, 1986). Specifically, we wanted to identify common themes in hardware development, experimental design, and data analysis and interpretation.
Slavery and the War

If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at the same time save slavery, I do not agree with them. If there be those who would not save the union unless they could, at the same time, destroy slavery , I do not agree with them. My paramount object in this struggle is to save the union and it is not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save the Union by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that. What I do about slavery and the colored race I do because I believe it helps the union; and what I forbear I forbear because I do not believe it would help save the union. Abraham Lincoln, August 1862 Abraham Lincoln's claim that preservation of the Union, not the ultimate fate of slavery, was the paramount objective in the Civil War reveals a long-standing American dilemma that was brought to the fore by the outbreak of war. On the one hand, men such as Lincoln clearly felt that it was the presence of slavery, and the political arrogance of the slave power, that had brought about the conflict between the states. Slavery, in their eyes, was an abhorrent institution that had to be brought under control – controlled, but not necessarily eliminated.
The role of novel immunotherapies in non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Immunotherapy is an evolving modality in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Vaccinations with patient-specific tumor-derived antigens have been developed to strengthen immune response to tumor. The success of rituximab, a monoclonal antibody for CD20 on malignant B-cells, fueled further immunotherapy research. The power of the immune system to fight hematologic malignancies is seen in allogeneic stem cell transplant, where donor T cells attack residual malignant cells in the recipient. Now, three innovative therapeutic immunotherapy classes (I) adoptive cellular therapy; (II) immune-checkpoint inhibitors; and (III) novel antibody therapies show promising results in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Genetically engineered T cells, CAR T cells, obtained remissions in lymphomas refractory to conventional chemotherapy. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors, such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab revolutionized the treatment of many solid tumors, and unprecedented results are now reported in relapsed/refractory lymphoma. Building on the success of rituximab, additional therapeutic monoclonal antibodies were developed for lymphoma treatment. Antibodies have recently been further engineered with multiple binding sites to directly engage both tumor and T cells. There are exciting early clinical trial results for the first bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE), blinatumomab, as well as promising ongoing studies for dual antibody molecules, Dual-Affinity Re-Targeting (DART) proteins. This review highlights these three immunotherapy classes for relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin lymphomas and discusses the mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, and toxicities of each.
Fast inertial particle manipulation in oscillating flows

Microparticles are quickly and efficiently sorted by size through the action of an oscillating bubble attached to a microfluidic channel. Experimental observations and a quantitative theory of general particle deflections near oscillating interfaces are presented.
Measurement of material thickness in the presence of a protective film

Many sheet products from plastic to structural composites are produce in tightly controlled thickness needed for functional applications. There are many methods that have been used to measure such sheeting from mechanical rollers to optical micrometers. However, many materials are produced with a thin protective film on either side that may not have critical dimensional controls. This paper addresses the challenge of measuring sheet products to critical thickness values in the presence of protective plastic films using high speed optical gaging methods. For this application, the protective films are assumed to be transparent though not necessarily scatter free, and have thickness variations that are comparable to the tolerances of the sheet product. We will examine the pros and cons of a number of different optical measurement methods in light of resolution, speed and robustness to the film thickness variation and present an approach able to address the desired sheet measurement tolerances.
Central Mexico’s Influences in Jalisco and Nayarit during the Classic Period

The highland lake districts of Jalisco and Nayarit were focal points for complex social developments during the Classic period, developments firmly rooted in long sequences of exotic Formative cultures (Galvan 1976, 1984; Kelly 1980; Mountjoy 1972; Oliveros 1974; Scott 1985; Weigand 1977, 1985a). The purpose of this chapter is to outline the apparent degree of relationships between these Classic period societies and the Central Mexican polity called Teotihuacan.
Ambulatory Care Use among Patients with Spina Bifida: Change in Care from Childhood to Adulthood.

Purpose: We examined the ambulatory health care visit use of children with spina bifida, adults who transitioned to adult care and adults who continued to seek care in a pediatric setting.Materials and Methods: We evaluated use during a 1-year period of patients with spina bifida who visited any outpatient medical clinic within an integrated health care system. Patients were categorized as pediatric (younger than 18 years) or adult (age 18 or older). Adults were divided into those who did not fully transition to adult care and patients who fully transitioned (adult). Frequency and type of health care use were compared. Subanalysis was performed for patients 18 to 25 years old to examine variables associated with successful complete transition to adult care.Results: During 1 year 382 children, 88 patients who did not transition and 293 adult patients with spina bifida had 4,931 clinic visits. Children had greater ambulatory care use (7.25 visits per year) compared to fully transitioned adults (5.33 visits ...
The role of bulk viscosity on the decay of compressible, homogeneous, isotropic turbulence

While Stokes’ hypothesis of neglecting bulk viscous effects is exact for monatomic gases and unlikely to strongly affect the dynamics of fluids whose bulk-to-shear viscosity ratio is small and/or of weakly compressible turbulence, it is unclear to what extent this assumption holds for compressible, turbulent flows of gases whose bulk viscosity is orders of magnitude larger than their shear viscosities (e.g. ). Our objective is to understand the mechanisms by which bulk viscosity and the associated phenomena affect moderately compressible turbulence, in particular energy transfer and dissipation. Using direct numerical simulations of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations, we study the decay of compressible, homogeneous, isotropic turbulence for ratios of bulk-to-shear viscosity ranging from 0 to 1000. Our simulations demonstrate that bulk viscosity increases the decay rate of turbulent kinetic energy; whereas enstrophy exhibits little sensitivity to bulk viscosity, dilatation is reduced by over two orders of magnitude within the first two eddy-turnover times. Via a Helmholtz decomposition of the flow, we determine that the primary action of bulk viscosity is to damp the dilatational velocity fluctuations and reduce dilatational–solenoidal exchanges, as well as pressure–dilatation coupling. In short, bulk viscosity renders compressible turbulence incompressible by reducing energy transfer between translational and internal degrees of freedom. Our results indicate that for gases whose bulk viscosity is of the order of their shear viscosity (e.g. hydrogen) the turbulence is not significantly affected by bulk viscous dissipation, in which case neglecting bulk viscosity is acceptable in practice. However, in problems involving compressible, turbulent flows of gases like whose bulk viscosities are thousands of times greater than their shear viscosities, bulk viscosity cannot be ignored.
Defining Diabetic Retinopathy Severity

The fundus abnormalities seen in diabetic retinopathy can conceptually be split into three categories – those findings resulting from leaking microvasculature (hemorrhages, lipid exudates, retinal edema); those findings resulting from structural damage to the microvasculature wall (microaneurysms); and those findings resulting from ischemia with a subsequent overproduction of vascular growth factors (cottonwool patches, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities [IRMA], preretinal neovascularization, fibrous proliferation, and vitreous hemorrhage). The severity of each of these findings can be classified and quantified based on the degree of retina involvement, e.g., the number of microaneurysms and hemorrhages in each quadrant or photographic field, the area of retina affected by neovascular tissue or IRMA, the area of macula involved with retinal thickening. Classification schemes are a means to categorize the varying degrees of such findings to facilitate communication.As with all specialized languages, the value of these languages depends upon who is speaking to whom. The ultimate goal of classification schemes is to provide a system to improve patient care. This may be achieved initially by precise communication among researchers to define categories by which the natural history and subsequent response to intervention(s) can be identified. Once these research goals have been achieved these classification schemes should be understandable and reproducible by practicing clinicians. If not, then modification of these classification schemes is desirable to allow clinicians to communicate among themselves and with their patients the expected results of therapies demonstrated to be beneficial in clinical trials. One should realize that the goals of communication between researchers may be different from the goals of communication between clinicians and may likewise be different from the goals of communication between clinician and patient. Evolution of classification schemes is desirable dependent upon who is communicating with whom.
Rural Exposure to Pension Reductions.

This study explores the exposure of rural communities to reductions in pension payments. We find that rural counties that attractively pursued retirement migration as an economic development policy are particularly at risk and a 50% reduction in payments can have substantial impacts on smaller rural communities.
Chronological Aging in African-American Skin: A Reliable Photonumeric Scale Demonstrates Age and Body Mass Index as Contributing Factors

Abstract Background Increased photoprotection by natural melanin allows for African-Americans to be less impacted by photoaging than Caucasians. However, less is known about chronological aging in this population. Objective To create a photonumeric scale for African-Americans to evaluate chronological skin aging and to explore contributing elements to intrinsic aging. Methods Standardized photographs of the upper inner arm were taken from 75 African-American participants. Five participants were chosen as standards to create a 9-point photonumeric scale (0 = none, 8 = most severe). The scale was utilized by three blinded dermatologists to independently rate participants' photographs. Results The interrater agreements were 0.768 (95% CI: 0.671–0.834) for trial 1 and 0.725 (0.608–0.794) for trial 2. The intrarater agreements were 0.757 (0.596–0.875), 0.850 (0.771–0.903), and 0.790 (0.686–0.855) for the three raters. Averaged chronological aging scores were correlated with participants' survey responses, which revealed age as a significant predictor (r = 0.72, p Limitation Our study was limited by the sample size, although the number of study participants was similar on a investigation in Caucasians. Conclusion This study created the first reliable photonumeric scale for chronologic skin aging in African-Americans and found increased age and greater BMI as contributors to intrinsic skin aging phenotype in this population.
Neurocognitive functioning predicts frailty index in HIV

Objective To evaluate the association between a frailty index (i.e., scale of accumulated deficits) and neurocognitive functioning among persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Methods Observational, cross-sectional data were gathered from the University of California, San Diego, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program from 2002 to 2016. Eight hundred eleven PLWHA aged 18 to 79 years completed comprehensive physical, neuropsychological, and neuromedical evaluations. The frailty index was composed of 26 general and HIV-specific health maintenance measures, and reflects the proportion of accumulated deficits from 0 (no deficits) to 1 (all 26 deficits). Multiple linear regression was used to examine the association between continuous frailty index scores and neurocognitive functioning. Results Participants had a mean age of 44.6 years (11.2), and were mostly male (86.9%) and white (60.2%) with a mean frailty index of 0.26 (0.11). Over the study period, prevalence of HIV-related components (e.g., low CD4) decreased, while non-HIV comorbidities (e.g., diabetes) increased. There were no changes in the frailty index by study year. Higher frailty index was associated with worse global neurocognitive functioning, even after adjusting for covariates (age, employment, and premorbid intellectual functioning; b = −0.007; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.0112 to −0.003; p p values Conclusion A frailty index can standardize how clinicians identify PLWHA who may be at higher risk of neurocognitive impairment.
Securing Medical Devices Against Hardware Trojan Attacks Through Analog-, Digital-, and Physiological-Based Signatures

Corruption of data in embedded and medical devices can cause serious harm if not quickly detected. In this paper, we emphasize the part of the attack surface which entails inserting malicious hardware circuitry (Hardware Trojans) during the manufacturing process of a digital microchip. The Hardware Trojan (HT) is composed of a few gates and attempts to modify the functionality of the chip. Such types of extremely small HTs are hard to detect using other conventional offline HT detection methods, such as side-channel analysis and digital systems test techniques. In our approach, however, we focus on an online method for rapidly detecting HTs at runtime by checking for correct functionality of the underlying hardware. We present an architecture that addresses these threats by splitting the design into a two-chip approach where we generate signatures deep in the hardware during data harvesting, and we then check for these signatures during data processing and encryption for transmission. In addition, we take advantage of known physiological relationships between medical data to ensure the integrity of the data that is processed by the hardware. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our HT detection architecture and show that not only can we detect such types of attacks but also that we can distinguish these attacks from actual health problems. Our synthesis results show that our architecture minimally impacts performance and area especially in light of the fact that most of our techniques rely on digital logic modules which are already typically present in modern digital chips for test and other purposes.
Sovereign Rating Methodologies: From Theory to Practice

This chapter opens the “black box” of leading CRAs’ sovereign rating methodologies. Because only Moody’s provided details about its rating criteria during the interwar years (see Chap. 5), the scope of this analysis is restricted to the “modern era” – that is, the period 1986–2010.
The Ebb and Flow of Public Perceptions of Wetlands

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the U.S. Supreme Court reflected the common view of wetlands: they were dank, dark places that threatened public health and welfare. In the 1900 case of Leovy v. United States, the Court considered the value of land in its natural condition versus its value in a developed state, a question that has continuing resonance today. Noting that the wet area would be worth sixty times more in agricultural production (from a mere $5,000 to a grand $300,000), the Court upheld the right of Louisiana to construct dams that dried out the swampy lands. Indeed, the Court observed that government not only had the power to conduct these reclamation efforts, but it was its duty to do so. Swamps and their ilk were nuisances to be drained, and the newly available land could be put to beneficial, economic use.
Memory studies in a moment of danger: Fascism, postfascism, and the contemporary political imaginary:

Inspired by Walter Benjamin’s concept of the “moment of danger,” this essay considers the contemporary return of the memory of fascism and Nazism among both far-right political movements and libera...
Effect of Tripping Prefabricated Rebar Assemblies on Bar Spacing

AbstractPrefabrication of steel reinforcement (rebar) assemblies can reduce construction costs and time while improving fabrication quality and safety. However, changes in rebar spacing (i.e., shif...
Corporate Romanticism: Liberalism, Justice, and the Novel

“Corporations are people too, my friend,” Mitt Romney memorably remarked during one of the 2012 U.S. presidential debates. What could he have meant? One interpretation might be that a (single) corp...
One over PAR or one under PAR: vive la différence

The concept of race based on physical appearance, social grouping, or self-identification has been challenged for decades. With the recent sequencing of thousands of human genomes, this concept has been further redefined. In this issue of Blood, Heenkenda et al show that the A allele frequency of the F2RL3 rs773902 A/G dimorphism associated with increased platelet reactivity is significantly lower in Somalians than what has been previously described for blacks in the United States, underscoring the importance of genetics and geographic ancestry for determining disease risk.
How Hebrew were the Hebrew Christians

This article demonstrates how Hebrew Christians – or Jews who converted to Christianity but retained Jewish identity – resonated with the claims of the Zionist movement in its first decades, particularly with regard to its notion of Hebrew identity. In their espousal of Zionist ideals and their attempts to join Zionist efforts, Hebrew Christian notions of Hebrewness reflected the multivalence of Hebrew identity in the Zionist movement itself, and particularly the understanding of Hebrewness as racial, ethnic, and cultural. The influence of the Zionist movement upon Hebrew Christians was especially evident in Hebrew Christian attempts to form their own institutions. These organizations promoted Jewish national culture dissociated from Judaism, expressed assertive and even aggressive motivations (what I term “Muscle Hebrew Christianity”), and recognized the ineluctability of anti-Semitism regardless of Jewish religious beliefs. Examining the somewhat obscure movement of Hebrew Christianity can ultim...
How Social Security’s Earning Test, Age and Education Affect Female Labor Supply

This paper investigates the impact of a major Social Security policy change on the labor force participation rates of elderly females, both married and single, and of various races and ethnicities. Historically, social security benefits were reduced if labor income exceeded a certain level. The employment tax ranged from a $1 reduction for each $1 earned to a $1 reduction for each $3 earned. Prior to 2000, the age at which this reduction was no longer applied, varied between 70 and 75. However, in 2000 the age was lowered to what the Social Security Administration calls the normal retirement age which ranges between 65 and 67 depending on the date the person was born. Such a major change provided fertile ground for economic research. Studies have proliferated on the impact of the regime change on the labor force participation rates of elderly males. However, little work has been conducted regarding the impact of this policy change on female labor force participation rates. This study shows that after the employment tax was eliminated for those reaching their normal retirement age, the labor-force participation rates of single, divorced, separated and widowed women in the targeted age range usually increased. The estimates indicate the labor-force participation rates of married women in the affected age range fell with the elimination of the employment tax.
Management of the Failed Anatomic Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

The increasing use of shoulder arthroplasty over the past two decades brings with it a steady need for qualified surgeons to manage the complications and failures. The most common modes of failure after anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty include glenoid component failure (loosening, wear, fracture), glenohumeral joint instability, and rotator cuff tear or dysfunction. Less common but no less significant complications that can lead to failure include periprosthetic fracture, infection, nerve injury, deltoid injury or dysfunction, and heterotopic ossification. These modes of failure can occur in isolation or in combination. A thorough understanding of the complications is necessary in order to offer patients the most appropriate treatment strategy. Strategies for each mode of failure and reported outcomes will be reviewed in addition to a decision-making treatment algorithm.
Metabolic imaging via fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy for egg and embryo assessment

Current strategies for embryo assessment in the assisted reproductive technology laboratories rely primarily on morphologic parameters that have limited accuracy for determining embryo viability. Even with the addition of invasive diagnostic interventions such as preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy alone or in combination with mitochondrial DNA copy number assessment, at least one third of embryos fail to implant. Therefore, at a time when the clinical benefits of single ET are widely accepted, improving viability assessment of embryos is ever more important. Building on the previous work demonstrating the importance of metabolic state in oocytes and embryos, metabolic imaging via fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy offers new and potentially useful diagnostic method by detecting natural fluorescence of FAD and NADH, the two electron transporters that play a central role in oxidative phosphorylation. Recent studies demonstrate that fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy can detect oocyte and embryo metabolic function and dysfunction in a multitude of experimental models and provide encouraging evidence for use in scientific investigation and possibly for clinical application.
All-spectrum Digital Waveform Design via Bit Flipping

We consider the problem of interference avoidance via all-spectrum digital waveform design in wireless communication links that operate in multipath fading environments. Specifically, we select a square-root raised cosine pulse-shaping signal that occupies all-hardware accessible frequency bandwidth. We propose an algorithm that optimizes a sequence of $L$ sign/phase-shifted repeats of the basic shaping pulse to form the all-spectrum digital waveform that will carry our information symbols. The sequence can take values from either binary or quaternary alphabets. We propose to optimize the specific values of the sign/phase shift sequence via bit flipping such that the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) at the output of the max-SINR linear receiver is maximized at any given time. The complexity of the proposed algorithm is O( $L$ 3) and is independent of the alphabet size. Simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed digital waveform designs achieve practically the same SINR post-filtering performance with max-SINR optimal waveforms designed via exhaustive search.
Theorizing Reciprocal Noticing with Non-Dominant Students in Mathematics.

In this paper, I theorize reciprocal noticing as a relational practice through which teachers and students exchange roles as knowers by reciprocating each other’s noticing as they study mathematics concepts. Findings from a unit on measuring time implemented in two classrooms with non-dominant students illustrate how teachers and students—through their reciprocal noticing—mobilize concepts back to previous understandings and forward to possible new meanings. These findings serve to recalibrate the focus on professionalization of the teaching practice by considering how an inclusive understanding of noticing permits to appreciate the process of teachers and students sharing the process of learning mathematics in relationships.
A Conceptual Introduction to Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods

Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods have become a cornerstone of many modern scientific analyses by providing a straightforward approach to numerically estimate uncertainties in the parameters of a model using a sequence of random samples. This article provides a basic introduction to MCMC methods by establishing a strong conceptual understanding of what problems MCMC methods are trying to solve, why we want to use them, and how they work in theory and in practice. To develop these concepts, I outline the foundations of Bayesian inference, discuss how posterior distributions are used in practice, explore basic approaches to estimate posterior-based quantities, and derive their link to Monte Carlo sampling and MCMC. Using a simple toy problem, I then demonstrate how these concepts can be used to understand the benefits and drawbacks of various MCMC approaches. Exercises designed to highlight various concepts are also included throughout the article.
The Second Transformation of the International Intellectual Property Regime

A quarter of a century ago, the adoption of the TRIPS Agreement and the marriage of intellectual property and trade through the WTO transformed the international intellectual property regime. This Agreement ushered in not only new international minimum standards for protecting and enforcing intellectual property rights but also major changes to domestic intellectual property systems across the world. Today, the international intellectual property regime is being transformed once again. Thanks to the proliferation of bilateral, regional and plurilateral trade and investment agreements, new international minimum standards are being developed to protect the investment-related aspects of intellectual property rights. Unlike the WTO, which provides for only state-to-state dispute settlement, the investor-state dispute settlement mechanism built into these newly adopted international agreements enables private investors, such as intellectual property rights holders, to sue foreign governments without the support of their home governments. In view of the potential ramifications of this new mechanism, and the related commitments under new international investment agreements, one cannot help but wonder whether the international intellectual property regime is now experiencing yet another "sea change" or "tectonic shift." Focusing on the potential second transformation of the international intellectual property regime brought about by the growing intrusion of international investment norms, this chapter addresses the structural changes that these new norms have posed to the regime. It begins by documenting changes brought about by the first and potential second transformations of this regime. The chapter then discusses three sets of problems that have emerged when international investment norms intrude into the intellectual property domain. It concludes by proposing three solutions to curtail inappropriate and unnecessary intrusions and to improve the engagement of international intellectual property and investment norms. Matching the central theme of this edited volume, all of these solutions involve constitutional hedges around the intellectual property domain.
Normalizing Evil: The National Socialist Physicians Leagues

The National Socialist Physicians League (or NSDAB), was a professional medical organization founded upon the same ideologies that shaped the broader National Socialist agenda. Despite the vast historical and ethical literature focused on physician involvement in Nazi atrocities during the Holocaust, little attention has been paid to the NSDAB. However, the establishment of this group is important to understanding the forces shaping physician participation in the Nazi party. Physicians often look to professional medical organizations as a source of moral guidance; thus, ideologies of racism and the active harassment of ethnic or racial minority groups by this professional organization may have contributed to the establishment of this behavior as not only permissive but normal. This article will explore how this organization contributed to normalizing, desensitizing and legitimizing behavior that could not be justified by any normative theory of professional medical ethics.
Between midnight and republic: Theory and practice of India’s Dominion status

India became independent on August 15, 1947, and became a democratic republic on January 26, 1950. For the three years in between it functioned as a British dominion, where unelected Indian nationalist leaders were administered oaths in the name of the King-Emperor by a British Viceroy. While this was a critical period for establishing the Indian state, as borders were fixed, populations exchanged, industries set up, electoral lists created, and the constitution written, the legal infrastructure of dominionhood has been ignored both in scholarly literature and in political writings. Central to the article is the problem that Dominion status creates for legal temporality, a gray zone between colony and a republic. This article excavates this neglected period, arguing that it is critical to understanding both the endurance of India’s postcolonial constitution and democracy and the legal processes of decolonization within the British Empire. The article examines the peculiarities of the debate over dominion status for India after World War I. Within the British Empire, India had a legal status somewhat less than dominion but higher than a colony, due to the failure to accommodate racial difference within imperial federalism. It then investigates the reasons behind the British government and Indian nationalists both accepting Dominion status in 1947 despite having opposed it for almost two decades. Finally, it examines how the “dominion period” is both a problem and a resource for the judicial construction of time and constitutional legitimacy in republican India.
Laryngomalacia in Neonates Versus Older Infants: HCUP-KID Perspective:

This study evaluated the hospital course for neonates and older infants with a diagnosis of laryngomalacia (LM). Data came from the 2016 Kids’ Inpatient Database of the Healthcare Cost Utilization ...
Inpatient Pediatric Dermatopathology

Pediatric dermatopathology includes a range of diseases, particularly inflammatory and genodermatosis, that pathologists may not be entirely familiar with. Furthermore, children are not biopsied frequently, and this limits the understanding of the histopathologic features in pediatric skin disorders. Some diseases may only be encountered early in life, and the differential diagnosis of certain conditions in children is different from that considered in adults. This chapter covers pediatric dermatopathology in the hospital setting.
A single summative global scale of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors: Findings from Project EAT, a 15-year longitudinal population-based study.

Abstract Objective The Project EAT Disordered Eating Attitudes and Behaviors (DEAB) scale was created from disordered eating attitudes and behaviors that tend to interrelate. To examine the appropriateness of the scale, we assessed the fit (i.e., how well a single latent factor fits a set of interrelated disordered eating attitudes and behaviors) and the convergent validity over time. Method Five interrelated disordered eating attitudes and behaviors were assessed in a longitudinal cohort (Project EAT, age 11 to 18 in 1998–1999, N = 1492). Confirmatory factor analysis examined the appropriateness of the DEAB scale. To examine whether individual variables function differently in relation to the latent construct across time, two models were compared: one requiring indicator-level factor loadings to remain equivalent across three time points (baseline [EAT-I], five-year follow-up [EAT-II], and 15-year follow-up [EAT-IV]), and the second allowing the factor loadings to vary over time. To examine the convergent validity, Pearson correlation with body satisfaction, self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and BMI was compared across time. Results The fit indices for a single factor structure supported the use of the DEAB scale over time (standardized loadings: 0.60–0.87, 0.67–0.89, 0.59–0.77 at EAT-I, II, and IV respectively). As hypothesized, compared to fewer number of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, greater number of attitudes and behaviors was associated with lower body satisfaction and self-esteem, and greater depressive symptoms and BMI (p Discussion The Project EAT DEAB scale can be used as a proxy to measure the severity of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors over time in population-based studies.