cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wind action on water standing in a laboratory channel

The development of waves and currents resulting from the action of a steady wind on initially standing water has been investigated in a wind–water tunnel. The mean air flow near the water surface, the properties of wind waves, and the drift currents were measured as they evolved with increasing fetch, depth and mean wind speed. The results suggest how the stress on the water surface changes with an increasingly wavy surface, and, from a different viewpoint, how the drift current and the waves develop in relation to the friction velocity of the air. The amplitude spectra calculated for the wavy surface reflected certain features characteristic of an equilibrium configuration, especially in the higher frequencies. The observed equilibrium range in the high frequencies of the spectra fits the f−5 rule satisfactorily up to frequencies f of about 15 c/s. The wave spectra also revealed how the waves grow in the channel, both with time at a fixed point, and with distance from the leading edge of the water. These results are discussed in the light of recent theories for wave generation resulting from the action of pressure fluctuations in the air, and from shearing flow instabilities near the wavy surface. The experimental observations agree reasonably well with the predictions of the recent theory proposed by Miles, using growth rates calculated for the mechanism suggesting energy transfer to the water through the viscous layer in the air near the water surface.
Challenges on multi-radio antenna system for mobile devices

Many wireless industries and research institutes are working on development of multi- radio antenna systems in space-limited mobile devices. The mobile device can be laptop, UMPC (ultra mobile PC), PDA, or cellular phone. In the near future mobile devices will require multiple antennas to support communications using multiple wireless protocols. These include but are not limited to WiFi, WiMAX, WW AN (Cellular), Digital TV, UWB (Ultra-Wideband), BT (Blue Tooth), and GPS. Depending on the usage model some of combinations of these radios can require simultaneous operation in the same device or in close proximity to other devices. Antenna system development is one of the major challenges because there are multiple radios, multiple frequency bands and little space. A holistic approach to the design of the antenna system should be considered to provide the optimum solution for the mobile devices.
Effect of thermal treatments on phytochemicals in conventionally and organically grown berries

BACKGROUND: Consumer demand for organic foods is increasing despite a lack of conclusive evidence of nutritional superiority of organically grown produce. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of thermal treatments on phytochemicals in conventionally and organically grown berries. Two cultivars of conventionally and organically grown red raspberries and blueberries were analysed for total anthocyanins, total and specific phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity. Fresh berries were thermally processed into cans and juice/puree with and without blanching, and the changes in phytochemicals were monitored. RESULTS: Total anthocyanin and phenolic contents of berries were not influenced by the agricultural production system. Total antioxidant activity of berries was also not influenced by the production system, but antioxidant activity varied significantly between cultivars. After canning, total anthocyanins decreased by up to 44%, while phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of both berries generally increased by up to 50 and 53% respectively. The level of changes in phytochemicals during berry puree/juice processing was influenced by blanching and type of berries. CONCLUSION: Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of berries increased while total anthocyanins decreased during canning. Blanching prior to puree/juice processing improved the retention of phytochemicals in blueberries. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
WORK–FAMILY CONFLICT AND EMOTIONS: EFFECTS AT WORK AND AT HOME

This study investigated the effect of work–family conflict on the emotions of guilt and hostility, and the implications of work–family conflict and these emotions for job satisfaction and marital satisfaction. Using experience-sampling methodology, data were collected from a sample of 75 individuals over a period of 2 weeks (producing 625 data points). Results revealed that within individuals, family-to-work conflict experienced at work, and work-to-family conflict experienced at home, were positively associated with guilt and hostility at work and at home, respectively. In addition, state hostility mediated the negative effect of work-to-family conflict at home on daily marital satisfaction. Finally, cross-level interaction effects were observed such that work–family conflict more strongly affected the emotions of those scoring high on trait guilt and trait hostility.
Do Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Prevent Melanoma?

4. What are the clinical implications? Melanoma is the deadliest of the common skin cancers. Unfortunately, the incidence of this type of malignancy continues to rise, and treatment options for advanced melanoma remain limited (Federman et al., 2009). Therefore, prevention remains the best way to avoid the morbidity and mortality associated with melanoma. Recently, followup data from a trial evaluating daily sunscreen use indicated that such use reduced the incidence of melanoma (Green et al., 2011); interestingly, however, it was also found that individuals regularly ask what else they can do to reduce their risk of melanoma. Experimental and clinical data suggest the potential of inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX), the rate-limiting enzyme for the production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. Specifically, the inducible enzyme COX-2 is markedly overexpressed at sites of inflammation and neoplasia, including melanoma (Minami et al., 2011). Over the past several years, observational studies have suggested that regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce melanoma development and progression (Ramirez et al., 2005). To further evaluate chemoprevention for melanoma, Curiel-Lewandrowski and colleagues (2011, this issue) used a case–control design to evaluate the effects of NSAIDs and lipid-lowering statins on the incidence of cutaneous melanoma in a population of 400 patients recently diagnosed with melanoma as well as 600 case-matched controls. Although the investigators reported no benefit in cutaneous melanoma risk with statin use, they determined that long-term use of NSAIDs decreased the likelihood of developing melanoma by nearly 50%. A similar reduction in risk was found for the use of aspirin. This work offers insight into other strategies that patients can use to reduce their chances of developing melanoma. A better understanding of this association is critical to direct patient care. Through the following questions, we examine this paper in greater detail. For brief answers, please refer to the supplementary information online .
Effective design of optical code-division multiple access networks by using the modified prime code

In optical code-division multiple access (OCDMA) networks using a well-known prime code, the code weight w is always fixed to the maximum number of users M (i.e. the code size). When M becomes very large the resulting cost and optical power losses of OCDMA encoder/decoder can be very high. To overcome this difficulty, an efficient design is presented for OCDMA networks, which is based on the modified prime (MPR) codes. The use of MPR codes can maintain the fixed w for a given bit error rate and any M. While MPR codes still preserve the same cross-correlation constraint as prime codes.
Study of the Success or Failure of Changing Freshman Engineering Technology Courses to an Online Format: Did it Work?

The Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology Department at IUPUI has gradually changed two courses from a traditional lecture / laboratory format to an online format over the past three years. Both online courses were developed with cooperation of the course coordinator and an instructional design team, and both courses have received praise as examples of excellent course design. These two courses have a different history: the digital course, the first in the digital sequence, has been regarded as a straightforward class, while the programming course is traditionally considered a difficult course. The Internet versions of these courses have been successful for some students, and very difficult for others. At first glance, statistics seem to indicate that the transition was a failure: withdrawal rates were much higher than previous classes, student complaints were up significantly, and rates of students receiving D's or F's seemed to be higher. This paper will present an analysis of the data to determine if the transition was a poor choice and a discussion of factors involved in this transition.
Survival motor neuron protein modulates neuron-specific apoptosis

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is attributed to mutations in the SMN1 gene, leading to loss of spinal cord motor neurons. The neurotropic Sindbis virus vector system was used to investigate a role for the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein in regulating neuronal apoptosis. Here we show that SMN protects primary neurons and differentiated neuron-like stem cells, but not cultured cell lines from virus-induced apoptotic death. SMN also protects neurons in vivo and increases survival of virus-infected mice. SMN mutants (SMNDelta7 and SMN-Y272C) found in patients with SMA not only lack antiapoptotic activity but also are potently proapoptotic, causing increased neuronal apoptosis and animal mortality. Full-length SMN is proteolytically processed in brains undergoing apoptosis or after ischemic injury. Mutation of an Asp-252 of SMN abolished cleavage of SMN and increased the antiapoptotic function of full-length SMN in neurons. Taken together, deletions or mutations of the C terminus of SMN that result from proteolysis, splicing (SMNDelta7), or germ-line mutations (e.g., Y272C), produce a proapoptotic form of SMN that may contribute to neuronal death in SMA and perhaps other neurodegenerative disorders.
The sunlight OSL response of a commercially available α-Al2O3:C personnel dosimetry material

Carbon-doped, anion-defective aluminium oxide has become a widely used and effective medium for personnel dosimetry applications using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) techniques. Though the commercial products currently using this material employ light-tight packaging to prevent light-induced effects on the OSL signal, the material could be employed in environments where package integrity cannot be assured. This paper reports on the results of an experiment performed to quantify the effects of sunlight exposure on alpha-Al2O3:C. Samples of commercially available Luxel material were exposed to carefully recorded levels of sunlight both before and after irradiations to determine the nature and magnitude of both activation and fading phenomena in this material. The results confirm that both fading and activation processes are seen in this material and indicate that the material reaches an equilibrium dose level in response to prolonged sunlight exposure equivalent to a dose of approximately 15 mGy under the experimental test conditions.
Reaction time and DPPH concentration influence antioxidant activity and kinetic parameters of bioactive molecules and plant extracts in the reaction with the DPPH radical

Abstract The antioxidant activity of lemon and pomegranate juice, infusion of Java green tea, rosemary oil and pure chemicals was studied by the DPPH method. The chemical composition of the samples was determined by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The kinetics of the reaction is different among extracts. The reaction of DPPH with lemon juice is complete in 3 min; 87 and 98 min are necessary for green tea infusion and pomegranate juice, respectively; 283 min are needed for rosemary essential oil. In samples with an intermediate and slow kinetic behavior, the antioxidant activity measured after 2 h of reaction is significantly higher than that measured after 30 min. These differences are 18% for Java green tea infusion, 21% for rosemary essential oil, 23% for pomegranate juice. The results demonstrate that the percentage of remaining DPPH decreases with increasing initial DPPH concentrations (between 25 and 200 μM), while keeping constant antioxidant/DPPH ratio. Moreover the time necessary to reach the steady state is dependent, while keeping the same antioxidant/DPPH ratio, on the initial DPPH concentration, showing that longer time intervals are required when using lower DPPH concentrations (25 μM). These results confirm the necessity of standardizing the method to be able to compare results from different laboratories.
A two-dimensional single-field FDTD formulation for oblique incident electromagnetic simulations

A set of general purpose two-dimensional single-field finite-difference time-domain updating equations for solving oblique incidence electromagnetic problems is derived. The traditional FDTD updating equations are based on Maxwell's curl equations whereas the single-field FDTD updating equations are based on the vector wave equation. Performance analyses of the single-field formulation in terms of CPU time and memory requirement are presented along with numerical validation. It was observed that the single-field method is more efficient than the traditional FDTD formulation in terms of speed and memory requirements for oblique incident problems.
Engaging in educational leadership: the generosity of spirit

This study presents key principles and a model of engaged leadership in indigenous communities. Engaged leadership champions children and youth, delivers learning and teaching within the context of place and spirit, and occurs in partnerships with diverse communities. Stories of educational leaders grounded in the concepts of ha, place, relations, and collective action are included to: (a) posit the need for alternative indigenous educational settings that emerge from indigenous lifeways; (b) suggest a model of indigenous educational leadership that engages, ensures, and nurtures an ethos of collective will and supports indigenous sovereignty, culture, and language; and (c) share the reflections of educational leaders that articulate a vision for leading, learning, teaching, and living that is culturally respectful and socially just.
Fracture toughness of macro-defect-free cement using small crack techniques

The fracture toughness of a macro-defect-free (MDF) cement was calculated from two measurement techniques: (1) indentation-strength method and (2) fracture surface analysis (FSA). It was found that the indentation-strength method, which showed good agreement with FSA, was applicable for estimating the fracture toughness of MDF cement. The ultimate toughness was found to be 1.25 MPa m1/2 for this MDF cement, which contained 3 wt. % polymer. An R-curve (crack-growth-resistance) bchavior was also observed. Scanning electron micrographs showed extensive microcracking on the fracture surface. Microstructural effects are discussed.
The Cathartic Effect of Vigorous Motor Activity on Agressive Behavior

Abstract Each of 120 male university students was randomly assigned to a 3 × 4 factorial design, with 10 subjects in each cell. There were three arousal conditions, and four “cathartic” conditions. One-third of the subjects were not angered, while the other two-thirds were angered by an accomplice of the experimenter. All subjects then had an opportunity to participate in one of four cathartic conditions (sitting, pounding, competing and winning, competing and losing). Subjects were given a socially sanctioned opportunity to deliver electric shock. Half of the angered subjects first shocked the accomplice who had angered them, then shocked an “innocent” bystander. The other half first shocked the bystander, then shocked the person who had angered them. There were significant cathartic effects, with no difference between sit and pound, but significant differences between the two competitive situations with the compete-win resulting in less aggression. There were also significant differences between the aro...
Effects of Zidovudine Treatment on Heart mRNA Expression and Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Associated with Alterations in Deoxynucleoside Triphosphate Composition in a Neonatal Rat Model

The prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV is a crucial component in HIV therapy. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), primarily 3'-azido-3'-thymidine (AZT [zidovudine]), have been used to treat both mothers and neonates. While AZT is being replaced with less toxic drugs in treating mothers in MTCT prevention, it is still commonly used to treat neonates. Problems related to mitochondrial toxicity and potential mutagenesis associated with AZT treatment have been reported in treated cohorts. Yet little is known concerning the metabolism and potential toxicity of AZT on embryonic and neonatal tissues, especially considering that the enzymes of nucleoside metabolism change dramatically as many tissues convert from hyperplastic to hypertrophic growth during this period. AZT is known to inhibit thymidine phosphorylation and potentially alter deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pools in adults. This study examines the effects of AZT on dNTP pools, mRNA expression of deoxynucleoside/deoxynucleotide metabolic enzymes, and mitochondrial DNA levels in a neonatal rat model. Results show that AZT treatment dramatically altered dNTP pools in the first 7 days of life after birth, which normalized to age-matched controls in the second and third weeks. Additionally, AZT treatment dramatically increased the mRNA levels of many enzymes involved in deoxynucleotide synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis during the first week of life, which normalized to age-matched controls by the third week. These results were correlated with depletion of mitochondrial DNA noted in the second week. Taken together, results demonstrated that AZT treatment has a powerful effect on the deoxynucleotide synthesis pathways that may be associated with toxicity and mutagenesis.
The genesis and structure of moral universalism: social justice in Victorian Britain, 1834–1901

Sociologists generally agree that history affects or conditions moral belief, but the relationship is still only vaguely understood. Using a case study of the appearance of social justice beliefs in Victorian-era Britain, this article develops an explanation of the link between history and morality by applying field theory to capture the historical genesis of a field. A moral way of evaluating poverty and inequality developed slowly over the course of the nineteenth century in Britain, with a trajectory extending back to Malthus’s Essay on the Principle of Population and moving forward to the Fabians, the Settlement Movement, and other social reformers at the end of the nineteenth century. Drawing from field theory, I argue that social justice beliefs emerged during this time through the genesis of moral universalism as a distinct mode of experience. Several recognizable moral beliefs appeared in the process, including “equality of opportunity,” “equality of reward,” “character,” and “effort,” “ability,” and “duty” as forms of merit (among others). I argue for treating moral beliefs as historical and relational entities that are situated and dated by the conditions marking their appearance in a field. As I conclude, this lends the sociology of morality to a critical moral reflexivity instead of moral relativism or moral realism.
In vivo metabolism of H3-medroxyprogesterone acetate in pregnant and nonpregnant women and in the fetus

Abstract 1. Six women, 3 pregnant and 3 nonpregnant controls, received oral H 3 -medroxyprogesterone acetate; a seventh pregnant woman also received C 14 -progesterone concomitantly. The 4 pregnant women ranged from 11 to 22 weeks of gestation and were scheduled for therapeutic abortions. 2. The radioactivity in blood and urine was followed by sequential analysis to demonstrate the uptake and excretion of the compounds. It was found that far greater excretion occurred in the pregnant rather than the nonpregnant patient during the first 24 hours. The labeled distribution of the drugs in the ovary, myometrium, placenta, and decidua were studied. The fetal tissues and fluids were also assayed for radioactivity. 3. The ratio of the tissues to fluids in d.p.m./Gm. or ml. (net weight) to d.p.m./ml. of whole blood was calculated. The fetal adrenal to blood ratio was by far the greater for any of the tissues or fluids studied.
Magnetic Rings: Influence of Asymmetry on Switching Mechanism

We found that the introduction of well-controlled asymmetry provides precise control of the switching mechanism and leads to improved switching characteristics in magnetic nano-rings.
Hepatitis C Virus: Natural history of infection

Prior to the discovery of HCV, a series of studies in patients with acute NANB PTH (which was mostly caused by HCV) (Hopf et al., 1990; Di Bisceglie et al., 1991; Tremolada et al., 1992; Koretz et al., 1993a,b; Mattsson, Sonnerborg & Weiland, 1993) showed that only 4–13% of 406 patients became symptomatic over an 8–14 year follow-up. Histologically defined cirrhosis was identified in 8–24% of patients, and HCC was observed in 0.7–1.3%. While these studies did not provide a longer follow-up, they did help to establish a link between NANB PTH, cirrhosis, and HCC. Independent observations in HCV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis who were followed for 4–11 years (Roberts, Searle & Cooksley, 1993; Takahashi et al., 1993; Yano et al., 1993) revealed cirrhosis in 8–46% and HCC in 11–19%. In these studies, however, the time and duration of infection were not known. Additional longitudinal studies among patients chronically infected with HCV, where the time of transmission through transfusion was known, estimated that chronic hepatitis developed within 10 years of transfusion, cirrhosis by 21 years, and HCC by 29 years (Kiyosawa et al., 1990). Some patients developed HCC only after 40–50 years of infection. These results were independently confirmed (Tong et al., 1995) and highlight both the protracted asymptomatic phase of infection, lasting for 10–20 years, and the seriousness of the sequelae. By comparison, clinical observations have shown that cirrhosis could appear several years after infection.
A generalization of Knopp’s Observation on Ramanujan’s tau-function

We establish a vast generalization of an observation made by Marvin Knopp half a century ago concerning the nonvanishing of Ramanujan’s tau-function.
Microbiological quality of chlorinated water after storage in ceramic pots

Household water treatment with sodium hypochlorite has been shown to reduce self-reported diarrheal disease in developing countries. Reported hypochlorite use, time since treatment, total chlorine residual (TCR), and E. coli concentration results from 589 household surveys in rural Kenya were analyzed to quantify the effect of exceeding recommended 24 hour post-treatment water storage time in ceramic pots. Exceeding storage time recommendations impacted treatment efficacy, as 87% of reported treaters with TCR ≥ 0.2 mg/L storing their water ≤ 24 hours met World Health Organization (WHO) E. coli guideline values, compared to 77% of reported treaters with TCR ≥ 0.2 mg/L storing water >24 hours ( p = 0.024) and 7% of reported non-treaters. Implementing organizations face the trade-off between promoting treating water every 24 hours and accepting slightly compromised efficacy.
Place Matters, but Maybe Not in the Ways They Think It Does . . .

This article discusses the new edition of Place Matters, and uses it to discuss two primary problems in the accepted liberal narrative of segregation and spatial inequalities in metropolitan areas. The first is the over-emphasis on public policies as the cause of segregation and injustices. Such a narrative of causality lets the private market off the hook, and thereby makes transforming the market in ways that make it more equitable and just much more difficult. The second problem is that the book conceives of space and place in ways that are too simple, and therefore its analyses and policy proposals are not up to the tasks of understanding or addressing the complex relationships between space and justice.
Effect of delayed milking upon composition of cow's milk.

ConclusionsAfter milk has been permitted to accumulate in the udder to reach the maximum pressure, resorption takes place, which greatly alters the composition of the udder contents. Lactose and fats first diminish with an increase in total protein. Ash increases due to an increase in chlorides, taken to be sodium chloride, and there is a decrease in both calcium and phosphorus. The pH is increased to above that of normal blood. The character of the protein is also changed.
Representing Documents via Latent Keyphrase Inference

Many text mining approaches adopt bag-of-words or $n$-grams models to represent documents. Looking beyond just the words, fiie, the explicit surface forms, in a document can improve a computer's understanding of text. Being aware of this, researchers have proposed concept-based models that rely on a human-curated knowledge base to incorporate other related concepts in the document representation. But these methods are not desirable when applied to vertical domains (eg, literature, enterprise, etc) due to low coverage of in-domain concepts in the general knowledge base and interference from out-of-domain concepts. In this paper, we propose a data-driven model named Latent Keyphrase Inference LAKI) that represents documents with a vector of closely related domain keyphrases instead of single words or existing concepts in the knowledge base. We show that given a corpus of in-domain documents, topical content units can be learned for each domain keyphrase, which enables a computer to do smart inference to discover latent document keyphrases, going beyond just explicit mentions. Compared with the state-of-art document representation approaches, LAKI fills the gap between bag-of-words and concept-based models by using domain keyphrases as the basic representation unit. It removes dependency on a knowledge base while providing, with keyphrases, readily interpretable representations. When evaluated against 8 other methods on two text mining tasks over two corpora, LAKI outperformed all.
269 MYELOMA LIGHT CHAINS INDUCE EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION IN HUMAN RENAL PROXIMAL TUBULE EPITHELIAL CELLS: A POTENTIAL ROLE IN RENAL FIBROSIS AND POSSIBLE INTERVENTION BY BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN 7 AND PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE-ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE.

The most common type of renal injury in patients with multiple myeloma is “myeloma kidney,” a predominantly tubulointerstitial kidney disease that is characterized by cast formation and marked interstitial fibrosis. We previously demonstrated that excessive endocytosis of myeloma light chains (LCs) induces inflammatory cytokines in human proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs). In the present studies, we examined whether LCs directly induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human renal PTECs. Human LCs were purified from the urine of myeloma patients with modest renal insufficiency. We found that LCs induce marked cellular morphologic alterations in PTECs, accompanied with increased mRNA levels for the extracellular matrix components, collagen IV and fibronectin. Using semiquantative immunoblotting and RT-PCR analyses in human PTECs exposed to 25 μM LCs for up to 72 hours, we observed that the expression of E-cadherin decreases after 24 hours, whereas the expression of α-SMA increased, consistent with the acquisition of mesenchymal characteristics. In contrast, exposure to human serum albumin (160 μM) had no effect on the expression of EMT-related molecules, and its effect was not different from the cells without protein absorption. Human cytokine antibody arrays showed that human PTECs exposed to LCs have increased expressions of profibrotic IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1ra, MCP-1/4, M-CSF, and TIMP-1/2, as well as EGF, VEGF, TNF-α/β, sTNF-R, and TGF-β. However, the induction of EMT by LCs was not blocked by a neutralizing TGF-β1 antibody, suggesting that this action was TGF-β1 independent. In contrast, LC-induced EMT was markedly attenuated by silencing the p38 MAPK gene using a siRNA. The use of 500 ng/mL bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) or 10−8 M pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) induced the formation of cell aggregates and the reacquisition of E-cadherin expression and renal proximal tubule epithelial morphology within the confluent cell monolayer during LC treatment. These findings demonstrate that LCs are a direct stimulus for EMT in human renal PTECs. LC-induced EMT involves multiple cytokines and is modulated by p38 MAPK but appears to be independent of the action of TGF-β. LC-induced EMT may be an important mechanism for kidney involvement in myeloma and may be reversible upon administration of exogenous BMP-7 or PACAP.
Hemodynamic and metabolic changes during and following operation.

During anesthesia and operation an “oxygen debt” often accumulates due to intraoperative oxygen consumption that is inadequate to meet intraoperative metabolic needs. The subsequent hyperdyamic postoperative state may represent a resulting compensatory physiologic response, which is necessary to repair cellular damage caused intraoperatively by relative cellular hypoxia.
Anthropometric and Dental Measurements in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Study Objectives:A number of authors have shown that children with OSA are more likely to have certain physical characteristics than healthy controls. With this in mind, our objectives were to coll...
Kathleen P. Whitley. The Gilded Page: The History and Technique of Manuscript Gilding . New Castle, Del.: Oak Knoll Press; London: The British Library, 2010. xv, 233p. ISBN (USA; hardcover) 978-1-58456-239-9; (USA; paperback) 978-1-58456-241-2; (UK; paperback) 978-0-7123-5066-2. $49.95; $34.95

Kathleen Whitley’s The Gilded Page is a mixture of excellent and wretched, satisfying and frustrating. Let’s look at the excellent first. The content is amazing, filled with an abundance of information on the history and technique of gilding, coming from an experienced gilder. In 1969, D.F. McKenzie wrote his landmark essay “Printers of the Mind: Some Notes on Bibliographical Theories and Printing-House Practices” 1 in which he talks about “the need for what might be called ‘scientific’ investigation in bibliography” which comes from “a strict regard for certain fixed bounds of physical fact” (p. 1). Among many other things this article . . .
Grapes and Joint Health

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common arthritic disease worldwide. It is a complex chronic disease that reflects age-related degeneration of joint tissues in response to mechanical stress or injury. Normal repair and inflammatory responses follow and contribute to a cycle of further stress and damage, leading to inflammation, chronic pain, and impairment of mobility. The inflammation seen in OA is directly responsible for much of the structural degeneration and many of the clinical symptoms such as joint swelling, synovitis, and associated pain and stiffness. Because traditional therapy can be expensive and invasive and carries significant adverse effects, people are increasingly opting for alternative and naturally derived treatments. Polyphenols are phytochemicals present in fruits and vegetables that are associated with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective, and chemopreventive properties, making them an ideal subject of research for arthritis and joint health applications. There is evidence that dietary polyphenols provide benefit for both OA and rheumatoid or other forms of inflammatory arthritis. The mechanism of action for the observed effects appears to be downregulation of the inflammatory cytokines, influencing antioxidant or anti-inflammatory pathway signaling, and/or estrogen receptor activation. Study results have shown many positive effects of polyphenols in both in vitro in chondrocytes and tissue explants, as well as in vivo in animal models. Two human studies suggest that grape consumption with its bioactive constituents may also reduce inflammation and influence OA outcomes. Specifically, daily consumption of a freeze-dried grape powder (FDGP) with its bioactive constituents may reduce symptoms of pain and possibly impact a biomarker of cartilage metabolism in individuals with self-reported knee OA. This is in keeping with the literature that has shown decreases in self-reported OA symptoms with soy isoflavones and tart cherry polyphenols. Other studies are currently underway that may confirm an effect of FDGP on arthritis and other chronic diseases in humans.
Nonalcoholic steatosis and steatohepatitis IV. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease abnormalities in macrophage function and cytokines.

Macrophage products, such as cytokines, prostanoids, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen intermediates, influence the function and viability of macrophages and neighboring cells. Given that the liver has one of the largest resident macrophage populations in the body, it is not surprising that hepatic macrophages [i.e., Kupffer cells (KC)] are involved in the pathogenesis of many kinds of liver disease. This review summarizes the abnormalities that have been demonstrated in bone marrow, peritoneal and hepatic macrophage of leptin-resistant (fa/fa) rats and leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice, two animal models for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Evidence supports the concept that altered KC function influences the viability of other cells, such as lymphocytes and hepatocytes, in fatty livers, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of NAFLD in animals with reduced leptin activity. Further work is needed to determine whether KC dysfunction is a component of more generalized mechanisms that lead to NAFLD.
α-Glucosidase inhibiting activity and bioactive compounds of six red wine grape pomace extracts.

Grape pomace contains considerable amounts of polyphenols and it has been reported to exhibit specific inhibitory activity against mammalian intestinal α-glucosidases. This study aims to investigate the anti-diabetes potential of Chambourcin, Merlot, Norton, Petit Verdot, Syrah and Tinta Cao red wine grape pomaces by assessing their rat intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in relation to their total phenolic content and individual identified phenolic compounds by HPLC. Among the selected pomaces, Tinta Cao, Syrah and Merlot extracts showed higher potency in inhibiting α-glucosidase, and appeared to have higher respective total phenolic contents. Fifteen phenolic compounds were identified in the pomace samples, however, none of them showed significant inhibition of intestinal α-glucosidases. Red grape pomace, namely Tinta Cao, appears to be a promising functional food for the potential future development of a food-derived α-glucosidase inhibitor for preventing and treating diabetes.
Nursing Skill Mix, Nurse Staffing Level, and Physical Restraint Use in US Hospitals: a Longitudinal Study

Background Although it is plausible that nurse staffing is associated with use of physical restraints in hospitals, this has not been well established. This may be due to limitations in previous cross-sectional analyses lacking adequate control for unmeasured differences in patient-level variables among nursing units.
Hydration level dependence of the microscopic dynamics of water adsorbed in ultramicroporous carbon

Even when not functionalized intentionally, most carbon materials are not hydrophobic and readily adsorb water molecules from atmospheric water vapor. We have equilibrated an ultramicroporous carbon at several levels of relative humidity, thereby attaining various hydration levels. The water molecules were adsorbed on the pore walls (but did not fill completely the pore volume) and thus could be better described as hydration, or surface, rather than confined, water. We used quasielastic neutron scattering to perform a detailed investigation of the dependence of microscopic dynamics of these adsorbed water species on the hydration level and temperature. The behavior of hydration water in ultramicroporous carbon clearly demonstrates the same universal traits that characterize surface (hydration) water in other materials that are surface-hydrated. Thus, unless special treatment is intentionally applied to ultramicroporous carbon, the species filling its pores in various applications, ranging from hydrogen molecules to electrolytes, likely find themselves in contact with non-freezing water molecules characterized by rich microscopic dynamics.
Unusual presentation Of Sjögren‐associated neuropathy with plasma cell‐rich infiltrate

Introduction: Sjogren syndrome is thought to be a lymphocyte-driven process. Peripheral nervous system involvement occurs in about 20-25% of patients. A sensory predominant, large fiber peripheral neuropathy is most common, and it is usually associated with a subacute to chronic presentation. Methods: We report a rare case of an acute Sjogren-associated, sensory predominant, length-dependent peripheral neuropathy mimicking Guillain-Barre syndrome. The patient presented with sensory ataxia preceded by fever and polyarthralgia. She gave a history of years of dry eyes and dry mouth. Results: She had a positive Shirmer test, abnormal salivary gland scan, and positive SSA and SSB antibodies. A sural nerve biopsy showed an unusual dense, non-IgG4, polyclonal, plasma cell perivascular infiltrate. The patient responded to treatment with weekly pulse IV methylprednisolone. Conclusions: Sjogren syndrome can present with acute-onset, sensory predominant, peripheral neuropathy. The role of plasma cells in Sjogren syndrome is unexplored and deserves further study. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
An Experimental Study of Tomographic Imaging in Layered Media

Ultrasonic tomography has found its applications in material evaluation since the later 70’s. However, the techniques in this field are far less developed compared to their x-ray counterparts, which have been widely used in the medical community. One of the practical problems in acoustic tomography is that acoustic waves will not necessarily propagate along straight paths in a nonhomogeneous medium. The situation will be more complicated when material inhomogeneities are coupled with anisotropy as the approach is applied to composite media. In order to resolve the situation, one has either to tolerate the consequence of using straight line ray paths or to seek a way to correct the errors due to ray bending. Indeed, most of the previous work in this area has been based on the straight path assumption. As pointed out by Dines and Lytle[1], if the material inhomogeneity is not serious, the errors caused by straight path assumption can be safely neglected. However, in practice, situations may arise where serious inhomogeneities exist. Even with small inhomogeneities correction is highly desirable when accuracy is of particular concern.
Basic Principles of Antineoplastic Therapies

Antineoplastic therapies can be classified as either cytotoxic systemic chemotherapy or targeted biological therapy. In many ways, cytotoxic chemotherapy is “targeted” at specific molecules that regulate progression through the cell cycle; however, these targets are generally not specific for tumor cells. Because systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy targets all rapidly dividing cells, it also attacks hair follicles, gastrointestinal mucosa, and hematopoietic cells thereby inducing the classical side effects of treatment such as alopecia, nausea, diarrhea, mucositis, and bone marrow suppression. The newer generation of targeted biological therapies is still administered systemically as traditional chemotherapy; however, these drugs are unique in that they are designed to target specific molecular components in tumor cell biology with the hope of minimizing cytotoxicity to noncancerous cells. In addition, they have toxicities specific to their mechanism of action. This chapter provides an overview of the biology of systemic therapy for breast cancer.
Prevalence of Brain Injuries among Children with Special Healthcare Needs.

Objectives To investigate differences in brain injury prevalence among US children by special healthcare needs status, accounting for sociodemographic and family characteristics, and to examine correlated health conditions among children with special healthcare needs (CSHCN). Study design We conducted cross-sectional analyses using parent/caregiver responses to the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health (n = 50 212 children). CSHCN status was based on responses to a 5-item tool designed to identify children through assessment of functional limitations, prescription medication use, elevated service use or need, use of specialized therapies, and ongoing emotional, developmental, or behavioral conditions. Brain injury history was reported by parents/caregivers based on healthcare provider diagnosis. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted. Results Lifetime history of brain injury was significantly higher among CSHCN than non-CSHCN (6.7% vs 2.3%, P Conclusions The prevalence of lifetime history of brain injury is nearly 3 times greater among CSHCN than among non-CSHCN. Several comorbid conditions among CSHCN are significantly associated with lifetime history of brain injury. Further studies are needed to examine the extent to which brain injury in CSHCN may exacerbate or be misdiagnosed as other comorbid conditions.
Boiling Heat Transfer in Compact and Finned Heat Exchangers

The object of this paper is to describe the past and present state of knowledge, and suggest the future, for flow boiling and flow condensation in compact heat exchangers. Already boiling and condensation heat transfer services are carried out in some compact, finned heat exchangers, even though no standard, reliable design procedure has been available. The earliest calculation schemes were simple modifications of expressions used for one-phase flow. For example, one could calculate the heat transfer and pressure drop for all-liquid flow and for all-vapor flow and use either the worst-case calculations or some simple averaging procedure to obtain conservative predictions for two-phase flow. Subsequent improvement for flow boiling involved the assumption that it is composed of two processes which are purely additive: pool boiling and single-phase forced convection. A recent design method by Robertson and coworkers involves the assumption that boiling heat transfer can be described in terms of the mass velocity and the vapor quality, whereas the ΔT is ignored. Westwater and coworkers propose the local assumption for flow boiling, namely the local heat transfer coefficient is fixed by the local velocity and the local ΔT.
Sex-Specific Differences in Psychological Response to Injury and Return to Sport Following ACL Reconstruction.

AbstractRecent literature has focused on the psychological aspects associated with recovery that may affect outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.Psychological factors such as self-efficacy, locus of control, athletic identity, and fear of reinjury have been shown to imp
Economic Evaluations and Electoral Consequences

Voters evaluate economic conditions and use these assessments to hold the incumbent government accountable at election time. Voters typically assign credit or blame for the economic situation to the government leader, the president or prime minister, and his or her political party. This assignment of responsibility is easy for voters when the locus of responsibility is clear, but it is made more difficult when institutional or government arrangements diffuse power. In general, evidence of economic voting has been found in democracies around the world.
Developmental Changes in Regulation of Cardiac Contractile Function

Molecular and cellular aspects of excitation-contraction (EC) coupling and relaxation have been well characterized in the adult heart. Modulation of these processes by various signaling pathways provides the mechanisms whereby contraction and relaxation are modified in response to various pharmacological interventions. The developing heart undergoes profound changes in the molecular and cellular pathways involved in the transport of calcium to and from the contractile proteins. In contrast to the mature heart, relatively little is known regarding the cellular mechanisms involved in the regulation of contractile function in the immature heart. We propose that a thorough understanding of the fundamental processes of calcium transport in the developing heart is necessary in order to formulate rational therapeutic strategies for manipulating contraction and relaxation during development. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current concepts of EC coupling and calcium regulation in the immature heart. We hope that this information will be helpful in designing future experimental to address the existing gaps in our current knowledge and explore novel approaches to the pharmacological manipulation of contractile function in the developing heart.
Diagnosis and Management of an Infant with Microthrombocytopenia

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a triad of (1) severe immune dysregulation resulting in recurrent infections, autoimmune disease, and lymphoid malignancies, (2) thrombocytopenia with small platelets, and (3) eczema. WAS is caused by a mutation in the WAS gene on the short arm of the X chromosome. Mutations in the WAS gene can also cause X-linked thrombocytopenia (XLT), a less severe form of WAS, and X-linked neutropenia (XLN). Management for WAS initially is supportive. The only curative option is hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Gene therapy as a curative option is currently under investigation.
Asian Americans in the Suburbs: Race, Class, and Korean Immigrant Parental Engagement

Drawing upon an ethnography of Korean American families in the Chicago suburbs, this article examines how Asian immigrant parents’ engagement is shaped by race, ethnicity, class, and the suburban c...
Hepatitis C viraemic organs in solid organ transplantation.

Although rates of organ donation and solid organ transplantation have been increasing over the last few decades, demand for organs still greatly exceeds supply. Several strategies have been utilised to increase organ supply, including utilisation of high-risk (e.g. HCV antibody-positive) donors. In this context, organs from HCV antibody-positive donors have been used in recipients with chronic HCV since the early 1990s. Recently, transplantation of HCV-viraemic organs into HCV-naive recipients has garnered significant interest, owing to the development of safe and highly effective direct-acting antivirals and increased experience of treating HCV in the post-transplant setting. Preliminary studies based largely in the US have shown excellent outcomes in kidney, liver, heart, and lung transplantation. This practice has the potential to significantly increase transplantation rates and decrease waitlist mortality; however, intentionally transmitting an infectious disease to recipients has important practical and ethical implications. Further, the generalisability of the US experience to other countries is limited by significant differences in HCV-viraemic donor populations. This review summarises the current data on this practice, discusses barriers to implementation, and highlights areas that warrant further study.
How Structural Engineers Find Errors in Analysis and Design Results

AbstractErrors in structural analysis and design are inevitable, but finding them early in the design process saves time and money. Knowledge of the broad causes of errors and how experienced engin...