cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Macroscopic and Microscopic Estimates of the Energetics of Charge Separation in Bacterial Reaction Centers

Two approaches for calculating the free energies of transient radical-pair states in bacterial reaction centers are discussed. Although macroscopic models that assign a homogenous dielectric constant to the protein and solvent are major oversimplifications, they help to clarify the importance of considering the self-energies of the charged species, and to put limits on the energetics of the charge-separation processes. The microscopic Protein-Dipoles-Langevin-Dipoles (PDLD) approach provides a much more realistic treatment of dielectric effects, but requires lengthy calculations that depend on numerous interrelated factors. Calculations by both approaches indicate that, in Rhodopseudomonas viridis reaction centers, the state P+B- generated by movement of an electron from the primary electron donor (P) to a neighboring bacteriochlorophyll (B) lies close to the excited state P* in energy, where it possibly could serve as an intermediate in electron transfer to the bacteriopheophytin (H). This conclusion agrees with previous free-energy-perturbation calculations and indicates that any model (macroscopic or microscopic) that includes all the relevant contributions and reproduces the energy of the relaxed P+H- should find the relaxed P+B- state near P*. In addition, the macroscopic model shows that electron transfer from P* to H is likely to be exothermic even in the absence of a strong field from the atomic charges of the protein.
Stress and γ-H2AX

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concept of stresses that may induce DSB formation, the mechanisms of various cellular responses, and methods of DSB detection. Stress occurs when a cell or organism is subjected to a non-optimal environment leading to cell death or cellular damage. One type of genomic damage that is a serious threat to cell health is the DNA double-stranded break (DSB) because of its propensity to induce irreversible genomic rearrangements, which, if not fatal, may promote cellular oncogenesis. However, even in an optimum environment, DSBs can originate as part of normal cellular processes. One potential damage source is the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. Mutations in DNA damage repair proteins result in DSBs and elevated γ-H2AX formation, leading to genomic instability and cancer. DSBs may arise from a variety of exogenous chemical/physical sources, such as ionizing radiation (IR), radioactive isotopes, and cosmic radiation, or by non-ionizing radiation. To combat threats to genome integrity, living systems have evolved a highly regulated, intricate system of repair pathways. The DNA damage response (DDR) machinery helps maintain the health of the cell population and prevent cancer. A key protein in the DDR machinery is histone H2AX, which is one of the most rapid and sensitive cellular responses to DNA damage. Therefore the detection of γ-H2AX is a very powerful tool to monitor the effects of stress in the cellular environment.
Observation of a Line in the Galactic Radio Spectrum

The ground-state of the hydrogen atom is a hyperfine doublet the splitting of which, determined by the method of atomic beams, is 1,420·405 Mc./sec.1. Transitions occur between the upper (F = 1) and lower (F = 0) components by magnetic dipole radiation or absorption. The possibility of detecting this transition in the spectrum of galactic radiation, first suggested by H. C. van de Hulst2, has remained one of the challenging problems of radio-astronomy. In interstellar regions not too near hot stars, hydrogen atoms are relatively abundant, there being, according to the usual estimate, about one atom per cm.3. Most of these atoms should be in the ground-state. The detectability of the hyperfine transition hinges on the question wether the temperature which characterizes the distribution of population over the hyperfine doublet—which for want of a better name we shall call the hydrogen ‘spin temperature’—is lower than, equal to, or greater than the temperature which characterizes the background radiation field in this part of the galactic radio spectrum.
Non-interactive zero-knowledge arguments for voting

In voting based on homomorphic threshold encryption, the voter encrypts his vote and sends it in to the authorities that tally the votes. If voters can send in arbitrary plaintexts then they can cheat. It is therefore important that they attach an argument of knowledge of the plaintext being a correctly formed vote. Typically, these arguments are honest verifier zero-knowledge arguments that are made non-interactive using the Fiat-Shamir heuristic. Security is argued in the random oracle model. The simplest case is where each voter has a single vote to cast. Practical solutions have already been suggested for the single vote case. However, as we shall see homomorphic threshold encryption can be used for a variety of elections, in particular there are many cases where voters can cast multiple votes at once. In these cases, it remains important to bring down the cost of the NIZK argument. We improve on state of the art in the case of limited votes, where each voter can vote a small number of times. We also improve on the state of the art in shareholder elections, where each voter may have a large number of votes to spend. Moreover, we improve on the state of the art in Borda voting. Finally, we suggest a NIZK argument for correctness of an approval vote. To the best of our knowledge, approval voting has not been considered before in the cryptographic literature.
The Effect of Sarbanes Oxley on Cross Listing: A Discussion of Piotroski and Srinivasan (2008)

I discuss the analysis in Piotroski and Srinivasan (2008) and how it helps to disentangle the effects of Sarbanes Oxley on observed listing patterns. Since the paper is quite thorough and reflects the comments from many workshop participants, I focus on broader issues. Further, I attempt to incorporate the gist of comments from the Journal of Accounting Research conference participants. I conclude that, while the paper provides important descriptive evidence, inherent design and measurement hurdles limit one’s ability to draw strong causal inferences about the effects of SOX on cross listing decisions.
Belonging to the World: Women's Rights and American Constitutional Culture

'Belonging to the World' surveys the treatment of women in American law from the nation's earliest beginnings in British North America to the present. An original work of historical synthesis, the book aims to build bridges between fields long thought to be unbridgeable - among them the history of women, American constitutional and legal history, political theory, and law. It delineates the shifting relationships between American law practice and women, both within the family and elsewhere, as Americans tried to implement republican constitutions in an emerging capitalist society without remaking patriarchal families and governments. And it uses women's stories and voices to drive home the extraordinary range and persistence of female rebellion since the 1630s; of particular importance are discussions of women's ongoing battles for freedom of speech and access to the marketplace.
Laboratory Identification of Torulopsis glabrata: Typical Appearance on Routine Bacteriological Media

The colonial morphology of the yeast Torulopsis glabrata on sheep blood-agar is characteristic and was useful in the identification of 24% of clinical isolates.
Seasonal changes in peatland surface elevation recorded at GPS stations in the Red Lake Peatlands, northern Minnesota, USA

[1] Northern peatlands appear to hold large volumes of free-phase gas (e.g., CH4 and CO2), which has been detected by surface deformations, pore pressure profiles, and electromagnetic surveys. Determining the gas content and its impact in peat is challenging because gas storage depends on both the elastic properties of the peat matrix and the buoyant forces exerted by pore fluids. We therefore used a viscoelastic deformation model to estimate these variables by adjusting model runs to reproduce observed changes in peat surface elevation within a 1300 km2 peatland. A local GPS network documented significant changes in surface elevations throughout the year with the greatest vertical displacements associated with rapid changes in peat water content and unloadings due to melting of the winter snowpack. These changes were coherent with changes in water table elevation and also abnormal pore pressure changes measured by nests of instrumented piezometers. The deformation model reproduced these changes when the gas content was adjusted to 10% of peat volume, and Young's modulus was varied between 5 and 100 kPa as the peat profile shifted from tension to compression. In contrast, the model predicted little peat deformation when the gas content was 3% or lower. These model simulations are consistent with previous estimates of gas volume in northern peatlands and suggest an upper limit of gas storage controlled by the elastic moduli of the peat fabric.
Integration of a MEMS education curriculum with interdisciplinary research

Successful undergraduate education in Micro Electromechanical Systems (MEMS) is vital for the future growth of this area. Unique challenges in MEMS education are discussed, along with proposed solutions. In this paper, we outline a MEMS education plan currently under development at the University of Illinois. The plan contains three steps-introduction to theory, design and fabrication of MEMS devices. In addition, detailed plan for the first-stage design class is discussed. Education and research will be strongly coupled by incorporating active research issues to the classroom environment and through student involvement in hands-on design and fabrication projects.
Atmospheric dispersion of PCB from a contaminated Lake Michigan harbor

Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal (IHSC) in East Chicago is an industrial waterway on Lake Michigan and a source of PCBs to Lake Michigan and the overlying air. We hypothesized that IHSC is an important source of airborne PCBs to surrounding communities. We used AERMOD to model hourly PCB concentrations, utilizing emission fluxes from a prior study and hourly meteorology provided by the State of Indiana. We also assessed dispersion using hourly observed meteorology from a local airport and high resolution profiles simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting model. We found that emissions from IHSC waters contributed about 15% of the observed ΣPCB concentrations close to IHSC when compared on an hourly basis and about 10% of observed annual concentrations at a nearby school. Concentrations at the school due to emissions from IHSC ranged from 0 to 18,000 pg m-3, up to 20 times higher than observed background levels, with an annual geometric mean (GSD) of 19 (31) pg m-3. Our findings indicate that IHSC is an important source of PCBs to East Chicago, but not the only source. Four observed enriched PCB3 samples suggest a nearby non-Aroclor source.
Alpha v and alpha 3 integrin subunits are associated with myofibrils during myofibrillogenesis

The development of the myofibrillar apparatus in skeletal muscle is a process in which transmembrane linkages with adhesion molecules are implicated. Integrins are one class of transmembrane adhesion receptors which appear to mediate these interactions. Two prominent linkages are at the myotendinous junction (MTJ), which residues at the ends of the cell and connects myofibrils to the tendon, and the costameres, which encircle the girth of the cell and connect the Z-disks to the sarcolemma. In this study we report that the alpha v integrin subunit is a prominent component of the costamere. The alpha v subunit is present initially on developing myotubes in a diffuse staining pattern with some concentration along nascent myofibrils. However, it appears in a striated pattern at the costamere and inconsistently at the M-line following the striation of alpha-actinin and titin but before that of desmin. Its recruitment to preformed striation suggests that it is incorporated into a pre-existing structure. The presence of alpha v in the costamere points to a role in lateral myofibrillar anchorage. In addition, we find that the alpha 3 subunit is transiently associated with myofibrils along portions of their lengths and at their ends during myofibrillogenesis. The alpha 3 subunit staining shows a novel localization and junctional structure. As myofibrils become striated the alpha 3 integrin dissociates from the localized pattern and becomes diffuse. This suggests a possible role in the stabilization of nascent myofibrils prior to striation. Antibody-induced perturbation of adhesion mediated by the integrin beta 1 subunit in developing myotubes inhibits assembly of the sarcomeric architecture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
DNA N 6 -methyladenine: a new epigenetic mark in eukaryotes?

DNA N(6)-adenine methylation (N(6)-methyladenine; 6mA) in prokaryotes functions primarily in the host defence system. The prevalence and significance of this modification in eukaryotes had been unclear until recently. Here, we discuss recent publications documenting the presence of 6mA in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans; consider possible roles for this DNA modification in regulating transcription, the activity of transposable elements and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance; and propose 6mA as a new epigenetic mark in eukaryotes.
Mitigation of surface doping in VLS-grown Si nanowires

Semiconducting nanowires grown by the VLS method can develop non-uniform doping profiles along the growth direction due to unintentional surface doping during synthesis. For CVD growth using hydride precursors, surface doping can be suppressed by high H 2 partial pressures, thereby improving the uniformity of the dopant distribution. Quantitative calculations of the electrostatic field and carrier concentration derived from scanning photocurrent microscopy measurements confirm suppression of surface doping by phosphine for Si nanowires grown in H 2 compared with those grown in He. Nanowires grown in He show 100-fold increases in carrier concentration through surface doping, whereas nanowires grown in a large H 2 partial pressure show only two-fold increases for similar growth times. As a result, the carrier concentration gradients are greatly reduced for nanowires grown in H 2 . These results demonstrate a general approach to in situ control of the surface doping in CVD of nanowires.
The Con Argument

Some claim that symptom-based Rome criteria are diagnostic and enhance clinical practice and choice of therapy for patients presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms. This overview focuses on lower gastrointestinal symptoms: constipation, diarrhea, pain and bloating. The main con arguments for using such criteria for diagnosis are: insufficient specificity, overlap of symptom-based categories or disorders, insufficient and therefore non-specific characterization of pain in the criteria, inability to differentiate the "mimics" of IBS-C and IBS-D, and inability to optimize treatment for IBS-M or bloating in the absence of objective measurements. While doctors may not land in trouble using "symptom diagnosis" of IBS, this should not deter them from optimizing diagnosis and treatment of diseases associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction.
Changes in Third Carpal Bone Articular Cartilage After Synovectomy in Normal and Inflamed Joints

Objective—To determine if arthroscopic synovectomy in normal and inflamed joints had temporal or site-related effects on articular cartilage. Study Design—Alterations in equine third carpal bone articular cartilage were studied at two time periods: groups 1 and 2 (6 weeks) and groups 3 and 4 (2 weeks) after synovectomy in normal (groups 2 and 4) and inflamed carpi (groups 1 and 3). Animal Population—16 carpi from eight horses. Methods—Biochemical and biomechanical properties of dorsal and palmar articular cartilage were determined by radiolabeling, proteoglycan (PG) extraction, chromatography, electrophoresis, and indentation testing. Results—Synovectomy in inflamed joints produced the greatest concentration of newly synthesized PG in articular cartilage by 2 weeks. Synovectomy in normal joints produced significantly greater newly synthesized PG in articular cartilage by 6 weeks. Endogenous PG was only significantly greater in inflamed joints after 6 weeks. Dorsal sites had greater newly synthesized and endogenous PG in some groups. Chromatographic profiles of newly synthesized PG demonstrated early and late PG peaks. Electrophoresis of late PG peak showed a toluidine blue-positive band that comigrated with human A1D1 PG monomer in the two groups with the most newly synthesized PG. This band was reactive with monoclonal antibody 1C6 specific for the hyaluronic acid-binding region of aggrecan. For the material properties evaluated, only Poisson's ratio was significantly decreased between groups as a function of time (6 weeks < 2 weeks), and this was most pronounced in the thicker dorsal sites. Conclusions—Synovectomy in inflamed joints produced site-specific, significantly greater responses in articular cartilage as compared with synovectomy in normal joints. Clinical Relevance—Synovectomy may not be beneficial to the articular cartilage in inflamed joints.
Trisubstituted alkenes from alkynes and aryl iodides by boron-to-zinc transmetallation and palladium(0) catalysed cross coupling

Abstract Alkenylethylzincs, obtained from the corresponding trialkenylboranes by transmetallation with diethylzinc, couple with aryl iodides in the presence of Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , 0.19–0.28 mol%, to produce trisubstituted alkenes in good isolated yields. Both the transmetallation and subsequent coupling occur with complete retention of stereochemistry.
Percentage Points for a Generalized ESD Many-Outlier Procedure

A generalized (extreme Studentized deviate) ESD many-outlier procedure is given for detecting from 1 to k outliers in a data set. This procedure has an advantage over the original ESD many-outlier procedure (Rosner 1975) in that it controls the type I error both under the hypothesis of no outliers and under the alternative hypotheses of 1, 2, …. k-l outliers. A method is given for approximating percentiles for this procedure based on the t distribution. This method is shown to be adequately accurate using Monte Carlo simulation, for detecting up to 10 outliers in samples as small as 25. Tables are given for implementing this method for n = 25(1)50(10)100(50)500; k = 10, α = .05, .Ol, .005.
On Device Modeling for Circuit Simulation With Application to Carbon-Nanotube and Graphene Nano-Ribbon Field-Effect Transistors

This paper presents a method for deriving circuit model stamp equations from the characteristic equations of multiterminal devices. The method is applied to the derivation of stamp equations of carbon nanotube and graphene nano-ribbon field-effect transistors (FETs) for use in general-purpose circuit simulators. We first review existing methods of modeling FETs for circuit simulation and point out some of the weaknesses in these models. We then explain how to derive model equation stamps directly from the device physical characteristic equations without the need of eliminating internal device variables and without having to construct equivalent circuits consisting of interconnections of two-terminal resistors, controlled sources, and two-terminal capacitors.
Time-temperature-transformation diagram of a highly processable metallic glass

Abstract Recently, the present authors found a highly processable metallic glass with a low critical cooling rate of 10 K s −1 or less. This glassy alloy showed several interesting features such as high thermal stability in the supercooled liquid region, and a strong dependence of the crystallization temperature on the heating rate as well as on the environment. In order to process these materials in the supercooled liquid region, time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams are very useful. We report the calculation of the TTT diagram as well as its comparison with experimental results. From the constructed TTT diagram, it is concluded that these excellent glass-forming alloys which require very low critical cooling rates also tend to have a strong dependence of the crystallization temperature on the heating rate. It is also proposed that heterogeneous nucleation is an important factor in the crystallization of these alloys.
Inter-calibration Results of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-2 Over Ocean

In this paper, the oceanic radiometric calibration biases of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-2 (AMSR2) onboard the Global Change Observation Mission-Water (GCOM-W1) are analyzed. The double difference ( DD ) approach is utilized to perform inter-sensor inter-calibration for AMSR2 with the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) as the reference radiometer. This technique utilizes radiative transfer model (RTM) simulations and near-simultaneous clear-sky ocean-only observed brightness temperatures from the two microwave radiometers to estimate and correct the radiometric biases of ocean scenes for AMSR2 on a channel by channel basis.
On boundary regularity for integral currents or flat chains modulo two minimizing the integral of an elliptic integrand

(1977). On boundary regularity for integral currents or flat chains modulo two minimizing the integral of an elliptic integrand. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 2, No. 12, pp. 1163-1232.
Selection of Line Pairs for the Spectrographic Analysis of Low Alloy Steel

A selection of analytical line pairs has been made for use in the spectrographic analysis of low alloy steel. Lines were paired on the basis of similar excitation potentials and wavelength separation. It was found that when excitation potentials of the individual members of a pair were within 23 or 32 of each other, high accuracy and reproducibility were obtained even under conditions of considerable matrix variation, and that within these limits minimum wavelength separation between the lines becomes more important than a closer match in excitation energies for improved reproducibility of line pairs. The lines selected and deviations obtained using these lines under considerable matrix variations are given in tabular form.
THE RESPONSE OF RAT UTERI TO HORMONE INJECTIONS1

SEVERAL INVESTIGATIONS have recently been reported dealing with changes in respiration of the reproductive tract in rodents. The oxygen consumption or glycolysis of uteri of the rat or mouse throughout the estrous cycle, in castrates and after the injection of various glandular extracts and crystalline hormones has been studied (1–8). The results are somewhat contradictory. On the whole, the majority of investigators seem of the opinion that some increase in respiration results at some stages of the estrous cycle, and also after injection of female hormones. Aschheim and Gesemius (2) reported as well a respiratory response of the seminal vesicles of immature mice to injection of male hormone. Moreover heightened respiration presumably manifests itself in male and female sex organs subsequent to injection of hormones, and prior to ensuing growth, at least in the uterus.
Human recombinant activin-A inhibits proliferation of human fetal adrenal cells in vitro.

Activins and inhibins are dimeric peptides which are structurally and functionally related to transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). The mRNA for the activin and inhibin subunits is expressed in the adrenal gland. Because members of the TGF-P superfamily have effects on mitogenesis, we examined the effect of recombinant human activin-A(rh-activin-A) on proliferation ofmidgestation human fetal adrenal cells in vitro. Dose-dependent growth inhibition by rh-activin-A was obtained, with an ED50 of 1 ng/ml. Rh-activin-A inhibited basal and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated fetal zone cell proliferation, but did not alter basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-stimulated growth. TGF-β combined with rh-activin-A demonstrated additive inhibition of fetal adrenal growth. These findings suggest a potential autocrine or paracrine role for activin-A in modulating the growth and/or subsequent involution of the human fetal adrenal gland.
On symmetric and skew-symmetric determinantal varieties

is a line bundle (see Theorem 10). As applications of these formulas, we compute the degree of a determinantal variety, symmetric or not, and derive some numerical criteria for a variation of Hodge structure to be nontrivial. We are indebted to the referee for detailed criticisms and to James Damon for pointing out an alternative method of deriving the degeneracy locus formulas (Theorems 1 and 8).
HER2 aberrations in cancer: Implications for therapy

Although anti-HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) therapy is currently approved for breast, gastric, and gastroesophageal cancers overexpressing the HER2 protein or amplified for the HER2 gene, HER2 aberrations (gene amplification, gene mutations, and protein overexpression) are reported in other diverse malignancies. Indeed, about 1-37% of tumors of the following types harbor HER2 aberrations: bladder, cervix, colon, endometrium, germ cell, glioblastoma, head and neck, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreas, and salivary duct. Four HER2-targeted therapies have been approved for HER2-positive breast cancer: two antibodies (trastuzumab and pertuzumab), an antibody-drug conjugate (ado-trastuzumab emtansine), and a small molecule kinase inhibitor (lapatinib). In addition, afatinib, a small molecule kinase inhibitor that causes irreversible inhibition of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and HER2, was recently approved for EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer. A large number of novel HER2-targeted agents are also in clinical trials. Herein we discuss the state of the art in understanding and targeting HER2 across anatomic tumor types.
Effect of sugar content and storage temperature on the survival and recovery of irradiated Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655

Abstract We determined the influence of fruit maturity on the killing effectiveness of electron beam irradiation using model foods systems resembling melons. The model systems consisted of mixtures of 100 g/l of unflavored gelatin and sugars at three ratios (fructose : glucose : sucrose) and levels designated as early ripe, ER, 3.0 g/l, 1.5:1.5:0; moderately ripe, MR, 5.5 g/l, 1:1:1.0 and ripe, R, 8.0 g/l, 0.5:0.5:2.0. The model systems were inoculated with the surrogate Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655, irradiated at 1.0 kGy using a 2.0 MeV Van de Graaf accelerator, and stored at 4 °C for 4 days. Both non-irradiated gelatin systems and non-sugar systems served as controls. Independent of irradiation, the surrogate population increased slightly in the ripe systems while it decreased in the ER systems. The effect of storage temperature on the surrogate's ability to recover was tested using MR samples (irradiated and non-irradiated) stored at 10 and 20 °C for 4 days. A non-sugar system served as control. At these two temperatures, the populations recovered back to their initial numbers after 48 h of storage. Generation times increased with fruit maturity level (1.3–1.6 h) and population counts ranged from −0.6 to 1.0 log10 CFU/ml for ER and MR systems after 60 h of storage at 20 °C, respectively. The number of injured populations was 0.5 log10 CFU/ml. To prevent recovery of bacteria populations after electron beam irradiation treatments at 1.0 kGy, storage at low temperature (4 °C) is recommended.
Nitric oxide insufficiency and atherothrombosis.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a structurally simple compound that participates in a wide range of biological reactions to maintain normal endothelial function and an antithrombotic intravascular milieu. Among its principal effects are the regulation of vascular tone, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, endothelial–leukocyte interactions, and the antiplatelet effects of the endothelium. Impaired NO bioavailability represents the central feature of endothelial dysfunction, the earliest stage in the atherosclerotic process, and also contributes to the pathogenesis of acute vascular syndromes by predisposing to intravascular thrombosis. The causes of NO insufficiency can be grouped into two fundamental mechanisms: inadequate synthesis and increased inactivation of NO. Polymorphisms in the endothelial NO synthase gene and decreased substrate or cofactor availability for this enzyme are the main mechanisms that compromise the synthesis of NO. Inactivation of NO occurs mainly through its interaction with reactive oxygen species and can be favored by a deficiency of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase. In this review, we present an overview of NO synthesis and biological chemistry, discuss the mechanisms of action of NO in regulating endothelial and platelet function, and explore the causes of NO insufficiency, as well as the evidence linking these causes to the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction and atherothrombosis.
1-Gword/s pseudorandom word generator

An integrated circuit that generates 16-bit pseudorandom words at up to 1 Gword/s is presented. The concept of a pseudorandom word sequence is introduced. The pseudorandom words shown have excellent properties for testing serial or parallel components and data links. If serialized, the words would form a pseudorandom bit sequence with a potential maximum serial bit rate of 16 Gb/s. The circuit was implemented in an advanced silicon bipolar process with an f/sub T/ of 10 GHz. The chip includes 16 output drivers, with adjustable amplitude and offset, capable of driving 25- Omega loads with 0.8-V swings and 400-ps rise times. Total chip dissipation is under 4 W on a 2-mm*2-mm die. >
Error Rate Estimation for Defective Circuits via Ones Counting

With VLSI circuit feature size scaling down, it is becoming more difficult and expensive to achieve a desired level of yield. Error-tolerance employs defective chips that occasionally produce erroneous yet acceptable results in targeted applications, and has been proposed as one way to increase effective yield. These chips are characterized by criteria set by specific applications. Error rate, an upper-bound on how frequent errors occur at an output, is one such criterion. In this article we focus on the following problem: given a combinational logic circuit that is defective, and hence occasionally produces an erroneous output, how can we determine the error rate of each output line by using ones counting? The results of this work can also be used for runtime error estimation in aging systems and in environments where soft-errors are produced.
3538 Eus downstaging of esophageal cancer by chemotherapy ± radiotherapy does not predict improved survival.

Background:EUS is widely used for regional assessment of tumor depth (T) and nodal staging (N) in esophageal cancer. Chemotherapy ± radiotherapy (C±XRT) has shown promise in improving survival when used in the neoadjuvant setting. The correlation of EUS downstaging with survival has not been reported. If EUS downstaging is shown to correlate with survival benefit, restaging can become an important prognostic tool. Methods:Our EUS database was reviewed for patients who underwent EUS restaging at least 2 weeks after completion of C±XRT for esophageal cancer. EUS was performed using the Olympus GF-UM20 echoendoscope. EUS stage was recorded according to the TNM classification. Patients were classified into two groups: (a) Responders: either the T- or N-stage was improved on restaging, (b) Non-responders: no improvement. Follow-up on all patients was to time of death or at least 12 months after completion of C±XRT. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were produced, and survival time was compared by the log-rank test. Results:Twenty patients with esophageal cancer (13 adenocarcinoma, 7 squamous cell carcinoma) staged by EUS between 1993 and 1998 underwent restaging after chemotherapy (5-FU + leucovorin ± cisplatinum, n=9) or C±XRT (n=11). Initial EUS T-stage was: T1=2 patients, T2=2 patients, T3=12 patients, T4=4 patients. Initial Nstage was: N0=3 patients, N1=17 patients. On restaging, 8 patients were responders (median age=59, range 50-71) and 12 patients were nonresponders (median age=61.5, range 35-76, p=0.95 between two groups). All but two non-responders underwent subsequent esophagectomy. The median survival time was 25.5 months for responders and 20.9 months for non-responders (p=0.72 by the log-rank test). The Kaplan-Meier curves intersect several times, indicating no difference in survival. Conclusions:1. Chemotherapy ± radiotherapy resulted in EUS TNM downstaging of 33% of esophageal tumors, 2. EUS TNM downstaging appears to not be predictive of survival benefit, 3. Further studies and maturation of data are required to define EUS criteria that better predict survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy ± radiotherapy.
Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar Infections in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients in the United States

We describe the incidence of and laboratory and clinical characteristics associated with Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar infection diagnosed in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons enrolled in the Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Project. From 1 January 1990 to 1 January 1998 (82, 518 person-years of follow-up), 111 patients (98% men) were diagnosed with E. histolytica/E. dispar infection. Among HIV-infected patients in the United States, the incidence of diagnosed E. histolytica disease is low (13.5 cases per 10,000 person-years [95% confidence interval, 7.7-22.2], with diagnosis most common in those patients exposed to HIV through male-male sex.
Influence of some processing variables on the properties of cellulose acetate membranes III. Temperature dependence of the desalination performance of membranes plasticized by various plasticizers

Abstract Desalination studies of low flux cellulose acetate membranes heat treated in water or in glycerine-water mixtures revealed that the membrane characteristics depend on the chemical nature of the treatment medium and its temperature. Studies were also performed on membranes heated in air, i.e. in absence of a plasticizer, in order to understand and explain the behavior shown by membranes heat treated in water or in glycerine-water mixtures. The water uptake and the effect of quenching temperature on the desalination characteristics of these membranes were also studied. The results, in all cases, showed consistent trends. Plausible explanations based on thermodynamics and other reported observations were formulated to account for the trends. Apparently, the multiple secondary transitions of cellulose acetate seem to justify the experimental observations. These formulations were also consistent with the results of this work.
Recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding: use of thrombolysis with anticoagulation in diagnosis.

PURPOSE: To determine the safety and diagnostic accuracy of a provocative protocol with heparin and urokinase to induce bleeding and determine the source in patients with chronic gastrointestinal hemorrhage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine patients had gastrointestinal bleeding from an indeterminate source and had negative results from esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy, small-bowel examination, and angiography. Ten provocative bleeding studies were performed prospectively. Patients had no clinical evidence of bleeding within 2 days before the study. Intravenous administration of heparin and urokinase was performed systemically during a 4-hour period while scintigraphy was performed continuously. Mesenteric angiography was performed immediately in patients in whom substantial gastrointestinal bleeding was detected at scintigraphy. RESULTS: The provocative protocol was successful in inducing scintigraphically detectable hemorrhage in four (40%) studies within 4 hours. In two of these four studies, the sou...
Predicting the performance of 3D X-ray computerized tomography systems

Abstract A model is presented that predicts contrast detectability and resolvability in 3D X-ray computerized tomography images as a function of X-ray source energy, area detector type, data collection hardware, and other system parameters. The model has been found to agree well with experimental observation and to compare favorably with prior theoretical models. This model is used to evaluate the performance of eight different area detector configurations in a micro-focus X-ray system used to inspect small ceramic components. Predicted performance is consistent with that of known systems and serves to illustrate the complexity of imaging system design.
Bounce of a tennis ball

The bouncing of a tennis ball on a tennis court surface is analysed by making several simplifying assumptions about the physics of the interaction. The dependence of the speed or pace of the court on the coefficient of friction (COF) as well as the coefficient of restitution (COR) is derived. The mathematics of a court's speed is investigated to see how much slow courts tend to reduce the speed of the game. It is found that players must increase their racket head speed by 25% if they wish to compensate for the extra loss of ball speed on slow courts.
Parents' Reasoning about the Social and Emotional Development of Their Intellectually Gifted Children.

The way parents reason about the social and emotional development of their intellectually gifted children affects how they interpret their behavior. Models of parental reasoning in the general population do not account for the particular characteristics that many parents observe in their gifted children. In a year‐long qualitative study of ten families, four levels of thinking emerged among the parents interviewed. A new model for parents of gifted children presents these levels hierarchically. Characterizing the lowest level is a complete absence of a framework for parental thinking about giftedness. The highest level evinces a comprehensive, integrated context for parents’ understanding of both the intellectual and social‐emotional aspects of their children's giftedness.
Sexual behavior and partner characteristics are the predominant risk factors for genital human papillomavirus infection in young women.

Risk factors for cervicovaginal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection were investigated in 604 college women. HPV was detected in 168 (27.8%) of the subjects by L1 consensus primer polymerase chain reaction, Southern blot hybridization, or both. Significant independent risk factors for HPV (P 23, vs. or = 5, vs. 1), living with smokers (OR: 1.9), male partner's number of lifetime sex partners (ORs: 2.1 for 2 or 3, 3.1 for 4-10, 2.7 for > or = 11, vs. 1), duration of sexual relationship for > 12 months (OR: 0.6), and male partner currently in college (OR: 0.6). These data demonstrate that the predominant risk factors for genital HPV infection in young women are related not only to their own sexual behaviors but also to those of their male partners.
How to Be a Pervert: A Modest Philosophical Critique of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

This paper is divided into three parts. I begin with a short history of the way American psychiatrists have defined mental disorder in general, and paraphilias (sexual perversions) in particular, from the 1950s to 2013. I look at how the different editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) have articulated (or in the case of the future DSM-5, will articulate) the distinction between health and disease. In the second part I suggest how psychiatrists might want to modify their approach to the definition of mental disorder. In the third part I explain why the paraphilias in particular should be removed from the current psychiatric classification of diseases.
Long-Term Infection and Shedding of Human Cytomegalovirus in T98G Glioblastoma Cells

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading viral cause of birth defects, affecting primarily the central nervous system (CNS). To further understand this CNS pathology, cells from glioblastoma cell lines T98G and A172, the astrocytic glioblastoma cell line CCF-STTG1 (CCF), and the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y (SY5Y) were infected with HCMV. CCF and SY5Y cells were fully permissive for infection, while A172 cells were nonpermissive. In T98G cells, the majority of cells showed viral deposition into the nucleus by 6 h postinfection (hpi); however, viral immediate-early gene expression was observed in only ∼30% of cells in the first 72 h. In viral antigen (Ag)-positive cells, although the development of complete viral replication centers was delayed, fully developed centers formed by 96 hpi. Interestingly, even at very late times postinfection, a mixture of multiple small, bipolar, and large foci was always present. The initial trafficking of input pp65 into the nucleus was also delayed. Titer and infectious-center assays showed a small number of T98G cells shedding virus at very low levels. Surprisingly, both Ag-positive and Ag-negative cells continued to divide; because of this continuous division, we adopted a protocol for passaging the T98G cells every third day to prevent overcrowding. Under this protocol, detectable infectious-virus shedding continued until passage 5 and viral gene expression continued through eight passages. This evidence points to T98G cells as a promising model for long-term infections.
Slider LPE of Hg1-xCdxTe using mercury pressure controlled growth solutions

Homogeneous, nearly perfect single crystals of Hg1-xCdxTe are extremely difficult to prepare due primarily to the high vapor pressure of mercury. However, epitaxially grown Hg1-xCdxTe layers have a high potential for yielding material of a substantially higher quality. Using a new, open-tube, horizontal slider-type liquid phase epitaxial (LPE) growth technique, in which mercury pressure controlled growth solutions are used, a high degree of growth solution compositional control has been demonstrated. LPE layers of Hg1-xCdxTe have been grown on CdTe substrates and their high quality has been confirmed by optical, transport and electron microprobe measurements. Layer thicknesses are uniform and have been varied from 5 to 40 μ by changing the degree of supercooling or the growth time. An electron carrier concentration as low as 8.6 × 1015/cm3 and electron Hall mobilities up to 2.8 × 105 cm2/V-sec at 77K have been measured on in situ annealed samples.
Subcellular distribution and biosynthesis of rat liver gangliosides

Abstract Gangliosides have generally been assumed to be localized primarily in the plasma membrane. Analysis of gangliosides from isolated subcellular membrane fractions of rat liver indicated that 76% of the total ganglioside sialic acid was present in the plasma membrane. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum fractions, while containing only low levels of gangliosides on a protein basis, each contained approx. 10% of total ganglioside sialic acid. Gangliosides also were present in the Golgi apparatus and nuclear membrane fractions, and soluble gangliosides were in the supernatant. Individual gangliosides were non-homogeneously distributed and each membrane fraction was characterized by a unique ganglioside composition. Plasma membrane contained only 14 and 28% of the total G D1a and G D3 , respectively, but 80–90% of the G M1 , g d1b , G T1b and g q1b . Endoplasmic reticulum, when corrected for plasma membrane contamination, contained only trace amounts of G M1 , G D1b , G T1b and g q1b , but 11 and 5% of the total G D1a and G D3 , respectively. The ganglioside composition of highly purified endoplasmic reticulum was similar. Ganglioside biosynthetic enzymes were concentrated in the Golgi apparatus. However, low levels of these enzymes were present in the highly purified endoplasmic reticulum fractions. Pulse-chase experiments with [ 3 H]galactose revealed that total gangliosides were labeled first in the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and supernatant within 10 min. Labeled gangliosides were next observed at 30 min in the endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane and nuclear membrane fractions. Analysis of the individual gangliosides also revealed that G M3 , g m1 , g d1 , and g d1b , were labeled first in the Golgi apparatus at 10 min. These studies indicate that gangliosides synthesized in the Golgi apparatus may be transported not only to the plasma membrane, but to the endoplasmic reticulum and to other internal endomembranes as well.
A Study of White, Black, and Hispanic Students' Transition to a Community College:

Most research about student transition to college has focused on students at four-year institutions with the conclusion that feelings of incongruence or isolation can affect adjustment to college l...
Lactic acid: recent advances in products, processes and technologies - a review

Lactic acid, the most widely occurring hydroxycarboxylic acid, is an enigmatic chemical. It was discovered a long time ago and its use in food preservation and processing and as a specialty chemical has grown over the years with current production of about 120 000 t yr−1. Its potential as a major chemical feedstock, derived from renewable carbohydrates by sustainable technologies, to make plastics, fibers, solvents and oxygenated chemicals, had also been recognized. Recently, new technologies have emerged that can overcome major barriers in separations and purification and processing. Advances in electrodialysis (ED) and bipolar membranes and one particular process configuration termed the ‘double ED’ process, a specific combination of desalting ED followed by ‘water-splitting’ ED with bipolar membranes, has given very promising results, showing a strong potential for an efficient and economic process for recovery and purification of lactic acid without generating a salt waste. For the production of polymers, several advances in catalysts and process improvements have occurred in the technology to produce dilactide and its polymerization to produce plastics and fibers by Natureworks LLC, which is the leader in lactic polymer technology and markets. Other advances in esterification technology with pervaporation and development of biosolvent blends also have a high potential for ‘green’ solvents in many applications. Recently, a considerable amount of pioneering effort in technology, product development and commercialization has been expended by several companies. To overcome the barriers to replace long-established petroleum-derived products, further real support from consumer, regulatory and government organizations is also needed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Tree-structured model diagnostics for linear regression

This paper studies model diagnostics for linear regression models. We propose two tree-based procedures to check the adequacy of linear functional form and the appropriateness of homoscedasticity, respectively. The proposed tree methods not only facilitate a natural assessment of the linear model, but also automatically provide clues for amending deficiencies. We explore and illustrate their uses via both Monte Carlo studies and real data examples.
A study of the measurement of cholinesterase by constant-pH titration: the effect of hemolysins and a comparison with the electrometric technique.

Abstract Estimates of the degree of inhibition of cholinesterase activity in samples of blood from human beings by 1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate (carbaryl, Sevin) and by diethylparanitrophenylphosphate (paraoxon) are higher by constant-pH titration than by the electrometric method of Michel. The hemolysin, alkyl phenoxy polyethoxy ethanol (Triton X-100), 0.2%, inhibits approximately 70% of the acetylcholine-hydrolyzing ability of blood plasma and therefore results in low estimates of acetylcholinesterase when used with whole blood and with plasma, if acetylcholine is used as the substrate.