cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EVOLUTION OF THE MAGNITUDE AND TIMING OF INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN PLANTS.

Estimates of inbreeding depression obtained from the literature were used to evaluate the association between inbreeding depression and the degree of self-fertilization in natural plant populations. Theoretical models predict that the magnitude of inbreeding depression will decrease with inbreeding as deleterious recessive alleles are expressed and purged through selection. If selection acts differentially among life history stages and deleterious effects are uncorrelated among stages, then the timing of inbreeding depression may also evolve with inbreeding. Estimates of cumulative inbreeding depression and stage-specific inbreeding depression (four stages: seed production of parent, germination, juvenile survival, and growth/reproduction) were compiled for 79 populations (using means of replicates, N = 62) comprising 54 species from 23 families of vascular plants. Where available, data on the mating system also were collected and used as a measure of inbreeding history. A significant negative correlation was found between cumulative inbreeding depression and the primary selfing rate for the combined sample of angiosperms (N = 35) and gymnosperms (N = 9); the correlation was significant for angiosperms but not gymnosperms examined separately. The average inbreeding depression in predominantly selfing species (8 = 0.23) was significantly less (43%) than that in predominantly outcrossing species (8 = 0.53). These results support the theoretical prediction that selfing reduces the magnitude of inbreeding depression. Most self-fertilizing species expressed the majority of their inbreeding de- pression late in the life cycle, at the stage of growth/reproduction (14 of 18 species), whereas outcrossing species expressed much of their inbreeding depression either early, at seed production (17 of 40 species), or late (19 species). For species with four life stages examined, selfing and outcrossing species differed in the magnitude of inbreeding depression at the stage of seed production (selfing 8 = 0.05, N = 11; outcrossing 8 = 0.32, N = 31), germination (selfing 8 = 0.02, outcrossing 8 = 0.12), and survival to reproduction (selfing 8 = 0.04, outcrossing 8 = 0.15), but not at growth and reproduction (selfing 8 = 0.21, outcrossing 8 = 0.27); inbreeding depression in selfers relative to outcrossers increased from early to late life stages. These results support the hypothesis that most early acting inbreeding depression is due to recessive lethals and can be purged through inbreeding, whereas much of the late-acting inbreeding depression is due to weakly deleterious mutations and is very difficult to purge, even under extreme inbreeding.
Drug Market Violence: Virtual Anarchy, Police Pressure, Predation, and Retaliation

Drug consumption and addiction are known to increase the incidence of violent and property crimes. For this reason, governments prohibit the trade in some psychoactive substances and vigorously enforce the law. The unfortunate consequence of this governmental control is that it increases drug market violence. This article examines how drug prohibition and its enforcement affect violence among illicit drug traders. Two processes are considered: the role of virtual anarchy and police pressure in exposing illicit drug traders to predation and motivating them to retaliate. After reviewing the empirical literature bearing on these theories, this article concludes by outlining what is needed to move the field forward.
High-Speed Schlieren Imaging Through a Two-Dimensional Weakly-Compressible Shear Layer

In the recent past a discrepancy between the thermodynamic fields computed by a reduced-order model and a Navier-Stokes compressible flow solver has been documented. We present a summary of experimental investigations of weakly-compressible shear layers. Also, a new set of time-resolved Schlieren images are presented to further the investigation. All of the evidence presented supports the claim that the reduced-order model is in fact correctly predicting the thermodynamic properties of a weakly-compressible, matched-total temperature shear layer. Nomenclature a = speed of sound CP = specific heat capacity fforcing = forcing frequency I = image intensity KGD = Gladstone-Dale Constant MC = convective Mach number N = index of refraction p = pressure R = gas constant
Misconceptions in wetting phenomena.

In a recent paper (’t Mannetje, D.; Banpurkar, A.; Koppelman, H.; Duits, M. H. G.; van den Ende, D.; Mugele, F. Electrically Tunable Wetting Defects Characterized by a Simple Capillary Force Sensor...
Integrating Roboticist Values into a Design Framework for Humanoid Robots

Our proposed two-part study on the perspectives of roboticists pursues a holistic, value-sensitive approach to robot design. We first describe a pilot study to uncover the patterns of values ingrained in humanoid designs. These findings will inform our next study to interview roboticists. While user-centered approaches of HRI literature give us insight on making user-friendly robots, our work seeks to create a design framework to assist roboticists in reflecting on their values and intentions during their design processes.
Breeding of Indica PTGMS Line 1892S with Good Quality

1892S,derived from a variant plant of Pei′ai 64S and developed by the Rice Research Institute of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences through pedigree selection,is a new medium indica PTGMS line in rice.It was certified technically in Anhui in August,2004.Grown in Hefei,it had a long stable sterile period over 30 days.It was completely male sterile in its sterile period with the sterile plant rate at 100%,both pollen sterility and spikelet sterility up to(99.97)%.It showed good resistance to blast and bacterial leaf blight.It had a good flowering habit and its outcrossing rate was over 60% in hybrid seed production.Its grain quality was up to the third class of national fine quality rice standards(GB/T 17891-1999).Furthermore,its hybrids showed strong yield heterosis.Among them,Wandao 153(1892S/RH003) was registered and released in Anhui in January,2005.
[Epidemiological investigation on the first case of human avian influenza A (H7N9) virus infection in Beijing, 2013].

Objective To investigate and to analyze the first human case of avian influenza A (H9N2) virus infection in Beijing. Methods The relatives of the case were interviewed to investigate the process of morbidity and possible infection sources. Samples of the case, close contacts as well as environmental samples were collected and were tested by real-time PCR for nucleic acids of influenza A (H9N2) virus. Hemagglutinin (HA) genes of the viruses from the case and environment samples were sequenced and analyzed. Results The main clinical manifestations of the case were wild influenza-like symptoms and signs, with a history of exposure to live poultry market 15 days prior to the onset of illness. The positive rate of avian influenza A (H9N2) virus collected from that market was 18.2%. Based on the phylogenetic analyses, the amino acid homology between the viruses isolated from the case and environment reached 100%, and both of them belonged to the Eurasian lineage. Neither fever nor respiratory symptoms were found in all 4 close contacts during the medical observation period. Conclusions This case of avian influenza A (H9N2) virus infection was associated with exposure to live poultry market. Enhanced surveillance for influenza and supervision for live poultry market is important to the prevention and control of avian influenza infections. Key words: Avian influenza; H9N2; Epidemiology
Differential Chemokine Signature between Human Preadipocytes and Adipocytes

Obesity is characterized as an accumulation of adipose tissue mass represented by chronic, low-grade inflammation. Obesity-derived inflammation involves chemokines as important regulators contributing to the pathophysiology of obesity-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and some cancers. The obesity-driven chemokine network is poorly understood. Here, we identified the profiles of chemokine signature between human preadipocytes and adipocytes, using PCR arrays and qRT-PCR. Both preadipocytes and adipocytes showed absent or low levels in chemokine receptors in spite of some changes. On the other hand, the chemokine levels of CCL2, CCL7-8, CCL11, CXCL1-3, CXCL6 and CXCL10-11 were dominantly expressed in preadipocytes compared to adipocytes. Interestingly, CXCL14 was the most dominant chemokine expressed in adipocytes compared to preadipocytes. Moreover, there is significantly higher protein level of CXCL14 in conditioned media from adipocytes. In addition, we analyzed the data of the chemokine signatures in adipocytes obtained from healthy lean and obese postmenopausal women based on Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset. Adipocytes from obese individuals had significantly higher levels in chemokine signature as follows: CCL2, CCL13, CCL18-19, CCL23, CCL26, CXCL1, CXCL3 and CXCL14, as compared to those from lean ones. Also, among the chemokine networks, CXCL14 appeared to be the highest levels in adipocytes from both lean and obese women. Taken together, these results identify CXCL14 as an important chemokine induced during adipogenesis, requiring further research elucidating its potential therapeutic benefits in obesity.
Fabrication of RBa2Cu3O7-y Composite Thick Films by the Thermal Plasma Method

The thermal plasma processing to fabricate composite microstructures in films of oxide superconductors was developed. The aerosol obtained by the mist pyrolysis of multi-elemental solution was introduced to thermal plasma directly and decomposed to gas phase, followed by the rapid quenching and the segregation sequence onto MgO substrate. Addition of MgO and Ag to YBa2Cu3O7-y resulted in the enhancement of superconducting current property because of the eliminating weak-link at grain boundary and introducing of effective pinning centers.
Computer Vision and Machine Learning for Autonomous Characterization of AM Powder Feedstocks

By applying computer vision and machine learning methods, we develop a system to characterize powder feedstock materials for metal additive manufacturing (AM). Feature detection and description algorithms are applied to create a microstructural scale image representation that can be used to cluster, compare, and analyze powder micrographs. When applied to eight commercial feedstock powders, the system classifies powder images into the correct material systems with greater than 95% accuracy. The system also identifies both representative and atypical powder images. These results suggest the possibility of measuring variations in powders as a function of processing history, relating microstructural features of powders to properties relevant to their performance in AM processes, and defining objective material standards based on visual images. A significant advantage of the computer vision approach is that it is autonomous, objective, and repeatable.
Production of Hydrocarbon Fuel Using Two-Step Torrefaction and Fast Pyrolysis of Pine. Part 2: Life-Cycle Carbon Footprint

This study, as part II of two companion papers, investigated the environmental performance of liquid hydrocarbon biofuel production via fast pyrolysis of pine through two pathways: a one-step pathway via fast pyrolysis only, and a two-step pathway that includes a torrefaction step prior to fast pyrolysis. Fast pyrolysis in all cases took place at a temperature of 530 °C whereas for the two-step pathways, torrefaction was investigated at temperatures of 290, 310, and 330 °C. Bio-oil produced was then catalytically upgraded to hydrocarbon biofuel. Different scenarios for providing the required process heat either by using fossil energy or renewable energy, as well as the effect of heat integration, were also investigated. Our life cycle analysis indicated that using the energy allocation approach, a two-step heat integrated pathway with torrefaction taking place at 330 °C had the lowest global warming potential among all scenarios of about 29.0 g CO2 equiv/MJ biofuel. Using the system expansion approach, si...
Kinetics of α-MnOOH Nanoparticle Formation through Enzymatically Catalyzed Biomineralization inside Apoferritin

While biomineralization in apoferritin has effectively synthesized highly monodispersed nanoparticles of various metal oxides and hydroxides, the detailed kinetics and mechanisms of Mn(III) (hydr)oxide formation inside apoferritin cavities have not been reported. To address this knowledge gap, we first identified the phase of solid Mn(III) formed inside apoferritin cavities as α-MnOOH. To analyze the oxidation and nucleation mechanism of α-MnOOH inside apoferritin by quantifying oxidized Mn, we used a colorimetric method with leucoberbelin blue (LBB) solution. In this method, LBB disassembled apoferritin by inducing an acidic pH environment, and reduced α-MnOOH nanoparticles. The LBB-enabled kinetic analyses of α-MnOOH nanoparticle formation suggested that the orders of reaction with respect to Mn2+ and OH– are 2 and 4, respectively, and α-MnOOH formation follows two-step pathways: First, soluble Mn2+ undergoes apoferritin-catalyzed oxidation at the ferroxidase dinuclear center, forming a Mn(III)-protein ...
Domes: Their Morphological Significance

Is curvilinearity, as it is applied to structures, a morphological abstraction employed by only a few theoreticians, or is it a fundamental issue that needs to be explored by anyone seriously committed to the full range of design? Eliminating the issue of any subserviency of one profession to another, no design practitioner can start from a position that is not attached to a rational foundation without risking a fall into exercises of meaningless relevance. Shells and domes as building forms combine different roots that need analysis to rationalize and connect their multifaceted aspects.
A pilot study of the pharmacodynamic impact of SSRI drug selection and beta-1 receptor genotype (ADRB1) on cardiac vital signs in depressed patients: a novel pharmacogenetic approach.

Objective The adrenergic beta-1 receptor gene (ADRB1) Ser49Gly and Arg389Gly variants differentially affect blood pressure response to beta-blocker therapy. Binding site prediction results for fluoxetine and paroxetine in a bioinformatics model, estimated that each of these particular selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have high receptor affinity as an “Adrenergic (beta) Blocker,” which was confirmed in vitro. This pilot study was conducted to understand the relationship between these “beta-blocking” SSRIs (fluoxetine and paroxetine) and cardiac vital signs (systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR)), when subjects are stratified by ADRB1 genotype. Previously ascertained DNA and clinical data was examined from 122 subjects recruited for a cross-sectional study of health and well being during SSRI pharmacotherapy. A multivariate linear regression analysis was used to determine which variables affected cardiac vital signs. There was a significant interaction between 389Gly variant status and “beta-blocking” SSRIs [p = 0.0353] in relation to SBP. Specifically in homozygous 389Arg subjects, those receiving “beta-blocking” SSRIs had significantly lower SBP (mean 104 mmHg) compared to the group taking other SSRIs (mean 122 mmHg) [p = 0.0437]. In these same homozygous 389Arg subjects, those receiving “beta-blocking” SSRIs also had lower HR (mean 60 bpm) compared to the other SSRIs (mean 79 bpm) [p = 0.00877]. Future prospective studies of this phenomenon are necessary to identify all genetic markers that can predict SSRI-associated cardiovascular effects that may be related to the SSRI Discontinuation Syndrome and potentially influence pharmacotherapy decisions.
Cross-Cultural Families

In cross-cultural families, there is more than one culture within the same household. Cultures can intersect within generations (parents' cultures differ), between generations (parents' and children's cultures differ), or for both generations together (parents' and children's culture differs from their peers' culture). Each cross-cultural family has its own dynamics, but cross-cultural families also have similarities and share a number of disadvantages and advantages. Members of cross-cultural families may encounter culture clashes, identity confusion, or cultural dissonance. On the other hand, living in a cross-cultural family can generate cognitive advantages for bicultural children and an enriched cultural setting can make family members more adaptable to various settings. Transforming cultures into “symbolic cultures” can enable family members to be more flexible with their culture and help them to benefit from living in a cross-cultural family. Keywords: bicultural families; cultural diversity; culture; demography and population studies; ethnicity; family; family structure; intergenerational relationships; sociology of family
Outcomes After Dermal Allograft Reconstruction of Chronic or Subacute Pectoralis Major Tendon Ruptures

Background:Avoiding delay in the surgical management of pectoralis major (PM) ruptures optimizes outcomes. However, this is not always possible, and when a tear becomes chronic or when a subacute t...
Directed-Backbone Dissociation Following Bond-Specific Carbon-Sulfur UVPD at 213 nm.

Ultraviolet photodissociation or UVPD is an increasingly popular option for tandem-mass spectrometry experiments. UVPD can be carried out at many wavelengths, and it is important to understand how the results will be impacted by this choice. Here, we explore the utility of 213 nm photons for initiating bond-selective fragmentation. It is found that bonds previously determined to be labile at 266 nm, including carbon-iodine and sulfur-sulfur bonds, can also be cleaved with high selectivity at 213 nm. In addition, many carbon-sulfur bonds that are not subject to direct dissociation at 266 nm can be selectively fragmented at 213 nm. This capability can be used to site-specifically create alaninyl radicals that direct backbone dissociation at the radical site, creating diagnostic d-ions. Furthermore, the additional carbon-sulfur bond fragmentation capability leads to signature triplets for fragmentation of disulfide bonds. Absorption of amide bonds can enhance dissociation of nearby labile carbon-sulfur bonds and can be used for stochastic backbone fragmentation typical of UVPD experiments at shorter wavelengths. Several potential applications of the bond-selective fragmentation chemistry observed at 213 nm are discussed.
Moisture Content as a Controlling Factor in Seed Development and Germination

Publisher Summary Moisture content plays a role in seed physiology in two ways. First, it may convey information about the expected metabolic activity of the seed—that is, development, resting, or germination. The proportion of structured or vicinal water in the tissue compared to the bulk water, and the change in absolute water content, may play a role here. A dehydration to air dryness would be necessary for the unequivocal switching of the water gradient polarity. This may explain why it is necessary to dry immature seeds below 60% moisture for good viability, even though germination occurs at 60% moisture. Therefore, the absolute moisture content does not dictate a specific physiological activity. Second, the expression of the perceived information is also controlled by moisture status. Severe dehydration irreversibly switches off production of reserve materials and switches on a controlled senescence program that continues at variable rates until the seed reserve structure is destroyed.
Two Examples of Indoor and Outdoor Surveillance Systems: Motivation, Design, and Testing

We examine the state of the security industry and market and underline the role that it plays in the R&D efforts. We also present a snapshot of the current state-of-the-art in indoor and outdoor surveillance systems for commercial applications. Then, we move on and describe in detail a prototype indoor surveillance system that we recently developed. The system is called Cooperative Camera Network (CCN) and reports the presence of a visually tagged individual throughout a building structure. Visual tagging is based on the color signature of a person. CCN is meant to be used for the monitoring of potential shoplifters in department stores. We also describe our prototype outdoor surveillance system, the DETER (Detection of Events for Threat Evaluation and Recognition). DETER can monitor large open spaces, like parking lots, and report unusual moving patterns by pedestrians or vehicles. To perform its function DETER fuses the field of views of multiple cameras into a sup er-view and performs tracking of moving objects across it. A threat assessment module with encoded suspicious behaviors performs the motion pattern identification. Both surveillance systems are good examples of technology transfer of state-of-the-art ideas from the research literature to the commercial domain. At the same time, they are good study cases for the extra engineering methodology and effort that is needed to adapt initial research concepts into a successful practical technology.
Working with Nonstandard Models

Most of the research in foundations of mathematics that I do in some way or another involves the use of nonstandard models. I will give a few examples, and indicate what is involved.
The Electoral College and Conflict in American History and Politics

The historical relationship between the electoral college and controversial U.S. presidential elections, specifically with respect to conflict, is examined. The elections of 1800, 1824, 1860, 1876, 1888, 1968, and 2000 are examined. Aside from the 2000 election, there has been essentially no conflict in American history due to the electoral college. The constitutional structure and thinking behind the form of the electoral college is given, with emphasis on the federal aspects of the structure. The current movement to abolish the electoral college in favor of direct popular vote is depicted, along with the arguments against making that change. The conclusion is that we as a nation are far better off to retain the status quo than to make the called-for change.
Representations ofsl 3 ℂ, Part II: Mainly Lots of Examples

In this lecture we complete the analysis of the irreducible representations of\(\mathfrak{s}{\mathfrak{l}_3}\mathbb{C}\)culminating in §13.2 with the answers to all three of the questions raised at the end of the last lecture: we explicitly construct the unique irreducible representation with given highest weight, and in particular determine its multiplicities. The latter two sections correspond to §11.2 and §11.3 in the lecture on \(\mathfrak{s}{{\mathfrak{l}}_{2}}\mathbb{C} \). In particular, §13.4, like §11.3, involves some projective algebraic geometry and may be skipped by those to whom this is unfamiliar.
Chapter 14 – Cellular and Circuit Models of Increased Resting State Network Gamma Activity in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a disorder characterized by psychotic symptoms and cognitive deficits. Although the biology underlying subjective experiences is difficult to study, abnormalities in electroencephalographic (EEG) measures offer a means to dissect potential circuit and cellular changes in brain function. EEG is indispensable for studying cerebral information processing due to the introduction of techniques for the decomposition of event-related activity into its frequency components. Specifically, gamma activity (30–80 Hz) is thought to underlie cognitive function and may be used as an endophenotype to aid in diagnosis and treatment of SCZ. In this review, we address evidence indicating that there is increased resting state gamma power in SCZ. Next, we examine underlying circuit mechanisms that could lead to this increase. Finally, we address how modeling this aspect of the illness in animals may help treatment development as well as provide insight into the etiology of SCZ.
Accelerating raw data analysis with the ACCORDA software and hardware architecture

The data science revolution and growing popularity of data lakes make efficient processing of raw data increasingly important. To address this, we propose the ACCelerated Operators for Raw Data Analysis (ACCORDA) architecture. By extending the operator interface (subtype with encoding) and employing a uniform runtime worker model, ACCORDA integrates data transformation acceleration seamlessly, enabling a new class of encoding optimizations and robust high-performance raw data processing. Together, these key features preserve the software system architecture, empowering state-of-art heuristic optimizations to drive flexible data encoding for performance. ACCORDA derives performance from its software architecture, but depends critically on the acceleration of the Unstructured Data Processor (UDP) that is integrated into the memory-hierarchy, and accelerates data transformation tasks by 16x-21x (parsing, decompression) to as much as 160x (deserialization) compared to an x86 core.We evaluate ACCORDA using TPC-H queries on tabular data formats, exercising raw data properties such as parsing and data conversion. The ACCORDA system achieves 2.9x-13.2x speedups when compared to SparkSQL, reducing raw data processing overhead to a geomean of 1.2x (20%). In doing so, ACCORDA robustly matches or outperforms prior systems that depend on caching loaded data, while computing on raw, unloaded data. This performance benefit is robust across format complexity, query predicates, and selectivity (data statistics). ACCORDA's encoding-extended operator interface unlocks aggressive encoding-oriented optimizations that deliver 80% average performance increase over the 7 affected TPC-H queries.
Robotic ileocolic resection with intracorporeal anastomosis for Crohn’s disease

The robotic platform can overcome limitations of the laparoscopic approach, particularly in the facilitation of intracorporeal anastomosis creation. We aim to share our institutional experience with robotic ileocolic resection for Crohn’s disease (CD) and compare it to a laparoscopic cohort. We identified patients who underwent ileocolic resection for CD with a purely robotic (R) or laparoscopic (L) approach between February 2015 and 2018. Chart review was performed and preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data was collected. A total of 47 patients with a mean age of 35.2 years old were identified and 61% were female. Seventy percent [n = 33, (23 females, 69.6%)] of the cases were performed robotically and 30% of the cases [n = 14, (6 females, 42.8%)] were performed laparoscopically. The groups were well matched for age, gender, BMI as well as disease related factors (CD duration; clinical classification and location), perioperative immunosuppression, and surgical history. Time to bowel function was shorter by about 1 day in the robotic group (R: 1.9 ± 0.88 days vs. L: 2.7 ± 0.8 days, p = 0.003). Mean operative time was longer in the robotic group by 51 min and this difference was significant (p = 0.03), however 30.3% of patients underwent ureteral stent placement, which can account for added time in robotic cases. There were less conversions in the robotic group [R: 1(4.3%) vs. L: 1(7%)], but this was not significant. There were no intraoperative complications in either group. Complication (L: 21.4% vs. R: 15.1%, p = 0.605) and reoperation rates (L: 0% vs. R: 3.03%, p = 0.429) were similar. Robotic ileocolic resection for Crohn’s disease is as safe and feasible as the laparoscopic approach. This was accomplished with no leaks, major morbidity or mortality and comparable length of stay, with 1 day shorter return of bowel function, and with a lower overall complication rate. The robotic approach offers advantages in Crohn’s disease which should be studied further in prospective studies.
Product Completion Time Prediction Using A Hybrid Approach Combining Deep Learning and System Model

Abstract The prediction of product completion time is critical in real time production scheduling and control to achieve customer demand satisfaction. However, it is a challenging task due to the increasing complexity of production systems and greater diversity of products. The recent advancement in data-driven approach and machine learning algorithms have provided unprecedent opportunities to tackle such problems that otherwise very difficult to solve using conventional methods in the manufacturing industry. However, most existing studies on product completion time prediction adopt a purely data-driven approach while ignoring the prospect of integrating domain knowledge in their machine learning models. In this paper, we propose a hybrid approach to predicting product completion time by combining the strengths of both machine learning techniques and analytical system model. A mathematical model for multi-product serial production line is proposed to describe the real-time dynamics of the system. With this model, the strict lower bound of product completion time can be efficiently computed for given system status, where the lower bound represents the least possible product completion time when assuming no random downtime in the system. Instead of directly predicting the product completion time, a deep learning model is developed to only predict the distance between the lower bound and actual product completion time. Guided by properties of production system, we discover a recurrent sequence in the prediction problem by modeling each machine and product as recurrent units. The Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) method, a prominent variant of recurrent neural network (RNN), is used to combine with the system model to predict the product completion time in a real-time fashion.
Correlation Patterns between Primary and Secondary Diagnosis Codes in the Social Security Disability Programs

This paper addresses impairment co-morbidity among participants in programs that provide dis-ability benefits. Co-morbidity in this context is defined as the simultaneous presence of a primary and a secondary medical diagnosis. I fit a high-dimensional Bayesian multivariate probit model with a 10% random sample of 2009 initial claimants (disabled workers, including individuals concurrently applying for Disability Insurance and Supplemental Security Income). The resulting correlation estimates provide evidence of strong impairment co-morbidity patterns at the initial-claim level. Many of the findings mirror the epidemiological evidence, such as associations of diabetes with chronic renal failure, open wounds of a lower limb, peripheral neuropathies, and blindness/low vision. Other results are surprising. For instance, the correlation estimates defy the presumption of high positive association between mental and musculoskeletal-system diagnoses.
Effect of temperature on the electrical conduction and dielectric behavior of solder

Solder is widely used as an electrical conductor in electronics. This paper reports the effect of heating up to 70 °C on the conduction and dielectric behavior of solder (Sn–4Ag lead-free eutectic solder). The effect of temperature on the electric permittivity is reported for the first time for metals in general. The electrical resistivity increases linearly with the temperature, with the temperature coefficient of resistivity equaling 3.59 × 10–3/°C. The relative permittivity is 3.24 × 106 (100 kHz) and does not change with the temperature. This suggests that the increase in the amplitude of thermal vibration as the temperature increases impacts the conduction behavior more than the dielectric behavior, which hinges on the electron–atom interaction. The increase in the thermal vibration amplitude apparently enhances the electron scattering without affecting the electron–atom interaction, which occurs primarily at defects such as the interfaces in the solder microstructure. The absence of change of the permittivity with the increase in temperature is attractive for the practical use of solder as electrical conductors in electronics.
Designing the Diaspora: Expressing African Heritage in Historic Charleston

Charleston, South Carolina was one of the first large European colonies in North America and is one of the most important sites of the African Diaspora. The city’s urban fabric was built with the money made by African skills and labour, as thousands of people were enslaved to grow the rice, indigo, and cotton; lay the bricks; and hammer the iron that brought Charleston into existence. Today, the legacy of slavery continues in the imbalance of wealth that falls along ethnic lines. Meanwhile, Charleston has become a major tourist destination, with millions of people pouring in to immerse themselves in its beauty. A number of artists, architects, and community organisers have recently attempted to leverage Charleston’s urban heritage to agitate for a fairer future. This has meant changing the ways in which old buildings are understood and new buildings are designed. One important modernist building is making bold efforts to foreground African heritage, but there are many prominent public efforts to call attention to the African roots of the city’s old buildings and to build new traditional buildings and monuments that articulate and valorise these roots. All of this work has important precedents and parallels in the Critical Regionalist movement and can also be compared with a number of urban developments in other societies struggling to uncover the buried past of the African Diaspora, namely Zanzibar, Rio de Janeiro, and Washington, DC. In those places, as in Charleston, architecture offers tools for confronting traumatic histories and creating new possibilities for healing.
Standard image descriptors for the provisional molecular imaging reporting system (pMIRS) for thoracic tumors

1057 Learning Objectives Teach reproducible qualitative image descriptors for structured reporting of thoracic PET/CT findings for the pMIRS, compliant with the RadLex reporting system of the RSNA. Definitions of F-18 FDG-PET/CT avidity for the thorax: Normal = no increased avidity Slight = visibly abnormal, less than moderate Since pilot studies suggest most observer variance for intermediate findings,two independently proposed descriptors were included: Moderate L = comparable to normal liver (L), or Moderate M = comparable to mediastinal blood pool(M) Marked = comparable to or greater than cerebellum Electronic displays of multiple renditions simulated representative reading conditions including typical PET, PET-CT fusion, and CT renditions of each example. Twelve physicians, with varying experience, independently reviewed 15 select examples, with access to definitions, but not to quantitative SUV values. (K statistics were not applicable). Results : 1. The qualitative descriptors showed full ordinal conformity to quantitative SUV measurements for each finding. 2. The L definition of moderate uptake tended to improve inter-observer agreement. Conclusions : Simple definitions for subjective image findings descriptors teach reasonable interobserver agreement for application to PET/CT interpretations in thoracic tumors, potentially scalable to large outcomes studies
IMPROVING AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY: THE ROLE OF INDUSTRY, THE GOVERNMENT, AND THE DRIVER

This paper identifies three groups that can improve automotive safety. The three groups are the automotive industry by designing into cars such safety devices as seat belts, roll bars, or air bags; the government by taking such measures as improving road conditions, enforcing seat belt usage laws, or enforcing stricter anti-drunk-driving laws; and finally, the driver by modifying driving habits such as wearing seat belts and not driving while intoxicated.
Low-dimensional magnetic behavior of α-CoC2O4.2H2O

Abstract The crystal structure of α-CoC 2 O 4 · 2H 2 O suggests a predominant one-dimensional magnetic interaction. The ac powder susceptibility was fitted with a 1D Ising model with g -factors determined by EPR. The magnetic heat capacity and χ p data delineate a strongly anisotropic 2D Ising system, with J/k ⋍ −30 K , |J′/J| ⋍ 3 × 10 −3 , and an antiferromagnetic transition at T N = 6.23 ± 0.02 K.
Psychological Symptoms and Concerns Experienced by International Students: Outreach Implications for Counseling Centers.

This study examines psychological symptoms and concerns experienced by international students. Participants identified with a variety of psychological symptoms and concerns. The top three were related to academics (71%), career (60%), and stress (43%). In addition, 34% of the participants indicated being concerned about depression and/or anxiety. For married students, the top three concern areas were related to academics, career, and stress, but 27% of participants also indicated experiencing couple and marital problems. Implications for outreach activities for counseling centers are discussed in light of these findings.
Energy Absorption of Structures Under Cyclic Loading

The results of an experimental and theoretical investigation of the energy absorption, or structural damping, characteristics of conventional plywood shear walls are described. The cyclic-loading test procedure, wherein the test specimen is subjected to a succession of reversed loading cycles of progressively increasing magnitude, was used for each test. Eight different tests were made, and the cyclic load-deflection curves were then constructed using the experimental data. From these curves, it was possible to derive "back-bone" curves, relating the maximum load per cycle to the average absolute value of the maximum deflections per cycle, and curves relating energy capacity to maximum deflection, energy absorption to maximum deflection, and residual deflection to maximum deflection. Values of an equivalent viscous damping ratio, ν\Deq\N, were found to average 0.10 for shear walls with plywood on both sides. Having ν\Deq\N, it is then possible to use the velocity response spectrum to determine the maximum relative velocity, and subsequently the earthquake energy output, for a particular plywood shear wall. The derived curves previously mentioned are used in conjunction with the energy method to obtain the maximum panel response.
The Pioneer Venus mission.

The Pioneer Venus Orbiter and probe missions have provided a wealth of in situ and remote sensing data. The probe mission sounded the clouds and lower atmosphere at four separate locations returning chemical, physical, and meteorological data on the Venus atmosphere. The orbiter observed the surface of Venus with a radar altimeter and crude radar imager. It sounded the atmosphere in the infrared and monitored the ultraviolet emissions. It also provided in situ data on the neutral and ionized environment of the planet and the magnetic fields and plasma waves in these regions. The results of the over-12-years of orbiter observations of Venus, especially those of relevance to the interpretation of data on the upper atmosphere, ionosphere and solar wind interaction with Mars are stressed.
Handbook of Analysis and Pharmaceutical Quality: Nano-Methods

The expansion of nanotechnology in the pharmaceutical industry has opened up a new field of therapy as well as increased the pressure on regulatory bodies for adequate regulation and safety assessment. The impact nanotherapeutics, drug delivery systems, or combination products could affect treatment of disease by enabling targeted delivery. This article provides an overview of the methods typically used to characterize nanomaterials specifically relating to pharmaceutical industry and their relevance to the field. Keywords: nanotechnology; pharmaceutical industry; nanotherapeutics; nanomaterials; disease
Meningiomas: genetics, malignancy, and the role of radiation in induction and treatment: The Richard C. Schneider Lecture

✓ The author reviews the molecular genetics, pathology, and cell kinetics of meningiomas and the role that regional multiplicity in the dura mater may play in their recurrence. Malignant and radiation-induced meningiomas are discussed, with summaries of series of 60 patients with frankly malignant lesions treated over a period of 22 years at the University of California, San Francisco, and of 10 patients with meningiomas induced by high-dose radiation therapy. Reviewing a 23-year series of 140 patients with subtotally removed meningiomas who were treated postoperatively with radiation, the author recommends that, with meticulous technique, irradiation is effective in preventing the regrowth of subtotally removed benign meningiomas and of all malignant meningiomas. Adoption of both the microscopical cytological grading system proposed by Jaaskelainen's group in Helsinki and the classification of operations proposed by Donald Simpson is also recommended. Wide removal of dura adjacent to meningioma reduces t...
CHAPTER TWO – Modeling of Mass-Exchange Units for Environmental Applications

This chapter presents an overview of the basic modeling principles of mass-separating agent (MSA) induced separations, referred to as mass-exchange units. Mass-exchange operations are indispensable for pollution prevention. Within a mass-integration framework, mass-exchange operations are employed in intercepting sources by selectively transferring certain undesirable species from a number of waste streams (sources) to a number of MSAs. The realm of mass exchange includes several operations, such as absorption, adsorption, extraction, ion exchange, leaching, and stripping. The main objective of a mass exchanger is to provide appropriate contact surface for the rich and the lean phases. Such contact can be accomplished by using various types of mass-exchange units and internals. In particular, there are two primary categories of mass-exchange devices: multistage and differential contactors. In a multistage mass exchanger, each stage provides intimate contact between the rich and the lean phases followed by phase separation. In differential contactors the two phases flow through the exchanger in continuous contact throughout without intermediate phase separation and recontacting.
Facile Rearrangement of the 6,11‐Diphenyldibenzo[b,f][1,4]diazocine Skeleton into a Substituted 2‐(2‐Aminophenyl)‐1,3‐diphenylisoindole via Anomalous Carbo­lithiation or Hydrolithiation: Corroboration of Operative SET Processes

The starting 6,11-diphenyldibenzo[b,f][1,4]diazocine has been individually treated with R–Li reagents in THF, where R = AlH4, PhCH2, Ph2CH, Ph3C, CH3, CH3(CH2)3, C6H5 or Ph–C≡C, to learn whether an expected 1,2- or 1,4-addition would cleanly occur. Contrary to such an assumption based on nucleophilic attack, this [1,4]diazocine with PhCH2Li yielded only the enantiomers of (4b,11R)-11-benzyl-4b,11-diphenyl-4b,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-a]isoindole; with Ph2CHLi yielded 2-[1-(4-benzhydrylphenyl)-phenyl-2H-isoindol-2-yl]analine; and with LiAlH4 2-(2-aminophenyl)-1,3-diphenylisoindole. Finally, individual reactions of the [1,4]diazocine with CH3Li, nBuLi or PhLi gave 4–5 inseparable products, instead of any simple 1,2 or 1,4 adduct. The anomalous carbolithiations and hydrolithiation observed are irreconcilable with a nucleophilic mechanism but in excellent accord with a SET radical-anion pathway.
Results of surgical resection of liver metastases from non‐colorectal primaries

Advances in the field of liver surgery have lowered its associated mortality and morbidity rates, and hepatic resection for metastatic disease is increasingly performed. There are few well defined guidelines for the heterogeneous group of non-colorectal metastases. This study analysed the risks and benefits of surgical resection for liver metastases from non-colorectal primaries.
Forced Convection Heat Transfer in a Finitely Conducting Externally Finned Pipe

A numerically study to determine the influence of axial wall conduction on forced convection heat transfer in an externally finned pipe has been made. The effects of wall conductivity, interfin spacing, and externally heat transfer coefficient are examined by comparing the results with the corresponding solutions obtained assuming negligible wall conduction. Results indicate that the axial conduction in the pipe walls has a significant influence on the heat transfer behavior. The bulk temperature or the heat transferred to the fluid is underestimated when wall conduction is ignored. At high wall conductivity values, the wall temperatures and Nusselt numbers exhibit a monotonic variation in the axial direction, with the behavior becoming increasingly nonmonotonic as the wall conductivity value is decreased.
Determination of uric acid in biological fluids by high-pressure liquid chromatography.

Abstract A high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for uric acid in biological fluids has been developed. Blood uric acid can be analyzed in as little as 20 μl of plasma. The mean and range of plasma uric acid concentrations in healthy adults determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography were similar to these obtained by enzymatic analysis. One of the advantages of the present method is that naturally occurring metabolites in biological fluids or drugs do not interfere with the analysis. Data are presented for blood and urine specimens obtained from mice fed a known uricase inhibitor, potassium oxonate. Comparisons are made between the present method and methods previously employed for uric acid determination.
The equation-of-motion coupled-cluster method: Excitation energies of Be and CO

Abstract The equation-of-motion coupled-cluster (EOM-CC) method for the calculation of excitation energies is presented. The procedure is based upon representing an excited state as an excitation from a coupled-cluster ground state and the excitation energies are obtained by solving a non-Hermitian eigenvalue problem. Numerical applications are reported for Be and CO, and compared to full CI, Fock space multi-reference coupled-cluster, multi-reference MBPT, and propagator results.
Sociological Perspectives in Bernstein's Sociolinguistics*

An interpretation of selected portions of Bernstein's sociolinguistics is presented. The interpretation suggests that linguistic performance intervenes between social structure and self-concept. The theory is specified through a research application. The specification holds that two views of social structure are implicit within the theory: one micro-cosmic and the other macrocosmic. For Bernstein these views are linked to Mead and Durkheim, respectively. However, the present analysis attempts to show that both are properly understood as Meadian. Linguistic performance is related to self-derogation within a strict Meadian interpretation. The contribution of the theory seems to lie in a specification of a Meadian view of self relative to selected aspects of language.
Focal shift in focused annular beams

Abstract A simple technique, based on the Fourier-Optic approach, to calculate the field distribution around the geometrical focus is presented. The technique is then applied to the diffraction of a plane wave through an annular aperture lens. The results indicate that the amount of focal shift depends on the Fresnel number of the circular aperture lens as well as on the central obscuration ratio of the annulus.
Drinking Behavior and Attitudes Toward Alcohol in Delinquent Girls

A number of studies have investigated the use of alcoholic beverages by male juvenile delinquents (MacKay, 1961, 1963; Blacker et al., 1965), and a recent study (MacKay et al., 1967) compared alcohol use by delinquents of both sexes with alcohol use by nondelinquent high school students. These studies found that the number of students and delinquents who drink is similar, but the incidence of heavy drinking is higher among delinquents. A review of the literature revealed no investigations specifically examining the nature and depth of drinking behavior among delinquent girls.
What is the Dukes' system for carcinoma of the rectum?

Analysis is made of the evolution of the currently used Dukes' system for post-surgical staging of carcinoma of the rectum. It is concluded that no further modification is likely to improve understanding of a patient's disease or prognosis.