cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pantothenate kinase regulation of the intracellular concentration of coenzyme A.

Pantothenate kinase (PanK) is the key regulatory enzyme in the CoA biosynthetic pathway in bacteria and is thought to play a similar role in mammalian cells. We examined this hypothesis by identifying and characterizing two murine cDNAs that encoded PanK. The two cDNAs were predicted to arise from alternate splicing of the same gene to yield different mRNAs that encode two isoforms (mPanK1α and mPanK1β) with distinct amino termini. The predicted protein sequence of mPanK1 was not related to bacterial PanK but exhibited significant similarity to Aspergillus nidulansPanK. mPanK1α was most highly expressed in heart and kidney, whereas mPanK1β mRNA was detected primarily in liver and kidney. Pantothenate was the most abundant pathway component (42.8%) in normal cells providing clear evidence that pantothenate phosphorylation was a rate-controlling step in CoA biosynthesis. Enhanced mPanK1β expression eliminated the intracellular pantothenate pool and triggered a 13-fold increase in intracellular CoA content. mPanK1β activityin vitro was stimulated by CoA and strongly inhibited by acetyl-CoA illustrating that differential modulation of mPanK1β activity by pathway end products also contributed to the management of CoA levels. These data support the concept that the expression and/or activity of PanK is a determining factor in the physiological regulation of the intracellular CoA concentration.
RECAMP—A FORTRAN IV program for estimating Fe3+ contents in amphiboles

RECAMP is a FORTRAN program designed to recalculate electron microprobe analyses of amphiboles into amphibole structural formulae. Fe3+ in the amphibole is estimated based on stoichiometric constraints of amphibole crystal chemistry. All recalculations that obey both chemistry and stoichiometry are calculated. The appendix contains the program, sample data, and sample output.
Radiative cooling of a layer with nonuniform velocity - A separable solution

Analyzed here is the cooling of a flowing plane layer filled with hot particles or liquid droplets that emit, absorb, and scatter radiation. The velocity distribution is nonuniform across the layer and the specified shape of this distribution affects the layer temperature distribution and emittance. The velocity distribution determined is one that will cause the layer to cool at a uniform temperature. Thus, if the layer initially has a uniform temperature, it will retain the same emittance throughout its length. A separable solution is found that applies in a 'fully developed' region following an initial cooling length. In this developed region, the solution shows that there is a constant emittance based on the local heat loss and local bulk mean layer temperature. This emittance is a function of the velocity distribution, optical thickness, and scattering albedo.
A nutrition knowledge test for nutrition educators

Abstract This paper describes the development of a criterion-referenced instrument for assessing nutrition knowledge of potential nutrition educators. The test consists of 50 multiple-choice items. It addresses 3 content areas—basic nutrition principles, sources of nutrients, and function of nutrients; and it measures 4 cognitive levels—recall, comprehension, application, and analysis. The results of an administration of the test to 576 college graduates demonstrate that the instrument discriminates between groups of professionals who are trained in nutrition and those who are not.
Charcot Spine in a Person With Congenital Insensitivity to Pain With Anhydrosis: A Case Report of Re-Diagnosis

We report the case of a 43-year-old woman referred for evaluation of worsening gait. Her initial evaluation led to a diagnosis of a Charcot spine and 2 spinal stabilization surgeries. Because no clear cause for the Charcot spine could be determined from the patient's history or initial evaluation, an extensive diagnostic work-up was undertaken, which ultimately led to a diagnosis of congenital insensitivity to pain with anhydrosis (CIPA). This diagnosis was known and confirmed by the patient's parents but was unknown to the patient and her treating physicians. Unique to this case is not only the significant medical implications and the value of the re-diagnosis and confirmation of this rare condition, but also the rarer occurrence of a Charcot spine in a person with CIPA.
Biophysics: Quantum path to photosynthesis

Knowing how plants and bacteria harvest light for photosynthesis so efficiently could provide a clean solution to mankind's energy requirements. The secret, it seems, may be the coherent application of quantum principles.
Effects of 4-week treatment with lithium and olanzapine on levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 and phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein in the sub-regions of the hippocampus.

Abstract: A large body of evidence indicates that lithium, the prototype mood stabilizer in the treatment of bipolar disorder, has diverse neuroprotective and neurotrophic actions, and the actions are associated with its efficacy in treating bipolar disorder. It has been suggested that up-regulation of neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) may underlie these neuroplastic actions of the drug. Olanzapine, an atypical anti-psychotic drug, has been shown to be an effective mood stabilizer. Olanzapine also has neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions, and these actions may underlie the efficacy of the drug for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. However, the molecular mechanism by which the drug produces the neuroplastic actions is poorly understood. To understand a common molecular mechanism underlying the neuroplastic actions of lithium and olanzapine, we assessed the effect of 4-week lithium and olanzapine treatment on the levels of BDNF, Bcl-2 and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB), a transcription factor involved in expression of BDNF and Bcl-2, in the dentate gyrus and hippocampal area CA1. Our results show that 4-week treatment with both olanzapine and lithium increases the levels of Bcl-2 and CREB in the dentate gyrus and hippocampal area CA1. Four-week lithium treatment up-regulates BDNF in the dentate gyrus, and 4-week olanzapine treatment marginally did so. Neither drug altered BDNF levels in area CA1. These results suggest that the up-regulation of Bcl-2 and CREB may underlie the neuroplastic actions of olanzapine and lithium.
Science and the World/Science in the World:

defined the research agenda for the field, having displaced the institutional and some times functionalist scholarship of Robert K. Merton and his students and followers. Much of the work being published at the time was provocative and in many ways compelling, attending to the craft character of laboratory research, the centrality of everyday negotiation in knowledge produc tion, and the fundamentally local nature of science. However, most of this new wave of research either ignored or rejected the importance of social structures, organiza tions, and institutions in explaining the char acter of "technoscience" and the scientific
Using family history information to distinguish true and false positive model‐free linkage results

Genome scans that test for increased marker identity-by-descent sharing between pairs of affected siblings have become increasingly common. These methods do not specify a priori a genetic model for the disease locus and as such lose the ability to specify the parental source of the disease allele. We propose a method that uses family history information to build a more complete model of disease and marker inheritance, while still avoiding specification of the parameters of the disease model of inheritance. One important use for such a model is to test whether a positive linkage result obtained during the course of a genome scan is a true or false positive result. The key to the new test statistics is the interaction between gender-specific marker identity-by-descent sharing and gender-specific family history of disease. The method is useful when the disease locus of interest has a dominant mode of inheritance and a sufficient number of parents are genotyped at the marker locus. If these conditions are met, the proposed tests have good power to differentiate between true and false positive linkage results.
Something old and something new: a brief history of thyroid ultrasound technology.

ABSTRACT Objective To discuss both early and recent ultra-sound technologic advances and to explore the role of such technology in the evaluation of the thyroid gland. Methods The physics of sound and the history of the use of reflected sound waves are reviewed, and the medical applications of ultrasound, with a particular focus on the thyroid gland, are presented. Results Since the first reports of thyroid ultrasonography were published in the late 1960s, the field has undergone remarkable evolution. Ultrasound imaging improved in parallel with growth in computing, transducer, and display technology. The transition from A-mode to B-mode to gray-scale imaging was associated with dramatic improvements in clarity and interpretability of ultrasound images. Current high-resolution ultrasound images are able to identify virtually all structural thyroid lesions of clinical significance. Although ultrasound characteristics cannot be used for accurate diagnosis of benign thyroid lesions, certain features such as irregular margins, microcalcifications, and central vascularity suggest the presence of “suspicious” thyroid nodules. Recent advances including the use of contrast agents, tissue harmonic imaging, and multiplanar reconstruction of images will further enhance the resolution and interpretability of ultrasound images. The use of Doppler flow analysis may improve the predictive value for determining the risk of a malignant thyroid lesion, but no current ultrasound technique is capable of determining benignity with an acceptable degree of accuracy. Ultrasound guidance of fine-needle aspiration biopsy has been demonstrated to improve both diagnostic yield and accuracy and will likely become the standard of care. Conclusion Because high-quality ultrasound systems are now available at a reasonable price, routine clinical use of ultrasonography is considered an important extension of the physical examination by many endocrinologists. (Endocr Pract. 2004;10:227-233)
Subjective stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol during early drinking experiences predict alcohol involvement in treated adolescents.

Objective: Research on low subjective response to alcohol has focused primarily on alcohol's sedative effects during early drinking experiences. This study examined subjective response to both stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol during initial drinking experiences as predictors of treated adolescents' severity of alcohol involvement before treatment and over 1-year follow-up. Method: Adolescents (N = 169) recruited from addictions treatment reported on the number of drinks needed to obtain stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol for early and heavy drinking periods. The number of drinks needed to obtain stimulant and sedative effects, as well as the degree of stimulant and sedative effect obtained, were examined as predictors of adolescents' alcohol involvement at baseline (before treatment) and 1-year follow-up. Results: During early drinking experiences, females reported a greater degree of sedative effect compared with males; there was no gender difference in degree of stimulant effect reported...
On laboratory-frame radiation hydrodynamics

Abstract We derive and discuss the equations of radiation hydrodynamics with all radiation quantities expressed in the laboratory frame. Relativistically exact transformations from the comoving to laboratory frame are used. We obtain simple, fully covariant, expressions for the radiation energy and momentum source/sink terms using lab-frame radiation quantities. The mathematical simplicity of having lab-frame radiation quantities in conservative operators on the left-hand side is maintained. The resulting system can be solved efficiently using an Eddington tensor formulation for angular dependences, and an iterative frequency-splitting, in the spirit of the multifrequency-gray method. Use of lab-frame radiation quantities can present numerical difficulties in making an accurate connection to the diffusion limit for extremely optically thick media; but it may have no difficulty for neutron-transport problems where very large scattering-thicknesses are generally not encountered (for non-critical systems).
The changing role of librarians: Managing new technologies in libraries

Abstract Never before have there been so many opportunities for involvement in an information-based society including electronic and multimedia publishing; local, national, and global networking; development of navigational and filtering tools for access to networked and non-electronic sources; and new modes for delivering information and educational programs. The base of recorded information is growing at an accelerating rate, in increasing varieties of formats (texts, numeric, graphic, video, audio, image, electronic, etc.). Furthermore, an increasing array of computing and telecommunications technologies are emerging to create new options and opportunities for the development of information capture, storage, retrieval, and delivery systems/services. These developments point toward increased difficulty for the information user to obtain needed information in the required time-frame, quantity, and level of detail. The role of information specialists is to facilitate the interactions between the potential information user community and the body of recorded information. The traditional information access and management roles played by the information professions are expanding, particularly in the design and development of new information products and services and of tools to support information seeking and selection, the analysis and synthesis of information content on behalf of users, and information user instruction. The emerging recognition of companies as learning organizations, reinvention of government agencies, new directions for education in universities, colleges, and schools, promise new opportunities for information specialists to reinforce and expand their facilitation of communication and learning processes in their organizations and communities.
Reduction of thermohaline circulation during deglaciation: the effect on atmospheric radiocarbon and CO2

Abstract A two-☐ ocean reservoir model is employed to examine the combined effects of vertical ocean circulation, organic matter extraction and cosmic ray production on the 14 C/ 12 C in the atmosphere, ocean and sediment. In this model, dissolution of deep-sea calcium carbonate sediment is assumed to respond to the supply of particulate carbonate from the surface ocean and to the dissolved carbonate-ion concentration of the deep-sea. If the vertical ocean circulation decreased by 50% during the maximum rate of deglaciation, the atmospheric 14 C/ 12 C would have increased concurrently by 10% relative to the pre-bomb present. Further, if cosmic ray production of 14 C was 50% greater than present at about 7800 years B.P. as suggested by archeomagnetic measurements, a double maximum of 10% occurs. The first is at about 10.5 ka and the second at 6.5 ka. This result is similar to the variation of 14 C/ 12 C over the last 10,000 years calculated from the 14 C dates measured by Stuiver on the varved Lake of the Clouds. The result is not sensibly altered if 10 17 moles of organic carbon is extracted from the ocean during sea-level rise. Reduction of the thermohaline ocean circulation by 50% over a one- to two-thousand-year interval would not be sensibly detected in the dating of deep-sea sediment. If Broecker's organic nutrient extraction occurs in conjunction with reduction of vertical circulation, a decrease in the atmospheric P CO 2 will precede the eventual rise.
A natural bond orbital analysis of carbanions

Abstract The methodology of natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis has been applied to the analysis of alkyl and cycloalkyl carbanions with the objective of finding relationships between donor/acceptor computed stabilization energies and geometry. Bi-linear correlations were derived from computed second order perturbation energies, i.e. strength of negative hyperconjugation, and dihedral angles associated with ethyl and propyl anions. Correlations between anionic hybridization indices and carbanion planarity and hyperconjugation energies were found.
BEHAVIORAL MUTANTS OF Drosophila ISOLATED BY COUNTERCURRENT DISTRIBUTION

Complex as it is, much of the vast network of cellular functions has been successfully dissected, on a microscopic scale, by the use of mutants in which one element is altered at a time. A similar approach may be fruitful in tackling the complex structures and events underlying behavior, using behavioral mutations to indicate modifications of the nervous system. Drosophila offers the same advantages to such a study as it did to classical genetics, namely, large numbers and short generation time, to which may now be added an enormous store of accumulated knowledge concerning the organism. Containing about 105 neurons, the fly's nervous system is roughly halfway, on a logarithmic scale, between a single neuron and the human brain, and the fly is possessed of a rich repertoire of behavior. The considerable literature on Drosophila behavior since Carpenter's 1905 paper [1] has recently been reviewed by Manning.[2]
Reduced morbidity following cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion.

Background: Cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion (IPHC) are an aggressive treatment for patients with peritoneal based malignancies or those with peritoneal dissemination of select histology. Although promising, this therapeutic regimen has been associated with significant morbidity, long hospital stays, and, in some reports, moderate risk for perioperative mortality. Recent experience suggests that these outcomes may be improved.
Does food insecurity at home affect non-cognitive performance at school? A longitudinal analysis of elementary student classroom behavior

Abstract This paper estimates models of the transitional effects of food insecurity experiences on children's non-cognitive performance in school classrooms using a panel of 4710 elementary students enrolled in 1st, 3rd, and 5th grade (1999–2003). In addition to an extensive set of child and household-level characteristics, we use information on U.S. counties to control for potential confounding effects of the local economic and noneconomic environment on children's household transitions between states of food insecurity and food security. The time horizon of our analysis affords insight into factors underlying children's formation of non-cognitive skills and the efficiency of classroom-based educational production in elementary school. Overall, we find significant negative developmental effects for children with food insecurity at home; and that children experiencing an early transition from food insecurity in 1st grade to food security in 3rd grade have even larger impairments that persist through 5th grade.
Prediction of steady-state verapamil plasma concentrations in children and adults

With data on adults from two previous articles it was found that the average steady-state plasma concentration of verapamil in subjects on long-term oral therapy of 80 mg every 6 hr (Y) correlated strongly with the area under the curve from zero to infinity (AUC0-x/6 (X) where the area refers to that for a single oral dose of 80 mg (Y - 2.41X, n - 15, r - 0.923, P less than 0.001). Steady-state concentrations are predictable from the single-dose data, with an average absolute deviation of 11.1%. We gave seven children (7 to 19 yr old) an initial intravenous bolus dose of 0.1 mg/kg, followed by a 20-min constant rate infusion of 0.007 mg/kg/min. Twenty-four hours after the bolus dose they were put on oral therapy (40 to 80 mg every 6 hr) and 1 mo later the minimum steady-state verapamil plasma concentration (Cminss) was measured. Plasma concentration-time data obtained after the infusion were fitted to biexponential (two sets) or triexponential equations (five sets). The coefficients of the postinfusion polyexponential equations were converted to those for the 0.1-mg/kg bolus dose alone. Mean parameters estimated were: plasma clearance 0.500 l/min, steady-state volume of distribution 279 l, V beta 394 l, half-life 9.17 hr, and mean residence time 10.0 hr. Many correlations were made between the oral Cminss values and functions obtained from the intravenous data. The best correlation was that between Cminss and the predicted steady-state concentration at 3 hr after dosing when bolus doses would be given at 6-hr intervals based on the single-dose intravenous date (r = 0.985, P less than 0.001); this correlation allowed Cminss to be predicted with an average absolute deviation of 10%. Norverapamil was measured in plasma after oral dosing, but was not detectable after intravenous dosing.
Atraumatic loop electrodes for electroretinography.

A simple method is described for producing inexpensive, atraumatic electrodes for electroretinography. Scleral contact is obtained by a loop of ultra-lightweight stainless steel wire placed between the eye and lower lid. Recordings obtained by this method in animals are equal to those recorded with needle electrodes, and the expense and complex construction of contact lens electrodes of varying sizes is avoided. Sample recordings made with loop and needle electrodes from the same ophthalmologically normal dog are presented.
Recursive solutions for the generalized Erlang queueing systems

An algorithm to compute the steady-state probabilities for the generalized Erlang queueing systems is presented. The algorithm is linear in the order of the number of states. The approach is based on applying the Matrix Tree Theorem to Markov Processes. The recursion is developed by considering the relationships between intrees to adjacent states. First, this is done for the generalized Erlang arrival system. The algorithm for the generalized Erlang service system follows easily by directional duality of the transition diagrams.
Contribution of in vivo proliferation/differentiation studies toward the development of a combined functional and morphologic system of classification of neoplastic diseases.

Proliferation kinetics of both leukemia and a variety of solid tumors have been assessed after in vivo infusions of the thymidine analogues, iododeoxyuridine (IUdR) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), these data indicate that the pretherapy cell cycle time (Tc) of myeloblasts is a prognostic indicator for remission duration since patients with slowly cycling myeloblasts had more durable remissions. The presence of in vivo differentiation detected from the day 7 biopsy after chemotherapy was also of favorable prognosis as these individuals had statistically significant improvement in their remission duration
UNILATERAL NEPHRECTOMY AS PALLIATIVE THERAPY IN AN INFANT WITH AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Prenatal diagnosis of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) implies a dire prognosis. Neonates affected by the more severe variants of ARPKD suffer respiratory failure caused by massive kidneys that restrict diaphragmatic expansion and result in pulmonary hypoplasia. Afflicted infants who survive the neonatal period and gain adequate respiratory function may subsequently suffer from an inability to tolerate enteral nutrition due to abdominal compression from the massive kidney and the systemic effects of renal compromise. Palliative unilateral or bilateral nephrectomy may be considered in rare instances to facilitate pulmonary expansion and gastrointestinal function. 1, 2 We reporton an infantwith severe ARPKD who was able to tolerate enteral nutrition only after left nephrectomy.
Retardance in three-dimensional polarization ray tracing

A three-by-three polarization ray tracing matrix P which is defined in global coordinates characterizes the polarization transformations associated with single ray through optical system. The P matrix contains both a geometrical transformation effect and the polarization characteristics of diattenuation and retardance from the optical and polarization elements. In order to separate the geometrical transformation and calculate the "physical" retardance, a non-polarizing ray tracing matrix Q is used. The diattenuation and the retardance of a dove prism are analyzed as an example.
The impact of strategic human resource management on firm performance and HR professionals' work attitude and work performance

The impact of strategic human resource management (SHRM) on organizational performance is assessed. Additionally, the impact of a SHRM approach on the individual performance, organizational commitment and job satisfaction levels of human resource professionals is investigated. An organization exhibits SHRM when the human resources function is vertically aligned with the mission and objectives of the organization and horizontally integrated with other organizational functions. Data from a national sample of 269 human resource professionals from large US manufacturing firms were analyzed using structural equation modeling techniques. Results indicate that the direct impact of SHRM on organizational performance is positive and significant, as hypothesized. Further, SHRM was found to directly and positively influence individual performance, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Top managers implementing a SHRM system can, therefore, expect improved organizational performance and improved levels of i...
“Presystolic” augmentation of diastolic heart sounds in atrial fibrillation

In the presence of atrial fibrillation, the diastolic murmur of mitral stenosis can appear augmented during early systole before the mitral valve closure sound. This phenomenon has previously been thought to be due to increased blood flow velocity across the narrowing mitral valve orifice. We have observed patients in whom the third heart sound (S3) gallop, the diastolic flow murmur of atrial septal defect and mitral insufficiency and the initial muscular component of the first heart sound become more intense during this period with short, critically timed cycle lengths. This phenomenon appears to be neither peculiar to nor indicative of mitral stenosis and is probably a direct result of the initial muscular contraction of an underfilled ventricle. Either the contraction itself or the sudden deceleration of the rapidly moving flow of blood across the atrioventricular orifice may produce the sound.
Order intervals of matrices

Abstract Some basic results for order intervals on ordered topological vector spaces are given. Then characterizations of order intervals where the partial orders are induced by the pointed matrix cones PSD in H n and π( O n ) in R n and the pointed cones of linear transformations on matrices π( PSD ) and CP (among others) in HP together with some seminorms and norms which they generate are given.
Controversies in management of apparently localized carcinoma of prostate.

Abstract Advantages and disadvantages of radical prostatectomy versus radiation for treatment of apparently localized prostatic carcinoma are discussed. The only comparative study to date demonstrated longer disease free survival after radical prostatectomy than after radiotherapy. However, significant differences of survival curves between these two treatment modalities are not apparent when comparing stage-matched results of uncontrolled studies. Morbidity of radical prostatectomy has decreased due to improved surgical techniques, but is still higher than morbidity following radiotherapy. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) may indicate occult persistent disease after radical prostatectomy. Adjuvant radiation therapy can reduce PSA to zero in these cases. The need for comparative studies to further evaluate the effectiveness of radical prostatectomy and radiation for localized prostatic carcinoma is emphasized.
Correlation of Knee and Hindfoot Deformities in Advanced Knee OA: Compensatory Hindfoot Alignment and Where It Occurs

Background Many patients undergoing TKA have both knee and ankle pathology, and it seems likely that some compensatory changes occur at each joint in response to deformity at the other. However, it is not fully understood how the foot and ankle compensate for a given varus or valgus deformity of the knee.
Direct searches for particle dark matter

Abstract The search for the particle which constitutes more than 90% of the mass of the universe has eliminated or severely restricted many candidates. While accelerator-produced results and indirect searches have helped, the most extensive exclusion of heavy candidates has come from attempts at direct detection using semiconductor ionization detectors. The exclusion by direct detection extends over 12 orders of magnitude in particle mass and 20 orders of magnitude in cross section for Dirac particles. Light neutrinos, while not detectable directly, can be eliminated as dominant dark matter, if the 17-keV neutrino exists, although they could still constitute a part of dark matter. The search for the dominant cold dark matter must now get to cross sections less than one-tenth that of the weak interaction for Dirac masses > 20 GeV and utilize detector nuclei with spin for Majorana masses ≳ 10 GeV. A program to achieve these goals is being implemented with a cryogenic detector.
A micro pCO2 electrode.

Abstract By utilizing a previously developed micro pH glass electrode it has been possible to make a micro pCO2 electrode with a tip diameter of about 10 μm. This was accomplished by placing the micro pH electrode in a conical tube containing a weak NaHCO3 solution. The tip of the conical tube was closed with Teflon® oil wax mixture. This closure prevented the flow of solution, but allowed CO2 to pass into the NaHCO3 solution thus altering the pH of this solution. Changes in pH were seen and measured by the micro pH electrode and could be related to the pCO2 of gas or solution in which the total electrode system was placed. This electrode, principally because of its small size, has many possible applications in biological research.
The inhibitory effect of glycopyrrolate on human plasma-cholinesterase.

The in vitro inhibitory effect of glycopyrrolate and atropine on the hydrolysis of benzoylcholine at 50.0 eM concentration was determined in the plasma of 6 healthy volunteers at 37° C and at 240 nm by the ultraviolet spectrophotometric method of Kalow. The 50 per cent inhibitory concentration (I50) of glycopyrrolate was found to be 1.0 mM and the I50 of atropine was 0.9 mM. This inhibitory effect of glycopyrrolate and atropine is moderate but its interaction with the in vivo hydrolysis of succinylcholine or that of ester-type of local anaesthetics in patients should be further studied. Although both glycopyrrolate and atropine inhibit PChE to the same extent, glycopyrrolate should be utilized in patients in whom inhibition of brain PChE or central effects ought to be avoided, since glycopyrrolate does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
Measurement and modeling of computer reliability as affected by system activity

This paper demonstrates a practical approach to the study of the failure behavior of computer systems. Particular attention is devoted to the analysis of permanent failures. A number of important techniques, which may have general applicability in both failure and workload analysis, are brought together in this presentation. These include: smeared averaging of the workload data, clustering of like failures, and joint analysis of workload and failures. Approximately 17 percent of all failures affecting the CPU were estimated to be permanent. The manifestation of a permanent failure was found to be strongly correlated with the level and type of workload prior to the failure. Although, in strict terms, the results only relate to the manifestation of permanent failures and not to their occurrence, there are strong indications that permanent failures are both caused and discovered by increased activity. More measurements and experiments are necessary to determine their respective contributions to the measured workload/failure relationship.
Evaluation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems for Severe Storm Sampling Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulations

A system was developed to add hardware-in-the-loop simulation capability to an unmanned aircraft system designed for obtaining in situ measurements of severe storms. The simulation combines a full six degree-of-freedom aircraft dynamic model with wind and precipitation data from simulations of severe convective storms. Interfaces were written to involve as much of the system’s field hardware as possible, including the creation of a simulated radar product server. Details of the system design and results from several runs through two simulated storm data sets are given. An assessment is provided of the fidelity of the simulator wind model through comparison to measurements made during the Spring 2010 campaign of the VORTEX2 project. Autopilot control effort is examined and shown to provide sufficient performance in different parts of the storm. Simulations run without the restrictions imposed by the FAA “see and avoid” requirements are shown to demonstrate an improvement in the ability to perform targeted observations of the storm. Wind measurements made by the autopilot are compared to truth values from the simulated data and a preliminary analysis is given on the accuracy of wind estimation. An assessment is made of the ability to determine gust-front crossings during operations from real-time telemetry and meteorological measurements. Finally, a comparison of the effect on the aircraft from transects flown at different altitudes through the storm is given.
In vivo urethral dose measurements: A method to verify high dose rate prostate treatments

Radiation doses delivered in high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy are susceptible to many inaccuracies and errors, including imaging, planning and delivery. Consequently, the dose delivered to the patient may deviate substantially from the treatment plan. We investigated the feasibility of using TLD measurements in the urethra to estimate the discrepancy in treatments for prostate cancer. The dose response of the 1 mm diam, 6 mm long LiF rods that we used for the in vivo measurements was calibrated with the 192Ir HDR source, as well as a 60Co teletherapy unit. A train of 20 rods contained in a sterile plastic tube was inserted into the urethral (Foley) catheter for the duration of a treatment fraction, and the measured doses were compared to the treatment plan. Initial results from a total of seven treatments in four patients show good agreement between theory and experiment. Analysis of any one treatment showed agreement within 11.7% +/- 6.2% for the highest dose encountered in the central prostatic urethra, and within 10.4% +/- 4.4% for the mean dose. Taking the average over all seven treatments shows agreement within 1.7% for the maximum urethral dose, and within 1.5% for the mean urethral dose. Based on these initial findings it seems that planned prostate doses can be accurately reproduced in the clinic.
Investigation of in-situ Ag/YBCO contacts for SNS devices

Using a completely in-situ process, the authors have investigated Ag metal contacts to thin films of Y/sub 1/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/, in order to study the properties of the Ag/YBCO interface as well as the Josephson effect in SNS (superconductor-normal-superconductor) bridges made with this technique. Measurements of the temperature dependence of the Josephson current in these devices have been made and are compared to recent theoretical predictions. SNS devices which exhibited Josephson effects had the critical-current-resistance products of the junctions limited by the high specific contact resistance of the SN interfaces. The lowest values of the specific contact resistance obtained were on the order of 10/sup -8/ Omega -cm/sup 2/ for contacts in the c-axis direction. The influence of the specific contact resistance on the magnitude of the Josephson current in SNS bridges is discussed. >
Modeling of transformation toughening in brittle composites

Transformation toughening by partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) or tetragonal zirconia particles (TZP) has been used to increase the fracture toughness of brittle ceramics and intermetallics such as Al[sub 2]O[sub 3], Y[sub 2]O[sub 3], MoSi[sub 2] since the discovery of the transformation toughening of ZrO[sub 2] by Garvie et al in 1975. Continuum and thermodynamic approaches to understanding the transformation toughening phenomena have been successful in predicting the qualitative trend of the volume fraction, f, and transformation strain dependence, but quantitative agreement and the effects of the microstructure are not well described. The authors present here the modeling results of transformation toughening of brittle composites using a discrete micro-mechanical model (DMM). In the model, the material is represented by a two-dimensional triangular array of nodes connected by elastic springs. Microstructural effects are included by varying the spring parameters for the bulk, grain boundaries, and transforming particles. Using the decrease of the local stress around the crack to monitor the change of the fracture toughness, [Delta]K, they find that there is a linear dependence of toughness on the volume fraction of the transforming particles. They also find that composites with smaller transformation stresses and smaller particles are tougher than the composites withmore » larger transformation stresses and larger particles. They have demonstrated that the discrete micromechanical model can serve as a quantitative basis for future rational design of brittle composite materials.« less
Antarctica: Is It More than Just Ice?

The authors introduced polar science in a fourthgrade classroom by means of 3 hands-on activities that addressed (1) the melting of glaciers and ice, (2) the differences between the North and the South Pole, and (3) the geography and landforms of Antarctica. An assessment 4 months after the original activity showed that students remembered the concepts well. The material also applies to places other than the poles and has applications in physics, meteorology, and geography.
Simulation of the Atmospheric Circulation Using the NCAR Global Circulation Model with Ice Age Boundary Conditions

Abstract The NCAR global circulation model has been used to simulate global atmospheric conditions using boundary conditions representing those of the present day and those of the Wurm/Wisconsin glacial maximum at about 20,000 years ago, for January and July cases. The mean zonal wind strength in the July ice age case in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere was comparable with present winter conditions. Also in the ice age cases, the upper westerlies were not apparently displaced south of the Laurentide ice sheet. The Icelandic and Aleutian lows in January were displaced 10° southward, the Siberian high remained unchanged from the control situation, and a new low center was found over eastern Europe and the European USSR. In July high pressure developed over most of Asia. Maps of cyclone frequency in a 30-day period showed the influence of major ice sheets and sea ice in displacing zones of cyclone activity southward in January. Frequent cyclones occurred over central North America and there wa...
The Reduction of α,β-Unsaturated Nitroalkenes to Nitroalkanes With Trialkylborohydrides

Abstract α,β-Unsaturated nitroalkenes are reduced to nitronate salts by trialkylborohydrides. These salts are readily hydrolyzed on silica gel to the corresponding nitroalkanes in good yields.
The psychiatric unit comes to the general hospital: a history of the movement.

Specialized psychiatric units have had a long gestation, but they flourished most when they served both the financial interests of hospitals and the professional aspirations of psychiatry.
Inhibition of histone deacetylases antagonized FGF2 and IL-1β effects on MMP expression in human articular chondrocytes

Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) stimulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in articular chondrocytes, which may contribute to cartilage degradation and development of osteoarthritis. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have recently been implicated in the regulation of MMP gene expression. To investigate the functional involvement of HDACs in the signaling pathway of FGF2 and IL-1β, we examined the effects of HDAC inhibition on activities of FGF2 or IL-1β on gene expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-5 (ADAMTS5), collagen type II, and aggrecan. Human articular chondrocyte cultures were treated with FGF2 or IL-1β in the presence or absence of HDAC inhibitor (trichostatin A, TSA). Gene expression levels after treatments were assessed using quantitative real time PCR. Results showed that FGF2 and IL-1β both increased MMP-1 and -13 expression, while IL-1β also increased MMP-3 mRNA levels. These effects were at...
Physiological performance of an Alaskan shrub (Alnus fruticosa) in response to disease (Valsa melanodiscus) and water stress

• Following the decades-long warming and drying trend in Alaska, there is mounting evidence that temperature-induced drought stress is associated with disease outbreaks in the boreal forest. Recent evidence of this trend is an outbreak of Cytospora canker disease (fungal pathogen Valsa melanodiscus (anamorph = Cytospora umbrina)) on Alnus species. • For Alnus fruticosa, we examined the effects of water stress on disease predisposition, and the effects of disease and water stress on host physiology. In two trials, we conducted a full-factorial experiment that crossed two levels of water stress with three types of inoculum (two isolates of V. melanodiscus, one control isolate). • Water stress was not required for disease predisposition. However, the effects of water stress and disease on host physiology were greatest near the peak phenological stage of the host and during hot, dry conditions. During this time, water stress and disease reduced light-saturated photosynthesis (-30%), light saturation point (-60%) and stomatal conductance (-40%). • Our results depended on the timing of water stress and disease in relation to host phenology and the environment. These factors should not be overlooked in attempts to generalize predictions about the role of temperature-induced drought stress in this pathosystem.
A Puzzle about the Possibility of Aristotelian enkrateia

L'A. etudie la distinction entre enkrateia et vertu dans le livre VII de l'«Ethique a Nicomaque», ou Aristote place l'intemperance a proximite de la prudence, soulevant le probleme conceptuel de l'incompatibilite logique de la culture des vertus intellectuelles et de la possibilite de l'intemperance qu'il faudrait exclure de l'action humaine regie en droit par la raison et tendue vers l'excellence morale
When Can Noise Induce Chaos

Crutchfield et al. observed that noise truncates period-doubling cascade and induces chaos. To date, however, very little low-dimensional chaos has been unambiguously identified experimentally. This discrepancy stimulates us to reexamine the noisy logistic map. We find that noise can indeed induce chaos. However, this is not associated with the main ${2}^{n}$ cascade. We identify three basic conditions for noise to induce chaos. We also show that when noise induces chaos the complete period-doubling cascade is inhibited, otherwise the cascade is simply masked by noise.
The Influence of Multiple Dozen Cartons, Brand and Display on Egg Sales

Abstract STUDIES which have been conducted in marketing research indicate that a number of factors influence the consumer's choice of the package which is purchased from retail stores. Several discrepancies in preferences have been shown as illustrated by studies based on questionnaires or surveys and those based on actual store sales. There is general agreement among authors in these studies, however, that package appeal is the main reason a consumer buys one package in preference to another. Bevans (1958) states, “In our present self selection, impulse buying market, the package is the most powerful salesman.” Egg merchandising has been going through a period of evolution in recent years. As recently as 1948, Nybroten (1952) found that over one-half of all eggs in a sample of West Virginia stores were sold in paper bags. Where cartons were used, the 3 × 4 molded carton was the most prevalent. Similar findings were reported …
Performance on a Formboard-Task After Penetrating Brain Injury

(1954). Performance on a Formboard-Task After Penetrating Brain Injury. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 177-190.
A survey of transfusion practices in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients

Until recovery of hematopoiesis, pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients are dependent on red blood cell and platelet transfusions to avoid the complications associated with anemia and thrombocytopenia, respectively. Despite the fact that these patients are high utilizers of blood components, there are no evidence-based guidelines regarding optimal transfusion practices in this patient population. A web-based survey was designed to examine current transfusion thresholds used by institutions that perform pediatric HSCT. This survey was sent to department directors identified through the Children's Oncology Group directory with a response rate of 69%. The majority of institutions use 8 g/dL as the hemoglobin threshold for red blood cell transfusions (60%), but a significant minority use 7 g/dL (25%). With respect to platelet transfusion thresholds, 47% of respondents report using 20×10/L and 44% use 10×10/L. Respondents were also asked about specific clinical scenarios that would prompt an increase in a patient's threshold. This survey revealed that there is variation in transfusion practices among pediatric HSCT institutions with respect to both baseline transfusion threshold and what prompts an increase in threshold. Future clinical trials are needed to determine optimal transfusion thresholds in pediatric HSCT patients, which can lead to improved standardization in practices.
Total dose radiation effects on the hardened CMOS/bulk and CMOS/SOS

Radiation-resistant performance of commercial and rad-hard CMOS/bulk and CMOS/SOS devices is presented in the total dose environment, when the static power currents of CMOS are increased by a hundred times over the limit value before irradiation, the I/sub DD/ is determined as the failure criteria of ionizing radiation damage. The gamma total dose ionizing radiation failure threshold of commercial CMOS devices in China is in a range of 52-76 Gy (Si) (+10 V) whether Al gate process or Si gate. Rad-hard Al gate CMOS/bulk has achieved hardness of 6*10/sup 3/ Gy (Si). Rad-hard Si gate CMOS/SOS have the level of about 2*10/sup 4/ Gy (Si). These results were compared with radiation hardness of American RCA commercial high speed CMOS/bulk circuits from the same type at same irradiation condition. >