cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bridging parametric and nonparametric measures of species interactions

A central theme in ecological research is to understand how species interactions contribute to community dynamics. Indeed, species interactions are the basis of parametric (model-driven) and nonparametric (model-free) approaches in theoretical and empirical work. However, despite their different interpretation across these approaches, these measures have occasionally been used interchangeably, limiting our opportunity to use their differences to gain new insights about ecological systems. Here, we revisit two of the most used measures across these approaches: species interactions measured as constant direct effects (typically used in parametric approaches) and local aggregated effects (typically used in nonparametric approaches). We study these measures of species interactions under three categories: intra-specific, interspecific, and higher-order interactions. We show that these measures can be linked if and only if all species interactions are pairwise, demonstrate fundamental differences between inter and intra-specific interactions, and illustrate how and when these measures can be combined to gain further insights about non-equilibrium ecological dynamics and higher-order interactions.
Transient stability assessment for generators and DER integration into the IEEE 9 Bus system

Within the confined capacity of transmission lines, penetrating renewable energy sources (RES) could be challenging which directly impacts the capacity of generators. Integrating RES lowers down the overall system inertia thus impacting the transient state conditions. In this research, wind turbine generator (WTG) is integrated at the point of connections (PoC) and transient stability is assessed through the fault insertion at the bus. The variations in power output from distributed energy resources (DER) needs to be regulated and, it is essential to carry out transient analysis caused in the generators so as to optimize the voltage ride through (VRT) capabilities to maintain system stability. This is achieved through the critical clearing time (CCT) and maximum & minimum rotor stability angle of the generator. In this manuscript, the study is performed on the IEEE 9 bus system is analyzed, and the simulation is performed through the ETAP software for the transient stability analysis for the generators and DER integration through the calculation of staility angle and critical clearing time.
The Effect of Health Insurance on Crime: Evidence from the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion

Little evidence exists on the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on criminal behavior, a gap in the literature that this paper seeks to address. Using a one period static model of criminal behavior, I argue we should anticipate a decrease in time devoted to criminal activities in response to the expansion, since the availability of public health insurance not only has a pure negative income effect on crime but also raises the opportunity cost of crime. This prediction is particularly relevant for the ACA expansion, because it primarily affects childless adults, the population that is most likely to engage in criminal behavior. I validate this forecast using a difference-in-differences approach, estimating the expansion’s effects on a panel dataset of state- and county-level crime rates. My point estimates show that the ACA Medicaid expansion is negatively related to burglary, motor vehicle theft, criminal homicide, robbery, and aggravated assault. The value of this Medicaid expansion induced reduction in crime to expansion states is almost $10 billion per year.
An approach of checking an exit sign system based on navigation graph networks

Abstract Exit signs are widely used as an indoor navigation aid, because the information conveyed by exit signs can improve wayfinding efficiency. Existing research mainly focused on signboard design or the placement of several signs in a local space. Nevertheless, to provide effective navigation assistance, exit signs of a building need to work together and form a comprehensive exit sign system to indicate an effective exit route. Few studies treated exit signs of a building as a whole system to assess their design and placement. To fill this gap, this study defines three key characteristics of an effective exit sign system: continuity, consistency, and guiding correctness, proposes the mechanism of the interaction between pedestrians and exit signs on navigation graph networks, and develops a method to check exit sign systems based on navigation graph networks. The proposed method is a workflow that follows the procedure of constructing navigation graph networks using Building Information Modelling (BIM), identifying decision-making nodes, determining the mechanism of the interaction between pedestrians and exit signs, and assessing the effectiveness of exit sign systems in terms of continuity, consistency and guiding correctness. A real case of a three-story educational building is used to validate the feasibility of the proposed method. The results indicate that the proposed method can automatically identify coverage errors, direction conflicts, and guiding direction errors in exit sign systems of buildings. This study sheds substantial light on the design of exit sign systems in buildings and provides an effective tool to help designers and engineers design new exit sign systems and benefit building managers by examining and managing existing exit sign systems.
Anabolic Steroid Use Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment

The anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are a family of hormones that comprise the natural male hormone testosterone and its many synthetic relatives. Once used almost exclusively by elite athletes, AAS have now spread to the general population, with some tens of millions of users worldwide. Contrary to popular belief, most AAS users are not competitive athletes, but take these drugs simply to gain muscle. Because widespread AAS use did not arise until the 1980s in the United States and about a decade or more later in other countries, even the oldest AAS users – individuals who started AAS as youths in the 1980s or 1990s – are only now reaching middle age. Thus, the long-term adverse effects of AAS are only beginning to be recognized, as more individuals enter the age of risk for these effects.
Public preferences for renewable energy options: A choice experiment in Kenya

Abstract Kenya has made considerable policy efforts to expand its renewable energy portfolio to meet energy demand and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Development of proper policies requires a robust framework for analyzing the benefits of renewable energy investments. Towards this end, this study applied a choice experiment analysis to determine how attributes (type of energy, ownership, impact on environment, distance and visibility, community job creation, and yearly renewable energy tax) impact the public willingness to pay for renewable energy development in Kenya. A nationwide survey of 1020 households was conducted in nine counties using conditional logit (MNL) and random parameter logit (RPL) frameworks. The results reveal that the Kenyan public places a high value on environmental impact, followed by type of renewable energy and community job creation, respectively. On the other hand, respondents do not place much emphasis on ownership or distance and visibility. Policy simulation suggests that while renewable energy adoption is highly valued by households, the total willingness to pay is not enough to cover the higher capital cost for the development of various renewable energy technologies.
From Enslavement to Entrepreneurship: Elizabeth Keckley Designer and Dressmaker

Before she gained prominence as Mary Todd Lincoln's personal dressmaker, Elizabeth Keckley was an African American slave who bought her own freedom by way of her entrepreneurial pursuits initiated on the planation. Some writings detail Keckley's relationship with the first lady, less has focused on Keckley as a designer, dressmaker and entrepreneur. The purpose of this research was to learn from Keckley's words, artifacts and objects she created to understand her role and impact as an African American designer, dressmaker and entrepreneur. The study of Keckley's autobiography, artifacts, and photographs of garments she designed and constructed provide detailed insight into the work of a historical Black female entrepreneur who has mainly been known only as a personal dressmaker for Mrs. Lincoln and other affluent women during the antebellum period. This investigation of Keckley, through a Black feminist lens, provides a foundation for future studies of current Black female entrepreneurs in the apparel and textile industries.
Development of cavitary lung disease as a long-term complication of coronavirus disease 2019 in a young previously healthy patient: a case report.

Cavities are frequent manifestations of a wide variety of pathological processes involving the lung. There has been a growing body of evidence of coronavirus disease 2019 leading to a cavitary pulmonary disease. A healthy 29-year-old Filipino male presented to the hospital a couple of months after convalescence from coronavirus disease 2019 with severe pleuritic chest pain, fever, chills, and shortness of breath, and was found to have a cavitary lung lesion on chest computed tomography. While conservative management alone failed to improve the patient’s condition, he ultimately underwent left lung video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery decortication. Even though the surgical pathology revealed only necrosis with dense acute inflammation and granulation tissue with no microorganisms, he gradually improved with medical therapy adjunct with surgical therapy. Documented cases of cavitary lung disease secondary to coronavirus disease 2019 have been mostly reported in the acute or subacute phase of the infection. However, clinicians should recognize this entity as a late complication of coronavirus disease 2019, even in previously healthy individuals.
Glioblastoma Multiforme—A Look at the Past and a Glance at the Future

Gliomas are the most common type of brain tumor that occur in adults and children. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common, aggressive form of brain cancer in adults and is universally fatal. The current standard-of-care options for GBM include surgical resection, radiotherapy, and concomitant and/or adjuvant chemotherapy. One of the major challenges that impedes success of chemotherapy is the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Because of the tightly regulated BBB, immune surveillance in the central nervous system (CNS) is poor, contributing to unregulated glioma cell growth. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in treatment of GBM with emphasis on the significant advances in immunotherapy and novel therapeutic delivery strategies to enhance treatment for GBM.
From Rebelling to Ruling: Insurgent Victory and State Capture in Africa

Political order following rebel victory in civil wars has seen remarkable variation. While some rebellions transform their victories into durable regimes, others do not. This article develops a typ...
Development and cross-validation of a home functioning scale for people with multiple sclerosis

BACKGROUND: After extensive review of existing measures, it was deemed that a brief self-report instrument that measures the functioning difficulties and limitations of people with MS in and around their home should be developed. OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this study were to develop an instrument that can measure the degree of difficulty in functioning that people with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience within their residence and to test the psychometric properties of the newly developed scale. METHODS: To test the factorial validity of the Home Functioning Scale, both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were utilized in a cross-validation approach in this study. RESULTS: The new scale captured three functioning difficulty components: (1) functioning needed to take care of oneself at home, (2) functioning needed to conduct house work and house maintenance, and (3) functioning needed to carry out one’s own medical needs and treatment at home. Unlike many other scales in the field, this measure is not disease or symptom-specific, but task-oriented and site-specific. CONCLUSION: The use of the scale can be instrumental to rehabilitation counselors and allied health practitioners in the field.
Supporting Emergence in Spatial Reasoning With Shape Algebras and Formal Logic

The combination of the paradigms of shape algebras and predicate logic representations can be used for developing spatial models capable of identifying emergent (unanticipated and not explicit) features. First order predicate logic provides a natural, intuitive way of representing spatial relations in the development of computer systems for reasoning about geometric models. Shape algebraic formalisms have advantages over more traditional representations of geometric objects. In this paper we illustrate the definition of a large set of high level spatial relations from a small set of simple structures using shape algebras and predicate logic, with examples drawn from the domain of geographic information systems.
Uncle Sam Wants You

Mystery of Mysteries Is Evolution a Social Construction?. Michael Ruse. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1999. 320 pp. $27.50, £16.95. ISBN 0-674-46706-X. Through studies of 11 evolutionary biologists, Ruse examines the relative importance of data, beliefs about science, and cultural factors in deciding the course of their discipline from the late 18th century to today.
Rational Participation Revolutionizes Auction Theory

Potential bidders respond to a seller's choice of auction mechanism for a common-value or affiliated-values asset by endogenous decisions whether to incur a participation cost (and observe a private signal), or forego competing. Privately informed participants decide whether to incur a bid-preparation cost and pay an entry fee, or cease competing. Auction rules and information flows are quite general; participation decisions may be simultaneous or sequential. The resulting revenue identity for any auction mechanism implies that optimal auctions are allocatively efficient; a nontrivial reserve price is revenue-inferior for any common-value auction. Characterization of optimal auctions is otherwise contentless, in that any auction that sells without reserve is within the setting of one continuous parameter of an optimal auction; seller's surplus-extracting tools are now substitutes, not complements. Revenue comparisons from the exogenous-bidders literature are upheld in a half-space of parameters, overturned in a half-space. Many econometric studies of auction markets are seen to be flawed in their identifcation of the number of bidders.
Metaphors of warfare and the lessons of history: time to revisit a carbon tax?

Maurie Cohen (Cohen 2010) revisits the world of rationing in World War II andsuggests that the experience of rationing in the UK under the dire conditions of Nazibombardment and threatened invasion may provide useful lessons as to how a capand trade system to control and reduce carbon emissions might work in a world ofdire climate change. Cohen’s argument is triggered in part by the use of warfaremetaphors by leading politicians and journalists to command public attention overthe looming dangers of unmitigated climate change. To be sure, the scientificevidence is overwhelming that if left unchecked, increased atmospheric greenhousegas concentrations and decreased global forestation will lead to significant changesin the Earth’s climate, ecosystems, and ocean chemistry (Solomon et al. 2007;seealso Oreskes 2004). Among other things, we can expect major human dislocationsfrom sea level change and altered patterns of precipitation (Stern et al. 2006; Parryet al. 2007). Such impending difficulties—and the relative inaction and complacencyof much of the world in the face of them—has caused some leaders to turn to themetaphor of warfare to convey the urgency of the situation, and to suggest that theneed for a cap and trade system with strict limits on corporate and personal carbonuse has now reached the level of an emergency.
EFFECTIVE CHARGES FOR ELECTRIC MULTIPOLE TRANSITIONS. I. FIRST ORDER PERTURBATION THEORY.

Abstract The effective charge for electromagnetic transitions in nuclei is shown to be dependent on the multipolarity of the transitions, being smaller for E3 transitions than for E2 transitions. The effective charge is also dependent; it usually increases as the orbital angular momentum of the polarizing nucleon increases.
Potentiated Opioid Analgesia in Norepinephrine Transporter Knock-Out Mice

Several studies have shown that activation of alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors (alpha(2)ARs) leads to mild analgesic effects. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), such as desipramine (DMI), which block norepinephrine transporters (NETs), also produce mild antinociception. The coadministration of either alpha(2)AR agonists or TCAs with opiates produces synergistically potentiated antinociception. It has been postulated that the analgesic effects of TCAs are determined by their ability to inhibit norepinephrine reuptake via interactions with the NET. To test this idea, we studied mice lacking a functional NET in spontaneous and morphine-induced antinociceptive paradigms. Morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c. ) treatment produced greater analgesia, as assayed in the warm water tail-flick assay, in NET-knock-out (-KO) mice than in wild-type (WT) mice. As anticipated, yohimbine, an inhibitor of alpha(2)ARs, blocked this potentiation. Moreover, a warm water swim-stress paradigm, which is known to induce the release of endogenous opioids, produced greater antinociception in NET-KO than in the WT mice. Naloxone, an inhibitor of opioid receptors, blocked the development of the swim-evoked analgesia in both WT and NET-KO mice, confirming the involvement of the endogenous opioid system. In the NET-KO mice, DMI did not further enhance analgesia but was still able to produce inhibitory effects on the locomotor activity of these mutants, suggesting that the effects of this TCA are not exclusively via interactions with the NET. In summary, these results demonstrate in a genetic model that both endogenous and exogenous opiate-mediated analgesia can be enhanced by elimination of the NET, indicating that the interaction of TCAs with NET mediates these effects.
Direct quantitative gas chromatographic separation of C2-C6 fatty acids, methanol, and ethyl alcohol in aqueous microbial fermentation media.

A method is described for the direct quantitative gas chromatographic separation of C2-C6 lower fatty acid homologues, methanol, and ethyl alcohol in aqueous microbial fermentation media. A hydrogen flame detector and a single-phase solid column packing, comprising beads of a polyaromatic resin (polystyrene cross-linked with divinyl benzene), were employed. Direct injections of 1 to 10 μliters of aqueous culture supernatant fluids were made. Quantitative recoveries of C2-C6 acids added to culture supernatant fluids were obtained.
Moisture Content in Protected Membrane Roof Insulations—Effect of Design Features

In protected membrane roofs, the thermal insulation is placed above the main waterproof membrane where it is exposed to precipitation. The severity of the wetting problem can be reduced by protective measures. Fibrous andclosed cell plastic insulations, ranging from 150 to 610 mm square and 51 mm thick, were placed on experimental roofs. They were weighed periodically over periods of up to five years. The results indicate that moisture gains are reduced by increasing deck slope. Sealing the bottom surface significantly reduced moisture gain in a bead polystyrene, but improvement was offset by placing paving stones directly on its upper surface. Slotting the lower insulation surface on a 100-mm-square grid was not found to reduce moisture uptake. Moisture content of some fibrous specimens sealed on the bottom surface and edges remained at less than 4 percent by volume. Others similarly sealed. but with paving stone cover flashed to divert water away from the upper surface, remained at less than 1.5 percent. In most cases, when specimens were placed wet on the roof in winter, significant drying occurred over a period of several months.
Principal Costs in Initial Public Offerings

The initial public offering (IPO) of a new venture's stock often results in significant changes to the firm's ownership structure. Because firm owners (principals) often have heterogeneous interests, conflicts can arise among the principals. While governance mechanisms are often effective in limiting agency problems, we suggest that principals can also attempt to use governance mechanisms to their own advantage in IPO settings. Specifically, when principal–principal conflict exists, powerful principals may exert control via governance mechanisms to pursue their own interests in ways that create inefficiencies in the form of ‘principal costs’.
Psychosituational Classroom Intervention: Rationale and Description.

Abstract Based on consideration of the environmental role in determining behavior, an approach to direct intervention with a pupil in a classroom is described. Assumptions underlying the intervention approach, examples of the method, and cautions in its use are presented.
Light scattering by randomly oriented bispheres

We describe how the T-matrix approach can be used to compute analytically the Stokes scattering matrix for randomly oriented bispheres with touching or separated components. Computations for randomly oriented bispheres with touching components are compared with those for volume-equivalent randomly oriented prolate spheroids with an aspect ratio of 2 and for a single volume-equivalent sphere. We show that cooperative (multiple-scattering) effects can make bispheres more efficient depolarizers than spheroids in the back-scattering direction.
Truth-ratios, process, task, and knowledge

In this paper, I delineate two major problems facing reliabilist approaches in epistemology. I argue that Alvin Goodman's (1986) position fails to solve either problem. I then suggest an alternative reliabilist approach that ties truth-ratio assessments to particular, well-specified cognitive tasks. I claim that a well-specified cognitive task is an empirical hypothesis about a system that involves the specification of input and output types and nomic correlations (including statistical correlations) that underlie the system's performance. On my approach, one characterizes processes by reference to the system's dispositions across the situations consistent with the task. Characterization is best understood as revealing a strategy or a set of strategies for generating outputs from inputs relying on certain nomic correlations associated with the task.
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) incorporating mutations in the IgG4 Fc spacer region to eliminate Fc receptor recognition results in improved CAR T cell persistence and anti-tumor efficacy

Adoptive immunotherapy using T cells genetically redirected via expression of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) is a promising approach for cancer treatment. However, this immunotherapy is dependent in part on the optimal molecular design of the CAR, which involves an extracellular ligand-binding domain connected to an intracellular signaling domain by spacer and/or transmembrane sequences. CAR designs frequently incorporate extracellular linker regions based on the immunoglobulin constant regions of either IgG1 or IgG4. In this study we evaluated the potential for the IgG4-Fc linker to result in off-target interactions between the CAR and Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs). As proof of principle, we have focused on a CD19-specific CD19scFv-IgG4-CD28-zeta CAR, and indeed found that CAR+ T cells bound to soluble FcγRs, and did not engraft in NSG mice compared to CAR-negative T cells that only expressed an EGFRt tracking marker. We hypothesized that mutations to avoid FcγR interactions would improve CAR+ T cell persistence and anti-tumor efficacy. To this end, we generated a CD19-specific CAR that has been mutated at two sites within the CH2 region (L235E; N297Q) of the IgG4 Fc spacer, here called CD19R(EQ), as well as a CD19-specific CAR that has a CH2 deletion in its IgG4 Fc spacer (CD19Rch2Δ). These mutations/deletion do not alter the functional ability of the CAR, when expressed by T cells, to mediate antigen-specific lysis of tumor cells. However, compared to T cells that express a non-mutated CAR, T cells expressing the CD19R(EQ) and CD19Rch2Δ exhibit impaired binding to recombinant soluble FcγRs. These CD19R(EQ) and CD19Rch2Δ T cells also exhibit improved engraftment in NSG mice. Indeed the engraftment levels seen with the mutated CAR were similar to that seen with CAR-negative T cells that only expressed the EGFRt tracking marker. Importantly, elimination of CAR/FcγR interactions also significantly improves CD19-specific CAR+ T cell anti-lymphoma efficacy in NSG mice. These studies provide evidence that optimal CAR function necessitates the elimination of cellular FcγR interactions in order to improve T cell persistence and anti-tumor responses.
Image-based tracking and sensor resource management for UAVs in an urban environment

Coordination and deployment of multiple unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) requires a lot of human resources in order to carry out a successful mission. The complexity of such a surveillance mission is significantly increased in the case of an urban environment where targets can easily escape from the UAV's field of view (FOV) due to intervening building and line-of-sight obstruction. In the proposed methodology, we focus on the control and coordination of multiple UAVs having gimbaled video sensor onboard for tracking multiple targets in an urban environment. We developed optimal path planning algorithms with emphasis on dynamic target prioritizations and persistent target updates. The command center is responsible for target prioritization and autonomous control of multiple UAVs, enabling a single operator to monitor and control a team of UAVs from a remote location. The results are obtained using extensive 3D simulations in Google Earth using Tangent plus Lyapunov vector field guidance for target tracking.
Practice Time in Prepared Childbirth

Postpartum questionnaires from two populations of women who had had preparation for birth were investigated to determine the amount of practice time of basic techniques that was associated with optimum pain reduction. Results indicated that practice of neuromuscular release for a minimum of 5 minutes a day was associated with less pain during the active phase of labor; practice of breathing techniques for a minimum of 10 minutes a day was associated with less pain during the active und transition phases of labor, and practice of husband and wife together at least occasionally was associated with less pain during transition. Afore extensive practice times did not lead to further pain reduction during labor and birth.
Substrate Compliance versus Ligand Density in Cell on Gel Responses

Substrate stiffness is emerging as an important physical factor in the response of many cell types. In agreement with findings on other anchorage-dependent cell lineages, aortic smooth muscle cells are found to spread and organize their cytoskeleton and focal adhesions much more so on “rigid” glass or “stiff” gels than on “soft” gels. Whereas these cells generally show maximal spreading on intermediate collagen densities, the limited spreading on soft gels is surprisingly insensitive to adhesive ligand density. Bell-shaped cell spreading curves encompassing all substrates are modeled by simple functions that couple ligand density to substrate stiffness. Although smooth muscle cells spread minimally on soft gels regardless of collagen, GFP-actin gives a slight overexpression of total actin that can override the soft gel response and drive spreading; GFP and GFP-paxillin do not have the same effect. The GFP-actin cells invariably show an organized filamentous cytoskeleton and clearly indicate that the cytoskeleton is at least one structural node in a signaling network that can override spreading limits typically dictated by soft gels. Based on such results, we hypothesize a central structural role for the cytoskeleton in driving the membrane outward during spreading whereas adhesion reinforces the spreading.
Ion-chelating polymers carrying macrocyclic ligands

The ion-chelating properties of linear and network polymers with crown ether and cryptand-type macroheterocyclic ligands either in the backbone or as pendent groups are described. Some of the materials have potential application in trace solute analysis, the removal of radioactive isotopes, separation of ions, the enrichment of isotopes, anion-activated catalysis in organic synthesis and other areas. The properties of the ligand-anchored polymers often differ from those of the monomeric ligands as a result of cooperative effects involving neighboring ligands or other chain substituents.
Clinical drug development in 2012.

Hosting as editor this 2012 issue of Hematology Oncology Clinics of North America is an opportunity to reflect on trends in clinical drug development. In particular, awareness of the incredible possibilities that our “new biology” conveys should not preclude continuing exploitation of “conventional” chemotherapy. Advances are noted in the management of patients with highly responsive lymphomas to refractory solid tumors such as pancreatic cancer. Three articles illustrate how developmentsmay take place evenmore than five decades from initial observations: mitotic inhibitors—long since Greenspan’s interest in podophyllotoxins and witnessing tumor lysis from leurocristine (later renamed vincristine) in two patients with hematologic malignancies; the antifolates aminopterin and later amethopterin (methotrexate) effect against acute lymphoblastic leukemia shortly after identification on folate pathways; and topoisomerase-interacting drugs, joining 5-fluorouracil in showing benefit against gastrointestinal cancers—a decade before topoisomerases were identified. In fact, these old chemotherapies have proven to be quite “targeted.” A fourth article deals with PARP inhibitors with their effects on specific DNA repair pathways. Their role, alone or in combination, relies on selective enhancement of the consequence of DNAdamage—often produced by a number of established anticancer drugs. Kohler and Milstein were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1984 for hybridomas enabling production of monoclonal antibodies that gave rise to hopes for “magic bullets” against cancer. These molecules have moved slowly from diagnostics to a platform for therapeutic developments including diverse actions such as pathway inhibition, immune activation, and immunotoxins. Pioneering efforts of Judah Folkman on tumor angiogenesis resulted in the development of bevacizumab and has impacted on the treatment of several malignancies, but particularly on ovarian cancer. The role of anti-angiogenic including angiopoietin-targeted peptibodies is further covered in this issue. Monoclonal antibodies (such as cetuximab and panitumumab) and small molecules targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor as well as newly identified signal
Pemphigus and Other Bullous Dermatoses: Correlation of Clinical and Pathologic Findings1

A detailed clinical and histopathologic study has been made of patients who had pemphigus of various types and of patients who had other bullous dermatoses; this study includes follow-up information covering a period of years. The lesions in some of these patients have had to be reclassified on the basis of newer histologic concepts of pemphigus, namely the phenomenon of acantholysis, which is seen in pemphigus and not in other bullous dermatoses, except for those caused by viral diseases. By acantholysis is meant loss of prickles of the prickle cells in the epidermis, with lysis of the individual cell. This phenomenon, occurring as a primary change in pemphigus in distinction from pressure or tension phenomena, which are the primary changes in other bullous dermatoses (except for pemphigus and viral diseases), is considered in another article by one of us (Brennan, 1).
Inadequacy of the dynamic collective model in describing inelastic photon scattering in 166Er

Abstract Quasi-monochromatic photons in the range E γ = 14.4−16.6 MeV have been used to study inelastic scattering to the 2 + , γ -vibrational band head in 166 Er. The results for transitions to this branch are drastically smaller (by a factor ≈3–5) than the predictions of the dynamic collective model (DCM).
Gain in body fat is inversely related to the nocturnal rise in serum leptin level in young females

Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to adolescent obesity. Evidence of a genetic basis for obesity development is substantial, although the exact mechanism of action has yet to be identified. The purpose of this study was to document the circadian rhythmicity of the serum leptin level in young females and to assess the impact of the change in body fat stores during growth on the nocturnal rise in the serum leptin level with implications for obesity traits. There was a significant rise in serum leptin at midnight and 0400 h, suggesting a diurnal variation in serum leptin concentrations (ANOVA F ratio = 6.2; P < 0.0001). There was also a strong association between relative total body fat and the average daytime serum leptin level (r = 0.78; P < 0.0001). The percent increase in the nocturnal leptin concentration was inversely related to the percent gain in total body fat (r = 0.45; P < 0.024). Forward stepwise regression analysis selected the change in total body fat over a 6-month interval as the most powerful determinant of the percent increase in the nocturnal leptin concentration (partial R2 = 0.203; beta = -0.450; SE of beta = 0.186; t = -2.418; P < 0.024). If the lack of a nocturnal rise in serum leptin persists over a longer period of time, it may have implications for the development of obesity, presumably by inadequate suppression of nighttime appetite.
Utility of the beck depression inventory with clinic-referred adolescents

This study reports on the utilization of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA) in a sample of 100 clinic referred adolescents. Results indicate that the BDI efficiently identified and differentiated depressed from nondepressed adolescents. In addition, greater levels of depressive symptomatology and depressive disorder were found in girls. Reasons for these general sex differences are discussed, and it is concluded that a psychological explanation appears more promising than existing biological explanations.
Dynamic effects of permanent and temporary tax policies in a q model of investment

Abstract This paper incorporates the tax policy analysis of Hall and Jorgenson into a dynamic optimizing model with adjustment costs to develop a q model of investment. This framework is particularly useful for analyzing the dynamic effects on investment of permanent and temporary changes in tax policy. It is shown that, contrary to the conventional intertemporal substitution argument, a temporary investment tax credit need not be nore expansionary than a permanent investment tax credit. The role of depreciation allowances in determining the dynamic response of investment to temporary changes in the tax rate is also investigated.
Conserved sequence elements upstream and downstream from the transcription initiation site of the Caulobacter crescentus rrnA gene cluster

The nucleotide sequence and in vivo transcription start sites for rrnA, one of the two rRNA gene clusters of the eubacterium Caulobacter crescentus, have been determined. Two transcription start sites, a major and minor, for the rRNA gene cluster are located more than 700 nucleotides upstream from the 16 S rRNA gene. Transcription was detected from only the major start site in swarmer cells. But after the swarmer-to-stalked cell transition, transcription was detected from both rRNA start sites and continued throughout the developmental cell cycle when cells were grown in minimal medium. On the other hand, transcription from only the major start site was detected in cells growing in a complex medium. A small open reading frame was found upstream from the rRNA gene transcription start sites and was followed by an inverted repeat sequence. No sequence homology was found between the major rRNA gene transcription start site and the Escherichia coli sigma 70 promoters or the consensus sequence elements reported for C. crescentus fla promoters. However, there were two areas of homology when the major rRNA gene promoter was compared to the nucleotide sequence of the C. crescentus trpFBA promoter. There was a 12 nucleotide sequence centered around the -10 region of both promoters that was closely homologous. In addition, immediately downstream from the transcription start there was a sequence element that was identical in both promoters. These nucleotide sequence elements were not in the temporally expressed fla promoters of C. crescentus.
Low-temperature behavior of vitreous silica containing neon solute.

The low-temperature specific heat, thermal-expansion coefficient, and thermal conductivity have been measured in vitreous silica with and without Ne solute. Changes introduced by the Ne may be attributed to an added population of localized excitations of unknown microscopic description. These changes are similar to those introduced by the addition of ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$O, ${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}$O, or ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O to vitreous silica.
Molecular machinery for non-vesicular trafficking of ceramide

Synthesis and sorting of lipids are essential for membrane biogenesis; however, the mechanisms underlying the transport of membrane lipids remain little understood. Ceramide is synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum and translocated to the Golgi compartment for conversion to sphingomyelin. The main pathway of ceramide transport to the Golgi is genetically impaired in a mammalian mutant cell line, LY-A. Here we identify CERT as the factor defective in LY-A cells. CERT, which is identical to a splicing variant of Goodpasture antigen-binding protein, is a cytoplasmic protein with a phosphatidylinositol-4-monophosphate-binding (PtdIns4P) domain and a putative domain for catalysing lipid transfer. In vitro assays show that this lipid-transfer-catalysing domain specifically extracts ceramide from phospholipid bilayers. CERT expressed in LY-A cells has an amino acid substitution that destroys its PtdIns4P-binding activity, thereby impairing its Golgi-targeting function. We conclude that CERT mediates the intracellular trafficking of ceramide in a non-vesicular manner.
Theory of HF and VHF Propagation Across the Rough Sea, 2, Application to HF and VHF Propagation Above the Sea

This paper deals with an estimation of the effect of sea state on HF and VHF ground-wave propagation loss across the ocean. For this estimation, an expression is employed that was derived in part 1; it gives the effective surface impedance in terms of the spatial height spectrum of the surface. Two empirical models are employed for the height spectrum of the ocean, the directional Neumann-Pierson model and the isotropic Phillips wind-wave model. These effective surface impedances accounting for sea state are then inserted into a standard ESSA computer program giving the basic transmission loss above a spherical earth. The dependence on sea state is plotted in curves which show the excess loss in decibels over a smooth sea. The propagation loss to points at various heights above the sea is also calculated. Normal sea state variations are seen to be negligible below about 2 MHz but produce a maximum excess loss at about 10 to 15 MHz.
Repeated-cascade theory of strong turbulence in a magnetized plasma

A two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation of vorticity in fluid turbulence is used to model drift turbulence in a plasma with a strong constant magnetic field and a constant mean density gradient. The nonlinear eddy diffusivity is described by a time-integrated Lagrangian correlation of velocities, and the repeated-cascade method is employed to choose the rank accounting for nearest-neighbor interactions, to calculate the Lagrangian correlation, and to close the correlation hierarchy. As a result, the diffusivity becomes dependent on the plasma's induced diffusion and is represented by a memory chain that is cut off by similarity and inertial randomization. Spectral laws relating the kinetic-energy spectrum to the -5, -5/2, -3, and -11 powers of wavenumber are derived for the velocity subranges of production, approach to inertia, inertia, and dissipation, respectively. It is found that the diffusivity is proportional to some inverse power of the magnetic field, that power being 1, 2/3, 5/6, and 2, respectively, for the four velocity subranges.
The attachment of glutamine synthetase to brain membranes

Abstract Up to 75% of the activity of particulate bound rat brain glutamine synthetase (microsomal and mitochondrial) was shown to be latent, and solubilization by a detergent (0.3% deoxycholate) was required in order to assay the total enzyme activity of brain. However, the particulate component was not different from the soluble one. The detergent had no effect on the specific activity of liver glutamine synthetase, but it considerably decreased the stability towards heat of both brain and liver enzyme. A comparison of brain enzyme with liver enzyme with regard to magnesium requirement showed that the enzyme activity of brain was inversely proportional of the magnesium concentration, whereas the liver enzyme was not affected by changes in magnesium concentration. A developmental study showed that the latency of the brain enzyme is only established after birth. It was concluded that the attachment of brain glutamine synthetase to membranes may sufficiently alter some of the requirements of the enzyme to result in distinctive differences of the brain and liver enzymes, and that this difference may play a functional role.
Finite element/difference methods in random vibration

Abstract Finite element and finite difference analyses of a class of random vibration problem are presented. The random field equations are discretized using the standard finite element/difference techniques. Recursive algorithms for the moments of the response in terms of the moments of the random loading and random initial condition are derived based on the discretized equations. The approach is straightforward and it provides an alternative to the standard normal-mode approach in the analysis of linear random structural systems. However, unlike the standard approach, the finite element/difference approach can be applied to other more complex systems. Two numerical examples are given to illustrate the application. The approximate numerical results are also compared with the exact solutions to check the accuracy of the finite element/difference analyses. It is found that for the problems considered, the finite difference algorithms provide better accuracy and efficiency than the finite element method.
Calculation of hydrofoil craft take-off speed including influence of foil size, foil angle and propeller shaft angle

Abstract The sensitivity of the hydrofoil take-off speed to changes in foil size and angle has not been well documented. This paper first presents the verification of the UNO-HYF1 with published performance data. Following the satisfactory validation, the results are presented in hydrofoil take-off to show the change with speed when the foil area, foil angle and propeller shaft angle are changed. The calculations indicate that varying the hydrofoil area has the largest impact on hydrofoil take-off speed.
The Development of a Specialized Software Application to Facilitate the Design of Metabolic Diets

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe development of computer software to design diets for metabolic studies that utilize multiple data sources and strategies to facilitate the attainment of desired nutrient targets. Our center participated in two NIH-funded multi-center feeding trials: DELTA (Dietary Effects on Lipoproteins and Thrombogenic Activity) and DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension). A specialized program was developed to design diets for both of these studies. This personal computer (PC) application was derived from the ETNV (Extended Table of Nutrient Values) Database, a large mainframe database previously used for the Bogalusa Heart Study (an NIH-funded study of cardiovascular disease in a non-transient population). Named after its benefactor, Dr. Margaret C. Moore, the MENu (Moore's Extended Nutrient) Database was developed to include multiple data sources from USDA and a user-defined foods database. The dataset (e.g., Handbook 8, USDA Survey Database, etc.) used in the design of menus is dependent on the required nutrient information. Consequently, it is essential that the user be familiar with the composition of each dataset before initiating the development of menus for metabolic studies. Critical issues include matching actual foods with database profiles, entering new foods correctly into the user defined database, determining what values may be missing within a dataset and imputing missing nutrient values to yield complete and accurate data. Advanced features of the MENu application include a recipe application with the ability to apply retention factors for vitamin loss due to cooking and losses or gains due to moisture and/or fat. Output from the MENu can be used to generate production sheets and nutrient spreadsheets for presentation of data summaries for developed diets. MENu aides in the completion of the critical issues listed. While the MENu Database is not available commercially at the present time, it is being tested in five research centers in the United States. Potential marketing avenues may be considered at a later date.
Clinical pharmacy on-call program in the emergency department

This is a descriptive and evaluative report regarding a clinical pharmacy residency in-house on-call program that facilitates the provision of 24-hour clinical pharmacy consultative services within the emergency department. During the two-year evaluation period, clinical pharmacy residents completed 3.1 consultations per 14-hour call period. Additionally, greater than 90% of the clinical pharmacy recommendations were accepted and completely followed by physician cohorts. These consultations were usually solicited by internal medicine physicians within the emergency department, involved patient-specific drug therapy recommendations, and required about 100 minutes (mean per consultation) of the clinical pharmacist's time. Thus, clinical pharmacy consultative services can be a useful addition to health care within the emergency department in teaching hospitals.