cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychological morbidity among adults with cerebral palsy and spina bifida.

Background Very little is known about the risk of developing psychological morbidities among adults living with cerebral palsy (CP) or spina bifida (SB). The objective of this study was to compare the incidence of and adjusted hazards for psychological morbidities among adults with and without CP or SB. Methods Privately insured beneficiaries were included if they had an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth revision, Clinical Modification diagnostic code for CP or SB (n = 15 302). Adults without CP or SB were also included (n = 1 935 480). Incidence estimates of common psychological morbidities were compared at 4-years of enrollment. Survival models were used to quantify unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios for incident psychological morbidities. Results Adults living with CP or SB had a higher 4-year incidence of any psychological morbidity (38.8% v. 24.2%) as compared to adults without CP or SB, and differences were to a clinically meaningful extent. Fully adjusted survival models demonstrated that adults with CP or SB had a greater hazard for any psychological morbidity [hazard ratio (HR): 1.60; 95% CI 1.55–1.65], and all but one psychological disorder (alcohol-related disorders), and ranged from HR: 1.32 (1.23, 1.42) for substance disorders, to HR: 4.12 (3.24, 5.25) for impulse control disorders. Conclusions Adults with CP or SB have a significantly higher incidence of and risk for common psychological morbidities, as compared to adults without CP or SB. Efforts are needed to facilitate the development of improved clinical screening algorithms and early interventions to reduce the risk of disease onset/progression in these higher-risk populations.
Carotid Plaque Fibrous Cap Thickness Measurement by ARFI Variance of Acceleration: In Vivo Human Results

This study evaluates the performance of an acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI)-based outcome parameter, the decadic logarithm of the variance of acceleration, or log(VoA), for measuring carotid fibrous cap thickness. Carotid plaque fibrous cap thickness measurement by log(VoA) was compared to that by ARFI peak displacement (PD) in patients undergoing clinically indicated carotid endarterectomy using a spatially-matched histological validation standard. Fibrous caps in parametric log(VoA) and PD images were automatically segmented using a custom clustering algorithm, and a pathologist with expertise in atherosclerosis hand-delineated fibrous caps in histology. Over 10 fibrous caps, log(VoA)-derived thickness was more strongly correlated to histological thickness than PD-derived thickness, with Pearson correlation values of 0.98 for log(VoA) compared to 0.89 for PD. The log(VoA)-derived cap thickness also had better agreement with histology-measured thickness, as assessed by the concordance correlation coefficient (0.95 versus 0.62), and, by Bland-Altman analysis, was more consistent than PD-derived fibrous cap thickness. These results suggest that ARFI log(VoA) enables improved discrimination of fibrous cap thickness relative to ARFI PD and further contributes to the growing body of evidence demonstrating ARFI’s overall relevance to delineating the structure and composition of carotid atherosclerotic plaque for stroke risk prediction.
A rare case report of recurrent metastatic breast cancer mimicking primary pancreatic cancer

Abstract Introduction Secondary pancreatic tumors are rare, of which a breast cancer primary is extremely uncommon. To our knowledge, we present the 14th case reported worldwide and first from Singapore of lobular breast cancer metastasizing to the pancreas. Presentation of case A 53-year-old woman presented with painless obstructive jaundice, weight loss over 1.5 months and a 2 cm right breast mass. She had left breast Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC) treated 5 years prior with wide local excision, adjuvant radiotherapy and hormonal therapy. She had elevated bilirubin, liver enzymes and Cancer Antigen (CA) 19–9. Imaging found 3 right breast nodules, left axillary lymphadenopathy, biliary dilatation with an ampullary mass, and bone metastases. Breast nodule biopsies confirmed ILC but ampullary mass cytopathology was inconclusive. Frozen section of the mass during exploratory laparotomy showed metastatic ILC; a triple bypass surgery was done and chemo-endocrine therapy commenced. Discussion ILC is the commonest type of breast carcinoma in cases with pancreatic metastases, usually recurring after long disease-free intervals, and widely metastatic at presentation. Imaging characteristics help differentiate secondary from primary pancreatic tumors. Radiological features and history of an extra-pancreatic cancer suffice in suspecting pancreatic metastases. Despite limited surgical experience, it is well accepted that pancreatic metastasectomy offers reasonably good long-term survival rates, quality of life and can even be curative in highly selected cases. Conclusion This case is an interesting case because it highlights the diagnostic dilemma involved in the rare entity of breast cancer metastatic to the pancreas, and summarizes its diagnosis and management.
The Chicago Plan Revisited

At the height of the Great Depression a number of leading U.S. economists advanced a proposal for monetary reform that became known as the Chicago Plan. It envisaged the separation of the monetary and credit functions of the banking system, by requiring 100% reserve backing for deposits. Irving Fisher (1936) claimed the following advantages for this plan: (1) Much better control of a major source of business cycle fluctuations, sudden increases and contractions of bank credit and of the supply of bank-created money. (2) Complete elimination of bank runs. (3) Dramatic reduction of the (net) public debt. (4) Dramatic reduction of private debt, as money creation no longer requires simultaneous debt creation. We study these claims by embedding a comprehensive and carefully calibrated model of the banking system in a DSGE model of the U.S. economy. We find support for all four of Fisher's claims. Furthermore, output gains approach 10 percent, and steady state inflation can drop to zero without posing problems for the conduct of monetary policy.
Demographics And Distrust: The Eleventh Circuit On Graduation Prayer In Adler V. Duval Count y

This Article, a contribution to a symposium on the constitutional jurisprudence of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, focuses on the Eleventh Circuit's opinion in Adler v. Duval County. Adler involved a policy that permitted students to vote on whether to deliver opening and/or closing "messages" at high school graduation ceremonies. The Eleventh Circuit, sitting en banc, upheld the policy against an Establishment Clause challenge. After the Supreme Court remanded the case for reconsideration in light of its decision in Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe, which outlawed a similar policy in the context of high school football games, the court, insisting that Santa Fe was distinguishable, again upheld Duval County's policy. I argue that the Eleventh Circuit's analysis in Adler was wrong, and indeed can be seen as little more than an act of willful resistance to the Supreme Court's opinion in Santa Fe. Beyond this simple doctrinal criticism, however, this Article suggests that both Santa Fe and Adler are fruitful subjects of study for what they say about two issues that have drawn relatively little sustained and serious attention: the role of majoritarian elections within the Establishment Clause, and the relationship between the Establishment Clause and the demographics of religion in local communities. I argue that John Hart Ely's representation-reinforcement theory of judicial review, presented in his influential work Democracy and Distrust, can contribute significantly to our understanding of both of these issues. In the first case, Ely's theory shows why majoritarian election processes that permit or encourage school prayer cannot generally insulate schools from Establishment Clause challenges. In the second, I argue that Ely's theory t Associate Professor of Law, University of Alabama School of Law. I am grateful to the Dean and Faculty of the University of Alabama School of Law for their support. My thanks to the editors of the University of Miami Law Review for their patience with delays, and to Isaac Horwitz, the cause of those delays. Thanks also to Marc DeGirolami, Rick Garnett, Chris Lund, Frank Ravitch, Rick Schragger, and Steve Smith for helpful comments, and Jennifer Michaelis for superb research assistance. I served as a law clerk to the Honorable Ed Carnes of the Eleventh Circuit in 1998-1999, but had no involvement with any of the cases discussed in this Article. UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI LAW REVIEW can help dislodge the usual baseline assumptions about the religious pluralism of the United States, which are accurate at the national level but collapse at the level of the overwhelmingly religiously homogeneous local communities in which many Establishment Clause cases arise. On this understanding, I argue that, contrary to some recent arguments, the Establishment Clause might best be understood as being more properly concerned with state and local establishments of religion than with federal establishments of religion.
Male Fertility Requires Classical and Nonclassical Androgen Signaling

The molecular mechanisms by which androgens act via the androgen receptor (AR) to maintain male fertility are poorly understood. Transgenic mice were produced expressing mutant ARs that can only (1) alter gene transcription through the classical response pathway (AR-C) or 2) activate kinase signaling cascades via the nonclassical pathway (AR-NC). AR-NC allowed completion of meiosis and the production of haploid germ cells. Expression of AR-C was sufficient to produce sperm and fertility. However, added AR-NC activity contributed to maintaining the blood-testis barrier, plus correct migration and orientation of maturing spermatids needed for fully efficient sperm production. AR-C activity is required for expression of cohesion and synaptonemal complex proteins that are essential for chromosome synapsis. AR-C supported partial development of prostate and coagulating glands, but full development required both pathways. Our results indicate that AR-C activity alone partially restores male fertility, but AR-NC is obligatory to maximize fertility.
Disseminated gonorrhea with laryngeal involvement in a 25-year-old man.

A healthy immunocompetent 25-year-old married man presented to the emergency department with a 5-day history of severe odynophagia, fever (peak 40°C), and a scattered pustular skin eruption. He denied extramarital sexual relations. The patient’s physical examination was remarkable for scattered
Binary MnO2/Co3O4 Metal Oxides Wrapped on Superaligned Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers as Binder Free Supercapacitor Electrodes

Increasing the performance of energy storage systems using different metal oxides and carbon nanomaterial as support scaffolds in electrode manufacture is of great importance. However, deposition of active material using binders or conductive agents results in reduced effective contact areas in the electrodes and between the electrolytes, lowering the energy storage capacity. In this work, a homogeneous and stable low current electrodeposition of binary metal oxides MnO₂/Co₃O₄ on superaligned electrospun carbon nanofibers (SA-ECNFs) greatly overcomes these shortcomings. The morphology tests revealed that the manganese oxide (MnO₂) and cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) were uniformly wrapped around the carbon nanofibers to form a porous morphology, rendering high energy storage capacity from both the pseudocapacitance and electrochemical double layer (ECDL). Electrochemical tests indicated that the as-prepared MnO₂/Co₃O₄@SA-ECNFs electrode displays a specific capacitance of 728 F g–¹ in 6 M KOH electrolyte in CV vs 622 F g–¹ of MnO₂@SA-ECNFs electrode at 5 mV s–¹. The performance of galvanic charge–discharge (GCD) at 2 A g–¹ of the electrode demonstrated 64.5 Wh kg–¹ for energy density and 1276 W kg–¹ for power density and a capacity retention of 71.8% over 11 000 cycles.
A tale of two paradigms: the mutual incommensurability of ΛCDM and MOND1

The concordance model of cosmology, ΛCDM, provides a satisfactory description of the evolution of the universe and the growth of large-scale structure. Despite considerable effort, this model does ...
Factors affecting time from symptom onset to ovarian cancer diagnosis in the United States

Objectives: Little is known about what clinical or demographic factors affect time to diagnosis (TTD) of ovarian cancer. The objectives of our study were to examine the presenting symptoms and physician visit types leading to a diagnosis of ovarian cancer and identify any variables associated with an increased or decreased TTD. Methods: A population-based study of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database was conducted on patients ≥66 years old from 1992-2015 with stage II-IV primary epithelial ovarian cancer. Diagnosis codes and claims data were extracted for analysis; symptoms specifically evaluated were abdominal pain, bloating, difficulty eating, and urinary urgency. TTD was defined from time of first coded symptom in a claim to ovarian cancer diagnosis. One-way ANOVA tests assessed significance of group measures on mean TTD and regression models evaluated number of physicians seen and TTD by covariates. Results: Of 18693 women identified for analysis, the mean overall TTD was 5.21 months. The mean TTD was significantly different based on first symptom type (p 4 physician types in the 30 days leading up to a diagnosis increased over time and was significantly higher in 2011-2015 compared to 1992-1999 (OR 1.17, p=.011). In linear regression models, faster TTD was associated with unmarried status (p 4 physician visit types (p Conclusions: In our SEER-based database study, the mean time from symptom onset to diagnosis of ovarian cancer was 5.21 months and was influenced by presenting symptom, physician visit type, and clinical and demographic variables. Mean TTD and number of physician visit types have both increased over time, which may reflect broader changes in the United States medical system. Other significant associations warrant further exploration.
L' attesa nella neuropsicologia: uno sguardo ai processi cognitivi sottostanti nell’era delle nuove tecnologie

The scientific literature has pointed out the great adaptive capacities of the brain. Our central nervous system can in fact reshape its synapses and conformation in response to the different environmental stimuli. In particular, some research focus on changes in the development of certain cognitive abilities related to waiting, such as attentional processes and reward mechanisms. The results made it possible to detect some changes in the efficiency of these skills associated with a greater use of technological devices such as smartphones. However, the results need to be analyzed in the light of some structural limitations of the studies such as the lack of time necessary for a prospective observation and the analysis methods used.
Olanzapine Reduces Neuronal Activity in the Dorsal Motor Nucleus of the Vagus

Olanzapine, a widely prescribed atypical antipsychotic, relieves the symptoms of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Despite its positive impact on mental health, patients treated with olanzapine e...
Integrating and exchanging XML data using ontologies

While providing a uniform syntax and a semistructured data model, XML does not express semantics but only structure such as nesting information. In this paper, we consider the problem of data integration and interoperation of heterogeneous XML sources and use an ontology-based framework to address this problem at a semantic level. Ontologies are extensively used for domain knowledge representation, by virtue of their conceptualization of the domain, which carries explicit semantics. In our approach, the global ontology is expressed in RDF Schema (RDFS) and constructed using the global-as-view approach by merging individual local ontologies, which represent XML source schemas. We provide a formal model for the mappings between XML schemas and local RDFS ontologies and those between local ontologies and the global RDFS ontology. We consider two cases of query processing, specifically for data integration and for data interoperation. In the first case, the user poses an RDF query on the global ontology, which is answered using all the mapped XML sources. In the second case, a query is posed on a single source and then is mapped to the XML sources that are connected to that source. For each case, we discuss the problem of query containment and present an equivalent query rewriting algorithm for queries expressed in two languages: conjunctive RDQL and conjunctive XQuery.
Formal mentorships: examining objective-setting, event participation and experience

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate commonly recommended practices for formal mentoring programs (FMP). The authors examine how objective-setting, participating in organizational FMP events, and repeat participation in a FMP relates to how mentors and mentees perceive their relationship. Design/methodology/approach – Mentor and mentee participants in an 18-month FMP within a consumer goods organization responded to a survey. Proposed hypotheses, competing hypotheses, and exploratory research questions were tested using regression. Findings – Setting objectives was most important to the mentoring relationship when mentors were unable to attend orientation events. Veteran mentees reported learning more from the relationship when paired with a veteran mentor; novice mentees reported the same when paired with novice mentors. Research limitations/implications – The findings provide some research evidence supporting practitioner-recommended best practices. The conclusions are limit...
The “Homeless Problem” and the Double Consciousness*: HOMELESS PROBLEM AND DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS

The purpose of this article was to identify manifestations of a social discourse that construct those who are homeless as an existential problem. Based on 4 years of ethnographic data and grounded theory analysis, we illustrate the nature of exclusionary social practices that emerge from discourse on the “homeless problem” as well as the conflicting identities experienced by those who are homeless. Herein we frame the data using DuBois concept of “double consciousness.” Our findings indicate that those who are homeless mix together discourses of value and legitimacy with self-applied stigmas and self-denigrating political perspectives in ways that directly mirror DuBois’ notion of the conflicting nature of African and American identities around the end of the nineteenth century. We illustrate identity problems that manifest in the contemporary conflict between being both “homeless” and “American.”
Infantile scurvy: Part II. Studies on the concentration of ascorbic acid in the tissues

Summary Ascorbic acid concentrations in the livers of seventy infants coming to autopsy were determined and the results correlated with the dietary history and the histology of the rib. At birth reducing values were uniformly high ranging between 20 and 75 mg. per 100 gm. liver. From birth to one month both mean and extreme values were significantly lower, although in only one instance was the figure less than 10 mg. per 100 gm. of tissue. Thereafter eighteen of forty-five patients between the ages of 4 and 26 months showed concentrations of ascorbic acid in the liver below 10 mg. per 100 gm. Such concentrations correlated more closely with the dietary intake than with the type or degree of infection. Patients with histologic evidences of scurvy present in the rib showed the lowest concentration of the vitamin in the liver, averaging less than 5 mg. per 100 gm. of tissue. In twenty-seven instances the ascorbic acid content of the adrenal cortex was also determined. The limitations of the method and significance of results are discussed.
A Challenge for Long-Term Knowledge Base Maintenance

Knowledge bases (KBs) are repositories of interconnected facts with an inference engine. Companies are increasingly populating KBs with facts from disparate sources to create a central repository of information to provide users with a richer and more integrated user experience [Herman and Delurey 2013]. Additionally, inference over the constructed KB can produce new facts not specifically mentioned in the KB. Google is now employing KBs to surface additional information for user search [Dong et al. 2014a]. Manually constructed KBs, such as YAGO [Hoffart et al. 2013] and DBpedia [Auer et al. 2007], are increasingly being used as the gold standard and ground truth of newer KBs [Dong et al. 2014b]. However, the growing number of KBs inside an organization require a sufficiently high level of quality and must be meticulously maintained. Both YAGO and DBPedia were constructed based on data from Wikipedia. Within Wikipedia, the medium lag between the occurrence of a notable event and the addition of the event was measured at 356 days [Frank et al. 2012]. This fact spurred many efforts to discover methods to automatically build, extend, and clean KBs [Frank et al. 2012; Ellis et al. 2012; Ji et al. 2014; Surdeanu and Ji 2014]. In these contests, teams build systems to explore the creation of Web-scale KBs; however, by and large, these contests stop short of designing systems for deployment in a production system. We believe that there are two main questions that are wholly understudied across research communities: in KBs, over time, (1) what stale information needs to be cleaned? and (2) when should this information be updated?
DOUBLE SUPERIOR VENAE CAVAE WITH COMPLETELY PAIRED AZYGOS VEINS.

A case of double superior venae cavae with bilaterally symmetrical azygos veins is recorded for a 45 year old Caucasian male cadaver with no history of cardiovascular disorder. Death was reported as resulting from carcinoma of abominal viscera with extensive metastases. A review of the literature since 1887 indicates that this is an addition to 216 cases of double superior venae cavae and seven cases of double azygos veins previously reported in cadavers. A typical left brachiocephalic vein was absent. The anomalous vena cava, formed by union of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins behind the sternoclavicular joint, coursed vertically through the superior mediastinum, continued through the atrioventricular sulcus and opened into the right atrium near the orifice of the inferior vena cava. It was almost completely symmetrical with the right and received a complete azygos vein. The anomaly is explained as (a) failure of the precardinal anastomosis to form, (2) persistence of the entire left anterior and common cardinal veins and left horn of the sinus venosus, and (3) persistence of the proximal part of the left posterior cardinal which with the left supracardinal forms the left azygos vein. Morphological and clinical significances of the anomaly are discussed.
Observation of stimulated emission in short-period quasi-indirect type-II GaAs/AlAs superlattices

We have demonstrated that the type-II GaAs/AlAs superlattices can be used to greatly increase the recombination times and to achieve stimulated emission in these structures with greatly-reduced gain coefficients for applications as optical amplifiers.
Conceptual and associative processing in antonymy and synonymy

Recent models of antonymy differ over the involvement of associative and conceptual connections in the representation of direct and indirect antonyms. To assess these models, subjects were presented with two sequential adjectives. In the first study they made relatedness judgments, and in the second study they made antonym and synonym judgments. Conceptual processes were manipulated by varying semantic distance, and associative processes were manipulated by varying lexical markedness. Judgments were fastest for direct antonyms, even when compared to synonyms of similar relatedness. Although judgments for synonyms were faster than for indirect antonyms, semantic distance and markedness had similar effects on these word classes. These results suggest that direct antonymy may utilize associative connections, but that indirect antonymy, like synonymy, relies primarily on conceptual connections.
Self-organization kinetics in polypeptide electrospun fibers

Abstract Self-organization processes are a major focus of current scientific interest worldwide. Novel materials research and development increasingly seeks to exploit ways in which matter self-organizes. Here, self-organization kinetics have been measured for electrospun fiber annealing. A key feature of such materials is a large surface-to-volume ratio. Fibers were spun from aqueous solutions of poly( l -ornithine) Br− (PLO) or co-poly( l -glutamic acid4, l -tyrosine1) Na+ (PLEY), model synthetic polypeptides. After crosslinking in situ, fibers were annealed in water at 22 °C. Analysis by infrared (IR) spectroscopy has revealed that annealing involved polymer restructuring within fibers on a time scale of 29 min for PLO and 63 min for PLEY. The largest changes in the distribution of polymer conformations occurred in the first 13 min of annealing. There was a substantial decrease in the amount of Na+ bound to PLEY fibers during annealing, according to energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. Two parallel pathways provided a better account of the annealing trajectory than a single pathway with multiple transition states. This study advances current understanding of polypeptide-based materials and suggests approaches for applications development.
Why can't hardware be more like software?

This paper describes how the potential mass market for information appliances will require a new set of hardware-software codesign tools aimed at fast -time-to-market and utilising macrofunction libraries. It indicates that tools are required for the macrofunction development, which differ from system tools, and resemble the behavioural compilers of today. Appliance developers would like to see the automation of the system engineering, leaving the engineers to do the system definition, and specific technology evolution, required for their products. It has also been stated that appliance developers are willing to accept the inefficiencies associated with macrofunctions, in a similar manner to the way that software developers treat memory. Utilising tools that permit the simple integration of these macrofunctions, much in the same way that complex software systems are developed today, will allow products to be generated successfully. For the partitioning case in particular, tools will be required for both development paths: partitioning at the system level will involve manipulating macrofunctions; partitioning for macrofunction development will involve the accurate modelling of architectures for algorithm implementation. (6 pages)
3D imaging through dispersive media: Classical and quantum approaches

We review quantum and classical methods for mitigating dispersion in optical reflectometry and discuss possibilities for extending these methods to 3D optical tomography.
The effect of age on cognitive performance under the impact of vibration in a driving environment.

The effect of organismic variable age on human cognitive performance was studied under the impact of vibration in different automobile driving environments, namely city streets, rural roads and highways. Reaction time was measured in milliseconds through a human response measurement system specifically designed for the purpose. Results of the study showed that age had a significant effect in city street and rural road conditions. It was also found that the level of equivalent acceleration of vibration and a difficulty index significantly affected cognitive performance in all driving conditions. The organismic variable age observed to have a significant effect on task performance implied that youngsters and older people are stressed differently in specific environments of driving so proper stress management strategies should be evolved for them in order to minimize the number of accidents. Language: en
The effect of 6-Azauracil upon Trypanosoma equiperdum

Abstract 6-Azauracil, an analog of uracil which is an inhibitor of the growth of a number of experimental murine neoplasms and of several species of bacteria, prevents the reproduction of T. equiperdum in mice. This action results in growth suppression without trypanocidal sequelae. When treatment is stopped, the drug is rapidly cleared from the body, and the rate of reproduction of the trypanosomes rapidly returns to normal. The potency of a given dose of 6-azauracil is significantly enhanced when infected mice are fed a diet totally lacking in purines and pyrimidines. Conversely, the inhibitory activity of the analog is partially reversed when infected mice are fed a diet supplemented with uracil. The ribonucleoside of 6-azauracil, i.e. 6-azauridine, a much more potent inhibitor of the growth of certain transplanted neoplasms in mice than is 6-azauracil, does not inhibit the growth of T. equiperdum in the same species. Also, experiments with T. equiperdum in vitro have shown that 6-azauracil is at least 100 times more potent than 6-azauridine as an inhibitor of orotidylic acid decarboxylase, an enzyme selectively inhibited by the ribonucleotide of 6-azauracil (i.e. 6azauridine 5'phosphate).
Invasive zygomycosis: update on pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management

Zygomycosis is an increasingly common infection in immunocompromised patients. Advances in the understanding of Zygomycetes pathobiology and the introduction of new drugs with improved activity and tolerability for treatment of zygomycosis have improved the prospects of effectively controlling this devastating infection. Further reductions in mortality will require improved diagnostic and novel therapeutic approaches for this group of aggressive opportunistic molds.
Fatty acid flux in adipocytes: The in's and out's of fat cell lipid trafficking ☆

The trafficking of fatty acids into and out of adipocytes is regulated by a complex series of proteins and enzymes and is under control by a variety of hormonal and metabolic factors. The biochemical basis of fatty acid influx, despite its widespread appreciation, remains enigmatic with regard to the biophysical and biochemical properties that facilitate long-chain fatty acid uptake. Fatty acid efflux is initiated by hormonally controlled lipolysis of the droplet stores and produces fatty acids that must transit from their site of production to the plasma membrane and subsequently out of the cells. This review will focus on the "in's and out's" of fatty acid trafficking and summarize the current concepts in the field.
The structure and morphology of Ag film growth on Cu(110)

Abstract Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spectrometry (AES), and workfunction change measurements have been used to characterize the structure and morphology of ultrathin Ag films grown on Cu(110). The LEED data show pronounced differences in diffraction arrays for multilayer deposition at 120 and ⩾ 300 K that are, respectively, consistent with disordered layering and layer-cluster growth morphologies deduced from AES. Following the initial growth of Ag in-registry with the substrate troughs, a split c(2 × 4) monolayer structure is observed that to first order is interpreted in terms of a distorted Ag(111) overlayer with a seventh-order superlattice periodicity normal to the substrate troughs. At 120 K, postmonolayer deposition reconstructs the monolayer template, producing a p(8 × 1) → p(8 × 3) → p( 8 7 × 3 ) sequence of diffraction features. These data are consistent with development of a heavily corrugated and strained Ag(110) film that grows from a configuration where the first atomic layer of Ag is captured in the Cu troughs. Multilayer coverages at ⩾ 300 K give LEED features that are indicative of clusters, which gradually coalesce to produce {111} microfacets in a geometry that is consistent with the 120 K structural observations. In agreement with trends seen in bulk binary properties of Ag and Cu, the film development appears to be driven by dominant Ag-Ag bonding as modulated by the row-trough substrate corrugation. The clustering is viewed as the most energetically favorable way to relieve the interfacial strain and attain a bulk Ag film in the absence of low-temperature kinetic limitations.
Effects of build orientation on tensile strength for stereolithography-manufactured ASTM D-638 type I specimens.

A statistical design of experiments (DOE) approach was used to determine if specific build orientation parameters impacted mechanical strength of stereolithography (SL) fabricated parts. A single platform (25.4 × 25.4-cm cross-section) on the 3D Systems Viper si2 SL machine was designed to hold 18 ASTM D-638 type I samples manufactured in different orientations. The DOE tested three factors: axis, layout, and position. Samples were fabricated parallel with the x-axis or y-axis, or 45° to both axes (called axes 1, 2, and 3, respectively). For each axis, samples were fabricated either flat or on an edge relative to the x–y plane (called layouts 1 and 2, respectively). Three samples were manufactured for each layout and axis combination, and the samples were labeled as positions 1, 2, or 3 depending on the distance from the center of the platform with position 1 being the closest to the center. The results from the statistical analyses showed that axis and position had no significant effect on ultimate tensile stress (UTS) or modulus of elasticity in tension (E). However, layout (or whether a sample was built flat or on an edge) was shown to have a statistically significant effect on UTS and E (at a 95% level of confidence). The differences between average UTS and E for each of the samples built flat and on an edge were ~3.53% (43.2 versus 44.8 MPa) and ~4.59% (763.9 versus 800.7 MPa), respectively. Because of the relatively small differences in means for UTS and E, the statistical differences between layout most likely would not have been identified without performing the multifactor analysis of variance. Furthermore, layout was the only factor that tested different orientations of build layers (or layer-to-layer interfaces) with respect to the sample part, and thus, it appears that the orientation of the build layer (layer-to-layer interfaces) with respect to the fabricated part has a significant effect on the resulting mechanical properties. This study represents one of many to follow that is using statistical analyses to identify and classify important fabrication parameters on mechanical properties for layer-manufactured parts. Although SL is the focus of this work, the techniques developed and presented here can be applied to any layered manufacturing technology producing any ASTM-type specimen with any particular material.
Two-phase coexistence region in mechanically alloyed Cu-Fe: An X-ray absorption near-edge structure study

Abstract A new technique using the X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) has been developed to simultaneously determine the compositions and phase fractions of the two coexisting (f.c.c. and b.c.c.) supersaturated solid solutions in mechanically alloyed Cu 100− x Fe x ( x =50–80) formed by ball milling under cryogenic conditions. The XANES analysis indicates that throughout this region the two coexistent phases have almost identical composition, consistent with that of the overall mixture. This represents a novel two-phase coexistence representing a region of overlap in solubility rather than the normal miscibility gap. A mechanism is proposed to explain the nature of this two-phase region in terms of extended solubility induced by ball milling, the free energies of the two phases including defect enthalpies, and nucleation and growth barriers for the b.c.c.–f.c.c. (and f.c.c.–b.c.c.) transformation.
A method for the accurate measurement of the complex conductivity of high-T c superconductive thin films

In this paper, we introduce a method which makes it possible to rapidly and accurately determine the penetration depth as a function of temperature for superconductive thin film samples. A key feature of the approach described here is that it is derived only from electrodynamic definitions and makes no use of a selected model of superconductivity. Another advantage relative to some of the alternative methods presently in use is that it can be expected to give useful results for films with thicknesses that are as much as three times the zerotemperature effective penetration depth. When combined with an accurate evaluation ofR S as a function of temperature for the same samples, these penetration depth data enable the computation of the complex conductivity for a wide variety of samples. One shortcoming of the method is the fact that it performs well only at temperatures below about 0.95T c.
Development of Lung Epithelium from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Considerable progress has been made in the field of in vitro development of alveolar epithelium from induced pluripotent stem cells. Patient specific derived alveolar cells could potentially populate tissue engineered lungs, provide a cell source for drug testing, or function as a model for research into lung diseases. Induced to pluripotency through a variety of techniques, stem cells can be differentiated to alveolar epithelium through exposure to a variety of different culture conditions and growth media. The ultimate success of differentiated cells for translational medicine applications will depend on further advances in the understanding of the human lung developmental pathway, and successful application to in vitro culture. This review will focus on the major signaling pathways and molecules in lung development and the existing protocol for directed differentiation of iPSC and hESC to cells resembling respiratory epithelium in vitro.
Localized cell growth in ethephon-treated olive leaf abscission zone

Abstract Ethephon-induced growth of olive-leaf abscission-zone cells is limited to the cortical separation layer and cells surrounding indentations present at the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the petiole base. Proximal and distal abscission-zone cells on either side of the separation layer do not enlarge. Enlargement of cortical cells and of cells surrounding the abaxial notch begins by 24 h after ethephon treatment. Cell enlargement in the region of the adaxial indentation, the final region to undergo separation, does not begin until after the first 24 h. Prior to separation, separation-layer cell walls swell to more than 3 times their original thickness, and cell wall thickness decreases following separation. Nuclei of separation-layer cells are smaller than those of adjacent abscission-zone cells.
The spatial distribution of dividing and DNA‐synthesizing cells in mouse epithelium

Cells of the germinal layer of mouse esophageal epithelium were used for quantitative assessment of the spatial distribution of proliferating cells. In tritiated thymidine autoradiographs the nonsynthesizing cells between synthesizing (or dividing) cells were counted, rather than counting the dividing cells in pre-established grid units. Dividing and DNA-synthesizing cells are almost random in spatial distribution, but there is an excess of labeled or dividing cells immediately adjacent to one another over what would be expected if the spatial distribution were random. Two possible explanations for the excess of adjacent proliferating cells are suggested: (a) direct cellular interaction or local humoral influences, and (b) phasing of adjacent cells which have a common line of descent.
Large and small sample comparisons of various variance estimators

The objective of this report is to investigate the behavior of various variance estimators arising in computer simulation experiments. We give large and small sample results pertaining to the bias, variance, and confidence interval performance of nonoverlapping batched means, overlapping batched means, and standardized time series estimators.
The relationship of substance use during sex to high‐risk sexual behavior

Recent research with homosexual samples in San Francisco (Stall, McKusick, Wiley, Coates, & Ostrow, 1986) has shown that the use of alcohol (or other drugs) in conjunction with sexual activity is strongly related to unsafe sex (i.e., high risk for AIDS infection). Analysis of data from a mail survey of the adult population of San Francisco replicated these results: There was a strong relationship between frequency of using alcohol or other drugs in conjunction with sexual activity and the frequency of engaging in risky sexual behaviors. However, risky sexual behavior was not related to the proportion of sexual activity involving drinking and was related to proportion of sexual activity involving cocaine and other drugs in gay men only. Frequency of risky sex in hetersexuals was predicted largely by total frequency of sex, with small amounts of variance contributed by frequency of sex with a partner who was drinking or using drugs. In gay men, use of cocaine or other drugs during sex contributed a substant...
The metrics of knowledge: Mechanisms for preserving the value of managerial knowledge

Abstract In recent years there has been a dramatic increase in the scholarly study, and actual implementation in work organizations, of knowledge systems. While much of this effort has been directed toward making these systems more efficient, a gap has developed between the need to preserve and safeguard managerial knowledge, and the continued hemorrhaging of the same from the pool of organizational knowledge. This article describes that gap and suggests a set of mechanisms (socialization, tutoring, mentoring, and continuous reporting) which may be used to reduce the loss of critical knowledge. Because knowledge is fundamentally a cognitive phenomenon, these mechanisms emphasize the sharing of knowledge by experienced, with less experienced, managers. This article also recommends that these largely informal mechanisms be absorbed by the organization to become an integral component of the formal modes of knowledge management, in particular the institutional knowledge system.
Retention of nonhelical procollagen containing cis-hydroxyproline in rough endoplasmic reticulum

Fibroblasts freshly isolated from embryonic tendons were incubated with a proline analog, cis-4-hydroxy-L-proline, which is incorporated into protein and which leads to the intracellular accumulation of nonhelical procollagen. Evidence is presented here that the nonhelical procollagen containing the analog is retained within the rough endoplasmic reticulum and does not pass to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi vacuoles at a normal rate.
Clinician's Guide to Imaging and Pathologic Findings in Benign Breast Disease

The discussion of abnormal results of breast imaging and abnormal pathologic findings can be challenging for health care professionals and often is stressful for patients. Although most imaging findings and biopsy results are negative and do not infer a substantial increase in breast cancer risk, the subsequent conversation between the patient and her practitioner is more effective and informative with a thorough review of the pathologic results and an appreciation of the importance of radiologic-histologic concordance. This article provides insight into and understanding of breast imaging and biopsy techniques and of histologic findings as a means to timely and appropriate decision making and action by the patient and her health care professional.
Effects of exogenous melatonin prior to the breeding season on testis weight and epididymal androgen receptors in rams

Rams were randomly assigned to an experiment that evaluated effects of treatment (2.5 mg melatonin/d for 45 d vs control; MEL vs CON) in mid-May through June on testis weight and concentration of epididymal androgen receptor in July or September (Sept). Mean testis weight of MEL and CON rams was not different in July (332 vs 283 g), but in Sept was less (P<.05) for MEL rams than CON rams (268 vs 382 g). Testis weight of MEL rams was less (P<.05) in Sept than in July. Caput, corpus and cauda epididymal tissues were used to prepare extracts which were analyzed for concentration of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) receptor using a new standard curve method. A standard extract was characterized using four independent 8-point Scatchard analyses and found to contain 6.0 fmol DHT receptor/mg wet tissue (Ka = 3.5 × 108M−1); this extract was used to establish standard curves for assays of unknown samples. Data on concentration of DHT receptors measured by Scatchard analysis and the standard curve method were highly correlated (r = 0.99; P<.01; n = 8). Concentrations of DHT receptor were not affected by treatment, month of castration, or their interaction. However, for data pooled across treatment and month, concentration (fmol/mg protein) of DHT receptor was greater (P<.05) in caput or corpus (125 or 122) than in cauda (92) epididymidis. The regional distribution of epididymal DHT receptors in this study confirmed our previous findings. These results revealed that the melatonin treatment used in this study did not increase testis weight by early July, but caused premature decline in testis weight by Sept. However, the melatonin treatment did not influence concentration of DHT receptor in the epididymis.
Mononuclear rhenium(III) and rhenium(II) complexes of 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene: The structure of trans-ReCl2(dppee)2

Abstract The mononuclear rhenium(III) complexes trans-[ReX2(dppee)2]X · nH2O (X = Cl or Br, dppee = Ph2PCH CHPPh2) have been prepared by the reaction of (n-BU4N)2Re2X8 with dppee in methanol-conc. HX; in the case of X = Cl, ethanol may also be used as the reaction solvent. These salts undergo anion exchange reactions with ClO4− and/or PF6−. The rhenium(II) complex trans-ReCl2(dppee)2 can be prepared by the cobaltocene reduction of trans-[ReCl2(dppee)2]Cl · 4H2O and the reaction of Re2Cl6(PBu3)n2 with dppee in refluxing ethanol. The spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of [ReX2(dppee)2]+ have been investigated. Cyclic voltammetry (in 0.1 M tetra-n-butyl-ammonium hexafluorophosphate-CH2Cl2 with a Pt-bead electrode) shows reversible redox processes at E1/2(ox) ca +1.5 V, E1/2(red) ca −0.2 V, and E1/2(red) ca −1.4 V vs Ag-AGCl that correspond to the Re(IV)-Re(III), Re(III)-Re(II) and Re(I)-Re(l) couples, respectively. The single-crystal X-ray crystal structure of trans-ReCl2(dppee)2 has confirmed its octahedral geometry. This complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with the following unit-cell dimensions: a = 11.321(2)A, b = 13.011(2)A, c = 17.242(3)A, β = 95.79(2)°, V = 2527(1)A3, and Z = 2. The structure was refined to R = 0.041 (Rw = 0.070) for 2430 data with F2 > 3.0σ(F2). The Re Cl and Re P distances are 2.422(2) and 2.405(2)A, respectively.
Heterogeneity of Human Platelets: IV. IDENTIFICATION OF A YOUNG PLATELET POPULATION WITH [75Se]SELENOMETHIONINE

Summary. Heavy-large platelets have previously been shown to be more active metabolically and functionally compared to light-small platelets and to be present in increased per cent during conditions of enhanced thrombopoiesis. In the present report, the kinetics of platelet synthesis has been followed by in vivo labelling of megakaryocytes with the amino acid analogue, [75Se]selenomethionine. Kinetic measurements in three volunteer subjects indicated that heavy-large platelets were young platelets and suggested a progression with age of heavy-large platelets to light-small platelets.