cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multivariate statistical approaches for the characterization of dissolved organic matter analyzed by ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry.

We apply multivariate statistics to explore the large data sets encountered from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectra of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Molecular formula assignments for the individual constituents of DOM are examined by hierarchal cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), to measure the relationships between numerous DOM samples. We compare two approaches: (1) using averages of elemental ratios and double bond equivalents calculated from the formulas, and (2) employing individual formulas and either their presence/absence or relative magnitude in each sample. With approach 2, PCA deciphers which of the thousands of formulas are significant to particular samples, and then a van Krevelen diagram highlights what types of compounds are molecular signatures to the samples. Our dual approach, especially approach 2, allows for complex data sets to be more easily interpreted, aiding in the characterization of DOM from various sources. By applying this metho...
Electrofocusing: A Technique for the Clinical Labs of 2000

Proteins represent the largest group of essential compounds in the human body. A number of biochemical techniques are available to identify the myriad numbers of clinically useful analytes, since the very nature of proteins allows several physicochemical properties to be methodologically applied. Well recognized for at least 80 years, the technique of electrofocusing is being applied (but slowly) in the clinical laboratory. We discuss the principles and practice of this technique and contrast it with zonal electrophoresis.
Monitoring on pathogenic bacteria from food sold in Tianjin in 2011

Objective:To learn the situation and variety of food contamination in Tianjin,as well as evaluate the status of food security,which would be valuable for the investigation and prevention on epidemicology of food born diseases(FBD).Methods: Nine kinds of pathogenic bateria,which could cause FBD,were detected by cultivation.Results: Thirty-four strains of pathogenic bateria were seperated from 2028 samples totally,the positive rate was 1.68%,among which there were 4 strains of Staphylococcus aureus,15 strains of Bacillus cereus,2 strains of Enterobacter sakazakii,as well as 13 strains of Vibrio parahemolyticus.Conclusion: Some kinds of ready-to-eat food in markets and restaurants of Tianjin were contaminated by pathogenic bacteria,which were risk factors of FBD.
HE4 promotes collateral resistance to cisplatin and paclitaxel in ovarian cancer cells

Chemotherapy resistance presents a difficult challenge in treating epithelial ovarian cancer patients, particularly when tumors exhibit resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic agents. A few studies have shown that elevated serum levels of the ovarian cancer biomarker HE4 correlate with tumor chemoresistance, response to treatment, and survival. Here, we sought to confirm our previous results that HE4 contributes to collateral resistance to cisplatin and paclitaxel in vitro and uncover factors that may contribute to HE4-mediated chemoresistance. MTS assays and western blots for cleaved PARP were used to assess resistance of HE4-overexpressing SKOV3 and OVCAR8 clones to cisplatin and paclitaxel. CRISPR/Cas technology was used to knockdown HE4 in HE4-overexpressing SKOV3 cells. A microarray was conducted to determine differential gene expression between SKOV3 null vector-transfected and HE4-overexpressing clones upon cisplatin exposure, and results were validated by quantitative RT-PCR. Regulation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and tubulins were assessed by western blot. HE4-overexpressing SKOV3 and OVCAR8 clones displayed increased resistance to cisplatin and paclitaxel. Knockdown of HE4 in HE4-overexpressing SKOV3 cells partially reversed chemoresistance. Microarray analysis revealed that HE4 overexpression resulted in suppression of cisplatin-mediated upregulation of EGR1, a MAPK-regulated gene involved in promoting apoptosis. Upregulation of p38, a MAPK activated in response to cisplatin, was suppressed in HE4-overexpressing clones. No differences in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation were noted in HE4-overexpressing clones treated with 25 μM cisplatin, but ERK activation was partially suppressed in HE4-overexpressing clones treated with 80 μM cisplatin. Furthermore, treatment of cells with recombinant HE4 dramatically affected ERK activation in SKOV3 and OVCAR8 wild type cells. Recombinant HE4 also upregulated α-tubulin and β-tubulin levels in SKOV3 and OVCAR8 cells, and microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT) gene expression was increased in SKOV3 HE4-overexpressing clones. Overexpression of HE4 promotes collateral resistance to cisplatin and paclitaxel, and downregulation of HE4 partially reverses this chemoresistance. Multiple factors could be involved in HE4-mediated chemoresistance, including deregulation of MAPK signaling, as well as alterations in tubulin levels or stability.
Linguistic Causes of Rape Culture on College Campuses

Sexual assault is a growing epidemic on college campuses around the nation and universities are struggling to maintain a safe environment for their students. The problem does not lie with the usual suspects—alcohol, fraternity and sorority life, or violent music lyrics. Instead, latent linguistic factors within our dominant language contribute to a hostile environment that we have internally socialized for centuries. Sexually violent humor, including rape jokes, myths, and offensive metaphors, are contributors to this aggressive mentality and normalize it within society. Ambiguous definitions of what constitutes rape and consent make it difficult for victims to decide whether they should report the situation to the police or not and victims are often silenced and shamed for coming forward. Opening a campus-wide conversation about sexual assault and violent language is the first step in breaking down the intangible rape culture that has led to unsafe environments on college campuses. Keywords : sexual assault; violence; college; rape; language
Optimization of DNase I footprinting experiments

The study of plant responses to environmental stimuli and internal developmental programs relies to a large extent on understanding the mechanisms of gene regulation that underly these responses. Many plant scientists wish to delineate the transduction pathways that impinge upon the genome and regulate gene transcription. A classical approach to this problem is to identify the DNA-protein interactions that form the terminal components of these pathways and ultimately characterize the biochemical nature of the gene regulation event. The last several years has seen a veritable explosion in the application of a large number of techniques for identifying and characterizing sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins and verifying them as bona fide transcription factors [1–4]. Because of the typically high affinity of sequence-specific DNA binding proteins (Kd∽ 10 - 8 to 10 - 12), direct measurements of the binding reaction are hard to achieve spectroscopically. Thus several non-equilibrium methods such as DNA footprinting have been introduced to measure binding indirectly [5]. This in turn reveals the target sequence for binding, which in many cases has led to the cloning and/or purification of the protein factor, as well as a definition of the role of the particular DNA-protein interaction in gene regulation in vivo [6–8].
Uranium isotope evidence for temporary ocean oxygenation in the aftermath of the Sturtian Snowball Earth

Abstract The appearance and radiation of animals are commonly attributed to Neoproterozoic oceanic oxygenation, yet independent geochemical evidence for such an event remains equivocal. Strata deposited between the Sturtian and Marinoan Snowball Earth glaciations (660 to 640 Ma) contain the earliest animal biomarkers and possible body fossils. To quantify the extent of seafloor oxygenation during this critical interval, we present uranium isotope ratios (238U/235U denoted as δ 238 U ) from limestone of the Taishir Formation in Mongolia through two stratigraphic sections that are separated by ∼75 km within the same depositional basin. Above the Sturtian glacial deposits, through ∼150 m of stratigraphy, δ 238 U compositions have a mean value of −0.47‰. This interval is followed by a ∼0.3‰ decrease in δ 238 U , coincident with the Taishir negative carbon isotope excursion. Thereafter, δ 238 U values remain relatively low until the erosional unconformity at the base of the Marinoan glacial deposits. Using a box model, we show that the best explanation for the higher δ 238 U values of the post-Sturtian limestones is extensive—but temporary—oxygenation of the seafloor, and is inconsistent with a scenario involving only increased delivery of uranium to the oceans due to post-Snowball weathering. The decline in δ 238 U in overlying strata, coincident with the Taishir negative δ 13 C excursion, indicates a subsequent decrease in seafloor oxygenation. The U isotopic data, combined with modeling results, challenge the notion of a simple, unidirectional oxygenation of Neoproterozoic oceans.
Platelet Inhibition in Shunted Infants on Aspirin at Short and Midterm Follow-Up

There are few data to guide aspirin therapy to prevent shunt thrombosis in infants. We aimed to determine if aspirin administered at conventional dosing in shunted infants resulted in ≥50% arachidonic acid (AA) inhibition in short and midterm follow-up using thromboelastography with platelet mapping (TEG-PM) and to describe bleeding and thrombotic events during follow-up. We performed a prospective observational study of infants on aspirin following Norwood procedure, aortopulmonary shunt alone, or cavopulmonary shunt surgery. We obtained TEG-PM preoperatively, after the third dose of aspirin, at the first postoperative clinic visit, and 2-8 months after surgery. The primary outcome was the proportion of subjects with ≥50% AA inhibition on aspirin. All bleeding and thrombotic events were collected. Of 24 infants analyzed, 13% had ≥50% AA inhibition at all designated time points after aspirin initiation; 38% had ≥50% AA inhibition after the third aspirin dose of aspirin, 60% at the first postoperative clinic visit, and 26% 2-8 months after surgery. Bleeding events occurred in eight subjects, and two had a thrombotic event. Bleeding events were associated with greater AA inhibition just prior to starting aspirin (p = 0.02) and after the third dose of aspirin (p = 0.04), and greater ADP inhibition before surgery (p = 0.03). The majority of infants failed to consistently have ≥50% AA inhibition when checked longitudinally postoperatively. Preoperative TEG-PM may be useful in identifying infants at higher risk of bleeding events on aspirin in the early postoperative period. Further research is needed to guide antiplatelet therapy in this population.
Model reduction with relative/multiplicative error bounds and relations to controller reduction

Balanced model reduction with a priori relative/multiplicative error bounds in L/sub /spl infin// norm is studied. Inverse-weighted balanced truncation (IWBT) is proposed that is a variant of the Enns' algorithm. It is shown that IWBT is equivalent to the balanced stochastic truncation (BST). This equivalence leads to the extension of an improved relative/multiplicative error bound for BST obtained by Wang and Safonov to general nonsquare transfer matrices. Natural relations between IWBT and observer-based controller reduction are investigated which motivate the simultaneous reduction of the plant and controller. Robust stability conditions for simultaneous reduction of the plant and the controller are established for the closed-loop system consisting of full-order plant and reduced-order controller. As a by-product, robust stability and stabilization problems are solved for general coprime factor plant descriptions with relative/multiplicative H/sub /spl infin// norm bounded uncertainties. Similar results are obtained for general coprime factors of the feedback controller involving relative/multiplicative H/sub /spl infin// norm bounded uncertainties. >
Effect of Cellulose Protectors on Ozone Bleaching of Kraft Pulp

To prevent the severe degradation of cellulose, ozone bleaching experiments have been carried out with douglas fir kraf t pulp in the presence of various inorganic and organic compounds. The effect of these additives was evaluated on the basis of viscosity as the indicator of cellulose degradation. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Mg compounds, I compounds and triethanolamine, which had been found as effective cellulose protector in oxygen bleaching, did not offered no protection to cellulose. 2. The addition of small amounts of metal salts, such as Fe and Cu, increased cellulose degradation. 3. In many organic additives, urea-methanol, methanol, DMF and DMSO were found to have significant effect on protection to cellulose.
Symbolic Quantifier Elimination for Robust Feedback System Design

Abstract In this paper the status of symbolic quantifer elimination techniques for robust feedback system design is surveyed. Many practical robust design problems can be reduced to quantified multivariate polynomial inequalities (MPIs), with logic quantifier “for all” operating on uncertain plant parameters. The elimination of the logic quantifier produces a boolean function which is free of the quantified variable, and defines the set of design parameters that satisfy the design specifications. The computational complexity of symbolic quantifier eliminations (QE) limits the complexity of robust design problems that can be solved, but some problems can be solved that otherwise would be difficult to solve. Currently available computer software for QE is also surveyed.
Teachers’ Perceptions of Childcare and Preschool Expulsion

Previous research outlines the correlates of childcare expulsion in the USA, yet researchers know little about how these correlates produce expulsion. This in-depth qualitative analysis of 30 childcare providers’ accounts of expulsion finds a patterned process to expulsion: Teachers search for causes and solutions to challenging behaviours. When interventions fail, overwhelmed teachers shift their focus from ‘struggling’ children to ‘bad families’. Once the explanation of behaviour changes from within to outside of the child, expulsion is imminent. Interventions in teachers’ understandings, not only in children's behaviours, are discussed as a possible way to reduce expulsion.
Nurse practitioners as primary care providers with their own patient panels and organizational structures: A cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Health care systems globally are facing challenges of meeting the growing demand for primary care services due to a shortage of primary care physicians. Policy makers and administrators are searching for solutions to increase the primary care capacity. The effective utilization of nurse practitioners (NPs) has been proposed as a solution. However, organizations utilize NPs in variable capacities. In some settings, NPs serve as primary care providers delivering ongoing continuous care to their patients, referred to as patient panels, whereas in other settings they deliver episodic care. Little is known about why organizations deploy NPs differently. Objectives Investigate the NP role in care delivery—primary care providers with the own patient panels or delivering episodic care—within their organizations and understand how work environments affect their role. Design A cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data from primary care NPs. Settings The study was conducted in one state in the United States (Massachusetts). Data from 163 primary care organizations was obtained, which employed between one to 12 NPs. Participants 807 NPs recruited from the Massachusetts Provider Database received mail surveys; 314 completed and returned the survey, yielding a response rate of 40%. Methods The survey contained measures of NP role in care delivery and work environment. NP role was measured by an item asking NPs to report if they deliver ongoing continuous care to their patient panel or if they do not have patient panel. The work environment was measured with the Nurse Practitioner Primary Care Organizational Climate Questionnaire (NP-PCOCQ). The multilevel Cox regression models investigated the influence of organization-level work environment on NP role in care delivery. Results About 45% of NPs served as primary care providers with their own patient panel. Organization-level Independent Practice and Support subscale, an NP-PCOCQ subscale, had a significant positive effect on NP role (risk ratio=2.33; 95% CI: 1.06-5.13); with a one unit increase on this subscale, the incidence of the NPs serving as primary care providers with their own patient panel doubled. Conclusions NPs can help meet the increasing demand for primary care by taking responsibilities as primary care providers, and organizations can assign NPs their own patient panels. Supporting NP independent practice within organizations promotes NP role as primary care providers. Policy and organizational change focused on promoting NP work environments so NPs can practice as primary care providers can be an effective strategy to increase the primary care capacity.
Veterans Group Exercise: A randomized pilot trial of an Integrative Exercise program for veterans with posttraumatic stress.

Abstract Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is prevalent among military veterans and is associated with significant negative health outcomes. However, stigma and other barriers to care prevent many veterans from pursuing traditional mental health treatment. We developed a group-based Integrative Exercise (IE) program combining aerobic and resistance exercise, which is familiar to veterans, with mindfulness-based practices suited to veterans with PTSD. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of IE on PTSD symptom severity and quality of life, as well as assess the feasibility and acceptability of IE. Methods Veterans (N = 47) were randomized to either IE or waitlist control (WL). Veterans in IE were asked to attend three 1-h group exercise sessions for 12 weeks. Results Compared with WL, veterans randomized to IE demonstrated a greater reduction in PTSD symptom severity (d = −.90), a greater improvement in psychological quality of life (d = .53) and a smaller relative improvement in physical quality of life (d = .30) Veterans’ ratings of IE indicated high feasibility and acceptability. Limitations The sample was relatively small and recruited from one site. The comparison condition was an inactive control. Conclusions This initial study suggests that IE is an innovative approach to treating veterans with symptoms of PTSD that reduces symptoms of posttraumatic stress and improves psychological quality of life. This approach to recovery may expand the reach of PTSD treatment into non-traditional settings and to veterans who may prefer a familiar activity, such as exercise, over medication or psychotherapy.
cGAS Micro-Manages Genotoxic Stress

Maintenance of genome integrity is essential to prevent cancer. Genotoxic stress drives damaged DNA out of the nucleus by forming micronuclei. Two studies in Nature reveal how the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS gains access to the cargo within micronuclei to drive type I IFN responses.
Evaluation of a novel thoracic entry device versus needle decompression in a tension pneumothorax swine model.

Abstract Introduction Tension pneumothorax (tPTX) remains a major cause of preventable death in trauma. Needle decompression (ND) has up to a 60% failure rate. Methods Post-mortem swine used. Interventions were randomized to 14G-needle decompression (ND, n = 25), bladed trocar with 36Fr cannula (BTW, n = 16), bladed trocar alone (BTWO, n = 16) and surgical thoracostomy (ST = 11). Simulated tPTX was created to a pressure(p) of 20 mmHg. Results Success (p Conclusion Bladed trocars can safely and effectively tPTX with a significantly higher success rates than needle decompression.
Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene Transport through UiO-66: Diffusion Rates, Energetics, and the Role of Hydrogen Bonding

The high-energy demand of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) separation highlights the need for improved nonthermal separation techniques and materials. Because of their high surface areas, tunable structures, and chemical stabilities, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a promising class of materials for use in more energy efficient, adsorption-based separations. In this work, BTX compounds in the pore environment of UiO-66 were systematically examined using in situ infrared (IR) spectroscopy to understand the fundamental interactions that influence molecular transport through the MOF. Isothermal diffusion experiments revealed BTX diffusivities between 10–8 and 10–12 cm2 s–1, where the rate follows the trend: o-xylene < m-xylene < p-xylene. Corresponding activation energies of diffusion (Ediff) were determined to be 44 kJ mol–1 for the xylene isomers and 34 kJ mol–1 for both benzene and toluene, with the diffusion-limiting barrier identified to be molecular passage through the small triangular pore apert...
Relapse Prevention and Recycling in Addiction

Relapse represents a return to a problematic pattern of engagement in an addictive behavior after successful modification. However, relapse is part of the learning process of “successive approximations” that characterizes most successful behavior change. This chapter describes the relapse process, relapse prevention, and how to encourage successful recycling to learn from the past to create future success. The chapter examines different models of relapse including the medical model and mutual help perspectives and the Marlatt and Gordon model of relapse prevention. Current strategies and techniques for relapse prevention are presented in detail with a brief review of the literature on these approaches. Clinical implications are highlighted.
Stabilität der Fixation

Wir haben es mit zwei Hauptfragmenten zu tun, welche miteinander in festem Kontakt gehalten werden mussen. Kippung oder Drehung der Fragmente an der Frakturstelle mussen minimal bleiben. Eine intramedullare Stahlstange kann dieses nur erzielen, wenn ihr in jedem einzelnen Fragment eine hinreichende Angriffsflache gegeben wird.
Determinants of Nighttime Activity in “Diurnal” Lemurid Primates

Traditionally primates have been described as displaying either nocturnal (active only at night) or diurnal (active only during daylight hours) activity cycles. However, researchers investigating the behavior and ecology of Malagasy prosimian primates discovered that many species in the genus Eulemur traditionally labeled as diurnal also were active at night (E. f rufus: Sussman, 1974; E. mongoz: Sussman and Tattersall, 1976; Tattersall and Sussman, 1975; E. f. mayottensis: Tattersall, 1977; Tattersall, 1979; E. rubriventer: Overdorff, 1988; E. macaco: Colquhoun, 1993; E. coronatus and E. f. sanfordi: Freed, pers. comm.). While E. mongoz appears to seasonally switch from a diurnal activity cycle to a completely nocturnal activity pattern, other species such as E. fulvus and E. rubriventer have been observed to be active irregularly during both the day and night. These observations led Tattersall (1988) and Fleagle (1988) to propose and define the word “cathemeral” as a possible label for this unusual activity pattern. However, it has not yet been determined whether activity during the day and night is a seasonal phenomenon or a year-round pattern typical for Malagasy lemurids. There is evidence that some New World primates may be active day and night. For example, howling monkeys move and feed at night, although rarely (Dahl and Hemingway, 1988). In addition, Wright (1985, 1989) observed that the traditionally nocturnal night monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) was active during the day in Paraguay presumably due to the rarity of large diurnal raptors.
Bullying involvement and substance use among Brazilian adolescent students.

ABSTRACT Objective Although bullying involvement has been associated with adolescent substance use, most of this evidence comes from high-income countries. Little is known about substance use among perpetrator-victims in low- and middle-income countries. This study explores the association between types of bullying involvement and adolescent substance use in Brazil. Methods Data for this cross-sectional study came from the 2015 Pesquisa Nacional de Saude do Escolar [National Adolescent School-based Health Survey] (PeNSE), a nationwide school-based survey of Brazilian ninth graders. Substance use was analyzed as any substance use (i.e., use of alcohol, cigarettes, or marijuana in the previous 30 days) and substance co-use (i.e., use of all three substances). Logistic regression analyses were conducted, and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were calculated, adjusting for demographic characteristics and student loneliness. Results Odds of any substance use for bullying perpetrators-only and for perpetrator-victims, respectively, were significantly higher compared to no bullying involvement (aOR = 2.99, 95% CI = 2.71-3.30 and aOR = 2.52, 95% CI = 2.31-2.75). Adjusted odds of substance co-use were also significantly higher among perpetrators-only and perpetrator-victims (aOR = 4.04, 95% CI = 3.05-5.35 and aOR = 3.49, 95% CI = 2.71-4.51, respectively). Victimization-only was associated with a 14% increase in the odds of any substance use (aOR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.07-1.22). Conclusions The results underscore the complex relationship between adolescent bullying involvement and substance use. Findings also indicate the type of bullying involvement, as well as demographic and psychological factors, should be taken into consideration when assessing adolescent health-risk behaviors.
Computational strategies to probe CH activation in dioxo-dicopper complexes.

We employ density functional theory and energy decomposition analysis to probe the mechanism of CH activation in dioxo-dicopper complexes. The electrophilicity of monodentate N-donor ligands coordinated to Cu is systematically varied to examine the response of barriers to the two proposed pathways – one-step oxo-insertion and two-step radical recombination. Electron-withdrawing ligand stabilize the oxo-insertion transition state via charge transfer interactions, and therefore lead to lower barriers. On the other hand, barriers to the CH activation step in the radical recombination mechanism exhibit almost no dependence on N-donor electrophilicity. Based on the similarities between calculated and experimental Hammett relationships, the oxo-insertion pathway appears to be the preferred mechanism of CH activation in dioxo-dicopper catalysts.
Promoting Cooperative Strategies on Proof-of-Work Blockchain

A proof-of-work blockchain adopts an incentive-driven design to encourage people to participate in the network. Miners provide computing resources and services in exchange for incentives such as static block rewards and transaction fees collected from blockchain users. However, our findings suggest that the current reward scheme may not encourage miners to process user transactions. A non-cooperative strategy that submits a block with no transaction can be more rewarded than a cooperative strategy. As a consequence, the non-cooperative strategy can prevail over the cooperative strategy, decrease the system throughput, and distort credit distribution. We particularly choose Ethereum project as a subject since it is a general-purpose smart contract platform. By investigating the past two years of its ledger history, we find network propagation and block processing delays are the most significant factors that cause miners to choose the non-cooperative strategy. From this finding, we develop a more accurate statistical model for a block discovery time, as well as a reward matrix. We then derive the condition that either strategy has no additional gain, which also helps to estimate whether the transaction fee is underpriced or not. Simulation results show that the non-cooperative strategy is no longer dominant under the revised reward scheme.
Preparing Teacher Candidates to be “Effective” in the Classroom: Lessons Learned from National Teachers of the Year

Defining what it means to be an “effective teacher” is a difficult, but necessary, undertaking, as research reveals a correlation between teacher qualities and student success (Buchel and Edwards 2...
Divisibility in Discrete Domains

A commutative monoid is called a cancellation monoid if ab = ac implies b = c. If R is a discrete integral domain, then the set of nonzero elements of R forms a discrete cancellation monoid. This example motivates our study of general cancellation monoids. Terminology introduced for cancellation monoids transfers to discrete domains by applying it to the monoid of nonzero elements.
Cohort Change in the Prevalence of ADHD Among U.S. Adults: Evidence of a Gender-Specific Historical Period Effect:

Objective: To document inter- and intra-cohort changes in adult ADHD and examine whether changes vary by gender. Method: We analyze data from the 2007 and 2012 U.S. National Health Interview Survey. Results: The prevalence of ADHD among adults aged 18 to 64 years increased from 3.41% in 2007 to 4.25% in 2012. As expected, patterns of inter- and intra-cohort change varied by gender. At younger ages, inter-cohort gender differences are more distinct due to a spike in prevalence among boys/men born in or after 1980. Consistent with a gender-specific historical period effect, recent intra-cohort increases among women have narrowed the gender gap. Conclusion: The gender gap in the prevalence of ADHD among adults decreased by 31.1% from 2007 to 2012 due to increased prevalence among adult women of all ages. We discuss these results in relation to diagnostic practice, adult health and well-being, data limitations and needs, and directions for future research.
UV/HREELS spectroscopy of benzene on Pt(110)

Some years ago, LEED studies of Ogletree et al. and Wander et al. found that benzene undergoes a structural rearrangement when the benzene adsorbs on platinum. In contrast, Horsley et al. proposed that the benzene adsorbs without undergoing significant distortion. In this paper UV/HREELS spectroscopy is used to examine benzene adsorption on Pt(110). We find that the benzene can adsorb into two different states: a weakly bound form of benzene with UV/HREELS spectrum similar to gas-phase benzene, and a strongly bound form of benzene with UV/HREELS and IR/HREELS spectra which are consistent with formation of a diene (e.g., 1,4-cyclohexadiene). A comparison of our data to the results of Wander et al. and Horsley et al. shows that the weakly bound form of benzene is consistent with Horsley’s assignments, while the strongly bound species looks as expected from the work of Wander et al. The conclusion from our study then is that Wander et al. and Horsley et al. are both correct. They are just studying different forms of benzene on the platinum surface.
Phased implementation of pathogen‐reduced platelets in a health system facilitates increased manufacturing at the blood center

Background Pathogen reduction treatment (PRT) reduces the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections from established and emerging organisms. Manufacturing, however, is complex. In our university health system, we phased in pathogen-reduced platelets (PR PLTs) by patient population. We then assessed the implementation strategy and investigated factors in the supply chain that prevented us from meeting the goal of providing greater than 90% PR PLTs within 6 months. Study design and methods In Phase 1, PR PLTs were provided in the outpatient cancer center. Phase 2 added inpatients undergoing bone marrow transplantation, and Phase 3 included all patients. In Phase 4, the blood center implemented manufacturing optimization strategies. Product supply and usage during the first 23 months after implementation were evaluated. Investigation of the supply chain included analysis of (1) the number of in-state hospitals receiving PR PLTs; (2) the fraction of products eligible for PRT before and after manufacturing improvements. Results During Phases 1 and 2, PR products comprised 44% and 53% of PLTs transfused in the phased-in areas. At 6 months, 41% of PLTs were PR, and at 23 months, 92%. The fraction of PR PLTs transfused in our system correlated logarithmically with the number of in-state hospitals receiving them (R2 = 0.71) and the number of PR PLTs sold to those hospitals (R2 = 0.80). Conclusion Phased implementation is a practical and ethical way to introduce PR PLTs in a health system and facilitates scalability at the blood center. Widespread availability of PR products may require collective action and can be increased by optimization strategies during manufacturing.
Forgetting Korean Agency in the Transnational Cold War

The transnational Cold War involved a host of knowledge projects linking the United States, Japan, South Korea, and sometimes other locations in a variety of complex ways. The argument of this chapter is that at several important moments over the course of this long history the participation of Korean actors in these projects evinced a tendency to be structurally forgotten. The causes of this occlusion were themselves multi-agentive; this chapter aims to document and explore dimensions of this “conspiracy of amnesia.” As a specific example illustrating this larger phenomenon, the chapter focuses on one of the more famous social science projects of the Korean War. In December 1950, during a dynamic phase of the conflict between the first and second North Korean occupations of Seoul and areas south, a team of social scientists under contract to the US Air Force’s Human Resources Research Institute was dispatched to Korea in order to study modalities of the (ostensible) “Sovietization” that had taken place in parts of South Korea temporarily under DPRK control. They were met by Korean helpers, “research assistants”—but the term belies the status of these members of the team who in private correspondence were also described as “the cream of [South] Korean social scientists.” A close reading of internal documents from this project reveals that this Korean participation contributed not only data and translation but aspects of the conceptual framing of the results in ways not fully acknowledged, an elision that had both contingent and strategic aspects.
Common Chronic Conditions

One of the cornerstones of excellent geriatric care is caring for older adults with multiple chronic conditions or “multimorbidity.” More than 50 percent of older adults have three or more chronic conditions. The combinations and severity of these chronic conditions can have varying cumulative effects on each individual. This chapter will review chronic common conditions from a variety of organ systems and discuss the approach to each condition, as well as management and special considerations for older adults. For the cardiovascular system, diseases discussed include coronary artery disease, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation. For the renal system, we will review chronic kidney disease. The gastrointestinal disorders reviewed are dysphagia, constipation, and fecal incontinence. The endocrine disorders reviewed are hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, and osteoporosis. Lastly, we will review osteoarthritis as a common musculoskeletal disorder in older adults.
Decreased Expression of Prostaglandin G/H Synthase-2 (PGHS-2) in Alzheimer’s Disease Brain

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in people over 60 years of age. Afflicted individuals experience a progressive deterioration of memory and other cognitive functions that correlates with a loss of synaptic connections between neurons DeKosky and Scheff, 1990; Terry et al., (1991). Pathologically, AD brains are characterized by extracellular deposits of s-amyloid protein associated with dystrophic neuntes (neuritic plaques), intraneuronal accumulations of highly-phosphorylated tau protein (tangles), and neuronal loss in select brain regions. Although a great deal of work has focused on these pathologies and much is now know about genetic predisposition for AD, we still have no definitive therapeutic strategies for dealing with this disease.
The ear as a speech analyzer

The representation of speech in the auditory periphery is evaluated from the perspectives of physiology and psychoacoustics. Current models fall into one of four broad classes: rate/place, synchrony/place, synchrony/quasi-place and synchrony/place-independent. Each representational type is evaluated in terms of its ability to account for the perceptual features of speech and on the basis of physiological plausibility. The optimum representational form may vary as a function of the acoustic environment. It is suggested that the rate/place representation operates primarily at low sound-pressure levels and for encoding the gross spectral characteristics of the high-frequency portion of aperiodic signals, such as stops and fricatives. The synchrony/place and synchrony/quasi-place representations may also play an important role, primarily at low sound-pressure levels and under conditions of low signal-to-noise ratio in the high-frequency auditory channels. The place-independent synchrony pattern may provide the basis for the representation of voiced sounds (particularly vowels) at moderate-to-high sound-pressure levels and for conditions where the signal-to-noise ratio in the low-frequency channels is particularly poor. The “onset” units of the posteroventral cochlear nucleus may act to integrate such across-channel synchronous activity to provide a stable of representation of the signal spectrum in terms of both rate and temporal activity.
Avian Hippocampus as a Model to Study Spatial Orientation-Related Synaptic Plasticity

One of the major goals facing current research in cognitive neuroscience is to identify the neuronal mechanisms that mediate complex cognitive processing (Polser et al., 1991). Ultimately, the goal is to understand the neural basis of human cognition. Human cognition cannot be systematically investigated since, for ethical reasons, one can only manipulate the human nervous system in a limited number of ways. However, several cognitive processes, such as many forms of learning and memory, are common to many vertebrate species including humans and the fundamental mechanisms mediating these phenomena can potentially be studied in a variety of different species (Spetch et al., 1993). Although the molecular processes responsible for memory in the brain are not yet clear, it is reasonable to assume that they are strongly related to synaptic plasticity. For the purpose of this review synaptic plasticity will be defined as changes in the efficiency of synaptic connections following periods of enhanced, or reduced activity. Such changes were thought to occur in the peripheral nervous system and in spinal cord (Larrabee et al., 1938; DelCastillo et al.,1954; Eccles et al., 1951; Magleby,1973; Mallart and Martin, 1967), however the duration of this kind of facilitation was too short to be considered as a model for memory in higher CNS regions. The situation changed in the early seventies when Bliss and Lomo described the phenomenon of Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) (Bliss and Lomo, 1973). They showed that brief, high frequency activation of one of the hippocampal pathways called the perforant path could evoke a stable increase in the synaptic efficiency of the stimulated synapses. Since its discovery LTP has been observed in several brain areas (Racine and Kairiss, 1987), but the most prominent LTP had been recorded so far in mammalian hippocampus and the vast majority of the research devoted to the synaptic plasticity focused on this structure. At present LTP is highly favored candidate for a cellular mnemonic device in the vertebrate brain (Madison et al., 1991; Morris et al., 1991) and an increasing body of the evidence indicates that it may be specifically related to the type of learning which involves spatial orientation (Morris et al., 1986; Morris et al., 1991).
Toxic Culture and a Wounded Leader: A Foray into a Dysfunctional Educational Community.

This case was written for school leaders, specifically for administrators interested in addressing and improving school culture. Often efforts to address toxic culture and organizational change res...
Exploring Differences Between Student and Teacher Created Snap! Projects

This paper illustrates coding decisions by in-service teachers and high school interns working independently versus collaboratively to build computing activities for non-computing classrooms. We investigate code written in Snap! to gain insights on project type and subject matter. We also share case studies on how intern collaboration influences final product execution. Through our research, we found student-only teams often created tutorial projects whereas teachers-only teams create interactive narratives. We found students were able to reuse code across projects to replicate similar mechanics and that students specialize in different aspects of project creation. Overall, we find it beneficial to have collaborative teacher-student teams.
Taxonomic Revision of the Ischyromyid Rodent Thisbemys from the Uintan (Middle Eocene) of Utah Based on New Previously Undescribed Material

The ischyromyid rodent Thisbemys Wood, 1959, is known from the lower Eocene (Wasatchian North American Land Mammal Age [ = NALMA]) through the middle Eocene (Uintan NALMA) of western North America....
Diversity-multiplexing-delay tradeoffs in MIMO multihop networks with ARQ

The tradeoff between diversity, multiplexing, and delay in multihop MIMO relay networks with ARQ is studied, where the random delay is caused by queueing and ARQ retransmission. This leads to an optimal ARQ allocation problem with a per-hop delay or end-to-end delay constraint. The optimal ARQ allocation has to trade off between the ARQ error that the receiver fails to decode in the allocated maximum ARQ rounds and the packet loss due to queueing delay. These two probability of errors are characterized using the diversity-multiplexing-delay tradeoff (DMDT) (without queueing) and the tail probability of random delay derived using large deviation techniques, respectively. Then the optimal ARQ allocation problem can be formulated as a convex optimization problem. We show that the optimal ARQ allocation should balance each link performance as well as avoid significant queue delay, which is also demonstrated by numerical examples.
Levels of Ethylene Oxide Biomarker in an Exposed Residential Community

The purpose of this study was to examine whether there is a difference in ethylene oxide (EtO) biomarker levels based on residential proximity to facilities emitting EtO, a carcinogen. We recruited residents living near two EtO-emitting facilities and administered a questionnaire on items such as address and length of residency, smoking habits, occupational exposures to EtO, and demographics. We also collected venous blood samples to measure an EtO biomarker, hemoglobin adduct N-2-hydroxyethyl-valine (HbEO), and cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine. Questionnaires and blood samples were collected from 93 participants. The overall geometric HbEO adduct level was 35.0 pmol/gmHb and for nonsmokers it was 29.7 pmol/gmHb. Mean HbEO adduct levels were not significantly associated with sex, age, race, BMI, or education level. HbEO adduct levels for nonsmoking participants who lived in a neighborhood approximately 0.8 km from one of the facilities were significantly higher compared to persons living farther away (p < 0.001). These results suggest that facilities that emit EtO may put nearby communities at risk of cancer and other associated health outcomes.
Job Demands and Resources Experienced by the Early Childhood Education Workforce Serving High-Need Populations

The early childhood education (ECE) workforce plays a key role in promoting early childhood development by their interactions with young children during formative years. However, the inherent demands of the profession and the work conditions within ECE settings affect job satisfaction and overall health and well-being. This study applied the Job Demands-Resources Model (JD-R) and administered a cross-sectional survey (n = 137) to examine disparities in personal and external demands and resources that may impact job satisfaction and turnover rates among ECE staff who provide care for preschool children (3–5 years of age). ECE staff reported higher levels of personal demands, including depression and perceived stress, and external demands, including workload and staffing concerns, compared to the national workforce (all p < .01). The data also illustrated disparities related to resource access; ECE staff reported lower levels of personal resources, including mindfulness, and less access to external resources including safety climate, resource adequacy, role clarity, respect, and management relationships (all p < .01). Only 34% of ECE staff reported being very satisfied with their work compared to 49% of the national workforce (p < .01). External resources were significantly and positively associated with job satisfaction (B = .09, p < .01). These findings suggest that ECE staff experience significantly higher demands and have access to significantly fewer resources in the workplace, and that bolstering job-related resources may translate to increased job satisfaction.
Microfinance Decision Making: A Field Study of Prosocial Lending

Abstract Microfinancing, or small uncollateralized loans to entrepreneurs in the developing world, has recently emerged as a leading contender to cure world poverty. Our research investigates the characteristics of borrowers that engender lending through Kiva, a popular organization that connects individual lenders to borrowers through online microfinance. Lenders favor individual borrowers over groups or consortia of borrowers, a pattern consistent with the identifiable victim effect. They also favor borrowers that are socially proximate to themselves. Across three dimensions of social distance (gender, occupation, and first name initial), lenders prefer to give to those who are more like themselves.
The Role of Alcohol-Related Proactive Dietary Restriction to Feel the Psychoactive Effects of Alcohol Faster on Binge Drinking Frequency among Freshmen College Students.

There is a positive cross-sectional relationship between alcohol-related proactive dietary restriction to feel the effects of alcohol faster (APDR) and binge drinking, a health and safety issue imp...
Studying caregiver-infant co-regulation in dynamic, diverse cultural contexts: A call to action.

Abstract Caregivers and infants co-regulate their physiology, emotions, and behavior in a way that is dynamically responsive to each other and the contexts in which they live. This paper is an introduction and call to action for researchers interested in understanding how to study caregiver-infant interactions in the home and diverse cultural contexts, including marginalized communities. We argue that research will be more valid, culturally relevant, and tapped-in to the daily lives of caregivers and infants if there is partnership and collaboration with the caregivers in the design of the questions, data collection and analysis, and distribution of the findings. We recommend dynamically assessing emotions, behaviors, and physiology using repeated sampling methods including ecological momentary assessments (EMA), salivary bioscience, and actigraphy. We aim to extend current practices of studying caregiver-infant co-regulation by measuring fluctuations of daily life and considering sociocultural factors that shape naturalistic caregiver-infant interactions. Using methodological advancements and community-based participatory research approaches can enable developmental scientists to measure life as it is actually lived.