cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LeakBot: An Automated and Lightweight Tool for Diagnosing Memory Leaks in Large Java Applications

Despite Java’s automatic reclamation of memory, memory leaks remain an important problem. For example, we frequently encounter memory leaks that cause production servers to crash. These servers represent an increasingly common class of Java applications: they are large scale and they make heavy use of frameworks. For these applications, existing tools require too much expertise, and, even for experts, require many hours interpreting low-level details. In addition, they are often too expensive to use in practice. We present an automated, adaptive, and scalable tool for diagnosing memory leaks, called LeakBot.
Changes in prenatal care timing and low birth weight by race and socioeconomic status: implications for the Medicaid expansions for pregnant women.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To conduct the first national study that assesses whether the Medicaid expansions for pregnant women, legislated by Congress over a decade ago, met the policy objectives of improved access to care and birth outcomes for poor and near-poor women. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Data on 8.1 million births using the 1980, 1986, and 1993 National Natality Files. We use births from all areas of the United States except California, Texas, Washington, and upstate New York. METHODS: We conduct a before and after analysis that compares obstetrical outcomes by race and socioeconomic status for the periods 1980-86 and 1986-93. We examine whether women of low socioeconomic status showed greater improvements in outcomes during the 1986-93 period compared to the 1980-86 period. We analyze two obstetrical outcomes: the rate of late initiation of prenatal care and the rate of low birth weight. DATA COLLECTION: Natality data were aggregated to race, socioeconomic status, age, and parity groups. RESULTS: During the 1986-93 period, rates of late initiation of prenatal care decreased by 6.0 to 7.8 percentage points beyond changes estimated for the 1980-86 period for both white and African American women of low socioeconomic status. For some white women of low socioeconomic status, the rate of low birth weight was reduced by 0.26 to 0.37 percentage points between 1986 and 1993 relative to the earlier period. Other white women of low socioeconomic status and all African American women of low socioeconomic status showed no relative improvement in the rate of low birth weight during the 1986-93 period. CONCLUSIONS: The expansions in Medicaid lead to significant improvements in prenatal care utilization among women of low socioeconomic status. The emerging lesson from the Medicaid expansions, however, is that increased access to primary care is not adequate if the goal is to narrow the gap in newborn health between poor and nonpoor populations.
Preparation of Sputum Smears for Acid-Fast Microscopy

A method is presented for the preparation of satisfactory smears for acid-fast microscopy that do not contain viable cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Query Optimization in Object—Oriented Database Systems

In this paper, query processing and optimization in object-oriented database systems (OODBs) in a centralized environment is discussed. The typical chain query processing and optimization in OODBs is investigated in detail. An algorithm with complexity of O (n3) to minimize the total cost is provided using dynamic programming, where n is the number of classes referenced by the query. Many issues are addressed and integrated into our basic formulation of the problem. These include sorted states of classes, local processing of selections and projections, allowing multiple intermediate results, arbitrary answer class, class hierarchy (which captures the IS-A relationship among objects), loop query (a simple cyclic query).
Inferring the evolutionary history of outcrossing populations through computing a multiallelic linkage–linkage disequilibrium map

Summary Linkage disequilibrium (LD), the non-random association of alleles at different loci, has been used as an important parameter to study the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of natural populations. A joint analysis of LD with the linkage of the same marker pair has proven to gain more insight into the genetic signature of population diversification than LD analysis alone. We develop a unifying framework for simultaneously estimating the linkage and LD across pairs of multiallelic markers. The framework has particular power to construct the LD map from any markers with an arbitrary number of alleles per locus. We provide an efficient strategy to manipulate disequilibrium parameters whose number increases exponentially with the number of alleles. The model was tested through extensive simulation studies and validated by analysing a real marker data set from a population genetic research project of euphrates poplar, a desert tree, distributed in the north-western China. For widespread undomesticated natural populations, compared with biallelic markers, multiallelic markers with a high level of polymorphism are more powerful to study their genetic structure and organization of an outcrossing population. The model developed will potentially have an immediate implication for population and evolutionary genetic studies.
Evolution of a cytokine using DNA family shuffling

DNA shuffling of a family of over 20 human interferon-alpha (Hu-IFN-alpha) genes was used to derive variants with increased antiviral and antiproliferation activities in murine cells. A clone with 135,000-fold improved specific activity over Hu-IFN-alpha2a was obtained in the first cycle of shuffling. After a second cycle of selective shuffling, the most active clone was improved 285,000-fold relative to Hu-IFN-alpha2a and 185-fold relative to Hu-IFN-alpha1. Remarkably, the three most active clones were more active than the native murine IFN-alphas. These chimeras are derived from up to five parental genes but contained no random point mutations. These results demonstrate that diverse cytokine gene families can be used as starting material to rapidly evolve cytokines that are more active, or have superior selectivity profiles, than native cytokine genes.
The Peierls—Nabarro Model of Dislocations: A Venerable Theory and its Current Development

Dislocations are central to the understanding of mechanical properties of crystalline solids. While continuum elasticity theory describes well the long-range elastic strain of a dislocation for length scales beyond a few lattice spacings, it breaks down near the singularity in the region surrounding the dislocation center, known as the dislocation core. There has been a great deal of interest in describing accurately the dislocation core structure on an atomic scale because of its important role in many phenomena of crystal plasticity [1, 2, 3]. The core properties control, for instance, the mobility of dislocations, which accounts for the intrinsic ductility or brittleness of solids. The core is also responsible for the interaction of dislocations at close distances, which is relevant to plastic deformation.
Alterations in insulin and glucagon secretion by monosodium glutamate lesions of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus.

This study was performed to determine the effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced lesions of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) on glucose tolerance and insulin and glucagon secretion in male golden hamsters. Eight day old hamsters were given a single s.c. injection of 5.8 mg/g BW MSG or hypertonic saline (controls). Studies were initiated when the hamsters were 3 months of age. At this age there were no body weight differences. Glucose (180 mg/100 g BW) was administered via stomach tube to 18 control and 18 MSG-treated hamsters. Animals were anesthetized with ether and a single blood sample from the portal vein was taken either before or at 30 or 60 min after glucose administration (n = 6/group). Glucose concentrations were similar in both groups at all time periods. Insulin concentrations in the MSG group were significantly (P less than 0.05) elevated in MSG-treated hamsters compared to controls at the 60 min time point. Glucose suppressed glucagon (P less than 0.05) in control but not in MSG-treated hamsters. The MSG group had significantly more glucagon (P less than 0.05) in portal vein blood at 30 min after glucose administration than did the control hamsters. Molar insulin/glucagon ratios did not differ between the 2 groups which likely accounts for the lack of differences in blood glucose levels. These results suggest a role for the ARC in regulating pancreatic function.
Effect of beta-adrenergic agonists on apnea reflexes in newborn lambs

The laryngeal chemoreflex and the trigeminal diving reflex were studied in unanesthetized newborn lambs. Water stimulation of the laryngeal chemoreflex resulted in apnea, bradycardia, hypertension, and blood flow redistribution in the dive pattern. This response was significantly reduced after treatment with beta-adrenergic agonists, e.g., terbutaline. The response to laryngeal saline stimulation was not significantly altered by beta-adrenergic agonists. A similar response to trigeminal dive reflex stimulation elicited through cooling of the snout was also significantly reduced by terbutaline. Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic antagonist, reversed the terbutaline-induced effect on the laryngeal chemoreflex response. Stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve resulted in a reflex response comparable to that from laryngeal water stimulation. The reflex response was also attenuated by terbutaline, which indicates that the action of terbutaline is not on the laryngeal chemoreceptors. A possible direct effect from beta-adrenergic agonists on the respiratory center is suggested by a latency of 15-30 min before the reflex response was reduced after intravenous but not intrathecal administration. An effect of terbutaline via the arterial chemoreceptors is also possible.
“Cancer Sucks,” and Other Ponderings by Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors

As part of the National Cancer Institute's AYA HOPE study, 296 adolescent and young adults (AYAs) completed an open-ended survey item asking them to describe their medical care or experience with cancer. Patient, provider, and system-level characteristics all appear to influence AYAs' perceptions of their medical care. Participants attributed levels of satisfaction with care to the availability and communication of information, the management of side-effects, and the expediency and flexibility of treatments. Struggles with health insurance and finances were evident. Findings contribute to a better understanding of AYAs' cancer treatment experiences and will inform improvements to oncology care for this population.
Verbal Facilitation of Class-Inclusion Reasoning: Children Tested in Their Dominant or Subordinate Language:

Two explanations for verbal facilitation of class-inclusion reasoning have been suggested. One attributes the effect to differences in the interpretation of linguistic cues. The other considers the effect to be a product of distracting perceptual cues. 44 male and 44 female, third and fifth grade Mexican-American children categorized as either English- or Spanish-language dominant were presented both verbal and pictorial type class-inclusion questions. Half of the children were tested in their dominant language, the other half in their subordinate language. Results indicate that the verbal-type questions produced more correct responses than the pictorial questions. It is concluded that verbal facilitation is due to absence of distracting perceptual cues.
Fluctuating Charge, Polarizable Dipole, and Combined Models: Parameterization from ab Initio Quantum Chemistry

We performed studies of fluctuating charge, fluctuating dipole, and combined models for substituted benzenes and concluded that dipoles are necessary to avoid errors in important cases. Force fields incorporating fluctuating dipoles for alanine, serine, and phenylalanine were developed that accurately reproduce both relative conformational energies and cooperative many-body energies as given by ab initio quantum chemical calculations. The polarization model was fit to quantum chemical calculations of changes in the electrostatic potential (ESP) induced by applied perturbations. The electrostatic model was completed by adding fixed charges fit to the zero-field quantum chemical ESP. All intramolecular and Lennard−Jones parameters, and some torsional parameters, were taken from the OPLS-AA force field of Jorgensen and co-workers. Key torsional parameters were refit to quantum chemical structures and energies.
Biodegradation of pyridine derivatives in soil suspensions

Relationships between structure and biodegradability were evaluated for 28 pyridine derivatives in nutrient solutions inoculated with soil and incubated at 24°C. Compounds studied included pyridine; mono- and disubstituted pyridinecarboxylic acids; and hydroxy-, chloro-, amino-and methylpyridines. Disappearance of the pyridine added was measured by UV spectrophotometry, and the ammonium released by cleavage of the pyridine ring was measured by colorimetry. Volatilization was estimated by analysis of the pyridines collected on the polyurethane foam stoppers used to plug the incubation vessels; sorption by soil was estimated from the initial decrease in solution concentration upon addition of soil. Pyridinecarboxylic acids, monohydroxypyridines and the unsubstituted pyridine ring did not volatilize and were degraded within 7 to 24 d. Methylpyridines were intermediate in degradability, disappearing in from less than 7 to more than 30 d. None of the aminopyridines was completely degraded in 30 d. Of the chloropyridines tested, only 4-chloropyridine was completely degraded in 24 d. The susceptibility of 4-chloropyridine to degradation may be attributed to the ease with which a chlorine group is removed from position 4 on the pyridine ring. No degradation was detected in 30 d for any of the other chloropyridines. Chloro-and methylpyridines volatilized extensively.
CD28 is not required for B7-mediated costimulation of Nk cell proliferation in response to tumor challenge

Abstract Introduction: Preliminary data have shown that two signals, both MHC class I and the costimulatory molecule B7–1, are required for NK cell-mediated rejection of allogeneic tumors and for activation of NK cells in vivo. In view of the fact that B7–1 and B7–2 interact with the receptor CD28 on T cells, this study investigates the role of CD28 in B7-mediated proliferation of NK cells. Methods: C57BL/6 mice deficient for RAG-1 or both RAG-1 and CD28 were injected intravenously with either 10 6 B7-expressing plasmacytoma cells (J558-B7) or B7-deficient plasmacytoma cells (J558-Neo) followed by intraperitoneal injections of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) every 12 hours. Mice were sacrificed 48 hours after tumor cell challenge for analysis. Mononuclear leukocytes from the spleen were stained with NK cell surface markers, and intracellularly with anti-BrdU mAb or isotype control. Cells were then analyzed by flow cytometry. There were twelve mice per experiment. Similar methods were employed to compare NK cell proliferation in C57BL/6 wild type versus C57BL/6 mice deficient only for CD28. Results: Consistent with previous studies, in RAG-1 deficient mice, there was a significantly increased proliferation of NK cells in response to B7-expressing tumor cell challenge compared to non-B7 expressing tumor (5.7% vs 12.3%). In RAG-1 knockout mice challenged with B7-expressing tumors, the proliferation of NK cells was increased in the absence of CD28 (12.3% vs 17.4%). This contradicts the result that would be expected if B7/CD28 interaction had played a role in B7-mediated proliferation. Similarly, in C57BL/6 wild type mice compared with C56BL/6 mice deficient for CD28, the proliferation of NK cells was not significantly different (14.2% vs 13.8%), further supporting that the B7/CD28 interaction does not play a role in proliferation. Conclusion: These findings indicate that CD28 is not required for B7-mediated costimulation of NK cell proliferation in response to tumor challenge. Future studies will investigate the potential role of alternative B7 family receptors, such as CTLA-4, in NK cell costimulation.
Immobilization of isolated and cellular hydrogenase of D. desulfuricans in radiation-polymerized polyacrylamides

Purified hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans was immobilized either by entrapment or absorption onto porous neutral and charged acrylamide beads. Surface absorption and crosslinking on the beads resulted in a high hydrogenase activity and a good immobilization coefficient compared to the enzyme and whole cells entrapped in the same matrix. Maximum enzyme activity (citrate-phosphate buffer) was shifted to pH 6.5 upon immobilization in contrast to 6.0 for the free enzyme and the range of 6-7 for whole cells. Both the purified enzyme and whole cells were most active when held in neutral matrices. Immobilization improved the temperature stability (65 degrees C) and long term storage (4 degrees C) of the hydrogenase activity of both the purified enzyme and whole cells.
Sampling in Thermal Simulation of Processors: Measurement, Characterization, and Evaluation

Power densities in modern processors induce thermal issues that limit performance. Power and thermal models add complexity to architectural simulators, limiting the depth of analysis. Prohibitive execution time overheads may be circumvented using sampling techniques. While these approaches work well when characterizing processor performance, they introduce new challenges when applied to the thermal domain. This paper aims to improve the accuracy and performance of sampled thermal simulation at the architectural level. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to evaluate the impact of statistical sampling on thermal metrics through direct temperature measurements performed at runtime. Experiments confirm that sampling can accurately estimate certain thermal metrics. However, extra consideration needs to be taken into account to preserve the accuracy of temperature estimation in a sampled simulation. Mainly because, on average, thermal phases are much longer than performance phases. Based on these insights, we introduce a framework that extends statistical sampling techniques, used at the performance and power stages, to the thermal domain. The resulting technique yields an integrated performance, power, and temperature simulator that maintains accuracy, while reducing simulation time by orders of magnitude. In particular, this paper shows how dynamic frequency and voltage adaptations can be evaluated in a statistically sampled simulation. We conclude by showing how the increased simulation speed benefits architects in the exploration of the design space.
Individual patterns of motor deficits evident in movement distribution analysis

Recent studies in rehabilitation have shown potential benefits of patient-initiated exploratory practice. Such findings, however, lead to new challenges in how to quantify and interpret movement patterns. We posit that changes in coordination are most evident in statistical distributions of movements. In a test on 10 chronic stroke subjects practicing for 3 days, we found that inter-quartile range of motion did not show improvement. However, a multivariate Gaussians analysis required more complexity at the end of training. Beyond simply characterizing movement, linear discriminant classification of each patient's movement distribution also identified that each patient's motor deficit left a unique signature. The greatest distinctions were observed in the space of accelerations (rather than position or velocity). These results suggest that unique deficits are best detected with such a distribution analysis, and also point to the need for customized interventions that consider such patient-specific motor deficits.
Marked hyperthermia Effect on male canine urinary bladder

Abstract Complete thermal destruction of the male canine urinary bladder is possible by localized hyperthermia induced by bladder irrigation. Resorption of the thermally destroyed bladder occurs over a period of several weeks. Adjacent structures are unaffected. The procedure, itself and the resorption process are well tolerated when combined with urinary diversion.
The Different Effects of Family on Objective Career Success across Gender: A Test of Alternative Explanations.

Abstract Gender gaps in achieved rank and salary, common indicators of objective success, often are attributed to the different family roles and responsibilities of men and women. This study tested three explanations for the different effects of family on careers: that is, choice, performance, and signaling explanations. In a sample of American doctoral graduates, the impact of family on career outcomes was felt at entry, early, and middle career stages and support was provided for arguments of all explanations. At the time of graduation, two family variables, the presence of a young child, and not having a non-employed spouse, were associated with women favoring work–family balance in jobs that in turn predicted geographic restrictions on employment. For men, family structure was not associated with job preferences. At later career stages, women did not experience the performance benefits from having a non-employed spouse that men did. In addition, women were at a career disadvantage because they were far less likely to have non-employed spouses who were associated with achieving high ranks by middle career for both genders.
Sir Edward Grey's rhetoric

With reference to Foreign Minister Grey's career and his climactic speech urging British intervention in World War I, this paper examines the rhetoric of a moderate whose task was to advocate the extreme measure of military involvement on the part of his country.
Intraerythrocytic organic phosphates of fetal and adult seaperch (Embiotoca lateralis): Their role in maternal-fetal oxygen transport

The viviparous seaperch,Embiotoca lateralis, has unique fetal and adult hemoglobins. Stripped fetal hemoglobin has a higher oxygen affinity than stripped adult hemoglobin at pH 6.5–7.1. The oxygen affinities of both adult and fetal hemoglobins are lowered allosterically by ATP at pH 7.1. Both fetal and adult seaperch erythrocytes include approximately 82% ATP and 18% GTP of the total nucleotide triphosphates (NTP) with a trace of AMP. No 2,3-diphosphoglycerate or inositol polyphosphate was detected. Mid- and late-gestation erythrocytes contain less NTP/mole hemoglobin tetramer than do adult cells. The effective NTP concentration in adult cells is higher than that of the fetal erythrocytes even when the intracellular concentration of Mg2+, which complexes with NTP, is accounted for. The difference in adult and fetal intraerythrocytic NTP concentration should enhance transfer of oxygen from maternal to fetal blood. Thus, the teleostEmbiotoca lateralis may employ a dual mechanism in maternal-fetal oxygen transfer. A difference in fetal and maternal hemoglobin structure and oxygen affinities is enhanced by a difference in their respective intraerythrocytic organic phosphate concentrations.
REAL-TIME VELOCITY OF DNA BANDS DURING FIELD-INVERSION GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

The velocity v of bands of double-stranded, linear DNAs containing 48.5-5700 kbp was determined with 0.3 s resolution during field-inversion agarose gel electrophoresis (FIGE) for a broad range of the forward pulse period T+, keeping the duration of the backward pulse T- = T+/3. Within 0.6 s or less after the field changed sign from-to +, the velocity showed a sharp positive peak; a similar spike, but with negative velocity, occurred immediately after the field changed from + to -. For long pulses, the magnitude of this spike increased with M0.36, reaching ten times the steady-state velocity for M = 5.7 kbp. After this spike, the velocity dipped to 55-75% of its value in a steady field, then increased to a small secondary peak before reaching a steady-state plateau. The duration of the velocity trough, and the time of the small peak, increased as M1. For standard FIGE conditions (ratio of forward:reverse pulse duration, T+:T- = 3:1; equal forward and reverse field amplitudes, E+ = E-), the mobility mu = integral of vdt over a complete cycle was a minimum when E+ terminated at the end of the velocity trough. The minimum occurred because the velocity during E+ sampled primarily the trough, and because the backward velocity during E- was exceptionally large; the negative velocity spike was maximized when T+ terminated at the end of the velocity trough. Computer simulations of FIGE by Zimm (J. Chem. Phys. 1991, 94, 2187-2206) and by Duke and Viovy (J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 96, 8552-8563) generate real-time velocities that are in excellent agreement with our experimental data.
Stimulus aftereffects of bar pressing

Rat Ss were trained in the free response bar-press apparatus under a single alternation pattern of partial reinforcement. After all Ss learned to respond at a low rate following reward and a high rate following non-reward, half were transferred to a double alternation pattern. The change did not affect the learned habits, and the results were interpreted as supporting the aftereffects hypothesis.
A GENETIC CELL MARKER IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS

Abstract Skin-fibroblast cultures derived from 7 children affected with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas (mucoviscidosis) showed easily recognisable cytoplasmic intravesicular metachromasia, readily distinguishable from that seen in certain of the mucopolysaccharidoses. 13 of the 14 parents, obligatory heterozygotes, were investigated and in all instances a similar cytoplasmic metachromasia was seen. Cultures derived from 26 unrelated normal individuals and from 11 patients with miscellaneous diseases, showed only an occasional metachromatic cell. The recognition of the heterozygous state in cystic fibrosis will facilitate studies on genetic linkage, and will provide an opportunity for genetic counselling. The existence of a cellular abnormality recognisable in fibroblasts cultured from affected individuals and heterozygous carriers of cystic fibrosis offers an experimental opportunity to study the primary defect of this common inherited disease at the molecular level.
Security Constrained Power Management System for the NG IPS ships

Optimality and security are two important issues for the Next Generation of Integrated Shipboard Power Systems (NG IPS). This paper discusses the importance of an effective Security Constrained Power Management System (SCPMS) for the NG IPS. The SCPMS aims to operate the system optimally while keeping the system secure. This paper also explores the benefits of an integrated approach for the SCPMS. To investigate different schemes for the SCPMS, a case study was performed on a simplified NG IPS model in PowerWorld™ simulator. This case study showed that the integrated scheme for the SCPMS is more effective and provides better results, compared to the other schemes.
Gammaretroviral Integration into Nucleosomal Target DNA In Vivo

Some of the earliest studies of retroviral integration targeting reported that sites of gammaretroviral DNA integration were positively correlated with DNase I-hypersensitive sites in chromatin. This led to the suggestion that open chromatin was favorable for integration. More recent deep sequencing experiments confirmed that gammaretroviral integration sites and DNase I cleavage sites are associated in genome-wide surveys. Paradoxically, in vitro studies of integration show that nucleosomal DNA is actually favored over naked DNA, raising the question of whether integration target DNA in chromosomes is wrapped in nucleosomes or nucleosome free. In this study we examined gammaretroviral integration by infecting primary human CD4+ T lymphocytes with a murine leukemia virus (MLV)-based retroviral vector or xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV), and isolated 32,585 unique integration sites using ligation-mediated PCR and 454 pyrosequencing. CD4+ T lymphocytes were chosen for study because of the particularly dense genome-wide mapping of chromatin features available for comparison. Analysis relative to predicted nucleosome positions showed that gammaretroviruses direct integration into outward-facing major grooves on nucleosome-wrapped DNA, similar to the integration pattern of HIV. Also, a suite of histone modifications correlated with gene activity are positively associated with integration by both MLV and XMRV. Thus, we conclude that favored integration near DNase I-hypersensitive sites does not imply that integration takes place exclusively in nucleosome-free regions.
Pediatric Resuscitation: Outcome Effects of Location, Intervention, and Duration

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is performed in order to restore oxygen delivery and prevent multiorgan system failure and death. Prompt initiation of CPR with appropriate medical or surgical therapy may shorten arrest duration before irreversible organ injury occurs. The brain is most susceptible to irreversible anoxic injury. Survival data suggests that children are more likely than adults to survive and have good neurologic outcomes following cardiac arrest. In this review of pediatric resuscitation, we discuss important predictors of postarrest outcomes as well as advances in resuscitation science focusing on the critical importance of oxygen delivery during periarrest care.
Quantumlike dynamics of classical particles in ponderomotive potentials

The average dynamics of a classical particle under the action of a high-frequency radiation resembles quantum particle motion in a conservative field with an effective de Broglie wavelength $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ equal to the particle average displacement on the oscillation period. In a quasiclassical field, with a spatial scale large compared to $\ensuremath{\lambda}$, the guiding-center motion is adiabatic. Otherwise, a particle exhibits quantized eigenstates in ponderomotive potential wells, tunnels through ``classically forbidden'' regions, and experiences stochastic reflection from attractive potentials.
A new technique of incoherent complex signal detection

A new technique of incoherent complex spatial filtering is presented. The advantage of this technique is its use of white light, for which the unavoidable coherent noise in the coherent optical processor may be removed. Although the technique is effective only in one dimension, it may be applied to some problems in complex spatial filterings, for example, image enhancement, image restoration, smear correction, etc.
The Mad Among Us: A History of the Care of America's Mentally Ill

Americans want to be humane toward the mentally ill, yet we have always been divided about what is best for them and for society. Now, the foremost historian of the care of the mentally ill compellingly recounts our various attempts to solve this ever-present dilemma. In the first comprehensive one-volume history of the treatment of the mentally ill, Gerald Grob begins with colonial America, when families and local communities accepted responsibility for their mentally ill members. Their solutions varied, from confinement under lock and key, to granting mentally ill persons a wide measure of autonomy. As American society grew larger and more complex, the first mental hospitals were created to deal with growing numbers of the severely and persistently mentally ill. Grob brings to life the charismatic and innovative individuals who administered these hospitals and shows how they were successful at first in providing humane care and treatment. But under the pressure of too many patients and too few resources, the hospitals subsequently deteriorated into custodial institutions, and Grob charts this transformation. He traces the growth of the psychiatric profession, the change of the mental health field during World War Il, and the use of controversial shock therapies, drugs, and lobotomies. Mounting criticism of some of these techniques and of mental institutions as inhumane places led to the emptying of the hospitals and a new emphasis on community care and treatment. Americans daily encounter the pitiful sight of homeless, mentally ill people in the streets of our cities, and wonder how it came to be this way. Grob shows that while many patients benefited from the new community policies,there arose a new group of mentally ill substance abusers who desperately need treatment but who resist it. He argues that these people, and not deinstitutionalized patients, make up most of the disturbed homeless who confront us today. Their presence demands new solutions, and G
Epidemiology of Drug Resistance: Implications for a Post—Antimicrobial Era

In the last several years, the frequency and spectrum of antimicrobial-resistant infections have increased in both the hospital and the community. Certain infections that are essentially untreatable have begun to occur as epidemics both in the developing world and in institutional settings in the United States. The increasing frequency of drug resistance has been attributed to combinations of microbial characteristics, selective pressures of antimicrobial use, and societal and technologic changes that enhance the transmission of drug-resistant organisms. Antimicrobial resistance is resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and health-care costs. Prevention and control of these infections will require new antimicrobial agents, prudent use of existing agents, new vaccines, and enhanced public health efforts to reduce transmission.
Development and Evaluation of a PM 10 Impactor-Inlet for a Continuous Coarse Particle Monitor

Conventional PM 10 inlets available operate at a flow rate of 16.7 l/min. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a PM 10 inlet designed to operate at 50 l/min to be used with a recently developed continuous coarse particle monitor (Misra et al.). Laboratory tests using polystyrene latex particles established the inlet's 50% cutpoint at 9.5 w m. Further evaluation of PM 10 inlet was performed in a wind tunnel at wind speeds of 3, 8, and 24 km/h. Tests showed that the 50% efficiency cutpoint as well as the very sharp particle separation characteristics of the inlet were maintained at these wind speeds. Field evaluation of the PM 10 inlet was performed in Riverside and Rubidoux, CA. A 2.5 w m cutpoint round nozzle virtual impactor was attached downstream of the developed PM 10 inlet. The Dichotomous PM 10 Partisol Sampler, operating at a flow rate of 16.7 l/min was used as a reference sampler. The Dichotomous Partisol uses an FRM PM 10 inlet operating at 16.7 l/min to remove particles larger than ...
Production of heavy leptons via decays of heavy vector mesons

If strongly interacting vector mesons (V) of mass greater than twice the mass (mL ∼ 1.8 GeV) of heavy leptons exist, as recent experiments seem to indicate and as may be expected in many gauge models of weak interactions containing more than 4 quarks, then heavy leptons will be produced as their decay products. The cross sections for heavy lepton production from such a mechanism in many high-energy processes could be larger than regular production of heavy leptons via virtual photons. A calculation of the decay V → L+ + L− → μ+- + e-+ + v's along with the numerical results for the μ, e spectra for mV = 3.7 and 4.7 GeV are presented and we show that 〈Mμe〉 ∼ 0.30 √ mV2 − 2mL2and 〈El〉 = 740 〈EV〉. For the specific experiment of Knapp et al. which is currently in search for μe events in γN collisions a parametrized form for the incident photon spectrum at FNAL, and the experimental acceptance criteria are incorporated and the resulting μe spectra for mV = 3.7 and mV = 4.7 GeV are given.
Detection and Treatment of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast

To the Editor. —Dr Ernster and colleagues 1 have shown that the increase in the incidence of DCIS coincides with the widespread adoption of mammographic screening. In another study, 2 women aged 20 to 54 years who were victims of unintentional injury or violence were found at autopsy to have a prevalence of DCIS that was 4 to 5 times greater than the number of overt breast cancers expected to develop clinically over 20 years. These studies suggest that the increase in incidence of DCIS is due to mammographic screening, but that not all DCIS detected mammographically will progress to invasive breast cancer. Yet, for purposes of obtaining insurance, loans, and employment, women with mammographically detected DCIS face the same challenges that confront patients with invasive cancer. 3 These include the outright refusal of insurance coverage, being able to obtain only coverage with inflated premiums, the offer of only high-risk types of insurance
Purification and kinetic study of glyoxalase-I from rat liver, erythrocytes, brain and kidney.

Abstract Glyoxalase-I ( S- lactoyl-glutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing), EC 4.4.1.5) was purified from rat liver, erythrocytes, brain and kidney using two different purification procedures. The similarities of the purification profiles, electrophoretic mobilities and kinetics suggest that a single major form of the enzyme exists in these tissues. The highest purification (9300-fold) of the erythrocyte enzyme gave nearly homogeneous protein, molecular weight 50 000, specific activity 2410 μmol/min per mg. Kinetic studies of the rat glyoxalase-Icatalyzed disproportionation of the hemimercaptals of GSH and aromatic or aliphatic α-ketoaldehydes revealed broad substrate specificity with V and K m values quite insensitive to the nature of the α-ketoaldehydes. Use of deuterated analogs of the α-ketoaldehydes methylglyoxal and phenylglyoxal showed that the intramolecular hydride migration is the rate-determining step.
Dissociative States and Disordered Eating

Abstract To investigate the relationship between eating problems and dissociation, 142 college women completed the Eating Disorders Inventory, the Bulimia Test, the Dissociative Experiences Scale, the Perceptual Alteration Scale, and a demographic information worksheet. The two eating-disorder inventories were strongly correlated (rs = .71). The two dissociation scales, however, were only moderately correlated (rs = .32), suggesting they are measuring different underlying experiences. The pattern of the correlations of the subscales of the dissociation scales with the eating disorder scales suggested that cognitive distortions were not as important in the relationship with eating disorders (all correlations were less than .21) as were dissociation of feelings and loss of control (the correlations for eating related subscales ranged as high as .51). These results were interpreted to suggest that dissociation of feelings might underlie eating problems. These results indicate the value of the use of hypnothe...
#89-S predictors of group b Streptococcus Colonization in healthy, young men and women

Abstract PURPOSE: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) remains the leading cause of sepsis and meningitis in newborns, and increasingly causes infection in pregnant women, and non-pregnant adults with underlying conditions. Risk factors for invasive GBS disease are well described, but little is known about factors associated with asymptomatic colonization. We describe the association of various behaviors with GBS colonization, and report the frequency of colonization among otherwise healthy male and non-pregnant female college students living in a single dormitory. METHODS: We invited 738 students to participate. Students self-collected urine, throat, vaginal and anal orifice specimens, and completed a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: 216 men (47%) and 246 women (53%) participated in the study (462/738). 34% (82/241) of women and 20% (43/211) of men were colonized with GBS in at least one site. Women were twice as likely as men to be colonized with GBS at any site (p CONCLUSION: GBS occurs frequently among otherwise healthy college students, and colonization is strongly associated with ever engaging in sexual activity. Direct contact that occurs during cohabitation, however, did not seem to influence GBS colonization, but various food items did. Prospective studies are required to differentiate risk factors for acquisition from those associated with persistent carriage.
Remark on “Algorithm 535: The QZ Algorithm to Solve the Generalized Eigenvalue Problem for Complex Matrices [F2]”

Three FORTRAN subroutines are provided that implement a complex form of the QZ algorithm for finding lambda and z such that Az = lambda Bz, where A and B are complex N by N matrices. The complex QZ algorithm is unaffected by singularity or near singularity of B. Subroutie CQZHES implements the first step of the algorithm wherein A and B are simultaneously reduced by unitary transformations to upper Hessenberg and upper triangular form, respectively. Subroutine CQZVAL implements an iterative process that reduces A to upper triangular form while maintaining the trianglar form of B. The eigenvalues are derivable from the corresponding diagonal elements of the reduced A and B. Subroutine CQZVEC applies the accumulated transformations from the two earlier steps onto the eigenvectors of the triangular problem. No facility is provided for obtaining just a few eigenvectors or, for balancing A and B. A long-precision IBM version of the subroutines was tested on a 370/195. There are no machine-dependent constants in the subroutines, so the standard version should run directly on different machines. (RWR)
Selecting Alpha by Minimizing Expected Regret: An Example

This article illustrates the use of a recent technique for selecting alpha based on the particular circumstances of a hypothesis-testing problem. Rather than selecting alpha arbitrarily, this technique takes into account the prior probability that Ho is true and the penalties associated with Type I and Type II errors.
Spatial and Temporal Migration of a Landfill Leachate Plume in Alluvium

Leachate from unlined or leaky landfills can create groundwater contaminant plumes that last decades to centuries. Understanding the dynamics of leachate movement in space and time is essential for monitoring, planning and management, and assessment of risk to groundwater and surface-water resources. Over a 23.4-year period (1986–2010), the spatial extent of the Norman Landfill leachate plume increased at a rate of 7800 m2/year and expanded by 878 %, from an area of 20,800 m2 in 1986 to 203,400 m2 in 2010. A linear plume velocity of 40.2 m/year was calculated that compared favorably to a groundwater-seepage velocity of 55.2 m/year. Plume-scale hydraulic conductivity values representative of actual hydrogeological conditions in the alluvium ranged from 7.0 × 10−5 to 7.5 × 10−4 m/s, with a median of 2.0 × 10−4 m/s. Analyses of field-measured and calculated plume-scale hydraulic conductivity distributions indicate that the upper percentiles of field-measured values should be considered to assess rates of plume-scale migration, spreading, and biodegradation. A pattern of increasing Cl− concentrations during dry periods and decreasing Cl− concentrations during wet periods was observed in groundwater beneath the landfill. The opposite occurred in groundwater downgradient from the landfill; that is, Cl− concentrations in groundwater downgradient from the landfill decreased during dry periods and increased during wet periods. This pattern of changing Cl− concentrations in response to wet and dry periods indicates that the landfill retains or absorbs leachate during dry periods and produces lower concentrated leachate downgradient. During wet periods, the landfill receives more recharge which dilutes leachate in the landfill but increases leachate migration from the landfill and produces a more concentrated contaminant plume. This approach of quantifying plume expansion, migration, and concentration during variable hydrologic conditions provides increased understanding of plume behavior and migration potential and may be applied at less monitored landfill sites to evaluate potential risks of contamination to downgradient receptors.
Writing the Learning Organization A Framework for Teaching and Research

The marginalization of business writing as a discipline has been traced to a lack of research and to the that many in the field teach in business departments that do not value the work of scholars ...
Measure-Theoretic Foundations of Statistical Mechanics

The basic formulas of classical equilibrium statistical mechanics are derived from well-known theorems in measure theory and ergodic theory. The method used is a generalization of the methods of Khinchin and Grad and deals with several, in fact a “complete set”, of “invariants” or “integrals of the motion”. Most of the results are simple corollaries of Birkhoff's ergodic theorem, and since time-averages are used, the whole approach is characterized by an absence of statistical “ensembles” and probability notions. In the course of the development a “generalized temperature” is introduced, and a generalization of the second law of thermodynamics is derived. Formulas for the “microcanonical”, “canonical”, and “grand canonical” distributions appear as special cases of the general theory.
Model protein detection using antibody-immobilized tapered fiber optic biosensors (TFOBS) in a flow cell at 1310nm and 1550nm

Abstract In a recent study, we reported for the first time the detection of a model protein Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) using antibody-immobilized tapered fiber optic biosensors (TFOBS) at 1550 nm under stagnant condition, with a detection limit of 10 fg/mL. In this study, we examine the detection of BSA in a flow cell configuration because flow reduces non-specific adsorption of contaminating proteins, eliminates transmission changes due to mechanical movements, and allows for quick switching between samples. TFOBS were fabricated with waist diameters of 5–10 μm and total lengths of 1000–1200 μm. They were housed in a specially constructed holder which served as a flow cell. The non-specific response of the TFOBS was measured by flowing in aqueous glucose solutions of various refractive indices at 0.5 mL/min. Detection experiments were conducted by immobilizing antibody to BSA on TFOBS surface, and then exposing them to 1 pg/mL–10 ng/mL of BSA at 0.5 mL/min and measuring the transmission at 1310 nm and 1550 nm. In addition, 1 pg/mL of BSA in the presence of 1 pg/mL of Ovalbumin (OVA) was measured successfully in the same apparatus. The transmission of TFOBS is a function of refractive index of the liquid surrounding the taper, and depends on the wavelength. Both pure BSA and BSA in the presence of OVA were detected in the flow cell arrangement. The transmission response and attachment rates were quantified and found to be similar for the two cases.
Hard Metrics, Soft Design

Whether launching new e‐business or managing current e‐business, drive profitability through the user experience.
Recognizing triangle-free graphs with induced path-cycle double covers is NP-complete

An induced path-cycle double cover (IPCDC) of a simple graph G is a family ℱ = {F1, …, Fk} of induced paths and cycles of G such that if Fi ∩ Fj ≠ ⊘, then Fi ∩ Fj is a vertex or an edge, for i ≠ j, each edge of G appears in precisely two of the Fi's, and each vertex of G appears in precisely three of the Fi's. In this paper, we prove that recognizing triangle-free simple graphs with an IPCDC is NP-complete by reducing the 3-Satisfiability problem to finding an IPCDC. The dependency graph of a 3-uniform hypergraph H = (V, E) is the graph with vertex set E in which two hyperedges are joined if and only if they share exactly two elements. We show that a triangle-free simple graph is the dependency graph of a 3-uniform hypergraph if and only if it has an IPCDC. Consequently, the problem of recognizing dependency graphs of 3-uniform hypergraphs is NP-complete. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Networks 31: 1–10, 1998