cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Second Most Distant Cluster of Galaxies in the Extended Medium Sensitivity Survey

We report on our ASCA, Keck, and ROSAT observations of MS 1137.5+6625, the second most distant cluster of galaxies in the Einstein Extended Medium Sensitivity Survey (EMSS), at redshift 0.78. We now have a full set of X-ray temperatures, optical velocity dispersions, and X-ray images for a complete, high-redshift sample of clusters of galaxies drawn from the EMSS. Our ASCA observations of MS 1137.5 +6625 yield a temperature of 5.7 (+2.1)(-1.1) keV and a metallicity of 0.43 (+40)(-3.7) solar, with 90% confidence limits. Keck II spectroscopy of 22 cluster members reveals a velocity dispersion of 884 (+185)(-124) km 24/s. This cluster is the most distant in the sample with a detected iron line. We also derive a mean abundance at z = 0.8 by simultaneously fitting X-ray data for the two z = 0.8 clusters, and obtain an abundance of Z(sub Fe) = 0.33 (+.26)(-.23). Our ROSAT observations show that MS 1137.5+6625 is regular and highly centrally concentrated. Fitting of a Beta model to the X-ray surface brightness yields a core radius of only 71/h kpc (q(sub o) = 0.1) with Beta = 0.70(+.45)(-.15) The gas mass interior to 0.5/h Mpc is thus 1.2 (+0.2)(-0.3) X 10(exp 13) h(exp - 5/2) Solar Mass (q(sub o) = 0.1). If the cluster's gas is nearly isothermal and in hydrostatic equilibrium with the cluster potential, the total mass of the cluster within this same region is 2.1(+1.5)(-0.8) X 10exp 14)/h Solar Mass, giving a gas fraction of 0.06 +/-0.04 h (exp -3/2). This cluster is the highest redshift EMSS cluster showing evidence for a possible cooling flow (about 20-400 Solar Mass/yr). The velocity dispersion, temperature, gas fraction, and iron abundance of MS 1137.5+6625 are all statistically the same as those properties in lower red- shift clusters of similar luminosity. With this cluster's temperature now in hand, we derive a high-redshift temperature function for EMSS clusters at 0.5 < z < 0.9 and compare it with temperature functions at lower redshifts, showing that the evolution of the temperature function is relatively modest. Supplementing our high-redshift sample with other data from the literature, we demonstrate that neither the cluster luminosity-temperature relation, nor cluster metallicities, nor the cluster gas evolved with redshift. The very modest degree of evolution in the luminosity-temperature relation inferred from these data is inconsistent with the absence of evolution in the X-ray luminosity functions derived from ROSAT cluster surveys if a critical density structure formation model is assumed.
How well can congestion pricing neutralize denial of service attacks

Denial of service protection mechanisms usually require classifying malicious traffic, which can be difficult. Another approach is to price scarce resources. However, while congestion pricing has been suggested as a way to combat DoS attacks, it has not been shown quantitatively how much damage a malicious player could cause to the utility of benign participants. In this paper, we quantify the protection that congestion pricing affords against DoS attacks, even for powerful attackers that can control their packets' routes. Specifically, we model the limits on the resources available to the attackers in three different ways and, in each case, quantify the maximum amount of damage they can cause as a function of their resource bounds. In addition, we show that congestion pricing is provably superior to fair queueing in attack resilience.
Effect of an external electric field on liquid crystalline polymers

Abstract The effect of an external electric field on the order parameter and on the isotropic-anisotropic phase transition temperature for semi-flexible liquid crystalline polymers is studied by a mean-field approximation. For the polymers whose electric dipole moments are parallel to the chain backbone, the critical transition temperature T c is extensively changed by gD T ∼ ∥ E ∥ 2 , where E is the external electric field.
Feasibility of "rapid" magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric acute head injury.

Abstract Objective The objective was to determine the feasibility of "rapid" magnetic resonance imaging (rMRI) versus noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) for pediatric patients with possible traumatic brain injury and to compare the populations receiving imaging in an urban tertiary care emergency department ED. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of ED patients younger than 19 years with possible traumatic brain injury over 4 years who received an rMRI and then age-matched with NCCT patients. Data collection and analysis included demographic and clinical variables, ED length of stay (LOS), and follow-up outcomes. Results The final cohort had 45 rMRIs and 45 NCCTs. The mean age was 2.7 years, 63% were male, and 65% sustained a fall. Age, sex, and injury mechanism were similar. Time parameters were longer for rMRI patients: ED arrival to completion of imaging (172 vs 93 minutes, P P = .008). The NCCT group had higher-acuity patients with higher pediatric intensive care unit admission rates (33% vs 7%, P = .002). No patients returned to the ED within 72 hours. Follow-up was available on 78% patients. No clinically significant intracranial injuries were missed. Conclusions Rapid MRI may be a viable imaging modality for moderate-risk pediatric head injury. Although rMRI took longer to obtain during this pilot study, scan time was only 3 to 4 minutes; and LOS was only 41 minutes longer. Further integration of rMRI in patient care should decrease time variation. Future study of rMRI reliability and satisfaction is needed.
Computed Tomography Angiography and Bicaval Dual-Lumen Catheter Positioning

FE A T U R E A R T I W(ECG)-gated computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the chest for confirmation of a bicaval duallumen catheter (BCDLC) placement for venovenous (VV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Precise positioning is needed for VV ECMO using the BCDLC with placement often challenging due to directing the reinfusion jet towards the tricuspid valve (TV). Placement of the BCDLC is often done in the operating room with radiographic visualization using fluoroscopy and transesophageal echocardiography. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) can also be used to assess cannula position to assist placement at the bedside.
Positron scattering by molecules

Molecules are fascinating targets for the scattering of incident positrons in that they represent an increased level of complexity over that for atomic targets. Some of the measurements made in our laboratory for total, differential quasielastic, and positronium formation cross-sections for positrons (and electrons) scattered from various molecular targets are discussed. Comparisons between positron and electron scattering by molecules have revealed some intriguing similarities and differences. The more symmetric molecules are found in certain cases to have quite similar behavior to atomic targets, while the behavior for less symmetric molecules is quite different. Ratios of signals originating from the 3 gamma decay of ortho-positronium to that from 2 gamma decay of para-positronium and ortho-Ps conversion appears to provide information about the threshold behavior of positronium formation.
ß-phenylethylamine as a novel nutrient treatment to reduce bacterial contamination due to Escherichia coli O157:H7 on beef meat

Abstract Bacterial infection by Escherichia coli O157:H7 through the consumption of beef meat or meat products is an ongoing problem, in part because bacteria develop resistances towards chemicals aimed at killing them. In an approach that uses bacterial nutrients to manipulate bacteria into behaviors or cellular phenotypes less harmful to humans, we screened a library of 95 carbon and 95 nitrogen sources for their effect on E. coli growth, cell division, and biofilm formation. In the initial screening experiment using the Phenotype MicroArray TM technology from BioLog (Hayward, CA), we narrowed the 190 starting nutrients down to eight which were consecutively tested as supplements in liquid beef broth medium. Acetoacetic acid (AAA) and s-phenylethylamine (PEA) performed best in this experiment. On beef meat pieces, PEA reduced the bacterial cell count by 90% after incubation of the PEA treated and E. coli contaminated meat pieces at 10 °C for one week.
The dielectric constants of a-Si,Ge: H,F alloys

Abstract We report the dielectric constants for amorphous, hydrogenated and fluorinated, silicon-germanium alloys. The alloys were prepared by d.c. glow-discharge deposition from mixtures of SiF 4 or SiH 4 , GeF 4 and H 2 . The dielectric constants were determined from the 1 MHz capacitance of Al/alloy/Cr structures. For optical gaps E opt ranging from 1.27 to 1.65 eV the dielectric constant ϵ follows the relation: ϵ = 29.7 − 9.7 E opt (eV) ±1.6.
Glucose quantitation using an immobilized glucose dehydrogenase enzyme reactor and a tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) chemiluminescent sensor

A flow-injection analysis detection method for glucose is presented which is based on oxidation of glucose by glucise dehydrogenase with concomitant conversion of NAD+ to NADH followed by chemiluminescent detection of NADH. The glucose dehydrogenase is immobilized via glutaraldehyde crosslinking to controlled pore glass to form an immobilized enzyme reactor. The chemiluminescent reagent, tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) [Ru(bpy)2+3] is immobilized in a Nafion film coated on a platinum electrode to form a regenerable chemiluminescent sensor. The immobilized Ru(bpy)2+3 is oxidized to Ru(bpy)3+3 which then reacts with NADH produced by the enzyme reactor to yield light and Ru(bpy)2+3. Ru(bpy)2+3 is thus recycled and made available again. Conditions for optimum enzyme reactor efficiency and chemiluminescent detection are determined and reported for pH (about 6.5), flow-rate (2 ml min−1), and NAD+ concentration (1–2.5 mM). At the optimum conditions a working curve is constructed where the upper limit for glucose detection is dependant on NAD+ concentration and lower detection limit is 10 μM glucose. Signal reproductibility is 1–2% relative standard deviation. The method is very selective for glucose; some interference is seen from uric acid, ascorbic acid and catechol as well as species (such as oxalate and aliphatic amines) already known to chemiluminesce with the Ru(bpy)2+3 sensor.
Solution-Processed Organic Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiencies of 2.5% using Benzothiadiazole/Imide-Based Acceptors

A new series of electron-deficient molecules based on a central benzothiadiazole moiety flanked with vinylimides has been synthesized via Heck chemistry and used in solution-processed organic photovoltaics (OPV). Two new compounds, 4,7-bis(4-(N-hexyl-phthalimide)vinyl)benzo[c]1,2,5-thiadiazole (PI-BT) and 4,7-bis(4-(N-hexyl-naphthalimide)vinyl)benzo[c]1,2,5-thiadiazole (NI-BT), show significantly different behaviors in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells using poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as the electron donor. Two-dimensional grazing incidence X-ray scattering (2D GIXS) experiments demonstrate that PI-BT shows significant crystallization in spin-coated thin films, whereas NI-BT does not. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict that while PI-BT maintains a planar structure in the ground state, steric interactions cause a twist in the NI-BT molecule, likely preventing significant crystallization. In BHJ solar cells with P3HT as donor, PI-BT devices achieved a large open-circuit voltage of 0...
The Chemical Reaction Mechanics of Bastnaesite in Low Temperature Activation Process

Bastnaesite was activated at low temperature, and the results of XRD, SEM and Raman showed that the particle size of minerals increased firstly, and then decreased with increasing of temperature. The polarization of rare earths fluoride decreased in activation minerals. Using HCl leaching, the rare earths carbonate and rare earths fluoride were separated effectively, and 94.6% rare earths carbonate and only 0.07% rare earths fluoride was dissolved respectively. The results supplied a new method of bastnaesite decomposition.
Cometh the NAFTA, Whither the Maquiladora? Reflections on the Future of Industrialization in Northern Mexico

The objective of this article is to explore what impacts NAFTA might have on Mexican maquila operations. Our main focus is on the fate of the maquiladoras located in a narrow strip along Mexico's northern border which account for approximately eighty percent of the total. Our concerns about the future development of the United States-Mexico border region derive partly from the fact that we live there and have no immediate plans to depart, but also due to the region's strategic, geographic, economic and cultural importance. Our observations, couched in a framework of evolutionary change, lead us to more pessimistic prognostications about industrialization in the frontera norte than other projections mentioned below. We conclude that the fundamental shortcoming in the northern border region is the lack of a technological base sufficient to support sustained, dynamic socioeconomic development.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae spindle pole body is a dynamic structure.

During spindle pole body (SPB) duplication, the new SPB is assembled at a distinct site adjacent to the old SPB. Using quantitative fluorescence methods, we studied the assembly and dynamics of the core structural SPB component Spc110p. The SPB core exhibits both exchange and growth in a cell cycle-dependent manner. During G1/S phase, the old SPB exchanges 50% of old Spc110p for new Spc110p. In G2 little Spc110p is exchangeable. Thus, Spc110p is dynamic during G1/S and becomes stable during G2. The SPB incorporates additional Spc110p in late G2 and M phases; this growth is followed by reduction in the next G1. Spc110p addition to the SPBs (growth) also occurs in response to G2 and mitotic arrests but not during a G1 arrest. Our results reveal several dynamic features of the SPB core: cell cycle-dependent growth and reduction, growth in response to cell cycle arrests, and exchange of Spc110p during SPB duplication. Moreover, rather than being considered a conservative or dispersive process, the assembly of Spc110p into the SPB is more readily considered in terms of growth and exchange.
Evaluation of surgical performance with standard rigid and flexible-tip laparoscopes.

Background Flexible-tip laparoscopes have recently been introduced into clinical practice, with the goal of improving surgeon performance during complex laparoscopic procedures. We used objective and subjective performance parameters to compare standard rigid 0° and 30° lens laparoscopes two flexible-tip laparoscopes in an in vitro model.
All-Cause Mortality and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity Revisited:

ObjectiveObstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a pervasive problem that affects millions worldwide. It is strongly linked to hypertension, coronary artery disease, and stroke. However, its ass...
Effects of pudendal nerve injury in the female rat.

To test a neurogenic hypothesis for external urethral sphincter (EUS) dysfunction associated with urinary incontinence, the proximal pudendal nerve was crushed in anesthetized retired breeder female rats (n = 5) and compared with a sham lesion group (n = 4). Outcome measures included concentric needle electromyograms (EMGs) from the target EUS, voiding patterns during a 2-hour dark period, and micturition data over a 24-hour period. Fast Blue (FB) was introduced to the crush site at the time of injury and Diamidino Yellow (DY) to the EUS at the time the rats were killed (3 months post-operative), when histological analysis of the nerve and urethra was also performed. EMG records indicated the EUS motor units undergo typical denervation changes followed by regeneration and recovery. Voiding patterns from the crush group show a significant increase of small urine marks in the front third of the cage. At 1–2 weeks post-op, the frequency of voids was significantly increased in the crush group compared to pre-op and late post-op time periods. The mean volume voided in the light phase at the early post-op time was significantly increased in the sham group. Light and electron microscopic patterns seen in nerve and muscle suggest the regenerating motor units maintain a structural integrity. Motoneurons in the lower lumbar cord were labeled with either DY (14.5 ± 6.8), FB (31.7 ± 23.7), or both (35.0 ± 17.5) tracers, indicating ∼54% of the crushed pudendal neurons regenerated to the EUS. In conclusion, several measures suggest this reversible crush lesion induces mild urinary incontinence. This animal model is promising for further development of hypotheses regarding neural injury, the pathogenesis of incontinence, and strategies aimed at prevention and treatment. Neurourol. Urodynam. 19:53–69, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Active Crack Control for Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements

Continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP) traditionally have been allowed to crack naturally. This type of passive crack control has resulted in nonuniform crack spacing, which has led to premature distress development. Although the accuracy of the mean crack spacing prediction has greatly improved, punchout and spalling distresses on CRCP have been found to occur primarily at locations of small crack spacing, divided cracks, cluster cracks, and Y-cracks. The findings of previous research results on active crack control for CRCP in Texas are presented, along with the results from recent full-scale test sections constructed at the University of Illinois. The active crack control process used two systems: automated tape insertion and early entry saw cut. Active crack control was found to eliminate crack meandering, Y-cracks, divided cracks, and cluster cracking. The active crack control sections also propagated 90% of the cracks in the first month after construction, whereas the passive crack sectio...
Neutrophil transepithelial migration: regulation at the apical epithelial surface by Fc-mediated events

Neutrophil (PMN) transepithelial migration is a major effector of epithelial defense in inflammatory diseases involving mucosal surfaces. However, major receptor-ligand interactions between epithel...
The mcm5-bob1 Bypass of Cdc7p/Dbf4p in DNA Replication Depends on Both Cdk1-Independent and Cdk1-Dependent Steps in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The roles in DNA replication of two distinct protein kinases, Cdc7p/Dbf4p and Cdk1p/Clb (B-type cyclin), were studied. This was accomplished through a genetic and molecular analysis of the mechanism by which the mcm5-bob1 mutation bypasses the function of the Cdc7p/Dbf4p kinase. Genetic experiments revealed that loss of either Clb5p or Clb2p cyclins suppresses the mcm5-bob1 mutation and prevents bypass. These two cyclins have distinct roles in bypass and presumably in DNA replication as overexpression of one could not complement the loss of the other. Furthermore, the ectopic expression of CLB2 in G1 phase cannot substitute for CLB5 function in bypass of Cdc7p/Dbf4p by mcm5-bob1. Molecular experiments revealed that the mcm5-bob1 mutation allows for constitutive loading of Cdc45p at early origins in arrested G1 phase cells when both kinases are inactive. A model is proposed in which the Mcm5-bob1 protein assumes a unique molecular conformation without prior action by either kinase. This conformation allows for stable binding of Cdc45p to the origin. However, DNA replication still cannot occur without the combined action of Cdk1p/Clb5p and Cdk1p/Clb2p. Thus Cdc7p and Cdk1p kinases catalyze the initiation of DNA replication at several distinct steps, of which only a subset is bypassed by the mcm5-bob1 mutation.
Chronology of early embryonic development and embryo uterine migration in alpacas

The objectives were to: (1) describe the chronology of early embryonic development from ovulation to entry into the uterus; and (2) to determine the timing of embryo migration to the left uterine horn when ovulation occurred from the right ovary. The experiment was conducted in Peru. Females (n = 132) were randomly assigned to 15 experimental groups. All females were mated to an intact male, given 50 μg GnRH im (Cystorelin) and ovulation time determined by transrectal ultrasonography, conducted every 6 hours, starting 24 hours postmating. Animals were slaughtered at a specific intervals postovulation and reproductive tracts were recovered and subjected to oviductal and uterine flushing for females slaughtered between 1 and 6 days postovulation (dpo; Day 0 = ovulation) and uterine flushing for females slaughtered from 7 to 15 dpo for recovery of oocytes/embryos. Season of mating did not influence the interval from mating to ovulation (winter: 29 ± 6 hours vs. summer: 30 ± 6 hours; P = 0.49). Ovulation rates for females mated during winter and summer were 92% versus 100%, respectively (P = 0.05). Fertilization rates for winter and summer mated females were 72% and 82% (P = 0.29). Unfertilized ova were not retained in the uterine tube. All embryos collected were in the uterine tube ipsilateral to the side of ovulation between 1 and 5 dpo. Embryos reached the uterus on 6 dpo. Embryos began to elongate on 9 dpo; at this time, 83% of embryos derived from right-ovary ovulations were collected from the left uterine horn. Embryos occupied the entire uterine cavity by 10 dpo. In conclusion, we characterized early embryo development and location of embryo during its early developmental stages in alpaca. This was apparently the first report regarding chronology of embryo development and migration to the left horn in alpaca which merits further investigation regarding its role in maternal recognition of pregnancy.
The Sin of Asyndeton: Fatal, Flaws in Enriching our Worship

L'A. discute du concept grammatical de l'asyndete car il est en relation avec deux prieres eucharistiques de l'Eglise episcopalienne des Etats-Unis, celle du Book of Common Prayer de 1928 et la Priere eucharistique I du supplement liturgique Enriching our Worship. Apres une definition de l'asyndete et de son implication pour le langage liturgique, l'A. parle de l'a-propos de l'asyndete pour chaque priere, puis les compare. Il expose ensuite d'autres anomalies de syntaxe et de structure du supplement EOW, et suggere quelques moyens pour arranger la situation.
The membrane components of crustacean neuromuscular systems. II. Analysis of interactions among the electrogenic components.

The present work provides additional evidence for the occurrence of a number of electrogenic components in crustacean and particularly crayfish muscle fibers. It demonstrates that these different components are independent. One or another can be eliminated or modified by various procedures without affecting the rest. However, interactions can occur between the different components. The coupling may be effected by the changes in membrane potential which result from changes in ionic permeabilities or by changes in the membrane conductance. Some interactions of such couplings which can perturb electrophysiological measurements are described and analyzed.
Perspective in comparisons of skin versus muscle blood flow

to the editor: On grounds of their observations of elevated muscle blood flow in heated muscle, Heinonen et al. ([2][1]) call for reconsideration of how cardiac output is apportioned in hyperthermic humans. I hope those doing the reconsidering will bear in mind that venous occlusion plethysmography
Novel Targets in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: ROS1 and RET Fusions

The discovery of chromosomal rearrangements involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has stimulated renewed interest in oncogenic fusions as potential therapeutic targets. Recently, genetic alterations in ROS1 and RET were identified in patients with NSCLC. Like ALK, genetic alterations in ROS1 and RET involve chromosomal rearrangements that result in the formation of chimeric fusion kinases capable of oncogenic transformation. Notably, ROS1 and RET rearrangements are rarely found with other genetic alterations, such as EGFR, KRAS, or ALK. This finding suggests that both ROS1 and RET are independent oncogenic drivers that may be viable therapeutic targets. In initial screening studies, ROS1 and RET rearrangements were identified at similar frequencies (approximately 1%-2%), using a variety of genotyping techniques. Importantly, patients with either ROS1 or RET rearrangements appear to have unique clinical and pathologic features that may facilitate identification and enrichment strategies. These features may in turn expedite enrollment in clinical trials evaluating genotype-directed therapies in these rare patient populations. In this review, we summarize the molecular biology, clinical features, detection, and targeting of ROS1 and RET rearrangements in NSCLC.
Differential digestion and evacuation rates of prey in a warm‐temperate grouper, gag Mycteroperca microlepis (Goode & Bean)

Prey-specific gastric evacuation rates and digestion state indices were modelled for gag Mycteroperca microlepis, a large warm-temperate grouper, consuming meals of either baitfish (scaled sardine Harengula jaguana) or crab (purple swimmer crab Portunus gibbesii). Power exponential models best fit the wet and dry mass gastric evacuation data and the average digestion indices over post-prandial time (PPT), regardless of prey type or gag size (Adjusted R2≥ 0·79). Gag mass (M) or total length (LT) incorporated into an expanded power exponential model, along with exponential scalars, resulted in highly predictive (R2≥ 0·87) gastric evacuation and average digestion state models. The expanded power exponential models fit to the baitfish and crab wet mass gastric evacuation data differed significantly (Kimura’s likelihood ratio test (LRT), both P < 0·001). Gag consuming crab showed a digestive lag period of at least 4 h (wet mass) and took a longer time to complete digestion relative to gag consuming baitfish. Gag, as well as many other warm-temperate and tropical groupers, consume a mixture of fish and crab prey and they will therefore require the development of a consumption model that incorporates mixed-prey gastric evacuation models.
COUNTERFACTUAL REASONING AS A FRAMEWORK FOR ATTRIBUTION THEORIES

It is proposed that all of the major attribution theories are based on the use of counterfactual information (which examines whether the event would have occured if the proposed cause had not occurred). However, because counterfactual information is difficult to obtain, 2 proxies are often substituted for it. A model based on these proxies ― covariation data and information regarding alternative explanations ― is proposed. This model is used as a framework for understanding the use and success of Kelley's analysis of variance model; Jones and Davis' correspondent inference theory; Weiner's theory for attributions of success and failure; Jaspars, Hewstone, and Fincham's natural logic model; and Hilton and Slugoski's abnormal conditions focus model. The model is also used to provide an understanding of the fundamental attribution error and actor-observer attributional differences
Effects of Social Influence and Measured Exposure Level on Response to Radon

The eclectic theoretical model presented indicates that responses to hazards are affected by friends, the mass media, and by the measured level of exposure to the hazard. This model guides the analysis of survey data garnered from a New York State county whose residents were offered free tests to determine the level of radon in their homes. Results indicate that measured radon level is consistently correlated with specific responses to a direct threat of radon on one's home, whereas the influence of family or the mass media have little effect. The situation is reversed when radon is regarded as a diffuse hazard without specific reference to the respondent's own home.
Does increased detection account for the rising incidence of breast cancer

BACKGROUND: The incidence of breast cancer has been increasing over time in the United States. METHODS: To determine the role of screening in this increase, trends in the incidence of in situ and invasive carcinoma of the breast were evaluated using records of the metropolitan Atlanta SEER program between 1979 and 1986. From a sample of records, evidence of symptoms and mammographic screening prior to diagnosis was recorded. RESULTS: The average annual age-adjusted incidence of invasive disease rose 29 percent among Whites and 41 percent among Blacks. Incidence increased in all age groups. A trend towards earlier detection of invasive disease was found. Asymptomatic tumors accounted for only 40 percent of the increased incidence among whites and 25 percent of the increased incidence among blacks, with mammography as the principal contributing procedure. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that increased detection accounts for some but not all of the rising incidence of breast cancer in the United States.
AMSR-E Data Resampling With Near-Circular Synthesized Footprint Shape and Noise/Resolution Tradeoff Study

An improved Backus-Gilbert resampling scheme is developed and applied on Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) brightness temperature swath data. The new resampling scheme has two improvements over the special sensor microwave imager and AMSR-E resampling schemes currently used to produce standard brightness products. First, the use of a circular Gaussian footprint as the reference footprint achieves near-circular synthesized footprints for all channels. The near-circular synthesized footprints diminish the effect of different orientations of the synthesized elliptical footprints produced by the standard algorithm. Second, a better synthesized footprint spatial resolution for the 6.925- and 10.65-GHz channels in the across scan direction is achieved with a significant reduction in noise level. Oversampling by AMSR-E at these frequencies enables this improvement.
PIDISC: pattern independent design independent seed compression technique

A novel scheme for compressing the seeds of a linear feedback shifter register (LFSR) is presented. Instead of storing the seeds of the LFSR in the tester, the scheme compresses the seeds and stores them in the tester. The compression scheme can be used with any variation of static LFSR reseeding. An important feature of the proposed scheme is that the decompressor is test pattern and design independent and can be implemented with very little area overhead. Experimental results show that seed compression can improve overall compression by a factor of 7/spl times/ for large industrial circuits.
ANTIBODIES INVOLVED IN ANTIGEN-INDUCED RELEASE OF SLOW REACTING SUBSTANCE OF ANAPHYLAXIS (SRS-A) IN THE GUINEA PIG AND RAT*

The antigen-induced release of SRS-A and histamine was studied in the guinea pig and rat using whole and fractionated antiserum preparations. Guinea pig 7Sγ1-antibody sensitized sliced guinea pig lung tissue for antigen-induced release of both SRS-A and histamine; neither substance was released from lung tissue prepared with 7Sγ1-antibody. Rats injected intraperitoneally with hyperimmune rabbit or rat antiserum released only SRS-A in significant amounts when challenged with antigen by the same route. A definite time interval between the injection of antiserum and challenge with antigen was required for optimal release of SRS-A. Fractionation of rat antiserum demonstrated that the immunoglobulin responsible for most of the SRS-A release from rat peritoneal tissue was a γG-antibody or fraction thereof. Acting in this capacity, the γG-antibody or its subfraction may be considered a second type of homocytotropic antibody. Fractions of rat antisera containing the first type of homocytotropic antibody, i.e. antibody mediating release of histamine and serotonin, prepared peritoneal tissues for the release of large amounts of these pharmacological agents and only small amounts of SRS-A. Two different mechanisms for the production of PCA lesions in the rat were considered. One of these involves the antigen-induced release of histamine and serotonin from mast cells sensitized by homocytotropic antibody. This reaction has an optimal latent period of 24–72 hr. The second mechanism involves the local combination of antigen with "hyperimmune" heterologous or homologous antisera. This reaction can be elicited after a latent period of 4 but not 24 hr; host complement and leukocyte lysosomal enzymes, as well as SRS-A, may be involved.
Hot oxygen corona at Mars and the photochemical escape of oxygen: Improved description of the thermosphere, ionosphere, and exosphere

The Mars Adaptive Mesh Particle Simulator model is coupled with the Mars Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model for the first time to provide an improved description of the Martian hot O corona based on our modeling studies of O2+ dissociative recombination. A total of 12 cases comprising three solar activity levels and four orbital positions is considered to study the solar cycle and seasonal variability. The newly coupled framework includes two additional thermospheric species and adopts a realistic forward scattering scheme using the angular differential cross sections. We present the effects of these changes on the resulting hot O corona and escape rate. A comparison between the simulated hot O corona and the recent observations from the ALICE/Rosetta instrument showed a reasonable agreement, considering the large uncertainties in the data. We assume that some discrepancies near the transition altitude may be originated from the averaging over the altitude range, where the cold and hot O densities become comparable. The revised O escape rates by our new coupled framework range from ~1.21 × 1025 s−1 to ~5.43 × 1025 s−1.
Digital cancellation of D/A converter noise in pipelined A/D converters

Pipelined analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) tend to be sensitive to component mismatches in their internal digital-to-analog converters (DACs), The component mismatches give rise to error, referred to as DAC noise, which is not attenuated or cancelled along the pipeline as are other types of noise. This paper describes an all-digital technique that significantly mitigates this problem. The technique continuously measures and cancels the portion of the ADC error arising from DAC noise during normal operation of the ADC, so no special calibration signal or auto-calibration phase is required. The details of the technique are described in the context of a nominal 14-bit pipelined ADC example at both the signal processing and register transfer levels. Through this example, the paper demonstrates that in the presence of realistic component matching limitations the technique can improve the overall ADC accuracy by several bits with only moderate digital hardware complexity.
Deconstructing the romance of the bourgeoisie: a Russian Marxist path not taken*

In the 1990s, Russian reformers vainly sought to discover a bourgeoisie committed to democracy, productive economic behaviour, and an ever more elusive 'civil society'. Their quest constituted the latest chapter in a centuries'-long struggle that began with the challenge posed by economists like N. F. Daniel'son (Marx's foremost disciple) to 'Orthodox' Marxists and to state capitalists of the tsarist regime. The latter two groups agreed to discount Daniel'son's data on the state-dependent, risk-averse and politically undemocratic behaviour of Russia's bourgeoisie, as well as the statistical and economic evidence that had led Marx to reconsider his skepticism about the role of peasantries in the development process. In the past and in the present, even-handed and unsentimental comparative research on the bourgeoisie as well as other, less privileged economic actors in the development scenario remains - regrettably - quite rare.
Optical properties of perfluorocyclobutyl polymers. II. Theoretical and experimental attenuation

We present a continuation of a previous study [J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 20, 1838 (2003)] that focused on quantifying the spectral dependence of the refractive index and extinction coefficient of perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB)-based polymers. The theoretical loss spectrum of PFCB-based polymers is computed and compared with measured values on thick films over the spectral range covering the visible and near-infrared telecommunications bands. The results suggest that PFCB-based polymers provide for intrinsic attenuations below 10 dB/km in the visible and from 1.3 to 1.6 μm. The results are used to predict directions for the use of PFCB in optical fibers, planar lightwave circuits, and optical amplifiers.
Use of Ground-Based Signals of Opportunity for Smart Projectile Navigation:

Global positioning system (GPS) is a widely accepted means of navigation, whether it is for civilian or military means. With the implementation of GPS on smart projectiles, these weapons have been able to achieve remarkable accuracy. Even though the improvements in accuracy are impressive, GPS signals are susceptible to jamming and spoofing by a sufficiently motivated enemy. The work reported here examines the viability of constructing a navigation solution using ground-based signals of opportunity that provide range and range rate information. Using a generalized sensor model encompassing the key error terms, a variety of physical devices are included in the analysis. For a typical indirect fire trajectory, navigation solutions are computed as a function of the number and density of signal sources, terrain type, and sensor errors. Results indicate that navigation solutions can be computed with the same accuracy as current GPS systems with a moderate number of signal sources. Generally, more accurate solu...
Effects of exercise on left ventricular diastolic performance in trained athletes.

Abstract Dynamically trained athletes develop increased left ventricular (LV) wall mass. To determine whether this increased wall mass impaired characteristics of LV diastolic filling, serial Doppler echocardiograms were obtained from 10 trained athletes (mean age 21 years) at rest, during supine graded bicycle exercise and during recovery at heart rates of 80, 120 and 140 beats/min, respectively. Similar studies were obtained in 10 age-matched control subjects. Studies at rest showed significant increases in athletes in LV end-diastolic dimension and indexed LV wall mass. Differences in peak filling rates and in normalized peak lengthening rates between athletes and control subjects were seen at heart rates of 140 beats/min during exercise and recovery. Differences in Doppler-derived variables between athletes and control subjects were seen in total time-velocity integral, early peak filling velocity and E A ratio. In athletes, time-velocity integral was increased during recovery at heart rates of 120 beats/min and 80 beats/min, early peak filling velocity was increased during exercise at 120 beats/min and during recovery at 120 beats/min and 80 beats/min, and E A ratio was higher at all heart rates during both exercise and recovery. Although no significant differences were found in LV diastolic filling indexes at rest, a significant enhancement was found in these parameters in dynamically trained athletes during exercise, particularly at higher levels of dynamic exercise.
Statistical Mechanics of the XY Model. IV. Time-Dependent Spin-Correlation Functions

We compute the correlation functions $〈{S}_{0}^{x}(t){S}_{R}^{x}(0)〉$ and $〈{S}_{0}^{y}(t){S}_{R}^{y}(0)〉$ at $T=0$ for the one-dimensional $\mathrm{XY}$ model in the presence of a magnetic field.
Necrotizing soft-tissue infections

Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare and often fatal soft-tissue infection involving the superficial fascial layers of the extremities, abdomen, or perineum. Necrotizing fasciitis typically begins with trauma; however, the inciting event may be as seemingly innocuous as a simple contusion, minor burn, or insect bite. Differentiating necrotizing infections from common soft-tissue infections, such as cellulitis and impetigo, is both challenging and critically important. A high degree of suspicion may be the most important aid in early diagnosis. Prompt diagnosis is imperative because necrotizing infections typically spread rapidly and can result in multiple-organ failure, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and death. Although group A Streptococcus is the most common bacterial isolate, a polymicrobial infection with a variety of Gram-positive, Gram-negative, aerobic, and anaerobic bacteria is more common. Orthopaedic surgeons are often the first physicians to evaluate patients with such infections and therefore need to be familiar with this potentially devastating disease and its management. Prompt diagnosis, immediate administration of broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage, and emergent aggressive surgical debridement of all compromised tissues are critical to reduce the morbidity and mortality of these rapidly progressing infections.
Preserved visual acuity in anterior ischemic optic neuropathy secondary to giant cell (temporal) arteritis

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence and clinical profile of patients with biopsy-proven arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy presenting with preserved visual acuity of 20/40 or better and those with an initial poor visual acuity of 20/50 or worse through a retrospective chart review. RESULTS Nine of 37 patients with arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy presented with a preserved visual acuity of 20/40 or better in the affected eye. All patients with preserved visual acuity had initial visual field defects that spared the central field. All 37 patients immediately received high-dose corticosteroid therapy. Visual acuity worsened by > 2 lines in one of nine patients (11%) with preserved visual acuity, with a corresponding progression of visual field constriction. CONCLUSION Although preserved visual acuity of 20/40 or better has traditionally been associated with the nonarteritic form of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, giant cell arteritis should still be strongly considered, especially if they have giant cell arteritis systemic symptoms.
The effect of rituximab dose on infectious complications in ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation.

Background Rituximab (RIT) improves the outcomes of ABO-incompatible (ABOi) kidney transplantation (KT), but it has been associated with infectious complications. The aim of this study was to investigate infectious complications according to the dose of RIT in ABOi KT. Methods We analyzed 213 recipients [118 ABO-compatible (ABOc) KT and 95 ABOi KT] who underwent living donor KT between 2010 and 2014. ABOi KT patients were categorized by RIT dose: standard RIT (375 mg/m(2), n = 76) versus reduced RIT (200 mg, n = 19). All patients received basiliximab and maintained on triple immunosuppression consisting of tacrolimus, prednisone and mycophenolate mofetil. Infectious complications and post-transplant outcomes were analyzed for 1 year following KT. Results The rates of overall infectious complications among the three groups were comparable (22.9% in ABOc KT, 38.2% in standard RIT and 26.3% in reduced RIT, P = 0.069). In the standard RIT group, hepatitis B virus reactivation occurred in three recipients (3.9%) with hepatitis B surface antigen[-]/anti-hepatitis B core antibody[+]. Three cases (3.9%) of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia occurred in the standard RIT group. Serious infections developed in 13 of the ABOc KT (11.0%), 20 from the standard RIT group (26.3%) and 2 from the reduced RIT group (10.5%, P = 0.015). Standard-dose RIT was found to be an independent risk factor for serious infections [hazard ratio: 2.59 (95% confidence interval: 1.33-5.07), P = 0.005]. There were no significant differences in rejection, renal function, graft survival and patient survival between standard and reduced RIT groups. Conclusions Standard RIT increased the risk of serious infection when compared with reduced-dose RIT. Reduced-dose RIT might be sufficient for ABOi KT without increasing the risk of serious infection.
Presence of a leukotaxine-like substance in extract of severely injured muscles.

ConclusionsSeverely injuring muscle tissue of a rabbit by mechanical means induces the formation of a leukotaxine-like substance which has essentially the biological attributes of leukotaxine as obtained from inflammatory exudates. The fractions of leukotaxine-like material induce an increase in capillary permeability and cause leukocytic migration. The isolated guinea pig intestine fails to contract when treated with these fractions, while histamine added subsequently contracts the segment. This would indicate that the leukotaxine-like fractions obtained do not appear to be histamine.
Reaction of KIn(CH2CMe3)3H with Chlorodiphenylphosphine

The reaction between KIn(CH2CMe3)3H and ClPPh2 in pentane or benzene produces significant yields of two indium−phosphorus compounds, (Me3CCH2)2InPPh2 and (Me3CCH2)3In·P(CH2CMe3)Ph2. This unexpected...
Estrus-inhibiting effects of inanition.

The effects of complete and partial starvation upon the estrous cycle of adult female rats were studied. Smears from the vaginal mucosa were taken for at least 2 weeks before any experimental procedures were instituted. Seven groups of 5 rats each were used. One group was kept as control; 2 groups received no food or water, and another only water at the onset of starvation; the fifth group was starved intermittently so that the loss of weight was more gradual. The remaining 2 groups were starved completely without water until they died. Each animal was weighed daily. The water and food consumption of the groups fed was recorded daily. It was found that the animals in all the starved groups eventually showed complete inhibition of the estrous cycle, and that the inhibition was roughly related to the loss in body weight, as shown in the table. When the inhibition of the estrous cycle was complete, all but 2 groups were fed again, with resulting return to the normal cyclical changes in the vaginal mucosa.Exp...
Vote!: 2016 is election year for SIGCSE

Every three years we elect a new SIGCSE Board. The Board drives all SIGCSE activities, which includes approving conference locations and leaders, special projects and speaker funding, budget expenditures, and much more. We are fortunate to have a fabulous slate of dedicated SIGCSE members, who have offered their services to our community for the next three years.
Pyelovenous Lymphatic Migration of Transitional Cell Carcinoma Following Flexible Ureterorenoscopy

Ureterorenoscopy has enhanced the diagnosis and treatment of upper urinary tract disorders. However, the irrigation necessary for visualization and distention of the lumen may increase renal pelvic pressure, resulting in pyelovenous lymphatic backflow. We report a case of renal pelvic transitional cell carcinoma that may have migrated to submucosal venous and lymphatic spaces during flexible ureterorenoscopy.
The Cortical Development of Specialized Face Processing in Infancy.

The aim of this study was to examine specialized face processing in forty-eight 4.5- to 7.5-month-old infants by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) in response to faces and toys, and to determine the cortical sources of these signals using realistic, age-appropriate head models. All ERP components (i.e., AB90, P400, Nc) showed greater amplitude during periods of attention than inattention. Amplitude was greater to faces than toys during attention at the AB90, and greater to toys at the P400. Cortical source analysis revealed activity in occipital–temporal brain areas as the source of the AB90, particularly the middle fusiform gyrus. The Nc and P400 were the result of activation in midline frontal and parietal, anterior temporal, and posterior temporal and occipital brain areas.