cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inappropriate Use of Intravenous PPI for Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in an Inner City Community Hospital

Background : Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are used for the treatment and prophylaxis of variety of acid peptic conditions including stress ulcers. There has been a persistent practice of their inappropriate use for stress ulcer prophylaxis. Purpose of our study was to measure the inappropriate use of Intravenous Proton Pump Inhibitors for stress ulcer prophylaxis and to estimate the financial burden. Methods : We carried out a retrospective, analytic study from July 2008 to June 2009 in internal medicine department. Hospital pharmacy records were used to identify all patients who received IV PPI during hospital stay. Seventy-five percent of records were randomly chosen (n=1104). PPI application was defined as indicated according to AGA guidelines Results: Intravenous proton pump inhibitor (IV PPI) was prescribed for 68.5% of patients without any proper indication. The estimated cost of medication for inappropriate IV PPI S use during the study year was 18337 USD. Conclusions : A more rational use of PPI will have better impact on health care cost and is likely to add to patient safety. doi:10.4021/jocmr447w
Institutional sources of policy bias: A computational investigation

Representative democracy translates the preferences of the electorate into policy outcomes. Individual voters do not directly vote on policy; rather, their elected representatives create and establish policy. How well do the institutions of representative democracy translate the preferences of the electorate into policy? Is there any systematic bias in a representative democracy system? After formulating a series of computational models it appears that the degree to which legislative districts are ‘gerrymandered’ with respect to preferences about the policy is a source of policy bias. To illustrate the phenomenon, household income is used as a proxy for voters’ preferences with respect to redistribution. Even when the majority of voters are in favor of redistribution, if districts are constructed with a sufficient level of conservative gerrymandering, the policy outcome under representative democracy will favor far less redistribution than the policy outcome under direct democracy.
Damaged Ship Anti-Flooding Decision Plan Intelligent Generation System Based on Petri Net and Heuristic Color Genetic Algorithm

No matter in the wartime or in the peace time, the intelligent generation system of damaged ship anti-flooding decision plan is an important tool to guarantee ship survivability and safety. The intelligent decision plan generation system which has high search efficiency plays an important role in recovering the buoyancy and stability indicts of damaged ship. The intelligent decision plan generation system introduced in this paper contains Petri net model and heuristic color genetic algorithm. The Petri net is used to model the ship anti-flooding decision process and the heuristic color genetic algorithm is used to solve intelligent hull balance decision problem. The traditional genetic algorithm is improved according to the special demand of hull balance. Based on the definition of the colored gene and the foundation of the heuristic search rules, the heuristic color genetic algorithm is given to improve the traditional genetic algorithm search efficiency.
Elementary particle scattering and statistical quasi-particles in quantum statistical mechanics

Abstract Previous work relating the thermodynamic potential to elementary particle S-matrix elements is generalized and rederived directly from the expressions for the diagrams of many body theory. The divergent physical region poles are shown to introduce energy derivatives of mass shell delta functions which tend to shift the energies of the scattering particles away from the elementary particle mass shell. These shifted energies are related to the statistical quasiparticle energies introduced by Balian and De Dominicis. The work of these authors is generalized to show that to all orders in the coupling strengths the many body diagrams for any system described by a relativistic or non-relativistic field theory can be summed to give: (1) the entropy and the statistical average of a non-spontaneously broken, conserved charge in terms of ideal gas-like formulae involving statistical quasi-particle energies; (2) the thermodynamic potential in terms of diagonal matrix elements of products of transition amplitudes wherein the energies of all external particles and the energy arguments of all ideal gas occupation numbers are the statistical quasi-particle energies.
290. PIP2 platelet membrane levels: a marker of relevance for the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder?

wave sleep (SWS) and a markedly increased REM sleep. Sleependocrine effects of acute and pulsatile injections of cortisol in healthy subjects include an increased SWS and profound suppressed REM sleep, as well as an elevated GH secretion. We now applied this paradigm in untreated depressive inpatients in order to investigate whether the cortisol injections improve the related sleep deficits during acute illness, and whether these effects are depending on the HPA function status assessed by the combined dexamethasone/corticotropin releasing hormone (DEX/ CRH)-test. All 8 patients underwent this test before spending 4 consecutive nights in the sleep laboratory: adaption, baseline (no cannulation), placebo and verum (with hourly administered hydrocortisone, 1 mg/kg BW, 7 P.M.–7 A.M.). Measured plasma levels of GH and cortisol showed an immediate increase in circulating GH (presleep peak) and in the second half of night. The sleep EEG, analyzed according to serial spectral analysis, revealed an enhanced delta activity, providing further evidence for a SWS promoting effect of acute cortisol administration. Interestingly, the effects on the EEG power spectrum seemed to be pronounced in the patients characterized as “suppressors” when compared to those showing a “non-suppression” status in the DEX/CRH-test. There is some evidence that the function of the HPA axis influences the effects of cortisol on the sleep-EEG.
A study of green movement perceptions and behavioural intentions

In this study, we discuss the development of an instrument to examine subjects' awareness of and intentions to behave in accordance with what has become known as the 'green movement'. Environmental friendliness and sustainability are the major concerns of green products, green manufacturing and service, and green organisations. Recent commentary in the literature has suggested that there may be 'disconnects' between subjects' expressed support of the movement and their behaviours and perhaps that the movement itself is becoming less powerful. In this study, we begin by discussing instrument design and development and then report initial findings for a group of subjects. We do, in fact, report possible 'disconnects' in several areas and suggest that the instrument may be useful in further examination of facets of the green movement.
Electrical Service and Controls for Joule Heating of a Nuclear Waste Experimental Glass Melter

Vitrification of radioactive liquid waste into glass is the best known method today for long-term storage of high radioactivity nuclear waste products. The electrical service and control system for an experimental electrically heated glass melter to handle nonradioactive materials, installed at Savannah River Laboratory, are described. Data accumulated and design and operating experience acquired in building and operating this melter are being used to design a melter to be installed in a processing area for use with radioactive materials.
Above Rubies: Popular Views of Medieval Women

Shirley Marchalonis' essay suggests that it is not always so easy to define the medieval attitude toward womerz in such clear-cut terms as the virgin or the whore. Nonetheless, Marchalonis admits that the courtly lady of the romances comes awfully close to the passivity of the Virgin Mary. The courtly lady in the romances plays only a minor role i n many instances; she is the prize, more often than not, of the hero at the end of the story. At best, she is a vehicle ofpassive virture, acted upon rather than acting. Obviously such a role is admired: the woman stays within her boundaries, which are defined by men, and so is respected and desired. One of the popular images of women, i n the medieval world at least, is one of dependence; women exist as complements to men.
Gaussian random measures

Abstract A Gaussian random measure is a mean zero Gaussian process η ( A ), indexed by sets A in a σ-field, such that η ( ΣA i )= Ση ( A i ), where ΣA i indicates disjoint union and the series on the right is required to converge everywhere, so η is a random signed measure. (This is in contrast to so-called second order random measures, which only require quadratic mean convergence.) The covariance kernel of η is the signed bimeasure ν 0 ( A , B )= Eη ( A ) η ( B ). We give a characterization of those bimeasures which are covariance kernels of Gaussian random measures, and we show that every Gaussian random measure has an exponentially integrable total variation and is a.s. absolutely continuous with respect to a fixed finite measure on the state space.
The impact of surplus schooling on worker productivity

Human capital theory suggests that education enhances worker productivity and is reflected in higher individual earnings. We use data from the 1969 Survey of Working Conditions and the 1973 and 1977 Quality of Employment Surveys, and a model derived from the industrial psychology literature, to test the proposition that workers' education in excess of what their jobs require can have adverse effects on job satisfaction and other correlates of worker productivity. Our results support earlier studies that have found surplus schooling has a negative effect on job satisfaction. Our findings also indicate that the negative impact of surplus schooling on job satisfaction and turnover is more significant for workers with a higher level of surplus education. Finally, the negative effects of surplus schooling appear to change over time.
The microstructure and bulk rheology of human cervicovaginal mucus are remarkably resistant to changes in pH.

The protective barrier, lubricant, and clearance functions of mucus are intimately coupled to its microstructure and bulk rheology. Mucus gels consist of a network of mucin biopolymers along with lipids, salts, and other proteins and exhibit similar biochemical and physical properties across diverse mucosal surfaces. Nevertheless, mucus is exposed to a broad range of pH values throughout the human body. Protein functions are typically sensitive to small changes in pH, and prior investigations using reconstituted, purified mucin gels suggested mucus undergoes a transition from a low-viscosity liquid at neutral pH to a highly viscoelastic solid at low pH. We sought to determine whether those observations hold for fresh, minimally perturbed human mucus ex vivo by using different-sized muco-inert nanoparticles to probe microstructure and cone-and-plate rheometry to measure bulk rheology. We demonstrate that both the microstructure and bulk rheology of fresh, undiluted, and minimally perturbed cervicovaginal m...
Hub-Based Vibration Control of Multiple Rotating Airfoils

A study of vibration control of rotating airfoils using hub-based actuators (specie cally, magnetic bearings ) is presented.Asimulationmodelconsistingofashaft/bladeddiskassemblysupportedbytworadialmagneticbearings andathrustbearingisusedtoinvestigatetheeffectivenessandlimitationsofsuchanapproach.Aerodynamiceffects areaccountedforwithasimplemodel,andcontrollablevibrationmodesaredetermined.Deliberatepatternedblade mistuning is identie ed as a possible strategy to increase system controllability/observability and to improve blade vibration suppression. A measure is developed to quantify relativecontrollability and observability to evaluate the potentialeffectiveness of theproposed mistuning strategy. Examplesimulation resultsarepresentedand discussed.
Synergies and tradeoffs between cash crop production and food security: a case study in rural Ghana

Despite dramatic improvements in global crop yields over the past half-century, chronic food insecurity persists in many parts of the world. Farming crops for sale (cash cropping) has been recommended as a way to increase income that can, in turn, improve food security for smallholder farmers. Despite long-term efforts by development agencies and government to promote cash cropping, there is limited evidence documenting a relationship between these crops and the food security of households cultivating them. We used a mixed methods approach to build a case study to assess these relationships by collecting quantitative and qualitative data from cacao and oil palm farmers in the Ashanti region of Ghana. Three dimensions of food security were considered: food availability, measured by the months in a year households reported inadequate food; food access, indicated by the coping strategies they employed to secure sufficient food; and food utilization, gauged by the diversity of household diets and anthropometric measurements of child nutritional status. We found significant negative relationships between each of these pillars of food security and a household’s intensity of cash crop production, measured by both quantity and area. A qualitative assessment indicated community perception of these tradeoffs and identified potential mechanisms, including increasing food prices and competing activities for land use, as underlying causes. The adverse relationship between cash crop production and household food security observed in this paper calls for caution; results suggest that positive relationships cannot be assumed, and that further empirical evidence is needed to better understand these tradeoffs.
Federated two-dimensional electrophoresis database: a simple means of publishing two-dimensional electrophoresis data

While a two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) database is a relatively old concept, in recent years it generated renewed interest within the 2-DE community due to two main factors: (i) The high reproducibility of the current 2-DE method allows 2-DE images to be exchanged and compared between laboratories. (ii) The recent development of faster and more powerful techniques for protein identification such as microsequencing, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and amino acid composition makes the production of reference protein maps and 2-DE databases cost- and time-effective. Additionally, the Internet network's current increase in popularity, combined with the rapid growth of Internet-connected laboratories, provides a straightforward means of publishing and sharing 2-DE data. While a small number of laboratories have already successfully published their data over the net, the increasing number of 2-DE database servers that are currently being set up will sooner or later require some kind of standardization. Unfortunately, standardization can be a long and cumbersome process inevitably leading to undesirable compromises. A federated database offers a simple and efficient way to publish and share 2-DE data without the need for standardization. Taking advantage of Internet protocols such as World Wide Web, they allow each laboratory to maintain their own database and to interconnect it with other similar databases through the use of active cross-references. This paper first presents guidelines for building a federated 2-DE database that may easily be followed by most laboratories. It then briefly reviews the state-of-the-art in networked 2-DE databases, and finally describes the SWISS-2DPAGE database which fully implements the concept of a federated 2-DE database.
Ab initio cluster calculations of silica surface sites

Abstract Silica surface sites, which can be formed in cleavage processes, and their hydrolyzed counterparts are investigated with ab initio cluster calculations. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) theory is used to characterize bonding around silica surface sites. Higher energy lone pairs of electrons on oxygen atoms either hyperconjugate to vicinal silanol/siloxane antibonding orbitals or backdonate electron density via donor–acceptor π-type bonding with participation of pd or p hybrids on silicon atoms. Upon substitution of hydroxyl groups of orthosilicic acid with silica monomers the strength of siloxane and silanol Si–O bonding increases as energies of bonding orbitals and contributions from p-orbitals decrease. Silanone sites and a complementary pair of silyl/siloxy radical sites are found to be the most stable geminal and single non-hydrolyzed sites, respectively. Atomic charges based on natural wavefunctions and on fitting to electrostatic potential, and characteristic bands of IR spectra associated with siloxane and silanol stretching vibrations of silica surface sites are reported.
Finitely generated ideals in rings of analytic functions

Given a domain g2 of C" and a function p > 0 on f2, Ap = Ap(~d) denotes the ring of all functions f ' f 2 ~ l E analytic on f2 for which there exist constants c l = c l ( f ) ~ O and c 2 = c 2 ( f ) > 0 such that [ f ( z ) l~c l exp(c2p(z)), zef2. If F1, ..., FN e Ap, and if G ~ Ap belongs to the ideal J(F1, ..., FN) of Ap generated by F1 . . . . . F N, then it is easily seen that there must exist constants cl, c 2 ~ 0 such that IG(z)[ < cl [IF(z)H exp(c2p(z)), z ~ f2, (1.1)
Endocrine disruptive effects of polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons on intestinal cholecystokinin in rats.

The ubiquitous and persistent nature of polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons (PCAHs) in our environment and the risk of exposure to PCAHs have provoked concern over their potential toxicity. In humans, exposure to PCAHs is aimed chiefly at epithelial cells residing in the intestinal mucosa, because oral intake of contaminated food is a major source of PCAHs. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine the effects of chronic exposure to various PCAHs [i.e. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF), 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126), and 2,2′4,4′5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-153)], given alone or as mixtures, on intestinal cholecystokinin (CCK) peptide and messenger RNA levels. We show that chronic PCAH treatment significantly lowers intestinal levels of stored CCK peptide. Intestinal CCK messenger RNA levels are not affected. In addition, 3,3′,4,4′,5pentachlorobiphenyl treatment increased intestinal insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 le...
The internal friction of tantalum and columbium foils at ultrasonic frequencies

Abstract The internal friction and effective elastic moduli of polycrystalline Ta and Nb foils were measured at vibrational frequencies of about 37 kilocycles and (for Nb) 111 kilocycles. Relaxation effects readily identified with O and N impurities were observed, and correlated with the low frequency data of other investigators. Activation energies for O and N diffusion in both Ta and Nb were observed to decrease with increasing temperature, while the internal friction peaks were shifted upward on the temperature scale when the impurity content was increased. Measurements extended over the temperature interval from about −160°C to about 1000°C. Low temperature anomalies in the internal friction of Ta are believed to be caused by hydrogen. Room temperature plastic deformation of both Ta and Nb produced large but poorly defined decrement increases between 20°C and 200°C, a range which showed no anomalies for annealed specimens.
Determination of bacteriocin‐encoding plasmids of Pediococcus acidilactici strains by Southern hybridization*

A 3.5 kb (2.3 MDa) plasmid probe (pRBI) containing the pap gene (pediocin AcH production) was used in Southern hybridization tests to determine the presence or absence of a plasmid-encoded pediocin gene in various isolates of Pediococcus. This probe hybridized with a 9.4 kb (6.2 MDa) plasmid found present in all pediocin-producing Pediococcus acidilactici strains tested. Conversely, this probe showed no reactions with Ped. acidilactici RS2-1, AB6-1 and PC, strains which did not produce pediocin and lacked the 9.4 kb (6.2 MDa) plasmid. This probe also did not hybridize with the plasmids from a bacteriocin producing Ped. pentosaceus strain.
Travelers and Trolls: Practitioner Research and Institutional Review Boards

Practitioner research is a growing form of educational research that presents distinctive ethical issues concerning the protection of research subjects. These issues are also evident in similar forms of action-oriented research carried out in natural settings. Some Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) have been criticized for drawing inappropriate conclusions in their reviews of proposed practitioner research projects. This article seeks to explain some of the factors creating the conflicts and misunderstandings among practitioner researchers and IRBs in hopes of ameliorating these difficulties. Although some difficulties are readily resolvable, fundamental societal rifts exist in the ethical perspectives from which judgments about the ethical propriety of such projects should be made, and the disputes derived from these rifts are not so easy to fix.
H2O, CO2, CI, and gas in Plinian and ash-flow Bishop rhyolite

Infrared spectroscopic (H_2O, CO_2 and electron microprobe (CI) analyses of glass inclusions in Plinian and ash-flow quartz phenocrysts from the Bishop Tuff reveal the preeruption concentrations of volatiles in separate parts of the body of magma. There is an inverse relation between H_2O, CO_2 that can be explained (1) by closed-system, gas-saturated crystallization of parent magma to yield Plinian magma + (lost) crystals or (2) by the rise of CO_2-rich bubbles through water-rich magma. Our estimated pressures of gas-saturation range from about 1.6 kbar (Plinian) to 2.3 kbar (ash flow) and accord with geologic evidence for 3 km of magma withdrawal and caldera subsidence.
An Atomic Force Microscopy Indentation Study of Biomaterial Properties

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful and increasingly common modality of biomechanical investigation, including imaging, force spectroscopy, and microrheology. AFM indentation of biomaterials requires use of a contact model for data interpretation and material property extraction, and a large segment of the scientific community uses the Hertz model or a close relative for small-scale indentation of thin, soft materials in high strain applications. We present experimental results and analytical/numerical modeling which lead to two main conclusions: (i) Hertzian mechanics are useful in a surprisingly large parameter range, including scenarios in which the underlying assumptions are seemingly violated, and (ii) the Hertz solution serves as a useful base from which power-series type solutions can be derived for a variety of non-Hertzian effects.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Patterns of methionine and lysine biosynthesis in the Trypanosomatidae during growth.

SYNOPSIS. Nine Crithidia spp., 2 Blastocrithidia spp., 3 Leptomonas spp. and 2 Trypanosoma spp. were tested for ability to synthesize methionine and lysine during growth. A prerequisite for methionine biosynthesis is an inordinately high level of folic acid (0.1 mg/100 ml) in the medium. Crithidia factor-type unconjugated pteridines cannot spare this requirement. Since the methionine-synthesis factor is still present after acid hydrolysis which destroys folic acid, the factor is either a breakdown product of folic acid or an impurity in the commercial product. All save C. fasciculata var. noelleri and C. from Syrphid could synthesize methionine from homocysteine thiolactone. None of the organisms synthesized lysine from α-aminoadipic acid (AAA), thus ruling out the existence of the AAA pathway for lysine synthesis in the Trypanosomatidae. Nine of the organisms synthesized lysine from a mixture of LL- and meso-α,e-diaminopimelic acid. Since both LL- and meso-DAP are intermediates in the biosynthesis of lysine by the DAP pathway (LL-DAPmeso-DAPlysine) and since decarboxylation of either LL- or meso-DAP could result in formation of lysine, pure meso-DAP was tested and found active. Thus at least the terminal portion of the DAP pathway for lysine synthesis exists in these true animal cells. Statements about absence of ability to synthesize lysine in animal cells and consequent evolutionary interpretations will therefore require revision.
Activation and use of script-based antecedents in anaphoric reference

Abstract This paper reports three experiments that investigated the accessibility of script-based antecedents during the resolution of anaphora. In the experiments, sentence pairs were used in which the referential tie between the sentences was either explicit (a repeated noun phrase), implied (the verb in the first sentence contained an empty case slot), or absent (the first sentence contained no referent). Additionally, the nouns of interest were either central or peripheral script-based concepts. Based on a model of the organization and activation of scripted knowledge developed in previous work ( F. R. Yekovich & C. H. Walker (1986) Journal of Memory and Language 25, 627–644), we argue that central concepts are part of the discourse model in working memory and thus are available as antecendents regardless of the text's features. In contrast, peripheral concepts depend on the text for their availability. Experiment 1 confirmed this by showing that comprehension time for central anaphoric sentences was independent of the type of referential tie used (i.e., Explicit = Implied = No Referent) whereas comprehension time for peripheral anaphoric sentences mirrored traditional text-based predictions (i.e., Explicit
Creation and performance analysis of user representations in collaborative virtual environments

In distributed collaborative virtual environments, participants are often embodied or represented in some form within a virtual world. The representations take many different forms and are often driven by limitations in the available technology. Desktop Web based environments typically use textual or two dimensional representations, while high end environments use motion trackers to embody a participant and their actions in an avatar or human form. This paper describes this wide range of virtual user representations and their creation and performance issues investigated as part of the Human-Computer Symbiotes project within DARPA's Intelligent Collaboration and Visualization (IC&V) program.
Ion two-stream instabilities in the auroral acceleration zone

[1] Ion beams streaming upward out of the ionosphere are frequently observed in the auroral acceleration cavity. They mainly consist of H + and O + ions drifting along the magnetic field lines and are believed to have been accelerated upward by the same parallel potential drop at the transition from the topside ionosphere. Due to the mass difference, H + and O+ form two distinct beams drifting at different speeds, whereby two-stream instabilities may develop. Here we present ID and 2D PIC simulations of the interaction between the If and O + beams in the cavity. Our model describes an open system, where a population of hot plasma sheet protons and hot electrons is at rest while H + and O+ are constantly injected at the boundary, emulating thus the ion influx from the bottom of the cavity. The study's results indicate two regimes according to the kinetic energy of the injected beams. For moderate energies the unstable waves are of the acoustic type and propagate parallel to the magnetic field. They can trap H + and O + ions, leading to phase-space vortices and the accompanying signatures of ion solitary waves in the electric field. For larger energies, the parallel acoustic waves are replaced by oblique cyclotron waves. The latter waves crisscross, forming a herringbone pattern that energizes the O + ions perpendicularly and leads to drifting conies. By contrast, the protons are hardly energized perpendicularly. The transition between the two regimes depends upon the electron temperature and the ion composition. In either case energy is transferred from the protons to the oxygens.
Effect of DNA methylation on molecular diversity of watermelon heirlooms and stability of methylation specific polymorphisms across the genealogies

American watermelon heirlooms are phenotypically diverse in terms of their growth habits, fruit traits and responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Wide ranging DNA marker tools resolved narrow molecular diversity among these collections. The current research explored additional insights such as extent of diversity at the methylation level among the watermelon cultivars. DNA profiles were generated using Methylation-sensitive AFLP assay for 47 watermelon heirlooms. Results indicated that methylation specific diversity (43%) in US watermelon heirlooms is higher than the diversity (19.8%) estimated by several investigators using conventional DNA markers. In tree topologies of Neighbor-Joining (NJ) phenograms, the clustering pattern of principal component analyses of separate data sets obtained from the methylation specific isoschizomers MspI and HpaII resolved the diversity associated with methylation. Methylation-induced clustering was further verified using model-based population structure analysis. Our study clearly revealed the extent of methylations that are shared between parental heirlooms and progeny heirlooms, when tracked in known genealogies and breeding histories of heirlooms. Methylation sites that were not carried over and de novo methylations in the progeny heirlooms were fewer, when compared to the methylations that are stable.
Pathways for emotion: Interactions of prefrontal and anterior temporal pathways in the amygdala of the rhesus monkey

The amygdala has been implicated in processing information about the emotional significance of the environment and in the expression of emotions, through robust pathways with prefrontal, anterior temporal areas, and central autonomic structures. We investigated the anatomic organization and intersection of these pathways in the amygdala in rhesus monkeys with the aid of bidirectional, retrograde and anterograde tracers. Connections of the amygdala with orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal areas were robust and bidirectional, whereas connections with lateral prefrontal areas were sparse, unidirectional and ascending. Orbitofrontal axons terminated densely in a narrow band around the borders of the magnocellular basolateral nucleus, surrounded by projection neurons along a continuum through the nuclei of the basal complex. In contrast, the input and output zones of medial prefrontal areas were intermingled in the amygdala. Moreover, medial prefrontal axonal terminations were expansive, spreading into the parvicellular basolateral nucleus, which is robustly connected with hypothalamic autonomic structures, suggesting that they may influence the expressive emotional system of the amygdala. On the other hand, orbitofrontal axons heavily targeted the intercalated masses, which issue inhibitory projections to the central nucleus, at least in rats and cats. The central nucleus, in turn, issues a significant inhibitory projection to hypothalamic and brainstem autonomic structures. This evidence suggests that orbitofrontal areas exercise control on the internal processing of the amygdala. In addition, the results provided direct evidence that the connections of anterior temporal visual and auditory association cortices occupy overlapping territories with the orbitofrontal cortices particularly in the posterior half of the amygdala, and specifically within the intermediate sector of the basolateral nucleus and in the magnocellular part of the basomedial nucleus (also known as accessory basal), suggesting a closely linked triadic network. This intricate network may be recruited in cognitive tasks that are inextricably linked with emotional associations.
A new component - the metal oxide varistor suppressor

The paper deals with the novel aspects of a newly developed transient voltage suppressor. Details of its operation, fabrication and characterization are given. Its performance is compared against the more familiar devices currently used for transient voltage protection including devices such as spark gaps, zeners and selenium suppressors. Application features are discussed briefly. Future development trends and their significance to the system designer are given.
Interconversion of boranes—II deuterium isotope effect in the decomposition of diborane

The decomposition of B/sub 2/H/sub 6/ was shown to be five times faster than that of B/sub 2/D/sub 6/ by following the rate of hydrogen elimination. Factors affecting the concentration of one boron and three boron intermediates are discussed. The evidence is interpreted in terms of the reaction B/sub 3/H/ sub 9/ -B/sub 3/H/sub 7/ + H/sub 2/ as the rate controlling step of the decomposition. (auth)
Mechanisms of regulation of cell adhesion and motility by insulin receptor substrate-1 in prostate cancer cells

LNCaP cells are human prostatic cancer cells that have a frame-shift mutation of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN and do not express the insulin receptor substrate1 (IRS-1), a major substrate of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR). Ectopic expression of IRS-1 in LNCaP cells increases cell adhesion and decreases cell motility by an IGF-I-independent mechanism. We show now that these eAects of IRS-1 are accompanied by serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and are inhibited by inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). We have confirmed the requirement for PI3K activity and serine phosphorylation by the use of IRS-1 mutants, expressed in LNCaP cells. Serine phosphorylation inhibits IGF-I-induced tyrosyl phosphorylation of IRS-1, which is restored by the expression of wild-type PTEN or by inhibition of PI3K activity. Finally, IRS-1 in LNCaP cells co-immunoprecipitates with integrin a 5 b 1, and the association is again IGF-I-independent. We conclude that in LNCaP cells, IRS-1 is serine phosphorylated by PI3K, generating eAects that are diAerent, and even opposite, from those generated by IGF-I. Oncogene (2001) 20, 490‐500.
Discrete anomalies of binary groups

Abstract We derive the discrete anomaly conditions for the binary tetrahedral group T ′ as well as the binary dihedral groups Q 2 n . The ambiguities of embedding these finite groups into SU ( 2 ) and SU ( 3 ) lead to various possible definitions of the discrete indices which enter the anomaly equations. We scrutinize the different choices and show that it is sufficient to consider one particular assignment for the discrete indices. Thus it is straightforward to determine whether or not a given model of flavor is discrete anomaly free.
Reduced Pyrene Bioavailability in Microbially Active Soils

The influence of microbial activity on pyrene biodegradation and fate was assessed by quantifying the distribution of 14C-label and pyrene among soil organic matter fractions (SOM) in soils that contained varied microbial communities. A southern, hardwood forest soil was incubated with pyrene in aerated chambers for 9 months. Soil was incubated in three sets: soil alone, soil augmented with a pyrene-degrading community, and soil inhibited with sodium azide (NaN3). After 9 months, pyrene mineralization was observed only in the degrader-amended soil set. Most of the pyrene and [14C]pyrene in the NaN3-amended soil set was recovered by solvent extraction (>75%). The [14C]pyrene extracted from the NaN3-amended soil set was mineralized by a microbial community shown to mineralize pyrene. Extractable pyrene from nonamended soil and degrader-amended soil sets decreased with time due to biodegradation. Extracted label from these soils was not mineralized to the same extent as NaN3-amended soil. Nonextractable lab...
Situation, Structure, and the Context of Meaning*

Two of the approaches at the forefront of contemporary sociological interest in meaning, symbolic interactionism and structuralism, share an interest in the role of signs and symbols in social life...
After the Fanfare: Education, the Lasting Legacy

Shipwrecks are resource rich. The recent Gulf of Mexico Deep Gulf Wrecks Project was meant to be shared and explored, not only by professional scientists but also by the public. The project website was the public link to the deepest reaches of the Gulf of Mexico during the scientific expedition. The website welcomed hundreds of visitors each day during the project. The audience composed of professionals and interested public followed the daily logs and videos. The overall scientific and educational data sets amassed from the project were, at times, overwhelmingly vast, but when segmented by topic, became manageable. After the fanfare generated by following along with the expedition ended, the primary project goals shifted to analysis and the creation of a lasting educational legacy. This legacy is presented digitally via the web. Project curriculum gives classrooms around the globe long-term access to the exciting scientific data. Along with the documentary film project the Deep Gulf Wrecks Project ensures that the legacy at the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico is indeed a lasting legacy.
Molecular Biology's Lessons about Toxoplasma Development: Stage-specific Homologs

Within intermediate hosts (such as humans), the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii has two life cycle stages: a rapidly replicating form called a tachyzoite and a slowly growing, quiescent form called a bradyzoite. Recently, molecular biology studies have shown that tachyzoites and bradyzoites express a number of homologs (ie. evolutionary related genes)expressed exclusively in one or the other stage. Here, Laura Knoll and John Boothroyd describe examples of how these stage-specific homologs were discovered, and speculate about their regulation and functional significance.
The Theoretical Foundation of Zipf's Law and Its Application to the Bibliographic Database Environment

What does the frequency of occurrence of different words in an article have to do with the number of times an article is cited? Or, for that matter, with the number of publications an author has? All of these—word frequency, citation frequency, and publication frequencyobey an ubiquitous distribution called Zipf's law. Zipf's law applies as well to such diverse subjects as income distribution, firm size, and biological genera and species. Zipf in 1949 described a hyperbolic rank-frequency word distribution, which he fitted to a number of texts. He stated that if all unique words in a text are arranged (or ranked) in order of decreasing frequency of occurrence, the product of frequency times rank yields a constant which is approximately equal for all words in a text. The law has been shown to encompass many natural phenomena, and is equivalent to the distributions of Yule, Lotka, Pareto, Bradford, and Price. An ubiquitous empirical regularity suggests some universal principal. This article examines a number of theoretical derivations of the law, in order to show the relationship between the many attempts at ascertaining a theoretical justification for the phenomenon. We then briefly examine some of the ramifications of applying the law to the bibliographic database environment. The structure of the Zipf distribution resembles that of many other distributions, such as the Yule and Bradford distributions, and Lotka's law. Each has been observed as an empirical regularity in the study of many diverse subjects, ranging from the frequency of citation of published works to the distribution of the length of rugged coastline. What are the relationships among these phenomena? More importantly, how can one theoretically justify the existence of these regularities? This article is devoted to an explication of the appropriateness of the Zipf distribution to the word-frequency relation
Rapid in-plate generation of benzimidazole libraries and amide formation using EEDQ

Abstract A solution phase method for the preparation of etonitazene-related benzimidazoles and a general method for the preparation of amide derivatives in 96-well format have been developed for the generation of libraries of compounds in parallel.
Biological Relevance of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Arterial Diseases

Over the past three decades, age-adjusted rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have fallen in the United States, but the prevalence of obesity and associated metabolic disorders has risen dramatically. Recent studies have begun to unravel the complex linkages between adipose and vascular tissues that may accelerate the development of atherosclerosis in the context of obesity. Experimental models indicate that inflammation and oxidative stress, which mutually amplify each other within the vasculature and in visceral fat, are key processes that drive the initiation, progression, and subsequent rupture of the atherosclerotic lesion. Emerging research is further elucidating the contributions made by chemokines and their receptors, adipokines, and miRNAs to arterial disease. Translation of these basic science findings to clinical applications represents a tantalizing possibility for reducing the global burden of obesity-associated atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases.
On the relation between a stearoyl-specific transacylase from bovine testis membranes and a copurifying acyltransferase.

Bovine testis membranes contain a coenzyme A-dependent transacylase that can catalyze the preferential transfer of stearoyl groups from phosphoglycerides to sn-2-acyl molecular species of lysophosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidylinositol [Itabe et al., (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 15319−15325]. We have now purified this enzyme 1000-fold and shown that it copurifies with an acyltransferase. The purified transacylase can use phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol, or phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate as an acyl donor and catalyzes the transfer of stearoyl groups in preference to palmitoyl groups or oleoyl groups. In contrast, the purified acyltransferase uses acyl-coenzyme A as an acyl donor and shows no such preference for stearoyl group transfer. Furthermore, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate inhibits the two enzymes to different extents and by different mechanisms. Nevertheless, the enzymes are similar in several respects: they use the same acyl acceptors and, when assayed together, compete for the a...
Biophysical studies of cytochromes B5 with amino acid substitutions in the membrane-binding domain.

Asp-COOH 133 Asp Ala Met Tyr Leu Arg Tyr Met Leu Ala Val lie Leu Ala Ser lie Ala Pro Cytochrome bs (bs)' isolated by detergent extraction from liver (1), has been used extensively as a model membrane protein. The membrane-binding domain comprises approximately 40 amino acid residues and the protein binds rapidly and spontaneously to lipid vesicles. The protein contains three Trp (at 108, 109, and 112) in the membrane-binding domain and numerous studies have focussed on the fluorescent properties of these Trp (1-3). In addition, Fourier-transform infrared studies have been used to estimate the secondary structure and depth of penetration of this domain in the bilayer (4, 5). This protein has now been expressed in Escherichia coli and here we describe some studies with a mutant of rabbit liver bs where two of the Trp were replaced by Leu so that there now is only one Trp (109) in the membrane-binding domain (nonpolar peptide, NPP) (Scheme I) (6).
Elastodynamics and Arterial Wall Stress

Recent advances in molecular and cell biology have emphasized the fundamental importance of mechanical factors in regulating the structure and function of cells and extracellular matrix in the vasculature. Consequently, there is an ever-greater motivation to calculate accurately the stress and strain fields in the arterial wall and how they change with disease, injury, and clinical treatment. Although there is an extensive literature on arterial mechanics, our understanding is still far from complete. In this paper, we review some of the salient findings with regard to wall properties, suggest some possible improvements in the calculation of wall stress, and identify some unresolved problems for further research.
Biologically enhanced mass transfer of tetrachloroethene from DNAPL in source zones: experimental evaluation and influence of pool morphology.

High-saturation pools of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) are long-term sources of groundwater contamination at many hazardous-waste sites. DNAPL pools consist of a high saturation zone with slow dissolution overlaid by a transition zone with lower saturations and more rapid dissolution. Effects of biological activity on pool dissolution must be understood to evaluate and implement bioremediation strategies. Bioenhanced dissolution of tetrachloroethene (PCE) in transition zones of high-saturation pools was investigated in a custom-designed 5-cm flow cell. Experiments were conducted to characterize mass transfer following DNAPL emplacement, with and without an active microbial culture capable of reductive dehalogenation. For average pool saturations ≤0.55, mass transfer during biodegradation was enhanced by factors of 4−13, due primarily to high mass flux of PCE degradation products. However, at an average pool saturation of 0.74, mass transfer was enhanced by factors less than 1.5. Mass transfer was ...
The spectroscope as a tool for atmospheric sounding by satellites

Abstract A previous suggestion by the author that the atmosphere can be sounded by remote satellite measurements of thermal radiation is discussed in more detail. Preliminary calculations show that the accuracy required to determine the temperature structure to within a degree or two is probably obtainable for fairly large atmospheric layers. Singer's method of satellite ozone sounding is shown to be an extremely sensitive technique for determining the upper-level ozone distribution in considerable detail.
The Essential Interdependence of Leadership and Followership

There are many reasons to attend to the unity of leadership and follow ership. Yet, by convention, these phenomena are treated apart. Both leadership and followership repre sent active roles, given the reality that organizational functions require them at every level. The usual ex pectation of the leader role as active and the follower role as passive is misconceived even in traditional hi erarchies. Barnes and Kriger2 ob served that leadership does not rest with a single individual but is plural istic and fluid, in part due to the crossing of the formal structure by informal networks.
Soluble Factors Secreted by T Cells Promote β-Cell Proliferation

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by infiltration of pancreatic islets with immune cells, leading to insulin deficiency. Although infiltrating immune cells are traditionally considered to negatively impact β-cells by promoting their death, their contribution to proliferation is not fully understood. Here we report that islets exhibiting insulitis also manifested proliferation of β-cells that positively correlated with the extent of lymphocyte infiltration. Adoptive transfer of diabetogenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but not B cells, selectively promoted β-cell proliferation in vivo independent from the effects of blood glucose or circulating insulin or by modulating apoptosis. Complementary to our in vivo approach, coculture of diabetogenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with NOD.RAG1−/− islets in an in vitro transwell system led to a dose-dependent secretion of candidate cytokines/chemokines (interleukin-2 [IL-2], IL-6, IL-10, MIP-1α, and RANTES) that together enhanced β-cell proliferation. These data suggest that soluble factors secreted from T cells are potential therapeutic candidates to enhance β-cell proliferation in efforts to prevent and/or delay the onset of type 1 diabetes.