cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LIGAND-INDUCED MOVEMENT OF LYMPHOCYTE MEMBRANE MACROMOLECITLES : II. MAPPING OF SURFACE MOIETIES

Anti-immunoglobulin (Ig) coupled to ferritin or hemocyanin was used to map the distribution of Ig molecules on lymphocytes derived from bone marrow (B lymphocytes) by freeze-etching. The labeled anti-Ig was distributed all over the membrane in the form of random interconnected patches forming a lacy, continuous network. This was the pattern of lymphocytes labeled at 4°C with the anti-Ig. After warming at 37°C, the labeled molecules concentrated into a single area of the cell (forming the cap) and were rapidly internalized in small vesicles Freeze-etching showed close packing of the labeled molecules in the cap area. There was evidence that in the cap area the Ig molecules were exfoliated from the plane of the membrane, suggesting that the Ig may be superficial to the bilipid layer, or weakly anchored to the membrane. Similar studies were made using antibodies to histocompatibility antigens. Thymocytes were labeled with anti-H-2 and ferritin anti-Ig at 4°C. Freeze-etching showed large patches scattered over the membrane and separated from each other by several thousand angstroms. This distribution may, in part, explain why H-2 antigens do not readily form a cap; the large patches are beyond the reach of even a double ligand (sandwich) reaction. The antigens that reacted with heterologous anti-lymphocyte globulin (ALG) were found in small noninterconnected clusters a few hundred angstroms apart. Such clusters presumably cannot be linked by a single antibody but can by a sandwich (ligand to ligand-antigen) reaction. In previous studies it was found that ALG antigens form a cap only after a sandwich reaction. Finally, the receptors for concanavalin A (Con A) were found in a lacy, irregular interconnected, random network. The spatial distribution of these moieties on the membrane may, in great part, determine their movement after reaction with one or two ligands.
Anthropology: Shifts in fishing grounds

Adaptation to climate change in fisheries is occurring very rapidly. Research now shows that it is a complex process whose outcomes can both mitigate and exacerbate impacts on fish populations.
The Pecuniary Value of Commuting Time

If commuting time is changed significantly by injury or wrongful termination, the change in the cost of commuting might be an element of damages, and the forensic economist might be called on to evaluate the change. Transportation economists have studied commuting behavior for more than half a century. They have developed models of utility maximization in choosing among modes of travel and concluded that, roughly, commuters are willing to trade time for money as though their time were worth half their wage; but there are variations. This paper summarizes findings from transportation economics for possible application in forensic economics.
Studies on the pathogenesis of vibriosis in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)

. Juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), cultured in fresh water, were experimentally infected with highly virulent Vibrio anguillarum, and various haematological and biochemical parameters were compared between moribund and non-infected control fish. In addition, endotoxin, culture supernatant, and cell lysate preparations of V. anguillarum were tested separately and in combination to assess their roles in mediating pathological effects. The haematocrit, haemoglobin, numbers of red and white blood cells and plasma, total protein, albumin, β2 globulin, chloride, sodium, osmolality and alkaline phosphatase levels were all decreased in infected fish compared to controls. Erythrocyte fragility and plasma glucose, potassium, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) levels were increased in infected fish. No mortality nor significant changes in haematocrit or plasma protein occurred in fish injected intraperitoneally with 35 mg/kg (1 mouse LD50) of V. anguillarum endotoxin, with culture supernatant fluid, cell lysate, or with combinations of the three preparations. There was, however, a decrease in plasma protein concentration in coho injected with 355 mg/kg (10 mouse LD50s) of endotoxin, but no mortality nor significant change in haematocrit.
Three Dimensional Modeling of Carbon Foams

The relationship between the 3D structure of the open-cell carbon foams and its properties is particularly difficult to establish without a “true” representation of the foam. The complex structure of graphitized carbon foams is difficult to capture using one or even two-dimensional models. Several attempts have been made to model carbon foams as cellular materials. However, the regular models cannot account for the complex interaction between the pores in the true foam. The present paper characterizes the structure of “true” foam and links it to its thermal and mechanical properties.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
ALCOHOL-INSOLUBLE CONSTITUENTS OF JUICE VESICLES OF CITRUS FRUIT

SUMMARY– The texture of the edible portion of citrus fruit is determined by the characteristics of the juice vesicles and their insoluble constituents. Alcohol-insoluble solids (AIS) of the juice vesicles of several varieties of oranges, grapefruit and tangerines were studied at different stages of maturity. The protein content of the AIS as determined by the Kjeldahl method was found to decrease with fruit maturity, although total amount per fruit tended to increase. Polysaccharides were separated by extracting the AIS with alkali of various concentrations. Each fraction after hydrolysis was analyzed for the monomers both by paper chromatography and gas chromatography of the silylated derivatives. Galactose, arabinose and traces of glucose were found in fractions associated with galacturonic acid, and xylose, arabinose and glucose in different proportions were found in the hemicellulose and cellulose fractions. Traces of rhamnose and other uronic acids also were detected.
Combining 3-D geovisualization with force feedback driven user interaction

We describe a prototype software system for investigating novel human-computer interaction techniques for 3-D geospatial data. This system, M4-Geo (Multi-Modal Mesh Manipulation of Geospatial data), aims to provide a more intuitive interface for directly manipulating 3-D surface data, such as digital terrain models (DTM). The M4-Geo system takes place within a 3-D environment and uses a Phantom haptic force feedback device to enhance 3-D computer graphics with touch-based interactions. The Phantom uses a 3-D force feedback stylus, which acts as a virtual "finger tip" that allows the user to feel the shape (morphology) of the terrain's surface in great detail. In addition, it acts as a touch sensitive tool for different GIS tasks, such as digitizing (draping) of lines and polygons directly onto a 3-D surface and directly deforming surfaces (by pushing or pulling the stylus in or out). The user may adjust the properties of the surface deformation (e.g., soft or hard) locally by painting it with a special "material color."The overlap of visual and force representation of 3-D data aides hand-eye coordination for these tasks and helps the user to perceive the 3-D spatial data in a more holistic, multi-sensory way. The use of such a 3-D force feedback device for direct interaction may thus provide more intuitive and efficient alternatives to the mouse and keyboards driven interactions common today, in particular in areas related to digital landscape design, surface hydrology and geotechnical engineering.
Concentration dependence of the wave vector of the spin-density wave of chromium alloys

The static, unenhanced paramagnetic susceptibility of pure Cr and its dilute alloys with V and Mn is computed within the random-phase approximation at zero temperature. Matrix elements are calculated using a linear-combination-of-atomic orbitals scheme and alloying is treated by both the rigid-band and coherent-potential approximations. The susceptibility exhibits peaks at wave vectors which correlate well with Fermi-surface nesting features and which are indicative of antiferromagnetic instabilities leading to spin-density-wave ground states. These wave vectors agree to within 1% with neutron scattering measurements of the spin-density-wave wave vector in pure Cr, and the calculated dependence of this wave vector on V or Mn impurity concentration follows experimental variations closely. The unenhanced paramagnetic susceptibility of pure Mo is computed as well; and the absence of a spin-density wave, despite strong similarities between the Fermi surfaces of Cr and Mo, is attributed to matrix-element behavior and exchange and correlation corrections.
Unifying trends and opportunities in global artificial reef research, including evaluation

Research and development concerning marine artificial reefs and challenges in the field are reviewed. Purposes are: (a) to summarize global applications of artificial reef technology; (b) to provide limited review of trends in research, the level of evaluation of reefs specifically concerning their performance toward attainment of objectives; and (c) to propose opportunities for research, data synthesis, and training. Copyright 2002 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Causation, sensations, and knowledge

sensations. The aim of the present paper is to arrive at a full and correct understanding of these relations and of what depends on them. To this end, I shall begin by stating an argument which purports to refute any dualism which includes the claim that we have non-inferential knowledge of our sensations. Consideration of this argument will lead us in a natural and orderly way to all the questions we need to discuss.
Effect of basicranial flexion on larynx and hyoid position in rats : an experimental study of skull and soft tissue interactions

The mammalian upper respiratory tract is a functionally dynamic region involved in respiration, deglutition, and phonation. As the structures of this area (e.g., larynx, hyoid) are suspended from the basicranium, changes in basicranial shape may affect both their anatomy and function. Although skeletal/ soft tissue relationships have been examined through descriptive, comparative anatomy, these relationships have remained largely unexplored via experimental study. In this study, mechanical relationships between basicranial shape and positions of the larynx and hyoid bone are investigated experimentally. Skull base flexion was induced by surgically ablating the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in 13-day-old rats. Lateral radiograms were taken at 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 days, and angular measurements made of basicranial shape and positions of the larynx and hyoid bone. Statistical analysis shows significant differences between experimental and control groups for skull base, hyoid, and larynx angles, and negative (inverse) correlations for basicranial shape change vs. hyoid position, and basicranial shape change vs. larynx position. Results show induced basicranial flexion caused inferior displacement of the larynx and hyoid bone, thus indicating a direct, mechanical relationship between skeletal and soft tissues. These observations may aid in understanding the basic biological, pathological, and evolutionary interactions of hard and soft tissues of the upper respiratory region.
Medical problems among adolescents in U.S. mental health services: relationship to functional impairment.

This study provides information about the extent of comorbidity between medical and behavioral problems among adolescents in mental health services, describes the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of adolescents with both problems, and discusses the consequences or comorbidity for service delivery. Nationally representative mental health service use data for adolescents (age 12–17) in inpatient, outpatient, and residential mental health service settings (weighted N=296,755) were used. Close to one fifth (18.9%) of the adolescents had a medical problem, and adolescents with anxiety and pervasive developmental disorders had the highest rates of medical problems. In multivariate logistic regressions, having a medical problem significantly increased the odds of serious functional impairment; having a secondary or dual psychiatric diagnosis was only significant in interaction with a medical problem. The results underscore the need for adolescent behavioral health research and practice to attend to multiple influences on functioning.
The influence of dietary protein on the protective effect of BCG in guinea pigs.

Specific pathogen-free, Hartley guinea pigs were vaccinated with viable Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and given isocaloric diets identical in every nutrient except protein (control=30%; low protein=10%). A non-vaccinated group was maintained on the control diet. Five weeks later, all animals were infected with an aerosol containing virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv. On the same day, half of the protein-deficient guinea pigs were transferred to the control diet, while the remainder were maintained on the low protein (10%) diet. Animals from each diet treatment were tuberculin tested and sacrificed 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks post-challenge. Protein-deficient guinea pigs exhibited diminished tuberculin reactions and loss of BCG-induced protection against virulent challenge as measured by the number of viable M. tuberculosis recovered from the lung and spleen. Renourished animals expressed normal levels of delayed hypersensitivity within 1 week of initiating the normal diet and were protected as well as vaccinated control guinea pigs against virulent respiratory challenge.
Stable carbon isotopic profiles of sea turtle humeri: implications for ecology and physiology

Abstract Analyses of sequential growth layers of marine turtle humeri indicate that diet is the primary influence on the carbon isotopic composition of sea turtle bone carbonate. However, secondary physiological and geographical factors, such as foraging locality, migratory range, physiological interactions with ocean water, and especially respiratory physiology, also influence carbon isotope values of biogenic structural carbonate. The difference in carbon isotope compositions between diet and bone structural carbonate is consistently smaller in the deep-diving leatherback ( Dermochelys coriacea ) and olive ridley ( Lepidochelys olivacea ) turtles than in the shallow-diving green turtle ( Chelonia mydas ). Although diet has considerable influence on sea turtle bone carbonate δ 13 C, respiration appears to be an additional influence, because of the accumulation of respired CO 2 in blood during extended breath-hold diving and the concomitant incorporation of blood-CO 2 into bone carbonate. Preliminary analyses of collagen and muscle tissue do not show evidence of respiratory effects on their carbon isotope compositions.
Influence of Plant Part on Nitrate Concentration in Lettuce and Spinach

ABSTRACT The concentration of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) varies between lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Nitrate is potentially harmful if consumed in large amounts by humans; therefore, understanding which cultivars and plant parts concentrate NO3-N can be useful in developing approaches to reduce dietary NO3-N intake. We determined NO3-N concentration and distribution in cultivars of field-grown lettuce and spinach. In 2006, NO3-N concentration was highest in the outer leaf whorl and lowest in the center of spinach; no difference was found in lettuce. In 2007, overall soil and tissue NO3-N concentrations were lower and there was no interaction between plant part and species or cultivar and no difference among leaf whorls; all cultivars had higher NO3-N concentrations in the midrib and petiole than in the leaf. Differences in NO3-N concentration and distribution suggest that practices such as cultivar selection and selective removal of high NO3-N parts can lower NO3-N consump...
Deficient levels of dietary selenium suppress the antibody response in first and second generation mice

Abstract The effect of a selenium-deficient diet during prenatal and postnatal development on the immune response was investigated in the C57BL/6J mouse. When the selenium-deficient diet was administered postweaning, these was no effect on the serum chemistries, primary antibody response, or lymphoid organ weight. However, the secondary antibody response to a T-cell dependent antigen was diminished. Administration of the selenium-deficient diet during gestation, lactation, and postweaning development had no effect on the serum chemistry values or lymphoid organs. However, body weights and primary and secondary antibody responses were reduced. Similar results were obtained in both in vivo and in vitro assay systems.
Can we take continuous quality improvement to the next level

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons' National Cardiac Database (NCD), which is housed and managed at the Duke Clinical Research Institute, has set the standard for effective professional society–sponsored clinical registries. Nearly 90% of US hospitals performing cardiac surgery participate in the NCD. In addition to accruing mortality and morbidity outcomes information from >3.6 million cardiac surgery patients since 1989, the NCD has been used to develop risk models for cardiac surgery procedures that are widely used to assess the appropriateness of surgical intervention. The NCD also has been used for continuous quality improvement (CQI) efforts when tracking process measures of care in cardiac surgery patients, such as the use of the internal mammary artery in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) procedures, or the use of preoperative β-blockade therapy.1 Article see p 39 This present report clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of a straightforward CQI intervention, ensuring that patients received appropriate discharge medications after CABG.2 Some would dispute the authors' characterization of this intervention as “low intensity.” In fact, it is a serious intervention, because coronary atherosclerosis is a lifetime illness. Established coronary artery disease requires effective secondary prevention measures after bypass surgery to sustain cardiac improvement and lasting health. The authors accurately describe the occasion of discharge instruction for CABG patients as a teachable moment. Unfortunately, in our compartmentalized healthcare delivery system, some cardiac patients do not receive a full lesson plan on how to deal with their coronary …
Gluconeogenesis from 14C- and 3H-Labeled Substrates in Normal and Cortisone-Treated Rats

Treatment of rats for 4 days with cortisone acetate (20 mg/day) was followed by intraperitoneal injection in trace amount of one of the following pairs of compounds: DL-alanine- 2-14C, DL-lactic acid-2-3H; DL-malic acid-3-14C, DL-malic acid-2-3H; succinic acid-2,2′-14C, succinic acid-2,2′-3H; or glycerol-l,3-14C, glycerol- 2-3H. Conversion of radioactivity to CO2, blood glucose and liver glycogen was studied. With all 14C-labeled substrates there was an increase of 14C CO2 after cortisone, which was partly due to an increased specific activity and partly to a general increase of respiration. Incorporation of 14C from alanine and malate into blood glucose was increased about 2-fold after cortisone, and there was no change in 14C from succinate or glycerol. Incorporation of tritium from lactate and malate into glucose was increased 4-fold and 5-fold, respectively, after cortisone, but there was no change in the amount of 3H transferred to glucose from succinate or glycerol. Tracer incorporation into glycoge...
Observations of market pigs following transport to a packing plant.

A field study was conducted to record observations of 41,744 market-weight pigs upon arrival at a commercial abattoir to evaluate the relationships between various independent factors and open-mouth breathing, skin discoloration, lameness, unloading time, and mortality during transport. Observations were recorded from 242 trailer loads on 46 separate days over a period of 14 mo. Travel time ( or=2.5 h), wait time before unloading ( or=20 min), loading pressure ( or=260 kg of BW/m(2) trailer floor space), ambient temperature while unloading ( or=17 degrees C), and trailer type [potbelly (PB); straight-deck with conventional unloading doors (SDC); or straight-deck with wide unloading doors (SDW)] were recorded for each load. Open-mouth breathing was more prevalent in pigs when transported on PB trailers compared with that of SDC or SDW trailers (P or=17 degrees C, P or=17 degrees C. Lameness was more prevalent (P 0.10) relationships between mortality and any independent variable tested. Wait time before unloading was not associated (P > 0.10) with any of the dependent variables included in the statistical model. In conclusion, warmer ambient temperatures (>or=17 degrees C) and the use of PB trailers are associated with an increased incidence of open-mouth breathing and skin discoloration, and longer unloading times after the transport of market pigs.
Correction of a non-orthogonal, three-component sonic anemometer for flow distortion by transducer shadowing

We propose that flow distortion within a non-orthogonal CSAT3 sonic anemometer is primarily due to transducer shadowing, which is caused by wakes in the lee of the acoustic transducers impinging on their measurement paths. The dependence of transducer shadowing on sonic path geometry, wind direction and atmospheric stability is investigated with simulations that use surface-layer data from the Horizontal Array Turbulence Study (HATS) field program and canopy roughness-sublayer data from the CHATS (Canopy HATS) field program. We demonstrate the efficacy of correcting the CSAT3 for transducer shadowing with measurements of its flow distortion in the NCAR wind tunnel, combined with 6 months of data collected in the atmospheric surface layer with adjacent CSAT3 and orthogonal ATI-K sonic anemometers at the NCAR Marshall field site. CSAT3 and ATI-K measurements of the variance of vertical velocity $$\sigma _w^2$$ and the vertical flux of sonic temperature agree within 1 % after correction of both sonics for transducer shadowing. Both the simulations of transducer shadowing and the comparison of CSAT3 and ATI-K field data suggest a simple, approximate correction of CSAT3 surface-layer scalar fluxes with an increase on the order of 4–5 %, independent of wind direction and atmospheric stability. We also find that $$\sigma _w/u_*$$ (where $$u_*$$ is the friction velocity) and $$r_{uw}$$ (the correlation coefficient) calculated with corrected CSAT3 data are insensitive to wind direction and agree closely with known values of these dimensionless variables for neutral stratification, which is evidence for the efficacy of the correction of the horizontal wind components for transducer shadowing as well.
The Kentucky Nanonet: A Regional Networking Initiative to Improve Communication, Collaboration and Resource Utilization

Social networking was one of the biggest buzz words of the 2000's. As a new decade begins, many groups, the Kentucky Nanonet (KyNN) among them, are beginning the much more sober task of using the tools that these systems have developed for bringing together smaller, more focused groups such as the micro/nano research community within Kentucky. The KyNN's efforts have begun the process of building a functional, integrated web community using custom developed tools and leveraging existing web services such as Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn where possible to connect and encourage communication among geographically dispersed location.
Dosing Considerations for Non-Prescription Drugs in Infants and Children

AbstractDosing of non-prescription drugs in children has been traditionally based on age or weight based ratio reduction of the adult dose. In most cases, pharmaceutical manufacturers of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs have not undertaken pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic studies in young children. As a result there is very little direct information regarding disposition and response to non-prescription drugs in infants and young children. An effort has been made in this paper to estimate the optimal dose of various non-prescription drugs for children under the age of 2, based on physiological maturation factors in the young child and the known disposition characteristics of the drugs in adults and older children.
Measures of Adiposity and Future Risk of Ischemic Stroke and Coronary Heart Disease in Older Men and Women

The relation between measures of general and central adiposity and individual cardiovascular endpoints remains understudied in older adults. This study investigated the association of measures of body size and composition with incident ischemic stroke or coronary heart disease (1989-2007) in 3,754 community-dwelling US adults aged 65-100 years. Standardized anthropometry and bioelectric impedance measurements were obtained at baseline. Body mass index at age 50 years (BMI50) was calculated on the basis of recalled weight. Although only waist/hip ratio was significantly associated with ischemic stroke in quintile analysis in women, dichotomized body mass index (BMI) (≥ 30 kg/m²) was the only significant predictor in men. For coronary heart disease, there were significant positive adjusted associations for all adiposity measures, without interaction by sex. This was true for both quintiles and conventional cutpoints for obesity, although BMI-defined overweight (25-29.9 kg/m² was significant at midlife but not at baseline. Strengths of association for extreme quintiles (quintile 5 vs. quintile 1) were broadly comparable, but the highest effect estimates were for waist/hip ratio (hazard ratio = 1.56, 95% confidence interval: 1.25, 1.94) and BMI50 (hazard ratio = 1.71, 95% confidence interval: 1.37, 2.14), both of which remained significant after adjustment for mediators, BMI, or each other. Whether these differences translate to better risk prediction will require meta-analytical approaches, as will determination of prognostic cutpoints.
Assessment of assays for the serodiagnosis of Venezuelan equine encephalitis.

Summary An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), an immunofluorescence assay (IFA), a plaque-reduction neutralization (PRN) assay and an immunoblot assay, all by means of an antigen prepared from the attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) vaccine strain of virus, were compared with the conventional haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) assay for the serodiagnosis of VEE. The HAI assay, which includes the use of wild type virus antigen, was less sensitive than the other assays when known-positive samples of serum from an epidemic of VEE were tested. The superior sensitivity of the IgG ELISA was confirmed by assaying both VEE epidemic samples and a bank of samples from VEE vaccinees. Samples with antibody specific for other Alphaviruses, however, cross reacted weakly in this assay. The PRN, immunoblot and HAI assays, although less sensitive than the ELISA, proved more specific. Experimental infection of guinea-pigs demonstrated the value of the IgM ELISA in the early detection of VEE virus infection. Immunoglobulin M was first found at 4 days post-inoculation (p.i.) during the viraemic phase of infection. Immunoglobulin G was detected by ELISA, PRN assay and IFA at 6 days p.i. Immunoblot and HAI assays, however, did not give positive results until 10 days p.i. The results support the diagnostic use of ELISA for detecting VEE virus-specific IgM and IgG, and the use of the specific PRN assay for confirming the diagnosis.
Using phenotypic manipulations to study multivariate selection of floral trait associations.

Background A basic theme in the study of plant-pollinator interactions is that pollinators select not just for single floral traits, but for associations of traits. Responses of pollinators to sets of traits are inherent in the idea of pollinator syndromes. In its most extreme form, selection on a suite of traits can take the form of correlational selection, in which a response to one trait depends on the value of another, thereby favouring floral integration. Despite the importance of selection for combinations of traits in the evolution of flowers, evidence is relatively sparse and relies mostly on observational approaches. Scope Here, methods for measuring selection on multivariate suites of floral traits are presented, and the studies to date are reviewed. It is argued that phenotypic manipulations present a powerful, but rarely used, approach to teasing apart the separate and combined effects of particular traits. The approach is illustrated with data from studies of alpine plants in Colorado and New Zealand, and recommendations are made about several features of the design of such experiments. Conclusions Phenotypic manipulations of two or more traits in combination provide a direct way of testing for selection of floral trait associations. Such experiments will be particularly valuable if rooted in hypotheses about differences between types of pollinators and tied to a proposed evolutionary history.
Clearance of exogenous dopamine in rat dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens: role of metabolism and effects of locally applied uptake inhibitors.

In vivo electrochemistry was used to investigate the mechanisms contributing to the clearance of locally applied dopamine in the dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens of urethane-anesthetized rats. Chronoamperometric recordings were continuously made at 5 Hz using Nafion-coated carbon fiber electrodes. When a finite amount of dopamine was pressure-ejected at 5-min intervals from a micropipette adjacent to the electrode, transient and reproducible dopamine signals were detected. Substitution of L-a-methyldopamine, a substrate for the dopamine transporter but not for monoamine oxidase, for dopamine in the micropipette did not substantially alter the time course of the resulting signals. This indicates that metabolism of locally applied dopamine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid is not responsible for the decline in the dopamine signal. Similarly, changing the applied oxidation potential from ±0.45 to ±0.80 V, which allows for detection of 3-methoxytyramine formed from dopamine via catechol-O-methyltransferase, had little effect on signal amplitude or time course. In contrast, lesioning the dopamine terminals with 6-hydroxydopamine, or locally applying the dopamine uptake inhibitors cocaine or nomifensine before pressure ejection of dopamine, significantly increased the amplitude and time course of the dopamine signals in both regions. The effects of cocaine and nomifensine were greater in the nucleus accumbens than in the dorsal striatum. Local application of lidocaine and procaine had no effect on the dopamine signals. Initial attempts at modeling resulted in curves that were in qualitative agreement with our experimental findings. Taken together, these data indicate that (1) uptake of dopamine by the neuronal dopamine transporter, rather than metabolism or diffusion, is the major mechanism for clearing locally applied dopamine from the extracellular milieu of the dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens, and (2) the nucleus accumbens is more sensitive to the effects of inhibitors of dopamine uptake than is the dorsal striatum.
Vector-meson production in electron-electron collisions

The cross-section for production of a vector meson in an electron colliding beam experiment is calculated in lowest-order perturbation theory. The vector meson is coupled directly to lepton pairs with coupling constantg. An approximate scheme of calculation is found in which one of the electrons is scattered at a small angle with respect to the beam direction. With reasonable experimental accuracy, a 5% determination ofg is possible.
A spacecraft mass storage optical disk system

NASA (the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration) has established a program to develop a high-performance (high-rate, large-capacity) optical disk recorder. An expandable, adaptable system concept is proposed based on disk drive modules and a modular controller. Drive performance goals are ten gigabyte capacity, 300 megabit per second transfer rate, 10/sup -12/ corrected bit error rate, and 150 millisecond access time. This performance is achieved by writing eight data tracks in parallel on both sides of a 14-inch optical disk using two independent heads. System goals are 160 gigabyte capacity, 1.2 gigabit per second data rate with concurrent input/output (I/O), 250 millisecond access time, and two- to five-year operating life on orbit. The system can be configured to meet various applications. This versatility is provided by the controller, which provides command processing, multiple drive synchronization, data buffering, basic file management, error processing, and status reporting. >
METEORs: High Performance Theorem Provers Using Model Elimination

\indent Historically, depth-first (linear) resolution procedures have not fared well in proving deeper theorems relative to breadth-first resolution provers of various types, primarily because of the search redundancy problem. However, we can now demonstrate that the Model Eliminator (ME) procedure, a linear-input resolution-like procedure, may be a superior approach for certain types of problems (generally non-Horn problems). There is a conjunction of reasons why the METEOR provers presently appear so effective. The reasons are: the inherent speed advantage of linear input systems, the sophistication of the WAM architecture in exploiting this advantage, a program written in the language C using tight coding and effective data structures, the speed of the platforms on which they run, and the successful use of different search strategies. We explore single processor and parallel processor implementations of ME using different versions of interactive depth-first search. Among the theorems we prove are variants of a problem in calculus for which this ME theorem prover is presently the only uniform first-order proof procedure realization that has succeeded in proving these variants.
Theoretical and Empirical Examination of Density-Dependent Selection

The development of theory on density-dependent natural selection has seen a transition from very general, logistic growth-based models to theories that incorporate details of specific life histories. This transition has been justified by the need to make predictions that can then be tested experimentally with specific model systems like bacteria or Drosophila. The most general models predict that natural selection should increase density-dependent rates of population growth. When trade-offs exist, those genotypes favored in low-density environments will show reduced per capita growth rates under crowded conditions and vice versa for evolution in crowded environments. This central prediction has been verified twice in carefully controlled experiments with Drosophila. Empirical research in this field has also witnessed a major transition from field-based observations and conjecture to carefully controlled laboratory selection experiments. This change in approach has permitted crucial tests of theories of density-dependent natural selection and a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of adaptation to different levels of population crowding. Experimental research with Drosophila has identified several phenotypes important to adaptation, especially at high larval densities. This same research revealed that an important trade-off occurs between competitive ability and energetic efficiency.
Identification of limiting amino acids in methionine- and lysine-supplemented low-protein diets for turkeys

Large White male turkeys were fed 100, 85, 70, or 60% of NRC (1994) CP during 7 to 28 d (Experiment (EXP) 1), 8 to 12 wk (EXP 2), and 16 to 20 wk (EXP 3) of age. Diets contained corn, soybean, canola, and meat meals and were supplemented with Met and Lys to requirement. The influence of supplementary amino acids (AA) was studied at each protein level. Turkeys fed 85% CP gained BW similarly to those fed 100% of NRC CP (control) during each age range. Supplemental Thr, Val, and Ile during 7 to 28 d or 8 to 12 wk, or Thr during 16 to 20 wk, did not result in positive BW gain response. For turkeys fed 70% CP, BW gain was depressed compared with the normal-CP control in each period. During 7 to 28 d and 8 to 12 wk of age, the combination of Thr, Ile, Val, Arg, and Trp to 100% of NRC reversed the BW depression; here only Thr, Ile, and Val were essential components of the response. The BW depression during 16 to 20 wk was reversed by the combination of Thr, Ile, Val, and Trp. For turkeys fed 60% of CP, BW gain was severely depressed. The combination of Thr, Ile, Val, Trp, and Arg resulted in nearly complete BW recovery during each age.
Ensemble-level Power Management for Dense Blade Servers

One of the key challenges for high-density servers (e.g., blades) is the increased costs in addressing the power and heat density associated with compaction. Prior approaches have mainly focused on reducing the heat generated at the level of an individual server. In contrast, this work proposes power efficiencies at a larger scale by leveraging statistical properties of concurrent resource usage across a collection of systems ("ensemble"). Specifically, we discuss an implementation of this approach at the blade enclosure level to monitor and manage the power across the individual blades in a chassis. Our approach requires low-cost hardware modifications and relatively simple software support. We evaluate our architecture through both prototyping and simulation. For workloads representing 132 servers from nine different enterprise deployments, we show significant power budget reductions at performances comparable to conventional systems.
Minute Virus of Mice Small Nonstructural Protein NS2 Interacts and Colocalizes with the Smn Protein

The small nonstructural protein NS2 of the minute virus of mice (MVM) is required for efficient viral replication, although its mode of action is unclear. Here we demonstrate that NS2 and survival motor neuron protein (Smn) interact in vitro and in vivo. NS2 and Smn also colocalize in infected nuclei at late times following MVM infection.
Motion planning a aerial robot using rapidly-exploring random trees with dynamic constraints

We describe some recent work on randomized motion planning algorithms and consider the problem of motion planning for systems with both kinematic and dynamic constraints. Such a problem is often referred to as kinodynamic motion planning. A rapidly-exploring random tree (RRT) is used for the motion planning of a blimp system, and some techniques for improving the performance of the planner are proposed. Based on a dynamic model of a blimp, dynamic constraints are introduced into the algorithm design and simulations are conducted for trajectory generation.
Automatically testing interacting software components

One goal of integration testing for object-oriented software is to ensure high object interoperability. Sent messages should have the intended effects on the states and subsequent actions of the receiving objects. This is especially difficult when software is comprised of components developed by different vendors, with different languages, and the implementation sources are not all available. A previous paper presented a model of inter-operating OO classes based on finite state machines. It addresses methods for identifying the relevant actions of a test component to be integrated into the system, transforms the finite state specification into a control and data flow graph, labels the graph with all defs and uses of class variables, and presents an algorithm to generate test specifications as specific paths through the directed graph. It also presents empirical results from an automatic tool that was built to support this test method. This paper presents additional details about the tool itself, including how several difficult problems were solved, and adds new capabilities to help automate the transformation of test specifications into executable test cases. The result is a fresh approach to automated testing. It follows accepted theoretical procedures while operating directly on an object-oriented software specification. This yields a data flow graph and executable test cases that adequately cover the graph according to classical graph coverage criteria. The tool supports specification-based testing and helps to bridge the gap between theory and practice.
Plume mapping via hidden Markov methods

This paper addresses the problem of mapping likely locations of a chemical source using an autonomous vehicle operating in a fluid flow. The paper reviews biological plume-tracing concepts, reviews previous strategies for vehicle-based plume tracing, and presents a new plume mapping approach based on hidden Markov methods (HMM). HMM provide efficient algorithms for predicting the likelihood of odor detection versus position, the likelihood of source location versus position, the most likely path taken by the odor to a given location, and the path between two points most likely to result in odor detection. All four are useful for solving the odor source localization problem using an autonomous vehicle. The vehicle is assumed to be capable of detecting above threshold chemical concentration and sensing the fluid flow velocity at the vehicle location. The fluid flow is assumed to vary with space and time, and to have a high Reynolds number (Re>10).
RNA Pseudoknot Folding through Inference and Identification Using TAGRNA

Studying the structure of RNA sequences is an important problem that helps in understanding the functional properties of RNA. After being ignored for a long time due to the high computational complexity it requires, pseudoknot is one type of RNA structures that has been given a lot of attention lately. Pseudoknot structures have functional importance since they appear, for example, in viral genome RNAs and ribozyme active sites. In this paper, we present a folding framework, TAGRNA Inf, for RNA structures that support pseudoknots. Our approach is based on learning TAGRNA grammars from training data with structural information. The inferred grammars are used to indentify sequences with structures analogous to those in the training set and generate a folding for these sequences. We present experimental results and comparisons with other known pseudoknot folding approaches.
The Impact of Deployment on the Retention of Military Reservists

Since Operation Desert Shield/Storm (ODS/S), the reserve forces have participated in almost every large foreign deployment. Understanding how mobilizations and deployments of reservists affect thei...
In Situ Martensitic Transformation in a Ternary MgO‐Y2O3‐ZrO2 Alloy: I, Transformation in Tetragonal ZrO2 Grains

The martensitic transformation in tetragonal ZrO/sub 2/ grains in a ternary MgO-Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/-ZrO/sub 2/ alloy has been studied using in situ observations in the transmission electron microscope. Transformation occurred by the nucleation and growth of monoclinic laths; thermoelastic equilibrium can be maintained at different extents of transformation by continuously varying the applied stress. The product phase was always twinned, but two twinning mechanisms were found - sequential formation of twin-related variants and posttransformation deformation twinning. In one example, a (401)/(410) pair of martensite habit planes led to a (100) conjunction twinning plane.
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular responses to progressive central hypovolemia in young smokers: a preliminary study.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to describe cardiovascular and cerebrovascular responses of smokers and nonsmokers to progressive central hypovolemia. Twenty subjects participated (equal male and female). We recorded the electrocardiogram, beat-to-beat arterial pressure (Finometer), cerebral blood velocity of the middle cerebral artery (transcranial Doppler), and end-tidal CO2. Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) was applied at 3 mm Hg · min−1 for 20 minutes to an ending pressure of −60 mm Hg, and data were averaged in 2-minute bins. Arterial pressures were similar between groups at baseline, but heart rates tended to be higher, and stroke volumes and cerebral velocities tended to be lower in smokers at baseline and during LBNP (all p ≥ 0.17). Heart rates increased, and arterial pressures, stroke volumes, and cerebral velocities decreased during LBNP (all p ≤ 0.05), but responses were not different between smokers and nonsmokers. During the final stage of LBNP, systolic pressures and mean middle ce...
THE COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF CURRENT THERAPY ON EXPERIMENTAL CAUSTIC BURNS OF THE ESOPHAGUS.

A method is presented for the experimental production of a standard caustic burn of the cat9s esophagus. Comparative histological studies have shown that the anatomy of the cat9s esophagus closely resembles that of a child. The experimental burn results in subsequent stricture formation at a chosen level of the esophagus. The esophageal stricture is comparable to those which result from caustic burns in children. Currently popular forms of treatment for caustic burns of the esophagus were used in cats. A combination of steroid and antibiotic yielded the most favorable results with the lowest incidence of stricture formation.
Saving Subchapter K: Substance, Shattered Ceilings and the Problem of Contributed Property

Partnership taxation is in crisis, with Congress struggling to reconcile the foundational ideals of flexibility and substance. In instances where reconciliation has proven impossible, Congress has remained steadfast in its commitment to flexibility and sacrificed substance. The cost of Congress's preference has been extraordinarily high, resulting in matchless complexity and numerous tax sheltering opportunities, the costs of which are ultimately borne by the public. Partnership contributions and the rules governing how partners share the gains, losses and deductions attributable to contributed property present precisely this formidable challenge. The rules governing contributed property allocations and, hence, Subchapter K are poised for a perfect storm, and this article suggests that congressional reform of such rules is urgently needed. The number of business entities electing to be taxed as partnerships for federal income tax purposes is skyrocketing, the enforcement resources dedicated to Subchapter K remain woefully insufficient, and a 2004 statutory enactment has rendered these allocation rules entirely unworkable. After examining the history of this crisis, this articles recommends that Congress reform the rules governing contributed property allocations by adopting the deferred sales method and revitalizing Subchapter K's commitment to substance. This article concludes that the deferred sales method would greatly simplify partnership allocations and, more importantly, Subchapter K. Indeed, the deferred sales method would bring order to this chaotic and often misunderstood body of law.
Apoptosis of leukemic cells accompanies reduction in intracellular pH after targeted inhibition of the Na + /H + exchanger

The Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) is primarily responsible for the regulation of intracellular pH (pHi). It is a ubiquitous, amiloride-sensitive, growth factor–activatable exchanger whose role has been implicated in cell-cycle regulation, apoptosis, and neoplasia. Here we demonstrate that leukemic cell lines and peripheral blood from primary patient leukemic samples exhibit a constitutively and statistically higher pHi than normal hematopoietic tissue. We then show that a direct correlation exists between pHi and cell-cycle status of normal hematopoietic and leukemic cells. Advantage was taken of this relationship by treating leukemic cells with the Na+/H+ exchanger inhibitor, 5-(N, N-hexamethylene)-amiloride (HMA), which decreases the pHiand induces apoptosis. By incubating patient leukemic cells in vitro with pharmacologic doses of HMA for up to 5 hours, we show, using flow cytometry and fluorescent ratio imaging microscopy, that when the pHi decreases, apoptosis—measured by annexin-V and TUNEL methodologies—rapidly increases so that more than 90% of the leukemic cells are killed. The differential sensitivity exhibited between normal and leukemic cells allows consideration of NHE1 inhibitors as potential antileukemic agents.