cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-linear response of a generalized Rijke tube

The mathematical model of unsteady velocity sensitive thermoacoustic interactions in a heated duct (generalized Rijke tube) reported by the authors in a previous publication is used to predict non-linear response. Both closed form and numerical solutions of equations derived by an approximate modal analysis are presented and employed to illustrate and investigate the bootstrapping instability mechanism observed in rocket motors.
Clinical efficacy and benefit of natalizumab

Natalizumab is the first α4-integrin antagonist indicated for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). Natalizumab has been shown to delay the accumulation of physical disability and reduce relapses. In two large, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 clinical trials, natalizumab was effective as a monotherapy as compared with placebo, and in combination with interferon β as compared with placebo and interferon β. Natalizumab in combination with glatiramer acetate was also effective in a phase 2 clinical trial when compared with placebo and glatiramer acetate. Natalizumab monotherapy achieved a 68% relative reduction in annualized relapse rate, and 42% and 54% reductions in disability progression sustained for 12 and 24 weeks, respectively. In a subset of patients with highly active disease, natalizumab proved more effective, decreasing relapse rates by 81% and progression of disability (sustained for 24 weeks) by 64%. Natalizumab-treated patients experienced significant improve...
High school students in a health career promotion program report fewer acts of aggression and violence.

Abstract Purpose This study examined the effects of two school-based programs on the perpetration of nonphysical aggression, physical violence, and intimate partner violence among high-risk secondary school students in an economically disadvantaged and predominantly Latino school district. The intervention program was El Joven Noble, and the control program was the Teen Medical Academy. Methods The study used a repeated-measures quasi-experimental intervention/control design. The participants self-reported the previous 30 days' acts of nonphysical aggression, physical violence, and intimate partner violence at baseline and at 3 and 9 months after enrollment. Program- and grade-level effects at 3 and 9 months were examined using three-factor analyses of covariance models with one factor for repeated measures. The covariate in each of the models was the baseline measure of the dependent outcomes. Results No significant baseline differences were found between the participants in the intervention (n = 96) and control (n = 127) programs. At 9 months after enrollment in the study, high school students who participated in the Teen Medical Academy reported fewer acts of nonphysical aggression ( p p = .002) than high school students who participated in El Joven Noble. Students who participated in the Teen Medical Academy also reported fewer acts of intimate partner violence ( p = .02) than students who participated in El Joven Noble. Conclusions High school students who participated in a health career promotion program reported fewer acts of aggression and violence as compared with high school students who participated in a culturally tailored character development program.
Transient Infrared Reflection and Transmission of Silicon during Pulsed Laser Annealing

We report measurements of reflectivity and transmission of probe beams at 0.633, 1.06, 1.34, and 3.39 µm during pulsed laser annealing of silicon. The transient infrared optical response of the silicon was monitored with several fast photodetectors. The diversity of detector response to transmitted light indicates that contradictory results obtained previously may be artifacts of photodetector response.
Supporting a spectrum of out-of-order event processing technologies: from aggressive to conservative methodologies

This demonstration presents a complex event processing system which focuses on out-of-order handling. State-of-the-art event stream processing technology experiences significant challenges when faced with out-of-order data arrival including huge system latencies, missing results, and incorrect result generation. We propose two out-of-order handling techniques, conservative and aggressive strategies. We will show the efficiency of our techniques and how they can satisfy various QoS requirements of different applications.
Acoustic properties of heated twin jets

Abstract A thorough experimental study of the noise characteristics of twin jets is presented in this paper. Twin round jets are investigated at typical jet engine conditions: that is, with heated high velocity flow. By varying the nozzle to nozzle spacing, it is possible to discriminate between the effects of turbulent mixing and acoustic shielding. As a result of this investigation, it was established that the turbulent mixing effects (both interaction noise generation and mixing suppression) occur for closely spaced nozzles. While acoustic shielding occurs at all nozzle spacings, it plays the dominant role at wide nozzle spacings. The levels of this acoustic shielding afforded by an adjacent jet can be sufficient to cause a nearly complete masking of the noise of the shielded jet. A significant discovery of this investigation was the importance of the layer of cooler, slower moving ambient air that exists between the twin jet plumes. This inter-jet layer causes acoustic refraction and reflection, and as the nozzle separation increases, the layer extends to shield more of the jet noise sources.
Concurrent NIRS-fMRI activation studies by using a new method for BOLD signal analysis

We propose a new method for BOLD signal calculation that is more meaningful for comparison with NIRS data. We provide evidence that BOLD signal can be highly localized within the region of activation not only in terms of the amplitude of activation but also for the nuances of the temporal trend. Therefore, in order to take into account of the spatial dependence of BOLD signal we propose to introduce a weighting function given by a photon hitting density function calculated for a given optical source-detector pair. In one case study, after we define this new method of BOLD calculation and extract a BOLD trend for each optical source-detector pairs we show that there is an high correlation between this BOLD signal and the changes of oxy and deoxy hemoglobin calculated at the same source-detector pair; however the correlation becomes poorer when the newly defined BOLD signal is compared with the changes of oxy and deoxy hemoglobin occurring in different channels. This results is consistent with the fact that for this experiment (which used a 3T MRI machine) the BOLD and NIRS signals were sensitive to changes occurring in the same locations and in similar vascular compartments.
Mirror symmetry and exact multimonopole solutions

The newly found exact solutions for superimposed axially symmetric Yang-Mills-Higgs multimonopoles are shown to possess mirror symmetry. As a consequence, a new class of solutions of the Ernst equation of general relativity is also found. Moreover, the monopole solutions may be formulated in terms of a single real superpotential and their unitary gauge form derived.
Influence of Impurities on the Solution-Mediated Phase Transformation of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient

The solution-mediated phase transformation of the metastable A form of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (1) to the stable B form is investigated in 2-propanol. The transformation behavior (or rate) is quantified using powder X-ray diffraction. The studies show that the rate of transformation is sensitive to the tailor-made impurities and that the presence of certain inhibitors reduces the rate of transformation. Concurrently molecular modeling studies are undertaken to investigate the incorporation of these structurally related impurities into the crystal lattice, and it is observed that the build-in approach used in morphology predictions for additive−host systems can be applied to evaluate the extent of impurity incorporation. The build-in approach employs the attachment energy method in which the host molecules are substituted by impurity molecules, and the relative incorporation energies are calculated for various crystal faces. The order of the relative incorporation energies of the structurally s...
Planning for the Future of Peer Education

In 1970, the University of Massachusetts began a pioneering program using student peer educators in the fields of alcohol and other drug use and sexuality. Peer educators continue to have an impact on the campus through their creative and innovative health-promotion interventions. These student educators are valued as agents of change because they can communicate effectively with their contemporaries in ways that professional staff members cannot. The current restructuring of the UMass, Amherst, peer program that collapsed three individual topic-based programs into one integrated 2-semester course is an appropriate response to critical personnel problems and economic realities. The long-range goals for peer education respond to an agenda that supports and encourages the value of peer education on campus and accepts the need for flexibility in providing for program continuity and vitality.
Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission

Citizens of South Africa are confronting a painful past through the new nation's Truth and Reconciliation Commission, or TRC, which thus far has heard thousands of reports (many televised) about murders, torture, and other human rights abuses that took place during the apartheid era. South Africa's TRC is grounded in a constitutional commitment to the African concept of “ubuntu,” or humaneness. Amnesty is available on a conditional basis to alleged perpetrators. The author assesses the potential restorative power of truth-telling; the significance of sympathetic witnesses; and the tasks of both perpetrators and bystanders in the TRC process. Aspirations for justice are considered along with restoring dignity to victims, offering a basis for individual healing, and promoting reconciliation of a divided society.
SEVIS: The impact of homeland security on American colleges and universities

The SEVIS program, one component of the federal guidelines for homeland security, continues to affect higher education institutions.
Comparison of Polyphenol Oxidase Activities in Wheats and Flours from Australian and U.S. Cultivars

Abstract Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities of wheats from various classes and cultivars (grown both in the U.S.A. and in Australia), of some U.S. and Australian wheats, of wheat flours at various extraction rates and of kernels separated by size from various cultivars were measured by the oxygen electrode method. PPO activity of wheats was affected by both cultivar and growing location. Wheat flour contained on the average 3% of the PPO of the wheat grain. PPO activities of the flours increased as the flour extraction rates increased. Contrary to expectation, for a single cultivar, small kernels contained less PPO (on a weight basis and especially on a kernel basis) than did large kernels. Differences among kernels of various sizes for a single cultivar were smaller than differences in PPO among kernels of comparable sizes among various cultivars.
Erik H. Erikson’s Psychoanalytic Portrait of Martin Luther

In my article (Capps in Pastoral Psychology, 2013a) I focused on the professional and personal reasons for Erik H. Erikson’s decision to write a book on Martin Luther (Erikson 1958) and his rationale for emphasizing Luther’s resourcefulness in emancipating himself from outworn religious beliefs and practices. I also discussed the fact that this book has continued to be meaningful to me since the first time I read it in the early 1960s. In a previous article (Capps in Journal of Religion & Health, 50, 880–898, 2011) I made the case that Erikson developed a form of psychoanalytic discourse—the verbal portrait—which, although not unprecedented, became a focal feature of his work and the testing ground for the cogency of his major contribution to psychoanalysis (the concept of identity). In this article, I provide a chapter-by-chapter summary of the book as a means to bring into focus Erikson’s “verbal portrait” of Martin Luther. Although a summary of the major points of each of the chapters cannot take the place of reading the book itself, it can help first-time readers to get their bearings. It can also help to dispel their anxieties on the one hand and their prejudgments on the other so that they may engage the book for what it is, namely, “a study in psychoanalysis and history.”
Early handling effects on the intake of novel substances: differential behavioral and adrenocortical responses

Behavioral and pituitary-adrenal responses were examined in handled and nonhandled female rats after consumption of two novel solutions. Half the animals received a sucrose solution first and a saline solution second, while for the other half the order of presentation was reversed. Behavioral differences were observed during consumption of the sucrose solution. That is, while handled and nonhandled animals drank similar amounts of saline, handled animals drank significantly more of the sucrose solution than nonhandled animals. In contrast, differences in pituitary-adrenal activity were observed following consumption of the saline solution, and the pattern of response depended upon the animal's early handling treatment, the solution presented, and the order of presentation. It was concluded that simultaneous measures of behavioral and physiological indices are necessary to indicate subtleties in responsiveness which would not be evident from measurement on one index alone.
Freeze-fracture ultrastructure of developing and adult non-myelinated ganglion cell axolemma in the retinal nerve fibre layer.

The ultrastructure of non-myelinated ganglion cell axolemma in the retinal nerve fibre layer from developing and adult rats was examined by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The axolemma of fibres from neonatal (2–8 days) rats had a moderate density (510–556/μm2) of intramembranous particles (IMPs) on the P-fracture face, while there was a low density (101–146/μm2) of particles on the E-fracture face. Particle density on the P-face increased with development, such that by 28 days the density of IMPs was 1281/μm2. Adult fibres had a high (1741/μm2) density of particles on the P-face. On the E-face, the density of IMPs did not change substantially throughout development, and remained less than 225/μm2 at all ages. Mean particle diameters were compiled for P- and E-fracture faces at the various developmental ages and were greatest in fibres from adult animals. P-face particle density of non-myelinated axons in the retinal nerve fibre layer changed at approximately the time that myelination occurred in distal (optic nerve) segments of these axons. The alteration in membrane structure during development of non-myelinated axons in the retinal nerve fibre layer suggests that conduction properties may also change with development.
Adjuvant therapy of completely resected dysgerminoma with carboplatin and etoposide: a trial of the Gynecologic Oncology Group

Abstract Objective This study was designed to evaluate the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy with carboplatin and etoposide in patients with completely resected stage IB–III dysgerminoma. Methods Eligible patients were treated with three courses of carboplatin 400 mg/m 2 on day 1 plus etoposide 120 mg/m 2 on days 1, 2, and 3 every 4 weeks for three courses. Results Forty-two patients were entered on this trial, of whom 39 were eligible. No patient suffered a recurrence of dysgerminoma, but one patient ultimately died of lung adenocarcinoma. One patient was excluded on pathology review (elements of endodermal sinus tumor were present) developed recurrent tumor and died despite further therapy. As expected, the regimen was well tolerated. Median follow-up of surviving patients is 7.8 years (range: 2.86 months to 10.92 years). Conclusion The regimen used in this study is an alternative to cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin (BEP) for selected patients for whom minimizing toxicity (particularly neuropathy) is critical or for whom reduction in the number of treatment days is important.
Self-assembly of tubular fullerenes

Carbon nanotubes in the form of multiwalled fullerenes are shown here to self-assemble under homogeneous gas-phase conditions of carbon condensation in an inert atmosphere heated to 1200$DGR@C-conditions previously thought to be optimal only for the annealing and growth of C{sub 60} and other spheroidal shells. Tubular fullerenes are known to be less stable than their spheroidal counterparts and have thus far been reported only in circumstances where some extrinsic factor (e.g., high electric fields, catalytic metal particles, hydrogen atoms, or a surface at low temperature) was available to help keep the fullerene structure open at its growing end. The experimental evidence reported here now indicates that multiwalled tube growth is inherent in the condensation of pure carbon vapors. Adatoms bonded between edge atoms of adjacent layers at the growing end are proposed to be the crucial intrinsic factor facilitating tube growth by stabilizing the open conformation against closure. This new view of the growing nanotube tip structure is likely to impact on nanotube growth mechanisms under other conditions, particularly the arc. 32 refs., 4 figs.
AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT CONTINGENCIES FOR ADULT-DELIVERED REPRIMANDS

Seven adults participated in simulated teaching sessions with an experimenter who role played as a student with developmental disabilities. The experimenter engaged in problem behavior and either (a) terminated problem behavior contingent on participant reprimands (negative reinforcement) or (b) did not terminate problem behavior contingent on reprimands (extinction). Results suggested that reprimands were sensitive to negative reinforcement in the form of the immediate cessation of problem behavior. These preliminary findings support role play as a potentially viable laboratory model for analyzing behaviors of typical adults.
Impaired glucose homeostasis in adult rats after corticosterone treatment in infancy.

A single subcutaneous implant of corticosterone in 2-day-old rats produced a lasting reduction in body size and an impairment of the ability to maintain blood glucose levels in situations of physiological demand. A pellet of corticosterone, 1.3 mg/g body weight, in a cholesterol vehicle produced elevated plasma levels for 5 days after implantation, but by 15 days of age there was no significant elevation of plasma corticosterone. As adults, the animals displayed an exaggerated hypoglycemia in response to insulin or exercise, in comparison with litter mate controls. Their basal fasting blood glucose levels were not significantly low, but the blood glucose elevations in response to very mild stress, Nembutal anesthesia, or epinephrine were impaired. There was no detectable abnormality in the rate of utilization of a glucose load. The treated animals, as adults, had deficits in the amount of epididymal fat and fasting liver glycogen of nearly 60 %, while body weight was reduced 15-25%. The glycogen deficit w...
Comparisons among methods of measuring bone mass and relationship to severity of vertebral fractures in osteoporosis.

Several techniques are now available for quantitation of bone mass, including total body calcium by neutron activation analysis (TBC), single and dual photon absorptiometry at the radius and spine, respectively (SPA and DPA), quantitative computed tomography of the spine (QCT), and cancellous bone volume from iliac crest bone biopsies. The aims of this study were to assess the correlation among these techniques and to determine if bone mass correlated with height loss or the severity of vertebral fractures in osteoporotic women. These measurements were performed in the same group of women (n = 122) with postmenopausal osteoporosis. TBC, SPA, DPA, and QCT correlated significantly with each other (r = 0.33−0.76). The correlation between QCT and DPA improved significantly (r = 0.33−0.57; P = 0.02) when integral QCT was used instead of the usual QCT of the central vertebra. The correlation was not improved by expressing DPA in different dimensions, but was improved by including normal women. Multiple linear r...
Kink-antikink interactions in a modified sine-Gordon model

We study numerically the interactions of a kink (K) and an antikink (K) in a parametrically modified sine-Gordon model with potential V(φ) = (1 − r)2(1 − cosφ)/(1 + r2 + 2rcosφ). As the parameter r is varied from the pure sine-Gordon case (r = 0) to values for which the model is not completely integrable (r ≠ 0), we find that a rich structure arises in the KK collisions. For some regions of r(−0.20⪅r<0) this structure is very similar to that observed in KK interactions in the φ4 model, and we show that the theory recently suggested for these collisions also applies quantitatively to the modified sine-Gordon model. In other regions of r we observe new scattering phenomena, which we present in detail numerically and discuss in a qualitative manner analytically.
Dynamical correlations in a two-dimensional electron gas: First-order perturbation theory

First-order Feynman diagrams for the proper polarizability of a two-dimensional electron liquid in the jellium model, valid for arbitrary wave vector and frequency, are evaluated, their singularities and analytical properties are examined, and a reliable numerical procedure for calculating them is established. Quantities such as the dielectric function $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k},\ensuremath{\omega})$, the dynamic-complex-local-field factor $G(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k},\ensuremath{\omega})$, dynamic structure factor $S(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k},\ensuremath{\omega})$, static structure factor $S(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k})$, and the pair correlation function $g(r)$ have been calculated and compared with the corresponding quantities in the random-phase approximation (RPA). Comparison has also been made with the three-dimensional case. A closed expression for the plasmon dispersion within the RPA has been derived. The first-order theory interestingly enough predicts a large enhancement of the static polarizability for $k={2k}_{F}$, which could play an important role in predicting charge-density-wave instabilities in metallic layered compounds.
Surface properties of heat-treated chromia of narrow particle size distribution

Abstract Spherical particles of chromium(III) hydrous oxide having a very narrow size distribution have been prepared on a multigram scale by the sulfate process of Matijevic and characterized with regard to texture, chemical composition, and particle size distribution. Also, the surface properties have been determined as a function of activation temperature (room temperature through 1000°C) under vacuum. The unheated chromia is amorphous and hydrophilic and likely has a chain-like molecular structure. Its water sorption characteristics correlate with its bulk dehydration properties. The initial product contains considerable amounts of sulfate, i.e., the chromium to sulfate ratio in unwashed samples approaches three; this sulfate can be removed readily by washing with acid or base. Neutral water, however, is much less effective. Particle size and shape are not significantly altered by washing. The surface properties of the heat-treated chromia are reproducible and depend on the sulfate content of the original sol. The BET surface area increases progressively up to an activation temperature of ca. 450°C, mainly because of the formation of micropores. Further increase in activation temperature results in the transformation of the micropores into mesopores on account of crystallization. The analysis of argon adsorption of the micro- and mesporous samples was carried out by using the αs-method of Sing and Brunauer's corrected modelless method, respectively. The estimated external area of the microporous samples agrees with the particle size estimated by electron microscopy. The volume to surface ratio of the micropores (a measure of their size) remains unchanged during their progressive growth with activation temperature (200–450°C). The mesopores formed have a very narrow size distribution. The uniformity of the micropores and the mesopores is attributed to the relatively narrow particle size distribution of the original hydrous oxide.
Why Monday comes before Tuesday: the role of a non-deictic conceptualiser

'Time-Reference-Point' (time-RP) relations (Nunez & Sweetser, 2006) such as The Second World War followed the Depression do not involve a deictic ego. They do however involve a necessary defining role for a non-deictic conceptualiser that moves along the temporal pathway in a prescribed direction from earlier to later. Recognising the role of this implicit conceptualiser, which defines the directionality built into the temporal domain, allows us to unite the wide variety of particular temporal construals into a single, remarkably coherent domain. These construals reflect whether the conceptual perspective is linked to deictic 'now' (Ego-Reference-Point relations (Ego-RP)), whether the conceptual perspective is in time or outside of time, whether an external perspective is distal enough to afford a synoptic view of the profiled times simultaneously, and whether the times are construed to be engaged in fictive motion relative to the conceptual perspective. Particular attention is paid to the use of the verb...
Signal processing of ground-penetrating radar data for subsurface object detection

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) generates a cross-sectional profile of the soil by transmitting electromagnetic waves that reflect back in a manner associated with the electrical properties and geometry of the objects buried underground. The responses of the reflected waves are processed using a variety of digital signal processing and image processing techniques. In this paper we compare an energy detector, matched filter, and a proposed Hough Transform approach. The results from each of the algorithms are compared using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Comparatively, the matched filter method has the lowest false alarm rate, however it is essentially providing a performance bound since for this analysis we derived the matching template from the data to be tested. Thus, in this case the Hough transform method may be more robust when the testing and training sets are separate, as it is inherently integrating over the uncertainty associated with the subsurface object detection problem.
Using patient self-report data to evaluate orofacial surgical outcomes.

– Objectives: This study analyzes results of 336 patients treated for mandible fractures at King/Drew Medical Center in South Central Los Angeles, California from August 1996 to December 2001. Subjects were enrolled in a prospective study to evaluate the association between patient's subjective evaluation and objective clinical evaluations on three surgical outcome measures following orofacial surgery. Methods: Subjects were assessed at four time periods – hospital discharge, 10 days post-discharge, 1 month post-discharge and 6 months post-discharge. Three outcome measures were utilized to represent perceived health and oral health-related quality of life – General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI); Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5); and a single-item self-reported health status measure. Results: GOHAI scores at 1 month (mean = 31.5, SD = 9.5) were not substantially higher than at 10 days (mean = 28.6, SD = 8.8), but scores did improve substantially by 6 months (mean = 42.6, SD = 10.6). Mean mental health scores ranged from 17.7 at 10 days to 18.0 at 1 month and 18.6 at 6 months. Mean self-reported health status score were approximately 2.2 at all recalls, describing health as ‘good.’ A longitudinal growth curve analysis of GOHAI scores over four time periods indicated a significantly higher average intercept for the maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) treatment group (29.67) than in the rigid internal fixation (RIF) treatment group (25.38). Meanwhile, the increase in GOHAI scores over time was significantly greater in the RIF group than in the MMF group, resulting in scores being comparable between groups after 6 months. Conclusions: By implication, patients with MMF self-report fewer problems in the early days after placement of the intra-arch wire compared with patients with RIF.
On the estimation of target depth using the single transmit multiple receive metal detector array

This paper investigates the use of the Single Transmit Multiple Receive (STMR) metal detector (MD) array to estimate the depth of metal targets, such as 155mm shells. The depth estimation problem using MD has been investigated by a number of researchers and the processing was performed along the down-track. The proposed method takes a different approach by exploring the MD responses in cross-track to achieve the depth estimation. It is found that the normalized energy spread of the MD output is narrower for shallow targets and wider for deeper targets. Based on this observation, a method is derived to estimate the depth of a target. Experimental results from the data collected at an U.S. Army test site validate the performance of the proposed depth estimator.
Absence of clinical findings reliably excludes unstable cervical spine injuries in children 5 years or younger

BACKGROUND: Increased accessibility and rapidity of computed tomography (CT) have led to increased use and radiation exposure to pediatric trauma patients. The thyroid is radiosensitive and therefore at risk for developing malignancy from radiation exposure during cervical spine CT. This analysis aimed to determine which preelementary trauma patients warrant cervical spine CT by defining incidence and clinical characteristics of preelementary cervical spine injury. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of pre-elementary trauma patients from 1998 to 2010 with cervical spine injury admitted to a Level I trauma center. Patients were identified from the trauma registry using DRG International Classification of Diseases-9th Rev. codes and reviewed for demographics, mechanism of injury, clinical presentation, injury location, injury type, treatment, and outcome. RESULTS: A total of 2,972 preelementary trauma patients were identified. Twenty-two (0.74%) had confirmed cervical spine injuries. Eleven (50%) were boys, and the mean (SD) age was 3 (1.7) years. The most common mechanism of injury was motor vehicle collision (n = 16, 73%). The majority (59%) were in extremis, and 12 (55%) arrived intubated. The median Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score was 3 (interquartile range, 3-10); the median Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 33 (interquartile range, 17-56). Nineteen injuries (76%) were at the level of C4 level and higher. The mortality rate was 50%. All patients had clinical findings suggestive of or diagnostic for cervical spine injury; 18 (82%) had abnormal neurologic examination result, 2 (9%) had torticollis, and 2 (9%) had neck pain. CONCLUSION: The incidence of cervical spine injury in preelementary patients was consistent with previous reports. Missing a cervical spine injury in asymptomatic preelementary patients is extremely low. Reserving cervical spine CT to symptomatic preelementary patients would decrease unnecessary radiation exposure to the thyroid. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic study, level IV. Language: en
Self-Reported Versus Objectively Assessed Exercise Adherence

OBJECTIVE. We examined agreement of data between self-reported and objectively assessed exercise adherence among women with systemic lupus erythematosus. METHOD. Eleven participants completed weekly exercise logs on date and duration of exercise during a 10-wk Wii Fit� home-based program. Afterward, exercise data from the log were compared with those recorded in the Wii console. RESULTS. Of the paired data, the mean duration of exercise recorded in the Wii was 29.5 min and that recorded in the log was 33.3 min. The composite intraclass correlation for exercise duration between exercise log and the Wii Fit was 0.4. The 95% limits of agreement indicated large between-subjects variability. CONCLUSION. Exercise logs exhibit a marginally acceptable agreement with Wii estimation of exercise duration at a group level. However, caution should be applied when using the exercise log as a measure of a person�s exercise behavior because of the tendency to overreport
Energy projections — Oil, natural gas and coal in the USSR and Eastern Europe

Abstract There have been many projections of energy supply and demand for the USSR and Eastern Europe, but little agreement on future trends. In this article George Hoffman assembles a variety of published forecasts of Soviet and Eastern European energy production, consumption, imports and exports. This allows comparison of the available data sources and illustrates the range of estimates for gas, coal, oil and nuclear power. The author also outlines the Soviet and Eastern European energy resource base and provides an extensive bibliography.
Fertilizing Capacity of Frozen Human Spermatozoa

MONTEGAZZA1 observed the survival of human spermatozoa after exposure to a temperature of − 15° C. He speculated that in the future, frozen semen might be used in animal husbandry and even proposed that a man dying on the battlefield might, by his wife, beget a legitimate child after his own death. Other workers2 have reported the survival of human spermatozoa; however, it was not until Polge, Smith and Parkes3 reported increased survival of frozen human spermatozoa employing glycerol as a protective agent that practical application seemed possible. Work in our laboratory4, recently, indicated that treatment with 10 per cent glycerol prior to freezing with ‘dry ice’ produced an average 67 per cent survival of human spermatozoa obtained from five young healthy men.
Intraspinal sprouting of unmyelinated pelvic afferents after complete spinal cord injury is correlated with autonomic dysreflexia induced by visceral pain

Autonomic dysreflexia is a potentially life-threatening hypertensive syndrome following high thoracic (T) spinal cord injury (SCI). It is commonly triggered by noxious pelvic stimuli below the injury site that correlates with increased sprouting of primary afferent C-fibers into the lumbosacral (L/S) spinal cord. We have recently demonstrated that injury-induced plasticity of (L/S) propriospinal neurons, which relay pelvic visceral sensations to thoracolumbar sympathetic preganglionic neurons, is also correlated with the development of this syndrome. To determine the phenotype of pelvic afferent fiber sprouts after SCI, cholera toxin subunit beta (CTb) was injected into the distal colon 2 weeks post-T4 transection/sham to label colonic visceral afferents. After 1 week of transport, the (L/S) spinal cords were cryosectioned and immunohistochemically stained for CTb, the nociceptive-specific marker calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and the myelinated fiber marker RT97. Quantitative analysis showed that the density of CGRP(+) afferent fibers was significantly increased in the L/S dorsal horns of T4-transected versus sham rats, whereas RT97(+) afferent fiber density showed no change. Importantly, CTb-labeled pelvic afferent fibers were co-localized with CGRP(+) fibers, but not with RT97(+) fibers. These results suggest that the sprouting of unmyelinated nociceptive pelvic afferents following high thoracic SCI, but not myelinated fibers, contributes to hypertensive autonomic dysreflexia induced by pelvic visceral pain.
Mama Lola: A Vodou Priestess in Brooklyn

Mama Lola: A Vodou Priestess in Brooklyn. Karen McCarthy Brown. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991. x + 405 pp. $13.00 (paper). ISBN 0–520–07780–6.
Mode characteristics of nonplanar double-heterojunction and large-optical-cavity laser structures

Mode behavior of nonplanar double-heterojunction (DH) and large-optical-cavity (LOC) lasers is investigated using the effective index method to model the lateral field distribution. The thickness variations of various layers for the devices discussed are correlated with the growth characteristics of liquid-phase epitaxy over, topographical features (channels, mesas) etched into the substrate. The effective dielectric profiles of constricted double-heterojunction (CDH)-LOC lasers show a strong influence on transverse mode operation: the fundamental transverse mode (i.e., in the plane perpendicular to the junction) may be laterally index-guided, while the first (high)-order mode is laterally index-antiguided. The analytical model developed uses a smoothly varying hyperbolic cosine distribution to characterize lateral index variations. The waveguide model is applied to several lasers to illustrate conditions necessary to convert leaky modes to trapped ones via the active-region gain distribution. Theoretical radiation patterns are calculated using model parameters, and matched to an experimental far-field pattern.
Arterial compliance to stratify cardiovascular risk: more precision in therapeutic decision making

The focus of attention in preventing and treating cardiovascular (CV) disease today is shifting toward the arterial wall. Evidence has been accumulating for several years that protecting the endothelium is key to reducing CV risk. Endothelial dysfunction results in reduced compliance, or increased arterial stiffness, particularly in the smaller arteries. This abnormality is characteristic of patients with hypertension but may also be seen in normotensive patients before the appearance of clinical disease. Reduced arterial compliance is also seen in patients with diabetes and in smokers, and is part of a vicious cycle that further elevates blood pressure, aggravates atherosclerosis, and leads to increased CV risk. Although other factors are involved, the damage to the endothelium results in reduced secretion of nitric oxide, which influences smooth muscle growth, migration, and contraction, as well as influencing inflammation and clotting. Arterial compliance can be measured by several techniques, most of which are invasive or otherwise not clinically appropriate. Pulse contour analysis is a newly developed noninvasive method that allows for easy, in-office measurement of arterial elasticity to identify patients at risk for CV events before disease becomes clinically apparent. Further research is needed to confirm whether this method offers a means of improving risk stratification and therapeutic decision making.
Abnormal insulin-binding fraction demonstrated by the electrophoresis on ion-exchange paper of sera from diabetic patients.

ABSTRACT A cation-exchange resin paper, Amberlite IR-120, was used as the supporting medium for the electrophoresis of serum. The serum protein patterns developed by the bromphenol blue dye were similar in appearance to those observed after filter-paper electrophoresis. Insulin-I131, alone, remained adherent to the origin of the resin paper, but migrated with a mobility that was almost as great as that of serum albumin when the insulin-binding sites of the paper had been saturated by stable insulin. Insulin-I131 in serum from normal subjects and from most of the insulin-responsive diabetic patients migrated with a mobility approximating that of alpha or beta globulins. However, insulin-131 in serum from “true” insulin-resistant diabetic patients migrated in association with the gamma and inter-gamma-beta protein fractions. Thus, distinct physical differences were demonstrated between the serum insulin-binding proteins of insulin-responsive and insulin-resistant diabetic patients.
Community-Based Preferences for e-Smoking Cessation

This article reports user perceptions and preferences in the communication of Web-based smoking cessation resources targeting African American adult smokers. In a 2-stage data collection process, the first stage addressed the potential of the Web to aid in smoking cessation with 6 focus groups. In the second stage, 3 focus groups focused on the usefulness of 2 unique smoking cessation Web sites. All 56 focus group participants completed a demographic survey. Seventy-five percent indicated they would use an online program. A qualitative analysis of all 9 focus groups indicated that (a) usefulness of the Web to aid in cessation is linked to convenience and evidence that a Web-based aid will work, and (b) usefulness of the information delivered through these Web sites is based on style of communication, information type, and content. These findings can enhance efforts to target smoking cessation Web sites and messages to adult African American smokers, especially if targeting considers communal relevance and...
Sperm apoptosis in nonpregnant luteal phase sera after in vitro fertilization as assessed by comparative genomic hybridization.

Toxicity in serum has been reported in cases of recurrent spontaneous abortions and endometriosis. The null hypothesis was that serum toxicity was not involved in failed pregnancies after in vitro fertilization procedures. The objective was to expose donor sperm to pregnant versus nonpregnant patient sera and analyze for sperm DNA damaging effects using a novel comparative genomic hybridization method. Luteal phase sera (N = 21 cases) were drawn one week after embryo transfer. Colloid-washed donor sperm were incubated (48 h, 37°C, 5% CO2 in air) in 0% or 50% sera. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) of control sperm were stained in Hoechst 33342 and hybridized to Sybr Gold-stained ssDNA of sera-treated sperm. Image analyses were performed and fluorescent intensities analyzed. Nonpregnant patient sera (57% of cases) were associated with DNA fragmentation (64.4 ± 8.8 pixels; mean ± S.E.M.) when compared with pregnant patient sera (106.3 ± 8.4 pixels). There were no differences in the sera of biochemical (108.2 ± 15...
Maintenance of differential methotrexate toxicity between cells expressing drug-resistant and wild-type dihydrofolate reductase activities in the presence of nucleosides through nucleoside transport inhibition.

Abstract Methotrexate (MTX), a potent inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), has been used widely as a chemotherapeutic agent and as a selective agent for cells expressing drug-resistant DHFR activity. MTX deprives rapidly dividing cells of reduced folates that are necessary for thymidylate synthesis and de novo purine nucleotide synthesis. However, MTX toxicity can be circumvented by salvaging thymidine (TdR) and purine nucleosides. Here we have investigated conditions under which nucleoside transport inhibition can be used to maintain differential MTX toxicity between unmodified cells and cells expressing drug-resistant DHFR activity in the presence of exogenous nucleosides. PA317 cells (a 3T3 derivative cell line) were rescued from the toxicity of 0.1 μM MTX by 1.0 μM TdR in the presence of 100 μM inosine. The nucleoside transport inhibitor dipyridamole (DP) resensitized these cells to MTX, even in the presence of exogenous nucleosides. Furthermore, PA317 cells transduced with any of three retroviruses encoding drug-resistant DHFRs remained resistant to MTX over all concentrations tested (up to 10.0 μM) in the presence of DP. Similar results were obtained in transduced HuH7 and K562 cell lines, a human hepatoma and a human leukemia cell line, respectively. We conclude that nucleoside transport inhibition increases the toxicity and selectivity of MTX in cultured cells, and therefore is an effective way to maintain differential MTX toxicity between unmodified and DHFR-modified cells. Our results support the use of nucleoside transport inhibition in in vivo selection protocols involving the liver and hematopoietic systems.
Contextual shifting: Teachers emphasizing students' academic identity to promote scientific literacy

This research presents a case study of two teachers' emphasis on students' academic identity as a means of facilitating their science literacy development. These cases support a theoretical position that deconstructs the notion of normative science literacy into its constitutive components: (a) being scientific and (b) appropriating its literate practices. Such a perspective views language as a substantive resource for academic identity construction. As such, we utilize a theoretical metaphor of “contextual shifting” to underscore teachers' central role in facilitating student understanding of literate practices associated with school science. Through a cross-case analysis of two elementary science classrooms, we identified ways that students' academic identities were connected to their affiliation with specific scientific literate practices. Our findings reveal that the teachers in both research classrooms utilized teaching practices designed to afford students opportunities to develop academic identities commensurate with science learning. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed92:1015–1041, 2008
Isomer effects on transport properties of polyesters based on bisphenol-A

Pure gas sorption and transport properties of polyesters based on bisphenol-A and both pure isophthalic and pure terephthalic acid chloride were obtained for He, N2, O2, CH4, and CO2 at 35°C. The polymers were synthesized in our laboratory and amorphous films were prepared with a specialized solvent casting procedure. The polymer containing m-phenylene groups shows higher permselectivity for most of the gas pairs. The ideal selectivity of O2/N2 was increased by 33% when p-phenylene units were replaced by m-phenylene ones. On the other hand, the polyester containing only p-phenylene groups, shows higher permeability to all the gases studied. The polymer based on pure terephthalic acid chloride has a 75% higher oxygen permeability and a 1.1-fold higher carbon dioxide permeability than the isophthalic acid derivative. The polyester containing meta-phenylene units has lower Tg, higher permselectivity, lower permeability, lower fractional free volume (FFV), and lower d-spacing. The values of FFV, and lower d-spacing. The values of FFV and d-spacing were only slightly different between the two isomers. Moreover, for the sub-Tgγ transition the maximum in tan δ occured at essentially the same temperature (−55°C). The polymer with a higher concentration of p-phenylene units shows somewhat larger area under the γ-peak, indicating slightly more sub-Tg motion. The Distribution of FFV is considered to be the determining factor for the differences in transport properties observed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A NEW METHOD FOR SELECTION OF UMBRELLA SPECIES FOR CONSERVATION PLANNING

Umbrella species, species whose protection serves to protect many co-occurring species, have been proposed as a shortcut for conservation planning. Potential criteria for selection of umbrella species include rarity, sensitivity to human disturbance, and mean percentage of co-occurring species. Using butterflies in montane canyons in the Great Basin (USA) as a case study, we examined correlations among those three selection methods. We also developed a new index that specifically ranks species according to their potential to serve as umbrellas for their taxonomic group. Different methods for prioritizing species generally produced divergent rankings. Although rare butterflies tended to co-occur with more species than widespread butterflies, rare species may be poor umbrellas because their distributions are too highly restricted and often cannot be influenced by managers. Umbrella species are useful in meeting certain conservation challenges, particularly prioritization of habitat remnants for conservation...