cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient modeling and validation of chilled water based cross flow heat exchangers for local on-demand cooling in data centers

Hybrid air/liquid cooling systems used in data centers enable localized, on-demand cooling, or “smart cooling” using various approaches such as rear door heat exchangers, overhead cooling systems and in row cooling systems. These systems offer the potential to achieve higher energy efficiency by providing local cooling only when it is needed, thereby reducing the overprovisioning that is endemic to traditional systems. At the heart of all hybrid cooling systems is an air to liquid cross flow heat exchanger which regulates the amount of cooling that the system provides by modulating the liquid or air flows or temperatures. Understanding the transient response of the heat exchanger is crucial for the precise control of the system. In this paper a 12 in. × 12 in water to air heat exchanger, with similar characteristics to the heat exchanger commonly found in data centers, is modeled using three partial differential equations solved by the use of a finite difference approach. The model is validated against experimental data obtained from an experimental rig designed to introduce controlled transient perturbations in temperature and flow on the inlet air and liquid flows to the heat exchanger. Experimental data were obtained for step change, ramp change, and sinusoidal variation in the inlet water temperature and mass flow rate. Steady state heat transfer coefficients are used in the air and liquid side of the heat exchanger. The heat transfer coefficient inside the tubes is calculated by the use of the Gnielinski correlation. A steady state technique is used to extract the air side heat transfer coefficient. With these parameters, it was found that the dynamic heat exchanger model agrees remarkably well with the transient experimental data. The modeling equations also provide insight into the characteristic response times of the heat exchanger in terms of the major independent non-dimensional parameters describing its design and operating conditions.
Focal Benign Disorders of the Pediatric Mandible With Radiologic-Histopathologic Correlation: Mandibular Development and Lucent Lesions

OBJECTIVE. Lucent lesions of the pediatric mandible may present variably. Cysts, neoplasms, and developmental and inflammatory conditions have a host of possible causes. There is also substantial overlap in the imaging appearance of cysts and that of benign but locally aggressive tumors that need to undergo resection. CONCLUSION. The purpose of this article is to present common and uncommon lucent lesions of the mandible in children, with an emphasis on benign abnormalities. Discussions of imaging and histopathologic features are provided.
Intelligent energy management for hybrid vehicles via drive cycle pattern analysis and fuzzy logic torque distribution

An intelligent energy management system for parallel hybrid vehicles is developed. The essential feature of the proposed system is to access the (physical) driving situation (in terms of facility type combined with traffic congestion level) using long and short-term statistical features of the drive cycle (i.e., driving history.) The assessment is used to make decisions on the energy flow in the hybrid powertrain via torque distribution and state-of-charge compensation components. Simulation work was performed to validate the proposed system and to show its viability for energy management system of parallel hybrid vehicles.
Wendy C. Nielsen, Women Warriors in Romantic Drama

Review by Cecilia Feilla (Marymount Manhattan College) of Wendy C. Nielsen, Women Warriors in Romantic Drama . Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2012. Pp. 195. $80. ISBN 9781611494303.
When Is Pharmacotherapy Initiation Beneficial in Patients With Depressive Disorders

Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy are the most common treatments utilized in patients diagnosed with depressive disorders. Their efficacy in remitting symptoms and restoring patients to baseline functioning has been established throughout the literature; however, questions still remain on whether pharmacotherapy is necessary in all patients and if used, when initiation is most beneficial. Current guidelines recommend initiating only psychotherapy in patients with mild depression and advancing to pharmacotherapy as appropriate. Evidence-based literature has shown pharmacotherapy to have a significant and independent treatment effect in depressive disorders compared with psychotherapy. Combination treatment with both modalities has also shown to be beneficial for remitting depressive symptoms in this patient population. Therefore, treatment should be individualized for each specific patient based on severity of disease, history of depression and response to treatment, cost of treatment, and patient preference.
Strength–Ductility Property Maps of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Ti-6Al-4V Alloy: A Critical Review of Processing-Structure-Property Relationships

A comprehensive assessment of tensile properties of powder metallurgical (PM) processed Ti-6Al-4V alloy, through the mapping of strength–ductility property domains, is performed in this review. Tensile property data of PM Ti-6Al-4V alloys made from blended element (BE) and pre-alloyed powders including that additive manufactured (AM) from powders, as well as that made using titanium hydride powders, have been mapped in the form of strength–ductility domains. Based on this, porosity and microstructure have been identified as the dominant variables controlling both the strength and the tensile ductility of the final consolidated materials. The major finding is that tensile ductility of the PM titanium is most sensitive to the presence of pores. The significance of extreme-sized pores or defects in inducing large variations in ductility is emphasized. The tensile strength, however, has been found to depend only weakly on the porosity. The effect of microstructure on properties is masked by the variations in porosity and to some extent by the oxygen level. It is shown that any meaningful comparison of the microstructure can only be made under a constant porosity or density level. The beneficial effect of a refined microstructure is also brought out by logically organizing the data in terms of microstructure groups. The advantages of new processes, using titanium hydride powder to produce PM titanium alloys, in simultaneously increasing strength and ductility, are also highlighted. The tensile properties of AM Ti-6Al-4V alloys are also brought to light, in comparison with the other PM and wrought alloys, through the strength–ductility maps.
A Statistical Framework for Predictive Model Evaluation in MOOCs

Feature extraction and model selection are two essential processes when building predictive models of student success. In this work we describe and demonstrate a statistical approach to both tasks, comparing five modeling techniques (a lasso penalized logistic regression model, naive Bayes, random forest, SVM, and classification tree) across three sets of features (week-only, summed, and appended). We conduct this comparison on a dataset compiled from 30 total offerings of five different MOOCs run on the Coursera platform. Through the use of the Friedman test with a corresponding post-hoc Nemenyi test, we present comparative performance results for several classifiers across the three different feature extraction methods, demonstrating a rigorous inferential process intended to guide future analyses of student success systems.
High cycle fatigue mechanisms of aluminum self‐piercing riveted joints

A study examining the fatigue failure mechanism of self-piercing riveted (SPR) joints between aluminum alloy 6111-T4 and 5754-O is presented in this paper. In particular, the high-cycle fatigue behavior of the SPR joints in the lap-shear configuration is characterized. Experimental fatigue testing revealed that failure of SPR joints occurred because of cracks propagating through the sheet thickness at locations away from the rivet. In-depth postmortem analysis showed that significant fretting wear occurred at the location of the fatigue crack initiation. Energy dispersive X-ray of the fretting debris revealed the presence of aluminum oxide that is consistent with fretting initiated fatigue damage. High-fidelity finite element analysis of the SPR process revealed high surface contact pressure at the location of fretting-initiated fatigue determined by postmortem analysis of failed coupons. Furthermore, fatigue modeling predictions of the number of cycles to failure based on linear elastic fracture mechanics supports the conclusion that fretting-initiated fatigue occurred at regions of high surface contact pressure and not at locations of nominal high-stress concentration at the rivet.
The carbon-nitrogen nexus of transportation fuels

Abstract The advocation of a biobased economy has created a compelling case for consideration of biofuels as an alternative to conventional fossil fuels. However, biofuels must be evaluated on multiple criteria to ensure they truly are an improvement over the fossil fuels they are to replace. This study evaluates the carbon (C) footprint (emissions – sequestration) and reactive nitrogen (Nr) emissions footprint of two fossil fuels, two first generation biofuels, and eight cellulosic fuels, many with process inputs allocated multiple ways to allow for different valuation of inputs and products. For both C and Nr results, fossil and first generation fuels were often the worst options, while cellulosic fuels look notably better, often in both criteria. For most fuels, there is a trade-off between a low C footprint and low Nr emissions footprint, which is investigated throughout the entire nutrient cycles here. Biofuels usually have lower C footprints and higher Nr emissions due to intensive farming processes, while fossil fuels have a high C footprint and lower Nr emissions. However, cellulosic fuels from feedstocks with low farming inputs switchgrass and low intensity high diversity grassland, or from waste feedstocks, such as municipal solid waste and newsprint have low C and Nr footprints, making them better options for transportation fuels. However, just because these fuels have smaller C and Nr footprints than other fuels does not imply they are absolutely sustainable. The capacity of ecosystems to supply ecosystem services should also be considered before sustainability claims are made.
Orbital Abscess in a Green Iguana, Iguana iguana

ABSTRACT The primary clinical signs of orbital disease are exophthalmos, enophthalmos and strabismus. The secondary clinical signs of orbital disease include periorbital swelling, ocular discharge, vision loss, exposure keratitis and pain. An understanding of orbital anatomy is critical for selecting appropriate diagnostic tests and therapy of orbital disease. A clinical case with an orbital abscess is described. Diagnostics and therapy appropriate for orbital disease are reviewed.
Age-based norm-reference values for the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool

Differentiating problematic feeding from variations of typical behavior is a challenge for pediatric providers. The Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool (PediEAT) is a parent-report measure of symptoms of problematic feeding in children 6 months to 7 years old with evidence of reliability and validity. This study aimed to determine age-based, norm-referenced values for the PediEAT. Parents of children between 6 months and 7 years old (n = 1110) completed the PediEAT. Descriptive statistics were calculated for subscale and total scores of the PediEAT within 11 age groups. The PediEAT total scores followed a general downward trajectory with increasing age. Physiologic Symptoms were relatively steady from 6 to 15 months, and then rapidly declined in 15–18 month olds and continued to decline thereafter. Problematic Mealtime Behaviors increased from 6 to 9 months to a peak in 24–30 month olds and then declined with increasing age. Selective/Restrictive Eating increased from 6 to 9 months to a peak at 12–15 months and then decreased over time thereafter. Symptoms of difficulty with Oral Processing were highest in 6–9 month olds and decreased with age. The PediEAT now has age-based norm-reference values to guide score interpretation and clinical decision-making.
Endocardial Pacemaker/Defibrillator Lead Implant Not Available to Cardiologists

Techniques developed to assist cardiologists when intravenous implant via the subclavian route cannot be implemented.
The Role of Decision Analysis in Software Engineering

There are many decisions involved in the creation of a reliable software system. In this paper we demonstrate the use of Bayesian decision theory for making decisions in software engineering. We give two examples of such decisions; the first concerns the choice of a software house to use when an organization identifies a particular software requirement. The second decision pertains to an optimal testing strategy that a software house should adopt before releasing a piece of software. We consider both single and multiple stage testing and utilize existing software reliability models to determine the optimal rule.
Microfluidic devices for radio chemical synthesis

Abstract: Microfluidic devices feature several properties potentially beneficial for radiochemical synthesis. High surface-to-volume ratio of the reactor allows for improved process control and heat transfer; low amount of the reagent simplifies the purification procedure; high concentration of the radioactive reagent potentially increases the reaction rate. A number of successful experimental devices have been reported, but wide adoption of the technology is hindered by limited choice of materials, scarce feedback, and underdeveloped means of coupling with macrodevices. This chapter discusses the reported applications of microfluidics for radiochemical synthesis, the areas in need of improvement, and potentially relevant recent developments.
Braided composites for energy absorption under tensile loading

A new class of braided composites has been designed to maximise thetotal energy absorbed during tensile failure. Braided loops oflight, continuous fiber tows are configured in such a way that theymust be drawn through relatively large displacements before they comeinto direct contact with one another. Upon loop contact, thematerial hardens locally, forcing further damage to develop by thesame process elsewhere. In this way the entire gauge section absorbsenergy before ultimate failure. Levels of energy absorption per unitvolume reach 30 MJ/m3 and, per unit mass, 18 J/g. The mechanismsinvolved in damage delocalisation and failure are detailed andmodeled at a very simple level. While the current values of energyabsorption are already attractive, the simple models indicate muchhigher values for composites that have been optimised.
Deportation and the Failure of Foreigner Control in the Weimar Republic

The first “total war” and the first “world revolution” created a European refugee crisis of unprecedented proportions.
Ordering Heterogeneity of [MnO6] Octahedra in Tunnel-Structured MnO2 and Its Influence on Ion Storage

Summary [MnO6] octahedra are the structural units for a large family of manganese dioxides (MnO2) possessing one-dimensional tunnel structures with extensive applications in catalysis and energy storage. Despite the long-range [MnO6] ordering confirmed by conventional diffraction tools, surprisingly, the functional properties of a specific MnO2 tunnel phase still vary significantly in literature with unclear structural origins. Here, we demonstrate the existence of tunnel heterogeneity featuring localized tunnel intergrowths within single MnO2 nanoparticles via atomically resolved imaging. The degree of tunnel heterogeneity increases with the size increase of tunnels from β-MnO2 (1 × 1 tunnel) to α-MnO2 (2 × 2 tunnel), and to todorokite MnO2 (3 × 3 tunnel). Furthermore, the tunnel heterogeneity within one MnO2 nanoparticle significantly affects the energy storage kinetics even down to sub-nanometer scale. These findings are expected to call for renewed attention to the controlled synthesis of homogeneous tunnel-specific phases with predictable properties and to yield a more precise structure-property relationship in polymorphic materials.
Thoracic Aortic Dissection in Tetralogy of Fallot: A Review of the National Inpatient Sample Database.

Background Thoracic aortic aneurysm is common in patients with tetralogy of Fallot ( TOF ); the incidence of thoracic aortic dissection ( TAD ) is unknown, but generally considered to be uncommon. The purpose of this study was to determine incidence and risk factors for TAD in TOF patients. Methods and Results This work is a retrospective review of the National Inpatient Sample ( NIS ) database for cases of ascending TAD among all hospital admissions in adults with TOF , 2000-2014. Of 18 353 admissions in TOF patients, 11 (0.06%; 6 per 10 000 admissions) of these were TAD -related admissions. For the TAD -related admissions, mean age was 49.8±7.2 years; aortic surgical interventions were performed during 8 of the admissions, and overall in-hospital mortality was 45% (5 of 11). Risk factors associated with TAD -related admission were age >60 years (odds ratio, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.23-3.25; P=0.013), male sex ( odds ratio, 6.91; 95% CI, 4.85-8.54; P<0.001), and hypertension (odds ratio, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.06-3.19; P=0.037). Conclusions This is the first population-based study of TAD outcomes in patients with TOF , and it showed a low risk of TAD in this population. This has important clinical implication with regard to surveillance and surgical intervention. Given that prevalence of thoracic aortic aneurysm is higher in TOF patients compared with the general population; therefore, making clinical decisions based on outcomes data and practice guidelines derived from patients with degenerative and bicuspid aortic valve-related aortopathies may lead to overtreatment. Further studies are required to better understand the pathobiology of this disease in order to make evidence-based recommendations for surveillance and treatment.
Observed Family Interaction During Clinical Interviews: A Comparison of Families Containing Preschool Boys With and Without Disruptive Behavior

The clinical intake interview is an opportunity to observe family interactions and formulate hypotheses about their influence on presenting problems. In this study family interactions were assessed during an unstructured segment of a clinical intake. Families with disruptive preschool boys were compared with those having nonproblem boys. Mothers' and fathers' reports of marital satisfaction, parenting involvement, and child behavior problems were examined in relation to observed behavior during intake. Patterns of family interaction emerged which were consistent with previous research and with family systems theory. Clinic boys oriented more toward mothers than fathers and interacted more negatively with their fathers than did comparison boys. Implications for integrating the assessment of family interactions into clinical practice and research with behavior problem children are discussed.
On Perturbation Spaces of Minimal Valid Functions: Inverse Semigroup Theory and Equivariant Decomposition Theorem

The non-extreme minimal valid functions for the Gomory–Johnson infinite group problem are those that admit effective perturbations. For a class of piecewise linear functions for the 1-row problem we give a precise description of the space of these perturbations as a direct sum of certain finite- and infinite-dimensional subspaces. The infinite-dimensional subspaces have partial symmetries; to describe them, we develop a theory of inverse semigroups of partial bijections, interacting with the functional equations satisfied by the perturbations. Our paper provides the foundation for grid-free algorithms for testing extremality and for computing liftings of non-extreme functions. The grid-freeness makes the algorithms suitable for piecewise linear functions whose breakpoints are rational numbers with huge denominators.
Acoustic Traces of Poetry in South Asia

AbstractTaking advantage of the appropriateness of computational analysis for complex patterns, this essay considers how computational humanities methods can move beyond semantic meaning and the wr...
Communication System Cues to Benefit Distributed Action Teams

Communication System Cues (CSCs) were used to provide information to distributed action teams regarding the integrity of the communication system they relied upon for task work. The impact of CSCs ...
Increased leg muscle fatigability during 2 mA and 4 mA transcranial direct current stimulation over the left motor cortex

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) using intensities ≤ 2 mA on physical and cognitive outcomes has been extensively investigated. Studies comparing the effects of different intensities of tDCS have yielded mixed results and little is known about how higher intensities (> 2 mA) affect outcomes. This study examined the effects of tDCS at 2 mA and 4 mA on leg muscle fatigability. This was a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled study. Sixteen healthy young adults underwent tDCS at three randomly ordered intensities (sham, 2 mA, 4 mA). Leg muscle fatigability of both legs was assessed via isokinetic fatigue testing (40 maximal reps, 120°/s). Torque- and work-derived fatigue indices (FI-T and FI-W, respectively), as well as total work performed (TW), were calculated. FI-T of the right knee extensors indicated increased fatigability in 2 mA and 4 mA compared with sham (p = 0.01, d = 0.73 and p < 0.001, d = 1.61, respectively). FI-W of the right knee extensors also indicated increased fatigability in 2 mA and 4 mA compared to sham (p = 0.01, d = 0.57 and p < 0.001, d = 1.12, respectively) and 4 mA compared with 2 mA (p = 0.034, d = 0.37). tDCS intensity did not affect TW performed. The 2 mA and 4 mA tDCS intensities increased the fatigability of the right knee extensors in young, healthy participants, potentially from altered motor unit recruitment/discharge rate or cortical hyperexcitability. Despite this increase in fatigability, the TW performed in both these conditions was not different from sham.
Urushiol Compounds Detected in Toxicodendron-Labeled Consumer Products Using Mass Spectrometry.

Background Urushiol, the culprit allergen in Toxicodendron plants such as poison ivy, is an oily mixture of 15 and 17 carbon side chain alk-(en)-yl catechols. Recently, consumer products have been identified that contain Toxicodendron as an ingredient on their label; however, no studies have assessed whether urushiol is indeed present within these products. Objective The aim of the study was to determine whether urushiol compounds are present in consumer products labeled as containing Toxicodendron species. Methods Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were performed on 9 consumer products labeled as containing Toxicodendron species, including topical homeopathic remedies. Single ion monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was programmed in selective ion mode to detect 3-methylcatechol characteristic fragment ions of alk-(en)-yl catechols after silanization. Similarly, single ion monitoring liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was programmed to detect 4 urushiol pentadecylcatechols and 5 urushiol heptadecylcatechols using previously reported mass-to-charge ratios. Results Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detected alk-(en)-yl catechols in 67% (6/9) of the products tested. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detected multiple urushiol pentadecylcatechols and heptadecylcatechols in 44% (4/9) of the products tested. Conclusions Alk-(en)-yl catechols and multiple urushiols were detected in consumer products listing Toxicodendron species as an ingredient. Clinicians should be aware of these known allergenic ingredients in consumer products.
Valuative Marot Rings

For a commutative ring R with total quotient ring T(R), R is said to be valuative if for each nonzero \(t \in T(R)\) at least one of the extensions \(R\subseteq R[t]\) and \(R\subseteq R[(R: t)]\) has no proper intermediate rings. There are weak and strong versions: R is weakly valuative if for each pair \(s,t\in T(R)\backslash \{0\}\) such that \(st\in R\), at least one of \(R\subseteq R[t]\) and \(R\subseteq R[s]\) has no proper intermediate rings; R is strongly valuative if for each nonzero \(t\in T(R)\) at least one of the extensions \(R\subseteq R[(R:(R: t))]\) and \(R\subseteq R[(R: t)]\) has no proper intermediate rings. There are weakly valuative rings that are not valuative, and valuative rings that are not strongly valuative. In the special case that R is a Marot ring (each regular ideal can be generated by a set of regular elements), R is weakly valuative if and only if it is strongly valuative. Also a valuative Marot ring has at most three regular maximal ideals.
Mortality among Fire Department of the City of New York Rescue and Recovery Workers Exposed to the World Trade Center Disaster, 2001-2017.

The World Trade Center (WTC) attacks on 9/11/2001 have consistently been associated with elevated rates of physical and mental health morbidities, while evidence about mortality has been limited. We examined mortality between 9/12/2001 and 12/31/2017 among 15,431 WTC-exposed Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY) firefighters and emergency medical service providers (EMS), specifically assessing associations between intensity of WTC-exposure and mortality risk. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) compared FDNY cohort mortality with the US general population using life table analysis. Deaths were identified via linkage to the National Death Index. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to identify associations between intensity of WTC-exposure and mortality, accounting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking history, and other relevant confounders. We identified 546 deaths and a lower than expected all-cause mortality rate (SMR = 0.22; 95% CI, 0.20-0.24). No cause-specific SMRs were meaningfully elevated. Mortality hazard ratios showed no association or linear trend with level of WTC-exposure. Our results provide evidence of the healthy worker effect, despite exposure to the World Trade Center. More follow-up time may be needed to assess the full impact of WTC-exposure on mortality in this occupational population.
The well-being of gamers, video game players, and non-players

The public, practitioners, and researchers often express concerns about the physical and behavioral well-being of people who play video games. Research generally fails to distinguish between people...
Cell lineage analysis of the avian neural crest

Neural crest cells migrate extensively and give rise to diverse cell types, including cells of the sensory and autonomic nervous systems. A major unanswered question concerning the neural crest is when and how the neural crest cells become determined to adopt a particular fate. We have explored the developmental potential of trunk neural crest cells in avian embryos by microinjecting a vital dye, lysinated rhodamine dextran (LRD), into individual cells within the dorsal neural tube. We find that premigratory and emigrating neural crest cells give rise to descendants with distinct phenotypes in multiple neural crest derivatives. These results are consistent with the idea that neural crest cells are multipotent prior to their emigration from the neural tube and become restricted in phenotype after emigration from the neural tube either during their migration or at their sites of localization. To determine whether neural crest cells become restricted during their migration, we have microinjected individual trunk neural crest cells with dye shortly after they leave the neural tube or as they migrate through the somite. We find that a majority of the clones derived from migrating neural crest cells appear to be multipotent; individual migrating neural crest cells gave rise to both sensory and sympathetic neurons, as well as cells with the morphological characteristics of Schwann cells, and other nonneuronal cells. Even those clones contributing to only one neural crest derivative often contained both neurofilament-positive and neurofilament-negative cells. These data demonstrate that migrating trunk neural crest cells, like their premigratory progenitors, can be multipotent. They give rise to cells in multiple neural crest derivatives and contribute to both neuronal and non-neuronal elements within a given derivative. Thus, restriction of neural crest cell fate must occur relatively late in migration or at the final destinations.
Using differences in abiotic factors between seed origin and common garden sites to predict performance of Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii Pursh)

Abstract Climate shifts and concomitant weather extremes such as extended droughts make it difficult to determine the best seed sources for reforestation. Seed source selection based on current climate conditions avoids further disrupting biotic interactions that may confer ecosystem resilience, but seed source selection could also draw from populations adapted to anticipated future climate conditions. Knowledge of relationships between seed sources and adaptation to climatic variables helps evaluate options. This study used four common gardens of Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii Pursh) to model tree performance in height growth, dieback, mortality, and, at one site, phenology, using differences in abiotic variables from the tree’s geographic origins and the planting location. While the degree of variation explained by even the best models was relatively low, there were some trends. Patterns of growth and mortality differed across common garden sites, but the distance seeds were moved to the common garden site, seed source ecoregion, and the difference in the length of frost-free period between a seed source’s site of origin and the common garden site were in the best models for growth and mortality. Differences in mean summer precipitation, an indication of potential drought stress, were only in the best models for growth at the wettest and driest common garden sites. Trees more local to a common garden site generally had higher growth, and sometimes lower mortality. However, some Willamette Valley trees not local to a common garden site had relatively greater growth and low mortality so could be good candidates for broader seed movement. The abiotic factors that best explain growth and mortality were similar in less stressful and more stressful years, although models for stress years included more abiotic variables. Abiotic variables were better at explaining timing of spring leaf flush than the performance metrics, and spring flush did not correlate well to growth, dieback, or mortality. Our results support the importance of abiotic factors in predicting growth, mortality, and phenology in Pacific madrone, but their predictive capacity and relative importance depends on the site and may vary even for nearby sites.
Laboratory measurements of size distribution of electrostatically lofted dust

Abstract Electrostatic dust lofting has been suggested to explain a number of unresolved phenomena on airless planetary bodies such as the lunar horizon glow, the dust ponds on asteroid Eros, and the radial ‘spokes’ in Saturn’s rings. In this paper we report laboratory measurements of the size distribution of lofted dust particles in the range of 1 to 40 μ m in diameter. It is shown that the population of lofted dust increases with a decrease in dust size (i.e., smaller sized dust is easier to be lofted), which is in agreement with the theoretical expectation derived from the patched charge model (Wang et al., 2016a). Additionally, initial launch velocities are derived from transport distances of lofted particles following ballistic trajectories. It is shown that the initial velocity of lofted particles is inversely proportional to their size, in agreement with an earlier work that used a different measurement method (Carroll et al., 2020).
Head and Neck Cancer and Sexuality: A Review of the Literature.

Background Individuals treated for head and neck cancer are at risk of sexual problems, particularly given the probability for disfigurement, body image disturbance, depressive symptoms, and functional difficulties that result from treatment. Because oncology nurses are an important source of information and support for patients, it is important that they be familiar with the current literature as well as opportunities for research. Objective The aim of this study was to present a review of the literature on head and neck cancer and sexuality. Methods PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Ovid databases were searched using the terms "head and neck cancer" and "sexuality." Publications had to be peer-reviewed, empirical studies, written in English, and published within the last 10 years. Selected publications were compared based on study aims, leading investigator, study location, conceptual framework, study design, sample, instruments, and study findings. Results Nine publications were analyzed in this review. Incidence of individuals reporting a negative effect of head and neck cancer on sexuality varied from 24% to 100% depending on the study. Conclusions There is a paucity of data regarding sexuality among patients with head and neck cancer. Existing studies indicate that sexuality is of considerable significance, particularly after treatment for head and neck cancer. Implications for practice Holistic care includes information about sexuality during and after treatment for head and neck cancer. Oncology nurses should be aware that this topic is of importance to many patients, and they should familiarize themselves with available resources. It is also important that nurse scientists facilitate research in the area of sexuality.
Defibrination syndrome after intra-amniotic infusion of hypertonic saline.

Abstract Changes in the coagulation factors, fibrinogen survival, and plasma volume after intra-amniotic infusion of hypertonic saline are described. Highly significant decreases in platelets, fibrinogen, and factors VIII and V were observed. There was a significant decrease in fibrinogen survival in 4 of 5 patients, notably immediately preceding abortion, and a highly significant correlation between the degree of over-all change in fibrinogen survival and the time from intra-amniotic saline infusion. There was also a significant increase in the plasma volume, with a corresponding decrease in hematocrit, but the decreases in procoagulants were significantly greater than the decrease in hematocrit. Fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products, which were consistently negative prior to the infusion of saline, appeared in the serum. The euglobulin lysis time was not accelerated. It would appear that a generally mild and self-limited form of diffuse intravascular coagulation develops after the intra-amniotic infusion of hypertonic saline. In some patients, this defibrination process may result in a clinically significant bleeding diathesis.
Specificity of dermal mucin in the diagnosis of lupus erythematosus: comparison with other dermatitides and normal skin.

Increased dermal mucin is a feature of lupus erythematosus (LE); however, its amount and distribution have not been well characterized. The differentiation of LE from other forms of dermatitis can be challenging when other features of LE are subtle or equivocal. One hundred and thirty-five skin specimens showing LE, graft vs. host disease, erythema multiforme/fixed drug eruption, lichen planus, polymorphous light eruption (PMLE), urticaria, eczematous dermatitis and psoriasis and normal skin with and without photodamage were collected. The amounts of mucin in the papillary, superficial reticular and deep reticular dermis were scored from 0 to 3 on hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and alcian blue (AB) stains, and compared between groups. The mean scores in the reticular dermis were significantly higher in LE than in other categories except PMLE and eczematous dermatitis. A combined H&E + AB score of ≥5 in the superficial reticular dermis gave an overall specificity of 85.7% for LE. Mucin in the papillary dermis failed to distinguish among entities. Normal photodamaged skin showed significantly more mucin in the superficial reticular dermis compared to non-photodamaged skin. While LE is associated with increased mucin deposition, scant to moderate amount of mucin alone has limited specificity and is common in other dermatitides or photodamaged skin.
Stating Claims Against Religious Institutions

Although the U.S. Constitution protects the rights of religious institutions, it confers no general immunity from liability for their contracts and torts. This Article's study of the case law indicates that claims may be stated against religious institutions if those institutions had the corporate power or ecclesiastical responsibility for the specific matter in dispute, or had themselves taken action in the matter. A general assertion of the potential to take action or potential to control is insufficient to result in a claim against the institution. Liability would reside, if at all, in the entity that has both the juridic power (under the religious polity) and the civil duty to answer for the actions of persons or other entities in the religious structure. Departure from these principles could result in an 'unconstitutional exercise by a court. This Article then applies these principles in a critique of tort liability asserted against religious institutions.
Qualitative reasoning with higher-order derivatives

The goals of qualitative physics are to identify the distinctions and laws which govern qualitative behavior of devices such that it is possible to predict and explain the behavior of physical devices without recourse to quantitative methods. Although qualitative analysis lacks quantitative information, it predicts significant characteristics of device functioning such as feedback, ringing, oscillation, etc. This paper defines higher-order qualitative derivatives and uses them to formulate six fundamental laws which govern the gross-time behavior of physical devices. These qualitative laws are based on the Mean Value Theorem and Taylor's Expansion of the quantitative calculus. They substitute for what often requires sophisticated problem-solving. We claim they are the best that can be achieved relying on qualitative information.
Justice: Philosophical Aspects

Justice is predicated mainly of three kinds of iudicanda : subjects (persons and collectives), the conduct of subjects, and social rules . Recent discussions have focused on social justice , concerned with social rules. Here John Rawls’s seminal theory has biased the discussion toward purely recipient-oriented theorizing, considering solely how human beings fare under various social rules. An alternative approach would also consider how we are treating one another, making morally significant our specific roles in imposing social rules and the causal pathways on which such rules affect people.
Complex Litigation: CAFA Mass Actions

Commentary and analysis of the so-called “mass action” provision included in the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 (CAFA). Congress enacted CAFA in 2005 to create new federal diversity jurisdiction especially for class actions. In order to gain access to federal court, the proponents of a class action must demonstrate diversity of citizenship between the class claimants and the defendants, that there are at least 100 members in the class, and that the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d). To satisfy these requirements, the proponents needs only to show minimal diversity among the parties, and may aggregate the claimants’ damages to reach the $5 million amount-in-controversy threshold. In addition, Congress created a new removal provision for state-based class actions that satisfy the federal jurisdiction requirements. 28 U.S.C. § 1453. CAFA also contains a sleeper provision for state court “mass actions” that basically join large numbers of claimants with similar claims and legal theories in one lawsuit, but which is not pursued as a class action. If such “mass actions” satisfy the requirements for jurisdiction of a class action, then CAFA permits removal of such mass actions to federal court. This article discusses the seminal decision Abrego v. The Dow Chemical Co., 2006 U.S. App. Lexis 8077 (9th Cir. April 4, 2006), discussing CAFA’s mass action provisions, without deciding the propriety of the defendant’s attempted removal of a state mass action to federal court.
Basic Cable Network Segmentation Toward Minorities and Other Niche Audiences in a Digital World: An Empirical Study of Cable Advertising

Digitization of cable TV systems has permitted not only higher quality (HD) programming, but a proliferation of channel space, sparking a second wave of cable programming network entry since the late 1990s. Finer and finer segmentation of cable networks toward niche audiences, including racial and ethnic minorities, has thus been permitted. Yet, descriptive data indicate that average cost per thousand CPM advertising rates of basic cable networks remain far below those of the “broad appeal” programming on the major broadcast networks and the supply of programming orient toward racial and ethnic audiences (eg, BET), appears to be low. In this paper, we attempt to understand the limitations of cable television networks in more finely segmenting toward niche audiences, especially toward racial and ethnic audience groups. Our primary approach is by means of an empirical study of the determinants of cable TV network advertising rates, the source of about 2/3 of total revenues of basic cable networks on average. Using a database of 78 basic cable TV networks operating in 2010, primarily supplied by A C. Nielsen, preliminary results indicate that cost per thousand (CPM) advertising rates increase, at a decreasing rate, as the network’s household reach increases, but that the size of network ratings have no significant effect. The cable “reach handicap” is thus a significant damper on advertising revenues of basic cable networks, but there is no evidence that the small size of audiences, per se, reduces CPM rates. Viewer age has a significant effect in most models, but other demographic factors, including % black and % Hispanic, and audience homogeneity, have no measurable effect on ad rates (contrary to previous research in radio and TV which find lower ad rates for blacks and Hispanics). Finally, we investigate determinants of the distribution of blacks and Hispanics among 84 basic cable networks, and find that while content elements are an important factor, much of the variation can be explained by production values, as indicated by network production costs, a factor that attracts audiences without any regard to racial or ethnic origin.
Noise in Microwave Transmission Applications of Gunn and IMPATT Diodes

The Gunn and the IMPATT diode are finding an increasing range of applications in radio communication systems for terrestrial line-of-sight transmission. The receiver local oscillator (with or without automatic frequency control), which came first, was followed by three transmitter applications, namely, the upconverter pump, the power amplifier (stable or injection locked), and the high-linearity, frequency modulated oscillator.
Polly can make you sick : Pet bird-associated diseases

Pet birds can harbor diseases that can be transmitted to their owners. This review describes the presentation, evaluation, and basic treatment of infectious syndromes caused by these bacterial, viral, protozoal, fungal, and parasitic zoonoses.
Report of the Texas Consensus Conference Panel on medication treatment of bipolar disorder 2000.

Background The process and outcome of a consensus conference to develop revised algorithms for treatment of bipolar disorder to be implemented in the public mental health system of Texas are described. These medication algorithms for bipolar disorder are an update of those developed for the Texas Medication Algorithm Project, a research study that tested the clinical and economic impact of treatment guidelines for major psychiatric illnesses treated in the Texas public mental health system (Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation [TDMHMR]). Method Academic clinicians and researchers, practicing clinicians in the TDMHMR system, administrators, advocates, and consumers participated in a consensus conference in August 2000. Participants attended presentations reviewing new evidence in the pharmacologic treatment of bipolar disorder and discussed the needs of consumers in the TDMHMR system. Principles were enumerated, including balancing of evidence for efficacy, tolerability, and safety in medication choices. A set of 7 distinct algorithms was drafted. In the following months, a subcommittee condensed this product into 2 primary algorithms. Results The panel agreed to 2 primary algorithms: treatment of mania/hypomania, including 3 pathways for treatment of euphoric symptoms, mixed or dysphoric symptoms, and psychotic symptoms; and treatment of depressive symptoms. General principles to guide algorithm implementation were discussed and drafted. Conclusion The revised algorithms are currently being disseminated and implemented within the Texas public mental health system. The goals of the Texas initiative include increasing the consistency of appropriate treatment of bipolar disorder, encouraging systematic and optimal use of available pharmacotherapies, and improving the outcomes of patients with bipolar disorder.
Kinetics of serum prostate-specific antigen after external beam radiation for clinically localized prostate cancer.

Abstract Background and purpose : To determine the kinetics of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) after radiation therapy of localized prostate cancer and to evaluate whether such kinetics provide prognostic information. Materials and methods : Eight hundred forty-one men with serial PSA determinations who underwent external beam radiation without androgen ablation were analyzed to determine postradiation PSA kinetic parameters (half-life and doubling time) and to correlate these parameters with disease outcome. Non-linear regression techniques were used to determine half-lives and doubling times. Results : The postradiation serum PSA data fitted well to first order kinetic models. The median PSA half-life was 1.6 months (range 0.5–9.2 months). There was no correlation between half-life and T-stage or Gleason grade. A significant but quantitatively weak correlation was present between the pretreatment PSA level and half-life; lower pretreatment levels were associated with longer half-lives. Half-life did not correlate with disease outcome whether the endpoint was local recurrence, distant metastasis or rising PSA. In 263 men with a rising postradiation PSA profile the median PSA doubling time was 12.2 months (range 0.8–80.2 months). Faster doubling times were significantly associated with higher T-stage, higher Gleason grade and higher pretreatment PSA levels. Thus, patients with initially adverse disease developed faster rising PSA values after treatment than patients with less adverse disease. The most striking correlation was between rapid doubling time and the likelihood of metastatic relapse. Patients who developed metastases had a median PSA doubling time of 4.2 months compared to a median doubling time of 11.7 months in patients who developed local recurrence. Overall, patients with a PSA doubling time of less than 8 months had a 7-year actuarial metastatic rate of 54%, while patients with a PSA doubling time exceeding 8 months had only a 7% metastatic rate. Particularly ominous was the combination of a doubling time shorter than 8 months which began to rise within the first year; by 3 years 50% of these men had metastases and all were actuarially projected to develop such relapse by 6.5 years. Conclusions : Overall, the clinical utility of postradiation serum PSA kinetics was small. There were no discernible uses for PSA half-life. In patients with a rising PSA profile the faster the kinetics the more adverse the disease. Doubling times shorter than 8 months, especially if the rise begins in the first year, predict for metastatic relapse. However, in the absence of decisively useful treatment for metastatic prostate cancer the virtues of the early detection of metastases remain unclear.