cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements for Growing Chicks II. Studies With Natural Minerals Under Rachitic Conditions

Abstract In the preceding paper1 experiments were reported in which studies were made of the calcium-phosphorus requirements of growing chicks under rachitic conditions. The minerals consisted of salt mixtures in which the calcium-phosphorus ratio was varied as well as the levels of mineral in the ration. Since satisfactory growth was not attained with these salt mixtures, it seemed advisable to use natural minerals in these studies. EXPERIMENTAL The general plan of these experiments as regards the methods of selection, feeding, and management of the chicks and the records kept were the same as used in the preceeding experiments.1 In the four trials reported in this paper Barred Plymouth Rock chicks were used. As in the previous experiments, precautions were taken to prevent the exposure of the chicks to direct sunlight, or even direct skylight. The composition of the rations is given in Tables I and II. The results obtained are given . . .
Detection of fast molecular beams by ion ejection from a surface

Abstract When superthermal beams of non-alkali-containing molecules strike a pre-treated, oxidized Re filament at 1200 K, positive ions (particularly those of alkali contaminants in the filament) are ejected from the surface, rendering the neutral beams detectable. Within the energy range studied (a few eV) the efficiency of ion production increases approximately exponentially with the translational energy of the incident neutral molecule. Maximum ionization efficiencies were in the range 0.1–10%, for compounds with ionization potentials (IP's) ≲ 10 eV. For those of IP > 10 eV, ionization efficiencies were unobservably low (≲ 10 −6 ), as were yields of negative ions (or electrons) for any compound.
Allergenic materials in the house dust of allergy clinic patients.

Introduction Environmental agents including animal, fungal, tree, and weed antigens are known to cause allergic rhinitis and asthma. The following study was performed to measure the antigen concentration of several of these in house dust of children seen in an allergy clinic. Comparisons are made between household allergen levels of children seen for asthma and children seen for other reasons. Methods Dust samples were solicited from patients in a pediatric allergy specialty clinic and other individuals associated with the clinic. Persons submitting dust were asked to complete a questionnaire describing their house. Samples were extracted, centrifuged, and filtered for sterility. Samples were stored in 50% glycerol at −20° C. Specific antigens for Alternaria , Cladosporium , Aspergillus , Candida , Dermatophagoides farinae , cat, dog, oak, fescue, ragweed, plantain, and cockroach were measured using inhibition assays developed with whole antigen extract. Allergens Der p1, Der f 1, Alt a 1, and Alt a 70 kD were measured using double monoclonal antibody assays. Results Significant concentrations of whole antigen from cat, dog, oak, Alternaria , and Cladosporium were detected. Between 0.1 and 18 μg of Der f1 and Der p1 per gram of dust were also measured. Alt a 1 and Alt a 70 kD levels varied between 3.0 and 1000 U/g of dust. Significant positive correlations were observed in levels of dust mite and Alternaria allergen for patients with an evaluation of asthma. Conclusions We found measurable levels of fungal antigens ( Alternaria , Cladosporium ), mite antigens, and animal antigens (dog and cat) in the majority of dust samples in this self-selected set of allergy clinic patients. Specific allergens Alt a 1, Alt a 70kD, and Der p 1 were significantly higher in the homes of asthmatic patients when compared with patients seen for reasons other than asthma. These studies support the hypothesis that fungal allergen exposure is an important component in the pathogenesis of the clinical condition known as asthma.
Young Adulthood as a Factor in Social Change in the United States

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION in the United States, which took place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, transformed the way Americans worked and had a profound effect on family life. People left rural farms to migrate to the cities for factory work. Fertility and family size declined, as did mortality, especially among infants. The divorce rate rose. Parents who had previously educated their own children informally were for the first time required to send their children to school. And yet, despite all the changes that the industrial revolution brought, some aspects of American family life remained surprisingly unchanged. Same-race heterosexual marriage remained virtually the only type of romantic union that existed in the United States. Nontraditional types of unions, such as interracial unions, same-sex unions, and extramarital heterosexual cohabitation, were almost absent. By the late twentieth century, interracial unions, same-sex unions, and extramarital cohabitation had all increased sharply, so that the types of romantic unions Americans form are now much more varied (Rosenfeld and Kim 2005). Assuming that the nature of human desires has not fundamentally changed, it stands to reason that the near absence of nontraditional unions during the industrial revolution in the United States was the result of the orderly reproduction of the traditional family form and the effective suppression of nontraditional family forms. If the industrial revolution transformed society and the family so thoroughly, how did industrial society manage so effectively to suppress the formation of nontraditional unions? Recent research on young adulthood in the United States has suggested that the process by which young people become adults has changed fundamentally in recent decades (Arnett 2004; Arnett and Taber 1994; Buchmann 1989; Goldscheider and Goldscheider 1999; Hogan 1981; Modell 1989; Setterstein, Furstenberg, and Rumbaut 2005). Young adults are marrying
“RF-SoC”: Integration Trends of On-Chip CMOS Power Amplifier: Benefits of External PA versus Integrated PA for Portable Wireless Communications

RFIC integration has seen dramatic progress since the early 1990s. For example, Si-based single-chip products for GSM, WLAN, Bluetooth, and DECT applications have become commercially available. However, RF power amplifiers (PAs) and switches tend to remain off-chip in the context of single-chip CMOS/BiCMOS transceiver ICs for handset applications. More recently, several WLAN/Bluetooth vendors have successfully integrated less demanding PAs onto the transceivers. This paper will focus on single-chip RF-system-on-a-chip (i.e., “RF-SoC”) implementations that include a high-power PA. An analysis of all tradeoffs inherent to integrating higher power PAs is provided. The analysis includes the development cost, time-to-market, power efficiency, yield, reliability, and performance issues. Recent design trends on highly integrated CMOS WiFi transceivers in the literature will be briefly reviewed with emphasis on the RF-SoC product design tradeoffs impacted by the choice between integrated versus external PAs.
Sex difference in Onuf’s nucleus homologue in the Asian musk shrew

Perineal muscles essential for copulatory functioning are innervated by Onuf's nucleus in humans and the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) and dorsolateral nucleus (DLN) in rats. These structures sexually differentiate as a result of developmental androgen exposure in most species examined. The homologous structure in the Asian musk shrew (Suncus murinus) is a single cluster in the lateral DLN/Onuf's position in the ventral horn of the spinal cord; these motoneurons innervate both the bulbocavernosus and ischiocavernosus muscles of the musk shrew. We found the expected sex difference in motoneuron number in the shrew DLN, but not in two neighboring motoneuron clusters, the retrodorsolateral nucleus (RDLN) and ventrolateral nucleus (VLN). Male musk shrews also have significantly larger soma areas in the VLN and DLN than females, and male DLN motoneurons have significantly larger nuclei than female. The sex difference in DLN motoneuron number was evident both in raw counts and after accounting for split nuclei error.
How Do We Know God?(A Radio Conversation between Karl Barth and Thomas Aquinas)

Commentator: Station WTHEO brings you this evening another in its series of discussions on religious and philosophical issues. Our subject is "How Do We Know God ?" Our two discussants are men famous for their work in theology-Dr. Thomas Aquinas and Dr. Karl Barth. Dr. Aquinas is a well-known authority of the Roman Catholic Church, while Dr. Barth enjoys a wide following among Protestant churches. Their views are quite different, so we anticipate a lively discussion. We shall now hear from the speakers themselves. Barth: As I was reviewing a few of your works before this program I was once again reminded of the influence that Aristotle has had upon your thinking. Do you agree with many of his ideas ? Aquinas: I find that the Philosopher has taught me a great deal, and I have been particularly impressed with his "categories," as well as with his explanation of "causes." In fact I have adopted some of his methods in my theological works. Perhaps this use of philosophy sounds abhorrent to you, but I must in fairness confess that I find not only influences of Kierkegaard in your writings, but also of Immanuel Kant and existentialist philosophers. Am I not right in this? Barth: This is certainly a point of frequent confusion. Many people assume that I deny all philosophy, whereas my basic premise is that man, in absolutizing reason and philosophy, has completely misinterp eted theology. Man proudly thinks that he can seek out and discover God through reason, mystical experience, or some other means. Foolishness! "Christian faith is not
Dealkylation of organotin compounds by biological dithiols: toward the chemistry of organotin toxicity.

In this Communication, we report evidence for the dealkylation of trialkyltin compounds by a short linear peptide extracted from a small membrane protein (stannin) involved in cellular apoptosis and containing a CXC motif. We show that (a) organotin binding induces the formation of a β-turn in the linear peptide, (b) both cysteines are necessary for the dealkylation reaction, and (c) stable 1:1 complexes are formed between the peptide and diorganotins that can be observed by ESI-MS. Organotin degradation by biological dithiols may be responsible for both the delayed activity of these toxins in humans and the organotin resistance mechanisms in bacteria.
Springback control of sheet metal air bending process

Press brake bending is a commonly used process for sheet metal part fabrication. It has been observed that the final bend angle, which is the angle achieved upon removal of the punch, is smaller than the initial bend angle. This springback is due to the elastic recovery of the sheet metal. Various theoretical models have been proposed to predict the springback using the tooling geometry and the known properties of the sheet metal. However, in a production environment, the actual properties of any given workpiece may vary from the nominal properties of the lot. This variation causes the actual springback to deviate from the theoretical predictions. This paper presents a practical incremental bending methodology to control punch displacement to achieve more accurate final bend angles. In the proposed approach, workpiece properties are estimated from measured loaded and unloaded bend angles. The estimated properties are used to determine the final punch position required to obtain the desired bend angle after springback. A series of bending experiments was performed. It was found that the proposed method can better predict springback and effectively control the bend angle variation in a production environment.
Now You See Me: Hide and Seek in Physical Address Space

With the growing complexity of computing systems, memory based forensic techniques are becoming instrumental in digital investigations. Digital forensic examiners can unravel what happened on a system by acquiring and inspecting in-memory data. Meanwhile, attackers have developed numerous anti-forensic mechanisms to defeat existing memory forensic techniques by manipulation of system software such as OS kernel. To counter anti-forensic techniques, some recent researches suggest that memory acquisition process can be trusted if the acquisition module has not been tampered with and all the operations are performed without relying on any untrusted software including the operating system.However, in this paper, we show that it is possible for malware to bypass the current state-of-art trusted memory acquisition module by manipulating the physical address space layout, which is shared between physical memory and I/O devices on x86 platforms. This fundamental design on x86 platform enables an attacker to build an OS agnostic anti-forensic system. Base on this finding, we propose Hidden in I/O Space (HIveS) which manipulates CPU registers to alter such physical address layout. The system uses a novel I/O Shadowing technique to lock a memory region named HIveS memory into I/O address space, so all operation requests to the HIveS memory will be redirected to the I/O bus instead of the memory controller. To access the HIveS memory, the attacker unlocks the memory by mapping it back into the memory address space. Two novel techniques, Blackbox Write and TLB Camouflage, are developed to further protect the unlocked HIveS memory against memory forensics while allowing attackers to access it. A HIveS prototype is built and tested against a set of memory acquisition tools for both Windows and Linux running on x86 platform. Lastly, we propose potential countermeasures to detect and mitigate HIveS.
Degradation of organophosphonic acids catalyzed by irradiated titanium dioxide

Abstract The photoinduced decomposition of three organic phosphonic acids on irradiated titanium dioxide involves the cleavage of the carbon-phosphorus bond to generate the corresponding organic radical. Kinetic data for these reactions are consistent with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model for heterogeneous reactions.
Capsid assembly of dsDNA viruses

Abstract Capsid assembly has been investigated for many dsDNA viruses. Much is known about assembly pathways for these viruses and information is now emerging about the protein/protein and protein/DNA interactions that regulate these pathways. Common themes include progressive transitions in the properties of the capsid subunits as assembly proceeds and the use of accessory factors to aid assembly. Other assembly strategies, such as packaging DNA into a preformed capsid or assembling capsids from subunit oligomers are shared among some but not all viruses of this group. Despite the many similarities, there are sufficient fundamental differences in assembly strategies that it is not possible to describe them all as variations on a single assembly theme.
The influence of inhibitors of amine metabolism on the effects of serotonin and its metabolites on photic evoked potential in rabbits.

El estudio de la curva dosis-respuesta demuestra que el 5-hidroxi-triptofol y el acido 5-hidroxi-indolacetico son tan potentes como la serotonina en modificar las respuestas corticales opticas en el conejo. Pretratamiento con pargilina o con disulfiram, dos inhibidores distintos del metabolismo de las neuroaminas, influencio marcadamente los efectos de la serotonina sin cambiar los efectos de sus metabolitos.
Medical Students’ Evaluation of live Psychiatric Interviews

A central concern of psychiatric educators is how medical students learn to evaluate psychopathology and clinically relevant behaviors during a psychiatric clerkship. The purpose of this study is to determine what characteristics of the students studied correlated with their accuracy in rating patient psychopathology and also whether the students show improved accuracy in rating after a 6-week clerkship in a university medical school department of psychiatry. The study analyzes student ratings of various aspects of psychopathology in live patient-faculty interviews. The accuracy of student ratings compared with faculty ratings constitutes the dependent variable. The role of students' attitudes toward psychiatry, overall grade performance, and personal background constitute the independent variables; these variables are analyzed in relation to the accuracy of student ratings. The authors attempt to determine if student ratings improve during clerkship. The ability to rate clinical phenomenology in psychiatric patients in a live format is shown to be a measurable trait that improves slightly over time in some areas and varies in relation to some of the independent variables studied. Results of the study are compared with previous work in this area. The limitations of the paradigm employed and the requirements for studying the problem in a more systematic and effective way are outlined.
Physicochemical and morphological degradation of stream and river habitats increases invasion risk

One of the key challenges of invasion biology in aquatic systems is determining the environmental conditions under which non-indigenous species establish populations in new habitats. It is widely believed that environmental degradation of streams and rivers may facilitate susceptibility to invasion; however, this has not yet been demonstrated consistently across a wide range of taxonomic groups. We analyzed macroinvertebrate data from 398 stream and river sites in Germany in order to test whether morphologically and physicochemically degraded stream and river habitats are more prone to invasion. Further, we identified the most important environmental variables facilitating invasion. The study confirmed that invaded sites were significantly more degraded than sites where only indigenous species were recorded. In both streams and rivers, invaded sites featured increased maximum temperatures, chloride and total organic carbon concentrations and a decreased morphological habitat quality. In streams, additionally the variables minimum temperature, oxygen, orthophosphate and ammonium contributed to greater degradation. In rivers also nitrate concentration was increased at invaded sites. Generalized linear models indicated that chloride was one of the most important variables that favored invasibility in both streams and rivers. In streams, the most indicative variables for invasion risk also included orthophosphate and maximum temperature. In rivers, in addition to chloride, morphological habitat quality was important. Our results confirm that the physicochemical and morphological intactness of riverine systems is a safeguard against invasion of aquatic non-indigenous macroinvertebrates. Based on this knowledge, management strategies can be developed to reduce invasion risk.
Economic and Social Information for Rural America: Priorities for Immediate Improvement

The problems and issues related to the subject of this session are of staggering complexity. The major challenge is to impose some order on the whole mass and to identify priorities for constructive action. Of necessity, we have limited the topic to a more manageable scope. Within that scope we have identified several different priority actions, not the full array of actions that warrant immediate and important concern. This paper focuses upon rural development including natural resource use. It gives attention to economic development at the local, substate regional, and broader levels, and to information challenges requiring prompt action or consideration. We have divided our presentation into five parts: a general framework or strategy for subjecting this topic to some systematic scrutiny; identification of some key problems or issues in rural America and tasks concerning them that serve as guideposts for judging priority actions for information system improvement; a discussion of the need to avoid implementation of narrowly conceived information systems designed for one purpose but that may become institutionalized and subsequently the basis for unintended decisions and uses; opportunities for supplementing current information systems that are basically sound but that have major gaps because of new policy issues or decision choices; and suggestions for new information systems or approaches, the exploration and development of which could begin immediately. In the process, we will draw upon findings and recommendations of members of the American Agricultural Economics Association Task Force on Social and Economic Statistics. Members of the Task Force have considered several areas of data or information system improvement. A number of discussion papers were developed (Bawden and Kershaw; Bryant; Daft; Edwards; Gardner 1973; Madden; Vlasin 1973). These background papers constitute significant contributions to the intellectual overhead for progress in this
Blood flow in the oral mucosa of normal and atherosclerotic rhesus monkeys

Little data is available on regional blood flow in the normal primate oral mucosa and none on that in atherosclerotic animals. Three adult Rhesus monkeys were maintained on a normal diet and 4 on a high fat, high cholesterol diet for 20 months. Radiolabelled microspheres were used to measure blood flow in skin and 16 oral mucosa regions. In normal animals, blood flow ranged from 160.81 to 8.68 ml/min/100 gm tissue. Blood flow in the same regions of atherosclerotic animals showed significantly lower values than in controls, ranging from 65.90 to 1.04 ml/min/100 gms tissue. However, the relative blood flow to the different regions was not significantly different between control and atherosclerotic animals. Histologic examination of tissue from the atherosclerotic animals revealed gross intimal plaques occluding the lumina of the carotids and atherosclerotic lesions in the lingual arteries. It is concluded that the decrease in blood flow in oral mucosa in the atherosclerotic animals is not the result of local changes in the mucosal vasculature but may be related to lesions seen in the major afferent vessels.
p53-Mediated Growth Suppression in Response to Nutlin-3 in Cyclin D1–Transformed Cells Occurs Independently of p21

Interaction of cyclin D1 with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) results in the hyperphosphorylation of the RB family of proteins, thereby inactivating the tumor-suppressive function of RB. Our previous findings suggest that constitutive cyclin D1/CDK activity inhibits p53-mediated gene repression by preventing the appropriate regulation of CDK activity by the CDK inhibitor p21, a transcriptional target of p53. To study the role of cyclin D1 in driving human mammary cell transformation, we expressed a constitutively active cyclin D1–CDK fusion protein (D1/CDK) in immortalized human mammary epithelial cells. D1/CDK-expressing human mammary epithelial cells grew anchorage-independently in the presence of wild-type p53, consistent with the idea that D1/CDK disrupts downstream p53 signaling. Using this transformation model, we examined the sensitivity of the D1/CDK-expressing cells to Nutlin-3, an HDM2 antagonist that activates p53. Surprisingly, treatment of D1/CDK-transformed cells with Nutlin-3 prevented their anchorage-independent growth. The Nutlin-3–induced growth arrest was enforced in D1/CDK-expressing cells despite the presence of hyperphosphorylated RB implicating a p53-dependent, RB-independent mechanism for growth suppression. Further analysis identified that CDC2 and cyclin B1, key cell cycle regulators, were stably down-regulated following p53 stabilization by Nutlin-3, consistent with direct interaction between p53 and the CDC2 and cyclin B1 promoters, leading to the repression of transcription by methylation. In contrast to D1/CDK expression, direct inactivation of p53 resulted in no repression of CDC2 and no cell cycle arrest. We conclude that induction of p53 by Nutlin-3 is a viable therapeutic strategy in cancers with constitutive CDK signaling due to the direct repression of specific p53 target genes. [Cancer Res 2007;67(20):9862–8]
Measurement of the n-p Spin Correlation Parameter A yy at 50 MeV

Recent phase-shift fits to nucleon-nucleon scattering data have revealed that the phase parameter e1 is poorly determined for neutron-proton scattering near 50 MeV. Values of χ2, for the whole data set, show a nearly flat minimum when plotted against e1, apparently corresponding to solutions near e1 = −8° and 0° l). A measurement of the observable Ayy, would be valuable in determining the e1 parameter1). The only previous measurement of Ayy for neutron-proton scattering has been at 23 McV2).
Efficient recognition algorithms for boundary and linear eNCE graph languages

It is well known that every boundary (linear) eNCE graph language that is connected and degree-bounded by a constant is in LOGCFL (NLOG). The present paper proves an upper bound of the complexity of boundary (linear) eNCE graph languages whose component and degree bounds are functions in the size of the graph. As a corollary of this analysis, the known LOGCFL and NLOG results stated above hold even if “connected” is replaced by “component-bounded by log n.”
THE GREAT MAN AND WOMEN'S HISTORICAL FICTION: JANE PORTER AND SIR SIDNEY SMITH

This essay investigates the ways in which Jane Porter (bap. 1776–1850) drew on the life and writings of war hero Sir Sidney Smith in her innovative historical novel Thaddeus of Warsaw (1803). In the first part of this essay, the author examines the rhetoric of military heroism employed in Porter's Thaddeus, demonstrating her developing notions of Smith's importance as a model for the era's “Great Man”. The author shows that Porter's high regard for Smith's military and personal merits was not based merely on knowledge gleaned from the popular press, but on her personal acquaintance with Smith and his family. The Porters’ connection to Smith did not end in 1803, as the author describes in the second part of the essay, documenting through unpublished letters Porter's lifelong and apparently unrequited love for Smith. The author argues that Smith heavily influenced the ways in which Porter conceived of the interrelations of domestic and military registers in her groundbreaking historical fiction, shaping her...
A program of research on the research and development process

Until recently most applications of organization theory to the industrial firm have involved the more routine activities such as production and clerical operations. In the past decade there have been increasing applications in the R & D area. At Northwestern, the joint interest in organization theory and the management of R & D has led to a program of organizational field studies in which an attempt is being made to derive and test theories about organizational behavior in the R & D context. Examples of several current projects in this program are discussed.
THE INFLUENCE OF GLUCONO DELTA LACTONE ON CURED HAM COLOR AND COLOR STABILITY

SUMMARY– Pairs of hams from 72 crossbred barrows slaughtered at three weight intervals (68.2, 90.9, and 113.6 kg) were assigned to three treatments of glucono delta lactone (GDL) (0, 30, or 60 g/l) and two post cure aging periods (1 or 14 days). Following post cure aging, samples from the boneless hams were exposed to light (200 ft-c) for various time intervals (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 1440 min) and nitric oxide- and total-pigments extracted with acetone/water and acetone/acid respectively. There were no significant differences in color formation or color stability of hams aged 1 or 14 days. The influence of GDL on nitric oxide- and total-pigment formation and stability was nonsignificant at most exposure intervals. Chemical analysis showed a significant decrease in moisture content of hams with increasing amounts of GDL added. Fat, chloride, and ash levels were not different for the three GDL treatments. Residual nitrite levels were found to be significantly lower for the 30 g/l of GDL in hams extracted one day post cure.
HUMAN LEARNING AND MEMORY: CONNECTIONS AND DISSOCIATIONS

I introduce readers to some current developments in models of memory. The emphasis is on models that invite comparison by being constructed of common components: primitive features, nodes having activation values, and links (possibly having weights or strengths)
Mutual information based subband selection for wavelet packet based image classification

In wavelet packet based image processing and classification, the proper selection of a subset of subbands can achieve a good representation of the image with a small number of subbands. Various algorithms have been proposed to address the subband selection problem. However, these algorithms evaluate the representation power of each subband separately and subsequently choose a set of subbands based on this representation power. Such a process implicitly assumes the independence between different subbands, which seldom holds and thus degrades performance. To address the limit of the existing algorithms, we propose a mutual information based subband selection algorithm for image classification. We also introduce a practical method for computing mutual information in high dimensional space. Our experiments show that the proposed subband selection algorithm effectively improves the accuracy of wavelet packet based image classification.
Modeling real-time distributed simulation message flow in an open network

Understanding the characteristics of information flow in large scale real-time distributed virtual simulations (RT-DVS) is important for the development of network services that are able to meet the robust needs of this simulation environment. Being able to quantify these characteristics enables network performance estimations to support the growing demand for use of Internet/Web-based services in large scale RT-DVS applications and interest in simulation interoperability with communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) systems. This simulation environment requires open network communications protocols that can accommodate the efficient distribution of large amounts of data to many users, which in turn implies the use of many-to-many multicast network services that are not readily available as an open Internet service today. This paper describes results from the study of network information flow in three simulation experiments and presents a supporting analytical model for use in predicting performance of an early implementation of the extensible modeling and simulation framework overlay multicast protocol (XOM). XOM is designed to support many-to-many multicast for efficient exchange of real-time information among many users in real-time simulations over the Internet. We summarize the architecture and key design considerations of XOM that result from these live simulations studies and our measurements of network traffic and the resulting analytical model.
Changing Role of Women in Education: Dialectic and Duality of the Organizational Power Ethos

This paper presents an organizational framework of power depicting the relationship between structure and agency within a continuum of the three dimensions of power. The three dimensions of power are integrated into a model through an example of gender and education. The model links power with innovation. Resume Cet article presente un cadre organisationnel du pouvoir decrivant la relation entre structure et organisme a l'interieur d'un continuum de trois dimensions de pouvoir. Les trois dimensions de pouvoir sont integrees dans un modele par l'intermediaire d'un exemple de relation sexe-education. Le modele met en liaison pouvoir et innovation.
Catalytic asymmetric intermolecular Stetter reactions of enolizable aldehydes with nitrostyrenes: computational study provides insight into the success of the catalyst.

Over the past decade, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been used as catalysts in a variety of C-C bond forming reactions.[1] Our group has been interested in the development of chiral NHCs as catalysts for the asymmetric intra-molecular Stetter reaction[2,3] and more recently the inter-molecular variant.[4,5] We recently reported that hetaryl aldehydes and enals react efficiently with nitroalkenes in the Stetter reaction, leading to β-nitro ketones with high enantioselectivity.[4d] Crucial to the success of this method was the development of a fluorinated triazolium salt pre-catalyst that provides significantly enhanced enantioselectivity over des-fluoro analogues.[6] Although this new catalyst system greatly expands the scope of this method, these conditions are not amenable to the use of unactivated aliphatic aldehydes. Due to their lower electrophilicity than aryl aldehydes, aliphatic aldehydes have rarely been used successfully in the asymmetric inter-molecular Stetter reaction.[7,8]
Power System State Estimation with Measurement Deficiency: an Observability/Measurement Placement Algorithm

Measurement system failures and modeling constraints may make it impossible for the power system state estimator to estimate bus voltage magnitudes and angles at every bus in the power system from the available real-time measurements. Such a measurement deficiency may be remedied by adding pseudo measurements of estimated bus loads. This paper presents a combined observability/measurement placement algorithm that both tests the measured network for observability and evaluates pseudo measurement sites as to the desirability of their inclusion into the measurement set.
Two eras of civic information and the evolving relationship between civil society organizations and young citizens

This article explores the communicative relationship between civic organizations and young citizens as a clue to understanding the potential for youth re-engagement through digital communication. It develops a framework of two ‘civic information styles’ that contrasts the expectations of information in the mass media era with those emerging today, and proposes that one source of contemporary disconnect may be that many civic groups remain entrenched in a mass media information paradigm—and so fail to communicate in ways that resonate with young people. Existing literature suggests that recently created, online organizations will be most likely to embrace a newer, more youth-friendly communication style; those organizations working within the formal political realm may be most reticent. A study of 60 organizations’ communications through Facebook mainly confirms these expectations, but low levels of youth-friendly communications across the sample raise doubts about the likelihood of a civil society resurge...
Risk-stratification protocol for carboplatin and oxaliplatin hypersensitivity: repeat skin testing to identify drug allergy.

Abstract Background Hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to platinum-based chemotherapies are increasingly being recognized. The authors developed a novel risk-stratification protocol that was used successfully in a small number of patients with carboplatin-induced HSRs. Objective To describe the utility of this protocol in a large number of patients with carboplatin- or oxaliplatin-induced HSRs. Methods A 5-year retrospective review of patients referred to Massachusetts General Hospital with carboplatin- or oxaliplatin-induced HSR was performed. Patients were managed using a risk-stratification protocol using 3 repeat skin tests (STs) with intervening desensitizations. If the repeat ST result remained negative 3 times, patients received subsequent infusions without desensitization. Results From 2008 to 2012, 142 patients (92 treated with carboplatin, 50 treated with oxaliplatin) completed 574 desensitizations. Most patients were women (84.5%, mean ± SD 58.1 ± 9.3 years). Patients with carboplatin-induced HSRs were classified as having positive (n = 32, 34.8%), negative (n = 38, 41.3%), or converted (n = 22, 23.9%) ST reactions when the initial negative ST reaction converted to positive at repeat ST. Of those with oxaliplatin-induced HSRs, 22 (44%) had positive, 25 (50%) had negative, and 3 (6%) had converted ST reactions. Of the patients with negative ST reactions, 17 with carboplatin-induced HSRs and 16 with oxaliplatin-induced HSRs safely completed 59 and 95 outpatient infusions, respectively, without desensitizations. For carboplatin and oxaliplatin, ST conversion was associated with an interval of at least 6 months from the HSR to the initial ST (carboplatin, P = .002; oxaliplatin, P = .045). Conclusion This risk-stratification protocol for presumed carboplatin- and oxaliplatin-induced HSRs safely identifies false-negative ST reactions and nonallergic patients who can receive infusions without desensitizations. This leads to fewer unnecessary desensitizations and improved patient care.
Video indexing in the wavelet compressed domain

The multitude of visual media-based applications demands sophisticated compression and indexing techniques for efficient storage, transmission and retrieval of images and video. A variety of wavelet based video compression techniques have been reported in the literature. However, there has been little work done in the area of video indexing in the wavelet domain. This is crucial for consideration of wavelets as a potential candidate for multimedia applications, including standards such as MPEG-7. In this paper, we first present a brief review of wavelet-based indexing techniques. We then propose a video indexing system in a wavelet compression framework. Simulation results show that the proposed system provides a good indexing performance at a low complexity.
Evaluating Methods for Constructing Average High-Density Electrode Positions

Accurate analysis of scalp-recorded electrical activity requires the identification of electrode locations in 3D space. For example, source analysis of EEG/ERP (electroencephalogram, EEG; event-related-potentials, ERP) with realistic head models requires the identification of electrode locations on the head model derived from structural MRI recordings. Electrode systems must cover the entire scalp in sufficient density to discriminate EEG activity on the scalp and to complete accurate source analysis. The current study compares techniques for averaging electrode locations from 86 participants with the 128 channel “Geodesic Sensor Net” (GSN; EGI, Inc.), 38 participants with the 128 channel “Hydrocel Geodesic Sensor Net” (HGSN; EGI, Inc.), and 174 participants with the 81 channels in the 10–10 configurations. A point-set registration between the participants and an average MRI template resulted in an average configuration showing small standard errors, which could be transformed back accurately into the participants’ original electrode space. Average electrode locations are available for the GSN (86 participants), Hydrocel-GSN (38 participants), and 10–10 and 10–5 systems (174 participants).
Motion measurement errors and autofocus in bistatic SAR

This paper discusses the effect of motion measurement errors (MMEs) on measured bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) phase history data that has been motion compensated to the scene origin. We characterize the effect of low-frequency MMEs on bistatic SAR images, and, based on this characterization, we derive limits on the allowable MMEs to be used as system specifications. Finally, we demonstrate that proper orientation of a bistatic SAR image during the image formation process allows application of monostatic SAR autofocus algorithms in postprocessing to mitigate image defocus.
A DEFENCE OF THE EXPLANATORY ARGUMENT FOR PHYSICALISM

One argument for reductive physicalism, the explanatory argument, rests on its ability to explain the vast and growing body of acknowledged psychophysical correlations. Jaegwon Kim has recently levelled four objections against the explanatory argument. I assess all of Kim's objections, showing that none is successful. The result is a defence of the explanatory argument for physicalism.
Set notation as a language to specify data transformation programs

To allow tools in a computer-based working environment to share data, it is sometimes necessary to transform the data from the form used by one tool to the form expected by another. An application generator has been developed that generates data transformation programs from high-level descriptions of the required transformations. The transformation specifications are expressed in traditional set notation, which combines features of functional and logic programming. The system thus offers a powerful declarative language for expressing data transformations.
A rapid biosensor-based method for quantification of free and glucose-conjugated salicylic acid

Background Salicylic acid (SA) is an important signalling molecule in plant defenses against biotrophic pathogens. It is also involved in several other processes such as heat production, flowering, and germination. SA exists in the plant as free SA and as an inert glucose conjugate (salicylic acid 2-O-β-D-glucoside or SAG). Recently, Huang et al. developed a bacterial biosensor that responds to free SA but not SAG, designated as Acinetobacter sp. ADPWH_lux. In this paper we describe an improved methodology for Acinetobacter sp. ADPWH_lux-based free SA quantification, enabling high-throughput analysis, and present an approach for the quantification of SAG from crude plant extracts.
Local and Regional Anesthesia in Cattle

Although general anesthesia commonly is used in cattle, there are some risks with its use. Local or regional anesthesia is safe and effective and is still the most desirable procedure in many situations. Many surgical procedures can be performed safely and humanely in cattle by using a combination of physical restraint, mild sedation, and local or regional anesthesia. Local anesthetic techniques are usually simple, inexpensive, and provide a reversible loss of sensation to a relatively well-defined area of the body.
“My life is elsewhere”: social exclusion and rural migrants’ consumption of homeownership in contemporary China

This paper examines the consumption of homeownership by migrant workers who are long-time residents in Beijing, but purchase real estate properties elsewhere. Most of these workers do not plan to move into their properties any time soon. So for them, homes are less the space they physically inhabit, but rather what anchors their hopes and aspirations and thus transform their class identities by generating feelings of security, fulfillment, and upward social mobility. This paper examines how social exclusion in the urban village and the lure of a booming real estate market cultivate a rural migrant desire for homeownership elsewhere. Many use homeownership as a remedy for their “in-between status” and assume that owning an urban home will allow them to move from migrant laborer to urban consumer. However, this rural migrant “in-between status” is not the result of a lack of affordable and decent places to live, but rather the outcome of being incorporated into a spatially divided production/consumption regime. As a result, not only does owning a home somewhere cannot put an end to their “in-between status,” but also it intensifies their experience of being “stuck” in an “in-between” environment/status. The more they desire home ownership, the more likely they will invest in the marketplace as laborers or producers. Meanwhile, the more they become successful in that market, the less likely it is that they will leave their adopted cities and live in the urban properties of their own.
Automatic relationship discovery in self-managing database systems

In this paper, we describe CORDS, an algorithm that automatically discovers correlations and soft functional dependencies (FDs) between pairs of columns and, based on these relationships, determines a set of statistics to maintain. This data-driven technology is an essential complement to query-driven approaches such as LEO, helping to ensure acceptable performance during slow learning periods. CORDS focuses on column pairs because this greatly simplifies the algorithms, and experiments have shown that the marginal benefit of capturing n-way dependencies for n > 2 is relatively small.
Functional self‐assembled lipidic systems derived from renewable resources

Self-assembled lipidic amphiphile systems can create a variety of multi-functional soft materials with value-added properties. When employing natural reagents and following biocatalytic syntheses, self-assembling monomers may be inherently designed for degradation, making them potential alternatives to conventional and persistent polymers. By using non-covalent forces, self-assembled amphiphiles can form nanotubes, fibers, and other stimuli responsive architectures prime for further applied research and incorporation into commercial products. By viewing these lipid derivatives under a lens of green principles, there is the hope that in developing a structure-function relationship and functional smart materials that research may remain safe, economic, and efficient.
Nonparametric estimation and consistency for renewal processes

Abstract In reliability or medical studies, we may only observe each ongoing renewal process for a certain period of time. When the underlying distribution F is arithmetic, Vardi (Ann. Statist. 10 (1982b), 772–785) developed the RT algorithm for nonparametric estimation. In this paper we extend the study to the nonarithmetic case and show that the choice of an arbitrary constant in the RT algorithm can be avoided. We also prove the strong consistency of the maximum likelihood estimators of the mean of F and F restricted to the interval [0, b), if the lengths of the observation periods converge to b.
The Processing of Discontinuous Dependencies in Language and Music.

This article examines the nature and time course of the processing of discontinuous dependency relationships in language and draws suggestive parallels to similar issues in music perception. The on-line language comprehension data presented demonstrate that discontinuous structural dependencies cause reactivation of the misordered or "stranded" sentential material at its underlying canonical position in the sentence during ongoing comprehension. Further, this process is demonstrated to be driven by structural knowledge, independent of pragmatic information, aided by prosodic cues, and dependent on rate of input. Issues of methodology and of theory that are equally relevant to language and music are detailed.
Low-reflectance laser-induced surface nanostructures created with a picosecond laser

Using high-speed picosecond laser pulse irradiation, low-reflectance laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) have been created on polycrystalline silicon. The effects of laser fluence, scan speed, overlapping ratio and polarization angle on the formation of LIPSS are reported. The anti-reflective properties of periodic structures are discussed, and the ideal LIPSS for low surface reflectance is presented. A decrease of 35.7 % in average reflectance of the silicon wafer was achieved over the wavelength range of 400–860 nm when it was textured with LIPSS at high scan speeds of 4000 mm/s. Experimental results of broadband reflectance of silicon wafers textured with LIPSS have been compared with finite difference time domain simulations and are in good agreement, showing high predictability in reflectance values for different structures. The effects of changing the LIPSS profile, fill factor and valley depth on the surface reflectance were also analyzed through simulations.
Marketing Management and the Computer: An Overview of Conflict and Contrast:

A few marketing groups are engaged in sophisticated computer applications; others are at an elementary stage and in conflict with computer service departments. Most firms operate marketing informat...
Tobacco use, treatment strategies, and pharmacological adjuncts: an overview.

The suggested hazards of tobacco use were enumerated shortly after its introduction to Europe in the 16th century. At the same time its presumed virtue as a general purpose medicament was extolled (Ray 1972). Since then the proponents and opponents of tobacco use have vigorously debated their positions. Ample evidence of potential harm has accumulated indicating disease conditions correlated with tobacco use. These data have been presented in many scientific articles and in the summaries provided by the Surgeon Generals' Reports between 1964 and 1984.