cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cadm4 Restricts the Production of Cardiac Outflow Tract Progenitor Cells

Heart assembly requires input from two populations of progenitor cells, the first and second heart fields (FHF and SHF), that differentiate at distinct times and create different cardiac components. The cardiac outflow tract (OFT) is built through recruitment of late-differentiating, SHF-derived cardiomyocytes to the arterial pole of the heart. The mechanisms responsible for selection of an appropriate number of OFT cells from the SHF remain unclear. Here, we find that cell adhesion molecule 4 (cadm4) is essential for restricting the size of the zebrafish OFT. Knockdown of cadm4 causes dramatic OFT expansion, and overexpression of cadm4 results in a greatly diminished OFT. Moreover, cadm4 activity limits the production of OFT progenitor cells and the duration of their accumulation at the arterial pole. Together, our data suggest a role for cell adhesion in restraining SHF deployment to the OFT, perturbation of which could cause congenital OFT defects.
Status of public sector accounting education

Abstract Public Sector Accounting Education has been receiving increased attention both from academic circles and from the profession. This study describes previous research efforts and expands the research populations to include Non-AACSB accredited schools in an effort to determine the current status of course offerings in public sector accounting. One surprising result indicated that while public sector course offerings have increased, student interest has waned. The implication — Has Public Sector Accounting reached its peak?
A backpropagation neural network design using adder-only arithmetic

Feedforward and recurrent neural networks have enjoyed great popularity in the field of machine learning. Hardware implementation of these networks, often using a backpropagation algorithm for learning, has many advantages over software implementation, the main advantage being speedup due to taking advantage of the inherent parallelism of neural networks. However, tradeoffs are often introduced with respect to speed, area, precision, and other factors. Moreover, many of the calculations involve multiplications, which can be costly and complex to implement in custom hardware. This paper proposes a piecewise linear approximation architecture that can be used to replace multiplications with a series of shifts and additions. This, combined with the same approximation for the nonlinear activation function and its derivative, results in a neural network realization in which all arithmetic and function computations are carried out using adders only.
AC machines and drives simulation platform

This paper presents the development of a cosimulation platform of ac drives control systems. Two studies are performed, one for an induction motor (IM) and the second one for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive. The studies provide advanced modeling and simulation tools for ac machines designers and the developers of electric drives control systems allowing them to model the individual components using the appropriate software and finally integrate all into one common simulation platform environment. In this work, the electric machine model is developed using JMAG software based on finite element analysis (FEA), whereas the power electronic converter and drive control models are built in Simulink-MATLAB. The proposed simulation platform allows a coupled analysis that links FEA machine model with the external drive control system for a more realistic simulation, analysis and validation.
Quantitative Three-Dimensional Optical Tomographic Imaging of Supersonic Flows

Three-dimensional imaging of the density of nitrogen in a supersonic expansion from a nozzle by means of beam-deflection optical tomography is described. With a very simple apparatus, images could be obtained with high absolute accuracy, high spatial resolution, and wide dynamic range.
Arene-metal complexes: Preparation and reactions of h6-arene-Cr(CO)2(diphos) and analogs

Reaction of 1,2-bis(triphenylphosphino)ethane (diphos) with h6-arenetricarbonylchromium(0) complexes results in replacement of one CO by diphos to give h6-arene(diphos)dicarbonylchromium(0) (e.g., complex 4) and μ-diphosbis(h6-arene)tetracarbonyldichromium(0). Comparison of rate of arene exchange for h6-benzenetricarbonylchromium, h6-benzene(triphenylphosphine)dicarbonylchromium, and complex 4 showed that: (1) replacement of CO by a phosphine retards arene exchange and (2) the effect of diphos in stabilizing an h4-benzene ligand in complex 4 is not sufficient to allow rapid arene exchange. Nucleophilic substitution for hydrogen was observed for the first time in a phosphine-substituted arene-chromium complex.
General population norms about child abuse and neglect and associations with childhood experiences.

Abstract Background: A variety of definitions of child abuse and neglect exist. However, little is known about norms in the general population as to what constitutes child abuse and neglect or how perceived norms may be related to personal experiences. Methods: We conducted a random-digit-dialed telephone survey of 504 Washington State adults. Respondents were asked whether they believed each of 34 behaviors, identified in focus groups as possibly physically, sexually or emotionally abusive or neglectful, constituted abuse or neglect. Then, they were asked whether they had experienced 33 of the behaviors. Results: Five of the six behaviors with the highest levels of consensus were for sexual abuse, whereas only one emotionally abusive behavior had a high level of consensus (95% agreement). Consensus that spanking constituted abuse increased with severity. Those respondents who reported experiencing a particular behavior were significantly less likely to believe the behavior abusive for 11 of the 33 behaviors and more likely to believe the behavior abusive for two of the behaviors. Where comparisons were possible, there was a high level of consensus that behaviors identified as abusive in Child Protective Service operational definitions constituted abuse. Conclusions: Self-reported childhood experiences were associated with perceived norms about child abuse. A better understanding of community norms about child abuse and neglect may be helpful in communicating with the public or allow for better targeting of educational messages through the media, parenting education classes, and so forth.
The criminalization of the addictions. Toward a unified approach.

(2003). The Criminalization of the Addictions. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 281-330.
Photoemission spectra and band structures of simple metals.

We present a detailed calculation of the angle-resolved photoemission spectra of Na. The calculation follows a theory by Mahan, which allows for the inclusion of various bulk and surface effects. We find it important to take into account various broadening effects in order to explain the anomalous structure at E/sub F/, which was found by Jensen and Plummer in the spectra of Na. The broadening effects also help to resolve the discrepancy of the conduction-band width. Efforts are made to compare our results with new measurements of Plummer and Lyo. We discuss the ambiguity concerning the sign of the crystal potential and comment on charge-density waves in the systems. We have also generalized our discussions to other simple metals like K.
Cutaneous HSV-2 infection with serial recurrences at multiple sites.

A 60-year-old white male presented to the dermatology clinic in early 1997 complaining of painful, recurrent lesions on his arms, legs, and hands for several months. At presentation, he was noted to have a cluster of erythematous pustules on his right thigh and left palm (Fig. 1). He had no systemic complaints, fever, chills or adenopathy. His past medical history included a seizure disorder, type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, benign prostatic hypertrophy, diverticulosis, and a history of bowel surgery. He reported he was in a monogamous relationship with a partner after the death of his wife of many years. He reported no history of similar lesions in the past. Biopsy of a lesion was performed, which was consistent with herpes virus infection. Basic screening labs at the time were all within normal limits. The lesions resolved within 10 days. Figure Figure 1 . Vesicular lesions on left palm Download figure to PowerPoint The following month, new lesions appeared on his right ankle and right medial calf. Within the second and third month after presentation, new lesions appeared on his left neck and right thigh, respectively. Biopsy of lesions from both time points again demonstrated pathology consistent with herpes virus infection. Within the next several weeks, the patient subsequently developed pustulovesicular lesions on his lower back with dermatomal pain. Serologies using ELISA for HSV-1 and HSV-2 were both positive for IgG; but both were IgM negative. He was started on famciclovir 500 mg po three times daily for 2 weeks, but continued to develop lesions on his right buttock and right hand (May 1998) (Fig. 2). Four viral cultures of lesions returned positive for HSV-2. Figure 2. HSV infection of right palm Download figure to PowerPoint Valacyclovir 1 gram po three times daily was prescribed to suppress outbreaks and for 2 months, the patient had no new lesions. Serum protein electrophoresis was normal; and CD4 count done at this time was 1081. T-helper to suppressor ratio and absolute numbers were within normal limits. The patient was seen in infectious disease clinic in the interim, and twice tested negative for HIV. Valacyclovir was decreased to 500 mg twice daily then to 500 mg daily over the next 5 months. On the lower dosage however, new lesions developed on his left leg and both hands, and the dose was increased to valacyclovir 1 gram po three times daily. For 3 months, the patient also complained of left facial swelling and pain. CT scan of the parotid glands showed enlargement bilaterally of the superficial lobes which was consistent with viral infection or synulosis. When the patient has stopped taking valacyclovir, new lesions developed on his posterior scalp, left shoulder, right posterior auricular scalp and right buttock (July 1999). As of the fall of 1999, the patient continued to have intermittent outbreaks clinically consistent with his previous HSV outbreaks.
Prodynorphin and vasopressin mRNA levels are differentially affected by chronic ethanol ingestion in the mouse

Abstract Opioid peptides derived from the precursor, prodynorphin, are co-localized with vasopressin in the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary, and vasopressin and prodynorphin synthesis are coordinately regulated during salt-loading. We had previously found that chronic ethanol ingestion resulted in decreased levels of hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic vasopressin mRNA, and the current study investigated the effect of ethanol ingestion on prodynorphin mRNA levels. A cRNA probe was constructed from a PCR product amplified from mouse genomic DNA. Cloning and sequencing of the PCR product revealed that the sequence of the mouse prodynorphin gene used to synthesize the probe is highly conserved, with high sequence similarity to corresponding regions of the gene in other mammalian species. In situ hybridization using the cRNA probe showed a widespread distribution of prodynorphin mRNA in mouse brain. In dehydrated mice, prodynorphin mRNA was significantly increased in the hypothalamus and nearly all other brain areas examined. In ethanol-fed mice, prodynorphin mRNA was also significantly increased in hypothalamus (50–60%) and in most brain areas. In the same mice, measurement of hypothalamic vasopressin mRNA confirmed a significant (approximately 60%) decrease. These results indicate that hypothalamic vasopressin and prodynorphin mRNA can be differentially regulated in certain situations.
The distribution and discrimination of shallow, authigenic carbonate in the Pliocene–Pleistocene Palomas Basin, southern Rio Grande rift

Nine types of authigenic carbonate are present in the Pliocene–Pleistocene alluvial-fan and axial-fluvial sediment of the Palomas half graben in the southern Rio Grande rift. Pedogenic and other vadose carbonate includes (1) pedogenic carbonate of stage II and stage III morphology underlying Bw and Bt horizons, (2) mudstones in which the carbonate nodules may be pedogenic or the result of shallow groundwater invasion of the vadose zone, (3) pedogenic calcic nodules and tubules in eolian sand, and (4) gully-bed cement of proximal-fan conglomerates formed by infiltration and evaporation of surface runoff. Shallow groundwater carbonate exists as (5) thin (30–50 cm), massive beds with an upper fringe of nodules and tubules precipitated at the water table and in the capillary fringe, (6) thick (1.5–3 m), massive beds deposited by lateral flow of groundwater or at springs, and (7) thin (30 cm), calcified root mats associated with near-surface, water-saturated sediment or springs. Phreatic spar cements (8) occupy the interstices of conglomerates and sandstones and locally exist as (9) oriented concretions. Groundwater carbonates are best developed near the toes of the large, hanging-wall–derived alluvial fans, whereas phreatic cement preferentially exists in footwall-derived, alluvial-fan conglomerates. Pedogenic carbonate is distinguished from groundwater carbonate by the association with other diagnostic paleosol horizons, a predominantly vertical arrangement of root traces, peds, desiccation cracks, and calcic tubules, and by gradational contacts. The δ 13 C and δ 18 O values are similar among pedogenic and shallow groundwater carbonate, although locally nodules in eolian sand and gully-bed cement have higher δ 18 O values, perhaps due to the effects of evaporation. Some phreatic cements may be distinguished from pedogenic and shallow groundwater carbonate by lower values of δ 13 C and δ 18 O. Authigenic carbonate in footwall-derived, alluvial-fan sediment has consistently higher values of δ 13 C than that in hanging-wall–derived sediment, which may reflect differences in vegetative type and/or density on either side of the basin.
An experimental estimate of Rydberg-valence mixing in conjugated dienes

Abstract The displacements of ass B2 3p Rydberg state of cyclopentadiene and the assumed Bu 3p Rydberg state of butadiene from their “unperturbed” values have been experimentally determined. These experimental energies and energy differences have been used to estimate the extent of Bu (B2) Rydberg state-valence state mixing in butadiene and cyclopentadiene. Far more extensive mixing was found in butadiene than in cyclopentadiene. This result supports conclusions drawn from ab initio calculations of these states. The extensive Rydberg state-valence state mixing found in butadiene has bearing on previous interpretations of the electron energy loss spectrum of this molecule.
Hard incompatibilism and its rivals

In this article I develop several responses to my co-authors of Four Views on Free Will. In reply to Manuel Vargas, I suggest a way to clarify his claim that our concepts of free will and moral responsibility should be revised, and I question whether he really proposes to revise the notion of basic desert at stake in the debate. In response to Robert Kane, I examine the role the rejection of Frankfurt-style arguments has in his position, and whether his criticism of my version of this argument is sound. In reply to John Fischer, I argue that the reasons-responsiveness central to his account of moral responsibility is not best characterized counterfactually, and I provide a suggestion for revision.
Modeling Heart Rate Regulation—Part II: Parameter Identification and Analysis

In part I of this study we introduced a 17-parameter model that can predict heart rate regulation during postural change from sitting to standing. In this subsequent study, we focus on the 17 model parameters needed to adequately represent the observed heart rate response. In part I and in previous work (Olufsen et al. 2006), we estimated the 17 model parameters by minimizing the least squares error between computed and measured values of the heart rate using the Nelder-Mead method (a simplex algorithm). In this study, we compare the Nelder-Mead optimization method to two sampling methods: the implicit filtering method and a genetic algorithm. We show that these off-the-shelf optimization methods can work in conjunction with the heart rate model and provide reasonable parameter estimates with little algorithm tuning. In addition, we make use of the thousands of points sampled by the optimizers in the course of the minimization to perform an overall analysis of the model itself. Our findings show that the resulting least-squares problem has multiple local minima and that the non-linear-least squares error can vary over two orders of magnitude due to the complex interaction between the model parameters, even when provided with reasonable bound constraints.
Seasonal Movement Patterns and Long-Range Dispersal of Asian Citrus Psyllid in Florida Citrus.

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is the vector of the bacterial pathogen, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, which is the causal agent of huanglongbing (HLB) in the United States. Both short-range and long-range dispersal of D. citri adults affect the spread of HLB; however, little is known about the long-range dispersal capabilities of D. citri in the field or the seasonality of flight behavior. In the present study, an in situ protein marking technique was used to determine the dispersal of D. citri by trapping marked adults under natural field conditions. D. citri movement from abandoned citrus groves to adjacent managed citrus groves was greatest during the spring and summer months and decreased significantly during the colder months (September-March). D. citri were able to traverse potential geographic barriers such as roads and fallow fields. In an experiment conducted to determine long-range dispersal capacity in the absence of severe weather events, D. citri were able to disperse at least 2 km within 12 d. Wind direction was not correlated with the number of marked psyllids captured, indicating substantial flight capability by D. citri. Finally, the number of marked psyllids captured increased with the density of emerging young leaves on surrounding trees. The results confirm that abandoned citrus groves in Florida serve as reservoirs for D. citri, which can disperse across long distances despite geographical barriers.
A high-performance liquid chromatographic technique that separates cellular retinol binding protein from cellular retinoic acid binding protein

A one-step procedure to detect cellular [3H]retinol and [3H]retinoic acid binding proteins (CRBP and CRABP) from rat testis cytosolic extract was devised. The procedure is based on anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography of the cytosolic fraction on columns of Mono Q, which permits elution of CRABP and CRBP at 12 and 22 min, respectively.
Gauge-invariant variables for spontaneously broken SU(2) gauge theory in the spherical ansatz.

We describe classical solutions to the Minkowski space equations of motion of SU(2) gauge theory coupled to a Higgs field in the spatial spherical ansatz. We show how to reduce the equations to four equations for four gauge-invariant degrees of freedom which correspond to the massive gauge bosons and the Higgs particle. The solutions typically dissipate at very early and late times. To describe the solutions at early and late times, we linearize and decouple the equations of motion, all the while working only with gauge-invariant variables. We express the change in Higgs winding of a solution in terms of gauge-invariant variables.
On Divisibility Properties of Certain Multinomial Coefficients

Abstract In this paper we study divisibility properties of certain multinomial coefficients introduced by Myerson. In particular we show that a recent conjecture of Myerson and Sander has an equivalent formulation of independent interest. We also give an upper bound for the number of exceptions to their conjecture.
Exploring the effects of direct experience on IT use: An organizational field study

Empirical studies have investigated the effect of attitude and behavior on IT acceptance in organizations but yielded ambiguous results. Possibly they have not effectively accounted for the moderating effects of experience gained through direct interaction with the target technology. We examined the moderating effect of the length of direct experience on IT acceptance relationships and constructs. Using multi-group invariance analysis, we demonstrated that relationships between key IT acceptance constructs differed, depending on the user's experience. The incorporation of direct experience can lead to convergent results and contribute to further understanding of the process. We discuss some implications from the knowledge that IT use is a dynamic process and suggest that IT management must account for direct experience in their decision making.
PIDX: Efficient Parallel I/O for Multi-resolution Multi-dimensional Scientific Datasets

The IDX data format provides efficient, cache oblivious, and progressive access to large-scale scientific datasets by storing the data in a hierarchical Z (HZ) order. Data stored in IDX format can be visualized in an interactive environment allowing for meaningful explorations with minimal resources. This technology enables real-time, interactive visualization and analysis of large datasets on a variety of systems ranging from desktops and laptop computers to portable devices such as iPhones/iPads and over the web. While the existing ViSUS API for writing IDX data is serial, there are obvious advantages of applying the IDX format to the output of large scale scientific simulations. We have therefore developed PIDX - a parallel API for writing data in an IDX format. With PIDX it is now possible to generate IDX datasets directly from large scale scientific simulations with the added advantage of real-time monitoring and visualization of the generated data. In this paper, we provide an overview of the IDX file format and how it is generated using PIDX. We then present a data model description and a novel aggregation strategy to enhance the scalability of the PIDX library. The S3D combustion application is used as an example to demonstrate the efficacy of PIDX for a real-world scientific simulation. S3D is used for fundamental studies of turbulent combustion requiring exceptionally high fidelity simulations. PIDX achieves up to 18 GiB/s I/O throughput at 8,192 processes for S3D to write data out in the IDX format. This allows for interactive analysis and visualization of S3D data, thus, enabling in situ analysis of S3D simulation.
An Institutionalist's Policy Advice to Address International Inequalities: The Contributions of Gunnar Myrdal

Gunnar Myrdal made important contributions to policy advice that address the problem of international inequalities. These emerged from his attack on mainstream equilibrium analyses as applied to underdevelopment. In reacting to this attack, the mainstream drew upon its theory of commercial policy, and classified him as a protectionist and supporter of import-substituting industrialization. This paper clarifies that he was in support of both export promotion and import substitution. He also showed a good awareness of the desirability in different contexts of the main trade-policy instruments, but was by no means reaching knee-jerk conclusions in ranking them as the subscribers to the theory of commercial policy do. This is in harmony with his concept of development as involving an upward movement of the entire social system, including the recognition that trade policy is only one component of any development plan and that there have to be domestic reforms as well.
Historical data refute recent range contraction as cause of low genetic diversity in isolated frog populations

This study tested whether low genetic diversity in remnant populations of a declining amphibian is best explained by recent bottlenecks or by a history of being peripheral. We compared diversity from eight microsatellite loci in historical and extant populations from the interior and former periphery of the species’ range. We found that historic peripheral populations already had reduced levels of genetic variation before the range contraction. Therefore, low diversity in remnants could not be ascribed to recent range contractions. This study shows that a common conservation strategy for rescuing genetically depauperate populations, artificial gene flow, may often be unwarranted and detrimental to evolutionarily important peripheral populations. Keyword s: conservation, frog, peripheral populations, population supplementation, Rana pipiens , range contraction
Adaptive iterative reweighted least squares design of L/sub p/ FIR filters

This paper presents an efficient adaptive algorithm for designing FIR digital filters that are efficient according to an L/sub p/ error criteria. The algorithm is an extension of Burrus' (1992) iterative reweighted least squares (IRLS) method for approximating L/sub p/ filters. Such algorithm will converge for most significant cases in a few iterations. In some cases however, the transition bandwidth is such that the number of iterations increases significantly. The proposed algorithm controls such problem and drastically reduces the number of iterations required.
In clarification of the equations of shallow‐layer thermal convection for a compressible fluid based on the Boussinesq approximation

This paper discusses the reference equilibrium atmosphere for the approximate equations of shallow layer thermal convection.
Association Between Second-Trimester Cervical Length and Cesarean Delivery in Multiparas

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an association between second-trimester cervical length and cesarean delivery in women with a prior vaginal delivery. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of multiparous women with singleton gestations who underwent routine cervical length screening between 18 and 24 weeks' gestation and labored after 34 weeks. Cervical lengths were divided into quartiles, and the frequency of cesarean delivery was compared across the groups. Indications for cesarean delivery were also compared. A multivariable logistic regression was performed with cervical length as a categorical and a continuous variable to adjust for potential confounders. RESULTS Of the 2260 multiparas who met inclusion criteria, 63 (2.8%) underwent a cesarean delivery. We observed no association between the second-trimester cervical length quartile and the frequency of cesarean delivery (2.1%, 3.5%, 2.3%, and 3.1%, respectively; P = .434). Further analysis using cervical length as a continuous variable and controlling for potential confounding variables did not change this result (adjusted odds ratio, 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 0.80-1.46). CONCLUSIONS The second-trimester cervical length quartile in multiparas is not associated with an increased frequency of cesarean delivery. This finding differs from studies of nulliparas.
The Augmentation Principle-a general property of nonlinear circuits-and its application to circuit simulation using continuation methods

The Augmentation Principle, which is a generalization of the well-known Substitution Theorem, is presented. This principle establishes that a circuit's DC operating point remains constant over all values of resistors placed in series with a set of properly chosen voltage sources or placed in parallel with a set of properly chosen current sources. A useful application of the Augmentation Principle to circuit simulation using continuation methods is also given.
The Reliability of a Historical Interview With Physically Disabled Respondents

This study investigated the reliability of a historical interview with 20 respondents with physical disabilities. An existing interview, the Occupational Role History, was modified and a companion rating scale was developed. Analysis of the test-retest and interrater reliabilities suggest that a stable clinical judgment can be formed from data gathered in a historical interview.
Backward masked fearful faces enhance contralateral occipital cortical activity for visual targets within the spotlight of attention

Spatial attention has been argued to be adaptive by enhancing the processing of visual stimuli within the ‘spotlight of attention’. We previously reported that crude threat cues (backward masked fearful faces) facilitate spatial attention through a network of brain regions consisting of the amygdala, anterior cingulate and contralateral visual cortex. However, results from previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) dot-probe studies have been inconclusive regarding a fearful face-elicited contralateral modulation of visual targets. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the capture of spatial attention by crude threat cues would facilitate processing of subsequently presented visual stimuli within the masked fearful face-elicited ‘spotlight of attention’ in the contralateral visual cortex. Participants performed a backward masked fearful face dot-probe task while brain activity was measured with fMRI. Masked fearful face left visual field trials enhanced activity for spatially congruent targets in the right superior occipital gyrus, fusiform gyrus and lateral occipital complex, while masked fearful face right visual field trials enhanced activity in the left middle occipital gyrus. These data indicate that crude threat elicited spatial attention enhances the processing of subsequent visual stimuli in contralateral occipital cortex, which may occur by lowering neural activation thresholds in this retinotopic location.
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Communication Orientations between Americans and Taiwanese

This study investigated the differences in communication orientations between Taiwanese and Americans. To this end, a total of 615 undergraduates studying in Taiwan (n = 311) and the United States (n = 304) participated in this study. Participants filled out a battery of questionnaires, including the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension, Willingness to Communicate scale, Self-Perceived Communication Competence scale, Argumentativeness scale, and General Disclosiveness scale. The results indicated that Taiwanese are more apprehensive and less willing to communicate, and have lower self-perceived competence in communication and argumentativeness than Americans. The amount and depth of self-disclosure are higher among Taiwanese than Americans. The largest communication difference between these two groups concerns willingness to communicate. In addition, the magnitude of gender differences in communication is slightly higher among Americans than Taiwanese. The implications of these findings were furt...
An analysis of species boundaries and biogeographic patterns in a cryptic species complex: The rotifer—Brachionus plicatilis

Since the advent of molecular phylogenetics, there is increasing evidence that many small aquatic and marine invertebrates—once believed to be single, cosmopolitan species—are in fact cryptic species complexes. Although the application of the biological species concept is central to the identiWcation of species boundaries in these cryptic complexes, tests of reproductive isolation do not frequently accompany phylogenetic studies. Because diVerent species concepts generally identify diVerent boundaries in cryptic complexes, studies that apply multiple species concepts are needed to gain a more detailed understanding of patterns of diversiWcation in these taxa. Here we explore diVerent methods of empirically delimiting species boundaries in the salt water rotifer Brachionus plicatilis by comparing reproductive data (i.e., the traditional biological species concept) to phylogenetic data (the genealogical species concept). Based on a high degree of molecular sequence divergence and largely concordant genetic patterns in COI and ITS1, the genealogical species hypothesis indicates the existence of at least 14 species—the highest estimate for the group thus far. A test of the genealogical species concept with biological crosses shows a fairly high level of concordance, depending on the degree of reproductive success used to draw boundaries. The convergence of species concepts in this group suggests that many of the species within the group may be old. Although the diversity of the group is higher than previously understood, geographic distributions remain broad. EYcient passive dispersal has resulted in global distributions for many species with some evidence of isolation by distance over large geographic scales. These patterns concur with expectations that micro-meiofauna (0.1–1 mm) have biogeographies intermediate to microbial organisms and large vertebrates. Sympatry of genetically distant strains is common.
Equivocality and Escalation: A Replication and Preliminary Examination of Frustration1

An equivocality theory account of escalation of commitment was investigated using a computer simulated marketing scenario in a replication and extension of Hantula and DeNicolis Bragger (1999). Participants acted as marketing executives and invested money to promote sales of a new sneaker, and received high or low equivocality feedback from their investments for one phase and then received failure feedback in a second phase. Participants were videotaped throughout the experiment. Replicating previous research, participants receiving highly equivocal feedback invested a greater relative amount of money during failure than did those who received feedback low in equivocality. Furthermore, analyses of the videotapes for behaviors indicative of frustration showed that participants in both feedback groups displayed a greater degree of frustration while receiving failure feedback than during the first phase of the study. These data replicate and extend previous equivocality findings, but do not resolve the role of frustration in escalation unambiguously.
Sea of polymer pillars: compliant wafer-level electrical-optical chip I/O interconnections

An electrical-optical chip input-output (I/O) interconnection technology called sea of polymer pillars (SoPP) is presented. SoPP provides highly process-integrated and mechanically flexible (compliant) electrical-optical die-to-board interconnections that mitigate thermo-mechanical expansion mismatches. The I/O density of SoPP exceeds 10/sup 5//cm/sup 2/. The compliance of the polymer pillars is shown to be 3-5 /spl mu/m/mN. Approximately 50% input optical coupling efficiency into a volume grating coupler through a set of polymer pillars is demonstrated.
When Whites Flock Together: The Social Psychology of White Habitus

Residential and social hypersegregation of whites from blacks furthers a socialization process we refer to as “white habitus.” “White habitus” geographically and psychologically limits whites' chances of developing meaningful relationships with blacks and other minorities. Using data from the 1997 Survey of College Students' Social Attitudes and the 1998 Detroit Area Study on White Racial Ideology to make our case, we show that geographically, whites' segregated lifestyles psychologically leads them to develop positive views about themselves and negative views about racial others. First, we document the high levels of whites' residential and social segregation. Next, we examine how whites interpret their own self-segregation. Finally, we examine how whites' segregation shapes racial expressions, attitudes, cognitions, and even a sense of aesthetics as illustrated by whites' views on the subject of interracial marriage.
Experimental blooms of the cyanobacterium Gloeotrichia echinulata increase phytoplankton biomass, richness and diversity in an oligotrophic lake

CAYELAN C. CAREY1*, KATHRYN L. COTTINGHAM2, KATHLEEN C. WEATHERS3, JENNIFER A. BRENTRUP2, NATALIE M. RUPPERTSBERGER2,4, HOLLYA. EWING5 AND NELSON G. HAIRSTON, JR1 1 DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, NY 14850, USA, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, HANOVER, NH 03755, USA, CARY INSTITUTE OF ECOSYSTEM STUDIES, MILLBROOK, NY 12545, USA, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, BATES COLLEGE, LEWISTON, ME 04240, USA AND PROGRAM IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, BATES COLLEGE, LEWISTON, ME 04240, USA
Fault models for speed failures caused by bridges and opens

A number of new transition fault models for resistive vias and contacts in static CMOS circuits that cause speed failures are presented. The uniqueness of the new fault models are formally established. Fault simulation experiments performed on a large microprocessor show that there is no correlation between the newly proposed models and the classical fault models. Finally, we show that failures caused by bridges and opens in domino CMOS circuits require different fault models, and different test application considerations, than static CMOS circuits. It shows that there are defects that do not cause errors when tests are applied at high speed but fail when tests are applied at slow speed. This contradicts an assumption often made in speed-binning.
Demonstrating non-Abelian statistics of Majorana fermions using twist defects

We study the twist defects in the toric code model introduced by Bombin [Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 030403 (2010)]. Using a generalized two-dimensional Jordan-Wigner transformation and a projective construction, we show explicitly that twist defects carry unpaired Majorana zero modes. In addition, we propose a quantum nondemolition measurement scheme of the parity of Majorana modes. Such a scheme provides an alternative avenue to demonstrate the non-Abelian statistics of Majorana fermions. The braiding operation is simulated by a nonrepetitive measurement-based approach which removes the uncertainty associated with forced measurements.
Toddlers' Postural Adaptations to Different Support Surfaces

This study was undertaken to determine whether young children, after only a few weeks standing experience, could respond adaptively to the dynamical constraints imposed by different support surfaces. The spontaneous postural motions of young children (13-14 months old) were observed as they stood on surfaces that differed in length, friction, and rigidity. There were no externally imposed perturbations to stance. Children's postural control was remarkably adaptive: There were few falls on any of the surfaces. Moreover, the children showed surface-specific utilization of manual postural control (holding onto wooden poles), suggesting that manual control is an adaptive strategy for postural control. Finally, kinematic analysis suggested that, in some instances, children were able to employ independent control of the hips, contrary to previous models which had suggested that hip motions could not be controlled before the age of 3 years. Small, slow hip movements useful in controlling spontaneous sway (unpert...
Information Technology and Clinical Research

One of the biggest advantages of working in an academic medical center (AMC) is the accessibility of an information technology (IT) department. The researcher-IT collaboration can be a contributing factor for optimal trial performance and success, as IT has an expansive array of services to provide
Abstract 572: Serotonin and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Platelet Function and RhoA Activation

Platelet hyperactivity leads to thrombotic disease, underlying cardiovascular (CV) pathologies including stroke and myocardial infarction. Clinical data suggest that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have hemostatic effects, signifying a potentially novel mechanism to treat CV disease. SSRIs target the serotonin transporter (SERT), which maintains dense-granule serotonin (5HT) in platelets. Serotonin is also a platelet agonist, acting through 5HT2A receptors, yet the full role of 5HT in platelet physiology is not well understood. We hypothesized that SERT KO mice, mimicking chronic SSRI treatment, would exhibit a bleeding phenotype due to reduced platelet function. Consistent with previous reports, we demonstrated that SERT KO mice have decreased whole blood 5HT. There were comparable concentrations of the 5HT metabolite 5HIAA, suggesting that overall synthesis and metabolism of 5HT is unchanged. We next demonstrate that there is a bleeding phenotype in the SERT KO mice through a significantly increased tail-bleed time and increased thrombin time (TT) in whole blood. Additionally, SERT KO mice have reduced platelet retraction, a platelet function attributed to decreased RhoA activation. To determine if sub-chronic SSRI treatment alters platelet function, we treated both wild type and a hyperactive platelet (KI) mice with citalopram in drinking water for 6 days, one day exceeding the turnover rate of platelet production (15mg/kg/day). Activation of RhoA was examined to determine if reduced serotonylation leads to reduced platelet function. Collectively, these data suggest that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of SERT activity could lead to reduced platelet function. These findings may be due to a decrease in intracellular 5HT, as 5HT is still present for 5HT2A activation as determined by the presence of the metabolite. Future experiments will examine the mechanism of SSRI-mediated platelet activity attenuation, which may include reduced serotonylation of important signaling molecules.
Mixed Alcohol Synthesis over a K Promoted Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 Catalyst in Supercritical Hexanes

Mixed alcohol synthesis (MAS) from syngas involves an overall reduction in the number of moles (i.e., volume reduction) and is highly exothermic. As such, the high-pressure, dense-phase solvent conditions of a supercritical reaction medium afford opportunities to enhance the performance of these reactions. In this paper, the effect of supercritical hexanes (a mixture of hexane isomers) on the reaction performance of MAS was studied in a fixed bed reactor. Experiments were carried out over a 0.5 wt % K promoted Cu based mixed metal oxide catalyst in the temperature range of 200 °C–300 °C, a partial pressure of syngas of 4.5 MPa, and the hexanes/syngas molar ratio ranging from 0 to 3. The results of mixed alcohol synthesis under supercritical hexanes phase conditions demonstrated remarkable enhancement in CO conversion and methanol productivity, while the CH4 and CO2 selectivity was notably reduced. In addition, the effect of temperature has also been investigated on conversion, selectivity, and alcohol pro...
Прогноз Развития Облигационного Рынка РФ (Forecast of Development of the Bond Market of the Russian Federation)

Russian Abstract: Объектом исследования являются долговой рынок и его отдельные сегменты - рынки федеральных и корпоративных облигаций. Актуальность материала обусловлена отсутствием в настоящее время оценок развития основных сегментов финансовых рынков - как на ближайшие годы, так и на долгосрочную перспективу. Рынок облигаций является центральным сектором национального финансового рынка, определяет стоимость денег в экономике и обеспечивает ликвидностью банковский сектор. Цель работы - подготовка средне- и долгосрочных сценариев развития облигационного рынка России, разработка балансов финансовых инструментов и проведение количественных расчетов для оценки перспектив развития облигационного рынка и его воздействие на финансовую сферу и экономику в целом до 2020г. В качестве метода исследования использовался анализ институциональных финансовых балансов России, балансов обращающихся облигаций, структуры финансовых потоков в экономике, экономико-математическое моделирование. Значимость работы состоит в возможности использования результатов исследования и сценарных расчетов для формирования стратегии построения международного финансового центра и стратегии развития финансовых рынков РФ, а также для формирования средне- и долгосрочного бюджетного плана. English Abstract: The research object is the debt market and its individual segments - federal markets and corporate bonds. Relevance of the material is due to the current lack of evaluation of development of segments of financial markets - both in the coming years, and in the long term. The bond market is the central sector of the domestic financial market and determines the cost of money in the economy and provide liquidity to the banking sector. Objective is preparation of medium- and long-term scenarios for the development of the bond market in Russia, the development of financial instruments and balances the performance of quantitative calculations to assess the prospects for the development of the bond market and its impact on the financial sector and the economy as a whole by 2020. As a research method used analysis of institutional financial balances Russia, balances outstanding bonds, the structure of financial flows in the economy, economic and mathematical modeling. Significance of the work is the ability to use the results of research and scenario calculations for developing the strategy of building an international financial center and financial market development strategy of the Russian Federation, as well as for the formation of medium-and long-term budget plan.
Discussion of treatment protocol in pediatric polyposis coli

【Objective】To analyze the clinical characteristics of pediatric polyposis coli and investigate its thera-peutic methods.【Methods】 All the patients were given this treatment protocol in which radical surgery would be given when they had sufficient growth and development after application of repeated colonoscopic polyp extirpation and close follow-up.【Results】All the children's symptoms were in controlled condition and their growth and development were not affected.【Conclusions】This protocol is an effective,safe and easily accepted therapeutic method.
Gene-Expression Signature in Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid axis of Mice with Different Symptoms and Signs

Objective: To analyses the Gene-expression signature in hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis of H22 tumor mice with different symptoms and signs.Methods: By the quantitative four diagnosis and syndrome differentiation methods and Gene Chip Mouse Exon 1.0 ST Array,the related genes' expression difference were measured in qi-deficency syndrome of normal mice,qi-deficency syndrome in early stage,and poisonous pathogenic factors syndrome.Results:(1) there is hypo function in thyroid gland in qi-deficiency normal mice,expression of some genes related to the thyroxin synthesis decreased,including Atp1a1,Atp1a2,Atp1a3,Atp1b1,Atp1b2,Pax8,TG,Tpo,NIS,et al,while hypothalamus and pituitary were in aggressive compensatory,the expression of TRH and TSH increased.(2)In early stage after tumorigenesis,hypofunction in thyroid also existed in tumor-bearing mice,hypothalamus and pituitary were also in aggressive compensatory,the expression of TRH and TSH increased too.But poisonous pathogenic factors syndrome in this period,decompensation has been found,the expression of TSHb dropped significantly comparing the qi-deficency mice in same stage and in normal mice.Conclusion: hypofunction in thyroid gland may be the important material basis of qi-deficiency syndrome,while hypothalamus or pituitary is not.The secondary decompensation in pituitary with poisonous pathogenic factors syndrome in early period may be related with the shorter survival time and bad prognosis.
Potassium channels and the kidney

Les canaux potassiques jouent un role important dans divers aspects du fonctionnement renal. Ainsi, ils jouent un role dans la generation d'un potentiel negatif de membrane dans toutes les cellules renales, et ils participent de facon importante au fonctionnement de la branche large ascendante de l'anse de Henle et des cellules principales des tubules collecteurs. Dans la branche large ascendante, les canaux potassiques medient le recyclage des ions potassium au travers de la membrane apicale, regulant ainsi le turn over du cotransporteur Na/K/2Cl. Dans la cellule principale du tubule collecteur, les canaux potassiques jouent un role-cle dans la secretion de potassium. Les canaux potassiques de la branche large et du collecteur cortical ont ete clones, et leurs proprietes fonctionnelles sont semblables. Des anomalies hereditaires de ces canaux potassiques sont responsables de perte de sel. De plus, la charge sodee intratubulaire est un element determinant de la secretion du potassium dans le segment terminal du nephron.