cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Study of Ethnicity in Historical Archaeology

Despite increasing interest in the archaeological study of ethnic groups few historical archaeologists have addressed the broad question of how such groups form and change. This paper presents a theory of ethnic group formation and change drawn from both anthropological and sociological research. The theory is based on the examination of the relationship of three variables: competition, ethnocentrism, and differential power. Of these variables, the differential distribution of power is given the most weight in determining changes in ethnic boundary maintenance. The development of ethnic boundaries in southern Arizona between 1854 and the early 1900s provides an example of the interrelationships among these variables. Consideration of archaeological material from this time period illustrates the necessity of archeaological data for testing the proposed theory. Further suggestions are made for the testing of the proposed theory, using historical and archaeological data. The history of the United States is in large part a chronicle of ethnic relations. This history reveals that American society has served not so much as a melting pot, reducing ethnic differences to a bland soup, but more as a crucible separating groups and creating an enormous diversity. All ethnic groups have changed in this crucible but not always in the same way. While the Germans and Poles have been largely assimilated into the dominant Anglo-Saxon based society, Mexican-Americans and American Indians have maintained essentially separate societies within the dominant pattern. Explaining why some ethnic groups melt into the mass of society while, at the same time, others increase their separation is fundamental to understanding the development of modern American society. This explanation requires answering broader theoretical questions: why is it that ethnic differences arise, why do they persist, and why do they change? Historical archaeology, through the integration of material culture and historical documentation, offers a unique and valuable strategy for considering these questions. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the archaeological study of ethnicity in historic periods and to propose a general theory of ethnicity. Such discussion first requires a clear defmition of ethnicity and its importance for social life. Beyond defining the subject of interest I consider the
Increased lung matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels in extremely premature baboons with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) regulate the formation of normal lung architecture. Extremely premature infants exposed to hyperoxia and mechanical ventilation often develop lung inflammation and injury. We hypothesized that an imbalance between MMPs and their tissue inhibitors plays a key role. Our hypothesis was tested to: 1) examine the ontogeny of lung MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs); and 2) determine the effects of hyperoxia and mechanical ventilation on lung MMPs and TIMPs in premature newborn baboons developing chronic lung disease/bronchopulmonary dysplasia (CLD/BPD). Lung specimens were obtained from five groups of gestational controls (GCs) sacrificed at 125, 140, 160, 175, and 185 (term) days of gestation, one fetal baboon model of CLD/BPD delivered at 125 days, and two at 140 days of gestation. Paraffin-embedded lung tissue sections were examined for pathological changes, and frozen lung specimens were analyzed for MMPs-1, -2, -8, and -9; TIMPs-1 and -2; and messenger RNA expression of type I collagen. In GCs, MMP-1 and -9 were elevated in the last trimester, whereas MMP-2 and -8 levels were decreased. Significant changes in lung architecture were noted in the BPD models. MMP-1 was increased in the 125-day model, but decreased in both 140-day models. MMP-8 and collagen mRNA levels were decreased, while MMP-9 and MMP-9 to TIMP-1 ratios were increased in all BPD models. We conclude that an imbalance between MMP-9 and TIMP-1 leading to excessive MMP-9 activity contributes to lung inflammation and edema in CLD/BPD.
Reflections on American Constitutionalism

Understanding American constitutionalism can be advanced by distinguishing three matrices of its peculiar traits. The first is the character of political institutions whose roots lie deeply in pre-modern forms of authority. The pivotal role of the Constitution in the life of the nation, the vital energies of judicial review, and many other hallmarks of American constitutionalism are all related to this first source. The second matrix is the distinctive position of the constitutive document in a culture of predominantly judge-made law. Authoritative texts and judicial decisions vie for pride of place, and explain why so many issues of constitutional law elude conventional classificatory schemes. The third matrix is the need to adapt late eighteenth-century arrangements reflected in the Constitution to altered social needs and understandings. Many intense controversies in contemporary constitutional discourse are related to methods of this aggiornamento. I shall organize my report around these three matrices, devoting to each a separate section, and try to demonstrate how they illuminate distinctive aspects of American constitutionalism. Before I close, I shall then discuss some challenges to American constitutionalism in our times. Foremost in my mind here will be the problem of adjusting an apparatus devised to contain the government to a time when decisive action is sometimes expected from the State.
A separative high-order framework for monotonic convergent iterative learning controller design

This paper proposes a separative high-order framework, both in the iteration axis and in the time axis, for monotonic convergent iterative learning controller (ILC) design. When there exist uncertainties which may variant from iteration to iteration, i.e. iteration-dependent, the existing ILC design methods cannot be used to achieve monotonic convergence with small error. In this situation, an ILc updating law of high-order in both time-axis and iteration-axis is necessary. It is found that the high-order in time-axis is to condition the system dynamics so that a monotonic convergence can be achieved and the high-order in iteration-axis is to reject the iteration-dependent disturbance by virtue of the internal model principle (IMP). As illustrated in this paper, these two high-order schemes can be designed separately. A detailed design example is presented to illustrate the new design framework proposed in this paper.
Computing the shortest network under a fixed topology

We show that, in any given uniform orientation metric plane, the shortest network interconnecting a given set of points under a fixed topology can be computed by solving a linear programming problem whose size is bounded by a polynomial in the number of terminals and the number of legal orientations. When the given topology is restricted to a Steiner topology, our result implies that the Steiner minimum tree under a given Steiner topology can be computed in polynomial time in any given uniform orientation metric with /spl lambda/ legal orientations for any fixed integer /spl lambda/ /spl ges/ 2. This settles an open problem posed by Brazil, Thomas and Weng (2000).
Chaos and Order in Spontaneous Mutation

THIS story starts with one of those unanticipated turning points that mark the lives of most of us. Around 1960 I was working at the University of Illinois at Urbana using Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a tractable animal virus that infects chickens rather than humans. (Working previously with polioviruses, I had acquired extraordinarily high serum titers against all three strains.) The NDV plaque assay required that chicken embryos of the correct age be harvested and dissociated into single cells, which were then used to produce monolayers that became confluent in a few days. Virus samples were adsorbed to the monolayers, which were then incubated for a few more days while plaques formed. The regimen was cumbersome and contained day-long gaps that, as it turned out, were incompletely filled with the planning and analysis of experiments, the preparation and delivery of lectures, and the miscellaneous duties of a bottom-rung academic. As a graduate student I had followed the antics of the Caltech phage group and had also become aware of the mutagenic base analog 5-bromouracil. Over the next few years I was increasingly impressed by the early work on mutation by Ernst Freese and Seymour Benzer using phage T4. Ernst in particular was dissecting out mutational pathways with mutagens that seemed to be highly specific in their actions, for instance, the base analogs 5-bromouracil and 2-aminopurine that induced transitions in both directions and hydroxylamine that induced only G·C → A·T transitions. I often had occasion to UV irradiate NDV, and I wondered if the mutagenic specificity of UV irradiation could be ascertained by performing reversion tests on UV-induced mutations with base analogs, hydroxylamine, and proflavin, the specificity of the last having been demonstrated by Benzer and Sydney Brenner. Starting with a protocol developed by Raymond Latarjet for phage T4, I began to intercalate phage experiments into the free days provided by the NDV protocols. I quickly found that phages produced interesting results at least an order of magnitude more frequently than did NDV.
A low-voltage CMOS 5-bit 600 MHz 30 mW SAR ADC for UWB wireless receivers

In this work, we propose a time-interleaved successive approximation register ADC (SAR) that provides the high speed conversion needed in UWB application with the minimum power consumption. The power consumption can be easily scaled down based on the demand on speed and resolution where the number of parallel SARs and the number of iterations in each SAR can be chosen according to speed and resolution requirements. Our proposed SAR ADC works with a 3 V supply voltage. A single 5-bit SAR ADC requires two clock cycles for sampling and holding and five clock cycles for data conversion. To further increase the throughput, we employ a time-interleaved architecture with ten SAR ADCs in parallel. The entire ADC is designed in AMI05 CMOS technology. In this paper, design procedures and techniques are discussed in detail
Classification of features and images using Gauss mixtures with VQ clustering

Gauss mixture (GM) models are frequently used for their ability to well approximate many densities and for their tractability to analysis. We propose new classification methods built on GM clustering algorithms more often studied and used for vector quantization (VQ). One of our methods is an extension of the 'codebook matching' idea to the specific case of classifying whole images. We apply these methods to a realistic supervised classification problem and empirically evaluate their performances compared with other classification methods.
The Psychosocial Impact of Detention and Deportation on U.S. Migrant Children and Families

Approximately 4.5 million U.S. citizen children live in mixed-status families, in which at least 1 family member is an unauthorized migrant and therefore vulnerable to detention and deportation from the United States (Passel & Cohn, 2011). This article critically examines the current state of the literature on the psychosocial consequences of detention and deportation for unauthorized migrants, mixed-status families, and their U.S.-born children. In particular, drawing on social and psychological theory and research, we (a) review the impact of parents' unauthorized status on children; (b) summarize the literature on the impact of detention processes on psychosocial well-being; (c) describe the dilemma faced by a mixed-status family when a parent faces deportation; (d) examine the current social scientific literature on how parental deportation impacts children and their families; and (e) summarize several policy recommendations for protecting children and families.
System level performance evaluation of GPRS for various traffic models

During the GSM standardisation process data services were provisioned for. However, these were based on circuit switched connection. It is now widely accepted that circuit switched connection does not provide optimum utilisation of a communication channel for data transfer. The provision of more efficient radio data bearers has become an essential piece of the existing technologies such as GSM and the future ones such as UMTS. In GSM, ETSI finalised a new packet data service called GPRS in mid 1998. The GPRS data rates will provide bit pipes in the range 8-20 kbps per time slot. GPRS will be deployed in existing GSM networks that have been optimised for voice (circuit switched data) traffic. This paper investigates the system level performance of the GPRS coding schemes in such networks using a system level simulator. The performance is quantified in terms of the throughput and delay for various types of traffic. The results can be used to generate optimisation rules and efficient resource management algorithms.
Relief: a scalable actuated shape display

Relief is an actuated tabletop display, which is able to render and animate three-dimensional shapes with a malleable surface. It allows users to experience and form digital models like geographical terrain in an intuitive manner. The tabletop surface is actuated by an array of 120 motorized pins, which are controlled with a low-cost, scalable platform built upon open-source hardware and software tools. Each pin can be addressed individually and senses user input like pulling and pushing.
Structural Characteristics and the Outcome of Collective Negotiations

Much has been written about the "oughts" of negotiations in education but precious little empirical research has been done on the subject. In this article, the author relates certain structural characteristics of the process to the occurrence of impasse or the successful completion of negotiations.
Maternal employment and the health of low-income young children

This study examines whether maternal employment affects the health status of low-income, elementary-school-aged children using instrumental variables estimation and experimental data from a welfare-to-work program implemented in the early 1990s. Maternal report of child health status is predicted as a function of exogenous variation in maternal employment associated with random assignment to the experimental group. IV estimates show a modest adverse effect of maternal employment on children's health. Making use of data from another welfare-to-work program we propose that any adverse effect on child health may be tempered by increased family income and access to public health insurance coverage, findings with direct relevance to a number of current policy discussions. In a secondary analysis using fixed effects techniques on longitudinal survey data collected in 1998 and 2001, we find a comparable adverse effect of maternal employment on child health that supports the external validity of our primary result.
Retinoic Acid Activates Two Pathways Required for Meiosis in Mice

In all sexually reproducing organisms, cells of the germ line must transition from mitosis to meiosis. In mice, retinoic acid (RA), the extrinsic signal for meiotic initiation, activates transcription of Stra8, which is required for meiotic DNA replication and the subsequent processes of meiotic prophase. Here we report that RA also activates transcription of Rec8, which encodes a component of the cohesin complex that accumulates during meiotic S phase, and which is essential for chromosome synapsis and segregation. This RA induction of Rec8 occurs in parallel with the induction of Stra8, and independently of Stra8 function, and it is conserved between the sexes. Further, RA induction of Rec8, like that of Stra8, requires the germ-cell-intrinsic competence factor Dazl. Our findings strengthen the importance of RA and Dazl in the meiotic transition, provide important details about the Stra8 pathway, and open avenues to investigate early meiosis through analysis of Rec8 induction and function.
IL-7 Is Essential for Homeostatic Control of T Cell Metabolism In Vivo

It has become apparent that T cells require growth signals to maintain function and viability necessary to maintain proper immune homeostasis. One means by which cell extrinsic signals may mediate these effects is by sustaining sufficient basal cell metabolism to prevent cell atrophy. The role of metabolism and the specific growth factors essential to maintain metabolism of mature T cells in vivo, however, are poorly defined. As IL-7 is a nonredundant cytokine required for T cell development and survival and can regulate T cell metabolism in vitro, we hypothesized it may be essential to sustain metabolism of resting T cells in vivo. Thus, we generated a model for conditional expression of IL-7R in mature T cells. After IL-7R deletion in a generally normal lymphoid environment, T cells had reduced responses to IL-7, including abrogated signaling and maintenance of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family expression that corresponded to decreased survival in vitro. T cell survival in vivo was also reduced after loss of the IL-7R in a T cell-intrinsic manner. Additionally, IL-7R deletion resulted in delayed growth and proliferation following stimulation. Importantly, in vivo excision of IL-7R led to T cell atrophy that was characterized by delayed mitogenesis and reduced glycolytic flux. These data are the first to identify an in vivo requirement for a specific cell extrinsic signal to sustain lymphocyte metabolism and suggest that control of glycolysis by IL-7R may contribute to the well-described roles of IL-7 in T cell development, homeostatic proliferation, and survival.
Nonfatal Violence-Related and Accident-Related Injuries Among Jail Inmates in the United States

Traumatic injuries undermine the physical well-being of jail inmates and could complicate their reentry process. This study assessed the prevalence, nature, and risk factors of violence- and accident-related injuries among jail inmates in the United States. Data from the 2002 Survey of Inmates in Local Jails (N = 6,982) were analyzed. Findings showed that injury as a health problem posed an urgent challenge to jail administration and was associated with an identified set of risks, many of them susceptible to preventive interventions. Unlike many preexisting health conditions, injury can be proactively controlled by jail authorities and its negative effects can be successfully reduced with community partnerships.
Enhanced Antigen Processing of Flagellin Fusion Proteins Promotes the Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cell Response Independently of TLR5 and MyD88

Flagellin is a highly effective adjuvant for CD4(+) T cell and humoral immune responses. However, there is conflicting data in the literature regarding the ability of flagellin to promote a CD8(+) T cell response. In this article, we report that immunization of wild-type, TLR5(-/-), and MyD88(-/-) adoptive transfer recipient mice revealed the ability of flagellin fusion proteins to promote OVA-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation independent of TLR5 or MyD88 expression by the recipient animal. Wild-type and TLR5(-/-) APCs were able to stimulate high levels of OVA-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation in vitro in response to a flagellin fusion protein containing full-length OVA or the SIINFEKL epitope and 10 flanking amino acids (OVAe), but not to OVA and flagellin added as separate proteins. This effect was independent of the conserved regions of flagellin and occurred in response to OVAe alone. Comparison of IFN-γ production by CD8(+) effector cells revealed higher levels of SIINFEKL peptide-MHC I complexes on the surface of APCs that had been pulsed with OVAe-flagellin fusion proteins than on cells pulsed with OVA. Inhibition of the proteasome significantly reduced Ag-specific proliferation in response to OVAe fusion proteins. In summary, our data are consistent with the conclusion that flagellin-OVA fusion proteins induce an epitope-specific CD8(+) T cell response by facilitating Ag processing and not through stimulatory signaling via TLR5 and MyD88. Our findings raise the possibility that flagellin might be an efficient Ag carrier for Ags that are poorly processed in their native state.
RNAs in the Virion of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus

De novo infection of cultured cells with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) typically results in a latent infection. Recently, however, it has been reported that a subset of lytic mRNAs can be detected in cells shortly after KSHV infection; this expression is transient and eventually subsides, leading to latent infection (H. H. Krishnan et al., J. Virol 78:3601-3620, 2004). Since it has been shown that viral RNAs can be packaged into other herpesvirus virions, we sought to determine if KSHV virions contained RNAs and, if so, whether these RNAs contributed to the pool of lytic transcripts detected immediately after infection. Using DNA microarray, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, and Northern blotting analyses, we identified 11 virally encoded RNAs in KSHV virions. These corresponded in size to the full-length mRNAs found in cytoplasmic RNA, and at least one was directly demonstrated to be translated upon infection in the presence of actinomycin D. Ten of these RNAs correspond to transcripts reported by Krishnan et al. at early times of infection, representing ca. 30% of such RNAs. Thus, import of RNAs in virions can account for some but not all of the early-appearing lytic transcripts. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of infected-cell RNA demonstrated that most of the virion RNAs were very abundant at late times of infection, consistent with nonspecific incorporation during budding. However, the intracellular levels of one virion mRNA, encoding the viral protease, were much lower than those of transcripts not packaged in the virus particle, strongly suggesting that it may be incorporated by a specific mechanism.
Electrical Double Layers in Pigment-Containing Biomembranes

Displacement photocurrents are unique to pigment-containing biomembranes. They belong to a special class of bioelectric signals that are generated by rapid charge displacements in the membranes. Interpretation of displacement photocurrents is not straightforward, and direct application of classical electrophysiological methodology is not adequate. However, a more comprehensive understanding of displacement photocurrents can be achieved by applying the Gouy-Chapman diffuse double layer theory to two possible prototype mechanisms of light-induced charge displacements. Macroscopically, a chemical capacitance in addition to the ordinary membrane capacitance must be invoked in the analysis of experimental data. By doing so, some apparent discrepancies of experimental observations can be readily resolved. In this paper, we use the bacteriorhodopsin membrane system to illustrate how the concept of chemical capacitance can assist experimentalists to achieve a meaningful decomposition of a multi-component displacement photocurrent signal. The general applicability of such an approach in other pigment-containing membrane systems of greater complexity is suggested.
RIBOSOMAL RNA CISTRONS OF X CHROMOSOMES CLONALLY DERIVED FROM D. MELANOGASTER LABORATORY POPULATIONS: REDUNDANCY, ORGANIZATION AND STABILITY

ABSTRACT To determine whether heterogeneity exists in the organization or redundancy of the rRNA cistrons of inbred populations of Drosophila melanogaster , we have derived a number of sublines from the strains Oregon R and Canton S. These two strains were chosen because our previous studies have demonstrated a difference in the competence of these strains to exhibit a "compensatory response" of the rDNA. In each subline, the X chromosomes are descended from a single maternal X , that is, each line is homozygous for a particular nucleolus organizer (NO). These derivative lines have been characterized in terms of rDNA content and organization, using quantitative liquid hybridizations and Southern blot analyses, respectively. Our studies reveal that both of the highly inbred parent populations contained a heterogeneous array of X chromosomal rDNA contents. Once isogenized, the rDNA redundancy of a given X chromosomal NO can be shown to remain stable for at least 20 generations in culture. We detect no restriction pattern heterogeneity among X chromosomes isolated from a given strain, despite relatively large differences in their rDNA contents. This leads us to suggest that there is no significant clustering of intervening sequence-bearing ( ivs + ) genes within the rDNA loci of chromosomes from the populations examined. Furthermore, we conclude that apparent alterations in rDNA redundancy known as the compensatory response are not related to the heterogeneity of rDNA content within a population.
Inter-American Program: Past, Present, and Future

The M.I.T. Inter-American Program in Civil Engineering is an education-research venture involving collaborative work with personnel at certain Latin American universities. Research is done on civil engineering problems generic to both regions; approximately a dozen such projects are now in operation. In the research projects, individual relationships are emphasized rather than institutional ones; the responsibilities are personal instead of organizational. More freedom and flexibility are thus attained. The IAP had its origins in two desires: to improve the teaching of civil engineering, and to strengthen the profession itself through research on important problems. In both of these, the degree of achievement renders the IAP a valuable component of the Department's activity.
Fight or Flight Responses

When an animal faces a sudden emergency situation, it immediately activates the sympathetic nervous system. Hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine, flood the body and initiate changes in behavior and physiology. These behavioral and physiological changes are collectively termed the fight-or-flight response. The magnitude of the fight-or-flight response can be monitored by changes in heart rate. Epinephrine and norepinephrine generally increase heart rate. However, some situations, including animals feigning death, seasonal and/or physiological variation, or exposure to chronic stress, can modulate the fight-or-flight response. The consequence may be a decrease in an animal’s chances of survival under these conditions.
Opportunities for improvement in care among women with severe maternal morbidity.

Background Severe maternal morbidity is increasing in the United States and has been estimated to occur in up to 1.3% of all deliveries. A standardized, multidisciplinary approach has been recommended to identify and review cases of severe maternal morbidity to identify opportunities for improvement in maternal care. Objective The aims of our study were to apply newly described gold standard guidelines to identify true severe maternal morbidity and to utilize a recently recommended multidisciplinary approach to determine the incidence of and characterize opportunities for improvement in care. Study Design We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all women admitted for delivery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center from Jan. 1, 2012, through June 30, 2014. Electronic medical records were screened for severe maternal morbidity using the following criteria: International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes for severe illness identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; prolonged length of stay; intensive care unit admission; transfusion of ≥4 U of packed red blood cells; or hospital readmission within 30 days of discharge. A multidisciplinary team conducted in-depth review of each medical record that screened positive for severe maternal morbidity to determine if true severe maternal morbidity occurred. Each true case of severe maternal morbidity was presented to a multidisciplinary committee to determine a consensus opinion about the morbidity and if opportunities for improvement in care existed. Opportunity for improvement was described as strong, possible, or none. The incidence of opportunity for improvement was determined and categorized as system, provider, and/or patient. Morbidity was classified by primary cause, organ system, and underlying medical condition. Results There were 16,323 deliveries of which 386 (2%) screened positive for severe maternal morbidity. Following review of each case, true severe maternal morbidity was present in 150 (0.9%) deliveries. We determined by multidisciplinary committee review that there was opportunity for improvement in care in 66 (44%) cases. The 2 most common underlying causes of severe maternal morbidity were hemorrhage (71.3%) and preeclampsia/eclampsia (10.7%). In cases with opportunity for improvement in care, provider factors were present in 78.8%, followed by patient (28.8%) and system (13.6%) factors. Conclusion We demonstrated the feasibility of a recently recommended review process of severe maternal morbidity at a large, academic medical center. We demonstrated that opportunity for improvement in care exists in 44% of cases and that the majority of these cases had contributing provider factors.
“In Burst of Fresh Song”: William Churchill Hammond and His Christmas Caroling Choir at Mount Holyoke College

Between 1920 and 1928, William Churchill Hammond’s Christmas Caroling Choir at Mount Holyoke College, in South Hadley, Massachusetts, not only helped to reinstate the musical celebration of Christmas after Puritan beliefs had precluded it in New England, but also provided one of the first experiences for American women to tour, as professional performing musicians would, and premiere new music throughout the northeastern United States. A subset of the Glee Club at the college, the Caroling Choir performed carol concerts each Christmas jointly with Hammond’s choir at the Second Congregational Church in Holyoke. Together with his brother-in-law, Edward Bliss Reed, Hammond collected Christmas Carols for more than thirty-five years. The carols were arranged, published, and circulated by the Carol Society in New Haven, Connecticut. Through his leadership as Director of Music at the college during 1899–1937 and at the Second Congregational Church, Hammond exposed female college students, parishioners, and forei...
Role of glucose in facilitating the acute steroidogenic action of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

SummaryThe possible role of glucose in facilitating the steroidogenic action of ACTH was investigated. In studies with quartered rat adrenals, reducing the glucose concentration from 10 to 1 mM significantly reduced the amount of cyclic AMP formed in response to ACTH and significantly reduced the amount of corticosterone formed in response to either ACTH or cyclic AMP but did not diminish the amount of corticosterone formed in response to exogenous NADPH or progesterone. In the presence of 10 mM glucose, stimulation of corticosterone synthesis with ACTH or cyclic AMP was accompanied by parallel increases in glucose oxidation, but stimulation of corticosterone synthesis by the addition of NADPH or progesterone was not accompanied by increased glucose oxidation. Adrenal homogenates failed to respond to ACTH or cyclic AMP with increases in corticosterone production or glucose oxidation; such preparations responded to NADPH with increases in corticosterone production but without increased glucose oxidation. O...
An Efficient Method for Constant Monitoring of Several Parameters Associated With Growth and Activity in the Chicken

Abstract A cage-balance system has been developed which allows for constant monitoring of activity in the young chicken. Nutrients consumption, defecation and general activity are easily interpreted from a single tracing. Advantages of the system are discussed.
American Architects and the Single-Family Home : Lessons Learned from the Architects' Small House Service Bureau

American Architects and the Single-Family Home explains how a small group of architects started the Architects’ Small House Service Bureau in 1919 and changed the course of twentieth-century residential design for the better. Concepts and principles they developed related to public spaces, private spaces, and service spaces for living; details about the books they published to promote good design; as well as new essays from contemporary practitioners will inspire your own designs. More than 200 black and white images.
Body composition assessment and minimal weight recommendations for high school wrestlers.

Objective To describe a procedure to estimate a minimal wrestling weight based on percent body fat. Background Weight reduction and weight restriction are health issues that have sparked much debate among those involved with high school wrestling. Recently, programs have been developed to curtail dangerous weight loss practices and severe weight reduction in this population. Description Skinfold sites, measurement technique, and an equation, based on skinfolds, specific to the high school wrestling population are presented. Recommendations for minimizing error are also presented. Clinical advantages This article provides a detailed program for measuring skinfold sites and interpreting these measurements.
Analytical and Clinical Evaluation of the NOWDiagnostics ADEXUSDx Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Test Using Whole Blood

Background: Point-of-care (POC) urine qualitative human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) devices are used to rapidly assess pregnancy status, but many of these devices are susceptible to false-negative results caused by increased concentrations of hCG β core fragment (hCGβcf) that does not contain hCGβcf. Methods: Purified hCG was added to hCG-negative heparinized whole blood to generate samples with known hCG concentrations, and the resulting samples were used to evaluate device sensitivity, low-end reproducibility, high-dose hook effect, intermediate range performance, acceptable sample volume, acceptable hematocrit range, and lot-to-lot variation. Device performance was also prospectively evaluated in 40 pregnant and 40 nonpregnant women aged 18–44 years in a hospital-based clinic or an academic hospital emergency department. Results: All device observations were positive using a whole blood sample containing a plasma hCG concentration of 2.2 × 106 IU/L, and all device observations were positive from18 IU/L to 1.2 × 103 IU/L and from 2.5 × 104 IU/L to 2.2 × 106 IU/L. Three invalid results were observed in the intermediate range because of decreased control line intensity. The minimum sample volume was 30 μL, and maximum hematocrit was 46%. In 40 pregnant and 40 nonpregnant women aged 18–44 years, the device generated 100% concordance with urine qualitative and plasma quantitative test results. Conclusions: The ADEXUSDx™ hCG test demonstrates acceptable performance for the determination of pregnancy status using capillary fingerstick samples.
A Multicenter Study of Early Anti-inflammatory Treatment in Patients With Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear.

Background:It is increasingly recognized that biochemical abnormalities of the joint precede radiographic abnormalities of posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) by as much as decades. A growing body of evidence strongly suggests that the progression from anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury to PTOA is multifactorial, involving the interplay between biomechanical disturbances and biochemical homeostasis of articular cartilage.Purpose:The purposes of this randomized study using an acute ACL injury model were to (1) evaluate the natural progression of inflammatory and chondrodegenerative biomarkers, (2) evaluate the relationship between subjective reports of pain and inflammatory and chondrodegenerative biomarkers, and (3) determine if postinjury arthrocentesis and corticosteroid injection offer the ability to alter this biochemical cascade.Study Design:Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 2.Methods:A total of 49 patients were randomized to 4 groups: group 1 (corticosteroid at 4 days after ACL in...
The Small Molecule 2-Azido-2-deoxy-glucose Is a Metabolic Chemical Reporter of O-GlcNAc Modifications in Mammalian Cells, Revealing an Unexpected Promiscuity of O-GlcNAc Transferase.

Glycans can be directly labeled using unnatural monosaccharide analogs, termed metabolic chemical reporters (MCRs). These compounds enable the secondary visualization and identification of glycoproteins by taking advantage of bioorthogonal reactions. Most widely used MCRs have azides or alkynes at the 2-N-acetyl position but are not selective for one class of glycoprotein over others. To address this limitation, we are exploring additional MCRs that have bioorthogonal functionality at other positions. Here, we report the characterization of 2-azido-2-deoxy-glucose (2AzGlc). We find that 2AzGlc selectively labels intracellular O-GlcNAc modifications, which further supports a somewhat unexpected, structural flexibility in this pathway. In contrast to the endogenous modification N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc), we find that 2AzGlc is not dynamically removed from protein substrates and that treatment with higher concentrations of per-acetylated 2AzGlc is toxic to cells. Finally, we demonstrate that this toxicit...
Which Ulcerative Colitis Patients Should Not Have Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis

Only a minority of patients afflicted with ulcerative will require operative management of their disease. Several operative options can be considered for this selected group, but proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis has evolved to supplant proctocolectomy with end ileostomy as the procedure of choice for most patients. However, careful review of the literature suggests that the two procedures are associated with comparable long-term outcomes as measured by health-related quality of life. Accordingly, several patient-specific variables (e.g., body mass index, presence of associated or co-morbid conditions, sphincter function) must be considered before recommending the procedure that best suits the individual patient.
Dignity and Well-Being as Cornerstones of Humanistic Management

Humanistic management rests on two cornerstones drawn from the fundamentally different perspective on human nature described before. The notion of dignity and the dignity threshold form one pillar of humanistic management. The notion of well-being forms the second pillar, and is the ultimate organizing goal of humanistic management. This chapter explores both concepts. Dignity is what distinguishes humanistic management from traditional economistic management. There are three relevant aspects of dignity: dignity as a general category encompassing that which has no price, human dignity as inherent and universal, and human dignity as conditional and earned. Despite its ambiguity, the notion of dignity can improve management research’s theoretical accuracy in the future. Similarly, the chapter describes the concept of well-being, starting from a historical perspective and its Aristotelian roots, to its utilitarian reinterpretation. This reinterpretation of well-being as utility became the foundation of modern economic thought at the end of the 19th century and, in turn, the basis for a large part of management theory. Humanistic management suggests a return to the foundational concept of well-being as flourishing (Eudaimonia). The chapter concludes by describing how the creation of shared well-being, not wealth, is the ultimate goal of organizing practices in the humanistic perspective, and argues that this better serves individuals, companies and society.
Acts of Desire: Women and Sex on Stage 1800–1930

Historical study must always evaluate the relative degrees of change and continuity. Indeed, in this book, Sos Eltis shows us precisely how hard it has been to change the plots through which women ...
Carbon-Nitrogen Bond Formation via the Vanadium Oxo Catalyzed Sigmatropic Functionalization of Allenols.

A vanadium catalyzed 1,3-rearrangement of allenols to form transient vanadium enolates that selectively couple with electrophilic nitrogen sources is reported even in the presence of competing simple protonation and Alder-ene pathways. Hydrazine products can be cyclized in a 6-endo-trig fashion which, upon reductive cleavage of the N–N bond, yield 1,4-diamines. Additionally, cleavage of the N–N bond before cyclization can be achieved to form β-hydroxy amines, a common structural motif of biologically active compounds.
Partition Functions of Integer Flows

We consider yet another extension of the permanent, and some of the methods and results of Chap. 3 (capacity of polynomials, connections to \(\mathbb {H}\)-stable polynomials, the van der Waerden and Bregman–Minc bounds) are used. Geometrically, with each integer point of a polyhedron in \({\mathbb R}^n\), we associate a monomial in n real variables and the partition function is just the sum of monomials over the integer points in the polyhedron.
Ecology of desiccation tolerance in bryophytes: A conceptual framework and methodology

Bryophytes have long been understood to be desiccation tolerant (capable of reviving from an air-dry state, DT). While mechanistic studies focusing on the expression of this complex trait are numerous over the last 50 years, a firm conceptual framework for the ecology of desiccation tolerance in bryophytes has lagged behind. As a result of this, mechanistic studies have gone ahead without an ecological foundation, and this path can be scientifically risky. The motivating elements for this article include (1) the low visibility and lack of implementation of a conceptual framework for studying the ecology of DT in bryophytes, (2) the lack of a protocol for the step-by-step handling of field-collected or laboratory cultured specimens for study of desiccation tolerance with particular attention to the deacclimation of plants, (3) a recognition that most studies of desiccation tolerance tend to conflate two of the most important factors of desiccation, rate of desiccation and water content, and (4) recognizing that the ecological factors of rehydration, aside from recovery, are nearly always ignored in experiments on desiccation tolerance in bryophytes. Therefore this review postulates a conceptual framework for the ecology of desiccation tolerance, presenting the principal factors of desiccation (rate of drying, water content at equilibration, duration dry, and rate of rehydration) and how they may interact, presenting the principal physiological phases of rehydration (recovery, hardening, dehardening), and highlighting the importance of specimen handling in preparation for an experiment on DT. Useful metrics for assessment are derived that include the minimum rate of drying tolerated at a given water content, the minimum or maximum water content tolerated, the maximum duration dry tolerated, and the minimum dehardening time exhibited.
State Medicaid fees and access to primary care physicians

Medicaid and uninsured patients are disadvantaged in access to care and are disproportionately Black and Hispanic. Using a national audit of primary care physicians, we examine the relationship between state Medicaid fees for primary care services and access for Medicaid, Medicare, uninsured, and privately insured patients who differ by race/ethnicity and sex. We found that states with higher Medicaid fees had higher probabilities of appointment offers and shorter wait times for Medicaid patients, and lower probabilities of appointment offers and longer wait times for uninsured patients. Appointment offers and wait times for Medicare and privately insured patients were unaffected by Medicaid fees. At mean state Medicaid fees, our analysis predicts a 27-percentage-point disadvantage for Medicaid versus Medicare in appointment offers. This decreases to 6 percentage points when Medicaid and Medicare fees are equal, suggesting that permanent fee parity with Medicare could eliminate most of the disparity in appointment offers for Medicaid patients. The predicted decrease in the disparity is smaller for Black and Hispanic patients than for White patients. Our research highlights the importance of considering the effects of policy on nontarget patient groups, and the consequences of seemingly race-neutral policies on racial/ethnic and sex-based disparities.
An alternative to Cramér's coefficient of association

In spite of its popularity as a measure of association between two nominal categorical variables X and Y, Cramer's does have a number of limitations. To overcome the limitations, an alternative coe...
Schopenhauer and Contemporary Metaethics

In this chapter, Colin Marshall argues that Schopenhauer’s views about the foundations of morality pose important challenges for five tenets of contemporary metaethics. After presenting these challenges, Marshall explores the potential viability of contemporary Schopenhauerian approaches to metaethics that would leave aside his radical metaphysical monism.
CCR5 is a required signaling receptor for macrophage expression of inflammatory genes in response to viral double-stranded RNA.

Double-stranded (ds) RNA, both synthetic and produced during virus replication, rapidly stimulates MAPK and NF-κB signaling that results in expression of the inflammatory genes inducible nitric oxi...
A direct silicon bonded reference object for performance assessment of computed tomography systems

Abstract Using X-ray computed tomography (CT) as an industrial measurement tool requires the development of standards and reference objects for calibration. The purpose of this paper is to describe a manufacturing process for a reference object made from silicon and containing cavities with sub-millimeter features. Lithographic processes are used to etch silicon wafers to produce features arranged within 4 × 4 mm2 areas. The patterned wafer is diced and multiple pieces are bonded to form a 2 mm thick layered solid. For ease of handling, a protective shell is fabricated around the silicon stack and is made from glass and UV cure epoxy. Measurements obtained by coherence scanning interferometry (CSI) and CT are used to illustrate a comparative data analysis. Because different systems and process parameters would result in different measures of performance, no attempt has been made to optimize measurement procedures in this study. A feature with major dimensions 300 μm by 400 μm and containing a cubic shaped edge was extracted from the CT data. From the same wafer, a different pattern containing a similar feature was measured by CSI. Linear dimensions between edges from nominal were within 1 μm for the CSI measurements and up to 3.1 μm for the CT. The curve shape edge was fitted to the coefficients of a nominal shape and to best fit coefficients of a cubic polynomial. Both fits resulted in comparable residuals with standard deviations from nominal fit of 0.141 μm for CSI and 0.387 μm for CT, and respectively 0.117 μm and 0.320 μm for the polynomial fits.
In-Field Digital Photography and the Curation of Associated Records: Not All Prints Are Created Equal

With the advent of commercially available digital cameras in the late 1990s resulting in the near-exclusion of analog photographic prints today, most archaeological repositories around the world have a mix of analog and digital photographic prints. That ratio is increasingly moving toward digital print processes, of which there are several types. To minimize the loss of image quality, collection managers must become familiar with the unique curation challenges of photographic prints from digitally created images. Likewise, creators of digital content must be aware that choices made when selecting a print process for reposit will have a direct effect on image and print permanence. Site photographs are critical evidence of archaeological activity, and so the preservation of digital prints is in the interest, and is the responsibility, of collection managers and archaeologists alike.