cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data Centers: Jobs and Opportunities in Communities Nationwide

Data centers will continue their fast-paced growth to support the digital economy’s increased demand for massive data storage in a secured environment. There are more than 3 million large and small data centers in the United States. Large data centers occupy several hundred thousand square feet and contain tens of thousands of servers with power backup and temperature control systems. This study focuses on the development of large data centers that have significant economic and social impacts on the communities where they locate. Our data sample consists of 244 large data centers owned by large enterprises and data center service providers, covering over 40 million net rentable square feet in 16 states across the country. We use financial information of the most recent data center development projects and annual income statements of data center service providers and enterprises to characterize a typical large data center in the United States. We then use official regional economic multipliers (RIMS II) constructed and published by the Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Economic Analysis to estimate direct, indirect, and induced economic impacts of a typical data center on local communities. We analyze the economic and social contributions of data centers to discuss the long-term impacts beyond the economic multipliers. In addition to immediate economic impacts, data centers create other long-lasting economic and social benefits for communities. Recognizing the economic and social benefits that a data center brings to communities, many local governments are competing to create business-friendly policies, such as tax incentives, to attract data centers. The economic and social benefits that data centers bring to communities are far reaching.
A Gas Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Bicarbonate and Dissolved Gases

A gas chromatographic method for the rapid determination of aqueous carbon dioxide and its speciation into solvated carbon dioxide and bicarbonate is presented. One-half mL samples are injected through a rubber septum into 20-mL vials that are filled with 9.5 mL of 0.1 N HCl. A one mL portion of the headspace is withdrawn and injected onto a gas chromatograph equipped with a thermal conductivity detector. Using the dimensionless Henry’s constant for carbon dioxide and an adaptation of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, carbon dioxide in the samples can be categorized among solvated, bicarbonate, and carbonate forms. Natural water samples as well as wastewater from a municipal sewage treatment plant and a swine rearing operation were analyzed by this method and the results compared favorably to those obtained by titration. Samples stored for up to five weeks showed no significant changes in carbon dioxide concentrations. In addition, using flame ionization and electron capture detectors, methane and nitrous oxide concentrations in the samples were also measured.
Quantitative infrared and near-infrared gas-phase spectra for pyridine: Absolute intensities and vibrational assignments

Abstract Using vetted methods for generating quantitative absorption reference data, broadband infrared and near-infrared spectra (total range 11,000–600 cm−1) of pyridine vapor were recorded at 0.1 cm−1 spectral resolution, with the analyte thermostatted at 298 K and pressure-broadened to 1 atmosphere using N2 ballast gas. The quantitative spectrum is reported for the first time, and we have re-assigned some of the 27 fundamental modes. Fundamental assignments were confirmed by IR vapor phase band shapes, FT-Raman measurements and comparison with previous analyses. For the 760-Torr vapor-phase IR data several bands show resolved peaks (Q-branches). We have also assigned for the first time many combination and overtone bands in the mid- and near-IR. Assignments were made via comparison to theoretically calculated frequencies and intensities: The frequencies were computed with Gaussian03 with the anharmonic option, using MP2 and the ccpvtz basis set. The intensities were taken from a VSCF calculation in GAMESS using Hartree–Fock (for overtones and combination bands) or from the harmonic MP2 for fundamentals. Overtone and combination band harmonic and anharmonic frequencies, as well as intensities were also calculated using the CFOUR program. It is seen in the NIR spectrum near 6000 cm−1 that the very strong bands arise from the C-H first overtones, whereas only much weaker bands are observed for combination bands of C-H stretching modes. Certain features are discussed for their potential utility for atmospheric monitoring.
The Framing of Perceptions of Fairness in the Relationship between Venture Capitalists and New Venture Teams

This paper investigates how a variety of conditions in place at the time of first-round funding can frame a new venture team's (NVT) perception of the fairness of its relations with its venture cap...
Diagnosis of non-osseous spinal metastatic disease: the role of PET/CT and PET/MRI

The spine is the third most common site for distant metastasis in cancer patients with approximately 70% of patients with metastatic cancer having spinal involvement. Positron emission tomography (PET), combined with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has been deeply integrated in modern clinical oncology as a pivotal component of the diagnostic work-up of patients with cancer. PET is able to diagnose several neoplastic processes before any detectable morphological changes can be identified by anatomic imaging modalities alone. In this review, we discuss the role of PET/CT and PET/MRI in the diagnostic management of non-osseous metastatic disease of the spinal canal. While sometimes subtle, recognizing such disease on FDG PET/CT and PET/MRI imaging done routinely in cancer patients can guide treatment strategies to potentially prevent irreversible neurological damage.
Antibiotic dosing in renal failure

The Dosing in Renopathy by Easy-To-Use Multipliers (DREM) System is a simple method for dose adjustments of anti-infectives in renal insufficiency. The simple 2-step method involves: (1) estimating creatinine clearance (CLcr) from age, sex, and serum creatinine, and (2) calculating the adjusted dose or dosing interval with the use of multipliers. By multiplying the normal dose or dosing interval with the dose (CLcr/100) or interval (100'CLcr) multiplier, the adjusted dose or dosing interval is obtained, respectively. Dose estimates with this method are reasonably accurate and compare favorably with previously published methods of correction.
Diagnosing Computerization: The Effects of Technical Change on Professions/Fields

When new technologies are introduced, epistemic communities react in a variety of ways: excitement over new applications, skepticism of their technical viability, concern about organizational chang...
Resisting Sybils in Peer-to-peer Markets

We describe two techniques for reducing the effectiveness of sybil attacks, in which an attacker uses a large number of fake user accounts to increase his reputation. The first technique uses a novel transformation of the ranks returned by the PageRank system. This transformation not only reduces susceptibility to sybil attacks but also provides an intuitive and easily interpreted reputation score. The second technique, called RAW, eliminates remaining vulnerabilities and allows full personalization of reputations, a necessary condition for a sybilproof reputation system.
The Project: Sustainability Racing—The Vision: Mobility of the Future

The advantages of glass and carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (GRP/CRP) have so far been valued and utilized mainly for design layout. But other criteria such as weight, cost, ecological compatibility or disposability of a material are also becoming increasingly important. In terms of these aspects, the potential of natural fiber reinforced plastics becomes evident in the “Bioconcept Car” project.
Wounds That Will Not Heal: Pervasive Cellular Reprogramming in Cancer

There has been an explosion of articles on epithelial-mesenchymal transition and other modes of cellular reprogramming that influence the tumor microenvironment. Many controversies exist and remain to be resolved. The interest of the pathologists in the molecular and functional parallels between wound healing and the developing tumor stroma has its earliest origin in the writings of Rudolph Virchow in the 19th century. Since then, most of the focus has been primarily on the dynamics of the extracellular matrix; however, new interest has been redirected toward deciphering and understanding the enigmatic, yet elegant, plasticity of the cellular components of the proliferating epithelia and stroma and how they are reciprocally influenced. Citing several examples from breast cancer research, we will trace how these perspectives have unfolded in the pages of The American Journal of Pathology and other investigative journals during the past century, their impact, and where the field is headed.
Evidence that up-regulation of the parotid Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter by hypertonic shrinkage is not duplicated by isotonic shrinkage

The application of Ca2+ mobilizing secretagogues to rat parotid acini results in a significant decrease in cell volume (15-30%) due to isotonic salt loss. It is often assumed that the effects of such an isotonic volume decrease can be mimicked by anisotonic cell shrinkage. We demonstrate that the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter in these cells is up-regulated by Ca2+ mobilizing secretagogues as well as by cell shrinkage in hypertonic media. However, we find that although the protein kinase inhibitors staurosporine (0.3 μM) and K252a (0.6 μM) significantly blunt the latter up-regulation, they are without effect on the former. These observations suggest that hypertonic and isotonic shrinkage do not result in the activation of the same intracellular signalling pathways, and indicate that anisotonic volume perturbations may not provide good experimental models of physiologic isotonic volume changes.
Acute effects of aerobic exercise on negative affect and obsessions and compulsions in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Abstract Background The acute effects of aerobic exercise on improved mood and anxiety reduction have been demonstrated across clinical and nonclinical populations. Limited work has evaluated the acute effects of aerobic exercise on negative affect, obsessions, and compulsions in patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Method Fifty-five patients (64% female) with treatment-resistant OCD were randomized to either 12 weeks of aerobic exercise (AE) or health education contact (HEC) control. Participants rated negative affect (i.e., mood and anxiety), obsessions and compulsions before and after each weekly AE or HEC session. Multilevel models were constructed to evaluate the effect of intervention condition, treatment week (time), and their interaction in terms of acute change in affect, obsession, and compulsions. Results Results reflected a main effect of condition, such that AE resulted in significantly larger increases in positive mood, and reductions in anxiety and compulsions, as compared to HEC. There was also a main effect of time in predicting acute anxiety reduction, such that linear reductions in anxiety over the course of treatment were observed. No significant effects were observed for acute changes in obsessions. Limitations The sample was small and was limited in demographic heterogeneity. Bouts of aerobic exercise were not standardized in terms of duration and mode, which could impact affective response to exercise, and acute affective OCD effects were exclusively self-reported. Discussion The current findings may help elucidate potential mechanisms of action of exercise on OCD outcomes. In addition, these results point toward the potential of designing exercise interventions that can teach patients to utilize individual bouts of physical activity, “in-the-moment” to improve mood and reduce anxiety and compulsions.
Is one secure attachment enough? Infant cortisol reactivity and the security of infant-mother and infant-father attachments at the end of the first year

Attachment security is theorized to shape stress reactivity, but extant work has failed to find consistent links between attachment security to mothers and infant cortisol reactivity. We examined f...
Aortic valve endocarditis from Enterococcus hirae infection

Staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci are frequently associated with endocarditis, but numerous complex and diverse species exist among the three groups and identification of specific pathogens can aid in treatment. One particular organism, Enterococcus hirae, is rarely described in the literature as a human pathogen and is more commonly identified among certain bird groups. We present the first documented case of human Enterococcus hirae infective endocarditis in the USA, representing only the fourth case worldwide.
Seedling Emergence Patterns of Six Restoration Species in Soils From Two Big Sagebrush Plant Communities

Despite the critical need to improve degraded herbaceous understory conditions in many semiarid ecosystems, the influence of soil properties on seedling emergence of species seeded in shrubland plant communities is largely unexplored. We evaluated emergence patterns of 6 restoration species in soils from wyomingensis (i.e., Wyoming big sagebrush, Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis [Beetle & A. Young] S.L. Welsh) and vaseyana (i.e., mountain big sagebrush, A. t. ssp. vaseyana [Rydb.] Beetle) plant communities that differed in soil texture, soil organic matter content, and soil water-holding capacity. We conducted 2 separate experiments that regularly wetted soils to standardized soil water potentials (i.e., field capacity; −0.03 MPa) and allowed differences in evaporation to create distinct wet-dry watering pattern cycles over a 26–29 d period. Our objectives were to compare soil attributes of wyomingensis and vaseyana soils, evaluate whether emergence patterns of restoration species vary within these soils, and determine how these patterns are altered by soil water-content levels. We found differences in soil texture and organic matter between soils and thus soil water-holding capacity: finer-textured vaseyana soils held roughly twofold more water than coarse-textured wyomingensis soils. Seeds in vaseyana soils were exposed to fewer wet-dry cycles compared to wyomingensis soils because of the greater capacity of vaseyana soils to retain water. Restoration species also collectively exhibited greater emergence in vaseyana soils than in wyomingensis soils, yet emergence patterns were vastly different among species, and differences between soils became more pronounced under low soil water for only 2 species. We conclude that the manner in which soils and water uniquely influenced emergence patterns provides new insights into species suitability for restoration sites and how inherent soil differences may constrain seeding success.
Gastroparesis managed with peroral endoscopic pyloromyotomy

Gastroparesis is delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction. Cases are attributed to narcotic use, smoking, diabetes, and postsurgical complications; however, several incidences are unknown. Treatment options include diet modification, gut-stimulating medications (e.g., metoclopramide, domperidone), laparoscopic pyloroplasty, and, in the most severe cases, partial gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction. Recently, a novel therapy has been developed, peroral endoscopic pyloromyotomy (POP). This procedure is similar to a laparoscopic pyloroplasty; however, it is performed completely endoscopically, thus negating the need for incisions. Here we present a case of gastroparesis treated with this novel technique.
Pyoderma gangrenosum of the eyelid associated with inflammatory bowel disease.

Abstract Purpose Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) of the eyelid can be difficult to diagnosis and may mimic other, more common pathologies, thereby delaying proper treatment and management. PG may be associated with systemic disorders that have significant comorbidities. Observations The authors present two cases of pyoderma gangrenosum of the eyelid associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Conclusions and importance This case series highlights the importance of early recognition of eyelid pyoderma gangrenosum to avoid local and systemic comorbidities with timely and appropriate management.
Volunteering, Self-Perceptions of Aging, and Mental Health in Later Life.

Background and objectives Scholars argue that volunteering enhances social, physical, and cognitive activities that are increasingly valued as people age, which in turn improves older adults' well-being via a host of psychosocial and neurobiological mechanisms. This study explicitly tested older adults' self-perceptions of aging as a mechanism underlying the mental health benefits of volunteering. Research design and methods Using 2-wave data from the Health and Retirement Study (2008/2010 for Wave 1 and 2012/2014 for Wave 2), we analyzed reports from a pooled sample of older adults aged 65+ (N = 9,017). Participants reported on demographic characteristics, volunteer work (did not volunteer, 1-99 hours per year, 100+ hours per year), self-perceptions of aging, and depressive symptoms. We estimated an autoregressive cross-lagged panel model. Results Volunteering for 100 hours or more per year was associated with older adults' more positive and less negative self-perceptions of aging in the subsequent wave (i.e., 4 years later), which in turn predicted fewer depressive symptoms. Discussion and implications This study suggests the promising role of volunteering in shaping older adults' self-perceptions of aging on a sustained basis and refines our understanding of the benefits volunteering brings. Findings shed light on future interventions aimed at improving older adults' adjustment to age-related changes and lessening ageism in society.
Exploiting codon usage identifies RpS21 as an in vivo signal strength-dependent Ras/MAPK regulator

ABSTRACT Signal transduction pathways are intricately fine-tuned to accomplish diverse biological processes. An example is the conserved Ras/mitogen-activated-protein-kinase (MAPK) pathway, which exhibits context-dependent signaling output dynamics and regulation. Here, by altering codon usage as a novel platform to control signaling output, we screened the Drosophila genome for modifiers specific to either weak or strong Ras-driven eye phenotypes. We mapped the underlying gene from one modifier to the ribosomal gene RpS21. RpS21 preferentially influences weak Ras/MAPK signaling outputs, and negatively regulates Ras/MAPK in multiple cell/tissue and signaling settings. In turn, MAPK signaling may regulate its own negative feedback by promoting RpS21 expression. These data show that codon usage manipulation can identify output-specific signaling regulators, and identify RpS21 as an in vivo Ras/MAPK phenotypic regulator.
Protective effects of neighborhood community factors on elder abuse in India

Elder abuse impacts one in six older persons globally. Most studies of elder abuse have focused on risk factors rather than protective factors, individual-level factors rather than structural facto...
Firm performance and executive compensation in the savings and loan industry

Abstract This paper offers a new way to estimate the relation between pay and performance. In particular, unlike previous analyses, we account for the heterogeneity that theory tells us should exist across the compensation packages of different firms. Accounting for heterogeneity allows for more efficient estimates of the pay-for-performance relation and provides a means of testing the secondary hypotheses of agency theory. Among our findings are strong evidence of inter-firm heterogeneity in compensation, even within the same industry, the existence of trade-offs in using different performance measures, and insights about the factors that influence compensation packages.
X-Ray Observations of Cluster Mergers: Cluster Morphologies and Their Implications

X-ray observations have played a key role in the study of substructure and merging in galaxy clusters. I review the evidence for cluster substructure and mergers obtained from X-ray observations with satellites that operated before Chandra and XMM. Different techniques to study cluster mergers via X-ray imaging and spectral data are discussed with an emphasis on the quantitative analysis of cluster morphologies. I discuss the implications of measurements of cluster morphologies for cosmology and the origin of radio halos.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Support For Near Fatal Asthma

Background: Approximately 6 million children in the United States have asthma; more than half of those children will have an asthma attack at least once a year. In 2017, 185 children died secondary to their asthma (7). Near fatal asthma is a life-threatening condition of acute respiratory failure and the most severe clinical presentation of status asthmaticus. In addition to first line therapies, it often requires mechanical ventilation, inhaled volatile anesthetics, and paralysis …
High-Frequency Arbitrage and Market Illiquidity

During times of market stress, arbitrage capital cannot be timely deployed, and assets trade away from fundamentals. This gives rise to transitory price volatility, a latent factor that signals difficulties in the market-making process. I propose a market-wide illiquidity measure based on SPY's transitory volatility (SPY is an ETF that tracks the S&P500). While related to existing illiquidity proxies, the proposed measure provides additional information. It also captures commonality in stock-level illiquidity, and it is priced in the stock market. An investment strategy based on it earns, on average, an 8.76% annual premium, which cannot be explained by classical risk factors, including existing illiquidity measures. Finally, I extend the methodology to the Treasury market, where I propose a funding illiquidity proxy, and I examine the cross-market liquidity dynamics.
Visual Outcomes in Pediatric Patients with Peters Anomaly.

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the visual outcomes of pediatric patients diagnosed with Peters anomaly (PA) in a tertiary eye care center. Methods This was a retrospective study undertaken at a single academic center. Clinical records of pediatric patients diagnosed with PA from 2000 to 2017 were reviewed. Parameters recorded included visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP), presence of glaucoma, and surgical procedures performed. The impact of PA type on final visual acuity levels was analyzed using generalized estimation equation models. Results Twenty-one eyes from 11 patients were analyzed. At the final visit, 9 eyes (42.8%) had a VA ≥20/200, while 12 (57%) had Conclusion Severe visual impairment develops in the majority of patients with PA. The type of anomaly does not appear to be associated with a worse visual function in patients with PA. Glaucoma develops in a high percentage of this patient population, and thus close monitoring of IOP in this patient population is crucial.
O Regresso ao Passado de Hayden White como Fonte de Prática Humana

This article investigates Hayden White’s use of the concept of the practical past, borrowed from Michael Oakeshott, as a means to argue for individual choices --ethical, moral and existential - in contemporary life, and hence as a way to escape the burden of history, a problem that had motivated White’s examination of historiographical practice from the beginning of his career as a historian. Thus for White, the practical past, in allowing the individual to choose one’s past in order to choose one’s present, also had the ultimately Utopian goal of shaping not only the present but the future as well.
Structured Strategic Contingency Planning

As was suggested in the previous chapter, when an organization is resident in a context characterized by moderate state-stochasticity, it might attempt to answer for strategic readiness requirements by electing to operate under a bipartite, model-based contingency planning platform: [E] ↔ [R]. Again, both [E] and [R] can be expected to house referents that are comprensible as models … as scenarios and scripts, respectively. Given the preadaptive orientation of traditional contingency planning, the contingency event set [E] would be expected to contain the set of environmental and/or competitive state-level events to which an organization may be subject at some future period(s). The response-side set [R] will thus ideally contain a predefined and fully-invested strategic plan available for execution should any member of the contingency event set actually occur. In terms of its broad practical implications then, a contingency planning structure of this sort may be seen as a basis for bringing some degree of formal discipline to strategic analysis operations conducted over what is referred to as the SWOT quartet … the assessment of Strengths, Weaknesses, Oppportunities and Threats.
Synthesizing Human Motion from Intuitive Constraints

Many compelling applications would become feasible if novice users had the ability to synthesize high quality human motion based only on a simple sketch and a few easily specified constraints. Motion graphs and their variations have proven to be a powerful tool for synthesizing human motion when only a rough sketch is given. Motion graphs are simple to implement, and the synthesis can be fully automatic. When unrolled into the environment, motion graphs, however, grow drastically in size. The major challenge is then searching these large graphs for motions that satisfy user constraints. A number of sub-optimal algorithms that do not provide guarantees on the optimality of the solution have been proposed. In this paper, we argue that in many situations to get natural results an optimal or nearly-optimal search is required. We show how to use the well-known A* search to find solutions that are optimal or of bounded sub-optimality. We achieve this goal for large motion graphs by performing a lossless compression of the motion graph and implementing a heuristic function that significantly accelerates the search for the domain of human motion. We demonstrate the power of this approach by synthesizing optimal or near optimal motions that include a variety of behaviors in a single motion. These experiments show that motions become more natural as the optimality improves.
Growth Rates of a Pseudomonad on 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and 2,4-Dichlorophenol

The growth of a pseudomonad on 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 2,4-DCP (2,4-dichlorophenol) was studied in batch and continuous culture. The optimum growth rate using 2,4-D was 0.14/h at 25 C in a pH range from 6.2 to 6.9. Highest specific growth rate using 2,4-DCP was 0.12/h at 25 C in a pH range from 7.1 to 7.8. Growth was strongly inhibited by 2,4-DCP above a concentration of 25 mg/liter whereas no appreciable inhibition was observed with 2,4-D at concentrations up to 2,000 mg per liter. Growth on 2,4-DCP was described by Monod kinetics at subinhibitory concentrations but the inhibition by 2,4-DCP exhibited an unusual linear response to substrate concentration, and did not fit a model based on noncompetitive inhibition. The lag phase of batch cultures was found to depend on both 2,4-DCP concentration and prior adaptation of the inoculum. A study such as this on the kinetics of growth on related substrates may be useful as a method of finding the rate-limiting step in a metabolic sequence.
Epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a burns hospital: evaluation of serological, bacteriophage, and pyocin typing methods.

In a retrospective study 36 cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolated from patients with fatal Pseudomonas burn wound sepsis and from burned patients with nonfatal P. aeruginosa infections, were used to evaluate the consistency and reliability of serological, phage, and pyocin typing as epidemiological tools. Frequency distributions of positive reactions were analyzed by a computer in a 3-way chi-square test, and a high degree of consistency was demonstrated for each method. From these data, 75% of the cultures were differentiated by serological, 90% by phage, and 100% by pyocin typing. There was no significant difference among organisms isolated from fatal cases of burn wound sepsis and organisms from patients with nonfatal infections (χ2 = 0.3418; P = 0.9870). The combined typing system was a sensitive and reliable epidemiological tool for intraspecific differentiation of P. aeruginosa.
Taxing Privilege More Effectively: Replacing the Estate Tax with an Inheritance Tax

The repeal of the estate tax for one year only in 2010 creates vast uncertainty but also provides an opportunity to reconsider the taxation of million would include in income and pay a 15 percentage point surtax on gifts and bequests. This paper proposes replacing the estate tax with an inheritance tax. Heirs receiving lifetime inheritances greater than $2.3 would include in income and pay a 15 percentage point surtax on the excess. The proposal would also replace stepped-up basis with carryover basis for bequests. As under the estate tax, the fraction of heirs affected would be miniscule, falling from three to two in 1,000. The proposal has a number of advantages relative to the estate tax. It would reward donors who give more broadly. It would enhance efficiency and reduce compliance costs by curbing tax planning and the rules needed to contain it. Cross-national experience also suggests it would be administrable. Most importantly, the proposal would lower taxes on heirs receiving smaller inheritances and those with moderate incomes, making the tax system better attuned to unearned advantage and ability to pay. At an individual level, the distribution of tax burdens would change considerably: only 5 percent of the estate tax rate for an heir is accounted for by her inheritance tax rate, and vice versa, and each tax would raise 14 percent of revenue from heirs facing no tax burden under the other. The proposal is revenue-neutral relative to 2009 law. A lower exemption would raise more revenue and bring the tax rate on inherited income closer to the income tax rate on non-inherited income, which is about three times higher.
Conceptual and technical issues in extending computational cognitive modeling to aviation

A recent trend in cognitive modeling is to couple cognitive architectures with computer models or simulations of dynamic environments, such as flight simulators, to study interactive behavior and embedded cognition. Progress in this area is made difficult by the fact that cognitive architectures traditionally have been motivated by data from discrete experimental trials using static, non-interactive tasks. As a result, additional theoretical problems must be addressed to bring cognitive architectures to bear on the study of cognition in dynamic and interactive environments. I identify and discuss three such problems dealing with the need to model the sensitivity of behavior to environmental constraints, the need to model context-specific adaptations underlying expertise, and the need for environmental modeling at a functional level. These issues do not arise merely out of the needs of "applied" science, but instead signal gaps in the fundamental scientific understanding of cognition and behavior in dynamic, interactive contexts.
Analyzing Human Gait Using Patterns of Translation and Rotation

We analyze gait with the goal of identifying personal characteristics of individuals, such as gender. We use a novel representation to estimate the amount of translation and rotation in small patches throughout the image. Limb motion in a plane can be described using patterns of translation and rotation. We evaluate the usefulness of both rotation and translation to determine gender. Further, we wish to determine whether discrete portions of the gait cycle are best applied for gender recognition. We use independent components analysis to build a dictionary at each phase of the gait cycle. We train a support vector machine to classify male from female using coefficients of independent components. Our experimental results suggest that determinants of gait play an important role in identifying gender. Further rotation and translation contains different information that is useful at different parts of the gait cycle.
Measuring the quality of university computer labs using SERVQUAL: A longitudinal study

The appropriateness of using SERVQUAL for measuring service quality for a wide range of services has been debated since the model was first presented by Parasuraman. Zeithaml. and Berry in 1985. Wh...
Death and Dying

Because of technological advances that have enabled medicine to preserve and support life and the advances that have enabled physicians to measure previously unobservable biological activities, a host of social issues involving death and dying have developed. In light of these developments society has to refine its understanding of death and develop acceptable standards for decision-making surrounding death and dying. Keywords: brain death; death; doctrine of double effect; dying; euthanasia
MFTA: Product of Two Distinct Primes

The results of chapter 9 will now be extended to the case of transform size N, N a product of two distinct primes. As mentioned in the general introduction to multiplicative FT algorithms, several approaches exist for combining small size FT algorithms into medium or large size FT algorithms by the Good-Thomas FT algorithms. Our approach emphasizes and is motivated by the results of chapter 9. By employing tensor product rules to a generalization of Rader’s multiplicative FT algorithms, we derive the fundamental factorization $$F\pi =CA$$ (1) where C is a block-diagonal matrix having skew-circulant blocks (rotated Winograd cores) and tensor products of these skew-circulant blocks and A is a matrix of pre-additions, all of whose entries are 0, 1 or −1. Variants will then be derived.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in adults: An overview

Purpose To present an overview of clinical issues related to adults with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), their presenting symptoms, diagnosis, physical examination findings, treatment, and follow-up care. Data sources A comprehensive search of Medline (PubMed) and CINAHL was conducted using the key terms HCM, treatment, diagnosis, sudden cardiac death (SCD), and complications. This search yielded 21 articles used for this article. There were three reference books used for background, diagnosis, and treatment information as well. Conclusions Although HCM is the most prevalent genetic disorder affecting the heart, it often goes undiagnosed until midlife after patients show symptoms of myocardial remodeling. Adults with cardiomyopathy suffer SCD or adverse events such as stroke and heart failure from HCM. Early diagnosis will prevent SCD, improve quality of life, and slow patient's progression to heart failure. Implications for practice Early recognition of HCM in adults by their primary care providers will improve patients’ quality of life and reduce incidence of SCD, heart failure, and stroke.
REAL-TIME DELAY ESTIMATION BASED ON DELAY HISTORY IN MANY-SERVER SERVICE SYSTEMS WITH TIME-VARYING ARRIVALS

We develop new improved real-time delay estimators, based on recent customer delay history, in many-server service systems with time-varying arrivals, both with and without customer abandonment. These delay estimators may be used to make delay announcements. We model the arrival process by a nonhomogeneous Poisson process, which has a deterministic time-varying arrival-rate function. Our estimators eectively cope with time-varying arrivals
Proper and Improper Use of Other Act Evidence

This article examines a case, United States v. Richards, 719 F.3d 746 (7th Cir. 2013), to illustrate how a prosecutor succeeded in having other act evidence admitted, obtained a conviction, and lost it on appeal. The appellate court ruled that the prosecutor erred in making a propensity argument in violation of Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b).
Pathogen prevalence and abundance in honey bee colonies involved in almond pollination

Honey bees are important pollinators of agricultural crops. Since 2006, US beekeepers have experienced high annual honey bee colony losses, which may be attributed to multiple abiotic and biotic factors, including pathogens. However, the relative importance of these factors has not been fully elucidated. To identify the most prevalent pathogens and investigate the relationship between colony strength and health, we assessed pathogen occurrence, prevalence, and abundance in Western US honey bee colonies involved in almond pollination. The most prevalent pathogens were Black queen cell virus (BQCV), Lake Sinai virus 2 (LSV2), Sacbrood virus (SBV), Nosema ceranae, and trypanosomatids. Our results indicated that pathogen prevalence and abundance were associated with both sampling date and beekeeping operation, that prevalence was highest in honey bee samples obtained immediately after almond pollination, and that weak colonies had a greater mean pathogen prevalence than strong colonies.
Microscopic fluorescence imaging of bulk defect clusters in KH(2)PO(4) crystals.

A microscopic fluorescence imaging system is used to detect optically active centers located inside a transparent dielectric crystal. Defect centers in the bulk of KH2PO4 crystals are imaged based on their near-infrared emission following photoexcitation. The spatial resolution of the system is 1 ?m in the image plane and 25 ?m in depth. The experimental results indicate the presence of a large number of optically active defect clusters in different KH2PO4 crystals, whereas the concentration of these clusters depends on the crystal sector and growth method.
Assessment of depression during the neuropsychological evaluation

Assessment of depression in older adults during neuropsychological evaluation depends on three major activities—namely, the information and impressions gathered during the clinical interview, the use of questionnaires for assessing the presence and severity of depressive symptoms, and the findings from neuropsychological testing. The clinical interview is most critical when evaluating depression during a neuropsychological evaluation. Some psychologists prefer to use a structured interview or a rating scale, such as the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, to quantify their impressions. First, the presence of depressive symptoms is carefully examined and then their relationship to other variables such as life cycle changes and medical conditions is carefully examined. A second source of data useful in evaluating depression is the patient's response to a self-report questionnaire assessing symptoms of depression. For older adults, commonly used instruments include the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). An alternative questionnaire is the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, an interview form that queries informants familiar with the patients on the presence of depressive symptoms. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory was specifically designed to evaluate patients with Alzheimer's disease and to distinguish symptoms of depression from nondepressive neuropsychiatric symptoms common in these patients, such as apathy. The third source of data for evaluating depression is neuropsychological test performance. The performance of mildly depressed patients is often characterized by inconsistency within and across neuropsychological domains, reflecting difficulty in sustaining concentration or mental effort. Performance may be somewhat stronger in more structured or mildly challenging conditions.
Chemoprevention of Breast Cancer, Proteomic Discovery of Genistein Action in the Rat Mammary Gland

Genistein, the primary isoflavone component of soy, consumed in the diet during the prepubertal period only, and the combined prepubertal and adult periods, suppresses chemically induced mammary cancer in rats. Gestational or adult-only exposures do not provide protection. An inverse relation exists between cancer susceptibility and mammary gland differentiation. The current study used proteomic technology to investigate genistein mechanisms of action as related to programming against chemically induced mammary cancer. Rats were injected subcutaneously with 500 μg genistein/g body weight on d 16, 18, and 20 postpartum. At d 21, mammary glands were subjected to 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After gel scanning, image analysis, and MS, 6 proteins were determined to be differentially regulated and identified. One protein, GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 (GTP-CH1), was confirmed as being significantly upregulated at d 21 by immunoblot analysis. Investigation of downstream signaling from GTP-CH1 showed that tyrosine hydroxylase was upregulated and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) was downregulated in the mammary glands of 50-d-old rats treated with genistein in the prepubertal period. This and previous work suggest that early prepubertal exposure to genistein enhances cell proliferation by upregulating GTP-CH1 and the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-signaling pathway, and hence cell differentiation and gland maturation. This unique developmental maturation leads to a new biochemical blueprint, whereby the cells have reduced EGF signaling and VEGFR2, which renders the mature mammary gland less proliferative and less susceptible to cancer. This study demonstrated the usefulness of proteomics for the discovery of novel pathways that may be involved in cancer prevention.
A dynamic cluster maintenance system for information retrieval

Partitioning by clustering of very large databases is a necessity to reduce the space/time complexity of retrieval operations. However, the contemporary and modern retrieval environments demand dynamic maintenance of clusters. A new cluster maintenance strategy is proposed and its similarity/stability characteristics, cost analysis, and retrieval behavior in comparison with unclustered and completely reclustered database environments have been examined by means of a series of experiments.
A Mathematical Procedure for Estimating the Spatial Relationships between Lung Function, Somatic Growth, and Maturation

ABSTRACT: A mathematical procedure is described for examining growth velocity rates of lung function (FEVi) in relationship to somatic growth and maturation. This procedure uses a polynomial smoothing spline model to yield a fitted curve through the data and to estimate the process first derivatives (i.e. growth velocity curves). We demonstrate this technique using data from children and adolescents enrolled in the Tucson Epidemiological Study of Airway Obstructive Diseases. The study group consisted of 772 healthy normal subjects, aged 3 to 25 y. The results for the normal subjects (male and female) indicate that the growth velocity peak (GVP) of somatic growth leads the GVP of functional growth (FEVi) by approximately 7 and 11 mo for females and male subjects, respectively, and that the GVP of maturation lags behind that of functional growth (FEVi) by approximately 1 y (male and female subjects). In addition, the normal subjects' growth velocity curves for FVC and FEVi/FVC were examined. The FEVi/ FVC ratio was consistently high, and its growth velocity was not significantly different than 0 over the age range studied. This suggests that in normal children, the GVP seen in FEVi is primarily due to a GVP in vital capacity or lung vol, rather than to a direct effect on expiratory flow rates alone. From this study we concluded that the polynomial smoothing spline procedure can adequately model the inherently noisy pulmonary function data and additionally yield an accurate estimate of the process first derivative.
Growth of human fetal retinal pigment epithelium as microspheres.

Background: The aim was to develop a three-dimensional cell culture system for human fetal retinal pigment epithelial (HFRPE) cells for in vitro cellular studies and for possible application in subretinal transplantation. · Methods: Pieces of freshly isolated HFRPE monolayer tissue were grown on crosslinked fibrinogen (CLF) films. The growth pattern and morphologic characteristics of the implanted tissue were studied using phase-contrast microscopy, photography, and light and electron microscopy. The cells were screened immunohistochemically for HLA-ABC, HLA-DR, ICAM-1, B7, and Cytokeratin. Cell proliferation was studied using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine incorporation. · Results: After attachment to CLF, HFRPE monolayer tissue formed small tumor-like formations, i.e. microspheres. HFRPE microspheres survived and proliferated in a floating state for at least 4 months. After attachment of the microspheres to the culture dish floor, formation of a confluent HFRPE cell monolayer with high proliferative activity was noted around the microspheres. HFRPE cells stained positive for HLA-ABC, ICAM-1, and cytokeratin and negative for B7 and HLA-DR. The microspheres could be easily detached from the dish and they were able to initiate similar growth after reattachment. · Conclusion: HFRPE grown on CLF resemble a three-dimensional culture system with high yield of pure cells that can be useful for a wide variety of in vitro studies. Because of their adjustable size, spherical shape, and ability to initiate growth of cells with a high proliferative potential, HFRPE microspheres may be successfully utilized as a source of donor cells for subretinal transplantation.
Lunar Sample 14425: Characterization and Resemblance to High-Magnesium Microtektites

Measurements by energy-dispersive x-ray analysis of the surface of lunar sample 14425, a large glass bead, yield a noritic composition enriched in aluminum and magnesium and, as compared with other norites, depleted in iron and especially calcium. The sample is close in composition to the most basic microtektites. Spherical inclusions of nickel-iron, flattened where they protrude, are found to be enriched in sulfur and phosphorus, at least at the surface. The inclusions form approximately 1 percent of the volume.
Sex education in rural schools in the United States: impact of rural educators' community identities

Purpose: The overall purpose of this exploratory research was to better understand rural educators' feelings about school‐based sex education in order to foster better communication and collaboration between prevention researchers and rural teachers and administrators. In order to accomplish this purpose, the research question asked ‘How does perceived community identity influence rural educators' decisions regarding school‐based sex education?’ Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 24 high school educators in four rural counties in the southern part of the United States about how alike and different urban and rural teachers and administrators are in their decisions about sex education in their schools. The interview data were categorized according to their perceptions of similarities and differences between rural and urban teachers and administrators. Results: Rural educators believed that rural and urban educators were alike because of a common concern for students and the common issue of ...
Synthesis of (R,S)-Dioclein, a Bioactive Flavanone from the Root Bark of Diocleia grandiflora

Synthesis of (R,S)-dioclein, a bioactive flavanone isolated from the root bark of Dioclea grandiflora Mart. ex Benth., is described.
Acquisition and long-term patterning of joystick selection of food-pellet vs social-video reward by Bonnet Macaques

Five individually housed, adult male bonnet macaques ( Macaca radiata ) that were highly experienced in single-target joystick tasks were trained to discriminate targets associated with food-pellet and live-social-video rewards; the social video afforded viewing of a social group of bonnet macaques. Most subjects more rapidly acquired the discrimination for their preferred reward. Following discrimination training, the remaining three subjects were given 34 weeks with a simultaneous choice between food-pellet and social-video; the subjects selected a reward by simply using a joystick to direct a cursor to contact the target associated with that reward. Despite some change over time, both types of reward remained effective for the extended period. Different daily patterns of responding for the two rewards were identified.