cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proton magnetic resonance study on the structures of phenol–formaldehyde resins

Because of their commercial importance, the reaction sequences and structures of resins produced when phenol reacts with formaldehyde have been studied by numerous different chemical and physical methods. Many details concerning these reactions and complex chemical structures are still not entirely understood. Most of the experimental methods used have yielded only qualitative information. Many of these methods have been applicable only to the lower molecular weight portions of soluble prepolymers. The present work describes proton magnetic resonance (PMR) methods which yield detailed and quantitative number-average structures for any soluble phenol-formaldehyde resin. It is shown that benzyl-type hemiformals make substantial contributions to the structures of many resoles and that these functionalities exhibit relatively high stability under certain conditions of initial cure. The structures of several resins are discussed in terms of certain aspects of reactions which occurred during the resin syntheses. These reactions include hydroxymethylations and condensations yielding diphenylmethane-type and dibenzyl ether-type bridges. To define the mechanisms and rates of the various reactions at different temperatures and under different catalytic conditions, a much more detailed study is required. Potentially, the PMR methods described can provide most of the necessary quantitative data.
Continuous Robust Control Guaranteeing Functional Performance Index for Nonlinear Uncertain Systems

Robust control of uncertain dynamical systems is considered. A new class of continuous robust controllers is introduced not only to guarantee asymptotic or exponential stability but also to achieve certain performance measure with respect to the standard linear quadratic performance index or other classes of functional performance indices. The new analytical result on stabilisation and performance analysis of controlling nonlinear uncertain systems allows one to proceed robust control synthesis based on performance requirement on the system state and control energy, in a similar fashion as linear optimal control design with quadratic performance indices. The class of uncertain systems under consideration contains any uncertain system whose nominal system is uniformly asymptotically stable (or stabilisable). The uncertainties are assumed either to satisfy the matching conditions or the generalised matching conditions or to be of equivalently matched uncertainties. The required information about uncertain dynamics is merely that the uncertainties are bounded in Euclidean norm by a known function of the system state.
Putting the system in color management systems

Much has been said and written in the past few years regarding color management in general, as well as specific color management systems offered from a variety of vendors. However, considerably less attention has been paid to how these individual color management systems interact and work together in a system that includes applications, drivers, and printers with their own color management capabilities. This paper describes such a system architecture. In addition, support for color rendering intents in PostScript is discussed.
Stratigraphy, structure, and potassic alteration of Miocene volcanic rocks in the Sleeping Beauty area, central Mojave Desert, California

The Sleeping Beauty area of the southeastern Cady Mountains, central Mojave Desert, contains a sequence of volcanic rocks >3 km thick which was erupted approximately 20 m.y. ago. Plate reconstructions indicate that the change from subduction to transform-fault tectonics off the coast of California occurred about 20 m.y. ago as well, and so these rocks contain a record of volcanism, extensional faulting, and potassic metasomatism during this time of tectonic transition. The volcanic sequence comprises basalt to rhyolite flows and tuffs which are overlain by the widespread Peach Springs Tuff and by terrestrial sediments. Bedding below the Peach Springs Tuff generally dips 10°-50° to the southwest and is cut by numerous steep northwest- to north-trending faults. Tilting predated deposition of the Peach Springs Tuff. Bedding-fault relationships indicate that deformation was not by "tilted-book" geometry in its simplest form. No significant low-angle faults are exposed, but such faults occur to the west and may underlie the area. A major open, southeast-trending anticline in the area may be a drag fold related to the post- late Miocene, right-lateral, north-trending Ludlow fault. All units below the Peach Springs Tuff were locally affected by severe potassic metasomatism, which raised measured K2O contents to as high as 13.3 wt%. Metasomatized rocks occur in irregular zones that follow northwest-trending faults and are best developed around northwest-trending breccia zones which have jasper matrices. Ba and Mn prospects are invariably found in metasomatized rocks. Geologic and geochemical constraints indicate that metsomatism occurred at shallow depth (<1 or 2 km) and low temperature (<150 °C). Metasomatism occurred in at least two distinct pulses and apparently predated deposition of the Peach Springs Tuff. The K may have been derived from percolating closed-basin brines or through hydrogen metasomatism of rocks deeper in the complex.
Specifically Increased Graft-versus-Host Reactivity of Thymus Cells from Immunized Mice

IT has recently been shown that thymus cells from immunized mice are capable of transferring immune reactivity. Sub-lethally irradiated recipient mice exhibit recall tetanus antitoxin production after they have been injected with thymus cells from mice immunized with tetanus toxoid1. Similarly, thymus cells from mice immunized with bovine serum albumin are capable of transferring antibody formation capacity when injected into non-irradiated recipients2. The work recorded here was undertaken to determine whether thymus cells from mice immunized to F1 hybrid histocompatibility antigens would exhibit specifically increased graft-versus-host immunological reactivity after injection into F1 hybrid mice of the immunizing strain. We will show that immunization does specifically increase the graft-versus -host reactivity of thymus cells, and that the relative increase in reactivity is similar to that observed with injection of spleen cell populations from similarly immunized animals.
RootScan : Software for high-throughput analysis of root anatomical traits

RootScan is a program for semi-automated image analysis of anatomical traits in root cross-sections. RootScan uses pixel thresholds to separate the cross-section from its background and to divide it into tissue regions. Area measurements and object counts are performed within various regions of interest. A graphical user interface permits the user to see which regions are selected, to edit those selections, and to rate and comment on the data. The structure of the program allows for organized workflow and increased data collection efficiency. The program collects data on more than 20 variables per image including areas of the cross-section, stele, cortex, aerenchyma lacunae, xylem vessels, and counts of cortical cells and cell files. An increased rate of data collection allows collection of four times more variables in less time than is possible with current methods. Correlation analysis shows that RootScan data is equal or greater in accuracy than data collected with Photoshop. Compared with currently available tools, this software offers considerable improvements in the amount and quality of data, ease of use, and time needed for data collection. RootScan permits phenotypic scoring of physiologically and agronomically important traits on a large number of genotypes.
PET Scans in the Staging of Lymphoma: Current Status

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a novel functional imaging technique that provides several inherent advantages over conventional nuclear scintigraphy. Several studies have suggested a role for PET using the positron emitter fluorine-18 in the diagnosis and followup of patients with lymphoma. This review summarizes the existing data evaluating the role of 2-fluoro-2-deoxyD-glucose (FDG)-PET in both the staging and follow-up of patients with lymphoma. Most studies of PET involve patients with either Hodgkin’s disease or diffuse large Bcell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. PET detects more disease sites above and below the diaphragm on staging of lymphoma than gallium scintigraphy and may have particular utility in the evaluation of the spleen. Moreover, persistently positive PET scans during and after chemotherapy appear to have a high sensitivity for predicting subsequent relapse. A negative PET scan at the end of therapy provides very favorable prognostic information. Persistently positive PET scans at the end of therapy warrant close follow-up or additional diagnostic procedures, since some of those patients may remain in prolonged remission. Clearly, additional studies, including prospective blinded trials and cost-effectiveness analyses, are warranted to determine which subsets of patients with lymphoma ultimately will benefit from this modality. The Oncologist 2003;8:438-447
Fetal spinal cord transplants and exogenous neurotrophic support enhance c-Jun expression in mature axotomized neurons after spinal cord injury.

The responses of the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous system to axotomy differ in a number of ways; these differences can be observed in both the cell body responses to injury and in the extent of regeneration that occurs in each system. The cell body responses to injury in the PNS involves the upregulation of genes that are not upregulated following comparable injuries to CNS neurons. The expression of particular genes following injury may be essential for regeneration to occur. In the present study, we have evaluated the hypothesis that expression of the inducible transcription factor c-Jun is associated with regrowth of axotomized CNS neurons. In these experiments, we compared c-Jun expression in axotomized brainstem neurons after thoracic spinal cord hemisection alone (a condition in which no regrowth occurs) and in groups of animals where hemisections were combined with treatments such as transplants of fetal spinal cord tissue and/or application of neurotrophic factors to the lesion site. The latter conditions enhance the capacity of the CNS for regrowth. We have demonstrated that hemisections alone do not upregulate expression of c-Jun, indicating that this particular cell body response is not a direct result of axotomy. However, c-Jun expression is upregulated in animals that received application of transplants and neurotrophins. Because these interventions also promote sprouting and regrowth of CNS axons after spinal cord lesions, we suggest that transplants and exogenous neurotrophic factor application activate a cell body response consistent with a role for c-Jun in axonal growth.
Updated estimate of double diffusive fluxes in the C-SALT region

Abstract The choice of a characteristic magnitude in an earlier article by Lee and Veronis [1991. On the difference between tracer and geostrophic velocities obtained from the C-SALT data. Deep-Sea Research 38, 555–568], using inverse methods on the C-SALT data was based on an inappropriate velocity. As a result, the estimated magnitudes of the vertical diffusivities resulting from salt fingers were too large. The present paper corrects that error and yields a vertical diffusivity for salinity of 0.89×10 −4 m 2 /s, which is consistent with a value derived from a tracer release experiment [Schmitt et al., 2005. Enhanced diapycnal mixing by salt fingers in the thermocline of the tropical Atlantic. Science 308, 685–688].
Educating Children to Decategorize Racial Groups

Children categorize themselves and others along racial lines, leading them to perceive members of other racial groups as different from themselves. Teaching children to decategorize their perceptions of people could help them to see more self-other similarities than differences. Fourth-grade children (N = 65) were randomly assigned to be taught a short lesson on decategorizing people or to be read a story. As hypothesized, children in the experimental group scored significantly lower on the Racial Decategorization scale (Jones, 2001) than did children in the control group. The study demonstrates the benefits of teaching decategorization. Elementary school curricula including these lessons could reduce biased categorization and possibly promote the development of more nonpreju-diced children.
Biological thermodynamic data for the calibration of differential scanning calorimeters: heat capacity data on the unfolding transition of β-lactoglobulin in solution

Abstract Extensive measurements of the heat-capacity changes accompanying the unfolding transition of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A in buffered aqueous solutions have been performed in a differential scanning calorimeter over a range of experimental conditions. The concentration of ribonuclease A varied from about 1 to 2 mass%. The pH varied from 1.8 to 5.0 at two glycine-HCl buffer concentrations: 0.1 and 0.2 M. Measurements were made on ribonuclease A obtained from various commercial sources. The heat capacity data were corrected for the thermal lag of the instrument and fitted by least-squares to a two-state model to determine the transition enthalpy and temperature, the heat-capacity change in the baseline, and the cooperativity of the transition. The transition temperature T m and enthalpy Δ H m determined from the fit of a two-state model to the transition profile increased linearly with pH from 311.9 ± 0.5 K and 308.2 ± 6.4 kJ mol −1 at pH = 2 to 335.4 ± 0.6 K and 408.9 ± 6.6 kJ mol −1 at pH = 4, where the uncertainties represent two standard deviations based on a linear leastsquares fit of Δ H m , and T m to pH. Values of T m and Δ H m were independent of the commercial source of ribonuclease A. The value of T m was independent of the buffer concentration but showed a slight dependence on the concentration of ribonuclease A. On the other hand, Δ H m was independent of concentration of ribonuclease A, but showed a slight dependence on the concentration of the glycine buffer solution. The heat capacity change obtained from the change in the transition baseline at T m was 3.4 ± 0.5 kJ mol −1 K −1 averaged over all determinations. The cooperativity of the transition, that is the ratio of the number of moles participating in the transition as determined from the two-state model to the actual number of moles in the sample, varied from 0.91 ± 0.02 at pH 2 to 1.07 ± 0.02 at pH 4 compared with unity for an ideal, two-state transition with a stoichiometry of one.
The acute phase response in apolipoprotein A-1 knockout mice: apolipoprotein serum amyloid A and lipid distribution in plasma high density lipoproteins

In plasma, the bulk of apoSAA, a positive acute phase reactant protein, is transported in high density lipoproteins (HDL), especially HDLH (apoA1-rich HDL). In this study we tested whether apoA1 deficiency would adversely affect apoSAA concentration and lipid distribution in mouse plasma lipoproteins. Acute phase response (APR) was induced in C57BL/6J (apoA1+/+) and apoA1-knockout mice (apoA1−/−) by a subcutaneous injection of silver nitrate. The APR increased cholesterol concentrations in LDL of apoA1−/− mice and apoA1+/+ mice in a like manner. In contrast to apoA1+/+ mice, concentrations of cholesterol, phospholipids and proteins in both HDLL (1.063<d<1.103 g/ml) and HDLH (1.103<d<1.21 g/ml) were significantly increased by the APR in apoA1−/− mice. Total concentration of plasma apoSAA and its distribution in lipoprotein fractions was similar in both APR groups. The bulk of plasma apoSAA was contained in HDL and not in VLDL or LDL even when the HDL concentration was low. In apoA1−/− mice, HDLL and HDLH contained more apoSAA than in apoA1+/+ mice. These results indicate that apoA1−/− mice are not deterred from mounting an apoSAA response similar to apoA1+/+ mice and that apoA1-rich HDL particles are not necessary for apoSAA transport in the plasma.
Describing juvenile American shad and striped bass habitat use in the Hudson River Estuary using species distribution models

a b s t r a c t Species distribution models (SDMs) are currently being used to identify essential fish habitat and guide fisheries management worldwide. We present SDMs based on generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) of the fall distribution or occurrence of juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima) and juvenile striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in the Hudson River estuary (HRE) based on data from a fishery-independent survey. The distribution of both species were modeled over a 6-year period (2000-2005) as a function of dissolved oxygen, salinity, water temperature, distance along the HRE denoted as river mile, time or Julian day, distance from submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), and sediment characteristics. Salinity, river mile, and Julian day were the most important environmental determinants of juvenile American shad presence, and sediment type, salinity, river mile, and Julian day were the most important environmental determinants of juvenile striped bass presence. Calibration plots showed a high level of agreement between predictions generated by each model and actual observations of each species' occurrence. Based on this result, we mapped the predicted distribution of each species. We found the highest predicted probabilities of juve- nile American shad presence in the upper HRE, but the highest predicted probabilities of juvenile striped bass presence were in the lower HRE. Our results suggest that habitat partitioning between these two species is present during the fall in this system but the mechanism is unclear. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Induction of endodormancy in crown buds of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) implicates a role for ethylene and cross-talk between photoperiod and temperature.

Leafy spurge is a model for studying well-defined phases of dormancy in underground adventitious buds (UABs) of herbaceous perennial weeds, which is a primary factor facilitating their escape from conventional control measures. A 12-week ramp down in both temperature (27 → 10 °C) and photoperiod (16 → 8 h light) is required to induce a transition from para- to endo-dormancy in UABs of leafy spurge. To evaluate the effects of photoperiod and temperature on molecular networks of UABs during this transition, we compared global transcriptome data-sets obtained from leafy spurge exposed to a ramp down in both temperature and photoperiod (RDtp) versus a ramp down in temperature (RDt) alone. Analysis of data-sets indicated that transcript abundance for genes associated with circadian clock, photoperiodism, flowering, and hormone responses (CCA1, COP1, HY5, MAF3, MAX2) preferentially increased in endodormant UABs. Gene-set enrichment analyses also highlighted metabolic pathways involved in endodormancy induction that were associated with ethylene, auxin, flavonoids, and carbohydrate metabolism; whereas, sub-network enrichment analyses identified hubs (CCA1, CO, FRI, miR172A, EINs, DREBs) of molecular networks associated with carbohydrate metabolism, circadian clock, flowering, and stress and hormone responses. These results helped refine existing models for the transition to endodormancy in UABs of leafy spurge, which strengthened the roles of circadian clock associated genes, DREBs, COP1-HY5, carbohydrate metabolism, and involvement of hormones (ABA, ethylene, and strigolactones). We further examined the effects of ethylene by application of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) to paradormant plants without a ramp down treatment. New vegetative growth from UABs of ACC-treated plants resulted in a dwarfed phenotype that mimicked the growth response in RDtp-induced endodormant UABs. The results of this study provide new insights into dormancy regulation suggesting a short-photoperiod treatment provides an additive cross-talk effect with temperature signals that may impact ethylene’s effect on AP2/ERF family members.
Variance of speed of sound and correlation with acoustic impedance in canine corneas.

Abstract The clinical standard for measuring corneal thickness is ultrasound pachymetry that assumes a constant speed of sound. The purpose of this study was to examine the variance of speed of sound and its relationship with acoustic impedance in healthy eyes of canines with a large age span. Corneal speed of sound and acoustic impedance were measured in 34 canine eyes at room temperature (21 ± 1°C). The mean speed of sound was 1577 ± 10 m/s ranging from 1553 to 1594 m/s. There was a strong correlation between speed of sound and acoustic impedance (R = 0.84, p
A study on the temporal and spatial variability of absorbing aerosols using Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer and Ozone Monitoring Instrument Aerosol Index data

[1] Absorbing aerosols, especially mineral dust and black carbon, play key roles in climate change by absorbing solar radiation, heating the atmosphere, and contributing to global warming. In this paper, we first examine the consistency of the Aerosol Index (AI) product as measured by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) instruments and then analyze these AI data sets to investigate the temporal and spatial variability of UV absorbing aerosols. In contrast to the trend in aerosol optical depth found in the advanced very high-resolution radiometer data, no obvious long-term trend in absorbing aerosols is observed from the time series of AI records. The comparison between the mean annual cycle in the two data sets shows that the cycles agree very well both globally and regionally, indicating a consistency between the AI products from TOMS and OMI. Varimax rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of detrended, deseasonalized AI data proves to be successful in isolating major dust and biomass burning source regions, as well as dust transport. Finally, we find that large, individual events, such as the Kuwait oil fire and Australian smoke plum, are isolated in individual higher-order principal components.
Influence of food deprivation on sympathetic support of blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat

Abstract We examined the effects of short-term food deprivation on directly measured blood pressure and sympathetic support of blood pressure in male (n=7, 231±7 g) and female (n=9, 193±4 g) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, Charles River). Carotid arterial catheters were inserted under halothane anesthesia for direct assessment of cardiovascular function in conscious, unrestrained rats. After several days of recovery, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were determined prior to, during, and after food deprivation. Baseline MAP and HR were 170±14 mmHg and 351±13 beats/min in males and 187±6 mmHg and 354±9 beats/min in females. An overnight fast produced significant (P
Smoking, wealth accumulation and the propensity to plan

Abstract We investigate the relationship between wealth, smoking, and individual propensities to plan. Planning propensity affects wealth but not smoking, suggesting that planning is not an all-purpose skill. Financial planning may draw on different abilities than those that facilitate smoking cessation.
Notch-sensitivity and shear bands in brittle matrix composites

Abstract Matrix cracking, fiber breaking and interface sliding cause nonlinear deformation in fiber-reinforced brittle matrix composites. When a notched sample is loaded in tension, the nonlinear deformation usually localizes around the notch, spreads the stress in the ligament more evenly, and thereby leads to a higher fracture load. We simulate the interplay of two deformation mechanisms: a tensile band ahead of, and shear bands perpendicular to, a notch. The shear deformation evens out the stress distribution in the tensile band, and the strength of the tensile band sets the extent of the shear deformation. Each band is simulated by a traction-deformation law. The work of fracture is computed from a small-scale inelastic problem, and the fracture loads of notched samples from a large-scale inelastic problem. Several important conclusions emerge from the simulation. First, weak shear bands can substantially increase the work of fracture. Second, the fracture loads of notched samples are well correlated with the unnotched strength, work of fracture and notch size, by a formula independent of the shear band description. The results of the simulation are used to explain the available experimental data, and to suggest an evaluation procedure for notch-sensitivity.
Primary Care in Canada: Coming or Going?

Despite an early start in the transformation of its health system toward a primary care infrastructure, Canada has not kept pace in the production of knowledge that is needed to support forward momentum. Having achieved the three key system features needed for primary care practice (attempted distribution of resources equitably; government control or heavy regulation of insurance; and low or no copayments), Canada now needs to take bold steps to address at least two interrelated challenges: (1) to shift from a disease orientation to a population orientation toward multi-morbidity and (2) to better understand the delineation of the relative roles of primary care physicians and specialists. The Canadian commitment to primary care research has been very weak. Its strengthening would help Canada to move ahead and could contribute greatly to the advancement of primary care as a worldwide imperative of the 21st century.
Universal-input, high-power-factor, boost doubler rectifiers

This paper describes new universal-input high-power-factor boost doubler rectifiers (BDR). The new rectifiers can be configured for low-line (90-130 V RMS) or high-line (180-260 V RMS) operation such that component stresses and the rectifier efficiency are approximately the same for both the high-line and the low-line input. As a result, significant efficiency and size improvements can be obtained compared to the conventional boost rectifier designed for universal-input operation. Results are experimentally verified on a 220 W prototype. >
Herpes virus infection in peritoneal fluid: A case report and review of literature

Herpetic infections in body cavity fluids are unusual and are rarely reported in the cytology literature. We report a case of a 74-yr-old woman who developed ascites after undergoing an elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for biliary colic. Cytology of peritoneal fluid revealed changes in a herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection that was confirmed by immunocytological staining. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;32:44–46. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An intricate network of regulators controls biofilm formation and colonization by Vibrio fischeri

The initial encounter between a microbe and its host can dictate the success of the interaction, be it symbiosis or pathogenesis. This is the case, for example, in the symbiosis between the bacterium Vibrio fischeri and the squid Euprymna scolopes, which proceeds via a biofilm-like bacterial aggregation, followed by entry and growth. A key regulator, the sensor kinase RscS, is critical for symbiotic biofilm formation and colonization. When introduced into a fish symbiont strain that naturally lacks the rscS gene and cannot colonize squid, RscS permits colonization, thereby extending the host range of these bacteria. RscS controls biofilm formation by inducing transcription of the symbiosis polysaccharide (syp) gene locus. Transcription of syp also requires the sigma(54)-dependent activator SypG, which functions downstream of RscS. In addition to these regulators, SypE, a response regulator that lacks an apparent DNA binding domain, exerts both positive and negative control over biofilm formation. The putative sensor kinase SypF and the putative response regulator VpsR, both of which contribute to control of cellulose production, also influence biofilm formation. The wealth of regulators and the correlation between biofilm formation and colonization adds to the already considerable utility of the V. fischeri-E. scolopes model system.
Capturing team dynamics through temporal social surfaces

This paper introduces temporal social surfaces. Temporal social surfaces show the dynamic evolution of social relationships in groups. Changes in measures of social network analysis such as betweenness centrality are plotted as a curve for each actor. The curves for all actors are combined in a single picture. Smoothing the resulting surface leads to a single-picture overview of social dynamics of a group. Temporal social surfaces are computed using two variants of a "sliding time window" algorithm with TeCFlow (temporal communication flow visualizer). TeCFlow is a system for creating movies of temporal information such as e-mail archives, Web logs, and Web search results. TeCFlow takes as input time series of records, and generates an interactive movie of the changes in the resulting directed graph.
Localization and assembly of proteins comprising the outer structures of the Bacillus anthracis spore.

Bacterial spores possess a series of concentrically arranged protective structures that contribute to dormancy, survival and, ultimately, germination. One of these structures, the coat, is present in all spores. In Bacillus anthracis, however, the spore is surrounded by an additional, poorly understood, morphologically complex structure called the exosporium. Here, we characterize three previously discovered exosporium proteins called ExsFA (also known as BxpB), ExsFB (a highly related paralogue of exsFA/bxpB) and IunH (similar to an inosine–uridine-preferring nucleoside hydrolase). We show that in the absence of ExsFA/BxpB, the exosporium protein BclA accumulates asymmetrically to the forespore pole closest to the midpoint of the sporangium (i.e. the mother-cell-proximal pole of the forespore), instead of uniformly encircling the exosporium. ExsFA/BxpB may also have a role in coat assembly, as mutant spore surfaces lack ridges seen in wild-type spores and have a bumpy appearance. ExsFA/BxpB also has a modest but readily detected effect on germination. Nonetheless, an exsFA/bxpB mutant strain is fully virulent in both intramuscular and aerosol challenge models in Guinea pigs. We show that the pattern of localization of ExsFA/BxpB–GFP is a ring, consistent with a location for this protein in the basal layer of the exosporium. In contrast, ExsFB–GFP fluorescence is a solid oval, suggesting a distinct subcellular location for ExsFB–GFP. We also used these fusion proteins to monitor changes in the subcellular locations of these proteins during sporulation. Early in sporulation, both fusions were present throughout the mother cell cytoplasm. As sporulation progressed, GFP fluorescence moved from the mother cell cytoplasm to the forespore surface and formed either a ring of fluorescence, in the case of ExsFA/BxpB, or a solid oval of fluorescence, in the case of ExsFB. IunH–GFP also resulted in a solid oval of fluorescence. We suggest the interpretation that at least some ExsFB–GFP and IunH–GFP resides in the region between the coat and the exosporium, called the interspace.
Effect of Cystine and Methionine on Healing of Experimental Wounds.

SummaryThe effect of methionine and cystine on the healing index of standard experimental wounds in rats was determined. Since both amino acids have the same effect, per equivalent of sulfur, it is concluded that methionine is converted to cystine before being used in the healing process. When the utilization of methionine is blocked by ethionine, cystine is ineffective, indicating that some methionine, per se, is required for the healing of wounds. There appears to be a correlation between the healing index and the retention of amino acid sulfur in excess of that expected on the basis of nitrogen retention.
Radionuclide Imaging of Acute Lung Transplant Rejection With Annexin V

Study objectives Early detection and treatment of lung transplant rejection is critical for preservation of pulmonary graft function. Damage to pulmonary allografts is mediated by apoptotic cell death induced by the alloreactive T lymphocytes that infiltrate lung grafts. Previous studies demonstrate that acute cardiac allograft rejection can be visualized using radiolabeled annexin V. This study was done to determine whether this technique could visualize acute rejection in a rodent model of unilateral orthotopic lung transplantation. Design Eighteen Sprague-Dawley ACI rats underwent removal of their left lung followed by orthotopic transplant of either an allogeneic (PVG, immunologically mismatched; N = 10) or a syngeneic (ACI, immunologically matched) pulmonary graft (N = 8). Animals were imaged 1 h after IV injection of 1 mCi (37.0 MBq) of 99m Tc-annexin V 1 to 7 days after transplantation. Results Lungs receiving the allograft demonstrated moderate to marked mononuclear infiltration of the perivascular, interstitial, and peribronchial tissues. No mononuclear infiltrates were noted in the native right lungs nor in the syngeneic transplants. Region of interest image analysis revealed significant (p Conclusions Acute experimental lung transplant rejection can be noninvasively identified using 99m Tc-annexin V. Radiolabeled annexin V may be a clinically useful noninvasive screening tool for acute rejection.
The effects of tags on the evolution of honest signaling

In the study described here we examine the importance of social tags in the emergence and maintenance of signaling, using the Sir Philip Sydney Game. We use tags in the calculation of inclusive fitness for members in a finite population, and analyze their evolution under different population distributions. We support the claim that inclusive fitness theory may not be sufficient to explain the evolution of cooperation. While cooperativity through honest signaling is sometimes achieved with tag-based relatedness, we suggest that the importance of tag-based mechanisms may not simply be due to their role in kin selection.
Psychiatric symptomatology among individuals in alcohol detoxification treatment.

Abstract The coexistence of psychiatric symptomatology among individuals receiving longer-term treatment for alcohol use disorders has been well-established; however, less is known about comorbidity among individuals receiving alcohol detoxification. Using the Brief Symptom Inventory [BSI; Derogatis, L. R. (1992). BSI: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual—II. Towson, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research], we compared psychiatric symptomatology among 815 individuals receiving short-term detoxification services with normative data from non-patients, psychiatric patients, and out-of-treatment individuals using street drugs. Findings revealed that individuals in the current sample reported a wide range of psychiatric symptoms with over 80% meeting BSI criteria for diagnosable mental illness. These BSI scores were significantly more severe than those reported by out-of-treatment individuals using street drugs and most closely resembled BSI scores reported for adult psychiatric inpatients. Findings suggest that routine screening for severe mental health symptoms appears warranted in detoxification units. Such screening would greatly increase the chance that coexistence of substance use and other psychiatric disorders would be properly addressed in ongoing treatment.
THE EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION UPON THE METAMORPHIC PATTERN OF THYROXIN- AND IODINE-TREATED TADPOLES

1. It has been shown quantitatively that the degree of response of the hind limbs of tadpoles to the action of thyroxin is dependent upon the lengths of the limbs at the beginning of treatment. 2. Both the potency of the inducing substance and the rate of penetration of the substance into the animal might be involved in the effects of hydrogen ion concentration on induced development. 3. Changes in hydrogen ion concentration affect the inducing power of thyroxin and iodine differently. With thyroxin, it is the rate of penetration of the molecule which determines the amount of growth, but with iodine it is the chemical form in which the substance has entered the animal which is of prime importance. 4. The hydrogen ion concentration of thyroxin solutions does not affect their potency when they are injected into tadpoles. 5. Change in hydrogen ion concentration of the environment does not affect the potency of thyroxin injected into tadpoles. 6. When thyroxin is administered in the environmental solution its effects, as measured by increase in hind limb length are greater at higher than at lower hydrogen ion concentrations in the range tested. 7. Since the potency of thyroxin is unaffected by change in hydrogen ion concentration when the thyroxin solution is injected, the above fact (point 6) seems explicable only on the basis of differences in the rate of penetration of thyroxin into the animals at the different hydrogen ion concentrations. 8. These differences in penetration of the thyroxin at different hydrogen ion concentrations may be the result of a differential effect of hydrogen ion concentration upon the rate of metabolism of the animal. The metabolic rate is significantly greater when the tadpoles are kept in solutions of higher hydrogen ion concentration than when they are kept in solutions of low hydrogen ion concentration. It is postulated that the rate of metabolism, since it controls the rate of intake of the environmental fluid and therefore of dissolved thyroxin, also controls the amount of thyroxin-induced development. 9. Change in hydrogen ion concentration of iodine solutions affects their potency when injected into tadpoles. A peak of effectiveness is reached at about the neutral point, with a lowered efficiency as the hydrogen ion concentration is either increased or decreased from this point. 10. Change in hydrogen ion concentration of the environment affects the potency of iodine injected into tadpoles. The effect is similar to that noted in point 9. 11. The hydrogen ion concentration of the environment seems to affect the chemical nature of the iodine in solution in the environment. If this is so, it is possible that the differences in the metamorphic effects of iodine at different hydrogen ion concentrations are dependent upon the chemical form of iodine present. 12. The effect of hydrogen ion concentration on normal development is similar to that on thyroxin-induced development; an effect on the rate of metabolism of the animal causes increased growth in more acid solutions.
Resistance exercise augments the acute anabolic effects of intradialytic oral nutritional supplementation

Background. An intriguing strategy to further enhance the anabolic effects of nutritional supplementation is to combinetheadministrationofnutrientswithresistanceexercise. We hypothesized that the addition of resistance exercise to oral nutrition supplementation would lead to further increasesinskeletalmuscleproteinaccretionwhencompared to nutritional supplementation alone in chronic haemodialysis (CHD) patients. Methods. We performed stable isotope protein kinetic studies in eight CHD patients during two separate settings: with oral nutritional supplementation alone (PO) and oral nutritional supplementation combined with a single bout of resistance exercise (PO + EX). Metabolic assessment was performed before, during and after haemodialysis. Both interventions resulted in robust protein anabolic response. Results. There were no differences in metabolic hormones, plasma amino acid and whole-body protein balance between the interventions. During the post-HD phase, PO + EX retained a positive total amino acid (TAA) balance (primarily due to essential amino acid) while PO returned to a negative TAA balance although this difference did not reach statistical significance (78 ± 109 versus −128 ± 72 nmol/100 ml/min, respectively; P = 0.69). In the post-HD phase, PO + EX had significantly higher net muscle protein balance when compared to PO (19 ± 16 versus −24 ± 10 µg/100 ml/min, respectively; P = 0.036) We conclude that a single bout of resistance exercise augments the protein anabolic effects of oral intradialytic nutritional supplementation when examining skeletal muscle protein turnover.
Terminal ruthenium carbido complexes as σ-donor ligands

The terminal carbido ligand of (PCy3)2(Cl)2RuC coordinates to other metal centers in a σ-donor fashion, as in (PCy3)2(Cl)2RuC–Pd(Cl)2(SMe2) and (PCy3)2(Cl)2RuC–Mo(CO)5.
Global seismic monitoring: a bayesian approach

The automated processing of multiple seismic signals to detect and localize seismic events is a central tool in both geophysics and nuclear treaty verification. This paper reports on a project, begun in 2009, to reformulate this problem in a Bayesian framework. A Bayesian seismic monitoring system, NET-VISA, has been built comprising a spatial event prior and generative models of event transmission and detection, as well as an inference algorithm. Applied in the context of the International Monitoring System (IMS), a global sensor network developed for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), NET-VISA achieves a reduction of around 60% in the number of missed events compared to the currently deployed system. It also finds events that are missed even by the human analysts who post-process the IMS output.
Glass box: capturing, archiving, and retrieving workstation activities

The Glass Box is a computer-based environment that unobtrusively captures workstation activity data from analysts engaged in real intelligence analysis activities, with the aim of supporting research leading to the development of more effective tools for the intelligence community. The Glass Box provides automated data capture, analyst annotations, data review/retrieval functions, and an application programming interface enabling applications to integrate, communicate, retrieve, store, and share Glass Box data. Over 100 gigabytes of data representing eight staff years of analysts working in the Glass Box is regularly distributed to the Glass Box community where it is used for research, testing, and product evaluation. Other community members can also use the Glass Box software to capture data from experiments in their own environments.
Testing convergence via code-switching: priming and the structure of variable subject expression:

In this study, we test the hypothesis that code-switching promotes grammatical convergence by investigating Spanish first-person singular subject (yo ‘I’) expression in bilingual conversations of New Mexican speakers of Spanish and English. We find that variable yo expression in New Mexican Spanish follows the same grammatical patterning as has been identified for non-contact varieties, and that this is the case regardless of the degree of bilingualism of the speakers. We observe a slightly higher rate of subject expression in the presence of code-switching; however, this is found to be attributable not to the code-switching per se, but to the presence of an English expressed first-person singular subject (I) in the preceding discourse. We interpret this as a cross-linguistic priming effect, and note that the presence of I increases the proportion of first singular subjects that occur in the context where the previous coreferential subject was expressed (be that Spanish yo or English I), an environment th...
Control software model checking using bisimulation functions for nonlinear systems

This paper extends a method for integrating source-code model checking with dynamic system analysis to verify properties of controllers for nonlinear dynamic systems. Source-code model checking verifies the correctness of control systems including features that are introduced by the software implementation, such as concurrency and task interleaving. Sets of reachable continuous states are computed using numerical simulation and bisimulation functions. The technique as originally proposed handles stable dynamic systems with affine state equations for which quadratic bisimulation functions can be computed easily. The extension in this paper handles nonlinear systems with polynomial state equations for which bisimulation functions can be computed in some cases using sum-of-squares (SoS) techniques. The paper presents the convex optimizations required to perform control system verification using a source-code model checker, and the method is illustrated for an example of a supervisory control system.
Optimally fast parallel algorithms for preprocessing and pattern matching in one and two dimensions

All algorithms below are optimal alphabet-independent parallel CRCW PRAM algorithms. In one dimension: Given a pattern string of length m for the string-matching problem, we design an algorithm that computes a deterministic sample of a sufficiently long substring in constant time. This problem used to be a bottleneck in the pattern preprocessing for one- and two-dimensional pattern matching. The best previous time bound was O(log/sup 2/ m/log log m). We use this algorithm to obtain the following results. 1. Improving the preprocessing of the constant-time text search algorithm from O(log/sup 2/ m/log log m) to n(log log m), which is now best possible. 2. A constant-time deterministic string-matching algorithm in the case that the text length n satisfies n=/spl Omega/(m/sup 1+/spl epsiv//) for a constant /spl epsiv/>0. 3. A simple probabilistic string-matching algorithm that has constant time with high probability for random input. 4. A constant expected time Las-Vegas algorithm for computing the period of the pattern and all witnesses and thus string matching itself, solving the main open problem remaining in string matching. >
A study of the head disk interface shock failure mechanism

A study of the mechanics at the Head Disk Interface caused by an input shock is presented. Experimental results and a dynamic impact model are used to analyze the problem. The study reveals the complex nature of the failure and shows the importance of internal resonance and disk dynamics. Damage on both sides of the disk (due to a unidirectional shock) is explained. >
Measurement of the spectrum of backward photons from radiative pion-proton scattering at 260 and 295 Mev

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the measurement of the spectrum of backward photons from radiative pion–proton scattering at 260 and 295 MeV. Photon emission is dominated by external bremsstrahlung, where a photon is emitted either before or after the strong interaction. A study of radiative scattering between strongly interacting particles or nuclei is of interest for energetic photons or in a situation where the expansion in photon energy (E γ ) breaks down at low energies. In such cases, the electromagnetic interaction can be considered to be a probe of the associated strong interaction, providing information that cannot be obtained by non-radiative reactions alone, and the off-mass shell effects, electromagnetic structure of the intermediate states, and form factors of the electromagnetic vertices can be observed. The simplest radiative scattering system that can be studied is where the target is a nucleon and the projectile is either a nucleon or a pion.
Early short-term treatment with neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies halts SHIV infection in infant macaques

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV remains a major objective where antenatal care is not readily accessible. We tested HIV-1-specific human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (NmAbs) as a post-exposure therapy in an infant macaque model for intrapartum MTCT. One-month-old rhesus macaques were inoculated orally with the simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIVSF162P3. On days 1, 4, 7 and 10 after virus exposure, we injected animals subcutaneously with NmAbs and quantified systemic distribution of NmAbs in multiple tissues within 24 h after antibody administration. Replicating virus was found in multiple tissues by day 1 in animals that were not treated. All NmAb-treated macaques were free of virus in blood and tissues at 6 months after exposure. We detected no anti-SHIV T cell responses in blood or tissues at necropsy, and no virus emerged after CD8(+) T cell depletion. These results suggest that early passive immunotherapy can eliminate early viral foci and thereby prevent the establishment of viral reservoirs.