cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Position sensorless control of a permanent magnet linear motor connected through a long cable

Sucker Rod Pump is a prevalent industrial solution in artificial lift applications in oil industries. Linear motors are becoming more popular as they are applied in new applications in various fields. Linear motors may be employed in artificial lift systems by placing a linear motor downhole to drive the reciprocating pump directly. This system is intended to extend the application of reciprocating pumps to deviated and offshore wells. Because of the high temperature downhole and the long distance between the drive and the motor, a position-sensorless control algorithm was selected for this project. The main challenge of sensorless control for this application is the long cable. In this paper, a model-based Luenberger observer is used to estimate the back-EMF for the position sensorless algorithm. The model utilizes a combination of the motor and cable models and a current sensor at the output of the inverter. A Phased Locked Loop (PLL) is implemented to allow starting the motor from standstill and motor speed reversal which are essential for linear motion. Experimental results verify the proposed method.
Network-cognizant model reduction of grid-tied three-phase inverters

Power-electronics inverters are expected to satisfy a significant fraction of system load in next-generation power networks with the growing integration of renewable resources and flexible loads. Typical dynamical models for grid-tied inverters are nonlinear and composed of a large number of states; therefore it is impractical to study systems with many inverters when their full dynamics are retained. In our previous work, we have shown that a system of parallel-connected grid-tied three-phase inverters can be modeled as one aggregated inverter unit with the same structure and state-space dimension as any individual inverter in the system. Here, we extend this result to networks with arbitrary topologies by leveraging a classical aggregation method for coherent synchronous generators in transmission networks, and a linear approximation of the AC power-flow equations to ease computational burden. Numerical simulation results for a prototypical distribution feeder demonstrate the accuracy and computational benefits of the approach.
Preoperative autologous blood collection before bone marrow harvests in haploidentical related donors: is it justified?

Background With the increasing safety of allogeneic blood supply and declining need for transfusion due to patient blood management, the practice of preoperative autologous donation (PAD) continues to decline. The practice gained popularity during the 1980s and 1990s with the emergence of transfusion-transmitted human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C. At the peak of this public concern, the National Marrow Donor Program recommended that marrow donors have 1 to 3 autologous units of blood collected before their marrow harvest to minimize the likelihood of allogeneic transfusion. After three decades, the practice remains prevalent in marrow donors. We aimed to study the efficacy of PAD in healthy marrow donors. Study design and methods PADs performed before marrow harvest in healthy donors at our center between January 2013 and July 2015 were reviewed. The utilization of autologous units and decrease in hemoglobin levels due to PAD and marrow harvest were studied. Similar practices were assessed in the rest of the United States through a brief survey. Results Of a total of 262 autologous units collected from 136 donors, 25.2% were wasted. Ninety-nine percent of the marrow donors received at least 1 unit of blood irrespective of the need. PAD contributed to preoperative anemia, exposing three donors to allogeneic blood transfusion. The survey results showed a mixed response with some institutions continuing and others not practicing PAD. Conclusion PADs are not justified in healthy marrow donors as they expose them to a risk of preoperative anemia and hence a greater risk of transfusion.
Influence of margin histology on development of pancreatic fistula following pancreatoduodenectomy.

BACKGROUND Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is a potentially debilitating complication following pancreatoduodenectomy (PD). There are limited data correlating pancreatic parenchymal histopathologic features specifically fat and fibrosis content with development of POPF after PD. METHODS Patients who underwent PD (January 2010-May 2015) with archived pathologic slides were included. Each pancreatic neck transection margin was histologically graded for fat and fibrosis, scored from 0 to 4, and grader was blinded to clinical outcomes. Main pancreatic duct diameter and duct wall thickness were microscopically measured. Patients were dichotomized into high and low categories with respect to pancreatic fat and fibrosis and primary outcome of POPF. RESULTS Of 301 patients, 24 developed POPF (8.0%). One hundred ten patients (36.5%) had low fat (score <2), and 149 (49.5%) had low fibrosis (score <2), and average duct diameter was 3.9 ± 1.3 mm. Patients with low fibrosis had a higher rate of POPF (12.8% versus 3.3%, P = 0.005). Low fibrosis (odds ratio [OR] 4.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.56-11.7, P = 0.005), nonpancreatic adenocarcinoma pathology (OR 3.25, 95% CI 1.25-8.43, P = 0.02), and increased body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.03-1.12, P = 0.007) were associated with POPF development on univariate analysis. Low fibrosis and increased BMI remained independently associated on multivariate analysis. High fat content was frequently concurrently identified in specimens with high fibrosis (67.8%). Surgeon-described gland consistency did not correlate with histopathologic findings (Spearman's rank correlation coefficients of -0.144 and 0.304, respectively) or to incidence of POPF. No patient who underwent preoperative chemotherapy developed POPF (n = 30, 10%). CONCLUSIONS Low pancreatic neck fibrosis content and increased patient BMI are associated with increased rates of POPF following PD, while pancreatic fat content does not appear to influence this outcome. Pancreatic neck fat and fibrosis often coexist in the same specimen. The association between preoperative chemotherapy and low POPF rates needs further examination. Frozen section analysis of pancreatic neck margin for fibrosis content may be more accurate than surgeon assessment in identifying patients at risk for POPF. These assessments can potentially guide therapeutic interventions, including selective prophylactic drain placement and use of postoperative somatostatin analog therapy.
Theoretical Investigation of Plutonium-Based Single-Molecule Magnets

The electronic structure of a plutonium-based single-molecule magnet (SMM) was theoretically examined by means of multiconfigurational electronic structure theory calculations, including spin-orbit coupling effects. All Pu 5f to 5f transitions for all possible spin states were computed, as well as ligand to metal charge transfer and Pu 5f to 6d transitions. Spin-orbit coupling effects were included a posteriori to accurately describe the electronic transitions. The spin-orbit coupled energies and magnetic moments were then used to compute the magnetic susceptibility curves. The experimental electronic structure and magnetic susceptibility curve were reproduced well by our calculations. A compound with a modified electron-donating ligand (namely a carbene ligand) was also investigated in an attempt to tune the electronic properties of the plutonium SMM, revealing a higher ligand field splitting of the 5f orbitals of Pu, which could in turn enhance the barrier against magnetic relaxation.
Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover and Risk of Incident Diabetes in Older Women: The Cardiovascular Health Study

OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship of osteocalcin (OC), a marker of bone formation, and C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), a marker of bone resorption, with incident diabetes in older women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The analysis included 1,455 female participants from the population-based Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) (mean [SD] age 74.6 [5.0] years). The cross-sectional association of serum total OC and CTX levels with insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was examined using multiple linear regression. The longitudinal association of both markers with incident diabetes, defined by follow-up glucose measurements, medications, and ICD-9 codes, was examined using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS OC and CTX were strongly correlated ( r = 0.80). In cross-sectional analyses, significant or near-significant inverse associations with HOMA-IR were observed for continuous levels of OC (β = −0.12 per SD increment; P = 0.004) and CTX (β = −0.08 per SD; P = 0.051) after full adjustment for demographic, lifestyle, and clinical covariates. During a median follow-up of 11.5 years, 196 cases of incident diabetes occurred. After full adjustment, both biomarkers exhibited inverse associations with incident diabetes (OC: hazard ratio 0.85 per SD [95% CI 0.71–1.02; P = 0.075]; CTX: 0.82 per SD [0.69–0.98; P = 0.031]), associations that were comparable in magnitude and approached or achieved statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS In late postmenopausal women, lower OC and CTX levels were associated with similarly increased risks of insulin resistance at baseline and incident diabetes over long-term follow-up. Further research to delineate the mechanisms linking abnormal bone homeostasis and energy metabolism could uncover new approaches for the prevention of these age-related disorders.
Feeling good about oneself heightens, not hinders, the goodness in narcissism

A growing body of research has sought to better understand narcissistic individuals’ prosocial behavior and moral identity claims. Here, we argue that a precise understanding of these phenomena also requires understanding the role of self-esteem in narcissistic individuals. Specifically, we hypothesized that narcissism and self-esteem synergize to promote altruism tendencies and an internalized moral identity. A large, US-adult sample (N = 405) completed indices of narcissism, self-esteem, altruism-driven behavior, internalized and symbolic moral identities, dispositional prosocial emotions, and the Big Five personality dimensions. Consistent with predictions, narcissism positively interacted with self-esteem on altruism-behavior tendency and internalized moral identity. In essence, enhancements in self-esteem increases narcissistic individuals’ tendency to act altruistically and to feel intrinsically motivated to be moral. Auxiliary analyses revealed that as self-esteem increased, narcissism related to higher openness to experience. The present findings highlight the importance of studying the synergy between narcissism and self-esteem to better understand social behavior.
Methods of Critical Systems Reconfiguration

The paper analyzes critical systems, such as tracking systems, observations, on-board aircraft, etc. The need for an operational response of the system in the event of a non-emergency situation, such as a failure of an internal processing unit or a module built on the basis of FPGAs, is shown. In this case, an operational response of the system is necessary, when the software solutions are unacceptable. One solution is to reallocate internal modules due to changes in the internal topology of the system. In this paper, we propose methods and hardware-oriented algorithms for reallocation and provide relevant estimates of the time complexity of the proposed approaches.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain: Does Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Influence Treatment Outcomes?

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) moderates treatment outcomes in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for chronic pain. DESIGN Longitudinal. SETTING Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System. SUBJECTS A total of 126 veterans with chronic pain participating in an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy intervention for chronic pain. A structured clinical interview was used at baseline to designate PTSD-positive (N = 43) and -negative groups (N = 83). METHODS Linear mixed-effects models to determine whether PTSD moderated change in pain interference, pain severity, pain acceptance, depressive symptoms, or pain-related anxiety at post-treatment and six-month follow-up. RESULTS Participants with co-occurring PTSD reported greater pain interference, pain severity, depressive symptoms, and pain-related anxiety at baseline. PTSD status did not moderate treatment effects post-treatment. Rather, there were significant improvements on all study measures across groups (P < 0.001). PTSD status moderated change in depressive symptoms at six-month follow-up (P < 0.05). Specifically, participants with chronic pain alone demonstrated improvement in depressive symptoms compared with pretreatment levels, whereas participants with PTSD regressed to pretreatment levels. CONCLUSIONS PTSD status did not significantly affect treatment outcomes, with the exception of depressive symptoms at six-month follow-up. Overall, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for chronic pain appears helpful for improving outcomes among veterans with co-occurring PTSD; however, veterans with co-occurring PTSD may experience fewer long-term gains compared with those with chronic pain alone.
Multiple Criterion Synchronisation for Conservation Area Network Design: The Use of Non-dominated Alternative Sets

This article shows how a standard technique from multiple-criteria decision making, the computation of non-dominated alternative sets, can be adapted to incorporate non-biological criteria such as socio-political ones during the design of bio­diversity conservation area networks. There are three chief advantages of this approach: (a) unlike almost all other methods for incorporating multiple criteria in decision making, this technique avoids making arbitrary utility assignments to alternatives; (b) it only requires comparative rankings of the alternatives under the criteria to be synchronised; and (c) it often results in several alternatives of equal status, leaving a further choice to be made by political decision-making bodies. This allows those bodies to bring into consideration criteria that cannot be satisfactorily formally modelled. The use of this method is demonstrated using a data set from Texas, one from Ecuador and two artificially constructed data sets.
Normal Stresses in Fluids: Methods of Measurement, Their Interpretation and Quantitative Results

ABSTRACT The shear viscosity serves to define completely the rate of momentum transport under laminar flow conditions in incompressible Newtonian fluids. In the case of incompressible non-Newtonian materials, in addition to the shearing stress, three normal stress terms may arise even in the special case of steady, simple shear. For polymeric materials these normal stresses may be greater than the shearing stress by more than an order of magnitude. It is clear that These terms are not negligible, and one must, therefore, define a total of four stress terms instead of only one, and, in the absence of a proven and definitive theory, three of the four terms must be determined experimentally. The present paper reviews the methods suggested for determination of these normal stresses and, briefly, the experimental results available. The literature in the area of experimental rheology has derived equations of varying degrees of rigor for interpretation of the measurements being made. In the present paper the equations of motion are applied uniformly for deriving the appropriate equations in all cases. A consistent nomenclature is used. Equations for the interpretation of data from a number of geometries are derived here for the first time. It is shown that the majority of the recommended experimental methods for measurement of normal stresses possess appreciable shortcomings, either because the results cannot be unequivocally interpreted unless major simplifying assumptions are made or (more frequently) because the particular instruments used do not enable measurements to be made under the conditions of interest in engineering applications. Obviously much further effort is required in order to develop adequate methods for characterizing the physical properties of viscoelastic fluids.
EP560 Rare pathology of a malignant uterine myxoid leiomyosarcoma with osteocartilaginous differentiation

Introduction/Background Uterine leiomyosarcomas are a rare form of uterine tumours and are often associated with poor survival prognosis. Heterologous differentiation in leiomyosarcomas is an extremely rare phenomenon with less than 15 cases reported in literature to date. We report a case of primary myxoid leiomyosarcoma of the uterus with osteocartilaginous differentiation. Methodology A 44-year old Chinese female first presented to our hospital with complaints of irregular heavy periods and was found to have iron-deficiency anaemia. She underwent a dilatation and curettage which revealed a benign endometrial polyp on a background of late proliferative endometrium. A pelvic ultrasound was performed and she was found to have multiple uterine fibroids with the largest one measuring 4.8 cm. She opted for conservative management but repeated follow up scans showed the fibroid enlarging in size to 8.9 cm over a period of 2 years. In view of enlarging size of fibroid, she was advised for surgery and underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Results Final histology showed a malignant neoplasm with areas of myxoid leiomyosarcoma and smaller areas of osteosarcomatous and cartilaginous differentation, raising the possible differential diagnosis of malignant mesenchymoma arising from the uterus. She was discussed at the gynae-oncology tumour board meeting and conclusion favoured a myxoid leiomyosarcoma. She was offered complete surgical staging but she declined. Her post-operative CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis was clear with no evidence of lymphadenopathy or distant metastasis. She has remained disease-free for 18 months so far. Conclusion Osteocartilaginous differentiation of a malignant uterine myxoid leiomyosarcoma is very rare and very few such cases have been reported in literature. This unique case emphasizes the importance of clinical correlation with radiological and pathological findings in confirming the diagnosis of tumours with unusual histology and presentation. Disclosure Nothing to disclose.
Full bellies stave off climate change

![Graphic][1] Climate change is bad, we know that much. But we've also learned that life can cope with change. Many fish can tweak their physiology to deal with warmer, less-oxygenated waters, or to combat the adverse effects of a more acidic ocean – but at what cost? A fish that must work
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by RNAscope ® in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry techniques.

In situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) are essential tools to characterize SARS-CoV-2 infection and tropism in naturally and experimentally infected animals and also for diagnostic purposes. Here, we describe three RNAscope®-based ISH assays targeting the ORF1ab, spike, and nucleocapsid genes and IHC assays targeting the spike and nucleocapsid proteins of SARS-CoV-2.
Iron-catalyzed α-C–H functionalization of π-bonds: cross-dehydrogenative coupling and mechanistic insights

The deprotonation of propargylic C–H bonds for subsequent functionalization typically requires stoichiometric metal alkyl or amide reagents. In addition to the undesirable generation of stoichiometric metallic waste, these conditions limit the functional group compatibility and versatility of this functionalization strategy and often result in regioisomeric mixtures. In this article, we report the use of dicarbonyl cyclopentadienyliron(II) complexes for the generation of propargylic anion equivalents toward the direct electrophilic functionalization of propargylic C–H bonds under mild, catalytic conditions. This technology was applied to the direct conversion of C–H bonds to C–C bonds for the synthesis of several functionalized scaffolds through a one-pot cross dehydrogenative coupling reaction with tetrahydroisoquinoline and related privileged heterocyclic scaffolds. A series of NMR studies and deuterium-labelling experiments indicated that the deprotonation of the propargylic C–H bond was the rate-determining step when a Cp*Fe(CO)2-based catalyst system was employed.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Frail Geriatric Trauma Patients

Frailty in geriatric trauma patients is commonly associated with adverse outcomes. Racial disparities in geriatric trauma patients are previously described in the literature. We aimed to assess whether race and ethnicity influence outcomes in frail geriatric trauma patients. We performed a 1-year (2017) analysis of TQIP including all geriatric (age ≥ 65 years) trauma patients. The frailty index was calculated using 11-variables and a cutoff limit of 0.27 was defined for frail status. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to control for demographics, insurance status, injury parameters, vital signs, and ICU and hospital length of stay. We included 41,111 frail geriatric trauma patients. In terms of race, among frail geriatric trauma patients, 35,376 were Whites and 2916 were African Americans; in terms of ethnicity, 37,122 were Non-Hispanics and 2184 were Hispanics. On regression analysis, the White race was associated with higher odds of mortality (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2–2.0; p < 0.01) and in-hospital complications (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1–1.9; p < 0.01). White patients were more likely to be discharged to SNF (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1–1.4; p = 0.03) and less likely to be discharged home (p = 0.04) compared to African Americans. Non-Hispanics were more likely to be discharged to SNF (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1–1.5; p < 0.01) and less likely to be discharged home (p < 0.01) as compared to Hispanics. No significant difference in in-hospital mortality was seen between Hispanics and Non-Hispanics. Race and ethnicity influence outcomes in frail geriatric trauma patients. These disparities exist regardless of age, gender, injury severity, and insurance status. Further studies are needed to highlight disparities by race and ethnicity and to identify potentially modifiable risk factors in the geriatric trauma population.
Alcohol drinking during early adolescence activates microglial cells and increases frontolimbic Interleukin-1 beta and Toll-like receptor 4 gene expression, with heightened sensitivity in male rats compared to females.

Abstract Adolescent drinking is risky because neural circuits in the frontal lobes are undergoing maturational processes important for cognitive function and behavioral control in adulthood. Previous studies have shown that myelinated axons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are particularly sensitive to alcohol drinking, especially in males. Pro-inflammatory mediators like toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and interleukin-1 beta (IL1b) have been implicated in alcohol induced-inflammation and demyelination; thus, herein we test the hypothesis that voluntary alcohol drinking early in adolescence elicits a pro-inflammatory state that is more pronounced in the brain of males compared to females. Adolescent male and female Wistar rats self-administered sweetened alcohol or sweetened water from postnatal days 28–42 and separate sets of brains were processed for 1) immunolabeling for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 to analyze microglial cell morphology, or 2) qPCR analysis of gene expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Binge drinking alcohol activated microglia in the mPFC and hippocampus of both males and females, suggesting that voluntary alcohol exposure initiates an inflammatory response. Il1b mRNA was upregulated in the mPFC of both sexes. Conversely, Tlr4 mRNA levels were elevated after drinking only in males, which could explain more robust effects of alcohol on myelin in this region in developing males compared to females. Il1b mRNA changes were not observed in the hippocampus, but alcohol elevated Tlr4 mRNA in both sexes, highlighting regional specificity in inflammatory responses to alcohol. Overall, these findings give insight into potential mechanisms by which low-to-moderate voluntary alcohol intake impacts the developing brain. This article is part of the special Issue on ‘Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse’.
Tax-Exempt Hospitals and Their Communities

Hospitals in the U.S. have long been able to obtain exemption from federal income tax because they meet the requirement known as the standard of “community benefit.” Yet lawmakers and scholars know virtually nothing about the actual workings of tax-exempt hospitals, or about whether, how, and to what extent they deliver benefits to their communities. Within the last five years, however, IRS tax return forms have started asking hospitals to quantify these benefits, as well as to give detailed information about their financial practices with respect to their patients. These new questions coincide with new requirements for tax-exempt hospitals put in place as part of the 2010 Affordable Care Act. The new tax return data offer a first-time opportunity to evaluate the workings of tax-exempt hospitals from the perspective of both the traditional requirements for tax-exempt hospitals and the 2010 healthcare reforms of the Affordable Care Act. This Article analyzes data from all tax-exempt hospitals in the U.S. in 2012 to show that tax-exempt hospitals differ widely in their provision of community benefits (and financial practices). In particular, these activities vary systematically in relation to their different notions of “community” and the characteristics of the communities where the hospitals are located. This evidence demonstrates that tax-exempt hospitals seem to be responding to the specific needs of their own communities when allocating their resources among different community-benefit activities. The data show, in addition, that while tax-exempt hospitals are generally adopting the financial policies that Congress and the IRS are requesting, hospital financial aid policies also vary by community. These findings raise several fundamental questions for lawmakers and tax policy scholars in the era of the Affordable Care Act. In particular, the findings suggest that lawmakers need to grapple seriously with how they allow tax-exempt hospitals to define their communities. For example, is it appropriate for tax-exempt hospitals merely to benefit a narrowly defined community or should they operate in terms of a broader understanding of community? In light of the new data presented, this Article considers these questions and outlines several alternatives to the “community benefit” standard to address them.
(110)-Oriented GaAs Devices and Spalling as a Platform for Low-Cost III-V Photovoltaics

We demonstrate the growth of (110) GaAs solar cells by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) as an advance towards a (110)-oriented device platform with substrate reuse via spalling. Controlled spalling offers a fracture-based path to substrate amortization, allowing device removal and substrate reuse, but the faceted surface generated in spalling of (100)-GaAs presents hurdles to direct regrowth of subsequent devices. Spalling of (110)-oriented substrates takes advantage of the natural (110) cleavage plane in zinc-blende III-V materials, eliminating this faceting. The vast majority of III-V epitaxy development is on (100)-oriented substrates, but epitaxy is not limited to this orientation. Here, we demonstrate (110)-based GaAs solar cells grown by HVPE with equivalent performance to devices grown on the more standard (100) orientation. We also demonstrate spalling of (110) oriented substrates, revealing surfaces with flat terraces separated by steps. These results provide preliminary evidence of a potentially low-cost path for terrestrial III-V photovoltaics via the (110) substrate orientation.
Demonstration of a U.S. nationwide reduction in transfusion in general surgery and a review of published transfusion reduction methodologies.

Background Red blood cell transfusions in surgical procedures can be lifesaving. However, recent studies show transfusions are associated with a dose-dependent increase in postoperative morbidity and mortality; hospitals and physicians have attempted to reduce them. We sought to determine the success of these efforts and review and summarize published reduction methods employed. Study design/methods An analysis of transfusion data from ACS-NSQIP public use files of general surgical procedures for 2012 and 2018; a retrospective review of the literature surrounding general surgical transfusion reduction from 2008 to 2018. Results The rate of general surgical transfusion in the NSQIP dataset decreased from 5.5% in 2012 to 4.0% in 2018, a 27% relative reduction in transfusion. After extensive multivariable adjustment for patient risk and operative complexity, this effect remained (Odds ratio 0.65, 95% CI 0.63-0.67, p Conclusion Our study demonstrates a 27% decrease in general surgery transfusion between 2012 and 2018 with associated reductions in morbidity and mortality, suggesting published employed strategies have been successful and safely implemented.
Fundamentals of Guided-Wave Optoelectronic Devices

Optoelectronic guided-wave devices are used in a wide range of optical fiber communication and optoelectronic systems. In such networks, the electrical and the optical characteristics of guided-wave devices, and the interplay between them, have a profound effect on system design and overall performance. Uniquely, this book combines both the optical and electrical behavior of guided-wave optoelectronic devices so that the interwoven properties, including interconnections to external components, are easily understood. It provides the key concepts and analytical techniques that readers can apply to current and future devices. It also presents the impact of material properties on guided-wave devices, and emphasizes the importance of time-dependent interactions between electrical and optical signals. This is an ideal reference for graduate students and researchers in electrical engineering and applied physics departments, as well as practitioners in the optoelectronics industry.
How Experts Can Solve LPs Online

We consider the problem of solving packing/covering LPs online, when the columns of the constraint matrix are presented in random order. This problem has received much attention: the main open question is to figure out how large the right-hand sides of the LPs have to be (compared to the entries on the left-hand side of the constraint) to get (1 + e)-approximations online? It is known that the RHS has to be Ω(e − 2 logm) times the left-hand sides, where m is the number of constraints.
Does an increase in modularity improve the outcomes of total shoulder replacement? Comparison across design generations.

Background/Purpose Modularity in total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) has increased over the past 30 years. Our institution previously showed shoulders treated with modular humeral head/stem arthroplasties had similar outcomes to monoblock designs. Presently, we aim to update clinical follow-up of 2nd generation TSAs and assess how increased modularity affects early outcomes and survivorship across three generations of implants.
Détente and human rights: American and West European perspectives on international change

Observers of international relations frequently assume that human rights challenge realpolitik. This article shows that in the context of negotiations about European security in the early 1970s, the two went hand-in-hand. Despite significant transatlantic differences, Americans and Europeans conceptualized human rights as products of the Cold War, and principles for assuming more order and stability in the international system. Human rights discussions and agreements were not designed to end the Cold War in the 1970s. This analysis challenges assumptions about the absence of human rights in detente, and the alleged connection between the Helsinki Final Act and the Revolutions of 1989. The anti-Cold War quality of human rights activism in the 1980s was not present a decade earlier.
A Case of Klinefelter Syndrome Associated with Parkinsonism (P5.255)

Objective: To present a patient with history of Klinefelter9s syndrome (KS) presenting with parkinsonism in a setting of a normal presynaptic dopaminergic function by DAT scan SPECT brain. Background: Klinefelter syndrome, 47 XXY is the most prevalent chromosome aberration. Patients with Klinefelter9s syndrome may present multiple neurological and neuropsychiatric abnormalities including a syndrome similar to Essential Tremor, slow motor development and attention problems. However, Parkisnonism has not been described in patients with KS. We describe a case of progressive Parkinsonism of unclear etiology in a patient with Klinefelter syndrome and tremor. Design/methods: Single case report Results / Case report: 51yo male with history of KS who presented with action, posture and resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability, ataxia, fatigue and cognitive decline. Clinical course had started and progressed since the age of 29. Later symptoms included urinary frequency, constipation, major depression with psychosis, dystonia, restless legs and obstructive sleep apnea. Trials with Propranolol, Clonazepam, and Amantadine had provided only minimal benefits. Brain MRI showed a single, non-specific lesion on the right frontal lobe. Fragile X Tremor Ataxia Syndrome, Wilson’s disease, and drug-induced parkinsonism were ruled out. DaTSCAN of the brain showed no pre-synaptic dopaminergic dysfunction. Conclusions: Patients with KS have been reported to have multiple neurological and neuropsychiatric abnormalities. Parkinsonism in a setting of a normal presynaptic dopaminergic function has been never described in patients with KS. It is possible that some of the KS patients present with postsynaptic abnormalities in dopamine receptors on the striatum responsible for this parkinsonian phenotype. Parkinsonism must be added to the spectrum of neurological syndromes in patients with KS. Disclosure: Dr. Lago has nothing to disclose. Dr. Moore has nothing to disclose. Dr. Singer has received personal compensation for activities with Allergan Inc. and Lundbeck. Dr. Singer has received research support from Schwarz Pharma, Synosia/Biotie, Allergan Inc., Impax, and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceutical Inc.
Fellows’ Forum in Dialysis

We describe a patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who developed depression over the period of dialysis initiation. Depression is an extremely common but underrecognized disorder in the dialysis population, which is one of the rationales for this case report. Here we present the epidemiology, mechanisms for diagnosis, associations with medical morbidity, and treatment modalities specifically for patients on dialysis.
Positive and Negative Regulation of D-type Cyclin Expression in Skeletal Myoblasts by Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Transforming Growth Factor β A ROLE FOR CYCLIN D1 IN CONTROL OF MYOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation of skeletal myoblasts in culture is negatively regulated by certain growth factors, including basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). We investigated the effects of bFGF and TGFβ on D-type cyclin expression in skeletal myoblasts. When myoblasts were induced to differentiate in low mitogen medium, expression of cyclin D1 rapidly fell below detectable levels. In contrast, expression of cyclin D3 increased to levels exceeding those present in myoblasts. Expression of cyclin D1 was induced in myoblasts by bFGF and TGFβ (albeit with different kinetics for each factor), while induction of cyclin D3 expression was inhibited by these growth factors. Although these results are consistent with other reports showing induction of cyclin D1 by growth factors, induction of cyclin D3 expression during terminal differentiation of myoblasts and inhibition of this induction by growth factors is surprising. These results suggest that cyclin D3, previously thought to be only a positive regulator of cell cycle progression, may also function in the cellular context of terminal differentiated muscle. Stable expression of cyclin D1 from an ectopic viral promoter inhibits C2C12 myoblast differentiation, but only in those clones where the level of cyclin D1 expression does not significantly exceed that present in control myoblasts stimulated by bFGF. Together, these result suggest that cyclin D1 expression functions in the inhibition of myoblast differentiation by certain growth factors.
Wind Energy Systems: Solutions for Power Quality and Stabilization

Overview Introduction Why Renewable Energy Wind Energy Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind-Generated Electricity Worldwide Status of Wind Energy Aim and Scope of the Book References Wind Energy Conversion System Introduction Fundamental Concept Wind Energy Technology Basic Components of a Wind Turbine System Types of Wind Turbines Modeling of Wind Turbine Chapter Summary References Electric Machines and Power Systems Introduction DC Machines AC Machines Electrical Power Systems Power Quality Chapter Summary References Power Electronics Introduction Power Devices Rectifier Inverter Chopper Cycloconverter Pulse Width Modulation Scheme PWM VSC Current Source Inverter Chapter Summary References Wind Generators Introduction Fixed-Speed Wind Energy Conversion Systems Variable Speed Wind Energy Conversion Systems Wind Generators Wind Generator Characteristics Maximum Power Point Tracking System WG Total Efficiency Calculation Chapter Summary References Wind Generator Grid Integration Issues Introduction Transient Stability and Power Quality Problems Variability of Wind Power Power, Frequency, and Voltage Fluctuations Due to Random Wind Speed Variation Grid Connection Requirements Design and Operation of Power Systems Storage Options Grid Infrastructure Wind Power's Contribution to System Adequacy Chapter Summary References Solutions for Power Quality Issues of Wind Generator Systems Introduction Various Energy Storage Systems Energy Storage Systems Compared Using SMES to Minimize Fluctuations in Power, Frequency, and Voltage of Wind Generator Systems Power Quality Improvement Using a Flywheel Energy Storage System Constant Power Control of DFIG Wind Turbines with Supercapacitor Energy Storage Output Power Leveling of Wind Generator Systems by Pitch Angle Control Chapter Summary References Solutions for Transient Stability Issues of Fixed-Speed Wind Generator Systems Introduction Model System Pitch Control Method Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Method Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) Method Braking Resistor Method Superconducting Fault Current Limiter Method Stabilization Methods Compared Chapter Summary References Fault Ride-Through Capability of Variable-Speed Wind Generator Systems Introduction Doubly Fed Induction Generator Systems Wound Field Synchronous Generator Systems Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Systems Switched Reluctance Generator System Chapter Summary References Index
Spectral Images of the Chromospheres of AR Lacertae

We present a series of 18 images of the chromosphere of AR Lacertae (=HD 210334) These images were derived from Mg II k (2795 A) spectra obtained with the IUE satellite. Three discrete plage regions can be seen on the K star, and an inactive region is visible on the G star. We also isolated a flaring region on the K star.
Convergence Rates for Maximal Score Estimators in Binary Response Regressions

Publisher Summary Using empirical process theory, it is shown that asymptotic convergence of Manski's estimator depends directly on the tail behavior of the {z i }, and thus that the convergence rate can be arbitrary. The traditional setting for binary response models is that of dose response, or bioassay modeling. This model posits a latent tolerance value, t i , such that one of the two responses occurs. General results provide cube-root asymptotics, and apply the results to the binary response model. However, in order to check their conditions, they must impose a condition essentially requiring than some coefficient of a nonconstant design variable be bounded away from zero. Thus, their result holds only in the nonnull case. However, these conditions make the expansions especially simple. Also, it is clear that something like tail convexity is needed for the maximum to exist uniquely, but the extent of the remaining K conditions is mostly for computational simplicity.
On the fringe of Ada

The author compares features of Ada with that of Fortran in a real-time simulation environment, providing insight into potential problem areas on early Ada programs. Real-time software architectures in Ada and Fortran are compared, with a focus on potential impacts due to Ada's complexity. The author also discusses at length the management of data by Ada compilers and the effect this may have on developing and managing simulation software. The author's intent is to identify potential Ada problem areas so that effective risk reduction strategies can be employed. It is noted that the success of early Ada programs may rest with how well preferred Ada designs are adapted to present-day target computer limitations. Early identification of these limitations is the first step. >
Cytomorphologic features of fine-needle aspiration of metastatic and recurrent melanoma.

Melanoma is an aggressive malignancy with a growing prevalence. Although early detection and excision offer a potential cure, recurrences and metastases are not uncommon. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) can play a vital role in their detection as a relatively noninvasive, rapid, and economical alternative for tracking disease evolution. Prior clinical history and classic cytological features of melanoma (loosely cohesive smear pattern and single cells with large nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and melanin pigment) aid in cytological diagnoses. However, not all melanomas contain melanin pigment or characteristic cytologic features. We examined a large series of melanoma cases to determine the incidence of melanin pigment, the most common cell morphology, and the presence or absence of apoptosis/necrosis associated with this highly aggressive neoplasm.
Characterization and Epidemiology of Outbreaks of Impatiens necrotic spot virus on Lettuce in Coastal California

California is the leading producer of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) for the United States and grows 77% of the country's supply. Prior to 2006, coastal California lettuce was only periodically and incidentally infected by a single tospoviruses species: Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). However, beginning in 2006 and continuing through 2012, severe outbreaks of disease caused by Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) have affected the coastal lettuce crop, though TSWV was also present. In contrast, TSWV was the only tospovirus associated with disease outbreaks in Central Valley lettuce during this period. Disease surveys conducted over two seasons (2008 and 2009) in 10 commercial fields (acreage of 6 to 20 ha) indicated that INSV was the only tospovirus associated with economically damaging disease outbreaks in lettuce in the coastal region, with incidences of 0.5 to 27% (mean = 5.7%). Molecular characterization of INSV isolates associated with these disease outbreaks revealed little genetic diversity and indicated that lettuce-infecting INSV isolates were nearly identical to those previously characterized from ornamental or other hosts from different locations in the United States and the world. Monitoring of thrips revealed moderate to large populations in all surveyed lettuce fields, and the majority of thrips identified from these fields were western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. There was significant positive correlation (r2 = 0.91, P = 0.003) between thrips populations and INSV incidence in the most commonly encountered type of commercial lettuce (romaine, direct seeded, conventional) included in this study. A reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay developed for detection of INSV in thrips showed promise as a monitoring tool in the field. Surveys for INSV reservoir hosts in the coastal production area revealed that the weeds little mallow (Malva parvifolia) and shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) were commonly infected. M. parvifolia plants infected in the field did not show obvious symptoms, whereas plants of this species inoculated in the laboratory with INSV by sap transmission developed necrotic spots and chlorosis. Eleven other weed species growing in the lettuce production areas were found to be hosts of INSV. Coastal crops found to be infected with INSV included basil (Ocimum basilicum), bell pepper (Capsicum annuum), calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica), faba bean (Vicia faba), radicchio (Cichorium intybus), and spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Thus, it is likely that INSV was introduced into coastal California lettuce fields via viruliferous thrips that initially acquired the virus from other local susceptible plant species. Results of this study provide a better understanding of INSV epidemiology in coastal California and may help growers devise appropriate disease management strategies.
Facilitating participation in assessments and the general curriculum: level of symbolic communication classification for students with significant cognitive disabilities

This study empirically evaluated a classification schema based on symbolic communication level use with students with significant cognitive disabilities. Ninety‐five teachers of students with significant disabilities rated students’ level of performance on 10 academic tasks. Cluster analysis suggested a range of two to four clusters solutions. Support was found for three clusters: symbolic (abstract), early symbolic (concrete), and pre‐symbolic/awareness. The potential application of the classification system to planning general curriculum access and setting achievement expectations are discussed.
BRAF Mutations Are Sufficient to Promote Nevi Formation and Cooperate with p53 in the Genesis of Melanoma

Melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer, and the incidence and mortality rates are rapidly rising. Epidemiologically, high numbers of nevi (moles) are associated with higher risk of melanoma . The majority of melanomas exhibit activating mutations in the serine/threonine kinase BRAF . BRAF mutations may be critical for the initiation of melanoma ; however, the direct role of BRAF in nevi and melanoma has not been tested in an animal model. To directly test the role of activated BRAF in nevus and melanoma development, we have generated transgenic zebrafish expressing the most common BRAF mutant form (V600E) under the control of the melanocyte mitfa promoter. Expression of mutant, but not wild-type, BRAF led to dramatic patches of ectopic melanocytes, which we have termed fish (f)-nevi. Remarkably, in p53-deficient fish, activated BRAF induced formation of melanocyte lesions that rapidly developed into invasive melanomas, which resembled human melanomas and could be serially transplanted. These data provide direct evidence that BRAF activation is sufficient for f-nevus formation, that BRAF activation is among the primary events in melanoma development, and that the p53 and BRAF pathways interact genetically to produce melanoma.
Exploiting mobility for energy efficient data collection in wireless sensor networks

We analyze an architecture based on mobility to address the problem of energy efficient data collection in a sensor network. Our approach exploits mobile nodes present in the sensor field as forwarding agents. As a mobile node moves in close proximity to sensors, data is transferred to the mobile node for later depositing at the destination. We present an analytical model to understand the key performance metrics such as data transfer, latency to the destination, and power. Parameters for our model include: sensor buffer size, data generation rate, radio characteristics, and mobility patterns of mobile nodes. Through simulation we verify our model and show that our approach can provide substantial savings in energy as compared to the traditional ad-hoc network approach.