cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forensic age progression and the search for missing children

One approach that has been used to help recover missing children is forensic age progression. In forensic age progression, outdated photographs of missing children are digitally aged to provide an estimate of the current appearance of the child. In two experiments participants studied pictures of children at age seven (outdated), pictures of children at age 12 (current), or pictures that were age progressed to age 12 (age progressed). They were then tested with pictures of the children at age 12. Memory for current pictures was superior to both outdated pictures and age progressed pictures. Memory for outdated pictures and age progressed pictures did not significantly differ. The results failed to demonstrate an advantage for age progressed pictures.
Laboratory studies with nine amidinohydrazones, a promising new class of bait toxicants for control of red imported fire ants.

AC 217,300 (Tetrahydro-5,5-dimethyl-2(I H )-pyrimidinone,[3-[4-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-[2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethenyl]-2-propenylidene]hydrazone) was the most effective of nine amidinohydrazones tested as bait toxicants against workers Solenopsis invicta Buren. In screening tests, this chemical dissolved in soybean oil (SBO) showed delayed action over more than a 10-fold dosage range. In secondary tests, this toxicant formulated in granular SBO baits at concentrations of 2.5–10% (in SBO) and fed to entire laboratory colonies (queen, immatures, and 10,000–100,000 workers) either killed the entire colony or killed most of the workers and the colony queen.
10 Iron Uptake in Mycobacteria

This chapter highlights both the well established and the yet poorly understood aspects of siderophoremediated iron acquisition in pathogenic and nonpathogenic mycobacteria, with a particular emphasis in the siderophore system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The M. tuberculosis siderophore system is believed to play a crucial role in the procurement of a suitable iron supply to support bacterial multiplication in vivo and to be a key factor in the ability of this human pathogen to produce successful infections. The mycobacteria examined for iron-acquisition systems appear to rely on siderophores with high affinity for the ferric ion as the primary mechanism for iron acquisition. Transcription of genes of the exochelin (EXC) and mycobactin/carboxymycobactin (MBT/CMBT) systems is derepressed when the bacterium experiences iron limitations, thus leading to siderophore biosynthesis and siderophore-mediated iron uptake. Several Mycobacterium species produce two structurally related families of high-affinity Fe3+-binding siderophores, the MBTs and the CMBTs. Mutational analysis has conclusively linked the mbt gene cluster to production of both MBTs and CMBTs. Mutational analysis has conclusively linked the mbt gene cluster to production of both MBTs and CMBTs. Several Mycobacterium species that are normally found as environmental saprophytes release EXCs, the nonribosomally synthesized pentapeptidebased or hexapeptide-based siderophores, into the extracellular environment. More recently, analogues of salicyl-AMS have also been demonstrated to block MBT/CMBT biosynthesis and M. tuberculosis multiplication in iron-limiting conditions.
Inactivation of α7 ACh receptors and activation of non-α7 ACh receptors both contribute to long term potentiation induction in the hippocampal CA1 region

Acute and chronic nicotine exposure differentially facilitate the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), a synaptic model of learning and memory, in the hippocampal CA1 region. The mechanisms underlying these effects of nicotine, however, are unknown. In the present study, both nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists and an alpha7 nAChR antagonist facilitated the induction LTP in the hippocampal CA1 region of naive rat. Furthermore, chronic nicotine treatment lowered the threshold for induction of LTP, and acute application of nicotinic agonists, but not an alpha7 antagonist, further facilitated LTP induction in the chronic-nicotine-treated hippocampus. These results suggest not only that both activation of non-alpha7 nAChRs and inactivation of alpha7 nAChRs contribute to LTP induction, but also that chronic-nicotine-mediated facilitation of LTP induction is due to chronic-nicotine-induced desensitization of alpha7 nAChRs.
Vital dye labelling demonstrates a sacral neural crest contribution to the enteric nervous system of chick and mouse embryos.

We have used the vital dye, DiI, to analyze the contribution of sacral neural crest cells to the enteric nervous system in chick and mouse embryos. In order to label premigratory sacral neural crest cells selectively, DiI was injected into the lumen of the neural tube at the level of the hindlimb. In chick embryos, DiI injections made prior to stage 19 resulted in labelled cells in the gut, which had emerged from the neural tube adjacent to somites 29–37. In mouse embryos, neural crest cells emigrated from the sacral neural tube between E9 and E9.5. In both chick and mouse embryos, DiI-labelled cells were observed in the rostral half of the somitic sclerotome, around the dorsal aorta, in the mesentery surrounding the gut, as well as within the epithelium of the gut. Mouse embryos, however, contained consistently fewer labelled cells than chick embryos. DiI-labelled cells first were observed in the rostral and dorsal portion of the gut. Paralleling the maturation of the embryo, there was a rostral-to-caudal sequence in which neural crest cells populated the gut at the sacral level. In addition, neural crest cells appeared within the gut in a dorsal-to-ventral sequence, suggesting that the cells entered the gut dorsally and moved progressively ventrally. The present results resolve a long-standing discrepancy in the literature by demonstrating that sacral neural crest cells in both the chick and mouse contribute to the enteric nervous system in the postumbilical gut.
Extended-aperture underwater acoustic multisource azimuth/elevation direction-finding using uniformly but sparsely spaced vector hydrophones

Aperture extension is achieved in this novel ESPRIT-based two-dimensional angle estimation scheme using a uniform rectangular array of vector hydrophones spaced much farther apart than a half-wavelength. A vector hydrophone comprises two or three spatially co-located, orthogonally oriented identical velocity hydrophones (each of which measures one Cartesian component of the underwater acoustical particle velocity vector-field) plus an optional pressure hydrophone. Each incident source's directions-of-arrival are determined from the source's acoustical particle velocity components, which are extracted by decoupling the data covariance matrix's signal-subspace eigenvectors using the lower dimensional eigenvectors obtainable by ESPRIT. These direction-cosine estimates are unambiguous but have high variance; they are used as coarse references to disambiguate the cyclic phase ambiguities in ESPRIT's eigenvalues when the intervector-hydrophone spacing exceeds a half-wavelength. In one simulation scenario, the estimation standard deviation decreases with increasing intervector-hydrophone spacing up to 12 wavelengths, effecting a 97% reduction in the estimation standard deviation relative to the half-wavelength case. This proposed scheme and the attendant vector-hydrophone array outperform a uniform half-wavelength spaced pressure-hydrophone array with the same aperture and slightly greater number of component hydrophones by an order of magnitude in estimation standard deviation. Other simulations demonstrate how this proposed method improves underwater acoustic communications link performance. The virtual array interpolation technique would allow this proposed algorithm to be used with irregular array geometries.
Nrf2 enhances resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, the dark side of Nrf2

Drug resistance during chemotherapy is the major obstacle to the successful treatment of many cancers. Here, we report that inhibition of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) may be a promising strategy to combat chemoresistance. Nrf2 is a critical transcription factor regulating a cellular protective response that defends cells against toxic insults from a broad spectrum of chemicals. Under normal conditions, the low constitutive amount of Nrf2 protein is maintained by the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein1 (Keap1)-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation system. Upon activation, this Keap1-dependent Nrf2 degradation mechanism is quickly inactivated, resulting in accumulation and activation of the antioxidant response element (ARE)-dependent cytoprotective genes. Since its discovery, Nrf2 has been viewed as a 'good' transcription factor that protects us from many diseases. In this study, we demonstrate the dark side of Nrf2: stable overexpression of Nrf2 resulted in enhanced resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents including cisplatin, doxorubicin and etoposide. Inversely, downregulation of the Nrf2-dependent response by overexpression of Keap1 or transient transfection of Nrf2-small interfering RNA (siRNA) rendered cancer cells more susceptible to these drugs. Upregulation of Nrf2 by the small chemical tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) also enhanced the resistance of cancer cells, indicating the feasibility of using small chemical inhibitors of Nrf2 as adjuvants to chemotherapy to increase the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the strategy of using Nrf2 inhibitors to increase efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents is not limited to certain cancer types or anticancer drugs and thus can be applied during the course of chemotherapy to treat many cancer types.
Examining Public Opinion about Crime and Justice: A Statewide Study:

As noted by Flanagan (1996), public opinion polls about crime and justice can act as a social barometer providing important data to policy makers regarding what the public is willing, or is not willing, to accept when it comes to proposed legislation and/or intervention programming. This paper reports findings from the 2001 Penn State Poll, a random telephone survey of Pennsylvanians, 18 years of age or older, in which citizens were asked about their attitudes toward and perceptions of such issues as fear of crime, capital punishment, the most important goal of prison, and where they would most like to see their tax dollars spent (building more prisons vs. early intervention programs with troubled youth). Significant differences were found within certain demographic groups across these sets of questions, and in a predictive model, gender, race/ethnicity, and education had a greater impact on citizens’ support for capital punishment than did their fear of crime. Overall, findings suggest that the public is...
Configuration mixing and elastic magnetic electron scattering from nuclei

Abstract The role of configuration mixing in the analysis of recent elastic magnetic electron scattering experiments on 49 Ti, 59 Co, 87 Sr and 93 Nb is examined. In particular the dependence of the rms radius of the valence nucleon extracted from such analyses on the detailed nuclear configurations used is studied. In addition, the effects of meson-exchange currents together with configuration mixing are discussed. It is found that configuration mixing does play a significant role and that high-precision studies of elastic magnetic electron scattering should proceed beyond the framework of the extreme single-particle model.
Teenage parenting in different cultures, family constellations, and caregiving environments: Effects on infant development

Teenage parenting was investigated in different ethnic groups (Cuban and American Black), family constellations (single-parent, nuclear, and extended families), and primary caregiving arrangements (mother versus other). One hundred sixty-four infants born to a representative sample of teenage mothers were observed during interactions with their mothers and were given developmental assessments when they were 12, 18, and 24 months of age. Being a Cuban mother, living in a nuclear family, and being a secondary caregiver were each associated independently with stronger social support systems and more positive child-rearing attitudes and mother-infant play interactions. Despite these early advantages, maternal stimulation and infant performance decreased over the second year of life irrespective of ethnic group, family constellation, and caregiving arrangements.
Muslim-American Marketplace: Understanding Cultural Diversity

The Muslim-American marketplace is a cultural challenge for US businesses offering numerous generational interpretations of each nationality, traditions, and historical values.
Cationic UV-cured coatings of epoxide-containing vegetable oils

Vernonia oil (VO), an epoxide containing vegetable oil, and epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) have been used to formulate cationic ultraviolet (UV) cured coatings. The compatibility of VO or ESO with other coating ingredients affects their incorporation levels into cationic UV-curable coating formulations. Cationic-UV-cured VO and ESO coatings exhibited excellent adhesion, impact resistance, UV stability, gloss retention, and corrosion resistance properties. Pencil hardness and tensile strength of coating films decreased with increasing oil content.
Artificial intelligence and computer simulation: not such strange bedfellows

Artificial intelligence and computer simulation are two different classes of tools used to tackle similar problems. This paper provides an overview of various applications involving their integration. Some of these applications are expert systems embedded in simulations, intelligent model creation tools, simulation parameter optimizers, expert decisions verifications and Al based simulation languages. The merger of these two technologies appears to be an inevitable and exciting part of computer simulation's future.
Audio-Visual Fusion and Tracking With Multilevel Iterative Decoding: Framework and Experimental Evaluation

Speech is a natural interface for human communication. However building human-computer interfaces in unconstrained intelligent spaces still remains a challenging task. Incorporating video information is shown to improve the performance of many audio applications. Similarly, information from the microphones is useful in computer vision tasks. One of the first steps in enabling natural human-computer interaction is person tracking. In this paper, we present a new approach to person tracking using both audio and visual information. We develop a multilevel framework to combine the audio and visual cues to track multiple persons in a meeting room equipped with cameras and microphone arrays. We discuss in detail the multilevel iterative decoding based audio-visual person tracker (MID-AVT). Extensive experimental evaluation of the MID-AVT and comparison to other audio-visual tracking techniques is also presented. The dataset consists of real meeting recordings with sensor configurations similar to those used in the CLEAR 2006 and CLEAR 2007 evaluation workshops. The overall accuracy of the tracker was 75%. The MID-AVT framework performed slightly better than particle filter-based tracker when accurate camera and microphone calibration was available. However, the MID-AVT is also shown to be robust to sensor calibration errors while the particle filtering framework fails. In addition to the audio-visual person tracking results, we also track the active speaker at every instance of time and the results are presented.
Optimization of a mouse locomotor rating system to evaluate compression-induced spinal cord injury: correlation of locomotor and morphological injury indices

Object Due to the usefulness of mouse genetics, there is a need to improve procedures for producing and assessing spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice. The authors describe an improved locomotor scoring system for evaluating SCI. The modified Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (mBBB) scoring system for mice is compared with existing procedures as well as histological SCI criteria. Methods Mice were subjected to SCI by placing a weight on the cord at T-12 for 5 to 15 minutes after laminectomy to produce spinal cord ischemia. Injury was assessed using mBBB scoring that incorporates elements of the rat BBB and the mouse motor function scoring systems that are best suited for precisely assessing mouse SCI. The mBBB score was found to be more discriminating than the inclined plane test, and in the authors’ laboratory it had a significantly lower coefficient of variation than the Basso mouse scale score. The mBBB score is well correlated with sparing of white matter as assessed by eriochrome cyanine staining of myelin. Conclu...
Evolutionary algorithms based multiobjective optimization techniques for intelligent systems design

We present evolutionary algorithm based multiobjective optimization techniques for intelligent systems design. Multiobjective optimization techniques are necessary in situations where the performance of a system is based on multiple, possibly conflicting objectives whose aggregation cannot be easily articulated. The evolutionary algorithms approach presented employs a search mechanism that treats each of the objectives independently, avoiding the objective aggregation step. A key feature of our techniques is that they output a set of solutions rather than a single solution. To demonstrate how our techniques can be used to support system design, we apply them to the task of designing a fuzzy control system. In the final part of the paper, we propose metrics for multiobjective optimization algorithm performance and techniques for employing them in the design an adaptation of evolutionary algorithm based multiobjective optimization.
Optimal Control of a Flow Recirculation in a Wind Tunnel

This paper is concerned with a new model-based control approach using first order, quasilinear hyperbolic partial differential equations to investigate an optimal control problem of a flow recirculation system; namely, a closed-circuit wind tunnel. The flow recirculation is modeled by the Euler equations with boundary conditions that prescribe control variables for the wind tunnel flow via a compressor performance model. The compressor control variables at the system boundaries are further constrained by a set of ordinary differential equations that describe lumped-parameter system dynamics of drive motors and an inlet guide vane actuation system. Thus, the distributed PDE system and the lumped-parameter ODE system are coupled together such that PDE control variables at the boundary become the state variables for the ODE system. Necessary conditions for optimality are derived using variational principles. We apply theoretical results to investigate optimal trajectories of the compressor control variables for a wind tunnel.
Imaging the Murine Cardiovascular System With Magnetic Resonance

Evolving imaging technologies are changing the breadth and depth of fundamental and integrated investigations of cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. Magnetic resonance (MR) techniques are arguably some of the most rapidly evolving and powerful imaging approaches for studying the cardiovascular system. They provide nondestructive and often unique insights into cardiac and vascular morphology, function, and metabolism in animal models and people. Several sophisticated imaging techniques have been adapted for studies of transgenic mice to characterize the pathophysiological consequences of targeted genetic manipulations. Despite the importance to molecular biologists and cardiovascular physiologists, imaging the mouse heart under physiological conditions is nontrivial. The mouse heart is small (≈0.1 g) and fast (≈600 beats/min or 10 beats/sec). Therefore, high spatial and temporal resolution are fundamental requirements for murine cardiac imaging. Several imaging techniques are being adapted for mouse studies, including x-ray computed tomography, positron emission tomography, echocardiography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Echocardiography is presently the most commonly used technology for cardiovascular mouse imaging, and its applications are expanding. Two-dimensionally directed M-mode echocardiography is available in many laboratories and has become a relatively inexpensive, portable imaging technique for rapid phenotypic analysis.1 Cardiac MRI applications in the mouse have lagged behind those of echocardiography, but they are quickly becoming state of the …
Effect of Curing on Sensory Properties and Carbohydrate Composition of Baked Sweet Potatoes

In a two-year study, the flavor and texture profiles and carbohydrate composition of cured, baked‘Jewels’sweet potatoes were compared to baked, uncured‘Jewels’sweet potatoes. Curing increased the rate of production of flavor notes and only slightly influenced development of “moist” mouthfeel. Given sufficient time after harvest, baked, cured roots were indistinguishable from baked, uncured roots. Carbohydrate content was not a sensitive indicator of post-harvest treatment since no statistically significant differences were detected between cured and uncured roots.
Severe Thermal and Pressure Transients and the Survival of Internally Coated Tubes with Interface Defects

The effects of severe thermal and pressure transient pulses on the interior of coated tubes with known defects (cracks and blisters) have been analyzed using finite-element methods. For the modeling, both axisymmetric and three-dimensional (3-D) meshes were developed and used to assess the transient thermal- and stress-states and the propensity for fracture related damage. For all calculations, temperature dependent thermophysical and elastic properties were used during the analysis. The model also utilized uniform heating and pressure across the ID surface imposed via convective coefficients and a piece-wise linear pressure function. Results indicated that both had a significant influence on the maximum circumferential (hoop) stresses and temperatures and that the compressive thermal stresses help to offset the tensile stresses generated by the pressure. Calculations also looked into the influence of these factors when a cracks and/or blister defect was introduced at the interface of the coating and subs...
Performance of a Nonblocking SpaceDivision Packet Switch with Correlated Input Traffic

This paper studies the performance of a nonblocking space-division packet switch in a correlated input traffic environment. In constructing the input traffic model, we consider that each input is a TDM link connecting to multiple sources. Every source on a link supports one call at a time. Each call experiences the alternation of ON and OFF periods, and generates packets periodically while in ON period. The stochastic property of each call does not have to be identical. Packets from each individual call are destined to the same output. The output address of each call is assumed to be uniformly assigned in random. In this multimedia correlated input traffic environment, we derive both upper and lower bounds of the maximum throughput at system saturation. Our study indicates that, if the source access rate is substantially lower than the link transmission rate, the effect of input traffic correlation on the output contentions can generally be ignored. Note that the large disparity between link transmission rate and source access rate always exist in most practical systems. Therefore, not only the input traffic correlation can be neglected in the maximum throughput analysis, but also the analysis of each input queue becomes separable from the rest of the switch. The service time of each input queue in the separate analysis is characterized by an independent renewal process. The same study is carried out with nonuniform call address assignment.
General Synthesis Method for Bimetallic Carbides of Group VIIIA First Row Transition Metals with Molybdenum and Tungsten

We have established a general method for the synthesis of two different stoichiometries of bimetallic carbides for each of the first row transition metals (TM) of Group VIIIA with tungsten and molybdenum. A dispersion of bimetallic carbide particles in a network of carbon was achieved using excess carbon during the carbothermic reduction process. An investigation into the reduction process revealed bimetallic carbide formation proceeding via stepwise reduction of oxide precursors to metals. The low carbon content phase TM6(Mo/W)6C and the high carbon content phase TM3(Mo/W)3C form within a temperature window of 60 °C which emphasizes the need for careful control over reaction conditions in order to form the desired phase pure product.
Structure and Development of Insect Communities in an Ohio Old-field

This paper describes patterns in the assemblages of insects associated with nearly 200 different patches of Ohio old-field vegetation. The patches were located randomly in an old-field or upon experimental islands in a nearby pond. Experimental islands were defaunated at the beginning of the experiment. Assemblages on old-field patches vary with respect to species composition but maintain a trophic structure of 12–14 herbivore species, 5–6 saprophore species, and 2–3 carnivore species with a maximum of 5–7 parasite species (95% confidence intervals) between late June and early August. The numbers of herbivore, saprophore, carnivore, or parasite species regained by defaunated islands are similar to those seen in the old-field. Evenness and population density characteristic of old-field patches is not regained by defaunated islands.
Core size conversion: route for exclusive synthesis of Au38 or Au40 nanomolecules.

Gold nanomolecules with a precise number of gold atoms and ligands have promise for catalytic, optical, and biomedical applications. For practical applications, it is essential to develop synthetic protocols to prepare monodisperse gold nanomolecules. A typical synthesis yields a number of nanomolecules with discrete numbers of core atoms. Thermochemical treatment in the presence of excess thiol, etching, is known to narrow down the number of discrete nanomolecules, by selective degradation of sizes with lower stability. Au38(SR)24 and Au40(SR)24 are abundantly formed in these etching reactions due to their extraordinary stability to chemical etching. These nanomolecules are of high interest due in part to its stability, X-ray crystallographic structure availability (Au38), and intrinsic chirality arising from the arrangement of the Au-SR interface. However, the synthetic routes typically yield a mixture of Au38 and Au40, demanding extensive separation protocols. Here, we present a synthetic route to prep...
Differential regulation of Cl- transport proteins by PKC in Calu-3 cells.

Cl− transport proteins expressed in a Calu-3 airway epithelial cell line were differentiated by function and regulation by protein kinase C (PKC) isotypes. mRNA expression of Cl− transporters was s...
Changes of BLyS/April in patients with Kawasaki disease

Objective To investigate the roles of BLyS/April in immunological pathogensis of Kawasa- ki disease(KD). Methods Forty-eight children with Kawasaki disease and 32 age-matched healthy children were studied. Reverse-transcription PCR(RT-PCR)and real-time PCR were used to measure the mRNA lev- els of BLyS/April, receptors for BLyS/April(BR3, BCMA and TACI)and cytokines in patients with KD. The levels of cytokines in plasma were measured by ELISA.Results①Compared with healthy controls, tran- scription levels of BLyS/April in MC were significantly up-regulated during acute phase of KD(P0.01), and down-regulated after treated with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy.②The expression levels of the BLyS/ April receptors BR3, BCMA and TACI mRNA were remarkably increased during acute phase of Kawasaki dis- ease(P0.01), and down-regulated to some extents after treated with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy,③The mRNA levels and plasma levels of cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-15, which were in- volved in antibody class switching, were found to be significantly higher than those of healthy controls during acute phase of Kawasaki disease(P0.11).④The mRNA levels and the plasma levels of IL-10, IFN-αand IFN-γ, were significantly elevated during acute phase of Kawasaki disease. Conclusion Overexpression of BLyS/April may be one contributing factor to the immunological dysfunction in KD.
Trauma to Kidney, Ureter, Bladder, and Urethra: Diagnosis and Management

Lack of awareness of potential urologic damage is a major fault in the handling of many injured patients, and failure to use the simple diagnostic techniques noted here has resulted in significant morbidity in many communities. Recognition of the potential for urologic injury in certain types of trauma is paramount.—MSR
Do Financial Factors Drive Aggregate Productivity? Evidence from Indian Manufacturing Establishments

Numerous countries have implemented financial reforms in the past three decades, but how these reforms affect economic growth has not been established. I develop a novel dynamic equilibrium model with heterogeneous firms and endogenous leverage to isolate the effects of changing financial frictions on economic growth. Changes in financial frictions affect aggregate productivity by shifting the allocation of resources across firms. However, common shocks to productivity unrelated to finance also change the allocation of resources across firms, because more-productive firms respond to shocks by changing leverage. I show using plant-level microdata from India that although difference in difference regressions and aggregate productivity decompositions suggest that financial reforms have led to economic growth in India since 1990, I can generate the same patterns in my calibrated model with only common shocks to productivity. In addition, when I calibrate a model to match the dynamic evolution of the size-productivity distribution in India, I find that financial factors explain 71% of Indian labor productivity growth from 1990 to 1995, but only 2%--8% from 1995 to 2011. My work suggests that factors that affect productivity within firms are more important determinants of aggregate productivity growth than financial development, and might explain why developing economies lag behind the United States in growth and productivity.
FERRICYTOCHROME c: II. CHAIN FLEXIBILITY AND A POSSIBLE REDUCTION MECHANISM

ABSTRACT The recent high resolution crystal structure analysis of horse and bonito ferricytochromes c (Dickerson et al., J. Biol. Chem. , 1971, in press) has shown the polypeptide chain path and the positions of all side chains. Evidence from chemical modification of side chains—iodination and nitration of tyrosines, carboxymethylation of methionines, and oxidation of tryptophans—interpreted in the light of the molecular structure, suggests that the left side of the molecule is flexible to a certain extent, and is essential for the reduceability of ferricytochrome c. A free radical mechanism for the reduction of ferricytochrome c , first proposed by M. E. Winfield in 1965 ( J. Mol. Biol. 12, 600), is presented and is shown to be compatible with present structural and chemical information about the left side of the molecule. This mechanism provides different pathways for the electron in reduction and oxidation, and obviates the necessity for the molecule to rotate upon interacting with its reductase and oxidase.
Struggle over the Gay Scenes’ Boundaries

The rebuilding of the country’s numerous gay scenes was an achievement that should not be underestimated. Though some aspects of the scenes did not entirely vanish during the Nazi era, bars solely devoted to a homosexual clientele had been forced to close, and a majority of the social networks that had been slowly and carefully knit together by the 1920s had fragmented under the police assault. What remained by 1945 was a number of scattered encounters made possible only through persistent habits, chance meetings, and occasional moments of recklessness. Yet, if the near disappearance of the gay scenes under Nazi pressure demonstrated their vulnerability, their rapid re-emergence in the late 1940s demonstrated their resilience.
Surface strain distribution of orthodontic miniscrews under load

Introduction Our objective was to investigate surface strain around orthodontic miniscrews under different orthodontic loading conditions in simulated supporting bone. Methods Thirty miniscrews with lengths of 6, 8, and 10 mm were embedded into customized composite analog bone models. All miniscrews were inserted into the simulated test bone 6 mm deep and loaded with the same force of 200 cN, creating different tipping moments at the peri-implant bone surface. A digital image correlation technique was used to measure the resulting surface strain around the orthodontic miniscrews. Results Changing the tipping moments is directly related to the strain generated at the bone surface close to the miniscrews, with greater moments creating greater maximum principal strains. Conclusions Within the limitations of this model, it can be stated that greater tipping moments of miniscrews create greater maximum principal strain values, which have the potential to increase bone turnover around the implant. Hence, miniscrews farther from the bone surface should be loaded with less force, whereas miniscrews loaded closer to the bone surface may sustain higher forces.
Embolization of Inferior Vena Cava Filter Tyne and Right Ventricular Perforation: A Cardiac Missile

Inferior vena cava (IVC) filter is a medical device placed in patients with proven pulmonary embolism or those with risk of embolization. Although many IVC filters are designed for removal after patient recovery, in many instances they are never retrieved. We present a case of a 22-year-old woman who underwent placement of an IVC filter as a prophylactic measure following a C-6 spinal injury that rendered her a quadriplegic. A tyne from the filter later fractured and embolized to the right ventricle, leading to perforation and subsequent large symptomatic pericardial effusion. The tyne was retrieved through a subxiphoid pericardial window, and the patient had an uneventful recovery. She later underwent retrieval of the entire filter.
The impacts of spatial and temporal complexity across landscapes on biological control: a review

Biological control is affected by the composition of landscapes surrounding agricultural fields. Natural enemy communities are typically more diverse, and effective at providing biological control services, in complex compared to simple landscapes. However, the use of simple metrics to characterize landscapes, such as the proportion of agricultural habitat, obscures the mechanisms by which landscapes affect biological control. Studies that evaluate the overall complexity of agricultural landscapes, and their temporal variability, allow for a greater mechanistic understanding of the impacts of landscape composition on biological control. From an applied perspective, decision support systems, which deliver real-time information about pest and natural enemy populations, are an effective tool for delivering recommendations to strengthen biological control across space and time.
Dyskeratosis congenita: relationship to Fanconi's anemia.

Dyskeratosis congenita and Fanconi’s anemia share impressive features in common: primary refractory pancytopenia; bone marrow hyperplasia (curtailed phase) and megaloblastosis, eventuating in severe hypoplasia of the marrow; cutaneous melanotic dyschromia; lacrimal duct blockage and a host of other minor abnormalities, in addition to mental retardation and generalized impairment of growth. Evaluation of two brothers with dyskeratosis congenita, and review of previous reports, indicate the following to be more prominent in dyskeratosis congenita than in Fanconi’s anemia: cutaneous telangiectatic erythema and atrophy; exocrine, ungual, and dental dysplasias; mucosal leukoplakia, carcinomatosis, and stenosis; and esophageal diverticula. Prominent in Fanconi’s anemia but not dyskeratosis congenita are the renal and particular skeletal anomalies. Possible transition cases are discussed. The proband studied suffered from progressive refractory pancytopenia, fevers, abdominal pains, malabsorption syndrome, and finally subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cultured leukocytes had normal-appearing karyotypes. The proband’s brother had cutaneous alterations of dyskeratosis congenita, but a hemogram revealed only mild thrombocytopenia and macrocytosis. Both brothers had elevated levels of hemoglobin F, leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, serum IgG, and thyroglobulin antibody, and both had reduced levels of serum IgM and vitamin B12.
High-fidelity multipoint hydrostructural optimization of a 3-D hydrofoil

Abstract The design optimization of flexible hydrofoils and propellers requires coupled hydrodynamic and structural analysis to achieve truly optimal, physically realizable, and structurally sound designs. To address this need, we develop an efficient high-fidelity hydrostructural design optimization approach that can handle large numbers of design variables, multiple design points, as well as design constraints on cavitation, maximum von Mises stress, and manufacturing tolerances. The hydrostructural solver couples a 3-D nearly incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes solver with a 3-D structural finite-element solver. We validate the solver by comparing the hydrodynamic load coefficients and tip bending deformations of a cantilevered aluminum alloy hydrofoil with a NACA 0009 cross section and a trapezoidal planform. We use a coupled adjoint approach for efficient computation of the performance and constraint function derivatives with respect to 210 shape design variables. A single-point hydrostructural optimization of the NACA 0009 baseline hydrofoil yields a 12.4% increase in lift-to-drag ratio, a 2.5% reduction in mass, and a 45% increase in the cavitation inception speed. However, the performance of the single-point optimized hydrofoil is found to be worse than the baseline at off-design conditions. On the other hand, a multipoint optimization yields improved performance over the entire range of expected operating conditions with a weighted average increase in lift-to-drag ratio of 8.5%, and an increased cavitation inception speed of 38%. We compare the hydrostructural optimal result to an equivalent hydrodynamic-only optimization, and we show that only the hydrostructural optimized design satisfies the stress constraint up to the highest expected loading condition, highlighting the need for coupled hydrostructural optimization. The proposed approach enables multipoint optimization of hydrodynamic performance for hydrofoils and marine propulsors with respect to detailed shape while enforcing design constraints. This constitutes a powerful new tool for improving existing designs, and exploring new concepts.
Sediments of the Gulf of Mexico

The Gulf of Mexico includes a broad spectrum of depositional environments from the coast to deep water. Waves, tides, currents, and gravity are the primary mechanisms that move sediment. Most sediment originates from the adjacent land, primarily via fluvial transport. Direct precipitation of calcium carbonate and evaporate minerals takes place primarily on the Florida and Yucatan platforms and some coastal lagoons. The deep environments tend to be dominated by mud in a combination of terrigenous and biogenic sediments. The rate of accumulation and the volume of modern sediment on the shelf range widely. Generally, areas bounded by rivers receive the greatest volume of sediment at the highest rates of delivery. The Mississippi Delta is the extreme of this generality in that it covers almost the entire shelf. Tidal range on the Gulf is low, meaning that tidal currents are minimal except in the inlets. The estuaries tend to be shallow: thus, waves can be important in modifying sediment distribution. Sediment delivery is dominated by fluvial discharge, so climate and seasons are important factors.
Estradiol-mediated upregulation of G3BPs results in functional inactivation of p53 in human breast cancer cells

5248 The majority (75%) of human breast cancers express estrogen receptor (ER). Although ER-positive tumors usually respond to anti-estrogen therapies, 30% of them do not. It is not known what controls the ER status of breast cancers or their responsiveness to anti-hormone interventions. In this report, we document that transgenic expression of Wnt-1 in mice induces ER-positive tumors. Loss of Pten or gain of Ras mutations during the evolution of tumors in Wnt-1 transgenic mice has no effect on the expression of ER, but overexpression of Neu or loss of p53 leads to ER-negative tumors. Thus, our results provide compelling evidence that expression of ER in breast cancer may be influenced by specific genetic changes that promote cancer progression. These findings constitute a first step to explore the molecular mechanisms leading to ER-positive or ER-negative mammary tumors. In addition, we find that ER-positive tumors arising in Wnt-1 transgenic mice are refractory to both ovariectomy and the ER antagonist tamoxifen, but lose ER expression with either treatment, suggesting that these treatments select for ER - tumor cells and that the ER + cell fraction is dispensable for growth of these tumors. This is a first report of a mouse model of anti-estrogen resistant ER + breast cancers, and could provide a powerful tool to study the molecular mechanisms that control anti-estrogen resistance.
Pediatric application of intravenous regional anesthesia

General anesthesia is often felt to be indicated for extremity surgery in the pediatric population. We present our experience at a community hospital with the successful use of intravenous regional anesthesia (the Bier Block) in ten children, without complications. A review of the literature reveals Bier Block to be a safe and effective technique in children, with a number of seizures reported as a complication. We conclude intravenous regional anesthesia is a safe, effective, and preferable alternative to general anesthesia in the appropriate pediatric patient, and make recommendations in method of practice to improve its safety.
Some positive techniques for improving student learning: some basics, some experiences, and more

One of the primary questions that all instructors face is how to stimulate and ultimately improve student learning. In this paper, I describe some techniques I have employed or witnessed in a number of classes, and the ultimate positive results in terms of successful learning. Formal end-of-the-semester evaluations, informal conversations, and solicited feedback have provided evidence of the effectiveness of these techniques. Overall, my goal is to create a positive learning environment by engaging students, encouraging creativity, and making the material learned applicable to the real-world.
The Biomechanics of Swimming: The Shoulder and Knee

Competitive swimming consists of four strokes and utilizes both upper and lower extremities in moving forward through the water. Shoulder and arm mechanics are similar in the freestyle, butterfly, and backstroke. Much of the forward propulsion created during the pull-through phase of these strokes is the result of lift forces produced by the traversing motion of the hand and forearm. Shoulder adduction and internal rotation are important in stabilizing the shoulder and allowing the body to be moved forward over the hand during swimming. The same is true of the rapid motion portion of the breaststroke pull-through. Similarly, the flutter, or dolphin, kicks used in freestyle, backstroke, and butterfly produce forward motion by creating forward lift, and the lower leg "paddles" against the water. Knee motion is from approximately 0 to 90 degrees. In breaststroke, water is "whipped" out from between the rapidly closing legs; flexion is up to 140 degrees. All these forces are meant to overcome drag, which is the force resisting forward motion. It is hoped that at some time in the near future the determinants of drag will be measurable and correctable, therefore leading to more efficient, and faster, swimmers.
Update on vestibular rehabilitation therapy

Although the concept of using exercises as part of the treatment for patients with persistent vertigo was introduced several decades ago, organized vestibular rehabilitation therapy programs have only recently been introduced. These programs typically involve a three-pronged approach, customized to the needs of the individual patient: (1) habituation exercises designed to facilitate central nervous system compensation by extinguishing pathologic responses to head motion, (2) postural control exercises, and (3) general conditioning activities. This article provides an update regarding the status of vestibular rehabilitation, reviewing the concept of vestibular compensation and patient selection criteria for current rehabilitative techniques.
Development and In Vivo Evaluation of a κ-Opioid Receptor Agonist as a PET Radiotracer with Superior Imaging Characteristics

Studies have shown κ-opioid receptor (KOR) abnormalities in addictive disorders, other central nervous system diseases, and Alzheimer's disease. We have developed the first set of agonist 11C-GR103545 and antagonist 11C-LY2795050 radiotracers for PET imaging of KOR in humans. Nonetheless, 11C-GR103545 displays protracted uptake kinetics and is not an optimal radiotracer. Here, we report the development and evaluation of 11C-methyl-(R)-4-(2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)acetyl)-3-((diethylamino)methyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate (11C-EKAP) and its comparison with 11C-GR103545. Methods: EKAP was synthesized and assayed for in vitro binding affinities and then radiolabeled. PET studies were performed on rhesus monkeys. Blocking studies were performed with naloxone and the selective KOR antagonists LY2795050 and LY2456302. Arterial input functions were generated for use in kinetic modeling. Brain TACs were analyzed with multilinear analysis 1 to derive binding parameters. Results: EKAP has high KOR affinity (inhibition constant, 0.28 nM) and good selectivity in vitro. 11C-EKAP was prepared in good radiochemical purity. 11C-EKAP rapidly metabolized in plasma and displayed fast and reversible kinetics in brain, with peak uptake at less than 20 min after injection. Preblocking with naloxone (1 mg/kg) or LY2795050 (0.2 mg/kg) produced 84%-89% receptor occupancy, whereas LY2456302 (0.05 and 0.3 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced 11C-EKAP-specific binding, thus demonstrating its binding specificity and selectivity in vivo. Mean multilinear analysis 1-derived nondisplaceable binding potential values were 1.74, 1.79, 1.46, 0.80, and 0.77 for cingulate cortex, globus pallidus, insula, striatum, and frontal cortex, respectively, consistent with the known KOR distribution in primate brains. Conclusion: We have successfully developed 11C-EKAP as a KOR agonist tracer with dual attractive imaging properties of fast uptake kinetics and high specific binding in vivo.