cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distal 8p deletion (8)(p23.1): An easily missed chromosomal abnormality that may be associated with congenital heart defect and mental retardation

We describe the clinical manifestations and molecular cytogenetic analyses of three patients with a similar distal deletion of chromosome 8. Each child had mild developmental delay and subtle minor anomalies. Two had cardiac anomalies but no other major congenital anomalies were present. High resolution G and R banding showed in all three patients del(8)(p23.1), but the breakpoint in case 1 was distal to 8p23.1, in case 2 was in the middle of 8p23.1, and in case 3 proximal to 8p23.1. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies with a chromosome 8 paint probe confirmed that no other rearrangement had occurred. FISH with a chromosome 8-specific telomere probe indicated that two patients had terminal deletions. Chromosome analysis of the parents of case 1 and mother of case 2 were normal; the remaining parents were not available for study. Thirteen individual patients including the three in this study, and three relatives in one family with del(8)(p23.1), have been reported in the past 5 years. Major congenital anomalies, especially congenital heart defects, are most often associated with a breakpoint proximal to 8p23.1. Three patients were found within a 3-year period in this study and five cases were found within 4 years by another group, indicating that distal 8p deletion might be a relatively common chromosomal abnormality. This small deletion is easily overlooked (i.e., cases 1 and 2 were reported as normal at amniocentesis) and can be associated with few or no major congenital anomalies.
Nrf2 defends the lung from oxidative stress.

Nuclear factor, erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) belongs to the Cap'n'collar/basic region leucine zipper (CNC-bZIP) transcription factor family, and is activated by diverse oxidants, pro-oxidants, antioxidants, and chemopreventive agents. After phosphorylation and dissociation from the cytoplasmic inhibitor, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), Nrf2 translocates to the nucleus and binds to an antioxidant response element (ARE). Through transcriptional induction of ARE-bearing genes that encode antioxidant-detoxifying proteins, Nrf2 activates cellular rescue pathways against oxidative injury, inflammation/immunity, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. ARE-driven genes include direct antioxidants (e.g., GPx), thiol metabolism-associated detoxifying enzymes (e.g., GSTs), stress-response genes (e.g., HO-1), and others (e.g., PSMB5). Application of nrf2 germ-line mutant mice elucidated protective roles for Nrf2 in various models of human disorders in the liver, lung, kidney, brain, and circulation. In the...
Structural studies on the carbohydrate moieties of human liver α-l-fucosidase

alpha-L-Fucosidase was purified from human liver to apparent homogeneity and subjected to exhaustive digestion with Pronase. The resulting glycopeptides were isolated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and further fractionated by Bio-Gel P-4 chromatography. Five glycopeptide fractions were obtained. The structures of the carbohydrate portions of all glycopeptide components were fully characterized by a combination of 500-MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy and carbohydrate composition analysis. Fraction I contained disialyl diantennary glycopeptides of the N-acetyllactosamine type. Fractions II and III contained predominantly mono(sialyl-N-acetyllactosaminyl) diantennary glycopeptides with the NeuAc alpha(2----6)Gal beta(1----4)GlcNAc beta(1----2) branch attached to alpha(1----3)-linked Man in II and to alpha(1----6)-linked Man in III. The N-acetyllactosamine-type glycopeptides in fractions I to III have a small portion (10-15%) of their Asn-linked GlcNAc residues substituted by additional alpha(1----6)-linked Fuc. Also, a minor portion of the NeuAc residues appeared to be attached to Gal in alpha(2----3) rather than alpha(2----6) linkage. Fraction IV contained a mixture of larger-size oligomannoside-type glycopeptides with a variable number (6 to 9) of Man residues. Smaller-size oligomannoside-type glycopeptides were found in fraction V, containing 3 or 5 Man residues; a small portion (10%) of the Man3GlcNAc2Asn component appeared to contain in addition a Fuc residue in alpha(1----6) linkage to the Asn-bound GlcNAc. The overall ratio of oligomannoside-type to N-acetyllactosamine-type carbohydrate structures was found to be 5:4. This article is the first account of the complete characterization of the oligomannoside-type structures in alpha-L-fucosidase; furthermore, the occurrence in alpha-L-fucosidase of mono(sialyl-N-acetyllactosaminyl) structures, Fuc-containing oligosaccharides, and NeuAc alpha(2----3) linked to Gal are reported for the first time.
Slow reacquisition of a conditioned taste aversion

Rats were used to examine the extent to which extinction of an acquired conditioned taste aversion retards subsequent reacquisition. A saccharin-flavored solution (sac) was paired with LiCl and then followed by CS-alone extinction trials with this flavor. A control group received a different flavor, decaffeinated-coffee (coff), during initial conditioning and extinction. Sac was then paired with LiCl for all rats during a second conditioning phase. Reacquisition of the aversion to sac was retarded relative to the acquisition of an aversion to sac by the control group. A similar experiment with fewer extinction trials, but still with complete loss of the initial aversion, did not obtain slow reacquisition. The results are discussed with respect to an interference view of extinction and the slow-reacquisition effect.
Measurements of quantum noise in resistively shunted Josephson junctions

Measurements have been made of the low-frequency spectral density of the voltage noise in current-biased resistively shunted Josephson tunnel junctions under conditions in which the noise mixed-down from frequencies near the Josephson frequency (${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{J}$) to the measurement frequency ($\ensuremath{\ll}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{J}$) is in the regime $h{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{J}g{k}_{B}T$. In this limit, quantum corrections to the mixed-down noise are important. The spectral densities measured on junctions with current-voltage characteristics close to the Stewart-McCumber model were in excellent agreement with the predicted values, with no fitted parameters. The mixed-down noise for a wide range of bias voltages was used to infer the spectral density of the current noise in the shunt resistor at frequency $\ensuremath{\nu}$. With no fitted parameters, this spectral density at frequencies up to 500 GHz was in excellent agreement with the prediction $(\frac{2h\ensuremath{\nu}}{R})coth(\frac{h\ensuremath{\nu}}{2{k}_{B}T})$. The presence of the zero-point term, $\frac{2h\ensuremath{\nu}}{R}$, at frequencies $h\ensuremath{\nu}g{k}_{B}T$ was clearly demonstrated. The current-voltage characteristics of a junction with ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{L}\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}{L}_{s}{I}_{0}}{{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{0}}\ensuremath{\sim}1$ and ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{C}\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}{I}_{0}{R}^{2}C}{{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{0}}\ensuremath{\ll}1$, where ${I}_{0}$ is the critical current, $C$ is the junction capacitance, and ${L}_{s}$ is the shunt inductance, showed structure at voltages where the Josephson frequency was near a subharmonic of the ${L}_{s}C$ resonant frequency. The additional nonlinearity of the $I\ensuremath{-}V$ characteristic caused mixing down of noise near higher harmonics of the Josephson frequency, thereby greatly enhancing the voltage noise. The measured noise was in good agreement with that predicted by computer simulations.
SAMPLING THE SPECIES COMPOSITION OF A LANDSCAPE

The abundances and spatial distribution of species is central to biogeography and conservation. Several theories have been offered to explain landscape-scale species distribution patterns. The verification of biogeographic theories, as well as conservation decisions, must be based upon empirical data gathered from necessarily restricted censuses. It is necessary, therefore, to understand the relationship between an underlying landscape-scale pattern and the corresponding pattern it produces upon sampling small subregions. The similarity of species composition between two samples depends not only on the species composition of the underlying landscape from which the samples are drawn, but also on the underlying distribution of species abundances, the degree of conspecific spatial clustering, and sample size. In this paper, we investigate how sampling expectations change depending upon species abundance distributions and upon spatial distributions. We derive analytical results for the expected species overlap between two sampled regions under a wide range of conditions. We compare these results with data from a 50-ha tropical forest census. These methodologies provide useful tools for assessing beta diversity, for testing macro-ecological theory, and for designing landscape-scale sampling schemes.
Identification and characterisation of a novel inorganic carbon acquisition gene, CIA7, from an insertional mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular eukaryotic alga which possesses a CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) that enables it to grow at low CO2 concentrations. Previously, insertional mutants were generated to enable isolation of inorganic carbon transporters and other proteins that might be essential for a functional CCM. These mutants have an antibiotic resistance gene that encodes a protein that binds to Zeocin inhibiting Zeocin’s DNA strand cleavage activity. The DNA flanking the BleR insert of one of the high CO2 requiring strains, named cia7, was cloned with inverse-PCR and sequenced. Sequence analysis showed homology to conserved bacterial proteins of unknown function, but there were no ESTs in this region of the genome. However, the presence of a gene was established by PCR and RLM-RACE. CIA7 was found to have four exons and the BleR insert was in the fourth exon. CIA7 encodes a protein of 104 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 11.3 kDa. Based on the ChloroP prediction program, the protein is predicted to have a chloroplast targeting signal. Complementation analyses results showed possible partially rescued mutants, and RNAi showed several transformants with a sick on low CO2 phenotype with reduced expression of CIA7. These results suggest that CIA7 is a gene that facilitates growth in C. reinhardtii under low CO2 conditions. One possible role of CIA7 would be in the delivery or storage of a metal ion. It may play a potential role as either a domain of a metal transporter or as a metallochaperone.
Casein hydrolysate. I. Continuous production using enzyme bioreactors

Abstract Proteolytic enzymes were immobilized onto suitable carriers with the objective of standardizing stable immobilized-enzyme (IME) bioreactors to hydrolyze casein continuously. Papain, trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatin, Rhozyme-41, chymosin, plasmin and Pronase E were immobilized either on aminopropyl-glass beads (pore size, 500 A, 200–400 mesh) or PEI-silica, Dowex MSC-1, Dowex MR-3C, Dowex SBR-P, crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (3%, v/v). Papain, trypsin, chymotrypsin and Rhozyme-41 immobilized onto aminopropyl- (AP-) glass beads were stable in batch or continuous stirred tank reactor. Peptides were different for the various enzymes; IM-papain, trypsin, and Rhozyme-41 extensively hydrolyzed casein within 30 min, whereas IM-chymotrypsin was slower and gave fewer peptides.
Intracellular Adhesion Molecule Gly241Arg Polymorphism Has No Impact on ARDS or Septic Shock in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

2002;121;85S-86S Chest Qing Zhang, Rita M. Cantor and Richard G. Wunderink Michael W. Quasney, Grant W. Waterer, Mary K. Dahmer, Dawn Turner, * Pneumonia Septic Shock in Community-Acquired Polymorphism Has No Impact on ARDS or Intracellular Adhesion Molecule Gly241Arg http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/121/3_suppl/85S.full.html can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services ) ISSN:0012-3692 http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( distributed without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. All rights reserved. No part of this article or PDF may be reproduced or College of Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. has been published monthly since 1935. Copyright2002by the American is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians. It Chest
WHY DID HALLEY HICCUP

Does anyone remember Halley's comet? It was in all the papers about five years ago, but since then not much has been heard about it. That is, not until the comet flared into brightness again in February of this year. The only problem was that the comet was over 14 astronomical units (14 AU, about 2,100 million km) from the Sun, between the orbits of Saturn and Uranus, a region of the Solar System so cold that it was believed that a comet nucleus would be totally inert there.
Efficient approximation of implicitly defined functions: General theorems and classical benchmark studies

The traditional techniques of approximation theory in the form of kernel interpolation and cubic spline approximation are used to obtain representations and estimates for functions implicitly defined as solutions of two-point boundary-value problems. We place this benchmark analysis in the following more general context: the approximation of operator fixed points, not known in advance, through a balanced combination of discretization and iteration. We have chosen to make use of the pendulum and elastica equations, linked by the Kirchhoff analogy, to illustrate these ideas. In the study of these important classical models, it is approximation theory, not numerical analysis, which is the required theory; a significant example from micro-biology is cited related to nucleosome repositioning. In addition, other suggested uses of approximation theory emerge. In particular, the determination of approximations via symbolic calculation programs such as Mathematica is proposed to facilitate exact error estimation. No numerical linear inversion is required to compute the approximations in any case. The basic premise of the paper is that approximations should be exactly computable in function form (up to round-off error), with error estimated in a smooth averaged norm. Functional analysis is employed as an effective organizing principle to achieve this 'a priori' estimation.
Calcium isotopes in the marine environment and the oceanic calcium cycle

Abstract A systematic investigation of 44 Ca/ 40 Ca ratios in the oceanic Ca cycle indicates that the average Ca isotopic composition of input and output are quite different, suggesting that the present ocean is not in a steady state. Our data show that sea water has uniform 44 Ca/ 40 Ca, as expected from the long residence time of Ca in the oceans. It also exhibits the heaviest isotopic composition among all samples measured, consistent with recent results by Skulan et al. (1997) , and must be maintained at this value by strong biogenic isotope fractionation during the precipitation of CaCO 3 . Our measurements show that the riverine input is variable. The most radiogenic river waters we have measured (lowest 44 Ca/ 40 Ca) are from Ganges tributaries which also have high 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, although there does not appear to be a systematic correlation between Ca and Sr isotopic compositions based on available data. There is also significant isotopic variability among samples of CaCO 3 precipitated from the present ocean, with coccolith oozes showing the most highly fractionated isotopic values relative to seawater. Among foraminifera, Ca isotopes exhibit species-dependent fractionation effects but also appear to display systematic temperature-dependent fractionation within inidividual species.
The great sleep recession: changes in sleep duration among US adolescents, 1991-2012.

BACKGROUND: Average nightly sleep times precipitously decline from childhood through adolescence. There is increasing concern that historical shifts also occur in overall adolescent sleep time. METHODS: Data were drawn from Monitoring the Future, a yearly, nationally representative cross-sectional survey of adolescents in the United States from 1991 to 2012 ( N = 272 077) representing birth cohorts from 1973 to 2000. Adolescents were asked how often they get ≥7 hours of sleep and how often they get less sleep than they should. Age-period-cohort models were estimated. RESULTS: Adolescent sleep generally declined over 20 years; the largest change occurred between 1991–1995 and 1996–2000. Age-period-cohort analyses indicate adolescent sleep is best described across demographic subgroups by an age effect, with sleep decreasing across adolescence, and a period effect, indicating that sleep is consistently decreasing, especially in the late 1990s and early 2000s. There was also a cohort effect among some subgroups, including male subjects, white subjects, and those in urban areas, with the earliest cohorts obtaining more sleep. Girls were less likely to report getting ≥7 hours of sleep compared with boys, as were racial/ethnic minorities, students living in urban areas, and those of low socioeconomic status (SES). However, racial/ethnic minorities and adolescents of low SES were more likely to self-report adequate sleep, compared with white subjects and those of higher SES. CONCLUSIONS: Declines in self-reported adolescent sleep across the last 20 years are concerning. Mismatch between perceptions of adequate sleep and actual reported sleep times for racial/ethnic minorities and adolescents of low SES are additionally concerning and suggest that health education and literacy approaches may be warranted.
Behavioral Science---Questioning the Meaning of “Democratic” Management

Just as in the 1930s and 40s, the world is still experimenting with many autocratic forms of administration. Currently, not all of these autocrats are human. Some of them involve a “one best” model of accounting, information systems, and decision-making. The need for behaviorists to demonstrate the existence of alternative forms is just as great now as it was when Levine and others began their work on the importance of group dynamics to formal organizations thirty years ago. Many managers still have the concept that information flows up the organization and decisions flow down. But an acknowledgment of the existence of alternative organizational systems does not have to be sugar-coated with the term democratic.
Major technical issues in medical informatics computer technology systems and applications

Technical issues in medical informatics are addressed, with emphasis on tools for medical practitioners to willingly and effectively use computers to capture data and to access information; the conversion of paper records to electronic data to facilitate automation; and system and application integration based on patient medical documents and information. It is pointed out that the computer and communication technologies are sufficiently advanced to provide solutions to these problems. Practical solutions are discussed which use friendly computer user interface tools such as speech, gesture and handwriting recognition with a tablet or notepad computer. Painless transitions of paper record to image, to electronic form and to data, and an optical-disk-based patient medical document are also discussed. >
Numerical Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer From Fluid Spheres in an Electric Field

Steady-state heat or mass transfer to a drop in an electric filed at low values of the Reynolds number is investigated. The energy equation is solved using finite difference techniques; upwind differencing is used in approximating the convective terms. Far from the sphere a ''transmitting'' boundary condition is introduced; the dimensionless temperature is held at zero for inward radial flow and the dimensionless temperature gradient is held at zero for outward radial flow at a fixed distance from the sphere's surface. Numerical solutions are obtained using an iterative method. Creeping flow heat transfer results are obtained for Peclet numbers up to 10/sup 3/.
The Cathedral at Chartres in 1030

SIXTY-FIVE years ago M. Rene' Merlet published a reconstruction of the cathedral of Chartres as he believed it to have stood at the end of the third decade of the eleventh century (Fig. lb).' Owing to the importance of the building and paucity of evidence regarding comparable structures of the same period the Merlet reconstruction has been useful, and it has been repeatedly cited and reproduced, but the passage of time has brought increased knowledge about mediaeval art in general and about this building as well. Some aspects of Merlet's reconstruction are clearly wrong and need correction; the old data can now be elaborated to give a more complete and accurate idea of the building. It is the purpose of this report to present an examination of the evidence regarding this building and new reconstruction studies based on that evidence.2 There are two prime sources for information about the great church built under Bishop Fulbert's orders between 1020 and 1028. Very considerable remains of the church itself exist incorporated in the substructures of the Gothic cathedral. There is also a picture of the building, dateable between 10928 and 1030, which provides surprising and interesting suggestions about the superstructure3 (Fig. 4). It was the discovery of the picture which inspired Merlet's reconstruction, and difficulties with the interpretation of the picture are responsible for some of the questionable details of the result. Merlet assumed that Andre de Mici, the miniaturist, had painted a view of the upper parts of the new cathedral but had imagined the lower aisle walls away to permit us to observe the bishop talking to the people of Chartres inside the building. For the exterior Merlet denies any possible doubt that the artist was attempting to record exactly what be saw and even identifies the spot from which the view was taken, a tower some 550 feet south of the building and about 160 feet high. Editing the manuscript by eliminating the text above and the interior scene below and supplying a few lost details of apse and chapels, Merlet arrives at a view of the building marred only by the artist's "ignorance profonde des lois de la perspective . . ."4 (Fig. la). It is this edited version of the eleventh-century drawing which is usually reproduced with the reconstruction view whicb repre-
Multicenter randomized clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of the Lokomat in subacute stroke.

Objective. To compare the efficacy of robotic-assisted gait training with the Lokomat to conventional gait training in individuals with subacute stroke. Methods. A total of 63 participants <6 months poststroke with an initial walking speed between 0.1 to 0.6 m/s completed the multicenter, randomized clinical trial. All participants received twenty-four 1-hour sessions of either Lokomat or conventional gait training. Outcome measures were evaluated prior to training, after 12 and 24 sessions, and at a 3-month follow-up exam. Self-selected overground walking speed and distance walked in 6 minutes were the primary outcome measures, whereas secondary outcome measures included balance, mobility and function, cadence and symmetry, level of disability, and quality of life measures. Results. Participants who received conventional gait training experienced significantly greater gains in walking speed (P = .002) and distance (P = .03) than those trained on the Lokomat. These differences were maintained at the 3-mon...
Every convex free basic semi-algebraic set has an LMI representation

The (matricial) solution set of a Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) is a convex free basic open semi-algebraic set. The main theorem of this paper is a converse, each such set arises from some LMI. The result has implications for semi-definite programming and systems engineering as well as for free semi-algebraic geometry.
Unraveling helicase mechanisms one molecule at a time

Recent years have seen an increasing number of biological applications of single molecule techniques, evolving from a proof of principle type to the more sophisticated studies. Here we compare the capabilities and limitations of different single molecule techniques in studying the activities of helicases. Helicases share a common catalytic activity but present a high variability in kinetic and phenomenological behavior, making their studies ideal in exemplifying the use of the new single molecule techniques to answer biological questions. Unexpected phenomena have also been observed from individual molecules suggesting extended or alternative functionality of helicases in vivo.
Composable memory transactions

Writing concurrent programs is notoriously difficult, and is of increasing practical importance. A particular source of concern is that even correctly-implemented concurrency abstractions cannot be composed together to form larger abstractions. In this paper we present a new concurrency model, based on transactional memory, that offers far richer composition. All the usual benefits of transactional memory are present (e.g. freedom from deadlock), but in addition we describe new modular forms of blocking and choice that have been inaccessible in earlier work.
Thermal Stability of CoSi2 on Single Crystal and Polycrystalline Silicon

The thermal stability of Co silicide on single crystal and polycrystalline Si has been investigated. Co films were evaporated onto (100) Si and undoped polycrystalline Si and annealed in vacuum. Resulting silicide films were examined using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron-induced x-ray spectroscopy, and sheet resistivity measurements. We find that CoSi2 on single crystal (100) Si remains stable through 1000°C. In contact with undoped polycrystalline Si, intermixing begins at temperatures as low as 650°C for 30min annealing. The Co silicide and Si layers are intermixed after 750°C 30min annealing, giving islands of Si surrounded by silicide material, with both components extending from the surface down to the underlying oxide layer. The behavior of CoSi2 contrasts with results reported for TiSi2 which agglomerates on single crystal Si around 900°C but is stable on polycrystalline silicon as high as 800°C. Resistivity measurements show that the Co silicide remained interconnected despite massive incursion by Si into the silicide layer.
Thickness dependencies in the calculated properties of metallic ultra-thin films

Ultra-thin film (UTF) electronic structure calculations are a common tool for investigating surface properties. For this approximation to be useful, the UTF must be thick enough that the surfaces are decoupled and the interior is bulk-like, yet thin enough that a high precision electronic structure calculation is affordable. These conditions can only be satisfied simultaneously if the properties of interest converge rapidly as the UTF thickness is increased. In this work, electronic structure calculations for Al(111) films ranging from one to twelve atoms thick are used to illustrate some of the difficulties that can arise when one attempts to determine surface properties of metals with UTF calculations.
MAP2K3 is associated with body mass index in American Indians and Caucasians and may mediate hypothalamic inflammation

To identify genes that affect body mass index (BMI) in American Indians who are predominately of Pima Indian heritage, we previously completed a genome-wide association study in 1120 American Indians. That study also included follow-up genotyping for 9 SNPs in 2133 additional subjects. A comprehensive follow-up study has subsequently been completed where 292 SNPs were genotyped in 3562 subjects, of which 128 SNPs were assessed for replication in 3238 additional subjects. In the combined subjects (n = 6800), BMI associations for two SNPs, rs12882548 and rs11652094, approached genome-wide significance (P = 6.7 × 10−7 and 8.1 × 10−7, respectively). Rs12882548 is located in a gene desert on chromosome 14 and rs11652094 maps near MAP2K3. Several SNPs in the MAP2K3 region including rs11652094 were also associated with BMI in Caucasians from the GIANT consortium (P = 10−2–10−5), and the combined P-values across both American Indians and Caucasian were P = 10−4–10−9. Follow-up sequencing across MAP2K3 identified several paralogous sequence variants indicating that the region may have been duplicated. MAP2K3 expression levels in adipose tissue biopsies were positively correlated with BMI, although it is unclear if this correlation is a cause or effect. In vitro studies with cloned MAP2K3 promoters suggest that MAP2K3 expression may be up-regulated during adipogenesis. Microarray analyses of mouse hypothalamus cells expressing constitutively active MAP2K3 identified several up-regulated genes involved in immune/inflammatory pathways and a gene, Hap1, thought to play a role in appetite regulation. We conclude that MAP2K3 is a reproducible obesity locus that may affect body weight via complex mechanisms involving appetite regulation and hypothalamic inflammation.
An Efficient, Energy Stable Scheme for the Cahn-Hilliard-Brinkman System

We present an unconditionally energy stable and uniquely solvable finite difference scheme for the Cahn-Hilliard-Brinkman (CHB) system, which is comprised of a Cahn-Hilliard-type diffusion equation and a generalized Brinkman equation mod- eling fluid flow. The CHB system is a generalizationof the Cahn-Hilliard-Stokesmodel and describes two phase very viscous flows in porous media. The scheme is based on a convex splitting of the discrete CH energy and is semi-implicit. The equations at the implicit time level are nonlinear, but we prove that they represent the gradient of a strictly convex functional and are therefore uniquely solvable, regardless of time step size. Owing to energy stability, we show that the scheme is stable in the time and space discrete l ¥ (0,T;H 1 h ) and l 2 (0,T;H 2 ) norms. We also present an efficient, practical non- linear multigrid method - comprised of a standard FAS method for the Cahn-Hilliard part, and a method based on the Vanka smoothing strategy for the Brinkman part - for solving these equations. In particular, we provide evidence that the solver has nearly optimal complexity in typical situations. The solver is applied to simulate spinodal decomposition of a viscous fluid in a porous medium, as well as to the more general problems of buoyancy- and boundary-driven flows. AMS subject classifications: 65M06, 65M12, 65M55, 76T99
Visible Plume From a Low-Power ECR Waveguide Plasma Cathode for Electric Propulsion Systems

A waveguide ECR plasma cathode is being investigated as a long-lived alternative to thermionic emitter-based electron sources for ion beam neutralization in electric propulsion systems. The present device can deliver up to 4.2 A of electron current, on argon or xenon, with low power consumption and high gas utilization.
Quantitative description of steady state, nutrient‐saturated algal growth, including adaptation

Steady state, nutrient-saturated phytoplankton growth can be quantitatively described by four equations: an empirical equation relating growth rate ~1, to absorbed irradiance [; a different equation relating b and 4 derived from the empirical equation relating instantaneous rate of gross photosynthesis to irradiance; an empirical equation relating the respiratory rate constant R, to growth rate; and an equation stating the approximate constancy of the ratio &JO of the light saturation parameter & of the photosynthetic light curve and the C:Chl a quotient 8. The equations involve eight constant parameters which were evaluated for Chlorella pyrenoidosa from data in the literature. The four equations do not incorporate an cmpirical description of the adaptive parameter functions &&) or @(CL,). However, the equations can be solved simultaneously to obtain these functions. The derived functions agree with the experimental ones for C. pyrenoidosa. Since the equations not only describe respiration and the light curves of growth and photosynthesis, but also predict &, and 8, they constitute an improved model of nutrient-saturated algal growth: given any irradiance, the equations predict 11.8, R,, &,, and 8 and the specific light curve of photosynthesis. The model provides a necessary foundation for subsequent description of nutrient-limited growth in culture and in nature.
Demonstration of an all-optical interface between wavelength-hopping time-spreading optical CDMA and WDM networks

We demonstrate efficient, high-performance format conversion from wavelength-hopping time-spreading (WHTS) optical CDMA to NRZ using a terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer (TOAD), with 1 dB power penalty. Schemes for interfacing WHTS and WDM networks are presented.
Leg Autotomy in the Wolf Spider Pardosa milvina: A Common Phenomenon with Few Apparent Costs

Abstract A number of animals escape predation by sacrificing a body part. Spiders commonly lose legs in encounters with predators or conspecifics. We investigated the frequency of leg loss and its affect on locomotion and prey capture activities of the wolf spider, Pardosa milvina (Araneae; Lycosidae). In addition, we determined if Pardosa were easier to subdue by the larger wolf spider predator, Hogna helluo (Araneae; Lycosidae), once they had experienced leg loss. A field census demonstrated that Pardosa autotomized members of all pairs of legs with equal frequency but overall leg loss was high and increased significantly late in the season. Laboratory experiments revealed that leg loss had no effect on locomotory behavior or prey capture. However, injured spiders tended to take smaller prey. The ability of Hogna, to attack and subdue 7 or 8-legged Pardosa was not different, although 8-legged Pardosa tended to lose multiple legs as they were killed whereas 7-legged Pardosa only lost one. These data sugg...
CHANGES IN COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT, INTRASPECIFIC HETEROCHRONY, MORPHOLOGICAL INTEGRATION, AND CHARACTER HERITABILITIES IN TWO POPULATIONS OF THE BRYOZOAN SPECIES BATOSTOMA JAMESI FROM THE KOPE FORMATION (UPPER ORDOVICIAN, CINCINNATIAN)

Abstract Populations of the Upper Ordovician trepostome bryozoan Batostoma jamesi were collected from two different paleoenvironmental settings in the Kope Formation of southeastern Indiana. Within each colony and population, morphologic changes were analyzed during colony growth, or astogeny. Morphological measurements of zooecia, mesozooecia, and acanthostyles display similar patterns of change during colony growth in both populations but magnitudes are generally larger in the high diversity population. Canonical variates analyses provided multivariate confirmation of univariate character differences found within each population. Statistically significant multivariate morphological differences between growth stages persist even if assignments of colonies to populations are ignored. Results suggest different potentials for altering growth trajectories in different environments with early growth stage flexibility in colonies from lower diversity settings and later-stage flexibility in colonies from higher...
Click Lateralization and the Auditory Brain Stem Response

Auditory brain stem function was evaluated in patients by means of (1) click lateralization thresholds and (2) auditory brain stem responses. In the three cases tested, clear qualitative agreement was seen between the behavioral results and the evoked-response findings.
The Politics of Survival: How Scrutinized Public Officials Combat Scandals

The conventional wisdom is that politicians pay a price when a scandal erupts (Dimock and Jacobson, 1995). Penalties have included loss of public approval and electoral defeat. Yet, in many cases politicians not only survive but are able to get members of the public to rally around them. How does one survive a political scandal? I theorize that public officials increase their chances of political survival by appealing to their constituents on shared commonalities. For this paper I build an original data set of scandals involving United States Senators and Governors, and test competing hypotheses of techniques scrutinized public officials use to survive scandals and in some cases possibly increase their political influence.
Recognizing Scenes by Simulating Implied Social Interaction Networks

Indoor scene recognition remains a challenging problem for autonomous systems. Recognizing public spaces e.g., libraries, classrooms, which contain collections of commonplace objects e.g., chairs, tables, is particularly vexing; different furniture arrangements imply different types of social interaction, hence different scene labels. If people arrange rooms to support social interactions of one type or another, then object relationships that reflect the general notion of social immediacy may resolve some of the ambiguity encountered during scene recognition. We thus describe an approach to indoor scene recognition that uses the context provided by inferred social affordances as input to a hybrid cognitive architecture ACT-R that can represent, apply and learn knowledge relevant to classifying scenes. To provide common ground, we demonstrate how sub-symbolic learning processes in ACT-R, which plausibly give rise to human cognition, can mimic the performance of a simple, widely used machine learning technique k-nearest neighbor classification.
A focus of tissue necrosis increases renal susceptibility to gentamicin administration

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a retained focus of necrotic tissue predisposes to aminoglycoside-induced acute renal failure (ARF). Rats were subjected to either (1) 25% liver ligation, creating a focus of ischemic tissue which was left in place; (2) 25% liver resection; or (3) sham liver ligation. Gentamicin, 80 mg/kg bid, was administered for two days after surgery to all three groups. A fourth group was subjected to 25% liver ligation but no gentamicin therapy. Only rats subjected to partial liver ligation plus gentamicin treatment developed ARF, manifested by azotemia (BUN 80 +/- 2; creatinine 1.63 +/- 0.21; mg/dl) and tubular necrosis. This occurred in the absence of any discernible reduction in arterial blood pressure, renal blood flow, excessive weight loss, or ascites formation. The partial liver ligation-gentamicin group had 70% higher renal gentamicin concentrations than the liver resection-gentamicin controls (P = 0.01). To assess whether factors released from necrotic liver might account for these findings, additional rats were infused with: (1) 1 ml of a soluble liver extract alone; (2) 1 ml of liver extract plus gentamicin; or (3) 1 ml of saline plus gentamicin. Only the liver extract/gentamicin group developed ARF (BUN 88 +/- 13; creatinine 1.46 +/- 0.25). This occurred in association with a 110% increase in renal gentamicin uptake (P less than 0.03). In separate experiments, 5 ml liver extract infusions caused ARF (BUN 118 +/- 7; creatinine 2.1 +/- 0.18) without gentamicin treatment. In conclusion, a focus of liver necrosis can predispose to experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Reliability of Linear Gain Scores as Measures of Student Growth at the Classroom Level in the Presence of Measurement Bias and Student Tracking

The evaluation of teachers’ performance in the classroom is an important application of educational testing and psychometrics. School districts are using gain scores, such as the average difference between pre- and posttest scores, to characterize teacher performance in the classroom. Consequently, additional research is needed to understand factors that affect the reliability of gain scores to ensure reliable teaching evaluations. This article examines a class of linear gain scores (LGS) with a modified common factor model to understand the effect of latent variable characteristics on the reliability of observed gain scores. The analytic results derive an upper bound for the reliability of a class of LGS and compare simple difference scores and residualized scores. The results suggest that simple difference scores tend to be more reliable than residualized gain scores whenever strong invariance is satisfied where latent intercepts and loadings are equal over classrooms. However, residualized gain scores ...
DEEPWATER DIRECTION FROM AN INTENSITY ARRAY

Knowledge of the distribution of wave intensity along a shoreline can be used to infer deepwater directional information for non-locally generated waves. Measurement of this energy distribution may be accomplished using a network of widely spaced nearshore wave gages known as an intensity array. Analysis for intensity array data uses the principle that deepwater swell of a given frequency produces varying patterns of nearshore wave intensity, which depend on the unrefracted directional energy distribution for that frequency. Assuming linear wave propagation to the measurement sites, this dependence may be inverted and applies at all frequencies. Energy spectra measured at the intensity array may be used in this manner to estimate the deepwater directional spectrum. In Part II, details of the relationship between deepwater directional spectrum and nearshore energy spectra are discussed. In Part III, intensity array data are applied to detection of waves incident within a narrow directional interval. Part IV describes the application of an intensity array to detection of long period southern swell in San Diego, California. Comments regarding the relative merits of the method follow in Part V.
The Newest Three-Letter Fad in Health: Can HTA Escape the Fate of NHA, CEA, GBD?

Prioritization in health has always fascinated me,1,2 so when I saw that the 2016 Prince Mahidol Awards Conference (PMAC) had “Priority Setting” as the theme for the event (http://pmaconference.mah...
THE GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS ON THE STRICT POSITIVE REAL AND STRICT BOUNDED REAL LEMMAS—THE NON-MINIMUM REALIZATION CASE

In this paper, the strict positive real and strict bounded real lemmas in the case of nonminimum realization are discussed, and the general descriptions for these lemmas are derived via H_∞ norm. These descriptions can give insight into the structure of the strict positive systems and the strict bounded real systems.
Zinc coordination is essential for the function and activity of the type II secretion ATPase EpsE

The type II secretion system Eps in Vibrio cholerae promotes the extracellular transport of cholera toxin and several hydrolytic enzymes and is a major virulence system in many Gram-negative pathogens which is structurally related to the type IV pilus system. The cytoplasmic ATPase EpsE provides the energy for exoprotein secretion through ATP hydrolysis. EpsE contains a unique metal-binding domain that coordinates zinc through a tetracysteine motif (CXXCX29 CXXC), which is also present in type IV pilus assembly but not retraction ATPases. Deletion of the entire domain or substitution of any of the cysteine residues that coordinate zinc completely abrogates secretion in an EpsE-deficient strain and has a dominant negative effect on secretion in the presence of wild-type EpsE. Consistent with the in vivo data, chemical depletion of zinc from purified EpsE hexamers results in loss of in vitro ATPase activity. In contrast, exchanging the residues between the two dicysteines with those from the homologous ATPase XcpR from Pseudomonas aeruginosa does not have a significant impact on EpsE. These results indicate that, although the individual residues in the metal-binding domain are generally interchangeable, zinc coordination is essential for the activity and function of EpsE.
Molecular Control and Biochemistry of CO2 Fixation in Photosynthetic Bacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria are capable of diverse modes of CO2 assimilation, employing either the Calvin reductive pentose phosphate, reductive tricarboxylic acid, or hydroxyproprionate cycles, or in some cases various ancillary reactions. In purple bacteria and cyanobacteria, the Calvin reductive pentose phosphate pathway predominates (Tabita 1988, 1994, 1995), while green sulfur bacteria use the reductive TCA cycle and green nonsulfur bacteria employ the hydroxypropionate path (Sirevag 1995). Biochemical studies in our laboratory have focused on the enzymology of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) and phosphoribulokinase (PRK), the key enzymes of the Calvin cycle, and ATP-citrate lyase and the ferrodoxin-linked reactions of the reductive TCA cycle. The molecular control of CO2 fixation in nonsulfur purple bacteria has been a continuous interest (Gibson 1995), while the organism Chlorobium tepidum (Wahlund et al. 1991) has recently provided us with a useful and genetically tractable model system to study regulation of the reductive TCA cycle.
The older athlete with tennis elbow. Rehabilitation considerations.

The purpose of this article is to provide general treatment considerations and guidelines for the injured older adult athlete with an emphasis on tennis elbow. The older adult with tennis elbow is difficult and challenging to treat effectively, as injury is superimposed upon tissues already compromised by age-related change. It is advisable for the older adult to establish a balance between rest and activity, restore full range of motion and strength, and to engage in appropriate warm-up activities.
Challenges in confirmation testing for drugs of abuse

Abstract Interpreting drug test results may not as straightforward as a positive result indicates drug abuse and a negative result indicates non-use of the drug(s) in question. Factors such as the sample tested, the purpose of the test request, the scope of testing performed (i.e., what drugs are included in the drug panel), knowledge of components and analytical parameters of the initial and confirmation methods used, the presence of other chemicals in the sample, the physiological state of the donor, and the metabolism of drug(s) in question can influence the interpretation of the results obtained. Sample collection and handling and the testing process itself can affect the results obtained and in some rare cases the drug or metabolite detected may be an artifact generated during the testing process. These influencing factors will be discussed with emphasis on the analytical procedures performed for the confirmation of the presence of drugs or metabolites.
Arms races in international politics: from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century, edited by Thomas Mahnken, Joseph Maiolo, and David Stevenson, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2016, 302 pp., $100 (HB), ISBN 978-0198735267

The study of arms racing is a curious business. Most analysts would probably subscribe to the notion that an arms race involves a systematic interaction between two or more states to increase their...
Cellular angiofibroma of the inguinoscrotal region with cytologic atypia and abundant adipose tissue simulating liposarcoma: a case report

Cellular angiofibroma (CAF) is a rare benign mesenchymal neoplasm of the vulvovaginal or inguinoscrotal regions. We report a case of CAF with abundant intralesional fat and focal cytological atypia that raised the possibility of liposarcoma. We review the literature and discuss the significance of these findings and the differential diagnosis of CAF.