cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to DIALOG Search Software

This chapter is designed to provide you with a brief introduction to the DIALOG search software system capabilities and features. It is not meant to replace the extensive and detailed Searching DIALOG: The Complete Guide, available from Dialog Information Services.
Endoscopic management of posterior epistaxis:a review

The paradigm for the management of epistaxis, specifically posterior epistaxis, has undergone significant changes in the recent past. Recent prospective and retrospective data has shown that the endonasal surgical management of posterior epistaxis is superior to posterior nasal packing and angiography/embolization with regards to various factors including pain, cost-effectiveness, risk and overall control of bleeding. Endonasal endoscopic surgical techniques for posterior epistaxis include direct cauterization and transnasal endoscopic sphenopalatine/ posterior nasal artery ligation or cauterization with or without control of the anterior ethmoidal artery. Despite the evidence provided by the current literature, a universal treatment protocol has not yet been established. This review article provides an up-to-date assessment of the available literature, and presents a structured paradigm for the management of posterior epistaxis.
Weak Interaction and the Large Scale Structure of the Universe

The combined problems of large scale structure, the need for non-baryonic dark matter if Ω = 1, and the need to make galaxies early in the history of the universe seem to be placing severe constraints on cosmological models. In addition, it is shown that the bulk of the baryonic matter is also dark and must be accounted for as well. The nucleosynthesis arguments are now strongly supported by high energy collider experiments as well as astronomical abundance data. The arguments for dark matter are reviewed and it is shown that observational dynamical arguments and nucleosynthesis are all still consistent at Ω ~ 0.1. However, the inflation paradigm requires Ω = 1, thus, the need for non-baryonic dark matter. A non-zero cosmological constant is argued to be an inappropriate solution. Dark matter candidates fall into two categories, hot (neutrino-like) and cold (axion or massive photino-like). New observations of large scale structure in the universe (voids, foam, and large scale velocity fields) seem to be most easily understood if the dominant matter of the universe is in the form of low mass (9eV ≤ m ν ≤ 35eV) neutrinos. Cold dark matter, even with biasing, seems unable to duplicate the combination of these observations (of particular significance here are the large velocity fields, if real). However, galaxy formation is difficult with hot matter.
Monkeys and Prosimians: Social Learning

Abstract Primates live in social groups characterized by stable membership and enduring social relationships. Groupmates facilitate specific behaviors and attract attention to particular sites, materials, actions, and outcomes. Thus, the social context in which primates live supports gradual acquisition of routine behaviors and leads young individuals to prefer, for example, particular feeding locations and foraging actions. In at least one species, idiosyncratic social conventions appear and disappear, reflecting group social dynamics. In experimental settings, observing another monkey helps monkeys to gain proficiency at new versions of familiar tasks. With a few interesting exceptions, monkeys and prosimians do not imitate.
Body Size and Skeletal Allometry in African Apes

The African apes represent a group of closely related primate taxa that differ substantially in adult body size. The close phylogenetic affinity of pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus), common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) is affirmed by both molecular and morphological data. Most biomolecular studies to date, however, have been unable to resolve the chimpanzee-gorilla-human trichotomy into a definitive chimpanzee-gorilla clade that would have humans as a sister group (e.g., Sarich, 1968, and this volume; Zihlman et al., 1978; Bruce and Ayala, 1979; Goodman, 1982). The evolutionary tree for humans and pongids based on cleavage maps of mitochondrial DNA (Ferris et al., 1981; Templeton, 1983) is a notable exception in this regard; these data first group pygmy and common chimpanzees into a phyletic unit that is linked next to gorillas. Humans are then joined to the African ape clade before the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). A variety of shared, unique features of the karyotypes of African apes lend strong credence to this phylogeny (Mai, 1983). Morphological analyses of the teeth and locomotor skeletons of pongids and humans [summarized in Ciochon (1983)] also corroborate the Ferris et al. branching sequence.
Distortions: An Activity for Practice and Exploration.

To begin, students are given the activity shown in figure 1. A picture of Morris the cat is drawn on a normal rectangular coordinate system. Students are to write the coordinates of each of the labeled points. Students are then given worksheets that consist of the coordinate systems shown in figures 2 through 7, without the distortions of Morris drawn in. For each of the coordinate systems, they are to plot the points and connect the appropriate points with line segments. The results will be the six different distor-
Sensitive and Label-Free SERS Detection of Single-Stranded DNA Assisted by Silver Nanoparticles and Gold-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles

An efficient surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) method combined with DNA ligation is demonstrated in this proof-of-concept study for the detection of the single-strand DNA associated with BRA...
Associations Between Baseline Total PTSD Symptom Severity, Specific PTSD Symptoms, and 3-Month Quality of Life in Neurologically Intact Neurocritical Care Patients and Informal Caregivers.

The objective is to pilot test the feasibility of assessing severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, as well as specific lower-order PTSD symptoms, experienced during neurological intensive care unit (neuro-ICU) admission and their relationship with 3-month quality of life (QoL) scores in multiple domains (i.e., physical, psychological, social, and environmental) in both patients and caregivers. Between 2015 and 2016, we enrolled neurologically intact patients and informal caregivers of patients who reported demographics and PTSD symptoms (PTSD Checklist-Specific; PCL-S) during neuro-ICU admission and completed a QoL assessment (World Health Organization Quality of Life; WHOQOL-BREF) 3 months later. Clinical data were extracted from medical records. We ran two bivariate correlation matrices among PTSD symptom dimensions in patients and caregivers. Then, we used multiple linear regression to examine the prospective association of total PCL-S scores with each QoL domain in both patients and caregivers after adjusting for clinically important variables. Next, we explored differential associations between the 4 PTSD symptom dimensions and each QoL domain in both patients and caregivers, adjusting for sex and age. A total of 70 patients (45.7% women, 84.3% white, mean age 52.08 years) and 64 caregivers (64.1% women, 90.6% white, mean age 53.12 years) were included. PTSD symptom dimensions were moderately strongly correlated among patients (r = 0.65–0.79, p < 0.001) and caregivers (r = 0.55–0.78, p < 0.001). For both patients and caregivers, greater PTSD symptom severity was prospectively associated with lower QoL in all domains (β = − 0.289 to − 0.622; p < 0.05). Our exploratory analysis revealed that greater numbing symptoms were associated with lower psychological QoL in patients (β: − 0.397, p = 0.038), and lower physical (β: − 0.409, p = 0.014), psychological (β: − 0.519, p = 0.001), and social QoL (β: − 0.704, p < 0.001) in caregivers. Greater re-experiencing symptoms were associated with lower physical QoL in both patients (β: − 0.422, p = 0.047) and caregivers (β: − 0.4, p = 0.041). Our preliminary results indicated that greater severity of PTSD symptoms, and specifically numbing and re-experiencing symptoms, experienced by patients and caregivers during neuro-ICU admission was predictive of worse 3-month QoL. Continued study is needed to identify treatment targets for PTSD and QoL in this population.
Examining peer response to sexual assault disclosure in two groups of college students with no history of college sexual assault

Objective: This study examined rates and predictors of peer recommendation of resources after disclosure of actual and hypothetical unwanted sexual experiences. Participants: Private university stu...
Government Procurement and Firm Performance: The Role of Network Centrality

The U.S. government, as the world’s biggest buyer, can substantially impact private suppliers. Although important, government contracting is an understudied topic. This research bridges the gap in ...
Zoned Out? North Carolina Manufactured Housing Park Lot Rents

This paper explores determinants of manufactured housing park (MHP) plot rents in North Carolina, with particular focus on the distinction among urban, rural, and periurban and small town parks, and on the possible role played by zoning restrictiveness. Little is known about how MHP rents are determined, even though it is estimated that more than 10 million Americans live in MHPs. We find that, contrary to our expectations, zoning appears to be an unimportant factor in determining park rents, while location, adjacent home prices, and nearby HUD “fair market rent” values are all important – though not uniformly so.
Frontiers of social science research on aging

Abstract Social scientists have made breakthrough discoveries on aging to address critical issues confronting older adults. This chapter highlights some of the frontiers of social science research on aging that have spawned the discoveries, and identifies how research on intersecting frontiers aids both the development of a gerontological imagination across disciplines and contributions within disciplines.
Assessing the Cushion Effect: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Role of Obesity in Motor Vehicle Injuries and Fatalities:

Purpose:A systematic review and meta-analysis were done to evaluate the effect of obesity in injury and mortality due to motor vehicle accidents.Materials & Methods:The systematic review consisted ...
Revisiting the Influences of Bilingualism and Developmental Language Disorder on Children's Nonverbal Processing Speed

Purpose This study examined the influences of bilingualism and developmental language disorder (DLD) on nonverbal processing speed. DLD is associated with slower processing speed, but the extent to which slowing extends to bilingual populations is not established. The possible presence of bilingual cognitive effects could also lead to faster processing speed among bilingual children. Method Participants included 108 children of ages 6-8 years, including 56 Spanish-English bilinguals (29 with DLD and 27 with typical development) and 52 English-only monolinguals (25 with DLD and 27 with typical development). Language testing (in both languages for bilingual children) was combined with parent and school report to classify children as having DLD or typical language development. Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were excluded from the sample. Reaction time from a choice visual detection task was used to index nonverbal processing speed. Results Children with DLD demonstrated slower processing speed than their typically developing peers, whereas bilingual children demonstrated faster processing speed than monolinguals. The effects of DLD and bilingualism did not interact. Conclusions This study replicates prior findings of slowed processing speed among children with DLD in both monolingual and bilingual children. Evidence of faster processing speed among bilingual children contributes to the complex literature surrounding the circumstances of bilingual cognitive effects. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.15138747.
Correction: Graph neural network based coarse-grained mapping prediction.

Correction for ‘Graph neural network based coarse-grained mapping prediction’ by Zhiheng Li et al., Chem. Sci., 2020, 11, 9524–9531, DOI: 10.1039/D0SC02458A.
Predicting User Actions Using Interface Agents with Individual User Models

The incompleteness and uncertainty about the state of the world and about the consequences of actions are unavoidable. If we want to predict the performance of multiuser computing systems, we have the uncertainty of what the users are going to do, and how that affects system performance. Intelligent interface agent development is one way to mitigate the uncertainty about user behaviors by predicting what users will do based on learned users' behaviors, preferences, and intentions. This work focuses on developing user models that can analyze and predict user behavior in multi-agent systems. We have developed a formal theory of user behavior prediction based on hidden Markov models. This work learns the user model through a time-series action analysis and abstraction by taking users' preferences and intentions into account in order to formally define user modeling.
Introduction to mini-track on issues and programs in information systems research

Discusses the state of IS literature at the close of the 1980s. The authors conclude that IS researchers are making more references to their own work, but what IS research is not being cited any more often in the reference discipline of organization science. The authors believe that this pattern will change in this decade, and that IS will continue to emerge as a viable, self-sustaining discipline. >
The Institutionalist Challenge: Beyond Dissent

No charge is leveled more consistently at institutionalism (when it is referred to at all) than that it has nothing positive to offer—it is “mere dissent.”
Response surface analysis of the effects of pH and dilution rate on Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 in cellulose-fed continuous culture

The ruminal cellulolytic bacterium Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 was grown in cellulose-fed continuous culture with 20 different combinations of pH and dilution rate (D); the combinations were selected according to the physiological pH range of the organism (6.0 to 7.1) and growth rate of the organism on cellulose (0.017 to 0.10 h-1). A response surface analysis was used to characterize the effects of pH and D on the extent of cellulose consumption, growth yield, soluble sugar concentration, and yields of fermentation products. The response surfaces indicate that pH and D coordinately affect cellulose digestion and growth yield in this organism. As expected, the net cellulose consumption increased with increasing D while the fraction of added cellulose that was utilized decreased with increasing D. The effect of changes in pH within the physiological range on cellulose consumption was smaller than that of changes in D. Cellulose degradation was less sensitive to low pH than to high pH. At low Ds (longer retention times), cellulose degradation did not follow first-order kinetics. This decreased rate of cellulose digestion was not due to poor mixing, limitation by other medium components, or preferential utilization of the more amorphous fraction of the cellulose. The cell yield increased from 0.13 to 0.18 mg of cells per mg of cellulose with increasing Ds from 0.02 to 0.06 h-1 and decreased when the pH was shifted from the optimum of 6.5 to 6.8. The effect of pH on cell yield increased with increasing D. The reduced cell yield at low pH appears to be due to both an increase in maintenance energy requirements and a decrease in true growth yield.
Sorting networks with applications to hierarchical optical interconnects

The Banyan network is shown to have a computationally unsuitable structure for finding maximum passable subpermutations, which is proved NP-complete. Using some non-blocking properties on the cube and reverse Banyan networks, a network topologically equivalent to the Batcher sorter, but functionally equivalent to the Batcher-Banyan network is derived for routing incomplete permutations. A log/sub 2/ N(2w-1) stage radix sorter for w-bit inputs, including duplicate inputs, that uses only log/sub 2/ N+1 bit address headers for routing through each 2 log/sub 2/ N stages is shown, which can be used in sort-MIN type packet switches. Space-time sorting networks based on these principles are derived, which can be used in hierarchical wavelength multiplexed optical networks.
Asp3 mediates multiple protein–protein interactions within the accessory Sec system of Streptococcus gordonii

Summary Bacterial binding to human platelets is an important step in the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis. Streptococcus gordonii can mediate its platelet attachment through a cell wall glycoprotein termed GspB (‘gordonii surface protein B’). GspB export is mediated by a seven-component accessory Sec system, containing two homologues of the general secretory pathway (SecA2 and SecY2) and five accessory Sec proteins (Asps1–5). Here we show that the Asps are required for optimal export of GspB independent of the glycosylation process. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid screening of the accessory Sec system revealed interactions occurring between Asp3 and the other components of the system. Asp3 was shown to bind SecA2, Asp1, Asp2 and itself. Mutagenesis of Asp3 identified N- and C-terminal regions that are essential for GspB transport, and conserved residues within the C-terminal domain mediated Asp3 binding to other accessory Sec components. The loss of binding by Asp3 also resulted in an impaired ability of S. gordonii to secrete GspB. These studies indicate that Asp3 is a central element mediating multiple interactions among accessory Sec components that are essential for GspB transport to the cell surface.
Some observations on fracture under combined loading

Observations are made concerning comparative fracture behavior of cracked ahd uncracked specimens under combined loading conditions. A theory is proposed which provides a general fracture criterion for mixed mode crack extension and which unifies the treatment of elastic fracture problems in initially cracked and uncracked geometries. All observations are supported by experimental fracture results taken from the literature on polymethylmethacrylate and glass.
Adapting the electronic laboratory notebook for the semantic era

The open source electronic laboratory notebook (ELN) is a collaborative, distributed, Web-based notebook system, designed to provide researchers with a means to record and share their primary research notes and data. As with most electronic notebook (EN) systems, the ELN was originally designed as a closed system with its own data repository and implicit semantics. The scientific annotation middleware (SAM) project, a Department of Energy (DOE)-funded effort at Pacific Northwest and Oak Ridge National Laboratories, envisions a new model in which ENs are simply one application contributing to a much richer and semantically explicit record. Such a record would include, for example, data provenance, descriptive metadata, and annotations from a wide range of applications, problem solving environments, and agents. This paper reports the adaptation of the ELN client to use SAM and the development of an initial set of SAM-based notebook services and semantic model, and then discusses the advantages of such an architecture in creating federated, human- and machine-interpretable, electronic research records
Non-linear acoustic response of a spherical bubble

A non-linear analysis is presented for the radial oscillations of a spherical gas bubble immersed in an inviscid, slightly compressible fluid. The mass of the gas bubble and the surface tension are assumed to be negligible. The radial velocity of the bubble is assumed to be small compared with the speed of sound. The response of the bubble to a plane, pressure-wave train whose wavelength is large compared with the radius of the bubble is determined by using the method of multiple scales when the frequency of the pressure wave (excitation frequency) is near the linear natural frequency of the bubble. The results show that the frequency response curves are similar to those obtained for a mass connected to a non-linear, soft spring. The peak, steady-state, response amplitude is proportional to the amplitude of the pressure wave, but occurs at a frequency slightly smaller than the linear natural frequency. The steady-state amplitude exhibits a jump phenomenon as the excitation frequency is swept up and down near the linear natural frequency. The peak amplitude is attainable for very special initial conditions. When the excitation frequency is approximately twice the linear natural frequency, subharmonic resonances take place and the motion is unstable if the excitation amplitude exceeds a critical value. On the other hand, when the excitation frequency is approximately one-half the linear natural frequency, the steady-state response is periodic for all values of the excitation amplitude.
A socialization intervention in remote health coaching for older adults in the home

Previous studies have shown that social ties enhance both physical and mental health, and that social isolation has been linked to increased cognitive decline. As part of our cognitive training platform, we created a socialization intervention to address these issues. The intervention is designed to improve social contact time of older adults with remote family members and friends using a variety of technologies, including Web cameras, Skype software, email and phone. We used usability testing, surveys, interviews and system usage monitoring to develop design guidance for socialization protocols that were appropriate for older adults living independently in their homes. Our early results with this intervention show increased number of social contacts, total communication time (we measure email, phone, and Skype usage) and significant participant satisfaction with the intervention.
The role of material flexibility on the drying transition of water between hydrophobic objects: A thermodynamic analysis

Liquid water confined between hydrophobic objects of sufficient size becomes metastable with respect to its vapor at separations smaller than a critical drying distance. Macroscopic thermodynamic arguments predicting this distance have been restricted to the limit of perfectly rigid confining materials. However, no material is perfectly rigid and it is of interest to account for this fact in the thermodynamic analysis. We present a theory that combines the current macroscopic theory with the thermodynamics of elasticity to derive an expression for the critical drying distance for liquids confined between flexible materials. The resulting expression is the sum of the well-known drying distance for perfectly rigid confining materials and a new term that accounts for flexibility. Thermodynamic arguments show that this new term is necessarily positive, meaning that flexibility increases the critical drying distance. To study the expected magnitude and scaling behavior of the flexible term, we consider the specific case of water and present an example of drying between thin square elastic plates that are simply supported along two opposite edges and free at the remaining two. We find that the flexible term can be the same order of magnitude or greater than the rigid solution for materials of biological interest at ambient conditions. In addition, we find that when the rigid solution scales with the characteristic size of the immersed objects, the flexible term is independent of size and vice versa. Thus, the scaling behavior of the overall drying distance will depend on the relative weights of the rigid and flexible contributions.
Diffusion method for determination of urinary fluoride.

Abstract A simple and inexpensive method is presented for determination of fluoride in urine. No preliminary treatment is required and operator time is greatly reduced since samples can be conveniently processed in large groups. A 1 ml portion of the urine specimen is placed in a miniature, disposable, plastic Petri dish containing a chloride fixative. The sample is acidified and the dish closed with a cover coated on the inner surface with sodium hydroxide. After diffusion for 20 hours at 50°C, fluoride held in the caustic film is determined spectrophotometrically either by use of an improved thorium-Alizarin Red S-buffer reagent or zirconium-Eriochrome Cyanine R reagent. Blanks are of submicrogram magnitude and, within the concentration range of 0-25 μg F- per ml, precision and accuracy are at least comparable to those of the distillation procedure.
Incorporating Gene Significance in the Impact Analysis of Signaling Pathways

Identification of the most impacted signaling pathways in a given condition is a crucial step in understanding the underlying biological mechanism. An impact analysis that is able to take in consideration the structure of a given signaling pathway was proposed to measure the impact on each pathway given a list of differentially expressed (DE) genes and their fold changes. Here, we investigated the utility of incorporating the individual gene significance in the impact analysis of signaling pathways. We propose two alternative models to incorporate the individual gene p-values and compare their performance over a pool of 24 datasets. In addition, the two new models offer the ability to work with the entire set of gene expression measurements, thus eliminating the need to select differentially expressed genes.
Indoor air pollution: a public health perspective

Although official efforts to control air pollution have traditionally focused on outdoor air, it is now apparent that elevated contaminant concentrations are common inside some private and public buildings. Concerns about potential public health problems due to indoor air pollution are based on evidence that urban residents typically spend more than 90 percent of their time indoors, concentrations of some contaminants are higher indoors than outdoors, and for some pollutants personal exposures are not characterized adequately by outdoor measurements. Among the more important indoor contaminants associated with health or irritation effects are passive tobacco smoke, radon decay products, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde, asbestos fibers, microorganisms, and aeroallergens. Efforts to assess health risks associated with indoor air pollution are limited by insufficient information about the number of people exposed, the pattern and severity of exposures, and the health consequences of exposures. An overall strategy should be developed to investigate indoor exposures, health effects, control options, and public policy alternatives.
Experimental and Computational Analyses of Methane and Hydrogen Mixing in a Model Premixer

The mixing of fuel and air in combustion systems plays a key role in overall operability and emissions performance. Such systems are also being looked to for operation on a wide array of potential fuel types, including those derived from renewable sources such as biomass or agricultural waste. The optimization of premixers for such systems is greatly enhanced if efficient design tools can be utilized. The increased capability of computational systems has allowed tools such as computational fluid dynamics to be regularly used for such purpose. However, to be applied with confidence, validation is required. In the present work, a systematic evaluation of fuel mixing in a specific geometry which entails cross flow fuel injection into axial non-swirling air streams has been carried out for methane and hydrogen. Fuel concentration is measured at different planes downstream of the point of injection. In parallel, different CFD approaches are used to predict the concentration fields resulting from the mixing of fuel and air. Different steady turbulence models including variants of Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) have been applied. In addition, unsteady RANS and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) are used. To accomplish mass transport with any of the RANS approaches, the concept of the turbulent Schmidt number is generally used. As a result, the sensitivity of the RANS simulations to different turbulent Schmidt number values is also examined. In general, the results show that the Reynolds Stress Model, with use of an appropriate turbulent Schmidt number for the fuel used, provides the best agreement with the measured values of the variation in fuel distribution over a given plane in a relatively time efficient manner. It is also found that, for a fixed momentum flux ratio, both hydrogen and methane penetrate and disperse in a similar manner for the flowfield studied despite their significant differences in density and diffusivity.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
RAPD and SCAR markers linked to the Ur-6 Andean gene controlling specific rust resistance in common bean

Bean rust, caused by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.: Pers.) Unger, is a major disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). A recommended strategy to obtain durable rust resistance is to use molecular markers linked to rust resistance genes for pyramiding monogenic resistance genes into a single bean cultivar. However, markers tightly linked to Ur-6 of Andean origin conferring specific resistance (SR) to rust present in Olathe have not been reported. Our objectives were to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to Ur-6 controlling SR to race 51 using bulked segregant analysis in an F 2 population from the Middle American (MA) common bean cross Olathe (resistant) × Nebr.#1 sel.27 (susceptible), and determine the presence or absence of these identified markers in 70 MA and Andean bean cultivars and breeding lines. A single dominant gene controlling SR to race 51 was found in the F 2 and confirmed in the F 3 . Six RAPD markers were detected in a coupling phase linkage with Ur-6. The gene was flanked by two coupling-phase markers OBC06.300 and OAG15.300 at 1.3 and 2.0 cM. Sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker SOBC06.308 was developed based on the specific primer pair designed from the sequence of the RAPD marker OBC06.300. The RAPD and SCAR markers were also present in MA pinto bean germplasm having Ur-6 as well as Golden Gate Wax, another source of Ur-6. However, these markers were also present in six Andean cultivars without Ur-6, suggesting gene pool specificity. Among five repulsion-phase markers identified, OAY15.200 was the most closely linked to Ur-6 at 7.7 cM. We also confirm the Ur-6 location on linkage group 11 of the P. vulgaris map. These RAPD and SCAR markers linked to Ur-6 identified here, along with markers for other independent rust resistance genes, could be utilized to pyramid multiple genes into a bean cultivar for more durable rust resistance.
Blood Pressure After Captopril Withdrawal From Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of chronic captopril treatment on blood pressure in young and adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and to assess the time course for development of hypertension after captopril withdrawal. SHR received drinking water or captopril solution from 4 weeks of age and were instrumented with radiotelemetry devices at 18 weeks of age to allow continuous monitoring of blood pressure. At 23 weeks of age, mean blood pressure in the captopril group was 100±1 mm Hg compared with 157±3 mm Hg in the water group. Pulse pressure also was significantly reduced in the captopril-treated rats. Infusion of angiotensin II into a subset of captopril-treated rats increased pulse pressure and restored blood pressure to levels of water-treated rats. Captopril treatment for 6 weeks in adult, 24-week-old SHR did not reduce blood pressure to the level of rats treated from 4 weeks of age. Ten weeks after cessation of captopril, blood pressure was 125±4 and 144±4 mm Hg in SHR treated with captopril from 4 to 30 and from 24 to 30 weeks of age, respectively, compared with control hypertensive rats with mean blood pressure of 160±6 mm Hg. Results from this radiotelemetry study confirm previous findings that captopril treatment prevents the development of hypertension and produces a persistent reduction of blood pressure after treatment in young SHR. Captopril treatment produced a persistent reduction of blood pressure after discontinuation in adult rats; however, the effect was less than that observed with captopril initiated in young rats.
Reliability Over Time of Self-Reports Given by Adolescents and Their Parents in Substance Abuse Outcome Research

ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to address three questions: (1) do parental-reports of post treatment substance use behavior reliably reflect the self-reports of adolescents; (2) do parental-reports of other treatment outcome-related behaviors reliably reflect the self-reports of adolescents; and (3) if initially reliable, do the parental-reports continue to reliably reflect the adolescents' self-reports over time? The data used are from a panel study of 119 adolescents and their parents. Each of the 119 adolescents completed primary substance abuse treatment at the same facility in the same three-year period. The adolescents and their parents were followed prospectively and interviewed separately with the same questionnaire at three, six, nine and twelve months after completing primary treatment. The questionnaire contained questions in several domains designed to assess treatment success including information on relapse. The concordance between the parental and adolescent self-reports was asses...
The Language of Law School: Learning to “Think Like a Lawyer.” By Elizabeth Mertz

The Language of Law School: Learning to "Think Like a Lawyer." By Elizabeth Mertz. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford Univ. Press, 2007. Pp. xvii+308. $35.00 paper. Mertz's The Language of Law School uses "close analysis of classroom language to examine the limits that legal epistemology may place on law's democratic aspirations" (p. 3). Mertz points to these limits in two ways: she shows how contract law and education promote "a common vision" of human conflicts that obscures particular aspects of social experience, and she explores the differences that gender and race make in the teaching and learning of law. Mertz's painstaking research is a model empirical and sociolegal study of language. The first three chapters quite thoroughly survey related literatures and very clearly describe the research method. Mertz and her assistants observed, taped, coded, and transcribed eight first-year, semester-long contracts courses from a range of law schools and supplemented their material with interviews. These preliminary chapters explain factors-such as turn-taking, repeated speech, pronomial usage, framing and footing, and role-playing-and terms-such as "pragmatics," "Socratic method teaching," and "metalinguistic filter"-used in the analyses. They introduce the issues through a compelling scenario beginning as follows: "Picture yourself entering a law school classroom on the first day of law school" (p. 7). The book's greatest contribution comes in its middle chapters, which offer, in a smart and sophisticated reading of the classroom transcripts, subtle analyses of what legal discourse does and how. In these chapters, Mertz considers the implications of the commonalities in the dynamics of the eight classrooms. Although the eight classrooms differ in their use of lecture, free discussion, and shortfocused exchange, professors in all the classrooms, through their speech, model particular relations to texts, to parties involved in lawsuits, and to classroom interactions. A focus on dialogue even when presented in lectures, for instance, suggests the importance of the duelist mode in law. Students ultimately become strategists of speech. They learn to present themselves and the parties whom they animate in response to questions about cases in particular ways. They learn to privilege texts not for their stories of human conflicts but for their answers to "a series of nested questions about the authority of various courts deciding the case at issue and also of the courts that authored precedents" (p. 62). They learn to treat legal texts as "detachable chunk[s] of discourse" (p. 45) that can be moved from one context to another. Vast differences in the cultural meanings of particular kinds of actions or items become elided into a common legal language (p. …
Various-sourced pectin and polyethylene oxide electrospun fibers.

Abstract Pectin, a naturally occurring and biorenewable polysaccharide, is derived from plant cell wall tissue and used in applications ranging from food processing to biomedical engineering. Due to extraction methods and source variation, there is currently no consensus in literature as to the exact structure of pectin. Here, we have studied key material properties of electrospun pectin blends with polyethylene oxide (PEO) (1:1, v/v) in order to demonstrate the fabrication of a fibrous and less toxic material system, as well as to understand the effects of source variability on the resulting fibrous mats. The bulk pectin degree of esterification (DE) estimated using FTIR (bulk apple pomace (AP) = 28%, bulk citrus peel (CP) = 86% and bulk sugar beet pulp (SBP) = 91%) was shown to inversely correlate with electrospun fiber crystallinity determined using XRD (PEO–AP = 37%, PEO–CP = 28% and PEO–SBP = 23%). This in turn affected the trend observed for the mean fiber diameter (n = 50) (PEO–AP = 124 ± 26 nm, PEO–CP = 493 ± 254 nm and PEO–SBP = 581 ± 178 nm) and elastic tensile moduli (1.6 ± 0.2 MPa, 4.37 ± 0.64 MPa and 2.49 ± 1.46 MPa, respectively) of the fibrous mats. Electrospun fibers containing bulk AP had the lowest DE, highest crystallinity, smallest mean fiber diameter, and lowest tensile modulus compared to either the bulk CP or bulk SBP. Bound water in PEO–CP fiber and bulk pectin impurities in PEO–SPB were observed to influence fiber branching and mean diameter distributions, which in turn influenced the fiber tensile properties. These results indicate that pectin, when blended with PEO in water, produces submicron fibrous mats with pectin influencing the blend fiber properties. Moreover, the source of pectin is an important variable in creating electrospun blend fibrous mats with desired material properties.
Anomalous capacity and cycling stability of xLi2MnO3 · (1 − x)LiMO2 electrodes (M = Mn, Ni, Co) in lithium batteries at 50 °C

Transition metal oxides with composite xLi2MnO3 · (1 − x)LiMO2 rocksalt structures (M = Mn, Ni, Co) are of interest as a new generation of cathode materials for high energy density lithium-ion batteries. After electrochemical activation to 4.6 or 4.8 V (vs. Li0) at 50 °C, xLi2MnO3 · (1 − x)LiMn0.33Ni0.33Co0.33O2 (x = 0.5, 0.7) electrodes deliver initial discharge capacities (>300 mAh/g) at a low current rate (0.05 mA/cm2) that exceed the theoretical values for lithiation back to the rocksalt stoichiometry (240–260 mAh/g), at least during the early charge/discharge cycles of the cells. Attention is drawn to previous reports of similar, but unaccounted and unexplained anomalous behavior of these types of electrode materials. Possible reasons for this anomalous capacity are suggested. Indications are that electrodes in which M = Mn, Ni and Co do not cycle with the same stability at 50 °C as those without cobalt.
Effects of 8 weeks of creatine supplementation on exercise performance and fat-free weight in football players during training

The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in bench press strength (BPS), vertical jump (VJ), 100 yd dash time, and fat-free weight (FFW) in football players following 8 weeks of supplementation with a carbohydrate placebo (CHO), creatine monohydrate (CM), or CM plus CHO. Using a double blind random design, 24 college football players were placed into one of three treatment conditions: CHO) 35g CHO; CM) 5.25g CM plus 1g CHO; or CM+CHO) 5.25g CM and 33g CHO. All treatments were similar in taste and were ingested four times per day for five consecutive days and twice daily thereafter. All subjects weight trained for 1 h and participated in 30 min of speed drills four times per week for 8 weeks. The CM+CHO group experienced significant (p<0.05) improvement in BPS, VJ, 100 yd dash time and FFW when compared to the CHO group. However, delta scores for the CM group were not significantly different from the CHO group. These data suggest that CHO taken with CM during training may be superior to training alone for enhancing exercise performance and FFW.
Cue-controlled relaxation in in vivo desensitization of a snake phobia

Abstract A 21-yr-old female student who experienced an intense fear of snakes was successfully treated by using cue controlled relaxation for in vivo desensitization. By the end of a 15-week treatment program she was able to touch and hold snakes.
Technical Note---Existence and Uniqueness of Price Equilibria in Defender

This note provides a formal proof that for the Defender model, with uniformly distributed tastes, the Nash price equilibria exist and, for a given set of positions, that they are unique. We also show that the profit function is well-behaved---continuous and quasi-concave---and that the maximum occurs on the concave portion of the curve.
Evaluation of a Mesoscale Short-Range Ensemble Forecast System over the Northeast United States

Abstract A short-range ensemble forecast system was constructed over the northeast United States down to 12-km grid spacing using 18 members from the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5). The ensemble consisted of 12 physics members with varying planetary boundary layer schemes and convective parameterizations as well as seven different initial conditions (ICs) [five National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Eta-bred members at 2100 UTC and the 0000 UTC NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS) and Eta runs]. The full 18-member ensemble (ALL) was verified at the surface for the warm (May–September 2003) and cool (October 2003–March 2004) seasons. A randomly chosen subset of seven physics (PHS) members at each forecast hour was used to quantitatively compare with the seven IC members. During the warm season, the PHS ensemble predictions for surface temperature and wind speed had more skill than the IC ensemble and a control (shared...
An application of group decision support technology in collective bargaining

An enhanced distributive bargaining model is developed to be used as the foundation model of a group-decision support system for facilitating collective bargaining. The proposed system takes into account the multiple objectives decision process and is able to handle qualitative decision variables. The implementation of the proposed system can expedite bargaining and minimize the possibility of a work stoppage.
Free variables and first-class environments

A simple set of extensions to theSCHEME language removes the need for a distinguished top level interaction environment by providing first-class environments. These extensions also provide a powerful mechanism for code packaging and may be used to implement simple object-oriented systems. In addition, a mechanism is presented that implements compiled references to free variables as efficiently as in languages likeC, provided the code does not directly manipulate first-class environments. The mechanism requires a simple static analysis performed by the compiler and meshes with a slower mechanism used by both interpreted code and compiled code that manipulates first-class environments.
Activated protein C in septic shock: a propensity-matched analysis

Introduction The use of human recombinant activated protein C (rhAPC) for the treatment of severe sepsis remains controversial despite multiple reported trials. The efficacy of rhAPC remains a matter of dispute. We hypothesized that patients with septic shock who were treated with rhAPC had an improved in-hospital mortality compared to patients with septic shock with similar acuity who did not receive rhAPC.
Objectives to direct the training of emergency medicine residents on off-service rotations: electrocardiology.

This is a continuing series of objectives to direct resident training in emergency medicine. Electrocardiography may not receive individual attention in many training programs. However, the importance, omnipresence, and medicolegal potential of electrocardiography in the practice of emergency medicine suggests its individual attention. Contents and specific learning objectives are presented to provide guidelines for resident mastery, following the format presented by preceding subjects.
On λ-invariants associated to linear extensions of the product ordering on Nd

Abstract We introduce the λ-invariant associated to a linear extension of the product ordering on N d , then show that it satisfies properties analogous to those obtained by Satoh in [9] and Rosenberg in [8] . We also show how our results can be used to recover the results proved by Barman and Saikia in [2] and [1] , and to prove an analogue of the result bounding the λ-invariant of a pseudo-polynomial obtained in [8] for each of the λ-invariants discussed in [1] .
Protein Kinase C Phosphorylation Modulates N- and C-Terminal Regulatory Activities of the PITX2 Homeodomain Protein†

PKC phosphorylation regulates PITX2 DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Mutation of individual PKC sites demonstrates the functional regulation of PITX2 through phosphorylation. Immunoprecipitation of PITX2 and a PITX2 PKC mutant protein reveal specific in vivo phosphorylation by PKC in transfected cells. The transcriptional activity of PITX2 is negatively regulated by N-terminal phosphorylation and positively regulated by C-terminal phosphorylation. We demonstrate a mechanism of increased PITX2 transcriptional activation through protein interactions facilitated by phosphorylation of the PITX2 C-terminal tail. Phosphorylation of the PITX2 C terminus enhances the interaction with cellular factors. In corroboration with the PITX2 PKC functional studies, a newly identified C-terminal PITX2 mutation associated with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) demonstrates reduced phosphorylation. This mutation (PITX2 DeltaT1261) creates a frameshift mutation in codon 227 resulting in 11 novel amino acids downstream followed by premature truncation of the protein. Three PKC sites in the C-terminal tail and OAR domain are deleted, which results in decreased transcriptional activation. PITX2 DeltaT1261 is unable to interact with a cellular factor to synergistically activate transcription and demonstrates the first link of ARS with defective PITX2 protein interactions. Gene expression profiling of homozygous Pitx2 mutant mouse tissue reveals decreased Dlx2 expression as a potential molecular basis for developmental defects associated with ARS patients. Overall, phosphorylation imparts another level of regulation to the activity of the PITX2 homeodomain protein during development.
Gertrude Stein for Anyone

In The Geographical History of America, or The Relation of Human Nature to the Human Mind (1937), Gertrude Stein describes the effect of flying over the United States and looking at the land from above, which she distinguishes from what happens when you “climb on the land”: When you climb on the land high human nature knows because by remembering it has been a dangerous thing to go higher and higher on the land which is where human nature was but now in an aeroplane human nature is nothing remembering is nothing no matter how many have been killed from up there it is not anything that is a memory… And so the human mind is like not being in danger but being killed, there is no remembering, no there is no remembering and no forgetting because you have to remember to forget no there is none in any human mind. What does Stein mean by the “human mind” if it involves no remembering or forgetting (faculties most of us would tend to associate with nothing if not our minds)? The best way to make sense of this counterintuitive definition is to look at what else Stein aligns with the “human mind” in opposition to what she calls “human nature.” She adds to the distinction between climbing on the land and looking at it from above in another passage when she remarks that “the land is flat from on high.”