cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing effects of tobacco use prevention modalities: need for complex system models

Many modalities of tobacco use prevention programming have been implemented including various policy regulations (tax increases, warning labels, limits on access, smoke-free policies, and restrictions on marketing), mass media programming, school-based classroom education, family involvement, and involvement of community agents (i.e., medical, social, political). The present manuscript provides a glance at these modalities to compare relative and combined impact of them on youth tobacco use. In a majority of trials, community-wide programming, which includes multiple modalities, has not been found to achieve impacts greater than single modality programming. Possibly, the most effective means of prevention involves a careful selection of program type combinations. Also, it is likely that a mechanism for coordinating maximally across program types (e.g., staging of programming) is needed to encourage a synergistic impact. Studying tobacco use prevention as a complex system is considered as a means to maximize effects from combinations of prevention types. Future studies will need to more systematically consider the role of combined programming.
Photon geodesics in Friedmann–Robertson–Walker cosmologies

The Hubble radius is a particular manifestation of the Universe’s gravitational horizon, Rh(t0) ≡ c/H0, the distance beyond which physical processes remain unobservable to us at the present epoch. Based on recent observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with WMAP, and ground-based and HST searches for Type Ia supernovae, we now know that Rh(t0) ∼13.5 Glyr. This coincides with the maximum distance (ct0 ≈ 13.7 Glyr) light could have traveled since the big bang. However, the physical meaning of Rh is still not universally understood or accepted, though the minimalist view holds that it is merely the proper distance at which the rate of cosmic recession reaches the speed of light c. Even so, it is sometimes argued that we can see light from sources beyond Rh, the claim being that Rh lies at a redshift of only ∼2, whereas the CMB was produced at a much greater redshift (∼1100). In this paper, we build on recent developments with the gravitational radius by actually calculating null geodesics for a broad range of FRW cosmologies, to show—at least in the specific cases we consider here, including ΛCDM—that no photon trajectories reaching us today could have ever crossed Rh(t0). We therefore confirm that the current Hubble radius, contrary to a commonly held misconception, is indeed the limit to our observability. We find that the size of the visible universe in ΛCDM, measured as a proper distance, is approximately 0.5ct0.
A Stunt Play Program for Children

(1958). A Stunt Play Program for Children. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 29-30.
Copy Number Variants in Epileptic Encephalopathy

An international group of investigators at University of Washington, Seattle, USA, and various centers in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and Israel evaluated 315 patients with epileptic encephalopathies for rare copy number variants (CNVs) using a whole-genome oligonucleotide array.
Depth-stratified functional and taxonomic niche specialization in the ‘core’ and ‘flexible’ Pacific Ocean Virome

Microbes drive myriad ecosystem processes, and their viruses modulate microbial-driven processes through mortality, horizontal gene transfer, and metabolic reprogramming by viral-encoded auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs). However, our knowledge of viral roles in the oceans is primarily limited to surface waters. Here we assess the depth distribution of protein clusters (PCs) in the first large-scale quantitative viral metagenomic data set that spans much of the pelagic depth continuum (the Pacific Ocean Virome; POV). This established ‘core’ (180 PCs; one-third new to science) and ‘flexible’ (423K PCs) community gene sets, including niche-defining genes in the latter (385 and 170 PCs are exclusive and core to the photic and aphotic zones, respectively). Taxonomic annotation suggested that tailed phages are ubiquitous, but not abundant (<5% of PCs) and revealed depth-related taxonomic patterns. Functional annotation, coupled with extensive analyses to document non-viral DNA contamination, uncovered 32 new AMGs (9 core, 20 photic and 3 aphotic) that introduce ways in which viruses manipulate infected host metabolism, and parallel depth-stratified host adaptations (for example, photic zone genes for iron–sulphur cluster modulation for phage production, and aphotic zone genes for high-pressure deep-sea survival). Finally, significant vertical flux of photic zone viruses to the deep sea was detected, which is critical for interpreting depth-related patterns in nature. Beyond the ecological advances outlined here, this catalog of viral core, flexible and niche-defining genes provides a resource for future investigation into the organization, function and evolution of microbial molecular networks to mechanistically understand and model viral roles in the biosphere.
The dynamic changes of blood sucking dipterous insects and their control tactics in a southeast area of China

Objective To understand the dynamic changes of blood sucking dipterous insects and find their management tactics in a southeast China area in the season of rain.Methods Field investigation,chemical control and repellent application.Results The main blood sucking dipterous insects were mosquitoes,bitting midge and tabanid fly.From May 26th to June 10th,their amounts increased gradually.Chemical control could not keep better efficacy more than tow days in the rain season.Repellent application on the naked skin could prevent people from insect sucking very well.Conclusion The amounts of blood sucking dipterous insects are high.Repellent application will be important for people to get rid of those insects.
Management of adult-onset diabetes. The impact of the University Group Diabetes Program.

The University Group Diabetes Program, a 10 year study of long-term treatment of adult-onset diabetes, created heated medical controversy when results were first reported in 1970. Surprising evidence indicated that oral hypoglycemic agents did not prolong survival and might produce cardiovascular toxicity. In this article, one of the original investigators assesses professional response to the study and the impact of the study on the current treatment of diabetes.
Forks in the Road of Men’s Gender Politics: Men’s Rights vs Feminist Allies

How do men respond to feminist movements and to shifts in the gender order? In this paper, I introduce the concept of historical gender formation to show how shifting social conditions over the past forty years shaped a range of men’s organized responses to feminism. Focusing on the US, I show how progressive men reacted to feminism in the 1970s by forming an internally contradictory ‘men’s liberation’ movement that soon split into opposing anti-feminist and pro-feminist factions. Three large transformations of the 1980s and 1990s – the professional institutionalization of feminism, the rise of a postfeminist sensibility, and shifts in the political economy (especially deindustrialization and the rise of the neoliberal state) – generated new possibilities. I end by pointing to an emergent moderate men’s rights discourse that appeals to a postfeminist sensibility, and to an increasingly diverse base for men’s work to prevent violence against women.
Improved results of cadaver renal transplantation with azathioprine, prednisone and antilymphoblast globulin

AbstractFrom 1980 to 1982,100 consecutive cadaver renal transplants were performed. All but 2 recipients received preoperative transfusion and all received an initial 2-week course of antilymphoblast globulin. A prospective controlled evaluation of high versus low maintenance prednisone, and antilymphoblast globulin versus intravenous methylprednisolone for first rejection therapy was done. Over-all 1-year graft and patient survivals were 77 and 96 per cent, respectively. Graft survival was equal in the high and low steroid groups. Antilymphoblast globulin was as effective as intravenous methylprednisolone in reversing first rejections. Graft survival was improved with better donor-recipient matched grafts. We conclude that excellent results can be obtained in transfused cadaver renal allograft recipients managed with azathioprine, prednisone and antilymphoblast globulin. The regimen of prophylactic antilymphoblast globulin, low maintenance prednisone and antilymphoblast globulin alone for first rejection...
Microbeam FT-IR Spectroscopic Examination of Diseased Brain Tissues

Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy is a powerful technique for obtaining infrared spectra from microscopic regions of tissue sections. Individual spectra can be collected from tissue areas of interest, or several spectra can be collected along a grid pattern, e.g. across a lesion site, and transformed into maps of chemical functional groups. In either case, chemical information can be directly correlated with histological or histopathological information, in situ. In this paper we review our applications of FT-IR microspectroscopy to examination of normal and diseased brain tissues, and present data from the brains of HIV-infected individuals.
Systems, Indicators, and Sustainability Assessment

Sustainability is related to a defined system. Sustainability assessment of a system is a determination of the sustainability performance of the system compared to a similar system with the same attributes. Indicators are representatives of the attributes that characterize the system. Since sustainability consists of three interacting dimensions: environmental, economic, and societal, a Venn diagram representation shows the classification of the intersections that can be represented by chosen indicators. For example, a three dimensional indicator will be placed at the intersection of the three dimensions. In this chapter we show how indicator dimensionality can be determined. We also recognize the types of systems—global, regional, business, and technology—to which an assessment can be applied. A general framework for implementing such an assessment of a system sustainability is presented. The same framework is applicable to a system belonging to any of the four system types. The specific indicators that adequately characterize one type of system are necessarily different from those of another type of system. Once the set of indicators is satisfactorily decided upon, data collections can begin for conducting an assessment using the framework.
Olfactomedin 2 Regulates Smooth Muscle Phenotypic Modulation and Vascular Remodeling Through Mediating Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 Binding to Serum Response Factor.

Objective—The objective of this study is to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of Olfactomedin 2 (Olfm2) in smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic modulation and vascular remodeling. Approa...
RFI and remote sensing of the Earth from space

Passive microwave remote sensing of the Earth from space provides information essential for understanding the Earth's environment and its evolution. Parameters such as soil moisture, sea surface temperature and salinity, and profiles of atmospheric temperature and humidity are measured at frequencies determined by the physics (e.g. sensitivity to changes in desired parameters) and by the availability of suitable spectrum free from interference. Interference from manmade sources (radio frequency interference) is an impediment that in many cases limits the potential for accurate measurements from space. A review is presented here of the frequencies employed in passive microwave remote sensing of the Earth from space and the associated experience with RFI.
Kinematics and Kinetics Differences between Female Runners with and without Scoliosis

The differences in running kinematics and kinetics were compared between two groupsof recreational runners, with scoliosis and without scoliosis. Six females participated in the study, three runners in each group. Lumbar spine, pelvic and lower extremity kinematics, andlumbar erector spinae muscle activity were measured during running on a treadmill. In addition, static vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) was collected.The averaged data were compared between the scoliosis and non-scoliosis groups. No significance differences were found between groups, likely due to the small sample size. However, subjects without scoliosis demonstrated greater differences between sides inpeak EMG, pelvic tilt and rotation, and smaller differences in static VGRF and pelvic obliquitycompared to scoliosis subjects.
Asystole during pacemaker magnet application

Pacemaker magnet application during surgery for patients who are pacemaker-dependent is often utilized to avoid perioperative inhibition from electromagnetic interference. We present a case during which such routine magnet use resulted in an unexpected response and discuss the limitations and nuances of this common practice.
Mitigating Control Flow Attacks in Embedded Systems with Novel Built-in Secure Register Bank

Embedded systems are prone to security attacks from their limited resources available for self-protection and unsafe language typically used for application programming. Attacks targeting control flow is one of the most common exploitations for embedded systems. We propose a hardware-level, effective, and low overhead countermeasure to mitigate these types of attacks. In the proposed method, a Built-in Secure Register Bank (BSRB) is introduced to the processor micro-architecture to store the return addresses of subroutines. The inconsistency on the return addresses will direct the processor to select a clean copy to resume the normal control flow and mitigate the security threat. This proposed countermeasure is inaccessible for the programmer and does not require any compiler support, thus achieving better flexibility than software-based countermeasures. Experimental results show that the proposed method only increases the area and power by 3.8% and 4.4%, respectively, over the baseline OpenRISC processor.
Genetic risk for schizophrenia influences substance use in emerging adulthood: An event-level polygenic prediction model

Emerging adulthood is a peak period of risk for alcohol and illicit drug use. As genetic risk for schizophrenia has been previously associated with substance use disorders, we examine how schizophrenia-associated genetic variants are related to trajectories of five substance use behaviors as they occurred in daily life across emerging adulthood. Non-Hispanic European participants provided DNA samples and completed daily reports of alcohol and drug use for one month per year across four years (N=28,372 individual observations of N=318 participants). The present study yields two major insights. First, results indicated that genetic risk for schizophrenia predicted emerging adults9 overall likelihood to engage in illicit drug use and polysubstance use (concurrent illicit drug use and alcohol use or binge drinking), but did not predict alcohol use-only phenotypes. Second, the present findings suggest that genetic variants related to schizophrenia predict the rate of age-related change in substance use.
Developing gender-inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystems: A social network perspective

In this study, we analyze the position and path of women entrepreneurs in a university-based entrepreneurial ecosystem, through the lens of social network theory. We collected relational data from ...
Factors associated with finishing status for dogs competing in a long-distance sled race.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether selected factors were associated with finishing status in a long-distance sled dog race. DESIGN Prospective, observational study. ANIMALS 248 dogs participating in the 1994 Iditarod trail sled race that were members of 13 teams that finished the race. Dogs were not selected randomly, but were members of teams that were easily accessible for examination before the race. The proportion of teams that were examined that finished the race (14/17) was similar to the proportion of teams that were not examined that finished the race (36/41). PROCEDURE Age, sex, body conformation (weight, length, and thoracic width and circumference), cardiac variables (heart rate, natural logarithm of heart period variance, PR interval, QRS duration, QT index, R wave amplitude in leads II and V3, mean electrical axis, presence of cardiac arrhythmias suggestive of myocardial disease), and athletic ranking as assessed by the musher were compared between dogs that finished the race (n = 128) and dogs that did not finish (n = 120). RESULTS The only factor found to differ significantly (P < 0.05) between finishers and nonfinishers was athletic ranking as assessed by the musher. Athletic rank and QRS duration or QRS duration normalized for body weight were identified by means of logistic regression as variables associated (P < 0.15) with finishing status. There was a significant (P < 0.0001), but weak (R2 = 0.18), linear relationship between race time and mean QRS duration for each team. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Athletic ranking as assessed by the musher was the most important of the studied variables in determining finishing status, whereas age, sex, body conformation, and body weight were unimportant. Duration of the QRS was of minor importance in determining finishing status.
Genetics and Conservation Biology

Genetics can be applied to many problems in the area of conservation biology, and four such uses will be illustrated in this paper. First is conservation forensics in which genetic techniques are used to aid the enforcement of laws concerning endangered species. An example of this application is the use of DNA “fingerprinting” to identify the geographical source of tusks as part of an effort to restrict poaching of African elephants. A second application is in systematics. Before a conservation program can be designed, we obviously need to know what it is we are trying to conserve. Genetic techniques are emerging as a major tool in systematics and have proven to be useful in identifying taxa that behave as independently evolving genetic lineages (i.e., species). An example of this is provided by studies on wild cattle species. The cattle also illustrate a third application of genetics in conservation: the detection and monitoring of hybridization. Hybridization can cause genotypic extinction through extensive gene flow, and the incidence of hybridization has been greatly increased by human activities through the introduction of exotics and the disturbance of natural environments and isolating barriers. The final area is genetic management of natural and captive populations of endangered species. Genetic management is necessary both for the short-term health of the species (e.g., inbreeding depressions) and the long-term adaptive flexibility of the species (e.g., preserving genetic diversity). Examples of genetic management of both captive and natural populations will be given.
Regenerative medicine advancing health care 2020.

Regenerative medicine has begun to define a new perspective of future clinical practice. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services report “2020: A New Vision—A Future for Regenerative Medicine” highlights that regenerative medicine is the vanguard of 21st-century health care ([1][1]).
Returns to Contrarian Investment: Tests of the Naive Expectations Hypotheses

This paper examines the ability of hypotheses based on naive investor expectations to explain the higher returns to contrarian investment strategies. Inconsistent with Lakonishok, Shleifer and Vishny (1995), we find no systematic evidence that stock prices naively reflect extrapolation of past trends in earnings and sales growth. Consistent with Bauman and Dowen (1988) and La Porta (1994), we find that stock prices appear to naively reflect analysts' biased forecasts of future earnings growth. Further, we show that naive reliance on analysts' forecasts of future earnings growth can explain over half the higher returns to contrarian investment strategies.
Italy’s Scourge: The Four Mafias

“Italy’s Scourge: The Four Mafias” traces the evolution of the four major criminal organizations, the Mafia, Camorra, ’Ndrangheta, and Sacra Corona Unita. The discussion proceeds from the notion that organized crime took root where the State failed to establish its authority. In time, it grew in number and stature thanks in part to its collusion with powerful public officials. After World War II, the Mafia, in particular, transitioned from its mostly rural environment to the urban setting. The transition marked a drastic change: the old, “benevolent” mafiosi were replaced by violent gangsters eager to enter the lucrative drug market. But the newly found wealth, the author concludes, triggered their demise, as it led the authorities to mount an aggressive campaign aimed at confiscating their ill-gotten gains and sending them to prison.
Deliberative Decisions and Formal Multicriteria Analysis: Addressing Norton’s Skepticism

Norton has argued for the salience of deliberative strategies for making environmental decisions which is supposed to be preferable to formal decision analysis. This paper argues that formal multicriteria decision analysis, when deployed with care, has the flexibility to absorb the advantages of deliberative decision making. It can also be used for decision support during a deliberative process. This feature of decision analysis is illustrated using a case study from Merauke in Papua province of Indonesian New Guinea.
It Always Takes a Village: Preserving Earthen Sites

The Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) has worked with different institutions and professionals around the world over the past thirty years, engaging in projects and initiatives to advance the field of earthen conservation. The GCI has sought to improve practice, by working across professions and cultures, using both advanced research and traditional know-how through its Getty Seismic Adobe Project (GSAP), the Terra Project (Terra), and nowadays the Earthen Architecture Initiative (EAI). Understanding how earthen buildings were constructed and adapted to their environments has been a fundamental principle of the different training courses, model projects, research and dissemination of information that the GCI has developed and continue working on. The current paper describes the work of the GCI and its multiple partners over the years to improve the field of earthen conservation while emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary work.
Single cell transcriptomics identifies immunologic priming related to extra corporeal life support survival.

Abstract As both sentinels and effectors of disease response, peripheral blood mononuclear cells are an accessible and attractive target for clinical application of high throughput, fluidics based single cell RNASeq (scRNASeq). However, new analytic tools required by unique characteristics of scRNASeq data lack validation in acutely ill patients. We report scRNASeq analysis of ~1,000 cells from each of 38 patients requiring veno-arterial extracorporeal life support (VA-ECLS)—a diverse group of critically ill patients experiencing circulatory collapse as a common endpoint to wide ranging diseases. We established an analysis pipeline capturing major biological signals from theses samples, confirmed by flow cytometry. Further, we found that these patients appeared immunologically poised at the outset of treatment as either reactive or permissive, and this balance predicted their survival. Annotated code detailing the analysis is available at https://github.com/vanandelinstitute/va_ecls. One Sentence Summary Patterns in single cell gene expression reveal aspects of cell biology associated with patient survival, even in complex clinical settings.
Measuring Radial and Tangential Changes in Tropical Cyclone Rain Fields Using Metrics of Dispersion and Closure

Although tropical cyclone (TC) rain fields assume varying spatial configurations, many studies only use areal coverage to compare TCs. To provide additional spatial information, this study calculates metrics of closure, or the tangential completeness of reflectivity regions surrounding the circulation center, and dispersion, or the spread of reflectivity outwards from the storm center. Two hurricanes that encountered different conditions after landfall are compared. Humberto (2007) experienced rapid intensification (RI), stronger vertical wind shear, and more moisture than Jeanne (2004), which was more intense, weakened gradually, and became extratropical. A GIS framework was used to convert radar reflectivity regions into polygons and measure their area, closure, and dispersion. Closure corresponded most closely to storm intensity, as the eye became exposed when both TCs weakened to tropical storm intensity. Dispersion increased by 10 km·hr−1 as both TCs developed precipitation along frontal boundaries. As closure tended to change earlier than dispersion and area, closure may be most sensitive to subtle changes in environmental conditions, particularly as the storm’s core experiences the entrainment of dry air and erodes. Displacement provided a combined radial and tangential component to the location of the rainfall regions to confirm placement along the frontal boundaries. Examining area alone cannot reveal these patterns. The spatial metrics reveal changes in TC structure, such as the lag between onset of RI and maximum closure, which should be generalizable to TCs experiencing similar conditions. Future work will calculate these metrics for additional TCs to quantify structural changes in response to their surrounding environment.
The Negative Income Tax Experiments of the 1970s

Between 1968 and 1980, the US and Canadian Governments conducted five Negative Income Tax (NIT) experiments, which continue to have an important impact on the discussion of Basic Income. The first section of the chapter discusses the labour market effects of the NIT experiments of the 1970s; the second section non-labour-market effects; and the third section the difficulty of making an overall assessment of NIT or Basic Income on the basis of experimental findings. The fourth section discusses how the public reaction to the release of NIT experimental findings in the 1970s fell victim to spin and oversimplification, and the final section discusses how later reassessments of these experimental findings avoided many of these problems.
A Comparison of Emergency Preparedness Between High School Coaches and Club Sport Coaches.

Context Recent studies suggested that a large population of high school-aged athletes participate on club sport teams. Despite attempts to document emergency preparedness in high school athletics, ...
Sacrobosco’s Sphaera in Spain and Portugal

This paper analyzes sixteenth-century commentaries on Johannes de Sacrobosco’s Sphaera in Portuguese and Spanish. Between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries, there were more translations of the Sphaera into Castilian and Portuguese than into all other European vernaculars combined. A major reason for the interest in Sphaera translations in Spain and Portugal was that the basic astronomical and geographical knowledge contained in this text could be used for navigation. Because of their enormous interests in overseas exploration and colonization, Iberian monarchs supported the development of cosmography, a subject that combined mathematics, astronomy, and geography. The astronomical information in the Sphaera was also valued on the Iberian Peninsula for its applications to astrology. Finally, the Sphaera was critical to a Christian education because it taught readers to appreciate the wonders of God’s creation. Spanish and Portuguese commentaries on Sacrobosco’s Sphaera reflect this mix of practical, political, and spiritual concerns.
Rise of the Robots

High-throughput experimentation (HTE) is a growing, enabling technology that allows the execution of large, parallel sets of experiments. Often, automation is required to dose compounds on milligram to sub-milligram scale, to run many parallel reactions, and to analyse large datasets. Unique approaches to screen design, implementation, and analysis are required, distinct from traditional synthetic organic chemistry. The discipline also presents a profitable opportunity for individual scientists to learn about and explore fields adjacent to chemistry, including data science, robotics and equipment engineering, and computer programming. This perspective presents the author's viewpoints on the field of HTE, its implementation within a chemistry career, and the automated future of organic chemistry technology.
Remote electron and energy transfer sensitized photoisomerization of encapsulated stilbenes

Excited state chemistry and physics of molecules, in addition to their inherent electronic and steric features, depend on their immediate microenvironments. This study explores the influence of an organic capsule, slightly larger than the reactant molecule itself, on the excited state chemistry of the encapsulated molecule. Results presented here show that the confined molecule, in fact, is not isolated and can be manipulated from outside even without direct physical interaction. Examples where communication between a confined molecule and a free molecule present outside is brought about through electronic and energy transfer processes are presented. Geometric isomerization of octa acid encapsulated stilbenes induced by energy and electron transfer by cationic sensitizers that attach themselves to the anionic capsule is examined. The fact that isomerization occurs when the sensitizer present outside is excited illustrates that the reactant and sensitizer are communicating across the molecular wall of the capsule. Ability to remotely activate a confined molecule opens up new opportunities to bring about reactions of confined radical ions and triplet excited molecules generated via long distance energy and electron transfer processes.
Polariton chemistry: controlling organic photophysical processes with strong light-matter coupling

Strong coupling (SC) between light and matter has emerged in the last decade as a promising tool to control room-temperature photophysical processes in organic molecules. In this article, we aim to provide a pedagogical introduction to the various flavors of molecular SC involving (a) a single molecule in an optical nanocavity (e.g. a plasmonic junction), and (b) many molecules in an optical microcavity (the collective regime). Although the linear optical properties of these two systems are very similar, their chemical dynamics are drastically different from each another. We will highlight the relevant timescales and rates that can be manipulated via both flavors of SC. We will illustrate these ideas with theoretical and experimental examples from our previous work, which will help us distill the physical mechanisms that are at play in each SC case.
Dry Beriberi Manifesting as Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy in a Patient With Decompensated Alcohol-Induced Cirrhosis

Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency is uncommon in developed countries and is most commonly seen in patients with poor dietary intake, malabsorption syndromes, and alcoholism. With the increasing rates of alcohol use, thiamine deficiency is likely an under-recognized and potentially reversible cause of sensorimotor dysfunction called dry beriberi. We present a case of profound lower extremity weakness in a 28-year-old female from Nepal with decompensated alcohol-induced cirrhosis. Based on laboratory testing, it was determined that the cause of her neuropathy was dry beriberi. She was subsequently started on thiamine replacement therapy with slow improvement over the next six months.
Quantum computation of an interacting Fermionic model

Relativistic fermionic field theories constitute the fundamental description of all observable matter. The simplest of the models provide a useful, classically verifiable benchmark for noisy intermediate scale quantum computers. We calculate the energy levels of a model of Dirac fermions with four-fermion interactions, on a lattice in 1 + 1 space-time dimensions. We employ a hybrid classical-quantum computation scheme to obtain the mass gap in this model for three spatial sites. With error mitigation the results are in good agreement with exact classical calculations. Our calculations extend to the vicinity of the massless limit where chiral symmetry emerges, however relative errors for quantum computations in this regime are significant. We compare our results with an analytical calculation using perturbation theory.
Does Working from Home Work? Evidence from a Chinese Experiment

About 10% of US employees now regularly work from home (WFH), but there are concerns this can lead to "shirking from home." We report the results of a WFH experiment at CTrip, a 16,000- employee, NASDAQ-listed Chinese travel agency. Call center employees who volunteered to WFH were randomly assigned to work from home or in the office for 9 months. Home working led to a 13% performance increase, of which about 9% was from working more minutes per shift (fewer breaks and sick-days) and 4% from more calls per minute (attributed to a quieter working environment). Home workers also reported improved work satisfaction and experienced less turnover, but their promotion rate conditional on performance fell. Due to the success of the experiment, CTrip rolled-out the option to WFH to the whole firm and allowed the experimental employees to re-select between the home or office. Interestingly, over half of them switched, which led to the gains from WFH almost doubling to 22%. This highlights the benefits of learning and selection effects when adopting modern management practices like WFH.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
KONSEP PENDIDIKAN ISLAM MULTIKULTURAL DALAM MENCIPTAKAN HARMONISASI KELEMBAGAAN

Abstract: This study will discuss the Concept of Multicultural Islamic Education in Creating a Harmonious Institutional System: A Case Study in the Madrasah Aliyah Mamba'us Sholihin Suci-Manyar-Gresik. In theory, Institutions are the rules that apply in society that are agreed upon by community members as something that must be followed and obeyed (having the power of sanctions) with the aim of creating order and certainty of interactions among community members. In this article we will describe the initial concept of the values of multicultural Islamic education, then we will describe the concept of an institutional system, and end with a presentation of the results of research on the Role of Multicultural Islamic Education in Creating a Harmonious Institutional System. This study uses an interpretive paradigm with a qualitative approach, a type of case study. Collecting data using unstructured interview techniques, non-participant observation, and documentation study. This study found the conclusion that the values of multicultural Islamic education that developed in the institution helped make the institution into harmony. These values include At-Tawassuth (moderate), At-Tasamuh (tolerant), At-Ta'awun (please-help), and At-Tawazun (harmony). Keywords: Institutional, Multicultural Islamic Education Values
Microbiome reduction prevents lipid accumulation during early diapause in the northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens pipiens.

Abstract The mosquito microbiome is critical to multiple facets of their biology, including larval development and disease transmission. For mosquitoes that reside in temperate regions, periods of diapause are critical to overwintering survival, but how the microbiome impacts this state is unknown. In this study, we compared the midgut microbial communities of diapausing and non-diapausing Culex pipiens and assessed how a reduced midgut microbiome influences diapause preparation. High community variability was found within and between non-diapausing and diapausing individuals, but no specific diapause-based microbiome was noted. Emergence of adult, diapausing mosquitoes under sterile conditions generated low bacterial load (LBL) lines with nearly a 1000-fold reduction in bacteria levels. This reduction in bacterial content resulted in significantly lower survival of diapausing females after two weeks, indicating acquisition of the microbiome in adult females is critical for survival throughout diapause. LBL diapausing females had high carbohydrate levels, but did not accumulate lipid reserves, suggesting an inability to process ingested sugars necessary for diapause-associated lipid accumulation. Expression patterns of select genes associated with mosquito lipid metabolism during diapause showed no significant differences between LBL and control lines, suggesting transcriptional changes may not underlie impaired lipid accumulation. Overall, a diverse, adult-acquired microbiome is critical for diapause in C. pipiens to process sugar reserves and accumulate lipids that are necessary to survive prolonged overwintering.
Resistance to peer influence during adolescence: Proposing a sociocultural-developmental framework

Abstract Assumptions regarding the vulnerability of adolescents to peer influences permeate the academic and popular literatures, especially as explanations of adolescent risk taking. In developmentally-oriented research that has addressed age differences in peer resistance/conformity, a psychosocially-based account has prevailed which attributes higher resistance scores of older compared with younger adolescents to the development of autonomy and individuation. In this paper, we propose an alternative sociocultural-developmental framework for the study of peer resistances. Contributing to the framework are, first, sociocultural perspectives on resistance within cultural and feminist studies that have implications for peer resistance scholarship in their alternative conceptualization of person–context relations and the consequent reorientation of the nature of the questions as well as the methods appropriate for addressing these questions. We then draw on dialogical theory to extend these perspectives to a more comprehensive framework encompassing developing-persons-in-changing-contexts and illustrate the framework with a research example.
Internal mammary artery implant. A method for assessing the physiologic efficacy of the "Vineberg procedure".

Abstract Little progress has been made in evaluating the physiologic efficacy of revascularization procedures for coronary occlusive disease largely because of the difficulties in assessing the results of surgery in the single case. The symptomatic response to the operation is of little value (1) because of the powerful suggestive effect of the surgical experience upon a syndrome so profoundly influenced by the emotions and expectations of the patient, and (2) because surgery and convalescence may alter the underlying disease organically but in ways unrelated to the success or failure of revascularization itself. Studies of coronary flow or myocardial metabolism have limited application to this problem because of their lack of specificity and sensitivity, limitations augmented by the year or so which must intervene between pre- and postoperative studies. Postoperative arteriography of the implanted artery is also of less value than would at first appear because, unless retrograde filling of the coronary arteries through the implant can be demonstrated, there can be no assurance that blood from the implant is perfusing functioning myocardium. During selective coronary angiography, inection of radiocontrast material into the coronary tree is virtually always followed by “ischemie” S–T and Tchanges. We propose that this phenomenon, regardless of its nature, can provide a basis for demonstrating myocardial perfusion by an implanted vessel. In 2 patients who had had “Vineberg procedures” a year earlier and who claimed dramatic relief of symptoms, arteriography of the implanted internal mammary artery revealed it to be patent and the coronary artery to fill retrograde. In both cases S-T and T changes identical to those seen after selective coronary arteriography followed opacification of the implant. We consider this a conclusive, physiologic demonstration that blood from the implant was perfusing living myocardium in these cases and suggest that this principle may be useful in evaluating patients who have had revascularization operations.
Technology’s Impact on the Equity Markets

The computer has been used extensively in the U.S. equity markets for over two decades to route orders and disseminate information. Nevertheless, trade execution in our major market centers has, for the most part, remained non-electronic. This paper considers the reasons for this, and assesses the impact technology is having on competition in the market between sell-side intermediaries, sell-side and buy-side participants, alternative financial instruments, and alternative trading systems. Also discussed are certain tensions the introduction of new technology involves in the industry that relate to technology’s unintended consequences, dried access to an intermediated market, payment for broker/dealer services, and the regulation of the markets. After presenting various forecasts concerning use of the Internet, the advent of electronic call market trading, and the integration of alternative trading modalities into one market system, the paper concludes by suggesting that the introduction of new electronic technology will be expedited if the market centers cease being membership organizations and be restructured as equity based, profit maximizing business firms.
Abstract P125: EMA Data Reveal Associations Between Sleep and Self-Efficacy for Adhering to a Healthy Lifestyle Plan

Background: We are conducting a 12-month behavioral weight loss study to provide the background for the study of relapse following intentional weight loss. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is being used to assess the triggers of relapse in real time and in the person’s own environment. Objective: The purpose of this abstract is to report on the associations between sleep and self-efficacy for sticking to or adhering to a healthy lifestyle. Methods: Using a smartphone for EMA data collection, participants were prompted daily for 6 months to complete a beginning of the day (BOD) survey that reported on 1) difficulty falling asleep, 2) number of hours slept, 3) number of awakenings, and 4) how well they slept the previous night. Using the BOD survey data, separate mixed linear models were carried out predicting confidence in sticking to a healthy diet from the four items to which participants responded. For each model, subject and subject by predictor interaction were included as random effects. Results: The sample for this analysis is comprised of 89 participants who have completed the first 6 mos. of the study. It is predominantly female (90.3%) and White (81.9%), 58.3% are married with 16.72±2.56 years of education and a mean BMI of 33.90±4.56 kg/m2. All four items on the BOD survey were significant predictors of self-efficacy for adhering to a healthy lifestyle: trouble sleeping (b = 0.0182, p 0.0068); hours slept (b = 0.0011, p < 0.0001); number awakenings (b = 0.0706, p 0.0002); and how well slept (b = 0.1117, p <0.0001). Self-efficacy increased with the number of hours slept and how well the person slept, and decreased with trouble sleeping and number of awakenings. Standard deviation (SD) components for intercept were generally larger than the SD components for error suggesting that there was more variability within subjects than between subjects. Moreover, SD components for the slopes of the regression lines were large relative to the slopes of the regression lines, suggesting that that there is considerable variation among subjects in the predictive equations. While on average confidence in maintaining a healthy lifestyle increases with how well subjects slept, a high SD component suggests that for some subjects, confidence in maintaining a healthy lifestyle is negatively related to how well they slept. Conclusions: These preliminary EMA data suggest that for most participants in a weight loss study, reduced quality and quantity of sleep negatively impacted their confidence in adhering to their established plan for a healthy lifestyle. However, some participants reported higher self-efficacy despite poor or reduced sleep the previous night, which might suggest the use of greater resolve and problem-solving to do well in the face of what might be a challenging day. These findings have implications for content and standard approaches to behavioral weight loss treatment.
Legislative Professionalism and Budget Punctuations in State Government Sub‐Functional Expenditures

Contrary to budgetary incrementalism, disproportionate information processing theory revealed that budget outcomes show episodic but dramatic changes as well as stabilized ones. A relatively less explored question is why such budget punctuations occur. Disproportionate information processing theory suggests that decision-makers' lack of information processing capacity and institutional frictions are the main reasons for budget punctuations. Empirical analyses imply that governmental expenditures are exposed to varying levels of available information and institutional frictions and patterns of budget punctuations differ across the different types of governmental expenditures. The findings in this paper reveal that whether enhanced staff assistance for individual legislators can increase or decrease budget punctuations highly depend on the programmatic and institutional nature of state government sub-functional expenditures.
In retrospect: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

David Kaiser marks the 50th anniversary of an exemplary account of the cycles of scientific progress.
Esophagus and Stomach

This chapter is intended to serve as a concise review of esophagus and stomach pathology. The chapter is organized to cover most of the important congenital, nonneoplastic, inflammatory, metaplastic, and neoplastic facets of esophageal and gastric surgical pathology. There is a particular focus on everyday sign out. Tumors are classified according to the WHO classification, and when appropriate, pertinent differential diagnostic considerations and immunohistochemical characteristics are listed. Eleven tables are included and cited in the text for easy reference. Over 50 color images are included and noted in the text. The suggested reading section contains many of the seminal papers relating to esophagus and stomach pathology and serves as a useful guide for further learning.
Efficient Isobar Suppression by Photodetachment in a RF Quadrupole Ion Cooler

A highly efficient method for suppressing isobar contaminants in negative radioactive ion beams by photodetachment is demonstrated. A laser beam having the appropriate photon energy is used to selectively neutralize the contaminant if the electron affinity of the contaminant is lower than the electron affinity of the desired radioactive ions. The photodetachment efficiency can be dramatically increased when the laser‐ion interaction is made inside a radio frequency quadrupole ion beam cooler where the ion residence time can be a few milliseconds. In off‐line experiments with ion beams of stable isotopes, more than 99.9% suppression of S− and O− ions by photodetachment has been obtained. These ions would be the contaminants of desired beams of Cl− and F−, respectively. Under similar conditions no reduction in Cl− and F− ions was observed. The off‐line results demonstrate the potential of this technique for on‐line purification of a number of interesting radioactive beams and possible applications in accele...