cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relationships between time in jail, time on electronic monitoring, and recidivism: An event history analysis of a jail-based program

Considerable theoretical and empirical attention has been given to the relationship between time incarcerated and recidivism. Much less attention has been devoted to alternative sanctions such as house arrest with electronic monitoring and recidivism following participation in such programs. In this paper we use event history techniques to assess the relationships between time spent in jail, time spent on electronic monitoring, and recidivism in a sample of offenders who spent at least some time on electronic monitoring. The results suggest that the longer the time on electronic monitoring, the lower the likelihood of recidivism. This effect, however, varies by type of offender. Despite some evidence of a curvilinear relationship between time in jail and recidivism, the relationship is not robust to the inclusion of other control variables. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
COLORECTAL CANCER: AN UNDERTREATED DISEASE

Surgery is currently the first-line treatment option for primary colorectal cancer (CRC) and resectable metastatic disease. Cytotoxic chemotherapy is used for adjuvant treatment as well as for the treatment of advanced disease; the combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) plus leucovorin is currently the standard chemotherapeutic regimen used in most centers. In many countries patients with CRC do not receive chemotherapy because some clinicians perceive that the benefits of such treatment do not compensate for the potential negative effects on patient quality of life in terms of toxicity and inconvenient dosage schedules. However, recent evidence suggests that the use of cytotoxic chemotherapy can lead to an improvement in quality of life and effective palliation in CRC. A number of new treatment options are becoming available for the treatment of this malignancy. These include new anticancer agents such as thymidylate synthase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies and topoisomerase I inhibitors, and new treatment methods including hepatic arterial or i.p. chemotherapy, cryosurgery and chemo-embolization. With the increased referral of patients to oncologists and the use of a multidisciplinary team approach, these new agents and new methods of treatment can be fully evaluated for the treatment of CRC, and should ultimately improve the treatment and outcome of this common disease.
Nonparametric depth-based multivariate outlier identifiers, and masking robustness properties

Abstract In extending univariate outlier detection methods to higher dimension, various issues arise: limited visualization methods, inadequacy of marginal methods, lack of a natural order, limited parametric modeling, and, when using Mahalanobis distance, restriction to ellipsoidal contours. To address and overcome such limitations, we introduce nonparametric multivariate outlier identifiers based on multivariate depth functions, which can generate contours following the shape of the data set. Also, we study masking robustness, that is, robustness against misidentification of outliers as nonoutliers. In particular, we define a masking breakdown point (MBP), adapting to our setting certain ideas of Davies and Gather [1993. The identification of multiple outliers (with discussion). Journal of the American Statistical Association 88, 782–801] and Becker and Gather [1999. The masking breakdown point of multivariate outlier identification rules. Journal of the American Statistical Association 94, 947–955] based on the Mahalanobis distance outlyingness. We then compare four affine invariant outlier detection procedures, based on Mahalanobis distance, halfspace or Tukey depth, projection depth, and “Mahalanobis spatial” depth. For the goal of threshold type outlier detection, it is found that the Mahalanobis distance and projection procedures are distinctly superior in performance, each with very high MBP, while the halfspace approach is quite inferior. When a moderate MBP suffices, the Mahalanobis spatial procedure is competitive in view of its contours not constrained to be elliptical and its computational burden relatively mild. A small sampling experiment yields findings completely in accordance with the theoretical comparisons. While these four depth procedures are relatively comparable for the purpose of robust affine equivariant location estimation, the halfspace depth is not competitive with the others for the quite different goal of robust setting of an outlyingness threshold.
A finite element model of the soft palate.

Abstract Objective: As a step toward better understanding of normal and abnormal velar control, a finite element model of the soft palate was developed. Design: A static two-dimensional midsagittal model of the velum was given physical dimensions to match that of a 10-year-old boy. Biomechanical properties of the tissues were inferred based on previous histologic studies. Velar movements were induced by the influence of three extrinisic velar muscles: the levator veli palatini, the palatoglossus, and the palatopharyngeus, which were simulated as external forces acting on the velar model. Results and Conclusions: Velopharyngeal opened and closed positions were simulated as well as a variety of intermediate steps between the two configurations. Velopharyngeal closure was also simulated in a manner appropriate for both high and low vowels. Future extensions of the model will incorporate the muscles as an intrinsic component of the model and will include a full time-dependent implementation, including inertia...
The Effect of Glycerol on the Viability, Mitochondrial Function and Acrosomal Integrity of Bovine Spermatozoa

Contents Eight bull ejaculates were split to evaluate the effects of glycerol on sperm organelle function. Although glycerol protects sperm membranes during cryopreservation, preliminary data suggested that glycerol was detrimental to sperm organelles to varying degrees. To assess the compartmental effects, three organelle-specific fluorophores were used to analyze with (G+) and without glycerol (G–) in spermatozoa stored for 24 h at 5°C in an egg-yolk-based extender. The mitochondrial probe, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl benzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) was used to examine the level of mitochondrial metabolic function by it’s discrimination between high (J-aggregate staining, red-orange) and low membrane potentials (JC-1 monomeric staining, green); while acosomal reacted spermatozoa were identified using fluorescein-labelled lectin from arachis hypogaea, PNA-FITC. The proportions of living and dead spermatozoa were determined by staining with the combination of SYBR-14 and propidium iodide (PI). Split-plot analysis of variance revealed that within bulls, glycerol altered the proportions of sperm staining with each organelle-specific fluorophore to varying degrees. The proportion of spermatozoa labelled with SYBR-14, indicating intact plasmalemmae, were not affected by the addition of glycerol (p = 0.11). Although the total proportion of JC-1-labeled spermatozoa were similar in G– and G+ samples (p = 0.90), the presence of glycerol decreased the proportion of spermatozoa that exhibited J-aggregate staining (p < 0.01) while producing an increase in monomeric staining (p = 0.02). The proportions of acrosome-reacted spermatozoa, however, were greater in the G– samples than in the G+ samples as indicated by PNA-FITC (p = 0.03). These findings suggest that mitochondria, acrosomes and the plasmalemmae of unfrozen spermatozoa vary in their response to the addition of the cryoprotectant glycerol.
Object Persistence in Philosophy and Psychology

What makes an object the same persisting individual over time? Philosophers and psychologists have both grappled with this question, but from different perspectives — philosophers conceptually analyzing the criteria for object persistence, and psychologists exploring the mental mechanisms that lead us to experience the world in terms of persisting objects. It is striking that the same themes populate explorations of persistence in these two very different fi elds — e.g. the roles of spatiotemporal continuity, persistence through property change, and cohesion violations. Such similarities may refl ect an underlying connection, in that psychological mechanisms of object persistence (especially relevant parts of mid-level visual object processing) may serve to underlie the intuitions about persistence that fuel metaphysical theories. This would be a way for cognitive science to join these two disparate fi elds, helping to explain the possible origins and reliability of some metaphysical intuitions, and perhaps leading to philosophical progress.
Discrete system simulation in Ada

Ada, the new Department of Defense standard language, contains many features designed to facilitate the construction of software for embedded computer systems. Two par ticularly important features are tasks (independent threads of execution in a program) and packages (collections of routines and data structures that can be compiled separately and in cluded as a unit in other programs). These features allow the construction of powerful, process-oriented, discrete-system simulation packages in Ada. We provide a design for such a package and illustrate its use.
Probing the absolute density of the Earth's core using a vertical neutrino beam

We demonstrate that one could measure the absolute matter density of the Earth's core with a vertical neutrino factory baseline at the per cent level for ${sin﻿}^{2}2{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.01$, where we include all correlations with the oscillation parameters in the analysis. We discuss the geographical feasibility of such an approach, and illustrate how the results change as a function of the detector location. We point out the complementarity to geophysics.
An overview of the 2009 Fort Hood Robotics Rodeo

The Robotics Rodeo held from 31 August to 3 September 2009 at Fort Hood, Texas, had three stated goals: educate key decision makers and align the robotics industry; educate Soldiers and developers; and perform a live market survey of the current state of technologies to encourage the development of robotic systems to support operational needs. Both events that comprised the Robotics Rodeo, the Extravaganza and the robotic technology observation, demonstration and discussion (RTOD2) addressed these stated goals. The Extravaganza was designed to foster interaction between the vendors and the visitors who included the media, Soldiers, others in the robotics industry and key decision makers. The RTOD2 allowed the vendors a more private and focused interaction with the subject matter experts teams, this was the forum for the vendors to demonstrate their robotic systems that supported the III Corps operational needs statements that are focused on route clearance, convoy operations, persistent stare, and robotic wingman. While the goals of the Rodeo were achieved, the underlying success from the event is the development of a new business model that is focused on collapsing the current model to get technologies into the hands of our warfighters quicker. This new model takes the real time data collection from the Rodeo, the Warfighter Needs from TRADOC, the emerging requirements from our current engagements, and assistance from industry partners to develop a future Army strategy for the rapid fielding of unmanned systems technologies.
Fibronectin from alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout pigs is a xenoantigen.

Abstract Background Antibody-mediated rejection continues to be an obstacle for xenotransplantation despite development of α1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout (GTKO) pigs. Fibronectin (Fn) from GTKO pigs was identified as a xenoantigen in baboons. N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), similar to galactose α1,3-galactose, is an antigenic carbohydrate found in pigs. We evaluated human antibody reactivity and performed initial antigenic epitope characterization of Fn from GTKO pigs. Materials and methods GTKO pig aortic endothelial cells (AEC) were isolated and assessed for antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Human and GTKO pig Fn were purified and analyzed using immunoblots. GTKO pig and human AEC absorbed human sera were assessed for CDC and anti-GTKO pig Fn antibodies. GTKO pig proteins were assessed for Neu5Gc. Immunoaffinity-purified human IgG anti-GTKO pig (hIgG-GTKOp) Fn using a GTKO pig Fn column were evaluated for cross-reactivity with other proteins. Results GTKO pig AEC had greater human antibody binding, complement deposition and CDC compared with allogeneic human AEC. Human sera absorbed with GTKO pig AEC resulted in diminished anti-GTKO pig Fn antibody. Neu5Gc was identified on GTKO pig Fn and other proteins. The hIgG-GTKOp Fn cross-reacted with multiple GTKO pig proteins and was enriched with anti-Neu5Gc antibody. Conclusions Removal of antigenic epitopes from GTKO pig AEC would improve xenograft compatibility. GTKO pig Fn has antigenic epitopes, one identified as Neu5Gc, which may be responsible for pathology and cross-reactivity of hIgG-GTKOp Fn. Genetic knockout of Neu5Gc appears necessary to address significance and identification of non-Neu5Gc GTKO pig Fn antigenic epitopes.
Fast adaptive multipole method for computation of electrostatic energy in simulations of polyelectrolyte DNA

This article presents a fast adaptive method for the computation of long-range electrostatic interactions in computer simulations of polyelectrolyte DNA. Classically, the computation of electrostatic energy involves a direct summation of all pairwise in teractions due to the charged phosphate groups in the molecule. This results in an N-body interaction problem with an asymptotic time complexity of O(N2) which is computationally very expensive and limits the number of phosphate groups that can be used in computer simulations of polyelectrolyte DNA to at most several hundred. We describe an effort to speed up computer simulations of polyelectrolyte DNA with the use of a fast adaptive hierarchical algorithm for the computation of electrostatic energy (i.e., modified Debye–Huckel energy). The asymptotic time complexity is reduced to O(N) with the implementation of the fast hierarchical algorithm on serial computers. This is achieved by grouping phosphate groups into an adaptive hierarchical data structure and computing the interactions between groups using low order multipole and Taylor series expansions expressed in Cartesian coordinates. We first examine the accuracy and speed enhancements of the fast hierarchical method in the computation of the electrostatic energy of circular DNA at zero and high salt concentrations. The fast hierarchical method is further tested in a one-step Monte Carlo (MC) simulated annealing algorithm for closed circular supercoiled DNA. In all cases, we observe order of magnitude reductions in the computation time with negligible loss of numerical accuracy in the electrostatic energy computation. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collision-Induced Dissociation and Theoretical Studies of Na+−Acetonitrile Complexes

Collision-induced dissociation of Na+(CH3CN)x, x = 1−5, with xenon is studied as a function of kinetic energy using guided ion beam mass spectrometry. In all cases, the primary and lowest energy dissociation channel observed is endothermic loss of one acetonitrile molecule. The cross section thresholds are interpreted to yield 0 and 298 K bond energies after accounting for the effects of multiple ion-molecule collisions, internal energy of the complexes, and dissociation lifetimes. Ab initio and density functional calculations at the MP2(full)/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-31G* levels of theory are used to determine the structures of these complexes and provide molecular constants necessary for the thermodynamic analysis of the experimental data. Theoretical bond dissociation energies are determined from single point calculations at the MP2(full)/6-311+G(2d,2p) and B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,2p) levels using the MP2(full)/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-31G* optimized geometries, respectively. The experimental bond energies determined her...
Thermoelectric freezing stage for serial brain sectioning.

Abstract A freezing stage is described, using thermoelectric (Peltier effect) cooling, that can be fitted into any standard microtome. It is made from a commercially available Peltier unit to which a heat sink is attached.
Purified human and recombinant murine interleukin-1α induced accumulation of inflammatory peritoneal neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes: possible contributions to antibacterial resistance

Abstract Interleukin-1 (IL-1) mediates a number of proinflammatory biological responses that are thought to contribute to antibacterial resistance. In the present study we examined the ability of IL-1 to recruit inflammatory neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes in vivo ; a function that has been reported to be closely related to antibacterial resistance. Intraperitoneal injection of small amounts (1–10 LAF units) of purified human or recombinant murine IL-1α (rIL-α) resulted in an increased influx of inflammatory neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity that peaked at 4–14 h after IL-1 injection. A small but consistent increase in peritoneal macrophages also was observed at 72 h after rIL-1α injection. The ability of rIL-1α to induce neutrophil accumulation was uninfluenced by polymyxin B, was sensitive to heat treatment (100 °C for 1 h), and was observed after i.p. injection into LPS-nonresponsive C3H/HeJ mice. These three lines of evidence suggested that contaminating LPS did not contribute substantially to rIL-1α induced accumulation of neutrophils. Treatment of mice with indomethacin or nordihydroguaiaretic acid did not abrogate rIL-1α induced neutrophil accumulation. Mice injected i.p. with increasing amounts of rIL-1α demonstrated a corresponding enhancement of their resistance to an i.p. L. monocytogenes challenge 4 h later, thus suggesting that IL-1 mediated inflammatory phagocyte accumulation may contribute in part to nonspecific antibacterial resistance.
Measurement properties of Tai Chi exercise self-efficacy among ethnic Chinese with coronary heart disease risk factors: a pilot study.

Background: Improvement in aerobic capacity and reduction in blood pressure after Tai Chi exercise programs in persons with coronary heart disease (CHD) or with CHD risk factors have been reported. Self-efficacy has been shown to be a consistent predictor of behavioral outcomes, now being applied to Tai Chi exercise.Aim: To assess the utility and appropriateness of existing tools measuring aspects of Tai Chi exercise self-efficacy (TCSE) in a new population, ethnic Chinese with CHD risk factors. Specific objectives were: (1) examine acceptability and feasibility; (2) determine score distributions; (3) assess the reliability and known-groups validity; (4) translate tool into an equivalent Chinese version and determine if there were any differences between ethnic Chinese and non-Chinese.Methods: Following a review of the literature, two existing tools used with Caucasians were found and modified; a 9-item exercise self-efficacy tool developed by Resnick and Jenkins [Resnick B, Jenkins LS, Testing the reliab...
Potential Modulation on the SCATHA Spacecraft

A small (1-V) modulation of the spacecraft potential is observed on the SCATHA satellite through its effects on the data from four instruments: two particle detectors and two field detectors. It is shown that there is a strong causal link between the modulation of the potential at this 1-V level and a nonuniform distribution of the photoemissive properties of the conducting material on the surface of the satellite.
Wafer level warpage characterization of 3D interconnect processing wafers

We present a new metrology system based on a fringe reflection method for warpage characterizations during wafer thinning and temporary bonding processes. A set of periodic fringe patterns is projected onto the measuring wafer and the reflected fringe images are captured by a CCD camera. The fringe patterns are deformed due to the slope variation of the wafer surface. We demonstrate the use of phase-shit algorithms, the wafer surface slope variation and quantitative 3D surface profile even tiny dimples and dents on a wafer can be reconstructed. The experimental results show the warpages of the bonded wafer are below 20 μm after thinning down to the nominal thickness of 75 μm and 50 μm. The measurement precision is better than 2 um.
Polymer-Mode-Coupling Theory of Finite-Size-Fluctuation Effects in Entangled Solutions, Melts, and Gels. 1. General Formulation and Predictions

The transport coefficients of dense polymeric fluids are approximately calculated from the microscopic intermolecular forces. The following finite molecular weight effects are discussed within the polymer-mode-coupling theory (PMC) and compared to the corresponding reptation/tube ideas: constraint release mechanism, spatial inhomogeneity of the entanglement constraints, and tracer polymer shape fluctuations. The entanglement corrections to the single polymer Rouse dynamics are shown to depend on molecular weight via the ratio N/Ne, where the entanglement degree of polymerization, Ne, can be measured from the plateau shear modulus. Two microscopically defined nonuniversal parameters, an entanglement strength 1/α, and a length scale ratio, δ = ξρ/b, where ξρ and b are the density screening and entanglement length, respectively, are shown to determine the reduction of the entanglement effects relative to the reptation-like asymptotes of PMC theory. Large finite size effects are predicted for reduced degrees...
Long-range prediction of the low-frequency mode in the low-level Indian monsoon circulation with a simple statistical method

The time evolution of the Indian monsoon is closely related to locations of the northward migrating monsoon troughs and ridges which can be well depicted with the 30–60 day filtered 850-mb streamfunction. Thus, long-range forecasts of the large-scale low-level monsoon can be obtained from those of the filtered 850-mb streamfunction. These long-range forecasts were made in this study in terms of the Auto Regressive (AR) Moving-Average process. The historical series of the AR model were constructed with the 30–60 day filtered 850-mb streamfunction [˜ψ (850 mb)] time series of 4 months. However, the phase of the last low-frequency cycle in the ˜ψ (850 mb) time series can be skewed by the bandpass filtering. To reduce this phase skewness, a simple scheme is introduced. With this phase modification of the filtered 850-mb streamfunction, we performed the pilot forecast experiments of three summers with the AR forecast process. The forecast errors in the positions of the northward propagating monsoon troughs and ridges at Day 20 are generally within the range of 1∼2 days behind the observed, except in some extreme cases. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1992.t01-4-00004.x
Drosophila katanin is a microtubule depolymerase that regulates cortical-microtubule plus-end interactions and cell migration

The microtubule-severing protein Katanin is now shown to possess microtubule depolymerising activity. Purified recombinant Katanin exerts both activities in vitro. In migrating cells from Drosophila, Katanin localizes at the leading edge where it negatively regulates cell motility. Regulation of microtubule dynamics at the cell cortex is important for cell motility, morphogenesis and division. Here we show that the Drosophila katanin Dm-Kat60 functions to generate a dynamic cortical-microtubule interface in interphase cells. Dm-Kat60 concentrates at the cell cortex of S2 Drosophila cells during interphase, where it suppresses the polymerization of microtubule plus-ends, thereby preventing the formation of aberrantly dense cortical arrays. Dm-Kat60 also localizes at the leading edge of migratory D17 Drosophila cells and negatively regulates multiple parameters of their motility. Finally, in vitro, Dm-Kat60 severs and depolymerizes microtubules from their ends. On the basis of these data, we propose that Dm-Kat60 removes tubulin from microtubule lattice or microtubule ends that contact specific cortical sites to prevent stable and/or lateral attachments. The asymmetric distribution of such an activity could help generate regional variations in microtubule behaviours involved in cell migration.
A role for memory in prospective timing informs timing in prospective memory.

Time-based prospective memory (TBPM) tasks require the estimation of time in passing – known as prospective timing. Prospective timing is said to depend on an attentionally-driven internal clock mechanism, and is thought to be unaffected by memory for interval information (for reviews see, Block, Hancock, & Zakay, 2010; Block & Zakay, 1997). A prospective timing task that required a verbal estimate following the entire interval (Experiment 1) and a TBPM task that required production of a target response during the interval (Experiment 2) were used to test an alternative view that episodic memory does influence prospective timing. In both experiments, participants performed an ongoing lexical decision task of fixed duration while a varying number of songs were played in the background. Experiment 1 results revealed that verbal time estimates became longer the more songs participants remembered from the interval, suggesting that memory for interval information influences prospective time estimates. In Experiment 2, participants who were asked to perform the TBPM task without the aid of an external clock made their target responses earlier as the number of songs increased, indicating that prospective estimates of elapsed time increased as more songs were experienced. For participants who had access to a clock, changes in clock-checking coincided with the occurrence of song boundaries, indicating that participants used both song information and clock information to estimate time. Finally, ongoing task performance and verbal reports in both experiments further substantiate a role for episodic memory in prospective timing.
An Exploratory Analysis of the Relationship Between Organizational and Institutional Factors Shaping the Assimilation of Vertical Standards

Vertical standards describe products and services, define data formats and structures, and formalize and encode business processes for specific industries. Vertical standards enable end-to-end computing, provide greater visibility of the organization's supply chain, and enable transactional efficiencies by automating routine tasks, reducing errors, and formally defining all parameters used to describe a product, service, or transaction. Research on standards diffusion has explored either firm-level and institutional variables, without integration of the two areas. This study develops scales for 11 constructs based on concepts culled from diffusion of innovations theory, organizational learning theories of technology adoption, institutional theory and network effects theory. The scales are validated with data collected from the membership of OASIS, a leading international standards-developing organization for electronic commerce technologies. Using data cluster analysis, relationship patterns between the 11 constructs are investigated. Results show that low fit between vertical standards and existing organizational business processes and data formats, low levels of anticipated benefits, and inadequate momentum with critical business partners contribute to slower vertical standards assimilation. However, organizational involvement with influential standards-development organizations, and the right set of technologies, skills, and structures to readily benefit from vertical standards spur their assimilation.
Radiotherapy of lethal mid-line granuloma.

Abstract 1. 1. The pertinent literature on lethal mid-line granuloma is briefly reviewed, and it is noted that the only cases in which relatively long-term healing was obtained were those in which small doses of radiation were given prior to operation. 2. 2. Seven cases treated at The Johns Hopkins Hospital are reviewed. They were treated in different ways and the results lend support to the idea that low dose radiotherapy is the treatment of choice at present. 3. 3. Extensive surgery and radical radiotherapy would seem to be contraindicated in this condition and serve only to enlarge the scope of the destructive process. Small dosage radiation should be given as early as possible in the course of the disease and not until a reasonable period of healing has elapsed should reconstructive surgery be attempted. Steroids should be reserved for later cases and for those showing systemic involvement. 4. 4. A plea is made for earlier diagnosis, since it appears that healing is more likely to occur in the early stages of the disease.
Spinal and cortical inhibition of intestinal motility in the squirrel monkey

Abstract Cortical control over intestinal motility was examined by stimulating the cerebral cortex and recording subsequent changes in gut volume in the chloralose-anesthetized squirrel monkey. Also, correlations were made between the cortical areas effecting changes in gut motility and those receiving sensory input from the bowel, by recording evoked potentials from the same areas following stimulation of the splanchnic nerve. It was found that: (a) intestinal motility is inhibited by stimulation of frontal polysensory cortex; (b) such inhibition does not occur following stimulation of primary sensory motor cortex; (c) visceral afferents carried in the splanchnic nerve converge with somatic inputs on the same frontal cortical area controlling gut motility; (d) the cortical control may act, at least in part, by modulation of the intestino-intestinal inhibitory reflex (I 3 -R); and (e) the I 3 -R in the squirrel monkey is similar to that previously described in carnivores.
High-frequency coronal oscillations and coronal heating

At the 1980 total solar eclipse, we searched for high-frequency (0.1–2 Hz) oscillations in the intensity of the 5303-A coronal green line, as a test of predictions of theories of coronal heating via magnetohydrodynamic waves. Portions of the image 2.5- or 5-arc sec across were fed to cooled photomultipliers using fiber-optic probes. We detected excess power in Fourier transforms of the data for the region between 0.5 and 2 Hz at the level of 1% or 2% of the incident power. Such oscillations could be associated with Alfven waves that are trapped on loops a few thousand kilometers long or with fast waves that are trapped on loops a few thousand kilometers in diameter. Additional observations at the 1983 eclipse are planned to resolve atmospheric and instrumental contributions.
Oxygen transport model for layered MIEC composite membranes

Abstract Surface exchange resistance can reduce the oxygen transport through dense mixed ionic-electronic conducting (MIEC) membranes. Addition of an MIEC surface layer to a base substrate can reduce the surface exchange resistance. Existing oxygen transport relations that consider bulk diffusion and surface exchange resistance are extended to treat coated membranes formed by depositing a highly conductive, thin layer of MIEC on the surface of a dissimilar MIEC substrate and accounting for the solid/solid interfacial resistance. The oxygen flux through the coated membrane may exceed that through the bare membrane only if: 1) the surface exchange coefficient of the added layer is larger than the surface exchange coefficient of the bare membrane; and 2) the solid/solid interfacial resistance is sufficiently small. In general, deposition of the surface layer on the membrane tube surface exposed to lean gas leads to a larger oxygen flux than deposition of the layer on the oxygen rich side. A La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.8Ga0.2O3-δ/SrCo0.8Fe0.2O3-δ membrane achieved an oxygen outwards flux of 0.45 mL/min⁎cm2 at 1000 °C from an air/helium gradient. This was a ∼ 50% increase over that obtained using an uncoated LSFG tube.
The neural control of cyclic motor activity in the fetal rat (Rattus norvegicus)

The spontaneous behavior of rat fetuses (in a saline bath with fetal-placental-uterine connections intact) was observed directly for 30 minutes on Day 20 of gestation. Rearleg and nonrearleg movements from fetuses with a mid-thoracic spinal cord transection or sham operation were analyzed for cyclic organization. Oscillations in rearleg activity occurred at the same frequency in fetuses with spinal cord transections (0.74 cycle/min) and sham-operated fetuses (0.72 cycle/min). However, oscillations in nonrearleg activity were much slower in the fetuses with spinal cord transections (0.30 vs. 0.77 cycle/min). Other characteristics of the cyclic patterns in motor activity were unaffected. The findings demonstrate 1) the caudal half of the spinal cord can generate cyclic output in the absence of descending input from the brain, 2) there is no single timing center, and 3) rostral sources are slower.
Normal free thyroxin index values in infancy and childhood.

ABSTRACT Free thyroxin indices were calculated in 244 patients under age 21 (145 patients were under age 4 months). The study determined that the free thyroxin index remained stable after age 120 days. Before age 120 days, the values were extremely variable. At age 1 day (mostly cord bloods) the free thyroxin index was the same as adult normals, at 2–3 days it was markedly elevated, at 4–10 days elevated, and then it rapidly approached adult normals by age 120 days.
MOVEMENTS OF SATELLITE‐TAGGED SUBADULT AND ADULT HARBOR SEALS IN PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, ALASKA

Satellite-linked tags were attached to 49 subadult and adult harbor seals captured in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, and their movements were monitored during 1992-1997. Seals were tracked for a total of 5,517 seal-days and were located on about 80% of the days that tags transmitted. Most locations were in or near PWS, but some juvenile seals moved 300-500 km east and west into the Gulf of Alaska. While several seals travelled to 50-100 km offshore, virtually all locations were in water 1,500 km 2 , and were smallest during June-July. Mean haul-out to at-sea distance was 5-10 km for adults and generally 10-25 km for juveniles. Satellite-linked tags provided an effective means of monitoring and describing the full range of harbor seal movements in this region, with the exception of late summer when tags were shed during the molt.
Energy Harvesting and Storage with Lithium-Ion Thermogalvanic Cells

Thermogalvanic cells (electrochemical cells under a temperature gradient) are presented as multifunctional power sources, having capabilities for both energy harvesting and energy storage. A symmetric thermogalvanic cell with lithium-ion electrodes has the ability to be charged under a temperature gradient and then discharged when the temperature gradient is removed. Presented here is the first demonstration of a cycled thermogalvanic energy storage cell. Experimental results for dE/dT (the cell voltage produced per degree temperature difference) are given for symmetric thermogalvanic cells with single-phase Li x TiS 2 or amorphous Li x V 2 O 5 electrodes and alkyl carbonate electrolyte solutions. All cells exhibit dE/dT on the order of 1 mV/K. The thermoelectric Seebeck coefficient of the electrode materials and extent of lithium intercalation (x) have slight or negligible effects on thermogalvanic dE/dT. There are slight dependences of dE/dT on the electrolyte anion (PF 6 - vs BF4- ) and electrolyte concentration, and there is no dependence on the electrolyte solvent (EC:DMC vs PC).
Using Attribute Value Lattice to Find Closed Frequent Itemsets

Finding all closed frequent itemsets is a key step of association rule mining since the non-redundant association rule can be inferred from all the closed frequent itemsets. In this paper we present a new method for finding closed frequent itemsets based on attribute value lattice. In the new method, we argue that vertical data representation and attribute value lattice can find all closed frequent itemsets efficiently, thus greatly improve the efficiency of association rule mining algorithm. We discuss how these techniques and methods are applied to find closed frequent itemsets. In our method, the data are represented vertically; each frequent attribute value is associated with its granule, which is represented as a hybrid bitmap. Based on the partial order defined between the attribute values among the databases, an attribute value lattice is constructed, which is much smaller compared with the original databases. Instead of searching all the items in the databases, which is adopted by almost all the association rule algorithms to find frequent itemsets, our method only searches the attribute-value lattice. A bottom-up breadth-first approach is employed to search the attribute value lattice to find the closed frequent itemsets.
Serum testosterone is associated with aggressive prostate cancer in older men: results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Study Type – Prognosis (inception cohort) Level of Evidence 1b OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between testosterone levels and the development of high-risk prostate cancer, by prospectively examining serum androgen concentrations in a well-studied cohort, as the role of testosterone in prostate cancer progression is debated. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study comprised 781 men in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging who had sex steroid measurements before a diagnosis of prostate cancer, or at their last visit for those without cancer (no cancer, 636; cancer, not high risk, 109; cancer, high risk, 36). High-risk cancer was defined as death from prostate cancer, a prostate specific antigen (PSA) level of ≥20 ng/mL at diagnosis, or a Gleason score of ≥8. The hazard ratio (HR) of high-risk disease was determined using a Cox proportional hazards regression model with simple updating, and risk rates were stratified by age and tercile for androgens of interest based on the proportional hazards analyses. RESULTS The likelihood of high-risk prostate cancer doubled per unit (0.1) increase in the free testosterone index (FTI) for patients aged >65 years (HR 2.07, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.01–4.23; P = 0.047); the likelihood for men aged ≤65 years was inversely related to the FTI (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.35–2.6; P = 0.9). The risk rate per person-years increased from lowest to highest tercile of FTI for the oldest men (age >70 years) but this trend was not apparent among younger men. CONCLUSION Higher levels of serum free testosterone are associated with an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer among older men. These data highlight the importance of prospective trials to insure the safety of testosterone-replacement therapy.
Paternal alcohol dependence and offspring suicidal behaviors in a children-of-twins study

Abstract Introduction: In substance abusing families, sources of familial comorbidity are potentially confounded by genetic-environmental (GE) interplays. The children-of-twins (COT) design can be used to elucidate the association of a parental trait and an offspring outcome such as the association of parental alcoholism and offspring suicidality. Methods: We examined the association of paternal alcoholism and offspring suicidal behaviors in an adolescent and young adult COT sample of ‘Vietnam Era Twins’ offspring who had completed an interview including a comprehensive assessment of lifetime suicidal behaviors. We stratified the COT sample into four groups contingent upon paternal zygosity, MZ versus DZ, and lifetime paternal alcohol dependence history (AD), positive versus negative. We examined whether the relationship of paternal alcoholism and offspring suicidality was best explained by genetic predispositions common to alcoholism and suicidality or by GE interplay—environmental influences correlated with parental alcoholism or the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Results: Our results suggest a main effect of paternal alcoholism on offspring suicide attempt; COT analyses do not support a purely genetic explanation for this association. Discussion: Suicide attempts probably result from GE interplays and must be studied in genetically informative samples of offspring of substance abusing parents.
Atrazine degradation by bioaugmented sediment from constructed wetlands.

The potential to establish pesticide biodegradation in constructed wetland sediment was investigated. Under microcosm conditions, bioaugmentation of sediment with small quantities of an atrazine spill-site soil (1:100 w/w) resulted in the mineralization of 25–30% of 14C ethyl atrazine (1–10 µg g–1 sediment) as 14CO2 under both unsaturated and water-saturated conditions; atrazine and its common metabolites were almost undetectable after 30 days incubation. By comparison, unbioaugmented sediment supplemented with organic amendments (cellulose or cattail leaves) mineralized only 2–3% of 14C ethyl atrazine, and extractable atrazine and its common metabolites comprised approximately 70% of the original application. The population density of atrazine-degrading microorganisms in unbioaugmented sediment was increased from ~102/g to 104/g by bioaugmentation (1:100 w/w), and increased by another 60-fold (6.0×105 g–1) after incubation with 10 µg g–1 of atrazine. A high population of atrazine degraders (~106 g–1) and enhanced rates of atrazine mineralization also developed in bioaugmented sediment after incubation in flooded mesocosms planted with cattails (Typha latifolia) and supplemented with atrazine (3.2 mg l–1, 1 µg g–1 sediment). In the absence of atrazine, neither the population of atrazine degraders, nor the atrazine mineralizing potential of bioaugmented sediment increased, regardless of the presence or absence of cattails. Bioaugmentation might be a simple method to promote pesticide degradation in nursery run-off channeled through constructed wetlands, if persistence of degraders in the absence of pesticide is not a serious constraint.
THz generation in plasmas using multiple color laser pulses

Experiments have demonstrated the generation of THz radiation when an intense, short laser pulse is mixed with its frequency-doubled counterpart in a gas. A number of mechanisms have been proposed to account for the observed THz radiation. Our analysis indicates that under the proper conditions the nonlinear coupling of the two short pulse lasers, one at frequency ω o and the other at 2ω o , in plasma can lead to the generation of THz radiation. The nonlinear coupling of the fundamental E 1 (ω o ) and the frequency-doubled E 2 (2ω o ) laser pulses is shown to lead to a third order susceptibility which has a time dependence characteristic of the laser pulse durations. Since the laser pulse duration is typically in the pico-second or sub-pico-second regime the resulting radiation is in the THz or multi-THz regime. The appropriate third order susceptibility is χ(3) (ω= 0;ω o ,ω o ,2ω o ) and is proportional to (E 1 2E 2 . To obtain the third order susceptibility we solve the plasma fluid equations correct to third order in the laser fields, including both the relativistic and ponderomotive force terms. The relativistic and ponderomotive contributions to the susceptibility exactly cancel in the absence of electron collisions. Therefore, in this THz generation mechanism collisional effects play a critical role. In addition, THz generation depends on the relative polarizations of the lasers. We discuss the experimental observations and compare the results with our theoretical and numerical predictions.
Improving Clinical Relevance in Ensemble Support Vector Machine Models of Radiation Pneumonitis Risk

Patients undergoing thoracic radiation therapy can develop radiation pneumonitis (RP), a potentially fatal inflammation of the lungs. Support vector machines (SVMs), a statistical machine learning method, have recently been used to build binary-outcome RP prediction models with promising results. In this work, we (1) introduce a feature-ranking selection step to limit complexity in ensemble SVM models (2) show that ensembles of SVMs provide a statistically significant performance improvement in the area under the cross-validated receiver operating curve and (3) apply Platt's tuning to generate probability estimates from the component SVMs in order to augment clinical relevance.
Demographic considerations in the selection of antihypertensive therapy.

Abstract Because of the growing number of antihypertensive agents that are suitable for initial therapy in mild and moderate hypertension, it is important to identify factors that influence the response to various medications. Although individual patient considerations, such as associated illnesses and potential side effects, are of primary importance in choosing therapy, the influence of demographic factors has received increasing attention. The effect of age, race and gender on the response to antihypertensive therapy will be examined. Several studies have indicated that the β blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are more effective in younger than in older patients. Conversely, there is a trend toward greater responses in older subjects to the diuretics and calcium antagonists. In the few studies available that have compared agents in various classes, it appears that diuretics, and probably calcium antagonists, are significantly more effective than β blockers or ACE inhibitors in patients over 60 years of age. However, the interdrug differences in young patients are probably less important. With regard to race, the relative lack of effect of β blockers and ACE inhibitors in blacks is well accepted; in comparative studies, diuretics proved significantly better. From the few available studies, it does not appear that the calcium antagonists are more potent in either racial group, but they may be superior to the β blockers and ACE inhibitors in blacks. Far less information is available concerning differences in anti-hypertensive responses between men and women. There is some suggestion that women may be less responsive to β blockers than men. Although these demographic differences are not of great magnitude, they should be considered in selecting an initial medication when other factors are equal.
From wrinkling to global buckling of a ring on a curved substrate

We present a combined analytical approach and numerical study on the stability of a ring bound to an annular elastic substrate, which contains a circular cavity. The system is loaded by depressurizing the inner cavity. The ring is modeled as an Euler–Bernoulli beam and its equilibrium equations are derived from the mechanical energy which takes into account both stretching and bending contributions. The curvature of the substrate is considered explicitly to model the work done by its reaction force on the ring. We distinguish two different instabilities: periodic wrinkling of the ring or global buckling of the structure. Our model provides an expression for the critical pressure, as well as a phase diagram that rationalizes the transition between instability modes. Towards assessing the role of curvature, we compare our results for the critical stress and the wrinkling wavelength to their planar counterparts. We show that the critical stress is insensitive to the curvature of the substrate, while the wavelength is only affected due to the permissible discrete values of the azimuthal wavenumber imposed by the geometry of the problem. Throughout, we contrast our analytical predictions against finite element simulations.
A non‐essentialist theory of race: the case of an Afro‐indigenous village in northern Peru

In the village of Yapatera, Peru, there exists a folk theory of race which posits that humans cannot be divided into mutually exclusive racial groups and that personhood is both physiologically and socially ‘mixed’. By engaging with the psychological literature on racial essentialism (i.e. the tendency to view humans in terms of discrete categories, as if they were natural kinds), this article digs deeper into the local folk theory of race. Experimental tasks were designed to test the inductive potential of race and revealed that villagers are far more likely to use other social categories (class, religion, kinship and place of origins) than race to base their inferences. The article discusses the use of experimental tasks as a vehicle for a different sort of conversation between ethnographer and informants.