cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic vascular scintiphotography of the liver.

Abstract The lack of specificity of a focal defect present on a conventional radiocolloid liver scan remains a significant limitation of the examination. The administration of a small volume, high-activity, i.v. bolus of radioactivity to a patient studied with a scintillation camera permits the assessment of the vascularization of such lesions. This technique has been used to study 32 patients with abnormal liver scans. Vascular lesions may be differentiated from avascular processes. Cirrhotic pseudomasses may be distinguished from superimposed hepatomas. When used in conjunction with other types of imaging agents such as 75 Se-seleno-methionine or 67 Ga, one may obtain useful information concerning the possible etiology of hepatic focal defects from the dynamic vascular study.
IN SITU OBSERVATIONS OF MAGNETIC TURBULENCE IN THE LOCAL INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM

We present the first in situ observations of turbulence in the local interstellar magnetic field , measured by Voyager 1 from 2013.36 to 2014.64. The fluctuations of the components of , the rms of the fluctuations of the components of , and magnitude of have a Kolmogorov spectrum in the range from to Hz. The turbulence is compressible; the variance is primarily along the average magnetic field. The turbulence is weak, the ratio of the turbulent fluctuations to the average field being 0.023. A small linear increase in the azimuthal angle λ of and a small linear decrease in the elevation angle δ were observed during the 468 day interval under consideration, which might be related to magnetic draping.
Corrigendum to: “Impact attenuation properties of new and used lacrosse helmets” [J. Biomech. 48 (2015) 3782–3787]

a Department of Athletic Training, Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, VA 24501, United States b Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States c School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States d Department of Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Springfield College, Springfield, MA 01109, United States e Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States f Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
Aeroplane Performance Prediction: A Description of an Empirical Chart from which Approximate Characteristics may be Estimated

WHEN still unversed in the science of aero‐dynamics, and seeking to learn all that was possible about the subject, I happened upon the foundation of what later developed into an aeroplane performance prediction chart which it is the purpose of this article to describe.
Direct Identification of Amylase in Human Saliva Immunoelectropherograms

SummaryThe amylase precipitin arc in immunoelectropherograms of whole human saliva can be identified directly using starch and Lugol's iodine to demonstrate its enzymatic activity. By precisely locating the amylase line and indicating its relative concentration this method revealed amylase to be a prominent arc in the immunoglobulin area of saliva immunoelectropherograms.
Microbiological hygiene status of centralized air ventilation system of public places in Guangzhou

Objective:To investigate sanitary condition of the centralized air ventilation system in public place in Guangzhou to provide the basis for sanitary control.Methods: Air sample was collected in air supplied outlet when centralized air ventilation system was working.The total content of the bacterium and fungus in the air was tested.Results: The centralized air ventilation system was working seriously polluted in which the qualified rate the total content of bacterium was 71.4%.The qualified rate of the total content of fungus was 85.7%.Conclusion: Sanitary control should be strengthened to the centralized air ventilation system.
Implanting Young Bulls With Zeranol for Meat Production12

Summary The benefits from implanting young bulls with zeranol (Ralgro®) for meat production appear to depend on the initial implanting age and the subsequent implanting schedule. Bulls implanted initially at weaning have shown few production advantages except for possible increases in average daily gain. In contrast, implanting bulls initially soon after birth and sequentially through slaughter enhances the feasibility of using bulls for meat production. Studies in which young bulls were implanted from near birth to slaughter reported reduced masculinity, scrotal development and behavioral interactions, and varied responses for average daily gain compared with non implanted bulls. These studies have also indicated decreased carcass masculinity, increased carcass fatness and marbling, improved tenderness, and reduced connective tissue (collagen) amount and maturation. By both a trained sensory panel and take-home consumer evaluation, bulls implanted from near birth to slaughter were similar to steers in flavor, tenderness and overall acceptability. Therefore, implanting young bulls with zeranol from near birth to slaughter may maintain performance traits similar to the nonimplanted bull, and improve palatability to a level comparable with the steer. For maximum benefit, implanting young bulls must be coupled with management techniques recommended for feeding young bulls for meat production.
Classical special relativity

Foundations of special relativity The special theory of relativity has had a profound impact upon notions of time and space within the scientific and philosophic communities. This well-established model of local coordinate transformations in the universe is built upon two fundamental postulates: • The principle of relativity: the laws of physics apply in all inertial reference systems; • The universality of the speed of light: the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all inertial observers, regardless of the motion of the source or observer. The principle of relativity is not unique to the special theory of relativity; indeed it is assumed within Galilean relativity. However, if the equations of electrodynamics described by Maxwell's equations describe laws of nature, then the second postulate immediately follows from the first, since Maxwell's equations predict a universal speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum. The consequences of these postulates will be developed briefly. Lorentz transformations One of the most direct routes towards developing the transformations satisfying the postulates of special relativity involves examining the distance traveled by a propagating light pulse: (Δ x ) 2 + (Δ y ) 2 + (Δ z ) 2 = (Δct) 2 .
Different Conceptions of Learning: Function Approximation vs. Self-Organization

This paper compares two understandings of “learning” in the context of AGI research: algorithmic learning that approximates an input/output function according to given instances, and inferential learning that organizes various aspects of the system according to experience. The former is how “learning” is often interpreted in the machine learning community, while the latter is exemplified by the AGI system NARS. This paper describes the learning mechanism of NARS, and contrasts it with canonical machine learning algorithms. It is concluded that inferential learning is arguably more fundamental for AGI systems.
1D Periodic Equations

This program analyzes the behavior of the solutions to a differential equation of the form dx/dt = f(x, t), where the function f is periodic with respect to t (not necessarily periodic with respect to x).
Game theory approach to optimal design of shale gas supply chains with consideration of economics and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions

This article addresses the optimal design of a non-cooperative shale gas supply chain based on a game theory approach. Instead of assuming a single stakeholder as in centralized models, we consider different stakeholders, including the upstream shale gas producer and the midstream shale gas processor. Following the Stackelberg game, the shale gas producer is identified as the leader, whose objectives include maximizing its net present value (NPV) and minimizing the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The shale gas processor is identified as the follower that takes actions after the leader to maximize its own NPV. The resulting problem is a multiobjective mixed-integer bilevel linear programming problem, which cannot be solved directly using any off-the-shelf optimization solvers. Therefore, an efficient projection-based reformulation and decomposition algorithm is further presented. Based on a case study of the Marcellus shale play, the non-cooperative model not only captures the interactions between stakeholders but also provides more realistic solutions. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2671–2693, 2017
Hernia repair with polypropylene mesh is not associated with an increased risk of autoimmune disease in adult men

Synthetic mesh for herniorrhaphy has been placed under critical observation regarding the potential association of mesh placement and the subsequent development of autoimmune diseases. We sought to evaluate whether there is a link between synthetic polypropylene mesh repairs and the subsequent development of systemic/autoimmune disorders (SAID). Adult men undergoing hernia repair with mesh between January 2008 and December 2009 in New York State were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Modification procedure codes and Current Procedural Terminology Coding System, Fourth Edition codes. A control cohort of men undergoing colonoscopy was created with whom to compare outcomes. A total of 29,712 patients underwent hernia repair between January 2008 and December 2009. In the control cohort, 79,265 patients underwent colonoscopy. During the entire follow-up, 475 patients undergoing hernia repair and 1305 patients in the control cohort were diagnosed with autoimmune disease. When patients were matched based on demographics, comorbidities and procedure date, hernia repair was not associated with an increased risk of developing autoimmune disease over the entire follow-up time period. 1.6% of those in the hernia group vs. 1.7% of those in the colonoscopy group developed SAID [risk ratio (95% CI): hernia vs. colonoscopy 0.93(0.79–1.09)]. No association between mesh surgery and increased risks of SAID was found at any of the specified time points (6 months, 1 year, and 2-year follow-up). Mesh-based hernia repair was not associated with the development of autoimmune diseases compared to those undergoing routine screening colonoscopy.
Evaluating the impact of a mandatory pre-abortion ultrasound viewing law: A mixed methods study.

Author(s): Upadhyay, Ushma D; Kimport, Katrina; Belusa, Elise KO; Johns, Nicole E; Laube, Douglas W; Roberts, Sarah CM | Abstract: BackgroundSince mid-2013, Wisconsin abortion providers have been legally required to display and describe pre-abortion ultrasound images. We aimed to understand the impact of this law.MethodsWe used a mixed-methods study design at an abortion facility in Wisconsin. We abstracted data from medical charts one year before the law to one year after and used multivariable models, mediation/moderation analysis, and interrupted time series to assess the impact of the law, viewing, and decision certainty on likelihood of continuing the pregnancy. We conducted in-depth interviews with women in the post-law period about their ultrasound experience and analyzed them using elaborative and modified grounded theory.ResultsA total of 5342 charts were abstracted; 8.7% continued their pregnancies pre-law and 11.2% post-law (p = 0.002). A multivariable model confirmed the law was associated with higher odds of continuing pregnancy (aOR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.01-1.50). Decision certainty (aOR = 6.39, 95% CI: 4.72-8.64) and having to pay fully out of pocket (aOR = 4.98, 95% CI: 3.86-6.41) were most strongly associated with continuing pregnancy. Ultrasound viewing fully mediated the relationship between the law and continuing pregnancy. Interrupted time series analyses found no significant effect of the law but may have been underpowered to detect such a small effect. Nineteen of twenty-three women interviewed viewed their ultrasound image. Most reported no impact on their abortion decision; five reported a temporary emotional impact or increased certainty about choosing abortion. Two women reported that viewing helped them decide to continue the pregnancy; both also described preexisting decision uncertainty.ConclusionsThis law caused an increase in viewing rates and a statistically significant but small increase in continuing pregnancy rates. However, the majority of women were certain of their abortion decision and the law did not change their decision. Other factors were more significant in women's decision-making, suggesting evaluations of restrictive laws should take account of the broader social environment.
Fuzzy Logic Controller Design for the Ground Collision Avoidance System (GCAS)

This article presents the design of an automatic ground collision avoidance system for the aircraft PZL-130 Orlik TCII. The project attempts at designing a fuzzy logic controller for generating control signals for the flight stick and the throttle depending upon four major input parametres (roll, pitch, indicated airspeed and rotation speed of the gas generator). The main task of the system is to properly manage energy and space orientation by the execution system - actuators which steer the lay of the control stick and the throttle. The project uses Matlab and Fuzzy Logic Toolbox software. The authors show performance of the system based on twenty samples for research, which simulate recovery from two dangerous situations. They present levels of steering the system, which facilitate its performance analysis, as well as the simulation process in the Simulink software package with the preset values.
News organizations, ideology, and work routines: A multi-level analysis of environmental journalists:

Journalism scholarship has routinely relied on the hierarchy of influences model for the conceptualization of research questions and implementation of studies. Heeding Shoemaker and Reese’s call fo...
Uncertainty Quantification for High Dimensional Sparse Nonparametric Additive Models

Statistical inference in high dimensional settings has recently attracted enormous attention within the literature. However, most published work focuses on the parametric linear regression problem. This paper considers an important extension of this problem: statistical inference for high dimensional sparse nonparametric additive models. To be more precise, this paper develops a methodology for constructing a probability density function on the set of all candidate models. This methodology can also be applied to construct confidence intervals for various quantities of interest (such as noise variance) and confidence bands for the additive functions. This methodology is derived using a generalized fiducial inference framework. It is shown that results produced by the proposed methodology enjoy correct asymptotic frequentist properties. Empirical results obtained from numerical experimentation verify this theoretical claim. Lastly, the methodology is applied to a gene expression data set and discovers new findings for which most existing methods based on parametric linear modeling failed to observe.
Improving Security in Coalition Tactical Environments Using an SDN Approach

Coalition tactical environments are composed of different networks of two or more organizations coming together to perform a short-term tactical operation with a well-defined mission. Cybersecurity is an important consideration in coalition operation. It is a complex challenge due to the need for operational effectiveness coupled with limited trust relationships that exist among different coalition partners. New emerging paradigms in networking, such as software-defined networking (SDN), provide a mechanism to deal more effectively with the security challenges in a coalition environment. In this chapter, we provide an overview of tactical coalition environments and discuss how to utilize the principles of SDN to improve security and cyber situational awareness in them. The chapter also provides an approach for cybersecurity awareness using the observe, orient, decide, and act (OODA) paradigm and explores how OODA-based security can be augmented by means of SDN. As part of this discussion, we also discuss how SDN approaches can help in improving the security and operations of non-coalition tactical networks.
How Should Biobanks Prioritize and Diversify Biosample Collections? A 40-Year Scientific Publication Trend Analysis by the Type of Biosample.

Abstract Biobanks are infrastructures for large-scale biology innovation. Governance of biobanks can be usefully informed by studies of publication trends, for example, on the types of biosamples employed in scientific publications. We examined trends in each of the serum, plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), buffy coat, tissue, and gut microbiome biosample-related scientific publications over the past 40 years, using data between 1977 and 2016 from the Scopus database. We found that the number of tissue-related publications was the highest in each year of our analysis than other biosamples, but was generally less than the sum of serum- and plasma-related publications. Importantly, the microbiome publications increased greatly starting in the 2010s, and currently overtook the number of publications on PBMC and buffy coat. Among serum-, plasma-, and tissue-related publications, the number of protein- and RNA-related publications was generally higher than cell-free DNA-, DNA-, and metabolite-re...
Psychoanalysis in China

This collection offers instructive glimpses into the founding foreign and local psychoanalytic and psychodynamic training initiatives in China. Essays are presented predominantly by psychoanalysts,...
Molecular Aspects of Error Prone Repair in Escherichia Coli

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of Escherichia coli stimulates expression of a complex set of responses (SOS responses) that include mutagenesis, induction of prophage in lysogenic cells, inhibition of proper cell division (filamentation), and stimula tion of reactivation and mutagenesis of DNA damaged phage (Wreactivation and W-mutagenesis, respectively).
COMPARISON OF VASODEPRESSOR AND VASODILATOR EFFECTS OF PROSTAGLANDINS E1, E2, I2 AND 6-KETO-E1

This chapter presents a comparison of the vasodepressor and vasodilator effects of prostaglandins (PGs) E 1 , E 2 , I 2 and 6–Keto–E. PGs E 1 , E 2 , and I 2 reduce blood pressure and increase blood flow in most peripheral vascular beds. These substances produce renal and mesenteric vasodilation when administered either intravenously (I.V.) or by direct, close-arterial injection or infusion. A novel metabolite of prostacyclin PGI 2 has been identified, which appears to possess the properties that are similar to those of PGI 2 . This substance, 6–Keto—PGE 1 , inhibits platelet aggregation and lowers blood pressure and renal vascular resistance in the rat. It has been suggested that 6–Keto–PGE 1 may mediate some of the effects of PGI 2 . The aim of a study described in the chapter was to compare the activity of 6–Keto–PGE 1 with that of PGI 2 on blood pressure and renal and mesenteric hemodynamics in the dog—a species in which the effects of 6–Keto–PGE 1 have not been studied.
A Comparison of Gradient- and Hessian-Based Optimization Methods for Tetrahedral Mesh Quality Improvement

Discretization methods, such as the finite element method, are commonly used in the solution of partial differential equations (PDEs). The accuracy of the computed solution to the PDE depends on the degree of the approximation scheme, the number of elements in the mesh [1], and the quality of the mesh [2, 3]. More specifically, it is known that as the element dihedral angles become too large, the discretization error in the finite element solution increases [4]. In addition, the stability and convergence of the finite element method is affected by poor quality elements. It is known that as the angles become too small, the condition number of the element matrix increases [5].
Environmental and Ecological Effects of Energy Production and Consumption

The exponential increase of energy consumption, since the beginning of the industrial revolution, has produced significant changes in the global environment, chief among which is the increase of the average concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 280 ppm in 1750 to more than 390 ppm in 2011. Climatologists predict that this change will cause an increase of the average temperature of the planet as well as regional and global and climatic changes. Other significant environmental effects of energy consumption are: the several ecological problems caused by acid rain, which has threatened in the past the ecosystems of several lakes and rivers; lead contamination of the atmosphere; nuclear waste, which is produced by the more than 430 nuclear power plants in continuous operation worldwide; and, the waste heat rejection by all thermal power plants, which is accompanied by fresh-water consumption. Environmental threats are neutralized by public policy, either national policy or concerted international efforts and protocols that are ratified by several countries. Despite the efforts of the environmental community, there is not yet a global agreement for the mitigation of the effects of high carbon dioxide concentration, which poses the principal environmental threat of the twenty-first century. The problem of nuclear waste is being addressed at several national and regional levels and it appears that solutions for the long term storage of radionuclides will become available in the near future. National public policies and international collaboration has almost solved the acid rain and lead contamination problems. The two are viewed as success stories stemming from international collaboration and successful public policy. This chapter starts with a short section on the environment and ecosystems, continues with descriptions of the most significant environmental problems that are caused by energy consumption and delineates adopted and proposed suggestions on the mitigation of environmental threats.
The Images of Lawyers

This Article identifies some of the different images of lawyers that exist and the ramifications of emphasizing each image (e.g., as a paradigm) in the professional codes. It then considers how code drafters can best deal with the existence of multiple, sometimes inconsistent, conceptualizations of lawyers. Currently the codes emphasize and rely on overriding paradigms that ignore the existence of the alternative images. The article addresses the likely consequences of thinking in less paradigmatic terms - for code-drafting, discipline, who should regulate, and the substantive regulation of attorney-client interrelationships. It attempts to provide some postulates, or baselines from which professional regulators should begin in order to formulate coherent and useful legal ethics codes. Although this article does reach some conclusions, the purpose of its analysis is not to propose or criticize specific rules. Its point is both simpler and broader: the regulators should openly acknowledge the theory, or theories, on which they proceed. Inevitably, after a code is adopted, individual reforms will be proposed - some addressing minor or isolated issues - and will be adopted more because of their factual setting (e.g., a period of corporate scandals) than because of their consistency with the codes' overarching paradigms. Unless the initial drafters have made the limits of their general theory clear, or identified how and when other paradigms might reasonably be considered when reform becomes an issue, the idiosyncratic or fact-based reforms are likely to undermine the codes' coherence.
Every t-Irreducible Partial Order is a Suborder of a t + Irreducible Partial Order

The dimension of a partial order ( X , ≤) is the least integer t for which there exist linear extensions X 1 , X 2 ,…, X t , of X so that x i , ≤ x 2 in X if and only if x t , ≤ x 2 , in X , for each i = 1,2,…, t . For an integer t ≥ 2, a partial order is said to be t -irreducible if it has dimension t and every proper nonempty subpartial order has dimension less than t . We answer a natural question concerning dimension by proving that for each t ≥ 2, every t -irreducible partial order is a subpartial order of a t + 1-irreducible partial order.
Upper and Lower Limits of Charge, Proton and ATP Stoichiometries of Oxidative Phosphorylation

It is now generally accepted that the flow of electrons down the mitochondrial respiratory chain is coupled to phosphorylation of ADP via a chemiosmotic mechanism. Thus, electron flow drives the electrogenic ejection of protons from the mitochondrial matrix and the electrophoretic influx of protons drives the synthesis of ATP. For this model the mechanistic ATP/O ratio for a given substrate is only dependent on the mechanistic H+/O ratio for the substrate and the mechanistic H+/ATP ratio. Thus, there is no need for the mechanistic ATP/O ratio to be integral. Since Mitchell1 first suggested that the H+/O ratio was 6 for NADH oxidation and 4 for succinate oxidation and that the H+/ATP ratio was 2, many different groups have measured these quantities with different results. In recent years values proposed for the H+/O ratios have included 82,3, 104,5, 126–9 and 1310,11 for NADH oxidation and 62,3,12 and 86–11 for succinate oxidation. Furthermore, values of 313,14 and 48,9,15–18 have been proposed for the net H+/ATP ratio. Now, if one assumes that the true H+/O ratio for NADH lies somewhere between 8 and 13 and the H+/ATP ratio is either 3 or 4, the mechanistic ATP/O ratio for NADH oxidation could equal any one of 11 values between 2.0 and 4.33! To determine which of these is correct from ATP/O measurements alone would require one to determine the ATP/O ratio to within 0.16 units or 5%. This would be difficult if the fluxes were completely coupled; however, since the fluxes are incompletely coupled and the uncoupled flux could account for up to 20% of the electron flow, it is possible that the measured flux ratio could underestimate the mechanistic stoichiometry by up to 20%. Thus, to establish the mechanistic ATP/O ratio with any certainty it is necessary to measure the ATP/O ratio, the H+/O ratio and/or the H+/ATP ratio. In order to eliminate some of the previously proposed stoichiometries, I have designed experiments to determine upper and lower limits to the mechanistic ATP/O and H+/O stoichiometries19. The results of these studies, presented in this paper, are inconsistent with all ATP/O ratios previously proposed by others and suggest that the true mechanistic ATP/O ratios are 2.75 for NADH oxidation and 1.75 for succinate oxidation19–22.
Characterizing spaces satisfying Poincaré Inequalities and applications to differentiability

We characterize complete RNP-differentiability spaces as those spaces which are rectifiable in terms of doubling metric measure spaces satisfying some local (1, p)-Poincare inequalities. This gives a full characterization of spaces admitting a strong form of a differentiability structure in the sense of Cheeger, and provides a partial converse to his theorem. The proof is based on a new “thickening” construction, which can be used to enlarge subsets into spaces admitting Poincare inequalities. We also introduce a new notion of quantitative connectivity which characterizes spaces satisfying local Poincare inequalities. This characterization is of independent interest, and has several applications separate from differentiability spaces. We resolve a question of Tapio Rajala on the existence of Poincare inequalities for the class of MCP(K, n)-spaces which satisfy a weak Ricci-bound. We show that deforming a geodesic metric measure space by Muckenhoupt weights preserves the property of possessing a Poincare inequality. Finally, the new condition allows us to show that many classes of weak, Orlicz and non-homogeneous Poincare inequalities “self-improve” to classical (1, q)-Poincare inequalities for some $${q \in [1,\infty)}$$ , which is related to Keith’s and Zhong’s theorem on self-improvement of Poincare inequalities.
Low levels of inbreeding depression and enhanced fitness in cleistogamous progeny in the annual plant Triodanis perfoliata

The maintenance of outcrossing in cleistogamous plants that produce both open, facultatively outcrossing chasmogamous (CH), and closed, obligate selfing cleistogamous (CL) flowers is puzzling becau...
An Automated 3D Analysis Framework for Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Abstract Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) is a novel, non-invasive imaging modality of retinal capillaries at micron resolution. While OCTA generates 3D image volumes, current analytic methods rely on 2D en face projection images for quantitative analysis. This obscures the 3D vascular geometry and prevents accurate characterization of retinal vessel networks. In this paper, we have developed an automated analysis framework that preserves the 3D geometry of OCTA data. This framework uses curvelet-based denoising, optimally oriented flux (OOF) vessel enhancement and projection artifact removal, as well as the generation of 3D vessel length from the Hamilton-Jacobi skeleton. We implement this method on a dataset of 338 OCTA scans from human subjects with diabetic retinopathy (DR) which is known to cause decrease in capillary density and compare them to healthy controls. Our results indicate that 3D vessel-skeleton-length (3D-VSL) captures differences in both superficial and deep capillary density that are not apparent in 2D vessel skeleton analyses. In statistical analysis, we show that the 3D small-vessel-skeleton-length (3D-SVSL), which is computed after the removal of the large vessels and associated projection artifacts, provides a novel metric to detect group differences between healthy controls and progressive stages of DR. This work was supported in part by NIH grants UH3NS100614, R21EY027879, U01EY025864, K08EY027006, P41EB015922, P30EY029220, Research to Prevent Blindness, and UL1TR001855 and UL1TR000130 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS) of the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Social Pragmatics: Preschoolers Rely on Commonsense Psychology to Resolve Referential Underspecification.

Four experiments show that 4- and 5-year-olds (total N = 112) can identify the referent of underdetermined utterances through their Naive Utility Calculus?an intuitive theory of people?s behavior structured around an assumption that agents maximize utilities. In Experiments 1?2, a puppet asked for help without specifying to whom she was talking (?Can you help me??). In Experiments 3?4, a puppet asked the child to pass an object without specifying what she wanted (?Can you pass me that one??). Children?s responses suggest that they considered cost trade-offs between the members in the interaction. These findings add to a body of work showing that reference resolution is informed by commonsense psychology from early in childhood.
Understanding the characteristics of sequence-based single-source DNA profiles.

Abstract The sequencing of STR markers provides additional information present in the underlying sequence variation that is typically masked by traditional fragment-based genotyping. However, the interpretation of STR profiles generated by targeted sequencing methods are susceptible to the same factors encountered in profiles processed through capillary gel electrophoresis. These factors include stochastic variation, noise, stutter artifacts, heterozygote imbalance, and allelic drop-out/in. Our goal is to characterize and understand how these behave in targeted sequence datasets. Here, we developed a framework using statistical tools to systematically interpret the characteristics of single-source DNA profiles generated by targeted sequencing. Sensitivity studies were performed using known single-source samples amplified with the PowerSeq 46GY System Prototype with varying DNA target masses ranging from 15 pg to 500 pg. The STR loci were subjected to DNA library preparation using two commercially available library kits and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Raw FASTQ data files were analyzed in STRait Razor v2.0 without applying any thresholds (at a coverage ≥ 1). We investigated the effect of library normalization on average locus coverage and studied methods for setting analytical and zygosity thresholds. All the data were analyzed per DNA quantity as well as investigated per method. Analyses presented can be applied to sequence data generated by similar targeted sequencing panels and/or NGS platforms.
How bitter taste influences nutrition and health in primary care

Sensitivity to bitter tastes has a genetic basis which is partly mediated by the TAS2R3 gene. Existing research on how this gene influences dietary habits and successful strategies for encouraging the incorporation of additional fruits and vegetables into individuals' diets is discussed. We propose that knowledge of a patient's status TAS2R3 genotype could help physicians develop personalized nutritional strategies using exposure and associative conditioning techniques to encourage optimal nutrition.
Mapping machine-learned physics into a human-readable space

We present a technique for translating a black-box machine-learned classifier operating on a high-dimensional input space into a small set of human-interpretable observables that can be combined to make the same classification decisions. We iteratively select these observables from a large space of high-level discriminants by finding those with the highest decision similarity relative to the black box, quantified via a metric we introduce that evaluates the relative ordering of pairs of inputs. Successive iterations focus only on the subset of input pairs that are misordered by the current set of observables. This method enables simplification of the machine-learning strategy, interpretation of the results in terms of well-understood physical concepts, validation of the physical model, and the potential for new insights into the nature of the problem itself. As a demonstration, we apply our approach to the benchmark task of jet classification in collider physics, where a convolutional neural network acting on calorimeter jet images outperforms a set of six well-known jet substructure observables. Our method maps the convolutional neural network into a set of observables called energy flow polynomials, and it closes the performance gap by identifying a class of observables with an interesting physical interpretation that has been previously overlooked in the jet substructure literature.
Increased puroindoline levels slow ruminal digestion of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) starch by cattle

Starch is the primary nutrient in ruminant diets used to promote high levels of performance. The site of starch digestion alters the nature of digestive end products (VFA in the rumen vs. glucose in the small intestine) and the efficiency of use. Cereal grain endosperm texture plays a major role in the rate and extent of starch degradation in ruminants. Wheat grain texture is regulated by the starch surface protein complex friabilin that consists primarily of puroindoline (PIN) A and B. Soft kernel texture in wheat is a result of both PIN genes being in the wild type active form and bound to starch. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of varying PIN content in wheat on the rate of starch digestion in the rumen of beef cattle. In Exp. 1, 6 transgenic soft pin a/b isolines created in a hard wheat background, and 2 hard wheat controls were milled to yield a wide range of mean particle sizes across all lines. Milled samples were incubated in situ for 3 h. Increased expression of both PINA and PINB decreased DM digestibility (DMD) by 29.2% (P < 0.05) and decreased starch digestibility by 30.8% (P < 0.05). Experiment 2 separated the effects of particle size and total PIN content on digestion by milling the hardest and softest lines such that the mean particle size was nearly identical. Increased PIN decreased DMD by 21.7% (P < 0.05) and starch digestibility by 19.9% (P < 0.05) across particle sizes smaller than whole kernel. Experiment 3 addressed the time course of PIN effects in the rumen by observing ground samples of the hardest and softest lines over a 12-h in situ period. Increased PIN decreased DMD by 10.4% (P < 0.05) and starch digestibility by 11.0% (P < 0.05) across all time points. Dry matter and starch digestibility results demonstrated that increased expression of PIN was associated with a decreased rate of ruminal digestion independent of particle size. Puroindolines seem to aid in the protection of starch molecules from microbial digestion in the rumen, potentially increasing the amount of starch entering the small intestine.
Continuous job lock: employer health insurance contributions and job tenure

We estimate the effect of employers providing health insurance and contributing towards health insurance premiums on employee job tenure. Using merged 2008–2018 data from the Job Tenure Supplement ...
Seismic Safety of Earth Dams

This study considers the safety of a homogeneous earth dam which is designed by a set of procedures deemed representative of current pratice. Various uncertainties and errors are evaluated from published research results, and are used to compute the failure probability of an earth dam located in a seismic region and designed according to the conventional practice. Decision theory is used to obtain the optimum design. This approach permits the evaluation of the effects of various uncertainties on the safety and cost of an earth dam.
The Stagnation-Point Boundary Layer on a Rotating Hypersonic Body*

P NOTES have reported on catalytic effects 1 and surface combustion at hypersonic speeds. To date, however, the effect of the rotation of a body about its axis has been neglected. The purpose of this note is to present some results of an investigation into the effect of spin on the hypersonic laminar boundary layer. The equations pertinent to the study of the laminar boundary layer on an axially-symmetric rotating body traveling at hypersonic speed include the conservation of mass, momentum, energy, and chemical species. For steady flow, these may be written:
Oxidized and reduced [2Fe-2S] clusters from an iron(I) synthon.

Synthetic [2Fe–2S] clusters are often used to elucidate ligand effects on the reduction potentials and spectroscopy of natural electron-transfer sites, which can have anionic Cys ligands or neutral His ligands. Current synthetic routes to [2Fe–2S] clusters are limited in their feasibility with a range of supporting ligands. Here, we report a new synthetic route to synthetic [2Fe–2S] clusters, through oxidation of an iron(I) source with elemental sulfur. This method yields a neutral diketiminate-supported [2Fe–2S] cluster in the diiron(III)-oxidized form. The oxidized [2Fe–2S] cluster can be reduced to a mixed valent iron(II)–iron(III) compound. Both the diferric and reduced mixed valent clusters are characterized using X-ray crystallography, Mossbauer spectroscopy, EPR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The reduced compound is particularly interesting because its X-ray crystal structure shows a difference in Fe–S bond lengths to one of the iron atoms, consistent with valence localization. The valence localization is also evident from Mossbauer spectroscopy.
Modeling external interference on systems using electromagnetic topology technique

External electromagnetic perturbations can be a hazardous threat to the safe performance of electrical systems used in communications or other sensitive applications. For simulations based on electromagnetic topology, we have developed a new methodology to determine the transfer function, through a small aperture, between an external source, induced by such disturbances, and the internal circuitry of a semi-shielded system. The simulation and analysis were performed using state of the art computer code which is based on the electromagnetic topology concept, having a cable network as its application domain. The results compare well with experiments. Analysis shows that the effects of the external fields on the cable current depend on the cable length, location, and terminating impedances.
Conflicts of Interest in Merger Advisory Services

Conflicts of interest in combining lending with the merger advisement of acquiring firms are found using two separate methodologies. First, commercial banks that advise acquirers with which they have had a prior lending relationship experience a significantly negative abnormal return, averaging 37 basis points over the 3-day period surrounding the merger announcement date. Second, syndicated bank loans that are arranged by the acquirer's advisor after the merger announcement date trade at a significant discount in the secondary market, averaging 4.15%, as compared with syndicated bank loans arranged by banks with no advisory role. Moreover, general-purpose syndicated bank loans originated less than one year after the merger announcement date and arranged by the acquiring firm's advisor trade at an average discount of roughly 12% in the secondary loan market. Since the terms on these general-purpose loans are not set upon merger announcement, they are most subject to risk shifting and underpricing agency problems. These findings offer evidence consistent with the existence of conflicted loans (at below market terms) that are offered by the acquirer's commercial bank advisor in order to win merger advisory business.
Drag characterization in the autonomous benthic explorer

In order for autonomous underwater vehicles to become common tools in oceanography, they must offer suitable survey capabilities. In addition to improving the energy efficiency of the vehicle, efforts can be made to reduce the drag forces. This paper focuses on an experiment developed for the Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE) and discusses past and present efforts to extend survey range. The goal is to measure and reduce ABE's drag through an experiment based on simple engineering principles and make recommendations for improved performance. The result is a low-cost, easy-to-use experiment for studying drag. Initial data shows that the technique is successful, however further refinements will increase the quality of measurements.
Liver lysosomes in congenital osteopetrosis

To test the role of a possible lysosomal defect in the pathogenesis of congenital osteopetrosis, lysosomal morphology and function were investigated in two neonates with the disease. Simultaneously, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone action were studied in the context of a complete mineral balance study. Plasma calcitonin and parathyroid hormone levels were found to be normal, and a target organ response to parathyroid hormone could be demonstrated for the kidney. The presented data suggest that impaired bone resorption in congenital osteopetrosis involves a shift in lysosomal acid phosphatases toward those relatively insensitive to parathyroid hormone.
Abstract 683: Sensitizing tumors to pro-oxidant therapy by inhibiting gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase

We have reported that 73% of ovarian tumors express the cell surface enzyme gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). Clinical studies have shown a poorer prognosis for ovarian tumors that are GGT-positive compared to GGT-negative tumors. GGT-positive tumors are able to use the glutathione in the interstitial fluid as an additional source of cysteine, the limiting component of intracellular glutathione synthesis in tumors. The concentration of cysteine/cystine in standard tissue culture media is more than 3 times the concentration in interstitial fluid. In this study we show that in studies of cultured cells, the high concentration of cysteine in tissue culture media obscured the role of GGT expression in drug resistance. However, culturing human ovarian tumor cells in tissue culture media containing physiological concentrations of cystine and glutathione demonstrated that the supply of cysteine/cystine regulates intracellular glutathione concentrations. In these studies, inhibition of GGT blocked the use of extracellular glutathione as a source of cysteine and sensitized the tumors to cisplatin, carboplatin and melphalan. Inhibiting GGT in patients would also inhibit GGT in the kidney resulting in the excretion of glutathione in the urine and depletion of cysteine from serum and interstitial fluid. As a result, inhibition of GGT in patients would sensitize both GGT-positive and GGT-negative tumors to pro-oxidant chemotherapy. Clinical application of this therapeutic strategy is limited by the fact that most inhibitors of GGT are glutamate analogs and too toxic for use in humans. We discovered a non-glutamate analog that is an uncompetitive inhibitor of GGT, and are developing more potent, non-toxic GGT inhibitors. We recently published the crystal structure of human GGT. We have now also solved the structure of the substrate-bound enzyme, the form of the enzyme to which our uncompetitive inhibitors bind. Using structure-based drug design and our physiologically relevant tissue culture system we are designing new GGT inhibitors and evaluating them for their ability to sensitize tumors to chemotherapy regimens used in the clinic. Supported by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institutes of Health under grant P20GM103640. Citation Format: Marie H. Hanigan, Nancy Wakeham, Stephanie Wickham, Simon S. Terzyan. Sensitizing tumors to pro-oxidant therapy by inhibiting gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 683. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-683
Aging-related decrements during specific phases of the dual-task Timed Up-and-Go test

Background It is unclear how young and older adults modulate dual-task mobility under changing postural challenges.
Amyloid-associated Cystic Lung Disease

Background Amyloid-associated cystic lung disease is rare. It can be associated with collagen vascular disease (CVD). We aimed to describe the clinical, radiology, and pathology findings of this entity. Methods We reviewed the records of subjects having biopsy-proven pulmonary amyloidosis with cystic lung disease demonstrated at high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). Demographic characteristics, association with CVD and lymphoproliferative disorders, pulmonary function, and pathology results were reviewed. HRCT appearance was analyzed for number, size, distribution, and morphology of cysts and nodules. Results Twenty-one subjects (13 female, eight male; median age, 61 years) with cystic pulmonary amyloidosis were identified. The most common pulmonary function patterns were normal (42%) and obstructive (32%). The most common associated CVD was Sjogren syndrome (10 of 12). Nine subjects had no CVD. Cysts tended to be multiple (≥ 10 in 14 of 21, 67%), round (21 of 21, 100%), or lobulated (20 of 21, 95%); thin-walled ( Conclusions Amyloid-associated cystic lung disease can occur with or without underlying CVD. Cystic lesions in the lung are commonly numerous, often are peribronchovascular or subpleural, and are frequently associated with nodular lesions that are often calcified. MALToma was a relatively frequent association.
Roles of intensity and duration of nocturnal exercise in causing phase delays of human circadian rhythms.

To determine the roles of intensity and duration of nocturnal physical activity in causing rapid phase shifts of human circadian rhythms, eight healthy men were studied three times under constant c...