cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“A time of shame and sorrow”: Robert F. Kennedy and the American jeremiad

Robert F. Kennedy's response to the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. offers the opportunity to examine the rhetorical function of the modern American jeremiad. This essay argues that, while the jeremiad works well in the epideictic task of restoring social harmony in a time of crisis, it also operates as a rhetoric of social control. It precludes a close examination of the system that may well have created the crisis. Kennedy's rhetoric was a skillful reaction to his immediate rhetorical and political obstacles, but it illustrates the generic limitations of the American jeremiad as a vehicle for social criticism.
Designing in situ and ex situ bulk metallic glass composites via spark plasma sintering in the super cooled liquid state

Abstract Crystallization inhibits metallic glass forming in the super cooled liquid state and can be avoided if sufficiently fast heating rates can be obtained, but becomes increasingly difficult for marginal glass formers. We propose that dynamic pressing can enhance formability, and demonstrate that density of an iron-based marginal glass forming alloy (Fe49.7Cr17.1Mn1.9Mo7.4W1.6B15.2C3.8Si2.4) can be enhanced by coupling loading rate to fast heating rate during spark plasma sintering. We also describe the transformation kinetics for devitrification in a time–temperature–crystallinity diagram. The combination of coupled loading/fast heating and the time–temperature–crystallinity diagram define the processing requirements for obtaining a dense X-ray amorphous structure and can also be used to design a wide variety of dense in situ composites. Finally, we demonstrate that the design approach also applies to ex situ composites by adding microcrystalline W or Ta, enabling systematic control of atomic-, nano-, and micro-structure. This multi-scale structure control of bulk metallic glass composites has implications for developing a fundamental understanding of structure–property relationships. We expect this general approach will be applicable to other bulk metallic glass composites, and especially beneficial for marginal glass formers that are otherwise difficult to process.
Voters and Judges: How the Texas Public Chooses High Court Judges

Judicial scholars have not seriously studied Texas' statewide partisan judicial system for nearly two decades. For most ofits history as a state Texas was a one-party Democratic state, but then moved through a short transitional stage of two-party competition, and is currently a one-party Republican state. In statewide judicial elections, 2004 through 2012, Republicans now easily win all the state's judicial posts, and only partisanship helps to explain vote outcomes in general elections. In the occasional Republican primaries incumbency and the number of challengers are both important. Truly competitive partisan elections do not now exist in Texas, and are exceedingly rare in other states.
On the Autonomy of the Tensity Feature in Stop Classification (with Special Reference to Korean Stops)

(1965). On the Autonomy of the Tensity Feature in Stop Classification (with Special Reference to Korean Stops) WORD: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 339-359.
“I Worry about My Community”: African American Women Utilizing Communal Notions of Citizenship in the Social Studies Classroom

This qualitative multiple case study utilizes a Black feminist ethic of caring (Collins, 2009; Thompson, 1998) to explore how three African American women social studies teachers draw on their personal and community knowledge to conceptualize and teach the construct of citizenship to their students of color. Instead of conveying traditional notions of citizenship that value blind patriotism to the nation-state and individualism, they instead chose to teach citizenship as relational and centered on uplifting their cultural community. This study hopes to shed light on how critical notions of citizenship may be presented and utilized in classrooms.
Composition Variation Between Cu-Ni Crystallites using TEM and EDS

The distribution of nickel and copper between crystallites supported on high surface area silica (Cabosil HS5) has been studied using a Philips 400 series transmission electron microscope equipped with super twin lenses, a field emission gun and EDAX energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope. The same Ni-Cu catalysts have previously been characterized and used in cyclopropane hydrogenolysis kinetics. The good intercrystallite homogeneity found in a well reduced sample having 31% nominal copper validates a critical assumption made in these previous studies. Limited data on unreduced and partially reduced samples also highlight the need to carefully control the degree of reduction in kinetic and characterization studies.
The Chinese of Virginia City, Nevada: 1870

(1980). The Chinese of Virginia City, Nevada: 1870. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 51-71.
Dispersal, Survival, and Population Abundance of Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), Larvae Determined by Releases and Mark-Recapture Studies

I studied dispersal of gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar (L.), released as eggs into a naturally low gypsy moth population, and retention of small larvae on isolated oak terminals in the same area. Most larvae recovered after eggs hatched were close to the release point and dispersed randomly shortly thereafter. Larvae were lost from branch terminals, but usually at least 80% were retained from one day to the next. I also carried out a mark-recapture study of large larvae in this same area, as well as in another area with a moderately high infestation. Caterpillars were marked by selectively removing prolegs. Dispersal patterns of larvae at both sites were similar and population densities were about 10,000 and 400,000 larvae per ha at the low- and high-population sites, respectively. Survival rates were highest at the high-population site. Estimated population values were closely correlated with the number of large caterpillars found under burlap bands, suggesting that the latter may usefully indicate absolute population levels
Across the Central Plains: Clovis and Folsom Land Use and Lithic Procurement

Clovis and Folsom artifact distributions, particularly projectile points and preforms, are not homogenous throughout the central Plains. Uneven distributions are in part attributed to geomorphic process and site visibility, collector and recording intensity, recognition bias, and diverse prehistoric land use and hunting techniques. Distinct Clovis and Folsom land use strategies are driven by ecological reorganization of floral and faunal resources in response to changing environments of the terminal Pleistocene.
Simulating the Ocean and Sea Ice

This chapter discusses ocean and sea-ice models. The ocean is a much larger reservoir of heat than the atmosphere. Therefore the heat content of the ocean is a critical part of the climate system. The ocean circulation is influenced by density, ocean boundaries (topography), the rotation of the earth and surface winds. The exchange of heat and water at the surface between the ocean and atmosphere is important for understanding the variability of the climate on time lengths of years to decades. Density plays an important role in the ocean: heavy water sinks; light water rises. The general nature of the ocean circulation cannot be understood without it. The density is related to temperature and salt, and the exchanges of heat and water with the atmosphere influence density. The cryosphere (“ice” sphere) contains land ice (ice sheets and glaciers), seasonal snow on land, and sea ice. Freezing and melting represent flows of energy between ice and atmosphere, land, and oceans. Models of sea ice are tightly coupled to the ocean. Sea ice is a critical part of the climate system because it strongly affects the reflection and absorption of solar energy (albedo). Sea ice also affects the surface energy coupling between the atmosphere and ocean. Thus, even though the cryosphere is a small area of the planet, it is an important part of the climate system, and it is critical at high latitudes. The role of the ocean and ice in sea-level rise projections is analyzed.
Successful Challenges to Authoritarian Rule

In the previous chapter, I argued that variation in the strength of opposition forces in Kenya and Uganda at the time of independence explains differences in the modes of authoritarian rule. In Uganda, Milton Obote planted the seeds of violence and his own removal from power shortly after political independence in the mid-1960s. After Obote was deposed from power by Idi Amin, the military dictatorship removed all constitutional limits to executive dominance and spread violence across the country. In contrast, Kenya emerged from political independence as a textbook version of patronage, with the establishment of strong clientelist networks radiating from the presidential center. While Kenyatta’s rule contained elements of overt repression, it mainly relied on co-opting dissent. After Kenyatta’s death in 1978, Daniel arap Moi continued to rule by positive integration, but increasingly resorted to repression against a strengthening political opposition.
A new integrated hybrid power supply system for telecom site sharing solution

Site infrastructure sharing is the trend of future base station construction. Telecom infrastructure operators require for smooth upgrading and low TCO when sharing sites power supply, spaces and operation management. This paper introduces a new integrated hybrid power supply system suitable for the site sharing requirements. It perfectly combines many functions together, such as energy generation, conversion, control, distribution and metering, which support multiple energy access including solar, grid, many kinds of battery storage, −48V DC power output directly with multi-channel distribution for different operators loads and common platform management and control for smooth upgrading of site sharing. With the integrated variable speed generator inside, the system can maximize the fuel efficiency based on the actual load capacity; accordingly, fuel consumption could be reduced sharply at low load capacity. Two systems can work in parallel with a total power output, making the expansion of energy generation easily, which could be applied to meet the increasing electricity requirements when more operators add in. This solution is much better than that has been applied before. The system is designed in the way that both power conversion modules and intelligent power distribution units can be smoothly expanded. AC/DC and DC/DC conversion modules can be exchanged freely in the same slot position to shrink the volume of the system. Besides, different battery storage group also can be expanded by HBTS (hybrid battery transfer system, embedded structure). The electricity used by different operators could be metered by central supervising unit or intelligent electric meter. The system combines multiple hybrid energy solutions to cope with different site sharing scenarios to comprehensively reduce site sharing TCO. It helps telecom infrastructure operators invest capital step by step and maximize the ROI.
Linked changes in marine dissolved organic carbon molecular size and radiocarbon age

Marine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a major global carbon reservoir, yet its cycling remains poorly understood. Previous work suggests DOC molecular size and chemical composition can significantly affect is bioavailability. Thus, DOC size and composition may control DOC cycling and radiocarbon age (via Δ14C). Here we show DOC molecular size is correlated to DOC Δ14C in the Pacific Ocean. Our results, based on a series of increasing molecular size fractions from three depths in the Pacific, show increasing DOC Δ14C with increasing molecular size. We use a size-age distribution model to predict the DOC and Δ14C of ultrafiltered DOC. The model predicts both large and small surface DOC with high Δ14C, and a narrow range (200-500 Da) of low Δ14C DOC. Deep model offsets suggest different size distributions and/or Δ14C sources at 670-915 m. Our results suggest molecular size and composition are linked to DOC reactivity and storage in the ocean.
Sperry, Stuart M.Shelley's Major Verse: The Narrative and Dramatic Poetry: Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard Univ. Press, 1988. xiv, 231 pp. $27.50

(1990). Sperry, Stuart M. Shelley's Major Verse: The Narrative and Dramatic Poetry. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 201-205.
Medical Students' Stress Levels and Sense of Well Being after Six Weeks of Yoga and Meditation.

Objective. To determine the effect of six weeks of yoga and meditation on medical students' levels of perceived stress and sense of wellbeing prior to taking their exams. Methods. We conducted a prospective case-control study of first-through-third-year medical students at our academic institution, measuring levels of perceived stress and sense of wellbeing before and after a six-week yoga and meditation intervention. Questionnaires used for evaluation included the perceived stress scale (PSS) and self-assessment surveys (SAS). The postintervention surveys were completed on the day of the students' written exams. Results. A total of thirteen women and fourteen men participated. Median age was 28 (24 yrs-32 yrs). 48.1% were Caucasian, 7.4% Black, 11.1% Hispanic, 11.1% Asian, and 22.2% other. Paired t-tests showed a statistically significant reduction in perceived stress (18.44 versus 14.52; p = 0.004) after the six-week yoga and meditation program. After the yoga intervention, self-assessment survey results showed a significant improvement in feelings of peace, focus, and endurance. Improvements in happiness, positivity, personal satisfaction, and self-confidence were also seen. An improvement in unsubstantiated parameters such as patience and fatigue was observed. Conclusion. Yoga and meditation may be effective in reducing stress levels and improving aspects of personal wellbeing in medical students.
VWF-Cleaving Protease ADAMTS13 Reduces Brain Injury Following Ischemic Stroke in Mice: Essential Role for VWF in Stroke

Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of death and disability. The only approved therapy available is recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), but its use remains limited. Therefore, there is a need for an alternative drug. Platelets and their adhesion receptors play a crucial role in modulating infarct size during ischemic stroke. ADAMTS13 (A Disintegrin-like And Metalloprotease with Thrombospondin type I repeats-13) is a plasma metalloprotease that cleaves von Willebrand factor (VWF) an important adhesion molecule for platelets at sites of vascular injury. In patients, an increase in circulating levels of VWF and a decrease in ADAMTS13 activity are considered risk factors for ischemic stroke. By using genetically-modified mice we have previously shown that ADAMTS13 down regulates both thrombosis and inflammation and recombinant human ADAMTS13 down regulates platelet thrombi in injured arterioles. All these processes were dependent on VWF. We therefore hypothesize that ADAMTS13 has a protective role after ischemic stroke. In this study, we show that VWF deficiency or VWF heterozygosity in mice reduces infarct volume by two-fold after focal cerebral ischemia compared to wild-type (WT) in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) stroke model. Furthermore, infusion of recombinant human VWF in WT mice not only accelerates thrombosis in the ferric-chloride injured artery model, but also increases infarct volume compared to vehicle-treated controls. These findings suggest an essential role of VWF in modulating infarction after stroke. We also show that ADAMTS13 deficiency in mice results in approximately 20% larger infarcts after cerebral ischemia compared to WT. The larger infarcts observed in ADAMTS13 deficient mice were due to VWF because mice deficient in both ADAMTS13 and VWF had infarct sizes similar to VWF deficient mice. Importantly, infusion of r-human ADAMTS13 immediately before reperfusion (two hour after occlusion) significantly reduced infarct volume (106.2 ± 9.7 mm3 vs 75.8 ± 6.9 mm3, P<0.05). Of note, we observed that ADAMTS13 protein was induced in the ischemic penumbra region of brain after ischemic stroke. Our findings reveal an important role for VWF in modulating infarct volume after ischemic stroke. In addition, recombinant-ADAMTS13 could become a new therapeutic agent for stroke therapy.
From Bench to Bench: Is Prior Judicial Experience Favored by Certain Judicial Selection Methods?

Prior judicial experience is an increasingly common attribute among state supreme court justices, and the justices serving during and since 1959 and 2010 have had diverse judicial experiences, including service on different types of courts and for various amounts of time. After weighing the merits and drawbacks of prior judicial experience, I find that no judicial selection methods favor experienced justices over others despite claims by judicial reformers that merit selection will create more qualified courts. Instead, prior judicial experience is a desirable trait across selection methods, and prospective supreme court justices should not pass on opportunities for judicial service on either major or minor trials courts or intermediate appellate courts.
Increased p53 Acetylation By SIRT1 Inhibition Is Required for Optimal Activation of p53 Activity and Significantly Enhances the Ability of HDM2 Inhibitors to Target CML LSC

BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are effective in inducing remissions and prolonging survival in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients, but do not eliminate leukemia stem cells (LSCs) that are responsible for establishment, maintenance and recurrence of the disease. We have shown that the NAD-dependent SIRT1 deacetylase is overexpressed in CML LSC (Li et al., Cancer Cell, 21:266, 2013). SIRT1 participates in the maintenance, growth and treatment resistance of CML LSC by deacetylation and inhibition of the p53 pathway that regulates cell cycle and apoptosis. Inhibition of SIRT1 using RNAi and the small molecule SIRT1 inhibitor Tenovin-6 (TV-6) inhibits growth and survival of CML LSC by itself and results in enhanced targeting of LSC in combination with TKI treatment. The effects of SIRT1 inhibition are related at least in part to enhanced acetylation of the p53 protein associated with enhanced p53 transcriptional activity. Here we examined the efficacy of an alternative strategy to activate p53, using inhibition of the p53 regulatory protein HDM2, in activating p53 transcriptional activity and inhibiting CML LSC growth and survival compared to SIRT1 inhibition. Nutlin-3 (Nut-3) is a small molecule HDM2 inhibitor that disrupts the p53-HDM2 interaction which has proceeded to clinical trials. Treatment of CML CP CD34+ cells with Nut-3 (1, 2, 5µM) increased expression of the p53 target genes p21 (associated with cell cycle arrest) and NOXA and PIG3 (associated with apoptosis), inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis to a significantly lesser extent than TV-6 (1, 2 µM) (Nut 5 µM vs TV 2 µM ; p Table 1 : Effects of Nutlin-3, Tenovin-6 or combination on the expression of apoptosis/cell cycle arrest related-genes, apoptosis and proliferation in cord blood and CML CD34+ cells. SEM values ; significance, compared to controls: ***p Key words : Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML), hematopoietic stem cells, p53, SIRT1. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Hartree-Fock-Roothaan Wavefunctions for Diatomic Molecules: III. First-Row Heteronuclear Systems, AB, AB +/- , AB*

Abstract Tables of electronic wavefunctions are presented for almost all heteronuclear diatomic systems which arise from combinations of the first-row atoms Li through F. These wavefunctions are obtained for the experimental (or theoretical) internuclear separation and are expansion solutions to the Restricted Hartree-Fock equations with extensive sets of Slater-type functions. The repertory includes the ground states of the systems indicated, several low-lying excited states, and a few positive and negative ions. The results are arranged into sequences for fluorides, AF, oxides, AO, nitrides, AN, etc. The calculations are, in general, restricted to states involving either closed-shell electronic configurations or open-shell configurations with only one incompletely filled open shell. Several of these systems are of doubtful existence, that is, they have not been experimentally characterized, and some should be regarded as arising only from the repulsive interaction of the two atoms involved.
Molecular Simulations Reveal an Unresolved Conformation of the Type IA Protein Kinase A Regulatory Subunit and Suggest Its Role in the cAMP Regulatory Mechanism

We identify a previously unresolved, unrecognized, and highly stable conformation of the protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit RIα. This conformation, which we term the “Flipback” structure, bridges conflicting characteristics in crystallographic structures and solution experiments of the PKA RIα heterotetramer. Our simulations reveal a hinge residue, G235, in the B/C helix that is conserved through all isoforms of RI. Brownian dynamics simulations suggest that the Flipback conformation plays a role in cAMP association to the A domain of the R subunit.
Equilibrium Dynamics with Many Agents

Time preference influences intertemporal allocations. Ramsey’s many agent model provides us with a framework for seeing how individual tastes can influence an economy’s development and the distribution of its produce. The ways in which it differs from the representative agent theory may, with further research, provide us with a foundation for macrodynamic models with many agents where there interactions influence the level of macroeconomic activity and the conduct of macroeconomic policy.
Virtual Reality Supplemental Teaching at Low-Cost (VRSTL) as a Medical Education Adjunct for Increasing Early Patient Exposure

Virtual reality video is 360° viewing platform that allows for augmented experience and interactivity. VR video may be a cost-effective, scalable tool to provide medical educators better control over introducing patient exposure and to supplement curriculum while meeting Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) clerkship requirements.
Abstract 15492: Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: Characterizing Presentation, Management, and Outcomes at a Large Referral Cardiovascular Center

Introduction: Non-atherosclerotic spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) primarily affects women and may be associated with arteriopathies such as fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD). We aimed to ...
Some Biases That May Affect Kin-Cohort Studies for Estimating the Risks from Identified Disease Genes

The kin-cohort design can be used to estimate the absolute risk of disease (penetrance) associated with an identified mutation. In the kincohort design a volunteer (proband) is genotyped and provides information on the disease histories (phenotypes) of his or her first degree relatives. We review some of the strengths and weaknesses of this design before focusing on two types of bias. One bias can arise if the joint distribution of phenotypes of family members, conditional on their genotypes, is mis-specified. In particular, the assumption of conditional independence of phenotypes given genotypes can lead to overestimates of penetrance. If probands are sampled completely at random, a composite likelihood approach can be used that is robust to residual familial correlations, given genotypes. If the sample is enriched in probands with disease, however, one is forced into making some assumptions on the joint distribution of the phenotypes, given genotypes. For phenotypes characterized by age at disease onset, biases can result if no allowance is made for an influence of genotype on competing causes of mortality or on mortality rates following disease onset.
Global HIV Neurology: A Comprehensive Review

: Neurological conditions associated with HIV remain major contributors to morbidity and mortality and are increasingly recognized in the aging population on long-standing combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Importantly, growing evidence shows that the central nervous system (CNS) may serve as a reservoir for viral replication, which has major implications for HIV eradication strategies. Although there has been major progress in the last decade in our understanding of the pathogenesis, burden, and impact of neurological conditions associated with HIV infection, significant scientific gaps remain. In many resource-limited settings, antiretrovirals considered second or third line in the United States, which carry substantial neurotoxicity, remain mainstays of treatment, and patients continue to present with severe immunosuppression and CNS opportunistic infections. Despite this, increased global access to cART has coincided with an aging HIV-positive population with cognitive sequelae, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral neuropathy. Further neurological research in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) is needed to address the burden of neurological complications in HIV-positive patients, particularly regarding CNS viral reservoirs and their effects on eradication.
Stopping the Dropouts: Guiding Adolescents toward a Lasting Faith following High School Graduation

The purpose of this study was to explore the role of religion and faith in the lives of recent high school graduates and to seek better ways to prepare teenagers for faithful participation in churc...
Associations and Consequences of Hypersomnias

Hypersomnia is described as excessive daytime sleepiness. Causes of hypersomnia include medical disorders, medication, sleep deprivation, and other sleep disorders. It affects the quality of life of patients, and in pediatric patients, can affect school performance. Untreated hypersomnia can be dangerous and cause transportation and industrial accidents, as well as overall nonproductivity.
Paramyxoviridae: transcription and replication.

Publisher Summary Nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses are a unique group of infectious agents that require active transcription of their genomic single-stranded RNA as a prerequisite for replication following penetration into a susceptible host cell. Currently, there are three viral families whose genomic organization and polarity provide for their inclusion in this group: the Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and the recently recognized Filoviridae. Despite differences in the number and types of genedproteins present in these viruses, members of all three taxons need to address similar replicative problems. They need to transcribe and translate mRNAs, replicate the single-stranded RNA genome, encapsidate progeny RNA with nucleocapsid proteins, and assemble and export mature virions; these are processes critically dependent on viral gene expression. Despite their fairly simple molecular organization, these viruses have evolved rather elaborate systems for their replication. Rather than contrast the various molecular processes employed by the three taxons for replication and transcription, this chapter focuses on the current understanding of processes employed by Paramyxoviridae.
Assistive text reading from complex background for blind persons

In the paper, we propose a camera-based assistive system for visually impaired or blind persons to read text from signage and objects that are held in the hand. The system is able to read text from complex backgrounds and then communicate this information aurally. To localize text regions in images with complex backgrounds, we design a novel text localization algorithm by learning gradient features of stroke orientations and distributions of edge pixels in an Adaboost model. Text characters in the localized regions are recognized by off-the-shelf optical character recognition (OCR) software and transformed into speech outputs. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated on ICDAR 2003 Robust Reading Dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms previous algorithms on some measures. Our prototype system was further evaluated on a dataset collected by 10 blind persons, with the system effectively reading text from complex backgrounds.
Vibrational Circular Dichroism: The Experimental Viewpoint

Chirality in molecular structure manifests itself in the optical phenomena collectively referred to as optical activity, the common feature of which is the di fferenti ati on in behavior of left and right circularly polarized light. In turn, optical activity can be used to probe molecular chirality. The optical rotation and circular dichroism associated with the electronic transitions of chiral molecules and commonly observed in the visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum have been studied for many years to this end. Recently, as a result of developments in instrumentation for the measurement of circular dichroism in the infrared spectral domain, the observability of circular dichroism in vibrational transitions has been demonstrated, thereby making available a new technique for the study of chiral molecules.
Formation studies of TiC from carbon coated TiO2

This paper deals with the formation of titanium carbide from carbon coated titanium dioxide precursors. This study makes use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and both scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). DSC curves of both coated and mixed 33.2 wt % carbon containing titania demonstrates the superiority of the coated precursor by exhibiting both more reactions and reactions at lower temperatures than the mixed powder. Weight loss as powders were reacted in argon at varying temperatures was measured using TGA, while heat flow vs. temperature was measured by DSC. The weight loss allowed for calculation of the activation energy of TiC via the formation of various lower oxides of titanium. The activation energy was calculated as 731.6 ± 24.2 kJ/mol. XRD was used to characterize the products resulting from the reaction of the carbon coated precursor at isotherms at each 100 °C interval from 1100 to 1500 °C, inclusive. These diffraction patterns support the hypothesis that the TiC formation proceeds through the formation of lower oxidation states of titanium.
Aquatic caddisworm silk is solidified by environmental metal ions during the natural fiber-spinning process.

Aquatic caddisfly larvae (caddisworms) wet-spin fibers to construct composite cases of silk and stone. The silk emerges from labial ducts as a nanofibrous fluid gel, flowing over the stone substrat...
Lysophosphatidic Acid-Induced Signals in Astrocytes

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a potent lipid biomediator which evokes a broad array of responses in a diverse group of cell types (reviewed in Moolenaar, 1995; Tokumura, 1995). A sampling of LPA induced effects include stimulation of cell motility in cells ranging from Dictyostelium amoebae to monocytes, vasoactive responses, and platelet aggregation (Jalink et al., 1993; Zhou et al, 1995; Tokumura, 1995; Tokumura et al, 1981). The cell-type specificity of LPA-induced effects is illustrated by the LPA-induced stimulation of proliferation of cells, such as fibroblasts and myoblasts; inhibition of proliferation of some tumor cells; and stimulation of differentiation of keratinocytes (van Corven et al., 1989; Yoshida et al., 1996; Tigyi et al., 1994; Piazza et al., 1995). LPA stimulates many intracellular signal transduction pathways leading to an increase in the concentration of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), and stimulation of the activities of serine/threonine protein kinases, tyrosine kinases and phospholipases (e.g., Jalink et al., 1995; Amano et al., 1996; Howe and Marshall, 1993; van Corven et al., 1989; Ha et al., 1994). One LPA signal transduction pathway involves the small G protein rho since ADP-ribosylation of rho by Clostridium botulinum C3 exoenzyme inhibits some LPA-induced signals (Kumagai et al., 1993). Information about the cells and stimuli which induce the formation of LPA is limited, although it is well established that platelets produce LPA (Mauco et al., 1978). Platelets are a likely source of the LPA (bioassay) observed in the cerebrospinal fluid following hemorrhagic injury; in contrast, no LPA is detectible in the cerebrospinal fluid prior to injury (Tigyi et al., 1995). This finding is but one indication that LPA is likely to be a significant biomediator in the brain. The brain is a rich source of both LPA and LPA receptors, and enzymes for the biosynthesis and degradation of LPA have been isolated from the brain (Das and Hajra, 1989; van der Bend et al., 1992; Thomson et al., 1994; Thompson and Clark, 1994; Thomson and Clark, 1995). Moreover, brain tumor-derived cells, glioma and neuroblastoma cells, are responsive to LPA (Smalheiser and Ali, 1994; Koschel and Tas, 1993). Thus, studies were initiated in this laboratory to define the functions of LPA in normal cells of the brain. This study focuses on the LPA-induced responses of astrocytes derived from neonatal rat brains.
Proton Nmr Spectroscopy of Benzene on η-Alumina and Alumina-Supported Platinum Catalysts

Abstract Low-temperature NMR spectroscopy of benzene on alumina and alumina-supported platinum reveals complex behavior. Physisorbed benzene on alumina shows multisite behavior. The chemisorbed benzene on the supported catalyst shows, in the dipole-dipoledecoupled proton spectrum, evidence of platinum-proton coupling. If the coupling is entirely dipolar, a proton-platinum distance of 2.28 Angstroms is calculated.
The role of higher education in strengthening women’s participation in the workforce: The lived experiences of females in Japan

A staggeringly low ranking (114 out of 144) on the 2017 Global Gender Gap economic participation and opportunity scale compels Japanese higher education leaders to enact effective policies and prac...
Water productivity under strategic growth stage-based deficit irrigation in maize.

Abstract Water shortages are responsible for the greatest crop losses around the world and are expected to worsen. In arid areas where agriculture is dependent on irrigation, various forms of deficit irrigation management have been suggested to achieve high yields with less water used by the crop (i.e. evapotranspiration, ET). This study of maize evaluated twelve treatments with varying levels of deficit irrigation during late vegetative and maturation (grain filling) growth stages in semi-arid Northern Colorado. In particular, application of greater deficit during the late vegetative state with full or nearly full ET during the rest of the season consistently resulted in yield similar to full ET treatments while saving approximately 15–17% of ET. Maize given 40% of full ET during the late vegetative period had slightly reduced leaf area index (LAI) with significant leaf curling, thus reduced light interception during vegetative growth. However, when plants were fully watered during anthesis, all treatments had full canopy cover with no differences in light interception. The efficiency of photosystem II (quantum yield) declined with water stress but recovered with re-watering. The ability of photosystem II and light interception to recover after stress when well-watered suggests that reductions in biomass and yield resulted from stomatal closure, reduced photochemistry, or loss of xylem conductance that was temporary. With little indication of permanent decline in carbon assimilation after reducing ET in vegetative stages, maize appears able to achieve high grain yield if soil water is readily available during the reproductive and maturation stages. However, plants given full or nearly full irrigation during the entire vegetative period followed by stress later on during the maturation period, had dramatically greater yield loss than ET savings. Thus, while strategic deficit irrigation might maintain yield with less water, it may be especially important for buffering crops against yield losses due to end of season water shortfalls in water limited environments.
Work zone traffic management in rehabilitation of M-2

Pakistan has a population of over 199 million and total road network of approximately 264,400 kilometers that serve about 16.2 million vehicles of all types. According to WHO estimates, there were approximately 30,000 annual Road Crash Fatalities (RCF) in Pakistan in year 2010. Work zone crashes account for significant proportion of all traffic crashes in Pakistan due to higher crash rate as compared to other parts of the highway network. Highway work zone is referred to road area where highway construction, maintenance or activity related to utility maintenance takes place. Workers in highway work zone are exposed to a variety of hazards and face risk of injury and death from construction equipment as well as passing motor vehicles. Safety measures and better understanding of risks involved while moving through the work zone have significant effects on the overall safety climate at work zones. Mismanaged work zone traffic increases the travel time delays, safety issues, vehicle operating costs (VOC) and other associated costs. Performance measures for the work zone traffic management includes user costs (travel time delay, crash cost, VOC), incident response and clearance time, queue length and community complaint. Different work Zone Traffic Management methodologies are being practiced worldwide and extensive research has been carried out at international level on country specific highway work zone safety but in Pakistan very few studies have been carried out on highway work zones. This research aims to critically analyze the impacts of the different Work Zone Traffic Management methods and recommend the best option for Expressways / Motorways in Pakistan. For the purpose of research, the author has selected a section of Motorway (M-2). Two different work zone traffic management methods are being followed in rehabilitation of M-2 .i.e. Parallel / Adjacent Method and Median Cross-Over Method. Performance measures selected for purpose of analysis are Travel Time Delay, Crash Cost (Safety) and VOC and data collected on section of M-2. After critical analysis, it is concluded that Parallel/ Adjacent Method results in lesser Travel Time delay and lesser VOC due to higher operating speeds and thus has higher savings, whereas Median Cross over Methods yield more Crash Cost savings. Keeping in view the driving habits / skills, poor maintenance of vehicles in Pakistan and risk of fatal accidents involved in parallel /adjacent method, median cross over method is preferred.
Hydrologic connectivity and backswamp water quality during a flood in the Atchafalaya Basin, USA

The Atchafalaya River Basin (ARB) is the largest distributary basin of the Mississippi River and contains the largest tract of forested wetlands in North America. However, hydrologic manipulations for flood control, logging, and mineral extraction have altered how water flows through the ARB and have led to widespread stagnation and hypoxia. To address this, the State of Louisiana has developed a hydrologic restoration plan to increase connectivity between the Atchafalaya River and backswamp areas on the floodplain. Here, we report on water quality changes in the forested wetlands of the ARB during a flood pulse as part of a prerestoration monitoring programme. Monitoring stations were set up in the backswamp to collect data on water levels, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, temperature, and specific conductance. We found that when water levels were high enough to overtop bayou banks and spoil banks, north‐to‐south flow patterns were reinstated and water quality in the backswamp was improved. Specifically, hypoxic conditions, which had been common before the flood, were alleviated whereas the swamps were receiving flowing, oxygenated river water. The magnitude and duration of dissolved oxygen improvement was dependent on the length of time a site received river water. Our results suggest that stagnation and hypoxia can be alleviated in the ARB by increasing the amount of time river water can access to floodplain swamps.
The Advanced Low Pilot Ignited Natural Gas Engine: A Low NOx Alternative to the Diesel Engine

High nitrogen oxides (NOx ) and particulate matter (PM) emissions restrict future use of conventional diesel engines for efficient, low-cost power generation. The advanced low pilot ignited natural gas (ALPING) engine described here has potential to meet stringent NOx and PM emissions regulations. It uses natural gas as the primary fuel (95 to 98 percent of the fuel energy input here) and a diesel fuel pilot to achieve compression ignition. Experimental measurements are reported from a single cylinder, compression-ignition engine employing highly advanced injection timing (45°–60°BTDC). The ALPING engine is a promising strategy to reduce NOx emissions, with measured full-load NOx emissions of less than 0.25 g/kWh and identical fuel economy to baseline straight diesel operation. However, unburned hydrocarbons were significantly higher for ALPING operation. Engine stability, as measured by COV, was 4–6 percent for ALPING operation compared to 0.6–0.9 percent for straight diesel.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
John Cage and nonrepresentational spaces of music

John Cage’s influence as a composer is exemplified by the ways he challenged the spatial norms of music composition and performance. His most famous work, 4ʹ33” (1952), brought the musicality of ev...
The Dao of Mao: Sinocentric Socialism and the Politics of International Legal Theory

This chapter examines socialist China’s changing self-understanding of its global status through the lens of international law. Part II first analyses theoretical debates influenced by the Soviet Union in the 1950s. How could Chinese socialism be reconciled with the continued existence of state power and legal institutions? In terms of interstate relations, was there a distinctive body of international law regulating relations among socialist states, including China? Part III turns to Mao Zedong’s rejection of Soviet ‘revisionism’ and his reconceptualisation of the Cold-War model of Three Worlds in the tumultuous 1960s, giving rise to a new, Sinocentric conception of socialist internationalism. Instead of viewing the Cold War in binary terms as a contest between capitalism and socialism, Mao reconceived it as more fundamentally a struggle between imperialism and anti-imperialism. This allowed him to posit the two superpowers as de facto allies in world domination, seeking to divide the planet between them and standing in opposition to all the oppressed peoples of the world led by China. This remarkable reworking of socialist theory was grounded in a hybrid political ontology that was not only Marxian but also Daoist in inspiration. In place of a teleological understanding of the dialectic unfolding of history, it envisioned a world of endless, forever-fluctuating contradictions. The chapter concludes by analysing the continuing theoretical challenges posed by China’s re-engagement with international law after the beginning of its so-called ‘opening up’ after 1978.
Mothers’ Talk about Perceptions, Wants, Feelings, and Thoughts during Play: General or Specific Relations to Infants’ Internal State Vocabularies and Gender?

The current study examined how mothers’ production of four types of internal state words at multiple ages across the second year in a free play context was related to their infants’ acquisition of ...
Fractures of the Pediatric Foot and Ankle

Fractures in the foot and ankle region represent greater than 10% of all pediatric fractures. As in the adult population, fractures occur when the skeletal system is exposed to more force than it can withstand. There are differences in the skeletal structure of a child and an adult. This chapter addresses those fractures that are different and treatment recommendations. Due to growth plates, the pediatric skeleton is much more complicated in regard to fractures especially those involving the growth plate. The pediatric skeletal fractures can occur with different/additional mechanisms to that of the adult skeleton secondary to this. Many of the issues with pediatric fractures do not become apparent for months and sometimes years later as they grow and mature. Careful attention must be paid to the immature skeleton in fracture management. Management of the pediatric skeleton is complex, and careful attention must be paid to make an appropriate diagnosis and to provide the appropriate treatment regimen. Inadequate treatment may result in lifelong issues for the patient and affect foot and ankle function. Technical advances have increased the expected levels of outcome in surgical management of pediatric fractures of the foot and ankle.
Forensic Investigation of Industrial Control Systems Using Deterministic Replay

From manufacturing plants to power grids, industrial control systems are increasingly controlled and networked digitally. While networking these systems together improves their efficiency and convenience to control, it also opens them up to attacks by malicious actors. When these attacks occur, forensic investigators should be able to determine what was compromised and which corrective actions need to be taken.In this paper, we propose a method to investigate attacks on industrial control systems by simulating the logged inputs of the system over time using a model constructed from the control programs. We detect any attacks that will lead to perturbations of the normal operation of the system by comparing the simulated output to the actual output. We also perform dependency tracing between the inputs and outputs of the system, so that attacks can be traced from the anomaly to their sources and vice-versa. Our method can greatly aid investigators in recovering the complete attack graph used by the attacker using only the input and output logs from an industrial control system. To evaluate our method, we constructed a hybrid testbed with a simulated version of the Simplified Tennessee Eastman process, using a hardware-inthe-loop Allen-Bradley Micrologix 1100 PLC. We were able to accurately detect all attack anomalies with a false positive rate of 0.3% or less.
One way to get there.

People have mused that fusion as a source of energy is ‘30 years away and always will be’. Similarly, the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to solve problems in medicine, and in particular neurovascular disease, has been ongoing for decades, but still has yet to inform clinical decision-making. Within the neurointerventional community, CFD is often applied to investigate cerebral aneurysm formation, growth, rupture risk and treatment response.1–3 However, the lack of routine clinical application likely stems from the heterogeneity of scientific approaches, inconsistent rigor, lack of physiological boundary conditions, and a predilection to report novelty over statistical significance (such as a ‘new’ variable correlating with outcome).4 5 Over the last year, this journal has published a wide variety of CFD studies,6–14 several of which hopefully get us closer to clinical utilization of CFD. Aneurysm irregularity, in particular ‘blebs’ or daughter sacs, are considered clinically relevant in increasing the risk of aneurysm rupture.15 Two studies considered the hemodynamic underpinnings of aneurysmal blebs. The first12 studied what hemodynamic conditions may lead to bleb formation. Of 270 aneurysms studied, 97 had 122 blebs. CFD simulations were performed on each irregularly-shaped aneurysm with the bleb artificially ‘removed’ from the simulation’s anatomy, and the resultant hemodynamics were compared with those aneurysms with a more regular dome geometry. Bleb-removed aneurysms showed consistent and significant morphometric and hemodynamic differences, including larger size, wider neck, more surface irregularities, increased aneurysm inflow and intra-aneurysmal flow velocity, complex flow patterns, higher wall shear stress …