cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Collaborative Development of Active Learning at Loyola University Chicago as Part of the SEMINAL Network

In the context of national collaborative efforts to increase the prevalence of active learning strategies in undergraduate precalculus and calculus classrooms, we discuss the context, strategy, and...
Inverse Design of Nanophotonic Structures Using a Hybrid Dimensionality Reduction Technique

In this work, we leverage neural networks and dimensionality reduction both in the design and response space to rapidly and efficiently design near-optimal optical nanostructures producing a desired electromagnetic response.
Listening to the Sound of Light to Guide Surgeries

This invited contribution describes multiple opportunities for photoacoustic imaging to benefit surgical guidance.
A Minimalist Approach to Corporate Income Taxation

Under current law, the corporate income tax is unlikely to burden the returns generated by most productive assets. However, it is likely to burden the returns generated by at least some self-created intangible assets. Since self-created intangible assets are under-taxed relative to most other productive assets, this tax burden is entirely appropriate. Accordingly, Professor Schlunk argues that the focus of the corporate income tax should be sharpened: such tax should never be imposed on the returns generated by assets other than self-created intangible assets, and it should always be imposed on the returns generated by self-created intangible assets. This paper suggests a way in which this focus could be implemented.
Fuel distribution planning for disasters: Models and case study for Puerto Rico

Abstract In this study, we propose an optimization approach for the storage and distribution of fuel after a disaster. This problem is of particular concern in island settings. Our approach models the uncertainty of the problem through a set of disaster scenarios. The scenarios capture which fuel storage locations are unavailable and which regions face higher demands for fuel due to the impact of a disaster. We develop mixed-integer programs to determine how to allocate fuel to the different regions, the value of prepositioning additional fuel in the current and new locations, and the best fuel volumes to store in different geographical locations. Our models consider both maximizing equity and output. For our case study, we examine how these different strategies could benefit Puerto Rico, given ten recent disasters that have hit this island. We are able to demonstrate the importance of prepositioning fuel in new locations.
Venlafaxine in treatment refractory geriatric depression

ABSTRACT This study addresses the effectiveness and tolerability of venlafaxine in geriatric psychiatry outpatients with treatment refractory major depression. All patients from a geriatric psychiatry outpatient clinic with major depression who had received at least one prescription for venlafaxine during a 12 month period were examined for treatment refractory criteria. Ten patients receiving venlafaxine met strictly defined criteria for treatment refractory depression. Of these, 8 (80%) had a complete response to venlafaxine, including two patients who had previously only been stabilized by maintenance ECT (mECT). Two patients required another concurrent psychiatric medication to achieve full response (lithium and methylphenidate augmentation). Venlafaxine was generally well tolerated, with 2 (20%) patients discontinuing its use due to side effects. Of 8 patients with a past history of side effects on other antidepressants, 6 (75%) had no reported side effects with venlafaxine. However, two patients (bo...
Discordance of Histologic Grade Between Primary and Metastatic Neuroendocrine Carcinomas.

Background The prognosis and management of neuroendocrine carcinoma are largely driven by histologic grade as assessed by mitotic activity. The authors reviewed their institutional experience to determine whether the histologic grade of neuroendocrine carcinoma can differ between primary and metastatic tumors.
Kinetics of the One Dimensional Lattice and Triplet Closure

It is proved that, for the special case of infinitesimal perturbations only, triplet closure leads to an exact description of cooperative quasi-phase transitions of linear macromolecules of infinite chainlength when the reaction starts from a Zimm-Bragg equilibrium state. We use an expansion method that is similar to, but more accurate that Craig and Crother's matrix iteration procedure to calculate the time history for any size perturbation from an initial to the final equilibrium state. As a result of our numerical integrations we conclude in agreement with other workers that for finite perturbations triplet closure is highly accurate but not exact in describing the kinetic behavior. This conclusion is arrived at from comparison of numerical calculations of closure levels of sequences of two, three and four lattice sites with each other and with the “exact” Monte Carlo method. Es wird in dieser Arbeit bewiesen, das die Triplettklausur fur den Spezialfall infinitesimaler Storungen zu einer exakten Beschreibung von kooperativen Phasenumwandlungen von unendlich langen linearen Makromolekulen fuhrt, wenn die Reaktion in einem Zimm-Bragg-Gleichgewichtszustand beginnt. Fur die Berechnung des zeitlichen Verhaltens beliebig gros Storungen von einem Anfangs- zu einem Endgleichgewichtszustand benutzen wir eine Expansionsmethode, die der Matrix-Iterationsmethode von Craig und Crothers ahnlich, aber genauer als diese ist. Aufgrund unserer numerischen Integrationsmethode des kinetischen Verhaltens kommen wir im Einklang mit anderen Autoren zu dem Schlus, das die Triplettklausur fur endliche Storungen sehr genau, aber nicht exakt ist. Dieses Resultat wurde durch Vergleich von numerischen Berechnungen einer Klausur bei Linearsequenzen von zwei, drei und vier Gitterstellen untereinander und mit der “exakten” Monte Carlo-Methode andererseits erhalten.
Distributed array of synchronized sensors and actuators

We propose to use a set of general purpose computing (GPC), communication and multimedia devices such as laptops, tablets, PDAs, smart phones, audio recorders, and camcorders as a distributed array signal processing system. A novel scheme is developed to synchronize input and output sampling for a network of distributed multi-channel audio sensors and actuators. IEEE 802.11 wireless network is used to deliver the global clock and data streams to distributed GPC platforms, while an interrupt timestamping mechanism is employed to distribute the common clock between I/O devices. Adaptive statistical processing is applied to reduce the effect of timing errors inevitable on real-life platforms. A prototype of distributed array is implemented based on Intel®Centrino™laptops and experimental results demonstrate a precision in A/D and D/A synchronization better than 50 µs (a couple of samples at 48 kHz).
Improving eye care follow-up adherence in diabetic patients with ocular abnormalities: the effectiveness of patient contracts in a free, pharmacy-based eye screening.

Abstract Objectives Patient contracts are increasingly utilized in medical practice and have the potential to improve health outcomes in high-risk populations. However, as a relatively new tool, there has been limited research regarding the efficacy of patient contracts. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of vision impairment in adults in the US and only 50–60% of adults with diabetes adhere to annual dilated fundus exam recommendations. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of patient contracts on follow-up adherence in diabetic patients with ocular abnormalities after a free, pharmacy-based eye screening. Study design This prospective study implemented a non-invasive, non-mydriatic fundus camera in an urban, community-based pharmacy setting to screen for ocular diseases in patients with diabetes. Patients were assigned to the contract or non-contract group. Patients who signed a contract agreed to: 1) review their results with their primary care doctor, 2) follow-up with an ophthalmologist if their results were abnormal, and 3) inform research staff if/when they completed an eye care appointment. All study participants and their primary care doctors were notified of their results via mail. Follow-up questionnaires were administered to all patients by telephone three months after the screening results. Results 500 patients were screened and 113 (22.6%) had abnormal results. Of the patients who had abnormal results, 83 (74.3%) were able to be contacted. Of the 83 patients who were able to be contacted, the majority of patients were African American (73.5%) and female (56.6%). The mean age was 54.7 years. Of those, 34 (41.0%) adhered to follow-up recommendations. There was no significant difference in follow-up adherence between the contract (38.1%) and non-contract group (43.9%) ( P = 0.59). In addition, 70.4% of patients did not comply with at least one measure of the contract agreement. Conclusion Contracts did not increase follow-up adherence to eye appointments in diabetic patients with ocular abnormalities. The majority of patients did not comply with their contract and follow-up adherence was low in both groups. Most research has yielded mixed results regarding the efficacy of contracts in improving health outcomes. Therefore, different types of contracts or other patient-centered tools should be evaluated in order to increase follow-up adherence in patients at high risk for DR.
Position and force controls for two coordinating robots

Two different control schemes, position model referenced control (PMRC) and force model referenced control (FMRC), are developed for a simplified two robots model with one interacting axis. The dynamic stability of the position (or force) control under the FMRC (or PMRC) is analyzed. Results indicate that PMRC, although providing better dynamic performance of the position control, may degrade the dynamic performance of the force control. However, FMRC can provide better dynamic performance of both position and force control. >
Local search for the generalized tree alignment problem

A phylogeny postulates shared ancestry relationships among organisms in the form of a binary tree. Phylogenies attempt to answer an important question posed in biology: what are the ancestor-descendent relationships between organisms? At the core of every biological problem lies a phylogenetic component. The patterns that can be observed in nature are the product of complex interactions, constrained by the template that our ancestors provide. The problem of simultaneous tree and alignment estimation under Maximum Parsimony is known in combinatorial optimization as the Generalized Tree Alignment Problem (GTAP). The GTAP is the Steiner Tree Problem for the sequence edit distance. Like many biologically interesting problems, the GTAP is NP-Hard. Typically the Steiner Tree is presented under the Manhattan or the Hamming distances. Experimentally, the accuracy of the GTAP has been subjected to evaluation. Results show that phylogenies selected using the GTAP from unaligned sequences are competitive with the best methods and algorithms available. Here, we implement and explore experimentally existing and new local search heuristics for the GTAP using simulated and real data. The methods presented here improve by more than three orders of magnitude in execution time the best local search heuristics existing to date when applied to real data.
Examining the myth of the "July Phenomenon" in surgical patients.

Background The objective of this study is to evaluate morbidity and mortality rates in surgical patients at the beginning of the academic year. Methods The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was utilized to gather data on the 10 most common inpatient operative procedures from 2005–2007. Study end points included mortality, serious adverse events (SAE), and all morbidities. Statistical analysis of outcomes was conducted examining the total population, and then stratified by operation to assess for significant differences in end points ( P Results A total of 89,473 patients were identified. During the first academic quarter, the mortality rate was no different in the study group than the control group (2.0% vs 2.2%, P = .793). Overall SAE and morbidity rates were similar between populations (11.5% vs 11.4%, P = .697 and 18.3% vs 17.8%, P = .076, respectively). When stratified by operation, “artery bypass graft” (3.7% vs 2.9%, P = .039) and “repair bowel opening” (1.1% vs 0.6%, P = .033) subsets had increases in mortality rate. Multivariate analysis confirmed the deleterious effect of first quarter admission in only the “artery bypass graft” subset (OR = 1.35, CI 1 = .023–1.774). Conclusion By in large, these data refute the “July Phenomenon.” Multivariate analysis revealed patient disease to have a greater impact than timing of operation in the “repair bowel opening” subset. The “artery bypass graft” population was affected by timing of operation and the very small effect on mortality (
Transconductance frequency dispersion measurements on fully implanted 4H-SiC MESFETs

Abstract Transconductance frequency dispersion measurements were performed on fully implanted MESFETs made on bulk semi-insulating 4H-SiC to observe bulk, as well as surface, traps in the channel region. A 30% reduction in the transconductance was observed by increasing the frequencies from 0.1 Hz to 10 MHz. Five traps were recorded in this study. Bulk traps observed at 0.52 and 0.65 eV in the gated channel region, which were also seen in the capacitance-DLTS study, are believed to be due to the nitrogen implant-defect complex and vanadium deep donor dopant, respectively. Surface traps of the ungated channel region between the source and gate and gate and drain were observed at 0.18, 0.3 and 0.4 eV. The trap at 0.4 eV has shown an upward transconductance dispersion behavior with increasing frequency, whereas all the remaining four traps have shown a downward frequency dispersion behavior. The origins of the surface traps are not known at this time.
A Novel Brain Cysteine Protease Forms an SDS Stable Complex with the β-Amyloid Precursor Proteina

Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain accumulates beta-protein (A beta) a peptide proteolytically derived from the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP). The abnormal production and aggregation of A beta have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. The mechanism of production of A beta in vivo is not yet clear; but endoproteases capable of degrading APP are likely to be involved in the process. We have isolated a protease from AD brain by following its activity in digesting a synthetic peptide of 10 amino acids derived from the APP sequence flanking the N-terminus of A beta. The protease was purified by a fractionation scheme including ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography using hydrophobic interaction, anion exchange, affinity, hydroxyapatite and size exclusion gels. The purity of the final product was assessed on a silver stained SDS gel by the presence of a single band. Microsequencing was performed following trypsin digestion of the sample. Internal peptide sequences were found to have sequence homology to cysteine proteases in the database. The enzyme requires DTT for activity and can be inhibited by specific inhibitors of cysteine but not serine proteases. The purified enzyme has a pI of 5.0 and a native tetrameric structure with subunits of 48 kD each. The enzyme is capable of digesting APP and generating a short peptide recognizable by antibodies specific to the C-terminus of APP. Interestingly, the purified protease also forms heat- and SDS-stable complexes with APP.
Flow-compensated limited flip angle MR angiography.

A method of subtraction angiography that has an acquisition time of 8 s per slice is described. Flow-compensated and uncompensated measurements are acquired in an interleaved fashion using limited flip angles and gradient refocusing. Magnitude images are reconstructed and subtracted to generate the angiogram. Results were generated in vivo in the imaging of the carotid bifurcation of several human volunteers. Susceptibility and inhomogeneity induced artifacts are prominent in thick slices, but can be greatly reduced by imaging several thin slices and adding them together. Thin slices do not require de-phasing gradients to reduce the dynamic range, and there is no signal cancellation in overlapping vessels. The method is ideal for acquiring scout angiograms, and with averaging may produce images of diagnostic quality. © 1989 Academic Press, Inc.
Women and exercise in aging

Abstract Aging is associated with physiological declines, notably a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) and lean body mass, with a concurrent increase in body fat and central adiposity. Interest in women and aging is of particular interest partly as a result of gender specific responses to aging, particularly as a result of menopause. It is possible that the onset of menopause may augment the physiological decline associated with aging and inactivity. More so, a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome (an accumulation of cardiovascular disease risk factors including obesity, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high fasting glucose) has been shown in middle-aged women during the postmenopausal period. This is due in part to the drastic changes in body composition, as previously discussed, but also a change in physical activity (PA) levels. Sarcopenia is an age related decrease in the cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle fibers that consequently leads to a decline in physical function, gait speed, balance, coordination, decreased BMD, and quality of life. PA plays an essential role in combating physiological decline associated with aging. Maintenance of adequate levels of PA can result in increased longevity and a reduced risk for metabolic disease along with other chronic diseases. The aim of this paper is to review relevant literature, examine current PA guidelines, and provide recommendations specific to women based on current research.
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 Promotes HIV-1 Attachment but Not Fusion to Target Cells

Incorporation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) into HIV-1 particles is known to markedly enhance the virus binding and infection of cells expressing lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1). At the same time, ICAM-1 has been reported to exert a less pronounced effect on HIV-1 fusion with lymphoid cells. Here we examined the role of ICAM-1/LFA-1 interactions in productive HIV-1 entry into lymphoid cells using a direct virus-cell fusion assay. ICAM-1 promoted HIV-1 attachment to cells in a temperature-dependent manner. It exerted a marginal effect on virus binding in the cold, but enhanced binding up to 4-fold at physiological temperature. ICAM-1-independent attachment in the cold was readily reversible upon subsequent incubation at elevated temperature, whereas ICAM-1-bearing particles were largely retained by cells. The better virus retention resulted in a proportional increase in HIV-1 internalization and fusion, suggesting that ICAM-1 did not specifically accelerate endocytosis or fusion steps. We also measured the rates of CD4 engagement, productive endocytosis and HIV-endosome fusion using specific fusion inhibitors. These rates were virtually independent of the presence of ICAM-1 in viral particles. Importantly, irrespective of the presence of ICAM-1, HIV-1 escaped from the low temperature block, which stopped virus endocytosis and fusion, much later than from a membrane-impermeant fusion inhibitor targeting surface-accessible particles. This result, along with the complete inhibition of HIV-1 fusion by a small molecule dynamin inhibitor, implies this virus enters lymphoid cells used in this study via endocytosis and that this pathway is not altered by the viral ICAM-1. Our data highlight the role of ICAM-1 in stabilizing the HIV-1 attachment to LFA-1 expressing cells, which leads to a proportional enhancement of the receptor-mediated uptake and fusion with endosomes.
Observations of the Askaryan effect in ice

We report on observations of coherent, impulsive radio Cherenkov radiation from electromagnetic showers in solid ice. This is the first observation of the Askaryan effect in ice. As part of the complete validation process for the ANITA experiment, we performed an experiment at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in June 2006 using a 7.5 metric ton ice target. We measure for the first time the large-scale angular dependence of the radiation pattern, a major factor in determining the solid-angle acceptance of ultrahigh-energy neutrino detectors.
Management of ureteral obstruction after transplantation by percutaneous antegrade pyelography and pyeloureterostomy

Abstract An approach to post-transplant ureteral obstruction based on the use of pereutaneous antegrade pyelography for definitive diagnosis and pyeloureterostomy without ipsilateral nephrectomy for therapy is described. Of our 7 cases, normal renal function was preserved in 3. Four patients eventually lost their allografts: 3 because of delay in diagnosis and therapy and the fourth because of complications. In our hands this diagnostic and therapeutic approach has been safe, simple, and effective, and we believe it is deserving of more widespread clinical investigation.
SINGLE MUTATIONS SILENCE PGIC2 GENES IN TWO VERY RECENT ALLOTETRAPLOID SPECIES OF CLARKIA

Abstract Our understanding of how polyploidy influences gene evolution is limited by the fact there have been few molecular descriptions of particular genes and their expression in polyploid plants and their diploid progenitors. Here we use evidence from sequencing of genomic DNA and cDNA obtained by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends to describe PgiC genes and their expression in two allotetraploid species of the wildflower genus Clarkia, C. delicata and C. similis. PgiC encodes the cytosolic isozyme of phosphoglucose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) and was duplicated in the ancestral stock of Clarkia, giving rise to paralogous genes PgiC1 and PgiC2. The active form of the PGIC enzyme is a dimer of like subunits. The electrophoretic patterns in the parent species show three bands of activity, representing two homodimers and a heterodimer of intermediate mobility, and are encoded by two genes. The electrophoretic patterns in the tetraploids also show three bands...
Color of brown carbon : A model for ultraviolet and visible light absorption by organic carbon aerosol

[1] We recommend ultraviolet and visible absorption spectra to represent particular types of atmospheric organic particles. Spectra of liquids and particles can be compared using the absorption coefficient of bulk material divided by material density. Reported absorption by absorbing organic aerosol from combustion is greater than that of organic material isolated by humic acid extraction. We examine ultraviolet and visible spectra of 200 organic compounds, concluding that visible absorption may be attributable to n → π* electronic transitions in a small fraction of oxygenated compounds. Absorption spectra can be communicated using the band-gap and Urbach relationships instead of the absorption Angstrom exponent. Water-soluble atmospheric aerosol has a band-gap of about 2.5 eV; insoluble aerosol may have a lower band-gap and higher absorption. Although different types of organic carbon may exhibit a continuum in absorption, there is a sharp distinction between the most-absorbing organic carbon and black carbon.
Narcolepsy and the Sickness Impact Profile: A general health status measure.

Objective We characterized functional impact of narcolepsy on patients using a general health status measure, the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP). It has 136 items grouped into 12 categories and 2 dimensions.
Spatial and temporal variation in lead levels related to body condition in the Mississippi Valley population of Canada geese.

Concern over lead poisoning led to progressive prohibition of toxic shot to harvest waterfowl in the 1980's. Nevertheless, waterfowl remain susceptible to ingestion of lead shot because illegal use continues and spent shot persists in soil and wetland substrates. While mortality due to lead toxicosis has subsided, sublethal effects may still affect survival and reproduction. We measured liver lead levels and body condition in 732 Canada geese (Branta canadensis interior) during July 1984 to April 1989 in southern Illinois (USA), east-central Wisconsin (USA), and northern Ontario (Canada). Although we sampled only individuals that were visibly healthy, 55 of 732 (7.5%) geese had elevated liver lead levels (>2 ppm). Lead levels of 46 (6.3%) geese indicated subclinical poisoning (2–6 ppm) and 9 (1.2%) geese had lead levels indicative of clinical poisoning (>6 ppm). A greater proportion of juveniles (14.3%) had elevated lead levels than did adults (6.0%), but there was no difference between genders. Lead leve...
The accounting of interpretations and the interpretation of accounts: The communicative function of “the language of business”

Abstract The objectivistic philosophical assumptions which underlie contemporary research in accountancy, as well as economics and elsewhere, are challenged and an interpretive alternative is proposed. A “hermeneutical” view of decision-making is examined, first with regard to science in general, and then concerning the human sciences in particular, and finally with regard to economics. Human decisions are not seen as objective, mechanical or behavioristic but as meaningful utterances of minds, as part of a bidirectional communicative process. That is, scientific decisions, like everyday decisions, are mutually interpretive processes of communication in language. Although it is true that much of mainstream neoclassical economics is incompatible with this interpretive approach, the “Austrian” school can be seen as an interpretive version of neoclassicism. This school of economics indicates a way to understand the communicative function the accounting “language” itself serves in the economic process. The professional judgments made by both accounting researchers and practicing accountants, then, are treated as “matters of interpretation,” but as not, thereby, arbitrary.
Do Models Incorporating Comorbidities Outperform Those Incorporating Vital Signs and Injury Pattern for Predicting Mortality in Geriatric Trauma

Background Geriatric trauma is becoming a significant public health concern. The most commonly used prediction models for mortality benchmarking are based on vital signs and injury pattern, including the Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS), which is less accurate in the elderly. The ICD-9–based prediction models incorporating injuries and comorbidities, such as the University Health System Consortium Expected Mortality (UHC-EM), may be more accurate for the elderly. Study Design We retrospectively studied all trauma admissions from January 2005 to June 2012 at an academic level I adult trauma center. This was an observational study comparing expected to actual in-hospital mortality for both geriatric (age ≥65 years) and nongeriatric populations. Predictive ability for TRISS and UHC-EM was determined by the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC). Results Geriatric patients had higher median TRISS predicted mortality (8.4% [interquartile range (IQR) 4.8%, 27.4%] vs 2.8% [IQR 1.1%, 30.2%], p Conclusions An ICD-9–based algorithm, such as the UHC-EM, which incorporates injuries and comorbidities, may be superior to algorithms based on vital signs and injury patterns without comorbidities in predicting mortality after trauma in the geriatric population.
Cued Active Learning: An Initial Study

It has become common knowledge that effective teaching requires more than just the rote dissemination of knowledge. By using active learning, teachers involve the students in the learning process. As the students subjectively handle the class material, their comprehension and retention improves. In the classroom, teachers commonly prompt actively learning through a verbal cue such as, “We are now going to break into groups.” This forces the student to switch from a receptive mental state to an active mental state.We theorize that this verbal, short duration transition from lecture to active learning, especially in large classroom settings, is not sufficient to make this transition quickly and thus limits how active students are in the active learning session. In this paper we present a technique and exploratory study results for cueing active learning through a representative icon in a visual lecture presentation. This cue enables the students to mentally prepare themselves for actively learning during a more passive part of the lecture. The results of our exploratory study demonstrate that the cued active learning did not conclusively correlate with average student performance, but that it did show a decrease in the standard deviation of performance, thereby demonstrating an improvement in the comprehension of the students that were more likely to perform lower than average. The results of this study will be used to conduct a more formal study including direct measurement of lecture participation by students.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Jonathan Edwards and the Language of God

Part 1 shows that while Edwards and Berkeley both regard nature as God's discourse and speak of this discourse in similar ways, Edwards differs from Berkeley in believing that the signs of this discourse signify spiritual and divine realities. Part 2 explains why Edwards thought it reasonable to believe that our world is a world of types and images. Because our world is a world of resemblances and imitations, because spiritual things are its "alpha and omega," and because its beauty is a reflection of God's beauty, our world can be expected to contain images or shadows of divine things. Scripture provides evidence that this expectation is realized. Part 3 shows that these images are not symbols but emblems, and that because emblems are consciously invented, their occurrence implies theism. Part 4 attempts to show that, given the assumptions of classical Christian theism, it is in principle no more difficult to decipher the meaning of the book of nature than to decipher the meaning of an allegorical poem or tale. Part 5 criticizes Perry Miller. Edwards's reflections on types were not influenced by the new science. He did not anticipate Coleridge on the imagination, nor did he "elevate nature to a level of authority coequal with revelation." William J. Wainwright is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. He is the author of Philosophy of Religion: An Annotated Bibliography of 20th Century Writings in English (Garland, 1978). Recent articles have appeared in Sophia, Philosophical Studies, International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, and elsewhere. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.114 on Thu, 26 May 2016 06:25:35 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 520 William J. Wainwright S n this paper I shall attempt to do five things: first, show that although Edwards and Berkeley both regard nature as God's discourse and although both speak of this discourse in similar ways, Edwards differs from Berkeley in believing that the signs of this discourse signify spiritual and divine realities; second, show why Edwards thinks it reasonable to believe that the world of nature and ordinary human affairs is a world of types and images; third, show that these images are emblems, not symbols, and that this implies theism; fourth, show that, within the context of classical Christianity, the investigation of the meaning of types need not be subjective or capricious; finally, suggest that Perry Miller's interpretation of Edwards's reflections on images is a paradigm case of overreading. My purpose in doing this is to cast light upon an aspect of his work which Edwards clearly thought important, correct an influential misinterpretation, viz., Miller's, and show that, in spite of the fact that typology is no longer taken seriously, the investigation of types is reasonable given the assumption that classical theism is true and Scripture accurate.
Structural and Electrical Characteristics of Carbon Nanotubes Formed on Silicon Carbide Substrates by Surface Decomposition

Aligned carbon nanotubes (CNT’s) are formed on the surface of silicon carbide (SiC) wafers during high temperature anneals. The exposed 4H SiC surface transforms into CNT’s for temperatures in the range of 1400-1700°C and under moderate vacuum conditions (10-2 – 10-5 torr). The rate of formation on the C-face (0001,‾) is about three times the rate on the Si-face (0001), but both rates increase with anneal temperature. SEM, TEM and Raman scattering measurements have confirmed the presence of both single-wall and multi-wall CNT’s. The carbon source is believed to be residual carbon from the SiC left on the surface after preferential evaporation of Si. CNT formation is believed to be catalyzed by low concentrations of residual oxygen in the chamber. Subsequent I-V measurements provide insight into the electrical characteristics of the CNT’s and the SiC/CNT interface.
A STUDY ON THE RANDOMNESS OF THE DIGITS OF π

We apply a newly-developed computational method, Geometric Random Inner Products (GRIP), to quantify the randomness of number sequences obtained from the decimal digits of π. Several members from the GRIP family of tests are used, and the results from π are compared to those calculated from other random number generators. These include a recent hardware generator based on an actual physical process, turbulent electroconvection. We find that the decimal digits of π are in fact good candidates for random number generators and can be used for practical scientific and engineering computations.
Does osteopenia warrant treatment

The progressive loss of bone mass that leads to osteoporosis in postmenopausal women is known to result in substantial morbidity and mortality. Underdiagnosed and undertreated, osteoporosis jeopardizes the health of an estimated 8 million American women 50 years of age or older who are at high risk for hip, vertebral, and other fractures. Because osteopenia is generally a subclinical condition that results in a lower fracture rate than osteoporosis, its potential impact is more difficult to recognize, although it is nearly three times more prevalent than osteoporosis. The question arises as to whether osteopenia should be diagnosed and treated before it transitions into osteoporosis. Because the number of postmenopausal women is projected to increase substantially in the near future and the number of postmenopausal women who will or who have discontinued their use of hormone therapy has increased sharply, the consequences of failing to identify and treat women at increased fracture risk are considerable. Moreover, the rate of bone loss in the first year after discontinuation of hormone therapy is especially rapid and similar to the rate that occurs early after menopause. Accordingly, fracture risk is substantially increased at this time in relation to the magnitude of bone loss. The goal of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapy is to prevent the first fracture in any woman at risk for fracture. Initiation of antiresorptive therapy known to provide rapid efficacy can be particularly important in achieving the treatment goal in appropriate osteopenic women.
Granularity and intragrain penetration depth in RuSr2GdCu2O8

Abstract The multi-stage transition of RuSr 2 GdCu 2 O 8 (Ru1212) ceramic samples was investigated. An intergrain phase-lock temperature of T 2 is identified around 10–30 K. Slightly above T 2 , however, an isolated Ru1212 grain still behaves as a Josephson-junction array of superconductive nano-domains, which are phase-locked below an interdomain phase-lock temperature (intragrain transition-temperature) of T 1 ≈33–40 K. The intragrain penetration depth λ 1 was subsequently deduced from the ac susceptibility χ ′ of powders with different particle-size d (0.3⩽ d ⩽10 μm in this work) between T 1 and T 2 . The sample-dependent λ 1 ≈2.5–6 μm so obtained is extremely long, and bears a systematic correlation with the T 1 observed. A phase-separation model was proposed to interpret the data.
Fine structure of kinetochore in Indian muntjac.

Abstract The large size of Indian muntjac (miniature deer) chromosomes and the presence of an unusually long centromere region on an X-autosome fusion chromosome provided an ideal subject for the study of the fine structure of the kinetochore. Whole mount electron microscopy demonstrated a marked restriction in the lateral looping of chromatin fibers in the region of the centromere. By thin section electron microscopy it was possible to distinguish longitudinal from transverse sections of the kinetochore. In longitudinal sections the outer layer was long (up to 1.45 μm) and straight and subcomponents consisting of two parallel or seemingly intertwined 90 A lines were frequently seen. In transverse sections the outer layer was shorter, averaging 0.45 μm. It curved in a semicircle around part of the chromosome, and the subcomponents frequently appeared as a series of tubule-like structures. The inner layer of the kinetochore was intimately associated with and was probably composed of chromatin fibers. Transverse and serial longitudinal sections showed that the outer layer was an oval plate-like structure and was not composed of two kinetochore filaments. The structural features of the outer layer suggested that it does not contain chromatin fibers. The spindle fibers pass through the outer layer and usually disappear from view in the middle layer. In some sections they can be seen to pass through the middle and inner layer, and in other sections they appear to turn within the body of the chromosome and re-emerge through the inner and outer layer.
One more piece down to solve the III-A CRISPR puzzle.

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) loci function in tandem with the adjacent operon of Cas (CRISPR associated) proteins to provide prokaryotes with an RNA-based adaptive immune system against foreign genetic elements (reviewed in Ref. [1]). The centerpiece of all CRISPR-Cas systems is a large ribonucleoprotein interference complex that uses a single-stranded crRNA (CRISPR RNA) for nucleic acid targeting and allows for the subsequent degradation [2]. The ribonucleoproteins come in different flavors for each of the three major CRISPR types (types I–III) and the multiple subtypes therein. They have been under intense structural and mechanistic characterization. CRISPR-Cas systems are stringently classified into one of three types based on the presence of the signature protein in their Cas operon [3] and less formally classified by the general architecture of their interference complexes. Type I systems utilize the Cascade (CRISPR associated complex for antiviral defense), a multi-subunit complex composed of five different proteins and a crRNA. TheCascade employs the associated crRNA to locate and invade matching double-stranded DNA and for the target degradation by the signature nuclease–helicase enzyme Cas3 [2,3]. Electronmicroscopyand crystal structures of the Cascade in both apoform and single-stranded DNA bound forms are now available [4–7]. In addition, the crystal structure of Cas3 bound to a single-stranded DNA substrate has been determined [8]. Therefore, the frontier of the field has shifted toward understanding mechanistic details regarding the Cascade-mediated recruitment of Cas3 and the subsequent substrate degradation. Type II systems use the single large signature protein Cas9 to carry out crRNAguided targeting and degradation of double-stranded DNA; a trans-encoded RNA assists the process [9,10]. The simplicity of this CRISPR type enabled
Cyclosporine 0.05% to improve visual outcomes after multifocal intraocular lens implantation.

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of cyclosporine 0.05% in alleviating dry-eye signs and improving visual quality after multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Setting Private practice and university medical center, New York, New York, USA. Methods This randomized prospective contralaterally controlled double-masked trial comprised patients scheduled to have bilateral phacoemulsification with implantation of a refractive multifocal IOL (ReZoom). Patients received twice-daily cyclosporine 0.05% in 1 eye and an artificial tear in the other eye from 1 month before to 2 months after second-eye surgery. Outcomes were evaluated at baseline and 2 months after second-eye surgery. Results The study enrolled 28 eyes of 14 patients. At baseline, there were no statistically significant between-group differences in outcome measures. Two months postoperatively, the cyclosporine group had significantly lower mean uncorrected distance visual acuity than the artificial tear group (0.11 logMAR ± 0.03 [SD] [20/25 Snellen equivalent] versus 0.19 ± 0.05 logMAR [20/30]; P = .045) as well as significantly lower mean corrected distance visual acuity (0.0 ± 0.02 logMAR [20/20] versus 0.1 ± 0.02 logMAR [20/25]; P = .005) and corneal staining scores (0.210 ± 0.07 versus 0.645 ± 0.18; P = .034). Treatment with cyclosporine 0.05% also improved contrast sensitivity, conjunctival staining, and tear breakup time. Significantly more patients preferred the eye treated with cyclosporine 0.05% to the eye treated with artificial tears (57.1% versus 14.3%; P = .007). Conclusion Cyclosporine 0.05% therapy reduced dry-eye signs and improved visual quality after multifocal IOL implantation. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. Additional disclosures are found in the footnotes.
Prototype Development of a Novel Radial Flow Gas Turbine: Combustor Development

A prototype of a novel gas turbine concept is being developed to demonstrate the technical feasibility of a gas turbine design based on a straight radial flow with no axial flow turning. The prototype gas turbine consists of only two structural elements—a rotor disk and a stator shroud. The rotor consists of a centrifugal compressor and high impulse radial outward-flow turbine connected to an electric generator. The stator shroud contains the combustor and nozzles. The difference between this novel design and conventional radial gas turbine that the compressor and turbine section are installed on the same side of the rotating wheel, while the combustor and nozzle are mounted on the stationary shroud. Thus, the entire assembly consists of two components. Technical advantages are: • Single Rotating Disk; • Compact Two-Piece Construction; • Ease of Repair and Maintenance; • High Power to Weight Ratio. This paper discusses the combustor development and preparation for design testing of the prototype radial gas turbine.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Bioanalytical Applications of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry for Pharmaceutical Research

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is a mass spectrometric method for quantifying isotopes. It has had great impact in the geosciences and is now being applied in the biomedical fields. AMS measures radioisotopes such as 14 C, 3 H, 41 Ca, and 36 Cl, and others, with attomole sensitivity and high precision. Its use is allowing absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination studies, as well as detailed pharmacokinetics, to be carried out directly in humans with very low chemical or radiological hazard. It is used in combination with standard separation methodologies, such as chromatography, in identification of metabolites and molecular targets for both toxicants and pharmacologic agents. AMS allows the use of very low specific activity chemicals (≤ 1 mCi/mmol), creating opportunities to use compounds not available in a high specific activity form, such as those that must be biosynthesized, produced in combinatorial libraries, or made through inefficient synthesis. AMS is allowing studies to be carried out with agents having low bioavailability, low systemic distributions, or high toxicity where administered doses must be kept low (≤1 μg/kg). It may have uses in tests for idiosyncratic metabolism, drug interaction, or individual susceptibility, among others. The ability to use very low chemical doses, low radiological doses, small samples and conduct multiple dose studies may help move drug candidates into humans faster and safer than before. The uses of AMS are growing and its potential for drug development is only now beginning to be realized.
Health, poverty, and place in Accra, Ghana: mapping neighborhoods

The overall objective of our research project is to understand the spatial inequality in health in Accra, the capital city of Ghana. We also utilize GIS technology to measure the association of adverse health and mortality outcomes with neighborhood ecology. We approached this in variety of ways, including multivariate analysis of imagery classification and census data. A key element in the research has been to obtain in-person interviews from 3,200 female respondents in the city, and then relate health data obtained from the women to the ecology of the neighborhoods in which they live. Detailed maps are a requirement for these field-based activities. However, commercially available street maps of Accra tend to be highly generalized and not very useful for the kind of health and social science research being undertaken by this project, The purpose of this paper is to describe street maps that were created for the project's office in downtown Accra and used to locate households of respondents. They incorporate satellite imagery with other geographic layers to provide the most important visual interpretation of the linkage between imagery and neighborhoods. Ultimately, through a detailed analysis of spatial disparities in health in Accra, Ghana, we aim to provide a model for the interpretation of urban health inequalities in cities of urbanizing and often poor countries.
Who is a candidate for noninvasive coronary angiography

In this issue, Dewey and colleagues compared multislice computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting coronary stenoses. How can we conclude which test to use? Accordi...
Battery and Floor Management Practices for Pullets and Hens

Abstract CONSIDERABLE evidence is available concerning the relative merit of keeping chickens in hen batteries for laying purposes as compared to a floor pen method. Kennard and Chamberlin (1933, 1936 and 1939) have made extensive studies of battery and floor management. Callenbach and Knandel (1935) and Thompson (1939) have contributed to this knowledge. Comparisons of the economic value of feeding mash and grain to laying hens held in batteries with the use of a pelleted mash are lacking. Morgan and Heywang (1941) compared the results of feeding a pelleted and unpelleted all-mash to laying hens under floor conditions. Their results showed little difference between production, mortality, and hatchability for either method of feeding. However, the pellet group had a greater average live weight. Evidence is also limited concerning the comparison of second year production of hens moved from batteries to floor pens. Lee (1939) has presented results which show an increased . . .
Two-stage compliant microleverage mechanism optimization in a resonant accelerometer

Compliant microleverage mechanisms can be used in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) to transfer an input force/displacement to an output to achieve mechanical/geometrical advantages. By stacking multiple stages of microlevers together, a compound microleverage mechanism is obtained with a higher amplification factor. This paper presents the analysis and optimization of a two-stage microleverage mechanism in a resonant output micro-accelerometer for force amplification. It is found that the compliance of the two-stage mechanism needs to be appropriately distributed in order for both stages to have the desired amplification effect.