cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective histone deacetylase-6 inhibition attenuates stress responses and prevents immune organ atrophy in a lethal septic model.

Background An overproduction of corticosterone during severe sepsis results in increased apoptosis of immune cells, which may result in relative immunosuppression and an impaired ability to fight infections. We have previously demonstrated that administration of tubastatin A, a selective inhibitor of histone deacetylase-6 (HDAC6), improves survival in a lethal model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in mice. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of this treatment on sepsis-induced stress responses and immune function. Methods C57BL/6J mice were subjected to CLP, and 1 hour later given an intraperitoneal injection of either tubastatin A dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or DMSO only. Blood samples were collected to measure the levels of circulating corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Thymus and long bones (femur and tibia) were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry was utilized to detect cleaved-caspase 3 in the splenic follicles as a measure of cellular apoptosis. Results All vehicle-treated CLP animals died within 3 days, and displayed increased corticosterone and decreased ACTH levels compared with the sham-operated group. These animals also developed atrophy of thymic cortex with a marked depletion of thymocytes. Tubastatin A treatment significantly attenuated the stress hormone abnormalities. Treated animals also had significantly lower percentages of thymic atrophy (95.0 ± 5.0 vs 42.5 ± 25.3; P = .0366), bone marrow depletion and atrophy (58.3 ± 6.5 vs 25.0 ± 14.4%; P = .0449), and cellular apoptosis in the splenic follicles (41.2 ± 3.7 vs 28.5 ± 4.3 per 40× field; P = .0354). Conclusion Selective inhibition of HDAC6 in this lethal septic model was associated with a significant blunting of the stress responses, with attenuated thymic and bone marrow atrophy, and decreased splenic apoptosis. Our findings identify a novel mechanism behind the survival advantage seen with tubastatin A treatment.
Vouchering out Distressed Subsidized Developments Does Moving Lead to Enhanced Feelings of Safety

When families are provided with Section 8 vouchers or certificates, with moderate counseling and no program requirements as to where they should move, how far will they move and how successful will the moves be in terms of attaining greater feelings of safety? This article offers some answers to these questions through analysis of the experiences of households relocated from four distressed privately owned subsidized developments in Baltimore, Newport News, Virginia; Kansas City, Missouri; and San Francisco. Even though many of the residents chose to remain in the same area, most improved their situation in terms of safety by moving. The overwhelming majority reported that they felt safer at their new location, noting a lower incidence of crime, better neighbors, less loitering, and better security features. Thus, this article contends that inner-city families need not make long-distance moves toward the suburbs to enhance their sense of security.
Molal volumes and compressibilities of salts in seawater

Changes in the partial molal volumes (ΔV¯∗) and compressibilities (Δκ¯∗) for chemical reactions in seawater ΔV∗=∑iV¯∗(products)-∑iV¯∗(reactants) Δκ∗=∑iκ¯∗(products)-∑iκ¯∗(reactants) can be used to estimate the effect of pressure on ionic equilibria constants (KP/K0) ln(K∗P/K∗0)=(ΔV∗/RT)P-0.5(Δκ∗/RT)P2 where R and T have their normal meaning and P is the applied pressure (bar). The superscript * is used to denote values for an ionic media not water. In this paper, the partial molal volumes and compressibilities of a number of salts have been measured in seawater at 25 °C. These results have been used to determine the conventional partial molal volumes and compressibilities (V¯∗(H+) and κ¯∗(H+) = 0) for a number of ions (H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Cl−, Br−, I−, OH−, NO3-, HCO3-, SO22- and CO32-) in seawater at 25 °C. The values of the partial molal volume V¯∗ for F−, CO32- and SO42+ are higher in seawater than 0.725 m NaCl at the same ionic strength (SP = 35.00 and SA ∼ 35.165 g/kg). This is due to the formation of strong complexes with Mg2+ and Ca2+ and the release of water molecules upon the formation of the complexes. The first measurements of κ¯∗ of salts in seawater are compared to the results in 0.725 m NaCl. Since the values of κ¯∗ are similar in the two media, one can use the values in 0.725 m NaCl for seawater calculations. Correlations of the values of V¯∗ and κ¯∗ in seawater and 0.725 m NaCl have been developed to estimate the values for unknown ions in seawater. These results can be used to estimate the effect of pressure on ionic equilibria in the deep ocean.
Bronchodilator pretreatment improves aerosol deposition uniformity in HIV-positive patients who cough while inhaling aerosolized pentamidine.

Objective: To determine the effect of bronchodilator pretreatment on deposition uniformity of aerosolized pentamidine (AP) in HIV-positive patients who coughed while inhaling AP. Design: Nonrandomized control trial. Setting: A university hospital. Patients: Ten HIV-positive patients who were using AP prophylactically. Intervention: Four patients who coughed during AP administration were pretreated with 10 mg metaproterenol aerosol prior to a second inhalation of AP. Measurements: Skew, a measure of overall deposition symmetry, deposition in the apex vs the base of the right lung (A:B ratio), and percentage of change from baseline in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Results: At baseline, the average (± SD) skew value for four subjects who coughed (0.89 ± 0.19) was significantly higher than for six control subjects (0.58 ± 0.07) (p Conclusions: These results suggest that in addition to relieving cough in patients receiving AP prophylactically, pretreatment with metaproterenol enhances uniformity of distribution of AP and improves PEFR.
Measuring Environmental Consciousness in Product Design and Manufacturing

Adverse environmental impact, a consequence of the ever-increasing industrial activities since the Industrial Revolution, is a growing global problem. Corrective measures in the last several decades have proven insufficient and ineffective to remedy such environ mental damage. To protect the world we live in, it is necessary to adopt a preventive approach to environmental pollution. In order to elimi nate the problems from the very source, Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing (ECM), Design for Environment (DfE), and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) are now being pursued, falling under the paradigm of Concurrent Engineering (CE). This has led to the need of this research to define environmental consciousness, and to analyze its design implications. Environmental decision-making at the design stage of a product is considered vital to preventing negative environmental impact. Based on concems of all phases in the product life cycle, this re search defines seven criteria to measure environmental consciousness, in...
Who Watches Presidential Debates? Measurement Problems in Campaign Effects Research

t o examine whether a campaign event affected candidate preferences or candidate knowledge, survey researchers need to know who was exposed to the event. using the example of presidential debates, this study shows that survey respondents do not accurately report their exposure to even the most salient campaign events. two independent methods are used to assess the validity of self-reported debate exposure. first, survey estimates are compared to Nielsen estimates, which track exposure automatically. second, the temporal stability of self-reports across independent daily estimates in the National annenberg election survey is analyzed. both approaches indicate low validity of self- reports. self-reported debate audiences are approximately twice as big as comparable Nielsen estimates. independent random samples generate widely divergent audience estimates for the same debate depending on when the survey was conducted. the second finding demonstrates low validity of self-reports without assuming validity of Nielsen estimates (or any other benchmark). the low validity of self-reported debate expo- sure poses a major obstacle for campaign effects research. Without valid measures of who was exposed to a campaign event, research cannot establish the causal impact of the event.
Measurement of Muon (g-2) and Future Prospects

The case for a new measurement of the muon anomalous magnetic moment is briefly reviewed and the present plans for a new experiment are outlined.
TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF PATULIN IN MONKEYS

Patulin 4-hydroxy-4H-furo [3,2-c] -pyran-2(6H)-one, a mycotoxin produced by certain Aspergillus and Penicillium species, has been found as a contaminant of apple products. Patulin has resulted in toxicological effects in mice and rats; however, little information is available on the oral toxicity of patulin to primates. In this study, pig-tail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) were given daily oral doses of patulin for a period of 4 wk. Four groups of two monkeys each were used. One group served as a control and the other groups were given daily dosages of either 5, 50 or 500 μg of patulin per kg of body weight. After 4 wk, the monkeys on 500 μg/kg were given daily dosages of 5 mg/kg for an additional two weeks. To administer appropriate dosages, patulin was dissolved in citric acid buffer and applied to sliced freeze-dried bananas. Blood samples were taken weekly and hematology, serum protein elec-trophoresis and levels of serum glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, protein, glucose, sodium and potassium were determined. No statistically significant changes were observed in these physiological parameters, with the exception of AP, which decreased as patulin dosages increased.
The Multimedia Adult ESL Learner Corpus

K. Aijmer (Eds.), English corpus linguistics (pp. 8-29). London: Longman. Leech, G. (1998). Learner corpora: What they are and what can be done with them. In S. Granger (Ed.), Learner English on computer (pp. xiv-xx). London: Addison Wesley Longman. Longman Corpus Network. (2003). The Longman learners' corpus. Retrieved May 22, 2003, from http://www.longman-elt.com/dictionaries/corpus/lclearn.html Longman essential activator. (1997). Harlow, England: Addison Wesley Longman. McCarthy, M., & Carter, R. (2001). Size isn't everything: Spoken English, corpus, and the classroom. TESOL Quarterly, 35, 337-340. Milton, J. (1998). Exploiting Li and interlanguage corpora in the design of an electronic language learning and production environment. In S. Granger (Ed.), Learner English on computer (pp. 186-198). London: Longman. Milton, J. (n.d.). WordPilot [Computer software]. (Available from http://home .ust.hk/~autolang/downloadWP.htm) Odlin, T. (1989). Language transfer: Cross-linguistic influence in language learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Scott, M. (1996). WordSmith Tools [Computer software]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Don't Bury the V/Q Scan: It's as Good as Multidetector CT Angiograms with a Lot Less Radiation Exposure

Within the past decade, advances in CT technology have allowed superb angiographic studies for pulmonary embolism (PE) diagnosis. This has been embraced by clinicians and most diagnostic radiologists who are more comfortable with an anatomic demonstration of whether a clot is present or not as
Caste and Capitalism In Colonial India‐ The Nattukottal Chettlars

Caste and Capitalism In Colonial India; The Nattukottal Chettlars. DAVID WEST RUDNER Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of Callfornia Press, 1994. xix + 341 pp., figures, plates, tables, appendixes, glossary, notes, references, index.
"Quit stalling…!": Destiny and Destination on L.A.’s Inner City Roads

If driving has today really become a Western “metaphor for being” (Hutchinson), then common roadside signs proclaiming “Right lane must exit” or “Through traffic merge left”, inventions such as the automatic transmission, and the agreeable straightness of freeways can all be understood as symptoms of an ongoing socio-political struggle between the driver as democratic agent, and the state as institu-tionalized regulatory force. Nowhere is this more obvious than in the context of urban traffic, where private motorized transportation represents both the supreme (if illusory) expression of personal freedom, and official efforts to channel individualism by obliterating its sense of direction and ideological divergence. On the concrete proving grounds of the clogged inner-city freeway, “nomad science” and “state science” (Deleuze & Guattari) thus oscillate between the pseudo-liberatory expressivity of mainstream car culture and the self-effacing dromoscopic “amnesia of driving” (Baudrillard). Are a city’s multitudes of cars resistant “projectiles” (Virilio) or, rather, hegemonic “sites of containment” (Jane Jacobs)? This essay approaches the complex tensions between “untamable” democratic mobility and state-regulated transit by way of two Hollywood-produced films that focus on traffic in Los Angeles: in Collateral (2004), a cab driver comes to recognize and transcend the hopelessly directionless circularity dictated by his job; in Falling Down (1993), a frustrated civil service employee abandons his car on a rush-hour freeway and decides to walk home, forced to traverse the supposedly unwalkable city without the “masking screen of the windshield” (Virilio). As they “quit stalling”, both protagonists become dangerous variants of the defiant nomad – one a driver who remains on the road but goes “under the radar”, the other a transient pedestrian whose movement becomes viral and unpredictable. My analysis of the films’ metropolitan setting and of the incessant movement that marks both narratives links political and philosophical economies of motion, speed, and transit to a discussion of the various bandes vagabondage (Deleuze & Guattari) that are formed between city and driver, driver and car, and car and pedestrian. In this discussion, the inner-city road emerges as a primary site of conflict between civic rule and individual subject, and the flow of urban traffic comes to represent the tensions generated in spaces where movement is understood as both liberating and as a form of control.
Trials of galvanometers of various periods with electromagnetic seismometers

Galvanometers with a variety of periods have been tried with electromagnetic seismometers in order to extend the usefulness of the latter. It has been known for a long time that a filtering effect is obtained by the use of seismometer and galvanometer so that certain earth-vibrations are suppressed and others are magnified. The Benioff seismometer as usually employed is equipped with a short-period galvanometer with a period about a fifth of a second and a long-period galvanometer with a period of about a minute. Recording has been improved greatly by the use of three galvanometers, namely, the original short-period, a Leeds and Northrup Type-R with a period of 4.5 seconds, and a Leeds and Northrup Type-P ballistic with a period of 25 seconds.
Characterization of the Fur Regulon in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000

The plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (DC3000) is found in a wide variety of environments and must monitor and respond to various environmental signals such as the availability of iron, an essential element for bacterial growth. An important regulator of iron homeostasis is Fur (ferric uptake regulator), and here we present the first study of the Fur regulon in DC3000. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq), 312 chromosomal regions were highly enriched by coimmunoprecipitation with a C-terminally tagged Fur protein. Integration of these data with previous microarray and global transcriptome analyses allowed us to expand the putative DC3000 Fur regulon to include genes both repressed and activated in the presence of bioavailable iron. Using nonradioactive DNase I footprinting, we confirmed Fur binding in 41 regions, including upstream of 11 iron-repressed genes and the iron-activated genes encoding two bacterioferritins (PSPTO_0653 and PSPTO_4160), a ParA protein (PSPTO_0855), and a two-component system (TCS) (PSPTO_3382 to PSPTO_3380).
Women and young adults suffer most from other people's drinking

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Research on alcohol-related harm has predominantly focused on harm suffered by the drinker and priority has been given to health-related harms. In comparison, studies on alcohol's harms to others than the drinker are scarce. This study sought to examine the human sufferings from other people's drinking both in the public and in the private sphere. DESIGN AND METHODS: The data of our study come from the Finnish Drinking Habits Survey carried out by face-to-face interviews from two separate simple random samples among Finns aged 15-69. In 2000 the response rate was 78% (n = 1932) and in 2008 74% (n = 2725). RESULTS: Women experience much more negative consequences from others' drinking than men do in both public and private spaces. Regarding public places, people under the age of 30 experience harm most frequently. In the private sphere, harms experienced by women were more prevalent and more serious in character. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Women carry a notably heavier burden of problems related to other peoples' drinking. Language: en
Phenotypic plasticity of reproductive effort in a colonial ascidian, Botryllus schlosseri.

Phenotypic plasticity is the capability of a genotype to produce different phenotypes in different environments. Previous studies have indicated phenotypic variability in asexual, male, and female reproduction in Botryllus schlosseri, a hermaphroditic, colonial ascidian, but not explicitly tested for genotype by environment interactions that indicate genetic variation in plastic responses. Consequently, clones derived from an estuarine population were deployed at their native site and a warmer, higher productivity site 10km up-river. Male reproduction was assayed by testis size, female reproduction by the number of eggs produced, and asexual reproduction by colony growth rate. To test for ontogenetic effects, data were collected from two different generations of zooids born in the field. Analyses of variance indicated plasticity in asexual and female reproduction during the first zooid generation and plasticity in all three traits during the third zooid generation. Reaction norms varied significantly among genotypes in direction and magnitude for asexual reproduction at both times, implying that selection on asexual reproduction is weak. Sperm production during the third zooid generation was significantly lower at the nonnative site, but there was no genotype by environment interaction. The reaction norms for female reproduction varied significantly among genotypes in direction and magnitude during the first zooid generation, but only varied in magnitude during the third generation, with egg production being higher in all genotypes at the nonnative site. Comparisons of weighted frequency distributions between sites demonstrated that differences in egg production in the third generation were due to increases in the proportion of reproductive zooids within a colony. The greater emphasis on female reproduction at a site associated with higher food availability and temperature, and the greater emphasis on male reproduction at a colder, food-limited site, supports predictions from sex allocation theory. J. Exp. Zool. 297A:180–188, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
CHANGES IN LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC FUNCTION AFTER TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

Severe left ventricular (LV) diastolic abnormality is common in aortic stenosis (AS). It is unclear which of these changes reverse with and how long after transcathetar aortic valve replacement (TAVR). We analyzed the short term effect of TAVR on LV diastolic function. Forty patients undergoing
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia pneumonia in cancer patients without traditional risk factors for infection, 1997-2004.

In order to elucidate the spectrum of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia pneumonia in cancer patients without traditional risk factors, 44 cancer patients (cases) with S. maltophilia pneumonia in whom S. maltophilia pneumonia risk factors were not present were compared with two S. maltophilia pneumonia risk groups (controls) including 43 neutropenic non-intensive care unit (ICU) and 21 non-neutropenic ICU patients. The case and control patients had similar demographic and underlying clinical characteristics. Compared with case patients with S. maltophilia pneumonia, neutropenic patients had higher exposure to carbapenem antibiotics (58 vs. 41%; p < 0.03), more frequent hematologic malignancy (95 vs. 64%; p < 0.0003), and they presented with concurrent bacteremia more often (23 vs. 0%; p < 0.0005). Patients with S. maltophilia pneumonia in the ICU needed vasopressor therapy more frequently than cases (62 vs. 5%; p < 0.0001). Hospital-acquired S. maltophilia pneumonia was more common among controls than cases (98 vs. 61%; p < 0.000002). Among the cases, 15 (34%) received outpatient oral antimicrobial therapy, while 29 were hospitalized and eight (28%) were subsequently admitted to the ICU. The mean duration of ICU stay, even among these eight patients (19 ± 40 days), was comparable to that of patients with neutropenia (23 ± 26 days) and those who developed S. maltophilia pneumonia during their ICU stay (34 ± 22 days; p = 0.46). The overall infection-associated mortality in the 108 patients with S. maltophilia pneumonia was 25%. Twenty percent of patients without traditional risk factors for S. maltophilia pneumonia died due to progressive infection. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, only admission to the ICU predicted death (odds ratio 33; 95% confidence interval, 4.51–241.2; p < 0.0006). The results of this study indicate S. maltophilia pneumonia is a serious infection even in non-neutropenic, non-ICU patients with cancer.
Comparison of four theories of adolescent sexual exploration

This study tested competing theoretical concepts derived from social learning, differential association, social control, and containment theories, using hierarchial regression statistical procedures to examine their use in explaining whether or not adolescents had experienced sexual intercourse. It consisted of cross‐sectional data solicited from 1496 private high‐school students. Bivariate and multivariate analyses supported the assumption that selected concepts from different theories of deviance were relevant to adolescent sexual activity. Concepts from differential association, social learning, and social control theories were supported with evidence, and differential peer association accounted for two thirds of the total explained variance in adolescent sexual intercourse. An integrative theoretical model is proposed, based on the results of this study.
Critique and Sacrifice: Benjamin–Kommerell

The essay provides a close reading of Walter Benjamin's review Wider ein Meisterwerk, which is a stylistic and philosophical masterpiece itself. I trace some of the numerous allusions to the heritage of German poetry and prose from Goethe to George via Jean Paul that Benjamin weaves into his text in order to testify to his loving closeness to German literature and, at the same time, his uncompromising distance to fascist German ideology. Benjamin deciphers Max Kommerell's Habilitationsschrift on Der Dichter als Fuhrer in der deutschen Klassik as a failed attempt to stabilize charismatic leadership. Benjamin's meticulous reconstruction of Kommerell's art of physiognomic portraiture and proto-constructivist reinvention of German (literary) history shows not only his indebtedness to the George Circle but also his farewell to its seductive powers: Kommerell's myth falls prey to blood and soil, while Benjamin sacrifices the German myth on the altar of the dialectic of enlightenment.
Development of Control Algorithm for the Autonomous Gliding Delivery System

.The paper considers the development and simulation testing of the control algorithms for an autonomous high-glide aerial delivery system, which consists of 650sq.ft rectangular double-skin parafoil and 500lb payload. The paper applies optimal control analysis to the real-time trajectory generation. Resulting guidance and control system includes tracking this reference trajectory using a nonlinear tracking controller. The paper presents the description of the algorithm along with simulation results and ends with guidelines for the further implementation of the developed software aboard the real system. I. Introduction Maneuverable ram-air parafoils 1-3 are widely used today. The list of users includes skydivers, smoke jumpers and special forces. Furthermore, their extended range (compared to that of round canopy parachutes) makes them very practical for payload delivery. Recent
Noise characterization of block-iterative reconstruction algorithms: II. Monte Carlo simulations

In Soares et al. (2000), the ensemble statistical properties of the rescaled block-iterative expectation-maximization (RBI-EM) reconstruction algorithm and rescaled block-iterative simultaneous multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (RBI-SMART) were derived. Included in this analysis were the special cases of RBI-EM, maximum-likelihood EM (ML-EM) and ordered-subset EM (OS-EM), and the special case of RBI-SMART, SMART. Explicit expressions were found for the ensemble mean, covariance matrix, and probability density function of RBI reconstructed images, as a function of iteration number. The theoretical formulations relied on one approximation, namely that the noise in the reconstructed image was small compared to the mean image. We evaluate the predictions of the theory by using Monte Carlo methods to calculate the sample statistical properties of each algorithm and then compare the results with the theoretical formulations. In addition, the validity of the approximation will be justified.
AAC Interventions for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders: State of the Science and Future Research Directions

Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) provides a means of effective communication to individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), many of whom are unable to use conventional speech effectively. The purposes of this article are (a) to summarize and synthesize the last few decades of research on the use of AAC with people with ASD; (b) to indicate implications of this research for stakeholders such as people with ASD, their family members, and educators with whom they work; and (c) to outline priorities for future research to improve communication and other outcomes for individuals with ASD and their loved ones. People with ASD stand to greatly benefit from AAC, particularly with current AAC technologies, as described in this article.
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Cytolethal Distending Toxin Induces Apoptosis in Nonproliferating Macrophages by a Phosphatase-Independent Mechanism

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans strains that express cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) are associated with localized aggressive periodontitis. However, the in vivo targets of Cdt in the human oral cavity have not been firmly established. Here, we demonstrate that A. actinomycetemcomitans Cdt kills proliferating and nonproliferating U937 monocytic cells at a comparable specific activity, approximately 1.5-fold lower than that against the Cdt-hypersensitive Jurkat T-cell line. Cdt functioned both as a DNase and a phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PIP3) phosphatase, and these activities were distinguished by site-specific mutagenesis of the active site residues of CdtB. Using these mutants, we determined that the DNase activity of CdtB is required for cell cycle arrest and caspase-dependent induction of apoptosis in proliferating U937 cells. In contrast, Cdt holotoxin induced apoptosis by a mechanism independent of caspase- and apoptosis-inducing factor in nonproliferating U937 cells. Furthermore, apoptosis of nonproliferating U937 cells was unaffected by the Cdt mutant possessing reduced phosphatase activity or by the addition of a specific PIP3 phosphatase inhibitor, suggesting that the induction of apoptosis is independent of phosphatase activity. These results indicate that Cdt intoxication of proliferating and nonproliferating U937 cells occurs by distinct mechanisms and suggest that macrophages may also be potential in vivo targets of Cdt.
Nonparametric tests for and against likelihood ratio ordering in the two-sample problem

We derive nonparametric procedures for testing for and against likelihood ratio ordering in the two-population setting with continuous distributions. We account for this ordering by examining the least concave majorant of the ordinal dominance curve formed from the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimators of the continuous distribution functions F and G. In particular, we focus on testing equality of F and G versus likelihood ratio ordering and testing for a violation of likelihood ratio ordering. For both testing problems, we propose area-based and sup-norm-based test statistics, derive appropriate limiting distributions, and provide simulation results that characterise the performance of our procedures. We illustrate our methods using data from a controlled experiment involving the effects of radiation on mice.
The architecture of human kin detection

Evolved mechanisms for assessing genetic relatedness have been found in many species, but their existence in humans has been a matter of controversy. Here we report three converging lines of evidence, drawn from siblings, that support the hypothesis that kin detection mechanisms exist in humans. These operate by computing, for each familiar individual, a unitary regulatory variable (the kinship index) that corresponds to a pairwise estimate of genetic relatedness between self and other. The cues that the system uses were identified by quantitatively matching individual exposure to potential cues of relatedness to variation in three outputs relevant to the system’s evolved functions: sibling altruism, aversion to personally engaging in sibling incest, and moral opposition to third party sibling incest. As predicted, the kin detection system uses two distinct, ancestrally valid cues to compute relatedness: the familiar other’s perinatal association with the individual’s biological mother, and duration of sibling coresidence. Inbreeding is a bad thing, and many animals have evolved mechanisms for assessing genetic relatedness in order to avoid it. Whether such an in-built mechanism exists in humans has been controversial, but a new study of sibling behaviour finds evidence to support the idea. The study suggests that we use two distinct cues to compute a 'kinship index'. If a potential sibling is younger, we watch to see how much time he or she spends with our mother. If the sibling is older, we assess how much time we ourselves have spent with that person. How did humans learn who they are related to, to avoid inbreeding and mate with someone outside their family? This paper proposes that humans use evidence from their environment to compute a 'kinship index' and use it to estimate genetic relatedness to another human.
Relation of Serum Ascorbic Acid to Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins in US Adults

Objective: To examine the relation of serum ascorbic acid level to serum lipid and lipoprotein levels among a random sample of the US adult population.Methods: Using linear regression, the relation of serum ascorbic acid level to serum lipid and lipoprotein levels was examined among 5,412 women and 5,116 men enrolled in the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II), 1976–1980. Age, race, body mass index, level of physical activity, level of education, alcohol intake, and dietary energy, cholesterol, and fat intakes, and other potential confounders were included in the multivariate models.Results: Serum ascorbic acid level was independently associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) among women; each 1 mg/dl increase in serum ascorbic acid level (range 0.1 to 2.7 mg/dl) was associated with a 2 mg/dl increase in HDL-C level (p=0.001). Because other investigators have demonstrated an inverse relation between ascorbic acid intake or blood levels and total serum chol...
Transcriptional regulation of the major HIV-1 coreceptor, CXCR4, by the κ opioid receptor

Previous studies have demonstrated that KOR activation results in decreased susceptibility to infection by HIV-1 in human PBMCs. In the present studies, we have found this effect is, in part, a result of down-regulation of the major HIV-1 coreceptor, CXCR4. Using a combination of biochemical approaches, our results show that CXCR4 protein and mRNA levels were reduced significantly following KOR activation. We evaluated the nature of the signaling pathway(s), which were induced by KOR activation, using transcription factor-binding array analysis and comparing extracts from control and KOR-activated cells. We determined that the IRFs and STATs were induced following KOR activation, and these events were important for the inhibition of CXCR4 expression. Using chemical inhibitors and siRNA constructs, we determined that JAK2, STAT3, and IRF2 were critical members of this signal transduction pathway. Immediately following KOR activation, JAK2 was phosphorylated, and this was required for the phosphorylation/activation of STAT3. Moreover, IRF2 mRNA and protein expression were also up-regulated, and further studies using ChIP analysis showed that IRF2 was induced to bind in vivo to the CXCR4 promoter. This is the first report detailing the initiation of a KOR-induced JAK2/STAT3 and IRF2 signaling cascade, and these pathways result in substantial down-regulation of CXCR4 expression. The capacity of KOR to down-regulate CXCR4 expression may provide a strategy for the development of novel therapeutics for the inhibition of HIV replication.
Poverty and famines : an essay on entitlement and deprivation

This book focuses on the causes of starvation in general and famines in particular. The traditional analysis of famines is shown to be fundamentally defective, and the author develops an alternative analysis.
Resistance of Tobacco Introduction 1112 to the Tobacco Budworm and Green Peach Aphid

In field and laboratory tests, the mechanism of resistance to the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), in tobacco introduction (T.I.) 1112 (Nicotiana tabacum L.)was found to be nonpreference for oviposition. The mechanism of resistance to the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), appeared to be a tendency for alate aphids to abandon T.I. 1112 more readily than fluecured tobacco. Trichogramma parasitized Heliothis eggs on T.I. 1112, and more coccinelids werc present on this line than on flue-cured tobacco. Nonglandular trichomes may contribute to the observed resistance.
Electrolytes of damaged myocardial mitochondria.

SummaryThe concentrations of Mg2+, K+ and nitrogen in mitochondria isolated from dog myocardium after 2 and 3 hr of autolysis at 37° were significantly decreased from the control while the mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration showed a small apparent increase after 1 and 2 but not 3 hr of autolysis. Intramitochondrial dense bodies were found in the mitochondria isolated from damaged myocardium at all time intervals, but an increasing proportion of large mitochondrial fragments were isolated from the damaged tissue as the duration of autolysis increased, suggesting that the decreased nitrogen yield per unit quantity of heart was the result of increased mitochondrial fragility. These experiments do not finally establish whether the mitochondrial granules contain significant quantities of Ca2+, but do suggest that Mg2+ probably is not a significant constituent of the granules.
Cryogenic Two-Phase Flow and Boiling Heat Transfer During Pipe Chilldown (Invited)

*For the two-phase flow and heat transfer study, we have focused on the liquid nitrogen convective film boiling during the tube chilldown process. An experimental apparatus was designed and built. Flow pattern and wall temperature during the chilldown were obtained. For the terrestrial condition, when the cryogenic fluid first enters the warm tube, a sputtering and flashing core would lead the process that produces a mixture cloud of vapor and micro droplets, then the "quench front" would follow this sputtering core. The chilldown process is divided into three stages based on the temperature of the tube wall. At the beginning of the chill down procession, the wall temperature of the test section is near the room temperature, which is much higher than the temperature of the liquid nitrogen. The initial stage is therefore associated with a hot wall which causes the two-phase flow to take the form of a vapor core with scattered small liquid chunks. When the wall becomes slightly cooler, the inverted annular flow is seen where the liquid is occupying most of the tube with a vapor layer adjacent to the tube wall. When the wall decreases in temperature further, the two-phase flows are experiencing a transition from the film boiling (inverted annular flow) to the stratified flow. Finally when the wall is chilled down enough, a stable stratified two-phase flow was observed. We have also measured the wall temperature history at three downstream locations. Under microgravity condition, the flow pattern is an inverted annular flow with vapor covering the tube walls and liquid fragments filling the core region.
Design of Mutually Coupled Switched Reluctance Motors (MCSRMs) for Extended Speed Applications Using 3-Phase Standard Inverters

Design of a mutually coupled switched reluctance motor (MCSRM) competitive to the third generation interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) of Toyota Prius 2010 is presented. Compared with conventional SRM (CSRM), the proposed machine utilizes the standard six-switch voltage source inverter, which can facilitate the adoption of reluctance machines for traction applications. The structure of the MCSRM has been optimized for 60 kW output power over wide speed range of operation (2768–13500 r/min). Design details to improve machine torque density and to achieve the wide constant power speed range are presented. Performance evaluation under the targeted benchmark shows that the designed MCSRM can attain competitive performance metrics as that of the third generation IPMSM.
Treatment of mycosis fungoides lymphoma: effectiveness of infusions of methotrexate followed by oral citrovorum factor

Eleven patients with stage II or III mycosis fungoides lymphoma were treated with a regimen consisting of iv infusions of methotrexate (MTX) (60-240 mg/m2) administered sequentially and oral citrovorum factor. All 11 patients experienced a good to excellent response. Complete remissions were induced in seven of the 11 patients. In most cases remissions were sustained with weekly administration of low-dose (25--50 mg) MTX. Adverse drug reactions, such as leukopenia, anemia, and mucositis, were minimal in degree. Some unique adverse reactions included skin ulcerations (three patients), a leukocytoclastic angiitis (one patient), and painful hands and feet during MTX infusions (two patients). Our experience with this regimen has led us to conclude that it is safe and very effective in the treatment of stages II and III of mycosis fungoides.
Pentoxifylline and tocopherol in the management of cancer patients with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: an observational retrospective study of initial case series

Objective Very few studies have evaluated the efficacy of pentoxifylline and tocopherol (PENT-E) in the management of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), although some studies have shown the therapeutic and prophylactic benefit of PENT-E in the management of osteoradionecrosis. We report the outcomes of MRONJ managed with PENT-E in patients with metastatic bone disease or multiple myeloma. Study Design Seven patients diagnosed with established cases of refractory MRONJ caused by antiresorptive medications for the management of metastatic bone tumors or multiple myeloma were administered PENT-E for a mean period of 16.8 months (range 3-48 months). Results At the latest follow-up visit, all patients demonstrated relief of symptoms. There was radiographic evidence of new bone fill of prior radiolucent defect in all patients. Two patients had resolution of exposed bone, two patients had partial resolution, one patient had no change in exposed bone, and one patient with three sites of exposed bone before starting PENT-E had resolution in one site, partial resolution in another site, and no change in the third site. PENT-E was well tolerated in all patients. Conclusions Our case series demonstrated that PENT-E was well tolerated and may be an effective adjunct in the management of MRONJ.
Installing Check Point NGX

Publisher Summary Check Point has put a lot of research and development into the creation of SecurePlatform and the new addition of SecurePlatform Pro with NGX. Providing a pre-hardened OS simplifies the task of preparing your host to run the Check Point suite. This chapter reviews what must be done prior to the actual installation and configuration of a Check Point environment. With Check Point's extensive suite of Firewall products, ranging from the small, medium, and enterprise environments, there is a solution for every need. How to install SecurePlatform and then install and configure the gateway and management server is demonstrated. Once communication between the different components is set up, the SmartConsole is installed and configured. The SmartConsole is used to connect to the SmartCenter server to configure the security policy. The SmartCenter server provides a centralized location to control and push out your security policies to your different environments. The SmartDashboard utilizes a graphical user interface (GUI) to quickly comprehend and build security policy. Interconnecting Check Point devices has become easier with NGX, which corresponds to everybody's needs.
X-ray diffraction studies of 145 MeV proton-irradiated AlBeMet 162

Abstract AlBeMet 162 (Materion Co., formerly Brush Wellman) has been irradiated with 145 MeV protons up to 1.2 × 1020 cm−2 fluence, with irradiation temperatures in the range of 100–220 °C. Macroscopic post-irradiation evaluation on the evolution of mechanical and thermal properties was integrated with a comprehensive X-ray- diffraction study using high-energy monochromatic and polychromatic X-ray beams, which offered a microscopic view of the irradiation damage effects on AlBeMet. The study confirmed the stability of the metal–matrix composite, its resistance to proton damage, and the continuing separation of the two distinct phases, fcc aluminum and hcp beryllium, following irradiation. Furthermore, based on the absence of inter-planar distance change during proton irradiation, it was confirmed that the stacking faults and clusters on the Al (1 1 1) planes are stable, and thus can migrate from the cascade region and be absorbed at various sinks. XRD analysis of the unirradiated AlBeMet 162 showed clear change in the texture of the fcc phase with orientation especially in the Al (1 1 1) reflection which exhibits a “non-perfect” six-fold symmetry, implying lack of isotropy in the composite.
Truth: The Lost Virtue in Title Vii Litigation

By analyzing the Court's Title VII precedents, this Article demonstrates the compelling need - and statutory and precedential support - for requiring truth from employers in Title VII litigation. Further, the Article shows that there is no shortage of truth-seeking guides the Court may use to bring integrity to this area. Judicial demands for honesty from Title VII claimants and severe penalties against dishonest plaintiffs provide examples in this area. This Article also offers the Court's criminal law precedents as an effective source of guidance on this subject. Finally, the Article recommends that the Court follow Congress's lead by deciding cases in a way that evidences an understanding of the magnitude of employment discrimination and the tremendous difficulty of proof, given the human propensity to deceive. To deal with the inevitability of litigant dishonesty, this article recommends the adoption of bedrock jurisprudential rules that penalize dishonest litigants routinely.
A Small Molecule Stat Inhibitor Blocks Stat3 and Stat5 Phosphorylation and Demonstrates Cytotoxicity In Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Abstract 2904 Survival has improved dramatically in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but further gains are unlikely using conventional chemotherapy alone. Several recently discovered, novel cytogenetic lesions with adverse prognostic impact, JAK2 activating mutations and CRLF2 rearrangements, occur in up to 15% of adult and pediatric ALL. These lesions are associated with activation of Jak2 and Stat5, and hold promise as targets for novel therapies affecting these signaling pathways. We performed in vitro testing of a novel small molecule Stat inhibitor, C188-9, in B-lineage ALL cell lines and patient samples with and without JAK2/CRLF2 alterations. C188-9 treatment for one hour at 10 μM inhibited Stat3 and Stat5 phosphorylation in ALL cell lines with JAK2 and CRLF2 alterations, but not in cell lines with wild-type JAK2 and CRLF2 , as measured by phospho-flow cytometry ([Fig. 1A][1]). Only the cell lines with JAK2 and CRLF2 alterations demonstrated basal Stat5 phosphorylation on Western blot analysis, and this was inhibited by C188-9 treatment ([Fig. 1B][1]). C188-9 demonstrated cytotoxicity in ALL cell lines regardless of JAK2/CRLF2 status, with IC50s in the low micromolar concentration range ([Fig. 1C][1]). While C188-9 is undergoing investigation currently as a potent inhibitor of Stat3 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), it also merits further investigation as an agent with Stat5 inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity in ALL. ![Figure 1.][2] ![Figure 1.][2] ![Figure 1.][2] Figure 1. Effects of C188-9 in ALL cell lines. A. Stat3 and Stat5 phosphorylation were determined by flow cytometry in the ALL cell lines MHH-CALL-4 ( JAK2/CRLF2 mutated) and Reh ( JAK2/CRLF2 wild-type). In each condition, cells were incubated in serum-free media for one hour, followed by incubation with C188-9 or vehicle for one hour, stimulation with vehicle or pervanadate 125 mM for 15 minutes, fixation, permeabilization, phospho-antibody staining for phospho-Stat3 and phospho-Stat5, and flow cytometric analysis. B. Western blot for phospho-Stat5 in K562 cell line (positive control); MHHCALL-4 treated for one hour with C188-9 at 0, 5, or 10 uM; and RS4;11 ( JAK2/CRLF2 wild-type ALL cell line). C. IC50 determination by ATP assay for C188-9 in the ALL cell lines MHH-CALL-4 and RS4;11. Each experiment was performed in triplicate. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. [1]: #F1 [2]: pending:yes
SMAP L-Band Microwave Radiometer: Instrument Design and First Year on Orbit

The Soil Moisture Active–Passive (SMAP) L-band microwave radiometer is a conical scanning instrument designed to measure soil moisture with 4% volumetric accuracy at 40-km spatial resolution. SMAP is NASA’s first Earth Systematic Mission developed in response to its first Earth science decadal survey. Here, the design is reviewed and the results of its first year on orbit are presented. Unique features of the radiometer include a large 6-m rotating reflector, fully polarimetric radiometer receiver with internal calibration, and radio-frequency interference detection and filtering hardware. The radiometer electronics are thermally controlled to achieve good radiometric stability. Analyses of on-orbit results indicate that the electrical and thermal characteristics of the electronics and internal calibration sources are very stable and promote excellent gain stability. Radiometer NEDT 1 MHz and 1/f noise rising at longer time scales fully captured by the internal calibration scheme. Results from sky observations and global swath imagery of all four Stokes antenna temperatures indicate that the instrument is operating as expected.