cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Framework for Reliability Prediction During Product Development Process Incorporating Engineering Judgments

This paper presents a comprehensive framework for reliability prediction during the product development process. Early in the product development process, there is typically little or no quantitative evidence to predict the reliability of the new concept except indirect or qualitative information. The proposed framework addresses the issue of utilizing qualitative information in the reliability analysis. The framework is based on the Bayesian approach. The fuzzy logic theory is used to enhance the capability of the Bayesian approach to deal with qualitative information. This paper proposes to extract the information from various design tools and design review records and incorporate it into the Bayesian framework through a fuzzy inference system. The Weibull distribution is considered as failure/survival time distribution with the assumption of a known value of shape factor. Initial parameters of the Weibull distribution are estimated from warranty data of prior systems to estimate the initial Bayesian pa...
Monitoring of residual stresses in injection-molded plastics with holographic interferometry

Residual stresses are often trapped in injection-molded plastic parts due to the rapid cooling of the material in this manufacturing process. These stresses are a common source of failure in plastic components in automobiles, appliances and computers and are difficult to measure with conventional residual-stress experimental methods. Real-time holographic interferometry appears to be a viable technique to identify and monitor these stresses in plastic parts. In this investigation, holographic interferometry was used to monitor the relaxation of residual stresses in the plastic-molded actuator arm of a computer hard drive. In the first phase of this study, the relaxation of these residual stresses as a function of temperature was observed. In the second phase, the time to completely relax the residual stresses in the plastic part at an elevated temperature, the annealing temperature, was determined. In the third phase of this investigation, the rate of relaxation of these residual stresses as a function of time at various operating temperatures, was studied. Based on the results of this study, holographic interferometry appears to be a powerful research tool in the study of residual stresses in plastic parts. It also has the potential to be a practical tool for the inspection of manufactured plastic parts for the presence of residual stress.
Bacterial Mitosis: Actin in a New Role at the Origin

MreB is a prokaryotic homolog of actin involved in cellular organization and chromosome segregation. Recent results suggest that MreB is part of a kinetochore-like complex that specifically segregates the replication origin region of the bacterial chromosome.
Countertransference reactions to adolescents with eating disorders: relationships to clinician and patient factors.

Objective: Clinical report suggests that therapists have strong and sometimes difficult-to-manage reactions to patients with eating disorders (EDs); however, systematic research is largely absent. The purpose of this study was to explore the emotional responses, or countertransference (CT) reactions, clinicians experience when working with patients with EDs, and to identify clinician, patient, and therapy variables associated with these responses. Method: One hundred twenty clinicians reported on multiple variables related to an adolescent female patient they were treating for an ED. Results: Six patterns of reactions were identified: angry/frustrated, warm/competent, aggressive/sexual, failing/incompetent, bored/angry at parents and overinvested/worried feelings. The factors showed meaningful relationships across clinician demographics, patient characteristics, and treatment techniques. Discussion: Overall, clinician's reactions were most frequently associated with the clinician's gender, patient's level of functioning and improvement during treatment, and patient personality style. These issues have important implications for treatment, training and supervision. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009
On the stability of the FDTD method for solving a time‐dependent Schrödinger equation

The finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is often employed in simulation of electromagnetic fields. The scheme is explicit and two-level in time. However, it is not clear what the time step, Δt, should be when the FDTD method is applied for solving a time-dependent Schrodinger equation. In this study, we analyze the stability of the FDTD scheme for solving the time-dependent Schrodinger equation. A condition for choosing the time step is obtained in order that the scheme is stable. A numerical example is illustrated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2005
Primary responsibility protocol in computer integrated manufacturing

A study on the data-generation and flow process in manufacturing leads to the following primary responsibility protocol (PRP): at every hierarchical level, the design and decision output space can be partitioned according to its primary responsibility allocations. Based on the PRP, a computer integrated manufacturing, engineering, and sales (PRIMES) system with distributed decision making and database is described. It is shown that PRIMES is applicable to flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), robust, least costly to implement, capable of immediate return to investment, and adaptable to changing business and technological conditions. >
The selection of design variables in systems of algebraic equations

Present algorithms for the selection of design variables produce a single combination of design variables which results in a solution sequence of minimum difficulty. A new theory entitled solution mapping results in information about all optimal combinations of design variables. This theory gives detailed information about the structure of all underspecified systems of algebraic equations which do not contain persistent iteration.
An efficient electrically tunable etched cladding fiber Bragg grating filter tested under vacuum

We describe a novel electrically tunable fiber Bragg grating filter with a chemically etched cladding and an evaporated resistive layer on one side of the fiber. Over an order of magnitude improvement in tuning efficiency is demonstrated through reduction in the cladding diameter and tuning under vacuum conditions. Wavelength tuning ranges up to 2.5 nm with efficiencies greater than 200 nm/W have been demonstrated.
Designs of Bisimilar Petri Net Controllers With Fault Tolerance Capabilities

This paper proposes an approach for providing tolerance against faults that may compromise the functionality of a given controller modeled by a Petri net. The method is based on embedding the given Petri net controller into a larger (redundant) Petri net controller that retains the original functionality and properties, and uses additional places, connections, and tokens to impose invariant conditions that allow the systematic detection and identification of faults via linear parity checks. In particular, this paper considers two types of redundant Petri net controllers: 1) nonseparate redundant Petri net controllers have the same functionality as the given Petri net controller and allow for fault detection and identification, but do not necessarily retain the given controller intact; and 2) separate redundant Petri net controllers are a special case of the nonseparate redundant controllers that retain the given Petri net controller intact but enhance it with additional places to enable fault detection and identification. The work in this paper obtains complete characterizations of both types of redundant controllers along with necessary and sufficient conditions for them to be bisimulation equivalent to the given original Petri net controller. In addition, this paper discusses how each type of redundant controllers can be designed to have desirable fault detection and identification capabilities. When the bisimulation equivalence requirement is not directly enforced, nonseparate redundant controllers can potentially have advantages over separate ones (e.g., they can use fewer connections to detect and identify the same number of faults). An example of a Petri net controller for a production cell and its fault tolerance capabilities using separate and nonseparate embeddings is used to illustrate the approach.
Theory and observations of upward field‐aligned currents at the magnetopause boundary layer

The dependence of the upward field-aligned current density (J||) at the dayside magnetopause boundary layer is well described by a simple analytic model based on a velocity shear generator. A previous observational survey confirmed that the scaling properties predicted by the analytical model are applicable between 11 and 17 MLT. We utilize the analytic model to predict field-aligned currents using solar wind and ionospheric parameters and compare with direct observations. The calculated and observed parallel currents are in excellent agreement, suggesting that the model may be useful to infer boundary layer structures. However, near noon, where velocity shear is small, the kinetic pressure gradients and thermal currents, which are not included in the model, could make a small but significant contribution to J||. Excluding data from noon, our least squares fit returns log(J||,max_cal) = (0.96 ± 0.04) log(J||_obs) + (0.03 ± 0.01) where J||,max_cal = calculated J||,max and J||_obs = observed J||.
Insomnia, Emotions, and Job Satisfaction: A Multilevel Study

The authors used experience-sampling methodology to investigate the dynamic relationships among insomnia, emotions, and job satisfaction. Over a period of 3 weeks, 45 employees completed surveys each workday, producing a total of 550 observations. Results revealed that, within individuals, insomnia was associated with increased feelings of hostility and fatigue and decreased feelings of joviality and attentiveness. Insomnia was also negatively related to job satisfaction, and this relationship was mediated by the emotions. Finally, gender moderated the within-individual relationships between insomnia and three of the four emotions such that women were more affected by a poor night of sleep than were men.
Effects of thermal roughness on X-ray studies of liquid surfaces

The effects of thermal roughness on X-ray studies of liquid surfaces will be discussed. In contrast to solid surfaces, for which the surface height‐height correlation function remains finite at large distances, for liquid surfaces thermal fluctuations induce a logarithmic dependence for distances smaller than a gravitationally induced cutoff that is of the order of mm. As a result of this there is no true specular X-ray reflectivity liquid surfaces. Theory and measurements explaining this phenomena will be presented. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Synchronized Multiple Spacecraft Rotations: A Revisit in the Context of Consensus Building

The problem of synchronized multiple spacecraft rotations is revisited in the context of the emergent consensus building paradigm. We propose control laws so that multiple spacecraft can maintain given (time-varying) relative attitudes and angular velocities during formation maneuvers. We also propose control laws to guarantee that multiple spacecraft can track a given (time-varying) reference attitude when the reference attitude is only available to a part of the team members. The proposed control laws for reference attitude tracking allow information to flow from any spacecraft to any other spacecraft to introduce information feedback between neighbors, which generalizes the leader-follower approach in the literature. Simulation results on reference attitude tracking are presented to validate our approach.
Incarceration and perinatal smoking: a missed public health opportunity

Background Incarceration is simultaneously a public health opportunity and a public health concern. We examined the association between maternal/partner incarceration in the year prior to birth and perinatal smoking. Methods We pooled 2006–2010 data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention9s Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System. Controlling for age, race/ethnicity, education, marital status and other stressors, we assessed prevalence and heaviness of perinatal smoking. Findings Women who reported incarceration of themselves or their partners in the year prior to delivery were more likely to smoke during the last trimester of pregnancy (adjusted OR (AOR) 1.51 (95% CI 1.36 to 1.67)), and they were more likely to smoke more than 10 cigarettes a day compared to smokers who did not report incarceration (AOR 1.35 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.65)). Patterns were similar for the 3 months prior to pregnancy and postbirth smoking. Conclusions Incarceration of a parent in the 12 months before birth is associated with increased risk of fetal and newborn exposure to smoking. The criminal justice system can be utilised by public health practitioners to target perinatal smoking reduction interventions.
Influence of social goal orientations and peers on unsportsmanlike play.

Abstract The present study was designed to examine the influence of personal (i.e., social goal orientations or definitions of success that include interpersonal relationships) and situational (i.e., peer influence) factors on decisions surrounding unsportsmanlike play. Middle school students (ages 11–15 years) completed a measure to assess task, ego, and social goal orientations. Participants also read scenarios about unsportsmanlike actions and responded to questions tapping the intention to perform those actions. A series of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that in certain peer contexts, social goal orientations influenced unsportsmanlike play responses above and beyond the contribution of task and ego goal orientations. Results varied for boys and girls and provide support for including social goal orientations in achievement motivation research in the physical domain.
0065 Developing a strategic plan to reduce child abuse and neglect fatalities

Statement of purpose The Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS) and the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) have been charged by the Select Committee on Child Protection, a legislative committee, with reducing child fatalities from abuse and neglect by developing a strategic plan to address the types of cases that are occurring and the underlying risks that exist in families and communities. The goal is to reduce child abuse and neglect fatalities by providing timely, evidence-based services to families and communities, help guide and direct prevention and intervention programs, and identify unmet needs so programs can be developed and coordinated between agencies. Methods/Approach The Texas Department of State Health Services and Texas Department of Family and Protective Services partnered to form an ongoing workgroup to review child fatality data linked between DFPS and DSHS. The focus of this workgroup was to make recommendations for interagency collaboration to prevent child abuse and neglect fatalities. Meetings were held with subject matter experts within both agencies once target areas were identified to inform the strategic plan. Results The workgroup developed a comprehensive, evidence-based action plan with interagency coordination to decrease deaths in the following areas: sleep-related, hyperthermia and motor vehicle pedestrian, and physical abuse/parental intimate partner violence. Action plan items include creating interagency workgroups and educational campaigns, working with local partners to address safe sleep and intimate partner violence in non-traditional environments, and working with groups such as child fatality review teams to assess prevention strategies in targeted areas. Conclusions The workgroup formed by the Select Committee on Child Protection, a legislative committee, created a thorough strategic plan to guide prevention efforts for child abuse and neglect deaths. Various workgroups and initiatives regarding safe sleep, motor vehicle safety and physical abuse/intimate partner violence commenced from the collaboration between state and local agencies. Significance and contribution to the field Collaboration between state public health agencies is crucial in providing the community with the best prevention and intervention programs available to prevent child abuse and neglect deaths.
Thioredoxin Interacting Protein Promotes Endothelial Cell Inflammation in Response to Disturbed Flow by Increasing Leukocyte Adhesion and Repressing Kruppel-Like Factor 2

Rationale Endothelial cells (EC) at regions exposed to disturbed flow (d-flow) are predisposed to inflammation and the subsequent development of atherosclerosis. We previously showed that thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) was required for tumor necrosis factor-mediated expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Objective We sought to investigate the role of TXNIP in d-flow-induced cell adhesion molecule expression and leukocyte interaction with vessels, and the mechanisms by which TXNIP suppresses athero-protective gene expression. Methods and results Using en face staining of mouse aorta, we found a dramatic increase of TXNIP in EC at sites exposed to d-flow as compared to steady flow. EC-specific TXNIP (EC-TXNIP) knockout mice showed significant decreases in vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mRNA expression in the d-flow regions of mouse aorta. Intravital microscopy of mesenteric venules showed that leukocyte rolling time was decreased, whereas rolling velocity was increased significantly in EC-TXNIP knockout mice. In vitro experiments using a cutout flow chamber to generate varying flow patterns showed that increased TXNIP was required for d-flow-induced EC-monocyte adhesion. Furthermore, we found that the expression of Kruppel-like factor 2, a key anti-inflammatory transcription factor in EC, was inhibited by TXNIP. Luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that TXNIP was present within a repressing complex on the Kruppel-like factor 2 promoter. Conclusions These data demonstrate the essential role for TXNIP in mediating EC-leukocyte adhesion under d-flow, as well as define a novel mechanism by which TXNIP acts as a transcriptional corepressor to regulate Kruppel-like factor 2-dependent gene expression.
Fibrolamellar hepatocarcinoma: Clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features

Three new cases of an unusual subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) referred to as fibrolamellar hepatocarcinoma (FLHC) recently seen at our institution are described. This report focuses on the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features of this rare subset of HCC. All three patients were under 30 years of age with no previous history of hepatitis or cirrhosis. Each had had subacute symptoms for 5 months to 1 year before medical attention was sought and/or diagnosis of FLHC was established. There was no reliable correlation with oral contraceptive use in the 2 female patients. Serum alpha-1-fetoprotein levels were normal with only mild elevation of liver enzymes. The CT features, although not specific, were suggestive of an aggressive tumor with amorphous calcification in 2 of the 3 cases. Angiographically all tumors were hypervascular without any evidence of arterioportal shunting or venous invasion of major vessels. The clinical and radiologic recognition of these tumors is important since the surgical resectibility rate and 2- and 5-year survival rates are higher than those applicable to conventional HCC.
A higher-order predictor-corrector scheme for two-dimensional advection-diffusion equation

A higher-order accurate numerical scheme is developed to solve the two-dimensional advection-diffusion equation in a staggered-grid system. The first-order spatial derivatives are approximated by the fourth-order accurate finite-difference scheme, thus all truncation errors are kept to a smaller order of magnitude than those of the diffusion terms. Therefore, there is no need to add an artificial diffusion term to balance the unwanted numerical diffusion. For the time derivative, the fourth-order accurate Adams-Bashforth predictor-corrector method is applied. The stability analysis of the proposed scheme is carried out using the Von Neumann method. It is shown that the proposed algorithm has good stability. This method also shows much less spurious oscillations than current lower-order accurate numerical schemes. As a result, the proposed numerical scheme can provide more accurate results for long-time simulations. The proposed numerical scheme is validated against available analytical and numerical solutions for one- and two-dimensional transport problems. One- and two-dimensional numerical examples are presented in this paper to demonstrate the accuracy and conservative properties of the proposed algorithm by comparing with other numerical schemes. The proposed method is demonstrated to be a useful and accurate modelling tool for a wide range of transport problems.
Effect of testosterone and estradiol on the LH and FSH release induced by LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in intact male rats.

The effect of the pretreatment with testosterone propionate, estradiol benzoate, or a combination of both steroids, on the FSH and LH release induced by the injection of a synthetic LH-RH preparation in intact adult male rats was investigated. The pretreatment with testosterone propionate and the combination of testosterone propionate plus estradiol benzoate significantly suppressed the LH and FSH release induced by LH-RH. Estradiol benzoate alone caused a slight, not significant suppression of the response to LH-RH. In the light of the previous findings from several laboratories, it seems probable that the action of sex steroids is at least partly exerted on the pituitary gland. Thus, the sex steroids in addition to the negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus, appear to exert a modulating activity directly on the pituitary gland. (Endocrinology 90: 1578, 1972)
Relationship between HLA class I antigen processing machinery component expression and the clinicopathologic characteristics of bladder carcinomas.

Purpose The goal of this study was to analyze protein expression of antigen processing machinery (APM) components in bladder carcinoma (BC), and to assess the clinical significance of defects in their expression.
Seasonal Dispersal Patterns of Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Occurrence in Central and Eastern North Carolina

The seasonal abundance and temporal pattern of Frankliniella fusca Hinds dispersal were monitored from 1996 to 2000 at 12 locations in central and eastern North Carolina. The predominant vector species of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) captured across all locations was F. fusca (98%). The temporal patterns of F. fusca dispersal observed during spring seasons varied among locations in all years except 2000. Regression analysis estimated that times of first flight in the spring seasons varied among locations, whereas flight duration intervals were similar. Temporal patterns of F. fusca captured varied significantly between aerial traps placed 0.1 and 1.0 m above the soil surface. Fewer total thrips were captured at 0.1 m, although thrips dispersal occurred earlier and over a greater time interval compared with 1.0-m traps. Temporal patterns of TSWV occurrence differed among locations in the spring seasons of 1999 and 2000, whereas patterns of virus occurrence were similar during the fall seasons. Patterns of F. fusca dispersal and subsequent TSWV occurrence were synchronous at locations in 1999 and 2000 where the greatest number of TSWV lesions was recorded. Knowledge of the temporal patterns of F. fusca dispersal and TSWV occurrence may be a useful indicator for describing the time when susceptible crops are at highest risk of TSWV infection.
PATTERNS AND CONDITIONS OF DEFORMATION IN THE PLATTENKALK NAPPE, CRETE, GREECE: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

We present preliminary results from an ongoing study of deformation and fluid flow within the meta-carbonates of the Plattenkalk nappe exposed in central and western Crete, Greece. Deformation was controlled by lithological properties and is mainly expressed as makro- to meso-scale folds and localized thrusts. Folds along several profiles are mainly asymmetric flexural-slip folds with south to southeast vergence, sub-horizontal east-west trending fold axes, and variable fold opening angles. The large folds commonly invert the stratigraphic section. Variable recrystallization near cracks and bedding contacts within the carbonate rocks suggests that localization of fluids into channelways left much of the rock sequence “dry” during metamorphism. The style of the late Tertiary deformation and general tectonic setting for the Plattenkalk nappe suggests that accretion and deformation are “thin-skinned”.
Renin-angiotensin system and aldosterone secretion during aortic constriction in the rat

Suprarenal aortic constriction sufficient to reduce renal perfusion pressure by approximately 50% increased aldosterone secretion in anesthetized rats pretreated with dexamethasone. Bilateral nephrectomy under the same experimental conditions blocked the aldosterone response. Additionally, [1-sarcosine, 8-alanine]angiotensin II blocked the response in aldosterone secretion to aortic constriction in dexamethasone-treated rats. Finally, in rats hypophysectomized to exclude the influence of ACTH, the aldosterone response to aortic constriction was blocked by [1-sarcosine, 8-alanine]angiotensin II. The results indicate that angiotensin II increased aldosterone secretion during aortic constriction in the rat. These observations, along with those reported previously in sodium-depleted rats, point to an important overall role for the renin-angiotensin system in the control of aldosterone secretion in the rat.
Fundamental Concepts of Rectangular Settling Tanks

This investigation of fundamental theories of sedimentation, scour by turbulent eddies, inlet and outlet disturbances, and sludge-thickening phenomena indicates that settling tanks should be design...
Energy-cascade organic photovoltaic devices incorporating a host-guest architecture.

In planar heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs), broad spectral coverage can be realized by incorporating multiple molecular absorbers in an energy-cascade architecture. Here, this approach is combined with a host–guest donor layer architecture previously shown to optimize exciton transport for the fluorescent organic semiconductor boron subphthalocyanine chloride (SubPc) when diluted in an optically transparent host. In order to maximize the absorption efficiency, energy-cascade OPVs that utilize both photoactive host and guest donor materials are examined using the pairing of SubPc and boron subnaphthalocyanine chloride (SubNc), respectively. In a planar heterojunction architecture, excitons generated on the SubPc host rapidly energy transfer to the SubNc guest, where they may migrate toward the dissociating, donor–acceptor interface. Overall, the incorporation of a photoactive host leads to a 13% enhancement in the short-circuit current density and a 20% enhancement in the power conversion...
Stereochemical Recognition in Lipase Catalysis

Enantioselective lipase catalysis, in either aqueous or organic media, is becoming increasingly important in preparative synthetic chemistry. Despite poor enantiotopic selectivity in hydrolyzing triacylglycerols, lipases proved to be remarkable asymmetric agents in resolving carboxylic acids and alcohols. Thus, this article discusses (1) the general catalytic features of lipases, (2) the basic principles that govern the stereochemical selectivity of lipase catalysis in aqueous and organic media for the preparation of optically active compounds, and (3) experimental parameters important to lipase-catalyzed enantioselective esterification in organic solvents.
Contextual and Strategic Differences Among Mature Businesses in Four Dynamic Performance Situations

Recent empirical studies have presented evidence that contradicts the presumed trade-off between changes in market share and profitability. This research attempted to resolve these inconsistent findings and to examine the conditions under which simultaneous increases in market share and profitability are found Contextual and strategic differences were identified among businesses in four dynamic performance situations.
The Flow Behavior of a Confined Viscoplastic Annular Jet

Flow characteristics of a confined annular jet of a viscoplastic non-Newtonian fluid were investigated numerically within the steady laminar flow regime. A parametric study is implemented to investigate the influence of confinement ratio, CR, inner-to-outer annular nozzle diameter ratio, k, and yield number, Y, over the following range of parameters: CR = {5, 40}, k = {0, 0.5, 0.8}, and Y = {0, 0.5, 1}. Central and outer recirculation regions typically characterize the flow of a confined Newtonian annular jet. However, extent of the outer recirculation region and recirculation intensities of both the central and outer regions were found to substantially diminish with the yield number for all confinement and annular diameter ratios, resulting in the elimination of recirculation throughout the whole flow field at high yield numbers. The confinement ratio has a dramatic impact on the recirculation intensity of the outer region, and centerline velocity and jet momentum evolution, only in the case of Newtonian flows. Axial penetration of the submerged annular jet decreases with the inner-to-outer annular nozzle diameter ratio and the yield numbers for all confinement ratios.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Investigation on urinary and salt iodine levels of school-aged children in Minhang District of Shanghai

Objective To investigate urinary iodine level and salt iodine level of school-aged children in Minhang District of Shanghai. Methods The multi-stage cluster sampling method was applied and 4classes were randomly selected from each grade of 3to 5in a primary school in Minhang District.All students in those selected classes were enrolled.Morning urine samples of children and salt samples from home were collected and tested. Results A total of 498urine samples were collected and then tested,including 246males and 252females.The median urinary iodine level for all participants was 143.28μg/L(male 147.46μg/L,female 141.66μg/L).Students with an urinary iodine lower and higher than the recommended level accounted for 27.11%and 27.51%,respectively.The average level of salt iodine was 20.61mg/kg.Only 79.09% salt samples were iodized,among which 71.34% were qualified iodized salt.Non-iodized and unqualified iodized salt accounted for 20.91% and 7.66% of all salt samples.Students consuming non-iodized salt had a significant lower urine iodine level,as compared with others(χ 2=6.34,P=0.04). Conclusions The status of iodine nutrition in school-aged children in Minhang District was diverse but the average level for these students was fairly well.
Single-Cell Analysis of Cytotoxic T Cell Function by Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy

Novel nonlinear optical imaging modalities, most prominently multiphoton microscopy, allow for the direct in vivo visualization of dynamic biological processes in experimental animals at high spatial and temporal resolution. This has led to important new insights into the orchestration of adaptive immune responses. Here we describe in detail a technique that allows for the monitoring of the cytotoxic function of CD8(+) effector T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes of mice at the single-cell level in vivo using multiphoton intravital microscopy.
‘That’s the doctor’s job’: Overcoming patient reluctance to be involved in medical decision making

Abstract Objective To review the barriers to patient engagement and techniques to increase patients’ engagement in their medical decision-making and care. Discussion Barriers exist to patient involvement in their decision-making and care. Individual barriers include education, language, and culture/attitudes (e.g., deference to physicians). Contextual barriers include time (lack of) and timing (e.g., lag between test results being available and patient encounter). Clinicians should gauge patients’ interest in being involved and their level of current knowledge about their condition and options. Framing information in multiple ways and modalities can enhance understanding, which can empower patients to become more engaged. Tools such as decision aids or audio recording of conversations can help patients remember important information, a requirement for meaningful engagement. Clinicians and researchers should work to create social norms and prompts around patients asking questions and expressing their values. Telehealth and electronic platforms are promising modalities for allowing patients to ask questions on in a non-intimidating atmosphere. Conclusion Researchers and clinicians should be motivated to find ways to engage patients on the ethical imperative that many patients prefer to be more engaged in some way, shape, or form; patients have better experiences when they are engaged, and engagement improves health outcomes.
A Love of Discovery

Those who knew him or worked with him described Robert Karplus as brilliant, intellectually curious, and possessing a sense of openness, warmth and friendliness that he extended to everyone he met. Each of us writing in this volume has a different story to tell that focuses on some aspect of the lasting contributions of Robert Karplus to science education. In this brief essay, I will first try to capture a sense of the personal qualities that inspired the confidence, respect and affection of so many people who knew or worked with Bob Karplus; and second, I will describe that which I consider to be his major, lasting intellectual contributions to education.
Lessons From Pediatric HIV: A Case for Curative Intent in Pediatric Cancer in LMICs.

* Abbreviations: ALL — : acute lymphoblastic leukemia ARV — : antiretroviral medication BL — : Burkitt lymphoma CLHIV — : children living with HIV HIC — : high-income country LMIC — : low- and middle-income country Antiretroviral medications (ARVs) are now being provided to nearly 50% of children living with HIV (CLHIV) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), an increase of 30% in the past 5 years.1 The provision of ARVs in LMICs demonstrates that effective therapy can be delivered to children with complex medical issues. An estimated 96% of CLHIV and 80% of children <15 years of age living with cancer reside in LMICs, where 94 900 pediatric AIDS deaths and 120 000 pediatric cancer deaths occur annually.2,3 The health system infrastructure gains in the fight against HIV and other communicable diseases represent a promising platform for long-overdue, transformational cancer care in LMICs. Similar to combination antiretroviral therapy in the context of pediatric HIV, the advent of combination chemotherapy in the mid-1960s revolutionized pediatric cancer treatment. Before chemotherapy, pediatric cancer was uniformly fatal, and care was focused on palliation. By the 1970s, over half of children diagnosed with cancer in high-income countries (HICs) were cured. … Address correspondence to Henry Miller, Office of HIV/AIDS, United States Agency for International Development, 1300 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20523. E-mail: hmiller{at}usaid.gov
Nominal property based predictive models for asphalt mixture complex modulus (dynamic modulus and phase angle)

Abstract Dynamic modulus (|E∗|) and phase angle (δ) are necessary for determining the response of asphalt mixtures to in-service traffic and thermal loadings. While a number of |E∗| and δ predictive models have been developed, many of them require lab measured properties (e.g. binder complex modulus). The majority of previous work has focused only on prediction of |E∗|, limited models exist for prediction of δ. This research utilized generalized regression modelling of lab measurements (from 81 asphalt mixtures) to develop and verify prediction models for |E∗| and δ using only nominal asphalt mix properties that are readily available during the initial mixture design and specification process.
Syntheses of Molybdenum Adamantylimido and t-Butylimido Alkylidene Chloride Complexes Using HCl and Diphenylmethylphosphine

Reactions between Mo(N-t-Bu)2(CH2-t-Bu)2 or Mo(NAdamantyl)2(CH2CMe2Ph)2 and 3 equiv of HCl in the presence of 1 equiv of PPh2Me yield Mo(NR)(CHR′)(PPh2Me)Cl2 complexes, from which Mo(NR)(CHR′)(PPh2Me)(OAr)Cl complexes (OAr = a 2,6-terphenoxide) can be prepared. The Mo(NR)(CHR′)(PPh2Me)(OAr)Cl complexes were evaluated as cross-metathesis catalysts between cyclooctene and Z-1,2-dichloroethylene. The efficiencies of the test reaction for complexes in which OAr = OTPP, OHMT, OHIPT, or OHTBT (where OTPP is 2,3,5,6-tetraphenylphenoxide, OHMT is hexamethylterphenoxide, OHIPT is hexaisopropylterphenoxide, and OHTBT is hexa-t-butylterphenoxide) maximize when OAr is OHMT or OHIPT. Mo(N-t-Bu)(CH-t-Bu)(PPh2Me)Cl2 is essentially inactive for the reaction between cyclooctene and Z-1,2-dichloroethylene. X-ray structural studies were carried out on Mo(NAd)(CHCMe2Ph)(PPh2Me)Cl2, Mo(N-t-Bu)(CH-t-Bu)(PPh2Me)(OHMT)Cl, Mo(NAd)(CHCMe2Ph)(Cl)(OHTBT)(PMe3), and [Mo(NAd)(CHCMe2Ph)(PMe3)(Cl)]2(μ-O), the product of the reaction bet...
School Environment Is Related to Lower Health and Safety Risks Among Sexual Minority Middle and High School Students.

Abstract Purpose The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between school involvement and connectedness with measures of sexual risk, substance use, and experience of violence among students who had sexual contact with the same sex or with both sexes. Methods A sample of middle school and high school students who participated in a study conducted in a large urban school district were selected based on their reported experience of having initiated sexual activity with same-sex partners. In classroom-based surveys, we assessed self-reported involvement in school-based activities and feelings of school connectedness, as well as self-reported sexual risk, substance use, and experience of violence. Results Significant protective associations were found between school involvement and lifetime alcohol and marijuana use, and between school connectedness and ever having been in a fight, feeling safe at school, and drug use other than marijuana (all p Conclusions Findings suggest that efforts to increase school involvement and connectedness provide a starting point for addressing significant health and safety concerns among students with same-sex sexual activity.
Nitrogen cycle dynamics in the Late Cretaceous Greenhouse

Abstract Great attention has been paid to the origin of anomalously low nitrogen isotope values during the Late Cretaceous. Nitrogen isotope values are often as low as − 3 ‰ and are typically less than + 2 ‰ , even in relatively organic matter-lean sediments. Here we evaluate nitrogen isotope variability during a relatively quiescent phase of the Late Cretaceous Greenhouse, between Oceanic Anoxic Events 2 and 3, using the black shales of Demerara Rise (DR). Selection of this site allows us to isolate some of the factors that control nitrogen cycle dynamics and contribute to low nitrogen isotope values. New N-isotope measurements from ODP Site 1259 reveal δ 15 N values that range from + 0.2 ‰ to −3.5‰ and oscillate by 1.5‰ to 3‰ over 1.6 million years (Ma). Temporal calibration of our data using a new astronomical time scale reveals a strong ∼100 thousand year (ka) eccentricity cyclicity in δ 15 N. We attribute this cyclicity to oscillations in the position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) over DR that modulate upwelling intensity, chemocline depth and the degree of 15N-depletion. We also recognize a statistically significant correlation ( p = 0.0022 ) between the TEX86 indices and δ 15 N, with the lowest δ 15 N corresponding to the highest TEX86 indices. This relationship suggests that the activity and ecology of ammonia oxidizing Thaumarchaeota and the δ 15 N of dissolved inorganic nitrogen utilized by primary producers are linked. We therefore interpret the observed variability in the δ 15 N data and TEX86 indices as primarily reflecting fluctuation of upwelling intensity and chemocline depth, and the significant inverse relationship between these data sets suggests that caution should be exercised when interpreting the TEX86 in terms of temperature in similar paleoenvironmental settings.
PKR activation in neurodegenerative disease

Interferon-inducible, double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR is well known as an early cellular responder to viral infection. Activation of PKR has been associated with a number of downstream cell stress and cell death events, including a generalized shutdown of protein translation, activation of caspase-8, participation in JNK and p38 MAPK pathways, activation of NF-κB, etc. Recently, the activation of PKR has also been described in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington disease, Alzheimer disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although the relationship between PKR and these diseases is still unclear, the overlap between known functions of PKR and biochemical events that occur in these neuropathologies are discussed here.
Social medicine and international expert networks in Latin America, 1930-1945.

This paper examines the international networks that influenced ideas and policy in social medicine in the 1930s and 1940s in Latin America, focusing on institutional networks organised by the Leagu...
When the Fractional Cookie Begins to Crumble: Conceptual Understanding of Fractions in the Fifth Grade

When teachers conduct a universal screening in mathematics, they identify students who are struggling with mathematical content and adjust their instruction. In this mixed-methods study in Kolkata, India, teachers piloted a screening tool at the beginning of the academic year in 5th grade to determine students’ (n = 171) understanding of fractional number sense. The results of the screening show that the majority (70%) of students in fifth grade are in need of more instruction in foundational fraction concepts. Common misconceptions on screener items are shared, as well as strategies for improving fraction instruction to prevent future errors.
Antimicrobial Resistance in Intra-abdominal Infections

Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide expanding phenomenon with unprecedented consequences in morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditures. Surgical departments follow the global alarming trends, with less than a handful antibiotics active against many contemporary bacteria with pan-drug-resistant phenotypes.
An attempt to analyze data distribution for abnormal behaviors

In this paper we propose an approach to analyzing data distribution of multi-dimensional data sets, focusing on the process of those data points with abnormal behaviors. We discuss the characteristics of outliers and give them new meanings which are related to the K nearest neighbor search results. We also discuss the initialization of original clusters and outliers for a data set as well as the process of finding nearest neighbors of a given query. Those approaches are valuable for information retrieval of real data sets with noises. Outlier detection is the process of searching for data points in a data set that behave differently from other data points in the same data set. Opposite to outlier detection, clustering is the process of grouping data points with similar behaviors so they can be analyzed with better efficiency and accuracy. Similarity search approaches first define the distance measurement between a data point and a given query point and then choose data points which are closest to the query point. In this paper we discuss how to dynamically revise the set of outliers based on query points and nearest neighbor search results. We conduct experiments to evaluate the performance of our approach.
Synthesis science of SrRuO3 and CaRuO3 epitaxial films with high residual resistivity ratios

Epitaxial SrRuO3 and CaRuO3 films were grown under an excess flux of elemental ruthenium in an adsorption-controlled regime by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE), where the excess volatile RuOx (x = 2 or 3) desorbs from the growth front leaving behind a single-phase film. By growing in this regime, we were able to achieve SrRuO3 and CaRuO3 films with residual resistivity ratios (ρ300 K/ρ4 K) of 76 and 75, respectively. A combined phase stability diagram based on the thermodynamics of MBE (TOMBE) growth, termed a TOMBE diagram, is employed to provide improved guidance for the growth of complex materials by MBE.
Character versus Content

David Kaplan introduced the content/character distinction in his monograph Demonstratives (1989) to distinguish between two aspects of the meaning of indexical and demonstrative pronouns, such as ‘I’, ‘here,’ ‘now,’ ‘this,’ and ‘that.’ Roughly, the content of an occurrence of a referring expression like an indexical is the object to which it refers in that occurrence, and its character is the rule that determines what it refers to. Thus, indexicals always have the same character, but their different occurrences differ in content.
Effect of Bromocriptine on Affect and Libido in Hyperprolactinemia

Six women with primary hyperprolactinemia (mean prolactin level, 50 ng/ml) were matched with six normal women on eight factors influencing life style. Observers blind to endocrine status followed the subjects weekly for 10 weeks. Patients took bromocriptine, 2.5 mg twice daily, or placebo in a randomized double-blind sequence with crossover at 5 weeks. The mean Hamilton score for the patients was compatible with mild depression and higher than that for normal subjects during placebo but not during bromocriptine treatment. Libido was similar in both groups during placebo and bromocriptine. The mean number of orgasms reported per day was lower in patients than in normal subjects during both treatment conditions, although one patient reported orgasms during drug treatment only. Hyperprolactinemia in women may be associated with mild depression and a decrease in orgasmic frequency.
"K-effective of the World" and Other Concerns for Monte Carlo Eigenvalue Calculations

Monte Carlo methods have been used to compute k{sub eff} and the fundamental model eigenfunction of critical systems since the 1950s. Despite the sophistication of today's Monte Carlo codes for representing realistic geometry and physics interactions, correct results can be obtained in criticality problems only if users pay attention to source convergence in the Monte Carlo iterations and to running a sufficient number of neutron histories to adequately sample all significant regions of the problem. Recommended best practices for criticality calculations are reviewed and applied to several practical problems for nuclear reactors and criticality safety, including the 'K-effective of the World' problem. Numerical results illustrate the concerns about convergence and bias. The general conclusion is that with today's high-performance computers, improved understanding of the theory, new tools for diagnosing convergence (e.g., Shannon entropy of the fission distribution), and clear practical guidance for performing calculations, practitioners will have a greater degree of confidence than ever of obtaining correct results for Monte Carlo criticality calculations.