cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Chromate and Non-Chromate Coating Systems on Environmentally Assisted Fatigue of an Aluminum Alloy

Fatigue crack growth testing of 2024-T3 Aluminum plate was performed using compact tension (CT) specimens with chromate and non-chromate primer paint systems to evaluate the effects of the coatings on fatigue crack growth rates. The tests were conducted in lab air and sea water environments for each of the coating systems. Standard E399 CT specimens were tested to determine the influence level of environmentally assisted cracking (corrosion fatigue) on crack growth rates and cyclic count to prescribed pre-crack and final crack lengths. Increasing stress range (ΔK) tests were conducted at 10 Hz in the range of 6.5 to 26.5 MPa $$\sqrt m$$ . It was determined that the coated specimens exhibited a 12% shorter total life, on average, than the bare specimens for the lab air cases. In the case of salt water exposure, the coated specimens exhibited approximately 10% life increase over the bare specimens. The number of cycles to the 2.54 mm pre-crack length for the coated specimens was all less than the cycle count for the bare tests. In each case (coated or bare), there was an increased growth rate at the lower stress ranges in the salt water environment, with the chromate system case displaying the smallest change (increase). It can be concluded that the coated specimens initiate cracks and propagate faster than the bare specimens for short cracks at low stress range, but the environmental influence on the specimens is quickly overshadowed as the cracks elongate and the rate of growth increases. The coated specimens exhibited a higher total life cycle count to final crack length for this testing.
Group 13 Cation Formation with a Potentially Tridentate Ligand

A potentially tridentate ligand, Phensal(tBu)H3, was prepared by the condensation of 1 equiv of phenylenediamine with 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldehyde. When 1 equiv of this new ligand is added to AlMe3, [[Phensal(tBu)HAlMe]]2 (1) results. In contrast, this reaction with GaMe3 produces [Phensal(tBu)H2]GaMe2 (2). When 1 or 2 equiv of Phensal(tBu)H3 is combined with Et2AlCl, the complex [Phensal(tBu)]2AlCl (3) forms. However the same reaction with Me2GaCl leads to [Phensal(tBu)H2]Ga(Me)Cl (4). A cationic complex, {[Phensal(tBu)]2Al}+Cl- (5), is formed when 3 is dissolved in MeOH. The MeOH apparently mediates the formation of the cation but does not coordinate the cationic metal. When the solvent is removed, 5 reverts back to neutral 3. When 3 is combined with GaCl3 in toluene, another cationic complex, {[Phensal(tBu)H2]2Al}+GaCl4- (6), is formed. In a similar manner, {[Phensal(tBu)H2]2Al}+Me2AlCl2- (7) is formed by adding Me2AlCl to 3. The compounds were characterized by mp, elemental analyses, IR, 1H and 27...
Pulmonary Barotrauma in the Intensive Care Unit

Disruption of lung parenchyma by airway gas (baro trauma) frequently occurs in the intensive care unit. Gas may move from the airspace into several abnormal loca tions as a result of dissection alo...
The Psychology of Lean Production

As one of the originators of the term “ lean production” (although certainly not of the ideas behind the name, which I and my colleagues simply synthesised from the practices of a number of Japanese e rms led by Toyota), it is a pleasure to observe the spread of interest in this concept to a range of academic disciplines including applied psychology. Ironically, the main point of my commentary will be that the analysis of lean production in comparison with the previous dominant industrial paradigm of mass production is perhaps weakest in the area of . . . applied psychology! However, before pursuing this point let me briee y summarise my view of the current degree of adoption of lean production. At the time we were conducting our research at MIT in the late 1980s, we could e nd practically no examples in Western companies in which all of the key elements of lean production— in the primary work team, in overall organisation of physical production, in the product design team, in the method of dealing with suppliers, and in the method of dealing with customers— were in place. Knowing the long history of the diffusion of mass production from the USA to both Japan and Europe and the many wrong steps along the path, our greatest concern was that the most useful aspects of Japanese innovations would be ignored or rejected by managers, union leaders, and employees in Western e rms. In 1995, the situation is much changed and our worst fears have not come to pass. Indeed, in researching a new book, which I and my colleague Professor Daniel Jones are just completing, we found many examples of the
What does the double hermeneutic explain/justify?

Commentaire sur l'article de Harbers et de Vries portant sur les consequences empiriques de la double hermeneutique de la pratique sociale scientifique
Calculation of Induced Voltages in Metallic Conductors

A review is given of the rules and procedure used in electrical engineering for the calculation of induced voltages in metallic conductors, not including radiation effects. For the e. m. f. in a closed circuit e = -d ?/dt, the restriction is stated that the circuit is a closed loop of infinitesimal cross section and without parallel branches. More complicated circuits are to be calculated by replacing them by a number of elementary circuits. Where there are moving contacts and conductors of finite cross section, the rule e = B l v should be used. A discussion is given of calculations by considering magnetic fields to have velocities and the restriction is stated that, in general, the resultant magnetic field should not be used with the B l v rule, when it is made up of component fields having velocities which differ in magnitude or direction.
Rate of plate creation and destruction: 180 Ma to present

One of the primary measures of plate tec- tonics is the history of production of new oceanic lithosphere. As shown by B. Par- sons, a direct estimate of the rate of plate creation can be derived from the area/age versus age distribution of the modern oce- anic lithosphere. Inversion of the most re- cent area versus age data (digital isochrons by R.D. Muller et al.) yields a result that the rate of oceanic plate production has not varied significantly since 180 Ma from a mean rate of 3.4 km 2 /yr. Reconstruction of the cumulative area of subducted litho- sphere over the past 90 m.y. is in excellent agreement with a fixed rate of ridge pro- duction. The conclusion that the rate of ridge production has not varied significant- ly contrasts markedly with most existing es- timates in which the rate is modeled as de- creasing by 50% or more since ca. 100 Ma. A constant rate of ridge production has im- portant implications for models of sea level and p(CO2), among other phenomena that have been linked to variations in global rates of seafloor spreading.
Database gateway processor risk analysis using fuzzy logic

Many large organizations maintain a significant amount of their data in what are currently referred to as legacy systems. In order to provide end users access to the firm’s legacy applications many organizations have opted to provide what is referred to as a database gateway system. An organization must be able to calculate its exposure in the event of a disaster occurring. Performance, recovery and monitoring considerations of the database gateway system have to be included in the risk analysis. The traditional approach to performing a risk analysis adheres to the procedure: identify the exposures or threats to the system; identify the assets at risk; determine the probability of the exposures happening; compute the expected loss for each asset and threat; consider the impact of existing controls; run a high/low analysis to determine the domain of risk exposure. Explains, in non‐technical terms, the basic concepts of the application of fuzzy logic modelling to risk analysis.
Role of Pluronic block copolymers in modulation of heat shock protein 70 expression.

Purpose: The goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship between previously demonstrated thermosensitising effects of the block copolymer, Pluronic, and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) expression in an experimental colorectal cancer model in vitro and in vivo.Materials and methods: Rat colorectal carcinoma cells were treated with low-grade hyperthermia (43°C) alone or in combination with Pluronics L10 (3 mg/mL), L61 (0.3 mg/mL), or L64 (0.5 mg/mL) for 20 min. Adinosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and cell viability were determined using standard assays. Hsp70 expression was quantified by western blot for cells treated with L10, L61, and L64 at doses specified above and Pluronic P85 (10 mg/mL) alone and in combination with heat. BDIX rats with flank tumours were used to study the effect of L61 and hyperthermia on Hsp70 expression in vivo.Results: In vitro, treatment with L10, L61, and L64 plus low-grade hyperthermia lead to depletion of ATP levels to between 8 and 66% of untreated control after 24 h. M...
Measuring Switching Costs and the Determinants of Customer Retention in Internet-Enabled Businesses: A Study of the Online Brokerage Industry

The ability to retain and lock in customers in the face of competition is a major concern for online businesses, especially those that invest heavily in advertising and customer acquisition. In this paper, we develop and implement an approach for measuring the magnitudes of switching costs and brand loyalty for online service providers based on the random utility modeling framework. We then examine how systems usage, service design, and other firm and individual-level factors affect switching and retention. Using data on the online brokerage industry, we find significant variation (as much as a factor of two) in measured switching costs. We find that customer demographic characteristics have little effect on switching, but that systems usage measures and systems quality are associated with reduced switching. We also find that firm characteristics such as product line breadth and quality reduce switching and may also reduce customer attrition. Overall, we conclude that online brokerage firms appear to have different abilities in retaining customers and have considerable control over their switching costs.
Conversion of ketones to trisubstituted olefins under neutral conditions

Abstract Phenylaziridine hydrazones react at 140°–160°C to provide sterically congested trisubstituted olefins in good yield.
Finite element modal analysis of an Italian VS-1.6 antitank landmine pressure plate

The Italian VS 1.6 anti-tank landmine pressure plate was considered in a high fidelity finite element modal analysis using the ANSYS multi-physics application. The paper describes the approach taken to obtain material properties, namely density and Young's modulus, of the plastic components of the mine. It also discusses and provides illustrations of the three-dimensional finite element domain model with boundary conditions. The paper also describes the method by which the model was verified in a laboratory setting.
Silver(I) mediated folding of a molecular basket.

We have investigated Ag(I) mediated folding of a tridentate compound, containing three pyridine flaps tethered to a semirigid scaffold, into a molecular basket, using both experimental and theoreti...
Division of labor on family farms: A life course analysis

Research has not adequately explored the organizational structure of labor on family farms. Although it has been suggested that the structure of the division of labor on family farms is influenced by the family life cycle, consistent results have not been reported. In this article, we integrate the commodity systems approach and the developmental perspective to examine the influence of the family life cycle on women's involvement in farm labor. Consistent with the hypotheses, the results indicate that life course stages influence women's involvement in farm labor, and this effect is especially significant for labor‐intensive tasks such as tobacco production. The results also indicate that an understanding of the division of farm labor must take into acount men's and women's off‐farm labor and other factors that relate the farm enterprise to the larger economy.
A descriptive analysis of toddler coping in challenging circumstances

Abstract Three challenging situations designed to elicit uncertainty provided the context for examining toddlers' coping efforts. Seventy-two 12- and 18-month-olds and their mothers were videotaped with a caged rabbit, a mechanical toy, and a stranger. The toddlers' coping strategies included a variety of behaviors related to use of the mother, attention regulation, self-comforting, and problem-focused behaviors. Use of the mother, attention regulation, and self-comfort appeared to be routinely included in the coping repertoires of both 12- and 18-month-olds; self-comfort and problem-focused behaviors were more frequently exhibited by the 18-month-olds. In addition, both common and specific patterns of coping were observed across challenging situations. Individual differences related to temperamental characteristics and situational factors were also observed and discussed in relation to patterns of emotion regulation which may influence adjustment.
R Coronae Borealis stars and planetary nebulae

IRAS observations of R Coronae Borealis type stars (R CrB's) suggests that a subset of these is inside planetary nebulae (PNs). In most cases, the PN is confirmed by the finding of a visible nebula around the star. These nebular R CrB's are identified as being the results of a final helium shell flash on the central star of old PNs. The majority of the R CrB's formed after the coalescence of a binary consisting of CO and He white dwarfs. Also presented in this paper are the results of a survey of 52 R CrB's. The normal R CrB's have power-law spectra which imply that the grain absorption coefficient varies linearly with frequency. It is estimated that R CrB's eject about 300 clouds per year, each of which subtend an angle of about 30 sq deg.
Effects of prostaglandins on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen in human whole blood in vitro.

Abstract The effect of prostaglandin on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen was tested on human blood in vitro , using six different prostaglandins at several dosage levels in fresh heparinized blood from normal donors and in stored citrated blood, and using prostaglandin E2 on the blood from four seriously ill patients. No significant alterations in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen were dtected. A very small decrease in oxygen affinity in stored blood with high doses of prostaglandin was not statistically significant and would be of no physiologic significance even if real. We conclude that under the circumstances of this experiment prostaglandins do not alter the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen in human whole blood in vitro .
HETEROGENEITY IN INDUCED THERMAL RESISTANCE OF RAT TUMOR CELL CLONES

Abstract Four 13762NF rat mammary adenocarcinoma clones were examined for their survival response to heating under conditions that induced transient thermal resistance (thermotolerance). Clones MTC and MTF7 were isolated from the subcutaneous locally growing tumor, whereas clones MTLn2 and MTLn3 were derived from spontaneous lung metastases. There was heterogeneity among these clones in thermotolerance induced by either fractionated 45°C or continuous 42°C heating, but the order of sensitivity was not necessarily the same. The clones developed thermal resistance at different rates and to different degrees within the same time intervals. There was heterogeneity between clones isolated from within either the primary site or metastatic lesions. However, clones derived from metastatic foci did not intrinsically acquire more or less thermotolerance to fractionated 45°C or continuous 42°C heating than did clones from the primary tumor. Further, there was no apparent relationship between any phenotypic properties that conferred more or less thermotolerance in vitro and any phenotypic properties that conferred enhanced metastatic success of these same clones by spontaneous (subcutaneous) or experimental (intravenous) routes in vivo . These tumor clones also differ in their karyotype, metastatic potential, cell surface features, sensitivity to x-irradiation and drugs, and ability to repair sublethal radiation damage. These results provide further credence to the concept that inherent heterogeneity within tumors may be as important in therapeutic success as other known modifiers of outcome such as site and treatment heterogeneity.
A HIGH-SENSITIVITY MOSSBAUER SPECTROMETER FACILITATES THE STUDY OF IRON PROTEINS AT NATURAL ABUNDANCE

Abstract A Wide-Angle Mossbauer Spectrometer has been constructed, tested and shown to have approximately ten times the sensitivity of a standard Mossbauer spectrometer. The most innovative feature of the spectrometer is the eighty degree, conical acceptance geometry of its gamma-ray detector, which is constructed of 77 argon gas proportional counters with their associated charge-sensitive preamplifiers and single channel analyzers. The spectrometer has demonstrated the following features: (1) it has approximately 100 times the countrate of most existing Mossbauer spectrometers; (2) velocities reproduce to an accuracy of ±0.005 mm/s over periods of several weeks; (3) the temperatures of the source and the sample are regulated with an accuracy of ±0.1°C in the range of 4.2 to 300 K. By obtaining a high quality Mossbauer spectrum of un-enriched 0.3 mM K 3 Fe(CN) 6 , we have shown that the study of high molecular weight natural abundance iron proteins can be greatly facilitated by this spectrometer.
Diffusion Analysis of Chloride in Concrete Following Electrokinetic Nanoparticle Treatment

Concrete is a highly porous material which is susceptible to the migration of highly deleterious species such as chlorides and sulfates. Various external sources including sea salt spray, direct sea water wetting, deicing salts and brine tanks harbor chlorides that can enter reinforced concrete. Chlorides diffuse into the capillary pores of concrete and come into contact with the rebar. When chloride concentration at the rebar exceeds a threshold level it breaks down the passive layer of oxide, leading to chloride induced corrosion. Application of electrokinetics using positively charged nanoparticles for corrosion protection in reinforced concrete structures is an emerging technology. This technique involves the principle of electrophoretic migration of nanoparticles to hinder chloride diffusion in the concrete. The re-entry of the chlorides is inhibited by the electrodeposited assembly of the nanoparticles at the rebar interface. In this work electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) combined with equivalent circuit analysis was used to predict chloride diffusion coefficients as influenced by nanoparticle treatments. Untreated controls exhibited a diffusion coefficient of 3.59 × 10−12 m2 /s which is slightly higher than the corrosion initiation benchmark value of 1.63 × 10−12 m2 /s that is noted in the literature for mature concrete with a 0.5 water/cement mass ratio. The electrokinetic nanoparticle (EN) treated specimens exhibited a diffusion coefficient of 1.41 × 10−13 m2 /s which was 25 times lower than the untreated controls. Following an exposure period of three years the mature EN treated specimens exhibited lower chloride content by a factor of 27. These findings indicate that the EN treatment can significantly lower diffusion coefficients thereby delaying the initiation of corrosion.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a widely abused illicit drug. In animals, high-dose administration of MDMA produces deficits in serotonin (5-HT) neurons (e.g., depletion of forebrain 5-HT) that have been interpreted as neurotoxicity. Whether such 5-HT deficits reflect neuronal damage is a matter of ongoing debate. The present paper reviews four specific issues related to the hypothesis of MDMA neurotoxicity in rats: (1) the effects of MDMA on monoamine neurons, (2) the use of “interspecies scaling” to adjust MDMA doses across species, (3) the effects of MDMA on established markers of neuronal damage, and (4) functional impairments associated with MDMA-induced 5-HT depletions. MDMA is a substrate for monoamine transporters, and stimulated release of 5-HT, NE, and DA mediates effects of the drug. MDMA produces neurochemical, endocrine, and behavioral actions in rats and humans at equivalent doses (e.g., 1–2 mg/kg), suggesting that there is no reason to adjust doses between these species. Typical doses of MDMA causing long-term 5-HT depletions in rats (e.g., 10–20 mg/kg) do not reliably increase markers of neurotoxic damage such as cell death, silver staining, or reactive gliosis. MDMA-induced 5-HT depletions are accompanied by a number of functional consequences including reductions in evoked 5-HT release and changes in hormone secretion. Perhaps more importantly, administration of MDMA to rats induces persistent anxiety-like behaviors in the absence of measurable 5-HT deficits. MDMA-induced 5-HT depletions are not necessarily synonymous with neurotoxic damage. However, doses of MDMA which do not cause long-term 5-HT depletions can have protracted effects on behavior, suggesting even moderate doses of the drug may pose risks.
Soluble cytochrome composition of the purple phototrophic bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides ATCC 17023

Abstract A detailed study of the soluble cytochrome composition of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides (ATCC 17023) indicates that there are five c -type cytochromes and one b -type cytochrome present. The molecular weights, heme contents, amino acid compositions, isoelectric points, and oxidation-reduction potentials were determined and the proteins were compared with those from other bacterial sources. Cytochromes c 2 and c ′ have previously been well characterized. Cytochrome c -551.5 is a diheme protein which has a very low redox potential, similar to certain purple bacterial and algal cytochromes. Cytochrome c -554 is an oligomer, which is spectrally similar to the low-spin isozyme of cytochrome c ′ found in other purple bacteria (e.g., Rhodopseudomonas palustris cytochrome c -556). An unusual high-spin c -type heme protein has also been isolated. It is spectrally distinguishable from cytochrome c ′ and binds a variety of heme ligands including oxygen. A large molecular-weight cytochrome b -558 is also present which appears related to a similar protein from Rhodospirillum rubrum , and the bacterioferritin from Escherichia coli . None of the soluble proteins appear to be related to the abundant membrane-bound c -type cytochrome in Rps. sphaeroides which has a larger subunit molecular weight similar to mitochondrial cytochrome c 1 and chloroplast cytochrome f .
Occult mucosal injuries with radiofrequency ablation of the palate.

Abstract Objective: To determine the true incidence of mucosal injury after radiofrequency ablation of the palate (RFAP) for snoring and mild obstructive sleep apnea, and to evaluate the consequences of this injury. Study Design and Setting: A prospective, nonrandomized analysis of RFAP was undertaken at Stanford University Hospital. Endoscopic examinations of the nasal surface of the palate and of the posterior pharyngeal wall were performed to supplement the routine oral cavity examinations in the postoperative period. Visual analog scales of pain were completed by the patients. Twenty-three patients underwent a total of 54 RFAP procedures using the Somnus system at the recommended level of energy (600 J in the midline palate, and 300 J to each lateral palate). Results: Fourteen of the 23 first stage procedures were associated with a total of 16 mucosal injuries representing an incidence of 60.9%. Mucosal injury at the 1st stage prompted a reduction in energy at the 2nd stage to 500 J in the midline and 250 J laterally; there were 4 injuries among 19 2nd stage procedures (21.1%). The overall incidence of mucosal injury, including stage 3 and 4 procedures, was therefore 42.6%; 37% of these were “occult” (only visualized endoscopically). Conclusions and Significance: RFAP, although intended to be mucosa-sparing, is nevertheless associated with a high incidence of mucosal injuries, many of which are occult. The occurrence of these mucosal ulcers is usually associated with only a trivial degree of increased pain postoperatively. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 125:468-72.)
Surface salinity variability in the northern North Atlantic during recent decades

[1] The sea surface salinity (SSS) variability in the North Atlantic is investigated using numerical model simulations for the last 50 years based on atmospheric forcing variability from the Comprehensive Atmosphere Ocean Data Set (COADS) and National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis. The focus here is the SSS variability in the subpolar region. The seasonality of the subpolar surface salinity variability is prominent with the maximum standard deviation (SD) occurring in the summer/fall period so that the amplitude of the summer SSS anomalies far exceed those of the wintertime. The interannual SSS variability in the subpolar gyre can be attributed mainly to excess ice melt, while the longer-term (decadal) variability is associated with meridional overturning variability. In these two hindcasts, the deep mixing (which drives overturning changes) is forced by heat flux variability so that weak subpolar heat loss and subsequent weak overturning are usually manifested in fresh surface conditions in the subpolar gyre within 2 years. This is because the role of deep convection is to mix down the net fresh water input received by the high latitudes. Hence, at the lack of widespread deep mixing, a signal of slowing down overturning, the fresh water input that would be expected based on climatology would accumulate at the surface.
Fracture prediction of thin plates under localized impulsive loading. Part II: discing and petalling

The onset of fracture and subsequent propagation of radial cracks of thin clamped circular plates under localized impulsive loading were predicted analytically and numerically for discing and petalling stages with increasing intensity of applied impulse and various radii of loaded area. The equivalent plastic strain times the average stress triaxiality was introduced as a ductile fracture criterion in the numerical simulation. The strain hardening law and critical damage/fracture function was calibrated from tensile test on round specimen and a parallel numerical simulation. Based on the critical damage value, and calculated distributions and histories of stress and strain, the initiation site and extent of fracture were predicted for a range of loading radii and intensity of applied impulse. It was clearly demonstrated that the crack length and final deformed shapes of plates are strongly influenced by the spatial distribution and intensity of impulsive loading. A comparative study on the propagation of radial cracks was also presented. Finally, the numerically obtained crack length was shown to agree well with the closed form solution derived earlier by one of the present authors.
Politics and international planning.

Abstract Efforts to foster health planning on the international scene usually focus upon the technical aspects of planning, e.g. upon systems of data collection and methods of analysis. Planning is treated as a specialized set of activities and skills to be advanced in different national contexts, with little or no attention to the political realities that determine the feasibility and thus the success of efforts to plan in any particular country. However, effective planning requires the exercise of power, for planners are engaged in determining what values are to be served and how a nation's resources are to be used. In this article, the author explores what political analysis can contribute to the understanding of health planning processes among different nations and thus to the effectiveness of planning in the field of health.
Asymmetry in the Duration of El Niño and La Niña

Abstract El Nino and La Nina are not a simple mirror image, but exhibit significant differences in their spatial structure and seasonal evolution. In particular, sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the equatorial Pacific cold tongue are larger in magnitude during El Nino compared to La Nina, resulting in positive skewness of interannual SST variations. The associated atmospheric deep convection anomalies are displaced eastward during El Nino compared to La Nina because of the nonlinear atmospheric response to SST. In addition to these well-known features, an analysis of observational data for the past century shows that there is a robust asymmetry in the duration of El Nino and La Nina. Most El Ninos and La Ninas develop in late boreal spring/summer, when the climatological cold tongue is intensifying, and they peak near the end of the calendar year. After the mature phase, El Ninos tend to decay rapidly by next summer, but many La Ninas persist through the following year and often reintensify in...
Temporal variability in organochlorine contamination in blood and blubber of captive Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)

Three adult captive Steller sea lions (SSL; two females, one male) housed in Alaska were longitudinally sampled for organochlorine contaminant (OC) analysis in both blubber (n= 19) and blood (n= 69) over a 2 yr period (March 2001 to March 2003). Blood OC concentrations were similar between individuals, and exhibited significant increases in summer months (July through September) relative to winter (January through March). Additionally, paired blood and blubber sample (n= 18) OC were significantly related for all animals. The relationship of blubber OC concentrations to lipid content was significant in all animals. Although limited to a small number of animals, our study results indicate that in SSLs, blood OC were both consistent among all animals and likely changed in association with physiologically driven metabolism of blubber.
Reaction of broccoli to isolates of Verticillium dahliae from various hosts

ABSTRACT Isolates of Verticillium dahliae from 15 different hosts and V. albo-atrum from alfalfa were tested for their ability to cause wilt on broccoli using a root-dip inoculation method. None of the isolates caused vascular discoloration in broccoli except those from cabbage and cauliflower that were weakly pathogenic. Broccoli cultivars Baccus, Greenbelt, Parasol, Patriot, and Symphony showed resistance to Verticillium infection. Re-isolated strains from fresh samples of internally discolored broccoli and cauliflower root tissues were unable to cause disease symptoms on re-inoculation of broccoli, but caused severe disease on cauliflower. Inoculation of 5-, 7-, 9-, or 11-week-old plants did not alter the resistance in broccoli or the susceptibility in cauliflower against Verticillium. Immunity of broccoli against infection by isolates of V. dahliae from non-crucifer hosts, its resistance against crucifer isolates, and as previously described, attrition of V. dahliae microsclerotia in soil by broccoli ...
Real-time video image centroid tracker

A real time image centroid tracker has been developed and is presently being used for laser beam alignment in the Aurora Laser Fusion project at Los Alainos National Laboratory. Aurora is one of the three national inertial confinement fusion energy experiments. The Aurora beam control systems are required to achieve angular beam pointing accuracy of up to 0.25 microradians by precision control of optical mirrors up to 44 inches in diameter. The centroid tracker is part of a PS 170 video image processing system which provides the precision beam position information that is the feedback portion of a stochastic control system for beam pointing. Mechanical vibration and electronic noise inherent in the system is used to enhance, rather than degrade, positional resolution. This system. is capable of yielding centroid position information accurate to within a very small fraction of one pixel. The centroid tracker is presently implemented on one Multibus board using primarily HCT 7400 series logic and large PLDs. Digitized R5170 video is supplied as the board's input. The video image's centroid information is supplied by the board every 33 milliseconds asthe board's output. A unique hardware algorithm used on the board allows very high resolution, real time tracking with a relatively small amount of electronics. Included on the board is circuitry used to distinguish image pixels from noise and background pixels. Other applications of the centroid tracker might include pick and place robot arm control, military target tracking and pointing, intruder localization and, in general, very high resolution, real time image position tracking. The board can be modified relatively easily to allow real time, multiple object centroid tracking and we expect to do this in the future. The first of the Aurora beam control systems requires that 96 laser beams be simultaneously controlled. The multiple centroid tracker board will make it possible to do image process- 82 / SPIE Vol. 1304 Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing /V(1990)ing at a higher rate, leading to increased position resolution, while still maintaining control system bandwidth.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Software framework for the upcoming MMT Observatory primary mirror re-aluminization

Details of the software framework for the upcoming in-situ re-aluminization of the 6.5m MMT Observatory (MMTO) primary mirror are presented. This framework includes: 1) a centralized key-value store and data structure server for data exchange between software modules, 2) a newly developed hardware-software interface for faster data sampling and better hardware control, 3) automated control algorithms that are based upon empirical testing, modeling, and simulation of the aluminization process, 4) re-engineered graphical user interfaces (GUI’s) that use state-of-the-art web technologies, and 5) redundant relational databases for data logging. Redesign of the software framework has several objectives: 1) automated process control to provide more consistent and uniform mirror coatings, 2) optional manual control of the aluminization process, 3) modular design to allow flexibility in process control and software implementation, 4) faster data sampling and logging rates to better characterize the approximately 100-second aluminization event, and 5) synchronized “real-time” web application GUI’s to provide all users with exactly the same data. The framework has been implemented as four modules interconnected by a data store/server. The four modules are integrated into two Linux system services that start automatically at boot-time and remain running at all times. Performance of the software framework is assessed through extensive testing within 2.0 meter and smaller coating chambers at the Sunnyside Test Facility. The redesigned software framework helps ensure that a better performing and longer lasting coating will be achieved during the re-aluminization of the MMTO primary mirror.
Surge transfer through transformer-generator units

The paper describes a study of the transfer of lightning surge voltages through transformers, between high-voltage overhead transmission-lines and directly connected generators. As such, it covers similar ground to the companion paper by E. L. White, which deals more fully with the theoretical aspects of the subject, and also reports simulated on-site surge tests on three transformer-generator units connected to systems of 132?400kV. The present paper has a rather more practical bias, and presents the results of tests on seven transformers connected to generators (two assembled on site in power stations), and on further transformers, 13 in all, connected to impedance networks simulating the appropriate generators. Transformers with 18?600MVA ratings, for connection to 33kV up to 400kV overhead-line systems, are covered here. Simulation of each phase of the generators, both by resistors (representing the winding surge impedances), and by parallel LC circuits, was studied; the comparisons made between the amplitudes and waveforms of the transferred surges reaching the ?generator? terminals, and those measured on the actual machines, showed that the LC network in all cases gave much the best approximation to the real-machine conditions. A basis for calculation of the transferred voltage transient, in amplitude and waveshape, has been developed and is given in an Appendix. It is shown that the relevant LC parameters can readily be calculated from known machine-design parameters, of which the most important is the unsaturated sub-transient reactance. Calculated results, obtained by computer, are given for all cases investigated experimentally. The present work forms a continuation of an earlier study, in which the theoretical basis for calculation of the surge transfer was first proposed; both the theoretical and the experimental aspects of that investigation have been considerably extended. The mechanisms of electromagnetic and capacitive surge transfer are discussed, both in order to explain the effects of transformer and machine parameters, and to interpret discrepancies between theoretical and experimentally determined surge transfer. Conclusions are drawn on the practical importance of surge transfer to generators, the practicability of calculating these transients, and also on appropriate methods for separately impulse-testing generator transformers.
A National School-Based Entrepreneurship Program Offers Promise

Recent literature suggests that the development of entrepreneurial skills plays an important role in the economic viability of rural communities. This article contains a report of an evaluation of one approach to stimulating local business awareness and ability: Rural Entrepreneurship Through Action Learning (REAL). The REAL program is a school-based curriculum that introduces participants to skills needed to start and run a business. The program is available to students in 30 states. Participants in ten states completed demographic questionnaires in the 1995-1996 academic year. Some of these also completed pre- and post-tests. The gains made by the 1995- 1996 REAL participants in the pre- and post-test sample were statistically significant in both communications skills and business knowledge. Community college students showed more gains in their communications skills, while high school students showed more improvement in their business knowledge. Although the differences between high school students and ...
High-Density Embedded Deep Trench Capacitors in Silicon With Enhanced Breakdown Voltage

This paper reports on the design, implementation, and characterization of high-density trench-refilled capacitors in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) grade silicon (1-10 Omegacm). High aspect ratio trench-refilled capacitors offer a capacitance density improvement of three orders of magnitude compared to thin-film capacitors with the same die area and dielectric thickness. Also, dielectric materials such as low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) silicon oxide and silicon nitride are utilized to enhance the breakdown voltage of these devices. The high aspect ratio polysilicon and single crystal silicon process was utilized to implement these capacitors, giving a gap aspect ratio of . This ultrahigh vertical capacitance area achieves an ultralarge capacitance density without requiring thin-or high-k dielectric material. High-value capacitors of values ranging from 40 nF to 4 muF with capacitance density of 58 (nF/mm 2) were implemented in silicon as arrays of 170 mum-deep trenches. LPCVD silicon dioxide and silicon nitride were employed as dielectric materials to provide robust deposition inside the high aspect ratio trenches. Trench-refilled capacitors show quality factors (Q) of 230 and 8, respectively, at 45 nF and 4 muF capacitances. The breakdown voltage in trench-refilled capacitors with 35 nm-thick Si3N4 is recorded to be as high as 17-V, which is ~4x to 10x larger than that of BaTiO3 and PbZrxTi1 - xO3 (PZT) thin-film capacitors with the same dielectric thickness. Furthermore, the capacitances were measured over a temperature range of 25 to 155degC, showing less than 1.8% variation in 45 nF devices. This implies that trench-refilled capacitors are free from the very strong temperature sensitivity exhibited by most high-k materials.
NAPS: a residue-level nucleic acid-binding prediction server

Nucleic acid-binding proteins are involved in a great number of cellular processes. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these proteins first requires the identification of specific residues involved in nucleic acid binding. Prediction of NA-binding residues can provide practical assistance in the functional annotation of NA-binding proteins. Predictions can also be used to expedite mutagenesis experiments, guiding researchers to the correct binding residues in these proteins. Here, we present a method for the identification of amino acid residues involved in DNA- and RNA-binding using sequence-based attributes. The method used in this work combines the C4.5 algorithm with bootstrap aggregation and cost-sensitive learning. Our DNA-binding model achieved 79.1% accuracy, while the RNA-binding model reached an accuracy of 73.2%. The NAPS web server is freely available at http://proteomics.bioengr.uic.edu/NAPS.
Upper limit on the intrinsic magnetic field of Venus

A data set of 18,000 low-altitude nightside vector measurements from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) magnetometer is used to establish a new upper limit on the intrinsic dipolar magnetic moment of Venus. Various techniques are used to search for coherence in the magnetic observations which might be attributable to such an intrinsic field, with negative results. A similar search is conducted for surface magnetism, that is, geographically correlated magnetic features, also with negative results. The present study represents the best limits that PVO observations can provide and is limited by the amount of low-altitude nightside data available. New upper limit to the magnetic moment is 8.4 x 10 to the 10th T/cu m or about 10 to the -5th of the terrestrial magnetic moment. This is a factor of four lower than the previous upper limit.
E-selectin-mediated dynamic interactions of breast- and colon-cancer cells with endothelial-cell monolayers

The molecular mechanisms involved in the dynamic interaction of human breast carcinoma cells with the endothelial cell lining of lymphatic vessels and post-capillary blood venules are largely unknown. In the present study, laminar flow assays were used to investigate the ability of various normal breast cells and of breast- and colon-tumor cells to adhere to human umbilical cord endothelial cell monolayers. MCF-10A breast, MCF-7 and T-47D breast-carcinoma and clone A, RKO, and HT-29 colon-carcinoma cells accumulated and rolled, in the presence of flow, on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-stimulated but not on unstimulated endothelial cell monolayers. Non-tumor and tumor cells continued to form transient adhesions with TNF-stimulated endothelial cells even when the flow rate was increased to levels found in arteries. Incubation of TNF-stimulated endothelial cells with an E-selectin-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) partially or completely inhibited dynamic interactions and diminished adhesion strength, whereas integrin beta 1- and integrin alpha 6-specific MAbs had no effect. A set of highly invasive breast-carcinoma cells (MDA-231, BT-549, HS-578t) neither adhered to nor rolled on resting or TNF-stimulated endothelial cell monolayers. However, after 5 min of static incubation, a fraction of these cells attached strongly to resting and TNF-stimulated endothelial cells and this static adhesion could not be blocked by an E-selectin-specific monoclonal antibody. Our results suggest that E-selectin is a major homing receptor in the metastasis of some breast and colon cancers.
Adult outcomes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder: are the risks independent or additive?

Methods. Data were obtained from a longitudinal study sample of 754 adoptees and categorized based on review of the available adoption agency, medical, and psychiatric records of the biological parents. Categorical data were analyzed using χ2 or Fisher's exact tests, as appropriate. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the relative contribution of variables.Results. There was not a statistically significant difference in the frequency or type of self-reported adult disruptive behavior, arrests, jail stays, felony arrests, or frequency of conduct disorder (CD) when inattentiveness, impulsivity, and hyperactivity were analyzed individually. The contributions of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were independent and no additional increased risk for future illegal behavior was conferred by the combination of the disorders. While the effect of CD on illegal behavior was correlated with substance abuse and dependence, ADHD continued to be a significant contributor after controlling for...
Development of Sampling Plans by Using Sequential (Item by Item) Selection Techniques and Digital Computers

Abstract Sequential selection techniques are presented which can be utilized to determine items for inclusion in samples as if these items were selected by classical, non-sequential, sampling plans. These techniques eliminate the need to sort data according to classification categories prior to sample selection. Thus, these techniques will enable effective use of digital computers to select samples according to most known sampling plans. General computer programs which will utilize these sequential selection techniques are also described.