cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of hot-pressed and chemical-vapor-deposited zinc sulfide and zinc selenide in the United States for optical windows

By the mid 1950s, there was a need for infrared-transmitting materials with improved optical and mechanical characteristics for military and commercial instruments. The newly invented "heat-seeking" missile also required a more durable infrared-transmitting dome. Some properties of ZnS were known from studies of natural minerals. More properties of pure ZnS and ZnSe were measured with single crystals grown in Air Force and industrial laboratories in the 1950s. In 1956, a team led by William Parsons at the Eastman Kodak Hawk-Eye Works in Rochester, New York began to apply the technique of hot pressing to make infrared-transmitting ceramics from powders. This work led to commercial production of six materials, including ZnS (IRTRAN® 2) and ZnSe (IRTRAN® 4) in the 1960s. Because the hot pressed materials could not be made in very large sizes and suffered from undesirable optical losses, the Air Force began to look for alternative manufacturing methods around 1970. Almost immediately, highly successful materials were produced by chemical vapor deposition under Air Force sponsorship by a team led by James Pappis at the Raytheon Research Division in Waltham, Massachusetts. Chemical-vapor-deposited materials replaced hot pressed materials in most applications within a few years. From a stream of Air Force contracts in the 1970s and early 1980s, Raytheon produced two different grades of ZnS for windows and domes, one grade of ZnSe for high-energy CO2 laser windows, and a composite ZnS/ZnSe window for aircraft sensor pods. In 1980, a competitor called CVD, Inc., was formed by Robert Donadio, who came from the Raytheon Research Division. CVD began with a license from Raytheon, but soon sued Raytheon, arguing that the license violated the Sherman Antitrust Act. Raytheon countersued for breach of employment contracts and misappropriation of trade secrets. In 1984, a jury ruled in favor of CVD, which went on to build a lucrative business in ZnSe and ZnS. CVD was eventually purchased, first by Morton, and later by Rohm & Haas. II-VI, Inc. was formed in 1971 by Carl J. Johnson and James E. Hawkey to produce CdTe optics for industrial CO2 lasers. When Raytheon introduced ZnSe into the market in 1974, it was obvious that ZnSe was superior to CdTe, so II-VI purchased ZnSe from Raytheon to produce optical components. The supply of ZnSe was never stable enough for II-VI, which therefore began its own effort to deposit ZnSe in 1975. In 1980, II-VI became an investor in and customer of CVD, Inc., buying a substantial portion of the ZnSe that could be supplied by both Raytheon and CVD. Still pressed to meet customer demand, II-VI built its first ZnSe production furnace in the period 1983-1986. A second furnace came on line in 1988 and two more were operational by 1990. Finally attaining excess capacity, II-VI became a supplier of ZnS as well as ZnSe. In 1990, Raytheon exited the ZnS and ZnSe business, leaving it mainly to CVD and II-VI.
Interaction of methotrexate with polycationic carriers

Abstract Binding parameters were measured for the in vitro interaction of methotrexate with poly-L-lysine and diethylaminoethyl dextran. The complexes were found to have apparent affinity constants of 2590 and 440 M −1 respectively at 37°, ionic strength 0.02. For hypotonic solutions containing therapeutic concentrations of methotrexate, this results in 87% binding of the drug to poly-L-lysine and 74% to diethylaminoethyl dextran. While the binding decreased to about 50% upon increasing ionic strength to physiologic levels, sufficient drug-carrying capacity was retained at isotonicity to support the potential utility of such complexes as tissue-specific drug carriers.
Cytotoxic effects of low- and high-LET radiation on human neuronal progenitor cells : Induction of apoptosis and TP53 gene expression

Abstract Guida, P., Vazquez, M. E. and Otto, S. Cytotoxic Effects of Low- and High-LET Radiation on Human Neuronal Progenitor Cells: Induction of Apoptosis and TP53 Gene Expression. Radiat. Res. 164, 545–551 (2005). The induction of apoptosis, TP53 expression, caspase activation and cell toxicity were investigated after exposure of cells of the human neuronal progenitor cell line Ntera2 (NT2) to low-LET radiation (γ and X rays). The data indicates that irradiation of NT2 cells quickly induced TP53 expression, which was followed in time by an increase in caspase activity, and ultimately resulted in the induction of apoptosis. Induction of apoptosis was dependent on dose, and the highest levels were measured 48 h after exposure. For comparison, the level of apoptosis induced by high-LET particle radiation (1 GeV/ nucleon iron ions) was also determined and was found to be dependent on dose. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) was estimated from the slopes of the dose–response curves for the induction...
SECTION 504 STUDENT ELIGIBILITY FOR STUDENTS WITH READING DISABILITIES: A PRIMER FOR ADVOCATES

With the current legal reauthorization of the federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) well under way, advocates for students with reading and literacy difficulties impacted by disorders, including dyslexia and attention deficit disorders (ADD/ADHD), are encouraging Congress to recognize these disabilities under the IDEA. Despite being ineligible under the IDEA for special education services, however, large numbers of students with dyslexia and other reading difficulties are eligible for special education services and accommodations under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 if it can be demonstrated that their disability “substantially limits a major life activity.” Currently, many educators across the country fail to properly identify and evaluate students eligible under Section 504, believing incorrectly that identification and evaluation requirements apply solely to students requiring special education services under the IDEA. This article provides educators with a legal ove...
Effects of Ultrasound on Capture of Heliothis zea and Ostrinia nubilalis Moths in Traps Equipped with Ultraviolet Lamps

Moths of the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the European corn borer, Ostrinianubilalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae), flying incorn field were attracted to and captured in traps equipped with ultraviolet lamps. Ultrasound speakers were so arranged in the light traps that the same airspace was covered by light and sound. Since on any given night only 2 of the 4 speakers produced ultrasound, the repelling effect of the various pulse rates of ultrasound could be measured. Ultrasound pulse repetition rates of 10–150/sec reduced capture of H. zea in the light traps by 75%; rates of 2/sec or less were less effective. However, when the captured bollworm moths (from bothsilent and ultrasound-emitting traps) were checked for acoustic sensitivity by electrophysiological methods, only 2–7% of moths were deaf in both tympana. More than 90% of the moths caught in the light traps with speakers emitting pulsed ultrasound were not deaf. Thus, moth deafness alone was not responsible for the moth catch in the light traps equipped with speakers emitting ultrasound. Pulse repetition rates of 10–28/sec and pulse durations of 3–10/msec were the most effective stimuli forcausing H. zea to avoid light traps with speakers emitting pulsed ultrasound. Ultrasound stimuli consisting of 25 kilohertz, 10 pulses/sec, and pulse durations of l0 milli seconds were the most effective in reducing the catch of O. nubilalis
RecBCD Enzyme Switches Lead Motor Subunits in Response to χ Recognition

RecBCD is a DNA helicase comprising two motor subunits, RecB and RecD. Recognition of the recombination hotspot, chi, causes RecBCD to pause and reduce translocation speed. To understand this control of translocation, we used single-molecule visualization to compare RecBCD to the RecBCD(K177Q) mutant with a defective RecD motor. RecBCD(K177Q) paused at chi but did not change its translocation velocity. RecBCD(K177Q) translocated at the same rate as the wild-type post-chi enzyme, implicating RecB as the lead motor after chi. P1 nuclease treatment eliminated the wild-type enzyme's velocity changes, revealing a chi-containing ssDNA loop preceding chi recognition and showing that RecD is the faster motor before chi. We conclude that before chi, RecD is the lead motor but after chi, the slower RecB motor leads, implying a switch in motors at chi. We suggest that degradation of foreign DNA needs fast translocation, whereas DNA repair uses slower translocation to coordinate RecA loading onto ssDNA.
Optical Constants of Incandescent Refractory Metals

Filaments of semicircular cross section (diam 0.25–0.32 mm) were mounted in bulbs with plane windows. Chopped plane-polarized radiant flux was reflected from the flat surface, then passed through an analyzer whose plane of polarization made a 45° angle with the plane of reflection at the filament. The orientation of the polarizer was varied in 45° steps, and wavelengths from 0.47 to 2.0 μ were used. The metals studied were W, Mo, Ta, Ir, Re, Nb, and Pt. Filament temperatures ranged from 300 to 2400–2500°K. (Maximum for Pt was 1900°.) n-vs-λ curves for different temperatures were close together in the visible, but spread apart with increasing wavelength in the infrared. Curves showing k vs λ and e vs λ usually crossed one another near a common point. Deviations from previously published data ranged up to 15 or 20%. Systematic errors in some of the infrared data, due to difficulty in centering the reflecting surface in the beam from the source lamp, are quite obvious. Rough agreement with a simplified form of the Drude theory is approached with increasing wavelength in certain cases.
The purification and properties of a mammalian neuraminidase (sialidase).

Abstract A method for the purification of neuraminidase (sialidase) from mammalian tissue is described. The resulting enzyme was approximately 3500-fold purified when G d 1a was utilized as substrate and possesses activity towards both mono and polysialogangliosides. The enzyme also was active when fetuin was utilized as substrate but did not possess catalytic activity towards neuraminlactose. Studies of the kinetic parameters of the enzyme were performed and a total scheme for the hydrolysis of gangliosides starting with G + 1 is presented.
Models of galaxies : the modal approach

The general viability of the modal approach to the spiral structure in normal spirals and the barlike structure in certain barred spirals is discussed. The usefulness of the modal approach in the construction of models of such galaxies is examined, emphasizing the adoption of a model appropriate to observational data for both the spiral structure of a galaxy and its basic mass distribution. 44 refs.
The endocochlear potential in the Shaker-1 (sh-1-sh-1) mouse.

An endocochlear potential between 50 and 120 mV was found in ten deaf shaker-1 mice, with atrophy of the organ of Corti and stria vascularis.
BORON IN CLAYS AND ESTIMATION OF PALEOSALINITIES

SUMMARY Experiments on the uptake of boron by some clays from artificial sea-water solutions at room temperatures show that the uptake is proportional to the concentration in solution, and takes place in relatively short time. The uptake process can be described by the Freundlich adsorption equation, with the constants in the equation, k and b, varying from one clay to another. Additional factor which apparently promotes the boron adsorption by clays is the occurrence of a sodium-borate complex in saline waters. The boron concentrations in a sequence of marine Cretaceous sediments derived from a fairly localized source area show variation much greater than can be accounted for by a model which assumes (1) nearly constant boron concentration in illitic-montmorillonitic clays prior to their deposition in the sea, and (2) changes in the boron concentration in solution as may be expected under slight variations in sea water of near “normal” salinity. Differences in the properties of clay-mineral polymorphs, in predepositional histories of the clays, and possible adsorption from interstitial waters, render inconsequential the estimates of the boron concentrations in the waters at the time of deposition.
A practical approach to managing resources and avoiding deadlocks

Resource scheduling and allocation can be expensive with regard to time and space in multiprogramming or time-sharing environments involving large numbers of tasks and resources with conflicting requirements. Detection and/or prevention of deadlocks can require massive amounts of additional overhead if efficient usage of resources is to be maintained.A resource management program is described which uses linked lists along with other techniques to overcome a large portion of this overhead. The program, which is currently running as part of a large scale general purpose operating system, keeps resources relatively active but does not detect or prevent all deadlocks in its implemented state. Certain changes, which would permit more comprehensive levels of deadlock prevention/detection at additional cost, have not been incorporated in the running system due to the infrequency of deadlock situations.
Laser-formed bumps on glass for precision alignment of planar optical components

ABSTRACT This paper describes hybrid assembly of a wavelength selective switch using laser-formed glass bumps. Recently, a process was developed for forming raised bumps on IR-absorbing glass substrates using a focused laser beam. Glass bumps with heights exceeding 90 m have been formed with an accuracy of ~ 100 nm using multiple laser shots. Proper selection of materials permits the bump height to be raised or lowered via subsequent laser shots by adjusting laser power. Processes are described for precision alignment of planar AWG components to a pedestal-mounted planar SOA array by forming three glass laser bumps beneath the AWG components. While the iterative process of bump formation and component position assessment was perf ormed manually, this work demonstrates that the process is predictable and well-suited for automation. Keywords: Hybrid assembly, hybrid integration, laser bumps, wavelength-selective switch, planar lightwave circuit, optical waveguide alignment, precision array alignment, automated alignment
Individual differences in maternal response to immune challenge predict offspring behavior: Contribution of environmental factors

Maternal infection during pregnancy elevates risk for schizophrenia and related disorders in offspring. Converging evidence suggests the maternal inflammatory response mediates the interaction between maternal infection, altered brain development, and behavioral outcome. The extent to which individual differences in the maternal response to immune challenge influence the development of these abnormalities is unknown. The present study investigated the impact of individual differences in maternal response to the viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) on offspring behavior. We observed significant variability in body weight alterations of pregnant rats induced by administration of poly I:C on gestational day 14. Furthermore, the presence or absence of maternal weight loss predicted MK-801 and amphetamine stimulated locomotor abnormalities in offspring. MK-801 stimulated locomotion was altered in offspring of all poly I:C treated dams; however, the presence or absence of maternal weight loss resulted in decreased and modestly increased locomotion, respectively. Adult offspring of poly I:C treated dams that lost weight exhibited significantly decreased amphetamine stimulated locomotion, while offspring of poly I:C treated dams without weight loss performed similarly to vehicle controls. Social isolation and increased maternal age predicted weight loss in response to poly I:C but not vehicle injection. In combination, these data identify environmental factors associated with the maternal response to immune challenge and functional outcome of offspring exposed to maternal immune activation.
Differentiation of plasma antithrombin activities.

SummaryThe antithrombin capacity of plasma can be differentiated into 4 main effects. Antithrombin I is the adsorption of thrombin on fibrin. Antithrombin II is the co-factor of heparin. Antithrombin III neutralizes thrombin activity even in the absence of heparin, while antithrombin IV destroys thrombin only while it is being formed from prothrombin. Some of the properties of anti-thrombins II, III and IV have been investigated, together with those of the factor which acts with heparin to inhibit the activation of prothrombin, and which is referred to as the‘39 factor. The 4 activities have the common property of resistance to heating at 60° for three minutes, but are destroyed by heating at 70°. They are not adsorbed on BaCO3. They are water soluble. None of these activities is found in a commercial crystalized bovine plasma albumin. Antithrombin III activity is the only one removed by ether treatment of plasma. In ammonium sulfate fractionation antithrombin II is found predominantly in the 50-70% fract...
Gender issues and multiple sclerosis

Gender-related issues in multiple sclerosis include the important and widely accepted clinical observations that men are less susceptible to the disease than women and also that disease activity in multiple sclerosis is decreased during late pregnancy. This article reviews mechanisms underlying each of these clinical observations and discusses the role of sex hormones in each. Specifically, the protective role of testosterone in young men and the protective role of the pregnancy hormone estriol in pregnant women are discussed. Rationale for novel therapies in multiple sclerosis based on the protective roles of these sex hormones is presented.
Factors Affecting the Determination of Uterine Blood Flow in Vivo

When 4-aminoantipyrine (4AA) was injected into pregnant goats, the time curves of blood concentration could be determined easily and accurately when the injection was carried out over about seven minutes' time. The arterial-and uterine venous-blood concentration curves came together after 15 minutes, and afterward the arteriovenous difference remained negligible. The blood concentration of 4AA gave an accurate estimate of concentrations in the tissue water of the uterus, placenta, and fetus after disappearance of the arteriovenous difference. At the time interval of 15 to 20 minutes, 4AA concentrations in amniotic and allantoic fluids were so low that they could be regarded as negligible. There fore, when 4AA was used as the diffusing substance, the major factors affecting the determination of uterine blood flow by diffusion-equilibration methods were favorable for an estimate of the rate of blood flow per unit weight of metabolically active tissue.
High gloss of extruded high impact polystyrene sheet. A microscopical study of sheet morphology

Morphological changes effected in the two-phase high impact polystyrene system by several methods of securing high surface gloss of extruded sheet were studied microscopically. In the glazing process changes occur in refractive index of the copolymer particles and in the matrix. Excessive glazing may result in oxidative damage. The effects of temperature and oxidation and temperature alone on the copolymer particles have been investigated.
Fouling of RO membranes in a vibratory shear enhanced filtration process (VSEP) system

Fouling induced by inorganic scaling is a major challenge limiting the use of reverse osmosis (RO) technology in many water treatment applications. This fouling can be reduced by using torsional vibration of flat sheet membranes to induce high shear rates at the membrane surface. We investigated fouling of RO membranes using a vibratory shear enhanced filtration process (VSEP®, New Logic Research, Emeryville, CA) system to treat a simulated brackish water source and a brine. Vibration substantially reduced membrane fouling and increased practical water recovery from 80% to over 90% for the brackish solution and from 50% to 75% for the brine. When the membrane was vibrated, fouling accounted for a much smaller fraction of the total hydraulic resistance during treatment of both the brackish solution and the brine. Vibration also increased rejection of major ions from between 70% and 88% to >95% in the brackish solution and >90% in the brine. SEM images indicated that vibration changed the morphology of the surface scale from a uniform layer of needle-like solids to a smoother layer that was apparently more hydraulically conductive. This morphological change seemed to increase the overall volumetric flux by opening up areas on the membrane surface that were otherwise covered by scales.
Transient boiling heat transfer from two different heat sources: Small diameter wire and thin film flat surface on a quartz substrate

Abstract Transient boiling heat transfer data are reported for two different heater surface geometries submerged in liquid nitrogen. During the early part of the transient heat pulse, the heat transfer coefficient for both geometries generally agrees with values predicted from classical transient pure conduction equations. The agreement persists until the time for onset of convection which varies approximately as 1 q 2 where q is the heat flux to the fluid.
The Biology of the Brown-banded Cockroach and its Relative Susceptibility to Five Organic Insecticides

Laboratory studies were made on the biology of the brown-banded cockroach, Supella supellectilium (Serville), and its relative susceptibility to the insecticides, aldrin, chlordane, DDT, heptachlor, and lindane. Biological studies revealed the average preoviposition period for 19 adult females was 17.7 days. An average of 10 egg capsules were produced per female, while the period between capsules averaged 9.8 days. As many as 29 capsules were deposited by a single female, and about one-third from each female hatched. The incubation period of 14 capsules obtained from seven different females averaged 58.4 days. The maximum number of nymphs to hatch per capsule was 18, with an average of 12.8 for all capsules considered. The average length of adult life of 20 females was 115 days. The number and duration of instars were determined by labeling the nymphs with aluminum paint. The total number of instars of 37 nymphs varied from seven to nine, with seven being most commonly found. Significant variation in the duration of instar periods was shown in nymphs from three different females. The total period of nymphal development of 37 nymphs averaged 89.7 days. Toxicity tests were performed on female cockroaches selected immediately after they had emerged as adults. The insecticides were applied topically as emulsions between the prothoracic coxae. The results from these tests show that the brown-banded species does not differ greatly in susceptibility from the German cockroach ( Blattella germanica (L.)) and that the compounds tested can be arranged in the following descending order of toxicity, based on LD50 and LD90 values: lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, chlordane, and DDT.
General purpose representation and association machine: Part 4: Improve learning for three-states and multi-tasks

In this paper, we continue our journey on how to use simple LDPC codes to build a GPRAM prototype. We examine a switch function in the system which will allow us to perform revision in code structures in the GPRAM prototype in future. In this study we focus on how to improve learning for threestate systems; how to learn using perfect codewords; and finally how to perform progressive learning methods to perform multi-tasks. We start to see that many interesting features begin to merge and some of them may have bio-implications which need to be explored further.
Comparing Expressed and Revealed Preferences for Risk Reduction: Different Hazards and Question Frames

Studies often note the wide differences that exist in costs per death avoided across US federal programs and regulatory contexts. This paper explores two new, related explanations for these differences. First, it argues that the patterns of revealed preferences (public allocations) may be related to public values, which are measured here through subjects' expressed preference responses to a contingent valuation survey regarding risk reduction. Subjects' expressed values are compared to actual (and proposed) costs of safety regulations for a similar set of hazards. The authors discover strong congruence in the ranking of expressed values and actual values. Second, the paper presents the results of a subsequent survey that investigates why the patterns observed in the first survey might occur. It suggests that one reason for the observed similarities between revealed and expressed preferences may be in how choices are framed. The paper hypothesizes that both subjects and decision makers may frame valuation decisions in the same way: as percentage changes from the reference point provided by the base rate of deaths for that hazard.
Toward GPUs being mainstream in analytic processing: An initial argument using simple scan-aggregate queries

There have been a number of research proposals to use discrete graphics processing units (GPUs) to accelerate database operations. Although many of these works show up to an order of magnitude performance improvement, discrete GPUs are not commonly used in modern database systems. However, there is now a proliferation of integrated GPUs which are on the same silicon die as the conventional CPU. With the advent of new programming models like heterogeneous system architecture, these integrated GPUs are considered first-class compute units, with transparent access to CPU virtual addresses and very low overhead for computation offloading. We show that integrated GPUs significantly reduce the overheads of using GPUs in a database environment. Specifically, an integrated GPU is 3x faster than a discrete GPU even though the discrete GPU has 4x the computational capability. Therefore, we develop high performance scan and aggregate algorithms for the integrated GPU. We show that the integrated GPU can outperform a four-core CPU with SIMD extensions by an average of 30% (up to 3:2x) and provides an average of 45% reduction in energy on 16 TPC-H queries.
Facilitating dialogue on religion and sexuality using a descriptive approach

This chapter offers practical steps for creating and navigating difficult dialogues with respect to sexuality and religion. It suggests that partnership with departments, programs, and scholars of religious studies may prove helpful for student affairs professionals.
Scalar curvature and the Thurston norm

the supremum being taken over all connected, oriented surfaces Σ embedded in Y whose genus g is at least 2 [8]. If Y contains spheres or non-separating tori, the definition is extended by declaring that α has infinite norm if it has non-zero pairing with any sphere or torus. It has been noted by various authors that there is a connection between the genus of embedded surfaces and solutions of the SeibergWitten monopole equations. In the present context, the result can be phrased as follows. The monopole equations depend on the choice of a metric h on Y and a Spinc structure c, to which we can associate the class c1(c), the first Chern class of the associated spin bundle. The result then states that, if the dual Thurston norm of c1(c) is greater than 1, then there exists a metric h on Y for which the corresponding monopole equations admit no solution. A fact that lies rather deeper is that the connection between the Thurston norm and the monopole equations is sharp, in the following sense, at least in the case that Y is irreducible (that is, every sphere bounds a ball in Y ). Let us say that a cohomology class α ∈ H2(Y ;R) is a monopole class if there is a Spinc structure c, with c1(c) = α over the reals, such that the corresponding monopole equations have a solution for all Riemannian metrics h on Y . Then we have:
Malignant melanoma arising in mature ovarian cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst). Report of two cases and literature analysis

Malignant melanoma may originate from melanocytes in ovarian cystic teratomas (dermoid cysts). Two cases are reported here and an additional 17 cases are found in a literature review covering 1903-1995. The review also found cases of benign and malignant melanotic ovarian lesion unassociated with dermoid cyst, including four melanomas, three cases of benign nevus, five cases of benign melanosis, and four cases of benign and malignant retinal anlage tumors. The extremely rare primary ovarian melanoma may be differentiated from the more common melanoma metastatic to the ovaries by its unilaterality, the presence of junctional change, and a detailed history and physical examination to exclude another primary site. Overall, 50% of patients with Stage I dermoid-associated melanoma were alive at 2 years compared with 89% of patients with Stage I dermoid-associated squamous carcinoma at 5 years. In the last 10 years, however, with the application o aggressive chemotherapy, survival has improved.
The Roles of Stably Committed and Uncommitted Cells in Establishing Tissues of the Somite

: Somites are blocks of embryonic mesoderm tissue that give rise to skeletal muscle, cartilage, and other connective tissues. The development of different tissues within the somite is influenced by adjacent structures, in particular, the neural tube and notochord. Results of experiments performed in vivo and in vitro suggest that somites contain populations of cells stably programmed to undergo either skeletal myogenesis or chondrogenesis and a population uncommitted to either pathway. The fate of the uncommitted cells would depend on a transfer of information from the committed cells. Communication between committed and uncommitted cells is regulated by cell and tissue interactions that either activate or inhibit this process.
Alcohol and the Heart

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5915/20-4-13299 Whereas the toxic effects of acute or chronic ethanol use on cerebral and hepatic function have long been recognized, its role as an etiologic factor in the heart diseases, however, has been slow in developing. In fact, alcohol, at least in modest amounts, has commonly been prescribed as a medicinal agent. Many observations from our laboratory have indicated that ethyl alcohol may indeed have chronic toxic effects on the cardiovascular system. We have shown that alcohol, when used even in non-intoxicating doses, elicits a depression of cardiovascular function in normal and unhabituated subjects. Chronic alcohol usage results in deterioration progressing from isolated impairment of muscle function to stages characterized successively by impaired pump performance, cardiomegaly, symptomatology, and eventually decompensation. Various conduction abnormalities and arrhythmias are also common, and a myocardial infarction may appear on a non-coronary basis related to chronic ethanolism. As observed in the canine study, the changes in the myocardial action collagen accumulation, and/or excess of calcium in the myofibrils may be the main pathogenetic mechanism responsible for cardiac dysfunction. Treatment of toxic cardiomyopathy is aimed at colllrolling the arrhythmias and heart failure when present. Strict abstinence is the only remedy which will interrupt the progression of the disease process.
Radio-frequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma

Abstract Purpose: To report the authors' early experience with radio-frequency (RF) ablation of renal cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four percutaneous RF ablation treatments for nine tumors were performed in eight patients with renal cell carcinoma. Indications included coexistent morbidity, previous surgery, or solitary kidney in patients with a life expectancy shorter than 10 years. Smaller (⩽3-cm) peripheral lesions ( n = 3) were treated with single electrodes. All but one of the larger (>3 cm) and/or central lesions ( n = 6) were treated with cluster or multiple electrodes. Patients returned for a second treatment when follow-up imaging depicted tumor enhancement. Follow-up imaging was performed at 1 and 3 months and then at 6-month intervals, with a mean follow-up of 10.3 months. Seven patients were alive at least 6 months after their initial treatment. Results: All five exophytic tumors were free of enhancement. One of three central tumors was free of enhancement. One tumor had both central and exophytic components and was free of enhancement. Three tumors were 3 cm or smaller and free of enhancement. Of the six tumors larger than 3 cm, four were free of enhancement. Conclusion: Percutaneous RF ablation is a promising treatment for select patients with renal cell carcinoma. The ultimate role of this modality will continue to evolve and warrants further study. Commentary New minimally invasive technologies are currently being applied to the field of nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in an effort to decrease operative time, pain, morbidity and hospital stay. Methods of tumor ablation have included cryotherapy, radio-frequency ablation (RFA), high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), laser and microwave coagulation. These new modalities are currently being administered laparoscopically or percutaneously; ultimately, completely extracorporeal techniques may be feasible. The primary mechanism of tissue destruction with RFA is thermonecrosis. Radio-frequency energy causes high frequency current flow from the needle electrode into the surrounding tissue. This causes ionic agitation, molecular friction, cellular warming with rapid dessication and cell death. The size and configuration of the lesion are related to the amount of energy delivered, ablation time, tissue impedance, electrolyte content of the tissue and surface area of the electrode. It is a major technical challenge to control for each of these variables independently. The major concern with RFA and related ablative technologies is the ability to image the destructive process precisely as it is being administered, thereby minimizing injury to normal adjacent parenchyma while assuring complete tumor ablation. Since a surgical specimen is not removed for pathologic study, histologic documentation of complete tumor destruction and accurate tumor staging/grading are not available. Meticulous long-term clinical and radiographic follow-up of treated patients is ultimately needed to validate the efficacy of ablative techniques such as RFA for treating renal malignancy. Andrew C. Novick, M.D.
Energy metabolism in largemouth bass (Micropterus floridanus salmoides) from stressed and non-stressed environments: adaptations in the secondary stress response.

Abstract 1. 1. White muscle proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, adenylates, phosphagen and the AEC, (adenylate energy charge) were measured in bass inhabiting stressful and non-stressful environments. 2. 2. Within an environment, in June stressed bass had higher carbohydrates, while non-stressed bass had lower ATP, total adenylates and AEC. 3. 3. Comparisons between environments revealed: non-stressed bass had higher ATP/ADP and AEC's in May, CrP/ATP in June, and protein in July; while stressed bass had higher carbohydrate in June and lipid in July. 4. 4. Other metabolites varied insignificantly. 5. 5. AEC's of both groups were within the optimal range indicating physiological compensation (adaptation) of energy metabolism (secondary stress response) occurred in bass inhabiting the stressful environment.
Rocky Mountain evolution: Tying Continental Dynamics of the Rocky Mountains and Deep Probe seismic experiments with receiver functions

[1] In this study, we have determined the crustal structure using three different receiver function methods using data collected from the northern transect of the Continental Dynamics of the Rocky Mountains (CD-ROM) experiment. The resulting migrated image and crustal thickness determinations confirm and refine prior crustal thickness measurements based on the CD-ROM and Deep Probe experiment data sets. The new results show a very distinct and thick lower crustal layer beneath the Archean Wyoming province. In addition, we are able to show its termination at 42N latitude, which provides a seismic tie between the CD-ROM and Deep Probe seismic experiments and thus completes a continuous north-south transect extending from New Mexico into Alberta, Canada. This new tie is particularly important because it occurs close to a major tectonic boundary, the Cheyenne belt, between an Archean craton and a Proterozoic terrane. We used two different stacking techniques, based on a similar concept but using two different ways to estimate uncertainties. Furthermore, we used receiver function migration and common conversion point (CCP) stacking techniques. The combined interpretation of all our results shows (1) crustal thinning in southern Wyoming, (2) strong northward crustal thickening beginning in central Wyoming, (3) the presence of an unusually thick and high-velocity lower crust beneath the Wyoming province, and (4) the abrupt termination of this lower crustal layer north of the Cheyenne belt at 42N latitude.
Mohs moat: Peripheral cutaneous margin clearance in a collaborative approach for aggressive and deeply invasive basal cell carcinoma

Although Mohs micrographic surgery is the standard of care for large, aggressive or recurrent non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck, tumours that involve deep underlying structures (including bone, parotid gland and named nerves) are impractical for extirpation under local anaesthesia. Such cases are often referred to a head and neck surgeon, who typically relies on intraoperative frozen section analysis of the peripheral cutaneous margin. Here we describe the use of the Mohs moat technique as part of a collaborative approach for the treatment of aggressive and deeply invasive basal cell carcinoma that allows an analysis of the complete peripheral cutaneous margin and results in decreased operating room and general anaesthesia time.
Science Faculty Belief Systems in a Professional Development Program: Inquiry in College Laboratories

The purpose of this study was to investigate how science faculty members’ belief systems about inquiry-based teaching changed through their experience in a professional development program. The program was designed to support early career science faculty in learning about inquiry and incorporating an inquiry-based approach to teaching laboratories. Data sources for this qualitative study included three semi-structured interviews, observations during the program and during faculty members’ implementation in their courses, and a researcher’s journal. In the first phase of data analysis, we created profiles for each of the four participants. Next, we developed assertions, and tested for confirming and disconfirming evidence across the profiles. The assertions indicated that, through the professional development program, participants’ knowledge and beliefs about inquiry-based teaching shifted, placing more value on student-directed learning and classroom inquiry. Participants who were internally motivated to participate and held incoming positive attitudes toward the mini-journal inquiry-based approach were more likely to incorporate the approach in their future practice. Students’ responses played a critical role in participants’ belief systems and their decision to continue using the inquiry-based format. The findings from this study have implications for professional development design.
Stereoselective preparation of methyl (Z)-cinnamates by favorskii rearrangement

Abstract 1,3-Dibromo-1-phenylacetones, readily prepared by direct bromination of the parent phenylacetone, react with methanolic sodium methoxide to yield stereoselectively methyl ( Z ) cinnamates in good yield.
Effect of Dry Matter Content and Length of Ensiling on Quality of Alfalfa Silage

Abstract Second cutting, bud-stage alfalfa was ensiled in miniature structures limiting oxygen at four dry matter contents (38.8, 52.1, 57.8, and 65.8%) for three ensiling periods (10, 20, or 30 days). The resultant silage was assayed for various qualities including pH, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, and lactic, acetic, propionic, and isobutyric acids. Fermentation at dry matter contents of 57.8 and 65.8% resulted in pH elevated above 5.2, high acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (more than .60, percent insoluble protein 3.75 on dry weight basis), low concentration of lactic and acetic acids (less than .5% on wet weight basis), and high concentrations of isobutyrate (more than .09%) indicative of poor fermentation patterns and inferior silage. Although there was no significant effect of dry matter on temperature in the fermentation process, high percentages of insoluble nitrogen and dark color of the silage from two highest dry matters are indicative of a Maillard type browing reaction. Lactic, acetic, and propionic acids increased through 30 days following ensiling, and pH stabilized between days 10 and 20. Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen did not increase after day 10 indicating protein damage in the first 10 days of ensiling.
Look before you leap: Legal pitfalls of crowdsourcing

Crowdsourcing is quickly shifting the traditional landscape of how people work, invent, fund new enterprises, and create new artistic works. Such innovative shifts often run ahead of the law and raise new legal questions that may not yet have very definite answers. This paper considers five such legal issues that the crowdsourcing community (providers and customers) should discuss, both to inform their own practice and to advise future policy. Specifically, we consider employment law, patent inventorship, data security and the Federal Trade Commission, copyright ownership, and securities regulation of crowdfunding. Ultimately we offer three practical suggestions for crowdsourcing: be mindful of the law, define relationships in advance, and be open and honest with crowdworkers. While we limit the scope of legal regulation considered, we hope to provide a useful introduction to several areas where crowdsourcing and the law may (soon) intersect, and to offer some insight on how a court/lawyer may view them.
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD): IX. Qualitative and Quantitative Differences in Urinary Arylsulfatase A in Different Forms of MLD

METACHROMATIC leukodystrophy (MLD) is characterized by deficient activity of sulfatase A (arylsulfatase A; cerebroside sulfatase) and by a corresponding accumulation of cerebroside sulfate. The disease begins at different ages and evolves at different tempos. Late infantile, juvenile, adult, and variant forms occur. Each form tends to have subtly different clinical, neuropathological and chemical findings. How is one to explain the variation within this model disease? Are there any principles which, by extension, might give us a better understanding of the pathogenesis of other diseases? To begin to answer these questions we have started to characterize the minute amounts of enzyme activity which still remain in MLD. Three aspects of sulfatase A have been studied: (1) the amount of sulfatase A activity present; (2) the kinetic parameters of the enzyme; and (3) the effect on the enzyme activity of various compounds known to interact with enzyme proteins. The purposes of
Public Issues and Private Problems: Women and Drug Use

Despite the conventional wisdom that defining a problem is an essential step in determining a solution, social problem definitions often obscure strategies for ameliorating problems. A review of social research designed to illuminate our definition of substance abuse reveals the way in which historical and political factors have modified the definition of substance abuse problems over time. Treatment and prevention strategies based on these problem definitions are vulnerable to the same influences. A review of explanations of substance abuse among women shows that they have been limited by the same narrow prescriptions that have been applied to women's behavior more generally. This means, for example, that drug treatment programs have focused on improving vocational skills for men and social skills for women. This paper suggests an alternative starting point for the design of effective services. It is suggested that successive, limited comparisons of actual intervention efforts—particularly those designed with the participation of clients or ex-clients—is a superior method for determining appropriate services for drug-using women. Based on findings from evaluations of special drug treatment programs for women, three strategies are discussed for implementing this evaluation feedback approach to program design.
The effect of duration of muscle denervation on functional recovery in the rat model

The effect of long-term denervation on neuromuscular recovery was studied in a rat hind limb model. The posterior tibial nerve was transected and repaired immediately or after denervation periods of 2 weeks, or 1, 3, 6, 9, or 12 months. Six months following reconstruction excellent axonal regeneration was seen across all nerve repairs irrespective of periods of denervation. However, there was a precipitous and profound decrease in the recovery of both muscle mass and integrated motor function if the reconstruction was delayed for longer than 1 month. Rather than a progressive change proportional to the length of the denervation period, significant, more discrete changes occurred sometime after 1 month of denervation that precluded a full recovery of muscle mass. Integrated motor function quantified using walking track analysis was impaired even after immediate nerve repair.
A mechanism for policy-driven selection of service providers in SOA and cloud environments

We describe a mechanism in which context is gathered relating to service providers (SPs), this is inputted to a rule-based system, and decisions are output about the suitability of each SP, including recommended stipulations regarding their usage. It can be used tor Service-Oriented Architectures (SOAs) to determine appropriate actions that should be allowed, or in a cloud context, to help assess risk before personal information is passed on through the cloud. It is semi-automated to significantly lower the transaction costs for the selection of SPs.
The circular intersection model

The circular intersection problem is to position two planar structures of circular forms such that the total overlap area between the structures is maximized under rigid motion mechanics. The intersection model is formulated as a constrained nonlinear program and solved using a sequential quadratic programming algorithm implemented on a spreadsheet. Numerical examples illustrate the methodology.
Friendship Characteristics, Threat Appraisals, and Varieties of Jealousy About Romantic Partners’ Friendships

This study examined the role of friendship sex composition, friendship history, and threat appraisals in the experience of jealousy about a romantic partner’s involvement in extradyadic friendships. Using a survey, 201 individuals responded to scenarios describing a romantic partner’s involvement in a significant friendship outside the romantic dyad. A partner’s involvement in a cross-sex friendship was associated with greater perceptions of threat to both the existence and quality of the romantic relationship than was a partner’s involvement in a same-sex friendship. Further, the specific forms of jealousy experienced about partners’ friendships were dependent on the threat appraisals individuals associated with the friendships. Appraisals of relational existence threat mediated the influence of friendship characteristics (i.e., sex composition and history) on sexual jealousy and companionship jealousy, while appraisals of relational quality threat mediated the influence of friendship characteristics on intimacy jealousy, power jealousy, and companionship jealousy. This study points toward the central role of threat appraisals in mediating associations between rival characteristics and various forms of jealousy about a partner’s friendships.