cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 3088: Regulation of tight junction protein claudin 1 mRNA expression by AU-rich element-binding (ELAV) proteins in colon cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Tight junction associated proteins are key molecular components governing cellular adhesion, polarity and play critical roles in cellular proliferation via their functions as couplers of the extracellular milieu to intracellular signaling pathways. Claudin-1, a tight junction protein, expression is dysregulated in the majority of human colorectal carcinomas. We have previously reported that claudin-1 is regulated at post-transcriptional levels on treatment with HDAC inhibitor, TSA and its mRNA stability is modulated by 3’-UTR as the major mechanism underlying HDAC-dependent claudin-1 expression. It has putative AU-rich (ARE) cis-elements in its long 3’UTR (∼ 2.3Kb). Presence of a long 3’UTR is frequently indicative of post-translational regulation of gene expression via modulation of mRNA stability. ELAV like RNA-binding proteins Hu antigen R (HuR) and tristetraprolin (TTP) associate with labile mRNAs bearing AU-rich elements located in the 3’ untranslated regions (3′-UTRs) and modulate their stability. We have identified putative AU rich elements in the proximal region of the claudin 1 3’-UTR and demonstrate that HuR interacts with these AU-rich elements. We further show a role of HuR and TTP during colon tumorigenesis and their ability to regulate Claudin-1 mRNA expression in presence TSA. We found that Claudin-1 mRNA was stabilized by HUR in both SW480 and SW620 cells, whereas its overexpression decreased the expression of TTP; We used a ribonomic approach to test the binding of HuR and TTP to claudin 1 3’UTR and their role in stabilization/destabilization of claudin-1 mRNA in the presence of TSA. On treatment with TSA the binding of HuR to claudin-1 3’UTR decreases while the binding of TTP increases correlating well with the rapid decay of claudin-1 mRNA in presence of TSA. Thus, our data suggest that claudin 1 is regulated via mRNA stability and a novel regulatory feedback loop between HuR and TTP in colon tumorigenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3088. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3088
National Safe Routes to School program and risk of school-age pedestrian and bicyclist injury.

Abstract Purpose Safe Routes to School (SRTS) was a federally funded transportation program for facilitating physically active commuting to and from school in children through improvements of the built environment. There is evidence that SRTS programs increase walking and bicycling in school-age children, but their impact on pedestrian and bicyclist safety has not been adequately examined. We investigate the impact and effects of the SRTS program on school-age pedestrian and bicyclist injuries in a nationwide sample in the United States. Methods Data were crash records for school-age children (5–19 years) and adults (30–64 years), in 18 U.S. states for a 16-year period (1995–2010). Multilevel negative binomial models were used to examine the association between SRTS intervention and the risk of pedestrian and bicyclist injury in children aged 5–19 years. Results SRTS was associated with an approximately 23% reduction (incidence rate ratio = 0.77, 95% confidence interval = 0.65–0.92) in pedestrian/bicyclist injury risk and a 20% reduction in pedestrian/bicyclist fatality risk (incidence rate ratio = 0.80, 95% confidence interval = 0.68–0.94) in school-age children compared to adults aged 30–64 years. Conclusions Implementation of the SRTS program appears to have contributed to improving traffic safety for school-age children in the United States.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION ON SPORICIDAL EFFICACY OF THREE CHLORINE-CONTAINING DISINFECTANTS

In order to select appropriate chemical disinfectant,carrier quantitative germicidal test was used to compare the sporicidal efficacy of three chlorine-containing disinfectants.Results: When the three chlorine-containing disinfectants were tested under same conditions,sodium dichloroisocyanurate solution containing available chlorine 800 mg/L with a 25 min contact time,dichloromonobromoisocyanuric acid solution containing available chlorine 300 mg/L with a 30 min contact time and chlorine dioxide solution containing chlorine dioxide 250 mg/L with a 30 min contact time killed 100% of Bacillus subtilis var.niger spores on carriers in average.Conclusion: All the three chlorine-containing disinfectants had good sporicidal efficacy and the efficacy of chlorine dioxide was the best.
Characteristics of spinoreticular and spinothalamic neurons with renal input.

Spinoreticular (SRT) and spinothalamic (STT) neurons were studied for responses to renal and somatic stimuli in 34 cats that were anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. SRT cells were antidromically a...
A dynamic marketing-operations interface model of new product updates

Abstract Two critical success factors for nearly any firm are the introduction of new products and the integration of the marketing and operations functions within the business enterprise. The series of products being considered are associated with sequential non-disruptive innovations in technology, but disruptive in fashion. The study presents a model that integrates and builds upon the popular dynamic Bass model for new product diffusion in marketing and the Wagner and Whitin dynamic lot-sizing model, a seminal model in operations management. The end result is a model that simultaneously determines the optimal timing for the introduction of new product generations, pricing, production timing and produced quantities. This model is then used to examine the impact of variations in marketing and operations parameters on both optimal profit and optimal product lifecycle length. The study finds that larger profit and a faster pace of new product introductions are generally associated with faster diffusion, lower price elasticity, larger market potential, lower new product introduction cost and more costly consumer products.
Interactions Between Toxoplasma Effectors and Host Immune Responses

Abstract As an intracellular parasite, Toxoplasma gondii must avoid a variety of host defences including the host immune response. Recent studies have demonstrated that T. gondii extensively remodels its host altering host metabolism and gene expression. These events are mediated by parasite products that are secreted into the host cell during and after invasion. This chapter discusses the identification and mechanism of action of the rhoptry and dense granule proteins that alter host cell signalling and immune response.
The political is personal, expressive, aesthetic, and networked: Contemporary American languages of the self from Trump to Black Lives Matter

This essay explores the variety of discourses around individualism that now characterize American society, and their impact on contemporary social movements and political speech and practice. Though the United States is divided between those who embrace a cosmopolitan liberalism and nativist and populist reactions against it, I argue that contemporary vocabularies of the self, from romantic expressivism and entrepreneurial individualism to aesthetic and networked forms, underlie these different political perspectives. These modes of individualism have developed in the context of the rise of neo-liberalism, reflexive modernity, increased social media use, and the crisis of contemporary institutions. These languages of the self also inform the personal politics of modern social movements, including Occupy Wall Street, Black Lives Matter, the Tea Party, and the election of Donald Trump.
Translation of an injectable triple-interpenetrating-network hydrogel for intervertebral disc regeneration in a goat model.

Abstract Degeneration of the intervertebral discs is a progressive cascade of cellular, compositional and structural changes that is frequently associated with low back pain. As the first signs of disc degeneration typically arise in the disc’s central nucleus pulposus (NP), augmentation of the NP via hydrogel injection represents a promising strategy to treat early to mid-stage degeneration. The purpose of this study was to establish the translational feasibility of a triple interpenetrating network hydrogel composed of dextran, chitosan, and teleostean (DCT) for augmentation of the degenerative NP in a preclinical goat model. Ex vivo injection of the DCT hydrogel into degenerated goat lumbar motion segments restored range of motion and neutral zone modulus towards physiologic values. To facilitate non-invasive assessment of hydrogel delivery and distribution, zirconia nanoparticles were added to make the hydrogel radiopaque. Importantly, the addition of zirconia did not negatively impact viability or matrix producing capacity of goat mesenchymal stem cells or NP cells seeded within the hydrogel in vitro. In vivo studies demonstrated that the radiopaque DCT hydrogel was successfully delivered to degenerated goat lumbar intervertebral discs, where it was distributed throughout both the NP and annulus fibrosus, and that the hydrogel remained contained within the disc space for two weeks without evidence of extrusion. These results demonstrate the translational potential of this hydrogel for functional regeneration of degenerate intervertebral discs. Statement of Significance The results of this work demonstrate that a radiopaque hydrogel is capable of normalizing the mechanical function of the degenerative disc, is supportive of disc cell and mesenchymal stem cell viability and matrix production, and can be maintained in the disc space without extrusion following intradiscal delivery in a preclinical large animal model. These results support evaluation of this hydrogel as a minimally invasive disc therapeutic in long-term preclinical studies as a precursor to future clinical application in patients with disc degeneration and low back pain.
Abstract 402: Effect of Aging on Endothelial Function in a Genetic Mouse Model of Hypertension

Although previous studies have demonstrated that there is a strong genetic component associated with the development of hypertension, angiotensin II-infusion represents the most commonly used model of hypertension, especially in mice. While the BPH/2 mouse represents a genetic, non-angiotensin II-dependent, model of hypertension, there is limited information regarding endothelial responses and, to our knowledge, no information regarding the effect of aging on blood pressure or endothelial function in this model. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that endothelial dysfunction is present in the carotid artery in the genetically hypertensive BPH/2 mouse and that the degree of endothelial dysfunction in this model worsens with age. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and vascular function was examined in young (5 months) and aged (12 months of age) BPN/3 and BPH/2 mice. SBP was significantly greater (P<0.05) in young hypertensive mice as compared to their normotensive counterparts (e.g., SBP was 151±...
School districts and their local food supply chains

The 2015 Farm to School Census reports that during the 2013–2014 school year there were over 5200 farm to school (FTS) programs in the USA that involved 39,000 schools and 24.1 million children. These FTS programs are intended, in part, to increase market access and therefore the viability of farms and ranches. Accordingly, the majority of FTS programs involve local food procurement directly from farmers, from non-traditional suppliers that market locally branded food products such as ‘food hubs’, or from traditional suppliers such distributors and food service management companies. Yet, there is reason to believe that transaction costs vary based on the supply chain that schools use to procure local food. Moreover, that the supply chain that schools use to procure local food has a relationship with school's expenditures on local food. We use the 2015 Farm to School Census to estimate the relationship between school district's local food expenditures per student and supply chain structure. We analyzed data using ordinary least squares regressions, controlling for the region of the USA, the type of local food products purchased, and other school-specific characteristics. Importantly, we find a negative and significant relationship between school district's non-milk local food expenditure per student, and purchases directly from the farm and from non-traditional suppliers. This implies that schools that purchase local food from traditional distributors are likely to have higher on average expenditures per student compared with schools that purchase local food directly from farmers or non-traditional distributors. Results point to the need for additional research in determining the efficacy of policies to support direct and non-traditional FTS marketing arrangements.
Association between mammogram density and background parenchymal enhancement of breast MRI

Breast density has been widely considered as an important risk factor for breast cancer. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between mammogram density results and background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) of breast MRI. A dataset involving breast MR images was acquired from 65 high-risk women. Based on mammography density (BIRADS) results, the dataset was divided into two groups of low and high breast density cases. The Low-Density group has 15 cases with mammographic density (BIRADS 1 and 2), while the High-density group includes 50 cases, which were rated by radiologists as mammographic density BIRADS 3 and 4. A computer-aided detection (CAD) scheme was applied to segment and register breast regions depicted on sequential images of breast MRI scans. CAD scheme computed 20 global BPE features from the entire two breast regions, separately from the left and right breast region, as well as from the bilateral difference between left and right breast regions. An image feature selection method namely, CFS method, was applied to remove the most redundant features and select optimal features from the initial feature pool. Then, a logistic regression classifier was built using the optimal features to predict the mammogram density from the BPE features. Using a leave-one-case-out validation method, the classifier yields the accuracy of 82p and area under ROC curve, AUCe0.81±0.09. Also, the box-plot based analysis shows a negative association between mammogram density results and BPE features in the MRI images. This study demonstrated a negative association between mammogram density and BPE of breast MRI images.
Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and invariance assessment of the perceived powerlessness scale among youth in Baltimore

Generalized perceived powerlessness is an important psychosocial construct that determines a wide range of health behaviors and outcomes. This study has two aims: (1) examine the structure of the newly developed perceived powerlessness scale using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and (2) assess the scale's invariance across key demographic variables using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis among a random household sample of African American and White youth (aged 15-24 years) residing in Baltimore, MD. Our study results demonstrated that the powerlessness scale is valid among a demographically diverse sample of urban youth, showing promise for use in future health behavior and outcome studies.
The Rare Earths or Lanthanides

The paramagnetic properties of the rare earth ions have been investigated so extensively that a book could be written on the subject, never mind a chapter. This is due in large part to the many studies of the EPR spectra of the lanthanides when doped into diamagnetic hosts, and the attendant theoretical development in terms of crystal field theory. Many of the current ideas in magnetism have followed from such studies, especially with regard to relaxation phenomena.
Effects of legacy metabolites from previous ecosystems on the environmental metabolomics of the brine of Lake Vida, East Antarctica

Abstract Lake Vida, located in a closed basin in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, East Antarctica, permanently encapsulates an interstitial anoxic, aphotic, cold (−13 °C), brine ecosystem within 27+ m of ice. Metabolically active, but cold-limited, slow-growing bacteria were detected in the brine. Lake Vida brine is derived from the evaporation of a body of water that occupied the same basin prior to ∼2800 years ago. The characteristics of this body of water changed over time and, at one point, likely resembled other modern well-studied perennial ice-covered lakes of the Dry Valleys. We characterized the dichloromethane-extractable fraction of the environmental metabolome of Lake Vida brine in order to constrain current and ancient biogeochemical processes. Analysis of the dichloromethane-extract of Lake Vida brine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry reveals the presence of legacy compounds (i.e. diagenetic products of chlorophylls and carotenoids) deriving from photosynthetic algae and anaerobic, anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. This legacy component dilutes the environmental signal of metabolites deriving from the extant bacterial community. The persistence of legacy metabolites (paleometabolites), apparent in Lake Vida brine, is a result of the slow turnover rates of the extant bacterial population due to low metabolic activities caused by the cold limitation. Such paleometabolites may also be preserved in other cold-limited or nutrient-depleted slow-growing ecosystems. When analyzing ecosystems with low metabolic rates, the presence of legacy metabolites must first be addressed in order to confidently recognize and interpret the environmental metabolome of the extant ecosystem.
Characterizing the effects of additive manufacturing process settings on part performance using approximation-assisted multi-objective optimization

Additive manufacturing (AM) systems present tremendous advantages over the traditional manufacturing systems, particularly for realizing complex shapes and producing custom parts. These advantages, and the rapid growth in the availability of AM systems, have led to a widespread increase in the use of AM. Unfortunately, general design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) tools that predict the engineering performance of AM parts are largely unavailable, and this has forced engineers to rely on engineering judgment and/or data from physical experiments. The data sets reported in the literature that quantify the performance of the existing AM systems provide much needed insight, but the data produced by experiments conducted on specific AM systems are necessarily of limited applicability. Given the large number of AM systems currently in use today, a potentially vast amount of data are needed to fully understand them all, and new AM systems and materials are being developed almost daily. To mitigate this need for an ever-increasing amount of data, this paper proposes the use of an approximation-assisted multi-objective optimization technique to quantify the performance of an AM system for specific design application in a targeted fashion. This general approach uses a limited number of physical experiments to answer a specific DfAM question of interest, and the results can then be used to design functional parts without the need for additional data. The implementation of the proposed approach is demonstrated with a material extrusion case study.
Evaluation of various mammography phantoms for image quality assessment in digital breast tomosynthesis

We investigated the appropriateness of four different mammography phantoms for image quality evaluation in Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT). We tested the CIRS BR3D phantom, the ACR Prototype FFDM Accreditation Phantom, the Penn anthropomorphic breast phantom and the Quart mam/digi EPQC phantom. This work discusses the advantages and shortcomings of each phantom and concludes that none of them, in their current form, can be considered to be adequate as an image quality evaluation phantom for DBT.
The Body with AIDS: A Post-Structuralist Approach

The epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is one of the most significant threats to health in the United States in the latter part of the century. While medical researchers scurry to find ways to arrest AIDS-related infection in the body, scholars in the humanities have been at work analyzing a crisis of representation in academia, manifested by recent theories of interpretation (e.g., deconstruction, post-structuralism, post-modernism). In the epistemic epidemic, the vitality of our conceptual framework, the ways we know, and the means by which we interpret cultural experience are under siege. These two epidemics have much to do with each other, not only because of their synchronicity, but also because breakthroughs in ways of understanding cultural experience affect our interpretations of health and disease. One person whose life was caught up in both epidemics was Michel Foucault. Foucault was a leading French post-structuralist, perhaps the most notable French philosopher since Sartre. He was also involved in gay liberation struggles and the first intellectual of international importance to die of AIDS, a disease that is, not infrequently sexually transmitted, and in the U.S. was first diagnosed in and disproportionately affects gay men. Foucault’s death brought to an end his three-volume study of sexuality, a work which leaves no hint that it was written during an epidemic, and bears no mention of sexually transmitted disease. Yet, his writings on the whole lend themselves to analyses of the AIDS epidemic.
1,3,4‐Tri­nitro‐7,8‐di­aza­pentalene

The structure of 1,3,4-tri­nitro-7,8-di­aza­pentalene, C6H3N5O6, is reported. In this mol­ecule, while the 7,8-di­aza­pentalene skeleton is planar, the nitro groups are twisted with respect to and deviate from this plane. The metrical parameters of the monosubstituted and disubstituted five-membered rings differ.
Dynamic knee joint stiffness and contralateral knee joint loading during prolonged walking in patients with unilateral knee osteoarthritis.

Abstract Background Long duration walking, a commonly recommended treatment option for knee osteoarthritis (OA), may lead to increased knee joint loading. Research question To evaluate the effects of prolonged walking on dynamic knee joint stiffness and contralateral knee joint contact forces (KCFs) in individuals with unilateral symptomatic knee OA. Methods Twenty-six older adults with knee OA completed a 45-minute bout of walking on a treadmill. Dynamic knee joint stiffness, estimated KCFs, measured ground reaction forces (GRFs), and simulated muscle forces were evaluated for both the symptomatic and asymptomatic limbs at 15-minute intervals using repeated measures, analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results Dynamic knee joint stiffness during the early weight-acceptance phase of gait was significantly higher for the symptomatic limb throughout the 45-minute bout of walking. A significant increase in peak KCFs and simulated muscle forces were also observed during the weight-acceptance phase of gait for both limbs after 30 and 45 min of walking. Additionally, significantly elevated peak KCFs and muscle forces were observed during the late-stance phase of gait for the contralateral asymptomatic limb throughout the 45-minute bout of walking. Significance Walking durations of 30 min or greater lead to increased knee joint loading. Additionally, the elevated dynamic knee joint stiffness observed for the symptomatic knee during the weight acceptance phase of gait appears to be unrelated to the knee joint loading profile. Finally, the greater KCFs during the late-stance phase of gait observed for the asymptomatic limb are consistent with previously demonstrated risk factors for OA development and progression.
Steroid dehydrogenase reactions in developing chick adrenal and gonadal tissues: A histochemical study☆

Abstract A dehydrogenase reaction with tetrazolium as the hydrogen acceptor and steroids as the substrate was used as a histochemical technique to identify steroidogenic tissues in the developing chick embryo. A reaction with dehydroepiandrosterone or pregnenolone occurs in sections of the primordial adrenal gland at 5 days and in the gonads at 9 days. The intensity of the reaction in the adrenal tissue reaches a maximum betweeen 11 and 12 days. In the developing ovary, the reaction is most intense in the medullary sex cords. A reaction with testosterone occurs in the cells of the primary albuginea and stroma of the ovary at 13 days and in the interstitial cells of the testis at 19 days. No reaction occurs with estradiol-17β. These histochemical findings would suggest an early steroidogenic property for the primordial adrenal gland. There are qualitative differences in steroid dehydrogenase activity among the cells of the ovary; the primary albuginea-stromal cells reacting most intensively with testosterone, while the cells of the medullary sex cords react with pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone. Gonadal cells with steroid dehydrogenase activity develop earlier in the female than in the male chick embryo.
Photon upconversion for the enhancement of microfluidic photochemical synthesis

Photochemical transformations are greatly improved in yield by fluidic reactor technology. However, the delivery of synthetically-active light to the reactants is a challenge. Here, we use upconversion in a bio-inspired microreactor to augment the flux of critical wavelengths of light. This new technology increased of a model reaction by converting a greater portion of sunlight to photochemically-available photons.
Knowing where others stand: Accuracy and performance effects of individuals' perceived status hierarchies.

Status hierarchies are perhaps the single most important form of social structure within groups, ubiquitous and affecting groups’ information flow, decision-making, and performance as well as the behavior and outcomes of individual members. The extent to which individuals are able to accurately perceive and navigate their groups’ status hierarchies may thus be a critical determinant of their success. Research to date, however, has not yet fully examined the role of individuals’ perceptions of status hierarchies. We introduce the concept of perceived status hierarchies, or individuals’ mental representations of their groups’ status hierarchies. Across four field studies, involving students in university cohorts and working adults, we find substantial variance in individuals’ perceived status hierarchies, and that individuals with more accurate status perceptions exhibit higher performance. Analyses of individuals’ networking behavior reveals that individuals with more accurate perceived status hierarchies seek out contact with higher status others on average, which mediates the positive association between accuracy and performance. This work makes important contributions by extending existing theories of status, connecting the literatures on status and social networks, and providing a thorough investigation into the consequences of accurate perceptions of social structure for individuals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Perceptions of medical status and treatment goal among older adults with advanced cancer.

Abstract Background Patient-reported medical status and treatment goal are measures of prognostic understanding with demonstrated relationships to important clinical and patient-reported outcomes in the general cancer population. Among older adults, relationships between these measures and other patient-reported (quality of life [QOL], symptoms, functional impairment) and clinical (hospitalization risk, survival) outcomes remains unclear. Methods We enrolled patients ≥70 with advanced gastrointestinal cancers, collecting patient-reported medical status (terminally ill vs not), treatment goal (curative vs non-curative), QOL (EORTC-Elderly Cancer Patients), symptoms (Edmonton Symptom Assessment System [ESAS]), and functional impairment (activities of daily living [ADLs]). We also obtained information about hospitalizations and survival. To explore relationships between patient-reported medical status, treatment goal, QOL, symptoms, functional impairment, hospitalizations, and survival, we used regression models adjusted for age, sex, and education. Results Of 103 patients, 49.5% reported terminally ill status and 64.0% a non-curative treatment goal. Terminally ill status was associated with worse QOL (EORTC illness burden: 53.59 vs 35.26, p = 0.001), higher symptom burden (ESAS: 28.15 vs 16.79, p = 0.002), more functional impairment (ADLs: 3.63 vs 5.24, p = 0.006), greater hospitalization risk (HR = 2.41, p = 0.020), and worse survival (HR = 1.93, p = 0.010). We did not find associations between patient-reported treatment goal and these outcomes. Conclusions In older adults with advanced cancer, report of terminally ill status was associated with other important patient-reported and clinical outcomes, suggesting disease severity may inform illness perceptions. We did not find similar associations for patient-reported treatment goal, indicating that questions related to medical status and treatment goal measure different constructs and more nuanced measures are needed.
Therapeutic effects of forced exercise cycling in individuals with Parkinson's disease

Abstract Currently there is no cure for the progressive movement disorders associated with Parkinson's Disease (PD). Pharmacological management of movement disorders in PD are associated with significant negative side effects. Exercise improves the efficacy of anti-parkinsonian medication, but does not ameliorate the side effects. Consensus on the optimal mode of exercise training or dosing to improve motor function for individuals with PD is lacking. The new concept of forced exercise is gaining traction in the literature as a mode of exercise which has the potential to improve motor function in individuals with PD. The purpose of this article is to review the effects of forced exercise on specific components of motor function that would help guide clinical decision making and exercise prescription for the PD patient population. Collectively, the evidence provided in this review suggests that forced exercise may be safely added as an ancillary therapy to the medical management of PD.
An energy landscape approach to locomotor transitions in complex 3D terrain.

Effective locomotion in nature happens by transitioning across multiple modes (e.g., walk, run, climb). Despite this, far more mechanistic understanding of terrestrial locomotion has been on how to generate and stabilize around near–steady-state movement in a single mode. We still know little about how locomotor transitions emerge from physical interaction with complex terrain. Consequently, robots largely rely on geometric maps to avoid obstacles, not traverse them. Recent studies revealed that locomotor transitions in complex three-dimensional (3D) terrain occur probabilistically via multiple pathways. Here, we show that an energy landscape approach elucidates the underlying physical principles. We discovered that locomotor transitions of animals and robots self-propelled through complex 3D terrain correspond to barrier-crossing transitions on a potential energy landscape. Locomotor modes are attracted to landscape basins separated by potential energy barriers. Kinetic energy fluctuation from oscillatory self-propulsion helps the system stochastically escape from one basin and reach another to make transitions. Escape is more likely toward lower barrier direction. These principles are surprisingly similar to those of near-equilibrium, microscopic systems. Analogous to free-energy landscapes for multipathway protein folding transitions, our energy landscape approach from first principles is the beginning of a statistical physics theory of multipathway locomotor transitions in complex terrain. This will not only help understand how the organization of animal behavior emerges from multiscale interactions between their neural and mechanical systems and the physical environment, but also guide robot design, control, and planning over the large, intractable locomotor-terrain parameter space to generate robust locomotor transitions through the real world.
Exploring Territorial Imbalances: A Systematic Literature Review of Meanings and Terms

Within the framework of the EU Strategies of Territorial Cohesion, a relevant role is played by policy design focused on a more balanced and equal development of regions pursued by regenerating and improving endogenous resources. A place-sensitive instead of place-neutral approach can be useful to overcome weaknesses, innovation gaps and social-economic issues related to asymmetric and unequal development between and within regions. This paper deals with the complexity of territorial imbalances and spatial inequalities by focusing on lacking, declining and marginal areas. By developing a Systematic Literature Review, a first mapping of terms, practices and issues related to those areas has been developed in order to investigate scenarios in different geo-political contexts and at various spatial scales. The Systematic Literature Review approach has permitted the systematization of a multitude of terms referring to gaps between core areas and areas suffering from territorial imbalances, as well as the exploration of disciplinary sectors, geographical contexts, document typologies, frequency of terms, and to develop a preliminary geo-localization of practices. The findings of this first step are relevant to providing a systematic knowledge base within a complex field in which a clarification of meanings, scales and processes is needed.
Rare Cause of Syncope in a Gravid Female.

Author(s): Bellino, Andrew; Staats, Katherine; Ngo, Jessica | Abstract: Case Presentation: A 33-year-old gravid female was brought to the emergency department after she collapsed in the street. Point-of-care ultrasound showed free fluid in the abdomen and confirmed an intrauterine pregnancy. Surgical teams were consulted, and cross-sectional imaging revealed a spontaneously ruptured splenic artery aneurysm (SAA). The patient was taken expeditiously to the operating room for splenic artery ligation and subsequent splenectomy.Discussion: Ruptured SAA in pregnant patients is associated with significant mortality for both mother and fetus. Maintaining a high index of suspicion in the correct population is crucial to avoid diagnostic errors and provide definitive care with operative repair.
Adolescent Suicide, Household Firearm Ownership, and the Effects of Child Access Prevention Laws.

Objective This study has 3 objectives: to examine the association between state-level firearm ownership and suicide among adolescents of high school age; to compare the strength of the firearm ownership−suicide association among adolescents relative to adults; and to evaluate the relationship between 11 child access prevention (CAP) laws and suicide. Method Using an ecological time series cross-sectional design, we modeled suicide rates from January 1, 1991, to December 31, 2017, as a function of household firearm ownership and states’ implementation of CAP provisions using fixed effect negative binomial models. Results There were 37,652 suicides among adolescents between the ages of 14 and 18 years during the study period, and more than half of all suicides (51.5%, n = 19,402) involved firearms. Each 10 percentage-point increase in states’ firearm ownership was associated with a 39.3% (35.1%−43.5%) increase in firearm suicide, which in turn contributed a 6.8% (2.5%−11.1%) increase in all-cause suicide. The association between firearm ownership and suicide was approximately 2 times stronger among adolescents relative to adults. Policies mandating locks and safe storage were associated with a 13.1% (2.7%−22.3%) reduction in adolescent firearm suicide and an unexplained 8.7% (1.2%−15.7%) reduction in non-firearm suicide. CAP provisions were associated with reduced firearm suicide across the lifespan, but effects were stronger among adolescents. Conclusion There is an increased risk of adolescent suicide associated with household firearm ownership, and safe storage provisions are associated with decreased adolescent firearm suicide.
Biological Applications of Severely Plastically Deformed Nano-Grained Medical Devices: A Review

Metallic materials are widely used for fabricating medical implants due to their high specific strength, biocompatibility, good corrosion properties, and fatigue resistance. Recently, titanium (Ti) and its alloys, as well as stainless steel (SS), have attracted attention from researchers because of their biocompatibility properties within the human body; however, improvements in mechanical properties while keeping other beneficial properties unchanged are still required. Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is a unique process for fabricating an ultra-fine-grained (UFG) metal with micrometer- to nanometer-level grain structures. SPD methods can substantially refine grain size and represent a promising strategy for improving biological functionality and mechanical properties. This present review paper provides an overview of different SPD techniques developed to create nano-/ultra-fine-grain-structured Ti and stainless steel for improved biomedical implant applications. Furthermore, studies will be covered that have used SPD techniques to improve bone cell proliferation and function while decreasing bacterial colonization when cultured on such nano-grained metals (without resorting to antibiotic use).
Patrick Chura, Michael Gold: The People’s Writer: (Albany: SUNY Press, 2020), 354 pp., $95, ISBN13: 978-1-4384-8097-8

Michael Gold is best known for his 1930 autobiographical novel Jews without Money. Its gritty account of early-twentieth century Jewish immigrant life on New York City’s Lower East Side brought Gol...
Inquiry-Based Laboratories Using Paper Microfluidic Devices

The Making Introductory Courses Real while Online (MICRO) laboratory project was developed to meet the need for hands-on experiments, focused on topics in analytical chemistry, to be delivered safely remotely or in a socially distanced in-person lab. Unlike more traditional lab experiments, MICRO laboratories use only microgram or nanogram amounts of chemicals; paper microfluidic technology is used to store and mix reactants. Instructional materials use an inquiry-based approach and are situated in a context that highlights the human impacts of the scientific analysis. To support broader-scale implementation of the experiments and promote a shift to more inquiry-based laboratory instruction, an array of supports were developed, including adaptable instructional materials, instructional videos for lab preparation, resource guides, and an introductory workshop. A cohort of nine institutions implemented MICRO laboratories both remotely and in person during Fall 2020. Students were able to successfully complete the experiments, and the inquiry nature of the laboratories led to an increased comfort with the trial-and-error nature of authentic scientific practice. Additionally, most faculty participants indicated a commitment to an increased degree of inquiry in their laboratory pedagogy.
Melatonin for the Early Treatment of COVID-19: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence and Possible Efficacy.

Abstract Objective To discuss the use of melatonin as an early treatment option on the first day of diagnosis for COVID-19. Methods Medical Subject Headings terms “COVID-19” and “viral diseases” were manually searched on PubMed, and relevant articles were included. Results The results showed that melatonin acts to reduce reactive oxygen species–mediated damage, cytokine-induced inflammation, and lymphopenia in viral diseases similar to COVID-19. Conclusion These conclusions provide evidence for potential benefits in melatonin use for COVID-19 treatment as early as the day of diagnosis.
The search for thermoregulatory neurons is heating up.

Recent studies have shown that the median preoptic area contains a population of neurons expressing an array of fast neurotransmitters and receptors that collectively cause a fall in body temperature in response to environmental warming or depleted energy stores. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Pinol et al. (2021) identify a separate population of median preoptic neurons that are responsible for cold defense and cause stress-related hyperthermia.
A list of personal perspectives with selected quotations, along with lists of tributes, historical notes, Nobel and Kettering awards related to photosynthesis.

The history of photosynthesis research can be found in original papers and books. However, a special history is available from the prefatory chapters and the personal perspectives of various researchers who published them in several journals over the last 40 years. We have compiled a list of such perspectives published since 1964. Selection is not easy, especially of authors who were not directly engaged in photosynthesis research; some are included for their special insights related to central issues in the study of photosynthesis. Our journal, Photosynthesis Research, contains other valuable historic data in the occasional tributes, obituaries and historical notes, that have been published. Lists of these items are included. This article ends by listing the Nobel prizes related to photosynthesis and the Kettering Awards for Excellence in Photosynthesis Research. Wherever possible, a web page address is provided. The web page addresses have been taken from the article `Photosynthesis and the Web: 2001' by Larry Orr and Govindjee, available at http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/photoweb and at http://photoscience.la.asu.edu/photosyn/ photoweb/default.html.
Neurochemical changes in the developing rat hippocampus during prolonged hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is common during development and is associated with the risk of neurodevelopmental deficits in human infants. The effects of hypoglycemia on the developing hippocampus are poorly understood. The sequential changes in energy substrates, amino acids and phosphocreatine were measured from the hippocampus during 180 min of insulin-induced hypoglycemia (blood glucose < 2.5 mmol/L) in 14-day-old rats using in vivo(1)H NMR spectroscopy. Hypoglycemia resulted in neuroglycopenia (brain glucose < 0.5 micromol/g). However, the phosphocreatine/creatine (PCr/Cr) ratio was maintained in the physiological range until approximately 150 min of hypoglycemia, indicating that energy supply was sufficient to meet the energy demands. Lactate concentration decreased soon after the onset of neuroglycopenia. Beyond 60 min, glutamine and glutamate became the major energy substrates. A precipitous decrease in the PCr/Cr ratio, indicative of impending energy failure occurred only after significant depletion of these amino acids. Once glutamate and glutamine were significantly exhausted, aspartate became the final energy source. N-acetylaspartate concentration remained unaltered, suggesting preservation of neuronal/mitochondrial integrity during hypoglycemia. Correction of hypoglycemia normalized the PCr/Cr ratio and partially restored the amino acids to pre-hypoglycemia levels. Compensatory neurochemical changes maintain energy homeostasis during prolonged hypoglycemia in the developing hippocampus.
Women's Social Movement Involvement: The Role of Structural Availability in Recruitment and Participation Processes

Data derived from three years of field work illuminate women's participation in a working class, community-based environmental protest organization. Findings show that (1) initial recruitment occur...
"On the Take": The Black Box of Credit Scoring and Mortgage Discrimination

Subprime credit, a relatively new method of risk-based pricing, has been hailed as a way to open up markets and provide access to credit to those who would otherwise be excluded. Evidence suggests that subprime mortgage segmentation increases rather than reduces exclusionary practices in lending. Furthermore, what is unclear is how lenders determine who qualifies as a subprime borrower. This concern became manifested when studies demonstrated that minority borrowers, regardless of creditworthiness, are more likely to receive expensive, sub-prime loans. The disparity is properly attributed to lenders’ credit pricing policies which included discretionary increases despite the objectively-determined risk-based interest rate as well as minority borrowers’ search costs and asymmetric information about prices in this market. This Article reviews the theory and history of credit scoring in mortgage lending and argues that lenders’ practices arguably justified by "legitimate business need" as well as lenders’ credit scoring models exacerbate lending disparities. It argues that the failure of competitive forces to disallow these unjustified and illegal increases also speaks to regulatory failure. It proposes that lenders operating in noncompetitive subprime mortgage markets address how their practices interact with lending disparities even apart from their complicity in creating conditions that worsen economic disadvantage.
The Reliability of a Modified Simplex Procedure in Hearing Aid Frequency-Response Selection

The reliability of a modified simplex procedure to select the preferred frequency response on a programmable hearing aid was studied. The effect of stimulus materials on the selected frequency resp...
Social Scientists at Work on Electronic Research Networks

The purpose of this article is to contribute to our stock of knowledge about who uses networks, how they are used, and what contribution the networks make to advancing the scientific enterprise. Between 1985 and 1990, the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) ACCESS data facility at the University of Wisconsin‐Madison provided social scientists in the United States and elsewhere with access through the electronic networks to complex and dynamic statistical data; the 1984 SIPP is a longitudinal panel survey designed to examine economic well‐being in the United States. This article describes the conceptual framework and design of SIPP ACCESS; examines how network users communicated with the SIPP ACCESS project staff about the SIPP data; and evaluates one outcome derived from the communications, the improvement of the quality of the SIPP data. The direct and indirect benefits to social scientists of electronic networks are discussed. The author concludes with a series of policy recommendations that link the assessment of our inadequate knowledge base for evaluating how electronic networks advance the scientific enterprise and the SIPP ACCESS research network experience to the policy initiatives of the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 (P.L. 102–194) and the related extensive recommendations embodied in Grand Challenges 1993 High Performance Computing and Communications (The FY 1993 U.S. Research and Development Program).
Speaking Up for the Greater Good: Prosocial Motivation and Voice in Unfavorable Contexts

Considerable research demonstrates that employees are more likely to speak up in favorable contexts, providing little insight into the forces that motivate employees to express voice in the face of unfavorable contexts. According to motivated information processing theory, prosocial motivation may be a catalyst for voice in unfavorable contexts, as prosocially motivated employees are willing to accept the personal costs of speaking up in light of the group benefits. However, trait activation theory suggests the opposite: prosocially motivated employees may be particularly sensitive to context favorability as a relevant situational cue that their ideas will be considered and utilized. We test these competing hypotheses about the moderating role of prosocial motivation across two field studies using different measures to assess employees’ perceptions of context favorability and prosocial motivation, as well as supervisors’ ratings of voice. In Study 1, with employees at a military base, prosocial motivation...