cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plan Quality and Mitigating Damage from Natural Disasters: A Case Study of the Northridge Earthquake with Planning Policy Considerations

Abstract Planners have long believed as an article of faith that land use planning can reduce damage from natural hazards. After evaluating the relationship between the seismic safety elements of comprehensive plans prepared in the Los Angeles region of California and damage caused by the 1994 North-ridge earthquake, we provide evidence that this faith is not misplaced. The State of California requires every local government to include a seismic safety element in its comprehensive land use plan. The 1994 Northridge earthquake provided an opportunity to evaluate the extent to which the quality of state-mandated, locally prepared seismic safety elements reduce earthquake damage. We found that fewer homes were damaged when local governments had developed high-quality factual bases, formulated goals for improving seismic safety, crafted regulatory policies to manage development in hazardous areas, and advanced policies that made the public aware of seismic risks. We conclude that including a high-quality seis...
Conditioned Eyelid Movement Is not a Blink

Based on kinematic properties and distinct substrates, there are different classes of eyelid movement described as eyeblinks. We investigate whether the eyelid movements made in response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) are a category of eyelid movements distinct from blinks. Human subjects received 60 trials of classical eyelid conditioning with a tone as the CS and electrical stimulation of the supraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Before and after training, reflex blinks were elicited with the UCS. The kinematics of conditioned responses (CRs) differed significantly from those of reflex blinks. The slope of the amplitude-maximum velocity function was steeper for reflex blinks than for CRs, and reflex blink duration was significantly shorter than CR duration. Unlike reflex blinks, for which maximum velocity was independent of blink duration, the maximum velocity of CRs depended on CR duration. These quantitative and qualitative differences indicated that CRs were a unique class of eyelid movements distinct from blinks and eyelid movements with vertical saccadic gaze shifts.
Response error in self-reported current smoking frequency by black and white established smokers

As compared with white smokers, black smokers, although they report using fewer cigarettes per day, are at higher risk for most smoking-related diseases. Among black smokers serum cotinine levels are also higher in proportion to cigarettes per day; this observation has led to suggestions of bias in self-reporting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the extent of errors in self-reported smoking patterns among black and white established smokers. Ninety-seven white and 66 black smokers participated in structured telephone interviews, filled out two self-administered questionnaires one week apart, and collected all of their cigarette butts for a week. Group differences in the validity of self-reported smoking patterns were assessed by comparison with cigarette butt counts and the measured butt lengths. Both black and white smokers significantly overestimated smoking on our measure of smoking frequency (both P < 0.001); the group difference in bias was not significant (P = 0.13). There was no evidence that underreporting was more common among blacks than among whites (P = 0.67). Test-retest reliability was not significantly different in the two groups (P = 0.09). Both groups performed poorly when asked to categorize their smoking frequency according to the cutpoints of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Black smokers smoked more of each cigarette and smoked longer cigarettes, but they smoked fewer total millimeters of cigarettes per day (all P < 0.001). Contrary to an earlier report, the disproportionately high cotinine levels could not be attributed to reporting error.
The role of pemetrexed in the treatment of colorectal cancer.

Advanced colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Chemotherapeutic options, however, have recently expanded with concomitant improvements in survival. Through the 1980s and early 1990s research focused mainly on the major fluoropyrimidine, 5-fluorouracil, a thymidylate synthase inhibitor, and methods to enhance its activity through scheduling changes or by biochemical modulation. Pemetrexed is a novel antifolate that inhibits several folate-dependent enzymes in addition to thymidylate synthase. This agent has theoretical and preclinical advantages over fluoropyrimidines and specifically acting antifolates. Phase II studies have shown a broad spectrum of activity in solid tumors, including colorectal cancer. Further studies at higher doses with the use of vitamin supplementation may be desirable. Combinations of pemetrexed with irinotecan and oxaliplatin have also proven feasible. Pemetrexed is a promising new drug for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Semin Oncol 29 (suppl 18):54-56. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Sequential Activation of Signaling Pathways during Innate Immune Responses in Drosophila

Innate immunity is essential for metazoans to fight microbial infections. Genome-wide expression profiling was used to analyze the outcome of impairing specific signaling pathways after microbial challenge. We found that these transcriptional patterns can be dissected into distinct groups. We demonstrate that, in addition to signaling through the Toll and Imd pathways, signaling through the JNK and JAK/STAT pathways controls distinct subsets of targets induced by microbial agents. Each pathway shows a specific temporal pattern of activation and targets different functional groups, suggesting that innate immune responses are modular and recruit distinct physiological programs. In particular, our results may imply a close link between the control of tissue repair and antimicrobial processes.
Olfactory study on optically active citronellyl derivatives

Odour threshold concentrations, determined in agueous-ethanol solution, and odour qualities are reported for 18 enantiomeric and diastereomeric pairs of citronellyl derivatives [13 linear monoterpene compounds and ﬁve monocyclic α-damascone and α-ionone-related compounds (trans-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl derivatives)] (98%ee). Fairly large differences in both odour strength and odour qualities were found between the monocyclic diastereomeric pairs. In four of the ﬁve cyclic compounds, the (1R, 6S)-form was found to be stronger and more sensorily active than the antipode. On the other hand, the linear enantiomeric pairs showed only small differences in both odour strength (half of them showed the same threshold values) and odour character. However, all the (3S)-forms showed milder, cleaner and a much preferable top note than the (3R)-forms except for citronellyl nitrile and the diester (citronellyl ethyl oxalate), whose (3R)-form showed a characteristic ﬂoral musk odour, although the (3S)-form showed a rose ﬂoral odour. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PRELIMINARY TURBINE DESIGN FOR NON-UNIFORM INLET CONDITIONS

Wave rotors and wave turbines incorporated in gas turbine engines generally provide turbine inlet streams of non-uniform stagnation properties. The mixing of this non-uniform flow to a homogenous state with decreased total pressure is a significant loss mechanism. In this paper we examine the potential benefit of avoiding the mixing loss by non-uniform expansion of the turbine flow. If the flowpath were arranged such that the gas reached the turbine with a radial, rather than tangential, total enthalpy gradient, a turbine stage could be designed to extract non-uniform work from the stream, providing uniform exit properties. An example case is described with a 300 K variation in total temperature. The tangential and axial velocity profiles are determined consistent with the relavant conservation laws. It is found for the example case that the best inlet tangential velocity profile is a fourth order polynomial. Hub-tip ratios near ^ = 0.75 have unacceptably high degrees of reaction, °R = 2.3. As the hub-tip ratio increases the blade twist decreases and the maximum degree of reaction becomes acceptable. The recommended design would have a hub tip ratio of 0.75< E, < 0.9. If this turbine design were used and mixing avoided, a 3.5% decrease of stagnation pressure would be prevented, a figure which would increase with increasing temperature non-uniformity. It is concluded that it is possible to design turbine blading to effect the required radial work variation to prevent this loss.
The contribution of Prof. Robert Kouyoumjian to edge diffraction and field transition at and near shadow boundaries using UTD

The development of the Kouyoumjian & Pathak UTD diffraction coefficient will be summarized. Applications of the UTD on basic and complex structures (from ground planes to airframes), based on my own personal experience, will be presented and the impact of the K & P UTD diffractions coefficient will be highlighted.
Unique Preparation of Hexaboride Nanocubes: A First Example of Boride Formation by Combustion Synthesis

Nanocubes of LaB 6 and Sm 0.8 B 6 have been synthesized using low-temperature combustion synthesis, a technique that had only been used previously for the preparation of oxides. The hexaboride nanocubes were prepared using lanthanum nitrate or samarium nitrate, carbohydrazide, and boron powders. The furnace temperature for synthesis was kept at 320°C, lower than the typical temperature values used in combustion processes for the preparation of oxides. After synthesis, the nanocubes were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The combustion process was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry, which shows that the formation of the carbohydrazide and nitrate melts as well as the formation of a complex between metal ions and carbohydrazide are crucial steps for the reaction. The technique results in high-purity powders with a unique cubic morphology, in which the corners of the cubes can be used as point sources for efficient electron emission.
EDML for Learning Parameters in Directed and Undirected Graphical Models

EDML is a recently proposed algorithm for learning parameters in Bayesian networks. It was originally derived in terms of approximate inference on a meta-network, which underlies the Bayesian approach to parameter estimation. While this initial derivation helped discover EDML in the first place and provided a concrete context for identifying some of its properties (e.g., in contrast to EM), the formal setting was somewhat tedious in the number of concepts it drew on. In this paper, we propose a greatly simplified perspective on EDML, which casts it as a general approach to continuous optimization. The new perspective has several advantages. First, it makes immediate some results that were non-trivial to prove initially. Second, it facilitates the design of EDML algorithms for new graphical models, leading to a new algorithm for learning parameters in Markov networks. We derive this algorithm in this paper, and show, empirically, that it can sometimes learn estimates more efficiently from complete data, compared to commonly used optimization methods, such as conjugate gradient and L-BFGS.
Early Aggressive Surgical Management of Parapneumonic Empyemas

We have analyzed our experience with 90 consecutive patients who were operated on for parapneumonic empyema between 19S1 and 1992. Patients whose empyema did not resolve with chest tube drainage were taken to the operating room. Nineteen patients had limited thoracotomy and drainage. Seventy-one patients had formal thoracotomy, debridement, pleurectomy, and decortication. We found that an age greater than 60 years, cardiac disease, end-stage renal disease, end-stage bronchitis, prolonged tube drainage, and immunosuppression are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. In those patients who do not respond well to a short course of chest tube drainage, we recommend early aggressive surgical approach, including formal thoracotomy and definitive treatment. This allowed for early discharge from the hospital without chest tubes or open draining wounds. In extremely ill patients, limited thoracotomy may be all that is safe or possible and usually suffices.
Personal reactive clouds: Introducing the concept of near-head chemistry

The “personal cloud” effect and its impact on human exposure to airborne pollutants are well documented. A great deal is also known regarding indoor air chemistry, particularly as related to ozone reactions with mono-terpenes. In this paper we hypothesize the presence of personal reactive clouds that result from ozone reactions with terpenes and terpenoids emitted from many personal care products. A screening assessment was completed based on reaction rates between ozone and four reactive organic compounds that are commonly employed in personal care products. Reaction times (for homogeneous reactions in the breathing zone) were assumed to be on the order of 1 s. Screening results suggest the potential for observable decreases in ozone concentration and the subsequent presence of reaction products in the human breathing zone due to near head chemistry.
THEORIES. OF TERRESTRIAL MASS EXTINCTION BY EXTRATERRESTRIAL OBJECTS

Theories of mass extinction by extraterrestrial objects have been intermittently proposed by European and North American scientists for at least 250 years. Until the late twentieth century, such theories usually treated biological extinction as a single aspect of global cataclysm. Proposed ultimate causes of mass extinction have included the passage of planetesimals close to Earth, impacts of comets or asteroids, and transient increases in cosmic radiation.These theories have consistently extrapolated from astronomical observations to suggest that extraterrestrial objects had affected Earth at some time in the past. However, until the late twentieth century, none of these theories proposed definitive tests of temporal coincidences between mass extinctions and and the terrestrial effects of extraterrestrial objects. Harold Urey's (1973) cometary impact hypothesis was the first to propose such a test. The impact-extinction theory of Luis Alvarez and his colleagues (1980) was the first to provide direct evid...
Interpreting the results of studies using latent variable models to assess data quality: an empirical example using confirmatory factor analysis

Latent variable models (LVMs) offer one route to examine the quality of data collected in surveys. The possibility exists that individuals equivalent in their true level of a construct or variable being measured are unlikely to have equivalent observed responses as a function of an extraneous variable, e.g., group membership. This potential is labeled here as differential item functioning (DIF). Survey methods generally considers measurement bias to be estimators that do no not accurately reflect true values. DIF may be thought of as differential measurement bias, i.e., measurement bias conditional on group membership. As a function of group membership, the degree, amount, or type of measurement bias changes. DIF has the potential to negatively affect the quality of data. LVMs, e.g., confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), offer one tool to assess DIF. However, few published examples exist in the survey research field and training in the interpretation of these models is lacking. The purpose of the current paper is to describe CFA sufficiently for interpretive purposes and demonstrate an empirical application of CFA to assess survey data quality to provide further interpretive guidance. References are provided for analysts wishing to conduct analyses of this type.
Effects of β-diethylaminoethyl diphenylpropylacetate hydrochloride on three convulsants and on propallylonal

β-Diethylaminoethyl diphenylpropylacetate hydrochloride (SKF 525-A) increased the LD50s of nikethamide, pentylenetetrazol, and picrotoxin in albino mice when given intraperitoneally 1 hour earlier. The maximum action of picrotoxin in mice subcutaneously pretreated with SKF 525-A developed in about 4 hours; action was still marked at 8, but largely absent at 16 hours. SKF 525-A induced full effect when given intraperitoneally immediately before picrotoxin. It also markedly increased the potency of picrotoxin in normal and in barbitalized rats, using a multiple injection technique. However, SKF 525-A did not influence the toxicity of pentylenetetrazol in normal or barbitalized rats employing this technique. Barbital greatly increased the LD50s of pentylenetetrazol and picrotoxin in rats, as shown by the multiple injection method. SKF 525-A markedly prolonged the hypnotic effect of propallylonal without increasing the number of delayed deaths. Its use is recommended for biotransformation studies of the four substances used.
Prenatal nicotine exposure increases the strength of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition of respiratory rhythm in neonatal rats

Infants born to mothers that smoke while pregnant have a relatively high incidence of central respiratory control abnormalities. Recent studies have shown that prenatal nicotine exposure increases GABA release and the frequency of GABAergic currents, leading to an up-regulation of GABAA receptors in central neurones. Activation of GABAA receptors inhibits ventilatory activity, with intense activation causing apnoea. These observations lead us to hypothesize that prenatal nicotine exposure alters GABAergic control of respiratory motor pattern in the early neonatal period. Osmotic minipumps were implanted in pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats on the fifth day of gestation, and filled with nicotine (6 mg kg−1 day−1, 2.5 μl h−1) or physiological saline (2.5 μl h−1). Brainstem–spinal cord preparations from 1- to 3-day-old neonates were studied under in vitro conditions. Electrical activity was recorded from the fourth cervical ventral root (C4 VR), which contains the axons of phrenic motoneurones. Bath application of GABAA receptor agonists muscimol (250 μm) or pentobarbital sodium (60 μm) to the brainstem led to consistent, reversible and significant reductions in C4 VR burst frequency. In saline-exposed animals, frequency (bursts min−1) fell from 6.8 ± 0.4 to a nadir of 2.8 ± 0.5 with muscimol, and from 6.5 ± 0.3 to a nadir of 2.9 ± 0.3 for pentobarbital; in nicotine-exposed animals, frequency fell from 6.3 ± 0.4 to 1.0 ± 0.4 with muscimol and from 6.4 ± 0.2 to 1.7 ± 0.4 with pentobarbital (P < 0.05 in all cases). The decrease in C4 VR frequency was significantly greater in nicotine-exposed compared to saline-exposed preparations with both muscimol and pentobarbital (P < 0.001 for both). There were no changes in the amplitude of C4 VR bursts under any condition. The GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide (8 μm) did not change C4 VR frequency or amplitude in either group, although it was effective in reversing the effects of muscimol. These experiments demonstrate that prenatal nicotine exposure alters the GABAergic regulation of respiratory rhythm in a reduced preparation. The results may lead to a better understanding of the perturbed breathing pattern observed in neonates that are exposed to nicotine in utero.
Prezygotic and Postzygotic Control of Uniparental Mitochondrial DNA Inheritance in Cryptococcus neoformans

Uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial DNA is pervasive in nonisogamic higher eukaryotes during sexual repro- duction, and postzygotic and/or prezygotic factors are shown to be important in ensuring such an inheritance pattern. Although the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans undergoes sexual production with isogamic partners of opposite mating types a and , most progeny derived from such mating events inherit the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the a parent. The homeodomain protein complex Sxi1/Sxi2a, formed in the zygote after a-cell fusion, was previously shown to play a role in this uniparental mtDNA inheritance. Here, we defined the timing of the establishment of the mtDNA inheritance pattern during the mating pro- cess and demonstrated a critical role in determining the mtDNA inheritance pattern by a prezygotic factor, Mat2. Mat2 is the key transcription factor that governs the pheromone sensing and response pathway, and it is critical for the early mating events that lead to cell fusion and zygote formation. We show that Mat2 governs mtDNA inheritance independently of the postzygotic fac- tors Sxi1/Sxi2a, and the cooperation between these prezygotic and postzygotic factors helps to achieve stricter uniparental mi- tochondrial inheritance in this eukaryotic microbe. IMPORTANCE Mitochondrial DNA is inherited uniparentally from the maternal parent in the majority of eukaryotes. Studies done on higher eukaryotes such as mammals have shown that the transmission of parental mitochondrial DNA is controlled at both the prefertilization and postfertilization stages to achieve strict uniparental inheritance. However, the molecular mecha- nisms underlying such uniparental mitochondrial inheritance have been investigated in detail mostly in anisogamic multicellu- lar eukaryotes. Here, we show that in a simple isogamic microbe, Cryptococcus neoformans, the mitochondrial inheritance is controlled at the prezygotic level as well as the postzygotic level by regulators that are critical for sexual development. Further- more, the cooperation between these two levels of control ensures stricter uniparental mitochondrial inheritance, echoing what has been observed in higher eukaryotes. Thus, the investigation of uniparental mitochondrial inheritance in this eukaryotic mi- crobe could help advance our understanding of the convergent evolution of this widespread phenomenon in the eukaryotic do- main.
Effect of variation in main field and nanoparticle content on the partial discharge characteristics of polypropylene nanocomposites

The effect of varying the main and local field on the partial discharge characteristics of polypropylene film is studied by analyzing the temporal behavior of partial discharge parameters. In the first set of experiments, keeping the applied voltage constant, the gap spacing is varied altering the applied field. When the gap is relatively small, discharges appear in quick succession deepening the craters in front of the rod tip where space charges are widely distributed, precipitating discharges of wide range of amplitudes. At relatively larger spacing, the discharge behavior is largely controlled by electric field distribution. In the fixed gap experiments, the local field is varied by introducing polymer nanocomposites that have different filler content. For a fixed gap and constant voltage, discharge magnitudes are lower in samples with nanofiller content below the percolation threshold than in the base polymer. The scatter in discharge magnitudes is lower in samples with nanoparticle content below the percolation threshold than in samples with nanofiller content above the threshold. The major conclusion is the maximum advantage of adding nanofillers is gained only when the particle content is below the percolation threshold.
Porosity in rubber, a review

Abstract An overview of the causes and effects of porosity in rubber has been presented. The formation of porosity in rubber can be attributed to the heterogeneous nucleation and diffusion controlled bubble growth. The process proceeds simultaneously with vulcanization, so bubble formation in viscous fluids and in crosslinked rubber has been used to elucidate the mechanism. Porosity is caused by the supersaturation of rubber with volatiles and by insufficient external pressure during vulcanization. Some of the sources of these volatiles have been described. The effects of compounding, mixing and processing on porosity have been covered, and various methods of detecting and preventing porosity have been reviewed. Finally, the effects of porosity on the mechanical properties of rubber have been described.
Do-It-Yourself Mobilization: Punk and Social Movements

The intersection between music and social movements is a fertile area of research. We present three case studies taken from punk-the Rock Against Racism campaign in Britain during the late 1970s, the American hardcore scene of the 1980s, and the riot grrrl feminism of the early 1990s-as instances where music and subculture have not simply figured as symbolic forms of resistance and identity formation but also as a means of organizing protest, raising consciousness, and creating change. The central mechanism that has allowed punk subcultures to achieve high levels of mobilization has been the do-it-yourself ethic, which demands that punks take matters of cultural production into their own hands by making music, fanzines, and record labels, creating a network of venues for live music performance, as well as creating other forms of micromedia that are commercially independent of the corporate culture industry. We use these case studies to both draw attention to neglected areas of empirical research and as a ...
D.E. O'LEARY

This paper investigates the capabilities of social media, such as Facebook, Twitter, Delicious, Digg and others, for their current and potential impact on the supply chain. In particular, this paper examines the use of social media to capture the impact on supply-chain events and develop a context for those events. This paper also analyses the use of social media in the supply chain to build relationships among supply-chain participants. Further, this paper investigates the of use of user-supplied tags as a basis of evaluating and extending an ontology for supply chains. In addition, using knowledge discovery from social media, a number of concepts related to the supply chain are examined, including supply-chain reputation and influence within the supply chain. Prediction markets are analysed for their potential use in supply chains. Finally, this paper investigates the integration of traditional knowledge management along with knowledge generated from social media. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supreme Court Review: Analysis: Questions Linger on Punitives and Evidence; TXO Won't End the Furor over Large Awards

Commentary and analysis of three Supreme Court decisions in TXO Production Corp. v. Alliance Resources Corp., Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc., and Leatherman v. Tarrant County. In TXO, the Court approved a $10 million punitive damage award. The products liability bar followed with great trepidation this controversial appeal concerning the limits on punitive damages, and defense lawyers now know that apparently there aren't many limits. The justices pointed out several times in their multiple opinions that the punitive-damages award was 526 times the actual damages. This disparity was repeated in the mass media to support the thesis that Americans are overly litigious and that the judicial system has run amok. With the civil justice system under attack in recent years from politicians and lawyers alike, the call for legislative caps on punitive damages has been a centerpiece for various reform initiatives. The court's pronouncements in TXO are likely to increase the drive for such caps. As is often true in difficult cases, the justices failed to achieve consensus. Instead, the court issued a jigsaw puzzle of plurality, concurring and dissenting opinions. In the other major case closely watched by federal litigators and by the scientific community the Court unanimously upheld the standards in the Federal Rules of Evidence for admitting expert scientific testimony at trial and refused to apply the so-called Frye standard instead. Whatever vehement beliefs divided the justices in the TXO case, they agreed in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. to vindicate the liberal evidence regime embodied in the Federal Rules of Evidence. In a third procedural decision, which brought good news for plaintiffs and particularly for the public interest bar, the court unanimously agreed in Leatherman v. Tarrant County that it is impermissible for federal courts to impose a heightened pleading standard on actions brought under the federal civil rights statutes. In one of the shortest, most jargon-free opinions of the term, the justices forthrightly upheld the liberal pleading regime of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and rejected the notion that civil-rights claimants have to plead their cases with more particularity than anyone else. In so doing, the court resolved a long-standing, controversial split among the federal circuits concerning whether plaintiffs had to meet heightened pleading requirements. Thus, in reaffirming the liberal spirit of the rules in both Daubert and Leatherman, the court helped make it a good year for plaintiffs and for the federal rules.
Fever of unknown origin in the elderly.

SUMMARY Fever is a prominent sign of an acute-phase response induced by microbial invasion, tissue injury, immunologic reactions, or inflammatory processes. This generalized host response is produced by a multiplicity of localized or systemic diseases and characterized by acute, subacute, or chronic changes in metabolic, endocrinologic, neurologic, and immunologic functions. The fundamental event is an initiation of the acute-phase response by the production of a mediated molecule called IL-1. This polypeptide is produced primarily from phagocytic cells such as blood monocytes, phagocytic lining cells of the liver and spleen, and other tissue macrophages. IL-1 produces a local reaction but also enters the circulation, acting as a hormone to mediate distant organ system responses to infection, immunologic reaction, and inflammatory processes. Fever is the result when IL-1 initiates the synthesis of prostaglandins, notably prostaglandin E2 in the thermoregulatory center located in the anterior hypothalamus. The thermostatic set point is then raised and mechanisms to conserve heat (vasoconstriction) and to produce heat (shivering) are initiated. The result is a sudden rise in body temperature. The same basic mechanisms are involved in FUO. Many of the biologic and biochemical changes that are seen in FUO are also evidence of an acute-phase response. The elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate is partly due to increased synthesis of hepatic proteins, including compliment components, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein. IL-1 acts directly on the bone marrow to increase absolute numbers and immaturity of circulating neutrophils. Anemia is produced by many mechanisms, including the reduction of circulating serum iron. Although fever production in the elderly maybe delayed or of less intensity, it is still a marker of significant disease. When fever is an indicator of infectious disease, its severity can be followed by documenting an increased C-reactive protein. Causes of FUO origin in the elderly are significantly reduced when compared to the general population. Most causes fall into three main categories: neoplasms, infectious diseases, and vasculitides. Of these, the most common causes are acute leukemias, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, intra-abdominal infectious processes, tuberculosis, and temporal arteritis. Despite a complete work-up, 10 per cent of all cases will remain undiagnosed. When survival rates of FUO are compared by age, 67 per cent of people older than the age of 65 survive their disease. This is compared to 91 per cent of the people younger than 35 and 82 per cent of the people between age 35 and 65.27 When fever accompanies nonspecific signs and symptoms, it is important to consider diseases in the FUO category that are common in the elderly. A complete history and physical must be done initially, followed by appropriate lab and other diagnostic procedures as indicated by clinical findings.
An Approach of Fuzzy Relation Equation and Fuzzy-Rough Set for Multi-label Emotion Intensity Analysis

There are a large number of subjective texts which contain people’s all kinds of sentiments and emotions in social media. Analyzing the sentiments and predicting the emotional expressions of human beings have been widely studied in academic communities and applied in commercial systems. However, most of the existing methods focus on single-label sentiment analysis, which means that only an exclusive sentiment orientation (negative, positive or neutral) or an emotion state (joy, hate, love, sorrow, anxiety, surprise, anger, or expect) is considered for a document. In fact, multiple emotions may be widely coexisting in one document, paragraph, or even sentence. Moreover, different words can express different emotion intensities in the text. In this paper, we propose an approach that combining fuzzy relation equation with fuzzy-rough set for solving the multi-label emotion intensity analysis problem. We first get the fuzzy emotion intensity of every sentiment word by solving a fuzzy relation equation, and then utilize an improved fuzzy-rough set method to predict emotion intensity for sentences, paragraphs, and documents. Compared with previous work, our proposed algorithm can simultaneously model the multi-labeled emotions and their corresponding intensities in social media. Experiments on a well-known blog emotion corpus show that our proposed multi-label emotion intensity analysis algorithm outperforms baseline methods by a large margin.
A statistical model for analyzing the rotational error of single isocenter for multiple targets technique.

Purpose To develop a statistical model that incorporates the treatment uncertainty from the rotational error of the single isocenter for multiple targets technique, and calculates the extra PTV (planning target volume) margin required to compensate for this error. Methods The random vector for modeling the setup (S) error in the three-dimensional (3D) patient coordinate system was assumed to follow a 3D normal distribution with a zero mean, and standard deviations of σx , σy , σz . It was further assumed that the rotation of clinical target volume (CTV) about the isocenter happens randomly and follows a three-dimensional (3D) independent normal distribution with a zero mean and a uniform standard deviation of σδ . This rotation leads to a rotational random error (R), which also has a 3D independent normal distribution with a zero mean and a uniform standard deviation of σR equal to the product of σδπ180 and dI⇔T, the distance between the isocenter and CTV. Both (S and R) random vectors were summed, normalized, and transformed to the spherical coordinates to derive the Chi distribution with three degrees of freedom for the radial coordinate of S+R. PTV margin was determined using the critical value of this distribution for a 0.05 significance level so that 95% of the time the treatment target would be covered by the prescription dose. The additional PTV margin required to compensate for the rotational error was calculated as a function of σR and dI⇔T. Results The effect of the rotational error is more pronounced for treatments that require high accuracy/precision like stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) or stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). With a uniform 2-mm PTV margin (or σx = σy = σz = 0.715 mm), a σR = 0.328 mm will decrease the CTV coverage probability from 95.0% to 90.9%, or an additional 0.2-mm PTV margin is needed to prevent this loss of coverage. If we choose 0.2 mm as the threshold, any σR > 0.328 mm will lead to an extra PTV margin that cannot be ignored, and the maximal σδ that can be ignored is 0.45° (or 0.0079rad ) for dI⇔T = 50 mm or 0.23° (or 0.004rad ) for dI⇔T = 100 mm. Conclusions The rotational error cannot be ignored for high-accuracy/-precision treatments like SRS/SBRT, particularly when the distance between the isocenter and target is large.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs of Youth Sports Coaches Regarding Sport Volume Recommendations and Sport Specialization.

Overuse injuries in youth athletes are becoming increasingly common, which may be a result of the prevalence of year-round specialized sport participation. Previous research has identified sport volume recommendations related to months per year, hours per week, and simultaneous participation in multiple sports leagues. Coaches are a primary influence on a youth athlete's decision to specialize in a single sport. Therefore, identifying coaches' baseline beliefs and perceptions is important for developing strategies to educate coaches about safe sport participation. A total of 253 youth sport coaches (207 males) completed an anonymous online questionnaire regarding knowledge of sport volume recommendations and attitudes and beliefs regarding sport specialization. Eligible participants were required to serve as a head or assistant coach of a youth sport team in the past 12 months whose members were between the ages of 12 and 18 years. Most coaches were unaware of recommendations regarding the maximum number of months per year (79.4%), hours per week in 1 sport (79.3%), or number of simultaneous leagues for an athlete to participate in to reduce injury (77.6%). Fewer than half (43.2%) of all coaches were "very" or "extremely" concerned about the risk of injury in youth sports. A majority (60.1%) believed that sport specialization was either "quite a bit" or "a great deal" of a problem. Two-thirds (67.2%) responded that year-round participation in a single sport was either "very" or "extremely" likely to increase an athlete's risk of injury. Although the responses to this survey were predominantly from coaches from 1 state, our results suggest that coaches are unaware of sport volume recommendations but are concerned about specialization. Future efforts are needed to communicate these recommendations to coaches to reduce the risk of overuse injury in youth sports.
Case Study Design

In this chapter, a design for the ICDE case study described in Chap. 2 is given. First, a little more technical background to the project is given, so that the design details are more easily digested. Then the design description is presented, and is structured using the architecture documentation template introduced in the previous chapter. The only section that won’t be included in the document is the first, the “Project Context”, as this is basically described in Chap. 2. So, without further ado, let’s dive into the design documentation.
Memoir of a 1949 railway journey with photosynthetic bacteria

A serendipic observation at the Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University in 1948 led to the discovery that anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria can fix molecular nitrogen. To confirm the discovery, an unusual collaborative event was arranged between laboratories at Washington University (St. Louis) and the University of Wisconsin (Madison).
Psychological Assessment and Treatment of Emerging Adults Exposed to Complex Trauma

ABSTRACTOver the past 20 years, there has been ongoing interest in the concepts of complex trauma and emerging adulthood. Building upon the principles of developmental psychopathology, the authors ...
Pediatric Orbital Trauma

This chapter will discuss mechanisms of orbital trauma specific to the pediatric patient. It will identify differences in the effects of traumatic events to the orbital region between adults and young children, in particular. Current concepts in both evaluation and management, as they relate to the pediatric population, will be reviewed. The importance of early surgical intervention will be discussed as well as current techniques for managing the repair of orbital trauma in the pediatric patient.
Applying the Behavioural and Social Sciences Research (BSSR) Functional Framework to HIV Cure Research.

INTRODUCTION The search for an HIV cure involves important behavioural and social processes that complement the domains of biomedicine. However, the field has yet to tap into the full potential of behavioural and social sciences research (BSSR). In this article, we apply Gaist and Stirratt's BSSR Functional Framework to the field of HIV cure research. DISCUSSION The BSSR Functional Framework describes four key research domains: (1) basic BSSR (understanding basic behavioural and social factors), (2) elemental BSSR (advancing behavioural and social interventions), (3) supportive BSSR (strengthening biomedically focused clinical trials), and (4) integrative BSSR (building multi-disciplinary combination approaches for real-world implementation). In revisiting and applying the BSSR Functional Framework, we clarify the importance of BSSR in HIV cure research by drawing attention to such things as: how language and communication affect the meaning of "cure" to people living with HIV (PLHIV) and broader communities; how cure affects the identity and social position of PLHIV; counselling and support interventions to address the psychosocial needs and concerns of study participants related to analytical treatment interruptions (ATIs); risk reduction in the course of ATI study participation; motivation, acceptability, and decision-making processes of potential study participants related to different cure strategies; HIV care providers' perceptions and attitudes about their patients' participation in cure research; potential social harms or adverse social events associated with cure research participation; and the scalability of a proven cure strategy in the context of further advances in HIV prevention and treatment. We also discuss the BSSR Functional Framework in the context of ATIs, which involve processes at the confluence of the BSSR domains. CONCLUSIONS To move HIV cure regimens through the translational research pathway, attention will need to be paid to both biomedical and socio-behavioural elements. BSSR can contribute an improved understanding of the human and social dimensions related to HIV cure research and the eventual application of HIV cure regimens. The BSSR Functional Framework provides a way to identify advances, gaps and opportunities to craft an integrated, multi-disciplinary approach at all stages of cure research to ensure the real-world applicability of any strategy that shows promise.
CRT-300.01 Impact of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging Evaluation on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Chronic Renal Insufficiency

Chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) was reported as a residual independent risk and prognostic factor of coronary artery disease in the latest drug-eluting stent (DES) era with mature DES technology and developed medical treatment. Near infrared spectroscopy intravascular ultrasound imaging (NIRS-IVUS
Counting frequent patterns in large labeled graphs: a hypergraph-based approach

In recent years, the popularity of graph databases has grown rapidly. This paper focuses on single-graph as an effective model to represent information and its related graph mining techniques. In frequent pattern mining in a single-graph setting, there are two main problems: support measure and search scheme. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for designing support measures that brings together existing minimum-image-based and overlap-graph-based support measures. Our framework is built on the concept of occurrence/instance hypergraphs. Based on such, we are able to design a series of new support measures: minimum instance (MI) measure, and minimum vertex cover (MVC) measure, that combine the advantages of existing measures. More importantly, we show that the existing minimum-image-based support measure is an upper bound of the MI measure, which is also linear-time computable and results in counts that are close to number of instances of a pattern. We show that not only most major existing support measures and new measures proposed in this paper can be mapped into the new framework, but also they occupy different locations of the frequency spectrum. By taking advantage of the new framework, we discover that MVC can be approximated to a constant factor (in terms of number of pattern nodes) in polynomial time. In contrast to common belief, we demonstrate that the state-of-the-art overlap-graph-based maximum independent set (MIS) measure also has constant approximation algorithms. We further show that using standard linear programming and semidefinite programming techniques, polynomial-time relaxations for both MVC and MIS measures can be developed and their counts stand between MVC and MIS. In addition, we point out that MVC, MIS, and their relaxations are bounded within constant factor. In summary, all major support measures are unified in the new hypergraph-based framework which helps reveal their bounding relations and hardness properties.
Adverse event enrichment tests using VAERS

Vaccination safety is critical for individual and public health. Many existing methods have been used to conduct safety studies with the VAERS (Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System) database. However, these methods frequently identify many adverse event (AE) signals and they are often hard to interpret in a biological context. The AE ontology introduces biologically meaningful structures to the VAERS database by connecting similar AEs, which provides meaningful interpretation for the underlying safety issues. In this paper, we develop rigorous statistical methods to identify "interesting" AE groups by performing AE enrichment analysis. We extend existing gene enrichment tests to perform AE enrichment analysis. Unlike the continuous gene expression data, AE data are counts. Therefore, AE data has many zeros and ties. We propose two enrichment tests, AEFisher and AEKS. AEFisher is a modified Fisher's exact test based on pre-selected significant AEs, while AEKS is based on a modified Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic. Both tests incorporate the special features of the AE data. The proposed methods were evaluated using simulation studies and were further illustrated on two studies using VAERS data. By appropriately addressing the issues of ties and excessive zeros in AE count data, our enrichment tests performed well as demonstrated by simulation studies and analyses of VAERS data. The proposed methods were implemented in R package AEenrich and can be installed from the Comprehensive R Archive Network, CRAN.
Surgery Resident Perceptions of the Clicker Evaluation System: A Novel Approach to Collecting and Utilizing Clinical Faculty Performance Data.

Objective Medical trainees often have a process in place to receive feedback from clinical faculty regarding overall performance. While there is guidance on effective methodologies for faculty to provide feedback for learners, there is a dearth of literature analyzing trainees’ evaluation of faculty performance. We sought to identify an effective and anonymous method for surgery residents to evaluate clinical faculty. Design The Department of Orthopedic Surgery at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Health implemented a novel process to gather annual clinical faculty performance data from residents for the purpose of program improvement starting in 2012. Specifically, residents used a web-based audience response system, also known as a “clicker” system, to evaluate faculty performance over the academic year. During the June 2018 evaluation session, residents also completed an anonymous, 9 question survey to assess the residents’ perceptions regarding this clicker evaluation process. Setting VCU Health System, a tertiary care hospital in Richmond, Virginia. Participants All 24 orthopaedic surgery residents at VCU Health participated in the evaluation process and completed the perception survey in 2018. Results Ninety-six percent (n = 23) of the residents agreed that they are able to accurately rate their attendings’ performance, felt confident that their responses remained anonymous, and that their departmental chair values their opinion when evaluating their attendings’ performance through the clicker process. Qualitative responses identified anonymity as a strength of the clicker process, while opportunities for improvement included refinement of questions. Conclusions The clicker evaluation system is an effective and anonymous method for resident evaluation of clinical faculty performance in academic settings. Future steps include refinement of questions based on departmental goals for education, adoption of the clicker evaluation system by other specialties, as well as research into ways to optimize the clicker evaluation process. Additional research should be done to see if and how the clicker evaluation feedback translates into change in clinical faculty behavior.