cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Convective Transport Theory for Surface Fluxes

Abstract For a boundary layer in free convection where turbulent thermal structures communicate information between the surface and the interior of the mixed layer, it is hypothesized that the surface momentum flux can be parameterized by u*2 = bDwBMML, the heat flux by w′θ′s = bHwB(θskin−θML), and the moisture flux by w′r′s = bHwB(rskin−rML). In these expressions u* is the friction velocity, M is mean wind speed, θ is potential temperature, r is mixing ratio, subscript ML denotes the interior of the mixed layer, and subscript skin denotes the characteristics of the underlying solid or liquid surface. A buoyancy velocity scale is defined by wB≈[(g/θv)zi(θvskin−θvML)]½, where zi is mixed-layer depth, θv is virtual potential temperature, and g is gravitational acceleration. Using data from the BLX83 field experiment in Oklahoma (roughness length: 0.05 m, latitude: 35.03°N, vegetation: mixed pasture and crops, season: spring), the convective transport coefficients are empirically found to be bH = 5.0×10−4 fo...
Why energy transitions matter: A case study of methanol

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) contain several new provisions governing emissions from motor vehicles. These provisions of the 1990 CAAA will have a dramatic impact on the type of cars people drive over the coming decades. Given the high cost of achieving further reductions from automobiles, there has been increasing interest in exploring alternative fuels that improve environmental quality. One important contribution of this study is to highlight the importance of considering transition issues in assessing the cost of alternative fuels. A second contribution of this paper is to demonstrate how the cost-effectiveness of methanol and M85 depends on how a methanol-based strategy is implemented. The analysis of the costs and effectiveness of methanol and gasoline leads to the following conclusions: (1) transition issues are critical in evaluating the cost and cost-effectiveness of methanol-based fuels; (2) M85 and M100 are likely to be expensive relative to conventional gasoline, particularly in the near term and short term; (3) cost-effectiveness varies dramatically by region, with Los Angeles and New York substantially better than Houston; and (4) widespread introduction of methanol is not likely to be a cost-effective approach for improving urban air quality.
Eastern Wood-Pewee (Contopus virens) Breeding Demography Across a Gradient of Savanna, Woodland, and Forest in the Missouri Ozarks

ABSTRACT. Better knowledge of bird response to savanna and woodland restoration is needed to inform management of these communities. We related temporal and habitat variables to breeding demography and densities of the Eastern Wood-Pewee (Contopus virens) across a gradient of savanna, woodland, and forest. We determined nest success, clutch size, young fledged, and breeding densities and evaluated support for relationships with year, nest stage, date, nest height, tree cover, and percent forest in a 10-km radius. One hundred and twenty-eight of 310 nests (41.3%) fledged young. The most supported nest-survival model included nest stage and percent forest in the landscape. Daily nest survival was greater in the incubation than in the nestling stage and increased substantially with decreasing forest in the landscape. Four nests (1.3%) were parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater). Eastern WoodPewee density increased 83% over a range of 10–170% tree cover (percent tree stocking). Increased nest s...
Channel capacity and state estimation for state-dependent Gaussian channels

We formulate a problem of state information transmission over a state-dependent channel with states known at the transmitter. In particular, we solve a problem of minimizing the mean-squared channel state estimation error E/spl par/S/sup n/ - S/spl circ//sup n//spl par/ for a state-dependent additive Gaussian channel Y/sup n/ = X/sup n/ + S/sup n/ + Z/sup n/ with an independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gaussian state sequence S/sup n/ = (S/sub 1/, ..., S/sub n/) known at the transmitter and an unknown i.i.d. additive Gaussian noise Z/sup n/. We show that a simple technique of direct state amplification (i.e., X/sup n/ = /spl alpha/S/sup n/), where the transmitter uses its entire power budget to amplify the channel state, yields the minimum mean-squared state estimation error. This same channel can also be used to send additional independent information at the expense of a higher channel state estimation error. We characterize the optimal tradeoff between the rate R of the independent information that can be reliably transmitted and the mean-squared state estimation error D. We show that any optimal (R, D) tradeoff pair can be achieved via a simple power-sharing technique, whereby the transmitter power is appropriately allocated between pure information transmission and state amplification.
Samuel Gompers to Frederick Engels: An excerpt from the 1890 S.L.P.‐A.F.L debate

(1970). Samuel Gompers to Frederick Engels: An excerpt from the 1890 S.L.P.‐A.F.L debate. Labor History: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 531-535.
Interfacial Step Structure at a (0001) Basal Twin in Bi 2 Te 3

At present, little is known concerning the atomic-scale structure of grain boundaries in Bi2Te3 and related thermoelectric materials. As twins are perhaps the simplest possible type of grain boundary, they provide a good starting point for studies of interface structure in this class of materials. Here, we present an electron microscopic study of an interfacial step observed at a (0001) basal twin boundary in Bi2Te3. We discuss the crystallography of defects at twins in Bi2Te3 by considering the geometric implications for differently terminated step arrangements and comparing the defect configurations anticipated for deformation and annealing/growth twins. Finally, we consider the observed defect in this framework and discuss its relationship to analogous features in face-centered-cubic metals, namely the {112}-type interfaces that are commonly observed terminating {111} growth and annealing twins in these materials. This analysis provides insight concerning the relationships of dislocations to twin formation and morphology in Bi2Te3.
Participation frameworks in service design and delivery

Participatory design has its roots in the design of technology systems and artifacts. Over the years the focus of PD has expanded to include the design of physical environments, technology infrastructures, community networks and services, including e-government, medical, and educational services. The particular interest in service design in part is a reflection of the relatively rapid rise in the global service economy. Today nearly two thirds of all economic activity in the developed countries derives from the service sector (e.g., healthcare, education, travel, entertainment) and employment in service industries is growing throughout the world. As products commoditize, businesses expand their service offerings to attract new customers. Organizations, be they commercial, non-profit or governmental, have realized that their success is tied to the ability to design and deliver services that are valued by their clients be they citizens, patients, students or customers.
Multiple messages in acoustic signals

Abstract Different acoustic properties of communication signals potentially encode different kinds of biologically significant information. Studies of frogs and toads have identified behaviorally relevant properties that correlate with a male's species, body size, energetic investment in calling and perhaps physical and evolutionary fitness. Behavioral experiments reveal that simultaneous variation of different acoustic properties can interact in unpredictable ways to determine the overall effectiveness of a signal.
A symbolic limit evaluation program in REDUCE

A method for the automatic evaluation of algebraic limits is described. It combines many of the techniques previously employed, including top-down recursive evaluation, power series expansion, and L'Hopital's rule. It introduces the concept of a special algebraic form for limits. The method has been implemented in MODE-REDUCE.
Information assurance the West Point way

At the US Military Academy at West Point, New York, we approach the topic of protecting and defending information systems as a matter of national security. The time has long passed where we could consider cyberattacks as merely a nuisance; the threat from a cyberattack is very real. Our national information infrastructure is not just essential to the USA economy; it is a life-critical system. Presidential Decision Directive 63 (which called for a national effort to assure vulnerable and interconnected infrastructure security, such as telecommunications, finance, energy, transportation, and essential government services) officially recognizes this, and numerous reports have validated it. As military academy educators, our duty is to provide an education that empowers our graduates with the skills needed to protect the many critical information systems that the military uses.
Halo-Vest Immobilization Increases Early Morbidity and Mortality in Elderly Odontoid Fractures

Background:Odontoid fractures are the most common cervical spine fractures in elderly patients. Treatment options included operative fixation (OP) or nonoperative management with either a halo-vest (HV) or rigid cervical orthosis (CO). Our previous study suggested increased morbidity and mortality w
Bacterial Deactivation Using a Low Temperature Argon Atmospheric Plasma Brush with Oxygen Addition

This study investigated the bacterial deactivation effects of a low temperature atmospheric argon plasma brush with oxygen addition. Two types of bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Micrococcus luteus (M. luteus) seeded in various media were exposed to the oxygen enriched gas plasma and their survivability were thoroughly examined under various plasma conditions. It was found that the bacterial deactivation capability of the plasmas was highly dependent on the amount of oxygen addition and the type of supporting medium. With filter paper as the supporting medium, the addition of oxygen into the argon plasma system led to significant improvement in the bacterial killing efficacy, compared with an argon only plasma discharge. With oxygen addition, the plasma treatment time for a complete kill of the bacteria was 2 min for E. coli and 1 min for M. luteus. These are much shorter than the times required with argon only plasmas. When a nutrient broth or standard methods agar were used as the supporting medium, however, a longer plasma treatment time was necessary when using plasmas with the oxygen addition. The changes in bacterial cell structure after plasma exposure were examined using scanning electron microscopy. The change in plasma characteristics with oxygen addition was investigated using optical emission spectroscopy. The possible mechanism for bacterial inactivation of the plasmas is also discussed here.
A methodology for the selection of aquatic natural areas

Abstract A methodology is presented for selection of aquatic natural areas based on numerical ranking of sites. Non-weighted points are assigned to 24 physical and biological characteristics of the aquatic and terrestrial components of a proposed natural area. Cumulative score reflects both natural diversity and occurrence of unusual species or conditions. A systematic selection procedure is described which can be utilised by land managers or natural area organisations to arrive at and support objective decisions involving natural area selection.
Effect of Inhaled Glycopyrrolate and Atropine in Asthma: Precipitated by Exercise and Cold Air Inhalation

We compared the effects of inhaled glycopyrrolate (G), 1.3 mg, and atropine (A), 2.6 mg, and placebo on FEV 1 and specific conductance (sGaw) before and after exercise in six men with exercise-induced asthma. Subjects exercised with cold air (–2°C) 30 and 120 minutes after each aerosol treatment. Spirometry was performed and sGaw determined before aerosol treatment (baseline) and before and after exercise. Decreased airway tone was noted before exercising with A and G but not with placebo. The decreases in FEV 1 and sGaw resulting from exercise were not significantly different among the three treatment groups at either exercise session. Postexercise FEV 1 and sGaw were significantly higher after A and G compared to P. Dry mouth, flushing, and resting tachycardia were prominent with group A. Symptoms in G did not differ from those in P. This study suggests that A and G do not prevent bronchoconstriction induced by exercise and cold air but improve postexercise pulmonary function by achieving preexercise bronchodilation. Systemic side effects were minimal with G compared to A.
Homozygosity of the autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease presenilin 1 E280A mutation

We identified several families in Antioquia, Colombia, with early-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) due to the mendelian autosomal dominant inheritance of a PSEN1 E280A gene mutation. Extended family members were interviewed and parish baptism certificates in Antioquian municipalities examined.1 The size of these extended families (including carriers and noncarriers) approaches 5,000 individuals. Full genomes in carriers proved a single founder.2 To support an AD prevention clinical trial, we established a registry in 2010 of all family members over age 8 years.3 Since then we genotyped 3,407 family members and identified 823 (24%) carriers of the PSEN1 E280A mutation. The Comite de Bioetica de la Sede de Investigacion Universitaria, SIU Universidad de Antioquia, approved this study. All participants provided written informed consent. Despite the size of this exceptionally large family and frequent consanguinity, homozygosity at this gene locus had not been reported. The apparent absence of homozygous PSEN1 mutations led to the speculation that E280A homozygosity could be lethal. Generally, homozygous dominant mutations are more severely affected than heterozygotes in both humans and model systems.4 However, human cases in which dominant point mutations are homozygous are rare.
Spatial and temporal control of age-related APP processing in genomic-based β-secretase transgenic mice

Abstract Genetic mutations associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the Amyloid Precursor Protein ( APP ) gene specifically alter the production of the APP processing product, amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, generated by β- and γ-secretases. The accumulation and deposition of Aβ is hypothesized to cause AD pathogenesis, leading to the debilitating neurological deficits observed in AD patients. However, it is unclear how processing of APP to generate Aβ corresponds with the age-dependent pattern of brain-regional neurodegeneration common in AD. We have previously shown that overexpression of BACE1 , the primary β- secretase gene, in mice expressing an AD mutant form of APP leads to significantly elevated regional Aβ levels, which coincide with the regional pattern of Aβ deposition. In the current study, we have used our genomic-based β- secretase transgenic mice to determine how BACE1 regulates the spatial and temporal pattern of Aβ production throughout post-natal development. Specifically, we observed unique differences in the brain-regional expression pattern between neonatal and adult BACE1 transgenic mice. These alterations in the BACE1 expression profile directly corresponds with age-related differences in regional Aβ production and deposition. These studies indicate that modulation of BACE1 expression leads to dramatic alterations in APP processing and AD-like neuropathology. Furthermore, our studies provide further evidence that BACE1 plays a major role in the regulation of the APP processing pathway, influencing the age-dependent onset of AD pathogenesis.
ANOTHER LAW OF CLINICAL JUDGMENT: A PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISM BASED ON THE LOGIC OF PSYCHO-DYNAMICS

Following a “psycho-dynamics” paradigm, two psychiatric direct-estimation scales (each pertaining to classification names for psychotic disorders as the stimuli and each based on judgments from two independent groups of psychiatrists, Ns = 29 and 33) were shown to be systematically interrelated. A power function was preferred to show the relation. The form of the relationship between judged susceptibility to external stress and judged prognostic favorability was discussed. Suggestions for further research were made.
An OBSL1-Cul7Fbxw8 Ubiquitin Ligase Signaling Mechanism Regulates Golgi Morphology and Dendrite Patterning

The elaboration of dendrites in neurons requires secretory trafficking through the Golgi apparatus, but the mechanisms that govern Golgi function in neuronal morphogenesis in the brain have remained largely unexplored. Here, we report that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cul7Fbxw8 localizes to the Golgi complex in mammalian brain neurons. Inhibition of Cul7Fbxw8 by independent approaches including Fbxw8 knockdown reveals that Cul7Fbxw8 is selectively required for the growth and elaboration of dendrites but not axons in primary neurons and in the developing rat cerebellum in vivo. Inhibition of Cul7Fbxw8 also dramatically impairs the morphology of the Golgi complex, leading to deficient secretory trafficking in neurons. Using an immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry screening approach, we also uncover the cytoskeletal adaptor protein OBSL1 as a critical regulator of Cul7Fbxw8 in Golgi morphogenesis and dendrite elaboration. OBSL1 forms a physical complex with the scaffold protein Cul7 and thereby localizes Cul7 at the Golgi apparatus. Accordingly, OBSL1 is required for the morphogenesis of the Golgi apparatus and the elaboration of dendrites. Finally, we identify the Golgi protein Grasp65 as a novel and physiologically relevant substrate of Cul7Fbxw8 in the control of Golgi and dendrite morphogenesis in neurons. Collectively, these findings define a novel OBSL1-regulated Cul7Fbxw8 ubiquitin signaling mechanism that orchestrates the morphogenesis of the Golgi apparatus and patterning of dendrites, with fundamental implications for our understanding of brain development.
Microbial community dynamics in uranium contaminated subsurface sediments under biostimulated conditions with high nitrate and nickel pressure

The subsurface at the Oak Ridge Field Research Center represents an extreme and diverse geochemical environment that places different stresses on the endogenous microbial communities, including low pH, elevated nitrate concentrations, and the occurrence of heavy metals and radionuclides, including hexavalent uranium [U(VI)]. The in situ immobilization of U(VI) in the aquifer can be achieved through microbial reduction to relatively insoluble U(IV). However, a high redox potential due to the presence of nitrate and the toxicity of heavy metals will impede this process. Our aim is to test biostimulation of the endogenous microbial communities to improve nitrate reduction and subsequent U(VI) reduction under conditions of elevated heavy metals. Column experiments were used to test the possibility of using biostimulation via the addition of ethanol as a carbon source to improve nitrate reduction in the presence of elevated aqueous nickel. We subsequently analyzed the composition of the microbial communities that became established and their potential for U(VI) reduction and its in situ immobilization. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the microbial population changed from heavy metal sensitive members of the actinobacteria, α- and γ-proteobacteria to a community dominated by heavy metal resistant (nickel, cadmium, zinc, and cobalt resistant), nitrate reducing β- and γ-proteobacteria, and sulfate reducing Clostridiaceae. Coincidentally, synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy analyses indicated that the resulting redox conditions favored U(VI) reduction transformation to insoluble U(IV) species associated with soil minerals and biomass. This study shows that the necessary genetic information to adapt to the implemented nickel stress resides in the endogenous microbial population present at the Oak Ridge FRC site, which changed from a community generally found under oligotrophic conditions to a community able to withstand the stress imposed by heavy metals, while efficiently reducing nitrate as electron donor. Once nitrate was reduced efficient reduction and in situ immobilization of uranium was observed. This study provides evidence that stimulating the metabolism of the endogenous bacterial population at the Oak Ridge FRC site by adding ethanol, a suitable carbon source, results in efficient nitrate reduction under conditions of elevated nickel, and a decrease of the redox potential such that sulfate and iron reducing bacteria are able to thrive and create conditions favorable for the reduction and in situ immobilization of uranium. Since we have found that the remediation potential resides within the endogenous microbial community, we believe it will be feasible to conduct field tests. Biostimulation of endogenous bacteria provides an efficient tool for the successful in situ remediation of mixed-waste sites, particularly those co-contaminated with heavy metals, nitrate and radionuclides, as found in the United States and other countries as environmental legacies of the nuclear age.
Control of optical filaments with simple phase masks and its application to few-cycle pulse generation

A simple circular phase mask written on the driving laser beam significantly increases pointing stability and spectral coverage of femtosecond optical filaments. We compare our method to standard optical filamentation and the hollow-core fiber technique.
Models of Herbert A. Simon

The work of Herbert A. Simon has drawn increasing attention from modern scholars who argue that Simon's work changed during the Cold War. This is due to the fact that Simon seemingly changed the substance of his research in the 1950s. This paper argues that Simon did not change in any significant way, but was lead by his interest in decision making and rationality into areas of economics, political science, sociology, psychology, organization theory, and computer science. He used elements of different disciplines to address his overall interest and there is therefore a considerable continuity in Simon's work. This paper also provides part of a background for the recent increase of interest in Simon's ideas by providing some details of the RAND Corporation and the Ford Foundation's support of scientific research through the post war years in general, and their connections to the behavioral science research at Carnegie Mellon University in particular.
Accurate methods for the statistics of surprise and coincidence

Much work has been done on the statistical analysis of text. In some cases reported in the literature, inappropriate statistical methods have been used, and statistical significance of results have not been addressed. In particular, asymptotic normality assumptions have often been used unjustifiably, leading to flawed results.This assumption of normal distribution limits the ability to analyze rare events. Unfortunately rare events do make up a large fraction of real text.However, more applicable methods based on likelihood ratio tests are available that yield good results with relatively small samples. These tests can be implemented efficiently, and have been used for the detection of composite terms and for the determination of domain-specific terms. In some cases, these measures perform much better than the methods previously used. In cases where traditional contingency table methods work well, the likelihood ratio tests described here are nearly identical.This paper describes the basis of a measure based on likelihood ratios that can be applied to the analysis of text.
QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF CONFIGURATION MIXING IN THE INTERACTING BOSON MODEL

Abstract In many nuclei the coexistence of two quite different structures in the same energy region is manifest in the experimental data. Generally there is configuration mixing between these structures. We present a new, general technique for providing a quantitative description of configuration mixing in nuclei. The technique uses the interacting boson model for protons and neutrons to make separate descriptions of the different configurations, which are then mixed using an appropriate mixing hamiltonian. Examples are given using the mercury and molybdenum isotopes.
Resource-Sharing Queueing Systems with Fluid-Flow Traffic

A system consisting of two buffers, each with independent fluid sources, is considered in this paper. Due to ease of implementation, the output capacities for the two buffers depend on the workload of only one of the buffers that is measured. A threshold-based policy is considered to dynamically assign output capacities for both buffers. Marginal workload distributions for the two buffers need to be evaluated for this policy. The key contribution of this paper is the performance analysis to derive the workload distribution in the two buffers. In addition, the paper also provides some guidelines to choose the output capacities for the two buffers as well as a mathematical program to determine an optimal threshold to dynamically switch between output capacities. Further, various applications of such systems to computer-communication networks are discussed.
Modeling of planar inductors with non-uniform flux distribution and non-linear permeability for high-density integration

High-density integrated point-of-load (POL) converter is today's industry trend for portable electronic applications. Low-profile planar inductors can be used as substrates for 3D integrated POL converters to achieve very high power density. However, most planar inductors have non-uniform flux distribution. Some planar inductors, such as low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) inductors, even have non-linear permeability. This means that the conventional inductance calculation method, which is based on uniform flux and constant permeability, cannot be used directly for these planar inductors. This paper proposes some simple but sufficiently accurate models (one numerical, the other analytical) to calculate inductance for planar inductors with non-uniform flux distribution and non-linear permeability. Based on these models, several low-profile LTCC inductor substrates are designed for 3D integrated POLs. The measured inductance closely matches the predicted result, which means the proposed models have very good accuracy.
A multiple circular path convolution neural network system for detection of mammographic masses

A multiple circular path convolution neural network (MCPCNN) architecture specifically designed for the analysis of tumor and tumor-like structures has been constructed. We first divided each suspected tumor area into sectors and computed the defined mass features for each sector independently. These sector features were used on the input layer and were coordinated by convolution kernels of different sizes that propagated signals to the second layer in the neural network system. The convolution kernels were trained, as required, by presenting the training cases to the neural network. In this study, randomly selected mammograms were processed by a dual morphological enhancement technique. Radiodense areas were isolated and were delineated using a region growing algorithm. The boundary of each region of interest was then divided into 36 sectors using 36 equi-angular dividers radiated from the center of the region. A total of 144 Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System-based features (i.e., four features per sector for 36 sectors) were computed as input values for the evaluation of this newly invented neural network system. The overall performance was 0.78-0.80 for the areas (A/sub z/) under the receiver operating characteristic curves using the conventional feed-forward neural network in the detection of mammographic masses. The performance was markedly improved with A/sub z/ values ranging from 0.84 to 0.89 using the MCPCNN. This paper does not intend to claim the best mass detection system. Instead it reports a potentially better neural network structure for analyzing a set of the mass features defined by an investigator.
Advective control of nutrient dynamics in the epilimnion of a large reservoir1

Silica, nitrate, total and dissolved phosphorus, and conductivity were measured during spring and summer in Lake Powell, Utah-Arizona. Phytoplankton productivity was also detcrmined. Conductivity is used as ;L tracer for delineating the advective influence of inflows from the Colorado and San Jtlan Rivers on nutrient d&very and distribution in the reservoir. High spring runoff (l,OOO-2,000 m3*s-l) enters the lake essentially as an overflow and dominates the nutrient cycle in the epilimnion. The interaction of advective nutrient d&very and high turbidity controls the distribution of phytoplankton productivity and nutrient depletion.
Public health and education spending in Ghana in 1992-98 : issues of equity and efficiency

Using primary data from the health and education ministries, and household survey data from the Ghana Statistical Service, the authors analyze equity, and efficiency issues in public spending on health, and education in Ghana in the 1990s. Public expenditures in the education sector, declined in the second half of the 1990s. Basic education enrollment has been stagnant, or declining in public schools, but increasing in private schools, resulting in a moderate increase in total enrollment. Regional disparities are significant, with lower public resource allocations, and lower enrollment ratios in the three poorest regions. The quality of basic education in public schools remains poor, while it has steadily improved in private schools. Enrollments in higher levels are lagging behind those in basic education. Ghana ranks high among West African countries in health indicators, although its health expenditures tend to favor the non-poor. While more of the rural population have gained access to health services in recent years, many still have limited access, or none. Moreover, there is no link between the pattern of public expenditures - especially the pattern of immunization across Ghana - and health outcomes. To ensure that social services are efficiently, and equitably delivered in a fiscally constrained economy, the authors argue, public expenditures need to be linked to outcomes.
A Stakeholder Analysis of Colorado Climate and Energy Issues Using Policy Analytical Capacity and the Advocacy Coalition Framework

Noticeably absent from the tools and techniques in policy analysis are methods for understanding political contexts, including the beliefs, networks, resources, and activities of policy actors. In combination, Policy Analytical Capacity and the Advocacy Coalition Framework offer one appropriate solution. We apply both approaches to analyze the Colorado climate and energy policy subsystem using questionnaire data. In the policy subsystem, we identify a large proclimate change coalition and a smaller anticlimate change coalition. Member beliefs between rival coalitions diverge in regard to the cause, severity, and solutions needed to address climate change adaptation and mitigation issues. Both coalitions report similar levels of individual and organizational capacity to generate and analyze information and to engage in similar activities and strategies. This article contributes to the public policy literature by applying both Policy Analytical Capacity and the Advocacy Coalition Framework and by emphasizing individual, organizational, and subsystem levels in conducting a stakeholder analysis.
Seismic Stratigraphic Interpretation of Mississippi Fan, Gulf of Mexico: ABSTRACT

Examination of extensive multichannel and single-channel seismic data across the Mississippi Fan, Gulf of Mexico, reveals that at least 7 seismic sequences comprise the upper Pliocene-Pleistocene section of this giant fan. These sequences are divided into 2 groups based on continuity and amplitude of reflectors. The lower 3 sequences are generally characterized by high-amplitude, parallel to subparallel, continuous reflectors overlain in places by a hummocky clinoform reflection configuration. The reflection patterns suggest distal turbidites deposited in a relatively low-energy environment. In contrast, the upper 4 sequences are generally thicker and characterized by regionally extensive chaotic units interbedded with thin, high-amplitude, parallel to subparallel reflect on packages. The chaotic zones grade laterally into more continuous, parallel to gently diverging reflection patterns, probably a lower energy, more distal turbidite facies. Isopach and structure maps of each sequence indicate a seaward and eastward migration in the Pliocene-Pleistocene depocenter during fan development. Channel, levee, slump, turbidite, and hemipelagic deposits are interpreted within each sequence. Channel/levee deposits are extensive, showing great variability in their morphology and distribution. On the upper fan, the channels are large with well-developed levee sequences. On the middle and lower fan, the channel sequences are smaller, confined mainly to the apex of lobes, and show little evidence of migration and abandonment during lobe development. Slumping off the slope apparently contributed a significant percentage of the material deposited on the upper fan. In addition, the truncation of prominent reflectors and the mounded, chaotic and diffracted patterns on the middle and lower fan suggest that slumping was continually active during fan development. End_of_Article - Last_Page 475------------
Detection of Island Formation and Identification of Causal Factors Under Multiple Line Outages

The detection of island formation in power networks is prerequisite for the study of security analysis and control. We develop a combined graph-theoretic-algebraic approach to detect island formation in power system networks under multiple line outages. We construct the approach by gaining insights into the topological impacts of outaged lines on system connectivity from the use of power transfer distribution factor information. We develop a one-to-one relationship between minimal cutsets and a matrix of the generalized line outage distribution factors for multiple line outages. This relationship requires computations on lower order matrices and so is able to provide rapidly essential information. The proposed approach detects the island formation and identifies the subset of outaged lines that is the causal factor. Furthermore, for cases in which the set of outaged lines does not result in system separation, the method has the ability to identify whether a set of candidate line outages separates the system. Consequently, the need for establishing nodal system connectivity is bypassed. We illustrate the capabilities of the proposed approach on two large-scale networks. The proposed approach provides an effective tool for both real-time and offline environments for security analysis and control
The role of information, knowledge and value in the late 20th century

Abstract The new electronics technologies are propelling a transformation of value creation from being based on physical work to being based on knowledge creation. This is creating an economy increasingly based on innovation, but this means that the obsolescence is becoming increasingly rapid. Some products such as personal computers are now on a three-month product cycle meaning that even as value is being created more quickly, it is also being destroyed more quickly. Software is one of the quintessential products of this new economy. One of the central dilemmas of the knowledge economy is that the product knowledge often can be reproduced at essentially no cost. This means that it is difficult to enforce private property relationships creating a difficulty for private firms. Information and knowledge creation have already become the central pivot in capitalist economies and this will only be reinforced.
Mesoamerican Historical Linguistics and Distant Genetic Relationship

Norgate. Read, K. E. 1946 Social Organization in the Markham Valley, New Guinea. Oceania 17:93-118. 1950 The Political System in the Ngarawapum. Oceania 20:185-223. Rivers, W. H. R. 1914 The History of Melanesian Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rogers, E. S. 1970 New Guinea: Big Man Island. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum. Ryan, Peter, ed. 1972 Encyclopedia of Papua New Guinea. Melbourne: University Press in association with the University of Papua New Guinea. Sahlins, Marshall 1963 Poor Man, Rich Man, Big-Man, Chief: Political Types in Polynesia and Melanesia. Comparative Studies in Society and History 5:285-303. Salisbury, Richard F. 1964 Despotism and Australian Administration in the New Guinea Highlands. American Anthropologist 66:225-239. Scheffler, Harold W. 1965a Big Men and Disks of Shell. Natural History 74(10):20-25. 1965b Choiseul Island Social Structure.
Implications of age and diet on canine cerebral cortex transcription.

Mechanisms contributing to age-related cognitive decline are poorly defined. Thus, we used canine microarrays to compare gene expression profiles of brain tissue from geriatric and young adult dogs. Cerebral cortex samples were collected from six geriatric (12-year old) and six young adult (1-year old) female beagles after being fed one of two diets (animal protein-based versus plant-protein based) for 12 months. RNA samples were hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChip ® Canine Genome Arrays. Statistical analyses indicated that the age had the greatest impact on gene expression, with 963 transcripts differentially expressed in geriatric dogs. Although not as robust as age, diet affected mRNA abundance of 140 transcripts. As demonstrated in aged rodents and humans, geriatric dogs had increased expression of genes associated with inflammation, stress response, and calcium homeostasis and decreased expression of genes associated with neuropeptide signaling and synaptic transmission. In addition to its existing strengths, availability of gene sequence information and commercial microarrays make the canine a powerful model for studying the effects of aging on cognitive function. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Visual P3 in female alcoholics

Background: The P300 (P3) component of the event related potential has been established as a sensitive risk marker of vulnerability to alcoholism. Most alcoholism studies have focused on men; recent studies indicate that women are equally vulnerable to developing alcoholism. Methods: Visual P3 recorded from 31 electrode positions was evaluated in 44 alcoholic and 60 control women, 24-50 years of age. P3 amplitudes and latencies of the two groups were statistically compared using Analysis of Variance; source localization of surface amplitude values from each group were plotted using a low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography. Results: The results indicated that alcoholic women had significantly smaller P3 amplitudes in the frontal and central regions compared with controls. Source localization showed lowered activation in alcoholic women in right dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex and the ventro-medial fronto-central regions. Conclusions: The results suggest that P3 is an equally sensitive endophenotypic marker of vulnerability to alcoholism in women. The findings are discussed in terms of functional and physiologic significance of the P3 amplitude in alcoholic women and its relationship to drinking behaviors.
Advantame Sweetener Preference in C57BL/6J Mice and Sprague-Dawley Rats

Advantame is a new ultrahigh-intensity noncaloric sweetener derived from aspartame and approved for human use. Rats and mice are not attracted to the taste of aspartame and this study determined their preference for advantame. In 24-h choice tests with water, C57BL/6J mice and Sprague-Dawley rats were indifferent to advantame at concentrations of 0.01, 0.03, and 0.1mM but significantly preferred 0.3 and 1mM advantame to water. Both species also preferred 1mM advantame to 1mM saccharin in direct choice tests, but preferred 10mM saccharin to 1mM advantame, which is near the solubility limit for this sweetener. Mice also preferred 1mM advantame to 1mM sucralose or acesulfame K, but preferred both sweeteners at 10mM to 1mM advantame. In addition, mice preferred 1mM advantame to 1 and 10mM aspartame. Thus, advantame is a potent sweetener for rodents but, because of limited solubility, is not an effective alternative to saccharin, sucralose, or acesulfame K at higher concentrations.
Maximum Empirical Likelihood Estimation In A Heteroscedastic Linear Regression ModelWith Possibly Missing Responses

A heteroscedastic linear regression model is considered where responses are allowed to be missing at random and with the conditional variance modeled as a function of the mean response. Maximum empirical likelihood estimation is studied for an empirical likelihood with an increasing number of estimated constraints. The resulting estimator is shown to be asymptotically normal and can outperform the ordinary least squares estimator. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljastats.v5i4.7791
Radicals Formed by Electron Transfer to Pyrimidine Derivatives

SummaryThe reactions of electrons with some pyrimidine derivatives were investigated. The electrons, produced photolytically in alkaline glasses, were reacted with solutes to form anions. It was found that anions of thymidine and thymidine-5′-phosphate easily undergo proton transfer from surrounding water molecules to the C6 position of the thymine ring. Anions of uracil and deoxycytidine do not undergo corresponding proton transfer reactions in the aqueous matrix at low temperatures. The role of electrons in the radiolysis of thymine-containing compounds including DNA is discussed. It is shown that electron reactions can account for the formation of the eight-lined E.S.R. spectrum formed in the radiolysis of these compounds.
Why LV dilatation with vasodilator stress in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Transient ischemic dilatation (TID) of the left ventricle (LV) on vasodilator stress perfusion images is a concerning sign. In some, TID may reflect global subendocardial hypoperfusion during stress. A reduction in subendocardial perfusion results in an increase in observed chamber size on the stress images and the finding of TID. However, in patients with advanced coronary disease (CAD), TID during vasodilator stress might also reflect transient LV dysfunction due to generation of an actual myocardial oxygen supply/demand imbalance (true ischemia). TID on vasodilator stress PET perfusion images has previously been correlated with impaired myocardial perfusion reserve and with an acute decline in LV systolic function during stress. Moreover, patients with TID on vasodilator PET images exhibit poorer clinical outcomes as compared to those without TID who have similar LV ejection fractions and perfusion defect scores. Thus, TID on vasodilator stress images in CAD patients may reflect global subendocardial hypoperfusion, induction of a true oxygen supply/demand imbalance with ischemic LV dysfunction, or both.
Singing behavior, song types on their wintering grounds and the question of leap-frog migration in Puget Sound White-Crowned Sparrows

Singing behavior in Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetenis on their wintering grounds in California was studied. Additionally syllables from songs of overwintering birds were compared to syllables in songs recorded previously on their breeding grounds in an effort to identify wintering grounds of dialectal populations. Much singing was recorded from recently arrived birds in the fall. At least some spontaneous singing was recorded every month of the year. However, singing decreased in December and increased in February, probably in response to increasing day lengths. Song development was complete or almost so in some juveniles recorded upon arrival in California. At least some birds responded to playback with singing during all months on the wintering grounds, however, responses peaked during arrival in the fall and before departure for the breeding grounds in the spring. At each wintering locality, several dialects were sung, indicating that more northerly breeding populations do not leap-frog and winter south of more southerly breeding populations. The resident Z. l. nuttalli sometimes borrow elements from wintering Z. l. pugetenis to construct «hybrid» themes. However, syllables from alien dialects are soon lost from the population due to match-countersinging by Z. l. nuttalli males
Cruentaren A Binds F1F0 ATP Synthase To Modulate the Hsp90 Protein Folding Machinery

The molecular chaperone Hsp90 requires the assistance of immunophilins, co-chaperones, and partner proteins for the conformational maturation of client proteins. Hsp90 inhibition represents a promising anticancer strategy due to the dependence of numerous oncogenic signaling pathways upon Hsp90 function. Historically, small molecules have been designed to inhibit ATPase activity at the Hsp90 N-terminus; however, these molecules also induce the pro-survival heat shock response (HSR). Therefore, inhibitors that exhibit alternative mechanisms of action that do not elicit the HSR are actively sought. Small molecules that disrupt Hsp90-co-chaperone interactions can destabilize the Hsp90 complex without induction of the HSR, which leads to inhibition of cell proliferation. In this article, selective inhibition of F1F0 ATP synthase by cruentaren A was shown to disrupt the Hsp90-F1F0 ATP synthase interaction and result in client protein degradation without induction of the HSR.
PVDF SENSOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN DELAMINATION RESPONSE DETECTION

Questions are frequently raised from industries concerning removable and reusable sensors for composite products damage detection and health monitoring. A major requirement is that the tested product should not be altered during the process of bonding and removing the sensor. In this paper, a method using thin PVDF sensors and double-sided tapes to detect delaminations and other damages in composite structures with emphasis on composite beams is presented. Sensor equations are derived for thin PVDF materials. Delamination detection examples, by using the nonlinear characteristics of the delaminated structures and PVDF sensor sensing properties, are also presented. though actuation applications can also be found in literature.'8'91 Campbell et a/.'" used PVDF films in conditioning and strain measurement in composite materials. Lee and Moon'3' used flexibility and easy user-tailed properties of the PVDF films and designed modal sensor for given structures. Hanagud et a/.'7' used PVDF films to carry out experimental modal analysis. In this paper, we present the applications of using PVDF sensors in composite structure delamination detections and nonlinear vibration monitoring. Analysis of the thin PVDF films indicates that the sensor output is proportional to the structural local curvature; therefore it is more sensitive to the structural abnormality than those setups using displacement or accelerometer sensors.
Cultured Construction: Global Evidence of the Impact of National Values on Renewable Electricity Infrastructure Choice

Renewable electricity is an important tool in the fight against climate change, but globally these technologies are still in the early stages of diffusion. To contribute to our understanding of the factors driving this diffusion, I study relationships between national values (measured by Hofstede's cultural dimensions) and renewable electricity adoption at the national level. Existing data for 66 nations (representing an equal number of developed and developing economies) are used to fuel the analysis. Somewhat dependent on limited available data on controls for grid reliability and the cost of electricity, I discover that three of Hofstede's dimensions (high uncertainty avoidance, low masculinity-femininity, and high individualism-collectivism) have significant exponential relationships with renewable electricity adoption. The dimension of uncertainty avoidance appears particularly appropriate for practical application. Projects or organizations implementing renewable electricity policy, designs, or construction should particularly attend to this cultural dimension. In particular, as the data imply that renewable technologies are being used to manage risk in electricity supply, geographies with unreliable grids are particularly likely to be open to renewable electricity technologies.