cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MAPPING THE MAB 383C EPITOPE TO ALPHA 2(187-199) OF THE TORPEDO ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR ON THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL

Monoclonal antibody 383C is an anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody whose binding to the receptor is blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin and by carbamylcholine. Monoclonal antibody 383C binds to the alpha subunit of the Torpedo acetylcholine (ACh) receptor as well as to its V8-protease 20 kDa fragment that possesses the affinity alkylatable Cys192/193. In an epitope scanning experiment spanning the N-terminal 211 amino acid residues of the alpha subunit, 383C binds uniquely to three overlapping peptides; alpha(184-196), alpha(187-199) and alpha(190-202). These peptides span a cluster of amino acid residues implicated in the binding of acetylcholine, including Cys192/193. To map the location of these residues on the three-dimensional model of the ACh receptor, we have employed a combination of X-ray diffraction from oriented complexes of 383C with ACh receptor-enriched membrane vesicles and electron microscopy of negatively stained tubular arrays of 383C/receptor complexes. The X-ray diffraction study finds extra electron density in the presence of 383C centered 35 A above the synaptic side phosphate head groups. The electron micrographic images display extra stain exclusion from the antibody at a site adjacent to the alpha2 subunit on the periphery of the rosette clockwise to the alpha2 vertex. This mapping localizes several residues of the ACh receptor alpha subunit involved in the binding of acetylcholine. Despite these residues being present in both alpha subunits, only the alpha2 subunit is decorated with this monoclonal antibody.
Association between atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia and inducible atrial flutter

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inducibility of atrial flutter in patients with atrioventricular (AV) node reentrant tachycardia and to determine the effect of radio-frequency ablation of the slow AV node pathway on the inducibility of atrial flutter. Background. Studies have shown that both AV node reentrant tachycardia and atrial flutter are reentrant arrhythmias having an area of slow conduction that is located in the low posterior right atrium near the ostium of the coronary sinus. Methods. Ninety-one patients were prospectively evaluated using a standardized atrial pacing protocol. Three groups of patients were analyzed: 42 patients with inducible AV node reentrant tachycardia, 13 with a history of spontaneous atrial flutter and 36 control patients. A subgroup of 34 patients with AV node reentrant tachycardia who underwent successful radiofrequency ablation of the slow AV node pathway underwent atrial pacing again after ablation. Results. Atrial flutter was more frequently inducible in patients with AV node reentrant tachycardia (88%) and in those with a history of atrial flutter (92%) than in control patients (36%) (p = 0.0001). There were no differences between the patient groups with respect to atrial effective refractory period, P wave duration or PA interval at the His position. Among the 34 patients with AV node reentrant tachycardia who underwent atriai pacing before and after radiofrequency ablation, there were 30 with atrial flutter and 4 with atriail fibrillation before ablation and 29 with atrial flutter and 5 with atrial fibrillation after ablation (p = NS). There was no difference in the duration of the induced atrial flutter before and after ablation. The mean atrial flutter cycle length before ablation (206 ± 22 ms) was not different from that after ablation (196 ± 20 ms) (p = NS). Conclusions. There is a strong association between AV node reentrant tachycardia and inducible atrial flutter, suggesting that there may be a common area of perinodal atrium participating in the two tachycardia circuits. However, radiofrequency ablation of the slow pathway of the AV node reentrant tachycardia circuit does not influence the inducibility of atrial flutter.
Life Cycle costing as part of design for environment environmental business cases

Background In developing products various requirements have to be integrated including functionality, quality, affordability as well as environmental aspects. Often conflicting requirements have to be fulfilled. Therefore, multi-dimensional decision support approaches are necessary.
Investigation of Wet Clean Induced Dielectric Surface Static Charge and its Impact on Gate Oxide Integrity

The static electricity of wet clean was characterized by contactless surface voltage measurement on silicon oxide dielectric in this study. The paper shows surface static charge at wafer center caused by a single wafer spin cleaning tool. Deionized water (DIW) rinse was verified as the critical step of inducing static charge. It was demonstrated by metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitor that such serious dielectric static charge would degrade gate oxide integrity (GOI). With dissolved CO2 to lower DIW resistance, surface static charge at wafer center is reduced and degraded GOI is restored as a result.
Morphological algorithms for analysis of geological phase structure

Morphological algorithms for the analysis of the microstructure and estimation of the physical properties of volcanic geological specimens are described. Various properties of materials, such as bulk viscosity, rigidity, tensile and compressive strengths, etc., depend on the microstructure of the material, which is typically composed of a mosaic of interlocking particles of different phases. The images of the geological microstructure are first separated into their constituent phases. The phase images can then be processed to estimate the percentage contribution of each phase, the total boundary per phase, phase-phase contact boundaries, particle size distributions for each phase and angle of contact between particles. These morphological image measurements can then be used to characterize the physical properties of magma.
Iridium–Ruthenium Alloyed Nanoparticles for the Ethanol Oxidation Fuel Cell Reactions

In this study, carbon supported Ir–Ru nanoparticles with average sizes ranging from 2.9 to 3.7 nm were prepared using a polyol method. The combined characterization techniques, that is, scanning transmission electron microscopy equipped with electron energy loss spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, were used to determine an Ir–Ru alloy nanostructure. Both cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry (CA) results demonstrate that Ir77Ru23/C bears superior catalytic activities for the ethanol oxidation reaction compared to Ir/C and commercial Pt/C catalysts. In particular, the Ir77Ru23/C catalyst shows more than 21 times higher mass current density than that of Pt/C after 2 h reaction at a potential of 0.2 V vs Ag/AgCl in CA measurement. Density functional theory simulations also demonstrate the superiority of Ir–Ru alloys compared to Ir for the ethanol oxidation reaction.
'Explain in plain English' questions: implications for teaching

This paper reports on the replication of a study of novice programmers, looking for relationships between ability to 'explain in plain English' the meaning of a code segment and success in writing code later in the semester. This study explores the question in a different learning environment and qualitatively evaluates 'explain in plain English' responses to identify implications for teaching. Statistical results from this study are similar to those of the earlier work. Results highlight students' fragile knowledge, particularly for students excluded from the primary analyses by a set of screening questions, and suggest the need for assessment and instruction of basic concepts later into the term than instructors are likely to expect.
Relation between frank constants and viscosity coefficients in an ellipsoid model for nematic liquid crystals

Abstract The Frank constants and viscosity for a nematic liquid crystal are calculated for a microscopic model: a one-parameter ellipsoid model. A simple relation is established: K 33 / 1 2 (K 11 + K 22 )= 1 2 (η a + η c )/η b , and appears well confirmed by experiment.
Weight Gain in FTT Population Post RD Intervention

Abstract Three months of outcome data on failure to thrive patients demonstrated the positive effects of intervention by an RD via improved weight status. All patients included in the study had to meet the criteria: 1) have a primary diagnosis of FTT, and 2) must be free from other diseases that have an impact on weight Within the data collection period 8/13/98-11/17/98,12 subjects met this criteria, to include 4 females and 8 males. Subjects ranged in age from 14 months to 9 years of age. The primary interventions provided to the subjects during the visit were nutritional counseling and medical intervention to rule out any organic causes for FTT. Weight information prior to the visit was obtained from the patient's medical record. Each patient's care giver was counseled for a 20-30minute period of time using an individualized education approach appropriate for the age of the patient The mam outcome, growth, was measured by weighing the child and converting to a percentage of expected weight gain based on Foman's expected weight gain for age data. Descriptive statistics to include percent of net change in weight were derived from this data. The z score was calculated to assess discrete changes in growth. Comparing baseline to post RD intervention data the percentage of children exhibiting > 100% of expected growth (catch up growth) improved from 16.7% (2/12) to 58.3% (7/12). The patients exhibiting weight gain of 50-100% of expected growth changed from 41.7% (5/12) to 16.7% (2/12). The patients exhibiting weight gain of 50% or less of expected growth changed from 33.3% (4/12) to 25% (3/12). The z score statistical analysis demonstrated that 75% (9/12) of patients experienced an improvement in weight status (z score increased post intervention.) The results illustrate a marked increase in the number of patients experiencing catch up growth (>100% of expected), as well as an increase in z score, a sensitive monitor of discrete weight changes. The integral role of RD intervention in the FTT population can be defined not only as improvement in patient care, but also as a significant cost savings per case. The ADA has derived that upwards of $13,758 can be saved when the complications of Pediatric FTT ( hospitalizations, and resulting mental and physical retardation) are treated.
Subcategorical phonetic mismatches and lexical access

The place of phonetic analysis in the perception of words is unclear. While some theories assume fully specified phonemic strings as input, other theories assume that little analysis occurs. An earlier experiment by Streeter and Nigro (1979) produced evidence, based on auditorily presented words with misleading acoustic cues, that lexical decisions were based on mostly unanalyzed patterns, since word judgments were delayed by misleading information whereas non word judgments were not. The present studies expand that work to a different set of cues, and to cases in which the overriding cue came first. An additional task, auditory naming, was used to examine the effects when the decision stage is less demanding. For the lexical decision task, misleading information slowed the responses, for both words and nonwords. In the auditory naming task, only the slower responses were affected. These results suggest that phonetic conflicts are resolved prior to lexical access.
Origin of Angiosperms

IN various notes in Science and in my longer studies of cycadeoids, the view is maintained that the angiosperms must be very old, and in so far as not actually discrete, related to the older flowering gymnosperms. Such views of descent relegate gnetaleans to the position of a side or blind line as suggested by Seward. The group was even held to be angiospermous by Lignier and Tison. In any event, it pictures in a lively manner some of the types of change both vegetative and reproductive which must mark the evolution of the angiosperms from homoxylous freely flowering forerunners.
Rapid Increase of Blood Pressure after Low Dose Hydrocortison (HC) in Low Birth Weight Neonates with Hypotension Refractory to High Doses of Cardio-inotropics 210

Objective: The effect of HC on mean arterial blood pressure(MABP) was evaluated in a double-blind randomized study in 26 neonates with hypotension, despite high dose cardio-inotropics. Methods: 26 hypotensive neonates despite treatment with 20 μg/kg/min. dopamine and/or dobutamine, were randomized to receive either HC (5 mg/kg/day in 4 doses), or placebo (P). Hypotension was defined as MABP of less than nr. of gestational age in weeks in mmHg, during at least 30 minutes. During 24 hours MABP, heart rate, urine output, vasoactive medication and volume expanders were recorded.Results: Hypotension could be effectively treated within 24 hours in both HC- and P-treated neonates (table). No difference in additional vasoactive medication (dopamine, dobutamine, adrenaline or isoprenaline), or in volume expanders was found. However, in the HC-treated patients the increase in MABP to normal values occurred more rapidly (within 6 hours) than in the P-group (p<0.05). HC and P groups were comparable for gestational age and birth weight. No differences were found between groups for intracranial hemorrhage (7HC/7P) or flaring(5HC/5P).
Relationships between graminoid growth form and levels of grazing by caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in Alaska

Herbivores and their forage interact in many ways, in some instances to the benefit or detriment of herbivore and vegetation. Studies of wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) in Africa and snow geese (Chen caerulescens) in the Arctic have suggested that these grazers enhance graminoid production in certain sites by repeatedly using them. Other studies have concluded that herbivores are sensitive to local variation in forage quality and quantity, and preferentially use those sites that are intrinsically more productive. In this study, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) were observed foraging at different densities on two adjacent Alaskan ranges, within which particular feeding sites contained predictably high, medium, or low densities of caribou. Vegetation from one high- and one low-use site on each of the high- and low-density ranges was sampled and monitored for productivity, measured as re-growth following clipping, with the objectives of determining which forage characteristics influence usage by grazers and whether the productivity and nature of graminoid growth after clipping were related to grazing history. Forage biomass density (g/m3), shoot density (number/m2), stand densities of nutrients and minerals (g/m3), and forage concentrations of nutrients and minerals (g/100 g tissue) correlated positively with use of sites by caribou. Productivity was independent of previous use by grazers, but consistent within ranges. These results indicate that caribou are sensitive to local variation in forage quality and quantity, preferentially use those sites with higher returns of nutrients and minerals, and have the potential to enhance graminoid growth on sites that are inherently more productive.
Split Na+-Ca2+ Exchangers IMPLICATIONS FOR FUNCTION AND EXPRESSION

Abstract The Na+-Ca2+exchanger has nine transmembrane segments, with a large cytoplasmic loop between the fifth and sixth transmembrane segments. The protein was split within the cytoplasmic loop into two domains consisting of the first five transmembrane segments and the last four transmembrane segments, respectively. The two domains were either expressed individually or coexpressed. Each of the two domains with different lengths of the cytoplasmic loop was fused to green fluorescent protein. We show that coexpression of both domains is required for proper membrane targeting and for expression of functional exchange activity. Fusion to green fluorescent protein does not alter biophysical properties of the exchange process. In addition, truncation of a large portion of the cytoplasmic loop does not alter important properties of the exchanger such as Na+-dependent inactivation, activation by chymotrypsin, or exchanger inhibitorypeptide (XIP) sensitivity.
Retroperitoneal approach used exclusively with epidural anesthesia for infrarenal aortic disease

background : The retroperitoneal approach for elective infrarenal aortic procedures is an attractive alternative to the standard transperitoneal approach. In an effort to limit the number of extraneous influences on patient outcome, this approach was performed using epidural anesthesia without the use of endotracheal intubation or general anesthesia. methods : From June 1991 through July 1993, 62 consecutive patients with aorto-occlusive or aorto-iliac disease underwent infrarenal aortic repair using the retroperitoneal approach. Epidural anesthesia was used exclusively in all cases. Patients were evaluated for age, sex, comorbid conditions, morbidity, operating time, blood loss, ileus, and length of hospital stay. results : There were 29 aortobiiliac bypasses, 18 aortobifemoral bypasses, and 15 aortic tube grafts. Three patients had an associated renal artery procedure performed. There were 48 men and 14 women. The average age was 74.2 years (range 30 to 88). Comorbid conditions including smoking (69%), coronary artery disease (61%), hypertension (61%), prior myocardial infarction (43%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (35%), prior surgery (27%), diabetes mellitus (24%), and a history of cancer (8%) were identified. The average length of surgery was 2 hours and 10 minutes (range 1 hour 20 minutes to 3 hours 15 minutes). The average blood loss was 510 mL (range 200 to 4,000). A nasogastric tube was not used in any patient perioperatively, and oral feeding was started on average by postoperative day 2. The average intensive care unit stay was 1.3 days (range 1 to 7). A mortality rate of 1.6%, and major complication rate of 11% were found. None were of pulmonary nature, which may be ascribed to the absence of endotracheal intubation or general anesthesia. A minor complication rate of 19% was achieved under the presented method. The average hospital stay was 7.7 days (range 5 to 15). conclusion : No large series using the retroperitoneal approach exclusively under epidural anesthesia has been reported. Recent literature on the retroperitoneal approach makes use of general anesthesia with/without epidural anesthesia. This review supports our contention that the procedure of choice for elective infrarenal aortic surgery is the retroperitoneal approach utilizing epidural anesthesia in the absence of endotracheal intubation and general anesthesia. There is a decrease in the physiologic disturbances associated with general anesthesia, notably pulmonary and gastrointestinal, when only epidural anesthesia is used. This translated into a low complication rate, improved patient comfort, early hospital discharge, and subsequent lower costs.
Acellular dermal matrix graft: synergistic effect of rehydration and natural crosslinking on mechanical properties.

This investigation studied how the incorporation of a natural crosslinking agent, genipin (Gp), into the AlloDerm® (AD) rehydration protocol affects the biomechanical properties and the stability of the collagenous matrix. AD is a minimally processed, noncrosslinked, freeze-dried collagen-based graft. Samples were immersed in a saline solution for 5 min and then randomly assigned for further rehydration (30 min) into three groups, according to the crosslinking agent: G1-control (saline), G2-1 wt % genipin, and G3-1 wt % glutaraldehyde. Gp crosslinking for a prolonged time of 6 h (G4) was also investigated. After washing (5 min), samples were mechanically tested wet in tension. G2 demonstrated a significantly higher ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and E relative to G1. However, G3 did not show a noteworthy increase in these properties. A significant enhancement in UTS was found when Gp exposure time was increased from 30 min to 6 h. FT-IR revealed a protein backbone with no significant peak shifting for all samples due to crosslinking. However, a considerable decrease in -NH2 peak intensity occurred due to crosslinking reactions. Additionally, DSC analyses indicated an important shift in the denaturation temperature for crosslinked samples. SEM micrographs revealed no alterations in the native fibrous morphology after crosslinking. Simultaneous genipin incorporation during the rehydration protocol of AlloDerm significantly enhances its biomechanical properties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
THE BLACKLEG EPIDEMIC IN CANADIAN RAPESEED AS A “NORMAL AGRICULTURAL ACCIDENT”

In an attempt to encourage the growth of a desired plant, humans transform various characteristics and surrounding ecological conditions, often giving rise to periodic plant disease epidemics. This paper uses the case of a blackleg epidemic caused by Leptosphaeria maculans in rapeseed in Canada to demonstrate that such epidemics may be seen as “normal accidents,” i.e., the result of a particular set of social, natural, and technical relations. The paper discusses how the pressures to increase the uniformity and productivity of rapeseed agriculture led to the creation of favorable conditions for the spread of blackleg in the crop. We argue that more proactive agroecosystems are needed in order to reduce the risk of normal accidents. We suggest that this may be achieved by developing and modifying legal frameworks for plant variety protection, farming practices (e.g., rotations, multilines), and organizations so as to emphasize greater variability rather than distinctness and homogeneity.
High-performance algebraic multigrid solver optimized for multi-core based distributed parallel systems

Algebraic Multigrid (AMG) is a linear solver, well known for its linear computational complexity and excellent parallelization scalability. As a result, AMG is expected to be a solver of choice for emerging extreme scale systems capable of delivering hundred Pflops and beyond. While node level performance of AMG is generally limited by memory bandwidth, achieving high bandwidth efficiency is challenging due to highly sparse irregular computation, such as triple sparse matrix products, sparse-matrix dense-vector multiplications, independent set coarsening algorithms, and smoothers such as Gauss-Seidel. We develop and analyze a highly optimized AMG implementation, based on the well-known HYPRE library. Compared to the HYPRE baseline implementation, our optimized implementation achieves 2.0x speedup on a recent Intel® Xeon® Haswell processor. Combined with our other multi-node optimizations, this translates into similarly high speedups when weak-scaled multiple nodes. In addition, our implementation achieves 1.3x speedup compared to AmgX, NVIDIA's high-performance implementation of AMG, running on K40c.
General remarks on experiments measuring particle widths and the width of the ω

The measurement of the width of a resonant state and the associated error depend in a complex way on the number of events, the resolution function and its error, and the background. Because of these dependences, the best result may not necessarily be from the experiment with the best resolution. Some simple approximations for these dependences, avoiding the errors of Gaussian formulae, are given. This enables the experimenter to determine where a more precise treatment is demanded and useful. Our application is to the problem of the width of the ω meson as seen in the reaction π+p → π+pω0. The data are taken from 180 000 pictures in the LRL 72 inch hydrogen bubble chamber, incident momentum 3.7 GeV/c. The simple formulae indicate that for this experiment a precision in the ω width comparable to the world average value may be obtained. A near-optimal method of unfolding the true ω signal is described and justified. Application to these data yields mω = 784.7 ± 1.0 MeV, and Γω = 9.5 ± 1.0 MeV.
The rate of sulfite oxidation in seawater

The rate of oxidation of sulfite, S(IV), in seawater was measured as a function of pH (4.0– 8.5), temperature ( 15–45°C), and salinity (0–35). The observed rate constant, k, in seawater at a pH = 8.2 was found to be second order with respect to S(IV) and half order with respect to oxygen: −d[S(IV)]dt = k[S(IV)]2[O2]0.5. The resulting values of k (M−1.5 min−1) have been fitted to a function of ionic strength, I, and temperature, T(K): logk = 19.54 − 5069.47/T + 14.74I0.5 − 2.93I − 2877.0I0.5/T, and the standard error is 0.05 in log k. The energy of activation was found to be a function of salinity and has a value of 140 ± 6 kJ mol−1atS = 35. The rates measured in 0.57 M NaCl were found to be higher than the rates in seawater. Measurements made in the major sea salts indicate that Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42− added to NaCl cause the decrease. Measurements made in artificial seawater (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, and SO42−) were found to be in good agreement with the measurements in real seawater. The rate increased from pH 4 to a maximum at pH 6.5 and decreased at higher pH. The effect of pH on the rates was attributed to the rate-determining step involving the combination of HSO3− and SO32−. This yields k = k″αHSO3−αSO32− where αi is the molar fraction of species i. Values of k″ equal to 6.66 ± 0.06 and 6.17 ± 0.17 were found for NaCl and seawater, respectively. The larger range of k″ in seawater is due to it being a function of pH. The addition of Mn2+ was found to increase the rate apparently due to the formation of MnSO3. Additions of Fe3+ and Fe2+ have a catalytic effect only before they hydrolyze to colloidal iron.
Bioassay and Radioimmunoassay of Plasma ACTH in Adrenalectomized Rats

A radioimmunoassay using antiserum to human ACTH was employed in conjunction with a bioassay to determine whether the values derived therefrom are comparable and reflect quantitatively similar levels of circulating ACTH in adrenalectomized rats. Plasma ACTH levels in nonstressed adrenalectomized rats started to increase linearly 24 hr after adrenalectomy, reached almost maximum levels (9.9 mU/100 ml or 1.306 ng/ml by bioassay and 3.92 ng/ml or 29.7 mU/100 ml by radioimmunoassay) in 14 days, and then maintained essentially the same levels until 120 days. Radioimmunoassay values were always higher than those obtained by bioassay, with a mean ratio of 2.2. Plasma ACTH levels in nonstressed, 21-day adrenalectomized rats were higher at 6 PM than at 8 AM by the 2 assay methods, suggesting that rhythmic secretion also occurs under conditions of compensatory ACTH increase. Plasma ACTH levels in stressed 24-hr adrenalectomized rats were the same as intact stressed rats by the 2 methods. Distinctly elevated ACTH le...
1. Tamoxifen Retinopathy: A Clinicopathologic Report

Abstract A 57-year-old woman with metastatic breast carcinoma treated by surgery and high-dosage tamoxifen chemotherapy developed tamoxifen retinopathy characterized by white superficial retractile retinal lesions primarily in the paramacular area. At postmortem examination, the retinal lesions seen clinically were identified as being 3 to 10 microns in diameter in the macular area, and 30 to 35 microns in diameter in the paramacular area. The lesions were confined to the nerve fiber layer and inner plexiform layer and stained positive with stains for glycosaminoglycans. Electron microscopic examination revealed that the smaller lesions were intracellular and the larger lesions extracellular. The lesions were composed of randomly oriented branching electron dense 6-nm filaments accompanied by occasional electron dense coated vesicles measuring 60 to 70 nm in diameter. The lesions appeared to be occurring in axons and seemed to represent products of axonal degeneration.
New and Emerging Treatments for Epilepsy: Review of Clinical Studies of Lacosamide, Eslicarbazepine Acetate, Ezogabine, Rufinamide, Perampanel, and Electrical Stimulation Therapy

Although many different medical and surgical treatment options for epilepsy exist, approximately 30% of epilepsy patients remain poorly controlled. For those patients who are refractory to medical treatment, epilepsy surgery often provides meaningful improvement. However, when surgical resection of epileptic foci cannot be offered or failed, combined administration of AEDs or the application of novel AEDs is the most appropriate therapeutic options. The most recent AEDs tend to offer new mechanisms of action and more favorable safety profiles than the first generation of AEDs. More recently, alternative options of thalamic or cortical stimulation emerged as potentiall effective treatment for epilepsy. The purpose of this article is to compare and review clinical information for the new and emerging medications such as lacosamide, eslicarbazepine acetate, ezogabine (retigabine), rufinamide, perampanel, as well as deep brain stimulation and responsive neurostimulation devices.
Surgical management of recurrent subareolar breast abscesses: Mayo Clinic experience

Abstract Background Recurrent subareolar abscess is an uncommon condition of the breast. The disease process often is managed inadequately by repeated courses of antibiotics and/or incision and drainage procedures that temporarily may relieve the abscess collection but fails to correct the primary inciting process. Repeated surgical procedures may lead to multiple scars, nipple and breast distortion without cure of the problem, or even to mastectomy. Methods We report a retrospective review of patients who have been treated surgically with this condition at a single institution from 1993 to 2005. Results Successful definitive treatment of retroareolar abscesses necessitates excision of the central nipple, including the obstructed ducts. Conclusions This technique achieves a cure rate of 91% and an overall 95% satisfaction rate in the cosmetic outcome of the nipple.
Speech perception and cochlear signal processing [Life Sciences]

Speech sounds are encoded by time-varying spectral patterns called acoustic cues. The processing and detection of these acoustic cues lead to events defined as the psychological correlates of the acoustic cues. Due to the similarity between the acoustic cues, speech sounds form natural confusion groups. When the feature of the sound within a group is masked by noise, one event can turn into another. A systematic psychoacoustic "3-D method" has been developed to explore the perceptual cues of stop consonants from naturally produced speech sounds. For each sound, our 3-D method measures the contribution of each subcomponent by time-truncating, high-pass/low-pass filtering, and masking with noise. The Al-gram, a visualization tool that simulates the auditory peripheral processing, is used to predict the audible components of the speech sound. The results are that the plosive consonants are defined by a short duration bursts characterized by their center frequency, as well as the delay to the onset of voicing. Fricatives are characterized by the duration and bandwidth of a noise-like feature. Pilot studies of hearing-impaired (HI) speech perception indicate that cochlear dead regions have a considerable impact on consonant identification. An HI listener may have problems understanding speech simply because he/she cannot hear certain sounds, since the events are missing due to either the hearing loss, or the masking effect introduced by the noise.
Stored carbon partly fuels fine-root respiration but is not used for production of new fine roots

The relative use of new photosynthate compared to stored carbon (C) for the production and maintenance of fine roots, and the rate of C turnover in heterogeneous fine-root populations, are poorly understood. We followed the relaxation of a (13)C tracer in fine roots in a Liquidambar styraciflua plantation at the conclusion of a free-air CO(2) enrichment experiment. Goals included quantifying the relative fractions of new photosynthate vs stored C used in root growth and root respiration, as well as the turnover rate of fine-root C fixed during [CO(2)] fumigation. New fine-root growth was largely from recent photosynthate, while nearly one-quarter of respired C was from a storage pool. Changes in the isotopic composition of the fine-root population over two full growing seasons indicated heterogeneous C pools; 2 yr. Compared to a one-pool model, a two-pool model for C turnover in fine roots (with 5 and 0.37 yr(-1) turnover times) doubles the fine-root contribution to forest NPP (9-13%) and supports the 50% root-to-soil transfer rate often used in models.
Acting out adolescents: The engagement process

Engaging the acting out adolescent is often a challenging task for the social work clinician. After defining the population and touching upon a number of key assessment issues that impact on the engagement process, the paper focuses on this first stage of the treatment process. Issues of problem focus, testing and counter-transference are viewed as key components of this process and are explored. A broadly defined approach is set forth that, based on the author's practice experience, can frequently lead to success in beginning to work with this difficult population.
Education in the Forming of American Society

In a pungent revision of the professional educator's school of history, Bailyn traces the cultural context of education in early American society and the evolution of educational standards in the colonies. His analysis ranges beyond formal education to encompass such vital social determinants as the family, apprenticeship, and organized religion.Originally published in 1960.A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
Halogen bonding or close packing? Examining the structural landscape in a series of Cu(II)-acac complexes

A series of four bifunctional ligands based on β-diketonate moieties bearing methyl (2), chloro (3), bromo (4) and iodo (5) substituents and their corresponding Cu(II) complexes have been synthesized and crystallographically characterized in order to explore the possibility of using halogen bonds for the directed assembly of predictable architectures in coordination chemistry. The four ligands have characteristic O–H⋯O intramolecular hydrogen bonds and the structure of ligand 2 is close packed whereas, ligands 3, 4 and 5 contain extended 1-D architectures based on CO⋯X halogen bonds. In each case, the halogen-bond donor seeks out the most powerful halogen-bond acceptor (based on electrostatic considerations). In the corresponding Cu(II) complexes the coordination chemistry remains a constant throughout the series, the four-coordinate metal ion sits in a slightly distorted square-planar arrangement, and there are no unexpected appearances of coordinated or non-coordinated solvent molecules. Furthermore, the most powerful halogen-bond acceptors have been almost depleted of charge as a result of metal chelation and none of the potential halogen-bond interactions are capable of competing with the head-to-head close packing that is observed in the methyl, chloro, and bromo, substituted Cu(II) complexes. The enhanced polarizability of the iodine atom, produces a more electropositive surface which means that this structure cannot accommodate a linear head-to-head arrangement due to electrostatic repulsion, and thus [Cu(5)2] adopts a unique close-packed structure very different from the other three iso-structural complexes, [Cu(2)2]–[Cu(4)2].
Studies of the thermal behavior of Nafion® membranes treated with aluminum(III)

The effect of aluminum countercations on the thermal behavior of Nafion®-117 membrane was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC®). Aluminum countercations exchanged into a Nafion®-117 membrane were found to adversely affect the thermal properties of the membrane. The aluminum cations may give rise to a catalytic decomposition of the perfluoroalkylether (PFAE) side chains of the Nafion®. This result, together with some previously reported data, indicate that not just the size of the countercations, but the properties of the countercations themselves can also have a very strong effect on ionomer properties.
Critical Human Factors Issues in Nuclear Power Generation and a Recommended Comprehensive Long Range Plan

A comprehensive long range human factors plan for nuclear reactor regulation was developed for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission by a Study Team of the Human Factors Society. This Study Team was selected by the Society to provide a balanced, experienced human factors perspective to the application of human factors scientific and engineering knowledge to nuclear power generation.The Study Team identified and analyzed areas of human factors concern in nuclear power generation. It reviewed and evaluated current and planned human factors activities and programs throughout industry and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The result was a recommended comprehensive human factors plan for the next ten years.
A quantitative method for measuring spontaneous gastric secretion in the rat.

In 1945 we described a simple method for uniformly producing ulceration in the rumens of properly fasted rats by allowing the spontaneously secreted gastric juice to accumulate in the empty stomach with its pylorus ligatedl . Since we were able to show that the ulceration of the rumen mucosa was due to acid-pepsin digestion, we also suggested in that report that the rat preparation might serve as a useful screening tool for antacid, antipeptic and other antiulcer agents. In the last category we had in mind agents that might be uncovered that would increase mucosal resistance to ulceration. We have already shown that a high protein diet probably acts in such a capacity2. In neither our first publicationl nor in any subsequent one2-11 have we stated or intimated that we thought the rat rumen ulcer produced by our technic in any manner resembled chronic peptic ulcer pathologically in man, but we do believe that it would be of interest to evaluate in man any agent shown capable of protecting the rat's rumen mucosa against acid-pepsin erosion. In this sense we felt, our rat preparation could serve as a useful tool-as a test tube in vivo. With the introduction of Banthine and the active search for anticholinergic drugs, this rat preparation came to be used widely for the initial screening of these compounds. From a study of the reports of these and other investigations12 -2v we were impressed by the variations in technic which must necessarily lead to differences in observed results. We considered such factors to include: (1) weight of the animal, (2) state of hydration, (3) anesthetic agent used, (4) whether the animal was anesthetized only during operation or throughout the experimental period, (5) care of operative procedure, (6) collection of the gastric juice-whether allowed to accumulate in the stomach or removed continually through a gastric canula, and (7) duration of period in which gastric juice was collected. Because of these variables we were prompted to undertake the present investigation in the hope of offering a standard technic for the study of gastric secretion in the rat that might permit a comparison of results obtained with this preparation in different laboratories-a comparison not possible at the present time.
Jacobitism and Country Principles in the Reign of William III1

Ours is the age of the Jacobite restoration – not in dynastic terms, but in historical scholarship. Parliamentary Jacobitism in the period after 1710 has particularly attracted recent attention. While disagreement persists among historians as to the extent and seriousness of tory involvement with the Jacobite cause, few would deny that the issue is significant. By contrast, the influence of Jacobitism on politics under William III has been almost entirely neglected. Beyond the shadowy conspiracies that have long fascinated researchers, little is known of the role of Jacobite sentiment in the political life of England between 1688 and 1702. Not much has been added to Keith Feiling's sixty-year old assessment of the Jacobites as ‘that right wing of Toryism, in which the whole pre-Revolutionary sentiment survived’.
A Stochastic Analysis of a Model Earthquake Sequence

Summary A long sequence of simulated earthquake events on a one-dimensional model of seismicity was studied to see if the statistics of these events can be used to discriminate between two statistical models. In these two models, seismic events are considered to be either generated as Poisson independent phenomena or derived from a stochastic process operating on the energy of deformation of the fault region. The results favour the latter model. The probability of occurrence of a shock increases with increasing energy of deformation.
A role for ribonuclease III in synthesis of bacteriophage T4 transfer RNAs

Abstract Synthesis of T4 tRNAGln depends on normal levels of Escherichia coli ribonuclease III. Infection of cell strains carrying a mutation in the gene for this enzyme resulted in severe depression in tRNAGln production, as revealed by chemical and suppressor tRNA analyses. The remaining seven T4 tRNAs were synthesized in the mutant cells. The requirement of ribonuclease III for synthesis of tRNAGln points to an essential cleavage by the enzyme of a precursor RNA containing tRNAGln.
Spatio-temporal patterns of mortality in Pemphigus populicaulis and P. populitransversus on cottonwoods.

Galls of the aphid species Pemphigus populitransversus and P. populicaulis from a single cottonwood in Clinton, New York were censused for mortality approximately every ten days during the summer of 1978. P. populitransversus had significantly higher survival than P. populicaulis. Both species of aphid showed considerably elevated mortality later in the season. Mortality was not spatially random, but neighboring galls had a tendency to die at close to the same time. This tendency to spatially autocorrelated mortality varied from time to time, being more pronounced earlier in the season than later. Later in the season, galls on the outer portions of branches tended to have a higher mortality rate than galls closer to the main trunk of the tree. This effect was highly significant in P. populicaulis, but only suggestive in P. populitransversus.The proportion of dead galls in samples of the two species taken at other times and places was consistent with the data from the censuses. In addition, the potential of two common predators, Anthocoris sp. and Leucopis sp., for producing autocorrelated mortality in Pemphigus was assessed in these collections. There was some association of Leucopis with regions of higher mortality, but this was not the case in Anthocoris. Leucopis tended to be found in galls of P. populicaulis more frequently than in P. populitransversus unlike Anthocoris, suggesting that some of the differential mortality between P. populitransversus and P. populicaulis might be due to this dipteran predator.
Descriptive study of gallbladder, extrahepatic bile duct, and ampullary cancers in the United States, 1997-2002.

Few investigations of biliary tract (gallbladder, extrahepatic bile duct, ampulla of Vater) cancers have been conducted because of the relative rarity of these malignancies. The objective of this analysis was to compare the demographic, pathological, and clinical features of biliary tract cancers among men and women. Biliary tract cancers among 11,261 men and 15,722 women were identified through 33 US population-based registries during the period 1997–2002. These registries were estimated to represent 61% of the US population. Age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIR) were calculated per 100,000 population using counts derived from the 2000 US census. The AAIR for gallbladder cancer among men (0.82 per 100,000) was significantly lower than the AAIR among women (1.45 per 100,000). By contrast, rates for extrahepatic bile duct and ampullary cancers were significantly higher among men (0.93 per 100,000 and 0.70 per 100,000, respectively) than among women (0.61 per 100,000 and 0.45 per 100,000, respectively). White men and women had significantly lower AAIRs for gallbladder cancer compared with other racial-ethnic groups, with the highest rates among Hispanics, American Indian-Alaska Natives, and Asian-Pacific Islanders. Asian-Pacific Islanders and Hispanics of both sexes had the highest AAIRs for extrahepatic bile duct and ampullary cancers. Ampullary tumors were more likely to be diagnosed at a localized or regional stage than were cancers of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile duct. Asian-Pacific Islander men and women tended to have more unstaged cancers than other groups. This population-based study suggests distinct etiologies of anatomic subsites of biliary tract cancer and caution against analytic investigations of all biliary tract cancers combined.
Effect of varying quantities of dicyandiamide on the utilization of nitrogen by several crops from sodium nitrate and ammonium sulphate

Coastal Bermuda grass tolerated the highest rate (16·7 p.p.m. N) of dicyandiamide with no decrease in growth although mild toxicity symptoms were observed. The data in Tables 1 and 2 show that with a constant rate of sodium nitrate and increasing rates of dicyandiamide the yields of maize, oats and wheat gradually decreased. The effect must be direct toxicity of dicyandiamide as plants receiving ammonium sulphate were not injured to any greater extent than those receiving sodium nitrate. The author's observations are in agreement with the Coastal Bermuda grass tolerated high rates of dicyandiamide; oats, wheat, maize and cotton were moderately injured and tomatoes were severely injured by the higher rate (16·7 p.p.m. N) of dicyandiamide. With a constant rate of sodium nitrate and increasing rates of dicyandiamide the yields of maize, oats and wheat gradually decreased indicating that the toxicity of dicyandiamide was a direct injury. Visible toxicity symptoms were observed on plants receiving 6·7 p.p.m. N or more of dicyandiamide in the soil. The highest rate (16·7 p.p.m. N) caused progressive withering of leaves from the tip and subsequently depressed the growth of cotton, oats and tomatoes. However, a low content of dicyandiamide (not exceeding 15 lb./A) in nitrogen fertilizers may benefit plant growth.
Aspects of applicative programming for file systems (Preliminary Version)

This paper develops the implications of recent results in semantics for applicative programming. Applying suspended evaluation (call-by-need) to the arguments of file construction functions results in an implicit synchronization of computation and output. The programmer need not participate in the determination of the pace and the extent of the evaluation of his program. Problems concerning multiple input and multiple output files are considered: typical behavior is illustrated with an example of a rudimentary text editor written applicatively. As shown in the trace of this program, the driver of the program is the sequential output device(s). Implications of applicative languages for I/O bound operating systems are briefly considered.
SOME GOOD AND BAD NEWS FOR ETHICAL INTUITIONISM

The core doctrine of ethical intuitionism is that some of our ethical knowledge is non-inferential. Against this, Sturgeon has recently objected that if ethical intuitionists accept a certain plausible rationale for the autonomy of ethics, then their foundationalism commits them to an implausible epistemology outside ethics. I show that irrespective of whether ethical intuitionists take non-inferential ethical knowledge to be a priori or a posteriori, their commitment to the autonomy of ethics and foundationalism does not entail any implausible non-inferential knowledge in areas outside ethics (such as the past, the future, or the unobservable). However, each form of intuitionism does require a controversial stand on certain unresolved issues outside ethics.