cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Silver Sulfadiazine: Effect on the Ultrastructure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed to silver sulfadiazine (AgSu) were examined in an electron microscope. The treated cells were distorted in shape, and structures (blebs) protruded from the cell surface. These “blebs” appeared to arise from the cell wall. A strain of P. aeruginosa resistant to AgSu did not display these changes. Upon exposure of P. aeruginosa to silver nitrate, none of these changes was seen; rather, such cells are characterized by large, central aggregations of nuclear material. The results are consistent with previous findings which suggested that AgSu acted at the cell surface. Images
PROUTERINA WESCOTTI N. GEN., N. SP. (TREMATODA: PROUTERINIDAE N. FAM.) FROM THE BRAIN, LUNGS, AND NASAL SINUSES OF A BLACK BEAR (URSUS AMERICANUS) FROM IDAHO

Prouterina wescotti gen. n. and sp. n. (Trematoda: Prouterinidae N. Fam.) is described from a free-ranging black bear (Ursus americanus) which died in May 1995 in northern Idaho (USA). Adult digenetic trematodes were detected in brain, lungs, and nasal sinuses, and were likely responsible for the emaciated condition, copious nasal discharge, neurological signs, and death of the bear. Mature trematodes recovered from the bear were conical with small spines on the tegument. The anterior end was broad and tapered gradually toward the posterior. Mean (±SE) size of the mature trematodes was 3.67 (±0.08) by 2.14 (±0.04) mm (n = 80). Eggs are operculated, gold, and 68.2 (±0.42) by 41.4 (±0.41) μm (n = 75). Suckers are well developed and located in the anterior half of the body, with the genital pore just posterior to the ventral sucker. Testes are tandem and the ovary is lateral and slightly anterior to the anterior testes just posterior to the ventral sucker. The uterus is predominantly anterior to the ventral ...
Proteinases and restenosis in the human coronary artery: extracellular matrix production exceeds the expression of proteolytic activity

Abstract To understand the balance of proteinase antiproteinase activity and the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) at the site of arterial injury, we analyzed the composition of ECM and proteinase activity in normal internal mammary arteries, tissue samples obtained from atherosclerotic coronary lesions and restenotic lesions obtained during directional coronary atherectomy. Histologically and biochemically, collagen and proteoglycans increased, and elastin decreased in samples from restenotic lesions when compared to samples taken from patients undergoing their first revascularization (de novo). In contrast, cellularity was increased in samples obtained from de novo patients as compared to samples obtained from restenotic lesions. Intrinsic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was measured by using zymography and scanning all the lytic bands in zymographic gel. In these gels, identical amounts of total protein were loaded in each lane. MMP activity was determined as % of the total (latent and active) MMPs after trypsin activation (100%) in the normal artery. Intrinsic MMP activity was reduced to 6% ± 1% in atherosclerotic lesions and 1% ± 1% in restenotic lesions, when compared to activity found in normal (10% ± 3%) arteries. Based on solubilization of fluorescein-conjugated elastin by the extracts, the MMP-mediated elastinolytic activity was 0.2 ± 0.1, 8.8 ± 1.5, and 24.0 ± 3 nmol/min/mg in restenotic, native atherosclerotic and normal tissue, respectively. The results suggested that, in arterial tissue from patients with angiographic restenosis, there is an increased production of ECM collagen and a decrease in MMP activity compared to both normal artery and atherosclerotic samples from de novo patients undergoing an initial revascularization procedure of a significant coronary artery lesion.
The bone marrow organ: The critical structure in radiation-drug interaction

It is an honor amd a privilege to deliver the Sir Stanford Cade Memorial lecture, for as we heard at the beginning of this symposium, Cade was one of those rare and unique personalities in medicine who combined qualities of leadership and innovation which expand the frontiers of medicine. My first contact with Cade, since I did not have the pleasure of meeting him personally, was through hi four volume work, Malignant Disease and Its Treatment by Radium, in which one can detect the enthusiasm for discovery, the attention to detail, and the encyclopedic breadth of his view of malignant disease. My second contact was through one of his students and my long-time associate, Colin Poulter, who spoke of Cade as a prodigious worker and an inspiring teacher who was receptive to new ideas, but who stubbornly held on to those concepts and techniques which he had personally tested and knew to be sound. The theme of this symposium, “The Interaction of Radiation and Antitumor Drugs”, is in the spirit of the man this symposium honors. As a multidisciplinary therapist (a surgeon and a radiation therapist who used systemic approaches, such as hormonal manipulators and chemotherapeutic agents to treat his patients), Cade envisioned a team approach to oncology practice, utilizing the expertise of a variety of specialists. The subject which I have chosen, “The Bone Marrow Organ: The Critical Structure in Radiation-Drug Interaction”, is one which embodies Cade’s concepts regarding these two modes and which addresses the major source of conflict in aggressive treatment regimens. I feel that it would be appropriate, if I may, to introduce, punctuate, and conclude my remarks on this subject with words from Sir Stanford Cade’s work.
The effects of 1-(1-Phenylcyclohexyl) piperidine HCl (Sernylan) on bulbospinal and spinal reflexes

Abstract We have investigated the effects of Sernylan, a dissociative anaesthetic, on both the bulbo-spinal and spinal reflexes of cats. Cats decerebrated at the precollilcular level were used to investigate the interaction of bulbo-spinal with spinal reflexes. Conditioning stimuli were delivered to the contralateral dorsal root, reticular formation, or medial longitudinal fasciculus and their effect on the amplitude of the test monosynaptic reflex at L7 was recorded. Sernylan (2 mg kg , i.v.) decreased the amplitude of the test monosynaptic reflex and decreased or totally eliminated both the facilitation and the inhibition phases of the spino-bulbo-spinal response pattern, but had little effect at this dosage on bulbo-spinal interactions with the monosynaptic reflex (whether conditioning was delivered to the reticular formation or medial longitudinal fasciculus). Spinal reflexes were investigated in cats made spinal at T10. Sernylan (1–2 mg kg ) in spinal animals also decreased the amplitude of the monosynaptic reflex (20–50% of controls). Sernylan decreased both the spontaneous and stimulus driven response of interneurones located in the dorsal horn of L7. Neither Renshaw cell activity nor Renshaw cell inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex was affected. Focal stimulation of the spinal cord in the motoneurone pool indicated that the response of motoneurones to direct electrical stimulation was unaffected by the drug, whereas the response attributed to antidromic stimulation of Ia afferent fibres was decreased by Sernylan (1–2 mg kg ). It appears that Sernylan has its major effect on the spino-bulbo-spinal reflex at the input side (spino-bulbo). It also appears that the drug does not affect the monosynaptic reflex by tonic inhibition or disfacilitation of the motoneurones or by the mechanism of presynaptic inhibition, but by direct action on the membrane of Ia fibres or at the Ia- α motoneurone synapse.
Choice of insect management portfolios by organic farmers: lessons and comparative analysis

Abstract American farmers do not always choose sustainable insect management practices, even when they can improve their farm economic and environmental conditions by doing so. Organic farmers are dependent on alternative, biology-based insect control methods and are innovative in their on-farm experimentation with new strategies. By understanding the factors that influence the insect management portfolio chosen by organic farmers, research and education programs to promote sustainable insect management practices for all farmers may be devised. A negative binomial model of the factors influencing the number of alternative insect management practices adopted is applied to survey data from American organic farmers. It is found that college-educated farmers with smaller acreages, more than half their acreage in horticultural production, and extensive experience with organic production methods, have the greatest diversity in their insect management portfolios. There is a strong indication that on a regional basis, uncertainty over institutional and infrastructure support for organic agriculture results in the adoption of more strategies. Recommendations include more support for farmer information exchanges and mentoring programs that rely on the expertise of organic farmers, and more funding for farmer-driven organic research that can be extended to all farm populations.
Isotopic Tracer and Kinetic Studies of Oxidative Dehydrogenation Pathways on Vanadium Oxide Catalysts

Abstract Kinetic analysis and isotopic tracer studies were used to identify elementary steps and their reversibility in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane on VOx/ZrO2 catalysts with VOx surface densities between 1.6 and 6 VOx/nm2. Competitive reactions of C3H6 and CH313CH2CH3 showed that CO forms via secondary combustion of propene intermediates. CO2 formed via this reaction and also via the direct combustion of propane. Reactions of 18O2/C3H8 mixtures on supported V216O5 led to the preferential initial appearance of lattice 16O atoms in all oxygen-containing products, as expected if lattice oxygens were required for the activation of C–H bonds. Isotopically mixed O2 species were not detected during reactions of C3H8–18O2–16O2 reactant mixtures. Therefore, dissociative O2 chemisorption steps are irreversible. Similarly, C3H8–C3D8–O2 reactants undergo oxidative dehydrogenation without forming C3H8−xDx mixed isotopomers, suggesting that C–H bond activation steps are also irreversible. Normal kinetic isotopic effects (kC–H/kC–D=2.5) were measured for primary oxidative dehydrogenation reactions. Kinetic isotope effects were slightly lower for propane and propene combustion steps (1.7 and 2.2, respectively). These data are consistent with kinetically relevant steps involving the dissociation of C–H bonds in propane and propene. C3H6–D2O and C3D6–H2O cross exchange reactions occur readily during reaction; therefore, OH recombination steps are reversible and nearly equilibrated. These isotopic tracer results are consistent with a Mars–van Krevelen redox mechanism involving two lattice oxygens in irreversible C–H bond activation steps. The resulting alkyl species desorb as propene and the remaining O–H group recombines with neighboring OH groups to form water and reduced V centers. These reduced V centers reoxidize by irreversible dissociative chemisorption of O2. The application of pseudo-steady-state and reversibility assumptions leads to a complex kinetic rate expression that describes accurately the observed water inhibition effects and the kinetic orders in propane and oxygen when surface oxygen and OH groups are assumed to be the most abundant surface intermediates.
Urinary high density lipoprotein in minimal change glomerular disease and chronic glomerulopathies

Abstract Serum lipids and lipoproteins and urinary apolipoprotein A (Apo A) were determined in two groups of patients. One group consisted of 11 children (ages ranging from 4 to 14 years) with minimal change glomerular disease. The other group consisted of 13 patients, eight less than 19 years old and five adults, with different types of chronic glomerulopathy. Elimination of urinary lysozyme was a feature of chronic glomerulopathies, and creatinine clearances were also significantly lower in this group. Patients with chronic glomerulopathies had significantly lower HDL cholesterol and Apo A concentrations in their sera. In contrast, urinary Apo A concentrations were significantly higher in patients with chronic glomerulopathies, who also showed significantly lower urinary protein selectivities. Lipoprotein electrophoresis of urines containing Apo A showed distinct high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fractions, suggesting that HDL is eliminated in the urine as a result of increased glomerular permeability. This is also supported by a correlation coefficient of 0.77 between the selectivity indices and the ratio of urinary Apo A to total proteinuria. The determination of urinary Apo A appears to give valuable diagnostic information in patients with glomerular disease. According to our results the absence of urinary Apo A is very suggestive of minimal change glomerular disease.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE DEVIATION ON PROCESS STERILIZATION VALUE WITH CONTINUOUS AGITATING RETORTS

Little information is available for canned foods specifying the extent and duration of a drop in retort temperature during thermal processing which could cause a public health hazard. Count reduction and heat penetration studies were performed using either a continuous agitating retort or a laboratory simulator to determine process lethality during temperature deviations (involving temperature drops of 20°F). In these tests, the can conveying reel was stopped as soon as the sterilizer temperature dropped, and was restarted when the retort temperature returned to that of the scheduled process. The results show that in the products tested, the process lethality during the temperature deviation was greater than that of the normal process.
Nauvoo, Illinois: A Different Kind of Heritage Tourism Site

Nauvoo, Illinois, is not a stereotypical heritage tourist attraction. It is not designed to make a profit or to revitalize a stagnating economy. It is not associated with a major historical event that many Americans would recognize. Nauvoo is considered a ‘gift to the Mormon people’—a place where members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints can remember their roots and gain spiritual strength. The purpose of this case study is to identify the reasons for Nauvoo’s existence as a heritage site and to show how the Mormon Church achieves these two objectives. A memorial to early Mormon pioneers, Nauvoo will probably never become a major heritage attraction for the general population. Its importance is primarily limited to those people with some sort of historical or religious connection to the city.
New iron(II) α-iminopyridine complexes and their catalytic activity in the oxidation of activated methylene groups and secondary alcohols to ketones

A set of iron(II) complexes of the general formula [Fe(OTf)2L2] was synthesized in 32 to 78% isolated yields, where L represents a bidentate α-iminopyridine ligand. Four of the iron complexes were characterized structurally, revealing a rich coordination chemistry, because the coordination geometry of the iron complexes strongly depends on the substitution pattern exhibited by the ligands L. The catalytic activity of the new complexes was demonstrated in the oxidation of cyclohexane, activated methylene groups and secondary alcohols to the corresponding ketones utilizing H2O2 and t-BuOOH as the oxidants. The oxidation of activated methylene groups and secondary alcohols to the corresponding ketones with t-BuOOH gave isolated yields between 22 and 91% (4 h, room temperature, 3% catalyst load). The influence of the structure of the ligand on the activity of the corresponding metal complex is also reported. Furthermore, UV-vis experiments were performed which provided evidence for the formation of an [Fe-O-O-t-Bu] intermediate.
Mass transfer through an electric double layer. I. Theoretical.

A new effect is predicted concerning the influence of the diffuse, electrical double layer on the dissolution rate of a solid composed of polar molecules. On the assumption of a time-independent force field and a one-dimensional, steady-state case, the diffusion equation which describes the process was solved. The ratio a between rates of dissolution in the absence and presence of the double layer was expressed as a function of a work integral. This integral was calculated for a case in which the interpolar separation within the molecules is of the same order of magnitude as the extent of the field, and for a case in which the separation is comparatively very small. The value of a was computed for a series of systems typical of various organic solids in dilute electrolyte solutions.
Estimation of thermal parameters from transient temperature measurements containing correlated arima errors

Abstract Parameters in the heat conduction equation should be estimated by Aitken's least squares when the errors are correlated. Correlated errors were found in transient temperatures collected by a minicomputer, when a small time interval was used between measurements. The effect of the correlated errors on the parameter estimates was less important than the effect on the confidence region for the parameter estimates.
21 A Genetic Variant of Human Mitochondrial Malate Dehydrogenase

The enzyme malate dehydrogenase (MDH) is known to exist in two distinct forms in most mammalian tissues. One is present in the cytoplasm as a soluble enzyme (S-MDH), and the other is bound to the mitochondria (M-MDH). Among the distinct physical and chemical properties of these two enzymes are the different patterns seen after starch gel electrophoresis and specific enzymatic staining (see diagram: usual). Recent studies have suggested that the usual minor mitochondrial bands (1–4) are conformational modifications of a single protein, band 5. We have previously reported a rare genetic variant of soluble MDH found in the red cells of one apparently normal Negro female out of 3000 individuals examined. This report concerns a new inherited electrophoretic variant of M-MDH found in either leukocyte or placental extract of 3 of 350 unselected normal individuals. The electrophoretic pattern of this variant is shown in the diagram. The two additional major bands of MDH activity have identical electrophoretic mobility with minor bands 4 and 3 of the normal mitochondrial pattern. Family studies of two of the probands show that affected individuals are heterozygous for a relatively common autosomal mutant gene. All of the individuals found to have the mitochondrial variant have normal S-MDH patterns, adding further evidence that the two intracellular forms of MDH are under the control of different genes. (SPR)
Forage Production and Quality of a Mixed-Grass Rangeland Interseeded With Medicago sativa ssp. falcata

Interseeding alfalfa into rangelands has been assessed for decades as a method of range improvement to increase forage production and forage quality for livestock. Research was initiated in 2001 to examine the long term effects of interseeding yellow-flowered alfalfa (Medicago sativa ssp. falcata) on northern mixed-grass rangelands. Forage production and forage quality parameters were assessed on sites interseeded in 1965, 1987, and 1998 and compared to adjacent native rangelands. Live aboveground biomass for the 1965, 1987, and 1998 interseeded sites was 68, 143, and 42% higher, respectively, compared to their native control areas. Alfalfa aboveground biomass accounted for 1 489 of the 2 969 kg·ha−1 live biomass harvested from the 1965 interseeded site, 1 940 of the 2 744 kg·ha−1 on the 1987 interseeded site, and 796 of the 2 322 kg·ha−1 on the 1998 interseeded site. Increased soil N resulting from N fixation by the alfalfa significantly increased the crude protein (CP) content of several native species, whereas the alfalfa itself provided forage with 16 to 18% CP. Alfalfa had higher protein degradability and provided higher concentrations of calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) than the native rangeland grasses. This research has shown that the practice of interseeding yellow-flowering alfalfa into rangelands is sustainable over decades and will increase forage production and improve nutritive value of forage in the northern Great Plains.
Potential effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gases on avian habitats and populations in the northern Great Plains

Biotic response to the buildup of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere is considerably more complex than an adjustment to changing temperature and precipitation. The fertilization effect CO2 has on some plants, the impact UVB radiation has on health and productivity of organisms, and the resulting changes in competitive balance and trophic structure must also be considered. The intent of this paper is to review direct and indirect effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gases on wildlife, and to explore possible effects on populations of birds and their habitats in the northern Great Plains. Many of the potential effects of increasing greenhouse gases, such as declining plant nutritional value, changes in timing of insect emergence, and fewer and saltier wetlands, foreshadow a decline in avian populations on the Great Plains. However, other possible effects such as increased drought resistance and water use efficiency of vegetation, longer growing seasons, and greater overall plant biomass promise at least some mitigation. Effects of multiple simultaneous perturbations such as can be expected under doubled CO2 scenarios will require substantial basic research to clarify.
Interference of retinoic acid binding to its binding protein by omega-6 fatty acids

Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP) is the putative mediator of the biological effects of retinoic acid in the control of epithelial differentiation and tumorigenesis. Omega-6 fatty acids such as linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, precursors of prostaglandin synthesis, caused inhibition of retinoic acid binding to CRABP. These fatty acids, however, possessed lower affinity than retinoic acid for the binding protein. Omega-3 fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosohexaenoic acid, did not cause such inhibition in the binding of retinoic acid. Whereas retinoic acid was a potent modulator of differentiation of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells, neither omega-3 nor omega-6 fatty acids showed any significant differentiation potential. Competition by omega-6 fatty acids with retinoic acid for CRABP may neutralize the binding protein-mediated biological functions of retinoic acid, and could thereby enhance tumor production.
Disambiguating Ambiguous Figures by Selective Attention

ABSTRACT The present study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that the formation of a given percept of an ambiguous figure results from focusing attention on a focal area that contains features significant for this percept but not for the alternative one. Two such focal areas were designated for the two competing interpretations of the bird/plane and duck/rabbit ambiguous figures. Detecting a letter following the figure was faster when the letter appeared in the focal area of the perceived interpretation than in the focal area of the alternative one. Furthermore, directing attention to a given focal area shortly before the presentation of the figure increased the likelihood of forming the corresponding interpretation rather than the alternative one. Results suggest that maintaining different interpretations of the same ambiguous figure is mediated by focusing attention on different parts of the figure.
Dietary fatty acid modulates glomerular atrial natriuretic peptide receptor

Dietary fatty acid modulates glomerular atrial natriuretic peptide receptor. Modification of dietary fatty acid (FA) has been shown to affect the incidence of hypertension and coronary artery disease. We studied whether these effects involve changes in the receptor characteristics of vasoactive substance. Characteristics of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) receptors were examined in glomeruli isolated from rats fed a diet containing 5% in weight ω6, 5% ω3, 20% ω6, 20% ω3 polyunsaturated FA or 20% saturated FA (SFA) for >4 weeks. The FA composition of phospholipids in isolated glomeruli showed an elevation in 20:4 ω6 (arachidonic acid, AA) in 5% ω6, 20% ω6 and 20% SFA, and elevations in 20:5 ω3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) in 5% ω3 and 20% ω3 groups. The radioligand binding study revealed: (1) in 20% FA group, receptor density (Ro, fmol/mg prot) of ANP was significantly decreased compared to 5% group (262 ± 13, n=8 to l20 ± 13, n=12) without changes in equilibrium dissociation constant (K D ), (2) among high FA (20%) groups, type of FA was essential for determining Ro; higher ω6 was associated with a lower ANP Ro (177 ± 11 vs. 103 ± 3 fmol/mg prot, P D (0.43 ± .04 vs. 0.27 ± .02nM, P D . AA-induced down-regulation of ANP receptor was not accompanied by changes in ANP-induced cGMP generation. These results from ex vivo and in vitro studies suggest that dietary FA modulates the glomerular C receptor of ANP. The observed effect of FA on glomerular ANP receptor characteristics raises the possibility of the existence of a novel mechanism through which dietary FA intake affects the cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology through affecting the receptor characterisitcs of vasoactive substances.
Neural networks and operations research: an overview

Abstract Problems that seem to be encountered, time and time again, by the practicing OR analyst include: 1. (i) resource allocation (i.e. continuous and discrete optimization); 2. (ii) classification (i.e. pattern recognition, or discriminant analysis); 3. (iii) prediction/estimation; and 4. (iv) clustering. When faced with such problems, the OR analyst has a number of conventional methods to choose from, such as: linear programming, discrete optimization, statistically based discriminant analysis, regression and cluster analysis. In this paper we will address yet another alternative: the employment of neural networks. While certainly no panacea, the neural network approach may, in certain instances, offer advantages that range from minor to substantial. Further, a neural network approach permits solution by means of parallel processing, thus providing certain unique and significant advantages that are inherent to distributed computing. As such, the OR analyst who remains unfamiliar with this approach cannot, we believe, consider himself or herself to be fully prepared for the most effective solution of a variety of problems, both now and in the future. In this paper, we shall introduce the neural network approach, from an OR perspective—and indicate just where and how such a tool might find application.
Cholesterol and serum turbidity evaluation measurements in atherosclerosis.

Abstract Investigations were carried out in the clinic on 350 patients who had had myocardial infarcts and on 300 patients with hypertension. The total cholesterol in the blood serum during fasting, and the lipid curve after the ingestion of 3 egg yolks were determined in these patients. The results of these investigations confirm the views of many authors that the average level of serum cholesterol is higher in patients with atherosclerosis than in healthy subjects, but that among this group of patients hypercholesterolemia does not occur individually in more than 57.2 per cent of those examined. It has also been shown that the level of serum cholesterol depends on the actual mode of nutrition, so that the percentage of atherosclerotic patients with hypercholesterolemia is variable and may fall from 57.2 to 29.7 per cent during the application of a low-calorie diet that is poor in fats. The characteristic turbidity curve, which was found to lie within the range of 81.6 per cent to 91.6 per cent, is a much more persistent and frequent sign than hypercholesterolemia in patients with atherosclerosis. In our definitive evaluation of cholesterol and turbidity in atherosclerosis, we conclude that following the turbidity curve gives a better idea of the behavior of the fat metabolism than do single tests of the level of serum cholesterol.
The challenge of radical Islam in Tajikistan: Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami

Islam is by far the dominant religious faith in Tajikistan. At the end of the seventh century and the beginning of the eighth century Arab armies led by Qutayba Ibn Muslim conquered the region of Sogdiana, which included the northern part of present-day Tajikistan. The Arab invaders converted the local population to Islam and since then the Muslim faith has become an integral part of the Tajik culture. According to Tajikistan's State Committee on Religious Affairs, 97% of the Tajik population is currently Muslim and is served by 3224 mosques, 19 medresses (Muslim theological schools) and an Islamic university. An estimated 30–40% of the rural population and 5–10% of the urban population regularly follow Muslim practices or attend mosques.
Neutrophils cascading their way to inflammation

Neutrophils are pivotal effector cells of innate immunity. Their recruitment into peripheral tissues is indispensable for host defense. Given their destructive potential, neutrophil entry into tissue must be tightly regulated in vivo to avoid damage to the host. An array of chemically diverse chemoattractants is active on neutrophils and participates in recruitment. Neutrophil chemoattractants were thought redundant in the control of neutrophil recruitment into peripheral tissue, based on their often indistinguishable effects on neutrophils in vitro and their frequently overlapping patterns of expression at inflammatory sites in vivo. Recent data, however, suggest that neutrophil chemoattractants have unique functions in the recruitment of neutrophils into inflammatory sites in vivo, dictated by their distinct patterns of temporal and spatial expression.
Torsional anomalies, Hall viscosity, and bulk-boundary correspondence in topological states

We study the transport properties of topological insulators, encoding them in a generating functional of gauge and gravitational sources. Much of our focus is on the simple example of a free massive Dirac fermion, the so-called Chern insulator, especially in $2+1$ dimensions. In such cases, when parity and time-reversal symmetry are broken, it is necessary to consider the gravitational sources to include a frame and an independent spin connection with torsion. In $2+1$ dimensions, the simplest parity-odd response is the Hall viscosity. We compute the Hall viscosity of the Chern insulator using a careful regularization scheme, and find that although the Hall viscosity is generally divergent, the difference in Hall viscosities of distinct topological phases is well defined and determined by the mass gap. Furthermore, on a $1+1$-dimensional edge between topological phases, the jump in the Hall viscosity across the interface is encoded, through familiar anomaly inflow mechanisms, in the structure of anomalies. In particular, we find new torsional contributions to the covariant diffeomorphism anomaly in $1+1$ dimensions. Including parity-even contributions, we find that the renormalized generating functionals of the two topological phases differ by a chiral gravity action with a negative cosmological constant. This (nondynamical) chiral gravity action and the corresponding physics of the interface theory is reminiscent of well-known properties of dynamical holographic gravitational systems. Finally, we consider some properties of spectral flow of the edge theory driven by torsional dislocations.
A class of fuzzy measures generated from a Dempster–Shafer belief structure

Here the Dempster–Shafer belief structure is viewed as providing partial information about the underlying fuzzy measure associated with a uncertain variable. In this perspective there exists many possible fuzzy measures that can be associated with a Dempster–Shafer belief structure. Typically only two of these measures have been made explicit, those being the measure of belief and plausibility. Here we introduce a whole class of fuzzy measures that can be associated with a Dempster–Shafer belief structure. As an aid to choosing between these myriad of possibilities we discuss the entropy of a fuzzy measure. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A special section for correspondence and controversy

Please think of the man who jumped from the top of the Empire State Building, 102 stories up, who shouted as he passed the fortieth floor, "All weil so far." In many crucial phases of our common life we are passing the fortieth floor, with no fireman's net in sight, much less in place. My message to you is simple: it is not enough to be a good doctor. With your demonstrated abilities, and the immense privileges they give you, you also carry the responsibilities of an educated person, the responsibilities of a highly accomplished and highly favored member of our human community. The price of privi lege--which is also the reward of privilege--is the obligation--which is also the opportunity--to serve as an attentive, comprehending, participating citizen. Each of us, including each of you, has a personal stake in the welfare of our Ioca[ community, and in the welfare of our state, of our nation, and
Tangle Equations II

Given two 4-plats K1 and K2. Let O be a sum of rational tangles such that N(O+P)=K1 and N(O+R)=K2, where P and R are rational tangles and N is the numerator construction on the tangles O+P and O+R, respectively. An algorithm is presented here to solve such a system of equations for O, P and R in the case where O is non rational. If two additional equations of the form N(O+R+R)=K3 and N(O+R+R+R+) =K4 are given and one of the Ki is chiral, then there is at most one solution for O and R. If all Ki are achiral then there is at most one solution together with its mirror image.
High-affinity cytochalasin b binding to normal and transformed balb/3t3 cells.

To study the molecular basis of changes in sugar uptake rate in cultured mouse fibroblasts with different physiological states, we have measured the high affinity binding of [3H] cytochalasin B, a potent sugar transport inhibitor, to actively growing and contact inhibited Balb/3T3 cells as well as to 3T12 and SV3T3 cells. Binding was the same whether the cells were detached from dishes with EDTA or trypsin. The amount of drug bound to intact cells measured with a centrifugation assay was essentially the same as that bound to cell sonicates measured with equilibrium dialysis. Cytochalasin B binding to intact cells was extremely rapid and reversible over a wide range of drug concentrations, and was not affected by 0.1 M D-glucose or L-glucose in the assay medium. Actively growing and contact inhibited 3T3 cells had a similar number of high affinity cytochalasin B binding sites per cell, while 3T12 and SV3T3 cells had one third to one fourth the number of sites per cell. However, the number of sites per μg cellular protein appeared to be similar for cells in all of the physiological states examined.
Criteria for the solubility of partial-wave dispersion relations

Abstract This paper is concerned with the derivation of the properties of the function associated with the unphysical cut and the transmission factor (the “interaction terms”) which would ensure that the partial-wave dispersion relations possess solutions. An important role in this investigation is played by the N D decomposition introduced by Frye and Warnock and by Warnock where D is a so-called Herglotz function. General considerations show that if the dispersion relation is to be consistent, N in the physical region and D at threshold must be nonpositive, D must be Herglotz, and N and D must satisfy some asymptotic constraints. Certain inequalities are proved for the solutions of linear integral equations of a certain class and used to derive sufficient conditions on the interaction terms which would lead to these properties of N and D . These are also sufficient conditions for the solubility of dispersion relations. It is shown that if the phase shift is restricted to be less than a fixed multiple of π at infinity and the angular momentum is sufficiently large, the CDD ambiguities tend to disappear and the solution is likely to be unique. The restrictions on the CDD parameters of the present N D decomposition are exhibited explicitly. These results are closely related to a theorem due to Frye and Warnock and to Warnock. It is also shown that if the transmission factor η ( s ) decreases rapidly at high energies (that is, if absorption becomes complete rapidly at high energies), the solution is again likely to be unique if the phase shift at infinity is not too large. A proof is constructed to demonstrate that if η ( s ) decreases so rapidly as exp [−αs 1 2 ] , α > 0 or faster as s → ∞, the solution is, in fact, unique independent of any consideration based on the N D method or on the asymptotic behavior of the phase shift. An algorithm is outlined for calculating this unique solution. It is argued on physical grounds that such a rapid decrease of η ( s ) is not unlikely. Some results are also found re-regarding the behavior of the phase shift for large angular momenta. For example, the sufficiency criteria developed earlier imply that when l ≧ 2 , there is at least one energy where the phase shift increases through an integral multiple of π.
A Modified, Event-Related Potential-Based Guilty Knowledge Test

Subjects chose and pretended to steal one object from a box of nine. They then watched a visual display of verbal representations of objects including their chosen object or one of eight novel objects on each trial. They were told to count one of the novel objects and that although they were welcome to try to beat our test, they would be unable to avoid noticing the chosen object. P3 responses were obtained only to counted and to chosen objects in 7 of 10 subjects not eliminated for artifact or noncooperation.
Early primate brains: Facts and fiction

It has been stated that brains were relatively smaller in all families of Paleocene primates than in later primates, but there have been no published estimates of brain size for any Paleocene primate. It has yet to be demonstrated that relative size of face vs. braincase (which can be estimated for two or three genera of Paleocene primates), is a valid indicator of relative brain size. It has been suggested that the brain of Plesiadapis, the only Paleocene primate for which a relatively uncrushed braincase is known, was primate-like in shape, but only a small portion of the Plesiadapis endocast is known, and the external morphology of the Plesiadapis braincase does not necessarily indicate a primate-like brain shape. From estimates of body weight and minimum and maximum estimates of brain size, it appears that relative brain size in Plesiadapis was below that of modern prosimians. Revised estimates of relative brain size are given for Tetonius, Smilodectes, Adapis, Necrolemur, Rooneyia and Aegyptopithecus. In view of the uncertainties involved in estimating body weights of those extinct primates, it is suggested that not much significance be ascribed to estimates of their relative brain size.
Influence of Additives on Copper Electrodeposition on Physical Vapor Deposited (PVD) Copper Substrates

Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM), secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and electrochemical measurements are utilized to examine the effect of additives on the morphology and nature of Cu electrodeposited on Cu substrates. The additives used here include 4.5-dithiaoctane-1,8-disulfonic acid (SPS), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and Cl. SIMS results show that SPS is always included into Cu electrodeposits, while PEG is never included. Cl - is included in deposits only when SPS is present. SEM measurements show that one consequence of this inclusion is the formation of an internal grain structure, which is not evident in the surface morphology measured by AFM alone. The growth of deposits is discussed in terms of cross-sectional and scaling analysis of AFM images.
Cyclic networks with general blocking and starvation

We introducegeneral starvation and consider cyclic networks withgeneral blocking and starvation (GBS). The mechanism of general blocking allows the server to process a limited number of jobs when the buffer downstream is full, and that of general starvation allows the server to perform a limited number of services in anticipation of jobs that are yet to arrive. The two main goals of this paper are to investigate how the throughput of cyclic GBS networks is affected by varying (1) the total number of jobsJ, and (2) the buffer allocationk=(k1..., km) subject to a fixed total buffer capacityK=k 1 +... + km. In particular, we obtain sufficient conditions for the throughput to be symmetric inJ and to be maximized whenJ=K/2. We also show that the equal buffer allocation is optimal under the two regimes of light or heavy usage. In order to establish these results, we obtain several intermediate structural properties of the throughput, using duality, reversibility, and concavity, which are of independent interest.
Mechanisms of nitric oxide-induced cytotoxicity in normal human hepatocytes.

Chronic exposure of hepatocytes to reactive nitrogen species (RNS) following liver injury and inflammation leads not only to functional and morphological alterations in the liver but also to degenerative liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma. Previously, we showed that S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine-amine (SNAP), which generates nitric oxide, and 3-morpholinosydnonimine (Sin-1), which generates equal molar concentrations of superoxide and nitric oxide resulting in peroxynitrite production, exhibited different levels of cytotoxicity to normal human hepatocytes in culture. The aim of the present study was to elucidate some of the molecular and cellular pathways leading to hepatocyte cell death induced by RNS. Following treatment of the hepatocytes with SNAP or Sin-1, gene-specific DNA damage was measured in mtDNA and a hprt gene fragment using a quantitative Southern blot analysis. Both agents induced dose-dependent increases in DNA damage that was alkaline labile, but not sensitive to both formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (fpg) and endonuclease III, which recognize 8-oxoguanine, thymine glycol, and other oxidized pyrimidines. DNA damage was two- to fivefold greater in mtDNA than in the hprt gene fragment. There was a persistent and marked increase in DNA damage posttreatment that appeared to arise from the disruption of electron transport in the mitochondria, generating reactive species that saturated the repair system. DNA damage induced by Sin-1 and SNAP led to cell-cycle arrest in the S-phase, growth inhibition, and apoptosis. The data support the hypothesis that the functional and morphological changes observed in liver following chronic exposure to RNS are, in part, the result of persistent mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:46–54, 2001 © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Capturing Workflow Event Data for Monitoring, Performance Analysis, and Management of Scientific Workflows

To effectively support real-time monitoring and performance analysis of scientific workflow execution, varying levels of event data must be captured and made available to interested parties. This paper discusses the creation of an ontology-aware workflow monitoring system for use in the Trident system which utilizes a distributed publish/subscribe event model. The implementation of the publish/subscribe system is discussed and performance results are presented.
Anthocyanins from anil trepador (Cissus sicyoides, Linn.).

Anil trepador (Cissus sicyoides, Linn) is a tropical tree of the Vitacea family. The pigments in the fruits were extracted and identified by conventional chromatographic, spectral and chemical methods. The pigments, in order of prominence, were delphinidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-rhamnosyl-arabinoside and delphinidin-3-rhamnoside. Another pigment was present in amounts too low for conventional identification. The anthocyanin content of the fruit juice was 119.4 mg/100 mL. The fruit of this plant may have potential as a food colorant.
Rotation invariant pattern recognition using ridgelets, wavelet cycle-spinning and Fourier features

In this paper, we propose a rotation-invariant descriptor for pattern recognition by using ridgelets, wavelet cycle-spinning, and the Fourier transform. Ridgelets have been developed recently and have many advantages over wavelets in applications to image processing. However, the current implementation of ridgelets cannot be applied to pattern recognition directly. In order to overcome this problem, we have successfully extracted ridgelet features within the circle surrounding the pattern we are trying to recognize. Wavelet cycle-spinning and Fourier spectrum magnitudes are used to achieve rotation invariance. The main motivation of using ridgelets is that we have a much better tool for the extraction of features based on line singularities as compared to point singularities as in the case of wavelets. Based on this observation, important features can be extracted. Our experiments show that our proposed descriptor is very robust to Gaussian noise and it achieves high recognition rates.
The “Equity Waltz” in Canada: Whiteness and the informal realities of racism in education

Canada has long perceived itself to be a country in which multiculturalism, and a concomitant respect for diversity, is a unique and defining feature of its identity. Although Canada is a de facto multicultural country, owing to its rapidly evolving demography and the explicit notion of multiculturalism enshrined in its Constitution, there remains a plethora of problems and issues related to equity, diversity and human rights. This paper explores the context and impact of racism in education within a framework that acknowledges and critically positions the predominance of Whiteness. The salience of identity, therefore, is a primary consideration to understanding how marginalized groups face systemic barriers in education. The concluding analysis sheds light on the educational policy process, and focuses on the notion of accountability for anti-racism and social justice in education within a time of neoliberal reforms. The paper is critical of the lack of attention, resources and comprehensive plans in place to ensure that all students benefit from a more holistic education that includes a focus on social justice.
Integration of PLCs and databases for factory information systems

Explains how PLCs (programmable logic controllers) can be integrated into information systems for day-to-day use on the factory floor. The author describes how a PLC is used to collect real-time data and is interfaced to a low-cost supermicrocomputer for production monitoring and FIS (factory information systems) purposes. The whole issue of real-time data collection and control is greatly simplified by the use of PLCs provided that time is not a critical factor. As the PLC program task becomes more complex, the scan time degenerates. >
Power-minimized bit allocation for video communication over wireless channels

Video communication over wireless links using handheld devices is a challenging task due to the time-varying characteristics of the wireless channels and limited battery resources. Rate-distortion (RD) analysis plays a key role in video coding and communication systems, and usually the RD relation does not assume any power constraint. We investigate the relations of rate, distortion and power consumption. Based on those relations, we propose a power-minimized bit-allocation scheme considering the processing power, for source coding and channel coding, jointly with the transmission power. The total bits are allocated between source and channel coders, according to wireless channel conditions and video quality requirements, to minimize the total power consumption for a single user and a group of users in a cell, respectively. Simulation results show that our proposed joint power-control and bit-allocation scheme achieves high power savings compared to the conventional scheme.