cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of lasers to gas centrifuge diagnostics

Gas centrifuges are used for enrichment of uranium for reactor fuel. Due to the corrosive medium (UF6 gas), high speeds, and inaccessibility of the flow field, these machines present a challenging environment in which to perform flow and associated measurements. Several specialized remote techniques employing lasers, fiber optics, and electrooptics have been and are being developed to interrogate this unique gasdynamic situation. The goal of this program is to be able to characterize the gas pressure, temperature, and velocity inside a centrifuge under a wide range of operation conditions, in any desired region of interest, and to be able to monitor the temperature of surfaces important to the flow.
Who Are "Impoverished Families"in Legal Amazon Region?

The overall aim of the research is to investigate whether there is food and nutrition security, specially to the single-parent families headed by women from 18 to 25 years, with the least 3 or 4 children and who undergo to Brazilian Legal Amazon cities to degrading working conditions.
Workplace social stressors, drug-alcohol-tobacco use, and coping strategies

ABSTRACTThis research examined the stressor–strain relationship, specifically as it applies between social stressors and the behavioral strain of drug-alcohol-tobacco (DAT) use. Using a transactional model of the job stress process, this article examines the mediating role of coping strategy between perceived workplace-conflict types and employee DAT use. Of the conflict types, nontask organizational conflict emerged as an incremental predictor of employee DAT use. Results also indicated indirect effects from workplace stress upon employee DAT use, especially through avoidant, withdrawal, and disengagement type strategies. Implications for workplace interventions and future research considerations are discussed.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Lisdexamfetamine in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract Background: Lisdexamfetamine (LDX) is a prodrug and consists of an active moiety, d-amphetamine, bound to lysine. Clinically, d-amphetamine becomes available postcleavage of the prodrug in the blood stream. Clinical effects of LDX in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been shown to persist up to 14 hours; however, pharmacokinetic (PK) data of LDX and amphetamine in ADHD adults are not currently available. Objectives: (1) To examine PK data of LDX and d-amphetamine in plasma and (2) to compare such PK data with Time-Sensitive ADHD Symptom Scale (TASS) ratings (PK vs. pharmacodynamic [PD]). Methods: Plasma d-amphetamine/LDX levels and TASS ratings were obtained immediately before morning dosing and then 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours postdosing in 21 adults with ADHD treated with 5 weeks of single-blind LDX up to 70 mg/day (after 1 week single-blind placebo). ADHD Rating Scale scores were obtained at the beginning of the visit, before morning dosing. Results: LDX levels peak...
Room-temperature Fabry-Perot resonances in suspended InGaAs/InP quantum-well nanopillars on a silicon substrate.

We present a new platform based on suspended III-V semiconductor nanopillars for direct integration of optoelectronic devices on a silicon substrate. Nanopillars grown in core-shell mode with InGaAs/InP quantum wells can support long-wavelength Fabry-Perot resonances at room temperature with this novel configuration. Experimental results are demonstrated at a silicon-transparent wavelength of 1460 nm, facilitating integration with silicon platform.
Believe in the Border, or, How to Make Modernity in the Nineteenth-Century Maghrib

The Algerian-Tunisian frontier zone was much contested in the late nineteenth century, defying the logic of modernity that sought to establish territoriality. This modernity appeared only through an imbrication of raids, warfare, environmental shifts, and competing territorial claims. The violence of the territorial process, the changing geography of sovereignty, and uncertain frontier delimitation: these and other elements challenge the image of modernity arising in a fixed territory according to a linear chronology. This article argues that modernity in the Maghrib, seen through the lens of territory, is a temporally and spatially variable process: “modern” sovereign power existed only at certain levels of abstraction and within certain environmental relations. To consider modernity in the Maghrib, we will have to see how claims of sovereignty and the process of territorialization were understood by actors operating on local, regional, and imperial scales.
Oikonomia as a Theory of Empire in the Political Thought of Xenophon and Aristotle

Xenophon’s Oeconomicus and Cyropaedia expand the traditional analogy between rule in the household and rule in the polis to a new frame of reference, between household and empire--likely inspiration for Aristotle’s concept of pambasileia .
Barriers to Transition From Pediatric to Adult Care: A Systematic Review

Objective Transition research in each disease group is developing in its own "silo." A comprehensive review of barriers to transition within and across chronic illness groups is needed to facilitate information sharing and larger-scale efforts to overcome barriers and improve patient care. This study systematically reviews and identifies the barriers to transition from pediatric to adult care across pediatric illness populations. Methods Medline, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Social Services Abstracts, Web of Science, and the Cochrane library databases were searched. Peer-reviewed English articles presenting original data on barriers to transition to adult care, focused on a specific pediatric chronic illness population, and conducted in the United States were included. Study design, population, and barriers were extracted. Barriers were categorized according to the Socioecological Model of Adolescent/Young Adult Readiness to Transition. Articles were evaluated for study quality. Results Fifty-seven articles were included. The most common barriers to transition fell within the "Relationships" domain (e.g., difficulties letting go of long-standing relationships with pediatric providers) followed by "Access/Insurance" (e.g., difficulty accessing/finding qualified practitioners, insurance issues), and "Beliefs/Expectations" (e.g., negative beliefs about adult care). Barriers related to "Knowledge" (e.g., limited patient/caregiver knowledge about medication/illness and the transition process) and "Skills/Efficacy" (e.g., lack of self-management skills) were also common. While relationship barriers were commonly reported by all, some barriers varied by transfer status (pre- vs. posttransfer). Conclusions Each chronic illness group experiences illness-specific challenges but certain barriers transcend chronic illness populations. Suggestions to overcome these barriers are provided.
Continuously Diagonalizing the Shape Operator

In this paper, we investigate the behavior of the curvature of nondevelopable surfaces around an umbilic point at the origin. The surfaces are of the form z = f(x, y) where f is a nonhomogeneous bivariate polynomial with cubic and quartic terms. We do this by looking at the continuity of the principal directions around the origin as well as the rate that the principal curvatures converge to zero as they approach the origin. This is done by considering the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the shape operator. In our main result, we prove that a continuously diagonalizable shape operator implies the existence of a path through the origin with noncomparable principal curvatures. Acknowledgements: I would like to thank my research mentor, Dr. Phillip Harrington, for his assistance with this work. I owe much of my success to his teachings and guidance. I would also like to thank Weston Barger and William Lewis for all of their encouragement during my years as an undergraduate. Page 76 RHIT Undergrad. Math. J., Vol. 15, No. 2
Male Contraception in the 21st Century

World population growth is a major problem of modern civilization. At present there are 6 billion people in the world and most of them live in developing countries. The rate of population growth is about 1 billion per decade. Studies have shown that about 50% of couples in the reproductive age do not have access or choose not to use modern contraceptive methods. In the female, the available methods include the oral contraceptive pills, injectables, implants, intrauterine devices, cervical caps, diaphragm, female condom and tubal ligation. In the male, the paucity of methods persists. International agencies, national governments, women’s health groups and communities recognize the need and are supporting research and development in contraceptive methods for men (World Health Organization, 1998). We believe that a variety of methods of male contraception will be available in the twenty-first century.
Cemented Titanium Carbide Cutting Tools

The basic concepts important to the development of cemented titanium carbide cutting tools are briefly reviewed. Studies concerned with the chemical interaction during sintering between the binder and carbide phases in the titanium carbide-nickel-molybdenum system are described, particularly with respect to the substitutional solid solution of molybdenum in titanium carbide. The effect of changes in binder composition and content on the physical properties of these materials is discussed. Comparative laboratory machinability test results are presented for titanium-carbide-base and tungsten-carbide-base cutting tools at various hardness levels. The performance of titanium-carbide-base tools in production machining operations is also discussed.
The Benefit and Burden of Ancillary Professionals in Dermatology

Physicians need to be aware of and guard against the liability risks of having nonphysician clinicians provide services that do not meet the standard of care of the practice due to the staff member's inadequate experience or supervision. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Therapy of critically ill postoperative patients based on outcome prediction and prospective clinical trials.

Postoperative ICU management has traditionally focused on physiologic and biochemical deficiencies that are identified and then corrected. Usually this one-at-a-time search for defects after they occur results in piece-meal, fragmented, episodic care. Moreover, this traditional approach usually assumes that normal values are the appropriate therapeutic goals and does not take appropriate cognizance of the increased metabolic and hemodynamic needs of the critically ill patient.
Chapter 11 – Membrane Separation

Membrane systems have become popular in separating components from liquid streams. The size of the particles, selectively separated from water may range from suspended particles to dissolved salts and sugars. Commonly used membrane systems include electrodialysis, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. Concentration polarization plays a key role in reverse-osmosis and ultrafiltration systems. Four types of membrane systems are commonly used in the food industry, plate-and-frame, tubular, spiral-wound and hollow fibers. Membranes with wide range of characteristics are available for custom applications for desired separation requirements.
Stuttering and relaxation: Applications for somatic education in stuttering treatment

Abstract Relaxation techniques have been an integral part of many stuttering treatment approaches since the early part of the 19th century. The therapeutic use of relaxation has fallen out of favor in recent years, however, due to concerns that the sensation of being relaxed is difficult to generalize and so has limited efficacy outside the treatment environment. This paper reviews the history of relaxation techniques in stuttering therapy and proposes a means for viewing relaxation not as a passive process (e.g., a feeling of calmness), but rather as an active, dynamic process involving coordinated movement of the entire neuromusculoskeletal system. This balance is central to the theories of somatic education, such as those developed by Alexander, Rolf, and Feldenkrais. Accordingly, this paper argues that the use of somatic education in stuttering treatment may promote the perception of relaxation and facilitate the habituation of new behavior patterns, thereby leading to improved generalization of relaxation outside the treatment setting.
Relationship Between Central Venous Catheter Protein Adsorption and Water Infused Surface Protection Mechanisms.

Central venous catheters (CVCs) are implanted in the majority of dialysis patients despite increased patient risk due to thrombotic occlusion and biofilm formation. Current solutions remain ineffective at preventing these complications and treatment options are limited and often harmful. We present further analysis of the previously proposed water infused surface protection (WISP) technology, an active method to reduce protein adsorption and effectively disrupt adsorbed protein sheaths on the inner surface of CVCs. A WISP CVC is modeled by a hollow fiber membrane (HFM) in a benchtop device which continuously infuses a saline solution across the membrane wall into the blood flow, creating a blood-free boundary layer at the lumen surface. Total protein adsorption is measured under various experimental conditions to further test WISP performance. The WISP device shows reduced protein adsorption as blood and WISP flow rates increase (P < 0.040) with up to a 96% reduction in adsorption over the no WISP condition. When heparin is added to the WISP flow, protein adsorption (0.097[+0.035/-0.055] µg/mm2 ) is reduced when compared to both bolus administration and nondoped WISP, 0.406(+0.056/-0.065) µg/mm2 (P = 0.001) and 0.191 (+0.076/-0.126) (P = 0.029), respectively. Additionally, when heparinized WISP is applied to a preadsorbed protein layer, 0.375(+0.114/-0.164) µg/mm2 , it displays the ability to reduce the previously-adsorbed protein, 0.186(+0.058/-0.084) µg/mm2 (P = 0.0012), suggesting aptitude for intermittent treatments. The WISP technology not only shows the ability to reduce protein adsorption, but also the ability to remove preadsorbed material by effectively delivering drugs to the point of adsorption; functionalities that could greatly improve clinical outcomes.
Spatial association between regionalizations using the information-theoretical V-measure

There is a keen interest in calculating spatial associations between two variables spanning the same study area. Many methods for calculating such associations have been proposed, but the case when...
Fibrillin protein pleiotropy: Acromelic dysplasias

The fibrillins are large extracellular matrix molecules that polymerize to form microfibrils. Fibrillin microfibrils are distinctive architectural elements that are both ubiquitous in the connective tissue space and also unique, displaying tissue-specific patterns. Mutations in the genes for fibrillin-1 (FBN1) result in multiple distinct pleiotropic disorders. Most of the more than 3000 mutations known today in FBN1 cause the Marfan syndrome. Marfan mutations can occur in any of the 56 domains that compose fibrillin-1. In contrast, rare mutations in FBN1 that are confined to only certain domains cause several different types of acromelic dysplasia. These genetic disorders demonstrate that specific domains of fibrillin-1 perform roles important to musculoskeletal growth. Many of the phenotypes of acromelic dysplasias are the opposite of those found in Marfan syndrome. Knowledge of the functions and structural organization of fibrillin molecules within microfibrils is required to understand how one protein and one gene can be the basis for multiple genetic disorders.
Comparative effectiveness of primary radiotherapy versus surgery in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in elderly patients: A SEER-Medicare analysis.

e18124Background: Primary radiotherapy (RT) and primary surgery (PS) are considered equally viable local therapy modalities for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). The relative efficacy ...
Identifying street design elements associated with vehicle-to-pedestrian collision reduction at intersections in New York City

Abstract Objective We evaluated associations between the installation of eleven street design elements, between 2007 and 2015, and subsequent changes in vehicle-to-pedestrian collisions in New York City. Methods Collision data were from Accident Location Information System in the New York State Department of Transportation. Safety improvement projects at 118 intersections were reviewed and their implemented street design elements were identified. First, we assessed potential regression-to-the-mean effects using historic trends of pedestrian collision count at the intersection project locations. Second, we used a two-group pretest-posttest design to assess individual element’s associations with pedestrian collision reduction after installations. Pedestrian collision count and pedestrian- and vehicle-based pedestrian collision rates were examined. Third, regression trees were used to classify the intersections with design elements as independent variables for the target variables of collision outcomes, to identify street design element combinations associated with pedestrian collision reductions. Results Treatments with pedestrian refuge island or pedestrian plaza had reductions in pedestrian collision count and pedestrian-based collision rate while their comparisons had no changes. Treatments with pedestrian refuge island had a larger reduction in pedestrian collision when combined with lane removal or narrowing. Treatment with curb extension or pedestrian plaza had reductions in vehicle-based pedestrian collision rate while their comparisons had no changes. Other studied elements showed no, small, or insignificant associations with post-project pedestrian collision reductions.
Preclinical In Vivo Evaluation and Screening of Zinc-Based Degradable Metals for Endovascular Stents

Zinc alloy development and characterization for vascular stent application has been facilitated by many standardized and inexpensive methods. In contrast, overly simplistic in vitro approaches dominate the preliminary biological testing of materials. In 2012, our group introduced a metal wire implantation model in rats as a cost effective and realistic approach for the biocompatibility evaluation of degradable materials in the vascular environment. Here, we have adapted metrics routinely used for evaluating stents to quantitatively characterize the long-term progression of the neointima that forms around zinc based wire implants. Histological cross-sections were used to measure the length of neointimal protrusion from the wire into the lumen (denoted wire to lumen thickness), the base neointimal length (describing the breadth of neointimal activation), and the neointimal area. These metrics were used to provide in depth characterization details for neointimal responses to Zn-Mg and Zn-Li alloys and may be used to compare different materials.
Lower bounds for integral functionals generated by bipartite graphs

We study lower estimates for integral fuctionals for which the structure of the integrand is defined by a graph, in particular, by a bipartite graph. Functionals of such kind appear in statistical mechanics and quantum chemistry in the context of Mayer’s transformation and Mayer’s cluster integrals. Integral functionals generated by graphs play an important role in the theory of graph limits. Specific kind of functionals generated by bipartite graphs are at the center of the famous and much studied Sidorenko’s conjecture, where a certain lower bound is conjectured to hold for every bipartite graph. In the present paper we work with functionals more general and lower bounds significantly sharper than those in Sidorenko’s conjecture. In his 1991 seminal paper, Sidorenko proved such sharper bounds for several classes of bipartite graphs. To obtain his result he used a certain way of “gluing” graphs. We prove his inequality for a new class of bipartite graphs by defining a different type of gluing.
Pokémon: “Gotta Catch All the Success”

In this chapter, O’Melia addresses what Pokemon is, how it was received by the young American audience when it debuted, and how it both conformed to the established narrative and conventional norms of Saturday Morning, and how it conformed to foreign tropes and conventions introduced by Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, while also introducing its own. From this point, she further explores Pokemon’s influence and the reaction of the networks at the time by analyzing Digimon, a Japanese program of the same servant-monster genre, and Jackie Chan Adventures, a popular American production, looking at how they either reflected these emerging foreign conventions or more traditional ones in this second stage of the cultural transition and Japanese integration on Saturday Morning.
You Wrote It, Now Get It Used: Publishing Your Software with Galaxy and Bioconda

You've written software, published the code, and described it in a paper. Now, how do you make your software stand out and actually get used? This tutorial introduces two technologies that can make it easy to deploy by researchers around the world and greatly increase your software's reach. Bioconda (https://bioconda.github.io/) is a platform for packaging and publishing bioinformatics software using Conda (http://conda.pydata.org/docs/intro.html). The Conda package manager does what previous language and platform specific packagers (e.g., pip, CPAN, CRAN, Bioconductor, apt-get) have done, but in a language and OS agnostic, and much more streamlined way. Tools in Bioconda are easy for infrastructure providers and other researchers to deploy and use. We will introduce Conda and Bioconda principles, and then guide participants through packaging a tool with Bioconda. Participants will package their newly created Bioconda tool for Galaxy (https://galaxyproject.org/), a widely deployed platform for data integration and analysis in life science research. We will define and test the Bioconda-encapsulated tool for Galaxy and then publish it in the Galaxy Toolshed, where any Galaxy administrator can then install it with a button click. This will be hands-on. Please bring a wifi-enabled laptop. Instructors will work with participants to install needed software before the conference.
Interprofessional Study Abroad: Enhancing Social Justice and Sustainability through Shared Experiential Learning.

ABSTRACTStudy abroad programs are increasingly encouraged as a method for students to develop cross-cultural competence and awareness of how to practice in diverse and multi-national settings. Barr...
ASSESSING SODIUM INTAKE IN HYPERTENSION: BLOCK SODIUM SCREENER VS. STANDARD MEASURES

Dietary sodium restriction is recommended for hypertension (HTN), but measuring sodium (Na) intake can be challenging. As part of a clinical trial, we compared estimated daily Na intake from the Block Sodium Screener (BSS), a simple tool recording intake of foods that account for 80% of Na intake in
Psychological aspects of reproductive genetic screening and diagnoses

Abstract The integration of genetic screening technology and assisted reproductive technology (ART) has expanded at an accelerating rate and as a result fertility treatment centers now routinely incorporate genetic testing as a complement to diagnosis and treatment of their patients. The medical aspects of reproductive genetic screening have been well described in the literature but a greater examination of the psychological impact and emotional demands of screening for ART patients is needed. This chapter describes selected reproductive genetic tests and their psychological concomitants, with illustrative cases provided. Where needed, the differentiation between genetic counseling and psychological counseling is identified as their roles may overlap but are mutually beneficial.
Synthetic studies toward longeracemine: a SmI 2 -mediated spirocyclization and rearrangement cascade to construct the 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane framework.

Longeracemine, a member of the Daphniphyllum family of alkaloids contains a novel carbon framework featuring a highly functionalized 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane core as part of an overall 5/6/5/5/6/5 skeleton. A synthetic intermediate containing the core of longeracemine has been efficiently prepared by employing a stereoselective SmI2-mediated cascade reaction to advance a 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptadiene to a 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptene that is functionally poised for conversion to the natural product.
Evidence Summary of WASH Coordination in Humanitarian Response

Providing water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) to emergency-affected populations is necessary for dignity and disease control. Humanitarian response is coordinated via the 'cluster approach'. We summarized the outcomes and impacts of WASH cluster coordination using; literature review; UNICEF document review; and, key informant interviews. Across these three data sets, consistent themes were identified, including: the cluster approach evolved into a cost-effective 'best-fit' model; cluster staff require technical and coordination skills; context is related to cluster performance; and, there are trade-offs of cluster participation for members. Additionally, consistent intractable challenges were identified, including: accountability to beneficiaries; cross-cluster and sub-national cluster coordination; working with national governments; and, transition to post-emergency. We found previous research was largely subjective and did not address future cluster challenges. Evaluation of cluster outcomes and impacts, including member and beneficiary perspectives is needed. To enable this research, a theory of change for cluster coordination was also developed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The relative roles of voice and gesture in early communication development

Both vocalization and gesture are universal modes of communication and fundamental features of language development. Many believe that language evolved out of early gestural use; however, evidence reported here suggests vocalization precedes gesture in human communication and forms the predominant foundation for language. To our knowledge no prior research has investigated the rates of emergence of both gesture and vocalization in human infants to evaluate this question. We evaluated the rates of gesture and speech-like vocalizations (protophones) of 10 infants at 4, 7, and 11 months of age using parent-infant laboratory recordings. We found that infant protophones outnumbered gestures substantially at all three ages, ranging from >30 times more protophones than gestures at 3 months, to more than twice as many protophones as gestures at 11 months. The results suggest that vocalization is the predominant mode of communication in human infants from the beginning of life.
Lower Federal Court Judicial Confirmation Fights: A Critical Review of the Empirical Literature and Future Research Directions

ABSTRACT UnlikethemassiveliteratureaboutUSSupremeCourtconﬁrmationbattles,littlehasbeenwrittenaboutlowerfederalcourtconﬁrmationﬁghts.However,inthepast20yearsmuchhasbeenwrittenaboutthelowerfederalcourtconﬁrmationprocess.Here,wetakestockofthepoliticalscienceliteratureinthisareaandhighlightwherescholarlyinterestappearstobegoing.BelievingacontemporaryassessmentofthestateoftheﬁeldshouldbeofinterestandusetoscholarsofAmericanpolitics,wedissecttherecentempir-icalliteratureandoﬀersuggestionsforfutureresearch.Mostimportantly,weoﬀeraone-stopshopforrecentliteratureforscholarsinterestedinthistopic. M uchhasbeenwrittenbyscholarsofAmericanpoliticsaboutUSSupremeCourtconﬁrma-tionbattles,buttheliteratureonlowerfed-eral court conﬁrmation ﬁghts is relativelylessbountiful.However,duringthepasttwodecades, presidential, legislative, and public law scholars haveincreasinglyfocusedonthelowercourtconﬁrmationprocess(e.g.,Allison1996;BasingerandMak2010;Goldman1993;HartleyandHolmes1997;HartleyandHolmes2002;Primo,Binder,andMaltz-man2008;Scherer,Bartels,andSteigerwalt2008;Sollenberger2010).Areviewoftherecentliteraturerevealsthattherearemoresurveyreports(e.g.,Goldman,Slotnick,andSchiavoni2011),lawreviewarticles(e.g.,Brand2010;Tobias2010),andopinionpieces(e.g.,Bendery2011)thanmorecomplexquantitativeanalysesoflower-courtconﬁrmationﬁghts.Moreover,theresearchresultsgeneratedbytheliteraturearewidelydivergent,and,attimes,inconsistent.ResearchonSupremeCourtnominationandconﬁrmationbat-tleswilllikelykeepitsdominancebothintheacademicliteratureandinthepopularpress.However,inthelasttwodecades,thepolitical salience of lower federal court nominations has alsoincreased.Conﬁrmationbattleshavereceivedwiderpresscover-ageasdemonstratedbytherecentcasesofGoodwinLiuandCai-tlinHalligan.Inaddition,thefailuretoﬁllvacancieshasdrawnattention.Asofspring2013,about10%ofallfederaljudgeshipswerevacant,partlybecausepartisanpoliticsinthenation’scapi-tal(McMillion2013;Seib2013).Theincreasedattentiontolowercourtnomineesovertheyearsandtheincreasedresearchonthetreatmentofthesenominationsrequireacriticalreviewoftheempiricalliteratureandeﬀortstounderstandthedivergenceorinconsistencysometimesproducedbythisliterature.Buildingonrecentresearchregardingdelayinconﬁrmationoflowerfederalcourtjudges(e.g.,Holmes,Shomade,andHartley2012;Primo,Binder, and Maltzman 2008; Scherer, Bartels, and Steigerwalt2008),wereviewtherecentempiricalliteratureandoﬀersugges-tionsforfutureresearch.Mostsigniﬁcantly,weoﬀeraone-stopshopofsortsforscholarsofAmericanpoliticstogainacompre-hensiveunderstandingoftherecentliterature.
Interactions Between Race/Ethnicity and Gender on Physical Activity Among US High School Students: Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2011–2017

Abstract Background/purpose Most adolescents do not meet the recommended amount of physical activity. Female, Black, and Hispanic students have significantly less physical activity than White male students. Physical activity of Asian or Multiple Race students have not been reported. The purpose of this research is to estimate differences in physical activity by race/ethnicity and gender among US high school students to examine whether Black Hispanic, Asian and multiple race female students and 11th grade and 12th grade female students have significantly lower physical activity levels. Design/methods This study is a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the high school Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a biennial, nationally representative survey of US high school students. Four waves of data were pooled from 2011 to 2017 YRBS (N = 59,397). Dependent variables were the number of active days per week a student was physically active, and whether the student was physically active for zero, 5 or more, or 7 days per week. Data were analyzed using R software. Results Asian students and students in grade 12 had the fewest number of physically active days per week. Female students were less physically active than male students. Significant negative interactions were measured in female gender by race/ethnicity (Black or Hispanic) and female gender by grade levels for the number of physically active days per week and for zero physically active days per week. The gender disparity in physical activity was significantly more pronounced among Black and Hispanic students. The reduction in physical activity by grade level was also significantly greater among female students. Discussion Efforts to increase physical activity are especially needed among Asian, Black, and Hispanic, and upper-grade female students. Practical implications Further research is needed to identify explanations and solutions for the significantly lower physical activity among Asians, female minority students, and students in upper grades.
Ultra-brief right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy for the treatment of late-life bipolar disorder.

Abstract Background Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD) accounts for 10-25% of all mood disorders in the geriatric population and 5% of all inpatient admissions to geropsychiatric units. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for all phases of BPAD, though only a few studies have focused on BPAD in the geriatric population. This study examines the safety and efficacy of ultra-brief right unilateral (UBRUL) ECT for patients with late-life bipolar depression (BD). Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients with late-life BD who received UBRUL ECT treatments. Symptomatic response was measured using pre- and post-ECT Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-SR16) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) scores. Clinical improvement and cognitive change were measured using Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) and Electroconvulsive Cognitive Assessment (ECCA) scores. Results Twenty-Seven elderly patients (mean age 69.1 ± 7.7 years) were included in the analysis. Baseline QIDS-SR16 was 17.3 ± 5.3 and BDI-II 30.0 ± 9.2. 80.0% (16/20) and 57.1% (4/7) of patients achieved response (50.0% decline) in their QIDS-SR16 and BDI-II scores, respectively. Remission rates in QIDS-SR16 (post-ECT scores ≤5) and BDI-II (post-ECT scores ≤12) were 65.0% (13/20) and 42.9% (3/7), respectively. Mean QIDS-SR16 and BDI-II scores were reduced by a statistically significant 68.2% and 50.5%, respectively (two-tailed, paired p-values Limitations Inherent complications of chart review regarding quality, availability, and homogeny of data. Conclusions UBRUL ECT is a safe and effective treatment for patients presenting with late-life BD.
Ultrahigh Spin-Orbit Torque Efficiency at Spin Reorientation Transition State in Pt/Co Multilayer

Current-induced spin-orbit torques (SOTs) in heavy metal/ferromagnet (HM/FM) systems have attracted considerable attention due to the efficient manipulation of the magnetization [1] , To accelerate the application of the SOT spintronic devices into the next generation logic computing and beyond, intensive efforts have been made to explore new materials and mechanisms of SOT. Of particular technological promises are the HMs with a large spin Hall angle θ SH . Pt/Co bilayers/alloys present ultralow resistivity at ~30 μΩ cm [2] , and an enhanced interfacial spin transparency, and thereby strengthen efficiency of the damping-like spin-orbit torque arising from the spin Hall effect in Pt [3] , Researchers concluded that Pt/Co multilayers show great potential for improving the thermal stability and efficient writability. However, it remains undetermined as to how the ferromagnetic thin layer Co modulates the SOTs from HM Pt layers.
Effects of air exposure and agitation on quality of stored boar semen samples.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of semen volume, air contact inside semen dose tubes, daily agitation of semen doses and extender type on semen quality, thermo-resistance and bacteria growth in extended boar semen doses preserved over 7 days of liquid storage. Ejaculates from 4 proven terminal cross-bred boars were collected using the gloved-hand technique for 4 weeks and used in the 3 × 2 × 2 factorial study. The effects of treatment (CON: 80 ml doses sealed at the top of the tube; 40HIGH: 40 ml doses sealed at top of tube, and 40LOW: 40 ml doses sealed at top of the liquid), agitation (agitated versus not agitated) and extender type (long-term versus short-term) were investigated on semen quality, thermo-resistance and bacteria growth in boar semen doses. The results of the study revealed that motility (p = .031) and viability (p = .041) in 40HIGH were lower than CON. pH (p .798, .766) nor agitation (p > .396, .476) impacted bacterial growth in this study. In conclusion, air contact negatively impacts boar semen pH and consequently sperm motility. Semen doses prepared with 80 or 40 ml volumes of extended boar semen with minimal air contact in the tubes yield more desirable semen quality and agitating boar semen doses daily does not have negative or positive effects on boar semen quality.
Deceptive worlds, skepticism, and axiarchism

Axiarchism holds that fundamental concrete reality is necessarily ordered toward goodness. I argue that it is not fully rational to reject axiarchism while also rejecting radical skepticism. A key ...
Riehl and Malkus Revisited: The Role of Cloud-Radiative Effects

The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) exports energy and imports moisture in a way that has been well-understood for decades. By analyzing a set of uniform, non-rotating aquaplanet simulations ...
Modification Comparisons of the Particle Swarm and Levy Flight Firefly Adaptive DSP Algorithms

Previous research results have demonstrated that the bio-inspired Levy Flight Firefly Algorithm (LFFA) can be effectively used in IIR adaptive filters, non-linear adaptive filters, IIR coupled form adaptive filters, and IIR lattice-ladder adaptive filters. It has recently been shown that the LFFA can be applied to adaptive 2-D McClellan "unconstrained" Transform filters so the adaptivity can approximate the frequency domain contours. This paper demonstrates how a special block length modification to the LFFA algorithm produces a 2-D Modified LFFA (2-D MLFFA) that enhances the adaptive convergence rate and lowers the MSE as the 2D-MLFFA converges toward the global minimum MSE.
Catalysis of Chlorovirus Production by the Foraging of Bursaria truncatella on Paramecia bursaria Containing Endosymbiotic Algae

Chloroviruses are large viruses that replicate in chlorella-like green algae and normally exist as mutualistic endosymbionts (referred to as zoochlorellae) in protists such as Paramecium bursaria. Chlorovirus populations rise and fall in indigenous waters through time; however, the factors involved in these virus fluctuations are still under investigation. Chloroviruses attach to the surface of P. bursaria but cannot infect their zoochlorellae hosts because the viruses cannot reach the zoochlorellae as long as they are in the symbiotic phase. Predators of P. bursaria, such as copepods and didinia, can bring chloroviruses into contact with zoochlorellae by disrupting the paramecia, which results in an increase in virus titers in microcosm experiments. Here, we report that another predator of P. bursaria, Bursaria truncatella, can also increase chlorovirus titers. After two days of foraging on P. bursaria, B. truncatella increased infectious chlorovirus abundance about 20 times above the controls. Shorter term foraging (3 h) resulted in a small increase of chlorovirus titers over the controls and more foraging generated more chloroviruses. Considering that B. truncatella does not release viable zoochlorellae either during foraging or through fecal pellets, where zoochlorellae could be infected by chlorovirus, we suggest a third pathway of predator virus catalysis. By engulfing the entire protist and digesting it slowly, virus replication can occur within the predator and some of the virus is passed out through a waste vacuole. These results provide additional support for the hypothesis that predators of P. bursaria are important drivers of chlorovirus population sizes and dynamics.
Identification and characterization of rat intestinal keratins. Molecular cloning of cDNAs encoding cytokeratins 8, 19, and a new 49-kDa type I cytokeratin (cytokeratin 21) expressed by differentiated intestinal epithelial cells.

In the previous paper (Quaroni, A., Calnek, D., Quaroni, E., and Chandler, J.S. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 11923-11931) we describe the use of a panel of "antikeratin" monoclonal antibodies to study cytokeratin distribution in rat intestinal epithelium. In the present paper we describe the use of three antikeratin monoclonal antibodies to identify and recovery cDNA clones expressing immunologically specific fusion proteins from a rat intestinal cDNA library. DNA sequence analysis identified each cDNA encoded epitope including the carboxyl-terminal portions of cytokeratins 8 and 19 (as cataloged by Moll, R., Franke, W.W., and Schiller, D.L. (1982) Cell 31, 11-24) recognized by antibodies RK4 and RK7, respectively. In addition, antibody RK5 was used to recover a cDNA clone (pRK5) encoding a portion of a 48-kDa keratin-related protein with unique tissue and cellular distribution, designated cytokeratin 21. Translation of cDNA-selected mRNAs yielded individual proteins which could be resolved and identified by their specific immunoreactivities. The pRK5 cDNA was used to recover a larger (approximately 1.3 kilobase pairs) cDNA clone (KB2) from an independent cDNA library for DNA sequence analysis and for the recovery of additional overlapping cDNA clones. The resulting cDNA sequence (1519 base pairs) contains the complete coding region of cytokeratin 21 (49,387 daltons). The predicted amino acid sequence of cytokeratin 21 confirms its identity as a novel type I cytokeratin expressed predominantly in the intestinal epithelium.
Mergers and Acquisitions, Employment, Wages and Plant Closures in the U.S. Meat Product Industries: Evidence from Micro Data

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of mergers and acquisitions (MA (2) changes in employment are positively related to MA and (3) M&As are negatively associated with plant closures.
Communication Generation and Optimization for HPF

Programming massively parallel distributed memory machines involves partitioning data and computation across processors. In order to ease this difficult task, languages such as Fortran D [3] and High Performance Fortran [2] include directives that allow programmers to specify data mappings. In these languages, arrays are aligned to an abstract Cartesian grid called a template; the template is then distributed across the various processors. A compiler for HPF that generates code for each processor has to compute the sequence of local memory addresses accessed by each processor and the sequence of sends and receives for a given processor to access non-local data. The distribution of computation in most compilers follows the owner-computes rule. That is, a processor performs only those comlputations (or assignments) for which it owns the left hand side variable. Access to non-local right hand side variables is achiveved by inserting sends and receives. In this paper. we present a novel approach to communication generation for general block-cyclic distributions based on the fact that the set of elements referenced form a lettice, i.e., they can be generated by integer linear combinations of basis vectors and that this set has a repeating pattern. Experiments on an IBM SP-2 show that the communication table generation times are small.
The Invasive New Zealand Mudsnail, Potamopyrgus Antipodarum, Reduces Growth of the Native Snail, Fossaria SP.

Invasive species are one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity. Hence, understanding the role of invasive species is of grave importance to managing and minimizing the impact of biological invasions. To date, the ecological impacts of biological invasions have received significant attention, but little effort has been made to address the evolutionary impact (Sakai et al. 2001, Cox 2004). This is despite the fact that evolutionary impacts are likely to be widespread; invasive species have been shown to alter patterns of natural selection or gene flow within native populations (Parker et al. 1999), and many of the best examples of rapid evolution involve invasive species interacting with native species (Reznick and Ghalambor 2001, Strauss et al. 2006). We have begun to address some of the evolutionary consequences of the invasion of the New Zealand mud snail, (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) on a species of native snail in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA).
Family structure and long-term care insurance purchase

While it has long been assumed that family structure and potential sources of informal care play a large role in the purchase decisions for long-term care insurance (LTCI), current empirical evidence is inconclusive. Our study examines the relationship between family structure and LTCI purchase and addresses several major limitations of the prior literature by using a long panel of data and considering modern family relationships, such as the presence of stepchildren. We find that family structure characteristics from one's own generation, particularly about one's spouse, are associated with purchase, but that few family structure attributes from the younger generation have an influence. Family factors that may indicate future caregiver supply are negatively associated with purchase: having a coresidential child, signaling close proximity, and having a currently working spouse, signaling a healthy and able spouse, that long-term care planning has not occurred yet or that there is less need for asset protection afforded by LTCI. Dynamic factors, such as increasing wealth or turning 65, are associated with higher likelihood of LTCI purchase.
Electronic structure of cubic and orthorhombic phases of ZrW 2 O 8

ZrW 2 O 8 has a negative thermal expansion, and exists in two crystalline forms. The stable cubic a phase transforms into an orthorhombic γ-phase at a low pressure of 0.21 GPa. A further increase in pressure beyond 1.5 GPacan induce an amorphous phase. The band structures of both α and y phases of ZrW 2 O 8 are studied using a first-principles method based on density-functional theory. α-ZrW 2 O 8 has an indirect band gap of 2.84 eV. while γ-ZrW 2 O 8 has a direct band gap of 2.17 eV. The electronic structure and bonding are discussed in the context of atom-resolved and orbital-resolved partial density of states, the Mulliken effective charges, and the bond orders. It is shown that γ-ZrW 2 O 8 has a larger total crystal bond order than α-ZrW 2 O 8 , due to the formation of additional W-O bonds. For the a phase, the calculated bulk modulus of 63 GPa is found to be in good agreement experimental values.
Influence of daily variations in baseline ozone on urban air quality in the United States Pacific Northwest

[1] We examine the influence of daily variations in baseline ozone (O3) on urban air quality in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW) during 2004 to 2010 through two analyses: (1) transport of free tropospheric (FT) O3 from Mount Bachelor Observatory (MBO) to Boise, Idaho; and (2) transport of marine boundary layer (MBL) O3 from Cheeka Peak (CP) to Enumclaw, Washington. Both Boise and Enumclaw experience days with maximum daily 8 hour averages of O3 (MDA8) exceeding U.S. standards. Backward trajectory cluster analyses identify days when FT and MBL O3 strongly influence MDA8 in Boise and Enumclaw. On these days, MBO and CP O3 observations explain 40% and 69% of the variations in Boise and Enumclaw MDA8, respectively. Bivariate regressions for Boise/MBO and Enumclaw/CP have slopes of 0.52 ± 0.16 and 1.04 ± 0.08, respectively, representing the differing interplay of O3 dilution, production, and loss during FT to boundary layer transport (Boise/MBO) and fast boundary layer transport (Enumclaw/CP). AIRPACT-3/CMAQ (Air Indicator Report for Public Access and Community Tracking version 3/Community Multi-scale Air Quality model) high-resolution air-quality simulation results demonstrate how transport of O3 from the FT above MBO contributes to elevated O3 at Boise. Average MDA8 O3 in Boise is higher than in Enumclaw due to site elevation and greater entrainment of FT air masses, a finding likely applicable to other PNW sites. Days with high baseline influence at Boise and Enumclaw have lower average MDA8 O3 than other days; however, some of these days would still exceed the U.S. standard if it is substantially tightened in 2013, highlighting the increasing importance of FT O3 influence on urban MDA8.
Common infections in heart transplant patients

Infection is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality following cardiac transplantation because of the strict immunosuppressive regimens patients follow. In the immediate postoperative phase, patients are more susceptible to infection because of interruption of their external barriers to infection. Cardiac transplant recipients are most likely to succumb to infections caused by cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and bacterial organisms, especially staphylococcus. Fungal, protozoal and herpes simplex infections are also frequently troublesome to the transplant recipient. Critical care clinicians can control the incidence of infection in the cardiac transplant population by initiating measures to maintain external barriers, monitoring the patient for early signs of infection, and instituting appropriate isolation techniques.