cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Promoting Active Engagement in Health Research: Lessons from an Undergraduate Gerontology Capstone Course

With National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Aging (NIH/NIA) (R15/AREA) funding, the authors offered a four-credit hour undergraduate research course that was cross-listed in gerontology and sociology. This capstone course was aimed at providing students with the opportunity to (1) gain knowledge about diabetes and racial/ethnic disparities in the management of the illness and (2) develop expertise in secondary data analysis, using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data set. Each student designed and conducted her or his own research project and, working in teams, created a team poster and presentation. The authors examine student pretest/posttest questionnaire data, rubric-based assessment of students' work, and mid- and end-of-the-semester student evaluations to highlight three distinct aspects of the course: (1) skills acquired by students, (2) students' evaluation of the course, and (3) successes and challenges of implementing the course.
Electron Spin Resonance Study of the Temperature Dependence of Electron Transfer in DNA: Competitive Processes of Tunneling, Protonation at Carbon, and Hopping

In this work, we employ electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy to investigate the effects of temperature on excess electron and hole transfer through DNA. The competitive processes of tunneling...
Bankart repair in patients aged fifty years or greater: Results of arthroscopic and open repairs

Currently, there is little information on the results of Bankart repairs in older patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the results, complications, and rates of revision among patients aged 50 years or greater undergoing Bankart repairs. Between 1992 and 1999, 12 Bankart repairs were performed on patients aged 50 years or greater (mean, 57 years) at our institution. Eleven patients with complete clinical records, operative reports, and minimum 3-year follow-up (mean, 6.5 years) were included in the study. All patients had shoulder instability as a result of specific trauma. Six patients underwent open repairs, and five underwent arthroscopic repairs. There were no patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears. At the most recent follow-up, there were no shoulders with recurrent instability. The mean simple shoulder test score was 10.8 in the open group and 9.8 in the arthroscopic group. The mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score was 98 in the open group versus 87 in the arthroscopic group. At the most recent follow-up, mean elevation in the open group was 178° versus 174° in the arthroscopic group. Mean external rotation was 70° in the open group and 72° in the arthroscopic group. The data from this study suggest that Bankart repair in older patients is associated with a low recurrence rate, and similar results may be obtained with either open or arthroscopic procedures.
Feasibility and transversality conditions for models of portfolio choice with non-expected utility in continuous time

Abstract This note explores the feasibility and transversality conditions for the continuous-time consumption-portfolio problem with generalized isoelastic (GIE) preferences. Unlike the case of time-separable preferences, the transversality condition usually is neither necessary nor sufficient for the feasibility condition to be satisfied. Furthermore, ordinally equivalent representations of GIE preferences produce different transversality conditions.
Fast and slow myosin in developing muscle fibres

Slow and fast isoenzymes of myosin coexist in all the fibres of a fast-twitch mammalian muscle during early development. They later become segregated into different populations of fibres. Slow myosin is most abundant when the speed of contraction of the muscle is slow and the fibres are multiply innervated; its synthesis in the majority of the fibres seems to be 'switched off' when the speed of contraction increases and the fibres become innervated by single motoneurones.
HSI Sharpening with High-Resolution Pen-Chromatic and RGB Cameras

A new Band Interpolation and Local Scaling (BILS) method has been developed to improve HSI spatial resolution by 4-16 times with a low-cost high-resolution pen-chromatic camera and a RGB camera. Preliminary results indicate that this new technique is promising.
Effects of Alkyl Chain Length on the Adsorption of n-Alkyl Isocyanides (RN⋮C) on Gold Powder

The chemisorption of the alkyl isocyanides n-butyl (C4H9NC), n-hexyl (C6H13NC), n-octyl (C8H17NC), n-dodecyl (C12H25NC), and n-octadecyl isocyanide (C18H37NC) on Au powder from 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) was examined using both solution (FTIR) and surface (diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform or DRIFT) spectroscopic techniques. For the isocyanides with fewer than 12 carbon units in their alkyl tails, equilibrium binding constants (K1), surface coverages (n1s and na mol/gAu), and qualitative rates of solution−surface equilibria in DCE solvent are the same. Competition studies between 13C-labeled C18H37NC and nonlabeled C4H9NC show that the ratio of adsorbed isocyanides at equilibrium, C18H37N13C/C4H9NC, is 4.1. Adsorption studies show that isocyanides are bound strongly to the surface at low coverages (less than 70% of saturation coverage), but binding affinity is significantly lower at higher coverages. Studies of C18H37NC and C4H9NC in n-decane, DCE, and nitromethane (MeNO2) solvents show that so...
Spawning location and distribution of early life stages of alewife and blueback herring in a Virginia stream

During the 1992 spawning season of river herring, three sites in a tributary of the Rappahannock River, Virginia, were studied to characterize spawning and nursery habitats of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) and to identify differences in habitat use along an upstream to downtream gradient. The sites were sampled (using drift and dip nets and a plankton sampler) and habitat variables were measured on a 5-d, four-time interval rotation: at the end of 5 d, each site had been sampled once at dawn, noon, dusk, and midnight. Considerable non-overlap in spawning seasonality was apparent between species. For both species, densities of river herring adults, eggs, and yolk-sac larvae were highest at the upstream site, indicating 1) that the upstream site is more important for spawning than downstream areas, and 2) these species do not use different spawning areas in this stream. Densities of post-yolk-sac larvae did not differ significantly among sites, indicating post-spawning dispersal to downstream areas. The upstream site was smaller in area, more acidic, had faster water flow, clearer water, more vegetation, and siltier substrate than the downstream sites. At times, pH levels in the upstream site were within the lethal range reported for blueback herring larvae. Possible reasons for selection of the upstream habitat include: 1) adults may migrate as far upstream as possible to avoid predation or potential competition with other species of fish for spawning habitat; or 2) adults may historically enjoy greater spawning success in the upstream habitat due to physicochemical features of this area. More study is needed to determine the reasons for river herring use of upstream habitats in Virginia streams.
Nutrition and the commercialization of agriculture: Ten years later

This paper reviews the results of studies examining the impacts of agricultural commercialization on food consumption and nutritional status carried out over the last 10 years. Several conclusions can be drawn. First, the income effects of shifts to cash cropping are highly dependent on pricing policy for cash crops. Short term gains seen in some schemes are often highly dependent on the maintenance of high prices for commercial crops. Second, those schemes in which subsistence production is protected or stabilized are more likely to show positive results with an increase in income generated from cash cropping. Third, increased income does not translate directly into increased food consumption at either the household or individual (child) level. Shifts in control of income from women to men are important. Fourth, morbidity, especially from diarrheal disease is an important predictor of child growth. A failure to improve morbidity of children may offset gains in food consumption and in some instances a decrease in the time women have to care for their children as a result of commercialization has resulted in greater morbidity among children. Finally, the question "Who benefits and who loses?" is rarely addressed in these studies. The impacts of commercialization are mixed. They are highly dependent on the nature of the crop, the control of production and income, the allocation of household labor, the maintenance of subsistence production, land tenure, and pricing policies for both cash crops and food stuffs. It is these 'intervening' factors, not crop choice, that appear to be the most crucial in the nutritional status of rural people. Economic, food and agricultural policies and programs that advantage the most vulnerable population groups are the most likely to provide positive benefits in terms of food security and nutritional status. To place the emphasis on commercialization per se is to misplace it.
Four glycosidases secreted by Collectotrichum lindemuthianum

Abstract The fungal plant pathogen, Collectotrichum lindemuthianum , was grown in culture with either galactose, arabinose or pectin as the carbon source resulting in the selective secretion of α-galactosidase, α-arabinofuranosidase and exopolygalacturonase, respectively. Each enzyme has been purified by ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. In addition, a β-glucosidase was purified from the culture filtrate or arabinose grown fungus. The purified α-galactosidase and α-arabinosidase preparations were found to be essentially free of other carbohydrases while the β-glucosidase and exopolygalacturonase preparations contain contaminating activities.
Experimental Verification of the Theoretical Prediction of the Phase Structure of a Ni-Al-Ti-Cr-Cu Alloy

The Bozzolo-Ferrante-Smith (BFS) method for alloys was applied to the study of NiAl-based materials to assess the effect of alloying additions on structure. Ternary, quaternary and even pentalloys based on NiAl with additions of Ti, Cr and Cu were studied and experimental verification of the theoretical predictions including the phase structure of a Ni-Al-Ti-Cr-Cu alloy is presented. Two approaches were used, Monte Carlo simulations to determine low energy structures, and analytical calculations of the energy of high symmetry configurations which give physical insight into preferred structures. The energetics for site occupancy in ternary and quaternary systems were calculated leading to an indirect determination of solubility limits at 0 K. Precipitate formation with information concerning structure and lattice parameter were also 'observed' computationally and the general characteristics of a Ni-Al-Ti-Cr-Cu alloy were correctly predicted. The results indicate that the BFS method for alloys can be a useful tool for alloy design and can be used to complement experimental alloy design programs.
A minimal model for predicting visual search in human-computer interaction

Visual search is an important part of human-computer interaction. It is critical that we build theory about how people visually search displays in order to better support the users' visual capabilities and limitations in everyday tasks. One way of building such theory is through computational cognitive modeling. The ultimate promise for cognitive modeling in HCI it to provide the science base needed for predictive interface analysis tools. This paper discusses computational cognitive modeling of the perceptual, strategic, and oculomotor processes people used in a visual search task. This work refines and rounds out previously reported cognitive modeling and eye tracking analysis. A revised "minimal model" of visual search is presented that explains a variety of eye movement data better than the original model. The revised model uses a parsimonious strategy that is not tied to a particular visual structure or feature beyond the location of objects. Three characteristics of the minimal strategy are discussed in detail.
Oxidation of palmityl-CoA to CO2 by normal and atherosclerotic aortic mitochondria

Abstract Oxidation of [1- 14 C] palmityl-CoA by rabbit aortic mitochondria was assayed by the incorporation of radioactivity into CO 2 . Oxidation of palmityl-CoA was stimulated by 15 μM malate, 0.1% albumin, 1.0 mM ADP, and 0.1 mM L-carnitine to the extent of 42, 12, 36, and 240% respectively. Oxidation by atherosclerotic mitochondria was reduced 70–80% as compared to normal mitochondria. The extent of stimulation of oxidation in the presence of carnitine was approximately the same for both the atherosclerotic and normal mitochondria, suggesting that a membrane barrier toward palmityl-CoA persists after the development of atherosclerosis.
EPEC delivers the goods

I thank Stuart Knutton, Gad Frankel, Ilan Rosenshine, Trinad Chakraborty and Michael Donnenberg for sharing unpublished or `in press' data, and Simon Elliott for assistance with Fig. 1Fig. 1. Research in my laboratory is supported by NIH research grants AI 21657 and AI 41325.
Complications after radical retropubic prostatectomy in the medicare population.

Abstract Objectives. Radical prostatectomy is the standard of care for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer in the appropriate patient. However, the morbidity associated with this procedure remains controversial, since complications from centers of excellence are low but nationwide surveys have reported a much higher risk of complications. This study reports the complication rates after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) for men in the Medicare population. Methods. All men in the Medicare population who underwent RRP in 1991 were identified. All inpatient, outpatient, and physician (Part B) Medicare claims for these men for 1991 to 1993 were then analyzed to determine outcomes. Procedures performed for complications resulting from RRP were recorded, as were the diagnosis codes that may have heralded a complication after RRP. Results. In 1991, 25,651 men in the Medicare population underwent RRP. The mean age of these men was 70.5 years. Procedures for the relief of bladder outlet obstruction or urethral strictures after RRP occurred in 19.5% of these men. A penile prosthesis was implanted in 718 men (2.8%) after prostatectomy, and 593 men (2.3%) had an artificial urinary sphincter placed after prostatectomy. A diagnosis of urinary incontinence was reported in 5573 men (21.7%) after radical prostatectomy, but only 2025 of these men (7.9%) continued to carry this diagnosis more than 1 year after prostatectomy. A diagnosis of erectile dysfunction was reported in 5510 men (21.5%) after radical prostatectomy, but only 3276 of these men (12.8%) continued to carry this diagnosis more than 1 year after surgery. Conclusions. A review of a large, nationwide, heterogenous cohort of men revealed a morbidity rate that is slightly higher than that reported by major centers that perform large numbers of radical retropubic prostatectomies but is lower than complication rates obtained by patient surveys. The limitations of claim information in determining patient outcomes, however, must be considered when evaluating these data.
An Alternative Economic Vision for Healthy Work: Conducive Economy:

A model of production and exchange is proposed as an alternative to both market-oriented policy and social welfare policy. New patterns of social coordination at work form the basis for a new form of production output value: conducive value. This value is developed in both workers and consumers, activates skills and capabilities, and transforms customers from passive recipients to active users. It broadens the definition of economically valid social activity and it will help to resolve the unemployment dilemma arising with globalization. The article observes that the flexibility demanded by neoliberal, market-oriented policy is antithetical to the flexibility of creative production, which builds on horizontal interaction at work and in exchange, thereby facilitating the creation of social relationships and social capital. In that, it constructs bridges between the new policy and models of social policy which form its platform and enhances the chances for effective democracy in society.
Distinct patterns of human medulloblastoma dissemination in the developing chick embryo nervous system

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in children. Aggressive tumors that disseminate along the leptomeninges carry extremely poor prognoses. Mechanisms that predict dissemination are poorly understood. Our objective was to develop a reliable and reproducible model to study MB dissemination. We have created a chicken-human xenograft to study features of MB with leptomeningeal dissemination. Human MB cell lines (D283, Daoy), primary human MB cells (SF8113), and primary genetic mouse model (Math1cre:SmoM2 flox/flox) MB cells were either transfected to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) or were labeled with a membrane permeable green fluorescent probe. Cells were then injected as aggregates or implanted as pellets into the developing chicken brain immediately after neural tube closure at embryonic day 2 (E2). Most embryos were harvested three days after implantation (E5) though some were harvested up to E15. The developing brain was analyzed via whole mount fluorescent imaging and tissue section immunohistochemistry. Human and mouse MBs survived in the developing chicken central nervous system (CNS). They exhibited distinct patterns of incorporation and dissemination into the CNS that were consistent with observed phenotypes of the corresponding human patient or mouse host. Specifically, metastatic D283 cells disseminated along the leptomeninges whereas Daoy, primary mouse MB, and primary human MB cells did not. This work supports an avian-human xenograft as a successful model to study patterns of MB dissemination. Our model provides a basis for manipulating cell signaling mechanisms to understand critical targets involved in MB dissemination.
Aromatization of androgen to estrogen by cultured turtle brain cells

Cells obtained from turtle forebrain can be maintained in culture for at least 3 weeks. The cells are capable of aromatizing [3H]androstenedione and [3H]testosterone to estrone and estradiol and several C-19 metabolites. There are marked differences in the quality and quantity of the products formed from the two substrates. Conditions in living cells favor accumulation of 17-hydroxylated steroids. Aromatase activity as measured by estrogen yield increases with time in culture. Estrogen content of 14-day-old cultures may be enhanced or reduced by addition of natural or synthetic steroids. This system may provide a model for studying the regulation of brain aromatization, an essential step in the expression of androgen action on certain behavioral and neuroendocrine responses.
Supportive supervisors and managerial coaching: Exploring their intersections

The author discusses the article written by Paustian-Underdahl and colleagues. He states that they have acknowledged the importance of employees as a critical source of competitive advantage to ensure business success. He notes that the study provided a number of recommendations related to recruitment and hiring supervisors along with the training and development.
Spain's Economic System: An Ethical Evaluation

Spain's economic system has undergone a profound reorientation in the past five years. The pace and scope of this change have bewildered everyone who has tried to study them. Even those Spanish economists, who have been watching the process most closely, find it hard to believe that their nation has progressed as far as it has since 1959. Mere mea? surement of these changes has encountered serious difficulty because the statistical data available are not fully adequate for the task. Furthermore, there is still a great shortage of business and economic research into the realities of present day Spain. Fortunately, this writer has been able to travel extensively in Spain during the past three years. Interviews with Spanish government offi? cials, economists, bankers, lawyers, business leaders, workers and far? mers have furnished him with an intimate view of their observations and thinking about their country. Visits to Spanish factories, offices and farms have provided another source of information. However, many of the conclusions offered at the end of this paper are still necessarily subjective and impossible of adequate documentation. This paper will first trace the main developments in recent Spanish economic history. Then it will analyze the current status of the economic system. Obviously, it is impossible within the limits of this paper to dis? cuss all phases of economic policies now being followed by the Spanish government. Accordingly, the paper will examine only the leading agri? cultural policies of Spain in 1964. This concentration on agriculture can be justified readily because farming still provides a living for the largest segment of the population; because this is the sector with the most widespread poverty; because it provides a good insight into the motiva? tion and social philosophy of Spanish officialdom; and finally because it can be portrayed more accurately and more objectively than other sectors of the Spanish economy. Lastly, an effort will be made to spell
Economic growth, industrial pollution and human development in the Mediterranean Region

Abstract This paper investigates the role of human development on the economic development paths of Mediterranean countries. An environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) analysis is employed to explain the relationships between economic growth and industrial pollution in the European, Euro-Asian and African-Mediterranean countries, which have different economic and institutional backgrounds. A modified human development index (MHDI) is applied to measure the effects of human development in different countries. The MHDI includes many related social variables such as health effects, political rights, civil liberties, enrollment rate, and adult literacy rate. Apart from France, all countries follow increasing logarithmic or inverse-logarithmic curves that keep on the industrial pollution path. The outcomes of the research presented in this paper clearly point out the differences between the Northern and Southern Mediterranean countries. Human development should be the first objective of economic development in the Southern countries of the Mediterranean.
Reaction of hexaborane(10) with excess trimethylphosphine

Abstract Bis(trimethylphosphine)-hexaborane(10), B6H10·2P(CH3)3, reacted with trimethylphosphine and gave a solid with the total composition “B6H10·6P(CH3)3” which consisted of twice the number of moles of the original B6H10·2P(CH3)3. The solid was inert to excess P(CH3)3. When treated with HCl, it gave a 1:2 mixture of BH3·P(CH3)3 and BH2C1·P(CH3)3. The framework of B6H10·2P(CH3)3 appeared to be cleaved and converted by P(CH3)3 into B2H4·2P(CH3)3 and B4H6·4P(CH3)3, and into two B3H5·3P(CH3)3.
Characterization of the Response of Broiler Chickens to Diets Varying in Nutrient Density Content

Abstract Studies have been conducted to examine the response of broilers to diets varying in nutrient density. Constant energy:nutrient ratios were maintained in diets for growing broilers fed 2970 to 3740 M.E. kcal./kg. and measurements made of weight gain, feed consumption, efficiency of feed utilization, calorie:gain ratios, and various carcass characteristics. Growth rate and efficiency of feed utilization were almost direct functions of the dietary nutrient density level. Broilers offered higher energy diets consumed a greater number of calories but converted these to gain with little impairment in caloric efficiency. Regression analyses were used to derive equations for predicting changes in feed consumption and growth rate associated with changes in dietary nutrient density level.
Membrane Diffusion and Capillary Blood Volume in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension

A reduced diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (Dco) is common among patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and often persists for more than a year following successful pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE). To determine the relative contribution the pulmonary membrane diffusing capacity (DM) and pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc) make to the reduction in Dco, we measured both in 29 patients with CTEPH before and approximately 3 weeks after PTE. Mean preoperative D M was reduced in patients with CTEPH (28 mL min −1 mm Hg −1 vs 43 mL min −1 mm Hg −1 in control subjects; p −1 mm Hg −1 ; p c was mildly reduced in the CTEPH group compared with healthy control subjects (57 vs 67 mL; p=0.044) and did not rise following PTE (57 mL pre-PTE vs 54 mL post-PTE; p>0.05) despite substantial reduction in mean pulmonary artery pressure and increase in cardiac output after surgery. We conclude that the low Dco observed in patients with CTEPH before and after PTE is principally caused by a reduced D M and to a lesser extent by a low Vc. The mechanisms responsible remain speculative but may reflect pathophysiologic changes in the pulmonary microcirculation caused by chronic pulmonary hypertension that did not improve in the postoperative period studied.
DIRECT INDUCTION IN WILD-TYPE NEUROSPORA CRASSA OF MUTANTS (qa-1C) CONSTITUTIVE FOR THE CATABOLISM OF QUINATE AND SHIKIMATE

A color test has been developed for the selection and identification of mutants in Neurospora crassa, constitutive for the three normally inducible enzymes which convert quinate to protocatechuate. By this means seven such mutants have been recovered after ultra violet irradiation of wild type and have been shown to be allelic (or very closely linked) to the qa-1C mutants previously obtained by other means. Thus, the regulation of the synthesis of these three catabolic enzymes is indicated to be under the control of a single gene, qa-1+.
Factorizations of IIR biorthogonal filter banks based on generalized Bezout identity

This paper explores the ways to obtain causal stable filter bank parameterizations under a generalized Bezout identity framework for perfect reconstruction (PR) biorthogonal filter banks. The main aim is to develop a method for design of perfect reconstruction IIR filter banks that are stable and causal. In addition, the method is general enough to cover all combinations of filter types (IIR or FIR) and the number of prescribed filters for any uniform filter bank.
Genetic engineering of bacilli.

Bacillus subtilis has emerged as a major cloning system. In this paper we analyse the vectors, vehicles and strategy for cloning. Solutions to current problems in genetic engineering including the development of standard fermentation strains are proposed.
Postdetection Integration Loss for Logarithmic Detectors

The effect of a logarithmic receiver on the detection performance of a radar has been determined by Green by numerical computations for up to 100 pulses integrated. It was further suggested that the loss in decibels as compared to a square-law detector would appear to be proportional to the logarithm of the number of pulses integrated. In this correspondence we show that this ?conjecture? is false, and that the additional loss when N becomes very large approaches a constant value of 2.2 dB.
The Strategic Development of Border Areas: Explaining Variation in Interaction Opportunity Across Land Borders

The ability to interact with others is a necessary condition for the emergence of both cooperative and conflictual interstate relations. Yet, the spaces separating states vary in terms of the opportunities they offer for contacts to take place: some borders are difficult to traverse, others are not. Building on Harvey Starr and G. Dale Thomas's work on the permeability of land borders, we test the three most prominent hypotheses about the forces that shape cross-border interaction opportunities. The results confirm that that the desirability of trade influences the accessibility of borders. However, the anticipated relationship between state capacity and accessibility does not materialize clearly. Finally, our results suggest that governments invest in transportation infrastructure when facing threatening neighbors, resolving a debate over the relationship between mobility and security in favor of those who argue that accessible borders facilitate military defense.
Behavioral Interventions Reduce Infant Distress at Immunization

Objective To assess the effectiveness of simple behavioral interventions at immunization on behavioral and biochemical indicators of distress in infants and parents in a primary care setting. Design Subjects were enrolled sequentially to control (standard care) and intervention groups. Intervention parents (n=57) were provided information about techniques to help their infants at immunization. Standard care parents (n=45) did not receive this information. Immunizations were videotaped and coded for infant and parent behaviors. Using a visual analog scale, parents rated their infant's and their own comfort at study enrollment, immediately after immunization, and at checkout. Saliva samples collected from infants and parents at study enrollment and at 15, 30, and 60 minutes after immunization were assayed for cortisol concentration by standard radioimmunoassay. Data were analyzed using χ 2 , analysis of variance, and general linear modeling. Patterns of salivary cortisol change after immunization were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling. Setting A single, urban pediatric practice during 2 summers (1997 and 1998). Subjects Infants 2 to 24 months of age (n=102) and their parents. Main Outcome Measures Duration of infant distress (in seconds); parent use of behavioral intervention; infant and parent salivary cortisol concentrations (in nanomoles per liter). Results Intervention parents were more likely to use a behavioral technique with their infants before immunization ( P P P P Conclusion Simple behavioral interventions before immunization are associated with reductions in behavioral and biochemical indicators of infant distress.
A Poverty of Voices Street Papers as Communicative Democracy

The 1990s witnessed two distinct but related trends in journalism: the rise of public journalism and the emergence of street newspapers. This article contrasts public journalism and street newspapers in an effort to explicate the distinguishing features of each. In doing so, it illuminates the distinctions between liberal-minded media reform movements, such as public journalism, and far more radical alternatives to journalistic practice as represented by street newspapers. Throughout it is argued that street papers are a unique form of communicative democracy. In their capacity as the voice of the poor, street newspapers seek to critically engage the reading public in ongoing deliberations over fundamental issues of economic, social and political justice. A brief assessment of Street Feat - a street newspaper in Halifax, Nova Scotia - provides an empirical basis for this discussion.
Oxygen‐regulated degradation of fission yeast SREBP by Ofd1, a prolyl hydroxylase family member

Sre1, the fission yeast sterol regulatory element binding protein, is an endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound transcription factor that responds to changes in oxygen-dependent sterol synthesis as an indirect measure of oxygen availability. Under low oxygen, Sre1 is proteolytically cleaved and the released N-terminal transcription factor (Sre1N) activates gene expression essential for hypoxic growth. Here, we describe an oxygen-dependent mechanism for regulation of Sre1 that is independent of sterol-regulated proteolysis. Using yeast expressing only Sre1N, we show that Sre1N turnover is regulated by oxygen. Ofd1, an uncharacterized prolyl 4-hydroxylase-like 2-oxoglutarate-Fe(II) dioxygenase, accelerates Sre1N degradation in the presence of oxygen. However, unlike the prolyl 4-hydroxylases that regulate mammalian hypoxia-inducible factor, Ofd1 uses multiple domains to regulate Sre1N degradation by oxygen; the Ofd1 N-terminal dioxygenase domain is required for oxygen sensing and the Ofd1 C-terminal domain accelerates Sre1N degradation. Our data support a model whereby the Ofd1 N-terminal dioxygenase domain is an oxygen sensor that regulates the activity of the C-terminal degradation domain.
Electrochemical Anionic Polymerization of 4-Vinylpyridine in Pyridine

synopsis The preparation of poly4vinylpyridine (poly-4VP) by electrochemical polymerization of 4vinylpyridine (4VP) in pyridine containing sodium tetrrtphenylboron (NaBPb) is described. Information on the influence of monomer concentration, current density, polymerization rate, molecular weight, and electrochemical efficiency is presented. The polymerizations were performed under conditions of constant electrolysis current. Polymer formed in the cathodic compartment only, where a red-orange solution developed after about 15 min of electrolysis time. The optical absorption spectra of these colored solutions were studied. Cyclic voltammograms of 4VP in pyridine and NaBP4 are also reported, and the influence of the scan rate upon peak current is described. The results indicate that the polymerization was anionic and nonterminating. The characteristics of the electrochemical polymerization of 4VP in pyridine are compared with those of the same monomer in liquid NHa. In the former czwe, the catholyte was homogeneous, and polymer growth occurred in the liquid phase, while in the latter growth took place in a heterogeneous environment. Kinetic consequences of these physical differences are pointed out. Suggestions for the mechanism of this electrochemical initiation are advanced.
Impaired firing properties of dentate granule neurons in an Alzheimer's disease animal model are rescued by PPARγ agonism

Early cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) correlates with medial temporal lobe dysfunction, including two areas essential for memory formation: the entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus (DG). In the Tg2576 animal model for AD amyloidosis, activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) with rosiglitazone (RSG) ameliorates hippocampus-dependent cognitive impairment and restores aberrant synaptic activity at the entorhinal cortex to DG granule neuron inputs. It is unknown, however, whether intrinsic firing properties of DG granule neurons in these animals are affected by amyloid-β pathology and if they are sensitive to RSG treatment. Here, we report that granule neurons from 9-mo-old wild-type and Tg2576 animals can be segregated into two cell types with distinct firing properties and input resistance that correlate with less mature type I and more mature type II neurons. The DG type I cell population was greater than type II in wild-type littermates. In the Tg2576 animals, the type I and type II cell populations were nearly equal but could be restored to wild-type levels through cognitive enhancement with RSG. Furthermore, Tg2576 cell firing frequency and spike after depolarization were decreased in type I and increased in type II cells, both of which could also be restored to wild-type levels upon RSG treatment. That these parameters were restored by PPARγ activation emphasizes the therapeutic value of RSG against early AD cognitive impairment.
Review Essay : Imperfect Information and the Electoral Connection

By exploring the consequences of imperfect information, R. Douglas Arnold and John Mark Hansen (both intellectual descendants of David Mayhew) make significant contributions to the rational-choice theory of legislator decision-making. Indeed, their books can be usefully understood as the latest stage in the evolution of that theory. Ultimately, however, their contributions to the theory are incomplete. While Arnold and Hansen both highlight an insufficiently emphasized issue, their particular arguments concerning the implications of imperfect information leave unanswered several important questions.
Photo-switching of magnetization in iron nanoparticles

We report the theoretical study of the light-induced switching of magnetization in core–shell nanoparticles. The core of the nanoparticle is made of iron (Fe) coated with the shell of azobenzene. Azobenzene is a photochromic material with reversible trans–cis photoisomerization upon irradiation by UV and visible light. The magnetization of nanoparticles can be reversibly switched using specific wavelengths of light. Using an ab initio parameterization of magnetic interactions we performed Monte Carlo simulations of the magnetization of the core–shell nanoparticle as a function of temperature. The results show that Fe nanoparticle magnetization can be switched by at least 50% because of the photoisomerization of azobenzene at room temperature. Ab initio calculations show that the exchange interaction in Fe dimer is ferromagnetic (FM), and shows a strong modification of exchange interaction parameters by 40% because of the trans–cis photoisomerization of azobenzene. An infinite planar Fe monolayer mimicking the surface of nanoparticle shows a strong modification of exchange interaction parameters (up to 50%) in the monolayer due to trans–cis photoisomerization. The local magnetic moments of Fe sheet increase by only 0.5% due to photoisomerization.
Policy implications for water resource management in Northwestern New South Wales

(1973). Policy implications for water resource management in Northwestern New South Wales. Australian Geographer: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 299-308.
Effect of Tibial Plateau Leveling on Cranial and Caudal Tibial Thrusts in Canine Cranial Cruciate–Deficient Stifles: An In Vitro Experimental Study

Objectives— To investigate the effect of tibial plateau leveling (TPL) on tibial subluxation and tibial axial rotation; to determine the minimal tibial plateau rotation (MinTPR) angle that provides stifle stability; and to evaluate caudal cruciate ligament (CaCL) strain following tibial plateau rotation in cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-deficient stifles. Animals— Fifteen canine cadaver hind limbs. Methods— Tibial subluxation was measured from lateral radiographs in intact, loaded stifles and after sequential CrCL transection, MinTPR, TPL, and CaCL transection. The MinTPR angle was determined using a custom-made hinge plate and compared with the TPL angle. Tibial axial rotation was evaluated in CrCL-deficient stifles before and after TPL. Finally, CaCL strain was recorded in intact, loaded stifles, and following MinTPR, TPL, and tibial plateau over-rotation (MaxTPR) using a force probe. Results— Cranial tibial subluxation in CrCL-deficient stifles was eliminated with TPL. Tibial plateau rotation, however, induced caudal tibial subluxation, which significantly increased from MinTPR to TPL before and after CaCL transection. The MinTPR angle was 6.5°± 0.9° less than the TPL angle (P < .05). Tibial internal rotation decreased significantly after TPL in CrCL-deficient stifles. Finally, CaCL strain increased with increasing tibial plateau rotation. Conclusions— This study suggests that, during stance phase, TPL transforms cranial tibial thrust into caudal tibial thrust, thereby stabilizing the stifle in the cranio-caudal plane via the constraint of the CaCL. The increase in CaCL stress, which results from tibial plateau rotation, could predispose the CaCL to fatigue failure and therefore would caution against tibial plateau over-rotation.
Social Loafing and Social Facilitation

Abstract Social facilitation and social loafing have been treated as separate lines of research in the social psychological literature. However, it is argued in the present paper that these two paradigms are closely related; in fact, they are complementary. Viewed from this perspective, the experimental conditions that have been included in loafing and facilitation research fall into three cells of a 2 (Alone vs. Coaction) × 2 (Evaluation vs. No Evaluation) factorial design. In the current research, the complete 2 × 2 design was run in two experiments. In both experiments, consistent with the findings of previous loafing research, with number held constant, participants whose outputs could be evaluated outperformed participants whose outputs could not be, but, inconsistent with descriptions of the loafing effect (e.g., B. Latane, K. Williams, & S. Harkins, 1979 , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 , 823–832), with evaluation potential held constant, pairs outperformed singles. These data suggest that both social facilitation and social loafing can be accomodated in the same design. It is argued that combining the paradigms in this way refines our understanding of both phenomena.
The impact of habitat fragmentation on fitness-related traits in a native prairie plant, Chamaecrista fasciculata (Fabaceae)

Loss and fragmentation of the native prairies in the Midwestern United States have resulted in isolated and smaller habitats and populations. The populations remaining in these prairies are expected to show a decline in the extent of genetic variation and an increase in genetic drift load (accumulation of deleterious recessive alleles due to genetic drift) in fitness-related traits. Using complementary greenhouse experiments, we tested whether these expected changes have occurred in the native annual prairie plant Chamaecrista fasciculata. In the first experiment, open pollinated C. fasciculata seeds from 12 prairie fragments representing a range in area of habitat were grown in competition with Schizachyrium scoparium to determine if there are changes in plant vigour with changes in fragment size and corresponding changes in population size. Plants from smaller prairie fragments exhibited a slight but significant decline in biomass, suggesting an increase in genetic drift load. In the second experiment, a formal genetic crossing design of four prairie fragment populations was used to estimate quantitative genetic diversity and genetic drift load. We did not find extensive quantitative genetic variation, but we did find a strong effect of genetic drift load on five traits in this experiment. Our overall conclusion is that a decline in relative-fitness traits in smaller prairie fragments is probably associated with fixation of deleterious alleles due to more isolated and smaller populations, i.e. genetic drift load. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, ••, ••–••.
Experimental results on reconstruction of complex multidimensional signals from Fourier transform magnitude

Summary form only given. Reconstruction of multidimensional signals from Fourier transform magnitude (FTM) is viewed as a special case of the reconstruction of a complex signal from the FTM and space domain phase, with the phase being equal to zero or pi . Specifically, pixels above the threshold used for one bit quantization can be thought of as having zero phase, and the ones below it can be considered to have pi phase. In a similar fashion, the problem of reconstruction of real images from FTM can be considered to be a special case of the reconstruction of complex signals from the FTM and space domain phase, with the phase being equal to zero. The author's experimental results indicate that the former reconstruction problem with binary phase is considerably more robust than the latter one with zero phase. Thus, an interesting question to examine would be whether reconstruction of a complex signal from FTM and space-domain phase becomes better conditioned as the space domain phase becomes more randomized. The author's preliminary experiments show that reconstruction from FTM and space domain random phase with uniform probability distribution function results in excellent reconstruction quality, and that the relative importance of FTM information with respect to Fourier transform phase information increases as the randomness of the phase of the complex multidimensional signal in space domain increases. >
A Simple Systems Model of the Major Glaciation Cycles

Cycles with periods near 23,000, 41,000, and 100,000 years dominate the climatic record of the past half-million years and beyond. In a global array of time series, each cycle is seen as a train of responses that progresses through the system along atmospheric and oceanic pathways. Some responses precede, some occur on phase with, and some lag the global ice-volume response monitored by oceanic δ18O. Several discrete sources of climatic inertia are required to account for this progression of responses. We examine a simple, quantitative systems model that accounts for this phase pattern by assuming each climatic oscillation progresses through a series of four linear subsystems. Each subsystem has a quantity of inertia that is parameterized either as a simple delay or as a time constant. Surprisingly, the largest time constant required to account for the phase pattern in the 23,000- and 41,000-year cycles is only 5,000 years, whereas in the 100,000-year cycle the required time constant is 15,000 years. This leads to two important conclusions. First, beyond some critical size, the behavior of large ice sheets is qualitatively different from that of smaller ice sheets. Second, the maximum size an ice sheet oscillating at 100,000 years will achieve in response to a given oscillatory forcing is only three-quarters of the size it would achieve if allowed to reach equilibrium with a steady forcing.
Spatial-temporal heteroskedastic robust covariance estimation for Markov transition probabilities: an application examining land use change

A spatial-temporal autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix is suggested for estimating the standard errors of a first-order Markov process model depicting aggregate land use dynamics. Particular attention is given to covariance estimation robust to temporal and spatial dependence. An empirical example compares the adjusted covariance estimators by examining cropland dynamics, revenue, and the corresponding own-price area supply elasticities with a Monte Carlo analysis. The relative precision of own-price elasticities increased in most cases, suggesting gains in efficiency when the covariance estimator of transition probabilities is adjusted for temporal and spatial dependence and cross-equation correlation. In this example, adjusting for temporal-spatial dependence moderates the absolute magnitude of elasticity point estimates. The approaches suggested in this letter will be of interest to researchers modeling land use transitions with aggregate data.
Update on treatment of patients with cleft—Timing of orthodontics and surgery

The management of patients with cleft lip and cleft palate requires prolonged orthodontic and surgical treatment and an interdisciplinary approach in providing them with optimal esthetics, function, and stability. This article describes an update on the current concepts and principles in the treatment of patients with cleft lip and palate. Sequencing and timing of orthodontic/orthopedic and surgical treatment in infancy, early mixed dentition, early permanent dentition, and after the completion of facial growth will be discussed.