cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of the Metabolic Syndrome With Pulmonary Venous Hypertension

Background Pulmonary venous hypertension (PVH) is a well-described cause of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients with left heart disease associated with elevated left heart filling pressure. PVH results from a number of processes, including left-sided valvular disease, constrictive pericardial disease, restrictive cardiomyopathies, and left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. PVH in patients with normal LV systolic function, commonly referred to as diastolic dysfunction, is not well characterized. We observed that many patients with PH due to PVH have obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia, which are clinical features of the metabolic syndrome (MS), a previously identified cause for systemic vascular disease. Methods We evaluated 122 consecutive patients referred for diagnosis and treatment of PH and compared the prevalence of features of the MS between patients with PVH and those with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We also compared clinical and hemodynamic characteristics between these two groups. Results Compared to patients with PAH, patients with PVH had a higher frequency of hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. Two or more features of the MS were found in 16 of 17 patients with PVH (94.1%) compared with 34.3% of patients with PAH (p Conclusion PVH is highly associated with the MS. Our results suggest that the MS may predispose patients to develop pulmonary vascular disease.
Can Friends Be Trusted? Exploring Privacy in Online Social Networks

In this paper, we present a case study describing the privacy and trust that exist within a small population of online social network users. We begin by formally characterizing different graphs in social network sites like Facebook. We then determine how often people are willing to divulge personal details to an unknown online user, an adversary. While most users in our sample did not share sensitive information when asked by an adversary, we found that more users were willing to divulge personal details to an adversary if there is a mutual friend connected to the adversary and the user. We then summarize the results and observations associated with this Facebook case study.
Sediment organic matter content as a confounding factor in toxicity tests with Chironomus tentans

Physicochemical characteristics of sediment unrelated to contaminant levels and bioavailability may influence the outcome of toxicity tests. In particular, sediment organic matter content has the potential to be a confounding factor in toxicity tests using the midge larva Chironomus tentans because the larvae are infaunal and feed on organic matter in the sediments. To examine this possibility, we conducted a series of tests using formulated sediments with varying organic matter contents (0–20%) following the standard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) 10-day C. tentans growth and survival protocol. Formulated sediments made with peat moss, α-cellulose, and maple leaves were tested. An organic-rich natural sediment diluted with formulated sediment to achieve a range of organic matter contents was also examined. In a final experiment, sediments containing each of the four organic matter sources at the same concentration were tested against one another. Survival was not greatly affected by concentration of organic matter, except at the lowest concentrations in natural sediment (6–7%), where survival dipped below 70%. In experiments using peat moss, α-cellulose, and maple leaves, significant differences in C. tentans growth (measured as ash-free dry weight) were found at different organic matter concentrations. In contrast, concentration of organic matter in the natural sediment dilution series had little effect on growth, perhaps because much of this material was highly refractory. In the comparison experiment, growth differed significantly among the four sediments, with best growth achieved with α-cellulose and leaves. These results suggest that both organic matter quantity and quality can be confounding factors in toxicity tests using C. tentans.
Iatrogenic Aortic Dissection … or Intramural Hematoma?

A 65-year-old black woman with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus presented to her local hospital with acute chest discomfort. She had no history of connective tissue disease or family history of aortic catastrophes. An ECG showed inferior ST-segment elevation. Coronary angiography revealed multiple high-grade lesions in the right coronary artery (RCA) with evidence of thrombus (Movie I in the online-only Data Supplement). There were also critical stenoses in the left coronary system. Percutaneous coronary intervention of the RCA with 3 bare metal stents was successful in establishing Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction grade 3 flow, but deployment of the fourth stent was complicated by proximal RCA dissection with extension into the aortic sinuses (Figure 1 and Movie II in the online-only Data Supplement). Despite obliteration of the RCA dissection with the stent, persistent dye staining of the ascending aorta was present on final angiographic views (Figure 2). A computed tomography scan performed 2 days later showed an ascending aorta intramural hematoma (IMH;Figure 3). Plans were made for complete surgical revascularization in 6 weeks, and she was discharged. Aside from several brief episodes of chest discomfort in the first week after discharge, she remained asymptomatic. Three weeks after the initial event, the patient presented for a second opinion at our institution. Figure 1. Left anterior oblique angiographic view of the right coronary artery. An intracoronary guidewire (arrowhead) …
Postoperative Crohn's disease: how can we prevent it?

Despite advances in medical therapy, up to 75% of patients with Crohn’s disease will undergo at least one intestinal resection during their disease course [1–3]. Common surgical indications include...
Retrospective cost adaptive control of a planar multilink arm with nonminimum-phase zeros

We address the problem of adaptive command following and disturbance rejection for a nonlinear planar multilink mechanism interconnected by torsional springs and dashpots. We consider a nonlinear multilink mechanism where a control torque is applied to the hub of the multilink mechanism, and the objective is to control the angular position of the tip, which is separated from the hub by N links. In this paper, we derive the nonlinear equations of motion for the N link mechanism. We linearize these equations of motion and demonstrate that such systems have nonminimum-phase zeros when the control torque and angular position sensor are not colocated. To control this mechanism, we use a retrospective cost adaptive controller, which is effective for nonminimum-phase systems provided that you have an estimate of the nonminimum-phase zeros. We consider both command following and disturbance rejection problems, where the spectrum of the commands and disturbance are unknown.
Evidence for Allograft Rejection in an Islet Transplant Recipient and Effect on β-Cell Secretory Capacity

Context: The majority of islet transplant recipients experience a gradual decline in islet graft function, but the identification of islet-specific immune responses remains uncommon. Objectives: The aim was to present a case in which decline in islet graft function was accompanied by the appearance of islet donor-specific alloantibodies and demonstrate the effect on β-cell secretory capacity, an estimate of functional β-cell mass. Setting: The study was conducted at the Transplant Center and General Clinical Research Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Results: A 42-yr-old woman with type 1 diabetes who had a living-related kidney transplant received two intraportal islet infusions of a total 17,525 islet equivalents per kg body weight under daclizumab, prednisone, tacrolimus, and rapamycin immunosuppression. She became insulin independent, but 4 months later, the rapamycin was discontinued for associated colitis. She remained normoglycemic for another 6 months before manifesting impaired fasting gl...
A Delicate Balance Physician Work Hours, Patient Safety, and Organizational Efficiency

In 2003, passage of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) work hour standards marked the first time that work hours for physicians in training were regulated throughout the United States. Five years later, the medical profession stands at a critical juncture. At the request of Congress, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality has sponsored an Institute of Medicine committee to review the evidence on the relationship between residents’ work hours and patient safety and to develop recommendations for improvement.1 There is increasing evidence that resident sleep deprivation endangers patients and residents,2-5 but studies have not shown consistent benefit from implementation of the current ACGME standards. No changes in mortality were found in national studies of surgical patients.6-8 Some reductions in mortality were observed for medical patients at Veterans Administration hospitals8 and in a cohort of non−Veterans Administration hospitals,6 although not in a larger population of medical patients covered by Medicare.7 The lack of consistent improvements may be due to several factors. First, there are flaws in the design of the intervention. The ACGME standards continue to allow trainees to work 30 consecutive hours, a duration repeatedly demonstrated to be hazardous both in laboratory studies and in studies of trainees working in hospital settings.2-5 Second, compliance with the standards may be suboptimal.9 Benefits from reduced fatigue might be offset by worsened continuity of patient care, particularly in hospitals in which robust systems for ensuring high-quality transitions in care have not been implemented. In this article, we propose priorities that should guide the medical community in developing specific alternatives for physician work hour regulation, if the objectives are to maximize patient and physician safety while preserving the best possible training for physicians.
Canonical Correspondence Analysis: A New Eigenvector Technique for Multivariate Direct Gradient Analysis

A new multivariate analysis technique, developed to relate community composition to known variation in the environment, is described. The technique is an extension of correspondence analysis (reciprocal averaging), a popular ordination technique that extracts continuous axes of variation from species occurrence or abundance data. Such ordination axes are typically interpreted with the help of external knowledge and data on environmental variables; this two—step approach (ordination followed by environmental gradient identification) is termed indirect gradient analysis. In the new technique, called canonical correspondence analysis, ordination axes are chosen in the light of known environmental variables by imposing the extra restriction that the axes be linear combinations of environmental variables. In this way community variation can be directly related to environmental variation. The environmental variables may be quantitative or nominal. As many axes can be extracted as there are environmental variables. The method of detrending can be incorporated in the technique to remove arch effects. (Detrended) canonical correspondence analysis is an efficient ordination technique when species have bell—shaped response curves or surfaces with respect to environmental gradients, and is therefore more appropriate for analyzing data on community composition and environmental variables than canonical correlation analysis. The new technique leads to an ordination diagram in which points represent species and sites, and vectors represent environmental variables. Such a diagram shows the patterns of variation in community composition that can be explained best by the environmental variables and also visualizes approximately the "centers" of the species distributions along each of the environmental variables. Such diagrams effectively summarized relationships between community and environment for data sets on hunting spiders, dyke vegetation, and algae along a pollution gradient.
Community Development and Small Business Training

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p120-catenin controls contractility along the vertical axis of epithelial lateral membranes

In vertebrate epithelia, p120-catenin (hereafter referred to as p120; also known as CTNND1) mediates E-cadherin stability and suppression of RhoA. Genetic ablation of p120 in various epithelial tissues typically causes striking alterations in tissue function and morphology. Although these effects could very well involve p120's activity towards Rho, ascertaining the impact of this relationship has been complicated by the fact that p120 is also required for cell-cell adhesion. Here, we have molecularly uncoupled p120's cadherin-stabilizing and RhoA-suppressing activites. Unexpectedly, removing p120's Rho-suppressing activity dramatically disrupted the integrity of the apical surface, irrespective of E-cadherin stability. The physical defect was tracked to excessive actomyosin contractility along the vertical axis of lateral membranes. Thus, we suggest that p120's distinct activities towards E-cadherin and Rho are molecularly and functionally coupled and this, in turn, enables the maintenance of cell shape in the larger context of an epithelial monolayer. Importantly, local suppression of contractility by cadherin-bound p120 appears to go beyond regulating cell shape, as loss of this activity also leads to major defects in epithelial lumenogenesis.
Improved Understanding of Damage Precursors Through Local Mechanical Characterization

We report on the use of local mechanical characterization techniques for the understanding of structural damage precursors in various material systems. Instrumented indentation and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize local damage in: (1) fatigued metallic beams subject to non-linear vibration, (2) individual polymer and glass microfibers, and (3) additive manufactured thermoplastics. Indentation studies of the fatigued metallic beams showed a compliance effect of up to 40% in relatively highly stressed regions. An approved fiber mounting technique allowed for indentation of unmodified surfaces of single microfibers, while AFM modulus maps of the fibers reveal local regions of relative compliance. Local mechanical tests of 3-D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene specimens revealed a variation in properties between printed beads and bead-bead interfaces. The nano-/micro-scale techniques developed in the present study provide a framework for understanding how damage precursors may affect processing-structure-property relationships in present and future structural aerospace materials.
Advanced overlay: sampling and modeling for optimized run-to-run control

In recent years overlay (OVL) control schemes have become more complicated in order to meet the ever shrinking margins of advanced technology nodes. As a result, this brings up new challenges to be addressed for effective run-to- run OVL control. This work addresses two of these challenges by new advanced analysis techniques: (1) sampling optimization for run-to-run control and (2) bias-variance tradeoff in modeling. The first challenge in a high order OVL control strategy is to optimize the number of measurements and the locations on the wafer, so that the “sample plan” of measurements provides high quality information about the OVL signature on the wafer with acceptable metrology throughput. We solve this tradeoff between accuracy and throughput by using a smart sampling scheme which utilizes various design-based and data-based metrics to increase model accuracy and reduce model uncertainty while avoiding wafer to wafer and within wafer measurement noise caused by metrology, scanner or process. This sort of sampling scheme, combined with an advanced field by field extrapolated modeling algorithm helps to maximize model stability and minimize on product overlay (OPO). Second, the use of higher order overlay models means more degrees of freedom, which enables increased capability to correct for complicated overlay signatures, but also increases sensitivity to process or metrology induced noise. This is also known as the bias-variance trade-off. A high order model that minimizes the bias between the modeled and raw overlay signature on a single wafer will also have a higher variation from wafer to wafer or lot to lot, that is unless an advanced modeling approach is used. In this paper, we characterize the bias-variance trade off to find the optimal scheme. The sampling and modeling solutions proposed in this study are validated by advanced process control (APC) simulations to estimate run-to-run performance, lot-to-lot and wafer-to- wafer model term monitoring to estimate stability and ultimately high volume manufacturing tests to monitor OPO by densely measured OVL data.
Assembly of nanomaterials through highly ordered self-assembled Monolayers and peptide-organic hybrid conjugates as templates

Synthesis and processing techniques have now been established for obtaining high quality monodisperse nanocrystals of various metallic and semiconducting materials, fullerenes of distinct properties, single- and multi-wall carbon nanotubes, polymeric dendrimers with tailored functionalities, as well as other nanophase constructs. The next key step towards novel applications of nanostructured materials concerns their positioning, arrangement, and connection into functional networks without mutual aggregation. In this review, we highlight the recent progress of using anthracene- and pyrene-based self-assembling molecules with tunable energetic (pi-pi interactions, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions) and variable geometries to create stable, highly ordered, and rigid self-assembled monolayer (SAM) templates with adjustable superlattices on crystalline substrates. Based on aromatic SAM templates, stable and highly ordered self-assembled structures of optoelectronically active C60 have been obtained and shown to exhibit desirable electrical and optoelectronic properties, such as nonlinear transporting effect for molecular electronics and efficient photocurrent generation for mimicking photosynthesis in nature. By using genetically engineered polypeptides with surface recognition for specific inorganics, selective integration of nanoparticles onto aromatic SAM templates have also been realized. Through a combination of spatially confined surface chemical reaction and microcontact printing, sub-micron arrays of peptide-organic hybrid conjugates were successfully generated to serve as templates to achieve the patterned assembly of nanoparticles.
Must dementia remain a silent epidemic

The consequences of overlookjng dementia in an elderly patient can be catastrophic. Nevertheless, studies indicate that many, if not most, cases are not recognized by patients, their families, or their physicians. Most patients are unaware of their cognitive impairment. Families tend to dismiss it as part of the normal aging process. Hence, the onus of recognition rests with physicians.
Research on Condition-based Maintenance Strategy of Transmission and Transformation Equipments Based on Condition Evaluation and Risk Assessment

To solve the problems in conventional regular maintenance of transmission and transformation equipment,the strategy of condition-based maintenance(CBM) is proposed in stead.Three CBM techniques based respectively on lifecycle management,reliability,state evaluation and risk assessment are compared.It is held that the last technique is obviously advantageous.The state evaluation of equipment covers the selection of state quantities,the evaluation of equipment state,and the determination of equipment state class,etc.The risk assessment of equipment uses risk values as indices,including the quantization of assets and the determination of assets loss rate.
Role of the Nasal Airway in Regulation of Airway Resistance During Hypercapnia and Exercise Second-Place Resident Award at 1982 Research Forum

Posterior mask rhinomanometry was used to measure nasal resistance during exercise and hypercapnia in 10 healthy adult volunteers. Exercise was produced by peddling a stationary bicycle at three loads. Hypercapnia was produced by breathing O2 mixtures containing 5%, 6%, and 8% CO2. The results showed that (1) nasal resistance decreases linearly as expired CO2 levels and exercise levels increase, (2) minute ventilation increases linearly as expired CO2 levels and exercise levels increase, and (3) nasal resistance varies inversely with minute ventilation during both hypercapnia and exercise. The constant relationship between nasal resistance and minute ventilation during hypercapnia and exercise suggests that nasal resistance is regulated by the respiratory center to match the level of respiratory demand.
Radio-Noise Generators

Radiation losses are proportional to the surface area of the heated part while the generated noise power is independent of this area. By reducing the dimensions of the device, it is possible to reduce radiation losses without diminishing the useful power output. It is well known that a resistor generates electric noise owing to the random motion of electrons. The available noise power is proportional to the temperature but is independent of the value of the resistance. If two resistors are connected in parallel and maintained at different temperatures, there is a net flow of electric noise power from the hotter to the colder. This energy can be converted into direct current and used for any desired purpose. The system described converts heat into electricity directly. There is also heat transfer by convection, conduction, and radiation. The crucial question is how much of the input heat is lost by these parasitic processes compared with what is transformed into electricity. By taking appropriate precautions, one can, at least conceptually, eliminate both convection and conduction but not radiation.
Cartilage Thickness and Surface Roughness Patterns in Healthy and Osteoarthritis Knees Novel 3D Analysis of Subjects from the Osteoarthritis Initiative

Objectives:Three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables characterization of articular cartilage (AC) morphology. AC is traditionally analyzed using mean cartilage thickness (MCT)...
Pharmacy research and predatory journals: Authors beware.

A 2012 opinion piece of mine in Nature bore the headline, “Predatory Publishers Are Corrupting Open Access.”[1][1] Now, almost four years later, the headline’s meaning remains true, except that the problem is much larger. The number of questionable and low-quality open-access journals and
SBDPs and Tau proteins for diagnosis and hypothermia therapy in neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

The use of spectrin breakdown products (SBDPs) and Tau protein levels for diagnosis and a mild hypothermia therapy for treatment of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) was evaluated. One hundred and fifty infants, with HIE within 12 h after birth, participated in the study. There were 30 newborns with mild symptoms, 60 with moderate symptoms, 60 with severe symptoms, and 30 in a control group. Regular therapy was used for the control and the mild HIE groups, and also for 30 cases in the group with moderate symptoms and for 30 in the group with severe symptoms. For the remaining infants, with moderate and severe symptoms, mild hypothermia therapy was used instead. A sandwich ELISA measured plasma concentrations of SBDPs and Tau proteins, at different time-points. For clinical follow-up, the neonatal behavioral neurological assessment (NBNA) assay and the Gesell development scale were performed at different time-points. The levels of SBDP and Tau proteins increased with the exacerbation of HIE, and decreased with the prolongation of therapy with statistically significant differences amongst groups. After treatment, the levels of SBDP and Tau proteins in groups with moderate and severe symptoms treated with mild hypothermia therapy were significantly lower than those of the groups treated with regular therapy. NBNA scores and the developmental quotient (DQ) were both worse with the increase in severity of HIE, however, the scores of groups with moderate and severe symptoms treated with mild hypothermia therapy were significantly better than those of groups treated with regular therapy (P<0.05). A gradual improvement of DQ was seen in the process of therapy in each group (P<0.05). According to a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, at a critical plasma concentration of SBDPs of 1.58 ng/ml, the sensitivity and specificity for HIE diagnosis was 84.6 and 87.5%, respectively. The ROC analysis for Tau protein yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 79.5 and 96.9%, respectively, at a critical plasma concentration of 4.76 pg/ml. Given our results, SBDPs and Tau proteins are very useful for the early diagnosis of HIE. Early application of mild hypothermia therapy for the treatment of HIE can greatly improve the function of neural development. These findings should greatly improve the evaluation and treatment approaches for HIE.
Forecasting Real Estate Cycle Risks in Portfolios of Office Properties Across Cities

Executive Summary. Relatively low-level Markov chain methods and widely available information allow this extension of real estate cycle risk analysis to office portfolios across cities initially in different cycle conditions. Examples include evaluation of cycle conditions at the end of a holding period and for cash flows from operations across a span of quarters. Standard spreadsheet functions serve to provide examples of changes in real estate cycle prospects, including before/after changes in portfolio weights, applying mean-variance dominance, mean-semivariance dominance, and stochastic dominance analysis.
Constrained reduced-order models based on proper orthogonal decomposition

Abstract A novel approach is presented to constrain reduced-order models (ROM) based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions were applied to the traditional reduced-order model to constrain the solution to user-defined bounds. The constrained reduced-order model (C-ROM) was applied and validated against the analytical solution to the first-order wave equation. C-ROM was also applied to the analysis of fluidized beds. It was shown that the ROM and C-ROM produced accurate results and that C-ROM was less sensitive to error propagation through time than the ROM.
Effect of fatigue on the stationarity of surface electromyography signals

Abstract The estimation of muscle fatigue using surface electromyography (SEMG) is of high relevance to evaluate ergonomic risk factors in the occupational settings. Signal stationarity plays an important role while selecting appropriate SEMG signal processing method for fatigue evaluation. The Fourier algorithm based signal processing methods (mean or median frequency of power spectrum) rely on the assumption that the signal under investigation is stationary. Stationarity of SEMG signals and its association with fatigue is rarely studied in the ergonomics literature. Therefore, this study was aimed at understanding the effect of fatigue on the stationarity of the SEMG data. Ten participants performed 40 min of fatiguing upper extremity exertions and SEMG data were recorded from the right upper trapezius muscle. The SEMG data recorded under static and dynamic conditions at the beginning and at the end of fatiguing exertions were used in the analysis. The stationarity analysis was performed for five window sizes of 128, 256, 512, 768 and 1024 ms using modified reverse arrangement test. The results showed that the muscle fatigue reduced the stationarity of the SEMG signal under static and dynamic conditions. The relationship between the muscle fatigue and the stationarity of the SEMG signal was found to be significant at the window size of 512 ms. A significantly higher fatigue related decrease in the stationarity was observed during dynamic exertions compared to the static exertions. Relevance to industry The findings from the current study illustrate that the stationarity of SEMG signals could be used to quantify muscle fatigue under static and dynamic task conditions. These findings are useful to the ergonomic practitioners in conducting muscle fatigue estimation using SEMG.
Conformational Changes of Methacrylate-Based Monomers at the Air–Liquid Interface Due to Bulky Substituents

Functionalization of monomers is important for various applications of polymers from electronics to surface coatings. Polymer chemists utilize methacrylate-based monomers to design polymers with wider application features. In this work, ethyl methacrylate-based monomers are functionalized with varying bulky substituents, methoxy (−OCH3), ethoxy (−OEt), isopropoxy (−OiPr), tert-butoxy (−OtBu), and phenoxy (−OPh), at the ethyl end position. These substituents are selected to understand the steric consequences of modification with a bulkier group. This study allows the determination of how the substitution affects the overall conformation of the monomer at the air–liquid interface using the sum frequency generation spectroscopic (SFGS) technique. The SFG spectral results were different for all monomers. To emphasize, the SFG intensity profile at ∼2910 cm–1 (assigned as the methyl symmetric stretch, −CH3 SS) is more noticeable in the SSP spectra compared to other vibrational modes in the SSP spectra. On the b...
Emergency Mass Critical Care

At any moment regular television programming could be interrupted with news of the emergence of a new strain of infective agent, a major industrial accident, or a terrorist event. Many devastating events are widespread and naturally occurring, like hurricanes, in which we have ample warning time to enact preparation plans; while others, like earthquakes, volcanoes, or tsunamis may kill or injure thousands before the news reports hit the airwaves. Industrial accidents and terrorist events are usually sudden and occur without any warning. Any of these events may have a local or regional effect; some may even have a global impact [1]. Regardless of the cause, after such an event, large amounts of the populace will be seeking medical care, whether from their primary care providers, public health departments, or local hospitals.
Complete Genome Sequence of Kluyveromyces lactis Strain GG799, a Common Yeast Host for Heterologous Protein Expression.

ABSTRACT We report the genome sequence of the dairy yeast Kluyveromyces lactis strain GG799 obtained using the Pacific Biosciences RS II platform. K. lactis strain GG799 is a common host for the expression of proteins at both laboratory and industrial scales.
Cu2IrO3: A New Magnetically Frustrated Honeycomb Iridate

We present the first copper iridium binary metal oxide with the chemical formula Cu2IrO3. The material is synthesized from the parent compound Na2IrO3 by a topotactic reaction where sodium is exchanged with copper under mild conditions. Cu2IrO3 has the same monoclinic space group (C2/c) as Na2IrO3 with a layered honeycomb structure. The parent compound Na2IrO3 is proposed to be relevant to the Kitaev spin liquid on the basis of having Ir4+ with an effective spin of 1/2 on a honeycomb lattice. Remarkably, whereas Na2IrO3 shows a long-range magnetic order at 15 K and fails to become a true spin liquid, Cu2IrO3 remains disordered until 2.7 K, at which point a short-range order develops. Rietveld analysis shows less distortions in the honeycomb structure of Cu2IrO3 with bond angles closer to 120° compared to Na2IrO3. Thus, the weak short-range magnetism combined with the nearly ideal honeycomb structure places Cu2IrO3 closer to a Kitaev spin liquid than its predecessors.
Opioid and Psychostimulant Plasticity: Targeting Overlap in Nucleus Accumbens Glutamate Signaling

Commonalities in addictive behavior, such as craving, stimuli-driven drug seeking, and a high propensity for relapse following abstinence, have pushed for a unified theory of addiction that encompasses most abused substances. This unitary theory has recently been challenged – citing distinctions in structural neural plasticity, biochemical signaling, and neural circuitry to argue that addiction to opioids and psychostimulants is behaviorally and neurobiologically distinct. Recent more selective examination of drug-induced plasticity has highlighted that these two drug classes promote an overall reward circuitry signaling overlap through modifying excitatory synapses in the nucleus accumbens – a key constituent of the reward system. We discuss adaptations in presynaptic/postsynaptic and extrasynaptic glutamate signaling produced by opioids and psychostimulants, and their relevance to circuit remodeling and addiction-related behavior – arguing that these core neural adaptations are important targets for developing pharmacotherapies to treat addiction to multiple drugs.
Institutionalized Chinese children with congenital medical conditions: Placement delay, developmental issues at arrival and current wellbeing

Abstract Background In the US, recent years have seen a significant increase in the number of internationally adopted children, especially those from China, with congenital medical conditions. To date, there is little research on the long-term wellbeing of international adoptees with congenital medical conditions. Method We investigated the relationship between congenital conditions and post-adoption mental disorder diagnosis and treatment in 235 female youth who were adopted from China about 15 years prior. The youth provided survey data on type of congenital conditions that they had, their developmental difficulties at the time of adoption, type of mental disorders that they currently had and the type of treatments that they were currently receiving. Results At adoption, the adoptees with congenital medical conditions were, on average, 20 months older than those without congenital medical conditions and had more developmental difficulties. The adopted youth who had two or more congenital conditions at adoption were more than twice as likely as their peers without congenital conditions to have mental disorder diagnoses (62.5% versus 27.63%), and >2.5 times as likely to be receiving treatments (54.17% versus 20.39%). Youth with two or more congenital medical conditions at adoption were 5.5 times as likely as their peers with no congenital conditions to currently have three or more mental disorder diagnoses (33.3% versus 5.9%), and were about 3 times as likely as their peers with no congenital conditions to be receiving medical/psychological treatments (25.0% versus 8.55%). Path analysis showed that developmental difficulties at adoption functioned as a full mediator between the number of congenital conditions at adoption and current number of current mental disorders and number of treatments.
The Esophagogastric Junction

Accurate identification of the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) is crucial for EGJ disease diagnosis, classification, and treatment in daily practice. Although a universally accepted criterion for EGJ has not been established, the most commonly used landmark for endoscopic mucosal EGJ is the proximal end of gastric longitudinal mucosal folds with a high reproducibility in different populations. As to histologic EGJ markers, the distal ends of deep esophageal glands and ducts, squamous epithelium, and multilayered epithelium are well recognized as reliable landmarks because those structures occur only in the esophagus.
The lung lesion in shock.

In this discussion, I will describe some of the mechanisms which I feel are basic to the lung lesion in shock and will attempt to unify these features into a logical sequence of events. Emphasis will be placed upon one mechanism by which permeability of the pulmonary capillary membrane may be altered to permit transudation of fluid into the lung interstitium.
The pathogenesis of autoimmunity in New Zealand black mice.

This paper will review the immune disease of New Zealand Black (NZB) mice and their F1 hybrids produced by mating with New Zealand White mice (NZB/NZW). It will attempt to highlight important recent observations made in many laboratories around the world without exhaustively reviewing all papers written on the subject. Previous reviews have emphasized pathological changes and disease descriptions in New Zealand mice (Howie and Helyer, 1968; Helyer and Howie, 1963 a). The present effort will stress the immunological abnormalities of these mice. An attempt will be made to relate these immunological abnormalities with genetic and viral factors known to be important in their disease processes. The authors and their co-workers have studied approximately 20 000 NZB and NZB/NZW mice with regard to natural history, immunology, pathogenesis of disease and therapy. They will draw upon this experience when possible to fill in details not available in published reports.
Bacteriology of the Paranasal Sinuses and the Nose in Health and Disease

■ The oral cavity is colonized by aerobic and anaerobic micro-organisms where anaerobic outnumber aerobic bacteria
Intestinal and hepatobiliary diseases in HIV-infected children

Children with HIV disease and gastrointestinal disease should be evaluated for enteric pathogens. Bacterial, protozoal, and viral agents can cause chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, and contribute to growth retardation. This article presents an approach to the evaluation of the HIV-infected child with gastrointestinal symptoms. Therapeutic and nutritional interventions are discussed with emphasis on the multidisciplinary approach required to initiate successful management.
Non-invasive investigations of human mummified remains by radiographic techniques

Radiography has been used as a tool for mummy research practically since its discovery by Roentgen. Within the same year as Roentgens discovery, (1896) reported on an x-ray image taken of a mummy in Germany. The next year, Sir Flinders Petrie used x-rays to study a mummy at the British Museum but was constrained by the size and weight of the equipment and only imaged the feet. In 1897 in Vienna, a doctor named Block x-rayed a whole mummy for a medical study. Eminent Egyptologist, Georg Ebers studied these findings (El Mahdy, 1989: 75). Tuthmoses IV was x-rayed by Khayat in 1903 and the films were studied by G. Eliot Smith. Smith determined the remains were much younger than the age estimated from translated writings (Smith, 1914). The results of this report began a long debate concerning historical estimates of Pharaonic age versus the biological age of Thutmoses. Were the historical estimates wrong? Was Smith wrong in his assessment? Or could the mummy have been mis-identified?
Obesity and Exercise

Physical inactivity and obesity are common problems among cancer survivors. Physical inactivity and obesity are risk factors for several forms of cancer, and weight gain and declines in physical activity often occur after a cancer diagnosis and during treatment. Low physical activity has been shown to lead to poor outcomes in breast and colon cancer survivors, and exercise interventions for survivors improve physical functioning and quality of life in several domains. Some evidence suggests that weight changes in breast cancer survivors may affect disease-free survival, but the evidence is conflicting on this point. Obesity can decrease cancer survivors’ quality of life, as well as increase their risks for comorbid health problems. The American Cancer Society has recently published nutrition, physical activity, and weight management recommendations for cancer survivors. Survivorship care should include giving survivors access to this information. In addition, encouraging survivors to adopt evidence-based behavioral strategies such as setting goals, monitoring themselves, changing their environment, and seeking social support can facilitate healthful behavior changes.
CHEMISTRY, ELECTROCHEMISTRY, AND ELECTROCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS | Oxygen

The oxygen atom and the dioxygen molecule are examined from the wave-mechanical electronic viewpoint. Its molecular orbitals account for both the paramagnetism of the normal triplet dioxygen molecule, and its lack of direct chemical reactivity compared with that of excited singlet oxygen and of the trioxygen allotrope ozone. Oxygen is involved in many electrolytes and active materials in electrochemical power sources. The major applications of dioxygen in electrochemical power sources are in oxygen reduction cathodes and oxygen evolution anodes. The first is reviewed in detail, while the second is considered elsewhere in this encyclopedia. At ordinary temperatures electrochemical oxygen reactivity is limited even on the best catalysts, compared with, e.g., dihydrogen oxidation. It is often stated that biochemical dioxygen reduction seems similar to fuel cell reactions, so these fast biochemical processes are reviewed. A discussion of dioxygen reduction electrocatalysis follows, including the effect of reaction intermediate adsorption on reaction rate in acid media, including compensation effects between the Arrhenius rate equation preexponential term and the activation energy. The activity of porous electrodes is critically evaluated for acid and alkaline media. Finally, dioxygen reduction at high temperatures in molten carbonate and solid oxide electrolytes is examined.
Comparing Public Concern and Support for Drone Regulation to the Current Legal Framework

In this study we assess the extent to which the regulations governing the use of drones in the United States address the concerns held by the public they are meant to protect. In general, respondents were most supportive of those regulations that could be categorized as limiting one's exposure to an unwanted drone. The most popular policies were those that protected personal privacy, while the least popular were those that hampered drones used for public safety. The largest discrepancy was found to be respondents' preference for laws protecting personal privacy compared with the lack of regulatory constraints currently in place. Federal regulators have only begun to introduce regulations on how drones can be used in our national airspace, with additional regulations for other types and sizes of drones likely to be introduced in the future. The results of this study may be utilized by regulators and lawmakers to create a regulatory structure that effectively mitigates risk and supports the public interest.
Wetland Indicators: A Guide to Wetland Formation, Identification, Delineation, Classification, and Mapping, Second Edition

Understand the current concept of wetland and methods for identifying, describing, classifying, and delineating wetlands in the United States with Wetland Indicators - capturing the current state of science's role in wetland recognition and mapping.Environmental scientists and others involved with wetland regulations can strengthen their knowledge about wetlands, and the use of various indicators, to support their decisions on difficult wetland determinations. Professor Tiner primarily focuses on plants, soils, and other signs of wetland hydrology in the soil, or on the surface of wetlands in his discussion of Wetland Indicators.Practicing - and aspiring - wetland delineators alike will appreciate Wetland Indicators' critical insight into the development and significance of hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, and other factors. Features Color images throughout illustrate wetland indicators. Incorporates analysis and coverage of the latest Army Corps of Engineers delineation manual. Provides over 60 tables, including extensive tables of U.S. wetland plant communities and examples for determining hydrophytic vegetation.
Abstract A117: Tumor-produced IL-6 and IL-8 are associated with MDSC accumulation and correlate with long-term clinical outcomes in melanoma patients

Background: Recruitment and expansion of immunosuppressive myeloid cells present a significant barrier to the successful treatment of melanoma. We aimed to identify tumor-secreted factors that altered the frequency of MDSCs and correlated with clinical outcomes in advanced melanoma patients. We hypothesized that production of IL-6 and IL-8 by melanoma tumors would lead to expansion and accumulation of MDSCs and correlate with long-term clinical outcomes. Methods: Expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in melanoma tumors as well as the plasma concentration of IL-6 and IL-8 were measured and compared with the frequency of circulating MDSCs in a total of 52 stage IV melanoma patients. These measures were correlated with tumor burden, BRAF status, lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and with clinical outcomes. Samples were collected beginning in January 2011 and clinical follow-up was collected through January 2018. Results: The plasma concentration of both IL-6 and IL-8 correlated with tumor burden (p Citation Format: Richard P. Tobin, Kimberly R. Jordan, Dana Davis, Victoria M. Vorwald, Kasey Couts, Dexiang Gao, Derek E Smith, William A Robinson, Virginia Borges, Martin D McCarter. Tumor-produced IL-6 and IL-8 are associated with MDSC accumulation and correlate with long-term clinical outcomes in melanoma patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; Sept 30-Oct 3, 2018; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A117.
Effects of external recirculation on a two‐stage mainstream anaerobic‐anammox treatment system

Nitritation-anammox treatment can be a potentially energy- and resource-efficient technology for treating mainstream wastewater. However, the issue of nitrate residue from anammox treatment remains to be addressed. Herein, external recirculation of the anammox effluent to a hybrid anaerobic reactor (HAR), which was also to provide a continuous flow with low COD/N for the nitritation-anammox reactor, was employed to decrease the residue compounds. The recirculation ratio of 50% was observed to be the optimal to achieve the best overall performance with potential savings in energy demand. Specifically, in the operation scenario of R = 50%, the highest COD removal of ~90% by the HAR was achieved. Meanwhile, the lowest COD/NH4 + -N ratio of ~2.0 in the HAR effluent ensured the lowest observed NO3 - -N/NH4 + -N ratio of ~14% in the nitritation-anammox reactor. These results have demonstrated the feasibility of applying external recirculation for nitrate residue removal via denitrification in the anaerobic pretreatment stage. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Nitritation-anammox treatment is an attractive method for mainstream wastewater treatment. Nitrate residue from anammox processes contributes to total nitrogen in the final effluent. Recirculation of anammox effluent to an anaerobic reactor can decrease nitrate residue. A recirculation ratio of 50% results in a low COD/NH4 + ratio of 2 that benefits the subsequent anammox.