cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying maize pollen movement in a maize canopy

Abstract An accurate assessment of the amount of pollen released in a cornfield that reaches the female flowers (silks) is important for determining both the amount and purity of seeds produced. A method for making this assessment is presented. In this method, the movement of maize pollen in and above a crop canopy is evaluated using a combination of measurements and modeling. In particular, concentrations, C (grains m −3 ), and downward vertical fluxes, F V (grains m −2 s −1 ) of pollen were measured at several heights inside and above a flowering maize canopy, and a Lagrangian stochastic (LS) simulation model was used to calculate concentrations and fluxes of pollen at these locations. Model estimates for the average release rate of pollen grains per area of crop, Q (grains m −2 s −1 ) were deduced by comparing measured and modeled values of C . Using these determinations of Q , the model predicted well ( r 2 = 0.73) the measured pollen fluxes in the canopy. On average, about 20% of the pollen released by the tassels reached the height of the silks in the canopy. Fluxes of pollen at silk height were highly variable, however. This variability was mainly due to the faster wind speeds and higher levels of turbulence in the upper canopy, which led to greater amounts of rebound and re-entrainment of pollen grains from leaves. The results of this study underscore the importance of rebound and re-entrainment processes in the amount of maize pollen reaching the silks.
5-Torsion in the Shafarevich–Tate Group of a Family of Elliptic Curves

Abstract We compute the φ -Selmer group for a family of elliptic curves, where φ is an isogeny of degree 5, then find a practical formula for the Cassels–Tate pairing on the φ -Selmer groups and use it to show that a particular family of elliptic curves have non-trivial 5-torsion in their Shafarevich–Tate group.
The fine structure of oyster agranular amebocytes from regenerating mantle wounds in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas.

Abstract A study of the fine structure of agranular amebocytes from regenerating mantle wounds in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, indicated that the unspecialized monocyte-type agranular amebocytes observed in amebocyte plugs from early wounds (72-hr-old wounds) may have differentiated into the fibroblasts and myoblasts typical of late wounds (144- and 240-hr-old wounds).
A Gene’s‐Eye View of Symbiont Transmission

Abstract: Symbiotic associations between species are ubiquitous, but we only poorly understand why some symbioses evolve to be mutualistic and others to be parasitic. One prominent hypothesis holds that vertical transmission of symbionts from host parents to their offspring selects for symbionts that are benign or beneficial, while horizontal transmission of symbionts among unrelated hosts selects for symbionts that are less beneficial or outright harmful. A long‐standing challenge to this hypothesis, however, is the existence of selfish genetic elements (SGEs). SGEs are passed exclusively from parent to offspring and are able to spread and persist in populations despite reducing the fitness of their hosts. Here I show that SGEs are in fact consistent with the transmission mode hypothesis if one measures transmission from the perspective of host genes instead of host organisms. Both meiotic drive genes and cytoplasmic sex ratio distorters require horizontal transmission, in the form of outbred sex, to spr...
Can linguists help judges know what they mean? Linguistic semantics in the court-room.

This paper considers how linguistic semantics can assist judges in determining the ' plain meaning' of words for the purpose of statutory interpretation. It describes the main schools of contemporary semantics, showing that leading experts in the field differ enormously in their basic assumptions and methods. It gives a detailed critique of surveys as a research method in semantics, concentrating on a recent American study (Cunningham et al., 1994) which has been proposed as a model of how linguists can help judges. Although the author advocates Anna Wierzbicka's reductive paraphrase approach and seeks to demonstrate its value for conceptual analysis in legal contexts, he argues that in view of the fragmented and under-developed state of lexical semantics it would be ill-advised for courts to recognise linguists as experts on word meanings.
Ultrasound indicators of persistent obstruction after submandibular sialolithotomy.

ObjectiveTo identify and describe the ultrasound indicators of persistent obstruction following transoral submandibular sialolithotomy and discuss the utility of ultrasound in the immediate postoperative period.Study DesignWe performed a prospective case series with planned data collection of patients who underwent treatment for symptomatic submandibular swelling.SettingA tertiary care center.SubjectsThirty-three patients of either sex with known submandibular gland sialoliths who failed endoscopic retrieval of calculi.MethodsWe performed in-office or operating room–based transoral submandibular gland sialolithotomy followed by immediate postprocedure ultrasound examination for the assessment of residual calculi. All patients underwent mandatory reexploration for suspicious findings.ResultsOnly the appearance of hyperechogenic foci with posterior shadowing reliably predicted the presence of residual stones following transoral sialolithotomy (P < .0001). The presence of hyperechogenic foci without posterio...
On the magnitude of the 11-year radiocarbon cycle

Radiocarbon and stable carbon isotope analyses of annual tree rings for the 15-yr period from A.D. 1940 through 1954 do not confirm the existence of an 11-yr cyclical change in the 14 C activity of atmospheric CO 2 having a 30‰ amplitude (peak to trough). Our results are in accord with predictions based upon the relationship between radiocarbon production and solar activity. Specifically, we find a ca. 3‰ amplitude variation during the 11-yr solar cycle that reflects the attenuation of the radiocarbon fluctuations by the atmosphere acting as a low pass filter. The minimum and maximum of the radiocarbon and solar cycles are inversely related with radiocarbon lagging by about 2 years. A ca. 5‰ increase between A.D. 1952 and A.D. 1954 is an expected result of nuclear weapon tests. Although our results are in qualitative agreement with theoretical expectation, measurement errors do not allow precise determination of the relatively small amplitude of the atmospheric radiocarbon variation due to the 11-yr solar cycle.
279 SYMPATHO-ADRENAL RESPONSE TO UMBILICAL CORD CUTTING (UCC)

Catecholamine (CAT) release has been observed in near term fetal sheep in response to a variety of stimuli including hypoxia, maternal hypovolemia or exercise and parturition. In earlier studies of fetal sympatho-adrenal activity in response to parturition it has not been possible to differentiate the effects of labor, intrapartum asphyxia, delivery and UCC on CAT release. We have used the acutely exteriorized near term fetal lamb to study the effects of delivery and UCC on CAT release. Results show that delivery alone evokes an elevation of newborn plasma CAT which is brief and followed by return to basal values by 30 min. Subsequent UCC evokes a marked release of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) (peak plasma levels 32,000 pg/ml and 35,000 pg/ml), maximal at 5 min. and persisting over the 4 hour study period. There is a concomitant rise in plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and reversal of post-delivery hypothermia. The magnitude of the CAT surge is inversely proportional to the degree of acidosis; a blunted FFA response and slower correction of hypothermia were observed in more acidotic animals despite higher CAT levels. Conclusions: 1) UCC is an important stimulus for fetal CAT release. 2) UCC stimulated neurosympathetic activity is of sufficient magnitude to influence many metabolic and cardiovascular functions. 3) Acidosis stimulates CAT release in the near term ovine fetus. 4) Acidosis obtunds neonatal chemical thermogenesis.
Atresia of the proximal right coronary artery in association with coronary artery fistula

A 2-year-old boy presented for evaluation of a systolic murmur. Echocardiogram demonstrated dilated left main and right coronary arteries. Selective injection of the left coronary artery confirmed dilation of the left main and anterior descending coronary arteries. The left anterior descending coronary artery subsequently filled the mid portion of the right coronary artery retrograde, which emptied into a blind fistula. The orifice of the right coronary artery was atretic, with no filling from the aortic root or the fistula.
A segment-based local composition model for the gibbs energy of polymer solutions

Abstract A segment-based local composition model is presented for the Gibbs energy of polymer solutions. The model represents a synergistic combination of the Flory-Huggins description for the configurational entropy of mixing molecules of different sizes and the Non-Random Two Liquid (NRTL) theory for the local composition contribution from mixing solvents and polymer segments. It reduces to the well-known NRTL equation if polymers are removed from the system. The model provides a most flexible thennodynamic framework to correlate the phase behavior of polymer solutions. The utility of the model was demonstrated with successful representation of vapor-liquid equilibrium and liquid-liquid equilibrium of single solvent, single polymer systems.
A Technique for Bedside Bronchofiberoscopy

A technique for bedside bronchofiberoscopy is described which is based upon the use of a soft latex nasopharyngeal airway for introduction of the instrument. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia and is well tolerated by the patient No morbidity has occurred in 325 procedures on 285 patients. In addition to visualization of lesions and airway dynamics of the tracheobronchial tree, methods for obtaining selective cultures and bronchography have also been developed. The technique of bedside bronchofiberoscopy promises to be a major advance in the diagnosis and management of bronchopulmonary disorders.
Low energy electron beam top surface image processing using chemically amplified AXT resist

High resolution processes are demonstrated with a positive-mode chemically amplified AXT top surface imaging resist system exposed with a low energy electron beam. Top surface imaging is an ideal match to low energy electron beam lithography because it allows thick resist layers to be patterned despite the limited penetration depth of the electron beam. The three key steps of the process are exposure, silylation, and etch development. All three steps influence the final process sensitivity, contrast, and resolution. The AXT has a poly(hydroxy styrene) base resin, and has been formulated both with and without a dye used to enhance optical absorption. We have achieved sub 100 nm resolution both with and without a postexposure bake. Critical area doses below 1 μC/m2 are demonstrated. The edge roughness and density of etch residue from silylation defects have been compared for a variety of oxygen plasma etch systems.
On the uniformization of the solutions of the porous medium equation inRN

The asymptotics of the solution of the porous medium equation are related to the size of the initial data measured in an optimal way. The universality of the separable solutions is established. Finally an interesting difference with the heat equation is pointed out.
A multivariate latent growth curve analysis of adolescent substance use

This article demonstrates a multivariate latent growth curve methodology (LGM) for analyzing longitudinal adolescent substance use data. Hypotheses concerning the form of growth in substance use, individual differences in the common trajectory over time, and covariates influencing growth were tested. Significant linear increases existed for alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Second‐order multivariate extensions of LGM indicated that associations among the individual differences parameters of the various substances could be adequately modeled by a higher order substance use construct. Family status, parent‐child conflict, peer encouragement for substance use, parent substance use, and age significantly influenced initial levels of use. Peer encouragement, change in peer encouragement, change in parent‐child conflict, age, and gender significantly influenced development of use. These findings support the influence of families and peers on the development of adolescent substance use and demonstrate the u...
Enhanced Phosphodiestric Breakdown of Phosphatidylinositol Bisphosphate After Experimental Brain Injury

Regional levels of lactate and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), a cellular second messenger of the excitatory neurotransmitter system, were measured after lateral fluid percussion (FP) brain injury in rats. At 5 min postinjury, tissue lactate concentrations were significantly elevated in the cortices and hippocampi of both the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres. By 20 min postinjury, lactate concentrations were elevated only in the cortices and hippocampus of the ipsilateral hemisphere. Whereas the IP3 concentrations were elevated in the hippocampi of the ipsilateral and contralateral hemisphere and in the cortex of ipsilateral hemisphere at 5 min postinjury, no elevation in these sites was found at 20 min postinjury. Histologic analysis revealed neuronal damage in the cortex and CA3 regions of hippocampus ipsilateral to the injury at 24 h postinjury. The present results suggest activation of the phosphoinositide signal transduction pathway at the onset of injury and of a possible requirement of early persistent metabolic dysfunction (> 20 min) such as the lactate accumulation in the delayed neuronal damage.
Causality and Multiply Connected Space-Time

With the introduction of multiply connected topologies into physics, a question of causality arises. There are alternative routes between two points in a multiply connected space. Therefore, one may ask if a signal traveling at the speed of light along one route could be outpaced by a signal which has traveled a much shorter path through a handle or "wormhole." This paper examines one such situation and shows that in this example causality is preserved. It proves essential in the analysis to distinguish between those regions of space-time which are catastrophic and those which are not. A catastrophic region is composed of catastrophic points. A catastrophic point in space-time is so located with respect to eventual singularities in the intrinsic geometry that every time-like geodesic through it necessarily runs into a region of infinite curvature at some time in the future---or was born out of a region of infinite curvature at some time in the past---or both. If a classical analysis of nature were possible---which it is not---then it would be natural to postulate that laboratory physics is carried out in noncatastrophic regions of space-time. Two such regions are shown to exist in the example considered in the paper. It is shown that no signal can ever be sent from one to the other. The key point in preventing any violation of causality is simple: The (Schwarzschild) throat of the wormhole pinches off in a finite time and traps the signal in a region of infinite curvature. This investigation also displays some of the unusual geometric features of the Schwarzschild solution of Einstein's equations for a spherically symmetrical center of attraction. Radial spacelike geodesics passing through the throat are calculated and it is shown that there exist regions of space-time unreachable by any radial geodesics that issue from a given point. Also, there exist points in space-time from which light signals can never be received no matter how long one waits.
High contrast 150-terawatt laser for high field laser-plasma interaction studies

Summary form only given. High power chirped pulse amplification (CPA) lasers are capable of providing enough power to study relativistic regime-of laser-plasma interaction, including effects such as high-energy particle acceleration, relativistic self-focusing and nonlinear Thomson scattering. To achieve this regime focused laser intensity must be over 10/sup 18/ W/cm/sup 2/ (typically-10/sup 19/-10/sup 20/ W/cm/sup 2/). If solid metal target is irradiated the laser intensity contrast on the nanosecond timescale must be better than 12 orders of magnitude to ensure that the target does not disintegrate before the pulse arrives. To improve the pulse contrast in the 25 fs CPA laser system, we are currently building for high field laser-plasma studies at CUOS, we pursue an approach, originally developed at CUOS for longer pulses (/spl sim/100 fs). We pre-amplify the oscillator output pulse to submicrojoule energy level without stretching the pulse, improve the pulse contrast by using a saturable absorber and stretch the pulse thereafter for further amplification.
Zinc-mediated Dimerization and Its Effect on Activity and Conformation of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Type C

Staphylococcal enterotoxins are superantigen exotoxins that mediate food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome in humans. Despite their structural and functional similarities, superantigens display subtle differences in biological properties and modes of receptor binding as a result of zinc atoms bound differently in their crystal structures. For example, the crystal structures of the staphylococcal enterotoxins in the type C serogroup (SECs) contain a zinc atom coordinated by one aspartate and two histidine residues from one molecule and another aspartate residue from the next molecule, thus forming a dimer. This type of zinc ligation and zinc-mediated dimerization occurs in several SECs, but not in most other staphylococcal enterotoxin serogroups. This prompted us to investigate the potential importance of zinc in SEC-mediated pathogenesis. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to replace SEC zinc binding ligands with alanine. SEC mutants unable to bind zinc did not have major conformational alterations although they failed to form dimers. Zinc binding was not essential for T cell stimulation, emesis, or lethality although in general the mutants were less pyrogenic. Thus the zinc atom in SECs might represent a non-functional heavy atom in an exotoxin group that has diverged from related bacterial toxins containing crucial zinc atoms.
Ultra-wideband transmitted reference systems

This paper derives optimal receiver structures for an ultra-wideband transmitted reference (UWB TR) system in multipath environments, based on the average likelihood ratio test (ALRT) with Rayleigh or lognormal path strength models. Several suboptimal receivers are obtained by either applying an approximation to the log-likelihood function without any specific channel statistical models or by approximating two ALRT optimal receiver structures. It is shown that the generalized likelihood ratio test optimal receiver is one of the suboptimal receiver structures in the ALRT sense. Average bit error probabilities of ALRT receivers are evaluated. Results show that ALRT optimal and suboptimal receivers derived from Rayleigh and lognormal models can perform equally well in each other's environments. This paper also investigates ad hoc cross-correlation receivers in detail, and discusses the equivalence between cross-correlation receivers and one theoretically derived ALRT suboptimal receiver. Results show that the noise /spl times/ noise term in a cross-correlation receiver can be modeled quite accurately by a Gaussian random variable when the noise time/spl times/bandwidth product is large, and cross-correlation receivers are suboptimal structures which have worse performance than ALRT receivers.
Vesicular transport of Fe and interaction with other metal ions in polarized Caco2 Cell monolayers

Two aspects of the mechanisms by which iron is absorbed by the intestine were studied in the Caco2 cell model, using 59Fe(II)-ascorbate. Data showing the importance of vesicular processes and cycling of apotransferrin (apoTf) to uptake and overall transport of Caco2 cell monolayers (or basolateral 59Fe release) were obtained by comparing effects of: a) adding apoTf to the basal chamber; b) adding vesicular transport inhibitors; or c) cooling to 4 degrees C. These showed that apoTf may be involved in as much as half of Fe transfer across the basolateral membrane, and that vesicular processes may also play a role in non-apoTf-dependent Fe transport. Studies were initiated to examine potential interactions of other metal ions with Fe(II) via DMT1. Kinetic data showed a single, saturable process for uptake of Fe(II) that was pH dependent and had a Km of 7 microM. An excess of Mn(II) and Cu(I) over Fe(II) of 200: 1 (microM: microM) in 1 mM ascorbate markedly inhibited Fe uptake. The kinetics were not competitive. Km increased and Vmax decreased. We conclude that vesicular transport, involving endo- and exocytosis at both ends of the enterocyte, is a fundamental aspect of intestinal iron absorption and that DMT1 may function as a transporter not just for divalent but also for monovalent metal ions.
Chemogenetic Tools to Interrogate Brain Functions

Elucidating the roles of neuronal cell types for physiology and behavior is essential for understanding brain functions. Perturbation of neuron electrical activity can be used to probe the causal relationship between neuronal cell types and behavior. New genetically encoded neuron perturbation tools have been developed for remotely controlling neuron function using small molecules that activate engineered receptors that can be targeted to cell types using genetic methods. Here we describe recent progress for approaches using genetically engineered receptors that selectively interact with small molecules. Called “chemogenetics,” receptors with diverse cellular functions have been developed that facilitate the selective pharmacological control over a diverse range of cell-signaling processes, including electrical activity, for molecularly defined cell types. These tools have revealed remarkably specific behavioral physiological influences for molecularly defined cell types that are often intermingled with p...
Non-intrusive characterization of heat transfer fluid aerosol sprays released from an orifice

Abstract Organic heat transfer fluids (HTFs) are widely used because of their low vapor pressures and wide ranges of working temperatures. It is a common misconception that operations involving HTFs below their flash point temperatures do not represent a hazard, but aerosols of combustible liquids at temperatures below their flashpoints have been recognized for their potential to cause fires and explosions. The hazard is further exacerbated by the paucity of experimental information about the formation and behavior of aerosols from HTF releases. This article presents droplet sizes, spray development, and aerosol formation distances for an alkylated aromatic HTF aerosol generated mechanically by means of a leak from a pressurized container into ambient air as functions of HTF temperature, pressure, and orifice size. A Malvern Laser Diffraction Particle Analyzer was used to measure aerosol droplet sizes along the centerline of the liquid sprays, and high-speed photography was used for spray visualization and interpretation of stream atomization. Effects of pressure, temperature, and orifice diameter confirm critical Weber Number theory.
Thermally induced laser pulsing to measure weak optical absorptions.

Intracavity thermal lensing has been used to convert a cw dye laser to pulsed operation. The pulse width is a measure of the absorptivity of the solution in the cell. Experimental data are presented to show how this technique can be used to measure the absorptivity of a pure solvent and the concentration of a solute. The absorptivities (base e) of water, CH3OH, CH3COCH3, and CCl4 were determined to be, respectively, (1.24 ± 0.17) × 10−3, (1.01 ± 0.07) × 10−3, (1.74 ± 0.09) × 10−4, and (3.95 ± 3.40) × 10−6 cm−1. For CCl4 in a 10-cm sample cell, the minimum detectable absorptivity is ~4 × 10−6 cm−1.
Translating the Genome in Time and Space: Specialized Ribosomes, RNA Regulons, and RNA-Binding Proteins

A central question in cell and developmental biology is how the information encoded in the genome is differentially interpreted to generate a diverse array of cell types. A growing body of research on posttranscriptional gene regulation is revealing that both global protein synthesis rates and the translation of specific mRNAs are highly specialized in different cell types. How this exquisite translational regulation is achieved is the focus of this review. Two levels of regulation are discussed: the translation machinery and cis-acting elements within mRNAs. Recent evidence shows that the ribosome itself directs how the genome is translated in time and space and reveals surprising functional specificity in individual components of the core translation machinery. We are also just beginning to appreciate the rich regulatory information embedded in the untranslated regions of mRNAs, which direct the selective translation of transcripts. These hidden RNA regulons may interface with a myriad of RNA-binding proteins and specialized translation machinery to provide an additional layer of regulation to how transcripts are spatiotemporally expressed. Understanding this largely unexplored world of translational codes hardwired in the core translation machinery is an exciting new research frontier fundamental to our understanding of gene regulation, organismal development, and evolution.
Social Landscape and Ritual Pause Uncertainty and Integration in Formative Peru

In the study of emergent complexity, little attention has been given to the strategies employed by autonomous household-based communities to overcome the social risks and uncertainties of initial integration and how these strategies can be examined archeologically. Such strategies can be designed to slow the integrative process and to provide small-scale communities with the opportunity to negotiate the form of emerging social cohesion. The Late Initial Period of Peru (c. 1500-1000 BC) presents a case study in which households are integrated for the first time at public ceremonies that were influenced or organized by a centralizing external ideology. The archeological evidence at San Luis, a U-shaped mound complex in the Zana Valley, Peru, suggests the use of segmented ritual spaces and rhythmic, time-extended ritual pauses by households to ensure social harmony and to deter or delay movements toward political centralization. The broader implications of these developments are discussed for early complex s...
Hot summers in continental interiors: The case against equability during the early Paleogene

The early Paleogene represents the warmest time of the Cenozoic. Tropical temperatures may have been ≥35 °C ([Head et al., 2009][1]; [Jaramillo et al., 2010][2]; [Pearson et al., 2001][3]). Mean annual temperatures (MAT) in mid-latitude continental interiors were considerably higher than today,
Norepinephrine-induced growth and alteration of molecular fingerprints in Escherichia coli O157:H7.

The small intestine is richly innervated with adrenergic neurons that elaborate high levels of monoamines, especially norepinephrine (Meirieu et al., 1986). Previous reports from our laboratory have demonstrated the ability of norepinephrine to increase the in vi­tro growth of gram-negative bacteria (Lyte and Ernst, 1992, 1993). To determine whether norepinephrine-induced alterations in growth are accompanied by bacterial genetic rear­rangements, arbitrarily-primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) was performed on Escherichia coli 0157:H7. It is generally assumed that the molecular fingerprint of any one bacterial strain cannot be altered. The finding of norepinephrine-induced alterations in the molecular fingerprint would indicate that the neurohormonal environment of the small intestine may play a crucial role in determining subsequent pathogenicity.
A novel stationary phase: capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers for HPLC separations of proteins.

A novel stationary phase is demonstrated for the separation of proteins. Capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers provide a stationary phase that is characterized by a high surface activity (yielding strong wicking action) and drastically reduced back pressures. Columns prepared by pulling approximately 1200 50- micro m diameter polypropylene C-CP fibers through stainless steel tubing with column dimensions of 4.6-mm i.d. and 306-mm length exhibit reversed-phase characteristics in the separation of the proteins. A gradient method [95:5 water-acetonitrile (ACN)/propanol (1:1) to 35:65 water-ACN/propanol] with trifluoroacetic acid added as an ion-pairing agent yields high-quality separations of superoxide dismutase, hemoglobin, hemocyanin, and myoglobin. It is believed that the C-CP fiber stationary phase holds a number of promising traits for applications in both analytical and prep-scale separations of diverse organic species, including a wide range of biomolecules.
Probabilistic Game Automata

We define a probabilistic game automaton, a general model of a two-person game. We show how this model includes as special cases the games against nature of Papadimitriou [9], the Arthur-Merlin games of Babai [1] andthe interactive proof systems of Goldwasser, Micali and Rackoff [5]. We prove a number of results about another special case, games against unknown nature, which is a generalization of games against nature. In our notation, we let UP(UC, resp.) denote the class of two-person games with unbounded two-sided error where one player plays randomly with partial information (complete information, resp.) and the otherplayer plays existentially. Hence, the designation UC refers to games against known nature andUP refers to games against unknown nature. We show that $$\begin{gathered}ATIME(t(n)) = UC - TIME(t(n)) \subseteq UP - TIME(t(n)) \subseteq UC - TIME(t^2 (n)) \hfill \\ASPACE(s(n)) = UC - SPACE(s(n)) \subseteq UP - SPACE(log(s(n))) \hfill \\\end{gathered}$$ where ATIME and ASPACE refer to alternating time and spacerespectively. We assume that all the space and time bounds are deterministically constructible and s(n)=Ω(n). The equalityATIME(t(n))=UC-TIME(t(n)) is due to Papadimitriou[9]. All the other inclusions above except one involve the simulation of one game by another. The exception is the result that UC-SPACE(s(n))⊑ASPACE(s(n)) which is shown byreducing a certain game theoretic problem to linear programming.
Multi-Agent Framework for General-Purpose Situational Simulations in the Construction Management Domain

The need for contextually rich education environments in construction management suggests the development of a general-purpose situational simulation framework that can be used by independent developers to build effective training environments. Design and implementation of such a framework involves an understanding of the reasoning processes underlying the construction management domain. These reasoning processes can be isolated using a conceptual classification of problems in the construction management domain into constraint satisfaction and planning. Such a classification allows us to distribute the different reasoning processes to autonomous agents that comprise the foundations of a multi-agent framework for building general-purpose situational simulations. The Virtual Coach is an implementation of the proposed framework. Experimental results from preliminary studies have shown the efficacy of the Virtual Coach as an educational tool.
Recoilless resonance absorption in Ru99

Recoilless radiative emission and absorption were observed for the 90- kev transition in Ru/sup 99/ resulting from the decay of Rh/sup 99/. The ground state spin and magnetic moment were measured as 5/2 and --0.6, respectively. It is suggested that the spin of the 90-kev state is either 1/2 or 3/2. (C.E.S.)
My brain is my passport. Verify me

The use of biometrics in consumer electronics increases security while decreasing responsibility of the user. Most technologies in this realm, however, authenticate users based upon static characteristics such as voice patterns or fingerprints, rather than dynamic qualities such as brainwaves. In this work, we evaluate the efficacy of existing consumer-level EEG devices as authentication mechanisms for consumer electronics via a novel biometric. In doing so, we enumerate the requirements for implementation and large-scale adoption of more viable consumer solutions.
Some behavioral effects of metepa and tretamine on Drosophila melanogaster.

When males of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen were treated topically either with metepa or tretamine, they retained all biological functions and were fully competitive in mating with the untreated females. Only the courtship periods were affected when males were treated topically. Successive daily mating of either treated or untreated males with virgin females caused a decrease in number of eggs laid per female per day with each successive mating. The untreated flies outlived the treated flies.
The Problem of the Criterion & Sosa’s Virtue Epistemology

The Problem of the Criterion arises from two plausible intuitions: first, belief sources (such as testimony and perception) should be reliable. Second, a person should be justified in believing that the source is reliable before it can produce justified beliefs. The problem is that these intuitions create a vicious circularity and lead to skepticism. The circularity arises from the priority relation between justified beliefs about a source and justified beliefs produced by a source. Oftentimes, the only way to have justified beliefs about the reliability of a source is to use that very source. For instance, the only way to acquire justified beliefs about the reliability of testimony may be to use other instances of testimony. But that is circular. In this paper, I apply The Problem of Criterion to testimony and argue that Ernest Sosa’s virtue epistemology offers a solution. Editor's Note: Honorable Mention Paper, 17th Annual Pacific University Undergraduate Philosophy Conference (2013)
Biology and Management of the Green Stink Bug

The green stink bug, Acrosternum hilare (Say) \[ Chinavia hilaris (Say)\] (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is one of the most damaging native stink bug species in the United States. It is a pest of economic importance in a variety of commodities, including cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.), soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.], tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.), and peaches [ Prunus persica (L.) Batsch].Stink bug feeding can result in cosmetic damage as well as reduced quality and yield. Acrosternum hilare and other stink bugs have become a major challenge to integrated pest management systems because control options are basically limited to the application of broad-spectrum insecticides such as organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. However, neonicotinoids are generally effective for control of this stink bug and may be less disruptive to natural enemies. Further options for stink bug management that are being explored include the use of trap crops and enhancing beneficial parasitoid populations. The green stink bug is native and found throughout the United States. It has a wide host range, and is a pest of many agricultural commodities. The green stink bug can cause feeding injury to fruit, vegetable, and field crops that may require preventative management. Many strategies are available for its control, which include multiple chemical, cultural, and biological options. Broad-spectrum insecticides such as pyrethroids and organophosphates, as well as the less toxic neonicotinoids, are efficacious against the green stink bug. Cultural options, including trap cropping and the planting of resistant varieties, have been documented as decreasing crop injury by stink bugs. In addition, there are multiple natural enemies that reduce population numbers.
Disentangling endogenous versus exogenous pattern formation in spatial ecology: a case study of the ant Azteca sericeasur in southern Mexico.

Spatial patterns in ecology can be described as reflective of environmental heterogeneity (exogenous), or emergent from dynamic relationships between interacting species (endogenous), but few empirical studies focus on the combination. The spatial distribution of the nests of Azteca sericeasur, a keystone tropical arboreal ant, is thought to form endogenous spatial patterns among the shade trees of a coffee plantation through self-regulating interactions with controlling agents (i.e. natural enemies). Using inhomogeneous point process models, we found evidence for both types of processes in the spatial distribution of A. sericeasur. Each year's nest distribution was determined mainly by a density-dependent relationship with the previous year's lagged nest density; but using a novel application of a Thomas cluster process to account for the effects of nest clustering, we found that nest distribution also correlated significantly with tree density in the later years of the study. This coincided with the initiation of agricultural intensification and tree felling on the coffee farm. The emergence of this significant exogenous effect, along with the changing character of the density-dependent effect of lagged nest density, provides clues to the mechanism behind a unique phenomenon observed in the plot, that of an increase in nest population despite resource limitation in nest sites. Our results have implications in coffee agroecological management, as this system provides important biocontrol ecosystem services. Further research is needed, however, to understand the effective scales at which these relationships occur.
Reaction of β-propiolactone with amino acids and its specificity for methionine

1. The reactions of β-propiolactone with amino acids were investigated under various conditions of pH and temperature to find those under which the reagent acted with specificity. 2. At pH9·0 and 22°, after 15min. of reaction, at least 85% of each amino acid had reacted, methionine and cystine being the most reactive. 3. At pH7·0 and 22° most amino acids reacted; methionine, cystine and histidine reacted almost entirely, and proline and lysine to a significantly smaller extent. 4. At pH3·0 and 22° further specificity was obtained; methionine and cystine were the only reactive amino acids. 5. Reaction at pH3·0 and 0° was specific for methionine; it was the only amino acid modified even after 145hr. of reaction.
Retail space invaders: when employees’ invasion of customer space increases purchase intentions

This research fills a gap in the retailing literature regarding physical proximity while shopping. Most research in this area examines perceived crowding or social presence and largely ignores issues of distance. Using four studies we explore the impact of the physical proximity of an employee to a shopper. Contrary to common belief, we show that such encroachments can increase consumers’ acceptance feelings and their purchase intentions. We illustrate how these results are consistent with social identity theory. The results show a shopper can have higher purchase intentions the closer an employee physically gets to them due to an increase in feelings of acceptance. This result is strengthened when being included to an in-group is important to the shopper. The negative effects of feeling anxious in a purchase situation can also be buffered the closer an employee gets. Finally, the positive relationship of felt acceptance to purchase intentions is most critical when the product being purchased is perceived as less expressive. These results have important implications to our understanding of shopper behavior and reactions to physical proximity.
Depositing SiO2 on Al2O3: a Route to Tunable Brønsted Acid Catalysts

Strongly Bronsted acidic silica–alumina materials are workhorse catalysts in petroleum processes, including cracking, isomerization, and hydrocarbon synthesis. Here thin, conformal overcoats of SiO2, 2–5 nm by TEM, were synthesized on pre-existing Al2O3 supports by stepwise addition of tetraethyl orthosilicate under basic conditions, and the surfaces were interrogated by N2 physisorption along with NH3 and pyridine chemisorption. SiO2 layers thicker than 5 nm give largely inert surfaces, but adding only 2 nm of SiO2 is shown to quench the underlying Lewis acidity and unexpectedly form Bronsted acid sites strong enough to protonate gas-phase pyridine. Alternately, the use of a molecular template grafted to the alumina surface before SiO2 deposition selectively preserves the most reactive AlOH. In the catalytic cracking of 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene at 450 °C, Al2O3 overcoated by 2 nm of SiO2 proved to be a highly active catalyst with 10 times higher conversion in comparison to that of Al2O3. Finally, the si...
Osteoporosis Therapy in Postmenopausal Women With High Risk of Fracture.

Of the 2463 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis in this trial, more than half had a history of a fracture prior to study entry. 6 Compared with placebo, treatment with abaloparatide was associated with significant reductions in new morphometric vertebral fractures (0.58% [n = 4] of patients in the abaloparatide group vs 4.22% [n = 30] in the placebo group; relative risk, 0.14 [95% CI, 0.05-0.39]; P < .001) and in nonvertebral fractures (2.7% of patients in the abaloparatide group vs 4.7% in the placebo group; hazard ratio, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.321.00]; P = .049). Estimates of improvement in BMD by dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry of the spine and hip were consistent with the fracture effects. An additional open-label comparison with teriparatide was performed, which had similar vertebral and nonvertebral fracture rates to abaloparatide. In an exploratory analysis, the combined outcome of major osteoporotic fractures (upper arm, wrist, hip, or clinical spine) was lower with abaloparatide (1.5%) vs teriparatide (6.2%); but there was no difference in clinical fractures (defined as all fractures regardless of history of trauma). Prespecified comparisons of effects on BMD showed significantly greater BMD changes in total hip and femoral neck sites after 12 and 18 months of treatment with abaloparatide vs teriparatide. BMD at sites within the hip, enriched with cortical bone, has lagged behind trabecular bone in its responsiveness to
Unpalatable, yet unprotected: trout reduce survival and development rate of rare toad tadpoles despite chemical defense

Unpalatable prey species often have toxins that protect from direct consumption. However, negative effects of prey manipulation by predators are rarely considered and may understate impacts to unpa...
Regulation of plant secondary metabolism and associated specialized cell development by MYBs and bHLHs

Plants are unrivaled in the natural world in both the number and complexity of secondary metabolites they produce, and the ubiquitous phenylpropanoids and the lineage-specific glucosinolates represent two such large and chemically diverse groups. Advances in genome-enabled biochemistry and metabolomic technologies have greatly increased the understanding of their metabolic networks in diverse plant species. There also has been some progress in elucidating the gene regulatory networks that are key to their synthesis, accumulation and function. This review highlights what is currently known about the gene regulatory networks and the stable sub-networks of transcription factors at their cores that regulate the production of these plant secondary metabolites and the differentiation of specialized cell types that are equally important to their defensive function. Remarkably, some of these core components are evolutionarily conserved between secondary metabolism and specialized cell development and across distantly related plant species. These findings suggest that the more ancient gene regulatory networks for the differentiation of fundamental cell types may have been recruited and remodeled for the generation of the vast majority of plant secondary metabolites and their specialized tissues.
The common law and the forms of reasoning

The purpose of this article is to examine how various forms of reasoning both can and should be used to decide cases in the common law tradition. I start by separating positive questions about what the law is from normative questions about what the law ought to be. Next, I present a Peircean account of three main forms of reasoning – deduction, induction and abduction – and examine how they can be used by judges to decide cases in the common law. Finally, I argue that the three forms of reasoning can be used to answer both kinds of questions, but in different ways. All three forms of reasoning can be used to answer questions of positive law, while questions of normative law present a special case that may require the use of aesthetic judgments of taste in the formation of a legal hypothesis.
T-Cells Redirected Against the kappa Light Chain of Human Immunoglobulins Target Mature B Cell Derived Malignancies In Vitro and In Vivo.

Adoptive transfer of CD19 or CD20 chimeric artificial receptors (CARs) to T-lymphocytes has been proposed to treat B-cell malignancies. If successful, however, the approach would likely severely impair humoral immunity. Since chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), follicular lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma, express surface monoclonal immunoglobulins (Igs) carrying kappa (κ) or lambda (λ) light chain, we explored whether chimeric T-cells targeting these immunoglobulin chains could be used instead. This approach would selectively eliminate κ+ or λ+ clonal tumor cells while sparing λ+ and κ+ normal B cells, respectively. We generated an anti-κ scFv from the κ-specific monoclonal antibody (hybridoma HP6053), using RT-PCR and phage display. The specific scFv was cloned in SFG-retrovirus vector in frame with the IgG1-CH2CH3 domain, CD28 endodomain and ζ chain of the TCR complex (CAR46/CD28/ζ). T-cells obtained from 6 normal donors were activated with OKT3/CD28 antibodies and then transduced. Seventy-one percent (range 68%-76%) of T-cells were CAR46/28/ζ+. The cytotoxicity of transgenic T-cells was tested using the 51Cr release assay against several B-cell malignancies (Daudi, BJAB, JEKO-1 and CLL-120 as κ+/λ− targets; SP53: λ+/κ−target; RAJI, κ−/λ− target; K562). CAR46/28/ζ+ T-cells efficiently killed all κ+ tumors (44%, range 48%–80% at 20:1 ratio) with 2,000 pg/mLx106cells) and significantly expanded (11 fold, range 7–16) in response to autologous tumor cells (κ+B-CLL). No significant expansion was observed in control T-cells or T-cells transduced with CAR46/ζ receptor lacking the CD28 domain. To discover whether free Ig-kappa in serum competed for the chimeric receptor we co-cultured CAR46/28/ζ+ T-cells with Daudi cells (ratio 10:1). Although the presence of plasma (1:1) reduced killing (residual activity 25%±6%) in short term cytotoxicity assays, the chimeric T cells retained the ability to eliminate all viable tumor cells by day 5–7 of co-culture, while tumor overgrowth was observed in the presence of control T-cells. To explore the function of transduced cells in vivo we used a xenograft mouse model and in vivo bioluminescence. We injected i.p. Daudi cells (5x106) expressing renilla Luciferase (RL) and 5 days later T-cells (10x106) expressing both CAR46/28/ζ and firefly Luciferase (FL) or T-cells expressing only the FL. No exogenous cytokines were given. By day 16, FL signal was significantly enhanced in mice receiving CAR46/28/ζ+ cells (ROI=3.2x106counts) compared to mice receiving control cells (ROI=0.3x106) suggesting an in vivo expansion of CAR46/28/ζ+ T-cells. In parallel, RL signal was reduced in mice receiving CAR46/28/ζ+ T-cells (ROI=0.6x106) compared to mice receiving control T-cells (ROI=1.2x106) suggesting control of tumor growth. Adoptive transfer of T-cells targeting the appropriate Ig light chain could be a useful immunotherapy approach to treat clonal B cell malignancies.