cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Promoting Formative Assessment in Online Teaching and Learning

Using effective assessment techniques can improve an instructor’s understanding of student needs and support learner-centered classrooms. Evaluating student learning takes on a new meaning in online classroom environment where students and instructors do not share physical proximity. According to Garrison (2011), the assessment strategies used to determine student learning send “a very strong signal as to what is important and how they should approach learning” (p. 14). This paper describes formative assessment techniques used by two instructors in their respective online courses at the graduate level. The authors give suggestions in designing assessment activities to improve online teaching and learning by making use of student learning data.
Invited Article: Maintenance of certification: The next phase in assessing and improving physician performance

Certification by one of the 24 Member Boards of the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) is widely used as an indicator of higher standards and better care. That certification is linked to quality care is largely borne out by the research.1–15 Some of the data are quite striking, for instance, linking certification to a significant reduction in mortality for acute myocardial infarction,1–3 colonic resection,4 and peptic ulcer surgery.5 Certification has been associated with a decrease in complications as well as mortality for other major surgical procedures, including carotid endarterectomy and abdominal aortic aneurysm resection.6 A review of the evidence from multiple studies suggests that board certification is associated with positive clinical outcomes and that certification examination results are correlated with other measures of physician competence.7 Another study found that Medicare beneficiaries who saw board-certified internists were significantly more likely to receive appropriate preventive care services (including hemoglobin A1c monitoring, colorectal cancer screening, mammography, and pneumococcal and influenza vaccine) than those whose physicians were not board certified.8 Furthermore, patients cared for by board-certified physicians received recommended care (such as aspirin and beta-blockers) for heart attacks9 and the recommended number of prenatal visits10 more often than those who were cared for by noncertified physicians. Also, the lack of anesthesiologist board certification has been associated with poorer outcomes.11 In general, the lack of board certification has been associated with a greater risk of disciplinary action.16,17 The physician specialty movement began in earnest 90 years ago, and in 1933, four medical boards (American Board of Dermatology, American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology, American Board of Ophthalmology, and American Board of Otolaryngology) formed the forerunner of ABMS to advance the cause of specialty certification. Currently there are 24 ABMS Member Boards, which certify …
Response of Uncertain Systems to Stochastic Excitation

The reliability of structural systems with time‐invariant, uncertain parameters subjected to stochastic excitation is investigated. The properties of the system, such as stiffness, mass, and damping, are uncertain, and are modeled as continuous random variables. First‐ and second‐order reliability methods are used to approximate the probability of a critical response exceeding a specified threshold. Measures of sensitivity of the probability with respect to the uncertain parameters are derived and examined for example systems. It is found that uncertainty in the parameters of certain systems may have significant influence on the irreliability, even when the input is a wideband stochastic process. Examples of such systems include composite systems, such as equipment‐structure systems, in which the natural frequencies of individual subsystems are uncertain and are likely to coincide.
The Transmission of Life: Certain Generalizations about the Demography of Europe's Nations in 1939–41

The Second World War became a world war only in December 1941. By that time not only the extent but also the character of its warfare had changed, with the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Thus 1941 was even more of a turning-point in the history of the Second World War than 1917 had been in the history of the First. Most historians of the Second World War would agree with this assessment. Thus it is perhaps not surprising that relatively little interest has been devoted to the history of the everyday lives of European peoples during the years 1939-41, during what could be called in retrospect (perhaps hopefully so) the Last European War. Among most of these peoples the continuity of life from 1939 to 1941 proved to be surprisingly strong. In 1941 there were still millions of people in Europe who lived as they had always lived, in some countries even after the violent waves of fire, bombardment, and foreign armies had surged over them. This was perhaps the other side of the coin, of the phenomenon of a new kind of war where the previous distinctions between soldiers and civilians were being washed way. How a soldier (though not necessarily an officer) lived during the First World War was something entirely different from his life in peacetime; his warriorship meant an almost total break with his past. This was less so during the Second World War-with many exceptions, of course, especially in the east of the continent, where something like total war was begun by the Germans in June 1941. All of the predictions, of the propaganda, and of certain German methods notwithstanding, 'total war' came to Europe only then, and in many places not even then. On the other hand the war, and the dramatic events on the continent during 1939-41 affected the thinking of far more people than during the First World War. The mental earthquake was bigger than the physical one. This had something to do with the nature of the war, of course; but also with the widespread nature of universal literacy, of mass communications and, probably, with the evolution of consciousness-meaning the
Absolute activity determinations on large volume geological samples independent of self-absorption effects

Abstract This paper describes a method for measuring the absolute activity of large volume samples by gamma-ray spectroscopy independent of self-absorption effects. The method yields accurate matrix dependent results at the expense of replicative counting of the unknown sample.
Strangers in the Land : A View from Western History

My task for this retrospective was to discuss John Higham's treatment of region in Strangers in the Land , with particular reference to the American West. My analysis looks especially at race and imperialism. These choices reflect in part the interests and approaches of John Higham, but also the general direction of the field of western history in the twenty-first century.
First Order Statistics Based Feature Selection: A Diverse and Powerful Family of Feature Seleciton Techniques

Dimensionality reduction techniques have become a required step when working with bioinformatics datasets. Techniques such as feature selection have been known to not only improve computation time, but to improve the results of experiments by removing the redundant and irrelevant features or genes from consideration in subsequent analysis. Univariate feature selection techniques in particular are well suited for the large levels of high dimensionality that are inherent in bioinformatics datasets (for example: DNA microarray datasets) due to their intuitive output (a ranked lists of features or genes) and their relatively small computational time compared to other techniques. This paper presents seven univariate feature selection techniques and collects them into a single family entitled First Order Statistics (FOS) based feature selection. These seven all share the trait of using first order statistical measures such as mean and standard deviation, although this is the first work to relate them to one another and consider their performance compared with one another. In order to examine the properties of these seven techniques we performed a series of similarity and classification experiments on eleven DNA microarray datasets. Our results show that in general, each feature selection technique will create diverse feature subsets when compared to the other members of the family. However when we look at classification we find that, with one exception, the techniques will produce good classification results and that the techniques will have similar performances to each other. Our recommendation, is to use the rankers Signal-to-Noise and SAM for the best classification results and to avoid Fold Change Ratio as it is consistently the worst performer of the seven rankers.
A New Simplified Method for Analyzing 15N Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation Data of Proteins

We evaluate the errors that can arise in calculating the order parameter, S 2 from 1/T 1 and 1/T 2 only, since these values can be measured more reliably and faster than the heteronuclear NOE. We estimate the dependance of these errors on the internal correlation time. This is achieved by simulating the spectral density as a linear combination of three Lorentzian functions.One of these is weighted with S 2 and represents the overall motion of the protein, while the other two Lorentzians represent internal motions on different time scales. It was then analyzed how well the anlysis of 1/T 1 and 1/T 2 can reproduce the order parameter S 2 of the synthetic data set. It was found that the error is smallest if S 2 is calculated directly from a combination of relaxation rates, namely, the difference 2/T 2 - 2/T 1 . In either case, the errors of S 2 are largest if the internal correlation times are close to the overall correlation time and are negligible if the internal motion is much faster than the overall correlation time. Furthermore, it is shown that T 1 /T 2 can provide a simple way to identify internal motions near the overall correlation times. The approach is applied to data measured for the N-terminal domain of the DNA repair protein Ada.
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography: preparative purification of synthetic peptides.

Biologically active peptides synthesized by the solid phase methodology of Merrifield were purified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using newly developed preparative radially compressed cartridges fitting Waters Assoc . Prep LC 500 liquid chromatograph. Cartridges were handpacked with Vydac C18, C4 or diphenyl derivatized silicas (pore size 300 A) of different particle sizes (10-20 micron). Large scale purification of gram amounts of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs (agonist and antagonist) as well as amidated human pancreatic tumor growth hormone releasing factor (a 40-peptide) illustrate the resolutive power of this technique applied to the isolation of more than 300 synthetic peptides in our laboratory over the last two years. Difficult separations were achieved by changing supports (C18, C4, diphenyl) as well as mobile phase composition: (triethylammonium phosphate pH 2.25 or 6.5, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, ammonium acetate pH 6.5 and acetonitrile). Protected amino acids and peptides amenable to normal-phase chromatography on Vydac spherical underivatized silica were purified economically by the reversed-phase mode. It is understood that this general, convenient and versatile strategy may be applicable to the preparative scale isolation of any other class of compounds usually separated on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
Isoflurane depolarizes bronchopulmonary C neurons by inhibiting transient A-type and delayed rectifier potassium channels.

Abstract Inhalation of isoflurane (ISO), a widely used volatile anesthetic, can produce clinical tachypnea. In dogs, this response is reportedly mediated by bronchopulmonary C-fibers (PCFs), but the relevant mechanisms remain unclear. Activation of transient A-type potassium current ( I A ) channels and delayed rectifier potassium current ( I K ) channels hyperpolarizes neurons, and inhibition of both channels by ISO increases neural firing. Due to the presence of these channels in the cell bodies of rat PCFs, we determined whether ISO could stimulate PCFs to produce tachypnea in anesthetized rats, and, if so, whether this response resulted from ISO-induced depolarization of the pulmonary C neurons via the inhibition of I A and I K . We recorded ventilatory responses to 5% ISO exposure in anesthetized rats before and after blocking PCF conduction and the responses of pulmonary C neurons (extracellularly recorded) to ISO exposure. ISO-induced (1 mM) changes in pulmonary C neuron membrane potential and I A / I K were tested using the perforated patch clamp technique. We found that: (1) ISO inhalation evoked a brief tachypnea (∼7 s) and that this response disappeared after blocking PCF conduction; (2) the ISO significantly elevated (by 138%) the firing rate of most pulmonary C neurons (17 out of 21) in the nodose ganglion; and (3) ISO perfusion depolarized the pulmonary C neurons in the vitro and inhibited both I A and I K , and this evoked-depolarization was largely diminished after blocking both I A and I K . Our results suggest that ISO is able to stimulate PCFs to elicit tachypnea in rats, at least partly, via inhibiting I A and I K , thereby depolarizing the pulmonary C neurons.
Diurnal Cycle of Internal Wave Variability in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean: Results from Moored Observations

Abstract A diurnal cycle in temperature and vertical displacement variance has been observed in the stratified region below the surface mixed layer using moored time-series data at 0°, 140°W for there periods: November 1984, April 1987, and May–June 1987. The November 1984 and April 1987 periods coincided with the TROPIC HEAT and TROPIC HEAT-2 experiments, during which direct measurements of turbulent dissipation rates were made near the mooring site. In May–June 1987, a special set of moored time series were collected between 30-m and 61-m depth with 1-minute temporal resolution in addition to standard measurements at 15-minute resolution. The high-resolution data indicated the existence of a diurnal cycle in variance that was most pronounced at frequencies of 10–30 cph and that was coherent over the 31-m extent of the vertical array. It is likely that this diurnal cycle in variance was due in part to internal waves remotely generated at the base of the nighttime mixed layer and that the appearance of in...
Sources of individual differences in fraction skills

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate a conceptual model of relations between two kinds of mathematical knowledge (simple arithmetic and conceptual knowledge), two kinds of child characteristics (working memory and on-task related classroom behavior), and individual differences in three kinds of fraction outcomes (fraction computation, estimation, and word problems) in 105 fifth grade students. Structural equation modeling provided consistent evidence that conceptual knowledge independently contributes to individual differences in the three fraction outcomes. Simple arithmetic knowledge was uniquely related only to variability in fraction computation skills. Mathematical knowledge was found to mediate some of the contributions of both working memory and classroom behavior on variability in fraction outcomes. These supported mediating processes extend the current literature by explication of the pathways via which characteristics of children may affect individual differences in fraction outcomes.
Flow-induced arterial remodeling in rat mesenteric vasculature

This study was designed to characterize in vivo arterial remodeling of male Wistar rat small mesenteric arteries exposed to varying levels of elevated blood flow in the presence of normal arterial pressure. Through a series of arterial ligations, respective ileal artery and second-order branch blood flows acutely increased ∼36 and ∼170% over basal levels. Their respective diameters increased 12 and 38% and their wall area increased 58 and 120% in a time-dependent fashion between 1 and 7 days postligation compared with same-animal control vessels. Medial extracellular connective tissue increased concomitantly with medial wall hypertrophy. Immunostaining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and nuclear profile analyses suggests that both smooth muscle and endothelial cell hyperplasia contribute to flow-induced vascular remodeling. The initial stimulus in this model is flow-mediated shear stress, with possible augmentation by hoop stress, which is increased ∼7% by the resultant vasodilation. Stable wall thickness-to-lumen diameter ratios at 1, 3, and 7 days, however, suggest chronic hoop stress is tightly regulated and remains constant. The model described herein allows analyses of two arteries with different degrees of flow elevation within the same animal and demonstrates that the magnitude of vessel remodeling in vivo is directly dependent on the duration of flow elevation after abrupt arterial occlusion.
Effect of Fura-2 on Action Potential-stimulated Calcium Release in Cut Twitch Fibers from Frog Muscle

Cut fibers (striation spacing, 3.6-4.2 microns) were mounted in a double Vaseline-gap chamber and studied at 14-15 degrees C. One or both of the Ca indicators fura-2 and purpurate-3,3' diacetic acid (PDAA) were introduced into the optical recording site by diffusion from the end pools. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca release was elicited by action potential stimulation. With resting [fura-2] = 0 mM at the optical site, the [Ca] transient measured with PDAA was used to estimate SR Ca release (Baylor, S.M., W.K. Chandler, and M.W. Marshall. 1983. Journal of Physiology. 344:625-666). With resting [fura-2] > 0 mM, the contribution from Ca complexation by fura-2 was added to the estimate. When resting [fura-2] was increased from 0 to 0.5-2 mM, both the amount of SR Ca release and the maximal rate of release were increased by approximately 20%. These results are qualitatively similar to those obtained in intact fibers (Baylor, S.M., and S. Hollingworth. 1988. Journal of Physiology. 403:151-192; Hollingworth, S., A. B. Harkins, N. Kurebayashi, M. Konishi, and S. M. Baylor. 1992. Biophysical Journal. 63:224-234) and are consistent with a reduction of Ca inactivation of SR Ca release produced by 0.5-2 mM fura-2. With resting [fura-2] > or = 2 mM, the PDAA [Ca] transient was reduced to nearly zero and SR Ca release could be estimated from delta [Cafura-2] alone. When resting [fura-2] was increased from 2-4 to 5-6 mM, both the amount of SR Ca release and the maximal rate of release were decreased by approximately half, consistent with a possible reduction of Ca-induced Ca release (Jacquemond, V., L. Csernoch, M. G. Klein, and M. F. Schneider. 1991. Biophysical Journal. 60:867-873) or a possible pharmacological effect of fura-2.
A novel technique for in-situ monitoring of crystallinity and temperature during rapid thermal annealing of thin Si/Si-Ge films on quartz/glass

A novel technique is presented to simultaneously measure temperature and crystallinity in- situ during the rapid thermal annealing of thin Si / SiGe films on transparent substrates for active matrix liquid crystal display applications. The technique uses acoustic waves to monitor temperature, by measuring changes in velocity with temperature. The technique enables accurate tracking of crystalline phase transitions along with temperature, since it is independent of emissivity. This provides a methodology for closed-loop control and end-point detection. The experiments on thin amorphous Si on Quartz demonstrate temperature repeatability of 2%. Also, the technique proved sensitive enough to detect the onset of nucleation, as evidenced by TEM.
Probabilistic Inference and Differential Privacy

We identify and investigate a strong connection between probabilistic inference and differential privacy, the latter being a recent privacy definition that permits only indirect observation of data through noisy measurement. Previous research on differential privacy has focused on designing measurement processes whose output is likely to be useful on its own. We consider the potential of applying probabilistic inference to the measurements and measurement process to derive posterior distributions over the data sets and model parameters thereof. We find that probabilistic inference can improve accuracy, integrate multiple observations, measure uncertainty, and even provide posterior distributions over quantities that were not directly measured.
Physician utilization of medical records: preliminary determinations.

A study is reported of the ways in which 26 physicians, mostly internists, use the medical record. It was found that the items of greatest importance to the physicians, from the viewpoints of frequency of usage and of occasional interruption of the physician-patient transaction by being absent, were lab-test results, X-ray data, patient history, and previous treatments. The most common general problems cited with the medical record were incompleteness (named by 38 per cent of the physicians), illegibility (27 per cent), and poor organization of the record (19 per cent).Cet article decrit l'utilisation que font des dossiers medicaux 26 medeeins, internistes pour la plupart.Cette etude montre que les criteres qui ont la plus grande importance pour les medecins, du point de vue de leur frequence d'utilisation et des manques, sont les resultats d'analyses biologiques, les donnees radiologiques, l'anamnese et les traitements anterieurs.Les problemes les plus courants sont lies au caractere incomplet des dossie...
Progressive color block coding of bilevel scanned documents

Some preliminary results are presented on a simple progressive code for scanned 300 dpi documents. The effectiveness of the standard CCITT codes as a function of document resolution is determined. Extensions to the technique of document resolution are examined. For higher-resolution scanning, e.g. 300 dpi, a pyramid of the information source which allows for a tradeoff between the compression achieved and the quality of the representation is proposed. A progressive code that first generates a color block image that may be useful for identification of the document is proposed. Progression in quality corresponds to 100 dpi binary images, 100 dpi gray scale images, 300 dpi binary images, and finally 300 dpi gray-scale images. Each stage in the progressive code is based on the data available at the previous stage. The performance of the progressive code is examined. >
Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion surgery for cervical radiculopathy: is time of essence?

Commentary on Burneikiene S, Nelson EL, Mason A, Rajpal S, Villavicencio AT. The duration of symptoms and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for degenerative disc disease and radiculopathy. Spine J 2015;15:427–32 ( in this issue ).
Avoidant coping with health problems is related to poorer quality of life among lung transplant candidates

Context—Lung transplant candidates face numerous health-related stressors. Although previous work has described the range of coping strategies candidates may use, whether those strategies are related to quality of life in physical functioning, emotional, and social domains has rarely been examined.Methods—Adult lung transplant candidates (N = 128) participated in semistructured interviews that included questions regarding global and domain-specific quality of life and a multidimensional assessment of coping with health-related problems. Demographic characteristics, health status, and other psychosocial variables were also assessed, and their effects were examined and controlled in multivariate analyses of the coping-quality-of-life relationship.Results—Respondents were most likely to use active, acceptance, and support-seeking strategies to cope with health problems. Self-blame or avoidance were rarely used. Although used least often, avoidant coping was the most strongly and consistently related to quali...
Superconducting filters for wireless communications: a reappraisal

Since 1992, several U.S. companies have developed high temperature superconducting (HTS) filters with low insertion loss and high Q-factors for wireless applications. With the promise of HTS filters to provide increased basestation sensitivity (leading to increased range for rural basestations), better interference rejection, and improved quality of cellular and PCS services, predictions of a large market were made, Booz Allen first studied this emerging market in 1995, when the technology was still relatively new. Today, representatives of many of the leading U.S. wireless service providers and equipment manufacturers are familiar with the capabilities of HTS filters, now frequently combined with cryogenic LNAs. In addition, incumbent technologies have improved, and possible alternative solutions developed. Using Booz Allen's proven market characterization approach, this paper re-examines the requirements of the cellular/PCS market and includes order-of-magnitude estimates of market sizes for the rural range extension case. Drivers of adoption, competing technologies, emerging market trends, new innovations, and the impact of cryocooling are all considered. We conclude that the domestic U.S. market may be slower to develop than earlier estimates predicted, and consider strategies for HTS filter vendors to grow the market.
Advances in neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2): a workshop report.

(2000). Advances in Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2): A Workshop Report. Journal of Neurogenetics: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 63-106.
Preferences for figural complexity as a function of cognitive style

Twelve pairs of nonsense visual stimuli of different degrees of complexity were presented to 42 undergraduate subjects equally divided by sex into field independents and field dependents. Dependents preferred the simple stimuli more than independents did, and the reverse was true for complex stimuli. These findings conformed to expectations about the different ways in which field independents and dependents process information. In general terms, field independents are challenged, whereas dependents are overwhelmed by complex stimuli; on the other hand, independents are bored by simple stimuli, whereas dependents are able to go beyond their literal properties. The results were discussed in terms of the link between cognitive science and cognitive style, that is, as an emphasis on both stimulus processing and perceiver differences in processing, respectively.
Properties of CoCr 2 S 4 applicable to Faraday rotators for CO 2 laser systems

A Faraday rotator technology for CO 2 laser systems is discussed. The ferrimagnetic spinel CoCr 2 S 2 appears to be the most promising material for large aperture devices. Precise measurements were made for the rotation at the principal laser lines and these agree with available thoery. The magnetic field dependence of the rotation indicates saturation at about 4 KOe. The 10μm transmission is adequate for many applications but improvements in the radiation damage resistance are required for high-power applications such as laser fusion.
Influence of financial productivity incentives on the use of preventive care.

Abstract PURPOSE: We examined whether physician factors, particularly financial productivity incentives, affect the provision of preventive care. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We surveyed and reviewed the charts of 4,473 patients who saw 1 of 169 internists from 11 academically affiliated primary care practices in Boston. We abstracted cancer risk factors, comorbid conditions, and the dates of the last Papanicolaou (Pap) smear, mammogram, cholesterol screening, and influenza vaccination. We obtained physician information including the method of financial compensation through a mailed physician survey. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine the association between physician factors and four outcomes based on Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) measures: (1) Pap smear within the prior 3 years among women 20 to 75 years old; (2) mammogram in the prior 2 years among women 52 to 69 years old; (3) cholesterol screening within the prior 5 years among patients 40 to 64 years old; and (4) influenza vaccination among patients 65 years old and older. All analyses accounted for clus-tering by provider and site and were converted into adjusted rates. RESULTS: After adjustment for practice site, clinical, and physician factors, patients cared for by physicians with financial productivity incentives were significantly less likely than those cared for by physicians without this incentive to receive Pap smears (rate difference, 12%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5% to 18%) and cholesterol screening (rate difference, 4%; 95% CI: 0% to 8%). Financial incentives were not significantly associated with rates of mammography (rate difference, −3%; 95% CI: −15% to 10%) or influenza vaccination (rate difference, −13%; 95% CI: −28% to 2%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that some financial productivity incentives may discourage the performance of certain forms of preventive care, specifically Pap smears and cholesterol screening. More studies are needed to examine the effects of financial incentives on the quality of care, and to examine whether quality improvement interventions or incentives based on quality improve the performance of preventive care.
Rethinking the Target Corollary The Effects of Social Distance, Perceived Exposure, and Perceived Predispositions on First-Person and Third-Person Perceptions

This study examines the effects of social distance, perceived exposure, and perceived predispositions on perceived media effects for desirable and undesirable health messages. It finds support for the effect social distance as traditionally measured; that is, groups that are more socially distant from the self, like the public, are perceived to be more affected by cigarette ads than close groups, such as friends. However, individual measures of respondents' social distance from any given comparison group generally are unrelated to perceived effects on the group. The influence of a group's perceived exposure on perceived message effects is confirmed for cigarette ads but not for desirable messages. Perceived attitudes of comparison groups toward message-relevant behaviors emerge as a factor that deserves inclusion in models of perceived effects.
The role of no radio (NORDO) events in airspace security

The FAA and the other air domain security partners are employing multilayered security techniques to attempt to deter and prevent attacks such as a hijack from happening in the future. However, there exists the possibility that the security measures employed can be circumvented or defeated, and that terrorists can take unauthorized control of an aircraft while in flight. If such a situation occurs, it is critical to detect the situation and to do so as soon as possible. Time is critical in these situations - the earlier the attack is detected, the more time is available to mitigate the situation. Sometimes there is an event that might be an indicator that an attack is underway. One such event is the loss of two-way radio communication with a flight under air traffic control. Monitoring for such events helps gain critical time needed for response if a hijack is occurring. However, loss of radio communication is a relatively common event - several occur each day in the National Airspace System. The vast majority of these events are not an indication of a possible hijack - they occur for other reasons. So the challenge becomes: how to differentiate between the vast majority of loss of communication events due to reasons other than an attempt to take unauthorized control of an aircraft while in flight from those that are (this is a classic "needle in the haystack" problem). This paper discusses a preliminary analysis of loss of radio communication events. MITRE's Center for Advanced Aviation System Analysis (CAASD) conducted this analysis to gain insight into these events which might lead to improvements in their use as an indicator of a potential security incident such as a hijack.
Long-Term Nitrate Measurements in the Ocean Using the in situ Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer: Sensor Integration into the APEX Profiling Float

AbstractReagent-free optical nitrate sensors [in situ ultraviolet spectrophotometer (ISUS)] can be used to detect nitrate throughout most of the ocean. Although the sensor is a relatively high-power device when operated continuously (7.5 W typical), the instrument can be operated in a low-power mode, where individual nitrate measurements require only a few seconds of instrument time and the system consumes only 45 J of energy per nitrate measurement. Operation in this mode has enabled the integration of ISUS sensors with Teledyne Webb Research's Autonomous Profiling Explorer (APEX) profiling floats with a capability to operate to 2000 m. The energy consumed with each nitrate measurement is low enough to allow 60 nitrate observations on each vertical profile to 1000 m. Vertical resolution varies from 5 m near the surface to 50 m near 1000 m, and every 100 m below that. Primary lithium batteries allow more than 300 vertical profiles from a depth of 1000 m to be made, which corresponds to an endurance near f...
Four Faces of Moral Realism

This article explains for a general philosophical audience the central issues and strategies in the contemporary moral realism debate. It critically surveys the contribution of some recent scholarship, representing expressivist and pragmatist nondescriptivism (Mark Timmons, Hilary Putnam), subjectivist and nonsubjectivist naturalism (Michael Smith, Paul Bloomfield, Philippa Foot), nonnaturalism (Russ Shafer-Landau, T. M. Scanlon) and error theory (Richard Joyce). Four different faces of ‘moral realism’ are distinguished: semantic, ontological, metaphysical and normative. The debate is presented as taking shape under dialectical pressure from the demands of (i) capturing the moral appearances; and (ii) reconciling morality with our understanding of the mind and world.
Self-Controlled Amount of Practice Benefits Learning of a Motor Skill

Abstract Self-control over factors involving task-related information (e.g., feedback) can enhance motor learning. It is unknown if these benefits extend to manipulations that do not directly affect such information. The purpose of this study was to determine if self-control over the amount of practice would also facilitate learning. Participants learned to throw a dart using their nonpreferred hand. The self-control (SC) group decided when to stop practice. The yoked group completed the same number of trials as their SC counterparts. Results revealed the SC group was more accurate during transfer and in recalling the number of trials completed. These findings indicate that self-control benefits extend to factors that do not directly alter task-related information.
Critical Role for Arginine Methylation in Adenovirus-Infected Cells

During the late stages of adenovirus infection, the 100K protein (100K) inhibits the translation of cellular messages in the cytoplasm and regulates hexon trimerization and assembly in the nucleus. However, it is not known how it switches between these two functions. Here we show that 100K is methylated on arginine residues at its C terminus during infection and that this region is necessary for binding PRMT1 methylase. Methylated 100K is exclusively nuclear. Mutation of the third RGG motif (amino acids 741 to 743) prevents localization to the nucleus during infection, suggesting that methylation of that sequence is important for 100K shuttling. Treatment of infected cells with methylation inhibitors inhibits expression of late structural proteins. These data suggest that arginine methylation of 100K is necessary for its localization to the nucleus and is a critical cellular function necessary for productive adenovirus infection.
Event-related Potential Signatures of Relational Memory

Various lines of evidence suggest that memory for the relations among arbitrarily paired items acquired prior to testing can influence early processing of a probe stimulus. The event-related potential experiment reported here was designed to explore how early in time memory for a previously established face-scene relationship begins to influence processing of faces, under sequential presentation conditions in which a preview of the scene can promote expectancies about the to-be-presented face. Prior to the current work, the earliest component documented to be sensitive to memory for the relations among arbitrarily paired items was the late positive complex (LPC), but here relational memory effects were evident as early as 270--350 msec after face onset. The latency of these relational memory effects suggests that they may be the precursor to similar effects observed in eye movement behavior. As expected, LPC amplitude was also affected by memory for face-scene relationships, and N400 amplitude reflected some combination of memory for items and memory for the relations among items.
Pilot Study of the Sensory Over-Responsivity Scales: Assessment and Inventory

This article describes 3 stages of construction of the Sensory Over-Responsivity (SensOR) Scales: instrument development, reliability and validity analyses, and cross-validation on a new sample. The SensOR Scales include the SensOR Assessment, an examiner-administered performance evaluation, and the SensOR Inventory, a caregiver self-rating scale. Both scales measure sensory overresponsivity in 7 sensory domains. Data were collected from 2 samples consisting of participants who were typically developing (ns = 60 and 44, respectively) and participants with sensory overresponsivity (ns = 65 and 48, respectively), ages 3 to 55. In developing the research edition, items on the pilot version were reviewed for their internal consistency reliability, discriminant validity, and construct validity. Data from both samples on the research edition revealed high internal consistency reliability for domains and the total test and significant discrimination between the overresponsive and the typically responsive groups (p < .05). The preliminary psychometric integrity of the scales, along with continued research efforts, is an important contribution to evidence-based practice.
Proton and sodium transport in SiO 2 films

The results of an investigation into the relative roles of sodium and proton transport in silicon-dioxide films are presented. Tritium oxide (3H 2 O), tritiated ethanol, neutron activation, and sodium 22 tracer analyses are used to identify the mobile ions directly, and the results of these analyses are then directly correlated with the observed electrical behavior.
Supersolidus Phase Investigation of the Bi‐Sr‐Ca‐Cu Oxide System in Silver Tape

The phase assemblage in Ag tapes with molten or partially molten Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu oxide cores of stoichiometries in the immediate vicinity of Bi:Sr:Ca:Cu = 2:2:1:2 was characterized. Four types of melt behavior were found. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance to the processing of superconducting Ag-clad Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu oxide wires.
Do It My Way or You're Fired

This article presents a review of the book "Do It My Way or You're Fired," by David W. Ewing.
An integrated RNA and CRISPR/Cas toolkit for multiplexed synthetic circuits and endogenous gene regulation in human cells

RNA-based regulation, such as RNA interference, and CRISPR/Cas transcription factors (CRISPR-TFs), can enable scalable synthetic gene circuits and the modulation of endogenous networks but have yet to be integrated together. Here, we combined multiple mammalian RNA regulatory strategies, including RNA triple helix structures, introns, microRNAs, and ribozymes, with Cas9-based CRISPR-TFs and Cas6/Csy4-based RNA processing in human cells. We describe three complementary strategies for expressing functional gRNAs from transcripts generated by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) promoters while allowing the harboring gene to be translated. These architectures enable the multiplexed expression of proteins and multiple gRNAs from a single compact transcript for efficient modulation of synthetic constructs and endogenous human promoters. We used these regulatory tools to implement tunable synthetic gene circuits, including multi-stage transcriptional cascades. Finally, we show that Csy4 can rewire regulatory connections in RNA-dependent gene circuits with multiple outputs and feedback loops to achieve complex functional behaviors. This multiplexable toolkit will be valuable for the construction of scalable gene circuits and the perturbation of natural regulatory networks in human cells for basic biology, therapeutic, and synthetic-biology applications.
Hemorrhagic diathesis in abruptio placentae with particular reference to the indications for cesarean section.

Abstract 1. Blood plasma fibrinogen determinations were performed on ten selected women having abruptio placentae, the specimens being taken before, during, and/or following delivery. These studies were made in order to evaluate the potentiality for development, in these cases, of a hemorrhagic diathesis state. 2. The two mild cases showed no defibrination. The four moderately severe cases showed varying degrees of defibrination, from mild to severe, the two with fibrinogen levels lower than 90 mg. per cent developing hemorrhagic diatheses. In all of the four severe cases there was marked defibrination and in three of them abnormally great tendencies to bleed were present. 3. Since the defibrination tends to continue until delivery, and to clear up following delivery, it must be caused by the abruption state, since delivery chiefly accomplishes abolition of this state. These studies also demonstrated that the defibrination state may continue or grow worse in some of the moderately severe cases as well as in the severe ones, and that it is therefore wise to hasten their delivery if need be. 4. The evidence that the hemorrhagic state occasionally occurring in cases of abruptio placentae is due principally to depletion of the fibrinogen is further substantiated by our findings. Dangerous degrees of defibrination can occur within one hour following the occurrence of abruption. 5. These patients were all successfully treated with blood transfusion, given as quickly as needed and in amounts sufficient to replace the blood loss and to help restore whatever disruption of the blood coagulation mechanism might have occurred. 6. The second part of their treatment was termination of the abruption state through delivery. The obstetrician must see that this is accomplished before there is depletion of the patient's blood coagulation mechanism to an irretrievably low degree. If the apoplectic, overdistended uterus in a severe case is unable to go into labor so that it can deliver itself of its pregnancy, a section should be performed. The section should be commenced, in the severe cases, just as soon as there is some bettering of the patient's condition by rapid blood transfusion.
Application of Geothermal Energy to Mineral Processing: Cyanide Heap-Leaching of Low-Grade Gold Ore

The advent of cyanide heap-leaching for low-grade gold and silver ores has resulted in an unprecedented increase in the output of mines throughout the world. This simple and economical process entails open-pit mining, milling, and stacking ore, which is then soaked with a dilute solution of sodium cyanide. The cyanide solution dissolves both gold and silver, which is subsequently recovered by additional processing. Many of these mines are located in remote, inaccessible areas and are subject to severe climatic conditions. Some operations are terminated during extreme cold or rainy seasons. As a result of United States Department of Energy sponsored investigations conducted by the Division of Earth Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and the Mackay School of Mines, University of Nevada, Reno, some operating mines in Nevada were found to be co-located with geothermal resources suitable for use in cyanide heap-leaching operations. Low-to moderate-temperature geothermal resources may be used to heat the cyanide circuit, providing a low-cost method of maintaining the operation during freezing conditions. This paper describes the results of bench-scale heap-leaching experiments using a simulated geothermal source to increase metal dissolution rate. In addition, examples from two active mines that utilize geothermal energy in commercial-scale operations are included. The implications for co-development of gold and geothermal resources in Central America are discussed.
Childhood Placement in Special Education and Adult Well-Being

The present study investigates the relationship between childhood placement in special education and adult well-being among 1,377 low-income, minority children participating in the Chicago Longitudinal Study. Roughly 16% of the sample received special education services in grades 1-8. After accounting for sociodemographic factors and early academic achievement, children receiving special education services tended to have lower rates of high school completion and fewer years of education, as well as greater rates of incarceration, substance misuse, and depression. Eighth grade academic achievement significantly mediated the association between childhood placement in special education and adult well-being outcomes. The study contributes to the literature by providing support for a pathway from childhood special education placement to adult outcomes among an inner-city minority cohort.
The Affordable Care Act and the Pharmaceutical Market: Projections from Institutional History

Fiercely contested before, during, and after its passage, the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) is beginning to restructure the U.S. healthcare market. This article describes the history of healthcare reform initiatives in the United States, analyzes the policy context in which the ACA was passed, and develops forecasts for the pharmaceutical market as insurance coverage grows. The institutional history of the U.S. healthcare system is revealing of the power of entrenched private interests, especially insurance and pharmaceutical firms, and of widespread opposition to price controls on prescription drugs or other forms of care. The ACA conforms to path dependence in the U.S. health system, continuing a unique combination of public and private insurance and private delivery of care. Building on the institutional analysis, the article develops projections for the U.S. prescription drug market in 2015 (estimated at between $442 billion and 447 billion) and 2020 (estimated at $700 billion). The article concludes with a discussion of anticipated changes to pharmaceutical market structure under the ACA and the sustainability of free-market pricing for prescription drugs in the United States.
Lattice lambda phi4 theory with Yukawa couplings to staggered fermions.

An investigation of the \ensuremath{\lambda}${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ theory coupled via Yukawa couplings to fermions has been initiated on the lattice. Dynamical fermions are taken fully into account, using hybrid-molecular-dynamic algorithms. Different ways of transcribing Yukawa couplings onto the lattice are discussed. It is found that the lattice phase diagram is very sensitive to the manner in which this interaction is regularized. Some results for scalar and fermionic correlation functions are also presented.