cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Isotope of Manganese; Cross Sections of the Iron Isotopes for 14.8-Mev Neutrons

Bombardment of iron enriched in ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{58}$ with 14.8-Mev neutrons produces an activity having a half-life of 1.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 min. On the basis of cross bombardments and the gamma-ray spectrum of the activity, this is assigned to ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{58}$. In addition, the following cross sections were measured: ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{58}(n, p)$, 23.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.5 mb; ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{57}(n, p)$, 71.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7.0 mb; ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{56}(n, p)$, 128\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}13 mb; ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{58}(n, \ensuremath{\alpha})$, 21.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.0 mb; ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{54}(n, \ensuremath{\alpha})$, 270\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}135 mb; ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{57}(n, np)$, 6.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.6 mb; ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{54}(n, 2n)$, 7.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8 mb; ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{54}(n, t)$, 0.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 mb.
Fractionation of oligodeoxynucleotides by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Abstract Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been used to fractionate mixtures of oligomers produced by enzymic digestion of dAT copolymer with pancreatic DNase I. Fractions with degrees of polymerization from about 6 to beyond 40 were obtained with high resolution.
Inherited cerebrorenal syndromes

Abnormalities in the central nervous system and renal function are seen together in a variety of congenital syndromes. This Review examines the clinical presentation and the genetic basis of several such syndromes. The X-linked oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe is characterized by developmental delay, blindness, renal tubular dysfunction, and progressive renal failure. This syndrome results from mutations in the OCRL gene, which encodes a phosphatase involved in endosomal trafficking. Mutations in OCRL also occur in Dent disease, which has a milder disease phenotype than Lowe syndrome. Patients with Joubert syndrome have cerebellar ataxia, pigmentary retinopathy, and nephronophthisis. Joubert syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous condition associated with mutations in at least five genes that encode ciliary proteins. Bardet-Biedl syndrome is a clinically variable condition associated with learning disabilities, progressive visual loss, obesity, polydactyly, hypogonadism, and cystic and fibrotic renal changes that can lead to renal failure. Most of the 12 genes mutated in Bardet-Biedl syndrome are also involved in ciliary function, as are the genes implicated in other 'ciliopathies' with similar phenotypes, including Meckel syndrome.
Spin-Peierls transition in the Heisenberg chain with finite-frequency phonons

We study the spin-Peierls transition in a Heisenberg spin chain coupled to optical bond phonons. Quantum Monte Carlo results for systems with up to $N\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}256$ spins show unambiguously that the transition occurs only when the spin-phonon coupling $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ exceeds a critical value ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c}$. Using sum rules, we show that the phonon spectral function has divergent (for $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$) weight extending to zero frequency for $\ensuremath{\alpha}l{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c}$. The phonon correlations decay with distance $r$ as $1/r$. This behavior is characteristic for all $0l\ensuremath{\alpha}l{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c}$ and the $q\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\pi}$ phonon does not soften (to zero frequency) at $\ensuremath{\alpha}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c}$.
Determination of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride and acetaminophen in pharmaceutical preparations by Raman spectroscopy

Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride and acetaminophen in mixtures have been determined, without prior separation, by Raman spectroscopy. Results are reported for both solution and solid samples. Direct measurement of solid samples, requiring only a brief period of mixing and grinding with potassium nitrate added as an internal standard, is shown to be particularly convenient and effective. Various data treatments to compensate for spectral overlap have been compared, and a correlation method has been shown to be most effective. For a sample typical of a cold remedy, in which the concentration of acetaminophen is 10 times that of the phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, accuracy and precision were shown to be better than 1% for the measurement of acetaminophen and better than 3% for the measurement of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride.
Liberalism and Conservatism in the Epistemology of Perceptual Belief

Liberals claim that some perceptual experiences give us immediate justification for certain perceptual beliefs. Conservatives claim that the justification that perceptual experiences give us for those perceptual beliefs is mediated by our background beliefs. In his recent paper ‘Basic Justification and the Moorean Response to the Skeptic’, Nico Silins successfully argues for a non-Moorean version of Liberalism. But Silins's defence of non-Moorean Liberalism leaves us with a puzzle: why is it that a necessary condition for our perceptual experiences to justify us in holding certain perceptual beliefs is that we have some independent justification for disbelieving various sceptical hypotheses? I argue that the best answer to this question involves commitment to Crispin Wright's version of Conservatism. In short, Wright's Conservatism is consistent with Silins's Liberalism, and the latter helps to give us grounds for accepting the former.
Evoked response similarity in monozygotic, dizygotic and unrelated individuals: a comparative study.

Abstract Visual, auditory and somatosensory evoked responses were recorded from forty-four sets of monozygotic (MZ) twins, forty-six sets of dizygotic (DZ) twins, and forty-six pairs of unrelated, age-matched individuals (UR). Two methods were utilized to compare the similarity between pairs of responses. For the wave form comparison, digitized portions of two responses were correlated to determine the degree of similarity between responses. The second method of analysis was an amplitude comparison which determined the amount of voltage change occurring over several time epochs of the evoked response. Each epoch analyzed contained a major peak and trough of the response. The most prominent finding of the study was that the evoked responses of MZ pairs exhibited a consistently higher degree of similarity than those of the DZ or UR groups. In general, this relationship was found for all three sense modalities tested, regardless of scalp area recorded from or the method used to determine similarity between responses. Thus, our results indicated a considerable hereditary component in the wave characteristics of visual, auditory and somatosensory evoked responses.
Thermophysics of the lanthanide trihydroxides II. Heat capacities from 10 to 350 K of Nd(OH)3 and Tb(OH)3. Lattice and Schottky contributions

Abstract Heat capacities have been measured from near 7 to 350 K for Nd(OH)3 and Tb(OH)3 and the derived thermophysical properties evaluated using previously reported heat capacities at lower temperatures. At 298.15 K the values of C p R , S o R , and −{G c − H o (0)} RT are 14.15, 15.62, and 7.484 for Nd(OH)3 and 13.72, 15.44, and 7.525 for Tb(OH)3. The resolution of the lattice and Schottky contributions for both compounds is discussed. The Tb(OH)3 calorimetric Schottky contribution is correlated with spectroscopically deduced energy levels for Tb(OH)3 and Tb3+ -doped Y(OH)3, while that of Nd(OH)3 is used to estimate the crystal-field splitting of the 4 I 9 2 J-manifold. The effect of temperature upon the Schottky heat capacities is discussed.
The Large Outburst in Cygnus X-3 at 8 GHz

HERE we present results of observations at 8 GHz during the decay phase of the recent outburst of Cygnus X-3 (refs. 1 and 2). We also compare our results with the flux density variation observed with the Haystack 120-foot telescope at 15.5 GHz (ref. 3) and describe a possible model for the source.
Phosphomannose isomerase deficiency as a cause of congenital hepatic fibrosis and protein-losing enteropathy

ITHIN JUST a few months, three different groups W have reported a potentially treatable inborn error of glycoprotein metabolism presenting with congenital hepatic fibrosis and protein-losing enteropathy (l-3). The disorder causes defective protein glycosylation due to a deficiency of the enzyme phosphomannose isomerase (PMI). Inborn errors of metabolism are not usually associated with a developmental disorder of the liver and protein loss in the gut. This defect might lead to new insights in fetal development of intrahepatic bile ducts and disorders like ductal plate malformation. Niehues et al. (1) reported a young male patient with a severe protein-losing enteropathy, recurrent thrombosis and vomiting. Antithrombin III activity was reduced. Simultaneously, De Koning et al. (2) described three adolescent siblings of a consanguineous family with congenital hepatic fibrosis and recurrent episodes of vomiting accompanied by diarrhea. A few months later, Jaeken et al. (3) reported two additional patients with diarrhea, protein-losing enteropathy and decreased activities of antithrombin III, piotein C and protein S. Liver biopsy also showed congenital hepatic fibrosis. In all the patients the same enzyme defect, viz a deficiency of PMI, was found. However, the authors of these papers were not the first to recognize this peculiar combination of symptoms. The clinical phenotype of protein-losing enteropathy, congenital hepatic fibrosis and antithrombin III deficiency was first described by Pedersen & Tygstrup (4) in 1980. In their original paper two siblings were reported with recurrent thrombosis, gastro-intestinal protein loss and con-
Clinical Research in Diabetes and Urinary Incontinence: What We Know and Need to Know

Purpose: We discuss epidemiological and clinical trial research in women with urinary incontinence and diabetes, and provide directions for future research.Materials and Methods: Published epidemiological and clinical trial literature examining diabetes and incontinence is presented.Results: Multiple studies have now confirmed that the prevalence and incidence of incontinence is increased in women with type 2 diabetes. Emerging evidence also suggests higher incontinence rates in women with type 1 diabetes or prediabetes. Clinical trial research suggests that weight loss can decrease incontinence in women with prediabetes. An ongoing multicenter trial will examine the effects of weight loss on incontinence in women with type 2 diabetes. Limited trial data in those with type 1 diabetes suggest that intensive glycemic control does not appear to decrease the long-term risk of incontinence in women with type 1 diabetes.Conclusions: Future research is needed to identify the risk factors, mechanisms, and most ef...
Engineering metal-binding sites in proteins

Metal-binding sites have been engineered into both de novo designed and naturally occurring proteins. Although the redesign of existing metal-binding sites in naturally occurring proteins still offers the most promise for a successful design, the more challenging goal of engineering metal-binding sites in de novo designed proteins and peptides is being achieved with increasing frequency. Creating new metal-binding sites in naturally occurring proteins combines the strength of both approaches. Currently, all three approaches are being used effectively in elucidating the structure and function of naturally occurring metalloproteins.
Nanostructures of Cysteine-Coated CdS Nanoparticles Produced with “Two-Particle” Lithography

There is an emerging need for practical methods that can produce organized arrays of nanomaterials with high throughput. Particle lithography provides such an approach for rapidly preparing millions of exquisitely uniform nanometer-sized structures on flat surfaces, using basic steps of bench chemistry. Structural templates of monodisperse latex or silica mesospheres can guide the deposition of nanoparticles to generate 2D arrays of nanopatterns with control of the surface coverage, size, and periodicity of nanoparticle structures.
Theoretical study of isocyanoacetylene and the isocyanoethynyl radical.

Quantum mechanical calculations, using the matrix Hartree-Fock model, have been performed to obtain estimates of the rotation constants of the isocyanoacetylene molecule and the isocyanoethynyl radical which may be detectable in space. A rotation constant of 5076 MHz is calculated for HC2NC, while for the radical C2NC the value 5458 MHz is obtained.
Review of Multiaxial Fatigue Life Prediction Technology under Complex Loading

The research on multiaxial fatigue life prediction methods is reviewed in the present paper from two aspects of experiment and theory. It is pointed out that the reasonable methods of the critical plane determining, multiaxial cycle counting and multiaxial fatigue damage parameter fixing are necessary if the fatigue life prediction models established under the multiaxial constant amplitude loading were applied to the life prediction of the complex multiaxial load. The shortcomings of existing researches are discussed. In the aspect of experiment, it is devoid of the multiaxial fatigue test that the loading components acted with different frequencies, and in the aspect of theory, the additional hardening effect of the multiaxial out-of-frequency loading is not considered. Both in the theoretical research and practical engineering applications, the problem of the out-of-frequency multiaxial loading is a pressing issue.
Nonsymmetric thermal bowing of curved circular mirrors

This paper presents a closed form solution of E. Reissner's shallow spherical shell equations for the thermal bowing of a curved circular mirror, which is kinematically supported and subjected to a generalized nonuniform thermal load distribution. A variety of nonsymmetric functional forms of thermal moment and thermal force distributions can be constructed from the assumed form of the thermal load distribution. Several test cases of the closed form solution are compared with independent, Nastran based, finite element solutions. The comparison shows excellent correlation between the two methods in all cases. However, the closed form approach is significantly more efficient, convenient and cost-effective. The closed form solution is applied to the development of normalized thermal deflection curves and related RMS figure errors in curved circular mirrors. The solution and the data are also applicable for the thermal bowing component of the thermal distortion of light-weighted curved circular mirrors.
A unified proxy for ENSO and PDO variability since 1650

Abstract. In this manuscript we have attempted to consolidate the common signal in previously defined proxy reconstructions of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation into one individual proxy titled the Unified ENSO Proxy (UEP). While correlating well with the majority of input reconstructions, the UEP provides better representation of observed indices of ENSO, discrete ENSO events and documented historical chronologies of ENSO than any of these input ENSO reconstructions. Further to this, the UEP also provides a means to reconstruct the PDO/IPO multi-decadal variability of the Pacific Ocean as the low-pass filtered UEP displays multi-decadal variability that is consistent with the 20th century variability of the PDO and IPO. The UEP is then used to describe changes in ENSO variability which have occurred since 1650 focusing on changes in ENSOs variance, multi-year ENSO events, PDO-like multi-decadal variability and the effects of volcanic and solar forcing on ENSO. We find that multi-year El Nino events similar to the 1990–1995 event have occurred several times over the last 3 1/2 centuries. Consistent with earlier studies we find that volcanic forcing can induce a statistically significant change in the mean state of ENSO in the year of the eruption and a doubling of the probability of an El Nino (La Nina) event occurring in the year of (three years after) the eruption.
Identification of the HIV-1 NC binding interface in Alix Bro1 reveals a role for RNA

HIV-1 recruits members of ESCRT, the cell membrane fission machinery that promotes virus exit. HIV-1 Gag protein gains access to ESCRT directly by binding Alix, an ESCRT-associated protein that promotes budding. The Alix Bro1 and V domains bind Gag NC and p6 regions, respectively. Whereas V-p6 binding and function are well characterized, residues in Bro1 that interact with NC and their functional contribution to Alix-mediated HIV-1 budding are unknown. We mapped Bro1 residues that constitute the NC binding interface and found that they are critical for function. Intriguingly, residues involved in interactions on both sides of the Bro1-NC interface are positively charged, suggesting the involvement of a negatively charged cellular factor serving as a bridge. Nuclease treatment eliminated Bro1-NC interactions, revealing the involvement of RNA. These findings establish a direct role for NC in mediating interactions with ESCRT necessary for virus release and report the first evidence of RNA involvement in such recruitments.
Tetra-O-methyl nordihydroguaiaretic acid (Terameprocol) inhibits the NF-κB-dependent transcription of TNF-α and MCP-1/CCL2 genes by preventing RelA from binding its cognate sites on DNA

Background Tetra-O-methyl nordihydroguaiaretic acid, also known as terameprocol (TMP), is a naturally occurring phenolic compound found in the resin of the creosote bush. We have shown previously that TMP will suppress production of certain inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and lipids from macrophages following stimulation with LPS or infection with H1N1 influenza virus. In this study our goal was to elucidate the mechanism underlying TMP-mediated suppression of cytokine and chemokine production. We focused our investigations on the response to LPS and the NF-κB protein RelA, a transcription factor whose activity is critical to LPS-responsiveness.
Treatment of recurrent high grade gliomas with hypofractionated stereotactic image-guided helical tomotherapy

Abstract Objective Salvage treatment of high grade gliomas that progress after standard therapy of resection and adjuvant chemoradiation therapy includes repeat surgical resection, second line chemotherapy, re-irradiation, or often a combination of the above. We present a series on patients treated with hypofractionated stereotactic image-guided helical tomotherapy and discuss the efficacy of this new technology in the treatment of high grade gliomas. Materials and methods Between June 2005 and August of 2008, eight patients with recurrent high grade gliomas were treated with salvage radiation therapy using hypofractionated stereotactic image-guided helical tomotherapy after image documentation of disease progression. Median age was 48.5 years with 4 females and 4 males. Median KPS at time of treatment was 65. All patients had either Grade III or IV gliomas at time of treatment with previous history of involved field fractionated radiotherapy. Median total dose given was 2500 cGy in 500 cGy fractions. Results The median planning target volume was 69.5 cm3. Five of the eight patients were alive at the time of last follow-up with a median survival of 7.6 months. Radiographic documented control was seen in six of the eight patients with median local control of 4.6 months. Acute Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) toxicity scores measured zero in all patients with only one patient requiring a reoperation following treatment. Conclusions Hypofractionated stereotactic image-guided helical tomotherapy provides an alternative to other stereotactic radiation therapy and radiosurgery options for treatment of recurrent high grade gliomas.
From Novice to Seasoned Practitioner: a Qualitative Investigation of Genetic Counselor Professional Development

Research on genetic counselor professional development would characterize typical developmental processes, inform training and supervision, and promote life-long development opportunities. To date, however no studies have comprehensively examined this phenomenon. The aims of this study were to investigate the nature of professional development for genetic counselors (processes, influences, and outcomes) and whether professional development varies across experience levels. Thirty-four genetic counselors participated in semi-structured telephone interviews exploring their perspectives on their professional development. Participants were sampled from three levels of post-degree genetic counseling experience: novice (0-5 years), experienced (6-14 years), and seasoned (>15 years). Using modified Consensual Qualitative Research and grounded theory methods, themes, domains, and categories were extracted from the data. The themes reflect genetic counselors' evolving perceptions of their professional development and its relationship to: (a) being a clinician, (b) their professional identity, and (c) the field itself. Across experience levels, prevalent influences on professional development were interpersonal (e.g., experiences with patients, genetic counseling colleagues) and involved professional and personal life events. Common developmental experiences included greater confidence and less anxiety over time, being less information-driven and more emotion-focused with patients, delivering "bad news" to patients remains challenging, and individuals' professional development experiences parallel genetic counseling's development as a field. With a few noteworthy exceptions, professional development was similar across experience levels. A preliminary model of genetic counselor professional development is proposed suggesting development occurs in a non-linear fashion throughout the professional lifespan. Each component of the model mutually influences the others, and there are positive and negative avenues of development.
Eyewitness memory for a simulated misdemeanor crime: the role of age and temperament in suggestibility

The timing of misleading questions within an interview (immediate, 7-week delay) and temperament characteristics as correlates of suggestibility were examined in two experiments. In Experiment 1, 6/7-year-olds, 9/10-year-olds, and adults were given general-to-specific questions at both intervals or misleading questions initially and general-to-specific questions at delay. In Experiment 2, 4/5-year-olds, 9/10-year-olds, and adults were given general-to-specific questions at both intervals or general-to-specific questions initially and misleading questions at delay. Introducing misleading questions in the initial interview increased suggestibility for peripheral features, whereas suggestibility for central features was found when misleading questions were asked in the delayed interview. Age changes in recall and elaboration for categorical information were found. Some temperament characteristics were associated with age-related changes in compliance and suggestibility. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retardation of Regeneration and Division of Blepharisma by Ultraviolet Radiation and Its Photoreversal

Regeneration of Blepharisma undulans variety japonicus from which the hypostome has been removed is retarded by dosages of 3000 to 4600 ergs/mm.2 at wavelength 2654A most strongly when the fragment is exposed soon after cutting. Dosages greater than 4600 ergs/mm.2 prevent regeneration. Regeneration is also retarded strongly when the Blepharisma are cut soon after irradiation. Starvation retards regeneration and potentiates the effect of ultraviolet radiations. Division after regeneration of Blepharisma is also retarded by ultraviolet radiations about equally, regardless of when the Blepharisma are cut indicating a more lasting effect of the radiations upon the cells. Blepharisma cut after irradiation usually recover from the effects of the radiations sooner than uncut individuals given the same dosage. Retardation of division by ultraviolet radiation is subject to photoreversal by visible light, especially in a nitrogen atmosphere, provided the ultraviolet dose is not excessive. Visible light alone if prolonged, retards regeneration or may even kill the cut fragments of Blepharisma.
Intensive field phenotyping of maize (Zea mays L.) root crowns identifies phenes and phene integration associated with plant growth and nitrogen acquisition

Root architecture is an important regulator of nitrogen (N) acquisition. Existing methods to phenotype the root architecture of cereal crops are generally limited to seedlings or to the outer roots of mature root crowns. The functional integration of root phenes is poorly understood. In this study, intensive phenotyping of mature root crowns of maize was conducted to discover phenes and phene modules related to N acquisition. Twelve maize genotypes were grown under replete and deficient N regimes in the field in South Africa and eight in the USA. An image was captured for every whorl of nodal roots in each crown. Custom software was used to measure root phenes including nodal occupancy, angle, diameter, distance to branching, lateral branching, and lateral length. Variation existed for all root phenes within maize root crowns. Size-related phenes such as diameter and number were substantially influenced by nodal position, while angle, lateral density, and distance to branching were not. Greater distance to branching, the length from the shoot to the emergence of laterals, is proposed to be a novel phene state that minimizes placing roots in already explored soil. Root phenes from both older and younger whorls of nodal roots contributed to variation in shoot mass and N uptake. The additive integration of root phenes accounted for 70% of the variation observed in shoot mass in low N soil. These results demonstrate the utility of intensive phenotyping of mature root systems, as well as the importance of phene integration in soil resource acquisition.
Automatic layout generation for CMOS operational amplifiers

An analog silicon compiler for CMOS op amps (OPASYN) has been developed. The synthesis system takes as inputs system-level specifications, fabrication-dependent technology parameters, and geometric layout rules. Based on the general domain of the specifications, the program first selects an appropriate circuit topology from a database and determines optimal values for the set of design parameters so as to meet the design objectives. Subsequently, a mask-level layout for the given circuit with its optimized device sizes is constructed using an approach based on a few leaf-cell generators and on circuit-dependent slicing trees that guarantee sound arrangements of the individual components. The synthesis process is fast enough for the program to be used interactively at the system-design level by system engineers who are inexperienced in op amp design. >
Hierarchical assembly of leader-asymmetric, single-leader networks

The connection between leader-asymmetry and controllability in controlled agreement networks provides a topological, necessary condition for controllability. In this paper we investigate how to produce hierarchical networks that, at each level in the hierarchy, exhibit the leader-asymmetry properties. Graph grammars are moreover provided for assembling the leader-asymmetric networks of any size.
Alcohols, ethers, carbohydrates, and related compounds. I. The MM4 force field for simple compounds.

Simple alcohols and ethers have been studied with the MM4 force field. The structures of 13 molecules have been well fit using the MM4 force field. Moments of inertia have been fit with rms percentage errors as indicated: 18 moments for ethers, 0.28%; 21 moments for alcohols, 0.22%. Rotational barriers and conformational equilibria have also been examined, and the experimental and ab initio results are reproduced substantially better with MM4 than they were with MM3. Much of the improvement comes from the use of additional interaction terms in the force constant matrix, of which the torsion-bend and torsion-torsion are particularly important. Induced dipoles are included in the calculation, and dipole moments are reasonably well fit. It has been possible for the first time to fit conformational energetic data for both open chain and cyclic alcohols (e.g., propanol and cyclohexanol) with the same parameter set. For vibrational spectra, over a total of 82 frequencies, the rms error is 27 cm(-1), as opposed to 38 cm(-1) with MM3. Both the alpha and beta bond shortening resulting from the presence of the electronegative oxygen atom in the molecule are well reproduced. The electronegativity of the oxygen is sufficient that one must also include not only the alpha and beta electronegativity effects on bond lengths, but also on angle distortions, if structures are to be well reproduced. The heats of formation of 32 alcohols and ethers were fit overall to within experimental error (weighted standard deviation error 0.26 kcal/mol).
DNA Damaging Drugs

The classical anti-cancer agents comprise cytotoxic compounds. Mostly, these drugs act by exerting DNA damage. In essence, there are two major response phenotypes available to a cell upon DNA damage, such as a chemotherapeutic drug action, to arrest the cell cycle and repair the damage, to initiate a pathway to apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Self-stabilizing protocols for maximal matching and maximal independent sets for ad hoc networks

We propose two distributed algorithms to maintain, respectively, a maximal matching and a maximal independent set in a given ad hoc network; our algorithms are fault tolerant (reliable) in the sense that the algorithms can detect occasional link failures and/or new link creations in the network (due to mobility of the hosts) and can readjust the global predicates. We provide time complexity analysis of the algorithms in terms of the number of rounds needed for the algorithm to stabilize after a topology change, where a round is defined as a period of time in which each node in the system receives beacon messages from all its neighbors. In any ad hoc network, the participating nodes periodically transmit beacon messages for message transmission as well as to maintain the knowledge of the local topology at the node; as a result, the nodes get the information about their neighbor nodes synchronously (at specific time intervals). Thus, the paradigm to analyze the complexity of the self-stabilizing algorithms in the context of ad hoc networks is very different from the traditional concept of an adversary daemon used in proving the convergence and correctness of self-stabilizing distributed algorithms in general.
Non-Aqueous Synthesis of Multicomponent Mesoporous Materials

A non-aqueous synthesis route broadens the spectrum of useful precursors and the range of compositions which can be achieved in the synthesis of ordered, mesoporous multicomponent materials. A formamide solution of surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium chloride/hydroxide) allows for distribution of a water-sensitive metal oxide precursor prior to reaction. Hydrolysis of the metal oxide precursor and phase separation to the pure oxide are controlled by adding limited amounts of water. Subsequent addition of a second metal oxide source as an aqueous solution initiates the reactions leading to a mixed oxide having ordered mesopores. Ordered mesoporous titanium silicates having final Ti/Si mole ratios in excess of 1/20 are synthesized.
Sympathetic Chemoreflex Responses in Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Effects of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy

Background Sympathetic nerve activity is increased in awake and regularly breathing patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Over time, repetitive hypoxic stress could alter sympathetic chemoreflex function in OSA. Methods We determined the responses to acute hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen of 0.1, for 5 min), static handgrip exercise, and the cold pressor test (CPT) in 24 patients with OSA (age, 50 ± 3 years [mean ± SEM]; apnea-hypopnea index, 47 ± 6 events per hour) and in 14 age-and weight-matched nonapneic control subjects. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) [peroneal microneurography], BP, and ventilation were monitored. Results Basal MSNA was higher in OSA patients compared to control subjects (45 ± 4 bursts per minute vs 33 ± 4 bursts per minute, respectively; p Conclusion These data suggest that the sympathetic responses to hypoxic chemoreflex stimulation are enhanced in OSA and may normalize in part following CPAP therapy.
GaN solid state electron emitter

Summary form only given. Recent developments in vacuum microelectronics have led to a resurgence of interest into cold cathode emission for applications to a variety of electronic devices. The devices include microwave vacuum transistors and tubes, cathodoluminescent flat panel displays, pressure sensors, high temperature and radiation hardened electron devices. For these new applications, the ideal cold cathode should have the following characteristics: (i) low-voltage operation (5-20 volts), (ii) high current density (5-10 A/cm/sup 2/), (iii) room temperature operation and (iv) stable and durable operation. We describe a low voltage, room temperature electron emitter that is based on the AlGaN UV opto-electronic cathode. It consists of an ultra-violet light emitting diode (UV-LED) in direct contact with a photoemitter.
In vivo stimulation of de novo collagen production caused by cross-linked hyaluronic acid dermal filler injections in photodamaged human skin

Objective To determine whether endogenous synthesis of new extracellular matrix may contribute to the degree and duration of clinical benefits derived from cross-linked hyaluronic acid dermal filler injections. Design In vivo biochemical analyses after filler injections. Setting Academic referral center. Participants Eleven healthy volunteers (mean age, 74 years) with photodamaged forearm skin. Interventions Filler and vehicle (isotonic sodium chloride) injected into forearm skin and skin biopsy specimens taken 4 and 13 weeks later. Main Outcome Measures De novo synthesis of collagen, the major structural protein of dermal extracellular matrix, was assessed using immunohistochemical analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and electron microscopy. Results Compared with controls, immunostaining in skin receiving cross-linked hyaluronic acid injections revealed increased collagen deposition around the filler. Staining for prolyl-4-hydroxylase and the C-terminal and N-terminal epitopes of type I procollagen was enhanced at 4 and 13 weeks after treatment ( P P Conclusions Injection of cross-linked hyaluronic acid stimulates collagen synthesis, partially restoring dermal matrix components that are lost in photodamaged skin. We hypothesize that this stimulatory effect may be induced by mechanical stretching of the dermis, which in turn leads to stretching and activation of dermal fibroblasts. These findings imply that cross-linked hyaluronic acid may be useful for stimulating collagen production therapeutically, particularly in the setting of atrophic skin conditions.
Development of the sensory component of the respiratory mechanism of the toadfish (Opsanus tau)

This communication deals chiefly with the development of the sensory nerves that supply the portion of the head involved in respiration. It is a supplement to a previous paper (Tracy,′61) and describes in detail the origin of cells that form the sensory ganglia of four cranial nerves, V. VII, IX and X, together with their distribution, the branches that degenerate, motor distribution, and the time at which evidence of first motor movements controlled by them appears. It covers the details concerning the position of placodes which are the source of some of the cells from which the ganglia of these nerves are derived and the relative time at which they appear. In this article more emphasis is placed on the development of cranial nerves V and VII than on IX and X. Apparently the former two nerves are more involved in the mechanism of respiration than the latter two. Some incidental observations of importance are recorded that do not appear to bear particularly on the main thesis of the article. One of these concerns the paths of migration followed by the ectomesenchyme. Another statement is to the effect that the two kinds of mesenchyme do not mix but that a quite definite boundary region can usually be distinguished between them as if the process of differentiation has made them slightly incompatible.
An optimal control model of human balance: can it provide theoretical insight to neural control of movement?

A physiologically plausible model for control of human postural balance, combining optimal state estimation and control, is proposed. The linear dynamics of three sensory modalities are modeled: joint proprioception, vestibular organs in the inner ear, and vision. These sensors are mated with a two degree of freedom model of planar body dynamics. Linear quadratic optimal control theory is used to design the state feedback and estimation gains. Free parameters for the overall system set the form of the control objective and the sensory precision of the sensors. The model predicts statistical properties of human sway in terms of covariance of ankle and hip motion. These predictions are compared with human responses to alterations in sensory conditions. For a single set of parameters, the model successfully reproduces the general nature of postural motion as a function of sensory environment. Sensitivity studies demonstrate that the model is robust to parameter variations, consistent with observed behavior. A physiological structure is proposed for learning and implementing the necessary computations. The model may be useful as a diagnostic tool for detecting contributing factors to poor balance.
Response to Hubert Dreyfus and Nancy Sherman

This paper tries to make clear what practical intelligibility is and how it is threatened at times of cultural breakdown or devastation. It argues that it is easy to overlook a breakdown in practical intelligibility because there is a tendency to frame the problems in terms of theoretical reason. Once one gets clear on what the threat to intelligibility is (and what it is not) one can see fairly straightforward ways to respond to the comments made by Dreyfus and Sherman.
Nitrogen and oxygen isotopic signatures of subsurface nitrate seaward of the Florida Keys reef tract

Hydrographic and nutrient structure and the nitrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions (d 15 N and d 18 O) of the nitrate pool seaward of the Florida Keys reef tract were measured in Summer 2003. Nitrate and soluble reactive phosphate concentrations were tightly associated with depth and temperature and were close to 0 in surface waters, increased to 2–10 mmol L21 and 0.1–1.0 mmol L21, respectively, at intermediate depths associated with the thermocline and 15–25 mmol L21 and 1.0–1.5 mmol L21, respectively, in deeper water. Ammonium concentrations were low (0–0.6 mmol L21) at all depths. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations ranged from 70–120 mmol L21 near the surface to 40–60 mmol L21 below the thermocline. Mean nitrate d15N was 4.78% (60.05) overall and varied from 4.24% (60.07) within the chlorophyll maximum layer at 50–70 m depth to 5.26% (60.05) below the thermocline at 150–242 m depth. Mean d18O mean was 3.26% (60.08) and varied from 4.89% (60.14) within the chlorophyll maximum layer to 3.02% (60.07) below the thermocline. These observations suggest an oceanic, deep-water nitrate source below the thermocline, a mix of sources from upwelling and N2 fixation, and the effects of fractionation associated with uptake by primary producers within the thermocline. The water column nitrate isotopic data support the general hypothesis that primary producers on the Florida Keys reef tract directly utilize the transiently available subsurface nitrate pool.
Host fishes and host-attracting behavior of Lampsilis altilis and Villosa vibex (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Abstract Suitable host fishes were identified for two species of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) from the Coosa River drainage, Mobile Basin: Lampsilis altilis, the fine-lined pocketbook and Villosa vibex, the southern rainbow. Suitable hosts are defined as fishes that produce juvenile mussels from glochidial infestations in the laboratory. Larvae of both L. altilis and V. vibex transformed successfully on four species of sunfishes (Centrarchidae): Lepomis cyanellus, Micropterus coosae, M. punctulatus and M. salmoides. For both mussel species transformation success on L. cyanellus was highly variable and generally lower than on Micropterus spp. Gravid female L. altilis and V. vibex display highly modified mantle margin lures in the early spring. In addition to displaying mantle lures, L. altilis produce superconglutinates, similar to those recently described for three other species of Lampsilis in the southeastern U.S.
Pathophysiology of Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head

The interruption of arterial blood flow in the superior segment of the femoral epiphysis is a common event in pathological conditions, e.g., gas embolism in Caisson disease, traumatic vessel injuries in neck femoral fractures or hip dislocation, vascular occlusion in Gaucher’s disease, sickle cell anemia, and radiation exposure. When arterial blood impairment occurs without a documented etiology, the term idiopathic avascular necrosis must be employed.
The Political Effects of Immigrant Naturalization

Immigration is transforming the societies of Europe and North America. Yet the political implications of these changes remain unclear. In particular, we lack credible evidence on whether, and how, becoming a citizen of the country of residence prompts immigrants to engage with the political system. This paper used panel data from Germany to test theories of citizenship and immigrant politics. I found that naturalization can promote political integration, but that this is more likely if new citizens have the chance to pick up habits of political engagement during the formative years of early adulthood.
Anton Tedesko: Thin Shells and Esthetics

Rarely can historians attribute to one person the introduction into a society of a new and widely useful engineering idea. We have no difficulty, however, in attributing to one structural engineer, Anton Tedesko, the introduction of thin-shell concrete roof structures into the United States. This achievement merits some reflection not only on the events themselves, but also on the background and personality of the individual engineer. Anton Tedesko's work and ideas in thin shell concrete studies demonstrate: First, his educational background broadened his vision, emphasized design at least as much as analysis, and included aesthetics as a serious part of structural design. Second, his experience in European practice gave him not only a solid grounding in thin shell construction, but also a first-hand view of the operation of designer-builders. Third, the history of thin shell structures shows how new ideas in structural engineering came from designers and especially those with construction experience. Fourth, Tedesko's long career has focused on the design of full-scale works in which behavior, cost, and appearance have been the criteria for success.
Evaluation of long-term efficacy of Ni-Ti alloy memory mest stent in the treatment of BPH

Objective:To observe the long-term therapeutic effect of Ni-Ti alloy memory mest stent for the treatment of BPH.Methods:A retrograde analysis of 182 BPH cases treated with Ni-Ti mest stent is done,in which 43 with Angiomed Memotherm stent and 139 with domestically made stent.Results:94 cases were found with good long-term effect,effective rate 51.6%(domestic stent group 38.1%,Angiomed group 95.4%).Conclusions:Ni-Ti mest stent long-term effect for the treatment of BPH is good,with the Angiomed stent being better.It can be used as a safe,effective therapy for BPH patients with high operative risk.
Emerging Molecular and Biological Functions of MBD2, a Reader of DNA Methylation

DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark that is essential for many biological processes and is linked to diseases such as cancer. Methylation is usually associated with transcriptional silencing, but new research has challenged this model. Both transcriptional activation and repression have recently been found to be associated with DNA methylation in a context-specific manner. How DNA methylation patterns are interpreted into different functional output remains poorly understood. One mechanism involves the protein ‘readers’ of methylation, which includes the methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) family of proteins. This review examines the molecular and biological functions of MBD2, which binds to CpG methylation and is an integral part of the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation (NuRD) complex. MBD2 has been linked to immune system function and tumorigenesis, yet little is known about its functions in vivo. Recent studies have found the MBD2 protein is ubiquitously expressed, with relatively high levels in the lung, liver and colon. Mbd2 null mice surprisingly show relatively mild phenotypes compared to mice with loss of function of other MBD proteins. This evidence has previously been interpreted as functional redundancy between the MBD proteins. Here we examine and contextualize research that suggests MBD2 has unique properties and functions among the MBD proteins. These functions translate to recently described roles in the development and differentiation of multiple cell lineages, including pluripotent stem cells and various cell types of the immune system, as well as in tumorigenesis. We also consider possible models for the dynamic interactions between MBD2 and NuRD in different tissues in vivo. The functions of MBD2 may have direct therapeutic implications for several areas of human disease, including autoimmune conditions and cancer, in addition to providing insights into the actions of NuRD and chromatin regulation.
Oral sucrose and exercise tolerance in McArdle's disease.

1575 inflammatory lung disease, and the antiphospholipid syndrome), markers of oxidative stress may indicate increased lipid peroxidation, which probably contributes to atherosclerosis by providing highly oxidized low-density lipoprotein that is deposited in arterial walls. They have reported increased lipid peroxidation, measured as urinary levels of the isoprostane prostaglandin F 2 a type III and similar products of oxidized prostaglandinrelated molecules. Increased peroxidation is generally viewed as an adverse metabolic state that confers a predisposition to atherosclerosis. In summary, we take the points made that exposing patients to statins may in a very small proportion increase their risk of SLE-like disease and that increased lipid oxidation is likely to play a role in accelerating atherosclerosis in patients with SLE and others with chronic inflammatory or degenerative diseases.
Fluorescently labeling synthetic RNAs.

Abstract This protocol covers the steps required to incorporate N- hydroxysuccinamide (NHS) functionalized fluorophores into synthetic RNAs containing a residue derivatized with a primary amine. This method has been widely used to label RNA oligonucleotides that are used directly, targeted to a complementary RNA using base pairing rules, or covalently ligated to a RNA of interest ( Ha et al., 1999 ; Hodak et al., 2005 , Baum and Silverman, 2007 , Sattint et al., 2008 , Akiyama and Stone, 2009 , Solomatin and Herschlag, 2009 ). While this technique is quite general, the details of a particular experiment can vary, therefore, it is always important to keep in mind that other labeling strategies are available and should potentially be considered.