cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Construct validation and correlates of preoperative expectations of postsurgical recovery in persons undergoing knee replacement: baseline findings from a randomized clinical trial

A patient’s recovery expectations prior to knee arthroplasty influence postsurgical outcome and satisfaction but a unidimensional measure of expectation has not been reported in the literature. Our primary purpose was to determine the extent to which a patient expectations scale reflects a unidimensional construct. Our second purpose was to identify pre-operative variables associated with patients’ expectations. We hypothesized that previously identified predictors of the latent expectation scale score would be associated with expectations and that previously unexplored variables of pain catastrophizing, depressive and anxiety symptoms, self-efficacy and number of painful body regions would also associate with pre-operative expectations. Our randomized clinical trial had 384 patients assessed prior to knee replacement surgery. The expectations scale along with several predictor variables including WOMAC, psychological distress, and sociodemographic variables were obtained. Confirmatory factor analysis tested the unidimensionality of the measure and structural equation modeling identified predictors of the latent expectations measure. The expectations scale was found to be unidimensional with superior model fit (χ2 = 1.481; df = 2; p = 0.224; RMSEA = 0.035; 90% CI = [0–0.146]; CFI = 0.999; TLI = 0.993). The only variable significantly associated with expectations in the multivariate model was self-efficacy. The expectations scale used in our study demonstrated unidimensionality and has strong potential for clinical application. Poor self-efficacy is a potential target for intervention given its independent association with expectation. Addressing expectations directly and indirectly through self-efficacy assessment may assist in better aligning patient’s expectations with likely outcome. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01620983 .
The Day Care Movement: Past, Present, and Future

Although the day care movement has received much attention from policymakers, researchers, and the general public during the past decade, great ambiguity remains concerning the nature and purposes of supplementary child care--particularly as day care relates to the family unit and parenting (cf. Belsky and Steinberg, 1978; Belsky, Steinberg, and Walker, in press; Peters, 1975, 1980). This ambivalence toward day care in the United States stems, in part, from historical traditions that stress individualism and the sanctity of the family, as well as from current societal circumstances that have led to a “dual” day care system. The intent of this paper is to briefly trace the evolution of the present day state of affairs, to describe the current day care world, and to project some visions of its future place in American society.
Reconsidering Qur'anic Genre

The Qur'an's employment of diverse modes of discourse is, perhaps, the text's defining literary feature. These discourses, ranging from apocalyptic, to narrative, to legal, have long been observed ...
Use of cognitive correction training improves learning for children with mathematics learning disability

Children with normal intelligence may experience varying degrees of mathematics learning disabilities (MD). This study aims to conduct training to improve the brain’s cognitive ability for mathemat...
Routine Postoperative Hemoglobin Assessment Poorly Predicts Transfusion Requirement among Patients Undergoing Minimally Invasive Radical Prostatectomy

Introduction An advantage of minimally invasive radical prostatectomy over open surgery is decreased blood loss. At our institution hemoglobin is routinely checked 4 and 14 hours postoperatively. We assessed the relevance of this practice in a contemporary cohort undergoing minimally invasive radical prostatectomy. Methods We retrospectively reviewed data from patients undergoing laparoscopic or robotic radical prostatectomy at our institution between January 2010 and September 2018. We identified 3,631 patients with preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin values, and assessed the role of routine hemoglobin assessment in determining need for transfusion within 30 days. Medicare reimbursement rates for 2019 were used for cost analysis. Results Of 3,631 patients in our cohort 44 (1.2%) required transfusion. At 4 hours following surgery the median hemoglobin decrease was 8.0% (IQR 4.8 to 11.4) for patients who did not receive transfusion and 12.5% (9.5 to 19.2) for those who received transfusion. At 14 hours the median decrease was 14.2% (IQR 10.0 to 18.4) vs 33.1% (22.6 to 38.6). Routine hemoglobin assessment had no role in the decision to transfuse in 18 patients (41%). No patient was transfused based on 4-hour values alone. Omitting 1 hemoglobin assessment could have resulted in institutional savings of $37,000 during this period. Conclusions As transfusion following minimally invasive radical prostatectomy is rare, scheduled postoperative hemoglobin assessments in the absence of symptoms are unnecessary to recognize bleeding events. The largest hemoglobin difference between men who did vs did not receive transfusion was seen at 14 hours postoperatively. Thus, this single hemoglobin evaluation is sufficient.
John J. Kiernan: Business Journalism Pioneer, 1845-1893

John J. Kiernan was a little-known but important transitional figure in business journalism in the nineteenth century, one who operated as business journalism began to form its early identity. Kier...
Acoustic Angle-Selective Transmission Based on Binary Phase Gratings

Angle-selective transmission is the function of allowing a wave of certain incident angle to pass through the system. It is one of the essential functions in analog wave filtering and control systems. However, the incident-angle dependence and frequency dependence of wave transmission in existing systems are always coupled and cannot be controlled individually without influencing the other. This work reports the design of an angle-selection system that can decouple the incident-angle dependence and frequency dependence in acoustic transmission. The system is formed by the combination of two binary phase gratings with different grating periods. It selects not only the angle of incident wave, but also the frequency. The selected angle and frequency can be tuned independently by changing different geometric parameters in the binary phase gratings. The designed double grating system has the potential to serve as the building elements to construct arbitrary wave-filtering systems in the frequency-angle space, such as the broadband angle-selection system.
Women with mild cognitive impairment lose verbal memory-related metabolism at a rate more than twice as fast as men

1546 Background: Multiple independent investigations of cognitively normal subjects have found that, compared with age-matched men, premenopausal women demonstrate superior verbal memory performance, but also more rapid decline in this ability following menopause. In the present analysis, we focused upon changes in, and relationships between, verbal memory and regional cerebral metabolism in female subjects with mild cognitive impairment, compared with men matched for age, genetic predisposition, overall cognitive performance and diabetic propensity. Methods: Subjects represented a consecutive series of right-handed females (F) and males (M) having at least three years of longitudinal neuropsychological and brain metabolic data, collected from the start of the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Verbal memory performance was indexed by the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale, immediate and delayed word recall scores, while cerebral metabolism pertinent to verbal memory was indexed by quantification of activity in a priori -designated left anteromedial (amT) and posterolateral (plT) temporal standardized volumes of interest (sVOI) assessed in a total of 226 FDG PET scans from 113 subjects (53F, 60M) using NeuroQTM software, with each sVOI normalized to whole-brain activity of each subject. Statistical significance was assessed by chi-square or two-tailed t-tests, for comparisons of non-parametric or parametric data, respectively. Results: F and M subjects did not significantly differ with respect to baseline age (75.6, 75.7 yrs), positive APOE4 status (36%, 40%), Mini Mental State Examination scores (27.9, 28.2), or fasting blood glucose levels (5.4, 5.6 mmol/L). During the 3-year follow-up period, F with MCI suffered significant decline in both amT and plT metabolism (-2.5%, p=0.001; -4.0%, p=0.0004), which was not seen in M (p=0.3 for both regions). Concomitantly, F with MCI significantly deteriorated with respect to immediate (p=0.0001) and delayed (p=0.0008) verbal recall performance, declining 2-3 times faster than M with MCI for both verbal memory scores. The magnitude of those scores following the 3-yr follow-up period correlated with the magnitude of plT metabolism, and ApoE4-positive F underwent over twice as much decline in plT metabolism (-5.6%, p=0.004) than ApoE4-negative F (-2.6%, p=0.04), as did F with first-degree relatives diagnosed with AD compared to F without, in both left temporal sVOI’s (-3.4%, p=0.0007 vs. -0.7%, p=0.55, amT; -5.0%, p=0.002 vs. -2.3%, p=0.07, plT). Cognitively normal F and M, in contrast, did not experience significant decline in any parameter over those 3 yrs. Conclusions: In subjects with MCI, more rapid decline in metabolism in temporal regions critical to verbal memory ability occurred in women than in men, along with more rapid deterioration in verbal memory performance, and the rate of loss of metabolic activity was accelerated by factors genetically predisposing them to eventually developing AD.
A phase I trial adding poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor veliparib to induction carboplatin-paclitaxel in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Alliance A091101

Abstract Objectives We report the results of this phase I study to evaluate the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and safety of veliparib, a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, combined with carboplatin and paclitaxel induction chemotherapy (IC) for locoregionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Materials and methods In a 3 + 3 cohort design, patients with stage IVA-B human papillomavirus-negative HNSCC received 2 cycles of carboplatin (AUC 6, day 1), paclitaxel (100 mg/m2, days 1, 8, 15) and veliparib (days 1–7) every 21 days followed by standard curative-intent chemoradiotherapy. Primary endpoint: MTD and recommended phase II dose (RP2D) as determined by the first IC cycle. Results Twenty patients enrolled. Two withdrew before treatment; 18 patients were analyzed. Median age was 63 years. Primary disease sites included hypopharynx (n = 5), larynx (n = 5), oral cavity (n = 4), oropharynx (n = 3), and nasal cavity (n = 1). Through all of IC, the most common grade 3 + adverse events (AEs) were neutropenia (33%), thrombocytopenia (33%), anemia (11%), and white blood cell decrease (11%). One patient experienced a hematologic DLT at 350 mg BID. The RP2D for veliparib combined with carboplatin/paclitaxel is 350 mg BID. With 40.9 month median follow-up across dose levels for all patients, the 24-month overall and progression free survival was 77.8% (95% CI 60.8–99.6%) and 66.7% (95% CI 48.1–92.4%), respectively. Medians have not been reached. Conclusion Addition of veliparib to carboplatin and paclitaxel IC was well tolerated in patients with advanced HNSCC. Hematologic toxicities were the most common AEs.
Selective and sensitive environmental gas sensors enabled by membrane overlayers

Hazardous gases threaten human health and the environment due to their toxicity and flammability. Managing such risks requires reliable gas detection techniques. However, accurate detection of target environmental gases remains challenging. Recent advances in materials science have enabled the combination of molecular separation membranes with chemical sensors to achieve high selectivity in the detection of target gas molecules. Herein, we discuss the underlying gas separation mechanisms for different types of membrane overlayers, including graphene oxide, metal-organic frameworks, and metal oxides, as well as their integration with sensing materials. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship between sensing performance and surface chemistry, catalytic properties, and membrane nanostructure. We conclude by highlighting future directions for selective detection of environmental gas species.
Validity of Geochemical Signatures of Abiotic Hydrocarbon Gases on Earth

Abiotic synthesis was hypothesized for the occurrences of hydrocarbon gases with atypical molecular and isotopic compositions. This work provides biotic interpretations on these atypical compositions: 1) microbial CH4 oxidation and CO2-sourced methanogenesis may enrich 13C in hydrothermal CH4; 2) microbial hydrocarbon generation using serpentinization-derived H2 may deplete deuterium in hydrocarbons; 3) three processes may cause isotopic reversal with the carbon number in biotic hydrocarbons: i. the decrease of kinetic isotope effect (KIE) with the increase of carbon number during alkane biodegradation, ii. inverse KIE during the thermal decomposition of higher alkanes, and iii. isotopic fractionation during gas diffusion in rock samples; 4) random scission of long alkyl chains may form the exponential distribution of alkane abundance with respect to carbon number (“Schulz-Flory distribution”); 5) isotopic compositions are often not equilibrated; even if they are, the equilibrium temperatures are not necessarily the same as the temperature of hydrocarbon generation. Case studies demonstrate that previously proposed abiotic hydrocarbon gases in continental serpentinite-hosted seepages, continental or oceanic hydrothermal vents, volcanic emissions, gas fields in volcanic reservoirs, and fluid inclusions in alkaline or granitic rocks were formed with various biotic processes. The occurrence of abiotic hydrocarbon gas with decisive evidence is limited to fluid inclusions in some mantle minerals. Supplementary material: [description of material] is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5660278.
B cells from relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis patients modulate T cell behavior in a neuroantigen-specific manner (HUM1P.322)

The role of B cells in the pathoetiology of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis is not well understood. B cells may contribute to MS by antibody secretion, cytokine production and antigen presentation. Antigen-specific B cells are highly efficient antigen presenting cells in the context of their cognate antigens. Since antibodies from multiple sclerosis patients bind to neuroantigens we hypothesized that neuroantigen specific memory B cells promote disease in multiple sclerosis patients by serving as antigen presenting cells for auto-reactive T cells. We observed that B cells from a subset of multiple sclerosis patients induce naive and memory T cell proliferation in the presence of recombinant neuroantigens, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and myelin basic protein, but not MOG 35-55 peptide, in B-T cell co-cultures. Similarly, in the presence of neuroantigen proteins cells from multiple sclerosis patients secreted greater levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, -17A, -17F, -21, -22, -31, -33, TNF-α and soluble CD40L than healthy donors, while levels of IL-4 and IL-25 were similar. These data support a role for human B cells as antigen presenting cells in multiple sclerosis and highlight the role of B cells in the context of autoimmune disease beyond antibody production.
Heat fixation inactivates viral and bacterial pathogens and is compatible with downstream MALDI mass spectrometry tissue imaging

Tissue samples should be fixed and permanently stabilized as soon as possible ex-vivo to avoid variations in proteomic content. Tissues collected from studies involving infectious microorganisms, must face the additional challenge of pathogen inactivation before downstream proteomic analysis can be safely performed. Heat fixation using the Denator Stabilizor System (Gothenburg, Sweden) utilizes conductive heating, under a mild vacuum, to rapidly eliminate enzymatic degradation in tissue samples. Although many studies have reported on the ability of this method to stop proteolytic degradation and other sample changes immediately and permanently, pathogen inactivation has not been studied. We examined the ability of the heat fixation workflow to inactivate bacterial and viral pathogens and the suitability of this tissue for Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI). Mice were infected with viral or bacterial pathogens representing two strains of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus (VEEV) and two strains of Burkholderia. Additionally, a tissue mimetic model was employed using Escherichia, Klebsiella and Acinetobacter isolates. Infected tissue samples harvested from each animal or mimetic model were sectioned in half. One half was heat fixed and the other remained untreated. Lysates from each sample were checked for organism viability by performing plaque (infectivity) assays or plating on nutrient agar for colony forming unit (CFU) calculation. Untreated infected control tissue demonstrated the presence of each viable pathogen by positive plaque or colony formation, whereas heat fixation resulted in complete inactivation of both the viral and bacterial pathogens. MALDI-MSI images produced from heat fixed tissue were reflective of molecular distributions within brain, spleen and lung tissue structures. We conclude that heat fixation inactivates viral and bacterial pathogens and is compatible with proteomic analysis by MALDI-MSI. This treatment will enable the use of infected tissue from studies performed in bio-safety level 3 laboratories with VEEV and Burkholderia to be safely used for proteomic, small molecule drug detection, and imaging mass spectrometry analysis.
The Representation of War in German Literature: From 1800 to the Present

1. Introduction 2. The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 3. The First World War 4. The Second World War 5. Yugoslavia and Iraq 6. Conclusion.
Still Searching for Lost Time, on Jean-Louis Leutrat on Resnais's L'Annee derniere a Marienbad

Jean-Louis Leutrat _L'Annee derniere a Marienbad_ Translated by Paul Hammond London: British Film Institute, 2000 ISBN 0-85170-821-8 71 pp.
Design and evaluation of a high throughput robust router for network-on-chip

Network-on-chip (NoC) systems have been proposed to achieve high-performance computing where multiple processors are integrated into one chip. As the number of cores increases and the chips are scaled in the deep submicron technology, the NoC systems become subject to physical manufacture defects and running-time vulnerability, which result in faults. The faults affect the performance and functionality of the NoC systems and result in communication malfunctions. In this study, a fault tolerant router design with an adaptive routing algorithm that tolerates faults in the network links and the router components is proposed. The approach does not require the use of virtual channels and assures deadlock freedom. Furthermore, the experimental results show that the proposed architecture can tolerate multiple failures and prove robustness and fault tolerance with negligible impact on the performance.
Deterministic service guarantees in 802.12 networks. II. The cascaded network case

For part I see Hewlett Packard Technical Report HPL-97-147 (1997). Part I studied the problem of allocating resources in shared single hub 802.12 networks. We described the packet scheduling model and defined the admission control conditions which enable the network to provide deterministic service guarantees. In this paper we analyse cascaded (multihub) 802.12 topologies. We derive the relevant network parameters and show that the admission control conditions defined in part I also apply to cascaded topologies when used with these parameters. Experimental results were achieved with a UNIX kernel based implementation in cascaded test networks. These confirm the theoretical results received for network parameters, throughput and end-to-end delay.
Transionospheric pulse pairs originating in maritime, continental, and coastal thunderstorms: Pulse energy ratios

[1] We examine the ratio of energy in the second pulse to energy in the first pulse for 2467 transionospheric pulse pairs (TIPPs). The TIPPs examined here have been attributed to thunderstorms occurring over maritime, continental, and coastal regions near the continental United States. The mean values of the energy ratios are found to be 0.39 ± 0.27 for continental TIPPs and 0.94 ± 0.62 for maritime TIPPs. The energy ratio values for the coastal TIPPs exhibit a bimodal distribution representative of both the continental and the maritime populations. Previous observational evidence has shown that the second pulse of a TIPP is the surface-reflected signal from the same source as the first pulse. We compare the observed pulse energy ratios to the reflection coefficients of soil and seawater given by the Fresnel equations. The average values of the reflection coefficients for sources with vertical plane and horizontal plane polarization are consistent with the data. INDEX TERMS: 3324 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Lightning; 6999 Radio Science: General or miscellaneous; KEYWORDS: FORTE, VHF radio, lightning, reflection
A 32nm, 1.05V, BIST enabled, 10–40MHz, 11-9 bit, 0.13mm 2 digitized integrator MASH ΔΣ ADC

A 11-9 bit, 10–40MHz ΔΣ ADC using a digitized integrator (DI) MASH structure to allow for scalable, portable, and reconfigurable SoC solution in 32nm CMOS process is presented. An on-chip SNR calculator for high volume testing on a digital tester; startup automatic offset and reference calibration to prevent integrator overload due to manufacturing variations, and compensation for finite opamp gain. The ADC consumes 28mW at 1.05, occupies 0.13mm2.
Ebola in Antiquity

This article addresses whether Ebola may have been present in an urban setting in Athens in 430 bce and explores the historical importance of the ancient outbreak. New knowledge from today's West African epidemic allows a more accurate assessment of whether Ebola may have caused the Athenian outbreak than was once possible. The Athenian disease, whose etiology remains unknown, developed abruptly with fevers, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, and hemorrhage. It originated in sub-Saharan Africa and was especially contagious to doctors and caregivers. No remedies were effective. But the few survivors who were reexposed to diseased patients were not attacked a second time, suggesting protective immunity. What lessons can we learn from the ancient outbreak that bears a clinical and epidemiologic resemblance to Ebola? The historian Thucydides, an eyewitness and disease sufferer, described how the unsuspecting city panicked as it struggled to handle the rapidly spreading, devastating disease. Moreover, he stressed a theme that has relevance today-namely, that fear and panic intensified the disruption of society and damage to the individual that was directly caused by the disease. Moreover, fear amplified the spread of disease. The destructive nature of fear has remained a signature feature of pestilences that have subsequently caught ill-prepared societies off-guard-Bubonic plague in medieval times, AIDS in the 1980s, and Ebola today. The ancient Athenian epidemic is relevant for today's West African Ebola outbreak because it shows how fear and panic can endanger the individual, our society, and our efforts to handle the disease.
Predictive fuzzy PID control: theory, design and simulation

Abstract Predictive fuzzy PID control theory is developed in this paper, which offers a new approach for robust control of time-delay systems. The paper describes the functional structure, design principle, and stability analysis of a new predictive fuzzy PID controller. Sufficient computer simulations are provided for illustration and verification. First, the structure of the controller is derived from both the fuzzy PID control and the generalized predictive control concepts. Then, on-line model identification, optimal cost index, fuzzification, rule base, and defuzzification of the representative predictive fuzzy PD+I controller are discussed in detail. Lyapunov asymptotic stability analysis is conducted. Then, many computer simulations are performed to compare with several closely related controllers such as the fuzzy PD+I controller and the Smith-type predictive fuzzy PD+I controller. In the simulations, second-order linear systems with/without time delays, nonlinear systems with/without time delays, uncertain linear systems with time delays, and uncertain nonlinear systems with time delays are used to confirm the advantages of the new predictive fuzzy PD+I controller. Finally, this method is applied to control some chaotic systems with success. This predictive fuzzy control method provides a new way for controlling uncertainty and complex linear and nonlinear systems, even with significant time delay.
Direct analysis and identification of proteins in mixtures by LC/MS/MS and database searching at the low-femtomole level.

A method to directly identify proteins contained in mixtures by microcolumn reversed-phase liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is studied. In this method, the mixture of proteins is digested with a proteolytic enzyme to produce a large collection of peptides. The complex peptide mixture is then separated on-line with a tandem mass spectrometer, acquiring large numbers of tandem mass spectra. The tandem mass spectra are then used to search a protein database to identify the proteins present. Results from standard protein mixtures show that proteins present in simple mixtures can be readily identified with a 30-fold difference in molar quantity, that the identifications are reproducible, and that proteins within the mixture can be identified at low femtomole levels. Based on these studies, methodology has been developed for direct LC/MS/MS analysis of proteins enriched by immunoaffinity precipitation, specific interaction with a protein−protein fusion product, a...
On the mechanism of DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes

Abstract We have combined the techniques of pulse-labeling and DNA autoradiography to investigate the mechanism of DNA replication in the chromosomes of Chinese hamster and HeLa cells. Our results prove that the long fibers of which chromosomal DNA is composed are made up of many tandemly joined sections in each of which DNA is replicated at a fork-like growing point. In Chinese hamster cells most of these sections are probably less than 30 μ. long, and the rate of DNA replication per growing point is 2.5 μ per minute or less. In addition, we have taken advantage of the apparent slowness of equilibration with external thymidine of the internal thymidine triphosphate pool in Chinese hamster cells to determine the direction of DNA synthesis at the conclusion of the pulse in pulse-chase experiments. We have found, unexpectedly, that replication seems to proceed in opposite directions at adjacent growing points. Furthermore, adjacent diverging growing points appear to initiate replication at the same time.
All-polymer modulator for high frequency low drive voltage applications

Organic electro-optic material based optical modulators have been fervently pursued over the past two decades. The material properties of organic materials over crystalline electro-optic materials such as LiNbO3 have yielded devices with record low drive voltages and significant promise for high frequency operation that are ideal for implementation in many developing telecommunication technologies. This paper will discuss a TM electro-optic phase modulator based on a recently developed material IKD-1-50. A simple fabrication process that is compatible with wafer scale manufacturability using commercially available cladding materials, spin processing, standard photolithography, and dry etching will be presented. Non-centrosymmetric order is induced in the core material via a thermally enabled poling process that was developed based on work in simple slab waveguide material characterization devices, and optimized for polymer stack waveguide architectures. Basic phase modulators are characterized for half wave voltage and optical loss. In device r33 values are estimated from a combination of measured and simulated values. Additional work will be discussed including amplitude modulation and high frequency applications. The design for a Mach-Zehnder interferometer amplitude modulator that implements a multi mode interference cavity splitter will be presented along with plans for a microstrip transmission line traveling wave modulator.
A reconsideration of the definition of a heat exchanger

THE DEFISITION of a heat exchanger has been used for many years in its primarily well known and unchanged form. It is as follows: “The heat exchanger is a device used to transfer thermal energy between two or more fluids at different temperatures” [I]. This definition can be found either explicitly or implicitly in many student textbooks and engineering manuals. The statement is not incorrect and is unavoidable for design purposes. However, it seems to be inappropriate for the interpretation of some consequences of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. There are a few reasons for this claim. A heat exchanger as a .rrslenl conrponenr in many applications represents a device which provides an adequate ‘thermal environment’ for adjusting the required levels of thermal energy potentials of different fluids involved. The transfer of thermal energy is an unavoidable consequence of the thermal contact, but outlet thermal energy (or exergy) levels are the (urgers of the physical process mentioned. For example, this definition is. in fact. useless for multi-fluid heat exchangers, especially concerning the definition of the single, overall heat exchanger eflectiveness [2,3]. The pragmatic usability of the same detinition is dubious in transient phenomena, too [4]. Furthermore. higher heat exchanger effectiveness (based on the above-mentioned heat exchanger definition) does not necessarily mean a better quality of energy transformation (based on the Second Law analysis [S]). At least but not last, the so-called ‘entropy generation paradox’ [6, 71, is the consequence of an inappropriate use of the conventional heat exchanger definition. The purpose of this note is to point out the need for a more rigorous definition of a heat exchanger as a system component, especially in a thermodynamic analysis of a system.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Fluorite-Related Ruthenate, Trilanthanum Ruthenium Septaoxide La3RuO7

Single crystals of the lanthanum-containing ruthenate, trilanthanum ruthenium septaoxide, La3RuO7, were prepared via high-temperature flux growth and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Cmcm with a = 11.2077(6) A, b = 7.4531(4) A, and c = 7.6042(4) A and is a member of a well-known family of compounds with the general formula Ln3MO7. Synthesis and crystal structure of the fluorite-related ruthenate, trilanthanum ruthenium septaoxide La 3 RuO 7 William R. Gemmill, Mark D. Smith and Hans-Conrad zur Loye* Single crystals of La3RuO7 were isolated from a high-temperature KCl flux and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. A view of the crystal structure approximately along [001] of La3RuO7 and displacement ellipsoids drawn at 50% probability level. The vertex-sharing RuO6 octahedra are shown in blue, La3+ are shown in yellow, and O2− are shown in red.
Effects of small-scale disturbance on invasion success in marine communities

Abstract Introductions of non-indigenous species have resulted in many ecological problems including the reduction of biodiversity, decline of commercially important species and alteration of ecosystems. The link between disturbance and invasion potential has rarely been studied in the marine environment where dominance hierarchies, dynamics of larval supply, and resource acquisition may differ greatly from terrestrial systems. In this study, hard substrate marine communities in Long Island Sound, USA were used to assess the effect of disturbance on resident species and recent invaders, ascidian growth form (i.e. colonial and solitary growth form), and the dominant species-specific responses within the community. Community age was an additional factor considered through manipulation of 5-wk old assemblages and 1-yr old assemblages. Disturbance treatments, exposing primary substrate, were characterized by frequency (single, biweekly, monthly) and magnitude (20%, 48%, 80%) of disturbance. In communities of different ages, disturbance frequency had a significant positive effect on space occupation of recent invaders and a significant negative effect on resident species. In the 5-wk community, magnitude of disturbance also had a significant effect. Disturbance also had a significant effect on ascidian growth form; colonial species occupied more primary space than controls in response to increased disturbance frequency and magnitude. In contrast, solitary species occupied significantly less space than controls. Species-specific responses were similar regardless of community age. The non-native colonial ascidian Diplosoma listerianum responded positively to increased disturbance frequency and magnitude, and occupied more primary space in treatments than in controls. The resident solitary ascidian Molgula manhattensis responded negatively to increased disturbance frequency and magnitude, and occupied less primary space in treatments than in controls. Small-scale biological disturbances, by creating space, may facilitate the success of invasive species and colonial organisms in the development of subtidal hard substrate communities.
Quadrature Projection Complex Conjugate Resolved Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography For Real Time Full Depth Imaging

We present full range imaging with Fourier Domain optical coherence tomography using a novel phase stepping algorithm. Real time in vivo imaging of human eye anterior segment is demonstrated.
Individual versus group use of base-rate and individuating information

Abstract This study compared individual and group use of base-rate and individuating information. Individuals and five-person groups were presented with base-rate information and with individuating information and were asked to judge probabilities. Results indicate that groups report relying on the individuating information significantly more and on the base rate significantly less than individuals. The probability judgments of groups are more sensitive to subjects' beliefs about what the individuating information sounds like than the judgments of individuals. There is some evidence that the probability judgments of groups are more extreme than those of individuals. Group discussion appears to amplify the tendency of individuals to judge by representativeness when assessing category membership.
Renew, Refuel, and Rebuild

We can renew, refuel, and rebuild America with millions of green jobs, but they must be good jobs. Participants at the conference understand that environmental and economic stability go hand-in-hand, that the challenges of global warming are urgent and that huge opportunities exist for building a clean energy economy.
The retentive qualities of bridge retainers

The retentive qualities of five clinical preparations and a technic die were investigated using tensional forces. The force required to break the cement lute for each type of preparation was used for a comparison of retention qualities. Each restoration was also tested in this manner before cementation to the die.
Decomposition of nitrous oxide on FeY zeolite

Abstract The kinetics of N2O decomposition over Fe(III)Y zeolite between 350 and 650 °C are described. With partial pressures of N2O up to 12%, the decomposition data are represented with reasonable accuracy by — d N 2 O dt = k obs P N 2 O . The results are consistent with an oxygen transfer redox mechanism in which the rate-determining step is the catalyst reduction by N2O. Studies were also made using normal reactant (N216O) on the 18O-loaded catalyst. The initial distribution of product oxygen (32O2, 34O2 and 36O2) was determined by mass spectrometric technique. The experimental results fitted the proposed mechanism but the fraction of 32O2 was much higher than expected. This may indicate that a small fraction of the sites is used repetitively. The decomposition of NO was also attempted over the same catalyst. No reaction was detected up to 750 °C. This finding suggests that N2O decomposition reaction is the simplest, most straightforward chemical tool available for studies of the redox chemistry of such systems.
Turbulence development in a non-equilibrium turbulent boundary layer with mild adverse pressure gradient

High-resolution laser-Doppler anemometer measurements were acquired in a two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer over a ramp. The goals were to provide a detailed data set for an adverse pressure gradient boundary layer far from separation and to examine near-wall behaviour of the Reynolds stresses as compared to flat-plate boundary layers. The flow develops over a flat plate, reaching a momentum thickness Reynolds number of 3350 at an upstream reference location. The boundary layer is then subjected to a varying pressure gradient along the length of the ramp and partially redevelops on a downstream flat plate. Mean velocity measurements show a log law region in all velocity profiles, but the outer layer does not collapse in deficit coordinates indicating that the boundary layer is not in equilibrium. Measurements of non-dimensional stress ratios and quadrant analysis of the two-component data indicate relatively small changes to the turbulence structure. However, the streamwise normal stress has an extended outer layer plateau, and the shear stress and wall-normal stress have outer layer peaks. Near the wall, the streamwise normal stress and shear stress collapse with flat-plate data using standard scaling, but the wall normal stress is substantially larger than flat-plate cases.
Estimating the effects of heterogeneous competition in an agent-based ecological model using GIS raster color

It is hypothesized that inter-species competition is one of the main factors that determine the range and distribution of Sensitive joint-vetch (SJV), a rare, tidal wetlands annual. The precise effects of this competition, however, are poorly understood by ecologists and difficult to quantify. We have constructed a detailed, agent-based simulation of SJV in its Holts Creek, Virginia, habitat. In order to shed light on these landscape-scale effects, we propose a new method of distinguishing poor from high quality plots that uses GIS to correlate the pixel color of an individual m2 plot to its propensity for sustaining SJV. This propensity is then used to determine the vital rates of a given plot and is applied to all plants within it. Results indicate that inter-species competition plays a limiting, though by no means exclusively important, role in the spatial arrangement and rarity of SJV.
Signature-based radiation scanning using radiation interrogation to detect explosives

Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) pose a serious threat to society. The signature-based radiation scanning technology has been developed to counter this threat. This technology can be automated, requires minimal operator involvement, and in principle can rapidly identify IEDs from standoff distances. Preliminary research using neutron interrogation indicates that explosive samples of about 7 kg or greater hidden in various targets can be detected from standoff distances of more than a meter, with high sensitivity and high specificity.
The repeated public goods game: A solution using Tit-for-Tat and the Lindahl point

This paper demonstrates how a repeated public goods problem may be solved by using Tit-for-Tat (TFT) on the Lindahl point. The general solution is developed; geometric and numerical examples are offered.
Using Variables in School Mathematics: Do School Mathematics Curricula Provide Support for Teachers?

This study employed content analysis to examine 3 popular middle-grades mathematics curricula in the USA on the support they provide for teachers to implement concepts associated with variables in school mathematics. The results indicate that each of the 3 curricula provides some type of support for teachers, but in a varied amount and quality. More specifically, whereas the University of Chicago School Mathematics Project (UCSMP) curriculum provides support for teachers on several aspects of using variables in school mathematics, the support found in the Connected Mathematics 2 and the Math Connects curricula focused mainly on one conception of variables—namely, the use of variables as quantity that varies in the Connected Mathematics 2 curriculum and the use of variables as specific unknowns in the Math Connects curriculum. Overall, the UCSMP curriculum provides the most support for teachers, followed by the Connected Mathematics 2 curriculum, with the Math Connects curriculum recording the least support for teachers to enact variable concepts. It is worth pointing out that, although the 3 curricula collectively provide guidance for teachers to implement variable ideas within meaningful real-world contexts, the supports identified in the respective curriculum were not sufficient in addressing all of the areas that are essential for teaching the many concepts associated with variables in school mathematics effectively. Recommendations for curriculum developers and for international researchers with interest in the roles of variables in school mathematics are provided.
Comparative material on automated and semiautomated perimeters--1985.

In reviewing all the responses from the private practitioners and clinicians in Departments of Ophthalmology throughout the United States and Canada, it would appear that the majority of individuals are quite happy with the automated perimeters they have purchased. Clinicians should be aware that this is a rapidly changing field and several devices which were previously available are no longer being manufactured. In addition, because of the competition which has recently developed in the automated perimetry industry, prices are continuing to come down. Some practitioners have been unhappy with the fact they paid a higher price for a device which is currently selling at a lower price. However, a similar phenomenon has happened in the computer world and is to be expected as competition increases. The major problems which seem to be of concern to all ophthalmologists, are the difficulty in interpreting data and the management of the data. We believe one of the major frustrations of all practitioners using automated perimeters relates to the fact that this is a totally new technique, which requires time and practice to gain familiarity. In general, it would appear that most of the practitioners have been happy with the service provided by various companies, although there are a few exceptions. Read the enclosed responses and develop your own conclusions. We hope you find the information useful.
Blood volume responses of rats adppted to different barometric pressures (38482).

SummaryThe total blood volume, circulating red cell volume (CRCV), and plasma volume of rats exposed for 30 days to either 480 or 380 mmHg were quite different. At the lower altitude (480 mmHg) total blood volume was similar to that found in sea level controls of a similar weight and age, while CRCV was increased and plasma volume was decreased. However, at the higher altitude CRCV was increased to a much greater extent, with the result that the total blood volume was approximately 44% greater than at 480 mmHg. The differences in response to the two barometric pressures became even more striking when the rats adapted to 380 mmHg were compared with their age- and weight-matched controls. Diet restrictions in the absence of hypoxia resulted in significant decreases in CRCV, plasma volume, and total blood volume. Consequently, when compared to these animals, rats adapted to 380 mmHg had a 100% greater total blood volume due primarily to a higher CRCV, but also to a higher plasma volume.
Peridotite xenoliths in silica-rich, potassic latite from the transition zone of the Colorado Plateau in north-central Arizona

Potassic latite in the transition zone of the Colorado Plateau near Chino Valley, Arizona, contains abundant eclogite and amphibolite xenoliths and minor websterite and pyroxenite xenoliths. One unit contains peridotite xenoliths; analyzed samples have mg-ratios of 68 and 71, 58 and 63 wt% SiO2, and are enriched in potassium and other large ion lithophile (LIL) elements. Rare earth element (REE) patterns are light REE enriched with La greater than 100 times chondritic abundance. The peridotite xenoliths are partly to totally altered, but contain remnant olivine, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene; one harzburgite nodule also contains spinel. Mineral compositions from the xenoliths are relatively refractory and similar to those in other spinel peridotite xenoliths from the Colorado Plateau. Geothermometry on olivine-spinel and two-pyroxene pairs indicates equilibration temperatures of less than 800° C for the peridotite nodules. The relatively low temperatures calculated from mineral equilibria are consistent with temperature estimates for other mantle nodules from under the Colorado Plateau. Peridotite xenoliths, mg-ratios, and Ni contents are evidence that the latite magma was derived from mantle peridotite. The potassic nature of the magma probably accounts for its silica-rich composition. The potassic, silica-rich nature of the latite and its enrichment in LREE and other LIL elements are consistent with a source which was metasomatically enriched in these elements either before or during partial melting. The source could have been either spinel or garnet peridotite.
The cohomology of the morava stabilizer algebras

In this paper we continue our study of the groups ExtBp, Be(BP,, v 2 t BP,/I,). In [5] it was shown that these groups are essentially isomorphic to the cohomology of a certain Hopf algebra S(n) which we called the Morava stabilizer algebra since it was implicitly introduced in [6]. The structure of S(n) was analyzed in [8] where we defined a filtration on it and described the associated graded Hopf algebra EoS(n ) explicitly. We will use the results of[8] in this paper extensively. Applications to the Novikov spectral sequence will appear in a forthcoming paper with Miller and Wilson. In w 1 we show how the machinery developed by May in [3] can be applied to this situation. As a trivial corollary we show that for n 2. In w we compute H* S(n) at all primes for n 5.
X-ray inactivation of bacteriophages: Role of O2-dependent damage in single- and double-strand DNA phages

Abstract When the single-strand DNA phage, ∅X174, of Escherichia coli is X-irradiated in air, ca. 30% of the lethal hits are single-strand breaks and 70% are O 2 -dependent alterations, likely to be base damage. Therefore, O 2 -dependent damage is probably much more prevalent than was concluded from earlier studies with double-strand DNA phages. This O 2 -dependent damage prevents X-irradiated λ phage from complementing λ sus mutants.