cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protonic Defects in Hydrogen Bonded Liquids: Structure and Dynamics in Ammonia and Comparison with Water†

The structural, dynamical, and electronic properties of ionic defects in liquid ammonia at 260 K created by the addition or removal of a proton have been studied using the method of ab initio molecular dynamics. These protonic defects correspond to the ammonium (N ) and amide (N ) ions in the liquid and are the analogues of the H3O+ and OH- ions in water. For this reason, direct comparison between the protonic defects in ammonia and those in water can be made. In particular, it is found that the N exhibits a characteristic cationic solvation pattern, in which it donates four hydrogen bonds to neighboring ammonia molecules, giving it a coordination number of 4. The N ion is found to have a coordination number between 7 and 8 in liquid ammonia, a number higher than would be expected based on the number of hydrogen bonds it can accept and donate. It is found that about 40% of this is due to hydrogen bonding but that these hydrogen bonds are all accepted by the amide nitrogen. Moreover, the hydrogen bonds are...
Attraction and projection

Summary form only given. Point-set surfaces can be characterized by the "projection" operators, which are used to bring nearby points onto the surfaces, and by the properties of the surfaces themselves. We survey some point-set surfaces and review some recent results. On the way we point out the close connections to other problems such as normal estimation and segmentation.
Multi-components of T2 relaxation in ex vivo cartilage and tendon.

Abstract The multi-components of T 2 relaxation in cartilage and tendon were investigated by microscopic MRI (μMRI) at 13 and 26 μm transverse resolutions. Two imaging protocols were used to quantify T 2 relaxation in the specimens, a 5-point sampling and a 60-point sampling. Both multi-exponential and non-negative-least-square (NNLS) fitting methods were used to analyze the μMRI signal. When the imaging voxel size was 6.76 × 10 −4 mm 3 and within the limit of practical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in microscopic imaging experiments, we found that (1) canine tendon has multiple T 2 components; (2) bovine nasal cartilage has a single T 2 component; and (3) canine articular cartilage has a single T 2 component. The T 2 profiles from both 5-point and 60-point methods were found to be consistent in articular cartilage. In addition, the depletion of the glycosaminoglycan component in cartilage by the trypsin digestion method was found to result in a 9.81–20.52% increase in T 2 relaxation in articular cartilage, depending upon the angle at which the tissue specimen was oriented in the magnetic field.
Ion beam induced sintering of colloidal polystyrene nano-masks

Abstract Nano-masks of polystyrene formed by self-organized arrangement of colloidal nano-spheres in a hexagonally close-packed monolayer on Si(1 0 0) surfaces were irradiated with 15 and 75 keV C + ions at room temperature. At fluences above 10 15 C/cm 2 the polystyrene nano-spheres are observed to form necks at the contact points. This neck formation is thought to result from the near surface reduction of polymer viscosity due to molecular chain scission, which in turn allows to minimize the enormous surface tensions caused by the small radii of surface curvatures at the sphere contact points. This nano-scale effect was observed earlier in colloidal nano-masks of silica and called Ion Beam induced SIntering (IBSI). In polystyrene it is superimposed by the strong volume shrinkage of spheres resulting from polystyrene damage. Both effects cooperate to form novel nano-net structures on the silicon surface.
Families of regular solutions of singular systems

The seminal 1969 paper of W.A. Harris Jr., Y. Sibuya, and L. Weinberg provided new proofs for the Perron-Lettenmeyer theorem, as well as several other classical results, and has stimulated renewed consideration of families of regular solutions of certain singular problems. In this paper we give some further applications of the method developed there and, in addition, examine some connections between the Lettenmeyer theorem and an alternative theorem which addresses a problem posed by H.L. Turrittin that dates back to an 1845 example of Briot and Bouquet
A molecular capsule for the production of Argon-41

Properties of the Ar clathrate were investigated. It was found that a clathrate is a convenient Ar vehicle for the production of radioactive Ar/sup 41/ (t/sub 1/ = 1.8 hr). Other advantages of the clathrate include Ar immobility, ease of irradiation, superior post-irradiation control of radioactivity, and convenient storage. A few milligrams of the clathrate is essentially a point source of Ar/sup 41/. The production method is described. (P.C.H.)
ADAPTATION TO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

Atmospheric carbon dioxide is expected to double by A.D. 2050, raising global temperatures 2 to 3°C. A model for climatic deviations is presented, based upon paleoclimatic experience 5,000 to 8,000 years ago, when midlatitude temperatures were 1.5 to 2.5°C higher. The economic prognosis includes a United States barely able to meet its own agricultural needs and a substantial overall reduction of world food supplies. The revolutionary implications for contemporary sociopolitical alignments suggest an urgent need for long-range planning and more, historically oriented research.
Cases of Systemic Diseases with Head and Neck Manifestations

Educational objectives: To improve diagnostic acumen and avoid the pitfalls of misdiagnosis and to seek appropriate referrals and institute contemporary medical and surgical treatment.
Input-dependent-only object histories

In an earlier paper, one of the authors introduced a record-based model for describing historical data for objects (here called “object histories”). The primary construct in the model is a computation-tuple sequence scheme (abbreviated CSS) which specifies the set of all “valid” object histories for the same type of object. Now one of the components in a CSS is a finite set of constraints on object histories. In scanning some real-life object histories, it was noticed that some constraints involve only the “input” part of the histories. (The importance of this type of constraint is that in updating an object history, the satisfaction of the constraint by the new history can be checked in parallel with, rather than after, the computation about the new history.) In the present paper, this notion of input-dependent-only (IDO) constraint is abstracted and CSS in which each constraint is IDO are studied. Among the results obtained are the following: (i) necessary and sufficient conditions, as well as a practical sufficiency condition, for a set of object histories described by an arbitrary CSS to be described by another CSS having only IDO constraints, i.e., when a given CSS is IDO-representable or r-extended IDO-representable; and (ii) unsolvability results related to IDO constraints and the IDO representability for CSS.
Dissociation of ferritins

Apoferritins prepared from horse spleen and heart and rat heart and liver were dissociated by treatment with acetic acid (pH 1.3-3.0). Sedimentation velocity studies showed that apoferritins of spleen and liver (16-17 S) and heart (18-19 S) dissociated into material sedimenting near 3.2 S. Sedimentation equilibrium measurements determined that most of the material had a molecular weight of 38,000-43,000, corresponding to subunit dimers. Failure to dissociate into subunit monomers was confirmed by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-75 and G-150. With the exception of boiling in sodium dodecyl sulfate, further treatments with 0.1-0.4 M KCl, NaCl, 4-9 M urea, 0.01-0.5 M KSCN, 0.1-0.5% Triton X-100, 5-52% dimethylsulfoxide, 10% ethylene glycol, or 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid all failed to cause dissociation into individual subunits, as did exposure to 6 M guanidine-HCl or formic acid, or prior succinylation and/or nitration of the protein. Reassociation occurred between pH 4 and 7 but was not aided by the addition of Fe(II) or reducing agents. It is concluded that ferritins readily dissociate to subunit dimer units and that further dissociation does not occur without full denaturation of the protein.
2-Thienylcarboxylato and 2-thienylthiocarboxylato ligands bonded to MM quadruple bonds (M = Mo or W): a comparison of ground state, spectroscopic and photoexcited state properties.

The compounds M2(TiPB)2(OSC-2-Th)2 have been prepared from the reactions between M2(TiPB)4 and Th-2-COSH (2 equiv) in toluene solution, where M = Mo (Mo2ThCOS) or W (W2ThCOS), TiPB = 2,4,6-triisopr...
Tattoo-Associated Complications

Tattoo rates in the United States have been rising in recent years, with an expected concomitant rise in tattoo-associated complications. Tattoo complications range from cutaneous localized and generalized inflammatory eruptions, to local bacterial or viral infections, and finally to infectious endocarditis and hepatitis. Many complications may be avoided with proper counseling prior to tattoo placement, especially in high risk individuals. It is important for physicians to be able to recognize and diagnose complications from tattoos to avoid morbidity and possible mortality.
Packing of Mixtures of Hard Spheres

WE were pleased to see the recent communication1 by E. B. Smith and K. R. Lea on their Monte Carlo calculation for mixtures of hard-sphere molecules. We are quite interested in this problem and have been trying to approach it experimentally by studying the random packing of mixtures of real macroscopic spheres.
Sequential synthesis of messenger RNA and antibodies in rabbit lymph nodes.

The synthesis of two rapidly labelled RNA species found on the polysomes of stimulated rabbit lymph nodes has been studied as a function of time. As would be expected for messenger RNA, the synthesis coincides with the rise and fall of polysomes, and precedes the accumulation of antibodies.
Effect of buffer constituents on rat liver 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase

Rat liver microsomes prepared in Tris buffer exhibited 3 to 10 times higher 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl CoA reductase specific activity than microsomes prepared with potassium phosphate buffer. This higher activity was observed in rats killed during mid-light cycle, but microsomes from rats killed during mid-dark cycle showed no significant difference in enzyme activity between buffers. When microsomes prepared in the 2 different buffers were preincubated with ATP and MG++, enzyme activity was inhibited to the same extent. The cytosol fraction in each of the 2 different buffer preparations possessed similar phosphatase activity. The higher 3-hydroxy-3-methyl reductase activity in Tris buffer, therefore, does not appear to be due to differences in phosphorylation or dephosphorylation activity.
1471 POSTNATAL HEAD GROWTH IN HEALTHY PREMATURE INFANTS

Sixteen healthy premature infants born with no pre- and perinatal complications at The Downstate Medical Center from 1974 to 1975 and at The Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center from 1979 to Nov. 1980 had weekly head circumference measurements until 12 weeks of life. Contrary to previously published studies, which consistently showed linear increases in head circumference from birth to 12 weeks for premature infants, our study showed significant postnatal delays prior to the establishment of linear headgrowth. The duration of retarded head growth appears to be inversely correlated with initial head circumference and birth weight. Infants who were 1000 gm or less required up to two weeks before beginning their linear increase in head circumference. When their head growth increase took place, the average head growth was 0.8 cm per week during the first 9 weeks of life, 0.6 cm/week from 9 to 12 weeks of life and 0.4 cm/week from 12 weeks to 20 weeks of life (in 5 infants).
Crosstalk between kinases and Nedd4 family ubiquitin ligases

A dazzling array of human biological processes achieves coordination and balance through the posttranslational modification of protein residues with phosphate (95 Da) or ubiquitin (8565 Da). Over the past years, a reciprocal communication has become recognized between phosphorylating (kinases) and ubiquitinating (E3 ligases) enzymes. Such crosstalk occurs when a kinase acts on a ligase or vice versa to modify the catalytic activity, substrate specificity, or subcellular localization of the modified enzyme. In this review, we focus on the crosstalk between the nine members of the Nedd4 family E3 ubiquitin ligases with kinase signal transducers such as cell surface receptors, cytosolic kinases, phosphatases, and transcription factors. Since protein kinases are well explored and established therapeutic targets, we hypothesize that mapping E3 ligases onto kinase signalling networks will provide clues to the full therapeutic potential of pharmacologically targeting E3 ligases.
Leveraging sensor information from portable devices towards automatic driving maneuver recognition

With the proliferation of smart portable devices, more people have started using them within the vehicular environment while driving. Although these smart devices provide a variety of useful information, using them while driving significantly affects the driver's attention towards the road. This can in turn cause driver distraction and lead to increased risk of crashes. On the positive side, these devices are equipped with powerful sensors which can be effectively utilized towards driver behavior analysis and safety. This study evaluates the effectiveness of portable sensor information in driver assistance systems. Available signals from the CAN-bus are compared with those extracted from an off-the-shelf portable device for recognizing patterns in driving sub-tasks and maneuvers. Through our analysis, a qualitative feature set is identified with which portable devices could be employed to prune the search space in recognizing driving maneuvers and possible instances of driver distraction. An absolute improvement of 15% is achieved with portable sensor information compared to CAN-bus signals, which motivates further study of portable devices to build driver behavior models for driver assistance systems.
Positron-hydrogen resonances associated with the N=2 positronium and N=3 hydrogen thresholds.

Some lower-lying S-wave resonances in positron-hydrogen scattering associated with the N = 3 positronium (Ps) and N = 4 hydrogen thresholds are investigated by using the method of complex-coordinate rotation. Using Hylleraas-type wave functions with M = 969 terms, several resonances in these energy regions are calculated for the first time. In particular, the lowest resonance associated with the Ps(N = 3) threshold is found to lie at E = -0.077 063 Ry, and the lowest resonance associated with the H(N = 4) threshold is found to lie at E = -0.067 867 Ry. In addition, we also locate a shape resonance lying just above the Ps(N = 3) threshold at E = -0.055 44 Ry.
Nanoscale artifacts in RuO4-stained poly(styrene)

Abstract This research studies the effects of RuO4 exposure on various samples of poly(styrene) (PS). Transmission electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) shows a decrease in the 7 eV π–π∗ transition characteristic of aromatic rings in PS indicating that RuO4 covalently alters aromatic character. Imaging and selected-area electron diffraction show that a layer of RuO2 solid forms on the surface of bulk PS specimens exposed to RuO4. High-resolution TEM imaging (HREM) shows that RuO2 nanocrystals consistently condense on specimen surfaces, independent of the chemical nature of the specimen below. These nanocrystals modulate contrast at length scales on the order of 2–5 nm in TEM images and limit resolution at nanometer length scales.
Levels of glutamate, aspartate, GABA, and taurine in different regions of the cerebellum after x-irradiation-induced neuronal loss

The levels of glutamate (Glu), aspartate (Asp), γ-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA), and taurine (Tau) were determined in the cortex, molecular layer, and deep nuclei of cerebella of adult rats exposed to X-irradiation at 12–15 days following birth (to prevent the acquisition of late-forming granule cells; 12–15x group) and 8–15 days following birth (to prevent the acquisition of granule and stellate cells; 8–15x group). Also, the levels of the four amino acids were measured in the crude synaptosomal fraction (P2) isolated from the whole cerebella of the control, 12–15x, and 8–15x groups. The level of Glu was significantly decreased by (1) 6–20% in the cerebellar cortex; (2) 15–20% in the molecular layer; and (3) 25–50% in the P2 fraction of the X-irradiated groups relative to control values. The content of Glu in the deep nuclei was not changed by X-irradiation treatment. Regional levels of Asp were unchanged by X-irradiation, while its level in P2 decreased by 15–30% after treatment. The levels of GABA and Tau in the molecular layer, deep nuclei, or P2 were not changed in the experimental groups. However, there was a 15% increase in the levels of GABA and Tau in the cerebellar cortex of the 8–15x group relative to control values. The data support the proposed role of glutamate as the excitatory transmitter released from the cerebellar granule cells but are inconclusive regarding a transmitter role for either Tau or GABA from cerebellar stellate cells.
Enzyme changes during deacclimation of willow stem

Abstract Qualitative changes were found to occur for certain, but not all, enzymes studied during deacclimation in Salix cortex. Because of the possible involvement of esterases in lipid transformations during hardening and dehardening, changes in the isoesterase pattern were important. Peroxidase banding did not change during the period studied, and therefore isoperoxidases cannot be directly responsible for hardiness, although their involvement as a hydroperoxide degradation system is likely. Lactate dehydrogenase increased in activity during dehardening, but no change was observed for alcohol, glucose 6-phosphate, phosphogluconate, or malate dehydrogenases. The total protein banding pattern was unaltered; hence protection by a single or few proteins was unlikely. The isoamylases showed considerable flux which may correlate with the protein-carbohydrate alterations frequently observed in cold hardiness investigations. The 70 °C decrease in freezing tolerance which occurred over a 3-day period reflects the dynamic nature of cold acclimation, and provides a useful approach for studying the mechanism involved.
Multiple somatic projections to frontal lobe of the squirrel monkey.

Abstract Precentral evoked electrical responses in the frontal lobe to subcutaneous electrical stimulation were studied in the chloralose-anesthetized squirrel monkey and were found to consist of essentially three components: a very short-latency, somatotopically organized response in pericentral cortex, interpreted as “primary somatic” on the basis of cytoarchitectonic studies on this area; a longer-latency, somewhat less somatotopically organized wave extending rostrally into Brodmann areas 4, 6, and, perhaps, 8, considered to be due to intracortical conduction from pericentral areas 1–3 since it was abolished by destruction of the latter region; and a widespread heterotopic component independent of pericentral cortex and medial thalamus having some relation to lateral thalamus. Analyses of these components and comparisons with similar data from the macaque were made in an attempt to distill from some sharply disparate data a composite picture of multiple inputs converging on frontal association cortex, perhaps reflecting in some ways the possible sequence of evolution of the neocortex involving differentiation of primary areas out of primitive association cortex, with retention of strong intercortical connections between the two as this occurs and as the association areas grow.
Impact of nitric acid on ice evaporation rates

Recent studies have suggested that nitric acid uptake by ice clouds may decrease ice evaporation rates and thereby prolong the cloud lifetimes. To test this suggestion, ice desorption rates were studied as a function of HNO3 partial pressure (10−6–10−5 Torr), relative humidity (28–92%), and temperature (192–204 K) using optical interference of a helium neon laser. Ice evaporation rates in the presence of 1 × 10−6 Torr HNO3 were indistinguishable from those of pure ice. In contrast, ice evaporation in the presence of 8 × 10−6 Torr HNO3 resulted in lower evaporation rates by 33% relative to pure ice. Higher partial pressures of HNO3 result in a supercooled H2O/HNO3 liquid layer over ice, which may freeze to form a sealed NAT coating. This causes a lowering of the ice evaporation rate and prolongs the lifetime of ice. Ice exposed to lower partial pressures of HNO3 will not form a liquid layer and will thus evaporate at the same rate as pure ice.
Plasma depletion layer: its dependence on solar wind conditions and the Earth dipole tilt

The plasma depletion layer (PDL) is a layer on the sunward side of the magnetopause with lower plasma density and higher magnetic field compared to their corresponding upstream magnetosheath values. It is believed that the PDL is controlled jointly by conditions in the solar wind plasma and the (IMF). In this study, we extend our former model PDL studies by systematically investigating the dependence of the PDL and the slow mode front on solar wind conditions using global MHD simulations. We first point out the difficulties for the depletion factor method and the plasma ? method for defining the outer boundary of the plasma depletion layer. We propose to use the N/B ratio to define the PDL outer boundary, which can give the best description of flux tube depletion. We find a strong dependence of the magnetosheath environment on the solar wind magnetosonic Mach number. A difference between the stagnation point and the magnetopause derived from the open-closed magnetic field boundary is found. We also find a strong and complex dependence of the PDL and the slow mode front on the IMF B z . A density structure right inside the subsolar magnetopause for higher IMF B z ;might be responsible for some of this dependence. Both the IMF tilt and clock angles are found to have little influence on the magnetosheath and the PDL structures. However, the IMF geometry has a much stronger influence on the slow mode fronts in the magnetosheath. Finally, the Earth dipole tilt is found to play a minor role for the magnetosheath geometry and the PDL along the Sun-Earth line. A complex slow mode front geometry is found for cases with different Earth dipole tilts. Comparisons between our results with those from some former studies are conducted, and consistencies and inconsistencies are found. Key words. Magnetospheric physics (magnetosheath, solar wind-magnetosphere interactions) ? Space plasma physics (numerical simulation studies)
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PHASE RETRIEVAL

ABSTRACT X-ray crystallography is concerned with the determination of molecular structures from measurementsof scattered x-rays and, historically, represents the first study of phase problems. The crystallographicproblem is distinct from most other image reconstruction problems however, because of the periodicnature of the image. Reconstruction algorithms used in crystallography that make use of various kindsof constraints are described. Uniqueness properties are described and compared with those that applyin general imaging contexts. 1. INTRODUCTION X-ray crystallography is a technique for determining the structures of molecules (i.e. the positionof each constituent atom) [1-3] . It involves irradiating a crystalline specimen of the molecule witha monochromatic beam of x-rays and measuring the resulting diffraction pattern. The diffractionpattern cannot be focused to form an image because of the short wavelength ('..' 1A) of the x-rays.Information on the recorded diffraction pattern is therefore processed numerically to produce animage of the molecule. A crystalline specimen, in which all the molecules are identically oriented andregularly spaced, is used since diffraction from a single molecule would be too weak to measure. Thecomplex amplitude of the diffracted x-rays is equal to the Fourier transform of the electron densityin the crystalline specimen, and only the intensity, but not the phase, of the diffracted x-rays can bemeasured. Since the phase must be known to directly reconstruct the electron density, this is referred
Serum lithium concentrations and peripheral leukocytes in a case of leukopenia

Leukocytosis associated with lithium carbonate therapy has been reported by many investigators (Mayfield and Brown 1966; Murphy et al. 197 1; Shopsin et al. 1971; Bille et al. 1975: Gupta et al. 1975). There are few data on the relationship between serum concentrations and leukocytosis in individual patients or in groups of patients. Two reports (Shopsin et al. 1971; Watanabe et al. 1974) suggest that this effect is not dependent on serum lithium concentration in physically healthy subjects. psychiatric outpatient treatment at age 22 fog major depression. She had made several suicide attempts by overdose, and her course was complicated by alcohol abuse. She received psychotropic medications, including doxepin, phenelzine, haloperidol, and lorazepam.
“Recharging” pea aphids with pea enation mosaic virus

Abstract Pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) that are declining in their rate of transmission of the pea enation mosaic virus to sweetpea seedlings, Lathyrus odoratus L., can have their inoculative potential at least partially restored if given an additional acquisition access period on sweetpea plants infected with the virus. The probability of transmission by such “recharged” individuals appears to be a simple combination of the separate and independent probabilities of transmission resulting from each acquisition of virus. The duration of the retention period is a function of the age of the insect at the time of acquisition rather than the length of the acquisition access period.
Hepatitis B—lamivudine for all and forever?: Jung MO, Jinik K, Sung WC, Efficacy and Safety of Lamivudine in Korean Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B Virus With and Without Cirrhosis. Pharmacotherapy 2002;22:1226–34

Abstract This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of long-term lamivudine therapy in Korean patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) with or without cirrhosis. Study patients were men and women who had received lamivudine 100 mg/day p.o. for 52 wk for treatment of biopsy-proven chronic HBV; 11/29 patients had cirrhosis. Patient eligibility requirements included having a diagnosis of chronic HBV, being positive for HBV by polymerase chain reaction, at least 18 yr of age, and positive for HBsAg, and having abnormally elevated ALT levels. Patients were evaluated for changes in HBV DNA and ALT concentrations, rates at which HBeAg was converted to negative, development of lamivudine resistance, and differences in the drug's effectiveness between patients with and without cirrhosis. Responses of serum HBV DNA and ALT were categorized into three groups according to degree of response to lamivudine treatment: continuous, unstable, and no response. Twenty-nine patients were evaluated in this retrospective analysis. Therapy with lamivudine suppressed serum HBV DNA to undetectable levels in 97% of patients within 12 wk and remained undetectable in 83% of patients after 52 wk. Differences in responses of HBV DNA and ALT to lamivudine therapy in HBeAg-positive and -negative patients and in the development of drug resistance between patients with and without cirrhosis were negligible. Pretreatment HBV DNA and ALT levels had no effect on the efficacy of lamivudine ( p = 0.9116). No serious adverse events were reported.
“It is easier to denature plutonium than to denature the evil spirit of man” – Albert Einstein

As we debate issues in health care and the role of government in our lives, I would like to believe that I retain a passion for the pediatric perspective of being something of a medical socialist a...
How to cross immunogenetic hurdles to human embryonic stem cell transplantation

Implantation of human embryonic stem cells (hES), derived progenitors or mature cells derived from hES has great therapeutic potential for many diseases. If hES would come from genetically unrelated individuals, it would be probably rejected by the immune system of the recipient. Blood groups, MHC and minor antigens are the immunogenetic hurdles that have to be crossed for successful transplantation. Autologous transplantation with adult stem cells would be the best approach but several elements argue against this option. Classical immunosuppression, depleting antibody, induction of tolerance and stem cell banking are alternative methods that could be proposed to limit the risk of rejection.
He II liquid/vapour phase separator for large dynamic range operation

A phase separator, which separates helium vapour from liquid superfluid helium (He II), is an indispensable device for space cryogenics. The most recent approach to the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) uses a new design concept in which only the detector package is cold at launch, the remainder of the telescope being subsequently cooled to operating temperature on orbit. Therefore, a large dynamic operational range is required of the cryogen system. This is a report of initial laboratory test results with candidate porous plugs as phase separators. Mass flow rates and pressure and temperature differences across a porous plug were measured in this experiment. Relatively large mass flow rates were observed even at small pressure differences. In the high mass flow rate region, hysteresis was observed with increases and decreases in the pressure difference. A linear theory is proposed and compared with experimental data to explain several phenomena observed in this system.
Sample size requirements and length of study for testing interaction in a 1 × k factorial design when time-to-failure is the outcome

This paper provides equations for calculating the sample size necessary to test an interaction effect in an 2 x k factorial design when time-to-failure is the outcome of interest. The results are a direct extension of those used by George and Desu and Makuch and Simon who provide sample size requirements for comparing two and k treatment groups, respectively. Duration of a clinical trial concerned with an interaction is calculated using the results of Rubinstein, Gail, and Santner. The results in the present paper can also be used to investigate the impact that an unforeseen interaction has on the power to detect a treatment main effect. This impact can be substantial, even for moderate interactions.
Energy efficient prefetching and caching

Traditional disk management strategies--prefetching and caching in particular--are designed to maximize performance. In mobile systems they conflict with strategies that attempt to save energy by powering down the disk when it is idle. We present new rules for prefetching and caching that maximize power-down opportunities (without performance loss) by creating an access pattern characterized by intense bursts of activity separated by long idle times. We also describe an automatic system that monitors past application behavior in order to generate appropriate prefetching hints, and a general system of kernel enhancements that coordinate I/O activity across all running applications. We have implemented our system in the Linux kernel, and have measured its performance and energy consumption via physical instrumentation of a running laptop. We describe our implementation and present quantitative results. For workloads including a mix of sequential access to large files (multimedia), concurrent access to large numbers of files (compilation), and random access to large files (speech recognition), we report disk energy savings of 60-80%, with negligible loss in throughput or interactive responsiveness.
Paleoecology of Fort Ternan reconsidered

The Middle Miocene site of Fort Ternan is of unusual interest to paleoanthropologists because the fauna includes hominoid species and because the assemblage is an excellent subject for paleoecological reconstruction. Despite this, recent researchers (Andrews & Nesbit Evans, Pickford, and Shipman) have reached widely different conclusions about the habitat(s) sampled by the Fort Ternan fauna; their reconstructions run the gamut from open to closed habitats. These recent studies are here reviewed: their methodologies are evaluated and possible sources of error identified. It is concluded that the most probable interpretation is that the Fort Ternan paleoenvironment was predominantly open country, with a forested area nearby but at sufficient distance to be poorly represented in the fauna.
Concurrency control for a mix of universioned and multiversioned entities in distributed databases

Abstract In this paper, we present a concurrency control protocol applicable to distributed databases with any mix of universioned and multiversioned entities. The protocol has performance merits at high workloads at which even pessimistic protocols do not perform well. These merits exist at the expense of poorer performance at lower workloads. This protocol is based on two features. The first feature is concerned with predecessors of transactions and can be described as follows for a transaction. Order between transactions is chosen at run time based on the actual conflict or transitive order; each transaction explicitly carries state information about predecessor transactions which is sufficient to ensure serializability; at an entity, a transaction executes logically after all predecessor transactions carried in the state by the transaction to the entity. The second feature facilitates and reduces the work required for the collection of state information sufficient to ensure serializability and is the following. Entities are preordered and whenever possible each transaction accesses these entities in this order with possible skips; random or out-of-order accesses are permitted at additional costs.
Pseudo-potential evaluation of the ground-state potential curves for the Cl2 and Br2 molecules

Abstract The electronic wavefunctions and potential curves for the ground states of the Cl 2 and Br 2 molecules are calculated using pseudo-potential techniques. The agreement with experiment for both molecules is satisfactory. For Cl 2 all-electron calculations are also performed as a study of the accuracy of the pseudo-potential approach to bound states.
Unforeseen Implications of Regulation to Authenticity in Clinical Practice

The authors, both long-time LCSWs, utilize an existential framework and postmodern lens to explore the implications of increased professional regulation in clinical practice. Specifically emphasized, are the themes of litigation-fear and the threat of license revocation that are prevalent in the field of clinical social work at this time. The authors argue that this “climate of fear” can lead to a slippery slope for a profession that has long valued the individual’s right (both client’s and practitioner’s) to self-determination, authenticity, and creativity and call for an increased conversation among practitioners about the desired role of regulation in the profession with the overall goal of protecting a true understanding of ethics in social work.
A Programmed Personal Growth Laboratory

A highly structured non-credit laboratory was designed for college students seeking personal growth experience. Two groups (ns = 8, 11) were conducted according to this program, each by a trained facilitator and these facilitators each conducted a traditional human relations laboratory group to serve as a comparison (ns = 8, 11). The Personal Orientation Inventory was used to measure participants' positive growth and the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List was used to measure changes in the experiences of Anxiety, Hostility, and Depression. One programmed group showed significant positive changes on the Personal Orientation Inventory on 6 scales and the other showed significant positive changes on 5 scales. In contrast, one traditional group showed positive changes on 4 scales while the other changed on one scale. Anxiety, hostility, and depression remained unchanged except in one programmed group where the decrease in hostility was significant. Results suggest the programmed approach is at least as bene...
Repeated Use of Thiazolium Catalyst Immobilized on Cation-Exchange Resin

Thiazolium ion catalyst was immobilized on a cation-exchange resin, and the formose reaction was carried out with the resin. As a result, the use of this resin turned out to be useful for the formose reaction in an organic solvent, similar to the free thiazolium catalyst. Interestingly, the catalytic activity of this resin decreases after washing with an organic solvent, but recovers after washing with water. This result suggests that water molecules have an influence on the catalysis in this system.
Measurement of mirror surfaces using specular reflection and analytical computation

In many applications, it is desirable to know three-dimensional information of mirror surfaces. However, the reflective characteristic of mirror surfaces makes many traditional three-dimensional reconstruction methods, such as stereovision or structured light scanning, fail. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to measure mirror surfaces. It is implemented with practical hardware and software that directly obtain analytic solutions for three-dimensional points on a mirror surface. Experimental results verified the effectiveness of the proposed method. In particular, this proposed method aims at providing an effective method to reconstruct specular weld pool surfaces which typically are highly dynamic and irregular. The capability to directly obtain analytic solutions for a set of points from a mirror surface as proposed and developed in this paper is a key to effectively measuring such highly dynamic and irregular mirror surfaces.
Relationship between grain connectivity, alignment, and critical current density in high-temperature superconducting bulk materials

Abstract Uniaxial hydraulic pressure was successfully employed to partially reorient the c -axes of the highly anisotropic superconducting grains in bulk Tl 0.78 Bi 0.22 Sr 1.6 Ba 0.4 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 9−δ samples. The partial reorientation was confirmed by X-ray diffraction pattern, rocking curves, and SQUID magnetization measurements. Samples made from the superconducting powder with partial alignment in c -axis direction and samples made from reaction mixture (in-situ synthesis method) with random orientation should have a similar grain connectivity since both were made by the same fabrication procedure. Both types of samples were found to exhibit about the same J c value of 15 000–17 000 A/cm 2 at 77 K. By contrast, another pair of samples with the same c -axis alignment as shown by X-ray diffraction, rocking curve, and SEM measurements, but with different grain connectivity due to the different compression and heat treatment procedure used, showed a significant difference in J c . The just rolled tape had a J c of 13 300 A/cm 2 , whereas the rolled and subsequently compressed tape had a J c of 19 500 A/cm 2 at 77 K. Based on the results of these and other related experiments, we have to conclude that grain connectivity, not lattice alignment, is the decisive factor in determining the J c of Tl based 1223 bulk superconducting materials and silver-sheathed superconducting tapes made by the powder-in-tube method.
3d Analysis of Lift and Moment Adaptation via Control Surface Deployments on a 5 MW Wind Turbine Blade

This paper investigates the impact of deploying control surfaces on a model 5 MW offshore wind turbine blade. The wind turbine blade is modeled in 3D based on NREL's 5 MW wind turbine and incorporates varying airfoil shapes and structural twist along the blade length. Lift and aero-dynamic moment at various angle of attack settings are simulated and analyzed. Partial span-wise trailing-edge 3D control surfaces are modeled, simulated and analyzed at various control angles. Results depict the onset of stall around 22 degrees and a larger lift gain versus 10-15 degrees for standard 2D airfoils. Mid-flap controller enhances lift by a factor 2 and mitigates moment a factor of around 7 while end-flap controller enhances lift by a factor of around 1.024 and mitigates moment by a factor of around 2. The results and comparisons obtained serve as one of many instruments for gauging, designing, analyzing, and optimizing wind turbine systems.
MCF-7 human breast carcinomas in nude mice as a model for evaluating aromatase inhibitors.

While hormone-dependent, mammary tumors induced with carcinogens (DMBA or NMU) in intact rats have been used extensively for studying aromatase inhibitors, there is currently no suitable model to investigate their effects in human breast cancers in vivo. While hormone responsive tumors can be formed in the athymic mouse using human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells, due to the low ovarian estrogen production, tumor growth is induced with estradiol supplementation. Thus, this model is unsuitable for studies of aromatase inhibitors. We have induced tumors without the need for estrogen supplementation by co-inoculating MCF-7 cells with Matrigel, a basement membrane preparation, into intact athymic mice. In one experiment, 45 days after inoculation, mice were assigned to the control group or 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (4-OHA) (1 mg/day s.c.) treatment for 52 days. Tumor volumes in the control mice increased 672%, whereas tumor volumes in the treated mice did not change significantly (178.9 +/- 16.2 to 336.6 +/- 120 mm3). In the second experiment, 55 days after inoculation, groups of mice were treated with the antiestrogen, tamoxifen (5 micrograms/day s.c.) or vehicle (controls). Tumor volumes in the control mice increased 325% in 58 days, whereas there was no significant change in tumor volume in the tamoxifen treated group (338.8 +/- 55.3 to 330.6 +/- 84.9 mm3). The results suggest that (1) the tumors resulting from MCF-7 cells co-inoculated with Matrigel are estrogen-dependent and (2) tamoxifen and 4-OHA were effective in suppressing growth of these tumors. The results suggest that this model should be useful for evaluating the effects of aromatase inhibitors and for comparing breast cancer treatments.
Advances in Operative Stabilization for Unstable Cervical Spine Injuries: Implications for Early Mobilization and Rehabilitation

Traumatic cervical spine injuries have traditionally been managed with spinal realignment and immobilization. Halo vest immobilization is the standard nonoperative means of maintaining spinal alignment, however it carries with it significant comorbidity. Cumbersome external orthoses (for either nonoperativeor postoperative stabilization) are associated with delayed mobilization, difficulties in patient transfer, and impairment with active participation in early rehabilitation, which prolongs patient recovery. Advances in surgical strategies, namely the evolution of rigid segmental internal fixation systems, allow for early surgical stabilization of traumatic cervical spine injuries with less reliance on extended halo vest wear, which shortens immobilization times and facilitates early rehabilitation.
Localization of p21-activated Protein Kinase γ-PAK/Pak2 in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Is Required for Induction of Cytostasis

The intracellular localization and physiological functions of the p21-activated protein kinase gamma-PAK have been examined in human embryonic kidney 293T and COS-7 cells. At 1-4 days post-transfection, cell division is inhibited by the expression of wild type (WT) gamma-PAK and the mutant S490A, whereas cells expressing S490D and the inactive mutants K278R and T402A grow exponentially, indicating a role for gamma-PAK in the induction of cytostasis. WT gamma-PAK and S490A are localized in a region surrounding the nucleus identified as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), as determined by immunofluorescence, whereas K278R, T402A, and S490D lack localization. As shown by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, WT gamma-PAK, S490A, and endogenous gamma-PAK are distributed among the high density (ER-associated), intermediate density, and low density fractions, whereas the mutants that do not inhibit cell division are present only as soluble enzyme. The amount of endogenous gamma-PAK associated with the particulate fractions is increased 4-fold when cell division is inhibited by ionizing radiation. gamma-PAK in the ER and intermediate density fractions has high specific activity and is active, whereas the soluble form of gamma-PAK has low activity and is activable. The importance of localization of gamma-PAK is supported by data with the C-terminal mutants S490D and Delta 488; these mutants have high levels of protein kinase activity but do not induce cytostasis and are not bound to the ER. A model for the induction of cytostasis by gamma-PAK through targeting of gamma-PAK to the ER is presented in which gamma-PAK activity and Ser-490 are implicated in the regulation of cytostasis.
Next Generation Devices for Electronic Cooling With Heat Rejection to Air

Conventional technology to cool desktop computers and servers is that of the direct heat removal heat sink, which consists of a heat sink/fan mounted on the CPU. Although this is a very cost effective solution, it is nearing its end of life. This is because future higher power CPUs will require a lower R-value than can be provided by this technology, within current size and fan limits. This paper discusses new technology that uses indirect heat removal technology, which involves use of a single or two-phase working fluid to transfer heat from the hot source to an ambient heat sink. This technology will support greater heat rejection than is possible with the direct heat removal method. Further, it will allow use of higher performance air-cooled ambient heat sinks than are possible with the direct heat removal heat sink. A concern of the indirect heat removal technology is the possibility that it may be orientation sensitive. We identify preferred options and discusses the degree to which they are (or not) orientation sensitive. It should be possible to attain an R-value of 0.12 K/W at the balance point on the fan curve
The effects of synthetically augmented training data on parameter tuning for anomaly detection algorithms

While many years of research have been dedicated to anomaly detection algorithms and their applications, little research has been devoted to the act of tuning parameters to perfect the performance of these algorithms. This paper investigates three anomaly detection algorithms (Local Outlier Factor, wavelet decomposition, and a simple sliding threshold) and the effect of synthetically augmented training data on the resulting false positive and false negative rates. Four datasets were developed by injecting varying quantities of synthetic anomalies (0.1%, 1%, 5% and 10%) into naturally sampled light sensor data collected from a wireless sensor network. A five-fold cross validation method was implemented for training and testing with the results of each training set applied to all four test sets. The false positive and false negative rates, the traditional accuracy, and the geometric means were analyzed to determine the relationship of the number of anomalies assumed to occur in a test environment, the number of anomalies that actually occur in the environment, and the resulting performance of the anomaly detection algorithms.
Zeroes, San Jose, Phoenix, Dallas, San Diego

![Figure][1] While the answer to the question “What do San Jose, Phoenix, Dallas, and San Diego have in common?” may not be uppermost in your mind, it has great relevance to our mission. We have become inured to the rather ubiquitous notion of zeroes—lots of zeroes. Most recently, our