cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bayreuth: Capital and Anti-capital

If Paris was the archetypal metropolis, the paradigmatic centre of commerce, fashion and art as entertainment for a bored bourgeoisie, Richard Wagner selected Bayreuth because it was small, off the beaten track and unknown. He appropriated the town and dedicated it to the notion of art as a timeless spiritual experience of religious intensity. He wrote articles to explain the concept for the location in just these terms. But launching the Bayreuth festival in 1876 required significant capital and Wagner was an inspired and creative entrepreneur. Though not a metropolis, Bayreuth became a centre, at least for a few weeks in the summer. Wagner’s enduring success was proven by the waiting list currently estimated at 10–15 years for the festival, which represents the longest-running such event of the European stage.
Manufacturing and Service Sector Roles in the Evolution of Innovation and Productivity

The relative size of the manufacturing sector in an economy depends on its stage of development. As economies become more industrialized, employment and output increase rapidly. Eventually, for large-enough levels of development, the contribution of the manufacturing sector starts declining in favor of the service sector.
Multi-Tonal Based Impedance Measurements for Microsecond State Detection

This paper concerns the development of a system capable of microsecond state detection via the electromechanical impedance (EMI) method utilizing a novel multi-tonal excitation approach. Structures that operate in highly dynamic environments, such as aircraft and drilling equipment, can benefit from a system capable of quickly detecting changes in the structure’s dynamic state. These changes of state can occur due to phenomenon, such as high velocity impacts, and necessitate a measurement system capable of working at millisecond to microsecond timescales. Traditionally, the electrical impedance of the PZT utilized in the EMI method is measured across a broad range of frequencies using an impedance analyzer, such as an HP 4194A; however, they are heavy, slow, and limited to a small amount of data points for each measurement. These disadvantages are overcome by using an alternative measurement system using data acquisition hardware, an auxiliary measurement circuit, and a custom coded analysis system. A key part of this measurement system is the use of a customizable excitation signal to drive the PZT. Due to the small amount of time in which a microsecond state detection system has to collect and analyze data, the excitation signal should be carefully designed to minimize measurement time while retaining accuracy. The use of conventional broadband frequency sweep excitations in a short amount of time presents challenges due to the fact that the total energy available to excite the structure becomes limited. This work investigates a novel multi-tonal excitation approach where only targeted frequency bands containing relevant structural information are excited in order to reduce the excitation time. The timing advantage of the multi-tonal signal is shown by matching the frequency dependent voltage of targeted frequency bands to that of a wideband chirp signal, which results in a 36% reduction in excitation time. The accuracy of the multi-tonal signal is also demonstrated; the impedance spectrum shows good agreement with both the wideband chirp signal and the HP 4194A. Damage detection of a structure is also presented using the multi-tonal excitation signals.
Automatic Acquisition and Sustainable Use of Political-Ecological Data

The sustainable management of anthropogenically-impacted ecosystems will require ongoing monitoring and advocacy by people across the globe. To this end, automatic methods are developed herein for acquiring several types of such political-ecological data. On the political side, a method is developed for gathering news articles about human actions that affect the ecosystem along with a method for identifying themes in social media that concern the consumption of an ecosystem’s products. On the ecosystem side, a method is derived for estimating wildlife abundance from purchasable high-resolution satellite images. A simple website architecture is described for holding this data and enabling its use in developing sustainable conservation policies. A rhino conservation website illustrates this architecture. A fundamental contradiction between the desire for open data on the locations of endangered flora and fauna versus the need to hide these locations from poachers is addressed through a new security protocol that enables the secure distribution of sensitive ecosystem data to trusted data consumers.
A testbed for exploring human-robot interaction with unmanned aerial and ground vehicles

Over the last twenty years, the emerging roles of unmanned aerial/ ground vehicles in the U.S. military presented a number of different research opportunities in usability and training, ranging from robotic control interfaces to human-robot team collaboration. In this paper we present a testbed that we developed as a flexible software platform to explore a variety of training and coordination issues with UXVs for military application.
The Corrosion of Steel in Cracked Concrete: Experimental Investigation using External Polarization

Corrosion of steel reinforcement is one of the main causes of damage in concrete structures. Often the corrosion of steel embedded in concrete is influenced by cracks in concrete. Cracks in the concrete are often produced due to loads, shrinkage or thermal gradients. Once a crack is formed, the crack provides an easy access for ingress of water, chloride ions and oxygen to the steel surface. This paper presents the results of an experimental program which aims to investigate (a) the influence of a crack on the corrosion mechanism and (b) external polarization of steel in cracked concrete. A series of electrochemical measurements (half cell potential and linear polarization resistance) were applied on cracked and uncracked concrete specimens. The results indicated that the crack is a dominating factor in corrosion of reinforcing bars in concrete. Experimental results from external polarization, which show a spatial variation relative to the crack, are presented. It is shown that the applied current generated by the polarization is confined to the active area of steel in the vicinity of the crack, irrespective of the size of the counter electrode.
Perceptions of Leisure Opportunities and the Quality of Life in a Metropolitan Area

Leisure activities have been linked to people's identity and personal satisfaction, making opportunities for leisure important determinants of people's perceptions of the quality of life (QOL). A p...
Agricultural Biotechnology: Regulation in the United States and the European Union

Biotechnology has played an increasingly important role in agriculture since the commercialization of genetically engineered crops, now planted globally on 185 million hectares. Animal applications of biotechnology include transgenic and cloned animals. In the US and the EU, legislative measures described in this chapter govern authorisation of GE crops, with a focus on food and feed safety and protection of the environment; transgenic and cloned animals are also subject to regulation. The US and the EU share some regulatory priorities, including scientific risk assessment, and face similar issues (a lengthy regulatory process and coexistence of GE and other crops). Significant differences in regulation, particularly in risk management, exist. Moreover regulatory barriers caused by asynchronous approvals of GE crops have reduced trade between the US and EU. Innovative genetic technologies, which may escape regulation under current laws, may require amendments to US and EU regulatory measures. This chapter suggests that despite differences in approach, regulatory systems should facilitate the development of new products of biotechnology and help to make these products available to global producers and consumers.
Abstract 5618: Anti-FGFR4 antibody drug conjugate for immune therapy of rhabdomyosarcoma and hepatocellular carcinoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), an aggressive soft tissue sarcoma originating from skeletal muscle in children and adolescent young adults. It is divided in two main histological subtypes including embryonal RMS driven by RAS pathway mutations and alveolar RMS driven by a chimeric fusion gene involving PAX3 or PAX7 with FOXO1. FGFR4 is a cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor that is a critical molecule in RMS biology. In RMS it is a direct target and strongly induced by PAX3-FOXO1 as well as PAX3, and PAX7. By immunohistochemistry we found high expression of FGFR4 in RMS cancers but low expression in normal human organs. Of note FGFR4 has been reported overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We therefore hypothesized that FGFR4 will provide a rational target for immune therapy in cancers with high expression. We generated fifteen binders against FGFR4 and characterized them further as candidates for immunotherapy. We found that 3A11, a mouse IgG antibody, bound to FGFR4 positive cell lines with an observed avidity of 1.9nM. By ELISA using the extra cellular domain of human FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3 or FGFR4, 3A11 showed dose dependent binding to FGFR4 only. 3A11 was also found internalized upon binding to FGFR4 positive cell lines. The VL and VH domain of 3A11 was cloned and chimeric 3A11 scFvFc (mouse Fv and Human IgG1 Fc) construct was made. The chimeric form of 3A11 antibody was successfully produced in vitro and retained its specificity. To investigate FGFR4-mediated cytotoxicity in RMS cell lines, we cultured RH30 (a RMS cell line expresses FGFR4) in the presence of the chimeric 3A11 and polyclonal anti-mouse 2°ADC conjugated to Duocarmycin DM for 72 hours. Dose-dependent cytotoxicity was observed in RH30, suggesting that chimeric form of 3A11 could deliver a cytotoxic payload to FGFR4 positive cells. We are currently developing antibody drug conjugate using the cytotoxic drug, pyrrolobenzodiazepine which will be tested in vitro and in vivo models of RMS. We have thus developed a chimeric antibody that may provide effective immune therapy for cancers with high FGFR4 expression including RMS and HCC Citation Format: Adam Cheuk, Nitya Shivaprasad, Martin Skarzynski, Sivasubramanian Baskar, Peter Azorsa, Javed Khan. Anti-FGFR4 antibody drug conjugate for immune therapy of rhabdomyosarcoma and hepatocellular carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5618.
Effect of concurrent UV irradiation and contamination on silver-coated teflon radiator surface (Conference Presentation)

Silver coated Teflon (SCT) has been used as a radiator material for spacecraft thermal control. In order to reduce the specular reflection, an attempt was made to roughen the heritage smooth SCT surface via sanding, leading to abraded surfaces. The objective of this study is to gain insight into the relative thermal performance degradation of smooth and abraded SCT radiator materials under identical exposure of concurrent UV irradiation and contaminant deposition. Contaminant molecules outgassed from representative spacecraft materials were deposited onto the smooth and abraded SCT samples with quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs) in close proximity to monitor real-time contaminant deposition. Thermal performance degradation is characterized by measuring solar absorptance () change on the SCT samples before and after contaminant film accumulation. Atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to examine the extent of surface roughness before and after contaminant deposition on smooth SCT samples. The preliminary findings indicate that less contamination accumulation was observed on SCT surfaces in comparison to the gold coated crystal surface of QCMs. In addition, the roughness of SCT surface appears to play a role in contributing a more pronounced  change, suggesting the possibility of faster performance degradation of the abraded SCT materials in comparison to that of smooth SCT surfaces.
Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Treatment

Over the last decade, there has been considerable effort to standardize the definition of acute kidney injury (AKI) in pediatric patients. This has led to a clearer understanding of the incidence of childhood AKI as well as which populations appear to be at highest risk for disease development. It is now well established that AKI is a common occurrence in hospitalized children, particularly those who are critically ill. In addition, there is emerging evidence that AKI is associated with poorer short-term and long-term outcomes. Currently, there are no directed therapies that hasten renal recovery in affected patients. Treatment is largely supportive with severe cases requiring initiation of renal replacement therapy.
Hollow photonic structures of transparent conducting oxide with selective and tunable absorptance

Abstract We adopted hollow 3D structures of transparent conducting oxides (TCO) for efficient emission control. TCO has high transmittance in the solar spectrum and tunable optical properties in the infrared regime due to their plasmonic property. The IR emissivity can be further adjusted by the geometry. Here, using solid and hollow triangles as an example, we modeled the spectral absorptance of 3D TCO structures with various carrier concentrations and geometrical factors. We showed that hollow triangular structures enhance the spectrally selective absorption, namely, high emittance in IR and low absorptance in the solar spectrum. This is because the large primary sizes of the triangles can interact strongly with the longer wavelength mid-IR while the small wall thickness of the hollow structures reduces the overall absorption volume for the shorter wavelength light in the near-IR and visible regimes. Further, by changing their angles, the hollow features can be used to tune the IR emissivity within a large range (from 0.14 to 0.8). The selective and tunable absorptance of 3D hollow structures of TCO may find applications in passive radiative cooling, solar thermal absorbing, and tunable windows glazing.
From “My Manly Husband…” to “… Sitting Down to Take a Pee”: The Construction and Deconstruction of Gender in Amazon Reviews

Through a discourse analytic case study of Amazon reviews, this chapter examines how online reviewers use language to orient to gendered identities and to invoke gender in product descriptions. Comparing legitimate product reviews with parody reviews, Vasquez and Sayers illustrate how legitimate product reviewers reify essentialist gender binaries and gender stereotypes, whereas parody reviewers contest hegemonic gender discourses in three ways: by satirizing product-related sexist discourses, by challenging the corporate gendering of products, and by interjecting off-site external political discourses of gender into reviews. Ultimately, the authors assert that Amazon review space accommodates the simultaneous presence of both modernist and postmodernist conceptualizations of gender identities, while functioning as a virtual agora where commercial activities and political discourses coexist.
Detailing an Approach for Cost-Effective Visitor-Use Monitoring Using Crowdsourced Activity Data

Traditional techniques for monitoring and managing visitor flows are expensive and time consuming. This research note presents a novel, cost-effective, and quick method for managers to assess the level of use within their management area. Using free crowdsourced heatmaps provided by Strava, GPS recorded use was georeferenced with existing trail data. By overlaying the designated trail network with actual use, this note presents a method through which managers can quickly see where undesignated use is occurring and how extreme that use may be. Similarly, this method can be used as a first step in the process of deciding where traditional monitoring efforts should be employed. The advantages and limitations of this approach are subsequently discussed. Subscribe to JPRA
Urban love, celluloid illusion: A re-evaluation of Bombay middle cinema of the 1970s

Critics and scholars have read films belonging to the genre of Bombay middle cinema as texts marked by consistent political and social ordinariness. This paper re-visits films portraying the ordina...
The gut-brain relationship: Investigating the effect of multispecies probiotics on anxiety in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of healthy young adults.

Abstract Intro There has been an increased interest in understanding the therapeutic effect of gut-microbiota on health, particularly in mental health. However, limited research into the connection between gut-microbiota and mental health makes this study an important endeavor in exploring the effect of gut-microbiota, through probiotics intervention, on mental health like anxiety and factors related to anxiety (e.g., anxiety control, affect, negative mood regulation, and worry). Method Healthy college students (N = 86; 75.6% female), average age of 20.59, participated in a double-blind, placebo-control, and randomization-control study. Eligible participants completed a baseline survey before being assigned to a condition, which consisted of four probiotics conditions and one placebo condition. After 28 days of daily intake, the participants returned to complete their exit survey. Result Probiotics were observed to improve panic anxiety, neurophysiological anxiety, negative affect, worry, and increase negative mood regulation. Furthermore, post hoc analyses revealed that the CFU (colony-forming unit) level was more effective than species counts in accounting for the number of significant improvements. A ceiling effect was detected in the study, participants with high distress reported higher number of improvements than those with normative distress. Conclusion Overall, this study is the first to examine the effect of CFU and species count on probiotics’ efficacy. The study's finding suggested that probiotics may have the therapeutic potential to treat anxiety, however, further research is necessary to make that determination.
Glycogen storage disease presenting as Cushing syndrome

Impaired growth is common in patients with glycogen storage disease (GSD), who also may have "cherubic" facies similar to the "moon" facies of Cushing syndrome (CS). An infant presented with moon facies, growth failure, and obesity. Laboratory evaluation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis was consistent with CS. He was subsequently found to have liver disease, hypoglycemia, and a pathogenic variant in PHKA2, leading to the diagnosis of GSD type IXa. The cushingoid appearance, poor linear growth and hypercortisolemia improved after treatment to prevent recurrent hypoglycemia. We suspect this child's HPA axis activation was "appropriate" and caused by chronic hypoglycemic stress, leading to increased glucocorticoid secretion that may have contributed to his poor growth and excessive weight gain. This is in contrast to typical CS, which is due to excessive adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or cortisol secretion from neoplastic pituitary or adrenal glands, ectopic secretion of ACTH or corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), or exogenous administration of corticosteroid or ACTH. Pseudo-CS is a third cause of excessive glucocorticoid secretion, has no HPA axis pathology, is most often associated with underlying psychiatric disorders or obesity in children and, by itself, is thought to be benign. We speculate that some diseases, including chronic hypoglycemic disorders such as the GSDs, may have biochemical features and pathologic consequences of CS. We propose that excessive glucocorticoid secretion due to chronic stress be termed "stress-induced Cushing (SIC) syndrome" to distinguish it from the other causes of CS and pseudo-CS, and that evaluation of children with chronic hypoglycemia and poor statural growth include evaluation for CS.
Opposition to housing development in a suburban US County: Characteristics, origins, and consequences

Local opposition to new housing is a well-known phenomenon, but the degree to which it characterizes planning debates or influences outcomes, relative to more supportive stances, is less understood. This paper investigates public comments recorded at public hearings regarding housing-related rezoning cases in order to quantify the amount of comments that can be characterized as oppositional, as well as the sources and effects of this opposition. We conducted a survey of comments made over three decades by 994 individuals appearing at planning commission hearings concerning 330 rezoning cases in Henrico County, Virginia (USA). We find that the overwhelming majority (85.8%) of individuals expressed negative sentiments, that this negativity was consistent throughout the study period, and that this negativity was most often stated in terms of anxieties over traffic, flooding, road connections and access, proposed development density, and property values. Using logistic regression analysis, we find that larger rezonings, the incorporation of multi-family or zero lot-line housing, higher census tract populations, increases in homeownership, increasing population density, and increasing racial diversity are all significantly associated with higher levels of opposition. Opposition in the case study county contributes to the adoption of numerous zoning conditions related to traffic, drainage, and site design, but more commonly to restrictions on density and increased floor areas.
Inferring an unobservable population size from observable samples

Success in the physical and social worlds often requires knowledge of population size. However, many populations cannot be observed in their entirety, making direct assessment of their size difficult, if not impossible. Nevertheless, an unobservable population size can be inferred from observable samples. We measured people's ability to make such inferences and their confidence in these inferences. Contrary to past work suggesting insensitivity to sample size and failures in statistical reasoning, inferences of populations size were accurate-but only when observable samples indicated a large underlying population. When observable samples indicated a small underlying population, inferences were systematically biased. This error, which cannot be attributed to a heuristics account, was compounded by a metacognitive failure: Confidence was highest when accuracy was at its worst. This dissociation between accuracy and confidence was confirmed by a manipulation that shifted the magnitude and variability of people's inferences without impacting their confidence. Together, these results (a) highlight the mental acuity and limits of a fundamental human judgment and (b) demonstrate an inverse relationship between cognition and metacognition.
MRI of Acute Gynecologic Conditions

Although usually not a first-line imaging modality in the setting of acute pelvic pain, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is able to depict and characterize a wide range gynecologic diagnoses with high accuracy. Lack of ionizing radiation renders MRI particularly useful for assessment of pregnant women and children. Furthermore, inherent high soft-tissue resolution of MRI allows accurate diagnosis without intravenous contrast use, which is advantageous for patients with renal insufficiency and pregnant patients. Familiarity with the typical MRI appearance of various acute gynecologic conditions helps establish the correct diagnosis. This article reviews the common MRI findings of acute gynecologic processes, in both pregnant and nonpregnant patients. Level of Evidence: 3 Technical Efficacy Stage: 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:1291-1309.
Flow cytometry: a new approach to the isolation and characterization of Kupffer cells.

Kupffer cells clear portal blood of absorbed proteases, endotoxins and other noxious substances. These cells are well positioned to do so, they reside in the sinusoids of the liver and lie on the luminal side of the sinusoidal endothelium with cytoplasmic processes which insert focally between endothelial cells. Numerically, Kupffer cells comprise approximately 10% of all liver cells (1). Despite their relative abundance, it has been difficult to obtain pure suspensions of Kupffer cells. Cell suspensions containing 40–85% Kupffer cells have been obtained by treating the rat liver in situ with collagenase and subjecting the resulting cell suspension to centrifugal elutriation.
Theoretical modeling and experimental validation of electro-shear behavior of carbon nanotubes embedded epoxy nanocomposite

Abstract Theoretical modeling and experimental validation for electro-shear behavior of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) embedded epoxy under quasi-static shear loading are performed. The theoretical modeling incorporates electron tunneling between CNTs and the electrical resistance change due to shear deformation of the epoxy matrix between CNTs. Two different contact types (head to head and overlap) and three different deformation connections (Type-I, Type-II, and Type-III) are considered to model the electrical network. Using the constitutive relations, the model relates the matrix deformation between the CNTs to the macroscale deformation of the composite. To validate the modeling results, experiments are performed using a four circumferential ring probe method. A parametric study is performed to investigate the effect of the total number of initial contact types, ratio of contact types, and number of potential Type-II deformation connections on electrical response. The theoretical predictions are validated with experiments for the first two stages of deformation and an optimal combination of deformation connections are obtained to have a close match with experimental findings.
Covert Communications Against an Adversary With Low-SNR Sensing Capability in Nakagami Fading

We show how to achieve covert communications in the presence of a warden equipped with sensing capabilities, even at a low signal to noise ratio (SNR). The warden Willie tries to minimize its false alarm and missed detection probabilities for weak signals. To this end, Willie selects optimal detection threshold for sensing particular legitimate users who want to cover their communication. Our solution to guarantee covertness involves deriving the lower bound for the sum of missed detection and false alarm probabilities, i.e., the mistake at the warden. To hide the message exchange, we derive the conditions for the minimum probability of mistake at Willie to be greater than a threshold. Our simulation results elucidate the roles played by various parameters, such as the number of samples, the target mistake threshold, the amount of noise uncertainty, etc., in undetectable communications over Nakagami fading. Our analysis demonstrates the feasibility of positive-rate hidden communications against a watchful adversary whose receiver is designed to be sensitive to weak SNR.
How Government Leaders Violated Their Epistemic Duties During the SARS-CoV-2 Crisis

In spring 2020, in response to the COVID-19 crisis, world leaders imposed severe restrictions on citizens’ civil, political, and economic liberties. These restrictions went beyond less controversial and less demanding social distancing measures seen in past epidemics. Many states and countries imposed universal lockdowns. In this paper, we argue that these restrictions have not been accompanied by the epistemic practices morally required for their adoption or continuation. While in theory, lockdowns can be justified, governments did not meet and have not yet met their justificatory burdens.
Symbol Error Rate with Receiver Nonlinearity

Nonlinearity of radio frequency components can lead to undesirable effects such as desensitization, cross-modulation and intermodulation. It is especially of concern in wideband receivers in emerging shared spectrum spaces where adjacent channel signals, or blockers, can enter the receiver circuitry and cause third order intermodulation distortion. This paper analyzes the fundamental aspects of communication system performance with receiver nonlinearity. We derive symbol error rate expressions as a function of blocker power levels and receiver nonlinearity for modulated signals with modulated blockers. These expressions enable analyzing dynamic spectrum access performance and devising receiver-cognizant spectrum access systems. Our numerical results show that SNR losses of more than 2 dB can incur in heterogeneous radio environments.
Challenges in Thrombectomy: Impossible Aortic Arches and Tortuous Vessels

The goal of endovascular treatment is to achieve rapid and safe revascularization of brain tissue at risk for irreversible ischemic injury. Aortic arch anomalies and tortuosity of the vasculature pose a challenge to rapid access to the site of arterial occlusion. In this chapter, we describe different types of aortic arches and discuss technical nuances of access for mechanical thrombectomy. The anatomy of the aortic arch and main blood vessels must be assessed with the help of preprocedure computed tomography angiography. The commonest anomaly of the aortic arch is the bovine type arch in which the left common carotid artery has a common origin with the brachiocephalic (innominate) artery. Another classification of aortic arches is based on the distance of the brachiocephalic artery origin from the top of the aortic arch. Difficult tortuosities can be negotiated by appropriate catheter systems and the use of an intermediate catheter. Direct carotid access should be considered when access through a conventional route cannot be obtained.
An analysis of Android adware

Most Android smartphone applications, or apps, are free—to generate revenue, advertisements are displayed when an app is used. Billions of dollars are lost annually due to adware committing advertising fraud. In this research, we propose and analyze a machine learning based scheme to detect Android adware based on static and dynamic features. We collect static features from the manifest file, while dynamic features are obtained from network traffic. Using these features, we classify Android applications as either adware or benign, and further classify each adware sample into a specific family. We employ a variety of machine learning techniques, including neural networks, random forests, AdaBoost and support vector machines. We show that a combination of static and dynamic features is most effective, and we find that, ironically, the multiclass adware classification problem is easier than the binary detection problem.
Homelessness on public transit: A review of problems and responses

More than half a million people in the U S experience homelessness every day Lacking other options, many turn to transit vehicles, stops, and stations for shelter Many also ride public transit to reach various destinations With affordable housing scarce and the numbers of unhoused individuals often surpassing the capacities of existing safety nets and support systems, transit operators face homelessness as a pressing issue on their systems and must implement policy measures from other realms beyond transportation to address it Because of the health and safety implications for transit of the COVID-19 pandemic and the anticipated further rise in homelessness from the resulting economic downturn, studying and responding to the needs of these vulnerable travelers is critical We conduct a comprehensive literature review to identify articles discussing homelessness in transit systems While only a handful of articles exist from the 1990s, there is an emerging literature in the last 20 years that examines different aspects of homelessness in transit systems We identify and review 63 articles on homelessness in transit systems and other public settings to better understand the extent of homelessness in the U S , and how transit agencies perceive its impacts We also summarise literature findings on the travel patterns of unsheltered individuals, which show that public transit represents an important and common mode of travel for them Lastly, we focus on responses to homelessness from the part of transit operators We find two types of responses: 1) punitive, in which criminalisation, policing and enforcement of laws and codes of conduct prevail, and 2) outreach-related, which aim towards providing help and support to unsheltered individuals We conclude by summarising our findings as well as the existing gaps in the literature [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Transport Reviews is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )
Lipoprotein(a) as a unique primary risk factor for early atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease

Elevated plasma lipoprotein(a) is a relatively common condition that contributes to many cardiovascular diseases. However, the awareness and testing for this condition remain low. Herein, we present a case of an otherwise healthy and active man who developed symptoms of peripheral arterial disease starting at age 49, and was found to have hyper-lipoprotein(a) as his only notable risk factor. Diagnosis was not made until years later, after an extensive workup. Upon further screening, he was also found to have subclinical coronary and carotid artery atherosclerotic disease. The patient was treated with aspirin, statin, niacin and angioplasty to bilateral superficial femoral arteries with good symptom resolution. Early screening of his son also revealed a similarly elevated lipoprotein(a) level. It is important to raise awareness of this condition and its relationship to early-onset peripheral arterial disease so patients and their families can be appropriately identified, counselled and treated.
Nanoceria potently reduce superoxide fluxes from mitochondrial electron transport chain and plasma membrane NADPH oxidase in human macrophages.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles, also known as nanoceria, possess antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities in animal models of inflammatory disorders, such as sepsis. However, it remains unclear how nanoceria affect cellular superoxide fluxes in macrophages, a critical type of cells involved in inflammatory disorders. Using human ML-1 cell-derived macrophages, we showed that nanoceria at 1–100 μg/ml potently reduced superoxide flux from the mitochondrial electron transport chain (METC) in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of nanoceria were also shown in succinate-driven mitochondria isolated from the macrophages. Furthermore, nanoceria markedly mitigated the total intracellular superoxide flux in the macrophages. These data suggest that nanoceria could readily cross the plasma membrane and enter the mitochondrial compartment, reducing intracellular superoxide fluxes in unstimulated macrophages. In macrophages undergoing respiratory burst, nanoceria also strongly reduced superoxide flux from the activated macrophage plasma membrane NADPH oxidase (NOX) in a concentration-dependent manner. Token together, the results of the present study demonstrate that nanoceria can effectively diminish superoxide fluxes from both METC and NOX in human macrophages, which may have important implications for nanoceria-mediated protection against inflammatory disease processes.
Airborne Aerosol in Situ Measurements during TCAP: A Closure Study of Total Scattering

We present a framework for calculating the total scattering of both non-absorbing and absorbing aerosol at ambient conditions from aircraft data. Our framework is developed emphasizing the explicit use of chemical composition data for estimating the complex refractive index (RI) of particles, and thus obtaining improved ambient size spectra derived from Optical Particle Counter (OPC) measurements. The feasibility of our framework for improved calculations of total scattering is demonstrated using three types of data collected by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) aircraft during the Two-Column Aerosol Project (TCAP). Namely, these data types are: (1) size distributions measured by a suite of OPC's; (2) chemical composition data measured by an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer and a Single Particle Soot Photometer; and (3) the dry total scattering coefficient measured by a integrating nephelometer and scattering enhancement factor measured with a humidification system. We demonstrate that good agreement (~10%) between the observed and calculated scattering can be obtained under ambient conditions (RH < 80%) by applying chemical composition data for the RI-based correction
Cosplaying the media mix: Examining Japan's media environment, its static forms, and its influence on cosplay

Cosplay—costume role-play—has dramatically increased in popularity over the past 20 years in conjunction with the cultural institution of anime, comic book, manga, science fiction, and other related fandom conventions. Cosplay was prominently established in Japan before gaining attention in North America. In this article I analyze the significance of those Japanese origins in relation to the experience of a unique media environment. The aesthetics and practices of cosplay in Japan are fundamentally informed by a specific ontological characteristic of Japanese anime, manga, and ancillary forms: the static image. Of essential importance to these consumption practices—both materially and conceptually—is the phenomenon of the anime database: an archive of static images that is continually accessed for the purposes of understanding, consuming, and creating new media. Through a detailed discussion of Hiroki Azuma's conception of the moe database, Thomas Lamarre's discussion of the cel bank as a material requisite of the database, and Marc Steinberg's assessment of the media mix, I extend the phenomenological affects of this media environment and its static images to the act of cosplay posing—an act that aspires to create a mimetic and collective connection between cosplayers and particular media images. This exploratory platform will permit me to develop specific conceptions of Japan's complex media environment and its transformations of material forms into ephemeral consumption practices.
Periodate oxidation of pseudouridine 5'-phosphate and spectral characterization of the products.

Abstract Under the conditions for oxidative degradation, with a 2-fold molar excess of periodate and cyclohexylamine at room temperature, ψMP is degraded to inorganic phosphate but fails to release the base. In this latter respect, the parent pseudouridine behaves similarly. Under more drastic conditions, with a prolonged treatment at 45° and a 6-fold molar excess of periodate and cyclohexylamine, ψMP is degraded to inorganic phosphate and a mixture of 5-formyluracil and 5-carboxyuracil. The apparent pKa values of 5-formyluracil, calculated from ultraviolet absorption spectra at various pH values, are 6.8 and g11.2. The same constants of 5-carboxyuracil are 4.3,9.15, and g13.2. Analysis of the spectral data shows that in both of these 5-substituted uracil derivatives anion formation involves loss of a proton from N-1 rather than from N-3 of the uracil ring.
Asthma phenotypes in US children: Findings from the third national health and nutrition examination survey

Abstract Rationale Since asthma is heterogeneous in its presentation, risk factors, and course, we examined a nationally representative sample of U.S. children aged 6-16 years old to determine whether differences exist in risk factors and outcomes between children with different asthma phenotypes. Methods We analyzed data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We used questionnaire and skin-prick testing data to separate children into the following mutually exclusive categories: atopic asthma, non-atopic asthma, resolved asthma, frequent respiratory symptoms, and normal. We used multivariate regression to determine whether demographic or potential risk factors varied between phenotypes and whether outcomes varied by phenotype. Results We found that 4.8% of children had atopic asthma, 1.9% had non-atopic asthma, 3.4% had resolved asthma, and 4.3% had frequent respiratory symptoms. Risk factors varied by phenotype, for example, both body mass index >85% and Conclusions Asthma risk factors and outcomes vary between children with different asthma phenotypes.
Hall coefficient and electron-electron interaction of two-dimensional electrons in Si MOSFETs

Recent experiments in silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors indicate that the Hall coefficient is independent of magnetic field applied at a small angle with respect to the plane. Below a scattering between spin-up and spin-down carriers is considered to be the main reason for the experimental observation. Comparison of the two-band model with experiment provides an upper limit for the electron-electron scattering time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{ee}}$ in the dilute two-dimensional electron system as a function of electron density ${n}_{s}.$ The time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{ee}}$ increases gradually with ${n}_{s},$ becoming much greater than the transport scattering time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{p}$ for densities ${n}_{s}g4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11} {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}.$ Strong electron-electron scattering is found for $1.22\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}l{n}_{s}l3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11} {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2},$ the region which is near to the apparent metal-insulator transition.
Comparison of Stroke Codes in the Emergency Room and Inpatient Setting.

Background Outcomes of acute stroke management are time dependent. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is indicated within 3-4.5 hours of symptom onset and endovascular intervention within 6 hours. Time to treatment may depend on the patient's location. This study seeks to determine whether there is a difference in the timing of key aspects of stroke codes between the emergency room and the inpatient setting. Methods Stroke codes ending in t-PA administration or endovascular intervention between 2010 and 2013 were included. Emergency room stroke codes were compared with those in the inpatient setting. Data were obtained from the Yarmon Stroke Center log. The variables were time to neurological evaluation, time to computed tomography (CT) scan, time to t-PA administration, time from CT scan to t-PA, and time to endovascular intervention. The variables were compared using the t test. Results One hundred twenty-two stroke codes were included (106 from emergency room and 16 from inpatient setting). There was no difference in the time to neurological evaluation ( P = .19). The time to CT scan and to t-PA administration was significantly increased in the inpatient group ( P ≤ .001 and P = .01, respectively). There was no difference in the time from CT scan to t-PA ( P = .09) and in the time to endovascular intervention ( P = .21). Conclusions Our results show that in the inpatient setting, there was a significant delay in the time to CT scan and to t-PA administration and that the source of the delay is the time to CT scan.
Synthesis and Differential Turnover of the CYS3 Regulatory Protein of Neurospora crassa Are Subject to Sulfur Control

The transcription factor CYS3 of Neurospora crassa is a positive regulator of the sulfur regulatory circuit which contains many structural genes involved in sulfur metabolism. Expression and degradation of the CYS3 protein are precisely regulated in a sulfur-dependent manner. cys-3 expression was found to be fully repressed by high concentrations of methionine or inorganic sulfate present in the culture medium and to be derepressed when these favored sulfur sources were limited. cys-3 transcripts could be readily detected within 2 h after derepression, whereas the CYS3 protein was not found until after 4 h. CYS3 is stable, with a half-life greater than 4 h under low-sulfur conditions when it is required for cell growth. However, it is degraded relatively quickly when methionine or inorganic sulfate becomes available. Upon sulfur repression, cys-3 transcripts disappeared within 30 min with an estimated half-life of 5 min whereas CYS3 protein almost entirely disappeared in 1 h with a half-life of approximately 10 min. These results suggest that a selective elimination of CYS3 is a highly regulated process. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that Lys-105 of CYS3 is important for its instability. The change of this single residue from lysine to glutamine resulted in a prolonged half life of CYS3 and impaired responsiveness of CYS3 degradation to sulfur level changes.
The Advanced Camera for Surveys Nearby Galaxy Survey Treasury. IV. The Star Formation History of NGC 2976

We present resolved stellar photometry of NGC 2976 obtained with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) as part of the ACS Nearby Galaxy Survey Treasury (ANGST) program. The data cover the radial extent of the major axis of the disk out to 6 kpc, or ~6 scale lengths. The outer disk was imaged to a depth of M F606W ~ 1, and an inner field was imaged to the crowding limit at a depth of M F606W ~ ?1. Through detailed analysis and modeling of the resulting color-magnitude diagrams, we have reconstructed the star formation history (SFH) of the stellar populations currently residing in these portions of the galaxy, finding similar ancient populations at all radii but significantly different young populations at increasing radii. In particular, outside of the well-measured break in the disk surface brightness profile, the age of the youngest population increases with distance from the galaxy center, suggesting that star formation is shutting down from the outside-in. We use our measured SFH, along with H I surface density measurements, to reconstruct the surface density profile of the disk during previous epochs. Comparisons between the recovered star formation rates and reconstructed gas densities at previous epochs are consistent with star formation following the Schmidt law during the past 0.5 Gyr, but with a drop in star formation efficiency at low gas densities, as seen in local galaxies at the present day. The current rate and gas density suggest that rapid star formation in NGC 2976 is currently in the process of ceasing from the outside-in due to gas depletion. This process of outer disk gas depletion and inner disk star formation was likely triggered by an interaction with the core of the M81 group 1 Gyr ago that stripped the gas from the galaxy halo and/or triggered gas inflow from the outer disk toward the galaxy center.