cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survival of postfledging Forster’s terns in relation to mercury exposure in San Francisco Bay

We examined factors influencing mercury concentrations in 90 fledgling Forster’s terns (Sterna forsteri) and evaluated whether mercury influenced postfledging survival in San Francisco Bay, California. Mercury concentrations (±SE) in chicks 21–29 days old (just before fledging) were 0.33 ± 0.01 μg g−1 ww for blood and 6.44 ± 0.28 μg g−1 fw for breast feathers. Colony site had an overriding influence on fledgling contamination, however hatching date and age also affected blood, but not feather, mercury concentrations. Blood mercury concentrations decreased by 28% during the 50-day hatching period and increased with chick age by 30% during the last week prior to fledging. Using radio-telemetry, we calculated that cumulative survival during the 35-day postfledging time period was 0.81 ± 0.09 (SE). Postfledging survival rates increased with size-adjusted mass, and cumulative survival probability was 61% lower for terns with the lowest, compared to the highest, observed masses. Conversely, survival was not influenced by blood mercury concentration, time since fledging, sex, or hatch date. Mercury concentrations in breast feathers of fledglings found dead at nesting colonies also were no different than those in live chicks. Our results indicate that colony site, hatching date, and age influenced mercury concentrations in fledgling Forster’s terns, but that mercury did not influence postfledging survival.
Biological characterization of a herpes simplex virus intertypic recombinant which is completely and specifically non-neurovirulent

In this study, a pre-existing "library" of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) intertypic recombinants was found to be not useful for mapping HSV genes controlling viral neurovirulence in mice. Most of these agents were significantly less virulent than either parental type following intracranial inoculation, and in the general case this lessened virulence could be attributed to inefficient replication in any cell type at 38.5 degrees (the normal temperature of the mouse). One agent tested (recombinant RE6) was completely non-neurovirulent following intracranial inoculation of as much as 3.2 X 10(7) PFU. Since about 10 PFU of either 17 Syn+ or HG52 (the "parental" strains of this recombinant) were lethal for mice, RE6 is at least 10 million-fold less neurovirulent than the wild-type strains from which it was produced. The function of the defective gene(s) in RE6 is not yet known, but it is not required for the expression of viral thymidine kinase, efficient replication in cultured cells at 38.5 degrees, or replication in non-neural mouse tissue in vivo. Therefore, the defect in RE6 is in an HSV gene function(s) which is absolutely required for neurovirulence but not for general viral replication. Several possibilities for the molecular nature of the defect in RE6 are discussed.
DNAase I encapsulated in liposomes can induce neoplastic transformation of syrian hamster embryo cells in culture

We have used liposomes to deliver DNAase I inside normal Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. We showed the entrance of DNAase I inside the cell by dose-dependent cytotoxicity; and the entrance of DNAase I into the nucleus by the induction of chromosomal aberrations and somatic mutation at the HPRT locus (but not at the Na+/K+ ATPase locus). The induction of neoplastic transformation in cultures treated by DNAase I-in-liposomes was manifested by increased saturation density, colony formation at low seeding density, colony formation in 1% serum and 0.3% agar, and tumorigenicity in 100% of injected animals. The acquisition of anchorage-independent growth became apparent only after 39-57 posttreatment population doublings. Thus damage to DNA alone can initiate the neoplastic transformation process; but for full expression of the neoplastic phenotypes, a long progression time is required for the acquisition of anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenicity.
Cause-Related Marketing: A Coalignment of Marketing Strategy and Corporate Philanthropy:

Cause-related marketing represents the confluence of perspectives from several specialized areas of inquiry such as marketing for nonprofit organizations, the promotion mix, corporate philanthropy,...
Crystalline Oxides on Silicon: The First Five Monolayers

The long-standing problem of growing a commensurate crystalline oxide interface with silicon has been solved. Alkaline earth and perovskite oxides can be grown in perfect registry on the (001) face of silicon, totally avoiding the amorphous silica phase that ordinarily forms when silicon is exposed to an oxygen containing environment. The physics of the heteroepitaxy lies in establishing a sequenced transition that uniquely addresses the thermodynamics of a layer-by-layer energy minimization at the interface. A metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor using SrTiO{sub 3} as an alternative to SiOthinsp{sub 2} yields the extraordinary result of t{sub eq}{lt}10 {Angstrom} . {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Reissert compound studies. XXXVI. Observations on 1,7‐, 4,6‐, 4,7‐, and 1,10‐phenanthrolines

Reissert compounds have been prepared from 1,7-, 4,6-, and 4,7-phenanthrolines. In the case of 4,7-phenanthroline, both mono- and di-Reissert compounds have been prepared. A number of Reissert analogs have also been prepared in this series. 1,10-Phenanthroline fails to give a Reissert compound.
Triggering memory recovery: effects of direct and incidental cuing.

Abstract The present study examined forgetting and recovery of narrative passages varying in emotional intensity, using what we refer to as the “dropout” method. Previous studies of this dropout procedure have used word lists as to-be-remembered material, but the present experiments used brief story vignettes with one-word titles (e.g., “Torture”, “Insects”). These vignettes showed a strong dropout forgetting effect in free recall. Both text and picture cues from the vignettes eliminated the forgetting effect on a subsequent cued recall test. Vignette-related pictures in an incidental picture naming task, however, triggered little recovery of initially forgotten vignettes, as shown on a post-test. The results extend findings of large forgetting and memory recovery effects to materials that are more naturalistic than word lists. The findings also show that picture cues, which trigger strong memory recovery effects on a direct test of memory, had little effect on recovery when cues were encountered incidentally.
The Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus hampei) Invades Hawaii: Preliminary Investigations on Trap Response and Alternate Hosts.

In August 2010 the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei, was first reported to have invaded the Kona coffee growing region of Hawaii, posing a severe economic challenge to the fourth largest agricultural commodity in the State. Despite its long and widespread occurrence throughout the tropics as the most serious pest of coffee, there are still discrepancies in the literature regarding several basic aspects of berry borer biology relevant to its control. In Kona coffee plantations, we investigated the beetles’ response to several trap and lure formulations, and examined the occurrence of beetles in seeds of alternate host plants occurring adjacent to coffee farms. While traps were shown to capture significant numbers of beetles per day, and the occurrence of beetles in alternate hosts was quite rare, the unique situation of coffee culture in Hawaii will make this pest extremely challenging to manage in the Islands.
British pediatrics—a specialty in transition?

A SABBATICAL TENURE in Great Britain has provided this writer with the opportunity to observe at close hand current pediatric thinking on the other side of the Atlantic. Many of the issues have their parallel in our country, but at the very time that some spokesmen have declared the future of pediatrics bleak in the United States/ a renewal of interest in the specialty is evident in our mother country. There, pediatrics may well be following a path which will lead it in a direction very similar to that which we currently have in the United States. The National Health Service, initiated in 1948, perpetuated a division between preventive services, based largely On local health authorities, and acute child health care services, which are provided by the general practitioner. Until very recently there was no requirement that the general practitioner, who provided all of the primary care for children, have specialty training in pediatrics. As a result, pediatrics has developed in Great Britain as a hospital specialty, providing the setting for the emergence and development of the Consultant pediatrician. The original National Health Service Act set up a tripartite scheme consisting of the general practitioner, hospital specialist, and local health authority service. By this Act the local health authorities were obligated to provide preventive care to expectant and nursing mothers and young children, and all immunization programs. The general practitioner's contract did not cover preventive services explicitly a n d the local health authority was barred from providing treatment services. The Act was amended in 1974 in an effort to provide a more integrated service. In recent years, voluntary training programs have been introduced for the general practitioner and a threeyear vocational program which general!y provides six months of training in the care of sick children has been
Quantum kinetics of an open system in the presence of periodic refocusing fields

We consider quantum kinetics of an open quantum system in the presence of periodic fields designed to suppress the internal evolution and shield the system from a generic low-frequency environment (refocusing or dynamical decoupling in an application to multiqubit systems). Assuming that the refocusing has order $K$, that is, for a frozen environment the cumulant expansion of the evolution operator over the period $\ensuremath{\tau}$ begins with the term $\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{K+1}$, we trace the associated cancellations in the kernel of the quantum kinetic equation in the Floquet formalism and characterize the remaining decoherence processes.
Acute leukemia incidence and patient survival among children and adults in the United States, 2001-2007

Since 2001, the World Health Organization classification for hematopoietic and lymphoid neoplasms has provided a framework for defining acute leukemia (AL) subtypes, although few population-based studies have assessed incidence patterns and patient survival accordingly. We assessed AL incidence rates (IRs), IR ratios (IRRs), and relative survival in the United States (2001-2007) in one of the first population-based, comprehensive assessments. Most subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ALL/L) predominated among males, from twice higher incidence of T-cell ALL/L among males than among females (IRR = 2.20) to nearly equal IRs of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL; IRR = 1.08). Compared with non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics had significantly higher incidence of B-cell ALL/L (IRR = 1.64) and APL (IRR = 1.28); blacks had lower IRs of nearly all AL subtypes. All ALL/L but only some AML subtypes were associated with a bimodal age pattern. Among AML subtypes, survival was highest for APL and AML with inv(16). B-cell ALL/L had more favorable survival than T-cell ALL/L among the young; the converse occurred at older ages. Limitations of cancer registry data must be acknowledged, but the distinct AL incidence and survival patterns based on the World Health Organization classification support biologic diversity that should facilitate etiologic discovery, prognostication, and treatment advances.
Metabolic activation of the tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, monocrotaline, leading to DNA adduct formation in vivo

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are naturally occurring genotoxic chemicals produced by a large number of plants. The high toxicity of many pyrrolizidine alkaloids has caused considerable loss of free-ranging livestock due to liver and pulmonary lesions. Chronic exposure of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids to laboratory animals induces cancer. This investigation studies the metabolic activation of retrorsine, a representative naturally occurring tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, and shows that a genotoxic mechanism is correlated to the tumorigenicity of retrorsine. Metabolism of retrorsine by liver microsomes of F344 female rats produced two metabolites, 6, 7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP), at a rate of 4.8 ± 0.1 nmol/mg/min, and retrorsine-N-oxide, at a rate of 17.6±0.5 nmol/mg/min. Metabolism was enhanced 1.7-fold by using liver microsomes prepared from dexamethasone-treated rats. DHP formation was inhibited 77% and retrorsine N-oxide formation was inhibited 29% by troleandomycin, a P450 3A enzyme inhibitor. Metabolism of retrorsine with lung, kidney, and spleen microsomes from dexamethasone-treated rats also generated DHP and the N-oxide derivative. When rat liver microsomal metabolism of retrorsine occurred in the presence of calf thymus DNA, a set of DHP-derived DNA adducts was formed; these adducts were detected and quantified by using a previously developed 32 P-postlabeling/HPLC method. These same DNA adducts were also found in liver DNA of rats gavaged with retrorsine. Since DHP-derived DNA adducts are suggested to be potential biomarkers of riddelliine- induced tumorigenicity, our results indicate that (i) similar to the metabolic activation of riddelliine, the mechanism of retrorsine-induced carcinogenicity in rats is also through a genotoxic mechanism involving DHP; and (ii) the set of DHP-derived DNA adducts found in liver DNA of rats gavaged with retrorsine or riddelliine can serve as biomarkers for the tumorigenicity induced by retronecine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
Supporting cache coherence in heterogeneous multiprocessor systems

In embedded system-on-a-chip (SoC) applications, the demand for integrating heterogeneous processors onto a single chip is increasing. An important issue in integrating multiple heterogeneous processors on the same chip is to maintain the coherence of their data caches. In this paper, we propose a hardware/software methodology to make caches coherent in heterogeneous multiprocessor platforms with shared memory. Our approach works with any combination of processors that support invalidation-based protocols. As shown in our experiments, up to 58% performance improvement can be achieved with low miss penalty at the expense of adding simple hardware, compared to a pure software solution. Speedup can be improved even further as the miss penalty increases. In addition, our approach provides embedded system programmers a transparent view of shared data, removing the burden of software synchronization.
Sensitivity in risk analyses with uncertain numbers.

Sensitivity analysis is a study of how changes in the inputs to a model influence the results of the model. Many techniques have recently been proposed for use when the model is probabilistic. This report considers the related problem of sensitivity analysis when the model includes uncertain numbers that can involve both aleatory and epistemic uncertainty and the method of calculation is Dempster-Shafer evidence theory or probability bounds analysis. Some traditional methods for sensitivity analysis generalize directly for use with uncertain numbers, but, in some respects, sensitivity analysis for these analyses differs from traditional deterministic or probabilistic sensitivity analyses. A case study of a dike reliability assessment illustrates several methods of sensitivity analysis, including traditional probabilistic assessment, local derivatives, and a ''pinching'' strategy that hypothetically reduces the epistemic uncertainty or aleatory uncertainty, or both, in an input variable to estimate the reduction of uncertainty in the outputs. The prospects for applying the methods to black box models are also considered.
Regulation of cancer germline antigen gene expression: implications for cancer immunotherapy

Cancer germline (CG; also known as cancer-testis) antigen genes are normally expressed in germ cells and trophoblast tissues and are aberrantly expressed in a variety of human malignancies. CG antigen genes have high clinical relevance as they encode a class of immunogenic and highly selective tumor antigens. CG antigen-directed immunotherapy is undergoing clinical evaluation for the treatment of a number of solid tumor malignancies and has been demonstrated to be safe, provoke immune responses and be of therapeutic benefit. Achieving an improved understanding of the mechanisms of CG antigen gene regulation will facilitate the continued development of targeted therapeutic approaches against tumors expressing these antigens. Substantial evidence suggests epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation, as a primary regulator of CG antigen gene expression in normal and cancer cells as well as in stem cells. The roles of sequence-specific transcription factors and signal transduction pathways in controlling CG antigen gene expression are less clear but are emerging. A combinatorial therapeutic approach involving epigenetic modulatory drugs and CG antigen immunotherapy is suggested based on these data and is being actively pursued. In this article, we review the mechanisms of CG antigen gene regulation and discuss the implications of these mechanisms for the development of cancer immunotherapy approaches targeting CG antigens.
Specialized supplier networks as a source of competitive advantage : Evidence from the auto industry

This study examines the relationship between interfirm asset specificity and performance in the auto industry. More specifically, I examine the extent to which differences in supplier–automaker asset specialization may explain performance differences between Japanese automakers (Nissan and Toyota) and U.S. automakers (Chrysler, Ford, General Motors). The findings indicate a positive relationship between supplier–automaker specialization and performance. In particular, the data suggest a positive relationship between interfirm human asset cospecialization and both quality and new model cycle time. Moreover, site specialization is found to be positively associated with lower inventory costs. The findings suggest that in the auto industry a tightly integrated production network characterized by proximity and a high level of human cospecialization will outperform a loosely integrated production network characterized by low levels of interfirm specialization.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with pulmonary hypertension.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) - a potential phenotypical risk for pulmonary hypertension (PH) - in patients with PH and by PH diagnostic group including group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); group 1.1 idiopathic PAH, groups 1.2 heritable PAH, 1.3 drug and toxin induced, 1.4 associated PAH, group 2 PH with left heart disease, group 3 PH associated with lung disease and/or hypoxemia, group 4 PH owing to chronic thrombotic and/or embolic disease, and group 5 PH from multifactorial mechanisms. METHODS We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients referred to Mayo Clinic in Florida from January 1990 to October 2013 (N = 1287). Only patients whom PH was confirmed by right heart catheterization were included (N = 640). MetS was defined with at least three of the following: systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and body mass index > 30. RESULTS MetS was prevalent in 247 of 640 (39%) with PH: 13% in group 1.1 PAH, 12% in groups 1.2-1.4 PAH, 54% in group 2, 55% in group 3, 23% in group 4 and 24% in group 5. After adjusting for age, sex and race, diagnostic subgroup analysis revealed a higher prevalence of MetS in WHO Group 2 PH patients [adjusted odd ratios (OR): 2.58, P < 0.0001] and WHO group 3 PH (adjusted OR: 2.77, P < 0.0001) when compared to group 1 PH. CONCLUSION The prevalence of MetS was observed in 39% of patients with PH; however, among PH patients, the prevalence was higher in group 2 and 3 PH.
Development of an autonomous planning watercraft test bed

In this paper, we discuss the development of an autonomous planning craft test platform. The motivation for the development of this test bed is discussed, along with technical details regarding the initial implementation. Particular emphasis is placed upon the integration of motors, actuators, and sensors for position, motion, and collision avoidance with a central microcontroller.
Continuous carry-over designs for fMRI.

This paper describes continuous carry-over fMRI experiments. In these studies, stimuli are presented in an unbroken, sequential manner, and can be used to estimate simultaneously the mean difference in neural activity between stimuli as well as the effect of one stimulus upon another (carry-over effects). Neural adaptation, which has been the basis of many recent fMRI studies, is shown to be a specific form of carry-over effect. With this approach, the adapting effects of stimuli may be studied in a continuous sequence, as opposed to within isolated pairs or blocks. Additionally, the average, direct effect of a stimulus upon neural response can form the basis of a simultaneously obtained distributed pattern analysis, allowing comparison of neural population coding on focal (within voxel) and distributed (across voxel) spatial scales. These studies are ideally conducted with serially balanced sequences, in which every stimulus precedes and follows every other stimulus. While m-sequences can provide this stimulus order, the type 1 index 1 sequence of Finney and Outhwaite may be used in fMRI studies for those experimental designs for which an m-sequence solution does not exist. Continuous carry-over designs with serially balanced sequences are argued to be particularly well suited to the characterization of “similarity spaces,” in which the perceptual similarity of stimuli is related to the structure of neural representation both within and across voxels. These concepts are illustrated with a worked example involving the neural representation of color. It is shown that data from a single scanning session are sufficient to detect direct and carry-over effects, as well as demonstrate the correspondence of the similarity structure of distributed patterns of neural firing and the perceptual similarity of a set of colors.
Black Criminal Stereotypes and Racial Profiling

The racial stereotyping of criminals has been an enduring and unfortunate feature of American culture. However, following the civil rights movement, the linkage between Blacks and crime was galvanized. The stereotyping of Blacks as criminals is so pervasive throughout society that “criminal predator” is used as a euphemism for “young Black male.” This common stereotype has erroneously served as a subtle rationale for the unofficial policy and practice of racial profiling by criminal justice practitioners. This article details the theoretical elements contributing to the development of Black criminal typification to understand how this has been used to justify racial profiling.
Factoring high level information flow specifications into low level access controls

Low level access controls must provide efficient mechanisms for allowing or denying operations and hence are typically based on the access matrix. However, when combining the goals of efficiency along with the support for least privilege and higher level authorization properties (such as information flow confidentiality), the resulting access controls become tedious to encode. Compositional high level specifications can be much more succinct. When combined with administrative controls, they can be robust in changing what is authorized in a controlled manner. Such specifications offer the promise of being easier to configure and understand, and in fact can be automatically analyzed for authorization properties. However, there remains the issue of how to generate the low level access control configuration from the high level specification. In this paper, we describe a factoring algorithm to algorithmically translate a high level specification of information flow authorization properties into low level access controls. In addition, several optimizations are given which dramatically reduce the size of the access control configuration generated.
Dynamic management of outsourced service processes’ QoS in a service provider - service supplier environment

IT service providers typically must comply with service level agreements that are part of their usage contracts with customers. Not only IT infrastructure is subject to service level guarantees such as availability or response time but also service management processes as defined by the IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL) such as change and incident processes and the fulfillment of service requests. SLAs relating to service management processes typically address metrics such as initial response time and fulfillment time. Large service providers have the choice of which internal service delivery team or external service provider they assign to parts of a service process, each provider having different costs or prices associated with it for different turn-around times at different risk. This choice in QoS and cost of different service providers can be used to manage the trade-off between penalty costs and fulfillment cost. This paper proposes a model as a basis for service provider choice at process runtime, taking into account the progress of a process so far and the availability of service capacity at service suppliers. This model can be used to reduce total service costs of IT service providers deciding on alternative delivery teams and external service providers when needed and based on current process performance.
Influence of strain, dose of virus, and age at inoculation on subgroup J avian leukosis virus persistence, antibody response, and oncogenicity in commercial meat-type chickens.

Abstract The effects of viral strain, viral dose, and age of bird at inoculation on subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV J) persistence, neutralizing antibody (VNAb) response, and tumors were studied in commercial meat-type chickens. Chickens were inoculated on the fifth day of embryonation (5 ED) or on day of hatch (DOH) with either 100 or 10,000 50% tissue-culture infective dose (TCID50) of one of three ALV J strains, namely ADOL Hc1, ADOL 6803, or ADOL 4817. At 1, 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, and 32 wk posthatch, chickens were examined for ALV J viremia and VNAb against the inoculated strain of ALV J. A high incidence (83%–100%) of ALV J persistence was observed in all treatment groups. Development of VNAb did not always lead to viremia-free status; even though 18% of the chickens developed VNAb, only 4% were able to clear viremia. The viral strain, dose, and age of bird at inoculation seemed to have an effect on the incidence of VNAb; however, the differences were statistically significant in only some t...
North Brazil Current Ring Generation and Evolution Observed with SeaWiFS

The earth’s largest oceanic rings are formed by the retroflecting North Brazil Current (NBC) near 8 8N in the western tropical Atlantic. The NBC flows northward across the equator and past the mouth of the Amazon River entraining river-influenced shelf water along its nearshore edge. Enhanced phytoplankton production associated with the nutrient-rich Amazon discharge results in near-surface chlorophyll gradients that delineate the trajectory of the retroflecting NBC. These large-scale gradients, visible from space using Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) ocean color imagery, enable visualization of NBC rings during the initial phases of their evolution and northwestward translation. Observations of 18 NBC rings identified between September 1997 and September 2000 are summarized. Six rings formed each year. Although nearly circular at formation the rings quickly deformed as they translated at speeds near 15 cm s 21 toward the Caribbean Sea. Typical core radii of rings near 558W were 100 km and 150 km in the across- and alongshore dimensions, respectively. The contribution of each ring to intergyre mass transport (1.0 6 0.4 Sv) was estimated using SeaWiFS derived surface areas and an estimate of vertical penetration (600 m) based on in situ tracer observations. Several rings were observed (using satellite-tracked surface drifters in combination with SeaWiFS imagery) to violently collide with the Lesser Antilles. At least one ring maintained an organized circulation while passing directly over the island of Barbados.
‘ok er hann einhendr’: Tÿr’s Enhanced Functionality

From the slim dossier of mythological lore concerning the senior Norse god Týr, which includes Loki’s mockery in Lokasenna, a single myth emerges: his binding of the wolf Fenrir and concurrent loss of his sword and oath-taking hand in the wolf’s maw. A Norse model of the surrender of a body part in return for enhanced psycho-somatic ability in a divine meta-function, as seen in Oðinn’s pawning of an eye for knowledge, is extended to Týr, whose compensatory gain is skill in bold and clever power politics: knowledge of the social and legal systems, and their artful manipulation. The economy of loss and gain is measured against the events of the ultimate battle of Ragnarǫk, in which the loosed Fenrir kills Oðinn and Garmr, dog or wolf, and Týr kill one another.
An image registration pipeline for analysis of transsynaptic tracing in mice

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a movement disorder characterized by the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and norepinephrine neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC). To further understand the pathophysiology of PD, the input neurons of the SNpc and LC will be transsynapticly traced in mice using a fluorescent recombinant rabies virus (RbV) and imaged using serial two-photon tomography (STP). A mapping between these images and a brain atlas must be found to accurately determine the locations of input neurons in the brain. Therefore a registration pipeline to align the Allen Reference Atlas (ARA) to these types of images was developed. In the preprocessing step, a brain mask was generated from the transsynaptic tracing images using simple morphological operators. The masks were then registered to the ARA using Large Deformation Diffeomorphic Metric Mapping (LDDMM), an algorithm specialized for calculating anatomically realistic transforms between images. The pipeline was then tested on an STP scan of a mouse brain labeled by an adeno-associated virus (AAV). Based on qualitative evaluation of the registration results, the pipeline was found to be sufficient for use with transsynaptic RbV tracing.
On the Computation of Compressible Flows on Unstructured Hybrid Grids

Computation of compressible flows using an unstructured hybrid grid method is presented in this paper. The spatial discretization is carried out using a cell-centered finite volume approximation. The spatially discretized governing equations are integrated in time using a linearized implicit scheme. A fast, matrix-free implicit method, GMRES+LU-SGS, is then applied to solve the resultant system of linear equations. Three open issues related to the cell-centered finite volume formulation: gradient approximation, viscous discretization, and interface value estimation are examined, analyzed, and discussed. It is proven mathematically and demonstrated numerically that an inappropriate treatment of these issues may result in inaccurate and inconsistent numerical solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations on non-uniform grids. An inverse-distance weighted average is proposed to evaluate the flow variables at the cell interfaces, and found to be effective to achieve a consistent convergence on non-uniform grids for the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations on non-uniform and irregular grids.
Ultrastructural Demonstration of Intracellular Bacteria in Three Cases of Malakoplakia of the Bladder

Intracellular, rod-shaped bacteria were found in three cases of malakoplakia of the urinary bladder. Histologic and ultrastructural studies showed a relationship between these bacteria, the large lipid membranous inclusions, and Michaelis–Gutmann bodies. Various transitional forms were noted. The authors conclude that the histologic appearance of malakoplakia is caused by the degradation and host response to intracellular bacteria, followed by calcification. An infectious etiology is proposed for malakoplakia of the urinary bladder.
Analysis of the etiological characteristics of a HFMD outbreak caused by Coxsackievirus A10

Objective To analyze the etiological characteristics of Coxsackievirus A10 isolated from clinical specimens of hand foot and mouth disease.Methods The throat swabs were collected from suspected patients.RD cell and Hep-2 cell were used to isolate the virus.RT-PCR was used to amplify the VP1 gene and the genotype was identified by molecular typing method and bioinformatics analysis.The homogeneity of VP1 from isolated strains was analyzed.Results Eleven specimens were identified as non-enterovirus type 71( EV71),non-coxsackievirus A16( CVA16) enteroviurs in 13 specimens from patients,and 9 of the 11 positive specimens were identified as CVA10.Seven CVA10 strains were isolated from nine CVA10 positive clinical specimens.The homology of nucleotide and amino acid among the seven CVA10 strains were 99.8% ～ 100%,99.7% ～ 100%,respectively.Compared with the CvA10 strains isolated from Shandong province in 2009,the homology of nucleotide and amino acid were 94.8% ～ 96.3%,98.3% ～ 99.3%,respectively.Compared with the CvA10 strains isolated from France in 2010 and prototype strain of CVA10,the homology of nucleotide and amino acid were 76.2% ～ 78.1%,91.1% ～93.3%,respectively.Conclusion This outbreak of hand foot and mouth disease was induced by CvA10 virus strain which has high homology with the CVA10 strains isolated from Shandong province in 2009.
Liver enzymes among microelectronics equipment maintenance technicians.

Equipment maintenance workers within the microelectronics industry have opportunities for occupational exposure to a variety of toxic agents. This pilot investigation compares liver enzymes in this population with that of other coworkers. Participants (n = 135) were randomly selected from a medical surveillance program at the manufacturing facility. Nine job categories were examined, including equipment maintenance workers and electronic technicians. Although abnormal liver enzymes were detected among equipment maintenance workers (odds ratio 16.4; P less than .008) and electronic technicians (odds ratio 27; P less than .0005), the numbers of participants were small (n = 8, 10). The data suggest that independent and/or interactive etiologic roles of occupation and alcohol should be further investigated. Early detection of subclinical occupational or recreational hepatotoxicity with appropriate employment of industrial hygiene control technology and/or the reduction of alcohol consumption may provide a means of preventing liver disease.
Detrusor-External Sphincter Dyssynergia in Men with Multiple Sclerosis: An Omjnous Urologic Condition

AbstractA total of 27 men with multiple sclerosis underwent urodynamic evaluation as part of a prospective study of voiding dysfunction. Of 18 patients with detrusor-external sphincter dyssynergia 9 suffered serious urologic complications, including repeated episodes of urosepsis, vesicoureteral reflux and urolithiasis. None of the 9 patients without dyssynergia suffered any urologic complications. Urologic complications were correlated highly to the presence of detrusor-external sphincter dyssynergia and the severity of multiple sclerosis but not to duration of multiple sclerosis, age of the patient or type of dyssynergia. Although no treatment was without complications it appears that either anticholinergics plus intermittent self-catheterization or condom catheter drainage is superior to an indwelling catheter for initial conservative treatment. External sphincterotomy or urinary diversion may be necessary if conservative therapy fails.
Abstract 149: Utilization and Costs of Hospitalization among Adolescents and Young Adults with Congenital Heart Disease in California

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) often requires intensive surgeries and care, especially in the early years of a CHD patient. However, it is not well understood how their health care utilization and costs vary as CHD patients transition into young adulthood. Objective: We aim to identify the utilization patterns of hospitalization by age among CHD patients 10-29 years old and to measure the associated costs as compared with the general population in California. Methods: We utilized the California State Inpatient Database (SID) and the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Cost-to-Charge Ratio Files 2005-2009. By merging the two datasets, we obtained data on about 97% of all hospital discharge records in California including principal and secondary diagnoses, principal and secondary procedures, admission and discharge status, basic patient demographics, total charges, imputed total costs, and length of stay (LOS). Hospital discharges of CHD patients were identified by one or more principal or secondary ICD-9 diagnosis codes of 745.xx, 746.xx, or 747.xx. Utilization and cost patterns were compared to the general population by 5-year age groups (10-14, 15-19, 20-24, and 25-29). We then conducted a multivariate linear regression with the CHD population to understand how age and other factors influence costs of hospitalization per stay. Results: The average hospitalization costs per stay among CHD patients remain 2-3 times as high as that of the general population across all age groups ($21-31k vs. $7k-12k). However, the total hospitalization costs of the CHD population monotonically decrease as patients with CHD age into adulthood: in 2005-2009, the total costs were $75m in the 10-14 group, $74m in the 15-19 group, $50m in the 20-24 group and $48m in the 25-29 group, which represented 3.8%, 1.7%, 0.8%, 0.7% of the total costs in the general population of the respective age group. The decline in total costs by age among the CHD population manifested in both decreasing numbers of hospitalizations and lower costs per stay. Other observed trends include increasing fraction of admissions from the emergency department (ED), decreasing fraction of surgery-related hospitalizations, and shorter LOS as CHD population age into adulthood. Regression results within the CHD population 10-29 years old (n=9680) suggest that costs per stay were positively associated with LOS (+$2674, p<.001) and were negatively associated with being 25-29 years old (-$3240, p<.001), being female (-$1935, p<.001), having no surgeries (-$16758, p<.001) or other procedures performed ($21396, p<.001), and being admitted from the ED (-$3638, p<.001). Conclusion: The CHD population incurs lower hospitalization costs as they age into young adulthood.
Germany, Security and the Post-Cold War World

Hans J. Morgenthau noted that European history can be summarized by two overriding concerns, ‘One is the natural superiority of Germany among the nations of Europe; the other is the unwillingness of the other European nations to accept that natural superiority. Since 1870, the great convulsions on the European continent, and the diplomatic moves preceding those convulsions, have all been dominated by those two facts.’1
Optimal number and placement of automated sectionalizing switches for smart grid Distribution Automation

Determination of the optimum number and placement of sectionalizing switches in Distribution Automation (DA) feeders is a very challenging task. This is an important step in the feasibility process of DA projects and one has to consider the trade-off between reliability and economics to arrive at the answer. This paper presents a novel iterative approach based on the relative reduction in the normalized customer interruption costs for the optimal switch number and placement problem. An iterative algorithm is constructed which minimizes the total interruption costs at each step of the analysis to arrive at the solution. The proposed approach isolates the impacts of varying switch investment and customer interruption costs that are based on surveys. The proposed method is implemented on IEEE 34-bus and 123-bus test feeders. The mathematical model is developed in Matlab and the results show the computational robustness and efficacy of the solution.
New horizons in cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging.

This issue of ‘ Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy (CDT) ’ has a special focus on application and development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in cardiovascular diseases. The challenges associated with imaging of the heart and the huge disease burden associated with cardiovascular diseases has been one of the major motivations in the last few years for the development of new MRI techniques. A realm of new pulse sequences, either focusing on ‘freezing’ motion or on providing improved endogenous contrast mechanisms were developed in this context and are now being evaluated in clinical and preclinical research efforts focusing on the heart and vascular circulation.
Intersectional HCI: Engaging Identity through Gender, Race, and Class

Understanding users becomes increasingly complicated when we grapple with various overlapping attributes of an individual's identity. In this paper we introduce intersectionality as a framework for engaging with the complexity of users' "and authors" "identities", and situating these identities in relation to their contextual surroundings. We conducted a meta-review of identity representation in the CHI proceedings, collecting a corpus of 140 manuscripts on gender, ethnicity, race, class, and sexuality published between 1982-2016. Drawing on this corpus, we analyze how identity is constructed and represented in CHI research to examine intersectionality in a human-computer interaction (HCI) context. We find that previous identity-focused research tends to analyze one facet of identity at a time. Further, research on ethnicity and race lags behind research on gender and socio-economic class. We conclude this paper with recommendations for incorporating intersectionality in HCI research broadly, encouraging clear reporting of context and demographic information, inclusion of author disclosures, and deeper engagement with identity complexities.
Social Facilitation of Exploratory Behavior in Preschool Children

To determine whether the mere presence of one child will facilitate the exploratory behavior of another, or whether exploration of the companion is also necessary, 12 male and 12 female 3 and 4 yr. old children were allowed to explore a set of novel toys: (A) Together for 5 min. (N=8); (C) alone for 2, 5-min. trials (N=8); or (B) together with an S who had either just completed a 5-min. trial (B1), or a S who was also naive (B2) (N=8). For both amount of exploration time and number of stimulus switches, groups ranked A, B1, B2, C; p <.001 for exploration time and <.01 for switches on Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance. It was concluded that mere presence is not sufficient to account for social facilitation of exploratory behavior in children, but rather that the amount of exploratory behavior shown depends upon the behavior of the companion. Limitations and advantages of exploratory behavior for the study of social behavior are discussed.
Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Diagnosis, Prophylaxis, and Treatment

Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) results from the recognition of the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipient’s tissues as being foreign by immunocompetent donor T cells. GvHD remains a major cause of HSCT-related morbidity and mortality. Historically, acute GvHD is defined as GvHD that is evident prior to day 100 post-HSCT. However, acute GvHD can occur after this arbitrary HSCT milestone, and the diagnosis of acute GvHD is made based on the clinical presentation and other factors and not necessarily on the timing. The incidence of acute GvHD has been reported from 20% to 70%. Acute GvHD most commonly affects the skin ranging from mild erythema confined to the palms and soles to full-body erythroderma with bullae. The GI tract and liver are common target organs of acute GvHD but are rarely affected without skin involvement. Because acute GvHD is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, patients receive GvHD prophylaxis during the peri-HSCT period in an effort to prevent, or at least ameliorate, acute GvHD. The choice of medications for GvHD prophylaxis is based on the type of HSCT, the degree of histoincompatibility between the donor and the recipient, the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) source, and the age of the donor and recipient at the time of HSCT. The diagnosis is most often made on a clinical basis and treated with immunosuppression. Mortality risk corresponds to the stage and grade of acute GvHD. The identification of biomarkers of acute GvHD is an active area of investigation. This chapter addresses the risk factors, clinical features, diagnostic studies, and management of acute GvHD as well as strategies for GvHD prophylaxis. Chapter 19 focuses on chronic GvHD.
Spiral Layer-by-Layer Micro-Nanostructured Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

This Article reports the fabrication and characterization of composite micro-nanostructured spiral scaffolds functionalized with nanofibers and hydroxyapatite (HA) for bone regeneration. The spiral poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) porous microstructure was coated with sparsely spaced PLGA nanofibers and HA to enhance surface area and bioactivity. Polyelectrolyte-based HA coating in a layer-by-layer (LBL) fashion allowed 10–70 μM Ca2+/mm2 incorporation. These scaffolds provided a controlled release of Ca2+ ions up to 60 days with varied release kinetics accounting up to 10–50 μg. Spiral scaffolds supported superior adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) as compared to controls microstructures. Spiral micro-nanostructures supported homogeneous tissue ingrowth and resulted in bone-island formation in the center of the scaffold as early as 3 weeks in a rabbit ulnar bone defect model. In contrast, control cylindrical scaffolds showed tissue ingr...
Reducing Recidivism Through Correctional Programming: Using Meta-Analysis to Inform the RNR Simulation Tool

A reoccurring debate in the evidence-based corrections literature concerns how much impact adherence to evidence-based practices can have on the desired outcome: reduced recidivism. Translating knowledge is perhaps the most pressing challenge currently facing the evidence-based corrections movement. Using population impact measures, this chapter examines the potential impact of scaling up the use of effective correctional interventions. The chapter begins with a review of existing meta-analyses examining the effectiveness of correctional interventions and includes a discussion of how meta-analytic findings have been used to inform a simulation model that estimates the impact of adherence to the principles of effective intervention on recidivism. Study findings suggest that scaling up can have a large systematic impact on aggregate recidivism rates; recidivism can be reduced by 20 % by adhering to the principles of effective intervention and increasing the proportion of offenders in appropriate treatment. Number needed to treat (NNT) analyses suggest that treating eight offenders with rehabilitative interventions will prevent one future recidivism event; this is a marked improvement over the NNT of criminal sanctioning programs where punishing 33 offenders prevents one recidivism event. When correctional interventions adhere to the principles of effective intervention and match treatments to offender risk and need profiles, the recidivism reduction potential is increased to 40 % and the NNT to prevent one recidivism event is four. The implications of these findings for improving recidivism outcomes at a system level and the potential public health impacts of scaling up the use of effective interventions are discussed.