cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metaphor and Analogy as Elements of a Theory of Similarity for Planning

Making innovative relationships and generating creative ideas are important for planning. In this paper I examine metaphor and analogy as sources for creative ideas and examine the difficulties in ...
Variability Mitigation in Highly Scaled CMOS: Challenges for EDA

Semiconductor manufacturing technology faces ever-greater business challenges of capital cost and risk, along with ever-greater technical challenges of pitch, mobility, variability, leakage, and reliability. To enable cost-effective continuation of the semiconductor roadmap, electronic design automation (EDA) technology must provide "equivalent scaling" of the performance-power-area envelope, and product-specific design innovation must provide "more than Moore" scaling product value.
Profiles of obesity, weight gain, and quality of life in idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

l DIOPATHIC INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION (IIH) IS A disease typically of obese women in their childbearing years. The most important risk factors for the develpment of IIH include female gender, obesity, and ecent weight gain.1 The reason that obesity predisposes o IIH is unclear. Central obesity may raise intra-abdomnal pressure, which increases pleural pressure and cardiac lling pressure, including central venous pressure, leading o increased intracranial venous pressure and increased ntracranial pressure.2 However, a study by King and ssociates3 indicated that the increased venous pressure in IH patients is caused by the elevated intracranial pressure nd not the reverse. Some studies have attempted to address physiologic actors that may be responsible for a link between obesity, eight gain, and IIH. Leptin is a protein secreted by dipose cells that influences regulation of energy balance nd body weight. One study evaluated the association etween IIH and serum leptin levels in 15 obese IIH atients compared with 16 obese and 15 nonobese conrols.4 A significantly higher serum leptin level was found n patients with IIH than in controls, and it was postulated hat serum leptin increase beyond weight gain may be of entral, perhaps hypothalamic, origin. Ghrelin, a gastric ormone, is involved in normal body weight and appetite egulation. Its levels are elevated in syndromes of overeatng and decline in simple obesity. Although it has been ostulated that fasting plasma ghrelin levels may be eleated in IIH patients and that the typical postprandial ecline in plasma ghrelin may not occur, in a study by ubramanian and associates,5 plasma ghrelin levels, both asting and postprandial, did not differ between IIH paients and obese controls. Obesity has been shown to increase lumbar cerebrospial fluid (CSF) pressure in healthy subjects.6 Whiteley and ssociates,7 however, prospectively recorded CSF opening ressure in 242 adults who had undergone a lumbar uncture with concomitant measurement of weight and eight. The 95% reference interval for lumbar CSF openng pressure was 10 to 25 cm CSF. In this study, body mass ndex (BMI) had a small but clinically insignificant influ-
Femtosecond spin-polarization spectroscopy in diluted-magnetic-semiconductor quantum wells.

Charge-carrier spin scattering in diluted-magnetic-semiconductor multiple quantum wells is directly observed through the circular polarization of luminescence in a femtosecond time-resolved measurement. This represents a new short-time regime for direct spin-relaxation studies. Separate observations of electron and hole relaxation are accomplished by varying the applied magnetic field. Surprisingly, the spin-flip scattering rates in these systems appear to be independent of the extremely strong spin-spin--exchange interaction between the charge carriers and the magnetic ions.
Physics-based modeling of a low-temperature solid oxide fuel cell with consideration of microstructure and interfacial effects

Abstract The main objective of this paper is to develop a physical model for the simulation of heat/mass transport and electrochemical process in a solid oxide fuel cell. The model is then used to evaluate the effects of lowering the operating temperature for a solid oxide fuel cell. This model consists of two submodels, i.e., a micro-scale submodel and a macro-scale submodel. The macro-scale submodel is based on the continuum conservation laws. The micro-scale submodel addresses the complex relationships among the transport phenomena in the electrodes and electrolyte, which includes the transport of electron, ion, and gas molecules through the composite electrodes, electrolyte, and triple-phase boundary region. After integrating the two submodels, the dependence of electrochemical performance on the temperature, global geometrical parameter, and microstructures (porosity, volume fraction and composite ratio, etc.) were assessed. Results demonstrate that for a reduced-temperature solid oxide fuel cell with composite electrodes, its performance is also lowered due to a higher ohmic loss in electrolyte and a slower electrochemical kinetics in the cathode. Among the various microstructure parameters for electrodes, the particle size and TPB length are the most important factors that dominate the performance of a reduced-temperature SOFC. In addition, optimal thicknesses for the electrodes exist. It is believed that the current work will provide a valuable model approach, which can be used to help understand the complex transport phenomena in electrodes and optimize the design of a reduced-temperature solid oxide fuel cell.
Fourth-order dispersion-limited solitary pulses

We analyze the performance of a Ti:sapphire self-mode-locked laser with near-zero second- and third-order dispersion. Our simulations show that, in the presence of fourth-order dispersion, solitary laser pulses can be supported within a wide parameter range, close to the experimental values of these parameters. We also conclude that it is possible to generate pulses much shorter than 10 fs if fourth-order dispersion is further reduced.
Amphiphilic Interpenetrating Networks for the Delivery of Hydrophobic, Low Molecular Weight Therapeutic Agents

To investigate the delivery of hydrophobic therapeutic agents, a novel class of interpenetrating networks (IPNs) was synthesized and composed of two networks: methacrylic acid grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) tethers, P(MAA-g-EG) and poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBA). The hydrophilic P(MAA-g-EG) networks are pH-responsive hydrogels capable of triggered release of an encapsulated therapeutic agent, such as a low molecular weight drug or a protein, when it passes from the stomach (low pH) to the upper small intestine (neutral pH). PBA is a hydrophobic homopolymer that can affect the IPN swelling behavior, the therapeutic agent loading efficiencies in IPNs, and solute release profiles from IPNs. In dynamic swelling conditions, IPNs had greater swelling ratios than P(MAA-g-EG), but in equilibrium swelling conditions the IPN swelling ratio decreased with increasing PBA content. Loading efficiencies of the model therapeutic agent fluorescein ranged from 21–44%. Release studies from neat P(MAA-g-EG) and the ensuing...
The morphology and development of molluscum contagiosum from electron micrographs of thin sections

Abstract Thin sections of molluscum contagiosum lesions from man have been examined with the electron microscope. Cells were seen in the prickle cell layer of the epidermis which contain only very few cytoplasmic elementary bodies and are considered as early infected cells. Cells were seen with varying numbers of elementary bodies scattered through the cytoplasm to cells entirely filled with elementary bodies in a mature inclusion. The early infection forms of the virus differ somewhat from most of the elementary bodies seen in the larger inclusions. The mature inclusion bodies are divided into locules by septa. The locules contain mature elementary bodies. The elementary bodies appear to form from the material composing the matrix of the septa by a process of segmentation and condensation. The elementary bodies themselves have been sectioned and in some instances appear to have a formed cortex with a less dense interior.
The Value Proposition of Captive Offshore Development Centers: Exploring the Role of IT Capabilities and Antecedent Factors

Increasingly, organizations establish off shore captive centers to exploit the large IT labor pool and to retain proprietary knowledge. However, a key management issue facing these organizations is one of realizing value beyond economic cost advantages from its captive centers. To address this issue, we adaptedVenkaraman's value center concept and the global subsidiary evolution model to this context. Using the data gathered on the evolution of captive centers of GLOBALIS, a large US financial services firm, we explored the role of IT capabilities and antecedent factors on captive center's value proposition. Our findings indicate that headquarters assignment of responsibilities and captive center's choice of activities lead to the development of distinct human, technological and relationship capabilities that enable a captive center to generate superior value for its parent IT organization. This study extends prior research in IS outsourcing, and has important implications for researchers and practitioners alike.
Plasmon-atom coupling for suppression of spontaneous emission

Enhancement and suppression of spontaneous emission is vital to both quantum optics research and optoelectronics industry. Surface plasmon has been known to feature such characteristics. Waveguide-coupled-atom systems are studied for this goal. The enhancement is proportional to a field focusing factor and inverse to the group velocity along the waveguide. Comparison is made to the Purcell factor. A numerical example shows a promising structure with a grating-coupled plasmonic waveguide, projecting an emission enhancement by 51 times in spite of heat dissipation.
Types of mean residence times

Mean residence times (MRTs) have been classified into two main groups, namely system moment MRT [MRT(S,MO] and system matrix MRT [MRT(S,MA]. There are also MRTs of individual compartments [MRT(i)] such as central or plasma compartment, [MRT(P)], and tissue compartments and the MRT of an absorption site, [MRT(A)]. Much of the literature on MRTs does not clearly indicate which MRT is being discussed. MRT(S,MO) has been termed non-compartmental, but is really based on a structured model. There are really no model-independent MRTs or steady-state volumes of distribution. For the classical two-compartment open model with central compartment input, sampling and elimination MRT(S,MO) = MRT(S,MA) for a given set of microscopic rate constants. When elimination occurs from any but the central compartment then MRT(S,MO) is not equal to MRT(S,MA). For 'first-pass' drugs it is necessary to have a model where elimination occurs from a compartment different from the central and sampling compartment. Many of the methods of estimating MRTs which have been reported in the literature to date are reviewed and some generalizations are drawn. Some uses of MRTs are indicated. These uses involve both amounts of drug in the body as well as concentrations. The relationship between MRT(S,MO) and MRT(S,MA) for the Rowland two-compartment open model with peripheral compartment elimination is: MRT(S,MA)--MRT(S,MO) = 1/(k20 + k21). Thus the system matrix MRT is always larger than the system moment MRT for this linear model, which is most useful for 'first-pass' drugs. A general equation for MRT(S,MA) of all three two-compartment open models with input into either of the compartments is (lambda 1 + lambda 2 - ki0)/lambda 1 lambda 2 where i is the compartment (i = 1 or 2) into which input occurs.
Whole blood ionized magnesium: age-related differences in normal values and clinical implications of ionized hypomagnesemia in patients undergoing surgery for congenital cardiac disease.

Abstract Objectives: We sought to (1) determine reference values for whole blood ionized magnesium concentrations in newborns, children, and young adults and (2) evaluate the frequency and clinical implications of ionized hypomagnesemia in patients undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease. Method: We prospectively measured ionized magnesium concentrations in 299 subjects (113 control subjects and 186 patients undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease). Subjects were categorized by age. In the surgical group blood samples were obtained before bypass, during bypass (cooling and rewarming), after bypass, and during admission to the intensive care unit. Ionized hypomagnesemia was defined as ionized magnesium level 2 standard deviations below the mean of control subjects in the same age group. Patients were analyzed, controlling for cardiopulmonary bypass time. Results: In the control group ionized magnesium concentrations differed by age. Neonates and adults showed lower ionized magnesium concentrations compared with those of other age groups. Infants exhibited the highest ionized magnesium concentration. In the surgical group patients older than 1 month showed a higher proportion of ionized hypomagnesemia compared with that found in neonates at baseline ( P P = .03), and at admission to the intensive care unit ( P = .02). Controlling for cardiopulmonary bypass time, patients older than 1 month who were hypomagnesemic during bypass showed longer intubation time ( P = .001) and longer intensive care stay ( P = .01) and tended to have a higher pediatric severity of illness score on intensive care admission ( P = .14) compared with patients without ionized hypomagnesemia. Conclusions: There are age-related differences in normal ionized magnesium concentrations. Ionized hypomagnesemia is a common and clinically relevant occurrence among patients older than 1 month of age undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:891-8)
An Experimental Comparison of Item Sampling and Examinee Sampling for Estimating Test Norms.

An empirical comparison of the accuracy of item sampling and examinee sampling in estimating norm statistics. Item samples were composed of 3, 6, or 12 items selected from a total test of 50 multiple-choice vocabulary questions. Overall, the study findings provided empirical evidence that item sampling is approximately as effective as examinee sampling for estimating the population mean and standard deviation. Contradictory trends occurred for lower ability and higher ability student populations in accuracy of estimated means and standard deviations when the number of items administered increased from 3 to 6 to 12. The findings from this study indicate that the variation of sequences of items occurring in item sampling need not have a significant affect on test performance. The meaningful interpretation of individual test scores requires the effective use of reliable and representative test norms. Depending upon the evaluative context, national, state, or local norms may be needed. All too often though, an appropriate set of norms is not available and needs to be developed. One of the major obstacles to obtaining representative norms for school use is the reluctance of many school officials to have their schools cooperate in test norming because they consider it too time consuming. In response to the need for developing test norms that are more representative and less time consuming to administer, Frederic Lord has presented an item sampling approach as an alternative to traditional examinee sampling. Lord (1960) has explicated the theoretical formulations underlying the use of item sampling for estimating test norms. Since then, Lord (1962), Plumlee (1964), and Cook and Stufflebeam (1967) have conducted simulation studies using existing files of data where all students had actually attempted all items in a test. These data were used to compute and compare norm estimates derived from simulated item sample and examinee sample test administrations. In all three studies, the simulated item sample norm estimates were slightly better than the simulated examinee sample estimates. Considering the economy of time per examinee, item sampling would appear to be the superior norming approach if a total score for each examinee is not needed for the norming administration. However, the results of the previous studies lack generalizability for two important reasons. First, the prior studies assumed that item responses are independent of the context within which items appear. This is questionable and needs to be tested empirically since a student may respond quite differently when faced with answering a few questions than when presented with many questions. Conceivably, motivation, fatigue,
Knowledge transfer capacity and its implications for the theory of the multinational corporation

This study updates and extends research on foreign entry modes by examining the impacts of knowledge transfer capacity and knowledge tacitness. Research on international corporate expansion has long emphasized that deploying intangible knowledge-based assets is required for successful international expansion. More recently, research from a ‘knowledge-based’ perspective has addressed the role of tacitness in constraining a firm’s ability to transfer knowledge internationally. We combine these perspectives to describe how knowledge tacitness affects the relative suitability of four archetypal entry modes: exporting, licensing, establishing an alliance, and wholly owned entry. We then examine and develop conceptually a seldom-studied firm characteristic, knowledge transfer capacity. We offer predictions that describe the combined effects of knowledge tacitness and transfer capacity on entry mode choice. We distinguish between the transfer capacity of the organization that develops knowledge (source transfer capacity) and that of the organization that seeks to access that knowledge (recipient transfer capacity). The discussion addresses how our model generalizes to knowledge-seeking strategies and to the study of ongoing multinational networks. The study enriches and reconciles multiple theoretical perspectives on entry strategy. It brings together the study of knowledge characteristics and firm heterogeneity in the theory of the multinational corporation, and in international and strategic management more generally. Journal of International Business Studies (2003) 34, 356–373. doi:10.1057/palgrave. jibs.8400037
Abstract dynamic programming models under commutativity conditions

The unifying purpose of the abstract dynamic programming models is to find sufficient conditions on the recursive definition of the objective function that guarantee the validity of the dynamic programming iteration. This paper presents backward, forward, and backward-forward models that weaken previous sufficient conditions and that include, but are not restricted to, optimization problems. The backward-forward model is devoted to the simultaneous solution of a collection of interrelated sequential problems based on the independent computation of a cost-to-arrive function and a cost-to-go function. Several extremization and nonextremization problems illustrate the applicability of the proposed models.
Bernoullis are standard when entropy is not an obstruction

In this paper we look atr equivalence, which is an equivalence relation that is implicit in Vershik's classification ofr-adic decreasing sequences of σ-algebras, and also in work of Stepin. this equivalence relation is used to classify group actions of the group\(G = \sum _{n = 1}^\infty Z/r_n Z,r = (r_1 ,r_2 ,...)\) It is shown that given any sequence of natural numbers satisfying a certain growth rate, all BernoulliG actions arer equivalent to a certain natural action ofG, which we call the translation action. Furthermore, these actions are zeror entropy andr finitely determined, where this notion arises canonically from the restricted orbit equivalence theory of Kammeyer and Rudolph.
Lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-1β decrease sucrose intake but do not affect expression of place preference in rats

Immune system activation has been shown to induce decreased interest in pleasurable stimuli. Studies of this phenomenon have assessed the effect of cytokines or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on behavior maintained by primary reinforcers, stimuli, such as palatable solutions, that effectively reinforce behavior without prior training. The studies reported in this paper replicated findings of immune system activation decreasing intake of a palatable solution and assessed the effects of immune activation on behavior maintained by a conditioned reinforcer, a stimulus paired with a the palatable solution. Using a conditioned place preference procedure, the effects of LPS and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) on sucrose intake (primary reinforcer) and preference for a sucrose-paired environment (conditioned reinforcer) were tested. LPS and IL-1beta decreased sucrose intake but had no effect on the expression of a sucrose-induced place preference, indicating a differential effect of immune system activation on appetitive behaviors maintained by primary and conditioned reinforcers. Finally, it was shown that a sucrose-induced place preference is sensitive to the motivational state of the subjects at the time of testing; a sucrose-induced place preference was demonstrated if rats were tested when water deprived but not if tested after free access to water.
Marangoni effect reverses coffee-ring depositions.

We show here both experimentally and theoretically that the formation of “coffee-ring” deposits observed at the edge of drying water droplets requires not only a pinned contact line (Deegan et al. Nature 1997, 389, 827) but also suppression of Marangoni flow. For simple organic fluids, deposition actually occurs preferentially at the center of the droplet, due to a recirculatory flow driven by surface-tension gradients produced by the latent heat of evaporation. The manipulation of this Marangoni flow in a drying droplet should allow one in principle to control and redirect evaporation-driven deposition and assembly of colloids and other materials.
Low power, high throughput network-on-chip fabric for 3D multicore processors

Long wires degrade significantly the performance of network-on-chip (NoC) communication fabric in large multicore processors. 3D network-on-chip architecture alleviates the problem of long wires, but practical limitations of CMOS technology restrict such structures to two active layers only. In this work, we study a heterogeneous 3D chip with processor cores and cache blocks implemented in CMOS and NoC fabric in VeSFET tech-nology. Such a 3D architecture shows significant improvements in all network parameters including latency, power and energy consumption compared to existing 3D NoCs.
Morphine upregulates functional expression of neurokinin‐1 receptor in neurons

Neuronkinin-1 receptor (NK-1R), the neuropeptide substance P (SP) preferring receptor, is highly expressed in areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that are especially implicated in depression, anxiety, and stress. Repeated exposure to opioids may sensitize neuronal systems involved in stress response. We examined the effects of morphine, the principal metabolite of heroin, on the functional expression of NK-1R in the cortical neurons. NK-1R and mu-opioid receptor (MOR) are co-expressed in the cortical neurons. Morphine enhanced NK-1R expression in the cortical neurons at both the mRNA and protein levels. The upregulated NK-1R by morphine had functional activity, because morphine-treated cortical neurons had greater SP-induced Ca(2+) mobilization than untreated neurons. Blocking opioid receptors on the cortical neurons by naltrexone or CTAP (a mu-opioid receptor antagonist) abolished the morphine action. Investigation of the mechanism(s) responsible for the morphine action showed that morphine activated NK-1R promoter and induced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK protein in the cortical neurons. These in vitro data provide a plausible cellular mechanism for opioid-mediated neurological disorders.
Presidential Uses of Force During the Cold War: Aggregation, Truncation, and Temporal Dynamics

A previous version of this article was presented at the 1999 North American Meeting of the Peace Science Society International, Ann Arbor, MI. A lengthier version of the article is available at http://www.fsu.edu/~polisci/wksp_papers/workingpapers/wp2000.htm. We would like to thank Matt Baum, Patrick Brandt, Ashley Leeds, and several anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on previous drafts. A replication data set will be deposited with the ICPSR’s Publication-Related Archive (http://www.icpsr.umich.edu).
Studies on the induction of tobacco mosaic virus mutants with nitrous acid.

Abstract Five properties of isolates derived from three strains of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) that had been treated with nitrous acid were examined. In agreement with Mundry and Gierer (1958) , it was found that nitrous acid is highly mutagenic for TMV. The two properties that were altered most frequently were symptom in tobacco and lesion size on Nicotiana glutinosa L. Type of response on Nicotiana sylvestris Speg. and Comes was found to be altered infrequently. No isolates were found to be altered in serological specificity and pH of isoelectric precipitation. Data are presented which suggest that during nitrous acid treatment one mutagenic deamination occurs for each two or three lethal deaminations and that every deamination results in a detectable biological effect.
Supporting visual analysis of federal geospatial statistics

Federal government agencies generate, summarize, and disseminate a large and growing volume of statistical data that can be linked through common geospatial referencing. The potential of this data is often unrealized because agencies and their data users lack usable and useful data analysis tools that support multivariate geospatial data exploration and processing.
Friction and Adhesion in the Hair Bundle's Glycocalyx

To enable us to hear high-frequency sounds, the mechanosensitive hair bundles of our inner ears must oscillate and amplify at frequencies up to 20 kHz, overcoming both viscous drag and friction within the hair bundles. How can such movements be accomplished for a lifetime without harming cellular structures and causing hearing loss?The hair bundle is a cluster of linked, finger-like projections, the stereocilia, emerging from the hair cell's apical surface. Each stereocilium is composed of an actin core surrounded by membrane endowed with a glycocalyx, a layer of glycoproteins and glycolipids. The stereocilia stand apart from one another at their basal insertions, but lean toward one another at their tips, where they are connected along the axis of mechanosensitivity by fragile tip links. For efficient sensory transduction to occur, mechanotransduction channels must open in unison when the bundle is deflected, suggesting that the stereocilia exhibit some form of low-friction sliding adhesion. One possible mechanism by which such sliding adhesion might be implemented is through charged sugars such as sialic acid. If stereocilia are coated with negatively charged sugars, they will repel each other at certain distance scales owing to electrostatic forces. In the presence of multivalent cations, they may instead exhibit adhesion.Using a flexible glass fiber and photomicrometer to make quantitative force measurements, we investigated the friction and adhesion between individual stereocilia. The charge density of the stereociliary glycocalyx was measured by pairing capillary electrophoresis of individual stereocilia with electron microscopy. Using chemical labeling techniques and fluorophore-conjugated lectins, we identified specific sugars in the glycocalyx. Together, these experiments provide a functional understanding of the hair bundle's glycocalyx and speak to the question of how the hair bundle maintains coherence while simultaneously minimizing friction.
Isolation and characterization of two forms of Met-tRNAf deacylase from rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes

We have separated and purified two forms of Met-tRNAf deacylase (or two separate enzymes), an activity that mediates in part the suppression of polypeptide chain initiation that occurs in heme deficiency or with double-stranded RNA, 1000-fold from the 0.5 M KCl wash of rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes. Deacylase I is a minor activity with an S20,w of 5.9, D20,w of 4.9 and Mr of 110 000, while deacylase II is the major activity with an S20,w of 3.3, D20,w of 7.1 and Mr of 43 000. Both convert crude reticulocyte or pure yeast, wheat germ, and E. coli [35S]Met-tRNAf to [35S]methionine and tRNAfMet and have no effect on reticulocyte [35S]fMet-tRNAf, [3H]Ala-tRNA or [3H]Lys-tRNA. However, while deacylase I has similar activity throughout the pH range of 6.1-8.1, deacylase II has a sharp pH optimum at 7.9 and is almost completely inactive at 6.1. In addition, deacylase II shows a much greater affinity for pure Met-tRNAf than deacylase I (Km of 1.5-3 nM vs. 100 nM), and, while deacylase II is selectively inhibited by tRNAfMet, deacylase I is inhibited similarly by any added tRNA.
The measure of all things: reflections on changing conceptions of the individual in travel demand modeling

Transportation demand modeling has evolved in scope, theory, and practice in the many decades since the US Bureau of Public Roads pioneered home interview transportation studies in metropolitan households in the early 1940s. The major currents of these developments are discussed in the present paper through consideration of the changing role of the individual—as a source of data, as a unit of analysis, and as the intended beneficiary. In addition to reviewing this history we raise, but are unable to resolve, a growing current concern, namely how the public interest can be best served when the transportation data of greatest value is collected by private entities.
An On-Line Spectrofluorimeter System for Rapid Collection of Absolute Luminescence Spectra

A spectrofluorimeter system has been developed which uses an on-line general purpose digital computer to both collect and correct fluorescence and luminescence spectra; no servosystems or complex analog circuitry are employed. Spectra are represented by a series of up to 500 individual data points, each of which is, in turn, the average of 16 samplings of the signal photomultiplier. The signal produced by a reference photomultiplier is also collected and used to make corrections appropriate to the type of spectra being collected. Wavelength drive is accomplished with a reversible stepping motor driven by commands from the computer; thus the wavelength position can be automatically and precisely controlled by the computer without recourse to cumbersome mechanical components. Corrections to collected spectra are made in real time on the basis of correction factors derived from fluorescence standards or a standard lamp. The complete system can collect a full spectrum (500 points) in 8 sec, average the results of any number of automatically repeated scans, and furnish the operator with both corrected and uncorrected spectra on either a wavelength or a wavenumber scale. In addition, the data can be retained on punched paper tape or presented graphically in a format acceptable for publication. Details of the system are presented with examples of its performance.
Power Injectable Portal Systems

Abstract This article describes the new technological advancements of portal systems. Implantable port devices provide intravenous access for chemotherapy administration, medication infusions, and have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in radiologic and diagnostic power injection studies. Development of the power injectable portal systems, device use, accessing and de-accessing, scope of practice, and pinch off syndrome are discussed.
The Inventions of Autonomy

Book reviewed in this article: J.B. Schneewind, The Invention of Autonomy: A History of Modern Moral Philosophy
Statistical variation in contents of dry-filled ampuls in current pharmaceutical practice

Three types of sampling plans applying to weights of dry-filled ampuls of a constant sample size of 20 ampuls are discussed. It is shown that a plan based on averages possesses greater discriminatory power than one based on individuals for a sample size of 20.
Simulating Effects of Nonintrogressive Hybridization with a Stocked Hatchery Strain of Rainbow Trout on the Sustainability and Recovery of Naturalized Steelhead Populations in Minnesota Waters of Lake Superior

Abstract A model was developed to explore the impacts of nonintrogressive hybridization with a stocked hatchery strain of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Kamloops strain [KAM]) on the sustainability and recovery of naturalized steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout) populations in Minnesota tributaries of Lake Superior. The model was used to assess the extinction risk of Lake Superior steelhead over a 50-year period based on multiple KAM stocking scenarios, initial population sizes, and levels of assortative mating. No extinctions occurred in simulated steelhead populations regardless of initial size after a one-time introduction of KAM; however, the risk of extinction due to nonintrogressive hybridization increased dramatically for scenarios involving annual stocking of KAM. The level of assortative mating among KAM and steelhead greatly influenced the risk of steelhead population decline or extinction for all scenarios. Results of the model support the contention that nonintrogressive hybridization coul...
Inaccuracy of Estimated Creatinine Clearance for Prediction of lothalamate Glomerular Filtration Rate

The clinical practice of estimating creatinine clearance (Ccr) from a patient's serum creatinine value by use of various nomograms and prediction formulas is widespread. The predictive accuracy of such Ccr estimates as substitutes for measured values of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) has not been determined. In addition, the effect of patient physical parameters on GFR prediction accuracy has not been assessed. To investigate these issues, 500 predicted Ccr values from each of four versions of the formula of Cockcroft and Gault were statistically compared with GFR values measured by sodium iothalamate clearance (Cio) in 394 human subjects representing every level of renal function. We conclude that (1) the original formula of Cockcroft and Gault is an inaccurate predictor of GFR; (2) correction of the formula for patient physical parameters does improve its accuracy for GFR prediction; (3) the best formula is not accurate enough to replace laboratory measurement of GFR; and (4) GFR prediction inaccuracy is more often associated with extremes in patient age, weight, serum creatinine, body surface area, and measured GFR but may occur for any value of each of these parameters.
Recognizing and diagnosing pancreatic insufficiency in infants.

1. Peter Francis Belamarich, MD 1. Einstein College of Medicine-Children’s Hospital at Montefiore Bronx, NY 1. Exocrine Pancreatic Dysfunction. Cystic Fibrosis. Gaskin K. In: Walker WA, Durie PR, Hamilton JR, Walker-Smith JA, Watkins JB, eds.Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada: BC Decker Inc;.2000;:1353–1369 2. Pancreatic Function Tests. Huynh H, Couper R. In: Walker WA, Durie PR, Hamilton JR, Walker-Smith JA, Watkins JB, eds.Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada: BC Decker Inc.2000;:1515–1528 3. Hereditary and Childhood Disorders of the Pancreas. Lopez MJ, Grand RJ. In: Feldman MH, Sleisenger MH, Scharschmidt BF, eds.Sleisenger and Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders.1998;:782–808 Pancreatic insufficiency (PI) is uncommon among infants, but it is important to recognize. Early diagnosis followed by oral enzyme replacement therapy can avert the significant morbidity that follows upon severe malnutrition in infancy. In addition, for the majority of infants who have PI and subsequently are found to have cystic fibrosis, early diagnosis allows genetic counseling to be offered and can help prevent progression of associated pulmonary disease. The pathophysiology of pancreatic insufficiency is complex. Malabsorption results from inadequate secretion of the approximately 20 enzymes and cofactors derived from the pancreatic acini as well as from insufficient bicarbonate secretion from the ductal epithelium. Without adequate bicarbonate to neutralize gastric acid, whatever limited pancreatic lipase is available cannot function optimally, and bile salt micellization of dietary fat droplets also is impaired. Thus, fat digestion takes a “double hit,” and fat malabsorption becomes a prominent clinical feature of PI. Protein maldigestion and malabsorption are also substantial, but they are more commonly subclinical. Quantitative studies of pancreatic enzyme secretion have shown that the pancreas has a tremendous functional reserve. Significant fat malabsorption does not occur until lipase secretion is below 2% of normal values. Thus, clinically apparent PI represents not mild or …
Transferable potentials for mixed alcohol–amine interactions

Abstract Transferable potentials for the hydrogen bonding interactions of alcohols with amines are characterized. These systems exhibit anomalously strong solvation interactions that make the formalism of discontinuous potentials (the SPEADMD model) especially advantageous relative to point charge potential models. Exothermic heats of mixing are observed along with activity coefficients less than unity. A database of 11 amines and 6 alcohols is analyzed with 27 binary mixtures to train and validate the solvation interactions. Comparisons are made to the Peng–Robinson and Peng–Robinson–Wong–Sandler models. The SPEADMD model provides accuracy of roughly 3% overall when corrected for vapor pressure deviations. Transferable site–site parameters for disperse interactions are not treated in the present work, but the outline of such a completely predictive model is described.
Heterogeneities in carbon fibers

Abstract Acrylic fibers, stabilized acrylic fibers, and graphite fibers have been selectively etched by ion bombardment. After ion etching, the fibers are characterized by structures oriented transverse to the fiber axis with an average spacing ranging from 500 to 3000 A. These transverse structures are considered to be representative of structural inhomogeneities in the fibers, which are transmitted from the precursor fiber through the stabilization treatment to the final carbon fibers. The relation between these heterogeneities and the standard microstructura! models of carbon fibers remains to be elucidated satisfactorily.
SEISMIC QUIESCENCE AT PARKFIELD DUE TO DETACHMENT FAULTING

ON the San Andreas fault near Parkfield, California, rates of seismicity1,2 and geodetic line shortening3,4have been lower since 1986 than before. Wyss et al.1,3interpret the rate decreases as precursors to an imminent moderate earthquake (magnitude M = 5.5−6) and estimate the earthquake time to be March 1991 ± 1 yr. The earthquake was previously predicted to occur in 1988 ± 5 yr based on five of six similar earthquakes which occurred at intervals ∼22 yr, the last one in 19665. Here I present a model that attributes the rate changes to the initiation of slip on a subhorizontal detachment fault under the pending rupture area. In this model, the slip starts late in the seismic cycle, and diminishes the loading rate on the nearby San Andreas, thus acting as a buffer.
An Extension of SIC Predictions to the Wiener Coactive Model

The survivor interaction contrasts (SIC) is a powerful measure for distinguishing among candidate models of human information processing. One class of models to which SIC analysis can apply are the coactive, or channel summation, models of human information processing. In general, parametric forms of coactive models assume that responses are made based on the first passage time across a fixed threshold of a sum of stochastic processes. Previous work has shown that that the SIC for a coactive model based on the sum of Poisson processes has a distinctive down-up-down form, with an early negative region that is smaller than the later positive region. In this note, we demonstrate that a coactive process based on the sum of two Wiener processes has the same SIC form.
Relative Stability of Plant Communities in a South Carolina High Salt Marsh

ABSTRACT The high marsh in southeast Atlantic coast salt marshes forms a relatively small but ecologically important transition zone between low marsh and the terrestrial shoreline. However, long-term trend data from high marshes are limited to a few studies. Permanent plots established in a high marsh near Waties Island in northeast South Carolina were measured for plant coverage from 2002–2010. At the beginning and at the end of the study, four groups of plots were identified: mixed indicated by Borrichia frutescens, Distichlis spicata, and Fimbristylis castanea; Juncus indicated by Juncus roemerianus; Salicornia indicated by Salicornia virginica; and Spartina indicated by Spartina patens. Ordination of the 2010 plot data and soil analyses produced clear separation of the groups along a single dominant axis with Salicornia and Juncus groups at the high end of a salinity gradient and the Spartina group at the high end of soil organic matter gradient. Comparison of plots classified in 2002 to the same p...
Murine Monoclonal Antibodies against Escherichia coli O4 Lipopolysaccharide and H5 Flagellin

Two murine monoclonal antibodies (MAb), 2C5-F10 and 8D1-H10, reactive with Escherichia coli O4 and H5 antigens, respectively, were generated and characterized. Enzyme immunoassays and immunoblots demonstrated that MAb 2C5-F10 reacted specifically with lipopolysaccharide O antigen of E. coli O4 isolates, while MAb 8D1-H10 reacted with E. coli strains expressing H5 flagella.
An Evolutionary Computing Approach to Robust Design in the Presence of Uncertainties

This paper sets forth a new approach to robust evolutionary computing. In particular, the proposed approach allows users to specify the probability of success in meeting design specifications in the presence of uncertainties. Three benchmark problems have been considered to demonstrate the proposed approach. In addition, a robust electromagnet design example is also considered. The results illustrate quantitative correspondence between the prescribed and the computed robustness.
Quantitative In Vitro Assay for “Corncob” Formation

Abstract The interaction of Bacterionema matruchotii with strains of Streptococcus sanguis produces a structure which morphologically resembles a corncob. To determine the specific bacterial surface receptors involved in the interaction, we developed a quantitative assay. The assay consisted of mixing saline suspensions of [CH3-3H]thymidine-labeled streptococci and B. matruchotii, incubating at 37°C for 2 h, and filtering the mixture through a 5-μm polycarbonate membrane filter. The free cocci and filaments passed through the filter, but the corncobs were retained. Estimates of the number of corncobs formed were obtained by quantitating the radioactivity retained on the membranes relative to that of controls of streptococci alone. Although saturation of the Bacterionema occurred at a ratio of streptococci to Bacterionema of 10:1 (Klett units), a 2:1 ratio was chosen because of the increased sensitivity of the assay at this ratio. The percentage of streptococci binding at this ratio was 18.6 ± 8.1 (standard deviation). All five Bacterionema strains tested formed corncobs; in contrast, only three strains of S. sanguis were positive. These were serotype 1 strains which had localized surface “fuzz.” Although scanning electron microscopic observations revealed an almost random distribution of cocci along the filament surface, transmission electron microscopy revealed that the streptococci were attached to the Bacterionema by the surface fuzz. No differences in corncob formation were observed in sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6 to 8, at phosphate concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.05 M. Concentrations of NaCl or KCl up to 0.25 M did not affect corncob formation, and low concentrations of CaCl2 increased corncob formation slightly, whereas MgCl2, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and citrate buffers reduced the number of streptococci binding to the filaments. These results suggest that divalent cations may play a role in this process.
Infectious crystalline keratopathy and endophthalmitis secondary to mycobacterium abscessus in a monocular patient with Stevens-Johnson syndrome ☆

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe the clinical and laboratory features of infectious crystalline keratopathy and endophthalmitis secondary to Mycobacterium abscessus in a patient with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. METHOD: Case report. A 19-year-old man with a history of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and multiple corneal transplants developed white crystalline corneal infiltrates. RESULTS: Anterior chamber aspirate disclosed acid-fast bacilli. A repeat corneal transplant was performed and antibiotic therapy begun. Histopathology showed focal acute inflammation surrounding collections of acid-fast bacilli, which were speciated as M. abscessus . CONCLUSIONS: M. abscessus is a cause of infectious crystalline keratopathy and endophthalmitis. Risk factors include ocular surface disease, corneal transplantation, and immunosuppressive therapy.
The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning and the History Classroom

1 See, for example, the essays in Regan A. R. Gurung, Nancy L. Chick, and Aeron Haynie, eds., Exploring Signature Pedagogies: Approaches to Teaching Disciplinary Habits of Mind (Sterling, 2009). The 2006 “Textbooks and Teaching” section of the Journal of American History focused specifically on the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL). See Gary J. Kornblith and Carol Lasser, “Beyond Best Practices: Taking Seriously the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning,” Journal of American History, 92 (March 2006), 1356–402. Before and since then, numerous essays in this section have exemplified the questions and methods of SoTL, notably Arlene Diaz, Joan Middendorf, David Pace, and Leah Shopkow, “The History Learning Project: A Department ‘Decodes’ Its Students,” ibid., 94 (March 2008), 1211–24. On the International Society for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in History, see HistorySOTL, http://www.indiana.edu/~histsotl/blog/. The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning and the History Classroom
Physical Chemistry: Understanding Our Chemical World. Paul Monk. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2004, 618 pp., $44.95 (softcover). ISBN 0-471-49181-0.

I am all too aware that courses in physical chemistry are often not recalled with fond memories by those who go on to pursue careers in biology and medicine. Once at lunch with a former student and some of her young physician friends, I asked if physical chemistry wasn’t one of the most valuable courses they had. After a period of quiet, one of them remarked that the textbook was good for propping up a table with one short leg, and another asked, “What is physical chemistry?” As a teacher of physical chemistry for 40 years, using the various texts by Moore and then Atkins, Laidler, and others, I came to Monk’s book with a great deal of prejudice favoring traditional ways of structuring …
Back‐Arc seamounts and the SeaMARC II Seafloor Mapping System

SeaMARC II is a long-range, side-scan sonar system which produces geometrically correct acoustic images o f the seafloor. In addition, the system has the unique capability of being able to measure the direction to a seafloor reflector. When the range and direction to a reflector are accurately determined these data can be converted to position and depth, so that bathymetry can be calculated for the ensonified swath of seafloor. Thus, the SeaMARC II system provides the acoustic equivalent of an aerial photograph of the seafloor accompanied by a high resolution bathymetric map. The system is being jointly developed by International Submarine Technology Ltd. (IST), of Redmond, Wash., and the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics (HIG), of the University of Hawaii.