cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An O(nlog log n) learning algorithm for DNF under the uniform distribution

We show that a DNF with terms of size at most d can be approximated by a function with at most dO(d log 1/e))non zero Fourier coefficients such that the expected error squared, with respect to the uniform distribution, is at most e. This property is used to derive a learning algorithm for DNF, under the uniform distribution.The learning algorithm uses queries and learns, with respect to the uniform distribution, a DNF with terms of size at most d in time polynomial in n and dO(d log 1/egr;). The interesting implications are for the case when e is constant. In this case our algorithm learns a DNF with a polynomial number of terms in time nO(log log n), and a DNF with terms of size at most O(log n/log log n) in polynomial time.
Atrial Septal Defect with Termination of Left Superior Vena Cava in the Left Atrium and Absence of the Coronary Sinus: Recognition and Correction

Abstract An unusual type of atrial septal defect differing in location from the ostium secundum and ostium primum types is described. This defect is part of a developmental complex which includes absence of the coronary sinus and termination of a persistent left superior vena cava in the left atrium. Recognition of this complex is important so that interruption or diversion of the left superior vena cava may be done to prevent subsequent central nervous system complications. Surgical correction uses an intraatrial baffle of pericardium to divert flow from the left superior vena cava to the right atrium and to close the atrial septal defect.
Multi-Scale Virtual Reality of Sintering

The directions of further developments in the modeling of sintering are pointed out, including multi-scale modeling of sintering, on-line sintering damage criteria, particle agglomeration, sintering with phase transformations. A true multi-scale approach is applied for the development of a new meso-macro methodology for modeling of sintering. The developed macroscopic level computational framework envelopes the mesoscopic simulators. No closed forms of constitutive relationships are assumed for the parameters of the material. When a time-step of the calculations is finished for one macroscopic element, the mesostructures of the next element are restored from the initial state according to the history of loading. The model framework is able to predict the final dimensions of the sintered specimen on a global scale and identify the granular structure in any localized area for prediction of the material properties.
Brain Drain and Brain Gain: Rising Educational Segregation in the United States, 1940–2000

The post‐industrialization of the American economy, combined with the expansion of American higher education, has created a new form of residential segregation. This paper examines recent trends in...
Effects of feedback complexity on dynamic decision making

Abstract Prior research shows people suffer from misperceptions of feedback, generating systematic dysfunctional behavior in the presence of dynamic complexity - settings with multiple feedback loops, time delays, and nonlinearities. However, prior work has not adequately mapped the effect of these elements of complexity on performance. We report an experiment where subjects managed an inventory in the face of stochastic sales, a classic dynamic decision task. We vary the time delays and strength of the feedback loops to explore the impact of these elements of dynamic complexity on behavior. Subjects faced financial incentives and had opportunities to learn. Yet performance was significantly worse than optimal across all conditions. Subjects outperformed a naive "do-nothing" rule in the simple conditions, but performance deteriorated dramatically with increasing time delays and feedback effects, and most were outperformed by the do-nothing rule in the complex conditions. Regression analysis of subjects′ decisions showed most ignored the supply line of pending production and undercontrolled the system. Undercontrol increased significantly with growing time delays and feedback strength, showing subjects were insufficiently adaptive despite perfect knowledge of system structure and parameters. Subjects′ understanding of complex feedback settings declines as delays between cause and effect increase and as actions have stronger side effects. Few indications were found of active experimentation or learning: the need to control seemed to override the ability to learn.
Sending Mixed Messages for Cell Population Control

Cells often receive signals to proliferate, but how population density is controlled is unclear. Hart et al. now show that a single secreted molecule that instructs both proliferation and death in T cells establishes a bistable response: the population is driven to either extinction or to a homeostatically defined density.
Morphometric changes in the chick nucleus magnocellularis following acoustic overstimulation.

The present investigation considered the effects of cochlear damage caused by exposure to intense sound on the nucleus magnocellularis of the chick. Neonatal chicks exposed to intense sound were separated into four groups with post-exposure recovery durations of 0, 15, 27, and 43 days. Four age-matched, non-exposed control groups were also formed. At each recovery interval, the control and exposed birds were sacrificed and their brains prepared for paraffin embedding. The brain stem region containing the nucleus magnocellularis (NM) was serially sectioned in the coronal plane. All sections containing NM cells were identified and then coded in terms of their percentile distance from the most caudolateral section. Sections along the nucleus at the 15th, 30th, 50th, 65th, 80th, and 95th percentile positions were selected for evaluation, and the cross-sectional areas of individual NM cells in these sections were then measured. Cell areas were corrected for the bias introduced by eccentricity of the nucleus. The number of NM cells per 1,000 μm2 was also calculated at the 50th and 65th percentile positions. These procedures were repeated for the age-matched, non-exposed control animals. The cross-sectional cell area in exposed animals, immediately after the exposure, was reduced significantly at all positions, but returned to near normal by 43 days of recovery. However, the coronal area of NM in the sections at the 50th and 65th percentile position, as well as NM cell density, were unaffected by the exposure at all recovery intervals. The observation of structural recovery in NM cells at 43 days post-exposure was remarkable because it occurred at least 4 weeks after complete functional restoration of single-cell activity in the NM. The shrinkage in NM cell size throughout the nucleus may be due to a general reduction in spontaneous activity in the cochlear nerve fibers caused by the acoustic injury to the chick basilar papilla. J. Comp. Neurol. 390:412–426, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Duration and Interest Rate Risk for a Binomial Interest Rate Stochastic Process

This paper presents duration measures devised for the Ho-Lee binomial bond-pricing stochastic process. The returns per dollar from any interest rate sensitive portfolio of securities is illustrated diagrammatically and it is shown that the duration measure is a one-to-one indicator of the returns per dollar. The Ho-Lee process is developed as a special case of the Heath, Jarrow, Morton hypothesis. In cases where the returns per dollar on a portfolio may be negative, there is a positive probability that a financial position or financial institution, for whom these returns can occur, will result in insolvency. The investor or investing institution, by the use of interest rate sensitive derivatives, can control the degree of interest rate risk present in its balance sheet. All of these developments are illustrated in a two-dimensional geometric presentation. Resume Les mesures de duree sont crees pour le processus stochastique Ho-Lee d'estimation d'une obligation bino-miale. Le rendement par dollar de n'importe quel portefeuille de titres a taux d'interět instables est illlustre diagrammaticalement et il est demontre que la mesure de duree est un indicateur terme a terme du rendement par dollar. Le processus Ho-Lee est developpe en tant que cas special de l'hypothese Heath, Jarrow, Morton. Dans les cas ou les rendements par dollar d'un portefeuille pourraient s'averer negatifs, il y a une probabilite positive qu'une position ou institution financiere, pour qui ces rendements se produisent, se retrouvent insolvables. L'investisseur ou l'institution investisseuse, par l'utilisation de derives a taux d'interěts instables, peuvent controler le degre de risque relie au taux d'interět present dans son bilan. Tous ces developpements sont illustres dans une presentation geometrique bi-dimensionnelle.
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Cardiovascular Disease

During the past several decades, consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has increased dramatically worldwide, contributing to the significant rise in consumption of total energy and added sugars. The health impact of current high consumption of SSBs has attracted scientific and public concerns. We have reviewed the studies published in 2010 and 2011 examining the relationship between consumption of SSBs and risk of cardiovascular disease. This review focuses on human studies, including cross-sectional studies, prospective cohorts, and randomized controlled trials, of relatively long duration (>3 weeks). The purpose of this review is to provide insights for future research and public health recommendations.
Exercise fails to improve postprandial glycemic excursion in women with gestational diabetes

The effect of an acute period of moderate intensity exercise on maternal glycemic excursion following a mixed nutrient meal was studied. Five normal (NL) and six gestational diabetic (GDM) subjects were enrolled. A randomized crossover design was used to compare fasting glucose and insulin levels, peak glucose and insulin levels and incremental area of the glycemic and insulin curves following a mixed nutrient meal with or without an exercise stress that took place 14 h earlier. Exercise consisted of upright stationary cycling for 30 min at a heart rate consistent with 60% VO2max. The clinical characteristics of normal and gestational diabetic subjects were comparable. Mean values (+/-SEM) with, versus without, exercise for fasting glucose (NL: 78.9 +/- 2.6 vs. 80.0 +/- 2.6 mg/dl; GDM: 86.4 +/- 2.0 vs. 82.1 +/- 3.5 mg/ dl), peak glucose (NL: 132.3 +/- 10.4 vs. 139.1 +/- 15.6 mg/dl; GDM: 165.8 +/- 5.5 vs. 160.3 +/- 7.8 mg/dl), the area under the glycemic curve (NL: 5758 +/- 1038 vs. 6393 +/- 1281 mg/dl.min; GDM: 8,178 +/- 890 vs. 8,331 +/- 563 mg/dl.min) did not differ. Similarly, plasma insulin levels did not differ between protocols for either group of subjects. Exercise has been proposed as a treatment to reduce glycemia in gestational diabetes. Results from this study indicate a single bout of exercise did not blunt the glycemic response observed following a mixed nutrient meal.
Identification of a seven transmembrane helix receptor for corticotropin-releasing factor and sauvagine in mammalian brain.

Abstract We have identified and characterized cDNAs encoding a novel receptor that is a member of a distinct class of seven transmembrane helix, G s coupled receptors. This receptor mediates ligand-dependent stimulation of intracellular cAMP levels in response to physiologic concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and to the related frog skin peptide, sauvagine. The pattern of CRF receptor mRNA expression in the brain, pituitary gland, and other organs corresponds precisely to that predicted for the classic CRF receptor, suggesting that this receptor serves to mediate the known biological effects of CRF on behavior, stress, and homeostasis. Alternative splicing events generate a second, relatively abundant gene product expressed in a distinct ontogenic pattern. These findings serve to identify the receptor for an important neuropeptide.
Intrasubject variability of repeated pulmonary function measurements in preterm ventilated infants.

This study set out to describe the variability and assess the reproducibility of repeated pulmonary function measurements in ventilated preterm infants. We measured tidal volume (VT), lung compliance (CL), and resistance (RL) in 16 infants (mean ± SD: birthweight 1222 ± 343 g) during spontaneous breathing and during mechanical ventilation, suppressing breathing efforts by mild hyperventilation. CL and RL were calculated from the equation of motion using linear regression analysis (LR), and by the Mead and Wittenberger method (MW). Flow and transpulmonary pressure were recorded for at least two consecutive periods, after which the esophageal tube was removed and replaced 1 hour later for a second set of recordings. The mean percent change (% Δ) between the initial and the repeated measurements with their respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Reproducibility was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (total agreement = 1, good reproducibility ≥0.75). The mean % Δ between initial and repeat measurements during spontaneous breathing ranged from 11% to 14% for CL and VT, and from 22% to 32% for RL. The variation for RL was even higher when the analysis was done separately for the inspiratory and expiratory phase. CL and VT had good reproducibility (ICC >0.9), while RL was significantly less reproducible (ICC <0.75). Measurements obtained from mechanical breaths had less variability than from spontaneous breaths, ranging from 8% to 15% for CL and VT, and from 13% to 21% for RL. Reproducibility assessed by the ICC was good for most measurements during mechanical breaths. The variability and reproducibility of measurements were similar for both methods of analysis during mechanical ventilation, but during spontaneous breathing showed larger variability with the MW method than with LR analysis. We concluded that VT and CL were reproducible during spontaneous and mechanical breathing. However, RL measurements were reproducible only during mechanical ventilation. The high variability of RL in spontaneously breathing preterm infants may reduce the clinical usefulness of this measurement for individual patients. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1996; 21:35–41. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Resonant surface plasmon-induced modification of photoluminescence from GaN/AlN quantum dots

The photoluminescence from epitaxially grown GaN/AlN quantum dots (QDs) has been engineered by capping the surface either with a nanoscale thin silver layer or silver nanoshell structures. The spontaneous emission rate in strained and large QDs is enhanced due to resonant surface-plasmon interaction at the continuous Ag nanolayer–semiconductor interface as observed by the decrease (typically 3–5 times) in the photoluminescence (PL) intensity. The photoluminescence from strained QDs can also be dramatically enhanced by patterning the AlN-capped GaN dots layers with Ag nanoparticles. The enhancement depends on the size and distribution of the Ag nanoparticles at the surface of the QDs. The Ag nanoparticles act as radiating dipole sources and the emission from the QDs is resonantly coupled into these Ag particles, resulting in a relative enhancement of the PL emission compared to the off-resonant GaN buffer layer. The changes in luminescence in the ultraviolet regime (both quenching or enhancement) due to the modification of the emission rate in the QDs are comparable to the near-infrared regime based GaAs or InP quantum wells.
Levuglandinyl adducts of proteins are formed via a prostaglandin H2 synthase-dependent pathway after platelet activation.

The product of oxygenation of arachidonic acid by the prostaglandin H synthases (PGHS), prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), undergoes rearrangement to the highly reactive γ-ketoaldehydes, levuglandin (LG) E2, and LGD2. We have demonstrated previously that LGE2reacts with the e-amine of lysine to form both the levuglandinyl-lysine Schiff base and the pyrrole-derived levuglandinyl-lysine lactam adducts. We also have reported that these levuglandinyl-lysine adducts are formed on purified PGHSs following the oxygenation of arachidonic acid. We now present evidence that the levuglandinyl-lysine lactam adduct is formed in human platelets upon activation with exogenous arachidonic acid or thrombin. After proteolytic digestion of the platelet proteins, and isolation of the adducted amino acid residues, this adduct was identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We also demonstrate that formation of these adducts is inhibited by indomethacin, a PGHS inhibitor, and is enhanced by an inhibitor of thromboxane synthase. These data establish that levuglandinyl-lysine adducts are formed via a PGHS-dependent pathway in whole cells, even in the presence of an enzyme that metabolizes PGH2. They also demonstrate that a physiological stimulus is sufficient to lead to the lipid modification of proteins through the levuglandin pathway in human platelets.
What's the big idea? Toward a pedagogy of idea power

A key to understanding why School is what it is lies in recognizing a systematic tendency to deform ideas in specific ways in order to make them fit into a pedagogical framework. One of these deformations is described here as "disempowering ideas." The insight leads to a new direction for innovation in education: reempowering the disempowered ideas. Doing so is not easy: it needs a new epistemology with a focus on power as a property of ideas and a challenge to the School culture. On the positive side, the insight also leads to a new vision of what technology can offer education.
Comparison of population dynamics between slow- and fast-growing strains of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus pallas in continuous culture.

The population dynamics of a slow- and a fast-growing strain of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus are compared. Rotifers were grown in steady-states, at various specific growth rates (μ), in both two-stage chemostat and turbidostat cultures on the green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Population variables, including specific ingestion (I), loss (L) and filtration (F) rates, yield (Y), production (P) and half-saturation coefficient of growth (Kg), were calculated using a growth model based on saturation kinetics. I, L, F and Kg were shown to be higher and Y and P lower for the fast-growing strain. Differences between the two strains with regard to these variables may represent tradeoffs associated with the faster potential growth rate. Steady-state relationships between these values and μ for the fast-growing strain, however, deviated from model predictions which suggest a possible shift from carbon to non-carbon growth limitation.
Increased incidence of radial artery calcification in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Background. The radial artery (RA) has become a popular conduit for coronary artery bypass (CAB). Preoperative RA evaluation in CAB patients has focused on ulnar collateral circulation to the hand and not on the conduit itself, yet the RA is prone to atherosclerosis and perhaps calcification, particularly in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). We sought to determine the incidence of RA calcific disease in diabetic vs nondiabetic patients using ultrasonography to establish its role in preoperative evaluation of CAB patients. Methods. Ultrasound images of the RA were obtained in 102 men (49 with DM) referred to a vascular laboratory. For each patient, a RA calcification index (CI; 0–4) was derived from separate scores accounting for calcification density, longitudinal vessel involvement, and bilaterality. Differences between diabetic and nondiabetic patients were determined by unpaired t test. Results. Mean (±SEM) CI was greater in diabetic patients vs nondiabetics (2.32 ± 0.21 vs 1.17 ± 0.20; P < 0.0001), due mainly to an increase in dense calcification, which was observed in 17 (34%) diabetics vs 5 (9.6%) nondiabetics (P = 0.007). Calcifications were completely absent in 27 (52%) nondiabetics vs 9 (18%) diabetics (P = 0.000). Conclusions. These data indicate that both the incidence and the severity of RA calcific disease are increased by DM. Preoperative imaging of the RA should be considered in diabetic CAB candidates and perhaps in nondiabetics with multiple risk factors to avoid unnecessary forearm exploration or inadvertent use of a diseased conduit.
Prediction of the quality of water in a proposed impoundment in Southwestern Wisconsin, USA

The probable quality of water in a large multipurpose impoundment under construction in the driftless area of southwestern Wisconsin was determined by using stream monitoring data, statistical information, and literature values for point and nonpoint nutrient loading. The impoundment drainage basin is largely rural, and much of the area slopes steeply. Point sources of N and P (sewage treatment plants and farmyards) are small relative to nonpoint sources (runoff from agriculture and forest lands). Stream flow and nutrient concentration are positively related. The major fraction of the nutrient input is from runoff from snowmelt and from early summer storms. The calculated annual loadings of total N and total P were compared to accepted static and dynamic models to predict the resultant water quality. These comparisons indicated that the impoundment would be heavily overloaded with P and so would be highly eutrophic. Owing to the nonpoint nature of the nutrient sources, they would be difficult and expensive to control. Partly as a result of this assessment, further funding for the impoundment was withdrawn.
Effects of training on human tracking of electrocutaneous signals

The effects of training on a person's ability to perceive, interpret and utilize information presented via the tactile sense were examined by using a dual-channel electrocutaneous tracking approach. The electrocutaneous code studied was linear pulse rate encoding of information. The stimulus had a pulse width of 200 μs and a pulse rate between 2 and 50 pulsed per second. Three tracking tasks-visual tracking, onedimensional electrocutaneous tracking and two-dimensional electrocutaneous tracking-were performed by 20 subjects during eight to nine daily training sessions. The effects of this training regimen were found to be highly significant for both electrocutaneous tracking tasks (p<0.00005). The overall average improvement between successive training sessions was 21.6% for one-dimensional electrocutaneous tracking and 22.9% for two-dimensional electrocutaneous tracking. Furthermore, the rate of improvement was fastest during the initial training sessions with a slower rate of improvement seen in most subjects beginning with their fifth session. The cumulative effects of training were also reflected in the lesser amounts of practice and review required by the subjects with each succeeding test session. Results from this study can be used to estimate the amount and rate of improvement that one can expect using a typical training program for tactile sensory aids.
Rethinking Roe v. Wade: Defending the Abortion Right in the Face of Contemporary Opposition

In 2008, many states sought to pass Human Life Amendments, which would extend the definition of personhood to encompass newly fertilized eggs. If such an amendment were to pass, Roe v. Wade, as currently defended by the Supreme Court, may be repealed. Consequently, it is necessary to defend the right to an abortion in a manner that succeeds even if a Human Life Amendment successfully passes. J.J. Thomson's argument in "A Defense of Abortion" successfully achieves this. Her argument is especially strong when one considers that her central thesis-that one person's right to life does not entail the right to use another's person's body for continued sustenance-is pervasive in legal policies in the U.S.A.
How Women Experience Menopause: The Importance of Social Context

This study analyzes personal accounts of women's menopausal experiences to understand why most women view menopause as an insignificant event, despite negative cultural and medical constructions of...
A STABLE SECOND ORDER METHOD FOR TRAINING BACK PROPAGATION NETWORKS

A simple method for improving the learning rate of the back-propagation algorithm is described. The basis of the method is that approximate second order corrections can be incorporated in the output units. The extended method leads to significant improvements in the convergence rate.
Dynamic Stability of Open-Loop Hopping

Simulations and physical robots have shown that hopping and running are possible without sensory feedback. However, stable behavior is often limited to a certain range of the parameters of the open-loop system. Even the simplest of hopping systems can exhibit unstable behavior that results in unpredictable nonperiodic motion as system parameters are adjusted. This paper analyzes the stability of a simplified vertical hopping model driven by an open-loop, feedforward motor pattern. Periodic orbits of the resulting hybrid system are analyzed through a generalized formula for the system's Poincare Map and Jacobian. The observed behavior is validated experimentally in a physical pneumatically actuated hopping machine. This approach leads to observations on the stability of this and similar systems, revealing inherent limitations of open-loop hopping and providing insights that can inform the design and control of dynamic legged robots capable of rapid and robust locomotion.
Amylin Receptor Signaling in the Nucleus Accumbens Negatively Modulates μ-opioid-Driven Feeding

Amylin is a peptide co-secreted with insulin that penetrates into the brain, and produces satiation-like effects via actions in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and mesencephalon. Little is known, however, about the effects of amylin in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh), where a circumscribed zone of intense amylin receptor (AMY-R) binding overlaps reported mappings of a 'hotspot' for μ-opioid receptor (μ-OR) amplification of food reward. Here, the ability of intra-AcbSh AMY-R signaling to modulate μ-OR-driven feeding was explored. Amylin (1-30 ng) was administered with the μ-OR agonist, D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) (0.25 μg), directly into the AcbSh of ad libitum-maintained rats. Amylin dose-dependently reversed DAMGO-induced hyperphagia; 3 ng of amylin reduced DAMGO-mediated feeding by nearly 50%. This dose was, however, completely ineffective at altering DAMGO-induced feeding in the anterior dorsal striatum. Intra-AcbSh amylin alone (3-30 ng) modestly suppressed 10% sucrose intake in ad libitum-maintained rats, and chow in food-deprived rats, but only at the 30-ng dose. This result indicates that reversal of AcbSh DAMGO-induced feeding at a 10-fold lower dose was neither due to malaise nor motoric impairment. Finally, intra-AcbSh infusion of the AMY-R antagonist, AC187 (20 μg), significantly attenuated the ability of prefeeding to suppress DAMGO-induced food intake, with no effects in non-prefed rats. Hence, AMY-R signaling negatively modulates μ-OR-mediated appetitive responses at the level of the AcbSh. The results with AC187 indicate that endogenous AMY-R transmission in the AcbSh curtails opioid function in the postprandial period, suggesting a novel pathway for peripheral-central integration in the control of appetitive motivation and opioid reward.
Examination of the neural substrates activated in memories of experiences with resonant and dissonant leaders

Abstract Given the relevance of leadership in organizational life, we designed an exploratory study to assess the neural mechanisms involved in memories of interactions with resonant and dissonant leaders (a follower-centric study). Subjects in advanced professional roles were asked about previous incidents with both types of leaders, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans were then conducted with cues developed from these recollections. Recalling experiences with resonant leaders activated neural areas such as the bilateral insula, right inferior parietal lobe, and left superior temporal gyrus; regions associated with the mirror neuron system, default mode or social network, and positive affect. Recalling experiences with dissonant leaders negatively activated the right anterior cingulate cortex and activated the right inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral posterior region of the inferior frontal gyrus, and bilateral inferior frontal gyrus/insula; regions associated with the mirror neuron system and related to avoidance, narrowed attention, decreased compassion, and negative emotions.
Is Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) really an oviparous plant

Germination of Ginkgo biloba seeds with intact and removed sarcotesta was compared to test the role of the seed coat in germination biology. The presence of an intact sarcotesta significantly reduced total germination percentage when compared to seeds with the sarcotesta removed. Some seeds were also cold stratified. This treatment was not necessary for germination, but it did improve total germination percentage. The seeds were collected during the period of natural abscission. Contrary to the accepted literature, we found that Ginkgo seeds contain well-developed embryos at the time of dispersal. These data demonstrate that the seed coat contributes to winter dormancy of G. biloba, and that the phenology of this species is less primitive than popularly believed.
Modeling non-linear elution of proteins in ion-exchange chromatography

Abstract The problem of non-linear elution of a band of protein in isocratic ion-exchange chromatography leads to a pair of coupled non-linear partial differential equations. The equilibrium may be modeled using the Steric Mass Action (SMA) model of ion exchange, which treats both the salt dependence of protein adsorption and the steric shielding present under non-linear conditions. Neglecting axial dispersion, a model of ideal chromatography is formulated that may be solved by the method of characteristics. The predictions of this relatively simple model are shown to agree with experimental results concerning the non-linear elution of cytochrome c in a strong cation-exchange column. Of particular interest is the existence of two plateaus in the solution of this problem for large injection volumes. While this result cannot be understood or predicted on the basis of the traditional Langmuir isotherm or other currently available descriptions of adsorption, the chromatographic model presented in this work makes this otherwise anomalous result clear. Further, the use of such a model during parameter estimation is discussed.
Differential control of hypothalamically elicited flight behavior by the midbrain periaqueductal gray in the cat

The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and thalamic centrum medianum-parafascicular complex (CM-Pf) in the regulation of hypothalamically elicited flight behavior in the cat. The experimental paradigm involved a comparison of the differences in response latencies between single stimulation of the hypothalamus and concurrent stimulation of the hypothalamus and sites in the PAG or the CM-Pf. Dual stimulation of the ventral and dorsal aspects of the PAG resulted in differential modulation of flight behavior. Stimulation of the dorsal PAG suppressed hypothalamically elicited flight behavior while stimulation of the ventral aspects of the PAG facilitated flight behavior. Facilitation of flight behavior was also found from stimulation of ventral portions of the CM-Pf.
Quantum chemistry-based study of iron oxidation at the iron–water interface: An X-ray analysis aided study

Abstract Using a quantum chemistry-based reactive force field and X-ray analyses, we explored and report the atomic-scale findings from a simulated iron oxidation process under a typical ambient condition. The initiation and growth of oxides were found to be highly dependent on the thermodynamics and availability of reactants. Three oxidation stages were identified until a high-density triplex structure was formed on iron surface, after which the oxidation of iron progressed at a significantly reduced speed. Results from this study will improve the knowledge base of understanding the passivation and depassivation of steel surface for more effective control of steel corrosion.
cognitivism, controversy, and moral heuristics

sunstein aims to provide a nonsectarian account of moral heuristics, yet the account rests on a controversial meta-ethical view. further, moral theorists who reject act consequentialism may deny that sunstein's examples involve moral mistakes. but so what? within a theory that counts consequences as a morally weighty feature of actions, the moral judgments that sunstein points to are indeed mistaken, and the fact that governmental action at odds with these judgments will be controversial doesn't bar such action.
New technetium 99m-labeled brain perfusion imaging agents

In developing new brain perfusion imaging agents, three types of neutral and lipid-soluble technetium 99m complexes have been reported: 99m Tc-ethylene cysteinate dimer, 99m Tc-hexamethyl propylene amine oxime, and 99m Tc-boric acid adduct of technetium oxime. Structure-activity relationships of these complexes on brain uptake and retention have been investigated. The new 99m Tc-brain perfusion imaging agents are useful in detecting various cerebral vascular abnormalities. The exact trapping mechanisms and their relationship with potential clinical applications still remain to be elucidated. However, initial clinical studies with 99m Tc agents do show parallel clinical efficacy as those reported for the iodine 123-labeled brain perfusion agents, isopropyliodoamphetamine and N,N,N′-trimethyl-N′-[2-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-iodobenzyl]-1,3-propanediamine.
Novel sensor technology for NDE of concrete

This paper describes the application of a novel actuator/sensor technology for the generation and detection of stress waves in structural materials like concrete. The technology is aimed at developing an innovative NDE scheme based on the generation of highly nonlinear solitary waves (HNSWs). HNSWs are stress waves that can form and travel in highly nonlinear systems (i.e. granular, layered, fibrous or porous materials) with a finite spatial dimension independent on the wave amplitude. Compared to conventional linear waves, the generation of HNSWs does not rely on the use of electronic equipment (such as an arbitrary function generator) and on the response of piezoelectric crystals or other transduction mechanism. The results of using these new actuator/sensors to test concrete slabs are presented and discussed.
The respiratory chemoreception conundrum: Light at the end of the tunnel?

Arterial PCO₂ is tightly regulated via changes in breathing. A rise in PCO₂ activates the carotid bodies and exerts additional effects on neurons located within the CNS, causing an increase in lung ventilation. Central respiratory chemoreception refers to the component of this homeostatic reflex that is triggered by activation of receptors located within the brain (central chemoreceptors). Throughout the body, CO₂ generally operates via the proxy of pH. Since countless proteins, ion channels and neurons display some degree of pH-sensitivity, the notion that central respiratory chemoreception could rely on a few specialized neurons seems a priori counter-intuitive. Yet, two types of neurons currently stand out as critically important for breathing regulation by CO₂: the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) and the raphe. RTN neurons are glutamatergic, strongly activated by hypercapnia in vivo and by CO₂ or protons in slices. These neurons target selectively the pontomedullary regions implicated in generating the respiratory rhythm and pattern. Their response to CO₂ seems to involve both cell-autonomous and paracrine effects of CO₂, the latter presumably mediated by the surrounding glia. The specific connections that these excitatory neurons establish with the rest of the breathing network are likely to be the main explanation of their importance to respiratory chemoreception. Serotonergic neurons have a powerful stimulatory effect on breathing, they facilitate the chemoreflexes and a subset of them likely function as CO₂ sensors. Opto- and pharmacogenetic methods have played an important role in assessing the contribution of RTN and serotonergic neurons as well as glial cells to respiration. These particular experiments are emphasized here for thematic reasons although the current perception of the importance of the RTN and serotonergic cells to respiratory chemoreception also relies on many other types of evidence. A small portion of this evidence is presented as background. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Optogenetics (7th BRES).
Differential Cross Sections in the Multistate Impact-Parameter Description of Heavy-Particle Collisions

Differential cross sections are derived from a multistate impact-parameter treatment of heavy-particle collisions. Various approximations are suggested and their relationship with previous expressions are discussed. The equivalence between the differential cross sections in the impact-parameter and wave versions of the Born approximation is established for elastic and inelastic scattering and is illustrated explicitly for the $1s$, $2s$, $2{p}_{0}$, and $2{p}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1}$ excitations of atomic hydrogen by proton and hydrogen-atom impact.
Managing Organization Quality

The article presents a review of the book “Managing Organization Quality,” by H. William Vroman and Vincent P. Luchsinger.
Beam Deterioration and Stimulated Raman Effect

Abstract : Experimental evidence is presented to suggest that scattering mechanicsms in a medium can produce inhomogeneities or filamentary structure in an initially homogeneous laser beam. It is these hot filaments which are responsible for the many anomalous effects previously observed.
Erratum to: Enrichment of lung microbiome with supraglottic taxa is associated with increased pulmonary inflammation

Author details Andre Cournand Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Bellevue Hospital Center/ New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Division of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Kana no senshi (kana warrior): a new interface for learning Japanese characters

This paper presents the design and testing of Kana Warrior, a new interface for basic Japanese character recognition based on a game-style user interface. Kana Warrior is a game designed to help Japanese students learn to read characters quickly. A small pilot study has been conducted with very encouraging results. These results support the idea that game-style interfaces may be of benefit to users outside of the realm of entertainment programs.
The Cuban Parliamentary System in Action, 1940–1947

In 1940 Cuba climaxed long-smoldering discontent with the theory and practice of separation of powers under the Constitution of 1901 by the adoption of a semi-parliamentary system. Indeed, by the time the Constituent Convention met in 1939 opinion was almost unanimously in support of a fundamental revision of executive-legislative relations. The semi-parliamentary system of the Constitution of 1940, then, was not conceived as an ephemeral gesture toward modernization and reform but as a realistic approach to a fundamental problem. It is important, therefore, to examine the nature of the change effected and to evaluate its initial success or failure in accordance with criteria established by Cubans themselves.
The use of biphasic linear ramped pulsed field gel electrophoresis to quantify dna damage based on fragment size distribution

Abstract Purpose : The development of biphasic linear pulse ramping gel electrophoresis has permitted resolution of DNA fragments from 200 Kbp to 6 Mbp in a single gel. We used this technique to measure radiation-induced DNA damage based on fragment size. Methods and Materials : Human colon cancer cells (HT29 and LS174T) and Chinese hamster ovary cells were embedded in agarose, deproteinized, irradiated with 5–80 Gy, and assessed for DNA double strand breakage using pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The frequency of DNA double strand breakage determined using a previously published method was compared to the breakage frequency calculated using the fragment size distribution. Results : Both methods produced similar estimates for breakage frequency of approximately 5 X 10-9 breaks Gy−1bp−1. Conclusions : These findings suggest that biphasic linear pulse ramping gel electrophoresis can yield a quantitative estimate of DNA fragment distribution resulting from irradiation. The ability to quantify the distribution of DNA fragment sizes produced by irradiation should yield important information concerning the mechanisms of both DNA double strand break induction and repair.
Zur Elektrochemie von Pyryliumverbindungen. I. Kathodische Dimerisierung von 2,6‐Diphenylpyryliumperchlorat

2,6-Diphenylpyryliumperchlorat 1 wird kathodisch in Acetonitril uber die Zwischenstufe des entsprechenden Pyranylradikals 2 zu 2,2′,6,6′-Tetraphenyl-4,4′-bi-4H-pyran 3 dimerisiert, das durch ein weiteres Pyryliumkation unter Hydridubertragung in 2,2′,6,6′-Tetraphenyl-4,4′-bipyrylen 4 umgewandelt wird. Die elektrochemische Reduktion von 1 stellt eine vorteilhafte Methode zur Praparation von 4 dar. Electrochemistry of Pyrylium Compounds. I. Cathodic Dimerization of 2,6-Diphenylpyrylium Perchlorate In the cathodic reduction of 2,6-diphenylpyryliumperchlorate 1 in acetonitrile the corresponding pyranyl radicals 2 are formed, which dimerize to 2,2′,6,6′-tetraphenyl-4,4′-bi-4H-pyrane 3. This product 3 is converted into 2,2′,6,6′-tetraphenyl-4,4′-bipyrylene 4 by transfer of a hydrid anion to a further pyrylium cation. The electrochemical reduction of 1 is shown to be an advantageous method for preparation of 4.
Turning the Lens of Science on Itself: Verbal Overshadowing, Replication, and Metascience.

This issue of Perspectives on Psychological Science reports an unprecedented replication effort entailing numerous independent laboratories conducting two versions of the verbal overshadowing paradigm (Schooler & Engstler-Schooler, 1990) using different timing intervals. The results (Alogna et al., 2014, this issue) provide unequivocal support for the existence of verbal overshadowing—the finding that describing a previously seen face can impair its subsequent recognition—while simultaneously revealing a number of factors that may have contributed to challenges in replicating verbal overshadowing in the past. In this commentary, I review my participation in this process and consider the implications of the results of this replication effort for verbal overshadowing, the decline effect, and the general goal of metascience: turning the lens of science onto itself.
Some Overlooked Features of Tropical Atlantic Climate Leading to a New Niño-Like Phenomenon*

Abstract The Atlantic Nino, an equatorial zonal mode akin to the Pacific El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), is phase-locked to boreal summer when the equatorial easterly winds intensify and the thermocline shoals in the Gulf of Guinea. A suite of satellite and in situ observations reveals a new mode of tropical Atlantic variability that displays many characteristics of the zonal mode but instead peaks in November–December (ND). This new mode is found to be statistically independent from both the Atlantic Nino in the preceding summer and the Pacific ENSO. The origin of this ND zonal mode lies in an overlooked aspect of the seasonal cycle in the equatorial Atlantic. In November the equatorial easterly winds intensify for the second time, increasing upwelling and lifting the thermocline in the Gulf of Guinea. An analysis of high-resolution climatological data shows that these dynamical changes induce a noticeable SST cooling in the central equatorial Atlantic. The shoaling thermocline and increased upwelli...
A Boussinesq-scaled, pressure-Poisson water wave model

Through the use of Boussinesq scaling we develop and test a model for resolving non-hydrostatic pressure profiles in nonlinear wave systems over varying bathymetry. A Green–Nagdhi type polynomial expansion is used to resolve the pressure profile along the vertical axis, this is then inserted into the pressure-Poisson equation, retaining terms up to a prescribed order and solved using a weighted residual approach. The model shows rapid convergence properties with increasing order of polynomial expansion which can be greatly improved through the application of asymptotic rearrangement. Models of Boussinesq scaling of the fully nonlinear Oðl 2 Þ and weakly nonlinear OðlNÞ are presented, the analytical and numerical properties of Oðl 2 Þ and Oðl 4 Þ models are discussed. Optimal basis functions in the Green–Nagdhi expansion are determined through manipulation of the free-parameters which arise due to the Boussinesq scaling. The optimal Oðl 2 Þ model has dispersion accuracy equivalent to a Pade [2,2]
Heat and mass diffusion with chemical reaction: A moving boundary analysis in a particle

Goodman's integral heat and mass balance method is applied to the problem of a moving boundary in a spherical particle. The moving boundary was fixed by a suitable transformation for ease in solution. The mean value theorem was used to treat the nonlinearities when they occurred. Relations for the heat and mass boundary positions are obtained for the most general conditions. These expressions reduce in their limiting cases to known results.
Changing Women's Health, Changing Nursing Practice

Women's health is a field of study and health care that is of the highest concern for nurses, both from a professional and personal standpoint. It is imperative that those in nursing practice, education, and research be knowledgeable about, prepared for, able to advocate for, and participate in the transformation of health care policy and practice. The changing health care patterns and changing health care delivery system influencing the future of women's health are discussed. Recommendations for nursing practice, education, and research are proposed to advance women's health care.