cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Results from the Extended X-ray Off-plane Spectrometer (EXOS) sounding rocket payload

We present results from the Extended X-ray Off-Plane Spectrometer (EXOS) sounding rocket payload. The payload was launched on November 13, 2009 and successfully obtained a spectrum of the Cygnus Loop Supernova Remnant. The instrument observed in the ~20 - 110 Angstrom bandpass with high resolution (~50) by utilizing an offplane reflection grating array. This payload is also the 2nd flight for a relatively new type of detector, the Gaseous Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector. We discuss the performance of these technologies in flight, as well as an overview of our plans for the next flight of this design.
Correlates of Recent and Lifetime Aggression among Veterans with Co-Occurring PTSD and Substance Use Disorders.

Aggressive behavior is strongly associated with both posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance-use disorders (SUDs) among civilians. However, little research has examined correlates of aggression among Veterans with co-occurring PTSD and SUD. This exploratory study examined the prevalence and correlates of recent (i.e. past 30 days) and lifetime aggressive behavior among a sample of US Veterans (n = 97) enrolled in a study examining integrated psychosocial treatment of co-occurring PTSD/SUD. The findings revealed high rates of recent and lifetime aggressive behaviors (39.2% and 57.7%, respectively). Participants who endorsed recent aggressive behaviors were younger, had less education, more severe PTSD numbing and hyperarousal symptoms, were more likely to report recent suicidal ideation, more frequent alcohol and marijuana use, had higher rates of physical and sexual abuse, greater combat exposure, and more severe aftermath of battle experiences. Participants who endorsed lifetime aggression wer...
Artificial prediction markets for lymph node detection

Prediction markets are forums aimed at predicting the outcome of future events of interest such as election results. People participate in a prediction market by buying contracts on the possible outcomes. They are rewarded after the outcome is known based on the number of contracts purchased for the correct outcome. The Artificial Prediction Market is a novel machine learning method that simulates a prediction market where the participants are trained classifiers instead of people. In this work we present an application of the Artificial Prediction Market to lymph node detection from CT images. An evaluation on 54 CT volumes shows that the detector trained with the Artificial Prediction Market has a detection rate of 81.2% at 3 false positives per volume, while an Adaboost classifier trained on the same features obtains a detection rate of 79.6% at the same false positive rate.
An Assigned Teaching Resident Rotation.

The authors’ adult psychiatry residency training program identified several educational needs for residents at their institution. Junior residents needed enhanced learning of clinical interviewing skills and learning connected to the inpatient psychiatry ward rotations, and senior residents needed opportunities to prepare for the specialty board exam and to develop teaching skills in preparation for attending positions. Changing the residency program structure and implementing a Teaching Resident rotation addressed these needs simultaneously. The authors describe the responsibilities of the teaching resident, the role of the teaching resident in the program, and instruction in educational methods. Residents shared their perceptions of the new teaching resident rotation in an anonymous survey. PGY-1, PGY-2, and the PGY-4 residents found the teaching resident rotation helpful in many areas of their learning. Service requirements were not compromised and highly valuable educational objectives were achieved for both the PGY-4 teaching residents and the PGY-1 and PGY-2 residents whom they taught. An intensive teaching rotation for senior residents who teach junior residents and medical students is an effective way to deal with systemic changes in psychiatric education.
Dynamics of a nonlinear oscillator and a low-amplitude frequency-modulated wave☆

Abstract When the frequency of a small amplitude plane wave is varied slowly over a large enough bandwidth and this wave is incident upon a nonlinear oscillator, the resulting perturbed motion can exhibit stochastic behavior. Applications for the study of this system are wide and varied. We apply Lie-transform perturbation theory and mapping techniques in the analysis of the stochastic transition and the consequent induced diffusion in the oscillator phase space. A constant of the motion to the first order in a perturbation parameter is calculated, a mapping approximation is derived, and diffusion calculations from the mapping are given.
The effect of acute nutritional status onpostexercise energy expenditure

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of acute nutritional status on excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in women. On separate days and in a counterbalanced order, eight young adult women performed a 200 kcal cycle ergometer exercise at 60% of maximal oxygen uptake (V-O 2 ) following either an overnight fast (fasted) or approximately 4 hr after ingesting a 355 kcal liquid meal of mixed nutrient content (fed). Baseline V-O 2 and heart rate (HR) were measured after a 45 min seated rest prior to exercise, and continuously during recovery until baseline V-O 2 was achieved. The criterion for having achieved baseline was that the V-O 2 averaged over five consecutive minutes was equal to the baseline value. There were no significant differences in any of the baseline measures. Duration of EPOC was significantly longer (p
Decreased sensitivity to punishment

Experience with a particular punishing stimulus rendered individuals less sensitive to a later presentation of this or a novel punishment. These findings agree with studies involving animal Ss.
A taxonomy for communication geography

We transmit images of space and place through communication, so space and place are part of the ‘content’ of media. In addition, every communication follows a path from sender(s) to receiver(s) along a particular spatial route between particular places. These observations indicate opposing forms of containment: spaces and places contain communications yet are also contained by communications. We can accept these complementary views as keys to the organization of the various types of research in communication geography. A fifth approach is evident, as well, which transcends the dichotomies of space/place and content/context — an epistemology that is inherently scaleless.
A statistical model which combines features of factor analytic and analysis of variance techniques

This paper describes a method of matrix decomposition which retains the ability of factor analytic techniques to summarize data in terms of a relatively low number of coordinates; but at the same time, does not sacrifice the useful analysis of variance heuristic of partitioning data matrices into independent sources of variation which are relatively simple to interpret. The basic model is essentially a two-way analysis of variance model which requires that the matrix of interaction parameters be decomposed by using factor analytic techniques. Problems of judging statistical significance are discussed; and an illustrative example is presented.
A practical system for laser pointer interaction on large displays

Much work has been done on the development of laser pointers as interaction devices. Typically a camera captures images of a display surface and extracts a laser pointer dot location. This location is processed and used as a cursor position. While the current literature well explains such a system, we feel that some important practical concerns have gone unaddressed. We discuss the design of such a tracking system, focusing on key practical implementation details. In particular we present a robust and efficient dot detection algorithm that allows us to use our system under a variety lighting conditions, and allows us to reduce the amount of image parsing required to find a laser position by an order of magnitude.
The Region of Isolationism

Isolationism, a persistent refrain in the history of American foreign policy, has received its full share of recent investigation. These investigations have followed a number of approaches, varying from historical research into the interaction of isolationist and interventionist groups and individuals in the pre-World War II period to studies of the underlying causes of isolationist thinking. It is the purpose of this paper to consider one of the ambiguities that still remain; that is, the commonly accepted assumption that in recent decades the Midwest has been the hard core of isolationism.Midwestern isolationism is actually only one part of the larger question concerning the existence of a regional or geographic isolationist sentiment. On the untested assumption that isolationism is regional has rested the geographic explanation that isolationism is strongest in interior states because of the sense of insulation from international affairs that such location fosters. In this paper certain non-regional factors will be examined for their possible relationship to geographical centers of isolationist strength. Non-regional, socio-political factors might actually form the basis for several separate studies, and their consideration here is only intended to be suggestive of the further limitations these factors impose on a simple geographic explanation of isolationism.
Locality preserving KSVD for nonlinear manifold learning

Discovering the intrinsic low-dimensional structure from high-dimensional observation space (e.g., images, videos), in many cases, is critical to successful recognition. However, many existing nonlinear manifold learning (NML) algorithms have quadratic or cubic complexity in the number of data, which makes these algorithms computationally exorbitant in processing real-world large-scale datasets. Randomly selecting a subset of data points is very likely to place NML algorithms at the risk of local optima, leading to poor performance. This paper proposes a novel algorithm called Locality Preserving KSVD (LP-KSVD), which can effectively learn a small number of dictionary atoms as locality-preserving landmark points on the nonlinear manifold. Based on the atoms, the computational complexity of NML algorithms can be greatly reduced while the low-dimensional embedding quality is improved. Experimental results show that LP-KSVD successfully preserves the geometric structure of various nonlinear manifolds and it outperforms state-of-the-art dictionary learning algorithms (MOD, K-SVD and LLC) in our preliminary study on face recognition.
Arguing to learn and learning to argue: design justifications and guidelines

Meaningful learning requires deep engagement with ideas. Deep engagement is supported by the critical thinking skill of argumentation. Learning to argue represents an important way of thinking that facilitates conceptual change and is essential for problem solving. In order to appropriately apply argumentation practices to learning, we first dis- cuss reasons for using argumentation in learning environments or instruction. Next, we describe the skills of argumentation along with difficulties that learners experience when trying to argue. Following a brief description of the kinds of argumentation to persuade an audience of the validity of your position or solution (rhetorical) or to attempt to resolve differences in opinions or solutions (dialectical), we describe methods and guidelines for eliciting arguments from students. We conclude with processes for assessing the quality of student-generated arguments.
Analysis of beam-type fracture specimens with crack-tip deformation

A novel bi-layer beam model is developed to account for local effects at the crack tip of a bimaterial interface by modeling a bi-layer composite beam as two separate shear deformable beams. The effect of interface stresses on the deformations of sub-layers, which is referred to as the elastic foundation effect in the literature, is considered in this model by introducing two interface compliance coefficients; thus a flexible joint condition at the crack tip is considered in contrast to the “rigid joint” condition used in the conventional bi-layer model. An elastic crack tip deformable model is presented, and the closed-form solutions of local deformation at the crack tip are then obtained. By applying this novel crack tip deformation model, the new terms due to the local deformations at the crack tip, which are missing in the conventional composite beam solutions of compliance and energy release rate (ERR) of beam-type fracture specimens, are recovered. Several commonly used beam-type fracture specimens are examined under the new light of the present model, and the improved solutions for ERR and mode mixity are thus obtained. A remarkable agreement achieved between the present and available solutions illustrates the validity of the present study. The significance of local deformation at the crack tip is demonstrated, and the improved solutions developed in this study provide highly accurate predictions of fracture properties which can actually substitute the full continuum elasticity analysis such as the finite element analysis. The new and improved formulas derived for several specimens provide better prediction of ERR and mode mixity of beam-type fracture experiments.
Coulomb attractive random telegraph signal in a single-walled carbon nanotube

The gate dependence of a Coulomb attractive random telegraph signal is observed in a single-walled carbon nanotube field effect transistor for temperatures varying from 0.32 to $24\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The mechanism of the Coulomb attractive random telegraph signal is attributed to the carrier tunneling between the carbon nanotube and the Coulomb attractive defect. The random telegraph signal is also studied under magnetic field over an entire gate bias range and a wide temperature range. The Coulomb attractive random telegraph signal shows weak magnetic dependence, which may be due to the broadening of the Zeeman levels of the defect in the $p$-type carbon nanotube field effect transistor.
Selective disruption of nuclear import by a functional mutant nuclear transport carrier.

p10/NTF2 is a nuclear transport carrier that mediates the uptake of cytoplasmic RanGDP into the nucleus. We constructed a point mutant of p10, D23A, that exhibited unexpected behavior both in digitonin-permeabilized and microinjected mammalian cells. D23A p10 was markedly more efficient than wild-type (wt) p10 at supporting Ran import, but simultaneously acted as a dominant-negative inhibitor of classical nuclear localization sequence (cNLS)-mediated nuclear import supported by karyopherins (Kaps) α and β1. Binding studies indicated that these two nuclear transport carriers of different classes, p10 and Kap-β1, compete for identical and/or overlapping binding sites at the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and that D23A p10 has an increased affinity relative to wt p10 and Kap-β1 for these shared binding sites. Because of this increased affinity, D23A p10 is able to import its own cargo (RanGDP) more efficiently than wt p10, but Kap-β1 can no longer compete efficiently for shared NPC docking sites, thus the import of cNLS cargo is inhibited. The competition of different nuclear carriers for shared NPC docking sites observed here predicts a dynamic equilibrium between multiple nuclear transport pathways inside the cell that could be easily shifted by a transient modification of one of the carriers.
Health Futures of Youth II: pathways to adolescent health, executive summary and overview.

Health Futures of Youth II: Pathways to Adolescent Health, a national invitational conference, was convened on September 14–16, 1998, in Annapolis, Maryland. The Office of Adolescent Health (OAH) in the Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB) of the Health Resources and Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) sponsored the conference. Collaborating with OAH in the development of the conference was a non-Federal planning committee co-chaired by Drs. Charles E. Irwin, Jr. and Paula M. Duncan. The structure of the meeting was similar to the Health Futures of Youth conference sponsored by MCHB in 1986 at Daytona Beach, Florida. The recommendations developed at the 1986 meeting played a major role in shaping public health policy for youth during the past decade [1]. The 124 participants at Health Futures of Youth II Conference included many of the Nation’s leading experts on Adolescent Health from fields as diverse as communications, economics, education, law, medicine, nursing, nutrition, psychology, health policy, public policy, social work and sociology. Participants were charged with reviewing the most current research regarding major Adolescent Health issues and then developing recommendations designed to advance knowledge about, and improve, the health status and well-being of our adolescents. Recommendations on priorities for future research, training, and demonstration projects developed at the meeting, were intended to constitute an Adolescent Health agenda for the next decade. Work at the conference emphasized asset building and successes in Adolescent Health, but participants were also urged to find ways to improve the well-being of all adolescents — such as youth with special needs — and to include multiple perspectives in their deliberations. Participants met in six working groups to discuss broad topical areas and formulate sets of recommendations with rationales. Background papers were prepared to help focus the discussion of the work group participants. The four plenary presentations (and their corresponding papers as published in this volume) were included to highlight important crosscutting issues relevant to all of the work groups. On the final day of the conference, the work groups reported their recommendations in a general session and received responses from representatives of the public and philanthropic sectors. The final reports of the six working groups as reported in this volume reflect the integrated responses generated at this last session. The members of the Planning Committee are listed on the title page, and the Appendix lists all the participants in attendance at the conference.
Location Matters: Site of Conjugation Modulates Stability and Pharmacokinetics of Antibody Drug Conjugates

Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are a therapeutic class offering promise for cancer therapy. The attachment of cytotoxic drugs to antibodies can result in an effective therapy with better safety potential than nontargeted cytotoxics. To understand the role of conjugation site, we developed an enzymatic method for site-specific antibody drug conjugation using microbial transglutaminase. This allowed us to attach diverse compounds at multiple positions and investigate how the site influences stability, toxicity, and efficacy. We show that the conjugation site has significant impact on ADC stability and pharmacokinetics in a species-dependent manner. These differences can be directly attributed to the position of the linkage rather than the chemical instability, as was observed with a maleimide linkage. With this method, it is possible to produce homogeneous ADCs and tune their properties to maximize the therapeutic window.
Shot noise and process window study for printing small contact holes using EUV lithography

A theoretical analysis of the capability of Extreme Ultra-violet Lithography (EUVL) to print contacts in the range of 30-50 nm with acceptable yield is presented. We study the problem from the viewpoint of two issues: the effects of shot noise and the available process window. Shot noise is modeled as a simple statistical fluctuation of the number of photons absorbed in a given contact. The process windows for various size contacts are simulated for a representative 0.25-NA EUV tool. We find that EUVL should be able to print 30 nm contacts with a reasonable exposure latitude, and we also conclude that the effects of shot noise will not significantly decrease yield at this exposure latitude for a resist with a dose-to-clear value of ~5 mJ/cm2. A dose-to-clear value becomes ~2 mJ/cm2 for 50 nm contacts. In addition, a comparison at the same node shows that 50-nm contacts have a greater process window than 30-nm lines.
Validating the Internal Structure of the Practice Skills Inventory

Objective: This study describes a confirmatory factor analysis of the internal structure of the Practice Skills Inventory (PSI) and assesses reliability and criterion validity of the subscales. Method: The study used a combined survey sample of social work master’s students and experienced practitioners (N = 566) who responded to the 75-item questionnaire. Results: A three-factor model measuring supportive, therapeutic coping, and case management skills significantly fits the data (based on several fit indices) with high factor loadings and good reliability ratings. Subscales also predicted the level of social work practice experience. Conclusions: The PSI demonstrates adequate factorial validity and internal consistency and provides a practical tool to further study the utilization of social work practice skills.
Rheo-Dielectric Study in Polymeric Nano-Suspensions

Dielectrostriction is variation of dielectric properties of material with deformation. Linear relation between stresses and dielectric response, called stress-dielectric rule, closely resembles stress-optical rule. In addition, microscopic model predicts that dielectrostriction measurements are very effective for studying microstructure and size distribution of the suspended inclusions. In this paper, dielectrostriction effect is probed in silicone/aluminum oxide (Al2 O3 ) suspensions having various distributions of micro- and nano-particles. A rosette of two planar capacitor sensors with mutually perpendicular electrodes is employed to detect the dielectrostriction responses and measure the strain-dielectric coefficients of suspensions during oscillatory shear flow. Experimental results confirm stress-dielectric rule for all suspensions; and show dielectrostriction response sensitive to particle distribution.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
A method for producing monoenergetic neutrons at kilovolt energies

Method for producing neutrons in keV energy region utilizing gamma rays from radioactive decay to induce photoneutron reaction in beryllium
The Meaning of Things: Domestic Symbols and the Self

The meaning of things is a study of the significance of material possessions in contemporary urban life, and of the ways people carve meaning out of their domestic environment. Drawing on a survey of eighty families in Chicago who were interviewed on the subject of their feelings about common household objects, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and Eugene Rochberg-Halton provide a unique perspective on materialism, American culture, and the self. They begin by reviewing what social scientists and philosophers have said about the transactions between people and things. In the model of 'personhood' that the authors develop, goal-directed action and the cultivation of meaning through signs assume central importance. They then relate theoretical issues to the results of their survey. An important finding is the distinction between objects valued for action and those valued for contemplation. The authors compare families who have warm emotional attachments to their homes with those in which a common set of positive meanings is lacking, and interpret the different patterns of involvement. They then trace the cultivation of meaning in case studies of four families. Finally, the authors address what they describe as the current crisis of environmental and material exploitation, and suggest that human capacities for the creation and redirection of meaning offer the only hope for survival. A wide range of scholars - urban and family sociologists, clinical, developmental and environmental psychologists, cultural anthropologists and philosophers, and many general readers - will find this book stimulating and compelling.
Embedded computer architecture and automation

The distinct requirements of embedded computing, coupled with emerging technologies, will stimulate system and processor specialization, customization and computer architecture automation.
Complete Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Thompson Strain RM6836

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Thompson strain RM6836 was isolated from lettuce in 2002. We report here the complete sequence and annotation of the genome of S. Thompson RM6836. This is the first reported complete genome sequence for S. Thompson and it will enhance our understanding of this serovar and provide another point for comparative studies between Salmonella enterica strains.
Rapamune® (RAPA, rapamycin, sirolimus): mechanism of action immunosuppressive effect results from blockade of signal transduction and inhibition of cell cycle progression

Objective: Rapamune is a novel immunosuppressive agent in Phase III clinical trial in renal transplantation. Its unique mechanism of action has created great interest in its use as a biochemical probe of signal transduction pathways that has provided insight into its molecular mechanism of action. This article reviews the current state of our understanding of the mechanism of action of rapamune.
Chorismate mutase isozyme patterns in three fungi

Abstract As judged by results of gel electrophoresis and effector sensitivity, the number of chorismate mutase isozymes differs in extracts of the three fungi investigated. Neurospora crassa contains only one form of chorismate mutase designated CM 1 . It is inhibited by phenylalanine, tyrosine and caffiec acid, activated by tryptophan and unaffected by ferulic and 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid. Peniccilium chrysogenum contains two mutases; a CM 1 similar in electrophoretic mobility and effector sensitivity to that of N. crassa and CM 3 which is inhibited by phenylalanine and tyrosine, activated by tryptophan and 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid but unaffected by caffeic acid. Penicillium duponti a thermophilic fungus, contains three forms of the mutase; a CM 1 , and a CM 3 similar in electrophilic mobility and effector sensitivity to those of P. chrysogenum and CM 2 , which is inhibited by caffeic acid, slightly activated by tryptophan and unaffected by phenylalanine, tyrosine or ferulic acid.
Adaptive Application of SAT Solving Techniques

New heuristics and strategies have enabled major advancements in SAT solving in recent years. However, experimentation has shown that there is no winning solution that works in all cases. A degradation of orders of magnitude can be observed if the wrong heuristic is chosen. The problem is that it is impossible to know, in advance, which heuristics are best for a given problem. Consequently, many ideas - those that turn out to be useful for a small subset of the cases, but significantly increase run times on most others - are discarded. We propose the notion of Adaptive Solving as a possible solution to this problem. In our framework, the SAT solver monitors the effectiveness of the search on-the-fly using a Performance Metric. The metric gives a score according to its assessment of the search progress. Based on this score, one or more heuristics are turned on or off. The goal is to use a specific heuristic or strategy when it is advantageous, and turn it off when it is not, before it does too much damage. We suggest several possible metrics, and compare their effectiveness. Our adaptive solver achieves significant speedups on a large set of examples. We also show that applying different heuristics on different parts of the search space can improve run times even beyond what can be achieved by the best heuristic on its own.
Phospholipase Cγ1 Is Required for Activation of Store-Operated Channels in Human Keratinocytes

Store-operated calcium entry depicts the movement of extracellular Ca2+ into cells through plasma membrane Ca2+ channels activated by depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores. The members of the canonical subfamily of transient receptor potential channels (TRPC) have been implicated as the molecular bases for store-operated channels (SOC). Here we investigate the role of phospholipase C (PLC) in regulation of native SOC and the expression of endogenous TRPC in human epidermal keratinocytes. Calcium entry in response to store depletion with thapsigargin was reversibly blocked by 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borane, an effective SOC inhibitor, and suppressed by the diacylglycerol analoge, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol. Inhibition of PLC with U73122 or transfection of a PLCγ1 antisense cDNA construct completely blocked SOC activity, indicating a requirement for PLC, especially PLCγ1, in the activation of SOC. RT-PCR and immunoblotting analyses showed that TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC4, TRPC5, and TRPC6 are expressed in keratinocytes. Knockdown of the level of endogenous TRPC1 or TRPC4 inhibited store-operated calcium entry, indicating they are part of the native SOC. Co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that TRPC1, but not TRPC4, interacts with PLCγ1 and the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R). The association of TRPC1 with PLCγ1 and IP3R decreased in keratinocytes with higher intracellular Ca2+, coinciding with a downregulation in SOC activity. Our results indicate that the activation of SOC in keratinocytes depends, at least partly, on the interaction of TRPC with PLCγ1 and IP3R.
Physical Connections between Feeder Cells and Recipient Normal Mammary Epithelial Cells

Cells of the LA7 rat mammary tumor line stimulate proliferation of normal mouse mammary epithelial cells in culture when in direct physical contact with them. We examined junctional connections between these LA7 feeders and the recipient mouse mammary epithelial cells in order to study the role these junctions may play in growth signaling. Tight junctions and desmosomes between LA7 feeders and mouse mammary cells were detected by immunocytochemistry. These junctions connected every cell of either type with each of its neighbors. Adherens junctions, although evident between mouse mammary cells, could not be detected between LA7 and mouse mammary cells or between LA7 cells themselves. However, E-cadherin, the transmembrane protein of adherens junctions, was present in LA7 cell lysates. beta-catenin, which normally binds cadherins, was detected at the borders of LA7 cells. Presence of gap junctions between LA7 and mouse mammary cells was determined by traverse of lucifer yellow from an injected LA7 cell to surrounding mouse mammary epithelial cells. The experiments thus indicate that three types of intercellular junctions occur between cells active in direct cell-cell-stimulated proliferation signaling.
Temperature and Intensity Dependence of Intersubband Relaxation Rates from Photovoltage and Absorption.

We report intersubband-scattering times $({T}_{1})$ in a semiconductor heterostructure with intersubband spacing below the LO phonon energy. ${T}_{1}$ is determined by simultaneous measurements of the intersubband absorption and the photovoltage induced by far-infrared radiation (FIR) near the intersubband transition frequency. At the lowest temperature $(T\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}10\mathrm{K})$ and FIR intensity $(I\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}10\mathrm{mW}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2})$, ${T}_{1}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4\mathrm{ns}$, several times longer than predicted theoretically. ${T}_{1}$ decreases strongly with increasing temperature and FIR intensity, to 20 ps at $T\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}50\mathrm{K}$ in the linear regime, and to 15 ps at $T\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}10\mathrm{K}$ and $I\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2\mathrm{kW}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.
An analysis of neighborhood functions on generic solution spaces

The effectiveness of local search algorithms on discrete optimization problems is influenced by the choice of the neighborhood function. A neighborhood function that results in all local minima being global minima is said to have zero L-locals. A polynomially sized neighborhood function with zero L-locals would ensure that at each iteration, a local search algorithm would be able to find an improving solution or conclude that the current solution is a global minimum. This paper presents a recursive relationship for computing the number of neighborhood functions over a generic solution space that results in zero L-locals. Expressions are also given for the number of tree neighborhood functions with zero L-locals. These results provide a first step towards developing expressions that are applicable to discrete optimization problems, as well as providing results that add to the collection of solved graphical enumeration problems.
Of Blades and Branches: Understanding and Expanding the Arabidopsis Ad/Abaxial Regulatory Network through Target Gene Identification

HD-ZIPIII and KANADI transcription factors have opposing and dramatic affects on plant development. Analysis of mutants shows these proteins to be master regulators of ad/abaxial (i.e., upper/lower) leaf polarity, leaf blade outgrowth, and branch formation. Because these factors do their work by regulating other genes, we have focused our attention on defining their targets. We have found overlap between the ad/abaxial regulatory pathway and hormone signaling pathways, especially pathways of abscisic acid and auxin signaling. This has led to the discovery that abscisic acid signaling acts upstream of HD-ZIPIII and KANADI in the control of germination and may ultimately explain how environmental stress pathways control new growth at the shoot apex. Auxin signaling conversely is downstream from HD-ZIPIII and KANADI action with these factors controlling targets at all steps of auxin action-biosynthesis, transport, regulation of transport, and signaling. Based on these findings, we propose a model in which the HD-ZIPIII and KANADI factors pattern auxin response in the embryo. Finally, many genes targeted for control by HD-ZIPIII and KANADI proteins are themselves transcription factors-indicating these master regulators call up tissue specific subprograms of transcriptional control to affect the many polar differences observed across tissues.
Radiative lifetimes in CI and an atomic carbon beam source

Abstract Radiative lifetimes for the 3s 1 P 1 0 , 4p 1 D 2 , and 4p 1 S 0 levels of CI are measured using time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) on a slow beam of atomic carbon. A simple method is reported for generating an atomic beam rich in metastable carbon atoms.
Responsibilities, preparedness, and job satisfaction of paraprofessionals: working with young children with disabilities

To support teachers with their classroom responsibilities, schools have increasingly turned to paraprofessionals for assistance, with the largest numbers of paraprofessionals employed in the field of special education. Owing to this important role that paraprofessionals now perform in the education of children with disabilities in the USA, we set out to investigate the responsibilities that paraprofessionals working with young children with disabilities had. We were also interested in identifying how paraprofessionals and the teachers with whom they work alongside perceived the paraprofessionals' level of preparedness for their roles and their job satisfaction. Fifty‐two paraprofessionals and 59 teachers of young children with disabilities participated in the study. Overall, both paraprofessionals and teachers indicated that paraprofessionals were generally well prepared for activities they frequently engaged in and both viewed themselves as collaborative members of an educational team.
A long-term efficacy study of gene replacement therapy for RPGR-associated retinal degeneration

Mutations in the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) gene account for >70% of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) and 15-20% of all inherited retinal degeneration. Gene replacement therapy for RPGR-XLRP was hampered by the relatively slow disease progression in mouse models and by difficulties in cloning the full-length RPGR-ORF15 cDNA that includes a purine-rich 3'-coding region; however, its effectiveness has recently been demonstrated in four dogs with RPGR mutations. To advance the therapy to clinical stage, we generated new stable vectors in AAV8 or AAV9 carrying mouse and human full-length RPGR-ORF15-coding sequence and conducted a comprehensive long-term dose-efficacy study in Rpgr-knockout mice. After validating their ability to produce full-length proteins that localize to photoreceptor connecting cilia, we evaluated various vector doses in mice during a 2-year study. We demonstrate that eyes treated with a single injection of mouse or human RPGR-ORF15 vector at an optimal dose maintained the expression of RPGR-ORF15 throughout the study duration and exhibited higher electroretinogram amplitude, thicker photoreceptor layer and better targeting of opsins to outer segments compared with sham-treated eyes. Furthermore, mice that received treatment at an advanced age also showed remarkable preservation of retinal structure and function. Retinal toxicity was observed at high vector doses, highlighting the importance of careful dose optimization in future clinical experiments. Our long-term dose-efficacy study should facilitate the design of human trials with human RPGR-ORF15 vector as a clinical candidate.
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a term used to classify a variety of conditions that have in common an injury to the pulmonary vasculature that produces elevations in pulmonary arterial pressure. There have been considerable advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of PAH over the past decade. The article reviews the classification of diseases associated with PAH, the current understanding of its pathogenesis, and the contemporary approach to therapy.
Innovation at the Edges

Thomas Watson Sr., the first charismatic CEO of IBM, encouraged social conformity in his firm because he thought it made his sales force more effective. This column uses Watsonpsilas framing to examine modern arrangements outside of large firms. As it turns out, innovation happens at the edges of marketwide structures and at the edges of conventional society.
Among‐population variation and correlations in sexually dimorphic traits of Silene latifolia

The degree of sexual dimorphism in a trait may be determined directly by disruptive selection, as well as by correlations with other traits under selection. We grew seeds from nine populations of the dioecious plant Silene latifolia in a common-garden experiment to determine whether phenotypic variation and correlations existed for floral, leaf and resource allocation traits, and whether this variation had a genetic component. We also determined the traits which were sexually dimorphic, the degree of dimorphism, and whether it varied among populations. Seven traits exhibited among-population variation and sexual dimorphism. Variation in the degree of dimorphism occurred only for two traits, suggesting that dimorphism may be evolving more slowly than trait means. Males had more, smaller flowers, shorter leaves, and allocated less of their total biomass to stems and more to leaves than females. Flower production was the most sexually dimorphic trait and was correlated with all measured traits. Most traits exhibited significant correlations between the sexes. The pattern of correlations and the degree of sexual dimorphism among traits lead us to suggest that intrasexual selection for an exaggerated floral display in males has indirectly led to sexual dimorphism in a host of other traits.
Should coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients with mild or moderate aortic stenosis undergo concomitant aortic valve replacement? A decision analysis approach to the surgical dilemma.

OBJECTIVES This study utilizes Markov decision analysis to assess the relative benefits of prophylactic aortic valve replacement (AVR) at the time of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Multiple sensitivity analyses were also performed to determine the variables that most profoundly affect outcome. BACKGROUND The decision to perform CABG or concomitant CABG and AVR (CABG/AVR) in asymptomatic patients who need CABG surgery but have mild to moderate aortic stenosis (AS) is not clear-cut. METHODS We performed Markov decision analysis comparing long-term, quality-adjusted life outcomes of patients with mild to moderate AS undergoing CABG versus CABG/AVR. Age-specific morbidity and mortality risks with CABG, CABG/AVR, and AVR after a prior CABG were based on the Society of Thoracic Surgeons national database (n = 1,344,100). Probabilities of progression to symptomatic AS, valve-related morbidity, and age-adjusted mortality rates were obtained from available published reports. RESULTS For average AS progression, the decision to replace the aortic valve at the time of elective CABG should be based on patient age and severity of AS measured by echocardiography. For patients under age 70 years, an AVR for mild AS is preferred if the peak valve gradient is >25 to 30 mm Hg. For older patients, the threshold increases by 1 to 2 mm Hg/year, so that an 85-year-old patient undergoing CABG should have AVR only if the gradient exceeds 50 mm Hg. The AS progression rate also influences outcomes. With slow progression ( 10 mm Hg/year), CABG/AVR is favored except for patients >80 years old with a valve gradient <25 mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a decision aid for treating patients with mild to moderate AS requiring CABG surgery. Predictors of AS progression in individual patients need to be better defined.
“Foi Por Acaso”: Conceptualizing Coincidence

Everyone knows that most of the things that happen to them happen “by accident,” and this is particularly true of the things that are most important to us, like our choice of a career or a mate. Ye...
Cellular and Viral Factors Regulating Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Replication

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV), a previously unrecognized component of the human viral skin flora, was discovered as a mutated and clonally-integrated virus inserted into Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) genomes. We reconstructed a replicating MCV clone (MCV-HF), and then mutated viral sites required for replication or interaction with cellular proteins to examine replication efficiency and viral gene expression. Three days after MCV-HF transfection into 293 cells, although replication is not robust, encapsidated viral DNA and protein can be readily isolated by density gradient centrifugation and typical ∼40 nm diameter polyomavirus virions are identified by electron microscopy. The virus has an orderly gene expression cascade during replication in which large T (LT) and 57kT proteins are first expressed by day 2, followed by expression of small T (sT) and VP1 proteins. VP1 and sT proteins are not detected, and spliced 57kT is markedly diminished, in the replication-defective virus suggesting that early gene splicing and late gene transcription may be dependent on viral DNA replication. MCV replication and encapsidation is increased by overexpression of MCV sT, consistent with sT being a limiting factor during virus replication. Mutation of the MCV LT vacuolar sorting protein hVam6p (Vps39) binding site also enhances MCV replication while exogenous hVam6p overexpression reduces MCV virion production by >90%. Although MCV-HF generates encapsidated wild-type MCV virions, we did not find conditions for persistent transmission to recipient cell lines suggesting that MCV has a highly restricted tropism. These studies identify and highlight the role of polyomavirus DNA replication in viral gene expression and show that viral sT and cellular hVam6p are important factors regulating MCV replication. MCV-HF is a molecular clone that can be readily manipulated to investigate factors affecting MCV replication.
Breaking the Silence: Mexican Children and Women's Confrontation of Bracero Family Separation, 1942–64

On 6 August 1942, the Mexican and US governments’ recruitment of Mexican men into the temporary contract labour programme known as the Bracero Program initiated a process that would deteriorate Mexican children and women's personal wellbeing and relationships to each other. The Bracero Program left children to endure the absence of their bracero fathers, while married women and caretakers transitioned into single motherhood under conditions and terms that drove an uncalculated number of these women into undocumented migration to the United States. Separation from their mothers further devastated children. The silence concerning the programme and the whereabouts and intentions of their immigrant parents alienated children from the mothers and caretakers left to care for them. Hence, mothers, caretakers and teachers came together to listen and talk to their children and each other about the dangerous realities of the programme in order to overcome the alienating silence driving them apart within the borders of Mexico. Using archival sources and the oral life-histories of fifty Mexican children and women who endured the programme's separation of their families in San Martin de Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, I argue that the anxiety and loss of Mexican children and women inspired mothers, caretakers and teachers to transition into instilling a gendered and transnational understanding of the dangers of the programme to their children and among themselves to prevent the onset of permanent alienation from each other.
DIELECTRIC AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE POLYIMIDE, LARC-160

Dynamic dielectric measurements of the imidizing LARC-160 resin have been made at a series of frequencies from 5 to 5 × 106 Hz. Capacitance (C), Dissipation (D), and Resistance (R) were recorded. These results have been correlated with the observed cure chemistry of the LARC-160 system. Changes in these measurements with both resin age and resin composition have been monitored. The cross-linking reaction has also been followed.
ROTOR TIP-VORTEX / AIRFRAME COLLISION FEATURES

AIAA, Fluid Dynamics Conference, 27th, New Orleans, LA, June 17-20, 1996 We describe progress towards understanding the basic test case of the interaction between a vortex-dominated wake from a two-bladed rotor, and a solid cylinder surface. The substantial role of the core axial velocity, postulated from pressure data on the airframe, is confirmed by direct velocity measurements. Both the tip vortex core and the inboard vortex sheet, which have opposite signs of vorticity, have substantial wake-like velocities: further evidence that the axial velocity arises from the no-slip condition at the blade edges. Outside the vortex core, there are multiple thin regions of jet-like velocity, attributed to the induced effect of the rolling-up vortex sheets. During the collision, the axial velocity at the top of the airframe persists even after the flow has stagnated on the advancing blade side, further evidence of the blade-wake genesis of this flow. Suction peaks on the retreating blade side stay for a long duration. The levels of suction observed exceed those explainable by potential flow theory. (Author)