cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meta-analysis Comparing Transcatheter and Surgical Treatments of Paravalvular Leaks

Percutaneous paravalvular leak (PVL) closure has emerged as a feasible alternative to redo valve surgery. However, comparative data on percutaneous and surgical treatment of PVL are scarce. We performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis of studies on percutaneous and surgical treatments of PVL. Of the 2,267 studies screened, 22 eligible studies were analyzed. Primary end points were technical success, 30-day mortality, stroke, and length of stay. Secondary end points were 1-year mortality, readmission for heart failure, reoperation, and symptomatic improvement at follow-up. A total of 2,373 patients were included, of whom 1,511 (63.7%) underwent percutaneous closure. Technical success was higher with surgery (96.7% vs 72.1%, odds ratio [OR] 9.7, p
Status of the EPIC Codes, Material Characterization and New Computing Concepts at Honeywell

This paper presents the status of various aspects of computational penetration mechanics at Honeywell. The discussion includes references to previous work and a description of the work currently in progress. The status of the EPIC-2 and EPIC-3 computer codes for penetration computations is presented. The material characterization work considers both strength and fracture models. Large strain, high strain rate torsion data for a wide range of materials have been obtained for use with these models. A new computing concept has been developed, called the NABOR code, which involves a “nearest neighbor” Lagrangian formulation. This approach allows nodal connectivity to change as a solution Progresses, thus allowing very severe distortions to be attained without “tangling” the Lagrangian grid.
Chemoprotection by inducers of electrophile detoxication enzymes.

Many potential strategies exist for chemical protection against carcinogenesis. Multiple stages of carcinogenesis, including initiation, promotion, and progression, can serve as targets for different types of interventions [see reviews by Wattenberg (32); De Flora and Ramel (10)]. However, in the majority of experimental systems, protection has been achieved by administering the chemoprotective agent prior to and/or concurrent with the exposure to carcinogen. Given this temporal relationship between administration of anticarcinogen and carcinogen, it seems likely that these agents act principally by affecting the metabolism and disposition of carcinogens, thereby altering events critical to the initiation of carcinogenesis. Using this experimental approach, it has been possible to document protection against a diverse array of chemical carcinogens acting at many different target organ sites. Important classes of chemoprotectors that modulate the metabolic processing of carcinogens include phenolic antioxidants, indoles, organic isothiocyanates, coumarins, flavones, allyl sulfides, dithiocarbamates, and dithiolethiones.
Issues in Alternative Graduate Education.

Most educators are aware that alterantive graduate programs exist in the United States. Few educators understand the exact nature and scope of these programs or the variety of issues that confront their development and viability. This introductory article defines alternative graduate education and identifies the issues and concepts considered to be critical to the conduct of nontraditional graduate study.
Validity of Social Support Scales Utilized Among HIV-Infected and HIV-Affected Populations: A Systematic Review

Social support enhances self-management and prevention of behaviors and is typically assessed using self-report scales; however, little is known about the validity of these scales in HIV-infected or affected populations. This systematic review aims to identify available validated social support scales used in HIV-infected and HIV-affected populations. A systematic literature search using key search terms was conducted in electronic databases. After rounds abstract screenings, full-text reviews, and data abstraction 17 studies remained, two of which assessed multiple social support scales, which increased number of scales to 19. Most scales assessed positive social support behaviors (n = 18). Most scales assessed perceived social support (n = 14) compared to received social support. Reliability ranged from 0.67 to 0.97. The most common forms of validation reported were content validity and construct validity and the least was criterion-related validity. Future research should seek to build evidence for validation for existing scales used in HIV-infected or HIV-affected populations.
A war of words: the British Gazette and British Worker during the 1926 General Strike

ABSTRACTThe researcher used an archive of British newspapers during the 1926 General Strike. The transcripts included: the government’s British Gazette; British Worker, a trade union newspaper; and...
Mental Health Support During and in the Aftermath of Disasters

As discussed previously, catastrophes can be diverse and range from natural sudden onset disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes, to man-made sudden mass casualty incidents (SMCIs). Research shows that man-made SMCIs have a higher prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other symptoms as compared to natural disasters. SMCIs can be overwhelming, devastating, and life threatening for individuals directly affected and others that are indirectly affected. This is true for survivors of SMCIs, the families of survivors, or communities that are grieving, living in fear, or attempting to rebuild. Handling the mental health of each of these groups is vital, as well as knowing how to differentiate between the processing abilities of these events by survivors at the extremes of age, such as the elderly and in particular, children. Specific to youngsters, it is important to identify their developmental stage, the cultural context, and atmosphere in which the children grow up and live, and the type of event (acute vs. chronic; natural vs. man-made). These variables are important for mental health-care providers when protecting against psychological harm.
Associations of echocardiographic features with stroke in those without atrial fibrillation.

Objective To determine the associations between transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) cardiac structure/function measures and cardioembolic stroke (CES) and new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients without known AF. Methods Inpatients at a single institution (2013–2015) with imaging-confirmed ischemic stroke, no AF, and TTE within the 1st week were included. TTE structure/function variables were abstracted. Stroke subtype (CES vs other) was defined according to Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment, blinded to TTE results. New AF was defined as any duration of AF on ECG, telemetry, or event monitor. Separate multivariable logistic regression models defined associations between CES or new-onset AF and TTE measures, adjusting for demographic and vascular risk factors. Results Of 322 participants (mean age 60 years), 55% were male and 56% African American. In adjusted models (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval), odds of CES increased per 0.1 cm increase in left atrial (LA) systolic diameter (1.06, 1.02–1.11), 1 cm/s in mitral E point velocity (1.03, 1.02–1.05), with presence of mitral valve dysfunction (3.78, 1.42–10.02), and with wall motion abnormality (2.00, 1.13–3.55). As ejection fraction increased (per 10%), odds of CES decreased (0.65, 0.53–0.79). New-onset AF was also associated with increasing LA systolic diameter (1.13, 1.04–1.22). Conclusions Cardiac structural changes independent of AF and detectable on TTE may be on the CES causal pathway. Confirming these results could have implications for future use of TTE and decisions about antithrombotic vs anticoagulant treatment.
Phenyleneethynylene trimer-based rigid-flexible [2+2] macrocycles for nucleic acid labelling in live cells.

Fluorescent macromolecules were developed for intracellular labeling in live cells. Coupling rigid rod phenyleneethynylene trimers with flexible amphiphilic diamines via the imine-bond formation chemistry yielded rigid–flexible [2+2] macromolecules showing nucleic acid selectivity and nontoxicity in live cells.
Three Dimensional Culture of Potential Epithelial Progenitor Cells in Human Lacrimal Gland.

Purpose We investigate human lacrimal gland tissue to determine the presence of progenitor cells in this adult human tissue. Methods Six human lacrimal gland tissues from donors were collected and stored immediately in the culture medium at 4°C until the next procedure. One part of the lacrimal gland tissue was prepared for immunofluorescence staining and the other part was prepared for primary cell culture. Immunofluorescence analysis was conducted to evaluate cultured lacrimal epithelial phenotype and progenitor cell markers for five passages. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to assess proliferation markers in the different passages. Three-dimensional culture and PCR were conducted to determine the differentiation potential of cultured human lacrimal gland cells. Results Human lacrimal gland tissue expressed a number of epithelial progenitor cell markers. Precursor cell markers C-Kit, K15, Nestin, and P63 were observed in lacrimal gland tissues. Lacrimal gland epithelial cells were cultured successfully and passaged to P5. The cultured lacrimal gland epithelial cells were positive for pan-cytokeratin (PCK), AQP5, Rab3D, ABCB5, C-kit, K15, Ki67, and P63. Human lacrimal gland cells could form spheroids in vitro and then grow into mini-gland-like structures. PCR results showed proliferation and differentiation capability of those cultured cells. Conclusions Human lacrimal gland tissues contain precursor marker-positive cells and marker expression also was detected in ex vivo cultured cells, which showed differentiation capability. Translational relevance Future studies of differentiation in human lacrimal gland tissue may aid in developing stem cell-based therapies for dry eye disease.
Lobbying as a multidimensional tug of war

We analyze lobbying as contest in which lobbyists exert effort to pull a policy outcome in a multidimensional space in their preferred directions. We prove existence and uniqueness of equilibrium and perform comparative statics on the cost of effort and policy utility of the lobbyists. As cost of effort increases, the equilibrium policy outcome and inefficiency (i.e., total effort expended) are constant. Assuming power utility, the equilibrium policy minimizes a social loss function that depends on curvature of utilities. As lobbyists become less tolerant of larger losses, the equilibrium policy outcome converges to the Rawlsian policy, which maximizes the payoff of the worst-off lobbyist, and inefficiency may become large or go to zero, depending on the configuration of ideal points. As lobbyists become less tolerant of smaller losses, the equilibrium outcome converges to the mean of the lobbyists’ ideal points, and inefficiency goes to zero.
Investigating the Role of VR in a Simulation-Based Medical Planning System for Coronary Interventions

Virtual reality (VR) based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are emerging as a viable solution to guide complex surgical or invasive procedures, such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), as they enable a realistic first-person experience of underlying patient anatomy and physiology. Realistic VR experience can be assessed by immersion, an objective VR property. However, it remains unclear how immersion influences virtual PCI procedures and what level of immersion is required. This study answers both these questions by evaluating the application of a CFD-based VR system and comparing semi-immersive and fully immersive VR displays. Nine patient-specific arterial models were simulated using CFD and used to conduct a quantitative user evaluation (n = 31) with both types of VR displays. The findings of this study reveal that VR immersion significantly improves the accuracy of simulated stent placement in complex arterial geometries, relative to traditional desktops with no immersion (p < 0.05). Higher accuracy is noted by the use of semi-immersive VR display, which offers higher display fidelity as compared to the fully immersive VR display (p < 0.05). Interestingly, CFD data mapped on to arterial geometries strongly influences the location of stent placement. This finding is demonstrated by the lack of significant accuracy deviation between the two immersive displays when CFD data is shown. This study provides compelling evidence that a CFD-based VR system rendered on semi-immersive displays can enable more accurate and efficient stent placement.
A spicy solution for sickle cell disease

In mice with sickle cell disease, signaling through the capsaicin receptor appears to mitigate vaso-occlusive episodes and organ damage.
3D finite element model of dynamic material behaviors for multilayer ultrasonic metal welding

Abstract Ultrasonic metal welding (UMW) has been widely applied as a high throughput solid-state joining technology for multilayers of sheet metal. During a typical UMW process, multilayer work materials are mechanically compressed by a knurl-patterned horn (also known as a sonotrode) onto an anvil tool, and a simultaneous in-plane sliding is applied to the horn at an ultrasonic frequency (20 kHz or higher) to help form the weld at the material interfaces. There is a great challenge in modeling and simulating the dynamic behavior of the work material and the whole weld formation process is subject to ultrasonic mechanical loadings imposed by the knurl-patterned horn tool. In this work, finite element (FE) models are developed to simulate the multilayer UMW process using knurl-patterned tools by directly applying the ultrasonic vibration as a model input. For a short weld duration of 0.1∼0.5 s, a high-fidelity FE modeling approach is developed using ABAQUS/Explicit to simulate the dynamic material response under the 20 kHz horn vibration. For an extended long welding duration of approximately 1.0 s, a computationally efficient hybrid approach is developed using both ABAQUS/Explicit and DEFORM-3D in order to leverage the strengths of each software package. The developed models are validated using experimental data of dynamic welding force, temperature, and weld geometry from in-situ process measurements of UMW. The 3D FE models developed in this study are the most comprehensive solution to date to simulate the complex material response subject to UMW process conditions and provide engineering guidance for the design of UMW applications.
The Power of New Online Opportunities to Connect to the Ocean: The Journey of a Research Student and Mentor

This commentary shares a unique collaborative experience between a student and faculty mentor, made possible by the shift from in-person to virtual conferences during summer 2020. Although the two never met face-to-face, online technologies made it possible to facilitate the mentoring, project development, and dissemination of ArcGIS StoryMaps themed on ocean literacy, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, and United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. The StoryMap collection is available at: https://bit.ly/thepowerofconnections .
Conducting Risky Research with Teens: Co-designing for the Ethical Treatment and Protection of Adolescents

The methods in which we study the online experiences of adolescents should be evidence-based and informed by youth. This is especially true when studying sensitive topics, such as the online risk behaviors of minors. We directly engaged 20 adolescents (ages 12-18) in the co-design of two different research methodologies (i.e., diary studies and analyzing social media trace data) for conducting adolescent online safety research. We also interviewed 13 of their parents to understand their perspectives. Overall, teens wanted to share their personal experiences and benefit society, while parents wanted researchers to tackle a topic that they felt was a prevalent problem for teens. Yet, they both had significant concerns regarding data privacy of the sensitive disclosures made by teens during such studies. Teens' feared getting in trouble. Participants emphasized the importance of developing a trusting relationship with the researcher to overcome these concerns. Participants also saw the potential for using the research study as a tool for risk-reporting and mitigation, where researchers could act as liaisons between the teens and other parties (e.g., counselors, law enforcement, parents) to share pertinent risk details and facilitate resources or even help teens directly by giving them strategies for mitigating online risks they encountered during the study. Our research delves into important ethical considerations for conducting risk-focused research with adolescents and uncovers the critical need for designing risk-based research for youth protection. We provide researchers with heuristic guidelines for conducting ethical research with vulnerable populations (i.e., adolescents) and keeping participants safe while doing so.
Avoiding the Nuclear Option: BalancingBorrower and Lender Rights Under theTruth in Lending Act’s Right ofRescission

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 1926IL A Brief History of TILA's Right of Rescission 1929A. The Pre-TILA Lending Market 1930B. The Truth in Lending Act 1931C. TILA's Right of Rescission 1932D. Regulation Z 1935E. Beach v. Ocwen Federal Bank 1937III. The Circuit Split & the Two Approaches 1939A. The Circuit Split 1940B. The Two Approaches 19411. The Notice-and-Filing Approach 19422. The Notice-Only Approach 1943C. Importance of Resolving the Circuit Split 1944IV. Analyzing the Two Approaches 1945A. The Notice-Only Approach: Arguments & Counterarguments 19461. The Text of TILA & Regulation Z 19462. The Structure of TILA 19473. The Supreme Court's Beach Decision 19484. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's Endorsement 19495. TILA as a Remedial Statute 19506. State Statutes of Limitations Apply 19537. Conservation of Judicial Resources 19548. Exercising Rescission Versus Confirming Rescission 1955B. The Notice-and-Filing Approach: Arguments & Counterarguments 19571. The Text of TILA & Regulation Z 19572. The Supreme Court's Beach Decision 19583. TILA's Right of Rescission is a Statute of Repose Requiring Suit 19604. The Equitable Remedy of Rescission 19635. The Notice-Only Approach Clouds Title 19656. The Notice-Only Approach Increases Costs for All Parties 19687. The Judiciary's Involvement Benefits All Parties 1969C. Recommending the Notice-and-Filing Approach 1971V. Conclusion 1976I. IntroductionTwo different borrowers, the Sherzers and Ms. McOmieGray, took nearly identical actions to rescind their refinanced loans.1 However, because federal circuits have split regarding how a borrower can exercise rescission, the Sherzers' actions validly rescinded their loan while McOmie-Gray's actions were deemed untimely.2The Truth in Lending Act (TILA)3 represents landmark legislation passed by Congress to regulate the lending market.4 Under certain conditions, a borrower can rescind a qualifying loan within three years of loan consummation.5 McOmie-Gray qualified for TILA's right of rescission.6 Accordingly, she felt the need to exercise her rescission right and gave her lender notice within three years of loan consummation.7 However, McOmieGray filed suit three years and four months after loan consummation.8 Because McOmie-Gray filed suit after TILA's three-year period, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the dismissal of her case as untimely.9The Sherzers were given more time to file suit than McOmieGray.10 The Sherzers also qualified for TILA's right of rescission and they provided their lender with notice of rescission within three years of loan consummation.11 The Sherzers filed suit three years and three months after loan consummation.12 However, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held that the Sherzers validly exercised rescission via notice within TILA's three-year period and therefore could file suit after that time. …
Characteristics of Copayment Offsets for Prescription Drugs in the United States.

Importance Despite ongoing debate regarding the high prices that patients pay for prescription drugs, to our knowledge, little is known regarding the use of coupons, vouchers, and other types of copayment "offsets" that reduce patients' out-of-pocket drug spending. Although offsets reduce patients' immediate cost burden, they may encourage the use of higher-cost products and diminish health insurers' ability to optimize pharmaceutical value. Objective To examine the drugs most commonly covered by offsets, the percentage of out-of-pocket costs covered by offsets, and the characteristics of patients using offsets for retail pharmacy transactions in the United States in 2017 through 2019. Design, setting, and participants A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted of a 5% nationally random sample of anonymized pharmacy claims from IQVIA's Formulary Impact Analyzer, which captures more than 60% of all US pharmacy transactions. This analysis focused on 631 249 individuals who used at least 1 offset between October 1, 2017, and September 30, 2019. Main outcomes and measures Offset source, types of drugs covered by offsets, offset dollar value and percentage of out-of-pocket payment covered, and county characteristics of offset recipients. Results The 631 249 individuals in the study (361 855 female participants [57.3%]; mean [SD] age, 45.7 [18.6] years) had approximately 33 million prescription fills, of which 12.8% had an offset used. Of these, 50.2% originated from a pharmaceutical manufacturer, 47.2% originated from a pharmacy or pharmacy benefit manager (PBM), and 2.6% originated from a state assistance program. A total of 80.0% of manufacturer-sponsored offsets were concentrated among 6.2% of unique products, and 79.9% of pharmacy-PBM offsets were concentrated among 4.9% of unique products. Most manufacturer offsets (88.2%) were for branded products, while most pharmacy-PBM offsets were for generic products (90.5%). The median manufacturer offset was $51.00, covering 87.1% of out-of-pocket costs; the median pharmacy-PBM offset was $16.30, covering 39.3% of out-of-pocket costs. There was no meaningful association between offset magnitude and county-level income, health insurance coverage, or race/ethnicity. Conclusions and relevance In this analysis of patient-level pharmacy claims from 2017 to 2019, approximately half of all offsets involved pharmacy-PBM contractual arrangements, and half were offered by manufacturers. All offsets were associated with a significant reduction in patients' out-of-pocket costs, were highly concentrated among a few drugs, and were generally not more generous among individuals in counties with lower income or larger Black or uninsured populations.
Developing a theoretically grounded, digital, ecological momentary intervention for parental bereavement care using the ORBIT model-Phase 1.

Current models of bereavement care do not address all of bereaved parents’ unique needs. Diverse challenges limit parents’ ability to access certain bereavement services. A web-based intervention p...
Polynomial modeling of emergency department arrivals: An analysis of local and national utilization patterns.

Emergency department (ED) overcrowding is a national problem that is associated with ambulance diversion, decreased patient and provider satisfaction and poor patient outcomes. This study presents a novel approach to modeling the relationship between time of day, day of week, and ED arrivals using a hierarchical polynomial regression model. A series of hierarchical regression models were created to determine polynomial effects and capture the covariability (defined as R2) of the relationships from the 2009 to 2017 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) Emergency Department Public Use Data File and institutional data from a regional medical center from 2018 to 2019. The following hierarchical regression models were constructed: cubic main effects, cubic interaction effects, quartic main effects, quartic interaction effects, quintic main effects, and quantic interaction effects. Based on maximal improvement in R2 and significance of each of the four effects in both the national and institutional data sets, the quartic main effects model was determined to be optimal for describing ED arrival patterns. In alignment with prior studies, significantly higher ED arrival volumes were observed on Mondays in comparison to all other weekdays.
Modeling Life

We seek to construct physical and mathematical models of life. Such models allow us to test our understanding of how living systems function and how they respond to human imposed stimuli. One system is a genomically and chemically complete model of a minimal cell. This cell is a hypothetical bacterium with the fewest number of genes possible. Such a minimal cell provides a platform to ask about the essential features of a living cell and forms a platform to investigate “synthetic biology.” A second system is “Body-on-a-Chip” which is a microfabricated microfluidic system with cells or tissue constructs representing various organs in the body. It can be constructed from human or animal cells and used in drug discovery development. That model is a physical representation of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Both the computer and the physical models provide insight into the underlying biology and provide new tools to make use of that understanding to provide benefits to society.
Examining associations between prescription stimulant misuse frequency and misuse characteristics by race/ethnicity.

INTRODUCTION The misuse use of prescription stimulants (MPS) among college students is a pressing public health concern. Past research suggests there is variation in MPS frequency by race/ethnicity. According to the Theory of Triadic Influence, a health behavior can increase in frequency based on experiences and characteristics of the behavior. Thus, our aim was to examine the association between experiences and characteristics of MPS with MPS frequency, by race/ethnicity. METHODS A probability sample of students attending two California universities completed a paper-based, psychometrically validated, instrument. Students who reported engaging in MPS in their lifetime were also asked questions about frequency, cost per pill, administration routes, sources, and experience with the drug. We used regression analyses to address our research questions, and conducted analyses by racial/ethnic group (i.e. for students identifying as Asian, Latinx, and White). RESULTS MPS frequency did not vary by race/ethnicity. The influence of characteristics of misuse on frequency varied by race/ethnicity. Additionally, frequency of experiencing the desired outcome was significantly associated with increased MPS frequency across all three racial/ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS Characteristics of misuse are important to consider when screening for misuse and potential dependence. Particular attention should be given to these characteristics by race/ethnicity. Implications for future research are discussed.
Photoemission Phenomena at Metallic and Semiconducting Electrodes

The original photoelectric effect was discovered by Hertz(1) in 1887 while he was investigating the properties of electromagnetic waves. It was observed that a spark would jump a gap between two electrodes more readily when the electrodes were illuminated with light, ultraviolet light having a greater effectiveness than light from the visible region of the spectrum. This simple observation, however, was to have profound impact on our conception of how radiation and matter interact.
The Value of Automobile Surveys in Reducing the Buyer’s Risk

Consumers use quality surveys to reduce risk in purchasing a car. The J. D. Power's initial quality survey of automobile buyers reports the number of problems found in the first 90 days of ownership. It is important that this information be clear and concise for the public to understand. In 2006, the surveys were changed to combine two measures of quality, number of defects and design problems, into a single number. In prior years, only the number of defects was used. The survey design change combined with issues related to the methodology in aggregating values leads to confusion and inconsistencies over time as the difference between cars becomes insignificant. The conclusion recommends changes to correct these problems. INTRODUCTION Quality survey companies follow the basic information system's process of collecting the data from the assessment documents, creating a database of the information, analyzing the data, and disseminating the probability of a defect or the number of problems per product (O'Brien & Marakas, 2009). This paper examines the information process of a survey company and identifies specific problems that may lead to incorrect conclusions. These issues result from the design of survey, computational errors, and lack of continuity in the values over time. The example used in this analysis is taken from the automobile industry. Each year, numerous automobile quality surveys are reported by several information services. Driven by the results of these studies, car manufactures have substantially improved vehicle quality. The results from the J. D. Power's Initial Quality Surveys (Tews & Perryman, 2008) provide consumers with information on the awards for best car in a segment. These awards are used extensively in advertising and influence purchasing decisions. Before purchasing a car, consumers review the available literature on the quality of a product to minimize their risk of purchasing a defective car. Collecting all this information reduces the risk of making a decision with partial or imperfect information (Heiser & Render, 2008). The analysis of the survey process focuses on correctly calculating values and the consistency in the final results. First, the J.D. Power's methodology that is used to aggregate the results of individual models into nameplates, manufacturers and country is examined. Next, with the number of problems becoming statistically insignificant, a qualitative measure is added to the number of defects, a quantitative measure, resulting in a confusing and inconsistent set of values for the new surveys. Throughout the paper, suggestions for improvement are made. The conclusion recommends changes in the survey, a new methodology for aggregating data, and separate surveys for qualitative and quantitative measures to improve the information content
The Longitudinal Business Database

This paper describes recent efforts at CES to create a new longitudinal research dataset: the Longitudinal Business Database (LBD). The LBD is a major improvement over existing longitudinal establishment datasets. Unlike the LRD, which covers only manufacturing, the LBD covers nearly all the non-farm private economy, as well as some public sector activities. Also, research using the LRD found problems with broken longitudinal linkages that lead to spurious establishment births and deaths (Dunne 1992). We supplemented the longitudinal numeric identifiers assigned by the Census Bureau with name and address matching to repair broken linkages.
Optimal synthesis of integrated refrigeration systems—II: Implicit enumeration scheme

Abstract In Part I of this paper, an efficient network representation was developed for synthesizing minimum-cost refrigeration systems that are integrated with the heat-recovery network. In this paper, a specialized solution technique is presented that exploits the presence of multiple pinches. In parcitular, a simple net heat flow model for optimizing the cost of given structures is proposed that is used within an implicit enumeration scheme. This method has the advantage of using very fine temperature grids, and of allowing greater flexibility in the selection of optimal configurations. The application of the method is illustrated with three test problems which involve the synthesis of several types of refrigeration systems.
POLICY IMPLICATIONS FROM A STUDY OF MARGINALITY THEORY AND AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDENTS

This study utilizes marginality theory constructs to examine experiences and feelings of racism among a population of African-American students at a mid-sized urban university. Specifically, this is a policy piece that incorporates an analysis of both social conditions that sustain marginality and individual factors that affect marginality. An extensive discussion of proposed interventions is offered. The larger implication is the application of sociological theory to sociological practice.
The Dynamical Behavior of the Interstellar Gas, Field, and Cosmic Rays

Cosmical gas dynamics is a remarkable display of plasma instabilities (see for instance, the review edited by Wentzel and Tidman, 1969; and Lerche, 1969; Kadomtsev and Tsytovich, 1970). The present review is limited to a brief summary of the large scale instability associated with the galactic magnetic field and cosmic rays, and to a few remarks on the origin of the magnetic field. The field and cosmic rays are described in detail elsewhere (Parker, 1968, 1969a, 1970b). For our purposes here it is sufficient to note that the gaseous disk of the galaxy is composed of a highly conducting gas in the form of a turbulent disk with a thickness of some 300 pc and a radius in excess of 104 pc. The disk rotates with the brighter stars (which were formed recently from the gas in the disk) with a period of 2. 5 × 108 years at the position of the Sun. The rotation is more rapid toward the center of the galaxy and less rapid farther out. The nonuniform rotation continually stretches the magnetic fields embedded in the gas into the azimuthal direction. The gas is turbulent and quite inhomogeneous.
Communication Competence in Clinical Education/Supervision

Communication forms the basis of the clinical education/supervision process. It is imperative, therefore, that supervisors be knowledgeable about the critical components that lead to communication competence. Fourteen basic concepts of communication are discussed including: axioms, channels, codes (registers), functions, force (intents), language, listening, metalingustics, pragmatics, scripts, silence, systems, and styles. These concepts are then applied to six types of communication in which supervisors are involved: intrapersonal, interpersonal, small group, conflict, organizational, and professional. Communication competence is defined and the most common reasons for supervisory communication incompetence are presented.
Habitats Conservation in EC Law: From Nature Sanctuaries to Ecological Networks

After a general section briefly sketching out the objectives of the two Directives 79/409/EEC (Birds Directive) and 92/43/EEC (Habitats Directive), this article will draw a distinction between the obligations which Member States are under in terms of selection, classification and de-classification of special conservation areas and special protection areas, and those relating to the protection and management of such areas.
Performance characterization of global address space applications: a case study with NWChem

The use of global address space languages and one-sided communication for complex applications is gaining attention in the parallel computing community. However, lack of good evaluative methods to observe multiple levels of performance makes it difficult to isolate the cause of performance deficiencies and to understand the fundamental limitations of system and application design for future improvement. NWChem is a popular computational chemistry package, which depends on the Global Arrays/Aggregate Remote Memory Copy Interface suite for partitioned global address space functionality to deliver high-end molecular modeling capabilities. A workload characterization methodology was developed to support NWChem performance engineering on large-scale parallel platforms. The research involved both the integration of performance instrumentation and measurement in the NWChem software, as well as the analysis of one-sided communication performance in the context of NWChem workloads. Scaling studies were conducted for NWChem on Blue Gene/P and on two large-scale clusters using different generation Infiniband interconnects and x86 processors. The performance analysis and results show how subtle changes in the runtime parameters related to the communication subsystem could have significant impact on performance behavior. The tool has successfully identified several algorithmic bottlenecks, which are already being tackled by computational chemists to improve NWChem performance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Berlin 1885: the division of Africa

Lenin ([1916] 1996) did not refer to it in his Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (one might have expected it to show up in the chapter “The Division of the World”). John Hobson before hi...
Monoclonal antibodies to a nitroxide lipid hapten.

Abstract The isolation and characterization of a hybridoma cell line producing a monoclonal IgG1 antibody against a spin-label nitroxide group is described. The antibody recognizes a synthetic hapten containing linked dinitrophenyl and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl 1-oxy groups, having an affinity of 3.6±1.0·106 M−1 for the soluble hapten at 25°C. The antibody binds to phospholipid vesicles containing 2 mol% of spin label-derivitized lipid (lipid hapten) with an affinity of 1.5±0.2·108 M−1. This monoclonal IgG1 mediates the binding of hapten-bearing lipid vesicles to mouse macrophage RAW264 cells bearing Fc receptors. The cellular responses to this binding are similar to those observed previously using polyclonal rabbit anti-hapten IgG. As with the heterogeneous antibodies, the monoclonal IgG1 is more efficient in mediating cellular uptake when the vesicles are in the ‘fluid’ physical state (dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine at 37°C) compared to ‘solid’ (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at 37°C). Despite the enhanced binding of ‘fluid’ phospholipid vesicles to cells, only the ‘solid’ vesicles triggered a significant respiratory burst in RAW264 macrophages.
Long-term consequences of prenatal exposure to cocaine or related drugs : effects on rat brain monoaminergic receptors

Reports from both this laboratory and others indicate that prenatal exposure of rats to cocaine can produce alterations in development, activity and responses to environmental stimuli. In order to determine a biochemical basis for these effects, radioligand receptor-binding assays for different monoaminergic receptors were performed on rat brain tissues obtained from offspring of dams treated SC with saline, cocaine (15 mg/kg b.i.d.), amitriptyline (10 mg/kg) or amfonelic acid (AFA, 1.5 mg/kg). Male rat pups were fostered by surrogate dams and one rat per litter taken at 30, 60 or 180 days postnatal for determination of striatal and prefrontal cortical D2 receptors, prefrontal cortical 5HT2 receptors, cortical alpha 1-, alpha 2-, beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors. Across all drug treatments and times, the only significant change was at 30 days of age when beta 1-adrenoceptors were increased 68% in the cocaine exposed pups--a time when these rats show hyperactivity--and at 180 days postnatal when a 20% decrease in DA2 receptor Bmax was observed. Also, cortical membrane Mg(2+)-dependent Na+, K(+)-ATPase activities and basal ATPase activities were unaltered by any of the treatments at any of the times. These results suggest that few changes have occurred in monoaminergic receptor sensitivity as a result of the exposure to these drugs during gestation. The behavioral changes that are known to occur following prenatal exposure to cocaine may be due to presynaptic alterations in neurotransmitter function rather than changes in postsynaptic receptors.
Non-conservation of density of states in Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy: Coexistence of pseudogap and superconducting gap

The tunneling spectra obtained within the (a,b)-plane of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy (Bi2212) for temperatures below and above the critical temperature (Tc) are analyzed. We find that the tunneling conductance spectra for the underdoped compound in the superconducting state do not follow the conservation of states rule. There is a consistent loss of states for the underdoped Bi2212 implying an underlying depression in the density of states (DOS) and hence the pseudogap near the Fermi energy (EF). Such an underlying depression can also explain the peak-dip-hump structure observed in the spectra. Furthermore, the conservation of states is recovered and the dip-hump structure disappears after normalizing the low-temperature spectra with that of the normal state. We argue that this is a direct evidence for the coexistence of a pseudogap with the superconducting gap.
The Effect of Inferential Processes on Perceptual Identification.

An indirect test of memory, perceptual identification, was used to test the hypothesis that inferences about predictable events as well as inferences used to establish text coherence are encoded at some level of mental representation during reading. Subjects read short texts followed by briefly presented target words. Results of Experiment 1 demonstrated that perceptual identification of targets explicitly presented was significantly higher than that of new targets. Furthermore, targets inferred in order to maintain coherence and targets predicted by the text were identified as well as explicit targets and significantly better than targets schematically appropriate to the text. This pattern of results was replicated in Experiment 2. This outcome was not obtained when targets were unrelated to the preceding text (Experiment 1) or when the preceding text was presented in a scrambled order (Experiment 2).
A Two-Dimensional Model of a Double-Façade With Integrated Photovoltaic Panels

Building integrated photovoltaic (PV) systems that include heat capture are more cost effective than PV systems that generate only electricity. This paper presents a two-dimensional control-volume model for a double-facade with integrated PV The model may be employed to determine maximum PV temperature. Good agreement with a one-dimensional analytical model is obtained for air temperature rise. Experiments in Montreal showed that air temperatures could increase by 20° C when passing air through a 1 m high facade section, and maximum PV temperatures of close to 50° C could be reached even in -17°C weather for an air velocity of 0.6 m/s. The highest uncertainty in PV temperature prediction is due to the values of convective heat transfer coefficients from the literature which are generally lower than observed values.
Silicon ribbon growth using scanned lasers.

The recent drive for low-cost photovoltaic arrays has renewed the interest in growing silicon in ribbon form. Our approach is to use a pair of scanned focused CO2 laser beams to establish a molten zone in a preformed fine-grained polycrystalline ribbon. Large-grained macrocrystalline silicon is then drawn from the molten zone at high rates. The coupling of the 10.6-μm laser beam to the melt zone is very low due to the high reflectivity of molten silicon. However, the coupling can be greatly increased by using a spherical-section reflector to reimage the reflected beam onto the molten zone. Silicon ribbon has been grown at rates up to 13.3 cm/min by this method. The best solar cell fabricated so far on this material had a conversion efficiency of 12.7%.
“Ocular moyamoya” syndrome in a patient with features of microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II

Primordial dwarfism refers to severely impaired growth beginning early in fetal life. There are many genetic causes of primordial dwarfism, including disorders classified as microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism. Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II is an autosomal-recessive disease characterized by small stature, bone and dental anomalies, and characteristic facies. Affected patients have a high risk of stroke secondary to progressive cerebral vascular anomalies, which often are classified as moyamoya disease. We present the case of a boy with features suggestive of MOPD II with unilateral moyamoya cerebrovascular changes and correlative moyamoya collaterals involving the iris of the ipsilateral eye.
Electromagnetic fields in a spherical cavity embedded in a dissipative medium

Time-harmonic and transient electromagnetic fields in spherical cavities whose walls are made of any material characterized by ( \sigma, \mu, \epsilon ) are investigated. For time-harmonic fields the wave equation is solved exactly in both the cavity and wall regions when the excitation is an electric dipole located at the cavity center. Numerical information based on these exact solutions shows the influence of the wall parameters upon the fields and provides a basis for studying the applicability and validity of several often used approximations. From the time-harmonic solutions, the Laplace transforms of the field equations are determined. These transforms are very complex and therefore are inverted numerically. Numerical results describing the magnetic field due to a particular dipole current, i_{d}(t)=(J - e^{-dt}) , are presented for several cases of interest.
Failure of a proximally porous-coated femoral prosthesis in revision total hip arthroplasty

Abstract A retrospective study was done on a consecutive series of patients who had revision of a femoral hip prosthesis using a titanium-alloy implant with proximal fibermesh pads. Of 28 patients who had revision using a Harris—Galante (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) femoral prosthesis between 1985 and 1989, 25 of them (25 hip arthroplasties) were followed for an average of 5.5 years (range, 4–8 years); the other 3 had died. There were 12 men and 13 women whose age averaged 55 years. Thirty-two percent of the patients had moderate or severe femoral bone stock deficiency before surgery and 72% had intramedullary femoral bone—grafting. All of the patients had revision of the acetabular component using a cementless Harris—Galante prosthesis. Five (20%) of the 25 patients have undergone repeat femoral revision, 4 for aseptic loosening and 1 for persistent thigh pain. Of the 20 hips that have not been revised, 9 (45%) of the femoral prostheses have subsided 5 mm or more. Femoral endosteal lysis was present in 36% of all the hips. Only 8 (32%) of the 25 patients had radiologic signs of bone ingrowth fixation of the femoral component. The average Harris hip score rose from 46 before surgery for all 25 patients to 82 (range, 55–100) at last follow-up examination for the 20 patients not rerevised. Because of the poor clinical results (36% of patients with a poor Harris hip score [4 patients] or rerevised [5 patients]) and radiologic results (48% subsidence) of femoral reconstruction with this proximally porous-coated femoral prosthesis, its use for revision hip surgery is not recommended.
Negotiations after the sale: The roots and ramifications of conflict in an acquisition

This paper presents a case study of negotiations over the combination of a small manufacturing firm into a multi-billion dollar conglomerate following its 'white knight' acquisition. It focuses on the strategic and tactical conflicts between the two firms and traces these to the party's emotional reactions to the combination. Feeling of loss versus gain in the two firms, each party's sense of uncertainty and threat, and their moves toward proactive versus reactive control in the combination are analysed to identify the roots of strategic conflict. These feelings, plus incompatibilities in the two company's managements, business systems, corporate cultures, and goals for combination ramify in conflict in the negotiations themselves. The paper concludes with a more generic model illustrating contextual features of combinations that shape human reactions and conflicts in negotiations after the sale.