cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A universal classification of optimal undulator types and parameters for arbitrary storage ring environments

Abstract Prevailing insertion device technology utilizes transverse magnetostatic (TM) field configurations with fixed periods to induce periodic deviations in relativistic charged particle trajectories. Such devices are invariably tuned by varying the field strength in the region encompassing the trajectory. As a consequence, the highest first harmonic frequencies generated by such structures are limited by their period lengths, while the generation of lower first harmonics quickly leads to the production of excessive amounts of out-of-band radiation. In the spontaneous emission regime, this superfluous power varies directly with the length of the device. In view of this, recent access to straight sections in high energy storage rings exceeding lengths of 100 m has raised the undesirable prospect of unmanageable power levels limiting the utility of such facilities. In this article a general study of a set of major types and classes of transverse insertion devices operating on storage rings of arbitrary energy and current is made and the results are represented with a set of universal performance curves. The graphical tabulation enables easy identification of optimum undulator types and operating parameters for any storage ring environment; in particular, optimal devices which do not suffer from excessive power generation on high energy storage rings are defined.
Effects of novel odors on intermale attack behavior in mice

Offensive, defensive, and nonagonistic social behaviors of resident male mice toward unfamiliar intruders were examined during exposure to the novel odors of chocolate or sheep's wool. Both novel odors reduced lateral attacks and boxing when compared to familiar sawdust odor. Chocolate, but not sheep's wool, also reliably increased flight behavior by residents. Neither social behaviors nor self-grooming were affected by these odors. The novel odors had no effect upon, or actually decreased, the defensive responses of intruders towards residents. The equivalent effectiveness of both predator and nonpredator odors in elevating risk assessment and suppressing attack during first-time exposure, and the decreased potency of cat odors following repeated exposure, suggests that novelty contributes to the enhanced defensiveness seen among subjects during initial exposure to predator odors.
Effect of Dietary Energy Source on Racing Performance in the Pigeon

Abstract IT IS now a well accepted fact that the breast muscles of flying birds utilize fat as the major fuel for energy during sustained flight. It has been estimated by George and Jyoti (1955) that at least 77% of the energy expended in a pigeon subjected to sustained muscular activity is due to the oxidation of fat. Similarly, Visscher (1938) has shown that the heart obtained nearly all its energy from fat. George and Vallyathan (1964) observed that stimulation for 1 hr. of the breast muscle of pigeons brought about a decrease in the plasma free fatty acids level with a subsequent increase in the muscle. Carlson (1967) also has reported changes in the FFA level of the blood during sus-stained exercise in humans. This information led us to ask which dietary nutrient, fat or carbohydrate, could serve as a more efficient source of energy to racing homers under actual…
Alterations of Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons: Turning Points in the Genesis of Mental Retardation

Pyramidal neurons represent the majority of neocortical cells and their involvement in cognitive functions is decisive. Therefore, they are the most obvious target of developmental disorders characterized by mental retardation. Genetic and non-genetic forms of intellectual disability share a few basic pathogenetic signatures that result in the anomalous function of pyramidal neurons. Here we review the key mechanisms impairing these neurons and their participation in the cortical network, with special focus on experimental models of fetal exposure to alcohol. Due to the heterogeneity of pyramidal neurons, some alterations affect selectively a given cell population, which may also differ depending on the considered pathology. These specific features open new possibilities for the interpretation of cognitive defects observed in mental retardation syndromes, as well as for novel therapeutic interventions.
Detection of drug-membrane interactions in individual phospholipid vesicles by confocal Raman microscopy.

Optical-trapping confocal Raman microscopy is developed as a method to study the interactions of drugs or other compounds with the membranes of individual phospholipid vesicles. This technique allows membrane disorder, permeability, and drug localization to be assessed without the need for labeling of the membrane or the compounds of interest. We have applied this technique to study the interactions of two nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, salicylate and ibuprofen, with vesicles prepared from 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC). The results show that both salicylate and ibuprofen increase membrane disorder, as determined from increases in the Raman scattering from gauche conformers in the phospholipid acyl chains. By monitoring the Raman scattering of the drug molecules in optically trapped DMPC vesicles, the membrane permeability and partitioning of the drugs could be determined; the spatial distributions of the drugs were also measured by scanning the laser focus through surface-adhere...
CHICANO GEOGRAPHIC SEGREGATION: A Human Ecological Approach

While a considerable amount of research has examined the residential segregation patterns of ethnic groups in metropolitan com- munities, such research has failed to analyze the distribution patterns of such groups across the larger society. From a human ecological perspective, we examine the geographic segregation patterns of Chicanos vis-a-vis Anglos across counties in the 50 United States using data from the 1980 census. It is hypothesized that the level of Chicano geographic segregation in the states is positively related to Chicano-Anglo sustenance differ- ences and Chicano relative dependence on the extractive and manufacturing sectors compared to Anglos and negatively related to Chicano sustenance differentiation. The findings show general support for the hypotheses. Chicanos tend to be more segregated from Anglos in those states where the two groups are involved in different sustenance activities. In addition, Chicanos tend to be the most segregated in those states where they have a higher dependence on the manufacturing sector compared to Anglos.
The thyrotropic cell of the rat hypophysis as studied with peroxidase-labeled antibody.

Utilizing the peroxidase-labeled antibody procedure with anti-serum to human thyrotropin (anti-TSH), the thyrotropic cell was studied in the rat hypophysis with respect to its cytology, distribution, and reactivity to histochemical stains. The presumptive thyrotropic cells were polygonal and stained with aldehyde fuchsin and the periodic acid-Schiff procedure. They were usually located centrally in cell cords. In the pars distalis thyrotropic cells were most numerous in the centromedian area of the lateral lobes and beneath the pars intermedia, while being rare in the dorsocephalic region. Several steps were taken to verify the specificity of the immunochemical procedure. After absorption with either human or bovine thyrotropin, anti-TSH was completely ineffective; staining was almost completely prevented by prior absorption with either sheep or rat thyrotropin. Cytological alterations in thyrotropic cells generally paralleled the differences in pituitary thyrotropic content associated with sex, thyroid deficiency, thyroxine administration, and with rebound after cessation of treatment with propylthiouracil. Thyrotropic cells were differentiated from growth hormone, prolactin and corticotropic cells, as well as from presumptive luteinizing hormone cells, on the basis of shape, cytology, intraglandular distribution, and by immunochemical double-staining. In this study they were not distinguished from follicle-stimulating hormone cells which remain unidentified in this laboratory. Our observations confirm those of earlier investigators, who used histochemical methods for identification of the thyrotropic cell, with regard to its cytological features, intraglandular distribution and responsivity to altered levels of circulating thyroid hormone.
Wafer-Scale Packaged RF-MEMS Switches

This paper presents results of fully packaged RF-MEMS switches including capacitive series, series-shunt, and SP4T switch nodes. The RF-MEMS capacitive switches are packaged using recently developed wafer scale low-loss and broad-band packaging technology developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. A packaged series capacitive switch with 0.11 dB insertion loss and better than 19 dB isolation, a series-shunt packaged capacitive switch with 0.3 dB insertion loss and better than 54 dB isolation, and a SP4T switch with less than 0.26 dB insertion loss and better than 25 dB isolation at 20 GHz are reported.
Surgery in elderly people: Preoperative, operative and postoperative care to assist healing

Surgery for elderly women is likely to increase steadily as the population of elderly people increases globally. Although increasing age increases perioperative morbidity and mortality, the functional age and physiologic reserve rather than chronological age is more important in preventing complications. Preparation for surgery, with special attention to functional capacity and activity, mental status, and existing comorbid conditions, can improve outcomes. Perioperative management must be tailored to physiologic changes of ageing, which affect respiratory, cardiac and renal function, as well as guidelines for preventing infection and thrombotic events. Of particular note is the enhanced effect of narcotic medications in elderly people, which affects intraoperative and postoperative management of pain. Prevention of postoperative delirium is accomplished through preoperative and postoperative planning. Discharge planning, particularly for frail elderly people, must start before surgery.
Bias stabilization for resonant tunnel diode oscillators

While resonant tunnel diodes (RTD's) are useful as submillimeter-wave oscillators, circuit design constraints imposed to suppress parasitic bias circuit oscillations have limited output powers to well below 1 mW. We report a 7-GHz RTD oscillator with a shunt regulator for bias circuit stabilization. With regulation, oscillator power is not limited by stability constraints. Regulation elements are readily integrated with RTD's to construct monolithic RTD oscillator arrays. >
Relating crack heating to vibration for vibrothermography

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.
Global Regularization of Inverse Kinematics for Redundant Manipulators

The inverse kinematics problem for redundant manipulators is ill-posed and nonlinear. There are two fundamentally different issues which result in the need for some form of regularization; the existence of multiple solution branches (global ill-posedness) and the existence of excess degrees of freedom (local ill-posedness). For certain classes of manipulators, learning methods applied to input-output data generated from the forward function can be used to globally regularize the problem by partitioning the domain of the forward mapping into a finite set of regions over which the inverse problem is well-posed. Local regularization can be accomplished by an appropriate parameterization of the redundancy consistently over each region. As a result, the ill-posed problem can be transformed into a finite set of well-posed problems. Each can then be solved separately to construct approximate direct inverse functions.
A high-capacity, packet-switched, single-hop local lightwave network

A new network architecture, called MultiS-Net, is proposed to provide packet-switched services to a large number of bursty users connected to a multichannel broadcast medium in a local environment. An example physical network would consist of a passive star coupler to which nodes are connected via two-way fibers, and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is used to create multiple, parallel optical channels. A separate channel, called a control channel, is established to coordinate data packet transmissions on the other channels (called data channels). To allow low network interfacing costs, each node in MultiS-Net is only equipped with a single tunable transmitter and a single tunable receiver, both of which are responsible for data channel access as well as control channel access, and both of which are rapidly tunable. MultiS-Net incorporates a simple medium access mechanism, and it can also achieve high system throughput. In addition, MultiS-Net is scalable, i.e. it can accommodate a variable number of nodes as well as time-varying load. >
Characterization of Dimethylnitrosamineinduced Focal and Nodular Lesions in the Livers of Newborn Mice

Newborn Swiss-Webster mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of 25 pg of dimethylnitrosamine. At weaning they began receiving 0.05% phenobarbital in the drinking water to promote the lesions for the term of the study. Preneoplastic foci and hyperplastic nodules were identified histologically by two markers, resistance to exogenous iron accumulation and an increase in 7glutamyltranspeptidase activity. AT 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age, livers of affected male mice exhibited 12, 18, and 12 iron-resistant foci/cmz and 13, 9, and 9 yglutamyltranspeptidase-positive foci/cm’, respectively (average for median right and right anterior sublobes). Iron-resistant nodules were first observed at 8 weeks; however, 7-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive nodules were not noted until 12 weeks. In animals that received dimethylnitrosamine but were not placed on phenobarbital, there was an average of 5 foci/cm2 (iron-resistant or y-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive) at 12 weeks while no nodules were noted. This model could provide a practical short-term in vivo tool for the detection of early sequential cellular alterations produced by initiators, inhibitors, and promoters 0-f carcinogenesis.
Root cause analysis for HTML presentation failures using search-based techniques

Presentation failures in web applications can negatively impact users' perception of the application's quality and its usability. Such failures are challenging to diagnose and correct since the user interfaces of modern web applications are defined by a complex interaction between HTML tags and their visual properties defined by CSS and HTML attributes. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for automatically identifying the root cause of presentation failures in web applications that uses image processing and search based techniques. In an experiment conducted for assessing the accuracy of our approach, we found that it was able to identify the correct root cause with 100% accuracy.
Role of Crotonyl Coenzyme A Reductase in Determining the Ratio of Polyketides Monensin A and Monensin B Produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis

The ccr gene, encoding crotonyl coenzyme A (CoA) reductase (CCR), was cloned from Streptomyces cinnamonensis C730.1 and shown to encode a protein with 90% amino acid sequence identity to the CCRs of Streptomyces collinus and Streptomyces coelicolor. A ccr-disrupted mutant, S. cinnamonensis L1, was constructed by inserting the hyg resistance gene into a unique BglII site within the ccr coding region. By use of the ermE* promoter, the S. collinus ccr gene was expressed from plasmids in S. cinnamonensis C730.1/pHL18 and L1/pHL18. CCR activity in mutant L1 was shown to decrease by more than 90% in both yeast extract-malt extract (YEME) medium and a complex fermentation medium, compared to that in wild-type C730.1. Compared to C730.1, mutants C730.1/pHL18 and L1/pHL18 exhibited a huge increase in CCR activity (14- and 13-fold, respectively) in YEME medium and a moderate increase (3.7- and 2.7-fold, respectively) in the complex fermentation medium. In the complex fermentation medium, S. cinnamonensis L1 produced monensins A and B in a ratio of 12:88, dramatically lower than the 50:50 ratio observed for both C730.1 and C730.1/pHL18. Plasmid (pHL18)-based expression of the S. collinus ccr gene in mutant L1 increased the monensin A/monensin B ratio to 42:58. Labeling experiments with [1,2-13C2]acetate demonstrated the same levels of intact incorporation of this material into the butyrate-derived portion of monensin A in both C730.1 and mutant C730.1/pLH18 but a markedly decreased level of such incorporation in mutant L1. The addition of crotonic acid at 15 mM led to significant increases in the monensin A/monensin B ratio in C730.1 and C730.1/pHL18 but had no effect in S. cinnamonensis L1. These results demonstrate that CCR plays a significant role in providing butyryl-CoA for monensin A biosynthesis and is present in wild-type S. cinnamonensis C730.1 at a level sufficient that the availability of the appropriate substrate (crotonyl-CoA) is limiting.
Predicting Hurricane Intensity and Associated Hazards: A Five-Year Real-Time Forecast Experiment with Assimilation of Airborne Doppler Radar Observations

AbstractPerformance in the prediction of hurricane intensity and associated hazards has been evaluated for a newly developed convection-permitting forecast system that uses ensemble data assimilation techniques to ingest high-resolution airborne radar observations from the inner core. This system performed well for three of the ten costliest Atlantic hurricanes: Ike (2008), Irene (2011), and Sandy (2012). Four to five days before these storms made landfall, the system produced good deterministic and probabilistic forecasts of not only track and intensity, but also of the spatial distributions of surface wind and rainfall. Averaged over all 102 applicable cases that have inner-core airborne Doppler radar observations during 2008–2012, the system reduced the day-2-to-day-4 intensity forecast errors by 25%–28% compared to the corresponding National Hurricane Center’s official forecasts (which have seen little or no decrease in intensity forecast errors over the past two decades). Empowered by sufficient comp...
Student T-tests for Potentially Abnormal Data

When the one-sample or two-sample t-test is either taught in the class room or applied in practice to small samples, there is considerable divergence of opinion as to whether or not the inferences drawn are valid. Many point to the 'Robustness' of the t-test to violations of assumptions, while others use rank or other robust methods because they believe that the t-test is not robust against violations of such assumptions. It is quite likely, despite the apparent divergence of these two opinions, that both arguments have considerable merit. If we agree that this question cannot possibly be resolved in general, the issue becomes one of determining, before any actual data have been collected, whether the t-test will or will not be robust in a specific application. This paper describes statistical analysis system software, covering a large collection of potential input probability distributions, to investigate both the null and power properties of various one- and two-sample t-tests and their normal approximations, as well as the Wilcoxon two-sample and sign-rank one-sample tests, allowing potential practitioners to determine, at the study design stage, whether the t-test will be robust in their specific application. Sample size projections, based on these actual distributions, are also included. This paper is not intended as a tool to assess robustness after the data have been collected.
Effect of solvent content on resin hybridization in wet dentin bonding

With wet bonding techniques, the channels between the demineralized dentin collagen fibrils are filled with debris, solvent, and water. Commercial adhesives include solvents such as ethanol or acetone to facilitate resin-infiltration into this wet substrate. Under in vivo conditions, the solvent may be diluted because of repeated exposure of the material to the atmosphere, or concentrated because of separation of the bonding liquids into layers within the bottle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of ethanol (10-50%) on infiltration of the adhesive resin and collagen fibril encapsulation in the adhesive/dentin interface using light microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that under wet bonding conditions the hybridization process was highly sensitive to the initial solvent concentration in the adhesive system. The staining and scanning electron microscopy results showed that the quality of the interfacial hybrid layer was poor at the lower (10%) or higher (50%) ethanol content. Micro-Raman analysis indicated that there was a distinct difference in the degree of adhesive penetration among adhesives containing different concentrations of ethanol. Adhesives containing 10 or 50% ethanol did not realize effective penetration; the penetration of the adhesive monomers increased dramatically when the initial ethanol content was 30%. The amount of solvents are essential for achieving effective bonding to dentin.
Adolescent Engagement in Dangerous Behaviors Is Associated with Increased White Matter Maturity of Frontal Cortex

Background: Myelination of white matter in the brain continues throughout adolescence and early adulthood. This cortical immaturity has been suggested as a potential cause of dangerous and impulsive behaviors in adolescence. Methodology/Principal Findings: We tested this hypothesis in a group of healthy adolescents, age 12–18 (N = 91), who underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to delineate cortical white matter tracts. As a measure of real-world risk taking, participants completed the Adolescent Risk Questionnaire (ARQ) which measures engagement in dangerous activities. After adjusting for age-related changes in both DTI and ARQ, engagement in dangerous behaviors was found to be positively correlated with fractional anisotropy and negatively correlated with transverse diffusivity in frontal white matter tracts, indicative of increased myelination and/or density of fibers (ages 14–18, N = 60). Conclusions/Significance: The direction of correlation suggests that rather than having immature cortices, adolescents who engage in dangerous activities have frontal white matter tracts that are more adult in form than their more conservative peers.
A comparison of two techniques for reducing context-dependent forgetting

Recall is poorer when tested in a new environment than when tested in the original learning context. Two techniques for reducing this context-dependent forgetting were compared. One technique involved instructing subjects to recall their learning room(s), and the other attempted to establish multiple environmental retrieval cues by presenting lists in multiple rooms rather than all in the same room. Subjects were given three word lists to study in one or three rooms. All subjects were given a free-recall test in a new room, and half were asked to use remembered environmental context (EC) information to facilitate word memory. Multiple input contexts benefited only subjects who were uninstructed in the use of EC cues. Subjects given EC-recall instructions, however, recalled somewhat less in the three-room condition than in the one-room condition. The facilitative effects of the two techniques were not additive: EC-recall instructions benefited only one-room subjects. The results suggest that both EC-recall instructions and mul­ tiple learning contexts induce subjects to use contextual retrieval cues that are otherwise not spontaneously utilized, and that the greater the number of context cues stored in memory, the less accessible those cues become. Context-dependent memory (COM) has referred typically to the common finding that recall tested in a new context is poorer than recall tested in the orig­
Losartan, an AT1 antagonist, prevents aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome.

Aortic aneurysm and dissection are manifestations of Marfan syndrome (MFS), a disorder caused by mutations in the gene that encodes fibrillin-1. Selected manifestations of MFS reflect excessive signaling by the transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) family of cytokines. We show that aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of MFS is associated with increased TGF-β signaling and can be prevented by TGF-β antagonists such as TGF-β–neutralizing antibody or the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) blocker, losartan. AT1 antagonism also partially reversed noncardiovascular manifestations of MFS, including impaired alveolar septation. These data suggest that losartan, a drug already in clinical use for hypertension, merits investigation as a therapeutic strategy for patients with MFS and has the potential to prevent the major life-threatening manifestation of this disorder.
Evidence on Financial Globalization and Crises: Interest Rate Parity

The Interest Rate Parity (IRP) relationship is one of the most relied upon indicators of financial globalization. IRP plays such a key role in global macroeconomic models that it is taken as a benchmark for perfect capital mobility between markets. In this paper, we review the theoretical basis and historical origins of the interest rate parity relationship. Empirical evidence supporting IRP became so wide-spread that by the start of the 21st century, economists and financial professionals essentially took IRP for granted. However, with the start of the global financial crisis in summer 2007 deviations from IRP increased significantly. Empirical evidence suggests that deviations can be linked to greater credit and counterparty risk among bank dealers, and a reduction in risk capital, as well as wider bid-ask spreads in currency markets. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, deviations from covered interest parity have increased considerably relative to a decade ago. Calibrating whether these deviations are efficient market violations, or simply a reflection of greater costs and risks, is a new challenge for financial economists.
Design and characterization of a single channel two-liquid capacitor and its application to hyperelastic strain sensing

Room temperature liquid-metal microfluidic devices are attractive systems for hyperelastic strain sensing. These liquid-phase electronics are intrinsically soft and retain their functionality even when stretched to several times their original length. Currently two types of liquid metal-based strain sensors exist for in-plane measurements: single-microchannel resistive and two-microchannel capacitive devices. With a winding serpentine channel geometry, these sensors typically have a footprint of about a square centimeter. This large footprint of an individual device limits the number of sensors that can be embedded into, for example, electronic fabric or skin. In this work we introduce an alternative capacitor design consisting of two liquid metal electrodes separated by a liquid dielectric material within a single straight channel. Using a liquid insulator instead of a solid elastomer enables us to tailor the system's capacitance by selecting high or low dielectric constant liquids. We quantify the effects of the electrode geometry including the diameter, spacing, and meniscus shape as well as the dielectric constant of the insulating liquid on the overall system's capacitance. We also develop a procedure for fabricating the two-liquid capacitor within a single straight polydiemethylsiloxane channel and demonstrate that this device can have about 25 times higher capacitance per sensor's base area when compared to two-channel liquid metal capacitors. Lastly, we characterize the response of this compact device to strain and identify operational issues arising from complex hydrodynamics near liquid-liquid and liquid-elastomer interfaces.
Microseisms: A twenty-six-second spectral line in long-period earth motion

abstract A narrow-band microseismic peak exists in worldwide earth background near a period of 26 sec. During storms, the amplitude of this ground motion increases to high levels which allows detailed studies of its characteristics. Analysis indicates that the energy arrives as Rayleigh waves from a source in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The most significant property of this microseismic peak is that it is nondispersive, thereby eliminating deep-water ocean-wave dispersion as the mechanism for isolating the narrow-band energy.
Conceptualizing the Cultural Concepts in Marketing and Consumer Behavior

Culture is an important element influencing consumer behavior, yet one which is difficult to effectively communicate to students. This paper exemplifies a unique approach to defining, discussing and reinforcing the concept, as well as relating it to marketing theory and application.
Media-Friendly Microprocessor Architectures and Tools

Video, audio, and graphics are increasingly important elements of digital communication. The chip industry is designing microprocessors to better handle new software functions that support these elements. Software engineers require better tools to minimize development time and maintain platform compatibility for media applications. Revolutionary system architectures allow clustered desktop processors to become fault-tolerant high-speed server and rendering systems. Recent improvements in these three areas can help engineers build COTS (Commercial Off-the Shelf) open platform media systems that perform and scale better than ever before.
CHANGES IN THE FINE STRUCTURE OF WET-SPUN ACRYLIC FIBERS DURING DRYING

Changes in the fine structure of wet-spun acrylic fibers of various polymer compositions and fiber structures during drying process were studied using a freeze-drying method. From the results it was proposed that the collapse is due to the attraction of capillaries. The capillary attraction mechanism explains the experimental results better than the mechanism, proposed by Dumbleton and Bell, attributing the collapse to conformational changes of stretched polymers. The results obtained are as follows.1) Structural changes during drying take place from outer zone to inner zone of fibers, and uncollapsed fibrillar structures change into collapsed structures via intermediate structures which contain isolated voids. These three steps in structural changes are clearly visualized by using a phase microscope.2) In every case of experiments, toluene densities of the fibers have the minimum value at water contents of about 5 to 25%. This is due to the appearance of closed voids in fibers.3) Structural changes during drying process depend on polymer compositions and fine structures of fibers. For polyacrylonitrile fiber (PAN), the inner part retains a heterogeneous structure even after the high temperature drying. For acrylonitrile and sodium allyl sulfonate copolymer fiber (P(AN-SAS)), the low temperature drying gives rather a denser and more homogeneous structure at an intermediate stage of drying than high temperature drying, but in the final stage the high temperature drying gives a denser and more homogeneous structure. However, the acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate copolymer fiber (P(AN-MEA)) which have gross fibril-void structures, no collapse takes place by low temperature drying.4) For PAN, P(AN-MEA) and P(AN-MEA-SAS) fibers, the degree of crystalline orientation decreases at first and increases in a final stage of drying, while for P(AN-SAS) fibers, it increases linearly with a progress of drying. In both cases, the size of crystallite increases with collapse. However, when uncollapsed opaque structures appear at the end of drying as seen in the case of P(AN-MEA), both the increase of orientation at the latter half part of drying period and growth of crystallite are not observed.
Comparison of somatostatin and pancreastatin on secretion of gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide, and peptide YY.

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare the effects of pancreastatin (PST) (400 pmol/kg/hr) and somatostatin (SRIF) (400 pmol/kg/hr) on food-induced release of gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and peptide YY (PYY) in conscious dogs. The present findings indicate that SRIF is more potent than PST on the inhibition of food-induced release of PP; that SRIF and PST do not influence food-induced release of gastrin; and that PST cannot inhibit food-induced release of PYY, whereas SRIF inhibits PYY release in a potent fashion.
Measuring Teacher Conscientiousness and its Impact on Students: Insight from the Measures of Effective Teaching Longitudinal Database

Although research has been unable to find strong links between observable teacher characteristics and a teacher’s ability to improve student achievement, it has generally not considered the role that teacher non-cognitive skills play in affecting student outcomes. In this article, we validate several novel performance-task measures of teacher conscientiousness based upon the effort that teachers exert completing a survey and use these measures to examine the role that teacher conscientiousness plays in affecting both student test scores and student non-cognitive skills. We conduct our analysis using the Measure of Effective Teaching Longitudinal Database where teachers were randomly assigned to their classrooms in the second year of the study. We exploit this random assignment to estimate causal impacts of teachers on their students’ outcomes during the second year of the MET project. We find that our survey-effort measures of teacher conscientiousness capture important dimensions of teacher quality. More conscientious teachers are more effective at improving their student conscientiousness but not their student test scores. Additional analysis suggests that traditional measures of teacher quality largely fail to capture a teacher’s ability to improve student conscientiousness, though measures of teacher quality based upon student ratings and one particular classroom observation protocol are exceptions.
Application Analysis of Bag Dedusters in Coal-fired Power Plant Flue gas “Ultra-low Emissions”

The efficient coordination control technology is used in the further expansion for the denitration,desulphurization and dust removal system of many coal- fired power plants in China,making flue gas pollutants reach the target "Ultra- low Emission". By the end of 2014,17 units had been inspected and accepted,achieving "Ultra-low Emissions"and lower than the natural gas turbine unit emission standards. These results have been widely reported and coal- fired power plants "Ultra- low Emission"environmental transformation has formed a trend. But in terms of technology,economic benefits and environmental benefits,there are still many problems worthy to be discussed,still need to be calmly analyzed and treated seriously. The beneficial program,diversified coordinated control line and society as a whole,should be considered.
Effect on maternal education on the development of children aged 0 to 35 months

Objective To evaluate the influence of maternal education on the development of children aged 0to 35 months. Methods A total of 2 105 pairs of infants and their mothers from remote villages of Guizhou,and Shanxi provinces were investigated.World Health Organization(WHO)standards and Ages Stages Questionnaires(ASQ)were used to assess children's growth and neurodevelopment.Logistic regression was used to assess the association of maternal education with the development of children. Results Excepted the communication domain,the prevalence of underweight,stunting and neurodevelopment delay of other four domains decreased as the increases of maternal education level. Conclusions Maternal education plays an important role in the development of children.Through effective use of health services,suitable child feeding practices and early education,mothers with high education level may improve the integrated development of children.
Personality and peyotism in Menomini Indian acculturation.

(1952). Personality and Peyotism in Menomini Indian Acculturation. Psychiatry: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 151-159.
Protective factors in posterior urethral valves

AbstractPatients with posterior urethral valves may present with or contract renal insufficiency. High intravesical pressure that is transmitted to the upper urinary tract in utero is a likely contributing cause. We have identified 3 anatomical associations with posterior urethral valves that provide a pressure “pop-off” mechanism resulting in preservation of better renal function: 1) the syndrome of posterior urethral valves, unilateral vesicoureteral reflux and renal dysplasia; 2) large congenital type bladder diverticula and 3) urinary extravasation with or without urinary ascites.Followup of 71 boys with posterior urethral valves was sufficient to permit long-term analysis. Serum creatinine was used as an index of renal function and prognosis. Of the 71 boys 20 (28 per cent) had 1 of the 3 protective mechanisms. Only 1 child (5 per cent) had a serum creatinine greater than 1.0mg. per cent. Of the remaining 51 boys without a “pop-off” mechanism 20 (39 per cent) had serum creatinine greater than 1.0mg. ...
Lexical Considerations in the Treatment of Speech Sound Disorders in Children

The interaction between lexical and phonological development has been the focus of a growing body of research. Findings suggest that phonological ability influences word learning and that certain characteristics of words influence how words are produced by children. This article summarizes research findings regarding the effects of word frequency, phonological neighborhood density (PND), and phonotactic probability (PP) on phonological development, and describes how these factors have been manipulated to influence phonological learning in the treatment of speech sound disorder in children. Clinical applications and ideas for considering lexical factors in the selection of target words for treatment are provided.
Normal matrices subordinate to a graph

Abstract Recently, it has been noticed that if the graph of an n-by-n complex matrix is a tree, then normality of the matrix is equivalent to three conditions, associated with the edges of the graph, that are much simpler than checking the standard definition of normality. Here, we characterize the precise class of graphs (much more general than trees), for which the three conditions are equivalent to normality, under a slight (and necessary) regularity condition. The graphs are those that are both triangle and 4-cycle free. For triangle-free graphs, normality implies absolute symmetry, under the same regularity condition. The results permit strong applications to real matrices, and to the notions of “principal normality”, and “essentially Hermitian”.
Stochastic Gradient Descent Algorithm in the Computational Network Toolkit

We introduce the stochastic gradient descent algorithm used in the computational network toolkit (CNTK) — a general purpose machine learning toolkit written in C++ for training and using models that can be expressed as a computational network. We describe the algorithm used to compute the gradients automatically for a given network. We also propose a low-cost automatic learning rate selection algorithm and demonstrate that it works well in practice. 1 Computational Network Toolkit A computational network (CN) is a directed graph in which each leaf represents an input value or a learnable parameter and each node represents an operator. Figure 1 illustrates an example CN of a log-linear model. Here, each node is identified by a {node name : operator type} pair and takes its ordered children as the operator’s inputs. For example, in the figure, T = Times(W,X) which is different from T = Times(X,W). A CN can have many root nodes which are used under different conditions. For example, one root node may represent a cross-entropy training criterion and another may represent an evaluation criterion. The network in Figure 1 has only one root node {C: Cross Entropy}. Many machine learning models, such as neural networks, that can be described via a series of operations, can be converted into a CN. The computational network toolkit (CNTK) is a general purpose C++ based machine learning toolkit for models that can be described as CNs. Figure 2 illustrates the architecture of CNTK. The core of CNTK is an internal representation of a CN which provides two key methods: Evaluate, which computes the value of a node given its inputs and Compute Gradient, which computes the gradient of a node with respect to its inputs. These methods are executed using an IExecutionEngine such as a CPU, a GPU, or a data flow graph such as pTask [1]. ICNBuilder reads the network description (or language) and creates a CN. IDataReader reads in features and labels stored in different formats.
Senior Medical Students’ Attitudes toward Choosing Residency Programs in Primary Care

To investigate the associations between medical students' first choice for their graduate medical education specialty (primary care versus non-primary care) and both their sociodemographic characteristics and their perceptions of the importance of 44 factors related to that choice, we conducted a survey of the 1982 senior medical students at the three medical schools in Louisiana. The major differences that we found between the students choosing primary care residency programs and those choosing non-primary care programs included the following: the primary care group was much more likely to be married; to have resided in smaller communities during their childhood, high school, and premedical school years; to have made their decision on a specialty prior to medical school; and to place less importance on hospital reputation, quality of facilities, and up-to-date equipment in choosing a graduate medical program. No differences between the two groups were found for the following variables: whether or not they had children; whether or not they had resided in Louisiana during early childhood, high school, or premedical school; and whether or not they had resided in the South for those same time periods. Although the primary care group had a higher proportion of women than the non-primary care group, the difference was not statistically significant.
The safety and tolerability of inhaled treprostinil in patients with pulmonary hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The primary aim was to explore the safety and tolerability of inhaled treprostinil when used in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) with concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Patients with a diagnosis of pre-capillary PH (defined as pulmonary artery mean pressure of ≥ 25 mmHg and pulmonary artery wedge pressure or left ventricular end diastolic pressure of ≤ 15 mmHg) who were being initiated on inhaled treprostinil and had concomitant COPD (defined as FEV1/FVC ratio ≤ 70% with FEV1 ≥ 40% predicted) were considered for inclusion in this pilot study. Assessments included adverse events, physical exam, World Health Organization (WHO) functional class, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), modified Borg dyspnea score, and concomitant medication. At baseline and week 16 St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), arterial blood gas (ABG), and pulmonary function test (PFT) were assessed. The median age was 65 years (age range, 56-80 years) and five patients (56%) were men. Among the nine patients, a majority had an increase in 6MWT from baseline to week 16 (median change, 19 m). Only three of the nine patients (33%) had an increase in A-a gradient at week 16 (median change, -7). There was no difference in any of the following: arterial blood gases, WHO functional class, 6MWT results, or SGRQ scores from baseline to week 16. There was a statistically significant decline in several of the PFT measures, including FEV1 (median change, -0.18 L; P = 0.004; median change, -7% of predicted; P = 0.016), FVC (median change, -0.23 L; P = 0.027), and diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) (median change, -5% of predicted; P = 0.023). The small number of patients limits firm conclusions; however, inhaled treprostinil did not seem to adversely impact oxygenation in the majority of the study patients with pre-capillary PH and COPD. While there may have an adverse impact on some pulmonary function parameters, the clinical significance is unclear.
Did I do that? The association between action video gaming experience and feedback processing in a gambling task

The association between action video game experience and the neural correlates of feedback processing related to positive and negative outcomes was examined in a virtual Blackjack game in combination with event-related brain potentials (ERPs). The behavioral data revealed that the frequency of various outcomes was not related to action gaming experience, indicating that the associations between action gaming experience and the ERP correlates of feedback processing are unlikely to result from variation in motivation or skill related to the Blackjack game between the gamers and non-gamers. The ERP data revealed that action gaming experience was not related to the processing of positive feedback related to wins, or negative feedback for losses that resulted from the joint action of the player and dealer. In contrast, action gaming experience was associated with a reduction in the amplitude of the ERPs elicited by negative feedback wherein the loss resulted from the direct action of the individual (i.e., busts). Together these data may indicate that action gaming is associated with a reduced sensitivity to feedback related to negative outcomes resulting from the direct action of the individual. The association between action video gaming and feedback processing was examined.Neural activity (ERPs) distinguished wins, losses, and busts in the Blackjack task.Action gaming was associated with a reduction in the amplitude of ERPs for busts.Action gaming was not associated with ERPs for wins.
Case Study #3: When I Was a Lad & Modern Major-General by William S. Gilbert

“When I Was a Lad” is from H.M.S. Pinafore, a nineteenth century British operetta by William S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan. It’s sung by a man who has become “the ruler of the Queen’s Navy.” Through the song, he tells about his climb to success. “I Am the Very Model of a Modern Major-General” is from Pirates of Penzance. Sung by the major-general, it extols his many qualifications and hints at his ambition. Gilbert and Sullivan’s comic operas often involved political satire, and this is the case with both of these songs. Both songs describe the talents, experience, qualifications of a government official. Both songs poke fun of officials and their self-importance. Both songs point to the benefit of having a broad, generalist education for higher-level positions. And both songs make the point that public officials need appropriate qualifications and experience. But the characters singing these songs display many differences as well, and very different outlooks on how to succeed. As you follow the lyrics, what do you make of the two gentlemen? Who would you want to work for? Who would you want working for you?