cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Stress on a Murine Neurotropic Retrovirus Infection

Psychological and environmental factors have long been recognized as affecting health and disease (Monjan and Collector, 1977; Riley, 1981; Sklar and Anisman, 1980; Weiner, 1977; Wolf and Goodell, 1968). The immune system is also quite responsive to environmental perturbations. Many investigators have documented changes in the immune system resulting from stressful stimulation (Ader, 1981; Cooper, 1984; Monjan, 1981; Riley, 1981; Rogers etal.,1979). Susceptibility to infectious diseases is also influenced by exposure to environmental stressors (Amkraut et al., 1971; Friedman et al.,1969; Locke and Hornig-Rohan, 1983; Rasmussen et al., 1957; Yamada et al., 1964). Given that variations in the immune response and susceptibility to infectious disease have been related to stress exposure, it is reasonable to consider the possibility that stress may be involved in the pathogenesis and clinical expression of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (Britton, 1986; Locke et al.,1984; Risenberg, 1986; Stein, 1985). The discovery that a human retrovirus (HIV) infection can cause AIDS in man has focused attention on animal retrovirus infections as models of AIDS. The fact that murine retroviruses (MuLV) can cause immunodeficiency (Mosier et al., 1985) and neurodegeneration (Hoffman et al., 1981) makes them useful as models for human retrovirus infections. The question of how stress may be related to the development and clinical manifestations of AIDS can be formed with basic investigations using these animal models.
Nickel Deactivation During Gasification Reactions

Abstract Changes in the partitioning of total surface area of nickel catalyst particles between the metal-carbon interface and the metal-gas interface were studied as catalyst deactivation proceeded. Previously reported studies of this repartitioning used catalyst characterization after cooling from reaction temperature to some lower temperature. In the present study the extent of water-gas shift reaction during the gasification was used to probe changes in the metal-gas interfacial area without cooling the sample. The results obtained were consistent with those based upon catalyst characterization after cooling and suggest the cooling procedure used does not cause changes in the catalyst system. When catalytic gasification rates were renormalized using the metal-gas interfacial area the rate of reaction was still found to vary with the time on stream, though not nearly as extensively as before the renormalization. The origin of these variations is discussed.
Truisms That Never Will be True: The Tenth Amendment and the Spending Power

Logic, law, and perhaps even life would be neater if the text and history of the United States Constitution would hold still. Our constitutional past surely would be more usable if we could rely on history for answers to the kind of binary questions the adversary system tends to pose. In constitutional law, however, even constitutional truisms almost never will be true. The farrago of our federalism provides a prime example of how textual and historical ingredients, added intermittently to appeal to different tastes, have become difficult to penetrate and virtually impossible to swallow.
Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Connectivity of the Brain Is Associated with Altered Sensorimotor Function in Patients with Cervical Spondylosis.

Objective To determine the relationship between functional connectivity (FC) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neurological impairment in patients with cervical spondylosis and healthy controls. Methods A total of 24 patients with cervical spondylosis with or without myelopathy and 17 neurologically intact, healthy volunteer subjects were prospectively enrolled in a cross-sectional study involving observational MRI and evaluation of neurological function using the modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) score. Seed-to-seed connectivity and seed-to-voxel connectivity on functional MRI data were performed using a general linear model of connectivity with respect to age and mJOA score. Results Increased FC was observed with increasing neurological impairment in patients with cervical stenosis within sensorimotor areas, including precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, and supplemental motor regions, using both seed-to-seed and seed-to-voxel analyses. The anterior cingulate showed increasing connectivity with the supplemental motor area, thalamus, and cerebellum with increasing neurological function. Similarly, the thalamus, cerebellum, and putamen presented with increasing connectivity to both the bilateral precuneus and the posterior cingulate with an increasing mJOA score. Conclusions Patients with cervical spondylosis exhibiting neurological impairment experience changes in brain connectivity similar to that of patients with chronic traumatic spinal cord injury. These results suggest an increase in FC within sensorimotor regions with increasing neurological impairment and decreased connectivity between the cerebellum, putamen, and thalamus to the anterior and posterior cingulate and frontal lobe regions.
"Czasy rarytne" ("Splendid Times"): On the Begining of Romanticism as Described in "Księgarz ulicznych" ("A Street Bookseller") by Władysław Syrokomla

The article is interested in looking at the dynamics of the Romantic turning point from the perspective of the changes in the book market in Vilnius in the first half of the nineteenth century. These changes are the subject of literary and historiographical texts by Adam Mickiewicz, Joachim Lelewel, and Wladyslaw Syrokomla. The author focuses primarily on Syrokomla’s Ksiegarz uliczny [Street bookseller], analysing it in the context of the works of the Romanticism ‘lawgivers’ as an indirect testimony to the evolution of literary preferences and external shape of books, their circulation, types of readers, and bookselling trends.
Mobility of Yield Stress Fluids on Lubricant-Impregnated Surfaces.

A common problem which we encounter on a daily basis is dispensing of yield stress fluids such as condiments, lotions, toothpaste, etc. from containers. Beyond consumer products, assuring the flow of yield stress fluids such as crude oil, mud, blood, paint, pharmaceutical products, and others, is essential for the respective industries. Elimination of wall-induced friction can lead to significant savings in the energy required for flow of yield stress fluids, as well as associated product loss and cleaning costs. Lubricant-impregnated surfaces (LIS) have been shown to change the dynamic behavior of yield stress fluids and enable them to flow without shearing. Despite the wide applicability of this technology and its general appeal, the fundamental physics governing the flow of yield stress fluids on LIS have not yet been fully explained. In this work, we study the mobility of yield stress fluids on LIS, and explain the relationship between their macroscale flow behavior and the microscale properties of LI...
On Watching Screendance

In this provocation, I ask what is it to watch screendance, what is at stake, and what comes into play? I suggest that in identifying works as examples of “dance on screen”, we enter into a complex history of aesthetic innovations, marketing criteria, funding systems, and intellectual debates. I compare the viewing practices of film, television and the internet, and consider how different screen formats shape experiences of teaching and research. I reflect upon the ethics of participation in online debates, and suggest that the modes and stakes of watching are as important as the dance itself.
On Dynamic Network Models and Application to Causal Impact

Dynamic extensions of Stochastic block model (SBM) are of importance in several fields that generate temporal interaction data. These models, besides producing compact and interpretable network representations, can be useful in applications such as link prediction or network forecasting. In this paper we present a conditional pseudo-likelihood based extension to dynamic SBM that can be efficiently estimated by optimizing a regularized objective. Our formulation leads to a highly scalable approach that can handle very large networks, even with millions of nodes. We also extend our formalism to causal impact for networks that allows us to quantify the impact of external events on a time dependent sequence of networks. We support our work with extensive results on both synthetic and real networks.
Becoming Builder: Generating Collaborative Platforms

StudioLab’s second mission is to democratize design. This call for adventure seeks a different mode of thinking and acting, shifting both critical and creative processes from the model of the lone original genius to that of recombinant collaborators. By connecting critical thinking to tactical media-making, the subversive energies of all-too-Romantic bachelor machines become reorganized into critical design teams, small desiring-machines or intimate bureaucracies modeled on activist cells, garage bands, and start-ups. The call to action here: become builder of shared experiences and collaborative platforms; use the UX frame to enable scalability and sustainability of transmedia knowledge production for different stakeholders by connecting with their experiential architectures.
Roq1 confers resistance to Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato

Abstract Xanthomonas species, Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum are bacterial plant pathogens that cause significant yield loss in many crop species. Current control methods for these pathogens are insufficient but there is significant potential for generating new disease-resistant crop varieties. Plant immune receptors encoded by nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes typically confer resistance to pathogens that produce a cognate elicitor, often an effector protein secreted by the pathogen to promote virulence. The diverse sequence and presence / absence variation of pathogen effector proteins within and between pathogen species usually limits the utility of a single NLR gene to protecting a plant from a single pathogen species or particular strains. The NLR protein Recognition of XopQ 1 (Roq1) was recently identified from the plant Nicotiana benthamiana and mediates perception of the effector proteins XopQ and HopQ1 from Xanthomonas and P. syringae respectively. Unlike most recognized effectors, alleles of XopQ/HopQ1 are highly conserved and present in most plant pathogenic strains of Xanthomonas and P. syringae. A homolog of XopQ/HopQ1, named RipB, is present in many R. solanacearum strains. We found that Roq1 also mediates perception of RipB and confers immunity to Xanthomonas, P. syringae, and R. solanacearum when expressed in tomato. Strong resistance to Xanthomonas perforans was observed in three seasons of field trials with both natural and artificial inoculation. The Roq1 gene can therefore be used to provide safe, economical and effective control of these pathogens in tomato and other crop species and reduce or eliminate the need for traditional chemical controls. Summary A single immune receptor expressed in tomato confers strong resistance to three different bacterial diseases.
Designing chimeric enzymes inspired by fungal cellulosomes.

Cellulosomes are synthesized by anaerobic bacteria and fungi to degrade lignocellulose via synergistic action of multiple enzymes fused to a protein scaffold. Through templating key protein domains (cohesin and dockerin), designer cellulosomes have been engineered from bacterial motifs to alter the activity, stability, and degradation efficiency of enzyme complexes. Recently a parts list for fungal cellulosomes from the anaerobic fungi (Neocallimastigomycota) was determined, which revealed sequence divergent fungal cohesin, dockerin, and scaffoldin domains that could be used to expand the available toolbox to synthesize designer cellulosomes. In this work, multi-domain carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) from 3 cellulosome-producing fungi were analyzed to inform the design of chimeric proteins for synthetic cellulosomes inspired by anaerobic fungi. In particular, Piromyces finnis was used as a structural template for chimeric carbohydrate active enzymes. Recombinant enzymes with retained properties were engineered by combining thermophilic glycosyl hydrolase domains from Thermotoga maritima with dockerin domains from Piromyces finnis. By preserving the protein domain order from P. finnis, chimeric enzymes retained catalytic activity at temperatures over 80 °C and were able to associate with cellulosomes purified from anaerobic fungi. Fungal cellulosomes harbor a wide diversity of glycoside hydrolases, each representing templates for the design of chimeric enzymes. By conserving dockerin domain position within the primary structure of each protein, the activity of both the catalytic domain and dockerin domain was retained in enzyme chimeras. Taken further, the domain positioning inferred from native fungal cellulosome proteins can be used to engineer multi-domain proteins with non-native favorable properties, such as thermostability.
Electronic Structures, Spectroscopy, and Electrochemistry of [M(diimine)(CN-BR3)4]2- (M = Fe, Ru; R = Ph, C6F5) Complexes.

Complexes with the formula [M(diimine)(CN-BR3)4]2–, where diimine = bipyridine (bpy), phenanthroline (phen), 3,5-trifluoromethylbipyridine (flpy), R = Ph, C6F5, and M = FeII, RuII, were synthesized...
Combined Systemic and Hepatic Artery Infusion Pump Chemo-Therapy as a Liver-Directed Therapy for Colorectal Liver Metastasis-Review of Literature and Case Discussion

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent malignancy and the second most common cause of death in the US. Liver is the most common site of colorectal metastases. About 13% of patients with colorectal cancer have liver metastasis on initial presentation and 50% develop them during the disease course. Although systemic chemotherapy and immunotherapy are the mainstay treatment for patients with metastatic disease, for selected patients with predominant liver metastasis, liver-directed approaches may provide prolonged disease control when combined with systemic treatments. Hepatic artery infusion pump (HAIP) chemotherapy is an approach which allows direct infusion of chemotherapeutic into the liver and is especially useful in the setting of multifocal liver metastases. When combined with systemic chemotherapy, HAIP improves the response rate, provides more durable disease control, and in some patients leads to successful resection. To ensure safety, use of HAIP requires multidisciplinary collaboration between interventional radiologists, medical oncologists, hepatobiliary surgeons and treatment nurses. Here, we review the benefits and potential risks with this approach and provide our single institution experience on two CRC patients successfully treated with HAIP in combination with systemic chemotherapy. We provide our recommendations in adopting this technique in the current era for patient with colorectal liver metastases.
Mucosal acidosis elicits a unique molecular signature in epithelia and intestinal tissue mediated by GPR31-induced CREB phosphorylation.

Metabolic changes associated with tissue inflammation result in significant extracellular acidosis (EA). Within mucosal tissues, intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) have evolved adaptive strategies to cope with EA through the up-regulation of SLC26A3 to promote pH homeostasis. We hypothesized that EA significantly alters IEC gene expression as an adaptive mechanism to counteract inflammation. Using an unbiased RNA sequencing approach, we defined the impact of EA on IEC gene expression to define molecular mechanisms by which IEC respond to EA. This approach identified a unique gene signature enriched in cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-regulated gene targets. Utilizing loss- and gain-of-function approaches in cultured epithelia and murine colonoids, we demonstrate that EA elicits prominent CREB phosphorylation through cyclic AMP-independent mechanisms that requires elements of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Further analysis revealed that EA signals through the G protein-coupled receptor GPR31 to promote induction of FosB, NR4A1, and DUSP1. These studies were extended to an in vivo murine model in conjunction with colonization of a pH reporter Escherichia coli strain that demonstrated significant mucosal acidification in the TNFΔARE model of murine ileitis. Herein, we observed a strong correlation between the expression of acidosis-associated genes with bacterial reporter sfGFP intensity in the distal ileum. Finally, the expression of this unique EA-associated gene signature was increased during active inflammation in patients with Crohn’s disease but not in the patient control samples. These findings establish a mechanism for EA-induced signals during inflammation-associated acidosis in both murine and human ileitis.
Intent-to-treat survival in liver transplantation has not improved in 3 decades due to donor shortage relative to waitlist growth.

BACKGROUND Liver Transplantation has advanced over the past 3 decades, with 1-year survival rates improving 25%. Survival rates for those transplanted has increased to remarkable levels, but survival from the time of listing may not be as revolutionary. METHODS Kaplan-Meier with log-rank test as well as Cox regression analysis was used to retrospectively analyze 211 610 adults listed for LT and 116 299 adult transplant recipients from 1987 to 2016. Our primary endpoints were survival from time of listing to waitlist death or posttransplant death. RESULTS One-year survival following LT improved dramatically (68% in 1987-1988 vs. 93% in 2016, P < .001). There was no improvement in 1-year intent-to-treat survival: 78.4% for those listed in 1987 and 81.8% for those listed in 2016 (P = .1). Also observed were decreases in the percentage of transplanted candidates from 74.8% in 1987-1988 to 54.7% in 2016 (P < .001) and increased 1-year wait-list mortality from 12.5% in 1987-1988 to 22.6% in 2016 (P = .002). CONCLUSION As transplant rate has decreased while waitlist mortality has increased, no improvements have been made in intent-to-treat survival of patients listed for transplant over the past 3 decades. We speculate this observation to be resultant of a relative donor shortage outpaced by waitlist growth. SUMMARY Liver Transplantation has experienced vast increases in survival rates over the past 3 decades; however, due to an increased donor supply outpaced by waitlist growth, the rate of transplantation has decreased significantly while the waitlist mortality has increased, leading to no improvement in 1-year intent-to-treat survival rates.
Utility of expanded anterior column resection versus decompression-alone for local control in the management of carcinomatous vertebral column metastases undergoing adjuvant stereotactic radiotherapy

BACKGROUND CONTEXT With improvements in adjuvant radiotherapy and minimally invasive surgical techniques, separation surgery has become the default surgical intervention for spine metastases at many centers. However, it is unclear if there is clinical benefit from anterior column resection in addition to simple epidural debulking prior to stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). PURPOSE To examine the effect of anterior column debulking versus epidural disease resection alone in the local control of metastases to the bony spine. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. PATIENT SAMPLE Ninety-seven patients who underwent open surgery followed by SBRT for spinal metastases at a single comprehensive cancer center. OUTCOME MEASURES Local tumor recurrence following surgery and SBRT. METHODS Data were collected regarding radiation dose, cancer histology, extent of anterior column resection, and recurrence. Tumor involvement was categorized using the International Spine Radiosurgery Consortium guidelines. Univariable analyses were conducted to determine predictors of local recurrence and time to local recurrence. RESULTS Among the 97 included patients, mean age was 60.5±11.4 years and 51% of patients were male. The most common primary tumor types were lung (20.6%), breast (17.5%), kidney (13.4%) and prostate (12.4%). Recurrence was seen in 17 patients (17.5%) and local control rates were: 85.5% (1-year), 81.1% (2-year), and 54.9% (5-year). Overall predictors of local recurrence were tumor pathology (p<.01; renal cell carcinoma and colorectal adenocarcinoma associated with poorest PFS) and undergoing anterior column debulking versus epidural decompression-alone (p=.03). Only tumor pathology predicted time to local recurrence (p<.01), though inspection of Kaplan-Meier functions showed superior long-term local control in patients with radiosensitive tumor pathologies, no previous irradiation of the metastasis, and who underwent anterior column resection versus epidural removal alone. Median time to recurrence was 288 days with 100% of lesions showing anterior column recurrence and recurrence in the epidural space. CONCLUSIONS With the increasing shift towards surgery as a neoadjuvant to radiotherapy for patients with spinal column metastases, the role for surgical debulking has become less clear. In the present study, we find that anterior column debulking as opposed to epidural debulking-alone decreases the odds of local recurrence and improves long-term local control.
The Cambridge Introduction to W.B. Yeats

This introduction to one of the twentieth century's most important writers examines Yeats's poems, plays and stories in relation to biographical, literary, and historical contexts. Yeats wrote with passion and eloquence about personal disappointments, his obsession with Ireland, and the modern era's loss of faith in traditional beliefs about art, religion, empire, social class, gender and sex. His works uniquely reflect the gradual transition from Victorian aestheticism to the modernism of Pound, Eliot and Joyce. This is the first introductory study to consider his work in all genres in light of the latest biographies, new editions of his letters and manuscripts, and recent accounts by feminist and postcolonial critics. While using this introduction, students will have instant access to the world of current Yeats scholarship as well as being provided with the essential facts about his life and literary career and suggestions for further reading.
Practical high-quality speech and voice synthesis using fixed frame rate ABS/OLA sinusoidal modeling

This paper describes algorithms developed to apply the analysis-by-synthesis/overlap-add (ABS/OLA) sinusoidal modeling system to real-time speech and singing voice synthesis. As originally proposed, the ABS/OLA system is limited to unidirectional time-scaling, and relies on variable frame length to accomplish time-scale modification. For speech and voice synthesis applications, unidirectional time scaling makes effective looping to produce sustained vocal sounds difficult, and variable frame length makes real-time polyphonic synthesis problematic. This paper presents a reformulation of the basic ABS/OLA system to deal with these issues, which is termed fixed-rate ABS/OLA (ABS/OLA-FR).
Stepping stone to death.

Two initially identical zebrafish motoneurons adopt different fates before their axons arrive at the final target. A new paper suggests that an intermediate target is critical for this choice.
The Cosmic Ray Nucleonic Component: The Invention and Scientific Uses of the Neutron Monitor

The invention of the neutron monitor pile for the study of cosmic-ray intensity-time and energy changes began with the discovery in 1948 that the nucleonic component cascade in the atmosphere had a huge geomagnetic latitude dependence. For example, between 0° and 60° this dependence was a ~ 200–400% effect — depending on altitude — thus opening the opportunity to measure the intensity changes in the arriving cosmic-ray nuclei down to ~ 1–2 GeV nucl−1 for the first time. In these measurements the fast (high energy) neutron intensity was shown to be a surrogate for the nuclear cascade intensity in the atmosphere.
CEQA Promotes Environmental Justice

The environmental justice movement arose out of grassroots resistance to a pervasive pattern of siting the most dangerous, polluting facilities in communities with predominantly low-income residents and minorities. This trend is driven in large part by zoning requirements, low property costs, and the fact that many low-income communities lackthe political clout to effectively oppose these projects.
Oxide field and temperature dependences of gate oxide degradation by substrate hot electron injection

The hot-electron-limited gate oxide reliability is characterized as a function of the oxide electric field and temperature using substrate injection. Industrial oxides (950 degrees C partial steam, 900 degrees C dry, and 850 degrees C dry/wet/dry oxides) were investigated. Extensive measurements of the oxide field and temperature dependence of the charging, discharging, and generation rates from 77 to 373 K have shown that the charging of electron traps is enhanced at lower temperatures and at low fields. Trap generation was suppressed at 77 K. Electron trapping and tunnel emission measurements allow separation of the field- and thermal-stimulated electron detrapping rates at the oxide trap. A new isochronal electric-field-stimulated emission technique was employed to obtain the oxide-trap energy spectrum. The oxide electron traps are distributed in energy with a peak at 0.9 eV and a thermal activation energy of about 0.4 eV for electron detrapping. >
Access control on the Web using proof-carrying authorization

We describe a system for access control on the Web that is based on the ideas of proof-carrying authorization (PCA). Our system is implemented as modules that extend a standard Web server and Web browser to use PCA to control access to Web pages. The Web browser generates proofs mechanically by iteratively fetching proof components until a proof can be constructed. We provide for iterative authorization, by which a server can require a browser to prove a series of challenges. Our implementation includes a series of optimizations, such as speculative proving, and modularizing and caching proofs, and demonstrates that the goals of generality, flexibility, and interoperability are compatible with reasonable performance.
Artificial intelligence approach to determine minimum dose of haemodialysis

Efficiency of haemodialysis in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is determined by calculating adequacy. The adequacy of dialysis and its measurement have been debated over the past 20 years by authorities concerned about how much of this life-sustaining treatment is appropriate for patients with ESRD. Currently, the minimum dose of dialysis (Kt/V) is assessed by computerised calculation of urea kinetics. Although fairly standard, it is still an approximate method due to the various assumptions made in the development of the final parametric model. In this paper, a new algorithm approach is presented for determining Kt/V using generalised regression neural networks (GRNN) and this research has shown it to be very promising.
Sp1 elements in SULT2B1b promoter and 5′-untranslated region of mRNA: Sp1/Sp2 induction and augmentation by histone deacetylase inhibition

The steroid/sterol sulfotransferase gene (SULT2B1) encodes for two isozymes of which one (SULT2B1b) sulfonates cholesterol and is selectively expressed in skin. The human SULT2B1 gene contains neither a TATAAA nor a CCAAT motif upstream of the coding region for SULT2B1b; however, this area is GC-rich. Of five Sp1 elements identified two had regulatory activity utilizing immortalized human keratinocytes: one element is located above the ostensible transcription initiation site, whereas the other is located within the 5′-untranslated region of the SULT2B1b mRNA. Sp1 and Sp2 transcription factors identified by supershift analyses induced reporter gene activity, an effect markedly augmented by histone deacetylase inhibition.
The effects of tryptophol on immune responses and it implications toward trypanosome-induced immunosuppression.

Daily administrations of tryptophol to laboratory rodents resulted in significantly depressed antibody production to heterologous red blood cell challenge, but did not alter cellular-mediated responses to oxazalone. These results suggest that trypanosome-produced tryptophol may account for the immunodepression observed during trypanosomiasis.
A comparison of the Alcohol Dependence Scale and clinical diagnosis of alcohol dependence in male medical outpatients

The Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS) is a brief self-report instrument designed to assess the alcohol dependence syndrome. Although previous studies have reported its validity, it has only been studied in populations who were presenting for assessment or treatment of alcohol problems, and recent studies have shown lower mean scores than would be expected. To assess its utility in a primary medical setting, we retrospectively examined our experience in two groups of medical outpatients: an early intervention group and a group of medically ill alcoholics. We administered the ADS to 61 male veterans being referred to a special clinic for alcohol-related medical problems. Subjects were also assessed for alcohol dependence by experienced clinicians using a DSM-III-R checklist. ADS scores overall were much lower than would be expected, especially in the medically ill alcoholics. When subjects were dichotomized into dependent or nondependent, there was poor agreement between the two methods. The correlation between the scores was significant, however, and lowering the cut-point on the ADS from 13/14 to 2/3 improved agreement. Medically ill alcoholics who are not presenting for assessment or treatment of alcohol problems may either lack insight into their drinking habits or may be reluctant to disclose them. Although conclusions from this study are tentative until more formal studies are done, it may be most prudent to use other instruments, such as the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, in medical outpatients. If the ADS is used, lowering the cut-score to 2/3 may reduce false negatives. Further research on the use of the ADS in different settings and with different populations is clearly needed.
Immunity to sand fly salivary protein LJM11 modulates host response to vector-transmitted leishmania conferring ulcer-free protection.

Leishmania vaccines that protect against needle challenge fail against the potency of a Leishmania-infected sand fly transmission. Here, we demonstrate that intradermal immunization of mice with 500 ng of the sand fly salivary recombinant protein LJM11 (rLJM11) from Lutzomyia longipalpis, in the absence of adjuvant, induces long-lasting immunity that results in ulcer-free protection against Leishmania major delivered by vector bites. This protection is antibody independent and abrogated by depletion of CD4+ T cells. Two weeks after challenge, early induction of IFN-γ specifically to rLJM11 correlates to diminished parasite replication in protected animals. At this time point, Leishmania-specific induction of IFN-γ in these mice is low in comparison with its high level in non-protected controls. We hypothesize that early control of parasites in a T-cell helper type 1 environment induced by immunity to LJM11 permits the slow development of Leishmania-specific immunity in the absence of open ulcers. Leishmania-specific immunity observed 5 weeks after infection in rLJM11-immunized mice shows a twofold increase over controls in the percentage of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells. We propose LJM11 as an immunomodulator that drives an efficient and controlled protective immune response to a sand fly–transmitted Leishmania somewhat mimicking “leishmanization”-induced protective immunity but without its associated lesions.
The roentgenographically abnormal temporomandibular joint.

Abstract The roentgenograms and clinical records of 630 Mayo Clinic patients with abnormal TMJ roentgenograms seen over a period of 9 years were reviewed. Abnormal TMJ roentgenograms were three times more frequent in women than in men. The highest incidence of TMJ abnormalities, in both men and women, was between the ages of 40 and 70 years. The complaint of pain did not necessarily correlate with roentgenographic evidence of bone changes. The condylar articular surface was the first bony surface of the TMJ to show roentgenographic evidence of destructive disease. Of the 222 patients who had bony crepitus, 164 had roentgenographic evidence of bone change. A decreased range of condylar motion was the most frequently reported abnormality in patients whose TMJ roentgenograms showed no evidence of bone alteration. Neoplasms, sialadenitis, scleroderma, and trigeminal neuralgia were responsible for the TMJ abnormality in forty-four of the 630 cases.
An i.r. study of the hydrogen bonding between water and pyridine in deuteriochloroform solution

Abstract The formation of the 1:1 hydrogen bonded complex of water and pyridine in chloroform-d solution at 25°C has been studied by i.r. spectroscopy. The association constant, K, measured from the change in intensity of the bonded OH band at 3320 cm−1, was found to have the value 6.8±1.0 dm3mol−1 at 25°C.
Embryonic expression and function of the chemokine SDF-1 and its receptor, CXCR4.

Directed cell movement is integral to both embryogenesis and hematopoiesis. In the adult, the chemokine family of secreted proteins signals migration of hematopoietic cells through G-coupled chemokine receptors. We detected embryonic expression of chemokine receptor messages by RT-PCR with degenerate primers at embryonic day 7.5 (E7.5) or by RNase protection analyses of E8.5 and E12.5 tissues. In all samples, the message encoding CXCR4 was the predominate chemokine receptor detected, particularly at earlier times (E7.5 and E8.5). Other chemokine receptor messages (CCR1, CCR4, CCR5, CCR2, and CXCR2) were found in E12.5 tissues concordant temporally and spatially with definitive (adult-like) hematopoiesis. Expression of CXCR4 was compared with that of its only known ligand, stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), by in situ hybridization. During organogenesis, these genes have dynamic and complementary expression patterns particularly in the developing neuronal, cardiac, vascular, hematopoietic, and craniofacial systems. Defects in the first four of these systems have been reported in CXCR4- and SDF-1-deficient mice. Our studies suggest new potential mechanisms for some of these defects as well as additional roles beyond the scope of the reported abnormalities. Earlier in development, expression of these genes correlates with migration during gastrulation. Migrating cells (mesoderm and definitive endoderm) contain CXCR4 message while embryonic ectoderm cells express SDF-1. Functional SDF-1 signaling in midgastrula cells as well as E12.5 hematopoietic progenitors was demonstrated by migration assays. Migration occurred with an optimum dose similar to that found for adult hematopoietic cells and was dependent on the presence of SDF-1 in a gradient. This work suggests roles for chemokine signaling in multiple embryogenic events.
Preparing for an art: the employment interview

Abstract Every chemist should become skillful in the art of the employment interview. Successful practice of this art requires particular preparation. The four “R's” lead to confidence in obtaining the position you want.
A catalytic cycle for oxidation of tert-butyl methyl ether by a double C-H activation-group transfer process.

A square-planar, iridium(I) carbene complex is shown to effect atom and group transfer from nitrous oxide and organic azides, releasing the corresponding formate or formimidate and an iridium(I)−dinitrogen adduct. The dinitrogen complex performs C−H activation upon photolysis or thermolysis, regenerating the carbene from tert-butyl methyl ether with loss of H2. Taken together, these reactions represent a net catalytic cycle for C−H functionalization by double C−H activation to generate metal−carbon multiple bonds. Additionally, the unusual group transfer from diazo reagents underscores the unique nature of the reactivity observed for nucleophilic-at-metal carbene complexes.
Some whats, whys and worries of geoengineering

In this paper I discuss the nature of geoengineering, some of its attractions, and some reasons for concern. I claim that there is confusion in the use of the term ‘geoengineering’ that is related to larger concerns about the language in which responses to climate change are discussed. I conclude that despite some reasonable grounds for suspicion, research in areas that involve carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management should go on as part of the general portfolio of climate-related research, competing with the full panoply of other possible responses to climate change.
EVOKED RESPONSE STUDIES OF THE THALAMIC PAIN SYNDROME

Human and animal studies have suggested that the occurrence of thalamic pain (hyperpathia) is not simply a manifestation of a functional deficit in the major lemniscal pathway mediated through the ventral posterior (VP) thalamic nucleus. More effective relief of this pain has occurred following stereotaxic lesions of the centromedianum (CM) than after lesions restricted to VP. Median nerve stimulation has evoked abnormal contralateral somatosensory evoked responses (SER) in patients with lesions of VP. In this study the SERs evoked by contra-lateral stimulation in two patients with thalamic pain secondary to infarction were normal. These results support the hypothesis that thalamic pain can be caused by thalamic lesions sparing VP. The minor change noted in the ipsilateral SER when the abnormal hand was stimulated was consistent with a lesion involving CM or adjacent nonspecific thalamic nuclei.
The Relation between Plasma Na Concentration and Salt Gland Na-K ATPase Content in the Diamondback Terrapin and the Yellow-bellied Sea Snake

The Na−K ATPase activity of the diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys) lachrymal salt gland increased with a rise in Na concentration of the plasma. Considerable dehydration was necessary to obtain maximal stimulation of gland Na−K ATPase and some terrapins kept in sea water for many months may not have fully active glands. No changes occurred in lachrymal gland weight. The salt glands of salt injected or sea water acclimated terrapins (when plasma Na>200 mM), desert iguanas (Dipsosaurus) and sea snakes (Pelamis) contained comparable activities of Na−K ATPase. Sea snakes kept in fresh water for 48 days showed no decrease in salt gland Na−K ATPase activity or in gland weight, even though the plasma Na concentration diminished markedly.
The task composition of offshoring by U.S. multinationals

Les progres recents dans le domaine des technologies de l’information permettent une plus grande fragmentation internationale de la production des biens et des services. Cependant cette fragmentation est difficilement observable. Pour pallier ce manque, plusieurs articles recents se sont bases sur le contenu en tâches des categories socio-professionnelles pour analyser cette fragmentation internationale. Jusqu’a present, la relation entre tâche et fragmentation a ete basee sur l’intuition, plutot que sur l’evidence empirique. Dans cet article, j’utilise une enquete confidentielle au niveau des entreprises pour etablir pour la premiere fois le lien entre fragmentation et tâches. Les resultats montrent que les entreprises multinationales U.S. ont une probabilite plus grande de produire par le biais de leur filiales etrangeres les inputs plus intensifs en tâches routinieres et moins intensifs en tâches relatives a la communication.Classification JEL : F10 ; F21 ; L21.
Verbal communication impairments and cognitive control components in people with schizophrenia

Schizophrenia involves multiple communication impairments, including (a) disorganized speech, or formal thought disorder (FTD); and (b) decreased speech output, or poverty of speech. Both FTD and poverty of speech have been hypothesized to be associated with deficits in executive functioning or cognitive control. The current study examined whether FTD and poverty of speech were differentially associated with two distinct aspects of cognitive control, working memory and controlled retrieval. Compared with control participants (n = 30), people with schizophrenia (n = 47) exhibited poorer performance on both working memory and controlled retrieval tasks. However, only FTD (and not poverty of speech) was associated with poor working memory. In contrast, only poverty of speech (and not FTD) had a significant zero-order association with poor controlled retrieval. At the same time, working memory and controlled retrieval interacted to predict FTD, with the highest amount of FTD associated with both poor working memory and poor controlled retrieval. In contrast, psychometric control tasks were not associated with FTD or poverty of speech. This research suggests that FTD and poverty of speech are differentially associated with deficits in distinct aspects of cognitive control.
What leads to romantic attraction: similarity, reciprocity, security, or beauty? Evidence from a speed-dating study.

ABSTRACT Years of attraction research have established several “principles” of attraction with robust evidence. However, a major limitation of previous attraction studies is that they have almost exclusively relied on well-controlled experiments, which are often criticized for lacking ecological validity. The current research was designed to examine initial attraction in a real-life setting—speed-dating. Social Relations Model analyses demonstrated that initial attraction was a function of the actor, the partner, and the unique dyadic relationship between these two. Meta-analyses showed intriguing sex differences and similarities. Self characteristics better predicted women's attraction than they did for men, whereas partner characteristics predicted men's attraction far better than they did for women. The strongest predictor of attraction for both sexes was partners' physical attractiveness. Finally, there was some support for the reciprocity principle but no evidence for the similarity principle.
Systematic desensitization of racial emotional responses

Abstract In six Caucasian students, systematic desensitization applied to hierarchies of situations involving blacks greatly increased their tolerance of black people. The observations suggest that systematic desensitization may be useful in reducing racial prejudice.
Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity

This book uses historical and interview data to trace the development of Puerto Rican identity in the 20th century. It analyzes how and why Puerto Ricans have maintained a clear sense of distinctiveness in the face of direct and indirect pressures on their identity. After gaining sovereignty over Puerto Rico from Spain in 1898, the United States undertook a sustained campaign to Americanize the island. Despite 50 years of active Americanization and another 40 years of continued United States sovereignty over the island, Puerto Ricans retain a sense of themselves as distinctly and proudly Puerto Rican. This study examines the symbols of Puerto Rican identity, and their use in the complex politics of the island. It shows that identity is dynamic, it is experienced differently by individuals across Puerto Rican society, and that the key symbols of Puerto Rican identity have not remained static over time. Through the study of Puerto Rico, the book investigates and challenges the widely-heard argument that the inevitable result of the export of U.S. mass media and consumer culture throughout the world is the weakening of cultural identities in receiving societies. The book develops the idea that external pressure on collective identity may strengthen that identity rather than, as is often assumed, diminish it.
Un-terminated, low-frequency terminal-behavioral d-q model of three-phase converters

Frequency-domain terminal-behavioral modeling of ac systems is unquestionably attracting more and more interest in engineering practice. New electronic power distribution systems built for airplanes, ships, electric vehicles, data-centers and even homes, dominantly comprise a variety of power electronics converters with very different dynamic characteristics. If their behavior is not examined carefully before system is integrated, instability can become one of the major concerns. This paper addresses low-frequency terminal-behavioral modeling of three-phase converters which dynamics can be captured on-line, in a non-intrusive way, and later decoupled from the source and load in order to get un-terminated model of a particular converter (or a system). A few examples of different converters are given at the end to verify modeling and decoupling procedure with the average and switching models.
A validated tool for gaining insight into clinicians' preventive medicine behaviors and beliefs: the preventive medicine attitudes and activities questionnaire (PMAAQ).

Abstract Objective. This article describes the development, reliability, and validity of the Preventive Medicine Attitudes and Activities Questionnaire (PMAAQ). Method. From 1995 to 2003, the PMAAQ was administered to 353 residents at six primary care residency programs in the United States. Validity was demonstrated in four ways: content validity through an expert panel, calculation of internal consistency reliabilities, demonstration of divergent validity, and external validation using a pre-existent chart review dataset. Stability measures were also calculated. Results. High internal consistency reliabilities among the eight scales were seen (Cronbach's α = 0.74 to 0.98). Divergent validity was demonstrated by low to moderate intercorrelations among scales ( r = −0.23 to 0.54). Significant correlations were seen between several PMAAQ scales and scales created from chart review data. Two-month test–retest correlations ranged from r = 0.56 to 0.87. Results suggest that clinicians' attitudes alone are not directly responsible for behaviors. Conclusion. The PMAAQ can validly and reliably measure residents' prevention behaviors and provide insight into their preventive healthcare attitudes. This survey could be useful in targeting areas for interventions to improve delivery of clinical preventive services, as a means of evaluating the effectiveness of such interventions, or as a quality assurance tool to monitor physician prevention activities.