cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collagen fibril diameter distributions in rabbit anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments: changes with maturation.

This study presents morphometric analyses of the collagen fibril diameters of rabbit anterior cruciate and medial collateral knee ligaments of New Zealand White rabbits (young, age two months and adult, age thirty-six to forty months). Measurements were made from transmission electron micrographs of transverse ligament sections of approximately 50,000x magnification. Statistically significant differences in the mean fibril diameters were found between the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments of the thirty-six to forty month old animals (.069 ± .005, .092 ± .016 mm, p .1). These data support the idea that known differences in fibril distributions of adult rabbit anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments develop with maturation, and may reflect both the cellular environment in which the fibrocytes of these ligaments are subject to, as well as the developmental genetic program of these cell populations.
Editorial: E-Nabled Business: Internet and Web Applications, Their Value for Customers and User Satisfaction in an Internet-Enabled Workplace

T This issue contains three articles that all focus on the Internetand web-enabled business and the workplace, what I call an “E-nabled Business.” While the phenomenon of e-business has gradually started becoming ubiquitous and more deeply-embedded within everyday organizational life, despite the dot.com “meltdown” and the collapse of the Internet sector during the last two years, there is much to learn about Internet and web applications, their value for customers, and user satisfaction in an Internet-enabled workplace. The papers in this issue are quite interesting and relevant because these are precisely the aspects of Internetand webenabled business that they focus upon.
Numerical Study of Rarefied Hypersonic Flow Interacting with a Continuum Jet

An uncoupled Computational Fluid Dynamics-Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (CFD-DSMC) technique is developed and applied to provide solutions for continuum jets interacting with rarefied external flows. The technique is based on a correlation of the appropriate Bird breakdown parameter for a transitional-rarefied condition that defines a surface within which the continuum solution is unaffected by the external flow-jet interaction. The method is applied to two problems to assess and demonstrate its validity; one of a jet interaction in the transitional-rarefied flow regime and the other in the moderately rarefied regime. Results show that the appropriate Bird breakdown surface for uncoupling the continuum and non-continuum solutions is a function of a non-dimensional parameter relating the momentum flux and collisionality between the two interacting flows. The correlation is exploited for the simulation of a jet interaction modeled for an experimental condition in the transitional-rarefied flow regime and the validity of the correlation is demonstrated. The uncoupled technique is also applied to an aerobraking flight condition for the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft with attitude control system jet interaction. Aerodynamic yawing moment coefficients for cases without and with jet interaction at various angles-of-attack were predicted, and results from the present method compare well with values published previously. The flow field and surface properties are analyzed in some detail to describe the mechanism by which the jet interaction affects the aerodynamics.
Targeted next-generation sequencing of endometrial cancer and matched circulating tumor DNA: identification of plasma-based, tumor-associated mutations in early stage patients

There is currently no blood-based marker in routine use for endometrial cancer patients. Such a marker could potentially be used for early detection, but it could also help to track tumor recurrence following hysterectomy. This is important, as extra-vaginal recurrence of endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma is usually incurable. This proof-of-principle study was designed to determine if tumor-associated mutations could be detected in cell-free DNA from the peripheral blood of early and late stage endometrial endometrioid carcinoma patients. Approximately 90% of endometrioid carcinomas have at least one mutation in the genes CTNNB1, KRAS, PTEN, or PIK3CA. Using a custom panel targeting 30 hotspot amplicons in these four genes, next-generation sequencing was performed on cell-free DNA extracted from plasma obtained from a peripheral blood draw at the time of hysterectomy and the matching tumor DNA from 48 patients with endometrioid endometrial carcinomas. At least one mutation in the tumor was detected in 45/48 (94%) of patients. Fifteen of 45 patients (33%) had a mutation in the plasma that matched a mutation in the tumor. These same mutations were not detected in the matched negative control buffy coat. Presence of a plasma mutation was significantly associated with advanced stage at hysterectomy, deep myometrial invasion, lymphatic/vascular invasion, and primary tumor size. Detecting a plasma-based mutation was independent of the amount of cell-free DNA isolated from the plasma. Overall, 18% of early stage patients had a mutation detected in the plasma. These results demonstrate that mutations in genes relevant to endometrial cancer can be identified in the peripheral blood of patients at the time of surgery. Future studies can help to determine the post-operative time course of mutation clearance from the peripheral blood and if mutation re-emergence is predictive of recurrence.
Antibiotics in Emergency General Surgery

Emergency general surgery patients are at risk for a variety of primary or secondary infectious complications. Clinicians must have a balanced approach to antibiotic therapy to ensure successful eradication of infections while minimizing the risk for propagating antibiotic resistance. The purpose of this chapter is to review principles and recent advances for the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections, including diagnosis, antibiotic principles, specific antibiotic agents, approach to antibiotic therapy, drug toxicity, and multidrug resistance.
Origin of Selectivity of a Triazinyl Ligand for Americium(III) over Neodymium(III).

[M(EtBTP)3 ][BPh4 ]3 ⋅3 CH3 CN (M=Nd, Am; EtBTP=2,6-bis(5,6-diethyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)pyridine) have been synthesized from reactions of MCl3 ⋅n H2 O with EtBTP in acetonitrile followed by anion metathesis. Structural analysis reveals that these compounds contain M3+ cations bound by tridentate EtBTP ligands to create a tricapped trigonal prismatic geometry around the metal centers. Collection of high-resolution, single-crystal X-ray diffraction data also allowed reduction in bond lengths esd's, such that a slight contraction of Δ=0.0158(18) A in the Am-N versus Nd-N bond lengths was observed, even though these cations ostensibly have matching ionic radii. Theoretical evaluation revealed enhanced metal-ligand bonding through back donation in the [Am(EtBTP)3 ]3+ complex that is absent in [Nd(EtBTP)3 ]3+ .
Minimizing risk of bias in clinical implant research study design

The field of clinical implant research has been flourishing in recent years. The number of related publications has been on the rise, as has the number of dental journals. However, the information gathered from surveillance studies on the quality of reporting and methodologic quality of published studies is unsettling. An important challenge faced by researchers endeavoring to conduct implant studies is how to factor the differences between implant surfaces and dental surfaces in the study design. Given the considerable experience that has been gained in the research methodology of the study of teeth and periodontal tissues, clinical implant research studies have often been conducted without giving much consideration to the fundamental differences between implants and teeth. This article discusses study design related to implant research in view of these differences. Observational and interventional study design methodology is discussed, and guidelines are provided to inform researchers on how to minimize bias in the design and implementation of these clinical studies when implant-related outcomes are studied.
The MetaCyc database of metabolic pathways and enzymes - a 2019 update.

MetaCyc (MetaCyc.org) is a comprehensive reference database of metabolic pathways and enzymes from all domains of life. It contains 2749 pathways derived from more than 60 000 publications, making it the largest curated collection of metabolic pathways. The data in MetaCyc are evidence-based and richly curated, resulting in an encyclopedic reference tool for metabolism. MetaCyc is also used as a knowledge base for generating thousands of organism-specific Pathway/Genome Databases (PGDBs), which are available in BioCyc.org and other genomic portals. This article provides an update on the developments in MetaCyc during September 2017 to August 2019, up to version 23.1. Some of the topics that received intensive curation during this period include cobamides biosynthesis, sterol metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, carotenoid metabolism, protein glycosylation, antibiotics and cytotoxins biosynthesis, siderophore biosynthesis, bioluminescence, vitamin K metabolism, brominated compound metabolism, plant secondary metabolism and human metabolism. Other additions include modifications to the GlycanBuilder software that enable displaying glycans using symbolic representation, improved graphics and fonts for web displays, improvements in the PathoLogic component of Pathway Tools, and the optional addition of regulatory information to pathway diagrams.
Breast cancer survivorship care plans: what are they covering and how well do they align with national guidelines?

Survivorship care plans (SCPs) provide key information about cancer treatment history and follow-up recommendations. We describe the completeness of breast cancer SCPs and evaluate guideline concordance of follow-up recommendations. We analyzed 149 breast cancer SCPs from two sites, abstracting demographics, cancer/treatment details, surveillance plans, and health promotion advice. SCP recommendations and provided information were compared to American Cancer Society/American Society of Clinical Oncology and National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. SCP information provided in > 90% of the plans included patient age; relevant providers; cancer stage; treatment details; and physical exam, mammogram, and health promotion recommendations. SCP components completed less frequently included post-treatment symptoms/side effects (67%). All SCPs at the community site were uniform but had the potential for oversurveillance if visits occurred every 3 months in years 1–2 or every 6 months in years 3–5 with multiple cancer providers. The academic site recommended three predominant patterns of follow-up: (1) primary care provider every 6–12 months; (2) cancer team every 3–6 months (year 1), every 6–12 months (years 4–5); and (3) alternating oncology providers every 3–6 months (years 1–2) then every 6 months. Compared to guidelines, these patterns recommend under- and oversurveillance at various times. Mammography recommendations showed guideline concordance (annual) for 84%, oversurveillance for 10%, and were incomplete for 6%. SCPs of only 12/79 (15%) women on aromatase inhibitors recommended guideline-concordant bone density testing. SCP content is more complete for demographic and treatment summary information but has follow-up recommendation gaps. Efforts to improve follow-up recommendations are needed.
A Dual Role for the Plasminogen Activator Protease During the Preinflammatory Phase of Primary Pneumonic Plague

Early after inhalation, Yersinia pestis replicates to high numbers in the airways in the absence of disease symptoms or notable inflammatory responses to cause primary pneumonic plague. The plasminogen activator protease (Pla) is a critical Y. pestis virulence factor that is important for early bacterial growth in the lung via an unknown mechanism. In this article, we define a dual role for Pla in the initial stages of pulmonary infection. We show that Pla functions as an adhesin independent of its proteolytic function to suppress early neutrophil influx into the lungs, and that Pla enzymatic activity contributes to bacterial resistance to neutrophil-mediated bacterial killing. Our results suggest that the fate of Y. pestis infection of the lung is decided extremely early during infection and that Pla plays a dual role to tilt the balance in favor of the pathogen.
Agent-based modeling of supply disruptions in the global rare earths market

ABSTRACT Several independent assessments have identified rare earth elements (REEs) as critical materials, notably neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), and dysprosium (Dy) used in permanent magnets. Factors affecting their criticality include expected growth in demand arising from their unique performance-enhancing properties in consumer, energy, and military applications and the supply risk associated with China's dominance in their production. We demonstrate the use of Argonne's Global Critical Materials (GCMat) agent-based model to explore the possible consequences to REE market dynamics of different types of regional supply disruptions including a temporary loss of production, shutdown of capacity, and diversion of supply. Results suggest that supply disruptions may foster earlier and more REE mine starts outside of China, although some of these mines may not be able to sustain operations post disruption. Further, price and associated market responses such as production, capacity, and demand tended to extend beyond the disruption period. Such market impacts in the magnet supply chain could affect the costs and availability of a number of emerging clean energy technology applications such as electric vehicles and wind turbines. In the future, GCMat could be used to evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation strategies — including recycling, conservation, product substitution, and diversification of supplies — on reducing the severity of disruptions in REE markets.
Safety and Health through Integrated, Facilitated Teams (SHIFT): stepped-wedge protocol for prospective, mixed-methods evaluation of the Healthy Workplace Participatory Program.

Healthcare facilities are notorious for occupational health and safety problems. Multi-level interventions are needed to address interacting exposures and their overlapping origins in work organization features. Worker participation in problem identification and resolution is essential. This study evaluates the CPH-NEW Healthy Workplace Participatory Program (HWPP), a Total Worker Health® protocol to develop effective employee teams for worker safety, health, and wellbeing. Six public sector, unionized healthcare facilities are enrolled, in three pairs, matched by agency. The unit of intervention is a workplace health and safety committee, adapted here to a joint labor-management “Design Team” (DT). The DT conducts root cause analyses, prioritizes problems, identifies feasible interventions in light of the constraints and needs of the specific setting, makes business-case presentations to facility leadership, and assists in evaluation. Following a stepped-wedge (cross-over) design, one site in each pair is randomly assigned to “immediate intervention” status, receiving the full coached intervention at baseline; in the “lagged intervention” site, coaching begins about half-way through the study. Program effectiveness and cost-effectiveness outcomes are assessed at both organizational (e.g., workers’ compensation claim and absenteeism rates, perceived management support of safety) and individual levels (e.g., self-rated health, sleep quality, leisure-time exercise). Targeted pre-post analyses will also examine specific outcomes appropriate to the topics selected for intervention. Process evaluation outcomes include fidelity of the HWPP intervention, extent of individual DT member activity, expansion of committee scope to include employee well-being, program obstacles and opportunities in each setting, and sustainability (within the available time frame). This study aims for a quantitative evaluation of the HWPP over a time period long enough to accomplish multiple intervention cycles in each facility. The design seeks to achieve comparable study engagement and data quality between groups. We will also assess whether the HWPP might be further improved to meet the needs of U.S. public sector healthcare institutions. Potential challenges include difficulty in pooling data across study sites if Design Teams select different intervention topics, and follow-up periods too short for change to be observed. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04251429 (retrospectively registered January 29, 2020), protocol version 1.
Does secretory canal architecture determine the sabotage behaviors of insect folivores

Insect folivores on plants protected by secretory canals commonly sever leaf veins or cut trenches before feeding beyond the cuts. Previous studies reported that vein cutting occurs when canals have an arborescent arrangement, whereas trenching is found when canals have a net-like arrangement. However, some danaine species, such as the monarch caterpillar, Danaus plexippus, show both behaviors on the same milkweed plant; early instars cut circular trenches and later instars chew furrows in the leaf midrib. This study tests the hypothesis that milkweed canals differ in arrangement at different scales, thus requiring different behaviors from early and late instars. I compared common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca (Apocynaceae) with prickly lettuce, Lactuca serriola (Asteraceae). Leaves were damaged with standard wounds and the response of the laticifers was compared by measuring latex exudate. With L. serriola, severing either the primary or secondary veins failed to reduce latex emission beyond the cuts. The veins and associated laticifers form an interconnected network; plusiine caterpillars on L. serriola disarm the network with a trench. With A. syriaca, transecting the midrib virtually eliminated distal exudation. However, severing a secondary vein caused only a partial reduction. To decrease exudation beyond secondary veins, milkweed insects need either to sever multiple adjacent veins (as shown by Labidomera clivicollis beetles) or to cut a trench (as in early instar danaine larvae). Thus, in both A. syriaca and L. serriola, herbivore behaviors match the laticifer systems as predicted by the hypothesis that canal architecture has a central role in determining behavior.
A Comparative Analysis of Fleur-de-Lis and Traditional Panniculectomy after Bariatric Surgery

The Fleur-de-Lis panniculectomy (FdL) adds a vertical component to correct complex contour deformities after massive weight loss by addressing supra-umbilical horizontal skin excess which is not addressed with infra-umbilical transverse panniculectomy (TP). We aim to perform a head-to-head comparison of clinical outcomes and patient reported outcomes (PROs) between FdL and TP. A retrospective review of patients ≥18 with a history of bariatric surgery undergoing FdL or TP by a single plastic surgeon between 07/01/2015 and 05/31/2020 was conducted. Surgical site occurrences (SSOs) including surgical site infection (SSI), delayed healing, cellulitis, seroma, hematoma, surgical site occurrences requiring procedural intervention (SSOpi), and a composite of other postoperative outcomes were assessed. In addition, patient satisfaction was analyzed using the Body-Q questionnaire across 12 domains. The analysis included 56 patients; 26 and 30 patients who were treated with FdL and TP, respectively. Cohorts were statistically similar in terms of age, gender, BMI, and co-morbid conditions. The overall complication rate was 50% (FdL n = 14 (53.9%), TP n = 14 (46.7%); p = 0.592). On multivariate analysis, pannus weight was associated with the development of SSO (p = 0.04). FdL incision, however, was not an independent risk factor for adverse outcomes. Absolute improvement in PROs was similar in both cohorts across multiple domains. FdL showed a comparable safety and efficacy profile to TP when performed in post-bariatric surgery patients, with equivalent improvement in PROs across multiple domains. Preoperative weight loss should be encouraged in this population as pannus weight is an independent risk factor for complications. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Critical Reading of the Scientific Literature

Science and technology coexist as fractious siblings in the minds of veterinarians. Technology does all the work; science merely leads us to doubt the value and truth of what we are doing. Technology, on its own, leads us into our natural habits of wizardry. Science, carried to its logical extreme, leads us into paralyzing indecision. Nowhere is this intellectual dualism more evident than in our reading, interpretation, and application of the scientific literature. On the one hand, we can find faults with the best research paper. On the other, practitioners cannot waffle endlessly but must at some point use the information at hand to make a decision.
Impact of Household Location on First-Year Engineering Students' Environmental Awareness and Resistance to Change

Background To prepare engineers for their future roles, responsibilities, and professional demands, undergraduate engineering programs must integrate sustainable design into their curricula. Hence, we need to understand engineering students' awareness, conceptions, and, particularly, their prior knowledge and what shaped it. Purpose This study proposed to examine the impact of their home location on engineering students' environmental awareness and resistance to change. Design/Method We administered two environmental surveys to students in a first-year undergraduate engineering program. First, a macrolevel analysis focused on differences between students from different U.S. regions and international students. Then, to examine differences hypothesized in our environmental awareness model at the zip code-level (students' household location, i.e., location from which they applied to college), we focused on first-year engineering students with Indiana zip codes (n = 1,367). Results Significant differences appeared in environmental awareness and knowledge according to students' household location (U.S. regions and international). As a result, we created a predictive model of the students' environmental knowledge, awareness, attitudes, and resistance to change using a GIS location-based model. Conclusions This study extends the existing literature and provides a starting point for further exploring these relationships with engineering students. Since engineering programs provide different experiences to students, this study cautiously supports the idea that student household location has an impact and should be considered a viable variable. Further work is necessary to study the impact of location-based class projects on the students' awareness and knowledge about sustainability and environmental issues.
Bridging the Gap between Quantitative and Qualitative Accelerated Life Tests

Test planners have long sought the ability to incorporate the results of highly accelerated life testing (HALT) into an early estimate of system reliability. While case studies attest to the effectiveness of HALT in producing reliable products, the capability to translate the test's limited failure data into a meaningful measure of reliability improvement remains elusive. Further, a review of quality and reliability literature indicates that confusion exists over what defines a HALT and how HALT differs from quantitative accelerated life testing methods. Despite many authors making a clear distinction between qualitative and quantitative accelerated life tests, an explanation as to why this delineation exists cannot be found. In this paper, we consider an exemplary HALT composed of a single stressor to show that the HALT philosophy precludes the estimation of a system's hazard rate function parameters because of the test's fix implementation strategy. Four common accelerated failure data analysis methods are highlighted to show their limitations with respect to estimating reliability from HALT data. Finally, a modified accelerated reliability growth test is proposed as a way forward for future research in HALT scenarios to characterize the risk of attaining a reliability requirement and improve parameter estimation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nodular renal blastema, nephroblastomatosis, and Wilms' tumor. Different points on the same disease spectrum?

Abstract A case of nodular renal blastema developing into nephroblastoinatosis is presented. Definitions and histopathology of these entities is given, and it is suggested that they represent a developmental spectrum with natural progression to Wilms' tumor.
Party Discipline and Delegation in Brazil: Does More Discipline Translate into Less Delegation?

Recent scholarship heralds the emergence of programmatic legislative parties in Brazil capable of acting in a disciplined manner and making policy-based appeals to voters. This article uses statutory delegation to test the ability of legislative parties to limit executive policy discretion via direct policy-making. Results show that legislative party discipline exists in the shadow of the executive: the executive’s legislative initiative is the strongest determinant of legislative content. As a result of the executive’s dominance, the relationship between delegation content and inter-branch conflict in Brazil does not follow the patterns found in the U.S. and Europe.
Chapter Seven Apoptosome Assembly

Abstract Apoptosome refers to the multimeric protein complex that mediates activation of an initiator caspase at the onset of apoptosis. This chapter describes the assembly of three related apoptosomes from mammals, fruit flies, and worms. The assembly of the mammalian apoptosome, which is responsible for the activation of caspase‐9, involves Apaf‐1 and requires cytochrome c and ATP/dATP binding. Assembly of the apoptosome in Drosophila melanogaster , which activates caspase‐9 homologue Dronc, involves the Apaf‐1 homologue known as Dark/Hac‐1/Dapaf‐1. In Caenorhabditis elegans , assembly of the CED‐4 apoptosome requires EGL‐1‐mediated dissociation of CED‐9 (a Bcl‐2 homologue) from the CED‐4‐CED‐9 complex and subsequent oligomerization of CED‐4. Recent biochemical and structural investigation revealed insights into the assembly and function of the various apoptosomes.
Oxidation of Nicotinic Acid by a Bacillus Species: Regulation of Nicotinic Acid and 6-Hydroxynicotinic Acid Hydroxylases

The first two enzymes employed by a Bacillus species for the dissimilation of nicotinic acid are coordinately induced. The inducer of the enzymes appears to be 6-hydroxynicotinic acid, the product of the first enzyme in the pathways. Synthesis of the enzymes is repressed by glucose when ammonium is present in the medium, but not when nicotinic acid is the sole nitrogen source. The possible significance of the coordinate induction and unusual repression is discussed.
Nonequilibrium conductivity dynamics in YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/

Summary form only given. High temperature superconductors (HTSC) remain an area of active research in large part due to the incomplete understanding of the electronic properties in both the superconducting and normal states. These materials are also potential candidates for a variety of optoelectronic applications, and thus it is important to understand the nonequilibrium. properties as well. Optical-pump THz-probe experiments measure the evolution of the real and imaginary conductivity, resulting in a direct probe of the recovery of the superconducting state after optical excitation. In previous work, we showed that in optimally doped films, the recovery time for long-range phase-coherent pairing increases with temperature, consistent with the closing of the superconducting gap. For underdoped films, the measured recovery time was temperature independent. Improvements in our films (as determined from low-temperature impurity dominated scattering time) and the signal-to-noise ratio of our experiment have allowed us to look more precisely at the picosecond conductivity dynamics in the superconducting state. The new results allow for more precise determination of the superconducting pair recovery time at fluences that do not destroy the superconductivity. Importantly, we have also observed a frequency dependent lifetime for the imaginary part of the conductivity. Near T/sub c/, the lifetime decreases from 3.7 ps at 1.0 THz to 3.0 ps at 1.5 THz. This maybe associated with the interplay between the quasiparticles and superconducting pairs.
Experiments in artificial psychology: conditioning of asynchronous neutral network models

An asynchronous model for the dynamics of neural networks admits learning behaviors characteristic of classical and operant conditioning provided that appropriate plasticity algorithms are chosen. Stimulus generalization and discrimination can also be observed. Studies of such psychological phenomena are carried out by computer simulation of networks with designated sensory, association, and motor neurons, and the results are compared to those for live subjects. Various prescriptions for plasticity are investigated, including those corresponding to reward, punishment, and unlearning routines. These are characterized by their effect on network stability as quantified by a newly proposed stability measure.
Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of middle Miocene paleosols bearing Kenyapithecus and Victoriapithecus, Nyakach Formation, southwestern Kenya.

Abstract Paleosols in the middle Miocene (15 Ma) Nyakach Formation at Kaimogool, near Sondu, southwestern Kenya have yielded specimens of the early cercopithecoid Victoriapithecus macinnesi and the early kenyapithecine Kenyapithecus africanus , and can be used as evidence for the environmental mosaic occupied by these primates. Five distinct types of paleosols (pedotypes) are recognized in the Nyakach Formation section at Kaimogool South. The most common paleosols are reddish brown, silty calcareous profiles with blocky structure and large root traces (Ratong pedotype) which are interpreted as soils of well-drained, dry bushland or thicket (nyika). Weakly developed paleosols associated with paleochannels (Dhero pedotype) represent wooded grassland early in the ecological succession from streamside flooding. One of these paleosols has yielded a fossil flora of grasses and small-leaved dicots like those of modern semi-arid wooded grassland. Crumb structured, calcareous paleosols with iron-manganese nodules (Yom pedotype) are interpreted to represent seasonally waterlogged, wooded grassland (dambo or vlei). Thick, red clayey, calcareous paleosols with blocky ped structure and large root traces (Tut pedotype) are interpreted as soils of well-drained dry woodland. Other blocky-structured, gray to brown calcareous paleosols with iron-manganese nodules (Chido pedotype) are interpreted as soils of seasonally waterlogged, riparian dry woodland. Fossil soils, plants and gastropods are evidence of an unusually dry (300–500 mm mean annual precipitation) habitat for apes, consisting of a vegetational mosaic dominated by dry woodland, bushland and thickets with few areas of seasonally waterlogged grassland. Fossils of V. macinnesi are rare from Nyakach, but were found in paleosols representative of bushland and thicket habitats (Ratong). Fossils of the ape K. africanus were found within paleosols indicative of dry woodland (Tut). Other paleosol types representative of seasonally dry dambo grassland (Yom), colonizing grassland (Dhero) or riparian woodland (Chido) are also represented, but have not yet produced primate fossils.
In vivo determination of striatal dopamine D2 receptor occupancy in patients treated with olanzapine.

Abstract In vivo studies of dopamine D 2 receptor occupancy with atypical antipsychotics have suggested good clinical efficacy at occupancy rates less than those observed with typical neuroleptics, and few extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), possibly even at high levels of D 2 occupancy. We used [ 123 I]IBZM-SPECT to investigate striatal D 2 receptor occupancy in 10 schizophrenic patients who were treated with both a low (5 mg) and a high dose (20 mg) of the novel antipsychotic olanzapine without concomitant medications. The mean D 2 occupancy at 5 mg was 59.8% (range 33–81%); the mean D 2 occupancy at 20 mg was 82.8% (range 56–97%). Although the D 2 occupancy rates on 5 and 20 mg olanzapine were significantly different ( P 2 receptors at levels approaching those associated with therapeutic response; (2) higher doses produce relatively high levels of D 2 occupancy rates; and (3) EPS are mild even at relatively high levels of D 2 occupancy.
Noise control characteristics of synchrophasing. I - Analytical investigation

In this paper the noise control characteristics of synchrophasing are investigated using a simplified model of an aircraft fuselage. The analysis presented here includes directivity effects of the noise sources and solves in closed form the coupled motion between the interior and exterior acoustic fields and the shell vibrational response. The variation in sound pressure level at various locations inside the shell is studied for various synchrophase angles as well as the shell vibrational response and input power flow in order to uncover the principal mechanisms behind the transmission phenomena.
Field-induced instabilities in a magnetic fluid

The coupling of an external magnetic field with the gradients of temperature and particle concentration in a magnetic fluid leads to a magnetic body force that tends to drive the fluid unstable. Our experiment shows that multiple instabilities can occur in the presence of an oblique magnetic field. The phase diagram for the critical field has been determined, which indicates that these instabilities are induced by the vertical component of the field. However, the multiple unstable states are primarily controlled by the horizontal component. The dynamics include traveling rolls, oscillating waves, and other temporal patterns.
Narrowing substrate specificity in a directly evolved enzyme: the A293D mutant of aspartate aminotransferase

Several mutant Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferases (eAATases) have been characterized in the attempt to evolve or rationally redesign the substrate specificity of eAATase into that of E. coli tyrosine aminotransferase (eTATase). These include HEX (designed), HEX + A293D (design followed by directed evolution), and SRHEPT (directed evolution). The A293D mutation realized from directed evolution of HEX is here imported into the SRHEPT platform by site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in an enzyme (SRHEPT + A293D) with nearly the same ratio of kcat/KmPhe to kcat/KmAsp as that of wild-type eTATase. The A293D substitution is an important specificity determinant; it selectively disfavors interactions with dicarboxylic substrates and inhibitors compared to aromatic ones. Context dependence analysis is generalized to provide quantitative comparisons of a common substitution in two or more different protein scaffolds. High-resolution crystal structures of ligand complexes of HEX + A293D, SRHEPT, and SRHEPT...
Differences in the Perceived Influence of Natural Disasters and Travel Risk on International Travel

Abstract This study explores the socio-demographic and economic differences in the perceived influences of natural disasters and travel risk on international travel. A sample of 354 visitors to South Florida was surveyed as to their perceptions of the influence of natural disasters and travel risk on international travel. A Principal Components Analysis identified two groups of natural disasters, ‘Snow and fire’ and ‘Wind and water’, and two groups of perceived travel risk, ‘Socio-cultural and psychological’ and ‘Physical’. A t-test and series of one-way ANOVA tests revealed significant differences in the perceived influence of individual and grouped natural disasters and travel risks on international travel among respondents with different socio-demographic and economic profiles.
P‐137: Large Area Deposition of a Light Out‐Coupling Layer Stack on Low Cost Soda Lime Glass Substrate

A scalable implementation of a light Out-Coupling Layer Stack (OCLS) on Gen 2 size soda-glass is demonstrated with up to a 2X improvement in green PLED light extraction efficiency. This is a viable and scalable technology and potentially important for next generation high efficacy OLEDs solid state lighting on both rigid as well as temperature sensitive flexible substrate enabling low cost manufacturing and fast commercialization of the technology.
Chronic hypoxia impairs pulmonary venous smooth muscle contraction

Chronic hypoxia increases total pulmonary vascular resistance and causes pulmonary hypertension. Although the effect of chronic hypoxia on pulmonary arterial tissue has been extensively studied, very little is known about the effects on the pulmonary vein. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of chronic hypoxia on pulmonary venous reactivity to several vasoactive agonists and on the venous response to acute hypoxia. Isolated pulmonary venous rings were taken from rats exposed to 2, 7, and 14 days of hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.1). A decrease in the response of the pulmonary vein to KCl was observed after 14 days of hypoxia. The reactivity (maximum active force produced) of the pulmonary vein in response to phenylephrine (PE) was reduced after 7 days of hypoxia. The response of the pulmonary vein to angiotensin II (AII) was more sensitive to the effects of chronic hypoxia since decreased reactivity to angiotensin II occurred after only 2 days of hypoxia. Prolonged hypoxia (14 days) had no further effect on the decreased reactivities to PE and AII. The sensitivities of pulmonary venous muscle to PE and AII were decreased (increased ED50 values) by 2 days of chronic hypoxia, but tended to return to control levels after 7 and 14 days of hypoxia. However, the contractile response of the pulmonary vein to acute hypoxia was not changed even after 14 days of chronic hypoxia. These results suggest that chronic hypoxia: (1) impairs pulmonary venous smooth muscle contractility; (2) reduces pulmonary venous reactivity and sensitivity to phenylephrine and angiotensin II; and (3) does not alter the pulmonary venous contractile response to acute hypoxia.
Folate and Vitamin B12 Status in a Healthy Elderly Population

Folic acid and vitamin B12 nutritional status was examined in a group of 270 healthy elderly individuals using both dietary and biochemical measures. Of these 40 per cent had dietary intakes of folic acid that were less than half the recommended dietary allowance of 400 micrograms/day, and 13 per cent had intakes of less than half the recommended dietary allowance for vitamin B12 (3 micrograms/day). However, only 8 per cent had low plasma folates (less than 3.0 ng/ml) and only 3 per cent had RBC folates less than 140 ng/ml. Plasma true cobalamin levels less than 220 pg/ml were found in 3 per cent. None of these individuals showed any clinical signs of folate and/or vitamin B12 deficiency, and mean corpuscular volumes were not significantly greater than those for the entire population (90.8 +/- 4.1 fl). The correlations of intakes of folic acid and vitamin B12 with plasma or erythrocyte levels were moderate (about 0.5). It was also clear that those taking supplements had significantly greater blood levels than those not taking supplements, although the benefit of higher plasma or erythrocyte levels of these nutrients is not clear. The data indicate that folate and vitamin B12 status in free-living healthy elderly is not a major medical problem.
Investigations concerning polarization in barium titanate ceramics

Considerable information may be obtained concerning polarization in barium titanate ceramics by a careful analysis of hysteresis loops. Mathematically it is shown that both symmetrical and unsymmetrical loops, the latter being characteristic of polarized specimens, can be represented best by a Fourier series. It was found that direct voltage and even harmonic components are present in the unsymmetrical loops. The per-cent second harmonic and the electromechanical coupling coefficient both rise with increasing depolarizing voltage and reach a maximum value at approximately 15,000 volts per cm (centimeter). The measurement of the second harmonic is possible even when the activity is so small that measurement of the coupling coefficient becomes very inaccurate or impossible. The addition of calcium titanate in small percentages markedly raises the coercive force but lowers the spontaneous and remanent polarization in the range from 0 to 80 C (degrees centigrade). However, it does not have marked effect between the latter temperature and the Curie point. It was found from studies of the discharge currents on depolarizing specimens by sudden immersion in hot oil that the polarization observed from the discharge curves is essentially the same as the remanent polarization determined from oscillograms of saturated hysteresis loops.
Effects of grain size from millimeters to nanometers on the flow stress of metals and compounds

The effect of grain size d from millimeters to nanometers on the flow stress σ of metals and compounds is considered. The data for metals indicate three grain regimes: I (d≥1 µm), II (d ≠ 10–1,000 nm), and III (d<∼10 nm). Grain size hardening occurs in I and II and grain size softening occurs in III. The data for compounds suggest similar regimes, but are too limited for positive identification. The physical mechanisms governing each regime are discussed. The data for regime III are in reasonable accord with the mechanism of grain boundary shear proposed by Conrad and Narayan.
Modulation of Expression of Glucose Transporters GLUT3 and GLUT1 by Potassium and N-Methyl-d-aspartate in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Depolarization is known to stimulate neuronal oxidative metabolism. As glucose is the primary fuel for oxidative metabolism in the brain, the entry of glucose into neural cells is a potential control point for any regulatory events in brain metabolism. Therefore, the effects of depolarizing stimuli, high K+ and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), were examined on the functional expression of glucose transporter isoforms GLUT1 and GLUT3 in primary cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Higher levels of glucose transport activity were observed in neurons cultured in 25 mM KCl (K25) compared to those in 5 and 15 mM KCl (K5 and K15). The elevated glucose transport activity correlated with increased levels of GLUT3 protein and, to a lesser extent, GLUT1. Both GLUT3 and GLUT1 were regulated at the level of mRNA expression. Addition of NMDA to K5 and K15 cultures increased both glucose uptake and GLUT3 protein levels, with smaller changes in GLUT1. NMDA effects were not additive with K25 effects. All these changes were observed only with chronic exposure of neurons to high K+ or NMDA; no acute effects on glucose uptake or transporter expression were found. Thus, chronic depolarization of primary cerebellar granule neurons acts as a stimulus for the expression of the neuronal GLUT3 glucose transporter isoform.
Two-step Process for the Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of High Quality AlN Films on Sapphire

Epitaxial AlN films were deposited on (0001) sapphire using a new metalorganic chemical vapor deposition process in which optimal substrate nitridation is combined with modulated ammonia flow and a growth pressure reduction from 150 torr to 40 torr after the first stage of growth. A significant improvement in the full width half maximum (FWHM) of the rocking curves was obtained. The best layers had FWHM of 330 arc sec/650 arc sec for the (0002)/(1012) reflections, respectively.
Deconstructing the master narrative on Tibet: lessons for education

In this article, I touch upon the complex and largely ignored controversy surrounding the Tibet question. Casting a critical eye on the ‘official’ or dominant stature of the Dalai Lama in the West, I examine the socio-cultural construction of the common view of him. Specifically, I explore the question: what social discourses have contributed to the making of the master narrative about Tibet in the USA? I also discuss the ‘Tibet question’ in education and offer some suggestions for educators to consider.
Multiple instantiation and rule mediation in SHRUTI

The SHRUTI model demonstrates how a neurally motivated connectionist architecture can support encoding of complex evidential and relational knowledge and perform rapid inference and decision-making with that knowledge. Key to the successful operation of the SHRUTI system is its encoding of causal rules and its capacity to handle multiple instantiation of relational predicates. We present here a detailed description of the implementation of causal rules and of the manner in which multiple instantiation is achieved within the current SHRUTI architecture. The implementation described here represents an improvement over earlier realizations of similar functionality. In particular, it solves the multiple instantiation problem using a significantly simpler connectionist circuit.
A nonstationary Poisson point process describes the sequence of action potentials over long time scales in lateral-superior-olive auditory neurons

The behavior of lateral-superior-olive (LSO) auditory neurons over large time scales was investigated. Of particular interest was the determination as to whether LSO neurons exhibit the same type of fractal behavior as that observed in primary VIII-nerve auditory neurons. It has been suggested that this fractal behavior, apparent on long time scales, may play a role in optimally coding natural sounds. We found that a nonfractal model, the nonstationary dead-time-modified Poisson point process (DTMP), describes the LSO firing patterns well for time scales greater than a few tens of milliseconds, a region where the specific details of refractoriness are unimportant. The rate is given by the sum of two decaying exponential functions. The process is completely specified by the initial values and time constants of the two exponentials and by the dead-time relation. Specific measures of the firing patterns investigated were the interspike-interval (ISI) histogram, the Fano-factor time curve (FFC), and the serial count correlation coefficient (SCC) with the number of action potentials in successive counting times serving as the random variable. For all the data sets we examined, the latter portion of the recording was well approximated by a single exponential rate function since the initial exponential portion rapidly decreases to a negligible value. Analytical expressions available for the statistics of a DTMP with a single exponential rate function can therefore be used for this portion of the data. Good agreement was obtained among the analytical results, the computer simulation, and the experimental data on time scales where the details of refractoriness are insignificant. For counting times that are sufficiently large, yet much smaller than the largest time constant in the rate function, the Fano factor is directly proportional to the counting time. The nonstationarity may thus mask fractal fluctuations, for which the Fano factor increases as a fractional power (less than unity) of the counting time.