cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Making of American Audiences: Colonial Theater, Privileged Audiences

During the first third of this history, from about 1750 to the 1820s, America underwent major political, social, and cultural transformations that were reflected in theater audiences. In 1750, Colonial America, more than England itself, still was a monarchical society ruled by royal governors and gentry chartered and licensed by the king. The Revolution of course changed this and substituted a bourgeois democratic structure premised on the idea of government serving the people. Commoners challenged the authority of gentry and asserted their right to a voice in their own governance. By the 1820s early industrialization transformed class relations and the nascent working class gathered in urban neighborhoods. Throughout this time audiences were active and exercised sovereignty over performances. But who wielded this power and with what significance changed. Theater audiences continued to be important public gatherings, but the behavior and significance of the gatherings changed. Audience gender changed too, but its significance was as much about class as about gender. In the next three chapters we will detail these changes. Professional theater arrived in the colonies in the 1750s, just as the power of gentry had reached a high point and was about to enter a long process of dismantling. The colonies were a hierarchical society with a specific place for each person in a vertical structure. Relations were governed by a culture of deference, an expectation that each individual would defer to his “betters” and expect the same from his inferiors.
Genetics and Social Justice

This article examines four genetic technologies as they have been articulated as tools for social justice: kinship analysis in postconflict settings, forensic DNA and criminal exoneration, genetic testing and women's health, and golden rice and food security. The cases highlight the potentials and pitfalls of science in the service of justice and the importance of recognizing technologies as hybrid political and scientific tools best implemented within a politics of humility and governed by social actors rather than scientists.
CHAPTER 6 – Regulation of Mo Nitrogenases

Diazotrophic bacteria have access to an essentially unlimited supply of nitrogen in the form of atmospheric dinitrogen gas (N 2 ). The ability to fix N 2 to ammonium (NH 4 + ), which is readily assimilated, is dependent on the bacteria's ability to express effectively, protect, and utilize the enzyme nitrogenase. Nitrogen fixation supplements the requirements for combined nitrogen of these bacteria, and in some cases, provides fixed nitrogen into the metabolic pool of a higher organism through a symbiotic or associative relationship. The ability to use N 2 efficiently as a nitrogen source is often limited by the heavy energy expenditure required for the reduction of the strong triple bond between the N atoms. In the case of the classic Mo-dependent nitrogenase, complete reduction of a single mole of dinitrogen to form 2 moles of NH 4 + requires a minimum input of 16 ATP. Thus most aspects of nitrogen fixation are subject to one or more levels of metabolic and environmental regulation. There are many separate mechanisms controlling transcription and translation of nitrogenase in diazotrophic bacteria. In diazotrophic organisms in the kingdom Archeae, there are many similarities with prokaryotic relatives. The detail of these organisms and the role of nitrogen-sensing proteins in higher organisms are presented.
Korematzu , Hirabayashi , and the Second Monster

In June of 2018 the Supreme Court repudiated its notorious 1944 decision in Korematsu v. United States upholding the mass removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast. While some celebrated its demise and others doubted the Court’s sincerity, nobody paid attention to an equally odious decision that has hidden behind Korematsu: Hirabayashi v. United States. In that 1943 decision the Court unanimously upheld a lesser racial restriction on Japanese Americans, a dusk-to-dawn curfew. Like Korematsu, that decision has never been overruled, but unlike Korematsu, it has never been deeply scrutinized or pervasively condemned. Hirabayashi survives, providing potential cover for all manner of racial rules less burdensome than removal, such as surveillance, identity cards, or house arrest. This essay flushes Hirabayashi from the shadows, revealing it to be just as flawed as Korematsu, considerably more dangerous, and equally deserving of repudiation.
Secondary Gastrointestinal Melanoma of Unknown Origin: A Case Report of a Rare Entity

Metastatic oculocutaneous melanoma is a malignant process most commonly identified in the lungs, bone, gastrointestinal tract (most frequently the liver), and brain. In most cases, the primary oculocutaneous lesion responsible for the metastases is identified. However, in very rare cases, patients present with metastatic lesions with an occult primary site, termed melanoma of unknown primary (MUP), secondary to the partial or complete regression of the primary lesion. We describe the case of an 89-year-old male whose initial diagnosis of achalasia was later identified to be MUP in the cardia of the stomach with protrusion into the esophagus.
Workshops as Boundary Objects for Data Infrastructure Literacy and Design

In this paper, we describe how we used workshops as boundary objects that bridged the dual goals of data infrastructure literacy and design. We organized 11 workshops with community leaders from the Westside neighborhoods in Atlanta. The moments of breakdown that took place at the workshops allowed the participants to critically reflect on the socio-technical complexities of the data infrastructure, which scholars have argued is key to data literacy. Additionally, these moments of breakdown also offered us, as designers, insights we could use to reimagine data infrastructures. We contribute an ethnographic analysis of the workshops we organized, along with a preliminary set of data infrastructure literacy guidelines. In doing so, we invite the DIS community to take up such workshops as a way to continue to design data infrastructures, after design.
An Overview of Mathematical Contributions of Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Al-Kashi [Kashani]

In this paper, we study Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid al-Kashi's (1380-1429 A.D.) main mathematical achievements. We discuss his al-Risala al-muhitiyya ("The Treatise on the Circumference"), Risala al-watar wa'l-jaib ("The Treatise on the Chord and Sine"), and Miftah al-hisab ("The Key of Arithmetic"). In particular, we look at al-Kashi's fundamental theorem, his calculation of pi, and his calculation of sin1°.
The eddy-covariance storage term in air: Consistent community resources improve flux measurement reliability

Abstract In the widely-used eddy-covariance (EC) technique, it is often assumed that the air storage term, i.e. the change of below-turbulence-sensor scalar abundance, is negligible or comprises a small part of net surface-atmosphere exchange (NSAE). Previous studies have demonstrated that this assumption is often violated where non-turbulent processes prevail, and thus it is important to measure and calculate air storage in flux measurements. However, the implementation of air storage measurement and calculation is not ubiquitous as EC standard turbulent flux. In most cases, air storage is not a standard data product or even neglected in EC flux tower measurements. In other cases, air storage term is calculated simply using only the measurements at the tower top. This gap between the ideal initiative and actual implementation motivates us to derive and release one of the first community resources to facilitate the consistent measurement and calculation of EC air storage across sites. These resources include (i) the standardized air storage term measurement setup design at National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) sites; (ii) the development and public release of the eddy4R.stor open-source air storage R-package; (iii) the derivation and public release of storage term data products, measured and calculated consistently across 47 NEON sites; and (iv) exploration the scientific usefulness of these resources through example use cases, specifically the exploration of the bias of the air storage term when different measurement level intensity used and exploration of the air storage term pattern. We expect the consistent air storage measurement and calculation can better serve the overall purpose of the EC technique to provide more reliable measurement of NSAE for the community. This can further benefit the community accurate depiction of the sub-daily to diurnal cycle of surface fluxes in doing carbon cycle flux partitioning, land modeling, and studying ecosystem response to weather extremes.
IMPERSONALITY AND COLLECTIVE QUASI-ORDERINGS

This chapter describes the impersonality and collective quasi-orderings. It is assumed that ( x, i ) stand for being in the position of individual i in social state x. R i will be defined also over such alternatives as ( x, i ), {y,j), when i ψ j . Such a R i , denoted will be called an extended individual ordering. According to person i, x is more just than y if there is a one-to-one transformation from the set of individuals to itself such that he would prefer to be in the position of someone in x rather than in the position of the corresponding person in y, and also would prefer to or be indifferent to, being in the position of each person in x than to be in the position of the corresponding person in y .
The Western Sephardic Diaspora: Ancestral Birthplaces and Displacement, Diaspora Formation and Multiple Homelands

This essay reviews the following works: Jews and Jewish Identities in Latin America: Historical, Cultural, and Literary Perspectives. Edited by Margalit Bejarano, Yaron Harel, Marta Topel, and Margalit Yosifon. Brighton: Academic Studies Press, 2017. Pp. xiv + 411. $129.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781618116482. Sephardic, Jewish, Argentine: Community and National Identity, 1880–1960. By Adriana M. Brodsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2016. Pp. xiv + 281. $20.00 paperback. ISBN: 9780253023032. Contemporary Sephardic and Mizrahi Literature: A Diaspora. Edited by Dario Miccoli. New York: Routledge, 2017. Pp. ix + 163. $150.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781138233836. Narratives from the Sephardic Atlantic: Blood and Faith. By Ronnie Perelis. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2016. Pp. xii + 178. $55.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780253024015. The Lima Inquisition: The Plight of Crypto-Jews in Seventeenth-Century Peru. By Ana E. Schaposchnik. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2015. Pp. xi + 291. $21.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780299313449. The Perils of Living the Good and True Law: Iberian Crypto-Jews in the Shadow of the Inquisition in Colonial Hispanic America. By Matthew D. Warshawsky. Newark, DE: Juan de la Cuesta, 2016. Pp. 176. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781588712769.
Insecticides: A balance of plant protection and environmental stewardship

Abstract About 85%–95% of American households have at least one pesticide. For perspective, this is similar to the percent of households with computer and Internet use in 2015. Pesticides are chemicals designed to kill unwanted plants, plant diseases, insects, and mites. Under the umbrella of pesticides, insecticides and miticides are those designed to specifically kill arthropods. In the United States, about 61% of households have insecticides, which is more than twice the number of households with herbicides. Insecticides are designed to make short-term interventions to reduce populations of pest insects and mites. However, science has not quite perfected the ability to selectively kill individuals of one species living among dozens of other innocuous or beneficial species. Therefore, insecticide applications have consequences for the pests, but can also impact nontarget animals and plants in the community. This chapter will explore the basics of insecticides and their evolution, and the unintended consequences reported from insecticide use. Since this chapter will focus on issues and concerns with the pesticide use in urban landscapes, there will be limited reference to pesticide names. A listing of specific insecticides included here would instantly date the text. There are excellent state and regional resources regularly updated and available online.
From Pawn to Knights: The Changing Role of Women’s Agency in Terrorism?

As terrorist groups became more technologically advanced with their media campaigns, the global audience began to see pictures of women in black burkas pledging allegiance to the so-called Islamic ...
Abstract 4751: Brain and plasma choline compounds altered by cancer and cancer-induced cachexia

Introduction: Cancer-induced cachexia has lethal consequences. Cachexia results in lower tolerance to chemotherapy1. Cachectic patients experience a wide range of symptoms affecting the function of organs such as muscle, liver, brain, and heart, causing significant morbidity 2. An altered choline metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancers. Here, for the first time, we identified changes in brain choline metabolism induced by cachexia-inducing pancreatic cancer xenografts and related these changes to plasma choline levels. Methods: Panc1 or Pa04C cells were implanted in the flank of SCID mice. Snap frozen brains were powdered under liquid nitrogen, weighed, and dual phase extraction was performed3. All 1H MR spectra were acquired on a Bruker Avance III 750 MHz MR spectrometer. Mouse plasma choline was quantified using a fluorometric assay (Choline Assay Kit, BioAssay Systems). Brain and plasma studies were performed with normal mice (n=10), mice with cachexia-inducing Pa04C tumors (n=9) and mice with non cachexia-inducing Panc1 tumors (n=10). Results and Discussion: Cachexia-inducing Pa04C tumors induced significant weight loss in mice compared to Panc1 tumor bearing mice or normal mice3. A significant decrease of brain choline was observed in Pa04C tumor bearing mice compared to control mice as well as Panc1 tumor bearing mice, whereas brain phosphocholine (PC) levels were significantly lower compared to normal mice. Brain glycerophosphocholine (GPC) was significantly lower in both tumor bearing groups compared to normal mice. We observed a significant decrease of plasma choline in Pa04C tumor bearing mice. Plasma choline in Panc1 tumor bearing mice also decreased but not as drastically. The changes in plasma choline levels most likely contributed to the reduction of brain choline, PC and GPC. Reduced plasma choline may represent a risk factor for cancer as choline deficiency is known to result in lymphocyte apoptosis and DNA damage 4 that may compromise the immune response. Normalization of plasma choline using metabolic supplements merits investigation in reducing cancer morbidity and the onset of cachexia. Acknowledgement: This work was supported by NIH R35CA209960 and R01CA193365. References 1. Argiles JM et al., Nature reviews Cancer. 14(11):754-762. 2. Inui A. 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 52(2):72-91. 3. Winnard PT, Jr., et al., Cancer Res. 76(6):1441-1450. 4. da Costa KA, et al., The American journal of clinical nutrition. 84(1):88-94. Citation Format: Santosh K. Bharti, Paul T. Winnard, Raj Kumar Sharma, Marie-France Penet, Balaji Krishnamachary, Zaver M. Bhujwalla. Brain and plasma choline compounds altered by cancer and cancer-induced cachexia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4751.
Heart Transplantation for Giant Cell Myocarditis: A Case Series

Abstract Background Giant cell myocarditis (GCM) has a poor prognosis without heart transplant, but post-transplant survival is unknown. Purpose To describe the post-transplant survival of patients with GCM at a large transplant center. Methods Seven patients underwent heart transplant for histologically confirmed GCM of the explanted heart. The median age was 59 years, and 43% (3 of 7) were female. All patients had cardiogenic shock, multiorgan failure, elevated troponin, and recurrent ventricular tachycardia, and some required mechanical circulatory support. All patients received rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) in the perioperative period at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg daily for 1 to 5 days and 4 received intravenous immunoglobulin 1 g/kg daily for 2 days after rATG. All patients had early initiation of tacrolimus by first to third postoperative day depending on renal function, early mycophenolate, and high dose steroid. All were maintained using tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and prednisone. Results One patient had asymptomatic recurrence of GCM at 3 months, managed by up-titration of tacrolimus, and had asymptomatic 2R cellular rejection at 4 months, managed with steroid bolus. No patient had high-grade rejection. One patient died at 267 days, possibly of GCM. Six of 7 (86%) remain alive at a median of 842 days (2.3 years) post transplant. Conclusions Patients with GCM have excellent post-transplant survival with use of rATG and triple drug immunosuppressive therapy; however, some patients remain at risk for GCM recurrence after transplant, which may respond to augmented immunosuppression.
Abstract IA-023: The role of sirtuins in radiation-induced cardiac dysfunction

Currently there is no way to reliably predict who is at higher or lower risk of cardiac toxicity from radiation, and the critical factors that alter radiation-induced heart disease are not completely clear. The heart produces and uses the most energy of all organs, with >90% of its energy produced via mitochondrial respiration. To maintain this energy output, ~30% of the heart volume is made up of mitochondria in cardiomyocytes. Such a high metabolic rate produces increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which have the potential to cause serious oxidative damage to the heart. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dysmutases (SODs), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase can help to protect against ROS-mediated damage by converting superoxide to hydrogen peroxidase, and then hydrogen peroxide to water. Oxidative stressors, including therapeutic radiation therapy, have been shown to lead to long-term effects on mitochondrial function, as measured by excess formation of ROS including superoxide, mitochondrial-related gene expression, and altered mitochondrial morphology and functions such as mitochondrial respiration, pyruvate metabolism, and ion and lipid transport. While a potential link between aging-related signaling pathways, metabolic homeostasis, and radiation-induced normal tissue damage has recently been suggested, rigorous mechanistic data to support this intriguing idea has been limited. Mitochondrial detoxification pathways, which are dysregulated in normal tissues by radiation, lead to increased ROS levels and the disruption of mitochondrial reparative pathways. SIRT3 is one of three mitochondrial-located sirtuin proteins. SIRT3 is the primary deacetylase of mitochondrial proteins, and its deacetylase activity plays a key role in maintaining mitochondrial energy metabolism equilibrium and defending against cellular damage that occurs with aging. Lysine acetylation is an important post-translational modification that can regulate the function of mitochondrial proteins. The acetylation status of key mitochondrial detoxification proteins, which are Sirt3 deacetylation targets, may be dysregulated in normal tissue following radiation exposure. Loss of SIRT3 can dysregulate mitochondrial detoxification and metabolism, leading to the accumulation of cellular damage. Sirt3 KO mice demonstrate enhanced mitochondrial dysfunction, and Sirt3 KO mice exhibit enhanced doxorubicin- and aortic constriction-induced cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, Sirt3 KO MEFs and livers are more sensitive to radiation and exhibit increased mitochondrial superoxide levels. However, the role of sirtuins in radiation-induced cardiac injury has not been examined. Here we review data on the potential role of sirtuins, and in particular Sirt3, on radiation-induced cardiac function. Citation Format: Carmen Bergom. The role of sirtuins in radiation-induced cardiac dysfunction [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Radiation Science and Medicine; 2021 Mar 2-3. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(8_Suppl):Abstract nr IA-023.
Cost-effectiveness of computed tomography nodal scan in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Abstract Objectives This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of ultrasound (US) only; computed tomography (CT) only; and combined US-CT in a base-case that underwent total thyroidectomy for a newly diagnosed papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) (scenario I) or surgery for recurrent disease (scenario II). Materials and methods Markov chain model was developed comparing the above modalities. Follow-up time was set as 10 years. Costs and probabilities values are obtained from literature and the National Cancer Database. Results Nodal mapping of the central compartment in both primary and recurrent PTC scenarios demonstrated combined utilization of preoperative US and CT is preferred over the use of US or CT separately; the final incurred management cost was [scenario I: U.S.$10,548.25 – scenario II: U.S.$11.197.88] and effectiveness was [scenario I: 6.875 Quality-adjusted-life-year (QALY) – scenario II: 6.871 QALY]. Nodal mapping of the lateral compartments favored US alone as the cost-effective modality in both scenarios; the final incurred management cost was [scenario I: U.S.$10,716.60 – scenario II: U.S.$11,247.92] and effectiveness was [scenario I: 6.879 QALY – scenario II: 6.883 QALY]. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that for combined utilization of US and CT scans to remain cost-effective, the cost of a CT scan should be less than U.S.$1,127.54. Conclusions Based on the model, combined utilization of US and CT is cost-effective in nodal mapping patients with PTC.
Is SARS-CoV-2 infection a risk factor for early pregnancy loss? ACE2 and TMPRSS2 co-expression and persistent replicative infection in primitive trophoblast.

Background SARS-CoV-2 infection in term placenta is relatively rare. However, growing evidence suggests that susceptibility of the human placenta to infection may vary by gestational age and pathogen. For several viral infections, susceptibility appears to be greatest during early gestation. Infections of the peri-implantation placenta that result in pre-clinical pregnancy loss would typically go undetected. Little is known about the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the peri-implantation human placenta since this time in pregnancy can only be modeled in vitro. Methods We used a human embryonic stem cell-derived model of peri-implantation placental development to assess patterns of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 transcription and protein expression in primitive trophoblast. These molecules are involved in SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infection. We then infected the same trophoblast cell model with a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2, and documented infection dynamics. Results ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were transcribed and translated in stem-cell derived trophoblast, with preferential expression in syncytialized cells. These same syncytialized cells supported replicative and persistent infection by SARS-CoV-2, while non-syncytialized trophoblast cells in the same cultures did not. Conclusions Co-expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in early human embryonic stem cell-derived trophoblast and the robust and replicative infection limited to syncytiotrophoblast equivalents support the hypothesis that increased viral susceptibility may be a defining characteristic of primitive trophoblast. Potential implications of these findings for early pregnancy loss deserve further investigation.
A fully automated triiodothyronine uptake assay utilizing a recycling triiodothyronine Antibody-Separating agent on aria II

A 2-min fully automated serum triiodothyronine uptake test using recycling immunoadsorbent methodology and instrumentation is described. The immunoadsorbent is a specific antibody to triiodothyronine covalently attached to a solid support and contained in a Teflon chamber. The clinical serum sample is automatically aspirated, diluted, mixed with radioactive tracer and assayed for triiodothyronine uptake in conjunction with radioactive counting and data reduction. The comparison of values obtained by this method on 124 clinical serum samples to values obtained with a manual kit gave a 98% correlation. The inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation were less than 5% as duplicates and less than 6% as singlet determinations through the hyper-, normal, and hypo-relative thyroid binding globulin capacity ranges.
Ferroelectric microsensors and microactuators

Ferroelectric thin films have been integrated with silicon micromachined structures to form micromechanical pressure sensors and infrared detectors. These devices are based on the piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects in Pb(Zr/sub x/Ti/sub 1-x/)O/sub 3/ and PbTiO/sub 3/ thin films, respectively. Surface-micromachining techniques have been used to form structures which are easily deformable for mechanical force sensing or exhibit a low thermal mass and low thermal conductivity to the substrate for infrared detection applications. The ferroelectric and surface-micromachining technologies presented have been shown to be compatible with a 3- mu m CMOS technology. Both microsensors and microactuators have been fabricated using ferroelectric thin-film technology. Representative examples in this work are a pyroelectric infrared detector array, acoustic pressure sensors, a micromechanical linear positioner, and a piezoelectric microactuator. >
Twelve-Step Programs and Faith-Based Recovery

Abstract This paper draws upon empirical research literature and faith-related provider perspectives on addiction and recovery to address practice and research challenges posed by 12-step and other spiritually oriented treatment approaches. The paper is organized to provide clarification of relevant terminology, review research literature and controversies surrounding the effectiveness of 12-step recovery approaches and other treatment models, present faith-related provider narratives, and discuss the implications of existing research and faith-related treatment ideologies for evidence-based practice.
Electron Microscope Study of Sporulation and Parasporal Crystal Formation in Bacillus thuringiensis

A comprehensive ultrastructural analysis of sporulation and parasporal crystal development is described for Bacillus thuringiensis. The insecticidal crystal of B. thuringiensis is initiated at the start of engulfment and is nearly complete by the time the exosporium forms. The crystal and a heretofore unobserved ovoid inclusion develop without any clear association with the forespore septum, exosporium, or mesosomes. These observations contradict previous hypotheses that the crystal is synthesized on the forespore membrane, exosporium, or mesosomes. Formation of forespore septa involves densely staining, double-membrane-bound, vesicular mesosomes that have a bridged appearance. Forespore engulfment is subpolar and also involves mesosomes. Upon completion of engulfment the following cytoplasmic changes occur: decrease in electron density of the incipient forespore membrane; loss of bridged appearance of incipient forespore membrane; change in stainability of incipient forespore, forespore, and mother cell cytoplasms; and alteration in staining quality of plasma membrane. These changes are involved in the conversion of the incipient forespore into a forespore and reflect “commitment” to sporulation.
FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF ELECTRO-OSMOSIS IN SOILS

A thermodynamic analysis supported by experimental measurements show that electro-osmosis depends fundamentally on the exchange capacity of a soil, water content, and electrolyte concentration of the pore fluid. Electro-osmosis and streaming potential are equivalent phenomena; one can be determined from the other. Guidelines are established for judging the feasibility of electro-osmotic dewatering in soils.
Stochastic Control of Dynamical Systems

While Chapter 7 deals with Markov decision processes, this chapter is concerned with stochastic dynamical systems with the state \({x}^{\varepsilon }(t) \in {\mathbb{R}}^{n}\) and the control \(u(t) \in \Gamma \subset {\mathbb{R}}^{{n}_{1}}\) satisfying
Bulbar and Limb Myorhythmia with “Smooch Sign”: A Distinctive Movement Disorder in an Adult Patient with Reversible Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Associated with an Ovarian Teratoma

Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor encephalitis is a recently described entity (Dalmau et al. 2007, 2008) that may present with a variety of complex movements in addition to other features (Kleinig et al. 2008). The purpose of our presentation of such a patient is twofold: (1) to characterize these complex oculo-oro-linguo-masticatory and limb movements with "smooch sign" as myorhythmia, based on a combined clinical and electrophysiological analysis (Masucci et al. 1984); and (2) to document possibly characteristic EEG evolution in the course of observation in our institution for three weeks from diffuse slowing to evolving rhythmic delta activity, which may represent a pattern of electrographic seizure activity.
From Information Law to Communication Law: Earthquake Safety for Legal Constructions

Information is an abstract term. It focuses on one aspect of all kinds of interaction, the incorporeal influence of one steering system on another. This was a tremendous change of the 20th century in looking at the world, be it under social, philosophical, biological, ethical or other aspects – even some lawyers have seen the puck! Speaking of the “information age,” one may wonder whether the technological evolution or this new consciousness is the leading feature. They are interconnected, of course.Abstraction is a progress and a danger: It is a condition of all intellectual development, but it furthers one-sided views. The “discovery” of information is a danger for the over-enthusiasm it created. Abstracting from context, information became a value by itself and expected to solve all kinds of problems, from democratic control to psychic wellness. However, information can have a positive or a negative value, depending on the viewpoint and the circumstances. Time has come to re-start the value discussion, to become more modest and to bring context back into the picture.All three of these motives lead to the term of communication. Communication is moving information within a relationship. This simple statement asserts a series of qualities of communication, among others: Communication is not a state of mind like information, but a procedure. Communication is “born free” by essence, not only made so by law. Communication is intrinsically normative, referring to a common culture. Communication is personal and exclusively aimed at creating understanding. Communication is based on the history shaping the relationship.My points as a jurist are the following: Whereas information is normatively neutral, communication is a value per se, being the realization of sociality. Each contact, from its very nature as an appeal for exchange of thoughts (“inter-action”), is necessarily governed by rules, which constitute a source of order of immense richness. From the respective expectations of participants we get the legal orientation which the lacking conclusiveness of information does not provide, e.g. as to the borderline of openness and confidentiality. Information law is not an attribution of objects, but a procedural order.A field to discuss this is the freedom of media.
Atmospheric transport during agasp-ii: the alaskan flights (2–10 April 1986)

Abstract Kinematic trajectories were computed on isentropic surfaces, in the upwind direction, to determine the origin of the air masses sampled during the Alaskan phase of AGASP-II (Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program) flights. Gridded wind data from the National Meteorological Center were used to compute the trajectories. Trajectories were computed from the centers of the haze layers and regions of high CN concentration whenever possible. Below 1.5 km, in the presence of large-scale ascending motion, the isentropic surfaces descended to below the lowest level for which temperatures were available. In these situations it was not possible to compute trajectories for more than 2–4 days (1000–2000 km). Otherwise, trajectories were computed for 10 days, at 10-K intervals to the lower stratosphere. The Alaskan AGASP-II flights consisted of research flights to Barrow on 2–3 and 9–10 April, and to over the Beaufort Sea, north of Barter Island, on 8 April 1986. During the 2–3 April flight a major haze event was encountered 900 km northwest of Barrow. In this air mass the measured values of aerosol scattering extinction, and the concentrations of condensation nuclei, aerosol black carbon and SO2 were significantly higher than background in layers from 1 to 5 km. Trajectories arriving at 1.8 and 5 km show the haze to have originated as a polluted air mass over Europe 8 days earlier. On 8 April, while the aircraft sampled over the ice-covered Beaufort Sea, the concentration of haze constituents was found to be significantly less than on the first flight. The trajectories to this region indicate that the air had been over the Arctic Basin and northern Canada for the previous week. On the second flight to Barrow, 9–10 April, concentrations of the pollution constituents had decreased further, and only a shallow layer of elevated aerosol scattering extinction values were observed at 1 km. Trajectory analysis indicates that this haze originated over Europe 2 weeks earlier and found its way to Alaska by way of Svalbard and the Greenland Sea. During the 2–3 April flight trajectories at 290 and 300 K passed over south-central Alaska at about the time of the eruption of the Augustine volcano. An increase in aerosol concentrations and a high value of SO2 immediately below the tropopause over Barrow suggest the presence of volcanic debris. The 290 K trajectory on 8 April also passed downwind of the Augustine volcano while it was erupting, but there was no evidence of debris in that case. Source regions are considered to be at least 1000 km square to be consistent with known uncertainties in trajectory analysis.
A real-time solution for preventive and repair maintenance

A deterministic approach to a single-machine maintenance problem is presented which is solved forward in real-time. The importance of real-time solutions is particularly evident in new manufacturing environments, where fast decisions reflecting the most current information are vital to obtain high utilization of expensive equipment and to avoid bottlenecks in the production process. A sequential decision-making process in introduced. First, the model presented is solved at the initial time when the machine is purchased. Then, each time a breakdown occurs, the model is solved again using the updated breakdown information. The initial solution contains the optimal preventive maintenance policy and the optimal resale time of the machine assuming it remains functional. At each breakdown time, the optimal breakdown-repair policy is obtained indicating whether a repair should be made or whether the broken machine should be junked. If a repair is made, then the optimal preventive maintenance policy and resale time of the machine are derived. It is shown that if a breakdown occurs following the interval in which preventive maintenance is optimally applied, then a repair is not advocated and the machine is junked. In addition, a method for deriving the future expected times of machine failures is presented. Therefore, in addition to the optimal decisions corresponding to the realized behaviour to the machine, optimal policies are derived which consider its future expected performance.
Post-Operative Bilateral Vision Loss

A 41-year-old man presented with acute bilateral loss of vision upon awakening after elective surgery. After thorough evaluation it was determined that he had suffered bilateral posterior ischemic optic neuropathies secondary to hypotension while under general anesthesia. One eye showed significant improvement over the next 4 weeks, whereas the other remained unchanged.
Autonomous programmable DNA nanorobotic devices using DNAzymes

A major challenge in nanoscience is the design of synthetic molecular devices that run autonomously (that is, without externally mediated changes per work-cycle) and are programmable (that is, their behavior can be modified without complete redesign of the device). DNA-based synthetic molecular devices have the advantage of being relatively simple to design and engineer, due to the predictable secondary structure of DNA nanostructures and the well-established biochemistry used to manipulate DNA nanostructures. However, ideally we would like to minimize the use of protein enzymes in the design of a DNA-based synthetic molecular device. We present the design of a class of DNA-based molecular devices using DNAzyme. These DNAzyme-based devices are autonomous, programmable, and further require no protein enzymes. The basic principle involved is inspired by a simple but ingenious molecular device due to Tian et al. [Y. Tian, Y. He, Y. Chen, P. Yin, C. Mao, A DNAzyme that walks processively and autonomously along a one-dimensional track, Angew. Chem. Intl. Ed. 44 (2005) 4355-4358] that used DNAzyme to traverse on a DNA nanostructure, but was not programmable in the sense defined above (it did not execute computations). Our DNAzyme-based designs include (1) a finite state automaton, DNAzyme FSA that executes finite state transitions using DNAzymes, (2) extensions to it including probabilistic automaton and non-deterministic automaton, and (3) its application as a DNAzyme router for programmable routing of nanostructures on a 2D DNA addressable lattice. Furthermore, we give a medical-related application, DNAzyme doctor that provides transduction of nucleic acid expression: it can be programmed to respond to the underexpression or overexpression of various strands of RNA, with a response by the release of an RNA. (The behavior of our nucleic acid transduction devices is similar to those of the prior paper of Benenson [Y. Benenson, B. Gil, U. Ben-Dor, R. Adar, E. Shapiro, An autonomous molecular computer for logical control of gene expression, Nature 429 (2004) 423-429], but ours have the advantage that they operate without the use of any protein enzymes.)
Real-time NMR Kinetic Studies Provide Global and Residue-specific Information on the Non-cooperative Unfolding of the β-Trefoil Protein, Interleukin-1β

The interleukin-1β (IL-1β) structural motif is a β-trefoil super fold created by six two-stranded β-hairpins. Turns are thus particularly important in creating the topology and the arrangement of β-strands in this structural motif. In contrast to the signals observed in optical studies, real-time NMR kinetic investigations of the denaturant-induced unfolding of interleukin-1β provide direct, global, and residue-specific information on the structural nature of the unfolding reaction. Heterogeneity in the individual amino acid residue kinetics reveals a rugged unfolding landscape. The relative kinetic stability of native-like turns supports low temperature molecular dynamics predictions of turn-controlled unfolding.
Cell Division in Gonyaulax catenella, A Marine Catenate Dinoflagellate*

SYNOPSIS Mitosis and cytokinesis are described and illustrated for the first time in the mesokaryotic, catenate dinoflagellate Gonyaulax catenella. A structure similar to the central body of G. tamarensis and G. monilata is shown by light and electron microscopy to be situated intranuclearly near the arms of the U-shaped interphase nucleus, and is suggested to function in the segregation of daughter chromosomes. This structure has the fine structure of a nucleolus, and it is suggested that the term central body be replaced by persistent nucleolus (= endosome). The time required for the completion of mitosis is 4–6 hr, while cytokinesis requires at least 2 hr. Cytokinesis begins during the mitotic cycle, and the plane of fission is perpendicular to the mitotic plane of division. Parental fission moieties are retained and shared by the daughter cells while either a new antero-sinistral moiety or a posterodextral moiety is synthesized by the dividing cell.
The temperature dependence of the photoconductivity of n-type a-Si:H and the effect of staebler-wronski defects

Abstract The large rise of the steady state photoconductivity σ p of n-type hydrogenated amorphous silicon ( a -Si:H) between 80 and 150K was studied as a function of dangling bond defect density. The temperature dependence of the recombination life time was measured both with constant light and at fixed quasi Fermi level. We conclude that recombination proceeds from traps to defect states. σ p ( T ) is dominated by activation of free carriers from the pool of trapped carriers.
Cluster designation 5 staining of normal and non-lymphoid neoplastic skin.

Background: Immunohistochemical staining for cluster designation 5 (CD5) has been found to label a variety of non-lymphoid tumors. Methods: A variety of eccrine, apocrine, follicular, epithelial, and pagetoid lesions were selected and stained with an anti-CD5 monoclonal antibody (Novocastra Labs, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, clone 4C7) by immunohistochemistry. The intensity of positive cytoplasmic staining was graded semiquantitatively (1+ weak staining, 2+ strong staining). Additionally, the percentage of positive lesional cells was placed in one of four categories: >75%, 25–75%, 1–25%, and <1%. Results: Within normal skin, CD5 labeled lymphocytes, apocrine glands, deep dermal eccrine glands, and smooth muscle (weak). The majority of benign and malignant apocrine lesions demonstrated strong focal (36%, n = 11)-to-diffuse (64%, n = 16) staining. In contrast, labeling of benign eccrine tumors was more focal, tending to localize around ducts (79%, n = 19). Microcystic adnexal carcinoma demonstrated focal staining of deeper ductal structures (71%, n = 7), whereas desmoplastic trichoepithelioma and basal cell carcinoma showed only rare positive cells. All cases of mammary (n = 7) and extramammary (n = 8) Paget's disease labeled diffusely for CD5. Pagetoid Bowen's disease (n = 6), intraepidermal sebaceous carcinoma (n = 3), nor melanoma in situ (n = 6) showed any CD5 staining. Conclusions: Immunohistochemical staining for CD5 is extremely useful in the differential diagnosis of pagetoid epidermal lesions and will mark mammary and extramammary Paget's disease, but not pagetoid Bowen's disease, melanoma in situ, or sebaceous carcinoma.
Engineer of 2020 outcomes and the student experience

An NSF Scholarships in STEM (S-STEM) program has provided scholarships for cohorts of undergraduate engineering students since 2009, giving specific attention to the National Academy of Engineering's vision for the engineer of 2020 (E2020). Four E2020 outcomes are emphasized in Iowa State's program: leadership, global awareness and understanding, systems thinking, and innovation and entrepreneurship. These outcomes, or pillars, are being integrated into curricular and co-curricular activities. The four pillar areas are introduced in a one-semester first-year seminar and reinforced in a two-semester second-year seminar. These seminars supplement the regular program of study for engineering students. In this paper, we describe the curriculum and its planned integration beyond the scholarship program. We present student feedback about their experience in the program. We also introduce relevant core competencies associated with the outcomes as judged by faculty and industry representatives.
Making scientific data sets easier to find, access, and use

Over the years, a tremendous challenge has developed in the Earth and atmospheric sciences: that of managing and searching increasingly large volumes of data collected over relatively short time periods across multiple disciplines and from multiple platforms. Significant resources have been spent often on activities that are program- or project-specific, which has resulted in many different standards, conventions, approaches, and tools for data documentation and management. However, it is still difficult to make data truly interoperable across the breadth and depth of the Earth and atmospheric sciences. Indeed, a key issue identified by scientists and technologists alike is the ability to use data (and its descriptive metadata), as described by different vocabularies, in a transparent, discipline-independent, and scientifically valid way. With the proliferation of vocabularies specific to individual projects, data repositories, domains, and even individual scientists, finding and using data has become a manual and often labor-intensive task.
Oscillating anisotropies in a bacteriochlorophyll protein: Evidence for quantum beating between exciton levels

Abstract Optical anisotropies of bacteriochlorophyll a Qy electronic transitions in Fenna-Matthews-Olson trimers from the green photosynthetic bacterium Chlorobium tepidum eshibit strong oscillations with ∼ 220 fs period for certain wavelengths in one-color absorption difference experiments. The oscillations in the polarized pump-probe signals Δ A∥(t), Δ A⊥] (t) have opposite phase, and they nearly cancel in the isotropic signals. This combined with the fact that they only appear when the laserpulse spectrum overlaps both the lowest-energy groups of excitation levels clustered near 815 and 825 nm, suggests that the oscillations stem from quantum beating between exciton levels, rather than coherent from nuclear motion. In some cases, the anisotropy r(t) exhibits values > 0.4 at times well beyond the laser autocorrelation function.
Experimental study of 802.11 based networking for vehicular management and safety

This paper focuses on the experimental aspect of short range communication between a moving vehicle and a stationary receiver. The accumulated measurements of signal to noise ratio fit a single line of site model rather well with the implication that the communications channel will function best as the distance between the radios is reduced. However, measurements of both bandwidth and packet loss suggest that when the vehicle passes nearby the stationary receiver at approximately the planned speeds (10 or 20 MPH) that the communication channel throughput is reduced.