cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
4-Hydroxypyridine-2,6-dicarboxylatodioxovanadate(V) complexes: Solid state and aqueous chemistry

The aqueous solution and solid state properties of (4-hydroxypyridine-2,6-dicarboxylato)dioxovanadate(V) (also referred to as (4-hydroxydipicolinato)dioxovanadate(V) or (chelidamato)dioxovanadate(V) and abbreviated [VO2(dipic-OH)]-) were investigated. By using 1H, 13C, 17O, and 51V NMR 1D and 2D spectroscopy, the species present in solution, together with pKa values, equilibrium constants, and labilities, were characterized. The complex is most stable at acidic pH down to pH 1 where it is protonated. The stability of this complex is higher than that of the parent dipicolinatodioxovanadate(V) complex. The dipic-OH ligand is coordinated in a tridentate manner throughout the pH range studied, and the vanadium(V) atom is five-coordinate. Solid state structures of (NMe4)[VO2(dipic-OH)]·H2O (monoclinic, P21/n) and Na[VO2(dipic-OH)]·2H2O (triclinic, P1) were determined. The discrete complex anions in (NMe4)[VO2(dipic-OH)]·H2O are connected by hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl group, a water molecule, and a ...
Prostatic involvement by urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: clinicopathological features and outcome after radical cystectomy.

OBJECTIVES To review the long-term outcome of prostatic involvement in patients with bladder cancer (BC) treated with radical cystectomy (RC), as urothelial carcinoma (UC) involving the prostate occurs in such patients, and prostatic invasion by UC is by transmural invasion (contiguous), or when UC develops from the epithelium of the prostatic urethra (not contiguous). PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 1992 and 2006, 351 men had RC for BC by one surgeon at our centre; they were stratified into those with contiguous or non-contiguous disease, based on prostatic stromal involvement. Relevant clinical and pathological data were collected and the survival analysed. RESULTS In all, 24% (78/320) of the patients who had RC had prostatic involvement; 29 (9%) and 49 (15%) had contiguous and non-contiguous involvement, respectively. In the non-contiguous group, there was stromal and non-stromal UC involvement in 18 (37%) and 31 (63%), respectively. The overall 5-year survival of contiguous, non-contiguous and no prostatic involvement was 6%, 57% and 66% (P < 0.001). The 5-year overall survival of stromal and non-stromal UC was 26% and 74% (P = 0.008). There was no statistical difference in survival between contiguous and non-contiguous stromal involvement (P = 0.58). CONCLUSIONS Prostatic UC with no stromal involvement did not alter the survival predicted by the primary bladder stage. Stromal involvement of the prostate has a poor prognosis regardless of the mode of invasion.
Dermatologic drugs, pregnancy, and lactation : A conservative guide

No database for determination of precise risk of drug use during pregnancy and lactation is available. There are, however, educated opinions concerning the advisability of use of a drug during the childbearing years from manufacturers, the Food and Drug Administration, various teratologists, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the World Health Organization. Not all medications are absolutely contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation. Some drugs have been extensively used without apparent adverse effects in the mother or infant. When it is necessary to select a medication for use during pregnancy or lactation, the medication should have minimal risk. This article summarizes dermatologic drugs whose known risk is low. Arch Dermatol. 1997;133:894-898
Observation of nonlinear propagation of spin-entropy wave in superfluid 3He.

The propagation of a spin-entropy wave in superfluid {sup 3}He-{ital A}{sub 1} was observed in a cylindrical chamber with the magnetic field applied perpendicular to the chamber axis. A strong nonlinear response was observed as a function of drive amplitude. When the drive is relatively small, the resonant response is hysteretic and is dependent on the direction of frequency sweep through the resonance. When the drive is increased to a sufficiently large value, the response reverts to nearly linear dependence. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Pedal trajectory alters maximal single-leg cycling power.

ABSTRACT MARTIN, J. C., S. M. LAMB, and N. A. T. BROWN. Pedal trajectory alters maximal single-leg cycling power. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 34, No. 8, pp. 1332–1336, 2002. Muscular power produced during in vitro cyclic contraction has been reported to vary with muscle-length trajectory. The purpose of this study was to determine whether maximal human single-leg cycling power could be similarly altered by manipulating pedal trajectory. Seven trained cyclists performed maximal single-leg cycle ergometry. Pedal trajectory was manipulated by repositioning the ergometer drive sprocket off-center with respect to the crank axle, such that the leg-extension phase occupied 42, 50, or 58% of the cycle time (LEP42, LEP50, and LEP58, respectively). Maximum instantaneous power was 12% greater for LEP58 (1984 ± 143 W) than LEP50 (1838 ± 126 W), which was 8% greater than that for LEP42 (1645 ± 112 W). Maximum power, averaged over a complete revolution of the crank, was 4% greater for LEP58 (636 ± 59 W) than for LEP50 (613 ± 53 W), which was 18% greater than that for LEP42 (520 ± 43 W). These findings, paralleling those for an in vitro model, confirmed our hypothesis that maximal single-leg cycling power could be altered by manipulating pedal trajectory. Alterations in power were likely due to concomitant effects of muscle-shortening velocity, muscle excitation, and biomechanical constraints. Additional research is needed to determine whether greater leg-extension phase ratios can elicit further increases in power and whether similar results can be obtained during bilateral cycling.
The use of modern chromium accumulations to determine estuarine sedimentation rates

Abstract In an attempt to estimate the sedimentation rate and effect of chromium pollution in the Great Bay estuary of New Hampshire, a series of cores were taken and analyzed for chromium content, size fractions, and combustible matter. These values were correlated to distinguish between natural and artificial or enhanced levels of chromium. The results indicate that chromium is accumulating in higher than natural levels at least in the upper reaches of the estuary and may be used as an indicator species to estimate sedimentation rates.
Semianalytical structural sensitivity formulation in boundary elements

Developpement d'une methode semi-analytique, qui combine la differenciation implicite des equations integrales frontieres discretisees et une perturbation a une variable. Etude de milieux continus a symetrie axiale et elastiques plans 2D incluant des forces de volume de type gravite et centrifuge. L'integration numerique d'une nouvelle classe de noyaux de sensibilite des solutions fondamentales est evitee, et la mise en œuvre est facile. Presentation de resultats numeriques pour l'etude de l'effet des perturbations dans les variables du modele
Glomerular disease and lung transplantation

Three patients with lung or heart/lung transplants developed nephrotic-range proteinuria 2 to 5 years posttransplantation. Kidney biopsy showed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in two patients and probable focal sclerosis in the third. A retrospective review of postmortem kidney specimens from 18 lung transplant recipients who died did not indicate additional cases of glomerular disease. The three patients with glomerular disease after lung transplantation had very few clinical similarities other than nephrotic-range proteinuria and lung transplantation. Their underlying lung diseases were different, and their posttransplantation courses were very different in terms of pulmonary function, cyclosporine nephrotoxicity, and other complications. We did not find in the literature previous reports of de novo focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or other glomerular lesions after lung transplantation. We suspect that additional cases will be identified in the future.
Proton-Proton Scattering at 68 Mev

Differential cross sections have been measured for the scattering of 68.3-Mev protons by hydrogen gas at 26 laboratory angles from 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 50\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The angular resolution is \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\textonehalf{}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} at small angles, and the estimated absolute probable errors are \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9% except at the smallest angles. The interference minimum of 5.19 millibarns occurs at 16.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} c.m. The cross section then rises to a maximum of 6.33 mb at 34\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and falls to 6.16 mb at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}.
Micro and nano layered polymers

The crazing behavior of coextruded microlayer sheets consisting of alternating layers of polycarbonate (PC) and styreneacrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) was investigated as a function of PC and SAN layer thicknesses. In this study, the total sheet thickness remained essentially constant and the PC and SAN layer thicknesses were changed by varying both the total number of layers from 49 to 1857 and the PC/SAN volume ratio.[1,2] Photographs of the deformation processes were obtained when microspecimens were deformed under an optical microscope. Three different types of crazing behavior were identified: single crazes randomly distributed in the SAN layers, doublets consisting of two aligned crazes in neighboring SAN layers, and craze arrays with many aligned crazes in neighboring SAN layers. The transition from single crazes to doublets was observed when the PC layer thickness was decreased to 6 microns. Craze array development was prevalent in composites with PC layer thickness less than 1.3 microns. It was concluded that SAN layer thickness was not a factor in formation of arrays and doublets; formation of craze doublets and craze arrays was dependent only upon PC layer thickness.
Development of a PCR-based marker utilizing a deletion mutation in the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) gene responsible for the lack of anthocyanin production in yellow onions ( Allium cepa )

Bulb color in onions (Allium cepa) is an important trait, but the mechanism of color inheritance is poorly understood at the molecular level. A previous study showed that inactivation of the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) gene at the transcriptional level resulted in a lack of anthocyanin production in yellow onions. The objectives of the present study were the identification of the critical mutations in the DFR gene (DFR-A) and the development of a PCR-based marker for allelic selection. We report the isolation of two additional DFR homologs (DFR-B and DFR-C). No unique sequences were identified in either DFR homolog, even in the untranslated region (UTR). Both genes shared more than 95% nucleotide sequence identity with the DFR-A gene. To obtain a unique sequence from each gene, we isolated the promoter regions. Sequences of the DFR-A and DFR-B promoters differed completely from one another, except for an approximately 100-bp sequence adjacent to the 5′UTR. It was possible to specifically amplify only the DFR-A gene using primers designed to anneal to the unique promoter region. The sequences of yellow and red DFR-A alleles were the same except for a single base-pair change in the promoter and an approximately 800-bp deletion within the 3′ region of the yellow DFR-A allele. This deletion was used to develop a co-dominant PCR-based marker that segregated perfectly with color phenotypes in the F2 population. These results indicate that a deletion mutation in the yellow DFR-A gene results in the lack of anthocyanin production in yellow onions.
The Timing of Split-Ticket Voting Decisions in Mixed Systems: Evidence from South Korea

Abstract Although two-vote mixed legislative systems have proliferated globally, the factors contributing to split-ticketing in these cases remains poorly understood. Using survey data regarding South Korea's 2008 National Assembly election, this article addresses two questions: Is ticket-splitting in two-vote legislative systems influenced by the timing of one's vote decision and are late deciders more or less rational in their decision to ticket-split than early deciders? Empirical analysis finds that split-ticket voting under various specifications is more likely to be carried out by late deciders. Among split-ticket voters, however, late deciders are more likely to irrationally split their vote.
Sintering of two particles by surface and grain boundary diffusion – a three-dimensional model and a numerical study

Abstract We outline a model for the sintering of two particles in 3D by surface and grain boundary diffusion, showing the effect of the joining conditions, using a simple formula for grain boundary diffusion. Using centerwise shifts, we implicitly take account of grain boundary migration. We show that whether an evolution will reach an equilibrium state or a quasi-equilibrium state and the kind of equilibrium depends on the joining conditions. The method of lines is used successfully in the computation to exhibit realistic solutions. The model and the computation could be used to simulate the sintering of a cluster of particles by “patching”.
The effect of modified jazz dance on balance, cognition, and mood in older adults.

Purpose:Thepurposeofthispilotstudywastoevaluatetheimpactofjazzdance class instruction on balance, cognition, and mood (specifically depression) in 13 healthy, community-dwelling, English-speaking older women with a mean age of 68. Data sources: Data were collected using self-report questionnaires (Folstein Mini Mental Status Examination [MMSE] and Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS]), and the sensory organization test (SOT) for balance measurements (using the NeuroCom Smart Balance Master) was performed at three time periods in the study: time 1: between week 1 and week 2 of jazz class (baseline), time 2:betweenweek8andweek9ofjazzclass(midpoint),and time 3:afterweek 15 of jazz class (final measurement). Conclusions: Differences in mean MMSE and GDS scores over time were not significant; however, SOT scores showed an increasing trend (p < .001). Data analysis using analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that balance measures improved throughout the duration of the study (F2,10 = 19.68, p < .001). Post hoc analyses using paired t tests with a Bonferroni correction indicated that significant increases in balance occurred from time 1 to time 2 and from time 2 to time 3. These preliminary pilot study findings suggest that jazz dance does not impact cognition or mood but may improve balance in older women. Thisfinding may have significant implications for fall prevention in the postmenopausal population. Implications for practice: Because falls are a leading cause of morbidity and mortalityinolderadultsofbothgenders,researchisneededtoevaluateboththe impact of jazz dance on balance in older men and jazz dance as a fall prevention strategy inagingadults.Additionally,longitudinal researchwithalargersample size is needed to test the effectiveness of jazz dance as a strategy for improving balance, cognition, and mood.
Anatomy of a porphyroblastic schist: Alkali-silica reactivity

Abstract Concrete made with quartz-bearing, metamorphically deformed rock as aggregate may expand due to alkali-silica reaction. A deformed metamorphic rock is commonly composed of coarser-grained porphyroblasts and finer-grained matrix. Current petrographic practise is to measure the deviation of the angle of undulatory extinction in quartz to predict the degree of potential reactivity, presuming that the quartz grains measured are in fact those which participate in the alkali-silica reaction. The porphyroblast and matrix components of a quartz-rich porphyroblast schist are separated using electromagnetic and heavy liquid techniques. The separate obtained consist of porphyroblast quartz with and without significant subgrained mantles (two samples), quartz-mica-chlorite matrix (two samples) and feldspar-quartz matrix (one sample). Miniature mortar bars are molded using 300–600-μm-sized grains and placed in an autoclave filled with 1N NaOH to induce alkali-silica reaction. Changes in length indicate that the feldspar-dominated fraction expanded the least and the matrix quartz and the porphyroblast quartz fraction with significant subgrained mantles expanded the most, strongly suggesting that the fine-grained subgrain matrix and porphyroblastic mantle are the reactive component. This calls into question the usefullness of determining the deviation of the undulatory extinction angle for determinining the potential alkali-silica reactivity of a rock. It is suggested that determining the proportion of subgrained quartz within a deformed rock to be used as aggregate is more valuable for predicting the potential for alkali-silica reactivity.
Applications of functional integrals to wave propagation problems

A functional integral approach to solution of a class of evolution equations is described. This is done by introducing the Feynman-Kac formula. Then selected applications to quantum mechanical and classical wave propagation problems are presented. A connection with the nonlinear filtering theory is also discussed.
Seminal infection with Ralstonia picketti and cytolysosomal spermophagy in a previously fertile man.

Abstract Objective To determine the origin of large plaque-like cellular and acellular masses of debris found in the semen of a patient with otherwise normal semen quality and secondary infertility. Design A prospective case study. Setting Academic andrology laboratory. Patient(s) Secondary infertility patient presenting for routine semen evaluation. Intervention(s) Following diagnosis of a seminal infection, the patient was treated with an antibiotic. Main outcome measure(s) Semen quality parameters, semen culture, and electron microscopy identification of cytolysosomal spermophagy. Result(s) Semen culture identified a rare infection with Ralstonia picketti and electron microscopy showed massive neutrophil and cytolysosomal spermophagy. Both were eliminated after antibiotic therapy. Conclusion(s) This case study documents a rare infection of the reproductive tract with Ralstonia picketti . Analysis of large seminal masses determined their origin to be primarily from acellular cytolysosomes. The presence of such masses in semen should be further evaluated, including semen culture.
A Numerical Study of Atmospheric Density Current Motion Including the Effects of Condensation

Abstract A new form of the density current speed equation is presented which uses the surface pressure rise to predict the speed of the current front. This allows the speed prediction to be made with only surface measured quantities. This form of the equation is tested on gust front observations and numerical density current simulations and found to give good results. A simple, moist numerical model is used to simulate dry density currents and moist currents which produce an arc/rop cloud. The numerical results provide information on the lifting associated with density current passage and the forced updraft velocities at the front, and also show that use of the pressure form of the density current speed equation is especially important when condensation is occurring above the density current.
Multiphoton ionization and photodissociation of (NO)mArn clusters

Picosecond multiphoton ionization of (NO)mArn clusters produced in a supersonic expansion of NO/Ar gas mixtures has been studied using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Two-photon ionization with 266 nm photons show that dilute gas mixtures (1% NO/Ar) yield clusters limited to m≤7, but with as many as 37 argon atoms. Magic numbers are observed for NO+Ar12, NO+Ar18, (NO) 2 + Ar17, NO+Ar22, and (NO) 2 + Ar21 and are understood in terms of solvation of the NO+ and (NO) 2 + by argon in icosahedral arrangements.
“If You Weren’t Researching Me and a Friend . . . ” The Mobius of Friendship and Mentorship as Methodological Approaches to Qualitative Research

This article explores the affordances and risks of practicing friendship and mentorship as methodological approaches in two qualitative studies: (a) the mentor’s study in a diverse 9th grade classr...
Policy and research issues for small assisted living facilities.

Abstract Dramatic growth in Assisted Living (AL) has resulted in increasing research and policy interest. This analysis compares smaller and larger AL facilities in four states to determine whether extant measures of four key concepts, used to distinguish the AL sector, give advantage to larger facilities. Quantitative comparisons predominantly show differences favorable to larger facilities; qualitative information raises the prospect that current measures overlook beneficial aspects of smaller facilities. If small facilities are included under the AL banner, both policy provisions and quality assessment must be carefully crafted to avoid placing small homes in funding and oversight jeopardy as AL develops.
A narrow-band peak-clipping speech amplifier

Overcrowded conditions within the radiotelephone portions of the lower-frequency amateur radio bands often make communication with low signal levels impossible because of interfering signals or noise. A design is presented, based on an analysis of the human voice, of a narrow-bandwidth high-intelligence speech amplifier for amateur and possible general use.
Suboptimal multiuser detector for frequency-selective Rayleigh fading synchronous CDMA channels

Proposes a suboptimal low-complexity multiuser receiver for synchronous CDMA frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. In contrast to the conventional RAKE receiver, which suffers from near-far effects due to channel fading, the proposed multiuser receiver is shown to alleviate the near-far problem while preserving multipath diversity gain. This is demonstrated by comparing the symbol error probability and asymptotic multiuser efficiency of the proposed multiuser detector and RAKE receiver. >
Individual differences in behavioral estimates of cochlear nonlinearities.

Psychophysical methods provide a mechanism to infer the characteristics of basilar membrane responses in humans that cannot be directly measured. Because these behavioral measures are indirect, the interpretation of results depends on several underlying assumptions. Ongoing uncertainty about the suitability of these assumptions and the most appropriate measurement and compression estimation procedures, and unanswered questions regarding the effects of cochlear hearing loss and age on basilar membrane nonlinearities, motivated this experiment. Here, estimates of cochlear nonlinearities using temporal masking curves (TMCs) were obtained in a large sample of adults of various ages whose hearing ranged from normal to moderate cochlear hearing loss (Experiment 1). A wide range of compression slopes was observed, even for subjects with similar ages and thresholds, which warranted further investigation (Experiment 2). Potential sources of variance contributing to these individual differences were explored, including procedural-related factors (test–retest reliability, suitability of the linear-reference TMC, probe sensation levels, and parameters of TMC fitting algorithms) and subject-related factors (age and age-related changes in temporal processing, strength of cochlear nonlinearities estimated with distortion-product otoacoustic emissions, estimates of changes in cochlear function from damage to outer hair cells versus inner hair cells). Subject age did not contribute significantly to TMC or compression slopes, and TMC slopes did not vary significantly with threshold. Test–retest reliability of TMCs suggested that TMC masker levels and the general shapes of TMCs did not change in a systematic way when re-measured many weeks later. Although the strength of compression decreased slightly with increasing hearing loss, the magnitude of individual differences in compression estimates makes it difficult to determine the effects of hearing loss and cochlear damage on basilar membrane nonlinearities in humans.
A FULLY SYNTHETIC GLOBO H CARBOHYDRATE VACCINE INDUCES A FOCUSED HUMORAL RESPONSE IN PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS : A PROOF OF PRINCIPLE

Human trials on the globo H carbohydrate vaccine (see picture, KLH=the carrier protein keyhole limpet hemocyanin) show that it produces strong IgM, and in some cases IgG, responses in patients with progressive and recurrent prostate cancer. Furthermore, these antibodies not only recognize synthetic antigens, but also globo H-positive tumors in biopsy extracts and tumor tissues.
Classroom management in the United States: a view from New York City

In the United States, an increasing number of new teachers are being prepared through alternative, or early entry, routes into teaching. These new forms of teacher preparation raise important questions about how and in what ways candidates are being prepared, particularly in key areas such as classroom management. To shed light upon these questions, this paper draws upon data from a larger study of teacher preparation in New York City which is engaged in examining the features of both alternative and traditional pathways into teaching. This paper uses qualitative data regarding preparation required by 31 childhood teacher education programs and survey data from 460 program graduates, to analyze new teachers' preparation for classroom management in New York City. We found that less than half of the traditional programs required any coursework in classroom management. Early entry candidates were more likely to have had a course in classroom management. The paper also reports survey findings regarding teache...
Convergence rates for smoothing spline estimators in varying coefficient models

Abstract We consider the estimation of a multiple regression model in which the coefficients change slowly in “time”, with “time” being an additional covariate. Under reasonable smoothness conditions, we prove the usual expected mean square error bounds for the smoothing spline estimators of the coefficient functions.
Intracisternal neutral endopeptidase-24.11 inhibitors produce inhibition in gastric acid output: independence from opiate, bombesin, or neurotensin-mediated mechanisms.

Abstract Intracisternal (ic) injection of the neutral endopeptidase-24.11 inhibitor phosphoramidon (1–100 nmol) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of gastric acid secretion in 2-h pylorus-ligated rats. The response resulted from a reduction in acid concentration and volume. Likewise, ic injection of another neutral endopeptidase-24.11 inhibitor Zincov (200 nmol) produced a 63% inhibition in gastric acid output. In contrast, neither intravenous injection of phosphoramidon (100 nmol) nor ic injection of the aminopeptidase inhibitor amastatin (100 nmol) produced any change in gastric acid secretion. The inhibitory effect of ic phosphoramidon (10 nmol) was not reversed by a dose of naloxone sufficient to antagonize the acid inhibitory effects of ic [ d -Ala 2 - d -Met 5 ]enkephalinamide (8.5 nmol). Moreover, phosphoramidon-induced inhibition of acid was not reduced by the centrally effective bombesin antagonist N- acetyl-GRP (20–26)-O- CH 3 or by reserpine pretreatment at a dose effective to antagonize ic neurotensin-induced inhibition in acid secretion. These results suggest that an endogenous neutral endopeptidase-24.11 sensitive substrate may act in the brain to inhibit gastric acid output by mechanisms independent of CNS opiate, bombesin or neurotensin activity.
Noninvasive Diagnosis of Cor Triatriatum

A10-month-old boy born at 32 weeks’ gestation required ventilatory support for 1 week after birth. He was discharged from the hospital 2.5 weeks later, and subsequently was admitted multiple times for reactive airway disease. Physical examination revealed a heart rate of 120 per minute, a respiratory rate of 50 per minute, good peripheral pulses, and a soft grade ii/vi, short systolic murmur at the apex. The liver was palpable 2.5 cm below the right costal margin …
Developmental regulation of protein synthesis in schistosomes.

Abstract Soon after infecting a mammalian host, cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni rapidly undergo a series of morphologic and biochemical adaptations associated with transformation to their next developmental stage, the schistosomulum. Few of these changes are associated with alterations in gene expression except for an apparent increase in protein synthesis. By pulselabeling, we demonstrate that there is a gradual rise in methionine incorporation after transformation, and that the rise is not due to increasing amino acid uptake or increasing protein stability. This pattern of protein synthesis did not result from a general increase in transcription of mRNA. There was likewise no evidence of a rise in the availability of selected rate limiting components of the translational machinery such as rRNA or elongation factor 1α as a mechanism for increasing levels of translation. Transcription of HSP 70 appears to be induced in both cercariae and schistosomula, though translation of this message was not detected. A comparison between the level of in vivo synthesis of proteins and the level of their corresponding mRNAs suggests that following transformation of cercariae to schistosomula the translation of most mRNAs is blocked and that this block is gradually reversed during the first 24 h.
Hydrology: water from on high.

Data on changes in water storage in the Congo basin show how GRACE, a pair of satellites designed to record variations in Earth's gravitational field, is benefiting the study of the planet's water cycle.
Probability Collectives for Optimization of Computer Simulations

A significant body of research under the rubric of blackbox optimization addresses the problem of optimization in a design space where the designs are evaluated by a computer simulation. For many such simulations, conventional local optimization methods prove inadequate, owing to the presence of local minima, local non-smoothness, and so on. A more effective approach would learn the global characteristics of the design space, and sample from disparate regions as it progresses. Several probabilistic approaches to this problem are based on the following idea: during the course of any search process, our partial knowledge of the design space grows as we evaluate a growing number of designs, and this knowledge can be elegantly expressed in terms of probability distributions. This is usually done using surrogate models, or data fits. We would like to use this partial knowledge to lead us to promising new designs, and this involves searching the data fit for points where the uncertainty of the fit, in conjunction with the fit itself, indicates a good chance of finding a improved design. This is the basis for the well-known Efficient Global Optimization (EGO) algorithm. This task can be regarded as an auxiliary optimization problem, but one that has some undesirable characteristics, including large flat regions and multiple local optima. Previous solution approaches have included branch and bound (the EGO algorithm), and local optimization with multi-start. In this paper, we present a new approach, itself based on probability distributions. Probability Collectives (PC) is an optimization framework in which a given optimization problem is transformed to one over probability distributions. This transformation often enables us to overcome problems such as local non-smoothness and multiple local optima. One particular PC approach is closely related to function smoothing and filtering. Our formulation is a type of Monte Carlo Optimization, often encountered in machine learning algorithms. We briefly introduce this approach, and apply it to the auxiliary optimization problem described above. Finally, we compare this technique with other algorithms, including a heuristic sampling algorithm, and a genetic algorithm.
Energy Dependence of Proton-Proton Scattering, 18.8 to 31.8 Mev

Measurements have been made of the absolute differential cross section of proton-proton scattering at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the center-of-mass system. The energy of the incident protons was varied from 31.8 Mev down to 18.8 Mev, and an energy interval of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0 percent was selected by means of a deflecting magnet. Apparatus using a proportional counter and a triple coincidence method was used to reduce the background. Measurements were made simultaneously, using apparatus for measuring the angular distribution at 31.8 Mev and a single charge integrator for collecting the incident proton beam.
The scientific method and acupuncture research

This article presents some of the considerations involved in planning or analyzing a piece of research, in this case acupuncture research. Core concepts of the scientific method are reviewed with the aim of supporting clinicians in a more rigorous and critical evaluation of contemporary dental research.
Uncertainties in atmospheric mixing affect warming predictions

Uncertainties in the rates of small-scale mixing of greenhouse gases in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere, between about 10 and 20 kilometers above Earth's surface, may be affecting predictions of how warm the Earth's surface could get in the coming decades, a new study reports. Both small-scale mixing processes and large-scale transport of atmospheric gases by winds affect the concentration of gases and hence the composition of the upper atmosphere, a region that modulates heating at the surface of the Earth. Scientists have a good understanding of the uncertainties in the rate of emission of greenhouse gases as well as those in the large-scale transport of atmospheric gases and aerosols by winds. However, they lack a similar rigorous understanding of the uncertainties in the rate of small-scale mixing, the process that smoothes out gradients in the concentrations of gases across the troposphere-stratosphere and ultimately affects climate projections.
Hydrodynamic coefficients for vertical circular cylinders at finite depth

Abstract Hydrodynamics coefficients for vertical circular cylinders at finite water depth are obtained and presented for different depth to radius and draft to radius ratios. A summary of equations for computer application is presented. Limiting values for heave added mass for zero frequency are discussed. A matching technique is used to satisfy the continuity of pressure and normal velocities.
Polarization of Li7(p, n)Be7 neutrons for 4 to 10 MeV protons

Abstract The polarization of Li7(p, n)Be7 neutrons has been measured at nine proton energies between 4 and 10 MeV. The dependence of the polarization on reaction angle was determined at 4.0, 4.7, 5.9, 6.9, 7.9, 9.1 and 10.0 MeV. The polarizations were deduced from the asymmetry of n-He4 scattering. Neutrons which left Be7 in its ground state and first excited state were detected with approximately equal efficiency and were not resolved from each other.
Media-to-sensor demagnetization matrix and its applications in micromagnetic simulation of readback process

Summary form only given. In a micromagnetic model for shielded GMR heads, it is necessary to calculate the media magnetic field inside the GMR sensor stack. It has been shown that the magnetic field in-between the two shields from magnetic charges underneath can be expressed as a Fourier series. In this work, we extend this method to derive a so-called media-to-sensor demagnetization matrix. The media magnetic field inside the GMR sensor stack is calculated from the convolution of the media-to-sensor demagnetization matrix and the media magnetization. The media-to-sensor demagnetization matrix is given by four-fold integrals of the scalar Green's function which can be expressed as a Fourier series. This matrix can be applied to both longitudinal and perpendicular recording. The media magnetization pattern is calculated by a media micromagnetic model. All examples here are for perpendicular recording. It can be seen that the AC background is much noisier than DC backgrounds. Also the effect of the soft underlayer on readback signal is studied by including the domain wall region of the soft underlayer in the micromagnetic simulation. It is seen that the magnetization ripple pattern in soft underlayer contributes a small part of the total signal but generates most of the noise.
Katoʼs residue homomorphisms and reciprocity laws on arithmetic surfaces

Abstract We explicitly study Katoʼs residue homomorphisms in Milnor K -theory, which are closely related to Contou-Carrere symbols. As applications we establish several reciprocity laws for certain locally defined maps on K -groups that are associated to arithmetic surfaces.
Marking Religious and Ethnic Boundaries: Cases from the Ancient Golan Heights

In the aftermath of the 1967 “Six Days' War,” 254 ancient inscribed stones were found in forty-four towns and villages of the Golan Heights—241 in Greek, 12 in Hebrew or Aramaic, and 1 in Latin. These stones, along with numerous architectural fragments, served as the basis of the 1996 book by myself and Dan Urman, Jews, Pagans, and Christians in the Golan Heights —a study of settlement patterns of people of the three religions in this region in the early centuries of the common era.1 The area of the Golan heights, roughly the size of Rhode Island, was in antiquity a place of agriculture and, for the most part, small communities. Though historians of religions in the late Roman period have long been aware of the “quartering” of cities, and of the locations of particular religious groups in this or that section of urban areas, we have had little information concerning the ways in which Hellenes, Jews, and Christians took up residence in relation to each other in those rural settings featuring numerous towns and hamlets— most presumably too small to have “zones” for ethnic and religious groups. The surviving artifacts of a number of the Golan sites gave the opportunity for a case study. Part 1 of this article centers on evidence for the locations and possible interactions of members of these religious groups in the Golan from the third to the seventh centuries and entails a summary of findings in the earlier work, while part 2 takes up several lingering questions about religious identity and ways of “marking” it within Golan countryside communities. Both sections can be placed under a rubric of “boundary drawing and religion.”
Using the cultural studies approach to understand health decision-making among a teen public

Abstract This cultural study explored how teen girls make decisions about the Gardasil vaccine based on the media campaign. The data suggest that teen girl publics face complicated, conflicting decisions to make about health, particularly because the media intervene in how they identify themselves. It is argued that while power differentials between publics and organizations limits deeper segmentation of publics, the cultural studies approach can help campaign designers better understand how publics make decisions.
Detecting physiologic fluctuations in the S-nitrosohemoglobin micropopulation: Triiodide versus 3C.

It is now established that erythrocytes can dilate blood vessels by generating NO bioactivity.[1][1]-[3][2] Singel and Stamler[2][3] have proposed that this dilator function is conveyed by a micropopulation of hemoglobins (Hb's) that have undergone the addition of NO to a critical cysteine (cysβ93
Apparent adoptive immune enhancement by bone marrow and bursa of Fabricius cells from juvenile chickens.

Abstract The occurrence of enhancer cells (EC) in the bone marrow and bursa of Fabricius of unprimed and mouse erythrocyte (MRBC) primed birds was investigated. EC are defined operationally as immunocompetent cells that are incapable of adoptive immunity in embryo hosts but able to enhance the immune responsiveness of newly-hatched chick recipients. Weak to moderate immune enhancement was observed in chick hosts grafted with bursal cells from unprimed or MRBC-primed donors whereas with bone marrow cell transfer the immune enhancement was weak with cells from unprimed donors but modest to strong with those from primed donors. Thus antigen priming of donors had little effect on the EC level of the bursa but appeared to increase that in the bone marrow. Moreover, the EC activity of bone marrow of primed donors was donorage dependent. Response profile studies revealed that the EC level of donor bone marrow was low the first 2–3 days after immunization and high by day six. The elevated EC level in the bone marrow of immunized donors is believed due to both recruitment of immigrant cells of extramedullary origin and clonal expansion of medullary immunocompetent cells.
Postharvest studies beyond fresh market eating quality: Phytochemical antioxidant changes in peach and plum fruit during ripening and advanced senescence

Abstract Postharvest studies were conducted under the concept that fruit that do not qualify for the fresh market may be used as a source of bioactive compounds. One peach (Prunus persica, cv ‘Rich Lady’) and one plum (Prunus salicina, cv ‘Black Splendor’) were evaluated for their phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity during the ripening and over-ripening periods (advanced senescence) for 12 and 15 d, respectively. Carotenoids increased substantially in peach (100%) and anthocyanins in plums (76%) during the first 4 d of ripening at room temperature, while firmness decreased rapidly during this period from an initial pre-ripe stage of 58 N for peach and 35.5 N for plums until the fruit reached the fully ripe stage of 4.5 N. Fruit firmness remained unchanged afterwards. Anthocyanin synthesis in plum fruit continued during the over-ripening period (88%, days 4–15), while no further change in carotenoids was observed in peaches (days 4–12). In addition, the phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, pH and soluble solids in peach and plum fruit were basically similar during the ripening and over-ripening periods. Further research on secondary metabolism regulation during ripening and advanced senescence is needed to obtain fruit as enriched dietary sources of bioactive compounds or for its use in alternative high value health markets including dietary supplements, functional foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutical.
Research Note: Increased Growth of Chicks and Poults Obtained from Hens Injected with Jackbean Urease

Abstract Two experiments were conducted using 120 Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) hens and 40 turkey hens. Hens were randomly assigned to two treatments: those injected with urease and controls injected only with adjuvant. At 22 wk of age, half of the SCWL hens were injected intramuscularly with 12 Sumner units of jackbean urease suspended in incomplete adjuvant six times in 26 wk. Turkey hens were injected twice at weekly intervals with 70 Sumner units. The other half of the breeders received adjuvant without urease (control). Urease injection into SCWL hens had no effect on feed consumption, feed conversion, and percentage fertility, hatchability, and hatch of all eggs set, but egg weight and body weight of chicks at hatch and at 3 wk of age were significantly higher as compared with the control hens. In the case of turkey hens, percentage hatchability and progeny body weight were significantly higher as a result of urease injection.
Construction, identification and characterization of a chick elastin cDNA clone.

Abstract mRNA was isolated from thoracic aortas of 16-day chick embryos by digestion of the tissue at 40° with Proteinase K in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate followed by chromatography on oligo(dT)cellulose columns. Blunt-ended heteroduplex molecules consisting of one strand of mRNA and one of cDNA were formed using AMV reverse transcriptase and S1 nuclease. The duplexes were tailed with dCTP and hybridized to the plasmid pBR322 which had been restricted with PstI and tailed with dGTP. The recombinant plasmids were used to transform E. coli C600. Ampicillin sensitive and tetracycline resistant colonies were screened by in situ hybridization with partially purified elastin mRNA that had been terminally labeled with 32P. Colonies which hybridized with the probe were selected for further identification by hybrid selected translation using the nuclease-treated reticulocyte lysate system. mRNA recovered from hybridization to DNA of one clone, pWB1, markedly stimulated incorporation of [3H]valine into protein which was immunoprecipitable with affinity-purified anti-elastin antibody. When the immunoprecipitated product was subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a major peak of 70,000 daltons characteristic of tropoelastin was observed. Restriction enzyme analysis of the recombinant plasmid demonstrated that the insert was approximately 240 bases. This is the first report of the construction of a plasmid containing sequences complementary to elastin mRNA.
A new role for cortactin in invadopodia: regulation of protease secretion

Abstract Invadopodia are actin-dependent organelles that function in the invasion and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by tumor cells. Cortactin, a regulator of the Arp2/3 complex, is of particular importance in invadopodia function. While most of the focus has been on the possible role of cortactin in actin assembly for direct formation of actin-rich invadopodia puncta, our recent data suggest that the primary role of cortactin in invadopodia is to promote protease secretion. In this manuscript, we review our previous work and present new data showing that cortactin is essential for both the localization of key invadopodia matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to actin-positive puncta at the cell–ECM interface and for ECM degradation induced by overexpression of MT1-MMP-GFP. Based on these data and results from the literature, we propose potential mechanisms by which cortactin may link vesicular trafficking and dynamic branched actin assembly to regulate protease secretion for invadopodia-associated ECM degradation.
The American agricultural research system: An obsolete structure?

Abstract The paper examines the recent debate over the relative merits of the current structure of the US agricultural research system. The main actors and motives are examined, and an historical parallel is drawn with the birth of molecular biology. The results of the highly centralized and competitive National Institute of Health (NIH) model, which is currently under consideration for application to agriculture, are discussed. The authors conclude that the importance of research to agriculture and the fact that the research system is in need of reform make public debate and awareness regarding proposed reforms imperative.
Determination of equilibrium and rate constants by affinity chromatography

Abstract A theory of column chromatography is developed that includes the interaction of macromolecules with matrix-bound ligand and free ligand distributed throughout the column. The theory differs from previous formulations in its exact treatment of chemical kinetics and mass transfer kinetics. Characteristics of the elution profile — specifically the mean and variance— are expressed in terms of variables such as mobile phase velocity, bed height, ligand concentrations, mass transfer rate constants and chemical reaction rate constants. Equations are developed for monovalent and bivalent binding, for binding to ligands on porous and on impenetrable bed particles and for heterogeneous macromolecules. Previous results for the profile peak appearing in the literature are shown to be special cases of the equations presented here, holding only when the rate constants satisfy certain constraints. Our results therefore broaden the range of applicability of chromatography for the study of macromolecular interactions and precisely define its limits with respect to the determination of both thermodynamic and kinetic parameters.
The activation energy of impurity conduction with sequentially correlated hopping

Abstract We study the effects of correlations in successive jumps on the reduction of the activation energy e3 in impurity conduction at low concentrations. A mean field theory and a dielectric approach are used. We find that e3 is reduced by about 30% with respect to calculations without sequentially correlated hopping. The new value is in better agreement with the experimental results and with Monte Carlo calculations by Nguyen, et al.