cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature measurements in steady two-dimensional partially premixed flames using laser interferometric holography

The local flow temperature is a key consequence of combustion and must, therefore, be accurately measured. Holographic interferometry can be employed to accurately determine the refractive index in flames and, thereafter, to infer the temperature distribution. This investigation focuses on the utility of laser interferometric holography as a tool to measure the temperature of two-dimensional partially premixed flames (PPFs). Methane–air PPFs are established on a rectangular Wolfhard-Parker slot burner. These flames contain two reaction zones, one in an outer nonpremixed region and the other in an inner rich-premixed region. We examine flame structure effects (that produce a varying composition in the flame) on the local refractive index and show that a relation that contains relatively minor errors, which depend upon the rich-side equivalence ratio, can model the refractive index in PPFs. This is the first investigation to discuss the effects of a realistically varying composition due to combustion on the refractive index distribution in flames. The maximum error in the temperature is 6–34% when the rich-side equivalence ratio lies in the range 1.5–∞, while the corresponding average error is 2.4–12.3%. Relatively large discrepancies arise in the case of nonpremixed flames. We discuss the experimental configurations required to reconstruct clear interferometric fringe patterns. Image plane holography is employed because it offers two advantages: (1) the holograms can be read with white light, and (2) the fringe count may be considered to occur in a straight line as though no refraction had occurred. We confirm the inefficacy of using thermocouples as a measurement tool in two-dimensional PPFs. Questions related to the beam path length are resolved. The portion of the flame–beam interference length that lies between the high and low temperatures is accounted for by assuming a uniform composition and by introducing a density weighting function. Thereafter, we examine the holographic fringe patterns, discuss the discrepancies that arise in the interpreted temperatures as the PPF equivalence ratio is varied, and present the inferred temperature distributions. The temperature distribution is found to correlate with the heat release in the inner rich premixed and outer nonpremixed reaction zones. Large temperature gradients exist in the inner premixed reaction zone, whereas the outer nonpremixed region contains smaller gradients, since it is transport limited. The spatial temperature resolution required to resolve the higher gradients is ≈400 K mm−1.
Effect of intravenous insulin-like growth factor I in two patients with leprechaunism

Leprechaunism (Donohue syndrome) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, extreme insulin resistance, dysmorphic features, failure to thrive, and early death. In this study, recombinant IGF-I, which has both insulin-like and anabolic effects, was administered to two infants with leprechaunism in an attempt to reduce hyperglycemia and improve nutritional status. IGF-I was infused for 66 h in patient FL-1 and 62 h in patient NC-2, with maximal infusion rates of 110 and 40 micrograms/kg/h, respectively. Although supraphysiologic concentrations of IGF-I were achieved (459 and 1583 micrograms/L in FL-1 and NC-2, respectively), there were no apparent glucose-lowering or nitrogen-sparing effects. Insulin concentrations decreased from extremely high values (16804 and 10224 pmol/L) but remained elevated (611 pmol/L in FL-1 and 5869 pmol/L in NC-2). No changes in serum and urinary urea nitrogen or electrolytes occurred. IGF binding protein-2, which was the predominant IGF binding protein in serum by ligand blot and immunoblot, did not change with IGF-I infusion. IGF binding protein-3 levels were low at baseline and increased slightly during the infusion. We hypothesize that the lack of significant glucose-lowering and anabolic responses to IGF-I could be secondary to a postreceptor defect in IGF-I signaling resulting from the absence of functional insulin receptors.
Silicon carbide lateral overtone bulk acoustic resonator with ultrahigh quality factor

This work demonstrates a lateral overtone bulk acoustic resonator (LOBAR), which consists of an aluminum nitride (AlN) transducer coupled to a suspended thin silicon carbide (SiC) film fabricated using standard CMOS-compatible processes. The LOBAR design allows for high transduction efficiency and quality factors, by decoupling the transduction and energy storage schemes in the resonator. The frequency and bandwidth of the resonator were lithographically defined and controlled. A LOBAR operating at 2.93GHz with a Q greater than 100,000 in air was fabricated and characterized, having the highest reported ƒ×Q product of any acoustic resonator to date.
Differentiating incest survivors who self-mutilate.

Abstract Objective: This study was an exploratory analysis of the variables which differentiated incest survivors who self-mutilate from those who do not. Method: A sample of women incest survivors ( N = 84) were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of self-mutilation. Participants included both community and clinical populations. A packet consisting of a demographic questionnaire, Sexual Attitudes Survey, Diagnostic Inventory of Personality and Symptoms, Dissociative Events Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory was completed by each participant. Results: Demographic, incest, and family of origin variables distinguished the self-mutilating women from those who did not. These include ethnicity and educational experiences; duration, frequency, and perpetrator characteristics regarding the incest; and multiple abuses, instability, birth order, and loss of mother in one’s family of origin. Psychological and physical health concerns also differentiated between the two groups. Conclusions: Many variables may differentiate between women incest survivors who self-mutilate from those who do not. A rudimentary checklist to describe the lives of incest survivors who self-mutilate resulted from these findings. The importance of the concept of embodiment is also discussed.
What will molecular biology contribute to our understanding of radiation-induced cell killing and carcinogenesis?

The vast body of radiobiological data accumulated with mammalian systems in vitro and in vivo has had an enormous impact on radiotherapy. However, while quantitative, these data are essentially phenomenological, and it is only in the last decade or so that the techniques of molecular biology allow basic mechanisms to be understood. This will be illustrated by two examples, one involving cell killing and the other carcinogenesis. The identification and sequencing of repair and checkpoint control genes in the yeast S. pombe allow the mechanism of sensitivity/ resistance to radiation to be understood at the molecular level. The development of techniques to identify mutations in mismatch repair genes have made it possible to show that such mutations are associated with a wide range of human cancers and are a likely mechanism of radiation induced malignancies. Tikvah Alper would have been delighted to see the central role that microorganisms have played in these recent developments.
Processing and Performance of V 2 0 5 Xerogel, Aerogel, and Aerogellike Materials as Lithium Intercalation Hosts

Various forms of vanadium pentoxide, including xerogel, aerogel, and aerogel-like forms, were prepared by sol-gel synthesis and processed by novel procedures following synthesis. It was demonstrated that the intrinsic thermodynamics of lithium intercalation of the ARG and ARG-like materials prepared by solvent exchange processes involving methyl formate (MF/ARG and MF/ARG-xslike) are identical, while they are drastically different from those of the parent XRG, which gives rise to significantly increased specific energies for the MF/ARG or MF/ARG-like as lithium intercalation hosts. All three forms are capable of reversibly intercalating up to four moles of Li+ ions per mole of V2O5 electrochemically and can be cathode candidates for rechargeable lithium batteries. Various processing methods for fabricating composite electrodes with the XRG led to specific capacity in the range of 300 to 350 mAh/g at C4Li/20 rate, and good cyclability.
Haptic and kinesthetic estimates of length

Twenty-two students made magnitude estimates of the lengths of rods held between their index fingers (haptic condition) and also estimates of the separation of their index fingers without the rods present (kinesthetic condition). The rods ranged in length from 0.70 to 33 in. increasing in length by approximately equal logarithmic steps. The exponents of the power functions for magnitude estimates of length under haptic and kinesthetic conditions were 1.05 and 0.94 respectively.
The effect of discretization error on bandwidth selection for kernel density estimation

SUMMARY It is well known that the cross-validation score function of discretized data often tends to -oo as the bandwidth tends to zero. This disturbing property causes some difficulty in applying cross-validation to discretized data. Since all data are rounded to some degree, the phenomenon limits the application of cross-validation in practice. Based on characteristic functions, the cause of the difficulty is explained, and a simple modification is suggested. Under some conditions, it is shown that the bandwidth selected by the proposed procedure is asymptotically equivalent to the bandwidth selected by cross-validation of the original unrounded data. The advantages of the proposed procedure are demonstrated in two examples.
Informing public policy toward binational health insurance: Empirical evidence from California

Objective. To estimate reimbursement rate differences between Mexico and US based physicians reimbursed by a binational health insurance (BHI) plan and US payers, respectively; and show the relationship between plan benefit designs and health care utilization in Mexico. Materials and methods. Data include 33 841 and 53 909 HMO enrollees in California from Sistemas Medicos Nacionales (SIMNSA) and Salud con Health Net, respectively. We use descriptive statistical methods. Results. SIMNSA’s physician reimbursement rates averaged 50.7% (95% CI: 34.5%-67.0%) of Medi-Cal’s, 28.3% (95% CI: 19.6%-37.0%) of Medicare’s, and 22% of US private plans’. Each year, 99.4% of SIMNSA enrollees but only 0.1% of Salud con Health Net enrollees obtained care in Mexico. Conclusion. SIMNSA only covers emergency and urgent care in the US, while Salud con Health Net covers comprehensive care with higher patient cost sharing than in Mexico. To realize potential savings, plans need strong incentives to increase utilization in Mexico.
Activity of yeast orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase in the absence of metals.

Yeast orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase was recently shown to contain zinc and to be inhibited by zinc-complexing agents. When the gene for the yeast enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli, the gene product was devoid of metal atoms but exhibited a specific activity and molecular mass similar to those of the enzyme obtained directly from yeast. This invalidates the hypothesis that zinc is involved in substrate decarboxylation. The zinc-free enzyme undergoes thermal inactivation at a somewhat lower temperature than does the zinc-containing enzyme isolated from yeast.
Performance-Based Contracting in Social Welfare Programs:

The Wisconsin Works (W-2) program changed the administrative structure for social welfare services delivery from county government administration to one that includes performance-based contracting and private sector management of programs. We present a theoretical discussion of government contracting and the implications of alternative contract structures for service provider behavior and performance. We then analyze W-2 contract design and management across four contract periods (1997-2005) as the state transitioned to a performance-based contracting regime. We find that the state made rational changes in the W-2 contract specifications and performance measures that should have improved contract efficiency and effectiveness over time, and service providers responded to these changes in allocating effort toward the achievement of priority performance goals. At the same time, deficiencies in program administration and contract management contributed to some contract and performance failures and setbacks.
Two fragments of ‘Longinus’ in Photius

My subject is two fragments of rhetorical commentary that appear both in an anonymous manuscript collection of quotations ‘From Longinus’ and (without attribution) in Photius' Bibliotheca. My purpose is to clarify some observations that have been made on them by modern scholars and thus offer a correction or two. The collection of separate quotations labelled κ τν Λογγνου in Laurentianus 24, Plut. 58, was given its title by a later hand different from that of the writer of the original. The grounds for that mistaken heading were that the name ‘Longinus’ appears in the second of the fragments. Aristotle and Theophrastus, however, are cited in other quotations, and most are anonymous, with as yet no particular resemblance found to wording in other rhetorical literature. Each begins with the word ὅτι. All are general remarks on subjects such as rhetorical tropes, style, and different types of speeches. They are, in effect, scholia without a text.
Precise indoor localization using PHY layer information

This paper shows the viability of precise indoor localization using physical layer information in WiFi systems. We find that channel frequency responses across multiple OFDM sub-carriers can be suitably aggregated into a location fingerprint. While these fingerprints vary over time and environmental mobility, we notice that their core structure preserves certain properties that are amenable to localization. We demonstrate these ideas through a functional prototype, implemented on off-the-shelf Intel 5300 cards (that export per-subcarrier information to the driver). We evaluate the prototype using the existing APs inside a busy building, a cafeteria, and a museum, and demonstrate localization accuracies in the granularity of 1m × 1m boxes, called spots. Results show that our system, PinLoc, is able to localize users to a spot with 90% mean accuracy, while incurring less than 6% false positives. We believe this holds promise towards an important development in indoor localization.
A language measure for partially observed discrete event supervisory control systems

The signed real measure of regular languages has been introduced and validated in recent literature for quantitative analysis and synthesis of discrete-event supervisory (DES) control systems, where all events are assumed to be observable. This paper presents a modification of the language measure for supervisory control under partial observation and shows how to generalize the analysis when some of the events may not be observable at the supervisory level. Thus, for synthesis of DES control systems, the language measure of partially observable discrete-event processes is expressed in a closed form, which is structurally similar to that of completely observable discrete-event processes.
Comparison of gated and nongated fast multislice black-blood carotid imaging using rapid extended coverage and inflow/outflow saturation techniques

Purpose To comparatively analyze two fast in vivo multislice black-blood carotid artery vessel wall imaging techniques with and without cardiac gating. Materials and Methods Eight subjects with carotid artery atherosclerosis, and four healthy subjects were studied using two black-blood multislice techniques: rapid extended coverage double inversion recovery (REX-DIR), and inflow/outflow saturation band (IOSB) rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) multislice acquisitions. Quantitative, qualitative, and morphometric analyses were performed on images. Results Gating produced significantly lower values for the REX-DIR sequence with respect to signal intensity in muscle and the carotid artery wall, whereas it had no effect on flow suppression compared to nongated images. For the IOSB sequences, gating had no significant effect on signal intensity of muscle and the carotid artery wall, but worsened flow suppression. REX-DIR and IOSB sequences were statistically different with respect to signal intensity of muscle (with REX-DIR sequences having lower values), while no statistical significance was observed for flow suppression and wall delineation. A morphologic analysis of the vessel wall and lumen comparing REX-DIR gated, IOSB gated, REX-DIR nongated, and IOSB nongated sequences revealed no significant differences between the acquisition techniques tested. Conclusion Nongated sequences may be used instead of gated sequences in atherosclerotic vessel wall imaging without compromising image quality. This may shorten examination time and improve patient comfort. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Frailty models: Applications to biomedical and genetic studies

In survival analysis, frailty models are potential choices for modeling unexplained heterogeneity in a population. This tutorial presents an overview and general framework of frailty modeling and estimation for multiplicative hazards models in the context of biomedical and genetic studies. Other topics in frailty models, such as diagnostic methods for model adequacy and inference in frailty models, are also discussed. Examples of analyses using multivariate frailty models in a non-parametric hazards setting on biomedical datasets are provided, and the implications of choosing to use frailty and relevance to genetic applications are discussed.
An efficient enantioselective total synthesis of a trifluoromethyl analog of blastmycinolactol

A novel synthetic strategy for the total synthesis of fluorinated analog of blastmycinolactol has been developed using α-pinene based alkoxyallylboration, chelation controlled diastereoselective reduction, and a single step lactonization of the 1,4-diol to the γ-lactone as key steps.
Estimating induction motor shaft stress transients under shaft resonant and de-tuned conditions

When power to an induction motor is disconnected and then re-connected, the shaft experiences a potentially harmful transient torsional stress. The magnitude of the transient shaft stress depends on the electromagnetic torque of the motor and the resonant frequency of the system formed by the shaft and motor and load masses. To avoid resonance between transient electromagnetic torque frequencies and the mechanical natural frequency, the shaft may be de-tuned. This paper shows quantitatively the extent of worst-case resonant torques, the effect of an enforced reclosure time delay and the mitigating effects of altering the shaft resonant frequency to avoid high stresses. Peak shaft reclosure torque, when de-tuned, is independent of most motor parameters.
Preschool Children's Mapping of Number Words to Nonsymbolic Numerosities

Five-year-old children categorized as skilled versus unskilled counters were given verbal estimation and number word comprehension tasks with numerosities 20-120. Skilled counters showed a linear relation between number words and nonsymbolic numerosities. Unskilled counters showed the same linear relation for smaller numbers to which they could count, but not for larger number words. Further tasks indicated that unskilled counters failed even to correctly order large number words differing by a 2 : 1 ratio, whereas they performed well on this task with smaller numbers, and performed well on a nonsymbolic ordering task with the same numerosities. These findings provide evidence that large, approximate numerosity representations become linked to number words around the time that children learn to count to those words reliably.
The potent emetogenic effects of the endocannabinoid, 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol) are blocked by delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannnabinoids.

Cannabinoids, including the endogenous cannabinoid or endocannabinoid, anandamide, modulate several gastrointestinal functions. To date, the gastrointestinal effects of the second putative endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) have not been studied. In the present study using a shrew (Cryptotis parva) emetic model, 2-AG (0.25-10 mg/kg, i.p.) potently and dose-dependently increased vomiting frequency (ED(50) = 1.13 mg/kg) and the number of animals vomiting (ED(50) = 0.48 mg/kg). In contrast, neither anandamide (2.5-20 mg/kg) nor methanandamide (5-10 mg/kg) induced a dose-dependent emetogenic response, but both could partially block the induced emetic effects. Delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol and its synthetic analogs reduced 2-AG-induced vomiting with the rank order potency: CP 55,940 > WIN 55,212-2 > Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol. The nonpsychoactive cannabinoid, cannabidiol, was inactive. Nonemetic doses of SR 141716A (1-5 mg/kg) also blocked 2-AG-induced vomiting. The 2-AG metabolite arachidonic acid also caused vomiting. Indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, blocked the emetogenic effects of both arachidonic acid and 2-AG. CP 55,940 also blocked the emetic effects of arachidonic acid. 2-AG (0.25-10 mg/kg) reduced spontaneous locomotor activity (ED(50) = 11 mg/kg) and rearing frequency (ED(50) = 4.3 mg/kg) in the shrew, whereas such doses of both anandamide and methanandamide had no effect on locomotor parameters. The present study indicates that: 1) 2-AG is an efficacious endogenous emetogenic cannabinoid involved in vomiting circuits, 2) the emetic action of 2-AG and the antiemetic effects of tested cannabinoids are mediated via CB(1) receptors, and 3) the emetic effects of 2-AG occur in lower doses relative to its locomotor suppressant actions.
Theory of Mind for a Humanoid Robot

If we are to build human-like robots that can interact naturally with people, our robots must know not only about the properties of objects but also the properties of animate agents in the world. One of the fundamental social skills for humans is the attribution of beliefs, goals, and desires to other people. This set of skills has often been called a “theory of mind.” This paper presents the theories of Leslie (1994) and Baron-Cohen (1995) on the development of theory of mind in human children and discusses the potential application of both of these theories to building robots with similar capabilities. Initial implementation details and basic skills (such as finding faces and eyes and distinguishing animate from inanimate stimuli) are introduced. I further speculate on the usefulness of a robotic implementation in evaluating and comparing these two models.
Reading and writing omes

Mol Syst Biol. 9: 642 ‘Systems Technologies’ are increasingly potent drivers of biological research. Molecular Systems Biology will be illustrating this evolution with a new Reviews Series highlighting key technologies in systems medicine, genome‐scale, computational, quantitative and synthetic biology. The series is launched with a review from the Snyder group on reading human omes (Soon et al , 2013) and a companion review on writing genomes from Harvard's Wyss Institute (Esvelt and Wang, 2013). Exponential improvement in reading and writing technologies (Carr and Church, 2009) (1.5‐fold/year since 1960s, 6‐fold per year since 2005) created a series of breakthroughs: The first genome read was MS2 in 1976 (phiX in 1977); first written was hepatitis C virus in 2000 (Blight et al, 2000) (polio in 2002). The first bacterial genome read was Helicobacter in 1994 ( Haemophilus in 1995). The first genome transplanted from in vitro DNA into radically foreign cytoplasm was Synechocystis into Bacillus in 2005 (then Mycoplasma mycoides into similar cytoplasm in 2007). Significantly, so far, no vertebrate genome has been fully read, due to repetitive regions, and no new organism function has been achieved by genome‐scale writing. We expect to see breakthroughs on both fronts in 2013. The first widely used genetic engineering vector was pBR322, constructed and sequenced 1977‐1978, parts of which are still present in modern vectors. This enabled dissection of previously recalcitrant biological systems via pure …
Noniatrogenic pediatric vascular trauma

Twenty-four noniatrogenic pediatric vascular injuries in 20 patients (75% male; mean age, 14 years) were treated during a 3-year period. Of 18 arterial and six venous injuries, 65% were penetrating and 35% were blunt injuries. Eighty percent of all patients had significant associated injuries that required repair. Angiography was performed in 13 of 20 patients, with four performed during surgery. Repair methods were ligation in two of six venous injuries and three of 18 arterial injuries, primary repair in three of six venous injuries and six of 18 arterial injuries, and autogenous saphenous vein graft in seven of 18 arterial injuries. Exploration and debridement, thrombectomy, and nonoperative management were used in one arterial injury each. Fasciotomy was employed in six of 13 arterial injuries in the extremities. There was one operative death, no reoperations, and no early or late amputations. Mean follow-up of 27 months demonstrated normal palpable and Doppler pulses (by noninvasive testing) distal to all arterial repairs. This study supports an aggressive approach to the diagnosis and treatment of noniatrogenic pediatric vascular trauma, emphasizing the liberal use of fasciotomy and meticulous vascular repair for the successful management of these challenging injuries.
Efficient Multi-Scale Self-Consistent Simulation of Planar Schottky-Barrier Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors and Arrays

A numerical simulation tool for Schottky-Barrier Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors (SB- CNFETs), based on self-consistent solution of Poisson and continuity equations was developed. Method of moments is used for solving Poisson equation. Continuity equations are solved using current boundary conditions. Boundary currents are those currents tunneling through Schottky barriers at the contacts, which are calculated numerically using transfer matrix method. Regarding long devices, we have exploited the fact that, except near the contacts, the potential on most of the channel length is slowly varying to reduce the computational burden. During the solution of Poisson equation, mapping this part of the device into much smaller length has no perceptible effect on the accuracy of solution; however, it saves much of the simulation time and memory and allows the calculation of transport characteristics inaccessible to classical techniques.
A methodology for combining multiple commercial data sources to improve measurement of the food and alcohol environment: applications of geographical information systems.

Commercial data sources have been increasingly used to measure and locate community resources. We describe a methodology for combining and comparing the differences in commercial data of the food and alcohol environment. We used commercial data from two commercial databases (InfoUSA and Dun&Bradstreet) for 2003 and 2009 to obtain infor- mation on food and alcohol establishments and developed a matching process using computer algorithms and manual review by applying ArcGIS to geocode addresses, standard industrial classification and North American industry classification tax- onomy for type of establishment and establishment name. We constructed population and area-based density measures (e.g. grocery stores) and assessed differences across data sources and used ArcGIS to map the densities. The matching process resulted in 8,705 and 7,078 unique establishments for 2003 and 2009, respectively. There were more establishments cap- tured in the combined dataset than relying on one data source alone, and the additional establishments captured ranged from 1,255 to 2,752 in 2009. The correlations for the density measures between the two data sources was highest for alcohol out- lets (r = 0.75 and 0.79 for per capita and area, respectively) and lowest for grocery stores/supermarkets (r = 0.32 for both). This process for applying geographical information systems to combine multiple commercial data sources and develop meas- ures of the food and alcohol environment captured more establishments than relying on one data source alone. This replic- able methodology was found to be useful for understanding the food and alcohol environment when local or public data are limited.
Beyond Nation, Confession, and Party: The Politicization of Professional Identity in Late Imperial Austria

InDecember 1896 the Industrial Action Committee, a small group of Viennese industrialists, sent a memorandum to all Chambers of Commerce in the Cisleithanian halfof the Habsburg monarchy. Arguing that two decades of internecine ethnic and party strife had allowed agrarians, small artisans, and workers to eat away at the material well-being of the “productive classes” (Stande), the committee asked Austrian industrialists of every ethnic and political persuasion to advocate a proindustry platform at all party nominating conventions. Appended to the appeal, which was printed in German, Czech, Polish, and Italian, was a proposal to found a Bund osterreichischer Industrieller (League of Austrian Industrialists, henceforth BoI), an organization that would unite industrialists “without regard to nationality, confession, or party affiliation” in concerted economic-political (wirtschafts-politisch) activity.
Identification of the GATA Factor TRPS1 as a Repressor of the Osteocalcin Promoter

A proteomic analysis of proteins bound to the osteocalcin OSE2 sequence of the mouse osteocalcin promoter identified TRPS1 as a regulator of osteocalcin transcription. Mutations in the TRPS1 gene are responsible for human tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome, which is characterized by skeletal and craniofacial abnormalities. TRPS1 has been shown to bind regulatory promoter sequences containing GATA consensus binding sites and to repress transcription of genes involved in chondrocyte differentiation. Here we show that TRPS1 can directly bind the osteocalcin promoter in the presence or absence of Runx2. TRPS1 binds through a GATA binding sequence in the proximal promoter of the osteocalcin gene. The GATA binding site is conserved in mice, humans, and rats, although its location and orientation are not. Mutation of the mouse or human GATA binding sequence abrogates binding of TRPS1 to the osteocalcin promoter. We show that TRPS1 is expressed in osteosarcoma cells and upon induction of osteoblast differentiation in primary mouse bone marrow stromal cells and that TRPS1 regulates the expression of osteocalcin in both cell types. The expression of TRPS1 modulates mineralized bone matrix formation in differentiating osteoblast cells. These data suggest a role for TRPS1 in osteoblast differentiation, in addition to its previously described role in chondrogenesis.
Atomistic SPH and a Link between Diffusion and Interfacial Tension

The mesh-free method of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is interpreted atomistically to treat the local density of nodes as representing solute concentration, instead of interpolating a concentration field between function values at the nodes. We exploit the conceptual simplicity of tracking little packets (representing supermolecular aggregates) of solute, as in Brownian dynamics simulations, but replace the stochastic generation of diffusive spreading over statistically independent realizations with a purely deterministic summation for extracting the local diffusion velocity using only the instantaneous locations of nearby nodes. Four test problems demonstrate the versatility and accuracy of the atomistic SPH method (ASPH) for mass transfer. Finally, by comparing ASPH with a new Stokeslet-swarm technique for simulating drop flows (Nitsche and Schaflinger, 2001), a fundamental analogy between diffusion and interfacial tension is exposed.
Managing variance: Key policy challenges for the Anthropocene

Developing effective governance structures for the fair and sustainable use of benefits that flow from shared natural resources is arguably one of the defining challenges of our time. Addressing this challenge has been extremely difficult because the associated governance problem is multifaceted and multilayered. Governance structures must address at least three interrelated issues: (i) equitable distribution within and across generations of affordances for well-being; (ii) social dilemmas associated with providing shared infrastructure and preventing overexploitation of shared resources; and (iii) coping with deep uncertainty and variability that complicates decision-making and planning efforts. Addressing these issues will often require us, both as individuals and in groups, to act against our natural tendencies. Familiar examples related to the first two issues include delaying rewards for the sake of future outcomes and overcoming our aversion to the “sucker’s pay-off” to build sufficient trust to address social dilemmas. Recent work suggests that this is also true when coping with uncertainty and variability in benefit flows while sustaining them over the long term. Specifically, Carpenter et al. (1) develop an important set of ideas related to managing environmental variability that may cause two of our natural aversions to collide. The authors suggest that we must learn to live with a certain amount of variability if we want to enlarge the safe operating space for exploited ecosystems. Just as with delayed rewards, humans are averse to variability in benefit flows related to subsistence (2, 3). More challenging yet, because allowing variability in ecosystems may well involve reduced exploitation, we may be required to forego present consumption as well as tolerate variability to maintain a safe operating space for humanity.
The Systematicity of Inference

Moving on to the systematicity of inference argument, we begin to collect on our investment in the history and philosophy of science made back in Chapter 2. Here we hope to see how Fodor and Pylyshyn think that structural features of the accounts offered by Classicism and Pure Atomism provide some defeasible reason to think that human cognition is Classical. The principal problem for Pure Atomism is that, while it is able to develop a system that displays systematic relations among inferences, this is not all that has to be accomplished in order to explain the systematic relations. In this chapter, we begin with a relatively lengthy discussion and defense of the truth of the explanandum, then turn to an examination of the Classical and Pure Atomistic accounts of the explanandum. The surprising conclusion in this chapter will be that, while Pure Atomism does not meet the explanatory standard Fodor and Pylyshyn are aiming for, neither does Classicism.
Hierarchical Graphene-Containing Carbon Nanofibers for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes.

We present a method to produce composite anodes consisting of thermally reduced graphene oxide-containing carbon nanofibers (TRGO/CNFs) via electrospinning a dispersion of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and graphene oxide (GO) sheets in dimethylformamide followed by heat treatment at 650 °C. A range of GO (1–20 wt % GO relative to polymer concentration) was added to the polymer solution, with each sample comprising similar polymer chain packing and subsequent CNF microstructure, as assessed by X-ray diffraction. An increase from 0 to 20 wt % GO in the fibers led to carbonized nonwovens with enhanced electronic conductivity, as TRGO sheets conductively connected the CNFs. Galvanostatic half-cell cycling revealed that TRGO addition enhanced the specific discharge capacity of the fibers. The optimal GO concentration of 5 wt % GO enhanced first-cycle discharge capacities at C/24 rates (15.6 mA g–1) 150% compared to CNFs, with a 400% capacity increase at 2-C rates (750 mA g–1). We attribute the capacity enhancement t...
Scaling Laws for Noncoherent Energy-Based Communications in the SIMO MAC

We consider a one-shot communication setting in which several single antenna transmitters communicate with a receiver with a large number of antennas, i.e., the receiver decodes transmitted information at the end of every symbol time. Motivated by the optimal noncoherent detector in a Rayleigh fading channel, we consider a noncoherent energy-based communication scheme that does not require any knowledge of instantaneous channel state information at either the transmitter or the receiver; it uses only the statistics of the channel and noise. We show that, for general channel fading statistics, the performance of the considered one-shot multiuser noncoherent scheme is the same, in a scaling law sense, as that of the optimal coherent scheme exploiting perfect channel knowledge and coding across time. Furthermore, we present a numerical evaluation of the performance of this scheme in representative fading and noise statistics.
Response of Male Turkeys Hatched from First-Cycle and Force-Molted Breeder Hens to a Regimen Providing Progressive Feeds by Weight and the Value of Increased Lysine Prior to Marketing

Abstract Male poults originating from 41- and 85-wk-old Nicholas Large White breeder turkey hens were compared using a six-feed system provided on the basis of weight. Each source of poult was compared further in its response to lysine at .65 and .80% in the final feed (14.5% CP and 3.40 kcal AMEn/g) before marketing at 18 wk of age. Poults from 85-wk-old hens were heavier at placement than those from 41-wk-old hens. Equalization of body weights occurred once the allotment of starting feed had been consumed and for the most part remained similar thereafter. Increasing lysine content of the final feed did not improve body weight of both sources of birds at marketing (P
Topical toxicity of ten insecticides to laboratory-reared Musca autumnalis.

Acute toxicity tests of laboratory-reared face flies with Mississippi parental stock against 10 common insecticides indicated good susceptibility. Naled and permethrin were most toxic and methoxychlor was least toxic. Tetrachlorvinphos and crotoxyphos were the most effective of the currently registered materials for use on dairy or beef cattle.
Treatment Availability Influences Physicians' Portrayal of Robotic Surgery During Clinical Appointments.

ABSTRACTIn order to empower patients as decision makers, physicians must educate them about their treatment options in a factual, nonbiased manner. We propose that site-specific availability of treatment options may be a novel source of bias, whereby physicians describe treatments more positively when they are available. We performed a content analysis of physicians’ descriptions of robotic prostatectomy within 252 appointments at four Veterans Affairs medical centers where robotic surgery was either available or unavailable. We coded how physicians portrayed robotic versus open prostatectomy across specific clinical categories and in the appointment overall. We found that physicians were more likely to describe robotic prostatectomy as superior when it was available [F(1, 42) = 8.65, p = .005]. We also provide initial qualitative evidence that physicians may be shaping their descriptions of robotic prostatectomy in an effort to manage patients’ emotions and demand for the robotic technology. To our knowl...
Multi-bit Watermark Algorithm Resisting Local Geometric Attacks

A novel local geometrical invariant multi-bit watermark algorithm based on decoding using fast correlation attacks is proposed in this paper.The binary bit sequences of watermark as the initial state are fed into the linear feedback shift register,and the output sequence is embedded into the triangles which are obtained according to the scale-space Harris feature points and Delaunay tessellations.During the extraction,the embedded watermark is extracted according to the fast correlation attacks technique which has powerful error-correcting capacity.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is highly robust against various attacks including rotation scaling translation,cropping,even random bending attack in StirMark,JPEG compression and filtering and so on.
Medication-induced and spontaneous hypoglycemia carry the same risk for hospital mortality in critically ill patients.

Abstract Purpose Hypoglycemia is associated with increased mortality, but the role of its etiology is unclear. This study aimed to examine the impact of hypoglycemia etiology on mortality risk among critically ill patients. Methods This single-center, retrospective, cohort study evaluated adult patients admitted to the medical or surgical intensive care unit, who experienced medication-induced or spontaneous hypoglycemia (blood glucose Results A total of 642 patients were eligible for inclusion (305 medication-induced and 337 spontaneous). When adjusted for covariates, no difference in hospital mortality was observed based on hypoglycemia etiology (odds ratio, 1.22 [0.77-1.93]; P = .39). Regardless of etiology, hypoglycemic severity, frequency, and glycemic variability were significantly associated with higher odds of hospital mortality. Hypoglycemic etiology did not impact hospital mortality when patients were stratified by presence or absence of diabetes. Conclusions Medication-induced hypoglycemia appears to be equally harmful as spontaneous hypoglycemia during critical illness. Future studies should aim to identify strategies to minimize hypoglycemia regardless of etiology, while also minimizing glycemic variability associated with hypoglycemia treatment.
Simulator-Based Angiography and Endovascular Neurosurgery Curriculum: A Longitudinal Evaluation of Performance Following Simulator-Based Angiography Training.

This study establishes performance metrics for angiography and neuroendovascular surgery procedures based on longitudinal improvement in individual trainees with differing levels of training and experience. Over the course of 30 days, five trainees performed 10 diagnostic angiograms, coiled 10 carotid terminus aneurysms in the setting of subarachnoid hemorrhage, and performed 10 left middle cerebral artery embolectomies on a Simbionix Angio Mentor™ simulator. All procedures were nonconsecutive. Total procedure time, fluoroscopy time, contrast dose, heart rate, blood pressures, medications administered, packing densities, the number of coils used, and the number of stent-retriever passes were recorded. Image quality was rated, and the absolute value of technically unsafe events was recorded. The trainees’ device selection, macrovascular access, microvascular access, clinical management, and the overall performance of the trainee was rated during each procedure based on a traditional Likert scale score of 1=fail, 2=poor, 3=satisfactory, 4=good, and 5=excellent. These ordinal values correspond with published assessment scales on surgical technique. After performing five diagnostic angiograms and five embolectomies, all participants demonstrated marked decreases in procedure time, fluoroscopy doses, contrast doses, and adverse technical events; marked improvements in image quality, device selection, access scores, and overall technical performance were additionally observed (p < 0.05). Similarly, trainees demonstrated marked improvement in technical performance and clinical management after five coiling procedures (p < 0.05). However, trainees with less prior experience deploying coils continued to experience intra-procedural ruptures up to the eighth embolization procedure; this observation likely corresponded with less tactile procedural experience to an exertion of greater force than appropriate for coil placement. Trainees across all levels of training and prior experience demonstrated a significant performance improvement after completion of our simulator curriculum consisting of five diagnostic angiograms, five embolectomy cases, and 10 aneurysm coil embolizations.
Securing NFC Credit Card Payments Against Malicious Retailers

The protocol by which “contactless” (NFC) credit cards operate is insecure. Previous work has done much to protect this protocol from malicious third parties, e.g. eavesdroppers, credit card skimmers, etc. However, most of these defenses rely on the retailers being honest, and on their Points of Sale following the credit card protocol faithfully. In this paper, we extend the threat model to include malicious retailers, and remove any restrictions on the operation of their Points of Sale. In particular, we identify two classes of attacks which may be executed by a malicious retailer: Over-charge attacks exploiting victim customers, and Transparent Bridge attacks exploiting victim retailers. We then extend the protocol from previous work in order to defend against these attacks, protecting cardholders and honest retailers from malicious retailers.
Phenytoin and Carbamazepine Teratogenicity

In a prospective, controlled, and blinded study of 36 mother-child pairs exposed to carbamazepine (CBZ) monotherapy, 34 pairs exposed to phenytoin (DPH) monotherapy, and 9 nonmedicated epileptic women and their children, the patterns of malformations in the children exposed to potential teratogenic factors were compared with matched mother-child pairs exposed to nonteratogens, at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
Extending Classical Multirate Signal Processing Theory to Graphs—Part I: Fundamentals

Signal processing on graphs finds applications in many areas. In recent years, renewed interest on this topic was kindled by two groups of researchers. Narang and Ortega constructed two-channel filter banks on bipartitie graphs described by Laplacians. Sandryhaila and Moura developed the theory of linear systems, filtering, and frequency responses for the case of graphs with arbitrary adjacency matrices, and showed applications in signal compression, prediction, etc. Inspired by these contributions, this paper extends classical multirate signal processing ideas to graphs. The graphs are assumed to be general with a possibly nonsymmetric and complex adjacency matrix. The paper revisits ideas, such as noble identities, aliasing, and polyphase decompositions in graph multirate systems. Drawing such a parallel to classical systems allows one to design filter banks with polynomial filters, with lower complexity than arbitrary graph filters. It is shown that the extension of classical multirate theory to graphs is nontrivial, and requires certain mathematical restrictions on the graph. Thus, classical noble identities cannot be taken for granted. Similarly, one cannot claim that the so-called delay chain system is a perfect reconstruction system (as in classical filter banks). It will also be shown that $M$ -partite extensions of the bipartite filter bank results will not work for $M$ -channel filter banks, but a more restrictive condition called $M$ -block cyclic property should be imposed. Such graphs are studied in detail. A detailed theory for $M$ -channel filter banks is developed in a companion paper.