cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LPA and S1P increase corneal epithelial and endothelial cell transcellular resistance.

PURPOSE To determine whether lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) or sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) affects transcellular resistance across cultured rabbit corneal epithelial and endothelial cells. METHODS Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) was used to measure electrical resistance across cultured rabbit corneal epithelial and endothelial monolayers. After a 1-hour equilibration period, different concentrations of LPA or S1P were added to each well, and the effect observed for 4 hours. For cells significantly affected by LPA or S1P, pertussis toxin (PTX) or dioctyl-glycerol pyrophosphate (DGPP 8:0) was added along with LPA or S1P in separate experiments. Cells were also treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in the presence of LPA or S1P in different tests. The influence of LPA and S1P on epithelial and endothelial cell F-actin was determined with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS LPA significantly increased the resistance of both the epithelial and endothelial monolayers, whereas S1P increased the resistance in only the endothelial cells. PTX blocked both the LPA- and S1P-induced increases in resistance, and DGPP (8:0) inhibited LPA-induced transcellular resistance in both the epithelium and endothelium. LPA and S1P prevented PMA-induced resistance decreases across epithelial and endothelial cells. F-actin staining around cell borders was more intense in both LPA- and S1P-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS LPA increases transcellular resistance across cultured rabbit corneal epithelial and endothelial cell monolayers, and the effect is mediated through the LPA(1) receptor and signaled through Galpha(i/o). S1P-stimulated increases in endothelial resistance are also signaled through Galpha(i/o). Both LPA and S1P prevented increased transcellular permeabilities induced by PMA, and increased actin stress fiber formation in epithelial and endothelial cells.
VENNTURE-A Novel Venn Diagram Investigational Tool for Multiple Pharmacological Dataset Analysis

As pharmacological data sets become increasingly large and complex, new visual analysis and filtering programs are needed to aid their appreciation. One of the most commonly used methods for visualizing biological data is the Venn diagram. Currently used Venn analysis software often presents multiple problems to biological scientists, in that only a limited number of simultaneous data sets can be analyzed. An improved appreciation of the connectivity between multiple, highly-complex datasets is crucial for the next generation of data analysis of genomic and proteomic data streams. We describe the development of VENNTURE, a program that facilitates visualization of up to six datasets in a user-friendly manner. This program includes versatile output features, where grouped data points can be easily exported into a spreadsheet. To demonstrate its unique experimental utility we applied VENNTURE to a highly complex parallel paradigm, i.e. comparison of multiple G protein-coupled receptor drug dose phosphoproteomic data, in multiple cellular physiological contexts. VENNTURE was able to reliably and simply dissect six complex data sets into easily identifiable groups for straightforward analysis and data output. Applied to complex pharmacological datasets, VENNTURE’s improved features and ease of analysis are much improved over currently available Venn diagram programs. VENNTURE enabled the delineation of highly complex patterns of dose-dependent G protein-coupled receptor activity and its dependence on physiological cellular contexts. This study highlights the potential for such a program in fields such as pharmacology, genomics, and bioinformatics.
From demon possession to magic show : Ventriloquism, religion, and the enlightenment

In Saducismus Triumphatus: Or, Full and Plain Evidence Concerning Witches and Apparitions (1681), Joseph Glanvill marveled at those so possessed by the devil that they became his mouthpiece: “For Ventriloquy, or speaking from the bottom of the Belly, 'tis a thing I think as strange and difficult to be conceived as any thing in Witchcraft, nor can it, I believe, be performed in any distinctness of articulate sounds, without such assistance of the Spirits, that spoke out of the Daemoniacks.” By the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, ventriloquism, loosened from the confines of theological debates over demonology, had become a salient category in rationalistic discussions of religion and had taken center stage as a form of enlightened entertainment. This expanded construction of ventriloquy provided a tangible way of thinking about revealed religion as rooted in illusion—that, indeed, various wonders of the devout ear such as divine calls, the voices of demonic possession, prophecy, mystical locutions, oracles, and even the sounds of shamanic spirits had their origins in vocal deceptions that empiricists could pinpoint and magicians could demonstrate. The new ventriloquism, in its sober appraisal of all sectarian enthusiasm and religious credulity, made suspect the very claim that God could speak to or through the human. In performative practice, the ventriloquist's art shifted the focus of learned attention from the divine struggle over the soul to the protean malleability of personal identity, the fears and attractions of imposture, and the sheer pleasures of amusement.
Origin and diagenesis of K/T impact spherules—From Haiti to Wyoming and beyond

— Impact spherules in Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary clays and claystones consist of two types; each type is confined to its own separate layer of the boundary couplet in the Western Hemisphere. The form and composition of each of the spherule types result from its own unique mode of origin during the K/T event. Type 1 splash-form spherules occur only in the melt-ejecta (basal) layer of the K/T couplet. This layer was deposited from a ballistic ejecta curtain composed of melt-glass droplets transported mostly within the atmosphere. In contrast, Type 2 spherules are accreted, partially crystalline, spheroidal bodies that formed by condensation of vaporized bolide and target-rock materials in an expanding fireball cloud, from which they settled out of buoyant suspension to form the fireball layer. Dendritic and skeletal Ni-rich spinel crystals are unique to these Type 2 spherules in the fireball layer. Compositions of relict glasses found in Type 1 K/T spherules from Haiti indicate that they were derived from intermediate silicic target rocks. These melt-glass droplets were deposited into an aqueous environment at both continental and marine sites. We propose that the surfaces of the hot melt droplets hydrated rapidly in water and that these hydrated glass rims then altered to palagonite. Subsequent alteration of the palagonite rims to smectite, glauconite, chlorite, kaolinite, or goyazite occurred later during various modes of progressive diagenesis, accompanied by dissolution of some of the glass cores in spherules from continental sections and from marine sections that were subsequently raised above sea level. In many of the nonmarine sections in the Western Interior, the glass cores altered to kaolinite instead of dissolving. Directly comparable spherule morphologies (splash forms), textural features of the altered shells, and scalloping and grooving of relict glass cores or secondary casts demonstrate that the Haitian and Wyoming spherules are equivalent altered Type 1 melt-droplet bodies. The spherules at both locations were deposited in a melt-ejecta layer as part of the K/T impact event. Previously, two types of relict impact glasses had been identified in the Haitian spherule beds: black glass of andesitic composition and high-Ca yellow glass with an unusually high S content. Most workers agree that the latter probably formed by impact melting and mixing of surficial carbonate (and minor anhydrite) rocks with the more deeply-buried crystalline parent rocks of the black glasses. However, some workers have suggested that an intermediate compositional gap exists between the two groups of glasses, implying a different origin than simple mixing of end members during impact. We report glass compositional analyses with values extending throughout this intermediate range, lending support to the impact-mixing model. Inclusions of CaSO4 found by us in relict yellow glasses further support this model.
Calculation of the Composite Higgs Mass

Abstract In an interesting class of composite Higgs models, the composite Higgs mass can be calculated to be m H ≅ 1.7 M W 3 N where the confining ultracolor group which binds the Higgs is SU(N), N ⩾ 3. Thus mH ⩽ 1.7 MW. In these models, there is an additional gauged U(1) coupled to ordinary matter and broken at the ultracolor scale.
Micro-elasticity (μ-E): CNR and resolution of acoustic radiation force impulse imaging and single- and multiple track location shear wave elasticity imaging for visualizing small targets

Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging and shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI) use the dynamic response of tissue to impulsive mechanical stimulus to characterize local elasticity. A variant of conventional, multiple track location SWEI (MTL-SWEI), denoted single track location SWEI (STL-SWEI) offers the promise of creating speckle-free shear wave images. This work compares the three imaging modalities using a high push and track beam density combined acquisition sequence to image stiff inclusions with diameters of 1.5 and 6 mm. STL-SWEI is shown to have significantly higher CNR than MTL-SWEI, allowing for operation at higher resolution. ARFI and STL-SWEI perform similarly in the 6 mm inclusions, but STL-SWEI images the 1.5 mm targets with the highest CNR and best resolution. The processing trade-offs between CNR and resolution for each modality are discussed.
Forging a Catholic‐Evangelical alliance in the American context

Explores the possibility and probability of a Catholic‐Evangelical alliance within the US social arena. Notes the numerical strength and systemic importance of each tradition. Examines the histories, tenets, politics, economic teachings and lifestyles of the two respective orientations. Cites their legacy of mutual hostility as well as the more recent ecumenical ventures. Focuses on the relevancy of the Vatican II Council to their dialogue and enumerates their contemporary differences and similarities. Concludes optimistically that theology and politics have forged stranger coalitions.
On the TRAIL from death receptors to prostate cancer therapy.

Commentary to:TRAIL-DISC Formation Is Androgen-Dependent in the Human Prostatic Carcinoma Cell Line LNCaP Oskar W. Rokhlin, Agshin F. Taghiyev, Nataliya V. Guseva, Rebecca A. Glover, Sergei I. Syrbu and Michael B. Cohen
Ph+ ALL: another success for imatinib

Comment on Lee et al, page [3449][1] A study by Lee and colleagues demonstrates that the incorporation of imatinib with chemotherapy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation in the management of patients with Ph+ ALL may be the optimal treatment strategy. Philadelphia (Ph+) adult lymphoblastic
Voices of Afghan women: Human rights and economic development

Abstract Contemporary Afghanistan provides a good case study for looking at the growing demand for women's rights within a tribal, Islamic and modernizing framework. As was explicated by three Afghan women interviewed at a conference in Italy in 2001, and additional women in Kabul in 2003, human rights for all people in Afghanistan, and specifically for women, can only be ensured through democracy. They believe that democracy can only be ensured through full participation of women in the political process especially when women comprise at least 60 percent of the country's population. In turn, they say that women's political participation is dependent on their economic empowerment and social and physical security. In this article, I emphasize the importance of economic empowerment and social and physical security for Afghan women as the urgent agenda for the international community to be responsible for and to engage in, as a prerequisite to a dialogue on human rights as women's rights. Toward that, this a...
City names of the western Steppe at the time of the Mongol invasion

Section 274 of the Secret History of the Mongols (Yuanchao bishi) tells us that Khagan Ogodei placed governors over the conquered peoples whose cities were ‘Asud, Sesud, Bolar and Mankerman-Kiwa’. I present the entire passage, first, in the transliterated edition published in 1972 by Igor de Rachewiltz, then in two English translations, the first by Francis Woodman Cleaves, the second by Rachewiltz:batu buri guyuk mongge teri'uten olon ko'ut qanglin kibca'ud-i bajigid-i oro'ulju ejiljayaq meget balaqasu ebdelju orusud-i kiduju uluttele talaba asut sestut bolar man-kerman kiwa teri'uten balaqad-un irgen-i dawuliju else'ulju daruqacin tammacin-i talbiju qariba.
Hysteresis in Cyclotron Resonance Based on Weak Relativistic-Mass Effects of the Electron

The cyclotron resonance is considered upon action of strong electromagnetic quasiresonant wave. It is shown that even a very weak relativistic (${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}\ensuremath{\ll}1$) mass effect of the electron can result in large hysteretic jumps of its steady-state kinetic energy, if the wave intensity or frequency is varied.
Transnational Book Markets and Literary Reception in the Americas

In her paper "Transnational Book Markets and Literary Reception in the Americas," Molly Metherd argues that the most diffuse products of transnational cultural production in the Americas come from mass media productions packaged for transnational audiences -i.e., Hollywood films, television shows, popular magazines, product advertisements -and that tend to homogenize messages, promote stereotypes, and simplify complex issues. However, another effort to make sense of shifting relationships in the Americas is coming from a group of US-American and Spanish American literary figures. In their fiction, criticism, journalistic work, and public statements, such authors have been responding to the covalence of American cultures and interrogating mass media messages. Metherd examines the emergence of this transnational publishing industry which offers the institutional structure for authors to reach out to hemispheric audiences and its impact and relates the said situation to Chilean author Alberto Fuguet. She explores how, in order to accommodate these changing markets, Englishand Spanish-language publishers have formed strategic partnerships and introduced new imprints often releasing works simultaneously in English and Spanish and promoting authors to a larger hemispheric readership through shelf placement, advertising and book tours. Molly Metherd, "Transnational Book Markets and Literary Reception in the Americas" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 10.3 (2008):
Particle-stimulated nucleation of ferrite in heavy steel sections

In heavy steel sections, strength and toughness are improved remarkably by refining and homogenizing the final ferrite microstructure. The production of heavy sections by universal-type rolling mills takes place at elevated temperature followed by slow cooling rates. Therefore, refinement of the ferrite microstructure through modern thermomechanical, TMP, techniques is not feasible. This paper explores and presents the use of particle-stimulated nucleation of ferrite, the PSN (particle-stimulated nucleation) mechanism, to refine the ferrite grain size and eliminate the high-carbon, low transformation products otherwise found in transformed coarse-grained austenite. In this study, MnS and Ti-oxide particles were used to promote intragranular ferrite, or IGF, in a typical ASTM A572 grade 50 Steel. This work included the study of the decomposition behavior of coarse grained austenite as a function of very slow cooling rate. In addition, the nucleation of ferrite grains taking place at γ/γ, γ/α and γ/inclusion interfaces was identified and quantified.
Thermally Stable Schottky Contacts TO n-GaN

The barrier heights of Ni/Ga/Ni and Re Schottky contacts to n-GaN were investigated by current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements. The elemental Ni contacts were also investigated for comparison. The Ni/Ga/Ni and Re diodes were stable on short term annealing up to 700 °C. It was also shown that the Ni/Ga/Ni (84 at% Ni, 16 at% Ga) diodes were more stable than Ni diodes. This work provides the first demonstration of Schottky diodes to n-GaN that are stable upon annealing at 700 °C.
Tolerance analysis method for Shack-Hartmann sensors using a variable phase surface.

Even after good calibration, the measurement accuracy of a Shack-Hartmann sensor can be affected by the fabrication and alignment tolerances of the wavefront sensing optical system. The shifts of the Shack-Hartmann spots caused by misalignments correspond to ray intercept errors on the detector that typically have to be converted into a meaningful input wavefront measurement error. This conversion cannot be directly obtained from a conventional tolerance analysis using optical design software, because of the intrinsic wavefront sampling by the lenslet array. The tolerancing method proposed in this paper solves the problem of converting conventional merit function degradation into input wavefront measurement error without employing a separate wavefront reconstruction algorithm. Using the proposed method, this investigation shows the effect of fabrication and misalignment errors on the accuracy of a calibrated Shack-Hartmann sensor, as a function of input wavefront vergence.
Building a Larger Tent for Public Health Implications of the SOPHE–AAHE Unification

The unification of the American Association for Health Education (AAHE) and the Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE) generates a long-desired synergy, a ramping up of our leadership influence in promoting health. It also serves as an ongoing opportunity to reflect on how we synergize the distinct philosophic, scientific, and practical approaches that our AAHE colleagues bring in constructing a larger tent for public health education. Running parallel to our union with AAHE is the undertaking by several schools of health, physical education, and recreation (HPER) to become schools of public health. The unification between AAHE and SOPHE can be of enormous benefit to such a process. Just as the harmonious integration of two organizations with similar but distinct perspectives depends on compromise and transcendence, the schools that they embody-both public health and HPER-might consider ways to engage in continued dialogue to assure a more expansive paradigm for public health. SOPHE has an important role to play in this process, and with the additional insight and influence that our AAHE colleagues bring, we can become more instrumental as a boundary spanner. Mechanisms for such integration are discussed.
Additional radial velocities of maser stars and related M supergiants.

New radial-velocity data for late supergiants with maser emission, long-period variable maser stars, and similar nonmaser stars are presented. For VY CMa, 20 years of data are made use of to show that a correlation exists between the measured radial velocity and the spectral resolution. The correlation may be explained by reflection of starlight from moving dust in agreement with the line-profile calculations of van Blerkom and van Blerkom (1978). For the long-period variables, radial velocities of the K I resonance lines on 4 A/mm spectrograms strengthen the correlation between the circumstellar absorption lines and the violet edge of the thermal microwave emission.
Space Radiation Damage Measurements in the Earth Synchronous Orbit

For direct measurement of the integrated radiation dose experienced in Earth synchronous orbit, p-i-n diodes were flown as radiation dosimeters on LES-6. The diode, which has a lifetime of 10-4 seconds in the intrinsic region, was originally developed as a neutron dosimeter, but can detect 1-MeV electron fluences as low as 1013 e·cm-2. Observations over three years in orbit are presented.
[Sar1, Ala8] angiotensin II in cerebrospinal fluid blocks the binding of blood-borne [125I]angiotensin II to the circumventricular organs

Abstract There is a specific, high affinity uptake of angiotensin II in the circumventricular organs when the peptide is injected systemically. 11 The question of whether angiotensin II in cerebrospinal fluid can reach angiotensin receptors in the circumventricular organs was investigated in rats by determining the effect of intraventricular administration of the angiotensin II receptor blocking peptide [Sar 1 , Ala 8 ]angiotensin II (saralasin) on the binding of blood-borne [ 125 I]angiotensin II. Other rats received intraventricular saline, intraventricular ACTH 4–10 as a peptide control, or intravenous saralasin. The brains of the rats were then sectioned and subjected to radioautography. ACTH 4–10 had no effect on angiotensin II uptake. Intraventricular saralasin reduced the uptake of blood-borne angiotensin II in the median eminence and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis to the same degree as intravenous saralasin, and reduced uptake in the subfornical organ and area postrema to a lesser extent. Uptake was reduced 40% in the anterior lobe of the pituitary by intraventricular saralasin and 73% by intravenous saralasin, indicating that some saralasin entered the portal vessels. Uptake in the posterior lobe was unaffected by intraventricular saralasin, but reduced by intravenous saralasin. The data indicate that saralasin, and so presumably angiotensin II, in the cerebrospinal fluid can reach angiotensin II receptors in the circumventricular organs which bind blood-borne angiotensin II. Consequently, the effects of intraventricular angiotensin II that are also produced by intravenous angiotensin II can probably be explained by the peptide acting on the circumventricular organs.
Effect of post-harvest fungicide drenches on stored winter white cabbage

SUMMARY In five commercial-scale storage trials of winter white cabbage during 1974–78, post-harvest drenches of benomyl, thiabendazole or iprodione gave good control of rotting by Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Pers., which was the main cause of spoilage in untreated cabbage stored at 0–1°C and about 95 per cent relative humidity. All three fungicides controlled rots caused by Mycosphaerella brassicicola (Duby) Lindau and iprodione also controlled Alternaria spp. Some drench treatments resulted in more bacterial rots due to Pseudomonas marginalia (Brown) Stevens, and the early development of ‘pepper-spot’ (a non-microbial leaf necrosis disorder) was accelerated by drenching. However, the recovery after 30 or 36 weeks’ storage of trimmed cabbage suitable for coleslaw manufacture was increased by up to 11 per cent by the fungicide treatments, which could also extend the storage season and reduce trimming costs.
Formation of furans by gas-phase reactions of chlorophenols

The gas-phase formation of dibenzofurans and other furan products from the three monochlorophenols, as well as phenol and four dichlorophenols, was studied in a 10-s flow reactor with and without oxygen. Results support a mechanism of dibenzofuran formation by coupling of chlorophenoxy radicals at ortho carbon atoms without chlorine substituents. Maximum yields of primary dibenzofuran products from chlorophenol pyrolysis were observed between 600 and 650°C. In the presence of oxygen, the same distribution of primary dibenzofuran product isomers was observed, but the formation of dibenzofurans occurred at lower temperatures. Secondary dibenzofuran products containing fewer chlorine substituents were produced at higher temperatures, corresponding with an increased conversion of chlorophenol to phenol. Statistical factors and steric effects associated with chlorine substitution at bay sites were found to control the distribution of dibenzofuran product isomers. The distributions of dibenzofuran isomers from gas-phase reactions of 3-chlorophenol and 3,4-dichlorophenol were found to be in close agreement with thermodynamic distributions calculated using semiempirical molecular orbital methods. Pathways are proposed for the formation of one monochlorodibenzofuranol produced in 3-chlorophenol pyrolysis and four benzonaphthofuran isomers produced in 2-chlorophenol pyrolysis. Further investigation is needed to confirm these proposed formation pathways. This work contributes to the development of a predictive understanding of furan product formation at high temperatures in incinerators.
The electromagnetic field in a 1-D lossy medium based on a Maxwell equation propagator

A propagator has been derived for the electromagnetic field in a 1D lossy region. The solution is exact, and does not require the evaluation of a differential or integral equation. In the limit as /spl sigma/ /spl rarr/ 0 the result is seen to reduce to the D'Alembert solution for coupled equations in a homogeneous lossless medium. Good agreement with the ADS CAD program has been demonstrated. Because we get an exact solution, it is expected to be more accurate than integral or differential equation methods, not subject to numerical dispersion and simple to evaluate. By using the methods described here, derivations of the 2D and 3D cases should be straightforward.
The hydrothermal growth of Al2O3 in HCl solutions

Abstract In agreement with thermodynamic predictions, the extent of reaction between Al 2 O 3 and HCl solutions was found to decrease with increasing temperature in the range of 300–550°C at 1700 bar pressure. The hydrothermal growth of sapphire (Al 2 O 3 ) and ruby (Cr doped Al 2 O 3 ) was achieved in HCl solutions.
Immediate hip spica is as effective as, but more efficient than, flexible intramedullary nailing for femoral shaft fractures in pre-school children

Abstract Flexible intramedullary nailing (FIN) is the gold standard treatment for femur fracture in school-aged children. It has been performed successfully in younger children, although Spica cast immobilisation (SCI) has been the most widely used strategy to date. Method A retrospective analysis was performed between two comparable groups of children aged 1–4 years with a femoral shaft fracture. Two University hospitals, each using specific treatment guidelines, participated in the study: SCI in Group I (Basel, Switzerland) and FIN in Group II (Lausanne, Switzerland). Results Group I included 19 children with a median age of 26 months (range 12–46 months). Median hospital stay was 1 day (range 0–5 days) and casts were retained for a median duration of 21 days (range 12–29 days). General anaesthesia was used in six children and sedation in four. Skin breakdown secondary to cast irritation occurred in two children (10.5%). The median follow-up was 114 months (range 37–171 months). No significant malunion ...
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models: mathematical fundamentals and simulation implementations

This review paper gives an overview of the building blocks of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models and their implementation using computer facilities. The approach focuses on the development of a PBPK model with the most important and appropriate limiting steps for the conditions and exposure scenarios under study. In this approach, the assumptions made in constructing the set of equations, as well as the fitting of variables to specific experimental results, need to be accounted for when making extrapolation to other conditions. A well-constructed PBPK model should account for all possible ranges of extrapolation from the development stages so that appropriate experimental studies and assumptions can be designed to handle the intended applications. Two common assumptions are revisited: the flow-limited assumption and the metabolic clearance using Michaelis-Menten kinetics assumption. Computer hardware and software requirements for implementing PBPK models are briefly reviewed.
The differential impact of low-carbon technologies on climate change mitigation cost under a range of socioeconomic and climate policy scenarios

This paper considers the effect of several key parameters of low carbon energy technologies on the cost of abatement. A methodology for determining the minimum level of performance required for a parameter to have a statistically significant impact on CO2 abatement cost is developed and used to evaluate the impact of eight key parameters of low carbon energy supply technologies on the cost of CO2 abatement. The capital cost of nuclear technology is found to have the greatest impact of the parameters studied. The cost of biomass and CCS technologies also have impacts, while their efficiencies have little, if any. Sensitivity analysis of the results with respect to population, GDP, and CO2 emission constraint show that the minimum performance level and impact of nuclear technologies is consistent across the socioeconomic scenarios studied, while the other technology parameters show different performance under higher population, lower GDP scenarios. Solar technology was found to have a small impact, and then only at very low costs. These results indicate that the cost of nuclear is the single most important driver of abatement cost, and that trading efficiency for cost may make biomass and CCS technologies more competitive.
Activity‐Composition Relations in Orthosilicate and Metasilicate Solid Solutions in the System MnO‐CoO‐SiO2

Activity-composition relations in Mn-Co orthosilicate and metasilicate solid solutions were determined at 1200° to 1250°C by equilibrating selected phase assemblages with metallic cobalt and a gas phase of known oxygen potentials at a total pressure of 1 atm. The orthosilicate solid solution shows a slight negative departure from ideality, whereas the metasilicate solid solution is ideal. The stability data derived for the Mn2SiO4 and MnSiO3 end-members are in good agreement with those previously determined from the system MnO-“FeO”-SiO2. The free-energy change for the reaction 2CoSiO3= Co2-SiO4+ SiO2 was determined to be -3.8 kcal at 1250°C.
Prolonged Morbidity Due to Delays in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children

The inclusion of a query concerning the presence of snoring in a questionnaires used by the Allergy Service of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) uncovered a significant number of patients who were experiencing prolonged and discomforting symptoms owing to previously undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) caused by adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Of 352 patients who were discharged with a diagnosis of OSA and tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy at CHLA in 1996-1997, a retrospective study of the first 45 randomly selected patients who agreed to participate in a telephone interview was performed. Analysis revealed that all patients experienced severe and discomforting symptoms with all describing severe or moderate snoring. Other symptoms included chronic mouth breathing (84%), frequent otitis media (64%), sinusitis (56%), sore throat (51%), choking (47%), and daytime drowsiness (42%). Other symptoms included poor school performance, enuresis, poor appetite and/or weight gain, dysphagia, and vomiting. Symptoms began at a mean age of approximately 2 years ("birth"-9 years), and the mean period of time between the development of significant symptoms and OSA was 3.3 years (6 months-13 years). Delay between onset of significant symptoms and surgery was > 1 year in 82% of the patients, > 2 years in 51% of the patients, > 4 years in 31% of the patients, and > 6 years in 13% of the patients. Forty percent of patients were self-referred to an otolaryngologist for treatment despite their primary care physician being aware of the symptoms. These results indicate that patient with OSA experienced prolonged morbidity and delays in treatment, which is probably widespread. Physician, parent, and third-party factors were found to have contributed to the delays in treatment.
Expression of the human apoE2 isoform in adipocytes: altered cellular processing and impaired adipocyte lipogenesis

Expression of apoE in adipocytes has been shown to have an important role in modulating adipocyte triglyceride (TG) metabolism and gene expression that is independent of circulating and extracellular apoE. The impact of adipocyte expression of common human apoE isoforms was evaluated using adipocytes harvested from human apoE2, -3, and -4 knock-in mice. Expression of the apoE2 isoform was associated with an increase in adipocyte apoE gene expression and apoE synthesis. Newly synthesized apoE2 was unstable in adipocytes and demonstrated increased degradation and decreased secretion. ApoE2-expressing mice were hyperlipidemic, and had increased size of gonadal fat pads and of adipocytes, compared with apoE3 mice. In isolated cells, however, expression of the apoE2 isoform produced defective lipogenesis and increased TG hydrolysis. Incubation of adipose tissue with apoE3-containing TG-rich lipoproteins resulted in a significant increase in TG in adipose tissue from apoE3 and -E4 mice, but not apoE2 mice. Reduced capacity to internalize FFA as lipogenic substrate contributed to defective lipogenesis. Newly synthesized apoE2 is unstable in adipocytes and results in decreased adipocyte TG synthesis and defective FA uptake. These changes recapitulate those observed in apoE knockout adipocytes and have implications for understanding metabolic disturbances in humans expressing the E2 isoform.
Carotenemia A Review

Awareness of carotenemia is important to avoid confusion with jaundice and unnecessary diagnostic studies. It is surprising how little information can be found about this relatively common condition in the standard pediatric textbooks. Ingestion of excessive amounts of carrots is the usual cause of carotenemia, but it can also be associated with ingestion of many other yellow vegetables, as well as some green vegetables. Mothers may unknowingly be giving their infants large amounts of carrots in the form of commercial infant food combinations. Carotenemia is a benign condition; vitamin A poisoning does not occur despite massive doses of carotene because the conversion of carotene to vitamin A is slow. Hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, hepatic and renal diseases may be associated with carotenemia, but are not caused by ingestion of carotene. The absence of yellow pigment in the sclera and oral cavities distinguishes carotenemia from jaundice. A similar disorder, lycopenemia, is associated with an orange-yellow skin pigmentation as a result of ingestion of large amounts of tomatoes.
Climate Change and Collective Responsibility

Can persons be held morally responsible for harmful consequences that result from the acts or omissions of their nation or society, even if they conscientiously avoid contributing toward those consequences qua individuals? What if those acts and omissions, together with a great many other similar ones committed against the backdrop of social norms that tolerate and even encourage such harmful behavior, contribute to a global environmental problem that gives rise to valid claims for compensation on the part of those harmed by it, but where discrete instances of harm cannot be attributed to any specific persons as directly causally responsible? Such is the case with global climate change, which results in part from social norms that are permissive of polluting activities and which often frustrate efforts to avoid them, rather than being caused by culpable individual choices alone, in which case individual fault and responsibility could more plausibly be assigned. Furthermore, the harm associated with climate change is caused by aggregated greenhouse pollution from a great many untraceable point sources rather than being the direct result of discrete emissions of heat-trapping gases by particular persons, undermining standard accounts of individual moral responsibility and thus giving rise to claims for assigning responsibility collectively instead. But holding nations and peoples collectively responsible for climate change raises objections from the perspective of individual moral responsibility, at least insofar as some persons may be implicated qua members of groups when they are faultless as individuals.
ATP and Nitric Oxide Modulate Intracellular Calcium in Isolated Pillar Cells of the Guinea Pig Cochlea

Supporting cells in the mammalian cochlea have recently received attention as potential targets of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neurohumoral agents. Calcium homeostasis in Deiters' and Hensen's cells, for example, is regulated by ATP and nitric oxide. We studied the intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+]i in isolated pillar cells of the guinea pig cochlea in response to extracellular ATP and nitric oxide using the fluorescent indicator fluo-3. [Ca2+]i increased rapidly and significantly throughout the pillar cell in response to a bolus of ATP or 2-methylthio ATP while alpha,beta-methylene ATP was ineffective. The response to ATP was inhibited by suramin and Cibacron Blue but not by pyridoxal phosphate 6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid. This pharmacological profile is consistent with a [Ca2+]i increase largely mediated by P2Y receptors. In Ca2+-free medium supplemented with EGTA, the response to extracellularATP was reduced by 33%, suggesting a contribution of calcium influx to the overall effect. The ATP-induced increase of [Ca2+] was attenuated by NO donors (sodium nitroprusside or diethylamine NONOate), and this attenuation was reversed by KT5823, an antagonist to protein kinase G. The results indicate the involvement of purinergic mechanisms and the nitric oxide/cyclic GMP/protein kinase G pathway in the regulation of [Ca2+]i in cochlear pillar cells.
The Response to Rifting by the North Shore Volcanics in Minnesota

The Midcontinent Rift is a 1.1 billion year old feature which has been defined primarily by geophysical studies. Many studies have examined the rift from a petrologic and geophysical view, but few have examined the structural geology in any detail. This study examines the structural aspects of the rift in Minnesota and elucidates the orientations of the principal stresses during the 100 Ma of igneous activity. In contrast to the geology in Michigan, the North Shore of Minnesota has quite a complex history. In Michigan, pulsations of volcanism alternated with periods of erosion and deposition. However, in Minnesota, these volcanic pulses were often cogenetic with emplacement of intrusive complexes, as well. With the midcontinent region initially in a tensional regime, these units were more easily emplaced, but not without some net stress imposed on the existing rock units. Since compression of the area is documented by the significant reverse motion along the Keweenaw, Isle Royale, Douglas, and Lake Owen faults (Cannon et al. 1989), it is likely this motion has been translated and modified by other activities along the North Shore of Minnesota.
Terrain Adaptive Navigation for Mars Rovers

A navigation system for Mars rovers in very rough terrain has been designed, implemented, and tested on a research rover in Mars analog terrain. This navigation system consists of several technologies that are integrated to increase the capabilities compared to current rover navigation algorithms. These technologies include: goodness maps and terrain triage, terrain classification, remote slip prediction, path planning, high-fidelity traversability analysis (HFTA), and slip-compensated path following. The focus of this paper is not on the component technologies, but rather on the integration of these components. Results from the onboard integration of several of the key technologies described here are shown. Additionally, the results from independent demonstrations of several of these technologies are shown. Future work will include the demonstration of the entire integrated system.
Efficient Implementation of Controlled Operations for Multivalued Quantum Logic

This paper presents a new quantum array that can be used to control a single-qudit hermitian operator for an odd radix r ≫ 2 by n controls using Theta(n^log_2 r + 2) single-qudit controlled gates with one control and no ancilla qudits. This quantum array is more practical than existing quantum arrays of the same complexity because it does not require the use of small roots of the operation that is being implemented. Another quantum array is also presented that implements a single-qudit operator with n controls for any radix r ≫ 2 using ceiling(log_(r - 1) n) ancilla qudits and Theta(n^(log_(r - 1) 2 + 1)) single-qudit gates with one control.
A risk-based methodology for combating terrorism

We develop a methodology for analyzing risk to the meat supply, with a specific focus on slaughterhouses. The safety of the nation's meat supply from terrorist attack has become a major concern of the USDA after the September 11/sup th/ attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade Center. The methodology performs a risk assessment through hierarchical holographic modelling (HHM). The goal of the HHM is to capture all observables of a terrorist attack as well as identify all of the vulnerabilities of the target. A 2-player game using a blue team and red team aided in completing a more thorough HHM diagram. This process identified key observables such as researching of toxins and access to meat processing machines as possible indicators of an attack. Bayes' theorem serves as the key tool for analyzing the observables identified through the HHM diagram to assess the likelihood of terrorist attack.
Effects of Interleukin-1 on Bone Turnover in Normal Mice*

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a potent stimulator of osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro and causes hypercalcemia and increased osteoclastic resorption when infused into normal mice for 72 h. However, its longer term or local effects on bone turnover in vivo are unknown. To study these, we injected IL-1 alpha once daily for 3 days into the sc tissue over the calvariae of normal mice and examined its effects on calvarial bone morphology during the subsequent 4 weeks using quantitative histomorphometry. Increased bone resorption inside the calvariae and elevated plasma calcium concentrations were present 24 h after the last IL-1 injection. These early systemic effects were not prevented by indomethacin. During the following 3-4 weeks most of the bone on the injected side of the calvariae was resorbed by osteoclasts and was subsequently replaced by increased amounts of new bone. These longer term local effects on bone turnover were prevented by indomethacin. However, indomethacin did not prevent the formation of new bone inside the calvariae at sites of resorption induced by IL-1 independent of prostaglandin production. These findings indicate that IL-1 stimulates bone turnover systemically, independent of prostaglandin production, and that it has profound long term local effects on bone turnover that are mediated through prostaglandins.
A reexamination of fear and its determinants on the visual cliff.

Richards and Rader (1983) argue in their recent Psychophysiology paper that crawling experience plays no significant role in the development of visual cliff performance, and also that “fear” is not related to the development of the avoidance of heights. It is our contention that these conclusions rest upon oversimplified assumptions about the nature of fear and its determinants on the visual cliff. A very different set of inferences emerge from an alternative conceptualization of the problem. In contrast to Richards and Rader, we argue that heart rate cannot be simply equated with fear but rather represents one of many loosely correlated indices. Evidence is presented to show that behavioral and cardiac responses converge to demonstrate fear of heights by locomotor infants. It is further argued that the role of crawling experience is not given an adequate test by Richards and Rader. The theoretically important test involves a comparison between locomotor and prelocomotor infants. Data from such comparisons are reviewed and found to support self-produced locomotion as an important predictor of visual cliff performance.
Metastatic basal cell carcinoma presenting with unilateral upper extremity edema and lymphatic spread

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common human malignancy, metastasizes in 0.0028% to 0.5% of cases, usually to the lymph nodes, lungs, bones, and skin. After metastatic spread of BCC, survival averages 1 to 2 years. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are treatment options. We describe metastatic basal cell carcinoma to the skin presenting with unilateral upper extremity edema.
Myeloprotective Effects of Interleukin-1 Following Exposure to Chemoradiotherapy

Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a cytokine with multiple immunological and inflammatory functions, has recently been demonstrated to play a role in hematopoietic regulation.1 Although IL-1 alone does not stimulate hematopoietic colony growth, it is synergistic with other growth factors and has been shown to be identical to hematopoietin-1.2 In addition to having a direct effect on early hematopoietic progenitors, IL-1 is capable of inducing production of various colony-stimulating factors (CSF’s) by accessory cell populations in the hematopoietic tissue.3 Administering IL-1 to mice pretreated with chemotherapy accelerated hematopoietic recovery and reduced the nadir in neutrophil count.4 Administering IL-1 to mice before or shortly after lethal irradiation protected them from severe neutropenia and subsequent death from septicemia.5,6 These results suggest that IL-1 induces a chain of events that probably affects the radiosensitivity of early hematopoietic progenitors.7 The effects of IL-1 on hematopoietic recovery after chemotherapy, together with IL-1’s radioprotective effect, indicate that this cytokine might have therapeutic potential when given either alone or in combination with other CSF’s in the treatment of chemoradiotherapy-induced myelosuppression. In contrast to stimulating blood-forming cells, IL-1 may induce endogenous production of hematopoietic inhibitors, including various prostaglandins, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and interferon-gamma.8,9 Thus, the in vivo hematopoietic effects of IL-1 depend on the balance between its stimulatory and inhibitory activities.
Asynchronous self-timed circuit synthesis with timing constraints

Incorporating timing information into asynchronous self-timed circuit synthesis can improve circuit performance and simplify circuit hardware. Algorithms are presented that use timing constraints to reduce dependencies of circuit behavior on signal transitions. The resulting asynchronous self-timed circuit is not delay-insensitive in general, but preserves the desirable feature of a hazard-free design under the given timing information. >
Periodontal biotype influence on the volume maintenance of onlay grafts.

Background: Autogenous osseous transplants have advantages, including the maintenance of bone density and high concentrations of growth factors. Little is known about the potential long-term influence of periodontal biotype on the volume maintenance of block grafts.Methods: Forty patients who received autogenous block transplants prior to implant placement were included in the study. Digital photographs and periapical radiographs were taken after restoration. Clinical parameters, including bleeding on probing, mobility, suppuration, mucosal recession, and buccal tissue transparency, were recorded at yearly intervals. A computerized tomography (CT) scan was taken at an average of 42 months (n = 20) postaugmentation.Results: The clinical examination revealed no implant transparency, mucosal recession, mobility, bleeding on probing, or suppuration (n = 40) at 48 months. CT scans showed varying thicknesses (0.5 to 4 mm) of buccal cortical bone around the implants. The increased width at the recipient site pos...