cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examination of the Hypothesis of a Critical Weight at Menarche in Ambulatory and Bedridden Mentally Retarded Girls.

The ages, weights, and calculated total body water and body fat contents as menarche of 44 mentally retarded, institutionalized girls were examined to determine whether they were in accord with the hypothesis that menarche is dependent upon achievement of a critical weight or body water content. The findings in the 35 ambulatory children were in accord with the hypothesis, menarche being achieved later but at attainment of the same weight and body water content as in normal girls. The mean age at menarche of the nine bedridden retarded children was slightly less than that of their ambulatory counterparts and their weights and calculated body water and fat contents were substantially below those of normal girls at menarche. It is suggested that the effect of being bedridden may be to lower the metabolic rate, thus hastening the time when it falls to the level of 28 calories/kg/24 hr, a characteristic parameter of normal girls at menarche.
Analysis of time-of-arrival observations performed during ELF/VLF wave generation experiments at HAARP

[1] Modulated high frequency (HF) heating of the lower ionosphere in the presence of auroral electrojet currents has become an important method for generating electromagnetic waves in the extremely-low frequency (ELF) and very-low frequency (VLF) bands. Recent research efforts focus on improving the efficiency of ELF/VLF wave generation. One method to do so involves the spatial mapping of modulated currents that result from HF heating for comparison with HF heating models. As a first step toward providing a spatial map of the modulated ionospheric currents, we introduce time-of-arrival (TOA) observations performed during a series of experimental research campaigns conducted at the High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) in Gakona, Alaska. The TOA method provides a measurement of the ELF/VLF amplitude and phase detected at a ground-based receiver as a function of time, and this information may be used to estimate the distribution of ELF/VLF source currents within the HF heated region. In an effort to test and improve the TOA method, the University of Florida conducted ELF/VLF wave generation experiments using the HAARP HF transmitter under varying ionospheric conditions and using various transmission formats. In this paper, we summarize our experimental results and compare observations with the predictions of a theoretical model.
The mechanism of mitochondrial swelling. IV. Configurational changes during swelling of beef heart mitochondria.

Abstract Heavy beef heart mitochondria (HBHM) will swell when energized by electron transfer or hydrolysis of ATP in media of appropriate alkali metal salts (energized swelling). Under certain conditions they will also swell in presence of appropriate salts when energized conditions are excluded (pseudoenergized swelling). The configurational changes that underlie both types of large amplitude swelling have been described in terms of several component ultrastructural stages as evidenced by electron microscopic examination. Swelling of either type is characterized by the rapid transition of the mitochondrial inner membrane from the nonenergized to the energized-twisted configuration via the energized configuration. The terminal stages of swelling involve a sequence of configurational changes by which the tubules of the energized-twisted state are expanded and eventually incorporated by coalescence into one vesicular membrane. The rupture of the outer boundary membrane which occurs during the stage of expansion leads to the discharge of the swollen vesicle(s). The sequence and nature of the ultrastructural changes in large amplitude swelling appear to be identical whether the swelling is active, i.e. energized by electron transfer or ATP, or is passive as is the case in the presence of appropriate alkali metal salts.
The Expansion of Trade and the Transformation of Agriculture in Pre-Industrial Europe

The expansion of trade in pre-industrial Europe led to a transformation of agriculture. It induced specialization to exploit comparative advantage as well as a restructuring of the process of production, with manorial agriculture giving way to an agriculture of family farms. Technological progress was not itself a driving force, but rather a consequence of this transformation. Merchants and urban investors played a central role in the transformation of agriculture. They purchased land and restructured it into family farms. They pioneered new forms of land tenure. They were active in developing new agricultural land. And it was their efforts in lowering trading costs that made possible the expansion of trade that was the cause of it all.
Sinn überhaupt, der äußere

Von den Namen der Rosen, die ganz von Sinnen sind, in die Vase zu kommen, sich aber im Grunde nur geschnitten sehen. Von Menschen, die nach oben wollen. Uraltes zum Schluss, mit ein wenig wilder Ente.
Characterization of Electron Transport Activity in Bovine Liver Nuclear Membranes

Abstract Nuclear membrane NADH-cytochrome c reductase resembled the microsomal reductase in its insensitivity to rotenone and antimycin A. The trypsin-resistant nature of these two activities distinguished them from the rotenone, antimycin A-insensitive activity of outer mitochondrial membranes. Furthermore, the nuclear and microsomal NADH-cytochrome b5 reductases were similar in sulfhydryl inhibition and the protection by NADH against inhibition. Cytochrome c oxidase in nuclear membranes resembled the mitochondrial oxidase in cytochrome a,a3 content and inhibition by cyanide, azide, and carbon monoxide, but was more heat labile than its mitochondrial counterpart. Nuclear tetrachlorohydroquinone oxidase activity was revealed only at higher protamine concentrations than that optimal for the mitochondrial activity. NADH oxidase activity was cytochrome c dependent, and an 8-fold higher concentration of exogenous cytochrome c was needed for maximal activity as compared to mitochondrial NADH oxidase. The nuclear NADH oxidase was inhibited by cyanide, azide, carbon monoxide, and a sulfhydryl reagent, but not by rotenone, antimycin A, and when NADH is added prior to the sulfhydryl reagent. Moreover, the NADH oxidase was more resistant to histone inhibition, but behaved similar to the mitochondrial oxidase in blockage and reversal of the inhibition by polyanions.
Parallel frequency domain adaptive line enhancer

A comparative study is presented of parallel implementations of three least-mean-square FDALE (frequency domain adaptive line enhancer) algorithms based on circular and/or linear convolution of the filter delayed input and its impulse response. The first algorithm is based on circular convolution only. The second algorithm is a constrained least-mean-square algorithm that performs strictly linear convolution. The third is an unconstrained least-mean-square algorithm that allows either linear or circular convolution, whichever best minimizes the mean square error. Two models of the Connection Machine (CM-1 and CM-2) and one model of the Balance Machine (Balance 8000) were used in this study. Simulation results, speedup factors and estimated spectra for algorithms based on circular and linear convolution are presented. >
OR Models in Freight Railroad Industry

The transportation sector, especially the rail mode, is a very rich source of optimization problems and has been a primary focus of operations researchers. A plethora of articles dedicated to each transportation mode (rail, road, air, and water) can be found in the literature. Ironically, the industries are still using rules of thumb instead of mathematical models for most of the planning and scheduling processes. There are two main reasons for not using the operations research (OR) models: (i) the highly complex nature of the problems, and (ii) the huge gap between the academic (theoretical) and industrial (practical) approaches. With the steep growth in computational capabilities, we have started developing innovative algorithms by shifting the focus from finding optimal-but-impractical solutions to finding good-and-implementable solutions. We are developing state-of-the-art ideas combining exact approaches such as network flows and mixed integer programming, with heuristics and meta-heuristics such as the tabu search and the very large-scale neighborhood (VLSN) search. In this article, we provide an overview of the railroad planning and scheduling problems at the strategic, tactical, and operational levels. We describe the best algorithms successfully implemented at US railroads, which have the potential of saving hundreds of millions of dollars annually. Keywords: railroad scheduling; locomotive planning; crew scheduling; track maintenance; heuristics; modeling; networks
Sticky business: von Willebrand factor in inflammation

Comment on Pendu et al, page [3746][1] The molecular biology of inflammation takes a new turn with the report of Pendu and colleagues that von Willebrand factor binds leukocyte receptors mediating leukocyte rolling and firm adhesion. The cardinal feature of inflammation is the migration of
Gangliosides, or sialic acid, antagonize ethanol intoxication.

Abstract Because ethanol elicits a dose-dependent hydrolysis of brain sialogangliosides, we tested the possibility that injected gangliosides might antagonize intoxicating doses of ethanol. Clear anti-intoxication effects were seen at 24 hr post-injection of mixed mouse-brain gangliosides at 125–130 mg/kg, but not at lower or higher doses. Sleep time was reduced on the order of 50%, and roto-rod agility was significantly enhanced. Sialic acid (SA) similarly antagonized ethanol; however, the precursor of SA, N-acetyl-D-mannosamine, as well as ceramide and asialoganglioside did not.
Gastrointestinal Helminths from Six Species of Frogs and Three Species of Lizards, Sympatric in Pará State, Brazil

Abstract Forty-three frogs representing 6 species (Dendropsophus cachimbo, Scinax fuscomarginatus, Leptodactylus fuscus, Leptodactylus martinezi, Leptodactylus mystaceus, and Leptodactylus rhodomystax) and 35 lizards representing 3 species (Kentropyx calcarata, Leposoma osvaldoi, and Potamites ecpleopus) collected in the Brazilian state of Para were examined for helminths. One species of Trematoda, Brachycoelium salamandrae, and 12 species of Nematoda, adults of Capillaria recondita, Cosmocerca brasiliense, Cosmocerca podicipinus, Falcaustra belemensis, Falcaustra maculata, Kentropyxia sauria, Oswaldocruzia vaucheri, Physaloptera retusa, Schrankiana formulosa, Schrankiana fuscus, Schrankiana schranki, and juveniles of Acuariidae gen. sp., were found. Only B. salamandrae occurred in both frogs and lizards. There were 1.53 ± 0.13 (x ± 1 SE) helminth species/infected frogs and 28.52 ± 11.7 helminth individuals/infected frogs and 1.12 ± 0.08 helminth species/infected lizards and 6.47 ± 1.58 helminth individua...
Joint Work and Voltage/Frequency Scaling for Quality-Optimized Dynamic Thermal Management

Dynamic thermal management (DTM) is commonly used to ensure reliable and safe operation in modern computing systems. DTM techniques are based on slowing down or shutting down parts of a system; hence, they effectively reduce system performance and thereby adversely impact applications. In this paper, we focus on real-time applications in which degradation in performance translates to a loss in application quality, and address the problem of quality-optimized DTM, wherein the objective of DTM is to satisfy specified temperature constraints while optimizing application quality metrics. We first introduce a new DTM method called dynamic work scaling (DWS), which is based on modulating an application’s computational requirements. Next, we observe that application quality and platform temperature are effectively determined by two key parameters, viz., the application’s computational requirement and the platform’s computing capacity, and formulate the relationship between them. Finally, we propose a quality-optimized DTM based on joint dynamic work and voltage/frequency scaling (DWVFS). We have implemented the proposed DTM technique and evaluated it for two applications: 1) H.264 video encoding and 2) turbo decoding. Our results demonstrate that DWVFS can provide superior results in terms of application quality compared with both DVFS and DWS-based DTM at identical temperature constraints.
Extensions and computational aspects of an iterative method

The so-called iterative methods are among a class of methods that have recently been applied to obtain approximate solutions to general queueing networks. In this paper it is shown that if the network contains feedback loops, then it is more advantageous to incorporate these loops into the analysis of the station itself rather than into the analysis of the complement of the station. We show how this analysis may be performed for a simple two-phase Coxian server. Additionally, it is shown that the number of iterations required to achieve a specified degree of accuracy may be considerably reduced by using a continuous updating procedure in which the computed throughputs are incorporated as soon as they are available, rather than at the end of an iteration. An efficient computational scheme is presented to accompany this continuous updating. Finally a number of examples are provided to illustrate these features.
Hairy Cell Leukemia Presenting as a Peripancreatic Mass: Cytomorphology and Radiographic Correlates

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) usually presents with peripheral cytopenias, diffuse marrow infiltration, and splenomegaly. This chronic lymphoproliferative disorder is not typically associated with lymphadenopathy or mass lesions. We report a case of HCL first treated by splenectomy, followed by several years of interferon therapy. Twenty-five years later, the patient presented with weight loss, fatigue, and a large PET-avid mass surrounding the head of the pancreas. Fine-needle aspiration was pursued to investigate the unusual and infiltrative appearance of the lesion, which was suggestive of another primary malignancy. Cytology smears showed discohesive lymphoid cells with round nuclei and delicate cytoplasmic projections. Flow cytometry confirmed the presence of a clonal B-cell population with bright expression of CD20 as well as CD25 and CD103, diagnostic of HCL. This is the first report of HCL presenting as a peripancreatic mass. The importance of correlation with radiology and clinical history is emphasized when evaluating such lesions.
The PDBbind database: methodologies and updates.

We have developed the PDBbind database to provide a comprehensive collection of binding affinities for the protein−ligand complexes in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). This paper gives a full description of the latest version, i.e., version 2003, which is an update to our recently reported work. Out of 23 790 entries in the PDB release No.107 (January 2004), 5897 entries were identified as protein−ligand complexes that meet our definition. Experimentally determined binding affinities (Kd, Ki, and IC50) for 1622 of these were retrieved from the references associated with these complexes. A total of 900 complexes were selected to form a “refined set”, which is of particular value as a standard data set for docking and scoring studies. All of the final data, including binding affinity data, reference citations, and processed structural files, have been incorporated into the PDBbind database accessible on-line at http:// www.pdbbind.org/.
Technological disaster and chronic community stress

This research examines chronic community stress associated with technological disasters using data from three case studies in the United States: a train derailment and toxic spill, a community contaminated by a superfund hazardous waste site, and an oil spill. Technological disasters are distinguished from natural diasters in terms of community impacts and recovery. Sociological and psychological research suggests that long‐term disruption and stress characterize these events. Results from the three case studies indicate the presence of chronic community stress and a relationship between perceived threat to health and level of community stress. These results are discussed in terms of the characteristics of technological disasters and the programmatic needs to mitigate their consequences.
Binding of NRSF to the HCN1 Gene Represses Expression after Seizures

Epilepsy is a devastating disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. One of the most common types of epilepsy, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), is associated with significant morbidity in cognitive and psychosocial dysfunction. TLE has long been correlated with a history of prolonged febrile seizures in childhood; hence, understanding the consequences of prolonged febrile seizures on TLE is of considerable clinical significance. The Baram Laboratory has consistently observed down-regulation after seizures of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclicnucleotide gated 1 (HCN1) channels that are responsible for mediating hyperpolarizationactivated (Ih) currents. In the hippocampus, these currents regulate the resting membrane potential, shape rhythmic and synchronized neuronal activity, and regulate the temporal summation of dendritic depolarization. This study targets the factors responsible for regulating the transcription of the HCN1 gene. By using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and DNA electrophoresis, we show that the neuron restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) binds to the NRSE region in the first intron of the HCN1 gene. NRSF, in conjunction with its cofactors, deacetylates and methylates the chromatin, preventing transcription of the HCN1 gene. Such biochemical change may produce neuronal injury to the developing brain, promoting the onset of epilepsy.
Observation of band dispersion in YNi2B2C

Abstract We report the first angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) study of single crystals of a borocarbide superconductor. In the normal state, there is clear evidence of dispersion within the manifold of Ni 3d features between ~ 1 and 3 eV binding energy. Dispersive features were also observed within ~ 1 eV of the Fermi level ( E F ) near the Γ and Z points of the bulk Brillouin zone. Resonant photoemission indicates partial Ni character for these states. An E F crossing occurs at a k-space position that is consistent with a predicted hole pocket centered on the G 1 point of the reciprocal lattice. In the photon energy range used (17–200 eV), symmetry points in multiple Brillouin zones were consistently located assuming a free electron final state.
Steroid-resistant asthma

The treatment of patients with asthma that is resistant to corticosteroids represents a therapeutic challenge, because corticosteroids are the most potent and potentially effective medications for severe asthma. Recent investigations have identified several functional defects in mononuclear cells and T lymphocytes isolated from patients with corticosteroid-resistant asthma, including abnormalities in proliferation, activation, and cytokine production. The development of medications with immunomodulatory effects on specific cellular functions represents an exciting step for more efficacious treatment for such patients.
You Don't Say!: When Preservice Teachers' Public Discourse Differs From Private Opinion

Is what preservice teachers say about issues surrounding culture and diversity actually what they believe? Using a short critical analysis of “The Three Little Pigs,” the author engages students in an anonymous writing activity that reveals dissonant opinions and leads to opportunities for discussion.
Modeling GPR radiation and reflection characteristics for a complex temperate glacier bed

We demonstrate that ground penetrating radar (GPR) reflection data from a temperate glacier are accurately modeled using a Helmholtz‐Kirchhoff diffraction integration technique that incorporates the radiation characteristics of point dipoles on a half‐space interface. This is accomplished by comparing field data to simulated data. Our 40‐MHz field data are from a 100 × 340 m (x‐ and y‐dimensions, respectively) survey grid containing 51 parallel survey lines. The field data were collected with the dipole oriented perpendicular to the survey line (x‐dipole). The synthetic data used isotropic, x‐dipole, and y‐dipole antennas, and reflections were calculated using a bed topography previously defined by 3D Kirchhoff migration. The comparisons between the real and synthetic waveforms show excellent agreement, including reflection arrival times, amplitude trends, interference patterns, and false layering from out‐of‐plane reflections. The location of reflectors determined from exploding reflector rays explains t...
The pace of growth: An allometric approach to comparative embryonic and post embryonic growth

Embryonic and post-embryonic growth times are scaled to body size in a fashion quantitatively similar to physiological time scales. Previous studies have either perceived the allometry of physiological time only as a crude approximation or overlooked it entirely. Allometric analysis offers considerable promise for understanding comparative growth dynamics.
Sensory interneurons: some observations concerning the physiology and related structural significance of two cells in the crayfish brain.

Abstract Two large interneurons in the crayfish brain which are sensitive to vibrational stimuli were injected with the fluorescent dye Procion Yellow. The dendritic branching profiles reflect the directional sensitivity of their respective mechanoreceptive fields on the cephalic appendages and integument. One interneuron branches exclusively on the contralateral side of the brain and receives monosynaptic input from the contralateral antenna; the second interneuron branches primarily on the ipsilateral side and is more sensitive to input from ipsilateral receptors although its receptive field is bilateral. The data suggest that these cells are primary and secondary sensory interneurons, respectively.
Professional Codes of Ethics: Their Role and Implications for International Research

International criminological research is growing both in terms of prominence and occurrence. Boundaries for conducting research are expanding well beyond our respective national borders. Foreign na...
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Modulates Interleukin-1β-Induced Activation of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis1

We have shown that leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is expressed in corticotroph cells and stimulates POMC gene expression and ACTH secretion in vivo and in vitro. We therefore examined the regulation of in vitro and in vivo pituitary LIF expression by cytokines known to stimulate the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. In the corticotroph cell line AtT-20/D16v-F2, recombinant murine interleukin-1β (IL-1β; 0.1–10.0 ng/ml) caused a 5- to 10-fold increase in LIF messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. LIF mRNA expression was induced as early as 1 h, peaked at 2 h, and still persistently elevated above the baseline after 8 h. This effect of IL-1β on LIF mRNA expression was abolished by preincubation with human IL-1 receptor antagonist (100 ng/ml) or antimurine IL-1β antibody (10 μg/ml). Tumor necrosis factor-α (20 ng/ml) only modestly increased LIF mRNA, but was synergistic with IL-1β (up to 2.5-fold). In contrast, IL-2 and IL-6 did not alter LIF mRNA. In C57BL/6 mice, ip injection of 100 ng IL-1β increased plasma ACTH...
An Analysis of Temperature Effect in a Finite Journal Bearing with Spatial Tilt and Viscous Dissipation

The analysis presented herein deals with the evaluation of the pressure, velocity, and temperature profiles in a finite-length plane journal bearing. The geometry of the case under study consists of a spatially tilted shaft. The two-dimensional Reynolds equation accounts for the variation of the clearance gap h with x and z and is used to model the pressure field. The latter is solved for a variety of shaft tilt angles and then used to calculate the two-dimensional flow field. Finally, the flow field is used in the energy equation to solve for the film temperature profile, when the effect of viscous dissipation is taken into account.
A portable, autonomous, urban reconnaissance robot

Portable mobile robots, in the size class of 20 kg or less, could be extremely valuable as autonomous reconnaissance platforms in urban hostage situations and disaster relief.
Brain damage, behavior, rehabilitation, recovery, and brain plasticity

This paper focuses on roles of behavior, both in response to debilitation and in response to therapeutic intervention, in brain and behavioral recovery from brain damage. Recent evidence suggests that the brain damaged animal's behavior may often play a greater role in the recovery process than has been evident in previous work. In many cases, what may initially appear to be “spontaneous” brain adaptations to damage may be mediated by behavioral attempts to compensate for the effects of damage. This is seen in changes in the use of forelimbs following unilateral damage of the adult rat sensorimotor forelimb cortex, which have been shown to be essential to the dendritic growth and synaptogenesis that occurs in the contralateral hemisphere. In other cases, behavioral training can allocate new tissue to the functions targeted by training. In the case of global damage resulting from neonatal alchohol exposure, a therapeutic motor training intervention that “forces” the subject's involvement appears more effective than previous interventions that merely allowed the subjects to passively engage in activity. Properties of the brain damage also affect the recovery process (e.g., sensitizing both damaged and undamaged brain regions to the effects of behavioral compensation). While this paper emphasizes plastic mechanisms associated with active learning, we also review the evidence that mere physical exercise may stimulate protective mechanisms that contribute to both recovery from damage and successful aging. Exercise may protect the brain by regulating trophic and angiogenic processes across the life span, and, because of this, excercise may deserve greater attention in integrated treatment approaches in Parkinson's disease. MRDD Research Reviews 1998;4:231–237, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The role of ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase in the stimulating effect of thyrotropin on the iodide pump of the rat thyroid.

Previous studies (2) indicated that a (probably indirect) relationship existed between thyroidal ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity and iodide transport; they were also compatible with the idea that the known stimulating effect of thyrotropin (TSH) on the thyroidal iodide pump may be mediated by activation of ouabain-sensitive ATPase. In the thyroids of 23 normal rats fed Purina Laboratory Chow, ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity was found to be 70 ± 3 (SE) pmoles inorganic phosphate (Pi) per g wet tissue per hr, or 6 % of that of total ATPase. The thyroid serum l'adioiodide concentration ratio (T/S) in 12 of these rats averaged 44. Factors which increased the output of endogenous TSH [1% NaC104 in the drinking water, low iodine intake, injections of propylthiouracil (PTU)] raised the activity of thyroidal ouabain-sensitive ATPase, both in absolute terms (up to over 500 μmoles Pi per g per hr) and as the percentage of that of total ATPase (up to 20% or more). Except for the NaClO4...
If John Muir Had Been an Agrarian: American Environmental History West and South

Environmental history in and of the American South has developed in a different direction than the field in general in the U. S., which has been shaped by its origins in the history of the American West. The history of humans and the environment in the South has been much more driven by the history of agriculture than by frontier or wilderness interactions, as well as by the history of the relationship between white and black Americans and their respective uses of the land in the region. It also has more in common with environmental history outside the U.S. than with the field as it at first developed in the U.S.
Analysis of Bifurcation Due to Loss of Linear Independence and Strict Complementarity for Penalty Methods for Solving Constrained Optimization Problems, II

In this article we investigate the structure and persistence of critical point solutions of the nonlinear programming problem obtained from the quadratic penalty function, the logarithmic-barrier function, and the multiplier method. The analysis focuses on singularities arising from the loss of the linear independence constraint qualification and the loss of strict complementarity. The programming problem is first formulated as a system of equations using the Fritz John first order necessary conditions and a nonstandard normalization of the multipliers. The singularities of this system are then classified and solutions are investigated at each type of singularity of codimension zero and one in terms of the bifurcation behavior and persistence of minima of the critical point curves.
The reaction of trichlorosilyltetracarbonyliron hydride (HFe(CO)4SiCl3) with conjugated dienes

Isoprene, 1,3-butadiene and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene react with HFe(CO)4SiCl3 by addition of the FeH function to the diene. Isoprene appears to add predominantly 1,4 and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene appears to add 1,2, while 1,3-butadiene may add both ways. In the case of isoprene and 1,3-butadiene loss of CO from the addition compound gives a stable π-allyl- Fe(Co)3SiCl3 product. Either cis- or trans-1,3-pentadiene is reduced to pentene by HFe(CO)4SiCl3.
First report of Phytophthora cinnamomi on Quercus laurifolia.

In May 2001, bleeding cankers were observed on several laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) trees in central Florida. Affected trees had chlorotic leaves, sparse canopies, and little new growth. Multiple cankers were present on the trunk and extended from the soil line up to approximately 5 m. Each canker had a reddish to dark brown or black exudate. From two of the infected trees, tissue samples were taken from beneath the bark around the edge of an actively growing lesion and transferred directly to Phytophthora-selective medium (1), and three soil cores (2 cm in diameter, 20 cm deep) were collected from the base of each tree. A baiting bioassay (with camellia leaf disks and shore juniper and eastern hemlock needles as baits) was used to assay fresh composite soil samples for Phytophthora species (1). P. cinnamomi was recovered from both tissue and soil samples (2). Mycelia were coralloid with abundant hyphal swellings. Sporangia were produced in 1.5% nonsterilized soil extract solution. Sporangia were ovoid to ellipsoid in shape and nonpapillate. Average sporangium size was 72 × 45 μm (length × width). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. cinnamomi on laurel oak trees. References: (1) A. J. Ferguson and S. N. Jeffers. Plant Dis. 83:1129, 1999. (2) G. M. Waterhouse. Key to the species of Phytophthora de Bary. Mycol. Pap. 92. CMI. Kew, UK, 1963.
Some social implications of ubiquitous wireless networks

Wireless computer networks and the devices to communicate with them are about to become ubiquitous. A profusion of devices is likely to emerge quickly in specialized form factors, from handhelds to cheap, disposable sensors. Groups of people using these tools will gain new forms of social power, ways to organize and coordinate their interactions and exchanges just in time and just in place. Using these tools, people will be able to collectively construct a range of resources that were too difficult or expensive, or simply impossible to provide before. Simultaneously, these tools will gather a constellation of intimate data about each of us. Wireless devices will penetrate every nook and cranny of the social world, bringing the efficiency of information technology to the production of panoptic power. In the following, two sociological concepts, Power/Knowledge and social dilemmas, are used as a guide to the kinds of social institutions and relationships that are likely to emerge from the use of these tools.
Testing for superiority among two regression curves

This paper discusses the problem of testing the equality of two nonparametric regression curves against one-sided alternatives in a two sample heteroscedastic setting in which design and error densities may differ between the two populations. The paper proposes a class of tests using covariate matching and derives their asymptotic power for local alternatives. Using a semiparametric approach, an upper bound on the asymptotic power of all tests against a given local alternative is obtained. For a given local alternative, a member of the proposed class of tests is shown to achieve this upper bound.
Dry analyte introduction system for ICP-MS optimization utilizing a dry plasma

A solventless, multi-element, steady-state optimization system is presented. The device uses three parallel conduits that contain solid NbF5 and SnBr4 as well as a low wattage tungsten filament loaded with Pb to deliver dry vapors to an ICP. These are used to create a steady-state signal containing the following ions that can be used for tuning: 28Si+, 79Br+, 120Sn+, 184W+, and 208Pb+. In comparison to using a nebulizer for optimization, the dry plasma optimization produced an average enhancement of 4.5(±0.4)-fold for 26 elements when using electrothermal vaporization sample introduction.
IRS victory jeopardizes workpaper confidentiality

A decision by the First Circuit Court of Appeals was a dismaying surprise to many observers. It sets a new stringent standard to claim confidentiality for tax accrual and other workpapers. What is the impact of this startling decision? What can companies do now to retain privacy for workpapers? The author examines the issues and offers some practical advice. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anion and solvent responsive copolymeric gels – Morphology, annealing, and surfactant stimuli

Abstract The phase diagram of the pseudo-ternary aqueous 1-propanol (50:50 H2O:1-propanol by weight), ionic liquid acrylate, 1-(11-acryloyloxyundecyl)-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluorborate (ILBF4), and methyl methacrylate (MMA) system is mapped for weight fractions of ILBF4 less than 0.75 at 25 °C and at 60 °C. The mapped region is composed of a very large single-phase microemulsion domain and an appreciable multi-phase (emulsion) domain. This emulsion domain shrinks in size with increasing temperature, in contrast to the homologous bromide system (ILBr) with an emulsion domain that is insensitive to temperature. Microemulsion polymerization of the 0.70/0.15/0.15 composition in this solvent/ILBF4/MMA system produces a solvogel that is further examined for its solvent and anion stimuli responsiveness. Aqueous-DMSO solvent exchange of the PF 6 − exchanged materials shows nearly reversible, but dissipative behavior on a macro-scale. Transformation of transparent gel to open cell porous material by anion exchange with PF 6 − is found to exhibit a (third) long time-scale behavior, wherein anion exchange is limited by ionic diffusion through condensed polymeric chains. The accompanying spinodal decomposition is also demonstrated to be driven by an amphiphilic anion, bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate, with interesting material effects to produce more pliable porous material than obtained by exchange with PF 6 − . Thermal and solvent annealing treatments show that these porous materials can be activated to lower their internal specific surface area, while retaining free volume available for stimuli-induced poration.
Sol–gel synthesis and characterization of molybdenum oxide gels

Monolithic molybdenum oxide aerogels and xerogels were synthesized by sol–gel methods using a variety of sol compositions from the system Mo(OC3H7)5/MoCl3(OC3H7)2/acetonitrile/nitric acid/H2O. The aerogels were found to be of density 0.1–0.2 g/cm3 with surface areas between 150–180 m2/g. The xerogels had densities between 1.5–2.0 g/cm3 and surface areas less than 10 m2/g. The as-prepared gels are amorphous materials with compositions corresponding to MoO3−x·1.0H2O·0.3CH3NH2. Crystallization to the orthorhombic phase occurs at 350°C. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that lithium can be intercalated reversibly into the aerogel structure. An ambient pressure drying method based on the use of low surface tension solvents produced monolithic gels with high surface areas (250–270 m2/g) and densities between 0.7–0.9 g/cm3.
Fatigue and sleep disturbances as common problems in life of patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract This paper deals with the problems of fatigue and sleep difficulties as a normal part of the life of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory and systemic disorder which can cause the ill many other difficulties than just the primary infliction of motoric apparatus. Common problems for those suffering from this disease are fatigue and sleep disturbances, which are considered to be very exhausting problems for the ill. This paper uses part of the results gained from a research project conducted by the Grant Agency of the University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budějovice, Number 120/2012/S “Reflection of Quality of Life in Nursing”. The research survey in patients with rheumatoid arthritis has been accomplished by means of two standardized questionnaires WHOQOL-100 (The World Health Organization Quality of Life) and HAQ (Health Assessment Questionnaire). This paper mentions only the selected results gained pursuant to the WHOQOL-100 questionnaire. The research file was formed using 50 men and 150 women suffering from rheumatoid arthritis across the entire Czech Republic. The selection of respondents was achieved pursuant to the quota selection, whereas two quotas were determined – “presence of diagnosis rheumatoid arthritis” and “gender”. The data collection occurred between January and May 2013. The acquired results were then processed using the statistical programmes SASD and SPSS. Pursuant to our survey, a degree of fatigue was experienced by 94% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and only 29.5% have expressed satisfaction with the amount of energy needed for daily life. In the sphere of sleep and rest, various intensive problems were mentioned by 78% of respondents. An interesting finding here is the fact that men feel a higher quality of life in the sphere of sleep than women do. These problems should be considered in care of the ill with rheumatoid arthritis because these problems markedly decrease the quality of life for all of the ill.
Effect of intraventricular histamine on hormone secretion in dogs.

In pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs, infusion of a low dose of histamine directly into the third ventricle increased plasma ACTH concentration. The increase was unaffected by metiamide, a drug which bl
The Effects of Media on Motivation and Content Recall: Comparison of Computer- and Print-Based Instruction.

This study examined the effects of computer-based instruction (CBI) versus print-based instruction (PBI) on motivation, continuing motivation and content recall. A total of fifty-two 11th graders were randomly assigned to either a CBI group or a PBI group. The CBI and the PBI groups studied Lincoln's Decisions on the computer screen and in print text, respectively. After motivation and continuing motivation in both groups were measured with the Instructional Materials Motivation Survey, the immediate and delayed recall was measured with sixteen multiple-choice items. As expected, the results indicated that the CBI group showed significantly higher motivation and higher scores in the immediate recall over those of the PBI group, but the results of delayed recall were not significant between the two groups, and continuing motivation was difficult to interpret. These findings are discussed in terms of the motivational function of computers.
Ancient oak climate proxies from the agricultural heartland

Understanding the long-term variability in climate has important societal implications, particularly for agricultural regions that are suppliers to global food markets such as the central United States. Paleoclimate information from agriculturally important regions of the central United States is limited in length and resolution. Tree rings provide one of the longest and highest-resolution paleoclimate records for North America; however, millennium-length records are primarily from extreme environments (e.g., deserts, cliffs, high elevations) and do not represent climate-plant responses in the central U.S. agricultural region.
Challenges to the transition to independent investigator in geriatric mental health.

Objective The author reports on the extent to which junior investigators in geriatric mental health successfully make the transition to independent scientists. Methods The NIH CRISP database identified all NIMH Level-1 career awards (K01/K07/K08/K23/R29) in geriatric mental health completed from 1992 to 2001. Results Of 46 awardees, 14 (30.4%) achieved R01 funding within 1 year of completion. An additional six investigators subsequently achieved R01s in the remaining follow-up period (ranging from 2 to 10 years), for a total of 43.5% (20/46). Conclusions These data underscore the relatively small number of junior investigators who successfully make the transition to independent scientist. Their numbers underscore the importance of efforts by the field of geriatric mental health aimed at both increasing the flow into this career as well as ensuring the retention and success of junior investigators at the critical transition to independent investigators.
Nutrient and Microbial Transport from Feedlot Surfaces

Nutrient and microbial transport by runoff may vary at different locations within a beef cattle feedlot. If the areas making the largest contributions to nutrient and microbial transport can be identified, it may be possible to institute site-specific management practices to reduce runoff nutrient and microbial transport. The objectives of this study were to: a) measure selected feedlot soil properties, and nutrient and microbial transport in runoff from various feedlot locations b) compare the effects of unconsolidated surface materials (USM) (loose manure pack) and consolidated subsurface materials (CSM) (compacted manure and underlying layers) on nutrient and microbial transport, and c) determine if nutrient and microbial transport in runoff are correlated to selected feedlot soil characteristics. Simulated rainfall events were applied to 0.75-m wide by 2-m long plots. No significant differences (P < 0.05) in feedlot soil characteristics or nutrient transport in runoff were found between USM and CSM. However, concentrations of E. coli were significantly greater in the USM than the CSM. Pen location was found to significantly influence feedlot soil measurements of Bray 1-P, calcium, chloride, copper, electrical conductivity (EC), loss on ignition, organic-N, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur, total N (TN), water soluble P, and zinc. Runoff measurements of dissolved phosphorus (DP), EC, and NH4-N were significantly influenced by pen location and were correlated to selected feedlot soil characteristics. Thus, it may be possible to estimate DP, EC, and NH4-N in runoff from selected feedlot soil parameters.
Enhanced detection and isolation of the walnut pathogen Brenneria rubrifaciens , causal agent of deep bark canker

Deep bark canker (DBC) of walnut is caused by the bacterium Brenneria rubrifaciens which produces the red pigment rubrifacine. This disease of English walnut trees, is characterized by deep vertical cankers which exude sap laden with B. rubrifaciens. Although DBC is not observed on young trees, it is hypothesized that B. rubrifaciens is present in host tissue years before symptom development. Therefore, a sensitive technique would be useful in detecting B. rubrifaciens in asymptomatic trees. Tn5 mutants deficient in rubrifacine production (pig −) were generated and DNA sequences from pig − mutants were used to design two primer sets; GSP1F–GSP1R and GSP2F–GSP2R. A third primer pair, BR1–BR3 was designed from the 16S rRNA gene. The three primer pairs did not amplify the diagnostic bands from members of the following bacterial genera: Agrobacterium, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, and Rhizobium. In addition, no amplification was observed using DNA from the following Brenneria species, alni, nigrifluens, quercina, or salicis. All three DNA primer sets detected B. rubrifaciens in spiked greenhouse soil and infiltrated walnut leaf tissue. PCR detection limits for BR, GSP1, and GSP2 primer pairs were 254, 254, and 2.54 × 104 colony forming units (CFU) respectively. Real-time PCR detection limit for BR primers was 8 CFU. The differential medium, yeast extract dextrose calcium carbonate agar (YDCA) was amended with novobiocin, and bacitracin, to enhance isolation from environmental samples. The improved detection and isolation methods described here will facilitate examination of B. rubrifaciens ecology under both nursery and orchard conditions.
2′-5′ Oligoadenylate Synthetase Plays a Critical Role in Interferon-γ Inhibition of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection of Human Epithelial Cells

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), associated with bronchiolitis and asthma, is resistant to the antiviral effects of type-I interferons (IFN), but not IFN-γ. However, the antiviral mechanism of IFN-γ action against RSV infection is unknown. The molecular mechanism of IFN-γ-induced antiviral activity was examined in this study using human epithelial cell lines HEp-2 and A549. Exposure of these cells to 100–1000 units/ml of IFN-γ, either before or after RSV infection, results in a significant decrease in RSV infection. After 1 h of exposure, IFN-γ induces protein expression of IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) but not IRF-2, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase, and inducible nitric-oxide synthase in these cells. The mRNA for IRF-1, p40, and p69 isoforms of 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase (2–5 AS) are detectable, respectively, at 1 and 4 h of IFN-γ exposure. Studies using cycloheximide and antisense oligonucleotides to IRF-1 indicate a direct role of IRF-1 in activating 2–5 AS. Cells transfected with 2–5 AS antisense oligonucleotides inhibit the antiviral effect of IFN-γ. A stable cell line of HEp-2 overexpressing RNase L inhibitor, RLI-14, which exhibits an IFN-γ-induced gene expression pattern similar to that of the parent cell line, shows a significant reduction in RNase L activity and IFN-γ-mediated antiviral effect, compared with HEp-2 cells. These results provide direct evidence of the involvement of 2–5 AS in IFN-γ−mediated antiviral activity in these cells.
In vivo phosphorus-31 NMR spectroscopy of abnormal myocardial high-energy phosphate metabolism during cardiac stress in hypertensive-hypertrophied non-human primates

To study the functional and metabolic correlates of left ventricular hypertrophy [LVH] in non-human primates, 7 hypertensive baboons [papio anubis] with 4.6 ± 0.1 years of hypertension produced by a two-kidney one-clip model, and echocardiographically documented concentric LVH underwent serial phosphorus-31 [P-31] NMR Spectroscopy studies at rest and during inotropic cardiac stress produced by dobutamine infusion [5 µg/kg/minute]. Responses in LVH baboons were compared to those in 5 normotensive, sex and weight-matched control animals. The ratio of P-31 NMR-S derived inorganic phosphates [Pi] to phosphocreatine [PCr] was significantly greater at rest in LVH baboons [0.53 ± 0.06 versus controls = 0.41 ± 0.17; P<0.05]. With dobutamine drug stress, the Pi/PCr ratio rose significantly in LVH baboons [0.77 ± 0.15 versus 0.56 ± 0.16; P<0.05 at 15 minutes]. Despite hemodynamic recovery, the 5 minute post-dobutamine Pi/PCr ratio remained elevated compared to baseline in LVH baboons only [0.78 ± 0.16 versus 0.53 ± 0.06; P<0.05]. In pre-instrumented baboons [n=5], the ‘transfer function’ of cardiac work [heart rate × LV end-systolic pressure × + dp/dt max] versus Pi/PCr ratio was abnormally shifted rightward and downward [r=0.80] with LVH as compared to the linearly increasing response in controls.