cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stereoselective synthesis of 2-(2′-cycloalkenyl)glycinates via ester-enolate claisen rearrangement

Abstract Ester-enolate Claisen rearrangement of 2-cycloalkenyl N- t -Boc-glycinates leads to the biologically active RS,SR-diastereomers selectively.
Galloping contradictions: Sexual harassment in academe

In the space of barely twenty years, the concept of “sexual harassment” has gone far toward redefining the relationships between men and women. Rooted in a feminist view of men’s sexual overtures in the workplace as manifestations of male dominance, legal recourse against it, both on the job and in schools, quickly became a game anybody could play. What happens, then, when a feminist is caught in the web? By examining in detail Jane Gallop's recent book Feminist Accused of Sexual Harassment, this essay exposes the contradictions that the discourse on sexual harassment has generated. Furthermore, it traces these contradictions to the influence of some radical feminist theories that are both anti-male and anti-heterosexual. Gallop's defense, from this perspective, is a weak one, aimed merely at protecting her own position while carefully distancing herself from the main targets of the sexual harassment industry—men.
Private Saving and Public Debt: A Review Essay

Private Saving and Public Debt, edited by M.J. Boskin and S. Gorini (Basil Blackwell, Oxford, U.K.. 1987) and based on the proceedings of a conference held in Italy in 1985, is a well-documented, policy-oriented guide to the analysis of recent fiscal developments. Several strands of research are represented in the volume. Some contributions provide a description of empirical and institutional facts, while others analyze the theoretical foundations of different aspects of the public debt problem: its impact on financial markets, its connection with private saving behavior, its international repercussions, its effects on inflation and tax policy. A unifying theme in the debate is an attempt to shift the focus of the analysis away from the ‘Keynesian’ emphasis on short-run finetuning and towards a long-run, growth-oriented perspective. The most important issues addressed in the volume are the sustainability of public debt and the effects of government deficits on private saving.
Pixel driven implementation of filtered backprojection for reconstruction of fan beam SPECT data using a position dependent effective projection bin length

Filtered backprojection is commonly implemented as a pixel driven algorithm in which the density is reconstructed on an array of grid points that are usually associated with the centres of square image pixels. In fan beam geometry, this conventional pixel driven approach using two-bin linear interpolation leads to an inefficient use of the projection data due to magnification at the projection line. For typical count limited SPECT data, this results in increased reconstructed image noise. We propose an alternative type of pixel driven algorithm that makes efficient use of projection data by averaging over all bins within a position dependent `effective' projection bin interval. The effective bin interval is equivalent to the image pixel length magnified on the projection line. This heuristic method leads to more complete use of the projection data and results in reconstructed images with superior noise properties compared with the conventional method while presenting similar spatial resolution characteristics.
Wireless: towards high performance modeling of the 802.11 Wireless protocol

The IEEE 802.11 standard is a widely used protocol for wireless communications. It is a moderately complex algorithm involving collision detection, dynamic backoffs, channel reservations, and acknowledgments. Detailed simulation of 802.11 requires some care, and considerable execution time. We are interested in developing a rapidly executable model of 802.11's effect on network behavior. Our interest in this derives from investigations into routing algorithms for large scale ad-hoc networks, executing on parallel architectures. As our interest is in routing and not the MAC layer, a rapidly executed model of 802.11 will accelerate simulations focused on routing issues while giving us "good enough" estimates of packet latency, throughput, and loss.
Advanced ePrometheus™ GNF fuel cycle optimization tool

Abstract This paper presents the advanced version of ePrometheus™ GNF Fuel Cycle Optimization Tool. ePrometheus is Global Nuclear Fuel-Americas LLC (“GNF”) patented computer system used to optimize Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) fuel management and operations. The advanced version of ePrometheus utilizes a new database structure (Oracle 11 g) and a new C#, WPF based graphical user interface (GUI), and employs a capability of performing refueling calculation. It also displays additional 2-D and 3-D core simulation data that are necessary to improve the fuel cycle design process, and utilizes many more advanced features based on user experience feedback. The objective of this paper is to present new advanced infrastructure of the system, and to provide overall information on the advanced features of the newly released version 3.0.
Ultrastructural changes in bovine Longissimus muscle during postmortem ageing.

Abstract The ultrastructural changes in type 1 (red) and type 2 (white) myofibres of the longissimus muscle were studied during in situ postmortem ageing in a group of young Hereford bulls, 14–16 months old. Type 1 myofibres were defined as those having wide, dense and distinct Z-discs and type 2 myofibres were those with narrower and less distinct Z-discs. Type 1 myofibres also had numerous intermyofibrillar mitochondria and type 2 myofibres had few intermyofibrillar mitochondria. Three time periods were studied—1 h, 48 h and 216 h postmortem. Type 1 myofibre Z-discs were essentially unaltered at all three postmortem time periods studied. Type 2 myofibres showed limited degradation (loss) of Z-disc material at 1 h postmortem, but degradation had increased at 48 h. However, little additional Z-disc degradation occurred between 48 h and 216h. Both type 1 and type 2 myofibres underwent myofibrillar fragmentation at the level of the Z-disc and I-band which was independent of Z-disc degradation. The most tender longissimus muscles tended to have more fragmentation at the Z-disc-I-band junction than the toughest muscle samples.
Observations On Neurogenic Stuttering: A Contribution to Differential Diagnosis

The search for the etiology of stuttering goes back to ancient times. For centuries, it was considered probable that some kind of defect in the peripheral speech mechanism was causal. During the present century, there has been great interest in the possible significance of certain central physiological dysfunctions including biochemical, neuromotor, and neurosensory. Some theorists and clinicians, especially those with psychoanalytic orientations, have viewed stuttering as an overt manifestation of an underlying neurosis. During the past quarter century, increasing attention has been given to stuttering as learned behaviour - a distortion of normal developmental speech dysfluency due to adverse evaluation.
Geological Controls on the Distribution and Origin of Selected Inorganic Ions in Ohio Groundwater

Contour maps showing the concentration of selected inorganic ions across the state of Ohio illustrate that high concentrations of some ions visually correlate with the location of major geologic features, whereas other ions are randomly distributed. Strontium and sulfate have high concentrations over the Cincinnati, Findlay, and Kankakee arches, where carbonate aquifers containing gypsum and celestite are located. The highest concentrations of potassium and beryllium are located along the Cambridge fault zone, a major structural feature in eastern Ohio. High concentrations of iron and nitrate are found adjacent to single wells. Nitrate highs may be related to anthropogenic contamination, whereas some iron anomalies are located where sulfate is high. The maps produced in this study indicate that statewide contour maps of ion concentrations are useful for correlating aquifer chemistry with the regional geology of an area and determining the background level of ions on a state-wide scale.
Influence of ph on egg yolk lipid oxidation

The influence of pH on lipid oxidation of liquid egg yolk was studied. Liquid yolk samples were prepared to contain 60% yolk, 40% distilled water, 0.012% sodium azide, and pH was adjusted from the normal pH of 6.0 to 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 with 1N HCl. Samples were agitated at room temperature (ca 23°C) for 20 days and lipid oxidation measured using the distillation thiobarbituric acid test. No increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances occurred in the control (pH 6) or pH 5 yolk samples. The degree of oxidation significantly increased (P pH 2 > pH 4. Addition of 1.2% EDTA significantly lowered (P<0.01) the degree of oxidation but did not inhibit oxidation completely.
Bone marrow transplantation: new approaches to immunosuppression and management of acute graft-versus-host disease.

Purpose of review Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) significantly limits the application and the success of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Novel therapies that target the aberrant immune response underlying GVHD are reviewed with particular emphasis on immunomodulatory agents currently incorporated into clinical trials. In addition, regenerative stromal cellular therapy (RSCT) is discussed as an emerging form of novel GVHD therapy. Recent findings Knowledge for transplant immunology, particularly as it relates to underlying pathophysiology of GVHD, has dramatically increased over the last decade. As a result, new immunomodulatory therapies have been used to treat steroid-refractory GVHD. However, their success has been limited by their lack of clinical experience during HSCT as well as by their associated toxicity profiles. RSCT uniquely offers the potential to enhance donor-derived hematopoiesis and immunity and to ameliorate adverse sequelae associated with GVHD. Summary An exciting era incorporating the use of cellular therapeutics during HSCT has arrived. As the experience and understanding for cellular therapies, in general, and RSCT, in particular, increases, so too will their success in benefiting the HSCT recipient beyond limitations of current pharmaceutical agents.
SECTORAL PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH AND PRICE‐MARGINAL COST MARGINS IN THE INTERMEDIATE GOODS MARKET

Models of aggregate productivity growth linked to sectoral models of production typically assume that all intermediate goods markets are perfectly competitive. An econometric analysis reveals that many intermediate goods markets exhibit transactions at prices quite different than marginal cost. Measures of productivity growth that ignore these market imperfections are biased. A measure of the actual magnitude of the bias that emerges under the assumption of equating price to marginal cost is constructed.
ON CAPITAL ASSET PRICES: COMMENT

IN A RECENT ARTICLE in this Journal,' W. F. Sharpe suggests that the model of investment behavior developed by Markowitz, Tobin and others can be extended in order "to construct a market equilibrium theory of asset prices under conditions of risk."2 His analysis, however, stops short of providing such an extension. His main concern is to develop what he calls "the capital market line" and to discuss the relationship between prices of assets and various components of their risk. In this note, we show that models of the form considered by Markowitz and Tobin can explain how asset prices are simultaneously determined by the interactions of investors seeking to maximize utility. In Section II below, we develop a simple model of two assets. A general model of n assets is developed in the Appendix.
In vivo manipulation of dendritic cells to induce therapeutic immunity

Efficient antigen presentation and T-cell priming are essential components of effective antitumor immunity. Dendritic cells are critical to both of these functions but to date no method has been devised that both targets antigen to these cells and activates them, in situ, in a manner that induces systemic immunity. In this study we combined a dendritic cell growth factor, Flt3 ligand, with a dendritic cell activator, immunostimulatory DNA, and a tumor antigen to activate and load dendritic cells in vivo. Initial studies showed that immunostimulatory DNA not only activates dendritic cells but also prolongs their survival in vivo and in vitro. Following treatment of mice with Flt3 ligand, coadministration of immunostimulatory DNA and antigen induced potent antitumor immunity, resulting in both tumor prevention and regression of existing tumors. CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes but not CD4 T cells were required for tumor protection. Natural killer cells also contributed to tumor protection. These results show that dendritic cells can be loaded with antigen and activated, in situ, and provide the basis for dendritic cell- targeted clinical strategies.
Developing the cooperative mission development environment

The Cooperative Mission Development Environment (CMDE) was developed to unite independent applications and databases into a cooperating tool set capable of sharing data. As missions developed standalone tools to meet immediate needs and to automate paper functions, a proliferation of development and automation tools came into existence. It soon became apparent that data in one tool could be used by another tool and a significant improvement in productivity could be obtained by combining the tools and sharing the data between them. This paper examines: how the independent systems arose, why the need developed to integrate the independent systems, the integration approaches considered, the process used for integration, how coordination between tool developers was handled, challenges faced during integration, plus current challenges, and future plans.
Sulfhydryl reagents inhibit electron transport in Photosystem II of spinach chloroplasts

Abstract A 120 min incubation period with sulfhydryl reagents, such as p -chloromercuribenzoic acid, shows greater than 50% loss of electron-transport activity in Photosystem (PS) II of spinach chloroplasts. Since p -chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid, a nonpenetrating sulfhydryl reagent, and 4,4′-dithiopyridine, a bifunctional sulfhydryl reagent, show greater inhibition of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea-insensitive silicomolybdate reduction than of dibromothymoquinone-insensitive indophenol reduction, it is postulated that two different sulfhydryl reagent-sensitive sites are involved in the PS II electron-transport chain of spinach chloroplasts.
Quantitative image analysis in the assessment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Proliferation rates in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma have been associated with conflicting outcomes in the literature, more often with high proliferation associated with poor prognosis. In most studies, the proliferation rate was estimated by a pathologist using an immunohistochemical stain for the monoclonal antibody Ki-67. We hypothesized that a quantitative image analysis algorithm would give a more accurate estimate of the proliferation rate, leading to better associations with survival. In all, 84 cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma were selected according to the World Health Organization criteria. Ki-67 percentage positivity estimated by the pathologist was recorded from the original report. The same slides were then scanned using an Aperio ImageScope, and Ki-67 percentage positivity was calculated using a computer-based quantitative immunohistochemistry nuclear algorithm. In addition, chart review was performed and survival time was recorded. The Ki-67 percentage estimated by the pathologist from the original report versus quantitative image analysis was significantly correlated (P<0.001), but pathologist Ki-67 percentages were significantly higher than quantitative image analysis (P=0.021). There was less agreement at lower Ki-67 percentages. Comparison of Ki-67 percentage positivity versus survival did not show significant association either with pathologist estimate or quantitative image analysis. However, although not significant, there was a trend of worse survival at higher proliferation rates detected by the pathologist but not by quantitative image analysis. Interestingly, our data suggest that the Ki-67 percentage positivity as assessed by the pathologist may be more closely associated with survival outcome than that identified by quantitative image analysis. This may indicate that pathologists are better at selecting appropriate areas of the slide. More cases are needed to assess whether this finding would be statistically significant. Due to the good correlation between pathologist estimate and quantitative image analysis, there is no substantial benefit to using quantitative image analysis at this point of time.
Community composition and nearest neighbor relationships in orb-weaving spiders: the product of aggression?

Nearest-neighbor distances and species' densities were calculated for 949 individuals of 8 species of orb-weaving spiders from eight edge and meacow sites in Panama. These data were used to test the hypothesis that interspecific aggressive interactions influenced spider community structure by: (1) eliminating or decreasing the densities of sympatric, less aggressive species, or, (2) affecting nearest-neighbor relationships so that large or aggressive individuals had smaller, less aggressive or more distant neighbors. Although there was a negative relationship between the densities of two species pairs (Leucauge sp. and Mangora pia; Eriophora fuliginea and Cyclosa caroli), overall spider densities could not be predicted from indices of spider aggression obtained by introduction experiments. The spatial distribution of spiders in three dimensions was not significantly different than random. I attributed the lack of clumping to the relative vegetational homogeneity of my sites; the lack of overdispersion may reflect the fact that websites are not limiting. Relationships between nearest neighbors generally supported the aggression hypothesis, however, comparisons of the actual data with equivalent randomly-assorted data indicate that a hypothesis of randomly chosen neighborsis equally applicable. This result suggests that, unless websites differ significantly in their quality, with high quality websites in short supply, spider aggression may not affect community structure.
Resistance drift in phase change memory

This paper discusses the major reliability issue in MLC PCM, namely time dependent resistance drift in amorphous chalcogenide materials. Starting from experimental observations, this paper presents a complete physical picture for structural relaxation (SR), which is considered to be the underlying mechanism for resistance drift. In particularly, various physics models and quantum molecular dynamics simulation are presented to reveal the interrelationship between atomic structure and electrical properties of amorphous chalcogenide materials. The paper provides insights to develop mitigation techniques including material engineering and various design techniques, etc. to ensure reliable MLC operations.
Novel method to characterize superhydrophobic coatings

Abstract Superhydrophobic coatings possess a strong water-repellent characteristic, which, among several other potential applications, enhances the mobility of water droplets over the surface. The coating traps air within its micropores, such that a submerged moving body experiences shear-free and no-slip regions over, respectively, the air pockets and the solid surface. This, in turn, may lead to significant skin-friction reduction. The coating maintains its superhydrophobicity as long as the air remains entrapped. It is therefore of great interest to precisely measure the amount of trapped air, which is particularly difficult to estimate for coatings with disordered microstructures. A novel method to measure the effective thickness and gas volume fraction of superhydrophobic coatings with either ordered or random microroughness is advanced. The technique is applied to both aerogel and electrospun fibrous coatings. The experiments utilize a sensitive weighing scale (down to 10−4 gm) and height gauge (down to 10 μm) to determine the buoyancy force on an immersed, coated glass-slide substrate. The measured force is used to calculate the volume fraction of entrapped air. The coating’s effective thickness also follows from the same calculations. The sensitivity of our particular scale enables the measuring of thicknesses down to 3 μm, which is not readily possible with conventional thickness gauges. Smaller thicknesses could be measured using more sensitive scales.
Interpretation of aortic root angiography in dogs and in humans

It has been suggested that aortic root angiography shows the opening of the aortic valve in humans to be triangular. We investigated whether aortic root angiography does indeed permit determination of area and configuration of the aortic valve. Various angiographic views of the aortic valve were recorded in dogs and humans and were compared with similar views obtained photographically of aortic valve models designed to show a circular and a triangular orifice. It was observed that the aortic root angiograms were the projection of the entire aortic valve flow conduit in systole. The orifice seen in any angiogram was truly the inside boundary of the dye, composed of the free edge and the line of attachment of the leaflets. This orifice did not represent the true orifice of the valve, and its configuration depended upon the angle of the X-ray and the orientation of the valve. The comparison also revealed that, in dogs and in humans, the opening of the aortic valve is circular, a fact further shown to correlate better with the clinical observations.
The theory and practice of professionalism.

(2004). The Theory and Practice of Professionalism. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 47-48.
Growth of quantum wire structures by selective area chemical beam epitaxy

Abstract Selective area growth on silicon dioxide masked gallium arsenide substrates by chemical beam epitaxy is used to fabricate inverted V-shaped mesas. Indium gallium arsenide quantum wells grown on top of these mesas form quantum wire structures. The faceted mesa sidewalls are described as a function of substrate temperature and V III ratio in terms of a simple geometric model. The photoluminescence spectra show that the wire structure peak is shifted to longer wavelength compared to unpatterned substrates, for all growth temperatures. This shift is explained by the migration of indium. For low temperature growth, a second peak due to sidewall quantum wells is observed.
Historical Biogeography of the Strepsirhine Primates of Madagascar

Lying some 400 km off the coast of southeastern Africa, Madagascar is the world’s largest oceanic island. It has been in roughly the same position relative to its parent continent for 120 million year
Dynamic model development for a continuous culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The problem of dynamically modeling a chemostat is addressed. Using the results of continuous culture experiments for the growth of a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on a glucose-limited medium, a general approach to developing dynamic models is discussed. The approach to develop and verify the model involves three different types of experiments: steady-state, dynamic step response, and feedback identification.
Seed characteristics and nutrient composition of selected beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with different ozone tolerance.

Ozone sensitivity, nutritional quality, seed characteristics, and growth habit of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were evaluated in two seperate experiments. In the first experiment the data showed a significant variation among 34 bean accessions for ozone sensitivity following acute exposure of 18-day-old plants to 0.6 µl/l O3 for 2 hours under environmentally controlled greenhouse conditions. PI-163579, PI-169735, PI-171790, PI-176684, PI-201374, PI-310711, PI-345576, PI-370569, PI-379435, and PI-414831 were identified as tolerant to acute ozone exposures. Protein, oil, starch, sugar, and ash contents in the seed of selected germplasm were determined and no correlation was found between these components and ozone sensitivity. Seed size and growth habit varied considerably among the 34 accessions but were not correlated to ozone sensitivity. In a second experiment, ten accessions, selected from the tolerant ones identified in the first experiment, were subjected to chronic ozone exposure in open-top chambers at 0.04 and 0.08 µl/l concentrations for 7 hours/day 44 days after transplanting. Based on foliar injury and yield reductions, only PI-370569 and PI-414831 were tolerant to prolonged ozone exposure (0.08 µl/l). A significant positive correlation (r=0.83) existed between foliar injury rating from chronic treatments involving 0.04 and 0.08 µl O3/l and acute exposure (0.6 µl O3/1/2 hours). The data indicated that acute ozone exposure can be used to initially screen a large number of bean accessions, however, this is an imperfect indicator of ozone sensitivity with chronic exposure.
Characterization and determination of PCB isomers by high resolution gas chromatography and HRGC/mass spectrometry

An integrated analytical procedure for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) multiresidues in environmental samples has been developed and applied to well-characterized samples. PCB residues are characterized and quantified using wall coated open tubular column (WCOT) gas chromatography or HRGC/MS-selected ion monitoring. An automated data system based on a Spectra Physics SP-4200 computing integrator is used to select and quantitate peaks of individual congeners and homolog groups. This procedure consistently yields results with a reproducibility within 3 percent for HRGC-ECD and 3.7 percent for HRGC/MS-SIM technique respectively.
M-sequences for OFDM peak-to-average power ratio reduction and error correction

A block coding scheme using the maximum-length shift-register sequences (m-sequences) is suggested for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The scheme, with a very simple implementation, can significantly reduce the peak-to-average power ratio of OFDM signals and provide error-correcting capability at the same time.
Tröger's-base-derived infinite co-ordination polymer microparticles.

Particles that derive from infinite co-ordination polymers (ICPs) are an interesting new class of material.[1–10] These structures, similar to their crystalline macroscopic metal–organic-framework (MOF) counterparts,[11–30] have many unusual and potentially useful properties. They often have very high surface areas, exhibit tailorable chemical and physical properties through particle-core or -surface chemical functionalization and, because of their size, are highly dispersible materials.[1–10] Consequently, ICP particles are attractive for many applications in asymmetric catalysis, mixture separations, gas storage, and biosensing.[1,2,9]
The Complexity and Reversibility of the Timer for the Onset of Aggregation in Dictyostelium

A simple conditional method is used to probe the complexity of the rate limiting pathway, or timer, for the onset of aggregation in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. The method depends upon a difference in the time required for the onset of aggregation under two sets of environmental conditions in which one parameter (ionic strength) is varied, and involves reciprocal shifts between the two sets of conditions at short time intervals. Evidence is presented that the timer for the onset of aggregation is composed of at least two components operating in sequence. In addition, a shift in one direction during the progress of the initial component of the timer causes the timer to be reset to zero. Our results also indicate that resetting the timer delays the acquisition of several aggregation associated changes, including chemotactic responsiveness, cAMP binding sites on the cell surface, and EDTA-resistant agglutination.
Shape recognition of profiled fibers using triangle-area representation

Triangle-area representation (TAR) is a multiscale method for shape depiction. In this paper, we proposed an ameliorative TAR method for high shape discrimination power, and implemented it for convexity and concavity detection and characterization for cross-section shape analysis of profiled fibers. Positive and negative TAR outputs were processed by an average filter and then accumulated to obtain two separate histograms. From the histograms, the number and positions of the convex or concave corners on a fiber contour can be determined, and the range and extent of each convexity or concavity can be calculated for more quantitative shape analysis. These parameters provide basic shape information for fiber classification and inspection, and are also helpful for detecting and separating adherent boundaries in the image.
The contribution of anionic polymer structural features to mucoadhesion

Abstract In order to study the contribution of anionic polymer structural features to mucoadhesion, a series of 0.2% cross-linked copolymers (acrylic acid-methyl methacrylate) were synthesized using free-radical polymerization. Both infrared spectroscopy and acridine orange binding were used to characterize the polymers. The vertical tensile stress of these copolymers to rabbit stomach was studied using a modified tensiometer method, and was found to correlate closely with their degree of hydration. Degree of hydration is related to the expanded nature of the polymer network, which in turn is related to charge density, and this contributes significantly to the strength of mucoadhesion. A dual tensiometer apparatus was also developed to study the shear stress of mucoadhesives. The mucin-mucin shear stress was found to increase with applied weight to a limiting plateau value. The shear stress was found to decrease with addition of calcium and increase with addition of EDTA. It seems that the expanded nature of both the interacting mucus and polymer networks influences the strength of mucoadhesion.
Petrography of the Manu'a Islands, Samoa

The rocks of the Manu'a Islands are predominantly olivine basalt with lesser amounts of picrite basalt (both ankaramite and oceanite), basalt, hawaiite, olivine gabbro, basaltic lapilli tuff, and ash. Alkali ∶ silica ratios obtained from chemical analyses of twenty widely selected samples place the rocks in the alkali basalt suite. All of the samples are also high in titanium. Plots of the chemical analyses, including samples from nearby Tutuila Island, show a progressive enrichment in alkalis. The occurrence of hawaiite and picrite basalt indicates that a primitive alkalic olivine basalt magma was undergoing differentiation. The most important factor in this process was crystal settling, especially of olivine. The dunite xenoliths in the late-stage rocks of Ta'u Island probably came from a residual olivine layer near the bottom of the magma chamber. The magma did not become sufficiently silicic to produce the trachytic end-member of the series, which probably would have contained normative and possibly some modal quartz, as on Tutuila Island. With increasing silica content, iron and titanium generally decrease slightly, whereas alkalis increase.
Small-Sample Estimation for the Lognormal Distribution With Unit Shape Parameter

Let X be a random variable such that In [(X - ?)/?] has a s-normal distribution with mean zero and variance one. Then X has a 3-parameter lognormal distribution with the third parameter, the shape parameter, fixed at unity. This paper presents the coefficients required to construct the best linear unbiased estimators (BLUEs) of ? and ? for samples of size fifteen and less. The variances and covariances of these estimators are provided. These estimators yield the BLUEs of the mean, standard deviation, and percentiles of X since these quantities are linear functions of ? and ?. Blom's estimators and maximum likelihood estimators compare favorably with the BLUEs.
Perceptual Style and Reading Ability: Implications for an Instructional Approach

A strong positive correlation obtained between field independence (Witkin's Embedded Figures Test), and reading grade achievement. Identification of individual perceptual styles before initiating reading instruction seems justifiable for optimum results.
Indicators of Research Quality

The move toward more public accountability of institutions of higher education has focused primarily on undergraduate education. Yet, many institutions view research as an important component of their mission. Much of the literature on assessing research quality has relied on quantitative measures such as level of outside funding and number of publications generated. Focus groups consisting of research faculty were conducted at a landgrant university. Faculty were asked to evaluate current indicators of research quality as well as to suggest additional measures. While faculty recognized the need for the traditional measures, they cautioned against over-reliance on these indicators. Additional indicators focusing on graduate education as well as external peer reviews were recommended. Developing indicators that provide evidence of long-term impact on social and scientific advancement was suggested.
Good News and Bad News: Search from Unknown Wage Offer Distributions

The largest market in national economies is the labor market. Labor market contracting is characterized by job search, often from unknown wage offer distributions. This paper reports experimental tests of finite horizon models of job search in which the wage offer distribution is unknown. Theoretically-optimal search from an unknown wage offer distribution can have the seemingly paradoxical property that some offers will be accepted that are lower than other offers that will be rejected in the same period of the search horizon. Thus the reservation wage property (or lowest acceptable wage path) may not exist. This can occur because an offer that is a priori relatively high (“good news”) can imply that it is highly probable that search is from a favorable distribution, and such an offer can look unattractive when it is an a posteriori relatively low offer from a favorable distribution (“bad news”). This paper reports results from experimental treatments for search from unknown distributions in which the reservation wage property does exist and treatments in which it does not exist. We find that the consistency of search behavior with search theory reported in earlier papers is robust to the presence or absence of the reservation wage property and to whether the draws come from known or unknown distributions.
Candidate mechanisms accounting for effects of physical activity on breast carcinogenesis

Evidence is strong that a reduction in risk for breast cancer is associated with moderate to vigorous physical activity (PA); however, there is limited understanding of the role of type, intensity, duration, and frequency of PA and their mechanisms in accounting for this health benefit. The objective of this review is to stimulate investigations of candidate mechanisms that may account for the effects of the intensity and duration of aerobic PA on breast cancer risk and tumor burden. Three hypotheses are considered: 1) the mTOR network hypothesis: PA inhibits carcinogenesis by suppressing the activation of the mTOR signaling network in mammary carcinomas; 2) the hormesis hypothesis: the carcinogenic response to PA is nonlinear and accounted for by a physiological cellular stress response; and 3) the metabolic reprogramming hypothesis: PA limits the amount of glucose and glutamine available to mammary carcinomas thereby inducing apoptosis because tumor-associated metabolic programming is reversed. To link these hypotheses to systemic effects of PA, it is recommended that consideration be given to determining: 1) what contracting muscle releases into circulation or removes from circulation that would directly modulate the carcinogenic process in epithelial cells; 2) whether the effects of muscle contraction on epithelial cell carcinogenesis are exerted in an endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, or intracrine manner; and 3) if the effects of muscle contraction on malignant cells differ from effects on normal or premalignant cells that do not manifest the hallmarks of malignancy.
Factor V Leiden Mutation in Reocclusion After Intra-Arterial Thrombolysis

Background and Purpose— Reocclusion of intracranial arteries after successful recanalization is associated with poor clinical outcome. The role of Factor V Leiden mutation in intracranial arterial thrombosis/rethrombosis is unclear. Summary of Report— We report the case of a patient who developed recurrent reocclusions of the middle cerebral artery after intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. The patient subsequently underwent transcatheter clot retrieval followed by successful stent-supported angioplasty of the occluded segment. He underwent a detailed workup for thrombophilia. The patient was detected to be heterozygous for Factor V Leiden mutation without any other cause for thrombophilia. Conclusions— Factor V Leiden mutation could be a contributing etiology for reocclusion after endovascular interventions in stroke. Systematic studies looking for thrombophilic mutations in patients with arterial reocclusion might be warranted.
Is the H2OCl+ Ion a Viable Intermediate for the Hydrolysis of ClONO2 on Ice Surfaces?

The involvement of the H2OCl+ ion in the ClONO2 hydrolysis on an ice surface is shown to be unlikely via quantum chemical calculations and comparative analysis of infrared spectra of low temperatur...
Screening effects on the D − system in semiconductors

A calculation of the binding energy of a ${D}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ion, defined as the energy required to remove one of the two electrons from the ${D}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ion to infinity in the presence of other free carriers, is reported. It is assumed that the effective interactions between the constituents of the ${D}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ion are described by Thomas-Fermi potentials. The variation of the binding energy of the ${D}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ion as a function of the screening parameter $\ensuremath{\delta}$ is calculated with the use of a variational approach. Results with the use of a fairly general trial wave function show the binding energy of a ${D}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ion goes to zero for $a\ensuremath{\delta}=0.87$ where $a$ is the Bohr radius of an isolated neutral donor. The binding energy of a neutral donor itself in the presence of free carriers goes to zero for $a\ensuremath{\delta}=1.2$. The relative significance of these two values is discussed. Some possible experimental situations where this system may be studied are pointed out.
P-N Junction Charge-Storage Diodes

The design theory for a new range of p-n junction applications is presented. The applications include pulse generation, wave shaping, and harmonic generation. The diodes are characterized by a very abrupt interruption of reverse current in the turn-off transient and are approximately ideal nonlinear capacitors. The abrupt interruption of current in the reverse transient is related to the impurity profile in the junction. An estimate is given of the duration of the abrupt phase. In addition, the role of parasitic elements such as inductance, capacitance, and series resistance is discussed in relation to a particular representative circuit. In typical cases, the abrupt turn-off phase lasts for a time of the order of 10-9 sec. Transitions in excess of 100 v or an ampere are readily obtained.
Self-efficacy expectations and causal attributions for achievement among male and female university faculty

Abstract The purpose of this study was to extend a theoretical model of research self-efficacy among university faculty by testing the relations between research self-efficacy and research performance and between research self-efficacy and causal attributions for achievement. A further focus of the study was to examine sex differences among university faculty in their research self-efficacy beliefs, frequency of performance of research tasks, and productivity. A sample of university faculty at a large southern university was surveyed. Results provided empirical support for the research self-efficacy model. The relations between research self-efficacy and research productivity and between research self-efficacy and causal attributions were found to be statistically significant. Males reported significantly stronger research self-efficacy beliefs, a greater amount of time spent on research activities, and greater productivity than females. Results were discussed in terms of their relation to theory and previous research.
Incidence of atrial fibrillation after mild or moderate hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.

Objectives:Atrial fibrillation remains a significant source of morbidity after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Whether cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) temperature influences the occurrence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in CABG patients has not been specifically examined. In the present s
THE EFFECT OF DETUNING PARAMETERS ON THE ABSORPTION REGION FOR A COUPLED SYSTEM: A NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

An approach for implementing a passive non-linear vibration controller for flexible structures has been presented. The system consists of introducing the second order controller. When the structure is forced in the neighborhood of its resonance, the controller reduces the structure response. The structure consists of a cantilever beam with a tip mass. A pendulum is attached to the tip mass as a passive vibration controller. The equation of the motion was obtained by assuming that the cantilever beam and the pendulum were subjected to large deflections. In this study, autoparametric interaction was investigated by varying the forcing amplitude, the internal frequency ratio, and the mass ratio in the neighborhood of the autoparametric resonance. The objective of this study was to define an absorption region numerically and experimentally with respect to forcing amplitude, internal frequency ratio and mass ratio for the passive vibration absorber.
From the Editor of Sexuality and Disability: Looking for Opportunities to Improve Awareness and Care

Sexuality and Disability continues to provide original impact articles addressing the mental health and medical aspects of sexuality in relation to rehabilitation, hospital, academic and community settings, publishing up-to-date articles, case studies, clinical practice reports, reviews, featured articles, historical articles, special grand rounds topics, brief research reports and survey data reports. Value benefit is provided to authors through worldwide electronic exposure and professional access, while readership gains from scholarly contributions to advance the field through research, best-practice and educational articles. The refined lens of individual contributions from the local and international community continues to deliver a wealth of information on the topic of sexuality and disability for the reader. Thank you for being a part of our international professional network.
External and internal p requirements of mycorrhizal and non‐mycorrhizal banana plants

Abstract In a 15‐year field study of banana nutrition, leaf P percentage decreased with increasing levels of N. The influence of mycorrhizae on this was investigated in further experiments. Banana (Musa acuminata) was grown in pots containing 100 kg of fumigated soil(Tropeptic Eutrustox). Ten P levels were established, ranging from 0.003 to 1.6 mg P/L in solution. Mycorrhizal inoculum was sand and roots containing Glomus fasciculatum propa‐gules. The apparent external P requirements for 95% maximum yield for mycorrhizal and non‐mycorrhizal banana were 0.05 and 0.1 mg P/L, while the internal P requirement was 0.18% irrespective of mycorrhizal status. A second experiment using 3 P levels, 3 N levels, and +/‐ mycorrhizae in a complete factorial design showed that increasing the N supply to an intermediate level decreased mycorrhizal effectiveness, but high N levels reversed the effect. A third experiment compared 3 sources of rock phosphate with superphosphate and a no P control, using mycorrhizal and non‐my...
l 1 - Optimal-Feedback Controllers for Discrete-Time Systems

The problem under consideration is how to design a compensator to stabilize a given plant, and optimaly reject all persistent bounded disturbances. A complete solution of the SISO discrete-time problem is provided. The solution consists of two parts, the calculation of the minimum norm, which is done by solving a linear programming problem, and the construction of the optimal solution (when it exists), which is done by solving a set of linear equations.
A pragmatic strategy for discovering and testing threats to the validity of sociotechnical experiments

Abstract This paper presents a new method for structuring decision problems as an essential aspect of solving them. This new method, the method of context validation, is a form of what Campbell (From Evolutionary Epistemology Via Selection Theory to a Sociology of Scientific Validity, 1996) and Dunn (Testing Rival Hypotheses with Pragmatic Eliminative Induction: The Case of National Maximum Speed Limits, unpublished; Am. Behav. Sci. 40 (3) (1997) 277; Knowledge, Power, and Participation in Environmental Policy Analysis, 2001) call pragmatic eliminative induction. By adding the term “pragmatic” to “eliminative induction,” the method is distinguished from Mill’s (J. Washington Acad. Sci. 16 (2) (1926) 317) influential analytical (or logical) variant of eliminative induction, which has been influential in designing social experiments that seek to investigate rival hypotheses, or so-called “threats to validity,” that must be tested and eliminated to know whether a technological intervention is responsible for changes in a target social system. The paper shows how context validation can be used to estimate an approximately complete set of rival hypotheses, a sine qua non of research on complex sociotechnical systems. The method is exemplified by applying it to a major sociotechnical experiment, the US National Maximum Speed Limit of 1974. The method is shown to mitigate the commission of Type III errors (solving the wrong problem), which in the present case stemmed from the failure to define the relation between speed and traffic safety as a social and political, as well as technical problem. Because of this failure, policy makers concluded that maximum speed limits were effective in saving lives when they were not.
Studies of corticotropin receptors on rat adipocytes.

Abstract Synthetic [ 125 I]-Tyr 23 , Phe 2 , Nle 4 -adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-(1–38) ([ 125 I]-ACTH analog) with full biological potency and near theoretical specific radioactivity (1800 ± 75 Ci/mmol) was used to investigate ACTH receptors on isolated rat adipocytes derived from 42-day-old rats. Binding to adipocytes was studied in the presence of 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) as well as 4% BSA. The interaction of the [ 125 I]-ACTH analog with adipocytes was highly specific, rapid, saturable, and reversible. Scatchard analysis of the binding data obtained in medium containing 1% BSA revealed a single class of binding sites with an apparent K D = 170 ± 11.9 pM. Competition experiments with unlabeled ACTH also yielded a comparable value for the apparent K D (143 ± 16.5 p m ). The number of receptors per adipocyte was quite low (521–841/cell). The stimulation of lipolysis by ACTH was closely correlated with the binding, the apparent K m being 145–177 p m . At a concentration of 4% BSA in the incubation medium, the binding curve was shifted significantly to the right (apparent K D = 446 ± 77 pM) and the binding capacity was also significantly enhanced (1663 ± 208/cell) without any change in the apparent K m for glycerol release (187 ± 7.1 p m ).