cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Value-Based Choice, Contingency Learning, and Suicidal Behavior in Mid- and Late-Life Depression.

Abstract Background Suicidal behavior is associated with impaired decision making in contexts of uncertainty. Existing studies, however, do not definitively address whether suidice attempers have 1) impairment in learning from experience or 2) impairment in choice based on comparison of estimated option values. Our reinforcement learning model–based behavioral study tested these hypotheses directly in middle-aged and older suicide attempters representative of those who die by suicide. Methods Two samples (sample 1, n = 135; sample 2, n = 125) of suicide attempters with depression (nattempters = 54 and 39, respectively), suicide ideators, nonsuicidal patients with depression, and healthy control participants completed a probabilistic three-choice decision-making task. A second experiment in sample 2 experimentally dissociated long-term learned value from reward magnitude. Analyses combined computational reinforcement learning and mixed-effects models of decision times and choices. Results With regard to learning, suicide attempters (vs. all comparison groups) were less sensitive to one-back reinforcement, as indicated by a reduced effect on both choices and decision times. Learning deficits scaled with attempt lethality and were partially explained by poor cognitive control. With regard to value-based choice, suicide attempters (vs. all comparison groups) displayed abnormally long decision times when choosing between similarly valued options and were less able to distinguish between the best and second-best options. Group differences in value-based choice were robust to controlling for cognitive performance, comorbidities, impulsivity, psychotropic exposure, and possible brain damage from attempts. Conclusions Serious suicidal behavior is associated with impaired reward learning, likely undermining the search for alternative solutions. Attempted suicide is associated with impaired value comparison during the choice process, potentially interfering with the consideration of deterrents and alternatives in a crisis.
GG-05 Predictive ability of SLE genetic risk factors varies across ethnicities

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) exhibits marked ethnic disparities. The SLE Immunochip Consortium’s transancestral association study of SLE (27 574 individuals of European (EA), African (AA) and Hispanic Amerindian (HA) ancestry) raised the number of common risk variants to >100 (Langefeld 2017). There, we proposed the cumulative hit hypothesis, where the cumulative effect of individual loci is greater than if each locus acted independently. Here, we explore the joint contribution of SLE-susceptibility loci, how it varies by ethnicity, and whether there are distinct genetic risk profiles. Methods The SLE Immunochip study design, identification of risk loci, and genetic load (risk allele count (RAC) in EA samples) were previously described (Langefeld 2017). Genetic load was tested for association with SLE in an independent set of 2000/2000 EA case/controls, and in the AA and HA cohorts. Individuals in lowest 10% of the RAC distribution were the reference sample. A logistic regression model, adjusting for admixture, computed the odds ratio (OR) comparing the reference group to samples within a moving window of 20 unweighted RAC (moving window of 4 for the weighted (SNP’s log(OR)) analysis). Lasso regression identified EA risk SNPs that maximally predict SLE status in EA, then applied prediction to AA and HA. Factor analysis identified individual genetic risk profiles. Results The OR comparing lowest versus highest 10% of RAC was ∼30,∼6, and ∼3 for EA, HA and AA, respectively (figure 1), showing EA risk loci were not highly predictive of SLE risk in HA and AA. In EA, the moving window genetic load OR showed an increase beyond that predicted by independence but did not in HA and AA due to lower predictive ability. Lasso regression identified 51 risk alleles that maximally predicted SLE in EA, and a factor analysis identified seven uncorrelated risk profiles (one driven by HLA alleles and six by non-HLA loci). The lasso identified 31 (3 HLA) and 8 (no HLA) EA risk alleles as predictive in the HA and AA, respectively. Using predicted probabilities from the lasso in EA, the area under the ROC curve was 0.75 for EA, 0.72 for HA, and 0.60 for AA. Conclusions The EA SLE risk loci are highly predictive in EA (with a greater than additive effect), modestly predictive in HA, and weakly predictive in AA. We posit that the SLE genetics of AA are meaningfully different from EA and HA, merit increased study, and will require ethnicity-informed treatment strategies. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the SLE Immunochip Consortium, the Lupus Research Alliance, NIH (NIAMS and NIAID) and RILITE Foundation.
The Reflection and Transmission of Infrared Materials: I, Spectra from 2 50 Microns

The reflection and transmission of fifteen commonly used infrared optical materials have been measured to 50 μ with a Beckman IR-7 with CsI optics. Using these reflection properties, small inexpensive reststrahlen filters have been constructed. By applying a fine grind to reststrahlen plates, it is shown that stray light can be reduced in far-infrared instruments.
Toward a Local Characterization of Crystals for the Quantum Queer Superalgebra

We define operators on semistandard shifted tableaux and use Stembridge’s local characterization for regular graphs to prove they define a crystal structure. This gives a new proof that Schur P-polynomials are Schur positive. We define queer crystal operators (also called odd Kashiwara operators) to construct a connected queer crystal on semistandard shifted tableaux of a given shape. Using the tensor rule for queer crystals, this provides a new proof that products of Schur P-polynomials are Schur P-positive. Finally, to facilitate applications of queer crystals in the context of Schur P-positivity, we give local axioms for queer regular graphs, generalizing Stembridge’s axioms, that partially characterize queer crystals.
Male Infertility and the Future of In Vitro Fertilization

The male contribution to infertility has traditionally been overlooked, or at best oversimplified. In recent years efforts have been made to optimize diagnostic and therapeutic techniques to maximize fertility outcomes. A renewed focus on the male partner has resulted in an increased understanding of both genetic and epigenetic changes within the male germline. Furthermore, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, copy-number variants, DNA damage, sperm cryopreservation, obesity, and paternal age have recently been recognized as important factors that play a role in male fertility. Developing a deeper knowledge of these issues could potentially lead to improved success with assisted reproductive technology.
Bismuth Enables the Formation of Disordered Birnessite in Rechargeable Alkaline Batteries

Recent advances in rechargeable Zn/MnO2 alkaline batteries have shown promise for scalable energy storage systems which provide a safe, low-cost alternative with a demonstrated lifetime over thousands of cycles. This cathode technology is based on a 2-electron Mn redox process where a layered birnessite-type phase has been shown to form after the first cycle with excellent reversibility between the discharge product, Mn(OH)2. Herein, we investigate the reversible reaction between birnessite and Mn(OH)2 with and without a Bi2O3 additive using multimodal structural characterization techniques during active battery cycling. Diffraction results provide evidence of Bi3+ residing in the interlayer of birnessite which prevents irreversible Mn3O4 formation by limiting Mn3+ diffusion within the crystal lattice. Also, upon charge no MnOOH intermediate phases are observed. Instead, X-ray absorption and Raman spectroscopy indicate a disordered, non-crystalline birnessite-type phase consisting of mostly neutral H2O within the interlayer. Birnessite phases will reform without Bi2O3 present, but Mn3O4 formation severely polarizes the potential they are formed at, leading to capacity fade. Also, we discuss the reversible Bi2O3 conversion to Bi0 and its contribution to the observed capacity. We expect the results will provide crucial insight into the development of aqueous, rechargeable battery systems utilizing MnO2.
Necessary paradox: a new method for postcolonial history

Cold War Assemblages corrects histories of Cold War and histories of decolonization by entwining them together. Where previous studies consider these historical trajectories separately, this disreg...
How to survive a public faming: Understanding "The Spiciest Memelord" via the temporal dynamics of involuntary celebrification

Online public shaming has gained recent popular and academic attention as the tools of networked life are used to enforce societal norms against perceived deviant behavior. However, these acts of non-consensual identity formation do not necessarily need to be negative in nature. Indeed, similar dynamics can occur when an individual’s behavior aligns with societal expectations — a positive incident of involuntary celebrification, which we call “public faming”. These public famings remain understudied within celebrity and microcelebrity studies, despite the fact that more and more ordinary people are being suddenly propelled to short-lived meme fame. This paper seeks to understand the effect on individuals who are non-consensually elevated into the public eye by expanding our understanding of celebrification beyond a simple linear progression from not-famous to microcelebrity to celebrity. As a case study for this new framework, the author performs an autoethnography of her own experience from winning a trivia game show with an Internet-savvy answer, simultaneously giving extremely fleeting mainstream televised fame and viral internet fame. Our new framework of celebrity temporal dynamics allows us to not only understand how a person’s identity can be transformed into a media object subjected to corporations’ and strangers’ manipulations. We also introduce the tool of “radical reciprocity” to help victims of public faming understand potential paths for them to reclaim their narrative.
Surgical Risk Reduction, Breast Cancer and Childbearing

Young women who carry a genetic predisposition to breast cancer need to balance surgical and nonsurgical risk reducing options with childbearing. In this review, we explore how women make decisions without the benefit of official guidelines and in the context of frequently contradictory strategies. Women of reproductive age with known BRCA mutations receive incomplete and conflicting advice regarding the urgency and timing of risk reducing mastectomy (RRM). Those who prioritize RRM achieve highly effective prevention and thereby avoid not only a diagnosis of breast cancer but also adjuvant therapies which limit future childbearing. All reconstructive options are available and high levels of satisfaction are reported. Those who delay prophylactic mastectomy can pursue nonsurgical breast and ovarian risk reduction strategies such as tamoxifen and oral contraception, yet these delay child bearing. Women who prioritize child bearing maintain the ability to breast feed but have limited screening options during pregnancy and lactation. Prioritization and timing of risk reduction and childbearing in young BRCA positive women is challenging. Elucidating these challenges enables clinicians to better counsel these women.
Sarbanes-Oxley and Earnings Quality

This study reviews and summarizes the relevant findings of nearly two decades of accounting and finance research papers that focus on the links between the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) and the quality of reported earnings. This study, unlike numerous other studies, does not seek to address the broad question of whether SOX provides a net benefit or a net cost to business or society. Instead, this paper narrowly focuses on the links between SOX and earnings management, both accrual-based earnings management and real earnings management, and earnings restatements. Analysis is divided into the decade subsequent to the signing of the Act and the following and most recent decade. This parsing helps to address whether the effects of SOX are persistent through time.
WOODY VEGETATION ENCROACHMENT: A DRIVER OF HERBACEOUS SPECIES DIVERSITY LOSS IN A COASTAL FEN

Early successional wetland habitat is being lost in temperate regions worldwide as a result of changes in disturbance regimes that allow for the establishment and dominance of woody species. This phenomenon is pronounced in fens, which harbor high numbers of special status plant species that require early successional habitat. We investigated the relationship between woody vegetation encroachment and herbaceous species richness within a northern California coastal fen that has been undergoing encroachment by woody vegetation for ca. 80 years. We established 25 transects within the fen and sampled 338 1x1 m plots located at 4-m intervals along transects. At each plot, we recorded the cover of all woody and herbaceous species, as well as litter, thatch, open water, bare soil, and cover of large woody debris. Modeling indicated that woody vegetation cover, height, species richness, litter cover, and distance from the edge of fen were significant predictors of herbaceous species richness. Vegetation sampling indicated that herbaceous species richness declined with increased woody vegetation cover and height and increased litter cover. Canopy closure was found to result in the complete loss of rare plant species and a significant reduction in herbaceous species richness. The results of this study suggest that the re-introduction of disturbance, specifically those that result in the removal of woody vegetation and litter accumulation, is probably essential to maintain herbaceous species diversity and persistence of special status plant species populations in coastal fens.
Symbiotic relations as the foundation of propaganda: Directions for future research

Abstract Context Propaganda seems to be around us all the time, yet many people would find it difficult to provide a definition of propaganda. It becomes one of those words that are easy to use, but hard to define. Scholars have been writing on propaganda for centuries, yet the definition still remains illusive. Lay people simply call propaganda all communications they disagree with. Propaganda becomes brainwashing or, even worse, psychological warfare. Objectives The article seeks to address this problem of identifying propaganda. Method The article develops a theoretical argument by bringing a psychological and psychoanalytic work of Fromm into the real of communication sciences. Results The author argues that propaganda is more than just a profanity for communication activities we disagree with. In fact, this essay suggests that propaganda is best understood through a psychoanalytical research on sadism and masochism by Fromm. Fromm using a biological concept of symbiosis explained sadism and masochism as a way of building symbiotic relations making an individual bigger than just oneself. Applying this theory to a society makes propagandist and propagandee not that different from a sadist and masochist, both gaining meaning for their lives through propaganda and becoming parts of something bigger. Propaganda's symbiotic relations rely on groupthink and participatory rhetoric focusing on building group cohesion and establishing “us versus them” mentality. Conclusion The article concludes that propaganda's symbiotic relations work through groupthink and participatory rhetoric focusing on building group cohesion and establishing “us versus them” mentality. Propaganda removes an individual, focusing instead on many; propaganda eradicates individual's desires focusing instead on needs of the group; and propaganda draws sharp boundaries where own group ends and the enemy territory begins. Propaganda becomes an aggressive symbiosis aimed at its own survival and protection from the others. The study, building on this explicating of propaganda through symbiotic relations, proposes several areas for future research on propaganda to better understand its connection to psychology and psychoanalysis.
SkinnerDB: Regret-bounded Query Evaluation via Reinforcement Learning

SkinnerDB uses reinforcement learning for reliable join ordering, exploiting an adaptive processing engine with specialized join algorithms and data structures. It maintains no data statistics and uses no cost or cardinality models. Also, it uses no training workloads nor does it try to link the current query to seemingly similar queries in the past. Instead, it uses reinforcement learning to learn optimal join orders from scratch during the execution of the current query. To that purpose, it divides the execution of a query into many small time slices. Different join orders are tried in different time slices. SkinnerDB merges result tuples generated according to different join orders until a complete query result is obtained. By measuring execution progress per time slice, it identifies promising join orders as execution proceeds. Along with SkinnerDB, we introduce a new quality criterion for query execution strategies. We upper-bound expected execution cost regret, i.e., the expected amount of execution cost wasted due to sub-optimal join order choices. SkinnerDB features multiple execution strategies that are optimized for that criterion. Some of them can be executed on top of existing database systems. For maximal performance, we introduce a customized execution engine, facilitating fast join order switching via specialized multi-way join algorithms and tuple representations. We experimentally compare SkinnerDB’s performance against various baselines, including MonetDB, Postgres, and adaptive processing methods. We consider various benchmarks, including the join order benchmark, TPC-H, and JCC-H, as well as benchmark variants with user-defined functions. Overall, the overheads of reliable join ordering are negligible compared to the performance impact of the occasional, catastrophic join order choice.
Microwave Remote Sensing Theory

The sections in this article are 1 Basics of Microwave Remote Sensing 2 Volume Scattering and Surface Scattering Approaches 3 Monte-Carlo Simulations of Wave Scattering From Dense Media and Rough Surfaces
The Production of Methylated Sulfur Compounds by Marine Phytoplankton

Intensive study of the global cycle of sulfur in recent years has revealed the requirement for substantial natural inputs of sulfur into the atmosphere to balance the measured rates of deposition (Friend, 1973). Estimates of the oceanic contribution of reduced sulfur to the atmosphere, usually derived by difference rather than actual measurement, vary from 30 to 202 Tg yr−1. The role of H2S in this process has been debated (Slatt et a1., 1978), and methylated sulfur compounds have been commonly suggested as transfer agents (Rasmussen, 1974; Nguyen et al., 1978). The evaluation of the true magnitude of these fluxes is not yet possible due to the scarcity of measurements of the concentrations of the volatile sulfur compounds in seawater and the marine atmosphere.
Chapter 8 Role of c-jun N-terminal kinase in apoptosis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of C-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in apoptosis. The chapter observes that JNK activated by many stimuli that induce apoptosis, plays an important role in many types of apoptosis. However, accumulating evidence indicates that the activation of JNK is not linked to cell death types of apoptosis and, in some circumstances, the activation of JNK actually protects cells against apoptosis. Because the major effect of JNK activation is to increase AP-1 activity, it seems that JNK activation is only required for those forms of apoptosis in which de novo protein synthesis is pivotal. For these types of apoptosis, JNK activation needs to induce the expression of some critical factors that are essential for initiating cell death. However, JNK activation is not required in other forms of apoptosis in which de novo protein synthesis is not essential, such as death factors Fas- and TNF-induced apoptosis. Moreover, it was also reported that JNK activation had a protective effect against TNF-induced apoptosis. Therefore, the role of JNK activation in different types of apoptosis can be completely different. Instead of always inducing or accelerating apoptosis, JNK activation may play the opposite role in certain cases.
Toward the 24-Hour Knowledge Factory - The New Global Work Paradigm

The term "24-Hour Knowledge Factory" connotes a geographically dispersed team of workers in which members of the team are able to work on specific endeavors on a round-the-clock basis. A professional could work in the US on a standard 9 am to 5 pm basis. At the end of his or her workday, the activity is transferred to a colleague in China who works during daytime in that country. At the end of the latter's workday, the work is transferred to a third colleague in Poland or Romania, who in turn will pass the baton 8 hours later to the first worker in the US. Each member of the team works during the normal workday hours that pertain to his or her time zone. The use of sequential workers that underpins the concept of 24-Hour Knowledge Factory has some similarity to the shift-style workforce that evolved in the manufacturing sector as an adjunct to the industrial revolution. Just as the latter concept had a profound impact on the entire manufacturing sector, we argue that the concept of 24-Hour Knowledge Factory will have a major impact on the entire field of information systems, and that more research is needed in this area. The concept of 24-Hour Knowledge Factory is relevant for semi-structured work in both the IS arena as well as in other professional arenas such as finance, product development, marketing, and medicine. The proposed areas of research can help to create the IS infrastructure for supporting applications in these diverse arenas.
Comparative effectiveness research: evidence‐based medicine meets health care reform in the USA

Rationale Comparative effectiveness research (CER) is the study of two or more approaches to a health problem to determine which one results in better health outcomes. It is viewed by some in the USA as a promising strategy for health care reform. Aims and Objectives In this paper, nascent US CER policy will be described and analysed in order to determine its similarities and differences with EBM and its chances of success. Methods Document review and process tracing Results CER shares the logic of policies promoting evidence-based medicine, but invites greater methodological flexibility to ensure external validity across a range of health care topics. Conclusions This may narrow the inferential distance from knowledge to action, but efforts to change the US health care system through CER will face familiar epistemological quandaries and 'patient-centred' politics on the left and right.
The Total Weak Discrepancy of a Partially Ordered Set

We define the total weak discrepancy of a poset P as the minimum nonnegative integer k for which there exists a function f : V ! Z satisfying (i) if a b then f(a) + 1 f(b) and (ii) P jf(a) f(b)j k, where the sum is taken over all unordered pairsfa;bg of incomparable elements. If we allow k and f to take real values, we call the minimum k the fractional total weak discrepancy of P . These concepts are related to the notions of weak and fractional weak discrepancy, where (ii) must hold not for the sum but for each individual pair of incomparable elements of P . We prove that, unlike the latter, the total weak and fractional total weak discrepancy of P are always the same, and we give a polynomial-time algorithm to find their common value. We use linear programming duality and complementary slackness to obtain this result.
Privacy in the digital age: a review of information privacy research in information systems

Information privacy refers to the desire of individuals to control or have some influence over data about themselves. Advances in information technology have raised concerns about information privacy and its impacts, and have motivated Information Systems researchers to explore information privacy issues, including technical solutions to address these concerns. In this paper, we inform researchers about the current state of information privacy research in IS through a critical analysis of the IS literature that considers information privacy as a key construct. The review of the literature reveals that information privacy is a multilevel concept, but rarely studied as such. We also find that information privacy research has been heavily reliant on studentbased and USA-centric samples, which results in findings of limited generalizability. Information privacy research focuses on explaining and predicting theoretical contributions, with few studies in journal articles focusing on design and action contributions. We recommend that future research should consider different levels of analysis as well as multilevel effects of information privacy. We illustrate this with a multilevel framework for information privacy concerns. We call for research on information privacy to use a broader diversity of sampling populations, and for more design and action information privacy research to be published in journal articles that can result in IT artifacts for protection or control of information privacy.
Moving to the Edge: CTO Roundtable Overview: An overview of the key issues addressed in ACM’s CTO Roundtable on network virtualization

The general IT community is just starting to digest how their world is changing with the advent of virtual machines and cloud computing. These new technologies promise to make applications more portable and raise the opportunity of more flexibility and efficiency in either on-premise or outsourced supporting infrastructure. Before taking advantage of these opportunities, however, data-center managers must have a better understanding of service infrastructure requirements than ever before. The CTO Roundtable on Network Virtualization focuses on how virtualization and clouds impact network service architectures, both in the ability to move legacy applications to more flexible and efficient virtualized environments and in what new functionality may become available. What follows are the key points of interest from that panel.
In-band noise estimate from power spectrum of focal plane arrays

A novel approach to estimate the in-band noise of an EO sensor from its power spectrum is developed and experimental results using this approach are presented.
Synthetic studies toward the bryostatins: a substrate-controlled approach to the A-ring.

The synthesis of a C1−C13 A-ring subunit of bryostatin 1 is detailed. The key features of the approach include the convergent fragment assembly with a highly stereoselective construction of the C7−C8 bond indicated above.
Nuclear overexpression of lymphoid-enhancer-binding factor 1 identifies chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma in small B-cell lymphomas

Lymphoid-enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1), coupling with β-catenin, functions as a key nuclear mediator of WNT/β-catenin signaling, which regulates cell proliferation and survival. LEF1 has an important role in lymphopoiesis, and is normally expressed in T and pro-B cells but not mature B cells. However, gene expression profiling demonstrates overexpression of LEF1 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and knockdown of LEF1 decreases the survival of the leukemic cells. So far, the data on LEF1 expression in B-cell lymphomas are limited. This study represents the first attempt to assess LEF1 by immunohistochemistry in a large series (290 cases) of B-cell lymphomas. Strong nuclear staining of LEF1 was observed in virtually all neoplastic cells in 92 of 92 (100%) chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphomas including two CD5- cases, with strongest staining in cells with Richter's transformation. LEF1 also highlighted the morphologically inconspicuous small lymphocytic lymphoma component in three composite lymphomas. All 53 mantle cell lymphomas, 31 low-grade follicular lymphomas and 31 marginal zone lymphomas, including 3 CD5+ cases, were negative. In 12 grade 3 follicular lymphomas, LEF1 was positive in a small subset (5-15%) of cells. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, however, demonstrated significant variability in LEF1 expression with overall positivity in 27 of 71 (38%) cases. Our results demonstrate that nuclear overexpression of LEF1 is highly associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, and may serve as a convenient marker for differential diagnosis of small B-cell lymphomas. The expression of β-catenin, the coactivator of LEF1 in WNT signaling, was examined in 50 chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphomas, of which 44 (88%) showed negative nuclear staining. The findings of universal nuclear overexpression of LEF1 but lack of nuclear β-catenin in the majority of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma suggest that the pro-survival function of LEF1 in this disease may be independent of WNT/β-catenin signaling.
An ultrastructural and chemical analysis of the effect of triton X-100 on synaptic plasma membranes.

Triton X-100 treatment of synaptic plasma membrane fractions selectively dissociates membrane constituents. At an ultrastructural level the synaptic complex resists Triton treatment when Ca2+ is present so that the synaptic complex is dissociated from the bulk of the adjoining plasma membrane. The synaptic complex retains its selective affinity for phosphotungstic acid and can therefore be unambiguously identified in the Triton-insoluble residue. At a chemical level Triton results in differential solubilization of membrane protein, phospholipid and sialic acid. Under conditions favorable for preserving synaptic complex, the insoluble residue retains about 60 % of its initial protein, 70 % of its initial phospholipid phosphorus, and 80 % of its initial sialic acid. Over 75 % of the acetylcholinesterase is solubilized, but essentially all of the 5′-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase of the synaptic plasma membrane fraction remains insoluble. The implications of these data for synaptic function and the structuring of synaptic plasma membranes are discussed.
Active Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases Are Present in Nuclei as a High Molecular Weight Multienzyme Complex

Recent studies suggest that aminoacylation of tRNA may play an important role in the transport of these molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. However, there is almost no information regarding the status of active aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases within the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. Here we show that at least 13 active aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in purified nuclei of both Chinese hamster ovary and rabbit kidney cells, although their steady-state levels represent only a small percentage of those found in the cytoplasm. Most interestingly, all the nuclear aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases examined can be isolated as part of a multienzyme complex that is more stable, and consequently larger, than the comparable complex isolated from the cytoplasm. These data directly demonstrate the presence of active aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in mammalian cell nuclei. Moreover, their unexpected structural organization raises important questions about the functional significance of these multienzyme complexes and whether they might play a more direct role in nuclear to cytoplasmic transport of tRNAs.
Consensus on State and Time: Decentralized Regression With Asynchronous Sampling

An implicit assumption made in several studies on sensor systems is that the time and frequency at which sensor measurements are taken is consistent across all the distributed sensing sites. In reality, the times of measurement often lack consistency and integrity, and this is an intrinsic vulnerability of wide area sensor system. Data logs coming from different analog to digital converters (ADCs) are not in phase and may differ also in the sampling rate, in some cases because heterogeneity in the sensors and in others because the data are simply not refreshed in the data historians with the same frequency. Lack of good synchronization in sensing may be the result of a malfunction or also due to intentional delay attacks. This premise motivates our work, where we advance the area of decentralized signal processing and consider explicitly timing errors and nonhomogenous sampling rates in least square estimation problems with distributed sensing. For linear observations models, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for identifiability of the time offsets. We propose an algorithm for the joint regression on the state vector and time offsets. The algorithm also exploits the asynchrony and redundancy in the spatial sampling to attain sub-Nyquist sampling resolution of the slow sensor feeds. Importantly, this also leads to the development of a novel decentralized algorithm. The efficacies of the proposed decentralized algorithm are shown by both convergence analysis and numerical simulations.
Adenovirus RIDα protein reveals novel autophagic mechanism that regulates cholesterol homeostasis

Endocytosis has an essential role in adenovirus (Ad) pathophysiology by downregulating receptors engaged in innate immune responses, which permits survival of infected host cells. The early transcription region 3 Ad protein RIDα is a key player in this process. We have discovered that RIDα maintains a functional endocytic apparatus by preventing an excessive autophagic response during an acute infection. Our results also show that ectopic RIDα is sufficient to rescue the abnormal cholesterol storage phenotype in Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease fibroblasts. Furthermore, RIDα stabilizes the endocytic pathway by usurping autophagic membranes.
Economic Growth, Terms of Trade and Welfare in an Open Monetary Economy*

The authors investigate the impact of growth on terms of trade, absolute prices and welfare using a two-country, monetary model. Under flexible exchange rates export-biased growth would lead to a decline in the terms of trade if the two countries are ‘similar’. Under fixed exchange rates a weaker condition than the barter condition of export-biased growth is sufficient, namely, for the import commodity the demand creating effect of growth dominates the supply effect while for the exported commodity the opposite holds. Secondly, substitutability between money and commodities indicates that no necessary relation holds between the terms of trade and the trade balance. Thirdly, the introduction of money creates a real balance effect so that decline in terms of trade is no longer a necessary (or sufficient) condition for immiserization. Finally, the paper concludes by questioning two policy conclusions drawn in earlier models: one, that the declining terms of trade of less developed countries was due to a bias in the growth strategy and, two, that monetary models of trade support the ‘monetarist’ proposition that growth and a deteriorating trade balance can only co-exist if the domestic monetary policy is nonneutral.
The effect of an asymmetric local environment upon NMR relaxation

Abstract This work concerns the influence of an asymmetric local environment on NMR relaxation times and second moments. A basic understanding of the influence of asymmetry on relaxation is obtained by considering reorientational jumps between minima in a threefold potential where two of the minima have equal depth and the third has higher, or lower, potential energy. The rms fluctuations in local fields experienced by the nuclei are smaller with asymmetric minima than with a symmetric potential surface. This is reflected in the motional narrowing of the second moment, which decreases with increasing asymmetry in the potential surface. Motional narrowing disappears when one minimum has such a low potential that the molecules effectively retain a single orientation. The magnitudes of T 1 and T 1 ϱ are inversely proportional to the difference between the rigid lattice second moment and the motionally narrowed second moment. Consequently, T 1 and T 1 ϱ become longer as asymmetry is increased.
On parallelization of time-dependent three-dimensional transport equations in air pollution modeling

Abstract A parallel time-splitting finite element scheme is developed for three-dimensional first- and second-order closure dispersion models to simulate the plume behavior of a passive contaminant in a convective boundary layer. The simulation results show that the second-order closure model agrees with laboratory data for ground level and elevated sources. The parallel time-splitting finite element method leads to significant speedup of first and second-order closure model calculations.
Analysis of HLA-DMB mutants and -DMB genomic structure.

The HLA-DM locus encodes class II-like A and B chains and apparently regulates the antigen presentation function of conventional major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. Here we describe the HLA-DMB mutations in three presentation defective B lymphoblastoid cells lines (B-LCL), 7.19.6, 10.6.6, and 10.78.6, which express DMB transcripts of abnormal length. Mutant 7.19.6 has a C → T point mutation that introduces a 5′ splice site into exon 3 of DMB. The independently derived mutants, 10.6.6 and 10.78.6, each harbor a G → A mutation in exon 3 and also lack identical downstream segment of RNA. Mapping of DMB intron/exon borders, using a genomic clone, revealed that the segment missing in mutants 10.6.6 and 10.78.6 represents the fourth exon of DMB; no mutations were found within exon 4 in either 10.6.6 or 10.78.6, however. In addition, the DMB gene was found to have a six exon genomic structure, typical of MHC class II B genes.
Recent Studies in Jesuit History

The past two decades have witnessed an important shift in the historiography of the Society of Jesus. The older style of Jesuit history, flavoured with confessional polemics, and so often dependent on the work of Jesuit scholars isolated from the more secularly oriented academic community, had already ceased to dominate when John O'Malley's magisterial The First Jesuits appeared in 1993. 1 Since then, the partnering of Jesuit and non-Jesuit scholars has produced scholarship that is generally sympathetic to the Society's aims and methods while avoiding neither criticism of the Jesuits nor thorough, judicious use of archival materials. The significance of this trend is heightened by the declining numbers of Jesuits in North America and Europe, creating a situation where the advancement of Jesuit studies will, at least in these venues, increasingly become the responsibility of non-Jesuits. With the passing of the Jesuit scholar of Jesuits, something is lost and gained; potentially greater objectivity towards the Society is offset by the loss of insight into the individual and corporate experience of being a Jesuit. The four books reviewed here illustrate in varying degrees these developments in the field.
Relative intensity calculations for carbon dioxide

Abstract Internal and vibrational partition functions of 12 C 16 O 2 are tabulated for the temperature range 150–1200°K at 10°K intervals. Rotational line intensities, relative to the total intensity of the band at 300°K, are presented for transitions arising from the state 00 0 0 and from the state 01 1 0.
770 USE OF A HANDHELD PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATOR FOR FLUID AND NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT IN THE INTENSIVE CARE NURSERY

770 USE OF A HANDHELD PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATOR FOR FLUID AND NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT IN THE INTENSIVE CARE NURSERY
Crystal structure of the ECH2 catalytic domain of CurF from Lyngbya majuscula: Insights into a decarboxylase involved in polyketide chain β-branching

Curacin A is a mixed polyketide/nonribosomal peptide possessing anti-mitotic and anti-proliferative activity. In the biosynthesis of curacin A, the N-terminal domain of the CurF multifunctional protein catalyzes decarboxylation of 3-methylglutaconyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) to 3-methylcrotonyl-ACP, the postulated precursor of the cyclopropane ring of curacin A. This decarboxylase is encoded within an "HCS cassette" that is used by several other polyketide biosynthetic systems to generate chemical diversity by introduction of a beta-branch functional group to the natural product. The crystal structure of the CurF N-terminal ECH(2) domain establishes that the protein is a crotonase superfamily member. Ala(78) and Gly(118) form an oxyanion hole in the active site that includes only three polar side chains as potential catalytic residues. Site-directed mutagenesis and a biochemical assay established critical functions for His(240) and Lys(86), whereas Tyr(82) was nonessential. A decarboxylation mechanism is proposed in which His(240) serves to stabilize the substrate carboxylate and Lys(86) donates a proton to C-4 of the acyl-ACP enolate intermediate to form the Delta(2) unsaturated isopentenoyl-ACP product. The CurF ECH(2) domain showed a 20-fold selectivity for ACP-over CoA-linked substrates. Specificity for ACP-linked substrates has not been reported for any other crotonase superfamily decarboxylase. Tyr(73) may select against CoA-linked substrates by blocking a contact of Arg(38) with the CoA adenosine 5'-phosphate.
Apicobasal domain identities of expanding tubular membranes depend on glycosphingolipid biosynthesis

Cell polarity is critically important for organogenesis. Using a series of RNA-interference-based screens, Gobel and colleagues reveal the role of the glycosphingolipid glucosylceramide (GlcCer) in determining apicobasal polarity and maintaining the organization of the intestinal lumen in the developing worm.
Targeted prostate biopsy: value of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in detection of localized cancer

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men, with 1.1 million new cases worldwide reported by the World Health Organization in one recent year. Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy has been used for the diagnosis of prostate cancer for over 2 decades, but the technique is usually blind to cancer location. Moreover, the false negative rate of TRUS biopsy has been reported to be as high as 47%. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) includes T1- and T2-weighted imaging as well as dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). mp-MRI is a major advance in the imaging of prostate cancer, enabling targeted biopsy of suspicious lesions. Evolving targeted biopsy techniques-including direct in-bore biopsy, cognitive fusion and software-based MRI-ultrasound (MRI-US) fusion-have led to a several-fold improvement in cancer detection compared to the earlier method. Importantly, the detection of clinically significant cancers has been greatly facilitated by targeting, compared to systematic biopsy alone. Targeted biopsy via MRI-US fusion may dramatically alter the way prostate cancer is diagnosed and managed.
The contribution of symmetry and motion to the recognition of faces at novel orientations

In three experiments, we examined the recognition of faces at novel orientations. Although performance tended to decay as difference between the study and the test angles increased, an orientation that was symmetric with respect to the study orientation showed strong p—rformance&#x2014in many cases, better than the frontal view. We investigated the properties of this particular facility in perception and memory tasks. Symmetrized faces showed surprisingly different patterns of behavior than did unsymmetrized faces, despite the fact that many faces were already fairly symmetric. In memory experiments, the subjects showed robust symmetric orientation effects and could differentiate between the original study views and the symmetric orientation. In a third experiment, we demonstrated that smooth motion improved performance at the symmetric orientation, whereas two control motions did not. Together, the three experiments support the view that multiple representations are at work during the recognition of faces at the symmetric orientation and that, during memory tasks, subjects tend to rely on representations that are more robust against texture asymmetries and that may include limited depth information.
Design Concept Generation: A Hierarchical Coevolutionary Approach

As design problems become more complex and design lead time more pressing, designers need effective support tools to expand their design space exploration. In this paper, a hierarchical coevolutionary approach is proposed to support designers by automatically generating design concepts based on the designers' inputs. The approach adopts a zigzag design process in which function structures and their corresponding solution principles coevolve in parallel across different levels of an abstraction hierarchy. A grammar-based approach is applied to decompose higher-level functions and generate an initial population of function structures. From this initial population, a coevolutionary algorithm is devised to coevolve more function structures and their corresponding solution principles. A case study of designing a mechanical personal transporter is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and features of the proposed approach.
Synthesis of fluorescein labelled steroid hormone-albumin conjugates for the fluorescent histochemical detection of hormone receptors.

Abstract Estradiol 17β-hemisuccinate, testosterone 17β-hemisuccinate, and progesterone 11α-hemisuccinate were covalently coupled to bovine serum albumin in a stoichiometry of 4–9 mol of hormone per mol of albumin by the isobutylchlorocarbonate mixed anhydride technique. The albumin-hormone conjugates were then labelled with 4–5 mol of fluorescein per mol of albumin by reaction with fluorescein isothiocyanate at pH 9.5 and 0°C for 7 h. Chromatography of the conjugates on Sephadex G-25 under dissociating conditions showed that the preparations contained less than 1% free hormone or fluorescein. These conjugates are currently being utilized for the fluorescent histochemical detection of estrogen, androgen, and progesterone receptors in cancer tissue specimens.
THE TEACHER'S ROLE IN THE EDUCATION OF THE EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED CHILD

Clinical experience in classes for emotionally ill children leads to the conclusion that, in order to achieve maximum therapeutic and educational benefit, goals and methods with these children should differ from traditional classroom practice with normal children. For this purpose joint supervision of the teacher by the educator and the clinician is necessary.