cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The 93rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research

The American Association for Cancer Research held its 93rd Annual Meeting on 6 – 10 April 2002. This was an enormous meeting with ~ 14,000 registrants and some 5750 abstracts, the vast majority of which were presented as posters. Those abstracts judged to be of particular significance or interest were presented as 15-min platform presentations in minisymposia, of which there were 36 during the meeting. In addition to this, there was a full day of 15 educational sessions (each with three to four speakers), 11 award lectures, 47 early morning Meet-the-Expert Sunrise Sessions. There was a mind-boggling array of choices for those interested in cancer research. This meeting was the largest ever convened on a single disease. We will endeavour to provide some of the highlights of this exciting meeting.
A perspective on cultivating clinical empathy

This paper discusses the role of empathy in clinical practice. An empathetic provider fulfills the patient's basic need to be understood and is vital to the establishment of a healthy provider-patient relationship. The commentary introduces the concept of clinical empathy, reviews pertinent literature on the topic, and focuses on effective communication as a means of expressing empathy in a clinical setting.
Integrating Meaning and Purpose: The Student-Centered College Classroom

We live in an increasingly complex society where much of education is highly proscribed, and imparting specific knowledge is often seen as more important than emphasizing human connections. The variety and volume of information in the 21st century are staggering, often creating a sense of urgency and speed, which threatens to undermine depth and meaning for both students and professors. W
Backcross variability for grain yield in oat species crosses (Avena sativa L. x A. sterilis L.)

Avena sterilis introductions from the Middle East were useful sources of genes for improving the grain yield of adapted A. sativa cultivars for midwestern US. Introgression of genes from A. sterilis materials into A. sativa oat breeding populations was readily accomplished through a backcrossing procedure. Backcrossing successfully accomplished the recombination required to introgress complexly inherited traits. The BC1F2, BC2F2, BC3F2, and BC4F2 generations appeared to be best for selecting high-yielding transgressive segregates from the A. sativa x A. sterilis crosses.
Spatial Blending Functions for Improved Estimation of Contact Pressure Distribution at the Tool-Workpiece Interface

On-line measurement of contact pressure distribution (CPD) at the tool-workpiece interface during sheet metal stamping processes plays a critical role in tool wear and product quality monitoring and control. Realizing such measurement poses a significant challenge, due to the severe operating conditions at the contact interface. Since the number of sensors that can be integrated into a tooling structure is limited by concerns of structural integrity, a mathematical framework is needed for estimating the contact pressure distribution measured by sparse sensors. This paper investigates a new technique termed the Spatial Blending Functions (SBF), which provides an improved estimate of the contact pressure distribution by merging measurements from tooling-embedded sensors with simulation results from Finite Element modeling. The effectiveness of the SBF-based merging technique is demonstrated for the case of a panel stamping operation through Finite Element simulations and experiments performed on a stamping press with a tooling-integrated sensing system. Analysis of the results demonstrates that the SBF-based CPD estimation is more accurate than classic numeric surface interpolation methods, thus enhances contact pressure distribution estimation for stamping process monitoring.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Sequential updating algorithms for grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations

Strict detailed balance is essentially unnecessary for Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations to converge to the correct equilibrium distribution. Recently, we proposed a Monte Carlo algorithm based on sequential updating moves with partial randomness to guarantee correct sampling. The proposed algorithm only satisfies the weaker balance condition and converges faster than the Metropolis algorithm with strict detailed balance. In this work, we illustrate the efficiency of the algorithm for the two-dimensional lattice gas model in the grand canonical ensemble. Parallel implementation of the sequential algorithm on lattice systems indicates that parallel Monte Carlo simulations, if treated correctly, are not only as precise as serial implementation, but can also save significant computing time.
Surfactant solvation effects and micelle formation in ionic liquids.

The formation of micelles in 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl) and hexafluorophosphate (BMIM-PF6) were explored using different surfactants and the solvation behavior of the new micellar–ionic liquid solutions examined using inverse gas chromatography.
Response of Containment Vessels to Explosive Blast Loading

The response of steel containment vessels to the blast loading produced by the detonation of high explosives is investigated by experiments, computations, and analysis. The vessels are thin-wall shell structures that are nearly spherical. All explosive charges are solid spheres, centrally initiated and centrally positioned within the vessels. Most of the work concerns vessels that contain, in addition to the explosive charge, air at ambient or reduced pressures. One-dimensional, Lagrangian, finite-difference calculations are used to study the blast phenomenon and the details of the loading pulse applied to the vessel wall. The results are verified by comparisons with pressure gauge records. In addition, vessel response to the pressure loading is calculated by both finite-difference and finite-element computer codes. The two-dimensional motion, which occurs after significant wave interactions have taken place in the test vessels, can be simulated, with reasonable accuracy, by finite-element calculations. This result indicates that a predictive technique and, therefore, a design tool appear to be available with these standard calculational methods.
Differences in access to healthcare and utilisation of HIV and sexually transmissible infection services between men who have sex with men and men who have sex only with women: results of the 2006-10 National Survey of Family Growth in the United States.

Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM) experience disparities in access to healthcare and have specific healthcare needs. Methods: We analysed data from the 2006-10 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) to examine differences in access to healthcare and HIV and sexually transmissible infection (STI) related health services by MSM and non-MSM among men in the United States aged 15-44 years who have ever had sex. MSM and sexually active MSM were identified in the NSFG as men who had ever had oral or anal sex with another man, or who had sex in the past 12 months with another man, respectively. Access was measured by the type of health insurance, having a usual place for receiving healthcare and type of usual place. Results: Of men aged 15-44 years who have ever had sex, there were no significant differences between MSM and non-MSM in the three access measures. MSM were more likely than non-MSM to receive HIV counselling (22.5% v. 8.3%) and STI testing (26.2% v. 15.6%) in the past 12 months, or to ever have had HIV testing (67.8% v. 44.6%). STI testing in the past 12 months was reported by 38.7% of sexually active MSM. Conclusion: Our findings show no significant differences in access to healthcare between MSM and non-MSM. MSM were more likely to receive HIV- and STI-related preventive services than non-MSM. However, the low STI testing rate among MSM highlights the need for interventions to increase STI testing, and HIV and STI counselling for MSM.
On the external characterization of topological functors

We characterize topological functors purely in terms of functors and natural transformations, free of any references to particular kinds of functor, such as faithful of full. This differs from the characterization given by Brummer and Hoffmann (Lect. Notes in Math 540 (1976) 136–151). Using this characterization we give an external proof that a topological functor has a left and right adjoint. In addition we use the characterization to give a new external proof of Wyler's taut lifts theorem.
A Thermodynamic description and phase relationships of the FeCr system: Part II the liquid phase and the fcc phase

Abstract The high-temperature thermodynamic data and phase equilibria of the FeCr binary reported in the literature are assessed. A set of thermodynamic values for the liquid, bcc and fcc phases are obtained. These values are internally consistent and the calculated phase equilibria are in agreement with the measured phase boundary data. Metastable equilibria for the liquid and fcc phases are also calculated.
Dependence of Uniform/Nonuniform Field Transformer Oil Breakdown on Oil Composition

The 60-Hz and impulse breakdown characteristics of two oils, A and B, which differed markedly in needle-sphere (N-S)impulse strength were determined in uniform and divergent fieldgeometries. Oil A, which had the higher N-S strength, was acommercial transformer oil, and Oil B was this same oil dopedwith anthracene. In the uniform field tests, the two oilshad essentially equal bare-electrode 60 Hz and impulsestrengths and covered-electrode 60 Hz strength. Oil B, thelower N-S strength oil, had a slightly higher covered-electrodeimpulse strength. In weakly divergent fields, the 60 Hzbreakdown and corona inception levels of Oil B were comparableor superior to those of Oil A. Impulse breakdown voltageswere found to depend on oil composition and impulse polarity; however, these dependences varied with field divergence.The data suggest that the anthracene additive modified thedivergent field breakdown initiation and the streamer propa-gation processes in oil, and indicate a lack of correlationbetween the highly divergent field N-S test and the insulatingcharacteristics of oils in uniform and weakly divergent fields.This work was part of an Electric Power Research Institutesponsored program to evaluate non-naphthenic transformer oils.
Contribution of CYP2E1 and CYP3A to acetaminophen reactive metabolite formation.

Background CYP2E1, 1A2, and 3A4 have all been implicated in the formation of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), the reactive intermediate of acetaminophen (INN, paracetamol), in studies in human liver microsomes and complementary deoxyribonucleic acid–expressed enzymes. However, recent pharmacokinetic evidence in humans has shown that the involvement of CYP1A2 is negligible in vivo. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the respective roles of CYP2E1 and 3A4 in vivo. Methods The involvement of CYP2E1 was assessed through pretreatment of adult human volunteers with disulfiram to inhibit the enzyme and the role of CYP3A4 through its induction in a second cohort of adults with rifampin (INN, rifampicin). Each of the respective studies was an open-label, balancedrandomized crossover design. Blood samples were obtained serially for 12 hours and urine was collected for 24 hours after acetaminophen administration. Acetaminophen was assayed in plasma, and acetaminophen and metabolites were assayed in urine. Results The recovery of the thiol metabolites formed by conjugation of NAPQI with glutathione was decreased by 69%, and the formation clearance of NAPQI was decreased by 74% (both P < .01) by pretreatment with disulfiram. Rifampin pretreatment had no effect on the formation of NAPQI or the recovery of thiol metabolites formed by conjugation of NAPQI with glutathione. Conclusions CYP2E1 accounts for the formation of NAPQI in intact humans; the contribution of other isozymes of cytochrome P450 appears to be negligible. Under some conditions, disulfiram may be useful in diminishing the formation of NAPQI after acetaminophen overdose. (Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;67:275–82.) Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2000) 67, 275–282; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2000.104736
Analysis of vector quantizers using transformed codebook with application to feedback-based multiple antenna systems

Transformed codebooks are often obtained by a transformation of a codebook, potentially optimum for a particular set of statistical conditions, to best match the statistical environment at hand. The procedure, though suboptimal, has recently been suggested for feedback MISO systems because of their simplicity and effectiveness. We first consider in this paper the analysis of a general vector quantizer with transformed codebook. Bounds on the average distortion of this class of quantizers are provided to characterize the effects of sub-optimality introduced by the transformed codebook on system performance. We then focus our attention on the application of the proposed general framework to providing capacity analysis of a feedback-based MISO system over correlated fading channels using channel quantizers with both optimal and transformed codebooks. In particular, upper and lower bounds on the channel capacity loss of MISO systems with transformed codebooks are provided and compared to that of the optimal quantizers. Numerical and simulation results are presented which confirm the tightness of the theoretical distortion bounds.
Matching colonic polyps from prone and supine CT colonography scans based on statistical curvature information

Computed tomographic colonography (CTC) provides a feasible way for the detection of colorectal polyps and cancer screening. In the clinical practice of CTC, a true colonic polyp will be confirmed with high confidence if a radiologist can find it in both the supine and prone scans. To assist radiologists in CTC reading, we propose a new colonic polyp matching method based on statistical curvature information of polyp candidates. We first extract histograms of curvature-related features (HCF) from each polyp candidate, then use diffusion map to embed the original high dimensional data into a low-dimensional space. Experimental results show that by using our HCF method, we can improve the sensitivity from 0.58 to 0.74 at false positive rate 0.1 compared with a traditional method that uses only means of curvature-related features.
Making poetry of pain: the headache poems of Jane Cave Winscom.

Jane Cave Winscom was an 18-century British poet who suffered from excruciating headaches. Three poems about her pain appear in the 1794 edition of her Poems. They provide both a valuable historical account of the treatments she underwent and a patient's account of the physical and psychological effects of headache. Winscom's poems display many of the same features as current pain narratives. They expose private and devastating suffering to public gaze, and publicly question the medical establishment that has failed to restore her to health. They also reveal features that have come to be understood as foundational in pain narratives: a body turned on itself and figured as an external enemy, and the absolute power of pain to silence the sufferer. Most important, the poems demonstrate Winscom's narrative composition of a self who has overcome this enforced silence to speak the experience of head pain.
Sustainable Tourism: Ethical Alternative or Marketing Ploy?

While tourism is often seen as a welcome source of economic development, conventional mass tourism is associated with numerous negative effects, such as the destruction of ecological systems and loss of cultural heritage. In response to these concerns, a term that has surfaced recently is, sustainable tourism. This article attempts to define sustainable tourism and asks the question of whether this new term is an acceptable criteria or is merely a marketing ploy to attract the morally conscious tourist.
Using HLA sequence analysis and HLAMatchmaker to examine CREGs

Cross-reactive antigen groups (CREGs) were examined by similarity analysis of HLA sequences and by mismatched antibody-accessible triplets. The methods used were: (1) To count the number of main different and minor different positions in the amino acid sequences of exon 2 and exon 3 between each antigen pair in CREG; (2) Using HLAMatches program to count mismatched antibody-accessible triplets between each antigen pair in CREG. It was found that, in most situation, both the major and the minor differences between strong cross reactive antigen pairs were apparently fewer than those between weaker cross reactive antigen pairs. The main and minor different positions derived from sequence analysis have a good coincidence with the positions of mismatched HLATriplets. We also discussed the discrepancy between two different CREG schemes. It was concluded that similarity analysis of HLA allelic sequences is helpful for finding a better criteria of HLA matching.
Path selection: a novel interaction technique for mapping applications

Many online mapping applications let users define routes, perhaps for sharing a favorite bicycle commuting route or rating several contiguous city blocks. At the UI level, defining a route amounts to selecting a fairly large number of objects - the individual segments of roads and trails that make up the route. We present a novel interaction technique for this task called path selection. We implemented the technique and evaluated it experimentally, finding that adding path selection to a state-of-the-art technique for selecting individual objects reduced route definition time by about a factor of 2, reduced errors, and improved user satisfaction. Detailed analysis of the results showed path selection is most advantageous (a) for routes with long straight segments and (b) when objects that are optimal click targets also are visually attractive.
Role of IFN-γ in the establishment of anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID)-induced CD8+ T regulatory cells

Introduction of alloantigens into the AC induces a form of immune tolerance known as ACAID, which induces antigen-specific CD8+ Tregs, contributing to ocular immune privilege by down-regulating immune responses. Recent evidence suggests IFN-γ is needed for the suppressive function of CD8+ ACAID Tregs. This study tested the hypothesis that IFN-γ is needed for alloantigen-specific ACAID CD8+ Tregs to execute their suppressive function but is not required for the establishment of ACAID CD8+ Tregs. To address this hypothesis, ACAID was induced by injecting BALB/c spleen cells into the AC of WT C57BL/6 mice, IFN-γ(-/-) C57BL/6 mice, or anti-IFN-γ-treated WT C57BL/6 mice. LAT assays using C57BL/6 APCs as stimulators, CD4+ T cells from C57BL/6 mice previously immunized toward BALB/c alloantigens as effector cells, and IFN-γ-competent, IFN-γ(-/-), or IFN-γR(-/-) CD8+ Tregs were used to evaluate the suppressive function of CD8+ ACAID Tregs in response to IFN-γ. IFN-γ(-/-) mice or mice treated with anti-IFN-γ antibody prior to AC injection of alloantigen failed to develop ACAID. The suppressive function of IFN-γ(-/-) ACAID CD8+ Tregs was restored through the administration of exogenous IFN-γ. This suppressive responsiveness toward IFN-γ was CD8+ Treg-intrinsic, as CD8+ Tregs from IFN-γR(-/-) mice, which were primed in the AC with alloantigens, were not able to suppress alloantigen-specific DTH responses. These results indicate that IFN-γ is not needed for the induction of CD8+ ACAID Tregs but is required for ACAID Tregs to exert the suppression of allospecific DTH responses.
Treatment of motor aprosodia with pitch biofeedback and expression modelling

In motor aprosodia, imitation and production of emotional prosody and facial gestures are compromised. Despite the frequency with which aprosodia occurs after brain damage, and its potential to cause social and vocational disability, no formal treatments are available for this disorder. A case of motor aprosodia treated with voice pitch biofeedback and modelling of affective communication is presented. Utilizing the patient as her own control, the affective communication treatment was compared to traditional rehabilitation therapy. The results obtained suggest that affective communication treatment has potential in improving affective communication in brain-injured patients. Also notable was the fact that the improvements in emotional expression were stable over a 2-month follow-up period, and could not be attributed to recovery of function as a result of time passage, the effect of traditional rehabilitation, the effect of the extra attention paid to the patient, or examiner bias.
Fractionalization methods and their applications to radiation and scattering problems

Exploring the possible links between the mathematical field of fractional calculus and the electromagnetic theory has been one of the topics of our research interests. We have studied the possibility of bringing the tools of fractional calculus and electromagnetic theory together, and have explored and developed the topic of fractional paradigm in electromagnetic theory. Fractional calculus is a branch of mathematics that addresses the mathematical properties of operation of fractional differentiation and fractional integration operators involving derivatives and integrals to arbitrary non-integer orders. We have applied the tools of fractional calculus in various problems in electromagnetic fields and waves, and have obtained interesting results that highlight certain notable features and promising potential applications of these operators in electromagnetic theory. Moreover, since fractional derivatives/integrals are effectively the result of fractionalization of differentiation and integration operators, we have investigated the notion of fractionalization of some other linear operators in electromagnetic theory. Searching for such operator fractionalization has led us to interesting solutions in radiation and scattering problems.
Robot's manipulators: Simulation and identification of configurations, execution of prescribed trajectories

The authors proposed methods: (i) for determination of special link positions, (ii) computer aided simulation and identification of manipulator configurations and (iii) execution of prescribed trajectories. Examples of application are given for the Cincinnati Milacron Manipulator and Unimation Puma Manipulator.
Phorbol ester-mediated neurotensin secretion is dependent on the PKC-α and -δ isoforms

Neurotensin (NT) plays an important role in gastrointestinal secretion, motility, and growth. The mechanisms regulating NT secretion are not entirely known. Our purpose was to define the role of th...
Identification of Intrastent Pathology Associated With Late Stent Thrombosis Using Optical Coherence Tomography.

Objective To better characterize intrastent pathology using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients presenting with late and very late stent thrombosis (LST/VLST). Background The contribution of specific intrastent pathologies to the development of LST/VLST is not well understood. Methods In this single-center, retrospective, observational study of 796 consecutive patients treated for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with primary PCI we identified 57 patients (7.2%) in whom STEMI resulted from LST/VLST. Of the patients with LST/VLST, 21 patients (37%) had OCT performed at the discretion of the operator during PCI for LST/VLST. Independent reviewers performed qualitative offline analysis of OCT images to determine the cause of stent thrombosis defined as the specific intrastent pathology associated with thrombus deposition. Results The principal intrastent pathology causing LST/VLST was determined to be stent malapposition in 11 patients (55%), of which 5 (25% of all LST/VLST patents) had findings suggestive of positive vessel remodeling. Neoatherosclerosis was determined to be the cause of LST/VLST in 7 patients (35%). LST/VLST resulted from uncovered stent struts in 2 patients (10%). Among all LST/VLST patients, in-hospital mortality (12.3%) and post-hospital target vessel failure (TVF) or cardiac death (21.7%, median follow-up 1.6 years) remained high. There was a trend towards decreased TVF or cardiac death (7.7% vs. 27.3% P = 0.24) in patients who underwent OCT-guided therapy. Conclusions LST/VLST remains a significant cause of STEMI and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. OCT use at the time of PCI consistently identifies significant intrastent pathology with potentially meaningful clinical impact. (J Interven Cardiol 2015;28:439–448)
Surface plasmon resonance in metal super-period nanoslit grating and spectrometer sensor

We investigated surface plasmon resonance in super-period metal nano-gratings and demonstrated a surface plasmon resonance spectrometer sensor with a fabricated super-period metal nanoslit grating.
Spike train driven dynamical models for human actions

We investigate dynamical models of human motion that can support both synthesis and analysis tasks. Unlike coarser discriminative models that work well when action classes are nicely separated, we seek models that have fine-scale representational power and can therefore model subtle differences in the way an action is performed. To this end, we model an observed action as an (unknown) linear time-invariant dynamical model of relatively small order, driven by a sparse bounded input signal. Our motivating intuition is that the time-invariant dynamics will capture the unchanging physical characteristics of an actor, while the inputs used to excite the system will correspond to a causal signature of the action being performed. We show that our model has sufficient representational power to closely approximate large classes of non-stationary actions with significantly reduced complexity. We also show that temporal statistics of the inferred input sequences can be compared in order to recognize actions and detect transitions between them.
Mechanism of inhibition of Na+-glucose cotransport in the chronically inflamed rabbit ileum

In a rabbit model of chronic ileal inflammation, we previously demonstrated that coupled NaCl absorption was reduced because of an inhibition of Cl−/ HCO 3 − but not Na+/H+exchange on the brush-bor...
Influence of Seed Processing by Frugivorous Birds on Germination Success of Three North American Shrubs

Abstract Coevolutionary models of the interactions between fruiting plants and avian seed dispersers have been influenced by the assumption that regurgitation and defecation of seeds have diffferent effects on seed coats, and consequently seed germination. We evaluated how the manner of seed processing affects seed germination by feeding fruits of three bird-dispersed shrubs, spicebush (Lindera benzoin), chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), and arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum), to captive cedar waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) and thrushes (Turdus migratorius, Hylocichla mustelina, Catharus guttatus and C. minimus). Cedar waxwings defecate all seeds, whereas thrushes regurgitate most seeds. For all three shrub species and all five bird species, there were no differences in germination success between seeds manually cleaned of pulp, and cleaned, bird-passed seeds, regardless of whether seeds were regurgitated or defecated. However, seeds of Lindera and Prunus that were defecated by cedar waxwings and planted with f...
Multiple Inflammatory Cytokines Converge To Regulate CD8+ T Cell Expansion and Function during Tuberculosis

The differentiation of effector CD8(+) T cells is a dynamically regulated process that varies during different infections and is influenced by the inflammatory milieu of the host. In this study, we define three signals regulating CD8(+) T cell responses during tuberculosis by focusing on cytokines known to affect disease outcome: IL-12, type I IFN, and IL-27. Using mixed bone marrow chimeras, we compared wild-type and cytokine receptor knockout CD8(+) T cells within the same mouse following aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Four weeks postinfection, IL-12, type 1 IFN, and IL-27 were all required for efficient CD8(+) T cell expansion in the lungs. We next determined if these cytokines directly promote CD8(+) T cell priming or are required only for expansion in the lungs. Using retrogenic CD8(+) T cells specific for the M. tuberculosis Ag TB10.4 (EsxH), we observed that IL-12 is the dominant cytokine driving both CD8(+) T cell priming in the lymph node and expansion in the lungs; however, type I IFN and IL-27 have nonredundant roles supporting pulmonary CD8(+) T cell expansion. Thus, IL-12 is a major signal promoting priming in the lymph node, but a multitude of inflammatory signals converge in the lung to promote continued expansion. Furthermore, these cytokines regulate the differentiation and function of CD8(+) T cells during tuberculosis. These data demonstrate distinct and overlapping roles for each of the cytokines examined and underscore the complexity of CD8(+) T cell regulation during tuberculosis.
Measurable Value Function Theory: Survey and Open Problems

In this paper I present a survey of the recent advances in measurable value function theory. Both single criterion and multicriteria research areas are discussed. The role of this theory in decision making under risk as well as in group decision making is explored. A synthesis of previous work is provided to point out directions for future research.
Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi: inherent difference in immune activation in the mosquitoes Armigeres subalbatus and Aedes aegypti.

The inherent ability of Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi (Nematoda) to establish successful relationships with the mosquitoes Armigeres subalbatus and Aedes aegypti Liverpool strain was evaluated. Brugia pahangi microfilariae (mff) avoided the immune response and developed normally in A. subalbatus exposed to the parasite by an infective bloodmeal, whereas nearly 85% of B. malayi were destroyed by the immune response. Because A. aegypti supports the development of both filarial worm species but destroys intrathoracically inoc- ulated B. pahangi isolated from jird blood, blood-isolated B. malayi were inoculated into A. aegypti, and the immune response was compared with that observed against B. pahangi. The response against B. malayi was significantly more rapid and effective than the response against B. pahangi. Similar results were obtained when blood-isolated B. pahangi or B. malayi were inoculated into A. subalbatus. Microfilariae of both species were able to avoid immune destruction in A. aegypti if they were allowed to penetrate the Liverpool midgut in vitro prior to inoculation. Most B. pahangi that had first penetrated an Armigeres midgut prior to inoculation into A. subalbatus were able to avoid the immune response, but by day 3 postinoculation, less than 40% of the B. malayi, treated in the same manner, were able to escape the immune response. Genetic susceptibility of mos- quitoes to infection by filarial worms and potential mechanisms of immune evasion/suppression are discussed regarding B. malayi and B. pahangi.
Benzobisoxazole cruciforms: heterocyclic fluorophores with spatially separated frontier molecular orbitals.

We report the synthesis of nine conjugated cruciform-shaped molecules based on the central benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d′]bisoxazole nucleus, at which two conjugated currents intersect at a ∼90° angle. Cruciforms’ substituents were varied pairwise among the electron-neutral phenyl groups, electron-rich 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)phenyl substituents, and electron-poor pyridines. Hybrid density functional theory calculations revealed that the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) are localized (24–99%) in all cruciforms, in contrast to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) which are strongly dependent on the substitution and less localized (6–64%). Localization of frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) along different axes of these cruciforms makes them promising as sensing platforms, since analyte binding to the cruciform should mandate a change in the HOMO–LUMO gap and the resultant optical properties. This prediction was verified using UV/vis absorption and emission spectroscopy: cruciforms’ protonation resul...
Research of Using ICA on the Application of Seismic Signal Processing

With the aim of using ICA in the de-noising of seismic signal,analysis the four assumption conditions of the ICA,consider with the statistical characteristics of practical seismic signal,analysis and process the source signals,make them full fill with the requirement of the requiring of ICA in independence and non gaussian are presented. The concept of waveform similarity introduce to deal with the two inherent uncertainties of Blind Source Separation. And then the feasible of using independent component analysis is proved in the application of seismic signal processing.A algorithm and then use it in the synthetic seismic signal (Ricker wavelet with Random-noise) processing are taken. Complete with the separation of wave and noise,the validity of the algorithm is proved.
Utilizing Smartphones to Study Disadvantaged and Hard-to-Reach Groups

Mobile technologies, specifically smartphones, offer social scientists a potentially powerful approach to examine the social world. They enable researchers to collect information that was previously unobservable or difficult to measure, expanding the realm of empirical investigation. For research that concerns resource-poor and hard-to-reach groups, smartphones may be particularly advantageous by lessening sample selection and attrition and by improving measurement quality of irregular and unstable experiences. At the same time, smartphones are nascent social science tools, particularly with less advantaged populations that may have different phone usage patterns and privacy concerns. Using findings from a smartphone study of men recently released from prison, this article discusses the strengths and challenges of smartphones as data collection tools among disadvantaged and hard-to-reach groups.
Electrically Reconfigurable Metasurfaces Using Heterojunction Resonators

An electrically reconfigurable metasurface comprising an array of 1D semiconductor Mie resonators on a reflecting ground plane is theoretically demonstrated. The design is based on magnetic dipole modes that interfere with image fields in a metal substrate to produce a 2π phase shift in reflection about the resonance wavelength. Analogous voltage-dependent phase shifts are produced using novel InSb/In0.8Al0.2Sb heterojunction resonators incorporating top electrodes that minimize perturbations of the electromagnetic mode. The devices exploit large swings in the InSb electron density to produce mid-infrared resonances tunable through free carrier refraction. Combined electrical device and full wave electromagnetic simulations show up to 300° phase shifts with less than 1dB of loss. Using this resonator as a basic building block, an electrically tunable metasurface is demonstrated. By applying a voltage gradient across the metasurface, an incident beam is steered in a unidirectional fashion continuously between ±72° (from normal incidence. This work describes a pathway to unprecedented control of light via electrically reconfigurable metasurfaces.
Subscale Capturing in Numerical Analysis

In this paper we shall describe numerical methods that were devised for the purpose of computing small scale behavior without either fully resolving the whole solution or explicitly tracking certain singular parts of it. Techniques developed for this purpose include shock capturing, front capturing, and multiscale analysis. Areas in which these methods have recently proven useful include image processing, computer vision, and differential geometry, as well as more traditional fields of physics and engineering.
Prescription-to-Over-the-Counter Switch Criteria

This paper traces the evolution of prescription-to-over-the-counter (OTC) switch criteria and assesses the impact of new developments in this and related areas, as a means to create a conceptual framework for considering the future of prescription-to-OTC switch. Over the past two decades, switch criteria have evolved from the foundational definitions of safety, effectiveness, and labeling in the OTC Review through the pharmacological interpretations of OTCness in Peck’s Principles, to the modern day focus in DeLap’s Principles on the consumer as the focal point for studying endpoints of self-care. Today’s switch criteria represent a solid regulatory/scientific foundation for the next evolution of OTC drugs: to treat chronic conditions and diseases, which are not being adequately treated with current health care options. Further dialogue on the potential for OTC access to enhance collaborative self-care should be actively considered.
Trajectory Measurements of a Horizontally Oriented Buoyant Jet in a Coflow Using Filtered Rayleigh Scattering

AbstractThe filtered Rayleigh scattering technique was implemented to discern the mechanisms associated with trajectory and mixing characteristics of buoyant jets in the presence of a coflow. A continuous wave laser in conjunction with a high-speed camera and a molecular filter constituted the equipment needed to obtain near-field concentration measurements of a carbon dioxide jet within a coflow of air. The arrangement enabled carbon dioxide concentration measurements with and without the coflow at a sampling rate of 400 Hz. The time-averaged results demonstrate the significance that adding the coflow has on increasing the mixing rate, thus reducing the impact of the buoyant jet by flattening the jet trajectory. The effects of various flow parameters such as the jet velocity, the jet to coflow velocity ratio, the relative velocity between the jet and the coflow, and the Froude number on the jet trajectory are studied. The downward trajectory of the carbon dioxide jet, absent a coflow, was well correlated...
Basing a Belief on the Evidence

In this chapter the important distinction between having justification for believing a proposition (propositional justification) and justifiedly believing a proposition (doxastic justification) is drawn. Very roughly, this distinction tracks the idea that simply believing the right thing is not sufficient for one’s belief to be justified. After all, one might believe the right thing for the wrong reasons. In order to have a justified belief one must believe the right thing for the right reasons. Since justified belief is a necessary condition of knowledge, it is extremely important to understand what is required to move from merely having propositional justification to having doxastic justification. This chapter explores the relation that one’s belief has to bear to one’s propositional justification in order to be doxastically justified—what epistemologists call the “basing relation”. Accounts of the basing relation fall into three categories: causal accounts, doxastic accounts, and hybrid accounts. The general features of each of these kinds of accounts, as well as the challenges they face, are explored in this chapter.
Democracy Protests: Origins, Features, and Significance

Why do democracy protests emerge in some countries at certain times, but not in others? Why do governments accommodate these protests, undertaking sweeping reforms in some cases, and in others find ways to suppress protests? In Democracy Protests, Brancati highlights the role of economic crises in triggering protests. She argues that crises increase discontent with governments, and authoritarianism in particular, and also increase support for opposition candidates who are more likely to organize protests, especially during election periods. Economic crises are also shown to create chances for opportunists to capitalize on anti-regime sentiment and mobilize support against governments. However, if crises are severe and protests concomitantly large, governments are likely to be compelled to make accommodations with protestors, regardless of their likelihood of retaining office. Brancati's argument rests on a rich statistical analysis of the causes and consequences of democracy protests around the globe between 1989 and 2011, combined with qualitative case studies.
Challenges of Frozen Section in Thoracic Pathology: Lepidic Lesions, Limited Resections, and Margins

Context.— The use of frozen section in thoracic pathology includes assessment of peripheral lung lesions with lepidic pattern, with greater emphasis on evaluating lung-sparing resections and margin assessment. Objective.— To review pitfalls of frozen section in thoracic pathology; in this setting, reduction of false-positive and false-negative diagnosis in lesion identification and margin assessment is critical. Data Sources.— PubMed search of frozen section lung pathology yielded specific references related to the use of frozen section in the identification of lepidic lesions and the clinical recommendation for margin distance. Conclusions.— Frozen section diagnosis is overall accurate in assessment of lepidic lesions. Pitfalls include rare benign mimickers and more common reactive lesions. Standard approaches to gross assessment and margin measurement require further research with increasing use of lung-sparing resections.
A Framework for Understanding the Impacts of Ridesourcing on Transportation

The transportation sector is currently experiencing a monumental disruption with the introduction and evolution of technology and transportation services such as bikesharing, carsharing, on-demand ridesourcing, and microtransit. As these new layers of technology-based transportation options begin to flourish, it is important to understand how they compete and interact with more traditional modes. For example, ridesourcing theoretically takes an underutilized existing resource—empty seats in single-occupancy vehicles—and fills them with passengers. In reality, it is difficult to disentangle the interrelated short- and long-term outcomes and self-selection issues that arise from simply asking whether ridesourcing takes cars off the road or if we are siphoning from walking, bicycling, and transit modes. Beyond travel behavior, these evolving transportation services can also significantly impact our transportation systems, society, and the environment. Due to such complications, these outcomes have yet to be adequately studied. Accordingly, this book chapter provides a framework to investigate ridesourcing impacts. This, in turn, will help cities better account for the impact of technology and evolving transportation services in their planning processes.
The l- perfect in North Slavic

Introduction In the present chapter, we turn to Maslov's Stage 2, the development of the l -perfect across the N. Slavic languages. After a discussion of the replacement of the old aspect tenses by l -perfects in N. Slavic, we focus on geographical factors and examine the documentary evidence. An examination of the role of sociolinguistic factors in the development of the l -perfects east and west and the impact of this distribution on the expansion of aspectual contrast concludes this chapter. Replacement of Aspect Tenses by l -perfect in North Slavic In Chapter 11, we noted the general tendency toward loss of the imperfect and aorist categories in S. Slavic, especially in those varieties at a greater distance from Greek. This trend is likewise to be noted in the N. Slavic languages: most varieties lose the imperfect first, followed by the aorist, replacing them with the l -perfect, which becomes the only marker of the past. Those languages with more conservative traditions, such as Czech, tend to maintain the aspect tenses longer; those with more innovative tendencies, such as the northern Russian dialects around Novgorod and Pskov, lose the imperfect and aorist very early: there is, for example, practically no evidence for either of these categories in the vernacular birchbark letters of Novgorod. The imperfects and aorists survive in Old Church Slavonic and in medieval Russian and Croatian Church Slavonic, and, as we have seen, in the modern S. Slavic languages of Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Serbian. The aorists and imperfects are already almost extinct in the earliest documents of Old Polish and Old Czech (Andersen 2009: 127). These facts are summarized in Table 13.1. We can note two conservatizing forces at work in Slavic, which hindered the process of replacement: 1) the archaizing pressures of Church Slavonic, and, ultimately, Byzantine Greek, which affected the S. Slavic languages most thoroughly, but which had an ongoing resurgent effect in all areas under the influence of Orthodoxy (Chapter 12) 2) the retention and revamping of old categories for stylistic purposes (Czech) or in imitation of external models (Sorbian), which Dickey (2011: 201) calls “replica preservation” (Section 13.6)
A Systematic Evaluation of Methods for Tailoring Genome-Scale Metabolic Models.

Genome-scale models of metabolism can illuminate the molecular basis of cell phenotypes. Since some enzymes are only active in specific cell types, several algorithms use omics data to construct cell-line- and tissue-specific metabolic models from genome-scale models. However, these methods are often not rigorously benchmarked, and it is unclear how algorithm and parameter selection (e.g., gene expression thresholds, metabolic constraints) affects model content and predictive accuracy. To investigate this, we built hundreds of models of four different cancer cell lines using six algorithms, four gene expression thresholds, and three sets of metabolic constraints. Model content varied substantially across different parameter sets, but the algorithms generally increased accuracy in gene essentiality predictions. However, model extraction method choice had the largest impact on model accuracy. We further highlight how assumptions during model development influence model prediction accuracy. These insights will guide further development of context-specific models, thus more accurately resolving genotype-phenotype relationships.
Response to "Nursing Care at the Time of Death: A Bathing and Honoring Practice" .

I am a nurse in a bone marrow transplantation unit at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital in Gainesville. We are a high-risk center in the sense that we care for transplant patients who have been denied at other centers. Our patients are very sick with resistant disease and often with multiple comorbidities as well. These sad facts translate into long, torturous, brave battles that end in death. The nursing staff, patients, and families become very close over many months of fighting together. We witness waves of death of these people we have grown to love. The staff has struggled with sadness and an inability to process so much grief. .
Leadership Practice in a One-to-One Computing Initiative: Principals' Experiences in a Technology Driven, Second-Order Change

ABSTRACTSchool districts have been placed under increasing pressure to equalize student access to technology and equip students with the skills necessary to be competitive in a global economy. In response, a growing number of schools have sought an irreversible and dramatic departure from past practices, a second-order change, to learner-centered environments powered by one-to-one computing. While one-to-one computing has drawn the attention of researchers for more than 30 years, the field has not examined principals' experiences in leading the implementation of such an initiative. Yet leadership research continually affirms the importance of the principal in effective change implementation. This article discusses the findings of a study that explored principals' experiences leading the changes associated with a one-to-one initiative and the contexts or situations that influenced those experiences. Using a phenomenological method, this study explored how eight elementary school principals leading a one-to...
The role of scale structure in the interpretation of contrariety in no-DPs

Contrary meaning is commonly analyzed as a pragmatic strengthening of contradictory sentence negation. This paper derives the contrary meaning found in no -DPs in predicate position (e.g. "John is no fool") through the analysis of no as negation that operates on the scale contributed by the predicate nominal expression.