cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of intra- versus inter-annual snow depth variation on water relations and photosynthesis for two Great Basin Desert shrubs

Snowfall provides the majority of soil water in certain ecosystems of North America. We tested the hypothesis that snow depth variation affects soil water content, which in turn drives water potential (Ψ) and photosynthesis, over 10 years for two widespread shrubs of the western USA. Stem Ψ (Ψ stem) and photosynthetic gas exchange [stomatal conductance to water vapor (g s), and CO2 assimilation (A)] were measured in mid-June each year from 2004 to 2013 for Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana (Asteraceae) and Purshia tridentata (Rosaceae). Snow fences were used to create increased or decreased snow depth plots. Snow depth on +snow plots was about twice that of ambient plots in most years, and 20 % lower on −snow plots, consistent with several down-scaled climate model projections. Maximal soil water content at 40- and 100-cm depths was correlated with February snow depth. For both species, multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) showed that Ψ stem, g s, and A were significantly affected by intra-annual variation in snow depth. Within years, MANOVA showed that only A was significantly affected by spatial snow depth treatments for A. tridentata, and Ψ stem was significantly affected by snow depth for P. tridentata. Results show that stem water relations and photosynthetic gas exchange for these two cold desert shrub species in mid-June were more affected by inter-annual variation in snow depth by comparison to within-year spatial variation in snow depth. The results highlight the potential importance of changes in inter-annual variation in snowfall for future shrub photosynthesis in the western Great Basin Desert.
Pharmacokinetic Studies in Developmental Toxicology: Practical Considerations and Approaches

This article provides an overview of key practical considerations, approaches, and techniques to obtain pharmaco-/toxicokinetic information in pregnant and lactating animals. First discussed are selection of the route and time of exposure, the timing and frequency of blood/tissue sampling, the number of animals required, and statistical considerations. Dosing and sampling methods are described with particular reference to good technique for minimal impact on the pharmacokinetic processes being measured. Next, some applied techniques for aiding pharmacokinetic investigation are discussed. These include mass-balance metabolism, determination of protein binding, radiolabel distribution studies such as whole-body autoradiography, applications of constant-rate infusion dosing, and the uses of rodent whole-embryo culture. The potential for physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in developmental toxicology is introduced, and approaches for determining tissue/blood partition coefficients and metabolic rat...
Treatment of influenzal meningitis with anti-influenzalrabbit serum and sulfapyridine

Summary 1. A mortality of 44 per cent resulted in nine patients with influenzalmeningitis who were treated with type-specific anti-influenzal rabbit serum * in conjunction with orally administered sulfapyridine in daily doses of 60 to 70 gr. An associated influenzal meningitis gave a grave prognosis unless mastoidectomy was performed. 2. Nine patients with type B influenzal meningitis with recovery infive are reported with such treatment. Of the four patients that succumbed, three were 13 months of age or under and in extremis at the time of admission. The fourth child, aged 18 months, lived twenty-two days and finally died of a sulfathiazole nephritis. 3. A level of 25.3 mg. per cent of sulfapyridine in the spinal fluid isnot incompatible with either life or successful recovery. 4. The value of sodium salt of hydroxyethylapocupreine hydrochloride used intrathecally in conjunction with the above treatment in four patients is problematic but seems worthy of further clinical investigation.
Signet ring stromal cell tumor revisited and related signet ring cell lesions of the ovary

In this article, we revisit the first reported case of ovarian signet ring stromal cell tumor (SRSCT) using modern immunohistochemical techniques and compare it to a case of signet ring cell transformation of lutein cells in an ovarian stromal tumor having components of luteinized thecoma and sclerosing stromal tumor. We introduce a new classification of signet ring stromal cell lesions of the ovary that serves as a framework to distinguish pathogenetically distinct ovarian stromal lesions that may be confused with cases of true SRSCT. The SRSCT in our first case most likely arose directly from the ovarian stroma without an identifiable precursor neoplasm. In our second case, the association of the signet ring cells with lutein cells and the positive staining of the signet ring cells for inhibin and steroidogenic factor 1 confirm that in some instances signet ring cells are derived from lutein cells.
Human skin responses to UV radiation: pigment in the upper epidermis protects against DNA damage in the lower epidermis and facilitates apoptosis

Melanin plays an important role in protecting the skin against UV radiation, and melanomas and basal/squamous cell carcinomas occur more frequently in individuals with fair/light skin. We previously reported that levels of melanin correlate inversely with amounts of DNA damage induced by UV in normal human skin of different racial/ethnic groups. We have now separately examined DNA damage in the upper and lower epidermal layers in various types of skin before and after exposure to UV and have measured subsequent apoptosis and phosphorylation of p53. The results show that two major mechanisms underlie the increased photocarcinogenesis in fair/light skin. First, UV-induced DNA damage in the lower epidermis (including keratinocyte stem cells and melanocytes) is more effectively prevented in darker skin, suggesting that the pigmented epidermis is an efficient UV filter. Second, UV-induced apoptosis is significantly greater in darker skin, which suggests that UV-damaged cells may be removed more efficiently in pigmented epidermis. The combination of decreased DNA damage and more efficient removal of UV-damaged cells may play a critical role in the decreased photocarcinogenesis seen in individuals with darker skin.
Rejoinder to comments on “reasoning with belief functions: an analysis of compatibility”

Abstract An earlier position paper has examined the applicability of belief-functions methodology in three reasoning tasks: (1) representation of incomplete knowledge, (2) belief-updating, and (3) evidence pooling. My conclusions were that the use of belief functions encounters basic difficulties along all three tasks, and that extensive experimental and theoretical studies should be undertaken before belief functions could be applied safely. This article responds to the discussion, in this issue, of my conclusions and the degree to which they affect the applicability of belief functions in automated reasoning tasks.
Atherosclerosis Involving the Internal Mammary Artery

Abstract Three patients undergoing coronary artery bypass operation at this institution over a two-month period were found to have significant atherosclerotic disease involving the internal mammary artery. All 3 patients were relatively young men with hypertension and severe three-vessel coronary involvement. Continuing experience with the internal mammary artery plus subsequent extensive postmortem dissections have supported our impression that atherosclerosis involving the internal mammary artery is much more prevalent than previously implied. Techniques for evaluating this vessel both preoperatively and intraoperatively are discussed.
Utilizing auxiliary variables in sequential ratio and regression estimation schemes

Ratio and regression estimators for a mean are considered in conjunction with certain sequential sampling schemes. An auxiliary variable is assumed present and both fixed-cost and fixed- width confidence interval stopping rules are investigated. The asymptotic distributions of the estimators are derived as well as optimal probabilities pertinent to the schemes. Comparisons are made with results of certain double sampling procedures. Estimation of the ratio of two means is also considered and the results of a Monte Carlo simulation are included.
An approach to children with chronic daily headache

Chronic daily headache is a condition that affects 2 to 4% of adolescent females and 0.8 to 2% of adolescent males. It is manifested by severe intermittent headaches, as well as a chronic baseline headache. Chronic daily headache is diagnosed when headaches occur for greater than or equal to 15 headache days per month, over a period of 3 consecutive months, and with no underlying pathology. The headaches last for more than 4 hours a day. Patients with chronic daily headache will frequently have sleep disturbance, pain at other sites, dizziness, worsening anxiety and mood, and school absence. Successful approaches to treatment include education, use of preventative medication, avoidance of analgesics, and helping the children work their way back into a functional daily routine.
Austria between East and West: Budapest and Berlin, 1918–1919 1

Situated in the very heart of Europe, German-Austria, pitiful remainder of the once glorious and powerful Habsburg empire, was in the immediate postwar period subject to influences from both the East and the West: from distant Russia, swept by revolution and civil war and anxious to spread the gospel of Bolshevism beyond her uncertain borders, and from the victorious democratic and capitalist West, especially France and Great Britain. The Entente seemed determined to protect Austria and Central Europe from the two chief dangers which loomed on the horizon: the thrust into neighboring Austria of the newly established Soviet Hungarian Republic—the second Soviet regime in the world—and Anschluss with the new German Republic—a union which would strengthen and aggrandize the Reich at a time when weakening the German colossus and preventing its resurgence seemed to the Western Powers to be imperative.
Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems for Single Family Dwellings: Innovation Concepts

Growing consumer interest in distributed Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Systems and industry competition to reduce installation costs are stimulating the development of deploying these materials to the residential sector of the building industry. This emerging market continues to attract the attention of many stakeholders, yet cohesive opportunities to deploy in residential sectors, specifically detached single-family dwellings, is scattered. As a result, this study of literature and implementation strategies through simple examples looks to identify several characteristics related to BIPV. Characteristics that were studied in this initial pilot study were design considerations for system selection, applicability to residential construction, and system and material options and enhancements. A case-study home was analyzed demonstrating opportunity for implementation of BIPV on an existing residence. Strategies for maximizing the energy-generating capacity of the system to achieve net-zero energy performance, including all building surfaces and landscaping were also explored. This body of work provides a state-of-the-art review on common materials as well as the more customizable types.
Malignant, predominantly lymphocytic thymoma with central and peripheral nervous system metastases

Histologic features of an invasive mediastinal tumor found in a 25-year-old woman fulfilled the accepted criteria for diagnosis of predominantly lymphocytic thymoma. Histochemical and cell marker studies indicated that the neoplasm contained a preponderance of T lymphocytes. After surgical debulking of the mass, aggressive radiotherapy and chemotherapy eradicated all evidence of thoracic disease. However, six months after the initial diagnosis, rapid development of cranial nerve and brainstem metastases--without detectable recurrent disease elsewhere--resulted in the patient's death. Autopsy examination revealed the presence of peripheral nerve metastases as well. A review of the literature disclosed fewer than 10 cases of central nervous system metastasis from thymoma. In only two of these were there clinicopathologic features similar to those seen in this case.
An extensible platform for the interactive exploration of Fitts' Law and related movement time models

This paper describes a new software platform for the interactive exploration of human performance models such as Fitts' law. The software is written in Java and provides a flexible environment for HCI research and education. Its distributed, object-oriented architecture provides a framework for exploring new performance models, task types, and selection modes.
Risky Shift in Marketing Decision Making: A Nonconfirmation

Choice-dilemma items and a marketing case-study task were administered to 48 MBA candidates at the University of Texas in a test of the risky-shift phenomenon. Using consensus decisions, groups were more risk-oriented than the individuals comprising them in the instance of the choice-dilemma items, but not when a familiar, realistic task was performed. Hence, it is necessary to use caution when attempting to generalize the risky shift to decision-making situations that use more realistic measures of risk than those represented by the standard choice-dilemma instrument.
Chemical constituents and IVDDM of hybrid cattail from a South Dakota prairie pothole

The changes in crude protein (CP), ash, dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), andin vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) content in a stand of hybrid cattail (Typha xglauca Godr.) were determined from weekly sample collections from 3 June through 23 September 1983. Vegetative shoots averaged significantly higher CP (P<0.05), ash (P<0.001), and IVDDM (P<0.001) and significantly lower NDF (P<0.001), ADF (P<0.01), and ADL (P<0.01) than flowering shoots. Prior to flower spike emergence, CP was greater than 12.1% and IVDDM was greater than 58.5%. Low dry matter content of cattail may limit dry matter intake if livestock are allowed to graze cattail exclusively. Regression of IVDDM on the various chemical constituents showed that CP provided the best explanation of the variability in IVDDM (R2=0.89 and 0.92, respectively, for linear and cubic polynomial equations).
Estimating non‐isothermal bacterial growth in foods from isothermal experimental data

Aim: To develop a mathematical method to estimate non-isothermal microbial growth curves in foods from experiments performed under isothermal conditions and demonstrate the method's applicability with published growth data. Methods and Results: Published isothermal growth curves of Pseudomonas spp. in refrigerated fish at 0–8°C and Escherichia coli 1952 in a nutritional broth at 27·6–36°C were fitted with two different three-parameter ‘primary models’ and the temperature dependence of their parameters was fitted by ad hoc empirical ‘secondary models’. These were used to generate non-isothermal growth curves by solving, numerically, a differential equation derived on the premise that the momentary non-isothermal growth rate is the isothermal rate at the momentary temperature, at a time that corresponds to the momentary growth level of the population. The predicted non-isothermal growth curves were in agreement with the reported experimental ones and, as expected, the quality of the predictions did not depend on the ‘primary model’ chosen for the calculation. Conclusions: A common type of sigmoid growth curve can be adequately described by three-parameter ‘primary models’. At least in the two systems examined, these could be used to predict growth patterns under a variety of continuous and discontinuous non-isothermal temperature profiles. Significance and Impact of the Study: The described mathematical method whenever validated experimentally will enable the simulation of the microbial quality of stored and transported foods under a large variety of existing or contemplated commercial temperature histories.
Relativistic particles on quantum space–time

Abstract We discuss alternatives to the usual quantization of a relativistic particle which result in discrete spectra for position and time operators.
SEX ALLOCATION AND OUTCROSSING RATE: A TEST OF THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS USING BROMEGRASSES (BROMUS).

Predictions of sex-allocation theory were tested by comparisons among hermaphroditic bromegrass (Bromus) species that differed in outcrossing rate. Relative maternal and paternal investment were calculated using both the ratio of pollen to seed production, and absolute allocations in units of energy, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and calcium. Outcrossing rate had a large effect on sex allocation; species having greater outcrossing rates had relatively more paternal reproductive effort. Bromus inermis was obligately outcrossing, and nearly half of its reproductive effort was devoted to pollen production. Three partially outcrossed species, B. kalmii, B. ciliatus, and B. latiglumis, invested between 5% and 11% of reproductive effort in pollen production. Paternal investment was less than 2% in the selling species B. tectorum. Estimates of sex allocation were relatively unaffected by the resource currency used in calculation. The differences among species in sex allocation were mostly due to differences in anther size and seed set.>.
Expression of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase in sympathetic neurons and extraadrenal chromaffin tissue of chick embryos in vivo and in vitro

Previous studies suggested the existence of two populations of cells in the mammalian sympathetic nervous system which differ in their ability to express phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the enzyme which specifically subserves the biosynthesis of epinephrine: (1) sympathoblasts and their progeny, the noradrenergic sympathetic neurons (PNMT negative); and (2) phaeochromoblasts , the precursors of the adrenergic cells of the adrenal gland and extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue (PNMT-positive). We sought to determine whether similar differences between sympathoblasts and phaeochromoblasts exist in other classes of vertebrate embryos. Using immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques to assay PNMT in sympathetic organs, we have found that chick embryo paravertebral ganglia contain PNMT activity both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro PNMT immunostaining was detected in principal neurons as well as in small process bearing neurons similar to mammalian SIF cells. In vivo, cells containing PNMT were seen not only in the adrenal gland, but also in other sympathetic structures such as the extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue and, unexpectedly, also in some cells of the kidney. Tyrosine hydroxylase, the first enzyme of the catecholamine (CA) biosynthetic pathway, was found in the same cells which could be stained with PNMT antibodies as well as in the sympathetic ganglia. Thus, we conclude that in contrast to the rat, chick sympathoblasts share with phaeochromoblasts the property of expressing all the CA enzymes, including PNMT.
Cardiac NaK ATPase activity during positive inotropic and toxic actions of ouabain.

In order to define pharmacological actions of ouabain in the dog heart, ouabain uptake and subcellular distribution and its effect on NaK ATPase (MG2+ dependent, Na+-K+-activated adenosinetriphosphate phosphohydrolase, E.C. 3.6.1.3), have been investigated in 21 open-chest dogs. A continuous infusion of ouabain (0.036 mug/kg/min) after a loading dose (20 mug/kg) produced a relatively constant plasma concentration of approximately 10(-8) M (6 ng/ml) ouabain, which induced a sustained positive inotropic response for the 300 min experimental period. In these hearts much greater binding of ouabain was noted in the NaK ATPase and microsomal fractions than in other myocardial fractions. No statistically significant inhibition of NaK ATPase activity was noted. Doubling the loading and infusion doses of ouabain raised the plasma level of ouabain to approximately 3 X 10(-8) M and produced various types of arrhythmia within an hour, which persisted for the rest of the 5 h experimental period. Under this experimental protocol there was a significant inhibition of NaK ATPase activity and increased binding of ouabain to this enzyme. This study does not support the hypothesis that there is a causal relationship between inotropic response to ouabain and NaK ATPase inhibition. It was concluded that NaK ATPase inhibition might be causally related to the development of ouabain toxicity.
Efficient wavelet rotation for environment map rendering

Real-time shading with environment maps requires the ability to rotate the global lighting to each surface point's local coordinate frame. Although extensive previous work has studied rotation of functions represented by spherical harmonics, little work has investigated efficient rotation of wavelets. Wavelets are superior at approximating high frequency signals such as detailed high dynamic range lighting and very shiny BRDFs, but present difficulties for interactive rendering due to the lack of an analytic solution for rotation. In this paper we present an efficient computational solution for wavelet rotation using precomputed matrices. Each matrix represents the linear transformation of source wavelet bases defined in the global coordinate frame to target wavelet bases defined in sampled local frames. Since wavelets have compact support, these matrices are very sparse, enabling efficient storage and fast computation at run-time. In this paper, we focus on the application of our technique to interactive environment map rendering. We show that using these matrices allows us to evaluate the integral of dynamic lighting with dynamic BRDFs at interactive rates, incorporating efficient non-linear approximation of both illumination and reflection. Our technique improves on previous work by eliminating the need for prefiltering environment maps, and is thus significantly faster for accurate rendering of dynamic environment lighting with high frequency reflection effects.
The role of context in mother–child interactions: an analysis of communicative intents expressed during toy play and book reading with 12-month-olds

The situational contexts most commonly represented in studies of language acquisition are book reading and toy play. Remarkably few studies have explicitly compared the language of young children or their adult interactants across different situational contexts, despite the likelihood that certain contexts may promote particular interaction styles. In the current study, we compare the speech of mothers and their 12-month-old children in book reading versus toy play contexts by examining communicative activities that emerge in each context, and by determining if contexts generate differences in the children's sophistication of language. Results indicated that context influenced both maternal and child expression of pragmatic intents. Most striking was the finding that children, as young as 12 months of age, showed variations in language use, vocabulary, and early syntax, given contextual differences. These findings suggest that distinctions in maternal interaction style (e.g., conversation-eliciting vs. directive) may have to be examined to exclude the possibility that these are differences in preferred context of interaction more than in style of talking. In addition, assessments of child language are generally assumed to be robust and not influenced by differences between book reading and toy play; our results suggest, though, that context makes a rather large difference.
Hydroxyurea in the treatment of pustular psoriasis.

SUMMARY.— Four patients with generalized pustular psoriasis of von Zumbusch were treated with hydroxyurea in an oral dosage of 1–2 g daily. In each instance the pustular, the febrile, the leucocytic and toxic responses were significantly suppressed. It is suggested that the effectiveness of this new treatment reflects the known selective suppressant effect of hydroxyurea on the polymorphonuclear leucocytes, which apparently play a central role in this disease.
Gastral exocrine products of a myrmicine ant strongly overlap pygidial gland products of Dolichoderinae

In most subfamilies of ants (Formicidae), a pygidial gland occurs in the worker’s dorsal gaster, and where tested, products of this gland function in alarm/defense and/or recruitment communication. These products are well characterized for members of the subfamily Dolichoderinae but remain unidentified for Myrmicinae. Both major and minor workers of one myrmicine, Pheidole biconstricta Mayr, are known to have greatly hypertrophied pygidial glands with alarm/repellent products. GC/MS analysis of methanol extracts of worker gasters revealed actinidine and six diastereomers of iridodials as major components, as well as lesser amounts of two lactones, iridomyrmecin and dihydronepetalactone. The iridoids also occur in the pygidial glands of some dolichoderines. Results are related to functional and phylogenetic considerations.
3-D Object Recognition From a Single Image

A conceptually new algorithm for 3-D object recognition and shape estimation from a single image is presented. Here complex 3-D objects are viewed as concatenation of simple surfaces, essentially planar, cylindrical, and spherical. This paper addresses the problem of recognizing these different surfaces along with estimating their shape parameters from a single image. The surfaces are assumed to be Lambertian illuminated with a point source at infinity, and we allow more than one surface to exist in the image. Surface classification and recognition relies on exploiting the contours of constant image intensity associated with each surface. By Lambert's law the image intensity for a plane is just a constant; for a cylinder the contours are lines parallel to the axis of the cylinder, whereas for a sphere they are concentric circles (ellipses). The image is partitioned into small square blocks. In each the data patch could either be classified as planar or nonplanar (cylindrical). That involves looking at whether or not the ratio of the 2 eigenvalues of the scatter matrix associated with the contours is close to 1. For nonplanar (cylindrical) blocks the angle 0 associated with the direction of the lines is computed. Any nonplanar block is classified as cylinder or sphere by considering the distribution of the angles 0 in a 3x3 neighborhood centered around the block. Again based on the classification of the blocks (surface type) as well as their direction (0), the image is segmented into connected regions. Once a surface region is extracted, shape estimation is achieved.
Separate but Equal: Librarians, Academics and Information Literacy

ABSTRACTEfforts to fit librarians into subject disciplines as teachers have been a destructive trend in library science. Lifelong learning was the aim of bibliographic instruction long before the term ‘information literacy’ was coined. Librarians and academics provide separate, interdependent instruction, both of which have intrinsic value. Merging the two professions weakens both.
Evaluation of Microwave Radar Vehicle Detectors at a Signalized Intersection Under Adverse Weather Conditions

Two microwave radar systems for vehicle detection, manufactured by Wavetronix and MS SEDCO, were evaluated at stop bar and advance zones of a signalized intersection under three adverse conditions: (a) high wind speeds, (b) rain, and (c) fully or partially snow-covered roadway. Data under normal (favorable) weather conditions were also analyzed and used for comparison. Results show that the performance of the two systems deteriorated during adverse weather, and the type of detection errors and their frequency were system dependent. In general, wind increased false calls at the advance detection zone by more than 50%, depending on the location and sensor type; snow-covered roadway had more widespread effects and increased false calls at stop bar and advance zones, depending on the system, and also increased missed calls at stop bar zones; and rain affected the two systems by increasing false calls and stuck-on calls at the stop bar and false calls at the advance zones. Data also showed that frequencies of ...
Theoretical considerations in the zone melting of organic substances: Analysis of the diffusion gradient

Further evidence is gathered in the theory of the zone melting of organic compounds under ideal equilibrium conditions by a kinetic study of the diffusion gradient in the melt zone. A mathematical analysis is developed for the concentration distribution of impurities in the moving molten zone, which yields an expression for the concentration gradient at the liquid-solid recrystallisation interface. These expressions describe the transport process and a measure of the rate of segregation of impurity at the recrystallisation interface. In addition, these equations have been programmed on a computer and concentration profiles for two zone velocities have been graphed. It has been found that the concentration gradient is independent of the length of the zone under ideal equilibrium conditions for pure diffusion.
High-Yield Two-Dimensional CdS Nanowire Networks Synthesized by a Low-Temperature Chemical Method

We report here on a one-step chemical procedure for the synthesis of monolayer and multilayer CdS square grid planar nanowire networks (SGP-NWNs). This procedure utilizes a chelation−deposition−epitaxy (CDE) mechanism to convert Cd(CH3COO)2·2H2O/S/C32H66 through the multilayer structures of bismuth triiodide (BiI3) flakes to CdS SGP-NWNs. In the CDE synthesis, ordered pyramid-shaped nanoparticles and SGP-NWNs were formed at 160 and 185 °C, respectively. TEM and SEM characterizations indicate that the SGP networks consist of interconnected CdS single-crystalline nanowires. A systematic investigation of the correlation between the preparation conditions and the morphologies of the nanostructures suggests that the formation of SGP-NWNs is attributed to the electrostatic force between the Bi−I bonds and Cd cations acting on the CdS nanowire isotropic crystalline growth. Further experimentation demonstrates that using BiI3 flake and CDE procedures similar to nanowire networks of different chemical compositions...
The formation of the feeding organelle in Paramecium aurelia

The control of formation of the feeding or buccal structures in Paramecium aurelia has been studied by damaging or eliminating this organelle by means of a microbeam of ultraviolet light and following the fate of treated cells through subsequent fissions and autogamy. Homopolar doublets, with two sets of buccal parts per cell, provided one set as a control and to feed the cell while the other was used experimentally. The evidence shows that buccal morphogenesis is not simply self-assembly of gene products but depends also on pre-existing cytoplasmic differentiations of the cell.
Why does a good thing become too much? Interactions between foliar nutrients and toxins determine performance of an insect herbivore

Summary In terrestrial ecosystems, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are generally believed to be the most limiting factors for organisms across different trophic levels. However, accumulating evidence suggests that dietary nutrient concentrations higher than optimal can lead to decreases in consumer growth rate. In the current study, we explored mechanisms underlying the negative effects of high nutrient availability on the performance of a specialist herbivore. Specifically, we investigated the responses of the monarch caterpillar Danaus plexippus to natural and experimental variation in N and P concentrations of three species of milkweed plants (Asclepias syriaca, Asclepias curassavica and Asclepias incarnata) that also varied in their foliar toxin concentrations. We found that high foliar N concentrations in milkweed were associated with decreases in the growth rate of D. plexippus larvae. However, such negative effects of N were only found when larvae were feeding on A. curassavica, which also had high foliar concentrations of cardenolide, a widespread chemical defence in the genus Asclepias. Foliar N concentration was not correlated with cardenolide concentration. Rather, the per unit toxicity of cardenolide was higher as N increased in excess of demand, resulting in deleterious effects of N. Our results suggest that interactions between nutrient concentrations in excess of demand and high dietary toxin concentrations provide an additional mechanism by which high nutrient availability can reduce the performance of consumers.
Near-infrared fluorescence detection of ATP-biotin-mediated phosphoprotein labeling.

Detection of phosphoproteins plays an important role in understanding protein function in cellular signalling pathways. Improved methods for identification and quantification of phosphoproteins are research priorities. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence detection of a γ-modified ATP-biotin analog was used to detect protein phosphorylation, using both model kinase substrates and mammalian cell lysates. NIR signal intensity was dependent on substrate and ATP-biotin concentrations.
High efficiency ion beam accelerator system

An ion accelerator system that successfully combines geometrical and electrostatic focusing principles is described. This accelerator system uses thin, concave, multiple‐hole, closely‐spaced graphite screen and focusing grids, coupled to single slot accelerator and decelerator grids to provide high ion extraction efficiency with good focusing. Operating characteristics for this type of accelerator system and possible applications are discussed.
Shell malformation in stressed Amphistegina populations: relation to biomineralization and paleoenvironmental potential

Abstract Beginning in summer 1991 and continuing through 1996, Amphistegina populations in the Florida Keys and elsewhere have exhibited symptoms of stress. Previous studies have reported progressive loss of symbiont color in most adult individuals during spring and summer months. In addition, commonly 15–35% of living individuals in afflicted populations have malformed tests that are chipped, broken, or broken and repaired, in contrast to approximately 5% of the living individuals in populations sampled during the 1970's and 1980's. This study illustrates observed malformations including test breakage, uneven external surfaces, abnormal shapes, bioerosion, and loss of outer chambers. Internal anomalies include poorly defined pore cups, excessive calcification, and minimal organic matrix. Previous cytological studies of these stressed Amphistegina revealed loss of Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. Because these organelles are sites of glycoprotein and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, we postulate that reduced synthesis of these major organic matrix components of the foraminiferal shell may account for the observed biomineralization anomalies. Documentation of these anomalies can provide the basis for determining if similar stress events occurred in the fossil record.
Centrifugal pump for superfluid helium

Abstract This Paper summarizes and correlates the liquid helium pump data obtained previously in two separate test programs. In normal helium the second set of data shows a large performance improvement over the first set as a result of changes in measurement methods and in the pump itself. Peak pump efficiencies of 46% were measured. The pump appeared to perform approximately the same in He II as in He I; however, the He II data are not adequate for system design or analyses. Therefore, a new pump test program is planned to test the improved version of the pump in an apparatus designed specifically for He II.
SPLITTING VERSUS UNLINKING

We will prove that there exists a link consisting of two components, each of which is individually unknotted, such that the link can be split with a single crossing change, however any such crossing change must knot one of the components.
Computation of photoelectron and Auger-electron diffraction III. Evaluation of angle-resolved intensities PAD3

In this paper, we describe the third part of a suite of computer programs for the computation of Auger- and photoelectron diffraction intensities, using the so-called concentric shell algorithm (CSA). The function of the present program is to calculate the diffraction intensities capable of being measured in a variety of different experimental configurations. The present program takes as its input the cluster transmission matrix calculated in the second part of this sequence of programs, as well as the spherical wave amplitudes of the atomic photoemission process, and other input specifying the type of experiment. The output of this program is a file containing the diffraction intensities in a form for direct comparison with experimental results.
Some matrix factorization identities for discrete inverse scattering

This note analyzes the relationships between several inverse-scattering methods and points out that all classical approaches implicitly construct a (lower-upper) triangular factorization of a given positive definite Toeplitz matrix. It is shown that the various inversion methods implicitly obtain the factorization by solving different nested sets of linear equations and expressing the factors in terms of the solutions obtained. The fact that the triangular factorization of a matrix with nonzero leading minors is unique immediately yields various identities, e.g., involving the so-called “central mass” sequence, that were derived in the literature with considerably more manipulation. In fact, our basic factorization results are somewhat more general, since they do not require the Toeplitz assumption.
Effects of brief withholding of essential elements on radiosensitivity of sunflower plants

Abstract Seven-day-old sunflower seedlings ( Helianthus annuus L., var. Mammoth Russian) were placed in solutions deficient in various essential elements for a 3-day period, X-irradiated with 1 kR, and then immediately transferred to a complete nutrient solution for a 36-day growth period. Plant measurements and visual radiation effects were used to assess radiation sensitivity. Plants subjected to a 3-day withholding of potassium, calcium, all nutrients or all macronutrients exhibited a marked increased resistance to damage by radiation when compared to plants irradiated without any withholding prior to irradiation. Withholding nitrogen, phosphorus and iron had only a slight protective effect while withholding sulfur and magnesium showed no observable protective effect. It is concluded that the brief exclusion of certain elements reduces growth rate and cellular activity quite promptly and thus renders young tissues more radioresistant while the withholding of other elements fails to do so. These responses serve to demonstrate the relative rapidity of the onset of physiological effects brought about by the absence of a specific nutrient element.
Weakly Coordinating Al-, Nb-, Ta-, Y-, and La-Based Perfluoroaryloxymetalate Anions as Cocatalyst Components for Single-Site Olefin Polymerization

Reaction of LiAlH4 with 4.0 equiv of HOC6F5 in toluene leads to H2 evolution and formation of Li+Al(OC6F5)4-; subsequent metathesis with Ph3CCl then yields the corresponding trityl tetrakis(pentafluorophenoxo)aluminate, Ph3C+Al(OC6F5)4- (4). The pentachlorides MCl5 (M = Nb, Ta) undergo reaction with 6.0 equiv of LiOC6F5 in Et2O to afford crystalline Li(OEt2)n+{[M(OC6F5)4(μ2-OC6F5)2]2Li}·C7H8 salts (M = Nb, n = 4 (5a); M = Ta, n = 3 (5b)), which can be cleanly converted with Ph3CCl to the corresponding mononuclear, thermally stable Ph3C+M(OC6F5)6- salts (M = Nb (6a); M = Ta (6b)) in high yield. X-ray diffraction analysis of 6 reveals six-coordinate metal centers with substantial distortion of the M−O−C6F5 linkages from linearity. The reactivity and cocatalytic characteristics of 6 were investigated with respect to a series of metallocene dimethyls. For sterically unencumbered metallocenes, facile C6F5O- transfer from Nb/Ta to Zr/Ti is observed. However, (C5Me5)2ZrMe(THF-d8)+Nb(OC6F5)6- (7) is formed in the...
Subcapsular urinoma: Unusual form of “Page kidney” in newborn

The first case of renal hypertension resulting from a urinoma in a kidney secondary to vesicoureteral reflux from posterior urethral valves in a newborn is presented. High-pressure reflux resulted in formation of a subcapsular urinoma. Removal of the nonfunctioning "Page kidney" cured the persistent hypertension.
A service science perspective on business model innovation

Abstract Using four basic principles of service science, we systematically explore value-proposition design as one type of business model innovation. Service science combines organization and human understanding with business and technological understanding to categorize and explain service systems, including how they interact and evolve to cocreate value. Our goal is to apply a scientific approach to advance design and innovation in service systems. Our foundation is service-dominant logic, which provides perspective, vocabulary, and assumptions on which to build a theory. Our basic theoretical construct is the service system, entities that are dynamic configurations of four kinds of resources. Our core principles center on the way value is computed within and among entities, how interaction is based on access to resources and their capabilities, and on how value computation and interaction depend on symbol processing and language guided by mutually agreed-to value propositions. In this context, service science can inform and accelerate value-proposition design by systematizing the search for adaptive advantages that improve existing offerings, create new offerings, or reconfigure the value-creating ecosystem.
Locality-aware power optimization and measurement methodology for PGAS workloads on SMP clusters

Reducing energy consumption without affecting computational performance is a significant research driver in computer engineering. The Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) programming model provides a global address space for ease-of-use while providing locality-awareness for efficient execution. For symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) clusters, PGAS locality-awareness offers opportunities for intelligent energy management due to the inherent latencies in the interconnection network fabric. In this paper, the second in a series that explores PGAS power optimization, we present a detailed examination of how data locality-awareness can be exploited to improve the energy consumption of workload sharing on SMP clusters. We present a systematic methodology for analyzing a given algorithm's potential for locality-aware power optimization. We show how to automate the code modifications for an iterative stencil loop algorithm using a profiler that analyzes the algorithms' non-local access patterns and optimizes the code for thread-local data pre-fetch. We explore the use of dynamic voltage frequency scaling (DVFS) in conjunction with time-based optimizations and provide an extensible and precise power measurement framework for generating the experimental results. We compare optimized and CPU-default approaches to DVFS application at the program-execution and processor architecture level. We show how the latency of the cluster's interconnection network can impact the opportunities for power optimization by comparing the programs' energy/time behavior when the cluster nodes are connected by Ethernet or Infiniband network fabrics. For our representative iterative stencil loop algorithm, locality aware power optimizations show significant improvements in energy efficiency over native code running in default processor power modes.
The effect of amine structure on complexation with lasalocid in model membrane systems. II. Ionophore selectivity for amines in lipid bilayers and at oil/water interfaces.

Abstract The ionophore antibiotic X-537A (lasalocid) transports biogenic amines across biological and artificial membranes. The major portion of amine flux (greater than 99%) occurs as a 1:1 neutral complex. The rank order of ionophore selectivity was determined for lipid bilayer membrane transport of amines based on a comparison of permeability coefficients: p -tyramine ∼ β -phenylethylamine ∼ amphetamine > methamphetamine > dopamine > phenylephrine ∼ metanephrine > norepinephrine > epinephrine. This rank order is in agreement with results obtained from partitioning measurements which were carried out in parallel to the bilayer membrane experiments. A correlation between amine structure and binding characteristics has been developed.
The sure thing principle, dilations, and objective probabilities

Abstract The common theme that unites the four sections is STP, the sure thing principle . But the paper can be divided neatly into two parts. The first, consisting of the first two sections, contains an analysis of STP as it figures in Savageʼs system and proposals of changes to that system. Also possibilities for partially ordered acts are considered. The second, consisting of the last two sections, is about imprecise probabilities, dilations and objective probabilities. Variants of STP are considered but this part is self-contained and can be read separately. The main claim there is that dilations, which can have extremely counterintuitive consequences, can be eliminated by a more careful analysis of the phenomenon. It outlines a proposal of how to do it. Here the concept of objective probabilities plays a crucial role.
The Universal Constant of Thermionic Emission

Theoretical deduction of the formula for thermionic emission.---The constant $A$ of the thermionic emission formula: $I=A{T}^{2}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{{b}_{0}}{T}}$ has been shown by Richardson and Dushman by different lines of argument to be a universal constant, and a value for the constant has been deduced by Dushman. The experimental data of Dushman verify this value of $A$ for pure metals, but if the metal is coated there are very wide divergences. In this paper an attempt is made to give a more rigorous deduction of the emission formula, so that it may be plain under what conditions it may be expected that $A$ be universal. Assuming that the entropy of the electron gas is the same as that of an ordinary monatomic gas in the Sackur Tetrode theory, and also assuming that the entropy of a surface charge is zero at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} Abs. it is shown that an emission formula of the type above necessarily demands that $A$ have the universal value assigned by Dushman, and the necessary and sufficient condition for this is that the difference between the specific heat of the neutral metal and of a charge on its surface vanish (${C}_{\mathrm{pm}}\ensuremath{-}{C}_{p\ensuremath{\rho}}=0$). This condition may also be formulated in terms of the surface heat and is equivalent to $\ensuremath{\sigma}+\frac{d{P}_{s}}{\mathrm{dT}}\ensuremath{-}\frac{{P}_{s}}{T}=0$, where ${P}_{s}$ is the surface heat and $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ the Thomson heat. If $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ can be neglected, the emission formula holds with the form given when ${P}_{s}$ is proportional to absolute temperature.Physically it seems probable that (1) if the metal is uncoated the forces on the surface ions are nearly the same as on the neutral atoms, so that the condition ${C}_{\mathrm{pm}}\ensuremath{-}{C}_{p\ensuremath{\rho}}=0$ is satisfied, but (2) if the surface charge has the properties of a gas, as in an oxygen coated filament, (a) the specific heat may be different from that of the metal, or more probably (b) the entropy of the surface charge may not vanish at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} Abs.; and (3) if the surface is coated with another more easily ionizable metal there may be electrical forces on the surface ions which modify their specific heat.