cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calibrating the stress-time curve of a combined finite-discrete element method to a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar experiment

Abstract We present a generic method for automatically calibrating a computer code to an experiment, with uncertainty, for a given “training” set of computer code runs. The calibration technique is general and probabilistic, meaning the calibration uncertainty is represented in the form of a probability distribution. We demonstrate the calibration method by calibrating a combined Finite-Discrete Element Method (FDEM) to a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) experiment with a granite sample. The probabilistic calibration method combines runs of a FDEM computer simulation for a range of “training” settings and experimental uncertainty to develop a statistical emulator. The process allows for calibration of input parameters and produces output quantities with uncertainty estimates for settings where simulation results are desired. Input calibration and FDEM fitted results are presented. We find that the maximum shear strength σ t max and to a lesser extent maximum tensile strength σ n max govern the behavior of the stress-time curve before and around the peak, while the specific energy in Mode II (shear) E t largely governs the post-peak behavior of the stress-time curve. Good agreement is found between the calibrated FDEM and the SHPB experiment. Interestingly, we find the SHPB experiment to be rather uninformative for calibrating the softening-curve shape parameters (a, b, and c). This work stands as a successful demonstration of how a general probabilistic calibration framework can automatically calibrate FDEM parameters to an experiment.
Why comics? From underground to everywhere: by Hillary Chute, New York, NY, Harper, 2017, xi + 449 pp., US$40 (hardcover), 978-0-06-247,680-7

The title of Hillary Chute’s Why Comics? posits a question. But rather than attempting to explain why comics have become recognized as serious literary works and profitable properties, or why comic...
Ionic liquids for oral insulin delivery.

With the rise in diabetes mellitus cases worldwide and lack of patient adherence to glycemia management using injectable insulin, there is an urgent need for the development of efficient oral insulin formulations. However, the gastrointestinal tract presents a formidable barrier to oral delivery of biologics. Here we report the development of a highly effective oral insulin formulation using choline and geranate (CAGE) ionic liquid. CAGE significantly enhanced paracellular transport of insulin, while protecting it from enzymatic degradation and by interacting with the mucus layer resulting in its thinning. In vivo, insulin-CAGE demonstrated exceptional pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic outcome after jejunal administration in rats. Low insulin doses (3–10 U/kg) brought about a significant decrease in blood glucose levels, which were sustained for longer periods (up to 12 hours), unlike s.c. injected insulin. When 10 U/kg insulin-CAGE was orally delivered in enterically coated capsules using an oral gavage, a sustained decrease in blood glucose of up to 45% was observed. The formulation exhibited high biocompatibility and was stable for 2 months at room temperature and for at least 4 months under refrigeration. Taken together, the results indicate that CAGE is a promising oral delivery vehicle and should be further explored for oral delivery of insulin and other biologics that are currently marketed as injectables.
Mediators of inflammation and blood-brain barrier permeability in cerebral ischemia

Secondary brain damage is tissue injury that is not apparent immediately after an insult, but develops after a delay of hours or days and has typically been observed after ischemia, trauma or subarachnoidal haemorrhage [1]. Secondary ischemic brain damage develops as a consequence of: (a) brain edema, (b) post-ischemic microvascular stasis and vasomotor/hemodynamic deficits leading to hypoperfusion, and (c) post-ischemic inflammation involving activation of microglia and brain infiltration of peripheral inflammatory cells [1–3]. It is believed that damage to the tissues surrounding the ischemic core, known as the penumbra, can be reduced by therapeutic measures designed to prevent or minimize molecular events contributing to the development of secondary brain damage [3].
Gauge R&R Analysis for Two-Dimensional Data with Circular Tolerances

Gauge repeatability and reproducibility (R&R) analyses are considered for two-dimensional data when the engineering tolerance is a circle. Summaries are developed by employing the diameters of circles that provide 99% capture rates. It is also shown ..
On deleting vertices to make a graph of positive genus planar

Abstract This paper contains a proof that an n-vertex graph of genus g > 0 contains a set of O(√gn) vertices whose removal leaves a planar graph.
Ecological Morphology of Australopithecus afarensis

Kinzey (1976, 1977, 1978) was quick to appreciate the utility of integrating systematic ecological research with study of positional behavior and morphology, a synthetic area of scholarly pursuit now distinguished by its own appellation, ecological morphology (Wainwright and Riley, 1994). Primatologists so often focus on food and food-gathering behaviors as keys to understanding primate anatomy because primate activity budgets are dominated by feeding. Across habitats ranging from thicket woodland to closed canopy forest, chimpanzees consistently dedicate half of their activity budget to feeding (Table 1). The next most common activity, “resting,” might as well be called “digesting.” As a simplifying first-assumption, an ecological perspective takes the view that the hominoid body is a food-getting machine, and ignores the presumably lesser selective roles played by intraspecific aggression and predator avoidance (though predation may be more important for smaller primates: van Schaik, 1983; van Schaik and van Hooff, 1983; van Schaik et al., 1983a, b; van Schaik and van Noordwijk, 1989). This view holds as significant the rarity of predation on hominoids (Cheney and Wrangham, 1986), and that intraspecific agonism is less a threat to survival than is starvation.
Pore Size Analysis of Wet Materials Via Low-Field NMR

Abstract Conventional pore size analysis techniques require the use of dried materials but many materials undergo drastic structural rearrangement during drying (i.e., before analysis). The use of low-field NMR spin-lattice relaxation measurements is demonstrated for pore structure analysis for a number of wet solids including silica gels and ion exchange resins.
Expression of PTEN, Androgen Receptor, HER2/neu, Cytokeratin 5/6, Estrogen Receptor-Beta, HMGA2, and PLAG1 in Salivary Duct Carcinoma.

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is an aggressive neoplasm that resembles high-grade invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. It can develop de novo or from the malignant transformation of pleomorphic adenoma (PA). We performed immunohistochemical stains for phosphatase and tensin homologue [PTEN androgen receptor (AR)], HER2/neu, cytokeratin 5/6, estrogen receptor-beta, high-mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2), and pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) on tissue microarray samples of 75 SDCs and 31 adenocarcinomas, not otherwise specified (NOS). Our data showed the following in SDC samples: loss of PTEN was found in 17 of 60 (28.3%); AR was expressed in 43 of 62 (69.4%); HER2/neu was overexpressed in 25 of 58 (43.1%); cytokeratin 5/6 was expressed in 14 of 54 (25.9%); estrogen receptor-beta was expressed in 37 of 56 (66.1%); HMGA2 was expressed in 29 of 63 (46.0%); and PLAG1 was expressed in 0 of 62 (0%). In addition, there was no statistically significant difference in the age at onset between patients with HMGA2-positive SDCs (range 32–85 years; mean: 64.3 years; median: 64.5 years) and those with HMGA2-negative SDCs (range 41–79 years; mean: 62.5 years; median: 64.5 years). There was also no statistically significant difference in overall survival between patients with HMGA2-positive and HMGA2-negative SDCs (follow-up period range 3–201 months; mean: 49.8 months; median: 30 months). Among 10 patients with a definite PA component (SDC ex-PA), 6 were positive and 4 were negative for HMGA2. Our data were consistent with previous findings that AR and estrogen receptor-beta are expressed in most SDCs, whereas HER2/neu overexpression and loss of PTEN are expressed in a subset of SDCs. In our cohort of patients, HMGA2 was expressed in approximately half of SDCs. HMGA2 and PTEN are promising therapeutic targets for salivary gland tumors.
Hybrid Modular Multilevel Converter Configurations for Low-Frequency Operation

The Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) has become one of the most promising topologies for medium- and high-voltage applications. However, the MMC suffers from large submodule (SM) capacitor voltage fluctuation under low output frequency operating conditions, which can be solved by injecting circulating currents and zero-sequence voltage. However, the zero-sequence voltage increases insulation requirements on the load side. The limited insulation level of the load limits the magnitude of the zero-sequence voltage, which necessitates large circulating currents and, therefore, increases power losses and thermal load of each semiconductor device. In this paper, two hybrid MMC topologies along with their corresponding control strategies are proposed to suppress the large SM capacitor voltage fluctuations without injecting load-side zero-sequence voltage. In the proposed strategies, a high-frequency AC component is added into the DC-link voltage, which interacts with the injected high-frequency output currents to cancel out the low-frequency fluctuations. In the proposed strategies, the magnitude of injected currents can be adjusted by adjusting the added AC voltage components, which are not limited by insulation level of the load.
Detecting Street Signs in Cities Based on Object Recognition with Machine Leaning and GIS Spatial Analysis

Road traffic signs management is a process that searches, maintains, and builds traffic signs to ensure a normal functioning of traffic systems. Automatic road traffic signs detection is an important feature in smart cities. Existing road assets management systems usually rely on labor-intensive site inventory. Some other approaches use computer vision techniques to recognize traffic signs. Recent approaches combine GPS data and vehicle-based image recognition system to detect traffic signs along with geographic information. This research provides an innovative way to detect traffic signs based on geotagged photos from Google Street View. We used the Single Shot Multi-Box Detector based on a TensorFlow framework to train the recognition model. This process is implemented on a graphic card with CUDA acceleration to speed up the training process. Results showed that stop signs at road intersections can be accurately detected over 99%. This research helps to reduce workload for traditional traffic asset inventory. Our workflow can be used to detect other traffic signs and applied to other cities.
Reflex Transmission Imaging

Reflex transmission imaging (RTI) is a method for making orthographic acoustic transmission images without requiring the presence of an acoustic source on the opposite side of the object. It is well-suited to imaging specific planes in objects of moderate scatter cross section, such as human tissue. Each pixel of the image is formed by pulsing a transducer that is well-focused at the image plane, then rectifying and integrating the signals received from a selected range zone beyond the focus. This zone acts as a spatially and temporally incoherent insonification source. The pixel value is diminished twice by the attenuation at that focal point. A complete image is produced by raster scanning or bidirectional sector scanning; a reflection C-scan can be acquired simultaneously. Reflex transmission images can be made with a relatively small transducer. For medical diagnosis, RTI can be readily integrated with a real-time B-scanner, allowing multimodal imaging. The RTI process also can be used to form attenuation B-mode images.
Sensitivity of Gamma-Ray Detectors to Polarization

Previous studies have shown that the largest gamma-ray detector to date, EGRET, does not have useful polarization sensitivity. We have explored here some improved approaches to analyzing gamma-ray pair production events, leading to important gains in sensitivity to polarization. The performance of the next generation gamma-ray instrument GLAST is investigated using a detailed Monte Carlo simulation of the complete detector.
Systematic and site-specific analysis of N-glycoproteins on the cell surface by integrating bioorthogonal chemistry and MS-based proteomics.

Abstract Glycoproteins on the cell surface are essential for various cellular activities including cell-cell communication and cell-matrix interaction. Alterations of glycosylation are correlated with many diseases such as cancer and infectious diseases. However, it is greatly challenging to systematically and site-specially analyze glycoproteins only located on cell surface because of the heterogeneity of glycans, the low abundance of many surface glycoproteins and the requirement of effective methods to separate surface glycoproteins. In this chapter, we briefly review existing mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for global analysis of surface glycoproteins. Then we discuss an effective method integrating metabolic labeling, click and enzymatic reactions, and MS-based proteomics to comprehensively and site-specifically investigate cell surface N-glycoproteins. A detailed protocol for this method is also included. In combination with quantitative proteomics, we applied this method to quantify cell surface N-glycoproteins and study the relationship between cell invasiveness and N-sialoglycoproteins on the cell surface. Considering the importance of surface glycoproteins, this method can be extensively applied to advance glycoscience, which leads to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of human diseases, and the discovery of surface glycoproteins as biomarkers for disease detection.
Panel: What and How to Teach Accessibility

This panel will provide practical advice on what and how to teach accessibility in a variety of settings. In this context, teaching accessibility means teaching about computer technologies that people with various disabilities can use and be productive with. At the undergraduate level it could mean teaching about how to design and build accessible web sites and applications. At the graduate level it could be teaching about building applications that can help people with disabilities with specific tasks. An entire course could focus on accessibility or it could be just part of an existing course. It is also important to learn about the diversity of consumers of technologies: what their abilities are and what access infrastructures they use every day. All the panelists have extensive experience in teaching accessibility. They will provide the audience of the panel deep insights into what they might do to teach accessibility in their own courses.
Current situation on health education billboard set at bus stops of main roads in Beijing

公益广告是指不以盈利为目的,为社会公众切身利益和社会风尚服务的广告.而健康相关的公益广告不仅是传播健康信息的有效途径,也是健康教育的重要手段.为了解北京市主要公交线路站点健康公益广告发布现况及存在的问题,2012年11月21日至12月10日开展了现场调查.1.对象与方法:选取北京市环绕市区的二、三环线及东西南北走向行驶穿越城区主要公交线路站点的广告牌为研究对象.广告牌是指公交车站点旁以展示牌为载体形式的构筑物;健康广告是指内容涉及有益提升大众健康的广告;广告牌损坏是指展示牌基础组成受损致使不能展示广告内容.对选定的公交线路所有沿线站点进行现场调查,记录各站点有无广告牌、广告牌内容及破损情况,对有健康相关的公益广告牌均现场拍照,确保调查质量.数据采用Epi Info软件进行统计分析,采用x2检验,分析两组间的统计学差异,P＜0.05为差异有统计学意义. 关键词：健康公益广告;公交车站;现场调查
Study of the Administrative Approach of Newborns Screening in Zhejiang Province

Newborns screening is a fundamental approach to prevent disability from occurrence and improve survival conditions of the population.The administrative approach adopted in the province is decided by the Provincial Health Bureau,which is responsible for the supervision and administration of newborns screening,establishing and operating the Provincial Newborns Screening Administration Center,taking charge of the lab testing,treatment and follow-up visits for newborns screening,and establishing and operating the Newborns Screening Administration Center for localities in the province.Since 1999 when the present approach came into being,newborns screening rate has rocketed from 6.11% in 1999 to 94.55% in 2007.The practices in newborns screening include securing supports and funding from the government and communities,secure powerful professional support,and develop the screening network based on the tertiary network for women and children healthcare.To achieve the goals of enhanced newborns screening,scientific popularization and financial support are expected in the future in an effort to expand the screening coverage of diseases,and establish the logistic center for special nutrients and drugs. Key words: Newborns diseases; screening; administrative approach
High pressure single-molecule FRET studies of the lysine riboswitch: cationic and osmolytic effects on pressure induced denaturation

Deep sea biology is known to thrive at pressures up to ≈1 kbar, which motivates fundamental biophysical studies of biomolecules under such extreme environments. In this work, the conformational equilibrium of the lysine riboswitch has been systematically investigated by single molecule FRET (smFRET) microscopy at pressures up to 1500 bar. The lysine riboswitch preferentially unfolds with increasing pressure, which signals an increase in free volume (ΔV0 > 0) upon folding of the biopolymer. Indeed, the effective lysine binding constant increases quasi-exponentially with pressure rise, which implies a significant weakening of the riboswitch-ligand interaction in a high-pressure environment. The effects of monovalent/divalent cations and osmolytes on folding are also explored to acquire additional insights into cellular mechanisms for adapting to high pressures. For example, we find that although Mg2+ greatly stabilizes folding of the lysine riboswitch (ΔΔG0 < 0), there is negligible impact on changes in free volume (ΔΔV0 ≈ 0) and thus any pressure induced denaturation effects. Conversely, osmolytes (commonly at high concentrations in deep sea marine species) such as the trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) significantly reduce free volumes (ΔΔV0 < 0) and thereby diminish pressure-induced denaturation. We speculate that, besides stabilizing RNA structure, enhanced levels of TMAO in cells might increase the dynamic range for competent riboswitch folding by suppressing the pressure-induced denaturation response. This in turn could offer biological advantage for vertical migration of deep-sea species, with impacts on food searching in a resource limited environment.
Gay Rights and American Law

1. Introduction The context of the study The cases Case outcome variation by court system and subject matter Geographic variation Temporal variation 2: Case narratives Child custody, visitation, adoption, and foster care (CVAF) Lesbian and gay family issues not involving CVAF Cases adjudicating sexual orientation discrimination claims not related to lesbian and gay family issues Gays in the military Cases adjudicating the constitutionality of consensual sodomy and related Solicitation statutes and their Enforcement against gay people Cases adjudicating the free speech and free association rights of gay people Miscellaneous cases essential to lesbian and gay rights Same-sex sexual harassment Defamation involving homosexuality Miscellaneous cases not essential to lesbian and gay rights Conclusion 3: The lesbian and gay rights claims models The statistical analysis Findings Applying the models Answers to questions posed in chapter 2 Model performance Conclusion 4: Judicial federalism and the 'myth of parity' Judicial federalism variables Findings Conclusion 5: A test of stare decisis The legal literature The political science literature Lesbian and gay rights claims and precedent Test one Test two Caveats Conclusion 6: Conclusion Location, location, location The promise of the states The value of diversity on the bench Time is on our side, Yes it is! The vital role of interest groups The power of precedent Democrats, republicans, and gay rights The forces motivating judicial decision making The quantitative study of rights and of law Epilogue.
Cost-Effectiveness of Adjuvant Treatment for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ.

PURPOSEDuctal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) accounts for 20% of breast cancer cases in the United States and is potentially overtreated, leading to high expenditures and low-value care. We conducted a c...
Synthesis of dual-phase Ti3O5/Ti4O7 nanofibers for efficient adsorption of SARS-CoV-2

In this study, we synthesized the dual-phase Ti3O5/Ti4O7 nanofibers for efficient adsorption of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a life-threatening virus being taking millions of people lives. The Ti3O5/Ti4O7 nanofibers were synthesized by preparation of H2Ti3O7 precursor, polydopamine coating and furnace calcination. Protein and phospholipid adsorption assays showed that the dual-phase nanofibers had much higher affinity to both the model molecules bovine serum album (BSA) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) than the control single-phase Ti6O11 nanofibers. Consistently, the dual-phase nanofibers exhibited much stronger adsorption ability to SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus than Ti6O11. This study sheds a light on titanium oxide nanomaterials to adsorb SARS-CoV-2 for avoiding its infection and for enriching it during rapid virus detection.
Coordination and Coming to Be

The following are purported to be common-sense features of the world: time’s passage, the unreality of the future, the existence of ‘genuine’ change. All of these common-sense features are accommod...
The publication fate of abstracts presented at the Medical Library Association conferences.

Objective: We sought to determine how many abstracts presented at the 2012 and 2014 Medical Library Association (MLA) annual conferences were later published as full-text journal articles and which features of the abstract and first author influence the likelihood of future publication. To do so, we replicated a previous study on MLA conference abstracts presented in 2002 and 2003. The secondary objective was to compare the publication rates between the prior and current study. Methods: Presentations and posters delivered at the 2012 and 2014 MLA meetings were coded to identify factors associated with publication. Postconference publication of abstracts as journal articles was determined using a literature search and survey sent to first authors. Chi-squared tests were used to assess differences in the publication rate, and logistic regression was used to assess the influence of abstract factors on publication. Results: The combined publication rate for the 2012 and 2014 meetings was 21.8% (137/628 abstracts), which is a statistically significant decrease compared to the previously reported rate for 2002 and 2003 (27.6%, 122/442 abstracts). The odds that an abstract would later be published as a journal article increased if the abstract was multi-institutional or if it was research, specifically surveys or mixed methods research. Conclusions: The lower publication rate of MLA conference abstracts may be due to an increased number of program or nonresearch abstracts that were accepted or a more competitive peer review process for journals. MLA could increase the publication rate by encouraging and enabling multi-institutional research projects among its members.
Natural Disasters in the Ottoman Empire: Plague, Famine, and Other Misfortunes

Introduction 1. The black death and the rise of the Ottomans 2. Natural disasters and the Ottoman state 3. Natural disasters and Ottoman communities 4. Individuals face disasters 5. Natural disasters at the end of empire Conclusion.
Finding the Balance between Process and Product through Perceptual Lesson Planning.

Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study: The purposes of this conceptual paper are is to provide theoretical grounding for perceptual lesson planning; to analytically examine the two current, dominant approaches to creating lesson plans; and to put forward ideas that undergird a fresh approach to creating and analyzing lesson planning. Research Design: This study consists of a major literature review and a related conceptual argument. We also present qualitative data (a lesson plan with attendant interview material) and preliminary findings from an ongoing study. Analytic Framework: We use an original analytic framework to discuss the two dominant approaches to lesson planning, the behaviorist and constructivist modes, and to compare them to the perceptual mode. Our analytical categories consist of the following: intentions, process, product, and outcomes. By intentions we mean the aims, goals, or objectives of the lesson plan. The process refers to how the lesson plan is created and what that experience is like for the teacher. Product refers to the actual lessons that result from the planning. Outcomes refer to both the anticipated results of the lesson as well as the general kinds of student outcomes desired in the mode of lesson planning. Conclusions/Recommendations: Perceptual lesson planning may be characterized as engaging teachers’ and students senses and creativity; as an artistic endeavor that is joyful in and of itself; as consisting of various stylized products; and leading toward meaningful learning for students and teachers in an environment open to elements of surprise and innovation. Lesson planning may be functional and meaningful to teachers and subsequently their students. Lesson planning could be something teachers enjoy, learn from, and appreciate. Thus, we note that focusing on the process of lesson planning is an important part of education that warrants much more attention.
Overview of Clinical Tuberculosis

The clinical expression of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is quite varied and depends on a number of identified factors. Immunization with bacillus of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) in persons with intact cell-mediated immunity minimizes the risk of early disseminated tuberculosis, especially in children. Systemic manifestations of the disease, including fever, malaise, and weight loss, are likely mediated by cytokines, especially tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Weight loss, weakness, and malaise appear to be less common but are more difficult to quantify. Cough is the most common symptom of pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis that occurs relatively early in the course of HIV infection tends to have the typical radiographic findings described. Due to the frequency of extrapulmonary tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients, diagnostic specimens from any suspected site of disease should be examined for mycobacteria. Paravertebral or other para-articular abscesses may develop, with occasional formation of sinus tracts. Although weight-bearing joints are the most common sites for skeletal tuberculosis, any bone or joint may be involved. Meningitis is the most frequent form of central nervous system tuberculosis; solitary or multiple tuberculomas occur less commonly. The epidemiologic pattern of central nervous system tuberculosis is quite different from either pulmonary or other forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in that the peak incidence is in children in the zero-4-year age group, but an appreciable number of cases occur in adults. The chest pain may occasionally mimic angina but usually is described as being dull, aching, and often affected by position and by inspiration.
Device performance and current transport study of metal-induced grown microcrystalline Si for solar cell applications

Microcrystalline Si (/spl mu/c-Si) thin films deposited at relatively low temperature by using the metal-induced growth (MIG) method have the potential for less metal impurity contamination and relative large grains with preferred crystal orientation in the direction. Au/n-Si Schottky junction and P-N junction devices were fabricated using /spl mu/-Si films deposited under different process conditions. Electrical properties studied by using dark current (I-V), temperature dependence of current-voltage (I-V-T) and C-V analysis are important to reveal the current transport and understand the effects of the process conditions on the device performance. Single-stage sputtering Si deposition gave a Schottky junction device with a high degree of non-ideality and low barrier height. With a two-step sputtering process, in which the sputtering power and deposition rate were properly controlled, the device characteristics were largely improved since the Si grain size increased dramatically. Hydrogenation of the Si film by electron cyclotron resonance plasma treatment further improved the device characteristics in both ideality factor and barrier height. I-V-T testing revealed tunneling in current transport which was attributed to the high oxygen level and resulting thermal donor effect. By filtering the oxygen in the sputtering gas, the total charge state density was 3 times lower and tunneling was suppressed, especially in the high temperature region. Regarding the P-N junction devices, the similar I-V-T results implies that current transport in MIG /spl mu/c-Si devices was mainly controlled by the bulk Si film instead of the device junction.
Effects of Dietary Protein and Ethanol Intake on Pregnant Beagles Fed Purified Diets

Maternal weight gain of beagles was approximately 50% lower when ethanol was given twice daily at a dose of 1.8 g/kg body weight with either control protein (17% energy from protein) or low protein (8.5%) diet as compared to isocalorically sucrose-treated animals. Similarly, pup birth weights were about 27% lower from beagles given ethanol with either diet when compared to those from sucrose-treated bitches. Two weeks after beginning ethanol treatment, pregnant bitches fed either diet had higher hematocrit values and lower plasma concentrations of albumin and calcium as compared to sucrose-treated animals. Low dietary protein treatment, rather than ethanol, lowered maternal concentrations of red blood cell folate during pregnancy. As compared to sucrose-treated bitches, ethanol prevented folate levels in red blood cells from returning to the normal range by the 9th wk of pregnancy in animals fed low dietary protein. These data show that ethanol consumption and low dietary protein intake, independently of each other, significantly depress maternal weight gain, pup birth weight and some nutritionally related parameters of the mother.
β-Cell Identity in Type 2 Diabetes: Lost or Found?

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is characterized by deficits of β-cell mass and function. The deficit in β-cell mass in patients with T2DM is up to ∼65% compared with those without diabetes (1). This deficit in β-cell mass has been attributed to increased β-cell apoptosis (1) due to endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated by protein misfolding due to the accumulation of toxic oligomers of islet amyloid polypeptide (2) and/or gluco- or lipotoxicity (3) and disruption of the mitochondrial network (4). Alternatively, decreased β-cell mass in T2DM may reflect insufficient expansion of β-cell mass during fetal and neonatal life (5) or a failure to adaptively regenerate β-cells in response to β-cell loss. Recent studies have shown that loss of β-cell identity by de-differentiation may contribute to the measured β-cell deficit in mouse models of T2DM characterized by impaired leptin signaling, a finding not yet confirmed in humans with T2DM (6). In this issue of Diabetes , Spijker et al. (7) present data highlighting the loss of β-cell identity in T2DM in humans and nonhuman primates. The authors confirm an increased ratio of α-cells to β-cells reported previously (8) and predicted by the selective loss of β-cells in T2DM. They also confirm an increased frequency of cells coexpressing insulin and glucagon in T2DM (0.52 ± 0.18% vs. 4.05 ± 1.37%; nondiabetic donors vs. T2DM; P < 0.01), as previously reported (0.4 ± 0.1% vs. 3.2 …
GEOGRAFIA ESCOLAR: contextualizando a sala de aula.

O livro reune textos com abordagens teoricas sobre o processo de aprendizagem no ensino de Geografia, com tom bastante contemporâneo marcado por reflexoes e debates realizados pela comunidade geografica dedicada a Didatica da Geografia.
Observations of Small-Scale Interstellar Structure in Dense Atomic Gas

We present high-resolution (R ~ 170,000) Kitt Peak National Observatory coude feed telescope observations of the interstellar K I λ7698 line toward five multiple star systems with saturated Na I components. We compare the K I absorption-line profiles in each of the two (or three) lines of sight in these systems and find significant differences between the sight lines in three out of the five cases. We infer that the small-scale structure traced by previous Na I observations is also present in at least some of the components with saturated Na I absorption lines, and thus the small-scale structures traced by the neutral species are occurring at some level in clouds of all column densities. We discuss the implications of that conclusion and a potential explanation by density inhomogeneities.
Application of Flows and Envelopes to NC Machining

Abstract The characterization and representation of swept volume has important applications in NC machining theory and practice. Modern YC programs are quite versatile: they provide programmers with the capacity of performing a variety of possible types of motion for the cutting tool such as linear. circular, helical. parabolic and cubic interpolation. Using the method of sweep differential equations, techniques which incorporate the method of envelopes are developed for constructing the swept volume of simple tools which are generated by typical motions in YC programs. The technique for linear. circular and helical motions is shown to effectively reduce the dimension of the problem by two. For completely general motions it is shown that the procedure can be best effectuated by first imbedding the configuration in a space of one more dimension. Several examples are included to illustrate the implementation of the methods which are introduced.
Globalization and the Internationalization of Legal Education in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography

Globalization and its influence on legal education is a topic of growing interest to the legal profession and to legal educators alike. The first articles on the subject appeared in the mid-1990s, and the frequency of publications has been increasing ever since. This bibliography provides annotations to English-language law journal articles published between 1995 and 2008 that focus on the impact of globalization on legal education in the United States.
The lexical attributes of medical name files

Abstract The extent of medical terminology and the sheer volume of medical terms, coupled with the wish to enable all medical personnel to have an access to the data, prompted an investigation of the lexical attributes of medical name files. Knowledge of the lexical structure is a prerequisite for efficient coding which may enable the storage of the data in an inexpensive way. This paper analyzes in detail one particular medical name base, taken from obstetrics and gynecology and reports on its lexical attributes. The various properties are presented in tabular form, followed by a brief discussion.
Effects of humorous heroes and villains in violent action films

This experimental investigation explores the use of humor in violent action films, focusing on the effects of wisecracking heroes and villains on audience distress. An action film was edited to create control film versions without wisecracking dialogue. The research revealed contrast effects. Among female viewers, hero wisecracks in an action film increased distress reactions to the film, but lessened distressful reactions to subsequent televised depictions of real, nonhumorous violence. Conversely, males exposed to hero humor found the film marginally less distressing, but rated depictions of real violence more distressing. For all viewers, effects of villain wisecracks tended to parallel females' reactions to hero wisecracks. Disposition theory is offered as a plausible explanations of study findings.
Disaggregation of heteroaggregates composed of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and hematite nanoparticles.

In this study, the disaggregation behavior and the strength of heteroaggregates composed of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and hematite nanoparticles (HemNPs) were investigated in different solution chemistries. Negatively charged CNTs and positively charged HemNPs were first allowed to undergo favorable heteroaggregation at pH 5.5 and 0.1 mM NaCl before the CNT–HemNP heteroaggregates were disaggregated through the use of an ultrasonication bath. The heteroaggregate sizes before and after ultrasonication were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) in order to determine the degree of disaggregation. When the solution chemistry was unchanged, the heteroaggregates underwent partial disaggregation and heteroaggregate re-growth was observed after ultrasonication. Conversely, when the pH was raised to 11.0 immediately before ultrasonication, the heteroaggregates were almost completely disaggregated and no aggregation took place after disaggregation. Similarly, the introduction of humic acid led to a near complete disaggregation of the CNT–HemNP heteroaggregates. The elevated pH, as well as the adsorption of humic acid on the nanoparticles, was likely to weaken the particle–particle bonds within the heteroaggregates and hence increase the propensities of the heteroaggregates to undergo disaggregation.
General morphology of the brain of the blind cave beetle, Neaphaenops tellkampfii Erichson (Coleoptera : Carabidae)

Abstract Neaphaenops tellkampfii (Coleoptera : Carabidae) was collected from Cartmill Cave located in Hart County, Kentucky, U.S.A. This is a cave insect with complete absence of external evidence of eyes or ocelli. The brain of N. tellkampfii has been studied at the light microscope level using Rowell's (1963) silver staining method. Particular attention has been paid to the protocerebrum. One of the notable features of the brain is the dominance of the corpora pedunculata. The corpora pedunculata consists of a calyx, with 3 groups of fibers originating from the Kenyon cells. The stalk is arranged into 2 distinct layers with alpha and beta lobes. The central complex is located anterio-medially beneath the pons cerebralis. It consists of central and ellipsoid bodies and a single ventral tubercle. The ellipsoid body is connected to the beta lobes by a unique chiasmatic fiber tract. The pons cerebralis appears to be formed by 3 distinct groups of globuli cells sending fibers into the pons. The accessory lobes are situated posterio-laterally. The antennal lobes are located posterio-ventrally. Two tubercles were observed lateral to the protocerebrum which may be vestigial optic tubercles. There is no evidence of typical optic lobes or associated fiber tracts. Fiber connections were observed between the calyx and pons cerebralis, the calyx and central body, and also between the calyx and antennal lobe. Two fiber tracts not previously described were observed extending obliquely from the accessory lobe to the beta lobe and protocerebrum.
The glide shift in Russian deverbal derivation

0.1. One of the positive achievements to emerge from the recent trend toward increasingly abstract analysis of phonological systems has been the recognition of the complementary relationship of/ and v in the phonological system of Contemporary Standard Russian (CSR). Evidence that j and v are, respectively, the front and back glides in CSR was convincingly presented by Henning Andersen in 1969.2 Since that time several investigators have attempted to capitalize on this notion to provide new analyses of CSR morphological and derivational phenomena.
Quantum mechanics: interference in the matter.

Like any particle, electrons are also waves that can interfere with each other. Remarkably, this interference can even happen between electrons from different sources that have never physically interacted.
Altered MicroRNA Expression following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a novel class of small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level by binding to the 3' untranslated region of target mRNAs leading to their translational inhibition or sometimes degradation. We uncovered a previously unknown alteration in temporal expression of a large set of miRNAs following a contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) in adult rats using microarray analysis. These altered miRNAs can be classified into 3 categories: (1) up-regulation, (2) down-regulation and (3) an early up-regulation at 4 h followed by down-regulation at 1 and 7 days post-SCI. The bioinformatics analysis indicates that the potential targets for miRNAs altered after SCI include genes encoding components that are involved in the inflammation, oxidation, and apoptosis that are known to play important roles in the pathogenesis of SCI. These findings suggest that abnormal expression of miRNAs may contribute to the pathogenesis of SCI and are potential targets for therapeutic interventions following SCI.
Shiny cowbirds follow the ‘shotgun’ strategy of brood parasitism

Abstract Brood parasitic cowbirds, Molothrus spp., should lay their eggs in host nests at a time that maximizes both the probability of acceptance by the host and the chances of survival for the parasitic egg and young. Moreover, because multiple parasitism of a host nest is likely to result in low cowbird success, cowbirds are expected to avoid it by defending nests or laying territories, avoiding already parasitized nests or by destroying previously laid cowbird eggs. Shiny cowbird, M. bonariensis egg-laying behaviour was studied in house wren, Troglodytes aedon nests, to determine whether cowbirds monitor host nests to lay their eggs in synchronization with the host's laying period, and whether cowbirds avoid multiple parasitism. Shiny cowbirds monitored nests of house wrens during early and late nest building and during egg-laying stages. Each female cowbird monitored several wren nests over several days, and each wren nest was monitored by several cowbirds. Although to some extent shiny cowbirds synchronized egg laying with their host, they did it in a fairly sloppy manner. Of 185 cowbird eggs laid in 40 nests, 47% were laid in coincidence with the wrens’ laying period, but 35% were laid before the wrens started laying, and 18% were laid after wrens had finished laying and started incubation. Cowbirds also laid 82 eggs in 20 nests that were abandoned by wrens before laying. Multiple parasitism was common and cowbirds did not avoid multiply parasitized nests. There was no evidence that cowbirds removed previously laid eggs, and only six of 150 cowbird eggs were destroyed in nests. Therefore, shiny cowbirds seem to follow a ‘shotgun’ strategy; i.e. they rely more on high fecundity and chance than on the precise placement of each egg. This strategy is possible with house wrens because wrens do not reject cowbird eggs.
Reduction of specific fuel consumption in gas turbine power plants

This paper presents a brief review on recent advances in gas turbine technology and various means for reduction in specific fuel consumption. An intercooled recuperative combined cycle, with closed-loop steam cooling breaks the 60% barrier in thermal efficiency. An innovative chemical gas turbine is in development to achieve a thermal efficiency of over 60%. Various means for reduction in specific fuel consumption are discussed.
Differences in the rank position of journals by Eigenfactor metrics and the five‐year impact factor in the Journal Citation Reports and the Eigenfactor Project web site

– The traditional, annually issued Journal Citation Reports (JCR) have been enhanced since the 2007 edition by the Eigenfactor Scores (EFS), the Article Influence Scores (AIS) and the five‐year Journal Impact Factor (JIF‐5). This paper aims to focus on the issues., – These scientometric indicators are also available from the Eigenfactor Project web site that uses data from the yearly updates of the JCR., – Although supposedly identical data sources are used for computing the metrics, there are differences in the absolute scores reported, which in turn resulted in significant (more than ten rank positions) changes for several journals in the sample., – The differences in the scores and rank positions by the three new scientometric indicators of 52 journals in the Information and Library Science category were analysed to determine the range of differences and the extent of changes in rank positions.
Deep computing in biology: challenges and progress

The Computational Biology Center at IBM Research pursues basic and exploratory research at the interface of information technology and biology. Information technology plays a vital role in enabling new science and discovery in biology. Advances in high throughput and platform technologies in biology present an unprecedented challenge in scale, management, and analysis of biological data. Advances in computing architecture and scale are enabling simulations of complex biological processes at various organizational levels from atomic to cellular and beyond. High performance computing that takes full advantage of massive parallelism is a necessary means to obtain the performance needed to tackle this complexity. This talk will provide an overview of our current research in computational biology and highlight recent advances in large scale simulations of biological systems.
Development of a user friendly gate-level logic simulator

Abstract A design of a digital logic simulator is developed and presented. BASIC on an IBM Personal Computer using interactive graphics tools is employed to make the simulator easy to use. The simulator can handle gate level logic circuits, and can be used for both logic verification and fault testing. Efficient and correct simulation in a user-friendly environment was the main design objective. Concepts of interactive computer graphics are extensively applied to enable the drawing of the circuit. Menu structures have been used to simplify the interaction of user and computer. The foundation has been laid for a simulator that uses pattern recognition for circuit data acquisition. The simulator permits the verification of the logic of a circuit without fault. The design also includes provision for inserting delays and simulating to detect hazards. Test sequences to detect the presence of faults in the circuit can be generated using deductive simulation. The design provides a reliable basis for further research into logic simulation.
Solution NMR studies of Chlorella virus DNA ligase-adenylate.

Abstract DNA ligases are essential guardians of genome integrity by virtue of their ability to recognize and seal 3′-OH/5′-phosphate nicks in duplex DNA. The substrate binding and three chemical steps of the ligation pathway are coupled to global and local changes in ligase structure, involving both massive protein domain movements and subtle remodeling of atomic contacts in the active site. Here we applied solution NMR spectroscopy to study the conformational dynamics of the Chlorella virus DNA ligase (ChVLig), a minimized eukaryal ATP-dependent ligase consisting of nucleotidyltransferase, OB, and latch domains. Our analysis of backbone 15 N spin relaxation and 15 N, 1 H residual dipolar couplings of the covalent ChVLig-AMP intermediate revealed conformational sampling on fast (picosecond to nanosecond) and slow timescales (microsecond to millisecond), indicative of interdomain and intradomain flexibility. We identified local and global changes in ChVLig-AMP structure and dynamics induced by phosphate. In particular, the chemical shift perturbations elicited by phosphate were clustered in the peptide motifs that comprise the active site. We hypothesize that phosphate anion mimics some of the conformational transitions that occur when ligase-adenylate interacts with the nick 5′-phosphate.