cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphologic characterization of syndromic gastric polyps.

The morphology of gastric hamartomatous polyps from patients with juvenile polyposis syndrome (JuvPS) and Peutz-Jeghers' Syndrome (PJS) is poorly characterized. We investigated the histologic features of gastric polyps in patients with established JuvPS or PJS to develop improved histologic criteria to distinguish these from gastric hyperplastic (HP) polyps. The patients with clinically confirmed hamartomatous polyposis syndromes were identified, including 26 patients with JuvPS (both familial and sporadic) and 17 patients with PJS. All gastric polyps (n = 30) from these patients were intermixed with gastric HP polyps from nonsyndromic patients (n = 26) and subsequently blindly reviewed by a panel of gastrointestinal pathologists. A consensus diagnosis was rendered. The panel then reviewed the slides in the context of clinical data and identified histologic features for distinguishing JuvPS, PJS, and HP gastric polyps based on epithelial changes, pit architecture, lamina propria features, and smooth muscle qualities. A sleeping period of 6 months lapsed before the same cases were renumbered and blindly rereviewed independently. Diagnoses were then rendered while adhering to the suggested criteria. Cases that the reviewers recalled were discarded from the study (n = 8). On initial review, accuracy in diagnosis of gastric polyps in JuvPS was 50% and was 18% in PJS compared with 92% for HP gastric polyps. Adherence to the recommended histologic criteria resulted in diagnostic accuracy of 41% for JuvPS and 54% for PJS, compared with 73% for HP gastric polyps. Accuracy in diagnosis in antral mucosa was 66%, oxyntic mucosa 71 %, and transitional-type mucosa (mixed antral and oxyntic) 32%. The diagnostic accuracy based on polyp size was 59% for polyps which were less than equal to 3 mm, 56% for those 4 to 9 mm, and 81 % for polyps which were more than equal to 10 mm. The identification of gastric polyps from JuvPS and PJS patients without the context of clinical history of these syndromes remains poor, even with adherence to a set of morphologic criteria. Abiding by such criteria improved recognition of PJS polyps by more than double (P < 0.19), but yielded an accuracy of only 54%. The accuracy did not improve when results were stratified for polyp location but did with biopsy size which were more than equal to 10 mm. Whereas these syndromic polyps are readily diagnosed in the small bowel and colon, histologic features to distinguish gastric JuvPS and PJS from gastric HP polyps are unreliable.
Effects of Calcium and Neomycin on Phase Behavior of Phospholipid Bilayers

□ Calcium ion (Ca2 +, 5 mM) caused a large upward shift in the transition temperature (Tc) of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol liposomes, apparently interacting with external and internal lipid in the bilayer. Neomycin (1 mM) caused only a small shift, apparently not penetrating the internal lipid domains. When liposomes were first incubated with Ca2 + followed by neomycin, the shift in Tc indicated displacement of Ca2 + by the drug. Liposomes of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine or distearoyl phosphatidylcholine did not interact significantly with either cation. In mixed dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine–dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol and distearoyl phosphatidylcholine–dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol liposomes, addition of Ca2 + or neomycin resulted in phase separation.
ALADN: the Academic Library Advancement and Development Network

Fund‐raising is becoming an integral part of contemporary library management, particularly for academic and research libraries. Libraries are establishing or strengthening development operations and seeking information on best practices in fund‐raising. In response to this growing priority of library directors and deans, and to meet demand for a forum in which development staff can share ideas and successes with each other, the Academic Library Advancement and Development Network (ALADN) was formed in 1996. This article highlights: the origins and purpose of ALADN; prime benefits of ALADN to the profession of library development; and a summary of the 2001 ALADN Conference in Washington, DC.
EFFECTS OF CHARACTERISTIC DEFINITION ON CHANGES IN SELF-PERCEPTION.

Male and female undergraduate students received discrepantly high scores on hostility on a contrived group “personality” test that they scored themselves. Three definitions of hostility were used that differed in specificity and strength of overt aggression. Subsequent hostility self-ratings, using an after-only design, showed acceptance of the discrepant communication, thus confirming earlier findings, and a sex × definition interaction, for male Ss showed greatest acceptance under the specific and strong hostility definition and least acceptance with the vague definition; the reverse acceptance order obtained for females. The findings lend support to Asch's hypothesis that change in the opinion object is a significant factor in opinion change.
208: Ventricular functional responses to altered loading conditions in the fetal heart: a sheep study with acute fetal ductus arteriosus occlusion

loading conditions in the fetal heart: a sheep study with acute fetal ductus arteriosus occlusion Jason Hashima, David Sahn, Muhammad Ashraf, Vanessa Rogers, Stephen Langley, Lowell Davis, Roger Hohimer, Juha Rasanen Oregon Health and Science University, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Portland, OR, Oregon Health and Science University, Pediatric Cardiology, Portland, OR, Oregon Health and Science University, Pediatric Surgery, Portland, OR, Oregon Health & Science University, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Portland, OR OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that during acute fetal ductus arteriosus (DA) occlusion (DO) left ventricular performance is improved by acutely increased preload, while an increase in right ventricular afterload has a negative impact on its function. STUDY DESIGN: Nine ewes with singleton pregnancies underwent surgery at 120-126 gestational days (term 145 days) for the placement of a vascular occluder around fetal DA. Fetal carotid artery and jugular vein were cannulated. After a 5-day recovery, fetal heart rate (FHR), right (RVSV) and left (LVSV) ventricular stroke volumes were measured by ultrasonography. Using pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging, left and right ventricular lateral wall longitudinal myocardial velocities were obtained at the level of mitral (MV) and tricuspid (TV) valve annuli. Ventricular systolic function was assessed by measuring isovolumic contraction velocity (IVCV) and its acceleration (loadindependent index of ventricular contractility) and diastolic function by measuring isovolumic relaxation velocity (IVRV) and its deceleration. From TV regurgitation jet, dP/dT was calculated to estimate right ventricular contractility. All the measurements were obtained at baseline, 15 and 60 minutes after DO, and 15 minutes after release of DO. RESULTS: All the data are presented as means (SD).* p 0.05, compared with baseline. CONCLUSION: Acute DO in fetal sheep increases LV preload and RV afterload. During DO, LVSV increased and RVSV decreased, respectively. The rise in LV preload did not affect LV contractility, however signs of diastolic dysfunction were observed. Right ventricle was able to maintain its systolic and diastolic function during an acute increase in afterload. These findings suggest that fetal LV could be more sensitive to acutely altered loading conditions than RV.
The influence of rainfall intensity and soybean plant row spacing on the vertical distribution of wet deposited Phakopsora pachyrhizi urediniospores

Abstract A rainfall simulator was used to evaluate the effects of rainfall intensity and row spacing on Phakopsora pachyrhizi urediniospore wet deposition at different depths within a soybean canopy. Soybean field sections of 19 and 76 cm row spacing were drill planted on two separate dates in Quincy, FL, USA. Urediniospore injected simulated rainfalls of 45 or 85 mm h−1 were conducted within the field sections and urediniospore deposition was quantified in the canopy using a detached leaflet bioassay. The proportion of wet deposited urediniospores retained within the soybean canopy, estimated by uredinia density, was observed to significantly (P 0.10) effect on the vertical distribution of uredinia throughout the soybean canopy, h...
Detached-Eddy Simulation of High-Reynolds-Number Beveled-Trailing-Edge Boundary Layers and Wakes

Flow over three different trailing-edge geometries is studied using incompressible detached-eddy simulation and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes CFD methods. Of interest is the ability of DES, coupled, with localized overset-grid refinement, to resolve the proper physics of separated flows from trailing edges - trailing-edge turbulence and vortex shedding, in particular
Development of brainstem auditory evoked responses in the hamster

The hamster is relatively immature at birth compared with other mammalian species. Because of the amount of maturation that occurs postnatally, the development of the peripheral auditory system of the hamster has generated a great deal of interest. However, indices of the developing functional capabilities of the central auditory system of the hamster are lacking. The following study investigated the ontogeny of brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAERs) to clicks in young hamsters. The general maturational trends noted for other species were found for the hamster. The major peaks of the BAER decrease in latency at the same time relative to birth and at the same rate in the hamster as in the cat and rat. Some maturational events such as the onset of a recordable BAER, appearance of the late peaks and increase in amplitude of the late peaks occur later, relative to birth, in the hamster than in the other species. Development delays in the hamster make it an attractive model for studying postnatal development of the central auditory system.
Self-assembling biomaterials: L-lysine-dendron-substituted cholesteryl-(L-lactic acid)n̄

This report describes the synthesis and supramolecular organization of a novel class of linear−dendritic block copolymers. The molecules, which are termed rodcoil dendrons, consist of a cholesterol moiety that is attached to l-lysine dendrons of three different generations via a biodegradable oligo(l-lactic acid)n spacer. Whereas the molecules exhibit very poor ordering in the dry state, different supramolecular morphologies were observed in the hydrated state. Cholesteryl-(l-lactic acid) -(l-lysine)G1 and cholesteryl-(l-lactic acid) -(l-lysine)G2 self-assemble into lamellar structures with periodicities that depend on degree of hydration. At low degrees of hydration, lamellar ordering was also observed for cholesteryl-(l-lactic acid) -(l-lysine)G3. However, at 50 wt %, water steric hindrance in the highly hydrated l-lysine dendrons no longer allows lamellar ordering, and discrete nanosized aggregates are formed. Evidence for the formation of such nanoaggregates was obtained from dynamic light scattering...
Molybdenum sintering and the molybdenum-oxygen-carbon system

Abstract The sintering properties and chemical stability of molybdenum in the presence of an organic binder and a reducing atmosphere were studied. The effect of atmosphere and particle size is shown. Phase diagrams are used to explain the formation of Mo 2 C, Mo, or MoO 2 as a function of the sintering atmosphere used.
Determination of Polymer Branching with Gel Permeation Chromatography. Abstract of a Review

Abstract The effect of long- and short-chain branching in polymer molecules on GPC separation is reviewed (1–4). The calculation of branched GPC curves is developed from the uiiiversal calibration techniques, which is based on the concept of hydrodynamic volume (M [η]) and previously established relationships for the effect of branching on molecular dimensions. Typical calibration curves are shown for different branching models and degrees of branching. As the branching level increases, the curves arc shown to approach a limiting value. Methods of characterizing branching level3 and molecular-weight distributions of fractions and whole polymers from GPC and intrinsic viscosity data arc prcsentecl. An iterative computer program is described which was written to calculate the degree of branching in whole polymers. Long-chain branching in beveral low-density polyethylene samples was determined, using both the fraction and the whole polymer methods. Effects of various experimental errors and branching models ...
Constructing Arab Female Leadership Lessons from the Moroccan Media

How the Arab media construct Middle Eastern women as political actors, frame their leadership roles, and narrate their activities to the public are important questions largely ignored in the growing scholarship on women’s political participation in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Drawing on Nancy Fraser’s reflections on the politics of recognition and distribution (2007), I examine the construction of women’s leadership in Morocco during the four-month period leading to the local elections of June 2009. Analysis of 1,738 news items from five print media sources reveals that the “symbolic annihilation” of political women, a thesis traditionally applied to Western contexts, is disturbingly robust in Morocco. The Moroccan case alerts us that institutional mechanisms supporting women’s leadership might begin to address gender biases in the distribution of political power, but they do not guarantee the recognition of gender equality in the cultural sphere of knowledge production and opinion formation....
War, Casualties, and Public Opinion:

The authors begin the construction of a generalizable theory of casualties and opinion, reexamining the logic employed by Mueller and showing that although human costs are an important predictor of wartime opinion, Mueller's operationalization of those costs solely as the log of cumulative national casualties is problematic and incomplete. The authors argue that temporally proximate costs, captured as marginal casualty figures, are an important additional aspect of human costs and a critical factor in determining wartime opinion. Using Mueller's data on opinion in the Vietnam and Korean wars, the authors find that marginal casualties are important in explaining opinion when casualty accumulation is accelerating, and earlier findings about the importance and generalizability of the log of cumulative casualties as the sole casualty-based predictor of opinion are overstated. Finally, the authors offer some thoughts about other factors that should be considered when building a model of war deaths and domestic...
Simple solid-phase radioimmunoassay for human leukemia-associated cell membrane antigens.

In the present study, a simple solid-phase radioimmunoassay was developed to determine detergent-extracted human leukemia-associated cell membrane antigens. In the assay, 96-well microtiter plates are coated with human leukemia cell membrane antigens containing a T cell leukemia or a non-T cell leukemia antigen in the presence of a detergent, and treated with 1.6% bovine serum albumin solution. The coated antigens were reacted with an appropriate murine monoclonal antibody (mAb), i.e., SN2 or SN3, which defines a T leukemia antigen or a non-T leukemia antigen, respectively. The bound mAb is determined by a second reaction with 125I-labeled F(ab')2 of goat anti-mouse Ig. The effect of the following detergents on the assay was investigated: Nonidet P-40 (NP-40), Renex 30, deoxycholate, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) and taurocholate. The best antigen dose-dependent antibody binding results were obtained using the plates coated with antigens in the presence of taurocholate, a rarely used detergent, whereas no significant antibody binding was observed in the assays using 2 nonionic detergents, i.e., NP-40 and Renex 30. In addition, the usefulness of the present assay with taurocholate during the purification of the antigens was demonstrated. It is very likely that the present solid-phase radioimmunoassay using taurocholate will also be useful in determining other non-leukemia cell membrane antigens.
Signal transduction pathways: the molecular basis for targeted therapies.

The elucidation of the signal transduction pathways that regulate cell growth and differentiation has led to a number of exciting opportunities for novel cancer therapies. It is now well known that growth factors and cell matrix molecules activate cognate growth factor receptors and integrins, respectively, to initiate a complex signaling cascade that ultimately targets the nucleus, cell surface, and mitochondria. Signaling to these target molecules results in the regulation of gene transcription, cell adhesion and motility, and cell survival, all of which are integral parts of cellular growth control mechanisms. As a result of increased understanding of cell growth regulation mechanisms, a number of novel therapeutic agents have been developed and tested in preclinical models and, to some extent, in clinical trials. Based on our current understanding of growth regulation in normal and cancer cells, one would predict that these new agents could influence proliferation and survival of cancer cells, as well as their response to traditional cytotoxic therapies. In this overview, the mechanistic basis for the use of signal transduction-targeted novel therapeutics is presented, along with predictions regarding how they may interact with ionizing radiation in different subgroups of patients.
Crazing of Polymers at Low Temperatures in He, Ar, N 2 and at Reduced Pressure

IT is generally thought that having a polymer immersed in liquid nitrogen does not affect its stress-strain behaviour. We found that liquid and gaseous nitrogen and liquid argon affect the tensile stress-strain curve and the mode of fracture of amorphous polymers. Previous investigations at ∼78 K of the tensile behaviour of amorphous polymers have been conducted in liquid or gaseous nitrogen. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), when stretched in liquid nitrogen, showed severe crazing1 with increased fracture toughness at 78 K. Beardmore and Johnston2 and Beardmore3 investigated PMMA tested in tension at 78° C; in the former paper no mention was made of test environment; in the latter paper, the specimen was surrounded with lead shot cooled with liquid nitrogen. Beardmore and Rabinowitz4 studied tensile crazing of PMMA, polycarbonate (PC) and polysulphone (PSF) at 78 K, but they did not specify the environment (S. Rabinowitz, private communication). Ekvall and Low5 studied PC from 78 to 300 K in nitrogen gas and found a ductile-to-brittle transition between 90 K and 143 K. Our work suggests that this transition was an environmental effect of the nitrogen gas.
A Post-Geneva Review of Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion

This paper reviews fundamentals covered in earlier papers and also includes interpretations and additions prepared after the 1958 Geneva International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy. The U.S.A. appears to be the leader in controlled fusion research, for the present, but gas plasma containment and heating is far from satisfactory in any of the ingenious devices being worked upon. The electronic scientist, with his knowledge of wave interactions in plasmas, may be able to solve some unexplained energy losses in pinch experiments, and he may also help to develop new containment means, such as by strong microwave fields. Also of great importance is new understanding of rapid inductive heating processes needed to get a plasma to thermonuclear temperatures. Such researches, even if they do not lead quickly to practical controlled fusion, will undoubtedly have useful by-products in electronics, chemistry, plasma propulsion, and astrophysics.
Modifying the glycosidic linkage in digitoxin analogs provides selective cytotoxins

A chemoselective reaction between oxyamines and unprotected, unactivated reducing sugars was used to construct for the first time a panel of linkage-diversified neoglycosides. This panel of digitoxin analogs included potent and selective tumor cytotoxins; cytotoxicity was dependent on the structure of the glycosidic linkage. These results validate linkage diversification through neoglycosylation as a unique and simple strategy to powerfully complement existing methods for the optimization of glycoconjugates.
Concordant integrative gene set enrichment analysis of multiple large-scale two-sample expression data sets

Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) is an important approach to the analysis of coordinate expression changes at a pathway level. Although many statistical and computational methods have been proposed for GSEA, the issue of a concordant integrative GSEA of multiple expression data sets has not been well addressed. Among different related data sets collected for the same or similar study purposes, it is important to identify pathways or gene sets with concordant enrichment. We categorize the underlying true states of differential expression into three representative categories: no change, positive change and negative change. Due to data noise, what we observe from experiments may not indicate the underlying truth. Although these categories are not observed in practice, they can be considered in a mixture model framework. Then, we define the mathematical concept of concordant gene set enrichment and calculate its related probability based on a three-component multivariate normal mixture model. The related false discovery rate can be calculated and used to rank different gene sets. We used three published lung cancer microarray gene expression data sets to illustrate our proposed method. One analysis based on the first two data sets was conducted to compare our result with a previous published result based on a GSEA conducted separately for each individual data set. This comparison illustrates the advantage of our proposed concordant integrative gene set enrichment analysis. Then, with a relatively new and larger pathway collection, we used our method to conduct an integrative analysis of the first two data sets and also all three data sets. Both results showed that many gene sets could be identified with low false discovery rates. A consistency between both results was also observed. A further exploration based on the KEGG cancer pathway collection showed that a majority of these pathways could be identified by our proposed method. This study illustrates that we can improve detection power and discovery consistency through a concordant integrative analysis of multiple large-scale two-sample gene expression data sets.
Inviscid instability of an unbounded heterogeneous shear layer

Stability curves are computed for both spatially and temporally growing disturbances in a stratified mixing layer between two uniform streams. The low Froude number limit, in which the effects of buoyancy predominate, and the high Froude number limit, in which the effects of density variation are manifested by the inertial terms of the vorticity equation, are considered as limiting cases. For the buoyant case, although the spatial growth rates can be predicted reasonably well by suitable use of the results for temporal growth, spatially growing disturbances appear to have high group velocities near the lower cutoff wave-number. For the inertial case, it is demonstrated that density variations can be destabilizing. More precisely, when the stream with the higher velocity has the lower density, both the wave-number range of unstable disturbances and the maximum spatial growth rate are increased relative to the case of homogeneous flow. Finally, it is shown how the growth rate of the most unstable wave in the inertial case diminishes as buoyancy becomes important.
Prosecution of Adult Sexual Assault Cases A Longitudinal Analysis of the Impact of a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner Program

Most sexual assaults are never reported to law enforcement, and even among reported cases, most will never be successfully prosecuted. This reality has been a long-standing source of frustration for survivors, victim advocates, as well as members of the criminal justice system. To address this problem, communities throughout the United States have implemented multidisciplinary response interventions to improve post-assault care for victims and increase reporting and prosecution rates. One such model is the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) program, whereby specially trained nurses (rather than hospital emergency department [ED] physicians) provide comprehensive psychological, medical, and forensic services for sexual assault victims. The purpose of this study was to examine whether adult sexual assault cases were more likely to be investigated and prosecuted after the implementation of a SANE program within a large Midwestern county. A quasi-experimental design was used to compare criminal justice system case progression pre-SANE to post-SANE. Results from longitudinal multilevel ordinal regression modeling revealed that case progression through the criminal justice system significantly increased pre- to post-SANE: more cases reached the "final" stages of prosecution (i.e., conviction at trial and/or guilty plea bargains) post-SANE. These findings are robust after accounting for changes in operation at the focal county prosecutors' office and seasonal variation in rape reporting. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
Brachial Arterial Dynamics during Staged Lower Extremity Exercise: Utility and Comparison in Physically Active versus Sedentary Subjects

Constriction and relaxation of peripheral conduit arteries in response to exercise and recovery are amenable to noninvasive imaging. Diameter changes in the brachial artery during stationary bicycle pedaling are paradoxical to those in the lower extremities. When exercise is confined to the legs, arteries in the upper extremities constrict while leg arteries dilate. The magnitude of vasoconstriction in the upper extremities reflects the integrity of exercise mediated vascular responses. In the current study, young and old men with various levels of physical activity and cardiovascular histories exercised on a stationary bicycle while brachial artery diameter and flow velocity were continuously obtained. Results suggest that normal aging blunts arterial reactivity in seniors even if they exercise regularly. However, arterial dysfunction is greater when associated with sedentary lifestyle. This methodology of imaging brachial artery diameter changes during bicycle pedaling appears to be an effective tool for assessing the physiologic integrity of the vascular bed.
Molecular phylogeny of Juglans (Juglandaceae): a biogeographic perspective

The eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunction in Juglans offers an opportunity to estimate the time since divergence of the Eurasian and American lineages and to compare it with paleobotanical evidence. Five chloroplast DNA noncoding spacer (NCS) sequences: trnT−trnF, psbA−trnH, atpB−rbcL, trnV-16S rRNA, and trnS-trnfM and data from earlier studies (matK, ITS, and nuclear RFLP) were used to reconstruct phylogeny and to estimate the divergence time of major lineages. Seventeen taxa from four sections of Juglans and two outgroup taxa, Pterocarya stenoptera and Carya illinoiensis were included. NCS data was congruent only with matK data. Both maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) cladograms were concordant at the sectional level and revealed three well-supported monophyletic clades corresponding to sections Juglans, Cardiocaryon, and Rhysocaryon in both NCS and combined analyses. The single extant American butternut, Juglans cinerea was placed within the poorly resolved, but well-supported Rhysocaryon. Placement of taxa within Rhysocaryon and Cardiocaryon were inconsistent between NCS and combined analyses. Overall, the results suggest that: (1) the NCS sequence divergence observed within and between sections of Juglans is low and the addition of matK data only marginally improved resolution within Rhysocaryon; (2) the early divergence of section Juglans in both MP and ML analyses of NCS and combined data implies its ancient origin in contrast to fossil evidence, which suggests the earliest divergence of sections Rhysocaryon and Cardiocaryon; and (3) the extant taxa may not hold the footprints to unravel the evolutionary history of the genus.
The Purpose, Composition, and Function of an Institutional Review Board: Balancing Priorities

The institutional review board (IRB) is one part of the research enterprise designated to protect human subjects. At times the IRB can feel like an oppressive oversight body bound by regulations and designed to inhibit research. However, in reality the IRB was an attempt by the federal government to streamline a variety of processes to ensure the protection of human subjects. Growing out of a history of unethical scientific research, the principle goal of the IRB is to protect human subjects. At some institutions the IRB has an additional role, to take a second look at proposed scientific methods to ensure the highest quality research. The legal basis, purpose, composition, and function of an IRB, and potential challenges in human-subjects research are reviewed here.
Patrons, Patronage, and Political Parties

What is meant by “patronage”? The term appears with increased frequency in anthropological analysis. Indeed, it has become a major concept in the study of peasant societies, somewhat analogous to the concept of the “big man” in certain kinds of chiefdoms, or “fission and fusion” in lineage-type societies. There is, however, considerable ambiguity in the meaning given to the term. Consider, as examples, the following three excerpts from recent anthropological studies:Patronage is founded on the reciprocal relations between patrons and clients. By patron I mean a person who uses his influence to assist and protect some other person, who then becomes his “client”, and in return provides certain services for his patron… Patronage is thus the complex of relations between those who use their influence, social position or some other attribute to assist and protect others, and those whom they so help and protect.
You're getting warmer!: how proximity information affects search behavior in physical spaces

This paper describes the results of a Wizard of Oz study of people's search behavior using BuddySystem, a proximity-sensing system designed to help end-users locate people, places, and things. BuddySystem uses distance estimation based on signal strength alone, since direction is difficult to obtain in ad-hoc radio-based systems. Overall findings indicate that the BuddySystem changed people's search behavior to reduce walking area, but may increase search times if the system demands too much of the user's attention, suggesting that reducing distractions and adjusting search strategies could improve search effectiveness of proximity-based tracking systems in physical spaces.
Boundary layer flow and bed shear stress under a solitary wave

Liu & Orfila (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 520, 2004, p. 83) derived analytical solutions for viscous boundary layer flows under transient long waves. Their analytical solutions were obtained with the assumption that the nonlinear inertia force was negligible in the momentum equations. In this paper, using Liu & Orfila's solution and the solutions for the nonlinear boundary layer equations, we examine the boundary layer flow characteristics under a solitary wave. It is found that while the horizontal component of the free-stream velocity outside the boundary layer always moves in the direction of wave propagation, the fluid particle velocity near the bottom inside the boundary layer reverses direction as the wave decelerates. Consequently, the bed shear stress also changes sign during the deceleration phase. Laboratory measurements, including the free-surface displacement, particle image velocimetry (PIV) resolved velocity fields of the viscous boundary layer, and the calculated bed shear stress were also collected to check the theoretical results. Excellent agreement is observed.
A B Cell Superantigen–Induced Persistent “Hole” in the B-1 Repertoire

The bacterial toxin protein A from Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) interacts with B cell antigen receptors encoded by variable region heavy chain (VH) clan III genes via a V region framework surface that has been highly conserved during the evolution of the adaptive immune system. We have investigated the consequences of exposure to this prototypic B cell superantigen, and found that treatment of neonates or adults induces a T cell–independent deletion of a large supraclonal set of susceptible B cells that includes clan III/VH S107 family–expressing lymphocytes. In studies of different SpA forms, the magnitude of the induced deletion directly correlated with the VH-specific binding affinity/avidity. Upon cessation of SpA exposure, the representation of conventional splenic (B-2 subset) lymphocytes normalized; however, we found that the VH family–restricted deficit of peritoneal B-1 cells persisted. SpA treatment also induced a persistent loss of splenic S107-μ transcripts, with a loss of certain natural antibodies and specific tolerance to phosphorylcholine immunogens that normally recruit protective antimicrobial responses dominated by the S107-expressing B-1 clone, T15. These studies illustrate how a B cell superantigen can exploit a primordial Achilles heel in the immune system, for which B-1 cells, an important source of natural antibodies and host immune responses, have special susceptibility.
Pathological Speech Deformation Degree Assessment Based on Dynamic and Static Feature Integration

It is often more important to provide the respective person(e.g. physician) with guidelines for a deformation degree assessment of speech signal than to achieve a very accurate automated recognition. By ear it is easy to judge whether the speech is regular or deformed, but any attempt of a deformation degree evaluation is not satisfactory. According to above status, we presented a deformation degree assessment system of speech signal based on dynamic and static feature integration. The system is comprised of four main sections, a pre-processing section, a feature extracting section, a neural network processing section and assessment value calculation section. The assessment rank have five: profound, severe, moderate severe, moderate and mild.And also this paper integrates different speech features to calculate the perceptual distance vector to improve assessment ratio, the perceptual distance between the pathological speech and the normal speech under test is used as input to the neural network The simulation results demonstrate that a classification accuracy of 97% is obtained with database of 100 speech signals(50 normal and 50 pathological cases). Thus the performance of the system has been improved by integrating the dynamic and static features.
An Inverse Solution for Determining Arbitrary Boundary-Conditions using a Least-Squares Approach

Despite the versatility of numerical approaches to the inverse problem Beck et al. 1 and Xue et al. 2 , there is still a strong need for analytical solutions. In fact, many numerical simulations require a starting point and must be verified and bounded to help ensure the validity of the solution. In addition to bounding the problem, there is always a need for closed-form solutions or firstorder approximations that can be quickly used to highlight the significance of various parameters and their often complicated interrelationships. Even with this enduring importance, significant limitations remain including a reliance on higher-order derivatives that magnify data errors, restrictions to small time frames, or the inability to handle arbitrary boundary-conditions. Fortunately, many of these limitations can be avoided and the inverse-solution found for a variety of geometries by using a generalized directsolution combined with a least-squares approach.
Accounting Principles and Marketing Models Related to Deferred Marketing Costs

Investigates how advertising within accountancy may have a holdover from one period to the next, but that usually the value of marketing assets is not shown on the balance sheet. Highlights that human asset accounting has been presented as a way of valuing the labour force, with varying depreciation methods available for recognizing the deterioration and obsolescence of plant assets. Looks at advantages of recognizing marketing assets such that each operation's income or loss is more accurately reflected by improved matching of certain marketing‐related expenditures to the period in which the benefit accrues. Concludes that accountants are no longer justified in ignoring the issue of marketing assets by writing off all expenditures in the period incurred, because the result could be that the definition of income used lacks consistency.
Diffusion of optically pumped molecules as a tool for probing the interaction of excited species

Abstract We have developed a theory to describe the diffusion of molecules whose internal-state populations are being perturbed by the application of intense pumping radiation. We show how to extract ground -and excited-state diffusion coefficients from experimental measurements carried out at several pumping intensities. Order-of-magnitude estimates of excited-state diffusion coefficients are presented, and the relation to the potential energy of interaction of excited species is discussed briefly.
Asymmetry of an integrating sphere

Integrating spheres are used extensively in reflectometers; therefore, it is important for the operator to be familiar with features that may lead to erroneous results during routine operation. This paper discusses an asymmetry present in the integrating sphere of the General Electric recording spectrophotometer, an excellent instrument widely used in reflectometry and color work.
Magnetic stratigraphy and tectonic rotation of the middle Eocene Coaledo Formation, southwestern Oregon

Summary The Coaledo Formation in Coos Bay on the southern coast of Oregon consists of over 2000 m of deltaic sediments that filled a forearc basin during the middle Eocene. This unit yields molluscs of the ‘Cowlitz–Coaledo fauna’, one of the oldest and best-studied faunas in the Pacific Northwest, but its precise age has been controversial. Over 100 magnetic samples spanning the formation were analysed using both thermal and alternating-field demagnetization. They yielded a stable remanence held mainly in magnetite, which passed a reversal test and showed a tectonic rotation of 105° ± 5°. This is greater than any other tectonic rotation so far reported from the region. It is consistent with the previously observed trends that the tectonic rotations in the Coast Ranges of Oregon and Washington increase with increasing age of the rock unit, and increase towards the southwest. The magnetic polarity pattern in the Coaledo Formation best correlates with Chrons C18r–C20r (40.0–44.0 Ma), which is significantly older than the magnetic pattern in the Cowlitz Formation (36.5–38.3 Ma). This suggests that the ‘Cowlitz–Coaledo fauna’ is very long-lived (at least 36.5–44.0 Ma), spanning most of the middle Eocene.
The Capitalization of Real Property Taxes Levied on Farm Real Estate

The capitalization of changes in property taxes levied on farm real estate is investigated. The per acre value of farm real estate in the United States is estimated as a function of the effective tax rate and as a function of three categories of independent variables which are related to agricultural productivity, farm size, and urban influence in a cross-section study. The effect of anticipated appreciation in farm real estate values is explored in estimating the extent of capitalization. The results of the study are consistent with the hypothesis that changes in property taxes are largely capitalized into farm property values.
Implementation and testing of the Protected Tactical Waveform (PTW)

The 2010 Joint Space Communication Layer (JSCL) Initial Capabilities Document (ICD) forecasts a large demand increase for US MILSATCOM in contested environments during the 2020–2025 timeframe. In response, the US Air Force in 2012 commenced the MILSATCOM Design for Affordability Risk Reduction (DFARR) effort to develop prototypes for a new protected tactical communications system. MIT Lincoln Laboratory (MIT LL) was tasked with building a test bed for this effort that would enable demonstration of prototype user terminals and space segment designs provided by DFARR contractor teams. This paper describes the test bed implementation and its use throughout the DFARR, which culminated in system-level over-the-air demonstrations, and risk-reduction demonstrations for a terminal End Cryptographic Unit (ECU) prototype.
Special Issue: Forming and Joining of Lightweight and Multimaterial Systems

With this special issue of the Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering (JMSE) our objective is to collect papers which enhance the understanding of material deformation processes; expand the lightweight material forming and multi-material joining processes and modeling capability; and promote R&D activities on forming and joining new materials and/or new forming and joining technologies at length scales varying from microto macro-scale.
Disparities in Diabetes-Related Preventable Hospitalizations among Working-Age Native Hawaiians and Asians in Hawai‘i

Elderly (65+) Native Hawaiian, Filipino, and Japanese men and Filipino women have a higher risk of diabetes-related potentially preventable hospitalizations than Whites even when demographic factors and the higher diabetes prevalence in these populations is considered. The study objective was to determine if similar disparities are seen among the non-elderly (< 65). We used discharge data for all non-maternity hospitalizations by working-age adults (18-64 years) in Hawai‘i from December 2006 to December 2010. Annual diabetes-related preventable hospitalization rates (by population diabetes prevalence) were compared by race/ethnicity (Japanese, Chinese, Native Hawaiian, Filipino, and White) and gender. Adjusted rate ratios (aRR) were calculated relative to Whites using multivariable models controlling for insurer, comorbidity, residence location, and age. After adjusting for ethnic-specific prevalence of diabetes and demographic factors, preventable hospitalizations rates were significantly higher for Native Hawaiians males (aRR:1.48; 95%CI:1.08–2.05) compared to Whites, but significantly lower for Chinese men (aRR:0.43;95%CI:0.30–0.61) and women (aRR:0.18;95%CI: 0.08–0.37), Japanese men (aRR:0.33;95%CI: 0.25–0.44) and women (aRR:0.34; 95%CI:0.23–0.51), and Filipino men (aRR:0.35;95%CI:0.28–0.43) and women (aRR:0.47;95%CI: 0.36–0.62). Rates for Native Hawaiian females did not differ significantly from Whites. Disparities in diabetes-related preventable hospitalizations were seen for working-age (18–64) Native Hawaiian men even when their higher population-level diabetes prevalence was considered. Further research is needed to determine factors affecting these disparities and to develop targeted interventions to reduce them. Significantly lower preventable hospitalization rates were seen among Asian groups compared to Whites. A better understanding of these findings may provide guidance for improving rates among Asian elderly as well as other non-elderly groups with disparities.
An Analysis of Terror Warnings

Two important defensive mechanisms available to governments combating terrorism are warnings and the deployment of physical resources. Warnings are relatively inexpensive to issue but their effectiveness suffers from false alarms. Physical deployments of trained security personnel can directly thwart attacks but are expensive and need to be targeted to specific locations. In this paper we model the joint optimization of defenses against terrorist attacks based on warnings and physical deployments. We model both private warnings issued to security forces and public warnings broadcast to the general public. By structuring the tradeoffs faced by decision makers in a formal way we shed light on an important public policy problem. We show that the interaction between the use of warnings and physical defenses is complex, significant, and leads to strategies that are seemingly counterintuitive. For public warnings we also model the possible response of terrorists and show how these responses influence the effectiveness of such warnings.
Syncope with Swallowing

Swallowing can be a trigger for syncope and can cause significant morbidity and mortality if not recognized. A 13-year-old presented with clusters of transient complete atrioventricular block after repair of a sinus venosus atrial septal defect. Pacemaker implantation was successful in treating these symptoms.
Dynamic Fracture Toughness of High Strength Cast Steels

The dynamic fracture toughness of Cr and Mo steels with nickel contents of 0, 1.56, and 5.5 wt.% was evaluated and compared to a lightweight steel of composition Fe-30.40%Mn-8.83%Al-1.07%Si-0.90%C-0.53%Mo. Each steel was heat treated to a Rockwell C-scale hardness range of 36 to 38. The 4130, 4325, and HY130 steels were quench-hardened and tempered. The lightweight steel was solution treated, water quenched, and age hardened. In the hardness range of Rockwell C36 to C38, the lightweight steel, the 4325 steel, and the Al-killed and Ca-treated HY130 steel had similar dynamic fracture toughness values of 153, 153, and 165 kJ/m2, respectively. The 4130 steel had a much lower toughness of 94 kJ/m2. The lightweight Fe-Mn-Al-C alloy performed better at Rockwell C32, producing the highest dynamic fracture toughness of 376 kJ/m2. Toughness of the Cr and Mo steels was strongly dependent on deoxidation practice. Alloys treated with ferro-titanium showed a reduction in toughness, which was attributed to TiN particles and in one case eutectic Type II sulfides. Addition of misch metal to an aluminum and ferro-titanium treated HY130 steel eliminated the Type II sulfides and increased the dynamic fracture toughness from 58 to 88 kJ/m2. HY130 obtained the highest toughness (165 kJ/m2) when aluminum deoxidation was followed by calcium treatment.
Promise and pitfalls of biofuels jobs

Expectations and sentiments about biofuels have been on a wild rollercoaster ride during the last few years. There is vigorous and contentious debate over the economic and environmental merits of b...
The role of international partnerships in delivering low-energy building design: A case study

This paper presents the role of an international design assistance team in the design of a low-energy building in Singapore. Staff from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Austrian Institute of Technology, and Nanyang Technological University formed a team, known as the Scientific Planning Support (SPS) team, to provide design assistance and process support during the design phase of a low-energy building project. Specifically, the SPS team worked on the Clean Tech Two project, a tenanted laboratory and office building that seeks Green Mark Platinum Plus, the highest possible certification level for green buildings in Singapore. The SPS team hosted design charrettes, helped to develop design alternatives, and provided suggestions on the design process in support of this aggressive energy target. This paper describes these efforts and discusses how teams like the SPS team can be leveraged to achieve high performance, low-energy buildings at an international scale.
Pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium chelonei: successful treatment with one drug based on disk diffusion susceptibility data.

Legend. Transbronchial biopsy tissue from a woman with pulmonary infection due to Mycobacterium chelonei. Left, light micrograph of acid-fast bacilli (Ziehl-Neelsen stain, x 465). Middle, electron micrograph of a morphologically intact, intracellular Mycobacterium showing the relatively thick cell wall and mesosomal membranous structure (M) (bar = 0.3 am). Right, electron micrograph of an M. chelonei organism showing prominent vacuoles (V) and M. The dense black material (L) is oil, and the cytoplasm of an inactivated macrophage (C) without lysosomes is visible (bar = 0.3 pam).