cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physics of the Jovian Magnetosphere

Physics of the Jovian Magnetosphere is a comprehensive reference devoted to the latest advances in Jovian magnetosphere physics. Spectacular discoveries by the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft have led to an explosive development in the subject, with unprecedented coverage in both the popular press and the technical literature. Since 1974 no less than four special issues of Science, three special issues of the Journal of Geophysical Research, and special issues of Nature, Icarus, and Geophysical Research Letters have been devoted to Jupiter. Why all the fuss? The Jovian magnetosphere is simply one of the most exotic and interesting objects in the sky.
Ultrapulse CO2 Used for the Successful Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinomas Found in Patients with Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome

background. Basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS) is an inherited condition marked by multiple basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) associated with several other abnormalities. Various treatment modalities have been used to eradicate these tumors. However, recurrences and scarring limit their use. objective. To evaluate the treatment of multiple BCCs associated with BCNS. methods. We describe three cases of BCNS in which multiple BCCs were effectively treated with ultrapulse CO 2 laser. Postoperative Mohs micrographic surgical sections (thin sections looking for residual tumor) verified complete histologic clearance of the tumors. results. All three patients were effectively treated with ultrapulse CO 2 laser. Minimal scarring was noted at follow-up. conclusion. Ultrapulse CO 2 laser can be used to effectively treat small BCCs in low-risk areas associated with BCNS with minimal posttreatment scarring. BASAL CELL NEVUS SYNDROME (BCNS), also known as Gorlin‐Goltz syndrome, is an autosomal dominant inherited disease in which the affected gene resides on chromosome 9q22.2‐3. 1,2 The syndrome is marked by numerous basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) that may be seen in conjunction with other abnormalities of the skin, skeletal, and central nervous systems. Various therapeutic modalities have been applied in the management of BCCs. We discuss three patients with BCNS effectively treated with ultrapulse CO 2 laser.
Monoclonal antibodies to gel-excised glial filament protein and their reactivities with other intermediate filament proteins.

Abstract: A series of 14 monoclonal antibodies (MAs) has been obtained from a single rat-mouse fusion using gel-excised bovine glial filament (GF) proteins as immunogens. These MAs were characterized by two separate immunochemical assays and by two different immunohistochemical methods. Nine MAs demonstrated specificity for GF proteins. One MA also recognized an epitope shared by intermediate filaments (IF) of the vimentin class (VF). Using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, four of the MAs recognized 200,000, 150,000, and 51,000 dalton proteins, suggesting that these MAs were specific for GF proteins (the 51,000 dalton protein) and neurofilament (NF) proteins (the two high-molecular-weight proteins). However, in both of the immunohistochemical assay systems, these MAs stained neurons and their processes but not astroglial cells. These observations strongly suggest that the 51,000–dalton protein recognized by these four MAs was not derived from GF proteins but instead represents derivatives of NF protein subunits comigrating in gels with GF proteins. These data provide additional information concerning the unique and shared antigenic determinants of the three classes of IF (NF, GF, and VF) of the CNS. In addition, they draw attention to the fact that proteins of certain IF may undergo degradation and comigrate in gels with the proteins of unrelated IF. This emphasizes the need for the use of independent immunochemical and immunohistochemical assays in the characterization of the specificity of MAs.
Some results on the Reynolds number scaling of pressure statistics in isotropic turbulence

Abstract Using data from direct numerical simulations in the Reynolds number range 8 ≤ R λ ≤ 1000 , where R λ is the Taylor microscale Reynolds number, we assess the Reynolds number scaling of the microscale and the integral length scale of pressure fluctuations in homogeneous and isotropic turbulence. The root-mean-square (rms) pressure (in kinematic units) is about 0.91 ρ u ′ 2 , where u ′ is the rms velocity in any one direction. The ratio of the pressure microscale to the (longitudinal) velocity Taylor microscale is a constant of about 0.74 for very low Reynolds numbers but increases approximately as 0.17 R λ 1 / 3 at high Reynolds numbers. We discuss these results in the context of the existing theory and provide plausible explanations, based on intermittency, for their observed trends.
REVERSED HEMISPHERIC ORGANIZATION IN A LEFT- HANDER

For left-handers, cognitive functions are organized in the brain similarly to right-handers or they are more diffusely represented. In this study, we report a left-handed patient with a focal right temporal-parietal who evidenced a lasting Wernicke's aphasia and visual-spatial functioning typical of a right-hander with left-hemisphere involvement. The patient's performance on other tasks (e.g. praxis, singing) as well as observed behavioral changes also resembled those of a right-hander with left-hemisphere compromise. This case suggests that it is possible for cognitive functions to be inversely represented in the two hemispheres.
Ultraflat Optical Comb Generation by Phase-Only Modulation of Continuous-Wave Light

We propose a theory and experimentally verify ultraflat comb generation by dual-sine-wave phase-only modulation. This novel approach requires a single optical element and is very practical and efficient in terms of both power budget and bandwidth. Using this approach, we have generated two optical spectra, one with 11 comb lines and 1.9-dB flatness and the other with 9 comb lines and 0.8-dB flatness.
Assessing the potential of Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus transfer to foods and customers via a survey of hands, hand‐contact surfaces and food‐contact surfaces at foodservice facilities

Streptococcus pyogenes is an important cause of throat infection that may be transmitted by food. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of food intoxication. Both organisms can be transferred to foods or food-contact surfaces via food handlers. Because both S. pyogenes and S. aureus are hemolytic, the potential for their transfer in a foodservice setting could be assessed by sampling hands, hand-contact surfaces and food-contact surfaces for hemolytic bacteria. We performed such a survey at four foodservice facilities from December 2005 to March 2006. Of the 189 total samples, hands (50%), cart handle (40%), pan bottom (38%), door handle (25%) and utensil wrapper (25%) were most often contaminated with hemolytic bacteria. Hand-contact surfaces were more often contaminated than food-contact surfaces. S. pyogenes was not isolated but the potential pathogen Streptococcus agalacticae was isolated from one door handle. S. aureus was isolated from a cart handle sampled during the same shift.
Clinical highlights of the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases/interstitial cystitis association scientific conference on interstitial cystitis

In October 2000, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the Interstitial Cystitis Association held a joint meeting in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Clinical highlights from this meeting are reviewed. The general state of interstitial cystitis from the vantage point of the clinician is discussed, as well as epidemiologic advances, new concepts in markers for interstitial cystitis, and new treatment strategies. Although there are no breakthroughs in finding a cure for this disorder, potential major changes in methods of diagnosis and new forms of therapy are in the offing.
Hydrilla‐growth inhibiting substances from aqueous extracts of lake sediments. Effect of temperature.

Abstract Aqueous extracts of peat‐like sediments from Lake Starvation, Hillsborough County, Florida, inhibit the growth of Hydrilla verticillata in laboratory systems. The extracts were obtained by autoclaving sediment in water, and it may be that this process degrades the sediment. Evidence is presented that the total organic content of the extract obtained is not substantially different from solutions obtained at much lower temperatures. Therefore, the use of autoclaving in the preparation of sediment extract would appear to produce a material similar to that possibly produced in the environments of selected lakes.
Loss of polymerase activity due to Tyr to Phe substitution in the YMDD motif of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcriptase is compensated by met to val substitution within the same motif

Tyr183 is a constituent of the highly conserved YXDD motif common to all retroviral reverse transcriptases. The two aspartates in this motif are the crucial members of the catalytic carboxylate triad while residue X, which in the case of HIV-1 RT is Met184, is implicated in dNTP substrate recognition and fidelity of DNA synthesis. In an attempt to understand the function of Tyr183 in the catalytic mechanism, we generated mutants of this residue (Y183F and Y183A) and subjected them to in-depth analysis. The efficiency of reverse transcription of natural U5-PBS HIV-1 RNA template was severely impaired by both the conservative and nonconservative substitutions. The major defect identified was at the level of dNTP binding as determined by a 20-80-fold increase in the Km for the dNTP substrate on both homopolymeric and heteropolymeric RNA and DNA templates. A significant reduction in processivity of DNA synthesis by these mutants was also noted. However, the fidelity of DNA synthesis by the Y183F and Y183A mutants was increased significantly compared to the wild-type enzyme. Interestingly, the reduction in the polymerase activity due to single substitution of Tyr to Phe in the YMDD motif is compensated by a second substitution of Met to Val in the same motif, herein referred to as the FVDD. The loss of dNTP binding as well as decreased processivity of DNA synthesis exhibited by the Y183F mutant was also compensated by mutation at the second site. Curiously, the double mutant did not exhibit any synergistic effect in regard to fidelity of DNA synthesis as might be expected since both the single mutations (Y183F, M184V) exhibited enhanced fidelity compared to the wild-type enzyme. These data implicate Tyr183 and Met184 as important constituents of the dNTP-binding pocket. We propose a model which suggests that subtle structural changes due to mutation in the flexible ‚9-‚10 loop region at the active site of the molecule influence the enzyme activity and substrate recognition. 1 Abbreviations: A, M, Y, V, and F represent single letter codes for the amino acids, alanine, methionine, tyrosine, valine, and phenylala- nine, respectively; SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryla- mide gel electrophoresis; DTT, dithiothreitol; PMSF, phenylmethane- sulfonylfluoride; IPTG, isopropyl-‚-thiogalactopyranoside; Poly (rA)‚ (dT)18, polyriboadenylic acid annealed with (oligodeoxythymidylic acid)18; dNTP, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate; dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and dTTP represent nucleoside triphosphates of deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine, and thymidine, respectively; HIV-1 RT, human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcriptase; IMAC, immobilized metal affinity chromatography; IDA-Sepharose, imino- diacetic acid-Sepharose; U5-PBS-RNA template, HIV-1 genomic RNA template corresponding to the primer-binding sequence region; U5- PBS-DNA template, HIV-1 genomic DNA template corresponding to the RNA-PBS sequence.
Use of Renal Function Measurements for Assessing Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal Women

OBJECTIVE To determine whether factors associated with moderate chronic kidney disease can be used to independently predict fracture risk in postmenopausal white women by analyzing the effect of adding renal function measurements to traditional risk factors (eg, age, body weight, bone mineral density) for fracture risk assessment. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS In a prospective, population-based cohort study, postmenopausal women residing in Rochester, MN, with baseline measurements of bone mineral density and renal function were followed up for as long as 25 years for occurrence of fractures. Participants were enrolled in 1980-1984 or 1991-1993, and outcomes were analyzed in 2007. Standardized incidence ratios were used to compare the number of observed fractures with the number of predicted fractures, and potential risk factors were evaluated with Andersen-Gill time-to-fracture regression models. RESULTS During 5948 person-years of follow-up of 427 women, 254 women (59.5%) experienced a total of 563 fractures, 394 (70.0%) of which resulted from moderate trauma. Excluding incidentally diagnosed fractures, the 186 clinically diagnosed fractures were statistically undifferentiated from the 195 predicted fractures (standardized incidence ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.82-1.10). No significant trends were observed toward increasing fracture risk with inclusion of quintiles of declining renal function ( P >.10). In univariate analyses, serum creatinine concentration, creatinine clearance rate, and estimated glomerular filtration rate were associated with greater risk of some fractures. In multivariate analyses, however, decreasing renal function was not found to be a significant risk factor, after adjusting for age, body weight, and bone mineral density. CONCLUSION The addition of serum creatinine concentration, creatinine clearance rate, or estimated glomerular filtration rate does not improve fracture risk prediction in postmenopausal white women who have moderate chronic kidney disease. This result can be partly explained by the fact that important risk factors for decreased renal function (eg, advanced age, lower body weight) are already accounted for in most fracture prediction models.
Placement quality in structured light systems

This paper presents a mathematical basis for judging the quality of camera and projector placement in 3D for structured light systems. Two important quality metrics are considered: visibility, which measures how much of the target object is visible; and scale, which measures the error in detecting the visible portions. A novel method for computing each of these metrics is presented. An example is discussed which demonstrates use of these two metrics. The proposed techniques have direct applicability to the task of monitoring patient safety for radiation therapy applications.
REWIRING THE GUSTATORY SYSTEM: SPECIFICITY BETWEEN NERVE AND TASTE BUD FIELD IS CRITICAL FOR NORMAL SALT DISCRIMINATION

Forty years have passed since it was demonstrated that a cross-regenerated gustatory nerve in the rat tongue adopts the stimulus-response properties of the taste receptor field it cross-reinnervates. Nevertheless, the functional consequences of channeling peripheral taste signals through inappropriate central circuits remain relatively unexplored. Here we tested whether histologically confirmed cross-regeneration of the chorda tympani nerve (CT) into the posterior tongue in the absence of the glossopharyngeal nerve (GL) (CT-PostTongue) or cross-regeneration of the GL into the anterior tongue in the absence of the CT (GL-AntTongue) would maintain presurgically trained performance in an operant NaCl vs. KCl taste discrimination task in rats. Before surgery all groups were averaging over 90% accuracy. Oral amiloride treatment dropped performance to virtually chance levels. During the first week after surgery, sham-operated rats, GL-transected rats, and rats with regenerated CTs displayed highly competent discrimination performance. In contrast, CT-transected rats were severely impaired (59% accuracy). Both the CT-PostTongue and the GL-AntTongue groups were impaired to a similar degree as CT-transected rats. These initially impaired groups improved their performance over the weeks of postsurgical testing, suggesting that the rats were capable of relearning the task with discriminable signals in the remaining taste nerves. This relearned performance was dependent on input from amiloride-sensitive receptors likely in the palate. Overall, these results suggest that normal competence in a salt discrimination task is dependent on the taste receptor field origin of the input as well as the specific nerve transmitting the signals to its associated circuits in the brain.
Atmospheric effects on ejecta emplacement and crater formation on Venus from Magellan

Surface signatures of energy partitioning are used as a framework for testing extrapolations from laboratory experiments and other planetary settings to assess the effects of both gravity and an atmosphere on impact crater formation on Venus. The dense lower atmosphere of Venus is found to assume the role of a low-density target for bodies smaller than about 4 km in diameter. Air blasts created by cratering in the atmosphere produce distinctive surface signatures that allow the derivation of an independent assessment of impactor energy at the limit of break up. Dynamic pressures during entry of larger bodies will exceed their strength limit but may not prevent penetration of the atmosphere due to aerodynamic reshaping that minimizes the drag coefficient. This process may account for the formation of unusually small craters (1-3 km). The dense atmosphere of Venus preserves signatures of early time cratering processes on the surface that are typically lost on atmosphere-free surfaces.
Effect of Dry Oxidation on the Performance of Carbon Nanotube Arrays Electrochemical Capacitors

In this study, the effect of dry oxidation on the electrochemical properties of carbon nanotube arrays is investigated. Oxygenated surface functional groups were introduced to the arrays by oxygen plasma treatment, where their surface concentrations were varied by controlling the exposure time. The finding presented herein shows an augmentation of nearly thirty times in term of specific capacitance when the arrays are oxidized. Similar behavior is also observed in the non-aqueous electrolytes where the specific capacitance of the oxidized carbon nanotube arrays is measured more than three times higher than that of the pristine ones. However, overexposure to oxygen plasma treatment reverses this effect. At such high oxidation level, the damage to the graphitic structure becomes more pronounced such that the capacitive behavior of the arrays is overshadowed by their resistive behavior. These findings are important for further development of carbon nanotube based electrochemical capacitors.
Toward a Universal Form for 'Yes': Or, Rhinoglottophilia and the Affirmation Grunt

Based on a corpus of 297 attested words for 'yes' collected from 44 countries, I propose a basic universal template or canonical form for this lexical item having the pattern /he?e/. In the accompanying discussion I show how the diverse language-specific variants can be derived from this theme through the optional selection of a handful of simple, natural phonological modifications. In the conclusion I suggest a functional explanation for this phenomenon by appealing to the notion of minimal articulatory gesture.
Children's step counts on weekend, physical education, and non-physical education days

There have been well‐documented increases in overweight and obese children, sedentary lifestyles, and increased prevalence of a hypokinetic disease over the past 20 years. Thus understanding the physical activity patterns of children is essential for developing effective interventions. Little evidence exists that illustrates the contribution of weekend, physical education, and non‐physical education days to overall physical activity patterns of children. The purpose of the study was to examine differences in pedometer‐determined physical activity patterns of fourth and fifth grade children during weekend, physical education and non–physical education days. Three hundred and sixty‐three children (8‐11 years old) from six Southwestern USA elementary schools participated by wearing pedometers (Yamax Digiwalker SW‐200) for seven consecutive days. Children recorded their steps at arrival to school and when they woke up and went to bed on weekend days. During weekdays, the fourth and fifth grade children averaged 13,196 ± 3,334 and 11,295 ± 3,168 steps/day for boys and girls, respectively. This is compared to a weekend average of 7,660 ± 4,647steps/day (boys) and 7,317 ± 4,062 steps/day (girls). Children were significantly more active on physical education days, averaging 12,979 steps/day (14,197 ± 4,697 steps/day for boys and 12,058 ± 3,772 steps/day for girls),compared to non‐physical education school days, when they accumulated 11,809 steps/day (12,788 ± 3,600 steps/day for boys and 11,047 ± 3,382 steps/day for girls). Based on the findings in this study, children and youth are more active during school days than on weekend days. Furthermore, children are more active on physical education days than non‐physical education days. These findings suggest that increased physical activity programming and interventions during weekend days may be needed to increase physical activity. The expansion of school‐based physical education across more school days may also serve to increase children’s physical activity during the school week.
Assessing the benefits of interactive prediction using Web-based algorithm animation courseware

This study used educational software—courseware—that contained algorithm animations and data structure visualizations that were implemented with the programming language Java, and were embedded in a collection of World Wide Web pages. The objective of this study was to determine whether the interactive prediction facility provided by this courseware produced a significant learning advantage. Two experiments were conducted. The results indicated that the students who used the interactive version of the courseware spent significantly more time using it than those who used the noninteractive version. Students who used the interactive version scored better on several of the questions that tested the more difficult lessons, but performed more poorly overall. None of the differences were statistically significant.
Hegemony and Workers' Politics in China

Workers' protests in the 1980s and 1990s, numerous and widely distributed though they may be, remain spasmodic, spontaneous and unco-ordinated. While the reasons are numerous, this article focuses on the role of workers' hegemonic acceptance of the core values of the market and the state. Data from interviews in Tianjin from 1995 to 1999 are used to explicate the existence of this hegemony. Several of its sources, some general, some specific to China, are then discussed. The findings are situated within recent scholarship on labour politics in China, and the prospects are discussed.
Resource Availability and Plant Antiherbivore Defense

The degree of herbivory and the effectiveness of defense varies widely among plant species. Resource availability in the environment is proposed as the major determinant of both the amount and type of plant defense. When resource are limited, plants with inherently slow growth are favored over those with fast growth rates; slow rates in turn favor large investments in antiherbivore defenses. Leaf lifetime, also determined by resource availability, affects the relative advantages of defenses with different turnover rates. Relative limitation of different resources also constrains the types of defenses. The proposals are compared with other theories on the evolution of plant defenses.
Observations on the Breeding Biology of the Silky-Tailed Nightjar (Caprimulgus sericocaudatus mengeli)

Abstract I found 15 nests of the Silky-tailed Nightjar (Caprimulgus sericocaudatus mengeli) from 1994 to 2004 at Cocha Cashu Biological Station, Manu National Park, Peru. Females and males shared incubation and brooding duties with females on the nest during the day and males on at night. Nest relief occurred between 0300–0600 and 1800–2100 hrs. Two-egg clutches were placed on bare ground or on leaf-litter in more mature strands of forest. The semi-precocial young were mobile within 24 hrs of hatching and remained in the area with an adult through the fledgling stage. Both males and females feigned injury during incubation and brooding if disturbed. Three nesting sites were used for 5 years and another for 10 years, suggesting strong site fidelity and possibly a strong pair bond among long-lived individuals.
Uncoupling of 3'-phosphatase and 5'-kinase functions in budding yeast. Characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA 3'-phosphatase (TPP1).

Abstract Polynucleotide kinase is a bifunctional enzyme containing both DNA 3′-phosphatase and 5′-kinase activities seemingly suited to the coupled repair of single-strand nicks in which the phosphate has remained with the 3′-base. We show that the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae is able to repair transformed dephosphorylated linear plasmids by non-homologous end joining with considerable efficiency independently of the end-processing polymerase Pol4p. Homology searches and biochemical assays did not reveal a 5′-kinase that would account for this repair, however. Instead, open reading frame YMR156C (here named TPP1) is shown to encode only a polynucleotide kinase-type 3′-phosphatase. Tpp1p bears extensive similarity to the ancient l-2-halo-acid dehalogenase and DDDD phosphohydrolase superfamilies, but is specific for double-stranded DNA. It is present at high levels in cell extracts in a functional form and so does not represent a pseudogene. Moreover, the phosphatase-only nature of this gene is shared by Saccharomyces mikatae YMR156C and Arabidopsis thaliana K15M2.3. Repair of 3′-phosphate and 5′-hydroxyl lesions is thus uncoupled in budding yeast as compared with metazoans. Repair of transformed dephosphorylated plasmids, and 5′-hydroxyl blocking lesions more generally, likely proceeds by a cycle of base removal and resynthesis.
High Speed Rotor Losses in a Radial 8-Pole Magnetic Bearing: Part 1 — Experimental Measurement

The continual increase in the use of magnetic bearings in various capacities, including high speed aerospace applications such as jet engine prototypes, dictates the need to quantify power losses in this type of bearing. The goal of this study is to present experimentally measured power losses during the high speed nperatinn nf a pair of magnetic bearings. A large scale test rotor has been designed and built to obtain unambiguous power loss measurements while varying a variety of test parameters. The test apparatus consists of a shaft supported in two radial magnetic bearings and driven by two electric motors also mounted nn the shaft. The power losses of the spinning rotor are determined from the time rate of change of the kinetic energy of the rotor as its angular speed decays during free rotatinn. Measured results for the first set of magnetic bearings, a pair of 8-pole planar radial bearings, are presented here. Data from three different parameter studies including the effect of the hias flux density, the effect of the bearing pole configuration, and the effect of the motor stator on the power loss are presented. Rundown pints of the test with the bearings in the paired pole (NNSS) versus the alternating (NSNS) pole configuration shnw only small differences, with losses only slightly higher when the poles are in the alternating pole (NSNS) configuration. Loss data was also taken with the motor statnrs axially removed from the mntnr rotors for comparison with the case where the mntor stators are kept in place. No measurable difference was observed between the two cases, indicating negligible windage and residual magnetic effects. Throughout mnst of the speed range the dominant loss mechanism appears to be eddy currents.Copyright © 1996 by ASME
Backfiring in Race Relations and Markets

This paper examines backfiring arguments in race relations discourse in light of similar arguments regarding market interventions. As collective action problems drive backfiring phenomena in markets, this article argues explores the proposition that collective action problems similarly drive racial stratification, and tests the explanatory value of this hypothesis against affirmative action controversies. The implications drawn out by this article include the affinities between certain game theoretic constructs and notions of the dialectic, as well as the misguided limitations on remedial scope and over-reliance on intent in current anti-discrimination doctrine.
Narrow Band Imaging for Urothelial Cancer

Narrowband imaging (NBI) is a novel optical method designed to enhance visual detection of urothelial tumors over conventional white-light imaging (WLI) cystoscopy. Current experience with NBI cystoscopy in evaluating and treating non-muscle-invasive bladder tumors is reviewed. A comprehensive literature search was conducted including all published studies and abstracts investigating NBI cystoscopy in patients with bladder cancer. Representative cystoscopic images are provided to illustrate differences between NBI and WLI cystoscopy. Early experience suggests that NBI cystoscopy detects more bladder tumors than WLI cystoscopy, and NBI-assisted fulguration and TUR appear to result in fewer tumor recurrences. Questions remain, however, such as does NBI cystoscopy detect high-grade tumors, such as carcinoma in situ, that are missed by WLI cystoscopy; would false positives lead to an unaccepted number of negative biopsies; and how might observer bias skew results? In addition, a major drawback of current studies is that the quality of cystoscopy and TUR by individual surgeons has not been addressed. Although clinical trials are just beginning, narrowband imaging (NBI) cystoscopy holds promise that this new optical method may improve visualization of bladder tumors over conventional white-light imaging (WLI) cystoscopy. NBI ureteroscopy is also gaining traction to evaluate upper tract tumors. Further prospective and comparative trials are required to determine if NBI will play a role in evaluating and treating urothelial tumors in individual patients.
Spiritual modeling self-efficacy

We report psychometric properties, correlates, and underlying theory of the Spiritual Modeling Self-Efficacy (SMSE) scale. The SMSE, the first spiritually oriented selfefficacy measure, is a 10-item self-report assessment of perceived efficacy for learning from spiritual models. Spiritual models are defined as community-based or prominent people who function for respondents as exemplars of spiritual qualities, such as compassion, self-control, or faith. Demographic, spiritual, and personality correlates were examined in a racially and ethnically diverse sample of college students from California, Connecticut, and Tennessee (N 1,012). SMSE total scores demonstrated good 7-week test–retest reliability (r .77), patterns of correlation supporting convergent, divergent, and criterion-related validity, demographic differences in expected directions, and substantial individual heterogeneity. Factor analyses revealed two correlated subscales corresponding to community-based and prominent models (internal reliabilities .85). Previous randomized studies of college students have demonstrated that psychosocial interventions can enhance SMSE scores. Implications are discussed for research and for pastoral, educational, and health applications.
Synthesis of Mixed Thiuram Disulfides

Abstract Carbon disulfide is known to undergo “insertion reactions” with various nitrogen-carbon bonds,1 nitrogentrivalent phosphorus bonds,2 nitrogen-trivalent arsenic bonds,1,3 nitrogen-silicon bonds,1,4 nitrogen-transition metal bonds and nitrogen-sulfur bonds.6,7,8 The reaction of carbon disulfide with secondary amine sulfides or alkyl sulfenamides furnished tetralkyl thiuram disulfides6 and trithiopercarbamates,7,8 respectively (Eq. I and II).
Tacit-rich districts and globalization: changes in the Italian textile and apparel production system

*In an era of outsourcing and cross-border production networks, scholars have argued that production strategies based on tacit knoweldge can be key for retaining business, and jobs, in particular locations. However, the same properties that theoretically provide tacit-heavy production regions with an advantage against new, low-wage producers are a disadvantage to firms trying to capitalize on non-local technology and the opportunities of disaggregated production. This article examines the tacit-rich textile and clothing industries in Italy, and argues that firms’ concentrations of tacit knowledge did, for some time, lead to retention of market share and jobs. Globalization strategies, including direct ownership of facilities abroad and vertical integration at home, aimed to maintain flexibility in the production chain by compensating for the difficulty of sharing tacit knowledge across borders, and by containing tacit knowledge in contracting home districts. However, instead of reinforcing traditional strengths of the Italian system, these new strategies may pose a challenge to tacit-intense production and innovation.
LOW GENIC DIFFERENTIATION AMONG ISOLATED POPULATIONS OF THE CALIFORNIA FAN PALM (WASHINGTONIA FILIFERA).

The purpose of this study was to assess the relative roles of population size and geographic isolation in determining population-genetic structure. Using electrophoretic techniques to quantify allozymic variation at 16 genetic loci, we measured genic variation within and among 16 natural populations of the California fan palm (Washingtonia filifera). Genotypes were determined for every individual in each population so that parametric values rather than sample estimates for measures of genic variability were obtained. Palm populations displayed low levels of within-population variability. The proportion of polymorphic loci and observed heterozygosity were 0.098 and 0.009 per population, respectively. Population size displayed a significant positive correlation with proportion of polymorphic loci, but not with observed heterozygosity. Low levels of genetic differentiation among populations were demonstrated by an F-statistic analysis and the computation of genetic similarity values. A hierarchical analysis of gene diversity revealed that only about 2% of the total gene diversity in W. filifera resides as among-population diversity. Climatic and geological changes since the Pliocene have eliminated widespread palm populations, and the species is presently restricted to isolated locations around the Colorado Desert. Existing populations in southern California are either relicts or recent recolonizations resulting from the dispersal of seeds from a refugium population in Baja California, Mexico. The observed patterns of low within- and low among-population genic diversity seem most consistent with a recent colonization by fan palms. It is hypothesized that stochastic processes reduced levels of genic variability in this refugium population during its formation. Dispersal of seeds from this refugium into suitable habitats in the Colorado Desert would produce populations with low variability and high genetic similarity because of their common ancestry. However, low intrapopulation variability and genetic homogeneity across populations could be the product of uniform selection pressures favoring a narrow array of specialized genotypes in either relict or colonizing populations.
Noncardiac surgery in cardiac patients. 1. Preoperative evaluation.

Evaluation of the cardiac patient scheduled for noncardiac surgery should include a carefully taken history and a complete physical examination, with electrocardiogram, chest x-ray, urinalysis, and routine blood determinations. In addition to the symptoms of heart disease, the history should include a meticulous review of all the drugs the patient is taking. An increasing number of medications have been found to alter the cardiac hemodynamics during and after operation.
Do Interviewers with High Cooperation Rates Behave Differently? Interviewer Cooperation Rates and Interview Behaviors

Interviewers are required to be flexible in responding to respondent concerns during recruitment, but standardized during administration of the questionnaire. These skill sets may be at odds. Recent research has shown a U-shaped relationship between interviewer cooperation rates and interviewer variance: the least and the most successful interviewers during recruitment have the largest interviewer variance components. Little is known about why this association occurs. We posit four hypotheses for this association: 1) interviewers with higher cooperation rates more conscientious interviewers altogether, 2) interviewers with higher cooperation rates continue to use rapport behaviors from the cooperation request throughout an interview, 3) interviewers with higher cooperation rates display more confidence which translates into different interview behavior, and 4) interviewers with higher cooperation rates continue their flexible interviewing style throughout the interview and deviate more from standardized interviewing. We use behavior codes from the Work and Leisure Today Survey (n=450, AAPOR RR3=6.3%) to evaluate interviewer behavior. Our results largely support the confidence hypothesis. Interviewers with higher cooperation rates do not show evidence of being “better” interviewers.
On the Theoretical and Practical Values of the Experience of Reform and Opening-up

The "ten basic experience" summarized by Hu Jin-tao in his report delivered at the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,due to its solid practical foundation especially the foundation of great achievements since the reform and opening-up,is of objective truth nature.The experience is of theoretic creativity due to its profound theoretical reserves, sticking to and deepening the mainstay and the law of socialist construction.It possesses a guiding character for reality,and the "ten basic experience" is the updated fruits of theoretical treasure house of Marxism with Chinese characteristics.
Alcohol and the heart. How it helps, how it harms.

PreviewDoes regular consumption of alcohol protect against coronary artery disease but not against sudden death? In this article, Dr Sheehy examines several theories that have been proposed to explain the cardioprotective effect of ethanol and also reviews the factors related to sudden death in alcoholics.
Computed tomography in diagnosis of infantile polycystic kidney disease.

AbstractComputed tomography was used to confirm the diagnosis of infantile polycystic kidney disease in a critically ill premature newborn. This diagnostic modality provides a useful, non-invasive adjunct in infants with abdominal masses.
Two Missing Pieces in a Nyulnyulan Jigsaw Puzzle

Nyulnyulan is a fairly closeknit language family of northwestern Australia. It has been suggested that the family may be an old dialect continuum. While most classifications have recognized two branches, the languages in the middle were all but unattested. It has therefore proven difficult to judge whether the two branches are a result of a tree?like split, or a consequence of missing data. I show from previously missing data that Nyulnyulan is not a dialect chain; there is a clear split even when considering data from the middle languages. This is further evidence that Australian languages are not outside the methods of traditional historical linguistics.
Intelligence and rational behaviour in the bottlenosed dolphin.

A rational animal is defined as one that can perceive and represent how its world is structured and functions, and can make logical inferences and draw conclusions that enable it to function effectively and productively in that world. Further, a rational animal is able to incorporate new evidence into new perspectives of the world and can then modify its behaviours appropriately—in effect creating a new or revised model of the world in which it is immersed. Rational behaviour is necessarily built on the bedrock of general and specific intellectual capacity. Intelligence, a multidimensional trait, may appear to various degrees in various behavioural, cognitive, or social domains. Data and observations are presented on dolphin cognitive performance and on apparent rational responses within four intellectual domains within the context of a variety of empirical studies that we have conducted. These domains are: (a) the declarative (semantic or representational) domain (does the dolphin display knowledge or understanding about things?); (b) the procedural domain (does the dolphin exhibit competency in means, operations, or methods?); (c) the social domain (does the dolphin reveal social awareness and appropriate responsiveness in social interactions or relations?); and (d) the domain of the self (does the dolphin exhibit knowledge or awareness of itself?). In each case, the particular experimental paradigms are briefly outlined and instances of apparent inferential or creative acts within each paradigm are given.
An Introduction to the Chemistry of the Sea: Trace metals and other minor elements

Knowledge of the chemical speciation of trace elements in seawater is, from a practical standpoint, at an undeveloped stage. Burton 1975 In the earlier discussion of the major elements in seawater, the arbitrary division between major and minor elements was set at a mass concentration of one milligram per kilogram, equal to one part per million. This is a convenient separation, because only salts present in concentrations somewhat greater than 1 mg kg -1 can have a detectable effect on the density and related physical properties of seawater. Most of the elements present in smaller concentrations are not conservative in seawater; by examining the distributions of these elements we may learn much about the biological and geochemical processes in the ocean. Furthermore, the analytical difficulties of measuring or even detecting many of the substances present in small concentrations in seawater often pose special problems that must be addressed during any consideration of these elements. Analytical considerations In approaching the analysis of any substance present in seawater at a concentration of, for example, around 1 µg kg −1 , a value common for some important elements, it should first be realized that the substance is present in a matrix consisting of 35 000 000 µg of a complex mixture of salts and other substances. This fact alone can impose severe difficulties. Furthermore, when dealing with concentrations at this level or below, it is often not appreciated that equivalent or even much greater quantities of the substance to be analyzed may be introduced during collection at sea, as contaminants in the reagent-grade chemicals required for the analysis, in dust from the air, and on the walls or in the very composition of ordinary laboratory glassware and other equipment.
The Radio Sky at Micro-JY Levels

The properties of the µJy radio sources are described in this paper. The results were obtained from deep VLA observations of four fields, shown in Table 1. Deep optical images have been obtained for the Bootes and Lilly1 fields.
The Discrete Neuronal Model and the Probabilistic Discrete Neuronal Model

In this paper, we present and analyze a class of neural network models previously proposed by the author: the discrete neuronal model and the probabilistic discrete neuronal models (DN and PDN). The models have been applied to model some biological neural networks (e.g. the stomatogastric ganglion in lobsters) and domenstrated their generality and usefulness in simulating the information processing capabilities of real neural networks given their exact or inexact connectivity patterns and endogenous firing patterns. Another application of this model is in building rule based inference systems. The advantages of this type of models is that it can handle variable bindings easily. We also incorporate certainty factors propagation mechanisms into the system. Systems for sequential processing based on this models have been worked on too.
Cerebral aneurysm treatment: modern neurovascular techniques

Endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysm continues to evolve with the development of new technologies. This review provides an overview of the recent major innovations in the neurointerventional space in recent years.
Focal and Ambient Processing of Built Environments: Intellectual and Atmospheric Experiences of Architecture.

Neuroscience has well established that human vision divides into the central and peripheral fields of view. Central vision extends from the point of gaze (where we are looking) out to about 5° of visual angle (the width of one’s fist at arm’s length), while peripheral vision is the vast remainder of the visual field. These visual fields project to the parvo and magno ganglion cells, which process distinctly different types of information from the world around us and project that information to the ventral and dorsal visual streams, respectively. Building on the dorsal/ventral stream dichotomy, we can further distinguish between focal processing of central vision, and ambient processing of peripheral vision. Thus, our visual processing of and attention to objects and scenes depends on how and where these stimuli fall on the retina. The built environment is no exception to these dependencies, specifically in terms of how focal object perception and ambient spatial perception create different types of experiences we have with built environments. We argue that these foundational mechanisms of the eye and the visual stream are limiting parameters of architectural experience. We hypothesize that people experience architecture in two basic ways based on these visual limitations; by intellectually assessing architecture consciously through focal object processing and assessing architecture in terms of atmosphere through pre-conscious ambient spatial processing. Furthermore, these separate ways of processing architectural stimuli operate in parallel throughout the visual perceptual system. Thus, a more comprehensive understanding of architecture must take into account that built environments are stimuli that are treated differently by focal and ambient vision, which enable intellectual analysis of architectural experience versus the experience of architectural atmosphere, respectively. We offer this theoretical model to help advance a more precise understanding of the experience of architecture, which can be tested through future experimentation. (298 words)
Consumer’s Online Contents Sharing Behavior (An Abstract)

Consumers’ conversations about their consumption experiences in the online environment or electronic word of mouth (e-WOM hereafter) has attracted much attention from academics and marketers. Despite its significance, a critical research gap concerns our limited knowledge of the differences between those who act as active participants (or Posters) and those who act as passive readers (or Lurkers) in the context of online consumer reviews.