cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hawaiian Blueberries and Their Relatives—A Phylogenetic Analysis of Vaccinium Sections Macropelma, Myrtillus, and Hemimyrtillus (Ericaceae)

Abstract Phylogenetic relationships among Vaccinium sections Macropelma, Myrtillus, and Hemimyrtillus have been the subject of much debate. These taxa have been proposed as close relatives and they share, along with sect. Oxycoccoides, the character of buds covered by two partially fused prophylls. However, the monophyly of these sections has not been assessed and hypotheses about evolutionary relationships have not been tested using a cladistic framework. While most investigators agree that the Hawaiian taxa from sect. Macropelma represent a monophyletic group, the phylogenetic position of the Polynesian V. cereum has been the subject of much discussion. Molecular data from the nrITS and the chloroplast genes matK and ndhF for 52 species of Vaccinieae were used in a phylogenetic analysis to assess the monophyly of these sections and to determine their phylogenetic position in tribe Vaccinieae. Hawaiian representatives from sect. Macropelma form a monophyletic group that is derived from within sect. Myrti...
Rapid accumulation of H3-serotonin in brains of rats receiving intraperitoneal H3-tryptophan: effects of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or female sex hormones.

The specific activities of brain and plasma H3-tryptophan and brain H3-serotonin increased approximately linearly for only 6 min after animals received intraperitoneal tracer doses of H3-tryptophan. The maximum rate of brain serotonin synthesis could thus be estimated from data collected during this interval, but not thereafter. Pretreatment of rats with intraventricular 5, 6-dihydroxytryptamine, a compound that damages serotoninergic neurons, decreases brain tryptophan and serotonin concentrations, accelerates the labelling of brain tryptophan by injected H3-tryptophan, and markedly decreases the rate at which H3-tryptophan accumulates as brain H3-serotonin. The treatment of oophorectomized rats with estradiol and progesterone does not appear to modify brain serotonin synthesis.
Auger-Electron Spectroscopy of Transition Metals

The Auger-electron spectra in the intermediate- and low-energy range (0-1 keV) for many of the transition metals of periods 4-6 (specifically, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Ir, Pt, and Au) have been measured. In general, the spectra from elements in the same period of the Periodic Table are similar, the main difference being the energy at which the Auger electrons appear. The main transitions observed from period-4 elements are of the $\mathrm{LMM}$ type. For period-5 elements, the Auger transitions involve $\mathrm{MNN}$ levels, and for the period-6 elements, the transitions are of the $\mathrm{NNN}$ (Coster-Kronig) type.
Advancing the Science of Implementation: A Workshop Summary

While much has been written about reducing the gap between science and practice, relatively little progress has been made to develop a sound knowledge base underlying implementation of effective interventions. To respond to these challenges, the National Institute of Mental Health organized a workshop entitled, "Advancing the Science of Implementation: Improving the Fit between Mental Health Intervention Development and Service Systems." Over the 2-day workshop, a multi-disciplinary group of intervention and services researchers, implementers, methodologists, organizational theorists, and clinicians was brought together in an "engaged scholarship" * format composed of small and large-group settings to discuss the development of a sound knowledge base on the implementation of evidence-based practices. Using three specific intervention categories, participants identified constructs seen to be important to the implementation of the model in real-world systems. Following each breakout session, attendees reconvened for a full group discussion and brief presentations were conducted to highlight interventions in the areas of organizational measures, social network analysis and field opportunities. This summary describes some of the constructs relevant to implementation research and presents research questions that, if studied, will lay a solid foundation for implementation research.
Conflict and Trade: An Economics Approach to Political International Interactions

[The Klein/Gronicki/Kosaka contributions dig deeply into the impact of revolutionary political change in Eastern European countries upon their economies and indirectly through trade upon Western European economies, focussing particularly on the repercussions of anticipated arms cutbacks. However, when we examine trade, a critical issue to most national and regional economies, and a phenomena that is directly and indirectly tied in a major way to a country's military expenditures (Polachek provides empirical support for this assertion), it then becomes absolutely essential to inquire in general how political conflict affects trade and vice versa. In his contribution Polachek concentrates on political conflict as affected by trade. Can one argue that the greater the trade between an actor country and a target, the smaller the amount of actor to target conflict (or the greater the amount of cooperation)? Since the greater the inelasticity of the demand for imports and the supply of exports, the greater with increased trade the respective consumer surplus and producer surplus (measures of welfare gains), can we state: the greater the inelasticity of import demand and export supply of an actor country to a target, the smaller the amount of actor to target conflict. Polachek also looks at the reverse question, though not as extensively: does political conflict affect the level of trade? The author ingeniously exploits the several sets of data developed by political scientists, each inadequate in certain ways, and several analytical techniques (each also deficient in one way or another), to obtain relatively robust findings on the first of these two critical questions. (eds.)]
Loss of heat acclimation and time to re-establish acclimation.

Acclimation in a hot environment is one potent means to decrease the heat strain of work in a hot environment. However, with diminished heat exposure, positive adaptations of acclimation may be lost. This rate of loss is equivocal and, once established, could be used to prescribe the time for re-acclimation. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of loss of heat acclimation over a period of 6 weeks and determine the time needed for re-acclimation after 2 weeks and 4 weeks of de-acclimation in ten healthy participants. All participants first underwent an initial acclimation period (a 3-day plateau in Tre was used to signify acclimation). Based on the mean time to acclimate in Phase 1 (mean time to acclimate = 6.1±1.4 days), the loss of acclimation was mapped and participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: one that underwent one 2-hr heat exposure at 1, 3, and 5 weeks post-acclimation, and one that underwent one 2-hr heat exposure session at 2,4, and 6 weeks. Complete loss of accl...
THEOLOGY AND THE HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE: I

Premiere partie d'un article consacre aux rapports entre la theologie et le principe d'incertitude d'Heisenberg. A peu d'exceptions pres, les physiciens se sont generalement satisfaits d'exploiter l'extraordinaire potentialite de la theorie des quanta, ne se souciant pas de la nature de la realite physique elle-meme. Les theologiens de leur cote se sont contentes d'adapter leur pensee aux les lois classiques de la physique newtonienne ayant des difficultes a se familiariser avec un concept aussi ardu et, selon eux, inadapte a l'experience humaine immediate. Apres avoir presente la theorie des quanta, l'A. explique ses implications immediates ainsi que les corrections apportees aux premieres conclusions
Neuronal gap junction coupling as the primary determinant of the extent of glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity

In the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), coupling of neurons by gap junctions (electrical synapses) increases during early postnatal development, then decreases, but increases in the mature CNS following neuronal injury, such as ischemia, traumatic brain injury and epilepsy. Glutamate-dependent neuronal death also occurs in the CNS during development and neuronal injury, i.e., at the time when neuronal gap junction coupling is increased. Here, we review our recent studies on regulation of neuronal gap junction coupling by glutamate in developing and injured neurons and on the role of gap junctions in neuronal cell death. A modified model of the mechanisms of glutamate-dependent neuronal death is discussed, which includes neuronal gap junction coupling as a critical part of these mechanisms.
Quasielastic laser light scattering and electron microscopy studies of the conformational transitions and condensation of poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT).

Poly(dA-dT) · poly(dA-dT) undergoes a reversible conformational transition in the presence of Co(NH3) or spermidine in low salt (10 mM NaCl + 1 mM Na cacodylate). This transition is similar, as judged by changes in the CD spectrum, to the B-to-X transition of the polymer provoked by alcohol and Cs+ [Vorlickova et al. (1983) J. Mol. Biol.166, 85–92; (1982) Nucleic Acids Res.10, 6969–6979] and by meso-substituted porphyrin ligands [Carvlin et al. (1983) Nucleic Acids Res.11, 6141–6154]. Under the salt conditions indicated, the CD transition begins with Co(NH3) at about 70 μM and is complete by 150 μM; with spermidine, it begins at about 300 μM and is complete by 600 μM. Total intensity light scattering shows a marked increase at trivalent cation concentrations somewhat below those at which the CD transition begins. Quasielastic laser light scattering (QLS) measurement of the translational diffusion coefficient, DT, shows that, in the presence of Co(NH3), the hydrodynamic radius, Rh, increases from 260 to 1450 A over the concentration range of 25 to 200 μM. With spermidine, Rh is 550±50 A up to 200 μM, then increases rapidly. Values of Rh in this range are generally found for toroidal or other compact condensed forms of DNA. Such forms—toroidal, spheroidal, and rodlike structures—are observed in electron micrographs of poly(dA-dT) · poly(dA-dT) when the trivalent cation concentration is in the transition range. Above that range, extensive aggregation of the polymer chains is seen. Taken together, these results suggest a sequenc of related secondary and tertiary structure changes as trivalent cations are added to a low-salt solution of poly(dA-dT) · poly(dA-dT). At very low Co(NH3) or spermidine, condensation of the polymer takes place while it is still in the B-form. Further additions of trivalent cation provoke a transition from B- to X-form, finally resulting in extensively aggregated polymer. These results are different from those generally observed with native DNA, where condensation with polyamines or Co(NH3) in aqueous solution is not accompanied by secondary structural change. They are also different from those we have seen with poly(dG-me5dC) · poly(dG-me5dC), where condensation and the B–Z transition occur at the same ionic conditions. These distinctions are another entry in the growing catalog of sequence-dependent structural effects that may be important in the regulation of the biological activity of DNA.
Some Loxosomatidae (Entoprocta) from the Atlantic coast of the United States

Abstract Eleven species of Loxosomatidae from Woods Hole, Mass., Beaufort, N. c., and Miami, Fla. are described; eight species are new to science including one representing a new genus. The budding of Loxosomella kefersteini has been followed and it appears that a bud is formed in only 5–6 days.
New nondestructive tests, from frames

The usefulness (Lubkin, 1976; Lubkin and Lubkin, 1979) ofB-plexes, an extension of Dirac's familiar observable (Dirac, 1947), is illustrated in a computation of all nondestructive tests over a system of finite ket-space dimensionn. These are tests whoseB outcomes are proportional to corresponding pure final states. The unitary motions of the system and aB-dimensional register, which effect such tests, depend very simply onn vectors from a frame inB-space. CaseB>n is not empty, and so presents nondestructive testing with nonorthogonal final states. The step where reduction of the wave packet happens, equivalently, computation of an Everett relative state, is given in an Appendix.
Arbitrary single-qubit operations without energy relaxation in a three-level SQUID qubit

A novel approach is proposed for realizing an arbitrary single-qubit operation gate with a three-level SQUID qubit via pulsed-microwave manipulation. In this approach, the two logical states of the qubit are represented by the two lowest levels of the SQUID and an intermediate level is utilized for the gate manipulation. The method does not involve population in the intermediate level or tunneling between the two logical qubit states during the gate operation. Moreover, we show that in general, the three-level gate is much faster than the conventional two-level gate.
Duality in the Creep Rupture of a Polycrystalline Alumina

Creep rupture experiments performed on a polycrystalline alumina have revealed a duality in fracture behavior associated with a crack blunting threshold. At high stresses, or in the presence of large preexisting flaws, fracture is dictated by the slow creep growth of flaws and exhibits substantial statistical variability. At lower stresses, preexisting flaws blunt, and failure is delayed. In this regime, failure occurs by the coalescence of creep damage, manifested as shear bands, and the failure strain becomes inversely dependent on the applied stress.
Meeting the challenge of bioterrorism: lessons learned from West Nile virus and anthrax.

Hospital emergency departments (EDs) and ambulatory clinics may be the first to recognize illness related to a bioterrorist event. Every health-care institution must develop a weapons-of-mass- destruction (WMD) preparedness plan as part of its all-hazards disaster planning. As part of an all-hazards disaster plan, WMD preparedness should use the incident-command model to insure the required chain of command for effectively coordinating activities between hospital departments and external agencies. Preparedness for bioterrorism poses unique challenges. In the event of a biological attack, the hospital infection control staff and administration must already have in place the means to communicate with local and state public health agencies, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), local law-enforcement agencies, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Local and regional planners must consider how to coordinate the responses of emergency medical services (EMS), police, and fire departments with healthcare providers and the news media. Most hospitals are ill equipped to deal with a catastrophic event caused by WMD. The burden of responding to such events will fall initially on ED physicians and staff members. The severity of such an incident might be mitigated with careful planning, training and education. The responses of one hospital network to the outbreak of West Nile virus and, more recently, to the threat of anthrax, are presented as guides for bioterrorism preparedness.
Microstructural effects on ambient and elevated temperature fatigue crack growth in titanium aluminide intermetallics

The role of microstructure in influencing the fatigue crack growth characteristics of a Ti-Al-Nb alloy at room temperature and at 700 °C is investigated. Specifically, duplex microstructures composed of different proportions of α2 and β phases are produced by systematic heat treatments. The mechanisms of fatigue fracture in the dual-phase microstructures are examined, with particular attention devoted to the path of the fatigue crack through the microstructure and to the estimation of an intrinsic resistance to fatigue failure. The effects of test temperature, cyclic frequency, load ratio, environment, and crack closure on the fatigue behavior are also discussed. The results indicate that the different α2+ β microstructures investigated in this work exhibit fatigue crack growth rates which differ by as much as a factor of 500 at room temperature. Furthermore, microstructures with approximately the same overall yield strength and fracture toughness show variations in rates of fatigue crack propagation which differ by two orders of magnitude at the same imposed value of stress intensity factor range. Such differences, however, are drastically reduced in the elevated temperature environment. Furthermore, microscopic mechanisms of fatigue crack growth at room temperature are distinctly different from those observed at the elevated temperature, with the test temperature having either a deleterious or beneficial effect on fatigue resistance, depending on the microstructural constitution. A quantitative description of the inherent effects of microstructure on the rates of fatigue crack growth is presented for different heat-treatment conditions in an attempt to provide guidelines for the development of titanium aluminide alloys with superior resistance to cyclic fracture.
Atomic force microscopy of ultraviolet-induced surface erosion on potassium iodide

Abstract Ultraviolet laser radiation (Ti: sapphire 4th harmonic) tuneable in the exciton absorption region of KI was used to produce near-surface excitation of potassium iodide samples on the stage of an atomic force microscope. Surface images with lateral resolution of ∼50 nm and vertical resolution of ∼3 nm have been recorded versus exposure to 5.9-eV light. Ultraviolet exposures in air were made both during AFM scanning and with the tip disengaged. Circular pits of a size dependent on uv intensity are formed quickly, followed by appearance of islands ascribed to potassium (oxidized), and finally formation of a rough eroded surface, which continues to develop after termination of the uv irradiation. Thallium doping slows the rate of erosion.
Norm, network, and commons: The invisible hand of community

Abstract Formal models of collective action invariably presume individually rational actors and utility maximizing behavior. Ostrom reasoned that, if communities act to solve collective action problems, it is because of the strategic advantage of cooperative behavior in repeated game situations. In this article, we argue that, along with this logic, there are also instances when collective action arises out of other motivations – e.g., other-regard, tradition, empathy, and others that do not translate to individual rationality. Our new model formally depicts this using decision parameters that lie outside of individual utility and employs non-utilitarian decision logics – i.e., a vector payoff model that is more general than extant attempts at modeling other-regard. We review the literature that justifies this alternative model and illustrate it in real-world situations, such as recycling, that are better explained by the new model. The new model formally explains the power of non-community-like social networks in engendering collective action. In conclusion, we suggest that society is ridden with institutions that prevent people from acting upon intrinsic norms of fairness and empathy. In contrast, when we refashion institutional practices to increase recognition (i.e., identifiability of the recipients of one's actions), then we allow people to act in ways true to their authentic selves.
Experimental determination of the loss and phase transfer functions of a magnetic recording channel

The loss transfer function of a magnetic recording channel can be readily measured, but delay between writing and reading prevents simple measurement of the phase function. A method is described for experimental determination of these functions for a binary digital magnetic recording channel under conditions similar to normal use, so that the effects of channel parameter variations can be determined. The method involves writing a binary data sequence, reading the resulting output, digitizing and calculating the desired functions by use of the Fast Fourier Transform. A measurement system for achieving adequate accuracy in scanning, sampling and synchronization is described. Examples illustrate the results obtainable, and compare AC biased with unbiased recording, and with theoretical model calculations.
The Second International African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium for the study of viral, genetic and environmental cancer risk factors.

The Second International Conference of the African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium (AC3) was held on May 12–13, 2008 at the Wyndham Miami Airport Hotel & Executive Meeting Center in Miami, FL, USA. The conference was organized by the University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health and the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute. The AC3 (http://www.ac-ca-consortium.org) was established in 2006 for the study of viral, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors for cancer in populations of African descent [1]. The goals of this year's conference were to provide a forum for the Consortium members to (1) share their research accomplishments (2) Identify areas for further study and (3) build new collaborations. There were 38 attendees that represented institutions from various countries: The Bahamas; Barbados; Guyana; Jamaica; Nigeria, Africa; Trinidad and Tobago; and the United States (US). The attendees had an opportunity to present their research either through oral or poster presentations. Networking and further discussions were facilitated by question and answer periods after each presentation as well as during the session breaks and dinner reception.
Quasiparticle thermal conductivities in a type-II superconductor at high magnetic fields

We present a calculation of the quasiparticle contribution to the longitudinal thermal conductivities ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{xx}}(H,T)$ (perpendicular to the external field) and ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{zz}}(H,T)$ (parallel to the external field) as well as the transverse (Hall) thermal conductivity ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{xy}}(H,T)$ of an extreme type-II superconductor in a high magnetic field ${(H}_{c1}\ensuremath{\ll}Hl{H}_{c2})$ and at low temperatures. In the limit of frequency and temperature approaching zero $(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}0,\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{T}0),$ both longitudinal and transverse conductivities upon entering the superconducting state undergo a reduction from their respective normal state values by the factor $(\ensuremath{\Gamma}/\ensuremath{\Delta}{)}^{2},$ which measures the size of the region at the Fermi surface containing gapless quasiparticle excitations. We use our theory to numerically compute the longitudinal transport coefficient in borocarbide and A-15 superconductors. The agreement with recent experimental data on ${\mathrm{LuNi}}_{2}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}\mathrm{C}$ is very good.
A Spectral Analysis of Transactions Stock Market Data

Several studies have used spectral analysis to analyze stock market data and conclude that the spectrum of price changes is “white noise” or very nearly so. This paper argues that such results are an artifact of improperly analyzing the data. For a random sample of twenty stocks from the NYSE, it is shown that stock price changes are not even approximately white noise, and the spectra of individual stocks vary substantially. Additionally, cross spectral analysis reveals marked differences between the interaction of price change and volume, and contradicts “stylized facts” from time domain analyses of the price-volume relation.
Vibration Anesthesia for the Reduction of Pain with Facial Dermal Filler Injections

Vibration anesthesia is an effective pain-reduction technique for facial cosmetic injections. The analgesic effect of this method was tested in this study during facial dermal filler injections. The study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of vibration anesthesia for these facial injections. This prospective study analyzed 41 patients who received dermal filler injections to the nasolabial folds, tear troughs, cheeks, and other facial sites. The injections were administered in a randomly assigned split-face design. One side of the patient’s face received vibration together with dermal filler injections, whereas the other side received dermal filler injections alone. The patients completed a posttreatment questionnaire pertaining to injection pain, adverse effects, and preference for vibration with future dermal filler injections. The patients experienced both clinically and statistically significant pain reduction when a vibration stimulus was co-administered with the dermal filler injections. No adverse events were reported. The majority of the patients (95 %) reported a preference for vibration anesthesia with subsequent dermal filler injections. Vibration is a safe and effective method of achieving anesthesia during facial dermal filler injections. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Group Effects on Individual Inferences

Group effects on individual inferences were studied to determine whether risky shifts in individual judgments would follow group decisions. Ss were asked to make likelihood ratio estimations in a non-cumulative condition and cumulative odds estimates in another condition. Ss were either in individual followed by group conditions or the reverse. Both natural and ad hoc 5-person groups were used. The normative model provided by Bayes' theorem was used to examine groups with effects on individual judgments. Natural and ad hoc groups did not differ. Noncumulative likelihood-ratio groups were veridical compared with the normative model. Although cumulative odds group were conservative in their judgments, no systematic shifts in a risky or conservative direction were found for either task. The group had an anchoring or conformity effect on later judgments of individuals, but this effect was not in the direction of veridicality.
Painting a perspective on the landscape of nucleosome positioning.

Abstract DNA sequence influences the position of nucleosomes and chromatin architecture. The extent to which underlying DNA sequence affects nucleosome positioning is currently a topic of considerable discussion and active experimentation. To contribute to the discussion, I will outline a few of the methods, data and arguments that I find compelling and believe will ultimately resolve the question of what positions nucleosomes. Basically, I will give a portrait of my current perspective on what influences the landscape of nucleosome positioning and chromatin architecture.
Computerized visual field defects in posterior cortical atrophy

Background and objective: Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a progressive neurodegenerative syndrome that presents with cortical visual dysfunction and relatively preserved memory. Although higher cortical visual syndromes are well known in PCA, visual field defects detected by computerized visual field (CVF) perimetry have not been systematically described. The objective of this study was to describe CVF defects measured by threshold perimetry in PCA. Methods: This was a retrospective case series of patients meeting proposed PCA diagnostic criteria seen in the Neuro-ophthalmology and Neurobehavior Clinics at the University of Colorado during 2002 to 2006. History, examination, neuroimaging, autopsy, and CVF studies were analyzed. Results: Nine of 11 patients who met the criteria for PCA and had CVF testing were included. Seven of the 9 patients had homonymous hemianopia or quadrantanopia, and 2 had bilateral constriction. All patients progressed to dementia. Criteria were met for probable Alzheimer disease (AD) in 7, definite AD in 1, and definite dementia with Lewy bodies associated with AD pathology in 1. Seven of 9 patients had early and prominent complaints of difficulty driving. Conclusions: CVF defects were characterized by homonymous visual field defects or bilateral constriction. Eight of 9 patients progressed to probable or definite AD, but the CVF defects were distinctly different from those in typical AD. This observation probably reflects a posterior shift of cortical pathology to the primary and early secondary visual cortices in PCA. CVF testing should be considered in older patients with unexplained visual complaints, particularly when associated with difficulty driving, which may indicate the possibility of PCA and prompt early neurobehavioral evaluation.
Combining Surveillance Systems: Effective Merging of U.S. Veteran and Military Health Data

Background The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and Department of Defense (DoD) had more than 18 million healthcare beneficiaries in 2011. Both Departments conduct individual surveillance for disease events and health threats. Methods We performed joint and separate analyses of VA and DoD outpatient visit data from October 2006 through September 2010 to demonstrate geographic and demographic coverage, timeliness of influenza epidemic awareness, and impact on spatial cluster detection achieved from a joint VA and DoD biosurveillance platform. Results Although VA coverage is greater, DoD visit volume is comparable or greater. Detection of outbreaks was better in DoD data for 58% and 75% of geographic areas surveyed for seasonal and pandemic influenza, respectively, and better in VA data for 34% and 15%. The VA system tended to alert earlier with a typical H3N2 seasonal influenza affecting older patients, and the DoD performed better during the H1N1 pandemic which affected younger patients more than normal influenza seasons. Retrospective analysis of known outbreaks demonstrated clustering evidence found in separate DoD and VA runs, which persisted with combined data sets. Conclusion The analyses demonstrate two complementary surveillance systems with evident benefits for the national health picture. Relative timeliness of reporting could be improved in 92% of geographic areas with access to both systems, and more information provided in areas where only one type of facility exists. Combining DoD and VA data enhances geographic cluster detection capability without loss of sensitivity to events isolated in either population and has a manageable effect on customary alert rates.
Estimating Small-Body Gravity Field from Shape Model and Navigation Data

This paper presents a method to model the external gravity field and to estimate the internal density variation of a small-body. We first discuss the modeling problem, where we assume the polyhedral shape and internal density distribution are given, and model the body interior using finite elements definitions, such as cubes and spheres. The gravitational attractions computed from these approaches are compared with the true uniform-density polyhedral attraction and the level of accuracies are presented. We then discuss the inverse problem where we assume the body shape, radiometric measurements, and a priori density constraints are given, and estimate the internal density variation by estimating the density of each finite element. The result shows that the accuracy of the estimated density variation can be significantly improved depending on the orbit altitude, finite-element resolution, and measurement accuracy.
Conformational barrier crossing in the water dimer cluster of coumarin 151 studied by infrared optical double-resonance spectroscopy

Abstract Vibronically induced conformational relaxation is reported between two distinct structures of the jet-cooled cluster coumarin 151/(H2O)2. The process involves transfer of the water dimer in the electronically excited state over a distance of ≈8 A between sites on the coumarin molecule, governed by an activation energy of 60 cm −1 .
Distribution of the feature [+animate] in the lexicon of the child

Piaget suggests that animistic thinking is a pervasive feature of children's cognition. To test this notion, 4- to 8-year-old children were shown several inanimate objects and asked to pick those which perform activities characteristic of living organisms. These activities were typified by six verbs: “eat,” “sleep,” “breathe,” “grow,” “die,”, and “be alive.” Fifty percent of the younger children responded animistically, by misattributing life processes to inanimate objects, but only 18% of their total responses were animistic. Twenty percent of the older children responded animistically, but only 20% of their responses were animistic. In Experiment II, children were shown drawings singly and asked if the object could perform activities named by one of the six verbs. Results were similar to those of Experiment I but with somewhat less animism. Experiment III required children to spontaneously name things that are alive. There were no animistic responses. It was concluded that animistic thinking is not a genuine phenomenon but linguistic confusion elicited by novel objects and unfamiliar words.
Design, synthesis, modeling, biological evaluation and photoaffinity labeling studies of novel series of photoreactive benzamide probes for histone deacetylase 2

The design, modeling, synthesis, biological evaluation of a novel series of photoreactive benzamide probes for class I HDAC isoforms is reported. The probes are potent and selective for HDAC1 and 2 and are efficient in crosslinking to HDAC2 as demonstrated by photolabeling experiments. The probes exhibit a time-dependent inhibition of class I HDACs. The inhibitory activities of the probes were influenced by the positioning of the aryl and alkyl azido groups necessary for photocrosslinking and attachment of the biotin tag. The probes inhibited the deacetylation of H4 in MDA-MB-231 cell line, indicating that they are cell permeable and target the nuclear HDACs.
Pentylenetetrazol: Facilitation of classical discrimination conditioning in rabbits

Subcutaneous injections of pentylenetetrazol (25 mg/kg) reliably increased the rate of nictitating membrane acquisition and enhanced a respiration rate discrimination between stimuli, while leaving rate of heart rate conditioning and discrimination formation unaffected. These effects were response and dosage dependent, with the greatest enhancement of performance occurring at dosages just under the convulsion threshold. The data suggest that pentylenetetrazol enhanced performance in the nictitating membrane response system by increasing the probability that Ss would move from an inactive to an active response state.
Universally applicable uniaxial perfect matched layer formulation for explicit and implicit finite difference time domain algorithms

An important advance in the finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithms is Berenger's perfect matched layer (PML), along with its derivatives. In recent years several new explicit and implicit FDTD algorithms have appeared on the scene, of which each requires a specific PML. To simplify programming, the authors derive a universal uniaxial PML formulation, which is universally applicable to the Yee FDTD, FDTD with higher-order stencils and implicit FDTD algorithms. Numerical results show the efficiency and versatility of the new method.
A BLACK MAN IN THE WHITE HOUSE

Race and patriotism were recurring themes during the 2008 presidential campaign that were used to highlight differences between Barack Obama and his opponents. Yet we know little about how racism and patriotism ultimately affected support for Obama among Whites. Appeals to working-class Whites, a lot of which were thinly veiled allusions to Obama's race and perceived lack of patriotism, also figured prominently in the campaign. Accordingly, this paper explores how racism and patriotism shaped support for Obama, as well as the extent to which the effect of each is moderated by class. We find that rising symbolic racism dampened his support among Whites, as did patriotism. Moreover, we find the effects of patriotism on support for Obama were contingent upon class.
Synthesis of dirhodium[3H]tetraacetate

Realizing a need for labeled dirhodium tetraacetate [Rh2/OAc/4] for binding studies by the equilibrium dialysis procedure, we have established a method for the preparation and purification of [3H]Rh2/OAc/4. This is obtained with a tritium label of a sufficiently high specific activity in the methyl group of acetate residues. The method consists of replacement of the existing acetate bridge by [3H]OAc−. A typical preparation involves refluxing Rh2/OAc/4 with [3H]NaOAc in dry ethanol at 80°C for 6 h. The reaction time is critical for obtaining the product with a high specific activity. A simple purification of reaction products yields the compound of interest with a high specific activity, i. e., 315±10 Ci per mol of Rh2/OAc/4 and in satisfactory yield /87% of the starting material., This labeled material can be synthesized with greatly increased specific activity /of tritium in acetate groups/ by employing [3H]NaOAc without prior dilution. The labeled Rh2/OAc/4 is stable and yields a characteristic product with adenylic acid.
Surveying a nationally representative internet-based panel to obtain timely estimates of influenza vaccination rates

We studied the feasibility of using an internet-based panel survey to obtain timely and accurate population-based data on influenza vaccination. We surveyed a nationally representative sample of US adults (n=3043) via the internet about use of influenza vaccination during the 2007-8 influenza vaccination season. We compared the internet-based rates to those from the 2004 and 2008 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS). The internet-based rates were comparable to those from the NHIS and were obtained in less than six weeks following the end of influenza vaccination season. We conclude that an internet-based approach can yield accurate estimates of end-of-season influenza vaccination rates in time to support improved management of the subsequent season.
Menstrual Perceptions and Preparation Among Female Adolescents

Seventy-four 8th- and 10th-grade students attending a private girls' school in Hawaii were queried about their perceptions of and preparation for menstruation using a questionnaire administered in a health education class. Eighty percent had already started menstruating. The most frequently cited perceptions by the respondents referred to both the inconveniences and the normalcy of menstruation. Many were first informed about menstruation by their mothers and stated that they also first informed their mothers when they started menstruating. Surprise, fear, and embarrassment were common initial reactions, while strong negative or positive emotions were more rare. Only 35% wanted boys and girls together during class discussion, but 89% stated that boys needed to be informed about menstruation. The most frequent reasons cited for noncoed settings were the girls' concern about their comfort in openly discussing menstruation. Thirty-eight percent thought parents should inform other siblings when they started menstruation, although almost half gave specific conditions the parents should consider. The majority thought the fifth to sixth grades were the best times to introduce menstruation content.
Vitamin E does not modulate plasma lipid profile or C-reactive protein despite suppressing oxidative stress in orchiectomized rats.

Vitamin E is known to improve antioxidant status and to prevent lipoprotein oxidation. However, the effect of vitamin E on other cardiovascular risk factors, including C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipid profile status, in orchiectomized rats is unknown. In the present study, 32 1-year-old male rats were randomized into two groups: a sham-control group (n = 8) and an orchiectomized group (n = 24). The orchiectomized group was divided into three groups of eight and assigned to one of the following treatments: orchiectomy (ORX), ORX + vitamin E mixture (65.6 mg/kg) diet, or ORX + vitamin E mixture (656 mg/kg) diet. For 120 days all four groups consumed a basal AIN-93M diet, while the vitamin E groups ate diets containing an additional vitamin E mixture. Four months after the study began, all the rats were killed, the blood was collected, and the plasma was assayed for antioxidant status, CRP, lipid profile, and indices of peroxidation. ORX decreased (P < .05) the plasma antioxidant status, superoxide dismuta...
A response rule for positive and negative stimulus interaction in associative learning and performance.

The present article presents a response rule developed to account for both positive and negative stimulus interaction. In the response rule proposed here, positive interaction phenomena (e.g., second-order conditioning) and negative interaction phenomena (e.g., Pavlovian conditioned inhibition) are presumed to occur during performance and acquisition, respectively. Also, in this rule the novelty of the test stimulus determines the expression of positive interaction on responding. As the stimulus loses its novelty over training, positive interaction effects will wane, which will allow negative interaction effects to emerge in responding elicited by the stimulus. It is proposed that this response rule can be adopted by acquisition-focused associative models (e.g., Rescorla & Wagner, 1972) in order to account for contrary associative phenomena in the literature. The simulation program used in this study is available for download from the author’s website and from the Psychonomic Society website at www.psychonomic.org/archive.
Activation of Cell-Specific Expression of Rat Growth Hormone and Prolactin Genes by a Common Transcription Factor

In the anterior pituitary gland, there are five phenotypically distinct cell types, including cells that produce either prolactin (lactotrophs) or growth hormone (somatotrophs). Multiple, related cis-active elements that exhibit synergistic interactions appear to be the critical determinants of the transcriptional activation of the rat prolactin and growth hormone genes. A common positive tissue-specific transcription factor, referred to as Pit-1, appears to bind to all the cell-specific elements in each gene and to be required for the activation of both the prolactin and growth hormone genes. The data suggest that, in the course of development, a single tissue-specific factor activates sets of genes that ultimately exhibit restricted cell-specific expression and define cellular phenotype.
Creep test method for determination of Anand parameters for lead free solders and their variation with aging

Experimental testing and microstructural characterization have revealed that lead-free solders exhibit evolving properties that change significantly with environmental exposures such as isothermal aging and thermal cycling. These changes are especially large in harsh environments, where the effects of aging on solder joint behavior must be accounted for and included in constitutive models when predicting reliability. In our prior work, the Anand viscoplastic model has been used to establish theoretical equations for the uniaxial stress-strain response (constant strain rate) and creep response of lead-free solders. Procedures were also developed for extracting the Anand model constants from experimental stress-strain or creep data. A revised Anand constitutive model for lead free solder material that includes aging effects was also investigated. In that work, the evolutions of the Anand parameters with aging were found using stress-strain testing. In this study, we have extended our prior work to investigate aging effects on the creep curves of lead free solder materials, and to use the observed changes to determine the evolution of the Anand model parameters with aging using the creep test procedure. In particular, Anand parameters for SAC305 (Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu) lead free solder were found from aging dependent creep test data for samples subjected to prior aging at 100 C for various time durations (0-6 months). For each set of aging conditions, creep data were measured at several stress levels (σ = 6, 8, 10, 12 and 15 MPa) and several testing temperatures (T = 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 C). Mathematical expressions were also developed to model the evolution of the Anand model parameter with aging time. Our findings show that 2 of the 9 Anand parameters remain essentially constant during aging, while the other 7 show large changes (30-70%) with up to 6 months of aging at 100 C. The results also show that the changes are rapid during first 20 days of aging. After that, they change slowly and linearly for longer aging times. The determined variation of Anand parameters from the creep test method was also compared with our prior results obtained from using stressstrain test data, and good agreement was found between the results of the two methods. Finally, the creep curves for different aging times have been predicted using the different sets of Anand parameters that are appropriate for those aging times. Good correlation was observed between the experimental curves and the model predictions.
Determination of high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in the same population of cultured cells

Cholinergic neurons are a major constituent of the mammalian central nervous system. Acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter used by cholinergic neurons, is synthesized from choline and acetyl CoA by the enzymatic action of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The transport of choline into the cholinergic neurons, which results in synthesis of ACh, is hemicholinium-sensitive and is referred to as high-affinity choline uptake (HACU). Thus, the formation of acetylcholine in cholinergic neurons largely depends on both the levels of choline being transported into the cells from the extracellular space and the activity of ChAT. Several methods were described previously to measure HACU and ChAT simultaneously in synaptosomes, but the same for cultured cells is lacking. We describe a procedure to measure HACU and ChAT at the same time in cultured cells by simple techniques employing radionuclides. In this procedure, we determined quantitatively hemicholinium-sensitive choline uptake and ChAT enzyme activity in a small number of differentiated human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cells. We also determined the kinetics of choline uptake in the SK-N-SH cells. We believe that these simple methods can be used for neurochemical and drug discovery studies in several models of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease.