cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nocturnal enuresis in children with upper airway obstruction.

Summary This article reviews 35 children between the ages of 3½ and 11 years who have had symptoms of upper airway obstruction and enuresis. Twenty-eight patients had primary enuresis, and 7 had secondary enuresis. Removal of upper airway obstruction by surgical intervention led to a significant decrease or complete cure of nocturnal enuresis in 26 patients. Four children were studied with polysomnographic tracings in relationship to their enuresis.
A new approach for solving stokes systems arising from a distributive relaxation method

The distributed relaxation method for the Stokes problem has been advertised as an adequate change of variables that leads to a lower triangular system with Laplace operators on the main diagonal for which multigrid methods are very efficient. We show that under high regularity of the Laplacian, the transformed system admits almost block-lower triangular form. We analyze the distributed relaxation method and compare it with other iterative methods for solving the Stokes system. We also present numerical experiments illustrating the effectiveness of the transformation which is well established for certain finite difference discretizations of Stokes problems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 000: 000–000, 2010
Polymer-coated metal endodontic stabilizers

Abstract The ability to attach polymer coatings firmly to metals has resulted in the successful utilization of polymer-coated pins as endodontic stabilizers. The metal core provides strength, and the porous polymer provides for the attachment of connective tissue fibers to the implant. Greater longevity appears to result from the superiority of polymer-coated endodontic stabilizers over plain metal stabilizers. Polymer-coated metal pins can be used to strengthen teeth for fixed bridgework. For the endosseous implant to be successful, endodontic therapy must be carried out successfully and an apical seal must be effected.
Unexpected heterogeneity of multifunctional T cells in response to superantigen stimulation in humans

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a potentially life threatening condition characterized by fever, rash, shock, and multi-organ failure. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a well characterized superantigen that has been shown to play an important role in TSS. Although the precise mechanisms by which SEB and other superantigens cause TSS are unknown, induction of a pro-inflammatory cytokine cascade appears central to this phenomenon. We show that CD4+ and CD8+ Teffector/memory (T(EM)) and other subsets produce IL-17A following SEB stimulation. We also show that IL-17A is co-produced with other pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α). These responses are significantly different than those elicited by mitogenic stimulation. Multifunctional IL-17A producing cells possess markers typical of the T(H)17/T(C)17 and T(H)1 subsets, including CCR6, IL-22, and transcription factors retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor (ROR)-γt and T-bet. These results suggest a possible role for IL-17A-producing multifunctional T cells in the pathogenesis of TSS.
Distributed Artificial Intelligence in manufacturing systems control

Abstract This research uses a Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI) framework to efficiently utilize the infrastructure available for process planning in a batch processing PWB assembly facility. The DAI approach decomposes the entire production control task into several sub-tasks. Then, the sub-tasks are implemented by the basic elements of the DAI system called ‘intelligent agents’. By working collectively, the intelligent agents of the DAI system can arrive at a solution for the problem. The DAI system initially proposes all possible solutions generated by the intelligent agents. Then, a fuzzy coordination technique is utilized to evaluate the solutions and to find the most appropriate one for shopfloor implementation. Using inputs such as the short-term production plan, design data, shopfloor observation data, and CAD information, the DAI system provides applicable production plans with ranks for the feasibility of current assembly activities.
A suggested blueprint for psychiatric rehabilitation

Two major models may be applied in the rehabilitation of the emotionally disturbed. The first is the medical model, which conceives of emotional disturbance as an illness, to be treated in hospitals and by other medical means. The second is the social-psychological model, which conceives of emotional disturbance as a disorder in interpersonal relationships resulting in alienation from and lack of communication with others. The explicit recognition and acceptance of this model would complete a revolution in the treatment of the emotionally disturbed second only to that which occurred when the medical model replaced the magico-religious model. It would enable us to develop a program which can integrate developments such as the open door hospital, the therapeutic community, social clubs and halfway houses.
A new system for washing ion-exchange paper disks used in radiochemical enzyme assays

Abstract A new device has been developed for the removal of radioactive substrate from ion-exchange paper disks, leaving ionized product bound to the paper. It has a number of important advantages over older methods of washing the ion-exchange paper: (1) It is much more thorough and efficient; background absorption of unionized material is reduced to relatively low levels. (2) Fragile media such as DEAE-substituted paper (DE81) are not subjected to the erosive effects of stirrers or agitators. (3) The disks remain organized throughout the sample application and washing procedure, eliminating need for time-consuming sorting of wet radioactive disks after washing. A larger number of assays can therefore be processed conveniently at one time. (4) Radioactive nucleosides and other adsorbable substrates are collected in a cartridge, eliminating the handling and sinkdisposal of large volumes or excessive quantities of radioactive materials.
EVIDENCE FOR SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN THE MARINE DINOFLAGELLATES, PYROCYSTIS NOCTILUCA AND PYROCYSTIS LUNULA (DINOPHYTA)

Evidence for sexual reproduction was observed in two oceanic dinoflagellate species, Pyrocystis noctiluca Murray ex Haeckel and Pyrocystis lunula (Schutt) Schutt. Observations suggest that cells underwent fertilization as opposed to cell division because of the following: first, fusing cells had a conspicuous pore (fusion pore) connecting the two gametes; dividing cells lacked this feature. In culture, about 0.1% of P. noctiluca cells had a fusion pore, which serves as a possible site for gamete recognition on the cell wall. Second, we document a temporal progression of plasmogamy and karyogamy. Fusion events in both species were observed at the beginning of the day, whereas division stages were most apparent at the end of the day.
Three-dimensional sonographic evaluation of developmental dysplasia of the hip: preliminary findings.

PURPOSE: To determine the value of three-dimensional (3D) sonography in the evaluation of developmental dysplasia of the hip. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 3D reconstruction and section analysis were performed on 38 data acquisitions obtained in nine patients with a clinical diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip. Data were obtained mostly in the coronal plane, and section-analysis and 3D volume reconstruction images were generated. RESULTS: Of the 32 image sets obtained in the coronal plane, the technical quality of 27 (84%) section-analysis images and 25 (78%) spatial-revolving images was judged to be satisfactory. CONCLUSION: In addition to permitting global visualization of the hip, 3D sonography offers imaging in the sagittal and craniocaudal projections, something no other modality can offer. 3D sonography can also demonstrate the relationship of the femoral head to the acetabulum and femoral head containment more thoroughly than does conventional sonography.
Nitric Oxide-Dependent Induction of Glutathione Synthesis through Increased Expression of γ-Glutamylcysteine Synthetase

Abstract The nitric oxide (NO) donors S -nitrosopenicillamine or DetaNONOate, which release NO at a rate of 0–15 nM sec −1 , were exposed to rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells for a period of 0–24 h. This treatment resulted in an increase in total glutathione levels of two- to threefold under conditions where no cytotoxicity was detected. The signaling pathways do not involve activation of protein kinase G Iα nor are they cGMP dependent. Oxidation of reduced glutathione (GSH) was found after exposure to NO for 3–4 h at rates of formation at or above 8 nM sec −1 . Increased intracellular GSH was due to enhanced expression of the rate-limiting enzyme for GSH synthesis, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Since NO has been shown previously to protect cells against oxidative stress, we propose that the increase in GSH by NO is a potential mechanism for enhancing the antioxidant defenses of the cell. This result also has important implications for identifying redox-sensitive cell signaling pathways that can be activated by NO.
Functional interaction of yeast elongation factor 3 with yeast ribosomes.

Abstract Elongation factor 3 (EF-3) is a unique and essential requirement of the fungal translational apparatus. EF-3 is a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 116,000. EF-3 is required by yeast ribosomes for in vitro translation and for in vivo growth. The protein stimulates the binding of EF-1α:GTP:aa-tRNA ternary complex to the ribosomal A-site by facilitating release of deacylated-tRNA from the E-site. The reaction requires ATP hydrolysis. EF-3 contains two ATP-binding sequence motifs (NBS). NBSI is sufficient for the intrinsic ATPase function. NBSII is essential for ribosome-stimulated activity. By limited proteolysis, EF-3 was divided into two distinct functional domains. The N-terminal domain lacking the highly charged lysine blocks failed to bind ribosomes and was inactive in the ribosome-stimulated ATPase activity. The C-terminally derived lysine-rich fragment showed strong binding to yeast ribosomes. The purported S5 homology region of EF-3 at the N-terminal end has been reported to interact with 18S ribosomal RNA. We postulate that EF-3 contacts rRNA and/or protein(s) through the C-terminal end. Removal of these residues severely weakens its interaction mediated possibly through the N-terminal domain of the protein.
A simple model for straggling evaluation.

Simple straggling models had largely been abandoned in favor of Monte Carlo simulations of straggling which are accurate but time consuming, limiting their application in practice. The difficulty of simple analytic models is the failure to give accurate values past 85% of the particle range. A simple model is derived herein based on a second order approximation upon which rapid analysis tools are developed for improved understanding of material charged particle transmission properties.
Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Juvenile Chronic Arthritis

A seven year old boy with seronegative systemic onset juvenile chronic arthritis who developed dilated cardiomyopathy, is presented. Treatment with methotrexate, prednisone, and digitalis has been successful in controlling the acute phase of the disease and congestive heart failure.
Visual servoing control of a 9-DoF WMRA to perform ADL tasks

The wheelchair-mounted robotic arm (WMRA) is a mobile manipulator that consists of a 7-DoF robotic arm and a 2-DoF power wheelchair platform. Previous works combined mobility and manipulation control using weighted optimization for dual-trajectory tracking [7]. In this work, we present an image-based visual servoing (IBVS) approach with scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) using an eye-in-hand monocular camera for combined control of mobility and manipulation for the 9-DoF WMRA system to execute activities of daily living (ADL) autonomously. We also present results of the physical implementation with a simple “Go to and Pick Up” task and the “Go to and Open the Door” task previously published in simulation, using IBVS to aid the task performance.
Biomechanical evaluation of subscapularis repair used during shoulder arthroplasty

Dysfunction of the subscapularis after total shoulder replacement has become concerning and may represent poor tendon healing after surgical repair. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the restoration of subscapularis footprint anatomy and failure strength for subscapularis repair via transosseous tunnels and a second anatomic repair via combined transosseous tunnels and direct tendon-to-tendon repair. Six matched pairs of fresh-frozen human cadaveric shoulders were used, with one shoulder from each pair randomly assigned to a transosseous repair and the contralateral shoulder assigned to a combined transosseous tunnel and direct tendon-to-tendon repair. The repair footprint was digitized. Cyclic loading to the tendon repair was performed followed by a constant ramp displacement to complete failure. The transosseous tunnel repair insertional footprint area (228.6 mm 2 ) was significantly less than that of the native footprint (697.3 mm 2 ), and the footprint centroid moved 9.1 mm medially ( P = .0001) and 5.5 mm superiorly ( P = .003). The combined repair required a statistically significantly greater number of cycles ( P = .028) to reach a 5-mm gap (205.7 ± 65.1) than did the isolated transosseous tunnel technique (76.4 ± 34.2). A similar greater number of cycles was observed for the 10-mm gap ( P = .01) for combined repair (307.5 ± 82.4) compared with isolated transosseous repair (166.2 ± 85.8). This study has shown that transosseous tunnel repair alters subscapularis insertional anatomy, resulting in weaker strength of fixation and less contact area when compared with combined transosseous tunnel and direct tendon-to-tendon repair.
The deceptively complicated “elevation ordinary high water mark” and the problem with using it on a Laurentian Great Lakes shore

Abstract In 2013 the Laurentian Great Lakes are at historically low levels; but they will undoubtedly rise again as they always have in an ongoing pattern of seasonal, annual and decadal fluctuations. Those fluctuations, coupled with other physical dynamics unique to the Great Lakes system, will continue to shift shorelines lake-ward and land-ward dramatically over time, perhaps more so because of increased storminess from climate change. These shifting shores implicate legal doctrines that attempt to balance public interests and private property rights at the shore, and they complicate the Great Lakes states' efforts to effectively and fairly manage their Great Lakes shorelands. One challenge comes from using an elevation-based standard to mark ordinary high water, a method that is difficult conceptually to administer and that yields multiple marks over time. We describe briefly Great Lakes shoreline dynamics and the application of state Public Trust Doctrines to those shorelines, and we discuss in detail recent litigation in Michigan regarding use of an elevation-based standard to mark ordinary high water, illustrating the inherent problems with that standard. We conclude that the elevation-based standard should be abandoned, or if not abandoned applied in a manner to adequately safeguard public trust shorelands.
Evidence for a defective mitochondrial membrane in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon adenocarcinoma in rat: Enhanced lipid peroxidation potential in vitro

Enhanced lipid peroxidation potential was measured in Holtzman rat colon tumors induced by chronic subcutaneous injection of 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine as compared with normal colonic tissue. The peroxidation potentials were determined in the mitochondrial cellular components by measuring the ferrous-ascorbate induced formation of malondialdehyde. The tumor mitochondria were found to peroxidize at a rate 8-10-fold higher than the comparable normal tissue components. In addition, we found that the mitochondria from the cancer cells exhibited reduced NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity. These observations suggest an involvement of non-enzymatic free radical flux in DMH-induced carcinogenesis, which may be the result of structurally altered mitochondrial membranes.
Complex Motions in a Periodically Forced Oscillator With Multiple Discontinuities

The complex motions in periodically forced oscillator with multiple discontinuities are investigated in this paper. From the local singularity theory in discontinuous systems, the passability condition of motion flow from one domain to the adjacent one in phase space is presented, and the sliding and grazing conditions of motion flows to discontinuous boundaries are given to understand the mechanism of such complex motions. From the separation boundary, the generic mappings are defined for mapping structures. A generalized mapping structure is introduced for all complex periodic motions, and the local stability and bifurcations of periodic motions in such a discontinuous system are discussed. The passability of motion flow to the discontinuous boundary is used for motion continuity, and the grazing condition of flow to the discontinuous boundary is employed for the vanishing of complex motion. Complex periodic motions with sliding and grazing in such a discontinuous system are predicted analytically and chaotic motions are also illustrated.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
PARATRANSIT SERVICES, CONTRACTING-OUT AND COST SAVINGS FOR PUBLIC TRANSIT FIRMS: A FIRM SPECIFIC ANALYSIS

Facing actual competition and potential competition from internally provided paratransit and contracted‐out paratransit services, respectively, unionized transit labor of a public transit firm may feel threatened (i.e. in terms of potential job losses) and may agree to changes in costly work rules as well as to wage concessions. If so, the transit firm will incur cost savings in the provision of its transit service as a result of providing paratransit and contracted‐out paratransit services (i.e. in becoming a multiservice firm). This paper provides theoretical and empirical evidence to support such cost savings. The literature suggests that such cost savings may exist; however, to the knowledge of the author, the literature has not provided evidence of their existence.
Optimal femoral tunnel positioning in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using outside-in drilling.

Purpose The goal of our study was to determine the precise femoral drill guide placement during reconstruction of the anterolateral bundle (ALB) of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) femoral footprint that would produce a minimum tunnel length of 25 mm, a maximum graft/femoral tunnel angle of 50°, and a minimum distance of 10 mm between the femoral socket and the subchondral bone of the weight-bearing surface of the medial femoral condyle. Methods Using computer navigation, we used synthetic replicas of human femora to create a series of virtual femoral sockets. We then measured the bone tunnel length, angle of the femoral socket relative to the PCL footprint, and distance from the subchondral bone of the weight-bearing surface of the medial femoral condyle to the femoral socket at a series of guide pin sleeve positions. We positioned the guide pin using the following angle combinations: −20°, −10°, 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, and 60° to a line perpendicular to the femoral axis in the coronal plane and −15°, 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° to a line parallel to the transepicondylar axis in the axial plane. Using linear regression models, we determined the precise drill guide placement angles that would produce the optimal tunnel length, graft/femoral tunnel angle, and distance to the subchondral bone margin. Results The results were consistent between small, medium, and large femora. We found that the optimal drilling angles for anatomic reconstruction of the femoral footprint of the ALB of the PCL were 0° to a line perpendicular to the femoral axis in the coronal plane and 15° to a line parallel to the transepicondylar axis in the horizontal or axial plane. Conclusions During outside-in drilling for PCL reconstruction, holding the guide pin sleeve at a position 0° to a line perpendicular to the femoral axis in the coronal plane and 15° to a line parallel to the transepicondylar axis in the horizontal or axial plane results in optimal bone tunnel length, graft/tunnel angle, and distance between the femoral socket and the subchondral bone of the weight-bearing surface of the medial femoral condyle. Clinical Relevance We describe a precise femoral tunnel drill guide placement during outside-in PCL reconstruction that ensures an optimal femoral socket with a minimum bone tunnel length of 25 mm, maximum graft/femoral tunnel angle of 50°, and minimum distance of 10 mm between the subchondral bone of the weight-bearing surface of the medial femoral condyle and the femoral socket.
On Sampling of Very Rare Human Populations

Abstract Specialized samples of very rare populations require expensive cluster search procedures. Most of the effort is wasted since no or very few members of the rare population are located. Bayesian optimum sampling procedures exclude such clusters, but the critical problem is identifying them. The ideas of Wald on sequential sampling are applied and prove to be highly efficient.
Involvement of SOCS-1, the suppressor of cytokine signaling, in the prevention of prolactin-responsive gene expression in decidual cells

The cells forming the rat decidua produce PRL and PRL-related proteins and express both the long and short forms of the PRL receptor. Yet, only a defined subpopulation, the mesometrial cells, express the PRL-dependent a2-macroglobulin gene. This gene is silenced in vivo in the antimesometrial cells and in the GG-AD cell line, derived from antimesometrial cells. To examine whether the lack of a2-macroglobulin expression is due to defective components in the PRL signaling pathway, we compared the relative expression of Janus kinase 2 (Jak2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 a and b (Stat5 a and b), suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1), and the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 mRNA in mesometrial and antimesometrial decidua on days 12 and 13 of pseudopregnancy, the time of maximal a2-macroglobulin expression. We found no significant differences in the relative expression of either Jak2, Stat5 (a and b), or SHP-2 in the two cell populations. However, we discovered a profound difference in the expression of SOCS-1, an inhibitor of the Jak/Stat pathway. This gene was highly expressed in the antimesometrial cells and in the GG-AD cells, which do not produce a2-macroglobulin. Immunoprecipitation experiments with GG-AD cells revealed that although Jak2 and Stat5 coprecipitate in response to PRL stimulation, no phosphorylation of Jak2 and Stat5 could be observed. To examine whether SOCS-1 plays a role in silencing the a2-macroglobulin gene, we cultured GG-AD cells in the presence of either a SOCS-1 antisense oligonucleotide or an irrelevant oligonucleotide for 4, 12, and 28 h. Cells were also treated with PRL. Withi n4ho fSOCS-1 antisense treatment, a2-macroglobulin mRNA expression was initiated. After 28 h, only cells treated with PRL and SOCS-1 antisense oligonucleotide retained the ability to express the a2-macroglobulin gene. In summary, results of this study reveal that constitutive expression of SOCS-1 can prevent PRL signaling and that the lack of PRL-induced expression of a2-macroglobulin in a defined decidual cell population is largely due to SOCS-1 expression in these cells. (Molecular Endocrinology 14: 554‐563, 2000)
Blast-wave correlation of pressures on blunt- nosed cylinders in perfect- and real-gas flows at hypersonic speeds.

Equation from blast wave correlation of pressures on blunt nosed cylinders in perfect and real gas flows at hypersonic speeds
Arousal from sleep shortens sympathetic burst latency in humans

1. Bursts of sympathetic activity in muscle nerves are phase-locked to the cardiac cycle by the sinoaortic baroreflexes. Acoustic arousal from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep reduces the normally invariant interval between the R-wave of the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the peak of the corresponding sympathetic burst; however, the effects of other forms of sleep disruption (i.e. spontaneous arousals and apnoea-induced arousals) on this temporal relationship are unknown. 2. We simultaneously recorded muscle sympathetic nerve activity in the peroneal nerve (intraneural electrodes) and the ECG (surface electrodes) in seven healthy humans and three patients with sleep apnoea syndrome during NREM sleep. 3. In seven subjects, burst latencies were shortened subsequent to spontaneous K complexes (1.297 +/- 0.024 s, mean +/- s. e.m.) and spontaneous arousals (1.268 +/- 0.044 s) compared with latencies during periods of stable NREM sleep (1.369 +/- 0.023 s). In six subjects who demonstrated spontaneous apnoeas during sleep, apnoea per se did not alter burst latency relative to sleep with stable electroencephalogram (EEG) and breathing (1.313 +/- 0.038 vs. 1.342 +/- 0.026 s); however, following apnoea-induced EEG perturbations, burst latencies were reduced (1.214 +/- 0.034 s). 4. Arousal-induced reduction in sympathetic burst latency may reflect a temporary diminution of baroreflex buffering of sympathetic outflow. If so, the magnitude of arterial pressure perturbations during sleep (e.g. those caused by sleep disordered breathing and periodic leg movements) may be augmented by arousal.
Strengthening mechanisms in nanostructured copper/304 stainless steel multilayers

Nanostructured Cu/304 stainless steel (SS) multilayers were prepared by magnetron sputtering. 304SS has a face-centered-cubic (fcc) structure in bulk. However, in the Cu/304SS multilayers, the 304SS layers exhibit the fcc structure for layer thickness of =5 nm in epitaxy with the neighboring fcc Cu. For 304SS layer thickness larger than 5 nm, body-centered-cubic (bcc) 304SS grains grow on top of the initial 5 nm fcc SS with the Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationship between bcc and fcc SS grains. The maximum hardness of Cu/304SS multilayers is about 5.5 GPa (factor of two enhancement compared to rule-of-mixtures hardness) at a layer thickness of 5 nm. Below 5 nm, hardness decreases with decreasing layer thickness. The peak hardness of fcc/fcc Cu/304SS multilayer is greater than that of Cu/Ni, even though the lattice-parameter mismatch between Cu and Ni is five times greater than that between Cu and 304SS. This result may primarily be attributed to the higher interface barrier stress for single-dislocation transmission across the {111} twinned interfaces in Cu/304SS as compared to the {100} interfaces in Cu/Ni.
Modeling cross-correlations for passive source, controlled source, and drill bit interferometry

Summary In seismic interferometry, noise cross-correlations provide information about sources and reflectors at depth. To help interpret these data we present a forward modeling procedure that accommodates noise with arbitrary spatial and frequency dependence. Noise cross-correlations from this approach are compared for various excitation models, including two drill bit noise models. To demonstrate the generality of the method, connections with controlled source and passive source interferometry are explored through end member cases. By combining various types of noise excitation in a single modeling framework, the approach provides a tool for interpreting data and generating synthetics with flexibility for dealing with uncertain noise distributions and complicated exploration
Student Ratings: Validity, Utility, and Controversy

This chapter reviews the conclusions on which most experts agree, cites some of the main sources of support for these conclusions, and discusses some dissenting opinions and the research support for those opinions.
The Hadean-Archaean Environment

A sparse geological record combined with physics and molecular phylogeny constrains the environmental conditions on the early Earth. The Earth began hot after the moon-forming impact and cooled to the point where liquid water was present in approximately 10 million years. Subsequently, a few asteroid impacts may have briefly heated surface environments, leaving only thermophile survivors in kilometer-deep rocks. A warm 500 K, 100 bar CO(2) greenhouse persisted until subducted oceanic crust sequestered CO(2) into the mantle. It is not known whether the Earth's surface lingered in a approximately 70 degrees C thermophile environment well into the Archaean or cooled to clement or freezing conditions in the Hadean. Recently discovered approximately 4.3 Ga rocks near Hudson Bay may have formed during the warm greenhouse. Alkalic rocks in India indicate carbonate subduction by 4.26 Ga. The presence of 3.8 Ga black shales in Greenland indicates that S-based photosynthesis had evolved in the oceans and likely Fe-based photosynthesis and efficient chemical weathering on land. Overall, mantle derived rocks, especially kimberlites and similar CO(2)-rich magmas, preserve evidence of subducted upper oceanic crust, ancient surface environments, and biosignatures of photosynthesis.
Compressive flow behavior of Cu thin films and Cu/Nb multilayers containing nanometer-scale helium bubbles

Focused-ion-beam machined compression specimens were used to investigate the effect of nanometer-scale helium bubbles on the strength and deformability of sputter-deposited Cu and Cu/Nb multilayers with different layer thickness. The flow strength of Cu films increased by more than a factor of 2 due to helium bubbles but in multilayers, the magnitude of radiation hardening decreased with decreasing layer thickness. When the layer thickness decreases to 2.5 nm, insignificant hardening and no measurable loss in deformability is observed after implantation.
The Size of the Market

The size of the market is the number of buyers that can be reached effectively in a spatial market. We exhibit as determining factor the intercept of the demand function with production cost and with transportation cost. For linear demand and cost function explicit form has to be given. Market structures considered are isolated monopoly, monopolistic competition and perfect competition. When transportation costs fall, markets expand under monopoly, but shrink under monopolistic or perfect competition.
Idiopathic Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis Presenting as Cough Syncope

In a patient with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, syncope developed as a result of a sustained decrease in aortic pressure induced by severe cough paroxysms. Treatment with propranolol was effective in abolishing the syncopal episodes, by reducing the post-tussive gradient and facilitating a more rapid return to normal of aortic pressure. Post-tussive syncope in IHSS may result from both an unusually strong cough paroxysm and augmented left ventricular outflow obstruction consequent to reflex sympathetic stimulation.
Changes in conserved region 2 of Escherichia coli σ70 affecting promoter recognition

We describe a mutation in rpoD, the gene encoding the sigma 70 subunit of RNA polymerase, which alters the promoter specificity of the holoenzyme in vivo. The mutant sigma causes a substantial and specific increase in the activity of mutant ant and lac promoters with a T.A to C.G substitution at position -12, the first position of the -10 hexamer. The rpoD mutation is a single base-pair substitution causing a Gln----His change at position 437, which is in a domain of conserved region 2.4 that is predicted to form an alpha-helix. Gln437 would lie one turn of the alpha-helix away from Thr440, which was previously implicated in recognition of position -12. The rpoD-QH437 mutation described here lends further support to the model that region 2.4 of sigma is involved in recognition of the 5' end of the -10 hexamer. In addition, two rpoD mutations with non-specific effects on promoter recognition are described.
Deterministic Approach to Managed Lane Analysis on Freeways in Context of Highway Capacity Manual

The building of managed lanes parallel to general purpose lanes is an increasingly common approach to optimizing freeway capacity. Managed lanes allow agencies to classify customers and assign a portion of the freeway capacity to them. With no methodology in the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) for analyzing these facilities, analysts rely on more time-consuming simulation analyses. A methodology is presented for estimating the performance of a parallel system of general purpose and managed lane facilities in an HCM context based on NCHRP Project 3-96. The methodology defines new managed lane segment types to use in an HCM analytical framework and is associated with a new set of speed-flow curves. It is sensitive to the number of lanes and the type of separation between managed lanes and general purpose lanes. The method introduces the concept of parallel lane groups of general purpose and managed lanes and thus can account for speed reduction in managed lanes caused by congestion in adjacent general purpose...
Is the Internet the source

Public perception of deleterious youth experiences on the Internet has been largely shaped by sensationalist mass media coverage. However, research conducted by the Crimes against Children Research Center at the University of New Hampshire tells a story that seemingly contradicts the lurid picture painted by tabloids and cable news outlets. Over the past five years, the Center has conducted two national, cross-sectional telephone surveys of youths and their caretakers to determine the incidence of unwanted sexual solicitation, harassment, and unwanted exposure to pornography experienced by adolescents. The overall incidence and five-year trends are presented in this issue of the Journal (K. Mitchell, J. Wolak and D. Finkelhor, Trends in youth reports of sexual solicitations, harassment and unwanted exposure to pornography on the Internet, J Adolesc Health 40 (2007), pp. 116–126). These findings help provide some insight into the murky elements of Internet exploitation nationwide, yet do not construct a comprehensive image of youth on the Internet. In comparing data between 2000 and 2005, Mitchell et al found, among other things, a significant decline in the overall percentage of youth reporting unwanted sexual solicitations. This finding did not apply to minority youth or youth from lower income households when considered separately. Solicitations characterized as being “aggressive” (those most likely to evolve into a crime) remained static. Girls were more likely than boys to report sexual solicitation, and, finally, the number of youth who reported they harassed others while online doubled. Language: en
SPHERICAL IMPURITY IN AN INFINITE SUPERCONDUCTOR

The modifications in a superconducting medium due to a single, spherically symmetric, nonmagnetic impurity are examined using the BCS theory of superconductivity. The energy spectrum of quasiparticles has both a discrete portion (bound states) and a continuous portion (scattering states). In the scattering region ($Eg\ensuremath{\Delta}$), a given energy corresponds to two distinct momentum states, one above and one below the Fermi level. The calculation of the $S$ matrix for the impurity scattering is thus a problem of two coupled channels. The electron density $n(r)$ and the order parameter $\ensuremath{\Delta}(r)$ far from the impurity are evaluated asymptotically in terms of the eigenphase shifts and mixing parameter of the two channels. Two soluble models for the impurity are considered. With a hard-sphere, long-range spatial oscillations are found in $\ensuremath{\Delta}(r)$ as well as in $n(r)$. With a delta-shell potential, a resonant enhancement occurs in the scattering of quasiparticles with momentum near the Fermi momentum. Both the spatial oscillations and the resonant enhancement are expected to appear for more general impurity potentials.
Phenotyping transgenic embryonic murine hearts using optical coherence tomography

We used OCT to characterize the morphological phenotype of a HEXIM -/- embryonic heart (E13.5) from a HEXIM +/+ littermate. The HEXIM-mutant was distinguished from the wiltype, by growth retardation (absent left ventricle) and asymmetry.
A Traffic Counting Distribution

A traffic counting distribution is derived in which a minimum spacing or headway between units of traffic is taken into account. A comparison is made between this probability distribution and the Type I Counter distribution derived by W. Feller. Explicit expressions are derived for the mean and variance of count as well as the probability that the interval of interest is completely filled by vehicles.
Optical pattern recognition of three-dimensional images using composite binary phase only filters

The design and development of binarized composite binary phase only filters for three-dimensional image identification is discussed in this paper. A composite binary phase only filter based algorithm is developed to detect an unknown image from the pre-constructed database. The angular position of the unknown image is found by a cross correlation technique. The formulation of composite filters reduces the number of correlation operations necessary for detection.
THE STRENGTH OF KEVLAR NARROW FABRICS AS INFLUENCED BY FOLDING AND COMPRESSION IN THE PRESENCE OF MOISTURE

The tensile strength of dry Kevlar narrow fabrics was investigated as a function of moisture present during folding and compression. Fabric samples were exposed to 96% relative humidity, or soaked in water prior to compression; or moisture was introduced while the samples were compressed. The fabrics exhibited a 10 - 30% tensile strength loss after wet compression relative to data for samples compressed dry. Similar tests on nylon did not show this effect. Warp yarns removed from fabrics compressed with moisture present exhibited nominally the same strength as those obtained from fabrics compressed dry or from uncompressed fabrics. These results are consistent with test data from a parachute that had been exposed to moisture and with packing difficulties encountered under high humidity environments.
Diazacholesterol effect upon membrane ATPase.

Abstract ATPase activity of erythrocyte ghost preparations and of a muscle membrane fraction (sarcoplasmic reticulum) from untreated rabbits was inhibited by the cardiac glycoside, ouabain. Sustained treatment of animals with 20,25 diazacholesterol, reported by Winer et al. (1965) to induce myotonia, changed the character of the ATPase activity of identical preparations such that a stimulation of the catalytic rate was effected by the presence o ouabain in the incubation mixture. We have earlier suggested that the ATPase response to ouabain is a reflection of the conformation of the enzyme which it derives in part from its association with the membrane. The present findings accord with the common supposition that myotonia involves aberrant transport phenomena and appears to indicate that diazacholesterol administration directly affects the membrane transport system.
APPLICATION OF THE PIN‐HOLE COLLIMATOR IN SMALL ANIMAL NUCLEAR SCINTIGRAPHY: A REVIEW

The pin-hole collimator is used to improve spatial resolution and magnify areas of interest. The pin-hole collimator has many applications in small animal veterinary scintigraphy. The principles of image formation for the pin-hole and parallel hole collimators are reviewed. The effects of distance on resolution and sensitivity are presented for the pin-hole and parallel hole collimators. Specific application of the pin-hole and parallel hole collimators. Specific application of the pin-hole collimator in veternary scintigraphy are discussed.
The medical school as a social organization: the sources of resistance to change

Medical schools vary by nation and by culture but, for students, the experience appears to be very similar. Also, despite a half-century of radical changes in medical practice, education as a process of socialization for the profession is relatively unchanged. At the same time, medical educators have frequently instituted curricular reforms. To analyse this history of reform without change, this paper first establishes what the content and structure of medical education is, and how it came to be that way; second it traces a process whereby the scientific mission of academic medicine has crowded out its social responsibility to train for society's most basic health-care delivery needs. The main argument is that medical education's manifest humanistic mission is little more than a screen for the research mission that is the major thrust of the institution's social structure.
Catastrophe and what to do about it if you are a bacterium: the importance of frameshift mutants

Key problems that bacteria have historically faced are the challenges of the lack of essential nutrients and the presence of antibiotics produced naturally, but there are many other challenges. It appears that for many of these challenges the bacteria have mechanisms encoded in their genomes that are not usually functioning, but may be "turned on" when needed, even if the need only occurs once in hundreds of thousands of generations. Such mechanisms at other times somehow need to be "turned off" because they may cause a slight disadvantage, or even a grave disadvantage to the cell compared with wild-type cells during the time the population is not being challenged. On the other hand, a gene cannot simply be discarded because it might be needed again. How do microorganisms solve the problem of responding to challenges that only occur rarely? I suggest that in most cases, the mutation must occur by the existence of a readily reversible mutation. The mutation in likely the result of a frameshift mutation that caused the response and later another frameshift occurs to return the genome to its original state.
Invisible Borders: Economic Liberalization and National Identity

Various developments in the post-WWII global economy have led many scholars of international relations to contend that borders are eroding. My argument takes issue with this, suggesting that borders are not becoming increasingly meaningless; instead, some states are working to endow them with meaning in innovative ways. Specifically, I examine the trade disputes over culture industries during recent GATT and NAFTA talks to demonstrate that some states are shifting their attention from territorial borders to conceptual or invisible borders. Many governments support the removal of borders that serve as barriers to the movement of goods, services, capital, information, and, in some cases, people. Nevertheless, these same governments resist the increasing permeability of borders that provide the boundaries of political community.
Homelessness, Mental Illness, and Criminal Activity: Examining Patterns Over Time

This study examined whether street homelessness, sheltered homelessness, and the severity of psychological symptoms predicted non-violent and violent crime among 207 mentally ill participants who were homeless at baseline. Participants were interviewed at 9 time points over 4 years. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to examine whether changes in homelessness status and symptom severity predicted changes in criminal activity over time. Results indicated that homelessness both on the streets and in shelters and psychological symptom severity predicted increases in non-violent crime. Sheltered homelessness and symptom severity predicted increases in violent crime, although street homelessness did not. A separate mediational analysis with 181 participants showed that the relationship between diagnosis of a psychotic disorder and both non-violent and violent criminal activity was partially mediated through the severity of psychotic symptoms. Implications for research and intervention are discussed.
Acidolysis of poly(4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane)

The onset of decomposition of poly(4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane) was lowered to 70°C by 0.1 wt% p-toluene sulfonic acid from 170°C in the absence of acid to produce more than 81% yield of monomer. Protonation forms cyclic oxonium ion followed by depolymerization. Minor products are isomers of hydroxymethyl-2-hydroxyl-2-methyl ethyl ether and bis(2-hydroxyl-2-methyl ethoxyl)methane from rearrangements of the oxonium ions. The first order rate constant of acidolysis of poly(4-methyl-1-1,3-dioxolane) is about 8.5 kcal mol−1, which is much smaller than about 17 kcal mol−1 for the acidolysis of poly(1,3-dioxolane).
Control of a Radio-Telescope via the Internet

We have demonstrated that a radio-telescope antenna used by Astronomers can be accessed and controlled remotely via the Internet. Two powerful dc motors, both azimuth and elevation drives of the telescope have been used for accurate positioning of the antenna. LabVIEW software together with some National Instrument's (NI) hardware such as signal accessory board and data acquisition board has been used as the main vehicle for the drive system. A LabVIEW virtual instrument (VI) program has been developed to control the accurate positioning of the telescope based on the desired input parameters. The built-in Internet developer toolkit in LabVIEW has made it easy for remote access and control via the Internet. The preliminary results are very encouraging with an accuracy of within 3% easily achieved
Men Behaving Badly: Mediocre Masculinity and The Man Show

The destabilization of the straight white male's normativity has created a crisis in masculinity that erupts in social, political, and personal contexts in contemporary US culture. "The Man Show" is a response to this crisis manifesting in the mass media. Since the emergence of identity politics and the politics of identity, the hegemonic male has been compelled to respond to the breakdown of white male normativity and, in some instances, to create new strategies in the struggle for dominance. The hosts employ humor to broach topics publicly that normally would receive attention only in private conversations because of their sensitive nature, such as the fears, concerns, and frustrations felt by the hegemonic male as a result of the increasing public presence and power of women and minorities. In order to minimize the distress caused by changing social relationships, the hosts use humor to deny reality and to detach from the reasons behind our current social climate. Behind the laughs, the very fact that there is an audience for a ''man show'' suggests that the straight white male is having difficulty navigating his place in contemporary society and has few places to look for social support. Rather than being a space where men might discuss solutions to the pressures they face, The Man Show is a place where resentment festers and temporary fantasy gratification is used as a way to avoid and trivialize the stresses of everyday life. By denying reality and creating a narcissistic world with the white male at the center, the hosts do little to help white men keep pace with the demands of feminism, multiculturalism, and changing US cultural values. Indeed, by covering over differences between white men and largely ignoring issues of culture, sexuality, and gender, the program actually hinders the hegemonic male's ability to negotiate successfully his position in a changing and often unsympathetic society.