cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of the incidentally detected solid renal mass

Solid renal masses are being increasingly detected incidentally in individuals with no urologic symptoms. Contemporary imaging modalities allow the diagnosis of RCC to be established with 85% to 90% accuracy. Some solid renal masses with radiographic characteristics of RCC will ultimately prove to be a benign adenoma or oncocytoma. Recent data suggest that radical nephrectomy and nephron-sparing surgery each provide effective curative treatment for patients with a single, small, unilateral, localized RCC. The long-term renal functional advantage of nephron-sparing surgery with a normal opposite kidney remains unproven. Radical nephrectomy remains the treatment of choice for patients with larger (> 4 cm) or multiple localized renal cell carcinomas.
What You See Depends on What You Are Looking for: Jesus’s Ascension as a Test Case for Thinking about Biblical Theology and Theological Interpretation of Scripture

The move from biblical theology to theological interpretation of Scripture is less a methodological shift and more a transformation of perspective marked by the location and interests of those of us who engage the Bible as the church’s book. I demonstrate this transformation by reflecting on different ways of reading the story of Jesus’s ascension in Acts 1:9–11.
Test challenges in nanometer technologies

Scaling transistor feature size allows greater density, higher performance and lower cost. The unrelenting pursuit of device scaling has enabled MOS gate dimensions to be reduced from 10/spl middot/m in the 1970's to a present day size of 0.1/spl middot/m. Conventional scaling of gate oxide thickness, source/drain extension, junction depths, and gate lengths have brought about several new technology issues invalidating some earlier methods for resting ICs. To enable testing devices into the 21/sup st/ century, new approaches are required in both test and design for testability. In this paper, we define the problems that arise with device scaling such as gate oxide leakage, subthreshold leakage, power density, electromigration, and soft error problems in qualitative and quantitative terms. The latter half of the paper deals with some of the solutions being pursued at Intel.
In vivo correction of anaemia in β-thalassemic mice by γPNA-mediated gene editing with nanoparticle delivery

The blood disorder, β-thalassaemia, is considered an attractive target for gene correction. Site-specific triplex formation has been shown to induce DNA repair and thereby catalyse genome editing. Here we report that triplex-forming peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) substituted at the γ position plus stimulation of the stem cell factor (SCF)/c-Kit pathway yielded high levels of gene editing in haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in a mouse model of human β-thalassaemia. Injection of thalassemic mice with SCF plus nanoparticles containing γPNAs and donor DNAs ameliorated the disease phenotype, with sustained elevation of blood haemoglobin levels into the normal range, reduced reticulocytosis, reversal of splenomegaly and up to 7% β-globin gene correction in HSCs, with extremely low off-target effects. The combination of nanoparticle delivery, next generation γPNAs and SCF treatment may offer a minimally invasive treatment for genetic disorders of the blood that can be achieved safely and simply by intravenous administration. Gene editing approaches are widely used for correcting mutations, but their application is largely limited to cells and not living animals. Here the authors show that in vivoγPNA-mediated editing of a β-globin mutation is promoted by SCF and leads to sustained normalization of blood haemoglobin levels β-thalassemic mice.
Glucose deprivation elicits phenotypic plasticity via ZEB1-mediated expression of NNMT

Glucose is considered the primary energy source for all cells, and some cancers are addicted to glucose. Here, we investigated the functional consequences of chronic glucose deprivation in serous ovarian cancer cells. We found that cells resistant to glucose starvation (glucose-restricted cells) demonstrated increased metabolic plasticity that was dependent on NNMT (Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase) expression. We further show that ZEB1 induced NNMT, rendered cells resistant to glucose deprivation and recapitulated metabolic adaptations and mesenchymal gene expression observed in glucose-restricted cells. NNMT depletion reversed metabolic plasticity in glucose-restricted cells and prevented de novo formation of glucose-restricted colonies. In addition to its role in glucose independence, we found that NNMT was required for other ZEB1-induced phenotypes, such as increased migration. NNMT protein levels were also elevated in metastatic and recurrent tumors compared to matched primary carcinomas, while normal ovary and fallopian tube tissue had no detectable NNMT expression. Our studies define a novel ZEB1/NNMT signaling axis, which elicits mesenchymal gene expression, as well as phenotypic and metabolic plasticity in ovarian cancer cells upon chronic glucose starvation. Understanding the causes of cancer cell plasticity is crucial for the development of therapeutic strategies to counter intratumoral heterogeneity, acquired drug resistance and recurrence in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC).
Further Possible Experiments

This final chapter suggests some additional ideas for more exercises that instructors can flesh out and develop into different directions. The cited references are meant to be mere starting points to the literature.
Women/Gender and Development: the Growing Gap Between Theory and Practice

Briefly reviewing the evolution of the field of women development, the author argues that the field has lost the dynamism characteristic of earlier periods of constructive tension between theory and practice that led to the adoption of the gender and development framework and the incorporation of issues of multiculturalism, human rights, and political participation into a field that had largely been defined in economic terms. Today, however, critical theory is caught in an “anti-neoliberal” position that is increasingly outdated and that has interpreted women’s work, individual agency, and the role of the state in ways that hinder rather than facilitate new thinking and better outcomes for women participants in WID/GAD projects and programs.
Conjoint Behavioral Consultation in Rural Schools

Conjoint behavioral consultation (Sheridan & Kratochwill, 2008) is an empirically supported model of service delivery for children with behavioral and mental health concerns. This chapter explores the use of CBC in rural schools to promote children’s adaptive skills and alleviate behavioral and academic challenges. The CBC model, challenges associated with delivering mental health services in rural schools, and a randomized controlled trial examining the efficacy of CBC in rural communities are discussed. The chapter concludes with areas for future research.
Laser Frequency Analysis Aided by Electronic Frequency Dividers

Conventional laser spectral analysis relies on direct measurement of power spectral density (PSD), which is not able to distinguish certain types of phase and frequency modulations without ambiguity. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a modified scheme aimed at improving the specificity in laser frequency analysis. Our method is based on PSD measurement of the downshifted laser spectrum in the radio-frequency range but introduces an electronic frequency divider (EFD) prior to the spectrum analyzer. By monitoring the spectral changes caused by the EFD, we show, both theoretically and experimentally, that common scenarios of phase and frequency modulations, such as wideband frequency modulation (FM) and broadband phase modulation, can be differentiated without ambiguity. Moreover, the new method allows for quantitative assessment of wideband FM parameters such as modulation frequency, modulation index, and frequency deviation, which is not possible with any conventional spectral analysis methods. This technique may find potential applications in laser frequency metrology, microwave photonics, optical sensing, and radar/lidar technologies.
k -Round Multiparty Computation from k -Round Oblivious Transfer via Garbled Interactive Circuits

We present new constructions of round-efficient, or even round-optimal, Multi-Party Computation (MPC) protocols from Oblivious Transfer (OT) protocols. Our constructions establish a tight connection between MPC and OT: In the setting of semi-honest security, for any \(k \ge 2\), k-round semi-honest OT is necessary and complete for k-round semi-honest MPC. In the round-optimal case of \(k = 2\), we obtain 2-round semi-honest MPC from 2-round semi-honest OT, resolving the round complexity of semi-honest MPC assuming weak and necessary assumption. In comparison, previous 2-round constructions rely on either the heavy machinery of indistinguishability obfuscation or witness encryption, or the algebraic structure of bilinear pairing groups. More generally, for an arbitrary number of rounds k, all previous constructions of k-round semi-honest MPC require at least OT with \(k'\) rounds for \(k' \le \lfloor k/2 \rfloor \).
How Does an Accountability Program that Targets Achievement Gaps Affect Student Performance

In 2011, the U.S. Department of Education granted states the opportunity to apply for waivers from the core requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act. In exchange, many states implemented system...
An evaluation of selected acoustic parameters for use in speaker identification

Abstract: Measures of long-term speech spectra (LTS), speaking fundamental frequency (SFF) and speaking time (ST) were extracted from extended speech samples obtained from 50 adult male talkers. The purpose of the experiment was to assess the capability of these measures as indicators in a speaker identification task. Discriminant analysis was employed to classify the talkers; the data from the first 32 s of each sample was used as the test while data from the next three 32-s intervals constituted the reference. Each set of measurements was used singly and in combination with the others. When used alone, long-term speech spectra proved to be the best index of speaker identification. It was also found that identification levels ordinarily were better when the vectors were combined. However, only LTS (fullband), the LTS/SFF/ST combination and the LTS/SFF combination reached acceptable levels of correct identification.
Factionalism and Foreign Policy: A Model of Minority Influence

This chapter reviews theories of political party influence in the U.S. foreign policy process, with particular attention to studies of polarization and partisanship in the contemporary scene. The chapter details our new factional model of minority influence in U.S. foreign policy decision-making by drawing from social psychology. It argues that factions can have outsized influence through persuasion, deviance, and nonconformity, and that their views often address the solvency debate in U.S. foreign policy. The chapter also outlines the research design and methodology for the larger project and previews the plausibility probe using case studies.
Pharmacologic Randomized Clinical Trials in Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes

There have been many randomized clinical trials testing lifestyle and drug interventions to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes in nondiabetic adults at high risk of the disease. We review the major trials using pharmacologic interventions with the primary outcome of preventing diabetes. The trials are grouped according to the main mechanism by which the drugs were thought to have the potential for preventing diabetes. Drugs in several different classes have been effective in reducing the incidence of diabetes, but evidence for other long-term benefits, such as avoidance of complications and reducing mortality rates, is very limited. Both drugs and lifestyle interventions are effective in preventing and delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes in high-risk adults. The choices of what drugs to use and when during the development of type 2 diabetes to introduce them are not clear.
On the Interactive Nature of Place-Making: Modifying Growth Machine Theory to Capture the Spatial and Temporal Connections that Spawned the Asian Carp Invasion

Growth machine theory has provided an influential foundation for thinking about the political economy of place-making and related environmental transformations. It remains silent, however, on how s...
Effect of urban habitat use on parasitism in mammals: a meta-analysis.

Rates of urbanization are increasing globally, with consequences for the dynamics of parasites and their wildlife hosts. A small subset of mammal species have the dietary and behavioural flexibilit...
Sex-based differences in mitral valve Re-operation after mitral valve repair: Truth or myth?

Abstract Background Outcomes after mitral valve (MV) repair are known to be worse in women. Less is known about sex-based differences in MV repair durability. Methods All adult patients undergoing MV repair from 2002 to 2016 were reviewed. Of 2463 cases, 947 (39%) were women. Re-operation risk was defined as any intervention for repair failure or MV disease progression. Median follow-up was 8.2 years. Results Women were older with higher STS-risk scores and were more likely to have rheumatic disease (RHD). Operative mortality was clinically higher in women (2.7% vs 1.7%; P = 0.09). Although women had significantly higher 10-year re-operation risk (7% vs 4%), adjusted longitudinal analysis showed that this was associated with RHD in women (HR 4.04; P = 0.001). Female sex alone was not a significant predictor (P = 0.21). Conclusions Re-operation following MV repair was infrequent. Women had increased re-operation risk that was largely attributable to their worse preoperative profiles rather than female sex alone.
United States national trends in comorbidity and outcomes of adult cardiac surgery patients.

BACKGROUND Comorbidity profiles of cardiac surgery patients are known to have changed over time, but modern national trends in these comorbidities and outcomes are not described. This study describes comorbidity trends over time for common adult cardiac surgery procedures. METHODS A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of the National Inpatient Sample was conducted for years 2005-2014. Hospitalizations with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), aortic valve replacement (AVR), and mitral valve repair/replacement (MVRR), as well as combined CABG/valve operations, were identified by ICD-9 procedure codes. Comorbidities were defined based on ICD-9 codes to discriminate between comorbidities and complications. Surgical volume, patient age, in-hospital mortality, and length of stay trends over time were evaluated by linear regression. RESULTS Incidence increased for AVR, MVRR, and CABG + AVR and declined for CABG and CABG + MVRR (P < .001). The mean number of comorbidities across all surgeries increased from 1.4 to 1.9 (P < .001). Length of stay declined for AVR, CABG + AVR, and CABG + MVRR (P < .001) with an overall decline from 10.1 to 9.7 days (P = .003). In-hospital mortality decreased in all categories over time (P < .001). Overall, in-hospital mortality decreased from 2.9% to 2.3% (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Despite increasing comorbidity in cardiac surgery, operations are being conducted with fewer in-hospital mortalities across all types of surgery and decreasing length of stay for most types of surgery, which should inform the frequency of risk model updates and raise questions of the applicability of earlier studies in cardiac surgery to the modern population.
Associations between the size and location of myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction.

Abstract Background Myocardial infarction (MI) is a known cause of cerebral infarction. We assessed whether the size and location of MI is associated with the risk of cerebral infarction. Methods and results We performed a cross-sectional study of adults who underwent both brain MRI and delayed-enhancement cardiac MRI (DE-CMR) within 365 days of each other at Weill Cornell Medicine between 2014 and 2017 and had evidence of MI on DE-CMR. We used multiple logistic regression to evaluate associations between MI size and any cerebral infarction, apical MI location and any cerebral infarction, and MI size/location and cortical versus subcortical cerebral infarction. Models were adjusted for demographics, and the total number of vascular risk factors. Among 234 patients who underwent both DE-CMR and brain MRI within 365 days, 76 had evidence for MI on DE-CMR. Among these 76 patients, 51 (67.1%) had evidence of cerebral infarction. The size of MI (global MI burden) was not associated with any cerebral infarction (OR per 5% increase in MI size, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.85–1.47), but was associated with cortical cerebral infarction (OR per 5% increase in MI size, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.00.-1.68). Similarly, apical MI location was not associated with any cerebral infarction (OR 2.63, 95% CI, 0.78–8.87), but was associated with cortical cerebral infarction (OR, 3.67; 95% CI, 1.19–11.33). Conclusion Among patients with MI on cardiac MRI, both size and apical location of MI were associated with cortical cerebral infarction. Our results may help stratify cardioembolic risk and inform antithrombotic treatment algorithms among patients with MI.
Social Responsibility Beyond the Corporate: Executive Mental Accounting Across Sectoral and Issue Domains

Business elites influence the allocation of resources to a range of causes related to the social good, such as to corporate community or environmental programs. We extend research on executive infl...
Integrating Electronic Health Record, Cancer Registry, and Geospatial Data to Study Lung Cancer in Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Ethnic Groups.

Background: A relatively high proportion of Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI) females with lung cancer have never smoked. We used an integrative data approach to assemble a large-scale cohort to study lung cancer risk among AANHPIs by smoking status with attention to representation of specific AANHPI ethnic groups. Methods: We leveraged electronic health records (EHRs) from two healthcare systems—Sutter Health in northern California and Kaiser Permanente Hawai9i—that have high representation of AANHPI populations. We linked EHR data on lung cancer risk factors (i.e., smoking, lung diseases, infections, reproductive factors, and body size) to data on incident lung cancer diagnoses from statewide population-based cancer registries of California and Hawai9i for the period between 2000 and 2013. Geocoded address data were linked to data on neighborhood contextual factors and regional air pollutants. Results: The dataset comprises over 2.2 million adult females and males of any race/ethnicity. Over 250,000 are AANHPI females (19.6% of the female study population). Smoking status is available for over 95% of individuals. The dataset includes 7,274 lung cancer cases, including 613 cases among AANHPI females. Prevalence of never-smoking status varied greatly among AANHPI females with incident lung cancer, from 85.7% among Asian Indian to 14.4% among Native Hawaiian females. Conclusion: We have developed a large, multilevel dataset particularly well-suited to conduct prospective studies of lung cancer risk among AANHPI females who never smoked. Impact: The integrative data approach is an effective way to conduct cancer research assessing multilevel factors on cancer outcomes among small populations.
Barriers to teaching evolution in higher education.

Background Although progress has been made in evolution education, many educators face significant barriers in their efforts to teach evolution specifically, and science in general. The purpose of this study was to identify faculty-perceived barriers to teaching evolution, specifically in religiously affiliated institutions or institutions with a highly religious student body, as well as resources faculty feel would help promote discourse around faith, evolution and science. To do this, we held a workshop with teams consisting of a science professor, a theologian and a pastor (of the predominant on-campus faith tradition) from 17 different institutions of higher education with highly religious student bodies for the purpose of helping them to create a curriculum to address perceived conflicts between science and faith. During the workshop, participants created posters identifying barriers they face and resources they perceive as helpful. These posters were analyzed for prevalent themes and framed within an ecological model of behavior. Results These teams identified prevalent barriers at each level of the ecological model. Intrapersonal factors included a fear of rocking the boat and a fear of student conflict. Interpersonal factors included perceived student lack of knowledge, student ideology, and student apathy. Institutional factors included work politics, a lack of relevant discourse surrounding the conflict, and mixed messaging to students. Community factors included social norms associated with various student demographics. And public policy factors included local and state government attempts to limit the teaching of evolution. Additionally, participants identified resources that they felt would facilitate overcoming conflict including colleagues as change agents, various assets, and tools to negate conflict. Conclusions We determined that many of the concerns are addressable, and many resources are attainable. We urge the community to work toward these solutions. Additionally, we compare our findings to what the literature has shown and discuss the implications of faculty perceptions as compared to the published literature. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12052-021-00151-1.
Oral Lichen Planus: A review of clinical features, etiologies, and treatments

ABSTRACT Lichen Planus (LP) is an immune-mediated inflammatory condition that can affect the oral cavity, skin, nails, hair, eyes, esophagus, and other mucous membranes. The clinicians should be familiar with the clinical features of all clinical subtypes for LP, including oral LP's (OLP) etiologies, risk factors, and possible treatments. This comprehensive review discusses LP/OLP etiologies, including dental materials' allergies, pharmaceuticals' side effects, genetics' predisposition, and systemic diseases, including autoimmune and nutritional deficiencies. In addition, possible associations with OLP and viruses, such as Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV), Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), Human Herpes Virus-6 (HHV-6), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) are discussed. Authors also summarized OLP's treatment with glucocorticosteroid therapy or other modalities that could reduce the patient's symptoms while investigating the possibility of having an underlying cause.
Modeling the effect of boat traffic on the fluctuation of humpback whale singing activity in the Abrolhos National Marine Park, Brazil

Since the moratorium on whaling, the Brazilian government and local Non-Govermental Organizations (NGOs) have adopted and encouraged a more sustainable use of whales as tourist attractions. Nevertheless, concerns about boat traffic impacts on whale population health have arisen, especially in protected areas such as marine parks. The Abrolhos Marine National Park is the seasonal habitat for the breeding population of humpback whales in the Western South Atlantic. We acoustically monitored 7% of the park area during 26 days using marine autonomous recording units and evaluated the responses of whales to boat traffic by measuring changes in male singing activity. The recorded humpback whale songs were analyzed to locate and count individual singers. We modeled the fluctuation in the number of singers over time in response to: number of acoustic boat events, tide height, lunar phase, hour of the day, the quadratic function of hour of day, day of the season, and presence of light. Generalized linear models were used to fit the singer count data into a Poisson distribution and log link. We found an important negative effect of boat traffic on singing activity. There is evidence that the interaction between phases of the moon and the quadratic function of hour of day also affect singing behavior. Adaptive management should aim at reducing the number of noise events per boat, which can improve the whale watching experience and reduce the impact on male singing behavior.
Trends in emissions control technologies for 1983-1987 model-year California certified light-duty vehicles

An analysis of data provided by vehicle manufacturers during the California emissions certification process has been performed for 1983-1987 model-year light-duty vehicles. The major change in emission control system design was a decrease in the use of secondary air injection which was used on 75% of 1983 vehicles, but only 50% of 1986 and 1987 vehicles. Exhaust gas recirculation was used on 90% of vehicles from 1983-1987. The sales-weighted certification emission levels of gasoline-powered light-duty vehicles were 0.23 gmile HC, 3.1 gmile CO, and 0.5 gmile NO/sub x/ in 1983. Levels of HC and CO were approximately constant at 0.20 gmile and 2.7 gmile, respectively, from 1984-1987 with NO/sub x/ leves decreasing to 0.4 gmile for 1987.
Wrinkles in Fiscal Policy: An Examination of the Effects of Aging Demographics on Public Expenditures and Revenues

The speculation that public spending may shift as the age composition changes in the United States raises questions regarding the sustainability of government programs. This paper addresses this issue by examining how age demographics alter a county government’s spending on public goods and its sources (local taxes or intergovernmental transfers from the state and/or federal level) for funding these expenditures. Building on an existing model, this study finds that it is not enough to simply examine this question with cross-sectional analysis, suggesting that time and county fixed effects need to be considered to address consequences from the Tiebout bias. The results report that the consequences of age composition vary according to the spillover and cost dimensions of each public good. However, these changes are rendered benign as revenues shift in a similar manner as spending, which eliminates potential imbalances within county governments.
DNA breakage in human lung carcinoma cells and nuclei that are naturally sensitive or resistant to etoposide and teniposide.

Abstract Evidence suggests that the anticancer agents etoposide (VP16-213) and teniposide (VM26) produce DNA breaks and cytotoxicity by interaction with type II topoisomerase. Therefore, levels of type II topoisomerase may influence sensitivity to VP16-213 and VM26. We have characterized four lung carcinoma-derived cell lines for natural sensitivity or resistance to VP16-213 and VM26. Included in this study were two small cell lung carcinoma lines (SW900 and SW1271), an adenocarcinoma line (A549), and a large cell carcinoma (H157). SW1271 was the most sensitive line with a median inhibitory concentration for cell proliferation of 0.5 µm for VM26 and 2.7 µm for VP16-213, and SW900 was the most resistant with median inhibitory concentration values of 2.0 and 16 µm, respectively. A549 and H157 cells were intermediate in sensitivity to these drugs. Alkaline elution techniques were used to study in vivo formation and repair of single and double strand DNA breaks. Single strand DNA breaks were observed in SW1271 cells exposed to as little as 10 nm VM26 or 100 nm VP16-213 for 1 h, whereas SW900 cells required exposure to 10-fold higher concentrations of VM26 or VP16-213 to produce similar results. Single strand DNA breaks predominated only in SW1271 and A549 cells and then, only at low drug concentrations, whereas the ratios between single and double strand DNA breaks decreased at higher drug concentrations. Plots of cytotoxicity versus single and double strand DNA breakage revealed that cytotoxicity produced by both drugs was more closely related to double strand DNA break formation in all four cell lines. DNA breaks appeared rapidly upon addition of drug, reaching plateaus in DNA breaks within 30 min, and repair of both single and double strand DNA breaks occurred rapidly with time to repair one-half of the DNA breaks of 20 to 60 min in all four cell lines upon removal of drug, arguing against repair as a mechanism for drug resistance. DNA breakage was also observed in nuclei isolated from SW900 and SW1271 cells in similar magnitude to that observed in the respective cells. Results indicate that DNA breakage plateaus may reflect a steady-state equilibrium established between the drug and its nuclear target, possibly type II topoisomerase, and suggest that natural resistance to VP16-213 and VM26 may be due to different enzyme levels in sensitive and naturally resistant cells.
cis and trans requirements for the selective packaging of adenovirus type 5 DNA.

Polar packaging of adenovirus DNA into virions is dependent on the presence of cis-acting sequences at the left end of the viral genome. Our previous analyses demonstrated that the adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) packaging domain (nucleotides 194 to 358) is composed of at least five elements that are functionally redundant. A repeated sequence, termed the A repeat, was associated with packaging function. Here we report a more detailed analysis of the requirements for the selective packaging of Ad5 DNA. By introducing site-directed point mutations into specific A repeat sequences, we demonstrate that the A repeats represent cis-acting functional components of the packaging signal. Additional elements, located outside the originally defined packaging domain boundaries and that resemble the A repeat consensus sequence, also are capable of promoting the packaging of viral DNA. The cis-acting components of the packaging signal appear to be subject to certain spatial constraints for function, possibly reflecting a necessity for the coordinate binding of packaging proteins to these sites. In agreement with this idea, we present evidence that the interaction of a limiting trans-acting factor(s) with the packaging domain in vivo is required for efficient encapsidation of the Ad5 genome. Images
Some physicochemical relations between thin films and solid surfaces: III. Interpretation of Kinetic Results

Abstract Various physically significant theoretical kinetic models are derived for the desorption of thin films from solid surfaces, with the use of the potential function for the heat of adsorption as a function of separation distance for the energy of activation in the Arrhenius equation. The existence of two interacting film species appears to evolve from the potential function derived for the interaction of two colloidal particles. The plot of the potential energy vs. distance between two interacting colloidal particles exhibits two minima (stable states). One, the primary minimum, is a deep potential well which could correspond to the tightly bound species 2 film (tristearin). The secondary minimum is a shallow well at greater separation distances and probably corresponds to the loosely bound species 1 film. Photomicrographs and electron micrographs are included which support the concept of an oily particulate film-solid substrate interaction that is colloidal in nature. These observations offer a plausible explanation for the existence of long-recognized but previously unexplained longrange forces (beyond a monolayer) holding thin films to solid surfaces.
Two-window heterodyne methods for measurement of optical coherence in multiple scattering media

Summary form only given. The study of optical coherence in multiple scattering media is currently receiving renewed attention because it impacts the development of optical diagnostics based on light propagation in biological tissue. New methods have been developed for characterizing the propagation of optical coherence in multiple scattering media based on the measurement of mutual coherence and Wigner functions. The Wigner function is Fourier transform related to the mutual coherence function of the field. Maximum information is obtained by polarization sensitive measurement of the transverse optical coherence to determine the field correlation functions C/sub ij/ (x, x') = (e*/sub i/(x)/spl epsiv//sub j/(x')), where i, j are the polarizations of the fields measured at transverse positions x and x'. We have developed a novel two-window heterodyne method for determining the field correlation functions by measuring the generalized Wigner functions for the optical field. In the experiments, a signal field is transmitted through or reflected from a multiple scattering medium consisting of a water-glycerol suspension of polystyrene spheres.
An unusual complication possibly arising from the surgical recontouring of fibrous dysplasia of the mandible

Abstract We have presented an interesting case of mandibular pathosis. A lytic lesion in the mandibular ramus appeared to be a sequela in the management of the original disease of monostotic fibrous dysplasia.
Mechanical Design Features of a Small Gas Turbine for Power Generation in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

As part of the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (iARPA) Great Horned Owl (GHO) program, Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI®) developed and tested a small gas turbine for power generation in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). This development program focused on advancing the state of the art in UAV power systems by meeting key metrics in weight, fuel efficiency, and noise generation.Design, assembly, and testing of the gas turbine were completed in-house at SwRI. Fundamental mechanical design features of the gas turbine include an integrated 7 kW motor-generator, minimal oil lubrication system, cantilevered compressor/turbine assembly, and can combustor with air-atomizing fuel nozzles. The compressor/turbine assembly is cantilevered directly off of the motor-generator shaft, which spins on hybrid ceramic bearings. Due to potential rotor natural frequencies in the design operating range, the rotor-dynamic design of this configuration was a special design challenge. The outboard rotor bearing is softly supported on O-rings to provide compliance and drive shaft natural frequencies below the operating range.The lube oil system is another interesting design feature of the GHO gas turbine. It is based on a minimal oil lubrication system previously used at SwRI. The minimal oil lubrication system relies on low oil flow rates and cooling air to pull droplets of oil through the bearing. The oil passes through the machine and is consumed during combustion. This system eliminates traditional oil recirculation hardware for simplicity and weight savings.The can combustor features a modular design and uses additive manufacturing techniques to facilitate easy and cost effective prototyping. All combustor components are manufactured from Inconel 718 using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) with additional post-machining. These parts are particularly challenging for DMLS because of their thin walls and high aspect ratio. The custom air-atomizing fuel nozzles also highlight one of the exciting advantages of the DMLS process. Each nozzle would be difficult to machine using traditional techniques because of the tight internal flow passages; however, they are simple to construct using additive manufacturing.The GHO turbine developed by SwRI demonstrates interesting design features including a minimal oil lubrication system, a cantilever shaft with softly supported bearing, and combustor components built using additive manufacturing techniques. This design provides a platform for further development, testing, and demonstration of small gas turbine technology for UAV power generation.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
High performance In/sub 0.47/Ga/sub 0.53/As tunnel junctions grown by chemical beam epitaxy on InP and GaAs and Si substrates

High performance In/sub 0.47/Ga/sub 0.53/As tunnel junctions were successfully realized using chemical beam epitaxy on InP, GaAs and GaAs/Si substrates. The achievement of high performance tunnel junctions, besides extremely high hole and electron concentrations requires low interdiffusion of dopant species in the narrow space-charge region of the junction during the device growth procedure. Therefore a relatively low temperature growth process and a good control of interface properties is required. Using chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) high quality InP and InGaAs can be grown at temperatures substantially lower than those used in more conventional liquid phase epitaxy and metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy techniques rendering CBE specially attractive for such tunnel junction fabrication. The peak currents obtained on samples grown on InP substrates are the highest ever reported for such tunnel junctions. These results demonstrate that CBE is perfectly suited for fabrication of InP/InGaAs tandem solar cells. >
Fossil care and fossil studies: Andy Currant, former curator of the fossil mammals collections at the Natural History Museum, London

For over 40 years Andy Currant curated the Fossil Mammal Collections at the Natural History Museum, London, during which time he provided gentle fossil care to over 100 000 internationally important specimens collected from around the world. Specializing in the study of Pleistocene mammal bones, he rapidly became a leading research scientist in the British Quaternary faunal record. His research and fieldwork, on numerous excavations in the UK and abroad, led him to create a biostratigraphic model framework for the Quaternary mammal fauna which contributed to further knowledge about climatic changes during the later Pleistocene. As a curator, his own excavations into the Museum's collections resulted in the discovery or rediscovery of iconic historically important specimens. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utilization of ammonium and nitrate during austral summer in the Scotia Sea

Abstract The nitrogenous nutrition of the phytoplankton in the Scotia Sea was investigated with 15 N tracer techniques during the austral summer of 1979. On a regional scale, ambient NH 4 + concentrations in the upper hundred meters were variable (0.1 to 2.5 μg-at. 1 −1 ) and one or more orders of magnitude lower than ambient NO 3 − concentrations (17 to 31 μg-at. 1 −1 ). Despite the abundance of NO 3 − , late summer phytoplankton showed a consistent preference for NH 4 + utilization relative to NO 3 − . This was determined by use of a relative preference index and the patterns are similar to those of other marine, estuarine, and fresh waters to which it has been applied. The ratio of NO 3 − utilization to total nitrogen utilization indicated that when ambient NH 4 + concentrations were > 1.0 μg-at. 1 −1 , NO 3 − accounted for s40% of the total nitrogen utilized. Thus, even when NO 3 − is present in quantities that approach the upper limits for near-surface open-ocean waters, the processes that recycle NH 4 + locally can make a major contribution to the nutrition of the phytoplankton. Data for NO 3 − uptake from the 0.1% light level at several of the southernmost stations appeared anomalous. The observed values were higher than would have been expected solely from phytoplakton uptake.
What are the subjects of STS—Really?

Authors in the previous Theory Into Practice issue and this one raise questions and attempt to clarify the strengths and dilemmas of "STS"an interdisciplinary approach to the study of science-technology-society in public schools and universities. Have they answered these questions for us? Can they? Should they? However intuitively appealing and thoughtful these analyses of STS are, as educators we still are obligated to stew-individually and collaboratively-in the following questions in order to choose the best course(s) of action for ourselves in our particular educational settings: Other than science, technology, and social studies writ large, what are the subjects of study in STS? Why is STS being promoted, on what grounds, and by whom? What alternative views and arguments compete with this one and might be equally viable and persuasive? Who will benefit from STS study, and in what ways? How will we know that we/they benefit? What likely constraints should we acknowledge if we want to create, promote, and implement STS in this place where we work? And, what consequences can we anticipate if we pursue this course of action rather than another one? The above questions are endemic to the theoretical, argumentative features of curriculum and the practical dimensions of engaging in thoughtful deliberation, building a platform, and developing a defensible local curriculum
Index and Engineering Properties of Oregon Cob

Abstract Cob is an earthen building material comprised of sand, clay, straw, and water used for millennia to construct dwellings. Although cob construction largely died out during the nineteenth ce...
Magneto-optical photonic crystals

We propose an optical circulator formed of a magneto-optical cavity in a 2D photonic crystal. With spatially engineered magnetic domain structures, the cavity can be designed to support a pair of counter-rotating states at different frequencies. By coupling the cavity to three waveguides, and by a proper matching of the frequency split of the cavity modes with the coupling strength between the cavity and the waveguide, ideal three-port circulators with complete isolation and transmission can be created. We present a guideline for domain design needed to maximize the modal coupling and operational bandwidth for any given magneto-optical constant.
Measuring Light-Cone Singularities

The scaling behavior observed in deep-inelastic electron scattering is related to the structure of the electric current commutation function in position space. We show that scaling is assured when that object has the following form, which is also consistent with Regge behavior: ${i〈p|[{j}^{\ensuremath{\mu}},(x), {j}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}(0)]|p〉=[{g}^{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{\square}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\partial}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}{\ensuremath{\partial}}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}]\left[\frac{1}{4{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}}\ensuremath{\epsilon}(x\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p)\ensuremath{\delta}({x}^{2})\ensuremath{\int}{0}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}d\ensuremath{\omega}\frac{cos\ensuremath{\omega}x\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}}{F}_{L}(\ensuremath{\omega})+\ensuremath{\epsilon}(x\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p)\ensuremath{\theta}({x}^{2}){f}_{1}({x}^{2}, x\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p)\right]}{+[{p}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}{p}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{\square}\ensuremath{-}p\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\ensuremath{\partial}({\ensuremath{\partial}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}{p}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}+{\ensuremath{\partial}}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}{p}^{\ensuremath{\mu}})+{g}^{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}{(p\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\ensuremath{\partial})}^{2}]\left[\frac{1}{4{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}}\ensuremath{\epsilon}(x\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p)\ensuremath{\theta}({x}^{2})\ensuremath{\int}{0}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}d\ensuremath{\omega}\frac{sin\ensuremath{\omega}x\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p}{\ensuremath{\omega}x\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p}{F}_{2}(\ensuremath{\omega})+\ensuremath{\epsilon}(x\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p)\ensuremath{\theta}({x}^{2}){\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{f}}_{2}({x}^{2}, x\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p)\right]}$ In the above, ${F}_{L}={F}_{2}\ensuremath{-}2\ensuremath{\omega}{F}_{1}$, and the ${F}_{i}$ are the conventional scaling functions of Bjorken. The ${f}_{i}$ are arbitrary, except that ${f}_{2}(0, x\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p)=0$. It is also demonstrated that when the combination ${T}_{1}+(\frac{{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{2}}{{q}^{2}}){T}_{2}$ of the conventional forward Compton amplitudes, as well as ${T}_{2}$, are unsubtracted, a new sum rule can be derived: $〈p|[{j}^{0}(0, \mathrm{x}), {j}^{i}(0)]|p〉=\frac{i}{2\ensuremath{\pi}}{\ensuremath{\partial}}^{i}\ensuremath{\delta}(\mathrm{x})\ensuremath{\int}{o}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}d\ensuremath{\omega}\frac{{F}_{L}(\ensuremath{\omega})}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}}$ Finally, the consequences of the same unsubtractedness hypothesis for the electromagnetic self-mass of the target proton are discussed. The unsubtractedness hypothesis is consistent with present experimental results.
A Dynamic Model of Entry and Exit in a Growing Industry

The potential demand in a new industry evolves over time. Demand is initially low, but advertising by the industry's early entrants can speed up demand growth. However, there is intrinsic uncertainty of the demand level in each period and uncertainty of the demand evolution path, which can be affected by the underlying economic environment. We construct a dynamic model that features the stochastically and endogenously expanding demand of a new industry, and we investigate the optimal entry and exit behavior of firms as the industry evolves. We find that firms' incentive to enter early depends critically on the cost that early entrants have to pay in developing the market. When the cost is high and the benefit spills over to potential entrants, firms have an incentive to wait, and the probability of entry can increase with the number of incumbents under certain circumstances. Firms' entry strategy is also influenced by the transition of economic states. Firms are more likely to enter under a state that shows the prospect of demand taking off soon. We also find that, in the early stage of an industry, higher demand uncertainty can induce faster entry.
Influence of salinity, competition and food supply on the growth of Gobiosoma robustum and Microgobius gulosus from Florida Bay, U. S. A.

The code Gobiosoma robustum and clown Microgobius gulosus gobies were grown in the laboratory over 27 days at two salinities (5 and 35), two food levels [low (a fixed proportion of initial mass) and high (saturation)] and both with and without the presence of the other species. Both species exhibited greatest growth at the high food level and the low (5) salinity. Neither species was affected by the presence of the other species, and there were no overall differences in growth between the two species. Thus, the observed competitive superiority of G. robustum over M. gulosus does not seem to confer an advantage relative to feeding success. Furthermore, as growth of G. robustum was greater at the lower salinity, it is clear that some factor other than salinity is restricting this species from north-eastern Florida Bay. Additional work on the importance of predation and food resources in various regions of Florida Bay is needed to further evaluate the underlying mechanisms responsible for the bay-wide distribution of these species.