cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sulfide oxygenation by tert-butyl hydroperoxide with mononuclear (Me3TACN)Mn catalysts

Abstract Mononuclear (Me 3 TACN)MnX 3 compounds, where X is Cl − , Br − , or N 3 − , and Me 3 TACN is 1,4,7- N , N ′, N ″-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane, have been tested for catalyzing both sulfide oxygenation and styrene epoxidation by tert -butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) and display turnover frequencies (TOF) up to 200 h −1 at room temperature. Sulfoxides or sulfones may be produced selectively by varying reaction conditions. Product distribution from the oxygenation reactions of ethyl phenyl sulfide, 2-chloroethyl phenyl sulfide, and styrene is consistent with a mechanism involving an early single-electron transfer (SET) step.
Increased BACE1 mRNA and noncoding BACE1-antisense transcript in sporadic inclusion-body myositis muscle fibers—Possibly caused by endoplasmic reticulum stress

Sporadic inclusion-body myositis (s-IBM) is the most common muscle disease of older persons. Its muscle-fiber phenotype shares several molecular similarities with Alzheimer-disease (AD) brain, including increased AβPP, accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ), and increased BACE1 protein. Aβ42 is prominently increased in AD brain and within s-IBM fibers, and its oligomers are putatively toxic to both tissues—accordingly, minimizing Aβ42 production can be a therapeutic objective in both tissues. The pathogenic development of s-IBM is unknown, including the mechanisms of BACE1 protein increase. BACE1 is an enzyme essential for production from AβPP of Aβ42 and Aβ40, which are proposed to be detrimental within s-IBM muscle fibers. Novel noncoding BACE1-antisense (BACE1-AS) was recently shown (a) to be increased in AD brain, and (b) to increase BACE1 mRNA and BACE1 protein. We studied BACE1-AS and BACE1 transcripts by real-time PCR (a) in 10 s-IBM and 10 age-matched normal muscle biopsies; and (b) in our established ER-Stress-Human-Muscle-Culture-IBM Model, in which we previously demonstrated increased BACE1 protein. Our study demonstrated for the first time that (a) in s-IBM biopsies BACE1-AS and BACE1 transcripts were significantly increased, suggesting that their increased expression can be responsible for the increase of BACE1 protein; and (b) experimental induction of ER stress significantly increased both BACE1-AS and BACE1 transcripts, suggesting that ER stress can participate in their induction in s-IBM muscle. Accordingly, decreasing BACE1 through a targeted downregulation of its regulatory BACE1-AS, or reducing ER stress, might be therapeutic strategies in s-IBM, assuming that it would not impair any normal cellular functions of BACE1.
Effects of methylene blue on electrical behavior of myenteric neurons.

Intracellular recording methods were used to investigate the action of methylene blue on electrical behavior of myenteric neurons in guinea pig small intestine. The neurophysiological studies were done in parallel with studies on contractile activity of the intestinal musculature. Methylene blue depolarized the membranes, increased the input resistance, augmented excitability and reduced postspike hyperpolarizing potentials in AH/Type 2 myenteric neurons. These effects, with the exception of suppression of postspike hyperpolarization, were reversed by exposure to elevated calcium. The mechanism of action of methylene blue appeared to be suppression of calcium-dependent potassium conductance in the neuronal membranes. The neuronal action of methylene blue was manifest as a release of excitatory neurontransmitter substances with evoked contraction of the small intestinal longitudinal muscle.
Long-Term Support by Injured Brain Extract of a Subpopulation of Ciliary Ganglion Neurons Purified by Differential Adhesion*

Ciliary ganglion neurons and nonneurons can be separated from each other, based on the greater adhesivity of the nonneurons to untreated tissue culture plastic in the presence of serum. When the separation was carried out in the presence of Serum Plus (a commercially available supplemented serum), two populations of neurons were distinguished. Neurons in the first class (50-60% of total) adhered to plastic within 15 min, tended to aggregate into clumps, and were not well supported in long term culture by brain extracts. Neuronal adhesion to plastic was inhibited by heparin but not by chondroitin sulfate. Neurons in the second class did not attach to plastic for up to 90 min (and could thus be purified), were not as prone to aggregation, and were quantitatively supported for long periods (greater than 2 weeks) by the neurotrophic factor(s) present in extracts of injured brain. Although no direct evidence is provided, these populations may correspond to the well characterized ciliary and choroid neurons.
Separating kindling and LTP: lessons from studies of PKM zeta in developing and adult rats.

Abstract The kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and the memory model of long-term potentiation (LTP) may have common underlying mechanisms. This is evident by the demonstration that certain signaling molecules play a key role in both. Recently, a brain specific isoform of protein kinase C (PKMζ) has been shown to play a significant role in both maintaining LTP and memory storage. We were interested in determining if this kinase had a crossover role in kindling-induced epileptogenesis. Using developing and adult rats we examined the role of PKMζ in kindling. In developing (P15) rats we determined the effect of PKMζ on retention of amygdala kindling and kindling rate by intra-amygdala administration of a selective PKMζ antagonist, ZIP (10 nmol). In adult rats we examined the effect of PKMζ inhibition, ZIP (10 nmol), on after discharge (AD) thresholds and kindling retention using rapid hippocampal kindling. Inhibition of PKMζ by the antagonist ZIP did not affect kindling rate or retention in developing rats. In addition there was also no observed effect on AD thresholds and kindling retention in adult rats. Our results show that, despite the similarities between kindling and LTP in their induction, there is dissociation in the role that PKMζ plays within the two in maintenance. This may be of importance in establishing a separation between the pathophysiological processes involved in sustaining kindling and the physiological mechanisms involved in maintaining LTP and memory storage.
Social Effect of the Naturalistic Display of Assertiveness in a Social Conflict Situation

S~~mmary.-Individuals high or low in assertiveness were paired with one anorher and then brought together in dyads in either a social conflict or social acquaintantship. There was no relationship between self-reported assertiveness and acting assertively. In the conflict situation, where highly assertive persons were paired, they viewed their partners as more competent and desirable than paired groups low in assertiveness or groups of mixed high and low assertiveness. This effect for highly assertive persons became even more pronounced in the acquaintance situation. The roles of anxiety, sacrifice, and reasonableness were examined, and suggestions for furrher research were made. In the last several years there has been increased research directed toward identifying what social consequences occur as a result of acting assertively. In general, although assertiveness is associated with enhanced self-esteem and goal accomplishment, its display may pose some adverse consequences for an individual's interpersonal relationships (6). Most all of the research which has identified these adverse effects has either employed a passive design in which uninvolved raters have watched videotapes of assertion and then rated the consequences or, to a lesser excent, used confederates in highly contrived roles and situations. It appears that the level of raters' involvement with the assertive model influences the perceptions of assertiveness obtained (8). One of the important moderators of such involvement is the subject's valuation of such factors as the perceived risk, sacrifice, or reasonableness associated with the assertive act (2, 13). To the extent that minimal sacrifice or risk is involved in the assertive sinlation, no unfavorable interpersonal effects of assertiveness have been noted (4). Direct involvement, however, requires that the subject be present in the social situation and actively participate in the display of assertive or nonasserrive responses. The present investigation extends the understanding of raters' involvement by employing individuals with varying degrees of assertiveness, who are themselves involved in a social conflict in which an assertive action is possible.
Measured air exchange rates and indoor air quality in multifamily residences

Abstract Measurements of air exchange rate and indoor air quality were taken in three occupied units in three separate buildings of a multifamily complex at the Naval Submarine Base in Bangor, (State of) Washington, over 5–6 consecutive days in November 1983. These three identically-sized all-electric units were located in two-story, four-unit buildings that had been constructed in 1978. One unit was on the ground floor; the other two units were on the second floor. Pollutants monitored indoors included radon, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and nitrogen dioxide. Indoor and outdoor temperature and wind speed were also recorded. Outdoor formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide were also measured. The air exchange rate was measured using a constant release of perfluorocarbon tracer; the airborne tracer concentration was collected automatically over continuous sampling periods of 6–8 hours. The average air exchange rate for a 24-h period ranged from 0.24 air changes per hour (ach) in the ground-floor unit to 0.91 air changes per hour in an upstairs unit. The mean air exchange rate for the entire monitoring period ranged from 0.29 ach in the downstairs unit to 0.71 ach in an upstairs unit. Indoor pollutant concentrations were generally low except for particulate matter in the units occupied by smokers. The particulate matter in these two units was two to four times higher than that measured in the unit occupied by nonsmokers. Levels of carbon monoxide were also slightly elevated in one of the smoker-occupied units compared to those in the unit with no smokers.
Residency training in colposcopy: A survey of program directors in obstetrics and gynecology and family practice ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Objective: Our goal was to identify how colposcopy is being taught to residents in obstetrics and gynecology and family practice programs and to see if the program directors think their residents receive sufficient clinical exposure to be adequately trained in colposcopy. Study Design: A 30-question survey was sent to all obstetrics and gynecology and family practice residency program directors. The survey included questions about the didactic nature of the colposcopy curriculum, the type of supervision, how resident skills are evaluated, estimates of the numbers and types of patients evaluated, the numbers and types of procedures being done by each resident, and the program director's perception of residents' competence in colposcopy. Results: The overall response rate was 485 of 752 program directors (64.5%). Significantly fewer family practice than obstetrics and gynecology program directors thought they had adequate numbers of colposcopy patients to train their residents. By their program directors' estimates, 86% of family practice residents evaluate 10 or fewer patients with high-grade lesions (versus 16.5% of obstetrics and gynecology residents); 51.4% evaluate 10 patients or fewer with low-grade lesions (versus 6.7% of obstetrics and gynecology residents), and 40.6% evaluate 10 patients or fewer with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (versus 3% of obstetrics and gynecology residents). Experience with vulvar disease is also limited. Program directors thought their residents' colposcopy skills were roughly comparable with their general obstetrics and gynecology skills. Conclusions: It is possible that many program directors underestimate the number of colposcopic examinations required to achieve and maintain colposcopic skills. Many training programs have insufficient clinical volume to properly train residents in colposcopy. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:507-13.)
Cranberry proanthocyanidins improve the gut mucous layer morphology and function in mice receiving elemental enteral nutrition.

Background: Lamina propria Th2 cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, stimulate goblet cell (GC) proliferation and MUC2 production, which protect the intestinal mucosa. Elemental enteral nutrition (EEN) reduces tissue IL-4 and impairs barrier function. Proanthocyanidins (PACs) stimulate oral mucin levels. We hypothesized that adding PAC to EEN would maintain Th2–without stimulating Th1–cytokines and preserve luminal MUC2 vs EEN alone. Materials and Methods: Seventy mice were randomized to 5 diet groups–standard chow, intragastric EEN, or EEN with lowPAC, midPAC (50 mg), or highPAC (100 mg PAC/kg BW)–for 5 days, starting 2 days after gastric cannulation. Ileal tissue was analyzed for histomorphology and the cytokines IL-4, IL-13, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MUC2 was measured in intestinal washes. Results: EEN lowered IL-13 (P < .05) compared with standard chow, whereas IL-4 was not significant (P < .07). LowPAC and midPAC increased IL-13 (P < .05), whereas highPAC increas...
The impact of FGFR1 and FRS2α expression on sorafenib treatment in metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Background: Angiogenesis plays a role in tumor growth and is partly mediated by factors in both the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathways. Durable clinical responses with VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may be limited by intrinsic tumor resistance. We hypothesized that FGF signaling may impact clinical responses to sorafenib. Methods: Nephrectomy material was available from 40 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) enrolled in a phase II clinical trial of sorafenib ± interferon (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00126594). Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 alpha (FRS2α) expression was assessed by in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence, respectively. The relationship between fibroblast growth factor pathway marker levels and progression-free survival (PFS) was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression methods. Results: Univariate analysis indicated that more intense FGFR1 staining was associated with shorter PFS (log-rank P= 0.0452), but FRS2α staining was not significantly associated with PFS (log-rank P= 0.2610). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were constructed for FGFR1 and FRS2α individually, adjusting for baseline Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, treatment arm and anemia status. When adjusted for each of these variables, the highest intensity level of FGFR1 (level 3 or 4) had increased progression risk relative to the lowest intensity level of FGFR1 (level 1) (P= 0.0115). The highest intensity level of FRS2α (level 3 or 4) had increased progression risk relative to the lowest intensity level of FRS2α (level 1) (P = 0.0126). Conclusions: Increased expression of FGFR1 and FRS2α was associated with decreased PFS among patients with metastatic RCC treated with sorafenib. The results suggest that FGF pathway activation may impact intrinsic resistance to VEGF receptor inhibition.
Trends in use and safety of image-guided transthoracic needle biopsies in patients with cancer.

Although pneumothorax was frequent in outpatients after IGTTNB, rates of hospitalization and chest tube placement were low. As screening for lung cancer increases, the authors anticipate an increased need for IGTTNB.
An ab initio study of the low-lying doublet states of AgO and AgS

Spectroscopic constants (D(sub o), r(sub e), mu(sub e), T(sub e)) are determined for the doublet states of AgO and AgS below approx. = 30000/cm. Large valence basis sets are employed in conjunction with relativistic effective core potentials (RECPs). Electron correlation is included using the modified coupled-pair functional (MCPF) and multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) methods. The A(sup 2)Sigma(sup +) - X(sup 2)Pi band system is found to occur in the near infrared (approx. = 9000/cm) and to be relatively weak with a radiative lifetime of 900 microns for A(sup 2)Sigma(sup +) (upsilon = 0). The weakly bound C(sup 2)Pi state (our notation), the upper state of the blue system, is found to require high levels of theoretical treatment to determine a quantitatively accurate potential. The red system is assigned as a transition from the C(sup 2)Pi state to the previously unobserved A(sup 2)Sigma(sup +) state. Several additional transitions are identified that should be detectable experimentally. A more limited study is performed for the vertical excitation spectrum of AgS. In addition, a detailed all-electron study of the X(sup 2)Pi and A(sup 2)Sigma(sup +) states of AgO is carried out using large atomic natural orbital (ANO) basis sets. Our best calculated D(sub o) value for AgO is significantly less than the experimental value, which suggests that there may be some systematic error in the experimental determination.
Genetic polymorphisms in carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A gene are associated with variation in body composition and fasting lipid traits in Yup'ik Eskimos

Variants of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), a key hepatic lipid oxidation enzyme, may influence how fatty acid oxidation contributes to obesity and metabolic outcomes. CPT1A is regulated by diet, suggesting interactions between gene variants and diet may influence outcomes. The objective of this study was to test the association of CPT1A variants with body composition and lipids, mediated by consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Obesity phenotypes and fasting lipids were measured in a cross-sectional sample of Yup'ik Eskimo individuals (n = 1141) from the Center of Alaska Native Health Research (CANHR) study. Twenty-eight tagging CPT1A SNPs were evaluated with outcomes of interest in regression models accounting for family structure. Several CPT1A polymorphisms were associated with HDL-cholesterol and obesity phenotypes. The P479L (rs80356779) variant was associated with all obesity-related traits and fasting HDL-cholesterol. Interestingly, the association of P479L with HDL-cholesterol was still significant after correcting for body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat (PBF), or waist circumference (WC). Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the L479 allele of the CPT1A P479L variant confers a selective advantage that is both cardioprotective (through increased HDL-cholesterol) and associated with reduced adiposity.
A critical review of a pivotal scientific contribution: Liles and associates 24 years later.

Objective: This review evaluates (in retrospect) the contribution of Liles and associates (1984) to the causality debate ofthe work relatedness of low back pain. Background: Often it takes years to appreciate the role of a paper with respect to the body of literature as a whole. Method: Although many papers appear remarkable when they are first published, the real value of a contribution often can be appreciated by considering how the paper "fills in the pieces ofthe puzzle" over time. This paper examines how the Liles paper infiuenced low back pain causality efforts after its introduction. Results: This analysis indicates that Liles and associates contributed to the science of low back disorder causality by (a) advancing the idea of quantitative measures used for field studies, (b) identifying a dose-response relationship for low back pain, and (c) recognizing the influence of a system of work and nonwork influences related to low back pain development. Conclusion: The Liles contribution to Human Factors has proven to play a pivotal role in our understanding of how low back pain is influenced by work exposure. Application: The concepts introduced here can help future efforts associated with understanding musculoskeletal disorder causality and work.
Editorial Response: Management of Cryptococcal Meningitis-Have We Answered All the Questions?

Cryptococcal infection is probably the most important life­ threatening fungal complication of AIDS. Its therapy, once difficult, has become much clearer in the last few years as the result of several carefully conducted clinical trials, and there is probably little debate about standard therapy at this point. Most clinicians would choose initial therapy with amphotericin, followed by maintenance therapy with an azole. Many would include flucytosine with the initial regimen. However, this does not imply that debate is over. There remain several issues that are potentially controversial, two of which are raised in the articles by Sharkey et al. and Witt et al. in this issue, namely: Can we use azole therapy initially as management, and does the toxicity ofamphotericin B warrant the seeking ofalternative treatment?
Nonacademic Careers for Political Scientists

We are hearing a great deal these days about a declining marketplace for our Ph.D.s. The evidence collected by the American Political Science Association and many of its sister disciplines is clear: The number of academic jobs is declining. Yet, despite reductions in graduate enrollments, the more than 110 departments of political science which grant doctorates produced over 765 Ph.D.s in 1974. What might be done to solve the problem of this imbalance? One proposal recommends dismantling many of our doctoral programs. I have mixed feelings about this. The argument that only the most distinguished departments should continue to grant Ph.D.s, because only they produce a marketable product, is fallacious. In my experience, the most distinguished departments have no better record in placing their doctorates than those which are less distinguished. I have been involved personally in program reviews at a number of institutions of various prestige levels, and I have found that some of the “so-called” marginal programs do extremely well in placement.
REAL OPTIONS PRIMER: A PRACTICAL SYNTHESIS OF CONCEPTS AND VALUATION APPROACHES

Strategic capital investment decisions are being made every day in an increasingly uncertain world. While the traditional NPV approach does a reasonable job of valuing simple, passively managed projects, it does not capture the many ways in which a highly uncertain project might evolve, and the ways in which active managers will influence this evolution. In cases where managerial flexibility is a major source of strategic value, companies will want to use real options valuation methods. This article serves as a managerial tutorial on this newer, less understood approach. It uses simple examples to illustrate the essence of four basic categories of real options—timing, growth, production, and abandonment. The examples begin by taking a “binomial” approach to option valuation, in which the value of an investment initiative is allowed to take on two possible future values. Besides being used to illustrate the distinctive features of a real option, the binomial approach also serves to help the reader understand the alternative Black-Scholes valuation approach (though without requiring the reader to master the complex mathematics underlying Black-Scholes). Basic instructions for implementing both approaches are provided, along with a discussion of how to set appropriate discount rates and the important role of volatility assessment in the valuation process.
Identity Formation: Discovery or Creation?

The contrasting metaphors of discovery and creation are proposed here as alternative ways of understanding the nature of the task of identity formation. These two metaphors are related to the philosophies of eudaimonisn and existentialism, respectively. The processes of discovery and creation are shown to have distinctive theoretical implications regarding (a) the sources of identity elements, (b) the methods used in the evaluation of competing identity alternatives, and (c) the decision-making level on which a resolution of an identity crisis is most likely to be reached. Some practical implications of the two metaphors for counseling adolescents and others with identity concerns are also presented.
Compact totally instable zero-dimensional semilattices

Abstract Totally instable semilattices are discussed. A construction process is described which creates a large family of totally instable semilattices having the property that any connected surmorphic image of one of these semilattices must be chain.
On System Functions with the Property of Separability

ABSTRACT This paper considers linear differential (time-varying) systems which may be described by either of two system functions based on a specified integral transform. In particular, those systems are discussed for which at least one of the aforementioned system functions is separable in its two arguments. Physical interpretations of separable system functions are given and two theorems are proved which yield sufficient conditions for the presence of this property. It is also proved that the so-called ‘bi-frequency’ function of Zadeh must be Separable for linear differential systems. Finally, the problem of approximately representing a given system by a separable system function based on the Laplace transform is discussed.
The role of technology in facial prosthetics.

Purpose of review Technology has the potential to transform the fabrication process of facial prosthetics. The purpose of this review is to highlight the pertinent technological advances in computerized shade selection, three-dimensional digital photography, virtual surgical planning, surface scanning, and three-dimensional imaging to obtain the wax pattern. Recent findings There have been a few reported studies documenting the effect of computerized color formulations for facial prosthesis. The technology is still in its infancy and may serve as a tool to manage metamerism and to complement the subjective clinical assessment of the clinician. Three-dimensional photography, surface scanning, and three-dimensional imaging have been used successfully in the fabrication of facial prostheses. Software programs which allow the clinician to plan virtually implant placement allows the treatment planning process to be much more prosthetically driven. Even with the technological advances, it is perhaps most important to remember the basics of proper preparation of the defect to accept the prosthesis. Summary The incorporation of technology into the fabrication process of facial prostheses can potentially transform the treatment process from a time-consuming artistically driven process to being a reconstructive biotechnology process.
Streaming over subscription overlay networks

A subscription overlay network (SON) consists of a stream source server and a number of subscribing nodes that pay monthly fee to watch the program. While the video program is continuous and endless, a subscriber typically watches the program only in some time interval. Thus, a SON may have a large number of subscribing nodes, but at any one time, only a small percentage of them may be playing (i.e., receiving some program) while many others are just idling. In this paper, we consider how these idling nodes can be leveraged for constructing highly efficient overlay multicast, where clients can join and leave dynamically. Unlike regular playing nodes, an idling node should be included in a multicast tree only when doing so can improve the system performance (e.g., reducing network traffic). We address this challenge and propose a novel overlay multicast technique that is able to find and incorporate appropriate idling nodes for data forwarding. We evaluate the performance of the proposed technique through simulation, and the results confirm its performance advantages.
Shifting Gears: Igniting Structural Transformation in Africa

Rarely has a country evolved from a low- to a high-income status without sustained structural transformation from agrarian or resource-based towards an industry- or services-based economy. Yet few African countries have been successful in this transformation. This raises many questions: Within agriculture, services or industry, how does the process of moving into higher quality goods and services happen? Within firms, why are some able to move into export markets and start producing new goods, while others languish? How do economies move up the value chain? What determines a country's ability to create jobs? What is the appropriate role for governments and markets in the growth dynamics? This paper summarises the intellectual progress achieved through several major waves of growth research and highlights the remaining challenges of understanding structural change. It then provides some empirical evidence of the limited structural transformation that has taken place in Africa since independence, and suggests a blueprint to help policymakers in Africa and elsewhere address them. Copyright 2012 , Oxford University Press.
Splicing Diversity of the Human OCLN Gene and Its Biological Significance for Hepatitis C Virus Entry

Persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a primary etiological factor for the development of chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and cancer. A recent study identified occludin (OCLN), an integral tight junction protein, as one of the key factors for HCV entry into cells. We explored the splicing diversity of OCLN in normal human liver and observed variable expression of alternative splice variants, including two known forms (WT-OCLN and OCLN-ex4del) and six novel forms (OCLN-ex7ext, OCLN-ex3pdel, OCLN-ex3del, OCLN-ex3-4del, OCLN-ex3p-9pdel, and OCLN-ex3p-7pdel). Recombinant protein isoforms WT-OCLN and OCLN-ex7ext, which retained the HCV-interacting MARVEL domain, were expressed on the cell membrane and were permissive for HCV infection in in vitro infectivity assays. All other forms lacked the MARVEL domain, were expressed in the cytoplasm, and were nonpermissive for HCV infection. Additionally, we observed variable expression of OCLN splicing forms across human tissues and cell lines. Our study suggests that the remarkable natural splicing diversity of OCLN might contribute to HCV tissue tropism and possibly modify the outcome of HCV infection in humans. Genetic factors crucial for regulation of OCLN expression and susceptibility to HCV infection remain to be elucidated.
MISSIONARIES ON THE REZAIYEH PLAIN, IRAN

Rezaiyeh, Azerbaidjan occidental. Au debut des annees 1830, installation de missionnaires protestants americains, visant a renouveler l'Eglise Assyrienne Nestorienne| puis, a partir de 1860, creation d'une "Eglise Syrienne Evangelique". Bons rapports avec les autorites civiles. Action sociale. Tentative de proselytisme aupres des musulmans (ecoles). Les Anglicans operent aupres des Armeniens. Les guerres kurdes et la guerre de 1914-1918 voient l'Eglise orthodoxe russe prendre pied dans la region de Rezaiyeh, jusqu'a la Revolution de 1917.
DNA endoreduplication in maize endosperm cells: the effect of exposure to short‐term high temperature

DNA endoreduplication in Zea mays L. (cv. A619 ¥ W64A) endosperm peaks between 16 and 18 d after pollination (DAP). The physiological function of DNA endoreduplication is not known but it is believed to be important in maize kernel development. In the present study, we investigated how 2, 4 or 6 d of high temperature (35 °C) affected DNA endoreduplication and maize kernel development in comparison with control kernels grown at 25 °C. Data were collected on fresh weight (FW), nuclei number, mitotic index, and DNA endoreduplication. Maize endosperm FW and nuclei number were reduced by exposure to 4 or 6 d of high temperature. At 18 DAP, the 2 d high temperature treatment (HTT) caused a reduction in FW and nuclei number, but had no effect on DNA endoreduplication and average DNA content per endosperm. However, when the exposure to high temperature was increased to 4 or 6 d, FW, nuclei number and the magnitude of DNA endoreduplication were progressively reduced, and the peak mitotic index was delayed compared with the control endosperm. At 18 DAP, the 4 d treatment showed 54·7% of the cells were 3 or 6 C, whereas only 41·2% were 12 C or higher. Six days of high temperature also resulted in a reduction in endosperm FW, nuclei number and a delay in the peak of mitotic index. DNA endoreduplication occurred in the kernels exposed to this treatment, although the magnitude was severely reduced compared with the control kernels. Nuclear DNA content was highly correlated (r = 0·93) with kernel FW, suggesting an important role of DNA endoreduplication in determining endosperm FW. The data suggest that high temperature during endosperm cell division exerted negative effects on DNA endoreduplication by dramatically reducing the nuclei number, leaving fewer nuclei available for DNA endoreduplication. However, the data also suggest that prolonged exposure to high temperature restricts entry of mitotic cells into the endoreduplication phase of the cell cycle.
Impact of ENSO on SST Variability in the North Pacific and North Atlantic: Seasonal Dependence and Role of Extratropical Sea–Air Coupling

Abstract The influences of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events in the tropical Pacific on interannual variability of the coupled ocean–atmosphere systems in the North Pacific and North Atlantic have been studied using a suite of experiments with a rhomboidal 30-wavenumber, 14-layer general circulation model (GCM). Observed month-to-month fluctuations of the sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Pacific during the 1950–95 period were prescribed as the lower boundary condition for the GCM. The SST conditions outside of the tropical Pacific were predicted by a simple ocean mixed layer model with a constant depth. Four independent integrations under this “Tropical Ocean–Global Atmosphere–Mixed Layer (TOGA-ML)” scenario were conducted. Both observational and model results indicate that the imposed ENSO forcing during midwinter is accompanied by prominent atmospheric circulation changes over the North Pacific and Atlantic. These teleconnection patterns in turn alter the heat exchange across the l...
Children with autism are impaired in the understanding of teaching.

Children learn novel information using various methods, and one of the most common is human pedagogical communication or teaching - the purposeful imparting of information from one person to another. Neuro-typically developing (TD) children gain the ability to recognize and understand teaching as a core method for acquiring knowledge from others. However, it is not known when children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) acquire the ability to recognize and understand teaching. This study (total N = 70) examined whether children with ASD recognize the two central elements that define teaching: (1) that teaching is an intentional activity; and (2) that teaching requires a knowledge difference between teacher and learner. Theory of mind understanding was also tested. Compared to individually matched TD children, high cognitively functioning children with ASD were impaired in their comprehension of both components of teaching understanding, and their performance was correlated with theory of mind understanding. These findings could have broad implications for explaining learning in children with autism, and could help in designing more effective interventions, which could ultimately lead to improved learning outcomes for everyday life skills, school performance, health, and overall well-being.
Neonates and medicines: a roadmap to further improve neonatal pharmaceutical care

The treatment of newborns with safe and effective medicines is of critical importance for their outcome and subsequent quality of life. Despite this, it is still a common practice to prescribe medicines to neonates outside the label, extrapolating from dosing regimens and indications validated in older populations and based on non-neonatal pathophysiology. In a recent meta-analysis (2015) evaluating 829 (1994–2012) studies on prescribing practices in pediatric hospital care, off-label and unlicensed medicines prescriptions ranged from 12 to 71 % and 0.2 to 48 %. These authors hereby reconfirmed that (pre)term neonates were still most commonly exposed to off-label and unlicensed medicines [12]. The federal US legislation and similar European initiatives have resulted in a relevant increase in pharmacological studies in children, with a subsequent significant increase in label changes. Unfortunately, too few included drug label changes specific to neonates. To further illustrate this, there were 406 pediatric label changes (Food and Drug Administration, 1997–2010), but only 23 drugs resulted in 11 labeled indications (e.g., linezolid, rocuronium, remifentanil, sevoflurane, stavudine, nevirapine) for neonates. The absence of label change was most commonly because of unproven efficacy, despite the fact that these compounds (e.g., paracetamol, caspofungin, valganciclovir) are likely relevant for neonates [14]. This may largely reflect the difficulties to proof efficacy due to heterogeneity in patients, variability in outcome variables, and uncertainty on biomarkers, in addition to demonstrating safety (risk of adverse drug events) in neonates. Despite the significant improvements in the knowledge on pharmacotherapy in older children, neonates still remain therapeutic orphans [2, 14]. In this issue of the journal, Campino et al. report on the rate of errors (calculation or accuracy) in intravenous medicine preparations when performed either bedside in 10 Spanish neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) or in hospital pharmacy (HP) services. The study group hereby evaluated the impact of a structured intervention (protocol standardization, education) on the number of errors and documented significant improvements in both calculation errors (1.35 to 0 %) and accuracy (54.7 and 38.3 % to 38.3 and 14.6 % in NICU and HP, respectively) [6]. This intervention paper follows on a previous paper which described a pre-intervention phase [5] and illustrates the potential impact of preventive strategies on the extent of drug errors. Development of a roadmap to improve neonatal pharmaceutical care should aim to improve the knowledge on clinical pharmacology, clinical pharmacy, and approaches to improve the knowledge and use of neonatal pharmacovigilance initiatives [1]. Another keystone component of such a roadmap should focus on neonatal drug development, i.e., drug development driven by neonatal pathophysiology (Fig. 1). Communicated by Patrick Van Reempts
Catalysis of Coal Liquefaction

The catalysis of coal liquefaction encompasses many reactions, conditions and catalytic and support materials. Catalytic processes for direct liquefaction of coal recently piloted or demonstrated such as H-coal, have used conventional hydrotreating or hydrofining catalysts such as alumina supported Co-mo1ybdate. There has been considerable interest in various iron compounds. Solid catalysts are recognized to act as catalysts, not with coal itself, but with liquids produced by the thermal pyrolysis of coal. Conventional liquefaction at temperatures above 400°C have been extensively studied and almost all catalysts stable at these conditions have been applied to coal liquefaction.
On the Interpretation of Canonical Analysis

Canonical correlation analysis has been increasingly applied to marketing problems. This article presents some suggestions for interpreting canonical correlations, particularly for avoiding oversta...
114. Inflammation induced changes in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Glutamate is associated with Depression and Fatigue

Behavioral symptoms including depression and fatigue are well-known consequences of activated peripheral immunity. Increased glutamate turnover in mood-regulating brain regions targeted by inflammatory mediators such as cytokines might mediate this relationship. We used single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to quantify glutamate concentrations in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) before and after four weeks of exposure to interferon (IFN)-alpha. IFN-alpha is an inflammatory cytokine used in the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection that is known to cause depression and fatigue up to 50% of patients depending on the dose. Sixteen HCV patients underwent MRS scans, behavior ratings and immune marker assessments before and after 4 weeks of IFN-alpha treatment. Fourteen HCV control patients awaiting IFN-alpha therapy were studied in parallel. IFN-alpha administration was associated with significant increases in glutamate concentrations measured as glutamate/creatine (Glu/Cr) ratios in the ACC. Increases in the Glu/Cr ratio in the ACC was in turn correlated with increases in plasma soluble tumor necrosis factor 2 receptor (r = 0.54, p < 0.002), depression (r = 0.53, p < 0.003) and fatigue (r = 0.41, p < 0.03). The above findings are consistent with previously reported changes in ACC function among HCV patients following IFN-alpha treatment and among healthy volunteers administered immune stimuli including typhoid vaccination. These data suggest that altered glutamate metabolism as a result of impaired glial function may contribute to ACC changes following immune activation.
Reducing Crime and Criminal Justice Costs: Washington State's Evolving Research Approach:

A series of public policy reforms put into place since the mid-1990s has helped move Washington state toward an “evidence-based” juvenile justice system. The central concept behind these reforms is...
Hospital epidemiology in the work of Maxwell Finland.

This writer gladly agreed to prepare a commentary on hospital epidemiology as found in the work of Maxwell Finland, but discovered to his chagrin that even after considerable searching and reflection, a wholly satisfactory definition of a hospital epidemiologist proved elusive. Considered broadly, anyone studying the occurrence and characteristics of a disease within a hospital population might be a hospital epidemiologist. The lack of focus and clarity in this definition, however, is readily apparent when viewed against the backdrop of hospital-based study of disease. A more limited concept of hospital epidemiology emerges if it is considered to include only disease acquired within the hospital. The classic studies of Semmelweiss on puerperal fever might be considered by such a definition to be one of the earliest exercises in
White matter integrity as a mediator in the relationship between dietary nutrients and cognition in the elderly

OBJECTIVE We examined the association of nutrient intake with microstructural white matter integrity, and the role of white matter integrity in the association between nutrient consumption and cognition. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis included 239 elderly (age ≥ 65 years) participants of a multiethnic cohort. White matter integrity was measured with fractional anisotropy (FA) from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Nutrient patterns were derived from principal component analysis based on energy-adjusted intake of 24 selected nutrients. Generalized linear models were used to assess the association between nutrient patterns and mean FA of 26 white matter tracts. Mediation analysis was used to determine whether FA mediates the nutrient-cognition relationship. All models were adjusted for age at time of scan, gender, ethnicity, education, caloric intake, and apolipoprotein genotype. RESULTS Among the identified 6 nutrient patterns, 1 (nutrient pattern 6, characterized by high intakes of Ω-3 and Ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E) was positively associated with FA. Those with the highest tertile of nutrient pattern 6 score had a mean of 0.01 (p = 0.01) higher FA value than those with the lowest tertile, similar to the effect of a 10-year decrease in age (b for age = -0.001, p = 0.01). FA mediated the relationship between nutrient pattern 6 and memory, language, visuospatial and speed/executive function, and mean cognitive scores. INTERPRETATION Our study suggests that older adults consuming more polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E rich foods had better white matter integrity, and that maintaining white matter microstructural integrity might be a mechanism for the beneficial role of diet on cognition. Ann Neurol 2016;79:1014-1025.
Intraoperative Frozen Section Histology: Matched for Musculoskeletal Infection Society Criteria

Abstract Background The current gold standard to diagnose periprosthetic joint infection (PJI)—the Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) criteria, requires a battery of tests, the results of which may not be available at the time of decision-making. Thus, surgeons often rely on intraoperative frozen section histology. However, the accuracy of frozen sections has not been determined when matched for the MSIS criteria. We aimed to (1) assess the value of intraoperative histology in the diagnosis of PJI and (2) evaluate discrepancy rate between frozen and permanent section analysis. Methods A retrospective review of patients who underwent revision total hip or total knee arthroplasty for either PJI or mechanical failure in 2013 was conducted. Two hundred procedures where tissue samples for frozen sections had been collected were identified and included into the study. Results of frozen sections were compared to the modified MSIS criteria. Discrepancy rate between frozen and permanent sections was also calculated. Results Frozen sections had sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of 73.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 59.7%-87.7%), 98.8% (95% CI, 97.1%-100.0%), 94.1% (95% CI, 90.6%-97.6%), 93.3.4% (95% CI, 84.4%-100.0%), 94.0% (95% CI, 90.7%-97.3%), respectively. There were 10 discrepancies between the results of frozen and permanent sections (N = 421 samples), thereby yielding 97.6% concordance. Conclusion When matched to the MSIS criteria, intraoperative frozen section histology yields a high specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, accuracy, and moderate sensitivity. The discrepancy rate between frozen and permanent sections is low and both demonstrate good approximation of MSIS criteria.
Excessive Bruising and the Ketogenic Diet

Changes in platelet function and excessive bruising were investigated by chart review and prospective screening in 51 patients treated with the ketogenic diet for epilepsy at RUSH-Presbyterian-St Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, IL A significant increase in bruising or other minor bleeding was reported and/or observed in 16 (31%) patients.
Investigation of neural network classification of computer network attacks

We investigate the neural network classification of computer network attacks using statistical anomaly detection, carried out by HIDE. HIDE is a hierarchical, multitier, multiobservation-window, anomaly based network intrusion detection system, prototyped in our laboratory for the US Army's Tactical Internet. HIDE monitors several network traffic parameters simultaneously, constructs a probability density function (PDF) for each, statistically compares it to a reference PDF of normal behavior using a similarity metric, then combines the results into an anomaly status vector that is classified by a neural network classifier. Many simulation experiments have been carried out focusing on the denial of service (DOS) class of attacks, including UDP, ICMP and TCP flooding attacks. We investigated the detection effectiveness of the perceptron (P), backpropagation (BP), perceptron-backpropagation-hybrid (PBH), fuzzy ARTMAP, and radial-based function (RBF) artificial neural network (ANN) classifiers. We present here results on several data sets from different UDP flooding scenarios. The results showed that the PBH and BP classifiers outperform all others. ICMP and TCP DOS attacks behave similarly to the UDP ones.