cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns and predictors of off-label prescription of psychiatric drugs

Off-label prescribing of psychiatric drugs is common, despite lacking strong scientific evidence of efficacy and potentially increasing risk for adverse events. The goal of this study was to characterize prevalence of off-label prescriptions of psychiatric drugs and examine patient and clinician predictors of off-label use. This manuscript presents a retrospective, cross-sectional study using data from the 2012 and 2013 National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys (NAMCS). The study examined all adult outpatient visits to psychiatric practices for chronic care management with a single listed visit diagnosis in which at least one psychiatric drug was prescribed. The main outcome measure was off-label prescribing of at least one psychiatric drug, defined as prescription for a condition for which it has not been approved for use by the FDA. Among our sample representative of 1.85 billion outpatient visits, 18.5 million (1.3%) visits were to psychiatrists for chronic care management in which at least one psychiatric drug was prescribed. Overall, the rate of off-label use was 12.9% (95% CI: 12.2-15.7). The most common off-label uses were for manic-depressive psychosis treated with citalopram and primary insomnia treated with trazodone. Several patient and clinician characteristics were positively associated with off-label prescribing, including seeing a psychiatrist (OR: 1.06, 95% CI, 1.01-1.12; p = 0.03) instead of another type of clinician, the office visit taking place in the Western region of the country (OR: 1.09, 95% CI, 1.01-1.17; p = 0.02), and the patient having 3 or more chronic conditions (OR: 1.12, 95% CI, 1.02-1.14; p = 0.003). In contrast, having Medicare coverage (OR: 0.93, 95% CI, 0.84-0.97; p = 0.04) and receiving payment assistance from a medical charity (OR: 0.91, 95% CI, 0.88-0.96; p = 0.03) instead of private insurance were negatively associated with off-label prescribing. These results suggest that certain classes of psychiatric medications are being commonly prescribed to treat conditions for which they have not been determined by the FDA to be clinically efficacious and/or safe.
Procedural Framework to Facilitate Hospital‐Based Informed Consent for Dementia Research

Improving quality and delivery of care for people with Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD) requires a comprehensive research agenda that encompasses the entire care continuum. Logistical and ethical challenges of informed consent for research participation of persons with ADRD include determination of capacity to consent, surrogate consent when capacity to consent is compromised, timely identification of the legally authorized representative (LAR) providing surrogate consent, and balancing residual autonomy with surrogate consent. Short stays; limited access to patients, caregivers, and LARs; and fluctuating influences of acute illness on capacity determination compound these challenges in the acute care setting. To address these challenges, we worked with the University of Wisconsin Health Sciences Institutional Review Board to develop a procedural framework for obtaining informed consent from hospitalized individuals with ADRD and their caregivers to participate in a minimal risk care intervention. The framework is specially designed for minimal risk situations in which rapid enrollment is a necessity and uses rapid identification of surrogates to consent for patients who lack legal capacity to make medical decisions, indicated by an activated healthcare power of attorney, and individualized formal assent procedures for patients who lack capacity to consent. These methods were proven effective in facilitating hospital-based recruitment in an ongoing randomized controlled trial and provide a basis for increasing access to acute care clinical research for persons with ADRD. Bolstering research participation through more easily used consent procedures during acute illness is critical to fostering improvements in the delivery of high-quality care to persons with ADRD. J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2243-2248, 2018.
Small Bowel Sources of Gastrointestinal Bleeds

Small bowel gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding accounts for 5–10% of all GI bleeds. Common causes in adults include vascular ectasias, neoplasms, ulcers caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Crohn’s disease, Dieulafoy’s lesions, and Meckel’s diverticula. Diagnostic tools to evaluate patients with suspected small bowel GI bleeds include video capsule endoscopy, computed tomographic enterography and magnetic resonance enterography, nuclear medicine scans, angiography, and enteroscopy. Treatments vary depending on the source of bleeding, ongoing blood loss, and hemodynamic status. Hemodynamically unstable patients with acute bleeding should undergo conventional angiography. Surgical treatment requires guidance from preoperative source localization and is often used as last resort. Endoscopic therapies include sclerotherapy, coagulation, clipping, and band ligation of bleeding lesions. Medical management of small bowel GI bleeds is focused on treatment of anemia and reducing the risk of recurrent bleeding.
Attribute Based Encryption for Information Sharing on Tactical Mobile Networks

Security and access control for data in transit remains a challenge for the deployment of battlefield tactical mobile networks (TMN). Attribute based encryption (ABE) is a promising solution that inherently satisfies many of the security and functional requirements of the military in this context. We present a novel ABE cryptographic algorithm with added capabilities for revocation, delegation, and federation. It can serve as the foundation for a security infrastructure that allows effective and efficient information sharing on the TMN.
Nietzsche and Freud: Disaffinities:

Much has been written on the similarities between Nietzsche and Freud, and Freud himself spoke of his ‘return to Nietzsche’. I argue, however, that at least with respect to their conceptions of the...
Malignancies of the Bone

Initial workup of malignant skeletal lesions includes obtaining a thorough clinical history, physical exam, imaging, and laboratory testing. Key findings that suggest underlying malignant bone pathology include the presence of hypercalcemia, history of pathologic fracture associated with a skeletal lesion, and locally aggressive behavior of a bone tumor on imaging. The optimal approach to patients with primary or metastatic bone neoplasm or a hematologic malignancy includes a multidisciplinary approach with a variety of subspecialists. Bone-modifying therapy including bisphosphonates and denosumab plays an important role in the management of pain related to metastatic malignancy of bone and multiple myeloma.
Mechano-Immunomodulation: Mechanoresponsive Changes in Macrophage Activity and Polarization

In recent years, biomaterial- and scaffold-based immunomodulation strategies were implemented in tissue regeneration efforts for manipulating macrophage polarization (a.k.a. phenotype or lineage commitment, or differentiation). Yet, most of our understanding of macrophage phenotype commitment and phagocytic capacity is limited to how physical cues (extracellular matrix stiffness, roughness, and topography) and soluble chemical cues (cytokines and chemokines released from the scaffold) influence macrophage polarization. In the context of immune response-tissue interaction, the mechanical cues experienced by the residing cells within the tissue also play a critical role in macrophage polarization and inflammatory response. However, there is no compiled study discussing the effect of the dynamic mechanical environment around the tissues on macrophage polarization and the innate immune response. The aim of this comprehensive review paper is 2-fold; (a) to highlight the importance of mechanical cues on macrophage lineage commitment and function and (b) to summarize the important studies dedicated to understand how macrophage polarization changes with different mechanical loading modalities. For the first time, this review paper compiles and compartmentalizes the studies investigating the role of dynamic mechanical loading with various modalities, amplitude, and frequency on macrophage differentiation. A deeper understanding of macrophage phenotype in mechanically dominant tissues (i.e. musculoskeletal tissues, lung tissues, and cardiovascular tissues) provides mechanistic insights into the design of mechano-immunomodulatory tissue scaffold for tissue regeneration.
Predicting S4 Beam Joint Nonlinearity Using Quasi-Static Modal Analysis

Recently, a new algorithm was presented (Festjens et al., Int J Mech Sci 75 (2013) 170–177) that allows one to predict the effective natural frequency and damping ratio as a function of amplitude for a structure with bolted joints. This paper applies a variant on that algorithm to a finite element model of the “S4 Beam” (two C-shaped beams bolted together on their ends) and compares the results with the measurements described in (Singh et al., IMAC 2019). The algorithm, which is here referred to as Quasi-Static Modal Analysis (QSMA), is applied to a detailed finite element model of the beam in the commercial software package, Abaqus®. Coulomb friction is assumed to govern the contact interface. Amplitude dependent damping and natural frequency curves are calculated for the structure and compared to experimental measurement. Several studies are included which explore the solver tolerances and preload values needed to reach agreement with experimental measurements. Additionally, the shape of the actual contact interfaces is measured using a profilometer and fed into the model to quantify the effect of slight curvature in the contact.
Recognition and management of dermatologic complications from interventional radiology procedures

A variety of dermatologic complications can occur after interventional radiology procedures, including fluoroscopy-induced radiation dermatitis, thermal skin injury from tumor ablation, non-target embolization to the skin, allergic reactions related to interventional radiology procedures, and dermatitis and infections at catheter sites. Yet, interventional radiologists typically lack training in dermatology. This review focuses on recognition of dermatologic complications and introduces basic principles for management of these complications. By taking a more active role in the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of dermatologic complications, interventional radiologists can improve the care for patients suffering iatrogenic skin inury.
Fundamental properties of broadband dual-contact diffractive optical elements

We highlight fundamental properties of the dual-contact diffractive optical elements (DOEs) with high-diffraction efficiency throughout the visible spectrum and its fabrication example. To obtain high-diffraction efficiency over the broad wavelength range, the refractive index difference between the two kinds of materials constituting the dual-contact DOE must satisfy the constraint condition (blazing condition) on the wavelength dependence. For this reason, it has been considered difficult to obtain a suitable material for the dual-contact DOE. In recent years, nanocomposite materials have been studied as constituting materials of dual-contact DOE. We find the combination consisting of two kinds of UV curable resins that almost satisfy the blazing condition and have excellent processability. Prototyped dual-contact DOE using those materials showed high-diffraction efficiency and low-noise level throughout the visible spectrum.
The Sense of Distance and the Perception of the Other

The following is a broad reflection on medieval travel and the ways in which western Christians encountered and imagined non-Christians and non-Europeans. It is interdisciplinary and multivalent, and it considers a variety of sources, both historical and literary, from the eleventh through the fifteenth centuries. An especial emphasis is placed upon the ways in which these sources—including material objects—were disseminated, “read,” and interpreted. In addition to presenting an overview of who travelled and why, where they went, and how they conveyed themselves, the principle aim of this essay is to demonstrate the wide variety of medieval responses to cross-cultural encounters. Medieval people were neither simplistic nor one-sided, and they often changed their minds, not only as the result of real-life interactions with foreign peoples, but also sometimes as the result of hearing or reading about them. Included are observations about the ways in which people at all levels of medieval society, including the illiterate and untraveled, perceived the “other.”
Anthropology and Creative Nonfiction

According to Lee Gutkind, founder and editor of the magazine Creative Nonfiction, creative nonfiction is the “fastest-growing genre.” He argues that it includes memoir and literary journalism, taki...
Optimizing the u411 automated urinalysis instrument for veterinary use

BACKGROUND The Cobas u411 Analyzer (Roche Diagnostics) is an automated, reflectance photometry-based urinalysis instrument designed for use with Roche's CHEMSTRIP 10UA technology and human urine samples. OBJECTIVE We aimed to optimize and validate the Cobas u411 Analyzer for use in canine and feline urinalysis. METHODS Patient urine samples presenting to the Clinical Pathology Laboratory at the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital were analyzed with the Cobas u411 and by manual readings in parallel. Initially, 223 canine and 83 feline urine samples were run using the u411 factory settings. Following comparisons with manual results, and evaluation for directional bias, adjustments to the reflectance values were made in the instrument's programming. An additional 183 canine and 95 feline samples were run using the adjusted settings. Total urine protein concentrations were measured in 48 samples and used to generate receiver operating characteristic curves for the protein test pad. RESULTS Following adjustments in reflectance programming, concordance between u411 and manual results was increased by 17.7% for protein, 11.7% for ketones, and 4.5% for bilirubin. Concordances for pH, glucose, and blood were not substantially changed. Discordance for all analytes was ≤3%. Canine and feline samples had similar levels of discordance, though marginal concordance was higher in dogs for ketones, bilirubin, and blood. CONCLUSIONS Adjustments to the reflectance programming of the Cobas u411 Analyzer improved concordance with manual results for canine and feline samples. This instrument has the potential to greatly increase both efficiency and consistency of urinalysis procedures in higher throughput veterinary diagnostic laboratories.
Analysis of etiologicalagent in 771 children with lower respiratory infection

：Objective To detect andanalyze viral pathogens and the etiological agent distribution of hospitalized childrenwith lower respiratory infection. Methods We adopted direct immunofluorescence to detectthe seven frequent respirovirus antigens from nasopharyngeal secretion in 771 hospitalizedpatients with lower respiratory infection.Results Virus detection of 243 cases waspositive in 771, the total positives ratio was 31.52%. Respirovirus infection hadobviously relation with age and season. The positive rate of virus infection was highestin asthma, followed in bronchiolilis and asthmatic bronchitis, which were 58.80% and35.56% respectively. Conclusion Different ages and different seasons presented differentviral infection and different virus types. Infection rate in infant was higher obviouslythan that in the other ages, respiratovy syncytial virus and parain- fluenza virus werethe major virus in lower respiratory infection. Viral infection was important reason tocause children asthma.
Athermal lithium niobate microresonator.

Lithium niobate (LN), possessing wide transparent window, strong electro-optic effect, and large optical nonlinearity, is an ideal material platform for integrated photonics application. Microring resonators are particularly suitable as integrated photonic components, given their flexibility of device engineering and their potential for large-scale integration. However, the susceptibility to temperature fluctuation has become a major challenge for their implementation in a practical environment. Here, we demonstrate an athermal LN microring resonator. By cladding an x-cut LN microring resonator with a thin layer of titanium oxide, we are able to completely eliminate the first-order thermo-optic coefficient (TOC) of cavity resonance right at room temperature (20°C), leaving only a small residual quadratic temperature dependence with a second-order TOC of only 0.37 pm/K2. It corresponds to a temperature-induced resonance wavelength shift within 0.33 nm over a large operating temperature range of (−10 – 50)°C that is one order of magnitude smaller than a bare LN microring resonator. Moreover, the TiO2-cladded LN microring resonator is able to preserve high optical quality, with an intrinsic optical Q of 5.8 × 105 that is only about 11% smaller than that of a bare LN resonator. The flexibility of thermo-optic engineering, high optical quality, and device fabrication compatibility show great promise of athermal LN/TiO2 hybrid devices for practical applications, elevating the potential importance of LN photonic integrated circuits for future communication, sensing, nonlinear and quantum photonics.
Cancer Inhibiting Effects of Bean Dietary Fiber and Soy Protein Isolate in Rats

Both epidemiological and experimental evidence indicate that dietary factors in general and dietary fiber and fat in particular are important in the etiology of colon cancer. Adequate dietary fiber consumption has been correlated with reduced risk of several cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly colon cancer. Total dietary fat and saturated fat have been implicated as enhancing factors in colon cancer development.
A follow-up study of industrial education doctoral graduates of the period of 1972 through 1982 to investigate the degree of job satisfaction

ed in Gray et al. (1978). Some of the more common measures described in that publication are outlined by Dawis and Lofquist (1981). Hoppock's Job Satisfaction Blank, one of the best known and most widely used measures of job satisfaction, measures overall satisfaction based on four items. Each item presents the respondent with seven statements describing a continuum from extreme dissatisfaction to extreme satisfaction. Splithalf reliability data are available, and validity data have been gathered to a limited extent. The Job Descriptive Index, developed by Smith, Kendall, and Hulin (1969), is an indirect measure of satisfaction consisting of word or phrase descriptions of five job facets
Inhalation of two Prop 65-listed chemicals within vehicles may be associated with increased cancer risk.

Abstract Chemicals are listed on California’s Proposition 65 (Prop 65) for their potential to cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm, and certain chemicals from this list are often detected within interior vehicle dust and air. Therefore, this study examined the potential risk associated with five Prop 65-listed chemicals detected within vehicle interiors: benzene, formaldehyde, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP). Exposure estimates based on time spent within a vehicle were derived from a meta-analysis of estimated concentrations from the literature. Regulatory levels established by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) were then used to generate percent reference doses (%RfDs) for chemical-specific daily doses as well as determine the probability of risk (exceedance probability) as a function of %RfD for each chemical-specific daily dose. Based on our meta-analysis, benzene and formaldehyde were detected in vehicle interior air whereas DEHP, DBP and TDCIPP were detected in vehicle interior dust. Benzene and formaldehyde were the only two chemicals with an estimated %RfD > 100 across any of the commute times. For commute times of 20 min or longer, the %RfD was > 100 for maximum exposures based on the “maximum allowable daily level” for benzene, and for 95th-percentile exposures based on the “no significant risk level” for benzene and formaldehyde. Furthermore, the probability of exceeding 100% RfD was highest for cancer risks associated with benzene, followed by cancer risks associated with formaldehyde and the risk of reproductive and developmental toxicity associated with benzene. Lastly, within the entire state of California, the percent of commuters with a 10% probability of exceeding cancer risk associated with benzene or formaldehyde exposure was 78% and 63%, respectively. Overall, our study raises concerns about the potential risk associated with inhalation of benzene and formaldehyde for people who spend a significant amount of time in their vehicles, an issue that is especially pertinent to traffic-congested areas where people have longer commutes.
Pasteurization Effects on Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Salmonella spp, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus

This study evaluated the efficacy of on-farm commercial pasteurization units and their effectiveness in destroying Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Salmonella spp, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus in saleable bulk-tank milk inoculated with both a low inoculum level (between -102 and 103 CFU/ml) and a higher inoculum (between -105 and 106 CFU/ml).
Risk Management Principles for Nanotechnology

Risk management of nanotechnology is challenged by the enormous uncertainties about the risks, benefits, properties, and future direction of nanotechnology applications. Because of these uncertainties, traditional risk management principles such as acceptable risk, cost–benefit analysis, and feasibility are unworkable, as is the newest risk management principle, the precautionary principle. Yet, simply waiting for these uncertainties to be resolved before undertaking risk management efforts would not be prudent, in part because of the growing public concerns about nanotechnology driven by risk perception heuristics such as affect and availability. A more reflexive, incremental, and cooperative risk management approach is required, which not only will help manage emerging risks from nanotechnology applications, but will also create a new risk management model for managing future emerging technologies.
Modeling and Control of Eye Movements with Musculotendon Dynamics

Recent anatomical studies of extraocular muscles (EOM) demonstrate the stability of muscle paths. This is due to the fact that each rectus EOM passes through a pulley consisting of an encircling ring or sleeve of collagen. In this paper, the EOMs are modeled using the Hill type musculotendon complex and the effect of extraocular pulleys are studied. The model proposed by Martin and Schovanec for horizontal eye movements is used as the basis. Then the extraocular pulleys are introduced in order to study the implications to the dynamic model of the eye.
Data-Driven vs Consensus Diagnosis of MCI: Enhanced Sensitivity for Detection of Clinical, Biomarker, and Neuropathologic Outcomes.

Background and Objectives Given prior work demonstrating that mild cognitive impairment (MCI) can be empirically differentiated into meaningful cognitive subtypes, we applied actuarial methods to comprehensive neuropsychological data from the University of California San Diego Alzheimer9s Disease Research Center (ADRC) in order to identify cognitive subgroups within ADRC participants without dementia and to examine cognitive, biomarker, and neuropathologic trajectories. Methods Cluster analysis was performed on baseline neuropsychological data (n = 738; mean age 71.8). Survival analysis examined progression to dementia (mean follow-up 5.9 years). CSF Alzheimer disease (AD) biomarker status and neuropathologic findings at follow-up were examined in a subset with available data. Results Five clusters were identified: optimal cognitively normal (CN; n = 130) with above-average cognition, typical CN (n = 204) with average cognition, nonamnestic MCI (naMCI; n = 104), amnestic MCI (aMCI; n = 216), and mixed MCI (mMCI; n = 84). Progression to dementia differed across MCI subtypes (mMCI > aMCI > naMCI), with the mMCI group demonstrating the highest rate of CSF biomarker positivity and AD pathology at autopsy. Actuarial methods classified 29.5% more of the sample with MCI and outperformed consensus diagnoses in capturing those who had abnormal biomarkers, progressed to dementia, or had AD pathology at autopsy. Discussion We identified subtypes of MCI and CN with differing cognitive profiles, clinical outcomes, CSF AD biomarkers, and neuropathologic findings over more than 10 years of follow-up. Results demonstrate that actuarial methods produce reliable cognitive phenotypes, with data from a subset suggesting unique biological and neuropathologic signatures. Findings indicate that data-driven algorithms enhance diagnostic sensitivity relative to consensus diagnosis for identifying older adults at risk for cognitive decline.
“It’s Hard Being Strong for Her, Because Sometimes I Find Myself Weak”: Reluctant Confidants’ Sensemaking of Survivors’ Sexual Assault Disclosures

There is increasing interest in the important, timely, and understudied topic of interpersonal processes related to a disclosure of sexual assault, especially because confidants may feel unprepared...
The case for reflexivity in quantitative survey research in leisure studies: lessons from surf research

Reflexivity has become a standard practice in qualitative research to improve the trustworthiness of the results and offer a critical perspective on the researcher’s role in the study. Qualitative ...
Towards a taxonomy of web registers and text types: a multi-dimensional analysis

This paper uses multi-dimensional analysis to investigate the extent to which the subject categories used by Google are linguistically well-defined. A 3.7 million word corpus is constructed by a stratified sample of web pages from two Google categories: ‘Home’ and ‘Science’. The corpus is tagged (using the Biber Tagger) and factor analysis is carried out, resulting in four factors. These factors are interpreted functionally as underlying dimensions of variation. The ‘Science’ and ‘Home’ categories are compared with respect to each dimension; although there are large differences in the dimension scores of texts within each category, the two Google categories themselves are not clearly distinguished on linguistic grounds. The dimensions are subsequently used as predictors in a cluster analysis, which identifies the ‘text types’ that are well defined linguistically. Eight text types are identified and interpreted in terms of their salient linguistic and functional characteristics.
Reclaiming Schools as Public Sites for Democratic Imagination

This chapter presents an analysis of the discursive forces that inform current education reforms worldwide and claims that such discourses have also privatized our educational imagination. This claim is grounded upon educational policy studies contending that both the management and the pedagogical practices of public schools have been privatized. The power of the discourses of privatization is further explored in two documentaries: “Waiting for ‘Superman,’” released in 2010 in U. S. and La Educacion Prohibida [prohibitive education], directed by German Doin and released in 2012 online and widely known in the Spanish speaking world. Applying Foucault’s notion of governmentality, the chapter contends that this move toward privatization should be understood as a part of the larger neoliberal rationality now informing educational and social policies that have redefined the relationship between the individual and the state. The chapter concludes by presenting the notion of public education as publicly imagined as a critique to this rationality and as a space of possibilities to find new public grounds for our public imagination.
An ensemble technique for estimating vehicle speed and gear position from acoustic data

This paper presents a machine learning system that is capable of predicting the speed and gear position of a moving vehicle from the sound it makes. While audio classification is widely used in other research areas such as music information retrieval and bioacoustics, its application to vehicle sounds is rare. Therefore, we investigate predicting the state of a vehicle using audio features in a classification task. We improve the classification results using correlation matrices, calculated from signals correlating with the audio. In an experiment, the sound of a moving vehicle is classified into discretized speed intervals and gear positions. The experiment shows that the system is capable of predicting the vehicle speed and gear position with near-perfect accuracy over 99%. These results show that this system could be a valuable addition to vehicle anomaly detection and safety systems.
SEARCH THEORY; CURRENT PERSPECTIVES 1

Search Theory is an analysis of resource allocation in economic environments with trading frictions. These frictions include the difficulty of bringing potential traders together, coordinating agents’ decisions, informing agents of trading opportunities, and keeping records of agents’ trading histories. In the market, trading frictions appear in various forms of transactions cost and they generate important regularities in quantities and prices. For example, there are unemployed workers, under-utilized capital, and unsold goods in inventory, which indicate that markets are unable to exhaust all potentially desirable trades. Also, the law of one price predicted for a frictionless economy is at odds with the dispersion of prices often observed for similar goods. Earlier models of search theory introduced two elements to capture search frictions (see Diamond, 1987). One element is a matching function, which generates the frequency of matches between agents. The other element is a mechanism to determine prices in individual trades. Two types of models incorporated these elements. One is sequential search models, in which agents on one side of the market post prices. Agents on the other side receive price quotes at an exogenous rate and decide sequentially whether to accept the quotes. The other type is random-matching models, in which the matching frequency is a function of the ratio of the numbers of agents on the two sides of the market. Such models determine price by Nash bargaining. We will refer to these models as models of random search or undirected search, because agents in the models take the matching frequency as given. With undirected search, the 1 This article is written as an entry to the Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. I thank the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for research support.
β-Cyanoalanine Formation by Chromobacterium violaceum

Nonproliferating cells of Chromobacterium violaceum incubated with glycine, methionine, and succinate as substrates accumulated beta-cyanoalanine in the culture fluid. Tracer experiments showed that carbons-2, -3, and -4 of beta-cyanoalanine are derived from the 2-carbon of glycine. When methionine-methyl-(14)C, succinate-1,4-(14)C, or succinate-2,3-(14)C was used as substrate, beta-cyanoalanine did not become labeled. If K(14)CN and serine were used as substrates, the cyano group of beta-cyanoalanine was labeled. Radioactive beta-cyanoalanine, labeled in the 3-carbon, was formed when glycine and H(14)CHO were used as substrates. (14)C-formic acid did not replace formaldehyde. Asparagine also accumulated in the incubated mixture and was found to be labeled in the amide carbon. Incubation of cells with beta-cyanoalanine-4-(14)C produced labeled aspartic acid in cell hydrolysates.
Can Philosophy Save the Study of Religion

Schilbrack presents the data and methods of disciplinary philosophy as contributing positively to the academic study of religion and gives his understanding of religion and of its study based on this contribution. I suggest we go further—the methods of disciplinary philosophy should provide a centralizing paradigm around which the various contributory disciplines of the study of religion might be better and more sustainably organized. Schilbrack adopts an approach that focuses on practice and embodiment rather than doctrine and belief. Again, I recommend going even further, still avoiding eliminative behaviorism but adopting a “philosophical ethology,” and seeking to refine the “superempirical realities” of Schilbrack’s definition of religion with reference to behaviors that produce and surround certain elements of material culture. This, I believe, would advance Schilbrack’s theoretical understanding of both religion and the philosophy of religion, taking it to an even greater level of generality and utility.
A risk calculator based on self-reported information predicted 5-year mortality in adults in the UK

Source Citation Ganna A, Ingelsson E.5 year mortality predictors in 498 103 UK biobank participants: a prospective population-based study. Lancet. 2015 Jun 2. [Epub ahead of print]26049253
Exploring graduate students’ perceptions about social work licensing

AbstractSocial work practice is regulated in all the 50 USA, 10 Canadian Provinces, Great Britain, and Australia, to name a few. Though practitioners, educators, and researchers are increasingly attentive to regulatory dynamics, there remains a dearth in the literature related to social work licensing, specifically within the context of social work education. This exploratory study examined the US graduate social work students’ (N = 223) general knowledge and perceptions about social work licensing. Data suggest that though students value and have a desire to be licensed, some ambiguity and ambivalence persist around the topic. This paper explicates key findings and discusses implications derived from this study.
Band-structure effects in the specific heat of helium adsorbed on graphite: Perturbation theory

Band-structure contributions to the specific heat of a low-density mobile gas adsorbed on a structured substrate are calculated directly with a perturbation expansion to second order in powers of the lateral Fourier components of the adatom-substrate potential. The formalism is applied to the case of helium adsorbed on basal plane graphite, with results in good agreement with those from a detailed band-structure calculation of Carlos and Cole. The perturbation expansion makes a substantial simplification in the specific-heat calculation. Qualitative features of the results are also discussed.
Performance observations based on a subset of the DICOM 3.0 draft standard

The American College of Radiology (ACR) and the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) are defining the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) V3.0 Standard. Previous authors have investigated the performance of the ACR- NEMA V1.0 and V2.0 Standards in point to point and network applications. This paper describes an early implementation of a subset of the DICOM V3.0 Standard and presents performance results for a combination of workstation types and network technologies.
Differential characterization of blood flow, velocity, and vascular resistance between proximal and distal normal epicardial human coronary arteries : analysis by intracoronary Doppler spectral flow velocity

To characterize coronary blood flow velocity parameters and to determine the relation among velocity, volumetric flow, and vascular resistance in awake human beings, we performed paired proximal and distal velocity measurements in 28 angiographically normal coronary arteries. Mean velocity, peak velocity, diastolic-to-systolic velocity ratio, and diameter and cross-sectional area of proximal and distal arteries were determined and coronary flow and vascular resistance computed. Mean velocity and coronary vasodilator reserve were similar for all three native arteries and were preserved from proximal to distal segments. Volumetric flow decreased from proximal to distal segments. The demonstrated inverse and curvilinear (polynomial) relation between volumetric flow and vascular resistance agrees with theoretical and animal models of coronary physiologic characteristics and suggests a nadir of coronary vascular resistance below which coronary flow no longer increases.
Estimating Firm-Specific and Relational Properties in Interorganizational Relationships in Marketing

ABSTRACT Past research on interfirm relationships typically has relied on a single informant from one side of the relationship and has estimated the constructs of interest by summing the informant's answers to several measures posited as indicators of each construct. We demonstrate analytically that two systematic sources of measurement error, informant bias and measure specificity, have opposing effects in single-informant, sum-scale representations, and also provide empirical evidence of the relative magnitude of these confounds. Using an extremely rare dataset where there are multiple informant reports from each side of the relationships studied, significant perceptual agreement between partner firms is found for firm-specific and relational properties. The results provide empirical evidence on the magnitude and direction of informant biases and measurement specificity. We conclude with implications of the findings for substantive research on interorganizational relationships.
Ultrastructural localization of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in hypothalamic paraventricular neurons synthesizing corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) synthesizing neurons, located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), are the main central regulators of the pituitary-adrenal cortex endocrine axis. The hormone production and release of CRF-synthesizing neurons is regulated by neuronal messages and feedback action(s) of glucocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland. In order to characterize the latter mechanism, glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-immunoreactive (IR) sites were studied in hypothalamic paraventricular neurons of intact, long-term adrenalectomized, and adrenalectomized plus glucocorticoid treated animals, by means of ultrastructural immunocytochemical labelling. In intact animals, glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity was found predominantly in the nuclei of parvocellular neurons. Following adrenalectomy GR-immunoreactivity was localized in the cytoplasm of the cells, and there was a concomitant disappearance of the label from the nuclei. After corticosterone administration to adrenalectomized animals, GR-IR sites were again concentrated within the cell nuclei. Immunocytochemical double labelling studies performed on adrenalectomized plus corticosterone-replaced animals demonstrated glucocorticoid receptor-IR sites in the cell nuclei of parvocellular paraventricular neurons that expressed CRF-immunoreactivity in their cytoplasm. These ultrastructural data indicate that the intracellular location of glucocorticoid receptor is dependent on the availability of glucocorticoids by the neurons. The simultaneous expression of GR- and CRF-immunoreactivity in parvocellular paraventricular neurons supports the concept of a direct feedback action of glucocorticoids upon CRF-synthesizing neurons.
Electrical Properties, Cation Distributions, and Thermal Expansion of Manganese Cobalt Chromite Spinel Oxides

As the oxidation and chromium volatilization of chromia-forming alloy interconnects can cause Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) cathode poisoning and cell degradation, spinel coatings like Mn1.5Co1.5O4 have been applied as a barrier to oxygen and chromium diffusion. To evaluate their long-term stability, the properties of the reaction layer between the Mn1.5Co1.5O4 coating and Cr2O3 scale formed on the alloy surface need to be characterized. Therefore, compositions of Mn1.5−0.5xCo1.5−0.5xCrxO4 (x = 0–2) were prepared to investigate their electrical properties, cation distributions, and thermal expansion behavior at high temperature. With increasing Cr content in manganese cobalt spinel oxides, the cubic crystal structure is stabilized and the electrical conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion both decrease. The cation distributions determined from neutron diffraction show that Cr and Mn have stronger preference for octahedral sites in the spinel structure as compared with Co.
Diagnostic errors in polytrauma: a structured review of the recent literature

Clinically important diagnostic errors are relatively common among polytrauma patients (2–40%). Errors are not random; they are more frequent in the spine and periarticular appendicular skeleton, especially in hemodynamically unstable patients who require resuscitation or operative intervention before completion of secondary or tertiary clinical survey. Misleading history, distracting findings, and misjudgments all contribute to risks of diagnostic errors.
Cornelia de Lange Syndrome: A Variable Disorder of Cohesin Pathology

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare multiple malformation syndrome including small stature, distinctive craniofacial features, limb anomalies, neurodevelopmental and behavioral abnormalities, and other organ system pathology. Recent literature has demonstrated that typical CdLS and related overlapping disorders display a broad range of severity and pleiotropy, suggesting that considering these diagnoses as a spectrum may be more appropriate. A molecular basis has been identified in many individuals, with mutations in five genes primarily responsible. These genes encode structural or regulatory proteins of the cohesin protein complex, important in chromatid division, cell cycle function, DNA repair, and epigenetic control. This review summarizes clinical findings, current management recommendations, and recent advances in understanding the underlying biologic mechanisms of these overlapping disorders of cohesin pathology.
Influence of variations in ruminal contents upon estimates of body weight change of dairy cattle during restricted feeding.

Abstract Three common methods of estimating live weight change in ruminants and relationships between ruminal contents and live weights of dairy cattle were studied, using 13 lactating Holstein heifers, two with rumen fistulas. Live weights were obtained immediately after each milking for 105 consecutive days in one trial and 61 days in another. Ruminal contents from fistulated heifers were removed, weighed, sampled, and replaced periodically. Body weight changes estimated from single weighings after 14 hr without feed or water at the beginning and end of a period were shown to be more accurate than changes estimated either from means of three live weights taken at the beginning and end of a period, or from a regression of daily live weights on time. It was shown that estimation of body weight change from shrunk live weights could greatly reduce variations in ruminal fill, one of the largest sources of error in dairy cattle feeding experiments.
Measurement of Pulmonary Impedance in Live Mice and Changes With Chronic Hypoxia

Pulmonary arterial impedance offers the most complete characterization of right ventricular afterload, which is crucial for the proper function of the right ventricle. Impedance can be calculated in either the time or frequency domain from pulsatile pressure-flow relationships. Here we compared impedance metrics calculated in the time domain to those computed in the frequency domain under normal conditions and after induction of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) (10 and 21 days). In C57BL6/J mice, pulmonary arterial pressure was measured invasively with a high fidelity catheter while pulmonary arterial flow was measured with Doppler ultrasound. Input impedance (Z0) and characteristic impedance (ZC) were calculated from the resulting pressure-flow relationships. Our results demonstrate that Z0 increased with 10 days of hypoxia as expected but surprisingly returned toward normal after 21 days; the values obtained were not different for the two methods (R2 = 0.99, P <0.0001). ZC increased slightly but not significantly with 10 days of hypoxia and remained at control levels after a 21 day exposure; here the values did depend on the method used: ZC was 1.73 times larger when calculated in the frequency domain versus the time domain (R2 = 0.86, P <0.0001). We conclude that both time and frequency domain analyses can be used to calculate important metrics of pulmonary vascular impedance, which lend insight into the changes in arterial structure and function that occur with pulmonary vascular disease.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The Incidence and Effect on Total Tuber Carotenoids of a Recessive Zeaxanthin Epoxidase Allele ( Zep1 ) in Yellow-fleshed Potatoes

Zeaxanthin epoxidase (Zep) is one of at least two genes important for the incidence and amount of carotenoids in yellow-fleshed potato. The recessive allele of the gene encoding zeaxanthin epoxidase (Zep1) has previously been shown to inhibit the conversion of the xanthophyll zeaxanthin to other, more polar carotenoids. We examined the effect of the dosage of Zep1 on total carotenoids in yellow-fleshed tetraploid potato germplasm. The dosage of heterozygous individuals was determined using high-resolution DNA melting. We also surveyed a wide range of germplasm available in the USDA-ARS potato breeding program in Washington for the presence and dosage of Zep1. Genotypes with zero, one, or two copies of Zep1 had statistically similar levels of total tuber carotenoids. Triplex individuals showed a small but significant increase in total carotenoids over the previous three classes. In turn, individuals that were homozygous for Zep1 had much higher levels of total carotenoids than all other dosage classes. This suggests that a slight dosage effect is present, but that the effect of Zep1 is indeed largely recessive. A significant amount of variation in total carotenoids was observed within all Zep1 dosage classes, reinforcing the evidence that additional loci are important for high total carotenoids in potato. Our survey of breeding germplasm supported earlier research that Zep1 is uncommon in tetraploid potato germplasm. The use of high-resolution DNA melting again allowed us to identify the dosage of Zep1 in heterozygous individuals. This is important for breeding high-carotenoid potatoes at the tetraploid level, since recovery of homozygous Zep1 individuals is very rare. Identification of agronomically desirable parents with two or more copies of Zep1 would allow for higher recovery of homozygous Zep1 progeny, permitting additional selection for other desirable traits.
Identification of forbidden vibration-rotation transitions in 15NH3

Abstract Forbidden Δ| k − l | = 3 vibration-rotation transitions have been observed in the ν 4 band of 15 NH 3 . The analysis of these transitions, together with previously published data on the allowed transitions, has made it possible to determine a set of molecular parameters, including for the first time the rotational constant C as well as the centrifugal distortion constants D K and H KKK , which are necessary for the calculation of energy levels. Some weak forbidden transitions in the ν 2 band have also been observed.