cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanocoatings for corrosion protection of aerospace alloys

Abstract: As the result of environmental conditions, corrosion usually takes place and degrades the surface of aluminum alloys used in aerospace manufacturing. Commonly used methods of decreasing corrosion rates to improve the lifetime of these alloys include protective coatings, passivations and anodic and cathodic fortification. In addition, new protection methods incorporating nanotechnology-associated approaches have been recently developed. These include surface treatments, nanocomposite thin-film coatings, layer-by-layer coatings, self-cleaning coatings, sol–gel coatings, ceramic coatings, nanoscale alloy coatings and top-layer coatings. Compared with conventional coating materials, nanotechnology-associated coatings significantly increase the corrosion protection of aluminum alloys. In this paper, some of the nanoscale studies involving protective coatings are analyzed and the results evaluated.
Do Peri-ictal Psychiatric Symptoms Account for the Differences between Depressive Disorders in Patients with and without Epilepsy?

This chapter questions whether mood disorders differ between patients with and without epilepsy, and whether they are periictal symptoms and episodes responsible for these differences? The chapter reviews the available data of periictal depressive symptoms and episodes of depression. Recognition of periictal episodes and in particular, of postictal depressive and anxiety episodes, is of the essence, as they have a very negative impact on the quality of life of these patients. Postictal psychiatric symptoms are investigated in the course of an evaluation either in the clinic or in research studies. The atypical characteristics of mood disorders require that screening instruments and structured psychiatric interviews be developed specifically for patients with epilepsy.
Morphology and microstructure of magnetite and ilmenite inclusions in plagioclase from Adirondack anorthositic gneiss

It is well known that oriented iron and titanium oxide inclusions occur in pyroxenes and plagioclase of anorthosites and granulites, and they are attributed to exsolution at subsolidus conditions. The oxides occur as needles or platelets. In this study, we determine the morphology of oxide needles as well as their orientation in plagioclase (An 30–35) in anorthosite gneiss from the Adirondack mountains (New York). The investigation was done with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in a scanning electron microscope, as well as Laue diffraction with a microfocus synchrotron X-ray beam at the Advanced Light Source in Berkeley. It was observed that the needle direction is [110] in magnetite and [1010] in ilmenite. The needle direction is consistently parallel to [001] of plagioclase. Furthermore, (111) of magnetite and (0001) of ilmenite are sub-parallel to (120) and (120) of plagioclase. We note that for directions [110] in the magnetite structure and [1010] in ilmenite, O atoms are close-packed, and (111) and (0001) are close-packed planes, correspondingly. In plagioclase, [001] is a direction with open channels as well as approximate alignment of Si tetrahedral edges, thus providing nucleation sites with a coincidence lattice relationship. (120) and (120) in this triclinic mineral are planes with approximate tetrahedral sides so that the relationship is structurally plausible. From Laue diffraction, we can determine that the magnetite needle axis is subject to an extensional stress, most likely attained during cooling of the inclusions within the plagioclase host.
Reproductive Patterns and Social Organization of the Communal Guira Cuckoo (Guira Guira) in Central Brazil

ABsTRACr.-The communal breeding system of the Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira) was studied near Brasilia, Brazil. Guiras occurred in groups of 2 to 13 adults (mode of 6) in the 86 nests observed. Communal clutch size was correlated with group size, an indirect indication that more birds contribute to the clutch in larger groups. Clutch size varied from 4 to 20 eggs, but usually fewer eggs were incubated than were laid, since egg tossing by the adults was common. The temporal patterns of egg laying and egg loss, while generally similar to those of other crotophagines, differed in some ways. Egg losses occur at any time after laying starts. Losses may occur after several eggs have accumulated in the nest, may affect only part of the clutch, and may happen close to, or during, the hatching of chicks. Only 26% of eggs developed into fledglings; high mortality rates for eggs and chicks are due to several causes. An individual may pay a price for group membership through a lowered short-term reproductive success; however, long-term data are needed to clarify individual lifetime benefits associated with communal breeding in this species. Received 18 June 1991, accepted 20 February 1992.
Mild-temperature Mn2(CO)10-photomediated controlled radical polymerization of vinylidene fluoride and synthesis of well-defined poly(vinylidene fluoride) block copolymers.

By contrast to typical high-temperature (100–250 °C) telo-/polymerizations of gaseous fluorinated monomers, carried out in high-pressure metal reactors, the visible light, Mn2(CO)10-photomediated initiation of vinylidene fluoride (bp = −83 °C) polymerization occurs readily from a variety of alkyl, semifluorinated, and perfluorinated halides at 40 °C, in low-pressure glass tubes and in a variety of solvents, including water and alkyl carbonates. Perfluorinated alkyl iodide initiators also induce a controlled radical polymerization via iodine degenerative transfer (IDT). While IDT proceeds with accumulation of the less reactive Pm-CF2-CH2-I vs the Pn-CH2-CF2-I chain ends, Mn2(CO)10 enables their subsequent quantitative activation toward the synthesis of well-defined poly(vinylidene fluoride) block copolymers with a variety of other monomers.
Effects of prenatal drug exposure on birth outcomes and early child development

Public attention has been drawn to the needs of children who have been exposed to drugs, alcohol, and tobacco in utero. Despite initial concerns that prenatal substance exposure could have global a...
Draft Genome Sequence of Branchiibius sp. NY16-3462-2, Isolated from a Mixed Clinical Sample

Here, we report the release of a draft genome assembly of a Gram-positive cocci Branchiibius sp. NY16-3462-2 with a high-GC content, sequenced from a mixed clinical sample containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis This genome is the first publicly available sequence from a representative of the genus Branchiibius.
Olecranon fractures in osteogenesis imperfecta. A case report.

L'auteur rapporte un cas de fracture de l'olecrane bilaterale et recidivante chez un patient presentant une osteogenese imparfaite. Les fractures sont apparues apres un traumatisme
Macroscopic and Nanoscopic Heterogeneous Structures in a Three-Component Lipid Bilayer Mixtures Determined by Atomic Force Microscopy

Much of lipid raft properties can be inferred from phase behavior of multicomponent lipid membranes. We use liquid compatible atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study a three-component system composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), egg sphingomyelin (eSM), and cholesterol. Specifically, we obtain macroscopic and nanoscopic heterogeneous structures in a broad compositional space of DOPC/eSM/cholesterol (23 °C). In the macroscopic liquid coexisting region, we quantify area fraction of the coexisting phases and determine a set of thermodynamic tie-lines. When lipid compositions are near the critical point, we obtain fluctuation-like nanoscopic structures. We also use AFM height images to explore the hypothetical three-phase coexisting region. Finally, we use fluorescence microscopy to compare the phase behavior from our AFM measurements to that in free-floating giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). Our results highlight the role of lipid composition in mediating lipid domain formation and stability.
Using Telephone Therapy for “Unreachable” Clients:

Treating the “unreachable” client is a challenging although common task. One possible solution to this problem is using the telephone as a means of engaging even very resistant clients in treatment...
Antibodies to AQP4

Abstract Water channels are a recognized “novel” target for central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory autoimmune demyelinating diseases and represent an evolving spectrum of disorders termed neuromyelitis optica (NMO) spectrum disorders (SDs) that fall under the umbrella term “autoimmune astrocytopathies.” NMO is characterized by recurrent episodes of optic neuritis and transverse myelitis and may result in blindness or paraplegia. It is frequently misdiagnosed as multiple sclerosis (MS). NMO and its partial or inaugural forms (constituting a spectrum of NMO-related disorders termed NMOSDs) represent the first MS-like disease for which a specific antigen has been identified – the astrocytic water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4). An autoantibody specific for AQP4 (AQP4-IgG, originally termed NMO-IgG) is a clinically validated serum biomarker that distinguishes relapsing NMO from MS. MS lacks a distinguishing biomarker and its therapies may exacerbate NMO.
Morphology of ephemeral and persistent leaves of three subspecies of big sagebrush grown in a uniform environment

Measurements were made of morphological characteristics of ephemeral and persistent leaves of three subspecies of big sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) grown in a uniform environment. No morphological feature clearly separated the subspecies. Genetic - environmental interactions on leaf morphology apparently reduce its value as a sole criterion for distinguishing the subspecies.
Path integral Monte Carlo simulations of warm dense sodium

Abstract High energy density physics and astrophysics require reliable methods for determining the equation of state of warm dense matter. At high temperatures (above 106 K or 100 eV), path integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) as a first-principles method is a useful option because of its accuracy and efficiency. Previous developments in PIMC implemented free-particle nodes to study plasmas comprised of heavy (Z ≤ 10) elements and constructed equations of state in tandem with those from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on density functional theory (DFT), whose applicability is limited to low temperatures (up to ∼ 106 K). Recent PIMC method developments employed a localized, Hartree-Fock nodal surface, allowing for a better description of bound states in warm dense silicon. In this work, we use the localized nodal scheme to study warm dense sodium at 2-fold ambient density. We demonstrate that PIMC and DFT-MD produce a coherent equation of state and discuss the electronic structure of the plasma.
Fukushima Daiichi Unit 1 Ex-Vessel Prediction: Core Melt Spreading

Lower head failure and corium-concrete interaction were predicted to occur at Fukushima Daiichi Unit 1 (1F1) by several different system-level code analyses, including MELCOR v2.1 and MAAP5. Althou...
Hypothermia and Selective Antegrade Cerebral Perfusion Is Safe for Arch Repair in Type A Dissection

Background Unilateral selective antegrade cerebral perfusion with moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest has been shown to be a safe and effective method of cerebral protection during surgery for acute type A dissection. This study evaluates the impact of this cerebral protection strategy on clinical outcomes after extended aortic arch reconstruction in patients undergoing emergent repair of acute type A dissection. Methods A retrospective review from 2004 to 2016 at a US academic center of patients undergoing surgery for acute type A dissections using moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest and selective antegrade cerebral perfusion was performed. Patient data were abstracted from The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) institutional database and patient charts. Cohorts were established based on extent of arch replacement: a hemiarch group and a transverse arch group were created. Owing to a dearth of events, a risk score was estimated using a logistic regression model with 30-day mortality as outcome and preoperative variables as predictors, including non-STS variables such as malperfusion. Postoperative outcomes were then adjusted in subsequent regression analyses for the estimated risk score. Results In all, 342 patients met inclusion criteria and were included for analysis (299 hemiarch, 43 transverse arch). The mean age was 55.4 years and not different between groups ( p = 0.79). Preoperative comorbidities, including prior stroke, diabetes mellitus, and renal failure, were also similar between groups ( p > 0.2). Inhospital mortality was 11.7% for the entire cohort (11.7% hemiarch, 9.3% transverse arch; p = 0.60), and the permanent stroke rate was 7.3% (7.7% hemiarch, 4.3% transverse arch; p = 0.47). Median circulatory arrest time was 38.9 ± 19.2 minutes (35.0 ± 13.2 hemiarch, 65.1 ± 30.1 transverse arch; p p = 0.50). In unadjusted analysis, no increase in operative mortality, temporary neurologic dysfunction, stroke, or renal failure was observed in the transverse arch group when compared with the hemiarch group. These results persisted when adjusted analysis was performed. Conclusions Unilateral selective antegrade cerebral perfusion with moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest remains a safe strategy for cerebral protection during emergent surgical repair of acute type A dissection and provides equivalent outcomes for both limited and extensive aortic arch reconstruction. Based on these data, unilateral selective antegrade cerebral perfusion and moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest may represent an optimal strategy for cerebral protection in this acute setting.
Reply to McMaugh, Badouk, Epstein, & Richardson: "Response to 'Weaponized sex: Defensive pseudo-erotic aggression in the service of safety' by Dr. Richard Kluft, March 2017".

To the Editor:McMaugh, her colleagues, and I share many values in common. However, I see them as sensitizing and informative background attitudes rather than as suitable foreground determinants of ...
Authorship Ethics in the Era of Team Science

The dissemination of research findings in articles is essential. Held to the same ethical standards of the studies themselves, the level of contribution determining authorship and authorship order needs to be established a priori. In the current era of team science, with its focus on the acceleration of personalized care, many people are needed to answer comprehensive research questions. This article explores how a large number of authors can contribute meaningfully to team science articles.
Group foliation of finite difference equations

Abstract Using the theory of equivariant moving frames, a group foliation method for invariant finite difference equations is developed. This method is analogous to the group foliation of differential equations and uses the symmetry group of the equation to decompose the solution process into two steps, called resolving and reconstruction. Our constructions are performed algorithmically and symbolically by making use of discrete recurrence relations among joint invariants. Applications to invariant finite difference equations that approximate differential equations are given.
The Significance of Metaphors in International Relations Theory

As is true in other academic disciplinary and interdisciplinary pursuits, metaphors in international relations (IR) frame research and shape analysis throughout the field. Far from serving only as linguistic devices to illuminate abstract ideas, conceptual metaphors constitute the main categories in the study of international relations. They form the ontological bases that distinguish international relations as a distinct area of academic inquiry, delineate the epistemological practices that inform debates, and support the methodological tools that are chosen by scholars who conduct research and provide analyses of their findings. This chapter explains why metaphors in international relations theory matter and how they are best studied. The core ideas of the book are introduced and put in context of the subsequent chapters.
Abstract 240: TGFβ-Activated Kinase 1 is Required for Arteriovenous Fistula Maturation

Objectives: Arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) remain the optimal conduit for hemodialysis access but continue to have high rates of primary failure to mature. Transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) plays important roles in regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) production and deposition as well as inflammatory signaling and prevention of apoptosis; however the function of TAK1 in mechanotransduction in response to hemodynamic changes such as occur during AVF maturation is not well understood. Since deposition of ECM is critical to AVF maturation, we hypothesized that TAK1 is a critical regulator of AVF maturation. Methods: Aortocaval fistulae were created via needle puncture in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice. AVF diameter was serially assessed weekly by duplex ultrasound; AVF were harvested at days 7 or 21 for histological analysis using computerized morphometry, as well as qPCR and Western blot. Some mice were treated with either the TAK1 inhibitor 5Z-7-oxozeaenol (OZ, 0.5mg/kg/day, 7 days) or Lentiviral TAK1 ShRNA (1x 10 8 pfu/ml; adventitial transduction). Mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs) were exposed to laminar shear stress (3 or 20 dyne/cm 2 , 1h); TAK1 signaling was detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence. Results: TAK1 mRNA expression was increased at days 7 and 21 in AVF (2.0-fold; day 21; p Conclusions: TAK1 regulates ECM production during AVF maturation. Strategies to alter TAK1 function in vivo may be a novel therapeutic approach to improve AVF maturation.
Design of activity recognition systems with wearable sensors

Wearable sensors are widely utilized in human activity monitoring and recognition systems. Not only do these sensors come in different form factors but the software that comes bundled with them also varies from device to device and is constantly evolving. Also, multiple types of sensors on these devices are used to recognize human activity. Owing to the flexible form factor, these devices can also be mounted on a plethora of different positions on the human body. With all the aforementioned variables, it becomes imperative that the quality of data provided by wearable sensors needs to be evaluated. This paper describes an empirical study resulting in evaluating the accuracy of human activity recognition by wearable sensors based on the type of sensor, the physical mounting position of the sensor on the human body, their type of activity being monitored and the type of device being used. The paper further delves into assessing the results of this study. It provides guidelines for designing better wearable sensor systems for human activity recognition.
The Effect of Overexpressed DdRabS on Development, Cell Death, Vesicular Trafficking, and the Secretion of Lysosomal Glycosidase Enzymes.

Rab GTPases are essential regulators of many cellular processes and play an important role in downstream signaling vital to proper cell function. We sought to elucidate the role of novel D. discoideum GTPase RabS. Cell lines over-expressing DdRabS and expressing DdRabS N137I (dominant negative (DN)) proteins were generated, and it was determined that DdRabS localized to endosomes, ER-Golgi membranes, and the contractile vacuole system. It appeared to function in vesicular trafficking, and the secretion of lysosomal enzymes. Interestingly, microscopic analysis of GFP-tagged DdRabS (DN) cells showed differential localization to lysosomes and endosomes compared to GFP-tagged DdRabS overexpressing cells. Both cell lines over-secreted lysosomal glycosidase enzymes, especially β-glucosidase. Furthermore, DdRabS overexpressing cells were defective in aggregation due to decreased cell–cell cohesion and sensitivity to cAMP, leading to abnormal chemotactic migration, the inability to complete development, and increased induced cell death. These data support a role for DdRabS in trafficking along the vesicular and biosynthetic pathways. We hypothesize that overexpression of DdRabS may interfere with GTP activation of related proteins essential for normal development resulting in a cascade of defects throughout these processes.
The Heaviest Induced Ancestors Problem Revisited

We revisit the heaviest induced ancestors problem, which has several interesting applications in string matching. Let T_1 and T_2 be two weighted trees, where the weight W(u) of a node u in either of the two trees is more than the weight of u's parent. Additionally, the leaves in both trees are labeled and the labeling of the leaves in T_2 is a permutation of those in T_1. A node x in T_1 and a node y in T_2 are induced, iff their subtree have at least one common leaf label. A heaviest induced ancestor query HIA(u_1,u_2) is: given a node u_1 in T_1 and a node u_2 in T_2, output the pair (u_1^*,u_2^*) of induced nodes with the highest combined weight W(u^*_1) + W(u^*_2), such that u_1^* is an ancestor of u_1 and u^*_2 is an ancestor of u_2. Let n be the number of nodes in both trees combined and epsilon >0 be an arbitrarily small constant. Gagie et al. [CCCG' 13] introduced this problem and proposed three solutions with the following space-time trade-offs: - an O(n log^2n)-word data structure with O(log n log log n) query time - an O(n log n)-word data structure with O(log^2 n) query time - an O(n)-word data structure with O(log^{3+epsilon}n) query time. In this paper, we revisit this problem and present new data structures, with improved bounds. Our results are as follows. - an O(n log n)-word data structure with O(log n log log n) query time - an O(n)-word data structure with O(log^2 n/log log n) query time. As a corollary, we also improve the LZ compressed index of Gagie et al. [CCCG' 13] for answering longest common substring (LCS) queries. Additionally, we show that the LCS after one edit problem of size n [Amir et al., SPIRE' 17] can also be reduced to the heaviest induced ancestors problem over two trees of n nodes in total. This yields a straightforward improvement over its current solution of O(n log^3 n) space and O(log^3 n) query time.
Family Dynamics and Caregiver Burden in Home Health Care

Home health care teams encounter complex family situations that may interfere with the optimal delivery of care for the target patient. Interventions in home care need to be planned with the entire family in mind. Case histories are offered in this article as examples of different family structures, each typified by unique communication patterns and problem resolution strategies.
Optimal Algorithms for Computing Policy-Conforming Paths in the Internet

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an interdomain routing protocol that allows Autonomous Systems (ASes) to apply local policies for selecting routes and propagating routing information. These routing policies are typically constrained by the contractual commercial agreements between administrative domains. For example, an AS sets its routing policy so that it does not provide transit services between two of its providers. As a result, a route selected for a packet in the Internet may not be the shortest AS path. In this paper, we formulate two common routing policies in the Internet and the problem of computing routing policy conforming paths. We present optimal algorithms for computing the policy-conforming paths in the Internet and show the complexity of these algorithms. Understanding AS paths chosen in the Internet is critical to answer “what if” questions such as which ISPs an AS should peer with next in order to reduce the path length of the AS’ customers to a content provider, or which ISP an AS should select as a provider in order to be “closer” to a popular content provider. Deriving AS paths in the Internet is also important for understanding how the global AS level topology evolution impacts the actual AS paths taken by packets.
Effects of late gestation shearing on BW, feed intake and plasma metabolite concentrations in Rambouillet ewes managed outdoors during winter.

The majority of lambs in the United States are born from late winter to early spring and pregnant ewes are generally sheared in the last third of pregnancy. Although there are benefits to shearing before parturition, shorn animals may be more vulnerable to the cold, highly variable climatic conditions associated with these seasons. The objective of this study was to determine if late gestation shearing induces differences in individual BW, dry matter intake (DMI) and plasma metabolite concentration of finewool ewes managed outdoors during winter. Thirty-six mature, pregnant Rambouillet ewes (3.8±0.45 years; 76.8±11.4 kg) were managed in a drylot with ad libitum access to pelleted alfalfa in bunks capable of measuring individual daily DMI. The treatment group consisted of ewes sheared at ~5 weeks before the estimated parturition date (shorn; n=18). Unshorn ewes (n=18) remained in full fleece throughout the experiment and were shorn on the last day of the experiment ~2 weeks before the estimated parturition date. Blood was collected on days 0 (before shearing shorn group), 7, 14 and 21 (before shearing unshorn group) of the trial, and plasma was isolated and analyzed for non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and glucose (GLU) concentrations. There was no effect of shearing on ewe DMI or BW during the trial (P⩾0.35). Plasma NEFA and GLU concentrations were similar (P⩾0.36) between shearing groups, though plasma BHB concentration was 103.7 μmol/l greater (24.1%; P<0.01) in unshorn ewes. Lamb BW at birth was not affected (P=0.30) by ewe shearing treatment. Under conditions of this study, no differences in economically important aspects of sheep production were observed between shorn and unshorn pregnant ewes.
Private forest owners and property tax incentive programs in the United States: a national review and analysis of ecosystem services promoted, landowner participation, forestland area enrolled, and magnitude of tax benefits provided.

Abstract Forest ecosystems provide services that can be promoted by state property tax incentive programs. A 50-state review in 2014–2015 determined that such programs were used to foster services such as protection of soil and water resources, habitat for fish and wildlife, aesthetically pleasing landscapes, and the production of timber and wood fiber. The review determined that nearly 210 million acres (85 million hectares [ha]) were enrolled in 58 different state property tax programs, an estimated 44% of private forest area eligible for enrollment. Over 3.85 million participants benefited from the programs and collectively received more than $1.61 billion in reduced annual property taxes. The average annual value of the reduction was $7.68 per acre ($19.00 per ha).
Selective Collection and Condensation of Exhaled Breath for Glucose Detection

Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a promising non-invasive sample for the detection of various analytes, such as glucose. However, the methods used to collect EBC are highly inconsistent; the variable dilution factors associated with water vapor and the inclusion of dead space air significantly impact the reliability of reported analyte concentrations in EBC. For example, current EBC glucose measurements have resulted in dilution factors ranging from 1/1000 to 1/50000 [1]. There is a need for a systematic and selective EBC collection method to ensure accurate analyte detection and quantification. Herein, we develop and characterize a low-cost, portable condenser which selectively collects exhaled breath that has been exchanged with lung fluid in a temperature-based manner. We demonstrate that for ~15 L of exhaled air, our device can condense reproducible volumes of EBC $({\lt} 130~ {\mu } \mathrm {L})$ in under 3 minutes (p > 0.05, n = 3). Furthermore, our results indicate that a higher concentration of glucose can be detected in the collected sample with selective valve opening (p < 0.05, n = 3). The development of this device enables a repeatable and robust collection method to enable the evaluation of correlations between analytes in EBC and blood.
Isolation and identification of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and osteomacs from neonatal and adult mice

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are regulated by multiple components of the hematopoietic niche, including bone marrow-derived macrophages and osteomacs. However, both macrophages and osteomacs are phenotypically similar. Thus, specific phenotypic markers are required to differentially identify the effects of osteomacs and bone marrow macrophages on different physiological processes, including hematopoiesis and bone remodeling. Here, we describe a protocol for isolation of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and osteomacs from neonatal and adult mice and subsequent identification by multi-parametric flow cytometry using an 8-color antibody panel.
State Preemption of Local Authority: Explaining Patterns of State Adoption of Preemption Measures

State preemption of local policymaking has attracted increasing attention from scholars, public officials, and citizens, as states have prevented local governments from boosting the minimum wage, regulating firearms, and barring certain forms of discrimination, among other policies. Although scholars have examined the legal dimensions of state preemption and analyzed preemption in specific areas, we lack a comprehensive account of which states have adopted preemption laws and why some states are more active than others in adopting them. Using a dataset drawing on preemption legislation in seventeen policy areas, we test support for competing explanations for variation in adoption of state preemption measures. Our general conclusion is that political factors are more significant than institutional features in explaining state preemption activity. More specifically, and consistent with expectations, we find preemption measures are more likely to be adopted by Republican-controlled states. We also find that legislative professionalism, political culture, and home-rule status are correlated with the prevalence of preemption measures.
Communication and Sexual Self-help: Erotica, Kink and The Fifty Shades of Grey Phenomenon

The success of the Fifty Shades trilogy signifies more than an uncovering of Bondage, Dominance/Discipline, Sadism/Submission, and Masochism sexual practices to widestream public audiences. It reflects a shift in values—what we value as a society, what we desire and fantasize about, how we talk about sex, what kinds of sexual practices we want to read about, experiment with, and watch. The underlying premise of sexual self-help in Fifty Shade’s helped it become one of the most widely read and discussed texts in generations. As the therapeutic ethos demands: If individuals have difficulty maintaining an exciting sex life, it must be their fault. People often turn to self-help to guide them. The sexual scripts in Fifty Shades provided women with these self-help tools. The ways that the Fifty Shades trilogy provide communicative sexual self-help and how that contributed to its explosive success are explored in this manuscript.
Predicting Biker Density at Bikeshare Station Intersections in San Francisco

Bike sharing platforms are becoming increasingly common alternatives to public transportation in cities, improving accessibility to areas not reachable by bus, train, or tram. While this can be beneficial for improving city connectivity, it also increases the likelihood of biker related accidents and vehicle collisions, especially in areas where protected bike lanes and safety infrastructure are not already in place. We compare machine learning models to predict biker density at road intersections in the city of San Francisco, using publicly available trip data from the city's most widely used bikeshare service, Ford GoBike, evaluating our model performance by monitoring mean squared error. Alongside our predictive models we develop a heatmap visualization application to display our predictions, providing an additional mode of interaction for users to access the forecasted information. The intended usage of our work is to predict areas of highest biker density at different times so that drivers and bikers can experience improved shared road safety. The deployment of our models can also inform city planning and alternative public transportation development.
Annexin B12 Trimer Formation is Governed by a Network of Protein-Protein and Protein-Lipid Interactions

Membrane protein oligomerization mediates a wide range of biological events including signal transduction, viral infection and membrane curvature induction. However, the relative contributions of protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions to protein oligomerization remain poorly understood. Here, we used the Ca2+-dependent membrane-binding protein ANXB12 as a model system to determine the relative contributions of protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions toward trimer formation. Using an EPR-based detection method, we find that some protein-protein interactions are essential for trimer formation. Surprisingly, these interactions are largely hydrophobic, and they do not include the previously identified salt bridges, which are less important. Interfering with membrane interaction by mutating selected Ca2+-ligands or by introducing Lys residues in the membrane-binding loops had variable, strongly position-dependent effects on trimer formation. The strongest effect was observed for the E226Q/E105Q mutant, which almost fully abolished trimer formation without preventing membrane interaction. These results indicate that lipids engage in specific, trimer-stabilizing interactions that go beyond simply providing a concentration-enhancing surface. The finding that protein-membrane interactions are just as important as protein-protein interactions in ANXB12 trimer formation raises the possibility that the formation of specific lipid contacts could be a more widely used driving force for membrane-mediated oligomerization of proteins in general.
CEO (In)Activism and Investor Decisions

Amidst growing pressure from investors and the general public, CEOs increasingly express their views on social, environmental, and political issues. Using an experiment, we offer initial evidence on the effect of this CEO activism on investor decision-making. Specifically, we examine how the (mis)alignment of investor and CEO views on issues more or less relevant to a firm’s operations and a CEO’s choice to publicly take a position (or not) affects investor decisions. Using social identity theory, we predict and find that investors purchase relatively more (less) stock when their views align (misalign) with a CEO’s activist position, regardless of the operational relevance of the issue. We also highlight the pitfalls of taking an activist position – investors respond more negatively to a CEO who takes a position (versus does not take a position) on an issue that is less relevant to the firm’s operations. Supplemental analyses of information search and perceived CEO appropriateness provides further provide support for our theory. Our study contributes to the emerging literature on CEO activism, the literature on CEO communication via social media, and has practical implications for CEOs.
A Foot in Both Worlds: Current Roles and Challenges of Academic Online Learning Librarians

This qualitative study explores how online learning is defined at academic libraries in the U.S. and examines the current roles and challenges of online learning librarians. Findings from in-depth ...
Information Design in Financial Markets

We study the optimal disclosure policy of a firm that wishes to maximize its expected stock price in the classic setting in which its stock is traded by risk-averse investors and noise traders. The optimal policy is imprecise and leads to skewed posterior beliefs. This policy subjects short positions to tail risk, causing investors to demand a large increase in price to absorb noise-trader purchases and leading to overvaluation. Despite providing purely firm-specific information, this policy impacts the firm's expected returns. We further show the firm can inflate its price even when restricted to simple policies that withhold news lying above or below a threshold.
Immunological mechanisms underlying sterile inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: potential sites for intervention.

Introduction: Innate and adaptive immunity play a critical role in the underlying pathological mechanisms of atherosclerosis and potential target sites of sterile inflammation open opportunities to...
Cooperative Covenants: Good Faith for the Alternative Entity

The implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing has been described as “notoriously unclear,” “cryptic,” “nebulous,” and the “cruelest trick.” But while courts might have been able to accept the uncertainty of the doctrine in the past, that option is becoming increasingly unavailable. Particularly in Delaware, litigation involving the implied covenant is growing in significance: the reason is the rise of alternative entities, such as LLCs and LLPs, which can waive all fiduciary duties, but not the implied covenant. Lacking a clear notion of what the implied covenant demands, the Delaware courts have been hobbled in their attempts to generate a standard commensurate with the much-praised set of precedents the jurisdiction has developed with regard to corporate fiduciary duties. In response, this Article constructs a new theory of the implied covenant of good faith. It builds a simple three-step interpretive framework for resolving disputes over contract interpretation and offers an original conception of what good faith entails. This Article offers two significant contributions to the law of the implied covenant, particularly in the context of alternative entities. First, it shows that Delaware courts have mistakenly relied on the idea that good faith can be defined in terms of compliance with the hypothetical contract that the parties would have negotiated had they contemplated the facts in question. Although an incoherent doctrine in its current form, this notion of a counterfactual contract can be usefully deployed as a threshold test for determining when the implied covenant is implicated. Second, this Article offers a novel account of the nature of contractual obligation built on what this Article terms “cooperative intent.” Under this theory, the implied covenant operationalizes the commitment inherent in every contract that each party only act from reasons that are compatible with the goals and bounds of the contractual relationship. To enforce this requirement, a court should require that the defendant offer appropriate reasons for its actions. If these reasons are provided, the court should extend to the defendant a presumption of good faith. The opposing party would then have the opportunity to rebut the presumption by producing evidence that the proffered reasons were merely pretextual.
Impact of Multidisciplinary Intraoperative Teams on Thirty-Day Complications After Sacral Tumor Resection.

Objective To evaluate the impact of multidisciplinary intraoperative teams on surgical complications in patients undergoing sacral tumor resection. Methods We reviewed all patients with primary or metastatic sacral tumors managed at a single comprehensive cancer center over a 7-year period. Perioperative complication rates were compared between those treated by an unassisted spinal oncologist and those treated with the assistance of at least 1 other surgical specialty. Statistical analysis involved univariable and stepwise multivariable logistic regression models to identify predictors of multidisciplinary management and 30-day complications. Results A total of 107 patients underwent 132 operations for sacral tumors; 92 operations involved multidisciplinary teams, including 54% of metastatic tumor operations and 74% of primary tumor operations. Patients receiving multidisciplinary management had higher body mass indexes (29.8 vs. 26.3 kg/m2; P = 0.008), larger tumors (258 vs. 55 cm³; P Although operations involving multidisciplinary teams were longer (467 vs. 231 minutes; P Conclusions Although patients managed with multidisciplinary teams had larger tumors and worse baseline health, 30-day complications were similar. This finding suggests that the use of multidisciplinary teams may help to mitigate surgical morbidity in those with high baseline risk.
COVID-19 is getting on our nerves: sympathetic neural activity and haemodynamics in young adults recovering from SARS-CoV-2.

KEY POINTS: The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on autonomic and cardiovascular function in otherwise healthy individuals is unknown. For the first time it is shown that young adults recovering from SARS-CoV-2 have elevated resting sympathetic activity, but similar heart rate and blood pressure, compared with control subjects. Survivors of SARS-CoV-2 also exhibit similar sympathetic nerve activity and haemodynamics, but decreased pain perception, during a cold pressor test compared with healthy controls. Further, these individuals display higher sympathetic nerve activity throughout an orthostatic challenge, as well as an exaggerated heart rate response to orthostasis. If similar autonomic dysregulation, like that found here in young individuals, is present in older adults following SARS-CoV-2 infection, there may be substantial adverse implications for cardiovascular health. ABSTRACT: The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can elicit systemic adverse physiological effects. However, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on autonomic and cardiovascular function in otherwise healthy individuals remains unclear. Young adults who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (COV+; n = 16, 8 F) visited the laboratory 35 ± 16 days following diagnosis. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, and heart rate (HR) were measured in participants at rest and during a 2 min cold pressor test (CPT) and 5 min each at 30° and 60° head-up tilt (HUT). Data were compared with age-matched healthy controls (CON; n = 14, 9 F). COV+ participants (18.2 ± 6.6 bursts min-1 ) had higher resting MSNA burst frequency compared with CON (12.7 ± 3.4 bursts min-1 ) (P = 0.020), as well as higher MSNA burst incidence and total activity. Resting HR, SBP and DBP were not different. During CPT, there were no differences in MSNA, HR, SBP or DBP between groups. COV+ participants reported less pain during the CPT compared with CON (5.7 ± 1.8 vs. 7.2 ± 1.9 a.u., P = 0.036). MSNA was higher in COV+ compared with CON during HUT. There was a group-by-position interaction in MSNA burst incidence, as well as HR, in response to HUT. These results indicate resting sympathetic activity, but not HR or BP, may be elevated following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further, cardiovascular and perceptual responses to physiological stress may be altered, including both exaggerated (orthostasis) and suppressed (pain perception) responses, compared with healthy young adults.
Rhes protein transits from neuron to neuron and facilitates mutant huntingtin spreading in the brain

ABSTRACT Rhes (RASD2) is a thyroid hormone-induced gene that regulates striatal motor activity and promotes neurodegeneration in Huntington disease (HD) and tauopathy. Previously, we showed that Rhes moves between cultured striatal neurons and transports the HD protein, polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin (mHTT) via tunneling nanotube (TNT)-like membranous protrusions. However, similar intercellular Rhes transport has not yet been demonstrated in the intact brain. Here, we report that Rhes induces TNT-like protrusions in the striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and transported between dopamine-1 receptor (D1R)-MSNs and D2R-MSNs of intact striatum and organotypic brain slices. Notably, mHTT is robustly transported within the striatum and from the striatum to the cortical areas in the brain, and Rhes deletion diminishes such transport. Moreover, we also found transport of Rhes to the cortical regions following restricted expression in the MSNs of the striatum. Thus, Rhes is a first striatum-enriched protein demonstrated to move and transport mHTT between neurons and brain regions, providing new insights on interneuronal protein transport in the brain.
Teenage pregnancy and parenthood: Outcomes for mother and child

This study reports some general health and related outcomes for all women ages 14, 15, and 16 and their children delivered at our hospital in 1976. These outcomes are contrasted with 100 women ages 20–30 years and their children born the same year. Data were collected by retrospective chart review. For the teenage group, 70% were unmarried, most of the fathers were 4–5 years older than the teenaged mother, most teen mothers were living with their parents, and all had incomes in the poverty range. A comparison of black and white teenaged mothers showed that: (1) 14–15-year-old blacks had proportionally more pregnancies than whites, (2) the first prenatal visit was later for blacks, and (3) children of the white teenagers had more acute illness visits during the 2-yr follow-up. When the age of the teenage mother is considered, the 1-min Apgar scores for the children of 14-year olds were lower and the school drop out rate was higher with increasing maternal age. In comparing the teen to the 20–30-year-old group, the only finding was higher complication rate for pregnancy and delivery for the teen group. The physical growth of all children was normal. These results must be interpreted with caution, because of missing data for some variables; however, this data should be of some use in planning future research and intervention programs.
Aging in the third millennium.

The 20th century produced an aging revolution. In the next century, the effects of this revolution will reach every aspect of our society. A brief look at the enormous changes in this century will provide a preview of equally profound changes ahead.
Literal meaning and the comprehension of metaphors

Based on psychological studies which show that metaphors and other nonliteral constructions are comprehended in the same amount of time as comparable literal constructions, some researchers have concluded that literal meaning is not computed during metaphor comprehension. In this paper, we suggest that the empirical evidence does not rule out the possibility that literal meaning is constructed. We present a computational model of metaphor comprehension which is consistent with the data, but in which literal meaning is computed. This model has been implemented as part of a unification-based natural language processing system, called LINK.
The pore structure of papers wet stiffened by formaldehyde crosslinking: II. Results from nitrogen sorption

Abstract The water-swollen surface area and pore structure of aerogels of acetal crosslinked paper were determined from the N2 sorption isotherms. The results show that (i) the swelling of the paper during crosslinking determines the effectiveness of the treatment in producing wet stiffening, (ii) N2 is excluded from crosslinked regions, (iii) the increase in modulus of water-swollen, crosslinked papers decreases the shrinkage of the pores that accompanies aerogel formation, and (iv) crosslinks and swelling agents both affect principally the smallest pores in the cell wall.
Gibson, James J.

James J. Gibson (1904–1979) was a leading American scholar and researcher in the field of perception. His dynamic and functional approach radically changed perceptual theories of the time and led to his own theory, the ecological approach to perception. Keywords: perception; adaptation; flow pattern; perceptual systems; ecological approach