cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visual Critiquing in Domain Oriented Design Environments: Showing the Right Thing at the Right Place

Traditionally critiquing messages in Domain Oriented Design Environments are presented as text in a window to which all critics send their message. In this paper alternative methods for presenting critiquing messages in a direct manipulation style will be discussed. Critics which change the shape of the cursor, indicate relations of objects, change the visible properties of the objects, modify the contents of the evaluation window and the agenda, and let users manipulate their designs from alternative perspectives will be presented in the context of the PetriNED design environment. It will be argued that the challenge for critics using direct manipulation style critique delivery is not—as for critics following the traditional way of presenting messages—to“say the right thing at the right time” but to“show the right thing at the right place”, and that the latter challenge is not as big as the former and allows for a much better support of design tasks.
A tangle of tags: the impact of user-generated tagging in public library catalogs

With the increased adoption of catalog packages such as Bibliocommons and Aquabrowser comes a need to investigate the ways in which folksonomic tools impact the amount and quality of user tagging in public library catalogs. This pilot study compares two public library catalogs from library systems in the Midwestern United States. The underlying goals of the investigation were to compare the two catalogs to see whether 1) pronounced differences between the folksonomies of user tags existed in both library catalogs, in number of tags for selected titles and scope/coverage of tags; and 2) how the tags from MPLS compare to the tags presented in Aquabrowser's supplemental tag cloud and RPL and the implications inherent in these comparisons. Using the Book Industry Standard and Communications (BISAC) subject headings, user tags from the two library catalogs were coded and compared for scope and frequency. Results indicate that RPL, which uses Aquabrowser, has significantly more user tags that cover a broader scope than those of MPLS. Findings demonstrate the need for further consideration of user tagging in Web 2.0 catalogs.
Thinking About Spatial Thinking: New Typology, New Assessments

Our world is a world that exists in space, and a world without space is literally inconceivable. Given this basic truth, it is clear that living in the world requires spatial functioning of some kind. Being creative in this world, and designing new tools and new habitats, probably requires even higher levels of spatial functioning. And people vary in their levels of spatial ability. What do these facts mean for the field of design? There are certain obvious practical questions. For example, should design schools accept only applicants who test high in spatial ability, following the lead of dental schools, which assess spatial thought on the Dental Admissions Test or with practical exercises in assignments such as tooth modeling? Or should design schools strive to enhance the spatial ability of anyone with the desire to do creative design, following the lead of selection committees for surgical residencies, which do not assess spatial ability in any way? The latter course is arguably supported by evidence (to be discussed later) showing that spatial skill is malleable. As another example of a practical question for design, consider what designers should or could know about the potential users of a product. What kinds and levels of spatial abilities should they assume that users will have? How would they be able to predict when a new tool will be too hard to master for many users, or when a building design will result in an environment in which many people easily get lost?
An upstream regulatory region mediates high-level, tissue-specific expression of the human alpha 1(I) collagen gene in transgenic mice.

Abstract Studies in vitro have not adequately resolved the role of intronic and upstream elements in regulating expression of the alpha 1(I) collagen gene. To address this issue, we generated 12 separate lines of transgenic mice with alpha 1(I) collagen-human growth hormone (hGH) constructs containing different amounts of 5'-flanking sequence, with or without most of the first intron. Transgenes driven by 2.3 kb of alpha 1(I) 5'-flanking sequence, whether or not they contained the first intron, were expressed at a high level and in a tissue-specific manner in seven out of seven independent lines of transgenic mice. In most tissues, the transgene was expressed at levels approaching that of the endogenous alpha 1(I) gene and was regulated identically with the endogenous gene as animals aged. However, in lung, expression of the transgene was anomalously high, and in muscle, expression was lower than that of the endogenous gene, suggesting that in these tissues other regions of the gene may participate in directing appropriate expression. Five lines of mice were generated containing transgenes driven by 0.44 kb of alpha 1(I) 5'-flanking sequence (with or without the first intron), and expression was detected in four out of five of these lines. The level of expression of the 0.44-kb constructs in the major collagen-producing tissues was 15- to 500-fold lower than that observed with the longer 2.3-kb promoter. While transgenes containing the 0.44-kb promoter and the first intron retained a modest degree of tissue-specific expression, those without the first intron lacked tissue specificity and were poorly expressed in all tissues except lung.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A pH controlled conformational switch in the cleavage site of the VS ribozyme substrate RNA.

The VS ribozyme is a 154 nucleotide sequence found in certain natural strains of Neurospora. The RNA can be divided into a substrate and a catalytic domain. Here we present the solution structure of the substrate RNA that is cleaved in a trans reaction by the catalytic domain in the presence of Mg2+. The 30 nucleotide substrate RNA forms a compact helix capped by a flexible loop. The cleavage site bulge contains three non-canonical base-pairs, including an A+·C pair with a protonated adenine. This adenine (A622) is a pH controlled conformational switch that opens up the internal loop at higher pH. The possible significance of this switch for substrate recognition and cleavage is discussed.
Attitude Change, Interpersonal Attraction, and Communication in a Dyadic Situation

(1968). Attitude Change, Interpersonal Attraction, and Communication in a Dyadic Situation. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 127-134.
Therapeutic potential of cyclodextrins in the treatment of Niemann-Pick type C disease.

Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is an autosomal recessive neurovisceral lipid and storage disorder characterized by abnormal sequestration of unesterified cholesterol within the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment of all cells in the body. This disease primarily affects children and is characterized by hepatic and pulmonary dysfunction, neurodegeneration and death at an early age. Currently, there is no effective treatment for NPC disease. It was recently discovered that 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2HPBCD), when administered systemically to a murine model of either NPC1 or NPC2 disease, significantly reduced lysosomal cholesterol accumulation in almost every organ, delayed the progression of neurodegeneration and significantly prolonged lifespan by allowing trapped cholesterol within the late endosome/lysosome to be released. When 2HPBCD was administered directly into the CNS of Npc1-/- mice, neurodegeneration was completely prevented. This review will explore the pathophysiology of NPC disease and the use of 2HPBCD as a possible therapeutic modality.
Image reconstruction methods for the PBX-M pinhole camera.

We describe two methods that have been used to reconstruct the soft x-ray emission profile of the PBX-M tokamak from the projected images recorded by the PBX-M pinhole camera [ Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng.691, 111 ( 1986)]. Both methods must accurately represent the shape of the reconstructed profile while also providing a degree of immunity to noise in the data. The first method is a simple least-squares fit to the data. This has the advantage of being fast and small and thus easily implemented on the PDP-11 computer used to control the video digitizer for the pinhole camera. The second method involves the application of a maximum entropy algorithm to an overdetermined system. This has the advantage of allowing the use of a default profile. This profile contains additional knowledge about the plasma shape that can be obtained from equilibrium fits to the external magnetic measurements. Additionally the reconstruction is guaranteed positive, and the fit to the data can be relaxed by specifying both the amount and distribution of noise in the image. The algorithm described has the advantage of being considerably faster for an overdetermined system than the usual Lagrange multiplier approach to finding the maximum entropy solution [ J. Opt. Soc. Am.62, 511 ( 1972);Rev. Sci. Instrum.57, 1557 ( 1986)].
Effects of 1,3-Butanediol-1,3-Dioctanoate and Corn Oil on Lipids of Chick Plasma, Liver, and Skin

Abstract A synthetic energy source, 1,3-butanediol-1,3-dioctanoate (BDDO), and corn oil were fed at the 10% level in diets for chicks recovering from Newcastle disease virus at two levels of severity. There were little differences in plasma lipid concentrations between corn oil and BDDO groups. Liver lipid analyses showed significantly higher (P≤.01) triglyceride concentration for the BDDO group as compared with corn oil. In both trials, total liver lipid content was higher in all components for the BDDO group. Triglycerides and total lipids were notably lower (P≤.01) in skin of the BDDO group as compared with corn oil. Liver and skin lipid variations were attributed to different metabolic routes for BDDO and corn oil. The data suggest that BDDO tends to allow liver synthesis of triglycerides while suppressing lipid storage in the skin.
Light and electron microscopy of the leucocytes of Crassostrea virginica (Mollusca: Pelecypoda).

The fine structure of oyster leucocytes resembles to a great extent, that of typical eucaryotic cells. Organelles which have been described for the first time in this report are light granules, dense granules, protocentriole and X structure. Light microscopy reveals two morphological types of oyster leucocytes: agranular and granular. Based upon nuclear morphology and cytoplasmic compositions revealed in electron microscopy, at least three types of agranular and one type of granular cells are recognized.
Paging Doctor Google! Heuristics vs. technology.

The most dramatic development in medical decision-making technology has been the advent of the Internet. This has had an impact not only on clinicians, but has also become an important resource for patients who often approach their doctors with medical information they have obtained from the Internet. Increasingly, medical students, residents and attending physicians have been using the Internet as a tool for diagnosing and treating disease. Internet-based resources that are available take various forms, including informational websites, online journals and textbooks, and social media. Search engines such as Google have been increasingly used to help in making diagnoses of disease entities. Do these search methods fare better than experienced heuristic methods? In a small study, we examined the comparative role of heuristics versus the 'Google' mode of thinking. Internal medicine residents were asked to “google” key words to come up with a diagnosis. Their results were compared to experienced nephrology faculty and fellows in training using heuristics and no additional help of internet. Overall, with the aid of Google, the novices (internal medicine residents) correctly diagnosed renal diseases less often than the experts (the attendings) but with the same frequency as the intermediates (nephrology fellows). However, in a subgroup analysis of both common diseases and rare diseases, the novices correctly diagnosed renal diseases less often than the experts but more often than the intermediates in each analysis. The novices correctly diagnosed renal diseases with the same frequency as nephrology fellows in training.
Estimates of the ground-state eigenvalue of the two-dimensional spin-1/2 X-Y model

An estimate as well as upper and lower bounds are presented for the ground-state energy density per spin of the two-dimensional spin-1/2 X-Y model on a square lattice. The energy density is estimated to be epsilon/sub 0/ = -1.099 +- 0.004 and is bounded by -1.12498 < or = epsilon/sub 0/ < or = -1.09440.
NMR MOTIONAL AVERAGING IN THE ISOTOPICALLY PERTURBED COPE REARRANGEMENT

The effect of deuterium substitution on the positional equilibrium and rate of the Cope rearrangement in barbaralone-d1 has been investigated by 1H and 13C dynamic NMR spectroscopy. Deuterium favors the allylic position over the cyclopropyl position. Skewing of the equilibrium requires that the Cope rearrangement be considered as a nonmutual exchange process that transports 13C−1H spin pairs between unequally populated molecular configurations. The NMR fast-exchange results are critically interpreted in light of a recently proposed alternative averaging theory (Jones, D. H.; Kurur, N. D.; Weitekamp, D. P. Bull. Magn. Reson. 1992, 14, 214). Our experimental results are consistent with the traditional theory but do not agree with the prediction of the alternative theory. The use of 1H−13C inverse detection is demonstrated for the observation of very broad 13C resonances in the coalescence region via their directly attached exchange-narrowed 1H signals, and the contribution of rapid chemical exchange to the ...
LONELINESS, DEPRESSION, STRESS, AND SOCIAL SUPPORTS IN NEGLECTFUL FAMILIES

Comparisons of neglectful with non-neglectful low-SES parents revealed that the neglectful parents reported more life stresses, greater depression and loneliness, and weaker informal social supports. In the neglectful families, loneliness was positively associated with life stresses and negatively associated with network supports, but not with caseworker-assessed social isolation.
Modeling neighborhood environment, bus ridership and air quality: A case study of Chicago bus service

Public transit accessibility and ridership are affected by neighboring environment along the transit lines. This paper investigates the relations between neighborhood features and bus ridership and emissions of the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) bus lines. A mixed regression model of bus emissions/ridership model is created to quantify the direct relations with both internal bus operation indicators such as route length and number of stops and external factors including neighborhood land use and population soci-demographics. In Chicago, there are a large number of serviced urban Black neighborhoods with low population in vicinity of bus routes, poor connectivity to transit, and low transit users to work in general, resulting in high per unit ridership bus emissions (grams/ridership) for routes servicing those areas. As the city and transit agency have been making great effort to increase bus ridership in those neighborhoods, more collaborative work must be done by the city, the local planning agencies and the transit agency to improve accessibility to bus service.
The balance between mass and wind fields resulting from multivariate optimal interpolation

Abstract The relative importance of various sources of imbalance in analyses produced by multivariate optimal interpolation is determined. The experimental design uses the shallow-water equations and nonlinear normal mode initialization to define the correct balanced reference atmospheric state and thus restricts this study to horizontal aspects of the problem. The experiments show that the analysis procedure itself introduces systematic imbalances in lows due to the use of the geostrophic relationship to determine the height–wind covariances from the height–height covariances. Random observational errors introduce imbalances but not out of proportion to the observational errors themselves. Data-void areas are responsible for a region of imbalance with width approximately equal to the maximum radius of influence of the analysis on the data-void side of the data-void/data-rich boundary. Model errors in the form of equivalent depth errors do not introduce large imbalances.
Common Bile Duct Injury following Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in the Setting of Sinistroposition of the Galladder and Biliary Confluence: A Case Report

A bile duct injury occurred to a 64-year-old female with highly aberrant bile ducts due to sinistroposition. Methods of potential injury avoidance are discussed. A patient underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelithiasis. A left-sided gallbladder was diagnosed intraoperatively. Three days later, the patient presented with jaundice and rising liver function tests. The patient was referred to our institution for suspected bile duct injury. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed complete occlusion of the common bile duct. A percutaneous transhepatic tube was placed in the bile ducts for decompression. During later operative exploration, a left-sided common hepatic duct was discovered. Review of preoperative imaging confirmed that the right hepatic duct crossed superior to the umbilical portion of the left portal vein and that segment 4 ducts drained into the right anterior sectional bile duct. This case describes an extremely rare anomaly associated with an injury to the common bile duct during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Knowledge of the complex and unusual alterations in biliary anatomy, which may accompany sinistroposition of the gallbladder, should aid in avoidance of such injuries in the future.
Richardson number criterion for the nonlinear stability of three-dimensional stratified flow

With use of a method of Arnol'd, we derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for the formal stability of a parallel shear flow in a three-dimensional stratified fluid. When the local Richardson number defined with respect to density variations is everywhere greater than unity, the equilibrium is formally stable under nonlinear pertrubations. The essential physical content of the nonlinear stability result is that the total energy acts as a "potential well" for deformations of the fluid across constant density surfaces; this well is required to have definite curvature to assure stability under these deformations.
Fenestration devices for energy conservation—II. Fenestration performance during the heating season☆

Abstract We estimate energy and monetary savings and penalties associated with the use of shading devices during the heating season. The results indicate that there is a net energy gain without shading devices for south-facing windows during the heating season. In order to minimize heating requirements, most of the shading devices should be removed during the heating season.
Electrical properties of vanadium oxide thin films for bolometer applications: processed by pulse dc sputtering

Vanadium oxide (VOx) thin films were deposited on thermally grown silicon oxide substrates using a pure vanadium target in a pulsed dc sputtering technique. Film microstructure, electrical resistivity, temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and activation energy were studied as a function of the oxygen partial pressure (pO2) and growth temperatures. The mixed valence VOx thin films deposited at various substrate temperatures between 40 and 300 °C exhibited columnar grain structure even though the samples were found to be x-ray amorphous. The TCR and activation energies of the films increased from 0.4% (K−1) to 2.4% (K−1) and 0.04 eV to 0.28 eV, respectively, by controlling the pO2 content between depositions. The charge carrier transport in the VOx thin films was found to exhibit conventional and inverse Meyer–Neldel compensation mechanisms depending on the growth conditions.
Management of systemic lupus erythematosus.

HIS DISCUSSION will reflect certain concepts concerning the nature T of systemic lupus erythematosus and the iduence of agents used in its management. First, the diagnosis must be based on adequate clinical and laboratory evidence of multiple system involvement, rather than any single manifestation or test. Secondly, the disease is a chronic one with fluctuations in the level of activity. In the not too distant past, it was usually recognized only in its acute, fulminating and often fatal form. With the development of more precise methods of diagnosis it has become apparent that such fulminating stages are nearly always episodes in a long-term illness with subacute or chronic low grade manifestations, and that systemic lupus erythematosus often is characterized only by such subacute or chronic activity. In the third place, the agents used in management of the disease are essentially suppressive. The dramatic effect of adrenal corticosteroids in essence depends on their ability to convert the acute fulminating form of the disease to a subacute or chronic level of activity. The program of management must be highly individualized. There is great variation from one patient to another as to the organs and systems which are involved, and a fluctuation in the level of activity of the disease in the same patient from time to time. Assessment of the activity of the disease must depend on careful evaluation of various clinical and laboratory findings, as there is no single specific and reliable index of activity. Before administering adrenocortical steroids or their analogues to patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, the physician should attempt to define those manifestations of the disease which he intends to suppress with these agents. In general, the corticosteroids are effective in suppressing the idammatory manifestations of the disease, and particularly those that can be attributed to exudative inflammation. Fever and general toxicity can usually be adequately controlled. The erythematous skin rash usually responds in a few days. The heat, swelling and redness of involved joints are usually promptly controlled., although muscle aching and stiffness may persist to a considerable degree. The serosal involvement, manifested as pleuritis, pericarditis, or-less commonly-peritonitis, also responds to steroids. The number of granulocytes and platelets in the peripheral blood, if initially depressed, usually returns to a normal level. Anemia, when present, often does not respond to corticosteroid administration unless there is a significant hemolytic element. With the possible exceptions noted below, ’lupus nephritis” is not influenced by steroid therapy. The effect of, these agents on laboratory
EcoCity Columbus: Using an Ohio State University planning class to bring sustainability concepts to Columbus, Ohio

Attention in US literature and practice addressing sustainable development has focused on a limited number of communities such as Seattle, Washington, and Portland, Oregon. These communities have been identified as making difficult decisions and ground‐breaking policies to advance sustainability initiatives. However, these communities are considered by some to be atypical and their experiences do not relate to the typical US city. The US landscape is dominated by more “average” places. Explores the use of a graduate level planning class to help bring sustainability concepts to a more typical US city, Columbus, Ohio. Examines impediments and opportunities that were encountered in the process, and identifies three key factors that have characterized the Columbus experience: timing, leadership, and a non‐continuously successful process.
Paradox Revisited: A Further Investigation of Racial/Ethnic Differences in Infant Mortality by Maternal Age

I reexamine the epidemiological paradox of lower overall infant mortality rates in the Mexican-origin population relative to U.S.-born non-Hispanic whites using the 1995–2002 U.S. NCHS linked cohort birth-infant death files. A comparison of infant mortality rates among U.S.-born non-Hispanic white and Mexican-origin mothers by maternal age reveals an infant survival advantage at younger maternal ages when compared with non-Hispanic whites, which is consistent with the Hispanic infant mortality paradox. However, this is accompanied by higher infant mortality at older ages for Mexican-origin women, which is consistent with the weathering framework. These patterns vary by nativity of the mother and do not change when rates are adjusted for risk factors. The relative infant survival disadvantage among Mexican-origin infants born to older mothers may be attributed to differences in the socioeconomic attributes of U.S.-born non-Hispanic white and Mexican-origin women.
Lighting direction and visual field modulate perceived intensity of illumination.

When interpreting object shape from shading the visual system exhibits a strong bias that illumination comes from above and slightly from the left. We asked whether such biases in the perceived direction of illumination might also influence its perceived intensity. Arrays of nine cubes were stereoscopically rendered where individual cubes varied in their 3D pose, but possessed identical triplets of visible faces. Arrays were virtually illuminated from one of four directions: Above-Left, Above-Right, Below-Left, and Below-Right (±24.4o azimuth; ±90o elevation). Illumination intensity possessed 15 levels, resulting in mean cube array luminances ranging from 1.31-3.45 cd/m2. A “reference” array was consistently illuminated from Above-Left at mid-intensity (mean array luminance = 2.38 cd/m2). The reference array’s illumination was compared to that of matching arrays which were illuminated from all four directions at all intensities. Reference and matching arrays appeared in the left and right visual field, respectively, or vice versa. Subjects judged which cube array appeared to be under more intense illumination. Using the method of constant stimuli we determined the illumination level of matching arrays required to establish subjective equality with the reference array as a function of matching cube visual field, illumination elevation, and illumination azimuth. Cube arrays appeared significantly more intensely illuminated when they were situated in the left visual field (p = .017), and when they were illuminated from below (p = .001), and from the left (p = .001). An interaction of modest strength was that the effect of illumination azimuth was greater for matching arrays situated in the left visual field (p = .042). We propose that objects lit from below appear more intensely illuminated than identical objects lit from above due to long-term adaptation to downward lighting. The amplification of perceived intensity of illumination for stimuli situated in the left vis
Superelastic response of [111] and [101] oriented NiTi micropillars

A combination of microcompression experiments on single crystal micron-scaled pillars of NiTi of known orientations and in situ neutron diffraction during loading of the same NiTi but in bulk, polycrystalline form are carried out to understand the stress-induced transformation associated with superelasticity at reduced length scales. At the length scales investigated, there is evidence through this work of a fully reversible stress-induced transformation from B2 to B19′ NiTi that does not involve additional dislocation activity or irrecoverable strains. The orientation dependence of the elastic deformation of the B2 phase, the onset of its transformation to the B19′ phase, the gradient and the hysteresis in the stress-strain response during transformation, the elastic modulus of the stress-induced B19′ phase and the onset of plasticity are quantified and analyzed in these experiments by examining the crystallography of the B2 to B19′ transformation.
Current suicide proneness and past suicidal behavior in adjudicated adolescents

Youth recently assigned to probation (n = 233) were assessed for current suicide proneness, depression, and hopelessness, as well as for recent suicide ideation, previous suicide ideation, or suicide attempt(s). The Life Attitudes Schedule-Short Form (LAS-SF) was used to assess suicide proneness. As per the LAS-SF, suicide proneness was defined broadly to include current engagement in overtly suicidal behavior as well as in risk-taking and potentially injury-producing behaviors, coupled with a lack of engagement in health and safety behaviors, or self-enhancement behaviors. As expected, current suicide proneness was significantly associated with a history of suicide ideation and attempts, recent ideation, and current depression and hopelessness for adjudicated youth. Gender differences were obtained between the strength of the association between suicide proneness and depressive symptoms. A subgroup of adjudicated youth (n = 39) was then interviewed about their suicidal behaviors. Among other things, these youth indicated that the majority of their previous suicide attempts were committed impulsively.
Exercise in End-Stage Renal Disease

Available studies indicate that exercise tolerance in renal patients is low. Although significant improvements in maximal oxygen consumption have been reported following exercise training in these patients, there may be physiologic limitations to the attainable levels of aerobic capacity due to the multisystemic nature of the disease. Long-term exercise training may result in other medical benefits. Compliance to regular exercise in hemodialysis patients remains a problem, however, exercise training during the dialysis treatment may prove beneficial in terms of compliance and supervision.
Effect of congestive heart failure on in vivo canine aortic elastic properties

Objectives. The aim of this study was to characterize fully in vivo aortic compliance over a wide range of passive distending pressures, and to study pharmacologically induced alterations in compliance using an intravascular ultrasound–based technique in the canine model of heart failure. Background. Altered aortic compliance may influence considerably the function of the failing heart. Although some studies demonstrate that patients with heart failure have decreased aortic compliance, data from other studies are conflicting. Methods. Aortic pressures and dimensions in seven dogs were determined both before and after pacing-induced congestive heart failure (CHF) using simultaneous micromanometer and intravascular ultrasound transducers. Decreases in aortic pressure were produced at baseline and after nitroprusside and dobutamine infusions. Inner and outer aortic circumferences were drawn at the lumen–intimal and media–adventitial borders. Results. Aortic pressure–dimension (chamber) stiffness constants were greater after heart failure was produced (10.0 ± 1.5 vs. 6.7 ± 1.5, p < 0.05), but stress–strain stiffness (material) constants were similar (11.4 ± 1.8 vs. 11.3 ± 1.0, p = NS). Equivasodilating doses of nitroprusside and 10 μg/kg/min dobutamine decreased pressure–dimension stiffness constants after pacing-induced heart failure but not beforehand. The aortic wall thickness to diameter ratio was significantly greater in CHF than in the control condition (0.30 ± 0.08 vs. 0.16 ± 0.03, p < 0.01). Conclusions. Aortic compliance is decreased in this model of CHF, and this change is attributable primarily to vessel geometry rather than material properties. Equivasodilating doses of nitroprusside and equivalent doses of dobutamine increase aortic chamber compliance in dogs with CHF, but not in normal dogs. These data suggest that the beneficial effects of nitroprusside and dobutamine in CHF occur in part from improvement in aortic compliance.
INFLUENCE OF GLASS SHAPE ON WINE AROMA

Differences in the physical shape of glasses could potentially influence proportions of aromatic compounds trapped in the headspace of a wine glass, altering the perception of a wine. Blindfolded, naive subjects assessed the aroma of a California Cabernet Sauvignon presented in 4 different glasses. Two of these were from a speciality line of crystal wine glasses, one designed for Chardonnay, the other for Bordeaux/Cabernet Sauvignon. A restaurant-style wine glass and a leaded crystal goblet were the remaining vessels used. The nonexpert judges assessed wine aroma for total intensity, fruitiness, vinegariness, oakiness, and mustiness, as well as liking. The only significant difference found in the aroma intensity ratings was for the Bordeaux glass, which was rated as having a significantly lower total intensity than the other three glasses. However, several significant correlations were found between the attribute intensity ratings and physical characteristics of the glasses. This suggests that the glass does have a limited, but subtle, impact upon the olfactory experience of wines. Pour etudier l'effet de la forme du verre sur la perception de l'arome du vin, des degustateurs naifs analysent un Cabernet Sauvignon de Californie presente dans 4 verres de formes differentes. Les resultats suggerent que la forme du verre a un effet limite mais subtile sur les perceptions olfactives lors de la degustation du vin.
Calcium exchange in rabbit myocardium during and after hypoxia : role of sodium-calcium exchange

Calcium uptake was measured using 47Ca2+ in the isolated and arterially perfused interventricular septum of the rabbit. Experiments were undertaken to determine whether calcium uptake on reoxygenation is linked to recovery of mechanical function and whether calcium uptake is through the sodium-calcium exchange mechanism. During substrate-free hypoxia for 45 min total tissue calcium remained unchanged but immediately upon reoxygenation there was a substantial net gain of calcium. Recovery of mechanical function upon reoxygenation was inversely related to the increase in tissue calcium. Activation of sodium-calcium exchange by perfusion with a low-sodium, zero-potassium, sucrose solution also increased tissue calcium and the relation to mechanical recovery was similar to that observed on reoxygenation. The sodium-calcium exchange mechanism was not affected by hypoxia and could be demonstrated during perfusion with a substrate-free hypoxic solution. Lithium (100 mM) substitution for sucrose prevented the calcium influx induced by a low-sodium and zero-potassium perfusate under normoxic conditions. Lithium substitution early during hypoxia or on reoxygenation did not affect the increase in myocardial calcium on reoxygenation. Amiloride (10(-4)M), presumed to inhibit sodium-hydrogen exchange during hypoxia, had no effect upon reoxygenation induced calcium uptake. It is concluded that the increase in calcium uptake that occurs on reoxygenation after a period of substrate-free hypoxia is related to mechanical recovery. Sodium-calcium exchange may contribute to calcium uptake on reoxygenation in this experimental model but is not the major mechanism.
Using MRI to calculate cardiac velocity fields

This paper describes the use of magnetic resonance imaging to produce quantitative information about heart motion. Motion estimation techniques utilizing convex set projections and simple block shift matching are applied to determine direction and magnitude of heart motion. These methods are tested and compared using simulated motion on a single MRI frame and actual MRI cine data. The simulated motion is in the form of translational only and linear velocity fields. Motion estimation is performed using image pairs with and without additive noise. Results are given which quantify the effectiveness of the algorithms.
Prognostic implications of pulmonary hypertension in patients with severe aortic stenosis

Objective We sought to determine the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement with hemodynamically confirmed severe pulmonary hypertension and aortic stenosis and compare them with the outcomes of patients not undergoing aortic valve replacement and patients undergoing aortic valve replacement with mild-to-moderate pulmonary hypertension. Methods A total of 317 patients with severe aortic stenosis (aortic valve area 2 ) underwent right heart catheterization along with left heart catheterization between 2004 and 2009. Severe pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary artery pressure > 35 mm Hg) was present in 81 patients, of whom 35 (43.2%) underwent surgical aortic valve replacement. We compared the clinical outcomes of these 35 patients with the 46 patients with severe pulmonary hypertension who did not undergo surgical aortic valve replacement. Results Thirty-day mortality after aortic valve replacement was 2.85% in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension and 10.86% in patients not undergoing aortic valve replacement ( P = .001). During a mean follow-up of 339.0 ± 343.7 days, overall mortality in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement was 14.2% in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension and 50% in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension who did not undergo aortic valve replacement ( P P = .4). In a multivariate analysis, the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the lack of reduction in mean pulmonary artery pressure were independent predictors of mortality in these high-risk patients undergoing aortic valve replacement, whereas baseline mean pulmonary artery pressure was not a predictor. Preoperative pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was a significant predictor of postoperative reduction in mean pulmonary artery pressure. Conclusions In patients with severe aortic stenosis and severe pulmonary hypertension who undergo aortic valve replacement, baseline pulmonary artery pressure does not unfavorably affect survival. Aortic valve replacement should be considered for patients with aortic stenosis with severe pulmonary hypertension, especially with higher pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.
Advent and course of pastoralism in the kalahari.

It has long been thought that farming and herding were comparatively recent introductions into the Kalahari and that it has been a preserve of foraging "Bushmen" for thousands of years. Agropastoral Bantu-speakers were thought to have entered this region only within the last two centuries. However, fully developed pastoralism and metallurgy are now shown to have been established in the Kalahari from A.D. 500, with extensive grain agriculture and intracontinental trade added by A.D. 800. Archeological, linguistic, and historical evidence delineates the continuation of mixed economies in the region into the present. Consequences of this revised view for anthropological theory and for policy planning concerning contemporary Kalahari peoples are indicated.
Choice of an information structure versus a production environment: A managerial control perspective

Abstract Modern manufacturing systems often require standardization of tasks and training of employees with the intent of creating flexible and interchangeable production schedules. Designing of such a production environment must invariably rely on employees' superior information about the task characteristics. Recognizing employees' incentives in their participation of budgeting for such tasks leads to a better understanding of the efficiency implications of different information structures in the context of advanced manufacturing systems. This paper examines the principal's ability and willingness to substitute an information structure for a given specificity of a production environment and vice versa, where production environment is classified either as person-specific (PS) or task-specific (TS). In a TS environment, provision of greater predecision information to multiple managers is always desirable. However, under certain conditions, the principal will prefer managers to have less information but operate in a TS environment to providing greater information to them in a PS environment. Thus, under specified conditions, the specificity effect of the production environment dominates the information effect. Moreover, for a given information structure, we identify sufficient conditions under which the principal will prefer the PS environment to a TS one and vice versa. Finally, ceteris paribus, managerial control problems are less severe when the production environment is TS than when it is PS.
A portable computational cluster for modeling and simulation

In the present paper we are describing the development of a portable computational cluster infrastructure based on Apple’s MacMini systems. The objective of this effort is to initiate the exploration of the feasibility for building and evaluating a low cost computational cluster system that could be portable due to the small form factor of the individual units while it could still provide considerable computational scalability. Here we outline our experiences in the form of a how-to methodology for setting up a MAC OS X 10.4 cluster for Xgrid and three popular versions of Message Passing Interface (MPI), i.e., OpenMPI, LAM-MPI, and MPICH2. Subsequently, we describe some performance measurements through the utilization of the Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) for two cases of reactive flow topologies. Finally, Xgrid with OpenMPI throughput and latency performance results are presented and discussed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Bifurcations and transition states

Bifurcations of reaction channels are related to valley-ridge inflection points and it is examined what happens when these do not coincide with transition states. Under such conditions there result bifurcating regions. There exist a number of different prototypes for such regions which are discussed explicitly on the basis of the pertinent Taylor expansions. When bifurcations occur close enough to transition states then there result bifurcating transition regions. An example for a bifurcating transition region is exhibited which is obtained from a quantum mechanical ab initio calculation for the ring opening of cyclopropylidene to aliene. In general there exist no orthogonal trajectory patterns which could serve as simplified models for channel bifurcations.
Covalency effects from mp̈ssbauer experiments on the hydrates of FeCl2

Abstract The results of Mossbauer studies on the hydrates of ferrous chloride show a nearly linear correlation between the quadrupole splitting and isomer shift. The correlation is discussed in terms of central field and symmetry restricted covalency. A comparative analysis of the present correlation and previous results on anhydrous ferrous halides reveals information about the relative importance of ρ and π bonds in these compounds.
A review of cryogenic power electronics - status and applications

Increased need for power density and close integration of power subsystems associated with superconductive motors/generators, degaussing coils, energy storage modules and cables leads one to consider the merits of refrigerating the power electronics down to cryogenic temperatures. High-temperature superconducting components combined with cryogenic power converters will have a significant effect on electrification of transportation and high power density power conversion systems. Cryogenic power converter modules provide other promising benefits over their room temperature counterparts in terms of reduced size and weight (increased power density); improved efficiency, switching speed, and reliability. Such integration could result in significant weight and space savings for the overall system. In this paper, a review of the status of research in cryogenic power electronics and their potential applications is presented.
Plasma Dehydroepiandrosterone and Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Women

Background: In this study we prospectively evaluated the relationships between plasma concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and subsequent myocardial infarction in women. Methods: Using case-control sampling, we selected participants from the Nurses’ Health Study cohort. Blood samples were collected from 1989 to 1990 when the women were 43 to 69 years old. During follow-up through June 1998, 239 women were diagnosed with myocardial infarction (fatal and nonfatal). We matched cases 1:2 by age, cigarette smoking status, fasting status, and month of blood collection and used conditional logistic regression to adjust for potential confounders, including anthropometric factors and dietary intake. Results: Baseline median (10th, 90th percentiles) concentrations of DHEA were 17.1 (4.3, 46.7) nmol/L among women who subsequently developed myocardial infarction and 16.6 (6.1, 37.9) among controls. The risk of myocardial infarction increased with plasma concentrations of DHEA and its sulfate. Women in the highest DHEA quartile had a rate ratio (RR) of 1.27 (95% CI 0.92–1.74, P for trend = 0.008) for myocardial infarction compared with those in the lowest quartile, after adjusting for covariates. The results did not vary significantly by menopausal status, postmenopausal estrogen therapy, fasting status, or age at time of blood collection. Similar relationships between concentrations of DHEA-S and risk were observed, with an RR of 1.58 (95% CI 1.13–2.21; P for trend = 0.06) for myocardial infarction in the highest vs lowest quartile. Conclusions: We observed a modest positive relationship between plasma concentrations of DHEA and its sulfate and the risk of subsequent myocardial infarction among predominantly postmenopausal women.
Britain and Australia: Historical contrasts and comparisons

The purpose of this lecture is to suggest reasons why Britain and Australia, who are more alike each other than either is to anywhere else, nevertheless differ in important and surprising ways. It considers three specific cases of such differences: the reasons why Britain retained free trade and why Australia adopted protection, and the often profound consequences of this; the comparative role of religion in politics, where again apparent similarities produced quite different results; and the comparative evolution of political institutions. I argue that, although it did not, in all three cases Britain might have followed an Australian path. I also suggest that Australia was a ‘model’ for the British left but not for the British right, and that after the First World War, which drove Australia to the right, Australia ceased to be such a model. This article was a key-note address to the AHA Conference ‘(Re)Viewing History’ in Perth, July 2010.
Melanosomes Transported by Myosin-V in Xenopus Melanophores Perform Slow 35 nm Steps

We studied the motion of pigment organelles driven by myosin-V in Xenopus melanophores using a tracking technique with precision of 2 nm. The organelle trajectories showed occasional steps with a distribution centered at 35 nm and a standard deviation of 13 nm, in agreement with the step size of myosin-V determined in vitro. In contrast, trajectories of melanosomes in cells expressing a dominant negative form of myosin-V did not show steps. The step duration was in the range 20-80 ms, slower than what it would be expected from in vitro results. We speculate that the cytoplasm high viscosity may affect significantly the melanosomes' motion.