cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design considerations for creating a chemical information workstation

At the reference desk, we serve a variety of users with varying chemical expertise, computer expertise, and instructional needs. The variety of electronic resources currently available for the chemical researcher lack the ability to customize/cater to individual requirements. Either they require the user to know how to use various computer resources, or they walk the user through multiple steps that a knowledgeable search agent would bypass. In almost all cases, the users are translating their requests into the computer program's language. These issues lead to considerations of what a functional chemical information workstation should be expected to provide to support the user, and examine how it can be implemented. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
New method for preparing large surfaces of intact human basement membrane for tumor invasion studies

Abstract A new method has been developed to prepare large surfaces of continuous native human basement membrane for in vitro studies of tumor invasion. Fresh amniotic membrane is dissected intact from human placenta. The membrane is composed of a single layer of epithelium attached to a continuous basement membrane overlying a thin avascular stroma. The epithelium is denuded using a brief treatment with 4% deoxycholate and the integrity of the basement membrane is verified by: (a) impermeability to carbon particles and labeled serum proteins; (b) continuity of the basement membrane glycoproteins by PAS staining; and (c) continuity of the lamina densa by electron microscopy and immunoperoxidase staining using antibodies against type IV (basement membrane) collagen. When metastatic tumor cells are cultured on the intact basement membrane surface, local dissolution of the lamina densa occurs at the region of cell attachment.
Further characterization of a phosphorylated intermediate in (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase

Abstract 1. A radioactive acyl phosphate intermediate in the (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) of guinea-pig kidney was treated with proteolytic enzymes. The soluble products were separated by paper electrophoresis at pH 2.1. 2. Differential digestion with pepsin (EC 3.4.4.1) yielded a sequence of six fragments. Their molecular weights ranged from about 10000 to about 2200 as estimated by gel filtration. 3. All fragments were positively charged and contained at least one sulfhydryl group and no disulfide bond. 4. Hydrolysis of the intermediate or the peptic fragments with pronase gave a positively charged fragment with a molecular weight of 380. This fragment contained no sulfhydryl group. At least part of the positive charge was not that of histidine or lysine. The pronase fragment was not arginyl phosphate. 5. The results provide further evidence that the acyl phosphate group is attached to a protein containing one or more sulfhydryl and basic groups.
Structure-function analysis of the WIP role in T cell receptor-stimulated NFAT activation: evidence that WIP-WASP dissociation is not required and that the WIP NH2 terminus is inhibitory.

WASP and its binding partner WIP play important roles in T cells both in actin polymerization and in interleukin-2 transcription. Aberrations thereof contribute to the pathology of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS). To directly evaluate the cooperativity of WIP and WASP in interleukin-2 transcription, we investigated how the WIP-WASP complex regulates NF-AT-mediated gene transcription. We developed an improved model system for analysis, using WIP and WASP cotransfection into Jurkat cells, in which strong induction of NFAT reporter activation is observed with anti-T cell receptor (TCR) antibody without the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate usually used previously. Using this system, our findings contradict a prevailing conceptual model of TCR-induced WIP-WASP dissociation by showing in three ways that the WIP-WASP complex mediates TCR-induced NFAT activation without dissociation. First, phosphorylation of WIP Ser488 does not cause dissociation of the WIP-WASP complex. Second, WIP-WASP complexes do not dissociate demonstrably after TCR stimulation. Third, a fusion protein of WIP to WASP efficiently mediates NFAT activation. Next, our studies clarify that WIP stabilization of WASP explains otherwise unexpected results in TCR-induced NFAT activation. Finally, we find that the NH2 terminus of WIP is a highly inhibitory region for TCR-mediated transcriptional activation in which at least two elements contribute: the NH2-terminal polyproline and the NH2-terminal actin-binding WH2 domain. This suggests that WIP, like WASP, is subject to autoinhibition. Our data indicate that the WIP-WASP complex plays an important role in WASP stabilization and NFAT activation.
Proteinaceous inhibitors of endo-β-glucanases

Both plants and filamentous phytopathogens secrete proteins that inhibit endo-beta-glucanases. The first endo-beta-glucanase inhibitor proteins to be discovered are XEGIP, a tomato protein that inhibits fungal xyloglucan-specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanases, and GIP1, an oomycete protein that inhibits endo-beta-1,3-glucanases produced by the plant host. These inhibitor proteins act by forming high-affinity complexes with their endoglucanase ligands. A family of XEGIP-like proteins has been identified. At least one member of this family (extracellular dermal glycoprotein, EDGP) has been shown to have endoglucanase-inhibitor activity, while other members have sequence similarity to a xylanase inhibitor from wheat (TAXI-1). The oomycete inhibitor GIP1 is a catalytically inactive serine protease homolog (SPH) whose structure is unrelated to XEGIP. Both types of inhibitor proteins are likely to affect the interactions of plants with filamentous phytopathogens, and a basic model describing their roles in pathogenesis is proposed.
Self-reinforcement of high-density polyethylene/low-density polyethylene prepared by oscillating packing injection molding under low pressure

This article reports the toughness improvement of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) by low-density polyethylene (LDPE) in oscillating packing injection molding, whereas tensile strength and modulus are greatly enhanced by oscillating packing at the same time. Compared with self-reinforced pure HDPE, the tensile strength of HDPE/LDPE (80/20 wt %) keeps at the same level, and toughness increases. Multilayer structure on the fracture surface of self-reinforced HDPE/LDPE specimens can be observed by scanning electron microscope. The central layer of the fracture surface breaks in a ductile manner, whereas the break of shear layer is somewhat brittle. The strength and modulus increase is due to the high orientation of macromolecules along the flow direction, refined crystallization, and shish-kebab crystals. Differential scanning calorimetry and wide-angle X-ray diffraction find cocrystallization occurs between HDPE and LDPE. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 799–804, 1999
CLAM: concurrent location management for moving objects

Recently, with the broad usage of location-aware devices, applications with moving object management become very popular. In order to manage moving objects efficiently, many spatial/spatial-temporal data access methods have been proposed. However, most of these data access methods are designed for single-user environments. In multiple-user systems, frequent updates may cause a significant number of read-write conflicts using these data access methods. In this paper, we propose an efficient framework, Concurrent LocAtion Management (CLAM), for managing moving objects in multiple-user environments. The proposed concurrency control protocol integrates the efficiency of the link-based approach and the flexibility of the lock-coupling mechanism. Based on this protocol, concurrent location update and search algorithms are provided. We formally analyze and prove the correctness of the proposed concurrent operations. Experiment results on real datasets validate the efficiency and scalability of the proposed concurrent location management framework.
Statolith differentiation in Aurelia aurita

The discovery that Aurelia polyps metamorphosing in sulfate-free ASW failed to synthesize statoliths led to extensive investigations of statolith differentiation in these organisms. Radioautographic studies revealed that the sulfate and at least some of the calcium for statolith synthesis is incorporated into statoliths from the environmental medium early in the metamorphosis of each segment. Dissection procedures indicate that statolith synthesis is an in situ event. Sulfate-deprivation also causes an inhibition of nematocyst differentiation and abnormal pulsing and swimming in ephyrae. The presence of sulfated acid mucopolysaccharides and of collagenous material at the site of statolith formation implies that these materials may be involved in calcium concentration in these organisms and that similar mechanisms may be involved in statolith synthesis in Aurelia as in bone and tooth development in higher animals.
Area per Lipid and Cholesterol Interactions in Membranes from Separated Local-Field 13C NMR Spectroscopy

Investigations of lipid membranes using NMR spectroscopy generally require isotopic labeling, often precluding structural studies of complex lipid systems. Solid-state 13C magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy at natural isotopic abundance gives site-specific structural information that can aid in the characterization of complex biomembranes. Using the separated local-field experiment DROSS, we resolved 13C-1H residual dipolar couplings that were interpreted with a statistical mean-torque model. Liquid-disordered and liquid-ordered phases were characterized according to membrane thickness and average cross-sectional area per lipid. Knowledge of such structural parameters is vital for molecular dynamics simulations, and provides information about the balance of forces in membrane lipid bilayers. Experiments were conducted with both phosphatidylcholine (dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC)) and egg-yolk sphingomyelin (EYSM) lipids, and allowed us to extract segmental order parameters from the 13C-1H residual dipolar couplings. Order parameters were used to calculate membrane structural quantities, including the area per lipid and bilayer thickness. Relative to POPC, EYSM is more ordered in the ld phase and experiences less structural perturbation upon adding 50% cholesterol to form the lo phase. The loss of configurational entropy is smaller for EYSM than for POPC, thus favoring its interaction with cholesterol in raftlike lipid systems. Our studies show that solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy is applicable to investigations of complex lipids and makes it possible to obtain structural parameters for biomembrane systems where isotope labeling may be prohibitive.
SU-E-T-246: Practical Quality Assurance for Image-Guided Robotic Brachytherapy System

Purpose: To establish device‐specific daily quality assurance procedure for image‐guidedbrachytherapyroboticsystem. To recommend sufficient tests and tolerance levels which would be acceptable for readily identifying and localizing possible deviations from normal system functionalities.Methods: Image‐guidedbrachytherapyrobot consists of three mutually paired functional modules: robotic hardware with sensors, control and planning software, and image acquisition subsystem. Therefore, daily QA procedure should ensure mechanical and software functionality, appropriate systemcalibration, clinical image acquisition and quality, and verification of system accuracy. Recommended daily QA tests can be summarized into three basic groups: mechanical screening, roboticsystem functionality, and overall calibration test. Mechanical screening test includes visual check of connectors, controllers, wires, sensors and motors, connectivity test for controllers, motors, encoders and moving parts, sensors readings and sensitivity, and emergency subsystem functionality test, such as emergency button or manual takeover check. Roboticsystem functionality test incorporates automatic hardware detection and mobility of moving parts, such as probe stage, gantry and insertion mechanism. It also includes image upload and acquisition test. Purpose of overall calibration test is to simulate seed placement into predefined position using captured image sets. Specially designed tool with three markers should be attached to the robot. Tip of each marker has different coordinates. System should drive needle, touch and stop next to each marker. Difference between needle and marker tip should be recorded.Results: First and the second groups of tests are designed to have pass/fail outcome. Tolerance values for third test are ±0.5 mm. Daily QA procedure was developed to minimize test time which is 20min on average Conclusions: Routine daily QA procedure plays crucial role in ensuring overall safety of brachytherapyroboticsystem for clinical implementation. Recommended procedures are intended to support and supplement development of comprehensive brachytherapyrobotic QA program. Acknowledgement: Supported by NCI‐R01‐CA091763.
MOCVD of tungsten nitride (WNx) thin films from the imido complex Cl4(CH3CN)W(NiPr)

Thin films of tungsten nitride (WNx) were deposited by MOCVD from the single-source precursor Cl4(CH3CN)W(N i Pr). Films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and cross-section scanning electron microscopy (X-SEM), while the film resistivity was determined by four-point probe. Film growth rates ranged from 10 to 27 ( A/min within a temperature range of 450–7001C. The apparent activation energy for film growth in the kinetically controlled regime was 0.84 eV. Films grown at temperatures below 5001C were amorphous, with minimum film resistivity and sheet resistance of 750mO cm and 47O/&, respectively, occurring for deposition at 4501C. r 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Polarography of bis-(O,O′ diethyldithiophosphato) nickel (II)

Abstract The polarographic behaviour of bis -(O,O′-diethyldithiophosphato) nickel (II), Ni(DTP) 2 , at the dropping mercury electrode has been examined in ethanol and ethanol-water media. In ethanol, a single wave that is almost completely controlled by diffusion is obtained and has been attributed to the catalytic reduction of nickel (II) in the presence of the complexing agent, DTP. In ethanol-water mixtures, in which the water content is less than 40% v/v, two waves are obtained. The first wave is the catalytic wave that arises from the complexed nickel (II) and the second wave is the reduction wave of nickel (II) that is not complexed by DTP. In the presence of acid, in addition to the nickel wave, a catalytic hydrogen wave is also obtained. Mechanisms involving adsorption and complexation have been proposed for both catalytic waves. Nickel (II) forms with DTP, relatively weak complexes in which the nickel-sulphur bond is readily disrupted when the dielectric constant of the solvent medium is increased.
Left ventricular reshaping: effects on the pressure-volume relationship.

Abstract Objective: We tested whether the CardioClasp device (CardioClasp, Inc, Cincinnati, Ohio), a non-blood contact device, would improve left ventricular contractility by acutely reshaping the left ventricle and reducing left ventricular wall stress. Methods: In dogs (n = 6) 4 weeks of ventricular pacing (210-240 ppm) induced severe heart failure. Left ventricular function was evaluated before and after placement of the CardioClasp device, which uses 2 indenting bars to reshape the left ventricle. Hemodynamics, echocardiography, and Sonometrics crystals dimension (Sonometrics Corporation, London, Ontario, Canada) were measured at steady state and during inferior vena caval occlusion. Results: The CardioClasp device decreased the left ventricular end-diastolic anterior-posterior dimension by 22.8% ± 1.9%, decreased left ventricular wall stress from 97.3 ± 22.8 to 67.2 ± 7.7 g/cm 2 ( P =.003), and increased the fractional area of contraction from 21.3% ± 10.5% to 31.3% ± 18.1% ( P =.002). The clasp did not alter left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, left ventricular pressure, left ventricular dP/dt, or cardiac output. With the CardioClasp device, the slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship was increased from 1.87 ± 0.47 to 3.22 ± 1.55 mm Hg/mL ( P =.02), the slope of preload recruitable stroke work versus end-diastolic volume was increased from 28.4 ± 11.0 to 44.1 ± 23.5 mm Hg ( P =.02), and the slope of maximum dP/dt versus end-diastolic volume was increased from 10.6 ± 4.6 to 18.6 ± 7.4 mm Hg×s −1 ×mL −1 ( P =.01). The CardioClasp device increased the slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship by 68.0% ± 21.7%, the slope of preload recruitable stroke work versus end-diastolic volume by 50.7% ± 18.1%, and the slope of maximum dP/dt versus end-diastolic volume by 85.7% ± 28.9%. Conclusions: The CardioClasp device decreased left ventricular wall stress and increased the fractional area of contraction by reshaping the left ventricle. The CardioClasp device was able to maintain cardiac output and arterial pressure. The clasp increased global left ventricular contractility by increasing the slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship, the slope of preload recruitable stroke work versus end-diastolic volume, and the slope of maximum dP/dt versus end-diastolic volume. In patients with heart failure, the CardioClasp device might be effective for clinical application. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;125:391-9
Application of exponential dichotomies to asymptotic integration and the spectral theory of ordinary differential operators

This paper is written in two parts. Part I deals with the asymptotic integra- tions of functional differential equations, and Part II deals with the invariance of the essential spectra of ?zth order differential operators under certain classes of perturbations. Both parts depend on a result of Schgffer [14] (cf. [ll], 72.A and 72.C) to the effect that if there is an exponential dichotomy for the linear first order system y’ = A(t)y on t > 0, then the same is true for the system y’ = A(t)y + B(t)y providedthat lim+tup I”’ [ B(s)1
Simulation Study of Thin-Body Ballistic n-MOSFETs Involving Transport in Mixed $\Gamma$ -L Valleys

Transistor designs based on using mixed Γ-L valleys for electron transport are proposed to overcome the density of states bottleneck while maintaining high injection velocities. Using a self-consistent top-of-the-barrier transport model, improved current density over Si is demonstrated in GaAs/AlAsSb, GaSb/AlAsSb, and Ge-on-insulator-based single-gate thin-body n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors. All the proposed designs successively begin to outperform strained-Si-on-insulator and InAs-on-insulator (InAs-OI) in terms of ON-state currents as the effective oxide thickness is reduced below 0.7 nm. InAs-OI still exhibits the lowest intrinsic delay (τ) due to its single Γ valley.
Perforated Muffler Manifold Catalyst

Abstract An alternative exhaust manifold system, the Perforated Manifold, Muffler, and Catalyst (PMMC), is proposed to improve sound suppression while reducing engine pumping losses and exhaust emissions. One-dimensional predictions from acoustic theory are used to configure the initial design. Preliminary evaluation of the concept is based on bench tests, including an extended impedance tube set-up for acoustic attenuation and a flow bench for flow loss characteristics. Experiments with the fabricated hardware are then conducted in an engine dynamometer facility, and the results were compared to the existing production system as a benchmark. Engine experiments show that the PMMC concept provides enhanced upstream sound suppression, reducing the need for restrictive downstream silencers. This results in reduced engine pumping work and thus improved engine break horsepower. Additionally, conservation of exhaust gas thermal energy and the reduced thermal inertia of the exhaust system provides earlier catalyst light-off, and therefore reduced pollutant emissions.
Dissecting Mitochondrial Fusion

Because mitochondria have outer and inner membranes, the fusion of two mitochondria requires the coordinated fusion of four lipid bilayers. Fusion of the outer membranes requires mitofusins. A new study published in Cell (Meeusen et al., 2006) shows that inner membrane fusion requires the dynamin-related protein Mgm1/OPA1.
Evaluating polarizable potentials on distributed memory parallel computers: Program development and applications

The efficient evaluation of polarizable molecular mechanics potentials on distributed memory parallel computers is discussed. The program executes at 7–10 Mflops/node on a 32-node CM-5 partition and is 19 times faster than comparable code running on a single-processor HP 9000/735. On the parallel computer, matrix inversion becomes a practical alternative to the commonly used iterative method for the calculation of induced dipole moments. The former method is useful in cases such as free-energy perturbation (FEP) simulations, which require highly accurate induced dipole moments. Matrix inversion is performed 110 times faster on the CM-5 than on the HP. We show that the accuracy which is needed for FEP calculations with polarization can be obtained by either matrix inversion or by performing a large number of iteration cycles to satisfy convergence tolerances that are less than 10−6 D. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Developmental modulation of embryonic cardiac myocyte adhesion to cardiac collagens in vitro

The goal of this investigation is to identify molecules that mediate embryonic cardiac myocyte adhesion during chick cardiac morphogenesis. The assay used employs culturing embryonic myocytes on substrata containing embryonic heart proteins separated by molecular weight. This assay shows that embryonic myocytes from 10- to 14-day-old embryos will bind to 140,000 and 128,000 Da proteins present in embryonic hearts and do not require Mg2+ or Ca2+ for adhesion. Myocytes from embryos younger than 10 days or older than 14 days display little or no binding. Embryonic heart fibroblasts collected at these same ages do not bind to these proteins. The 140- and 128-kDa proteins were found to copurify in extraction procedures for procollagens. Amino acid analysis shows that both proteins contain high glycine and hydroxyproline, indicating that they are collagens. However, glycine and imino acid levels are low relative to other known collagens, indicating a nonhelical domain present in each molecule and most closely resembled levels present in procollagens. Immunoblots show that antisera to chick collagen type I recognizes the 128-kDa protein while anti-collagen type III recognizes the 140-kDa protein. Monoclonal antibodies to the amino terminal propeptide of collagen type I recognize the 128-kDa protein in immunoblotting procedures. Embryonic chick myocytes bind to 140/128 kDa proteins present in extracts of sympathetic trunk, although they do not bind to 140/128 kDa proteins in embryonic tendon. The findings thereby indicate that forms of type III and type I collagens in embryonic heart support direct adhesion of embryonic myocytes for a restricted period of cardiac myogenesis and that these proteins differ from collagen types I and III present in other tissues and from fully processed collagen types I and III.
Biology and the unity of science

A recurrent theme in the philosophical interpretation of biology has been the claim that the biological sciences are distinguished in some radical way from the physical sciences, and in particular from physics and chemistry. It used to be said by adherents of this view that the difference lay in the fact that the subject-matter of the life sciences was of a fundamentally different sort (e.g., a distinct kind of substance or force) from that dealt with by the physical sciences. And this difference was alleged to be radical in the sense that the sorts of substances or forces which are the special concem of biology operate according to laws (if indeed they operate according to any laws at all) which are different from and irreducible to those governing mere physical or chemical bodies. In more recent times, however, such positions have tended to be abandoned in favor of ones that located the distinction in some fundamental methodological or epistemological difference. Some have maintained, for example, that the distinctness of biology from physics (and chemistry) lies in the different mode or modes of explanation employed by the former, as opposed or in addition to those employed by the latter. This type of view of the difference, like the earlier type, is claimed by many of its adherents to imply the "irreducibility" of biology to physics. Views of the latter sort have had many advocates and have taken many specific forms. One version has been presented by Professor G. G. Simpson in his fascinating book, This View of Life. According to Simpson, the differences between the physical and the biological sciences can be expressed
The treatment of attitude errors in satellite geomagnetic data

Abstract Vector magnetic field measurements from magnetic field satellites are contaminated by errors from multiple sources. Previously, the effect of these errors has been treated as isotropic, in other words as affecting the components of the vector field independently. This is incorrect. Here we develop a more complete formalism for dealing with attitude uncertainty, the main source of non-isotropic data errors, both for the case where the orientation is equally well known in all directions, and also for when the attitude determination is itself anisotropic. We demonstrate that the new method can be implemented at essentially no computational cost, and produces a small improvement in field models for Magsat-like data. Preliminary estimates of the error budget for the Orsted satellite indicate that in this case correct treatment of attitude errors could be extremely important, particularly in studies of short-wavelength lithospheric fields, and of field-aligned currents.
L1(μ) for vector-valued measure μ

Let μ be a measure from a σ-algebra of subsets of a set T into a sequentially complete Hausdorff topological vector space X. Assume that μ is convexly bounded, i.e., the convex hull of its range is bounded in X, and denote by L 1(μ) the space of scalar valued functions on T which are integrable with respect to the vector measure μ. We study the inheritance of some properties from X to L 1(μ). We show that the bounded multiplier property passes from X to L 1(μ). Answering a 1972 problem of Erik Thomas, we show that for a rather large class of F-spaces X the non-containment of c 0 passes from X to L 1(μ).
Inhomogeneity parameter of a homogeneous Earth

Adiabatic and chemically homogeneous solid regions of the Earth are expected to appear otherwise because of the bulk attenuation to seismic waves that occurs in polyphase aggregates such as the Earth's mantle. Because the seismologically measured bulk modulus is only partially relaxed compared with the hydrostatic pressure–density relation (or relaxed modulus) of the Earth's mantle, an apparently nonadiabatic contribution1 to the geotherm is expected to be inferred from seismological observations on regions of the mantle that are well mixed by vigorous convection. Using a recent analysis of bulk attenuation in polyphase assemblages2, we estimate the total nonadiabatic contribution to the geotherm through the lower mantle to be approximately −300 to −800 K. The magnitude of this effect is significant in that it is of the same order as the temperature change within a thermal boundary layer, which represents the largest perturbation of the geotherm resulting from convection within the Earth. Moreover, if the lower mantle is truly homogeneous and adiabatic, it should appear to be subadiabatic according to the seismological data.
Michael addition of pyrimidine with disaccharide acrylates catalyzed in organic medium with lipase M from Mucor javanicus.

The Michael addition of fluorouracil (0.01 mol), uracil (0.01 mol), thymine (0.01 mol) to disaccharide acrylates (0.03 mol) was carried out in pyridine (20 ml) at 50°C for 72 h with lipase M from Mucor javanicus (200 mg). Six new pyrimidine derivatives containing a branched sugar were obtained in yields from 56 to 75%.
Morphometric estimation of torsional stiffness and strength in primate mandibles.

In comparative studies of masticatory function and mandibular biomechanics, the mediolateral dimension of the postcanine corpus (corpus breadth) is commonly utilized as a measure of torsional stiffness from which relative torsional strength is inferred. The use of this dimension entails certain assumptions about corpus shape and cortical bone distribution that are invalid. When corpus breadth is related to an appropriate, empirically supported measure of torsional strength, it is revealed that this dimension has limited utility for inference of biomechanical competence under torsion. The use of linear dimensions to infer structural adaptations to specific loading regimes is problematic given that bone tissue is not optimally deployed to minimize strain levels arising from isolated loads. For the inference of the masticatory biomechanical environment, the more reasonable approach is to consider overall size of the corpus (i.e., cross-sectional area) for inference of intra- and inter-specific differences in masticatory forces. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007 © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Urological management and follow-up of spinal cord injured females

Urological management and follow-up data from a series of 118 female spinal cord injury (SCI) patients admitted to the University of Alabama in Birmingham between 1969 and 1982 were examined. Fifty-two (44 per cent) had neurologically complete injuries and 66 (56 per cent) had neurologically incomplete injuries. The average age at injury was 33 years. A subgroup of 44 patients with complete injuries at Tio and above were selected for special evaluation since incomplete injuries and cauda equina injuries are so disparate that aggregate analysis is of little value. Thirty-six patients were discharged with an indwelling catheter and eight were discharged on intermittent catheterisation. Women on indwelling catheters were compared with men with indwelling catheters as well as with men on external condom drainage. Mean years of follow-up in these groups were 3.7, 25 and 3.2 respectively. Females on indwelling catheter drainage showed no reduction in effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) for up to 6 years, whereas in men with indwelling catheters the ERPF decreased by almost one-fourth between initial evaluation and the 1st year post-injury. The incidence of bladder calculi was higher in both sexes with indwelling catheters, however, there was no difference in the incidence of renal or ureteral calculi. There was no difference in the incidence of pyelocaliectasis or difference in the renal parenchymal thickness of the three groups. These data suggests that females with complete upper motor neuron (UMN) bladders maintain relatively good upper urinary tract function when they are managed with indwelling catheters. The most appropriate method of bladder management selected for females with reflex bladders may depend more on psychosocial considerations than concern about preservation of renal function.
Autism in China: From acupuncture to applied behavior analysis

It has been only in the past decade that autism has been widely recognized among Chinese service providers. As a result, there are few professionals who are trained to treat the disorder. Although efforts are currently under way to determine the prevalence of autism in China, to date there are no reliable data that indicate the magnitude of the problem. There are no formalized education programs for children with autism and only a handful of treatment programs in larger city hospitals and private schools. Treatments range from herbal medicines and acupuncture to sensory integration training and, in rare instances, applied behavior analysis (ABA). This article provides an update on what is taking place in China for autism treatment, and the challenges that lie ahead as the Chinese Ministry of Education struggles to address the needs of children identified with the disorder. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 285–295, 2005.
An Investigation Into Machinability of Sintered Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite

Close physical properties with human bone make sintered hydroxyapatite (HAP) a suitable bioceramic material for hard tissue replacement. When being used as implant devices in the human body, the HAP bioceramic needs to be machined to the closest possible configuration with minimal surface roughness. This study investigates the machinability of a newly developed, fully dense nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (nHAP) bioceramic in turning operations. Efforts are focused on the effects of various machining conditions on surface integrity. Surface roughness is measured using a surface profilometer and the machined surface is observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Chip morphology and tool wear are examined using an optical microscope. Cutting forces are measured using a three-component dynamometer. Based on the experimental results, it is found that the nHAP bioceramic is not very difficult to machine because the tool wear and cutting forces are small. However, the big challenge is how to obtain a smooth and strong surface without chipping or fracturing the material. Two machining strategies are proposed for improving the surface integrity of the sintered nHAP bioceramic in the future.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Multiple BH3 mimetics antagonize antiapoptotic MCL1 protein by inducing the endoplasmic reticulum stress response and up-regulating BH3-only protein NOXA.

BH3 mimetics are small molecules designed or discovered to mimic the binding of BH3-only proteins to the hydrophobic groove of antiapoptotic BCL2 proteins. The selectivity of these molecules for BCL2, BCL-XL, or MCL1 has been established in vitro; whether they inhibit these proteins in cells has not been rigorously investigated. In this study, we used a panel of leukemia cell lines to assess the ability of seven putative BH3 mimetics to inhibit antiapoptotic proteins in a cell-based system. We show that ABT-737 is the only BH3 mimetic that inhibits BCL2 as assessed by displacement of BAD and BIM from BCL2. The other six BH3 mimetics activate the endoplasmic reticulum stress response inducing ATF4, ATF3, and NOXA, which can then bind to and inhibit MCL1. In most cancer cells, inhibition of one antiapoptotic protein does not acutely induce apoptosis. However, by combining two BH3 mimetics, one that inhibits BCL2 and one that induces NOXA, apoptosis is induced within 6 h in a BAX/BAK-dependent manner. Because MCL1 is a major mechanism of resistance to ABT-737, these results suggest a novel strategy to overcome this resistance. Our findings highlight a novel signaling pathway through which many BH3 mimetics inhibit MCL1 and suggest the potential use of these agents as adjuvants in combination with various chemotherapy strategies.
Antigen presentation in the rat: Role of a nonadherent, nonphagocytic, W3/13, OX-6 positive T cell in the presentation of antigen to primed T lymphocytes

Abstract The nature of accessory cells in rat lymph nodes which can present antigen to primed T cells was investigated. Removal of adherent, phagocytic cells from antigen-primed lymph node cells by passage over glass-bead and nylon wool columns followed by treatment with carbonyl iron did not abrogate the antigen-specific proliferative response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or to the synthetic polypeptide l -glutamic acid- l -alanine- l -tyrosine (GAT). This T cell-enriched population was free of contaminating macrophages as determined by latex bead ingestion and morphological criteria during a 4-day culture period. Treatment of the T cell preparation with rabbit anti-rat IgG and complement or rosetting with IgG-coated sheep erythrocytes to remove any remaining B cells or macrophages did not significantly affect the proliferative response to antigen. Analysis of the T cell preparation by panning techniques with monoclonal antibodies to T cell surface markers suggested that both the responding T cell and the antigen-presenting cell were positive for the rat T cell marker, W3/13. The KLH-primed LN T cell-enriched fraction contained two distinct cell populations that were separable on the basis of their reactivity to OX-6 antibody. Two populations, an OX-6 + and an OX-6 − , interacted synergistically in a KLH-dependent in vitro proliferative response. The cells within the T cell-enriched fraction that were positive for the OX-6 marker functioned primarily as the APCs, while the OX-6 − cell fraction contained cells that proliferated to antigen when OX-6 + cells from either the T cell fraction or the adherent fraction were present. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Synthesis, structure and properties of CsHSi3O7, a layered silicate with a chiral structure

Abstract The chiral layered silicate CsHSi 3 O 7 has been synthesized by hydrothermal techniques, and its structure determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the space group P 2 1 2 1 2 1 . The silicate single layer consists of both four- and three-connected SiO 4 tetrahedra and may be considered as a member of a series of layer structures with the general formula (Si 4 O 9 ) m (Si 2 O 5 ) n . Strong hydrogen bonds occur between the terminal OH − and O 2− ions of neighboring layers. The Cs + cations can be ion-exchanged by protons to give a phase of composition H 2 Si 3 O 7 ·H 2 O with a water molecule occupying the original Cs position, as confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction data. The water molecule in H 2 Si 3 O 7 ·H 2 O can be readily removed without collapse of the crystal structure. Both CsHSi 3 O 7 and H 2 Si 3 O 7 ·H 2 O show SHG (second harmonic generation) efficiencies comparable to that of quartz, and both are not phase-matchable materials.
Misoprostol in preventing postpartum hemorrhage: A meta‐analysis

The objective was to assess misoprostols ability to prevent postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) where no alternatives exist. Comparison to oxytocics demonstrates how similarly misoprostol achieves a level of effectiveness--obtainable only in hospitals--in remote locations around the world. Using the Mantel-- Haenszel fixed-effects model and the DerSirmonian and Laird random-effects model summary statistics indicated that misoprostols excess risk of PPH was only 4% when compared to oxytocics. This risk difference was well within the range of expected results for all uterotonic agents and does not warrant branding misoprostol as an inferior drug. Conventional uterotonic drugs should not be used to set the lowest-accepted level of effectiveness in settings where they are entirely unsuitable. Continuing to weigh the benefits of one effective drug against another only delays the distribution of misoprostol in countries where it is the only feasible choice and must be measured against no treatment at all. (authors)
Computational proofs of congruences for 2-colored frobenius partitions

In 1994, the following infinite family of congruences was conjectured for the partition function cΦ2(n) which counts the number of 2-colored Frobenius partitions of n: for all n≥0 and α≥1, cΦ2(5αn
Burnout, employee engagement, and coping in high‐risk occupations

This study assessed whether there were any significant relationships among burnout, type of coping, and employee engagement in a population of employees actively working in the medical and mental health fields. It also evaluated preferred workplace motivators across two overarching job categories: medical and mental health caregivers and administrative and supporting roles. The results showed that as employee burnout increased, so did the use of more harmful coping mechanisms. The study also found an inverse relationship between emotional exhaustion and employee engagement. Additionally, employee engagement and personal accomplishment were positively related. Employee-preferred workplace motivators across two job-overarching job categories were also assessed. The highest-ranking employee-preferred workplace motivators identified in the participant sample were nature of the work itself, responsibility, salary, relationship with peers, and professional growth.
Estimated Fluoride Intake of Average Two-year-old Children in Four Dietary Regions of the United States:

Analysis of toddler "Market Basket" food collections indicates that an average two-year-old child living in cities with water supplies containing 0.37 to 1.04 ppm of fluoride has a daily fluoride intake of 0.315 to 0.610 mg/day (0.025 to 0.049 mg/kg body weight) from food, water, and beverages.
Genioglossal activation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea versus control subjects. Mechanisms of muscle control.

Pharyngeal dilator muscle activation (GGEMG) during wakefulness is greater in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) than in healthy control subjects, representing a neuromuscular compensatory mechanism for a more collapsible airway. As previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated a close relationship between GGEMG and epiglottic pressure, we examined the relationship between genioglossal activity and epiglottic pressure in patients with apnea and in control subjects across a wide range of epiglottic pressures during basal breathing, negative-pressure (iron-lung) ventilation, heliox breathing, and inspiratory resistive loading. GGEMG was greater in the patients with apnea under all conditions (p < 0.05 for all comparisons), including tonic, phasic, and peak phasic GGEMG. In addition, patients with apnea generated a greater peak epiglottic pressure on a breath-by-breath basis. Although the relationship between GGEMG and epiglottic negative pressure was tight across all conditions in both groups ...
Porous media properties of reticulated shape memory polymer foams and mock embolic coils for aneurysm treatment

Background Shape memory polymer (SMP) foams are being investigated as an alternative aneurysm treatment method to embolic coils. The goal of both techniques is the reduction of blood flow into the aneurysm and the subsequent formation of a stable thrombus, which prevents future aneurysm rupture. The purpose of this study is to experimentally determine the parameters, permeability and form factor, which are related to the flow resistance imposed by both media when subjected to a pressure gradient.
Describing Biological Protein Interactions in Terms of Protein States and State Transitions THE LiveDIP DATABASE

Biological protein-protein interactions differ from the more general class of physical interactions; in a biological interaction, both proteins must be in their proper states (e.g. covalently modified state, conformational state, cellular location state, etc.). Also in every biological interaction, one or both interacting molecules undergo a transition to a new state. This regulation of protein states through protein-protein interactions underlies many dynamic biological processes inside cells. Therefore, understanding biological interactions requires information on protein states. Toward this goal, DIP (the Database of Interacting Proteins) has been expanded to LiveDIP, which describes protein interactions by protein states and state transitions. This additional level of characterization permits a more complete picture of the protein-protein interaction networks and is crucial to an integrated understanding of genome-scale biology. The search tools provided by LiveDIP, Pathfinder, and Batch Search allow users to assemble biological pathways from all the protein-protein interactions collated from the scientific literature in LiveDIP. Tools have also been developed to integrate the protein-protein interaction networks of LiveDIP with large scale genomic data such as microarray data. An example of these tools applied to analyzing the pheromone response pathway in yeast suggests that the pathway functions in the context of a complex protein-protein interaction network. Seven of the eleven proteins involved in signal transduction are under negative or positive regulation of up to five other proteins through biological protein-protein interactions. During pheromone response, the mRNA expression levels of these signaling proteins exhibit different time course profiles. There is no simple correlation between changes in transcription levels and the signal intensity. This points to the importance of proteomic studies to understand how cells modulate and integrate signals. Integrating large scale, yeast two-hybrid data with mRNA expression data suggests biological interactions that may participate in pheromone response. These examples illustrate how LiveDIP provides data and tools for biological pathway discovery and pathway analysis.
Endothelin: beyond a vasoconstrictor.

Since then, through numerous clinical and experimen-tal investigations, it has become evident that ET-1, beyond itsfunction as a vasoactive peptide, also plays a seminal role inthe atherogenic process by enhancing mitogenesis and induc-ing extracellular matrix formation. The role of ET-1 as anactive participant in the atherogenic process is underscoredby the observations that endothelin is highly and ubiquitouslyexpressed in the extracellular space and the intracellularcompartment (macrophages, myointimal cells, myofibro-blasts,andendothelialcells)ofhumancoronaryatheromatoustissue.
The Policy Scientist of Democracy: The Discipline of Harold D. Lasswell

The “policy scientist of democracy” was a model for engaged scholarship invented and embodied by Harold D. Lasswell. This disciplinary persona emerged in Lasswell's writings and wartime consultancies during the 1940s, well before he announced in his APSA presidential address, printed in the Review precisely 50 years ago, that political science was “the policy science par excellence.” The policy scientist of democracy knew all about the process of elite decision making, and he put his knowledge into practice by advising those in power, sharing in important decisions, and furthering the cause of dignity. Although Lasswell formulated this ambitious vision near the zenith of his influence, the discipline accorded the ideal—and Lasswell—a mixed reception. Some heralded the policy scientist of democracy; others observed a contradictory figure, at once positivist and value-laden, elitist and democratic, heroic and implausible. The conflicted response exemplifies Lasswell's legacy. The policy scientist of democracy was—and is—too demanding and too contradictory a hero. But the vital questions Lasswell grappled with still must be asked a century into the discipline's development: what is the role of the political scientist in a democratic society? Do political scientists have any obligation to inform or shape policy? Are there democratic values that political science should serve, and if so, what are they? Lasswell never satisfactorily answered these questions. But in asking and trying to answer them—in his writings and in his own career—he was guided by a profound and inspiring conviction: Political science has a unique ability, and even perhaps a special obligation, to engage with issues of democratic choice that fundamentally affect the life circumstances of citizens.
The phobic stimuli response scales: a new self-report measure of fear

Data from two large undergraduate samples were used to develop the phobic stimuli response scales (PSRS). Factor analyses of data from the first sample (N = 380) led to the creation of several scales, two of which (Social and Blood-Injection Fears) demonstrated good reliability and convergent validity. Analyses of data from a second sample (N = 330) were used to modify the three remaining scales (Animal, Bodily Harm, and Physical Confinement Fears), which also showed sound psychometric properties. As predicted, the PSRS were differentially correlated with neuroticism and extraversion, which may represent predisposing factors for these phobic responses. These new scales improve our understanding of the individual differences that are associated with various fears.