cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear stability and time step selection for the MPM method

The Material Point Method (MPM) has been developed from the Particle in Cell (PIC) method over the last 25 years and has proved its worth in solving many challenging problems involving large deformations. Nevertheless there are many open questions regarding the theoretical properties of MPM. For example in while Fourier methods, as applied to PIC may provide useful insight, the non-linear nature of MPM makes it necessary to use a full non-linear stability analysis to determine a stable time step for MPM. In order to begin to address this the stability analysis of Spigler and Vianello is adapted to MPM and used to derive a stable time step bound for a model problem. This bound is contrasted against traditional Speed of sound and CFL bounds and shown to be a realistic stability bound for a model problem.
Charge Delocalization and Bulk Electronic Conductivity in the Mixed-Valence Metal–Organic Framework Fe(1,2,3-triazolate)2(BF4)x

Metal–organic frameworks are of interest for use in a variety of electrochemical and electronic applications, although a detailed understanding of their charge transport behavior, which is of critical importance for enhancing electronic conductivities, remains limited. Herein, we report isolation of the mixed-valence framework materials, Fe(tri)2(BF4)x (tri– = 1,2,3-triazolate; x = 0.09, 0.22, and 0.33), obtained from the stoichiometric chemical oxidation of the poorly conductive iron(II) framework Fe(tri)2, and find that the conductivity increases dramatically with iron oxidation level. Notably, the most oxidized variant, Fe(tri)2(BF4)0.33, displays a room-temperature conductivity of 0.3(1) S/cm, which represents an increase of 8 orders of magnitude from that of the parent material and is one of the highest conductivity values reported among three-dimensional metal–organic frameworks. Detailed characterization of Fe(tri)2 and the Fe(tri)2(BF4)x materials via powder X-ray diffraction, Mossbauer spectrosco...
Task Allocation and Supervisory Control

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concept of supervisory control. It discusses the characterization of 10 sequential functions of the human supervisor of a semiautomatic control system, together with a review of relevant research. For each function, a mental model is assumed and a computer decision aid is suggested. Some problems and models for human attention allocation in supervisory control are also presented in the chapter. The chapter discusses two factors that ultimately limit the ability to model human behavior in such situations. A first factor is that people worry that computers can do some tasks much better than they themselves can, such as memory and number crunching. A second factor is that supervisory control tends to make people remote from the ultimate operations they are supposed to be overseeing—remote in space, desynchronized in time, and interacting with a computer instead of the product itself. A third factor is that people lose the perceptual-motor skills that in many cases gave them their identity.
Physically Disabled Persons

The past decade has witnessed an upsurge of clinical and investigative interest in the behavioral assessment and treatment of physically disabled children and youth (see Hersen & Van Hasselt, in press; Van Hasselt, Strain, & Hersen, 1988; Varni & Wallander, 1988; Wallander & Hubert, 1987). The increased activity in this area is partly associated with the burgeoning physically disabled population. Indeed, Bowe (1980) estimated that 36 million persons in the United States have some form of disability. This is consistent with a 1976 census survey that revealed a figure of 13.6% (United States Bureau of the Census, 1976). Moreover, it appears that as many as 10% of children under age 21 are disabled (Gliedman & Roth, 1980). Of particular concern is the greater number of multi-handicapped individuals (e.g., deaf-blind, cerebral palsied-deaf, blind-mentally retarded). The rapid growth of this group is largely a function of improved prenatal care, decreased infant mortality because of advances in medical and surgical procedures, and strides made in research and treatment of several infant diseases (Mulliken, 1983).
DATA COLLECTION FOR DETAILS OVER SPACE AND TIME

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a combined view of two aspects or dimensions of variations in variables, in statistics, and in parameters of models—variation over space and over time. A combined view is useful and justified philosophically and theoretically. But it has been neglected, and the two aspects have been put in opposition in data collection. Thus, cross-sectional surveys have been opposed to longitudinal studies, and censuses with details over space have been contrasted to samples for obtaining data that are timely and detailed over time. The chapter also discusses the purpose and designs for periodic samples.
New aspects of organophosphorus pesticides. I. Introduction

In 1932, Willy Lange, an instructor in chemistry at the University of Berlin, and Gerda von Kreuger, a graduate student, described the synthesis of the organophosphorus esters dimethyl and diethyl phosphorofluoridate. Although this paper was concerned primarily with chemical synthesis, the following brief description of the physiological effects of these compounds was included: “ Interesting is the strong action of the dialkyl phosphorofluoridates on man. The vapor of these compounds had a pleasant aromatic odor. However, after a few minutes following inhalation, a strong pressure appears upon the larynx, combined with shortness of breath. Then cloudiness of vision and sensitivity of the eyes toward light occurs. After several hours these phenomena fade away. They did not appear to be caused by the acidic decomposition products of the ester but are probably attributable to the dialkyl phosphorofluoridate itself. The action was produced by a very small amount.”
A Radar-Based Climatology of Mesoscale Convective Systems in the United States

AbstractThis research applies an automated mesoscale convective system (MCS) segmentation, classification, and tracking approach to composite radar reflectivity mosaic images that cover the contigu...
A robust and ion-conductive protein-based binder enabling strong polysulfide anchoring for high-energy lithium–sulfur batteries

Due to the large volume change of sulfur and the diffusion of dissolved polysulfides, the development of a high-performance binder with functionality beyond mechanical adhesion/support for sulfur cathodes is in high demand. This is especially true for the success of high-loading sulfur cathodes. Here, we report a soy-protein-based binder with high mechanical robustness and multiple functionality for high-energy lithium–sulfur batteries. The multi-functional binder (denoted as SP-PAA) is fabricated via facilely incorporating soy protein (SP) with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and it has been demonstrated to effectively buffer the large volume change of the sulfur cathode during cycling. More significantly, the abundant polar groups (e.g. amines, carboxyl groups, etc.) of soy protein empower the binder with a strong capability to adsorb polysulfides, as evidenced by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Meanwhile, the good ion-conduction abilities of soy protein notably promote electrochemical reactions. With the use of this binder, the electrochemical performance (e.g. capacity, cycling stability and rate capability) of the sulfur cathode is substantially enhanced. In addition, owing to the excellent mechanical properties of SP-PAA and its effects on improving electrode microstructures, high-loading sulfur cathodes (>5 mg cm−2) with good and stable performance are achieved. The good performance is also attributed to the role that SP-PAA plays in adsorbing polysulfides, sustaining structural stability and promoting electrochemical reactions. This study brings about a cost-effective strategy for the fabrication of superior binders through exploiting natural materials and leads to the realization of high-loading sulfur cathodes for mass production.
FogQN: An Analytic Model for Fog/Cloud Computing

Several tradeoffs need to be considered when determining the optimal fraction f of data processing executed at the cloud versus at fog servers. The processing capacity of fog servers is typically smaller than that of cloud servers. On the other hand, it may be more expensive to use cloud resources as opposed to fog servers. As f increases, more data has to be sent and received from the cloud. On the other hand, if too much processing is left for the fog servers, they may not have enough capacity to handle requests from sensors and other IoT devices and may become a bottleneck. This paper presents an analytic model and a publicly available tool, called FogQN, based on open multi-class Queuing Networks (QN) for fog and cloud computing. FogQN was validated with the JMT simulation tool using both distribution-based arrival rates and inputs from real IoT applications.
Radioactive Waste from Nuclear Fusion: Decommissioning Wastes from ITER in Four Potential Host Nations

An analysis is presented of the radioactive wastes from the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) and how those wastes would fit into the regulatory environments of four potential host nations: France, Germany, Japan, and the United States. The reactor described in the ITER Draft Interim Design Report is used as the basis for the radioactive inventory assessments that are carried out using ONEDANTfor the neutron transport calculations and ACAB for the activation calculations. The radioactive material produced by operation of the reactor is rated according to the protocols for waste management in each nation and at specific disposal sites currently operating in those nations. Results of the assessments vary drastically between disposal sites-even between near-surface-burial sites within the U.S. Department of Energy. One disposal site (Westing-house Hanford Company) could accept all of ITER's wastes after a storage and cooling period (all wastes are assessed at 30 yr after shutdown). Other sites (the Savannah River and the Nevada Test Sites) could not accept any components within the toroidalfield coils, similar to the restrictions in Germany. Blanket modules would be excluded from near-surface burial in France and Japan, but other components may qualify.
The American Culture of Torture: A Review Essay

DESPITE BEING OUTLAWED BY INTERNATIONAL TREATIES, U.N. CONVENTIONS, AND the domestic statutes of most nations, torture is alive and thriving at police departments, prisons, hospitals, laboratories, and "therapeutic" and cultic communities throughout the world. Although torture is commonly associated with physical pain, the infliction of intense psychological and emotional suffering?in? cluding fear, anxiety, and guilt?is the more common torture tactic in interrogation and indoctrination today. In their classic study, researchers Of she and Singer (1986) identified two "generations" of coercive thought-reform programs employing psy? chological manipulation and punishment: a first generation, in which "peripheral" elements of a subject's self-concept are targeted, and a more recent period, in which "central" elements of self are subjected to coercive influence and manipulation. Soviet and Communist Chinese "brainwashing" (or "thought reform") techniques were the most notorious types of first-generation programs (Hinkle and Wolff, 1956). They were directed at the public conception of self?such as social status, political views, and role performance, which are incidental to core personality. The goal was to gain outward social conformity through group criticism. Indoctrina? tion took place at prisons, training centers, reeducation camps, and revolutionary universities, from which cadres or comrades could leave after "rehabilitation." Second-generation behavior control programs?the primary focus of the two books under review here?differ substantially from the first-generation strategies. More sophisticated and scientific, they attempt to alter the subject's self-perception
Extracting Energy from a Black Hole through the Transition Region

A new scenario for extracting energy from a Kerr black hole is proposed. With magnetic field lines connecting plasma particles inside the ergosphere with remote loads, the frame dragging twists the field lines so that energy and angular momentum are extracted from the plasma particles. If the magnetic field is strong enough, the energy extracted from the particles can be so large that the particles have negative energy as they fall into the black hole. So, effectively, the energy is extracted from the black hole. The particles inside the ergosphere can be continuously replenished with accretion from a disk surrounding the black hole, so a transition region with a sufficient amount of plasma is formed between the black hole's horizon and the inner edge of the disk. Thus, the energy can be continuously extracted from the black hole through the transition region. This may be the most efficient way for extracting energy from a Kerr black hole: in principle, almost all of the rotational energy (up to ≈29% of the total energy of the black hole) can be extracted.
Your coflow has many flows: sampling them for fun and speed

Coflow scheduling improves data-intensive application performance by improving their networking performance. State-of-the-art online coflow schedulers in essence approximate the classic Shortest-Job-First (SJF) scheduling by learning the coflow size online. In particular, they use multiple priority queues to simultaneously accomplish two goals: to sieve long coflows from short coflows, and to schedule short coflows with high priorities. Such a mechanism pays high overhead in learning the coflow size: moving a large coflow across the queues delays small and other large coflows, and moving similar-sized coflows across the queues results in inadvertent round-robin scheduling. We propose Philae, a new online coflow scheduler that exploits the spatial dimension of coflows, i.e., a coflow has many flows, to drastically reduce the overhead of coflow size learning. Philae pre-schedules sampled flows of each coflow and uses their sizes to estimate the average flow size of the coflow. It then resorts to Shortest Coflow First, where the notion of shortest is determined using the learned coflow sizes and coflow contention. We show that the sampling-based learning is robust to flow size skew and has the added benefit of much improved scalability from reduced coordinator-local agent interactions. Our evaluation using an Azure testbed, a publicly available production cluster trace from Facebook shows that compared to the prior art Aalo, Philae reduces the coflow completion time (CCT) in average (P90) cases by 1.50× (8.00×) on a 150-node testbed and 2.72× (9.78×) on a 900-node testbed. Evaluation using additional traces further demonstrates Philae's robustness to flow size skew.
A clinical predictive model of renal injury in children with isolated antenatal hydronephrosis.

Background Antenatal hydronephrosis (ANH) affects ∼1-5% of pregnancies. The aim of this study was to develop a clinical prediction model of renal injury in a large cohort of infants with isolated ANH. Methods This is a longitudinal cohort study of 447 infants with ANH admitted since birth between 1989 and 2015 at a tertiary care center. The primary endpoint was time until the occurrence of a composite event of renal injury, which includes proteinuria, hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD). A predictive model was developed using a Cox proportional hazards model and evaluated by C-statistics. Results Renal pelvic dilatation (RPD) was classified into two groups [Grades 1-2 (n = 255) versus Grades 3-4 (n = 192)]. The median follow-up time was 6.4 years (interquartile range 2.8-12.5). Thirteen patients (2.9%) developed proteinuria, 6 (1.3%) hypertension and 14 (3.1%) CKD Stage 2. All events occurred in patients with RPD Grades 3-4. After adjustment, three covariables remained as predictors of the composite event: creatinine {hazard ratio [HR] 1.27, [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.56]}, renal parenchyma thickness at birth [HR 0.78(95% CI 0.625-0.991)] and recurrent urinary tract infections [HR 4.52 (95% CI 1.49-13.6)]. The probability of renal injury at 15 years of age was estimated as 0, 15 and 24% for patients assigned to the low-risk, medium-risk and high-risk groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Conclusion Our findings indicate an uneventful clinical course for patients with Society for Fetal Urology (SFU) Grades 1-2 ANH. Conversely, for infants with SFU Grades 3-4 ANH, our prediction model enabled the identification of a subgroup of patients with increased risk of renal injury over time.
A Standardized Patient Education Class as a Vehicle to Improving Shared Decision Making and Increasing Access to Breast Reconstruction

Summary Background Shared decision-making is a key component of patient-centered care and has been shown to improve patient satisfaction and quality of life. Herein, we study the impact of a standardized patient education class for prospective breast reconstruction patients on clinic efficiency, access to care, and perception on shared decision-making. Methods The number of new patient consultations per clinic, as well as average duration of the first individual clinic encounter, was compared before and after the introduction of a standardized education class given by the senior author to all new breast reconstruction patients. To evaluate patients' perception of shared decision-making, the 9-item Shared Decision-Making Questionnaire (SDM-Q9) and the Satisfaction with Information scale of the BREAST-Q Reconstruction Module were electronically distributed among the patients and compared between the two groups. Results Introduction of the patient education class was associated with a significant reduction in the duration of new patient encounters compared to historic controls (31.8 min vs. 53.5 min, p Conclusion The introducing a standardized patient education class translated into a significant reduction in the duration of individual new patient encounters, thereby increasing patient access to care, while maintaining high-quality standards of self-perceived patient education and shared decision-making.
Effect of nostalgia as a motivational force for depressed students to seek professional psychological help.

In times of distress, people show a tendency to remember the ‘good old days,’ a bittersweet emotion called Nostalgia. This study explores how experimentally-induced nostalgia improves attitude towa...
Nonadiabatic Dynamics of Photoexcited cis-Stilbene Using Ab Initio Multiple Spawning

The photochemistry of cis-stilbene proceeds through two pathways: cis-trans isomerization and ring closure to 4a,4b-dihydrophenanthrene (DHP). Despite serving for many decades as a model system for photoisomerization, the photodynamics of cis-stilbene is still not fully understood. We use ab initio multiple spawning on a SA-2-CASSCF(2,2) potential energy surface to simulate the nonadiabatic dynamics of isolated cis-stilbene. We find the cyclization (to DHP and cis-stilbene) and isomerization (to trans- and cis-stilbene) reaction coordinates to be orthogonal; branching between the two pathways is determined on the S1 excited state within 150 fs of photoexcitation. Trajectory basis functions (TBFs) undergoing cyclization decay rapidly to the ground state in 250 fs, while TBFs moving along the isomerization coordinate remain on the excited state longer, with the majority decaying between 300 and 500 fs. We observe three avoided crossing regions in the dynamics: two along the isomerization coordinate (displaying pyramidalization and migration of an ethylenic hydrogen or phenyl group), and one DHP-like conical intersection along the cyclization coordinate. The isomeric form of the vibrationally hot photoproducts (as determined by measurement 2 ps after photoexcitation) is determined within less than 50 fs of decay to the ground state mediated by passage through a conical intersection. Excess vibrational energy of ground state cis- and trans-stilbene is channelled into phenyl torsions (with mostly opposing directionality). Our simulations are validated by direct comparison to experiment for the absorption spectrum, branching ratio of the three photoproducts (44:52:4 cis-stilbene:trans-stilbene:DHP), and excited state lifetime (520 ± 40 fs).
Evaluation of cardiac function in pediatric intensive care unit

Cardiac function is closely related to circulatory function, and both terms can be integrated together as " hemodynamics" . Thus the author will use the collective term "hemodynamic evaluation" rather than "cardiac function" . There are several ways to evaluate hemodynamic status.Briefly, we can use physical examination as clinical indices of hemodynamics.The physical examination method can detect cardiac impulse position, liver size, peripheral edema, distension of jugular vein to identify circulatory dysfunction.Besides relative simple basic method, there are other means to detect circulatory function.We usually divided them into 2 categories: invasive versus non-invasive means.The non-invasive means include echocardiography and impedance electrocardiography.Echocardiography can provide portable, easily operated platform to evaluate classical cardiac function including fractional shortening, cardiac wall thickness, pressure gradient evaluation and ejection fraction(EF). The impedance electrocardiography can provide continuous index for circulatory functional evaluation.The invasive means include arterial pressure wave analysis, central venous pressure monitoring, floating catheter for capillary wedge pressure monitoring and cardiac output.The relatively newer device includes pressure index countour cardiac output(PiCCO) method, using similar but simple not only to derive cardiac output, but also lung water and other complex indices.In summary, hemodynamic evaluation of circulatory functional status is rather complex, a thorough understanding of ongoing pathophysiology is of prime importance.All clinicians working in the intensive card unit should carefully select the most appropriate ones according to the accessibility and familiarity and mechanism of operation. Key words: Cardiac function; Circulatory function; Hemodynamics; Pediatric intensive care unit,
A rare presentation of hepatolithiasis in an adolescent patient: A case report.

Author(s): Freise, Jonathan; Mena, Jorge; Wen, Kwun Wah; Stoller, Marshall; Ho, Sunita; Corvera, Carlos | Abstract: IntroductionHepatolithiasis (intrahepatic stones) is rare in adolescent patients and requires complex management strategies to prevent recurrent infections and progression to hepatic fibrosis. Surgical management is often required. In cases of unclear etiology, further work-up is indicated to provide insight into future management. In this report we describe an extensive stone analysis.Presentation of caseA 20-year-old Caucasian female presented with known hepatolithiasis and multiple prior recurrent bouts of abdominal pain requiring hospitalization. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) demonstrated an abnormal left-sided hepatic biliary ductal system dilatation. She was treated surgically with a formal left hepatectomy and preservation of the caudate lobe. The right ductal system had no stones or evidence of inflammation, and her bile and stones cultures were negative for organism growth. An extensive analysis demonstrated stone composition primarily of cholesterol.DiscussionAdolescent presentations of hepatolithiasis are rare and considerations in the differential diagnosis include primary sclerosing cholangitis, bile acid transporter defects, and other known genetic diseases. This case is unique because only the left half of the intrahepatic ductal system had evidence of stone disease and the bile was sterile. A detailed stone analysis demonstrating cholesterol supersaturation provides additional context though the etiology remains unclear in this case and will require lifelong follow-up.ConclusionEarly-onset hepatolithiasis is rare and requires expert management, and in some cases definitive surgical management with life-long follow-up. Extensive stone analysis and genetic testing can be performed to help identify disease etiology in unique cases.
QUANTITATIVE TOPOGRAPHIC CURVATURE MAPS OF THE POSTERIOR EYE UTILIZING OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY.

Purpose Deformations of the retina such as staphylomas in myopia or scleral flattening in high intracranial pressure can be challenging to quantify with en face imaging. We describe an optical coherence tomography-based method for the generation of quantitative posterior eye topography maps in normal and pathologic eyes. Methods Using "whole eye" optical coherence tomography, we corrected for subjects' optical distortions to generate spatially accurate posterior eye optical coherence tomography volumes and created local curvature (KM, mm-1) topography maps for each consented subject. We imaged nine subjects, three normal, two with myopic degeneration, and four with papilledema including one that was imaged longitudinally. Results Normal subjects mean temporal KM was 0.0923 mm-1, nasal KM was 0.0927 mm-1, and KM local variability was 0.0162 mm-1. In myopic degeneration, subjects KM local variability was higher at 0.0836 mm-1. In papilledema subjects nasal KM was flatter compared with temporal KM (0.0709 vs. 0.0885 mm-1). Mean intrasession KM repeatability for all subjects was 0.0036 mm-1. Conclusion We have developed an optical coherence tomography based method for quantitative posterior eye topography that offers the ability to analyze local curvature with micron scale resolution and offers the potential to help clinicians and researchers characterize subtle, local retinal deformations earlier in patients and follow their development over time.
Reducing social worker burnout during COVID-19

Burnout has become part of everyday vocabulary. During the time of COVID-19, burnout is no longer exclusively associated with job-related stress. Our current climate is entrenched with unprecedente...
I can scrawl and I can crawl: drawing towards New Narrative

To get traction on the politics of form that we call ‘New Narrative’, I argue that we must defy disciplinary constraints and resist neglecting activities taking place away from the printed page. Lo...
Fluctuations in Central Subfield Thickness Associated With Worse Visual Outcomes in Patients With Diabetic Macular Edema in Clinical Trial Setting.

PURPOSE This study examines the relationship between fluctuations in central subfield thickness (CST) and visual acuity (VA) in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) using data from 2 large clinical trials. DESIGN Clinical cohort study using post hoc analysis of clinical trial databases. METHODS Standard deviation (SD) of all recorded CSTs for each patient during the study period were used to quantify the fluctuations in CST. Patients from each protocol were grouped into quartiles based on the CST SD. Eyes with at least 3 CSTs and VA at 1 year were included. The main outcome measures were VA at 1 and 2 years for each protocol, stratified by SD quartile. RESULTS A total of 1197 eyes were included in the analysis. There were significant VA differences based on CST SD quartile for both protocols while adjusting for mean baseline VA, baseline CST, lens status, hemoglobin A1c, and treatment arm. At week 52 in protocol T, the difference between the first and fourth quartiles was -1.61 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters (95% confidence interval [CI] -3.52 to 0.30, P = .0986). At week 104, this difference was -3.59 letters (95% CI -6.17 to -1.00, P = .0066). In protocol V, at week 52, the difference between the first and fourth quartiles was -3.04 letters (95% CI -4.18 to -1.91, P < .0001). At week 104, this difference was -2.35 letters (95% CI -3.58 to -1.13, P = .0005). CONCLUSION Large fluctuations in CST may portend worse VA outcomes at the 2-year end point in patients with DME.
Successful System Implementation of a Communication and Resolution Program

Communication and Resolution Programs (CRP) are becoming more commonplace in the United States. ChristianaCare adopted this approach after participating in a demonstration project through the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality in 2014-5. This paper documents our successful implementation of our CRP and the first five years of our results. Our organization saw increased reporting of medical events, improved patient safety, mitigation of medico-legal risks and improved patient and caregiver experience. The path to implementation is challenging and represents a major shift in how organizations deal with unexpected medical outcomes. The process is complex involving individuals from patient relations, risk management and patient safety. But the benefits are satisfying. Keys to success include strong leadership support and engagement of a multidisciplinary team.
Skeletal Myoblasts: The U.S. Experience

Epicardial transplantation of skeletal myoblasts in conjunction with a CABG or LVAD procedure is feasible and safe, and it does not appear that 116 Edward B. Diethrich cell transplantation poses a substantial risk of life-threatening arrhythmia in this small evaluation. Further study of the efficacy of myoblast transplantation is warranted, and we are now involved in investigations of catheterbased delivery systems and imaging protocols that support percutaneous skeletal myoblast transplantation (as described in “Percutaneous Myoblast Transplantation”, chapter 14 of this text).
Speech Action and Language Structure

Empirical science is able to distinguish in each of its complex objects many, one can calmly say unlimitedly many, different ‘sides’; the same applies to language. Since, besides, speech and humanness [Menschsein], language and culture, language and society, and the history of humanity, language and logic, and still other topics stand in a recognized inner correlation, there is no lack of interests, questions, and stimuli flowing to linguistics from its neighbor sciences. And what discipline would not in some way abut the domain of language, starting with mathematics which today, in the interest of its own axiomatization, is vitally interested in general sematological problems and even with aesthetics, geography, and psychiatry? So there are names enough for part, intermediary, and auxiliary disciplines for linguistic research; there is a psychology of language, a pathology of language, a sociology of language, an aesthetics of language, and so forth. To the theorist of science, these hyphenated sciences are of no immediate interest, no matter how great their practical importance and how rich in conclusions their results in single cases may be for linguistics. What we are considering in the interest of an axiomatization of linguistic research are now neither parts nor modes of the speech event but the genuine fundamental aspects of the object. A first defining note was given to it by subsuming it under the class of innerwordly sign things.
Double fluorescent vital assay of phagocytosis by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells.

PURPOSE The goal of this study was to develop the first vital assay system for in vitro analysis of phagocytosis of rod outer segments (ROS) by normal retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and for study of the phagocytic defect in RPE of the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat with inherited retinal degeneration. Required features included ability to directly visualize and quantitate the phagocytic process in living RPE cultures, and capability for subsequent quantitative analysis after fixation of the cells at any chosen time after incubation with ROS. METHODS A double fluorescent method was designed, based on the process of phagosome-lysosome fusion. For vital staining of lysosomes, confluent cultures of rat RPE cells were incubated with sulforhodamine (SR), a red fluorescent lysosomotropic dye. SR-stained cultures were challenged with isolated rat ROS tagged with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), a green fluorescent probe. RESULTS This method was used to observe all phases of the phagocytic process in the living cells and the kinetics of ROS binding, ingestion, and phagosome-lysosome fusion were determined. Control studies showed no differences in binding, ingestion, or digestion of unstained versus FITC-stained ROS. Additionally, the phagocytic defect in dystrophic RCS rat RPE cells was confirmed using this technique. CONCLUSIONS This relatively simple new method is useful in that it uses inexpensive, readily available reagents, it enables real-time analysis of phagocytosis experiments, and it does not require termination of the cultures for analysis of phagocytic ability.
Metabolism of Taurolithocholic Acid in the Hamster

Abstract Sodium taurolithocholate-24-14C was infused intravenously into bile fistula hamsters and one rat. More than 95% of the administered 14C was recovered in bile. The bile of the rat contained a variety of metabolites comparable to those known to occur after lithocholic acid administration. Only one metabolite, taurochenodeoxycholate-14C, was identified in hamster bile.
The role of B-1 cells in inflammation

B-1 lymphocytes exhibit unique phenotypic, ontogenic, and functional characteristics that differ from the conventional B-2 cells. B-1 cells spontaneously secrete germline-like, repertoire-skewed polyreactive natural antibody, which acts as a first line of defense by neutralizing a wide range of pathogens before launching of the adaptive immune response. Immunomodulatory molecules such as interleukin-10, adenosine, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-3, and interleukin-35 are also produced by B-1 cells in the presence or absence of stimulation, which regulate acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Considerable progress has been made during the past three decades since the discovery of B-1 cells, which has improved not only our understanding of their phenotypic and ontogenic uniqueness but also their role in various inflammatory diseases including influenza, pneumonia, sepsis, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmunity, obesity and diabetes mellitus. Recent identification of human B-1 cells widens the scope of this field, leading to novel innovations that can be implemented from bench to bedside. Among the vast number of studies on B-1 cells, we have carried out a literature review highlighting current trends in the study of B-1 cell involvement during inflammation, which may result in a paradigm shift toward sustainable therapeutics in various inflammatory diseases.
Music Perception and Cognition

This chapter reviews the field of music perception and cognition, which is the area of cognitive psychology devoted to determining the mental mechanisms underlying our appreciation of music. The chapter begins with the study of pitch, including the constructive nature of pitch perception and the cognitive structures reflecting its simultaneous and sequential organization in Western tonal-harmonic music. This is followed by reviews of temporal organization in music, and of musical performance and ability. Next, literature concerning the cognitive neuroscience of music is examined, including studies of neuropsychology, neuroimaging, and event-related potentials. The chapter concludes with a discussion of developmental music cognition, cross-cultural music cognition, and the evolutionary psychology of music. Keywords: consonance; development of music cognition; dissonance; harmonic perception; melodic perception; pitch perception; rhythm perception
Measurement of Macrophage Growth and Differentiation

This unit provides protocols for measuring the abundance and growth of macrophage precursors in agar cultures and the proliferation of isolated mature macrophages in vitro, by either direct cell counting or by DNA measurement. Methods for the immunohistochemical identification of macrophages and the determination of their proliferative status in vivo by immunofluorescence are also included. It also describes methods for characterization of macrophage differentiation through the immunofluorescence analysis of cell-surface expression of CSF-1 receptor.
Continental Origins of Insular Proslavery: George Dawson Flinter in Curaçao, Venezuela, Britain, and Puerto Rico, 1810s-1830s

Este artigo acompanha a carreira e as migracoes de George Dawson Flinter, um individuo naturalizado espanhol, de origem irlandesa, que se tornou um proeminente defensor da escravidao e do dominio colonial espanhol no Caribe nas decadas de 1820 e 1830. O artigo argumenta que as experiencias de Flinter no continente americano em revolucao, especialmente na Venezuela, deu forma as suas posicoes em relacao a escravidao, liberdade, raca e ordem social, que ele propagou em nome do regime espanhol no Reino Unido e em Porto Rico. Os escritos de Flinter, seus tratos de lealdade, migracoes, lancam uma nova luz sobre as origens do pensamento escravocrata, nao so no Caribe espanhol, mas tambem em todo o Atlântico, durante a consolidacao do periodo da segunda escravidao.
A semi-custom multi-channel preamplifier integrated circuit for spaceborne nuclear instrumentation

A monolithic eight-channel preamplifier for spaceborne nuclear instrumentation is being developed using a semicustom application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) based on bipolar tile-array technology. This general-purpose charge-sensitive bipolar octal preamplifier (BOP) was designed using a complementary current mirror approach so that it would be useful for amplifying both positive-going and negative-going input pulses while consuming low to moderate power. The input stages use a common-collector/common-base topology for good bandwidth and slew characteristics. The output stages use power devices configured as class AB and are capable of driving 50- Omega loads. Each of the eight channels can be biased or enabled separately. The design is implemented with dielectrically isolated, vertical geometry transistors. Such devices are inherently radiation-hard and have PNP transistors whose performance is superior to that of the lateral geometry types. The availability of dielectrically isolated topologies allows such devices to be usable in an environment where total dosages can be as high as 1 Mrad. Computer simulations of the BOP in various configurations show that design requirements were met. >
An Electric Analog Approach to Bog Hydrology

An electrical analog model of a small northern peat bog and its watershed was constructed from available hydrologic and geologic data. Initial experimentation involving comparison of modeling results with historical data resulted in modification of model construction. Modeling results are successful in supplying information on the hydrologic interaction of the bog with the surrounding region. Significant among these findings is the fact that the bog exerts no stabilizing effect on regional hydrology. The bog rather magnifies seasonal variations through rapid surface discharge during wet periods and removes water through evapotranspiration during dry intervals.
Astrocyte- and Endothelial-Targeted CCL2 Conditional Knockout Mice: Critical Tools for Studying the Pathogenesis of Neuroinflammation

While the expression of the C–C chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) in the central nervous system (CNS) is associated with numerous neuroinflammatory conditions, the critical cellular sources of this chemokine, which is responsible for disease processes—as well as associated pathogenic mechanisms, remain unresolved. As the potential for anti-CCL2 therapeutics in treating neuroinflammatory disease is likely to be contingent upon effective drug delivery to the source(s) and/or target(s) of CCL2 action in the CNS, tools to highlight the course of CCL2 action during neuroinflammation are imperative. In response to this need, we used the Cre/loxP and FLP-FRT recombination system to develop the first two, cell-conditional CCL2 knockout mice—separately targeting CCL2 gene elimination to astrocytes and endothelial cells, both of which have been considered to play crucial though undefined roles in neuroinflammatory disease. Specifically, mice containing a floxed CCL2 allele were intercrossed with GFAP-Cre or Tie2-Cre transgenic mice to generate mice with CCL2-deficient astrocytes (astrocyte KO) or endothelial cells (endothelial KO), respectively. Polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction/quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of CCL2 gene, RNA, and protein, respectively, from cultured astrocytes and brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) established the efficiency and specificity of the CCL2 gene deletions and a CCL2 null phenotype in these CNS cells. Effective cell-conditional knockout of CCL2 was also confirmed in an in vivo setting, wherein astrocytes and BMEC were retrieved by immune-guided laser capture microdissection from their in situ positions in the brains of mice experiencing acute, lipopolysaccharide-mediated endotoxemia to induce CCL2 gene expression. In vivo analysis further revealed apparent cross-talk between BMEC and astrocytes regarding the regulation of astrocyte CCL2 expression. Use of astrocyte KO and endothelial KO mice should prove critical in elaborating the pathogenic mechanisms of and optimizing the treatments for neuroinflammatory disease.
Is now the time for an intervention to prevent autoimmune type 1 diabetes

This article represents the Counterpoint to the preceding article as to whether now is the appropriate time for intervention, including trials, to prevent autoimmune type 1 diabetes.
Propagation of magnetoacoustic-gravity waves in a horizontally-stratified medium: IV. kinematics

A model magneto-atmosphere is used to discuss the behavior of the group velocity for magnetoacoustic-gravity (MAG) waves as a function of their angular frequency. The qualitative frequency/time history of a signal generated by a source differs significantly from the case where the magnetic field is zero, for which a clear distinction may be made between the acoustic and gravity components of the signal.
Aircraft impact analysis of nuclear safety-related concrete structures: A review

Abstract Safety-related nuclear structures, including concrete nuclear containment vessels, constructed before September 11, 2001, were not purposely designed to resist any impact loading greater than a light aircraft crash. Since 2001, safety of nuclear facilities against a deliberate or accidental large civilian aircraft impact has drawn much attention worldwide. However, current design guides for nuclear structures provide limited information on analysis methodologies for such aircraft impact. This document presents basic general knowledge required to analyze concrete structures for an aircraft impact and provides a summary of available numerical and experimental investigations that may be used to benchmark an aircraft impact simulation. The methodologies available for an aircraft impact analysis are overviewed with an emphasis on structural damage analysis. Constitutive models used for concrete, reinforcing steel, and composite materials are addressed in this paper.
Nucleic Acid Guanine: Reaction with the Carcinogen N-Acetoxy-2-Acetylaminofluorene

Reaction of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene with DNA or RNA at pH 7 causes marked increase in absorption at 280 to 320 millimicrons and marked decrease in guanine content. Reaction with guanosine-8-14C yields a radioactive fluorescent derivative. The data suggest that metabolic esters of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene may be intermediates in the binding of this proximate carcinogen to nucleic acids in vivo.
A 100-dB SFDR 80-MSPS 14-Bit 0.35- $ muhbox m$ BiCMOS Pipeline ADC

This paper describes a 14-bit 80-MSPS ADC with 100-dB SFDR at 70-MHz input frequency in a 0.35-mum single-well BiCMOS technology drawing 1.2 W from a dual 3.3 V/5.0 V supply. Key barriers to high dynamic range in pipeline ADCs at high clock rates and some methods to overcome these barriers will be presented. These methods include a sampling front-end without the use of a designated Sample and Hold (S/H). A BiCMOS switching input buffer is used along with the strategic use of BiCMOS design techniques. Also, calibration is combined with capacitor shuffling to maximize linearity with minimal noise impact
The response of position-sensitive detectors to fission fragments and other heavy ions

Abstract Position-sensitive surface barrier detectors have been used for the measurement of energy and angular distributions of fission fragments and other heavy ions. The techniques used to calibrate such detectors are described. It is possible to determine the position of an incident ion with a resolution of about 0.25 mm for a 50 mm detector length, the position response being independent of the energy of the ion. However, the position response curve is non-linear, showing its largest curvature at one end of the detector. The pulse height versus energy calibration was determined for a variety of heavy ions produced by elastic scattering of 32S and 16O. The ions Ni, Ag and Au exhibited pulse-height defects, which were measured as a function of ion energy, and were found to be approximately equal to those for a “heavy ion” type surface barrier detector. The pulse height versus energy calibration is a function of position, but is linear at a given position. In spite of the slow rise time of the pulses, it was possible to obtain fast timing signals, with a resolution of 3.5 nsec (fwhm) at a fixed position and fixed energy. The time dependence on position, however, is very large with about 50 nsec difference between the center of the detector and the ends.
Reply to the ``Comments on: `Absorbed dose comparison among commercial ionization chambers in polystyrene and acrylic phantoms' ''

The comments of John Spokas (Ref. 3) on the performance of Exradin chambers (Ref. 1) are answered. (AIP)
Expression of the Regenerating Gene Family in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Mucosa: Reg Iα Upregulation, Processing, and Antiapoptotic Activity

Background The pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) reflects a balance between mucosal injury related to an ongoing inflammatory process and mucosal reparative mechanisms. Proreparative mucosal factors may offer new therapeutic paradigms. Transcriptional profiling can be applied to identify candidate gene products involved in colonic mucosal regeneration. Methods Resection specimens from patients who underwent colonic resection for IBD or non-IBD indications were analyzed by performing Affymetrix GeneChip hybridization (Affymetrix, Inc., Santa Clara, Calif) and histopathologic scoring. Expression and physiologic processing of Reg Iα, the most highly expressed member of the regenerating (Reg) gene family, was further studied by performing specific immunohistochemistry, protein sequencing, and mass spectroscopy. Results Foregut-derived tissues normally express human Reg proteins with minimal expression in the colon. In the setting of tissue injury associated with IBD, Reg Iα, Reg Iβ, and Reg III mRNA were highly expressed in colonic mucosa. Paired histopathologic scoring demonstrated that Reg expression was not related to the presence or the degree of mucosal inflammation. Studies of the Reg Iα protein revealed evidence of proteolytic cleavage at the N-terminus. In IBD, intact Reg Iα protein was expressed by the metaplastic Paneth granular cell population. Whereas Reg Iα cleaved at the N-terminus, it was also deposited throughout the lamina propria. Reg Iα treatment was shown to reduce epithelial apoptosis that occurred in response to treatment with hydrogen peroxide. Conclusion Ectopic expression, physiologic processing, and directed tissue deposition of Reg Iα are components of the colonic mucosal regenerative response in IBD. Reg Iα may serve to reduce epithelial apoptosis in inflammation.