cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intrafamilial child sexual abuse treatment: prosecution following expulsion.

IN THE DEBATE over the relative efficacies of pretrial and postadjudication diversion of intrafamilial child sexual abuse offenders (see e.g., American Bar Association, 1982; Bulkley, 1982; Burgess, Holmstrom, & McCausland, 1978; Fisse, 1984; Giarretto, 1976; MacFarlane & Bulkley, 1982), concern is expressed regarding whether the state will be successful in prosecuting defendants who fail to comply with the diversion agreement. The American Bar Association’s National Legal Resource Center for Child Advocacy and Protection surveyed prosecuting attorneys throughout the United States regarding prosecutorial practices and policies as they relate to child sexual abuse cases (American Bar Association, 198 1). Two-thirds of the responding jurisdictions report they do not utilize pretrial diversion. One of the reasons cited for nonutilization was concern over the state’s inability to go forward with prosecution in cases where the offender is terminated from treatment for noncompliance with the terms of diversion. One respondent reasoned that an offender failing in a program is probably trying to convince the victim and nonoffending spouse that he is being treated harshly or unfairly. If he successfully gains their sympathy, the child and nonoffending spouse may refuse to testify against him in subsequent criminal justice proceedings. Even without effort on the part of the offender, potential witnesses may become aligned with the abuser-ironically, because of the ability of the treatment program to bring the family closer. The possible effect again is the loss of witness testimony in efforts to resume prosecution. Also, as with any criminal case, a delay in prosecution (such as that effected by a diversion
Climate Change and Air Pollution: Exploring the Synergies and Potential for Mitigation in Industrializing Countries

Air pollutants such as tropospheric ozone and black carbon (soot) also contribute to the greenhouse effect. Black carbon is thought to be the second or third most important anthropogenic contributor to global warming, while troposheric ozone is the fourth most important. Both are also major components of indoor and outdoor air pollution. This paper reviews the existing literature of the health, economic, and climatic impacts of tropospheric ozone and black carbon emissions, together with mitigation options. The local nature of many of the impacts, combined with their short atmospheric lifetime and the existence of cost-effective abatement technologies that are already widely deployed in developed countries means reducing these emissions provides a highly climatically-effective mitigation option that is also appropriate to the development strategy of industrializing countries.
Designing Dynamically Compensated and Robust Cam Profiles With Bernstein-Bézier Harmonic Curves

This paper deals with the problem of designing dynamically compensated cam profiles to minimize residual vibrations in high-speed cam-follower systems. The traditional Polydyne method is modified and extended to achieve significant improvement in residual vibration characteristics. First, cam displacement curves are represented by Bernstein-Bezier harmonic curves as opposed to polynomial curves. These recently developed harmonic curves are low in harmonic content and therefore the resulting cam profiles are less prone to induce resonant vibrations in the follower system. Second, the design procedure is expanded such that the residual vibrations of the resulting cam-follower system is not only extinguished at the design speed but also made insensitive to speed variations. Numerical examples are given in the end.
Air-kerma strength determination of a 169Yb high dose rate brachytherapy source.

The increased demand for high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy as an alternative to external beam radiotherapy has led to the introduction of a HDR brachytherapy isotope Yb 169 . This source offers a dose rate similar to Ir 192 HDR sources, at about one fourth the effective photon energy. This work presents the calibration of this source in terms of air-kerma strength, based on an adaptation of the current, National Institute of Standards and Technology traceable, in air measurement technique currently used for Ir 192 HDR sources. Several additional measurement correction factors were required, including corrections for air scatter, air attenuation, and ion recombination. A new method is introduced for determining the ion chambercalibration coefficient N k Yb 169 . An uncertaintyanalysis was also performed, indicating an overall measurement expanded uncertainty in the air-kerma strength ( k = 2 ) of 2.2%.
The assessment and management of the violent patient in critical hospital settings

Abstract Objective Patient violence and aggression is prevalent in critical care settings, yet clinicians are often inadequately trained to assess and respond to these types of behaviors. Targeted toward trainees as well as seasoned clinicians, this articles provides an updated review of the literature regarding the management of violence in the emergency department. Methods This narrative review is largely derived from research articles and reviews published since 2000. We conducted a systematic search of electronic databases for review articles or studies examining patient violence and aggression in critical care settings. Electronic searches were supplemented by manual searches of reference lists. Results Current statistics, risk factors and imminent signs of violent patient behavior are presented. We conclude with recommendations for pharmacological and psychological interventions that can help manage aggressive behavior in the emergency department. Conclusions The relatively high frequency of aggressive and violent behavior in critical care settings increases the likelihood that clinicians working in this environment will encounter this situation. It is our hope that providing additional information about the factors associated with and techniques for managing violent patient behavior will reduce the occurrence of injuries in health care professionals in emergency departments.
Fourier analysis of cardiovascular events

Abstract The theory and application of the method of Fourier analysis has been reviewed with specific reference to the applications of this technique to analysis of signals related to cardiovascular functions. Mathematics have been developed that relate the sampling rate of a function to the accuracy of harmonic amplitude resolution of the function. Specifically, the mathematical scheme was developed for the purpose of designing criteria for determining the minimum sampling rate of a function without introducing aliasing errors, and for elucidating the basis for the false indications resulting from selecting too few ordinates for the Fourier analysis. The application of Fourier methods to the analysis of cardiovascular functions has been studied. A thoracic aorta pressure pulse, the coronary artery flow pulse, and the electrocardiogram of a normal anesthesized mongrel dog have been examined in terms of the maximum sampling frequency required to yield the most dependable results. It was found that by sampling the arterial pressure pulse from 6 to 96 times/cycle, the absolute value of each harmonic amplitude for the first ten harmonics approaches asymptotically constant value at the higher sampling rates, suggesting that little or no further frequency information can be obtained by increasing the sampling rate >96 per second. At the lower sample rates (6–12 per cycle) the harmonic values were generally larger than the final steady value. The same type of asymptotic behavior is observed for the phase angle of each harmonic component as a function of the sample rate. The normal arterial pressure pulses appear to be fit adequately with ten harmonics. Sampling rates of about four times the largest significant frequency component in the wave form appear to produce the best analytical results. For the arterial pressure pulse, coronary flow pulse, and electrocardiogram, this turned out to be about 100 per second.
Monitoring of Infectious Intracranial Aneurysms by Sequential Computed Tomographic/Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies

To monitor the course of infectious intracranial aneurysms, repeated cerebral angiography has been recommended every 2 weeks during intravenous antibiotic therapy until the aneurysm has resolved or an operation has been performed. However, serial cerebral angiograms are not without some risk to the patient. We have prospectively studied five patients harboring a total of six infectious intracranial aneurysms by sequential computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. All infectious aneurysms were initially identified by cerebral angiography and were treated with 6 to 8 weeks of intravenous antibiotics. The aneurysm size ranged from 4 to 10 mm. Sequential CT scans and/or MRI studies were obtained at 2- to 3-week intervals to monitor the course of the aneurysms. Three aneurysms enlarged during antibiotic therapy, and one remained unchanged in size. These four aneurysms were treated surgically. The two remaining aneurysms resolved with intravenous antibiotic therapy. Cerebral angiograms were obtained routinely preoperatively and were used to verify the resolution of the infectious aneurysms when they were no longer visible on CT or MRI. On the basis of this prospective study, we conclude that sequential thin-slice CT and/or MRI can effectively and safely monitor the course of infectious intracranial aneurysms once identified by cerebral angiography. This may reduce the need for serial angiography and reduce the ultimate risk in the management of infectious intracranial aneurysms.
Assessment of Reynolds-Averaged Turbulence Models for Prediction of the Flow and Heat Transfer in an Inlet Vane-Endwall Passage

Predictions of the flow and thermal fields in an inlet vane passage are obtained via solution of the incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. RANS predictions of the steady-state solutions are obtained using two scalar eddy viscosity models and full Reynolds stress transport to close the turbulent stress in the momentum equations. The turbulent heat flux is modeled using a constant turbulent Prandtl number. In the geometric configuration of the inlet vane passage, the hub endwall is flat. Calculations are performed for a baseline configuration and an additional configuration in which secondary air is injected through three small, angled slots positioned upstream of the vane leading edge. Solutions are obtained on unstructured grids with the densest mesh comprised of 1.9×10 6 elements. The simulations are assessed via an inter-comparison of predictions obtained using the different models, as well as through evaluation against experimental measurements of the Stanton number and cooling effectiveness on the hub endwall
Two-component laser anemometry measurements of non-reacting and reacting complex flows in a swirl-stabilized model combustor

Simultaneous two-component velocity measurements are acquired in a model, complex flow swirl-stabilized combustor using a two-color laser anemometer. A time base computer interface enables the direct measurement of Reynolds stress\((\overline {u'w'} )\) as well as mean and rms axial (u,u′) and azimuthal (w,w′) velocities. The peak value of the normalized Reynolds stress\((\overline {u'w'} /u_{rms} w_{rms} )\) approaches 0.25 which is less than values (∼0.40) obtained by others using indirect, non-simultaneous measurement methods in complex flows, but similar to a direct measurement in a dump combustor without swirl. Isotropy is satisfied except in regions of high unidimensional shear, and both turbulence intensity and normalized Reynolds stress are reduced in the absence of reaction. Relatively small-scale form intermittencies, associated with a fluctuation of the stagnation point and a precessing vortex core, serve to reduce the measured values of the normalized Reynolds stress at the centerline by increasing the apparent turbulence intensity. At an elevated fuel loading, a global-scale form intermittency is invoked and, while likely realistic relative to practical devices, may not be a viable condition for time-averaged calculations.
FOUR NEW IRON METEORITE FINDS

Four new iron meteorites are described: Buenaventura (IIIB) from Chihuahua, Mexico: mass 114 kg; Denver City (anomalous) from Texas, USA: mass 26.1 kg; Kinsella (IIIB) from Alberta, Canada: mass 3.7 kg; and Tacoma (IA) from Washington, USA: mass 17 g. Denver City is unique - i.e., not related to any other known iron. Tacoma is the smallest iron meteorite recorded. The meteorites were initially discovered in 1969, 1975, 1946, and between 1925 and 1932, respectively.
Designed for workarounds: a qualitative study of the causes of operational failures in hospitals.

Frontline care clinicians and staff in hospitals spend at least 10% of their time working around operational failures: situations in which information, supplies, or equipment needed for patient care are insufficient. However, little is known about underlying causes of operational failures and what hospitals can do to reduce their occurrence. To address this gap, we examined the internal supply chains at 2 hospitals with the aim of discovering organizational factors that contribute to operational failures. We conducted in-depth qualitative research, including observations and interviews of more than 80 individuals from 4 nursing units and the ancillary support departments that provide equipment and supplies needed for patient care. We found that a lack of interconnectedness among interdependent departments’ routines was a major source of operational failures. The low levels of interconnectedness occurred because of how the internal supply chains were designed and managed rather than because of employee error or a shortfall in training. Thus, we propose that the time that hospital staff members spend on workarounds can be reduced through deliberate efforts to increase interconnectedness among hospitals’ internal supply departments. Four dimensions of interconnectedness include: 1) hospital-level—rather than department-level—performance measures; 2) internal supply department routines that respond to specific patients’ needs rather than to predetermined stocking routines; 3) knowledge that is necessary for efficient handoffs of materials that is translated across departmental boundaries; and 4) cross-departmental collaboration mechanisms that enable improvement in the flow of materials across departmental boundaries.
Who Does Well in Life? Conscientious Adults Excel in Both Objective and Subjective Success

This article investigates how personality and cognitive ability relate to measures of objective success (income and wealth) and subjective success (life satisfaction, positive affect, and lack of negative affect) in a representative sample of 9,646 American adults. In cross-sectional analyses controlling for demographic covariates, cognitive ability, and other Big Five traits, conscientiousness demonstrated beneficial associations of small-to-medium magnitude with all success outcomes. In contrast, other traits demonstrated stronger, but less consistently beneficial, relations with outcomes in the same models. For instance, emotional stability demonstrated medium-to-large associations with life satisfaction and affect but a weak association with income and no association with wealth. Likewise, extraversion demonstrated medium-to-large associations with positive affect and life satisfaction but small-to-medium associations with wealth and (lack of) negative affect and no association with income. Cognitive ability showed small-to-medium associations with income and wealth but no association with any aspect of subjective success. More agreeable adults were worse off in terms of objective success and life satisfaction, demonstrating small-to-medium inverse associations with those outcomes, but they did not differ from less agreeable adults in positive or negative affect. Likewise, openness to experience demonstrated small-to-medium inverse associations with every success outcome except positive affect, in which more open adults were slightly higher. Notably, in each of the five models predicting objective and subjective success outcomes, individual differences other than conscientiousness explained more variance than did conscientiousness. Thus, the benefits of conscientiousness may be remarkable more for their ubiquity than for their magnitude.
Will AGU survive in the 21st century

AGU is facing a difficult transition during the next few years. A major shift is underway in the communication of scientific information. Printed journals occupying meters of shelf space will be replaced by some form of electronic distribution. All scientific societies must rethink their role in communicating scientific research, if they want to continue to play a significant part. Otherwise, the 21st century will bring the same fate to scientific societies that the 20th century brought to railroads: obsolescence.
Androgen Receptor Drives Cellular Senescence

The accepted androgen receptor (AR) role is to promote proliferation and survival of prostate epithelium and thus prostate cancer progression. While growth-inhibitory, tumor-suppressive AR effects have also been documented, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we for the first time link AR anti-cancer action with cell senescence in vitro and in vivo. First, AR-driven senescence was p53-independent. Instead, AR induced p21, which subsequently reduced ΔN isoform of p63. Second, AR activation increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thereby suppressed Rb phosphorylation. Both pathways were critical for senescence as was proven by p21 and Rb knock-down and by quenching ROS with N-Acetyl cysteine and p63 silencing also mimicked AR-induced senescence. The two pathways engaged in a cross-talk, likely via PML tumor suppressor, whose localization to senescence-associated chromatin foci was increased by AR activation. All these pathways contributed to growth arrest, which resolved in senescence due to concomitant lack of p53 and high mTOR activity. This is the first demonstration of senescence response caused by a nuclear hormone receptor.
La2O3-CuO-TiO2 Phase Diagram and the Crystal Structure of [La0.86□0.14Cu3](Ti3.42Al0.58)O12

The La2O3-CuO-TiO2 system in air at 960°C contains two perovskite-related ternary compounds, La2CuTiO6 and [La2/3□2/3Cu3](Ti4)O12. The former is orthorhombic, has cell parameters a = 5.587(6), b = 5.616(5), c = 7.842(7) A, is isostructural with GdFeO3, and exhibits Curie-Weiss magnetic behavior. The copper and titanium are statistically distributed over one crystallographic site. The La2O3-CuO-TiO2 and La2O3-CuO-SnO2 systems differ in their phase relationships, number of ternary phases, and crystal chemistry of their La2CuMO6 (M = Ti, Sn) compounds. Single crystals of [La0.86□0.14Cu3](Ti3.42Al0.58)O12 were grown in an Al2O3 crucible from a CuO-TiO2 flux and crystallize in the cubic space group /m3 with a = 7.421(1) A and Z = 2. The compound is isostructural with [CaMn3](Mn4)O12. The excess lanthanum in the crystal compensates the charge deficiency brought about by the aluminum incorporation, and the electrostatic stabilization it affords is the principal driving force for the observed structure.
Tolerance and sensitization to chronic and subchronic oral caffeine: Effects of wheelrunning in rats

Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were tested for wheelrunning in conjunction with chronic (continuous) or subchronic (alternate day) oral caffeine administration. As expected, chronic administration led to complete tolerance to caffeine's locomotor stimulant effect, while subchronic administration produced sensitization. Results confirm earlier reports of enhanced stimulation with spaced administration of caffeine and tolerance with chronic administration.
Evolution of proteins in prokaryotes and bacterial phylogeny

Abstract Comparative structural studies of isofunctional sets of bacterial enzymes have revealed that many morphologically and genetically diverse groups of bacteria share a common ancestry and, in several instances, natural relationships between prokaryote and eukaryote have been demonstrated. However, attempts to arrange related bacterial groups in dendritic or cladistic schemes still present very difficult problems.
Corporate Treatment for the Ills of Academic Medicine

These are anxious times for academic medical centers, which have reacted to recent developments with measures that were beyond contemplation in a more optimistic past. Confronted by the challenges of managed care, decreases in reimbursement, restrictions on house-staff working hours, heightened scrutiny of clinical research, declining federal support for medical education, and the growth of formidable competitors such as hospital chains and medical practices specializing in high-margin services, academic medical centers can no longer be complacent about their financial health or their reputations as the best places to receive care. Many of these institutions have political clout and access to . . .
Chemicals and Textiles: Part I: Dermatological Problems Related to Fiber Content and Dyes

This literature review traces the occurrence of dermatological problems caused by textile fibers and dyes, with the focus on consumer rather than occupational exposure. Wool, silk, nylon, fiberglass, spandex, and rubber have a role in cumulative insult, allergic contact, atopic, or contact urticaria dermatitis. Thirty-one dyes, mainly disperse with anthraquinone or azo structures, cause allergic contact dermatitis. Phototoxic dye dermatitis is rare. Dermatological information necessary to understand the kind of dermatitis and characteristic skin eruptions has been included. The sensitization process is described. Incidence rates can only be deduced from studying scattered reported incidences. Until predictive testing is done, the extent of fiber and dye caused skin problems will remain unknown.
Seeing voices: Assessing writerly stance in the NWP Analytic Writing Continuum

Abstract This paper describes the process by which a rubric development team affiliated with the National Writing Project negotiated difficulties and dilemmas concerning an analytic scoring category initially termed Voice and later renamed Stance. Although these labels reference an aspect of student writing that many teachers value, the challenge of defining the construct for assessment purposes remains fraught with difficulty. This account of the category- and rubric-development process and related research includes a rationale for the decision to negotiate these challenges, as well as a description of how category-definition and score-point language were formulated and progressively refined across an initial and subsequent year of rubric use, evaluation, and revision.
Recent Advancements in Basic Radar Range Calculation Technique

A procedure for radar range calculation is described, reflecting current knowledge of the effects of external natural noise sources, atmospheric-absorption losses, and the refractive effect of the normal atmosphere. The range equation is presented in terms of explicitly defined and readily evaluated quantities. Curves and equations are given for evaluating the quantities that are not ordinarily known by direct measurement. Some conventions are proposed for use in general radar range calculation, including an antenna-noise-temperature curve, minimum-detectable signal-to-noise ratio (``visibility factor'') curves, and a formula for the reflection coefficient of a rough sea. A noise-temperature table and a work-sheet for range calculation are included in the Appendix.
Carrier dynamics and doping profiles in GaAs nanosheets

We have recently demonstrated that GaAs nanosheets can be grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Here, we investigate these nanosheets by secondary electron scanning electron microscopy (SE-SEM) and electron beam induced current (EBIC) imaging. An abrupt boundary is observed between an initial growth region and an overgrowth region in the nanosheets. The SE-SEM contrast between these two regions is attributed to the inversion of doping at the boundary. EBIC mapping reveals a p-n junction formed along the boundary between these two regions. Rectifying I–V behavior is observed across the boundary further indicating the formation of a p-n junction. The electron concentration (ND) of the initial growth region is around 1 × 1018 cm−3, as determined by both Hall effect measurements and low temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Based on the EBIC data, the minority carrier diffusion length of the nanosheets is 177 nm, which is substantially longer than the corresponding length in unpassivated GaAs nanowires measured previously.
Amyloid-β forms fibrils by nucleated conformational conversion of oligomers

Amyloid-β amyloidogenesis is reported to occur via a nucleated polymerization mechanism. If this is true, the energetically unfavorable oligomeric nucleus should be very hard to detect. However, many laboratories have detected early nonfibrillar amyloid-β oligomers without observing amyloid fibrils, suggesting that a mechanistic revision may be needed. Here we introduce Cys-Cys-amyloid-β(1-40), which cannot bind to the latent fluorophore FlAsH as a monomer, but can bind FlAsH as an nonfibrillar oligomer or as a fibril, rendering the conjugates fluorescent. Through FlAsH monitoring of Cys-Cys-amyloid-β(1-40) aggregation, we found that amyloid-β(1-40) rapidly and efficiently forms spherical oligomers in vitro (85% yield) that are kinetically competent to slowly convert to amyloid fibrils by a nucleated conformational conversion mechanism. This methodology was used to show that plasmalogen ethanolamine vesicles eliminate the proteotoxicity-associated oligomerization phase of amyloid-β amyloidogenesis while allowing fibril formation, rationalizing how low concentrations of plasmalogen ethanolamine in the brain are epidemiologically linked to Alzheimer's disease.
A detailed study of the registration temperature effect in CR-39 useful for cosmic ray experiments

Abstract Using an 814 MeV/u 56Fe beam and fragments (13 ≥ Z ≥ 26) we have conducted a detailed study of the registration temperature effect (RTE) in CR-39 (DOP) from T = 0°C to 30°C. With this data we are able to resolve a number of issues surrounding the RTE relevant to cosmic ray experiments. In particular, we conclude that d (Z/β) ∗ / d T = −0.06±0.02° C −1 for cosmic ray Fe.
A controlled trial with a novel anti-ischemic agent, ranolazine, in chronic stable angina pectoris that is responsive to conventional antianginal agents

Abstract We assessed efficacy and safety of a new anti-ischemic agent, ranolazine, during a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. In the qualifying phase, we withdrew at least 1 antianginal drug from the drug regimen of 312 patients with chronic stable angina while they took placebo. After exercise time had shortened by ≥1.0 minute, we randomly assigned patients to receive either immediate-release ranolazine in 3 dosing regimens or placebo during each treatment period. After each week of treatment, we measured exercise tolerance and ranolazine plasma concentrations at both peak and trough. All exercise parameters significantly (p ≤0.02) improved (intention-to-treat analysis) with ranolazine (all regimens combined) at mean peak plasma concentrations ranging from 1,576 to 2,492 ng/ml compared with placebo without differences in double product. Although similar trends persisted at mean trough, plasma concentrations (range 275 to 602 ng/ml), only the time to 1.0 mm ST-segment depression remained statistically significant. In conclusion, immediate-release ranolazine is effective and well tolerated. However, this immediate-release short-acting formulation with this dosing regimen is not adequate for continuous protection. Either larger or more frequent doses or a sustained-release formulation would be required for clinical use.
Vacuum UV performance of silicon detectors

The sensitivity, time-varying response, and spatial sensitivity of four silicon detectors of vacuum UV were measured by passing a typical flux of 3 x 10 photons/s at the Lyman alpha line of 1215.7 A through an exit aperture of 0.55 mm x 0.8 mm. The detectors tested were: (1) a Fairchild FPM 200 silicon planar passivated photodiode with the window removed so that radiation could directly impinge on the center of the 1.0 mm square silicon chip, (2) a Fairchild FPM 100 silicon NPN planar passivated phototransistor, (3) the Hewlett-Packard 5082-4204 silicon planar PIN photodiode, and (4) the United Detector Technology PIN Spot/2 special sensitive silicon Schottky surface photodiode with the window removed.
A format design case study: PDF

We explain how the Portable Document Format was designed based upon some specific design criteria that were developed to make an advance beyond previous technology. The environmental variables (computing power, business climate) that affected the design are also discussed.
Ground-dwelling arthropod responses to succession in a pinyon-juniper woodland

Stand-replacing wildfire is an infrequent but important disturbance in southwestern pinyon-juniper woodlands. A typical successional cycle in these woodlands is approximately 300 years or more after a stand-replacing fire. Arthropods, especially ground-dwelling taxa, are one of the most abundant and diverse fauna in terrestrial ecosystems and are typically responsive to microhabitat change. Little is known regarding community responses of ground-dwelling arthropods to changes in woodland successional stages from early ecosystems dominated by grasses, herbaceous plants, and fire adapted shrubs to tree-dominated old-growth ecosystems. In 2007 and 2008, within Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, we compared the community composition of ground-dwelling arthropods between old-growth pinyon-juniper stands that were 300–400 years old and early successional areas recovering from a stand-replacing fire in 2002. The 2002 fire eliminated the dominant woody vegetation, which was replaced by increased herbaceous vegetation and bare ground. The early successional arthropod community showed a significantly higher abundance in major arthropod taxonomic groups, except spiders, compared to old-growth woodland. Old-growth species richness was greater in late August–September, 2007 and greater in early successional habitats during April–July, 2008. Spatial variability of the habitat was much greater in the recently burned early successional plots than the old-growth late successional plots. The differences in habitat were strongly correlated with arthropod community composition, suggesting that ground-dwelling arthropods are very sensitive to habitat changes. Habitat affiliation was strong, with 83% (early succession ruderal) and 91% (old-growth woodland) of the species found primarily or exclusively in one habitat. Many habitat indicator species (defined as species found in significantly greater abundance in one habitat) were found in both burned and old-growth habitats. Several species were found to be strict specialists exclusive to only one of these habitats. Collectively, the results suggest that heightened concern over loss of old-growth woodlands is warranted, given the distinct nature of the ground-dwelling arthropod community in old-growth habitats.
A cost-effective approach for preoperative hemostatic assessment in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy.

Tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy is the most common major surgical procedure performed in pediatric patients 1 and is often their first hemostatic challenge. Of the potential complications that may occur, excessive perioperative and postoperative bleeding are among those that cause the most angst. Although there is no foolproof, inexpensive method of preoperative detection of all patients with coagulation disorders, routine screening using PT, PTT, and BT are advocated by many practitioners. In 1995, the American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery made the recommendation that coagulation studies be used in selective patients with suggestive histories or if genetic information is unavailable. 2 I strongly support this recommendation. As referenced by Hartnick and Ruben, we have published the largest series to date showing the efficacy of selective screening. 3 In our 6-year retrospective review, we used a 6-question questionnaire (Table) to compare 1750 children who were universally screened with 2624 children who were selectively screened. The selectively screened cohort experienced 16 episodes (0.66%) of perioperative hemorrhage while the universally screened group experienced 22 episodes (2.3%). Only 8 of 16 selectively screened patients who bled had a preoperative PT, PTT, and BT evaluation, and 1 very minor abnormality was noted (elevated PTT by 0.1 second). The other 8 had normal coagulation studies at the time of their bleed. In addition, 3 of the selectively screened patients who bled had known bleeding dyscrasias (2, VWD; 1, Ehlers-Danlos) and bled despite perioperative use of desmopressin acetate and aminocaproic acid. All 22 of the universally screened patients who bled had normal coagulation profiles. These results strongly support the notion that factors other than severe coagulation disorders (ie, dehydration, surgical technique, perioperative infection) play a much larger etiologic role in postoperative bleeding episodes. I concur with the conclusion of
Timescales of melt generation and the thermal evolution of the Himalayan metamorphic core, Everest region, eastern Nepal

In the Everest region of the Nepalese Himalaya, 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb geochronology provide evidence for a complex thermal history marked by multiple episodes of granite intrusion. The oldest mobilized melt formed syn-deformational granitic sills that have U-Pb crystallization ages of 21.33±0.03 and 21.80±0.05 Ma. Preserved in these same granites is a record of earlier magmatic crystallization of xenotime, zircon and monazite between ca. 26 Ma and ca. 23 Ma. This pattern of accessory phase crystallization is interpreted to reflect incremental melting and crystallization in the source region of the sills before ultimate melt migration, and provides the earliest evidence for anatexis in the Everest region. The beginning of crustal melting in the Everest region predates the earliest known movement on both the Main Central Thrust and the South Tibetan fault systems, but is temporally associated with the implied pressure decrease between “Eohimalayan” and “Neohimalayan” metamorphism.
Magnetic exchange bias enhancement through seed layer variation in FeMn/NiFe layered structures

Abstract The exchange bias and crystalline texture of the multilayer structure (Ta/Al/seed/Fe 50 Mn 50 /Ni 81 Fe 19 /Al 2 O 3 /Ni 81 Fe 19 /Al/Ta with seed=Ni 81 Fe 19 or Ni 81 Fe 19 /Cu) has been characterized. Measurements indicate an abrupt decrease in exchange bias of the Ni 81 Fe 19 pinned layer for samples with very thin seed layers, and exchange bias as high as 325 Oe for thicker seed layers. Fluctuation of exchange bias with thickness was greatly reduced for the Ni 81 Fe 19 /Cu seed configuration. X-ray diffraction measurements demonstrate a correlation between exchange bias and strong (1 1 1) texture of FeMn. The results suggest a high sensitivity of Ni 81 Fe 19 roughness and texture on deposition conditions, and corroborate previous observations of roughness in ultrathin NiFe films.
A class of fixed-width confidence intervals for a ranked normal mean

Suppose that we are given k(≥ 2) independent and normally distributed populations π1, …, πk where πi has unknown mean μi and unknown variance σ2 i (i = 1, …, k). Let μ[i] (i = 1, …, k) denote the ith smallest one of μ1, …, μk. A two-stage procedure is used to construct lower and upper confidence intervals for μ[i] and then use these to obtain a class of two-sided confidence intervals on μ[i] with fixed width. For i = k, the interval given by Chen and Dudewicz (1976) is a special case. Comparison is made between the class of two-sided intervals and a symmetric interval proposed by Chen and Dudewicz (1976) for the largest mean, and it is found that for large values of k at least one of the former intervals requires a smaller total sample size. The tables needed to actually apply the procedure are provided.
Distributed Leadership in Online Groups.

We conducted research within a program serving future mathematics and science teachers. Groups of teachers worked primarily online in an asynchronous discussion environment on a 6-week task in which they applied learning-science ideas acquired from an educational psychology course to design interdisciplinary instructional units. We employed an adapted coding system to determine that group leadership was highly distributed among participants. We illustrated that leadership emerged through different forms of participation described in this paper and that, in some cases, individuals specialized in specific leadership roles within groups. Findings helped validate the theoretical concept of group cognition and led us to suggest an approach to online asynchronous learning for college students that depends more on students’ emergent leadership skills than on prescriptive assignment or scripting of participant roles.
Prejudice: The status politics of spiro Agnew

Abstract The placement of Vice-President Agnew in the domain of “status politics” led the author to predict an association between attitudes toward Agnew and attitudes toward two minority groups, Jews and Blacks. To test this prediction, 152 second- and third-generation Greek-American males from Cincinnati, Ohio were interviewed during the summer of 1970. The attitudes of the respondents were assessed by Likert and Guttman procedures. Gamma ( g ) associations ranging from −.46 to −.55 were found between the two types of attitudes; negative attitudes toward Jews and Blacks were accompanied by positive attitudes toward Agnew. Generally, the results were in support of the status-politics interpretation of Agnew's politics. The author suggests that Agnew's status politics may have been instrumental to the “interest politics” of the conservative American establishment which was being challenged by the various minorities during the 1960s.
Chromatin remodeling in plant cell culture: patterns of DNA methylation and histone H3 and H4 acetylation vary during growth of asynchronous potato cell suspensions.

Abstract Changes in DNA cytosine methylation and core histone multi-acetylation were determined in cell suspension cultures of potato ( Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Russet Burbank) during 15 days of in vitro culture. Cell subculture induced a transient 33% decrease in genome-wide 5-methylcytosine (5mC) content and a transient threefold increase in transcription rates that were most evident at 6 and 9 days after subculture, respectively. In contrast to the global reduction in 5mC content, subculture resulted in a transient twofold increase in 5mC levels within 5′-CCGG-3′ sequences and no detectable change in 5′-CG-3′ methylation. Multi-acetylation of histones H3.1, H3.2 and H4 rose 2-, 1.5- and 3-fold by 9, 9 and 12 days after subculture, respectively. All observed epigenetic changes were reset during aging of cell cultures. Inclusion of the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) and/or the cytosine methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5AC) in culture sequentially decreased genome-wide 5mC levels by ~25% at day 9, then decreased 5′- m C m CGG-3′ by 30–50% and increased H3 and H4 multi-acetylation by 30–60% at day 15, compared to controls. Treatment with 5AC or TSA alone or in combination had no effect on RNA synthesis at day 9. At day 15, 5AC treatment remained ineffective, while de novo RNA synthesis was approximately twofold higher in cells grown in both inhibitors or in TSA alone. Collectively, these results demonstrate that in potato suspension cultures, rapid, reversible changes in 5mC levels precede regulatory post-translational acetylation of core histones, and suggest that interactions between these epigenetic processes appear to be necessary to power transcription and growth induction in potato cells.
Ultrasonic studies of human fetal brain development

Abstract The area of functional human fetal brain development is largely terra incognita for obvious technical reasons. There have been several elegant fetal anatomical studies, but these have been simple point samplings of necropsy material with a potential bias on studies of fetal or maternal—fetal conditions associated with early delivery. A large number of neuro-developmental observations have been accumulated for exteriorized fetal animals (chiefly the sheep) but it is not clear that these can be extrapolated to human development either temporally or organizationally. Finally, vast clinical progress in neonatology has enabled sequential observations of premature infants, beginning at the start of the third trimester. However, intensive-care nursery conditions are quite different from those of the intact intrauterine environment, and because of the clinical fragility of these infants and the circumstances resulting in their premature delivery, asphyxial brain injury or intracranial hemorrhage may complicate the analysis and interpretation of those data. Ultrasound imaging has provided a means of making non-invasive sequential fetal observations. This capability has been extended by technical advances that have occurred within the past two years, providing some new possibilities for monitoring CNS development.
Generalized Langevin dynamics simulations with arbitrary time‐dependent memory kernels

An algorithm is described that allows dynamical simulations to be performed based on generalized Langevin equations with arbitrary, time‐dependent memory kernels. Test simulations show that good results are obtained for kernels with distinctly different forms (e.g., exponential and Gaussian).
Inhibition of Rhodopsin Kinase by Recoverin FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM IN PHOTOTRANSDUCTION

Recoverin is a 23-kDa Ca2+-binding protein found predominantly in vertebrate photoreceptor cells. Recent electrophysiological and biochemical studies suggest that recoverin may regulate the photoresponse by inhibiting rhodopsin phosphorylation. We find in both cell homogenates and reconstituted systems that the inhibition of rhodopsin phosphorylation by recoverin occurs over a significantly higher free Ca2+ range than previously reported. Half-maximal inhibition occurs at 1.5-3 μM free Ca2+ and is cooperative with a Hill coefficient of ∼2. Measurements of transducin activation demonstrate that this inhibition prolongs the lifetime of catalytically active rhodopsin. Ca2+-recoverin directly inhibits rhodopsin kinase activity, and Ca2+-dependent binding of recoverin to rod outer segment membranes is not required for its action. Extrapolation of the in vitro data to in vivo conditions based on simple mass action calculations places the Ca2+-recoverin regulation within the physiological free Ca2+ range in intact rod outer segment. The data are consistent with a model in which the fall in free Ca2+ that accompanies rod excitation exerts negative feedback by relieving inhibition of rhodopsin phosphorylation.
Introduction Bias, Prenegotiation and Leverage in Mediation

Although analysts have long held that bias disqualifies a mediator, more recent analysis, pioneered by Saadia Touval, shows that bias can be quite helpful to mediation under the assumption that the mediator delivers the agreement of the party toward which it is biased. Of course, the mediator is still expected to be trustworthy in dealing with the parties and reliable in communications. Prenegotiation and diagnosis, probably the least analyzed early stages of negotiation, are shown to be crucial to a successful negotiation and the necessary preconditions to an efficient and effective process. Leverage, the term for “power” in negotiation, is a scarce resource and takes the form of effective persuasion rather than material inducements and punishments; it depends above all on the need of the conflicting parties for an agreement, which in turn depends on the attractiveness of their alternatives or security points (BATNAs).
ITERATED HOMOLOGY AND DECOMPOSITIONS OF SIMPLICIAL COMPLEXES

Kalai has conjectured that a simplicial complex can be partitioned into Boolean algebras at least as roughly, as a shifting-preserving collapse sequence of its algebraically shifted complex. In particular, then, a simplicial complex could (conjecturally) be partitioned into Boolean intervals whose sizes are indexed by its iterated Betti numbers, a generalization of ordinary homology Betti numbers. This would imply a long-standing conjecture made (separately) by Garsia and Stanley concerning partitions of Cohen-Macaulay complexes into Boolean intervals.
Force analysis of prosthetic appliances during function

Abstract A study has been conducted to evaluate the vertical forces that are placed on the teeth of full and partial dentures during mastication. Relatively small forces were required for the mastication of most foods commonly found in the diet. Maximum forces up to 12 kg. have been recorded while chewing rolls and certain breads in the prosthetic situations. Six to eight kilograms were the most common maximum forces required. Most foods required an average force ranging from 0.3 to 1.8 kg. for mastication. Even though the average maximum biting force that denture wearers can exert is approximately 12 kg., they still possess an adequate force capacity to masticate the great variety of foods appearing in the diet. Full denture and partial denture wearers utilized similar forces during mastication. Ingestion of liquids with certain foods by two denture wearers reduced the maximum forces and the total kilogram strokes used during mastication by about one-half. Cooking foods reduced the maximum forces by 50 to 75 per cent and also reduced the total forces needed to reach the swallowing point by 83 to 96 per cent.
INUM+: A leaner, more accurate and more efficient fast what-if optimizer

INUM is a what-if optimization technique that efficiently estimates the cost of optimal query plans under hypothetical index configurations and can thus serve as a fast alternative to conventional what-if optimization. In this paper we introduce three crucial enhancements to INUM: a principled method to handle query plans with Nested-Loop Join (NLJ) operators (to improve estimation accuracy); a method to reduce the time to preprocess a query in the workload (to reduce setup latency); and, a method to prune the amount of information stored per query (to improve estimation efficiency). We demonstrate experimentally that these improvements make INUM 5x faster and improve median estimation accuracy by 79%. Our work extends significantly the scope of workloads and tuning problems to which INUM can be applied.
Nongenetic transmission of information.

The handling of female rats in infancy has been shown to affect the activity and weaning weight of their grandchildren.
Effect of sediment pH and oxidation-reduction potential on PCB mineralization

Microbial mineralization rates of a 14C-labelled PCB mixture were determined in PCB-contaminated Capitol Lake, LA, sediment under controlled pH and redox conditions. Mineralization rates were inferred from the activity of 14CO2 evolved from the sediment suspensions. Sediment pH and redox potential significantly affected PCB mineralization. Mineralization rates were higher under moderately aerobic conditions (microaerophilic) ( + 250 mV) than under aerobic conditions ( + 500 mV) or anaerobic conditions (0 mV and −200 mV). PCB mineralization rates in moderately aerobic sediment were 30 to 40 fold higher than those in anaerobic sediment. Sediment conditions in the oxidized surface layer would promote PCB mineralization. Sediment pH and redox potential were shown to be two sediment parameters which can be managed to enhance degradation of PCBs in contaminated sediment.