cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Nucleoporin Nup153 Plays a Critical Role in Multiple Types of Nuclear Export

The fundamental process of nucleocytoplasmic transport takes place through the nuclear pore. Peripheral pore structures are presumably poised to interact with transport receptors and their cargo as these receptor complexes first encounter the pore. One such peripheral structure likely to play an important role in nuclear export is the basket structure located on the nuclear side of the pore. At present, Nup153 is the only nucleoporin known to localize to the surface of this basket, suggesting that Nup153 is potentially one of the first pore components an RNA or protein encounters during export. In this study, anti-Nup153 antibodies were used to probe the role of Nup153 in nuclear export in Xenopus oocytes. We found that Nup153 antibodies block three major classes of RNA export, that of snRNA, mRNA, and 5S rRNA. Nup153 antibodies also block the NES protein export pathway, specifically the export of the HIV Rev protein, as well as Rev-dependent RNA export. Not all export was blocked; Nup153 antibodies did not impede the export of tRNA or the recycling of importin β to the cytoplasm. The specific antibodies used here also did not affect nuclear import, whether mediated by importin α/β or by transportin. Overall, the results indicate that Nup153 is crucial to multiple classes of RNA and protein export, being involved at a vital juncture point in their export pathways. This juncture point appears to be one that is bypassed by tRNA during its export. We asked whether a physical interaction between RNA and Nup153 could be observed, using homoribopolymers as sequence-independent probes for interaction. Nup153, unlike four other nucleoporins including Nup98, associated strongly with poly(G) and significantly with poly(U). Thus, Nup153 is unique among the nucleoporins tested in its ability to interact with RNA and must do so either directly or indirectly through an adaptor protein. These results suggest a unique mechanistic role for Nup153 in the export of multiple cargos.
Are women's parenting-specific beliefs associated with depressive symptoms in the perinatal period? Development of the rigidity of maternal beliefs scale

BACKGROUND: Perinatal depression negatively impacts women, parenting, and children's development. However, not much is known about maternal specific beliefs that may be associated with perinatal depression. We created a new measure that examined the rigidity of perinatal women's beliefs in three major domains suggested to be closely related to mood and behavior: anticipated maternal self-efficacy, perceptions of child vulnerability, and perceptions of societal expectations of mothers (PSEM). METHODS: A 26-item measure (the Rigidity of Maternal Beliefs Scale, RMBS) was developed and completed by women at two time points, pregnancy (n = 134) and postpartum (n = 113), along with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) examined the factor structure of the RMBS and validity and reliability were also tested. RESULTS: The EFA suggested that a four-factor solution was most interpretable, with few items cross-loading, and there were common themes that unified the items in each factor, resulting in a 24-item final measure. Cronbach's alpha confirmed the internal consistency, whereas bivariate correlations revealed the measure had good test-retest reliability, discriminant validity, and convergent validity. Regression analyses established predictive validity of the RMBS for postpartum depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The RMBS may be useful with clinical populations to identify maladaptive or rigid thoughts that could be a focus of intervention. This tool may also be used to guide conversation about motherhood expectations within any context where pregnant women present (e.g., prenatal care, social services), as well as potentially identifying women who are at risk for postpartum depression in clinical contexts. Language: en
Fatty acid‐modified microgels: transmission electron microscopy study

In order to examine modified microgels with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we developed a sample preparation protocol that employs colloidal gold to label the sample/resin interface. This approach avoids the introduction of additional components to the prepolymer mixture, possibly altering the material properties of the resulting hydrogel. Examination of thinly sectioned hydrogels embedded in resin by TEM revealed that the gold particles clearly outlined the hydrogel/resin interface, facilitating characterization of a fatty acid coating on the hydrogel.
Moving Up versus Moving Out: Neighborhood Effects in Housing Mobility Programs

This article suggests ways to better design, conduct, and interpret evaluations of the effects of housing mobility programs on participants, with emphasis on how to isolate neighborhood effects. It reviews earlier critiques of neighborhood effects research and discusses the key assumptions of housing mobility programs—about the benefits of affluent neighbors, the spatial organization of opportunity for the urban poor, and the meanings of “neighborhood” to residents, researchers, and policy makers. Studying mobility contexts, especially in suburban areas, offers special challenges to researchers. More research is needed that looks at residents’ social ties and uses mixed-methods approaches. Ethnographic data, in particular, would enhance the validity of the quantitative data that now dominate studies of neighborhood effects. Adding substantially to what we know about the processes or mechanisms—the “how” of neighborhood effects—mixedmethods approaches would also make research much more useful to policy makers and program managers.
Calcium and Cancer

1. The importance of calcium and vitamin D acting together has long been recognized for skeletal health. Evidence now suggests that calcium and vitamin D are important in the prevention of cancer.
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy at Electrochemically Fabricated Silver Nanowire Junctions

Here we describe enhanced Raman scattering at Au electrode 1 (E1)/Ag nanowire (NW)/4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP)/Au electrode 2 (E2) nanojunctions fabricated by combining self-assembly and metal electrodeposition at microgap electrodes (E1 and E2). In this method we assemble the 4-ATP on electrode E2 and electrodeposit Ag on the opposite electrode E1 of an Au interdigitated array (IDA) electrode device. The electrodeposited Ag grows in the form of NWs on E1 and makes nanoscale contact to E2 to form the junctions. The presence of the Ag NW leads to strong Raman scattering of the 4-ATP molecules within the nanojunction leading to estimated enhancement factors ranging from 103 to 106. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images provide insight into the morphology of the junctions. The magnitude of the Raman enhancement depends on the extent of contact between the Ag NW and the 4-ATP self-assembled monolayer (SAM). With this approach we could detect 4-ATP molecules diluted by a factor of 1000 with hexanethiol molec...
Adaptation of the skeletal muscle calcium-release mechanism to weight-bearing condition

In the present study, we examined whether weight-bearing condition can regulate the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+)-release mechanism. Measurements of alpha 1-subunit dihydropyridine (alpha 1-DHP) and ryanodine receptor levels were made in hypertrophied fast-twitch plantaris muscles 5 wk after surgical removal of synergist muscles (increased weight bearing) and in atrophied slowtwitch soleus muscles (14 days of non-weight bearing) of the rat. Rates of AgNO3-induced SR Ca2+ release were measured with fura 2 as the Ca2+ indicator and pyrophosphate as the precipitating ion during vesicular Ca2+ loading. Ca(2+)-release rates were 38, 49, and 58% lower in vesicles from hypertrophied vs. control muscles at AgNO3 concentrations of 0.05, 0.5, and 5 microM, respectively (control = 18.2 +/- 1.4 microM.mg-1. min-1). Western blots showed no differences in the relative expression of alpha 1-DHP or ryanodine receptor when IIID5 (monoclonal) or GP3 (polyclonal) antibodies were used. There was also no difference in ryanodine (10 nM) binding in Ca(2+)-incubated SR vesicles from hypertrophied muscles, suggesting no difference in the number of channels. In contrast, expression of alpha 1-DHP and ryanodine receptors was increased by 144 and 157% in non-weight-bearing soleus muscles, respectively. Scatchard analysis of DHP binding showed a 40% increase in maximum binding capacity and no change in the dissociation constant with non-weight-bearing muscles. The direction of modification of the SR Ca(2+)-release mechanism is opposite with increased and decreased weight bearing, but the mechanism by which this is achieved appears to be different.
Getting to know you: general and specific neural computations for learning about people

Learning about other peoples' attributes, e.g. whether an individual is generous or selfish, is central to human social cognition. It is well documented that a network of cortical regions is reliably activated when we engage social processes. However, little is known about the specific computations performed by these regions or whether such processing is specialized for the social domain. We investigated these questions using a task in which participants (N= 26) learned about four peoples' generosity by watching them choose to share money with third party partners, or not. In a non-social control condition, participants learned the win/loss rates of four lotteries. fMRI analysis revealed learning-related general (social + non-social) prediction error signals in the dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (bilaterally), and in the right lateral parietal cortex. Socially specific (social > non-social) prediction error signals were found in the precuneus. Interestingly, the region that exhibited social prediction errors was a distinct subregion of the area in the precuneus and posterior cingulate cortex that exhibited a commonly reported main effect of higher overall activity for social vs non-social stimuli. These findings elucidate the domain--general and--specific computations underlying learning about other people and demonstrate the increased explanatory power of computational approaches to social cognition.
Principles of Composition in Building Art

Civil engineers are now required by law to consider esthetics in structural design. Although new disciplines of psychophysical and sociophysical technology are developing, present design principles in tectonic art have developed by the process of natural selection, the survival of the fittest. They provide a highly useful method for the arrangement of visual elements in the continuum of forms from smooth planes, through texture, relief, and mass to space. Style is defined as an expression of the design ideal; character as clarity of the statement; and unity as consistency in the symbol system. The ordered reoccurrence of elements is called rhythm. The relationship between parts of the design is termed proportion. The scale of space and its boundaries is related to appropriate size. A chronological ordering of the observer’s exposure to space is defined as sequence.
Protein Nutrition for the Preterm Infant

Protein nutrition is essential for the preterm infant’s growth and development. The preterm infant misses fetal accretion which provides a large amount of daily protein over the last trimester. Unlike the adult, the preterm infant is quickly vulnerable to calorie and protein deficits that can lead to catabolism. Essential amino acids are required in order to avoid autophagy and facilitate adequate signaling events, growth factors, and enzymatic reactions. Early amino acid delivery with a minimum 3 g/kg per day parenteral nutrition is paramount to diminish growth failure. Enteral milk should begin within the first few days to provide trophic factors and to reduce proteolysis. Human milk is preferred for its essential amino acid blend and bioactive ingredients. If human milk is unavailable or when boosting the density of milk, a commercial fortifier, free amino acid product, or a blend of hydrolyzed protein to mimic the essential amino acid profile may be preferred. Preterm formulas and then post discharge formulas are recommended when human milk is unavailable. Growth velocity using weight, length, and head circumference remain the standard for measuring nutritional adequacy. Measuring such blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (mg/dL) is helpful during supplementation of human milk to target protein needs. In the future, sophisticated tools such as air displacement technology to measure body composition may provide a more accurate insight as to goal standards to guide our dietary recommendations.
Can Donors be Flexible Within Restrictive Budget Systems? Options for Innovative Financing Mechanisms

This paper focuses on how budgetary score-keeping systems affect governments’ ability or willingness to support innovative development finance initiatives and explores several options to overcome the restrictions the systems often impose. As a starting point, it assumes that donor governments, such as the United States, will not reform their budgetary system regulations to accommodate innovative development finance commitments due to political and budget policy concerns. In general, each option outlined entails important financial, political, and bureaucratic challenges and trade-offs. In other words, there are no silver bullets. However, there are possible approaches that may merit further exploration by donor governments that want to support specific innovative development finance initiatives but are constrained by existing budgetary systems.
Angiotensin II facilitation of pressor responses to adrenal field stimulation in pithed rats

The effects of angiotensin II on pressor responses to electrical field stimulation (1-32 Hz) of the adrenal gland were assessed in pithed male Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulation elicited frequency-related pressor responses and increments in plasma catecholamines. Interruption of the renin-angiotensin system with the converting enzyme inhibitor captopril or the receptor antagonist saralasin significantly attenuated the pressor responses to adrenal stimulation and injected epinephrine to an equivalent extent. This observation, along with the finding that captopril did not alter the plasma catecholamine increments produced by adrenal stimulation, suggested that endogenously generated angiotensin II was not affecting adrenal catecholamine release. Instead angiotensin II appears to interact at the level of the vascular smooth muscle, because reinfusion of angiotensin II (20 ng.kg-1.min-1 iv) in captopril-treated animals restored responsiveness to stimulation and epinephrine. Infusion of vasopressin also restored pressor activity after captopril; therefore the interaction does not appear to be specific for angiotensin II but may depend on the background tone of the vascular smooth muscle. Moreover, decreasing blood pressure with sodium nitroprusside reversibly attenuated the pressor responses to both adrenal stimulation and epinephrine. The results suggest that endogenously formed angiotensin II facilitates the vasoconstrictor activity of epinephrine by increasing vascular tone.
Cardiac lesions in rabbits after pharyngeal infections with group A streptococci.

SummaryThe majority of rabbits subjected to single intrapharyngeal infections with group A streptococci developed cardiac lesions characterized by muscle necrosis, cellular infiltration with mononuclear cells and Anitschkow myocytes and disruption of collagen. After multiple infections, fibrosis occurred and giant cells were also observed. Bacteria could not be demonstrated in any lesion. In 3 control groups, comparable lesions were absent in the hearts of all but one rabbit. The appearance of myocardial lesions within 24 hours of induction of pharyngeal infection suggests that a non-immunologic mechanism is involved.
Effect of Starvation on Phagocytosis in vivo.

ConclusionLeucocytes obtained from rats well fed for 4 weeks prior to a 36-hour period of starvation were compared with leucocytes from continuously well fed rats. The starved group showed twice the percentage of phagocytosing W.B.C. which had engulfed 3 times the number of bacteria.
Graduate Study — The Time of Your Life

The growth of the Entomological Society of America is dependent, for the most part, on its student membership. It is during these student years that one becomes familar with the Society and the opportunity to attend and present papers at branch and annual meetings, and publish in the Society's journals. It is also a time of familarization with the profession of entomology. Dr. Edward H. Smith, Chairman, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY has been an ardent supporter of the Society and especially interested in promoting the science of entomology and the profession to young people. I am pleased to introduce this presentation made by Dr. Smith to new students of the department. I hope Dr. Smith's talk will be of interest and value to other students of entomology as well as those individuals already engaged in the profession.
Soot Aging from OH-Initiated Oxidation of Toluene

We have conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the impacts of secondary organic aerosol formation on soot properties from OH-initiated oxidation of toluene. Monodisperse soot particles are exposed to the oxidation products of the OH–toluene reaction in an environmental chamber, and variations in particle size, mass, organic mass faction, morphology, effective density, hygroscopicity, and optical properties are simultaneously determined by an integrated aerosol analytical system. The thickness of the organic coating, correlated to reaction time and initial reactant concentrations, is shown to largely govern the particle properties. With the development of organic coating, the soot core is changed from a highly fractal to compact form, evident from the measured effective density and dynamic shape factor. The organic coating increases the particle hygroscopicity, and further exposure of coated soot to elevated relative humidity results in a more spherical particle. The single scattering albedo and s...
Lights, camera, action!: video deliverables for programming projects

Student-produced video deliverables describing their software development projects are a pedagogical option made practical by the prevalence of smart-phones and tablets in the modern classroom. We describe various uses of video deliverables in software development courses within our computer science program. We discuss insights based on our experience over two years, and present "Best Practice" recommendations, which may be useful for anyone interested in incorporating similar practices in their own programming courses. Overall, we have found that video deliverables provide many benefits and efficiencies for students and faculty alike.
The Page Site and Mound Preservation in the Northern Caddo Area: Multiple Approaches to Understanding and Preserving the Prehistoric Past

Of 71 confirmed Caddo-era earthen mound sites in the Northern Caddo Area, 48 have been completely destroyed and many of the remaining mounds are badly disturbed. The primary causes of mound destruction are agriculture, excavation, looting, reservoir construction, and intentional leveling. The Page site is typical of these sites, consisting of at least one mound (now completely destroyed) and an associated village area. Little formal archaeological research has been conducted at Page, but it was visited and tested several times by professional and avocational archaeologists before the large-scale destruction. The resulting documentation gives at least a partial picture of the site and of the mound itself. This paper outlines previous investigations at Page, and uses the site as an example of how pooling a diverse set of resources, even after a site has been destroyed, can lead to useful insights into site organization and use.
Analysis on Epidemic Situation of legal,Communicabe Diseases from 2004 to 2006 in Hefei City

Objective To analyze reported incidence of communicable diseases from 2004 to 2006 in Hefei city so as to provide scientific basis for the prevention of the diseases.Methods The "National Management Information System for Disease Reporting" software was employed to gather epidemic data from district CDC and epidemiological analysis was made for key infectious diseases.Results The annual average morbidity rate of class B communicable diseases was 275.32/ lakh,with the lowest of 256.56/ lakh in 2006 and the highest of 298.74/ lakh in 2005.Respiratory infectious diseases were increasing.A new disease called SARS was included in 2004.Conclusion The special attention shonld be given to control and prevention for TB.Viral hepatilis,dysentry,epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis and measles to reduce the total incidence of communicable diseases in Hefe city.
Protein Synthesis in Human Reticulocytes Induced by Therapy of Megaloblastic Anemia

The capacity for protein synthesis has been investigated in peripheral blood reticulocytes which appear following initial replacement therapy in megaloblastic anemia. The rate of protein synthesis during the reticulocyte response correlated in general with the reticulocytosis. There appears to be no defect in the synthesis of protein in these cells. Evaluation of ribosome content and activity suggests that the cells appearing during the reticulocyte response are considerably heterogeneous with respect to degree of maturity. Changes observed during the course of the reticulocyte response are similar to those seen in maturing rabbit reticulocytes, suggesting that these cells mature subsequent to their appearance in the peripheral blood.
Financial Crisis and the Remedy of Rescission in the United States

Common law contract in the United States does not offer any reliable avenue by which to rescind a contract as a result of financial crisis. Most formal doctrines eschew taking into account the economic vulnerability of a party where that vulnerability is not the product of the contract itself. More generally, the legal position of parties tends not to turn on their economic resources and market fluctuation is regarded as a foreseeable risk that contracting parties assume. Nevertheless, a few targeted statutory developments use the possibility of rescission to advance public policy goals that implicate particular kinds of transactions, such as home mortgage agreements.
Data Mining of the US FDA’s Adverse Events Reporting System Database to Evaluate Drug–Drug Interactions Associated with Statin-Induced Rhabdomyolysis

With the rise in polypharmacy, it is increasingly important to identify drug–drug interactions (DDIs) that cause serious adverse events in a timely manner. The purpose of the study was to investigate the utility of systematic data mining of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database for interactions between statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) and other drugs that underlie a higher risk for rhabdomyolysis. The strength of association for the reporting of rhabdomyolysis with each statin–drug combination was measured using Bayesian data mining scores, the Interaction Signal Score (INTSS), and simple proportions that were calculated as the reporting odds ratio (ROR). Scores >1.0 indicate disproportionately higher than expected reporting. A manual case review highlighted strengths and limitations of these measures. As expected, clarithromycin and cyclosporine produced high measures of disproportionate reporting of rhabdomyolysis with lovastatin and simvastatin. Drugs with no known predilection to contribute to statin myopathy produced scores <1.0 when paired with each statin. In contrast, in some instances INTSS values were <1.0 when measures of DDI with statin–drug pairs known to interact. This might be due to masking by high numbers of reports linked to the non-statin drug alone. The manual review identified dose as an important risk factor; however, this risk factor could not have been systematically identified without informatics enhancements. While disproportionality methods represent a promising tool for identifying a potential serious DDI, opportunities remain for improvements in both data mining algorithms and the acquisition of adequately informative data.
Evaluation of Patients with Facial Palsy and Ophthalmic Sequelae: A 23-Year Retrospective Review.

Purpose: Facial palsy (FP) can result in serious ophthalmic sequelae including loss of vision. We describe the clinical characteristics of FP patients presenting for ophthalmologic evaluation and t...
Automatic Analysis and Interpretation of Cell Micrographs

The need for modern computers in biomedical research has been well recognized [Stacy and Waxman (1969)]. Computers can be used not only for the rapid identification of cells for purposes of diagnostic screening and classification, but also to aid the health professional in making difficult diagnostic decisions. In cytopathology, hematology, and histopathology, there exist many instances where the discriminatory powers of human vision and human visual assessment are limited in making a diagnostic decision. The modern computer provides a tool which will be able to help solve these problems [Wied and Bahr (1970)].
Tumor Uptake of 64Cu-DOTA-Trastuzumab in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer.

The goal of this study was to characterize the relationship between tumor uptake of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab as measured by PET/CT and standard, immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based, histopathologic classification of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status in women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Methods: Women with biopsy-confirmed MBC and not given trastuzumab for 2 mo or more underwent complete staging, including 18F-FDG PET/CT. Patients were classified as HER2-positive (HER2+) or -negative (HER2−) based on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)–supplemented immunohistochemistry of biopsied tumor tissue. Eighteen patients underwent 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab injection, preceded in 16 cases by trastuzumab infusion (45 mg). PET/CT was performed 21–25 (day 1) and 47–49 (day 2) h after 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab injection. Radiolabel uptake in prominent lesions was measured as SUVmax. Average intrapatient SUVmax ( pt) was compared between HER2+ and HER2− patients. Results: Eleven women were HER2+ (8 immunohistochemistry 3+; 3 immunohistochemistry 2+/FISH amplified), whereas 7 were HER2− (3 immunohistochemistry 2+/FISH nonamplified; 4 immunohistochemistry 1+). Median pt for day 1 and day 2 was 6.6 and 6.8 g/mL for HER 2+ and 3.7 and 4.3 g/mL for HER2− patients (P pt overlapped between the 2 groups, and interpatient variability was greater for HER2+ than HER2− disease (P < 0.005 and 0.001, respectively, on days 1 and 2). Conclusion: By 1 d after injection, uptake of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab in MBC is strongly associated with patient HER2 status and is indicative of binding to HER2. The variability within and among HER2+ patients, as well as the overlap between the HER2+ and HER2− groups, suggests a role for 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET/CT in optimizing treatments that include trastuzumab.
Automatic fault diagnosis in PMSM using adaptive filtering and wavelet transform

In this paper, a novel fault diagnosis technique is developed for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) using discrete wavelet transform and support vector machines based on stators current waveform. An adaptive filtering scheme is developed to remove the fundamental component of the current waveform in order to increase the accuracy of fault diagnosis. For this purpose, the instant rotational speed of motor is estimated without use of any external sensor. Our fault diagnosis method achieves accuracy of 97.67% and can be used to detect two types of faults in a PMSM, i.e. broken magnet and eccentric faults. In this method only one stator phase current out of three phases is used. It is shown that the residual waveform after removing the fundamental component by the proposed adaptive filter is a rich source of information for fault diagnosis. This filtering scheme can be generalized to other rotary machine applications in which the current signal can be measured for fault analysis.
Metal Affinity-Enabled Capture and Release Antibody Reagents Generate a Multiplex Biomarker Enrichment System that Improves Detection Limits of Rapid Diagnostic Tests.

Multi-antigen rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are highly informative, simple, mobile, and inexpensive, making them valuable point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tools. However, these RDTs suffer from several technical limitations—the most significant being the failure to detect low levels of infection. To overcome this, we have developed a magnetic bead-based multiplex biomarker enrichment strategy that combines metal affinity and immunospecific capture to purify and enrich multiple target biomarkers. Modifying antibodies to contain histidine-rich peptides enables reversible loading onto immobilized metal affinity magnetic beads, generating a novel class of antibodies coined “Capture and Release” (CaR) antibody reagents. This approach extends the specificity of immunocapture to metal affinity magnetic beads while also maintaining a common trigger for releasing multiple biomarkers. Multiplex biomarker enrichment is accomplished by adding magnetic beads equipped with CaR antibody reagents to a large sample volume t...
Recurrence of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma: Novel insights based on standardized second look procedures.

e15204 Background: Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) is best treated by cytoreduction and intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CIC). Although this approach dramatically improves overall survival, di...
The Production of Artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. Tissue Cultures

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the methods of production of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. tissue cultures. Artemisinin is clinically important because it rapidly reduces the fever and dispels the coma associated with acute cerebral malaria. The compound is effective against most chronic forms of malaria, chloroquine-resistant malaria, and mefloquine-resistant malaria. Artemisinin does not appear to be cross-resistant with existing malarial drugs, although resistance has occurred in a chloroquine-resistant line of Plasmodium yoelii . The genus Artemisia is one of the largest and is the most geographically distributed of the 102 genera in the Anthemideae tribe of the compositae family. A reliable method is essential to assure that artemisinin is being precisely analyzed and not closely related compounds. Appropriate extraction and separation procedures must be used to assure efficient extraction and minimal degradation of artemisinin. Efforts are being made to select high-content artemisinin plants from field-grown Artemisia plants, although the selection criteria presently used are not well defined.
Vaccination under uncertainty.

A synthesis of epidemiological, laboratory and economic data provides suggestions for optimal vaccination strategies against foot-and-mouth disease in east African livestock.
Understanding the toxicity of cancer immunotherapies: Use of patient-reported outcomes

Immunotherapy has transformed the treatment of various cancers by strengthening suppressed immune systems for antitumor effects. However, altering the immune balance also produces unconventional adverse events (AEs) that are collectively referred to as immune-related AEs. These AEs, which can be thought of as symptomatic toxicities, are typically reported via tabulation of AEs from the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for AEs. These AEs are reported by clinicians. However, it is well known that clinicians' reports of their patients' symptoms are underestimates and in some cases may not be consistent with patients' reports. The symptomatic adverse effects of immunotherapy are best reported by the patients themselves, known as patient-reported outcomes (PROs). This review describes the use of PROs specifically pertaining to symptom burden in cancer patients. The review also discusses challenges in the use of PROs in patients undergoing immunotherapy and provides recommendations for future research.
Experts’ Familiarity Versus Optimality of Visualization Design: How Familiarity Affects Perceived and Objective Task Performance

Visualization techniques are gaining increasing prominence across domains as a principal medium for sharing and communicating experts’ insights. A heuristic used by domain experts while choosing or designing a visualization is often their prior familiarity with an encoding choice or a visual representation. However, familiar visualizations and encodings within a domain are often in conflict with the optimality of visualization design, in terms of how well they support the data analysis or communication tasks. The use of the familiarity heuristic leads to a perceived cognitive ease in processing familiar representations of information and causes scientists to undermine the effect of visualization best practices. Recent studies have shown that this bias often results in a discrepancy between scientists’ perceived and actual performance quality. It has also been shown that in some cases, participatory design sessions and qualitative and quantitative user studies are able to mitigate the effects of such bias. In this chapter, we discuss the potential causes and effects of familiarity related biases with examples from recent studies and reflect on the associated research questions.
Enhanced efficacy of chemically modified curcumin in experimental periodontitis: systemic implications.

Introduction Dental microbial biofilm initiates gingival inflammation, and its suppression is the current dominant strategy for treating periodontitis. However, the host response to the biofilm is largely responsible for the connective tissue breakdown including alveolar bone loss, which is mediated by proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Methods The current study compared the efficacy of a novel host-modulation compound, a chemically modified curcumin (CMC 2.24), to that of its parent compound (natural curcumin), in both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (a bacterial endotoxin)-induced cell culture and in vivo models of periodontitis. Results In cell culture, both CMC 2.24 and curcumin appeared similarly effective in suppressing LPS-induced cytokine (IL-1β and TNF-α) secretion by mononuclear inflammatory cells; however, CMC 2.24 significantly reduced MMP-9 secretion by 78% (P<0.05) whereas curcumin was ineffective. In vivo, CMC 2.24 administration was more effective than curcumin in suppressing (a) IL-1β in gingival tissue and (b) MMP-9 in both gingiva and plasma, the latter indicating a reduced severity of systemic inflammation. The difference in primary clinical outcome between the two treatments was that CMC 2.24 reduced the pathologically excessive alveolar bone loss, assessed morphometrically at multiple sites, by 80%-90% (P<0.01), whereas curcumin, surprisingly, either increased (P<0.05) or had no effect on alveolar bone loss at these sites. Conclusion These data, plus that from previous studies, support the therapeutic potential of CMC 2.24 in the management of inflammatory periodontal disease and its ability to reduce the risk of associated systemic diseases. The current study also indicates that the MMP-9 inhibitor efficacy is associated with the ability of CMC 2.24 (but not curcumin) to inhibit alveolar bone loss in this rat model of periodontitis.
Stacking the evidence: Parents’ use of acoustic packaging with preschoolers

Abstract Segmenting continuous events into discrete actions is critical for understanding the world. As infants may lack top-down knowledge of event structure, caregivers provide audiovisual cues to guide the process, aligning action descriptions with event boundaries to increase their salience. This acoustic packaging may be specific to infant-directed speech, but little is known about when and why the use of this cue wanes. We explore whether acoustic packaging persists in parents’ teaching of 2.5–5.5-year-old children about various toys. Parents produced a smaller percentage of action speech relative to studies with infants. However, action speech largely remained more aligned to action boundaries relative to non-action speech. Further, for the more challenging novel toys, parents modulated their use of acoustic packaging, providing it more for those children with lower vocabularies. Our findings suggest that acoustic packaging persists beyond interactions with infants, underscoring the utility of multimodal cues for learning, particularly for less knowledgeable learners in challenging learning environments.
Random Evolutions in Insurance Mathematics. Incomplete Market

We consider application of random evolutions to stochastic models of insurance mathematics in an incomplete market.
Atomic structures of anthrax toxin protective antigen channels bound to partially unfolded lethal and edema factors.

Following assembly, the anthrax protective antigen (PA) forms an oligomeric translocon that unfolds and translocates either its lethal factor (LF) or edema factor (EF) into the host cell. Here, we report the cryo-EM structures of heptameric PA channels with partially unfolded LF and EF at 4.6 and 3.1-A resolution, respectively. The first α helix and β strand of LF and EF unfold and dock into a deep amphipathic cleft, called the α clamp, which resides at the interface of two PA monomers. The α-clamp-helix interactions exhibit structural plasticity when comparing the structures of lethal and edema toxins. EF undergoes a largescale conformational rearrangement when forming the complex with the channel. A critical loop in the PA binding interface is displaced for about 4 A, leading to the weakening of the binding interface prior to translocation. These structures provide key insights into the molecular mechanisms of translocation-coupled protein unfolding and translocation. The bacterial translocase channel anthrax toxin is composed of the protective antigen (PA) that forms a translocase channel and two cytotoxic enzymes: lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF), which go through the PA channel to enter host cells. Here the authors provide mechanistic insights into LF and EF translocation by determining the cryo-EM structures of the anthrax toxin transmembrane channel protein in complex with LF and EF.
A Stochastic Bilevel Model for an Electricity Retailer in a Liberalized Distributed Renewable Energy Market

This article presents a short-term decision-making model for an electricity retailer using bilevel stochastic programing. In the proposed model, a liberalized distributed renewable energy (DRE) market in which the retailer competes with other load serving entities (LSEs) for procuring DRE is proposed. The retailer, in the upper level, decides its level of involvement in the day-ahead and real-time markets, as well as the price bids offered to DRE producers for every time period, with the goal of minimizing its expected procurement cost at a predefined risk level. On the other hand, DRE producers, in the lower level, react to the price bids offered by the retailer under study and other LSEs, to maximize their total revenues. The stochastic nature of day-ahead and real-time market prices, DRE production, electricity demand, and price bids of the retailer's rival market agents (RMAs) is taken into the formulation of the proposed model. By using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions and duality theory, the bilevel problem is transformed into its equivalent single-level mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem. Case studies are performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed model.
Staging transformative learning across collegiate language curricula: student perceptions of structured reflection for language learning

Building on recent efforts to bridge transformative learning and world language education (Clifford & Reisinger, 2019; Johnson, 2015; Randolph & Johnson, 2017), this article explores how perspective‐shifting can be fostered among L2 learners through critical reflection tasks staged across collegiate language curricula. A range of reflection tasks designed to decenter the self from existing assumptions, beliefs, and values as learners try on and respond to cultural perspectives different from their own is presented, focusing on the developmental needs of learners at different instructional levels. The study investigates how beginning to advanced collegiate L2 learners perceive working with structured reflection (SR) tasks across two German programs in the United States (an R1 state university and a private liberal arts college). Analysis of student surveys (n = 237) shows that L2 learners largely valued doing reflective work and that some learners found SR helped them to think about and evaluate their learning and facilitate perspective‐shifting.
Applied Financial Metrics to Measure Interdependencies in a Waterway Infrastructure System

AbstractWaterway systems connect economic and industrial sectors by enabling efficient freight transportation. However, disruptions along these freight corridors can impose significant impacts on s...
Low-Dose Edoxaban Effective for Stroke Prevention in Older Patients with Atrial Fibrillation.

A lower dose of edoxaban is effective in decreasing stroke and systemic embolism in older patients with atrial fibrillation compared with placebo.
Implementation of clinician-facing prostate cancer therapeutic clinical trial decision tool at a comprehensive cancer center.

19Background: The conventional model for clinical trial (CT) recruitment relies on clinicians to identify potential CTs for patients. Internet technology can be leveraged as a decision tool to enha...
The genus Anaplasma: drawing back the curtain on tick-pathogen interactions.

Tick-borne illnesses pose a serious concern to human and veterinary health and their prevalence is on the rise. The interactions between ticks and the pathogens they carry are largely undefined. However, the genus Anaplasma, a group of tick-borne bacteria, has been instrumental in uncovering novel paradigms in tick biology. The emergence of sophisticated technologies and the convergence of entomology with microbiology, immunology, metabolism, and systems biology has brought tick-Anaplasma interactions to the forefront of vector biology with broader implications for the infectious disease community. Here, we discuss the use of Anaplasma as an instrument for the elucidation of novel principles in arthropod-microbe interactions. We offer an outlook of the primary areas of study, outstanding questions, and future research directions.
Establishing a Medical Home for Asthma and Other Obstructive Lung Diseases

Asthma is a common obstructive lung disease in pediatric medical practice and encompasses a wide degree of severity. Other obstructive lung diseases encountered by pediatric pulmonary physicians include bronchopulmonary dysplasia, primary ciliary dyskinesia, non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, and sickle cell disease. These diseases have a wide range of clinical phenotypes and disease severities which persist into adulthood. The following chapter provides best practices and recommendations in asthma and other obstructive lung diseases to maintain continued care and prevent loss to follow-up.
Innate and adaptive immunity to transfused allogenic red blood cells in mice requires MyD88

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion therapy is essential for the survival of patients with hematological disorders such as sickle cell anemia. A potentially fatal complication of transfusion is development of non-ABO alloantibodies to polymorphic RBC antigens, yet mechanisms of alloantibody formation remain unclear. Human and mouse RBCs acquire a "storage lesion" prior to transfusion, which in mice contributes to immunogenicity. We previously reported that mouse splenic dendritic cells (DCs) are required for RBC alloimmunization and are activated by sterile and leukoreduced mouse RBCs after storage. Yet how syngeneic RBCs activate innate immune pathways to induce DC activation is unknown. We now show that DC activation to transfused RBCs occurs regardless of alloantigen presence, suggesting that RBC damage induced during storage triggers innate immune receptors. We discovered an unexpected dependence of RBC alloimmunization on the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling adaptor molecule MyD88. TLRs are a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that regulate DC activation and signal through two adaptor molecules, MyD88 and TRIF. We show that the inflammatory cytokine response, DC activation, and the subsequent alloantibody response to transfused syngeneic RBCs require MyD88 but not TRIF, suggesting a restricted set of PRRs are responsible for sensing RBCs and triggering alloimmunization.
Mucosal Immunity to Candida albicans

Prior to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, host defense against Candida albicans at mucosal sites was largely considered one-dimensional. This chapter is divided into in-depth reviews of host defense mechanisms against oral, vaginal, and Gastrointestinal (GI) candidiasis, with emphasis on the uniqueness of the responses at each site. Then it has a short discussion of the emerging role of mucosal Candida biofilms in pathogenesis and host defense. The chapter concludes with suggested future directions for the field of mucosal immunity and candidiasis. Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) encompasses infections of the hard and soft palate, tongue, buccal mucosa, and floor of the mouth and can present as reddened patches (erythematous) or white curdlike lesions (pseudomembranous). Interestingly, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has reduced the incidence of OPC. Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) are considered to play a role in innate defenses against OPC because neutropenic cancer patients are susceptible to disease. Another form of oral candidiasis is Candida-associated denture stomatitis (DS). Candida albicans is the most common cause of DS and can readily form biofilms on denture material. The most recent data on host defense against GI candidiasis involve understanding the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in directing both local and systemic adaptive immunity. Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) affects a significant number of women, predominantly in their reproductive years.
Holger Frederick Kilander 1900–1968

(1969). Holger Frederick Kilander 1900–1968. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 95-96.