cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Initial ED oxygen saturation ≤90% increases the risk of a complicated hospital course in pediatric asthmatics requiring admission

Abstract Emergency physicians are responsible for admitting children with asthma who do not respond to initial therapy. We examined the hypothesis that an initial room air pulse oximetry ≤90% elevates the risk of a complicated hospital course in children who require admission with acute asthma. Methods Charts of all patients ages 2 years–17 years admitted for asthma from January 2017 to December 2017 were reviewed. An explicit chart review was performed by trained data extractors using a standardized form. Results: A total of 244 children meeting inclusion criteria were admitted for asthma from the ED during the study period. All patients had an initial room air pulse oximetry documented. Sixty-five were admitted to PICU status (27%), and 179 (73%) were admitted to floor status. The relative risk of a complicated course in those patients presenting with a saturation of ≤90% was 11.3 (95% CI 3.9–32.6). The mean initial pulse oximetry on patients with a complicated course was 85% versus 93% for those without a complicated course (p Conclusion Our data suggest that in pediatric asthmatics that require admission from the ED, those with pulse oximetry readings less than or equal to 90% on presentation are at higher risk of a complicated hospital course.
Abstract 23: Small molecule targeting of gankyrin reduces cell migration and proliferation in certain cancers

Introduction: Gankyrin is an oncoprotein involved in regulating numerous pathways important to cell growth, signaling, proliferation and death. The overexpression of gankyrin and subsequent increased protein-protein interactions have been identified as key to increased proliferation in a variety of cancers. Consequently, small molecules that bind to and disrupt these protein-protein interactions are promising therapeutic strategies for the treatment of certain cancers. The first small molecule binder of gankyrin, cjoc42, was recently developed and exhibited efficacy in inhibiting the gankyrin-26S proteasome interaction. The aim of this work is to determine the effects of cjoc42 and its derivatives on cell migration and proliferation in gankyrin-overexpressing cancers. Methods: Wound healing and CyQuant proliferation assays were used to determine the ability of cjoc42 to inhibit migration and proliferation in the gankyrin-overexpressing cell lines A549, MDA-MB231 and Huh6 cells. A protein thermal shift assay was used to screen new cjoc42 derivatives for their ability to bind gankyrin. Western blot experiments will determine if binding of cjoc42 and its derivatives to gankyrin is the mechanism of action in cells. Results: Cjoc42 demonstrated an ability to inhibit the migratory and proliferative activity of A549 and MDA-MB231 cells. While only a modest inhibition of migration was observed, cjoc42 exhibited a significant antiproliferative effect against these cell lines. Utilization of a protein thermal shift assay yielded cjoc42 derivatives with more potent gankyrin-binding ability. These compounds will be evaluated in-cellulo for their ability to inhibit cell migration and proliferation. Western blot experiments will confirm that gankyrin-binding of cjoc42 attributes to the anti-migration and anti-proliferative effects observed. Conclusions: These studies show that cjoc42 directly inhibits cell migration and proliferation by inhibiting the interaction between gankyrin and the 26S proteasome. Consequently, this work provides background for the development of small molecule inhibitors as a gankyrin-mediated therapy for the treatment of lung, breast and liver cancers. Citation Format: Pamela Farrales, Aaron Muth. Small molecule targeting of gankyrin reduces cell migration and proliferation in certain cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 23.
Prescribing Warfarin Appropriately to Meet Patient Safety Goals

The anticoagulant warfarin is increasingly used in a variety of disorders associated with risk of thromboembolism. The drug is undoubtedly effective but is linked to numerous nutrient, disease, and drug interactions; safe use of warfarin therefore necessitates close patient monitoring, using the international normalized ratio. The predominant adverse effect is bleeding, and individuals respond to warfarin in different ways. Both high and subtherapeutic international normalized ratios warrant attention, whereas a high international normalized ratio, with or without bleeding, mandates prompt patient evaluation. The 2008 National Patient Safety Goals require medical institutions to develop processes to ensure the safe use and monitoring of anticoagulant use. Last August, the US Food and Drug Administration revised the prescribing information for warfarin to include genetic testing before initiating therapy, although this is still not covered by most health plans.
Accessing the Clinical Genius of Winnicott: A Careful Rendering of Winnicott’s Twelve Most Influential Clinical papers

Donald Winnicott, psychoanalyst and pediatrician, is viewed by many in the psychodynamic field as the “other genius” in the history of psychodynamic theory and practice, along with Freud. This book selects and explores twelve of his most infl uential clinical papers. Winnicott’s works have been highly valued in the decades since they were first published, and are still relevant today. Winnicott’s writings on the goals and techniques of psychodynamic psychotherapy have been foundational, in that he recast Freudian- and Kleinian-infl uenced thinking in the direction of the more relational schools of psychotherapy that define current 21st-century psychodynamic practice. Winnicott’s writings help us to understand the maturational processes of children, certainly. But more than that, they help us to understand how best to intervene when the enterprise of childhood leads to compromises of psychological health in later years. Yet, despite Winnicott’s influence and continuing relevance, his writings, while at some level simple, are elusive to modern readers. For one thing, he writes in the psychoanalytic genre of the 1930s-1960s, whose underlying theoretical assumptions and vocabulary are obscure in the present day and, for another, his writing often reflects primary process thinking, which is suggestive, but not declarative. In this work, Teri Quatman provides explanations and insight, in an interlocution with Winnicott’s most significant papers, exploring both his language and concepts, and enabling the clinician to emerge with a deep and reflective understanding of his thoughts, perspectives, and techniques. Engaging and accessible, Accessing the Clinical Genius of Winnicott will be of great use to anyone encountering Winnicott for the first time, particularly in psychodynamic psychotherapeutic training, and in the teaching of relational psychotherapies.
Experimental Method for Analyzing Human and Robot Balance

Kistler Force Plate (FP) (model 9286AA) with the corresponding software Bioware (2812A1-3, Version: 3.2.6.104), along with other equipment, were used for the research described in the present paper. The software contains a number of equations for the calculation of all the variables obtained in the form of amplified electrical signals from the piezoelectric sensors incorporated in the FP. The parameters used from Bioware are the center of pressure bi planar along two axes and the forces along three axes. These parameters have been collected during different standard intervals (30 seconds and 90 seconds) of time at a frequency of 100Hz. Using this, there has been used a couple of new parameters along with others, from the scientific literature, in order to evaluate the balance of the human subjects in various conditions. This can lead, analogically, to the analysis of robot stable and dynamic balance, considering also the ZMP (Zero Moment Point) method. The study was taken at Transylvania University of Brasov.
Prevalence and patterns of sensory processing behaviors in a large clinical sample of children with prenatal alcohol exposure.

Abstract Background Atypical behavioral responses to sensation are reported in a large proportion of children affected by prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Systematic examination of symptoms across the fetal alcohol spectrum in a large clinical sample is needed to inform diagnosis and intervention. Aims To describe the prevalence and patterns of atypical sensory processing symptoms in a clinical sample of children with PAE. Methods Retrospective analysis of diagnostic clinical data from the University of Washington Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Diagnostic and Prevention Network (FASDPN). Participants were ages 3 through 11 years, had a diagnosis on the fetal alcohol spectrum, and Short Sensory Profile (SSP) assessment. The proportions of children categorized with definite differences on the SSP across selected clinical and demographic features were examined with chi-square analyses. Outcomes The sample consisted of 325 children; 73.2 % had SSP total scores in the definite difference range. Atypical sensory processing symptoms were significantly more prevalent among children with higher reported levels of PAE. The prevalence of atypical symptoms was comparably high across age, levels of diagnostic severity, and other prenatal/postnatal risks. Conclusions Results lend support for altered sensory processing as another domain of brain function affected by the teratogenic impact of PAE, guiding clinical work and research.
Live-Cell FRET Reveals that Malaria Nutrient Channel Proteins CLAG3 and RhopH2 Remain Associated throughout Their Tortuous Trafficking.

Malaria parasites increase their host erythrocyte's permeability to various nutrients, fueling intracellular pathogen development and replication. The plasmodial surface anion channel (PSAC) mediates this uptake and is linked to the parasite-encoded RhopH complex, consisting of CLAG3, RhopH2, and RhopH3. While interactions between these subunits are well established, it is not clear whether they remain associated from their synthesis in developing merozoites through erythrocyte invasion and trafficking to the host membrane. Here, we explored protein-protein interactions between RhopH subunits using live-cell imaging and Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments. Using the green fluorescent protein (GFP) derivatives mCerulean and mVenus, we generated single- and double-tagged parasite lines for fluorescence measurements. While CLAG3-mCerulean served as an efficient FRET donor for RhopH2-mVenus within rhoptry organelles, mCerulean targeted to this organelle via a short signal sequence produced negligible FRET. Upon merozoite egress and reinvasion, these tagged RhopH subunits were deposited into the new host cell's parasitophorous vacuole; these proteins were then exported and trafficked to the erythrocyte membrane, where CLAG3 and RhopH2 remained fully associated. Fluorescence intensity measurements identified stoichiometric increases in exported RhopH protein when erythrocytes are infected with two parasites; whole-cell patch-clamp revealed a concomitant increase in PSAC functional copy number and a dose effect for RhopH contribution to ion and nutrient permeability. These studies establish live-cell FRET imaging in human malaria parasites, reveal that RhopH subunits traffic to their host membrane destination without dissociation, and suggest quantitative contribution to PSAC formation.IMPORTANCE Malaria parasites grow within circulating red blood cells and uptake nutrients through a pore on their host membrane. Here, we used gene editing to tag CLAG3 and RhopH2, two proteins linked to the nutrient pore, with fluorescent markers and tracked these proteins in living infected cells. After their synthesis in mature parasites, imaging showed that both proteins are packaged into membrane-bound rhoptries. When parasites ruptured their host cells and invaded new red blood cells, these proteins were detected within a vacuole around the parasite before they migrated and inserted in the surface membrane of the host cell. Using simultaneous labeling of CLAG3 and RhopH2, we determined that these proteins interact tightly during migration and after surface membrane insertion. Red blood cells infected with two parasites had twice the protein at their surface and a parallel increase in the number of nutrient pores. Our work suggests that these proteins directly facilitate parasite nutrient uptake from human plasma.
Health in Aging — Past, Present, and Future

Health in Aging — Past, Present, and Future Increases in life expectancy necessitate new scientific understanding of how to both extend and enhance health over the course of our longer lives. Accum...
“Politics,” “Religion,” and the Theory and Practice of Toleration: The Case of William Penn

This chapter focuses on two aspects of William Penn’s political thought, both as it developed in England and as he sought to implement it in Pennsylvania. The simultaneous insistence that government has no business enforcing religious doctrine and that government must uphold standards of general morality (and even “general and practical religion”) complicates the standard story that the origins of secular modernity are to be found in thinkers like Penn and Locke. Whether we look at the theory laid out in England or the practice of politics in Pennsylvania, we find Penn looking to use government to bolster the civic dimensions of religion—its fostering of charity, good works, and neighborliness—while restraining it from meddling with the details of individual and group beliefs.
Ab initio determination of ultrahigh thermal conductivity in ternary compounds

Discovering new materials with ultrahigh thermal conductivity has been a critical research frontier and driven by many important technological applications ranging from thermal management to energy science. Here we have rigorously investigated the fundamental lattice vibrational spectra in ternary compounds and determined the thermal conductivity using a predictive ab initio approach. Phonon transport in $\mathrm{B}\ensuremath{-}X\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}$ $(X=\mathrm{N},\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{P},\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{As})$ groups is systematically quantified with different crystal structures and high-order anharmonicity involving a four-phonon process. Our calculation found an ultrahigh room-temperature thermal conductivity through strong carbon-carbon bonding up to $2100\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{Wm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ beyond most common materials and the recently discovered boron arsenide. This study provides fundamental insight into the atomistic design of thermal conductivity and opens up opportunities in new materials searching towards complicated compound structures.
Mergers, AGN, and 'Normal' Galaxies: Contributions to the Distribution of Star Formation Rates and Infrared Luminosity Functions

We use a novel method to predict the contribution of normal star-forming galaxies, merger-induced bursts, and obscured AGN, to IR luminosity functions (LFs) and global SFR densities. We use empirical halo occupation constraints to populate halos with galaxies and determine the distribution of normal and merging galaxies. Each system can then be associated with high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations. We predict the distribution of observed luminosities and SFRs, from different galaxy classes, as a function of redshift from z=0-6. We provide fitting functions for the predicted LFs, quantify the uncertainties, and compare with observations. At all redshifts, 'normal' galaxies dominate the LF at moderate luminosities ~L* (the 'knee'). Merger-induced bursts increasingly dominate at L>>L*; at the most extreme luminosities, AGN are important. However, all populations increase in luminosity at higher redshifts, owing to increasing gas fractions. Thus the 'transition' between normal and merger-dominated sources increases from the LIRG-ULIRG threshold at z~0 to bright Hyper-LIRG thresholds at z~2. The transition to dominance by obscured AGN evolves similarly, at factor of several higher L_IR. At all redshifts, non-merging systems dominate the total luminosity/SFR density, with merger-induced bursts constituting ~5-10% and AGN ~1-5%. Bursts contribute little to scatter in the SFR-stellar mass relation. In fact, many systems identified as 'ongoing' mergers will be forming stars in their 'normal' (non-burst) mode. Counting this as 'merger-induced' star formation leads to a stronger apparent redshift evolution in the contribution of mergers to the SFR density.
The effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications after rotator cuff surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Background Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used for postoperative pain management. However, animal studies have demonstrated negative effects of NSAIDs on bone and tendon healing after commonly performed procedures such as rotator cuff repair. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of postoperative NSAID use on opioid use, pain control, and shoulder outcomes after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Methods A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of postoperative NSAID use was performed in patients undergoing primary arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery at a single institution. Patients were randomized to receive ibuprofen or placebo for 2 weeks postoperatively, in addition to opioid medication. They were instructed to keep a daily pain diary for the first week after surgery, which was returned at their first postoperative visit for analysis. Visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores, shoulder range of motion, and 12-item Short Form Survey, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores were collected. Assessment of rotator cuff healing was performed using ultrasound at 1 year postoperatively. Results A total of 50 patients in the placebo group and 51 patients in the ibuprofen group were included for analysis. There were no differences in age, race, sex, history of preoperative NSAID or opioid use, or operative findings between groups. The amount of mean total morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs) used in the first postoperative week was lower in the ibuprofen group than in the placebo group (168 MMEs vs. 211 MMEs, P = .04). Early VAS scores on postoperative days 3, 4, 5, and 6 were lower in the ibuprofen group, but there was no difference in mean VAS scores between groups by 6 weeks after surgery. At 6 months, mean forward flexion and the mean ASES score were higher in the ibuprofen group than in the placebo group: 162° vs. 153° (P = .03) and 86 vs. 78 (P = .02), respectively. There were no differences in shoulder motion or 12-item Short Form Survey, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand, or ASES scores at 1 year. At 1 year after surgery, 7 patients in the ibuprofen group had evidence of tendon retear diagnosed on ultrasound (5 partial and 2 full thickness) compared with 13 patients in the placebo group (5 partial and 8 full thickness), but this difference was not statistically significant (P = .20). Conclusion Postoperative ibuprofen use reduces opioid requirements and decreases patient pain levels in the first week after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. In addition, ibuprofen use after rotator cuff repair does not lead to an increased risk of tendon retear.
An Empirical Investigation of the Business Value of Inter-Organizational Information Sharing in Supply Chain

The Internet combined with mobile technologies and wireless devices permit organizations to access widely distributed information that is not restricted by business-unit or organizational boundaries. Large volume and high frequency data exchange as well as a wide variety of data sources characterize the new Business-to-Business commerce environments. Supply chain management (SCM) is very important for businesses’ success. In order to achieve effective and efficient SCM, information sharing is necessary among supply chain partners. This article addressed the business value of information sharing in the supply chain. Using an international manufacturer survey data set, we empirically tested the relationship between different patterns of information sharing in supply chain management and the business performance. Our finding showed that the greater level of information sharing with both suppliers and customers is positively associated with higher performance improvement. Conclusions, limitations and future research are also discussed.
Retrosplenial cortex maps the conjunction of internal and external spaces

Intelligent behavior demands coordination among the multiple forms of spatial representation generated in distinct neural structures. Here, Alexander and Nitz show that retrosplenial cortex neuron ensembles conjunctively encode progression through routes, environmental position, and the actions of the animal. Thus, the region may serve as a critical interface between brain regions generating different forms of spatial mapping.
Moisture Effects in Epoxy Matrix Composites

Abstract : The effect of absorbed moisture on the mechanical properties of a neat epoxy resin and derived graphite/epoxy composites is investigated. Glass transition temperature and modulus as a function of moisture content and temperature is determined for both the neat resin and composite. In addition, elastic modulus for the neat resin, and strength and elastic moduli for unidirectional composites and quasi-isotropic laminates are determined as a function of absorbed moisture and temperature. A method for predicting moisture content and through-the-thickness profile for a laminate exposed to a constant humidity and temperature is discussed. Particular attention is also given to the details of environmental testing. Data indicates that absorbed moisture and temperature effects on the neat resin translate directly to matrix dominated properties of the composite and can lead to a change in failure mode, while filament dominated properties show very little environmental sensitivity. Results also indicate that resin glass transition temperature is a function of processing as well absorbed moisture.
Infliximab dose escalation vs. initiation of adalimumab for loss of response in Crohn's disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

Summary Background Crohn’s disease patients who have lost response to 5 mg/kg of infliximab may regain response by increasing the dose of infliximab to 10 mg/kg. Alternatively, adalimumab can be used as a rescue therapy. Aim To determine whether dose escalation of infliximab was a cost-effective strategy compared with adalimumab initiation after loss of response to 5 mg/kg of infliximab. Methods A decision-analysis model simulated two cohorts of Crohn’s patients: (i) infliximab dose was escalated to 10 mg/kg and (ii) infliximab was discontinued and patients were started on adalimumab. The time horizon was 1 year. One- and two-way sensitivity analyses were performed. Results The infliximab dose escalation strategy yielded more quality-adjusted life years (0.79) compared with the adalimumab strategy (0.76). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $332 032/quality-adjusted life year. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the model findings were robust. The most significant variables were the cost of infliximab and that of adalimumab, such that a reduction in the cost of infliximab by 1/3 resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio below $80 000/quality-adjusted life year. Conclusion After a Crohn’s patient has lost response to 5 mg/kg of infliximab, dose escalation will yield more quality-adjusted life-year compared with switching to adaliumamb; however, the cost was considerable.
Space- and time-dependent residual radioactivity distribution in the TFTR coil coolant during DT operation

We have examined the space and time dependent residual radioactivities induced by the neutrons in the TFTR coil coolant for DT operation. A system of nodal equations describing the changes in the radionuclide concentration throughout the entire coolant flow network was constructed and solved to derive the dose equivalent rate of exposure. The results indicate that an unrestricted access to the basement and pump area can be made only after at least 2 minutes of cooling after a full power discharge.
Jamming canceler using interpolated FFT

The authors propose a new jamming cancellation system that uses the IpFFT (interpolated FFT) algorithm, involving simple calculations beyond the usual FFT. In this system, IpFFT is used to estimate the parameters of the jamming signal, frequency, amplitude, and phase, and the cancellation is performed in the time domain. In order for the IpFFT to perform correctly, accurate frequency-domain information about the jamming signal is required. However, FFT information around the jamming frequency may be warped by the information signal itself, which makes it difficult to estimate the parameters of the jamming signal. To remove the effect of the information signal on the jamming signal, various methods are proposed. The performance of the proposed system is verified by computer simulation, which demonstrates the high performance of the system. A comparison with the conventional frequency domain filter shows that the proposed system has an 8-10-dB better jamming cancellation capability than the FFT canceler. >
Embracing premature convergence: the Hypergamous Parallel Genetic Algorithm

Traditional genetic algorithm (GA) approaches have emphasized recombination as a dominant heuristic but have typically included mutation as a critical contributor to effective global search dynamics. Mutation has been widely regarded as an important "insurance policy" to avoid the well-known problem of premature convergence in the GA population. This paper introduces an alternative genetic algorithm that uses only recombination as its global search operator. Rather than attempting to avoid problematic premature convergence, the Hypergamous Parallel Genetic Algorithm (HPGA) embraces premature convergence as exponential-like convergence to some (probabilistic) local optimum. Local optima discovered in multiple subpopulations are transferred to "melting pots" in which new rounds of recombination are used to search for more global optima. In lieu of mutation, multiple randomly initialized subpopulations serve as the ultimate source of diversity within the HPGA population.
Numerical study on the effect of secondary flow in the human aorta on local shear stresses in abdominal aortic branches

Flow in the aortic arch is characterized primarily by the presence of a strong secondary flow superimposed over the axial flow, skewed axial velocity profiles and diastolic flow reversals. A significant amount of helical flow has also been observed in the descending aorta of humans and in models. In this study a computational model of the abdominal aorta complete with two sets of outflow arteries was adapted for three-dimensional steady flow simulations. The flow through the model was predicted using the Navier-Stokes equations to study the effect that a rotational component of flow has on the general flow dynamics in this vascular segment. The helical velocity profile introduced at the inlet was developed from magnetic resonance velocity mappings taken from a plane transaxial to the aortic arch. Results showed that flow division ratios increased in the first set of branches and decreased in the second set with the addition of rotational flow. Shear stress varied in magnitude with the addition of rotational flow, but the shear stress distribution did not change. No regions of flow separation were observed in the iliac arteries for either case. Helical flow may have a stabilizing effect on the flow patterns in branches in general, as evidenced by the decreased difference in shear stress between the inner and outer walls in the iliac arteries.
Choosing and using information trade books

The authors examine why calls for use of informational text in classrooms have been increasing and discuss what is meant by informational text. They then examine issues related to book choice and purpose, focusing particularly on informational trade books on topics in natural sciences and in the social world. Recommended practices that simultaneously address literacy and content learning are presented.
Ultrafast hydration dynamics in the lipidic cubic phase: Discrete water structures in nanochannels.

We report here our studies of hydration dynamics of confined water in aqueous nanochannels (∼50 A) of the lipidic cubic phase. By systematically anchoring the hydrocarbon tails of a series of tryptophan−alkyl ester probes into the lipid bilayer, we mapped out with femtosecond resolution the profile of water motions across the nanochannel. Three distinct time scales were observed, revealing discrete channel water structures. The interfacial water at the lipid surface is well-ordered, and the relaxation dynamics occurs in ∼100−150 ps. These dynamically rigid water molecules are crucial for global structural stability of lipid bilayers and for stabilization of anchored biomolecules in membranes. The adjacent water layers near the lipid interface are hydrogen-bonded networks and the dynamical relaxation takes 10−15 ps. This quasi-bound water motion, similar to the typical protein surface hydration relaxation, facilitates conformation flexibility for biological recognition and function. The water near the chan...
Study of brain uptake and biodistribution of [11C]toluene in non-human primates and mice

Abstract Inhalant abuse is a rapidly growing health problem particularly among adolescents. Yet we know little about the neural mechanisms underlying the abuse liability of inhalants, particularly when compared to other addictive drugs. Specifically, our understanding of the relationship between the regional brain pharmacokinetics and features classically associated with drug reinforcement is lacking. Under the hypothesis that the abuse liability of toluene can be related to its pharmacokinetic properties and the pattern of regional brain uptake, we developed the methodology for radiolabeling and purifying [ 11 C]toluene for use in PET studies. Here we report the regional brain distribution and kinetics of the widely abused solvent toluene in non-human primates and the whole body biodistribution in mice. To our knowledge, this is the first reported study of the in vivo brain pharmacokinetics of labeled toluene in non-human primates. Rapid uptake of radioactivity into striatal and frontal regions was followed by rapid clearance from the brain. Concurrent findings in rodents indicate similar radiotracer kinetics, with excretion through kidneys and liver. Taken together, our data provides insight into pharmacokinetic features possibly associated with the abuse liability of toluene.
THE ROLE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN IMMUNITY : I. THE ROLE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN THE PRODUCTION OF DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN.

1. Following massive doses of India ink injected intravenously into guinea pigs before a subcutaneous injection of diphtheria toxin-antitoxin mixture, no antitoxin was found in the blood serum for 3 weeks, as indicated by intracutaneous tests, whereas an appreciable amount could be detected in non-blocked, immunized control animals. 2. During the 4th week following immunization, the titer of the serum of blocked animals equaled that of non-blocked controls within the limits of the intracutaneous test dose. 3. The smaller doses of India ink used in these experiments, given before immunization, had no stimulating effect on the production of diphtheria antitoxin but, on the contrary, also inhibited the appearance of this antibody, although to a less extent.
Channel-body basal scours: Observations from 3D seismic and importance for subsurface reservoir connectivity

Abstract Scouring at the base of channel bodies plays a significant role in enhancing connectivity of sandstone reservoirs. Investigation of high-resolution 3D seismic data from a fluvial and deep-water channel system illuminates the location and spacing of channel-body basal scours and possible controls. Scours in both East Breaks upper fan (Quaternary) and Iron River fluvial channel-bodies (Cretaceous) are comparable in scale, with a deviation of up to 10 m scour depth relative to the average channel-body basal depth. Substrate lithology, as documented by draping well-calibrated seismic response onto 3D channel body basal surfaces, does not appear to be a major influence on scour location or depth. In the datasets examined, channel-body basal scour locations appear to be most influenced by changes in channel orientation, with outer bends being particularly prone to scouring, even in channels that are not highly sinuous. Scaling relationships between scour spacing and channel width observed in modern fluvial systems are further tested against these high-resolution datasets and published Miocene subsurface deep-water reservoir maps but results are mixed, with a consistent over-prediction of scour spacing. This may reflect difficulties in accurately determining channel bank full width in confined deep-water channel complex systems. Observations from an ancillary 4D seismic dataset show that over 30% of the identified scour areas exhibit attribute anomalies calibrated with water saturation changes between the baseline and monitor surveys (about 3 years) and thus indicate production-induced fluid movement through these features. This underlines the importance of scours as connection points between fluid compartments and the significance of observations of scour location and spacing made here from high-resolution 3D and ancillary 4D seismic data.
RSH (so-called Smith-Lemli-Opitz) syndrome.

Now known as a Garrodian inborn error caused by the homozygous state of many different autosomal recessive mutations of the 7-dehydrocholestrol reductase gene leading to deficient conversion of 7-dehydrochotesterol to cholesterol, the RSH (so-called Smith-Lemli-Opitz) syndrome has become a paradigma
Effects of staphylococcal protein A, treated human leukemic serum on autologous leukemic blast growth and mitogenesis of lymphocytes

Sera and leukemic blasts of 14 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia were stored at −70°C. In eight patients in whom a remission was achieved, peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured together with irradiated autologous leukemic cells in treated serum (serum adsorbed with protein A Sepharose) or control serum (Sepharose-treated). Lymphocyte activation was determined after 7 days in culture by [3H]thymidine incorporation. In the absence of stored leukemic blasts, significantly more [3H]thymidine incorporation occurred in six of the eight patients' lymphocytes cultured in treated serum compared to control. Enhanced activity was observed in all eight patients when irradiated leukemic blasts were cocultured with autologous lymphocytes in treated serum. In five patients, the addition of 10% or more of control serum to treated serum inhibited lymphocyte mitogenesis. Protein A immunoadsorption may allow increased stimulation of acute myelogenous leukemia remission peripheral blood lymphocytes, which is further enhanced in some patients by the presence of autologous leukemic cells. This change in lymphocyte activation may contribute to the antitumor effects of treating serum with protein A.
Noradrenergic and cholinergic modulation of olfactory bulb sensory processing.

Neuromodulation in sensory perception serves important functions such as regulation of signal to noise ratio, attention, and modulation of learning and memory. Neuromodulators in specific sensory areas often have highly similar cellular, but distinct behavioral effects. To address this issue, we here review the function and role of two neuromodulators, acetylcholine and noradrenaline, for olfactory sensory processing in the adult main olfactory bulb. We first describe specific bulbar sensory computations, review cellular effects of each modulator and then address their specific roles in bulbar sensory processing. We finally put these data in a behavioral and computational perspective.
Fractional Brownian dynamics in naira/dollar foreign exchange rates

Purpose – This paper seeks to characterize the behavior of the naira/dollar foreign exchange rate series over the period 1999 through 2006 to determine if the process generating the series has long memory which is a special case of fractional Brownian motion. The existence of long memory contradicts the notion of market efficiency.Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs the modified rescaled range R/S test which is proposed by Lo to test the null hypothesis that daily and weekly NGN/USD exchange rates from 1999 through 2006 exhibit short‐memory process. The second test that was also employed is the Geweke‐Porter‐Hubak (GPH) test which was refined by Hurvich et al.Findings – The results show that long memory is present in daily and weekly foreign exchange level series of the Nigerian naira for the period sampled. This evidence implies that the Nigerian foreign exchange market may not be efficient. Thus, it is possible for investors to realize abnormal profit by taking an investment position based o...
Conversion of municipal solid wastes to carboxylic acids by thermophilic fermentation.

The purpose of this research is to generate carboxylic acids from the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) and municipal sewage sludge (MSS) by using a thermophilic (55°C), anaerobic, high-solid fermentation. With terrestrial inocula, the highest total carboxylic acid concentration achieved was 20.5 g/L, the highest conversion obtained was 69%, and the highest acetic acid selectivity was 86.4%. Marine inocula were also used to compare against terrestrial sources. Continuum particle distribution modeling (CPDM) was used to predict the final acid product concentrations and substrate conversions at a wide range of liquid residence times (LRT) and volatile solid loading rates (VSLR). “Maps” showing the product concentration and conversion for various LRT and VSLR were generated from CPDM. The predictions were compared to the experimental results. On average, the difference between the predicted and experimental values were 13% for acid concentration and 10% for conversion. CPDM “maps” show that marine inocula produce higher concentrations than terrestrial inocula.
Pupil Personnel Services for the Specialty-Oriented

Young people who are planning to continue their education in technical or vocational schools and those who should consider making such plans deserve more, better, and longer- continuing guidance than is customarily avail able to them.
Solid-phase synthesis of branched thiohydantoin benzimidazolinethiones and branched thiohydantoin tetrahydroquinoxalinediones

Abstract An efficient solid-phase synthesis method is described for branched thiohydantoin benzimidazolinethiones and branched thiohydantoin tetrahydroquinoxalinediones using 4-fluoro-3-nitrobenzoic acid.
Wiley Post, around the world with no stereopsis.

Abstract In 1933, famed aviator Wiley Post (1898–1935) was the first pilot to fly around the world solo. In addition, during one of his many stratospheric flights, he discovered the jet stream. What makes his accomplishments even more remarkable is that he did this monocularly, having lost his left eye from traumatic endophthalmitis following an oil rig accident. He underwent a period of self-imposed visual training to maximize his depth perception, and then accomplished what no one had before.
Oral intake policies on labor and delivery: a national survey

Abstract Study Objective: To examine current policies on oral intake during labor among hospitals throughout the United States. Design and Setting: Anonymous questionnaire survey distributed to the directors of anesthesia and obstetrics departments of 740 hospitals. Completed surveys were then grouped by number of deliveries performed each year. Measurements and Main Results: A total of 2,265 surveys were distributed. Of that number, 902 (33% response rate) surveys, representing 740 U.S. hospitals, were returned. Of the surveys returned, 419 surveys were received from obstetricians and 401 surveys were received from anesthesiologists. Oral intake during labor is limited primarily to clear liquids, although hospitals with fewer deliveries allow significantly more oral intake during latent phase than do hospitals with larger services. Allowing nonclear liquids or solid foods is uncommon in either phase of labor, regardless of hospital size. Conclusions: The results give an indication of oral intake policies used by labor and delivery units in the United States, and they may be helpful for obstetric services that are in the process of developing their own policies.
Using NOAA AVHRR data to estimate maize production in the United States Corn Belt

Crop production assessments are extremely valuable because of their economic importance in influencing international trade and national economic policies. This study investigates using the Vegetation Condition Index derived from NOAA/AVHRR satellite data to estimate the maize production for the United States Corn Belt. Satellite data from 1985 to 1992 are utilized within a model and explain more than 50 per cent of the variation in the normalized yields from 42 Crop Reporting Districts. Results estimating the regional maize production are encouraging, and operational estimates using this model would be available for about two months prior to the maize harvest in the Corn Belt.
Effect of sensitization of stereotypy on the acquisition and retention of tolerance to amphetamine hypophagia

The purpose of this study was to determine whether prior sensitization of stereotypy interferes with the development and retention of tolerance to amphetamine-induced hypophagia. Rats were given intermittent injections of either amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg) to induce sensitization of stereotypy, or saline. Subgroups from each group then received daily injections of either amphetamine (2 mg/kg) or saline and access to milk for 30 min. Both sensitized and nonsensitized groups became tolerant to drug-induced hypophagia at about the same rate and to about the same extent. Such tolerance was accompanied by a decrease in the frequency of stereotyped movements while milk was available. The rats were then given daily milk tests for 4 weeks without injections. Subsequent tests with amphetamine revealed that both groups lost tolerance to drug-induced hypophagia and displayed more intense stereotypy than they had prior to drug withdrawal. We conclude that sensitization of stereotypy produced by intermittent injections of amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg) does not retard the development of tolerance to drug-induced hypophagia and does not alter the rat's ability to suppress stereotyped movements. However, the loss of tolerance following drug withdrawal may have been due to the development of more intense stereotypy and/or the "unlearning" of previously acquired strategies for suppressing stereotypy.
8-oxo-dG elevated in children during leukemia treatment.

Changes in oxidative stress in children undergoing chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have not been well documented. To determine whether the measurement of the DNA oxidized base 8-oxodeoxyguanosine (8oxo-dG) may be a useful biomarker in this population, the authors conducted an observational study on 103 children with ALL. Blood samples were collected at diagnosis, during interim maintenance (IM), and during delayed intensification (DI). Blood mononuclear cell 8-oxo-dG, measured with an immunohistochemical method, decreased from diagnosis to IM (P = .01) and increased between IM and DI (P < .01). In a pilot study, bone marrow was also collected from 16 patients at diagnosis and after 28 days of treatment, but 8-oxodG remained the same. The relationship between plasma and dietary intake of antioxidants and the level of 8-oxo-dG was also explored. There was a direct relationship between the intake of vitamin E at diagnosis and bone marrow 8-oxodG (P = .03) and an inverse relationship between β-carotene intake and blood 8-oxo-dG at IM (P = .03) and vitamin A intake and blood 8-oxo-dG at DI (P = .003). Plasma vitamin C (P = .02) and total carotenoids (P = .01) were inversely related to blood 8-oxo-dG at IM. In contrast, higher plasma E/ total lipid levels were associated with higher 8-oxo-dG at IM and DI (P < .01). At IM, patients with higher 8-oxo-dG had an increased risk of chemotherapy dose reduction (P = .04). In conclusion, the level of 8-oxo-dG in blood mononuclear cells decreases after the start of chemotherapy and increases during aggressive chemotherapy in children with ALL.
Modeling marine protected areas for threatened eiders in a climatically changing Bering Sea

Delineating protected areas for sensitive species is a growing challenge as changing climate alters the geographic pattern of habitats as well as human responses to those shifts. When human impacts are expected within projected ranges of threatened species, there is often demand to demarcate the minimum habitat required to ensure the species' persistence. Because diminished or wide-ranging populations may not occupy all viable (and needed) habitat at once, one must identify thresholds of resources that will support the species even in unoccupied areas. Long-term data on the shifting mosaic of critical resources may indicate ranges of future variability. We addressed these issues for the Spectacled Eider (Somateria fischeri), a federally threatened species that winters in pack ice of the Bering Sea. Changing climate has decreased ice cover and severely reduced the eiders' benthic prey and has increased prospects for expansion of bottom trawling that may further affect prey communities. To assess long-term ...
Disordered, spin liquid, and valence-bond ordered phases of kagome lattice quantum Ising models with transverse field and X X Z dynamics

We study general conditions in which disordered, spin liquid, and valence-bond ordered phases occur in the Kagome lattice quantum Ising antiferromagnets. Different quantum dynamical processes in the Ising model, with and without total Ising spin conserved, are analytically shown to yield all three characteristic quantum paramagnetic phases in the Kagome system. Special emphasis is given to the $XXZ$ model that can be sensibly compared to the Kagome lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnet. It is explicitly demonstrated that the total-spin-conserving dynamics can yield a resonant valence bond liquid phase with very short-ranged correlations, but also a valence-bond ordered phase compatible with the one proposed to explain the seemingly gapless singlet states of the Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the Kagome lattice. Likely consequences for generic spin models are discussed. The analysis combines compact U(1) gauge theory, duality transformations, lattice-field-theoretical methods, and variational approach.
A Picture of the Moon's Atmosphere

Atomic sodium is a useful tracer of the tenuous lunar atmosphere because of its high efficiency in scattering sunlight at the D1 (5896 angstroms) and D2 (5890 angstroms) wavelengths. In 1988, Earth-based instruments revealed the presence of sodium at a density of less than 50 atoms per cubic centimeter at lunar altitudes below 100 kilometers. Telescopic observations that are made with a coronograph technique to block out the disk of the moon allow a true picture of the circumlunar atmosphere to be obtained and show the presence of sodium out to a distance of several lunar radii. The distribution of sodium has a solar zenith angle dependence, suggesting that most of the sodium that reaches great altitudes is liberated from the moon's surface by solar photons (by heating or sputtering) or by solar wind impact, in contrast to a source driven by uniform micrometeor bombardment.