cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Super-resolution image reconstruction with reduced computational complexity

We have recently developed a model-based adaptive image reconstruction algorithm, called dTONE, which significantly increases both image contrast and resolution by conducting a global optimization based on a model of sparse hypothetical scatterer locations. Due to the large scale and O(n3) computational complexity, images of clinically significant dimensions would require roughly 140,000 hours to reconstruct on a 3 GHz desktop computer. Here we describe an alternate algorithm - called quick TONE, or qTONE - that provides a significant reduction in computational cost with improved image contrast under the conditions tested. Both methods, along with conventional image reconstruction, were applied to tissue mimicking phantoms and excised animal tissue. For the model used, qTONE provided an 8x reduction in computation time and an 8 dB improvement in cystic contrast over the dTONE image. As the model dimensions increase, this computational advantage increases, bringing the application of this super-resolution algorithm closer to clinical feasibility.
Hybrid soft-lithography/laser machined microchips for the parallel generation of droplets

Microfluidic chips have been developed to generate droplets and microparticles with control over size, shape, and composition not possible using conventional methods. However, it has remained a challenge to scale-up production for practical applications due to the inherently limited throughput of micro-scale devices. To address this problem, we have developed a self-contained microchip that integrates many (N = 512) micro-scale droplet makers. This 3 × 3 cm2 PDMS microchip consists of a two-dimensional array of 32 × 16 flow-focusing droplet makers, a network of flow channels that connect them, and only two inputs and one output. The key innovation of this technology is the hybrid use of both soft-lithography and direct laser-micromachining. The microscale resolution of soft lithography is used to fabricate flow-focusing droplet makers that can produce small and precisely defined droplets. Deeply engraved (h ≈ 500 μm) laser-machined channels are utilized to supply each of the droplet makers with its oil phase, aqueous phase, and access to an output channel. The engraved channels' low hydrodynamic resistance ensures that each droplet maker is driven with the same flow rates for highly uniform droplet formation. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, water droplets (d ≈ 80 μm) were generated in hexadecane on both 8 × 1 and 32 × 16 geometries.
Analogs of tetrahydrofolic acid. XXX. Inhibition of dihydrofolic reductase by some 6-substituted 2,4-diamino-s-triazines†

Four different routes to 6-alkyl-, 6-aryl-, and 6-aralkyl-2,4-diamino-s-triazines were investigated. The most convenient was reaction of an ester with biguanide in methanol at room temperature. Seven of these 6-substituted 2,4-diamino-s-triazines were investigated as inhibitors of dihydrofolic reductase. As a class they were weaker inhibitors than the corresponding 2,4-diamino-6-substituted pyrimidines, this difference being attributed to the weaker basicity of the former class. Although hydrophobic bonding by 6-alkyl and 6-aralkyl groups on 2 the 4-diamino-s-triazine system could be detected, the extent of hydrophobic bonding was much weaker than that previously seen with 2,4-diaminopyrimidine containing a 5-alkyl or 5-aralkyl group or 1-alkyl- and 1-aralkyl-2,4-diamino-1,2-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-s-triazines.
Link adaptation for wireless systems

To improve the robustness and reliability of wireless transmissions, two complementary link adaptation techniques are employed: adaptive modulation and coding AMC at the physical layer and hybrid automatic retransmission request HARQ at the medium access control layer. Because of their effectiveness in combating errors induced by the wireless channel, AMC and HARQ are now integral components of most emerging broadband wireless system standards, for example, LTE and WiMAX. Spectral efficiency SE as measured in bit per second per Hertz is one important parameter used to characterize a wireless system for comparison between different systems or between different configurations of the same system. This work provides a holistic approach of cross-layer optimizations with the intent of maximizing SE by combining AMC and HARQ. It formulates closed-form equations for calculating the average SE for wireless systems with the Rayleigh fading channel model. A new online algorithm is developed to optimize SE for both Rayleigh and non-Rayleigh fading channel. Simulations using proven LTE model are performed to compare SE obtained from closed-form equations and the developed algorithm for different system configurations. With the developed algorithm to determine how many retransmissions required in addition to the initial transmission in advance depending on the current wireless channel condition, the latency can be reduced up to 24ms when sending the initial transmission and all of its retransmissions sooner than waiting for retransmission requests as is done previously. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulation of proinflammatory activity by the engineered cationic antimicrobial peptide WLBU-2

Background: Host-derived (LL-37) and synthetic (WLBU-2) cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAPs) are known for their membrane-active bactericidal properties. LL-37 is an important mediator for immunomodulation, while the mechanism of action of WLBU-2 remains unclear. Objective: To determine if WLBU-2 induces an early proinflammatory response that facilitates bacterial clearance in cystic fibrosis (CF). Methods: C57BL6 mice were given intranasal or intraperitoneal 1×10 6 cfu/mL Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and observed for 2h, followed by instillation of LL-37 or WLBU-2 (2-4mg/kg) with subsequent tissue collection at 24h for determination of bacterial colony counts and quantitative RT-PCR measurement of cytokine transcripts. CF airway epithelial cells (IB3-1, ΔF508/W1282X) were cultured in appropriate media with supplements. WLBU-2 (25μM) was added to the media with RT-PCR measurement of TNF-α and IL-1β transcripts after 20, 30, and 60min. Flow cytometry was used to determine if WLBU-2 assists in cellular uptake of Alexa 488-labeled LPS. Results: In murine lung exposed to intranasal or intraperitoneal WLBU-2, there was a reduction in the number of surviving PA colonies compared to controls. Murine lung exposed to intraperitoneal WLBU-2 showed fewer PA colonies compared to LL-37. After 24h WLBU-2 exposure, PA-induced IL-1β transcripts from lungs showed a twofold decrease (p<0.05), while TNF-α levels were unchanged. LL-37 did not significantly change transcript levels. In IB3-1 cells, WLBU-2 exposure resulted in increased TNF-α and IL-1β transcripts that decreased by 60min. WLBU-2 treatment of IB3-1 cells displayed increased LPS uptake, suggesting a potential role for CAPs in inducing protective proinflammatory responses. Taken together, the cytokine response, LPS uptake, and established antimicrobial activity of WLBU-2 demonstrate its ability to modulate proinflammatory signaling as a protective mechanism to clear infection. Conclusions: The immunomodulatory properties of WLBU-2 reveal a potential mechanism of its broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and warrant further preclinical evaluation to study bacterial clearance and rescue of chronic inflammation.
Social Psychological Influences on Sensation Seeking from Adolescence to Adulthood

Social psychological predictors of sensation seeking were investigated in a 9-year longitudinal study from adolescence to adulthood. The potential predictors of sensation seeking were social conformity, peer deviance, social support, emotional distress, drug use, and previous sensation seeking. Results of latent-variable models revealed that earlier sensation seeking was the strongest predictor of later sensation seeking. However, variables from each of the social psychological domains were also statistically significant predictors of sensation seeking, although these effects were primarily specific effects between subscales. The findings suggest that although previous research has shown that sensation seeking has a large heritability factor, certain social and psychological variables appear to play a role in the developmental expression of the trait.
Conformational Entropy Effects on the Desorption Kinetics of Polyethers from Graphite

The desorption kinetics of a series of poly(ethylene glycol)-dimethyl ethers (PEG-DMEs, CH3(OCH2CH2)nOCH3, n = 1−22) adsorbed on graphite have been measured to study the detachment of flexible linear heteropolymers from solid surfaces. Desorption rates were measured using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and indicate that the desorption of the PEG-DMEs from graphite can be described using a first-order rate constant and a desorption barrier, , that is independent of adsorbate coverage. The average pre-exponent of the first-order desorption rate constant was measured to be vav = 1018.8±0.7 s-1 and is roughly independent of the PEG-DME oligomer chain length. In addition the scales nonlinearly with the oligomer chain length and can be represented by the expression = a + bNγ (where N = 3n + 3), with the exponent assuming a value of γ = 0.46 ± 0.01. A simple theory generates an analytical expression for the measured values of that accurately reproduces the measured nonlinearity of (N). The measured valu...
Conversion of fairway-height perennial ryegrass turf to Kentucky bluegrass without nonselective herbicides

Many golf course superintendents wish to convert perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) fairways to other cool-season species such as Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) because of the former's high fungicide requirement. However, interseeding into a mature turfgrass stand often results in poor seedling survival became of competition from the existing stand. The objective of this research was to evaluate methods for enhancing Kentucky bluegrass (KB) establishment when interseeded into a mature perennial ryegrass fairway turf. Core aeration, scalping, plant growth regulators (PGRs), postseeding low mowing (PSLM), high seeding rates, and multiple seedings were used singly and in factorial combinations. Postseeding low mowing (0.6 cm twice weekly for 4 wk) and high seeding rates [196 kg pure live seed (PLS) ha -1 ] were most effective in enhancing KB establishment. Plots receiving PSLM averaged 31.9% KB 21 months after seeding (MAS) compared with 18.1% in non-PSLM plots. Seeding KB at 196 kg PLS ha -1 , both fall and spring, resulted in an average of 29.8% KB 21 MAS while seeding at 98 kg PLS ha -1 , in the fall only, resulted in only 19.7% KB. A single preseeding core aeration or scalping treatment did not increase KB establishment, nor did preseeding applications of the PGR trinexapac-ethyl [4-(cyclopropyl-α-hydroxy-methylene)-3,5-dioxo-cyclohexane-carboxylic acid ethyl ester], Mefluidide {-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)-sulfonyl]amino]phenyl] acetamide} increased KB establishment at 6 MAS, but the effect was gone by 21 MAS. Where nonselective herbicides are not used, fastest conversion to KB will occur with a combination of PSLM and high seeding rates.
Computer simulation of post-arc plasma behavior at short contact separation in vacuum

Rapid commutation of a vacuum arc prior to zero results in the postarc current that subsequently flows due to the transient recovery voltage (TRV) developing across the interelectrode gap. If the rate of change of the arc current exceeds the ability of the device to interrupt the condition, it can be reestablished in the reverse direction, i.e. what was the anode becomes the new cathode. An attempt to model the postcurrent zero phenomena in the light of gas dynamics as applied to the plasma of the metal vapor arc is described. The basic conservation laws and the Maxwell equations, as well as the current continuity law, are formulated and the solutions of those equations are presented. The short distance between the electrodes in practice of much less than a millimeter is specifically noted. >
Differential effects of saturated fatty acids on low density lipoprotein metabolism in the guinea pig.

Studies have shown that dietary fat saturation affects guinea Pig Plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels by alter- varying in chain length from 10 to 18 carbons, recent data indicate that individual saturated fattv acids can have ing both LDL receptor-mediated catabolism and flux rates of LDL (Femandez et al. 1992. J. Lipid Res. 33: 97-109). The present studies investigated whether saturated fatty acids of varying chain lengths have differential effects on LDL metabolism. Guinea pigs were fed 15% (w/w, 35% calories) fat diets containing either palm kernel oil (PK), 52% lauric acid/l8% myristic acid; palm oil (PO), 43% palmitic acid/4% stearic acid; or beef tallow (BT), 23% palmitic acid/l4% stearic acid. Plasma LDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher for animals fed the PK diet (P < 0.001) with values of 83 f 19 (n = 12), 53 f 8 (n = 12) and 44 f 16 (n = 10) mg/dl for PK, PO, and BT diets, respectively. The relative percentage composi- tion of LDL was modified by fat type; however, LDL diameters and peak densities were not different between diets, indicating no effect of saturated fatty acid composition on LDL size. ApoB/E receptor-mediated LDL fractional catabolic rates (FCR) were significantly lower in animals fed the PK diet (P < 0.01) and LDL apoB flux rates were reduced (P < 0.01) in animals fed the BT diet. A correlation was found between plasma LDL levels and receptor-mediated LDL catabolism (r = -0.66, P < 0.01). A higher apoB/E receptor number (Bm,), determined by in vitro LDL binding to guinea pig hepatic membranes, was observed for animals fed BT versus PK or PO diets and B,, values were significantly correlated with plasma LDL levels (Y = -0.776, P < 0.001). I These results indicate that saturated fatty acids of varying chain length have differential effects on hepatic apoB/E receptor expression and on LDL apoB flux rates which in part account for differences in plasma LDL cholesterol levels of guinea pigs fed these saturated fats.- Fernandez, M. L., E. C. K. Lin, and D. J. McNamara. Differential effects of saturated fatty acids on low density lipoprotein metabolism in the guinea pig. J. Lipid Res. 1992. 33: 1833-1842.
Medial Visual Fragments as an Intermediate Image Representation for Segmentation and Perceptual Grouping

We present a novel representation of images based on a decomposition into atomic patches which we call medial visual fragments and which is particularly suited for structural grouping. Specifically, we show that the medial axis/shock graph of a contour map partitions the image domain into non-overlapping regions, which together with the image information define the visual fragments. The main advantage of such a generic representation is that both contour and regional information are explicitly available so that in the presence of partial evidence and ambiguity in maps indicating edges and regional homogeneity, both aspects can be simultaneously used for perceptual grouping of fragments into a coherent whole. Grouping of visual fragments is represented as a set of canonical transformations of visual fragments, namely, the gap and loop transforms. The advantage of this representation in comparison to perceptual grouping using only contour continuity or region grouping is demonstrated on synthetic and realistic examples.
Contribution of ADAMs and ADAMTSs to Tumor Expansion and Metastasis

Inactivating mutations in extracellular protease-encoding genes are a recent and somewhat surprising finding, since these enzymes were long believed to be promoting tumor cell detachment and invasion. However, in recent years several inhibitory roles in cancer progression have been attributed to matrix metalloproteinases and also members of the adamalysin family. In a recent comprehensive genetic screen of breast and colorectal cancer mutations, loss-of-function mutations were found in ADAM12 (Dyczynska et al. 2008), ADAMTS15, and ADAMTS18 (Sjoblom et al. 2006). Additionally, local copy number alterations involving deletions of ADAMTS20 were detected in glioblastoma multiforme (Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network 2008), and ADAM23, a possible tumor suppressor gene, is frequently silenced in gastric cancers by homozygous deletion or aberrant promoter hypermethylation (Takada et al. 2005). The mechanisms underlying the involvement of ADAM and ADAMTS proteins in tumor progression are reviewed below.
Mild carbon monoxide exposure and auditory function in the developing rat

We have examined the influence of chronic mild exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) on cognitive (learning) and auditory function in the developing rat. We have demonstrated that the auditory pathway is compromised at exposures less than 50 ppm, whereas learning was not influenced at 100 ppm. Artificially reared rat pups were exposed to CO during the brain growth spurt and onset of myelination. Spatial learning was assessed using the Morris Water Maze and three tests of auditory function: (1) auditory brainstem conduction times; (2) the amplitude of the eighth nerve's action potential; and (3) otoacoustic emissions carried out on rat pups (age 22- 24 days). The pups were gastrostomy-reared on a rat milk substitute and chronically exposed to CO at discrete concentrations in the range of 12-100 ppm from 6 days of age to post-weaning at 21-23 days of age. We found no difference in auditory brainstem conduction times at all CO concentrations in comparison to non-exposed controls. There was a difference in otoacoustic emissions for test and controls at CO concentrations of 50 ppm but not at lower concentrations. There was a consistent attenuation of the amplitude of the eighth nerve's action potential, even at the lowest CO exposure examined. The attenuation of the amplitude of the action potential of the eighth nerve at 50 ppm carbon monoxide exposure did not completely recover by 73 days of age. We conclude that prolonged mild exposure to carbon monoxide during development causes measurable functional changes at the level of the eighth cranial nerve.
Microstructure-Controlled Multilayer PZT Actuators: Effects of Cyclic Actuation on Crystallographic Structure

In this study, multilayered PbTixZr1-xO3 (PZT) samples (produced at sintering temperatures in the range of 1175 °C to 1325 °C) were electrically fatigued by long-term exposure (∼106 cycles) to electric fields, and the parameters of initial and remnant polarization were estimated. Changes in the crystallographic microstructure as a function of sintering temperature Ts were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to gain insight on fatigue mechanisms and their prevention. Results showed that domain wall movement was facilitated in samples processed at TS less than 1250 °C, and that such samples were more resistant to electrical fatigue.
The Blood of Free Men: The Liberation of Paris, 1944. By Michael Neiberg. (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2012. Pp. xxxiii, 298. $28.99.)

In this book, the author offers an accessible account of the complexities behind the August 1944 Liberation of Paris. To elucidate the differing meanings that the city's liberation held for the occ...
Geometry effects on STOL engine‐over‐the‐wing acoustics with 5:1 slot nozzle

The correspondence of far field acoustic trends with changes in the characteristics of the flow field at the wing trailing edge caused by alterations in the nozzle-wing geometry were determined for several STOL-OTW configurations. Nozzle roof angles of 10 to 40 deg were tested with and without cutback of the nozzle sidewalls. Three wing chord sizes were used: baseline (33 cm with flaps retracted), 2/3-baseline, and 3/2-baseline. Flap deflection angles of 20 and 60 deg were used. The nozzle locations were at 21 and 46-percent of chord. With increasing wing size the jet noise shielding benefits increased. With increasing nozzle roof angle, the jet velocity at the trailing edge was decreased, causing a decrease in trailing-edge and fluctuating lift noise. Cutback of the nozzle sides improved flow attachment and reduced far-field noise. The best flow attachment and least trailing-edge noise generally were obtained with a 40 deg external deflector configuration and a cutback nozzle with a 40 deg roof angle.
Fabrication and electrical characterization of 3D vertical interconnects

3D die-stacking (Tanida et al, 2003; Hara et al, 2005) and wafer-stacking (Morrow et al, 2004) integration have recently been demonstrated using copper (Cu) interconnections and through silicon via technology. In 3D die-stacking approach, the Cu vertical interconnections are fabricated on the front-side of the silicon wafer along with the active circuitry followed by wafer thinning and die-stacking. The limitation of this approach is the impact to active circuitry from vertical interconnects processing. With the 3D wafer stacking approach, the wafers are bonded with the prefabricated active circuitry face-to-face prior to wafer thinning and Cu interconnects fabrication and inherently limit stack die configuration to matched die sizes. This approach has inherent benefits and limitations depend to a large extent on the targeted applications. In this paper, we present an alternate 3D die-stacking approach which involves wafer thinning prior to Cu interconnect fabrication in a silicon wafer consisting of pre-fabricated active circuitry. This approach allows for mixed die size and technology node integration in multi-chip packages while maximizing known good die yields. In this approach the electrical connection to the active circuitry is made through the Cu plated through-silicon via to large arrays of tungsten (W) contacts at the bulk silicon interface. The challenges in through-silicon via processing using this 3D die-stacking approach will be discussed. Backside processing impact to pre-fabricated transistors and fundamental RC performance of the through silicon via landing on contact will be presented.
Anatomic and physiologic factors influencing transcutaneous optical diagnosis of deep-seated lesions

Human skin is a formidible light barrier to non-invasive, transcutaneous optical diagnosis of deep-seated lesions. Human skin is composed to two anatomically and physiologically distinct layers, the superficial epidermis and the deeper dermis. Each contains optically active tissue components including scatters, absorber and fluorophores. Beneath the skin is the subcutaneous fibroadipose tissue that varies in thickness and composition depending on the anatomic site and the person's habitus. Delivery of interrogation light and capture of reflected or emitted diagnostic light from deep-seated lesions will be greatly influenced by the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Diagnostic strategies will have to include careful analysis of anatomically distinct 'normal tissues' before 'abnormal lesions' can be distinguished.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
30–50 Day Oscillation of 200-mb Temperature and 850-mb Height during the 1979 Northern Summer

Abstract A coherent seesaw fluctuation of 200-mb temperature T(200 mb) and 850-mb height Z(850 mb) between the Tibet-India region and the North Pacific is analyzed with the ECMWF FGGE III-b data for the northern summer (May-September 1979). Both T(200 mb) and Z(850 mb) oscillate with an opposite phase between these two regions and with a period of about 30–50 days. Furthermore, T (200 mb) and Z (850 mb) of the same location also oscillate with an opposite phase relationship. It was demonstrated from the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis that this coherent seesaw oscillation of these two variables between the Tibet-India region and the North Pacific can be attributed to the eastward propagation of the 30–50 day oscillation. The eastward propagation of this low-frequency oscillation may exert a profound impact on the regional atmospheric circulation downstream. The thermal energy pumped up from the ocean by cumulus convections over the moonson regions might be propagated out by this 30–50 day osc...
Effect of pyriproxyfen in the blood diet of cat fleas on adult survival, egg viability, and larval development.

The activity of pyriproxyfen in the blood diet was investigated for its efficacy against adult, egg, and larval stages of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche). Adult fleas were housed in plastic cages and fed treated bovine blood using an artificial membrane system that allows fleas to feed ad libitum through a parafilm membrane. Control fleas received blood without pyriproxyfen. Results showed that ingested pyriproxyfen was relatively nontoxic to adult fleas over a period of 10 d at concentrations as high as 100 ppm. These findings are in sharp contrast to earlier studies that showed that residues of pyriproxyfen on filter paper or dog hair were highly toxic to adult cat fleas at concentrations as low as 12.5 ppm. Fleas obviously fed on blood containing pyriproxyfen because they produced large numbers of eggs. However, none of the eggs hatched. Also, larvae of untreated fleas failed to develop to adults when they were fed fecal blood excreted by pyriproxyfen-treated fleas. The results indicate that although ingested pyriproxyfen was relatively nontoxic to adult fleas, enough chemical was absorbed through the gut wall to cause ovisterilant activity, while the remainder was excreted.
The Three Faces of Evil

The Three Faces of Evil offers a novel theory about the civil confinement of the mentally ill and dangerous. Contrary to the ways in which most theorists conceive of this practice, Colb argues here that such civil commitment imposes the very harms we associate with criminal incarceration, but without the corresponding criminal-procedure protection against preemptive detention. This review essay disputes the claim of Professor Elyn Saks and others that civil confinement relieves the confined mentally ill patient of the stigma of moral blame and is therefore preferable to a prison sentence. On the contrary, Colb demonstrates various ways in which blame can be and is routinely attached to those who are unable to control their anti-social impulses due to mental illness. Examples include the harsh sentences imposed on recidivists, post-prison civil confinement of sexually violent predators, and the narrowing of the insanity defense to exclude those whose mental illnesses deprive them of the capacity to control their destructive behavior. Furthermore, Colb suggests that classifying mentally ill people as “dangerous” is far from a value-neutral, objective enterprise of empirical description of an individual. It instead represents a judgment about interactions between people in which violence is likely to occur and a normative decision about which person in the interaction should bear the costs of that likely violence. Citing such doctrines as “fighting words” within the First Amendment, the “heat of passion” manslaughter defense in criminal law, and traditional attitudes toward victims of sexual violence (who were thought to have “asked for it” through “provocative” dress and behavior), Colb suggests that potential victims of unjustifiable violence have often expected to absorb and take responsibility for the risk of others’ unjustified violence. Colb proposes that we ought to embrace a more consistent approach to danger and avoid the denigration and stigmatization of the mentally ill that is inherent in a system that leaves “dangerous” people alone until they act, except when those people happen to suffer from a mental illness.
Toward A Cultural Theory of Judicial Behavior: Identifying and Overcoming Limitations in the Attitudinal Model

Judicial ideology as conceptualized in the attitudinal model (AM) developed by Jeffrey Segal and Harold Spaeth remains the dominant explanation for US Supreme Court decisions. However, while there is consensus that judicial ideology is crucial in explaining Court behavior, the AM remains under-theorized, time-limited, and unresponsive to scholarly advances in the study of ideology. This paper argues that the cultural theory (CT) developed by Mary Douglas, Aaron Wildavsky, and others can help address these problems. CT promises to advance the study of judicial behavior by providing a theory of ideology, rather than only the application of ideological labels, and by providing a two dimensional account of ideological behavior that avoids the anomalies that arise from relying on the AM’s one dimensional, liberal-conservative conception. To illustrate problems with the AM and the plausibility of our proposed CT solution, we compare explanations provided by both approaches for Court interpretations of First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights. In each constitutional area, the attitudinal orientations specified by CT — that is, egalitarian, hierarchical, and individualistic cultural biases valuing equality, order, and liberty, respectively — provide a richer and more valid account of judicial attitudes and legal change than liberalism and conservatism alone.
Development of Immunity-based Framework for Aircraft Abnormal Conditions Detection, Identification, Evaluation, and Accommodation

This paper presents the development of a biologically inspired generalized conceptual framework for the detection, identification, evaluation, and accommodation of aircraft sub-system abnormal conditions. The artificial immune system paradigm in conjunction with other artificial intelligence techniques, analytical tools, and heuristics are used in an attempt to provide a comprehensive solution to the problem of safely operating aircraft under abnormal flight conditions. The main concepts and foundations are established and methodologies and algorithms for implementation are outlined. The approach addresses directly the complexity and multi-dimensionality of aircraft dynamic response in the context of abnormal conditions and is expected to facilitate the design of on-board augmentation systems to increase aircraft survivability, improve operation safety, and optimize performance at both normal and abnormal/upset conditions.
Guidelines and Outcomes; Standardizing Care for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (P04.087)

Objective: To review evidence-based and consensus guidelines for the treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) and consider how outcome measures could standardize and improve patient care. Background There are no evidence-based quality care indicators to standardize outcomes across Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA) clinics. We reviewed the Cystic Fibrosis (CF) model for standardizing CF clinic outcomes and consider potential outcomes to assess the quality of care in DMD clinics. For forty years, the CF foundation has maintained a nationwide patient registry and acquired patient data from each CF clinic. The data, analyzed yearly, is reviewable on the CF website. Comparing individual and national clinic outcomes challenges clinics to improve clinical care. This data also provides potential patient populations for future investigations, including clinical trials. Design/Methods: We reviewed: published guidelines and consensus statements on the care of DMD; current efforts to obtain outcomes from DMD clinics; standardized data obtained annually from CF clinics; and published approaches to improving outcomes by attention to the fidelity of health care delivery. Results: There are multiple approaches within the DMD field for surveillance and collection of patient information, including MDSTARNet, Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, and MDA DMD Clinical Research Network. Based on CF analyzed data, a similar patient registry and nationwide reporting of standard outcomes across MDA clinics appears feasible. Monitoring data including molecular diagnosis, age at loss of ambulation, FVC, and survival, could provide metrics for quality of care. Conclusions: There are logistic challenges to reporting nationwide outcomes; however the influence this model has had on outcomes for CF patients has changed survival. In 2009, the median life expectancy for a patient with CF was 35.9 years, compared to 27 years in 1985. Implementation of clinical data monitoring in MDA clinics will determine if similar benefit accrues in patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Disclosure: Dr. Scully has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cwik has nothing to disclose. Dr. Marshall has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ciafaloni has nothing to disclose. Dr. Getchius has nothing to disclose. Dr. Griggs has nothing to disclose.
Conjunctivitis in infants and children

BACKGROUND Acute bacterial conjunctivitis, chiefly affecting young children, is generally caused by one of three common pathogens, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and adenovirus. H. influenzae is the most prevalent causative organism. Some patients presenting initially with conjunctivitis subsequently develop acute otitis media, with H. influenzae the most common etiologic agent of what has been termed the "conjunctivitis-otitis" syndrome. Optimal treatment of acute conjunctivitis would result in a clinical and bacteriologic cure of the conjunctivitis and the prevention of the development of otitis media. Application of topical antimicrobials at 4- to 6-h intervals a day for 1 week to 10 days results in the resolution of the conjunctivitis. However, topical treatment is difficult to administer to toddlers and does not effectively reduce the potential for the development of otitis media. Compared with topical and placebo treatment, oral antibiotics effective against H. influenzae have proved to be most effective in preventing the otitis media associated with conjunctivitis. CONCLUSION Acute bacterial conjunctivitis is a common disorder in children < 6 years of age. H. influenzae is the most common etiology of the "conjunctivitis-otitis syndrome." The optimal treatment for this condition is still being studied.
DNA replication intermediates synthesized by lysates of dnaB, dnaG and dnaB dnaG mutants in vitro.

Isogenic dnaB, dnaG, and dnaB dnaG mutants were constructed and used as extracts in the cellophane-disc in vitro DNA replication system. The increased proportion of 5S DNA characteristic of the dnaB extract and the lack of Okazaki piece synthesis characteristic of the dnaG extract were both apparent in analysis of the dnaB dnaG mutant extract reaction. A hypothetical scheme to explain these results and those of others is presented.
Flint: batch-interactive data-intensive processing on transient servers

Cloud providers now offer transient servers, which they may revoke at anytime, for significantly lower prices than on-demand servers, which they cannot revoke. The low price of transient servers is particularly attractive for executing an emerging class of workload, which we call Batch-Interactive Data-Intensive (BIDI), that is becoming increasingly important for data analytics. BIDI workloads require large sets of servers to cache massive datasets in memory to enable low latency operation. In this paper, we illustrate the challenges of executing BIDI workloads on transient servers, where revocations (akin to failures) are the common case. To address these challenges, we design Flint, which is based on Spark and includes automated checkpointing and server selection policies that i) support batch and interactive applications and ii) dynamically adapt to application characteristics. We evaluate a prototype of Flint using EC2 spot instances, and show that it yields cost savings of up to 90% compared to using on-demand servers, while increasing running time by
Altered Autonomic Modulation of Cardiovascular Function with Adult Aging: Perspectives from Studies Ranging from Man to Cells

Cardiovascular performance is determined by the integrated function of multiple interdependent variables (Fig. 1). In addition to coronary blood flow, these include: heart rate; the load or stretch on the myocardial fibers prior to excitation (preload or end-diastolic filling volume); the load during shortening (afterload) which is multifactual and depends not only on aortic pressure but on other determinants of vascular input impedance and also on the ventricular radius; and the effectiveness of myocardial excitation-activationcontraction coupling, sometimes referred to as myocardial “contractility” or the “inotropic” or “contractile state.” Because of the high degree of integration among these multiple determinants of cardiovascular function, a deficit or enhancement of one factor can be compensated for by adjustments in others in order to maintain overall cardiovascular performance within a narrow range to meet the flow or pressure required by the organism at a given moment.
Polarization of Silver Nuclei in Ferromagnetic Metals

The effective magnetic field at the nucleus of a diamagnetic atom dissolved in a ferromagnetic transition-metal lattice has been measured experimentally for several impurity—host combinations. These hyperfine fields may exceed 106 Oe, as is the case for gold in iron. The fields are, in general, found to be directed oppositely to the bulk magnetization of the ferromagnetic host. While the data are still quite meager, certain systematic trends may be noted which make at least empirical estimation of the internal field possible in certain cases. A full quantitative theoretical prediction is not yet feasible.
Investigation of drop impact on dry and wet surfaces with consideration of surrounding air

Numerical simulations were conducted to investigate drop impingement and splashing on both dry and wet surfaces at impact velocities greater than 50 m/s with the consideration of the effect of surrounding air. The Navier-Stokes equations were solved using the variable density pressure projection method on a dynamic block structured adaptive grid. The moment of fluid method was used to reconstruct interfaces separating different phases. A dynamic contact angle model was used to define the boundary condition at the moving contact line. Simulations showed that lowering the ambient gas density can suppress dry surface splashing, which is in agreement with the experiments. A recirculation zone was observed inside the drop after contact: a larger recirculation zone was formed earlier in the higher gas density case than in the lower gas density case. Increasing gas density also enhances the creation of secondary droplets from the lamella breakup. For high speed impact on a dry surface, lowering ambient gas density attenuates splashing. However, ambient air does not significantly affect splashing on a wet surface. Simulations showed that the splashed droplets are primarily from the exiting liquid film.
Early Experience of Financial Performance and Solvency of Medicaid-Focused Insurers Under ACA Expansion

To allow for greater coverage of the uninsured, the Affordable Care Act expanded Medicaid coverage in 2014. Accessing financial data of state health insurers from the National Association of Insura...
The story of ‘Oh’, Part 2: Animating transcript:

In conversation analysis (CA), through Sacks, Schegloff, Jefferson, and others, the conceptual architecture is joined at the hip to a technical architecture of transcripts, sequence, and turn produ...
PHEVs as dynamically configurable dispersed energy storage for V2B uses in the smart grid

Vehicle-to-building (V2B) provides an option to use the battery energy in electric vehicles to support loads in the power grid. Many researchers have shown that vehicle-togrid (V2G) has many potential benefits. But for various practical reasons wide application of this concept is envisioned on a 5-10 year time horizon. We have focused on V2B as a concept that is practically viable today and may be implemented on a 3-5 year time horizon. This paper aims at demonstrating the potential benefits of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) as dynamically configurable dispersed energy storage acting at the convergence of transportation and power system. A new parking facility as an energy exchange station called "smart garage" is discussed in this paper. Based on the availability analysis of smart garages, the benefits of using BEVs/PHEVs as energy storage for demand side management (DSM) and outage management (OM) are discussed in detail. A strategy to adopting BEVs/PHEV uses in the V2B mode under the peak load and outage condition is studied and demonstrated with test cases. (6 pages)
A Model Program for Translational Medicine in Epilepsy Genetics.

Recent technological advances in gene sequencing have led to a rapid increase in gene discovery in epilepsy. However, the ability to assess pathogenicity of variants, provide functional analysis, a...
Innovation network

Technological progress builds upon itself, with the expansion of invention in one domain propelling future work in linked fields. Our analysis uses 1.8 million US patents and their citation properties to map the innovation network and its strength. Past innovation network structures are calculated using citation patterns across technology classes during 1975–1994. The interaction of this preexisting network structure with patent growth in upstream technology fields has strong predictive power on future innovation after 1995. This pattern is consistent with the idea that when there is more past upstream innovation for a particular technology class to build on, then that technology class innovates more.
A machine learning approach to identifying point source locations in photoacoustic data

Interventional applications of photoacoustic imaging often require visualization of point-like targets, including the circular cross sectional tips of needles and catheters or the circular cross sectional views of small cylindrical implants such as brachytherapy seeds. When these point-like targets are imaged in the presence of highly echogenic structures, the resulting photoacoustic wave creates a reflection artifact that may appear as a true signal. We propose to use machine learning principles to identify these type of noise artifacts for removal. A convolutional neural network was trained to identify the location of individual point targets from pre-beamformed data simulated with k-Wave to contain various medium sound speeds (1440-1640 m/s), target locations (5-25 mm), and absorber sizes (1-5 mm). Based on 2,412 randomly selected test images, the mean axial and lateral point location errors were 0.28 mm and 0.37 mm, respectively, which can be regarded as the average imaging system resolution for our trained network. This trained network successfully identified the location of two point targets in a single image with mean axial and lateral errors of 2.6 mm and 2.1 mm, respectively. A true signal and a corresponding reflection artifact were then simulated. The same trained network identified the location of the artifact with mean axial and lateral errors of 2.1 mm and 3.0 mm, respectively. Identified artifacts may be rejected based on wavefront shape differences. These results demonstrate strong promise to identify point targets without requiring traditional geometry-based beamforming, leading to the eventual elimination of reflection artifacts from interventional images.
Developing PK-12 Preservice Teachers' Skills for Understanding Data-Driven Instruction Through Inquiry Learning

ABSTRACTThis article offers a description of how empirical experiences through the use of procedural knowledge can serve as the stage for the development of hypothetical concepts using the learning cycle, an inquiry teaching and learning method with a long history in science education. The learning cycle brings a unique epistemology by way of using procedural knowledge (“knowing how”) to enhance construction of declarative knowledge (“knowing that”). The goal of the learning experience was to use the learning cycle to explore “high tech” and “low tech” approaches to concept development within the context of statistics. After experiencing both, students recognized the value of high and low tech approaches to instruction. Given that statistical literacy is essential for engaging in PK-12 education, we argue that providing experiences that help preservice teachers understand statistical concepts while modeling effective pedagogical practices will help prepare them for planning instruction and teaching statis...
The Role of Exosomes in Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment

Exosomes are nanovesicles shed by cells as a means of communication with other cells. Exosomes contain mRNAs, microRNAs (miRs) and functional proteins. In the present paper, we develop a mathematical model of tumor–immune interaction by means of exosomes shed by pancreatic cancer cells and dendritic cells. Cancer cells’ exosomes contain miRs that promote their proliferation and that inhibit immune response by dendritic cells, and by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Dendritic cells release exosomes with proteins that induce apoptosis of cancer cells and that block regulatory T cells. Simulations of the model show how the size of the pancreatic cancer can be determined by measurement of specific miRs (miR-21 and miR-203 in the case of pancreatic cancer), suggesting these miRs as biomarkers for cancer.
An Obesity Paradox: Increased Body Mass Index Is Associated with Decreased Aortic Atherosclerosis

Brodsky et al. (Cardiovasc Pathol 25(6), 515-520, 2016) recently have reported that there was an unexpected and highly significant inverse correlation between body mass index (BMI) and atherosclerosis of the aortas of morbidly obese decedents (BMI >40 kg/m2). In a series of 304 decedents, 65 of whom were morbidly obese, minimal or no atherosclerosis was seen in 46 of them (70%) versus 20 (30%) who had severe atherosclerosis (P = 0.008). This obesity paradox was unexpected and raises important questions about the etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, which will be the subject of this commentary. The concept of healthy versus unhealthy adiposity may in part provide an explanation for the "obesity paradox." Another factor that will be considered is the possible role of adipokines and their genetic determinants that may significantly reduce the risk of developing aortic atherosclerosis in morbidly obese individuals. Considering the marked variability in the pattern and extent of atherosclerosis of the aorta, hemodynamic factors and endothelial cell shear stress may be the most important determinants that might explain the obesity paradox that we have observed. Finally, the possible role of gut microbiota and inflammation as factors in the etiopathogenesis of atherosclerosis will be considered, but their importance is less clear than that of hemodynamic factors. We conclude with the remarkable finding that a 5300-year-old, well-preserved mummy of the "Iceman," Otzi had atherosclerotic disease of a number of major arteries and the interesting questions that this raises.
Issues of Gender in the 2016 Presidential Campaign

This chapter provides an overview of how issues of gender played out across the primaries, general election and postelection phases. From the beginning of the political season, there was no question that gender was going to be a major consideration in the presidential campaign. Challenges women face in political campaigns are well documented. Most of the gender characterizations and portrayals noted in the 2008 race also appeared in the 2016 contest, to the detriment of Clinton. The two unexpected aspects were the negative reactions of third-wave feminists and younger women to the candidacy of Clinton and the statements, attitudes and behavior Trump displayed towards women throughout the campaign, not to mention much of his life. In the end, Trump enjoyed strong support among Republican women, married white women and evangelical white women.