cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transition to Adulthood for Pediatric Moyamoya Patients

Moyamoya is a progressive arteriopathy of the intracranial vasculature, predominantly affecting the terminal branches of the internal carotid artery. Treatment is predicated on surgical revascularization to reduce the risk of stroke. For patients diagnosed and treated as children, it is important to recognize the long-term implications of the disease, for example, that moyamoya is treatable, but not curable. Pediatric moyamoya patients face unique challenges as they transition to adulthood as a consequence of the chronic nature of this disorder. Successful long-term care requires a strategy that incorporates ongoing longitudinal disease monitoring, coordination of care between physician teams, and anticipation of socioeconomic factors that change over time. This article provides an approach to transition care to adult caregivers for pediatric moyamoya patients with a specific focus on the three key stakeholders in the process: the neurosurgeon, the primary care physician, and the individual patient.
Glycogen Storage Diseases

Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose, which serves as a reservoir of glucose units. The two largest deposits in mammals are in the liver and skeletal muscle but many cells are capable of synthesizing glycogen. Its accumulation and utilization are under elaborate control by a variety of enzymes.
Political Science as Training for the Information Age.

Computers inspire mixed emotions among political scientists. Love, hate, fascination, ennui, and frustration sometimes occur during the course of a single computer work session. Individuals come to terms with the beast in varying ways; obviously personal work style and level of computer dependency are each scholar's own business. However, expanded use of information technology in the disciplinary curriculum is a common concern deserving discussion. Like earlier debates between behavioralists and traditionalists, the current discussion raises questions about the discipline's central purpose. This essay reviews proposals to “computerize” political science curricula in light of contemporary theories about information and managerial work. Historically, political scientists' computer involvement has been limited, but it is now intensifying in response to educational, technological, and environmental influences. Political scientists have used computers as teaching tools since at least the early 1970s, when the APSA “SETUPs” began appearing, but as novelty items, diversions reflecting the devotion of idiosyncratic individuals. This publication has disseminated many such “experiments,” as have Social Science Computer Review and the National Collegiate Software Clearinghouse . Even as desktop machines began proliferating in the early 1980s, their use in the classroom was considered to be optional, something peripheral to the discipline which one could attempt if one had the inclination. This laissez-faire ambience may be ending in the face of societal transformations. In the classroom political scientists foster intellectual skills broadly useful to former students. A student may be an activist or an avid pre-lawyer, but his or her future professional development will be built on analytical, and communications skills honed in political science courses. This linkage between political science classrooms and the professional world could weaken if we do not adopt to societal change.
An Embodied Theory of Transfer of Mathematical Learning

We present an embodied theory of transfer as applied to mathematical ideas. Project-based learning (PBL) offers important sites for investigating transfer because students and teachers must track mathematical invariant relations that are embedded in complex settings where knowledge and information is distributed and extended across various materials, symbolic inscriptions, and social interactions. We argue that transfer occurs when learners and teachers establish cohesion of their experiences by mapping modes of perceiving and acting that they successfully used in previous contexts to new contexts. Learners express that cohesion across contexts in a variety of ways, principally through speech, actions, and gestures, including gestural catchments and simulated actions. Students and teachers may engage in several forms of mapping, including explicit analogical mapping, constructing mappings implicitly via relational priming, and mapping relations via conceptual blending. Thus, we theorize that both teachers and students are integral to the transfer process. This embodied theory of transfer can account for near and far transfer, negative transfer, and “false” transfer, in which actors enact modes of perceiving and acting activated by cues that match only at a surface level. Embodied accounts of transfer have implications for educational practice. Some pedagogical approaches, such as concreteness fading, aim to foster and maintain cohesion of mathematical invariant relations. An embodied perspective on transfer can also inform the design of assessments, including both formative and summative assessments.
Life 2.0-A CRISPR path to a sustainable planet.

“Life 2.0” may sound like hyperbole—suggesting a radical change in modes of existence—but that was the title of a Colloquium held at the Beckman Center in Irvine, California, in December 2019. The subtitle, “The Promise and Challenge of a CRISPR Path to a Sustainable Planet,” was both more modest and a more apt description of the proceedings. Sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences and organized by us with Fyodor Urnov, the event drew speakers from numerous disciplines who offered visions of the near and more distant future of life on Earth. Several papers based on Colloquium presentations are included in this issue of PNAS. In the keynote address, “A view from the edge,” D.C. reviewed the context and history of genome editing and set the stage for projecting into the future. In the first session, titled “The translational promise of CRISPR and the urgency of the challenge,” Michele Calos highlighted the need for precise, affordable human therapies that go beyond “classical” gene therapy. Jonathan Weissman described a powerful, CRISPR-based approach to tracking metastatic lung cancer cells. B.J.M. showed how studies in model organisms can provide insights into human biology and disease, sometimes through surprising connections. Peter Hotez prophetically envisioned the arrival of a new epidemic, including the political, social, and physical challenges in delivering vaccines. Pamela C. Ronald addressed the particularly urgent need for genetic modifications in crops to help ameliorate the impact of climate change and the threats to world food supplies, as described in … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: dana{at}biochem.utah.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Improving Antibiotic Stewardship among Asymptomatic Newborns Using the Early-onset Sepsis Risk Calculator.

Introduction Neonatologists have long struggled with identifying and treating early-onset sepsis (EOS) without overexposing newborns to unnecessary antibiotics. Methods In January 2016, we instituted an EOS protocol based mainly on the 2012 AAP guidelines. We subsequently conducted 2 additional plan-do-study-act cycles to decrease antibiotic usage by integrating the EOS risk calculator into our algorithm. For the periods January 2016-June 2017 (period 1), June 2017-February 2018 (period 2), and February 2018-December 2018 (period 3), we tracked all asymptomatic newborns older than 36 weeks, including those admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit for evaluation of EOS. We monitored the monthly variation in asymptomatic newborns older than 36 weeks who received antibiotics using statistical process control. The number of asymptomatic infants treated with antibiotics during the 3 periods was analyzed. Pairwise comparisons were made using post hoc chi-square analysis. Results The addition of the EOS calculator score to our guidelines reduced the number of asymptomatic infants older than 36 weeks treated with antibiotics by 73% (P < 0.0001). Adopting the EOS calculator score after clinical examination further reduced the number of infants treated by 89% (P < 0.0001). For period 1, the percentage of asymptomatic infants older than 36 weeks treated with antibiotics was 4.3%; for period 2, it was 1.16%, and for period 3, it was 0.12% (P < 0.0001). Conclusions The addition of the EOS calculator score to our AAP-based guidelines reduced antibiotic use among asymptomatic infants older than 36 weeks by 73%. Further adoption of the EOS calculator score after the clinical examination enabled our team to defer antibiotics in almost all asymptomatic infants safely.
Stratosphere: Finding Vulnerable Cloud Storage Buckets

Misconfigured cloud storage buckets have leaked hundreds of millions of medical, voter, and customer records. These breaches are due to a combination of easily-guessable bucket names and error-prone security configurations, which, together, allow attackers to easily guess and access sensitive data. In this work, we investigate the security of buckets, finding that prior studies have largely underestimated cloud insecurity by focusing on simple, easy-to-guess names. By leveraging prior work in the password analysis space, we introduce Stratosphere, a system that learns how buckets are named in practice in order to efficiently guess the names of vulnerable buckets. Using Stratosphere, we find wide-spread exploitation of buckets and vulnerable configurations continuing to increase over the years. We conclude with recommendations for operators, researchers, and cloud providers.
Community violence and pregnancy health behaviors and outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: Community violence is associated with health-compromising behaviors (HCBs) and adverse general health and pregnancy outcomes. It is unknown whether these effects persist after adjusting for health behaviors. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of 36,637 pregnancies, 2005-2009, using birth certificate/hospital discharge databases. Community violence rate = (nonaccidental injuries/total injuries) × 100%. ZIP codes were categorized into levels (CVL) by quartiles (lowest, 1, to highest, 4). Outcomes included HCBs (tobacco, alcohol, or drugs), fetal death, preterm birth, and infant small-for-gestational-age (SGA). Covariates included HCBs and maternal characteristics. RESULTS: The CVL median (interquartile range) was 5.5% (3.8%-8.8%). As CVL increased, rates of HCBs (8% vs 13% vs 14% vs 16%), fetal death (4 vs 5 vs 6 vs 8/1000 pregnancies), preterm birth (8% vs 9% vs 11% vs 13%), and infant SGA (8% vs 10% vs 13% vs 16%) increased. The odds of preterm birth (CVL1 = 1.00 [reference] vs CVL2 = 1.00 [0.88-1.14] vs CVL3 = 1.10 [0.96-1.26] vs CVL4 = 1.25 [1.09-1.42]) and infant SGA (CVL2 = 1.03 [0.93-1.17] vs CVL3 = 1.15 [1.01-1.30] vs CVL4 = 1.21 [1.07-1.38]) increased, after controlling for HCB. CONCLUSIONS: CVL is associated with fetal death, preterm birth, and infant SGA, independent of HCB. These findings may support the role of violence-reduction programs in improving pregnancy health behaviors and outcomes. Language: en
Social information processing and aggressive behavior: A transactional perspective

Transactional theory articulates an ongoing reciprocal exchange between the self and one's experiences with his or her social world. Although the self in this theory has been typically operationalized as behavior, it clearly must include cognitive operations. Social-information processing (SIP) theory posits that behavior toward others in childhood and adolescence develops as a function of the outputs of complex sets of on-line social-cognitive operations. In transactional turn, behavior leads to social consequences that inform future SIP. In this way, SIP and interactions with others may influence each other across development. One set of SIP operations that appears to be particularly important to adolescent development is called response evaluation and decision (RED). RED processing is an advanced stage of SIP in which an individual evaluates alternative responses across multiple domains in order to decide how to respond to cues during social interaction. This chapter presents a conceptual model of the transactional development of SIP with special application to understanding antisocial behavior in youth. The role of RED in this developmental exchange during adolescence is highlighted, and we identify future directions for research on the development of social cognition and antisocial behavior reciprocations.
A sensitive infrared imaging up converter and spatial coherence of atmospheric propagation

An infrared imaging technique based on the nonlinear interaction known as upconversion was used to obtain images of several astronomical objects in the 10 micrometer spectral region, and to demonstrate quantitatively the sharper images allowed for wavelengths beyond the visible region. The deleterious effects of atmospheric inhomogeneities on telescope resolution were studied in the infrared region using the technique developed. The low quantum efficiency of the device employed severely limited its usefulness as an astronomical detector.
The Documentation Lives a Life of Its Own: The Temporal Transformation of Two Endangered Language Archive Projects

In this paper we describe two digital language-documentation projects that we have been involved in where the source community’s interest has changed significantly over about a ten-year period. In both cases, projects were originally undertaken with the full support of the community but without a clear commitment to making them locally applicable. In time, however, generational shift led to new community attention being focused on the language, reactivating the documentary materials and community-researcher relationships in ways that were not anticipated by anyone involved. When embarking upon documentation and revitalization projects, describing their products, or evaluating their social or scientific outcomes, it is important to remember that they are always works in progress, not least with regard to their significance for communities.
Development of Sputtered Coated Glass Permeation Barrier

We have successfully sputter deposited s2 μm thick layers of SiO 2 on CH mandrels ∼ 2 mm in diameter to act as a permeation barrier for deuterium. Such targets can be used for experiments at Sandia's Z facility as well as at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). This permeation barrier has been shown to have a half-life (τ 1/2 ) of ∼2-4 weeks for a thickness of ∼ 1.5 μm. The sputter coating conditions have been successfully optimized to produce smooth uniform SiO 2 coatings with enough integrity to allow routine handling as well as filling to the required pressures (20 atm). The key coating conditions investigated were the agitation mechanism and the coating pressure. We found that an agitation mechanism using gentle rolling produced coatings with a half-life of greater than three weeks, whereas a more vigorous bouncing agitation yielded half-lives of only a few days. Coating pressures of 2, 5, and 10 mTorr were studied and it was found that coatings at 5 mTorr produced coatings free of cracking. Since the sputtering is performed in a background atmosphere of argon, the sputtered SiO 2 layer was found to contain trace amounts of argon as measured by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurements. Our work has yielded a controllable uniform alternative permeation barrier to the traditionally used poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA).
Using Online Games To Teach Personal Finance Concepts

This case study explores the use of online games to teach personal finance concepts at the college level. A number of free online games targeting such topics as budgeting and saving, risk and return, consumer credit, financial services, and investments were introduced to the experimental group as homework assignments. Statistical results indicate that integrating online games into coursework significantly enhanced student learning outcomes. We suggest extending our successful experience to groups of people who need financial knowledge the most.
Lithium Diethylcuprate–Tributylphosphine†

(Et2CuLi) [38297-20-0] C4H10CuLi (MW 128.63) InChI = 1S/2C2H5.Cu.Li/c2*1-2;;/h2*1H2,2H3;;/q;;-1;+1 InChIKey = NPOGNLMQFUQKBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (Bu3P) [998-40-3] C12H27P (MW 202.36) InChI = 1S/C12H27P/c1-4-7-10-13(11-8-5-2)12-9-6-3/h4-12H2,1-3H3 InChIKey = TUQOTMZNTHZOKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N (representative phosphine-ligated homocuprate for 1,4-addition,2 nucleophilic substitution,3 and reductive metalation4) Solubility: sol ether, THF. Analysis of Reagent Purity: an assay to determine relative thermal stabilities5 can be used to estimate reagent quality and concentration: a sample of known volume and temperature is quenched with excess PhCOCl. The yield of propiophenone is measured by GC, the response of which is calibrated using authentic product and n-dodecane as internal standard. Preparative Methods: the following general procedure has been used to prepare a variety of R2CuLi·P(n-Bu)3 reagents:6 a round-bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirring bar and rubber septum is charged with Copper(I) Iodide–Tributylphosphine.7 Under a nitrogen atmosphere, ether or THF is added. After cooling the resultant solution to −78 °C, 2.0 equiv of the appropriate RLi reagent is added dropwise. Formation of a colorless, pale pink, or yellow cuprate is immediate. Alternate preparations by addition of 1.0 equiv of Tri-n-butylphosphine to an ether or THF slurry of Copper(I) Iodide before addition of two equiv of RLi or by use of CuBr[(n-Bu)3P]28 may be possible. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: best results are obtained with high purity CuI salts,9 dry, O2-free solvents, and alkyllithium solutions free of contaminating alkoxides or hydroxides.10 Like most alkyllithium reagents, Ethyllithium11 is pyrophoric;12 care must be exercised in its handling. Homocuprates are stabilized in the presence of stoichiometric quantities of (n-Bu)3P; there is no noticeable decomposition at −78 °C.6 Use in a fume hood.
Geolocation of Fast-Moving Objects From Satellite-Based Angle-of-Arrival Measurements

Recently, satellite-based systems have been introduced that utilize angle-of-arrival (AOA) measurements to geo-locate objects of interest. In the previous work, we considered the application of nonlinear optimization to AoA-based geolocation to these systems. This previous work, however, assumed that all noise sources were independent. In the case of fast-moving objects, however, there is a significant source of error due to the propagation time inherent in satellite-based observation of objects due to the difference between the location of the object when it is observed by a satellite, and the location of the object when it emitted the signal that is being measured. This introduces a systematic error into the system that cannot be resolved by the system proposed by Burchett et al. In this paper, we extend our prior work to account for the time-delay inherent in satellite-based geolocation systems, making this system accurate for fast-movers as well as fixed or slow-moving objects. Results demonstrating significant improvement in geolocation performance both in terms of accuracy and estimated error bounds are presented.
A cortical neural prosthesis for restoring and enhancing memory

A primary objective in developing a neural prosthesis is to replace neural circuitry in the brain that no longer functions appropriately. Such a goal requires artificial reconstruction of neuron-to-neuron connections in a way that can be recognized by the remaining normal circuitry, and that promotes appropriate interaction. In this study, the application of a specially designed neural prosthesis using a multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear model is demonstrated by using trains of electrical stimulation pulses to substitute for MIMO model derived ensemble firing patterns. Ensembles of CA3 and CA1 hippocampal neurons, recorded from rats performing a delayed-nonmatch-to-sample (DNMS) memory task, exhibited successful encoding of trial-specific sample lever information in the form of different spatiotemporal firing patterns. MIMO patterns, identified online and in real-time, were employed within a closed-loop behavioral paradigm. Results showed that the model was able to predict successful performance on the same trial. Also, MIMO model-derived patterns, delivered as electrical stimulation to the same electrodes, improved performance under normal testing conditions and, more importantly, were capable of recovering performance when delivered to animals with ensemble hippocampal activity compromised by pharmacologic blockade of synaptic transmission. These integrated experimental-modeling studies show for the first time that, with sufficient information about the neural coding of memories, a neural prosthesis capable of real-time diagnosis and manipulation of the encoding process can restore and even enhance cognitive, mnemonic processes.
Las virtudes del sistema binominal

El sistema unico de elecciones legislativas chileno, en el que cada distrito elige a dos representantes (M=2), ha sido objeto de controversia y de propuestas de reforma, ya que fue impuesto por el regimen autoritario saliente en 1990. La mayor parte de ellas aboga por la llamada mayor proporcionalidad. Este ensayo sostiene que, a pesar de sus origenes no democraticos, el sistema M=2 ha funcionado relativamente bien respecto a los sistemas empleados en muchos otros paises. En particular, M=2 en Chile entrega una mezcla adecuada de representatividad, gobernabilidad y responsabilidad individual del legislador. El ensayo considera varias alternativas para la reforma y perfila algunos problemas potenciales que cada una implicaria. Si se reforma el sistema chileno, entonces el autor recomienda que se haga por pasos incrementales, no fundamentales –un aumento moderado en la magnitud de cada distrito–, pero manteniendo las listas abiertas y no haciendo el salto a un sistema mixto de miembros (SMM).
Mitochondrial calcium transport: mechanisms and functions.

Ca(2+)transport across the mitochondrial inner membrane is facilitated by transporters having four distinct sets of characteristics as well as through the Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP). There are two modes of inward transport, referred to as the Ca(2+)uniporter and the rapid mode or RaM. There are also two distinct mechanisms mediating outward transport, which are not associated with the PTP, referred to as the Na(+)-dependent and the Na(+)-independent Ca(2+)efflux mechanisms. Several important functions have been proposed for these mechanisms, including control of the metabolic rate for cellular energy (ATP) production, modulation of the amplitude and shape of cytosolic Ca(2+)transients, and induction of apoptosis through release of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial inter membrane space into the cytosolic space. The goals of this review are to survey the literature describing the characteristics of the mechanisms of mitochondrial Ca(2+)transport and their proposed physiological functions, emphasizing the more recent contributions, and to consider how the observed characteristics of the mitochondrial Ca(2+)transport mechanisms affect our understanding of their functions.
Further evidence of contour currents in the Western North Atlantic

A study of compass-oriented sea-floor photographs, echograms and sediment cores on the Atlantic continental margin of North America has been made in order to evaluate the role of deep-sea contour currents in the shaping of the continental rise. The sediments on the upper continental rise consist of lutites which are being deposited on the sea floor in an environment devoid of strong bottom currents. Below an abrupt change in regional slope, that marks the boundary between the upper and lower continental rise, a swift bottom current is observed which flows to the southwest parallel to the contours. Beneath this current the surface sediments are distinctly coarser grained and long cores show many quartz silt laminations in the sedimentary column. Further downslope on the lower continental rise the currents are variable in direction and weaker. Measurements of northerly directions indicate that at certain locations the Gulf Stream may intermittently scour the sea floor. In the area of the Lower Continental Rise Hill a swift southwesterly current is again observed. Hyperbolic echo traces on echograms, prolonged multiple echo sequences, and wedging of sub-bottom reflecting interfaces can be mapped as distinct zones. These zones of sea floor micromorphology parallel the regional contours of the continental rise, and are produced by erosional and depositional processes of bottom currents. We conclude that the continental rise is a large sediment wedge which owes its shape to deep geostrophic contour currents.
Superfluid Solitons in Helium Films

It is shown that in monolayer superfluid ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ films, in addition to third-sound modes, small amplitude effects can lead to the existence of gapless solitons made up of superfluid condensate. These nonlinear excitations can be created by localized perturbations in the superfluid density. The conditions are studied under which such initial disturbance evolves into an ordered string of solitons, and the differences to be expected in thicker films are discussed.
The antioxidant effect of 2,2',3,3'-tetrahydroxy-5,5'-dimethyl biphenyl.

The antioxidant effect of 2,2′,3,3′-tetrahy-droxy dimethyl biphenyl (T. D. B. P.) was determined in lard, corn oil, and soybean oil, with and without the synergist citric acid, using the Swift stability method. Nordihydro-guaiaretic acid (N. D. G. A.) was also tested under the same conditions. T. D. B. P. was shown to be considerably more effective in lard and corn oil than N. D. G. A. In the case of soybean oil, T. D. B. P. was slightly better than N. D. G. A.
Are hepatic and muscle T2 values different at 0.5 and 1.5 Tesla

In an effort to determine whether T2 values of liver and muscle change with increasing field strength, 144 abdominal MR examinations were retrospectively evaluated. These patients were evaluated with a dual echo T2-weighted spin-echo sequence. Eighty-two of the examinations were performed at 0.5 Tesla and 72 at 1.5 Tesla (T). Eleven of the patients were evaluated with both MR systems with the same sequences. T2 values were also obtained from a Fe NH4(SO4)2 12H2O phantom. The T2 values of liver decreased from 57.8 ± 11.3 at 0.5 T to 43.7 ± 8.3 at 1.5 T. The T2 values of muscle decreased from 44.2 ± 9 at 0.5 T to 35.4 ± 7.2 at 1.5 T. Patients who were examined on both systems also demonstrated a decrease in both liver and muscle T2 values. For concentrations in the range of hepatic T2's, the phantom demonstrated a decrease in T2 values from 0.5 to 1.5 T ranging from 20.3 to 23.4%. All the T2 changes were statistically significant (p < .05). The findings suggest that T2 values may depend on field strength, or may vary due to other hardware-related differences.
Renal disease: the effects of HIV and antiretroviral therapy and the implications for early antiretroviral therapy initiation.

Purpose of the reviewThis review will summarize the relevant literature supporting the early initiation of antiretroviral therapy among persons with HIV and kidney disease.Recent findingsRecent guidelines support the initiation of antiretroviral therapy among persons with HIVAN as soon as the diagno
Randomized trial of transversus abdominis plane block at total laparoscopic hysterectomy: effect of regional analgesia on quality of recovery.

Objective The objective of the study was to determine whether transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block improves the early postoperative quality of recovery (QoR-40). The secondary objectives measured postoperative pain, length of stay, and narcotic use. Study Design This was a randomized, single-blinded trial of TAP block versus no block on women undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy. TAP block patients received 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine with epinephrine 1:200,000 placed under ultrasound guidance on each side. The outcomes were measured using validated quality of recovery questionnaires (QoR-40), visual analog scales (VAS) for pain, and documented narcotic use in the electronic medical record. Results In 58 women, no differences in demographics were noted between groups. Comparisons of pain and recovery between the 2 groups showed no differences. There was no decrease in narcotic use or length of stay among those who received the TAP block. Conclusions TAP block does not improve postoperative QoR-40 scores or VAS pain scores following laparoscopic hysterectomy, nor does it decrease narcotic pain medication use.
Promotional effect of carbon monoxide on the decomposition of ethylene over an iron catalyst

The authors have used growth of filamentous carbon in conjunction with the gas-phase product distribution as a probe of the reactivity of a powdered iron catalyst when exposed to a carbon-containing gas environment. During the course of a series of reactions designed to examine the differences in carbon deposition characteristics exhibited by CO and C[sub 2]H[sub 4] over iron, an unexpected pattern of behavior was found. Exposure of the metal to a C[sub 2]H[sub 4]-H[sub 2] mixture at 600[degrees]C resulted in only minor decomposition of the olefin; however, upon addition of a small amount of CO to the system, there was a dramatic increase in the amount of filamentous carbon formed, of which the major fraction could be attributed to decomposition of C[sub 2]H[sub 4]. Maximum reactivity was achieved with a C[sub 2]H[sub 4]-CO-H[sub 2] (3:1:1) mixture, and it was apparent that CO was responsible for not only promoting the formation of solid carbon, but also inducing the conversion of C[sub 2]H[sub 4] to C[sub 2]H[sub 6]. Removal of CO from the system resulted in a rapid decline in catalytic activity, however, upon reintroduction of CO activity was restored to its initial high level, indicating that the reversible nature ofmore » the activation-deactivation processes. This behavior is rationalized in terms of a reconstruction of the iron surface in the presence of coadsorbed CO which results in the possible formation of various faces with differing reactivity characteristics, and a relaxation when CO is removed from the reactant. 56 refs., 7 figs., 3 tabs.« less
Pruritus of ILVEN relieved by topical pimecrolimus cream

PRURITUS OF ILVEN RELIEVED BY TOPICAL PIMECROLIMUS CREAM Noah S Gratch, MD, New York Prebyterian, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, NY, NY, United States, Deng Liang, MD, PhD, New York Prebyterian, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, NY, NY, United States, Rachelle Scott, MD, New York Prebyterian, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, NY, NY, United States, Pai Lao, MD, PhD, New York Prebyterian, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, NY, NY, United States
Indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure with the aid of a digital computer

Abstract Indirect measurement of arterial pressure was carried out using a cuff and a microphone positioned over the brachial artery. Selective sound sampling, data analysis, and remote control of the arm cuff pressure were used. Criteria for “acceptability” of Korotkoff sounds were developed. Sampling of the microphone signal was done at cuff pressures where an acceptable sound was expected. Data obtained in 15 postoperative cardiac patients with this method and with a direct method were compared. Indirect systolic measurements averaged 11 mm. Hg lower than direct measurements. Diastolic averages for direct and indirect pressures were equal.
Evaluating second-order probability judgments with strictly proper scoring rules

Empirical studies have demonstrated that uncertainty about event probabilities, also known as ambiguity or second-order uncertainty, can affect decision makers’ choice preferences. Despite the importance of second-order uncertainty in decision making, almost no effort has been directed towards the development of methods that evaluate the accuracy of second-order probabilities. In this paper, we describe conditions under which strictly proper scoring rules can be used to assess the accuracy of second-order probability judgments. We investigate the effectiveness of using a particular strictly proper scoring rule the ranked probability score - to discourage biased assessments of second-order uncertainty.
A Computational Model to Predict the Effects of Class I Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs on Ventricular Rhythms

A long-sought, and thus far elusive, goal has been to develop drugs to manage diseases of excitability. One such disease that affects millions each year is cardiac arrhythmia, which occurs when electrical impulses in the heart become disordered, sometimes causing sudden death. Pharmacological management of cardiac arrhythmia has failed because it is not possible to predict how drugs that target cardiac ion channels, and have intrinsically complex dynamic interactions with ion channels, will alter the emergent electrical behavior generated in the heart. Here, we applied a computational model, which was informed and validated by experimental data, that defined key measurable parameters necessary to simulate the interaction kinetics of the anti-arrhythmic drugs flecainide and lidocaine with cardiac sodium channels. We then used the model to predict the effects of these drugs on normal human ventricular cellular and tissue electrical activity in the setting of a common arrhythmia trigger, spontaneous ventricular ectopy. The model forecasts the clinically relevant concentrations at which flecainide and lidocaine exacerbate, rather than ameliorate, arrhythmia. Experiments in rabbit hearts and simulations in human ventricles based on magnetic resonance images validated the model predictions. This computational framework initiates the first steps toward development of a virtual drug-screening system that models drug-channel interactions and predicts the effects of drugs on emergent electrical activity in the heart.
Lift modulation with lateral wing-tip blowing

The utilization of a thin jet of air exiting in the spanwise direction from a slot at each of the tips of a straight wing has been investigated as a means of generating weak lift modulation. A theory showing the analytical relationship between blowing intensity and aerodynamic forces was developed and its results were compared against experiments. It was found that the lift gain due to lateral blowing depends on the /3 power of the jet blowing intensity.
Structural Analysis of an Extracellular Polysaccharide of Porodisculus pendulus

(1981). Structural Analysis of an Extracellular Polysaccharide of Porodisculus pendulus. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry: Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 525-526.
Simultaneous Determination of Niacin, Niacinamide, Pyridoxine, Thiamine, and Riboflavin in Multivitamin Blends by Ion-Pair High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography

A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure for the simultaneous determination of niacin, niacinamide, pyridoxine, thiamine, and riboflavin was developed and applied to the analysis of multivitamin blends for these water-soluble vitamins. Reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography, using sodium hexanesulfonate as the counterion, was employed. Analysis time is shortened considerably and precision is improved by the application of this analytical technique as compared to the current official methods of analysis. Involved sample pretreatment is not required.
TCDD alters the extracellular matrix and basal lamina of the fetal mouse kidney.

The teratogenic effects of the dioxin 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) have previously been studied in several species, and hydronephrosis has been reported to be a frequent abnormality in near-term fetuses. C57BL/6N female mice, given 12 micrograms/kg TCDD, P.O., on day 10 of gestation were killed on days 14, 15, and 16; fetal kidneys were collected and prepared for either immunofluorescent localization of several extracellular matrix components (ECM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TCDD-treated and control kidneys showed the same pattern of staining for fibronectin, but TCDD-treated kidneys displayed a diminished overall intensity. The intensity of laminin and type IV collagen immunofluorescence also appeared to be decreased, and deviations in the pattern of antibody binding were detected for differentiating TCDD-treated nephrons. Binding of the laminin antibody to the basal lamina was decreased in the parietal layer of Bowman's capsules in more advanced stages of differentiation. TEM analysis focused on the basal lamina of the tubules and Bowman's capsule. In TCDD-exposed kidneys, ECM components adjacent to differentiating nephrons were less abundant, and the basal lamina of the developing Bowman's capsules had a diminished lamina densa. The earliest nephrons to develop display these defects and comprise the first functional filtration units of the metanephric kidney. These ultrastructural changes noted in TCDD-exposed nephrons may promote proteinuria, a condition normally observed in the developing kidney when the filtration barrier is immature.
Internet Telephony: Effects on the Universal Service Program in the UnitedStates

Internet phone services have grown from technical novelty to a competitive threat for traditional circuit-switched telecommunications. Using available telecommunication deployment statistics in the United States and modeling software, this paper presents two scenarios that investigate the potential impact of Internet telephony on universal service programs. They test whether the introduction of this technology and the way it could potentially be regulated would sufficiently reduce contributing carriers’ revenues to threaten the viability of the Universal Service Program. We conclude that the regulatory policies developed in the past century to support universal service have been obsolesced by the innovation and creative destruction of Internet telephony.
Reduction technique for tire contact problems

A reduction technique and a computational procedure are presented for predicting the tire contact response and evaluating the sensitivity coefficients of the different response quantities. The sensitivity coefficients measure the sensitivity of the contact response to variations in the geometric and material parameters of the tire. The tire is modeled using a two-dimensional laminated anisotropic shell theory with the effects of variation in geometric and material parameters, transverse shear deformation and geometric nonlinearities included. The contact conditions are incorporated into the formulation by using a perturbed Lagrangian approach with the fundamental unknowns consisting of the stress resultants, the generalized displacements, and the Lagrange multipliers associated with the contact conditions. The elemental arrays are obtained by using a modified two-field, mixed variational principle. For the application of the reduction technique, the tire finite element model is partitioned into two regions. The first region consists of the nodes that are likely to come in contact with the pavement, and the second region includes all the remaining nodes. The reduction technique is used to significantly reduce the degrees of freedom in the second region. The effectiveness of the computational procedure is demonstrated by a numerical example of the frictionless contact response of the space shuttle nose-gear tire, inflated and pressed against a rigid flat surface.
Fe3+/H+ and D/H in kaersutites—Misleading indicators of mantle source fugacities

Hornblende megacrysts from basaltic flows in several locations have been studied by means of the electron microprobe, Mossbauer spectroscopy, uranium extraction techniques, and mass spectrometry to define the interrelations between the concentrations of Fe 3+ and H + , and the hydrogen isotope partitioning (D/H) in mantle amphiboles. Results indicate a nearly perfect inverse relation between Fe 3+ content and H + content; no relation is observed between D/H partitioning and wt% H 2 O. A review of diffusion data for amphiboles suggests that the observed increase in Fe 3+ content with decreasing H + content may represent partial dehydration of the amphiboles during ascent. Thus, Fe 3+ and H + contents measured on amphiboles at Earth9s surface may not represent mantle conditions. Instead, high Fe 3+ contents may be indicative of high H + contents in the mantle source region rather than high mantle oxygen fugacities.
Additivity studies of the stopping powers of eleven halogenated hydrocarbons for protons and alpha particles.

Recent accurate measurements of the stopping powers of eleven halogenated hydrocarbon compounds for protons and \ensuremath{\alpha} particles in the respective energy intervals of 0.5--2.1 MeV and 1.6--3.0 MeV have been analyzed in the context of Bethe theory, modified by inclusion of Barkas-effect and Bloch terms. The values of various parameters of the formulation were ascertained through two- and three-parameter fits to the data. The results were generally consistent with anticipated deviations from the additivity rule.
Toward long-term, automated ship hull inspection with visual SLAM, explicit surface optimization, and generic graph-sparsification

This paper reports on a method for an autonomous underwater vehicle to perform real-time visual simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) on large ship hulls over multiple sessions. Along with a monocular camera, our method uses a piecewise-planar model to explicitly optimize the ship hull surface in our factor-graph framework, and anchor nodes to co-register multiple surveys. To enable realtime performance for long-term SLAM, we use the recent Generic Linear Constraints (GLC) framework to sparsify our factor-graph. This paper analyzes how our single-session SLAM techniques can be used in the GLC framework, and describes a particle filter reacquisition algorithm so that an underwater session can be automatically re-localized to a previously built SLAM graph. We provide real-world experimental results involving automated ship hull inspection, and show that our localization filter out-performs Fast Appearance-Based Mapping (FAB-MAP), a popular place-recognition system. Using our approach, we can automatically align surveys that were taken days, months, and even years apart.
Information-processing theories and mathematics learning: the role of affect

Abstract Information-processing theories have been heavily influenced by the development of artificial intelligence and computer technology. This technological orientation has led to the neglect of affective issues in the application of information-processing theories to mathematics learning. This chapter outlines important aspects of the affective domain in the context of mathematics education, and indicates how affective factors can be included in research that uses an information-processing perspective. The affective domain is described in terms of student beliefs, attitudes, and emotions, and research on each of these aspects is summarized. The application of various information-processing concepts (such as short-term memory and automaticity) in research on affect is discussed, and strengths and weaknesses of the approach are indicated.
Histidine-282 in 5-Aminolevulinate Synthase Affects Substrate Binding and Catalysis

5-Aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS), the first enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway in mammalian cells, is a member of the alpha-oxoamine synthase family of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes. In all structures of the enzymes of the -oxoamine synthase family, a conserved histidine hydrogen bonds with the phenolic oxygen of the PLP cofactor and may be significant for substrate binding, PLP positioning, and maintenance of the pKa of the imine nitrogen. In ALAS, replacing the equivalent histidine, H282, with alanine reduces the catalytic efficiency for glycine 450-fold and decreases the slow phase rate for glycine binding by 85%. The distribution of the absorbing 420 and 330 nm species was altered with an A420/A330 ratio increased from 0.45 to 1.05. This shift in species distribution was mirrored in the cofactor fluorescence and 300-500 nm circular dichroic spectra and likely reflects variation in the tautomer distribution of the holoenzyme. The 300-500 nm circular dichroism spectra of ALAS and H282A diverged in the presence of either glycine or aminolevulinate, indicating that the reorientation of the PLP cofactor upon external aldimine formation is impeded in H282A. Alterations were also observed in the K(Gly)d value and spectroscopic and kinetic properties, while the K(PLP)d increased 9-fold. Altogether, the results imply that H282 coordinates the movement of the pyridine ring with the reorganization of the active site hydrogen bond network and acts as a hydrogen bond donor to the phenolic oxygen to maintain the protonated Schiff base and enhance the electron sink function of the PLP cofactor.
Steroid and triterpenoid distributions in bransfield strait sediments: Hydrothermally-enhanced diagenetic transformations

Abstract Recent sediments from Bransfield Strait, Antarctica have been analyzed for triterpenoid and steroid hydrocarbons, sterols and steroid ketones to consider the effects of hydrothermal fluids on the sedimentary organic matter. The steroid distributions in unaltered and altered sediments are controlled more by inputs from source organisms than by the effects of hydrothermal activity, which is suggested to be limited to low temperature alteration. Nevertheless, chemical reactions occurred in altered sediments and include dehydration of sterols to sterenes, isomerization of triterpenes and sterenes, rearrangement of sterenes to diasterenes and reductive processes leading to generation of phytane from phytol via phytenes.
Case Method Instruction in the Business Writing Classroom

An effective pedagogy narrows or closes the gap between what is taught in pre- professional communications programs and what is expected on the job. Case studies are often an important element in s...
Divided attention and the matching law: sample duration affects sensitivity to reinforcement allocation.

Previously, we have shown that changes in pigeons’ divided attention performance resulting from changes in relative reinforcement are well described by the generalized matching law. In the present experiment, we examined whether sensitivity of performance to variations in relative reinforcement would be dependent upon sample duration. Pigeons responded on a delayed matching-to-sample procedure with compound samples (color 1 line orientation) and element comparison stimuli (two colors or two line orientations). Relative reinforcement for accurate matches on the two types of comparison trials varied across conditions. Sample duration was short (i.e., 0.75 sec) for half of the trials in a session and longer (i.e., 2.25 sec) for the other half. Sensitivity of accuracy to changes in relative reinforcement was greater with the longer sample than with the shorter sample, suggesting that differential reinforcement alters the allocation of attending to the elements of compound stimuli. Continued examination of the applicability of well-established theories of goal-directed behavior to the allocation of attention may provide further insights into what is variously referred to as goal-directed, voluntary, endogenous, or top-down control of attention.