cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of Volumetric Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Progression of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1.

Background Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) causes progressive degeneration of the cerebellum and brainstem. Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was shown to be more sensitive to disease progression than the most sensitive clinical measure, the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA), in longitudinal studies, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was shown to detect neurochemical abnormalities with high sensitivity cross-sectionally in SCA1. Objectives The objectives of this study were to compare the sensitivities to change of volumetric MRI, MRS, and SARA in a 3-year longitudinal study in SCA1. Methods A total of 16 early-to-moderate stage patients with SCA1 (SARA 0-14) and 21 matched healthy participants were scanned up to 3 times with 1.5-year intervals. Ataxia severity was assessed with SARA. T1-weighted images and magnetic resonance spectra from the cerebellar vermis, cerebellar white matter, and pons were acquired at 3T. Results The pontine total N-acetylaspartate-to-myo-inositol ratio was the most sensitive MRS measure to change (-3.9 ± 4.6%/yr in SCA1 vs. -0.3 ± 3.5%/yr in controls; P < 0.02), and the pontine volume was the most sensitive MRI measure to change (-2.6 ± 1.2%/yr in SCA1 vs. -0.1 ± 1.2 in controls; P < 0.02). Effect size (mean percent change/standard deviation of percent change) of pontine volume was highest (-2.13) followed by pontine N-acetylaspartate-to-myo-inositol ratio (-0.84) and SARA (+0.60). The pontine N-acetylaspartate-to-myo-inositol ratio was abnormal for 1 premanifest patient at all visits and predicted study withdrawal as a result of disease progression in 3 patients. Conclusion Both MRI and MRS were more sensitive to disease progression than SARA in SCA1. Pontine volume was most sensitive to change, whereas MRS may have more sensitivity at the premanifest stage and predictive value for disease progression.
Formal Dimension for Semisimple Symmetric Spaces

If G is a semisimple Lie group and (π, \(\mathcal{H}\)) an irreducible unitary representation of G with square integrable matrix coefficients, then there exists a number d(π) such that $$(\forall v,v',w,w' \in \mathcal{H}) \frac{1}{{d(\pi )}}\left\langle {v,v'} \right\rangle \left\langle {w',w} \right\rangle = \int_G {\left\langle {\pi (g).v,w} \right\rangle \overline {\left\langle {\pi (g).v'.w'} \right\rangle } } d\mu _G (g).$$ The constant d(π) is called the formal dimension of (π, \(\mathcal{H}\)) and was computed by Harish-Chandra in [HC56, 66]. If now H∖G is a semisimple symmetric space and (π, \(\mathcal{H}\)) an irreducible H-spherical unitary (π, \(\mathcal{H}\)) belonging to the holomorphic discrete series of H∖G, then one can define a formal dimension d(π) in an analogous manner. In this paper we compute d(π) for these classes of representations.
Increased Nonexudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration Diagnosis Among Medicare Beneficiaries With Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Purpose AMD is the leading cause of blindness in the United States. The role of secondary inflammatory disease on AMD progression is largely unknown. Here we investigate the association between AMD and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), using MarketScan data for patients aged ≥65 years on Medicare. Methods Baseline data were extracted for subjects with at least two International Classification, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) diagnosis codes of RA and control subjects (no RA) and were matched at baseline by propensity score. Matched cohort data were extracted post-baseline time and examined up to 4.5 years of follow-up for ICD-9 diagnosis code AMD records. Multivariable regression models compared risk of an AMD diagnosis post-baseline for RA subjects and matched controls. Days until first AMD diagnosis between RA patients and controls was examined using survival analysis. Results Risk of new AMD diagnosis was elevated in RA patients (odds ratio [OR] 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.98-2.18), with an increase in nonexudative AMD patients (P < 0.0001). Risk was elevated in female (n = 27,548) (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.05-1.17) compared with male (n = 9704; P < 0.001) patients. The time to first AMD diagnosis was shorter for RA subjects than controls (P < 0.0001). Conclusions Our analysis provides support of association between RA diagnosis and increased nonexudative AMD diagnosis.
A donnybrook in downtown? Observations of controlling aggression and the use of effective place management in a southern entertainment area

Much of the research conducted on aggressive behavior outside of bars has been limited to large entertainment districts outside the USA. These studies consistently show that overcrowding and lack of patron control are main contributors to aggressive behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine if effective place managers and guardians could mitigate acts of aggression in smaller entertainment areas. Based on the work of Townsley and Grimshaw (Crime Prev Community Saf 15(1):23–47, 2013), observations of aggressive behavior were conducted on one street block in downtown Little Rock, Arkansas, on Friday night/Saturday mornings, over a 6-week period, totaling 24 h. Findings show the cities use of effective place mangers and capable guardians (e.g., police, bouncers, door attendants, and barricades) significantly limited the opportunities for aggression to rise to critical levels. Comparing these results to prior literature, the absence of aggressive behavior was attributed to proper place management and environmental design.
Current Nutrition Screening & Assessment Practices in Use According to Members of the Texas and Arkansas Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

Registered dietitians use nutrition screening tools and assessments to identify patients at risk for malnutrition in acute care settings. According to the Joint Commission, identifying patients at ...
Detection of Nucleotide Polymorphisms using Dielectrophoresis

We developed a label-free biosensor for the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms based on dielectrophoresis. We demonstrate that this method can identify the last nucleotide in a single-strand DNA with ten nucleotides.
Dupilumab (Dupixent) for Asthma.

Dupilumab is an effective injectable drug that decreases asthma exacerbations and the need for an oral glucocorticoid in patients with moderate to severe asthma, particularly those with high eosinophil counts.
Healthcare Staff Knowledge Assessment of Common Medical Acronyms

Background: Acronyms in healthcare are used often but can present potential patient safety issues when staff are not familiar with the terminology. Previous studies regarding acronym use have demonstrated knowledge gaps for healthcare professionals. There are specific acronyms related to hospital-acquired conditions (HAC). The HAC workgroup at our institution collaborates with the national organization, Solutions for Patient Safety (SPS), to reduce and prevent these conditions. It was felt that many staff do not recognize some of the frequently used HAC acronyms. A staff survey to identify HAC acronyms was done to determine educational needs. Methods: The aim of this quality improvement study was to assess staff knowledge of commonly used HAC related acronyms in a pediatric healthcare setting. The local institutional review board determined the project was not human subject research. Respiratory therapists (RTs), nurses, and physicians were provided with a list of 13 HAC acronyms to identify without assistance. It was not specified that the acronyms were HAC related. The acronyms were HAC, SPS, catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), unplanned extubation (UPE), pressure injury (PI), central line associated blood stream infection (CLABSI), ventilator associated event (VAE), venous thromboembolism (VTE), viral respiratory illness (VRI), ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP), surgical site infection (SSI), peripheral intravenous infiltration and extravasation (PIVIE) and adverse drug event (ADE). HAC workgroup members not involved in developing the survey also completed the survey for comparison. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: There were 65 participants including 35 nurses, 25 RTs and 5 physicians. No one was able to correctly identify all 13 acronyms. Overall, VAP (74%), VRI (69%) and CAUTI (62%) had the largest percentage of correct responses while SSI (8%), ADE (5%) and SPS (2%) had the least. Physicians had the most correct responses (46%) followed by nurses (41%) and RTs (17%). SSI was commonly identified as social security income by all disciplines. No RT identified VTE as the HAC related acronym. From the HAC workgroup, 6 nurses completed the survey with 99% of correct responses. Conclusions: Based on the survey results, education regarding HAC acronyms is warranted for all disciplines. VTE and SSI have additional definitions not related to HAC which could be easily confused. Disclosures: None
Global contributions of mesoscale dynamics to meridional heat transport

Abstract. Mesoscale ocean processes are prevalent in many parts of the global oceans and may contribute substantially to the meridional movement of heat. Yet earlier global surveys of meridional temperature fluxes and heat transport (HT) have not formally distinguished between mesoscale and large-scale contributions, or they have defined eddy contributions based on temporal rather than spatial characteristics. This work uses spatial filtering methods to separate large-scale (gyre and planetary wave) contributions from mesoscale (eddy, recirculation, and tropical instability wave) contributions to meridional HT. Overall, the mesoscale temperature flux (MTF) produces a net poleward meridional HT at midlatitudes and equatorward meridional HT in the tropics, thereby resulting in a net divergence of heat from the subtropics. In addition to MTF generated by propagating eddies and tropical instability waves, MTF is also produced by stationary recirculations near energetic western boundary currents, where the temperature difference between the boundary current and its recirculation produces the MTF. The mesoscale contribution to meridional HT yields substantially different results from temporally based “eddy” contributions to meridional HT, with the latter including large-scale gyre and planetary wave motions at low latitudes. Mesoscale temperature fluxes contribute the most to interannual and decadal variability of meridional HT in the Southern Ocean, the tropical Indo-Pacific, and the North Atlantic. Surface eddy kinetic energy (EKE) is not a good proxy for MTF variability in regions with the highest time-mean EKE, though it does explain much of the temperature flux variability in regions of modest time-mean EKE. This approach to quantifying mesoscale fluxes can be used to improve parameterizations of mesoscale effects in coarse-resolution models and assess regional impacts of mesoscale eddies and recirculations on tracer fluxes.
Examining Tornado Vulnerability in Kansas with Recent Findings from an EF4 Tornado

AbstractTornadoes are one of the most frequently occurring natural hazards in the United States, yet historically they have been understudied in the engineering and social science literature. This ...
The Clinical Definition of Overbasalization

This commentary will discuss the issue of overbasalization. To focus the discussion clinically, let us consider two similar patients whose glycemia has not been well managed on noninsulin drugs and who are both started on basal insulin but have different responses. This is an obese man who has had diabetes for 15 years, with a BMI of 36 kg/m2. His diabetes has not been controlled with maximal doses of metformin, a dipeptidyl dipeptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, and pioglitazone, and his A1C is 9.2%. He is kept on these oral agents, and a basal insulin is initiated and titrated upward. Six months later, the majority of his fasting plasma glucose (FPG) readings are in the range of 140–180 mg/dL, and he is taking 0.7 units/kg of basal insulin. His before-dinner glucose readings range from 160 to 220 mg/dL, and his A1C is 8.1%. Preprandial bolus doses of insulin are started to control his daytime hyperglycemia. This is an obese man who has had diabetes for 9 years with a BMI of 36 kg/m2. His diabetes has not been controlled with maximal doses of metformin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, and pioglitazone, and his A1C is 9.2%. He is kept on these oral agents, and a basal insulin is initiated and titrated upward. Six months later, the majority of his FPG readings are in the range of 100–130 mg/dL, and he is taking 0.7 units/kg of basal insulin. His before-dinner glucose readings range from 160 to 220 mg/dL, and his A1C is 8.1%. His basal insulin dose is titrated upward to 0.9 units/kg to control his daytime hyperglycemia, but he begins to complain of hypoglycemia, occurring mostly overnight but sometimes during the day when he misses or delays a meal. Cowart (1) defined “overbasalization” in an article about clinical inertia …
What Are the Health Consequences of Upward Mobility

Health disparities by socioeconomic status (SES) have been extensively documented, but less is known about the physical health implications of achieving upward mobility. This article critically rev...
Increased insulin signaling in the Anopheles stephensi fat body regulates metabolism and enhances the host response to both bacterial challenge and Plasmodium falciparum infection.

Abstract In vertebrates and invertebrates, the insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling (IIS) cascade is highly conserved and plays a vital role in many different physiological processes . Among the many tissues that respond to IIS in mosquitoes, the fat body has a central role in metabolism, lifespan, reproduction, and innate immunity. We previously demonstrated that fat body specific expression of active Akt, a key IIS signaling molecule, in adult Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti activated the IIS cascade and extended lifespan. Additionally, we found that transgenic females produced more vitellogenin (Vg) protein than non-transgenic mosquitoes, although this did not translate into increased fecundity. These results prompted us to further examine how IIS impacts immunity, metabolism, growth and development of these transgenic mosquitoes. We observed significant changes in glycogen, trehalose , triglycerides , glucose, and protein in young (3–5 d) transgenic mosquitoes relative to non-transgenic sibling controls, while only triglycerides were significantly changed in older (18 d) transgenic mosquitoes. More importantly, we demonstrated that enhanced fat body IIS decreased both the prevalence and intensity of Plasmodium falciparum infection in transgenic An. stephensi. Additionally, challenging transgenic An. stephensi with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria altered the expression of several antimicrobial peptides ( AMPs) and two anti-Plasmodium genes, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and thioester complement-like protein (TEP1), relative to non-transgenic controls. Increased IIS in the fat body of adult female An. stephensi had little to no impact on body size, growth or development of progeny from transgenic mosquitoes relative to non-transgenic controls. This study both confirms and expands our understanding of the critical roles insulin signaling plays in regulating the diverse functions of the mosquito fat body.
The Kronikoen-Sarea Virtual Community of Chronic Patients: Research Lessons

Kronikoen-Sarea, the virtual community of patients, is an initiative of the Basque health system to support the quality of life of patients diagnosed with one or more chronic diseases in the Basque Country. The evidence-based platform research related to chronic illness management, patient empowerment, and resilience-oriented assumptions informed the creation of a community for chronic patients. It is a patient-centred approach and encourages the outsourcing of the disease instead of the disease chronic central dimension that defines the patient. The design and implementation of a virtual support network for chronic patients was launched in 2012 after piloting it with the participation of self-help patient associations. Our presentation will report on the lessons learned from a mixed method study that systematically analysed via a mixed method design that included a survey (N=1247; n=140) and online synchronous and asynchronous focus groups, plus social media analytics. We evaluated the characteristics of the community, its impact on quality of life, and an exploration of its bearing in addressing the growing challenge of chronic illness. Participants are overall satisfied with the platform. They particularly value the ability to control the levels of privacy. A small group of high utilizers adopt most of the platform tools but a most of participants are generally passive readers, i.e., users have not added friends. Despite having been designed with the goal of patients being able to obtain social support in managing their chronic illness, most of the content shared is not related to health or illness concerns. Similarly, the users do not perceive that being part of the community has an impact on managing their health. Some members emphasized, in the group discussions the high regard for the healthcare system. However, their participation in the virtual community is perceived as separate and independent from healthcare services. In the survey, similar findings were common. Patients do not comment with their doctor what their online activity is. The patients, who are active in the platform, value the social and emotional support that they give and receive among themselves and maintaining their interactions separate from their doctor-patient relationship. The growth of social networking opportunities for patients across the world has not been accompanied by efforts at collecting evidence of its impact. Based on the quantitative and qualitative findings of our study, methodological, conceptual, policy, and programmatic lessons will be discussed. We will define and characterize a virtual community of patients, discuss the ability of social networking in empowering patients, assess participatory methodological approaches to study virtual communities, and discuss the challenges and opportunities for supporting patients via social networking and virtual communities. []
The hypoplastic right heart complex: Clinical, hemodynamic, pathologic and surgical considerations

Abstract The term hypoplastic right heart complex is proposed to define a diversity of anomalies of the right ventricle and the tricuspid and pulmonary valves. Based on the angiocardio-graphic and pathologic findings in 10 patients, the cases were divided into four types: Type I, moderate-sized right ventricular cavity (functioning right ventricle), moderate tricuspid stenosis, well formed pulmonary valve but with orifice either stenotic or atretic (4 cases). Type II, small right ventricle (nonfunctioning), rudimentary tricuspid valve and atretic pulmonary valve (3 cases). Type III, same as type I but in association with ventricular septal defect (2 cases). Type IV, isolated hypoplasia of the right ventricle (1 case). The patients ranged in age from a few days to 10 months. Cyanosis, with or without congestive heart failure, was present in all. The electrocardiogram was not characteristic. Hemodynamic studies were available in 5 patients. The right ventricular pressure was higher than systemic pressure in type I, slightly elevated in type II and normal in type IV. A large diastolic gradient was measured across the tricuspid valve in types I and II. In type III no studies were available. The angiocardiogram was of prime value in differentiating among the four types. Successful surgical management depends on an accurate delineation of the various malformed structures.
The Resilience of Law

The development of "law and economics" over the last half-century has expanded and reinforced a perception among academic lawyers that law itself is a social science. During the same period social science has moved closer to the discipline of natural science and the presuppositions and methods of its thought and work. This essay explores why law is not and cannot be a social science, and why there are grounds for hope in a future for democracy grounded in the rule of law.
Making a difference in the workplace

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on the sixth international conference on occupational stress and health.Design/methodology/approach – In March 2006, the sixth international conference on occupational stress and health was held jointly by the American Psychological Association (APA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in Miami. The conference title was “Work, Stress, and Health 2006: Making a Difference in the Workplace” . Papers presented at the conference provided important insight on the growing body of diversity literature.Findings – Specifically, researchers found that diversity plays a significant role in understanding the effects of occupational stress. Stress may be preceived differently, dealth with differently and may have different outcomes for minorities than with male Caucasians.Practical Implications – The session on Interpersonal violence suggested that researchers should consider the employment status and occupational level of victims. Furt...
Use of functional status measures for payment of medical rehabilitation services

Abstract In the search for an appropriate payment system for medical rehabilitation hospitals and units, the use of a functional status measure (FSM) has emerged as a recurring theme. Conceptually, functional status measurement is important because the primary goal of medical rehabilitation is to enhance patient function and independence. Studies indicate that functional status and functional gain are among the best predictors of resource utilization at rehabilitation facilities. This article examines conceptually the use of FSMs in payment for medical rehabilitation in two different types of payment systems—as a means of classifying patients for purposes of determining the applicable payment amount (ie, a "classification system"), and as a means of justifying that payment, or continued payment, for services is appropriate (ie, a "justification system"). Several payment models using an FSM are described and analyzed. An agenda for future research is proposed.
Angiotensin II receptor type-1a knockdown in subfornical organ prevents sustained increase in mean arterial pressure associated with chronic intermittent hypoxia (686.20)

Sleep apnea (SA) is associated with a sustained increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) even during waking hours. Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) models the hypoxemia associated with SA and produces elevated MAP during CIH and normoxia. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is implicated in the CIH associated increase in MAP. Subfornical organ (SFO), a forebrain circumventricular organ, lacks blood brain barrier and is a major site for the central effects of circulating Ang II. We investigated the effects of Ang II type 1a receptor knockdown (AT1aRKD) in the SFO on CIH hypertension in adult male rats. Adeno-associated viral vectors carrying GFP and either AT1aR shRNA or scrambled shRNA (SCM) were injected in SFO. Using laser-capture microdissection and qRT-PCR of amino-allyl RNA, AT1aRKD rats showed decreased SFO AT1aRmRNA in comparison with SCM rats (p<0.05). During light phase, the AT1aRKD rats exposed to CIH(3 min 10% O2 and 3 min room air cycles for 8 h during light phase for 7 d) exhibited significant increase...
Neonatal Circulatory Changes: An Echocardiographic Study

Serial echocardiograms were performed in the first three days of life on 38 normal full-term infants. Right ventricular systolic time intervals were measured from the pulmonic valve echogram and left ventricular systolic time intervals were determined from the aortic valve echogram. The heart rate, left ventricular pre-ejection period (LPEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and LPEP/LVET ratio showed insignificant variation with increasing postnatal age. The right ventricular pre-ejection period (RPEP) shortened, the right ventricular ejection time (RVET) lengthened, and the RPEP/RVET ratio decreased with increasing age. The findings suggested that alterations in the RPEP/RVET ratio reflected the decreasing pulmonary artery diastolic pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance of the early neonatal period and may be valuable in the noninvasive evaluation of the newborn9s pulmonary vascular bed.
Morphogenesis of Poliovirus II. Demonstration of a New Intermediate, the Proviron

Poliovirus-infected cells contain a previously unrecognized particle which appears to be an intermediate in virion synthesis and therefore has been named proviron. It sediments at about 125S, contains the three procapsid proteins, VP-0, VP-1, and VP-3, and has 35S viral RNA. It is disrupted both by sodium dodecyl sulfate and EDTA but the RNA resists digestion by ribonuclease. Pulsechase experiments and studies employing the virus-specific inhibitor, guanidine, all indicate that the proviron is formed by combination of newly made RNA with the procapsid. Cleavage of VP-0 to form VP-2 and VP-4 follows formation of the provirion and would be the final step in poliovirus morphogenesis.
A single-ended chopper-stabilized ISFET amplifier for continuous pH measurement applications

This paper introduces a novel low-power Ion-Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) readout configuration compatible with standard CMOS technology that utilizes chopping technique to reduce the 1/f noise and the offset of the readout circuitry. In addition, the proposed scheme tackles the well-known non-idealities of the ISFET such as the trapped charge and the long-term drift by using a resetting switch, while suppressing the imperfections of the resetting switch with the proposed chopping amplifier. The readout circuitry can be applied to both continuous time or difference pH measurements. Simulation results using standard 0.35µm CMOS technology shows 20 dB reduction in the output noise while the ISFET readout circuit including the integrator consumes 950nW.
Migration as International Trade: The Economic Gains from the Liberalized Movement of Labor

Although those who currently seek to reduce the level of employment-based and family-based immigration into the United States often advance the economic welfare of natives and distributive justice as reasons to restrict such immigration, neither objective provides a sound justification for reductions in such immigration. This article argues instead that the maximization of national economic welfare would more likely require levels of employment-based and family-based immigration that are higher than those allowed by current U.S. immigration laws. This article sheds light on this issue by taking economic principles commonly applied to international trade and applying them to trade in labor services. This analysis derives the optimal immigration policy from the standpoint of national economic welfare, including both economic efficiency and distributive justice as objectives, and draws upon the latest empirical studies of the economic impact of immigration. In particular, this article describes the immigration policy that would maximize the welfare of natives. Trade principles indicate that the United States should eliminate its immigration quotas and other nontariff protectionist barriers and use immigration tariffs instead. A tariff could take the form of an income tax that discriminates between citizens and aliens. The optimal tariff is positive for immigrants with low incomes but is likely to be negative for immigrants with sufficiently high incomes. These results suggest that skilled immigration should be permitted (indeed encouraged) without quantitative or other protectionist restrictions and that unskilled immigration should be permitted without quantitative restrictions but subject to less generous fiscal policies than those applied to natives. The article concludes with proposals for liberalizing U.S. immigration laws. The article suggests that reciprocal concessions in international negotiations for liberalized trade in services can help overcome the political obstacles to the liberalized movement of labor into the United States.
Defining Boundaries in Theatrical and Ceremonial Space in the Middle Ages

A few years ago I presented here, in Cambridge, a paper devoted to the investigation of recent applications of phenomenological methodology to the interpretation of medieval drama. In that paper, I traced the growing interest in looking at the drama of the Middle Ages with a focus not only on texts but also on actual stage productions. Of course, the problems of staging have been studied diligently, but the bulk of that critical pursuit has been devoted to various aspects of historical, economic, sociological, liturgical or theological contexts. What I tried to point out, in contrast, was an emerging interest in phenomenological theories of perception and conceptualization of space being expressed by a number of medievalists, Clifford Davidson and Pamela Sheingorn, among others. I stressed the fact that: the medieval audience was involved in a theatrical spectacle to a much greater degree than later audiences. To understand, then, the principles behind such concepts as, for example, awareness of space as a highly concretized experience of visual data loaded with meaning, can help us to see these concepts in relation to a larger context of religion, philosophy, and ethics. (Smith 232) Since hermeneutics of spatial organization as one of the phenomenological elements in the interpretation of the medieval theater seems to be gaining momentum, let me contribute yet again to this interest. This time, however, I am enlarging the scope of my investigation by looking at early English drama in the context of the treatment of space in medieval ceremonies. Defining boundaries of theatrical space in the Middle Ages is not a one-way process meant to establish factors ranging from stage dimensions to actors’ interactions with the audience, to the spilling of the performance into the surrounding area. Rather, in order to discuss the medieval understanding of space in relation to the spectacle of the audience, one should also consider some implications disclosed by taking a reverse approach.
Purification of Rabies Virus Grown in Tissue Culture

Extracellular rabies virus, grown in monolayer cultures of BHK21 cells in the presence of medium supplemented with bovine serum albumin, was purified by the following procedure. Virus was precipitated from infectious tissue culture fluid by zinc acetate and was resuspended in a solution of ethylenediaminetetraacetate. The suspension was filtered through a Sephadex column and was treated with ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease. The virions were then pelleted by centrifugation at high speed and were resuspended in buffer solution. Banding of the virus by centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient was the final step in the purification procedure. Purified preparations contained bullet-shaped virus particles of variable length and little (up to 5%) contaminating host-cell material. Most of the virions were "complete", i.e., 180 nm long, but some virus particles were shorter. The length distribution of the virions was nonrandom. Shorter virions seemed to be noninfectious and showed markedly decreased hemagglutinating activity. The complement-fixing activity and the ribonucleic acid to protein ratio of the virions were not related to the length of the virus particles. Although the properties of extracellular and intracellular viruses were similar, the procedure was not suitable for purification of intracellular rabies virus.
Theoretical model for a background noise limited laser-excited optical filter for doubled Nd lasers

A simple theoretical model for the calculation of the dependence of filter quantum efficiency versus laser pump power in an atomic Rb vapor laser-excited optical filter is reported. Calculations for Rb filter transitions that can be used to detect the practical and important frequency-doubled Nd lasers are presented. The results of these calculations show the filter's quantum efficiency versus the laser pump power. The required laser pump powers required range from 2.4 to 60 mW/cm/sup 2/ of filter aperture. >
Different domains of mammalian ADP-ribosylation factor 1 mediate interaction with selected target proteins.

Mammalian ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (mARF1) is a small GTP-binding protein that is activated by a Golgi guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Once bound to the Golgi membranes in the GTP form, mARF1 initiates the recruitment of the adaptor protein 1 (AP-1) complex and coatomer (COPI) onto these membranes and activates phospholipase D1 (PLD1). To map the domains of mARF1 that are important for these activities, we constructed chimeras between mARF1 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ARF2, which functions poorly in all of these processes except COPI recruitment. The carboxyl half of mARF1 (amino acids 95–181) was essential for activation by the Golgi guanine nucleotide exchange factor, whereas a separate domain (residues 35–94) was required to effectively activate PLD1 and to promote efficient AP-1 recruitment. Since residues 35–94 of mARF1 are critical for optimal activity in both PLD1 activation and AP-1 recruitment, we hypothesize that this region of ARF contains residues that interact with effector molecules.
Training mathematical psychology students in the use of a laboratory computer

FRANK M. GOODE University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 Training mathematical psychology students in the use of a laboratory computer PHYSICAL FACILITIES The primary equipment for the laboratory is a Xerox Data Systems Sigma 3 computer. This is a sophisticated process-control computer. The system architecture is defined around eight hardware registers with a sophisticated set of register-to-register, memory-to-register, and register-to-memory transfer instructions. The memory (16-bit words) is multiported to accommodate to the multiprocessor configuration of the basic system, involving independent (parallel) I/O processing and CPU processing. Current memory is composed of 40K words, arranged in three blocks of memory, each block ported both to the I/O processor and to the CPU. Memory is expandable to 65K, with a maximum of four blocks, each with four ports. Memory is functionally partitioned into foreground and background, with real-time processing in foreground protected by programmable hardware memory-protection registers. The real-time hardware priority-interrupt system includes up to 100 external interrupt levels. Four real-time clocks are installed on the computer. A wide range of peripheral equipment has been installed: 200-cpm card reader, 225-lpm line printer, 7-track 20-kc magnetic tape, 3 million character disk (fixed head, 17 msec average access, 170-kc transfer rate), 49 million character-disk pack drive (dual spindle, 87 msec average access, 312 kc transfer rate). Special systems equipment installed on the computer include 72 discrete input and output lines and eight communications lines operating at a variety of baud rates. Future expansion will fill out allowed memory, add a large number of discrete I/O lines, add two 9,600-baud lines, 28 additional slow-speed lines, and a 48,000-baud line linked to the University of Colorado CDC 6400. Terminal equipment now installed includes six Teletype machines (two Model 33KSRs, four Model 37KSRs), two UNIVAC Uniscope 100 keyboard/displays (character oriented), and an XDS character-oriented keyboard/display. Future expansion of terminals will be in the area of keyboard/display equipment and graphics displays. The laboratory is working with the Department of Electrical Engineering on campus to develop a graphics controller capability for the Minuteman I 0-17 computers the two departments own.
Social function changes in children and adolescents with acquired brain injury during inpatient rehabilitation.

Objective : To examine changes in social function capabilities between and within groups of children with six subtypes of acquired brain injury during inpatient rehabilitation. Measure : The Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) Social Functional Skills Scale was administered to 139 children with acquired brain injury (X age = 9.28 years; SD = 5.27). Methods : Scaled summary score changes from hospital admission to discharge for the total group and six diagnostic subgroups were calculated. One-way ANOVAs were performed for the total group and six sub-groups to determine between group differences in amount of change. Within-group changes were examined by paired t -tests, effect sizes and the proportion of children who made a clinically meaningful change ( &#83 10 points). Results : Children with traumatic brain injury demonstrated the greatest amount of change during inpatient rehabilitation, but only significantly greater than children with seizures. Scores were significantly higher at disch...
Regulation of Structural Gene Expression in Tobacco

Abstract We have measured the extent to which structural gene expression is regulated in an entire tobacco plant. Using a sensitive RNA-excess/single-copy DNA hybridization strategy (Galau et al., 1976), our studies reveal that 3.0–3.4 × 10 7 nucleotides of single-copy transcript, or 24,000–27,000 average-sized mRNAs, are present in the polysomes of each organ system (leaf, root, stem, petal, anther and ovary). These mRNA sets are transcribed individually from 4.7-5.2% of the single-copy DNA. Approximately 1 × 10 7 nucleotides of single-copy transcript, or 8000 diverse mRNAs, were shown to be shared by the polysomes of all organs. The sequence composition of the remaining polysomal mRNAs was found to be highly regulated, each organ having at least 8 × 10 6 nucleotides of mRNA complexity, or 6000 diverse gene transcripts, which are not present in the polysomes of other organs. Hybridization experiments with nuclear RNA revealed that structural genes not utilized for the production of functional mRNAs in a given were nevertheless transcribed, and were represented by transcripts in the hnRNA. This suggests that post-transcriptional selection mechanisms may play an important role in the regulation of plant gene expression. Collectively, our measurements demonstrate that at least 11% of the single-copy DNA, or 60,000 diverse structural genes, are expressed in the entire plant during the dominant phase of its life cycle. This amount of genetic information constitutes only 4.6% of the tobacco genome.
Application of capillary gas chromatography mass spectrometry/computer techniques to synoptic survey of organic material in bed sediment

Abstract A bed sediment sample taken from an area impacted by heavy industrial activity was analyzed for organic compounds of environmental significance. Extraction was effected on a Soxhlet apparatus using a freeze-dried sample. The Soxhlet extract was fractionated by silica gel micro-column adsorption chromatography. Separation and identification of the organic compounds was accomplished by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques. More than 50 compounds were identified; these include saturated hydrocarbons, olefins, aromatic hydrocarbons, alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and oxygenated compounds such as aldehydes and ketones. The role of bed sediments as a source or sink for organic pollutants is discussed.
On the wind-driven circulation in an ocean with bottom topography

The influence of bottom topography on the wind-driven ocean circulation is investi gated for a homogeneous, s-plane model with an imposed, steady wind stress curl. The linear model studied by Munk (1950) and the non-linear model studied by Carrier & Robinson (1962) are special cases as is the simple model proposed by Warren (1963) foi the description of Gulf Stream meanders. Although the effects of density stratification are neglected, inertial and frictional effects are included and solutions determined for various kinds of topography. Simple analytic models are examined and found to be useful in describing limited regions of the ocean basin. In particular the concept of an interior regime, in which nonlinear and frictional terms are unimportant, can be extended to the case of variable depth. In regions of strong inertial flow over topography, the simple meander model investigated by Rossby (1940) has some success in predicting the path of the stream. In both models the importance of isopleths of constant F/H , where F is the Coriolis parameter and H is the depth, is demonstrated by showing that there is a strong tendency for streamlines to follow or meander about such curves. Complete numerical solutions are found for the finite difference vorticity equation by an efficient relaxation scheme developed for this purpose. Results show that the response of the ocean may be strongly controlled by the shape of the ocean bottom and that such gross features of the ocean circulation as Gulf Stream separation, meandering, and variable transport may be related to topograpic effects. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967.tb01510.x
Incidence of and risk factors for HIV-associated distal sensory polyneuropathy

To the Editor: We read with interest the article by Schifitto et al.1 that noted a 36% 1-year incidence rate of symptomatic distal sensory polyneuropathy (SDSP) in a pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy cohort. Conclusions reached by the authors were that dideoxynucleoside (ddN) drug usage and the presence of asymptomatic DSP (ADSP) were not significant risk factors for SDSP. However, we are concerned that the study was not adequately designed to accurately assess these putative risk factors, for the following reasons: 1. It is known from previous studies that the timing of onset of toxic neuropathy after ddN initiation is short, ranging from 1 week to 6 months depending on the ddN agent and the dose administered.2 Thus we found it surprising that in order to evaluate whether ddN use was a risk factor for SDSP development, the authors studied the association between ddN use at baseline prior to entering the study and the time to development of SDSP within a subsequent 30-month period of follow-up. Even more inexplicable was the fact that patients who had discontinued taking ddN up to 6 months before cohort entry were still included in the ddN group. It would have been far more appropriate to investigate whether patients who actually took ddN drugs over the period of follow-up developed …
Economics of Agglomeration: Cities, Industrial Location, and Regional Growth

Masahisa Fujita and Jacques-Francois Thisse. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. xi and 466 pp., diags., apps., and index. $90.00 cloth (ISBN 0-521-80138-9); $30.00 paper (ISBN 0-521-80524-...
Nonlinear Regge trajectories and glueballs

We apply a phenomenological approach based on nonlinear Regge trajectories to glueball states. The parameters, i.e., intercept and threshold, or trajectory termination point beyond which no bound states should exist, are determined from pomeron (scattering) data. Systematic errors inherent to the approach are discussed. We then predict masses of glueballs on the tensor trajectory. For comparison, the approach is applied to available quenched lattice data. We find a discrepancy between the lattice based thresholds and the pomeron threshold that we extract from data.
Benzodiazepine binding in human brain: Characterization using [3H] flunitrazepam

[3H]Flunitrazepam was used to characterize benzodiazepine binding sites in human brain. The benzodiazepine binding sites exhibited high affinity, pharmacological specificity and saturability in their binding of [3H]flunitrazepam. The dissociation constant (KD) of [3H]flunitrazepam binding was determined by three different methods and found to be in the range of 2–3 nM. The potency of several benzodiazepine analogs to inhibit specific [3H]-flunitrazepam binding invitro correlated well with their potency in several invivo human and animal tests. The density of [3H]-flunitrazepam binding sites was highest in the cerebrocortical and rhinencephalic areas, intermediate in the cerebellum, and lowest in the brain stem and commissural tracts.
Relationships involving fine particle mass, fine particle sulfur and ozone during episodic periods at sites in and around St. Louis, Mo

Abstract The measurements during episodic periods in the St. Louis area in 1975 and 1976 of fine particle sulfur, fine particle mass and ozone are related. Such episodes are concentrated into time periods in the late spring and summer months. During such episodes, particle sulfur is the major constituent of the fine particle mass. The sum of the non-sulfur species in the fine particle mass do not show similar episodic patterns as the fine particle sulfur. Elevated concentrations of fine particle sulfur and of ozone usually occur together within the same episodic time periods. However, the day to day variations in fine particle sulfur and of ozone do differ somewhat within these time periods. Both fine particle sulfur and ozone show the influence of regional scale and local scale atmospheric photochemical processes on their formation during episodic time periods. Regional scale boundary layer processes frequently appear to contribute more to fine particle sulfur concentrations than to ozone formation. Local scale primary emissions also contribute to the ambient fine particle sulfur concentrations at core urban locations.
Rigidity in Gender-Typed Behaviors in Early Childhood: A Longitudinal Study of Ethnic Minority Children.

A key prediction of cognitive theories of gender development concerns developmental trajectories in the relative strength or rigidity of gender typing. To examine these trajectories in early childhood, 229 children (African American, Mexican American, and Dominican American) were followed annually from age 3 to 5 years, and gender-stereotypical appearance, dress-up play, toy play, and sex segregation were examined. High gender-typing was found across ethnic groups, and most behaviors increased in rigidity, especially from age 3 to 4 years. In addressing controversy surrounding the stability and structure of gender-typing it was found that from year to year, most behaviors showed moderately stable individual differences. Behaviors were uncorrelated within age but showed more concordance in change across time, suggesting that aspects of gender-typing are multidimensional, but still show coherence.
Interactions in the Quinary System H2O-Y(NO3)3-La(NO3)3-Pr(NO3)3-Nd(NO3)3 to Very High Concentrations

Isopiestic measurements have been carried out for the quinary system H2O-Y(NO3)3-La(NO3)3-Pr(NO3)3-Nd(NO3)3 at 298.15 K to near saturation. The measurements can be represented within experimental uncertainty over the full concentration range by a modified Pitzer ion-interaction model extending to the C(3) term. In addition, the system obeys the Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson model or partial ideal solution model within the accuracy of the isopiestic measurements, indicating zero interchange energy between the unlike salts, which is consistent with the nature of trivalent rare-earth elements.
A chronobiologic approach to ethanol and acidified aspirin injury of the gastric mucosa in the rat.

Several models of erosive peptic disease have used drug-induced lesions to examine protective mechanisms of the gastric mucosa. Physiological processes such as acid secretion, motility, or epithelial cell turnover have circadian rhythms which may modulate the susceptibility of the gastric mucosa to injury. In this review are described recent studies which demonstrated that susceptibility to gastric mucosal injury by acidified aspirin and absolute ethanol varied with the phases of the light-dark cycle. Acidified aspirin caused significantly more gastric mucosal lesions when administered early in the light phase compared to administration early in the dark phase. The differences in susceptibility were not altered by pretreatment conditions such as immobilization or length of the fasting period. Absolute ethanol also caused significantly greater gastric mucosal injury when administered in the light than in the dark phase, but this difference was only evident in rats immobilized during the pretreatment fastin...