cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monocular acuity norms for the Teller Acuity Cards between ages one month and four years.

Purpose To derive norms for monocular grating acuity and interocular acuity differences that are appropriate for clinical applications using the acuity card procedure (ACP) and Teller Acuity Cards (TAC). Methods Monocular acuities were measured in 460 children in 12 age groups between 1 month and 4 years. Inclusion criteria were term birth, good general health and normal development, normal eyes, and cycloplegic refraction within specific limits. Each child was tested by two ACP testers who were aware of TAC spatial frequency but not grating location during testing. Results Three monocular tests were completed in the first session in 99% of children. Median time to complete the tests of both eyes ranged from 3.2 to 8.4 minutes. Monocular acuity norms were calculated using 95% and 99% prediction limits. The new norms spanned higher spatial frequencies than the preliminary ACP norms between ages 1 month and 18 months but were similar between 24 and 36 months. The lower normal 2.5% limits were similar to lower limits of other normative studies. The interocular acuity difference was zero or 0.5 octave in 99% of subjects of all ages. Acuities obtained by the same tester on different days and by different testers on the same day were within 0.5 octave in at least 90% of subjects, comparable to previous studies. Conclusions This study provides monocular acuity norms that are appropriate for clinical settings in which the ACP and TAC are used and should replace the preliminary ACP norms.
Mal de Debarquement Syndrome: A Case Report.

Mal de Debarquement syndrome (MdDS) is an uncommon neurological disorder seen in women, mostly in their fourth decade of life. It is characterized by a constant sensation of swaying or motion after one disembarks from a vehicle such as a ship or plane following a lengthy trip. These symptoms temporarily subside when the patient is subjected again to passive motion like driving a car. There are no definitive diagnostic tests for Mal de Debarquement syndrome. It is a diagnosis of exclusion and does not have an effective treatment. The symptoms usually resolve spontaneously in about a year. We report a case of a 47-year-old female who presented with a feeling of imbalance following about a four-week cruise, which temporarily subsides during a bicycle ride or a car drive. We report this case, as this condition may not be well-known and probably under-reported. Prospective travelers should be warned and patients can perhaps be cautiously reassured.
The atypically high modulus of pollen exine.

Sporopollenin, the polymer comprising the exine (outer solid shell) of pollen, is recognized as one of the most chemically and mechanically stable naturally occurring organic substances. The elasti...
Preparaciones Culinarias a Base de Tamarindo (Tamarindus indica L.) de Mayor Aceptabilidad en los Restaurantes de Miraflores

The absence of technical information on properties of tamarind and lack of knowledge of the use of fruit in the preparation of dishes that has as its main ingredient tamarind implies that has no demand in Peruvian cuisine.The first phase tamarind analysis was conducted to know the properties of the nutritional composition determined The highlight in the tamarind fruit is the calcium content of 31.9 mg / 100 g. Acidity is 2.99 g / 100 g expressed in Tartaric acid, these are original sample diluted in 1: 1.11 by fieldwork a survey that determined the level of knowledge of the use of tamarind representatives of culinary preparations made of restaurants located in Miraflores. Were representatives who have recommended us that we should prepare dishes based on tamarind.Then in conjunction with the Chefs of the ULCB dishes I prepared based on the use of tamarind fruit and tasting was conducted for this purpose a second survey that determined which are the dishes that have made most preferred.The results determined that acceptance of this gastronomic proposal the use of tamarind in Peruvian cuisine would be very promising as the dishes prepared were satisfactory, because most respondents liked the taste of tamarind be sweet acid (tartaric acid).
Commonly Encountered Skin Biome-Derived Pathogens after Orthopedic Surgery.

Background: Normal skin microbiota influence susceptibility to surgical infections. The distribution of skin bacteria differs by anatomic site, and given the right conditions, almost any of these bacteria can become an opportunistic pathogen. Methods: This paper provides a thorough review of the most commonly encountered bacteria in various regions of the body and their isolation from operative incisions at those locations. These data may be useful in optimizing targeted antibiotic therapy for surgical site infections and provide a better understanding of the skin biome distribution at specific surgical sites. Conclusion: Typical skin-borne flora, surgical site infections, orthopedic infections by body part, and drug-resistant pathogens are reviewed.
Hot Water Extracted and Non-extracted Willow Biomass Storage Performance: Fuel Quality Changes and Dry Matter Losses

Dry matter losses (DML) and fuel quality changes occurring in storage piles are important parameters for the management of any biomass supply system. This study evaluates the effect of a hot water extraction pretreatment, harvest season, depth in storage pile and initial moisture content on willow biomass fuel quality (moisture, ash, higher (HHV) and lower (LHV) heating value) during storage, and models DML in storage piles based on experimental data. For the summer storage (SS) pile, mesh bags containing freshly harvested chips (FC) were inserted at 0.5-1 meter deep in the pile. For the winter storage pile (WS), the mesh bags were filled with FC and hot water extracted chips (HC) with three different initial moisture contents inserted in the shell (<0.45 cm) and the core (1-1.5m) of the pile. The ash contents through all sampling periods were in the range of 1.1 to 2.2% for FC and 0.6 to 2.1% for HC from both the shell and core of the WS pile. Higher ash contents, in the range of 2.1 to 3.4%, were observed in SS pile. Moisture contents of the storage piles had differing patterns over time. DML was the highest in the SS pile, reaching up to 33.6% after 140 days in storage; in contrast, there was no significant increase in DML over the first winter season. Although DML of FC and HC were in the same range during the initial storage period, DML of HC was 40% lower than FC after 180 days of storage. Higher DML was observed in the core (e.g. 17.3% for FC) compared to the shell (e.g. 12.1% for FC) at the end of the WS trial. There was no particular trend observed between initial moisture and DML. This study suggests that a linear model is sufficient to estimate DML, but a nonlinear model may be needed for chips stored in SS piles for six months or longer. It also suggests that DML is reduced in storage piles created in winter, and that willow chips kept in SS should be utilized within two months for a DML below a 10% threshold.
Comparison of various breast cancer detection methods with survival rates

17033 Background: The role of mammography (MG) but not of breast self-exam (BSE) and clinical breast exam (CBE) in breast cancer detection and survival is well documented. This study compares the d...
Why is the Northern Idaho Ground Squirrel Rare

Urocitellus brunneus (northern Idaho ground squirrel) has a geographic range of approximately 1,600 km2 in west-central Idaho. It was listed as Threatened under the US Endangered Species Act in 2000. To assist recovery efforts, we tested three hypotheses that might explain its rarity: 1) specialization on a now uncommon habitat; 2) competition with a larger congener, U. columbianus (Columbian ground squirrel); and 3) anthropogenic impacts. We explored the habitat specialization hypothesis by comparing attributes of sites occupied exclusively by each species with areas occupied alternately by each. Sites occupied by U. brunneus had significantly more bare ground; shallower, rockier, harder soils; higher soil temperatures during the active season; less plant cover; shorter vegetation; lower net annual aboveground productivity; and fewer shrubs than sites occupied by U. columbianus. Discriminant analysis showed U. brunneus could occupy some areas used by U. columbianus, but U. columbianus seldom occupied areas occupied by U. brunneus. U. brunneus also occurred in earlier successional communities and could occupy mesic meadows with high water tables not utilized by U. columbianus. In field observations and arena trials, U. brunneus avoided U. columbianus. In two removal experiments U. brunneus expanded into areas from which U. columbianus had been removed, but vacated when U. columbianus returned. Anthropogenic impacts included habitat conversion, conifer invasion of meadows resulting from timber management and fire suppression practices, systematic poisoning, target shooting, and invasive species; grazing appears to have mixed impacts. U. brunneus is rare due to a combination of habitat specialization, competition, and anthropogenic impacts.
Two versions of the extended Hill’s lemma for non-Cauchy continua based on the couple stress theory:

Two versions of the extended Hill’s lemma for non-Cauchy continua satisfying the couple stress theory are proposed. Each version can be used to determine two effective elasticity (stiffness) tensor...
Delayed diagnosis of holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency in three patients with prominent skin findings

Holocarboxylase deficiency (HLCSD) is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in HLCS and is associated with poor feeding, emesis, lethargy, seizures, life-threatening metabolic acidosis, and hyperammonemia. Skin involvement in HLCSD is typically described as scaly, erythrodermic, seborrhea-like, or ichthyosiform, but there is a paucity of reports. We report three patients, including two siblings, with HLCSD and significant cutaneous manifestations including ichthyosiform dermatitis and a presentation with features of annular pustular psoriasis. In this report, we show that persistent, unexplained rash, even in the absence of other clinical findings, should warrant consideration and potential workup for HLCSD.
Radiation GRMHD simulations of M87: funnel properties and prospects for gap acceleration

We use the public code ebhlight to carry out 3D radiative general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD) simulations of accretion onto the supermassive black hole in M87. The simulations self-consistently evolve a frequency-dependent Monte Carlo description of the radiation field produced by the accretion flow. We explore two limits of accumulated magnetic flux at the black hole (SANE and MAD), each coupled to several sub-grid prescriptions for electron heating that are motivated by models of turbulence and magnetic reconnection. We present convergence studies for the radiation field and study its properties. We find that the near-horizon photon energy density is an order of magnitude higher than is predicted by simple isotropic estimates from the observed luminosity. The radially dependent photon momentum distribution is anisotropic and can be modeled by a set of point-sources near the equatorial plane. We draw properties of the radiation and magnetic field from the simulation and feed them into an analytic model of gap acceleration to estimate the very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray luminosity from the magnetized jet funnel, assuming that a gap is able to form. We find luminosities of $\rm \sim 10^{41} \, erg \, s^{-1}$ for MAD models and $\rm \sim 2\times 10^{40} \, erg \, s^{-1}$ for SANE models, which are comparable to measurements of M87's VHE flares. The time-dependence seen in our calculations is insufficient to explain the flaring behavior. Our results provide a step towards bridging theoretical models of near-horizon properties seen in black hole images with the VHE activity of M87.
Identification of volatile biomarkers for high-throughput sensing of soft rot and Pythium leak diseases in stored potatoes.

Abstract Soft rot and Pythium leak are postharvest storage diseases of potato tubers that can cause substantial crop losses in the US. This study focused on detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with rot inoculated tubers during storage (up to 21 days) using headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometry (MS) and flame ionization detector (FID) analysis. Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet tubers were inoculated with the rot pathogens. Static sampling with 50 min trapping time followed by GC–MS and GC–FID analysis identified 23 and 30 common VOCs from the pathogen inoculated tubers. Overall, n,n–dimethylmethylamine, acetone, 1–undecene, and styrene, occurred frequently and repeatability in inoculated samples based on GC–MS analysis, with the latter two found using GC–FID analysis as well. Identification of such biomarkers can be useful in developing high-throughput VOC sensing systems for early disease detection in potato storage facilities.
La quête inachevée. Le sang sur la neige dans Kamouraska d’Anne Hébert et le Conte du Graal de Chrétien de Troyes

Cet article remet en question un intertexte qui, tout crucial qu’il soit, est passe presque entierement inapercu : celui entre Kamouraska d’Anne Hebert et Le Conte du Graal de Chretien de Troyes. E...
Artificial Intelligence in Plasma Cell Myeloma: Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines in the Classification of Plasma Cell Myeloma Data at Diagnosis.

Background Plasma cell neoplasm and/or plasma cell myeloma (PCM) is a mature B-cell lymphoproliferative neoplasm of plasma cells that secrete a single homogeneous immunoglobulin called paraprotein or M-protein. Plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow (BM) leading to bone destruction and BM failure. Diagnosis of PCM is based on clinical, radiologic, and pathological characteristics. The percent of plasma cells by manual differential (bone marrow morphology), the white blood cell (WBC) count, cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), microarray, and next-generation sequencing of BM are used in the risk stratification of newly diagnosed PCM patients. The genetics of PCM is highly complex and heterogeneous with several genetic subtypes that have different clinical outcomes. National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend targeted FISH analysis of plasma cells with specific DNA probes to detect genetic abnormalities for the staging of PCM (4.2021). Recognition of risk categories through training software for classification of high-risk PCM and a novel way of addressing the current approaches through bioinformatics will be a significant step toward automation of PCM analysis. Methods A new artificial neural network (ANN) classification model was developed and tested in Python programming language with a first data set of 301 cases and a second data set of 176 cases for a total of 477 cases of PCM at diagnosis. Classification model was also developed with support vector machines (SVM) algorithm in R studio and interactive data visuals using Tableau. Results The resulting ANN algorithm had 94% accuracy for the first and second data sets with a classification summary of precision (PPV): 0.97, recall (sensitivity): 0.76, f1 score: 0.83, and accuracy of logistic regression of 1.0. SVM of plasma cells versus TP53 revealed a 95% accuracy level. Conclusion A novel classification model based only on specific morphological and genetic variables was developed using a machine learning algorithm, the ANN. ANN identified an association of WBC and BM plasma cell percentage with two of the high-risk genetic categories in the diagnostic cases of PCM. With further training and testing of additional data sets that include morphologic and additional genetic rearrangements, the newly developed ANN model has the potential to develop an accurate classification of high-risk categories of PCM.
Quantification and Dosimetric Impact of Normal Organ Motion During Adaptive Radiation Therapy Plan Verification Using a 1.5 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Equipped Linear Accelerator (MR LINAC).

Purpose/Objective(s) Patients receiving adaptive radiation therapy (RT) undergo contour and plan modification prior to treatment delivery. This process takes time to complete, ranging from 15 to 60 minutes or longer. We hypothesize that during the time required to create an adapted RT plan, normal organ movement will result in unanticipated doses delivered to local organs at risk. This study quantifies the dosimetric impact of abdominal organ motion during the time required to create an adaptive RT plan. Materials/Methods Patients receiving 5-fraction treatments with MR guided adaptive RT using a 1.5 Tesla MR LINAC were prospectively enrolled in an ongoing imaging study (NCT03500081). Two sets of MRIs were acquired: the first (pre-beam MRI) used to contour organs at the start of treatment, and the second (verification MRI) used to verify organ position immediately before beam-on. Both MRIs were collected in commercially available software. Each normal organ within 1cm of radiation targets was contoured on the verification MRI. The differences in organ position between the two MRIs represents the normal organ movement during the time required for plan adaptation. Max dose (Dmax), volumetric 0.5 cubic centimeter (cc) dose (D0.5cc), volumetric 3000cGy (V30), and volumetric 2000cGy (V20) were calculated. Mixed model tests analyzing differences between the MRI sets were performed using a data management and decision management software. Results Thirty adapt-to-shape patients were included. Recontoured normal organs included colon, duodenum, small bowel, and stomach, for a total of 120 new individually created contour volumes. The table below summarizes the mean differences of Dmax in the normal organs between the MRI sets for various organs at risk. Note that only small bowel demonstrated a statistically significant difference in Dmax doses. The D0.5cc, and V30 were also statistically significant for small bowel. Conclusion Statistically significant differences in small bowel doses are demonstrated when doses are calculated using the verification MRI. This is likely due to the small bowel's increased mobility compared to other organs analyzed. There is an absence of statistically significant differences in all other abdominal organ doses between these scans. These results reflect that highly mobile structures, such as small bowel, benefit from acquisition of a verification MRI following daily adaptive plan generation. Future research should focus on methods to shorten the adaption duration and/or account for these unanticipated doses, as they represent a significant limitation of adaptive MR guidance.
Test of Nuclear Decay Rate Variation due to an Antineutrino Flux.

Unexplained variations of the decay rate for weak interaction decays such as $\beta^{\pm}$-decay, electron capture, as well as strong interaction $\alpha$-decay have been reported. Some researcher interpreted these variations as caused by an unexplained fundamental interaction. The purpose of the paper is to review decay rate parameter variations experiments and place them into a common comparable context and to make decay parameter measurements at the level of 10$^{-5}$ in the presences of an antineutrino flux, $\sim 3 \times10^{12}$ $\overline{\nu} \, cm^{-2} \, sec^{-1}$, 6.5 meters from the High Flux Isotope Reactor(HFIR) reactor core having an on-off cycle time of $\sim$30 days. Two weak interaction decays, one via electron capture and the other via $\beta^-$ decay were selected because the final state and the time reverse state each contain a neutrino and anti-neutrino, covering arguments that the anti-neutrino flux may interact differently or not at all in one of the cases. The experiment searched for variation of the $^{54}_{25}$Mn, e$^-$ capture and $^{137}_{~55}$Cs, $\beta^-$ decay rate parameters. The measured variation in the decay rate parameters are found to be $\delta \lambda/ \lambda = (0.034\pm 1.38)\times 10^{-5}$ for $^{54}_{25}$Mn and $\delta \lambda/ \lambda = (0.67\pm 1.56)\times 10^{-5}$ for $^{137}_{~55}$Cs. These results are consistent with no measurable decay rate parameter variation due to an antineutrino flux, yielding a $68\%$ confidence level upper limit sensitivity for $^{54}_{25}$Mn, $\delta \lambda/ \lambda \leq 1.31\times10^{-5}$ or $\sigma \leq 1.29\times10^{-25}\,cm^{2}$ in cross section and for $^{137}_{~55}$Cs, $\delta \lambda/ \lambda \leq 2.23\times10^{-5}$ or $\sigma \leq 5.69\times10^{-27}\,cm^{2}$. These null or no observable effect measurements places cross-section upper limits $\sim 10^{4}$ times more sensitive than past experiments.
Robust and Efficient Assessment of Potency (REAP): A Quantitative Tool for Dose-response Curve Estimation

The median-effect equation has been widely used to describe the dose-response relationship and identify agents that activate or inhibit specific disease targets in contemporary drug discovery. However, the experimental data often contain extreme responses, which may significantly impair the estimation accuracy and impede valid quantitative assessment in the standard estimation procedure. To improve the quantitative estimation of the dose-response relationship, we introduce a novel approach based on robust beta regression. Substantive simulation studies under various scenarios demonstrate solid evidence that the proposed approach consistently provides robust estimation for the median-effect equation, particularly when there are extreme outcome observations. Moreover, simulation studies illustrate that the proposed approach also provides a narrower confidence interval, suggesting a higher power in statistical testing. Finally, to efficiently and conveniently perform common lab data analyses, we develop a freely accessible web-based analytic tool to facilitate the quantitative implementation of the proposed approach for the scientific community.
Journal impact factors and month of publication

Abstract A growing literature examines the reliability of commonly used metrics for journal quality, such as journal impact factors. The present paper shows that month of publication can have a significant impact on the number of times an article is cited in the two years following publication. Combined with existing research, this finding suggests economics departments should rely less on these commonly used measures of journal quality when making tenure and promotion decisions and focus more effort on direct assessments of the faculty member’s work. Given the shift towards online dissemination, the findings also suggest publishers should consider moving to a more frequent publication schedule in order to disseminate the research in a more timely fashion.
Pressure-induced insulating state in Ba 1 − x R x IrO 3 ( R = Gd , Eu) single crystals

${\text{BaIrO}}_{3}$ is an unusual insulator with coexistent weak ferromagnetism, charge- and spin-density waves. Dilute rare-earth doping (e.g., $\ensuremath{\sim}4%$) for Ba induces a metallic state whereas application of modest pressure $(\ensuremath{\le}12.1\text{ }\text{kbar})$ readily restores an insulating state characterized by a three order of magnitude increase in resistivity. Since pressure generally increases orbital overlap and broadens energy bands, a pressure-induced insulating state is not commonplace. The profoundly dissimilar responses of the ground state to light doping and low hydrostatic pressures signal an unusual, delicate interplay between structural and electronic degrees of freedom in ${\text{BaIrO}}_{3}$.
National Report: Germany

1. Legal framework: Please briefly explain the legal system used in your country. Include information about the type of Constitution (written; unwritten; modifiable by a Constitutional Tribunal, by Supreme Court decisions, by Congress only; etc.) Please do not use more than one page to provide your legal framework. Germany is a civil law country and has a written constitution, the Grundgesetz (GG; Basic Law). The GG enshrines the principles of a federal, democratic, and constitutional state and contains strong Grundrechte (basic rights) in arts. 1-19 and 38 which are protected by the state. According to art. 79 GG, a change/amendment of the GG requires a 2/3 majority in both the Bundestag and Bundesrat (Upper and Lower House of Parliament, see below). But some provisions cannot be changed (cf. art. 79(3) GG); namely those relating to Germany’s status as a federal and democratic state, the inviolability of human dignity (art. 1 GG) and the separation of powers (art. 20 GG). Each of the German Lander (states) has its own constitution, government, Parliament, administration, and judiciary. The legislative power and division of power for different matters are regulated in art. 70 ff. GG. In some matters the federation, in others the states, have exclusive legislative power, but for some there is concurrent legislative power. Federal law takes precedence over state law (art. 31 GG). The Bundestag (Upper House) is the federal Parliament. The electoral system is a combination of personal and proportional representation, but the latter determines the actual composition of the Bundestag. The Bundesrat (Upper House) consists of the representatives of the state governments, which means that its composition can change with each state election (which are normally at a different time from the general federal elections). Federal Bills can fall into one of two groups. The first are the so-called Zustimmungsgesetze (“consent Bills”) for which the assent of the Bundesrat is required. Zustimmungsgesetze fall into three categories: Bills
Antibiotic Resistance and the Relationship to Use in Livestock

Understanding therapeutic and subtherapeutic (nontherapeutic) antibiotic use in livestock is essential since misuse may lead to emergence of antibiotic resistance and treatment failure and/or death in livestock or humans. Regulatory approval of antibiotic uses must focus on decreasing emergence of antimicrobial resistance worldwide while using surveillance of antibiotic resistance occurrence and environmental effects of antibiotics. Regulatory bodies protect public health and food safety, assess, communicate and manage risk and develop policy for new drug approvals. Risk assessments indicate withdrawing animal antibiotics could cause more human illness-days than it would prevent. Disadvantages to human and animal health may outweigh actual dangers associated with banning animal antibiotics. Keywords: antibiotic resistance; food safety; livestock and humans; regulatory perspective of; risk assessment
"Grammarless" Phrase Structure Grammar

We sketch an axiomatic reformalization of Generalized Phrase StructureGrammar (GPSG) – a definition purely within the language ofmathematical logic of the theory GPSG embodies. While this treatment raisesa number of theoretical issues for GPSG, our focus is not thereformalization itself but rather the method we employ. The model-theoreticapproach it exemplifies can be seen as a natural step in the evolution ofconstraint-based theories from their grammar-based antecedents. One goal ofthis paper is to introduce this approach to a broader audience and todemonstrate its application to an existing theory. As such, it joins agrowing literature of similar studies. Prior studies, however, have had anumber of weaknesses – they generally offer little in the way ofconcrete examples of the advantages the approach has to offer, theytypically ignore significant portions of the theories they address, and, byfully abstracting away from the notion of grammar mechanism, they largelyabandon the possibility of establishing meaningful complexity results. Thesecond goal of the paper is to address these issues. Our thrust is to sketchthe reformalization sufficiently to illustrate the way in which it capturesFeature Specification Defaults (FSDs) and the Exhaustive Constant PartialOrdering (ECPO) property. Our definition of FSDs is considerably simplifiedrelative to the original formalization and is free of the procedural flavorthat has led some to assume that FSDs are inherently dynamic. Our treatmentof ECPO uncovers a gap in its definition in the context of partialcategories that has heretofore gone unnoticed. We offer these as ademonstration of the kind of insight that a model-theoretic reinterpretationcan bring to an existing theory. Further, since these are the types ofproperties that prior studies in this genre have failed to address, FSDs andECPO provide a means for us to explore the limitations of these approachesand to offer ways of overcoming them. Finally, the logical framework weemploy has a well defined generative capacity – definability in thisframework characterizes strong context-freeness in a particular sense. Thus,despite being more abstract than its constraint-based predecessors, themodel-theoretic approach, as exemplified here, can offer stronger complexityresults than are typically available in the constraint-based framework.
Rheological Behavior of Food Gels

Rheological studies can provide much useful information on sol-gel and gel-sol transition, as well as on the characteristics of a gel. There are several definitions of what a gel is that are based on either phenomenological and/or molecular criteria. (1953) defined a gel to consist of polymeric molecules cross-linked to form a tangled interconnected network immersed in a liquid medium. (1949) defined it as a two-component system (e.g., gelling polymer and the solvent, water or aqueous solution in foods) formed by a solid finely dispersed or dissolved in a liquid phase, exhibiting solid-like behavior under deformation; in addition, both components extend continuously throughout the entire system, each phase being interconnected. At the molecular level, gelation is the formation of a continuous network of polymer molecules, in which the stress-resisting bulk properties (solid-like behavior) are imparted by a framework of polymer chains that extends throughout the gel phase. Further, gel setting involves formation of cross-links, while softening or liquefaction (often called melting) involves their destruction.
Culturally Responsive Instructional Leadership: A Conceptual Exploration with Principals of Three New Zealand Mainstream Schools.

Principals of many New Zealand (NZ) mainstream schools navigate a complex intercultural educational policy environment to address the academic challenges of M?ori and Pasifika students. This inquiry sought to explore the concept of culturally responsive instructional leadership by studying the knowledge, actions, motives, perceptions, and challenges of White principals in a primary school, an intermediate school, and a high school in NZ. The emergent conceptual definition of culturally responsive instructional leadership includes those purposeful, well-intentioned, creative, and collaborative actions that a principal takes to enhance the academic engagement and achievement of minority-culture students.
GALACTOSE METABOLISM I. : Pathway of Carbon in Fermentation by Streptococcus Faecalis

Fukuyama T. T. (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia) and D. J. O'Kane. Galactose metabolism. I. Pathway of carbon in fermentation by Streptococcus faecalis. J. Bacteriol. 84:793-796. 1962.-The pathway by which galactose-1-C(14) is fermented in Streptococcus faecalis was investigated using dried-cell preparations. Lactic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, ethanol, and carbon dioxide were the end products formed, with lactic acid representing approximately 50% of the sugar fermented. The distribution of radio-activity indicated that the fermentation follows the Embden-Meyerhof route, suggesting that the difference in the formation of the products of glucose and galactose fermentation must be attributed to alternate routes of pyruvic acid metabolism. Differences in pH did not account for the dissimilar fermentation patterns.
Problem Solving Environment Infrastructure for High Performance Computer Systems

This paper presents the status of an ongoing project in constructing a framework to create problem solving environments (PSEs). The framework is independent of any particular architecture, programming model, or problem domain. The framework makes use of compiler technology, but identifies and addresses several key differences between compilers and PSE. The validity of this model is being tested through the creation of several prototype PSEs, which apply to significantly different domains, and target both parallel computers and reconfigurable computers.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF A STRAIN OF MICE PLATEAUED FOR LITTER SIZE

A strain of mice (S1) was successfully selected for large litter size for 31 generations, increasing the mean by 4.2 young per litter. After generation 31, there was no further progress and it was concluded that a selection plateau had been reached. Realized heritability decreased during the course of the experiment from 0.16 ± 0.06 for the first 15 generations to 0.00 ± 0.03 for generations 30 through 45. — In order to explore the nature of the selection plateau, the following groups were derived from line S1 at generation 34 or 35: Upward selection with inbreeding (SF), random (relaxed) selection (SO), and downward selection (SR). Selections were carried out for 10 or 11 generations. The means of SO and SF were similar to those of S1, ruling out any major effect of natural selection or overdominance. SR decreased, the mean averaging 2.3 young per litter below that of S1 during the last three generations. The fact that SR responded to selection indicates that genetic variance was still present in the plateaued population. The SF sublines were crossed when the inbreeding was 95% and a new line, SX, was formed. SX was maintained for three generations and the difference of +0.7 young per litter above the contemporary generations of S1 was significant. The results from this experiment suggest that the selection plateau in line S1 was caused by reduction of additive genetic variance to a very low level. Some nonadditive genetic variance remained, however, and was attributed to recessive alleles at low frequency. In agreement with results reported by Falconer (1971), inbreeding with selection followed by crossing of the inbred sublines proved to be effective in overcoming a selection plateau in litter size.
Validation of the hypothermic action of preoptic norepinephrine in guinea pigs

Abstract Conscious guinea pigs were either microinjected intrapreoptically (iPO) with various doses of norepinephrine (NE) bilaterally or microdialyzed with pyrogen-free saline (PFS) or 10 μg/gml NE unilaterally immediately and unilaterally or bilaterally 2 days after probe insertion. Core temperature ( T co ), skin temperature ( T sk ), and rate of oxygen consumption ( V O 2 ) were monitored continuously. The microinjection of low doses of NE induced T co rises, whereas that of the highest dose (10 μg/gml) caused an initial T co fall followed by a rise. The microdialysis of PFS or NE immediately after probe insertion caused T co rises: the former was abolished and the latter was converted into a fall by indomethacin (Indo, a prostaglandin symhase inhibitor) pretreatment. Two days later, PFS evoked no thermal response whereas NE induced a T co fall; neither response was affected by Indo pretreatment. The falls in T co produced by NE microdialyzed uni- or bilaterally were similar. The microdialysis of NE induced a 15% reduction in metabolic rate but no change in T sk . These results indicate that the T co rise induced by NE microinjected iPO is a methodological artifact mediated by PGE 2 , whereas the T co fall observed in its microdialysis appears to represent the authentic physiological action of this transmitter effected by a reduction in metabolic rate.
CHAIN‐FORMING DIATOMS: THREE SPECIES OF CHAETOCERACEAE1,2

Bacteriastrum furcatum Shadbolt, Chaetoceros bacteriastroides Karsten and C. pseudocurvisetum Mangin are each connected in chains by fusion of silica between setae. The first two have specialized heterovalvate end cells indicating physiological control of the length of chains, but chains of C. pseudocurvisetum have usually been seen broken. There are specialized deeply lobed connecting bands in B. furcatum and C. pseudocurvisetum, allowing the setae of sibling valves to protrude outside the diameter of the chain during their formation. C. bacteriastroides and C. pseudocurvisetum are not identical; differences include presence of small setae, fusion of large setae some distance from the valves, symmetry of apertures between cells, and straight chains of C. bacteriastroides, compared with valve mantle connections with no small setae, large setae joined by crossing over, asymmetry of windows between cells, and curved chains of C. pseudocurvisetum. The evolutionary direction is hypothesized to be from Bacteriastrum to Chaetoceros through C. bacteriastroides.
A microcomputer system for on-line study of atrioventricular node accommodation

An automated on-line programmable stimulator and interval measurement system was developed to study atrioventricular node (AVN) accommodation. This dedicated microcomputer system measures and stores the stimulus-to-His bundle (S-H) interval from His bundle electrogram (HBE) recordings. Interval measurements for each beat are accurate to within 500 microsecond. This user-controlled system has been used to stimulate at any rate up to 6.5 Hz and to measure intervals up to 125 ms in isolated perfused guinea pig hearts. A built-in timer-reset mechanism prevents failure of the system in the absence of a His potential (i.e., 2:1 AV block). It may be modified for use in clinical studies or other experimental systems and has the ability to measure other physiological intervals. The system provides the precision in pacing and accuracy in the measurement of AVN conduction time that is necessary for meaningful analysis of AVN accommodation and has the simplicity of design and use that is not available in previously described systems. Furthermore, this computer system can be used not only in studies involving AV conduction, but also in any setting where programmed stimulation and interval measurement and recording need to be performed simultaneously.
An HPLC-ICP-MS technique for determination of cadmium-phytochelatins in genetically modified Arabidopsis thaliana.

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic technique was developed to separate cadmium–phytochelatin complexes (Cd-PC2, Cd-PC3, and Cd-PC4) of interest in the plant Arapidopsis thaliana. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was coupled to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) system with some modification to the interface. This was done in order to sustain the plasma with optimum sensitivity for cadmium detection in the presence of the high methanol loads used in the gradient elution of the reversed-phase separation. The detection limits were found to be 91.8 ng l−1, 77.2 ng l−1 and 49.2 ng l−1 for Cd-PC2, Cd-PC3, and Cd-PC4 respectively. The regression coefficients (r2) for Cd-PC2 to Cd-PC4 detection ranged from 0.998 to 0.999. The method was then used to investigate the occurrence and effect of cadmium–phytochelatin complexes in wild-type Arabidopsis and a phytochelatin-deficient mutant cad1-3 that had been genetically modified to ectopically express the wheat TaPCS1 phytochelatin synthase enzyme. The primary complex found in both wild-type and transgenic plants was Cd-PC2. In both lines, higher levels of Cd-PC2 were found in shoots than in roots, showing that phytochelatin synthases contribute to the accumulation of cadmium in shoots, in the Cd-PC2 form. Genetic modification did, however, impact the overall accumulation of Cd. Transgenic plants contained almost two times more cadmium in the form of Cd-PC2 in their roots than did the corresponding wild-type plants. Similarly, the shoot samples of the modified species also contained more (by 1.6 times) cadmium in the form of Cd-PC2 than the wild type. The enhanced role of PC2 in the transgenic Arabidopsis correlates with data showing long-distance transport of Cd in transgenic plants. Targeted transgenic expression of non-native phytochelatin synthases may contribute to improving the efficiency of plants for phytoremediation.
The Russians Are Not Coming! The Soviet Withdrawal from the Games of the XXIII Olympiad

At the time, the Western press described the Soviet decision not to take part in the Los Angeles Olympic Games as revenge for the boycott of Moscow-1980. Even today, the ‘revenge thesis’ is still the default explanation for those who would cite the events of 1984. Since the collapse of the USSR, Soviet-era archives have opened, giving an inside look at their decision-making. An examination of the reports reveals that the Politburo voted to expend vast resources to preparing Soviet athletes for the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. The best revenge among their politicians, athletes, coaches, officials and journalists was to smash the Americans on American soil. Along the way the Soviets signed contracts and negotiated conditions as if they intended to take part. Then two things changed: party leader Yuri Andropov, a proponent of participation, was replaced in February 1984 by the aging and ill Konstantin Chernemko, an Olympic sceptic; and Soviet pilots on September 1, 1983, shot down a Korean airliner tha...
Electric Field Amplification inside a Porous Spherical Cavity Resonator Excited by an External Plane Wave

A spherical polyhedron constructed from open surface polygons is an electromagnetic wave resonator that can be excited by an external plane wave. The resonant frequencies of the porous sphere depend on the radius of the sphere and the area of the openings in the surface of the sphere. The strength of the internal electric fields varies with the width of the conducting edges that comprise the polyhedron frame. At the optimum edge width, the external EM wave field excites the strongest internal field amplitudes. The WIPL-D EM simulation model is used to determine the optimum porous resonator for polyhedrons with 180 and 960 vertices. All of the cavity modes for a solid spherical cavity resonator can be excited in the porous spherical cavity resonator (PSCR). With a high resonator Q, an EM plane-wave of 1 V/m can excite an internal electric field of over 1000 V/m that takes finite time for fields to build up. The spherical cavity modes provide a variety of electric field distributions at the interior of the PSCR. The PSCR may be used to greatly increase the electric fields of a high power radio beam in order to produce isolated plasma clouds by neutral gas breakdown.
The active sites of molybdenum- and tungsten-containing enzymes

Protein X-ray crystallography has revealed the structures of the active sites of several molybdenum- and tungsten-containing enzymes that catalyze formal hydroxylation and oxygen atom transfer reactions. Each molybdenum (or tungsten) atom is coordinated by one (or two) ene-dithiolate groups of a novel pterin (molybdopterin), and the active sites are further differentiated from one another by the number of terminal oxo and/or sulfido groups and by coordinated amino acid residues. These active-site structures have no precedent in the coordination chemistry of molybdenum and tungsten.
Tbx6 Regulates Left/Right Patterning in Mouse Embryos through Effects on Nodal Cilia and Perinodal Signaling

Background The determination of left/right body axis during early embryogenesis sets up a developmental cascade that coordinates the development of the viscera and is essential to the correct placement and alignment of organ systems and vasculature. Defective left-right patterning can lead to congenital cardiac malformations, vascular anomalies and other serious health problems. Here we describe a novel role for the T-box transcription factor gene Tbx6 in left/right body axis determination in the mouse.
Reviewing automatic language identification

The Oregon Graduate Institute Multi-language Telephone Speech Corpus (OGI-TS) was designed specifically for language identification research. It currently consists of spontaneous and fixed-vocabulary utterances in 11 languages: English, Farsi, French, German, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin, Spanish, Tamil, and Vietnamese. These utterances were produced by 90 native speakers in each language over real telephone lines. Language identification is related to speaker-independent speech recognition and speaker identification in several interesting ways. It is therefore not surprising that many of the recent developments in language identification can be related to developments in those two fields. We review some of the more important recent approaches to language identification against the background of successes in speaker and speech recognition. In particular, we demonstrate how approaches to language identification based on acoustic modeling and language modeling, respectively, are similar to algorithms used in speaker-independent continuous speech recognition. Thereafter, prosodic and duration-based information sources are studied. We then review an approach to language identification that draws heavily on speaker identification. Finally, the performance of some representative algorithms is reported. >
Gender-specific effects of P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

Abstract Introduction: Gender differences have been demonstrated in myocardial functional recovery following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. A local inflammatory response accompanies myocardial ischemia, and activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays an important role in the production of inflammatory mediators. However, it is unknown whether gender differences exist in the inflammatory signal transduction pathway following I/R. Thus, we hypothesized that females have increased myocardial function following I/R compared to males, and that p38 MAPK inhibition provides gender-specific protection. Methods: Isolated perfused rat hearts (Langendorff with continuous recording of left ventricular developed pressure, LVDP) from normal age-matched males and females were subjected to 25 minutes of ischemia followed by 40 minutes of reperfusion in the presence or absence of the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (2 × 10 −5 M). Results: Females had significantly increased recovery of LVDP following I/R compared to males (66.87 +/− 7.07% vs. 34.28 +/− 5.02%, p Conclusions: We conclude that females have a relative cardioprotection against I/R compared to males, and that p38 MAPK activation has a more pronounced effect during I/R injury in females than in males. This suggests that the inflammatory signaling mechanisms are gender-specific, and that females and males may respond differently to therapies targeted at limiting myocardial inflammation and injury.
Vendor provided technical services: cataloging using OCLC PromptCat at Wright State University

This paper, originally developed for a presentation at an OhioLINK/Yankee Book Peddler forum, focuses on Wright State University Libraries’ experiences implementing OCLC’s PromptCat service as the primary means of providing cataloging for materials received from Yankee. Working with three vendors, Yankee, OCLC, and Innovative Interfaces, to implement the PromptCat service was challenging. Wright State initially used the PromptCat service only for material received on approval from Yankee, but has recently expanded its use of PromptCat to materials received via firm order. This expansion created a number of issues to be resolved.
Ethnicity, Ethnocentrism, and the Matthean Ethnos:

In the light of the horrors of war and ethnic conflict, ethnicity has become a subject of increasing scholarly investigation, which now includes the field of religion and the Bible. I begin by surveying and commenting on important studies on ethnicity in Matthew by David Sim and John Riches. Then I offer a brief overview of ethnicity theory and create a simple model of ethnicity. After exploring the model linguistically and conceptually with literature from antiquity, I show how modern ethnicity studies can offer insights into ethnicity in Matthew and in particular how priestly voluntary associations called ethnē might help to interpret the special fruit-bearing ethnos of Matthew 21:43 in terms of an alternative leadership to the priests of Jerusalem.