cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Research Exemption to Patent Infringement: The Delicate Balance Between Current and Future Technical Progress

This Chapter reviews current United States law regarding research exemptions to patent infringement liability and explores proposals for broader research exemptions. The research exemption comes in two flavors - a statutory exemption for research reasonably related to regulatory approval by the Food and Drug Administration and a traditional exemption for noncommercial research based on judicial interpretation of the scope of infringing use. The statutory exemption was the subject of a 2005 decision by the United States Supreme Court, while concern about judicial narrowing of the traditional exemption has been reflected in two major national reports and numerous scholarly articles. An important controversy exists as to whether either exemptions should be applied differently depending upon whether the research is aimed at understanding or improving upon the patented invention or uses the patented invention as a research tool. This Chapter summarizes arguments in favor of a categorical exemption for experimenting on a patented invention. It then addresses the more difficult issue of an exemption for research tool use. Finally, this Chapter briefly considers the impact on the research exemption issue of paying more attention to motivations for innovation - in particular the motives of user innovators - that do not stem from a desire for commercial compensation.
MEMBRANES OF SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND RED BLOOD CELLS MAY HAVE A COMMON GENE: A NEW POSSIBILITY OF USING BLOOD FOR NON–INVASIVE SCREENING FOR MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews that membranes of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) and Red Blood Cells (RBC) may have a common gene. Malignant Hyperthermia (MH) is a genetic disorder of skeletal muscle seen in man and pig. Currently, the only reliable screening method for MH is an in vitro halothane contracture test on a biopsied muscle specimen. Halothane is known to cause an abnormal increase of cytoplasmic calcium concentration in skeletal muscle of MH susceptible man and pig. Suspensions of SR or RBC were labelled either by 12-doxylstearic acid (12-DS) or by 16-DS. H-alothane-induced decreases of the order parameter and of the rotational correlation time were more remarkable in MH-RBC than in normal. Differences between MH and normal in both parameters were statistically significant at a halothane concentration of 3 mM. Because a total of 3 ml of blood is sufficient for both measurements and as the blood can be stored with a blood bank preservative for several days without affecting the EPR results, the blood could be shipped to a remote screening center for this noninvasive MH diagnosis, thus making the test widely available.
The four dimensions of artifacts

The aim of this paper is to build an upper-level ontology of artifacts. To this end, two formal tools are employed: theory of consequence operation and ontology of states of affairs. It is argued that the adequate representation of an artifact consists of the representation of the artifact's purposes, the representation of its design, the representation of the background knowledge according to which it has been designed, and the representation of instructions of use relevant for that artifact. I submit a series of constraints to be satisfied if our production and use of artifacts are to be rational activities. Since mereology is claimed to be an important part of every theory of artifacts, I sketch a few preliminary remarks on the prospects of formulating the mereology for the functional parthood. In particular, I explain why the principle of transitivity, the axiom of general sum, and the supplementation principles are false for that relation. Finally, the ontology of artifacts is evaluated against the desiderata formulated by P. Vermaas and W. Houkes for theories of artifact functions.
Evaluation and Management of Chest Pain and Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) in the Emergency Department

Presentations with chest pain to the emergency department are common. The differential for these patients includes a wide range of diagnoses from the benign to the life-threatening and the common to the rare, spanning across multiple different organ systems. One of the most important diagnoses for emergency practitioners to recognize and treat is acute coronary syndrome, which is both serious and relatively common. However, these presentations are not always classic or straightforward. This requires practitioners to conduct a careful evaluation and risk stratification of these patients while also considering alternative dangerous diagnoses (e.g., acute coronary syndromes, aortic dissection, or pulmonary embolism). This section strives to provide some of the key aspects of the evaluation and management of patients presenting with acute undifferentiated chest pain.
Chemical elicitors of systemic acquired resistance—Salicylic acid and its functional analogs

Abstract Any interaction of plants with phytopathogens involves the generation of various chemical molecules that are critical for activation of their defense machinery. One of the chemicals, salicylic acid (SA) induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants. The activation of SAR provides a broad-spectrum resistance against a wide range of related or unrelated pathogens. There has been considerable progress in the biochemical and molecular understanding of SAR activation in various plants. In addition, several chemicals including SA and its analogs are known to provide a direct or indirect defense against pathogens when applied to plants. Molecular mechanism of plant defense induced by synthetic chemical inducers is not very well understood. This review highlights the importance of salicylic acid and its most studied analog, Acibenzolar-S-methyl in inducing SAR and it also provides a description of other major chemical elicitors of plant defenses and their possible molecular mechanism.
A scalable, automated warm handoff from the emergency department to community sites offering continued medication for opioid use disorder: Lessons learned from the EMBED trial stakeholders.

Abstract Background In order to streamline the emergency department (ED) referral process in a multi-network automated opioid treatment referral program, we performed a needs assessment of community providers for Medication for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD) in the EMergency department-initiated BuprenorphinE for opioid use Disorder (EMBED) trial network. Methods A needs assessment was conducted in two phases: (1) key stakeholder meetings and (2) a survey of community sites offering MOUD. Stakeholder meetings were conducted with five key stakeholder groups: 1) ED clinicians and staff, 2) community sites offering MOUD, 3) the investigative team, 4) health system IT staff, and 5) medical ethics experts. Meetings continued until each stakeholder group stated that their priorities and needs were understood. Major categories of needs were extracted pragmatically based on recurrence across stakeholder groups. Informed by needs expressed by IT and MOUD site stakeholders, nineteen MOUD sites were surveyed to better characterize information needs of community sites offering MOUD when receiving an ED referral. Results Three major categories of needs for referral system were identified: 1) The system to be automated, flexible and allow multiple channels of referral, 2) Referral metrics are retrievable in a HIPAA compliant manner, 3) Patients are scheduled into community sites offering MOUD as urgently as possible. Of the MOUD sites surveyed, 68.4% (13/19) responded. Based on the responses, specific patient identifiers were required for most MOUD site referrals, and encrypted emails and EHR were the preferred methods of communication for the handoff. 53.8% (7/13) of the sites were able to accept patients within 3 days with only 1 site requiring >7 days. Conclusion These findings can inform IT solutions to address the discordant priorities of the ED (rapid and flexible referral process) and the community sites offering (referrals minimize variability and overbooking). To prevent drop-out in the referral cascade, our findings emphasize the need for increased availability and accessibility to MOUD on demand and protected communication channels between EDs and community providers of MOUD.
Development of a relative quantification method for infrared matrix‐assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging of Arabidopsis seedlings

RATIONALE Mass spectrometry imaging of young seedlings is an invaluable tool in understanding how mutations affect metabolite accumulation in plant development. However, due to numerous biological considerations, established methods for the relative quantification of analytes using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) mass spectrometry imaging are not viable options. In this study, we report a method for the quantification of auxin-related compounds using stable-isotope-labelled (SIL) indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) doped into agarose substrate. METHODS Wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, sur2 and wei8 tar2 loss-of-function mutants, and YUC1 gain-of-function line were grown for 3 days in the dark in standard growth medium. SIL-IAA was doped into a 1% low-melting-point agarose gel and seedlings were gently laid on top for IR-MALDESI imaging with Orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis. Relative quantification was performed post-acquisition by normalization of auxin-related compounds to SIL-IAA in the agarose. Amounts of auxin-related compounds were compared between genotypes to distinguish the effects of the mutations on the accumulation of indolic metabolites of interest. RESULTS IAA added to agarose was found to remain stable, with repeatability and abundance features of IAA comparable with those of other compounds used in other methods for relative quantification in IR-MALDESI analyses. Indole-3-acetaldoxime was increased in sur2 mutants compared with wild-type and other mutants. Other auxin-related metabolites were either below the limits of quantification or successfully quantified but showing little difference among mutants. CONCLUSIONS Agarose was shown to be an appropriate sampling surface for IR-MALDESI mass spectrometry imaging of Arabidopsis seedlings. SIL-IAA doping of agarose was demonstrated as a viable technique for relative quantification of metabolites in live seedlings or tissues with similar biological considerations.
Search for W. -->. cs-bar, Z. -->. cc-bar,bb-bar in muon-jet events at the CERN proton-antiproton collider

A search for quark decays of the W and Z particles produced in proton-antiproton collisions at ..sqrt..s of 630 GeV in the UA1 experiment at the CERN collider is described. The search was made in the channels W..-->..cs-bar, Z..-->..cc-bar,bb-bar where b and c quarks were identified by the presence of a high-p/sub T/ muon in or near a jet. Although these decay channels avoid the copious background of QCD produced light quark and gluon jets, it was not possible to detect a W or Z signal because of the large cross section for strong cc-bar and bb-bar production.
Heteroatom Tracing Reveals the 30-Atom Au-Ag Bimetallic Nanocluster as a Dimeric Structure.

Understanding the formation of face-centered cubic (fcc) nanostructures at the atomic level remains a major task. With atomically precise nanoclusters (NCs) as model systems, herein we devised an a...
Publication bias: A “bird's-eye view” of meta-analytic practice in criminology and criminal justice

Abstract Objectives The aims of the current study were 2-folded. This study examined the recent meta-analyses in the criminology and criminal justice (CCJ) field to capture a snapshot of the current state of publication bias practices and provided practical guidelines and recommendations on how to address the issues of publication bias in meta-analytic reviews. Methods The content analysis reviewed 64 meta-analyses published in top-tier journals in the CCJ field in 2019–2020. The narrative review of previous simulation studies in medical science and psychology fields was performed to synthesize practical guidelines on publication bias in meta-analyses. Results Recent CCJ meta-analytic studies have at least partially addressed the issue of publication bias by employing systematic search and statistical methods. However, the current state of CCJ meta-analyses does not meet the expectation required in medical science and psychology that all meta-analytic reviews report the range of effect size estimates across multiple publication bias detection and correction tests. The statistical methods commonly used for assessing publication bias are applied without testing and interpreting assumptions about the missing studies. Conclusions There is a need to continue monitoring the quality of meta-analyses to gain a comprehensive picture of how bias leaves a potential imprint in CCJ research.
Other People's Problems: Student Distancing, Epistemic Responsibility, and Injustice.

In classes that examine entrenched injustices like sexism or racism, students sometimes use “distancing strategies” to dissociate themselves from the injustice being studied. Education researchers argue that distancing is a mechanism through which students, especially students of apparent privilege, deny their complicity in systemic injustice. While I am sympathetic to this analysis, I argue that there is much at stake in student distancing that the current literature fails to recognize. On my view, distancing perpetuates socially sanctioned forms of ignorance and unknowing, through which students misrecognize not only their complicity in injustice, but also the ways that injustice shapes the world, their lives, and their knowledge. Thus, distancing is pedagogically problematic because it prevents students from understanding important social facts, and because it prevents them from engaging with perspectives, analyses, and testimonies that might beneficially challenge their settled views and epistemic habits. To substantiate this new analysis, I draw on recent work on epistemologies of ignorance, especially Jose Medina’s account of “active ignorance.” In order to respond to student distancing, I argue, it is not sufficient for teachers to make students aware of injustice, or of their potential complicity in it. Beyond this, teachers should cultivate epistemic virtue in the classroom and encourage students to take responsibility for better ways of knowing. The article ends by outlining several classroom practices for beginning this work.
Scientific Travels in the Irish Countryside

Ireland is one of the most popular destinations for American travelers. The market is enormous: while there are only 3.6 million Irish in the Republic of Ireland and 1.6 million in Northern Ireland, there are 40 million Americans of Irish descent. Almost every person you speak with in Ireland has a cousin in Chicago, an aunt in Boston and a brother in Los Angeles. The author has no Irish relatives at all, but went to Ireland in June 1998 and September 1999 to visit scientific sites. This article describes three of them: The collections of historical apparatus at the Universities in Maynooth and Galway, and the Great Rosse Telescope in Birr. I have added a short coda about geologic sites in Ireland.
Ionophorous polymers. Interaction with polynucleotides and effects on RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity.

Abstract Poly(vinylbenzo-18-crown-6), a water-soluble polymer endowed with ionbinding crown moieties as pendent groups, forms insoluble complexes with polyadenylate in the presence of K + ; the corresponding monomeric benzo-18-crown-6, does not form a precipitate under the same conditions. In the presence of Na + and Mn 2+ which in aqueous solution complex weakly to crown compounds, no coprecipitation of the crown polymer and polyadenylate occurs; nevertheless, the crown polymer strongly binds to immobilized polyadenylate even under these conditions. The interactions of crown polymer with the polynucleotide result in a loss of templating ability of the latter. Using RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of murine leukemia virus it was found that (1) enzymatic action is efficiently inhibited even in the absence of ions which coprecipitate crown polymer and template, (2) inhibition is reversed by addition of excess polynucleotide and (3) monomeric crown does not inhibit the reaction.
A SOLUBLE PROTEIN-CHLOROPHYLL COMPLEX FROM SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS. I. ISOLATION OF A PHOTOCHEMICALLY ACTIVE COMPLEX.

Abstract A soluble protein-chlorophyll complex was isolated from spinach chloroplasts by extraction with Triton X-100 and chromatography on DEADE-cellulose in the presence of 0.05% Triton X-100. The complex was able to photorduced ferricyanide at rates 10–% of those of whole chloroplast, but was unable to reduce either dichlorophenolindophenol or NADP. No photosynthetic ATP formation could be detected, but a slow photohydrolysis of ATP was observed. Evidence for the inhibition of ferricyanide reduction by sulfhydryl groups on the complex is presented.
A Direct Proxy for Oceanic Phosphorus

New results suggest that deep-sea corals record the concentration of phosphorus in the deep sea. If proven reliable, this method may provide insights into past ocean circulation patterns.
Conversion cost reduction using advanced process control (SPC) and real-time data analysis with ERP linkage [SMT assembly]

Electronic manufacturers worldwide are currently facing a big challenge to reduce conversion costs in order to be competitive in the market. With rising labor costs, surface mount technology (SMT) machine capital costs and, cost of scrap and poor quality, all SMT manufacturers need to focus on efficiently utilizing their fixed assets, controlling cost of quality and scrap, and utilizing out-of-the-box techniques to reduce conversion costs. This paper discusses some of the Six Sigma methodologies and tools used to achieve business results of reducing scrap costs by as much as 46% and, increase utilization of fixed assets (SMT machines) by as much as 30%. The paper also gives details on how enterprise resource planning (ERP)/material resource planning (MRP) integration of factory data has helped engineers think out-of-the-box and helped deploy Six Sigma techniques to control scrap costs in real time. Motorola's Manufacturing Pulse/spl trade/ equipment monitor software was used as the 6-Sigma tool to achieve business results and reduce conversion costs in a short time period at different SMT manufacturing sites worldwide. This paper discusses in detail statistical process control (SPC) charts and methodology used for real-time process control. Several examples of realworld data are included in the paper.
Presenting an Automated Calibration Procedure for an Airborne Lidar System and its Potential Application to Acoustic Hydrography

Whether using an airborne lidar or a ship-based acoustic system, all hydrographers must contend with geometric system calibrations. A poorly aligned system leads to erroneously reported depths, diminished system resolution and internally inconsistent datasets. Most of today’s calibration procedures are cumbersome and subjective enterprises that possess little statistical merit. This paper presents a least squares adjustment algorithm designed to calibrate a (presently under-development) lidar. This method is automated, objective, repeatable, and reports a confidence on the calibration values. Using simulated lidar datasets, the algorithm is explained and demonstrated. A brief modification is also proposed to expand the use to multibeam echosounders.
Ethical and epidemiological dilemmas in the treatment of dogs for visceral leishmaniasis in Latin America

In the Americas there are between 4,500 and 6,800 annual cases of severe visceral leishmaniasis, and mortality is estimated to range between 7 and 10%. However, underreporting and subclinical infections mask the real epidemiological importance of visceral leishmaniasis. Control efforts, which have typically focused on insecticide spraying of sand fly vectors and dog culling, have yielded disparate results. Nevertheless, thousands of dogs are sacrificed each year in countries endemic for visceral leishmaniasis. Additionally, current guidelines of leishmaniasis control programs have banned dog treatment with drugs of human use while therapy with other drugs resulted in high rates of relapses. Society requires that control programs take a more humanitarian approach aimed at limiting dog culling. There is an urgent need to promote responsible dog-ownership and support research on: a) novel veterinary therapies, b) low-cost molecular diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis, and c) determination of dog infectivity threshold for proper reservoir management.
Plantae Colombianae, V: Species nova generis Herrania

Recently, senor Gabriel Gutierrez, Agronomo Auxiliar de la Seccion de Biologia Vegetal, kindly submitted to me for study a collection of Herrania from Santander. It represents an interesting new species, the description of which is presented below. A very complete series of field data accompanied the botanical specimen. These, as welh as the plant material, were sent in by Senor Jorge Ortiz Mendez, Ingeniero Agronomo, Jefe de la Secretaria de Agricultura e Industrias in Bucaramanga. A number of these field data permit a more complete undertanding of certain parts of the plant than could be had from a study of the type alone. It is with pleasure that I thank Miss Ines de Zulueta for her accurate drawings of the fruiting portions of this new species.
Label - free fluorescence lifetime imaging of microfluidic device based cardiac tissue model metabolism

In this work, we show mapping of metabolic activity and non-invasive monitoring of drug response of a microphysiological tissue system in a PDMS microfluidic device chamber by fluorescence lifetime imaging of NADH, an endogenous fluorophore
Heat transfer and fluid flow phenomena in electroslag refining

A mathematical formulation has been developed to represent the electromagnetic force field, fluid flow and heat transfer in ESR units. In the formulation, allowance has been made for both electromagnetically driven flows and natural convection; furthermore, in considering heat transfer the effect of the moving droplets has been taken into account. The computed results have shown that the electromagnetic force field appears to be the more important driving force for fluid motion, although natural convection does affect the circulation pattern. The movement of the liquid droplets through the slag plays an important role in transporting thermal energy from the slag to the molten metal pool, although the droplets are unlikely to contribute appreciably to slag-metal mass transfer The for-formulation presented here enables the prediction of thermal and fluid flow phenomena in ESR units and may be used to calculate the electrode melting rates from first principles. While a detailed comparison has not yet been made between the predictions based on the model and actual plant scale measurements, it is thought that the theoretical predictions are consistent with the plant-scale data that are available.
Progress in combinatorial biosynthesis for drug discovery

Combinatorial biosynthesis, the process of genetic manipulations of natural product biosynthetic machinery for structural diversity, depends on several factors, and discussed here are two critical factors: access to genetic information and biochemical characterization of enzymes. Examples of the former include using predictions for the biosynthesis of unusual chemical entities such as aminohydroxybenzoic acid starter units, methoxymalonylate extender units, the enediyne core and bacterial aromatic polyketides. The latter aspect includes the continued elucidation of domain functionalities of modular polyketide synthases and nonribosomal peptide synthases and novel biochemical pathways such as the biosynthesis of a cyclopropyl unit and a β-hydroxyl acid. Finally, examples of successful combinatorial biosynthesis for daptomycin and indolocarbozole compounds are discussed.:
Numerical analytic continuation using Padé approximants

Abstract We present a new method of using Pade approximants to numerically continue a function for which the only obtainable representation consists of the first few terms of a series, as in the case where a curve is fitted to experimental data. The procedure yields good results, but no assessment has been made as to its stability under small perturbations in the values of the coefficients of the original series.
‘Our family business was education’: professional socialization among intergenerational African‐American teaching families

Teacher socialization is primarily examined as an institutional‐based phenomenon, with particular focus on individuals’ PK–12 schooling experiences, teacher education programs, or workplace‐based socialization. This study situates professional socialization experiences of African‐American teachers within teaching families, examining how culturally situated socialization practices inform and shape professional entry and conceptualizations. Nine Black women teachers, all members of three intergenerational teaching families, participated in the study. Data sources included individual life‐history interviews, group conversations and participant‐generated writings. Findings indicate intergenerational socialization into the tradition of Black women teachers, with an emphasis on individual and collective social responsibility. Participants were socialized into the family business of teaching for reasons of stability, complicated by the ironies of social, educational and economic progress for Black women.
Three-dimensional petrography of metal phases in equilibrated L chondrites—Effects of shock loading and dynamic compaction

Abstract To examine the role of impacts in the evolution of asteroids as seen through their chondritic offspring, we have performed a quantitative three dimensional (3D) study of metal grains in a suite of increasingly shocked L chondrites with synchrotron X-ray microtomography (XMT). Our data allow rigorous quantification of size-number distributions and collective morphology of Fe(Ni) metal phases in chondritic meteorites. At the resolution of our XMT measurements (8.4–17.9 μm/voxel), the number of metal particles increase with higher degrees of petrographically identified shock loading, indicating a coalescing of Fe–Ni metal at or below this scale. Our results demonstrate that collective degrees of metal grain preferred orientation increase with greater degrees of impact-related compaction and shock loading. Ductile metal grains in L chondrites begin to show foliation at peak shock pressures
Endoscopic therapy of acute diverticular hemorrhage

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Diverticular hemorrhage is a common cause of lower GI bleeding and can be diagnosed acutely during colonoscopy. However, whether early diagnosis leads to effective intervention remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether urgent colonoscopic therapy is effective as acute and long term treatment for diverticular bleeding with stigmata of hemorrhage. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of all patients who underwent endoscopic therapy for diverticular bleeding from January, 1994 to June, 2000 at Duke University Medical Center. Patients or their families were contacted to obtain complete follow-up including data on subsequent bleeding. RESULTS: We identified 13 patients who underwent colonoscopic hemostatic management for the treatment of acute diverticular bleeding. Therapy consisted of epinephrine injection and/or multipolar electrocoagulation. Five patients (38%) experienced early rebleeding, within 30 days of the index bleed, four of whom required surgery, and three patients (23%) had late rebleeding. There were no complications of endoscopic therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic therapy can provide early hemostasis in some cases of acute diverticular hemorrhage. However, its value in preventing subsequent diverticular bleeding is unclear.
Role of the Metal/Semiconductor interface in quantum size effects: Pb /Si(111)

Self-organized islands of uniform heights can form at low temperatures on metal/semiconductor systems as a result of quantum size effects, i.e., the occupation of discrete electron energy levels in the film. We compare the growth mode on two different substrates [Si(111)- (7x7) vs Si(111)- Pb(sqrt[3]xsqrt[3] )] with spot profile analysis low-energy electron diffraction. For the same growth conditions (of coverage and temperature) 7-step islands are the most stable islands on the (7x7) phase, while 5-step (but larger islands) are the most stable islands on the (sqrt[3]xsqrt[3] ). A theoretical calculation suggests that the height selection on the two interfaces can be attributed to the amount of charge transfer at the interface.
H atom reaction rates in solution measured by free induction decay attenuation

Abstract A pulsed EPR method for determining free radical scavenging rate constants is presented, which bypasses the common problem of nonlinear enhancement of EPR signals by chemically induced dynamic electron polarization (CIDEP). By recording the free induction decay (FID) of transverse magnetization as a function of scavenger concentration, simple pseudo-first-order scavenging behavior is recovered. The method is demonstrated in aqueous solution for the reaction of H atom with OH• to give solvated electron. At 24°C, we obtain ks(H) = 2.3±0.3 × 107 M−1 s−1 and ks(D)=2.9±0.5 × 107 M−1 s−1. Our result (for H) is in excellent agreement with the recommended value determined by optical absorption methods.
Canine RD3 mutation establishes rod cone dysplasia type 2 (rcd2) as ortholog of human and murine rd3

Rod-cone dysplasia type 2 (rcd2) is an autosomal recessive disorder that segregates in collie dogs. Linkage disequilibrium and meiotic linkage mapping were combined to take advantage of population structure within this breed and to fine map rcd2 to a 230-kb candidate region that included the gene C1orf36 responsible for human and murine rd3, and within which all affected dogs were homozygous for one haplotype. In one of three identified canine retinal RD3 splice variants, an insertion was found that cosegregates with rcd2 and is predicted to alter the last 61 codons of the normal open reading frame and further extend the open reading frame. Thus, combined meiotic linkage and LD mapping within a single canine breed can yield critical reduction of the disease interval when appropriate advantage is taken of within-breed population structure. This should permit a similar approach to tackle other hereditary traits that segregate in single closed populations.
Diffusive age-dependent population models and an application to genetics

Abstract A general age-dependent and spatially dependent population model is investigated. The population subclasses interact and diffuse within a bounded geographical region. The problems of existence, uniqueness, continous dependence upon initial densities, and asymptotic behavior of solutions are studied. The general theory is applied to a two allele Mendelian genetics population in which selection occurs through both birth and mortality rates.
Pathogenic mechanisms of diseases caused by Rickettsia

The specter of bioterrorism employing genetically engineered Rickettsia resistant to all antibiotics should reawaken the world's desire to elucidate the pathogenesis of typhus and spotted fever rickettsioses in a search for mechanisms vulnerable to interdiction. The pathogenetic sequence includes rickettsial entry into the dermis, hematogenous dissemination to vascular endothelial cells (most critically in brain and lungs), increased vascular permeability, edema, and immunity mediated by NK cells, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, RANTES, antibodies, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Silverman has demonstrated the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by R. rickettsii-infected endothelial cells in peroxidative damage to cell membranes in vitro, and Heinzen has described actin-based rickettsial intracellular mobility and intercellular spread. At this point the availability of sequences of rickettsial genomes and excellent animal models of rickettsioses have yielded insufficient progress towards the identification of rickettsial virulence factors and knowledge of the importance of injury mediated by ROS, phospholipase A(2), protease(s) or other mechanisms in vivo. Attention to the rickettsiosis-associated procoagulant state led to determination that hemostatic mechanisms largely prevent major hemorrhage without disseminated intravascular coagulation or thrombosis-mediated ischemia. Particularly lacking is knowledge of early events in vivo at the portal of entry in skin (or lung), of the effects of the inoculum medium (arthropod saliva or feces), mediators produced by infected endothelium under conditions of flow and of the contributions in vivo of immune effectors to pathology, of the role of apoptosis in rickettsial infection, and of the endothelial cell alterations that account for increased vascular permeability. The host cell receptor for the Rickettsia ligand and the mechanism of rickettsial escape from the phagosome need to be elucidated.
Global crises of childhood: rights, justice and the unchildlike child

This paper traces how the notion of childhood changes as part of other social transformations. Globalization and the disillusion of public and private spheres are related to contemporary crises of childhood. Visible working children and child violence are highlighted as examples of unchildlike behaviour that suggests indeterminacy in the constitution of the global child. Issues of children's rights and new forms of justice are raised as potentially liberatory ways of viewing the crisis.
Comparative study of Msx-1 expression in early normal and vitamin A-deficient avian embryos.

Homeobox-containing genes may play an important role in establishing embryonic patterns during development of vertebrates. Retinoic acid is able to induce expression of Hox genes in cells in culture and to alter expression patterns in the developing vertebrate embryos. Using wholemount in situ hybridization, we have examined and compared the expression patterns of a homeobox-containing gene, Msx-1, in early normal and vitamin A-deficient quail embryos. At gastrulation stage, Msx-1 is primarily expressed in the posterior half of both normal and vitamin A-deficient embryos. However, the gene is expressed wider and stronger in the vitamin A-deficient embryos. At neurulation stages, Msx-1 is continuously expressed in the posterior region up to Hensen's node and in the edge of the neural fold in both normal and vitamin A-deficient embryos. Notably, in the vitamin A-deficient embryos, Msx-1 is expressed more strongly and is also expressed ectopically in the anterior and precardiac regions. These results provide evidence that endogenous retinoids are involved in the normal expression of Msx-1 in avian embryo and that the expression of Msx-1 is downregulated by endogenous and physiological retinoids in vivo during early avian embryogenesis. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
SPECIALIZATION IN VIOLENCE: EVIDENCE OF A CRIMINAL SUBGROUP*

This study examines the criminal arrest records of a Danish birth cohort of 28,884 men to test the hypothesis that specialization exists for violent offending. Property offending is included for comparison. Specialization in violence is found to exist for offenders with more than three arrests, and specialization in property offending, for offenders with fewer than four arrests. Knowledge of past violent offending is discussed as a potentially valuable part of the predictive equation of future violence.
Metallomesogens: Supramolecular Design via Alkane-rich Metal Complexes

Molecules that use non-covalent interactions to self-organize into supramolecular structures have the potential to generate functional materials with a broad range of applications. This review article focuses on the design and synthesis of molecules that use transition metal ions and long alkyl chains to direct the formation of ordered supramolecular phases. This unique combination of coordination bonds and alkyl interdigitation provide exceptional control over intermolecular interactions and can generate nanoscale molecular order as liquid crystalline states, Langmuir-Blodgett films on surfaces, highly ordered lyotropic phases such as metallo-micelles in water and reverse metallo-micelles in organic media. The synthetic strategy for alkane-rich ligands and the coordination- and lipid-directed self-assembly of these molecules are de- scribed.
Viscous glide, dislocation climb and newtonian viscous deformation mechanisms of high temperature creep in Al-3Mg

Abstract Studied in Al-3Mg solid solution alloy in the stress range of 10−6–10−3 G using double-shear type specimens in a range of temperatures to near the melting point. A composite plot of dimensionless parameters λ kT DGb vs.τ/G indicated three distinct regions: region I extending from stresses of about 6 × 10−5 G and above, region II from 10−5 G to 6 × 10−5 G and region III below 10−5 G. Plots of logarithm of modulus-compensated strain-rate vs. reciprocal of the absolute temperature in all the three regions yielded an average value of 33 kcal/mole for the activation energy for creep. This value is in essential agreement with the activation energy for self-diffusion. Values for the stress exponents were found to be 3.2, 4.1 and 0.9, respectively, in regions I, II and III. Viscous glide and dislocation climb mechanisms were found to be operative in regions I and II, respectively. Present experimental results in region III agreed very closely with the earlier data on pure Al in this normalized stress range. Modified versions of models based on jogged screw dislocation and/or climb of jogged edge dislocation were found to explain the present experimental results on Al-3Mg as well as the earlier data on Al. Experimental results were compared, in addition, with various theories of creep, and Nabarro, Coble, Nabarro-Herring in subgrains as well as Nabarro-Bardeen-Herring creep mechanisms were found to make at most a minute contribution to the overall creep-rate.
Decoding the rat forelimb movement direction from epidural and intracortical field potentials

Brain?machine interfaces (BMIs) use signals from the brain to control a device such as a computer cursor. Various types of signals have been used as BMI inputs, from single-unit action potentials to scalp potentials. Recently, intermediate-level signals such as subdural field potentials have also shown promise. These different signal types are likely to provide different amounts of information, but we do not yet know what signal types are necessary to enable a particular BMI function, such as identification of reach target location, control of a two-dimensional cursor or the dynamics of limb movement. Here we evaluated the performance of field potentials, measured either intracortically (local field potentials, LFPs) or epidurally (epidural field potential, EFPs), in terms of the ability to decode reach direction. We trained rats to move a joystick with their forepaw to control the motion of a sipper tube to one of the four targets in two dimensions. We decoded the forelimb reach direction from the field potentials using linear discriminant analysis. We achieved a mean accuracy of 69 ? 3% with EFPs and 57 ? 2% with LFPs, both much better than chance. Signal quality remained good up to 13 months after implantation. This suggests that using epidural signals could provide BMI inputs of high quality with less risk to the patient than using intracortical recordings.
The winged helix transcriptional activator HFH-8 is expressed in the mesoderm of the primitive streak stage of mouse embryos and its cellular derivatives

The hepatocyte nuclear factor 3/fork head homolog (HFH) proteins are an extensive family of transcription factors which share homology in the winged helix DNA binding domain. Members of the winged helix family have been implicated in cell fate determination during pattern formation, in organogenesis and in cell type-specific gene expression. In this study, we used in situ hybridization to identify the cellular expression pattern of the winged helix transcription factor, HFH-8, during mouse embryonic development. We showed that HFH-8 expression initiates during the primitive streak stage of mouse embryogenesis in the extraembryonic mesoderm and in the lateral mesoderm which gives rise to the somatopleuric and splanchnopleuric mesoderm. During organogenesis, HFH-8 expression is found in the splanchnic mesoderm in close apposition of the gut endoderm, suggesting a role in mesenchymal–epithelial induction of lung and gut morphogenesis. HFH-8 expression continues in lateral mesoderm-derived tissue throughout mouse development. HFH-8 expression is observed in the mesenchymal cells of the oral cavity, esophagus, trachea, lung, intestine, dorsal aorta and intersomitic arteries, but not in the vasculature of the head, liver, kidney or heart. Consistent with these embryonic expression studies, adult HFH-8 expression is restricted to the endothelium and connective fibroblasts of the alveolar sac and in the lamina propria and smooth muscle of the intestine. We also show that several adult endothelial cell lines maintain abundant HFH-8 expression. Furthermore, we used our determined HFH-8 consensus sequence to identify putative target genes expressed in pulmonary and intestinal mesenchymal cells. Cotransfection assays with one of these target promoters, P-selectin, demonstrated that HFH-8 expression was required for IL-6 stimulation of P-selectin promoter activity and suggest that HFH-8 is involved in mediating its cell-specific transcriptional activation in response to cytokines.
The Marshall Plan and oil

The Marshall Plan was the most effective US foreign policy initiative in the post-war period and a turning point in the Cold War. This paper highlights a very important and commonly neglected aspect of the Marshall Plan – the influence of oil. Oil played a key role in the origins, operations, and impact of the Marshall Plan. Marshall Plan aid for oil preserved markets for US oil companies and shaped Western Europe's energy use patterns and its relations with the United States and the oil-producing nations, especially those in the Middle East. In contrast, the Soviet Union was unable to use oil as an instrument of power and influence in this period. Examination of the role of oil in the Marshall Plan provides important insights into the origins of the Cold War and the factors that shaped the post-war world.
Limit theorems for Fourier transforms of functionals of Gaussian sequences

Limit theorems with a non-Gaussian (in fact nonstable) limiting distribution have been obtained under suitable conditions for partial sums of instantaneous nonlinear functions of stationary Gaussian sequences with long range dependence. Analogous limit theorems are here obtained for finite Fourier transforms of instantaneous nonlinear functions of stationary Gaussian sequences with long range dependence.
Iron acquisition in microbial pathogenesis

Successful competition for iron by potential pathogens is essential to establish infection. The roles of the various types of microbial iron acquisition systems in host-pathogen interactions depend on the nature of the infection and the location of the pathogen within the host. Microbes infecting the extracellular spaces of the host employ different strategies for iron acquisition than those that invade and multiply within host cells.
Automated three-dimensional dendrite tracking system

Abstract A technique has been developed which automates the measurement of dendritic fields. A microscope fitted with stepping motor drives for all three dimensions is interfaced to a computer by means of a slightly modified vidicon television camera. A set of algorithms has been developed which allows a computer to recognize a dendrite, to follow it to the edge of the field, or until it is no longer in focus, and then move the slide in whatever direction is necessary to continue following that dendrite until it ends. The ability to move the slide, to a considerable degree, circumvents difficulties due to limited camera resolution often described by other workers in this field. The problem of remaining on the correct cell process in spite of cross-over appears to have been satisfactorily solved.
The Eurozone Crisis: A Crisis of Politics, Not Just Economics

The economic policies of the eurozone crisis, generally presented in apolitical terms, are political both in their underlying principles and in their effects. The EU’s ‘policy without politics’, based on ordo-liberal ideas for macroeconomic austerity and neo-liberal ideas for structural reform, has left the member states with ‘politics without policy’, in which dissatisfied citizens have had little recourse. This has led to increasing political disaffection, polarisation, and Euroscepticism. Proposals to politicise so as to legitimise the EU by electing the Commission President hold some promise, in contrast to election of the Council President. But the danger, given the eurozone crisis, is that such elections will only politicise so as to delegitimise.
Avalanche: Data center Multicast using software defined networking

Group communication is extensively used in modern data centers. Multicast lends itself naturally to these communication patterns. Traditionally, concerns around reliability, scalability and security have resulted in poor adoption of IP multicast in the Internet. However, data center networks with their structured topologies and tighter control present an opportunity to address these concerns. Software defined networking (SDN) architectures, such as OpenFlow, further provide the opportunity to not merely adopt but also innovate multicast in data centers. In this paper, we present Avalanche - An SDN based system that enables multicast in commodity switches used in data centers. As part of Avalanche, we develop a new multicast routing algorithm called Avalanche Routing Algorithm (AvRA). AvRA attempts to minimize the size of the routing tree it creates for any given multicast group. In typical data center topologies like Tree and FatTree, AvRA reduces to an optimal routing algorithm that becomes a solution to the Steiner Tree problem. Avalanche leverages SDN to take advantage of the rich path diversity commonly available in data centers networks, and thereby achieves highly efficient bandwidth utilization. We implement Avalanche as an OpenFlow controller module. Our emulation of Avalanche with Mininet Hi-Fi shows that it improves application data rate by up to 12%, and lowers packet loss by 51%, on an average, compared to IP Multicast. We also build a simulator to evaluate Avalanche at scale. For the PortLand FatTree topology, Avalanche results in at least a 35% reduction, compared to IP Multicast, in the number of links that are less than 5% utilized, once the number of multicast groups exceeds 1000. Lastly, our results confirm that AvRA results in smaller trees compared to traditional IP Multicast routing.
A transistorized pulse monitor

A device is described that continuously monitors the pulse rate of an individual on the operating table. This aids the anesthesiologist in keeping a constant check on the condition of the heart, a task that was formerly impossible.