cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pest Response in Packed Table Grapes to Low Temperature Storage Combined with Slow-Release Sulfur Dioxide Pads in Basic and Large-Scale Tests

The effect of low temperature storage combined with slow release sulfur dioxide pads was determined in basic laboratory and large-scale commercial tests on western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande; grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn); Pacific spider mite, Tetranychus pacificus McGregor; twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch; and omnivorous leafroller, Platynota stultana Walshingham. Temperatures within the foam containers among the packed clusters decreased from ambient to 2°C within approximately 1 d and ranged from 0.4 to 1.7°C in all tests. Sulfur dioxide concentrations in the foam containers ranged between 0.2 and 1.6 ppm during the 1- to 6-wk storage period in basic tests and 0.5–1.1 ppm during the 1- to 8-wk storage period in the large-scale test. Western flower thrips was completely controlled by a ≥1-wk exposure. Grape mealybug mortality was ≥93% after 2–5 wk exposures and 100% after a 6-wk exposure in basic tests. Pacific spider mite and twospotted spider mite mortality was 98.0 and 99.6%, respectively, after a 6-wk exposure. Mortality of grape mealybug and twospotted spider mite increased significantly at ≥3-wk exposures and Pacific spider mite mortality increased significantly at ≥4-wk exposures. Mortality of the spider mites in general was directly related to the duration of exposure. An 8-wk exposure to low temperature storage combined with slow release sulfur dioxide pads in the large-scale test resulted in 100% mortality of western flower thrips, twospotted spider mite, and omnivorous leafroller. The treatment resulted in <8% survival of grape mealybug and <1% survival of Pacific spider mite in the large-scale test. The combination treatment offers an economical method to attain quarantine control of certain insects and mites.
Decoupling as a Foundation for Large Scale Parallel Computing

The “main-stream” inter-process communication models (share-memory and message-passing) require the programmers responsible for the construction of a very complex state machine for parallel processing. This has resulted multiple difficulties including programming, performance tuning, debugging, job scheduling and fault tolerance. The most troubling is the degree of difficulties. It increases exponentially as the multiprocessor grows in size. Inspired by the successes of packet switching protocols, this paper reports our preliminary findings in using decoupling technologies for parallel applications with high reliability, high performance and programmability.
Transport phenomena in proton exchange membrane fuel cells and over-potential distribution of membrane electrode assembly

Abstract To study the coupled phenomena occurring in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, a two-phase, one-dimensional, non-isothermal model is developed. The model includes water phase change, proton transport in the membrane and electro-osmotic effect. The thinnest, but most complex layer in the membrane electrode assembly, catalyst layer, is considered an interfacial boundary between the gas diffusion layer and the membrane. Mass and heat transfer and electro-chemical reaction through the catalyst layer are formulated into equations, which are applied to boundary conditions for the gas diffusion layer and the membrane. Detail accounts of the boundary equations and the numerical solving procedure used in this work are given. The polarization curve is calculated at different oxygen pressures and compared with the experimental results. When the operating condition is changed along the polarization curve, the change of physicochemical variables in the membrane electrode assembly is studied. In particular, the over-potential diagram presents the usage of the electro-chemical energy at each layer of the membrane electrode assembly. As the fuel cell reaction becomes more limited by mass transfer, it is found that higher over-potential is uselessly concentrated on the cathode catalyst layer. The over-potential for the anode reaction was usually ignored in other studies, but the ratio of the anode over-potential to the cathode over-potential increases at a higher current condition. Water content is distributed more unevenly in the membrane, as the cell current is increased. That causes the proton conductivity of membrane to decrease and the water content to increase in the cathode side, which hampers O2 transfer. The effect of electro-osmotic property, one of important property of membrane, on cell performance is also studied.
The ATP-activated Hexameric Helicase of Bacteriophage T4 (gp41) Forms a Stable Primosome with a Single Subunit of T4-coded Primase (gp61)

We have examined the formation of the primosome subassembly of the bacteriophage T4-coded DNA replication (elongation) complex from its helicase, primase, and DNA components. Previously, we had shown that the T4 helicase (gp41) exists in solution in a stable monomer left and right arrow dimer equilibrium at physiological protein (and salt) concentrations and forms a hexamer upon activation by ATP (or GTP) binding (Dong, F., Gogol, E. P., and von Hippel, P. H.(1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 7462-7473). Here we report that the T4 primase (gp61) is a monomer in solution under the same conditions, and that the ATP-activated helicase binds to a single gp61 primase molecule on appropriate DNA templates to reconstitute a stable primosome. We show that: (i) the gp41 helicase alone does not form a stable complex with DNA templates, although this helicase by itself can carry out moderately processive ATP-driven translocation along single-stranded DNA (Young, M. C., Schultz, D. E., Ring, D., and von Hippel, P. H.(1994) J. Mol. Biol. 235, 1447-1458); (ii) the primase alone does form a stable complex with DNA; (iii) the helicase can bind to the primase-DNA complex in the presence of ATP or GTP to form a stable ternary complex; (iv) this complex consists of six helicase subunits and one primase subunit; and (v) the reconstituted primosome is stable for at least 10 to 20 min after NTP cleavage and dissociation of the hydrolysis products. These results strongly suggest that the functional T4 DNA replication primosome consists of an integrated 6:1 helicase-primase complex bound to DNA, and that the ATP-activated helicase hexamer remains intact throughout the processive DNA replication process.
High School Students' Adherence to Rape Myths and the Effectiveness of High School Rape-awareness Programs:

Over the past 15 years, the emergence of date rape as a social problem has resulted in college campuses implementing rape education or awareness programs. Simultaneously, researchers have worked to uncover the rates of rape on college campuses, college students' adherence to rape myths, and to a lesser extent, the effectiveness of rape-awareness programs on college campuses. This study departs from most of this prior research by focusing on high school students. The focus is twofold. First, the high school students' adherence to rape myths is assessed. Second, the effectiveness of a rape-awareness program for high school students presented by a local female victims' organization is assessed (using an experimental design). Consistent with prior research, the study found reasonably high adherence to rape myths, and that the rape-awareness program was effective in educating students about these myths.
Matching rectangles in d-dimensions: Algorithms and laws of large numbers

Abstract For each point of the integer lattice Zd, let X and Y be independent identically distributed random variables with P(X = Y) = p ∈ (0, 1). Let S(n) be the volume of the largest d-dimensional cube in {1,…, n}d with the property that X = Y at every point of the cube; R(n) is similarly defined to be the maximum volume of perfectly matching rectangles. It is proved that, if all possible shifts of the X lattice relative to the Y lattice are allowed, P( lim n → ∞ S(n) log n = lim n → ∞ R(n) log n = 2d) = 1 , where log is to base ( 1 p ). The corresponding limit without shifts is d. Algorithms to find largest squares and rectangles, with and without shifts, are also given.
Performance fluctuations due to polarization effects and nonlinearity in a terrestrial WDM system

We show that, in a typical terrestrial WDM system, the intra-channel nonlinearity-induced Q fluctuation is comparable to that due to PDL alone, and the inter-channel nonlinearity dominates Q fluctuations at narrow channel spacings.
The development of montane arroyos and gullies

Field investigations in the Front Range of Colorado, U.S.A., confirm that the spatial distribution of vegetation in watersheds exerts strong control on the entrenchment of streams in the montane zone. When tractive force in channels exceeds threshold values of resistance on the valley floors, cutting of arroyos begins, producing forms that change allometrically. An algorithm based on the Cooke Method for discharge, the Manning Equation for depth of flow, and the DuBoys Equation for tractive force can be used to evaluate force for observed and experimental conditions. In small (<5 km2) basins in the Front Range of Colorado, forces for the 10-year discharge commonly range from 1 to 5 dynes, but the resistance offered by valley floors is usually unable to withstand forces from channel flows greater than 2 dynes. Biomass of vegetation on the valley floor exerts significant control on the trenching process, with threshold values of biomass commonly between 1.5 and 9 kg/m2, the range of semi-arid vegetation cover. Thresholds exist in the montane erosion system for gradient, mean biomass in the basin, biomass on the valley floor, channel roughness, and channel width. Each threshold value, however, depends on the interrelationships among other variables in the system. Manipulation of the vegetation cover is the primary human impact on the montane channels, and management of the distribution of vegetation offers the most efficient method of maintaining the stability of channels.
Writing implementation research grant proposals: ten key ingredients

Background: All investigators seeking funding to conduct implementation research face the challenges of preparing a high-quality proposal and demonstrating their capacity to conduct the proposed study. Applicants need to demonstrate the progressive nature of their research agenda and their ability to build cumulatively upon the literature and their own preliminary studies. Because implementation science is an emerging field involving complex and multilevel processes, many investigators may not feel equipped to write competitive proposals, and this concern is pronounced among early stage implementation researchers. Discussion: This article addresses the challenges of preparing grant applications that succeed in the emerging field of dissemination and implementation. We summarize ten ingredients that are important in implementation research grants. For each, we provide examples of how preliminary data, background literature, and narrative detail in the application can strengthen the application. Summary: Every investigator struggles with the challenge of fitting into a page-limited application the research background, methodological detail, and information that can convey the project’s feasibility and likelihood of success. While no application can include a high level of detail about every ingredient, addressing the ten ingredients summarized in this article can help assure reviewers of the significance, feasibility, and impact of the proposed research.
Svenska nominalfraser och kontext-fri grammatik

Swedish noun-phrases of the form (Det) (Adj)* N are examined in the light of recent work in generalized phrase-structure grammar. It is argued that simple generalizations about the phrase-structure of these NPs are lost by trying to account for the precise morphological possibilities by using phrase-structure rules mentioning categories marked with morphological features. What could be accounted for by two rules must be broken down into subcases which need seven rules, thereby obscuring the overall syntactic structure of the NPs. An alternative is suggested which maintains the simple syntax which generates morphologically ill-formed NPs but only allows morphologically well-formed ones to be interpreted. It is suggested that this system can be constrained so as to generate only context-free languages.
Integration of wide area DGPS with local area kinematic DGPS

The Stanford University wide area DGPS network has provided a test bed for the development and evaluation of wide area augmentation system (WAAS) algorithms. Until recently, the accuracy performance of these algorithms was assessed only for static users and users on the ground. The only truth models available relied on the user being at a known location or on a surveyed runway. To remedy this situation, the WAAS system was integrated with the integrity beacon landing system (IBLS). IBLS is a local area kinematic DGPS system capable of providing centimeter-level positioning accuracy. The accurate trajectories provided by IBLS are used to assess WAAS performance in an airborne environment. The integration was achieved by porting both the IBLS user software and the WAAS user software to a real-time multi-processing operating system. Both systems now run simultaneously as separate processes on a single computer. The processes can communicate with each other for real-time comparison. They also store data to allow more detailed evaluation in post-processing. Results of flight tests of the Stanford WAAS network are presented.
Model Representation of Local Air Quality Characteristics

Abstract Daily (24 h) and hourly air quality data at several sites are used to examine the performance of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5)–Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) system over a 3-month period in 2003. A coarse (36 km) model grid was expected to provide relatively poor performance for ozone and comparatively better performance for fine particles, especially the more regional sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols. However, results were different from this expectation. Modeling showed significant skill for ozone at several locations but very little skill for particulate species. Modeling did poorly identifying surface wind directions associated with the highest and lowest pollutant exposures at most sites, although results varied widely by location. Model skill appeared to be better for ozone when spatial–temporal (S–T) patterns were examined, due in part to the ability of the model to reproduce much of the temporal variance associated with the d...
NetGen: generating phylogenetic networks with diploid hybrids

Summary: NetGen is an event-driven simulator that creates phylogenetic networks by extending the birth--death model to include diploid hybridizations. DNA sequences are evolved in conjunction with the topology, enabling hybridization decisions to be based on contemporary evolutionary distances. NetGen supports variable rate lineages, root sequence specification, outgroup generation and many other options. This note describes the NetGen application and proposes an extension of the Newick format to accommodate phylogenetic networks. Availability: NetGen is written in C and is available in source form at http://www.phylo.unm.edu/~morin/ Contact: morin@cs.unm.edu
Exacerbation of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis by sialodacryoadenitis virus infection in gnotobiotic F344 rats.

To test the hypothesis that sialodacryoadenitis virus infection could exacerbate respiratory my- coplasmosis in rats, four groups of 40 7- to 9-week-old gnotobiotic F344/N rats were given two intranasal inoculations 7 days apart: Mycoplasma pulmonis, then sialodacryoadenitis virus; M. pulmonis followed by sterile culture medium; medium initially, then virus; or two doses of medium. Immediately and 3, 5, 10, and 20 days after the second inoculation, the nasal passages, middle ears, larynges, tracheas, lungs, and salivary and lacrimal glands of four rats from each group were prepared for histologic examination, and the respiratory organs from four other rats were collected for quantitative culture of M. pulmonis and sialodacryoadenitis virus. To test statistically the effect of virus infection on mycoplasmosis lesions, we determined indices of the severity of respiratory tract lesions by subjective scoring. In rats given both organisms, indices of nasal and tracheal lesions were significantly (P < 0.05) greater at 3 days and after than in rats given M. pulmonis alone, and middle ear, laryngeal, and lung lesion indices were significantly greater at 5 days and after. Rats given both mycoplasma and virus had significantly more mycoplasmal colony-forming units in the nasal passages at 3 days and after, and in the larynges, tracheas, and lungs at 10 and 20 days, than rats given only mycoplasma. These results show that sialodacryoadenitis virus infection can exacerbate respiratory mycoplasmosis in rats under experimental conditions; therefore, the virus probably also contributes to expression of naturally occurring mycoplasmosis. Respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma pulmo- nis infection in rats is variable. M. pulmonis infection can be identified by cultural and serologic methods in rats recently purchased from some commercial pro- ducers, but such rats rarely have lesions of respiratory mycoplasmosis, and most rats that are affected have only mild rhinitis and otitis media.2 In contrast, con- ventionally housed rats in multipurpose research fa- cilities commonly have bronchopulmonary lesions characteristic of more advanced disease. Factors re- ported to affect progression of murine respiratory my- coplasmosis include deficiencies of vitamins A and E,25 administration of the toxic compound hexamethyl- phosphoramide, exposure to ammonia from soiled cage bedding,1-22 gen~type,~.~ and Sendai virus infec- ti~n.~~ Differences in virulence among strains of M. pulrnoni~~J~~~~ and advancing age of the host may be important in some cases. Modern standards of nutrition, sanitation, and mu- rine pathogen control undoubtedly have contributed to the lack of mycoplasmal disease in rats now avail- able from commercial vendors. However, control of infectious agents and environmental factors is difficult in research institutions that accommodate numerous individual projects conducted with conventionally housed rodents. In such situations, advanced respira-
How do we read algorithms? A case study

The authors report on an experiment that explored the way subjects view an algorithm, written in Pascal, and the graphical representation of its behavior. They designed the experiment to examine the influence of programming experience on how subjects view a short but complex algorithm, and they analyzed the scan patterns of eye movement for subjects at two experience levels. They describe the experimental procedure in detail, and discuss the results. An important finding was that all subjects needed numerous fixations in most areas of the algorithm and spent more time viewing relevant slide areas than did subjects in studies using simple text. This supports the hypothesis that viewing strategies for algorithms differ from those for prose. >
Light context-sensitive points-to analysis for java

We design a new context-sensitive points-to analysis for Java thattargets key object-oriented features such as inheritance and encapsulation, and improves precision over the Andersen-style context-insensitive analysis. At the same time, it has cubic worst-case complexity, thus giving precision improvement for free.
Correlation between the 2-dimensional notch width and the 3-dimensional notch volume: a cadaveric study.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the size of the entrance of the notch, as measured arthroscopically (2-dimensionally), with the volume of the notch as measured by use of computed tomography (CT) (3-dimensionally). Methods For 20 cadaveric knees, the dimensions of the notch entrance were measured arthroscopically, and the notch volume was measured by use of CT. The correlation between the size of the notch entrance and the notch volume was calculated. Intraobserver reliability and interobserver reliability of the arthroscopic and CT measurements were tested. Results The Pearson correlation coefficients between CT-assessed notch volume and arthroscopically assessed notch height and width at the bottom, middle, and top of the notch were 0.603, 0.506, 0.551, and 0.642, respectively. The intraobserver reliability and interobserver reliability of the arthroscopic measurements were above 0.962 and 0.819, respectively, and 0.983 and 0.975, respectively, for the CT measurements. Conclusions There were only moderate correlations between arthroscopic notch measurements and notch volume. Both the arthroscopic and CT measurements proved highly reliable. Clinical Relevance The moderate correlation between 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional notch measurements warrants caution concerning the use of either measurement for assessing risk for anterior cruciate ligament injury or as justification for notchplasty until studies between the relation of 3-dimensional notch volume and anterior cruciate ligament injury are conducted.
Actual and potential violence: communities gripped in the culture of fear.

The goal of Culture Bound is to explore topics related to the impact of culture on psychiatric/mental health nursing practice, research, and education.
Partially grooved domain stabilization structures for vertical Bloch line memory

Bias field stability ranges were measured and numerically simulated for magnetic domains in garnets stabilized by partially grooved rectangular and ring grooves. Simulation results agree favorably with experimental results when the finite slope effects of the groove walls are included. As bias fields increase, destabilization in rectangular and ring domains occurs by runout and midstripe domain buckling, respectively. While ring domains are stable at lower bias fields than rectangular domains, bias field stability ranges are approximately equal. For the same partial grooving depth, rectangular domains are preferred because they offer higher storage density potential for vertical Bloch line storage, as long as the bit propagation margins at the stripe ends are sufficient. >
FABRICATION OF UNDOPED NEAR-MONOPHASE BA2TI9O20 VIA RAPID THERMAL PROCESSING

Rapid thermal processing of BaTiO3 and TiO2 pressed powders at 500 °C/min to 1250 °C for 2 h in an infrared furnace resulted in a mixture of Ba2Ti9O20, BaTi4O9, and TiO2. Further heat treatment at 1390 °C led to 96 vol% phase-pure Ba2Ti9O20 from an initial mixture devoid of any dopant. Heat treatment at rates decreasing to 5 °C/min facilitated agglomeration of TiO2. This, in turn, increased the diffusion distance required for reaction of BaTi4O9 and TiO2 to form Ba2Ti9O20.
Solving Large-Scale Zero-One Linear Programming Problems

In this paper we report on the solution to optimality of 10 large-scale zero-one linear programming problems. All problem data come from real-world industrial applications and are characterized by sparse constraint matrices with rational data. About half of the sample problems have no apparent special structure; the remainder show structural characteristics that our computational procedures do not exploit directly. By today's standards, our methodology produced impressive computational results, particularly on sparse problems having no apparent special structure. The computational results on problems with up to 2,750 variables strongly confirm our hypothesis that a combination of problem preprocessing, cutting planes, and clever branch-and-bound techniques permit the optimization of sparse large-scale zero-one linear programming problems, even those with no apparent special structure, in reasonable computation times. Our results indicate that cutting-planes related to the facets of the underlying polytope are an indispensable tool for the exact solution of this class of problem. To arrive at these conclusions, we designed an experimental computer system PIPX that uses the IBM linear programming system MPSX/370 and the IBM integer programming system MIP/370 as building blocks. The entire system is automatic and requires no manual intervention.
A rule-based system for document image segmentation

A rule-based system for automatically segmenting a document image into regions of text and nontext is presented. The initial stages of the system perform image enhancement functions such as adaptive thresholding, morphological processing, and skew detection and correction. The image segmentation process consists of smearing the original image via the run length smoothing algorithm, calculating the connected components locations and statistics, and filtering (segmenting) the image based on these statistics. The text regions can be converted (via an optical character reader) to a computer-searchable form, and the nontext regions can be extracted and preserved. The rule-based structure allows easy fine tuning of the algorithmic steps to produce robust rules, to incorporate additional tools (as they become available), and to handle special segmentation needs. >
Optical and acoustic detection of laser-generated microbubbles in single cells

Acoustically monitored laser-induced optical breakdown (LIOB) has potential as an important tool to diagnose and treat living cells. Laser-induced intracellular microbubbles are readily detectable using high-frequency ultrasound, and LIOB can be controlled to operate within two distinct regimes. In the nondestructive regime, a single, short-lived bubble can be generated within a cell, without affecting its immediate viability. In the destructive regime, the induced photodisruption quickly can kill a targeted cell. To generate and monitor this range of bioeffects in real time, we have developed a system integrating an ultrafast laser source with optical and acoustic microscopy. Experiments were performed on monolayers of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. A 793 nm, 100 fs laser pulsed at 3.8 kHz was tightly focused within each cell to produce the photodisruption, and a 50 MHz ultrasonic transducer monitored the resultant bubble via continuous pulse-echo recordings. Photodisruption was also observed using bright field microscopy, and cell viability was assessed following laser exposure with a trypan blue assay. By controlling laser pulse fluence and exposure duration, either nondestructive or destructive LIOB could be produced. The intracellular position of the laser focus was also varied to demonstrate that cell viability was affected by the specific location of material breakdown.
Gamma Knife radiosurgery with CT image-based dose calculation

The Leksell GammaPlan software version 10 introduces a CT image-based segmentation tool for automatic skull definition and a convolution dose calculation algorithm for tissue inhomogeneity correction. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the impact of these new approaches on routine clinical Gamma Knife treatment planning. Sixty-five patients who underwent CT image-guided Gamma Knife radiosurgeries at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center in recent years were retrospectively investigated. The diagnoses for these cases include trigeminal neuralgia, meningioma, acoustic neuroma, AVM, glioma, and benign and metastatic brain tumors. Dose calculations were performed for each patient with the same dose prescriptions and the same shot arrangements using three different approaches: 1) TMR 10 dose calculation with imaging skull definition; 2) convolution dose calculation with imaging skull definition; 3) TMR 10 dose calculation with conventional measurement-based skull definition. For each treatment matrix, the total treatment time, the target coverage index, the selectivity index, the gradient index, and a set of dose statistics parameters were compared between the three calculations. The dose statistics parameters investigated include the prescription isodose volume, the 12 Gy isodose volume, the minimum, maximum and mean doses on the treatment targets, and the critical structures under consideration. The difference between the convolution and the TMR 10 dose calculations for the 104 treatment matrices were found to vary with the patient anatomy, location of the treatment shots, and the tissue inhomogeneities around the treatment target. An average difference of 8.4% was observed for the total treatment times between the convolution and the TMR algorithms. The maximum differences in the treatment times, the prescription isodose volumes, the 12 Gy isodose volumes, the target coverage indices, the selectivity indices, and the gradient indices from the convolution and the TMR 10 calculations are 14.9%, 16.4%, 11.1%, 16.8, 6.9%, and 11.4%, respectively. The maximum differences in the minimum and the mean target doses between the two calculation algorithms are 8.1% and 4.2% of the corresponding prescription doses. The maximum differences in the maximum and the mean doses for the critical structures between the two calculation algorithms are 1.3 Gy and 0.7 Gy. The results from the two skull definition methods with the TMR 10 algorithm agree either within ± 2.5% or 0.3 Gy for the dose values, except for a 4.9% difference in the treatment times for a lower cerebellar lesion. The imaging skull definition method does not affect Gamma Knife dose calculation considerably when compared to the conventional measurement-based skull definition method, except in some extreme cases. Large differences were observed between the TMR 10 and the convolution calculation method for the same dose prescription and the same shot arrangements, indicating that the implementation of the convolution algorithm in routine clinical use might be desirable for optimal dose calculation results.
Communication Among Phages, Bacteria, and Soil Environments

Organisms have three basic functions: survival, reproduction, and movement. Survival is necessary for reproduction, reproduction increases numbers, and movement at a minimum assures that all of an organism’s “eggs” are not found in the same spatial “basket.” For bacteriophages (phages), these facets can be differentiated into mechanisms that operate within the context of bacterial hosts vs. less so. Survival hence can occur in the infection or virion state; reproduction can be differentiated into that which is more closely linked with normal bacterial metabolism (i.e., prophage replication) vs. that which involves substantial modification of normal bacterial metabolism (i.e., lytic reproduction); and movement can occur as virions or while infecting bacteria. We thus can envisage a dance between phages and bacteria involving survival, reproduction, and movement. During this time, exchange of information can occur, that is, communication. In this chapter, I explore such communication within the context of soils.
"This Small and Honorable Association": The American Catholic Historical Association and The Catholic Historical Review, 1969–2015

The author addresses the history of the American Catholic Historical Association from its fiftieth anniversary in 1969 to the present, including the history of its official journal, The Catholic Historical Review .
Emulsifiers: Types and Uses

Emulsions are composed of two immiscible liquids where one is dispersed as individual droplets within the other. Typical food emulsions are oil-in-water and water-in-oil. Most emulsions are not stable for long periods of time and will quickly separate into the two separate components. Emulsifiers are surface-active agents that act at the interface between the two immiscible liquids. Their main roles are to promote emulsion formation and to stabilize the emulsion. Emulsifier molecules contain an oil-soluble, lipophilic tail that reacts with the oil and a water-soluble, hydrophilic head that reacts with the water at the interface of the dispersed droplet. These interactions decrease the surface tension of the droplet and allow it to be to be subdivided into smaller droplets during mixing, thus assisting in creating a more stable emulsion. Emulsifiers maintain the stability of the emulsions by forming barriers around the dispersed droplets, which prevent them from coalescing. The mechanism of barrier formation is determined by the properties of the emulsifier and includes electrostatic repulsion, creation of a ‘bound’ water layer, and steric hindrance. There are many types of emulsifiers with different functionalities that are used in a wide variety of food products.
The Impact of a Grievant's Offer of Apology and the Decision-Making Process of Labor Arbitrators: A Case Analysis

This article examines what impact, if any, a grievant’s offer of apology has on the decision-making process of labor arbitrations in discipline and discharge cases. In addition, this article will address how an offer of apology changes, influences and impacts arbitral outcomes. Specifically, this study examines whether, and under what circumstances, a grievant’s offer of apology (or regret) can serve as the basis for a labor arbitrator to alter or lessen the amount of discipline meted out to grievants in discipline and discharge cases.
Social Change, Gender Roles, and New Religious Movements

The relationship between gender role ambiguities and new religious movements is explored by an analysis of religious and nonreligious communes utilizing both survey and ethnographic data. The existence of a single, morally absolute set of definitions and specific rules concerning sexuality and gender roles distinguishes religious from secular communal movements. Participants in religious groups are characterized by uncertainty about rather than outright rejection of traditional gender roles, and low tolerance for ambiguity. Findings are discussed within a broader explanatory framework which emphasizes the significance of lifestage and gender roles for understanding the interrelationships among structural change, cultural fragmentation and social movement participation. A recurrent phenomenon on the historical landscape is the periodic upsurge of movements sweeping in their condemnation of the society that surrounds them and offering alternative communities of moral regeneration and social fellowship. Such times of countercultural protest are characterized by relatively sudden economic, social, and demographic changes that have eroded the taken-for-granted legitimacy of prevailing institutions (Yinger, 1982). Where and when traditional understandings and values no longer fit emerging realities, large cracks appear in the consensus underlying existing social arrangements and prophets and visionaries can command the attention of more than a few passersby. Religious movements flourish as competing visions of a New Moral Order receive enthusiastic support. In periods of major social and cultural disjuncture, religious as well as many secular movements have a communitarian focus-oriented to the establishment of actual communities of co-enthusiasts. Within small, well-bounded communities of likeminded others, "new" values, goals, and role behaviors can be socially defined and consensually affirmed (cf. Bennett, 1975; Bestor, 1950; Cohn, 1970; Darin-Drabkin, 1962; Zablocki, 1980).
Lifelong learning: A constructivist grounded theory study

L learning has been established as an essential component of nursing culture, yet there continues to be substantial obstacles to implementing lifelong learning into nursing practice. The research questions were: What are the perceptions of nurses regarding lifelong learning, what experiences describe the nurse’s pursuit of lifelong learning and what theory, grounded in data explains lifelong learning of acute care nurses? The sampling and data collection took place in a southern Utah health care organization and data saturation occurred after 15 interviews. The conceptual base for the study was The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) and Association of American Medical College’s (AAMC) lifelong learning in medicine and nursing final conference report (2010). A constructivist grounded theory method was chosen and theoretical sampling methods were used to collect the data. Theoretical sampling and constant comparative analysis were the primary methods of data analysis. The theory that emerged from the data was confined learning, which is a descriptive theory depicting lifelong learning of acute care nurses. This theory describes how nurses have become dependent upon hospitals for lifelong learning opportunities. Some of these opportunities are provided by the hospital and others were experienced within the hospital and occurred at the patient bedside or by interacting with coworkers. The implications of the research findings expose an over dependence for nurses upon hospital provided learning resources. This overdependence upon a hospital for providing learning opportunities decreases the nurse’s opportunities to explore learning resources, become familiar with current research and develop information literacy.
Disability Income, Cocaine Use, and Repeated Hospitalization among Schizophrenic Cocaine Abusers — A Government-Sponsored Revolving Door?

Background Many patients with serious mental illness are addicted to drugs and alcohol. This comorbidity creates additional problems for the patients and for the clinicians, health care systems, and social-service agencies that provide services to this population. One problem is that disability income, which many people with serious mental illness receive to pay for basic needs, may facilitate drug abuse. In this study, we assessed the temporal patterns of cocaine use, psychiatric symptoms, and psychiatric hospitalization in a sample of schizophrenic patients receiving disability income. Methods We evaluated 105 male patients with schizophrenia and cocaine dependence at the time of their admission to the hospital. They had severe mental illness and a long-term dependence on cocaine, with repeated admissions to psychiatric hospitals; many were homeless. The severity of psychiatric symptoms and urinary concentrations of the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine were evaluated weekly for 15 weeks. Results Cocai...
A CYTOLOGICAL STUDY ON SOME RECENTLY COLLECTED STRAINS OF DROSOPHILA PAULISTORUM.

Drosophila paulistorum Dobzhansky and Pavan is a species of the subgenus Sophopkora, with an area of distribution extending from Guatemala and Trinidad to southern Brazil. Dobzhansky and Spassky (1959) discovered that the species consists of five species in statu nascendi. Individuals belonging to different incipient species do not cross in nature when sympatric, thus behaving as completely isolated species. In the laboratory, however, they may, in some cases, produce hybrids; in these instances, females are fertile, while males are sterile. Ehrman (1960a, b, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965) has found that there is a strong ethological (sexual) isolation, controlled by a polygenic system, between strains belonging to different races. Male hybrid sterility was attributed to the genetic constitution of the mothers. Previously published studies on the chromosomes of Drosopkila paulistorum have revealed that this group of semispecies or incipient species could contribute considerably to our knowledge of the patterns of chromosomal evolution, and speciation patterns in general. Studies of this nature are those of Dobzhansky and Pavlovsky (1962), Kastritsis (1966, 1967), Kastritsis and Dobzhansky (1967). Although a number of conclusions were proposed from the results presented in those publications, it became immediately apparent that further collections throughout
Dissimilation of Sucrose by Shigella Paradysenteriae Var. Sonnei

The possibility of pure cultures of bacteria undergoing spontaneous changes in morphology, colony form, virulence and immune reactions is accepted by many bacteriologists today. One of the more recent developments in this study of bacterial variation has been concerned with the accompanying alterations in physiologic behavior. The characteristic delayed fermentation of lactose by certain organisms of the dysentery group is well known. It is our purpose in this article to describe the results of studies on physiologic aspects of the rapid and slow variants of a culture of Shigella paradysenteriae var. Sonnei.1
Study on the Properties of the Objective Function for Assessing Roundness Errors

The unconstrained optimization mathematical model is established for assessing roundness errors by the minimum zone method with the radial measurement approach.The properties of the objective function concerned are thoroughly researched into.On the basis of the modern theory on the convex function,it is strictly proved that the established roundness objective function is a continuous and non-differentiable and convex function defined on the two-dimensional Euclidean space R2.Therefore,the global minimum value of the objective function is unique.Thus,any present optimization algorithm, as long as it is convergent,can be applied to solve the objective function to get the reliable minimum zone roundness error.An example is given to test and verify the theoretical results presented.
Proof Without Words: Sums of Reciprocals of Binomial Coefficients

We provide a visual computation of the sum of the series obtained by adding the reciprocals of entries from column n from Pascal's triangle.
Sleep Disorders in Neurologic Practice: A Case-based Approach

Sleep disorders are common in neurology practice, but are often undiagnosed and untreated. Specific patient cohorts, such as older adults, patients residing in nursing homes, and patients with underlying chronic neurologic and psychiatric disorders, are at particular risk. If these sleep problems are not properly evaluated and managed the patient may experience exacerbation of the underlying neurologic disorder. This article highlights some of the key sleep disorders relevant to practicing neurologists, emphasizing hypersomnolence, insomnia, and sleep-related movement disorders in the setting of neurologic disorders to enhance the tools available for evaluation, and discusses management strategies.
Bursty jitter in high-speed I/O due to power-state transition and its impact on signal integrity

Accurately predicting power supply noise (PSN) induced jitter is crucial to link signal integrity analysis. PSN induced jitter becomes more severe with a decreased supply level, or increased design density. It exhibits strong time dependence due to power management technique employed in low-power design. For the first time, the bursty nature of PSN-induced jitter during power-state transition is accurately accounted for in full-link signal-integrity analysis. We present that power state transition frequency has a major impact on I/O link total jitter. This phenomenon that will be demonstrated with jitter simulations can be utilized to prevent over-design provided architecture-level wake-up behavior is determined.
Bayesian vector autoregressive model for multi‐subject effective connectivity inference using multi‐modal neuroimaging data

In this article a multi-subject vector autoregressive (VAR) modeling approach was proposed for inference on effective connectivity based on resting-state functional MRI data. Their framework uses a Bayesian variable selection approach to allow for simultaneous inference on effective connectivity at both the subject- and group-level. Furthermore, it accounts for multi-modal data by integrating structural imaging information into the prior model, encouraging effective connectivity between structurally connected regions. They demonstrated through simulation studies that their approach resulted in improved inference on effective connectivity at both the subject- and group-level, compared with currently used methods. It was concluded by illustrating the method on temporal lobe epilepsy data, where resting-state functional MRI and structural MRI were used. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1311-1332, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does It Pay to 'Be Like Mike'? Aspirational Peer Firms and Relative Performance Evaluation

We examine the manner and extent to which firms evaluate performance relative to aspirational peer firms. Guided by the predictions of an agency model, we find that CEO compensation increases in the correlation between own and aspirational peer firm performances. In addition, we define and test conditions where aggregate peer performance, which has been the primary focus of prior relative performance evaluation studies of competitive peers, is expected to have an association with CEO compensation. These conditions are supported by our empirical results. Finally, we document that our results are more pronounced when the firm-peer relationship is one-way and the peer firm is in a different industry and therefore is more aspirational.
Factors influencing injury severity of crashes involving HAZMAT trucks

Abstract This paper investigates factors affecting injury severity of crashes involving HAZMAT large trucks. It uses the crash data in the state of California from the Highway Safety Information System, from 2005 to 2011. The explanatory factors include the occupant, crash, vehicle, roadway, environmental, and temporal characteristics. Both fixed- and random-parameters ordered probit models of injury severity (where possible outcomes are major, minor, and no injury) were estimated; the random-parameters model captures possible unobserved effects related to factors not present in the data. The model results indicate that the occupants being male, truck drivers, crashes occurring in rural locations, under dark-unlighted, under dark-lighted conditions, and on weekdays were associated with increased probability of major injuries. Conversely, the older occupants (age 60 and over), truck making a turn, rear-end collision, collision with an object, crashes occurring on non-interstate highway, higher speed limit highway (≥65 mph), and flat terrain were associated with decreased probability of major injuries. This study has identified factors that explain injury severities of crashes involving HAZMAT, and as such, it could be used by policy makers and transportation agencies to improve HAZMAT transport, and thus, the overall highway safety.
A review of orexin’s unprecedented potential as a novel, highly-specific treatment for various localized and metastatic cancers:

A systematic review was conducted to categorize the types of cancerous tissues that express orexin receptors and also to examine the effect of in vitro administration of orexin A or B to corresponding cell samples. Comprehensive literature analyses of primary experimental studies were performed. The results of the review included an increased frequency of orexin receptor expression in many colon and prostate cancer tissues and an upward trend of pro-apoptotic activity in these aggressive cell types.
A love wave biosensor with a phononic wave guiding layer for VEGF detection in selective platelet activation

Platelets are blood cells that play a critical role in a number of pathophysiological processes. After activation, platelets release a variety of growth factors, including PDGF, VEGF, TGF-β and HGF. Using different agonists, platelets can be selectively activated in different ways. For example, PAR-1 agonist activated platelets release VEGF while PAR-4 agonist activated platelets retain VEGF in them. Thus, detection of secreted growth factors under the activation of different agonists is essential for the effective clinical use of platelets for optimal injured tissue repair. Love wave sensor is considered as a promising biosensing platform in biomedical research, and more efforts need be devoted to improve the sensor performance. Phononic crystals are periodic composite materials with periodic scattering centers; and acoustic wave in certain frequencies cannot propagate through this kind of frequency band structure. In this study, a Love wave sensor with an innovative phononic wave guiding layer is proposed to detect the VEGF secreted during the selective platelet activation process.
The Haystack Is Full of Needles: Technology Rescues Sugars!

The recent paper by Stadlmann et al. (2017) provides a novel algorithm for glycoproteomics in which complex glycopeptides can be identified in complex mixtures to aid in characterizing both the site of glycosylation and the glycan structure.