cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association between radicular low back pain and constipation: a retrospective cohort study using a real-world national database.

Introduction Previous observational studies have reported an association between lumbosacral radiculopathy (LSR), a form of low back pain (LBP) with nerve root involvement, and constipation. However, it is unclear whether this association is due to confounding variables such as comorbidities and medications. Objectives This study explores the possible association between LSR and constipation, with the hypothesis that adults with LSR have increased odds of developing constipation compared with those with nonradicular LBP. Methods Adults aged 18 to 49 years with incident LSR and nonradicular LBP were identified from a national 70 million patient electronic health records network (TriNetX). Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to control for covariates and determine the odds ratio (OR) of constipation over a 1-year follow-up. Lumbar stenosis, cauda equina syndrome, and inflammatory bowel diseases were excluded. Results After PSM, 503,062 patients were in each cohort. Before PSM, the likelihood of constipation was identical between cohorts (LSR 10.8% vs 10.9%; OR [confidence interval] = 0.99 [0.98-1.0], P = 0.251). This association was unchanged after PSM (LSR 10.8% vs 11.1%; OR [confidence interval] = 0.98 [0.97-0.99]; P = 0.003). Conclusions The study hypothesis can be refuted given that the OR approximated the null in a large propensity-matched sample. Patients with LSR have equivalent odds of constipation compared with those with nonradicular LBP, suggesting that LSR is not a direct cause of constipation. The similar risk of constipation between cohorts could be explained by factors common to LBP in general, such as pain severity, physical inactivity, and constipating medications.
Identifying Local Hidden Data Sets: The First Step to Begin a Geospatial Data Collection

Data management is an emerging role for libraries that has been increasing in importance in the past ten years. Since many federal funding agencies require a data management plan, libraries have been natural partners in managing that data. Data, particularly geospatial data, have been gathered as part of library services for several decades. While it is easy to see a connection and role for the libraries to provide access and discovery or referral services to these known items, it is far more difficult to help researchers discover data that are unknown. Individual researchers may be aware of the data they have accumulated but it is difficult to determine what other researchers are gathering and utilizing. This article provides details about how one institution with many remote field research stations and limited library resources is attempting to shine a light on hidden data through faculty collaborations. Finding hidden data is a critical and lengthy first step in making the data findable and useable to ...
A new localized ink coating methodology for preventing photoresist deformation for TEM sample preparation

In this work we reported a new methodology for ink coating for TEM sample preparation. Detailed pre-FIB and FIB processes were performed under different conditions such as method of coating used and baking temperatures. TEM profile was taken on all prepared sample to understand the critical dimensions of PR under various conditions, and a comparison was made to conclude the best coating method to minimize PR profile deformation during sample preparation. Finally, a new technique of using static glass needle to apply ink coating was introduced to enhance coating application on very localized site specific structures.
Integrating diet and movement data to identify hot spots of predation risk and areas of conservation concern for endangered species

Effective management of threatened and endangered species requires an understanding of how species of conservation concern are distributed spatially, as well as the spatial distribution of risks to the population, such as predation or human impacts (fishing, pollution, and loss of habitat). Identifying high-risk areas is particularly important when designing reserves or protected areas. Our novel approach incorporates data on distribution, movement, and diet of a generalist marine predator (harbor seals) to identify and map “hot spots” of predation risk for an endangered prey species (rockfish). Areas with high concentrations of seals (including some current marine reserves) are also estimated hot spots for rockfish predation. Although marine reserve planning currently targets areas with good habitat and low human disturbance, our modeling suggests that future terrestrial and marine reserve design may be made more effective by incorporating other components of the food web that either directly or indirectly interact with target species.
Experiences in discovering, modeling, and reenacting open source software development processes

Process discovery has been shown to be a challenging problem offering limited results. This paper describes a new approach to process discovery that examines the Internet information spaces of open source software development projects. In particular, we examine challenges, strengths, weaknesses and findings when seeking to discover, model, and re-enact processes associated with large, global OSSD projects like NetBeans.org. The longer-term goal of this approach is to determine the requirements and design of more fully integrated process discovery and modeling mechanisms that can be applied to Web-based, open source software development projects.
Oxidation of 20α-Hydroxycholesterol by Adrenal Cortex Mitochondria

Abstract The oxidative conversion of 20α-hydroxycholesterol to pregnenolone by adrenal cortex mitochondria has been studied and correlated with the spectral change produced by this substrate in these particles. The difference spectrum produced by 20α-hydroxycholesterol in the absence of suitable electron donors is a characteristic type II spectrum. Under conditions allowing mixed function oxidation of its side chain, this spectrum loses its 420-nm peak concomitant with a marked acceleration of oxygen consumption and the appearance of pregnenolone and other products. Depletion of sterol substrate in these cases is accompanied by a return of the absorbance at 420 nm as well as a return in the rate of oxygen uptake to presterol levels. The conversion is found to be much less sensitive to metyrapone inhibition than is steroid 11β-hydroxylation. Pregnenolone and aminoglutethimide both inhibit side chain cleavage of 20α-hydroxycholesterol at moderately high concentrations. Like metyrapone, these substances interact with cytochrome P-450 in this tissue producing type II difference spectra with estimated dissociation constants smaller than the concentrations required to inhibit the oxidative side chain cleavage of 20α-hydroxycholesterol.
The Moral and Legal Basis for Sanctions

In order to analyze the moral and legal basis for sanctions in international relations, we have to begin at a stage where there is no centralized government in place. We first need to get a picture of the range of possible sanctions. Next, we need to see what role sanctions play in the international system. Finally, we turn to the intertwined moral and legal considerations that make well-designed sanctions efficacious in today’s world. The fundamental objective of sanctions in interstate relations is to make it expensive for a target state to refrain from doing what the sanctioning state wants it to do.
Diffractive J/ψ and continuum e+e− pair production in PHENIX Ultraperipheral Collisions

We report results on high energy photoproduction from the PHENIX experiment. Using Run 4 Au-Au data taken with an ultra-peripheral trigger (requiring a rapidity gap in 3.0 ⩽ η ⩽ 3.9 ). We find 10 ± 3 candidates for diffractive J / ψ photoproduction and of order 40 candidates for continuum e + e − photoproduction in the mass range m e e ⩾ 1.8 GeV / c 2 . We then discuss prospects and rates for hard photoproduction at the LHC with Pb-Pb beam collisions and p-Pb.
The Pastoral Tuareg: Ecology, Culture, and Society, vols. 1 and 2

The Pastoral Tuareg: Ecology, Culture, and Society, vols. and 2. Johannes Nicolaisen and Ida Nicolaisen. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.488 pp.
VIP gene deletion in mice causes cardiomyopathy associated with upregulation of heart failure genes.

Rationale Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP), a pulmonary vasodilator and inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle proliferation, is absent in pulmonary arteries of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We previously determined that targeted deletion of the VIP gene in mice leads to PAH with pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular (RV) dilatation. Whether the left ventricle is also affected by VIP gene deletion is unknown. In the current study, we examined if VIP knockout mice (VIP−/−) develop both right (RV) and left ventricular (LV) cardiomyopathy, manifested by LV dilatation and systolic dysfunction, as well as overexpression of genes conducive to heart failure.
Implications of Type of Metric On Regression Assessment

An investigation was conducted to determine if different types of metrics would affect indexing of regression following a summer vacation. Students with learning disabilities and mild mental disabilities from three elementary schools were assessed before and after a summer vacation in math and spelling using grade-level curriculum-based measurement (CBM) materials. Results indicated that the type of metric used, raw score or z-score, affected indexing of regression: Students appeared to have regressed when raw scores were analyzed but appeared not to have regressed when z-scores were analyzed. Possible explanations for this difference and suggested recommendations are discussed.
Dynamics of aphidophagous coccinellid assemblages in small grain fields in eastern South Dakota

Aphidophagous coccinellid beetle populations were sampled by sweep net from 1969 to 1985 in small grain fields in eastern South Dakota. The assemblage of coccinellids consisted of six species: Hippodamia eonvergens Guerin-Meneville, H. tredecimpunctata tibialis (Say), H. parenthesis (Say), Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer), Coccinella transversoguttata Faldermann, and Cycloneda munda (Say). H. convergens was the most abundant coccinellid, followed by H. tredecimpunctata , H. parenthesis , Coleomegilla maeulata , Coccinella transversoguttata , and Cycloneda munda in rank order of abundance. Seasonal patterns of population increase differed among species. At all sites, populations of each species fluctuated unpredictably among years and independently of populations of other species. Assemblage structure at a site changed unpredictably from year to year, but the extent of change was constrained. Averaged over years, there were distinct differences in the structure of coccinellid species assemblages at geographically separated sites. Although assemblage structure varied from year to year at a site, there was no evidence of systematic change in structure at any site over the years of the study. A technique was proposed for evaluating the effect of introduced predators on coccinellid species assemblages.
Parliamentary Elections in Azerbaijan: A Failed Revolution

A democratic revolution is unlikely in Azerbaijan because most voters consider the opposition as unsavory as the incumbents.
Mechanism of earthquakes and nature of faulting on the mid-oceanic ridges

The mechanisms of 17 earthquakes on the mid-oceanic ridges and their continental extensions were investigated using data from the World-Wide Standardized Seismograph Network of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey and from other long-period seismograph instruments. Mechanism solutions of high precision can now be obtained for a large number of earthquakes with magnitudes as small as 6 in many areas of the world. Less than 1% of the data used in this study are inconsistent with a quadrant distribution of first motions of the phases P and PKP; in many previous investigations 15 to 20% of the data were often inconsistent with the published solutions. Ten of the earthquakes that were studied occurred on fracture zones that intersect the crest of the mid-oceanic ridge. The mechanism of each of the shocks that is located on a fracture zone is characterized by a predominance of strike-slip motion on a steeply dipping plane; the strike of one of the nodal planes for P waves is nearly coincident with the strike of the fracture zone. The sense of strike-slip motion in each of the ten solutions is in agreement with that predicted for transform faults; it is opposite to that expected for a simple offset of the ridge crest along the various fracture zones. The spatial distribution of earthquakes along fracture zones also seems to rule out the hypothesis of simple offset. Two well documented solutions for earthquakes that are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge but that do not appear to be located on fracture zones are characterized by a predominance of normal faulting. The mechanisms of four earthquakes on extensions of the mid-oceanic ridge system—one near northern Siberia and three in East Africa—are also characterized by a predominance of normal faulting. The inferred axes of maximum tension for these six events are approximately perpendicular to the strike of the mid-oceanic ridge system. The results are in agreement with hypotheses of sea-floor growth at the crest of the mid-oceanic ridge system.
A NOTE ON INTEGRATING INVENTORY AND PRODUCT SALES‐MIX MODELS

In a recent issue of Decision Sciences, Raiborn and Harris [2] discussed the integration of inventory and product sales-mix models. While they formulated a model which reflected some of the interactions between product sales-mix and inventory decisions, the purpose of this note is to point out deficiencies in their decision rule analysis for solving such integrated models.
A Phenomenological Examination of Sibling Relationships in Emerging Adulthood

A growing area of research has focused on the role played by siblings throughout the life span. However, limited work has been conducted on the sibling relationship dynamics of emerging adults specifically using qualitative methods. The current study is a phenomenological examination of the nature of sibling relationships in emerging adults using a sample of 52 students, 36 women and 16 men, between ages 18 and 23 years (M = 19.85, SD = 1.16) from a large northeastern U.S. state university. Participants were interviewed using semistructured questions about various aspects of family environment. Results were analyzed using the phenomenological method. Themes emanating from the interviews were as follows: (1) change in the relationship due to time and transitions, (2) variability due to family constellation, (3) difficulties due to divorce and blended families, (4) older sibling blame and responsibility, (5) parental punishment during sibling dispute and disengagement as the siblings aged, and (6) differenc...
A pilot, prospective evaluation of a direct thrombin inhibitor, bivalirudin (Angiomax), in patients undergoing lower extremity bypass

Objective Replacing heparin with bivalirudin has been beneficial in patients undergoing coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass. The use of this alternative anticoagulant during peripheral bypass operations has not been studied. Concerns over distal thrombosis using this direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI) prompted a single-arm, open-label, pilot prospective trial of bivalirudin in patients undergoing lower extremity bypass to assess perioperative safety and efficacy. Methods Between 2006 and 2007, 18 patients met criteria for enrollment and underwent primary lower extremity bypass using bivalirudin. All patients had severe symptomatic atherosclerotic disease requiring lower extremity bypass. Bivalirudin at a bolus dose of 0.75 mg/kg and continuous infusion of 1.75 mg/kg/hr was used as the sole anticoagulant. Results Patients (mean age, 67 years) underwent femoral-popliteal (n = 14) or femoral-tibial (n = 4) bypass preferentially using saphenous vein (83%). Mean operative time was 261 minutes, with bivalirudin infusion time of 95 ± 26 minutes (mean ± standard deviation). Reliable anticoagulation was achieved with weight-based dosing with activated clotting time values at baseline (systemic) of 131 ± 92 seconds, during infusion (systemic) of 347 ± 36 seconds, and from the distal vasculature (limb) of 345 ± 66 seconds. Distal limb bivalirudin levels were stable at 9755 ± 3860 ng/mL during clamp occlusion. Mean estimated blood loss was 332 ± 191 mL with four patients (22%) requiring blood products. One patient required revision of the proximal anastomosis during the initial hospitalization. At 30 days, all bypass operations were patent with improvement of mean ankle-brachial index from 0.57 to 0.81. There were no deaths, myocardial infarctions, or amputations in the 30-day postoperative period. Based on the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction classification for bleeding, one patient had major bleeding (>2 units of packed red blood cells), and three patients had minor bleeding within the first 30 days. Conclusions Bivalirudin is a safe and effective anticoagulant for lower extremity bypass operations. Thrombosis beyond the distal clamp was not seen. A comparative trial to standard anticoagulation is warranted.
An expository on verification and validation of simulation models

In this expository paper we give a general introduction to verification and validation of simulation models, define the various validation techniques, and present a recommended model validation procedure.
Orientation of Heparin-binding Sites in Native Vitronectin ANALYSES OF LIGAND BINDING TO THE PRIMARY GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN-BINDING SITE INDICATE THAT PUTATIVE SECONDARY SITES ARE NOT FUNCTIONAL

A primary heparin-binding site in vitronectin has been localized to a cluster of cationic residues near the C terminus of the protein. More recently, secondary binding sites have been proposed. In order to investigate whether the binding site originally identified on vitronectin functions as an exclusive and independent heparin-binding domain, solution binding methods have been used in combination with NMR and recombinant approaches to evaluate ligand binding to the primary site. Evaluation of the ionic strength dependence of heparin binding to vitronectin according to classical linkage theory indicates that a single ionic bond is prominent. It had been previously shown that chemical modification of vitronectin using an arginine-reactive probe results in a significant reduction in heparin binding (Gibson, A., Baburaj, K., Day, D. E., Verhamme, I., Shore, J. D., and Peterson, C. B. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 5112–5121). The label has now been localized to arginine residues within the cyanogen bromide fragment-(341–380) that contains the primary heparin-binding site on vitronectin. One- and two-dimensional NMR on model peptides based on this primary heparin-binding site indicate that an arginine residue participates in the ionic interaction and that other nonionic interactions may be involved in forming a complex with heparin. A recombinant polypeptide corresponding to the C-terminal 129 amino acids of vitronectin exhibits heparin-binding affinity that is comparable to that of full-length vitronectin and is equally effective at neutralizing heparin anticoagulant activity. Results from this broad experimental approach argue that the behavior of the primary site is sufficient to account for the heparin binding activity of vitronectin and support an exposed orientation for the site in the structure of the native protein.
The role of normative traditions in bioethics.

One should certainly agree with Timothy Murphy's call (2012) for a more informed and rigorous engagement between (explicitly) religious and secular approaches to bioethics. But in the spirit of the...
Canonical Correlation as a Discriminant Tool in a Periodontal Problem

This paper illustrates two advantages of using canonical correlation as a tool in the discriminant problem, with more than two populations, rather than the more familiar Anderson discriminant function. These advantages are: i) simultaneous test of significance as to whether the means of the populations differ and ii) given that the means differ, a graphic tool to illustrate the nature of the difference between the populations. If there are natural groupings of the populations, an analytic technique is also available to augment i). This latter property is also demonstrated in the accompanying application.
Evaluation of the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of styrene in F344 rats, B6C3F1 mice, and CD-1 mice following single and repeated inhalation exposures.

Abstract Styrene is used for the manufacture of plastics and polymers. The metabolism and hepatotoxicity (mice only) of styrene was compared in male B6C3F1 mice, CD-1 mice, and F344 rats to evaluate biochemical mechanisms of toxicity. Rats and mice were exposed to 250 ppm styrene for 6 h/day for 1 to 5 days, and liver (mice only) and blood were collected following each day of exposure. Mortality and increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity were observed in mice but not in rats. Hepatotoxicity in B6C3F1 mice was characterized by severe centrilobular congestion after one exposure followed by acute centrilobular necrosis. Hepatotoxicity was delayed by 1 day in CD-1 mice, and the increase in ALT and degree of necrosis was less than observed for B6C3F1 mice. Following exposure to unlabeled styrene for 0, 2, or 4 days, rats and mice were exposed to [7-14C]-styrene (60 μCi/mmol) for 6 h. Urine, feces, and expired air were collected for up to 48 h. Most styrene-derived radioactivity was excreted in urine. The time-course of urinary excretion indicates that rats and CD-1 mice eliminated radioactivity at a faster rate than B6C3F1 mice following a single 250 ppm exposure, consistent with a greater extent of liver injury for B6C3F1 mice. The elimination rate following 3 or 5 days of exposure was similar for rats and both mouse strains. Following three exposures, the total radioactivity eliminated in excreta was elevated over that measured for one exposure for both mouse strains. An increased excretion of metabolites on multiple exposure is consistent with the absence of ongoing acute necrosis following 4 to 5 daily exposures. These data indicate that an induction in styrene metabolism occurs after multiple exposures, resulting in an increased uptake and/or clearance for styrene.
Socioeconomic predictors of weight loss after laparoscopic Roux-Y gastric bypass.

Successful weight loss after laparoscopic Roux-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) hinges on many elements including neurohormonal, anatomical, and postoperative behavioral changes. To date, the effects of socioeconomic factors have been inadequately studied. We examine several components of socioeconomic status and its relationship to weight loss after LRYGB. Between August 2002 and July 2006, 405 LRYGB were performed by a single surgeon. Patient demographics were entered into a longitudinal, prospective database. At 1-year follow-up, 309 patients were available for analysis. Regional median household income (RMAHI) and primary insurance carrier were used as surrogates for preoperative socioeconomic status. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test was used for statistical analysis. According to RMAHI, we divided the patients into three groups: US $20,001–40,000 (group A, n = 67), US $40,001–60,000 (group B, n = 153), and more than US $60,000 (group C, n = 89). Initial body mass index (BMI) was 52.76 ± 1.01, 51.28 ± 0.67, and 48.87 ± 0.94 kg/m2, respectively. Additionally, patients were divided according to private insurance or state-based insurance. A total of 274 patients had private insurance, with an initial mean BMI of 50.6 kg/m2, and 35 patients had state-based insurance, with an initial BMI of 53.0 kg/m2. After 1 year, weight loss in groups A, B and C was 110.6 ± 4.3, 110.0 ± 2.5, and 103.9 ± 3.6 lb with BMI decrease of 17.7 ± 0.6, 17.7 ± 0.4, and 16.9 ± 0.6 kg/m2, respectively. Weight loss in the private insurance group was 49.2 ± 0.9 kg compared with 50.2 ± 2.3 kg in the state-based group with BMI decrease of 17.4 ± 0.3 and 18.4 ± 0.8 kg/m2, respectively. There were no statistical significances in the effect of socioeconomic status, median household income, and insurance carrier on postoperative weight loss. With appropriate patient selection, the socioeconomic status of patients undergoing LRYGB does not affect postoperative weight loss.
Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy does not block sleep deprivation-induced sleep in rats

Cytokines, such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), are involved in physiological sleep regulation and in the sleep responses to sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation increases systemic cytokine levels and recent evidence suggests that cytokine-to-brain communication occurs via the vagus nerve. Furthermore, the vagus nerve plays a role in sleep responses elicited by feeding and vagal activity affects electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. Thus, this study examined sleep-wake activity and brain temperature (Tbr) responses to sleep deprivation in subdiaphragmatically vagotomized and sham-operated rats. In control rats, 6 h of total sleep deprivation significantly increased nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREMS), rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), and electroencephalographic slow-wave activity during nonrapid eye movement sleep. Brain temperature was significantly increased during the 6 h of sleep deprivation and decreased following sleep deprivation. Vagotomy had no significant effects on any of these variables. These results indicate that the subdiaphragmatic vagus nerve is not critical in the sleep and thermoregulatory responses after 6 h of sleep deprivation. Together with other data, the current results suggest that central pools of interleukin-1 are important in moderate sleep deprivation-induced sleep responses and that vagotomy does not disrupt the ability to increase sleep using a well-known sleep-inducing stimulus likely mediated by brain cytokines.
Studies of cartilage and osteoid arising spontaneously and experimental attempts to induce their formation in ear chambers.

Clark and Clark using a rabbit's ear chamber in which the observation space was in direct continuity with perichondrium reported cartilage arising spontaneously in more than 40% of chambers. With a chamber of different design having a very restricted relationship to perichondrium, osteoid, that is, an unmineralized bone-like tissue, appeared in 5 of 110 animals and in two of the five there were also unrelated islands of cartilage. In one additional animal osteoid developed three months after local application of continuous pressure of minute degree. In the remaining 104 animals no cartilage or osteoid formed irrespective of the experimental usage to which the chambers were put. The results are interpreted to mean that in rabbit's ear chambers cartilage or osteoid may form from precartilaginous cells resident in or derived from perichondrium but not by metaplasia of morphologically similar connective tissue cells. If a special stimulus was necessary to activiate the precartilaginous cells then the only obvious ones were friction and pressure both of very small degree but continuously maintained for long periods.
The Influence of Asynchronous Video Communication on Learner Social Presence: A Narrative Analysis of Four Cases

Online courses are increasingly using asynchronous video communication. However, little is known about how asynchronous video communication influences students’ communication patterns. This study presents four narratives of students with varying characteristics who engaged in asynchronous video communication. The extrovert valued the efficiency of making video comments but saw little value in viewing the video comments of her peers. Somewhat inversely, the English language learner valued the video comments of her peers but lacked the ability to fully participate herself. The introverted student valued the flexibility and richness of asynchronous video but spent an inordinate amount of time recording her videos. Lastly, the instructor video messages helped the student with low self-regulation to progress in the course.
Direct measurement of the chemical reactivity of silicon electrodes with LiPF6-based battery electrolytes

We report the first direct measurement of the extent of the spontaneous non-electrochemically driven reaction between a lithium ion battery electrode surface (Si) and a liquid electrolyte (1.2 M LiPF6–3 : 7 wt% ethylene carbonate : dimethyl carbonate). This layer is estimated to be 35 A thick with a SLD of ∼ 4 × 10−6 A−2 and likely originates from the consumption of the silicon surface.
Inside a beginning immigrant science teacher’s classroom: an ethnographic study

Teaching is a highly personal endeavor shaped by ‘funds of knowledge’ and beliefs about teaching, learning, and students. This case study examines how one Asian immigrant teacher’s personal expectations and beliefs influenced his expectations of students and the teaching and instructional strategies he employed. His expectations of students’ behavior and their failure to conform to his expectations influenced him to utilize more traditional, didactic instructional practices and responses to classroom management dilemmas. It is generally assumed that immigrant and minority students will benefit from exposure to teachers from similar backgrounds, and that ethnically diverse teachers can better prepare minority students for the multicultural workplace and global economy. This study focuses on the role a teacher’s background and experiences play in development of their beliefs about teaching and learning, their expectations of students, and the instructional decisions they make regarding teaching and learning...
Icing characteristics of a natural-laminar-flow, a medium-speed, and a swept, medium-speed airfoil

Tests were conducted at the Icing Research Tunnel at the NASA Lewis Research Center to determine the icing characteristics of three modern airfoils, a natural laminar flow, a medium speed and a swept medium speed airfoil. Tests measured the impingement characteristics and drag degradation for angles of attack typifying cruise and climb for cloud conditions typifying the range that might be encountered in flight. The maximum degradation occurred for the cruise angle of attack for the long glaze ice condition for all three airfoils with increases over baseline drag being 486 percent, 510 percent, and 465 percent for the natural laminar flow, the medium speed and the swept medium speed airfoil respectively. For the climb angle of attack, the maximum drag degradation (and extent of impingement) observed were also for the long glaze ice condition, and were 261 percent, 181 percent and 331 percent respectively. The minimum drag degradation (and extent of impingement) occurred for the cruise condition and for the short, rime spray which increases over baseline drag values of 47 percent, 28 percent and 46 percent respectively.
A REMARK ON MONOTONIC CONVOLUTION

Muraki has shown that monotonic convolution of probability measures corresponds with composition of the reciprocal Cauchy transforms corresponding with these measures. We provide a new proof of this fact, not involving the combinatorics of moments.
Therapeutic pretense in reality orientation.

Based on a three month period of intensive observation in a nursing home, this study examines several aspects of the staffs work in the application of reality orientation (RO) to patients who are confused or disoriented. It is argued that in the application of RO and similar behavioral therapies, a clear analytic separation between the problems of patients and the work of caregivers cannot be justified. Caregivers do more than provide care; they help to constitute problems.
Magnetic separation and thermo-magneto-chemical properties of coal liquefaction mineral participates

Abstract Sulphide solid particulates have been successfully separated from solvent-refined coal (SRC) liquid streams by high-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) preceded by a sulphidation pretreatment in an H2S-rich gaseous atmosphere. This pretreatment is derived from studies of the properties of dry sulphide residual liquefaction solids, treated in an atmosphere of various H2/H2S compositions. Procedures have been devised for promoting rapid conversion of the weakly magnetic hexagonal pyrrhotites to the more strongly magnetic monoclinic form at a temperature intermediate to those of the SRC dissolver and the magnetic separation stage.
A genetic test for side-chains in a phage chromosome.

A NUMBER of authors1 have proposed side-chain models of the chromosome. The chromosome, as suggested most recently by Taylor, consists of a double core or central backbone, with double deoxy-ribonucleic acid helices2 attached at right angles. These double helices are connected to the core at specific attachment points so that one polynucleotide chain of each helix is attached to one half of the core and the other polynucleotide chain to the other half.
Ecological significance of wing polymorphism in Fulgoroidea which inhabit tidal salt marshes

1 The vegetation of New Jersey tidal salt marshes is composed primarily of two grasses, Spartina patens, which occupies a narrow elevational zone of high marsh and varies little in structure from site to site, and Spartina alterniflora, an intertidal species which occurs as two spacially separated growth forms (tall and short). Fulgoroids, polymorphic for wing length, inhabit these grasses. 2 Populations of the common fulgoroid inhabiting short form S.alterniflora were composed of equal numbers of macropters and brachypters. Mesothoracic wings of brachypters were subequal in length to the abdomen allowing for short but inefficient flights compared to macropters. 3 Fulgoroids residing in S.patens produced mostly brachypters having small meso-and vestigial metathoracic wings and were incapable of flight. 4 Brachypter density of all fulgoroids was correlated with the seasonal increase in biomass of the host grass, while macropter density was not. 5 Peak macropter density occurred shortly before maximum biomass of the host grass was attained. 6 The production of macropterous forms was correlated with high levels of crowding incurred during nymphal stages. 7 Spatial and temporal variation in the structure of the host grasses and habitat reliability are suggested as important factors dictating the wing-polymorphism strategies of fulgoroids.
Advances for studying clonal evolution in cancer

The “clonal evolution” model of cancer emerged and “evolved” amid ongoing advances in technology, especially in recent years during which next generation sequencing instruments have provided ever higher resolution pictures of the genetic changes in cancer cells and heterogeneity in tumors. It has become increasingly clear that clonal evolution is not a single sequential process, but instead frequently involves simultaneous evolution of multiple subclones that co-exist because they are of similar fitness or are spatially separated. Co-evolution of subclones also occurs when they complement each other’s survival advantages. Recent studies have also shown that clonal evolution is highly heterogeneous: different individual tumors of the same type may undergo very different paths of clonal evolution. New methodological advancements, including deep digital sequencing of a mixed tumor population, single cell sequencing, and the development of more sophisticated computational tools, will continue to shape and reshape the models of clonal evolution. In turn, these will provide both an improved framework for the understanding of cancer progression and a guide for treatment strategies aimed at the elimination of all, rather than just some, of the cancer cells within a patient.
Fos expression during the critical period in visual cortex: differences between normal and dark reared cats

The present study tested further the notion that immediate early gene expression is involved in neuronal plasticity during the critical period of visual cortex (VC) by comparing Fos induction in normal and dark reared (DR) cats. Western blots indicated that the level of induced Fos expression was higher in normal than DR cat VC at 5 weeks of age, comparable at 10 weeks, and higher in DR than normal cat VC at 20 weeks. Immunohistochemistry indicated that at 5 weeks Fos was induced in cells of all VC layers in both rearing conditions, but to a greater extent in normal than DR cats. At 20 weeks, Fos was largely restricted to cells above and below layer IV in both rearing conditions, but was induced to a greater extent in DR than normal cats. Thus, dark rearing appears to have very similar effects on Fos expression as it has on neuronal plasticity during the postnatal critical period.
A tandem mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous determination of acetaminophen, caffeine, phenytoin, ranitidine, and theophylline in small volume pediatric plasma specimens.

Abstract Background Acetaminophen, caffeine, phenytoin, ranitidine, and theophylline are widely used in pediatric pharmacotherapy, but only very limited information is available on the pharmacokinetics of these medications in premature neonates. As pharmacokinetic studies in this population are hampered by limitations in the number and volume of plasma samples, we developed an LC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous determination of these medications in small volume human plasma specimens for pharmacokinetic evaluations in neonates. Methods Sample preparation was performed by protein precipitation with methanol after addition of internal standard to 50 µl of plasma specimen. After chromatographic separation on a C18 column using gradient elution, analytes were detected using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer that was operated in positive ion mode with electrospray ionization. Results All 5 analytes could be simultaneously quantified in human plasma. The linear quantification range comprised 12.2 to 25,000 ng/ml for acetaminophen, phenytoin, and ranitidine, 24.4 to 25,000 ng/ml for theophylline, and 48.8 to 25,000 ng/ml for caffeine with accuracies ranging from 87.5 to 115.0%. The intra-day and inter-day precision (%CV) was between 2.8 and 11.8% and 4.5 and 13.5%, respectively. Conclusions An accurate, sensitive, and reliable LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to simultaneously quantify 5 drugs frequently used in neonatal pharmacotherapy.
The effect of atropine inhalation in "irreversible" chronic bronchitis.

Fifteen patients with chronic bronchitis and airflow obstruction which was not improved by inhalation of isoproterenol (increase in forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1] less than 15 percent) received an aerosol of atropine sulfate (0.05 mg/kg of body weight), in order to determine their response to an anticholinergic bronchodilator drug. The improvement over initial values for FEV1 at 15 minutes following inhalation of isoproterenol and at 90 minutes following inhalation of atropine averaged 5.9 percent and 19.2 percent, respectively (P
The Effect of Varying Biomass of Carryover Fish in Multiple‐batch Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Pond Production

The presence of carryover (fish >350 g stocked the previous year but not yet market size) channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, in multiple-batch production ponds has been shown to affect overall production performance and costs. However, little attention has been paid to effects of varying biomasses of carryover fish in ponds. Twelve 0.1-ha earthen ponds were stocked March 20, 2007, with 15,000 catfish fingerlings per ha (mean weight 31 g), and carryover fish at either 726, 1460, or 2187 kg/ha (mean weight 408 g, range 204–703 g) to compare the effect of three different biomasses of carryover catfish on the production performance of understocked fingerlings. Gross and net yields increased with increasing biomass of carryover fish. Growth and mean weight at harvest of fingerlings were significantly greater at the lowest biomass of carryover fish (<1460 kg/ha), but there was no difference between the medium and high carryover density treatments. Net returns were highest with the highest biomass of carryover fish, but fell by $688/ha in Year 2 because of slower growth of fingerlings in Year 1.
Jean-Jacques Lecercle, Badiou and Deleuze Read Literature

A review of Jean-Jacques Lecercle, Badiou and Deleuze Read Literature (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), 224 pp.
PHASE-SHIFT EQUATIONS FOR MANY-CHANNEL PROBLEMS

First-order differential equations for phase shifts are obtained for the many-channel case as a generalization of Calogero’s results for ordinary potential scattering.
Acute Intoxication Caused by a Synthetic Cannabinoid in Two Adolescents

Illicit drug use continues to be a common problem among pediatric patients. Daily marijuana use among high school seniors is currently at a 30-year high. Marijuana use in adults has rarely been associated with cardiovascular adverse effects, including hypertension, tachycardia, arrhythmia, and myocardial infarction. Recently, abuse of synthetic cannabinoids, such as the incense "K2" or "Spice," has been increasingly reported in the lay press and medical literature. Overdose and chronic use of these substances may cause adverse effects including altered mental status, tachycardia, and loss of consciousness. Overdoses in adult patients have been described; however, limited reports in the pediatric population have been documented. A recent case series describes myocardial infarctions in pediatric patients, associated with synthetic cannabinoid use. In this report, we describe two adolescent patients admitted after they inhaled "K2," resulting in loss of consciousness, tachycardia, and diffuse pain.
Fyn-Dependent Gene Networks in Acute Ethanol Sensitivity

Studies in humans and animal models document that acute behavioral responses to ethanol are predisposing factor for the risk of long-term drinking behavior. Prior microarray data from our laboratory document strain- and brain region-specific variation in gene expression profile responses to acute ethanol that may be underlying regulators of ethanol behavioral phenotypes. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Fyn has previously been mechanistically implicated in the sedative-hypnotic response to acute ethanol. To further understand how Fyn may modulate ethanol behaviors, we used whole-genome expression profiling. We characterized basal and acute ethanol-evoked (3 g/kg) gene expression patterns in nucleus accumbens (NAC), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and ventral midbrain (VMB) of control and Fyn knockout mice. Bioinformatics analysis identified a set of Fyn-related gene networks differently regulated by acute ethanol across the three brain regions. In particular, our analysis suggested a coordinate basal decrease in myelin-associated gene expression within NAC and PFC as an underlying factor in sensitivity of Fyn null animals to ethanol sedation. An in silico analysis across the BXD recombinant inbred (RI) strains of mice identified a significant correlation between Fyn expression and a previously published ethanol loss-of-righting-reflex (LORR) phenotype. By combining PFC gene expression correlates to Fyn and LORR across multiple genomic datasets, we identified robust Fyn-centric gene networks related to LORR. Our results thus suggest that multiple system-wide changes exist within specific brain regions of Fyn knockout mice, and that distinct Fyn-dependent expression networks within PFC may be important determinates of the LORR due to acute ethanol. These results add to the interpretation of acute ethanol behavioral sensitivity in Fyn kinase null animals, and identify Fyn-centric gene networks influencing variance in ethanol LORR. Such networks may also inform future design of pharmacotherapies for the treatment and prevention of alcohol use disorders.
Intercropping legumes into sunflower at different growth stages

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) residue is fragile and does not provide a lot of ground cover. Legumes intercropped in sunflower could increase soil cover, reduce soil erosion, and add nitrogen and organic matter to the soil. Field studies were designed to evaluate the effect of different sowing dates of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), yellow-flowered sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis Lam.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), snail medic [Medicago scutellata (L.) Mill.], and black lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) intercropped in dwarf and standard-height oilseed sunflower on agronomic traits of sunflower. Legumes were sown the same time as sunflower and at the V4 and V10 sunflower growth stages. Studies were conducted at Carrington (1992 and 1993) and Prosper (1992, 1993, and 1994), North Dakota. Sunflower oil content was not influenced by intercropped legumes. When sown at the same time as sunflower, all legumes, except black lentil, reduced sunflower seed yield. Black lentil produced 1385 kg ha -1 dry matter. Compared with the control, sunflower achenes per head, and head diameter were reduced by legumes sown at the same time as sunflower. Sunflower yield, head diameter, achenes per head, and 1000-achene weight were not significantly lower when legumes were sown at the V4 or V10 sunflower growth stages. Hairy vetch is recommended for intercropping at V4 and V10 sunflower growth stages because it did not reduce sunflower yield and on average produced 1593 and 831 kg ha -1 dry matter. At the drier environment, Carrington 1992, biomass produced by the legumes was low when legumes were sown at the V4 or V10 sunflower growth stages, with 314 and 57 kg ha -1 , respectively. Sweetclover could be sown at the V4 growth stage of sunflower to establish it as a cover crop for the subsequent season.
Coercive conservation, defensive reaction, and the commons tragedy in Northeast Thailand

Abstract This essay reconsiders privatization and nationalization as solutions to the degradation of open-access resources, “the tragedy of the commons”. Examining the case of recent forest conservation measures in Northeast Thailand, it underscores the fact that enclosures managed by a Leviathan-like state will not guarantee conservation. This is because states, like individuals, seek economic gains from the resources they control and because coercive conservation policies engender local resistance and resource vandalism. The essay suggests that, as an alternative to privatization and nationalization, local people should be encouraged to organize community resource management. For this to happen, it is necessary for local people to recognize common-pool resources as a common good, and for the state to give official support to community resource management.
This is Common Factors

Common factors are conditions and processes present in, among, and surrounding participants in clinical work. In the past 20 years, increasing attention and research on common factors has generated a great deal of discussion in clinical psychology, psychiatry, marriage and family therapy, and to a lesser extent, social work. While there is no single definition of common factors, they are generally discussed as the non-technical aspects of therapeutic work—such as the relationship between the practitioner and client and the expectancy of the client—that have been shown to be associated with successful outcomes. Common factors also include attributes of the practitioner and client, the support system of the client, the institutional and organizational conditions in which the practitioner practices, and also the strategic actions employed by the practitioner, client, and all those involved in the work that promote change. This paper will discuss key concepts in a common factors practice perspective and how evidence is used by common factors practitioners, highlight features of common factors practice, and suggest implications for developing a common factors practice approach.
Teaching Adopted Students with Disabilities: What Teachers Need to Know

Children and youth who have been adopted may be at risk for referral and placement in special education programs. Indeed, adopted children are overrepresented among students with disabilities. Teachers must be sensitive to the special needs of adopted students with disabilities in the classroom so as to avoid overreacting to learning and behavioral difficulties that may be temporary responses to adoption issues in children's development.