cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adoption of social media for public relations by nonprofit organizations

Abstract This survey of nonprofit public relations practitioners ( N = 409) applied the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Findings indicate that women consider social media to be beneficial, whereas men exhibit more confidence in actively utilizing social media. Organizations with specified public relations departments were more likely to adopt social media. Positive correlations between UTAUT factors and credibility indicated a greater likelihood to adopt social media.
Electrochemical investigation of the reducing power of SmI2 in THF and the effect of HMPA cosolvent

Abstract The reduction potential of SmI 2 in THF is reported. The effect of varying concentrations of HMPA on the redox potential was determined employing linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). These data show the utility of electrochemistry in studying synthetically important reducing reagents. The oxidation potentials of SmI 2 in THF and SmI 2 containing increasing amounts of HMPA were examined. The effect of HMPA on the reducing power of SmI 2 is reported.
To the Latimer—Macduffee theorem and beyond!

Abstract In this paper we discuss some of the mathematical contributions made by Olga Taussky Todd. We begin with fairly general considerations, commenting on her role as a thesis advisor and giving an overview of her research contributions. Then we consider a specific work of hers, Another look at a matrix of Mark Kac , her last published work, which was written jointly with John Todd. We make a series of observations that explain certain numerical phenomena that they prove in this paper and end with a generalization of their work.
Why do you treat me badly? The role of attributions regarding the cause of abuse in subordinates' responses to abusive supervision

Abstract This study examined the relationships between attributions of targets regarding the causes of abusive supervision and their responses. Following Bowling and Beehr's (2006) Attribution-Based Model of Workplace Harassment, we hypothesized that the relationships between abusive supervision and (a) subordinate well-being, (b) behaviours directed at harming the supervisor, and (c) behaviours directed at harming the organization would be moderated by self-directed, supervisor-directed, and organization-directed attributions, respectively. Data collected in two waves from a sample of 381 participants employed in a variety of different work settings were analysed using moderated regression analysis. These analyses suggest that abusive supervision was more strongly related to counterproductive work behaviour directed at the organization among subordinates who attributed the abuse to the organization than among those who did not attributed it to the organization. Contrary to our predictions, abusive superv...
Stereochemically nonrigid organometallic molecules XXXIII. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance of (h5-C5H5)(CO)2Fe(h1-C5H5) from + 52 to −88°

Abstract The carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of (h5-C5H5)(CO)2Fe (h1-C5H5) has been recorded over the temperature range + 52 to −88°. The results add further support to the view that the rearrangement pathway for the h1-C5H5 ring is a sequence of 1,2 shifts. Assignment of resonances was made by comparison with the chemical shifts of the allyl group in (h5-C5H5)(CO)2FeCH2CHCH2, the spectrum of which was also recorded, as well as by consideration of relative intensities and the multiplets due to proton splitting. The Arrhenius activation parameters, which are considered to be more accurate than those previously derived from PMR spectra, were evaluated as: Ea = 10.7 ± 0.5 kcal/mol and log A = 126. ± 0.5.
The Taffy' galaxies UGC 12914/5

The interacting spiral galaxy pair UGC 12914/5 was mapped with the 'VLA' for a 1.49 GHz atlas of the IRAS Bright Galaxy Sample. Half of the flux from UGC 12914/5 arises from the gap between UGC 12914 and UGC 12915, across which the radio contours are drawn like filaments of taffy. The bright radio continuum connecting UGC 12914 with UGC 12915 is a synchrotron source which therefore probably contains both cosmic rays and magnetic fields. It is suggested that the filaments were stripped from UGC 12914 and UGC 12915 as their stellar disks interpenetrated during a recent encounter; this implies that the radio bridge is a relic whose properties contain information about direct collisions of galaxies with gaseous disks. New maps have been made of the radio continuum and H I line emission from UGC 12914/5 in order to verify the stripping hypothesis.
Evaluation of polyethylene tubing to reduce post-rhinoplasty œdema and ecchymoses

Summary Twenty cases of ˦sthetic rhinoplasty were studied using a small-bore polyethylene tube at the site of nasal infracture in an attempt to reduce post-operative tissue reaction. One side of each patient acted as a control. No advantage appeared to be gained from the use of the tube in reducing the amount of reaction. Following removal of the tubes, the amount of tissue reaction on each side became the same in most cases.
Integrative Experimental and Theoretical Approach Exposes Fundamental Mechanisms of J774 Macrophage Phagocytosis

Macrophage cell lines like murine J774 cells are ideal model systems to study phagocytosis. Our unique methodology combines single-cell/single-target experiments with advanced computer simulations to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms of J774 macrophage phagocytosis. As a first step, the baseline mechanical properties of the murine macrophages were established. Micropipette-aspiration experiments were used to characterize the cortical tension and cytoplasmic viscosity of the J774 cells. Next, we used a dual-micropipette manipulation system to quantify the time courses of a number of key parameters during Fcγ-target phagocytosis. A passive cell is selected and picked up with a micropipette by partial aspiration. Another micropipette is used to bring an opsonized target bead (5-30 um diameter) into soft contact with the cell, which usually results in immediate adhesion. The target is released and images of the ensuing phagocytosis are recorded directly to a computer hard disk. Their analysis provides the time course of cell morphology, bead position, and cortical tension. Intriguingly, the macrophages maintained a constant cortical tension when engulfing targets that required a surface area expansion of up to ∼250%, indicating an extremely large membrane reservoir. The tension rose when the cells increased their surface area by an amazing ∼550%. These and other experimental observations were compared side-by-side with finite-element models of macrophage phagocytosis. This comparison allows us to assess the viability of different mechanistic models used for phagocytosis. Optimal models include a repulsion between the cytoskeleton and the free membrane (which drives protrusion), and an attraction between cytoskeleton and surface membrane newly adherent to the target (which results in thin pseudopods). Confocal inspection of the engulfment of 20 um beads by GFP-actin transfected macrophages revealed excellent agreement between the cytoskeletal density predicted by the optimal model and the observed actin distribution.
Endovascular exclusion of abdominal aortic pathology in patients with concomitant malignancy

The advent of endoluminal aortic repair has gained increasing popularity as an alternative to traditional open surgery in the setting of multiple comorbid disease states. This study analyzes a single center experience of excluding aortic disease in patients with concomitant malignancy. As part of a Federal Drug Administration FDA-approved trial, 318 patients underwent aortic stent-graft repair between June 1996 and February 2001. During that period five patients with advanced-stage neoplasia were treated. Endovascular management of symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) with a mean diameter of 7.8 cm (range, 6-10 cm), was performed in four patients. In the fifth patient, a custom-made aortic prosthesis was utilized to exclude a paraanastamotic abdominal aneurysm (PAAA) from a previous open AAA repair. Malignancies included esophageal, lung, renal, prostate, and urinary bladder cancers. A mean follow-up of 10.1 months was available. Successful endoluminal repair was accomplished in all five patients with minimal in-hospital morbidity. Mean length of stay was 3.4 days. There were no device-related mortalities and no persistent endoleaks detected for the duration of follow-up. Aneurysm sac enlargement was not seen in any of the patients and complete resolution of the PAAA was noted at one year. Exclusion of AAA and other aortic pathology in patients with an associated malignancy can be performed with a relatively low procedure-related morbidity and mortality. In this population, stent-graft repair remains an individualized option with a multidisciplinary team necessary to explore this therapeutic approach.
Investigational drugs in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of obesity: implications for future development of novel therapies.

Introduction: The discovery of new antiobesity agents has attracted considerable interest over the past decade, but many of the investigational agents that have advanced into human clinical trials have shown unacceptable adverse events and/or efficacy profiles.Areas covered: This review summarizes the available preclinical and clinical data of antiobesity drugs currently in Phase II clinical trials. It also provides a brief summary of the mechanisms underlying the regulation of energy homeostasis.Expert opinion: New approaches to solving the obesity epidemic are needed, exemplified in part by some of the agents currently in Phase II clinical trials. Weight loss treatments could be tailored to specific subpopulations such as morbidly obese individuals with a high risk for complications or obese patients with a specific genotype. Fixed dose combinations of drugs that target multiple complementary pathways could be developed to deliver durable, 10% or greater weight loss. A shift away from pharmacological ag...
A Continuous-Flow Diffusion Chamber for Airborne Measurements of Ice Nuclei

Abstract A continuous-flow thermal gradient diffusion chamber was developed for operating in an aircraft and detecting ice nucleating aerosol particles in real time. The chamber volume is the annular space between two vertically oriented concentric cylinders. The surfaces of the chamber are coated with ice and held at different temperatures, thus creating a vapor supersaturation. Upstream of the chamber, all particles in the sample air larger than 2-μm diameter are removed with inertial impactors. The air then flows vertically downward through the chamber, where ice crystals nucleate and grow on active ice nuclei to between ∼3- and 10-μm diameter in 3–10 s of residence time. At the outlet of the chamber, an optical particle counter detects all particles larger than ∼0.8 μm. Those particles larger than 3 μm are assumed to be the newly formed ice crystals and comprise the ice nucleus count. This paper describes the principles of operation, hardware and construction, data system, calibration, operational pro...
Measuring and certifying skill and competence in the Caribbean: Some conceptual and practical issues

This article tries to look deeply at skill and competence, hoping to unearth pitfalls that might obstruct the way of those who are striving towards the development of a Caribbean Vocational Qualification (CVQ) system of skills classification in the region. Aspects of the skills debate that attend the discourse on the global economy are highlighted. The problematic nature of competence is examined, especially where there is contention regarding whether or not competence can be measured. Differences betweenÂ expert and novice conceptions of tasks are explored, as are differences between techne and phronesis. Whether the ideal of phronesis is attainable across traditional crafts is considered.
Temperature-mediated biotic interactions influence enemy release of nonnative species in warming environments

“Enemy release” occurs when invading species suffer from interactions with pathogens, parasites, herbivores, or predators to a lesser degree than native species due to a lack of shared evolutionary history. Here we provide strong support for the hypothesis that variable thermal sensitivities between a consumer and its resources can generate temperature-dependent enemy release using both a mathematical model and a field experiment. We identify three common scenarios where changes in temperature should alter enemy release based on asymmetric responses among enemies and their resources to changes in temperature: (1) the vital rates of a shared enemy are more sensitive to changes in temperature than its resources, (2) the enemy's thermal maximum for consumption is higher than the resources' maxima for growth, and (3) the invading resource has a higher thermal maximum for growth than its native competitor. Mathematical representations indicated that warming is capable of altering enemy release in each of these...
Summarizing itemset patterns using probabilistic models

In this paper, we propose a novel probabilistic approach to summarize frequent itemset patterns. Such techniques are useful for summarization, post-processing, and end-user interpretation, particularly for problems where the resulting set of patterns are huge. In our approach items in the dataset are modeled as random variables. We then construct a Markov Random Fields (MRF) on these variables based on frequent itemsets and their occurrence statistics. The summarization proceeds in a level-wise iterative fashion. Occurrence statistics of itemsets at the lowest level are used to construct an initial MRF. Statistics of itemsets at the next level can then be inferred from the model. We use those patterns whose occurrence can not be accurately inferred from the model to augment the model in an iterative manner, repeating the procedure until all frequent itemsets can be modeled. The resulting MRF model affords a concise and useful representation of the original collection of itemsets. Extensive empirical study on real datasets show that the new approach can effectively summarize a large number of itemsets and typically significantly outperforms extant approaches.
Genesis of silicic peralkaline volcanic rocks in an ocean island setting by crustal melting and open-system processes: Socorro Island, Mexico

those of modern seawater and may be similar in composition to Silicic volcanic rocks from Socorro Island, Mexico, are dominantly hydrothermal fluids present at the summit of Socorro Island. porphyritic (alkali feldspar>sodic pyroxene±fayalite±Fe–Ti oxides±aenigmatite) peralkaline trachytes and rhyolites. Typical of silicic peralkaline rocks, those from Socorro are enriched in Na2O, K2O, FeO∗, Zr and Nb, and depleted in Al2O3, Sr and Ba relative to silicic metaluminous rocks. The ranges of Nd and Pb isotope
Semiflexible Chains of Magnetic Particles

We report the synthesis of semiflexible chains of colloidal particles through ligand binding of polymeric spacers. We create permanently-linked, magneto-responsive chains. We measure the flexural rigidity of these structures using mechanical measurements performed with optical traps and by monitoring the thermal fluctuations of free chains.
Ulcerative keratitis in gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients treated with perifosine.

Purpose Perifosine is a novel alkylphospholipid with antiproliferative properties attributed to protein kinase B inhibition. The authors describe a form of ulcerative keratitis in 5 patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) enrolled in a phase I/II trial of perifosine in combination with imatinib. Design Interventional case series. Participants Five patients (1 man, 4 women) with imatinib-resistant metastatic GIST who received a combination of imatinib and perifosine orally. Methods The medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Main Outcome Measures Ocular toxicity and ulcerative keratitis associated with perifosine. Results The ocular symptoms included redness, irritation, tearing, photophobia, and a gradual decrease in vision. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy in each case revealed a peripheral, paralimbal, ring-shaped, superficial corneal stromal infiltration and ulcerative keratitis, reminiscent of the autoimmune keratitis in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. The ulcerative keratitis was unilateral in 3 and bilateral in 2 patients; it was National Cancer Institute grade II (symptoms interfering with function but not interfering with activities of daily living) in all patients. All 5 patients had imatinib-resistant metastatic GIST and had continued on the highest dose of imatinib tolerated and initiated therapy with perifosine 100 mg daily or 900 mg weekly. A combination of topical steroids, topical antibiotics, and lubricating drops were used to manage ulcerative keratitis. In the first 3 patients, ulcerative keratitis initially was treated with topical antibiotics without improvement, but subsequently they improved significantly after topical steroids were added. Conclusions A vision-threatening form of ulcerative keratitis may occur in patients taking perifosine. It is possible that imatinib in combination with perifosine contributes to this corneal toxicity; however, the authors are unaware of this ocular toxicity having been reported for imatinib when used without perifosine. The visual loss associated with perifosine may be reversible if detected and treated early and with judicious early use of topical steroids, topical antibiotic coverage, and lubrication.
Nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry using non‐metalized, tapered (50 → 10 μm) fused‐silica capillaries

Nanoelectrospray emitter tips, pulled from fused-silica capillaries requiring no chemical treatment or metal coating, have been operated using remote coupling of the electrospray voltage. Using common laboratory implements, 50 μm i.d. fused-silica capillaries were pulled to ca. 10 μm, and attached to a stainless steel capillary via a teflon coupler for the production of nanoelectrospray (i.e. nL/min flowrates). Using a variety of different tips, flowrates were determined to range from 30 to 80 nL/min. Spectra of bovine insulin (ca. 6 kDa) and Angiotensin III (ca. 1 kDa) produced signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios of ca.500 and ca.100, respectively; each analysis consuming ca. 10 femtomoles of sample. Radical cation formation, in addition to the monoprotonated molecule was also observed during nanoelectrospray of angiotensin III which implies that this nanoelectrospray source should be applicable to trace amounts of non-polar compounds. The stability of the ion source is demonstrated by measuring the current of the electrosprayed ions at the shutter of the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer as a function of time. Overall stability of the nanoelectrospray for angiotensin III, using no pressure to initialize or stabilize the electrospray, was determined as 23 pA ± 0.97 pA (4.2 % relative standard deviation) over a 30 minute period. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Muscular Basis of the Respiratory Pumps in the Dogfish (Scyliorhinus Canicula)

1. A study has been made of the muscular basis of the respiratory pumps in the dogfish by recording electromyograms, pressures and movements simultaneously. 2. Electrical activity in the muscles takes place more or less synchronously during the phase when the oro-branchial and parabranchial cavities are decreasing in volume. Besides being active at this time the adductor mandibulae has a tonic phase of activity which accompanies expansion of the branchial region. 3. There is a slight delay between the activity of the muscles in the branchial region such that those more anteriorly placed precede the posterior ones. All muscles of a given constrictor sheet are active synchronously regardless of their dorsal, lateral or ventral position. 4. During normal resting ventilation no electrical activity was recorded in the hypobranchial musculature. Activity was recorded in these muscles, however, during hyperventilation and also when the fish was made to bite by stimulating the inside of its mouth. In the latter activity the pharyngeal cavity is expanded by contraction of the coraco-muscles and subsequently the adductor mandibulae rapidly closes the jaws. 5. In a fully anaesthetized dogfish the relaxed position of the skeleton is with the mouth open and branchial region expanded. It is concluded that ventilation is primarily achieved by contraction of the superficial constrictor muscles, which produces an increase in pressure in the oro-branchial and parabranchial cavities. Water is forced through the gills because the pressure in the oro-branchial cavity exceeds that in the parabranchial cavities during both this phase and the expansion phase which succeeds it. Expansion is produced when the constrictor muscles relax by the elastic recoil of the visceral skeleton. This action is aided by tonic activity in the adductor mandiibulae. 6. During swimming of certain sharks the whole branchial region remains in a relaxed condition and water enters the mouth. The volume entering could be regulated by variations in the amount of tonic activity in the adductor mandibulae. 7. It is suggested that the importance of the lateral plate musculature during normal ventilation is because it is the phylogenetically older system. Only later in phylogeny did the myotomic component of the head musculature (hypobranchial muscles) become concerned with respiration.
Mechanical Design of Isabelle Magnet Cryostats

It has been proposed to construct an intersecting storage ring accelerator, ISABELLE, at BNL, consisting of two concentric rings of magnets containing counter-rotating beams of charged particles. Each ring contains 216 dipole magnets and 138 quadrupoles. All magnets are superconducting and operate at a temperature of 4.3 K. A description of the design of the cryostats, including the internal supports, heat shield superinsulation system and the vacuum vessel is given. Details of fabrication techniques are also included.
Complex waves on three-dimensional periodic arrays of lossy or lossless magnetodielectric spheres

The dispersion equation is derived and solved for the complex propagation constants of traveling waves (eigenmodes) supported by three-dimensional, infinite, periodic arrays of identical, electrically small, lossy or lossless, magnetodielectric spheres. Expressions are obtained for the effective permittivity and permeability of the arrays in frequency regions where the arrays can be regarded as continuous, homogeneous, isotropic media.
Antagonism of Some Gibberellin Actions by a Substituted Pyrimidine

From a comparison of the effects of seven growth retardants and abscisic acid (ABA) on various growth systems, it was found that the gibberellin-regulated growth of lettuce hypocotyls was uniquely inhibited by the growth retardant, alpha-cyclopropyl-alpha-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine methanol (EL-531). Auxin-regulated growth of coleoptile sections was inhibited by Phosfon and only slightly by EL-531 and Alar. Cytokinin-regulated growth of Xanthium cotyledons showed little or no inhibition by any of the retardants. ABA was inhibitory in all three types of tests. The distinctive effects of EL-531 against gibberellin-stimulated growth and the general ability of gibberellic acid to relieve EL-531 inhibition suggest that this retardant acts in part against the gibberellin-stimulated growth system, but at a locus which discriminates between growth and nongrowth functions of gibberellic acid. It shows little or no antagonism of gibberellin actions which do not involve growth: the barley endosperm test and the Rumex leaf senescence test.
Data Graphs in Introductory and Upper Level Psychology Textbooks: A Content Analysis

In this article, we report a content analysis of data graphs in introductory and upper level psychology textbooks. Three raters classified data graphs as either line, bar, scatter, 100%, or picture graphs. The results indicated that (a) only 5 types of data graphs appear in psychology textbooks, (b) the number of data graphs per page varies considerably in both types of textbook, and (c) comparisons of observed and expected frequencies revealed that proportions of 100% graphs were greater in introductory textbooks and proportions of scatter graphs were greater in upper level textbooks. We discuss implications of these findings for teachers of psychology and authors of undergraduate psychology textbooks.
A parallel abstract interpreter for JavaScript

We investigate parallelizing flow- and context-sensitive static analysis for JavaScript. Previous attempts to parallelize such analyses for other languages typically start with the traditional framework of sequential dataflow analysis, and then propose methods to parallelize the existing sequential algorithms within this framework. However, we show that this approach is non-optimal and propose a new perspective on program analysis based on abstract interpretation that separates the analysis into two components: (1) an embarrassingly parallel state exploration of a state transition system; and (2) a separate component that controls the size of the state space by selectively merging states, thus injecting sequential dependencies into the system. This perspective simplifies the parallelization problem and exposes useful opportunities to exploit the natural parallelism of the analysis. We apply our insights to parallelize a JavaScript abstract interpreter. Because of JavaScript's dynamic nature and tricky semantics, static analysis of JavaScript is difficult to scale — one of our benchmarks with only 2.8 KLOC takes over 22 hours to analyze using the sequential JavaScript abstract interpreter. Thus, JavaScript is an excellent case study for the benefits of our approach. Our resulting parallel implementation sees significant benefits on real-world JavaScript programs, with speedups between 2-Ax on average with a superlinear maximum of 36.9× on 12 hardware threads.
Heterocellular Contact at the Myoendothelial Junction Influences Gap Junction Organization

Heterocellular communication between vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and endothelial cells (EC) at the myoendothelial junction (MEJ) is a critical part of control of the arteriolar wall. We have developed an in vitro model of the MEJ composed of primary cultures of murine EC and VSMC. Immunoctytochemistry and immunoblots demonstrated Cx37 and Cx43 in both cell types, whereas Cx40 was found only in EC. Cx37 was excluded from the MEJ in both EC and VSMC. Connexin composition as well as functionality of the gap junctions at the MEJ was assessed by measuring diffusional transfer of biocytin and Cy3. Using connexin-specific blockers and manipulations of expression of individual connexin proteins, we confirmed that Cx37 is not a part of EC-VSMC coupling, and we demonstrated that heterotypic gap junctions are functional at the MEJ. We speculate that specific gap junction organization may be a vital component of EC-VSMC contact at the MEJ.
Unified model to derive control-to-output transfer function of peak current-mode-controlled pulse-width modulated dc-dc converters in continuous conduction mode

A unified model to derive the control-to-output transfer function of peak current-mode (PCM)-controlled pulse-width modulated dc-dc converters for continuous conduction mode (CCM) is presented. The control-to-output transfer function represents the plant transfer function for the outer-voltage loop and is required to design the outer loop. Control-to-output transfer functions for PCM-controlled pulse-width-modulated dc-dc buck-boost, boost and buck converters are derived and illustrated for selected values of perturbation ratio using MATLAB. Experimental results are given to verify the presented theory for PCM-controlled buck converter.
Scrambling of methoxyl, dimethylamino and chloro groups on the methyl- and dimethylsilicon moieties☆

Abstract 1H nuclear-magnetic-resonance was used to investigate exchange of chlorine atoms with methoxyl and dimethylamino groups in the following systems: (1) CH3Si(OCH3)3 vs. CH3SiCl3; (2) CH3Si[N(CH3)2]3 vs. CH3SiCl3; (3) (CH3)2Si(OCH3)2 vs. (CH3)2SiCl2; and (4) (CH3)2Si[N(CH3)2]2 vs. (CH3)2SiCl2. Kinetic and calorimetric data were obtained on the two systems (2) and (4) involving exchange of dimethylamino groups with chlorine atoms. In accord with our previous findings on silicon atoms not directly substituted by methyl groups and on triply connected phosphorus atoms, the reorganization equilibria in these four systems were found to be highly nonrandom, with the mixed species being preferred. On the other hand, the equilibria were quite random in the systems: (5) CH3Si(OCH3)3 vs. CH3Si[N(CH3)2]3 and (6) (CH3)2Si(OCH3)2 vs. (CH3)2Si[N(CH3)2]2. Gas chromatography was used to investigate the nearly ideally random ester-interchange in the systems (7) CH3Si(OCH3)3 vs. CH3Si(OC2H5)3 and (8). (CH3)2Si(OCH3)2 vs. (CH3)2Si(OC2H5)2.
Cu–ATSM: A radiopharmaceutical for the PET imaging of hypoxia

Copper(II)-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone), Cu–ATSM, labeled with a positron emitting isotope of copper (60Cu, 61Cu, 62Cu or 64Cu) has been shown, in vitro and in vivo, to be selective for hypoxic tissue. In silico studies have explored the mechanism of its hypoxia selectivity, and clinical studies with this agent have shown non-invasive imaging data that is predictive of a cancer patients' response to conventional therapy. This Perspective discusses the evolution of Cu–ATSM, how its selectivity can be improved upon, and where this metal–ligand platform could be taken in the future.
Programs for parents of infants and toddlers: recent evidence from randomized trials

Programs for parents of young children hold considerable promise for improving children's life-course trajectories and for reducing health and development problems and associated costs to government and society. To date, this promise has not been achieved. Fulfilling the potential of parenting interventions will require substantial improvements in current practice for developing and testing such programs. Intervention development will be improved if clinicians and investigators ground parenting interventions in theory and epidemiology; and carefully pilot them to ascertain program feasibility, participant engagement, and behavioral change prior to testing them in randomized trials. Studies of parenting interventions will be improved if they adhere to the highest standards for randomization; if they examine objectively measured outcomes with clear public health relevance; and if they minimize selection factors known to compromise the analysis of data. Policy and practice recommendations for parenting interventions will be improved if they are based upon replicated randomized controlled trials, if the interventions are tested with different populations living in different contexts, and if they are examined in dissemination studies before public investments are made in such programs. Procedures need to be developed to ensure that the essential elements of evidence-based parenting programs can be implemented reliably in a variety of practice settings so that they will produce their intended effects. To date, few programs have met these high programmatic and evidentiary standards, with the result that many large-scale policy initiatives for at-risk parents have failed. Evidence is accumulating, however, that some programs delivered by professionals, especially nurse home visiting programs for pregnant women and parents of young children, produce replicable effects on children's health and development, and that these programs can be reliably reproduced with different populations living in a variety of community settings.
Magnaporthe as a Model for Understanding Host-Pathogen Interactions

The rice blast pathosystem has been the subject of intense interest in part because of the importance of the disease to world agriculture, but also because both Magnaporthe oryzae and its host are amenable to advanced experimental approaches. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the system and to point out recent significant studies that update our understanding of the biology of M. orzyae. The genome sequence of M. oryzae has provided insight into how genome structure and pathogen population genetic variability has been shaped by transposable elements. The sequence allows systematic approaches to long-standing areas of investigation, including pathogen development and the molecular basis of compatible and incompatible interactions with its host. Rice blast provides an integrated system to illustrate most of the important concepts governing fungal/plant interactions and serves as an excellent starting point for gaining a broad perspective of issues in plant pathology.
The Market for Corporate Control and Corporate Cash Holdings

Conventional wisdom asserts that firms with large cash holdings are likely takeover targets. Using hostile takeover activity from 1985-1994, I find the probability a firm will be acquired decreases with cash. This holds for firms with excess cash as well as those with poor investment opportunities. Cash decreases acquisition probability by deterring potential bids, but does not increase premiums offered when bids occur. Finally, cash decreases after passage of antitakeover legislation. Thus, managers may hold cash to entrench themselves at shareholders' expense. Consequently, the market for corporate control does not monitor corporate cash holdings. Rather, cash may decrease such monitoring.
Reliable Location and Regression Estimates with Application to Range Image Segmentation

Range images provide important sources of information in many three-dimensional robot vision problems such as navigation and object recognition. Many physical factors, however, introduce noise to the discrete measurements in range images, identifying the need to reassess the error distribution in samples taken from real range images. This paper suggests the use of the L norms to yield reliable estimates of location and regression coefficients. This particular approach is compared against two commonly used approaches: Equally Weighted Least Squares, which minimizes the L_2 norms and the Chebychev approximation, which minimizes the L_1 norm. The problem is a weighted least squares case where the weights are derived from the chosen parameter, p, and its ability to yield a variety of location estimates spanning from the sample mean to the sample median. These two estimates have a wide application in image processing that includes noise removal. This paper will show the problems associated with these two techniques, and suggest experimental solutions to minimize them. A specific operating range is determined in which the L norms perform well and a regression module is used in conjunction with a region-growing segmentation algorithm to provide a reliable partition of range images.
Developing Pediatric Data Standards

A major goal of Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems is to collect, store, and make available high-quality clinical information to healthcare providers whenever and wherever it is needed.1 This clinical information can help inform decision making, as well as supply data for research and drive quality assessment. To support clinical decision making, EHR systems typically make available many types of clinical information, including lists of a patient's allergies, medications, or diagnoses, the results from laboratory testing and narrative documents expressing healthcare providers' clinical observations and impressions.2–5 The methods used by EHR systems to aggregate and display clinical information can impact healthcare providers' workflow and decisions related to patient care.2,5,6
Bleomycin-induced apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells requires angiotensin synthesis de novo.

Primary cultures of rat type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) or human AEC-derived A549 cells, when exposed to bleomycin (Bleo), exhibited concentration-dependent apoptosis detected by altered n...
INTERSPECIFIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SMALL MAMMALS AS HOSTS OF IMMATURE DERMACENTOR VARIABILIS (ACARI: IXODIDAE) AND A MODEL FOR DETECTION OF HIGH RISK AREAS OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER

Fourteen species of small mammals were captured from July 1990 through August 1991 in Tennessee, from which 1,217 immature Dermacentor variabilis and 1 Ixodes dentatus were collected. Mammal species were given scores of importance (TS) as hosts to immature D. variabilis based on mean intensity and prevalence. The rice rat ranked the highest, with a TS = 5, followed by the golden mouse TS = 4, white-footed mouse TS = 3, pine vole TS = 2, cotton rat TS = 1, with the Norway rat, house mouse, and short-tailed shrew all having a TS = 0. Assigning a TS allows a quantitative method for differentiating and ranking small mammals as hosts for immature D. variabilis. Relative abundance of a species can also be important in determining D. variabilis populations, even with a low TS. The potential of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSFP) to occur in an area was estimated using the total score of small mammal hosts in an area and multiplying the relative abundance of important host species. The RMSFP of a site, based only upon small mammal species composition and relative abundance of important host species, was an accurate estimate of adult D. variabilis infesting raccoons and opossums at that trap site (P < or = 0.001). A RMSFP of 1.61 is needed to produce an estimated 252 adults per ha (RMSF threshold) at 98% survival of engorged immature ticks (P < 0.001).
Experimental design

Maximizing data information requires careful selection, termed design, of the points at which data are observed. Experimental design is reviewed here for broad classes of data collection and analysis problems, including: fractioning techniques based on orthogonal arrays, Latin hypercube designs and their variants for computer experimentation, efficient design for data mining and machine learning applications, and sequential design for active learning. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identifying peripheral arterial disease cases using natural language processing of clinical notes

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a chronic disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Ascertaining PAD status from clinical notes by manual chart review is labor intensive and time consuming. In this paper, we describe a natural language processing (NLP) algorithm for automated ascertainment of PAD status from clinical notes using predetermined criteria. We developed and evaluated our system against a gold standard that was created by medical experts based on manual chart review. Our system ascertained PAD status from clinical notes with high sensitivity (0.96), positive predictive value (0.92), negative predictive value (0.99) and specificity (0.98). NLP approaches can be used for rapid, efficient and automated ascertainment of PAD cases with implications for patient care and epidemiologic research.
The application of OCS system in outpatient department in hospital

OCS system in outpatient department is physician's order communication system, which is an important part of HIS. Based on the application of OCS system in outpatient department in our hospital, among others, the article introduces some new ideas, new technologies and solution schemes to common problems in designing OCS system in outpatient department, focusing on several important functional platform such as registration section, physician's workstation and pharmacy.
New Design of PCI Data Acquisition System Based on FPGA

For special requirement of some special industry,this design realizing the multifunctional data acquisition and data transmission,which was adopted AD7322 and PCI9054,and it composed the data acquisition system based PCI interface and FPGA.This system can implement 32 single-end channels or 16 differential-end channels and or pseudo differentia-end channels analog-to-digital converting which can speed up to 1 MSPS,at same time it also has some others functions such as acquisition with channels cycle and the fix number,and acquisition with timer.
Epidemic characteristics of tuberculosis in Yunnan province from 2002 to 2011

Objective This study was to analyze the epidemic characteristics of tuberculosis(TB) in Yunnan province, and provide scientific evidences for TB control and prevention. Methods Data of TB patients in Yunnan province dring 2002-2011 were descriptively analyzed. Results From 2002 to 2011, a total of 251997 pulmonary tuberculosis cases were reported, and the number of death cases was 1135. The average annual TB incidence is 56.81/100 000. The average annual mortality is 0.26/ 100 000. The overall mortality is 0.45%. The number of male patients is 1.9-fold of female. For age distribution and the incidence for patients aged between 20 and 44 was the highest, accounting for 44.73% of all TB patients. TB incidence was 16.21/100 000 for age 0-14, 62.36/100 000 for age 15-60 and 122.27/100 000 for people over 60. Farmers were the majority(67.26%), and the incidence of students and scattered children decreased year by year. TB occurs in 16 cities, but with a great difference in incidence and morbidity. TB occurs monthly but without significant seasonal pattern. Conclusion The incidence slowly ascended from 2002 to 2004, reached a peak in 2005, and descended slowly from 2006 to 2010. The reduction in the incidence of 0-14 age group indicates that our province has made progress in TB control and prevention. Incidence of aged group is higher, so pertinent measures should be taken to detect and control TB in aged patients according to their characteristics. Young adults account for the majority, suggesting that they are still the focus of TB control and prevention in our province. Cities with high population density, high proportion of ethnic minorities and ascending epidemic trend will be the key areas of TB control in future.
Analysis of serious respiratory complications in PICU in children with measles

Objective To evaluate the characteristics of the serious complications of 17 cases with measles in ICU. Method Seventeen cases with measles with serious complications in ICU in Anhui Provincial Children′s Hospital were recruited from May 2012 to May 2013. Clinical characteristics, image finding, and prognosis were analyzed retrospectively. IgM antibody was positive in all the 17 cases, which included 9 male cases, 8 female cases, and their age was from 2 months to 10 years. Result All the 17 patients received mechanical ventilation because of severe respiratory distress within 1 week of onset, of which 14 cases were complicated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (acute ARDS), 6 cases of tension pneumothorax, 3 cases were complicated with bronchitis, laryngeal obstruction Ⅲ degrees, and totally 7 cases died. The survived 10 patients were followed up for 1 year, 1 patient with localized pneumothorax, bronchopleural fistula, 1 case of mild pulmonary fibrosis, 1 case of acute laryngitis with persistent hoarseness, and mild inspiratory dyspnea were found. The remaining 7 cases fully recovered. Fourteen cases failed to inoculate measles vaccine. Conclusion A higher risk of death and poor prognosis were found in children with measles who needed to be treated in PICU, especially for ARDS with pneumothorax. Laryngitis needed long time to cure and had weaning difficulties, and the case associated with pleural effusion or bronchopleural fistula must be treated with surgery, and the patients easily develop secondary bacterial infection. Key words: Measles; Pneumothorax; Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Overcoming barriers to orthodontic treatment in the United States

Underserved patients are at the highest risk for oral and overall health complications due to the many obstacles that prevent the group from receiving the most basic forms of health care. Receiving orthodontic care is even scarcer since most dental insurances regard it as an elective treatment, and only a limited number of orthodontists will treat these patients. The situation only worsens, as it appears that orthodontists in training intend to see even less of these patients in the future. Considerable changes need to be made. One change that needs to occur is within the dental training and education orthodontists receive. There needs to be a transition that encourages and promotes the development of skills necessary for treating underserved patients. Another change needs to occur in the restrictions that prevent specialists from participating in programs designed to provide relief in underserved areas. The events that would follow this change demonstrate the necessity for revisions in prohibitive policies against specialists. Finally, an initiative is needed to decrease costs associated with orthodontic treatment to make treatment more accessible, especially for patients with U.S. federally funded healthcare - Medicaid. Encouraging limited orthodontic treatment in mixed dentition (Phase I treatment) could aid in resolving this issue. The worsening situation among the underserved is connected to an unsustainable status quo. These issues need to be addressed and resolved to prevent any further onset and begin recovery.
Comprehensiveness and Synthesis

Having dealt with various of Shelley’s poems under three different emphases — intellect, love and social enlightenment — we come now to his artistic masterpiece Prometheus Unbound and to ‘The Triumph of Life’, the work which at the poet’s early death was left unfinished. Though each work might well and fittingly have been considered under one of the above categories, and though a number of the works discussed in the earlier chapters achieve an approximate or equal degree of synthesis, it seems best to focus in this chapter on the notable manner in which both Prometheus Unbound and ‘The Triumph of Life’, each in its distinctive way, achieve a synthesis and comprehension of all three emphases. Whereas Prometheus Unbound dramatically presents the reunion of intellect and love as the agent of universal social enlightenment, ‘The Triumph of Life’, so far as its fragmentary state permits us to see, works toward a clarification of how much the mind must grasp and master if love is to be permitted its rightful place in social interactions.
Identification of Anti-prion Compounds using a Novel Cellular Assay.

Abstract Prion diseases are devastating neurodegenerative disorders with no known cure. One strategy for developing therapies for these diseases is to identify compounds that block conversion of the cellular form of the prion protein (PrPC) into the infectious isoform (PrPSc). Most previous efforts to discover such molecules by high-throughput screening methods have utilized, as a read-out, a single kind of cellular assay system: neuroblastoma cells that are persistently infected with scrapie prions. Here, we describe the use of an alternative cellular assay based on suppressing the spontaneous cytotoxicity of a mutant form of PrP (Δ105-125). Using this assay, we screened 75,000 compounds, and identified a group of phenethyl piperidines (exemplified by LD7), that reduces the accumulation of PrPSc in infected neuroblastoma cells by >90% at low micromolar doses, and inhibits PrPSc-induced synaptotoxicity in hippocampal neurons. By analyzing the structure-activity relationships of 35 chemical derivatives, we defined the pharmacophore of LD7, and identified a more potent derivative. Active compounds do not alter total or cell-surface levels of PrPC, and do not bind to recombinant PrP in surface plasmon resonance experiments, although at high concentrations they inhibit PrPSc-seeded conversion of recombinant PrP to a misfolded state in an in vitro reaction (RT-QuIC). This class of small molecule may provide valuable therapeutic leads, as well as chemical biological tools to identify cellular pathways underlying PrPSc metabolism and PrPC function.