cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What explains India's embrace of solar? State-led energy transition in a developmental polity

Abstract In late 2014, India announced plans to increase the deployment of solar technology from 20 GW to 100 GW by 2022 and followed this up by putting in place a set of robust policies to achieve this target. What explains India's strong push to adopt solar electricity? Conventional wisdom mostly credits techno-economic factors, such as falling module prices and competitive bidding to explain this embrace. Though these factors undoubtedly aided the scale-up, solar power was substantially more expensive than domestic coal in the 2014–17 period under study. We conducted 23 elite interviews with former and current Indian government officials, think-tank researchers, consultants, private sector executives, Indian media, and two U.S. officials. We evaluated nine possible drivers behind the Indian government's policy push on solar going beyond the techno-economic emphasis on declining panel prices. Based on the interviews and a review of other observable implications of the various drivers, four chiefly political drivers clearly stood out: domestic politics, global pressure and partnerships, attracting investment, and energy sovereignty. Prime Minister Modi embraced solar to bolster his domestic image as a modernizing reformer and to boost India's reputation internationally. Solar also aimed to leverage investment and dampen India's dependence on energy imports.
Bacterial acidity-triggered antimicrobial activity of self-assembling peptide nanofibers

A self-assembling peptide nanofiber was developed to sense the microenvironmental pH change associated with bacterial growth. Using a near-infrared probe, a strong correlation was observed between the local pH reduction of bacterial colonies with the degree of peptide disassembly, which led to their enhanced antimicrobial activity against anaerobic bacteria.
A description and opinions of a longitudinal book club for comprehensive pharmacy faculty development.

Abstract Introduction The objectives of this study were to implement a faculty development book club centering on pharmacy education and to evaluate faculty opinions of the process. Methods A year-long pharmacy faculty development book club was conducted. Monthly meetings explored a pharmacy education text. Discussions centered on reflective questions submitted by chapter facilitators. Participants completed pre- and post-surveys regarding attitudes and opinions of faculty development utilizing a book club format. The Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn's multiple comparisons, Mann-Whitney, and Wilcoxon tests were used to analyze results. Results Of 48 faculty, 26 and 19 responded to the pre- and post-surveys, respectively; 73% agreed they would like a faculty development book club on the pre-survey, while 86.3% of participants were satisfied or highly satisfied with the book club on the post-survey. On the pre-survey, females and clinical faculty felt they would be more engaged in the book club than in more traditional development programs; the same groups indicated more engagement on the post-survey. Males indicated greater improvement in teaching abilities than females as a result of the book club. Of paired pre- and post-surveys, 12 respondents more strongly agreed that they were able to describe characteristics of a student-centered approach to teaching after the book club. Conclusions Faculty found a comprehensive book club to be an enjoyable and engaging way of developing skills and knowledge as a pharmacy academician. This alternative delivery method for faculty development programming can be replicated by other institutions. Further study is needed to evaluate long-term outcomes.
Reversible Computation Using Swap Reactions on a Surface

Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) and DNA strand displacement systems have shown potential for implementing logically and physically reversible computation. It has been shown that CRNs on a surface allow highly scalable and parallelizable computation. In this paper, we demonstrate that simple rearrangement reactions on a surface, which we refer to as swaps, are capable of physically reversible Boolean computation. We present designs for elementary logic gates, a method for constructing arbitrary feedforward digital circuits, and a proof of their correctness.
Pore pressure estimation in salt-sealed formations

Abstract Many conventional methods for pore pressure estimation are challenged by conditions below salt, and this is especially true in isolated sediments. However, for Gulf of Mexico salt allochthons – and potentially for other settings where sediments were sealed by salt early in their burial histories – a simple consideration of seal capacity provides useful insight into possible pressures. Data from several such confined settings are presented here and compared to two simple sealing models. The resulting observations are also compared to regional mudrock trends and intra-salt data to evaluate the potential implications. Together, the data suggest the salt seal fails at a constant pressure below the base-salt minimum confining stress, and pressure in sediments below that point increases at a constant gradient. The field data shown here indicate a consistent behavior over a large area of the Gulf of Mexico, despite substantial variability in salt thickness, water depth, etc. The proposed model provides estimates that agree with observed pressures within salt, at base salt, and through salt-sealed sediments below salt. A simplified version of the model can also provide a map of pressure or effective stress across base salt; while not fully accounting for sub-salt structure, such maps can be valuable in assessing relative drill-site risk to guide more detailed site-specific work.
Click or not: different mouseover effects may affect clicking-through rate while browsing interactive information visualization

Given the thriving of information visualization systems, rich interactivity is expected and essential for users to acquire further and insightful information. Mouseover has been widely used to hint interactivity or details about the hovered elements. However, in a mouseover-click visualization system we designed based on a hierarchical Sankey diagram, we have observed that a mouseover effect interfered users from clicking items and hence reduced the efficacy of the interaction and hid the information in the next levels. This paper examined this situation and studied the effectiveness of different mouseover hints on affordance for inviting clicks. We identified four types of perceived affordances and created seven designs, adopting Mechanical Turk to measure the effectiveness. Results showed that five out of the seven designs significantly improved users’ click-through rate, whereas more than 60% of users failed to click the hovered elements for revealing the next level of information without proper affordance hints, even after they brushed over these elements for multiple times. By comparing the performance of different designs, we proposed guidelines that support the reliability and motivate the interactivity of visualization design.
Postbreeding habitat use by Golden-cheeked Warblers ( Setophaga chrysoparia )

The period following breeding but prior to migration is an important, though understudied, component of the avian annual life cycle. We quantified habitat use by endangered Golden-cheeked Warblers (Setophaga chrysoparia) during the postbreeding period in Golden-cheeked Warbler breeding habitat (i.e., oak-juniper [Quercus-Juniperus] woodlands) predominated by Texas oak (Quercus buckleyi) or post oak (Q. stellata), as well as in immediately adjacent oak woodland, oak savanna, and riparian vegetation not usually associated with breeding activity for this species. Most (87%) of the Golden-cheeked Warblers we detected were in oak-juniper woodlands, especially in Texas oak sites, but we also detected warblers in each of the other vegetation types we surveyed. Adults and family groups used breeding and nonbreeding habitat similarly, as did males and females, but juveniles used nonbreeding habitat more than adults did. Neither canopy cover nor territory density during the breeding season influenced postbreeding habitat use by warblers, regardless of vegetation type. We detected warblers 82% less often in post oak breeding habitat than in Texas oak breeding habitat despite similar densities of breeding territories, suggesting that warblers left post oak sites earlier during the postbreeding period. However, we found no evidence that warblers that bred in post oak sites were more likely to move into adjacent nonbreeding habitat than those that bred in Texas oak sites. Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei) was the most consistently used woody substrate during the postbreeding period, regardless of warbler sex, warbler age, habitat type, or predominant oak species. Our results emphasize the continued importance of oak-juniper woodlands to Golden-cheeked Warblers during the postbreeding period but suggest that other vegetation types may also have conservation value for this species.
Geomorphology and microhabitats of large, isolated, immobile bedforms in the Great South Channel, Northwest Atlantic Ocean

Abstract The Great South Channel (GSC) is a bathymetric feature between the Nantucket Shoals and Georges Bank that connects the southern boundary of the Gulf of Maine with the northwest Atlantic Ocean. The mid-channel is characterized by the presence of sporadic, large, and isolated bedforms on a generally sediment-starved seafloor. Exhibiting distinctive east–west oriented straight crests, these immobile bedforms are poorly understood. In an area of active sediment transport, we have found that these bedforms have not migrated since 1998. As a result of their immobility they have ecological significance at the microhabitat scale. They increase seafloor stability on their lee side, by shielding the seafloor from erosive bottom current, thus providing a refuge for species that otherwise would not occur. Moreover, for an large straight, isolated (LSI) bedform of approximatively 16 m in height, the area shielded from erosive currents extends up to 90 m downcurrent from the bedforms. By combining a quantitative geomorphometric characterization of high-resolution bathymetry and the concurrent analysis of coregistered seafloor images, we describe these features in detail. The fauna in the area surrounding the bedforms is found to be organized in a consistent, microscale patchiness and it is illustrated in a bedform schematic. On the whole, the immobile LSI bedforms serve as collectors of sand, which builds up on the north-facing (stoss) side forming ripples on the lower parts of the slope. Here is where the highest concentration of winter flounder can be found. On the south-facing (lee) side, the seabed is sheltered from flowing sand and the exposed, coarse gravel lag deposit is richly colonized by sessile fauna. Furthermore, the sediment in this area is very heterogeneous. Toward the center, the sediment is characterized by the presence of cobble and pebble in a matrix of gravel, as well as absence of sand. Moving away from this core area toward either side, bigger fragments can be found up to boulder size, which are exhumed by the current. In this part some sand can overcome the barrier created by the bedform and a thin layer of finer sediment is found atop and between the boulders. Besides the sessile fauna, monkfish and other mobile fauna can be found.
Transarterial Genicular Artery Embolization as Treatment of Painful Knee Osteoarthritis in a 64-Year-Old Woman

Abstract Knee osteoarthritis is a common cause of pain and disability, with few conservative management options before surgery is necessary. This case study highlights a new minimally invasive procedure in the management of a 64-year-old woman with left knee osteoarthritis, who failed conservative management techniques and is not a surgical candidate. Genicular artery embolization is a safe and promising procedure offered by Interventional Radiology that requires only moderate sedation and has minimal recovery time.
BAND STRUCTURE, METALLIZATION AND STRUCTURAL PHASE TRANSITION OF NABR UNDER HIGHPRESSURE

The metallization and the phase transition of the alkali bromide sodium bromide (NaBr) is investigated through its band structure. The equilibrium lattice constant, bulk modulus, pressure derivative of bulk modulus and the phase transition pressure at which the compound undergo structural phase transition from NaCl (B1) to the CsCl (B2) structure is predicted from the total energy calculations. The ground state properties and band gap values are compared with the experimental and other theoretical results. At normal pressure NaBr is a direct band gap insulator. When the pressure is increased there is enhanced overlapping between the wave functions of the neighboring atoms. As a result the widths of the valence and empty conduction bands increase. These changes lead to the narrowing and indirect closing of band gap in NaBr (metallization). It is also confirmed that the metallization and structural phase transition do not occur simultaneously in ionic compounds.
Recent trends on studies of nanostructured metals

Nanostructured metals have been intensively investigated as these materials have abundant interfaces (grain boundaries and phase boundaries) that can drastically impact the mechanical and physical properties of materials. Significant research has been performed to understand the deformation mechanisms of nanostructured metals, and many of the major findings have been adopted by industry for the manufacturing of advanced materials for various applications. In this article, we highlight several recent breakthroughs and briefly introduce the focus of the articles in this issue that provide a more in-depth understanding of the forefronts of the field. Finally, we point out some of the research directions that may warrant further investigations.
Non-invasive Detection of Immunotherapy-Induced Adverse Events.

Purpose: Cancer immunotherapy has markedly improved the prognosis of patients with a broad variety of malignancies. However, benefits are weighed against unique toxicities, with immune-related adverse events (irAEs) that are frequent and potentially life-threatening. The diagnosis and management of these events are challenging due to heterogeneity of timing onset, multiplicity of affected organs, and lack of non-invasive monitoring techniques. We demonstrate the use of a granzyme B targeted PET imaging agent (GZP) for irAE identification in a murine model. Experimental Design: We generated a model of immunotherapy-induced adverse events in Foxp3-DTR-GFP mice bearing MC38 tumors. GZP PET imaging was performed to evaluate organs noninvasively. We validated imaging with ex vivo analysis, correlating the establishment of these events with the presence of immune infiltrates and granzyme B upregulation in tissue. To demonstrate the clinical relevance of our findings, the presence of granzyme B was identified through immunofluorescence staining in tissue samples of patients with confirmed checkpoint-inhibitor associated adverse events. Results: GZP PET imaging revealed differential uptake in organs affected by irAEs, such as colon, spleen and kidney, that significantly diminished after administration of the immunosuppressor dexamethasone. The presence of GZB and immune infiltrates were confirmed histologically and correlated with significantly higher uptake in PET imaging. The presence of GZB was also confirmed in samples from patients that presented with clinical irAEs. Conclusion: We demonstrate an interconnection between the establishment of immune-related adverse events and granzyme B presence and, for the first time, the visualization of those events through PET imaging.
XCNN: a software package for color image processing

The paper presents a software prototype capable of performing image processing applications using cellular neural networks (CNN). The software is based on a CNN multi-layer structure in which each primary color is assigned to a unique layer. This allows an added flexibility as different processing applications can be performed in parallel. To be able to handle a full range of color tones, two novel color mapping schemes were derived. In the proposed schemes the color information is obtained from the cell's state rather than from its output. Additionally, a post processor capable of performing pixelwise logical operations among color layers was developed to enhance the results obtained from CNN. >
Gypsy Moth Prothoracic Gland: Response to a Synthetic Peptide Analog

Insect prothoracicotropic hormones (PTTHs) are brain neuropeptides which act on prothoracic glands (PGs) to regulate secretion of ecdysone. Partial sequencing (19 amino acids) of three 4K-PTTH in silkworms (Nagasawa et al., 1984), and complete sequencing and identification of A- and B- chains of 4K-PTTH (Nagasawa et al., 1986) have been accomplished. This paper reports the prothoracicotropic effect of a synthetic peptide containing the first 15 amino acids (from N-terminus) of the silkworm 4K-PTTH-II.
OSO-8 Observations of Cygnus XR-1

Cygnus XR-1 was observed Nov. 11 to 18, 1975, in the energy range 20 to 400 keV with a CsI scintillation crystal spectrometer on board the OSO-8 satellite. A drop in the count rate of ~45% between 23 and 153 keV was observed to occur gradually over a full day on Nov. 16. Comparison with 2 to 7 keV proportional counter data taken simultaneously on OSO-8 by P. Serlemitsos et al. (private communication), the count rate of which rose ~40% on Nov. 16, shows the 23 to 153 count rate to be generally anti-correlated with the 2 to 7 keV count rate over the entire 8 days of observation (Fig. 1). The observations are in agreement with the predictions of the two-temperature accretion disk model of Shapiro, Lightman and Eardley (Astrophys. J., 204, 187, 1976).
Derepression of Phosphomannose Isomerase by Regulator Gene Mutations Involved in Capsular Polysaccharide Synthesis in Escherichia coli K-12

A regulator gene mutation (capR) that causes increased synthesis of capsular polysaccharide and derepressed synthesis of several enzymes involved in polysaccharide synthesis also derepresses phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) synthesis. In contrast, a second mutation (capS, which maps separately from capR) that causes increased production of the same polysaccharide does not lead to increased synthesis of PMI (nor of several of the other enzymes involved in polysaccharide synthesis). Introduction of the capR9 allele by transduction or mutation of capR(+) to capR can change the phenotype of a mannose-negative nonmucoid strain to a mannose-positive mucoid phenotype. Thus, genotype capR(+)man-2 is mannose-negative and nonmucoid, but genotype capR9 man-2 is mannose positive and mucoid. Other interactions between these alleles in the synthesis of capsular polysaccharide are recorded.
New catalysis from metal oxide surface science

Publisher Summary This chapter presents different chemistries brought forth from surface science studies on metal oxides and made catalytic on high surface area materials. The crucial hurdle, to scaling up single crystal results to higher surface area materials operating at higher pressures, is in making and maintaining comparable active sites under the different conditions of catalysis vs. surface science experiments. The advantage of the surface science approach is that by defining active site requirements in terms of surface structure, coordination environment, oxidation state, etc., ways may be recognized to create sites on working catalysts that fulfill these requirements, even when the materials studied in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) are not amenable to catalytic operation.
Obscuring Vital Distinctions: The Oversimplification of Learning Disabilities within RTI

The assessment procedures within Response to Intervention (RTI) models have begun to supplant the use of traditional, discrepancy-based frameworks for identifying students with specific learning disabilities (SLD). Many RTI proponents applaud this shift because of perceived shortcomings in utilizing discrepancy as an indicator of SLD. However, many professionals and organizations have noted the substantial variability between various RTI models and urged cautious implementation. RTI models that utilize substantively different assessment procedures as a primary or singular means of SLD identification are likely to produce numerous sources of measurement error, threats to validity, inaccuracy in identification, and potential legal challenges. This article examines from a psychometric perspective the risks in replacing discrepancy-based identification of SLD with the myriad options for measuring students' responsiveness and nonresponsiveness to instruction within the intervention tiers of RTI.
Tracing a mantle plume: Isotopic and trace element variations of Galápagos seamounts

[1] Isotopic and trace element analyses of basalts dredged from across the Galapagos Platform confirm the previously established east facing horseshoe pattern of depleted geochemical signatures at the center of the archipelago and more enriched signatures along the periphery. Statistical analysis of the isotopic data indicates that geochemical variations in the Galapagos cannot be explained by mixing between only the plume and the depleted asthenosphere. Instead, four isotopically distinct end-members must be interacting to account for the subtleties of the Sr, Nd, Pb, and He isotopic data. Three of the components are geographically restricted: one in the south, one in the central region, and one in the north. These three plume components then mix with the fourth component, depleted mantle, which is indistinguishable from the MORB source. The central component resembles the high 3He/4He mantle reservoir that may be common to many plumes and has variously been called PHEM, FOZO, and C by others. Whereas this mantle reservoir appears to make a minor contribution to the composition of most hot spot systems, it may constitute the main body of the Galapagos plume. Geographic distribution of the end-members suggests that the plume is centered near Fernandina ∼92°N but may be significantly diluted by depleted mantle even near the main conduit. The geochemically distinct end-members trace an eastward mantle flow, manifested as decreasing contributions of the plume in the direction of plate motion. The plume may be tilted by shear in the asthenosphere from plate motion and ambient mantle flow. As it is bent, the plume thermally entrains surrounding upper mantle, resulting in the horseshoe-shaped distribution of depleted and enriched material. The end-members may also outline a deep, strong lateral flow of mantle toward the Galapagos Spreading Center, supplying plume material to the ridge system. Overall, our results suggest that the Galapagos hot spot is both compositionally and dynamically complex owing to its tectonic setting adjacent to a mid-ocean ridge.
Portraits of Children of Alcoholics: Stories That Add Hope to Hope.

This literary analysis examines the emergence of children of alcoholics narratives and their growth from “resource” texts to literary subgenre. While early texts offer useful information about parental alcoholism, they are also limited. Namely, they do not adequately mirror the diversity of children, families, and problems associated with parental alcoholism nor do they offer alternatives for children whose parents do not, or cannot, seek treatment for their addiction. Literature, on the other hand, in inviting what philosopher Martha Nussbaum refers to as “narrative play,” can help children learn to understand and empathize with others, nourish their inner curiosity, and, most importantly, tolerate ambiguity in the face of an imperfect world. Thus, this paper presents and examines three literary narratives about children of alcoholics: Gary Paulsen’s Harris and Me (1993), Sherman Alexie’s The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian (2007), and Tom Robbins’ B is for Beer (2009). By providing characters and situations with which they can identify, these stories possess potential to validate the feelings that children of alcoholics often experience. At the same time, by offering models of strength and hope, these stories can also help broaden and awaken new perspectives so that children of alcoholics might envision a different life for themselves and reject the pattern of self-victimization and the cycle of alcoholism. Humor, a dominant feature throughout all three narratives, is identified as an especially effective means of discussing this topic with younger audiences. Teachers and librarians can draw on this examination to better guide their selection of texts for young readers, especially for those who are burdened by parental addiction and/or family dysfunction.
Cerebral Blood Flow Responses to Somatosensory Stimulation Are Unaffected by Scopolamine in Unanesthetized Rat

Studies with positron-emission tomography have indicated that muscarinic acetylcholine receptors may be involved in the mechanism of enhancement of cerebral blood flow (CBF) by neuronal functional activation. We examined the effects of muscarinic receptor blockade by scopolamine on the local CBF responses to vibrissal stimulation in the whisker-to-barrel cortex sensory pathway in unanesthetized rats. Local CBF was measured by the quantitative autoradiographic [(14)C]iodoantipyrine method. Scopolamine (0.4 or 0.8 mg/kg) was injected i.v. 30 min before measurement of local CBF; control rats received equivalent volumes of physiological saline. Vibrissae on the left side of the face were stroked continuously throughout the 1-min period of measurement of CBF. Local CBF was determined bilaterally in four structures of the pathway, i.e., spinal and principal sensory trigeminal nuclei, ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus, and barrel field of the sensory cortex, as well as in four representative structures unrelated to the pathway. The higher dose of scopolamine raised baseline CBF in the two trigeminal nuclei, but neither dose diminished the percentage of increases in local CBF because of vibrissal stimulation in any of the stations of the pathway. These results do not support involvement of muscarinic receptors in the mechanism of enhancement of local CBF by functional neuronal activation, at least not in the whisker-barrel cortex sensory pathway in the unanesthetized rat.
Quantitative fluorescence assays using a self-powered paper-based microfluidic device and a camera-equipped cellular phone

Fluorescence assays often require specialized equipment and, therefore, are not easily implemented in resource-limited environments. Herein we describe a point-of-care assay strategy in which fluorescence in the visible region is used as a readout, while a camera-equipped cellular phone is used to capture the fluorescent response and quantify the assay. The fluorescence assay is made possible using a paper-based microfluidic device that contains an internal fluidic battery, a surface-mount LED, a 2 mm section of a clear straw as a cuvette, and an appropriately designed small molecule reagent that transforms from weakly fluorescent to highly fluorescent when exposed to a specific enzyme biomarker. The resulting visible fluorescence is digitized by photographing the assay region using a camera-equipped cellular phone. The digital images are then quantified using image processing software to provide sensitive as well as quantitative results. In a model 30 min assay, the enzyme β-D-galactosidase was measured quantitatively down to 700 pM levels. This communication describes the design of these types of assays in paper-based microfluidic devices and characterizes the key parameters that affect the sensitivity and reproducibility of the technique.
Thermal stability of ohmic contacts between Ti and Se-passivated n-type Si(001)

The thermal stability of the interface between Ti and Se-passivated n-type Si(001) is investigated. As-deposited Ti contacts show ohmic characteristics. After annealing at temperatures from 200 °C to 480 °C in air, the Se-passivated samples are much more resistant to Schottky transition as compared to the bare samples. The bare samples turn to Schottky below 300 °C, whereas the passivated samples are ohmic all the way to 400 °C. A difference of over 100 °C is observed between the two types of samples. Schottky barrier heights are determined using capacitance–voltage and activation–energy methods. The bare samples reach a maximum barrier height of 0.39 eV as determined by activation–energy measurements, while the passivated samples maximize at 0.19 eV. We deduce that a monolayer of Se suppresses silicidation between Ti and Si by eliminating dangling bonds on Si(001).
Distribution of Chlorophylls in Chloroplast Fragments

THE molecular arrangement of the lipid-protein layers in chloroplasts, chloroplast grana, and smaller sub-units, is unknown but is vital to understanding the photo-physical and photochemical events that occur there.
Everyday talk and convincing conversations: Utilizing strategic internal communication

Abstract When managing organizational identity, great attention is often paid to external stakeholders while internal stakeholders receive far less consideration. However, organizational identity lives somewhat enigmatically at the intersection of the attitudes of all organizational stakeholders, not just those in the external environment. Moreover, employees are positioned to serve as either ambassadors of the organization or as liabilities depending on the way they speak about the organization to those both within and outside their workplace. Employees regularly discuss their work experiences with those outside the organization and frequently do so using social media, potentially reaching large audiences. This article describes the process through which everyday talk within the organization shapes its identity while wielding powerful effects on external perceptions. We highlight several common errors leaders make that promote negative everyday talk, along with suggestions on how to successfully manage identity through strategic communication and managerial processes. We also discuss the theoretical and pragmatic effects of everyday talk.
Characterization of excess pore pressures at the toe of the Nankai accretionary complex, Ocean Drilling Program sites 1173, 1174, and 808: Results of one-dimensional modeling

[1] Elevated fluid pore pressures play a critical role in the development of accretionary complexes, including the development of the decollement zone. In this study, we used measured permeabilities of core samples from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 190 to develop a permeability-porosity relationship for hemipelagic sediments at the toe of the Nankai accretionary complex. This permeability-porosity relationship was used in a one-dimensional loading and fluid flow model to simulate excess pore pressures and porosities. Simulated excess pore pressure ratios (as a fraction of lithostatic pressure-hydrostatic pressure) using the best fit permeability-porosity relationship were lower than predicted from previous studies. We then tested sensitivity of excess pore pressure ratios in the underthrust sediments to bulk permeability, lateral stress in the prism, and a hypothetical low-permeability barrier at the decollement. Our results demonstrated significant increase in pore pressures below the decollement with lower bulk permeability, such as obtained by using the lower boundary of permeability-porosity data, or when a low-permeability barrier is added at the decollement. In contrast, pore pressures in the underthrust sediments demonstrated less sensitivity to added lateral stresses in the prism, although the profile of the excess pore pressure ratio is affected. Both simulations with lateral stress and a low-permeability barrier at the decollement resulted in sharp increases in porosity at the decollement, similar to that observed in measured porosities. Furthermore, in both scenarios, maximum excess pore pressure ratios were found at the decollement, suggesting that either of these factors would contribute to stable sliding along the decollement.
Numerical simulation of transport in a field-reversed mirror plasma

Abstract A computer code is described which simulates the evolution of the axisymmetric toroidal region of a field-reversed mirror plasma. The code alternates between a 1-D transport calculation and a 1-D or 2-D equilibrium calculation. Four 1-D transport equations are solved simultaneously for the ion density, electron entropy, ion entropy and toroidal magnetic flux. The transport equations for these adiabatic quantities are independent of the time rate of change of the poloidal magnetic flux. This choice of dependent variables eliminates some of the coupling of the transport and equilibrium calculation. The physical processes which are modeled by the transport calculation are classical transport using Braginskii transport coefficients, Joule heating of the electrons, collisional transfer of energy between ion and electrons, charge exchange loss of ion energy, radiation cooling of electrons due to impurities, heating of ions by neutral beams and enhancement of electron thermal conductivity by a given factor. The equilibrium calculation consists of the solution of the 2-D Grad-Shafranov equation in the r , z grid. Or, if the adiabatic quantities have not changed much, the 1-D flux surface averaged Grad-Shafranov equation is solved.
Utilizing a preplant soil test for predicting and estimating root rot severity in sugar beet in the central high plains of the United States

Aphanomyces cochlioides and Rhizoctonia solani are important soilborne pathogens causing root diseases that are primary constraints to sugar beet production in Nebraska, Colorado, and Wyoming. These types of diseases are difficult to control because they are often not noticed until substantial damage has already occurred. Efforts to manage them would be more effective if techniques were available that were more predictive than reactive. Therefore, a preplant soil test was developed to estimate the relative pathogen populations in the soil and to predict potential root disease problems later in the growing season. Preplant soil samples collected from fields to be sown with sugar beet were planted with a susceptible cultivar and tests were conducted for 1 month in the greenhouse. A preplant disease index was developed based on the time period during the test that seedlings became infected and was calculated on a 0-to-100 scale. Disease index values were compared with yields obtained from the same fields after harvest. Analysis of data collected for 5 years (2003 to 2007) with analysis of covariance revealed a strong relationship between the preplant disease index values and recoverable sucrose and root yields but not sucrose concentration. Results indicated that, for each unit increase in the preplant disease index, root yield decreased by 0.27 metric tons (270 kg) per hectare (P < 0.05, R2 = 0.44) and recoverable sucrose decreased by 49 kg/ha (P < 0.05, R2 = 0.45). We concluded that this preplant soil test can accurately predict root disease potential due to R. solani and A. cochlioides, and has the potential to help producers make effective management decisions in production fields using the index procedure. This soil assay has additionally provided new information on the biology, incidence, and distribution of root pathogens in production fields throughout the Central High Plains.
Verification of the ASTM G-124 Purge Equation

ASTM G-124 seeks to evaluate combustion characteristics of metals in high-purity (>99 %) oxygen atmospheres. ASTM G-124 provides the following equation to determine the minimum number of purges required to reach this level of purity in a test chamber: n = −4/log10(Pa/Ph), where n is the total number of purge cycles required, Ph is the absolute pressure used for the purge on each cycle, and Pa is the atmospheric pressure or the vent pressure. The origin of this equation is not known and has been the source of frequent questions as to its accuracy and reliability. This paper provides the derivation of the G-124 purge equation, and experimentally explores the equation to determine if it accurately predicts the number of cycles required.
Urging college alcohol and drug policies that target adverse behavior, not use.

Abstract Although “zero tolerance” policies are being enacted on campuses nationwide, these policies may not be the most effective means of creating safer and healthier environments for students. Many historical precedents illustrate the value of moderation over prohibition College drug and alcohol policies should focus primarily on dysfunctional and disruptive student behaviors, not on student drug and alcohol use only.
Leading for Innovation Direct and Indirect Influences

Despite growing interest in developing and producing creative products, much remains unknown about how to best facilitate the innovative process. Through a review and integration of creativity, inn...
The medical model in psychiatry.

Abstract The medical model in psychiatry has become a much discussed and controversial topic. Articulate proponents of the position that psychiatry should discard the medical model have excited public interest with book titles such as The Myth of Mental Illness1 and The Death of Psychiatry.2 The validity of psychiatry's status as a specialty within medicine is being questioned more than ever before in its modern history. In this climate of controversy, it seemed to me that it might be useful to try to answer a few basic questions: What is the medical model? Is it really responsible for psychiatry's errors and failures? How does our science of psychopathology relate to the medical model in psychiatry?
Formation and reactivity of the chloromethyl π-allyl complex (η5-C5Me5)Ru(η3-C3H5)(CH2Cl)Cl

Treatment of (η5-C5Me5)Ru(η3-C3H5)Cl2 in CH2Cl2 with ethereal diazomethane in the presence of copper powder produces (η5-C5Me5)Ru(η3-C3H5)(CH2Cl)Cl in moderate yield with no detectable formation of the bis(chloromethyl) derivative. Deuterium labeling with CD2N2 shows no methylene scrambling into the allyl ligand. Evidence from NMR spectroscopy supports an endo allyl conformation in the chloromethyl complex. Mass spectroscopy experiments indicate that the d4 (RuIV) metal center is relatively ineffective in stabilizing the (η5-C5Me5)Ru(η3-C3H5) ( = CH2)Cl]+ fragment. The new chloromethyl complex reacts under photochemical conditions to give polymethylene with the regeneration of the starting dichloride. No intramolecular transfer of methylene to the allyl or (η5-C Me5) ligands is observed.
Association of the Bedside Shivering Assessment Scale and derived EMG power during therapeutic hypothermia in survivors of cardiac arrest.

Abstract Introduction Shivering during therapeutic hypothermia (TH) after cardiac arrest (CA) is common, but the optimal means of detection and appropriate threshold for treatment are not established. In an effort to develop a quantitative, continuous tool to measure shivering, we hypothesized that continuous derived electromyography (dEMG) power detected by the Aspect A2000 or VISTA monitor would correlate with the intermittent Bedside Shivering Assessment Scale (BSAS) performed by nurses. Methods Among 38 patients treated with TH after CA, 853 hourly BSAS measurements were compared to dEMG power measured every minute by a frontal surface electrode. Patients received intermittent vecuronium by protocol to treat clinically recognized shivering (BSAS>0). Mean dEMG power in decibels (dB) was determined for the hour preceding each BSAS measurement. dEMG and BSAS were compared using ANOVA. Results The median dEMG power for a BSAS score of 0 (no shivering) was 27dB (IQR 26–31dB), BSAS 1 was 30.5dB (IQR 28–35dB), BSAS 2 was 34dB (IQR 30–38dB), and BSAS 3 was 34.5dB (IQR 32–44.25). The dEMG for BSAS≥1 (shivering) was statistically different from BSAS 0 ( p r =0.66, p Conclusion dEMG power measured from the forehead with the Aspect A2000 or VISTA monitor during therapeutic hypothermia correlated with the Bedside Shivering Assessment Scale. Given its continuous trending of dEMG power, the A2000 or VISTA may be a useful research and clinical tool for objectively monitoring shivering.
Orientation determination for 3D single molecule diffraction imaging

The latest development of ultrafast free electron laser makes it now possible to perform single molecule diffraction imaging. In such an experiment, two-dimensional (2D) diffraction images of randomly oriented molecules of the same type (single molecules) can be captured within femtosecond exposure time. These images can then be used to deduce the 3D structure of the molecule. Two of the most challenging problems that must be solved in order to obtain a high resolution 3D reconstruction are: 1) the determination of the relative orientations of 2D diffraction images; 2) the retrieval of the phase information of a reconstructed 3D diffraction pattern. In this paper, we will focus on the first problem and discuss the use of common curve detection techniques to deduce the relative orientations of 2D diffraction images produced from single-molecule diffraction experiments. Such a technique is based on the fact that Ewald spheres associated with two diffraction images of the same molecule intersect along a common curve in the reciprocal space. By detecting these curves on each diffraction image, we can deduce the relative orientations of diffraction images by solving an eigenvalue problem. When the radius of the Ewald sphere is sufficiently large relatively to the region of reciprocal space we are interested in, the Ewald sphere becomes flat near the origin of the reciprocal space, and common curves reduce to common lines. In this case, the orientation determination problem is similar to the one that arises in single particle cryo-electron microscopy. The recent work of Singer and Shkolnisky [1] shows that the orientation determination problem can be solved by computing the largest eigenvalues of a symmetric matrix constructed from the common lines identified among cryo-EM projection images. In this paper, we will extend their technique to diffraction images on which common curves can be identified.
Strategic Module Sharing for Customized Service Family Design using a Bayesian Game

The objective in this paper is to introduce a new methodology for strategic module sharing in service family design using game theory to model situations involving uncertain market environments. We extend concepts from platform-based product family design to develop a methodology for module-based service family design. A module selection problem is considered as a strategic game with incomplete information that is described by services' market share ratios and customer's preferences. We employ a Bayesian game to model uncertainty situations regarding market environments and determine strategic equilibrium solutions for selecting modules for the service family being designed. To demonstrate implementation of the proposed Bayesian game, we use a case study involving a family of banking services.
Formation of nanoporous platinum by selective dissolution of Cu from Cu0.75Pt0.25

This paper gives results demonstrating the production of nanoporous platinum through the de-alloying of Cu0.75Pt0.25 alloy in 1 M H2SO4. Both field emission scanning electron microscopy and small angle neutron scattering confirm the presence of porosity with a diameter of approximately 3.4 nm. This is the smallest porosity quantitatively reported from a de-alloying process to date. The small size is attributed to the extremely small values of surface diffusivity expected for Pt at room temperature, effectively eliminating room-temperature coarsening processes. The results also show that larger length scales can be achieved through coarsening at elevated temperatures. The ease of production of porous platinum makes it attractive for possible applications, such as high surface area electrodes for biomedical devices or as catalyst materials.
Correspondence using property coherence

This paper presents a generalization of the correspondence approach of Sethi and Jain by extending the path coherence criterion to high dimensional vector space. This allows the same correspondence procedure to be used for a variety of tokens including points, lines, planes and regions. To demonstrate the generalized approach, we apply it to track lines and present experimental results.
Modified V-Y advancement technique for mastectomy closure

After a mastectomy has been performed via transverse bielliptical incisions, the lateral apex of the incision (Fig. 1, A) is retracted medially (Fig. 2). The points to which the apex is retracted are marked (Fig. 2, B, C). The superior and inferior flaps along the redundant triangular-shaped skin of each flap are excised (Fig. 3, C, A2, A; B, A1, A). The lateral apex is retracted medially and secured to the approximated transverse incision at points B and C (Fig. 4). The incision is closed with the newly created Y configuration (Fig. 5).
Expression of human hepatic genes in mouse hepatoma - human amniocyte hybrids.

Human liver-specific gene products are expressed by hybrid cells resulting from the fusion of human amniocytes with mouse hepatoma cells. Amniocytes grown from human amniotic fluid have no detectable levels of secreted human albumin, transferrin, alpha-1 antitrypsin, or ceruloplasmin, while the mouse hepatoma line, HH--, secretes several mouse liver-specific gene products including transferrin and albumin. Fifty-five hybrids were isolated and analyzed for the expression of serum proteins by Ouchterlony double diffusion and Laurell immunoelectrophoresis. All hybrids continued to express mouse albumin and transferrin, and 29 hybrids from this series were found to express one or more human serum proteins. Activation of the human amniocyte genome provides a model for prenatal diagnosis of serum protein abnormalities.
September 11: Symbolism And Responses To "9/11"

Professors Hopkins and Hopkins review the impact of 9/11 as a symbol in American politics. Following the terrorist attacks, "9/11" became a simple reference condensing wide-ranging events and emotions. Various interpretations emerged about what caused "9/11" and enabled the attacks. The authors claim that 9/11 allowed US leaders to pursue certain policy prescriptions that otherwise would have been blocked. Among four possible prescriptions for responding to the attacks, the Bush administration chose a "praetorian" policy of preventive war, with Iraq as its first example. In the authors’ view, by pursuing an expansive but highly militarized response, the US has overlooked the need to alleviate the conditions that made 9/11 possible. The authors recommend that the US, as part of a multilateral effort, allocate major resources to expanding "global public goods," including measures that strengthen barriers to proliferation, enhance fighting of global crime, and reduce incentives for terrorism, especially ones arising in failing states where distorted education and weak protection of human rights encourage organized terrorism.
Influence of habitual high dietary fat intake on endothelium-dependent vasodilation

High-fat diets are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. A potential underlying mechanism for the increased cardiovascular risk is endothelial dysfunction. Nitric oxide (NO)-...