cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RESPIRATION AND METABOLISM IN ETIOLATED WHEAT SEEDLINGS AS INFLUENCED BY PHOSPHORUS NUTRITION.

Phosphorus plays an important role in the process of respiration (12, 13, 29). It forms, in the presence of sugars, monoand di-hexosephosphoric acid esters (8, 27), which are then broken down in the respiratory process. Under certain conditions it may form with sucrose a sucrose phosphoric acid ester (19). It is also known that plants starved for phosphorus differ considerably in their chemical composition from those not thus starved. MacGillivray (15) has pointed out that tomato plants starved for phosphorus show a decrease in coagulable nitrogen, and an increase in total nitrogen. There is also a marked increase in percentage of sugar. Kraybill (10) also showed that when phosphate is limiting in tomato plants nitrates as well as carbohydrates accumulate. According to Eckerson (5) the lack of phosphorus causes a breakdown of the reducase activity of the plant, which is then followed by an accumulation of nitrates, sugars, and starch, and results in an essentially nitrogen-starved plant. It is desirable then to know the relation between respiration and the chemical composition of plants deficient in phosphorus as compared with plants not deficient in phosphorus. In view of these facts and because phosphorus very often becomes limiting in agricultural soils the present investigation was undertaken. All of the chemical data cited above were obtained with green plants and after phosphorus starvation had become rather severe. It was the desire of the writer to determine some of the early symptoms of phosphorus starvation as shown by internal composition, as well as to measure the respiration during this period, and to relate any differences in composition to respiration, if possible. For these purposes large green plants are not suited ; hence, etiolated seedlings with a considerable reserve of carbohydrates were used. Wheat was chosen as the most uniform plant at hand. Since Lyon had obtained an increase in respiration owing to increased phosphate supply, the respiration behavior of wheat was reinvestigated, and, at the same time, the chemical changes caused by differences in phosphorus nutrition during early development were determined. It will be noted that the differences obtained in this
Severe Airway Epithelial Injury, Aberrant Repair and Bronchiolitis Obliterans Develops after Diacetyl Instillation in Rats

Background Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a fibrotic lung disease that occurs in a variety of clinical settings, including toxin exposures, autoimmunity and lung or bone marrow transplant. Despite its increasing clinical importance, little is known regarding the underlying disease mechanisms due to a lack of adequate small animal BO models. Recent epidemiological studies have implicated exposure to diacetyl (DA), a volatile component of artificial butter flavoring, as a cause of BO in otherwise healthy factory workers. Our overall hypothesis is that DA induces severe epithelial injury and aberrant repair that leads to the development of BO. Therefore, the objectives of this study were 1) to determine if DA, delivered by intratracheal instillation (ITI), would lead to the development of BO in rats and 2) to characterize epithelial regeneration and matrix repair after ITI of DA. Methods and Main Results Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with a single dose of DA (125 mg/kg) or sterile water (vehicle control) by ITI. Instilled DA resulted in airway specific injury, followed by rapid epithelial regeneration, and extensive intraluminal airway fibrosis characteristic of BO. Increased airway resistance and lung fluid neutrophilia occurred with the development of BO, similar to human disease. Despite rapid epithelial regeneration after DA treatment, expression of the normal phenotypic markers, Clara cell secretory protein and acetylated tubulin, were diminished. In contrast, expression of the matrix component Tenascin C was significantly increased, particularly evident within the BO lesions. Conclusions We have established that ITI of DA results in BO, creating a novel chemical-induced animal model that replicates histological, biological and physiological features of the human disease. Furthermore, we demonstrate that dysregulated epithelial repair and excessive matrix Tenacin C deposition occur in BO, providing new insights into potential disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets.
Cuprates Fall into a Gap

Superconductors are characterized by an energy gap that is a measure of the robustness of the superconducting state. Recent experimental evidence has indicated the existence of another energy gap at a higher temperature. As discussed in a Perspective by Ong, electron photoemission results reported by Loeser et al . in this issue (p. 325) provide a clearer picture of this second gap and may allow further discrimination among competing models of high-temperature superconductivity.
pH spatial distribution model during ripening of Camembert cheese

Abstract During ripening of Camembert cheese, a soft cheese, the pH values continually change, which impacts the growth of Listeria monocytogenes . In this study, a pH distribution model suitable for the ripening phase of Camembert cheese was developed and verified. An experimental trend-based statistical model for pH using normalized time and normalized pH as variables was developed to determine the evolution of pH. The pH model showed good agreement with the mean pH measured values, i.e., the pH model was able to capture the magnitudes and trends sufficiently. The R 2 values for top surface, center, inner–outer side surface, and bottom surface regions’ mean measured and pH model-predicted values were 0.97, 0.95, 0.99, and 0.99, respectively.
An Analysis of High School Math, Science, Social Studies, English, and Foreign Language Teachers' Implementation of One-to-One Computing and Their Pedagogical Practices

The purpose of this study was to compare high school Math, Science, Social Studies, English, and Foreign Language teachers' implementation of teaching practices in terms of their pedagogical dimens...
Multichannel integrating flame photometer

Abstract A new high-speed optical chopping and demodulation system is described for use in flame photometry. Methods are described which allow integration of signal and noise over many optical pulses of flame energy. The method has been used to develop a direct-reading instrument for sodium, potassium and calcium. With this method, 4 signal channels are integrated simultaneously. With the integration technique, ordinary flame noise is significantly reduced. By using an internal standard, all signal channels are referenced to known energy levels regardless of flame variations.
Genetically engineered mice: Model systems for left ventricular failure

Abstract The advent of mouse genetic manipulation coupled with the development of miniaturized technology to characterize the obtained phenotypes have provided significant insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying cardiovascular function in health and disease. It is now obvious that alterations of the expression (decreased or increased) levels or function of a single gene, as outlined in this review, may result in cardiac hypertrophy and/or failure. Thus, a number of “heart failure candidate genes” have been identified. However, characterization of their corresponding mouse phenotypes has indicated that there is a compensatory “cross-talk” between a specific “candidate gene” and various other genes, resulting in altered expression of multiple gene products, which may mask or contribute to the observed heart failure phenotype. Further studies using new advances in transgenic mouse technology, which allow for tissue-specific ablation or tissue-specific inducible expression of targeted gene products along with introduction of specific mutations in the gene of interest, hold promise for identifying a single or a cluster of “candidate genes” for heart failure. Nevertheless, the rapid development and characterization of the various mouse models described in this article have provided meaningful new information on the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac function and dysfunction. Furthermore, these models have lent valuable insights into genetic targets for treatment of heart disease. As noted earlier, overexpression of the β2-adrenergic receptor or its kinase inhibitor, overexpression of SR Ca 2+ -ATPase, or downregulation of phospholamban expression may each result in improved contractility and this may be beneficial for the treatment of the failing heart. In addition, the involvement of the calcineurin pathway in the cause/progression of heart disease will undoubtedly open new and unique avenues in the treatment of heart failure. Thus, it is expected that further studies using genetically engineered mouse models will not only continue to advance our understanding of the genetic regulation of cardiac function and dysfunction, but will also provide valuable insights into the development of therapeutic approaches to treat heart failure.
An approach to integrating HLA federations and genetic algorithms to support automatic design evaluation for multi-agent systems

Abstract We propose a novel design environment for developing multi-agent systems (MASs) for applications in mobile robotics. Because emergent behavior phenomena make it next to impossible to directly synthesize viable MAS designs from specifications, extensive simulation studies are needed to evaluate these designs. Furthermore, due to the fact that the design space for MASs systems is combinatorially large, the evaluation of candidate designs must be done in a hierarchical, multi-resolution, parallel and distributed manner. Our proposed design environment is based on US Department of Defense's high-level architecture (HLA), an established software infrastructure for heterogeneous, distributed simulations. The proposed environment automatically generates and manages HLA federations (i.e., collections of distributed and/or parallel simulation and service federates) that communicate over runtime infrastructure (RTI) software buses. Each federation simulates a different candidate design for the MAS under development. Federations execute independently and in parallel. Our proposed design environment's refinement component uses a genetic algorithm (GA) to select the best candidate designs from the current generation and generates a set of refined, next-generation, candidate designs. A federation is created and managed for each of the next-generation designs and the automatic design process is repeated.
Beyond the rigid-ion approximation with spherically symmetric ions.

Des calculs ab initio montrent que la relaxation de la charge a symetrie spherique d'ions dans un cristal en reponse a un potentiel electrostatique a longue portee, est une donnee importante pour expliquer la decomposition entre frequences des modes optiques longitudinaux et transverses et la violation de la relaxation de Cauchy pour les constantes d'elasticite
Nanosponges for water purification

We synthesized a new class of organic nanoporous polymers using cyclodextrins as basic building blocks. These processible nanoporous polymers were named 'nanosponges' because they have nanometer-size pores (distribution 0.7–1.2 nm) and exhibit superior ability to absorb organic molecules in water. Cyclodextrin cavities provide a hydrophobic environment and hence generate a strong affinity to organic molecules at water-solid interfaces. Indeed, the formation constant (K) of polymeric cyclodextrins and organic guest molecules is more than eight orders of magnitude larger than molecular cyclodextrin systems in water, and yet the process is completely reversible in organic solvents such as ethanol. The significant potential of these results is that hazardous organic contaminants may be reduced to parts-per-trillion levels in water by these polymers, as measured by ion-trap mass spectroscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy.
Conceptual and Instructional Issues in Environmental Education Today

(1974). Conceptual and Instructional Issues in Environmental Education Today. The Journal of Environmental Education: Vol. 5, Social Studies and the Environment, pp. 48-53.
A combined approach to benign but advanced mandibular tumor

Abstract Mandibular tumors such as ameloblastoma or fibrous dysplasia frequently follow a relentless course despite the fact that they are pathologically benign. Patients suffered from multiple recurrences and repeated surgery, and might still lose their masticatory function. To solve the above problems, a new combined approach—segmental mandibulectomy, free fibular flap reconstruction and primary osseointegration—was applied to three cases of aggressive mandibular tumors. The pathology spectrum included an enormous ameloblastoma, a fibrous dysplasia and a multiple recurrent ameloblastoma. Fixed partial prosthesis were loaded 6 months after the procedure. There were no detectable recurrence after 30 months' follow-up. The patients regained their facial contour, dental occlusion and masticatory function in a relatively short period of time. Segmental mandibulectomy lessens the likelihood of recurrence, free fibular flap transfer restores the dental articulation function and facial contour, and immediate osseointegration has further enhanced the masticatory function. This combined approach thus improves the patients' satisfaction and ensure their social interactions. It is justified for some selected aggressive mandibular tumors.
Attitudes about prescribing take-home naloxone to injection drug users for the management of heroin overdose: a survey of street-recruited injectors in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Naloxone, an injectable opiate antagonist, can immediately reverse an opiate overdose and prevent overdose death. We sought to determine injection drug users’ (IDUs) attitudes about being prescribed take-home naloxone. During November 1999 to February 2000, we surveyed 82 street-recruited IDUs from the San Francisco Bay Area of California who had experienced one or more heroin overdose events. We used a questiomaire that included structured and open-ended questions. Most respondents (89%) had witnessed an overdose, and 90% reported initially attempting lay remedies in an effort to help companions survive. Only 51% reported soliciting emergency assistance (calling 911) for the last witnessed overdose, with most hesitating due to fear of police involvement. Of IDUs surveyed, 87% were strongly in favor of participating in an overdose management training program to receive take-home naloxone and training in resuscitation techniques. Nevertheless, respontdents expressed a variety of concerning attitudes. If provided naloxone, 35% predicted that they might feel comfortable using greater amounts of heroin, 62% might be less inclined to call 911 for an overdose, 30% might leave an overdose victim after naloxone resuscitation, and 46% might not be able to dissuade the victim from using heroin again to alleviate with drawal symptoms induced by naloxone. Prescribing take-home naloxone to IDUs with training in its use and in resuscitation techniques may represent a life-saving, peer-based adjunct to accessing emergency services. Nevertheless, strategies for overcoming potential risks associated with the use of take-home naloxone would need to be emphasized in an overdose management training program.
Poetic Becomings: Studies in Contemporary French Literature

Jerome Game, Oxford, Peter Lang, 2011, 253 pages, £35.00, 978 3039114016 (pbk) Investigating the present-day features and concerns of French poetry—especially in works that break away from the theo...
Stochastic stability of a class of nonlinear systems with randomly varying time-delay

This article studies the mean square stochastic stability of a class of continuous time nonlinear systems with a time-varying, random delay. The criteria for stability of systems of this kind are important for industrial embedded control applications. The evolution of the delay is modelled by a continuous-time Markov process with a finite number of states. The global asymptotic mean-square stochastic stability conditions are given in terms of transition probabilities of the Markov process and stability properties of the system with a constant delay.
Bacteremia and bacteriuria after transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy.

Purpose: We determined the incidence and predisposing factors of bacteremia and bacteriuria after prostate biopsy with specific emphasis on the value of a pre-biopsy enema.Materials and Methods: We randomized 50 men undergoing ultrasound and biopsy to rule out prostate cancer to receive a preoperative (25) or no (25) enema. Preoperatively urine was obtained for culture, and questionnaires regarding urological history and voiding symptoms were completed. The initial prostate biopsy, biopsy needle, and postoperative urine and blood specimens were cultured. The following day a symptom questionnaire was completed.Results: Bacterial growth in post-procedure cultures did not correlate with the number of biopsies, prostate specific antigen, obstructive voiding symptoms, prostate volume, cancer or post-biopsy hematuria. Bacteriuria was noted in 44% of the cases and bacteremia was present in 16% of the patients, of whom 87.5% did not receive an enema (p = 0.0003). Only 1 patient had chills and fever greater than 3...
Phase diagrams of Bi 1-x Sb x thin films with different growth orientations

A closed-form model is developed to evaluate the band-edge shift caused by quantum confinement for a two-dimensional nonparabolic carrier pocket. Based on this model, the symmetries and the band shifts of different carrier pockets are evaluated for Bi${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Sb${}_{x}$ thin films that are grown along different crystalline axes. The phase diagrams for the Bi${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Sb${}_{x}$ thin film systems with different growth orientations are calculated and analyzed.
Studies made by simulating systole at necropsy. IV. On the relation between pulse pressure and cardiac stroke volume, leading to a clinical method of estimating cardiac output from blood pressure and age.

Data derived from experiments on cadavers have been used to test old methods and to design new methods of estimating cardiac stroke volume from estimations of blood pressure, made both by intra-arterial and standard clinical technics. From the data has been derived a method of estimating stroke volume from pulse pressure, diastolic pressure and age, which has reasonably good accuracy in the cadaver experiments, and which is so simple that it could be easily applied by any physician using the apparatus he now has.
Appeal to proportion in the Clinton impeachment trial: Reconciling judgment with disposition

This essay examines the appeal to proportion exemplified in the rhetoric of the Clinton impeachment process, where it emerged in varied forms. As an appeal to judgment, it surfaced sometimes in a strict analogical formulation, or as a bivalent weighting of alternatives, or as an appropriate blending of many and incommensurate elements. Sometimes it referred to the disposition of the case, to the process or deliberation, or to the faculty of judgment. Its polymorphous presence is not accidental, for proportion acts in this discourse at a deep ontological level, linking the disposition of the facts of the case and the disposition of judgment itself.
Expandable grids for visualizing and authoring computer security policies

We introduce the Expandable Grid, a novel interaction technique for creating, editing, and viewing many types of security policies. Security policies, such as file permissions policies, have traditionally been displayed and edited in user interfaces based on a list of rules, each of which can only be viewed or edited in isolation. These list-of-rules interfaces cause problems for users when multiple rules interact, because the interfaces have no means of conveying the interactions amongst rules to users. Instead, users are left to figure out these rule interactions themselves. An Expandable Grid is an interactive matrix visualization designed to address the problems that list-of-rules interfaces have in conveying policies to users. This paper describes the Expandable Grid concept, shows a system using an Expandable Grid for setting file permissions in the Microsoft Windows XP operating system, and gives results of a user study involving 36 participants in which the Expandable Grid approach vastly outperformed the native Windows XP file-permissions interface on a broad range of policy-authoring tasks.
Command fiber activation of superficial flexor motoneurons in the lobster abdomen

1. In the first four abdominal segments of the lobster,Homarus americanus, the superficial flexor muscle on each side is innervated by five motoneurons and a peripheral inhibitory neuron. The somata of these neurons are approximately twice the diameter of the homologous neurons in the crayfishProcambarus clarkii. 2. In the fifth abdominal segment each superficial flexor muscle is innervated by four motoneurons and a peripheral inhibitory neuron. 3. Spontaneously occurring EPSPs and IPSPs were recorded from the somata of the largest motoneuron (f6) and the peripheral inhibitory neuron (f5) which innervate the superficial flexor muscles in the third abdominal segment of the lobsterHomarus americanus. 4. The two f5 neurons and the two f6 neurons of the third abdominal ganglion were electrically coupled. 5. Stimulation of some axons in the abdominal connectives (Category I) produced EPSPs in the f5 and f6 neurons which were phase locked with the stimulus pulses. These effects were characterized by comparatively short latency (mean 40 ms), absence of inhibition and restriction of effects to neurons located in the ipsilateral half of the ganglion. 6. Other connective fibers (Category II), when stimulated electrically, produced synaptic potentials in f5 and f6 which were not phase locked with the stimulus pulses. These responses were characterized by their long latencies (mean 125 ms), the simultaneous synaptic activation of both ipsilateral and contralateral neurons and the reciprocity of their synaptic effects. 7. Category II fibers correspond to the flexion, extension and suppression “command fibers” which have been extensively studied in the crayfish. 8. The results of this paper support the hypothesis that command fibers exert their motor effects by activating one or more ‘driver interneurons’.
Attachment, authenticity, and honesty: dispositional and experimentally induced security can reduce self- and other-deception.

Attachment security is hypothesized to promote authenticity and sincerity, or honesty, whereas insecurity is hypothesized to increase various forms of inauthenticity and dishonesty. The authors tested these ideas in 8 studies of dispositional and situational attachment insecurities and their influence on inauthenticity and dishonesty. The first 4 studies showed that authenticity is related to scoring low on the 2 dimensions of dispositional attachment insecurity—anxiety and avoidance—and that these 2 dimensions are associated with different aspects of inauthenticity. The first set of studies also showed that conscious and unconscious security priming increased state authenticity (compared with neutral or insecurity priming). The last 4 studies showed that attachment insecurity is related to dishonesty (lying and cheating) and that security priming reduces the tendency to lie or cheat and does so more effectively than positive mood priming. Implications for understanding the role of authenticity and inauthenticity in various relationship contexts are discussed.
Photothermal guidance for selective photothermolysis with nanoparticles

Photothermal (PT) technique was applied to optimizing selective photothermolysis of cancer cells and bacteria into which nanoparticles have been incorporated (selective “nanophotothermolysis”). This technique involved first irradiating nanoparticles-penetrated cells with nanosecond pump-laser pulses in the visible spectral ranges. Laser-induced local thermal effects around the nanoparticles in the cancer cells or bacteria were then detected via time-resolved monitoring of temperature-dependent variations of the refractive index. This procedure was accomplished with imaging of a second probe-laser pulse. Analysis of the distinctive temporal shape of the PT response revealed linear and nonlinear phenomena around nanoparticles, such as alteration of local temperature, and bubble-formation-caused cell death accompanied by laser-induced melting and disintegration of particles. The damage threshold was obtained for live cancer cells in vitro depended on the size (range: 2-250 nm) and number of particles, laser energy, and number of pulses. Local heat-based induction of apoptosis and necrosis was controlled in parallel with conventional kits (e.g. trypan blue, Annexin V-propidium iodide) and optical and electron microscopy. The PT technique potentially allowed for the detection of nanoparticles that had been delivered into live cells by direct microinjection, natural diffusion, and selective targeting with antibodies.
Polymer-based MEMS accelerometer with modified organic electronics and thin film transistor

Polymer based MEMS is rapidly gaining momentum due to their potential for conformability and other special characteristics not available with silicon microsystems. The polymer based nano- and micro-devices are flexible, chemically and biologically compatible, available in many varieties, and can be fabricated in truly 3-D shapes. The conceived devices thus are cheap and disposable. However, in order to conceive fully functional microsystems, necessary electronics have to be integrated. A modified organic thin film TFT is used for such integration. Although the existing technology of organic TFTs can not rival the well-established silicon semiconductor technology, especially in terms of speed, they are still useful in displays, disposable devices, and sensors. Although organic TFT and polymeric MEMS have several common features that make them compatible with each other, to the best of our knowledge, no serious attempt has been made thus far for combining these technologies. This paper is aimed at bridging this gap. Examples of potential micro sensors and systems, such as accelerometers and gyroscopes derived from polymer with functionalised carbon nanotubes are presented. A sensor-in-shoe demonstration will be performed at the Conference. Many issues and challenges in the design and development of polymer-based sensors with organic electronics are also addressed.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Public Satisfaction with the Police in the Volgograd Region of Russia 1998—2005:

This study examines public satisfaction with police in a region of Russia and empirically confirms that dissatisfaction remains high and pervasive in the region. A brief historical summary is inclu...
Utilization review based on practitioner profiles

Focused utilization review efforts to date have centered on patient categories, i.e., diagnosis, service, or classification. Since the patient's length of stay is mostly controlled by the attending practitioner, it seemed logical to use practitioner profiles to focus review. The profiles developed compare each practitioner's patients, case-mix-adjusted, using diagnosis-related groups, to statewide length-of-stay norms. Standards (range of acceptable variations from the norm) can be adjusted to increase or decrease the impact of the review. After experience, standards were set that resulted in a significant decrease in the average length of stay and a resultant significant drop in patient days.
Factors Related to the Delivery of Trauma Services in Outpatient Treatment Programs

In recent years there has been growing recognition of the role of trauma in substance abuse treatment; however, only 20% of outpatient treatment programs report offering trauma services. We conducted a secondary analysis of the 2012 National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS) and explore how demographic, population served, and organization variables distinguish those programs that offer trauma services from those that do not. In this article, we present the findings, which revealed that organizational structure, process, and population served variables were the most important predictors of trauma services. Implications for social work practice in the addictions are discussed.
An atomic model of fimbrin binding to F-actin and its implications for filament crosslinking and regulation

Using a new procedure that combines electron-density correlation with biochemical information, we have fitted the crystal structure of the N-terminal actin-binding domain of human T-fimbrin to helical reconstructions of fimbrin-decorated actin filaments. The map locates the N-terminal calcium-binding domain and identifies actin-binding site residues on the two calponin-homology domains of fimbrin. Based on this map, we propose a model of a fimbrin crosslink in an actin bundle and its regulation by calcium.
Trends in wintertime climate in the northeastern United States: 1965–2005

[1] Humans experience climate variability and climate change primarily through changes in weather at local and regional scales. One of the most effective means to track these changes is through detailed analysis of meteorological data. In this work, monthly and seasonal trends in recent winter climate of the northeastern United States (NE-US) are documented. Snow cover and snowfall are important components of the region's hydrological systems, ecosystems, infrastructure, travel safety, and winter tourism and recreation. Temperature, snowfall, and snow depth data were collected from the merged United States Historical Climate Network (USHCN) and National Climatic Data Center Cooperative Network (COOP) data set for the months of December through March, 1965–2005. Monthly and seasonal time series of snow-covered days (snow depth >2.54 cm) are constructed from daily snow depth data. Spatial coherence analysis is used to address data quality issues with daily snowfall and snow depth data, and to remove stations with nonclimatic influences from the regional analysis. Monthly and seasonal trends in mean, minimum, and maximum temperature, total snowfall, and snow-covered days are evaluated over the period 1965–2005, a period during which global temperature records and regional indicators exhibit a shift to warmer climate conditions. NE-US regional winter mean, minimum, and maximum temperatures are all increasing at a rate ranging from 0.42° to 0.46°C/decade with the greatest warming in all three variables occurring in the coldest months of winter (January and February). The regional average reduction in number of snow-covered days in winter (−8.9 d/decade) is also greatest during the months of January and February. Further analysis with additional regional climate modeling is required to better investigate the causal link between the increases in temperature and reduction in snow cover during the coldest winter months of January and February. In addition, regionally averaged winter snowfall has decreased by about 4.6 cm/decade, with the greatest decreases in snowfall occurring in December and February. These results have important implications for the impacts of regional climate change on the northeastern United States hydrology, natural ecosystems, and economy.
Semantic mediation of vocabularies for ocean observing systems

The collective terminology used in a community of interest identifies the important concepts used by that community. These concepts are related to the research activities of the community and therefore to the types of data that the community creates and uses. Such data may be obtained through direct measurement, through laboratory analysis, or through the numerical or physical modeling conducted by community members. The terminology associated with the data, collectively referred to as a vocabulary, often develops within subgroups of a larger community. When these subgroups are brought together, the disjointed nature of the vocabularies must be addressed for the data to be consolidated into a single, consistent data resource. This consolidation represents a critical challenge for the construction of an ocean observing system. The work presented here describes a semantic mediation framework, which is used to relate multiple oceanographic vocabularies, thereby allowing data consolidation. The framework is described in terms of capabilities required to manage the diverse vocabularies from the organizations that support an ocean observing system. The framework implementation then illustrates the required semantic mediation between the oceanographic vocabularies of the smaller communities, allowing an ocean observing system to appear as a coherent single system, producing coherent data resources from the originally disjoint systems.
An Analytical One-Dimensional Penetration Model

In an earlier paper, the authors extended the small parameter analysis of the classic Tate Equations presented by Walters, et al and to the modified penetration equations introduced previously by Jones, et al. The purpose of this extension was to provide an explicit solution to a complex system of nonlinear penetration equations in which penetrator mushrooming was considered, as well as erosion. This has a dramatic effect on the prediction of penetration depth for reasonable values of the strength parameters in the problem. The results were very encouraging and led to our increased understanding of the penetration process. In this paper, we further modify the equations for penetration depth by replacing the fundamental kinematical length relation, considered earlier, by one which was introduced by Wilson, et al. This change does not complicate the system because the mushroom strain is constant, but it does produce some significant changes. In this paper, the results of Cinnamon, et al are used to estimate the mushroom strain. However, instead of applying this result directly, we employ an averaging process to accommodate deviations from cylindrical crater geometry. The changes result in improved penetration depth estimates in high speed metal on metal impacts. A large data set is analyzed using the new results. Application to heavy metal impacts against armor targets is considered as an example.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Design of high-efficiency dielectric reflection gratings

We discuss examples of designs for all-dielectric reflection gratings that tolerate high intensity and are potentially capable of placing up to 99% of the incident light into a single diffraction order, such as are needed for contemporary high-power lasers utilizing chirped-pulse amplification. The designs are based on placing a dielectric transmission grating atop a high-reflectivity (HR) multilayer dielectric stack. We comment on the connection between transmission gratings and reflection gratings and note that the grating and the HR stack can, to a degree, be treated independently. Because many combinations of gratings and multilayer stacks offer high efficiency, it is possible to attain secondary objectives in the design. We describe examples of such designs aimed toward improving fabrication and lowering the susceptibility to laser-induced damage. We present examples of the dependence of grating efficiency on grating characteristics. We describe examples of high-efficiency (95%) gratings that we have fabricated by using hafnia and silica multilayers.
Vacuum states for AdS2 black holes

An AdS2 black hole spacetime is an AdS2 spacetime together with a preferred choice of time. The Boulware, Hartle-Hawking and SL(2,) invariant vacua are constructed, together with their Green functions and stress tensors, for both massive and massless scalars in an AdS2 black hole. The classical Bekenstein-Hawking entropy is found to be independent of the temperature, but at one loop a non-zero entanglement entropy arises. This represents a logarithmic violation of finite-temperature decoupling for AdS2 black holes which arise in the near-horizon limit of an asymptotically flat black hole. Correlation functions of the SL(2,) invariant boundary quantum mechanics are computed as functions of the choice of AdS2 vacuum.
The parallel-flaked flint daggers of late Neolithic Denmark: an experimental perspective

The flint daggers of late Neolithic Denmark are some of the most technically complex stone tools in the world. An experimental approach was utilized to evaluate the production technology and related archaeological implications of the type Ic flint dagger, one of the earliest Danish dagger forms. The experiments suggest that although a relatively simple tool kit was probably employed to create these remarkable implements, a high degree of technical proficiency working flint was necessary to complete each discrete production step. Because of this technical complexity as well as the apparent staged nature of type Ic production, the makers of these daggers were probably specialists who participated in every aspect of the production process. Furthermore, the experiments indicate that sites where these specialist flintworkers produced type Ic flint daggers can only be identified using a broad suite of morphological debitage characteristics, and not the presence of any single debitage characteristic alone.
The role of peroxides in mitochondrial reduction of dioxygen to water

Abstract Although free hydrogen peroxide is not produced in reduction of dioxygen to water by mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, bound peroxide does appear to be formed and to play a central role in the reaction mechanism. It is likely that two electron reduction of the dioxygen results in formation of a peroxide liganded between the iron of cytochrome a3 and the high potential copper atom. There is now substantive evidence for the presence of an intermediate in the reaction which is relatively stable and has the properties expected for the peroxide complex. Changes in the concentration of this intermediate are important in regulation of the rate of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
Plate-deflection measurement by photogrammetric methods

A number of tests were performed to evaluate the feasibility of determining the deflections of a laterally loaded plate by means of stereo-photogrammetric methods. Mechanical measurements at several points were also made for each loading condition as well as performing an analytical solution for the centrally loaded case. A comparison of results indicated that this photogrammetric procedure used to determine deflections resulted in accuracies within ±0.020 in. Recommendations are made to improve greatly the accuracy potential of the stereo-photogrammetric method of deflection reading of a laterally loaded plate.
Frictional anisotropy of oriented carbon nanotube surfaces

This report examines highly anisotropic tribological behavior of multi-walled nanotube films oriented in mutually orthogonal directions. The average values of coefficient of friction varied from extremely high values (μ=0.795) for vertically aligned nanotubes grown on rigid substrates to very low values (μ=0.090) for nanotubes dispersed flat on the same substrates. The results were insensitive to humidity, in contrast to graphite materials, and indicate that nanotubes could be utilized as both low and high frictional surfaces.
Learning to teach struggling (and non‐struggling) elementary school readers: An analysis of preservice teachers’ knowledges

The purpose of this research was to describe elementary school preservice teachers' beliefs, understandings, and instruction of struggling and non-struggling readers as they evolved over time in two university reading education courses with a field component. Using a qualitative content analysis, we analyzed the assignments of 22 preservice teachers across one year of their teacher education program. We found that, throughout the year, preservice teachers improved in their abilities to integrate their personal, practical, and professional knowledges to inform their reading instruction. Their misunderstandings surrounding reading instruction decreased while their abilities to examine reading instruction critically and estimations of their preparedness to teach struggling readers increased. Preservice teachers' views about the value of assessing students' reading proficiency became increasingly more positive as did perceptions about the importance of tutoring struggling readers. Finally, implications are made to suggest how university reading education courses may support the learning and development of future preservice teachers.
Quantitative assessment of regional peak myocardial acceleration during isovolumic contraction and relaxation times by tissue Doppler imaging

Objective: To examine regional wall acceleration and its relation to relaxation. Study design: 8 sheep were examined by tissue Doppler ultrasound imaging (VingMed Vivid FiVe) in apical four chamber views to evaluate the left ventricular wall divided into six segments and the mitral annulus in two segments. Peak myocardial acceleration during isovolumic periods (pIVA) derived from tissue Doppler echocardiography was analysed during isovolumic contraction (ICT) and relaxation times (IRT) in each segment. Interventions: After scanning at baseline, haemodynamic status was changed by administration of blood, dobutamine, and metoprolol. Changes of pIVA during IRT and ICT were compared over the four haemodynamic conditions in parallel with their peak positive and negative dP/dt measured with a high frequency manometer tipped catheter. Results: pIVA of the basal lateral segment during ICT correlated most strongly with peak positive dP/dt ( r = 0.96, p r = 0.80, p Conclusions: pIVA of the basal lateral wall during ICT correlated most strongly with peak positive dP/dt, and pIVA of the septal mitral valve annulus during IRT correlated well with peak negative dP/dt.
Comparison of spectral measures of period doubling in the cone flicker electroretinogram.

Purpose Under certain conditions, the full-field flicker electroretinogram (ERG) of the cone system can show period doubling, such that the shape of the ERG waveform alternates from cycle to cycle. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between stimulus temporal frequency and the amplitudes of the spectral components of the ERG that correspond to period doubling. Method ERGs were recorded from 10 visually normal subjects in response to full-field sinusoidal flicker presented at frequencies ranging from 12.5 to 100 Hz. Period doubling was apparent over the stimulus frequency range from 25 to 100 Hz and was quantified in terms of the amplitudes of spectral components of the ERG waveform that corresponded to half the stimulus frequency (f/2) and three and five times that frequency (3f/2 and 5f/2). Results At stimulus frequencies between 30 and 40 Hz, the amplitude of f/2 was significantly lower than either 3f/2 or 5f/2, which themselves did not differ significantly. At stimulus frequencies between 40 and 60 Hz, all three response components were equivalent in amplitude. At stimulus frequencies above 60 Hz, however, the amplitudes of 3f/2 and 5f/2 were reduced significantly compared to f/2. Conclusion There is a frequency-dependent relationship among the spectral components of the flicker ERG that correspond to period doubling. The amplitude of f/2 underestimates the magnitude of period doubling at stimulus frequencies between 30 and 40 Hz, whereas the amplitudes of 3f/2 and 5f/2 underestimate the degree of period doubling at stimulus frequencies above 60 Hz. The explanation for the frequency dependence of these spectral components remains to be resolved.
Computers—the key to reliable ceramic materials and components

Abstract Abvanced structural ceramic components are increasingly used in demanding engineering applications. A major impediment to even wider utilization are issues related to reliability and affordability. Exercising greater control over the inherent flaw population in the ceramic component will contribute importantly to resolving these two issues. Computers will play an ever-increasing role in designing to minimize the impact of flaws, in processing to minimize the presence of flaws, and in nondestructive testing (NDT) to assure the absence of critical flaws for reliable, affordable ceramic components. This article reviews the state of the art and/or the potential for the application of computers in the design, fabrication, and inspection of structural ceramic components. A strategy for the integration of design, processing and NDT will be presented.
Antidepressants in Chronic Pain: A Review of Efficacy

Antidepressant drugs have gained widespread clinical usage alone or as adjuncts in the treatment of chronic pain disorders. Of 17 controlled studies of antidepressants in chronic pain, 13 demonstrated significant pain relief with antidepressants compared to placebo. These studies were too different from one another to allow any general conclusions concerning efficacy, however. Five studies of either migraine or chronic tension headache all demonstrated superior efficacy of antidepressants versus placebo, while those of back and arthritic pain yielded mixed results. Of 3 studies of pain of several etiologies, 2 failed to demonstrate efficacy of antidepressants over placebo. These studies do not provide answers to many clinical questions on the use of antidepressants for chronic pain, such as drug of choice or appropriate dosage. Rather, they suggest that these agents may be beneficial in some patients with chronic pain.
Organizing, Advocacy, and Member Power: A Critical Reflection

Progressive activists are increasingly stressing the importance of organizing and “building power” for oppressed groups, like welfare recipients, low-wage immigrant workers, and low-income youth, who had previously been the subject of advocacy efforts by professional activists such as lawyers and social workers. Many of these organizing efforts are being compromised by a failure to confront the way social struggles are shaped by the social conditions in which they are situated. Organizing campaigns are frequently initiated without regard to whether a given group of people, if organized, would have the power to force changes from the institutions they are confronting. The failure to face this critical power dynamic leads activists to overemphasize the importance of both the consciousness-raising aspect of the work and the power dynamics between professional staff and the people being organized. The result is that in many cases they are transforming the appearance but not the substance of what are, in effect, traditional advocacy campaigns.
Learning How to Be a Student An Overview of Instructional Practices Targeting School Readiness Skills for Preschoolers With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Due to difficulties associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), many children with ASD will require additional support to actively participate in classroom activities. Therefore, it is important that professionals who work with young children with ASD know what skills to teach and how to teach them. Using the recent evidence-based practice review conducted by the National Professional Development Center on ASD, we have identified studies that targeted school readiness behaviors which can have implications for academic skill development. In this article, we evaluate (a) the types of skills that have been taught to preschool children with ASD, (b) the strategies used to teach specific skills, and (c) other descriptive information, such as who delivered the intervention and the setting in which the intervention took place. We conclude by offering suggestions for future research and considerations for professional development.
A Comparison of Verbal Output and Receptivity in Relation to Attraction and Communication Satisfaction in Interpersonal Relationships

This study tested relationships among verbal output, behavioral receptivity, attraction, and communication satisfaction in a variety of longer and shorter term relationships of differing levels of liking. Two behaviorally referenced reports on others were developed to measure perceived behavioral output and perceived behavioral receptivity. The study tested hypotheses within the attraction paradigm. Results generally supported the notion of an important reinforcement value of high behavioral receptivity and moderate verbal output. Substantial proportions of highly verbal people appeared to be below average in receptivity.