cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some pitfalls of medline searches using keyword and MeSH protocols

Background and objective The use of computerized databases has revolutionized how we perform literature searches. However, some methods are more efficient and fruitful than others. This research was performed to identify some pitfalls of literature search protocols. Study design Using the Medline database from 1996 to November 15, 2003, in the OVID interface, the author performed keyword and Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) searches of commonly misspelled words and words with different British and American spelling and containing diacritical marks such as umlauts and tildes. Results In a keyword search, misspelled words or variants “boney,” “persistance,” “inflamation,” and “erythematosis” occurred 16, 51, 10, and 97 times, respectively, as compared to 5,682, 11,019, 52,227, and 7,434 times for the correctly spelled entries. In general, diacritical marks are ignored in keywords, authors' names, and MeSH headings. The American form of a keyword greatly predominated over the British spelling of a keyword, and was much more likely to map more specifically to MeSH headings. Those entries with a misspelled word often also contained the correctly spelled version. The use of MeSH headings usually yielded more specific results than the use of keywords. Conclusion Although using keywords in literature searches is sometimes easier than using MeSH, one is likely to miss numerous relevant citations. In performing Medline database searches, we must be aware of the particular quirks of spelling and usage of the program.
Discovery Learning Using Chemland Simulation Software

We describe in this paper a set of computer-based simulations for use in general chemistry courses. We detail a discovery-based method of teaching, whereby students are led to discover concepts through guided-inquiry use of the simulation modules. Three methods of using the software are described, as is the development process we have employed. Finally, we describe our evaluation studies of the effects of our methodology and the use of a scientific reasoning instrument. The software is available free for download as part of this article.
A self-organizing neural network approach for the design of cellular manufacturing systems

The crux problem of group technology (GT) is the identification of part families requiring similar manufacturing processes and the rearrangement of machines to minimize the number of parts that visit more than one machine cell. This paper presents an improved method for part family formation, machine cell identification, bottleneck machine detection and the natural cluster generation using a self-organizing neural network. In addition, the generalization ability of the neural network makes it possible to assign the new parts to the existing machine cells without repeating the entire computational process. A computer program is developed to illustrate the effectiveness of this heuristic method by comparing it with the optimal technique for large-scale problems.
A Generalized Gibbs Boltzmann Equation

A generalized form of the Gibbs Boltzmann canonical equation $1=\ensuremath{\int}\ensuremath{\varphi}(\frac{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}{\mathrm{kT}}){e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{(\ensuremath{\alpha}+\ensuremath{\epsilon})}{\mathrm{kT}}}d\ensuremath{\omega}$ is derived by reversing the line of proof used by Gibbs in showing the correspondence of statistical formulas with thermodynamics. The proof involves only the assumption of the first two laws of thermodynamics, the idea that thermodynamic quantities are the physical average of complicated molecular processes, and the assumption that energy, entropy and temperature give a sufficient description of the system considered. The equation allows a treatment of statistics of the most generalized type of systems.
Effect on Restaurant Tipping of Male and Female Servers Drawing a Happy, Smiling Face on the Backs of Customers' Checks

Research has shown that a server's smiling can increase restaurant tips and that a server's writing “thank you” on the backs of checks can also increase tips. In the current study, these two approaches were combined. An experiment was conducted in which a male or female server drew a happy, smiling face on the backs of checks before delivering them to customers, or simply delivered checks with nothing drawn on the back. It was predicted that this tactic would increase tips for the female server because of an increased perception of friendliness, but would not increase tips for the male server because such behavior would be perceived as gender-inappropriate. Results were consistent with predictions.
Akt2 Regulates Cardiac Metabolism and Cardiomyocyte Survival

The Akt family of serine-threonine kinases participates in diverse cellular processes, including the promotion of cell survival, glucose metabolism, and cellular protein synthesis. All three known Akt family members, Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3, are expressed in the myocardium, although Akt1 and Akt2 are most abundant. Previous studies demonstrated that Akt1 and Akt3 overexpression results in enhanced myocardial size and function. Yet, little is known about the role of Akt2 in modulating cardiac metabolism, survival, and growth. Here, we utilize murine models with targeted disruption of the akt2 or the akt1 genes to demonstrate that Akt2, but not Akt1, is required for insulin-stimulated 2-[(3)H]deoxyglucose uptake and metabolism. In contrast, akt2(-/-) mice displayed normal cardiac growth responses to provocative stimulation, including ligand stimulation of cultured cardiomyocytes, pressure overload by transverse aortic constriction, and myocardial infarction. However, akt2(-/-) mice were found to be sensitized to cardiomyocyte apoptosis in response to ischemic injury, and apoptosis was significantly increased in the peri-infarct zone of akt2(-/-) hearts 7 days after occlusion of the left coronary artery. These results implicate Akt2 in the regulation of cardiomyocyte metabolism and survival.
Effects of ketamine, naloxone, and physostigmine on flash evoked potentials in rat superior colliculus.

Abstract Flash evoked potentials ere recorded from the superior colliculus of chronically implanted hooded rats at 5 and 20 min following IP injections of saline, ketamine (75 mg/kg), naloxone (10 mg/kg), or physostigmine (0.4 mg/kg) on separate days. Components in an early positive complex were unaffected by ketamine and naloxone, but were reduced in amplitude by physostigmine. A positive spike emerged from the middle of a later negative wave following ketamine administration, but the amplitude of the negative wave was unaltered by naloxone or physostigmine. A succeding positive component was enhanced by both ketamine and physostigmine. Physostigmine produced the most consistent alterations in latency, with most components increasing in latency. Naloxone pretreatment did not alter ketamine's influence on evoked potential amplitudes. Pretreatment with physostigmine briefly decreased the amplitude of the ketamine-induced positive spike, augmented the amplitude of the succeeding positive component, and also increased most peak latencies. Ketamine, naloxone and physostigmine all produced approximately equivalent hypothermia. Physostigmine, but not naloxone, pretreatment augmented the ketamine-induced hypothermia. The body temperature data suggest that some of the observed latency alterations are secondary to hypothermia. The amplitude data indicate that ketamine and physostigmine produce a combination of similar, distinct, and antagonistic effects on evoked potentials.
The Tie that Blinds: Understanding Intergenerational Conflict within a Moral Development Framework:

This article presents a moral development framework for understanding intergenerational conflict, specifically that of adult child and aging parent. Carol Gilligan's theory of moral development is used to assess adult child and parent moral reasoning level and its impact on intergenerational conflict.
THE HISTORICAL MAP IN AMERICAN ATLASES

ABSTRACT The historical map was a latecomer in the United States, the initial incentive stemming from Francis A. Walker's areal statistical maps in the Census Bureau's Statistical Atlas (1874) and its more notable successor, Scribner's Statistical Atlas of the United States (1883) with historical maps, demographic and political. Fortuitously this achievement was coeval with the emergence of history as a professional discipline, the teaching of American history, and the use of maps in textbooks. Prof. Albert Bushnell Hart of Harvard University became the leading advocate of correlating history with geography and of teaching history with the aid of maps. His Epoch Maps Illustrating American History (1891), the protoatlas on this subject, based upon primary sources, was followed by his more comprehensive American History Atlas (1918). Its only competitor was William R. Shepherd's Historical Atlas (1911), and later editions, containing a section on American history. Hart had long since expressed the great nee...
Dissolved zinc and zinc-complexing ligands in an organic-rich estuary : Benthic fluxes and comparison with copper speciation

We report the first comprehensive set of direct measurements of benthic fluxes of zinc-complexing ligands from estuarine sediments, using intact cores in controlled incubation experiments. Water column concentrations of total dissolved Zn in the Cape Fear River estuary (southeastern North Carolina) ranged from ≤ 5–47 nM in the upper estuary and ≤ 5–64 nM in the lower estuary compared to concentrations of ligands (log K′Zn−ΣL,Zn2+), of 10–102 and 5–67 nM, respectively. Benthic fluxes of total dissolved Zn (− 1100 to 1800 nmol m− 2 d− 1) and ligands (− 1700 to 2900 nmol m− 2 d− 1), where positive fluxes represent a movement out of the sediment, were sporadic and did not contribute significantly (< 6%) to the standing stocks of Zn and ligands in the estuary. Effluxing ligands were indistinguishable from those found in the water column, indicating that sediments are a potential source of Zn ligands to estuarine waters, particularly in systems with longer water residence times and reactive, fine-grained sediments. Titrations of solutions of C18-extractable humic substances extracted from the Cape Fear River indicated that they are not strong complexants of Zn, in contrast to previous work showing that humics dominate strong Cu complexation in the estuary. Comparisons of Zn speciation in this study to previous results on Cu speciation in the estuary indicate that benthic fluxes and water column speciation of both metals are decoupled from one another.
Analysis of long-term ionizing radiation effects in bipolar transistors

The ionizing radiation effects of electrons on bipolar transistors have been analyzed using the data base from the Voyager project. The data were subjected to statistical analysis, leading to a quantitative characterization of the product and to data on confidence limits which will be useful for circuit design purposes. These newly-developed methods may form the basis for a radiation hardness assurance system. In addition, an attempt was made to identify the causes of the large variations in the sensitivity observed on different product lines. This included a limited construction analysis and a determination of significant design and processes variables, as well as suggested remedies for improving the tolerance of the devices to radiation.
Isolation of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-defective mutants in chinese hamster V79 cells by tritium suicide

Abstract Tritium suicide was shown to be highly efficient method for isolating mutants defective in hypoxanthine incorporation in the Chinese hamster lung cell line V79. The tritium suicide procedure consisted of 3 kill cycles. Survivors of one kill cycle were used for the next kill cycle. The kill cycles involved incorporation of [3H]hypoxanthine for 5 or 10 min, followed by storage of 3H-labelled cells at −70°C for 4–10 days. 12 clones that survived the 3rd kill cycle were tested for incorporation of [3H]hypoxanthine and all were found to be defective. At least 6 of the clones have defective hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) activity. One mutant, H19, chosen for further characterization, had HPRT with a 13-fold elevation in apparent Km for phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP). Thin-layer chromatography of cell extracts showed that this mutant was incapable of converting intracellular hypoxanthine to IMP or to other purine metabolites. In addition, H19 was resistant to 6-thioguanine.
The reactive state in the photochemical 1,3-addition of benzene and alkylbenzenes to cycloalkenes

Abstract Quantum yield measurements for the photochemical 1,3-addition of benzene and alkylbenzenes to cyclobutene and cyclopentene allow the reactive state to be narrowly defined.
Taylor‐aris dispersion arising from flow in a sinusoidal tube

An analysis of dispersion arising from creeping flow through a periodically constricted tube is developed with the goal of evaluating the effect of converging and diverging pore structure on dispersion in porous media. The theory is based on rigorous long-time solutions of the convective-diffusion equation. The calculations are done numerically over a range of Peclet numbers and tube geometries; for the geometrical parameters which correlate permeability data in packed beds, the results of the present work agree well with literature data for dispersion in such beds.
Some aspects of astronautics

Abstract : The aspects of celestial mechanics and their influence on space navigation are considered. The total action of forces and relative motions and distances as they affect an object traveling in space are discussed. The main categories of space flight covered are earth satellites, lunar flights, and interplanetary flights.
Studies on heat‐resistant poly(metal phthalocyanine)‐imide copolymers

Several new poly(metal phthalocyanine)imide copolymers have been prepared using 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPTDA), metal(11) 4,4′,4″,4″′-phthalocyanine tetraamines (MPTA), p-phenylenediamine, 4,4′-methylenedianiline, and 9,9-bis(4-aminophenyl)-fluorene (BAF). The attractive feature of these polymers is their high thermooxidative and thermal stability. The polymer decomposition temperatures of all the imide copolymers are greater than 500°C in air and N atomspheres. Another noteworthy property is their high char yield: 60–78% at 800°C in a N2 atmosphere. Variation of the metal phthalocyanine concentration has a remarkable effect on the thermal stability and degree of polymerization. The most preferred molar proportion of the reagents MPTA, diamine, and BTDA is 1.25:7.5:10. These polymers may be useful in the preparation of heat-resistant films and fibers.
Do Mathematicians Have Above Average Musical Skill

accompanying the view that music training leads to improved mathematical performance is the view that that there is an overlap between the kinds of skills needed for music and mathematics. We examined the popular conception that mathematicians have better music abilities than nonmathematicians. We administered a self-report questionnaire via the internet to assess musicality (music perception and music memory) and musicianship (music performance and music creation). Respondents were doctoral-level members of the American Mathematical Association or the Modern Language Association (i.e., literature and language scholars). The mathematics group did not exhibit higher levels of either musicality or musicianship. Among those reporting high music-performance ability (facility in playing an instrument and/or sight-reading ability), mathematicians did not report significantly greater musicality than did the literature/language scholars. These findings do not lend support to the hypothesis that mathematicians are more musical than people with nonquantitative backgrounds.
Spin freezing and exchange narrowing of magnetic resonance in spin glasses

Abstract From magnetic resonance data, evidence is obtained for critical slowing-down of an effective relaxation rate in Cu Mn and other spin glasses. A comparison of the results with model calculation gives qualitative agreement, but incorrect exponents. Rather than a complete freezing, non-exponential decay of the relaxation function seems to be indicated.
Commentary on “Treatment Decisions for Children With Speech–Sound Disorders”: Revisiting the Past in EBP

Purpose This commentary, written in response to Alan Kamhi’s paper, “Treatment Decisions for Children with Speech–Sound Disorders,” further considers the “what” or goal selection process of decisio...
Docosahexaenoic acid downregulates interferon gamma-induced expression of CXCL16 in human aortic smooth muscle cells.

Abstract CXCL16 is a chemokine that is expressed in both transmembrane and secreted isoforms. Both variants have been implicated in atherosclerosis. Increased CXCL16 expression on the surface of human aortic smooth muscle cells induced by interferon gamma (IFNγ) signaling results in enhanced oxidized low density lipoprotein uptake and enhanced recruitment of pro-inflammatory cells. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid, is known to inhibit IFNγ signaling in inflammatory cells. Therefore, we have investigated the effects of DHA treatment on the ability of IFNγ to induce CXCL16 expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells. We observed that DHA treatment significantly reduced IFNγ-induced CXCL16 expression. As a result, the pro-atherosclerotic functions of CXCL16 were also inhibited. Furthermore, IFNγ-induced STAT1 phosphorylation was inhibited by DHA, suggesting a potential mechanism. In conclusion, our data suggest inhibition of IFNγ signaling as one of the mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of DHA during atherosclerosis. These findings may prove to be important in other disease fields that identify IFNγ as a regulator.
Crystal growth of the corundum-type iron and chromium oxide solid solution by chemical transport reaction

Abstract Single crystal of corundum-type (Fe, Cr) 2 O 3 solid solutions in the range 13.5 to 32.5 mole% Fe 2 O 3 are of interest as potential magnetoferroelectric materials. Homogeneous single crystals in the form of hexagonal platelets of dimensions 2.0 x 1.0 x 0.5 mm were grown by a chemical vapor transport technique using Cl 2 as the transporting agent. Because of the thermal gradient used in the transport reaction, the composition of the crystals differs from that of the starting charge, but a simple thermodynamic analysis is given which permits the accurate prediction of the crystal composition for the range of growth parameters used in these studies.
Use of Transvenous DDD Pacing in a One-Year-Old with Symptomatic Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is rare in infants. Therapeutic options are limited and include beta-blocker or calcium-channel blocker therapy or surgical myotomy/myectomy. Atrioventricular sequential pacing has been utilized as an alternative to surgery in symptomatic adults with HCM. We report our results with transvenous dual chamber pacing in an infant with symptomatic HCM.
Nutritional and hormonal regulation of mRNA abundance for arginine biosynthetic enzymes in kidney

Argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase catalyze the synthesis of arginine from citrulline in kidney and also serve as components of the urea cycle in liver of ureotelic animals. Dietary and hormonal regulation of mRNAs encoding these enzymes have been well studied in liver but not in kidney. Messenger RNAs for these enzymes are localized within the renal cortex. Starvation and extreme variations in dietary protein content (0% vs 60% casein) produced 2.6- to 3.5-fold increases in mRNA abundance for these two enzymes in rat kidney. Argininosuccinate lyase mRNA was not induced by dibutyryl cAMP, dexamethasone, or a combination of the two agents. In contrast, argininosuccinate synthetase mRNA was induced 2-fold by dibutyryl cAMP but was unresponsive to dexamethasone. Thus, diet and hormones regulate levels of these mRNAs in rat kidney, but the responses are both qualitatively and quantitatively distinct from the responses previously reported for rat liver.
Asymptotics for Szego polynomials associated with Wiener-Levinson filters

Abstract Pan, K., Asymptotics for Szego polynomials associated with Wiener-Levinson filters, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 46 (1993) 387–394. Both weak and strong convergence theorems are given to support a Jones, Njastad and Saff conjecture that unknown frequencies in a periodic discrete time signal can be determined by zeros of Szego polynomials with respect to some distribution function.
Analysis of class E low di/dt rectifier with a series inductor

An analysis and an experimental verification are presented for a class-E zero-current switching (low di/dt) rectifier. The circuit consists of a rectifier diode, an inductor connected in series with a diode, and a filter capacitor. The addition of the series inductor allows the rectifier to decouple the diode ON duty cycle and the output ripple voltage. The series inductor sets the value of the diode ON duty cycle which can be large, e.g. 0.5. The filter capacitor independently sets the level of the ripple voltage. The rectifier diode turns on at zero di/dt and low dv/dt and turns off at low mod dt/dt mod , reducing switching losses, switching noise, and reverse-recovery current. The experimental results confirmed theoretical predictions. Other topologies of unregulated and regulated synchronous rectifiers are also discussed. >
Medial Neurosecretory Cells as Regulators of Glycogen and Triglyceride Synthesis

In the female mosquito, medial neurosecretory cells restrict synthesis of glycogen from sugar and stimulate triglyceride synthesis. Removal of these cells greatly increases the storage capacity for glycogen at the expense of triglyceride storage.
Responses to acoustic stimuli of units in the auditory cortex of awake squirrel monkeys.

The responses of single units in the superior temporal gyrus of awake squirrel monkeys to tone pips, noise, clicks, and frequency-modulated sounds were recorded with extracellular microelectrodes. A majority of the units responded to acoustic stimulation, pure tone pips being the most effective in terms of the percentage of units responding (71%). No simple catalogue of response types could be elicited. Units varied in terms of the combinations of stimuli to which they were responsive, the frequency range over which pure tones were effective, and the temporal pattern of discharge to different frequencies and different types of stimuli. A substantial majority of units gave precise timed responses to the onset or offset of the stimuli, while a few introduced long delays between the stimulus and the response. With regard to the area studied, acoustic units could be found between stereotaxic coordinates A3 and A10, both on the lateral surface of the hemisphere and in the superior temporal plane, as well as in the caudal insular region. No precise tonotopic organization could be discerned.
Buckling of axially-loaded, moderately-thick, cylindrical laminated shells

Abstract A higher-order theory is developed (kinematic relations, constitutive relations, equilibrium equations and boundary conditions), which includes initial geometric imperfections and transverse shear effects, for a laminated cylindrical configuration, under the actions of lateral pressure, axial compression and torsion. Through the perturbation technique, buckling equations and boundary conditions are derived for a symmetric laminated configuration, for a higher-(third) order shear-deformation theory as well as for the cases of first-order shear-deformation theory and classical theory. Critical axially-compressive loads are computed for finite length cylinders for several stacking sequences, several radius-to-total-thickness ratios and length-to-radius ratios and for all the above three theories. The material that was employed in generating results was boron/epoxy.
The N(2D°–4S°) 520 nm forbidden doublet in the nightglow: An experimental test of the theoretical intensity ratio

[1] The ratio of intensities of the optically forbidden lines N(2D°–4S°) 519.8, 520.0 nm has been measured with high precision in the nightglow in repeated observations made with the High Resolution Echelle Spectrophotometer (HIRES) and Echellette Spectrograph and Imager (ESI) on the Keck I and Keck II telescopes, respectively, at the W.M. Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The observed intensity ratio, I(519.8 nm)/I(520.0 nm), is seen to vary little over the bulk of any particular night, with a value of 1.759 ± 0.014 determined over all observations. Among theoretical predictions of the ratio, this agrees best with a value of 1.788 determined from the ratio of products of recent Breit-Pauli calculation-derived spontaneous emission coefficients (Froese Fischer and Tachiev, 2004) and statistical weights of the fine structure levels of the 2D° term, under the assumption that these levels' populations are thermalized by rapid mixing through collisions with N2.
Toward an Understanding of the Role of Water-Soluble Oligomers in the Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene−Butadiene−Acrylic Acid. Mechanisms of Water-Soluble Oligomer Formation

The mechanism of water-soluble oligomer formation during the emulsion terpolymerization of styrene/butadiene/acrylic acid differs depending on whether the surfactant concentration is above or below the cmc. A growth mechanism for the water-soluble oligomers involving reactions in both the aqueous and organic phases for polymerizations carried out above the cmc of SLS is proposed. This is used to explain why the fraction of butadiene (Bu) units in the water-soluble oligomer chains is the highest compared to the styrene or even the acrylic acid (AA), despite the low water solubility of Bu monomer relative to AA. The supporting evidence for this mechanism includes (1) the increase in the oligomer molecular weight with increasing initiator concentration, as in the case of polymerization occurring in micelles, indicating that the oligomers had grown in an isolated organic phase, and (2) the much higher fraction of AA homodyads found in the oligomers formed at an SLS concentration below the cmc compared to that above the cmc. These results indicate that, in the absence of micelles, the oligomers will grow in the aqueous phase and result in more AA block dyad sequence units in the oligomer chains, owing to the higher AA monomer concentration there. When micelles exist, the water-soluble oligomers will grow in both the aqueous phase and the organic phase. In this case, fewer AA dyads will be noted.
Preservation of Tropomyosin-Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling by Sodium Orthovanadate Attenuates Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats

Background and Purpose—Recent studies reported that apoptosis was involved in the pathogenesis of early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The aim of this study was to examine whether sodium orthovanadate (SOV) prevents post-SAH apoptosis by modulating growth factors and its downstream receptor tyrosine kinases. Method—Rats were operated on with the endovascular perforation model. SAH animals were treated with vehicle, 3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg SOV, and evaluated regarding neurofunction and brain edema. The expression of growth factors such as mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor and phosphorylation of tropomyosin-related kinase B, which is a receptor tyrosine kinase for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the downstream pathway in antiapoptosis, was examined by Western blot analysis. Neuronal cell death was measured with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine 5′-triphosphate-biotin nick end-labeling stai...
A Sensor Model for Enhancement of Manufacturing Equipment Data Interoperability

Sensors can provide real-time production information to optimize manufacturing processes in a factory. Recently, more attention has been paid to the application of sensors in smart manufacturing systems. Sensor data exchange, sharing, and interoperability are challenges for manufacturing equipment monitoring in smart manufacturing. Standardized sensor data formats and communication protocols can help to solve these problems. MTConnect is an open, free, extensible protocol for the data exchange between monitoring applications and shop floor devices which include machine tools, sensors, and actuators. This paper introduces a sensor model for MTConnect to enhance manufacturing equipment data interoperability. The sensor model defines a Sensor and SensorChannel, as well as an interface to access the Sensor and its SensorChannels, which include sensing element, calibration, signal conditioning, and analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) information. The sensor model has been implemented in a virtual milling machine with a built-in sensor. Two case studies of MTConnect Probe and Sample requests for sensor information are provided to verify the sensor model.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Precision high energy liner implosion experiments PHELIX [1]

This paper describes the hardware design of a small megajoule sized transformer coupled pulse power system utilized to drive hydrodynamic liner experiments with a nominal current capability of 10 megAmperes. The resulting liner velocities and characteristics provide properties of physics interest. The capacitor banks utilize the ''Atlas'' plastic cased 60 kV, 60 kJ capacitors [2] and railgaps [3]. The air insulated marx'S are configured to dive a multi-filar toroidal transformer. The 4:1 multi-filar toroidal transformer is mechanically part of a circular disc line and this feature results in an attractive inductance budget. Because of the compact size, re-usable transformer, and resulting low maintenance cost, shot rates can be high compared to other ''large'' machines or explosively driven hydrodynamic methods. The PHELIX modeling, construction status, and test results will also be provided.
Using Balanced Learning Course Design to Reduce Resistance to Diversity Curricula

Diversity content is often met with covert and overt resistance in the classroom. Utilisation of a balanced learning model may address classroom resistance. Balanced learning models require ‘backwards’ course planning, equal attention to course content and class process, and a strategic use of cyclical course design to include introduction of new materiel, experience, followed by personal reflection. Using a balanced learning model moves classroom instruction beyond active learning strategies in the classroom, but can present unique challenges for instructors. While not without challenges, utilising a balanced learning model proves useful during course design and delivery of a graduate course on diversity. The article describes balanced learning models emergence, define the benefits of such models, and ultimately demonstrate how using a balance learning model is a useful course design tool to reduce resistance to diversity content in the classroom.
The Nesprin Family Member ANC-1 Regulates Synapse Formation and Axon Termination by Functioning in a Pathway with RPM-1 and β-Catenin

Mutations in Nesprin-1 and 2 (also called Syne-1 and 2) are associated with numerous diseases including autism, cerebellar ataxia, cancer, and Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. Nesprin-1 and 2 have conserved orthologs in flies and worms called MSP-300 and abnormal nuclear Anchorage 1 (ANC-1), respectively. The Nesprin protein family mediates nuclear and organelle anchorage and positioning. In the nervous system, the only known function of Nesprin-1 and 2 is in regulation of neurogenesis and neural migration. It remains unclear if Nesprin-1 and 2 regulate other functions in neurons. Using a proteomic approach in C. elegans, we have found that ANC-1 binds to the Regulator of Presynaptic Morphology 1 (RPM-1). RPM-1 is part of a conserved family of signaling molecules called Pam/Highwire/RPM-1 (PHR) proteins that are important regulators of neuronal development. We have found that ANC-1, like RPM-1, regulates axon termination and synapse formation. Our genetic analysis indicates that ANC-1 functions via the β-catenin BAR-1, and the ANC-1/BAR-1 pathway functions cell autonomously, downstream of RPM-1 to regulate neuronal development. Further, ANC-1 binding to the nucleus is required for its function in axon termination and synapse formation. We identify variable roles for four different Wnts (LIN-44, EGL-20, CWN-1 and CWN-2) that function through BAR-1 to regulate axon termination. Our study highlights an emerging, broad role for ANC-1 in neuronal development, and unveils a new and unexpected mechanism by which RPM-1 functions.
Vulnerability of population and transportation infrastructure at the east bank of Delaware Bay due to coastal flooding in sea-level rise conditions

Catastrophic flooding associated with sea-level rise and change of hurricane patterns has put the northeastern coastal regions of the United States at a greater risk. In this paper, we predict coastal flooding at the east bank of Delaware Bay and analyze the resulting impact on residents and transportation infrastructure. The three-dimensional coastal ocean model FVCOM coupled with a two-dimensional shallow water model is used to simulate hydrodynamic flooding from coastal ocean water with fine-resolution meshes, and a topography-based hydrologic method is applied to estimate inland flooding due to precipitation. The entire flooded areas with a range of storm intensity (i.e., no storm, 10-, and 50-year storm) and sea-level rise (i.e., current, 10-, and 50-year sea level) are thus determined. The populations in the study region in 10 and 50 years are predicted using an economic-demographic model. With the aid of ArcGIS, detailed analysis of affected population and transportation systems including highway networks, railroads, and bridges is presented for all of the flood scenarios. It is concluded that sea-level rise will lead to a substantial increase in vulnerability of residents and transportation infrastructure to storm floods, and such a flood tends to affect more population in Cape May County but more transportation facilities in Cumberland County, New Jersey.
INHIBITION OF c-myc EXPRESSION IN HUMAN PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND COLON ADENOCARCINOMA CELLS BY 6-THIOGUANINE

Abstract A rapid decrease in expression of the oncogene c-myc has been associated with the induction of differentiation of HL-60 human leukemia cells. In this manner, the treatment of a hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT)-deficient HL-60 variant (HL-60/var) with 6-thioguanine (TG) was accompanied by lower c-myc mRNA levels. This occurred in the absence of 6-thioguanosine 5'-monophosphate (TGMP) synthesis and without alterations in cellular nucleotide pool sizes. Paradoxically, inhibition of c-myc expression in the wild type HL-60 (HL-60/wt) cell, which is only weakly induced to differentiate by TG, was 5-fold more sensitive to the thiopurine ( ic 50 = 35 μ M ) . Furthermore, inosine, which blocks the formation of TGMP and enhances the extent of differentiation of HL-60/wt cells, decreased the sensitivity of c-myc expression in the HL-60/wt to TG. These actions of TG and inosine on c-myc were also observed in the human colon carcinoma cell line COLO 320, further dissociating some of the effects of TG on c-myc expression from granylocytic differentiation. The hematopoietic granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) elevated c-myc expression and antagonized the actions of TG on c-myc in the HL-60 cells. GM-CSF more readily antagonized the inhibitory action of TG in the HL-60/var cell line when compared to the HL-60/wt cells, restoring c-myc levels to that of the untreated controls. Hence, TG inhibited c-myc expression by two distinct mechanisms in cells which express high levels of the oncogene: a TGMP-dependent, differentiation-independent process with an ic 50 of 35 μM, and a TGMP-independent action with an ic 50 of 175 μM that was associated with induction of differentiation and was reversed more readily by GM-CSF.
Preliminary characterization of raw oil products from the thermochemical conversion of swine manure.

In this study, the raw oil products from a thermochemical conversion process of swine manure were characterized based on elemental composition, benzene solubles, heating value, and water content. The analytical results of 78 samples showed that the raw TCC oil products had an average elemental composition of 71.1% carbon, 8.97% hydrogen, 4.12% nitrogen, 0.2% sulfur, and 3.44% ash. The water content of the raw oil varied from 11.3% to 15.8% by weight. The average high heating value of the oil products was 34,760 kJ/kg. These properties of the oil products are similar to those of oil products from the liquefaction of wood sludge and other biomass. The water content of the raw oil was less dependent on the operating parameters of the process. However, the viscosity and benzene solubles of the raw oil were greatly influenced by the TCC operating temperature and types of process gases. Further investigation on chemical composition is necessary before the full utilization of the oil products can be achieved.
Using quality scores and longer reads improves accuracy of Solexa read mapping

Background Second-generation sequencing has the potential to revolutionize genomics and impact all areas of biomedical science. New technologies will make re-sequencing widely available for such applications as identifying genome variations or interrogating the oligonucleotide content of a large sample (e.g. ChIP-sequencing). The increase in speed, sensitivity and availability of sequencing technology brings demand for advances in computational technology to perform associated analysis tasks. The Solexa/Illumina 1G sequencer can produce tens of millions of reads, ranging in length from ~25–50 nt, in a single experiment. Accurately mapping the reads back to a reference genome is a critical task in almost all applications. Two sources of information that are often ignored when mapping reads from the Solexa technology are the 3' ends of longer reads, which contain a much higher frequency of sequencing errors, and the base-call quality scores.
Abbreviated Text Input Using Language Modeling

We address the problem of improving the efficiency of natural language text input under degraded conditions (for instance, on mobile computing devices or by disabled users), by taking advantage of the informational redundancy in natural language. Previous approaches to this problem have been based on the idea of prediction of the text, but these require the user to take overt action to verify or select the system's predictions. We propose taking advantage of the duality between prediction and compression . We allow the user to enter text in compressed form, in particular, using a simple stipulated abbreviation method that reduces characters by 26.4%, yet is simple enough that it can be learned easily and generated relatively fluently. We decode the abbreviated text using a statistical generative model of abbreviation, with a residual word error rate of 3.3%. The chief component of this model is an n -gram language model. Because the system's operation is completely independent from the user's, the overhead from cognitive task switching and attending to the system's actions online is eliminated, opening up the possibility that the compression-based method can achieve text input efficiency improvements where the prediction-based methods have not. We report the results of a user study evaluating this method.
Effects of fetal sex and dexamethasone on preterm maternal serum concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone, estrone, estradiol, and estriol

The serum human chorionic gonadotropin concentration for the 43 female-bearing gestations was significantly higher (geometric mean 15,603 mIU/ml; 95% confidence interval 12,337 to 19,733) than that for 26 male-bearing pregnancies (geometric mean 8902 mIU/ml; 95% confidence interval 6288 to 12,596), p = 0.0087. The mean gestational age was 32 ± 2.4 weeks (mean ± SD). There was no significant difference between male- and female-bearing pregnancies for progesterone, cortisol, estrone, estradiol, estriol, or gestational age. In 19 placebo-treated pregnancies and 14 dexamethasone-treated pregnancies with a mean gestational age of 31.5 ± 2.7 weeks, there was no significant change from the baseline value observed for either maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin level or maternal serum progesterone level at 42 hours after institution of treatment. In the dexamethasone-treated subjects the geometric mean was reduced to 20% of baseline for cortisol; 42% of baseline for estrone; 30% of baseline for estradiol; and 41% of baseline for estriol (all p
Presentation and management of late-onset duodenomegaly in a teenager with chronic obstruction from malrotation

Anomalies of intestinal rotation typically present in infancy and early childhood. The diagnosis in older children and adults may be vague and delayed. We discuss a case and management of a patient with late-onset duodenomegaly with chronic obstruction from malrotation.
ON PREDICTION OF SEPARATED BOUNDARY LAYERS WITH PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION SPECIFIED

A widely accepted method of calculating separated boundary layers makes use of the integral momentum and mechanical energy equations. It is demonstrated that direct solution of these equations with pressure distribution specified is not always feasible and a proper method of obtaining such solutions is suggested.
Prostaglandin stability in human milk and infant gastric fluid.

Prostaglandins are present in breast milk and may protect and maintain intestinal epithelial cell integrity in developing mammals. In view of their very short half-life in other body tissues and fluid
Bayesian Inference and Posterior Simulators

This paper was prepared for invited presentation at the American Agricultural Economics Association meetings, Chicago, August 2001. Partial financial support from National Science Foundation grant SES-9731037 is gratefully acknowledged as well as Xavier Irz's able translation of the abstract. Recent advances in simulation methods have made possible the systematic application of Bayesian methods to support decision making with econometric models. This paper outlines the key elements of Bayesian investigation, and the simulation methods applied to bring them to bear in application. Les recents developpements dans les methodes de simulation rendent possible l'application systematique de l'approche Bayesienne afin de developper des outils econometriques d'aide a la decision. Cet article presente les elements essentiels de l'approche Bayesienne ainsi que les methodes de simulation utilisees lors de son application.
Accurate processing and pseudouridylation of chloroplast transfer RNA in a chloroplast transcription system

The trancription of a cloned trnV1-trnN1-trnR1 cluster from Euglena gracilis chloroplast (ct) DNA and the processing of a tRNAVal-tRNAAsn-tRNAArg polycistronic precursor were studied in a spinach ct transcription extract. A soluble ct RNA polymerase selectively transcribes the trnV1-trnN1-trnR1-trnL1 locus in the EcoG fragment from the Euglena ct genome. Restriction enzyme modified templates and RNA fingerprint analysis were used to confirm that the tRNA genes were correctly transcribed. The tRNAVal-tRNAAsn-tRNAArg polycistronic precursor transcribed by RNA polymerase III in a HeLa cell extract was used as a substrate to demonstrate that a ct tRNA precursor molecule is correctly processed by the ct tRNA processing enzymes. The oligonucleotide pattern of tRNAs processed in vitro from the tRNAVal-tRNAAsn-RNAArg polycistronic precursor is indistinguishable from tRNAVal, tRNAAsn and tRNAArg transcribed by the ct RNA polymerase and processed in the ct transcription extract. The 3′-CCAOH is added to the tRNAs by a 3′ nucleotidyltransferase after correct processing of the 3′ terminus. Correct pseudouridylation was demonstrated for uridine residues in a tRNAMet m molecule transcribed from a spinach ct trnM1 locus. Thus, the enzymatic activities involved in tRNA biosynthesis in vitro include DNA-dependent (tDNA) RNA polymerase, a 5′-processing activity (RNase P-like), a 3′-exonuclease, an endoribonuclease involved in 3′-tRNA maturation, a tRNA nucleotidyltransferase, and pseudouridylate synthetase.
Learning non-homogenous textures and the unlearning problem with application to drusen detection in retinal images

In this work we present a novel approach for learning non- homogenous textures without facing the unlearning problem. Our learning method mimics the human behavior of selective learning in the sense of fast memory renewal. We perform probabilistic boosting and structural similarity clustering for fast selective learning in a large knowledge domain acquired over different time steps. Applied to non- homogenous texture discrimination, our learning method is the first approach that deals with the unlearning problem applied to the task of drusen segmentation in retinal imagery, which itself is a challenging problem due to high variability of non-homogenous texture appearance. We present preliminary results.
Palliative care for adults across the cancer trajectory: from diagnosis to end of life.

OBJECTIVES: To provide an overview of palliative care across the cancer trajectory from diagnosis through treatment, the chronic phase, and end of life. DATA SOURCES: Journal articles, research reports, state of the science papers, and clinical practice experience and guidelines. CONCLUSION: Symptoms occur throughout the cancer trajectory but are more common during active treatment and at the end of life. Symptom assessment facilitates optimal management of symptoms, promotion of comfort, and improvement in quality of life. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Clinicians have a responsibility to anticipate and assess symptoms throughout the illness trajectory. Identification of symptoms should prompt a plan of care that is based on evidence-based guidelines and best practices.
Rebound Hypertension after Sodium Nitroprusside Prevented by Saralasin in Rats

The role of the renin--angiotensin system in the maintenance of blood pressure during halothane anesthesia and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced hypotension was evaluated. Control rats received halothane anesthesia (1 MAC) for one hour, followed by SNP infusion, 40 microgram/kg/min, for 30 min, followed by a 30-min recovery period. A second group of rats was treated identically and, in addition, received an infusion of saralasin (a competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II) throughout the experimental period. In each group, SNP infusion resulted in an initial decrease in blood pressure from 86 torr and 83 torr, respectively, to 48 torr. During the SNP infusion the control animals demonstrated a progressive increase in blood pressure to 61 torr, whereas the saralasin-treated animals showed no change. Following discontinuation of SNP, blood pressure in the control animals rebounded to 94 torr, as compared with 78 torr in the saralasin-treated rats. This study indicates that with stable halothane anesthesia, the partial recovery of blood pressure during SNP infusion and the post-SNP rebound of blood pressure can be completely blocked by saralasin. This demonstrates the participation of the renin--angiotensin system in antagonizing the combined hypotensive effects of halothane and SNP.