cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MO-C-BRCD-02: Physics of Cancer Cell Migration.

Two‐dimensional (2D) in vitro culture systems have for a number of years provided a controlled and versatile environment for the study of cell adhesion and migration, two interrelated cell functions critical to cancermetastasis. However, the organization and functions of focal adhesionproteins in cells embedded in physiologically more relevant 3D matrices is qualitatively and functionally different from their organization and functions on conventional 2D planar substrates. In a 3D, crosslinked, fibrillar collagen matrix, cell migration and protrusion activity are still regulated by focal adhesionproteins, such as pl30Cas, FAK, Zyxin, Vinculin, Talin, and VASP, but differently from the 2D case. This talk will describe the implications of the dependence of focal adhesion rotein‐based cellular functions on microenvironmental dimensionality in cancer. We will discuss the implications of this work in cancermetastasis.
Optical excitation effects on spin-noise spectroscopy in semiconductors

Abstract : The effects of laser intensity and laser wavelength on measurements of spin noise in bulk semiconductors are studied with an absorption-based optically excited impurity ionization model. The laser intensity and wavelength dependent electron spin relaxation time illustrates the gradual transition from a near nonperturbative measurement to a perturbative measurement. A strong relationship between the measured wavelength and intensity dependent absorption and the spin relaxation time is observed and is shown to fit well to a simple model. For semiconductors where spin noise has to be measured in the absorption regime, a spin relaxation time related to material properties rather than experimental conditions (e.g., laser intensity, laser wavelength, etc.) can be extracted from perturbative measurements in the limits of long wavelength and the low laser intensity.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Grain Size, Phase Assemblage, and Mechanical Properties of 3 mol% Y‐TZP

The effect of heat treatment on the grain size, phase assemblage, and mechanical properties of a 3 mol% Y-TZP ceramic was investigated. Specimens were initially sintered for 2 h at 1450 C to near theoretical density; some specimens were then heat-treated at 1550, 1650, 1750, or 1850 C to coarsen the microstructure. The average grain size increased with heat treatment from 1750 C. The maximum fraction of tetragonal phase that transformed during fracture corresponded with the largest tetragonal grain size of {approximately}5--6 {micro}m. Strength was on the order of 1 GPa, and was surprisingly insensitive to heat-treatment temperature and grain size, contrary to previous studies. The fracture toughness increased from 4 to 10 MPa{center_dot}m{sup 1/2} with increasing grain size, owing to an increasing transformation zone size. Grain sizes larger than 5--6 {micro}m spontaneously transformed to monoclinic phase during cooling. Such critical grain sizes are much larger than those found in past investigations, and may be due to the greater fraction of cubic phase present which decreases the strain energy arising from more » crystallographic thermal expansion anisotropy of the tetragonal phase. « less
Does size matter

Failures of the complex infrastructures society depends on having enormous human and economic cost that poses the question: Are there ways to optimize these systems to reduce the risks of failure? A dynamic model of one such system, the power transmission grid, is used to investigate the risk from failure as a function of the system size. It is found that there appears to be optimal sizes for such networks where the risk of failure is balanced by the benefit given by the size.
Translumbar selective coronary arteriography

Translumbar selective coronary arteriography was performed using a preshaped 7 French coronary catheter introduced over the long translumbar needle. The patients had abdominal aortic occlusion, left subclavian artery occlusion, and innominate artery stenosis, which precluded the usual angiographic approaches.
BodyChat: autonomous communicative behaviors in avatars

Although avatars may resemble animated communicating interface agents, they have for the most part not profited from recent research into autonomous systems. In particular, even though avatars function within conversational environments (for example, chat or games), and even though they often resemble humans (with a head, hands, and a body) they are incapable of representing the kinds of knowledge that humans have about how to use the body during communication. Their appearance does not translate into increased communicative bandwidth. Face-to-face conversation among humans, however, does make extensive use of the visual channel for interaction management where many subtle and even involuntary cues are read from stance, gaze and gesture. We argue that the modeling and animation of such fundamental behavior is crucial for the credibility and effectiveness of the virtual interaction in chat. By treating the avatar as a communicative agent, we propose a method to automate the animation of important communicative behavior, deriving from work in context analysis and discourse theory. BodyChat is a system that allows users to communicate via text while their avatars automatically animate attention, salutations, turn taking, back-channel feedback and facial expression, as well as simple body functions such as the blinking of the eyes. 1. BEHAVIORS IN AVATARS One type of embodied agent that has received much airplay but little serious research attention in the agent community, is the avatar in a graphical chat. An avatar represents a user in a distributed virtual environment, but has until now not been autonomous. That is, it has not had knowledge to act in the absence of explicit control on the part of the user. In most current graphical chat systems the user is obliged to switch between controlling the avatar behavior and typing messages to other users. While the user is creating the message for her interlocutor, her avatar stands motionless or repeats a selected animation sequence. This fails to reflect the natural relationship between the body and the conversation that is taking place, potentially giving misleading or even conflicting visual
Mathe-Gier gepaart mit Tunnelblick

Die mathematische Optimierung sucht eine beste Losung unter vielen, die dann Optimum genannt wird. Im Optimum ist mindestens eine Ressource komplett verbraucht, sonst ginge es ja noch besser. Mathematische Losungen sind deshalb oft extrem, sie gehen genau an die Grenze. Banken setzen zum Beispiel ihr Eigenkapital bis an jede Grenze ein und brechen unter Umstanden zusammen, wenn sie Verlust machen – denn dann sinkt das Eigenkapital und damit die Grenze erlaubter Kredite. Sie mussen folglich die Kredite zuruckschrauben, machen mehr Verlust – Teufelsspirale. Diese Kolumne ist in etwa Anfang Juli 2008 geschrieben worden, also noch vor der grosen Krise, die im September mit der Pleite von Lehmann erst so richtig begann. Ich wollte sagen: Mathematische Optima bergen oft Risiken, weil sie keine Reserven halten oder „Robustheit des Ganzen“ fast nie als Nebenbedingung stellen.
Hemodynamic Evaluation of a Cloth-Covered Starr-Edwards Valve Prosthesis

Hemodynamic studies were performed in 22 patients three to ten months after insertion of cloth-covered Starr-Edwards prostheses. The aortic valve was replaced in ten patients, the mitral in ten, and both valves in two. Moderate aortic systolic pressure gradients were found in all patients with aortic prostheses (range 17 to 68 mm Hg, mean 41 mm Hg), and the calculated valve orifice areas were small (average 0.92 cm2). Mitral diastolic pressure gradients in those with mitral prostheses averaged 9.4 mm Hg and were associated with persistently elevated left atrial pressure (average 18 mm Hg). These findings compare unfavorably with the hemodynamic characteristics of previous Starr-Edwards prostheses. Factors contributing to the functional stenosis appear to be smaller valve orifices and turbulent blood flow generated by the coarse cloth surfaces and a shorter excursion of the ball.
Theory of Surface Scattering and Detection of Surface Phonons

A formal theory for the investigation of crystal surfaces by the scattering of particles is developed. Expressions satisfying the condition of unitarity are presented for diffraction as well as one-phonon inelastic scattering, including the effects of surface bound states. The possibility of detection of surface phonons by scattering of low-energy He atoms from a cleaved surface is investigated.
Positive control by the cys-3 locus in regulation of sulfur metabolism in Neurospora.

Abstract Three enzymes of sulfur metabolism are simultaneously lost in the cys -3 mutant of Neurospora . Revertants of cys -3 have been selected and appear to arise from mutation within the original locus. The revertants can be grouped into at least three classes according to the amounts of the enzymic activities that are restored and by temperature sensitivity. The properties of the revertant strains indicate that the cys -3 mutant is not a large deletion, a super-repressor mutation, or an extreme polar mutant; nor does the cys -3 locus code for a polypeptide chain common to the three enzymes. We suggest that cys -3 is a regulatory gene which exerts positive control over enzyme synthesis.
Chronic ear surgery in patients with syndromes and multiple congenital malformations

Objectives/Hypothesis: The propensity for the development of chronic ear disease in patients with certain congenital syndromes is well described. Little is known about the efficacy of surgery in the management of such patients. This paper will review an institutional experience with the surgical management of chronic ear disease in patients with congenital syndromes or multiple major malformations associated with high rates of ear disease. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: Charts were reviewed to identify patients diagnosed with either a congenital syndrome or multiple major malformations with a known association with the development of chronic ear disease who underwent ear surgery for chronic ear disease (excluding tympanostomy tube placement). Syndromes encountered, surgeries performed, operative outcomes, complications, and the efficacy of ossicular chain reconstruction is reported. Results: Forty-three patients with 14 different syndromes or malformations were identified. These patients underwent 66 surgical procedures on 56 ears. Seventy-nine percent of patients had undergone an ear procedure prior to presentation. Disease eradication was achieved in 64% of ears with a single procedure, and 89% of ears were controlled with two surgeries or less. Thirty-two percent of surgeries involved a canal wall down procedure, a rate similar to that seen for all patients in our practice over the past decade. When used, ossicular chain reconstruction significantly reduced the air-bone gap, resulting in hearing improvement. Results for patients with Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and conotruncal cardiac abnormalities are discussed. Only minor complications were encountered. Conclusions: Syndromic patients and those with a major congenital malformation may present with significant chronic ear disease. Appropriate surgical management can yield successful eradication of disease with low complication rates.
Combined surgical and radiation injury. V. The effect of bone marrow transplantation.

Es wird gezeigt, dass bei Nagern Rontgen-Ganztierbestrahlung mit 675 R wahrend 4 Tagen vor Wundsetzung zu einer betrachtlichen Verzogerung der Wundkontraktion fuhrt. Diese Verzogerung konnte durch eine Knochenmarktransplantation aufgehoben werden.
Integrating Tech Prep into Science Teacher Preparation

Tech Prep is an emerging educational reform in the United States. Thirty of 37 states responding to a recent survey had some type offormal Tech Prep initiative in place (R. Hayes, 1995). Although Tech Prep has received its strongest backing from practitioners in technology education, science teacher educators must prepare teachers for these programs. The problem is that few may be ready. This paper provides an overview of Tech Prep and a model for its integration into the K-12 curriculum. It then discusses implications for science and mathematics teacher preparation.
Studies on Growth Hormone Secretion: I. Effects of Dibutyryl Cyclic AMP, Theophylline, Epinephrine, Ammonium Ion and Hypothalamic Extracts on the Release of Growth Hormone from Rat Anterior Pituitaries in Vitro

The release of immunoreactive growth hormone (GH) from male rat anterior pituitary explants was measured under a variety of experimental conditions. After a somewhat higher initial level, secretory rates remained essentially constant during a five-hour incubation period. Theophylline and dibutyryl cyclic AMP alone and in combination significantly stimulated GH secretion. Ammonium acetate and ammonium chloride (25 mM/L) also increased GH output by two-threefold. Unlike theophylline which increased both pituitary cyclic AMP levels and GH content of the medium, ammonium ion stimulated GH release was not accompanied by increased concentrations of intracellular cyclic AMP. Beef hypothalamic extracts, crude and purified, failed to stimulate GH release. Cerebral cortex extract and synthetic lysine vasopressin were also without effect. Epinephrine exhibited an inhibitory tendency on theophylline and cyclic AMP stimulated GH secretion. The results, which support the “second messenger” concept, are discussed in rel...
On the Absence of Self-Control as the Basis for a General Theory of Crime: A Critique

It is now approaching a decade since Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi promulgated what they called `a general theory' of crime. This article scrutinizes the claims made by the theory as measu...
Tuning the resonance in superconducting terahertz metamaterials

We report tunable resonances in terahertz metamaterials made from high-temperature superconducting films. Taking in account the temperature-dependent complex conductivity, we develop a theoretical model for correct interpretation of the observed resonance switching and frequency tuning.
Beliefs and Attitudes Associated With the Intention to Not Accept the Diagnosis of Depression Among Young Adults

PURPOSE Negative attitudes and beliefs about depression treatment may prevent many young adults from accepting a diagnosis and treatment for depression. We undertook a study to determine the association between depressive symptom severity, beliefs about and attitudes toward treatment, subjective social norms, and past behavior on the intent not to accept a physician’s diagnosis of depression. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 10,962 persons aged 16 to 29 years who participated and had positive screening results on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) score in an Internet-based public health depression screening program. Participants reported whether they would accept their physician’s diagnosis of depression. Based on the theory of reasoned action, we developed a multivariate model of the factors that predict intent not to accept a diagnosis of depression. RESULTS Twenty-six percent of the participants stated their intent not to accept their physician’s diagnosis of depression. Disagreeing that medications are effective in treating depression (strongly disagree, odds ratio ( OR ) = 6.5, 95% confidence interval (CI), 4.6–9.3), that there is a biological cause for depression (strongly disagree, OR = 1.9, 95% CI, 1.3–2.7), and agreeing that you would be embarrassed if your friends knew you had depression were associated with the intent not to accept a diagnosis of depression (strongly agree, OR = 2.3, 95% CI, 1.8–2.9). Beliefs and attitudes, subjective social norms, and past behavior explained most of the variance in this model (84%). CONCLUSIONS Negative beliefs and attitudes, subjective social norms, and lack of past helpful treatment experiences are associated with the intent to not accept the diagnosis of depression and may contribute to low rates of treatment among young adults.
Quorum-sensing Salmonella selectively trigger protein expression within tumors

Salmonella that secrete anticancer proteins have the potential to eliminate tumors, but nonspecific expression causes damage to healthy tissue. We hypothesize that Salmonella, integrated with a density-dependent switch, would only express proteins in tightly packed colonies within tumors. To test this hypothesis, we cloned the lux quorum-sensing (QS) system and a GFP reporter into nonpathogenic Salmonella. Fluorescence and bacterial density were measured in culture and in a tumor-on-a-chip device to determine the critical density necessary to initiate expression. QS Salmonella were injected into 4T1 tumor-bearing mice to quantify GFP expression in vivo using immunofluorescence. At densities below 0.6 × 1010 cfu/g in tumors, less than 3% of QS Salmonella expressed GFP. Above densities of 4.2 × 1010 cfu/g, QS Salmonella had similar expression levels to constitutive controls. GFP expression by QS colonies was dependent upon the distance to neighboring bacteria. No colonies expressed GFP when the average distance to neighbors was greater than 155 µm. Calculations of autoinducer concentrations showed that expression was sigmoidally dependent on density and inversely dependent on average radial distance. Based on bacterial counts from excised tissue, the liver density (0.0079 × 1010 cfu/g) was less than the critical density (0.11 × 1010 cfu/g) necessary to initiate expression. QS Salmonella are a promising tool for cancer treatment that will target drugs to tumors while preventing damage to healthy tissue.
Growth hormone secretion pattern is an independent regulator of growth hormone actions in humans

The importance of gender-specific growth hormone (GH) secretion pattern in the regulation of growth and metabolism has been demonstrated clearly in rodents. We recently showed that GH secretion in ...
Heating profiles on ICRF antenna Faraday shields

A conceptual design for an uncooled Faraday shield for the BPX (Burning Plasma Experiment) ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) antenna, which should withstand the proposed long-pulse operation, has been completed. A high-heat-flux, uncooled Faraday shield has also been designed for the fast-wave current drive (FWCD) antenna on DIII-D. For both components, the improved understanding of the heating profiles made it possible to design for heat fluxes that would otherwise have been too close to mechanically established limits. The analytical effort is described in detail, results of analysis are shown, and configuration issues involved in component modeling are discussed. >
Bit by bit row/column interleaving of block accumulate codes

A novel bit by bit row/column interleaver (BBRCI) design technique is proposed to significantly increase the minimum Hamming distance (MHD) of block accumulate codes (BACs), making them suitable for optical applications. The proposed BBRCI design method employs a separate row/column interleaver (RCI) for the transmission of each bit position of the outer block code. The numbers of rows of these individual RCIs are properly selected to increase the MHD of the resulting BAC and to reduce the frame size. It is demonstrated that BACs constructed with a BBRCI can be designed to have significantly higher MHD than similar BACs constructed with uniform interleavers (UI) and S type interleavers. Simulations show example BACs constructed with BBRCIs that perform significantly better than those BACs constructed with a UI.
Collaborative Engineering Environment for 21 st Century avionics

Collaborative engineering and virtual prototyping is the application of advanced distributed modeling and simulation and engineering tools in an integrated environment to support technology development, system design, performance, cost, and producibility trade-off analyses throughout the entire product and system engineering life-cycle. The Sensors and Information Directorates, Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) have initiated a major effort to implement a Collaborative Engineering Environment (CEE) to provide the infrastructure and development methodology required for affordable and timely avionics for the 21st Century warfighter. The CEE concept is a major cultural change in the technology development process that involves applying state-of-the-art simulation and information sharing technology to the way we do business. CEE enables partnerships among the laboratories, industry, and the warfighter to accelerate the development and transition of leading edge technology to operational weapon systems.
Enhancement of tumor-reactive cytotoxic CD4+ T cell responses after ipilimumab treatment in four advanced melanoma patients.

CD4 + T cells provide help to enhance and sustain cytotoxic CD8 + T-cell responses. A direct lytic role for this cell population in mouse models further supports the use of tumor-reactive CD4 + T cells for cancer immunotherapy. CTLA-4 blockade has been shown to expand antigen-specific cytotoxic CD4 + T cells in mouse models. We took advantage of spontaneous immunity to the NY-ESO-1 cancer-testis antigen to investigate quantitative and qualitative changes in antigen-specific CD4 + T-cell responses after ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody) treatment in patients with advanced melanoma. Four patients with NY-ESO-1 seropositive melanoma were chosen upon the availability of suitable blood specimens for characterizing the functions of NY-ESO-1 antigen-specific CD4 + T-cell response by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT), intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), and cytotoxicity assays. Multiple NY-ESO-1 antigen-specific CD4 + T-cell responses with T H 1 dominance were induced or enhanced after ipilimumab treatment in peripheral blood in all four patients. NY-ESO-1 antigen–specific CD4 + T-cell lines established from all four patients after ipilimumab treatment recognized naturally processed NY-ESO-1 protein in antigen-presenting cells, expressed master transcription factor Eomesodermin (Eomes), and secreted perforin and Granzyme B. Finally, we showed that these NY-ESO-1 antigen-specific CD4 + T-cell lines directly lysed autologous melanoma cell lines expressing NY-ESO-1 in an MHC class II restricted manner. Our results show that antigen-specific cytotoxic CD4 + T-cell responses are induced after ipilimumab therapy in human cancer patients. Ipilimumab may induce the expression of lytic granules on antigen-specific cytotoxic CD4 + T cells via Eomes, revealing a novel consequence of immunologic checkpoint blockade. Cancer Immunol Res; 1(4); 235–44. ©2013 AACR .
The Impact of Procedural Justice on Opinions of Public Policy: Solid Waste Management as an Example1

This study assessed the applicability of Tyler and Lind's (1992) relational model of authority to the context of local government policies on solid waste management. Tests of the hypothesized relations proposed by Tyler and Lind, accomplished through structural equation modeling, revealed that our data supported the relations between the various constructs of the model. Perceptions of both process control and relational process were found to be positively related to procedural fairness judgments, while procedural fairness judgments were weakly related to evaluations of government entities. Contrary to our expectations, a similar structural equation model test of an extension of the Tyler and Lind model showed that the model constructs were unrelated to respondents' opinions of public policies. The results also indicated that respondents living in communities with different infrastructures and political climates differed slightly in their perceptions of procedural justice and related constructs, but did not differ in their endorsement of the various solid waste management policies.
Electromagnetic parallel processing using the personal computers of a local area network

In this work, the results of a parallel processed integral equation solution algorithm, implemented on 10 personal computers connected over MS-Windows 95 LAN, is presented. This algorithm is subsequently used to rigorously analyze a 50/spl lambda/ diameter offset reflector antenna containing approximately 100,000 current density unknowns.
Calmodulin Binds to the C Terminus of Sodium Channels Nav1.4 and Nav1.6 and Differentially Modulates Their Functional Properties

Modulation of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) can have a major impact on cell excitability. Analysis of calmodulin (CaM) binding to GST-fusion proteins containing the C-terminal domains of Nav1.1-Nav1.9 indicates that some of the tetrodotoxin-sensitive VGSC isoforms, including NaV1.4 and NaV1.6, are able to bind CaM in a calcium-independent manner. Here we demonstrate that association with CaM is important for functional expression of NaV1.4 and NaV1.6 VGSCs. Disrupting the interaction between CaM and the C terminus of NaV1.4 and NaV1.6 channels reduced current amplitude by 99 and 62%, respectively. Overexpression of CaM increased the current generated by Nav1.4 and Nav1.6 C-terminal mutant constructs that exhibited intermediate current densities and intermediate binding affinities for CaM, demonstrating that this effect on current density was directly dependent on the ability of the C terminus to bind CaM. In addition to the effects on current density, calmodulin also was able to modulate the inactivation kinetics of Nav1.6, but not Nav1.4, currents in a calcium-dependent manner. Our data demonstrate that CaM can regulate the properties of VGSCs via calcium-dependent and calcium-independent mechanisms and suggest that modulation of neuronal sodium channels may play a role in calcium-dependent neuronal plasticity.
The effect of land use regulation on housing and land prices

Abstract This paper investigates the effects of land use regulation restrictiveness on house and vacant land prices. In contrast to prior studies, the index of restrictiveness is treated as an endogenous variable and estimated effects are allowed to vary by market setting. Using data on more than 100 Florida cities, greater regulation restrictiveness is found to increase house price and decrease land price. Evidence is also provided showing that more restrictiveness increases the size of newly constructed homes.
Liouville Equation for Turbulent Gases

The Hamiltonian H and Hamilton equations of motion are derived for the Fourier amplitudes pk and qk of the canonical conjugate fields p and q defined by p = mν and ∂q/∂t = nν where ν(r, t) and n(r, t) are the velocity and density fields of ideal, compressible gases in the state of fully developed turbulence. A Liouville equation is presented for the distribution function f(pk, qk; {k}) in the multidimensional phase space formed by the scalar components of the set {k} of wave mode vectors pk and qk. Though the theory is highly idealized since viscous and thermal dissipation are not taken into account, it may be considered as a first attempt at extending statistical mechanics to random continuous media. As an application, that stationary solution f = f(H) of the Liouville equation is calculated, which maximizes the turbulence entropy. It is shown that the distribution of the velocity and density fluctuations of compressible gases is Gaussian in fully developed turbulence, in agreement with the experiments. Die Liouville-Gleichung fur turbulente Gase Im folgenden werden die Hamiltonfunktion H und die Hamiltonschen Bewegungsgleichungen abgeleitet fur die Fourieramplituden pk und qk der kanonisch konjugierten Felder p und q, welche gegeben sind durch p = mν und ∂q/∂t = nν, wo ν(r, t) die Geschwindigkeits- und die Dichtefelder idealer, kompressibler Gase im Zustand voll entwickelter Turbulenz darstellen. Ferner wird eine Liouville-Gleichung hergeleitet fur die Verteilungsfunktion f(pk, qk; {k}) im multidimensionalen Phasenraum der skalaren Komponenten des Satzes {k} der Wellenzustandsvektoren pk und qk. Obgleich die vorgelegte Theorie stark idealisiert ist, da weder die thermische noch die durch Reibung verursachte Dissipation berucksichtigt sind, durfte sie wenigstens als ein erster Versuch zur Anwendung der statistischen Mechanik auf turbulente kontinuierliche Medien zu betrachten sein. Als Anwendungsbeispiel wird die stationare Losung der Liouville-Gleichung mit der maximalen Turbulenz-Entropie berechnet. In Ubreinstimmung mit den Experimenten wird gezeigt, das die Verteilungs-Funktionen der Geschwindigkeiten und der Dichtefluktuationen in kompressiblen Gasen der Gausschen Fehlerkurve entspricht.
Joint coordination for manipulator tracking

A method is presented for coordination of manipulator joints when the desired path cannot be pre-determined. This situation may occur, for example, under manual control or when tracking a freely moving object. The system is implemented on a generalized master-slave system at JPL. Velocity measurements are provided at different instances by analog differation and state estimation.
A Turn‐on Fluorescent Sensor for Imaging Labile Fe3+ in Live Neuronal Cells at Subcellular Resolution

An eye for an iron: A highly sensitive, selective and reversible turn-on Fe(3+) sensor for imaging labile Fe(3+) in live cells at subcellular resolution is reported. The sensor can respond to changes in intracellular Fe(3+) levels and was used to image endogenous chelatable Fe(3+) in live human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, with two Fe(3+) pools being identified in mitochondria and endosomes/ lysosomes for the first time.
High-Resolution Radiation Hybrid Map of Wheat Chromosome 1D

Physical mapping methods that do not rely on meiotic recombination are necessary for complex polyploid genomes such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This need is due to the uneven distribution of recombination and significant variation in genetic to physical distance ratios. One method that has proven valuable in a number of nonplant and plant systems is radiation hybrid (RH) mapping. This work presents, for the first time, a high-resolution radiation hybrid map of wheat chromosome 1D (D genome) in a tetraploid durum wheat (T. turgidum L., AB genomes) background. An RH panel of 87 lines was used to map 378 molecular markers, which detected 2312 chromosome breaks. The total map distance ranged from ∼3,341 cR35,000 for five major linkage groups to 11,773 cR35,000 for a comprehensive map. The mapping resolution was estimated to be ∼199 kb/break and provided the starting point for BAC contig alignment. To date, this is the highest resolution that has been obtained by plant RH mapping and serves as a first step for the development of RH resources in wheat.
Estimation of turboalternator transfer functions using normal operating data

Data collected from a normally operating, interconnected power system are used to estimate frequency responses for transfer functions occurring in a multivariate block-diagram representation of the turbo-alternator. Results indicate that the mathematical representation of the synchronous machine may be significantly simplified in control problems involving small-scale disturbances. Although additional investigation is required to ascertain the effects of nonlinearity and to improve the identification technique, the approach appears promising as an aid to better integration of digital-computer control in power systems.
Towards Providing Value Based Differentiated QoS

In this paper we present a model for delivering differentiated quality of service based on the value for the provider. The value for the provider is captured by taking into account the i) client value, ii) service value, and certain exogenous factors. We enumerate and articulate different dimensions which will affect these components. We present a couple of case studies to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed model. The first case study is from Retail Banking based on our real life experience of deploying a service delivery system in a leading bank in India. The second case study is from a Business Process Outsourcing industry. We also define the notion of value plot to visualize the relative importance of customers from value perspective and highlight how the value plot can be used for both operational as well as strategic planning in service delivery.
Do past pain events systematically impact pain ratings of healthy subjects or fibromyalgia patients

Abstract We previously reported that 3 different electronic visual analogue and numerical pain scales are useful in providing refined capacity to discriminate discrete levels of pain intensity. Using the same subjects and scales, we now investigated whether pain scaling is influenced by past pain events and by recalled memories of these events in the rating of pain. Normal control subjects (NC: 19 male, 30 female) and female fibromyalgia (FM) (n = 17) patients received 5-second suprathreshold heat stimuli (45–49°C) to both forearms. The participants rated these experimental heat stimuli using the previously described electronic pain scales. Subsequently, they were asked to report whether they used any prior pain experiences during the process of rating their pain. Out of 49 NC, only 6 females (12.2%) and 7 males (14.3%), and out of 17 FM patients, only 3 females (17.6%) stated that they had used past pain experiences during scaling. Notably, pain ratings of experimental heat stimuli did not statistically differ between subjects who used past pain experiences during scaling as compared to those who did not. Furthermore, ratings of their most severe past pains were not significantly correlated with ratings of experimental pain stimuli. These results do not provide support for the strong assertion that pain rating scales are elastic, ie, being used differently depending on the severity of past pain events such as childbirth. Perspective Less than 25% of subjects used memories of past pain events during pain scaling. In addition, if they were used, these pain memories did not influence pain scaling with electronic eVAS and eNUM scales. Thus, use of these scales allows reliable comparisons of experimental and clinical pain ratings within and between subjects .
Sustainability, self-reliance and aloha aina: the case of Molokai, Hawai’i

A growing body of academic and popular literature associates localized systems of production and consumption with improved sustainability. However, there is a need for research that systematically addresses whether and how re-localization of an economy makes it sustainable, and under what conditions such regional self-sufficiency is possible. In the state of Hawai’i, there is growing momentum to create greater energy and food self-reliance throughout the islands as a means to achieve greater sustainability. Nowhere is this sentiment stronger than on the island of Molokai, frequently called the ‘last Hawaiian Island.’ On Molokai, the discourse of sustainability is interpreted through the lens of aloha aina, or love for the land, and an associated desire for stewardship of resources so that island residents can be as self-reliant as possible. This paper presents two recent examples from Molokai to illustrate some of the complexities associated with regional self-sufficiency on an island unavoidably buffeted...
Should direct ipsilateral adrenal invasion from renal cell carcinoma be classified as pT3a

ABSTRACTPurpose:: The 2002 American Joint Committee on Cancer primary tumor classification for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) defines a tumor as pT3a if it invades the perinephric or renal sinus fat or directly invades the ipsilateral adrenal gland. In the current study we evaluated the association of direct ipsilateral adrenal invasion with outcome to determine if reclassification of these tumors as pT4 would improve the accuracy of the current tumor classification.Materials and Methods:: We studied 424 patients who underwent nephrectomy and adrenalectomy for unilateral, sporadic, pT3 or pT4 RCC between 1970 and 2000 at the Mayo Clinic. Cancer specific survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.Results:: Cancer specific survival for the 22 patients with pT3a or pT3b tumors that directly invaded the ipsilateral adrenal gland was significantly worse compared with that of patients with pT3a (p <0.001) or pT3b (p = 0.011) disease that did not invade the adrenal gland. There was no significant differenc...
A phase and electron microscopic study of vasculogenesis and erythropoiesis in the yolk sac of the mouse.

By seven days of gestation, the yolk sac of the mouse has a sheet of mesoderm adjacent to the basement membrane separating it from the endodermal epithelium. Localized proliferations of this mesoderm produces thickened cellular regions which transform into the angioblastic cords; all of these developmental cells are attached by tight junctions and desmosomes. By eight and onehalf days, lumina appear within the angioblastic cords; the peripheral cells become attenuated and form endothelial cells which will line the primitive vessels while the more central cells become the primitive erythroblasts of the blood island. The process of vasculogenesis and lumenization occurs between eight and onehalf and nine days of gestation and has been correlated with the reduction of cellular junctions between angioblasts and fixed primitive erythroblasts, a loss of the visceral basement membrane and the formation of wide intercellular channels between endodermal epithelial cells. The primitive erythroblasts comprising the blood islands have abundant polysomes, sparse rough endoplasmic reticulum and possess coated vesicles and ferritin aggregates in their cytoplasm and coated invaginations of their plasma membrane. By nine days of gestation, the primitive erythroblasts lose their attachments and become free in the vitelline vessels. Mitochondria of the primitive and free erythroblasts are slightly enlarged and have lighter matrices than angioblasts and mesodermal cells. By 10 to 11 days of gestation, as differentiation proceeds, coated vesicles and invaginations become more numerous and the developing erythroblasts gradually decrease in both cell and nuclear size. Concomitant with these changes is the decrease in the number and size of the mitochondria, a decrease in polysomal numbers and an increase in hemoglobin and cytoplasmic density.
Corrigendum to “Item banks for substance use from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®): Severity of use and positive appeal of use” [Drug Alcohol Depend. 156 (2015) 184–192]

Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States NIDA (retired), Indian Harbour Beach, FL 32937, United States Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, United States Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, United States Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
Different combinations of GABAA and GABAC receptors confer distinct temporal properties to retinal synaptic responses.

Lukasiewicz, Peter D. and Colleen R. Shields. Different combinations of GABAA and GABAC receptors confer distinct temporal properties to retinal synaptic responses. J. Neurophysiol. 79:3157–3167, 1...
Tobacco imagery in video games: ratings and gamer recall

Objective To assess whether tobacco content found in video games was appropriately labelled for tobacco-related content by the Entertainment and Software Ratings Board (ESRB). Methods Sixty-five gamer participants (self-identified age range 13–50) were interviewed in-person (n=25) or online (n=40) and asked (A) to list favourite games and (B) to name games that they could recall containing tobacco content. The ESRB database was searched for all games mentioned to ascertain whether they had been assigned tobacco-related content descriptors. Games were independently assessed for tobacco content by examining user-created game wiki sites and watching YouTube videos of gameplay. Games with tobacco-related ESRB content descriptors and/or with tobacco imagery verified by researchers were considered to contain tobacco content. Games identified by participants as including tobacco but lacking verifiable tobacco content were treated as not containing tobacco content. Results Participants recalled playing 140 unique games, of which 118 were listed in the ESRB database. Participants explicitly recalled tobacco content in 31% (37/118) of the games, of which 94% (35/37) included independently verified tobacco content. Only 8% (9/118) of the games had received ESRB tobacco-related content descriptors, but researchers verified that 42% (50/118) contained such content; 42% (49/118) of games were rated ‘M’ for mature (content deemed appropriate for ages 17+). Of these, 76% (37/49) contained verified tobacco content; however, only 4% (2/49) received ESRB tobacco-related content descriptors. Conclusions Gamers are exposed to tobacco imagery in many video games. The ESRB is not a reliable source for determining whether video games contain tobacco imagery.
Status of Pilot Watershed Studies in Arizona

Critical water shortages in Arizona have led to intensive investigations of methods for increasing streamflow from the state’s watersheds. These investigations include research studies of hydrologic processes and behavior, pilot tests of promising treatments, economic studies, and surveys of potentially treatable areas. Results are reported from pilot tests in chaparral, juniper, ponderosa pine, and mixed-conifer vegetation types. To date, streamflow responses following watershed treatments have varied from zero to as much as 9 in. per year, depending on nature of the treatment, type of vegetation, and climate. These results and others forthcoming will play an important role in future multiple use management of forest lands in Arizona.
Galeazzi Equivalent Lesion: A Case Report

A case of Galeazzi equivalent lesion, in a 12-year-old girl, is presented. She was treated with closed reduction and plaster cast immobilization and good results were obtained. Clinical features of Galeazzi equivalent lesions are discussed.
Interrelationships of methionine and vitamin B6 in human subjects.

Summary1. A study of the interrelationship of methionine and pyridoxine was made in adult human subjects maintained on a semi-synthetic diet low in vit. B6. 2. No effect of a high dosage of methionine on the urinary excretion of B6 and its metabolites was observed in the study. 3. The role of vit. B6 in the methylation of nicotinamide is shown by the increased urinary excretion of N1-methylnicotinamide by human subjects, when given methionine plus pyridoxine but not when given only methionine.
Relative survival of four serotypes of Salmonella enterica in low-water activity whey protein powder held at 36 and 70°C at various water activity levels.

Salmonella enterica is not able to grow at water activity (aw) levels below 0.94, but it can survive in low-aw foods for long periods of time. Temperature, aw, substrate, and serotype affect its persistence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of temperature and aw on the relative persistence among four serotypes of Salmonella enterica in low-aw whey protein powder. Whey protein powder was equilibrated to aws 0.18 ± 0.02 and 0.54 ± 0.03, inoculated with a cocktail of Salmonella serovars (Agona, Tennessee, Montevideo, and Typhimurium), vacuum sealed, and stored at 36°C for 6 months and at 70°C for 48 h. Presumptive Salmonella colonies (30 to 32) were randomly picked from each plate at the end of each survival study. PCR multiplex serotyping was used to identify the isolates. A multinomial mixed logistic model with Salmonella Tennessee as a reference was used to test for significant differences in frequency distribution of the surviving serotypes. Salmonella Tennessee and Salmonella Agona we...
Pioneering and Market Share: Is Entry Time Endogenous and does it Matter?:

All previous empirical work assessing the effects of pioneering on firm performance treats pioneering as an exogenous variable. The authors develop a theoretical model of the entry decision that su...
Early Missionaries' Acquisition of Chinese Pronunciation

Early missionaries' grasp of Chinese pronunciation was very accurate.When they learned Chinese,they analyzed and summarized the characters and some questions related of Chinese pronunciation.They concluded the initial system,final system and tone system,pointed out the emphases and difficulties of Chinese pronunciation.They also brought forward some useful advice of learning Chinese pronunciation.Missionaries' Chinese learning enriched the history of Teaching Chinese as a Second Language,and their experiences make sense to our work of Teaching Chinese as a Second Language and the popularization of Chinese language in the world.
Social Transitions Cause Rapid Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Changes

In species that form dominance hierarchies, there are often opportunities for low-ranking individuals to challenge high-ranking ones, resulting in a rise or fall in social rank. How does an animal rapidly detect, process, and then respond to these social transitions? This article explores and summarizes how these social transitions can rapidly (within 24 h) impact an individual's behavior, physiology, and brain, using the African cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni, as a model. Male A. burtoni form hierarchies in which a few brightly-colored dominant males defend territories and spawn with females, while the remaining males are subordinate, more drab-colored, do not hold a territory, and have minimal opportunities for reproduction. These social phenotypes are plastic and reversible, meaning that individual males may switch between dominant and subordinate status multiple times within a lifetime. When the social environment is manipulated to create males that either ascend (subordinate to dominant) or descend (dominant to subordinate) in rank, there are rapid changes in behavior, circulating hormones, and levels of gene expression in the brain that reflect the direction of transition. For example, within minutes, males ascending in status show bright coloration, a distinct eye-bar, increased dominance behaviors, activation of brain nuclei in the social behavior network, and higher levels of sex steroids in the plasma. Ascending males also show rapid changes in levels of neuropeptide and steroid receptors in the brain, as well as in the pituitary and testes. To further examine hormone-behavior relationships in this species during rapid social ascent, the present study also measured levels of testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, estradiol, progestins, and cortisol in the plasma during the first week of social ascent and tested for correlations with behavior. Plasma levels of all steroids were rapidly increased at 30 min after social ascent, but were not correlated with behavior during the initial rise in rank, suggesting that behavior is dissociated from endocrine status. These changes during social ascent are then compared with our current knowledge about males descending in rank, who rapidly show faded coloration, decreased dominance behaviors, increased subordinate behaviors, and higher circulating levels of cortisol. Collectively, this work highlights how the perception of similar social cues that are opposite in value are rapidly translated into adaptive behavioral and neuroendocrine changes that promote survival and reproductive fitness. Finally, future directions are proposed to better understand the mechanisms that govern these rapid changes in social position.