cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulations of aerosol-cloud-dynamical feedbacks resulting from entrainment of aerosol into the marine boundary layer during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment

dynamics, and radiative properties. The initial CCN concentration is 100 cm � 3 in one simulation, while in the second simulation it varies from 100 cm � 3 below the cloud top to a peak of 1200 cm � 3 at the inversion. In the clean case, cooling from evaporating drizzle destabilizes the layer just below cloud base (not the entire subcloud layer) with respect to the surface, and promotes stronger penetrating cumulus. In the case with the elevated pollution layer, reduced drizzle at the cloud base results in weaker penetrating cumulus and a less effective supply of surface moisture to the cloud. This results in a much lower liquid water path (LWP) relative to the clean case that offsets the cloud albedo enhancement due to higher drop concentrations. Thus, although entrained CCN enhance the droplet concentration, the net effect on the cloud albedo is small. Additional simulations were performed to study the sensitivity of the MBL to varying levels of largescale subsidence. The change in large-scale subsidence has a large effect on boundary layer dynamics, cloud microphysics, and the radiative budget. The simulations are used to separate the effects of enhanced albedo due to enhanced drop concentrations at constant LWP and those where LWP is modified due to dynamical feedbacks. For this case study, weaker subsidence results in a cloud with higher LWP and a cloud albedo that is enhanced over and above that due to enhanced droplet concentration. The simulations point to the complex dynamical-microphysical-radiative feedbacks in the MBL and how elevated polluted layers can change cloud radiative forcing in ways that would not be easily predicted by large-scale models. INDEX TERMS: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0320 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Cloud physics and chemistry; 3307 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Boundary layer processes; 3337 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Numerical modeling and data assimilation; KEYWORDS: aerosol-cloud-dynamic feedbacks, entrainment, ASTEX, marine boundary layer, LES Citation: Jiang, H., G. Feingold, and W. R. Cotton, Simulations of aerosol-cloud-dynamical feedbacks resulting from entrainment of aerosol into the marine boundary layer during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D24), 4813, doi:10.1029/2001JD001502, 2002.
Spatially resolved optical and ultrastructural properties of colorectal and pancreatic field carcinogenesis observed by inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography

Field carcinogenesis is the initial stage of cancer progression. Understanding field carcinogenesis is valuable for both cancer biology and clinical medicine. Here, we used inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography to study colorectal cancer (CRC) and pancreatic cancer (PC) field carcinogenesis. Depth-resolved optical and ultrastructural properties of the mucosa were quantified from histologically normal rectal biopsies from patients with and without colon adenomas (n=85 ) as well as from histologically normal peri-ampullary duodenal biopsies from patients with and without PC (n=22 ). Changes in the epithelium and stroma in CRC field carcinogenesis were separately quantified. In both compartments, optical and ultra-structural alterations were consistent. Optical alterations included lower backscattering (μ b ) and reduced scattering (μ ′ s ) coefficients and higher anisotropy factor g . Ultrastructurally pronounced alterations were observed at length scales up to ∼450 nm , with the shape of the mass density correlation function having a higher shape factor D , thus implying a shift to larger length scales. Similar alterations were found in the PC field carcinogenesis despite the difference in genetic pathways and etiologies. We further verified that the chromatin clumping in epithelial cells and collagen cross-linking caused D to increase in vitro and could be among the mechanisms responsible for the observed changes in epithelium and stroma, respectively.
Generating compact code from dataflow specifications of multirate signal processing algorithms

Synchronous dataflow (SDF) semantics are well-suited to representing and compiling multirate signal processing algorithms. A key to this match is the ability to cleanly express iteration without overspecifying the execution order of computations, thereby allowing efficient schedules to be constructed. Due to limited program memory, it is often desirable to translate the iteration in an SDF graph into groups of repetitive firing patterns so that loops can be constructed in the target code. This paper establishes fundamental topological relationships between iteration and looping in SDF graphs, and presents a scheduling framework that provably synthesizes the most compact looping structures for a large class of practical SDF graphs. By modularizing different components of the scheduling framework, and establishing their independence, we show how other scheduling objectives, such as minimizing data buffering requirements or increasing the number of data transfers that occur in registers, can be incorporated in a manner that does not conflict with the goal of code compactness. >
Associations between Crab Morphology and Gastropod Shell Species in the Hermit Crab Pagurus Longicarpus

ABSTRACT Recent studies show that the allometric relationships between hermit crab chelipeds and cephalothorax can be affected by the type of shell occupied, and that this relationship probably results from poorly fitting shells restricting the overall growth of crabs (the stunting hypothesis). The extent of this phenomenon in natural populations is unclear. In this study, discriminant function analysis was used to test whether the shell species occupied by individual Pagurus longicarpus could be predicted based on crab morphology. The relative cheliped size of male hermit crabs varied among shell species; crabs occupying shells of Nassarius vibex and Turbo castanea had the smallest chelipeds, and those occupying shells of Polinices duplicatus had the largest. These patterns were inconsistent with the stunting hypothesis because there was generally not an association between the relative size of a crab's gastropod shell and its cheliped morphology. When such an association was present, crabs occupying relatively large shells had relatively large chelipeds; the opposite pattern is predicted by the stunting hypothesis. The relationships predicted by the stunting hypothesis may not have been seen because the crabs may not have occupied their shells long enough for the effect to occur. The observed patterns were consistent with a hypothesis that suggests cheliped morphology and shell species occupancy change ontogenetically, creating an apparent relationship between shell species and cheliped shape.
Some Multiplicative Functionals

This note concerns itself primarily with the representation of continuous multiplicative functionals on L 2 types of rings or Banach algebras to the real or complex fields where convolution is taken as the ring multiplication. In a recent publication [1] such functionals were studied for the continuous function ring C(S) over a compact space S.
Nostalgia and Modernity in Two Recent “Paris” Films

Paris has long occupied a central position in cinema, both as the place where filmmaking pioneers such as Melies and the Lumiere brothers screened their works and as a setting or a topic for both F...
Enantiomeric excesses of chiral amines in ammonia-rich carbonaceous meteorites

Abstract Chiral homogeneity is essential to the structure and function of terrestrial biopolymers but the origin of this “homochirality” is poorly understood and remains one of the many unknowns surrounding the origins of life. Several amino acids extracted from Carbonaceous Chondrite meteorites display l -enantiomeric excesses ( ee ) and their findings have encouraged suggestions that an input of non-racemic meteoritic compounds to early Earth might have led to terrestrial homochirality. Motivated by occasional indications of possible ee in other classes of soluble meteoritic compounds, we have undertaken a systematic study of the chiral distribution of amines in Renazzo-type (CR) meteorites, where they are the second most abundant organic molecular species and ammonia is by far the most abundant single molecule. We report here the first time finding of l - ee for two chiral amines in several pristine CR meteorites from Antarctica and outline a proposal by which the compounds possibly formed from the same ketone precursors as some of the chiral amino acids. This would occur during a warm hydrous stage of the asteroidal parent body, via a reductive amination process in the presence of a large abundance of ammonia, where the precursors' adsorption upon mineral phases possessing asymmetry offered the opportunity for chiral induction. Because the precursor ketones are achiral, the proposal underscores the likelihood of diverse asymmetric influences and processes in cosmochemistry.
Comparison of three methods for identifying the heelstrike transient during walking gait

Impulsive, or high rate, loading contributes to cartilage degradation and is commonly identified via the heelstrike transient (HST) in the vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) during gait. Investigation of the HST may improve our understanding of knee osteoarthritis mechanical pathogenesis. However, the most appropriate method for objectively identifying the HST is unclear. Twenty-eight healthy subjects walked at a self-selected pace while vGRF data were captured. The efficacies of three HST identification methods (Radin, Hunt, and Modified Hunt) were evaluated using vGRF data lowpass filtered at three frequencies (raw/unfiltered, 75Hz, and 50Hz). Both the HST identification method and lowpass filter frequency influenced whether a HST was identified and whether a subject was classified as an "impulsive loader" (i.e. HST identified in 3 of 5 trials). The methods identified different phenomena in the vGRF, with the Radin and Modified Hunt methods identifying the HST 11-16ms following ground contact and the Hunt method identifying the HST 83-122ms following ground contact. Lowpass filtering the vGRF at 75Hz and implementing the Radin method was the most effective approach for identifying the HST. Future longitudinal observations are necessary to determine if specific HST criteria are indicative of knee osteoarthritis development and progression.
Maximum wind energy tracking based on fuzzy sliding mode control for wind power generation system

A strategy of fuzzy sliding mode control is developed for the maximum wind energy tracking,which establishes the sliding mode switch surface based on the state variables of the rotational speed and electromagnetic torque of generator to obtain the equivalent control law and switching control law.The rule inference method is applied based on the state of sliding mode surface to achieve the fuzzy sliding mode control law,which softens the switching control and weakens the sliding mode control chattering.The maximum wind energy tracking of 1.5 MW wind power generator unit is studied according to its optimal operating region and simulative results show that,the introduced control strategy adjusts the rotational speed of wind turbine to accurately follow the wind speed,keeps the output power of wind turbine in the optimal operating region and maintains the optimal tip-speed ratio and maximum power coefficient,which reduces the mechanical load of unit while captures the maximum wind energy.
Everyday Food Science as a Design Space for Community Literacy and Habitual Sustainable Practice

Focusing on food as a platform for everyday science, this paper details our fieldwork with practitioners who routinely experiment with preserving, fermenting, brewing, pickling, foraging for, and healing with food. We engage with these at-home science initiatives as community-driven efforts to construct knowledge and envision alternatives to top-down modes of production. Our findings detail the motivations, challenges, and workarounds behind these practices, as well as participants' hybrid lay-professional knowledge, and the iterative mechanisms by which their expertise is scaffolded. Our paper contributes to CHI's amateur/citizen science research by examining how social, digital, and physical materials shape scientific literacy; and to sustainable HCI by presenting habitual practice as an alternative (bottom-up) form of food production and preservation.
Resource Depletion and Habitat Segregation by Competitors Under Predation Hazard

Individuals of different sizes in size-structured populations often differ greatly in the use of resources and/or space. Spectacular examples include shifts, within a lifetime, from carnivory to herbivory (e.g., some turtles; Clark and Gibbons 1969), or from herbivory to carnivory (e.g., some copepods; Neill and Peacock 1980), or from aquatic to terrestrial habitats (e.g., many amphibians). Many other species show large shifts in prey size or habitat use as they grow, but yet other species show little difference across sizes (Fraser 1976; Polis 1984; Werner and Gilliam 1984; Persson this Vol.). Thus, patterns of resource and habitat use within a species vary from complete segregation between two given size classes, to partial overlap, to complete overlap. The presence or absence of such diet or habitat segregation between different size classes can greatly affect population structure and dynamics. For example, the degree of overlap between different size classes influences population stability, and the intensity of competition between classes influences, in interesting ways, whether increases in the density of a given class increases or decreases the density of other classes (Tschumy 1982; Mittelbach and Chesson 1987; Ebenman this Vol.).
Alterations in Mineral Metabolism in the Aging Male

Publisher Summary Although osteoporosis is more common in women than in men, an increasing prevalence in men has been recognized over the past several decades. After peak bone mass is achieved, there is a decline in bone mass of approximately 0.5%/year. Alterations in the synthesis, metabolism and responsiveness of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are intrinsic to the aging process. While such changes in vitamin D and PTH could be causally related to the age-associated changes in bone mass, some hormonal changes may be adaptive, serving to protect the aging skeleton from further weakening. This chapter reviews how age-related changes in mineral metabolism, from the cellular to the hormonal level, are involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in men.
Accelerated aging studies of distribution transformers containing naphthenic and paraffinic mineral oils

To evaluate the behavior of paraffinic oils in long term service in transformers, twenty-eight oil-filled 25KVA distribution transformers were subject to accelerated aging tests. Three paraffinic oils, a blend of a fourth paraffinic oil and a traditional naphthenic oil and the naphthenic oil alone were examined. The aging procedure was based on the IEEE Standard 345-72 test procedure. Periodically electrical end- point tests were performed. When the transformers had exceeded five times the loading guide life expectancy, they were taken to breakdown electrically and the failure modes were examined. Oil samples were periodically analyzed. In many cases, the transformers were exposed to additional oxygen using a controlled leak in order to increase the rate of degradation of the insulation system. The behavior of the transformers and the changes in oil quality during aging are discussed. The results of these tests are compared with the changes found in tube aging and oxidation tests. This work was part of a program sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute.
A Truncated Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor Receptor (G-CSFR) Inhibits Apoptosis Induced by Neutrophil Elastase G185R Mutant: IMPLICATION FOR UNDERSTANDING CSF3R GENE MUTATIONS IN SEVERE CONGENITAL NEUTROPENIA *

Mutations in ELANE encoding neutrophil elastase (NE) have been identified in the majority of patients with severe congenital neutropenia (SCN). The NE mutants have been shown to activate unfolded protein response and induce premature apoptosis in myeloid cells. Patients with SCN are predisposed to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and progression from SCN to AML is accompanied by mutations in CSF3R encoding the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) in ∼80% of patients. The mutations result in the expression of C-terminally truncated G-CSFRs that promote strong cell proliferation and survival. It is unknown why the CSF3R mutations, which are rare in de novo AML, are so prevalent in SCN/AML. We show here that a G-CSFR mutant, d715, derived from an SCN patient inhibited G-CSF-induced expression of NE in a dominant negative manner. Furthermore, G-CSFR d715 suppressed unfolded protein response and apoptosis induced by an SCN-derived NE mutant, which was associated with sustained activation of AKT and STAT5, and augmented expression of BCL-XL. Thus, the truncated G-CSFRs associated with SCN/AML may protect myeloid precursor cells from apoptosis induced by the NE mutants. We propose that acquisition of CSF3R mutations may represent a mechanism by which myeloid precursor cells carrying the ELANE mutations evade the proapoptotic activity of the NE mutants in SCN patients.
Sinhala Buddhist Appropriations of Indic Cultural Forms: Literary Imitations and Conquests

the development of Sinhala literature and Buddhist culture in Sri Lanka between the tenth and sixteenth centuries ce reveals a complex negotiation of appropriating elements of Indic culture and distinguishing their Sinhala variants. Vernacular traditions of writing and worshipping emphasized the island’s differences from the mainland, despite (or perhaps because of) the invasions and cultural imports from South India. Examining the use of a literary vernacular, praise poetry, and messenger poetry in Sinhala, this article explores medieval Sri Lankan efforts to appropriate and ultimately rival the literary and religious cultures from the neighboring subcontinent.
The Importance of Age on Short-Term Outcomes Associated With Repair of Giant Paraesophageal Hernias

Background Older patients have an increased incidence of paraesophageal hernia (PEH) and can be denied surgical assessment due to the perception of increased complications and mortality. This study examines the influence of age and comorbidities on early complications and other short-term outcomes of PEH repair. Methods From 2000 to 2016, data of surgically treated patients with PEH were prospectively recorded in an Institutional Review Board–approved database. Only patients whose hernia involved over 50% of the stomach were included. Patients were stratified by age ( Results Overall, 524 patients underwent surgical PEH repair ( Conclusions PEH repair is safe in physiologically stable patients, irrespective of age. Incidence of complications is higher in older patients, but complication severity and mortality are similar to those of younger patients. Patients with giant PEH should be given the opportunity to review treatments options with an experienced surgeon.
Removal of micropollutants in biofilters: Hydrodynamic effects on biofilm assembly and functioning.

Abstract Global water resources contain a variety of micropollutants (MPs), including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and pesticides. This study investigated the removal of MPs during drinking water production by means of biofiltration. The objective of this work was to investigate the influence of hydrodynamics on biofilm growth and development in a biofiltration process and the consequent effect on MP biotransformation rates. We operated three groups of biofiltration columns continuously for 381 days under three distinct hydrodynamic regimes (superficial velocity: 10, 20, 40 cm h −1 ) and fed them a mixture of 29 micropollutants at low concentrations. Total protein concentrations were used as a surrogate measurement for attached biomass and periodic tracer experiments were conducted to estimate dispersivity and assess changes in the depth of the biological zone in each biofilter. These data revealed significant differences in biofilm assembly among the biofilters; higher superficial velocities led to less concentrated surface biomass but a deeper biological zone and more total biomass. Eleven of the 29 MPs were biotransformed and nine of those could be evaluated to estimate biotransformation rates. The second-order rate constants for all nine MPs were not significantly different among the hydrodynamic regimes. However, a depth-based analysis of biotransformation rates revealed significantly greater second-order rate constants for 5 of the MPs at increasing biofilter depths, suggesting that sparse microbial communities found in deeper and more oligotrophic biofilters had a greater activity for the biotransformation of these MPs. The identification of several transformation products at similar relative distributions suggests that the greater activity was not the result of changing metabolic processes under more oligotrophic conditions. These results improve our fundamental understanding of biofilm assembly and functioning in biofiltration processes.
Addressing the crisis in curriculum studies: curriculum integration that bridges issues of identity and knowledge

Many people from non-dominant backgrounds or believers from various religions want their children to acquire the best modern knowledge and to remain open to their home cultures and beliefs. However...
Effects of activity intensity, time, and intermittent doffing on daily limb fluid volume change in people with transtibial amputation.

Background:The volume of a prosthesis user’s residual limb changes during the day and may affect the fit of the prosthesis. These changes must be managed by the user to prevent discomfort, skin bre...
On Pedagogy and Andragogy: Balancing the Learning Needs of Pre-Service and In-Service MPA Students

Traditional pedagogic and andragogic methods alone do not effectively meet the learning needs of the pre-service and in-service mix of students who populate MPA programs. The author briefly describ...
Challenges and innovations in interprofessional education: Promoting a public health perspective

Public Health has been a key contributor in the Interprofessional Education Collaborative expert panel for Interprofessional Education (IPE) programs; however, limited programs have directly addressed population health concepts such as social determinants of health and health disparities in healthcare, which directly impact the health and well-being of patients. Thus, this study presents the development and implementation of population health concepts within a traditional, clinically focused IPE program. Within the IPE program conducted in 2016, more than 575 students from 12 health-related disciplines participated in a 4-month academic course. A new curriculum was developed that included a new module on social determinants of health. Previously developed sessions on roles and responsibilities, standardized patient interviewing, patient care planning, and patient safety were re-examined to incorporate the concepts of social determinants of health and health disparities. Course evaluations reported higher mean scores for each new session when compared to scores from previous years evaluation, when social determinants of health had not been addressed. Findings from this evaluation highlight the importance of developing innovative experiential learning experiences that include public health concepts within IPE in order to create a more fulfilling and enriched curriculum to better prepare healthcare students to address the social determinants of health that they will be encountering in their future practice.
Integrated landscape of copy number variation and RNA expression associated with nodal metastasis in invasive ductal breast carcinoma

// Michael Behring 1, 2 , Sadeep Shrestha 1 , Upender Manne 2, 3 , Xiangqin Cui 4 , Agustin Gonzalez-Reymundez 5, 6 , Alexander Grueneberg 6 and Ana I. Vazquez 5, 6 1 Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA 2 Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA 3 Department of Pathology and Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA 4 Biostatistics Department, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA 5 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA 6 Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Correspondence to: Michael Behring, email: behringm@uab.edu Ana I. Vazquez, email: avazquez@msu.edu Keywords: breast cancer; lymph node metastasis; integrated genomics; copy number variation; differential expression Received: February 14, 2018 Accepted: October 31, 2018 Published: December 07, 2018 ABSTRACT Background: Lymph node metastasis (NM) in breast cancer is a clinical predictor of patient outcomes, but how its genetic underpinnings contribute to aggressive phenotypes is unclear. Our objective was to create the first landscape analysis of CNV-associated NM in ductal breast cancer. To assess the role of copy number variations (CNVs) in NM, we compared CNVs and/or associated mRNA expression in primary tumors of patients with NM to those without metastasis. Results: We found CNV loss in chromosomes 1, 3, 9, 18, and 19 and gains in chromosomes 5, 8, 12, 14, 16-17, and 20 that were associated with NM and replicated in both databases. In primary tumors, per-gene CNVs associated with NM were ten times more frequent than mRNA expression; however, there were few CNV-driven changes in mRNA expression that differed by nodal status. Overlapping regions of CNV changes and mRNA expression were evident for the CTAGE5 gene. In 8q12, 11q13-14, 20q1, and 17q14-24 regions, there were gene-specific gains in CNV-driven mRNA expression associated with NM. Methods: Data on CNV and mRNA expression from the TCGA and the METABRIC consortium of breast ductal carcinoma were utilized to identify CNV-based features associated with NM. Within each dataset, associations were compared across omic platforms to identify CNV-driven variations in gene expression. Only replications across both datasets were considered as determinants of NM. Conclusions: Gains in CTAGE5 , NDUFC2 , EIF4EBP1 , and PSCA genes and their expression may aid in early diagnosis of metastatic breast carcinoma and have potential as therapeutic targets.
An origami paper-based bacteria-powered battery

Abstract A fully-integrated self-powered system on paper will work independently and self-sustainably as a low-cost and disposable diagnostic device in challenging field conditions such as resource-limited and remote regions. The paper-based power source is essential to create the paper-based system. In this work, a stackable and integrative 3-D paper-based bacteria-powered battery was developed. The battery was capable of generating power from microbial metabolism, delivering on-board energy to the next generation of paper-based systems with one drop of bacteria-containing liquid derived from renewable and sustainable water and wastewater sources (e.g. wastewater, municipal wastes, biomass and watershed) that are readily accessible in the local environment. An inexpensive air-breathing cathode was also created on paper with activated carbon on the sprayed Nickel electrode. By applying origami techniques, compact and stackable 3-D battery structures were created from 2-D sheets through high degrees of folding along pre-defined creases. The bacterial culture was added into two common inlets of the folded battery stack, through which it was transported into each battery. For operation, the battery stack was unfolded to expose all air-cathodes to the air, thereby maximizing their cathodic reactions.
Severe acute dehydration in a desert rodent elicits a transcriptional response that effectively prevents kidney injury

Animal living in desert environments are forced to survive despite severe heat, intense solar radiation, and both acute and chronic dehydration. Indeed, these animals have evolved phenotypes that effectively address these environmental stressors. To begin to understand the ways in which the desert adapted rodent P. eremicus survives, we performed an experiment by which we subjected reproductively mature adults to profound acute dehydration, during which they lost on average 23% of their body weight. Animals react via a series of changes in the kidney, which include modulating expression of genes responsible for reducing the rate of transcription, and maintaining water and salt balance. Extracellular matrix turnover appears to be decreased, and apoptosis is limited. Serum Creatinine and other biomarkers of kidney injury are not elevated, which is different than the canonical human response, suggesting that transcriptional changes caused by acute dehydration effectively prohibit widespread kidney damage in the cactus mouse.
A Numerical Study of Thermal-Hydraulic-Mechanical Simulation With Application of Thermal Recovery in Fractured Shale-Gas Reservoirs

In this article, we present general formulations to simulate gas production in fractured shale gas reservoirs for the first time, with fully coupled thermal-hydraulic-mechanical (THM) properties.This study provides some fundamental insight into real gas flow in nano-pore space and gas adsorption/desorption behavior in fractured gas shales under various in-situ conditions and sets a foundation for future research efforts in the area of enhanced recovery of shale gas reservoirs.
Genetic toxicology data in the evaluation of potential human environmental carcinogens.

Abstract In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated the Monographs Programme to evaluate the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. Results from short-term mutagenicity tests were first included in the IARC Monographs in the mid-1970s based on the observation that most carcinogens are also mutagens, although not all mutagens are carcinogens. Experimental evidence at that time showed a strong correlation between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity and indicated that short-term mutagenicity tests are useful for predicting carcinogenicity. Although the strength of these correlations has diminished over the past 20 years with the identification of putative nongenotoxic carcinogens, such tests provide vital information for identifying potential human carcinogens and understanding mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The short-term test results for agents compiled in the EPA/IARC Genetic Activity Profile (GAP) database over nearly 15 years are summarized and reviewed here with regard to their IARC carcinogenicity classifications. The evidence of mutagenicity or nonmutagenicity based on a `defining set' of test results from three genetic endpoints (gene mutation, chromosomal aberrations, and aneuploidy) is examined. Recommendations are made for assessing chemicals based on the strength of evidence from short-term tests, and the implications of this approach in identifying mutational mechanisms of carcinogenesis are discussed. The role of short-term test data in influencing the overall classification of specific compounds in recent Monograph volumes is discussed, particularly with reference to studies in human populations. Ethylene oxide is cited as an example.
Orthodontic and surgical management of a patient with severe mandibular deficiency and asymmetry with condylar hypoplasia using 3-dimensional surgical planning in combination with a modified surgery-first approach

Progressive improvements in digital technology and surgical techniques have synergized the speed, predictability, and favorable outcomes for patients undergoing surgical-orthodontic treatment with handicapping dentofacial deformities. This case report will demonstrate the management of a patient with severe mandibular hypoplasia, condylar hypoplasia, and mandibular asymmetry. The dentofacial deformity, and consequently, the unaesthetic facial appearance, led to psychosocial stress, symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness, and functional limitations, especially related to mandibular movements. A modified surgery-first approach was used, which was successfully performed using computer-assisted surgical planning. Postsurgical orthodontics was accomplished with the aid of temporary skeletal anchorage mini-plates. An additional alloplastic enhancement of the chin addressed the severe microgenia, which the osseous advancement could not achieve. This resulted in a total advancement of the pogonion by 26 mm yielding a remarkable improvement in the patient's facial esthetics. Furthermore, a considerable improvement in mandibular function and reduction in daytime sleepiness occurred. The severe malocclusion with a discrepancy index value of 47 was treated to a successful final occlusion in 21 months of treatment time.
Integrated-Flow Active Cooling for the Thermal Management of Reflective Optics under High-Average-Power Load

We developed multi-physics numerical models for high-power reflective optics with integrated active cooling of low-expansion ceramic substrates. They predict a 400× improvement in average-power handling versus passive cooling.
COVID-19: Health and Economic Impacts of Societal Intervention Policies in the U.S

Intervention policies, like stay-at-home orders, are shown to be effective in controlling the spread of the novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) However, concerns over economic burdens of these policies have propelled U S states to move towards reopening Decision-making in most states has been challenging, especially because of a dearth of quantitative evidence on health gains versus economic burdens of different intervention policies To assist decision-makers, we make use of detailed data from 51 U S states on various factors, including number of tests, positive and negative results, hospitalizations, ICU beds and ventilators used, residents' mobility, and deaths, and provide an analytical framework to measure per capita total costs versus quality-adjusted life years (QALY) under various intervention policies Our results show that, compared to a hypothetical no intervention during March-June 2020, the policies undertaken across the U S on average saved each person up to 4 04 days worth of QALY while incurring $3,284 67 for him/her Had the states undertaken more strict policies during the same time frame than those they adopted, the increase in the average QALY and cost per person would be up to 6 days and $4,953 81, respectively We also find that stricter policies are not cost-effective at the typical willingness-to-pay rates Imposing such strict policies, however, may be inevitable in the near future, especially if the risk of a second wave of COVID-19 increases Finally, in addition to quantifying the health and economic impacts of intervention policies, our results allow federal and state authorities to avoid following a “one-size-fits-all" strategy, and instead enact policies that are better suited for each state
Mems-Enabled Quantum Atomic Magnetometers

Sensors based on quantum-effects in atoms have seen rapid transitions from proof-of-principle experiments to commercial devices. Quantum atomic magnetometers based on alkali vapor cells benefit from high sensitivities combined with simple optical setups. This can be beneficial for magnetic imaging applications that need large numbers of pixels. We have designed a magnetographic proof-of-principle camera. We evaluated the detections limits for magnetic fields on a single pixel as a function of pixel size and compared it to our theoretical predictions. With this, we conclude that a camera with a sensitivity of on the order of 200 fT/√Hz, a pixel size of (100 μm)3 should be scalable large arrays of pixels in the future.
Bayesian Generalized Linear Mixed-Model Analysis of Language Samples: Detecting Patterns in Expository and Narrative Discourse of Adolescents With Traumatic Brain Injury.

Purpose Generalized linear mixed-model (GLMM) and Bayesian methods together provide a framework capable of handling a wide variety of complex data commonly encountered across the communication scie...
Investigation of ReRAM Variability on Flow-Based Edge Detection Computing Using HfO 2 -Based ReRAM Arrays

Resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) memristors are promising candidates for various compute in memory and flow-based computing approaches. As an alternative to traditional von Neumann computation, flow-based computing avoids serial movement of data between memory and processor. In this paper, we demonstrate arrays of 1 transistor 1 ReRAM (1T1R) to detect edges between 8 bit pixels using flow-based computing, and the effects of stochastic variation of ReRAM on edge detection outputs. Three different $\text{R}_{\mathrm {off}}/\text{R}_{\mathrm {on}}$ resistance ratios (1.5:1, 2.5:1 or 28.6:1) were utilized to implement multiple flow-based edge detection computation matrices for 8 bit pixels. Edge detection was distinguishable for all $\text{R}_{\mathrm {off}}/\text{R}_{\mathrm {on}}$ ratios used, for all flow-based computing matrices. However, the binary output resistance ratio of the matrices improved 3-fold when the patterned $\text{R}_{\mathrm {off}}/\text{R}_{\mathrm {on}}$ ratio was increased to 28.6:1. A Gaussian simulation of ReRAM resistance variability validates the experimental data, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9547. These results suggest a trade-off between the flow-based edge detection output ratio and the variability of the ReRAM resistance in $\text{R}_{\mathrm {off}}/\text{R}_{\mathrm {on}}$ resistance ratio.
Psychotherapeutic Procedures with the Retarded

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews research studies that concern psychotherapeutic procedures with the mentally retarded. The chapter focuses on the studies reported from 1955 to the present. It presents a survey that illustrates a variety of available psychotherapeutic techniques that may be used for the mentally retarded. These procedures can be utilized within either a primarily directive or a primarily nondirective or eclectic approach. The chapter discusses group psychotherapy as well. Most clinicians and research workers in the field recognize that mental retardates are subject to emotional trauma and difficulties incidental to their intellectual limitations and that they respond, in varying degrees, to psychotherapeutic assistance. Most retardates are incapacitated more by their emotional problems than by their low intellectual functioning, and therefore psychotherapy with this group is of vital importance.
Decision Making and the Efficient Set

As was discussed in Section 1.2 the optimal solution to a multiple-objective optimization problem must be nondominated. But, there are likely to be a great many nondominated solutions for a given problem. The choice from among these nondominated solutions is determined by the decision maker’s preferences among the multiple objectives. The goal and compromise programming approaches discussed can be used to specify an a priori functional representation of the decision maker’s preference structure. This functional representation can then be optimized to obtain a single “best” nondominated solution. Goal programming and compromise programming are not the only methods which take this approach but, they do illustrate the general tactic.
A design for multivariate analysis of language behaviour and language development.

By means of a short integrative survey of studies of language development the complexity of this area is demonstrated. Consequently, the use of multivariate designs and the concentration upon the performance aspects of verbal behaviour is advocated. The pragmatic and semantic aspects are analysed as the two main dimensions affecting the verbal statement. The pragmatic dimension is subdivided into person variables and variables of the behaviour setting. Further subdivisions of the person variables are made and possibilities to subdivide the other dimensions are suggested.The theoretical argument is supported by illustrative examples of the verbal behaviour of two young children. The changing composition of the communicative acts of children, which are composed of verbal and non-verbal messages are further analysed and illustrated. It is concluded that the search for language competence has to be a search for a multitude of psychological variables including competence in non-verbal communication and in the ...
Percutaneous vs surgical cryoablation of the small renal mass: is efficacy compromised?

Study Type – Therapy (systematic review) Level of Evidence 1b What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Cryoablation of the small renal mass is one amongst many minimally invasive approaches to treatment. Cryoablation can be performed both surgically and percutaneously; direct comparison of the two approaches has proven the percutaneous approach to be cheaper, less morbid, result in shorter procedure times, and shorter hospital stays, all with equal efficacy. Our study examines the decision as well as reporting process for the selection of treatment approach to determine if patients are being unnecessarily exposed to more invasive therapeutic options. OBJECTIVE • To review and analyse the cumulative literature to compare surgical and percutaneous cryoablation of small renal masses (SRMs). METHODS • A MEDLINE search was performed (1966 to February 2010) of the published literature in which cryoablation was used as therapy for localized renal masses. • Residual disease was defined as persistent enhancement on the first post-ablation imaging study, while recurrent disease was defined as enhancement after an initially negative postoperative imaging study, consistent with the consensus definition by the Working Group on Image-Guided Tumor Ablation. • Data were collated and analysed using the two-sample Mann–Whitney test and random-effects Poisson regression, where appropriate. RESULTS • In all, 42 studies, representing 1447 lesions treated by surgical (n= 28) or percutaneous (n= 14) cryoablation were pooled and analysed. • No significant differences were detected between approaches regarding patient age (median 67 vs 66 years, P= 0.55), tumour size (median 2.6 vs 2.7 cm, P= 0.24),or duration of follow-up (median 14.9 vs 13.3 months, P= 0.40). • Differences in rates of unknown pathology also failed to reach statistical significance (14 vs 21%, P= 0.76). The difference in the rate of residual tumour was not statistically different (0.033 vs 0.046, P= 0.25), nor was the rate of recurrent tumour (0.008 vs 0.009, P= 0.44). • The reported rate of metastases was negligible in both groups, precluding statistical analysis. CONCLUSIONS • Cryoablation has shown acceptable short-term oncological results as a viable strategy for SRMs. • Analysis of the cumulative literature to date shows that surgical and percutaneous cryoablation have similar oncological outcomes.
The Struggle against "Urban Renewal" in Manhattan's Upper West Side and the Emergence of El Comité

Resumen en: Through an examination of the contentious housing campaign known as "Operation Move-In" in Manhattan's Upper West Side in 1970, this essay demonstrates t...
CONCEPTIONS OF SAMPLE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO STATISTICAL INFERENCE

We distinguish two conceptions of sample and sampling that emerged in the context of a teaching experiment conducted in a high school statistics class. In one conception ‘sample as a quasi-proportional,small-scale version of the population’ is the encompassing image. This conception entails images of repeating the sampling process and an image of variability among its outcomes that supports reasoning about distributions. In contrast, a sample may be viewed simply as ‘a subset of a population’ – an encompassing image devoid of repeated sampling, and of ideas of variability that extend to distribution. We argue that the former conception is a powerful one to target for instruction.
Properties of a Hemolysin Produced by Group B Streptococci

A hemolysin that appears to be responsible for the zones of beta-hemolysis surrounding colonies of group B streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae) on blood agar plates has been isolated and partially purified. No soluble hemolysin was detectable in the supernatants of streptococcal cultures grown in several types of media. However, hemolytic activity was detected when streptococci were incubated with erythrocytes, and soluble hemolysin was isolated when bacterial suspensions were incubated in the presence of a variety of agents, including calf serum, albumin, Tween 80, and starch. Glucose and other fermentable carbohydrates stimulated hemolysin production, and metabolic inhibitors greatly reduced the titer of hemolysin that could be recovered, suggesting that cellular metabolism is necessary for hemolysin production or release. The soluble hemolysin was concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and partially purified by gel filtration. Agents known to inhibit other streptococcal hemolysins, including phospholipids, trypan blue, proteases, and cholesterol, were tested for their effect on the group B hemolysin. Only the phospholipids inhibited hemolysin activity. The group B streptococcal hemolysin appears to be similar to, but distinct from, streptolysin S produced by Streptococcus pyogenes.
Recent Developments in Quantitative Fractography

Quantitative characterization of fracture surface topography is an important aspect of quantitative fractography. This contribution is concerned with the profilometric methods for the estimation of the important descriptors of the fracture surface topography. The parameters such as fracture surface roughness, tortuosity, fraction overlap, etc. are defined, and the profilometric measurements that enable the estimation of such parameters are described. Recent experimental data on the surface roughness and fractal dimension pertaining to creep and impact fracture surfaces are presented to demonstrate the utility of the topographic parameters.