cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Security of decoy-state protocols for general photon-number-splitting attacks

Decoy-state protocols provide a way to defeat photon-number-splitting attacks in quantum cryptography implemented with weak coherent pulses. We point out that previous security analyses of such protocols relied on assumptions about eavesdropping attacks that considered treating each pulse equally and independently. We give an example to demonstrate that, without such assumptions, the security parameters of previous decoy-state implementations could be worse than the ones claimed. Next we consider more general photon-number-splitting attacks, which correlate different pulses, and give an estimation procedure for the number of single-photon signals with rigorous security statements. The impact of our result is that previous analyses of the number of times a decoy-state quantum cryptographic system can be reused before it makes a weak key must be revised.
Orientation studies of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

This paper discusses the results of a detailed study of the relationships between molecular orientation, physical properties, and molecular weight of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and their dependence on orientation variables. The molecular weight range of the samples used in this study included weight average molecular weights, Mw, between 29,000 and 65,000 which correspond to inherent viscosities, I.V., from 0.5 to 0.9. The orientation temperatures investigated were between 80 and 120°C. The extent of molecular ordering imparted by the orientation process was studied by birefringence, density, light scattering, and depolarized light intensity techniques. The results show that the degree of molecular orientation and the physical properties are strongly dependent on strain rate, extension ratio, molecular weight, and orientation temperature. The mechanical and transport properties, of PET are directly related to the degree of orientation as measured by birefringence. It is found that at a comparable level of orientation, the mechanical properties are also dependent on molecular weight, whereas the transport properties are independent of molecular weight. The degree of orientation varies according to the molecular weight of PET and stretch temperature. It is shown that for the same stretch ratio and stretch speed, the birefringence decreases with increasing stretch temperature. The light scattering results indicate that biaxial orientation of PET can lead to strain-induced crystallization. The amount and form of the crystalline structures are dependent on strain rate and orientation temperature.
Children's emotional adaptation to parental BMT.

Few studies have examined the effect of parental BMT on the family and less is known regarding the impact on children. The purpose of this prospective study was to increase understanding of children’s adaptation to the stress of parental BMT across a 12-month trajectory. Data were obtained from 61 children ages 10–18 before parental transplant, during parental hospitalization, 1, 4 , 8 and 12 months post BMT. Mixed linear modeling was used to analyze longitudinal data from children nested within families. Analyses examined change in child emotional adaptation, points of greatest vulnerability throughout the BMT trajectory and the impact of theoretically relevant variables on their adaptation. Children’s emotional adaptation became significantly more positive over time, although their level of distress remained above the norm. Pre-transplant was the period of greatest emotional distress. Negative self-esteem, disruption within the family structure, use of disengagement coping and the mother as transplant recipient were associated with more negative adaptation. Further research is needed to fully understand the effects of parental BMT on children. However, these findings point to the importance of considering the adaptation of children and its implications for the development of preventive family interventions for this vulnerable population.
Angular distributions of projectiles following electron capture from C 60 by 2.5-keV Ar 8 +

Experimental measurements of the projectile angular distributions for 2.5-keV Ar{sup 8+} ions capturing one to five electrons from a gas-phase C{sub 60} target are presented. The number of captured electrons was determined by demanding a coincidence between the scattered projectile and a charge-state-analyzed intact C{sub 60} recoil ion. The results are compared to calculations based on a dynamical classical overbarrier model. Good agreement is obtained only if the influence on the projectile trajectory by the large polarizability of the C{sub 60} target is taken into account, thereby making the collective dielectric response of the cluster target observable in a scattering experiment. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Growth and sporulation of Clostridium welchii in breast and leg muscle of poultry.

Growth of a heat resistant, food poisoning strain of Clostridium welchii was followed in raw, minced breast and leg muscle of the chicken. Within the range 22–50° growth was slightly more rapid in the leg (pH 6·5–6·7) than in the breast (pH 5·6–5·7) and was fastest in leg muscle at 50°. No growth occurred at 15 or 52°. In a comparison between chicken and turkey, inoculated breast and leg muscle were cooked for 1 h at 85° and held at 37°. Multiplication of surviving organisms was initiated much more rapidly in chicken than in turkey meat, though the growth rates were comparable in each case. Sporulation of several strains of CI. welchii, including other heat resistant, food poisoning types, was generally 10–100 times greater in leg than in breast muscle of the chicken. Differences in sporulation could be attributed both to differences in pH and type of meat.
Immunomodulatory lonophore Copolymers, T150R1 and T130R2, Induce Corticotropin from Anterior Pituitary Cells

T150R1 is a synthetic copolymer with Na+ ionophore activity. We demonstrated previously that T150R1, when injected into mice, produces rapid thymic involution with depletion of cortical thymocytes. Elevated serum ACTH and corticosterone levels, as well as abrogation of the effects of T150R1 on the thymus by adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy, suggested a pituitary-mediated mechanism. In this work, we investigated the ability of T150R1, and of the related ionophore copolymer T130R2, to stimulate ACTH in vitro from the mouse anterior pituitary cell line AtT-20. Copolymer-induced ACTH release was dose-, time-, and temperature-dependent. Hormone induction peaked at 30 degrees C for T150R1 and 37 degrees C for T130R2. The temperature dependence of ACTH release paralleled that of ionophore activity measured in red blood cells, providing evidence that the ability to induce ACTH is related to the ionophore property of the copolymers. Peak ionophore activity and hormonal release occurred at the temperatures when the copolymers form partially soluble complexes which interact optimally with cell membranes. Cotreatment with exogenous phospholipase C inhibited the effects of T150R1, which suggests that the enzyme either blocks the insertion of T150R1 into the cell membrane or that the phospholipase C-induced increase in intracellular calcium inhibits the ionophore activity of T150R1. These data support an ionophore mechanism for copolymer-induced ACTH release in which changes in the physicochemical structure of the copolymers may affect their interaction with cell membranes. The data also suggest that direct stimulation of pituitary ACTH accounts for at least some of the in vivo immunomodulatory effects of T150R1.
Electron transfer within ruthenium(II) polypyridyl-(salt bridge)-dimethylaniline acceptor-donor complexes

Abstract The kinetics of electron transfer from N , N ′-dimethylaniline to electronically excited Ru(II) polypyridyl acceptor complexes through an amidinium-carboxylate salt bridge have been investigated. Acceptor-(salt bridge)-donor complexes are formed by the 1:1 association of [(4,4′-X-2,2′-bipyridine) 2 Ru II (Mebpy-amH + )] 3+ and (4,4′-X-2,2′-bipyrdine) 2 Ru II (Mebpy-COO − )] + (X = diethylcarboxy, X = H, Mebpy-amH + = 4-methyl-4′-amidinium-2,2′-bipyridine, Mebpy-COO − = 4-methyl-4′-carboxylate-2,2′-bipyridine) to N , N ′-dimethylaminobenzoate (DMA-COO − ) and N , N ′-dimethylaminobenzamidinium (DMA-amH + ), respectively. The design of the excited state structure of the Ru(II) polypyridyl complex is crucial to a proper kinetics study of the electron transfer reaction through the salt bridge of these complexes. The reaction is photoinitiated by the metal-to-ligand charge (MLCT) transfer excitation. Ester modification of the ancillary bipyridine ligands results in an MLCT excitation that places the electron on the ligands remote to the salt bridge, clearing the way for very fast electron transfer from DMA into the Ru(II) center via the salt bridge. We observe facile electron transfer when the Ru(II) complex is attached to the amidinium-side of the salt bridge. This behavior is opposite to that previously observed by us for the oxidative quenching of Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes joined to acceptors via the same salt bridge; in this case, electron transfer out of the Ru(II) complex is fast. These results suggest that the quenching mechanism of these types of Ru(II) polypyridyl assemblies is dominated by the orientation of the salt bridge relative to the direction of electron transport.
Linear combination of forecasts with an intercept: A bayesian approach

The standard approach to combining n expert forecasts involves taking a weighted average. Granger and Ramanathan proposed introducing an intercept term and unnormalized weights. This paper deduces their proposal from Bayesian principles. We find that their formula is equivalent to taking a weighted average of the n expert forecasts plus the decision-maker's prior forecast.
Serials information on CD‐ROM: A reference perspective

Since its introduction as a library resource in 1984, the use of CD‐ROM technology has proliferated. With ongoing enhancements and a multitude of vendors offering their products on CD‐ROM, this technology is making an impact on the provision of many types of library services. Two major suppliers of serials information have now jumped on the CD‐ROM bandwagon. Beginning in 1987, the entire databases of Ulrich's International Periodicals Directory and Ulrich's Irregular Serials and Annuals have been available on CD‐ROM as Ulrich's PLUS. In 1988, EBSCO introduced the CD‐ROM version of its printed source of serials information, The Serials Directory. This study examines implications for the use of these periodical directories as reference tools and presents a comparison of the two systems.
Crop recovery of 15N from microalgae grown in simulated inorganic‐wastewater medium

Abstract A greenhouse experiment was carried out using a Decatur silt loam soil to assess the availability and recovery of algal nitrogen (labeled) which was previously grown in simulated inorganic‐wastewater medium by grain sorghum . Dried green or blue‐green algal biomass providing 175, 350 and 525 mg labeled N/kg of soil was used as sources of nitrogen. Application of 175, 350 and 525 mg N/Kg of soil as algal biomass resulted in the release of 73.2, 126.7 and 181.6 mg N for green and 85.9, 147.6 and 183.3 mg N for blue‐green algal biomass, respectively, via mineralization over a 6‐week period. These values correspond to 35 to 42% of total N applied as green and 35 to 49% of total N applied as blue‐green algal biomass. Grain sorghum plants assimilated 25 to 34% of total N applied as green algae and 24 to 45% as blue‐green algae during 6 weeks of growth. The application of above mentioned rates increased the shoots yield by 94, 82, and 65% for green algae and 88, 61, and 61% for blue‐green algae, respect...
Survey of physicians' attitudes relative to the field of surgical oncology.

Background: Surgical oncology as a distinct field of expertise is fairly young. The current study was designed to gain a better understanding of the attitude of practicing physicians toward the field of surgical oncology.
Phylogeography of the ocean quahog (Arctica islandica): influences of paleoclimate on genetic diversity and species range

The ocean quahog, Arctica islandica (Linnaeus, 1767), is a commercially important bivalve found on continental shelves throughout much of the North Atlantic. To assess genetic subdivision in this species, we sequenced 385 nucleotides of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene from 83 specimens collected from 12 localities between September 1998 and July 1999 (based on preliminary data, the Internal Transcribed Spacers, ITS, of the nuclear ribosomal repeat were not useful). The cyt b data delimited 11 haplotypes with 0.26 to 8.1% nucleotide difference (coded by 36 variable nucleotide positions) among them. Only three haplotypes were detected in 39 specimens collected along the USA coastline, compared to five haplotypes from nine Icelandic individuals. The western Atlantic populations ranging from Penobscot Bay (Maine, USA) to southern Virginia showed relatively low diversity and appeared genetically similar in that region. Based on the presence of shared haplotypes, AMOVA analyses, and phylogenetic reconstructions, Icelandic populations appear to be more genetically similar to western Atlantic populations than eastern Atlantic populations. Specimens from the Faroe Islands (n=4) show mixed affinities. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that a warm Holocene climatic optimum (ca. 7,500 years BP), and not glacial refugia, shaped the present-day genetic structure in A. islandica.
Determination of Fluoride in Atmospheric Samples Using Macrocycle-Based Ion Chromatography

Abstract The analysis of fluoride in atmospheric samples poses challenges to current available methods. Ion cnromatographic methods often suffer from interferences due to elution of the fluoride peak in the water dip and coelution of weakly retained organic acid anions. A separation system using a macrocycle-based ion cnromatographic column provides a fast, effective method for the separation of fluoride in complex matrices. The macrocycle-based system shows better resolution of fluoride than traditional ion cnromatographic methods, separating fluoride from both the water dip and the organic acid anions. Isocratic elution with a hydroxide eluent allows for a detection limit of 0.15 μM with a linear response between 0.4 and 150 μM. Results compare favorably with known values and those obtained by ion selective electrode analysis.
Prevalence of seasonal changes in mood and behavior during the winter months in central Texas

The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) was administered to a sample of students, faculty, and staff at a large state university in central Texas. Estimated prevalence rates of winter seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and subsyndromal winter SAD (S-SAD) derived from their SPAQ responses were considerably higher than expected, given the relatively low latitude of the area. Generally consistent with earlier findings, women experienced greater seasonal change in mood and behavior than men, and older individuals experienced less seasonal change than younger individuals.
Inverse scattering solutions by a sinc basis, multiple source, moment method--Part II: Numerical evaluations.

In part I, we presented a method for solving the inverse scattering problem using multiple sources and detectors. Allowance for multiple angles of incident radiation improves the ill-posed nature of the inverse problem by improving the quality and quantity of information gathered at detector points. This paper describes implementation and numerical evaluation of the method. An 11 by 11 image reconstructed from noisy scattered field data is shown to closely match the original scattering object, and the improvement possible by constraining the reconstruction to be spatially band limited is demonstrated. Furthermore, for a somewhat simpler “pseudo-inverse problem,” we give findings on the effects that detector radius, degree of overdetermination, noise, and object contrast have on reconstruction quality.
Inactivation of virus nucleic acid with glyoxal derivatives.

Abstract Glyoxal and Kethoxal (β-ethoxy-α-keto-butyraldehyde) are shown to inactivate tobacco mosaic virus and its isolated nucleic acid, the free nucleic acid being inactivated at much lower reagent concentrations. The inactivation is compared with that of formaldehyde and it is concluded that in the intact virus also it is the reaction with the nucleic acid which leads to inactivation. Spectrophotometrically it is shown that glyoxal and its derivatives react very rapidly with guanine derivatives. The properties of the reaction products of Kethoxal with guanosine and isocytosine are described and the nature of the chemical reaction is discussed. Various glyoxal derivatives which are active antiviral agents give rise to similar changes in the spectrum of guanylic acid, whereas inactive ones do not.
Difluoroorganometalate-Assisted Generation of Perfluorocarbanions from Trimethylsilyl Synthons and Their Interactions with Perfluoroaryl Compounds†

Barbier-type reactions of ICF2CF2OCF2CF2SO2F, I(CF2CF2)4OCF2CF2SO2F, and I(CF2CF2)4OCF(CF3)2 with MeMgBr and ClSiMe3 in 3:1 tetrahydrofuran (THF)/diethyl ether mixtures at −78 °C gave Me3SiCF2CF2OCF2CF2SO2F (1), Me3Si(CF2CF2)4OCF2CF2SO2F (2), and Me3Si(CF2CF2)4OCF(CF3)2 (3) in 65−89% yields. The anions in three difluorometalates, [(Me2N)3S]+[Me3SiF2]- (TASF), [Bu4N]+[Me3SiF2]- (TBAT), and [(Pip2N)3S]+[Me3SnF2]- (TPSF), were reacted with 1−3, to generate 2 equiv of Me3SiF for TASF and TBAF or 1 equiv each of Me3SnF and Me3SiF for TPSF, and the perfluoroalkyl ether nucleophiles -CF2CF2OCF2CF2SO2F, -(CF2CF2)4OCF2CF2SO2F, and -(CF2CF2)4OCF(CF3)2, respectively. The sulfonium or ammonium countercation interacted with hexafluorobenzene, monosubstituted pentafluorobenzenes, and pentafluoropyridine over a range of temperatures between −78 and 25 °C to also generate aryl carbocationic species that reacted with -CF2CF2OCF2CF2SO2F to give XC6F4CF2CF2OCF2CF2SO2F, where C−X = C−F (4), C−NO2 (5), C−CN (6), C−CF3 (7), C−...
Towards a dynamic analysis of protein trafficking in plant cells

Plants feed the world with the secretory materials that they produce and storage. Secretory materials are synthesized on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)1. They are then shipped from the ER to the Golgi apparatus to be sorted either back to the ER or to distal secretory compartments such as vacuoles and plasma membrane. The ER and Golgi are closely associated in plant cells2,3. How these two organelles communicate with each other is an important question that remains largely unanswered in plant cells. To provide further understanding of the regulation of protein export from the plant ER, we have explored the mechanisms of protein trafficking between the ER and the Golgi apparatus using live cell imaging techniques. It appears that plant cells contain multiple mobile Golgi stacks distributed over the entire cytoplasm. These stacks move with the ER by means of actin-myosin motors3,4. The domains of the ER dedicated to the export of proteins, the ER export sites (ERESs), form secretory units that move along the surface of the ER together with the Golgi stacks4,5. We also found that the integrity of Golgi and ERESs is regulated by the activity of specific GTPases, such as Sar1 and Arf14,5. Our results indicate that in plant cells the ER and Golgi form a dynamic membrane system whose components continuously cycle through the ER via a regulated membrane trafficking pathway. Interestingly, we found that the integrity of Golgi membranes depends on an active ER protein export as disruption of protein secretion from the ER determines collapse of Golgi stacks. Finally, we determined the existence of a stringent signal-regulated mechanisms for ER export of multispanning, type I and type II membrane proteins6. For example, we found that mutations of a specific di-acidic motif (DXE) in the cytosolic tail of proteins such as CASP, a Golgi matrix protein with a type II membrane topology7, cause a reduction of the export of this protein from the ER6. ER export of type I and multispanning membrane proteins is similarly regulated6. These data open interesting avenues of research into the characterization of the mechanisms that regulate protein secretion at the ER/Golgi interface. References: 1. Nicchitta CV. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2002;14(4):412-6. 2.Boevink et al. Plant J 1998;15(3):441-7. 3.Brandizzi et al. Plant Cell 2002;14(6):1293-309.4.daSilva et al. Plant Cell 2004;16(7):1753-71.5.Stefano et al. Plant J 2006; 46(1): 95-110.6.Hanton et al. Plant Cell 2005;17(11):3081-93.7. Renna et al. Plant Mol Biol 2005;58(1):109-22. IUFoST 2006 DOI: 10.1051/IUFoST:20061239
Collision Strengths for Electron Collision Excitation of Fine-Structure Levels in S III

Electron collisional excitation strengths for transitions between the 3s23p2 3P0,1,2, 1D2, and 1S0 levels and from these levels to the fine-structure levels of the excited 3s3p3, 3s23p3d, 3s23p4s, 3s23p4p, and 3s23p4d configurations of S III are calculated in R-matrix approach. We considered 49 fine-structure levels arising from the 27 LS 3s23p2 3P, 1D, 1S, 3s3p3 5, 3So, 1, 3Do, 1, 3Po, 3s23p3d 1, 3Po, 1,3Do, 1, 3Fo, 3s23p4s 1,3Po, 3s23p4p 1,3S, 1,3P, 1,3D, 3s23p4d 1,3Po, and 1,3Do states. These target levels are represented by fairly extensive configuration-interaction wave functions. The collision strengths for transitions between fine-structure levels are calculated by transforming the LS-coupled K-matrices to K-matrices in an intermediate coupling scheme. Complicated resonance structures converging to excited state thresholds are explicitly included in collision strengths. The effective collision strengths are obtained from the total collision strengths by integrating over a Maxwellian velocity distribution. These are tabulated over a wide electron temperature range (0.5-10) × 104 K.
On precipitate dissolution using the cascade slowing-down theory

Abstract The dissolution probability for precipitates under irradiation is evaluated using the cascade slowing-down theory. By using a diffusion length calculated for average recoils in a collision cascade and by including the electronic stopping effect in the theory, the results from the cascade slowing-down theory are in agreement with the computational results of Muroga, Kitajima, and Ishino. Also, the theory is consistent with experimental observations by Sekimura et al.
Randomly generated distributions

A new scheme for randomly generating probability distributions on the interval [0, 1] is introduced. The scheme can also be viewed as a way to generate homeomorphisms at random. Conditions are given so that a continuous measure with full support is generated almost surely. Geometric properties of the generated probability measures are examined, including the dimension and derivative structure of the measures and their respective distribution functions. For example, we give conditions so that almost all the distribution functions of the measures generated are strictly singular. Applications include determining average case errors for numerical methods of equation solving and Bayesian statistics.
Beam angle control kit for angle sensitive implantation

The unique dual axis tilt design of the gyro-super-disk (GSD) series end stations, as shown in figure 1, allow rapid adjustment of wafer tilt and twist angles and provide high throughput for multi-angle implantations. The treadmill of device scaling has been pushing for tighter process control in all sectors, including implant angle accuracy. Recently, there are rising demands for it to be tightened to < ±0.2°. The focus of this study is on high energy implantation with the beam angle normal (perpendicular) to the silicon wafer surface, corresponding to major axial crystal channeling. The obtained process results indicate high sensitivity in both device electrical performance and thermal-wave response to the angle variation even when it is within the original system specification of < ±0.5°. An implant beam angle control (BAC) kit was developed and tested to address the need of more accurate implant angle setup. The BAC kit includes a 2-dimentional beam angle measuring mask mounted on the implant disk, and an add-on software function to control the end station to the desired implant angle with improved accuracy, which is determined from the beam angle measuring mask. Once the beam angle measurement is performed after beam setup, but prior to wafer implant, the true implant angle will be obtained by moving the end-station disk to position. In this study, the BAC kit has been demonstrated with achieved angle accuracy of < ±0.15° after the angle variation from the beam setup is measured and compensated
Crosslinking of and Coupling to Viral Capsid Proteins by Tyrosine Oxidation

Cowpea mosaic virus is composed of 60 identical copies of a two-subunit protein organized in pentameric assemblies around the icosahedral 5-fold symmetry axis. Treatment of the virus with the Ni(II) complex of the tripeptide GGH and a peroxide oxidant, or irradiation in the presence of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and persulfate generates covalent crosslinks across the pentameric subunit boundaries, effectively stitching the subunits together. Intersubunit crosslinking was found to occur exclusively at adjacent tyrosine residues (Y52-Y103), as predicted from the X-ray crystal structure of the capsid, and to be more extensive with the photochemical ruthenium system. The Ni/GGH oxidative procedure was also used to make covalent attachments to the virion by trapping with a functionalized disulfide reagent.
Multiple scattering by random configurations of circular cylinders: Reflection, transmission, and effective interface conditions

In a previous paper, Linton and Martin [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117, 3413-3423 (2005)] obtained two formulas for the effective wavenumber in a dilute random array of circular scatterers. They emerged from a study of the problem of the reflection of a plane wave at oblique incidence to a half-space containing the scatterers. Here, their study is extended to obtain formulas for the reflection and transmission coefficients and to investigate the average fields near the boundary of the half-space. Comparisons with previous work are made.
Cell size increased in tissues from transgenic mice overexpressing a cell surface growth-related and cancer-specific hydroquinone oxidase, tNOX, with protein disulfide-thiol interchange activity.

tNOX (ENOX2), a cancer-specific and growth-related cell surface protein with protein disulfide-thiol interchange and hydroquinone (NADH) oxidase activities was overexpressed in a transgenic mouse model. Female transgenic mice grew faster than wild type as did embryonic fibroblast cells prepared from the transgenic mice. The tissue expression of tNOX mRNA was greatest in heart, lung and liver. When these tissues were analyzed for cell size, the cells from the tissues of transgenic animals were, on average, 20% larger in surface area than cells from corresponding wild-type tissues. Also analyzed were cells of intestine, spleen and kidney in which tNOX overexpression was observed but to a lesser extent. Cell size was increased as well with intestine and kidney but less so with spleen. At the end of the study, carcass weights of the transgenic animals were greater than those of wild type. This increase in carcass weight was reflected in an increase in femur weight and thickness in both male and female transgenic mice but not in femur length. Other carcass parameters such as skin weight and body fat or body fluids were unchanged or changes were insufficient to account for the increased carcass weight. The findings are consistent with the property of tNOX observed in studies with cultured cells as contributing to the enlargement phase of cell growth. J. Cell. Biochem. 105: 1437–1442, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Role of Intact Family Childhood on Women's Earnings Capacity: Implications for Evidence-Based Practices

This article examines the complexities of working with an evidence-based model to design intervention strategies benefiting individuals and families. It addresses the question, to what extent should the evidence of economic advantage for female children raised in two-parent families influence social work support for practices and policies that encourage marriage? The article reviews current research findings indicating benefits of two-parent families on children's well-being and contemporary policy prescriptions promoting marriage. It presents findings of the authors' study which considers the effects of being raised in an intact family on the economic future of young women. The evidence presented in the literature and found in our own study suggests that promotion of marriage may be a sound intervention strategy for parents interested in the economic advantages for their children later in life. For others, it may be the wrong choice based on women's personal circumstances. The association between early f...
Biblical Justice and Inclusive Education

Despite that fact that inclusion of students with special educational needs in the general education classroom has become more prevalent, concerns continue about the practice from special educators, regular class teachers, administrators, and parents. This article suggests that serving students who have a disability in inclusive settings is a way to live out justice and embody reconciliation. An understanding of “justice” from a biblical perspective, rather than simply as a legal or philosophical matter, is essential to creating a classroom environment that represents a just community.
Toleration after Babel: God‐Talk and the Politics of Reasonableness

The current debate over the place of religious claims in public discourse has, to a certain extent, become a battle over “reasonableness.” In the wake of the influential work of John Rawls, several prominent political theorists have argued that citizens have a moral duty to limit their political deliberation to a particular set of propositions that can be recognized as reasonable, while critics respond that such a limitation is not only impracticable, it is exclusionary. In this essay I return to Locke's A Letter Concerning Toleration and Kant's Conflict of the Faculties in order to show that the continuing struggle over the place of religion in contemporary liberal society is not simply the result of a failure to apply a liberal doctrine with the proper rigor and precision. It is the inevitable consequence of the enduring presence of moral disagreement that an appeal to doctrine can neither transcend nor dispel.
Visual and Acoustic Processing in Making Same-Different Judgments:

Summary.-The effect of speed/accuraq instructions on preference for coding format was studied in a sequential same-different task. Visual coding was present in both the speed- and the accuracy-instruction conditions, but acoustic coding was present only in the speed condition, and only when that condition occurred before the accuracy condition. Results are discussed in relation to the minimal-processing principle and the temporal development view of coding preference. Posner (1973) has interpreted the results of various studies of coding in same-different tasks according to a model of flexible processing in which multiple codes are assumed to be available, though not always used. From this perspective, Posner cited the need for research to determine factors which affect choice of coding and to identify differential advantages associated with visual and acoustic coding. Various factors affect coding choice, such as modality of the second stimulus (Tversky, 1969; Wood, 1974) and interstimulus interval (Dainoff, 1970; Posner, Boies, Eichelman, & Taylor, 1969). However, research has not yet answered the second need of identifying differential advantages of coding formats. The present study begins to address this question by studying the type of coding used in a sequential same-different task as a function of the subject's set for speed or accuracy. The task selected included an auditory first stimulus or target and a visual second stimulus or display with an interstimulus interval of approximately 1.0 sec. It has been demonstrated that under such conditions visual coding occurs (Wood, 1977; Yaworsky, 1974). Uppercase letters were used as stimuli, because the visual similarity of uppercase letters can be readily manipulated according to Gibson and Levin's ( 1976) data on visual letter features and because previous research has suggested that the visual codes generated from auditory targets are case specific (Yaworsky & Johnson, 1981). Generation of visual information from an auditory target can be understood as an effort to maintain efficiency, because the availability of a visual representation of the target when the display appears precludes the need for
Immunoregulatory abnormalities induced by experimental reovirus infection: functional alterations in T-cell subpopulations.

Abstract A primary anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) plaque assay system was used to analyze the effect of reovirus infection on immunoregulatory T-cells. A decrease in the plaqueforming cell (PFC) response of splenic lymphocytes was observed within 24 hr of infection with 10 9 or 10 11 particles of reovirus type 1 or reovirus type 3 and persisted for more than 7 days. In coculture experiments, T-cells from infected mice were found to produce less help to control B-cells and to suppress helper function mediated by control T-cells. This suppression did not require the presence of an Lyt1,2,3 cell. In addition, isolated Lyt1 cells from reovirus-inoculated mice provided less help than did Lyt1 cells from normal controls. These abnormalities were more marked following inoculation with reovirus type 3 than with type 1. Live virus was not required for these effects, as T-cells from mice inoculated with ultraviolet (uv)-inactivated reovirus when added to normal B-cells reproduced the effects of infection with live virus. Furthermore, these changes were not the result of alterations in the percentages or numbers of distinct Lyt-bearing T-cell subpopulations in the spleens of inoculated mice. Thus, humoral hyporesponsiveness following reovirus infection of adult mice is associated both with active T-cell suppression of B-cell help and with decreased help mediated by the Lyt1 subset.
Influence of Pitch, Twist, and Taper on a Blade’s Performance Loss due to Roughness

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of blade geometric parameters such as pitch, twist, and taper on a blade`s sensitivity to leading edge roughness. The approach began with an evaluation of available test data of performance degradation due to roughness effects for several rotors. In addition to airfoil geometry, this evaluation suggested that a rotor`s sensitivity to roughness was also influenced by the blade geometric parameters. Parametric studies were conducted using the PROP computer code with wind-tunnel airfoil characteristics for smooth and rough surface conditions to quantify the performance loss due to roughness for tapered and twisted blades relative to a constant-chord, non-twisted blade at several blade pitch angles. The results indicate that a constant-chord, non-twisted blade pitched toward stall will have the greatest losses due to roughness. The use of twist, taper, and positive blade pitch angles all help reduce the angle-of-attack distribution along the blade for a given wind speed and the associated performance degradation due to roughness. 8 refs., 6 figs.
29: A Novel Triple Umbilical Cord Blood Transplant (UCBT) Strategy to Promote NK Cell Immunotherapy (Unit 1) with a Fully Ablative Preparative Regimen Followed By a Double UCBT in Patients with Refractory AML

difference in overall survival. However, when comparing patients that survived 9 mo after transplant there were significant differences. No patient in the double UCB group experienced further events, however, in the single UCB group, there were 15 events, 13 of which were due to disease recurrence (p 0.01). Collectively, these data support the concept that the infusion of two partially HLA matched UCB units results in rapid engraftment, a higher rate of aGVHD and a lower rate of leukemia recurrence. We hypothesize that the co-infusion of two, partially HLA matched UCB units leads to increased alloreactivity and this accounts for the above findings.
NEUROPATHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT AND CLINICAL CORRELATES OF CHOROID PLEXUS HEMORRHAGE (CPH) IN A NEONATAL AUTOPSY POPULATION

To determine the incidence of neuropathologically-proven CPH and its correlation to birthweight (BW), gestational age (GA) and intrauterine growth, we reviewed the clinical courses and cranial postmortems of 81 consecutive neonates ≥500g BW who died between 6/1/80-5/31/82. Study cases represented 63% of all NICU deaths with specific exclusions for CNS malformations, severe brain autolysis and lack of parental permission for cranial postmortem. All post-mortem specimens were reviewed by a neuropathologist to determine intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) sites and extension. No hemorrhages were detected in 26 infants. Fifty-five of 81 infants had ICH (68%). Sites of ICH included periventricular (PVH;n=43) intraventricular (IVH;n=38), cerebellar (CBH;n=4), subarachnoid (SAH;n=49), and choroid plexus (CPH;n=9) areas. CPH accounted for 16% of the infants with ICH. Five of the 9 infants with CPH were ≤ 1500g BW and appropriate for GA (AGA). Two infants were between 1501-2500g BW (one AGA; one small for GA (SGA)). Of the 2 infants >2500g BW, 1 was AGA and 1 was large for GA (LGA). Isolated CPH occurred in only 1 infant (Term,LGA). CPH was the only site of initiation of IVH in 4 infants (1 Term AGA;1 Term SGA;2 Pre-Term AGA). The 4 remaining infants with CPH also had PVH with IV extension (4≤1500g, AGA). This study defines the incidence of CPH in a neonatal autopsy population and shows that CPH occurs not only in gestationally mature infants but frequently occurs in pre-term AGA infants as well. It also shows that since CPH rarely occurs as an isolated phenomenon in those babies who die, the pre-mortem diagnosis of CPH may be obscured by the existence of other sites of ICH.
Systematicity and surface similarity in the development of analogy

This research investigates the development of analogy: In particular, we wish to study the development of systematicity in analogy. Systematicity refers to the mapping of systems of mutually constraining relations, such as causal chains or chains of implication. A preference for systematic mappings is a central aspect of analogical processing in adults ( Gentner, 1980 , Gentner, 1983 ). This research asks two questions: Does systematicity make analogical mapping easier? And, if so, when, developmentally, do children become able to utilize systematicity? Children aged 5–7 and 8–10 acted out stories with toy characters. Then they were asked to act out the same stories with new characters. Two variables were manipulated: systematicity, or the degree of explicit causal structure in the original stories, and the transparency of the object-mappings. Transparency was manipulated by varying the similarity between the original characters and the corresponding new characters: it was included in order to vary the difficulty of the transfer task. If children can utilize systematicity, then their transfer accuracy should be greater for systematic stories. The results show: (1) As expected, transparency strongly influenced transfer accuracy (for both age groups, transfer accuracy dropped sharply as the object correspondences became less transparent); and (2) for the older group, there was also a strong effect of systematicity and an interaction between the two variables. Given a systematic story, 9-year-olds could transfer it accurately regardless of the transparency of the object correspondence.
Model-based detection of a moving gaseous source in a 2D spatial domain using a sensor-based grid adaptation approach

The release of gases from land or aerial-based vehicles into an environment represents accidental or deliberate action. This work considers the dispersion of a plume from a moving source and proposes a model-based estimation scheme that provides the proximity of the source location by means of a guided mobile agent that carries a sensor. The method couples grid refinement with estimation and includes a kinematic model for the mobile agent. Using Lyapunov-based method, a stable guidance scheme is provided for the spatial relocation of the moving sensor. Computational results serve to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method for 2D spatial domains and realistic parameters for the source, mobile agent, and ambient conditions.
Design of Closed-Cycle Helium Turbine Nuclear Power Plants

This paper describes the design of two closed-cycle helium turbine electric power plants using a modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor (MGR) as heat source. The MGR-GT utilizes a direct cycle with the turbine in the primary coolant loop while the MGR-GTI uses an intermediate heat exchanger. Both plants are based on current technologies and offer busbar efficiencies in excess of 45% at generating costs competitive with other nuclear or fossil systems. The MGR-GTI indirect cycle faces less technical challenge and is easier to license under current technical and institutional realities, whereas the MGR-GT direct cycle is better able to accommodate future developments in fuel and materials and is an ultimate design capable of capturing the full economic potential through further design simplicity. The two designs thus provide an evolutionary path for the commercialization of MGR gas turbine technology.Copyright © 1993 by ASME
Retinoids: New Insight Into Smooth Muscle Cell Growth Inhibition

The successful management of vascular occlusive diseases, particularly those due to procedural interventions for preexisting atherosclerosis, will likely require the targeting of numerous cellular processes rather than any 1 gene, protein, or signaling pathway. This fact is underscored by the failure of virtually all clinical trials employing pathway- or factor-specific therapeutics to limit restenosis after percutaneous vascular interventions. Retinoids are natural and synthetic derivatives of vitamin A that exert myriad effects on such cellular processes as growth, apoptosis, differentiation, and migration. As such, retinoids could be potential therapeutics to test in the context of vascular occlusive disease.1 2 3 4 Clinically, the prototypic natural retinoid, all- trans retinoic acid (atRA), effects a nearly 100% rate of remission in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia.5 Given the similarities in the pathogenesis of neoplasia and vascular occlusive lesions (ie, increased cell growth and loss of cellular differentiated properties), it is surprising that retinoids have only recently been examined with respect to cells of the vascular wall. Many retinoids exert their pleiotropic effects through the binding and activation of nuclear retinoid receptors. There are 2 families of retinoid receptors, each of which comprises 3 distinct genes. The retinoic acid receptors (RAR α, β, and γ) bind atRA and its 9- cis stereoisomer (9cRA), whereas the more weakly expressed retinoid X receptors (RXR α, β, and γ) bind 9cRA.6 Numerous retinoids have been synthesized and tested for receptor selectivity as a means of reducing the side effects associated with natural retinoid therapy. Many of these synthetic retinoids have recently found clinical utility for a number of diseases.4 Ligand-activated retinoid receptors dimerize (preferentially as an RAR-RXR heterodimer), recognize, and bind cis elements (called retinoic acid–response elements, or RAREs) in the genome to activate gene transcription. Identifying retinoid-responsive target genes is critical in …
Resuscitation--air versus 100% oxygen.

I read with interest the article by Vento et al1 that examined the important question of delivery room resuscitation of newborns with room air instead of 100% oxygen. The finding of protracted oxidative stress at 28 days in the 100% resuscitated group is both intriguing and provocative, however difficult to reconcile because of significant limitations in the methodology and data presented. Specifically, in the “Methods” section it is stated that “eligible infants showed clinical and biochemical evidence of asphyxia.” Because it is also stated that the umbilical arterial blood was obtained before the onset of resuscitation (see “Results,” page 644), it is unclear how this was accomplished and what resuscitation measures were taken while awaiting the results. This also raises the important question of how many randomized infants were subsequently excluded because they did not have biochemical evidence of asphyxia or because they were severely asphyxiated. Moreover, the arterial blood gas parameters as presented in Table 2, if obtained from the umbilical cord, were more indicative of venous rather than arterial sampling. Under normal circumstances, the Pao2 from the umbilical artery is typically low (ie, 100 mm Hg is impaired” (Fig 1). However, neither in Fig 1 nor in other components of the “Results” section are any Pao2 values >100 mm Hg presented. In Table 2, …
The Monofixation Syndrome: New Considerations on Pathophysiology

Parks' monofixation syndrome (MFS) is an abnormality of binocular vision consisting of a foveal suppression scotoma, peripheral sensory fusion, fusional vergence, and stereopsis. A majority of cases also demonstrate small angle strabismus or amblyopia, but these are secondary to the monofixation and not characteristics of the syndrome. Animal studies have begun to clarify the pathways for normal binocular vision, and anatomic and metabolic adaptations which may result in monofixation. MFS associated with small angle esotropia is the most common form, the most stable, and the form that allows for the best binocular vision. This may be due to the natural superiority of the nasal retina and its input to the visual cortex. Monofixation is a desirable state when bifixation is not possible. Nothing is gained, and much can be lost, if a cure is attempted. Very early repair of strabismus or anisometropia may prevent the development of monofixation in favor of bifixation.
Why fledge early in the day? Examining the role of predation risk in explaining fledging behavior

Predation represents the primary cause of mortality for both nestling and fledgling birds and is often greatest in the days immediately before and after nest departure. Due to the selective pressures of such high mortality rates, behaviors likely evolved to increase the survival of young. Among altricial species, fledging often occurs in the morning with most nestlings leaving within 6 h of sunrise. However , why nestlings tend to fledge in the morning and whether this strategy is a response to predation risk is unknown. We investigated how the time of day when fledging began and how rapidly broodmates fledged were influenced by nest predation rates and nest site features that affect nest predation risk. We video recorded 477 fledging events at 202 nests of 17 species. Nestlings occupying nests with greater predation risk initiated fledging earlier in the day than those at safer nests. Similarly, broodmates in riskier nests fledged over a shorter period of time than broodmates in safer nests. Our findings support the hypothesis that predation risk influences the time of day when fledging occurs. By fledging earlier and more quickly, young in high risk nests presumably decrease their chances of being depredated in the nest, whereas those occupying safer nests are likely under reduced pressure to fledge as early and quickly as possible. These results indicate that nestlings preparing to fledge likely face more complex situations than currently understood, and the timing of nest departure is an important decision made in an effort to maximize fledgling fitness.