cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating lidar and satellite optical depth with ambient monitoring for 3-dimensional particulate characterization

A combination of in-situ PM2.5, sunphotometers, upward pointing lidar and satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) instruments have been employed to better understand variability in the correlation between AOD and PM2.5 at the surface. Previous studies have shown good correlation between these measures, especially in the US east, and encouraged the use of satellite data for spatially interpolating between ground sensors. This work shows that cases of weak correlation can be better understood with knowledge of whether the aerosol is confined to the surface planetary boundary layer (PBL) or aloft. Lidar apportionment of the fraction of aerosol optical depth that is within the PBL can be scaled to give better agreement with surface PM2.5 than does the total column amount. The study has shown that lidar combined with surface and remotely sensed data might be strategically used to improve our understanding of long-range or regionally transported pollutants in multiple dimensions. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE ACTIVITY AND TOXICITY OF STILBESTROL

THE CHEMICAL NAME for a new synthetic estrogenic substance frequently referred to as diethylstilbestrol is ′,′-dihydroxy-a-b-diethylstilbene. Discovered by Dodds and coworkers (1) in 1937, it immediately aroused keen interest and in the few years following his discovery a large number of publications have appeared discussing the specific and toxic effects of this drug in animals and man. In a preliminary report the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry of the American Medical Association (2) on the basis of certain investigations (3, 4, 5) recommended that the outcome of further investigations should be awaited before official approval of this drug and its inclusion in our medical armamentarium. We have been interested in the various phases of activity and toxicity of stilbestrol for the past year and have conducted numerous animal experiments which in part tend to confirm observations already made, in part to add new data to our knowledge.
Crossbreeding effects in dairy cattle: the Illinois Experiment, 1949 to 1969.

Abstract A crossbreeding project involving the Holstein and Guernsey breeds was conducted at the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station from 1949 to 1969. All surviving male calves, 989 of the 1061 born, were sold within 2 or 3 d following birth. All surviving female calves born in the first four generations, 723 of the 788 born, were given an opportunity to conceive and produce milk. Those female calves born in the fifth generation (152 of 166 born) were placed in the University herd or sold to commercial dairy farmers. On a basis of a total of 2015 calves born, crossbreds had a 15.6% greater survival rate to sale or 1 wk of age than purebreds. Of the 778 surviving females born in the first four generations, 18.4% more crossbreds than purebreds calved once, and 24.5% more crossbreds than purebreds calved twice. For weight at 18, 24, 30, 36, and 48 mo of age, crossbreds exceeded purebreds by 5.0, 7.0, 4.4, 3.6, and 5.3%, respectively. Crossbreds were 9.3 d older at calving than purebreds and had an average calving interval that was 9.4 d longer than that for purebreds. For yield of milk, fat, protein, and SNF, crossbreds exceeded purebreds by 8.0, 8.5, 7.5, and 3.0%, respectively. The measures of survival, growth, milk yield, and reproduction were appropriately combined into an index of income produced per cow. On a basis of income per cow per lactation, crossbreds exceeded purebreds by 14.9%. On a basis of income produced per cow per year, crossbreds exceeded purebreds by 11.4%.
LOW-TEMPERATURE ANNEALING SPECTRUM OF ELECTRON-IRRADIATED GOLD AND CADMIUM

Cadmium and gold of 99.999% purity were irradiated to an integrated flux of 7.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ electrons/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ using 3-MeV electrons. The resistivity increase was 8.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ \ensuremath{\Omega}-cm in gold and 2.32\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ \ensuremath{\Omega}-cm in cadmium. The resistivity versus integrated flux curve is linear. Isothermal annealing measurements were made in the region from 8 to 51\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The resistivity annealing spectrum of gold was derived directly from the isothermal annealing curves. The spectrum consists of at least nine peaks, with 22% of the damage annealing out up to 51\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. These results confirm earlier suggestions that the radiation damage in gold is basically different from that of copper and silver. It is thought that the interstitial in gold differs from that in copper and silver. In connection with the amount of low-temperature annealing, it is thought that focusing and interstitial clustering are important. Deviations from Matthiessen's rule for gold and cadmium are in qualitative agreement with theory. Only qualitative agreement with an earlier experiment on the annealing of cadmium can be confirmed.
Synchronous communications in a lossy medium using transient waves

The problem of detecting an electromagnetic signal with the initial time variation of a rectangular pulse is presented. The medium between the transmitter and the receiver is assumed to introduce ohmic losses. The implication of additive thermal noise on the error probability and the detectable propagation velocity is investigated. The results are shown for a synchronous binary communications model in which the receiver has knowledge of the starting time of each observation interval. A correlator receiver is assumed for optimal signal detection in the mean-square-error sense. It is shown that the observable propagation velocity of the signal is a function of the receiver characteristics and the parameters of the signal used. Formulas relating the pulse width, signal-to-noise ratio, propagation distance, error probability, and the observed propagation velocity are derived. Plots for specific examples are presented. >
Lamellar keratitis following laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis

Distinguishing between an infectious or sterile lamellar keratitis is the most important first step in evaluating patients with interface infiltrates after LASIK. The mechanisms by which infectious keratitis develops are more straightforward than for DLK and deal with the introduction of microbial pathogens into the lamellar flap during LASIK. Prevention emphasizes reducing contamination risks and treating any pre-existing ocular infections. The mechanisms of the development of DLK are likely multifactorial, and factors such as microkeratome debris, eyelid secretions, other debris, epithelial defects, and bacterial endotoxin have been suggested. Overall, much remains to be elucidated in order to devise effective prevention measures.
A 64-bit decimal floating-point adder

Due to rapid growth in financial, commercial, and Internet-based applications, there is an increasing desire to allow computers to operate on both binary and decimal floating-point numbers. Consequently, specifications for decimal floating-point support are being added to the IEEE-754 Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a decimal floating-point adder that is compliant with the current draft revision of this standard. The adder supports operations on 64-bit (16-digit) decimal floating-point operands. We provide synthesis results indicating the estimated area and delay for our design when it is pipelined to various depths.
Rate dependent ventricular ectopia following acute coronary occlusion. The concept of an optimal antiarrhythmic heart rate.

Recent reports have indicated that tachycardia as well as bradycardia may be arrhythmogenic in acute myocardial infarction. The present experimental study was designed to systematically evaluate the arrhythmogenic and antiarrhythmic effect of heart rate over a wide spectrum using sinus node crush and atrial pacing. Serial recordings of the surface electrocardiograms and local electrograms for a maximum period of three hours were taken at rates of 60-200 beats/min before and after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in 24 open chested dogs. Immediately following coronary occlusion, the incidence of ventricular ectopic complexes was 7.6 ± 1.6/min at a rate of 60, and gradually decreased to 2.5 ± 0.4/min at a rate of 90 (P < 0.01). At rates of 110-150 ⪕ 1 ventricular ectopic complex/min was noted. However, at rates of 180 and above, the incidence of ventricular ectopic complexes dramatically increased with frank ventricular tachycardia and/or fibrillation being provoked on seventeen occa...
Positioning Open Access Journals in a LIS Journal Ranking.

This research uses the h-index to rank the quality of library and information science journals between 2004 and 2008. Selected open access (OA) journals are included in the ranking to assess current OA development in support of scholarly communication. It is found that OA journals have gained momentum supporting high-quality research and publication, and some OA journals have been ranked as high as the best traditional print journals. The findings will help convince scholars to make more contributions to OA journal publications, and also encourage librarians and information professionals to make continuous efforts for library publishing.
Structuring conversations on the fact and fiction of brain death.

It was conversation I was hearing, the free, passionate, witty exchanges of studied minds as polished as fine tools. (Steffens 1931, 115) Recent, high-profile cases remind us that our sophisticated...
The third-difference approach to modified Allan variance

This study gives strategies for estimating the modified Allan variance (MVAR), and formulas for computing the equivalent degrees of freedom (EDF) of the estimators. A third-difference formulation of MVAR leads to a tractable formula for EDF in the presence of power-law phase noise. The effect of estimation stride on EDF is shown. First-degree rational-function approximations for EDF are derived, and their errors tabulated. A theorem allowing conservative estimates of EDF in the presence of compound noise processes is given.
Effect of mycoplasmas on vaccinia virus growth: requirement for arginine.

SummaryVaccinia virus yields were decreased from cells previously chronically infected with M. arginini but not M. hyorhinis. This decrease was found to be a result of utilization of arginine from the medium by this mycoplasma. When added arginine was incorporated, vaccinia yields were the same as in cells not infected by mycoplasma. Thus, vaccinia virus was found to be arginine dependent.
A Comparison of the Suppressive Effects of Testosterone and a Potent New Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Antagonist on Gonadotropin and Inhibin Levels in Normal Men

GnRH antagonists have been developed in large part because of their potential use as contraceptive agents, particularly in men. Specifically, it was hoped that GnRH antagonists combined with testosterone (T) would be a more effective contraceptive regimen than T alone. We compared the suppressive effects of a potent GnRH antagonist, Na1-Glu [AcD2NaL1,D4ClPhe2,D3Pal3,Arg5,DGlu6(AA),+ ++DAla10-GnRH], and of T together and separately on serum and urinary gonadotropin and serum inhibin levels in normal men. Ten-day courses of Nal-Glu (75 micrograms/kg; Nal-Glu alone), 200 mg testosterone enanthate, im, on days 0 and 7 (T alone), and the combination (Na1-Glu + T) were given to nine men. Serum gonadotropin and inhibin concentrations decreased after 1-2 days of Na1-Glu administration, while gonadotropin suppression occurred more slowly after T alone. Serum T fell to 30% of baseline values during Na1-Glu administration. The combination of Na1-Glu + T was more effective in suppressing serum LH, FSH, and inhibin than was either Na1-Glu alone or T alone. All hormone levels returned to baseline levels within 2.5 weeks after the end of the three regimens. We conclude that the Na1-Glu GnRH antagonist effectively inhibits gonadotropin, inhibin, and sex steroid secretion when given daily for 10 days and that the administration of Nal-Glu + T results in more complete gonadotropin and gonadal suppression than that produced by either agent given alone. These results encourage further investigation of the combination of a GnRH antagonist and T as a male contraceptive regimen and of the antagonist alone as a treatment for hormone-dependent neoplasia.
Does a Famous Economist Deserve Special Standards? A Critical Note on Adam Smith Scholarship

Matters are not very much improved when we come to the historian who qualifies all this [oversimplification of Luther] by some such phrase as that â€œLuther, however, was of an essentially medieval cast of mind;â€ for this parenthetical homage to research is precisely the vice and the delusion of the whig historian.Herbert Butterfield, The Whig Interpretation of History
Unsupervised Discovery of Event Scenarios from Texts

We propose a new unsupervised learning approach for discovering event scenarios from texts. We interpret an event scenario as a collection of related events that characterize a specific situation. The approach uses the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) probabilistic model described in (Blei, Ng, & Jordan 2003) to automatically learn the probability distribution of events corresponding to event scenarios. We performed experiments on an event annotated corpus and compared the automatically extracted event scenarios with frame scenarios defined in FrameNet (Baker, Fillmore, & Lowe 1998). The results show a better coverage for those event scenarios that are described in more detail in the event annotated corpus. When compared with a smoothed unigram model, the event scenario model achieves a perplexity reduction of 93.46%.
The Origins of the Field Concept in Physics

The term, “field,” made its first appearance in physics as a technical term in the mid-nineteenth century. But the notion of what later came to be called a field had been a long time in gestation. Early discussions of magnetism and of the cause of the ocean tides had long ago suggested the idea of a “zone of influence” surrounding certain bodies. Johannes Kepler's mathematical rendering of the orbital motion of Mars encouraged him to formulate what he called “a true theory of gravity” involving the notion of attraction. Isaac Newton went on to construct an eminently effective dynamics, with attraction as its primary example of force. Was his a field theory? Historians of science disagree. Much depends on whether a theory consistent with the notion of action at a distance ought qualify as a “field” theory. Roger Boscovich and Immanuel Kant later took the Newtonian concept of attraction in new directions. It was left to Michael Faraday to propose the “physical existence” of lines of force and to James Clerk Maxwell to add as criterion the presence of energy as the ontological basis for a full-blown “field theory” of electromagnetic phenomena.
Heart rate variability: are there complex patterns?

Common wisdom dictates that the variability in biological systems contributes to their adaptability in the face of uncertainty in the environment, and that it is only the lifeless that do not express at least some form of variability. In fact, rhythmic oscillations at various time-scales, ranging from minutes to days, are ubiquitous in biological systems (Rapp, 1987). Thus, in biological sciences, variability is usually regarded as a reflection of a fundamental aspect of the system, and has always attracted a great deal of scientific inquiry. The extent of this inquiry is perhaps best exemplified by the studies of heart rate variability.
Language constructs for specifying concurrency in CDL

A description is given of language constructs for specifying concurrency in CDL*. The main goals in designing the language have been: modular specification, data integrity, and expressiveness. The language constructs are presented, and it is shown through examples how the constructs mirror the goals. The major advantages of the constructs are as follows: (1) data integrity is achieved without resorting to mutual exclusion unnecessarily, (2) dynamic resource management is achieved safely guaranteeing the anonymity of the dynamically allocating resources, and (3) similar components can be packaged together without resorting to sequential access. Various features of the language are illustrated through examples. In short, the language provides a step towards integrating abstraction mechanisms and specification techniques. Some of the features in CDL* are compared to some of the features available in other languages, including distributed programming languages. >
Tracking Cell Signals in Fluorescent Images

In this paper we present the techniques for tracking cell signal in GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) images of growing cell colonies. We use such tracking for both data extraction and dynamic modeling of intracellular processes. The techniques are based on optimization of energy functions, which simultaneously determines cell correspondences, while estimating the mapping functions. In addition to spatial mappings such as affine and Thin-Plate Spline mapping, the cell growth and cell division histories must be estimated as well. Different levels of joint optimization are discussed. The most unusual tracking feature addressed in this paper is the possibility of one-to-two correspondences caused by cell division. A novel extended softassign algorithm for solutions of one-to-many correspondences is detailed in this paper. The techniques are demonstrated on three sets of data: growing bacillus Subtillus and e-coli colonies and a developing plant shoot apical meristem. The techniques are currently used by biologists for data extraction and hypothesis formation.
The Effect of the Source Distribution on Antenna Patterns

The response pattern of an antenna is modified when the source subtends an appreciable angle. Under these conditions the observed or resultant pattern is a function of both the true antenna pattern and the source distribution. This problem is important in radio astronomy and in radar. The general problem is formulated and solved for the particular case of a radio telescope antenna consisting of a 40 wavelength broadside array. Graphs are presented showing the effect of sources of various widths on the observed patterns. Using such graphs it is possible to deduce the approximate source extent from an observed pattern. The direct analytical solution for the source distribution from the observed pattern is also considered and the limitations of the various methods are discussed.
The Influence of Overweight and Obesity on Maternal Soluble fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 1 and Its Relationship With Leptin During Pregnancy:

We studied obesity-related differences in the relation of maternal levels of leptin to levels of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1), an antiangiogenic protein that influences placentation and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. In a prospective cohort of 286 gravidas, we measured maternal serum levels of sFlt1 and leptin at 5 time points across pregnancy. Analyses stratified on prepregnancy body mass index (<25 vs ≥25) were done using mixed linear models. The mean leptin concentrations were significantly higher in overweight/obese compared to normal-weight women, while mean sFlt1 levels in second and third trimester were significantly higher in normal weight compared to overweight/obese women. The relationship between sFlt1 and leptin differed between the 2 strata. After controlling for maternal weight, a 1 ng/mL increase in leptin was associated with an 19.4 pg/mL increase in sFlt1 (P = .01) in normal-weight women, while leptin was not associated with sFlt1 (β = 1.1, P = .75) in overweight/obese women. Such differences suggest that metabolic differences in overweight/obese women compared to their normal weight peers may differentially impact the physiologic changes during pregnancy.
Angiotensin AT2 Receptor Stimulation Inhibits Early Renal Inflammation in Renovascular Hypertension

Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) counteracts most effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R). We hypothesized that direct AT2R stimulation reduces renal production of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and enhances the production of nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) in the clipped kidney of 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K1C) hypertension rat model. We used Sprague-Dawley rats to evaluate changes in renal interstitial fluid recovery levels of TNF-α, IL-6, NO, and cGMP; renal expression of AT1R, AT2R, TGF-β1, TNF-α, and IL-6 in sham and 2K1C rats treated for 4 days with vehicle, AT2R agonist compound 21 (C21), or AT2R antagonist PD123319 (PD), alone and combined (n=6, each group). Systolic blood pressure increased significantly in 2K1C and was not influenced by any treatment. Clipped kidneys showed significant increases in renal expression of AT1R, AT2R, TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β1 and decreases in NO and cGMP levels. These factors were not influenced by PD treatment. In contrast, C21 caused significant decrease in renal TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β1 and an increase in NO and cGMP levels. Combined C21 and PD treatment partially reversed the observed C21 effects. Compared to sham, there were no significant changes in TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β1, NO, or cGMP in the nonclipped kidneys of 2K1C animals. We conclude that direct AT2R stimulation reduces early renal inflammatory responses and improves production of NO and cGMP in renovascular hypertension independent of blood pressure reduction.
Teratogenic effects of herpes simplex, vaccinia, influenza-A (NWS), and distemper virus infections on early chick embryos.

SummaryHerpes simplex, vaccinia and influenza-A (XWS) viruses produced teratogenic and lethal effects in the early chick embryo. The primary teratogenic effects of all 3 viruses were micrencephaly and axial flexion, but minor characteristic differences could be detected in embryos infected with each of these agents. Distemper virus failed to produce any gross embryologic changes, although its injection led to the development of ulcerative lesions on the C - A membrane and death of the embryo.
Tale of two cultures: are there database research issues in bioinformatics?

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of biology, it was the age of computer science, it was the epoch of whole-genome sequencing, it was the epoch of high performance computing, it was the season of ab-initio discoveries, it was the season of in-silico predictions, it was the spring of mass data production, it was the winter of interoperability, we had everything before us, we had little real knowledge, we were all going to discover the origins of Life, we were all going to die for lack of a cure-in short, in this period bioinformatics has, for good or for evil, been born from the union of biology and computer science. I argue that there are exciting database research problems to be addressed within bioinformatics.
A Cross-Track Ku-Band Interferometer for Topographic and Volumetric Depth Measurements

This paper presents initial results from the lab testing of a Ku-band cross-track interferometric downconverter designed for performing topographic and volumetric depth measurements. This interferometer will be used shortly in the field for measuring topography and to determine its capacity for estimating the volumetric depth of snow.
Development and Validation of a Control-Oriented Model of a Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection Engine

Due to the increasing demands on improved fuel economy and stringent government regulations on tailpipe emissions, many automotive industries and research institutes have been looking for alternative solutions, such as diesel engines, hybrid-electric vehicles, and fuel cell technologies, over conventional port fuel injection (PFI) gasoline engines to meet the demands. On the other hand, many people in the automotive community also realize that there are still a lot of room for improvements in gasoline engine technologies, such as utilizing direct injection and/or variable valve actuation. In order to fully realize the potential benefits of such advanced technologies in gasoline engines, a well-coordinated complex control system design is essential. This paper describes the development and validation of a control-oriented mean-value model for a spark-ignition direct-injection (SIDI) engine to assist and accelerate such coordinated control system design and calibration processes via use of an engine model. The performance and accuracy of the dynamic engine model are evaluated and validated against a set of data for an engine running on a transient driving cycle.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
"Doing the Best We Could": African American Teachers' Counterstory on School Desegregation.

National narratives on the movement to desegregate Southern schools, as construed by dominant cultural forces, focus on school desegregation from the vantage point of dominant culture; portraying school desegregation as a singular and inevitable event emanating from jurisprudence and principles of democracy, with little attention to the complexities of those most impacted. This article argues the importance of including counterstory to such narratives, specifically highlighting the narratives of African American teachers. Using qualitative methods, the study this article demonstrates how African American teachers’ personal narratives of school desegregation provide a window into the complexities of school desegregation illuminating the ways in which race, social class standing, gender, and personal relationships compounded individual support, views, resistance, and participation in the movement to desegregate Southern schools.
Molecular Testing in Colorectal Carcinoma

An estimated 150,000 individuals are diagnosed with colorectal carcinoma (CRC) each year, and approximately 50,000 will die from this disease, making CRC the third leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. For this reason, an enormous amount of effort has been spent to understand the molecular pathogenesis of this disease and to develop screening tests and prognostic markers. In the last 10 years, there has been a revolution in the understanding of CRC due to the identification of multiple distinct molecular pathways. With the introduction of biologic agents that target particular subtypes of CRC, molecular analysis of CRC is becoming standard of care in surgical pathology. In this context, the authors first describe the multiple molecular pathways leading to CRC and then discuss the role of molecular testing in the diagnosis of Lynch syndrome (formerly hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma), prognosis, and therapy.
Comparison of a putative second serotype of chicken infectious anemia virus with a prototypical isolate I. Pathogenesis.

SUMMARY. CIAV-7 is a virus with similar pathogenic and physicochemical characteristics to, but antigenically distinct from, chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV). The pathogenesis of CIAV-7 was evaluated in a comparative study with a representative isolate of CIAV, the Del-Ros strain. The pathogenesis of CIAV-7 was similar to Del-Ros on the basis of the clinical disease induced and gross and microscopic lesions, although CIAV-7 produced fewer and less severe lesions overall. A second comparative pathogenesis study was performed with Del-Ros and CIAV-7, both alone and in combination with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). In this study, the pathogenesis of CIAV-7 was similar to Del-Ros in clinical, gross, and microscopic lesions in the bone marrow. However, thymic lesions were less severe in CIAV-7–inoculated birds. The interaction between Del-Ros and IBDV was synergistic, whereas there was no observed potentiation of CIAV-7–induced disease by IBDV. Progeny from breeder flocks from several geographic...
Regional vascular responses to prolonged lower body negative pressure in normal subjects.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of sustained unloading of baroreceptors in humans. The regional hemodynamic responses to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) were determined i...
Dental school application timing: implications for full admission consideration and improving diversity of dental students.

The national underrepresentation of minorities in dental schools and the dental profession is a significant concern. De - spite efforts over previous years, the number of practicing dentists from underrepresented minority (URM) groups has increased very little. Many dental schools have adopted a holistic admissions review process that uses noncognitive factors in an effort to increase diversity. However, application timing also significantly impacts the success of candidates. This study examined whether URM students' applying late in the application cycle contributes to their lower enrollment. This study attempted to fill a void in the dental admissions knowledge base by examining whether the timing of dental school applications in a rolling admissions sys- tem with a set number of interview spots favors those who apply early. De-identified applications (N=1,673) from one U.S. dental school in 2011 were examined. A binary logistic regression analysis revealed that URM applicants were significantly more likely to apply later in the admission cycle than non-URM applicants by a factor of 63 percent (p=0.001), increasing the competiveness for fewer remaining spots. These results suggest the need for pre-admission interventions and for future research to understand and address barriers that impact application timing.
New Rhynchonellid Brachiopod Genus from Tithonian (Upper Jurassic) Cold Seep Deposits of California and Its Paleoenvironmental Setting

A new brachiopod genus Cooperrhynchia is described for the species originally designated "Rhynchonella" schucherti Stanton, 1895, from the so-called Knoxville beds of northern California. A lectotype is selected for Cooperrhynchia schucherti (Stanton). An isolated carbonate lens within deep-water turbidites of the Great Valley Group (Jurassic-Cretaceous) yielded the brachiopod fossils near the town of Paskenta, western Sacramento Valley. The associated bivalve fauna indicates a mid late Tithonian age for the locality. Mollusks and the rhynchonellids Cooperrhynchia and Peregrinella are known from several scattered limestone lenses within Great Valley strata; collectively, these faunas and carbonate patches represent cold seep-associations that developed in forearc basins along the tectonically active northeast Pacific convergent margin during the late Mesozoic.
Hypohydration affects forearm vascular conductance independent of heart rate during exercise.

Elevated body core temperature stimulates cutaneous vasodilation, which can be modified by nonthermal factors. To test whether hypohydration affects forearm vascular conductance discretely from rel...
The Misuse of Top 1 Percent Income Shares as a Measure of Inequality

This paper confirms recent studies which find little or no sustained increase in the inequality of disposable income for the U.S. population as a whole over the past 20 years, even though estimates of the top 1 percent’s share of pretax, pretransfer (market) income spiked upward in 1986-88, 1997-2000 and 2003-2007. It has become commonplace to use top 1 percent shares of market income as a shorthand measure of inequality, and as an argument for greater taxes on higher incomes and/or larger transfer payments to the bottom 90 percent. This paper finds the data inappropriate for such purposes for several reasons.
Forgiveness and Problematic Substance Use

For over 75 years the process of (un)forgiveness has been anecdotally understood to play an important role in the Twelve-Step Model of addiction and recovery. However, only very recently have scholars begun to examine the empirical evidence in support thereof. Multiple dimensions and aspects of forgivingness (trait), state forgiveness, and problematic substance use are relevant to one another in the context of addiction and recovery. Models of the association between forgiveness and problematic substance use have been developed, including the conceptual identification of the process of (un)forgiveness as inherent to and/or consistent with evidence-based treatment modalities. Relevant empirical evidence is reviewed and of the 21 empirical studies in the published scientific literature, 90 % show a salutary association. Indeed, forgivingness of self may be the most important dimension of forgiveness for recovery. A future research agenda is proposed and implications for individual, public, and societal health are discussed.
Inversion of geothermal heat flux in a thermomechanically coupled nonlinear Stokes ice sheet model

Abstract. We address the inverse problem of inferring the basal geothermal heat flux from surface velocity observations using a steady-state thermomechanically coupled nonlinear Stokes ice flow model. This is a challenging inverse problem since the map from basal heat flux to surface velocity observables is indirect: the heat flux is a boundary condition for the thermal advection–diffusion equation, which couples to the nonlinear Stokes ice flow equations; together they determine the surface ice flow velocity. This multiphysics inverse problem is formulated as a nonlinear least-squares optimization problem with a cost functional that includes the data misfit between surface velocity observations and model predictions. A Tikhonov regularization term is added to render the problem well posed. We derive adjoint-based gradient and Hessian expressions for the resulting partial differential equation (PDE)-constrained optimization problem and propose an inexact Newton method for its solution. As a consequence of the Petrov–Galerkin discretization of the energy equation, we show that discretization and differentiation do not commute; that is, the order in which we discretize the cost functional and differentiate it affects the correctness of the gradient. Using two- and three-dimensional model problems, we study the prospects for and limitations of the inference of the geothermal heat flux field from surface velocity observations. The results show that the reconstruction improves as the noise level in the observations decreases and that short-wavelength variations in the geothermal heat flux are difficult to recover. We analyze the ill-posedness of the inverse problem as a function of the number of observations by examining the spectrum of the Hessian of the cost functional. Motivated by the popularity of operator-split or staggered solvers for forward multiphysics problems – i.e., those that drop two-way coupling terms to yield a one-way coupled forward Jacobian – we study the effect on the inversion of a one-way coupling of the adjoint energy and Stokes equations. We show that taking such a one-way coupled approach for the adjoint equations can lead to an incorrect gradient and premature termination of optimization iterations. This is due to loss of a descent direction stemming from inconsistency of the gradient with the contours of the cost functional. Nevertheless, one may still obtain a reasonable approximate inverse solution particularly if important features of the reconstructed solution emerge early in optimization iterations, before the premature termination.
Studies on the Pathogenesis of Leptospirosis

Despite the fact that a great deal of work has been done on the pathogenesis of leptospirosis, there remain a number of unsolved problems. It is uncertain whether the organisms can penetrate intact skin. The general concensus is' that they rapidly make their way into the circulation after injection into most species by any of the peripheral routes. In this manner they are spread to all of the organs of the body but are most easily isolated from the kidney and liver. However, it is uncertain which of the internal organs can support growth of the spirochetes. The most perplexing problem connected with this disease is the mechanism of production of the typical icteric and hemorrhagic lesions of leptospirosis. Both types of lesions have occasionally been attributed to the action of a spirochetal toxin on the tissues' or to secondary invaders following lowering of the resistance of the host by the spirochetes.2,3 There are, however, few experimental studies to substantiate these claims. A clearer understanding of the pathogenesis of leptospirosis than is now available would be of primary importance in facilitating an early and prompt diagnosis of this disease. At present, in common with many other diseases, leptospirosis usually is diagnosed on the basis of serological findings. Therefore, a definite diagnosis cannot be made until specific antibodies appear in the blood in titer high enough to be detected. Relatively few individuals now use culture or animal inoculation which might afford an earlier diagnosis. However, if certain questions were adequately answered, it is likely that these two diagnostic methods would be more common-
The comparison of three kinds of emergency detection methods applied in O139 cholera epidemic and the analysis of strains homology in Huainan

Objective To establish rapid detection method of Vibrio cholerae,so as to improve the speed and emergency detection rate for the cholera epidemic,and trace the suspected source of infection. Methods To isolate and identify bacteria,as well as conduct rapid detection with real- time PCR. Colloidal gold immune chromatography( GICA) was simultaneously used for the detection of collected watery stool,external environment water quality,food and aquatic products during dealing with cholera,and the results were compared; The separated Vibrio cholerae O139 was genotyped by pulsed- field gel electrophoresis( PFGE). Results In the three kinds of detection methods,the positive detection rate of real- time PCR and GICA was higher,that of normal bacteria isolation was lower,but these three methods had their own advantages and drawbacks; Pulsed- field condensate glue electrophoresis( PFGE) molecular typing analysis suggested the source of this infection for the O139 cholera epidemic came from snapper fish. Conclusion Fluorescence PCR for rapid detection and GICA were effective supplement for strains isolation and culture method; PFGE had the ability to distinguish good genetic homology of Vibrio cholera from different sources.
Imidoesters and the Mechanism of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Protein chemists have just begun to exploit the full potential of imidoesters, which react specifically with amino groups (1,2), for studying protein structure and function. In this article, the uses of imidoesters to investigate the role of a lysine residue at the active site of liver alcohol dehydrogenase and to prepare derivatives for other mechanistic studies are illustrated. Furthermore, the kinetics of reactions of ethyl acetimidate and the optimal conditions for protein modification are discussed. The results presented here also support several theses of protein chemistry, which can apply to other types of chemical modification.
Heme Trafficking and Modifications during System I Cytochrome c Biogenesis: Insights from Heme Redox Potentials of Ccm Proteins

Cytochromes c require covalent attachment of heme via two thioether bonds at conserved CXXCH motifs, a process accomplished in prokaryotes by eight integral membrane proteins (CcmABCDEFGH), termed System I. Heme is trafficked from inside the cell to outside (via CcmABCD) and chaperoned (holoCcmE) to the cytochrome c synthetase (CcmF/H). Purification of key System I pathway intermediates allowed the determination of heme redox potentials. The data support a model whereby heme is oxidized to form holoCcmE and subsequently reduced by CcmF/H for thioether formation, with Fe2+ being required for attachment to CXXCH. Results provide insight into mechanisms for the oxidation and reduction of heme in vivo.
Designing mid-wave infrared (MWIR) thermo-optic coefficient (dn/dT) in chalcogenide glasses

Seventeen infrared-transmitting GeAsSe chalcogenide glasses were fabricated to determine the role of chemistry and structure on mid-wave infrared (MWIR) optical properties. The refractive index and thermoptic coefficients of samples were measured at λ = 4.515 μm using an IR-modified Metricon prism coupler, located at University of Central Florida. Thermo-optic coefficient (dn/dT) values were shown to range from approximately -40 ppm/°C to +65 ppm/°C, and refractive index was shown to vary between approximately 2.5000 and 2.8000. Trends in refractive index and dn/dT were found to be related to the atomic structures present within the glassy network, as opposed to the atomic percentage of any individual constituent. A linear correlation was found between the quantity (n-3•dn/dT) and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the glass, suggesting the ability to compositionally design chalcogenide glass compositions with zero dn/dT, regardless of refractive index or dispersion performance. The tunability of these novel glasses offer increased thermal and mechanical stability as compared to the current commercial zero dn/dT options such as AMTIR-5 from Amorphous Materials Inc. For IR imaging systems designed to achieve passive athermalization, utilizing chalcogenide glasses with their tunable ranges of dn/dT (including zero) can be key to addressing system size, weight, and power (SWaP) limitations.
Stimuli-sensitive nanoparticles for multiple anti-HIV microbicides

This study is aimed to develop and evaluate an advanced intravaginal formulation for the delivery of multiple anti-HIV microbicides. Novel stimuli-sensitive nanoparticles (NPs) which protected the encapsulated drugs from being degraded in acidic pH conditions were made of Eudragit S-100® (ES100®), a pH-sensitive polymer. ES100® NPs were prepared using the quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion technique and loaded with two microbicides namely Tenofovir (TNF) and Etravirine (ETV). The effects of various fabrication parameters on the formulation properties were evaluated for the optimization of ES100® NPs. The morphology of the ES100® NPs was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The cytotoxicity of NPs containing microbicides individually or in a combination was assessed using cell viability and trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements. The cellular uptake rates of the model microbicides by human vaginal epithelial cells, VK2 E6/E7 cells, were evaluated using confocal microscopy and florescence-assisted cell sorting technique. ES100® NPs had a spherical shape, smooth surface, and uniform texture with a little aggregation. The average particle size for NPs loaded with TNF ranged from 125 to 230 nm, whereas those for ETV-loaded NPs ranged from 160 to 280 nm. ES100® NPs had zeta potential in the range of −5 to −10 mV. In-vitro release studies displayed the potential benefits of ES100® NPs in retaining and protecting the loaded microbicides at vaginal pH (acidic), but immediately releasing them as the pH changes to neutral or 7.4 (physiological pH). Cell viability studies demonstrated that ES100® NPs did not exert any cytotoxicity individually or in a combination of both microbicides. TEER measurements confirmed that ES100® NPs loaded with TNF and ETV did not cause any changes in the barrier integrity of VK2 E6/E7 cell monolayer. The cellular uptake study revealed that ES100® NPs were taken by vaginal epithelial cells through the endocytosis process and that the uptake rate of the model microbicides loaded in nanoparticles was greater than that in the solution. The ES100® NPs whose degradation rates are dependent on environmental pH would serve as an efficient platform for targeted delivery of multiple microbicides to protect women from sexually transmitted diseases including HIV-1 infection.
Gender Matters: Funding Effective Programs for Women and Girls

In 1992, the executive director of the National Council for Research on Women, Mary Ellen Capek, stated publicly that having either the word “women” or “girls” in the name of an organization seeking foundation funding was the “kiss of death.” In short, it was a sure bet that such an organization would not be funded. Her statement reflected anecdotal evidence from foundation program officers, who had seen too many funding applications from women’s organizations be turned down because of their gender focus. Additionally, her pronouncement was buttressed by national and regional research studies, which documented how the philanthropic community responded to women and girls—neither supporting organizations for them proportionate to their population or their growing needs.
Free Radical Formation by Ultrasound in Aqueous Solutions of Volatile and Non-Volatile Solutes. A Spin-Trapping Study

The creation, growth and collapse of small gas bubbles in a liquid exposed to ultrasound is called acoustic cavitation and is an effective mechanism for transforming the low-energy density of a sound field into the high-energy density characteristic of the interior and surrounding of a collapsing gas bubble. During the violent collapse of transient cavities, very high temperatures and pressures are produced which result in the thermal dissociation of water vapor into H atoms and OH radicals as the primary products of the sonolysis of water. Their formation has been confirmed recently in both continuous(1) and pulsed ultrasound(2). Reactions involving these radicals occur within the gas bubbles, at the liquid-gas interface and in the surrounding liquid. Reactions in the interior of the gas bubble are typical of those found in combustion, while those radicals that escape into the the bulk of the solution will react with other solutes as one would expect from radiation chemistry. The spin trap 3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzene sulfonate (DBNBS) was used as the spin trap for sonolysis studies since the sulfonate group ensures non-volatility.
Genetics and Eugenics: A Personal Odyssey

The science of genetics arose to study the transmission of physical characteristics from parents to their offspring. When closely studied, much variation exists for virtually any characteristic, say, in size or color, among the members of all species, be they flies, dogs, or ourselves, the members of the Homo sapien? species. The origin of his variability long fascinated the scientific world, which already in the nineteenth century asked how much of this variation is due to environmental causes (nurture) as opposed to innate hereditary factors (nature) that pass unchanged from parents to offspring. That such innate heredity exists could never be realistically debated. One need just look at how characteristics in the shape of the face pass through families. Ascribing, say, the uniqueness of the Windsor face to nurture as opposed to nature goes beyond the realm of credibility.
Stem Cell Concepts

One of the first features of stem cell biology that strikes an outside observer is the sheer variety of stem cells: adult, embryonic, pluripotent, induced, neural, muscle, skin, blood, and so on. What ‘core’ stem cell concept unifies this long (and expanding) list? The straightforward answer is that a stem cell can both self-renew and give rise to other, more differentiated, cells.6 This general definition appears in influential textbooks, journal articles, and statements by scientific organizations. For example: (a) [A] working definition of a stem cell is a clonal, self-renewing entity that is multipotent and thus can generate several differentiated cell types. (b) Stem cells are defined as having the capacity to both self-renew and give rise to differentiated cells. (c) Stem cells are distinguished from other cell types by two important characteristics. First, they are unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division, sometimes after long periods of inactivity. Second, under certain physiological or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue-or organ-specific cells with special functions. (d) Stem cell: a cell that can continuously produce unaltered daughters and also has the ability to produce daughter cells that have different, more restricted properties.7