cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transitional masculinities in a labyrinth of solitude: Replacing patriarchy in Spanish film (1977–1987)

Pedro Almodovar's Carne tremula (1997) opens with the birth of Victor (Liberto Rabal) in January 1970 in Franco's Spain. As the unwed mother rushes to the hospital on a bus, her waters break and th...
Performance of serial underactuated mechanisms: Number of degrees of freedom and actuators

While underactuated mechanisms have become popular in robot-hand designs because of their passive adaptability, existing systems utilize only one actuator to produce motion in the multiple degrees of freedom in the serial chain of each finger. In this paper, we explore how the performance of an underactuated serial link chain changes as more actuators are added. The fundamental question of what extra capability an additional actuator provides to an underactuated system and how best to implement it has not yet been quantified in the literature. Using a simple linear underactuated mechanism, we show that the performance of a single-actuator system (measured as the average number of contacts made with the environment) quickly plateaus as the number of degrees of freedom of the mechanism is increased. Also, we show that as the number of actuators is increased, the system's passive adaptability improves as the mechanism implementation spreads the actuators across the joints.
Phylogeographic analysis of the nocturnal velvet ant genus Dilophotopsis (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) provides insights into diversification in the Nearctic deserts

Understanding the history of diversification in the North American deserts has long been a goal of biogeographers and evolutionary biologists. Although it appears that a consensus is forming regarding the patterns of diversification in the Nearctic deserts in vertebrate taxa, little work has been done exploring the historical biogeography of widespread invertebrate taxa. Before a robust model of geobiotic change in the North American deserts can be proposed, it needs to be determined whether the same historical events affected vertebrate and invertebrate taxa in the same way. We explore the phylogeographic patterns in a widespread nocturnal wasp genus Dilophotopsis using two rDNA loci, the internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2). We use Bayesian phylogenetic analysis and haplotype network analysis to determine whether a consistent geographic pattern exists among species and populations within Dilophotopsis. We also used molecular dating techniques to estimate divergence dates of the major phylogenetic clades. Our analyses indicates that the species-level divergences in Dilophotopsis occurred in the Neogene, and likely were driven by mountain building during the Miocene–Pliocene boundary (approximately 5 Mya) similar to the divergences in many vertebrate taxa. The population-level divergences within species occurred during the Pleistocene (0.1–1.8 Mya). The present study shows that similar patterns of diversification exist in vertebrate and invertebrate taxa. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101, 360–375.
Simultaneous N(2), CO, and H(2) multiplex CARS measurements in combustion environments using a single dye laser.

A method for accurately inferring temperatures and concentrations from simultaneous multiplex CARS spectra of N2, CO, and H2 is introduced. Only a single dye laser is employed in these measurements. Temperatures inferred from the nitrogen portion of spectra taken in a furnace of preanalyzed samples of these gases show agreement with temperatures measured by thermocouple to well within the estimated accuracies of the thermocouple (1%). Carbon monoxide and hydrogen concentrations may be inferred from the remainder of the spectrum with accuracies of 2 and 1/2%, respectively. Spectra taken downstream from a combustor burning diesel fuel and preheated air indicated that simultaneous measurements of temperature and CO concentration with mole fractions from below 0.01 may be made in turbulent reacting flows. The S(9) rotational line of hydrogen is employed to infer concentrations of H2. Minimum detectable mole fractions of hydrogen are presented as functions of temperature and CO mole fraction. The effects of temporal instabilities of the dye laser and interspecies coupling during analysis on the accuracy of the inferred values are discussed.
Si-based Earth abundant clathrates for solar energy conversion

We synthesized a Si-based clathrate, composed entirely of Earth abundant elements, and using ab initio calculations and spectroscopic and Hall mobility measurement showed that it is a promising material for solar energy conversion. We found that the type-I clathrate K8Al8Si38 exhibits a quasi-direct band gap of ∼1.0 eV, which may be tuned to span the IR and visible range by strain engineering. We also found that upon light absorption, excited electron and hole states are spatially separated in the material, with low probability of charge recombination. Finally, we computed and measured electron and hole mobilities and obtained values much superior to those of a-Si and approximately 6 to 10 and 10 to 13 time smaller than those of crystalline Si.
Role of Detoxication Esterases in Insecticide Resistance

Organophosphate (OP) resistance among Japanese mosquitoes was first observed in 1967 in the city of Amagasaki in the larvae of Culex pipiens pallens, and since then resistant populations of the Culex pipiens complex have spread widely to many parts of the country. Recent tests indicated that several populations of Culex tvitaenio-rhynchu, the vector of Japanese B-encephalitis, are also resistant to organophosphorus insecticides.
Genomics of the Liver in Health and Disease

Medicine is on the doorstep of unparalleled progress because of the advent of genomics. Human genomics is a new scientific field that studies the structure, function, and interaction(s) of all the elements comprising the genome of human. This discipline promises to provide to physicians novel means to discover hereditary elements, which, along with environmental factors, contribute to disease. To this extent, it is anticipated that genomics will improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of human disease. This transformation toward genomics-based medicine will occur gradually. In the following decades, efforts of many scientists and physicians will be required to discover key genetic elements of disease and then translate these findings into meaningful applications in clinical practice. In the interim, practicing physicians and health care professionals have to be trained in the concepts, applications, and limitations of genomics and genomic medicine. In this chapter, we introduce and discuss concepts, facts, and methods of human genomics and summarize relevant studies of liver disease.
Supervisory power as an influence in supervisor-subordinate relations.

Ninety subjects were randomly assigned to a supervisory role in either a reward only, penalty only, or reward and penalty power condition. The subjects then supervised both successful and unsuccess...
Antigenic Relationships among Mycobacterial Species Studied by Modified-Rocket and Crossed Immunoelectrophoresis

The complexity of antigens from various species of mycobacteria was explored with use of variations in the techniques of fused-rocket immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) and two-dimensional IEP. Resolution and formation of lines of identity depended on shape and arrangement of antigen wells, concentration of reagents, and procedure for electrophoresis. Rocket IEP of a sonicate into heterologous antiserum in one dimension followed by IEP into homologous antiserum in a second dimension permitted ready identification of heterologous reactions, with direct identity to homologous precipitin bands. Variations in procedures provided versatility that permitted comparison of antigens of unknown or different species, expression of relatedness, comparison of different antisera, and progress of purification or fractionation.
Development of Anti-Torpedo Torpedo in Europe

The concepts of the lightweight supercavitating anti-torpedo torpedo(ATT) Barracuda developed by Germany and the heavyweight ATT researched by France,as well as their technical characteristics and some test results,are described.The background and significance are discussed.Barracuda is entirely enveloped by the cavitation bubble except for the nose cone.The nose cone is an integration of cavitator,rudder,and homing head.A series of tests show that it runs at a speed of 240 knots and maneuvers,its sonar can acquire a heavyweight torpedo(HWT) at a range of more than 200 m.Simulation results show that Barracuda can effectively intercept approaching torpedo at short distance for surface ship.DCN is developing a concept of heavyweight ATT in order to increase lethality.Three different operational scenarios are designed: lightweight torpedo(LWT) launched by aircraft or helicopter with a target range varying from 0.5 to 3 km,LWT launched by surface ship with a target range 3~6 km,wire-guided HWT launched by submarine with a target range 4~10 km.Simulations are conducted under above scenarios.The simulation results of intercept probability versus alert range,crossing collision volume delay spreading,smallest crossing range spreading,intercept area to submarine range spreading are analyzed.
Introduction and brief survey

Multivariate analysis originated with problems of statistical inference in the work of Pearson and Fisher, men with thorough grounding in applied statistics. The first important book on the subject, Anderson (1958) gives a balanced view of the subject by treating, in each case, first the question of inference, and then, the calculation of the multivariate density function of the resulting multivariate statistic, most often for a likelihood ratio test. At that time the multivariate statistics considered had density functions. In the past decade study of estimators of multivariate parameters of Poisson and negative binomial random variables has made discrete problems an important part of multivariate inference. Material about discrete problems was outside the scope of Anderson (1958) and remains outside the scope of recent books such as Eaton (1983) and Muirhead (1982).
Home Bias, Adoption of IFRS, and Regulatory Environment: The Case of U.S. Investor Allocation Choice

This paper investigates the consequences of IFRS adoption in countries via their effect on US investor allocation choice. Prior literature has documented a “home bias” effect in which investors hold a disproportionately larger amount of domestic stocks relative to the world portfolio. The recent global trend of IFRS adoption may signal attempts by policy makers to reduce information asymmetries for international investors. However, a concern is that these standards must be accompanied by stronger enforcement in order for them to gain legitimacy. Investor allocation choice is based on US holdings of foreign equities and the regulatory environment is interpreted using two distinct factors: the legal standards system and the enforcement regime. The results indicate that both measures significantly increase equity holdings, and are a necessary consideration when adopting IFRS if countries want to increase their equity marketability in the US.
The Sensitivity of WRF Downscaled Precipitation in Puerto Rico to Cumulus Parameterization and Interior Grid Nudging

AbstractThe sensitivity of the precipitation over Puerto Rico that is simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is evaluated using multiple combinations of cumulus parameterization (CP) schemes and interior grid nudging. The NCEP–DOE AMIP-II reanalysis (R-2) is downscaled to 2-km horizontal grid spacing both with convective-permitting simulations (CP active only in the middle and outer domains) and with CP schemes active in all domains. The results generally show lower simulated precipitation amounts than are observed, regardless of WRF configuration, but activating the CP schemes in the inner domain improves the annual cycle, intensity, and placement of rainfall relative to the convective-permitting simulations. Furthermore, the use of interior-grid-nudging techniques in the outer domains improves the placement and intensity of rainfall in the inner domain. Incorporating a CP scheme at convective-permitting scales ( 4 km) im...
Lysosomal membrane glycoproteins bind cholesterol and contribute to lysosomal cholesterol export

LAMP1 and LAMP2 proteins are highly abundant, ubiquitous, mammalian proteins that line the lysosome limiting membrane, and protect it from lysosomal hydrolase action. LAMP2 deficiency causes Danon's disease, an X-linked hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. LAMP2 is needed for chaperone-mediated autophagy, and its expression improves tissue function in models of aging. We show here that human LAMP1 and LAMP2 bind cholesterol in a manner that buries the cholesterol 3β-hydroxyl group; they also bind tightly to NPC1 and NPC2 proteins that export cholesterol from lysosomes. Quantitation of cellular LAMP2 and NPC1 protein levels suggest that LAMP proteins represent a significant cholesterol binding site at the lysosome limiting membrane, and may signal cholesterol availability. Functional rescue experiments show that the ability of human LAMP2 to facilitate cholesterol export from lysosomes relies on its ability to bind cholesterol directly.
Nausea, Cigarette Smoking, Nicotine, and Pituitary Hormone Release

This laboratory has previously reported increases in arginine vasopressin, neurophysin I, and beta-endorphin/beta-lipotropin in conjunction with relatively high plasma nicotine levels in subjects not experiencing nausea. The present study further explores the hormonal and neuropeptide responses provoked by nicotine from smoking. Nausea was induced in deprived smokers by having them smoke 2 high-nicotine cigarettes (2.87 mg.) in succession. Subjects who reported nausea showed a less selective release of pituitary hormones than previously observed at sub-nausea: Plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone, arginine vasopressin, beta-endorphin/beta-lipotropin, growth hormone, neurophysin I, and prolactin increased over baseline; no increases were seen in follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, or thyroid-stimulating hormone. Nausea and significantly elevated pituitary hormone release were consistently associated with plasma nicotine levels exceeding 60 ng/ml produced by smoking high-nicotine cigarettes, but did not occur in response to low-nicotine (0.48 mg.) cigarettes (plasma nicotine levels below 10 ng/ml). Because the hormonal profile associated with nicotine-induced nausea resembles that of nausea produced by other manipulations (motion sickness, administration of other drugs), it is likely that the observed hormonal pattern at this level of stimulation is characteristic of nausea and not unique to nicotine.
A Rhetorical Bestiary

Rhetoric has always been bestial. The horse, Polos, bucks against decorous Aristotelian rhetoric (Sutton, “The Taming”). Octopi model an Odyssean metis (Hawhee, Bodily Arts 57), Korax—that infamous...
The defensive aphid symbiont Hamiltonella defensa affects host quality differently for Aphelinus glycinis versus Aphelinus atriplicis

Endosymbiont interactions with hosts have important effects on fitness, including the fitness of many pest and beneficial species. Among these interactions, facultative endosymbiotic bacteria can protect aphids from parasitoids. Aphis craccivora and Acyrthosiphon pisum can harbor the symbiotic bacteria Hamiltonella defensa and its bacteriophage APSE. Infection by H. defensa defends these aphids against some but not all parasitoid species in the hymenopteran family Braconidae. Here, we report results on the effect of H. defensa on parasitism of these aphids by species in the other major lineage of aphid parasitoids, Aphelinus species in the family Aphelinidae. Parasitism of aphids infected with H. defensa/APSE by two Aphelinus species did not differ from that of uninfected aphids. While Aphelinus atriplicis showed no difference in fitness components between infected and uninfected aphids, Aphelinus glycinis actually produced more adult progeny and larger female progeny on infected than on uninfected aphids. Aphelinus glycinis may increase host quality for itself by changing the titer of nutritional versus protective bacteria in such a way that aphids infected with H. defensa can be made more suitable for parasitoid development than uninfected aphids. Our results and reasoning suggest that these Aphelinus species may be less prone to harm by H. defensa/APSE that affect eggs because they have anhydropic, heavily chorionated eggs, which may not absorb toxins during embryogenesis.
New Minor for a Major Profession

(1967). New Minor for a Major Profession. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 32-33.
The balancing act of foraging: mammalian herbivores trade-off multiple risks when selecting food patches

Animals face multiple risks while foraging such as the risk of acquiring inadequate energy from food and the risk of predation. We evaluated how two sympatric rabbits (pygmy rabbits, Brachylagus idahoensis, and mountain cottontail rabbits, Sylvilagus nuttallii) that differ in size, use of burrows, and habitat specialization in the sagebrush-steppe of western North America respond to different types and levels of perceived risks (i.e., fitness cost × probability of occurrence), including fiber and toxins in food, exposure to predation, and distance from a refuge. We measured food intake by the rabbits at paired food patches that varied in these risks and used the method of paired comparisons to create a relative ranking of habitat cues, which revealed an animal’s perceived risk on a single scale representing an integrated response to a variety of risks. Pygmy rabbits perceived exposure to predation risk and distance from a burrow as riskier than did cottontails, whereas cottontails perceived dietary toxin as riskier. Pygmy rabbits consumed lower quality food, containing higher fiber or toxins, thereby avoided feeding in exposed patches or traveling far from their burrow to forage. In contrast, cottontails fed in exposed patches and traveled farther from the burrow to obtain higher quality food. We have shown how risks can be integrated into a single model that allows animals to reveal their perceptions of risks on a single scale that can be used to create a spatially explicit landscape of risk.
Arrow, and unexpected consequences of his theorem

A new way to interpret Arrow’s impossibility theorem leads to valued insights that extend beyond voting and social choice to address other mysteries ranging from the social sciences to even the “dark matter” puzzle of astronomy.
Congenital heart disease complexity and childhood cancer risk

Background Childhood cancer is increased in those with birth defects, including those with congenital heart disease (CHD). Lymphoma risk is increased in children with CHD. This study analyzes the effect of CHD and CHD severity on childhood cancer risk. Methods We analyzed cancer risk in a population-based cohort of children with and without CHD born between 1988 and 2004 by linking data from the California Birth Defects Monitoring Program with data from the California Cancer Registry. We compared cancer risk in children with and without CHD, excluding children with chromosomal anomalies. Results Of >3 million children in the birth cohort, 65,585 had birth defects (2%), 25,981 with CHD. Cancer occurred in 4,781 (0.15%) children, 43 (0.17%) with CHD. Cancer risk in CHD was increased (hazard ratio [HR]) 2.63, 95% CI: 1.95, 3.55). Leukemia was the most common cancer in those without CHD (1,722/4,738, 36%), central nervous system tumors were second (1,073/4,738, 23%), and lymphoma third (410/4,738, 9%). Among children with CHD, lymphoma and leukemia occurred with the same frequency (12/43, 28% for each). HR for lymphoma was 8.37 (CI: 4.71, 14.86) with CHD versus without. HR for leukemia was 2.05 (CI: 1.16, 3.61) with CHD versus without. CHD complexity was higher in lymphoma (3, interquartile range [IQR]: 2-3) than those with leukemia (1, IQR, 1-2; p Conclusion Cancer risk is increased in children with CHD. Lymphoma risk is increased in CHD and is correlated with more complex CHD. These results suggest a shared developmental origin for CHD and lymphoma may be present.
Second language user identities in stories of intercultural communication: a case study

ABSTRACTThe study examines second language identities constructed in small stories around intercultural communication. It presents a detailed narrated-event and narrating-event analysis of small st...
Simulator and Field Study of Green Lights on Truck-Mounted Attenuators in Missouri during Mobile Operations:

Mobile work zones for various types of moving operations (e.g., striping, pothole patching, sweeping) are an important component in highway maintenance activities which have particular safety issue...
Access to Physical Therapy in a Medically Underserved, Urban Community

Purpose Austin is Chicago's largest community and is 85% African American. The purpose of this study was to the examine facilitators and barriers to physical therapy (PT) access as described by Austin community residents and health care providers (HCPs). Methods Community residents (n=47) participated in focus groups. Seven HCPs from Austin were interviewed by telephone or in person. All focus groups and interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a constant comparative method. Results Austin residents and HCPs reported that having insurance and having a positive view of PT were facilitators to PT access. Barriers included poor proximity to PT clinics, cost, and incomplete knowledge of PT. Conclusions Three barriers were identified by community residents and HCPs, all are modifiable factors. Future research should focus on increasing awareness about the benefits of PT and developing low-cost PT options. The PT desert identified in this study highlights the needs of underserved communities.
Assessing the Contribution of an HtrA Family Serine Protease During Borrelia turicatae Mammalian Infection

Tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF), characterized by recurring febrile episodes, is globally distributed and among the most common bacterial infections in some African countries. Despite the public health concern that this disease represents, little is known regarding the virulence determinants required by TBRF Borrelia during infection. Because the chromosomes of TBRF Borrelia show extensive colinearity with those of Lyme disease (LD) Borrelia, the exceptions represent unique genes encoding proteins that are potentially essential to the disparate enzootic cycles of these two groups of spirochetes. One such exception is a gene encoding an HtrA family protease, BtpA, that is present in TBRF Borrelia, but not in LD spirochetes. Previous work suggested that btpA orthologs may be important for resistance to stresses faced during mammalian infection. Herein, proteomic analyses of the TBRF spirochete, Borrelia turicatae, demonstrated that BtpA, as well as proteins encoded by adjacent genes in the B. turicatae genome, were produced in response to culture at mammalian body temperature, suggesting a role in mammalian infection. Further, transcriptional analyses revealed that btpA was expressed with the genes immediately upstream and downstream as part of an operon. To directly assess if btpA is involved in resistance to environmental stresses, btpA deletion mutants were generated. btpA mutants demonstrated no growth defect in response to heat shock, but were more sensitive to oxidative stress produced by t-butyl peroxide compared to wild-type B. turicatae. Finally, btpA mutants were fully infectious in a murine relapsing fever (RF) infection model. These results indicate that BtpA is either not required for mammalian infection, or that compensatory mechanisms exist in TBRF spirochetes to combat environmental stresses encountered during mammalian infection in the absence of BtpA.
Promoting Pediatric Drug Research and Labeling - Outcomes of Legislation.

Pediatric Drug Research and Labeling Congress has modified regulations of the Food and Drug Administration to promote research assessing the efficacy and safety of drugs in children. The authors ex...
FAM35A/SHLD2/RINN2: A novel determinant of double strand break repair pathway choice and genome stability in cancer

FAM35A, alternatively known as SHLD2 and RINN2, was recently characterized as a DNA repair gene, evolutionarily conserved in higher vertebrates. FAM35A is a 53BP1-pathway factor and a component of the Shieldin/RINN complex. Among 53BP1-pathway factors, FAM35A has unique domains: an N-terminal disordered domain and three C-terminal OB-fold domains. These C-terminal domains have homology with the OB-fold domains of the single-stranded DNA binding protein, RPA1. With other 53BP1-pathway factors, FAM35A inhibits DNA end resection. FAM35A defective cell lines are sensitive to DNA double-strand break inducing agents. Concurrent FAM35A and BRCA1 defects in mammalian cell lines cause resistance to PARP inhibitors and camptothecin. The clinical relevance of this interaction is still unknown, but cancer genomics databases indicate that FAM35A is deleted in 6-13% of prostate cancers and in at least one triple negative breast cancer patient-derived BRCA1 defective cell line. From meta-analysis, FAM35A overexpression in patients with triple negative and basal-like breast cancers is associated with poor survival compared to patients with low expression. From this evidence, clarification of FAM35A's function and the related mechanism of chemoresistance is likely to have clinical implications.
Radial and axial inertia stresses in high strain rate deformation of polymer foams

Abstract Polymer foams are widely used in applications that require impact energy absorption. Experimental characterization of the impact response of polymer foams is challenging. The primary challenges associated with the characterization of polymer foams in high strain rate conditions are the significant effects of inertia and material compressibility. In this work, we develop analytical solutions for radial and axial inertia stresses that develop during high strain rate deformation of polymer foams. The effects of strain rate increase rate, test piece geometry, density, and Poisson's ratio are discussed in detail. We also provide and discuss results from a case study on the impact response of a closed-cell foam subjected to controlled impact loading, focusing on the importance of inertial effects on the characterization of the dynamic stress-strain response. The analytical approach presented in this work facilitates the determination of the concurrent effects of material compressibility and inertia stresses in the dynamic deformation response of compressible materials.
Analyzing the Efficacy of ECoach in Supporting Gateway Course Success Through Tailored Support

Large courses act as gateways for college students and often have poor outcomes, particularly in STEM fields where the pace of improvement has been glacial. Students encounter barriers to persistence like low grades, competitive cultures, and a lack of motivation and belonging. Tailored technology systems offer one promising path forward. In this observational study, we report on the use of one such system, called ECoach, that provides students resources based on their psychosocial profile, performance metrics, and pattern of ECoach usage. We investigated ECoach efficacy in five courses enrolling 3,599 students using a clustering method to group users by engagement level and subsequent regression analyses. We present results showing significant positive relationships with small effect sizes between ECoach engagement and final course grade as well as grade anomaly, a performance measure that takes into account prior course grades. The courses with the strongest relationship between ECoach engagement and performance offered nominal extra credit incentives yet show improved grades well above this “investment” from instructors. Such small incentives may act as a catalyst that spurs deeper engagement with the platform. The impact of specific ECoach features and areas for future study are discussed.
An Infrared Perspective on Chromospheres

The infrared spectrum beyond 1 μm is rich in diagnostics of temperature, velocity, and magnetic fields. It provides a view of chromospheric phenomena complementary to that of the visible, ultraviolet, and X-ray bands. Whereas the shorter wavelengths preferentially reveal the heated gas, the longer wavelengths map the relatively quiescent, cool material surrounding discrete chromospheric structures. A key example is carbon monoxide in the Sun: it presents a diagnostic dilemma that must be resolved before we can have any confidence in our understanding of the physical structure of the nearest, most scrutinized stellar chromosphere.
Addition polymerization of anhydrosugar derivatives. II. The molecular weight distribution of polyanhydroglucose addition polymers

In order to characterize the addition polymers obtained by acid catalyzed polymerization of levoglucosan, the first three moments of their molecular weight distribution have been determined as a function of the degree of conversion. Number average molecular weights (Mn) were measured in a thermoelectric vapor phase osmometer. Weight averages (Mw) were obtained by means of ultracentrifugation using ARCHIBALD's technique of determining Mw from the concentration and concentration gradient at the meniscus of the solution. A still higher average, which approximates the z-average (Mz) was obtained through TRAUTMAN plots of the ultracentrifuge data. The molecular weights obtained by means of the light scattering technique are consistently higher than the Mw's obtained in the ultracentrifuge. This apparent discrepancy is attributed to a side reaction which is responsible for the formation of a few weight per cent of very high molecular weight compounds (microgel). Disregarding the side reaction, the experimentally obtained molecular weight distribution in conjunction with previously reported periodate oxidation results, lead to the conclusion that 1–6 acetal links are much more readily formed than any other acetal link. The data suggest that dimerization with cleavage of both 1,6 anhydro rings takes place preferably, followed by octa functional A-R-B7 addition polymerization of the dimers. Einige synthetische Polysaccharide – aus Laevoglucosan durch Saurekatalyse erhalten — wurden durch die ersten drei Momente der Molekulargewichtsverteilung charakterisiert. Die Zahlenmittel der Molekulargewichte (Mn) wurden in einem thermoelektrischen Dampfphasenosmometer bestimmt. Die Messung der Gewichtsmittel (Mw) erfolgte in einer Ultrazentrifuge nach dem ARCHIBALDschen Verfahren aus der Konzentration und dem Gradienten am Meniskus der Losung. Ein noch hoherer Mittelwert, der dem Mz naheliegt, lies sich unter Benutzung des Verfahrens von TRAUTMAN erhalten. Durch Lichtzerstreuungsmessungen wurden in allen Fallen weit hohere Molekulargewichte erhalten. Diese Diskrepanz lies sich auf das Vorhandensein von wenigen Gewichtsprozenten einer sehr hochmolekularen Substanz (Mikrogel) zuruckfuhren. Die experimentell bestimmte Molekulargewichtsverteilung fuhrt zusammen mit fruher veroffentlichten Ergebnissen der Perjodatoxydation zu dem Schlus, das 1,6 Acetalbindungen bevorzugt gebildet werden. Die Resultate lassen sich durch die Annahme verstehen, das unter Offnung aller Anhydroringe vornehmlich zunachst eine Dimerisation stattfindet, gefolgt von einer oktafunktionellen A-R-B7-Additionspolymerisation.
The Impossibility of Natural Knowledge of God in T.F. Torrance's Reformulated Natural Theology

T.F. Torrance's work on the relation of theology and science has been met with skepticism from other students of Karl Barth. One recent example of this has come from Paul Molnar. Molnar argues a number of ‘Barthian’ points against Torrance, but has failed to penetrate to the heart of Torrance's vision. Of central import is whether Torrance countenances any possibility of natural knowledge of God. I will argue that he does not. If one understands Torrance's rejection of natural knowledge of God, and approaches his reformulated natural theology in this light, Molnar's criticisms of, and concerns about, Torrance's position can be set aside.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Alloys in Supercritical Water

Tapered uniaxial tensile samples under constant load and bent ring samples under constant strain were used to investigate the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Alloy 600 and 690 in supercritical water. To verify the effectiveness of the tapered tensile sample design, the SCC of two 304 stainless steels with high and low carbon content were tested in supercritical water at 400°C, 25MPa and 10–15ppb dissolved oxygen. Both testing methods are effective to initiate SCC in 304SS, Alloy 600 and 690. Based on the bent ring SCC testing, the SCC resistance of Alloy 690 in supercritical water is lower than Alloy 600. This unexpected lower SCC resistance is probably due to the much lower tensile ductility (less than 10%) of the tested Alloy 690 as compared with the standard 40–50% ductility and the severe plastic deformation and strain in the bent ring samples. The large TiN particles and their inhomogeneous distribution in the alloy may promote the SCC initiation in this specific Alloy 690 in the bent ring samples. SCC is more likely to initiate from the Electrical Discharge Machined (EDM) or end mill machined surfaces than from ground and polished surfaces.
Naive Psychological Science: The Prevalence, Strength, and Sources of Misconceptions.

Studies show that misconceptions about psychology are pervasive. This study examined how the strength of prior beliefs and the sources of misinformation relate to conceptual change following an introductory psychology course. Ninety introductory psychology students completed a 36-item “Psychological Information” questionnaire. Testing during the 1st day of the semester showed 38.5% accuracy whereas testing during the last week showed 66.3% accuracy. These results suggest that misconceptions remain prevalent but can be reduced by taking an introductory psychology course. Our data also indicate that strength of belief is an important transitional variable that may reflect the process of change. Finally, although personal experience and media are important sources of misinformation, we found that they do not promote strongly held beliefs.
Unilateral craniofacial microsomia: Part I. Mandibular analysis☆

Various attempts to describe the skeletal characteristics of unilateral craniofacial microsomia have been made with the use of cephalometric and panoramic roentgenograms. Previous studies have been only descriptive in nature. To date, a detailed (quantitative) cephalometric analysis of the mandibular deformity has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to describe the skeletal jaw deformity by means of cephalometric landmarks in the lateral view. The patient population consisted of sixteen boys and eight girls who ranged in age from 6 to 16 years. They were compared to the University of Michigan normal control population for the following measures: gonial angle, mandibular plane angle, overall oblique length of the mandible, ramal height, and body length. The affected side showed a larger gonial angle and mandibular plane angle. The oblique length of the mandible (Cd-Gn) was decreased on both sides, as were ramal height and body length. Paradoxically, body length appeared shorter on the unaffected side than on the affected side. This paradoxical observation could be attributed to a shift of the mandible in relation to the midsagittal plane of the cranial base, the film cassette, and the path of the x-ray beam. Observation of the mandible in the basilar cephalogram explained the geometry of the projection error found in the lateral view. Similar projection errors exist for patients with other types of craniofacial asymmetry. It is suggested that two radiographic views, orthogonal to each other, should be used to define the x, y, and z planes for studies of craniofacial abnormality.
Wolf-Rayet Stars in IC 10: Probing the Nearest Starburst*

IC 10 is the nearest starburst galaxy, as revealed both by its Hα surface brightness and by the large number of Wolf-Rayet (W-R) stars per unit area. The relative number of known WC- to WN-type W-R stars has been thought to be unusually high (approximately two), which is unexpected for IC 10's metallicity. In this Letter, we report the first results of a new and deeper survey for W-R stars in IC 10. We successfully detected all of the spectroscopically known W-R stars, and based on comparisons with a neighboring control field, we estimate that the total number of W-R stars in IC 10 is about 100. We present spectroscopic confirmation of two of our W-R candidates, both of which are of WN type. Our photometric survey predicts that the actual WC/WN ratio is ~0.3. This makes the WC/WN ratio of IC 10 consistent with that expected for its metallicity but greatly increases the already unusually high number of W-R stars, resulting in a surface density that is about 20 times higher than in the LMC. If the majority of these candidates are spectroscopically confirmed, IC 10 must have an exceptional population of high-mass stars.
OAJ and Wagadu: Towards a Diamond Model of Feminist, Postcolonial Publishing

This comment reflects on the genesis of an OA non-corporate journal, affiliated with a public university. Wagadu: A Journal of Transnational Women’s and Gender Studies emerged from an idealized discussion of open access to a more robust understanding of the pragmatics of visibility, tenure and promotion guidelines. It gives account of the challenge of trying to navigate in ethical ways through the corporate waves of cooptation.
Interocular transfer of color discrimination after tectal lesions in goldfish

Abstract Interocular transfer of a color discrimination task after lesion of trained tectal regions was studied in adult goldfish, using differential suppression of respiration to highly localized stimuli as the behavioral measure. Stimuli were confined to the posterior visual field outside the area of binocular overlap. Either the caudal half-tectum containing the visual projections involved in training or the entire tectum was ablated. Excellent interocular transfer across the entire visual field of the untrained eye was observed. The results suggest that engrams for monocularly acquired visual learning may be laid down bilaterally during acquisition.
Evaluation of Retinal Toxicity and Efficacy of the Anticytomegalovirus Compound 2-Amino-7-((1,3-Dihydroxy-2-Propoxy)Methyl)Purine

Compound 2242, also known as 2-amino-7-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]purine, is the first known antivirally active nucleoside analog with the side chain substituted at the N-7 position of the purine ring system. Our purpose was to evaluate its retinal toxicity and assess the efficacy of its highest nontoxic concentration in a rabbit model of herpes simplex retinitis. Concentrations of the drug from 0.5 to 2,000 microM were injected intravitreally in twelve New Zealand White rabbits. Fundoscopic, histologic, and electrophysiologic data revealed no evidence of toxicity even at the highest dose of the compound. Dutch pigmented rabbits (n = 34) had their left eyes injected with herpes simplex virus type 1 3 days after, concurrently, or 3 days before intravitreal injection of either 2,000 microM compound 2242 or 480 microM ganciclovir (final concentration in the eye). Both compound 2242 and ganciclovir were equally effective compared with saline when administered simultaneously with the virus (P < 0.0001). In the 3-day pretreatment paradigm, compound 2242 was superior to ganciclovir (P < 0.04), but there was no clear difference between the two with regard to their effects on an established infection. The pharmacokinetics of compound 2242 in 10 rabbits injected intravitreally with 30 microM showed an intravitreal half-life of 8 h. This compound, which may be orally active in its pro form, has a very high therapeutic index in the eye and is more efficient than ganciclovir in this animal model of herpes retinitis.
Pituitary Apoplexy: The Role of Atheromatous Emboli

Patients with clinically unsuspected pituitary adenomas may present with sudden severe frontal headaches, stupor, ophthalmoplegia, meningeal irritation, compression of the optic nerves or chiasm, and abnormal cerebrospinal fluid. These findings are commonly misinterpreted as due to a ruptured cerebral aneurysm. The clinical features and controversial pathogenic mechanisms of pituitary apoplexy are reviewed. An unusual case of pituitary apoplexy with many atheromatous emboli in the tumor is presented. This previously undescribed possible cause of pituitary apoplexy should be considered in older patients with known predisposing factors for systemic atheromatous embolism.
P-V-T, Thermodynamic and Related Properties of Oxygen from the Triple Point to 300 K at Pressures to 33 MN/m2.

The results of new experimental pressure-volume-temperature measurements on oxygen are presented. The data range in temperature from 54 to 300 K and in pressure from 0.1 to about 33 MN/m2. The following properties are tabulated for selected isobars: molar volume, (∂P/∂ρ) T , (∂P/∂T)ρ, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, specific heats at constant volume and at constant pressure, and the velocity of sound. Additional tables present the above properties for saturated liquid and vapor, the freezing liquid P-V-T relationship, and the derived Joule-Thomson inversion curve. New values for the critical density and triple point density are presented, and the second and third virial coefficients are tabulated.
Wetland uses in the tropics and their implications on the world carbon cycle

Tropical wetlands are used in infrastructure and industrial development; as sites for agriculture, aquaculture, and silviculture; and as local sources of food, fiber, and medicine. These uses have varying degrees of ecological impacts on the environment. A possible consequence of wetland alteration is the oxidation of organicrich soils and peat deposits which could cause significant imbalance in the carbon cycle of the biosphere.
Training in the adaptive psychotherapies

Summary This communication summarizes a seven year experiment in teaching adaptive psychotherapy. The patient population involved is chronically and severely ill and requires ongoing indefinite contacts on an intermittent or continuing basis. A clinic is described which provides opportunities for a brief socialization experience and individual, marital, and family psychotherapy. The structure of the clinic is such that the supervisor-administrator has maximum opportunities for teaching interventions. Most trainees have many preconceptions and prejudices about the difficulties and the efficacy of adaptive psychotherapy. Although some of these misgivings are rational and concerned with usual learning tasks, part of the problems arise from anxiety associated with the need for different behavior than that previously utilized by the therapist in “psychotherapy.” In particular, rapid dynamic assessment of the disabling problem, the capacity to reach therapeutic decisions with limited information, the management of very sick individuals, and an active approach are important training elements in the T.A.C. Such experiences early and late in residency training with appropriate supervision have usually enabled the trainee to acquire his own style of interventions appropriate to this type of patient and this kind of therapy.
Myxoma of bone in a nonhuman primate

A myxoma of the mandibles in an adult female Macaca mulatta is described. The left mandible was markedly enlarged by the tumor, which extended from the symphysis to the temporomandibular joint. The tumor had extended a short distance across the symphysis into the right mandible. It was composed of a glistening mucinous material. Radiographs of the tumor showed a large expansile radiolucent lesion of the left mandible without soft tissue involvement. Light microscopy demonstrated capillaries, stellate shaped cells with processes up to 15 mu long, very few other cell types, and an amorphous ground substance. Electron microscopic examination revealed similarity to the myxoma of bone of man. The oxytalan fibers discovered in this myxoma have not been found in myxomas before and suggest the tumor is odontogenic in origin. The incidence of spontaneous neoplasia in general and that of spontaneous oral tumors in particular in nonhuman primates are reviewed.
Hippocampal replay in the awake state: a potential substrate for memory consolidation and retrieval

The hippocampus is required for the encoding, consolidation and retrieval of event memories. Although the neural mechanisms that underlie these processes are only partially understood, a series of recent papers point to awake memory replay as a potential contributor to both consolidation and retrieval. Replay is the sequential reactivation of hippocampal place cells that represent previously experienced behavioral trajectories and occurs frequently in the awake state, particularly during periods of relative immobility. Awake replay may reflect trajectories through either the current environment or previously visited environments that are spatially remote. The repetition of learned sequences on a compressed time scale is well suited to promote memory consolidation in distributed circuits beyond the hippocampus, suggesting that consolidation occurs in both the awake and sleeping animal. Moreover, sensory information can influence the content of awake replay, suggesting a role for awake replay in memory retrieval.
Human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein causes a delay in repair of DNA damage.

Abstract Background and purpose Patients with human papillomavirus related (HPV+) head and neck cancers (HNCs) demonstrate improved clinical outcomes compared to traditional HPV negative (HPV−) HNC patients. We have recently shown that HPV+ HNC cells are more sensitive to radiation than HPV− HNC cells. However, roles of HPV oncogenes in regulating the response of DNA damage repair remain unknown. Material and methods Using immortalized normal oral epithelial cell lines, HPV+ HNC derived cell lines, and HPV16 E7-transgenic mice we assessed the repair of DNA damage using γ-H2AX foci, single and split dose clonogenic survival assays, and immunoblot. The ability of E7 to modulate expression of proteins associated with DNA repair pathways was assessed by immunoblot. Results HPV16 E7 increased retention of γ-H2AX nuclear foci and significantly decreased sublethal DNA damage repair. While phospho-ATM, phospho-ATR, Ku70, and Ku80 expressions were not altered by E7, Rad51 was induced by E7. Correspondingly, HPV+ HNC cell lines showed retention of Rad51 after γ-radiation. Conclusions Our findings provide further understanding as to how HPV16 E7 manipulates cellular DNA damage responses that may underlie its oncogenic potential and influence the altered sensitivity to radiation seen in HPV+ HNC as compared to HPV− HNC.
Our Departments: Charting the Path of Computer Graphics

In this paper, the author discusses CG&A's departments and encourages to consider submitting an article to one or more of them. This department covers using CG to solve realworld problems. It comes from consistent feedback from readers requesting more practical content, real-world applications, implementation details, experience-related information, and more bridging of the gap between theory and application. The department presents interesting or unique CG application techniques and technologies in different problem domains.
Has Computing Changed Physics Courses

As someone who began using computers in physics instruction starting way back in 1970, I must confess that the excitement of that odd band of physics professors who were my fellow enthusiasts was somewhat misplaced. What then appeared to be wild dreams has become mundane practice, and the cutting edge of computer use, especially for numerical computations, has moved beyond the bounds that even our eager eyes had conceived as extreme