cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Host-guest composites for induced hemostasis and therapeutic healing in traumatic injuries.

Introduction: The United States military currently outfits our soldiers with a zeolite-based hemostatic agent (HA) that is applied directly onto a traumatic wound to induce hemostasis and prevent loss of life from exsanguination. The goals of this work were to identify and implement strategies to attenuate a tissue burning side effect associated with the HA, resulting from a large release of heat upon hydration, without adversely affecting the wound healing properties. Five ion exchanged derivatives of the parent HA were prepared and characterized with regard to their material and thermal properties, in vitro hemostatic efficacy, and antibacterial activity. Methods: The five host-guest high-surface-area HAs were prepared by ion exchanging the zeolite linde type 5A with aqueous salt solutions under controlled conditions. The modified HAs were characterized by TGA, DSC, Thermal Imaging, SEM, XRD, XPS, BET, and a Thromboelastograph® (TEG®) was employed to assay the in vitro hemostatic efficacy. Antibacterial activity was assayed by measuring the zone of no growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms growing in contact with the ion exchanged HAs. Results: The heat released during application of the HA can be minimized from 680 J/g to 420 J/g by ion exchanging the calcium ions in zeolite linde type 5A with cations of a reduced hydration enthalpy. Zeolite-based HAs that demonstrate in vitro clot induction time of R ≤ 1.8 min, and with surfaces areas ≥ 634 m2/g, correlate with 75% in vivo swine survivability of a universally lethal groin injury. Silver exchanged HA maintained a zone of no growth of P. aeruginosa with a surface area twice the geometrical surface area of an HA pressed pellet for 24 hours in an LB Agar assay. Conclusions: Two strategies for reducing the large amount of heat released by a zeolite-based HA during application have been described and quantified: (1) ion exchange and (2) prehydration. Five ion-exchanged derivatives of the original HA have been prepared and assayed for hemostatic efficacy both in vitro, by TEG®, and in vivo, by clinical swine trials. Contact activation coagulation rates, α, were found to increase with the amount of heat released by the HA. In Vitro clot induction time, R, and HA surface area have been identified as predictors of in vivo hemostatic performance. A proposed rationale for selecting hemostatic materials based on these parameters will likely reduce the quantity of experiments involving animals, and the associated labor and capital costs, necessary to test a new HA. A method for incorporating antibacterial activity against gram negative P. aeruginosa into the Ag-exchanged formulation of zeolite LTA-5A has been described and substantiated.
25. Dry preservation of biological therapeutics

The fields of tissue engineering, cellular therapeutics, and transfusion medicine have matured considerably over the past decade, thus accelerating the need for cost-effective preservation methods to enable the ready supply of biological therapeutics. The current state of the art for preserving biological samples is by cryopreservation, either by slow cooling or vitrification, followed by storage at cryogenic temperatures (−196 °C). Using innovative processing approaches and formulations, advances are being made towards stable dry state preservation at non-cryogenic temperatures. This work impacts on many practical problems related to improving the cost, availability, and environmental impact of bio-banking technologies. We have recently developed a versatile microwave based drying process, which enables rapid and controllable isothermal vitrification of carbohydrate-based preservation solutions. We have been applying this technology to the preservation of viruses, sperm and eggs, as well as macrophages, a representative nucleated mammalian cell line. Depending on the end use of these biological materials, different levels of functionality are required to achieve what might be considered a viable product for therapeutic use. The challenges and successes of dry preservation as a bio-banking strategy for biological therapeutics will be discussed.
Emerging histomorphologic phenotypes of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in American athletes.

BACKGROUND: We define chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) as a progressive neurodegenerative syndrome caused by single, episodic, or repetitive blunt force impacts to the head and transfer of acceleration-deceleration forces to the brain. OBJECTIVE: We present emerging histomorphologic phenotypes of CTE that we identified in our cohort of CTE cases with apolipoprotein E genotyping and causes and manners of death. METHODS: Autopsy brain tissue of 14 professional athletes and 3 high school football players was examined after unexpected deaths. Histochemical and immunohistochemical tissue staining was performed with apolipoprotein E genotyping. RESULTS: Ten of 14 professional athletes (71%) were positive for CTE: 7 of 8 football players, 2 of 4 wrestlers, and 1 boxer. One of 3 high school players manifested incipient CTE. The age range of those with CTE was 18 to 52 years; they were all male athletes. In all cases of CTE, Alzheimer-type cerebral cortical atrophy was absent; negligible to mild neocortical neuronal dropout was present. The fundamental neuropathologic feature of CTE was the topographic distribution of sparse, moderate, and frequent band-shaped, flame-shaped, small and large globose neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic threads in the cerebral cortex, subcortical nuclei/basal ganglia, hippocampus, and brainstem nuclei. Sparse to frequent diffuse amyloid plaques may accompany tauopathy and was seen in only 2 CTE cases. No α-synucleinopathy was present. All 7 CTE-positive professional athletes with known apolipoprotein E genotypes had at least 1 E3 allele comprising 5 E3/E3 (71%) and 2 E3/E4 (29%). Alcohol- and drug-related deaths, suicides, and accidental deaths were overrepresented in our CTE cohort. CONCLUSION: The emerging histomorphologic features of our CTE cohort may specify histologic criteria for CTE diagnosis, may identify emerging histologic variants of CTE and may facilitate more objective surveillance and accurate identification of sentinel CTE cases. Language: en
Dual antiplatelet therapy after stent implantation.

The Optimized Duration of Clopidogrel Therapy Following Treatment With the Zotarolimus-Eluting Stent in Real-World Clinical Practice (OPTIMIZE) trial1 contributes to the body of evidence supporting an improved safety profile of second-generation drug-eluting stents compared with first-generation models.2 However, although it is tempting to simplify the question of the duration of dual antiplatelet therapy to one of stent model or generation, data must be carefully viewed in the context of multiple patient and clinical trial characteristics other than the type of stent involved.
Growth of KPb2Cl5 and K2CeCl5 for gamma ray detection using vertical Bridgman method

Abstract We report the scintillation properties of both KPb 2 Cl 5 and K 2 CeCl 5 grown by vertical Bridgman method from synthesized and zone refined material. Both crystals exhibit minimal hygroscopic properties, which is desirable in applications where hermitization is not feasible. The KPb 2 Cl 5 crystal, doped with 2.5 mol% of EuCl 2 , appeared yellow in color and did not scintillate, while the self activated transparent K 2 CeCl 5 did. The energy resolution and decay time at 662 keV were measured to be 6.1% and 78 ns respectively, with a light yield of 31,000 photons/MeV.
Mobilizing search of the here and now

The escalating number of digitally-accessible devices pervading our everyday environments gives rise to the availability of tremendous amounts of human- and device-generated data. This data possesses strong spatial and temporal semantics, it captures phenomena and states of the environment, and is extremely volatile, being created, moved, stored, and deleted on-demand at rapid rates. The requisite support for general-purpose expressive search of the “here” and “now” has eluded realization due to the complexities of indexing, storing, and retrieving relevant information within a vast collection of highly ephemeral data. We aim to address this gap in the research (i) through search mechanisms that are sensitive to the bearings of space and time on the relevance of search results and (ii) more fundamentally, through the design of a general-purpose data model that facilitates information availability in pervasive computing environments and exposes spatial and temporal relationships between digital data and physical phenomena. Finally, this paper outlines simulation and deployment evaluations of the proposed research.
PCBs Reduce Long-Term Potentiation in the CA1 Region of Rat Hippocampus

Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been associated with a lower IQ in childhood. We have examined the effects of acute exposure to PCB mixtures and two single congeners on synaptic transmission between Schaffer collaterals and CA1 neurons of the rat hippocampus as well as posttetanic potentiation (PTP), paired pulse facilitation (PPF), and long-term potentiation (LTP). PTP and PPF represent transient increases in transmitter release immediately after stimulation, while LTP is a measure of long-term changes in synaptic plasticity that has been related to learning and memory. LTP, but neither PTP nor PPF, was reduced by Aroclor 1016 in a dose-dependent fashion at concentrations that had little effect on general synaptic transmission. The more highly chlorinated Aroclor 1254 at low concentrations specifically blocked LTP, but at higher concentrations also reduced synaptic transmission. The mono-ortho PCB congener 2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl and the coplanar congener 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl also blocked LTP without effect on PTP or PPF. We conclude that PCBs selectively impair the process of LTP in CA1 neurons of the hippocampus.
High-precision measurement of electrical resistivity of nickel near the ferromagnetic phase transition at high pressure.

High-precision measurement of the resistance of nickel near its ferromagnetic phase transition at high pressure was done in a large volume hydrostatic cubic multiple-anvil pressure cell between 25 and 45 kbar. A real-time computer-controlled measurement system was developed to measure the resistance vs temperature and pressure. The values of the critical exponent \ensuremath{\alpha} and amplitude ratio of the leading term A/A' are in good agreement with the results published by Ahlers and Kornblit from specific-heat measurement and by K\"allb\"ack et al. in a resistance measurement at atmospheric pressure. They are found to be independent of pressure. The critical temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ increases linearly with pressure at a rate of 0.193\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.013 K/kbar. The amplitude ratio for the correction to scaling term D/D' has also been determined. There is considerable uncertainty in the measurement but the data may indicate a variation with pressure contrary to expectations of universality.
Microstructure and morphology of amine-cured epoxy coatings before and after outdoor exposures—An AFM study

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to study the morphology and microstructure of an amine-cured epoxy before and after outdoor exposure. Measurements were made from samples prepared in an essentially CO2-free, H2O-free glove box and from samples prepared in ambient conditions. For those prepared in a CO2-free glove box, AFM imaging was conducted on (1) an unexposed air/coating surface, (2) an unexposed coating bulk, (3) an unexposed coating/substrate interface, and (4) a field exposed air/coating surface. For samples prepared in ambient conditions, only the unexposed air/coating surface was investigated. The same regions of the exposed samples were scanned periodically by the AFM to monitor changes in the surface morphology of the coating as UV exposure progressed. Small angle neutron scattering and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies were performed to verify the microstructure and to follow chemical changes during outdoor exposure, respectively. The results have shown that amine blushing, which occurs only under ambient conditions, had a significant effect on the surface morphology and microstructure of the epoxy. The surface morphology of the samples prepared under CO2-free, dry conditions was generally smooth and homogeneous. However, the interface and the bulk samples clearly revealed a two-phase structure consisting of bright nodular domains and dark interstitial regions, indicating an inhomogeneous microstructure. Such heterogeneous structure of the bulk was in good agreement with results obtained by small angle neutron scattering of unexposed samples and by AFM phase imaging of the degraded sample surface. The relationship between submicrometer physical changes and molecular chemical degradation is discussed.
Investigation of the Lactam Side Chain Length Necessary for Optimal Indenoisoquinoline Topoisomerase I Inhibition and Cytotoxicity in Human Cancer Cell Cultures

Indenoisoquinolines with lactam substituents such as ethylamino, propylamino, and butylamino have previously demonstrated potent biological activity, but an optimal length has never been established. In the present study, a series of simplified indenoisoquinoline analogues possessing a linker spacing of 0-12 carbon atoms between the lactam nitrogen and the terminal amino group have been prepared, determining that 2-4-atom lengths are optimal for topoisomerase I inhibition and cytotoxicity. Using these lengths, analogues were prepared with the amino group and portions of the linker replaced by a pyridine ring. A three-carbon spacer within the pyridine series still demonstrated potent topoisomerase I inhibition.
An Unusually Strong Gravity Wave over Western Washington

Abstract A mesoscale wave disturbance, observed over western Washington State, is studied through local observations and recognized by comparisons with theory as a large-amplitude gravity wave. It is shown that this gravity wave propagated over 200 km in an atmosphere conductive to wave trapping. Abrupt wind shifts, strong gusty winds to 17 ms-1, moderate-to-severe turbulence, and a sea level pressure fall/rise couplet of 3 to 6 mb were observed as the wave propagated at an average speed of 13 ms-1 over the Puget Sound. Subsidence at the top of the marine boundary layer, associated with the trough passage, is estimated at 1100 m over a period of 30 min. This dramatic sinking motion generated rapid, short-lived changes in cloud heights and ceilings, which proved difficult to forecast and potentially dangerous to aviation trafffic. A convective downdraft appears to have provided the necessary push to initiate this gravity wave. However, geostrophic adjustment and wind shear cannot be ruled out as possible g...
CALHM1 Ion Channel Mediates Purinergic Neurotransmission from Taste Buds to Gustatory Nerve Terminals during Sweet and Bitter Perception

Taste buds (TB), composed of three distinct types of cells (type I, II and III), sense taste compounds and transmit signals to afferent gustatory neural pathways. Neurotransmission of sweet and bitter tastes requires non-vesicular release from type II cells of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) which acts as a neurotransmitter to activate afferent neural pathways. However, how ATP is released is uncertain. We recently identified CALHM1 as an ATP-permeable ion channel, and CALHM1 was found to be expressed in primate TB. Therefore, we examined the possibility that CALHM1 mediates ATP release from type II cells during sweet and bitter perception. By in situ hybridization, Calhm1 was expressed in mouse TB but not in surrounding epithelium. Loss of Calhm1 signal in TB of Skn-1a-/- mice in which type II cells are developmentally absent demonstrates that Calhm1 expression is confined to sweet/bitter-sensing type II cells. To examine CALHM1 function, we generated a constitutive Calhm1-/- mouse and verified loss of Calhm1 expression in TB. Calhm1-/- mice were viable and fertile, with no overt morphological or marker-gene expression abnormalities in their TB. Knockout of Calhm1 significantly reduced voltage-dependent currents in type II cells, which were inhibited by ruthenium red, a CALHM1 channel blocker, but was without effects on the excitability of taste cells to taste stimuli. Strikingly, taste-evoked release ATP release from TB was abolished in Calhm1-/- mice. Finally, Calhm1 deficiency eliminated behavioral responses to sweet and bitter taste stimuli but did not impact salty and sour tastes. Thus, CALHM1 is an essential component of sweet and bitter perception as the neurotransmitter (ATP) release pathway.
Aspects of constraint processing

Abstract Terms such as ‘constraint satisfaction’ and ‘constraint propagation’ are often used interchangeably although, in fact, they refer to different, albeit closely related, concepts. We discuss this and related confusions that sometimes arise in discussions of constraint processing
Calibration of indo-1 and resting intracellular [Ca]i in intact rabbit cardiac myocytes.

Fluorescent Ca indicators have been extremely valuable in understanding intracellular [Ca] ([Ca]i) regulation in many cell types. The calibration of these indicators in the intracellular environment, however, has been a continuous challenge. We performed in vivo calibrations of indo-1 in isolated rabbit ventricular myocytes loaded with the acetoxymethylester form of indo-1 and used the perforated patch variation of whole cell voltage clamp. Voltage, [Na], and [K] gradients were eliminated to approach equilibrium. We also took advantage of the powerful Na/Ca exchange in cardiac myocytes so that [Ca]i would be equilibrated with [Ca]o (because there was no [Na] or voltage gradient). The equilibration of [Na] and [Ca] across the membrane was tested by measuring the reversal potential of Na current and poking the cell to test for changes in [Ca]i-dependent fluorescence ratio. The apparent dissociation constant, Kd for indo-1 in the cellular environment was 844 nM, which is approximately 2–3 times higher than that in aqueous solutions. In a separate series of experiments, a null point approach was used to determine the [Ca]i in intact cells at rest for very long periods (82 +/- 6 nM). This is lower than that measured 15 s after a train of steady-state twitches ([Ca]i = 294 +/- 53 nM). These experiments also allowed the direct assessment of the shortening versus [Ca]i relationship in intact cells.
Extending Models of Prosocial Behavior to Explain University Alumni Contributions1

Survey data merged with contribution records from a development office database provided a basis for understanding alumni support for a university. The survey randomly sampled alumni of a state university school of management who had graduated between 1980 and 1988. Subjects filled out mail questionnaires measuring social psychological constructs from the literature on prosocial behavior. The determinants of obligation to donate included perceived efficacy, perceived need, reciprocity, and individual attachment to the university. Obligation and other constructs explained the number of donations recorded in the development office database over 6 years. The model also predicted intentions to support the university by working for an alumni association or attending reunions. This model of alumni donation leads to recommendations for designing university fund-raising communications.
Calculation of odd-parity states in 12C and 16O using the Sussex matrix elements

Abstract A calculation of odd-parity states and giant resonance cross sections in 12C and 16O is carried out using the phase-shift matrix elements deduced by the Sussex group. The single-particle energies are calculated from the two-body interactions of a single particle or hole with particles in the core. Thus the only parameter in the calculation is the oscillator length associated with the shell-model basis. Gross features of the giant resonance in these nuclei are well accounted for, but detailed agreement with experimental energies of odd-parity states of other angular momenta is rather poor.
Tests for exponentiality against increasing failure rate average alternatives with censored data

The Jb, statistic of Deshpande (1983) for testing the exponentiality of the lifetime survival function [Fbar] against the increasing failure rate average class of non-exponential distributions is extended to a statistic which is appropriate for right censored data. It is assumed that the censoring variable with survival function [Gbar] is independent of the lifetime and that [Gbar] satisfies mild regularity conditions. We recast the above work in the competing risks framework. In that setup, the survival function of the lifetime variable T is [Fbar]T = [Fbar][Gbar], where [Fbar] and [Gbar] are the survival functions associated with two independent competing risks. We decompose a statistic , a constant multiple of Jb, which tests for the exponentiality of T, into the sum of two statistics, , where , test for the exponentiality of [Fbar]([Gbar]), as above.
Cigarette Use and the Narrowing Sex Differential in Mortality

What explains the recent reversal in many countries of century-long trends toward a growing female advantage in mortality? And might the reversal indicate that new roles and statuses of women have begun to harm their health relative to men? Using data on 21 high-income countries that separate smoking deaths from other deaths, this study answers the first question by showing that the reversal in the direction of change in the sex differential results from increased levels of smoking among women relative to men. Using additional cross-national data on cigarette consumption and indicators of gender equality, this article answers the second question in the negative by showing that the declining female advantage in smoking mortality results from patterns of the diffusion of cigarette use rather than from improvements in women's status. Evidence of continued improvement in the female mortality advantage net of smoking deaths, and the likely decline of smoking among women in the future, imply that the recent narrowing of the differential will reverse.
Oral etoposide in the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer

Background. Hormone-refractory prostate cancer generally remains a chemotherapy-resistant tumor and therefore warrants the continued evaluation of promising agents. Methods. Twenty-two eligible patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer were treated with oral etoposide at a dosage of 50 mg/m2/day for 21 days in a 28-day cycle. Response was evaluated using standard solid tumor response criteria. Results. There were two partial responses of 6 and 14 months' duration, respectively. Two patients had disease stabilization, one for 6 months and one for 12 months. Median survival was 31 weeks, with an overal 1-year survival of 30%. Reversible alopecia and myelosuppression were the primary toxicities noted. Conclusions. Single-agent oral etoposide has minimal activity in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
Personality and curiosity about morbid and sexual events

Abstract The study was designed to examine the relationships of sensation seeking, extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism traits with an interest in presentations of violent or morbid and sexual events in the media and in live sports. Scales of curiosity about morbid and sexual events and self-ratings of attendance of horror and X-rated erotic movies were developed and given to 89 male and 213 female undergraduates along with the personality scales. Males scored higher than females on both types of curiosity and film attendance scales as well as on the SSS and P scale. The SSS and P scale correlated positively with curiosity scales and sensation seeking also correlated with film attendance of both types of films. A new hypothesis suggests that high sensation seekers are interested in stimuli that increase activity in central catecholamine systems. Past research has demonstrated that violent, fear-provoking and erotic films increase peripheral catecholamines.
FILTRATE FLOW THROUGH FILTER CAKES WHICH EXHIBIT TIME DEPENDENT RESISTANCE

Filtrate flow through filter cakes which exhibits time dependent resistance was studied by measuring filtration rates through four types of perlite filter aids using a laboratory test system. Poultry chiller overflow water which has the potential for significant savings if recycled was used as the test suspension. Assumption of constant specific cake resistance and determination of its value from a plot of filtration rate against cummulative filtrate volume resulted in negative values for the medium resistance and large deviation between predicted and experimental values of filtrate volume particularly in the early stages of the filtration cycle. Equations were derived for independent determination of filtration medium resistance, which enabled determination of time dependent cake resistance factor. An equation which considered a time dependent cake resistance predicted values for filtrate volume which agreed well with experimental data. Data show that batch filtration of chiller overflow water will require very short cycle times for optimum filtrate flow.
Robotics training program: evaluation of the satisfaction and the factors that influence success of skills training in a resident robotics curriculum.

Abstract Purpose: We present our experience of training residents in a weekend robotic training program to assess its effectiveness and perceived usefulness. Methods: Bimonthly training sessions were arranged such that residents could sign up for hour-long, weekend training sessions. They are required to complete four training sessions. Five tasks were scored for time and accuracy: Peg-Board, checkerboard, string running, pattern cutting, and suturing. Participants completed surveys (5-point Likert scale) regarding program utility, ease of attendance, and interest in future weekend training sessions. Results: Mean number of trials completed by 19 residents was >4, and 16 completed the trials within an average of 13.7±8.1 mos. Significant improvements (P<0.05) were seen in final trials for Peg-Board accuracy (95.8% vs 79.0%), checkerboard deviation (4.8% vs 18.2%), and time (293 s vs 404 s), pattern-cutting time (257 s vs 399 s), and suture time (203 s vs 305 s). Time to previous session correlated with re...
Amplification of single-strand DNA binding protein in escherichis coli

An E. coli strain containing a recombinant plasmid carrying the E. coli ssbA+ gene has been shown to produce 12 to 15 fold increased amounts of single-strand DNA binding-protein relative to wild-type strains. In addition, a gamma transducing phage carrying the E. coli uvrA+ gene has been shown to also carry the ssbA+ gene and to be capable of producing increased amounts of binding protein.
A localizing directory coherence protocol

User-controllable coherence revives the idea of cooperation between software and hardware in an attempt to bridge the gap between efficient small-scale shared memory machines and massive distributed memory machines. It proposes a new multiprocessor architecture which has both a global address-space and multiple processor-local address-spaces with new memory instructions and a new coherence protocol to manage the dual address-spaces.The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we solidify the semantics of instruction set extensions that enable "localization" -- the act of moving data from the global address-space to a processor's local address-space -- thus clearly defining the requirements for a localizing coherence protocol. Second, we demonstrate the feasibility of localizing coherence by describing the workings of a full-scale directory-based protocol that we have implemented and tested using an existing protocol specification tool.
ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES IN RELATIVISTIC HYDRODYNAMIC JETS

The appearance of wavelike helical structures on steady relativistic jets is studied using a normal mode analysis of the linearized —uid equations. Helical structures produced by the normal modes scale relative to the resonant (most unstable) wavelength and not with the absolute wavelength. The resonant wave- length of the normal modes can be less than the jet radius even on highly relativistic jets. High-pressure regions helically twisted around the jet beam may be con—ned close to the jet surface, penetrate deeply into the jet interior, or be con—ned to the jet interior. The high-pressure regions range from thin and ribbon-like to thick and tubelike depending on the mode and wavelength. The wave speeds can be sig- ni—cantly diUerent at diUerent wavelengths but are less than the —ow speed. The highest wave speed for the jets studied has a Lorentz factor somewhat more than half that of the underlying —ow speed. A maximum pressure —uctuation criterion found through comparison between theory and a set of relativistic axisymmetric jet simulations is applied to estimate the maximum amplitudes of the helical, elliptical, and triangular normal modes. Transverse velocity —uctuations for these asymmetric modes are up to twice the amplitude of those associated with the axisymmetric pinch mode. The maximum ampli- tude of jet distortions and the accompanying velocity —uctuations at, for example, the resonant wave- length decreases as the Lorentz factor increases. Long-wavelength helical surface mode and shorter wavelength helical —rst body mode generated structures should be the most signi—cant. Emission from high-pressure regions as they twist around the jet beam can vary signi—cantly as a result of angular variation in the —ow direction associated with normal mode structures if they are viewed at about the beaming angle h \ 1/c. Variation in the Doppler boost factor can lead to brightness asymmetries by factors up to 6 as long-wavelength helical structure produced by the helical surface mode winds around the jet. Higher order surface modes and —rst body modes produce less variation. Angular variation in the —ow direction associated with the helical mode appears consistent with precess- ing jet models that have been proposed to explain the variability in 3C 273 and BL Lac object AO 0235)164. In particular, cyclic angular variation in the —ow direction produced by the normal modes could produce the activity seen in BL Lac object OJ 287. Jet precession provides a mechanism for trig- gering the helical modes on multiple length scales, e.g., the galactic superluminal GRO J1655(40. Subject headings: BL Lacertae objects: individual (OJ 287) ¨ galaxies: activegalaxies: jets ¨ hydrodynamicsinstabilitiesrelativity
An iterative soft decision based adaptive K-best decoder without SNR estimation

This paper presents an iterative soft decision based adaptive K-best multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) decoding algorithm. It has the flexibility of changing the list size, K with respect to the channel condition, although the accurate measurement of signal to noise ratio (SNR) is not required. Moreover, the concept of iterative soft decision based lattice reduction (LR)-aided minimum mean square error (MMSE) extended K-best decoder is applied instead of conventional hard decision based K-best algorithm to reduce computational complexity to a great extent It is found that the ratio of the minimum path metric to the second minimum can provide reliable estimation of channel condition. Hence, in the proposed algorithm, K is changed adaptively with respect to the ratio. Using this method with less number of K, we can obtain similar performance compared to the conventional LR-aided K-best algorithm operating with maximum list size of 64. Comparing to the fourth iteration of iterative soft decision based least sphere decoding (LSD), the proposed method with less K achieves 1.6 dB improvement at the bit error rate (BER) of 10−6. Therefore, similar performance can be obtained by the proposed adaptive K-best algorithm with less computational complexity of the tree search decoder.
Technical note A regression technique for estimating the time required to digitize maps manually

Abstract A regression technique is described for obtaining estimates of the manual digitizing effort required during a mapping project. This technique is then applied with good results to a set of five maps of varying dimensions and complexity. The technique was derived from experience with one geographical information system but may be applicable to others since it has its basis in the physical dimensions of the map.
Comparative investigation of CD-SEM carryover effect

Aggressive roadmaps impose stringent requirements not only on the metrology tools but on photoresist properties as well. In this article we investigate the interaction between electron beam in a CD SEM and different photoresists in an attempt to determine appropriate candidates from metrology point of view. We have evaluated sample damage (carryover) in order to find an approach leading to reduction of the sample degradation in the course of the measurement process and improve measurement precision. We have observed various linewidth changes under conditions expected in the case of single-tool repeatability, stability or multiple-tool matching procedures for CD SEM. The experimental data show that while all examined photoresists experienced certain changes some of them demonstrate less sensitivity. For modern CD SEM in addition to electron energy and current as factors defining the carryover, the possible effect of the clean room environment exposure should be considered as well. Recommendations have been made with respect to acceptable compromise based on the current precision requirements.
Using truck-inventory-cost to obtain solutions to multi-period logistics models

Abstract The antithetic opposition between the cost of inventory and the fixed cost of transportation, which leads to multiple alternate near-optima, can be a primary contributor to the computational intractability of the mixed integer program for a two-echelon multi-period distribution system. To alleviate the computational intractability, we develop a heuristic procedure that determines the deployments of trucks to, and the consequent levels of inventory at, the second echelon thereby reducing the number of variables in the model. The reduced model is shown to identify near optimal solutions for the entire distribution system in negligible computation time.
Proposed System of Nomenclature for Biotypes of Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in North America

Twenty genes in wheat, Triticum spp ., for resistance to Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), have been previously designated H1 to H20 . The location on wheat chromosomes of some of the genes is known, but several have not yet been assigned to specific chromosomes. Four wheat differential cultivars have been used to identify 16 possible biotypes of Hessian fly; biotypes were designated GP and A–O. If an additional differential host genotype were added, it is apparent that there are not enough letters in the alphabet to designate all of the biotypes. Therefore, a new system of biotype designation is proposed. Three differential cultivars or lines are assigned to a set. Sets are designated A, B, C, and so on. There are eight combinations of resistant and susceptible reactions within a set. These are coded 1 to 8 for each set. Three sets are proposed to begin biotype designation. Abiotype avirulent to all differentials in three sets is coded 111. If set C were not used, a zero (untested) replaces the digit. In the above case, the biotype is designated 110. The biotype designation system provides flexibility for the addition of new sets as new genes are identified and for the deletion of sets no longer deemed useful.
Prevalence and correlates of hepatitis C virus infection among inmates at two New York State correctional facilities

Summary Previous studies have reported decreasing hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection rates in the general population. However, differential susceptibility in institutionalized populations suggest that HCV infection is even more prevalent in prison populations than previously reported yet, routine screening for HCV infection among prisoners is not generally available. We estimated the HCV prevalence and identified associated exposures at two maximum-security prisons using data obtained from 2788 inmates from the Risk Factors for Spread of Staphylococcus aureus in Prisons Study in New York, which recruited participants from January 2009 and January 2013. HCV prevalence was 10.1% ( n = 295); injection drug use, injection drug use sex partners, and HIV diagnosis exhibited the strongest associations with HCV infection in multivariable models, adjusting for covariates. Taken together, the findings of the present study provide an updated estimate of HCV prevalence and suggest that incarcerated populations represent a declining yet significant portion of the hepatitis epidemic.
Predicting stability and change in toddler behavior problems: Contributions of maternal behavior and child gender.

This study examined the stability and continuity of early-identified behavior problems and the factors associated with this stability. Children and their mothers (N = 125) were seen when the children were 2 and 4 years of age. Maternal reports of child externalizing behavior and laboratory observations of child noncompliance were stable from age 2 to age 4. Early externalizing behaviors decreased over time; however, child noncompliance in the laboratory did not. Although few associations were found between maternal positive behavior and child behavior problems, maternal controlling behavior was related to increases in child behavior problems, particularly at high levels of both prior noncompliance and prior maternal control. Child noncompliance was predictive of increases in maternal controlling behavior over time.
Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 genotype and positive symptoms in schizophrenia.

Background Converging evidence has demonstrated an association between the Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) gene and schizophrenia (SZ). Within the DISC1 gene, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), Ser704Cys, has been associated with the structure and function of the hippocampus. Because positive symptoms in SZ have also been associated with hippocampal structure and function, we hypothesized that variation in a DISC1 haplotype containing Ser704Cys would be significantly associated with positive symptomatology in SZ. Methods We tested for an association between variation in a haplotype block within the DISC1 gene containing Ser704Cys and lifetime history of positive symptoms in 199 Caucasian patients with SZ. Results We detected significant associations between a DISC1 haplotype containing Ser704Cys and Ser704Cys genotype and lifetime severity of delusions in SZ. Conclusions These data suggest that that the effect of DISC1 genetic variation might be associated with positive symptoms in patients with SZ.
Regulation of Substrate Availability for the Branched‐Chain α‐Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Enzyme Complexa

The tissue distribution of BCAT and BCKDH is largely responsible for the unique metabolism of branched-chain amino acids in rat tissues. Because BCKDH is a mitochondrial enzyme, tissue capacity for branched-chain amino acid oxidation will be a function of mitochondrial specific activity and tissue mitochondrial content, as well as the activity state of the BCKDH complex. In muscle tissues, the activity of the BCKDH appears to restrict branched-chain amino acid oxidation. Therefore, in muscle, transamination exceeds oxidation. Depending on muscle fiber type, the branched-chain alpha-keto acid transporter operates primarily as either an efflux or an exchange pathway and keto acids are released from the tissue. The liver contains very low cytosolic BCAT activity and no mitochondrial BCAT. Since the BCKDH is largely in the active state in hepatic tissue, the liver is a major site of branched-chain amino acid oxidation. Thus, control of the metabolism of these essential amino acids in vivo is achieved through distribution and regulation of the activity of the first two enzymes in the catabolic pathway.
ν2 and ν4 fundamentals of phosphine occurring at 8–12 μm

Abstract The ν 4 and ν 4 fundamental vibration rotation bands of phosphine have been recorded with a high resolution vacuum infrared grating spectrograph. Due to improved resolution in the present data as compared to earlier studies, it has been possible to make assignments to the rotational structure more unambiguously. The splittings of the K -type doubling in the ν 4 band have been observed not only in the R -branch but also in the P and Q branches of this band. Molecular constants have been evaluated by a computer program which involves numerical iterative techniques. The parameters which characterize the perturbations observed have also been determined and their significance discussed.
Prediction of Heat Transfer in a Ribbed Channel: Evaluation of Unsteady RANS Methodology

Heat transfer in a straight channel with rib turbulators on one wall is predicted numerically with an unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) methodology and compared to code-validation quality experimental data from the literature. Additionally, for comparison, steady simulations of the problem are conducted using two popular turbulence closure models, a Realizable k-e model and a differential Reynolds-stress model. Closure in the URANS simulation is provided by a new eddy-viscosity-based model that was developed in the Advanced Computational Research Laboratory at Clemson University. This new model consists of three transport equations, and it is designed specifically to promote natural unsteadiness in the flow without the need for artificial forcing. In all cases, the Reynolds number, based on hydraulic diameter, is equal to 24,000. Eight square ribs, orthogonal to the flow direction, are equally spaced on the bottom wall of the channel. For the URANS simulation, after the flow becomes fully-developed in the streamwise direction, the predicted Nusselt number on the ribbed wall follows the trend of measured data from the modeled experimental study. However, the unsteady simulation slightly overpredicts the distance to the peak heat transfer aft of each rib. Also, the heat transfer prediction is very dependent on the grid resolution aft of the ribs. Therefore, efficient refinement of the unstructured mesh and grid-independence issues are discussed. Results of both steady simulations show a significant underprediction of Nusselt number over the entire ribbed wall, with the Reynolds-stress model giving the better result of the two steady closure models. The results of this study clearly show that unsteady vortex shedding off of the ribs is important in the physics of this problem, and a systematic, unsteady methodology is necessary to accurately predict ribbed-channel heat transfer.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Abwesenheit-Schweigen-Tötung: Die Möglichkei-ten der Frau? Lessings Funktionalisierung litera-rischer Klischees

Die relative Abwesenheit und Einfluslosigkeit der Frau im Drama des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts ist ein von bestimmten Gattungs-erwagungen gepragtes Klischee von dem Lessing sich, trotz schein-barer Ubernahme, in seinem Subtext distanziert. Die Arbeit rekon-struiert zunachst das Frauenbild als ideale Reprasentation des zeitgenossischen burgerlichen Tugendverstandnisses mit seiner emanzipatorisch verstandenen privaten Innerlichkeit. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden die moglichen Grunde fuUr die Ausklamme-rung der Frau als Verkorperung dieses Ideals erwogen. Um der Idealitat willen, so meine These, sind die gesellschaftlichen Realita-ten, so auch die Arbeit der Frau an diesem tugendhaften Humani-tatsideal, ausgegrenzt. Als Textgrundlagen dienen Der junge Ge-lehrte, Der Misogyn, Die Juden, Miss Sara Sampson und Emilia Galotti. Im Laufe seiner Entwicklung als Dramatiker distanziert sich Lessing in zunehmendem MaBe von diesem die Konflikttrach-tigkeit des Humanitatsideals der Privatsphare ignorierenden Klischee der Abwesenheit der Frau. Es geht ihm immer weniger um die Ubernahme und die Darstellung eines bestimmten Werte-systems als vielmehr um dessen Problematisierung. Mit seiner Funktionalisierung der Klischees stellt Lessing deren inharentes Konfliktpotential dar. E.st durch seine kritische Differenzierung der Konventionalitat kann eine sinnvolle Revision ermoglicht werden.
Induced electric field and current density patterns in bone fractures.

We have used the low frequency solver of the computer program SEMCAD-X to model the induced electric field and current density patterns in simple models of a fractured femur embedded off-center in cylindrical muscle tissue; a 1 cm fracture gap is filled with callus. The model is exposed to a 1 kHz, 1 mT sinusoidal magnetic field. The frequency chosen is typical of the major Fourier components of many waveforms used to stimulate fracture healing using pulsed magnetic fields; the intensity is also a typical level. Models include fractures perpendicular to the bone and at an angle from the perpendicular, each exposed to a field applied parallel to the bone or parallel to either of the two axes perpendicular to it. We find that all directions of applied magnetic fields produce essentially parallel induced electric fields and current densities through the plane of the callus, but that a magnetic field applied parallel to the bone induces considerably higher fields and currents than the same strength field applied in either perpendicular direction. Because investigations of pulsed-field devices, including modeling of induced fields and currents, peaked more than a decade ago, this is the first application to our knowledge of the current capabilities of computer modeling systems to biological systems at low frequencies. Bioelectromagnetics 33:585–593, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Silicon Undercut Characterization in a CMOS-MEMS Process

This paper describes a convenient and inexpensive electrical test structure to characterize silicon undercut in a CMOS-MEMS process, which helps to define the context-dependent MEMS design rules. Undercut extracted from electrical measurements match physical undercut measured from focused- ion beam etched cross sections and optical observations. Silicon undercut increases with silicon isotropic etch time and opening size, and it varies slightly with structural height. An exponential equation is employed to model the relation between undercut and opening size. Based on the characterization results, MEMS design rules are extracted.
Performance over time of congenitally deaf and postlingually deafened children using a multichannel cochlear implant

The speech perception performance of 10 congenitally deaf and 3 postlingually deafened children who received the Cochlear Corporation multichannel cochlear implant was examined and compared. The ch...
“Waterseal” gastrostomy in the management of premature infants with tracheoesophageal fistula and pulmonary insufficiency

The perioperative management of premature infants with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) complicated by pulmonary insufficiency continues to be a challenge. Definitive repair is usually delayed or staged and a gastrostomy is initially placed to prevent reflux aspiration. In patients with decreased pulmonary compliance, gastrostomy placement results in decreased intragastric pressure leading to a loss of ventilatory pressure via the tracheoesophageal fistula. A technique using the principle of underwater seal to maintain effective ventilatory pressure after gastrostomy placement is described, and two illustrative cases are presented. After acute respiratory decompensation in these patients, the gastrostomy tube was connected to underwater seal resulting in improved respiratory status. The underwater seal is allowed to intermittently "bubble," thereby permitting partial gastric decompression. This technique maintains effective ventilatory pressure after gastrostomy placement in premature infants with EA/TEF and pulmonary insufficiency until denfinitive therapy can be achieved.