cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Schwannoma in patients with isolated unilateral trochlear nerve palsy.

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe the clinical features of patients with isolated unilateral trochlear nerve palsy secondary to imaging-defined schwannoma of the trochlear nerve. METHODS: A chart review of all patients seen at the Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit at Emory University since 1989. Of 221 patients with trochlear nerve palsy, six had a lesion consistent with a trochlear nerve schwannoma. RESULTS: The six patients had isolated unilateral trochlear nerve palsy. Duration of diplopia before diagnosis averaged 6 months. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated circumscribed, enhancing lesions along the cisternal course of the trochlear nerve, all measuring less than 5 mm in greatest dimension. Five of the patients were seen in follow-up, over periods ranging from 11 to 26 months from initial presentation (mean, 15.6 months; standard deviation, 6.0 months). All of these patients remained stable except one, who was slightly worse at 15 months by clinical measurements and magnetic resonance imaging. None of these patients have developed additional symptoms or signs of cranial nerve or central nervous system involvement. CONCLUSIONS: The differential diagnosis of an isolated unilateral fourth cranial nerve palsy should include an intrinsic neoplasm of the trochlear nerve. Magnetic resonance imaging is useful, both for diagnosis and follow-up. These patients can remain stable and may not require neurosurgical intervention.
Measurement of salivary lysozyme.

daltons exclusion limit against 0.1 MTris-acetatebuffer, pH4.5, for60minuteswithconstant stirring. At the end of this timethepHofthesaliva aliquotwasidentical tothat of the buffer. The acidified sampleswerenextcentrifuged at 14,000rpmfor 30minutes in a cooled centrifuge (4 C). Alarge precipitate wasalwaysobtainedfromwhole saliva, while only traces or
Time-varying risk premia☆

Abstract Time-varying risk premia (TVRP) is one of the four sources of stock return autocorrelation. TVRP arises in a securities market equilibrium when the equilibrium expected returns of the available investments vary over time; in particular, the presence of TVRP does not indicate pricing inefficiency. This paper provides equilibrium upper bounds on TVRP, as a function of the return period, the time horizon over which the autocorrelations are calculated, and the variability of risk premia. These bounds on TVRP, in combination with the methods of Anderson et al. (2010) , allow one to establish lower bounds on the contribution of partial price adjustment, and thus pricing inefficiency, to stock return autocorrelation.
Tensile retraction measurements. IV. Determination of loose end pullout in gum vulcanizates

Tensile retraction measurements have been made on unfilled rubbers cured with either sulfur or dicumyl peroxide to different levels of crosslink density. The rubbers chosen were emulsion and solution polymerized anionic SBRs, cis-polybutadiene, natural rubber, and anionic 1,4-polybutadienes of different molecular weight. The measured molecular weight between crosslinks (Mc) at each extension gave a smooth curve when plotted against the maximum extension (Λmax) used for the measurement. This curve was separated into three linear regions that characterize the cured rubber. The first region, above about 30% elongation, gave a Λmax = 1 intercept that decreased with either increased polymer Mn or increased level of curatives. Subtracting this calculated crosslink density from the measured crosslink density below about 30% elongation gave another smooth curve when plotted against Λmax. A second linear relationship was described in the general range of 5-30% elongation. Below about 5% elongation, a third linear relationship was found. This line was determined from the differences between the calculated and the observed crosslink densities in the lowest strain region of the intermediate strain plot. Possible explanations of these three linear regions have been made. Supporting evidence was gained from temperature-dependent experiments as well as from correlation of experimental results with polymers of different values of Tg.
Beta poly(L-lysine): a model system for biological self-assembly.

Abstract The beta structure of poly( l -lysine) is formed in solutions of pH above 9.5 and temperatures above 45 °C. We have followed the extent of the transition by measuring the light scattering, the fluorescence of a beta-specific dye (2-toluidino-6-naphthalene sulfonate) or the optical rotation. During the time course of the transition, the fractional changes of all three quantities are, within experimental error, the same. The progress of the reaction is sigmoid; therefore, we consider two reaction steps: nucleation and growth on a folded template. Since the rate does not depend on the concentration, the intramolecular folding of single molecules is the nucleation step. Since the end product does not accelerate the folding of unfolded molecules, the growth of each beta particle ends when the particle reaches a certain (equilibrium) size. This size is approx. 100 molecules per particle. Studies of single and double reversal show hysteresis: there is a range where the unfolded material will not fold and the folded material will not unfold. Unfolding is easier, the smaller the degree of folding at the time of the reversal. Seeding, i.e. rate enhancement by the artificial introduction of nuclei, is observed (1) when folding is caused with a small amount of 1 n -base, rather than with buffer and (2) when solutions in which the reaction has been reversed by cooling are again heated. These observations are typical of the behavior of polymers crystallizing in dilute solution. However, the finite size of the particles is unusual, and makes this system, in which assembly and conformation change are nearly inextricably linked, a possible model of self-assembling biological structures.
Inhibition of Na,K-ATPase and sodium pump by anticancer ether lipids and protein kinase C inhibitors ET-18-OCH3 and BM 41.440.

The anticancer ether lipid analogs ET-18-OCH 3 and BM 41.440 inhibited Na,K-ATPase in the purified rat brain membrane fragments, with a potency comparable to that of their inhibition of protein kinase C. They also inhibited Na,K-ATPase in the crude membrane fraction of HL60 cells. Kinetic analysis indicated that the lipids had a mode of action different from that of ouabain, a classic inhibitor of the ATPase. The lipids also blocked 22 Na uptake in the inside-out membrane vesicles of human erythrocytes. It is suggested that Na,K-ATPase might represent an additional site with which certain protein kinase C inhibitors can interact to alter cellular activities.
Response to Comment on "PDK1 Nucleates T Cell Receptor-Induced Signaling Complex for NF-κB Activation"

In their comment, Gruber et al . report constitutive phosphorylation of protein kinase C θ at threonine residue 538. However, they fail to note that, consistent with our results, a number of other groups have previously reported inducible phosphorylation of Thr-538 in T cells. Although the physiological relevance of this discrepancy is unclear, substantial differences in experimental conditions and reagents may account for the conflicting observations.
The effects of chronic cobalt exposure on passive-avoidance performance in the adult rat

Adult male rats were tested for acquisition and retention of step-down passive avoidance following exposure to either distilled water contaminated with cobalt chloride (Group Cobalt) or uncontaminated distilled water (Group Control). Exposure to 20 mg cobalt/kg body weight per day, for 57 days, produced significantly greater step-down passive-avoidance latencies during retention testing in Group Cobalt relative to controls. Analyses of passive-avoidance-acquisition data, analgesic-tolerance test results, and body weights produced no significant group differences. Significant accumulations of cobalt were detected in blood, brain, and left testis of treated animals.
Improved efficacy of extended release oxybutynin in children with persistent daytime urinary incontinence converted from regular oxybutynin.

Abstract Objectives To examine the response to conversion from regular oxybutynin (Ditropan) to an extended-release form (Ditropan XL) in children with persistent daytime urinary incontinence. Methods A retrospective review of patients with daytime wetting who switched from Ditropan to Ditropan XL included patient age, sex, reason for the change in medication, uroflowmetry findings before and after the change, side effects, and duration and dosage of the medication. The data were analyzed using a paired, two-tailed t test, with P Results Twenty-seven patients were followed up for an average of 35.8 months. A lack of improvement (n = 11), convenience (n = 6), side effects (n = 2), and a dislike of the taste (n = 2) were identified as reasons for changing to the extended release form. The mean dosage of Ditropan and Ditropan XL did not differ significantly (0.40 and 0.38 mg/kg/day, respectively). After the change to Ditropan XL, 6 patients had a resolution of side effects and 7 developed new side effects. Of the 27 patients, 13 became dry or had significant improvement by the first visit after the change to Ditropan XL. Significant increases in voided volume (38% versus 53%; P P = 0.03), normalized for age-expected bladder capacity, occurred by the first clinic visit after beginning Ditropan XL. No significant changes in the postvoid residual urine volume occurred. Conclusions The frequency of wetting decreased and the voided volume and bladder capacity increased after a change to Ditropan XL in children with persistent wetting when taking Ditropan.
The effect of varying alkaloid concentrations on the feeding behavior of gypsy moth larvae, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

Nine alkaloids (acridine, aristolochic acid, atropine, berberine, caffeine, nicotine, scopolamine, sparteine, and strychnine) were evaluated as feeding deterrents for gypsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar (L.); Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Our aim was to determine and compare the taste threshold concentrations, as well as the ED50 values, of the nine alkaloids to determine their potency as feeding deterrents. The alkaloids were applied to disks cut from red oak leaves (Quercus rubra) (L.), a plant species highly favored by larvae of this polyphagous insect species. We used two-choice feeding bioassays to test a broad range of biologically relevant alkaloid concentrations spanning five logarithmic steps. We observed increasing feeding deterrent responses for all the alkaloids tested and found that the alkaloids tested exhibited different deterrency threshold concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 mM. In conclusion, it appears that this generalist insect species bears a relatively high sensitivity to these alkaloids, which confirms behavioral observations that it avoids foliage containing alkaloids. Berberine and aristolochic acid were found to have the lowest ED50 values and were the most potent antifeedants.
Extensive random mutagenesis analysis of the Na+/K+-ATPase alpha subunit identifies known and previously unidentified amino acid residues that alter ouabain sensitivity--implications for ouabain binding.

Random mutagenesis with ouabain selection has been used to comprehensively scan the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the α1 subunit of the sheep Na+/K+-ATPase for amino acid residues that alter ouabain sensitivity. The four random mutant libraries used in this study include all of the transmembrane and extracellular regions of the molecule as well as 75% of the cytoplasmic domains. Through an extensive number of HeLa cell transfections of these libraries and subsequent ouabain selection, 24 ouabain-resistant clones have been identified. All previously described amino acids that confer ouabain resistance were identified, confirming the completeness of this random mutagenesis screen. The amino acid substitutions that confer the greatest ouabain resistance, such as Gln111Arg, Asp121Gly, Asp121Glu, Asn122Asp, and Thr797a were identified more than once in this study. This extensive survey of the extracellular and transmembrane regions of the Na+/K+-ATPase molecule has identified two new regions of the molecule that affect ouabain sensitivity: the H4 and the H10 transmembrane regions. The new substitutions identified in this study are Leu330Gln, Ala331Gly, Thr338a, and Thr338Asn in the H4 transmembrane domain and Phe982Ser in the H10 transmembrane domain. These substitutions confer modest increases in the concentration of cardiac glycoside needed to produce 50% inhibition of activity (IC50 values), 3.1–-7.9-fold difference. The results of this extensive screening of the Na+/K+-ATPase α1 subunit to identify amino acids residues that are important in ouabain sensitivity further supports our hypothesis that the H1-H2 and H4-H8 regions represent the major binding sites for the cardiac glycoside class of drugs.
Channel head locations in forested watersheds across the mid-Atlantic United States: A physiographic analysis

Abstract Channel heads are the beginning of river networks and thus knowing their location is important in assessing water resources and health threats to fluvial ecosystems. Despite their importance, most channel heads are unmapped. Remote sensing technologies have not yet proven effective under forested canopies, suggesting that predictive models of channel head locations are the best solution to the impracticality of field-mapping the millions of these features that exist in the U.S. alone. In this study, we compared the locations of 253 field-mapped channel heads in forested watersheds across five different physiographic provinces to a suite of landscape attributes to develop statistical relationships and explanations for the occurrence of channel heads. Topographic attributes were best correlated to catchment source areas of channel heads, with local slope being the primary explanatory variable in one physiographic province, local plan curvature in another, and average profile curvature in the other three. We also found an approximate 1:1 relationship between average plan curvature and average profile curvature for channel heads, suggesting that channel heads in the mid-Atlantic U.S. tend to occur at the outlet of bowl-shaped catchments. Although our results are region-specific, the insight gained by investigating site specific processes across a large physiographically diverse area will help promote more general and robust models that can be applied in a range of landscapes.
An Improved Measure of Ethical Leadership

The appropriate way to define and measure ethical leadership has been a source of conceptual confusion in the leadership literature. Different measures have been developed, but they all have limita...
ANOMALIES OF SPAIN'S ECONOMY AND ECONOMIC POLICY-MAKING

Spain’s economic difficulties underscore the dangers inherent in the Eurozone’s current austerity regime but despite the ways in which the larger context has conditioned and worsened Spanish difficulties, many of the country’s problems are homegrown. Economic policy has suffered from an inability to identify and act on the country’s genuine structural shortfalls and instead has repeatedly attempted to address chronically high unemployment through labour market deregulation. This strategy has not succeeded, but areas—such as the banking system, education and vocational training, research and development, and the work-life balance—needing policy attention have not been adequately addressed. The external imposition of budgetary austerity threatens to simultaneously worsen the country’s cyclical and structural problems—which are considerable.
Using Planned Adaptation to Implement Evidence‐Based Programs with New Populations

The Interactive Systems Framework (ISF) for Dissemination and Implementation (Wandersman et al. 2008) elaborates the functions and structures that move evidence-based programs (EBPs) from research to practice. Inherent in that process is the tension between implementing programs with fidelity and the need to tailor programs to fit the target population. We propose Planned Adaptation as one approach to resolve this tension, with the goal of guiding practitioners in adapting EBPs so that they maintain core components of program theory while taking into account the needs of particular populations. Planned Adaptation is a form of capacity building within the Prevention Support System that provides a framework to guide practitioners in adapting programs while encouraging researchers to provide information relevant to adaptation as a critical aspect of dissemination research, with the goal of promoting wider dissemination and better implementation of EBPs. We illustrate Planned Adaptation using the JOBS Program (Caplan et al. 1989), which was developed for recently laid-off, working- and middle-class workers and subsequently implemented with welfare recipients.
Reinventing China: Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century

This article uses both Manchu and Han sources to interrogate the relationship between Qing and China. After toppling the Ming reign, the Qing rulers identified their state with China as their eighteenth-century campaigns in Inner Asia redefined what China was. By the early twentieth century, educational institutions had facilitated the Manchu efforts to gain the hearts and minds of the Han intellectual elite, who embraced the idea that China was a multiethnic state. Although Manchu rule ended in 1911, the Chinese people never returned to the position that “China” was the property of the Han people: China’s modern identity would be that of a unified multiethnic state. In other words, the Qing legacies to modern China include not just the country’s vast territory but also a new concept of China that laid the solid foundation for the rise of its national identity.
Two Reconstructive Techniques for Flatfoot Deformity Comparing Contact Characteristics of the Hindfoot Joints

The effect of two different methods of reconstruction of flatfoot deformity and the role of the posterior tibial tendon on the contact characteristics of the hindfoot joints were quantified using pressure-sensitive film. Each of 10 cadaver feet was loaded quasi-statically by an axial compressive force to simulate varying loads. First, a specimen was tested intact, then it was tested after sectioning the spring ligament and loading the specimen cyclically to create one type of flatfoot deformity. It was then tested again after reconstructing the deformity. Reconstructions used were the Dillwyn-Evans procedure (bone graft in osteotomy of the calcaneus) or the calcaneocuboid distraction arthrodesis (CCDA). We found that surgically produced flatfoot deformity altered mainly the talonavicular joint, by decreasing its contact area. The Dillwyn-Evans method had less effect on the talonavicular joint (altering 2 of 6 measured parameters) than the CCDA (3 of 6) and more effect on the anteriomedial facet (altering 3 of 6 parameters) than the CCDA (1 of 6). The Dillwyn-Evans method had more effect on the posterior facet (altering 2 of 6 measured parameters) than the CCDA (1 of 6). Function of the posterior tibial tendon had no effect on contact characteristics of the hindfoot joints after either type of reconstruction. These findings are based on measurements using a quasi-statically-loaded foot model at three selected positions, and results may be different with dynamic loading.
Assessment of ophthalmology resident on-call performance

Purpose To design and implement a valid tool for assessment of ophthalmology resident on-call performance. Design Retrospective chart audit. Setting Tertiary care academic ophthalmology programs. Participants Ophthalmology faculty and residents at the University of Cincinnati and the University of Iowa. Methods A 1-page on-call assessment tool (OCAT) and scoring rubric were developed to evaluate ophthalmology resident on-call performance. A retrospective chart audit of consecutive resident on-call charts was performed at the University of Cincinnati and the University of Iowa, and resident performance was scored using the OCAT. Results A consensus of faculty comments established the face and content validity of the OCAT. One hundred ninety-one on-call consultations were assessed. Timeliness of consultation was the most common category receiving a borderline or unsatisfactory rating. Borderline ratings in knowledge-based categories (history, examination, assessment and plan, urgency rating) occurred more often for postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) residents than for PGY3 residents ( P = 0.05, chi-square test). Incomplete differential diagnosis (n = 6) and lack of follow-up instruction (n = 5) were the most common deficiencies observed. Conclusions The OCAT has face, content, and discriminative validity. It can be used to assess resident competence in patient care, professionalism, and medical knowledge. Interrater and intrarater reliability still need to be determined. The OCAT may prove to be an additional assessment tool for meeting the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education competencies mandate.
Unusual roentgen manifestations of large bowel cancer

In our experience, one of the most common diagnostic errors is the failure to detect a cecal cancer that coexists with a cancer of the distal colon (Fig. 1). There are two causes of this failure: (1) The radiologist does not fill the proximal colon after discovering the distal cancer because of concern that inspissation of barium may make a partial obstruction complete or because he fails to appreciate the frequency of multiple cancers. (2) The fecal matter in the colon proximal to the sigmoid lesion obscures the cecal lesion, or the tumor is falsely assumed to be a fecal mass. Simultaneous multiple cancers are termed synchronous, as opposed to metachronous cancer, which indicates that the second growth has appeared later in time. Heald and Bussey,lS analyzing a series of 4884 patients with large bowel cancer from St. Mark’s Hospital in London, found a 3.5% incidence of synchronous and 1.6% of metachronous cancers. Similar figures have been reported by others. ‘+v~ Patients with ulcerative colitis and familial multiple polyposis have been excluded from these series. Thus, if a large bowel cancer is detected, there is about a 3.5% risk that a second cancer is present (Fig. 2). The second cancer was detected by barium enema in only 5 of the 157 patients with synchronous cancers in the St. Mark’s series. One or more benign neoplasms (adenomatous polyps) was associated in 75% of the patients with synchronous cancers, which is three times the incidence in single cancers.
In situ TEM study of the growth of Ge on Si(111)

Abstract We have used the UHV-TEM to study the growth of Ge on Si(111) in situ, from the deposition of the first monolayer to complete relaxation by the introduction of dislocations. We show that, at 650°C, the growth of Ge islands is dominated by steps on the surface. Indeed, islands nucleated on steps that run along the 〈 11 2 ¯ 〉 direction have a very high aspect ratio, while other islands are roughly triangular in shape. Dislocations form initially exclusively by coalescence of these smaller islands. Further growth involves a complicated competition between surrounding strained islands and the relaxed island. At lower temperature (350°C), steps still are a preferred site for island formation, but the limited surface diffusion makes it possible for islands to also nucleate on flat terraces. In this case, an island grows by incorporating dislocations at its edge, which results in a completely relaxed island from the start, and a very uniform network of dislocations. These in situ electron microscopy studies reveal a much more complicated and rich growth process than previously imagined, and tie previously obtained results together into a single picture.
Microfabrication of high-aspect-ratio Bi-Te alloy microposts and applications in microsized cooling probes

High aspect ratio microposts of bismuth telluride alloy with heights of up to 500 μm and a diameter of 150 μm have been fabricated with the LIGA technique. This work is part of an on-going research effort to develop a microprobe based on the Peltier effect for highly localized temperature manipulation on the microscale. Bismuth telluride alloys were electrodeposited galvanostatically into microfeatures on a titanium substrate using an acidic solution containing Bi3+and HTeO-2 ions in 1 mol/dm3 nitric acid (pH∼0). The Bi–Te alloy microposts were monophasic, had a polycrystalline structure, demonstrated excellent adhesion to the substrate, and good mechanical strength. The chemical composition of the microposts was dependent on the electrolyte composition of the deposition bath and the current density used in electroplating; by controlling these two factors either p- or n-type Bi–Te alloy microposts may be produced. This research demonstrates that the microfabrication of Peltier effect probes is feasible.
Estrogen receptor beta (ESR2 ) polymorphisms and endometrial cancer (United States).

Objective: We hypothesized that variations in the ESR2 gene may influence estrogen exposure in the uterus and thus influence endometrial cancer risk. We validated and screened for variants in the ESR2 gene and examined whether they are associated with endometrial cancer risk.
Localization of cellular regulatory proteins using postembedding immunogold labeling.

Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK) mediates the effects of catecholamines and hormones that cause elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP levels. The holoenzyme is a tetramer consisting of catalytic (C) and cyclic AMP-binding regulatory (R) subunits. The type I and type II cAPK isoenzymes are defined by R subunits (RI and RI) of differing molecular weight, primary structure, and cyclic AMP-binding properties. Postembedding immunogold labeling procedures and specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to RI, RII, and C were used to study the subcellular distribution of cAPK sub-units in several tissues. In the rat parotid gland, both RI and RII were present in the cytoplasm, nuclei, and secretory granules of the acinar cells, whereas secretory granules of intercalated and striated duct cells were poorly labeled. These results confirmed that the acinar secretory granules are the source of R subunits previously identified in saliva by specific photoaffinity labeling techniques. Zymogen granules of pancreatic acinar cells and secretory granules of seminal vesicle cells were labeled with antibody to RII. Pancreatic and seminal fluids were shown to contain cyclic AMP-binding proteins. The granules of several endocrine cells (pituitary, pancreatic islet, intestinal) also labeled with RII antibody. Double labeling of ovarian granulosa cells showed that both RI and C were present in the nuclei and cytoplasm. The localization of cAPK subunits revealed by postembedding immunogold labeling is consistent with the postulated regulatory functions of these proteins in gene expression, cell proliferation, exocytosis, and various metabolic events The widespread occurrence of cAPK sub-units in secretory granules and their release to the extracellular environment suggests that they play an important role in secretory cell function.
Chiral-symmetry properties of the Wilson lattice action at strong coupling

We study the vacuum structure of lattice gauge theories with Wilson fermions in the strong-coupling limit, using the Hamiltonian formalism and an alternating-site mean-field ansatz for the ground state. For all values of the hopping parameter, we find a unique vacuum which is not chirally invariant. This contrasts with the vacuum degeneracy of a theory with a dynamically broken chiral symmetry. Thus the Wilson theory has no chirally invariant critical point at strong coupling. However, for small values of hopping parameter the mean-field vacuum of the Wilson theory coincides with that of the chiral theory with a small-quark-mass term added.
Short and long loop nephrons

The purpose of this article is to consider the question: what is the importance to the urinary concentrating mechanism of having nephrons with two different configurations? The question is important, since of the two types of nephron, only one has loops of Henle in the inner renal medulla, the region with the highest osmotic pressure. While a definitive answer is not yet available, several features are described which lay the basis for a speculative conclusion.
Stopping death cold.

The three-dimensional structure of Bcl-xL, an inhibitor of apoptosis, suggests how different combinations of proteins in the same family might be utilized to control apoptosis.
Multiple Myeloma in Young Persons

Excerpt To the editor: In a recent paper (Ann Intern Med84: 441-443, 1975) He well and Alexanian presented three cases of multiple myeloma in young persons, claiming that before their report "no we...
The reliability of The Spatial Memory subtest on the K‐ABC

The Spatial Memory subtest appears on the Simultaneous Processing scale of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, and is intended for children from 5-0 through 12-5 years of age. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interscorer reliability of this subtest, due to reported scoring difficulties. Nineteen gifted children between the ages of 8-10 and 12-2 were administered the Spatial Memory subtest, and two independent examiners scored each subject's item responses. Results showed that the Spatial Memory subtest may be prone to scoring errors because there is no permanent record of responses. It is suggested that a permanent record of responses could improve interscorer reliability significantly and simplify the task of scoring this subtest for practcing psychologists.
Bias Selective Operation of Sb-Based Two-Color Photodetectors

Multicolor detectors have a strong potential to replace conventional single-color detectors in application dealing with the simultaneous detection of more than one wavelength. This will lead to the reduction of heavy and complex optical components now required for spectral discrimination for multi-wavelengths applications. This multicolor technology is simpler, lighter, compact and cheaper with respect to the single-color ones. In this paper, Sb-based two-color detectors fabrication and characterization are presented. The color separation is achieved by fabricating dual band pn junction on a GaSb substrate. The first band consists of an InGaAsSb pn junction for long wavelength detection, while the second band consists of a GaSb pn junction for shorter wavelength detection. Three metal contacts were deposited to access the individual junctions. Surface morphology of multi-layer thin films and also device characteristics of quasi-dual band photodetector were characterized using standard optical microscope and electro-optic techniques respectively. Dark current measurements illustrated the diode behavior of both lattice-matched detector bands. Spectral response measurements indicated either independent operation of both detectors simultaneously, or selective operation of one detector, by the polarity of the bias voltage, while serially accessing both devices.
Grade Retention of Students During Grades K–8 Predicts Reading Achievement and Progress During Secondary Schooling

Using National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS) data, researchers examined the reading growth rates of secondary students who had been retained between kindergarten and 8th grade and those of a matched comparison group of students who had never been retained (n = 878 in each group). Descriptive statistics and latent growth models revealed that the retained group correctly answered 22.27% of NELS reading questions in 8th grade compared to 22.96% answered correctly by the not-retained students and that the not-retained students could expect to answer 3.33% more reading questions correctly at 10th and 12th grades compared to 2.44% for the retained group. The article discusses whether these findings are the result of other initial differences between the groups, negative consequences of retention, or alternative explanations.
Discrete Transitions in Turbulent Convection

The convection in a fluid between horizontal conducting surfaces is a very simple example of thermal turbulence, for the mean heat transport is independent of position while the distance between these surfaces is the only geometric parameter. This paper describes measurements of the heat transport and mean velocity in such convection up to Rayleigh numbers of 10 10 . Six discrete transitions in the slope of the heat-transport curve were observed between Rayleigh numbers of 1700 and 1000000. Although the thermal gradients vary by an order of magnitude from a boundary to the mid-regions of the fluid, these transitions appear to agree with those deduced on an assumption of a constant thermal gradient. Various visual observations of the fluctuating velocity field are also reported. Additional vertical barriers in the fluid markedly influence the horizontal flow but have negligible effect on the heat transport. This apparent lack of uniqueness of the flow patterns associated with a given heat transport suggests a new approach to turbulent phenomena discussed in a following theoretical paper.
Evaluation of sample preparation techniques for algal bioassays

Abstract The chemical and biostimulatory properties of mesotrophic pond water and eutrophic feedlot runoff were examined after subsamples of each were separately subjected to standard membrane filtration and autoclaving pretreatments for bottle test bioassays. Correspondingly separate subsamples were exposed to ultraviolet light to determine its effectiveness as a possible pretreatment. All three pretreatments fulfilled the requirement of destroying or removing indigenous algae, but each technique substantially altered the water chemistry changing the bioassay results. Filtration removed phosphorus; autoclaving raised the pH value, precipitated salts, and eliminated dissolved carbon dioxide; and ultra-violet light oxidized organic and inorganic nitrogen compounds.
Graphic organizers as aids to text learning

Abstract In recent years, advances in computer software have made it possible for persons with little knowledge of text design to construct graphic organizers (GOs) with the intention of helping students learn more effectively from textbooks. Consequently, the use of GOs in textbooks has increased dramatically. Unfortunately, the guidelines used in constructing GOs have not been based on empirical evidence, but rather on the authors’ intuition. This is probably due to the lack of consensus among educators regarding what makes a GO effective, because GO research has been nonsystematic. This paper provides a rationale for the use of GOs, traces their history and development, reviews sixteen studies that have used GOs as text adjuncts, and, unlike other recent reviews of GOs, discusses limitations that have made GO research nonsystematic and provides suggestions for how future research may answer the question, “How should GOs be constructed for use in classrooms?”
A revision of the meteorite based cosmic abundance of boron

Abstract Analyses of meteorites for B abundances have shown that many chondrites are contaminated with terrestrial B, producing erroneously high meteoritic abundances of this element. Boron concentrations in freshly prepared interior samples are significantly lower than they are in samples with unknown or unspecified terrestrial histories. An estimate of the cosmic abundance based upon the analyses of 8 interior samples of 2 carbonaceous chondrites and 1 interior sample of each of 8 ordinary chondrites is a factor of 6.7 less than the previous low estimate. Our revised value, 3.0 B/1010H, is in excellent agreement with estimates based on observations of the solar photosphere. There is no longer a need to consider processes that enrich B in carbonaceous chondrites or deplete it in the sun. Relative meteoritic abundances of Li, Be and B are now in general agreement with models of nucleosynthesis of these light elements by galactic cosmic ray induced spallation.
Charge-symmetry tests in neutron-proton elastic scattering

Abstract The charge-symmetry breaking of nuclear forces can be tested in n-p scattering by comparing the polarizations of the neutron elastically scattered at c.m. angle θ with that of the proton at π—θ or in a time-reversed experiment. The expected difference in polarizations due to one-photon exchange and ρ-ω mixing are computed. The energy and angular dependence of the polarization difference caused by these two effects are similar, but that due to ρ-ω mixing is smaller and of opposite sign. The polarization difference is typically of the order of several tenths of a percent.
A stochastic approach to file access prediction

Most existing studies of file access prediction are experimental in nature and rely on trace driven simulation to predict the performance of the schemes being investigated. We present a first order Markov analysis of file access prediction, discuss its limitations and show how it can be used to estimate the performance of file access predictors, such as First Successor, Last Successor, Stable Successor and Best-k-out-of-n. We compare these analytical results with experimental measurements performed on several file traces and find out that specific workloads, and indeed individual files, can exhibit very different levels of non-stationarity. Overall, at least 60 percent of access requests appear to remain stable over at least a month.
Estrogen modulation of hypothalamic neurons: Activation of multiple signaling pathways and gene expression changes

Hypothalamic target neurons of estrogen include neurosecretory neurons such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and dopamine neurons, and local circuitry neurons such as proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons. These and other hypothalamic neurons are involved in regulating numerous homeostatic functions including reproduction, thermoregulation, stress responses, feeding and motivated behaviors. Using a combination of techniques to examine the molecular mechanisms leading to physiological changes induced by estrogen, we find that both rapid effects and transcriptional changes alter excitability of hypothalamic neurons. We have identified membrane-initiated, rapid signaling pathways through which 17beta-estradiol (E2) alters synaptic responses in these neurons using whole-cell patch recording in hypothalamic slices from ovariectomized female guinea pigs. E2 rapidly uncouples mu-opioid and GABA(B) receptors from G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels in POMC and dopamine neurons as manifested by a reduction in the potency of mu-opioid and GABA(B) receptor agonists to activate these channels. Inhibitors of phospholipase C, protein kinase C and protein kinase A block the actions of E2, indicative that the E2 receptor is G protein-coupled to activation of this cascade. Taking advantage of an animal model we developed to investigate estrogen's feedback actions on secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), we studied the transcriptional changes induced by estrogen using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and microarray analysis. Many of the observed mRNA expression changes include transcripts encoding proteins critical for neurotransmitter release and receptor dynamics. Some of these include gec-1, PI3-kinase p55gamma, rab11a GTPase, synaptobrevin2, synaptogyrin, taxilin, Ca2+-dependent activator protein for secretion (CAPS) and a number of proteins containing pleckstrin homology domains-domains that are involved in plasma membrane targeting of their host protein. In situ hybridization and quantitative film autoradiography analysis on selected transcripts show differential distribution and expression in hypothalamic nuclei. Furthermore, single-cell PCR analysis reveals these genes to be expressed in neurons such as POMC (and GnRH). Whether these expression changes are mediated by the classical or membrane estrogen receptors has yet to be delineated. More detailed investigations of transcript spatial localization within neurons and their temporal expression, i.e., within minutes or hours, will provide more insight regarding how estrogen alters neuronal excitability and synaptic efficacy that ultimately lead to changes in complex behavior.
Blockade of KATP Channels With Glibenclamide Does Not Abolish Preconditioning During Demand Ischemia

The role of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels in the adaptive response to demand ischemia was tested in 22 patients treated with placebo or glibenclamide before sequential exercise testing or atrial pacing. Glibenclamide did not affect the improvement in signs of ischemia in both protocols, indicating that opening of these channels is not a mechanism of this adaptive response in humans.
Initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication: conservative or liberal?

The mechanism for initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication is highly conserved: the proteins required to initiate replication, the sequence of events leading to initiation, and the regulation of initiation are remarkably similar throughout the eukaryotic kingdom. Nevertheless, there is a liberal attitude when it comes to selecting initiation sites. Differences appear to exist in the composition of replication origins and in the way proteins recognize these origins. In fact, some multicellular eukaryotes (the metazoans) can change the number and locations of initiation sites during animal development, revealing that selection of initiation sites depends on epigenetic as well as genetic parameters. Here we have attempted to summarize our understanding of this process, to identify the similarities and differences between single cell and multicellular eukaryotes, and to examine the extent to which origin recognition proteins and replication origins have been conserved among eukaryotes. J. Cell. Physiol. 184:139–150, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The personal is philosophical is political: A philosopher and mother of a cognitively disabled person sends notes from the battlefield

Abstract: Having encountered landmines in offering a critique of philosophy based on my experience as the mother of a cognitively disabled daughter, I ask, “Should I continue?” I defend the idea that pursuing this project is of a piece with the invisible care labor that is done by people with disabilities and their families. The value of attempting to influence philosophical conceptions of cognitive disability by virtue of this experience is justified by an inextricable relationship between the personal, the political, and the philosophical. If one grants that the “special relationship” between mother and child requires moral recognition, then I need first to make vivid the case that this relationship in the case of a child who lacks some “normal capacities” is indistinguishable from any mother-child relationship. If this is so, then I believe I can make a case that has as its conclusion that the moral personhood of even the severely cognitively disabled must be granted. Moreover, such recognition, I argue, necessitates the recognition of others who bear no special relationships to the child.
Modeling the impact of hydrological changes on nitrate transport in the Mississippi River Basin from 1955 to 1994

[1] The export of nitrate by the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico has tripled since the 1950s primarily due to an increase in agricultural fertilizer application and hydrological changes. Here we have adapted two physically based models, the Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS) terrestrial ecosystem model and the Hydrological Routing Algorithm (HYDRA) hydrological transport model, to simulate the nitrate export in the Mississippi River system and isolate the role of hydrological processes in the observed increase and interannual variability in nitrate export. Using an empirical nitrate input algorithm based on constant land cover and variability in runoff, the modeling system is able to represent much of the spatial and interannual variability in aquatic nitrate export. The results indicate that about a quarter of the sharp increase in nitrate export from 1966 to 1994 was due to an increase in runoff across the basin. This illustrates the pivotal role of hydrology and climate in the balance between storage of nitrate in the terrestrial system and leaching.
Multicenter phase II study of weekly oral vinorelbine for stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer.

PURPOSEWe initiated a large multicenter phase II trial in stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to evaluate the activity and safety of an oral gelatin-based formation of vinorelbine.PATIENTS AND METHODSTwenty-three centers participated in this uncontrolled phase II study, which accrued patients between August 1991 and March 1992. Eligible patients had previously untreated measurable or assessable stage IV NSCLC, age more than 18 years, and Karnofsky performance status > or = 70%. The treatment plan initially was to administer 100 mg/m2/wk of oral vinorelbine or 80 mg/m2/wk for patients who had received prior radiation therapy. After the observation of grade IV granulocytopenia in six of the first 25 patients, subsequent doses were reduced by 40 mg (one capsule) in all patients.RESULTSOne hundred sixty-two patients were treated: 138 with measurable and 24 with assessable disease. One hundred two patients were men and 60 women. The mean age was 62 years (range, 36 to 83). The overall response rate was...
Condensin suppresses recombination and regulates double-strand break processing at the repetitive ribosomal DNA array to ensure proper chromosome segregation during meiosis in budding yeast

During meiosis, homologues are linked by crossover, which is required for bipolar chromosome orientation before chromosome segregation at anaphase I. The repetitive ribosomal DNA (rDNA) array, however, undergoes little or no meiotic recombination. Hyperrecombination can cause chromosome missegregation and rDNA copy number instability. We report here that condensin, a conserved protein complex required for chromosome organization, regulates double-strand break (DSB) formation and repair at the rDNA gene cluster during meiosis in budding yeast. Condensin is highly enriched at the rDNA region during prophase I, released at the prophase I/metaphase I transition, and reassociates with rDNA before anaphase I onset. We show that condensin plays a dual role in maintaining rDNA stability: it suppresses the formation of Spo11-mediated rDNA breaks, and it promotes DSB processing to ensure proper chromosome segregation. Condensin is unnecessary for the export of rDNA breaks outside the nucleolus but required for timely repair of meiotic DSBs. Our work reveals that condensin coordinates meiotic recombination with chromosome segregation at the repetitive rDNA sequence, thereby maintaining genome integrity.
Process Model Perspectives on Management and Engineering Procedures in the Precast'Prestressed Concrete Industry

The preparation of detailed models of information and process flow by 14 member companies of the North American Precast Concrete Software Consortium has provided a unique window into the current management, engineering design, and production opera- tions in this industry. The modeling was performed using the authors' Georgia Tech Process for Product Modeling tool, within the framework of the consortium's effort to develop a precast concrete product model and to specify new integrated three dimensional modeling software. The paper opens with a comparative economic review of precast construction internationally and in North America, which reveals that the market share of precast construction in North American is relatively low. The models are analyzed and aspects of the underlying management procedures that they reveal are discussed, such as types of contracting arrangements, cost estimating, design outsourcing, engineering design communication, mold design, product diversity, and quality control. The results highlight aspects of precast management processes that may be re-engineered through appropriate application of information technology.