cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wireless Grids or Personal Infrastructure: Policy Implications of an Emergent Open Standard

A wireless grid is characterized by the ad-hoc dynamic sharing of physical and virtual resources among heterogeneous devices. This paper reviews wireless grids standards development, in which the authors are engaged, and draws policy lessons from the emergent phenomenon to consider if they apply more generally for open Internet-driven innovation systems. Implications of wireless grids for open communications policy, whose need has become more obvious with the failure of the 'Network Neutrality' attempted patch to the1996 Telecommunications Act, is discussed briefly in the conclusion to the paper. In addition, new wireless grid product and market concepts – such as edgeware, gridlets and personal infrastructure – or will it become known as personal cyberinfrastructure? – are introduced and their meaning and policy implications explained. WiGiT (Wireless Grid Innovation Testbed) specifications now under development with support of the National Science Foundation’s Partnership for Innovation program (grants # 0917973, #0227879) promise to provide users with a new class of personal infrastructure applications, or edgeware. The WiGiT partnership, led by Syracuse University’s Wireless Grid Lab, together with Virginia Tech’s Wireless Internet Center for Advanced Technology (WICAT), look to employ an open innovation model to engage more universities, faculty, students, firms and government agencies, in their work. WiGiT partners include government, industry and universities. For example, the Portuguese government’s Knowledge Society Agency and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development are both founding partners. Recent additions include the Seneca Nation of Indians, and the Syracuse City School District. Future projections of this nascent specification will be shared in forthcoming publications. For this paper, use cases and scenarios will illustrate some of the capacities, and their benefits and risks, and will make policy recommendations for emergency services, security, privacy, built upon open architecture and open, universal, and flexible access principles for wireless grids.
A cellular and regulatory map of the GABAergic nervous system of C. elegans

The nervous system of the nematode C. elegans is the only nervous system with a complete parts list and a complete wiring diagram. Neurotransmitter maps are important complements to such anatomical maps and represent an invaluable resource that will help to understand how signals are transmitted throughout the nervous system and how a nervous system is developmentally patterned. In this resource paper, we report a comprehensive map of neurons in the hermaphroditic and male C. elegans nervous system that contain the neurotransmitter GABA, the most prominent inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammalian nervous systems. We reveal twice as many GABA-positive neuron classes as previously reported, several of them also cotransmitting acetylcholine. We define previously unknown glia-like cells that reuptake GABA, as well as 'GABA reuptake neurons' which do not synthesize GABA but take it up from the extracellular environment. One GABA reuptake neuron type may clear GABA thereby possibly modulating GABAergic neurotransmission ('GABA clearance' neuron), while another GABA reuptake neuron type may re-release GABA (termed 'GABA recycling' neuron). We used the map of GABA-positive neurons for a comprehensive analysis of transcriptional regulators that define the GABA phenotype. We show that nine transcription factors operate in specific combinations to control GABAergic identity of most GABAergic neuron classes. Among these factors is elt-1, the C. elegans ortholog of GATA2/3, a selector gene of GABAergic identity of several distinct types of GABAergic neurons in vertebrates. Other factors that control GABAergic identity include the Tlx-type nuclear hormone receptor nhr-67 which controls the identity of four distinct GABAergic neuron classes, in which, depending on neuron type, nhr-67 cooperates with three different types of homeobox genes. We also identified homeobox genes that specify GABA recycling neurons and GABA clearance neurons. The regulators of GABAergic neuron identity do not only specify neurotransmitter identity, but multiple other identity features as well. We synthesize our findings of specification of GABAergic neurons with previous reports on the specification of glutamatergic and cholinergic neurons into a nervous system-wide regulatory map which defines neurotransmitter specification mechanisms for more than half of all neuron classes in C. elegans.
White matter hypointensities and hyperintensities have equivalent correlations with age and CSF β-amyloid in the nondemented elderly.

INTRODUCTION T1- and T2-weighted sequences from MRI often provide useful complementary information about tissue properties. Leukoaraiosis results in signal abnormalities on T1-weighted images, which are automatically quantified by FreeSurfer, but this marker is poorly characterized and is rarely used. We evaluated associations between white matter hyperintensity (WM-hyper) volume from FLAIR and white matter hypointensity (WM-hypo) volume from T1-weighted images and compared their associations with age and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) β-amyloid and tau. METHODS A total of 56 nondemented participants (68-94 years) were recruited and gave informed consent. All participants went through MR imaging on a GE 1.5T scanner and of these 47 underwent lumbar puncture for CSF analysis. WM-hypo was calculated using FreeSurfer analysis of T1 FSPGR 3D, and WM-hyper was calculated with the Lesion Segmentation Toolbox in the SPM software package using T2-FLAIR. RESULTS WM-hyper and WM-hypo were strongly correlated (r = .81; parameter estimate (p.e.): 1.53 ± 0.15; p < .0001). Age was significantly associated with both WM-hyper (r = .31, p.e. 0.078 ± 0.030, p = .013) and WM-hypo (r = .42, p.e. 0.055 ± 0.015, p < .001). CSF β-amyloid levels were predicted by WM-hyper (r = .33, p.e. -0.11 ± 0.044, p = .013) and WM-hypo (r = .42, p.e. -0.24 ± 0.073, p = .002). CSF tau levels were not correlated with either WM-hyper (p = .9) or WM-hypo (p = .99). CONCLUSIONS Strong correlations between WM-hyper and WM-hypo, and similar associations with age, abnormal β-amyloid, and tau suggest a general equivalence between these two imaging markers. Our work supports the equivalence of white matter hypointensity volumes derived from FreeSurfer for evaluating leukoaraiosis. This may have particular utility when T2-FLAIR is low in quality or absent, enabling analysis of older imaging data sets.
Chapter 8 – Gastrointestinal Tract

Publisher Summary The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the entry site into the body of orally administered compounds that may be highly toxic to other internal organs. The principal functions of the GI tract that are subject to the toxic effects of chemicals include storage, propulsion, digestion, absorption, secretion, barrier activity, and elimination. A distinctive feature of the GI tract is the high proliferative and metabolic rate of the mucosa. The mucosa is a complex barrier that must exclude bacteria and their toxic byproducts, and yet absorb nutrients vital for homeostasis. The GI tract is also the only internal organ that contains biotransforming and toxigenic bacteria, as well as inert drug-binding materials. Consequently, when a compound is placed into the GI milieu, the ultimate toxicity in this organ system is determined by interactions of the chemical with bacterial and mammalian enzymes, as well as by the extent of detoxification or activation processes. Hence, the ability to evaluate genomic, proteomic, biochemical or morphological changes in the GI tract can be complicated because of the matrix of interactions.
Molecular chronicles of cytokine burst in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with cardiovascular diseases.

Abstract The growing rate of COVID-19 infection has resulted in serious health crisis and caused a huge socio-economic burden across the globe. Apart from the respiratory system, COVID-19 displayed severe pathological impact on other organs especially in the cardiovascular system as evident from the increased risk of infection and mortality among CVD patients. Information on the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with the aggravated CVD pathology in COVID-19 patients are largely unknown. Here, we provide an insight into the possible molecular target(s) to intervene the effects of COVID-19-induced exacerbations and complications in CVD patients. Inspired from the knowledge on SARS-CoV virology and its closeness to COVID-19, we present potential molecular associations focusing on central ACE2 signaling axis and interconnecting the major sheddases (ADAM 17 and CTSL), TLRs, and NLRP3 inflammasome as the major transit points contributing to overall pro-inflammatory pool and subsequent cytokine burst leading to aggravated COVID-19-CVD comorbidity. Further understanding of these molecular mysteries in ideal in-vitro and in-vivo models would open novel translational avenues for effective management of COVID-19-CVD comorbidity.
Examination of synthetic gas puff imaging diagnostic data from a gyrokinetic turbulence code

A synthetic gas puff imaging (GPI) diagnostic has been developed for the purpose of validating the three-dimensional gyrokinetic turbulence code XGC. The synthetic diagnostic is described and applied to XGC simulations of two Alcator C-Mod discharges. The turbulence characteristics deduced from the resulting simulated GPI frames, using analysis techniques similar to those applied to experimental data, are compared with locally derived characteristics extracted directly from the XGC output. The comparison of the two is shown to be potentially impacted by misalignment between the GPI view and the magnetic field, the dependence of the light emission on the electron density and temperature, and spatial and temporal variations in the neutral gas cloud induced by the turbulent plasma fluctuations. We conclude that quantitative and, in some cases even qualitative, validation of turbulence simulations need to account for these effects. While we cannot directly compare our results with experimental data due to the absence of high quality GPI data from the shots and times simulated by XGC, we do relate the overall characteristics obtained from the synthetic GPI analysis to published Alcator C-Mod GPI data.
Aerogel two ways: Towards ultralight noise absorbers

Aerogels are a class of synthetic materials that are derived by using supercritical drying to extract the liquid component of a gel and replacing it with gas. This process results in the formation of an ultra-lightweight nanoporous solid composed of up to 99.98% air by volume. In this talk, we explore the possibility of developing aerogel-based ultralightweight sound absorbers in two different forms. First, we focus on the acoustic characterization of aerogel granules. The absorption properties of four different aerogels with granule diameters ranging from 2 to 4000 μm and granule densities ranging 120 to 180 kg/m3 are presented. Next, we discuss the additive manufacturing of aerogel-based sound absorbers using a freeze casting method. This novel method allows the fabrication of solid aerogel structures with controlled microstructural properties. The sound absorption and transmission loss properties of 3-D printed aerogel samples are measured using an impedance tube setup. We demonstrate that such structures can provide significantly higher absorption and transmission loss properties as compared with current passive noise reduction materials. [Work Sponsored by NASA EPSCoR.]
Biological network-inspired interpretable variational autoencoder

Deep learning architectures such as variational autoencoders have revolutionized the analysis of transcriptomics data. However, the latent space of these variational autoencoders offers little to no interpretability. To provide further biological insights, we introduce a novel sparse Variational Autoencoder architecture, VEGA (Vae Enhanced by Gene Annotations), whose decoder wiring is inspired by a priori characterized biological abstractions, providing direct interpretability to the latent variables. We demonstrate the interpretability and flexibility of VEGA in diverse biological contexts, by integrating various sources of biological abstractions such as pathways, gene regulatory networks and cell type identities in the latent space of our model. We show that our model could recapitulate the mechanism of cellular-specific response to treatments, the status of master regulators as well as jointly investigate the cell type and cellular state identity in developing cells. We envision the approach could serve as an explanatory biological model in contexts such as development and drug treatment experiments.
Python, a reliable programming language for chemoinformatics and bioinformatics

Abstract Bioinformatics and chemoinformatics are rapidly evolving fields that demand sophisticated algorithms and methods to handle complex data such as genomics data, medical imaging, and electronic medical records. These data can be categorized as big data. During the past few decades, computational methods have impacted biomedical research dramatically. Whether it is an initial screening and prediction of a potential drug candidate or finding a cancer-related pathway, the computational method has proven very useful. Therefore bioinformatics algorithms have been adopted widely as an effective alternative to the laborious time-consuming classical methods in biological research. However, the desired technical and programming experience needed to apply these methods is a big hurdle for the research community to include these remarkable methods in their research. In the recent past, Python has emerged as a very attractive programming language in the field of bioinformatics and chemoinformatics because of its fast learning curve and easy integration in various data analysis pipelines. The main focus of this chapter is to introduce Python to an audience that is not very familiar with the programming language and also provide a hands-on tutorial for those who want to adopt this powerful language in their chemoinformatics research.
Food Additive Guar Gum Aggravates Colonic Inflammation in Experimental Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Objectives Guar gum, a soluble fiber, is commonly used as a thickener, stabilizer, and source of fiber in processed foods. The food industry has been encouraged to fortify foods with refined guar gum due to its numerous beneficial effects on the human gut and metabolic health. However, we have limited knowledge on whether processed guar gum holds the same physiological effects as its naturally occurring counterpart. In this study, we examined the impact of refined guar gum on intestinal inflammation.
Nonglycemic Adverse Effects of Insulin.

Insulin is primarily thought of for its glycemic effects in patients with diabetes. There are, however, non-glycemic adverse effects of insulin that may significantly impact patient health and can interfere with glycemic control. Insulinogenic edema primarily occurs with rapid improvement in glycemic control either in patients with newly discovered diabetes or in patients with poorly-controlled diabetes. Insulin-induced sympathetic activation, vasodilation, changes in vascular permeability and most importantly sodium retention play significant etiologic roles in the development of edema. Clinically, it is usually self-limited but significant complications can develop. Allergic reactions to all insulin preparations and various compounds used in insulin formulations with a wide range of severity have been reported. Frequently, changing type of insulin or delivery method is sufficient, but more advanced treatments such as insulin desensitization and anti-IgE antibody treatment may be needed. Lipohypertrophy and lipoatrophy frequently develop with overuse of injection sites. Lipohypertrophy can affect tissue insulin absorption and glycemic control.
A novel transition clinic structure for adolescent and young adult patients with childhood onset rheumatic disease improves transition outcomes.

BACKGROUND The transition of health care from Pediatric to Adult providers for adolescents and young adults with chronic disease is associated with poor outcomes. Despite the importance of this transition, over 80% of these patients do not receive the services necessary to transition to Adult health care. In 2018, we initiated a transition clinic structure, integrating an Internal Medicine - Pediatrics trained Adult Rheumatologist in a Pediatric Rheumatology clinic to guide this transition. Our goal was to improve transition outcomes. We report the methods of this clinic and its preliminary outcomes. METHODS For patients referred to the transition clinic, the Adult Rheumatologist assumed medical management and implemented a six-part modular transition curriculum. This curriculum included a Transition Policy, Transition Readiness Assessment, medication review and education, diagnosis review and education, and counseling on differences between Pediatric and Adult-oriented care. Eligible patients and their families were enrolled in a prospective observational outcomes research registry. Initial data from this transition clinic is reported including adherence with certain aspects of the transition curriculum and clinic utilization. RESULTS The transition clinic Adult Rheumatologist saw 177 patients in 2 years, and 57 patients were eligible for, approached, and successfully enrolled in the registry. From this registry, all patients reviewed the Transition Policy with the Adult Rheumatologist and 45 (78.9%) completed at least one Transition Readiness Assessment. Of the 22 patients for whom transition was indicated, all were successfully transitioned to an Adult Rheumatologist. 17 (77.3%) continued care post-transition with the transition clinic Adult Rheumatologist, and 5 (22.7%) continued care post-transition with a different Adult Rheumatologist. The median time between the last transition clinic visit and first Adult clinic visit was 5.1 months. CONCLUSIONS Our experience demonstrated the success of our clinic model regarding participation in the transition curriculum and improved clinic utilization data. Our results are an improvement over transition rates reported elsewhere that did not implement our model. We believe that this structure could be applied to other primary care and subspecialty clinics. TRIAL REGISTRATION This research was approved by the University of Utah Institutional Review Board (IRB) in January 2019 (IRB_00115964). Patients were retrospectively registered if involved prior to this date.
Environmental scanning for information technology: an investigation of how firms assess the information technology component of the external business environment

More and more business organizations are recognizing the strategic significance of their information technology (IT) resources. Because of the increasing emphasis being placed on the strategic application of IT resources, it is operationally critical for the business organization to have an effective Information Technology Integration Process. This five phase process represents the life cycle of a specific IT within the organization. While each phase is important, Phase 1 (Awareness) may be most important because (1) it is during this phase that the organization receives vital input from the external IT environment and (2) this phase is prerequisite to all other phases. The vehicle by which organizations receive input from the external IT environment is called environmental scanning. The major objective of this research was to explore (1) the intensity of IT scanning, (2) the level of top management support given to IT scanning, (3) the major sources of external IT information, and (4) the strength of the relationship between IT scanning and the organization's strategic plans and objectives. Data for this research came from 131 companies in 12 different industries. Results indicated that while the type of industry to which an organization belongs has little impact on the IT scanning activities of organizations, the type of organization was very influential. In general, Exploiter/Innovator (EI) type organizations were significantly different from Participant/Effective, Efficient Follower (PEEF) type organizations in the method, focus, support, and intensity of IT scanning activities.
SU‐E‐J‐16: Automatic Image Contrast Enhancement Based On Automatic Parameter Optimization for Radiation Therapy Setup Verification

Purpose: In RT patient setup 2D images, tissues often cannot be seen well due to the lack of image contrast. Contrast enhancement features provided by image reviewing software, e.g. Mosaiq and ARIA, require manual selection of the image processing filters and parameters thus inefficient and cannot be automated. In this work, we developed a novel method to automatically enhance the 2D RT image contrast to allow automatic verification of patient daily setups as a prerequisite step of automatic patient safety assurance. Methods: The new method is based on contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) and high-pass filtering algorithms. The most important innovation is to automatically select the optimal parameters by optimizing the image contrast. The image processing procedure includes the following steps: 1) background and noise removal, 2) hi-pass filtering by subtracting the Gaussian smoothed Result, and 3) histogram equalization using CLAHE algorithm. Three parameters were determined through an iterative optimization which was based on the interior-point constrained optimization algorithm: the Gaussian smoothing weighting factor, the CLAHE algorithm block size and clip limiting parameters. The goal of the optimization is to maximize the entropy of the processed Result. Results: A total 42 RT images were processed. The results were visuallymore » evaluated by RT physicians and physicists. About 48% of the images processed by the new method were ranked as excellent. In comparison, only 29% and 18% of the images processed by the basic CLAHE algorithm and by the basic window level adjustment process, were ranked as excellent. Conclusion: This new image contrast enhancement method is robust and automatic, and is able to significantly outperform the basic CLAHE algorithm and the manual window-level adjustment process that are currently used in clinical 2D image review software tools.« less
α-l-Fucosidase from a Soil Bacterium

Intracellular glycosidases were measured in cell-free extracts obtained by ultrasonic disruption of a gram-negative soil coccobacillus (Chase, 1938). From these extracts, α-l-fucosidase was purified about 120-fold by salting out with (NH4)2SO4, ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. The approximate molecular weight of the enzyme was 50,000; its pH optimum was 5. The enzyme was inhibited by l-fucose and split this sugar from a purified acid mucopolysaccharide from chicken chorioallantoic fluid. The acid mucopolysaccharide is identical with a component (host antigen) of the hemagglutinin of influenza virus. Its antigenic reactivity is altered by cell-free extracts of the bacterium, in which the responsible enzyme is thought to be an α-l-fucosidase.
Lucille Meets GuitarBot: Instrumentality, Agency, and Technology in Musical Performance

The relationship between musicians and their instruments in performance has been characterized in a variety of ways that tend to describe the instrument either as an entity inseparable from the musician or as an entity with relative autonomy. Through the trope of ventriloquism, Philip Auslander looks at how two musicians working in very different genre contexts construct their respective relationships to instruments in performance. Both blues guitarist and singer B.B. King and classical violinist Mari Kimura treat instruments as entities separate from themselves and performers in their own right: King by naming his guitar Lucille and constructing a narrative around his relationship with her, and Kimura through her interaction with GuitarBot, a digital musical instrument. By dramatizing the ventriloquial relationship between player and instrument and creating the impression that an instrument possesses an identity and agency, both King and Kimura enact the fantasy of instrumental autonomy that underlies the ventriloquial relationship between performer and instrument. But because the digital technology Kimura employs allows GuitarBot a greater degree of (apparent) autonomy than Lucille, who is always under King’s visible, physical control, it enables her to push the enactment of this fantasy further toward the uncanny to show us what it might look like for a performer to interact with a genuinely autonomous musical instrument.
Red cell metabolism in iron deficiency anemia. 3. The relationship between glutathione peroxidase, catalase, serum vitamin E, and susceptibility of iron-deficient red cells to oxidative hemolysis.

The activities of glutathione peroxidase and catalase were measured in 15 children with iron deficiency anemia and found to be decreased. The susceptibility of iron-deficient red cells to hydrogen peroxide hemolysis was increased. The serum vitamin E concentration in all but three children was normal. It is concluded that iron-deficient red cells have impaired enzymatic mechanisms for detoxifying hydrogen peroxide, but that this is probably not the primary reason for their susceptibility to oxidant lysis. The significance of these findings and possible clinical implications are discussed.
A cautionary note on using secondary phenotypes in neuroimaging genetic studies.

Abstract Almost all genome-wide association studies (GWASs), including Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), are based on the case–control study design, implying that the resulting case–control data are likely a biased, not random, sample of the target population. Although association analysis of the disease (e.g. Alzheimer's disease in the ADNI) can be conducted using a standard logistic regression by ignoring the biased case–control sampling, a standard linear regression analysis on a secondary phenotype (e.g. any neuroimaging phenotype in the ADNI) may in general lead to biased inference, including biased parameter estimates, inflated Type I errors and reduced power for association testing. Despite of this well known result in genetic epidemiology, to our surprise, all the published studies on secondary phenotypes with the ADNI data have ignored this potential problem. Here we aim to answer whether such a standard analysis of a secondary phenotype is valid or problematic with the ADNI data. Through both real data analyses and simulation studies, we found that, strikingly, such an analysis was generally valid (with only small biases or slightly inflated Type I errors) for the ADNI data, though cautions must be taken when analyzing other data. We also illustrate applications and possible problems of two methods specifically developed for valid analysis of secondary phenotypes.
Decadence as historical myth and cultural theory

This article traces the early history of the concept of European decadence with special emphasis on its manifestations in French literary production in the period between 1860 and 1900. It argues that decadence was not a historical reality, but a cultural myth, that gave expression to a new, specifically urban experience of modernity first thematized in Baudelaire's poetry and prose work. It further claims that this concept continues to have important contemporary relevance in the form of debates about the “second modernity” and the new “cosmopolitanism.”
Functional identification of the input-output transforms of mammalian motoneurones.

Abstract We studied the responses of rat hypoglossal and cat lumbar motoneurones to a variety of excitatory and inhibitory injected current transients during repetitive discharge. The amplitudes and time courses of the transients were comparable to those of the synaptic currents underlying postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) recorded in these cells. Poisson trains of these current transients were combined with an additional independent, high frequency random waveform to approximate band-limited white noise. The composite, white noise waveform was then superimposed on long duration suprathreshold current steps. We used the responses of the motoneurones to the white noise stimulus to derive zero-, first- and second-order Wiener kernels, which provide a quantitative description of the relation between injected current and discharge probability. The convolution integral computed for an injected current waveform and the first-order Wiener kernel provides the best linear prediction of the associated peristimulus time histogram (PSTH). This linear model provided good matches to most of the PSTHs compiled between the times of occurrence of individual current transients and motoneurone discharges. However, for the largest amplitude current transients, a significant improvement in the PSTH match was often achieved by expanding the model to include the convolution of the second-order Wiener kernel with the input. The overall transformation of current inputs into firing rate could be approximated by a second-order Wiener Model, i.e., a cascade of a dynamic, linear filter followed by a static non-linearity. At a given mean firing rate, the non-linear component of the motoneurone's response could be described by the square of the linear component multiplied by a constant coefficient. The amplitude of the response of the linear component increased with the avarage firing rate, whereas the value of the multiplicative coefficient in the nonlinear component decreased. As a result, the overall transform could be predicted from the mean firing rate and the linear impulse response, yielding a relatively simple, general description of the motoneurone's input-output function.
Making peace with your multimedia

As multimedia applications grow in feasibility and popularity, multimedia information management becomes an increasingly critical task. Many data-representation and processing models for multimedia have been proposed and implemented, and as these options diversify, communication between them become harder.
Supply‐Side Economics and the Future

How will supply-side economics fare under the new administration? Paul Craig Roberts of the Center for Strategic and International Studies at Georgetown University in Washington, argues that supply-side economics was the major success of President Reagan but that the new administration may not follow its predecessor's example.
The Quantum Theory and the Behavior of Slow Electrons in Gases

The new quantum theory(1) is based on the consideration that the only observable frequencies of the atoms and molecules are the so-called jump-frequencies given by the equation e = hv. In fact the experiments have shown that these are responsible for spectrum lines, anomalous dispersion and inelastic impacts. The revolution frequencies of the electrons in the stationary orbits, as given by the Bohr calculations, it is assumed can never be detected, so that Heisenberg(1) eliminated them from the theory intending to operate with observable data only. There are, however some experiments which have not yet been sufficiently discussed in relation to this problem: namely, the beautiful experiments on the behavior of slow electrons in gases. ("Slow" means that the electrons have less energy than corresponds to a resonance potential of the gas under investigation.) These experiments can be divided into two groups. One class deals with the deviations from the rectilinear motion which the electrons undergo in the field of force of the atoms, while the second class investigates the energy transfer. In this paper we give some considerations on the first type of experiments. The question of the energy transfer will be discussed in a following paper.
A procedure for examining the formation of radioactive 1-methyladenine by starfish ovarian tissue

Abstract A new analytical procedure has been developed to facilitate the investigation of the 1-methyladenine (1-MeA) biosynthetic pathway in starfish ovarian tissue. When fragments of ovarian tissue from Pisaster ochraceus are incubated in a seawater solution containing either [methyl-3H]- or [methyl-14C]methionine and a radial nerve extract, radioactive 1-MeA is produced. The labeled product is separated from the amino acid by using a combination of small ion-exchange columns and the formation of a silver-1-MeA complex which is insoluble in dilute acetic acid. Subsequently, 1-MeA is extracted from the complex, and its radioactivity is measured in a liquid seintillation counter. With this procedure, the synthesis of 1-MeA can be monitored in many samples simultaneously, without the use of bioassay. The results of the present experiments indicate that there is a methionine-dependent component in the 1-MeA biosynthetic pathway. In addition, synthesis of 1-MeA occurs in ovarian fragments almost immediately after exposure to radial nerve extract. These observations correspond very well to previously published data for other starfish species.
Backbone Conformational Constraints in a Microcrystalline U-15N-Labeled Protein by 3D Dipolar-Shift Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

Structural studies of uniformly labeled proteins by magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy have rapidly matured in recent years. Site-specific chemical shifts of several proteins have been assigned and structures determined from 2D or 3D data sets containing internuclear distance information. Here we demonstrate the application of a complementary technique for constraining protein backbone geometry using a site-resolved 3D dipolar-shift pulse sequence. The dipolar line shapes report on the relative orientations of {sup 1}H-{sup 15}N[i] to {sup 1}H-{sup 15}N[i+1] dipole vectors, constraining the torsion angles {phi}[i] and {psi}[i]. In addition, from the same 3D data set, several {sup 1}H-{sup 15}N[i] to{sup 1}H-{sup 15}N[i+2] line shapes are extracted to constrain the torsion angles {phi}[i], {psi}[i], {phi}[i+1], and {psi}[i+1]. We report results for the majority of sites in the 56-residue {beta}1 immunoglobulin binding domain of protein G (GB1), using 3D experiments at 600 MHz {sup 1}H frequency. Excellent agreement between the SSNMR results and a new 1.14 {angstrom} crystal structure illustrate the general potential of this technique for high-resolution structural refinement of solid proteins.
Consistency among commonly used procedures for assessment of abnormal children

Administered the Stanford-Binet and/or its downward extension the Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale to 22 children in a school for severely behaviorally disordered boys and girls. Assessments also were made with the Vineland Social Maturity Scale and with a scale of language development. A subgroup of 17 children were assessed with Rimland's E-2 Scale, which is designed to assess the presence and degree of the condition of autism. Correlations among these commonly used assessment procedures are reported. Findings are discussed with respect to the construct validity of the tests and with respect to practical problems of implementation. Issues that concern the distinctiveness of specific classification dimensions and the heterogeneity of the syndrome of autism also are discussed.
Effect of Betamethasone and Exercise on Equine Carpal Joints With Osteochondral Fragments

Osteochondral fragments were created arthroscopically on the distal aspect of both radial carpal bones in 12 horses. On day 14 after surgery, one middle carpal joint of each horse was injected with 2.5 mL Betavet Soluspan (3.9 mg betamethasone sodium phosphate and 12 mg betamethasone acetate per milliliter) and the contralateral joint was injected with 2.5 mL saline as a control. Intra-articular treatments were repeated on day 35. On day 17, six horses began exercising 5 days per week on a high-speed treadmill. The other six horses were kept in box stalls throughout the study as nonexercised controls. On day 56, all horses were examined clinically and radiographically and then were euthanatized. Samples were obtained for histological, histochemical, and biochemical evaluation. Mild lameness was observed in five of the six exercised horses at day 56; four horses were lame in the control limb and one horse was lame in the treated limb. Of the five nonexercised horses evaluated for lameness, two were lame in the control limb, two were lame in the treated limb, and one was lame in both the control and the treated limb. No differences were noted on radiographs or palpation of steroid treated limbs versus control limbs. Firm reattachment of the osteochondral fragment to the radial carpal bone occurred in all but three joints. Gross cartilage damage was not different between steroid-treated joints and joints injected with saline. Histologically, there were no significant detrimental effects of beta-methasone with or without exercise, but there was a tendency for more pathological change in treated joints. No significant difference in the water content or uronic acid concentration was detected between treated and control joints. Intra-articular betamethasone administration in this carpal chip model was not associated with any significant detrimental effects in either rested or exercised horses.
The impact of advanced age on trauma triage decisions and outcomes: A statewide analysis

Abstract Background Physiologic variables used in trauma triage criteria may be significantly affected by age, decreasing their predictive value in geriatric trauma. Methods The study population was all adult patients in the Washington State Trauma Registry from 2000 to 2004. Elderly patients were defined as those aged >65 years. Multivariate analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between age and trauma triage decisions, need for emergent interventions, and outcomes. Results Of 51,227 trauma admissions, 13,820 (27%) were for elderly patients. Elderly patients were significantly less likely to have trauma team activation (14% vs 29%, P 15), and more often required urgent craniotomy (10% vs 6%, P P 65 years. Undertriaged elderly patients had 4 times the mortality rate and discharge disability of younger patients (both P values Conclusions Elderly trauma victims are less likely to undergo rapid trauma evaluation and have significantly worse outcomes compared with younger patients. Standard physiologic triage variables may not identify severe injury in older patients.
THE STRING DIFFERENCE EQUATION OF THE D=1 MATRIX MODEL AND W1+∞ SYMMETRY OF THE KP HIERARCHY

We give a connection between the D=1 matrix model and the generalized KP hierarchy. First, we find a difference equation satisfied by F, the Legendre transformation of the free energy of the D=1 matrix model on a circle of radius R. Then we show that it is a special case of the difference equation of the generalized KP hierarchy with its zero mode identified with the scaling variable of the D=1 string theory. We propose that the massive D=1 matrix model is described by the generalized KP hierarchy, which implies the manifest integrability of D=1 string theory. We also show that the (generalized) KP hierarchy has an underlying W1+∞ symmetry. By reduction, we prove that the generalized KdV hierarchy has a subalgebra of the above symmetry which again forms a W1+∞. We argue that there are no W constraints in D=1 string theory, which is in contrast to D<1 theories, where there are W1+∞ constraints.
Identification of a Palindromic Sequence That Is Responsible for the Up-regulation of NAPDH-Ferredoxin Reductase in a Ferredoxin I Deletion Strain of Azotobacter vinelandii

Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I (Av FdI) is one member of a class of 7Fe ferredoxins found in a variety of organisms that are all capable of aerobic growth. Disruption of the fdxA gene, which encodesAv FdI, leads to overexpression of its redox partner, NADPH-ferredoxin reductase (FPR). In this study the mechanism of FdI-mediated regulation of FPR was investigated. Northern analysis has shown that regulation is at the level of fpr transcription, the start site for transcription has been identified, and it is preceded by a canonical ς 70-type bacterial promoter. Gel mobility shift assays show that there is a putative regulatory protein inA. vinelandii that binds specifically upstream of the −35 region. That protein is not Av FdI. A palindromic sequence was identified as a putative binding site, and randomization of that sequence completely eliminates binding of the putative regulatory protein. A luciferase reporter gene was placed under control of theA. vinelandii fpr promoter and introduced into wild type and FdI− strains of A. vinelandii. Luciferase activity was enhanced 7-fold in the FdI− mutant relative to the wild type. Alteration of the palindromic sequence reduced the luciferase levels in the FdI− strain to those of the wild type, demonstrating that FdI regulates FPR through the palindrome and that the reaction is an activation rather than a repression. The identified palindrome is ∼50% identical to the SoxS binding site upstream of Escherichia coli fpr, suggesting that A. vinelandii may have a SoxS-like regulatory system and that the function of FdI might be to specifically inactivate that system.
Supervaluationism, validity and necessarily borderline sentences

Gomez-Torrente, M. 2001. Quotation revisited. Philosophical Studies 102: 123-53. Partee, B, A. Meulen, and R. Wall. 1990. Mathematical Methods in Linguistics. Dor drecht: Kluwer Academic. Quine, W V. 1968. Ontological relativity. In Ontological Relativity and Other Essays. New York: Columbia University Press. Saka, P. 2006. The demonstrative and identity theories of quotation. Journal of Phi losophy 103: 452-71. Saka, P. 2007. How to Think about Meaning. Dordrecht: Springer. Sorensen, R. 1999. Blanks: signs of omission. American Philosophical Quarterly 36: 309-21. Sorensen, R. 2008. Seeing Dark Things. New York: Oxford University Press. Wall, L. and R. Schwartz. 1991. Programming Perl. Sebastopol, California: O'Reilly & Associates. Washington, C. 1992. The identity theory of quotation. Journal of Philosophy. 89: 582-605.
Magnetic particles associated with the lateral line of the European eel Anguilla anguilla

Magnetization measurements of the European eel Anguilla anguilla demonstrated the presence of magnetic material concentrated in the region of the mandibular canals of the lateral line system. The data suggest that the material is magnetite, has a size suitable for magnetoreception and is of biogenic origin. The presence of magnetic particles in the lateral line system is discussed in relation to their possible role in allowing the fish to orientate with respect to the geomagnetic field during their extensive oceanic spawning migrations.
A lightweight, 64-element, organic phased array with integrated transmit-receive SiGe circuitry in the X band

For the first time, a transmit-receive (TR), 64-element phased array fully driven by Silicon Germanium (SiGe) integrated circuits and implemented on organic substrates is demonstrated at 9.5GHz. The array was realized on a duroid and liquid crystal polymer substrate stack-up. The radiating elements are driven by SiGe-based TR modules and power amplifiers. Additionally, radio-frequency micro-electromechanical switches allow the toggled operation between transmit and receive modes. Measurements showed an average TR operation bandwidth of 2.55GHz, an azimuthal TR beam-steering range of ±26°, a receive gain of 27.28dB and an estimated output power of 41.33dBm.
Nonlinear THz response of a one-dimensional superlattice

The dynamics of an electron in a one-dimensional superlattice is investigated under the action of a THz electric field. The density matrix equations of motion within a single miniband are solved using a relaxation-time approximation for scattering. The electronic response to THz radiation is obtained by calculating the dipole moment, whence we compute the power dissipated, the THz reflection coefficient and dipole radiation. Collisions are essential in eliminating transients and bringing the electron in phase with the field at dynamic localization. The optical properties of the superlattice bear strong signatures of dynamic electron localization such as oscillations with varying field strengths. In addition, the response is multivalued in the incident field owing to the nonlinear relation between the incident and internal fields of the superlattice. The optical properties are robust with respect to the inclusion of higher harmonics, weak collisions, and deviations from a tight-binding miniband dispersion. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
U-Pb detrital zircon age patterns of Cenozoic clastic sedimentary rocks in Trinidad and its implications

Abstract The Cenozoic evolution of northern South America can be simplified as a diachronous, west-to-east change from north-facing passive margin, to active convergence and transcurrent plate margin. As the current eastern end of the Caribbean-South America plate boundary, the Trinidad area records the most recent tectonic regime transition. Documenting the provenance of Cenozoic clastic rocks in Trinidad provides insights into the spatial and temporal relationships between mountain range uplifting, sediment dispersal, and drainage system development along the eastern end of the Caribbean-South American plate boundary. Four Eocene to Pliocene age outcropping sandstone samples were collected from Trinidad and 545 detrital zircon grains were analyzed using the U–Pb LA-ICP-MS method. A total of 404 analyses with less than 10% discordance were used for the final interpretation. Results show that the age distribution of the Eocene to the Early Oligocene samples is very restricted and dominated by Precambrian age grains with age peaks at ~ 1400 Ma, ~ 1800 Ma, and ~ 2000 Ma, typically derived from the Guyana Shield. In contrast, the Late Oligocene and younger samples show much broader and mixed age distribution that includes Mesozoic, Paleozoic, and Precambrian peaks. This age shift was interpreted as arriving of the Great Caribbean Arc and oblique collision between the South America and Caribbean plates. Continuing collision uplifted the Andes belts to the west. The Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, the Merida Andes, and the northern Venezuela coastal ranges then became the second primary sources. Offshore sedimentation switched from the passive margin with multiple small drainage systems to the active convergent and transcurrent plate margin with a single large river-dominated delivery system.