cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of migraine by intravenous histamine.

0 NE of the current theories regarding the cause of migraine is that the attacks result from an allergic or anaphylactic reaction, with release of histamine into the circulation, causing in those individuals whose tolerance to histamine is low, the reactions characteristic of exposure to this substance, regardless of its method of introduction-intradermally, subcutaneously or intravenously. Furthermore it is generally believed that there are certain organs or tissues characterized by their great vascularity, especially capillaries, including skin, liver, spleen and mucous membranes (respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts) which may be designated as shock organs, and even though remote from the source of histamine formation, may respond in a characteristic manner to minute quantities by vasodilatation, with clinical phenomena such as urticaria or asthma. Endothelium and, through the carotid arteries, the brain, can be classified as shock organs, and it is in this category that migraine may be placed. These organ responses may be evoked by production and release of histamine from many causes-trauma, changes in temperature, chemicals or bacterial toxins, or by an allergic reaction otherwise not particularly noted. In the circulating blood, histamine remains but momentarily, being rapidly taken up by the cells, where in sufficient concentration it causes its characteristic responses. Quantitative determination is thus extremely difficult, and little data are at hand regarding the concentration necessary to produce reactions in sensitive and non-sensitive subjects. The fallacy of the intradermal histamine test lies in the peculiar and poorly understood pharmacological action of that substance. While it causes vasodilatation of the face, neck and shoulders, there is a corresponding constriction in the hands, legs and splanchnic areas, to the extent that there may be a lowering of skin temperature of 5”~. in the feet, with corresponding conservation of body heat and systemic blood pressure offsetting the loss from the flushing areas. With this sensitive gradient from shoulder to wrist, a slight alteration in the location of the intradermal injection will result in definite and significant variations in the size and character of the reaction. Furthermore, the degree of reaction depends on both body and external temperatures, such that, with identical injections in each forearm, a blanket placed over one such area will cause the reaction to become two to five times the intensity of the uninsulated area on the other arm. Disregarding all such variable factors, this reaction is minimal in brunettes, great in blondes and maximal in red heads.
β-adrenergic receptors: Stereospecificity and lack of affinity for catechols

Abstract Studies of adenylate cyclase activity in rat liver, heart and fat cell microsomal preparations and in turkey and rat erythrocyte ghosts indicate that β-adrenergic receptors exhibit very strict stereospecificity for (−)-catecholamines. (+)-Isomers of active catecholamines and inactive catechol compounds do not inhibit the β-adrenergic-mediated stimulation of adenylate cyclase and thus do not interact with specific receptors. However, very high concentrations (above 10 −4 M) of (−)- and (+)-isomers, as well as of biologically inactive non-catecholamine catechols (e.g., pyrocatechol, dihydroxymandelic acid), inhibit in a nonspecific manner the basal, hormone (catecholamine, glucagon)- and NaF-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. Studies with propranolol suggest that the low activity (0.1 to 1%) of (+)-isomers of norepinephrine can be explained by contamination with the (−)-isomer. The activity of soterenol, a potent non-catechol β-adrenergic agonist, is uninfluenced by (+)-catecholamines or catechols. It is concluded that the binding of 3 H-labeled catecholamines to a variety of cells, microsomes and membranes as described in various previous studies cannot represent specific receptor interactions. Binding to receptors must demonstrate strict stereospecificity and must not be affected by unrelated catechol substances.
Blind extraction and security analysis of spread spectrum hidden watermarks

In the area of covert network communications, the focus has been on spread spectrum (SS) techniques using correlated host data, applicable to many data hiding and covert communications applications. Our work relates to the Iterative Generalized Least Squares (IGLS) blind signature recovery algorithm of Gkizeli et al. 1, and can be summarized as follows: (1) We have performed extensive Monte Carlo simulations that characterize the convergence properties of the algorithm as a function of signature length, host distortion, and number of hidden bits; (2) We have developed and characterized the behavior of a fully blind extension of the IGLS algorithm, called the BC-IGLS (Blind IGLS using Clustering); (3) We have developed and performed a characterization study of an extension to the IGLS algorithm, called the MS-IGLS (Multi Signature IGLS), that performs blind extraction of multiple signatures in multi-user embedding applications2.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
AN X/AUTOSOME TRANSLOCATION IN A GIRL WITH DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY (DMD): EVIDENCE FOR DMD GENE LOCALIZATION

AN X/AUTOSOME TRANSLOCATION IN A GIRL WITH DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY (DMD): EVIDENCE FOR DMD GENE LOCALIZATION
Innovating in Your Network with OpenFlow: A Hands-on Tutorial

OpenFlow is an open interface for remotely controlling the forwarding tables in network switches, routers, and access points. Upon this low-level primitive, researchers can build networks with new high-level properties. For example, OpenFlow enables more secure default-off networks, wireless networks with smooth handoffs, scalable data center networks, host mobility, more energy-efficient networks and new wide-area networks – to name a few. This tutorial is your opportunity to gain hands-on experience with the platforms and debugging tools most useful for developing network control applications on OpenFlow. Following an introduction, each participant will turn the provided hub controller into an Ethernet switch, then a flow-based switch, and finally a firewall or router you get to choose. Along the way, you'll learn the full suite of OpenFlow debugging tools: you'll view flow tables with dpctl, dissect packets with Wireshark, visualize with LAVI, slice with FlowVisor, and simulate a multi-switch, multi-host network with Mininet on your laptop. After the tutorial, you can apply what you've learned to physical networks based on software switches, NetFPGAs, or even hardware switches at line rate. The only requirement is to bring a laptop; no experience is required.
Fluorescence molecular tomography resolves protease activity in vivo

Systematic efforts are under way to develop novel technologies that would allow molecular sensing in intact organisms in vivo. Using near-infrared fluorescent molecular beacons and inversion techniques that take into account the diffuse nature of photon propagation in tissue, we were able to obtain three-dimensional in vivo images of a protease in orthopic gliomas. We demonstrate that enzyme-activatable fluorochromes can be detected with high positional accuracy in deep tissues, that molecular specificities of different beacons towards enzymes can be resolved and that tomography of beacon activation is linearly related to enzyme concentration. The tomographic imaging method offers a range of new capabilities for studying biological function; for example, identifying molecular-expression patterns by multispectral imaging or continuously monitoring the efficacy of therapeutic drugs.
Characterization of Macroalgal Epiphytes on Thalassia Testudinum in Tampa Bay, Florida

Blooms of seagrass epiphytes have potentially important economic and ecological consequences in Tampa Bay, one of the Gulf of Mexico's largest estuaries. As part of a Tampa Bay pilot study to monitor the impact of environmental stresses, precise characterization of epiphyte diversity is required for efficient management of affected resources, and thus may be used as a rational basis for assessment of ecosystem health. Fixed monitoring sites were selected north of Port Manatee, composed of dense and sparse Thalassia testudinum seagrass sites. A total of 13 epiphytic species encompassing green, brown and red macroalgae were manually collected in May 2001 from dense seagrass beds versus nine species from sparse beds. Epiphytes only collected in the dense beds were Enteromorpha flexuosa, Sphacelaria rigidula, Ceramium byssoideum, and Herposiphonia tenella; epiphytes only occurring in the sparse beds were Griffithsia and Stylonema alsidii. A correlation seems to emerge among attachment mode of epiphyte to host, presence of cortication and epiphyte length. A main goal of this ongoing study is the determination of indicator species for both healthy and stressed seagrass bed environments using both taxonomic and gene-sequencing techniques.
Communications: Local area nets: A pair of standards: Confronted by marketplace needs, the IEEE 802 Committee is proposing standards for two kinds of networks: Contention access and token passing

Discusses the work being done by the IEEE 802 Committee on preparing standards for data communication networks. Standards for two kinds of network are proposed: contention access and token passing.
The TreeRank Tournament algorithm for multipartite ranking

Whereas various efficient learning algorithms have been recently proposed to perform bipartite ranking tasks, cast as receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve optimisation, no method fully tailored to K-partite ranking when K≥3 has been documented in the statistical learning literature yet. The goal is to optimise the ROC manifold, or summary criteria such as its volume, the gold standard for assessing performance in K-partite ranking. It is the main purpose of this paper to describe at length an efficient approach to recursive maximisation of the ROC surface, extending the TreeRank methodology originally tailored for the bipartite situation (i.e. when K=2). The main barrier arises from the fact that, in contrast to the bipartite case, the volume under the ROC surface criterion of any scoring rule taking K≥3 values cannot be interpreted as a cost-sensitive misclassification error and no method is readily available to perform the recursive optimisation stage. The learning algorithm we propose, called ...
When the sling is too proximal: A specific mechanism of persistent stress incontinence after pubovaginal sling placement

Abstract Objectives To review a series of patients with persistent stress urinary incontinence (SUI) after pubovaginal sling (PVS) placement because of an excessively proximal position of the graft on the bladder neck. Methods Four women, who had previously undergone PVS placement for SUI, presented for evaluation of persistent SUI. All underwent investigations, including history, symptom questionnaire, quality-of-life assessment, physical examination, voiding cystourethrography, and multichannel urodynamic studies. Subsequently, takedown of the primary PVS and placement of an autologous fascial PVS were performed on all patients. A detailed case review of one of the patients is presented. Results All patients had persistent severe SUI confirmed by a positive supine stress test and Valsalva leak point pressure determination. Malposition of the graft was diagnosed preoperatively on the basis of severe distortion of the bladder base and a wide-open bladder neck at rest on the lateral standing voiding cystourethrography images. The diagnosis was confirmed on operative exploration. All patients were continent after takedown of the prior PVS and placement of an autologous fascial sling. Conclusions Persistent SUI after PVS placement may occur secondary to positioning of the graft excessively proximally on the bladder neck. True lateral voiding cystourethrography views are essential for the precise diagnosis. In our experience, optimal management involves takedown of the primary PVS and placement of an autologous fascial PVS.
False appearance of urinary stasis on Tc-99m MAG3 renal scan secondary to vicarious tracer concentration in the gallbladder.

Tc-99m MAG3 is a tubular agent that is widely used for assessment of postrenal obstruction. However, this tracer has a variable amount of hepatobiliary excretion. This can render different patterns of gastrointestinal tracer distribution that can sometimes simulate renal or urinary tract pathology. This report presents a case where tracer accumulation in the gallbladder simulated urinary stasis in the upper pole calyces of the right kidney. Erroneous diagnoses can be avoided by obtaining additional images in anterior and right lateral projections.
Tumor volume or dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for prediction of clinical outcome of Ewing sarcoma family of tumors.

Background. The identification of risk factors that predict poor clinical outcome at the time of diagnosis could lead to intensified early therapy and improved outcome for pediatric patients with Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT). Objective. To compare the effectiveness of static magnetic resonance (MR) imaging measurements of tumor volume with variables obtained by dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging (DEMRI) in predicting ESFT outcome. Methods. MR examinations that included DEMRI were retrospectively reviewed. The analyses included 45 examinations of 21 patients with ESFT (performed from 1992 to 1996). Tumor volumes were measured on the static MR images, and the regions of interest were selected for DEMRI analysis. The relationships of static MR imaging and DEMRI variables with the probability of progression-free survival (PFS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were determined. Results. Larger tumor volume at the time of diagnosis predicted poorer PFS and DFS estimates. No DEMRI variable predicted outcome. Conclusion. Determination of tumor volume by static MR imaging at the time of diagnosis is a simple and reliable method of predicting the clinical outcome of patients with ESFT. DEMRI is not as reliable a technique as static MR imaging for predicting the outcome of these patients.
Generalized-master-equation theory of excitation transfer

A theory of the time dependence of resonance transfer of excitation energy between molecules is developed in terms of memory functions appearing in the transition rates of a generalized master equation (GME). The memory can be computed explicitly and, due to the coarse-graining operation incorporated in our derivation of the GME, the accuracy of the memory function depends only on the amount of detailed information one has, or wishes to include, about the spectrum and dynamics of the system. The formalism yields a unified description of coherent motion at short times and diffusive transport at long times, and for the case of transfer between and among identical molecules provides a generalized approach to the theory of exciton transport. Memory functions for transfer between anthracene molecules are obtained as an illustration of the theory. The connection between the new formalism and existing exciton-transport theories is indicated and its relation to the theory of non-Markoffian random walks is presented.
Study of microstructural evolution in friction-stir welded thin-sheet Al–Cu–Li alloy using transmission-electron microscopy

Microstructure evolution in friction-stir welded thin-sheet Al–Cu–Li alloy was studied using transmission-electron microscopy (TEM) and the dissolution and coarsening of T1 and θ′ precipitates were related to the microhardness profile of the weld.
A Comparison of Grief Reactions in Cancer, HIV/AIDS, and Suicide Bereavement

Abstract This study compared the grief reactions of people who mourned three different types of death: Cancer, HIV/AIDS, and suicide, and addressed the question whether these bereavement groups can be differentiated on the basis of their grief, as measured by the Grief Experience Questionnaire (GEQ; Barrett & Scott, 1989). The results indicate that these groups (cancer: N = 50, AIDS-related: N = 50, and suicide: N = 50) had different grief reactions, specifically, in the areas of stigmatization and unique reactions to suicide. The implications of these results afford grief counselors, health-care providers, and pastoral professionals, intervention strategies that enfranchise people, who may experience one of these types of deaths, to work through their grief. Furthermore, this understanding of specific grief characteristics can also be assimilated into a therapist's preferred bereavement paradigm, for example, stages of grief(Kiibler-Ross, 1969), phases of bereavement(Parkes, 1972), or tasks of mourning(W...
Psychiatric Hospitalization of Preschool Children: Admission Factors and Discharge Implications

Abstract The psychiatric hospitalization of 18 preschool children is examined. Behavioral, diagnostic, developmental, family, and community factors contributing to the admissions are reviewed and discussed. Implications for treatment and discharge planning are noted.
Recombinant Factor VIIa in Pediatric Patients

SUMMARY To date, the majority of experience with recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) has been in patients with hemophilia who developed auto-antibodies (inhibitors) against factor VIII. This paper examines the reported experiences with rFVIIa use in non-hemophiliac pediatric-aged patients and is based on a review of the literature as well as an evaluation of isolated case reports and case series. The literature contains reports on the successful use of rFVIIa in approximately 40 non-hemophiliac pediatric patients with acquired coagulation dysfunction of various etiologies as well as inherited disorders of platelet function. Although clinical experience is somewhat limited, no significant adverse effects have been noted in the pediatric-aged patient. Given its potential therapeutic impact, rFVIIa warrants further investigation in the pediatric population. As the reports in the literature illustrate, rFVIIa may be indicated in coagulopathic states to control active bleeding or as prophylaxis to correct coagulation function prior to an invasive procedure. rFVIIa may be considered when the coagulopathy does not respond to FFP, time constraints do not allow for blood typing, thawing and administration of FFP, or there are concerns regarding the potential hemodynamic effects of FFP.
Poster: styrofoam: a tightly packed coding scheme for camera-based visible light communication

Screen-to-camera visible-light communication links are fundamentally limited by inter-symbol interference, in which the camera receives multiple overlapping symbols in a single capture exposure. By determining interference constraints, we are able to decode symbols with multi-bit depth across all three color channels. We present Styrofoam, a coding scheme which optimally satisfies the constraints by inserting blank frames into the transmission pattern. The coding scheme improves upon the state-of-the-art in camera-based visible light communication by: (1) ensuring a decode with at least half exposure of colored multi-bit symbols, (2) limiting decode latency to two transmission frames, and (3) transmitting 0.4 bytes per grid block at the slowest camera's frame rate. In doing so, we outperform peer unsynchronized VLC transmission schemes by 2.9x. Our implementation on smartphone displays and cameras achieves 69.1 kbps.
Detecting trends and patterns in reliability data over time using exponentially weighted moving-averages

A simple, easy-to-use graphical method is presented for use in determining if there is any statistically significant trend or pattern over time in an underlying Poisson event rate of occurrence or binomial failure on demand probability. The method is based on the combined use of both an exponentially weighted moving-average (EWMA) and a Shewhart chart. Two nuclear power plant examples are introduced and used to illustrate the method. The false alarm probability and power when using the combined procedure are also determined for both cases using Monte Carlo simulation. The results indicate that the combined procedure is quite effective in rapidly detecting either a small or large step increase in the Poisson rate or binomial probability over time.
Radiative heat transfer in rocket thrust chambers and nozzles

Numerical models based on the discrete exchange factor (DEF) and the zonal methods for radiative analysis of rocket engines containing a radiatively participating medium have been developed. These models implement a new technique for calculating the direct exchange factors to account for possible blockage by the nozzle throat. Given the gas and surface temperature distributions, engine geometry, and radiative properties, the models compute the wall radiative heat fluxes at different axial positions. The results of sample calculations for a typical rocket engine (engine 700 at NASA), which uses RP-1 (a kerosene-type propellant), are presented for a wide range of surface and gas properties. It is found that the heat transfer by radiation can reach up to 50 percent of that due to convection. The maximum radiative heat flux is at the inner side of the engine, where the gas temperature is the highest. While the results of both models are in excellent agreement, the computation time of the DEF method is found to be much smaller.
Using discrete event visual simulation to teach process modelling in MBA operations management courses

We discuss our experience using discrete event visual simulation to teach MBA students process modelling/analysis as part of a required operations management/supply chain class. We apply a hybrid approach by using a combination of simulation and such process mapping/analysis tools as flow–diagram, capacity/utilisation, and Little's law to real world processes. We link improvements in operational performance indicators to financial performances. Our approach provides future managers with a deep understanding of the conceptual and practical aspects of process modelling/analysis, emphasising the complexities involved in real life dynamic and stochastic processes. We also developed a framework for assessing experiential learning using this teaching approach. The use of the discrete event visual simulation approach in operation management classes is novel and highly valuable. It is novel because we offer a four–week module in a 15–week class versus courses that exclusively teach simulation, and it is valuable in rendering simulation modelling accessible to a broader audience.
Development of Counselor Candidate Dominance in Three Learning Conditions.

Summary Self-confidence, self-esteem, and related dominance variables have been found to be important counselor personality characteristics. The present study investigates ways of developing these attributes at the practicum or prepracticum levels. Sixty-four male and female graduate students were studied in one of three conditions: (a) prepracticum didactic methods only (N # 21), (b) prepracticum didactic plus role playing (N # 11), or (c) counseling practicum (N # 32). The course with role playing significantly aided the development of dominance feelings as measured by the California Psychological Inventory (CPI), while the didactic-only course did not. Contrary to previous research, the practicum failed to produce significant change in dominance measures.
Movement and Time: Exertion and Perceived Duration:

This study examined differences in consciousness indexes (perceived duration of time) at different levels of physical exertion within the framework of Newman's model of health and with emphasis on Prigogine's theory of dissipative structures. The sample consisted of 100 volunteers participating in regular aerobic exercise. Instruments included 817E Monarch Stationary Bicycles, 1800 Dynamap Automatic Blood Pressure/Pulse Monitors, the production method of time estimation, and the Perceived Exertion Scale. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant differences in consciousness indexes during exertion (p less than .00001). Paired t-tests yielded significant differences between the resting consciousness index and consciousness indexes at preferred, increased, and decreased exertion levels (p = .000). Results indicate that the consciousness index decreased with physical exertion regardless of actual exertion level. In addition, changes in perceived exertion and in physiological parameters suggest a pattern of expanding consciousness that is consistent with the theoretical framework.
ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS DE LA ESQUIZOFRENIA

Se revisan algunos de los campos de investigacion biologica en relacion con la esquizofrenia: la genetica, la neurofisiologia (potenciales evocados), la tomografia axial computadorizada, etc. Ademas, se ofrecen algunos modelos nosologicos actuales de este trastorno a la luz de las investigaciones biologicas recientes.
Hierarchical co-clustering based on entropy splitting

Two dimensional contingency tables or co-occurrence matrices arise frequently in various important applications such as text analysis and web-log mining. As a fundamental research topic, co-clustering aims to generate a meaningful partition of the contingency table to reveal hidden relationships between rows and columns. Traditional co-clustering algorithms usually produce a predefined number of flat partition of both rows and columns, which do not reveal relationship among clusters. To address this limitation, hierarchical co-clustering algorithms have attracted a lot of research interests recently. Although successful in various applications, the existing hierarchial co-clustering algorithms are usually based on certain heuristics and do not have solid theoretical background. In this paper, we present a new co-clustering algorithm with solid information theoretic background. It simultaneously constructs a hierarchical structure of both row and column clusters which retains sufficient mutual information between rows and columns of the contingency table. An efficient and effective greedy algorithm is developed which grows a co-cluster hierarchy by successively performing row-wise or column-wise splits that lead to the maximal mutual information gain. Extensive experiments on real datasets demonstrate that our algorithm can reveal essential relationships of row (and column) clusters and has better clustering precision than existing algorithms.
Exotic botanicals in the Kallawaya pharmacopoeia

Recently, the geographic origin of plant species comprising indigenous Amazonian pharmacopoeias has been addressed. However, the origins of plant species in Andean pharmacopoeias have not. To fill this gap, we reviewed the pharmacopoeia of the Kallawaya herbalists of Bolivia for exotic plant species. The Kallawaya are the most renowned herbalists of South America and travel extensively throughout the Andes to collect medicinal plant species. Approximately 30% of the Kallawaya pharmacopoeia is comprised of exotic plant species. Many of these species are used in a variety of contexts (e.g., food, hygiene, beverages, ornamentals, timber, dyes, aromatics, hallucinogens) in addition to medicinal. This case study demonstrates the evolution of indigenous pharmacopoeias as a result of cross-cultural plant transfer.
Getting Ready for Patient-Reported Outcomes Measures (PROMs) in Clinical Practice

Abstract Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) include reports and ratings provided by patients or their proxies about their health, functioning, health behaviours and quality of care. PROMs reflect the patient perspective and increase the comprehensiveness of outcome measurement in clinical research. There is growing interest in using PROMs in clinical practice: for screening, monitoring and improving communication at the individual level; and to aid in decision-making, monitor populations and assess quality in the aggregate. For use in clinical practice, the authors draw an analogy to getting to the prom (a North American graduation dance). Whom to go with? They recommend seeking a group of partners and developing methods and standards with national and international groups. The authors advocate for incentives to encourage broad participation. What to wear? They suggest selecting existing, well-tested PROMs and highlight the ability of dynamic questionnaires to provide tailored assessments. How to get there? The authors recommend web-based formatting of measures and results, using their system, PatientViewpoint, as an example. How to get the most out of the experience? They discuss the variety of applications of PROMs data and recommend providing clinicians with actions that they can take to mitigate problems in non-clinical domains.
Is there an argument consensus gentium

The argument consensus gentium for the existence of God(s) has a long and venerable history. Perhaps the first explicit statement of this argument in the philosophy of the West is to be found in Plato's Laws, X, 886, where Cleinias cites "the fact that all Hellenes and barbarians believe in them" as one way of proving the existence of the Gods, the order of the universe being the other. John Stuart Mill stated well the need to consider seriously the argument from consent when he wrote:
THE CANNIBALIZED CAREER OF LIBERALISM IN COLONIAL INDIA

The interpretation of liberalism as a project that not only masks, but enables, political domination has long held currency in South Asian historiography. Recently, the subject of liberalism and empire in both francophone and anglophone contexts has returned to discussions in broader imperial historiography. One especially pressing question that emerges from these approaches is how to analyze intellectuals of colonized countries, such as India, who themselves claimed liberal terminologies and pressed forth liberal arguments. Are they to be assessed by the same criteria as European liberals who argued for the rights of the individual, the free press, and individual property rights?
Elementary Grade Retention in Texas and Reading Achievement Among Racial Groups: 1994–2002

Students who failed the Texas mandatory third grade reading test were followed through their sophomore year in high school. Comparisons of reading scores between third grade students who repeated the grade and their socially promoted classmates revealed that the positive effect of retention persisted over time. Retention in third grade benefited low-performing readers regardless of race. Supplemental analyses found that the results are not likely attributable to selection biases, differential attrition of students from the panel, changes in the special education status of students, and regression to the mean effects. Making students repeat a grade, when supplemented with additional educational assistance, can benefit academically challenged children.
EVALUATING TRIBUTARY RESTORATION POTENTIAL FOR PACIFIC SALMON RECOVERY

Although habitat restoration can play a key role in the conservation of imperiled species, for animals that demonstrate long migrations and complex life histories, reliance on physical restoration of isolated habitat patches comes with considerable uncertainty. Nevertheless, within freshwater ecosystems, stream restoration has become a major conservation focus, with millions of dollars spent annually on efforts aimed at recovering degraded habitat and imperiled riverine species. Within this context, we addressed fundamental uncertainties of the focus on tributary restoration for recovery of salmon: (1) Is there potential for improving habitat in tributaries? (2) What magnitude of early survival improvement can be expected based on stream restoration? and (3) Will incremental increases in early survival be sufficient to ensure viability overall? We combined simple mechanistic habitat models, population viability measures, and categorical filters to quantify ''restoration potential,'' expressed as increased total life-cycle survival in response to restored tributary condition, across 32 populations composing five major population groups (MPG). A wide gap remains between how much survival improvement is needed vs. what is likely to occur; restoration potential meets the necessary minimum increase needed for only four populations within one MPG. The remaining populations (84%, 4 MPG) still fall far below the survival increase needed for future viability. In addition, across all populations and groups, a 171% increase (on average) in total life-cycle survival is needed; only ;106% appears possible. A recovery strategy for these salmon that relies largely on tributary restoration to mitigate for known mortality imposed at other life stages (e.g., migration through hydropower dams) is risky with a low probability of success. We demonstrate an approach for completing an a priori evaluation of restoration potential linked to population viability, such that habitat restoration efforts can be biologically prioritized and scarce resources can be allocated to efforts with the greatest potential and the least amount of risk, in terms of meeting conservation and recovery goals.
Defining the relationship between obstetricians and maternal-fetal medicine specialists.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine how frequently general obstetricians refer pregnant patients to maternal-fetal medicine specialists in the presence of the clinical indications specified as appropriate for referral or consultation by the 1996 statement of the Society of Perinatal Obstetricians. Study Design: A questionnaire was mailed to 400 randomly selected general obstetricians across the United States. The obstetricians were asked how often they refer their high-risk pregnant patients to maternal-fetal medicine specialists in the presence of (1) a need for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, (2) medical/surgical disorders, (3) healthy gravid women with high-risk fetuses, and (4) conditions that necessitate admission for reasons other than delivery. Response categories for each individual procedure/high-risk condition included "always," "frequently," "infrequently," "never," and "not applicable." Results: Overall, 55% of the responses indicated referral (always or frequently) to maternal-fetal medicine specialists for procedures or in the presence of high-risk conditions. More than 75% of the obstetricians always or frequently refer to maternal-fetal medicine specialists for most diagnostic/therapeutic procedures and for the following high-risk conditions: acute fatty liver, portal hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, transplantations, fetal hydrops, fetal anomaly/cytogenetic abnormality, fetal supraventricular tachycardia or congenital heart block, isoimmunization, and twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Conclusion: Most of the conditions for which >75% of the obstetricians refer to maternal-fetal medicine are rarely seen in practice. Comprehensive ultrasound examination is the only commonly encountered clinical situation that >75% of the general obstetricians refer to maternal-fetal medicine specialists. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185: 925-30.)
Two-dimensional implicit time-dependent calculations on adaptive unstructured meshes with time evolving boundaries

An implicit multigrid-driven algorithm for two-dimensional incompressible laminar viscous flows has been coupled with a solution adaptation method and a mesh movement method for boundary movement. Time-dependent calculations are performed implicitly by regarding each time step as a steady-state problem in pseudo-time. The method of artificial compressibility is used to solve the flow equations. The solution mesh adaptation method performs local mesh refinement using an incremental Delaunay algorithm and mesh coarsening by means of edge collapse. Mesh movement is achieved by modeling the computational domain as an elastic solid and solving the equilibrium equations for the stress field. The solution adaptation method has been validated by comparison with experimental results and other computational results for low Reynolds number flow over a shedding circular cylinder. Preliminary validation of the mesh movement method has been demonstrated by a comparison with experimental results of an oscillating airfoil and with computational results for an oscillating cylinder.
Are Personality Test Differences between Alcoholics and Others Due to Source of Sample: A Review of MMPI Findings

While some reviewers find that alcoholics have consistent personality characteristics, others conclude there are no such characteristics. The latter reviewers claim that inattention to methodological factors (such as source of sample) have resulted in erroneous conclusions. The MMPI literature was surveyed in terms of the source of sample factor. Consistent personality characteristics were found in studies controlling for source of sample and employing the MacAndrew, Holmes, and Psychopathic Deviate Scales. The employment of a multiple regression strategy would help determine whether both alcoholism scales and the Psychopathic Deviate Scale are necessary for comprehensive description of individuals in an alcoholic population.
An approach to programmable CTD filters using coefficients 0, + 1, and -1

A delta modulation-like sampled analog filter structure for realizing low-pass filters is described. The filter uses only the coefficients 0, + 1 , and -1 and can be fabricated as a programmable CCD filter. Interpolation and decimation are employed to increase the accuracy of the delta modulation. It is shown that with this scheme a given response can be realized arbitrarily closely. Examples are included.
Principal component analysis of the evolution of the Saharan air layer and dust transport: Comparisons between a model simulation and MODIS and AIRS retrievals

The onset and evolution of Saharan Air Layer (SAL) episodes during June-September 2002 are diagnosed by applying principal component analysis to the NCEP reanalysis temperature anomalies at 850 hPa, where the largest SAL-induced temperature anomalies are located. The first principal component (PC) represents the onset of SAL episodes, which are associated with large warm anomalies located at the west coast of Africa. The second PC represents two opposite phases of the evolution of the SAL. The positive phase of the second PC corresponds to the southwestward extension of the warm anomalies into the tropical-subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, and the negative phase corresponds to the northwestward extension into the subtropical to mid-latitude North Atlantic Ocean and the southwest Europe. A dust transport model (CARMA) and the MODIS retrievals are used to study the associated effects on dust distribution and deposition. The positive (negative) phase of the second PC corresponds to a strengthening (weakening) of the offshore flows in the lower troposphere around 10deg - 20degN, causing more (less) dust being transported along the tropical to subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. The variation of the offshore flow indicates that the subseasonal variation of African Easterly Jet is associated with the evolution of the SAL. Significant correlation is found between the second PC time series and the daily West African monsoon index, implying a dynamical linkage between West African monsoon and the evolution of the SAL and Saharan dust transport.
Investigation of Cyclam-Containing Mobile Phases for the Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Tenidap

Tenidap is a new oxindole-based cytokine-modulating agent used for the treatment of arthritis. Initial analyses of tenidap for tenidap content and process-related impurities using reversed-phase liquid chromatography were unsatisfactory because of severe peak tailing and batch-to-batch column variability. These difficulties are overcome by addition of cyclam, a nitrogen crown ether analog, to the mobile phase. The improved chromatographic performance after addition of cyclam to the mobile phase may be attributable to changes in the configuration of tenidap.
Communal Hunting in the Natufian of the Southern Levant: The Social and Economic Implications

The Natufian culture of Palestine has been seen as an important state in the progression from hunting and gathering to food production. Henry (1875) first suggested that the Natufians used traps or surrounds to hunt gazelles collectively. This paper uses Faunal data from the site of Salibiya I in the lower Jordan valley to suggest that the Natufians practiced communal hunting of the mountain gazelle (Gazella, gazella). Ethnographic studies suggest that communal hunting entails planning, timing and the organization of large numbers of people. These are the same features of social organization needed for the initiation of agriculture. We suggest that it was the social organization needed for the communal hunt, rather than sedentarization, or demographic or ecological factors, that provided the preconditions for the beginning of agriculture.
On the electrical conductivity of the mid‐mantle: II. Delineation of heterogeneity by application of extremal inverse solutions

SUMMARY Long-period equivalent scalar magnetotelluric impedance functions from 22 magnetic observatories distributed over the Earth's surface are inverted to test the hypothesis that there exists significant lateral heterogeneity in the electrical conductivity structure of the mid-mantle. Limited spaces of extremal models are examined, and strict bounds are placed on the range of permissible models. Joint D+ inversion of combined response functions from observatory pairs proves the requirement for global heterogeneity, while exploration of H+ layered-earth model space suggests systematic regional heterogeneity, indicating that enhanced upper mantle conductivity is found within the Pacific basin and Baikal Rift zone and is absent elsewhere. The results of these extremal inverse solutions are compared with the Backus–Gilbert-like Schmucker inversion and a heuristic inversion.
Noninvasive detection of target modulation following phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibition using hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Numerous mechanism-based anticancer drugs that target the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway are in clinical trials. However, it remains challenging to assess responses by traditional imaging methods. Here, we show for the first time the efficacy of hyperpolarized (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in detecting the effect of PI3K inhibition by monitoring hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]lactate levels produced from hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate through lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. In GS-2 glioblastoma cells, PI3K inhibition by LY294002 or everolimus caused hyperpolarized lactate to drop to 42 +/- 12% and to 76 +/- 5%, respectively. In MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, hyperpolarized lactate dropped to 71 +/- 15% after treatment with LY294002. These reductions were correlated with reductions in LDH activity to 48 +/- 4%, 63 +/- 4%, and 69 +/- 12%, respectively, and were associated with a drop in levels of LDHA mRNA and LDHA and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha proteins. Supporting these findings, tumor growth inhibition achieved by everolimus in murine GS-2 xenografts was associated with a drop in the hyperpolarized lactate-to-pyruvate ratio detected by in vivo MRS imaging, whereas an increase in this ratio occurred with tumor growth in control animals. Taken together, our findings illustrate the application of hyperpolarized (13)C MRS of pyruvate to monitor alterations in LDHA activity and expression caused by PI3K pathway inhibition, showing the potential of this method for noninvasive imaging of drug target modulation.
A licensing model for scholarly textbases

Smaller scholarly projects represent a sector of the digital library which makes an important contribution to research on specialized text encoding, retrieval, and interface design for scholarly audiences. Such projects, however, face funding and publication challenges which threaten their long-term survival. The Women Writers Project is using an unusual tier-based licensing model to make the transition from grant-funded research project to independent financial viability.
A Low Modulus, High Fatigue Life Elastomer Compound for Suspension Applications

Abstract Soft elastomeric suspension bushing compounds have been developed which are based on natural rubber/polybutadiene (NR/BR) blends which have been softened with polyisobutylene (IM). The new compounds have a Shore A hardness of 45 and a fatigue life of 97 kc and 80 kc for the urethane cured and semi-EV cured compounds respectively. This compares with a fatigue life of 62 kc for the current production compound (Shore A 65). It appears that the mechanical behavior, i.e. resistance to crack growth, of natural rubber based compounds is unaffected by the addition of IM. Fatigue life, compression set and retention of physical properties after heat aging of the new compounds are also superior to the production compound. The dynamic mechanical properties of the new compounds were evaluated and found to have a slightly greater temperature sensitivity than the production compounds.
Ethics of research in usual care settings: Data on point

ABSTRACTConducting research in usual care settings—which includes pragmatic clinical trials, comparative effectiveness research, and analyses of clinical databases—is associated with an array of questions about the appropriate mechanisms to protect the rights, interests, and welfare of research participants. Not only is there a lack of agreement about many of the conceptual issues at hand, but there have also been debates and controversy around particular cases. Although some of the unsettled issues reflect basic moral disagreements, others might be resolved with empirical data. The recent empirical ethics scholarly literature related to the ethics of research in usual care settings provides some preliminary data regarding the perceptions, views, and opinions of stakeholders regarding some of the categorical distinctions that have been employed in the conceptual literature and in policy debates (e.g., medical treatment vs. research, quality improvement vs. research), matters relevant to whether explicit i...
The Network Speaks: Public Discourse and the Failure of the Atlantic Telegraph Cable

Young as I am, however, few have undergone more suffering, and been subjected to greater cruelties during a long life, than I have in my short career. My severed and scattered limbs, now lying at t...
Full Field Joule Heating Measurement of Copper Plate Using Phase Shifting Moiré Interferometry in Microscopic Scale

Heat generated from Joule heating is an important factor in several failure mechanisms in microelectronic packaging (e.g. thermomigration, electromigration and etc) and large amount of the heat causes severe heat dissipation problem. It is further exaggerated by the continuous marching towards miniaturization of microelectronics. The techniques of measuring the Joule heating effects at the microscopic scale are quite limited especially for the full field measurement. Infrared microscopic imaging has been reported to measure the heat radiation by the Joule heating in the microscopic scale. Moire interferometry with phase shifting is a highly sensitive and a high resolution method to measure the in-plane full field strain. In this paper, it is demonstrated that the Joule heating effect can be measured by Moire interferometry with phase shifting at the microscopic scale. The copper sheet is used for the demonstration because of isotropic material property and well known thermal properties and parameters. The specimen was designed to minimize the out-of-plane strain and the strain caused by the thermal-structural effects. A finite element model was developed to verify the design of the structure of the specimen and the specimen was tested under different current density (input current from 0 to 24 A). Based on the research, a correlation relationship between the current density and the strain in two orthogonal directions (one in the direction of the current flow) was determined. The regression coefficients of the full field were analyzed. The experiment demonstrates the capability of measuring microscopic Joule heating effects by using Moire interferometry with phase shifting. The method can be further applied to the measurement of Joule heating effect in the microscopic solid structures in the electronic packaging devices.© 2009 ASME