cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxidative Stress Mediates Angiotensin II–Dependent Stimulation of Sympathetic Nerve Activity

Evidence indicates that angiotensin II (Ang II) enhances sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity centrally and peripherally, but the exact mechanisms of this activation are not well established. We have previously shown that infusion of Ang II in the lateral cerebral ventricle raises blood pressure (BP), renal sympathetic nervous system activity (RSNA), and norepinephrine (NE) secretion from the posterior hypothalamic nuclei (PH), and reduces the abundance of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) mRNA in the PH. Pretreatment with an Ang II type 1 (AT 1 ) receptor antagonist abolished these effects of Ang II. The data support the hypothesis that Ang II stimulates SNS through activation of AT 1 receptors and downregulation of nNOS. In the current studies, we tested the hypothesis that the effects of Ang II on central SNS are mediated by reactive oxygen species. To this end, we evaluated the effects of Ang II alone or in combination with 2 superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics, tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinoxyl) and polyethylene glycol–SOD (PEG-SOD) on BP, NE secretion from the PH, RSNA, and abundance of IL-1β and nNOS mRNA in the PH Ang II raised BP, NE secretion from the PH, and RSNA and reduced the abundance of IL-1β and nNOS mRNA in the PH. Tempol and PEG-SOD completely abolished these actions of Ang II. In conclusion, these studies support the hypothesis that the effects of centrally administered Ang II on the SNS are mediated by increased oxidative stress in brain regions involved in the noradrenergic control of BP.
Changes in perceived travel cost and time for the work trip during a period of increasing gasoline costs

This study was designed to examine the relationship between actual and perceived values of cost and time for the work trip and to examine how perceptions have changed over a period of dramatically increased travel costs. Variations in the relationship between perceived and actual values were examined as a function of situational and attitudinal variables. Two telephone surveys were conducted one year apart (Fall 1978 and Fall 1979). On the next working day following a survey, a research assistant recreated the respondent's work trip, recorded time values and used distance measures, car type information and parking costs to compute travel cost. The first survey revealed that most auto users were unable to articulate dollars-and-cents driving costs for the work trip, but auto users in the second survey were able to provide fairly accurate cost estimates. Dramatic changes in fuel prices between surveys is probably the main reason for the change in driving cost awareness. Auto users were also asked to rate relative costs of driving a car compared to using the bus for the work trip. These ratings showed that auto users tended to underestimate driving costs relative to bus costs, but this tendency decreased from the first to the second time period. Commuters in all modal groups at both time periods tended to overestimate travel times. Perception of travel time varied as a function of mode, perceived comfort (for car users), and perceived convenience and number of transfers (for bus users).
Constructing the case study in victimology

This article advocates the use of case studies to illustrate the importance of victimology in the criminal justice curriculum. The case study of a particular victimization introduces emerging issues in criminal justice, and illuminates the responsibility of the criminal justice system to prevent and react to crime. Academic programs are challenged to develop and maintain students' interest in this theoretical framework. Case studies in victimology promote interdisciplinary knowledge, critical thinking and precise writing skills. They also provide students with experience in research, investigation and integration of information.
Malondialdehyde stimulates collagen production by hepatic lipocytes only upon activation in primary culture

Lipid aldehydes have been proposed as mediators of hepatic fibrosis in alcoholics. In this study we examined whether hepatic lipocytes, the principal matrix-producing cells in liver, exhibit enhanced collagen synthesis in response to the lipid aldehyde malondialdehyde. Lipocytes isolated from normal rat liver and plated in primary culture for 3 days were not affected by malondialdehyde in concentrations ranging from 2 to 200 microM. Cells cultured for 7 days displayed a modest increase in collagen synthesis (137% of control levels) in response to malondialdehyde, but only at a concentration of 200 microM. The malondialdehyde-induced increase in collagen synthesis was paralleled by a rise in type I procollagen mRNA. Subcultured rat fibroblasts at confluent density responded better to malondialdehyde than did 7-day lipocytes. The results indicate that lipocytes respond to the fibrogenic effects of malondialdehyde only after activation in primary culture. This delayed response suggests that lipid aldehydes may enhance, but do not initiate, alcoholic liver fibrosis in vivo.
Closed-Tube Genotyping with Unlabeled Oligonucleotide Probes and a Saturating DNA Dye

Background: Homogeneous PCR methods for genotyping usually require fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probes. Amplicon melting with the DNA dye LCGreen TM I was recently introduced as a closed-tube method of genotyping that does not require probes or real-time PCR. However, some single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could not be completely genotyped without addition of a known genotype, and high-resolution melting techniques were necessary. Methods: A3 -blocked, unlabeled oligonucleotide probe and the saturating dye, LCGreen I, were added to standard PCR reagents before amplification. After PCR, the samples were melted at 0.1– 0.3 °C/s in high-resolution (HR-1 TM ), high-throughput (LightTyper TM ), and rapid-cycle, real-time (LightCycler ® ) instruments, and fluorescence melting curves were recorded. Results: Derivative melting curves of the probe–target duplexes were characteristic of the genotype under the probe. With synthetic plasmid templates, all SNP base combinations could be genotyped. For human genomic DNA, the technique was demonstrated with mutations associated with cystic fibrosis, including SNPs (G542X, I506V, and F508C) and 3-bp deletions (F508del and I507del). Conclusions: Genotyping of SNPs and small deletions by melting analysis of an unlabeled probe in the presence of LCGreen I is simple and rapid. Only three unlabeled oligonucleotides (two primers and one probe), a saturating DNA dye, PCR, and a melting instrument are required. The method is closed-tube, does not require fluorescently labeled probes or realtime PCR, and can be completed in <10 min on any instrument capable of monitoring melting curves by fluorescence. © 2004 American Association for Clinical Chemistry
On the Fundamental Law of Active Portfolio Management: How to Make Conditional Investments Unconditionally Optimal

The fundamental law of active portfolio management tells an active manager how to transform his alpha forecasts into the valued-added of his active portfolio by using a linear strategy with active positions proportional to the forecasts. This linear strategy is conditionally optimal because it is optimal each period, conditional on the forecasts at that time. The unconditional value-added—the valued-added over the long haul or over multiple periods—is what the manager normally strives to achieve. Under this unconditional objective, the linear strategy can approach zero value-added if the forecasts or signals have a high kurtosis. To overcome this problem, the author provides an investment strategy that maximizes the unconditional value-added with the optimal use of conditional information. The strategy is nonlinear in the forecasts, but has a simple economic interpretation. When the alpha forecasts are high, an active manager invests less aggressively than the linear strategy, and when the forecasts are low, an active manager invests more aggressively. In this way, an active manager tends to smooth out value-added over time and, hence, on a risk-adjusted basis, the active manager’s long-term unconditional value-added will be substantially higher than the value-added based on a linear strategy, particularly when the alpha forecasts experience high kurtosis.
A new method for obtaining antenna gain from backscatter measurements

A method is presented for determining the gain of an antenna from analysis of backscatter data of the antenna. This approach is different from those which have been presented in the past because it accounts for the presence of resonances which can occur in the antenna during a backscatter measurement. In particular, this type of resonance appears in the backscatter measurement of symmetric reflector antennas. This technique is applied to determine the gain of a Ka-band Cassegrain antenna and an X-band prime focus-fed antenna. >
Understanding the role of cytokines in Glioblastoma Multiforme pathogenesis.

Abstract Cytokines play a significant role in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. The immune system’s failure to recognize the malignant tumor cells and mount an effective response may be the result of tumor-associated cytokine deregulation. Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) has a characteristic cytokine expression pattern, and abnormalities in cytokine expression have been implicated in gliomagenesis. Within the heterogeneous GBM microenvironment, the tumor cells, normal brain cells, immune cells, and stem cells interact with each other through the complex cytokine network. This review summarizes the current understanding of the functions of key cytokines on GBM, and highlights potential therapeutic applications targeting these cytokines.
Soft Robotic Concepts in Catheter Design: an On-Demand Fouling-Release Urinary Catheter

Infectious biofilms are problematic in many healthcare-related devices and are especially challenging and ubiquitous in urinary catheters. This report presents an on-demand fouling-release methodology to mechanically disrupt and remove biofilms, and proposes this method for the active removal of infectious biofilms from the previously inaccessible main drainage lumen of urinary catheters. Mature Proteus mirabilis crystalline biofilms detach from silicone elastomer substrates upon application of strain to the substrate, and increasing the strain rate increases biofilm detachment. The study presents a quantitative relationship between applied strain rate and biofilm debonding through an analysis of biofilm segment length and the driving force for debonding. Based on this mechanism, hydraulic and pneumatic elastomer actuation is used to achieve surface strain selectively within the lumen of prototypes of sections of a fouling-release urinary catheter. Proof-of-concept prototypes of sections of active, fouling-release catheters are constructed using techniques typical to soft robotics including 3D printing and replica molding, and those prototypes demonstrate release of mature P. mirabilis crystalline biofilms (e.g., ≈90%) from strained surfaces. These results provide a basis for the development of a new urinary catheter technology in which infectious biofilms are effectively managed through new methods that are entirely complementary to existing approaches.
IL-2 induces a competitive survival advantage in T lymphocytes.

The acquisition of long-term survival potential by activated T lymphocytes is essential to ensure the successful development of a memory population in the competitive environment of the lymphoid system. The factors that grant competitiveness for survival to primed T cells are poorly defined. We examined the role of IL-2 signals during priming of CD4+ T cells in the induction of a long-lasting survival program. We show that Ag-induced cycling of CD4+ IL-2−/− T cells is independent of IL-2 in vitro. However, IL-2−/− T cells failed to accumulate in large numbers and develop in effector cells when primed in the absence of IL-2. More importantly, Ag-activated IL-2−/− T cells were unable to survive for prolonged periods of time after adoptive transfer in unmanipulated, syngeneic mice. IL-2−/− T cells exposed to IL-2 signals during priming, however, acquired a robust and long-lasting survival advantage over cells that cycled in the absence of IL-2. Interestingly, this IL-2-induced survival program was required for long-term persistence of primed IL-2−/− T cells in an intact lymphoid compartment, but was unnecessary in a lymphopenic environment. Therefore, IL-2 enhances competitiveness for survival in CD4+ T cells, thereby facilitating the development of a memory population.
Assembly of the mitochondrial membrane system: mutations in the pho2 locus of the mitochondrial genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Two mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which show a loss of mitochondrial rutamycin-sensitive ATPase activity are described. Although phenotypically similar to mutants of the mitochondrial locus pho1 [F. Foury and A. Tzagoloff (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 68, 113–119], these mutants define a second ATPase locus on the mitochondrial DNA (designated pho2), which is genetically unlinked to pho1. Analysis of recombination in crosses involving multiple antibiotic resistance markers indicates that the locus is in the segment of the genome between ery1 and oli2, very close to oli1. In fact it is proposed that the oli1 and pho2 mutations are in the same gene. Supporting evidence for this proposal includes: 1 The analysis of marker retention in petite mutants shows that the oli1 and pho2 loci were either retained or lost together in all cases. 2 Recombination frequencies of 0.05% or less are observed in crosses between the oli1 and pho2 loci. 3 When Q+ revertants are isolated from the pho2 mutants they frequently are oligomycin resistant. 4 pho2 mutants have an altered subunit 9 of the ATPase complex.
The influence of artificial paths and landmarks on the foraging behavior of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)

In two experiments, we explored how the foraging behavior of Norway rats was influenced by different arrangements of artificial paths and vertical landmarks. The rats used the paths successively less for orienting to food in treatments in which paths led to food but were crooked, in which paths led only halfway to food, and in which paths were misaligned with respect to food. The arrangement of paths influenced the rats’ rate of energy intake in the beginning of the experiment, whereas the arrangement of beacons did not. With experience, the rats employed different orientation strategies in the presence of different arrangements of paths or beacons, and, by the final 4 days, all groups achieved statistically indistinguishable net rates of return. The rates of energy intake were similar because the rats in different treatments traveled similar distances per session, despite differing arrangements of paths and landmarks.
The Characterization of Topology: A Comparison of Four topological Indices for Rooted Binary Trees

Abstract The quantification of the topological features of binary trees has been applied in several branches of biology, from botany to neurobiology to animal behaviour. The methods available for quantifying tree topology differ, both in how they are applied and how they relate to one another. In this paper, I study the behaviour of four commonly used topological indices in relation to Shreve's random model for binary trees (Shreve D, 1966) and a variety of simple growth rules. The goals of these exercises include the following: (i) Derivation of expected values for each of the topological indices over a range of tree sizes (magnitudes) of relevance to biological trees. (ii) Derivation of confidence limits for these expected values. (iii) Calculation of pairwise correlation for all the indices from the Monte Carlo simulations. And (iv) to explore the relationships between each of the indices and to develop an understanding about what aspects of branching each of the different indices reflects. From these analyses I suggest that care needs to be taken when comparing different topological indices because they are poorly correlated with one another and because they all show high dependence on the size of the examined tree. Independent of such considerations, the use of the total pathlength (Pe) is advocated, because it shows consistent and easily characterized behaviour in relation to the random model and relatively robust behaviour in relation to the growth simulations.
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Is a Depressor in Subtotal Nephrectomy Hypertension

We previously demonstrated that the neuronal expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a potent vasodilator, is increased in deoxycorticosterone-salt-induced hypertension where it acts as a compensatory vasodilator to attenuate the elevated blood pressure. To determine whether CGRP is playing a similar role in subtotal nephrectomy-salt-induced hypertension, hypertension was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats (n=6) by subtotal nephrectomy and 1.0% saline drinking water. Control rats (n=6) were sham operated and given tap water to drink. CGRP(8–37), a CGRP receptor antagonist, was used to assess the hemodynamic role of CGRP in this setting. CGRP mRNA and peptide levels in dorsal root ganglia were also determined. Three weeks after either protocol, all rats had intravenous (for drug administration) and arterial (for continuous mean arterial pressure monitoring) catheters surgically placed and were studied in the conscious, unrestrained state. CGRP(8–37) (3.2 or 6.4×104 pmol/L in 0.1 mL saline) and vehicle were administered intravenously to all rats. Baseline mean arterial pressure was higher in the subtotal nephrectomized rats compared with the controls (173±5 versus 113±5 mm Hg, P <.001). Vehicle administration did not change mean arterial pressure in either group, and CGRP(8–37) administration did not alter mean arterial pressure in the normotensive group. In contrast, CGRP(8–37) administration to the subtotal nephrectomized rats rapidly increased the already elevated mean arterial pressure at both the 3.2×104 pmol/L dose (7.8±1.1 mm Hg, P <.05) and the 6.4×104 pmol/L dose (9.6±0.8 mm Hg, P <.01). CGRP mRNA and peptide levels in the dorsal root ganglia were not significantly different between the two groups. These data suggest that in subtotal nephrectomy-salt-induced hypertension, CGRP may play a compensatory depressor role in an attempt to lower the elevated blood pressure.
Determinants of mortality among New England cotton mill workers during the Progressive era.

Multiple regression analysis reveals that work in New England cotton textile mills during 1905-1912 raised age-adjusted mortality rates over those of non-millworkers and that worker mortality increased with years of mill experience. Mortality varied among groups because of differential self selection. Central age group native males with broad occupational choices had lower mortality rates than control groups. Young males women and the foreign born had restricted occupational choices. Hence they were less self selected and experienced higher mortality. Death rates were highest among married women workers who bore children. The combination of homework and millwork worsened their health and raised their mortality rates. (EXCERPT)
Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy: Do Minimally Invasive Approaches Offer Significant Advantages?

Radical prostatectomy has maintained a cardinal role in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) has been introduced as a less invasive surgical approach. Available data on RALP versus open approaches were reviewed for surgical and cancer related outcomes. RALP is consistently associated with decreased blood loss and limited postoperative pain and hospital stay. Surgical margins seem similar between most reported series of RALP or open radical prostatectomy. Most intrainstitutional comparisons demonstrate better postoperative continence and potency with RALP, but there is still debate about whether results are superior to radical retropubic prostatectomy in the hands of a highly experienced surgeon. RALP provides outcomes at least comparable, and, in some measures, superior to open surgery. Refinements of instrumentation may provide even better results in the future.
An Evaluation of Lasers for Ambient Air Pollution Measurement

Laser based air pollution measurement techniques which might possibly be applied to future air pollution monitors are examined. Four specific systems for which prototypes are currently being developed are reviewed from the standpoint of a user. The known problems are discussed. The four systems depend on either resonance absorption or resonance fluorescence. The first system is a long measurement path step tuned CO2 laser designed to measure ozone, methane, and ethylene. The second system is a solid state tuned diode laser which is designed to measure carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. By continuously modulating the laser frequency a derivative signal is obtained which is ratioed with the transmission signal. The resulting normalized derivative signal is essentially independent of fluctuations in laser power or any broad band attenuation. This technique represents a fundamental improvement over the first system. The third system has been termed the opto-acoustic technique which measures resonance absorption directly by focusing the beam through a small cell. The laser beam is chopped by a variable speed chopper. The laser beam in passing through the gas in the cell heats the gas which produces a pressure variation. The pressure variation is detected by a microphone. Measurements have been made by this technique of concentration below one part per billion. The fourth technique utilizes resonant fluorescence and has been demonstrated to measure NO2 with a noise equivalent concentration of 4–5 ppb.
Cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid is endogenously synthesized from palmitelaidic (C16:1 trans-9) acid in bovine adipocytes.

Palmitelaidic (C16:1 trans-9) acid has been suggested to have beneficial effects on human health, including reduced adiposity. Objectives of this research were to quantify the amounts of palmitelaidic acid in beef samples and determine the effect of palmitelaidic acid supplementation on lipogenesis in bovine preadipocytes and adipocytes in vitro. For the first objective, palmitelaidic acid content of LM samples from steers finished on forage or concentrate systems was determined. Palmitelaidic acid in LM samples from forage-finished beef ranged from 10 to 17 mg/100 g of muscle corresponding to 0.52% to 0.65% of total fatty acids. Forage species grazed during finishing, and animal age at harvest also altered palmitelaidic acid concentrations and contents in the LM of forage-finished beef. Palmitelaidic acid concentration of concentrate-finished beef was lower (P 0.05) to beef from steers finished on pearl millet and greater (P 0.05) the viability of differentiated adipocytes. In preadipocytes, palmitelaidic acid increased (P < 0.05) palmitelaidic and trans-11 vaccenic (C18:1 trans-11) acids at high levels of supplementation (300 μM). In adipocytes, palmitelaidic acid supplementation increased (P < 0.05) palmitelaidic acid, trans-11 vaccenic acid, and total fatty acid content. In addition, cis-9, trans-11 CLA also increased (P < 0.05) with palmitelaidic acid supplementation in adipocytes. These results indicate that palmitelaidic acid can be elongated in both preadipocytes and adipocytes and desaturated in adipocytes to generate trans-11 vaccenic acid and cis-9, trans-11 CLA, respectively. Beef products are a source of palmitelaidic acid in the human diet, which can be elongated and desaturated to produce trans-11 vaccenic acid and cis-9, trans-11 CLA.
Automatic Syntax Analysis of Meroitic Funeral Inscriptions

This paper discusses some problems of automatic sentence analysis (parsing), applied to the Meroitic language, as well as the development of an appropriate algorithm and its programming in BASIC and LOGO. The usefulness of this approach for linguistic work is examined.
Enhancing binding affinity and selectivity through preorganization and cooperative enhancement of the receptor

When direct host–guest binding interactions are weakened by unfavorable solvent competition, guest-triggered intrareceptor interactions could be used to augment the binding. This strategy of cooperative enhancement, when combined with the principle of preorganization, yielded a strong and selective receptor for binding citrate in water.
Dataless programming

A programmer using existing programming languages typically codes a problem by (1) defining it, then (2) analyzing the processing requirements, and (3) on the basis of these requirements, choosing a data representation, and finally, (4) coding the problem. Almost always, difficulties arise because necessary processing not envisioned in the analysis phase makes the chosen data representation inappropriate because of a lack of space, efficiency, ease of use or some combination of these. The decision is then made to either live with these difficulties or change the data representation. Unfortunately, changing the data representation usually involves making extensive changes to the code already written. Furthermore, there is no assurance that this dilemma will not recur with the new data representation.
A Retrospective Analysis of a Treatment Protocol of Juvenile Dermatomyositis with Intravenous Methylprednisolone, Intravenous Immunoglobulin, and Methotrexate (P07.219)

Objective: A retrospective study was conducted to assess the efficacy of treatment of juvenile dermatomyositis(JDM) patients with intravenous methylprednisolone(IVMP), intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIG), and methotrexate(MTX). Background JDM is an inflammatory myopathy causing proximal weakness and rash in addition to possible systemic complications including calcinosis. Treatment of JDM is limited by two main factors: 1) No current consensus of treatment and 2) Significant co morbidities of oral prednisone, a mainstay of treatment. Design/Methods: We conducted a chart review of 20 patients from the University of Mississippi Medical Center diagnosed with JDM between 2001 and 2011. The age at diagnosis ranged from 2 to 16 with an average age of 6. All patients had muscle biopsies to confirm their diagnosis and have been followed with manual muscle testing, CPK, modified Rankin scores, and MRIs of the lower extremities to track response to therapy. All were started on IVMP 30mg/kg/week and weekly IV MTX. If the patient responded to treatment based on the above evaluations, then the IVMP was tapered and discontinued when possible. The MTX was transitioned to oral dosing once the patient no longer required weekly IVMP. If the patients did not respond to therapy, then weekly IVIG 400mg/kg was added. Results: Fourteen of twenty patients improved with IVMP and MTX alone. The remaining 30% of patients required IVIG before their symptoms resolved. The patients who are now in remission with no medications (5/11) or with oral MTX alone (6/11)required treatment with IV medications for an average of 2.5 years. If the patients in remission experienced a flare of their symptoms (1/9), or if a patient had a flare of symptoms prior to remission (1/11), then IVIG and IVMP were dosed until the symptoms resolved. Conclusions: This study supports the efficacy of combination therapy with IVMP, MTX and IVIG for JDM to improve clinical outcomes and induce remission. Disclosure: Dr. Witt has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vedanarayanan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ray has nothing to disclose. Dr. Haque has nothing to disclose.
Silica Nanosprings Coated with Noble Metal Nanoparticles: Highly Active SERS Substrates

Silica nanosprings with large surface-to-volume ratios were coated with noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) using chemical vapor deposition or chemisorption of presynthesized or in situ synthesized nanoparticles. Chemisorption of presynthesized silver NPs onto amine-functionalized silica NS results in particularly interesting materials with small interparticle spacings and high surface-enhanced Raman scattering activity. SERS enhancement factors approaching ∼1010 were observed with thiophenol. In an alternative approach, silica NS coated with core−shell nanostructures, formed by deposition of catalytically reduced silver on AuNP-coated NS, exhibit a highly uniform SERS response with enhancement factors of ∼108. The advantages of these materials include (i) commercial availability of silica nanosprings, AuNPs/AgNPs, and silver enhancer solutions, (ii) simplicity and reproducibility of functionalization and deposition steps, and (iii) high SERS activity of these substrates rendering them of considerable interes...
A Multifactor Approach to Candidate Image

Decades of communication research have demonstrated that political candidate images are important predictors of electoral success and that campaign communication influences these image perceptions. However, questions remain about the relative importance of various facets of candidate image, how electoral context and partisanship influence the salience of these facets, and whether privileged classes enjoy presumption in image facets that reinforce their dominant position in politics. These questions require a new approach to image research. We propose a multifactor approach that explores the relative importance of six image traits: character, intelligence, leadership, benevolence, homophily, and charm. The benefits of this approach are illustrated through application to two electoral contexts, the 2012 U.S. presidential election and the 2014 U.S. midterm elections.
INVESTIGATION ON DISINFECTION EFFICACY OF ORAL CAVITY INSTRUMENTS OF BAOJI CITY

Objective To know Baoji disinfection status of oral health care institutions,in order to strengthen the disinfection and sterilization management of dental instruments.Methods On-site inspection and random sampling tests were used to monitor disinfection and sterilization quality of dental equipment of all medical institutions in Baoji.Results 392 samples of dental equipment were collected in the year of 2006-2010.The total average pass rate was 84.44%,the pass rate of sterile instrument sterilization was 83.7%,the pass rate of medical staff's hand was 81.0%.Except of the pass rate of dentures and disposable spacers was 100%,other equipment were not entirely qualified.The sterilization pass rate of dental handpiece was under 80%.Conclusions There are many problems of disinfection and sterilization quality of dental instruments in Baoji,and the quality rate is low.It should improve the supervision and management.
The Prevalence of Alcoholism Among General Medical Patients in Large Municipal Hospitals

The diagnosis and treatment of alcoholism plays a major role in the dynamics of health care delivery in every general hospital in the United States. Yet, there exists a significant disparity between the number of alcoholics treated in a general hospital and the actual number of patients who are alcoholic. Estimates of the actual number of alcholics range from 10 to 45% of the adult medical population based on various sources of information and different criteria of what constitutes alcoholism.
Comparison of two methods of educating dietitians

This study investigated whether graduates having a master's degree with 6 months of qualifying experience are as knowledgeable and perceived as being as competent as graduates having traditional bachelor's degrees with a 12-month internship. Twenty-nine graduates (17 with bachelor's degrees and 12 with master's degrees) from San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, participated in the study. Our results showed: (a) The mean registration examination scores of the two groups were not significantly different; the scores of those with master's degrees, however, were more clustered around the mean, (b) No significant difference in graduates' self-ratings was found between the two groups, (c) The supervisors' ratings of clinical competencies were higher for graduates with bachelor's degrees than for those with master's degrees. There was no significant difference in the supervisors' ratings of administrative competencies for the two groups. Other results showed various significant correlations between demographic data, registration examination scores, self-ratings, and supervisors' ratings. This study gave evidence that the university-sponsored master's qualifying experience is a viable route to membership in The American Dietetic Association.
Decline and Fall of the Umayyad Dynasty

Arab authorities highly esteem Hishām and, as we learned before, rightly rank him after Mu‘āwiyah and ‘Abd-al-Malik as the third and last true statesman of the banu-Umayyah. His four successors, with the exception of Marwān II, who ended the dynasty, proved incapable if not dissolute or degenerate. Even before the time of Hishām it became the fashion for the caliph, as exemplified by Yazīd II, to pass his time in the chase and over his wine cup and to be absorbed more in music and poetry than in the Koran and state affairs. The eunuch system, which made the harem institution possible, was now fully developed. Indulgence in luxury due to increased wealth and a superabundance of slaves was rife. Even the reigning family could no longer boast pure Arabian blood. Yazīd III (744) was the first caliph in Islam born of a slave mother.1 His two successors were also sons of such freed women.2 Such evils among the ruling class were only too symptomatic of general moral turpitude. The characteristic vices of civilization, especially those involving wine, women and song, had seized upon the sons of the desert and were beginning to sap the vitality of the youthful Arab society.
A Homologous Gene Replacement based Genetic Algorithm

This paper introduces a new genetic operator, called homologous gene replacement (hGR) applied to the chromosome of genetic algorithm (GA). The new genetic algorithm is referred as hGRGA. This operator aims to extend the ground idea behind the biological evolutionary process based classical genetic algorithm that relies on localizing and utilizing good local schema present in the genes of a chromosome. The operator furbishes the chromosomes in gene level to boost their overall functionality. The proposed hGRGA is evaluated by widely-used benchmark functions. The simulation results was promising in terms of convergence speed and preciseness in finding optima.
Long-Term, Competitive Swimming and the Association with Atrial Fibrillation.

Background Endurance exercise plays a role in cardiovascular risk reduction, but may also be a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. This study was performed to assess the prevalence of atrial fibrillation in a population of long-term, competitive swimmers compared with patients within an internal medicine clinic with known risk factors for atrial fibrillation such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension.
The foundational nature of events

In their target article, Taves and Asprem suggest that the study of the cognitive science of religion can be aided and more effectively addressed by incorporating the principles and ideas of event ...
Churg-Strauss Syndrome

Churg–Strauss syndrome (CSS) is a rare form of systemic necrotizing vasculitis involving small to medium vessels. The condition is characterized by bronchial asthma and eosinophilia. The incident rate is low (2–13%). The prevalence of the disease is highest among patients in their forties but may occur at any age and the gender distribution is equal among men and women. Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody is detected among 40% of the patients. Treatments include glucocorticoids, steroids and immune-suppressive drugs.
Cervical Spine Biopsy

1. To understand the value and importance of radiologic anatomy as it pertains to cervical spine biopsy 2. To review the indications and contraindications for cervical spine biopsy 3. To learn image-guided coaxial cervical spine biopsy approaches and techniques
Conditional cell reprogramming involves non-canonical β-catenin activation and mTOR-mediated inactivation of Akt

The combination of irradiated fibroblast feeder cells and Rho kinase inhibitor, Y-267362, converts primary epithelial cells growing in vitro into an undifferentiated adult stem cell-like state that is characterized by long-term proliferation. This cell culture method also maintains the proliferation of adult epithelial stem cells from various tissues. Both primary and adult stem cells retain their tissue-specific differentiation potential upon removal of the culture conditions. Due to the ability to modulate the proliferation and differentiation of the cells, this method is referred to as conditional reprogramming and it is increasingly being used in studies of tumor heterogeneity, personalized medicine and regenerative medicine. However, little is known about the biology of these conditionally reprogrammed (CR) cells. Previously we showed that β-catenin activation, a hallmark of stem cells in vivo, occurs in CR human ectocervical cells (HECs). Here we show that β-catenin-dependent transcription is necessary for the induction of epithelial stem cell markers, and that β-catenin is activated via a non-canonical pathway that is independent of Wnt and Akt/GSK-3. Active Akt actually decreases due to increased mTOR signaling, with a consequent increase in dephosphorylated, active GSK-3. Despite the increase in active GSK-3, β-catenin associates with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and is activated. Inhibition of PP2A catalytic activity reduces both the level of active β-catenin and the acute induction of stem cell markers, suggesting an important role for PP2A in the activation of β-catenin. Moreover, we demonstrate similar results using human prostate and breast cells, indicating that these changes are not restricted to ectocervical epithelial cells and may represent a more fundamental property of conditional reprogramming.
Behavioral Emergencies: Special Considerations in the Geriatric Psychiatric Patient

This article reviews psychiatric considerations and common psychiatric emergencies in the elderly. The elderly are vulnerable to medication side-effects because of pharmacokinetic changes from aging, and require lower doses and slower titration. They are a high-risk group for suicide, with more serious intent, fewer warning signs, and more lethality. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of delirium in emergency settings is essential, given association with worse outcomes when undiagnosed. Pharmacologic options with demonstrable efficacy for agitation in dementia are limited to antipsychotics, which are, however, associated with an increased risk of mortality; behavioral interventions are universally recommended as first-line measures.
Prognostic Implications of Pathological Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation in Pathologic Stage III Rectal Cancer

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the independent prognostic ability of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor regression scores within pathologic stage II and III rectal cancers. BACKGROUND Response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation (nCRT) has been debated as a biologic surrogate for tumor biology and prognosis in rectal cancer. AJCC regression scores have been shown to correlate with prognosis. METHODS Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and AJCC scores (0 = complete response; 1 = isolated tumor cells remaining; 2 = residual cancer outgrown by fibrosis; 3 = extensive residual cancer) were assessed from 545 rectal cancer patients treated by nCRT followed by surgery at a single institution. Patients were classified as responders (score 0-2) or nonresponders (score 3). Survival analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Of 545 cases, 123 and 182 were pathologic stage II and III, respectively. Median follow-up was 4.9 years. AJCC regression scores were not independently prognostic within stage II cancers. However, AJCC scores were strongly associated with prognosis within stage III cancers (nonresponse 5-year overall survival [OS] 27% vs 67%, P < 0.001). Stage III responders (N = 139, 76.4%) had similar outcomes to stage II (5-year OS 67% vs 74%, P = 0.89). Conversely, stage III nonresponders (N = 43, 23.6%) approached stage IV outcomes (5-year OS 27% vs 18%, P = 0.09). On multivariable analysis, nonresponse (hazard ratio 3.2, 95% confidence interval 1.7-6.2), along with positive margin, abdominoperineal resection, and no adjuvant chemotherapy administration were independently associated with worse OS. CONCLUSIONS AJCC response score after nCRT is a novel prognostic factor in pathologic stage III rectal cancer and may guide surveillance and adjuvant therapy decisions.
The Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib (VEPTR) for Congenital Scoliosis

Congenital scoliosis with fused ribs in the thoracic spine may affect the growth and function of the lungs and thorax. When severe, the thorax is unable to support normal respiration or lung growth, a condition known as thoracic insufficiency syndrome (TIS). We present a case of a patient with congenital scoliosis associated with fused ribs and TIS. He was treated with a unilateral, left-sided opening wedge thoracostomy with implantation of a rib-to-rib vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib (VEPTR) construct and a rib-to-spine VEPTR construct. This construct was distracted over a 5-year interval. At most recent follow-up, the VEPTR construct has allowed for sustained thoracic growth and stabilization of spinal deformity, without the need for spine fusion.
The sources of Russia's fear of NATO

Abstract The paper analyzes Russia's perception of NATO since the beginning of its eastern enlargement. Russia's reaction to the enlargement evolved from attempts to diffuse its potential damage through a limited cooperation to passive and then active policies of containment. The latter have resulted in a risky behavior with respect to the alliance and a concentration of Russian military on the Western border. Two factors can assist us in explaining Russia's evolving perception of NATO from a potential partner to a renewed military threat – the historical experience of viewing the alliance, and the West in general, as potentially threatening and the post-Cold war interaction with NATO that served to strengthen the historically developed perception. As of today, Russia has learned from its interaction with the alliance that NATO remains a principle threat to Russia's national security and that through the alliance's expansion the West seeks to exercise its cultural, economic, and political domination in Eurasia.
Nasoethmoid Schwannoma with Intracranial Extension: A Case Report and Comprehensive Review of the Literature.

We describe all cases of nasoethmoid schwannomas with intracranial extension reported in the literature, including an original case report describing the successful gross total resection of a nasoethmoid schwannoma with intracranial extension. Ten cases of nasoethmoid schwannoma with intracranial extension have previously been reported. These lesions most often appear in the second through fourth decades of life and commonly present with anosmia, headache, and visual deficits. Bifrontal craniotomy was the predominantly implemented surgical approach and gross total resection was achieved in all cases, except for one. In conclusion, nasoethmoid schwannoma with intracranial extension is a rare disease entity that is most often benign and is most commonly treated by gross total resection using a bifrontal craniotomy approach.
The isolation of a plasma-derived γγ’ fibrinogen: Fibronectin mixture that forms a novel polymeric matrix

Abstract Human plasma fibronectin (FN) enhances fibrin polymer strength and is typically present at
Design of a Reconfigurable Chaos Gate with Enhanced Functionality Space in 65nm CMOS

In this paper, a three transistor circuit has been implemented in a standard 65 nm CMOS technology. The circuit has been used as a map to generate discrete-time chaotic signals. The map circuit has been combined with another map circuit in order to build a chaotic generator. The circuit is compact since it uses only twelve transistors in total to generate different Boolean functions as part of a chaotic computer. The total power consumption of the chaotic generator is only $18.4 \mu W$ and the area is $0.556 \mu m^{2}$. The circuit can be used as a logic gate and has been designed to generate various functions using multiple configurations. The number of functionalities of the chaos gate has been increased by altering the bias and threshold voltages.
Individual Truck Speed Estimation from Advanced Single Inductive Loops

Trucks are an essential element in freight movements, transporting 73% of freight tonnage among all modes. However, they are also associated with severe adverse impacts on roadway congestion, safet...
Assessing network vulnerability using shortest path network problems

This paper identifies and evaluates critical components of a flow-based network from the perspective of the shortest path problem. Two network optimization models are proposed: the first model, cal...
A family of monogenic S4 quartic fields arising from elliptic curves

Abstract We consider partial torsion fields (fields generated by a root of a division polynomial) for elliptic curves. By analysing the reduction properties of elliptic curves, and applying the Montes Algorithm, we obtain information about the ring of integers. In particular, for the partial 3-torsion fields for a certain one-parameter family of non-CM elliptic curves, we describe a power basis. As a result, we show that the one-parameter family of quartic S 4 fields given by T 4 − 6 T 2 − α T − 3 for α ∈ Z such that α ± 8 are squarefree, are monogenic.
Cloud phase characteristics over Southeast Asia from A-Train satellite observations

Abstract. This study examines the climatology of cloud phase over Southeast Asia (SEA) based on A-Train satellite observations. Using the combined CloudSat–CALIPSO (CC) data, five main cloud groups are investigated: ice-only, ice-above-liquid, liquid-only, ice-above-mixed, and mixed-only clouds that have annual mean frequencies of 28.6 %, 20.1 %, 16.0 %, 9.3 %, and 6.7 %, respectively. Liquid-only clouds tend to occur in relatively cold, dry, and stable lower troposphere. The other four cloud groups appear more frequently in relatively warm, humid, and unstable conditions, and their seasonal distributions move with the Asian monsoon and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Liquid clouds are found to be highly inhomogeneous based on the heterogeneity index ( Hσ ) from Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), while ice-only and mixed-only clouds are often very smooth. Ice-above-liquid clouds are more heterogeneous than ice-only clouds owing to ice clouds being optically thin. We demonstrate that the distribution of clear-sky Hσ has a long tail towards heterogeneous values that are caused by undetected subpixel cloud within both CC and MODIS datasets. The reflectance at 0.645 µ m ( R0.645 ) and brightness temperature at 11 µ m (BT 11 ) of CC ice-only, liquid-only, and ice-above-liquid clouds show peak frequencies near that of clear sky ( R0.645∼0.02 ; BT 11∼294 K), which explains why up to 30 % of these CC cloud groups are classified as clear by MODIS. In contrast, mixed-only clouds are thick (average top ∼13 km), bright (average R0.645∼0.6 ), and cold (average BT 11 ∼234 K). Cloud phase comparison between CC and MODIS reveals only modest agreement, with the best agreement (73 %) occurring between CC ice-above-mixed and MODIS ice clouds. The intraseasonal and interannual behaviors of the all-sky Hσ and spectral signatures follow that of cloud phase and vary with the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases.