cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The initial interview with complete-denture patients: Its structure and strategy

Abstract The individual interview of the complete denture patient is the investigation which precedes treatment. It is the information-gathering procedure upon which treatment decisions are based. The objectives of this interview are to evaluate the patient emotionally and physically and allow the patient the opportunity to appraise the doctor. Communication is the basic tool of this interview and the dentist should be sensitive to all forms of communication. Communication can be encouraged by establishing a feeling of trust between the doctor and his patient. By careful listening and observing, the dentist should conduct the interview so that he learns as much as possible about the patient's problems or expectations regarding dentures, his emotional and physical conditions, the health and adequacy of his oral tissues and associated structures, and whether the present dentures are fulfilling the needs of this patient. This interview is not always accomplished at one appointment and often involves investigating other sources of information such as the patient's physician, the previous dentist, members of the patient's family, or a consultant. Only after this information is obtained is it possible to plan the best possible treatment for complete-denture patients.
Systematic studies of early actinide complexes: thorium(IV) fluoroketimides.

The reaction of (C5Me5)2U(CH3)2 with 2 equiv of N⋮C−ArF gives the fluorinated uranium(IV) bis(ketimide) complexes (C5Me5)2U[−NC(CH3)(ArF)]2 [where ArF = 2-F-C6H4 (4), 3-F-C6H4 (5), 4-F-C6H4 (6), 2,6-F2-C6H3 (7), 3,5-F2-C6H3 (8), 2,4,6-F3-C6H2 (9), 3,4,5-F3-C6H2 (10), and C6F5 (11)]. These have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, 1H and 19F NMR, cyclic voltammetry, UV−visible−near-IR absorption spectroscopy, and variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility. Density functional theory (DFT) results are reported for complexes 6 and 11 for comparison with experimental data. The most significant structural perturbation imparted by the F substitution in these complexes is a rotation of the fluorinated aryl (ArF) group out of the plane defined by the NC(CMe)(Cipso) fragment in complexes 7, 9, and 11 when the ArF group possesses two o-fluorine atoms. Excellent agreement is obtained between the DFT-calculated and experimental crystal structures for 11, which displays the distortion, as well as f...
Tritium power source for long-lived sensors

A tritium-based indirect converting photovoltaic (PV) power source has been designed and prototyped as a long-lived (~15 years) power source for sensor networks. Tritium is a biologically benign beta emitter and low-cost isotope acquired from commercial vendors for this purpose. The power source combines tritium encapsulated with a radioluminescent phosphor coupled to a commercial PV cell. The tritium, phosphor, and PV components are packaged inside a BA5590-style military-model enclosure. The package has been approved by the nuclear regulatory commission (NRC) for use by DOD. The power source is designed to produce 100μW electrical power for an unattended radiation sensor (scintillator and avalanche photodiode) that can detect a 20 μCi source of 137Cs at three meters. This beta emitting indirect photon conversion design is presented as step towards the development of practical, logistically acceptable, lowcost long-lived compact power sources for unattended sensor applications in battlefield awareness and environmental detection.
Levels of Luteinizing Hormone and Progesterone During the Estrous Cycle and Early Pregnancy in Mares

Jugular venous blood was collected from 16 mares at daily intervals throughout the estrous cycle. Twelve of these mares were bred to fertile stallions. Of the twelve, four were palpated daily throughout the estrous cycle, four were palpated daily during estrus and four were not palpated. The remaining four mares were not palpated or bred and blood samples were collected at 6-h intervals during estrus. Serum was harvested from all blood samples by centrifugation. The serum samples were analyzed for luteinizing hormone (LH) and/or progesterone by radioimmunoassay. Levels of LI-I in serum increased gradually beginning at the onset of estrus and reached a peak (85 ± 18 ng/ml) approximately 24 h prior to the end of estrus. The levels of LH was 10-15 ng/ml (baseline) throughout diestrus. Levels of progesterone were low (<1 ng/ml) prior to the LH peak, began to rise just prior to the onset of diestrus and reached a plateau (4-10 ng/ml) between Days 5 and 14 of diestrus. Levels of progesterone during the 12-day period after estrus were not affected (P<0.05) by palpation or breeding.
COMPUTER INTEGRATION AND CATASTROPHIC PROCESS FAILURE IN FLEXIBLE PRODUCTION: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION

This paper empirically investigates the effect of advanced manufacturing technology on process stability during flexible production in a process industry. A sample of 61 North American fine paper plants is used to examine the relationship between the level of automation installed for controlling changes between paper grades and the incidence of paper web breaks. These web breaks are catastrophic failures; they require the entire plant to be stopped, reinitialized, and restarted. Because a large fraction of breaks occurs shortly after changeovers, they are an important determinant of the aspect of plant flexibility, called mobility, or the ability to move between products with only small penalties. In an attempt to ensure stable and mobile production, many plants have implemented changeover automation. We find, however, that higher levels of this automation are significantly associated with higher rates of catastrophic failure among the plants studied. We suggest that this finding becomes less paradoxical when considered in light of a recent stream of research on advanced manufacturing technologies, loosely called the usability perspective. According to this perspective, automation designed and implemented with the narrow, technical goal of replacing human operators or removing their discretion over a production process is misguided, especially in environments in which requirements are changing rapidly.
Pathologic changes associated with intracranial hypotension and meningeal enhancement On MRI

We report a patient with a 6-week history of postural headache due to intracranial hypotension whose MRI revealed findings typical of this syndrome, including diffuse meningeal enhancement following gadolinium infusion. Biopsy revealed extensive fibrocollagenous proliferation in the leptomeninges without evidence of inflammation. The pathologic changes in this patient, which occurred soon after the onset of symptoms, are probably related to the striking meningeal enhancement seen in this syndrome.
Activation of alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase by detergents.

Abstract The microsomal enzyme alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase, which synthesizes alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate from fatty alcohols and acyldihydroxyacetone phosphate, was examined in the harderian gland and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Although the enzyme possessed a higher specific activity in the harderian gland than in the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, similar results were obtained using the enzyme from both sources. Alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase was stimulated approximately 50% by the addition of deoxycholate or Triton X-100 to the assay system. The concentration of detergent needed to elicit this response was below the critical micellar concentration of these detergents. The reaction rate as a function of pH was essentially constant in the absence of detergent, but, when Triton X-100 was added to the system, the synthase showed a distinct pH optimum of 8.0–8.5. Unlike cytochrome b 5 , a marker for the surface of the microsomal vesicles, the alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase activity was not removed from microsomal preparations treated with trypsin. Also, alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase was not solubilized by treatment of the microsomes with deoxycholate concentrations below the critical micellar concentration of this detergent. However, enzymatic activity was efficiently removed from microsomes treated in combination with deoxycholate and trypsin. We suggest from these data that the catalytic portion of alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase is exposed to the luminal surface of the microsomal vesicles. Since both dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate were inactive in the assay system in the presence and absence of detergent, the possibility that acyldihydroxyacetone phosphate functions in the system as a lipophilic molecule that facilitates the transport of a triose phosphate into the microsomal lumen is unlikely.
Introduction: The 1995 Research Awards in Psychogeriatrics

The IPA/Bayer Research Awards in Psychogeriatrics recognize unpublished original research of exceptional scientific value, interest, and clarity. The three papers that received the 1995 awards are the result of exciting, important research on (a) the health consequences in late life of earlier episodes of depression; (b) the diagnostic conception of noninfarct, single-infarct, and multiple-infarct vascular dementia as parts of a single entity; and (c) a comparison of the language deficits of patients with brain damage and those with early stage dementia of the Alzheimer type.
Elastic-Plastic Analysis of Some Pressure Vessel Heads

Torispherical heads attached to cylinders and under internal pressure as elastic and/or elastic- plastic shells, using finite element
Glucosinolate content of Brassica vegetables : analysis of twenty-four cultivars of Calabrese (green sprouting broccoli, Brassica oleracea L. var botrytis subvar. cymosa Lam.)

The contents of glucosinolates in twenty-four cultivars of calabrese, green sprouting broccoli, have been determined using glucose release and high performance liquid chromatographic methods. The levels of total glucosinolates (range, 42·1–94·5 mg 100 g−1 fresh weight; mean, 62·3 mg 100 g−1 fresh weight) were comparable with those reported previously for cauliflower, but lower than those found in cabbage and, especially, Brussels sprouts. Analysis of the individual components revealed the main species to be 4-methylsulphinylbutyl glucosinolate (glucoraphanin) and, particularly, glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin, containing 3-indolylmethyl and 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl side chains, respectively. The individual glucosinolate contents of calabrese and cauliflower are compared and differences are considered in the context of biosynthetic pathways. The consequences of these findings for the flavour and biological properties of calabrese are briefly discussed.
Repeat Emergency Room Visits for Hand and Wrist Injuries

Purpose To characterize patients with hand or wrist injuries presenting to our university-based emergency department (ED) after a previous evaluation by an outside ED. We hypothesized that a majority of these patients did not require emergent care, most arrived during working hours, and a disproportionate number were uninsured. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 3,047 orthopedic hand consults from 2002 to 2010. Patients were included if our ED was the patient's second ED evaluation within 30 days for the same complaint. Demographics, diagnosis, referral instructions from the initial institution, date and time of ED visit, treatment received, and insurance status were recorded. Clinical urgency was quantified on an ordinal scale. Results A total of 325 patients met the inclusion criteria. The most common diagnoses were distal radius and metacarpal fractures. There were 266 (82%) patients with nonurgent diagnoses. A junior-level orthopedic resident treated and discharged 97% of patients from the ED. Sixty-two percent of the patients were uninsured, 32% had Medicaid, and 6% had commercial insurance or Medicare. There was a disproportionate percentage of uninsured and Medicaid patients compared with the payer mix of our state, orthopedic department, and ED. Ninety percent of patients presented on weekdays, and 84% arrived between 6 am and 6 pm. Conclusions Most patients who met our inclusion criteria presented to our ED during regular business hours. Most were uninsured and did not have a condition that warranted urgent or emergent evaluation and treatment. With limited resources, it is important that an appropriate follow-up plan from the initial ED be in place so that patients do not have to present to a second ED for the same problem. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic IV.
Electrochemical characteristics of tantalum electrodes used in culture medium

Abstract These study presents new information concerning the electrochemical conditions of tantalum electrodes in a culture system which has been used to deliver direct current to peripheral nerve ganglia. Current and potential measurements of both cathode and anode have shown that this system is well-defined and reproducible, and that the potential of the anode when it is tantalum drives the potential of either the platinum or tantalum cathode. Voltammetric measurements have shown that the working potential of the cathode during the discharge of a 1.4 V battery is associated with an electrochemical process involving oxygen or hydrogen peroxide. Some hypotheses concerning the electrical and electrochemical behavior of the system have been addressed.
Lifetimes of carbocations encountered along reaction coordinates for terpene formation

The lifetimes of secondary carbocations proposed to occur along reaction coordinates for terpene-forming carbocation rearrangements were estimated from direct dynamics simulations using density functional theory. Classical secondary carbocations supported by bicyclo[2.2.1] and bicyclo[2.2.2] frameworks have distinct characteristic lifetimes, ca. 40 and 90 fs, respectively. The fusion of additional rings to these frameworks was found to have little effect on these lifetimes, despite altering the potential energy surfaces for rearrangement. Inherent dynamical tendencies of secondary carbocations are shown to be manipulable by alkylation and enforced intermolecular interactions.
Arrays of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in RF Devices: Analysis and Measurements

This paper presents a detailed model of devices utilizing many nanotubes and the coupling between them based on the electromagnetic model of a device using one nanotube. Empirical equations are proposed to link the device conductance with the number of nanotubes per device. Then, a circuit model is developed to predict the effect of the number of nanotubes per device on the overall conductance, capacitance, and the frequency response of the device. A prototype structure is fabricated. Its performance is tested and compared with the proposed model, and it shows promising agreements. The model is flexible and can be integrated with quantum transport models.
Defining the medical humanities: three conceptions and three narratives.

The definition of ‘medical humanities’ may be approached via three conceptions—the humanities as a list of disciplines, as a program of moral development, and as a supportive friend. The conceptions are grounded by linking them to three narratives—respectively, the history of the modern liberal arts college; the history of Petrarch and the studia humanitatis of the early Renaissance; and the life of Sir William Osler. The three conceptions are complementary, each filling gaps in one or more of the others. Getting clearer on a definition of ‘medical humanities’ is practically important if this field is to take its rightful place within health professions education and practice.
Thermally activated hopping in granular films and powders

Abstract A mechanism involving carrier-carrier interaction is proposed for intergrain hopping of electrons in thin films and fine particle powders. The calculated hopping rate yields large broadening of electron levels in fine particle samples.
Antihypertensive and noradrenaline-depleting effects of α-methyl-5-hydroxytryptophan in the rat

Abstract Known for several years as a decarboxylase inhibitor and catecholamine depletor and more recently as tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, α-methyl-5-hydroxytryptophan (α-methyl-5HTP) was studied further because it became newly-available in an orally-effective ester form. Single doses (200 mg/kg) of α-methyl-5HTP ethyl ester produced an average decrease of 50 mm Hg in the systolic blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats with a maximum effect at 1 to 5 hr and persistence for 10 to 20 hr. There was a concomitant decrease in noradrenaline levels in heart and brain. Pretreatment with a decarboxylase-inhibiting drug, RO 4-4602, prevented the antihypertensive effect and partially blocked the noradrenaline-depleting effect. Up to 25 mg/kg of α-methyl-serotonin intraperitoneally markedly reduced heart and spleen noradrenaline content but failed to alter brain noradrenaline or blood pressure. While the acute antihypertensive effects of α-methyl-5HTP appear to be related to decarboxylation, other properties of the compound will undoubtedly contribute the effect of chronic administration of the drug.
"Broken windows" and Self-Esteem: Subjective understandings of neighborhood poverty and disorder

Abstract In response to recent empirical research suggesting that how a person perceives his or her neighborhood translates into a number of psychological outcomes, this study seeks to assess the relative roles of (perceptions of) neighborhood disorder and objective levels of neighborhood poverty in influencing individuals’ self-reported self-esteem. Utilizing a series of structural equation models and data from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality, this paper lends support to the presence of perceived neighborhood disorder as a mediating factor in the relationship between neighborhood poverty and self-esteem. Although disorder does not significantly and entirely replace the relationship between poverty rate and individual self-esteem, resident perceptions of neighborhood physical disorder are shown to be significantly related to self-esteem and are stronger in magnitude than the effect of poverty rate. Moreover, the models demonstrate that two of the pathways through which this effect operates are via civic engagement and compromised physical health. Although resident perceptions of neighborhood disorder do not unequivocally erase the effect of neighborhood poverty levels in explaining variance in self-esteem, the models do provide evidence of the crucial, non-trivial role of neighborhood disorder in shaping self-esteem. This research supports prior theory that has suggested that blighted and decaying urban neighborhoods are read as disinvestments both by residents and by city governments, and therefore, these images are internalized and incorporated into residents’ psychological makeup.
Size control of highly ordered HfO2 nanotube arrays and a possible growth mechanism

Highly ordered HfO2 nanotube arrays were prepared through an electrochemical anodization in the presence of NH4F and ethylene glycol. The voltage-dependent pore size, wall thickness and porosity were studied using scanning electron microscopy and a wall thickness to pore size ratio was proposed on the basis of the results to serve as a boundary condition additional to the 10% porosity rule introduced by the Gosele group. The average distributions of the tube sizes and wall thicknesses of the nanotubes prepared at 20 V were determined from the small-angle x-ray scattering data using a simple polydisperse core–shell cylinder model fit. Temperature-dependent x-ray diffraction measurements show that the as-grown amorphous nanotube arrays can be converted into crystalline nanotube arrays at a temperature above 500 °C. Transmission electron microscopy study of the dimple layer under the as-grown nanotube arrays reveals the presence of a layer of ordered HfO2 nanocrystals. Further microscopic investigation of the nanotube root region indicates that the nanotubes develop from bulbs produced during anodization. A possible gas bubble initiated growth mechanism based on these observations was proposed.
The Ideological Effects of Actuarial Practices

Over the last century there has been significant growth within our society of practices that distribute costs and benefits to individuals based on statistical knowledge about the population. These actuarial practices like insurance premium setting and standardized testing in educational admissions are successful largely because they allow power to be exercised more effectively and at lower political cost. At the same time they generate ideological effects which have the potential to transform the way individuals understand themselves and their groups. In a 1977 case, Los Angeles Water and Power v. Manhart (435 U.S. 702), the United States Supreme Court considered a challenge to the actuarial use of gender in setting employee benefits. The case and the debates it generated illuminate the danger posed by the ideological effects of actuarial practices to our political culture in general, and to traditionally disempowered classes such as women in particular. At the same time it illustrates the limitation of traditional legal rights discourse as a means of resisting these dangers.
Strain-Driven Alloying in Ge/Si(100) Coherent Islands

$\mathrm{Ge}/\mathrm{Si}(100)$ island size distributions were monitored for coverages between 3.5 and 14.0 monolayers at growth temperatures from 450 to 600 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Features in these distributions are correlated with characteristic island morphologies. The mean dome cluster size increased and the onset of island dislocation was delayed as the growth temperature increased. At 600 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, very large hut clusters are formed. This behavior is attributed to strain-assisted alloying of the Ge clusters. Energy dispersive x-ray analysis confirms Si diffusion into the Ge clusters at 600 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. An atomistic elastic model supports the interpretation that alloying is driven by strain energy enhancement near the island perimeters.
Ranitidine Accumulation in Patients Undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis

Ranitidine accumulation was assessed in 20 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis following oral daily doses of 150 mg ranitidine for 10 days. Serum ranitidine concentrations prior to dialysis were 191 +/- 115 mcg/l and 207 +/- 172 mcg/l for patients dialyzed three and two times per week, respectively. The amount of ranitidine recovered in the dialysate during the final dialysis session of the study was negligible and ranged from 308-3036 mcg, representing less than 3% of the administered dose. Clearance by hemodialysis was 3.0 +/- 1.1 l/hr. Once daily dosing of 150 mg ranitidine does not result in excessive accumulation, and drug loss during hemodialysis is small. These data suggest that supplemental dosing after hemodialysis is not indicated.
Deformation models and correlation analysis in elastography

Cross‐correlation functions are derived with the purpose of determining how strain inhomogeneities affect the displacement estimates used in ultrasound‐based elastography. Variations in the strain profile occur in most imaging situations and are caused by fluctuations in the stress field or elastic modulus of the sample. An analytical framework for developing signal processing strategies in elastography is described, and the limitations of correlation‐based methods for measuring displacements in tissuelike media caused by static compression are emphasized. This paper includes (1) an accurate approximation for an inverse coordinate transformation that relates pre‐ and postcompression reflectivity profiles of the media, (2) a derivation of the echo‐signal cross‐correlation function in media with deterministic or stochastic strain profiles; (3) mathematical and graphical descriptions of the consequences that nonuniformities in the strain profile impose upon the uncertainty of displacement estimation; and (4) a demonstration of the advantages of echo signal conditioning and ultrasonic‐pulse shaping to reduce the nonstationary effects that attenuate the cross‐correlation peak and reduce the signal‐to‐noise ratio for displacement estimation.
A distinctive RNA fold: the solution structure of an analogue of the yeast tRNAPhe T Psi C domain.

The structure of an analogue of the yeast tRNAPhe TΨC stem−loop has been determined by NMR spectroscopy and restrained molecular dynamics. The molecule contained the highly conserved modification ribothymidine at its naturally occurring position. The ribothymidine-modified TΨC stem−loop is the product of the m5U54-tRNA methyltransferase, but is not a substrate for the m1A58-tRNA methyltransferase. Site-specific substitutions and 15N labels were used to confirm the assignment of NOESY cross-peaks critical in defining the global fold of the molecule. The structure is unusual in that the loop folds far over into the major groove of the curved stem. This conformation is stabilized by both stacking interactions and hydrogen bond formation. Furthermore, this conformation appears to be unique among RNA hairpins of similar size. There is, however, a considerable resemblance to the analogous domain in the crystal structure of the full-length yeast tRNAPhe. We believe, therefore, that the structure we have determin...
A Photoelectron Spectroscopic Study of Small Silicon Oxide Clusters: SiO2, Si2O3, and Si2O4

We present an anion photoelectron spectroscopic study of SiO2, Si2O3, and Si2O4. We obtained the photoelectron spectra of these small silicon oxide anion clusters at 4.66 eV photon energy. All the spectra show broad photodetachment features, suggesting that there is considerable geometry change between the anion and the neutral. The vertical detachment energies are determined to be 2.76 (0.10), 2.75 (0.10), and 3.63 (0.1) eV for SiO2-, Si2O3-, and Si2O4-, respectively. The spectrum of Si2O3- shows a weak feature at lower binding energy, suggesting existence of another isomer. The spectra of GeO2- and Ge2O3- are also obtained and are compared to the silicon analogs. They are similar to the silicon oxide species, but both have higher detachment energies, 2.93 (0.07) eV for GeO2- and 3.01 (0.07) eV for Ge2O3-. The Ge2O3- spectrum is consistent with only one isomer. The structure and bonding of these small oxide clusters are discussed.
Separating the contributions of primary and unwanted cues in psychophysical studies.

A fundamental issue in the design and the interpretation of experimental studies of perception relates to the question of whether the participants in these experiments could perform the perceptual task assigned to them using another feature, or cue, than that intended by the experimenter. An approach frequently used by auditory- and visual-perception researchers to guard against this possibility involves applying random variations to the stimuli across presentations or trials, so as to make the “unwanted” cue unreliable for the participants. However, the theoretical basis of this widespread practice is not well developed. In this article, we describe a two-channel model based on general principles of psychophysical signal-detection theory, which can be used to assess the respective contributions of the unwanted cue and of the primary cue to performance or thresholds measured in perceptual discrimination experiments involving stimulus randomization. Example applications of the model to the analysis of results obtained in representative studies from the auditory- and visual- perception literature are provided. In several cases, the results of the model-based analyses indicate that the effectiveness of the randomization procedure was less than originally assumed by the authors of these studies. These findings underscore the importance of quantifying the potential influence of unwanted cues on the results of psychophysical experiments, even when stimulus randomization is used.
Shear versus vortex-induced lift force on a rigid sphere at moderate Re

The lift forces on rigid spheres entrained in a vortex and a linear shear flow are computed using a direct numerical simulation. The sphere Reynolds number is in the range 10 to 100. The lift coefficient in a vortex is shown to be nearly two orders of magnitude higher than that in a shear flow. The inviscid mechanism is shown to be inadequate to account for the enhanced lift force. The effect of free rotation of the sphere is also shown to be too small to account for the enhanced lift force. Flow structure around the sphere is studied to explain the generation of the strong lift force in a vortex.
Gender Differences in Cross-Generation Networks.

In later life, cross-generational networks are primarily among kin; friends are considered to be of the same cohort. Kin networks are likely to have an integrity of their own, independent of any of their members. Members are likely to share basic values or to avoid issues that might cause conflict or estrangement. Sex differences are profound. Mother-daughter bonds are both strongest throughout life and most complex, serving to link household units into modified extended family networks. Major life events like marriage of a daughter, birth of a child, or illness of a parent alternatively loosen or strengthen these bonds. Critical conceptual/methodological problems abound, such as definitions of the basic constructs like “closeness,” and “affect.”
Cryostorage of embryo axes of several large-seeded temperate tree species.

Abstract Embryo axes of 18 species in seven genera of temperate trees with large recalcitrant or suborthodox seeds were tested for their ability to survive desiccation and dry-freezing. Axes were dried under a stream of air overnight and frozen by immersion in liquid nitrogen. Thawed axes were rehydrated and grown in vitro on a medium containing 2 mg/liter each of benzylaminopurine and indoleacetylphenylalanine. Some survival of axis tissue occurred with each genus tested, but this included a variety of responses: germination or partial germination with callus in Juglans , most Carya , and Fagus ; multiple bud production in Aesculus ; mostly callus production in Corylus ; and entirely callus in Castanea , Carya cordiformis , and Quercus . Survival rates of 100% were obtained in several species, but were lowest with species of Quercus , ranging from 0–40%. These results indicate that cryostorage should be possible for a number of difficult-to-store temperate tree seeds and could significantly reduce the amount of space needed for germplasm preservation in these species.
Towards a relational view of the shadow state

Abstract The shadow state concept emerged nearly two decades ago as part of scholars' efforts to critically analyze welfare state restructuring. Recent restructuring has introduced new arrangements of power that have engendered multiple ways in which institutions of the state and civil society interact. This paper seeks to broaden the shadow state concept in order to incorporate the relational interaction of government agencies and nonprofit organizations. Many different types of interaction are possible and this paper elaborates on two through case studies of immigrant-serving nonprofit organizations in the United States. The specific cases illustrate some of the particular differentiated arrangements of power between government agencies and nonprofits, which animate contemporary shadow state relationships in the US. Moreover, the case studies highlight the general value of working towards a relational view of the shadow state to understand the evolving and constitutive nature of relationships between state and civil society in welfare states.
Simulation of flood impact and habitat extent for a tidal freshwater marsh restoration

Abstract It has been estimated that over 90% of the tidal freshwater wetlands of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta region in California, USA, have been leveed, removing them from tidal and floodwater inundation. One alternative for restoration of tidal freshwater marsh ecosystems is to reconnect regions currently managed for agricultural purposes to the adjacent rivers and sloughs. Two elements of such restoration efforts that have not been adequately addressed are the impact that restoration efforts are likely to impose on flood stages, and the extent of various habitat types that may develop. This study tests the hypothesis that habitat restoration and flood mitigation can be compatible. MIKE 11, a one-dimensional, unsteady hydraulic model is used to evaluate the flood stage impacts of five restoration scenarios for the McCormack-Williamson Tract, located in the northern Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California, USA. In addition to quantifying flood impacts, model results are used to quantify the volume of tidal exchange, and integrated with GIS to quantify the potential areal extent of subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal habitat zones within the project. The results indicate that the restoration would provide a mosaic of habitat types, and have a minimal adverse impact upon flood stages during a range of flooding conditions.
Management of persistent gastroesophageal anastomotic strictures with removable self-expandable polyester silicon-covered (Polyflex) stents: an alternative to serial dilation.

Background A benign gastroesophageal anastomotic stricture occurs in up to 42% of patients after transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Management of anastomotic strictures may require extended periods of serial endoscopic dilation, with significant risk, cost, and inconvenience for the patient. Objective To determine if placement of removable self-expandable polyester silicon-covered (Polyflex) stents (SEPSs) prolonged the interval between endoscopic interventions in the management of persistent anastomotic stricture. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting National Cancer Institute designated comprehensive cancer center. Patients Eight patients after a transhiatal esophagectomy referred for management of benign persistent anastomotic strictures. Interventions Serial balloon and bougie dilations and SEPS placement. Main Outcome Measurement The interval between endoscopic interventions and the number of endoscopic interventions before and after SEPS placement. Results Over a 365-day period, 13 SEPS were placed in 8 patients with benign persistent anastomotic strictures after a transhiatal esophagectomy. A SEPS placement delayed the interval between endoscopic interventions from a mean of 7 days before stent insertion to 62 days after insertion ( P P Limitation The small number of patients. Conclusions A SEPS placement did not result in stricture resolution or stabilization after SEPS removal. The SEPS migration rate was much higher in our patients with postesophagectomy anastomotic strictures than previously reported for other types of strictures. However, a SEPS placement did significantly delay the interval between endoscopic interventions in patients with persistent gastroesophageal anastomotic strictures after transhiatal esophagectomy. SEPS placement should be considered as an alternative to continued serial dilation in patients with persistent anastomotic strictures after transhiatal esophagectomy.
20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid is an endothelium-dependent vasoconstrictor in rabbit arteries

Abstract Recently we have demonstrated that 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) constricts rat aortic rings and that this effect is cyclooxygenase- and endothelium-dependent. Incubation of 20-HETE with ram seminal vesicles, a rich source of cyclooxygenase, led to the identification of vasoconstrictor metabolites, the 20-hydroxy-endoperoxides. In the present study, we demonstrated differences in the potency of 20-HETE to constrict several arteries. In all blood vessels tested, the 20-HETE contractile effect was cyclooxygenase- and endothelium-dependent. Differences in contractile potency of 20-HETE varied according to the blood vessels; potency being higher in more muscular arteries than elastic ones. Furthermore, 20-HETE was more potent in eliciting vasoconstriction than its precursor, arachiddonic acid. We also provide evidence for the generation of 20-hydroxy-endoperoxides from 20-HETE by the endothelial cyclooxygenase. 20-HETE is a major arachidonate metabolite formed by the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in rat, human and rabbit kidneys. In addition, blood cells such as leukocytes have the ability to produce 20-HETE, suggesting its presence in the circulation. Furthermore, 20-HETE has been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation. Thus, the ability of 20-HETE to modulate vascular tone and platelet function implicates a role for this compound in the regulation of hemostasis.
Plasma Prostaglandin and Cytokine Concentrations in Periparturient Holstein Cows Fed Diets Enriched in Saturated or Trans Fatty Acids

After parturition, immune functions such as lymphocyte response to mitogens and production of antibodies are depressed in dairy cows. Dietary regimens that improve the immune function of dairy cows after calving may improve uterine health and lead to earlier breeding after parturition. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of feeding a calcium salt of trans isomers of fatty acids (tFA) to periparturient Holstein cows on plasma biomarkers of inflammation. Dietary treatments were initiated approximately 28 d before expected calving date and continued through d 21 postpartum. Prepartum and postpartum diets were formulated to be isolipidic, containing 1.5% saturated fats (n = 15) or 1.8% tFA (n = 15). Multiparous cows were heavier at calving (+32%) and produced more milk (+17%) than primiparous cows. Periparturient tFA supplementation increased plasma PGF2α metabolite concentration in multiparous cows, but not in primiparous cows. Concentrations of prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-4 in plasma did not differ between diets and parities. Results raise the possibility that peripartum tFA supplementation may affect uterine health and reproductive efficiency of early lactation dairy cows through alteration of peripheral PGF2α concentration.
Global changes in the 0–70 km thermal structure of the Mars atmosphere derived from 1975 to 1989 microwave CO spectra

J = 1 - 2 (C-12)O (230 GHz) and (C-13)O (220 GHz) spectra of Mars obtained during the particularly favorable opposition of Mars in 1988 are analyzed. A CO mixing ratio is derived for November 1988 which agrees with a determination from 1967 observations. It is demonstrated that if the mixing ratio of CO was not drastically different in early 1980 and early 1982, the low- to midlatitude average thermal structure of the Mars atmosphere at these times was consistent with clear-air radiative-convective equilibrium conditions. Mars atmospheric temperature profiles derived from (C-12)O spectra are also presented.
Atrioventricular discordance: results of repair in 127 patients.

Abstract Objective: The conventional management of patients with atrioventricular discordance is directed at associated lesions, taking advantage of physiologic "correction"; however, the morphologic right ventricle and tricuspid valve support the systemic circulation. Questions surrounding survival using this approach led us to analyze our institutional results. Methods: All patients with atrioventricular discordance undergoing biventricular repair were analyzed (n = 127, 1959-1997), excluding those with functionally univentricular hearts. The ventriculoarterial connection associated with atrioventricular discordance varied and was most commonly discordant (87%), but occasionally concordant (6%), double-outlet right ventricle (6%), or double-outlet left ventricle (1%). At initial presentation, the most common lesions associated with atrioventricular discordance were ventricular septal defect (86%), pulmonary stenosis (64%), tricuspid regurgitation (28%), and atrioventricular block (12%). Nine patients underwent a double switch procedure to create ventriculoarterial concordance and the remainder were managed conventionally without correcting discordant connections. Results: Operative mortality was 6% and did not vary by associated lesion. Twenty years after repair, survival was 48%. Within 20 years, 56% of patients required reoperation, usually for atrioventricular valve incompetence (n = 16), pulmonary stenosis (n = 16), or both (n = 3). Pacemakers were required in 50 patients, 4 before repair, 40 within 2 months of repair, and 6 remotely after repair. In early follow-up, the double switch procedure (n = 9) had equivalent mortality and a high pacemaker requirement for atrioventricular block. Conclusions: Analysis of conventional management of atrioventricular discordance revealed cumulative increases in mortality, systemic atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) replacement, complete atrioventricular block, and incidence of reoperation. Alternative management should be examined. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:1190-203)
Protection of Optical Networks against Interchannel Eavesdropping and Jamming Attacks

Wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) optical networks provide higher data rate and stronger security than many other transport technologies. Yet optical networks are not completely immune to security treats, among which are interchange attacks by exploiting the crosstalk effects, including eavesdropping and jamming. In this paper, we develop novel routing algorithms to minimize light path overlapping thus minimize the damages caused by interchange attacks. The algorithms are evaluated by complexity analysis and computer simulations.
Acoustic wave-based NO2 sensor: Ink-jet printed active layer

Abstract Microsphere-templated BaCO 3 films with well-defined area were deposited onto quartz crystal microbalances by thermal ink-jet printing, and the devices were characterized with respect to their microstructures and NO 2 sensing characteristics. Highly porous three-dimensional BaCO 3 frameworks with promising sensor characteristics were obtained. The printed thin films exhibited reversible frequency shifts following exposure to NO 2 and subsequent recovery under CO/CO 2 at 400 °C. The feasibility of controlled deposition of complex functional films in controlled patterns is discussed in the context of the direct-write features of ink-jet printing.
Magnetic stratigraphy of Chinese Loess as a record of natural fires

Magnetic susceptibility records of paleosols and loess show high correlation with oxygen-isotope stratigraphy of ocean sediments [Kukla, 1987], providing a global paleoclimatic record. Different models have been put forth to explain the nature and cause of susceptibility variations, but consensus has not yet been achieved. Our low-temperature studies reveal a secondary magnetite component in paleosols that is characterized by a higher Verwey transition (115K) than that for the magnetite (100 K) in unaltered loess. The same shift in the Verwey transition can be achieved by heating and cooling loess samples. This is consistent with a new hypothesis that the magnetic signal from paleosols may be produced by natural fires in the past. Natural fire intensity is sensitive to the amount of annual precipitation, so that increased fire-induced susceptibilities should reflect an increase in the humidity of regional climate.
ON THE STRUCTURE OF ALFVEN SHOCKS

Alfven shocks for flow of highly conducting incompressible fluid over blunt body where magnetic and flow vectors are not aligned
Deficits in shoulder function and general health associated with sixteen common shoulder diagnoses : A study of 2674 patients

The purpose of this study is to define the self-assessed deficits in function and general health perceived by a large cohort of patients with common shoulder diagnoses. For a 10-year period, all new shoulder patients presenting to the senior author were characterized by diagnosis, age, gender, and self-assessed shoulder function and general health status. This report concerns the 2674 patients having 1 of the 16 most prevalent diagnoses. The deficits in shoulder function and health status were correlated with diagnosis, age, and gender, as well as with each other. Patient self-assessment provided a standardized method for collecting data on shoulder function and health status. These assessments revealed substantial deficits; for example, 81% of patients were unable to sleep on the affected side, and 71% were unable to wash the back of the opposite shoulder. The magnitude of these deficits correlated significantly with gender and diagnosis but not with age.
Aspects of the point spread function in the coastal zone

Measurements of the point spread function in the coastal zone will be presented. While measurements appear to be very similar to the deeper ocean measurements, other factors in the coastal zone that could influence the point spread function (PSF) were investigated. Laboratory experiments were performed to look at the effect of inhomogeneities, or layering, on the point spread function, and the layering was found to have a significant effect on the PSF.
Key Issues in Empirically Identifying Chronically Low-Performing and Turnaround Schools

One of the US Department of Education's key priorities is turning around the nation's persistently low-achieving schools, yet exactly how to identify low-performing schools is a task left to state policy makers, and a myriad of definitions have been utilized. In addition, exactly how to recognize when a school begins to turn around is not well established in the research literature. This article presents some of the lessons learned from a project that empirically identified chronically low-performing and turnaround schools in 3 states, and maps out the decision-making process involved in identifying these schools based on performance.
Hadronic signals of deconfinement at RHIC

Abstract This article reviews (soft) hadronic signals of deconfinement and chiral symmetry restoration in hot QCD matter in the light of the results from the first three years of the experimental program at the relativistic heavy ion collider.
Shaping the Nucleus: Factors and Forces

Take a look at a textbook illustration of a cell and you will immediately be able to locate the nucleus, which is often drawn as a spherical or ovoid shaped structure. But not all cells have such nuclei. In fact, some disease states are diagnosed by the presence of nuclei that have an abnormal shape or size. What defines nuclear shape and nuclear size, and how does nuclear geometry affect nuclear function? While the answer to the latter question remains largely unknown, significant progress has been made towards understanding the former. In this review, we provide an overview of the factors and forces that affect nuclear shape and size, discuss the relationship between ER structure and nuclear morphology, and speculate on the possible connection between nuclear size and its shape. We also note the many interesting questions that remain to be explored.
IView: introgression library visualization and query tool

Background An introgression library is a family of near-isogenic lines in a common genetic background, each of which carries one or more genomic regions contributed by a donor genome. Near-isogenic lines are powerful genetic resources for the analysis of phenotypic variation and are important for map-base cloning genes underlying mutations and traits. With many thousands of distinct genotypes, querying introgression libraries for lines of interest is an issue.