cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the impact of technology foresight studies on innovation: Case of BRIC countries

Abstract This paper explores technology foresight activities in the BRIC countries. The article starts from recent trends in foresight research, including the generation models, methodologies, connections with innovation, and influence of globalization. The case analysis section will focus on the development of technology foresight activities in BRICs. Some common technology foresight issues and characteristics are identified and summarized for the BRICs and other emerging countries.
On the Energy Equation for Fluid-Film Lubrication

The energy equation for fluid-film lubrication is developed in such a way as to resolve the discrepancy that now exists in the literature because of the fact that two obviously different energy equations have been used. A qualitative estimate of the error introduced by the use of the incorrect equation is given.
Data Storage Strategy of Electric Energy Metering Production and Dispatching Platform under Intensification Mode

Analyse the electric energy metering production mode and data characteristics of production and dispatching platform mode under intensification mode. Put forward a method of data partitioning by archived data zone, real-time data zone, sampled data zone and business-management data zone. Form the device’s owner identification by device table number shifting strategy and realize the high-speed data retrieval between every two of the zones by using the index of device to monitoring dot and main table retrieval. This strategy has been used in developing provincial production and dispatching platform of STATE GRID and raised the operating efficiency of the platform.
Traditional practices, “folk remedies,” and the western biomedical model: bridging the divide

Abstract Pediatric emergency physicians are well-trained in addressing and treating illness within the Western biomedical model. However, more often than commonly realized, the practitioner will encounter families whose beliefs and assumptions about the etiology and appropriate treatment for various illnesses differ markedly from their own. Failure to recognize the ways that folk beliefs and therapies can impact a child’s illness may result in genuine physical harm. Conversely, the uninformed practitioner may mistake harmless folk remedies for abuse and presume that a child is in danger. This article presents a framework for understanding the role of folk medicine in the emergency care of children. This framework is followed by case studies that emphasize the importance of developing a working knowledge of the folk practices common in the populations served by the emergency medicine provider.
The Impact of State Medical Marijuana Legislation on Adolescent Marijuana Use

Abstract Purpose The state-level legalization of medical marijuana has raised concerns about increased accessibility and appeal of the drug to youth. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of medical marijuana legalization across the United States by comparing trends in adolescent marijuana use between states with and without legalization of medical marijuana. Methods The study utilized data from the Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance Survey between 1991 and 2011. States with a medical marijuana law for which at least two cycles of Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance data were available before and after the implementation of the law were selected for analysis. Each of these states was paired with a state in geographic proximity that had not implemented the law. Chi-squared analysis was used to compare characteristics between states with and without medical marijuana use policies. A difference-in-difference regression was performed to control for time-invariant factors relating to drug use in each state, isolating the policy effect, and then calculated the marginal probabilities of policy change on the binary dependent variable. Results The estimation sample was 11,703,100 students. Across years and states, past-month marijuana use was common (20.9%, 95% confidence interval 20.3–21.4). There were no statistically significant differences in marijuana use before and after policy change for any state pairing. In the regression analysis, we did not find an overall increased probability of marijuana use related to the policy change (marginal probability .007, 95% confidence interval −.007, .02). Conclusions This study did not find increases in adolescent marijuana use related to legalization of medical marijuana.
The acid-base properties and kinetics of dissolution of the Fe4S4 cores of chromatium ferredoxin and high potential iron protein

Summary The kinetics for the dissolution of Chromatium ferredoxin and High Potential Iron Protein have been compared (H o = −1.05 to pH = 7). Chromatium ferredoxin hydrolyzes via a mechanism following the kinetics A = + H + ⇄ AH - ↠ BH - ↠ C at constant pH. Initial absorbances describe a theoretical one proton titration curve corresponding to a pK a of 2.7 for AH − . Chromatium High Potential Iron Protein shows no titration behavior and hydrolyzes slowly in water. These results confirm the availability of the Fe 4 S 4 -cores of Chromatium ferredoxin as compared to that of High Potential Iron Protein. Further, these results establish similarities in the hydrolytic chemistry of protein bound Fe 4 S 4 -cores as compared to synthetic compounds of structure Fe 4 S 4 (SR) 4 = .
Species differences in erythrocyte glutathione reduction rates after oxidation with t-butyl hydroperoxide☆

1. 1. Erythrocyte glutathione reduction rates were determined in several animal species and man using t-butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant. 2. 2. The relative rates for the different species were similar to those reported previously, but the absolute values were considerably higher. 3. 3. This difference was attributed to the specificity of t-butyl hydroperoxide for GSH.
Chinese Occupational Prestige A comparative analysis

Prestige ratings of 46 occupations from a 1988 sample of adult residents in Tianjin, a large industrial city of China, are reported and analyzed in this paper. Tianjin's prestige ratings are simila...
Aberrant STAT5 and PI3K/mTOR pathway signaling occurs in human CRLF2 -rearranged B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Adults and children with high-risk CRLF2-rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) respond poorly to current cytotoxic chemotherapy and suffer unacceptably high rates of relapse, supporting the need to use alternative therapies. CRLF2 encodes the thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) receptor, which activates cell signaling in normal lymphocytes on binding its ligand, TSLP. We hypothesized that aberrant cell signaling occurs in CRLF2-rearranged ALL and can be targeted by signal transduction inhibitors of this pathway. In a large number of primary CRLF2-rearranged ALL samples, we observed increased basal levels of pJAK2, pSTAT5, and pS6. We thus characterized the biochemical sequelae of CRLF2 and JAK alterations in CRLF2-rearranged ALL primary patient samples via analysis of TSLP-mediated signal transduction. TSLP stimulation of these leukemias further induced robust JAK/STAT and PI3K/mTOR pathway signaling. JAK inhibition abrogated phosphorylation of JAK/STAT and, surprisingly, of PI3K/mTOR pathway members, suggesting an interconnection between these signaling networks and providing a rationale for testing JAK inhibitors in clinical trials. The PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibitors rapamycin, PI103, and PP242 also inhibited activated signal transduction and translational machinery proteins of the PI3K/mTOR pathway, suggesting that signal transduction inhibitors targeting this pathway also may have therapeutic relevance for patients with CRLF2-rearranged ALL and merit further preclinical testing.
Investigations of the reproductive capacity temperature marker of polioviruses.

Abstract The effects of increased incubation temperature upon the replication cycle of an rct 40 − and an rct 40 + strain were studied. It was found with CHAT, the rct 40 − strain, that the higher temperatures did not inhibit the rate at which the virus was absorbed or at which it entered into the eclipse phase of its reproductive cycle. The production of infectious CHAT-RNA by infected cells, however, was found to be markedly reduced at 40°C as compared to 37°. With Mahoney, an rct 40 + strain, similar amounts of infectious RNA were produced at the two temperatures. The plating efficiency of Mahoney was improved if infected monolayers were incubated for a short time at the higher temperature; a result which may be correlated with the observation that a temperature of 40° appears to stimulate the entrance of virus into the eclipse phase. A sensitive test of the “rct” marker was developed, employing an increased incubation temperature for a limited period of time during the early part of plaque formation. The effect of deuterium oxide upon the replication cycle of poliovirus was studied. Of particular interest was the fact that CHAT virus replicated and formed plaques at 40° if infected cells were deuterated. The progeny of CHAT plaques which developed at 40° showed an increased tendency (compared to parental virus) to form plaques after limited exposure of infected monolayers to 40°.
LYMPHOSCINTIGRAPHY FOR PENILE CANCER

A 34-year-old white man presented elsewhere with a painful lesion on the left side of the penis 6 months in duration. He was otherwise healthy. On voiding some spraying of the urinary stream was evident. Physical examination revealed no lymphadenopathy. Biopsy revealed squamous cell carcinoma. Computerized tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis was negative for lymphadenopathy. Partial penectomy was performed, and diagnosis was stage T2 squamous cell carcinoma of the penis based on TNM classification. Margins were negative, and the grade was intermediate. The patient was referred to us. He refused inguinal node dissection, and sentinel node biopsy with lymphoscintigraphy was performed 2 months postoperatively. Injections of 11.1 mbq. technetium (Tc) radioisotope filtered (pore size 0.22 m.) with 0.3 cc sulfur colloid throughout the left distal part of the penis were in a semicircular pattern, just past that midline. Radiographs taken immediately showed 2 lymph nodes had taken up the Tc (fig. 1). Then 2.5 cc isosulfan blue were injected into the penis in a similar manner. A g probe was used to locate the lymph nodes which were areas of intense g radiation. Small incisions were made over the areas of intense radiation. Dissection was taken down to the lymph node aided by the probe and readily visible blue dye (fig. 2). The first lymph node gave off 3,900 counts per second. Following its removal the background radiation was only 35 counts per second. The second lymph node gave off 3,461 counts per second. Following its removal the remaining radiation was 50 counts per second. The lymph nodes were about 8 mm each. Pathological evaluation was negative for metastatic disease in both lymph nodes. At 2-month followup the patient was well. Physical examination was negative for cancer recurrence and lymphadenopathy. At 10 months after partial penectomy and 8 months after lymphoscintigraphy there was no disease recurrence.
Brain 5-hydroxytryptamine correlates of behavior in rats: strain and sex variability.

Abstract Male and Female rats of two strains, CD (Sprague-Dawley) and CDF (Fisher), were compared behaviorally and chemically in order to learn more about the behavioral importance of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) systems. These studies yielded the following results: (1) female rats of both strains appeared generally more active, and the order of rearing behavior was as follows: CD ♀ = CD ♂ > CDF ♀ > CDF ♂ ; (2) in vivo telencephalonic 5-HT metabolism rates appeared to correlate positively to rearing behavior between, and within each strain; and, (3) in vivo and in vitro estimates of 5-HT function was significantly higher in the females of both strains. The overall conclusion of this research indicated that 5-HT systems may be linked to some aspects of behavioral arousal and suggested that 5-HT function was positively correlated to activity. However, in forming such correlations, aspects other than chemical turnover at specific nerve endings must be considered.
On the Name Shishuo xinyu

I came to Berkeley in 1949 to study with Professor Peter Boodberg. For someone embarking on a study of the Six Dynasties in the late 40s and early 50s of the last century, there was not much light to help one find one’s way, and there were any number of mysterious areas that beckoned but through which one made little headway. There was, for example, the matter of xuanxue 玄學 ,t he ‘‘Dark Learning,’’ which seemed to be an intriguing subject and of central concern in post-Han times. So one turned to the Shishuo xinyu 世說新語, for it seemed that the intellectual debates of that time were recorded in those pages, and questions that were addressed at that age would be better understood by reading the text. Attempts to gain some understanding by opening the pages of the Shishuo xinyu seemed only to confuse the issue, for the meanings of the passages were often rather opaque. It seemed best to steer around the whole subject and thus avoid ending up in some unrewarding and fruitless quest. This was a period when the mortality rate among students, as it were, was rather high. There was no funding for study, and jobs were almost impossible to find. There had been a few success stories, we were told: Richard Mather, before my time, was said to have found a post; we looked at him in wonder once when he appeared in the library on a rare visit.
Control of linear plants with zeros and slowly varying parameters

A reduction of order technique is developed which is useful in controller design for single-input, single-output, linear plants which have transfer functions with zeros and parameters which vary slowly compared to the response time of the plant. The controller design is based on a Liapunov-like method and employs a model reference. The reduction of order technique allows the control signal to be generated from the plant output and only its first n-m-1 derivatives if the plant transfer function has an n th order denominator and an m th order numerator and if the transfer function has m known fixed poles.
Altered regulation of pituitary luteinizing hormone secretion by GnRH and inhibin in the aged persistent-estrous female rat

The physiologic regulation of pituitary LH secretion is under the direct control of hypothalamic GnRH as well as feedback control via ovarian steroid and peptide hormones. Changes within the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis during reproductive aging lead to the gradual attenuation and the eventual loss of cyclic LH release that is seen in the old persistent-estrous rat. In the following studies, we determined whether changes in the pituitary response to regulation by hypothalamic GnRH and/or ovarian inhibin could be involved in age-related deficits in LH release by examining the direct effect(s) of GnRH and inhibin on LH release in old persistent-estrous (PE) and young female rats using an in vitro pituitary cell culture system. Both pituitary LH content and LH release were significantly lower in PE pituitary cells compared to young pituitary cells. GnRH (10 ng/ml) significantly increased LH release above basal levels in young and PE pituitaries. However, the magnitude of LH release was significantly lower in PE pituitaries compared to young pituitaries. Treatment with recombinant inhibin (0.1, 1, or 5 ng/ml) did not significantly affect basal or GnRH-stimulated LH release from young rat pituitaries under our culture conditions. In contrast, there were significant decreases in the levels of both basal LH and GnRH-stimulated LH release from PE pituitaries after treatment with 1 or 5 ng/ml human recombinant inhibin, as well as with inhibin plus 10 ng/ml GnRH, respectively. These results suggest that there are significant changes in the pituitary response to GnRH and ovarian inhibin regulation that may lead to significant alterations in LH secretion during aging.
Synchronous wavelength scanning room temperature phosphorescence: Comparison of cyclodextrin and micellar media

Abstract Application of synchronous wavelength scanning to two fluid phase room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) techniques using β-cyclodextrin and micelles are evaluated and compared. The selectivity, sensitivity, susceptibility to light scattering interference and classes of compounds amenable to determination by the two RTP approaches are discussed. Synchronous wavelength scanning cyclodextrin RTP studies focus on its usefulness for identification of nitrogen heterocyclic phosphors. Spectral resolution is improved in both RTP techniques by second derivative manipulation of the digitally stored synchronous spectra. A significant scatter interference resulting from turbidity produced by the cyclodextrin inclusion complexes imposes constraints on the selectivity and sensitivity achievable with the cyclodextrin medium, especially when using synchronous wavelength scanning. Generally, micelle-induced RTP was found to be superior to cyclodextrin-induced RTP for analysis of various mixtures of the 12 heterocyclics and 15 carbocyclics studied, as well as for a mixture of the drug, propranolol, and its 4-hydroxy metabolite.
Clozapine: New research on efficacy and mechanism of action

Clozapine can produce greater clinical improvement in both positive and negative symptoms than typical antipsychotic drugs in neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenic patients. The clinical response may occur rapidly in some patients but is delayed in others. Clozapine has also been reported to produce fewer parkinsonian symptoms, to involve a lower risk of producing tardive dyskinesia, and to produce no serum prolactin elevations in man. It seems likely that these effects are the result of a common biological mechanism or related mechanisms, rather than unrelated effects. Other atypical antipsychotic drugs, such as melperone and fluperlapine, share at least some of these properties. A relatively low affinity for the D-2 dopamine (DA) receptor and high affinity for the 5-HT2 receptor, producing a high 5-HT2/D-2 ratio, best distinguishes atypical antipsychotics like clozapine from typical antipsychotic drugs. Through its weak antagonist action on D-2 DA receptors and a potent inhibitory effect on 5-HT2 receptors, as well as its abiltiy to increase DA and 5-HT release, clozapine may be able to permit more normal dopaminergic function in the anterior pituitary, the mesostriatal, mesolimbic and mesocortical regions. The numerous advantages of clozapine over typical neuroleptics are consistent with the primary importance of DA to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The secondary but still significant role of 5-HT in the action of clozapine may either be direct or via the effect of 5-HT on dopaminergic mechanisms. Some aspects of schizophrenia could be due to a dysregulation of the interaction between serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission.
Multi-kHz temperature imaging in turbulent non-premixed flames using planar Rayleigh scattering

In this manuscript, we describe the development of two-dimensional, high-repetition-rate (10-kHz) Rayleigh scattering imaging as applied to turbulent combustion environments. In particular, we report what we believe to be the first sets of high-speed planar Rayleigh scattering images in turbulent non-premixed flames, yielding temporally correlated image sequences of the instantaneous temperature field. Sample results are presented for the well-characterized DLR flames A and B (CH4/H2/N2) at Reynolds numbers of 15,200 and 22,800 at various axial positions downstream of the jet exit. The measurements are facilitated by the use of a user-calibrated, intensified, high-resolution CMOS camera in conjunction with a unique high-energy, high-repetition-rate pulse-burst laser system (PBLS) at Ohio State University, which yields output energies up to 200 mJ/pulse at 532 nm with 100-μs laser pulse spacing. The spatial and temporal resolution of the imaging system and acquired images are compared to the finest spatial and temporal scales expected within the turbulent flames. One of the most important features of the PBLS is the ability to readily change the pulse-to-pulse spacing as the required temporal resolution necessitates it. The quality and accuracy of the high-speed temperature imaging results are assessed by comparing derived statistics (mean and standard deviation) to that of previously reported point-based reference data acquired at Sandia National Laboratories and available within the TNF workshop. Good agreement between the two data sets is obtained providing an initial indication of quantitative nature of the planar, kHz-rate temperature imaging results.
Triple excitations in coupled‐cluster theory: Energies and analytical derivatives

A review is presented of our recent work which deals with some aspects of the inclusion of connected triple excitations in single reference coupled–cluster theory. We first consider basic aspects of the theory and computational cost, noting the need for accurate and economical approximations to the complete coupled–cluster single, double and triple excitation method (CCSDT). Several such approximations are now available, including the CCSD + T(CCSD) and CCSD(T) methods. We have now efficiently implemented analytical derivative methods for these and related methods for open-shell reference determinants, including restricted open-shell Hartree–Fock for CCSD(T). Some results with large basis sets are presented for the HCO radical which further demonstrate the reliability of these methods for the spectroscopic characterization of small open-shell species. The remainder of this article deals with several applications of the complete CCSDT method, a new implementation of which we have recently completed. Like our previous work, this is for general single reference determinants, although we have now incorporated Abelian symmetry. We present a comparison with full configuration interaction data for CH3; a study of the N2 potential curve using restricted and unrestricted Hartree–Fock references; a comparison of the dipole moments and polarizabilities of BeO; and a study of the harmonic force field of 2Σ C. These studies also provide assessments of the accuracy of the approximate schemes for including T3. Finally, we present some timing data for some CCSDT calculations with out new implementation. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Correlation of gender-related values of independence and relationship and leadership orientation

This study compares the relationship between the moral reasoning modes and leadership orientation of males versus females, and managers versus engineers/scientists. A questionnaire developed by Worthley (1987) was used to measure the degree of each participant's respective independence and justice, and relationships and caring moral reasoning modes. Leadership orientation values and attitudes were measured using the Fiedler and Chemers (1984) Least Preferred Coworker Scale. The results suggest that, although males differ from female in their dominant moral reasoning modes, managers are not distinguishable from the engineers/scientists they manage in terms of their moral reasoning mode or Least Preferred Coworker score.
Glassy polarization in the ferroelectric tungsten bronze (Ba,Sr)Nb2O6

We report accurate temperature dependent measurements of optic indices of refraction, the birefringence, and the strain in the ferroelectric tungsten bronze crystals Ba0.25Sr0.75Nb2O6 and two compositions of (Ba2−xSrx)2(K1−yNay)2(NbO3)10. These results are compared to our previous results in Ba0.4Sr0.6Nb2O6. From the experimental data, it appears that far above the ferroelectric Tc, up to a temperature Td, these crystals possess a local, randomly oriented polarization, Pd, with similar Td values, irrespective of their chemical composition and Tc. Various aspects of our understanding of the polarization behavior and other effects in this ferroelectric system are discussed.
Safe Ratings for Overhead Line Conductors

Many factors must be considered in establishing safe ratings for overhead copper line conductors. Most important is the low-temperature annealing and loss of strength of the hard-drawn copper itself. Others are the effect of atmospheric conditions and line location relative to structures and topographical features tending to obstruct the wind. The actual construction details of the line, such as ground clearances, conductor splices, and connectors are pertinent, as are the policies of the personnel responsible for maintaining the line. This paper attempts to show how these factors can be evaluated to establish operating ratings, indicating how readily available data can be utilized, pointing out the lack of completely satisfactory data on other points. Procedure is stressed rather than results, as the influence of local conditions upon many of the factors precludes publication of ratings which are entirely safe to apply without careful investigation of the effect upon the particular copper conductors to which they are to be applied.
Vacancy-Formation Entropy in Cubic Metals

Vacancy-formation entropies were computed for a number of face-centered-cubic solids from vibrational frequency distributions which were computed from pair potentials. The formation entropy is a monotonic function of the vacancy relaxation, computed from the same pair potential. It is shown that the relaxation of the nearest neighbors to the vacancy in fcc solids can be described by ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{1}=\ensuremath{-}5.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}{(\frac{K}{\ensuremath{\alpha}V})}^{2}$, where ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{1}$ is in percent, $K$ is the compressibility, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ the linear thermal-expansion coefficient, and $V$ is the molar volume. The computed vacancy-formation entropies are described by $\ensuremath{\Delta}S=1.83+3.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}{(\frac{K}{\ensuremath{\alpha}V})}^{2}$ in units of $k$/vacancy. Similar relations are obtained for bcc metals. The experimental relations found for model solids are used to predict vacancy relaxations and formation entropies from experimental values of $K$, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, and $V$. Vacancy relaxations are predicted to be less than 0.2% of the normal neighbor distance in most fcc metals and 2-5% in bcc metals. Vacancy-formation entropies are predicted to be 1.$8k\ensuremath{-}2.0k$ in most fcc metals and $2.2k\ensuremath{-}2.6k$ in bcc metals. The predictions for the entropy are in satisfactory agreement with experimental data, where reliable data exist.
Flavopiridol Pharmacogenetics: Clinical and Functional Evidence for the Role of SLCO1B1/OATP1B1 in Flavopiridol Disposition

Background: Flavopiridol is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor in phase II clinical development for treatment of various forms of cancer. When administered with a pharmacokinetically (PK)-directed dosing schedule, flavopiridol exhibited striking activity in patients with refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This study aimed to evaluate pharmacogenetic factors associated with inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetics and outcomes associated with flavopiridol therapy. Methodology/Principal Findings: Thirty-five patients who received single-agent flavopiridol via the PK-directed schedule were genotyped for 189 polymorphisms in genes encoding 56 drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Genotypes were evaluated in univariate and multivariate analyses as covariates in a population PK model. Transport of flavopiridol and its glucuronide metabolite was evaluated in uptake assays in HEK-293 and MDCK-II cells transiently transfected with SLCO1B1. Polymorphisms in ABCC2, ABCG2, UGT1A1, UGT1A9, and SLCO1B1 were found to significantly correlate with flavopiridol PK in univariate analysis. Transport assay results indicated both flavopiridol and flavopiridol-glucuronide are substrates of the SLCO1B1/OATP1B1 transporter. Covariates incorporated into the final population PK model included bilirubin, SLCO1B1 rs11045819 and ABCC2 rs8187710. Associations were also observed between genotype and response. To validate these findings, a second set of data with 51 patients was evaluated, and overall trends for associations between PK and PGx were found to be consistent. Conclusions/Significance: Polymorphisms in transport genes were found to be associated with flavopiridol disposition and outcomes. Observed clinical associations with SLCO1B1 were functionally validated indicating for the first time its relevance as a transporter of flavopiridol and its glucuronide metabolite. A second 51-patient dataset indicated similar trends between genotype in the SLCO1B1 and other candidate genes, thus providing support for these findings. Further study in larger patient populations will be necessary to fully characterize and validate the clinical impact of polymorphisms in SLCO1B1 and other transporter and metabolizing enzyme genes on outcomes from flavopiridol therapy.
The prevalence distribution of hypertension: Connecticut adults 1978–1979

The results of the first Connecticut Blood Pressure Survey are reported. It was found that sharp differences exist in the prevalence of hypertension by age and sex but that race differences are much less than previously reported for United States populations. Differences were also found between men and women with respect to the patterns of treatment and control. Age differences in treatment and control are noted. The findings reported are based on a statewide probability sample for which the target population exceeded 2 million persons. Because of the complexity of sampling such a population an extensive discussion of the survey method is given.
Arachldonic acid metabolic pathways in the rabbit pericardium

Minced rabbit pericardium actively converts [1-14C]arachidonic acid into the known prostaglandins (6-[1-14C]ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha, [1-14C]prostaglandin E2 and [1-14C]prostaglandin F2 alpha) and into several unidentified metabolites. The major metabolite was separated by C18 reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to be 6,15-[1-14C]diketo-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F1 alpha. The other nonpolar metabolites were 15-[1-14C]hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosa-tetraenoic acid (15-HETE), 11-[1-14C]hydroxy-5,8,12,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (11-HETE) and 12-[1-14C]hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE). Arachidonic acid metabolites actively produced by the pericardium could influence the tone of surface blood vessels on the myocardium.
The impact of capital and energy on employment stability in U.S. manufacturing

Abstract This paper endeavors to study the changes in the distribution of aggregate employment variation among manufacturing industries. Within the structure developed, estimates of the effects energy and capital have had on the distribution of employment and on the distribution of changes in employment between various manufacturing industries are made. The evidence indicates that changes in both energy and capital stock have had a significant impact on employment patterns. Energy has had the effect of decreasing the share of projected employment and increasing vulnerability to cyclical changes in employment in relatively energy-intensive industries. An analogous result is observed in the relatively capital-intensive industries.
Steady state analysis of the generalized sidelobe canceller by adaptive noise cancelling techniques

Narrow-band adaptive noise cancelling techniques are used to study the generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC), a general form of linearly constrained adaptive beamforming structure. In an environment which consists of a look-direction signal, one jammer, and additive receiver noise, exact expressions are derived for the Wiener solution, the steady state output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR 0 ), and performance improvement due to adaptation (PIA), defined as the ratio of SINR 0 after adaptation to SINR0 before adaptation. These expressions are in terms of the signal directions and power levels, an arbitrary array geometry, and a general signal blocking matrix. Next, easily evaluated scalar equations for PIA are given for two classes of constraints. The first is constant gain in the look direction, and the second is constant gain plus a main beam zero first derivative in the look direction. Under the further assumption of an equally spaced line array, even simpler equations for PIA result, and are used to show that for jammers arriving outside the heamwidth between first nulls (BWFN) region of the unadapted beampattern, the introduction of the additional main beam zero first derivative constraint leads to negligible degradation in PIA.
Community-based ecotourism in Phuket and Ao Phangnga, Thailand: partial victories and bittersweet remedies.

By encouraging both ecological sustainability and grassroots development, community- based ecotourism offers hope that the environmental sensitivity and responsibility promoted by ecotourism can also serve the political, economic, and social interests of host communities. However, due to the difficulties of implementing community-based ecotourism in practice, success stories remain rare. This paper explores the feasibility of community-based ecotourism in Phuket andAoPhangnga in southern Thailand. Using the region’s oldest ecotourism company as its case study, this paper argues that community-based ecotourism in southern Thailand is only partially successful, and requires four tradeoffs: success and survival at the expense of ecotourism’s spatial isolation and structural independence; local employment and benefits at the expense of local initiation and control; social status and mobility at the expense of social cohesion and harmony; and incipient environmentalism at the expense of ecological sustainabili...
Effects of methyl group substitution for iodine on metabolic activity of thyroxine, triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyropropionic acid.

Compared to 3′,5′,3,5-tetraiodothyropropionic acid, 3′,5′-dimethyl-3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid was 15 to 36% more active as measured by tissue metabolism or basal metabolic rate, respectively, of injected thyroidectomized rats. Similarly, 3′,5′-dimethyl-3,5-diiodo-DL-thyronine approached 44% of the activity of l-thyroxine and 3′-methyl-3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine was 44% as active as 3′,3,5-l-triiodothyronine on an equimolar basis. In contrast 3′,5′,3,5-tetramethyl-dl-thyronine displayed no detectable metabolic activity.
Respiratory activity and evaporative heat loss in the Small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus)

Abstract 1. 1. A body plethysmograph was used to measure the respiratory tidal volume and frequency of the small Indian Mongoose, during exposure to a hot environment. 2. 2. A modification of the procedure permitted the partition of evaporative heat loss into respiratory and cutaneous components. 3. 3. Respiratory minute volume increased when the rectal temperature exceeded 41°C, the increase resulting from an increase in respiratory frequency, as the tidal volume diminished. 4. 4. Respiratory evaporative cooling was the more important means of evaporative heat loss at high ambient temperatures. 5. 5. There was little change in heart rate until the body temperature exceeded 43°C.
Assessment of bioactive and bio-adhesive therapies to enhance stem cell attachment to root surface dentine.

Abstract Elseed MA, Murray PE, Garcia-Godoy F, Namerow KN. Assessment of bioactive and bio-adhesive therapies to enhancestem cell attachment to root surface dentine. InternationalEndodontic Journal, 42, 576–583, 2009. Aim To compare bioactive and bio-adhesive therapiesto enhance stem cell attachment to the root dentine ofhuman teeth.Methodology Dentine slabs (n = 72) were cut fromthe lower 3 mm of the roots of extracted humanpermanentteeth.Therootdentineslabswereuntreated,or coated with bio-adhesive, or human recombinanttransforming growth factor-beta1 (hrTGF-B1), orhuman recombinant bone morphogenic protein-2(hrBMP-2). The dentine slabs were placed with the rootsurface in contact with conﬂuent periodontal stem cell(PSC) cultures using aseptic techniques. The cells anddentineslabsweresubmergedinculturemediafor4,24and 72 h. The specimens were ﬁxed in formalin,dehydrated and processed for scanning electron micro-scopy (SEM).Results SEM micrographs at ·2000 magniﬁcationrevealed PSC extensive adherence to root dentine for allof the bio-adhesive and bioactive treatments. Theaddition of bioactive molecules did not improve PSCattachment. Few cells attached to the negative controltreatments.Conclusions Bio-adhesive and bioactive growthfactors were not needed to promote PSC attachmentto the root dentine of human teeth, because italready appears to have good natural properties topromote PSC attachment. This suggests PSC can beused for the clinical replantation of avulsed teethwithout the need for bio-adhesive and bioactivetreatments.Keywords: bone morphogenic protein-2, periodon-tal stem cells, scanning electron microscopy, teeth,transforming growth factor-beta1.
Novel chiral N4S2- and N6S3-donor macrocyclic ligands: synthesis, protonation constants, metal-ion binding and asymmetric catalysis in the Henry reaction.

New hydrophobic chiral macrocyclic ligands L1–L3 with chiral diamino and thiophene moieties have been synthesized by the Schiff base condensation approach. Protonation constants of L1 and L2 were determined by potentiometry titration. Metal-ion binding experiments exhibited that L1 and L3 are pronounced in selective recognition, Ag+, Cu2+ and Ca2+ ions among the surveyed metal ions (Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Ag+, Li+, Na+, K+, and Ca2+). L1 was found to spectroscopically detect the presence of Cu2+ and Ca2+ to function as a multiple readout sensor. The detection limit for Ca2+ ions was found to be 9.8 × 10−5 M in CH2Cl2–MeOH solution. The trimeric chiral ligand L3 has been shown to be an efficient auxiliary in a Zn(II)-mediated enantioselective Henry reaction.
Purification and Characterization of Plasma Vitamin D Binding Protein from the Snapping Turtle,Chelydra serpentina

Vitamin D binding protein (DBP) was isolated from the plasma of the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina (mixed sex adult), and compared with the previously characterized dual function binding plasma protein that binds both thyroxine (T4) and vitamin D (tsTDBP) in an emydid turtle, Trachemys scripta. Purification of Chelydra serpentina DBP (csDBP) was accomplished by ion exchange chromatography, preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Estimates of increased purification (ca. 71-fold), recovery (ca. 1.5%), and corresponding plasma concentration (ca. 0.6 mg/ml) are confounded by interference with other proteins. A protein was identified that showed the same high affinity for 25-OH-cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) as the tsTDBP, and the two exhibited similar heat resistances in binding. The csDBP and tsTDBP had similar molecular weights by SDS-PAGE (ca. 58 kDa), showed immunological cross reactivity, and differed by only three residues, representing conservative substitutions, in the 30 NH2-terminal amino acid sequence. A slightly lesser homology (up to 89% similarity based on conservative substitutions) was seen with three mammalian DBPs. However, unlike tsTDBP, the DBP from the snapper did not bind T4. These data support the view that the DBP of emydid turtles secondarily evolved a second T4 binding site, and this is probably independent of the D3 binding domain.
The effect of clonidine on the cessation of cigarette smoking.

The effect of clonidine on smoking cessation was studied by randomly assigning 186 smokers in a double-blind fashion to either placebo or clonidine. Abstinence from smoking was reported more frequently by subjects receiving clonidine, but the difference was statistically significant only at the end of the first week (34.4% vs 21.5%; p < 0.05). Bothersome side effects were common and resulted in the early discontinuation of the study medication by 23 of the subjects taking clonidine and eight taking placebo (p < 0.05). Although this study did not demonstrate a significant effect of clonidine on smoking cessation, a beneficial trend was detected and therefore further trials with transcutaneous delivery of this agent in combination with behavior modification techniques are warranted. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1988) 44, 265–267; doi:10.1038/clpt.1988.148
A disulfide-bridged manganese carbonyl anion: synthesis, structure and reactivity of [Mn3(CO)10(μ3-S2)2]-

Abstract The reduction of Mn2(CO)7(μ-S2), (1) with sodium amalgam in THF provided the new monoanion [Mn3(CO)10(μ3-S2)2]−, (3) isolated in low yield as the [Ph3PMe] salt. The reaction of Mn4(CO)15(μ3-S2)(μ4-S2), (2) with [Ph3PMe]I provided the same salt [Ph3PMe] [3] in a good yield, 68%. Anion 3 reacts [CpFe(CO)2(acetone)]BF4 to yield the neutral mixed metal complex CpFeMn3(CO)12(μ3-S2)(μ4-S2), (4). The structures of [Ph3PMe] [3] and 4 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The core of the structure of 3 consists of two [Mn(CO)3] groups bridged by two disulfido ligands in a μ2–η2 fashion with an additional [Mn(CO)4] group that bridges the two disulfido ligands. The CpFe(CO)2 group in 4 is bonded to a sulfur atom of one of the two disulfido ligands of the anionic grouping of 3.
Adaptive Target Detection in FLIR Imagery Using the Eigenspace Separation Transform and Principal Component Analysis

In this paper, an adaptive target detection algorithm for FLIR imagery is proposed that is based on measuring differences between structural information within a target and its surrounding background. At each pixel in the image a dual window is opened where the inner window (inner image vector) represents a possible target signature and the outer window (consisting of a number of outer image vectors) represents the surrounding scene. These image vectors are preprocessed by two directional highpass filters to obtain the corresponding image edge vectors. The target detection problem is formulated as a statistical hypotheses testing problem by mapping these image edge vectors into two transformations, P 1 and P 2 , via Eigenspace Separation Transform (EST) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The first transformation P 1 is a function of the inner image edge vector. The second transformation P 2 is a function of both the inner and outer image edge vectors. For the hypothesis H 1 (target): the difference of the two functions is small. For the hypothesis H 0 (clutter): the difference of the two functions is large. Results of testing the proposed target detection algorithm on two large FLIR image databases are presented.
Association between temporal orientation and attitudes about BRCA1/2 testing among women of African descent with family histories of breast cancer

Objective Previous studies have identified specific attitudes (pros and cons) about BRCA testing held by women of African descent that are associated with decisions to participate in testing. These testing attitudes may be determined, in part, by temporal orientation, or how one perceives the significance of events and the consequences of their actions in terms of past, present, and future. The current study explored the relationship between temporal orientation and pros and cons of BRCA testing among 140 women of African descent with a family history suggestive of a genetic mutation predisposing to breast cancer.
Surface site geometry and diffusion characteristics of single nickel atoms on W(111)

Abstract In this paper we report the first direct observation of the atomic configuration of the surface sites occupied by single atoms adsorbed on a single-crystal metal surface. The geometry of surface sites occupied by nickel adatoms on the W (111) plane was observed in the field ion microscope immediately after adsorption from the vapor phase and subsequent to thermally induced motion on the surface. Nickel adatoms are observed only in normal lattice sites. Measurements of the diffusion characteristics of single nickel adatoms yield an activation energy of 20.2 ± 2 kcal mol? −1 and D o = 1(× 2.8 ±3 )× 10 −6 cm 2 s −1 , providing the first set of single-atom diffusion measurements in which the precise location of the adatom has been documented throughout the entire diffusion sequence.
Interaction between amount and pattern of training in the induction of intermediate- and long-term memory for sensitization in aplysia.

In Aplysia, three distinct phases of memory for sensitization can be dissociated based on their temporal and molecular features. A single training trial induces short-term memory (STM, lasting 90 min) and long-term memory (LTM, lasting >24 h). Here, we explore the interaction of amount and pattern of training in establishing ITM and LTM by examining memory for sensitization after different numbers of trials (each trial = one tail shock) and different patterns of training (massed vs. spaced). Under spaced training patterns, two trials produced STM exclusively, whereas four or five trials each produced both ITM and LTM. Three spaced trials failed to induce LTM but did produce an early decaying form of ITM (E-ITM) that was significantly shorter and weaker in magnitude than the late-decaying ITM (L-ITM) observed after four to five trials. In addition, E-ITM was induced after three trials with both massed and spaced patterns of training. However, L-ITM and LTM after four to five trials require spaced training: Four or five massed trials failed to induce LTM and produced only E-ITM. Collectively, our results indicate that in addition to three identified phases of memory for sensitization--STM, ITM, and LTM--a unique temporal profile of memory, E-ITM, is revealed by varying either the amount or pattern of training.
Compressive sensing and stretch processing

We investigate the applicability of sparse signal recovery techniques featured in recent compressed sensing literature to stretch processing, a widely adopted high-range resolution pulse compression technique. We present simulation results suggesting that, under certain assumptions, incorporating sparse signal recovery algorithms results in up to a 30% improvement in range resolution. In addition, we empirically study the effects of grid mismatch and the sensitivity to phase difference between closely spaced scatterers. We also analyze worst-case coherence of the derived dictionary to better understand the expected performance of a class of representative scatterer configurations.
A dual-modality probe utilizing intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography for intravascular imaging applications

We have developed a dual-modality biomedical imaging probe utilizing intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). It consists of an OCT probe, a miniature ultrasonic transducer and a fixed mirror. The mirror was mounted at the head of the hybrid probe 45° relative to the light and the ultrasound beams to change their propagation directions. The probe was designed to be able to cover a larger area in blood vessel by IVUS and then visualize a specific point at a much finer image resolution using OCT. To demonstrate both its feasibility and potential clinical applications, we used this ultrasound-guide OCT probe to image a rabbit aorta in vitro. The results offer convincing evidence that the complementary natures of these two modalities may yield beneficial results that could not have otherwise been obtained.
The role of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in paediatric intensive care

Mechanical ventilation during acute respiratory failure in children is associated with development of ventilator-induced lung injury. Experimental models of mechanical ventilation that limit phasic changes in lung volumes and prevent alveolar overdistension appear to be less damaging to the lung. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation, using very small tidal volumes and relatively high end-expiratory lung volumes, provides a safe and effective means of delivering mechanical ventilatory support with the prospect of reducing the development of ventilator-induced lung injury. Despite theoretical advantages and convincing laboratory data, however, the use of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in the paediatric population has not yet been associated with significant improvements in clinically significant outcome measures.