cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phorbol Ester-induced Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species Is Protein Kinase Cβ-dependent and Required for SAPK Activation

Treatment of human U-937 myeloid leukemia cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is associated with protein kinase C (PKC) βII-mediated activation of the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) pathway. The present studies demonstrate that the TPA response of U-937 cells includes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). By contrast, the TPA-resistant U-937 cell variant (TUR), which is deficient in PKCβII expression, failed to respond to TPA with the induction of ROS. Moreover, we show that TPA-induced ROS production is restored in TUR cells stably transfected to express PKCβII. The results also demonstrate that TPA-induced ROS production is required for activation of the MEK kinase-1 (MEKK-1)→ SAPK pathway. In concert with this observation, treatment of U-937 with H2O2as a source of ROS is associated with activation of the MEKK-1→SAPK cascade. These findings indicate that PKCβII is required for TPA-induced ROS production and that the MEKK-1→SAPK pathway is activated by a ROS-mediated mechanism.
Preparation of dielectric highly reflective (HR) mirrors from colloidal oxide suspensions containing organic polymer binders

Preparation of dielectric HR mirrors from colloidal oxidesuspensions containing organic polymer bindersIan M. ThomasLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryP.O. Box 808, L-483Livermore, CA 94551-9900ABSTRACTColloidal suspensions of oxides have been used to prepare dielectric HR mirrors, specifically for high
MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF POSITIVE CORONA DISCHARGE IN NITROGEN

The corona discharge commonly occurs in many engineering devices and processes. Their application is still largely based on empirical knowledge; accordingly it is very important to predict the physical properties of corona discharge by the appropriate numerical method. To control corona discharge properly by understanding of corona discharge properties at different discharge stages, time-varying characteristics of discharge which are resulted from electron collision with the gas molecules should be investigated. A numerical study of a corona discharge in nitrogen in a point to plane geometry is presented. It is obtained by Monte Carlo method and concerns space-time evolution of electron and ion densities as well as electric field distributions along the discharge axis.
Identification of Photoexcited Singlet Quinones and Their Ultrafast Electron-Transfer vs Intersystem-Crossing Rates

Photoexcitation of chloranil (CA) produces initially the excited singlet state 1CA*, as demonstrated for the first time by time-resolved spectroscopy on the femtosecond/picosecond time scale. Electron transfer from aromatic donors (D) to singlet chloranil leads to short-lived (ca. 5 ps) singlet radical-ion pairs, 1[D•+, CA•-]. This ultrafast quenching process competes with intersystem crossing (kISC ≈ 1011 s-1) to generate the triplet excited state, 3CA*. The follow-up electron transfer from D to 3CA* yields triplet radical-ion pairs, which are distinguished from their singlet analogues by their long (nanosecond) lifetimes. The competition between electron transfer and intersystem crossing on the early picosecond time scale also pertains to a wide variety of other photoexcited quinones related to chloranil. Electron transfer to singlet quinone as established here adds a new dimension to the generally accepted mechanisms which proceed from the triplet state, and the inclusion of reactions on both the tripl...
Phase equilibria in systems with specific CO2–polymer interactions

Abstract A lattice-based model for solutions with solute–solvent association is extended to the calculation of phase equilibria in polymer–CO2 systems in this work. The model is simple to use and requires a maximum of two adjustable parameters to correlate both cloud point and sorption data. Moreover, we show that one of these parameters can be obtained from spectroscopic data. Application of the modified model is demonstrated for the calculation of cloud point curves of seven polymer–CO2 systems. Good agreement with experiment was obtained, with average deviations between calculated and experimental data of 1.3%. The predictive capabilities of the model are demonstrated by calculating the sorption behavior of CO2 in polymers using parameters from cloud point data.
The CHFR mitotic checkpoint protein delays cell cycle progression by excluding Cyclin B1 from the nucleus

CHFR, a novel checkpoint gene inactivated in human cancer, delays chromosome condensation in cells treated with microtubule poisons. To understand the molecular mechanism for this delay, we characterized cells with inactivated CHFR and stably transfected derivatives expressing the wild-type gene. After exposure to microtubule poisons, the CHFR-expressing cells arrested transiently in early prophase with a characteristic ruffled morphology of the nuclear envelope and no signs of chromosome condensation. Several markers suggested that Cyclin A/Cdc2 had been activated, whereas Aurora-A and -B and Cyclin B1/Cdc2 were inactive. Further, Cyclin B1 was excluded from the nucleus. Ectopic expression of Cyclin B1 with a mutant nuclear export sequence induced chromosome condensation, and thus overcame the CHFR checkpoint. We conclude that the mechanism by which CHFR delays chromosome condensation involves inhibition of accumulation of Cyclin B1 in the nucleus.
Tax Burdens in American Agriculture: An Intersectoral Comparison

Major changes In the agncultural sector have prompted many observers to queslJon the necessIty and deSllablhty of main· tammg specific tax prOVISions which benefit farmers-for ex· ample, cash accountmg, expensing capital costs for groves, orchards, and vmeyards, and allowmg farl1).ers to treat gams on sales of qualIfying hvestock held for draft, breedIng, drury, or sportIng purposes as capital gams Many economIsts and tax experts beheve that farmers no longer need the prefer­ entIal treatment contamed In the Internal Revenue Code Others clrum that farming has not changed substanlIaily and that farmers stdl need these provlSlons StIll others suggest that changes In the agncultural sector and hIgher land values have created new problems for farmers that warrant addJtIonai tax rehef
A novel enol-pseudoguaianolide from Psilostrophe cooperi

Abstract -Chemical studies of Psilostrophe cooperi afforded in addition to psilotropin, four unreported helenanolides, two methylated flavonoids and a new pseudoguaianolide, cooperin, with an unusual enol-moiety. The structure of cooperin was established by spectroscopic methods and confirmed by X-ray analysis. In addition, all the sesquiterpene lactones were tested for mutagenic activity.
Subjective sexual experience in college women

A random sample of 100 undergraduate women were interviewed about their subjective sexual experience. Sexual sensations during masturbation, oral sex, intercourse, and intercourse with concurrent clitoral massage were summarized and differentiated. Sensations labeled “orgasm” by a majority of the subjects were identified, and the suggestion was made that experiences other than that outlined by Masters and Johnson may be considered orgasmic by women in a more general population. Some support was found for Singer and Singer's typology of orgasm at a subjective level. Most subjects who experienced multiple orgasms found them no more satisfying than single ones. Clitoral and vaginal orgasms may be distinguished subjectively, but no clear preference for one or the other emerged from a consensus of the subjects. Orgasm rate was significantly related (p < 0.001) to satisfaction during intercourse and oral sex, but not during masturbation. Some evidence was found supporting the role of social learning in developing sensitivity in the clitoris and vagina and possibly the breasts.
A Diffuse Interface Model to Simulate Electrochemical Response of Medical Implant Materials

The purpose of the present work is to model corrosion of implant materials (such as nitinol or stainless steel) in simulated environments both under static and dynamic conditions. The present model seeks to imitate the potentiodynamic testing protocol defined as in ASTM F2129, which is used to evaluate the corrosion susceptibility of small implant devices. The model is currently limited to one dimension and hence the effect of physical features, such as defects and crevices, on corrosion is not the focus of this study.© 2013 ASME
Television Viewing, Educational Quality of the Home Environment, and School Readiness

The relationships among school readiness, children's television viewing, parental employment, and the educational quality of the home environment were examined. Thirty preschool children from low-income families and their primary caregivers were interviewed. Parents responded to questions about children's television viewing habits, the educational quality of the home environment, and employment status. Children were assessed on IQ and school readiness. Correlational analyses indicated that television viewing time was negatively related to parental instruction and number of children's books in the home. Viewing time was also negatively related to children's school readiness skills. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for an understanding of home environmental influences on the academic skill development of disadvantaged preschoolers.
Ada in CS1

As the use of Ada in commercial programming increases, it becomes more important to make an attempt to introduce it into the curriculum as early as possible. We have taught CS1 successfully using Ada by strictly concentrating on a subset of the language and through the use of a student-oriented package which enables students to begin writing programs in Ada after one lecture. A laboratory of personal computers was found to be adequate for CS1 use and students were able to write up to 2 programs per week in the course.
Ovulation in Hamster: Induction by β Subunit of Ovine Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone

As little as 5 micrograms of interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) or 20 micrograms of ICSH-β is effective for the induction of ovulation in 100 percent of hamsters treated at 0500 hours on day 4 after lordosis, whereas as much as 800 micrograms of ICSH-α is ineffective. Both ICSH and ICSH-β are also effective for induction of ovulation in hypophysectomized animals. Thus, the ovulation-inducing activity of the ICSH molecule resides in its β subunit.
Activity and osmotic coefficients oft-butylammonium chloride; Activity coefficients of HCl in mixtures with tris hydrochloride ort-butylammonium chloride at 25°C

In an earlier study, the activity coefficients of aqueous mixtures of HCl with the hydrochlorides of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) ort-butylamine (t-B) were determined at ionic strengths of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mol-kg−1. The work has been extended to ionic strengths of 2.0 and 3.0 through emf measurements with hydrogen and AgCl/Ag electrodes at 25°C. The results are considered in terms of Harned's rule and the Pitzer and Rush-Johnson-Scatchard treatments of activity coefficients in electrolyte mixtures. In order to compare ionic interaction parameters in the two systems, the activity coefficients and osmotic coefficients of t-butylammonium chloride at molalities up to saturation (7.14 mol-kg−1) were determined by the gravimetric isopiestic method with solutions of NaCl as reference. The behavior for both systems can be accounted for satisfactorily in terms of binary (H+−N+) and ternary (H+−N+−Cl−) interactions, where N+ is either Tris·H+ or t-B·H+.
Towards simple, easy-to-understand, yet accurate classifiers

We design a method for weighting linear support vector machine classifiers or random hyperplanes, to obtain classifiers whose accuracy is comparable to the accuracy of a nonlinear support vector machine classifier, and whose results can be readily visualized. We conduct a simulation study to examine how our weighted linear classifiers behave in the presence of known structure. The results show that the weighted linear classifiers might perform well compared to the nonlinear support vector machine classifiers, while they are more readily interpretable than the nonlinear classifiers.
Molecular Line Absorption in a Scattering Atmosphere. Part I: Theory

This paper revisits the classical problem of particle scattering‐gaseous absorption and considers the extent to which the growth of absorption lines of a known gas can be used to obtain information about the scattering particles. The focus of the study is directed toward interpretation of the reflection spectrum of the O 2 A band located in the spectral region between 0.759 and 0.771 mm and the results provide a theoretical foundation for the retrieval of particle information described in a related study. This study demonstrates that there are six main properties that affect the absorption and reflection spectra: the optical depth of the cloud or aerosol, the pressure level of the top of this layer, the (pressure) thickness of the layer, the scattering phase function, the particle single-scatter albedo, and the surface albedo. Measured quantities, such as the spectral radiance or the ratio of in-absorption to continuum radiances are shown to be sensitive to these parameters in a manner that varies according to the O 2 optical depth. This variation sensitivity offers a way of separating the dependence of the measurements on these parameters, thereby providing some basis for their retrieval with suitable spectral measurements that resolve a sufficient range of O2 optical depth. Specifically, it is shown that radiances reflected from thin layers are sensitive to optical depth and phase function whereas the radiance ratio is sensitive to layer height. For thick layers, the sensitivity to optical depth diminishes leaving primarily a sensitivity to bulk information about the scattering phase function. By measuring radiances as a function of changing O 2 absorption, it is possible to distinguish optically thin layers above brighter lower reflecting surfaces, providing an ability to distinguish high-level thin cloud over brighter lower-level clouds or reflecting surfaces. The effects of 3D geometry on the spectral radiances is also considered in the context of photon path. It is shown how the spectral radiances provide some insight on 3D effects and the probable importance of these 3D effects on the retrievals. The equivalence theorem is illustrated and is used to provide line-by-line simulations of the reflection spectrum from hypothetical 3D clouds. A method to identify the nature of the 3D bias on retrievals of optical depth is discussed.
Unitization of Sublexical Components in Implicit Memory for Novel Words

This study examines the role of componential knowledge and unitization processes in implicit memory. In two experiments, subjects studied novel words formed out of morphemes, syllables, or pseudosyllables. They then completed an implicit task requiring a judgment as to which of two items (one old, one new) was a better English word. Experiment 1 replicated previous results showing priming for nonwords formed out of morphemes and syllables but not pseudosyllables. This effect was present when orthographic factors were controlled and, unlike explicit (recognition) memory, was equally strong following visual and semantic processing. Experiment 2 showed that little priming was present across a variety of conditions in which the connections between components were altered across study and test. Results are interpreted as evidence for the role of perceptually based activation and integration processes in implicit memory for novel stimuli.
Protein ligation: an enabling technology for the biophysical analysis of proteins

Biophysical techniques such as fluorescence spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provide a window into the inner workings of proteins. These approaches make use of probes that can either be naturally present within the protein or introduced through a labeling procedure. In general, the more control one has over the type, location and number of probes in a protein, then the more information one can extract from a given biophysical analysis. Recently, two related approaches have emerged that allow proteins to be labeled with a broad range of physical probes. Expressed protein ligation (EPL) and protein trans-splicing (PTS) are both intein-based approaches that permit the assembly of a protein from smaller synthetic and/or recombinant pieces. Here we provide some guidelines for the use of EPL and PTS, and highlight how the dovetailing of these new protein chemistry methods with standard biophysical techniques has improved our ability to interrogate protein function, structure and folding.
Assessing the Contingency Model of Third-Party Intervention in Successful Cases of Prenegotiation

The theory and practice of third-party intervention in international conflict continue to develop in constructive directions (Bercovitch 2002; Fisher 2001).
Why ever CSP

Abstract The original theoretical model of Communicating Sequential Processes owed its inspiration to the achievements of Milner, Scott and Dijkstra. It was developed at around the time of the publication of Milner's Calculus of Communicating Systems. Why ever did CSP diverge from CCS? The ESPRIT basic research action 'CONCUR' brought together the proponents of three of the original calculi of concurrency: ACP, CCS and CSP. It was hoped that we would develop a unified calculus, and concur upon its adoption. Why ever did we fail? I would like to share with you the way in which I thought about these questions twenty five years ago. Since then, many excellent comparative studies have been conducted. As a result, we can now see how such theories can best be unified, without assimilation of their distinctive features or compromise of their distinctive merits.
Persistent conversation: a dialog between research and design

Persistent conversation is human-to-human interaction that is carried out over computer networks; it is produced by typing, speaking or other means, and, unlike face-to-face conversation, it leaves a trace - in the form of text on a computer screen, sound files, etc, - that persists for varying amounts of time. Examples of persistent conversation include interactions carried out using chat, IM, texting, MUDs, email, mailing lists, news groups, Web boards, blogs, 3-D VR, and other digital media. Persistent conversation differs from spoken conversation in interesting ways. For example, because it leaves a perceptible trace, persistent conversation can occur asynchronously with lags of minutes to months between conversational turns, as happens in e-mail. Alternatively, the turns of persistent conversation can overlap, with many participants effectively 'speaking' at once, as often happens in on-line chats. Freeing conversation from the lock-step synchrony of face-to-face talk has major implications both for the ways in which people and groups turn persistent conversation to their own ends, and for the design of systems which support conversation.
Update on therapy of atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is complicated and often difficult to manage. Effective therapy is commonly impeded by 3 ambivalencies: (1) prioritization of skin care versus allergy treatment; (2) uncertainty about optimal bathing and moisturizing, and (3) hesitation about the use of adequate topical corticosteroid therapies. With a confident, well-planned approach, effective therapy management may be achieved. On initial assessment, an evaluation form is a tool to keep the focus on important history and physical features critical for the diagnosis and to review trigger factors and past therapies. Patients and parents must be educated to become more aware of the trigger factors that may lead to an exacerbation of their disease. Errors in bathing and moisturizing are the major cause of persistent AD, and the confusing paradox that water is both good and bad for the skin must be resolved to achieve therapeutic success. Avoidance/approach conflicts regarding recommendations of topical steroid use has a detrimental effect on patient outcomes. With the proper use of mid-strength topical agents and with the recent development of topical macrolides for use in AD, effective management for this disease can be realized. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:S123-5.)
Managing Volunteer Potato (Solanum tuberosum) in Field Corn (Zea mays) with Carfentrazone-Ethyl and Dicamba1

Volunteer potato is a perennial weed that is difficult to control in crop rotations. Field studies were conducted near Paterson, WA, in 2001 and 2002 to evaluate the control of volunteer potato with carfentrazone-ethyl and dicamba in field corn. When potatoes were not controlled corn yield was reduced 23 and 62% in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Single postemergence (POST) applications of carfentrazone-ethyl at 9 g/ha killed exposed foliage of potato, but new shoots continued to emerge both years and reduced corn yield in 2002. The most effective treatments tested were a single mid-postemergence application of carfentrazone-ethyl plus dicamba (9 + 280 g/ha), two applications of carfentrazone-ethyl alone at early postemergence and late postemergence, and three POST applications of carfentrazone-ethyl, which controlled volunteer potato 77 to 87% in early June, reduced weight of tubers produced by 76 to 96% compared with nontreated checks, and prevented corn yield loss compared with hand-weeded checks. Herbici...
An efficient key predistribution scheme for ad hoc network security

We introduce hashed random preloaded subsets (HARPS), a highly scalable key predistribution (KPD) scheme employing only symmetric cryptographic primitives. HARPS is ideally suited for resource constrained nodes that need to operate for extended periods without active involvement of a trusted authority (TA), as is usually the case for nodes forming ad hoc networks (AHNs). HARPS, a probabilistic KPD scheme, is a generalization of two other probabilistic KPDs. The first, random preloaded subsets (RPSs), is based on random intersection of keys preloaded in nodes. The second, proposed by Leighton and Micali (LM) is a scheme employing repeated applications of a cryptographic hash function. We investigate many desired properties of HARPS like scalability, computational and storage efficiency, flexibility in deployment modes, renewability, ease of extension to multicast scenarios, ability to cater for broadcast authentication, broadcast encryption, etc., to support its candidacy as an enabler for ad hoc network security. We analyze and compare the performance of the three schemes and show that HARPS has significant advantages over other KPDs, and in particular, over RPS and LM.
Searching for Alliance Partners: Effects of Geographic Distance on the Formation of R&D Collaborations

We investigate how geographic distance influences which firms engage each other in research and development (R&D) collaborations. Given advances in technology, geographic distance might not be expected to affect who partners with whom, yet recent research has reported on the localization of exchanges in numerous market settings. We identify factors that shape the degree to which geographic distance matters to alliance formation by considering the heterogeneity in adverse selection risk across exchange partners. Specifically, we argue that the effects of geographic distance depend on the extent to which partners are able to evaluate each others’ resources and prospects. Empirical evidence from R&D collaborations in the semiconductor industry indicates that the likelihood of alliance formation is negatively related to geographic distance, even within clusters. The extent to which alliance formation falls off with geographic distance is diminished when the firms have prior ties, operate in the same product market, or possess similar technological knowledge.
Tunable wavelength demultiplexer and OCDMA code hopping using a 10-/spl mu/s-tuning MEMS-actuated Gires-Tournois filter

We demonstrate system level performance and rapid switching (10 mus) of a 1times3 wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer (mux/demux) based on a Gires-Tournois interferometer with cyclically tunable center wavelengths. Group delay ripple within the passband is measured to be <8 ps. Less than 0.5-dB power penalty is observed for 10-Gb/s data propagating through the demux. Additionally, rapid optical code-division multiple-access code hopping using this tunable demux has been shown
Enhancing the Usability of Human Machine Interface on the Handheld Interagency Identification Detection Equipment (HIIDE)

An essential element of a biometric system is the human machine interface (HMI), both from the user (administrator) and subject perspectives. The HMI has a significant impact on the performance of the system, as it is a key factor in the quality of the biometric sample collected. This paper will consider the implications of the HMI from the user perspective, analyzing the results of user experiences and training with the Handheld Interagency Identity Detection Equipment (HIIDE) Series 4, a device used by the Department of Defense in Iraq and Afghanistan. Results of this task analysis will be in the form of recommendations and considerations for the development of future collection systems. The paper will conclude by presenting the Systems Engineering (SE) based process used in this analysis as well as recommendations for including select SE practices in future biometric system design and development.
Sugar The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Facts

Born with an inherent liking for sweets, it is easy to overindulge in sugary foods. Sugar holds a special place in foods featured during the holidays, birthdays, and other festivities. In recent years there has been an increased awareness of the pit falls of consuming a sugary diet. Presented here are the facts about sugar, including a look at the research data on sugar and health.
Cardiac performance in relation to blood volume

Abstract The influence of total blood volume on cardiac performance is poorly understood. The relation between ventricular blood volume and cardiac performance has been studied in great detail beginning with the classic experiments of Frank and Starling. The principles set forth in the Frank-Starling law pertain only to the denervated isolated heart, however. Although the Frank-Starling law may be applicable to the intact heart in the completely basal state and in some diseased states, conditions which evoke neurohumoral responses to regulate cardiac performance greatly modify this law. The influence of cardiac volume on cardiac performance can be further understood by applying well known physical principles to the heart. Comparison of the time courses of volume, pressure, force, work and tension of normal-sized (100 cc. end-diastolic volume) to dilated (500 cc. end-diastolic volume) hearts demonstrate the mechanical disadvantage under which the dilated heart operates. The clinical application of the concepts derived from such considerations, particularly the use of prolonged bedrest, was discussed.
Dermatological disease in Latinos in the USA

The US Latino population is growing at an impressive pace; by 2050 it is estimated that 103 million Latinos will reside in the USA, accounting for almost a quarter of the population. This population is racially, geographically, politically, culturally and socioeconomically diverse. Latinos in the USA comprise a heterogeneous group that includes individuals representing the complete spectrum of skin colors and Fitzpatrick skin phototypes. A tendency to long-lasting pigmentary alteration is characteristic of skin of color. Disorders of hyperpigmentation are among the most commonly diagnosed skin conditions in Latino patients. Treatment of all dermatoses in these patients should be undertaken with an appreciation of hyperpigmenting tendencies. Familial and genetic skin diseases that occur more commonly in Latino populations include actinic prurigo and Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome. Acquired environmentally, culturally and/or behaviorally mediated dermatoses seen in Latino populations include capsaicin dermatitis...
Disclosure in regulatory science

The leading biomedical journals have established policies that attempt to ensure their published articles are transparent to commercial bias. Federal regulatory agencies, charged with protecting the public9s health and environment, have no similar conflict-of-interest requirements. The authors of this Policy Forum urge that private parties who submit scientific studies for consideration by government agencies should be required to disclose conflicts of interest that might bias their work. They should also be required to disclose whether the data were produced by scientists who had the contractual right to publish their findings without influence and without obtaining consent of the sponsor.
Firm Heterogeneities and Cartelization Efforts in Domestic Crude Oil

Examination of efforts in the early 1930s to cartelize domestic oil production provides important insight into the problems of enforcing cartel rules. Previous studies have consistently pointed to the opposition of small crude oil producing firms to output controls (Zimmermann: 151; de Chazeau and Kahn: 128-33). Unfortunately, there is no systematic explanation of the source of differential quota compliance among large and small firms. This article analyzes the record of firm support or opposition in Oklahoma and Texas to cartelization efforts from 1926 to 1933. To guide the analysis a simple theoretical model is presented to explain why larger firms adhered to quota limits, while smaller firms did not. The explanation is based upon the marginal profit of compliance, which varied across firms according to industry output, firm market share, and production cost. The theoretical and empirical analysis then goes on to show that a critical determinant of cartel success will be the compliance of small firms. Small
Mussel assemblages in a developing oxbow and a newly-cut channel of the Neosho River, Kansas

We compared freshwater mussel assemblages (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in a developing oxbow (old channel) and a newly-cut (new) channel of the Neosho River, Kansas, during 2001. We sampled mussels at approximately 1.5 km intervals, totaling 19 sites in the old channel and seven in the new, by groping substrate from bank to bank in a zigzag fashion along a 100 m reach. We found 1239 live individuals of 20 mussel species in the old channel and 20 live individuals of six species in the new channel. Mussel abundance, diversity and current species richness were greater in the old channel than in the new. Abundance, diversity and historic and current species richness all declined significantly from upstream to downstream in the old channel. Historic richness was greater than current richness in the old channel, but both decreased from upstream to downstream at the same rate. The loss of historic species from the old channel was no different from that in the rest of the Neosho River in Kansas; however, a further decrease in lotic species will likely occur as the channel continues to evolve into an oxbow lake. Canonical correspondence analysis illustrated a substrate compaction, substrate composition and depth gradient in the old channel, with three species in flowing waters with sand and gravel substrate and all other species in still waters with silt substrate. Information regarding habitat use by freshwater mussels is important in designing surveys and recovery plans for rare species (Strayer, 1993).
Anesthetic Gas Monitoring

The essence of clinical inhalation anesthesia is equilibrating anesthetic tension from the dial setting on the vaporizer to the effect on the patient’s brain1. Between vaporizer and brain, the anesthetic tension equilibration is impeded or enhanced by fresh gas flow to the breathing circuit, alveolar ventilation, cardiac output, perfusion to tissues competing with the target organ, and finally attainment of partial pressure equilibrium between arterial blood and the patient’s brain. The qualitative mental image of anesthetic tension (more properly called partial pressure) traversing successive compartments helps us visualize and comprehend the time course of anesthetization. Predicting the actual anesthetic tensions expected or desired quantifies the mental model and allows us to apply it clinically every day in the OR.
Faster collective output through active buffering

Scientific applications often need to write out large arrays and associated metadata periodically for visualization or restart purposes. In this paper, we propose active buffering for collective I/O, in which processors actively organize their idle memory into a hierarchy of buffers for periodic output data. Active buffering exploits one-sided communication for I/O processors to fetch data from compute processors' buffers and performs actual writing in the background while compute processors are computing. It gracefully adapts as buffers at different level of the hierarchy fill and empty, and as new collective I/O requests arrive. Experimental results with synthetic benchmarks and a real rocket simulation code on the SGI Origin 2000 and IBM SP show that active buffering improves the apparent collective write throughput so that it approaches the local memory bandwidth or the MPI bandwidth under appropriate conditions. These speedups are due entirely to increased parallelism during I/O, and are in addition to any performance improvements that may come from buffering small requests.
How users perceive and respond to security messages: a NeuroIS research agenda and empirical study

Users are vital to the information security of organizations. In spite of technical safeguards, users make many critical security decisions. An example is users’ responses to security messages – di...
Chronic Underfeeding Increases the Positive Feedback Efficacy of Estrogen on Gonadotropin Secretion

Reduced caloric intake has been shown to inhibit reproductive cycles in females of several mammalian species. Previous studies have shown that increased negative feedback efficacy of estrogen on gonadotropin secretion may be responsible. The present study was designed to test the alternate hypothesis that caloric restriction alters the positive feedback efficacy of estrogen on gonadotropin secretion. Adult, cycling female rats were placed on reduced food intake (R) equal to 50% of that consumed by ad/libitum-fed controls (C). When R rats stopped cycling, both R and C rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and immediately implanted subcutaneously with a Silastic capsule containing 100 microg 17beta-estradiol (E2). Blood samples were obtained at 0900-1000 hr and 1600-1730 hr on Days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 after OVX and implantation. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and E2 were measured by radioimmunoassay in duplicate aliquots. Results indicate that underfed female rats retain the ability to respond to elevated estrogen levels with an afternoon surge of gonadotropin which is present for at least 14 days for LH. By contrast, FSH surges in R rats became progressively smaller and were no longer significant after Day 10. The present results also demonstrate that the response of R rats to elevated estrogen levels is significantly greater than that of C rats on Days 2-4 for FSH and 2-14 for LH. It is concluded that an inability to respond to elevated estrogen levels with an afternoon LH surge is not the cause of the cessation of normal estrous cycles. The progressive decrease in the afternoon surge of FSH may be, at least partly, responsible for the decreased follicular development observed in underfed rats. Possible explanations of the enhanced LH response to the positive feedback of estrogen are discussed.
Assessment of Dorsiflexion Range of Motion Using Two Clinical Weight-Bearing Measurements

Ankle dorsiflexion is needed for everyday activities, as well as sport-specific movements, such as walking, running, climbing stairs, squatting, and jumping. Various lower extremity musculoskeletal pathologies have been associated with a lack of dorsiflexion.1-6 Thus it is imperative that clinicians understand and are able to accurately assess ankle dorsiflexion. Typically, dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) is measured with a long arm goniometer; however, the large intrapatient variation, improper alignment of the goniometer, and nonidentification of bony anatomic locations may all increase goniometric measurement error.7 The use of a fluid-filled bubble inclinometer has been reported to have higher reliability when compared with the long arm goniometer when assessing dorsiflexion ROM.7 Dorsiflexion ROM can be performed in nonweight bearing and weight bearing. Assessment of dorsiflexion in the nonweightbearing or weight-bearing position can be performed with the knee extended, as well as with the knee flexed. Assessment of dorsiflexion in these positions allows clinicians to assess all components of the triceps surae complex.8 Traditionally, nonweight-bearing measurement techniques have been used to assess dorsiflexion; however, measurement of dorsiflexion in a weightbearing position may provide clinicians with a better indicator of an athlete’s functional ROM. In this column, we discuss the use of a fluid-filled bubble inclinometer as a clinical tool to assess dorsiflexion ROM in a weightbearing position. We will present the benefits and indications of each position, a brief description of how to position the patient for each dorsiflexion ROM measurement, and the reported reliability of the measures.
Acoustic Forcing and Control of Reflected Waves in the Klebanoff-Saric Wind Tunnel

The infrastructure of the Klebano {Saric Wind Tunnel is upgraded in anticipation of boundary layer sound receptivity experiments. Five speakers, installed inside the tunnel, create planar, downstream-traveling sound, and multiple microphones measure the sound output in the test section. The change in wind tunnel area downstream of the test section creates a re ected, upstream-traveling wave during acoustic forcing. An active noise control system uses two speakers downstream of the test section to create upstream-traveling waves that destructively interfere with the re ections. Active noise control reduces the re ections up to 42.3 dB at 10 m/s and 33.2 dB at 20 m/s with an average reduction of 28.6 dB at 10 m/s and 23.2 dB at 20 m/s. Active noise control is also used to reduce upstreamtraveling tonal background noise up to 5.6 dB. The adaptive control system allows greater experimental control during sound receptivity experiments.
Abstract 479: p53 mutations and Ink4a/Arf deletion cooperate to induce metastatic skin carcinomas

Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene are found in about half of the squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) that arise in the skin and oral cavity. Most of these mutations are missense mutations that result in the expression of altered forms of p53, some of which acquire oncogenic properties. We previously showed that the p53 gain-of-function mutation p53R172H cooperates with Ras activation during skin cancer initiation, progression to carcinoma and metastasis. However, it is unclear whether p53 gain- and loss-of-function mutations predispose differently to SCC formation when activated in the absence of additional oncogenic mutations. To address this question we generated mice in which deletion of p53 (loss-of-function) or activation of the p53R172H mutation (gain-of-function) were induced in mouse stratified epithelia. We found that over 70% of the mice developed skin or oral SCCs, with similar kinetics for mice with p53 gain- or loss-of-function mutations, suggesting that in the absence of Ras mutations the oncogenic role of p53R172H in SCC initiation is minimized. To identify mechanisms leading to SCC development in these mice we analyzed the status of pathways that are frequently involved in human SCCs. We observed that Erk1/2 activation was blocked in most of the SCCs. Consistently, oncogenic mutations in Ras genes were only found in Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 479.
In vivo gluconeogenesis under different nutritional regimens during murine schistosomiasis.

Abstract. The effect of schistosome infection on in vivo gluconeogenesis was studied in mice. Mice infected for 6 weeks displayed no nutritional pathology, regardless of nutritional treatment. All mice with patent infections (9 weeks) displayed decreased rates of growth and food consumption as well as significantly reduced gross conversion efficiencies. The glucogenic capacity, % pyruvate incorporated/g liver, was markedly reduced in infected fasted mice when compared with fasted controls. Total glucogenesis, % pyruvate incorporated/100 g body water, was the same in infected and control groups and the compensatory response in infected individuals was correlated with increased liver mass. The level of hepatic glycogen was significantly greater in infected fasted mice than in their unparasitized counterparts.
Specific recognition of human leukemic cells by allogeneic T cells: II. Evidence for HLA-D restricted determinants on leukemic cells that are crossreactive with determinants present on unrelated nonleukemic cells.

Transplantation of immunocompetent cells present within allogeneic bone marrow has been associated with the elimination of residual host leukemia, both in animal tumor models and in patients receiving marrow transplants for leukemia. This observation has been called the “graft- versus-leukemia effect.” We have attempted to study this phenomenon in vitro by characterizing the cytolytic response of T cells from normal donors after in vitro activation with allogeneic leukemic cells. As expected, most T cells that react against an allogeneic patient9s leukemic cells recognize their foreign HLA antigens and lyse the patient9s nonleukemic remission lymphoid cells. In addition, we have shown that a small fraction of the T cells recognize and lyse foreign leukemic targets without lysis of nonmalignant remission targets from the same leukemic patient. These T cells have been isolated and characterized as CD3+, CD4+ cells expressing the alpha/beta T cell receptor (TCR). Their lysis appears to reflect specific antigen recognition mediated via the CD3-TCR complex and interactions involving the CD4 receptor. Some of these “leukemic specific” T cell lines, which are restricted by HLA class II molecules, can also lyse occasional nonleukemic cells from certain unrelated donors. This recognition appears to involve crossreactive determinants shared by the leukemic cells and the unrelated allogeneic nonleukemic cells. These specific interactions may represent an in vitro model of the graft-versus- leukemia effect.
Semen parameters and fertilization of human oocytes in vitro: a multivariable analysis

Semen parameters in 195 couples undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer were studied using multivariable analysis. Semen parameters that correlated most closely with reduced ability to fertilize apparently mature oocytes were a slow rate of foreward progression of sperm and the presence of excess numbers of white cells in semen. In men with semen parameters within the normal range, the hamster egg penetration assay (HEPA) test did not add additional predictive power. In men with suspected semen abnormalities, however, a low attachment rating added some, but minimal, predictive value. None of the predictive methods reported thus far in this or other studies offers sufficient accuracy to reliably identify the men who will prove infertile for in vitro fertilization treatment.
Clinical and Histologic Features of Lichenoid Mucocutaneous Eruptions Due to Anti-Programmed Cell Death 1 and Anti-Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Immunotherapy.

Importance Antagonist antibodies to programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) have shown remarkable activity in multiple tumor types. Recent US Food and Drug Administration approval of such agents for advanced melanoma, non–small cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma has hastened the need to better characterize their unique toxicity profiles. Objective To provide a clinical and pathologic description of the lichenoid mucocutaneous adverse effects seen in patients receiving anti–PD-1/PD-L1 treatment. Design, Setting, and Participants Patients with advanced cancer who were referred to dermatology at Yale–New Haven Hospital, a tertiary care hospital, after developing cutaneous adverse effects while receiving an anti–PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody therapy either as monotherapy or in combination with another agent were identified. Medical records from 2010 to 2015 and available skin biopsy specimens were retrospectively reviewed. Main Outcomes and Measures Patient demographic characteristics, concurrent medications, therapeutic regimen, type of disease, previous oncologic therapies, clinical morphology of cutaneous lesions, treatment of rash, peripheral blood eosinophil count, tumor response, and skin histologic characteristics if biopsies were available. Results Patients were 13 men and 7 women, with a mean (range) age of 64 (46-86) years. The majority of cases (16 [80%]) had a clinical morphology consisting of erythematous papules with scale in a variety of distributions. Biopsies were available from 17 patients; 16 (94%) showed features of lichenoid interface dermatitis. Eighteen patients were treated with topical corticosteroids, and only 1 patient required discontinuation of anti–PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Only 4 of 20 patients (20%) developed peripheral eosinophilia. Sixteen patients (80%) were concurrently taking medications that have been previously reported to cause lichenoid drug eruptions. Conclusions and Relevance Papular and nodular eruptions with scale, as well as mucosal erosions, with lichenoid features on histologic analysis were a distinct finding seen with anti–PD-1/PD-L1 therapies and were generally manageable with topical steroids. Concurrent medications may play a role in the development of this cutaneous adverse effect.
Improved Deconvolution of Protein Targets for Bioactive Compounds Using a Palladium Cleavable Chloroalkane Capture Tag

The benefits provided by phenotypic screening of compound libraries are often countered by difficulties in identifying the underlying cellular targets. We recently described a new approach utilizing a chloroalkane capture tag, which can be chemically attached to bioactive compounds to facilitate the isolation of their respective targets for subsequent identification by mass spectrometry. The tag minimally affects compound potency and membrane permeability, enabling target engagement inside cells. Effective enrichment of these targets is achieved through selectivity in both their rapid capture onto immobilized HaloTag and their subsequent release by competitive elution. Here, we describe a significant improvement to this method where selective elution was achieved through palladium-catalyzed cleavage of an allyl-carbamate linkage incorporated into the chloroalkane capture tag. Selective tag cleavage provided robust release of captured targets exhibiting different modes of binding to the bioactive compound,...