cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of pump fluctuations on second harmonic generation and parametric amplifications

The effect of phase and amplitude fluctuations of the pump wave on second harmonic generation and parametric amplification has been considered. Expressions for the intensity and linewidth have been obtained. In the incoherent regime, the second harmonic intensity is directly proportional to the interaction length (L) and its linewidth Δω2∼1/L. A noise pump is more effective in parametric amplification. The linewidth of the generated signal and idler waves decrease with increasing interaction length.
Ultra-high-resolution NMR. III. Performance of WALTZ-16 proton decoupling

In a recent report (1) we used the nonprotonated carbon of toluene to demonstrate the feasibility of ultra-high-resolution NMR. We achieved an instrumental broadening (Win) of as little as 6.6 mHz (1). However, a nonprotonated carbon does not place a severe requirement on proton decoupling efficiency. In this Communication we show that WALTZ16 proton decoupling, developed by Freeman and co-workers (2, 3), is an extraordinarily effective low-power proton decoupling method for ultra-high-resolution NMR. It should be noted that the experimental tests of WALTZ-16 performance reported by Shaka et al. (Fig. 3 of Ref. (2)) were done under conditions of 0.25 Hz line broadening and are therefore not necessarily indicative that WALTZ-16 is suitable for ultra-high-resolution NMR. We need a low-power decoupling method that yields 5 mHz or less residual broadening of r3C resonances for the whole typical range of ‘H chemical-shift offsets relative to the ‘H carrier frequency. Before the development of highly efficient low-power proton-decoupling methods in recent years it would have been impossible to obtain ultra-high-resolution 13C NMR spectra, for two reasons. First, even with high-power (b10 W) ‘H irradiation, older proton-decoupling schemes such as random-noise modulation (4) and square-wave modulation (5) left large residual unresolved 13C-‘H splittings. Second, we have found that even if the residual broadening had been absent, temperature gradients in the sample resulting from uneven sample heating by the high decoupling power would have caused enough of a chemical-shift gradient in the sample to nullify ultra-high resolution. Detailed measurements of temperature gradients as a function of gas flow rate, decoupling power, and other variables will be presented in a separate report. To determine the limits imposed by ‘H decoupling on the linewidths of 13C resonances under ultra-high-resolution conditions, we examine here the effect of offset of the ‘H carrier frequency on the linewidth of the methyl resonance of acetone (Fig. 1), recorded with WALTZ16 decoupling. The experiments were done on a slightly modified (I) Nicolet NT-200 NMR spectrometer at a 13C resonance frequency of 50.3 MHz, with a standard 12 mm probe and a sample volume of 4.2 ml. Standard singlepulse 13C excitation was used. A hard-wired WALTZ16 d&al control box, purchased from Bio-Magnetic Instruments of West Lafayette, Indiana, was used to create the required 180” phase shifts in the ‘H decoupler circuit of the Nicolet NT-200 NMR spectrometer. In our sample (see caption of Fig. 1) lJ& = 126.85 Hz and 4JCH = 1.50
Neoliberalism and Its Social-Movement Foes

Social Movements for Global Democracy. By Jackie Smith. MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. 299 pp., $25.00 paperback (ISBN-10: 0-8018-8744-5). Jackie Smith's book weaves tales about contemporary politics with hypotheses about interest-group power, humanistic ethics, and social-movement formation and tactics. Because Smith offers prescriptions, the book is politically engaging. A skillful college teacher might use Social Movements for Global Democracy to launch classroom debates over the role of social movements in international relations. More advanced scholars may find their memories of older theoretical debates piqued by the book's claims. Smith contends that today international politics can be understood as a ongoing struggle between two sets of local, national, and international formal and informal groups, which she calls the “neoliberal globalization network” and the “democratic globalization network.” They are not formally organized bodies with official leaders and doctrines. Rather, each network comprises groups that hold common views and priorities. The groups constituting neoliberal globalization network place profit maximization ahead of other goals and for the most part believe in the beneficial consequences of free trade. Members of the democratic globalization network espouse a lifestyle that Smith sometimes calls “personalism” (p. 126–129) and pursue aims, such as peace, ecological sustainability, and universal health care, which she classifies as “non-consumerist” (p. 26, pp. 81–88, pp. 150–152). Smith alternates between being a poet and a social scientist. She sometimes says that the notion of network is a convenient …
Scaling applications in fire research

The principles for scaling fire phenomena are examined from the dimensionless groups derived from the governing differential equations. A review of the literature shows examples of where correlations have been successfully developed for a wide range of fire phenomena in terms of the significant dimensionless groups. Scaling techniques based on Froude modeling, pressure modeling and analog modeling are described and illustrated. The use of small geometric models ranging from fire plumes to enclosure fires are illustrated by many examples.
Policy restrictiveness and police pursuits

Police officers frequently receive criticism for excessive use of force and, at times, the criticism becomes litigation. The use of excessive force is manifest in areas such as the unauthorized use of firearms and the videotaped and much publicized beating of motorist Rodney King. However, recently police scholars and practitioners have come to realize that the use of police vehicle pursuits also have the potential to become deadly force. This issue is appearing with increasing frequency and it has resulted in the case of Sacramento County et al. v. Lewis being appealed to and decided by the US Supreme Court. This article analyzes the consequences of police departments having more, or less, restrictive policies in regard to police vehicle pursuits. Different elements of policy restrictiveness also are examined.
Determination of S−H Bond Strengths in Dimolybdenum Tetrasulfide Complexes

Homolytic solution bond dissociation free energies (SBDFE) for S−H bonds have been determined for soluble dimolybdenum tetrasulfide complexes through thermochemical cycles using electrochemical potentials and pKa values in acetonitrile. In spite of the importance and extensive use of metal sulfide catalysts, these S−H bond strengths are among the first experimentally determined values for metal sulfide systems. For [Cp*Mo(μ-S)(μ-SMe)2(μ-SH)MoCp*]+ (S4Me2H+), [Cp*Mo(μ-S)(μ-SMe)(μ-SH)2MoCp*]+ (S4MeH2+), and [Cp*Mo(μ-S)(μ-SH)3MoCp*]+ (S4H3+), the pKa values were determined to be 5.6 ± 0.4, 5.3 ± 0.3, and 4.9 ± 0.3, respectively. The E1/2 values for S4Me2•+/o, S4MeH•+/o, and S4H2•+/o were measured to be −0.02 ± 0.02, +0.04 ± 0.05, and +0.07 ± 0.07 V vs FeCp2+/o, respectively. Using these experimental values, the homolytic S−H SBDFE for S4Me2H+ to S4Me2•+, S4MeH2+ to S4MeH•+, and S4H3+ to S4H2•+ were determined to be 60.8 ± 1.0, 61.8 ± 1.6, and 61.9 ± 2.0 kcal/mol, respectively. These SBDFE values can be used ...
Sheathed-flow hydrogen atmosphere flame ionization detector for gas chromatography

Abstract A new design of the hydrogen atmosphere flame ionization detector is presented that involves a sheathed flow of gases. Consumption of hydrogen is reduced by an order of magnitude compared to earlier designs without compromising significantly the sensitivity and selectivity. Linear dynamic range calibrations and molar response factors as a function of hydrogen flow are presented for iron, carbon, lead and tin. Analysis of fish tissue spiked with 135 ppb (10 9 ) (as tin) each of tetra- n -propyl tin, tri- n -butyl tin hydride and tetra- n -butyl tin demonstrates analytical utility.
Melanin and the rapid light-evoked responses from pigment epithelium cells of the frog eye.

Abstract All three phases of the pigment cell response in the frog eye have spectral response curves which are essentially flat through the major portion of the visible range. Thus all three phases appear to be mediated by a single photopigment which is a form of melanin. Similar responses have been found from the whole eyes of pigmented rats after strong light adaptation, while superficially similar responses from albino rat eyes appear due to a residual early receptor potential. Intensity functions obtained with laser stimuli indicate that all components of the pigment cell response increase linearly with light intensity, and provide evidence that the first phase contains two subcomponents. The time course of the first phase is found to be somewhat slower than that of the stimulus.
Interactions of enantiomers of 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-fluorocytidine with wild type and M184V mutant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

Abstract Both the β- d -(+) and β- l -(−)-enantiomers of 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxy-5-fluorocytidine (D4FC) are clinically relevant compounds because of their potent anti-HIV and anti-HBV activities. Cross-resistance to l -D4FC with HBV containing a mutation in the conserved polymerase YMDD region has been observed. In order to better understand the effects of stereochemistry on planar 5-fluorinated cytidine analogs and to gain insight into resistance caused by YMDD mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), a combination of transient kinetic studies and computer modeling were employed. In contrast to studies with the (+) and (−) isomers of 3TC-TP and FTC-TP, it was found that wild type RT had a high enantiomeric selectivity between the d -(+) and l -(−) isomers of D4FC-TP. While no resistance was conferred by the methionine 184 to valine mutation to d -D4FC-TP, l -D4FC-TP was incorporated 50- to 70-fold less efficiently. The kinetic parameters of incorporation in the presence of l -D4FC-TP by RTWT and the mechanism of resistance by RTM184V were found to be distinct from those seen with the corresponding l -isomers containing an oxathiolane ring: (−)-3TC-TP and (−)-FTC-TP. Molecular modeling suggests that l - and d -D4FC-TP are positioned in the active site favorably for incorporation by RTWT and that l -D4FC-TP, but not d -D4FC-TP, is sterically hindered by the addition of a β branched amino acid at position 184 of RTM184V.
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and the kidney

During the last two decades, numerous studies have demonstrated that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) diminish the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although these studies have focused primarily on the ability of statins to lower circulating levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, more recent research has shown that statins may protect the vasculature via pleiotropic effects not directly related to lipid lowering. These include adjustments in cell-signaling pathways that play a role in atherogenesis and that affect the expression of inflammatory elements, curtail oxidative stress, and enhance endothelial function. More recently, researchers have begun to explore whether these agents exert similar beneficial effects in renal parenchymal and renovascular disease. This review examines the available evidence that dyslipidemia may augment the inflammatory reaction of cytokines in patients with renal disease and that statins may improve renal dysfunction by altering the response of the kidney to dyslipidemia, even in persons with end-stage renal disease on dialysis or with renal transplantation. In this context, some data suggest that statin-mediated alterations in inflammatory responses and endothelial function may reduce proteinuria and the rate of progression of kidney disease.
Recommendations for Educational Reform in the United States

ABSTRACT This article suggests that the United States educational system needs significant changes. The goal of the article is to present a basic educational philosophy that would facilitate this reform. Specifically, education should be viewed as not only a means to an end that teaches basic skills for employment, but also as a process that enhances social development and self-actualization. Recommendations are offered to achieve this important goal.
Quantitative study of electrophoretic and electroosmotic enhancement during alternating current iontophoresis across synthetic membranes

One of the primary safety and tolerability limitations of direct current iontophoresis is the potential for electrochemical burns associated with the necessary current densities and/or application times required for effective treatment. Alternating current (AC) transdermal iontophoresis has the potential to eliminate electrochemical burns that are frequently observed during direct current transdermal iontophoresis. Although it has been demonstrated that the intrinsic permeability of skin can be increased by applying low-to-moderate AC voltages, transdermal transport phenomena and enhancement under AC conditions have not been systematically studied and are not well understood. The aim of the present work was to study the fundamental transport mechanisms of square-wave AC iontophoresis using a synthetic membrane system. The model synthetic membrane used was a composite Nuclepore membrane. AC frequencies ranging from 20 to 1000 Hz and AC fields ranging from 0.25 to 0.5 V/membrane were investigated. A charged permeant, tetraethyl ammonium, and a neutral permeant, arabinose, were used. The transport studies showed that flux was enhanced by increasing the AC voltage and decreasing AC frequency. Two theoretical transport models were developed: one is a homogeneous membrane model; the other is a heterogeneous membrane model. Experimental transport data were compared with computer simulations based on these models. Excellent agreement between model predictions and experimental data was observed when the data were compared with the simulations from the heterogeneous membrane model.
Inherent Structures in the NaCl−CsCl System at the Boundary between Crystallization and Glass Formation†

Inherent structures give insight into the structural changes that accompany the glass transition. Here, we present data on the energetics and configurations of inherent structures for various compositions in the NaCl−CsCl system, which are dominated by long-range ionic interactions. By choosing these compositions so as to achieve both crystallization and glass formation for a given system, the two types of structural developments can be contrasted. We evaluate the glass formation process for systems cooled at constant pressure on the basis of the temperature dependence of the inherent structure energies and inherent structure pressures. We find a minimum in the pressure−volume relation for the inherent structures obtained for isobarically cooled configurations, which closely tracks the glass transition of the simulated system. We also compare the inherent structure energies resulting from cooling under constant-volume conditions with those resulting from constant-pressure cooling. The pressure−volume work...
Staying power in sequential games

Staying power is the ability of a player to hold off choosing a strategy in a two-person game until the other player has selected his, after which the players are assumed to be able to move and countermove sequentially to ensure their best possible outcomes before the process cycles back to the initial outcome and then repeats itself (‘rational termination’). These rules of sequential play induce a determinate, Paretosuperior outcome in all two-person, finite, sequential games in which the preferences of the players are strict.
An exclusive-nor based on resonant interband tunneling FET's

We have proposed and demonstrated an XNOR device based on the negative differential resistance in a resonant interband tunneling diode and the current control capabilities of field effect transistors. DC and timing measurements have confirmed the operations of the device. Simulations and discussions will be presented.
Fabrication of infrared antennas using electron-beam lithography

The methods of fabricating infrared antennas using electron beam lithography will be investigated. For this purpose, a process using a bi-layer lift off process and a single layer of resist has been developed. The bi-layer lift off process used allowed for antenna arm resolution of 200nm. The single layer resist process enhanced the resolution of the antenna arms to 90nm by using a Chlorine based reactive ion etcher with Chrome as an etch mask. An alignment scheme using a set of global and local marks allowed for an overlay accuracy of 25nm. An improved process was developed to further improve device yield and uniformity of the infrared detectors by sputtering the bolometer and using an oxygen descum to remove residual resist between antenna and bolometer. Two separate methods of fabrication of air-bridge microstrip antenna-coupled microbolometers using both a critical point dryer and an isotropic reactive ion etcher will also be introduced.
Low-accommodation detrital apron alongside a basement uplift, Pennsylvanian of Midcontinent North America

Abstract The northern end of the 650-km-long Nemaha Uplift (Nebraska and Kansas, USA) is an important example of basin-margin sedimentation in the North American Midcontinent. An apron of coarse, basal Pennsylvanian arkosic clastic sediments (BPC) was deposited on the flanks of the uplift while marine cyclothems were encroaching from the east. Small-scale fining-upward intervals, many with demonstrably erosional bases, dominate the BPC and are interpreted as overridingly fluvial in origin. Weak paleosols, desiccation cracks, and reddened intervals in the BPC record episodic subaerial exposure. Multiple, burrowed horizons and heterolithic strata of probable tidal origin and rare marine fossils also indicate episodic marine influence. The BPC appear to have been deposited as a thin apron of coalesced, alluvial fans and fan deltas. Deposition of the BPC occurred during the waning of uplift and subsequent quiescence. The comparative thinness and large-scale packaging of the BPC are compatible with the controlling effects of relict relief, regional subsidence, and eustasy, rather than ongoing, major vertical displacements along active faults. A strong autocyclic influence on sedimentation is evidenced by stacked fining-upward intervals of poorly-sorted conglomerates, sandstones, and sandy mudstones. Correlations demonstrate that the accumulation of the BPC took place over more than seven major sea-level cycles, beginning in Cherokee Group times (middle Moscovian/middle Pennsylvanian) and ending only when the eroded uplift was inundated and buried by marine cyclothems. On the basis of local correlations with marine cyclothems, and using black phosphatic shales (so-called “core shales” of Heckel, P.H., 1986. Sea-level surve for Pennsylvanian eustatic marine transgressive-regressive depositional cycles along Midcontinent outcrop belt, North America: Geology 14, 330-334., Heckel, P.H., 1994. Evaluation of evidence for glacio-eustatic control over marine Pennsylvanian cyclothems in North America and correlation of possible tectonic effects. In: Dennison, J.M., Ettensohn, F.R. (Eds.), Tectonic and Eustatic Controls on Sedimentary Cycles, SEPM Concepts in Sedimentology and Paleontology No. 4, pp. 5-87) as marker beds, we speculate that the BPC exist in backstepping sequences and/or parasequences alongside the flanks of the Nemaha Uplift. The BPC are lithologically comparable to contemporaneous deposits alongside the Ancestral Rockies, Amarillo–Wichita Uplift, and other buried basement highs in North America. Nonetheless, the BPC are an order of magnitude thinner, are dominantly retrogradational, rather than progradational, and their occurrence was not associated with major displacements along basin-bounding faults. In this manner, the BPC are a useful example of low-accommodation, eustasy-dominated, coarse-grained terrigenous clastic deposition around an uplifted basement block.
Modified method of perturbed stationary states. IV. Electron-capture cross sections for the reaction C/sup 6 +/+H(1s). -->. C/sup 5 +/(n,l)+H/sup +/

Previously reported ten-state perturbed stationary-state calculations for ${\mathrm{C}}^{6+}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{H}(1s)$ collisions are extended by increasing the basis to include all molecular states correlating to the principal levels $n=3,4, \mathrm{and} 5$ of the final ${\mathrm{C}}^{5+}(\mathrm{nlm})$ atomic ion. This allows cross sections to be computed for the angular momentum sublevels, $l$, of each of the above $n$. The H-atom energy range extends from 13 eV to 27 keV. Adiabatic calculations are done for energies below 1.3 keV, and partially diabatic calculations are done at higher energies. The inclusion of states with magnetic quantum number $m\ensuremath{\ge}2$ in the new basis leads to significant increases in the $n=5$ capture cross section even at rather low energies. Two translational factors, which depend on the internuclear separation, are employed in the construction of the scattering basis. One is used for the state which correlates to $\mathrm{H}(1s)$; the other is used for all states correlating to states of ${\mathrm{C}}^{5+}$. For purposes of comparison, cross sections are also computed for the same scattering basis, with the use of the method of Bates and McCarroll and the method of Piacentini and Salin. The heavy-particle motion is treated semiclassically, with the use of Riley's average approximation at energies below 1.3 keV and the straight-line impact-parameter method at higher energies. As in the ten-state calculations, it is shown that adiabatic and diabatic formulations lead to rather different values for the cross sections at the higher energies. The results are compared with the experimental and theoretical cross sections obtained by other researchers.
A study of cell survival in mammalian cells exposed to spatially correlated triads of protons.

Cellular survival results for late-S Chinese hamster V79 cells exposed to triads of protons of variable mean separations are reported. The data are analyzed within the framework of the Theory of Dual Radiation Action [8]. This analysis provides a new estimation of the function γ(x) representing the probability of two energy transfers separated by the distancex to produce a lesion. In agreement with an earlier study [6] involving pairs of deuterons, it is concluded that:a) the process of lesion formation depends strongly on the relative separation of energy deposition events, andb) intratrack and intertrack lesions correspond to substantially different separations of pairwise energy transfers.
The behavioral function of feeding problems as assessed by the questions about behavioral function (QABF)

Differences in subscale scores on the questions about behavioral function (QABF) were assessed for participants identified with pica, rumination, food stealing, food refusal, and mealtime behavior problems (e.g., aggression, self-injurious behavior). The QABF was administered to informants for 125 individuals identified with problematic feeding behaviors and mental retardation primarily in the severe to profound range. Results of the nonparametric analyses yielded significant differences across the escape, nonsocial, physical, and tangible subscales of the QABF. Behavior functions most commonly associated with problematic feeding behaviors were identified. The results extend upon previous literature describing behavioral function of feeding problems for those with mental retardation.
Premature Thelarche in Infants and Toddlers: Prevalence, Natural History and Environmental Determinants

Abstract Study Objective The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence of premature thelarche in infant and toddler girls and to determine if environmental sources of estrogen were associated with early breast development. Design Observational with mixed methods: Retrospective chart review, cross-sectional component involving an interview survey, along with longitudinal follow-up of girls with thelarche up to six months. Setting A general pediatric clinic within a teaching hospital located in a large Midwestern city. Participants Girls, between the ages of 12 and 48 months, and their mothers, presenting for well-child care. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of premature thelarche; association of premature thelarche with selected environmental exposures. Results Among the 318 subjects, the overall prevalence of premature thelarche was measured at 4.7% (n = 15). The prevalence by race/ethnicity was 4.2% among White Non-Hispanics, 4.6% among Blacks and 6.5% among White Hispanics. The peak prevalence occurred between 12–17 months of age. All thelarche cases were Tanner stage 2. No statistically significant relationship was found between premature thelarche and environmental exposures. Upon follow-up, 44% of the cases of premature thelarche had persistent breast development. Conclusions Our study demonstrated a higher prevalence of premature thelarche than has been previously reported. This study lacked power because of the small number of premature thelarche cases, the ubiquitous presence of environmental exposure as well as the potentially small effect of each environmental factor. Future studies need to employ a very large sample in order to accurately analyze the relationship between environmental toxicants and premature thelarche.
Statistics in Middle Management

This paper is about the use of simple statistical techniques by middle management in the solution of day-to-day problems. It is based almost entirely on term papers prepared by students in the statistics course of the Executive Program at the School of Business of the University of Chicago in 1952, 1953, and 1954.
Well-defined diblock brush polymer–drug conjugates for sustained delivery of paclitaxel

Using the 3rd generation Grubbs’ catalyst as the initiator, diblock brush polymer drug conjugates (BPDCs) were synthesized by sequential ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based norbornene (NB)-functionalized macromonomer and a hydrophobic paclitaxel (PTXL)-based NB-functionalized monomer. These amphiphilic diblock BPDCs had well-defined structures, with narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn = 1.10–1.16). They self-assembled into multi-molecular nanostructures in aqueous solutions. Although the PTXL moieties were connected to the backbone with cycloacetal-based conjugation linkages, the cleavage of these linkages from the assemblies of diblock BPDCs was relatively slow and exhibited limited acid-sensitivity, indicating a significant influence of the macromolecular structure and assembly of BPDCs on their drug release behaviour. The cytotoxicity study not only showed that the diblock BPDCs are therapeutically effective against cancer cells, but also revealed a correlation between cytotoxicity and grafting structures of BPDCs. In summary, the results obtained in this work provide new insight into the structure-dependent properties of brush polymer-based drug delivery systems.
The use of group transfer polymerization for the control of polymethacrylate molecular structure

The synthesis of polymethacrylates by a repeated silyl Michael addition reaction (GTP)a allows one to control the molecular weight of the polymer by adjusting the monomer/initator ratio. A small amount of cyclic termination occurs but in general low molecular weight dispersity is obtained. Block polymers can be made by sequential addition of monomer. Functionality present on the ketene acetal portion of the initiator will be on one end of each polymer chain. Star polymers result from crosslinking active polymer with a bismethacrylate. Initiation of bismethacrylate with bisinitiator gives a ladder polymer.
Blonde and blue‐eyed? Globalizing beauty, c.1945–c.19801

This article examines the globalization of the beauty industry between 1945 and 1980. This industry grew quickly. Firms employed marketing and marketing strategies to diffuse products and brands internationally, despite business, economic, and cultural obstacles to globalization. The process was difficult and complex. The globalization of toiletries proceeded faster than cosmetics, skin care, and hair care. By 1980, strong differences remained among consumer markets. Although American influence was strong, it was already evident that globalization had not resulted in the creation of a stereotyped American blonde and blue-eyed female beauty ideal as the world standard, although it had significantly narrowed the range of variation in beauty and hygiene ideals.
Contact points and flash points: Conceptualizing the use of justice mechanisms in the performance appraisal interview

Abstract There has been a great deal of performance evaluation research, but little has been directed toward understanding subordinate responses to this process and developing ways to manage these responses. In contrast, the justice literature has identified mechanisms that directly influence recipient responses to organizational decisions. The present paper attempts to integrate justice theory and research into the performance appraisal interview. A conceptual model is presented that examines the relationship between three key justice mechanisms in the performance appraisal interview. Propositions are presented regarding the influence of these mechanisms using contact points (episodes where justice mechanisms are expected) and flash points (combinations of justice mechanisms that might lead to problems) as a basis for understanding how justice works in this context. Research is recommended to test these propositions. Implications for conducting performance appraisal interviews are discussed.
Review: Thyroid function in psychiatric illness

The development of highly sensitive immunometric assays for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) has provided increased understanding of thyroid hormone regulation but, paradoxically, has contributed to a kaleidoscopic complexity of thyroid function test variability in hospitalized patients with nonthyroidal illness (NTI). In primary hypothyroidism, an elevated TSH is the most sensitive chemical index available, although early cases may show a hyperresponse of TSH to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation when the TSH is still within the normal range. The ability of the new TSH assays to discriminate between normal and low levels now allows the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis to be confirmed by a suppressed TSH in the presence of elevated serum thyroxine (T4) and/or triiodothyronine (T3). The TRH stimulation test is virtually obsolete for the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis but remains of much interest in the investigation of psychiatric syndromes. Approximately 25% of patients with depression have a blunted TSH response (a rise of less than 5 microU/mL) that differs from thyrotoxicosis, wherein the TSH response is suppressed under 1 microU/mL. The cause of the blunted TSH is uncertain but is not due to hyperthyroidism. In contrast, close to 15% may have a TSH hyperresponse to TRH and/or elevated antithyroid antibodies. Thyroid hormone treatment may benefit the depression in some of these cases. In the sick thyroid state of nonthyroidal illness, a low T3 level is the initial manifestation. In more severe cases, the T4 also falls, the free T4 level in this situation is variable, both normal and low levels being reported from different laboratories. A diagnosis of hypothyroidism requiring treatment with thyroid hormone therapy is unlikely unless there is a concomitant lowfree T4 and elevated TSH in a patient who is not in the process of recovery. In acute psychiatric admissions, there is a high frequency of hyperthyroxinemia. The TSH in these cases is generally either normal or high, suggesting central activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. In most instances, the thyroid function tests normalize within 2 weeks, and treatment directed toward the thyroid gland is not indicated. Suppressed TSH levels, usually associated with a normal free T4, has also been described in such patients. Finally, various medications utilized in psychiatric practice have diverse effects on thyroid function and can cause diagnostic difficulty. These include lithium, phenytoin sodium, and carbamazepine, and their effects are reviewed.
Moving Beyond the “Get it or Don’t” Conception of Formative Assessment:

This article proposes a model of formative assessment grounded in Vygotsky’s theory of concept formation and argues that this model can provide a useful framework for facilitating a beginning teacher’s continued learning. The model is used to argue that beginning teachers need to know how to recognize, describe, and use students’ prior knowledge not only in terms of whether students get the academic concept but also in terms of the valuable, experience-based aspects of what students do know. The author demonstrates the model’s utility by describing the results of a 3-year classroom research study on preservice teachers’ conceptions of students’ prior knowledge and formative assessment. A “get it or don’t” conception was commonly used by preservice teachers and was found to have serious impacts on their instructional practices. The article concludes by exploring the potential of a theory-enhanced model of formative assessment for teacher educators’ own instructional practices.
Development of Peptide Mimics of a Protective Epitope of Vibrio cholerae Ogawa O-antigen and Investigation of the Structural Basis of Peptide Mimicry

As an alternative approach toward the development of a cholera vaccine, the potential of peptide mimics of Vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to elicit cross-reactive immune responses against LPS was investigated. Two closely related protective monoclonal antibodies, S-20-4 and A-20-6, which are specific for Ogawa O-antigen (O-specific polysaccharide; O-SP) of V. cholerae O1, were used as the target antibodies (Abs) to pan phage display libraries under different elution conditions. Six phage clones identified from S-20-4 panning showed significant binding to both S-20-4 and A-20-6. Thus, it is likely that these phage-displayed peptides mimic an important conformational epitope of Ogawa antigens and are not simply functionally recognized by S-20-4. Each of the six phage clones that could bind to both monoclonal antibodies also competed with LPS for binding to S-20-4, suggesting that the peptides bind close to the paratope of the Ab. In order to predict how these peptide mimics interact with S-20-4 compared with its carbohydrate counterpart, one peptide mimic, 4P-8, which is one of the highest affinity binders and shares motifs with several other peptide mimics, was selected for further studies using computer modeling methods and site-directed mutagenesis. These studies suggest that 4P-8 is recognized as a hairpin structure that mimics some O-SP interactions with S-20-4 and also makes unique ligand interactions with S-20-4. In addition, 4P-8-KLH was able to elicit anti-LPS Abs in mice, but the immune response was not vibriocidal or protective. However, boosting with 4P-8-KLH after immunizing with LPS prolonged the LPS-reactive IgG and IgM Ab responses as well as vibriocidal titers and provided a much greater degree of protection than priming with LPS alone.
The role of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase in transcriptional regulation of the hypoxia marker carbonic anhydrase IX.

In the present study, we investigated the role of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) in regulation of the hypoxia marker, carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX). U0126, a specific inhibitor of MEK1/2, downregulated CAIX expression induced by true hypoxia and cell density. CA9 promoter activity was similarly affected. Mapping of the U0126 effect revealed that both critical elements within the CA9 promoter, the hypoxia response element and the juxtaposed SP1-binding PR1, were inhibited. This confirmed that ERK signaling modulates CA9 promoter activity via its effects on hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and SP1. Further analysis of the U0126 effect on HIF-1-dependent transcription in MCF-7 cells identified p300, a transcriptional co-activator of HIF-1, as the target of ERK. Constitutively increased ERK activity in isogenic fibrosarcoma cell lines did not cause increased cell density-dependent CAIX expression/CA9 promoter activity. In HeLa cells, an inverse correlation between cell density-induced CAIX expression and ERK activation was observed: sparse cultures did not express CAIX and displayed high ERK activation, whereas CAIX expression in dense cultures was associated with low ERK activation. Collectively, our data do not support any quantitative relationship between ERK activation and CAIX expression. Thus, although ERK signaling is required for optimal CAIX expression, our data are consistent with a model in which constitutive basal ERK activity plays an auxiliary role in CA9 promoter transactivation by modulating activity of the transcription factor SP1 and the transcriptional co-activator p300. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Characterization of orientation state of carbon nanotubes in shear flow

To characterize and understand carbon nanotube (CNT) orientation state in thermoset composite processing, we surface treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and suspended them in vinyl ester resin. The surface treatment prevented clustering of the nanotubes and maintained homogeneously separate nanotubes in the suspension ensuring good dispersion quality. The suspension was subjected to shear flow in a micro channel, a nano channel and across a micro cylinder. transmission electron microscope (TEM) was employed to characterize the position of the nanotubes at various locations in the suspension. Second order orientation tensor description was used to describe the MWNT orientations in these flow fields in the 2-D plane. The degree of MWNT alignment was found to increase with increasing shear. However, we did not observe near perfect alignment, as one would expect in case of short fiber suspensions. Although MWNTs diameter is of the order of nanometers, we show by an order of magnitude analysis that Brownian motion is not significant. The MWNT orientations are maintained even after the shear force is discontinued.
Effect of testosterone administration on rates of ethanol elimination in hypogonadal patients

Abstract Rates of ethanol elimination were determined in four hypogonadal subjects at one week and again at eight weeks after the administration of one dose of 200 mg of testosterone cypionate (Depo-testosterone). Ethanol elimination was unchanged in two patients, slightly decreased in one, and markedly increased in one patient at eight weeks as compared to one week after testosterone administration. In the three patients with little or no change in ethanol elimination, initial high levels of plasma-free testosterone, ranging from 445.0 to 3.8 ng/dl did not decrease to abnormally low levels, but ranged between 1.6 and 7.7 ng/dl (normal, 1.20–2.10 ng/dl). In the fourth patient, an increase in ethanol elimination from 86.6 to 107.4 mg/kg body weight/hr was associated with a decrease in plasma-free testosterone from a high level of 4.7 to 0.8 ng/dl. These results indicate that pharmacological plasma concentration of testosterone do not affect the rate of ethanol elimination. A suppressing effect of testosterone on rate of ethanol elimination may occur at levels of plasma-free testosterone which extend from abnormally low up into the normal physiologic range.
Root growth as a function of ammonium and nitrate in the root zone

We examined the effect of soil NH4+ and NO3− content upon the root systems of field-grown tomatoes, and the influence of constant, low concentrations of NH4+ or NO3− upon root growth in solution culture. In two field experiments, few roots were present in soil zones with low extractable NH4+ or NO3−; they increased to a maximum in zones having 2μg-N NO3− g−1 soil and 6 μg-N NO3= g−1 soil, but decreased in zones having higher NH4+ or NO3− levels. Root branching was relatively insensitive to available mineral nitrogen. Plants maintained in solution culture at constant levels of NH4+ or NO3−, had similar shoot biomass, but all root parameters – biomass, length, branching and area – were greater under NH4 nutrition than under NO3−. These results suggest that the size of root system depends on a functional equilibrium between roots and shoots (Brouwer 1967) and on the balance between soil NH4+ and NO3−.
Cryo-cooled sapphire oscillator with mechanical compensation

We present test results for a short-term frequency standard, 40 K Compensated Sapphire Oscillator (CSO). Included are measured resonator Q values, cryocooler vibration data, silver spacer construction process, and copper wall sensitivity. The 40 K CSO design goals are a frequency stability of 1/spl times/10/sup -14/ ( 1 second /spl les/ /spl tau/ /spl les/ 100 seconds), a year or more continuous operation, and a compact rack-mount configuration. The 40 K CSO bridges the gap of two previous technologies: 10 K CSO and 77 K CSO. In particular, the 10 K CSO incorporated a Gifford-McMahon type of cryocooler with no cryogens, while the 77 K CSO developed thermo-mechanical compensation operating at 80 K. The 40 K CSO can serve as an independent oscillator or as a "slaved" local oscillator controlled by atomic standards like the Hg ion trap, enabling their inherent performance.
Analysis of human endothelial cells and cortical neurons for susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and co-receptor expression.

Neuronal cell death is believed to be the underlying cause of neurological diseases and AIDS dementia often seen in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients. The means by which HIV inva...
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON HEALTH STATE UTILITIES ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and is associated with significant clinical and economic burden. Utilities reflect individuals’ preferences for different health outcomes and are used to understand health state burden and to generate quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) for use
Filter based directory replication and caching

This paper describes a novel filter based replication model for lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) directories. Instead of replicating entire subtrees from the directory information tree (DIT), only entries matching a filter specification are replicated Advantages of the filter based replication framework over existing subtree based mechanisms have been demonstrated for a real enterprise directory using real workloads.
The role of dissolved organic matter release in the productivity of the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean

Based on a long-term set of observations and measurements at a station in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean, it now appears that contemporaneous rates of primary production in low-nutrient open ocean regions and perhaps in the ocean as a whole may be greater than had been considered in field studies conducted in previous decades. Data collected at the Hawaii Ocean Time-Series (HOT) Station ALOHA from October 1988 to July 1997 indicate that daytime particulate organic carbon (POC) production, based on 12-h 14C in situ incubations, averages 472 mg C m−2 d−1 (SD = 125 mg C m−2 d−1; n = 70). This carbon production rate is two- to three-fold greater than most of the pre-1980 estimates. We present evidence that particulate production rates may have been overestimated by up to 30% as a result of 14C-labeled dissolved organic carbon (14C-DOC) adsorption onto glass fiber filters. More importantly, when one considers the 14C-DOC that is produced but not adsorbed onto the filters, gross primary production rates (14C-POC plus 14C-DOC) in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean may approach 1 g C m−2 d−1. We hypothesize that the large flux of 14C-DOC may be a manifestation of decade-scale habitat changes resulting from variations in climate. The balance between POC and DOC production will ultimately influence the structure of the food web, especially the interactions of phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacterial populations, and the mechanisms and rates of carbon sequestration by the biological pump.
Toward a Psychological Science of Advanced Technology Design for Older Adults

TECHNOLOGY represents advances in knowledge that change the way humans perform tasks. Ideally, technology will make the task easier, more efficient, safer, or perhaps more pleasurable. Unfortunately, new technologies can sometimes make a task more difficult, slower, dangerous, or perhaps more frustrating. Older adults interact with a variety of technologies in the course of their daily activities. In a diary study wherein older adults logged all of their interactions with technology for a 10 day period, O’Brien (2009) found that the average number of technology interactions reported by individuals aged 65–75 years was 190 for individuals preclassified as “low-technology users” (i.e., who self-reported using a low number of common technologies). The average number of technology interactions was 301 for a preclassified group of older individuals who were “high-technology users.” Participants were asked to focus on technology interactions that involved electronics in some way; their reports included radios, microwave ovens, computers, exercise equipment, home security, answering machines, and more. They also reported frustrations, failures, and coping strategies—this is where psychological science can have an impact. Psychology has much to offer to the design of technology—from understanding what people need, to identifying their preferences for design characteristics, and to defining their capabilities and limitations that will influence technology interactions. Our goal in this article is to identify how research in the field of psychology and aging has advanced understanding of technology interactions. We describe technology use by older adults to elucidate myths and realities. We discuss recent trends in the field and the current “state-of-the-science” regarding aging and technology interactions. Finally, we introduce the future—technologies on the horizon that are very different from desk-top computers. These developments must be informed by psychological science if they are going to improve the lives of older adults. Throughout we highlight future research needs.
Recreational Travel Fatalities in US National Parks

BACKGROUND: Injuries are a public health problem affecting traveling populations such as tourists visiting National Parks. This study investigates the distribution of visitor fatalities in US National Park Service (NPS) units and identifies the predeath activities and contributing factors associated with them. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of visitor fatalities from all NPS units during 2003 and 2004. RESULTS: There were 356 reported fatalities during 2003 and 2004. Fatalities were most common during the summer months and on weekends. Males accounted for 75% of the reported fatalities, and visitors aged 20 to 29 and 50 to 59 years accounted for 51% of all deaths. Only 99 of 388 (26%) NPS units reported at least 1 fatality, and only 10 units reported 10 or more fatalities. However, these 10 units were responsible for 36% of all fatalities. Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Blue Ridge Parkway, Grand Canyon National Park, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and Yosemite National Park reported the highest number of fatalities. Domestic visitors accounted for 73% of the fatalities, and European visitors accounted for 13%. Transportation and water-based activities recorded the highest number of fatalities. Motor vehicle crashes accounted for 20% of fatalities and was followed by suicide (17%), swimming (11%), hiking (10%), plane crashes (9%), climbing (6%), and boating (5%) incidents. CONCLUSIONS: Fatalities in NPS units are not widespread and are related to more common events such as motor vehicle crashes, suicide, swimming, and hiking rather than exotic causes such as bears or other wildlife. It is recommended that preventive techniques first be developed in the 10 NPS units responsible for 36% of the total NPS-wide fatalities. Language: en