cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REVISION OF SOME COMMON CARBONIFEROUS GENERA OF NORTH AMERICAN ORTHOCERID NAUTILOIDS

Reading the voluminous lists of synonymy of the taxa described in this report, it may seem useless at first glance to add yet more descriptions and potentially continue an already confused situation. However, as taxonomists know, long lists of synonymy may indicate that certain taxa serve as a “garbage-can” for specimens which lack distinctive morphological features. An example of a “garbage-can taxon” is the pseudorthoceratid genus Mooreoceras Miller, Dunbar, and Condra, 1933, which originally was very broadly defined and therefore comprised about 40 species. Unfortunately, once the type of such a taxon with a very simple or “basic” morphology is widely known, repeatedly examples of poorly preserved specimens may be referred to it, thereby expanding it unnaturally, exemplifying the “garbage-can taxon” effect. In cephalopods, the orthocerid Michelinoceras Foerste, 1932 provides a good example. The type of the genus has been well known since the works of Ristedt (1968) and Serpagli and Gnoli (1977). Now the genus includes more than 180 species, which are, for the most part, established on very poorly preserved and very poorly known specimens. Thus, finding order in a “garbage-can taxon” may resemble the unending task of Sisyphus. Several species discussed in this paper have either been assigned to such broadly defined taxa or may even define the type of such a taxon. These species belong to the most common and widespread cephalopods in the Carboniferous of North America. They represent the characteristic Carboniferous orthocerids. Finally, one genus described herein, Pseudorthoceras Girty, 1911, is the type for the fairly well-known high-rank taxon Pseudorthocerataceae (see Sweet, 1964, p. K242). Consequently, a more realistic taxonomic placement of these taxa is of central interest not only for improved future work on orthocerids, but also for the understanding of the evolution of Carboniferous marine faunas in …
Chemosensory neurons with overlapping functions direct chemotaxis to multiple chemicals in C. elegans

The functions of the 11 classes of exposed chemosensory neurons of C. elegans were tested by killing cells with a laser microbeam. One pair of neurons, the ASE neurons, is uniquely important for chemotaxis: killing the ASE neurons greatly reduced chemotaxis to cAMP, biotin, Cl-, and Na+. Additional chemosensory function is distributed among several other cell types. Thus, 3 pairs of chemosensory neurons (ADF, ASG, and ASI) contribute to a residual response to cAMP, biotin, Cl-, and Na+ after ASE is killed. Chemotaxis to lysine similarly depends on the partly redundant functions of 4 pairs of chemosensory neurons (ASE, ASG, ASI, and ASK). The combined activity of several neuron types that act in parallel might increase the fidelity of chemotaxis.
Comparison of the internal energy deposition of direct analysis in real time and electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

The internal energy (Eint) distributions of a series of p-substituted benzylpyridinium ions generated by both direct analysis in real time (DART) and electrospray ionization (ESI) were compared using the “survival yield” method. DART mean Eint values at gas flow rates of 2, 4, and 6 L min−1, and at set temperatures of 175, 250, and 325 °C were in the 1.92–2.21 eV range. ESI mean Eint at identical temperatures in aqueous and 50% methanol solutions ranged between 1.71 and 1.96 eV, and 1.53 and 1.63 eV, respectively. Although the results indicated that ESI is a “softer” ionization technique than DART, there was overlap between the two techniques for the particular time-of-flight mass spectrometer used. As a whole, there was an increase in Eint with increasing reactive and drying gas temperatures for DART and ESI, respectively, indicating thermal ion activation. Three dimensional computational fluid dynamic simulations in combination with direct temperature measurements within the DART ionization region revealed complex inversely coupled fluid-thermal phenomena affecting ion Eint values during atmospheric transport. Primarily, that DART gas temperature in the ionization region was appreciably less than the set gas temperature of DART due to the set gas flow rates. There was no evidence of Eint deposition pathways from metastable-stimulated desorption, but fragmentation induced by high-energy helium metastables was observed at the highest gas flow rates and temperatures.
Development of Positive Feelings in Primiparous Mothers Toward Their Normal Newborns A Descriptive Study

Though mothers' development of positive feelings about their newborns is the first step in maternal attachment, little research has described factors which may influence the process. This descriptive study reports normative data for primiparous mothers with normal newborns. The authors interviewed 100 primiparous mothers on the postpartum ward within 72 hours after delivery at a community hospital to ascertain factors associated with the development of positive feelings. Over one third (39%) of mothers studied reported their first positive feeling during the prenatal period, 42 percent during birthing or the first day and 19 percent on the second or third day. A majority of mothers (70%) described their strong positive feelings toward their newborns (i.e., "love") as a sense of caring, commitment and concern. Several demographic, biological and environmental factors were associated with the development of first positive feelings in primiparous mothers. One half of mothers who planned to become pregnant developed positive feelings prenatally, while 57 percent of mothers who did not plan to become pregnant reported their first positive feelings during birth or the first day. Delay in first positive feelings until after the first day was associated with labor longer than 8 hours, disappointment with the "bonding" experience, breast-feeding, and high depressive symptoms.
Trichomonads from Poikilotherms: Nutritional and Physiological Notes*

SYNOPSIS. Several trichomonads from poikilotherms (Hypotrichomonas acosta, Monocercomonas colubrorum and M. sp., Trichomonas batrachorum, and Tritrichomonas augusta) grew in a nearly-defined medium to a level of 10–40% that permitted with media containing casein digests; T. augusta (4 strains) grew best. The defined medium contained TEM-4T (a semisynthetic fat based on beef-tallow fatty acids) and ascorbyl “palmitate” as sources of fatty acids. Besides ascorbyl palmitate, thiomalic and ascorbic acids, and tocopherol served as reducers and antioxidants. High concentrations of nucleotides (adenylic, cytidylic, guanylic, and uridylic acids) seemed necessary. Indigo carmine was a useful redox indicator; the flagellates never grew in the oxidized zone. Extra trace elements and amino acids or rich natural media permitted better growth at about 34.5°C—the upper temperature limit for these trichomonads, raising the issue of a biochemical basis of a thermal barrier to the invasion of warmblooded hosts. Except for the limited carbohydrate in the nucleotides, carbohydrate could be omitted, the main substrates being a combination of glycerol, acetate, and gylcero-phosphate, posing the question of the identity of the anaerobic, presumably non-glycolytic, energy-yielding pathway.
Carrying capacity for species richness as a context for conservation: a case study of North American breeding birds

Aim To demonstrate that the concept of carrying capacity for species richness (SK) is highly relevant to the conservation of biodiversity, and to estimate the spatial Methods We evaluated the leading hypotheses on biophysical factors affecting species richness for Breeding Bird Survey routes from areas with little influence of human activities. We then derived a best model based on information theory, and used this model to extrapolate SK across North America based on the biophysical predictor variables. The predictor variables included the latest and probably most accurate satellite and simulation-model derived products. Results The best model of SK included mean annual and inter-annual variation in gross primary productivity and potential evapotranspiration.This model explained 70% of the variation in landbird species richness. Geographically, predicted SK was lowestathigherlatitudesandinthearidwest,intermediateintheRockyMountains and highest in the eastern USA and the Great Lakes region of the USA and Canada. Main conclusions Areas that are high in SK but low in human density are high priorities for protection, and areas high in SK and high in human density are high priorities for restoration. Human density was positively related to SK, indicating that humans select environments similar to those with high bird species richness. Federal lands were disproportionately located in areas of low predicted SK.
The therapeutic potential of stem cells in the treatment of craniofacial abnormalities

Anomalies associated with the vertebrate head and face account for a third of all reported major birth defects. Of the principle cell populations that participate in formation of the craniofacial complex, the neural crest is central, generating much of the peripheral nervous system and constituting the predominant connective tissue-forming mesenchyme of the facial skeleton. Many craniofacial anomalies are, therefore, largely attributed to defects in neural crest cell development. Neural crest cells exhibit many of the features of stem cells; they are multipotent, remarkably plastic and have a limited capacity for self-renewal. This article will review recent studies that demonstrate the ability of stem cells to generate neural crest cell populations that form appropriate neural crest derivatives in the developing craniofacial complex, and will discuss the potential application for stem cells in the treatment of craniofacial disorders.
The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States: From Colonization to Abolition: Patterns of Historical Development in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States

BRAZIL Portuguese colonization of Brazil in the early sixteenth century was part of a long history of overseas expansion initiated in the early fifteenth century along the western coast of Africa. Portuguese merchants, often with ties to the crown, had established extensive seagoing commercial connections with the Islamic cultures of the North African Mediterranean dating from the thirteenth century. The Portuguese were skilled shipbuilders and ocean navigators, and through international trade they were well acquainted with a vast array of products from Asian spices such as cloves, peppers, and sugar to sub-Saharan gold and ivory. The techniques of sailing and navigating the comparatively difficult waters of the Atlantic were very different from those required to sail the Mediterranean. But during the fifteenth century, Portuguese sailors gradually became acquainted with the wind patterns and nuances of sailing into the Atlantic world. In 1415, the Portuguese conquest of Ceuta, an Islamic commercial center on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa, opened sailing routes southward along the West African coast. Exploration was gradual, and it was not until 1487 that the Portuguese reached the Cape of Good Hope and opened routes to Asia through the Indian Ocean. Although they had little success, or even interest, in penetrating the African interior, the Portuguese established a series of trading depots ( feitorias or factories) on key points along the coast. The purpose was to engage in trade for gold, ivory, slaves, and other products.
Avoidance of conspecific injury-released chemical cues by free-ranging Gammarus lacustris (Crustacea:Amphipoda).

Behavioral responses to chemical cues have been demonstrated for a range of aquatic animals. Injury-released chemical alarm cues from conspecifics are released when a prey's predator is actively foraging. Detection of these cues elicits antipredator behaviors that reduce the probability of predation. Amphipod crustaceans in the genus Gammarusare widespread denizens of ponds and streams. Antipredator responses by Gammarusto conspecific alarm cues, and subsequent reduction of predation risk, are known from experiments in the laboratory. Here, we verify laboratory findings by demonstrating an avoidance response to alarm cues using a field population of G. lacustris.We used small traps baited with sponge blocks containing either water (control) or injury-released cues from Gammarus.We repeated the experiment twice. In both experiments, significantly fewer Gammaruswere captured in traps with alarm cue sponges than in traps with water sponges. Predatory leeches Dina parvawere attracted to Gammarustraps in the first experiment but not the second experiment. In the second experiment, we measured the individual weight of captured amphipods. Two size classes were present; small (1–5 mg) and large (35–108 mg). Both sizes contributed to the avoidance response. Within the large size class, small individuals were significantly less responsive to the alarm cue than large individuals, implying that small adult Gammarusmay have different cost/benefit decision criteria for risk assessment than large Gammarus.
Regulation of Renal 25-Hydroxyvitamin D- 1- Hydroxylase Activity in the Mouse after Uninephrectomy*

Although renal hypertrophy occurs rapidly after uninephrectomy, restoring the majority of renal excretory function, it remains unknown whether similar compensatory mechanisms maintain 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D production (and calcium homeostasis). To address this issue we compared plasma calcitriol levels and renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD)-1α-hydroxylase activity (in remnant kidneys) of mice at various times after uninephrectomy to similar observations obtained in sham-operated age- and sex-matched controls. At all times postoperatively, the uninephrectomized mice sustained plasma 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D levels no different from those of shams. Maintenance of calcitriol production occurred secondary to a significant increment of renal 25OHD-1α-hydroxylase activity (per mg DNA) 1-3 days after surgery when renal mass/function remained markedly depressed. In contrast, 10 and 21 days postoperatively, when hypertrophy was complete, enhanced enzyme function was no longer apparent. Throughout this period a sig...
Peripheral T-cell lymphomas in a large US multicenter cohort: prognostication in the modern era including impact of frontline therapy

ABSTRACT Background Optimal frontline therapy for peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) in the modern era remains unclear. Patients and methods We examined patient characteristics, treatment, and outcomes among 341 newly diagnosed PTCL patients from 2000 to 2011. Outcome was compared with a matched cohort of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients, and prognostic factors were assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results PTCL subtypes included PTCL, not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS) (31%), anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma (ALCL) (26%), angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (23%), NK/T-cell lymphoma (7%), acute T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (6%), and other (7%). Median age was 62 years (range 18-95 years), and 74% had stage III-IV disease. Twenty-three (7%) patients received only palliative care whereas 318 received chemotherapy: CHOP-like regimens (70%), hyperCVAD/MA (6%), or other (18%). Thirty-three patients (10%) underwent stem-cell transplantation (SCT) in first remission. The overall response rate was 73% (61% complete); 24% had primary refractory disease. With 39-month median follow-up, 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 32% and 52%. PFS and OS for PTCL patients were significantly inferior to matched patients with DLBCL. On multivariate analysis, stage I–II disease was the only significant pretreatment prognostic factor [PFS: hazard ratio (HR) 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34–0.85, P = 0.007; OS: HR 0.42, 95% CI 0.22–0.78, P = 0.006]. ALK positivity in ALCL was prognostic on univariate analysis, but lost significance on multivariate analysis. The most dominant prognostic factor was response to initial therapy (complete response versus other), including adjustment for stage and SCT [PFS: HR 0.19, 95% CI 0.14–0.28, P Conclusions This analysis identifies early-stage disease and initial treatment response as dominant prognostic factors in PTCL. No clear benefit was observed for patients undergoing consolidative SCT. Novel therapeutic approaches for PTCL are critically needed.
PHAEOCHROMOCYTOMA AND HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY: APPARENT SUPPRESSION OF SYMPTOMS AND NORADRENALINE SECRETION BY CALCIUM-CHANNEL BLOCKADE

A 44-year-old woman with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and a noradrenaline-secreting phaeochromocytoma is described. She experienced as great improvement in cardiovascular symptoms during double-blind treatment with the calcium-channel blocker nifedipine compared with the placebo period. Symptom relief on nifedipine therapy was associated with a pronounced decline in elevated urinary noradrenaline levels. This observation suggests that calcium-channel blockers interfere with the release of noradrenaline from phaeochromocytoma tissue and thus may be beneficial in patients with phaeochromocytoma.
A 17 Gb/s, 200-meter Multimode Optical Fiber Link using CMOS Analog ICs and Silicon Carrier Packaging

We demonstrate a 17 Gb/s optical link using transmitter and receiver CMOS integrated circuits. We achieved error free operation over a 200-meter long OM3 multimode fiber operating at 850 nm.
Implanted FES for Upright Mobility in Paediatric Spinal Cord Injury: A Follow-up Report

Ten subjects, ages 7 to 20 years, received an 8-channel implanted lower extremity functional electrical stimulation (FES) system for standing and walking. Electrodes were placed for stimulation of hip and knee extensors, and for hip abduction and adduction. Standing and walking were achieved through constant stimulation to the implanted muscles, allowing a swing through gait pattern with an assistive device. After training with FES, subjects were tested in 3 upright mobility activities on an annual basis, which were scored based upon completion time and level of independence. Follow-up data were available for 7 of 10 subjects and spanned 1 to 5 years. Of the 21 activities tested (7 subjects times 3 activities), independence level with FES was improved or maintained in 15 cases (71%). For the 6 remaining cases (29%), moderate to minimal assistance was required at follow-up where no assistance was needed initially. Completion times were maintained or improved over follow-up in 17 of the 21 cases (81%). Perceived effort was rated as most reasonable in 71% of the cases initially and in 62% of the cases at the latest follow-up
Terrorism and Forensic Psychiatry

Media and news agencies often call psychiatrists and psychologists and pose questions about mental illness (a worthy topic) or some inane but catchy topic (such as the one I received from a reporter asking, with a straight face, “How do you diagnose people who talk to themselves?”). Big news about crimes, and especially terrorism, may push psychiatrist interviews from the local feature to the cover story. The favorite questions are iterations of “What makes people become terrorists?” and “What’s going on in the terrorist mind?” Some of our colleagues take this opportunity to launch into a serious discussion of perpetrators and personality types, talking about leaders and followers, psychopathy, dependence, and yearnings for absent mothers. That may charm some listeners, but it is almost always a mistake. First, there are many different kinds of terrorism
Systematic Analysis of White Pox Disease in Acropora palmata of the Florida Keys and Role of Serratia marcescens

White pox disease (WPD) affects the threatened elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata. Owing in part to the lack of a rapid and simple diagnostic test, there have been few systematic assessments of the prevalence of acroporid serratiosis (caused specifically by Serratia marcescens) versus general WPD signs. Six reefs in the Florida Keys were surveyed between 2011 and 2013 to determine the disease status of A. palmata and the prevalence of S. marcescens. WPD was noted at four of the six reefs, with WPD lesions found on 8 to 40% of the colonies surveyed. S. marcescens was detected in 26.9% (7/26) of the WPD lesions and in mucus from apparently healthy colonies both during and outside of disease events (9%; 18/201). S. marcescens was detected with greater frequency in A. palmata than in the overlying water column, regardless of disease status (P = 0.0177). S. marcescens could not be cultured from A. palmata but was isolated from healthy colonies of other coral species and was identified as pathogenic pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type PDR60. WPD lesions were frequently observed on the reef, but unlike in prior outbreaks, no whole-colony death was observed. Pathogenic S. marcescens was circulating on the reef but did not appear to be the primary pathogen in these recent WPD episodes, suggesting that other pathogens or stressors may contribute to signs of WPD. Results highlight the critical importance of diagnostics in coral disease investigations, especially given that field manifestation of disease may be similar, regardless of the etiological agent.
Post-transplant renal function in the first year predicts long-term kidney transplant survival

ce:bold>Post-transplant renal function in the first year predicts long-term kidney transplant survival. Background Improvements in long-term kidney graft survival have been recently noted. However, the reasons for this were unclear. This study examined post-transplant renal function within the first year as an independent variable influencing long-term survival. Methods The influence of demographic characteristics (age, sex, race); transplant variables (cadaver versus living donor, cold ischemia time, HLA mismatching, delayed graft function and transplant year), and post-transplant variables (immunosuppressive agents for the prevention of acute rejection, clinical acute rejection and post-transplant renal function in the first year) on graft survival were analyzed for 105,742 adult renal transplants between 1988 and 1998. Renal function in the first year was expressed as serum creatinine at six months and one year and delta creatinine (change in serum creatinine between 6 months and 1 year). Graft half-life was used to measure long-term survival. Results During this 11-year period, the one-year serum creatinine values for cadaver recipients steadily improved, from 1.82 ± 0.82 mg/dL in 1988 to 1.67 ± 0.82 mg/dL in 1998 ( P and ≤50 years. The Relative Hazard (RH) for graft failure was 1.63 (1.61, 1.65; P P P P = 0.89). Conclusion In conclusion, one-year creatinine and Δ creatinine values predict long-term renal graft survival. Recent improvements in graft half-life are related to conservation of renal function within the first year post-transplantation.
Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories

Public diplomacy is a term much used but seldom subjected to rigorous analysis. This article—which draws heavily on a report commissioned by the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office in the sprin...
Pilot study of oral metformin in cancer-bearing cats.

A prospective dose escalation pilot study was performed in cancer-bearing cats to assess toxicity and surrogate biomarkers of pharmacologic activity of oral metformin hydrochloride. Nine cats with measurable spontaneous cancer were treated with oral metformin for 14 days. Monitoring included complete blood count (CBC), serum biochemistry, lactate, pH, insulin-like growth factor-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor serially until study completion. At the maximum tolerated dose of 10 mg kg-1 q12 h side effects were primarily mild to moderate gastrointestinal upset (anorexia, vomiting, and/or weight loss). All cats developed a reduction in haematocrit. Six of nine cats developed new or progressive hyperlactatemia and one cat developed asymptomatic lactic acidosis. There were no clinical responders and two cats had modest measurable reduction in tumour size. In conclusion, we demonstrate potential pharmacologic activity of metformin at a clinically relevant dose and identify parameters for clinical monitoring and supportive care. Further investigation of metformin in cancer-bearing cats is warranted.
Utility of Gas Permeation as a Means of Protection for Oxygen Sensitive Systems

AbstractIn this study, the utility of a gas permeator for decreasing the dissolved oxygen content of aqueous vehicles was determined at ambiant temperatures. Since decarbonation of water also takes place, the pH of the resulting decarbonated, deoxygenated water was very nearly neutral. Oxidative decomposition of two model compounds, phenylephrine and hydroquinone, was determined for several methods of protection such as nitrogen flushing and the addition of a chelating, agent versus depletion of dissolved oxygen by permeation. It was found that permeated vehicles compared favorably to the other methods in relative protection of oxygen sensitive moieties.
IFN-γ Secreted by Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells Contribute to CNS Viral Clearance

Replication of mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM (JHMV) in the central nervous system (CNS) is controlled by CD8+ T cells. However, persistent infection and subsequent chronic demyelination are established. Understanding effector mechanisms during acute infection may help understand viral persistence. CD8+ T cells respond to viral infections via two different cellular mechanisms, lysis of infected cells and secretion of anti-viral cytokines (Kaki et al 1995, Ruby et al 1991, Young et al 1995). JHMV replication in astrocytes and microglia is controlled by perforin-dependent cytolysis (Lin et al 1997) whereas replication in oligodendrocytes is controlled via IFN-γ (Parra et al 1999). The contributions of IFN-γ and perforin-dependent CD8+ T cell function in viral clearance were examined in SCID mice following adoptive transfer of CD8+ T cells deficient in IFN-γ secretion.
Postoperative Wound Infection in Foot and Ankle Surgery

In 20 years through 1981, the author performed 1841 clean foot and ankle operations without any prophylactic antibiotics. Excluded from this study group are patients with compound fractures or open wounds, prior infection, toenail procedures, and other superficial operations. All postoperative wound infections were recorded in a timely manner and healing was documented. Infections occurred in 41 cases (gross infection rate, 2.2%). Thirty-seven cases healed without further surgery and without sequellae from the infection. Three cases required further surgery. One patient developed narrowing of the ankle joint (permanent damage rate, 0.05%). These four patients represent 0.22% of the study group.
Comparative Moth Catches by an Ultrasonic and a Silent Light Trap

Recorded or artificially imitated bat pulses and continuous steady tones selected from the same frequency range were about equally effective in restricting the numbers of atympanate moths taken in an ultrasonic light trap as compared with those taken in a silent trap. Slightly but significantly lower numbers of atympanate microlepidoptera also were taken in the ultrasonic as compared with the silent trap. Among seven steady stimulus tones ranging from 12.5 to 200 kcps., the one showing the greatest effectiveness for moths with thoracic tympana was that at 37.5 kcps. For moths with abdominal tympana, the most effective frequency was 75 kcps.
Enhancement of cytopathic effects of reoviruses in rolled cultures of rhesus kidney.

SummaryCytopathic effects of reoviruses in rhesus kidney tube cultures were markedly enhanced by incubation on a roller drum. Higher hemagglutinin and infectivity titers were attained after a shorter incubation period in rolled cultures, but the striking effect is in the increased cytocidal nature of reovirus replication under these conditions. Also, when cultivated in rolled monkey kidney culture tubes, infectious reovirus was still detected after incubation for 3-5 weeks at 37†C and after 45 minutes at 56†C.
OP0243 Microrna Expression Profile in Patients with Spondyloarthritis- a Pilot Study

Background microRNA (miRNA) expression pattern is believed to be reflective of underlying pathophysiologic processes and is specific to various disease states. At present there are no studies that have established a miRNA based signature profile in patients with axial Spondyloarthritis (SpA). We hypothesized that patients with axial SpA have aberrantly expressed circulating miRNAs reflective of underlying disease and inflammation and these dysregulated miRNAs can be detected through miRNA expression profiling. Objectives To determine the expression profile of miRNAs in plasma of patients with axial SpA and compare it with healthy, age and sex-matched controls. Methods 15 subjects with axial SpA based on the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) classification criteria and 5 controls were recruited from our registry. Demographic data were collected and disease activity was measured using Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI). Peripheral blood samples (5 ml) were obtained from eligible consenting patients and controls. RNA from the plasma was prepared using miRNeasy kit (Qiagen) by a modified protocol. Expression of 175 miRNAs was screened in the plasma of all 15 patients and 5 controls using serum/plasma miRNA PCR arrays (Exiqon Inc. Woburn, MA) essentially following the manufacturer’s instructions. Real-time PCR was carried out on StepOne Plus (Applied Biosystems) and the data was extracted and analyzed using ExiGen Enterprise software (MultiD, GoteborgSweden). Potential miRNA gene targets were identified using bioinformatics. Comparison between patients and controls was performed using 2 sample t Test. ESR and CRP levels were measured using standard laboratory methods. Results Of 19 patients; 60% were males, median age of 52 years (range 22-66) with mean BASDAI of 5.24. Mean level of ESR was 16.94 mm/hr and CRP was 0.74 mg/dl. 7 differentially expressed miRNAs (2 upregulated and 5 downregulated) (Table-1) were identified in plasma of patients SpA. miR-34a, associated with bone morphogenesus and growth was overexpressed and was predicted to target BMP-3 mRNA by Targetscan S and PicTar miRNA target algorithms. miR-150 was downregulated in all of the patient samples analyzed using the TaqMan Gene Expression assay. The most repressed miRNA was miR-16 and is predicted to regulate the expression of Activin A receptor (ACVR2B)-a receptor for growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5). These dysregulated miRNAs may be contributing to the pathogenesis of SpA. Conclusions Patients with axial SpA, as compared to controls, have dysregulated expression of selected miRNAs in the plasma; and the differentially expressed miRNAs are predicted to target genes that play a role in bone morphogenesis, growth and immune response. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
Late Archaic Site Use at Sachsen Cave Shelter, Upper Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee

Upland regions have typically received short shrift in archaeology. We present preliminary results of archaeological testing at Sachsen Cave Shelter, a “rock house” on the Upper Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee (UCP). Interpretations thus far indicate that the site was used repeatedly as a residential base camp for small family groups over a long period of time during the Late Archaic Period (ca. 6-3000 BP) by prehistoric hunter gatherers who lived year round in the uplands of Southern Appalachia. These activities include butchering and cooking of large mammals on site, nut processing and cooking, and hide processing and sewing. These activities appear to have been concentrated in the fall of the year. However, it is likely that site function depended upon seasonal exploitation of local resources, because faunal elements were recovered that indicate use during the spring and summer months. It may also be that the site was used year round. We support these hypotheses with technological, use-wear, faunal, an...
Holding-time and method comparisons for the analysis of fecal-indicator bacteria in groundwater.

As part of the US Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program, groundwater samples from domestic- and public-supply wells were collected and analyzed for fecal-indicator bacteria. A holding time comparison for total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and enterococci was done by analyzing samples within 8 h using presence/absence methods and within 18–30 h using quantitative methods. The data indicate that results obtained within 18–30 h were not significantly different from those obtained within 8 h for total coliforms and enterococci, by Colilert® and Enterolert® methods (IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME), respectively. Quantitative laboratory methods for samples analyzed within 18–30 h showed a statistically significant higher detection frequency when compared to presence/absence methods done within 8 h for the following methods, E. coli by Colilert and enterococci by membrane filtration on mEI agar. Additionally, a comparison of methods for the enumeration of enterococci was done. Using non-parametric statistical analyses, results from the two methods were statistically different. In this study, the membrane filtration method on mEI agar was more sensitive, resulted in more detections of enterococci, and results were easier to interpret than with the quantitative Enterolert method. The quantitative Enterolert method produced varying levels of fluorescence, which required additional verification steps to eliminate false-positive results. It may be more advantageous to analyze untreated groundwater for enterococci using the membrane filtration method on mEI agar.
271 MASKING THE SMELL AND TASTE OF ACETYLCYSTEINE: WHAT IS THE BEST OPTION?

Objective To determine what beverage best masks the smell and taste of acetylcysteine (NAC). Methods A 5% solution of NAC was prepared using the following five diluents: water (W), Fresca TM (F), Coca Cola TM (CC), cranberry juice (CJ), chocolate milk (CM). Subjects used a 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS) to rate the smell and taste for each 5% solution with the left margin representing a non-offensive odor or taste and the right margin representing a very offensive odor or taste. For the taste portion, approximately 10 mL of each 5% solution was placed in a cup with a lid and straw. Each subject tasted each solution in a different order than for smell. The subjects ate soup crackers between each taste test to limit carryover between solutions. The difference in VAS for taste and smell was measured using the Kruskal-Wallis ranked sum test. Multiple comparisons were performed using the Mann Whitney U test with the Bonferoni correction with significance at p Results A total of 42 subjects participated in the study. The mean VAS score (cm) for smell and taste, respectively, of each dilutent was (F) 1.1738, 4.2833; (CC) 2.6405, 7.2714; (CJ) 3.9762, 8.1786; (W) 4.1071, 7.7810; and (CM) 5.1286, 8.076. F was rated as the least offensive diluent with respect to smell by 22 (53.7%) of subjects and taste by 33 (78.6%). CM was rated as the most offensive beverage with respect to smell by 22 (53.7%) and to taste by 11 (26.2%). CJ was rated the most offensive taste by 12 (28.6%) of subjects. The VAS score for F was statistically lower than all other beverages with respect to both smell and taste (p Conclusion NAC diluted with F to a 5% solution had the least offensive odor and taste and should be considered as an option when administering oral NAC to adults.
Anticipatory UPR Activation: A Protective Pathway and Target in Cancer

The endoplasmic reticulum (EnR) stress sensor, the unfolded protein response (UPR), plays a key role in regulating intracellular protein homeostasis. The extensively studied reactive mode of UPR activation is characterized by unfolded protein, or other EnR stress, triggering UPR activation. Here we focus on the emerging anticipatory mode of UPR activation in which mitogenic steroid and peptide hormones and other effectors preactivate the UPR and anticipate a future need for increased protein folding capacity. Mild UPR activation in breast cancer can be protective and contributes to antiestrogen resistance. Hyperactivation of the anticipatory UPR pathway in cancer cells with a small molecule converts it from cytoprotective to cytotoxic, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.
Robotic-Assisted Placement of an Hepatic Artery Infusion Pump and Catheter for Regional Chemotherapy of the Liver.

Background Hepatic artery infusion (HAI) chemotherapy is an effective regional therapy for unresectable colorectal liver metastases (U-CRLM).1,2 One of its limitations is the need for a laparotomy, which can delay the use of systemic therapy.3 Here, we describe a purely robotic technique for placement of an HAI pump (Fig 1).
Quantum Hall liquid-to-insulator transition in In 1 − x Ga x As/InPt heterostructures

We report a temperature- and current-scaling study of the quantum Hall liquid-to-insulator transition in an ${\mathrm{In}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{\mathrm{x}}$As/InP heterostructure. When the magnetic field is at the critical field ${\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{c}}$, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathrm{xx}}$=0.86h/${\mathrm{e}}^{2}$. Furthermore, the transport near ${\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ scales as |B- ${\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{c}}$|${\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\kappa}}}$ with \ensuremath{\kappa}=0.45\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05, and as |B- ${\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{c}}$|${\mathrm{I}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{b}}$ with b=0.23\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05. The latter can be due to phonon emission in a dirty piezoelectric medium, or can be the consequence of critical behavior near ${\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{c}}$, within which z=1.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 and \ensuremath{\nu}=2.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 are obtained from our data.
Ecosystem carbon pools, fluxes, and balances within mature tallgrass prairie restorations

Tallgrass prairie restorations can quickly accrue organic C in soil and biomass, but the rate of C accumulation diminishes through time and is highly variable among more mature prairies. Long-term soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation in prairies has been linked to edaphic factors such as soil texture, soil moisture, and SOC content, but it is unclear how these factors affect the ecosystem processes that are responsible for observed differences in C accumulation rates in older prairies. We measured belowground plant and SOC pools and fluxes within 27–36-year-old restored tallgrass prairies in order to quantify total C storage, determine the net ecosystem production of C (NEP-C), and explore which edaphic factors influence the ecosystem processes responsible for divergent NEP-C. We found that 11% of organic C was stored in biomass, and we estimate that one-third of post-restoration C sequestration has occurred in biomass, thereby highlighting biomass as a large but often overlooked C pool. Belowground biomass and soil C pools were notably smaller than those rep orted for remnant prairie, suggesting that future belowground C accumulation could still occur. During this study, the prairies appeared to be a net source of C, although the range of NEP-C values encompassed zero. Sand content positively affected NEP-C via increased belowground biomass production-C inputs, and SOC negatively affected NEP-C due to increased soil respiration C outputs. However, soil moisture had a smaller negative effect on soil respiration, indicating that both SOC and soil moisture play important roles in determining prairie C balance.
Longitudinal Stretching for Maturation of Vascular Tissues Using Magnetic Forces

Cellular spheroids were studied to determine their use as "bioinks" in the biofabrication of tissue engineered constructs. Specifically, magnetic forces were used to mediate the cyclic longitudinal stretching of tissues composed of Janus magnetic cellular spheroids (JMCSs), as part of a post-processing method for enhancing the deposition and mechanical properties of an extracellular matrix (ECM). The purpose was to accelerate the conventional tissue maturation process via novel post-processing techniques that accelerate the functional, structural, and mechanical mimicking of native tissues. The results of a forty-day study of JMCSs indicated an expression of collagen I, collagen IV, elastin, and fibronectin, which are important vascular ECM proteins. Most notably, the subsequent exposure of fused tissue sheets composed of JMCSs to magnetic forces did not hinder the production of these key proteins. Quantitative results demonstrate that cyclic longitudinal stretching of the tissue sheets mediated by these magnetic forces increased the Young's modulus and induced collagen fiber alignment over a seven day period, when compared to statically conditioned controls. Specifically, the elastin and collagen content of these dynamically-conditioned sheets were 35- and three-fold greater, respectively, at seven days compared to the statically-conditioned controls at three days. These findings indicate the potential of using magnetic forces in tissue maturation, specifically through the cyclic longitudinal stretching of tissues.
When Do Citizens Want Representation in Exchange for Taxation? An Experimental Study of Property Tax in Urban China

Tax compliance remains an obstacle to the building of state capacity in many developing countries. Conventional wisdom suggests a link between taxation and political representation, yet recent field experiments have often failed to find consistent evidence to support this link. We argue that citizens believe that the effectiveness of their input hinges on the presence of top-down sanctioning institutions. This conditional effect is particularly salient among those institutional outsiders with relatively fewer political rights and resources, thus they need the assurances from top-down institutions for bureaucratic sanctioning. We conducted a conjoint experiment of property tax in urban China to study willingness for tax compliance, and we found supporting evidence to our arguments. Our results remain robust after we explore alternative mechanisms on the conditional effects of citizen input for willingness for tax compliance, such as trust in government and perception of political efficacy.
Social and Evolutionary Explanations for Face-ism: Facial Prominence in Female Academic Profile Pictures

Face-ism describes a phenomenon in which men are presented with more facial prominence in images than are women. Previous theorists have ascribed this phenomenon to social causes. However, occurrence of face-ism across historical and cultural contexts suggests the possibility of biological influence. The current study aimed to explore face-ism through the intersection of social influence and biological factors via the investigation of photographs of women of different ages and social standing within the context of academia. Results show that graduate students displayed the face less prominently than both tenured and nontenured faculty. Additionally, younger women displayed the face less prominently than older women.
Posições, competências e funções da tradução literária

This article intends to put forward some theoretical positions about literary translation that situates the translational process into a special frame of competences, objectives and purposes, undoing the reproductive characteristics given to it in the past. Moreover, it underlines the autonomy of literary translation and the historical, political and cultural part it plays, being propitious to discuss the Western Canon in a post-colonial context. Another aspect that was focalized is the relevance of the translator's visibility as a cultural mediator.
The Cretaceous Larger foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of Pakistan

The Cretaceous carbonate deposits of Pakistan are restricted to Late Cretaceous period. These deposits are characterized by the species of Orbitoides, Lepidorbitoides, Siderolites, and Sulcoperculina. The stratigraphic importance of these species is discussed. The Late Cretaceous carbonate deposits are divided into two larger foraminiferal zones, Orbitoides tissoti zone of Campanian and Orbitoides media zone of Early Maestrichtian.
Liver Biopsy for the Diagnosis of Liver Neoplasms

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant neoplasm of the liver. Approximately 90% of these tumors arise in the background of cirrhosis secondary to an underlying liver disease, such as infection with hepatitis B or C virus, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or autoimmune hepatitis. In most cases, larger tumors can be reliably diagnosed on imaging studies when they show arterial enhancement and portal venous washout on dynamic contrast-enhanced CT or MRI studies. This characteristic imaging pattern is due to the increased arterial supply of the tumor compared to the surrounding liver. Smaller tumors may be more difficult to characterize by imaging studies. Tumors smaller than 2 cm may be classified as a very early or “vaguely nodular” HCC which have a poorly defined border or progressed HCC which have a more distinct border [1, 2]. These very early HCCs do not generally have the complete alterations in the blood supply characteristic of progressed tumors and thus lack the features required for diagnosis on imaging. According to the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases practice guidelines, tumors arising in a cirrhotic liver that are larger than 1 cm and show the characteristic findings of arterial enhancement and portal venous washout on dynamic imaging can be diagnosed as HCC without the need for a biopsy, while liver biopsy may be required when the imaging features are not characteristic [3]. As the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of HCC advances, tissue samples may soon be required even in radiologically diagnosed HCC for the purposes of assessing prognosis and tailoring therapy.
Economy and Endurance in Human Evolution

Summary The evolutionary pressures shaping humans' unique bipedal locomotion have been a focus of research since Darwin, but the origins of humans' economical walking gait and endurance running capabilities remain unclear. Here, I review the anatomical and physiological determinants of locomotor economy (e.g., limb length and posture) and endurance (e.g., muscle volume and fiber type) and investigate their development in the hominin fossil record. The earliest hominins were bipedal but retained ape-like features in the hind limb that would have limited their walking economy compared to living humans. Moreover, the evolution of bipedalism and the loss of the forelimbs in weight support and propulsion would have reduced locomotor endurance in the earliest hominins and likely restricted ranging. Australopithecus evinced longer hind limbs, extended limb posture, and a stiff midfoot, suggesting improved, human-like economy, but were likely still limited in their endurance compared to modern humans. The appearance of skeletal traits related to endurance (e.g., larger limb joints, spring-like plantar arch) in Homo was somewhat mosaic, with the full endurance suite apparent only ∼1 million years ago. The development of endurance capabilities in Homo appears to parallel the evolutionary increase in brain size, cognitive sophistication, and metabolic rate.