cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tribological modeling: Application of fast Fourier transform

The fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique is becoming an important tool in tribological modeling because an FFT-based algorithm can be extremely accurate and efficient. However, certain subtle issues should be properly dealt with so that efficient and accurate FFT implementation can be achieved. This paper discusses the use of three typical convolutions, two convolution theorems, influence coefficients, and shape functions, as well as the influence of domain size. This paper also explores the applications of FFT to inverse problems and periodic contacts and summarizes available FFT-based algorithms for solving various contact problems.
Conformational heterogeneity of creatine kinase determined from phase resolved fluorometry

Fluorescence lifetimes of dimeric rabbit muscle creatine kinase specifically dansylated at both active sites and the homologous monomeric lobster muscle arginine kinase singly dansylated were determined using phase-modulation methods with global analysis of overdetermined data sets. For both proteins, the data is adequately described by three discrete exponential decays or a Lorentzian double distributed decay. Analogue phase resolved spectroscopy also reveals the presence of at least two distinct fluorophore domains for the dansyl moieties of creatine kinase. The model fluorophore, dansyllysine, exhibits a monoexponential decay with a value that is highly solvent dependent. Because the monomeric arginine kinase exhibits essentially the same decay law as doubly derivatized dimeric creatine kinase, it is proposed that the multiple lifetimes of creatine kinase reflect two or more isomeric dimeric states and not subunit asymmetry within a conformationally homogeneous dimeric population. Exposure of arginine kinase to 6 M guanidinium chloride results in a shift to shorter lifetimes and narrowing of the lifetime distributions. Creatine kinase displays a small narrowing of the distribution, but little change in fractional populations or lifetimes. These results suggest the presence of structural elements resistant to denaturation. The longest lifetime component in the triexponential discrete decay law of doubly dansylated creatine kinase is totally unquenched by acrylamide, whereas the two shorter lifetime components exhibit limited dynamic quenching. Steady-state quenching by acrylamide is significant and reveals a sharp distinction between accessible and nonaccessible dansyl groups. The major mechanism for interaction between the dansyl moieties and acrylamide is, atypically, static quenching.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Usage of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in cancer patients at an academic cancer center and experience with specific care management tools for anemia.

BACKGROUND: In 2007, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued regulatory alerts for use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in cancer patients with anemia after clinical trials and meta-analysis data found that high ESA doses were associated with adverse outcomes in patients. In response to these findings, specific patient management tools for anemia (consisting in an algorithm and prescribing order set) were developed by a multidisciplinary team at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. METHODS: A retrospective study consisted of 7117 patients aged 18 years and older with cancer malignancies who had received an ESA between January 2006 and December 2008 at MD Anderson. Changes in utilization of ESAs and packed red blood cells (PRBCs) were evaluated. RESULTS: The number of ESA doses dispensed each month decreased by 83% from January 2006 to December 2008 (P .05) but increased from 7% to 9% (P < .05) in patients with hematologic malignancies. CONCLUSIONS: The authors summarized their experience with use of ESAs in a tertiary oncology center. The implementation of their patient management tools for anemia might have facilitated the observed change at MD Anderson Cancer Center. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Caliper-measured skin thickness is similar in white and black women

Abstract Background: Although race is a determinant of bone density in women, it is not known whether it is also a determinant of skin thickness. Objective: We attempted to determine whether skin thickness, like bone density, is greater in black than white women. Methods: A cross-sectional study of skin thickness in 86 white and 40 black women, ages 20 through 69 years, was performed in the dermatology and medicine clinics at a university hospital and a local nursing care facility. Subjects included patients and their accompanying friends, family, staff, and nursing care facility residents: 86 white and 40 black women. Non-sun-exposed flexural forearm skin thickness was measured with the Harpenden caliper. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in skin thickness in white (1.41 ± 0.01 mm) compared with black (1.39 ± 0.02 mm) women ( P = .3). Controlling for potential confounders, including age, body mass index, age at menarche, age at menopause, oral contraceptive pill therapy, postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy, ingestion of caffeine and alcohol, cigarette smoking, and present and past exercise still revealed no significant relationship between race and skin thickness. Conclusion: Unlike bone density, there is no significant difference in non-sun-exposed skin thickness between white and black women. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:76-9.)
Analytic representation of the large-scale organization of tropical convection

The pivotal role of mesoscale organization on the large-scale coherence of tropical convection is represented by a nonlinear dynamical model. The general model consists of two interlocked systems: a mesoscale parameterization of organized convection and a two-layer model of large-scale equatorial dynamics. The lower-layer dynamics is Rossby gyre‐like, whereas outflow from organized convection maintains the upper-layer circulation. The transports of zonal momentum in the vertical and meridional directions are key processes. An archetype of the general model, in spite of being brutally simplified, represents the convective organization, momentum transport, and equatorial superrotation realized by the cloud-resolving convection parameterization or superparameterization explicit approach developed by Grabowski. The mesoscale parameterization is an analytic equivalent of the cloud-system-resolving models used in this computational approach. Finally, issues in parameterizing convective organization are discussed.
Foundations of invariant theory for the down operator

This paper lays out the basic theory of the down operator D of the infinite polynomial ring R=k[x"0,x"1,x"2,...], defined by Dx"i=x"i"-"1(i>=1) and Dx"0=0. Here, k is any field of characteristic zero. The only linear invariant is x"0; the quadratic invariants are well known and easily described. One of the paper@?s main results, Theorem 6.2, gives a complete description of the cubic invariants. The distinction between core and compound invariants is introduced, and quartic and quintic invariants are studied relative to this property. As an application of the theory, Theorem 8.2 gives a new family of counterexamples to Hilbert@?s Fourteenth Problem; the proof of non-finite generation is much simpler than for previous examples.
Discrimination among iron sulfide species formed in microbial cultures.

Abstract A quantitative method for the study of iron sulfides precipitated in liquid cultures of bacteria is described. This method can be used to quantify and discriminate among amorphous iron sulfide (FeS amorph ), iron monosulfide minerals such as mackinawite or greigite (FeS min ), and iron disulfide minerals such as pyrite or marcasite (FeS 2min ) formed in liquid cultures. Degradation of iron sulfides is performed using a modified Cr 2+ reduction method with reflux distillation. The basic steps of the method are: first, separation of FeS amorph ; second, elimination of interfering species of S such as colloidal sulfur (S c °), thiosulphate (S 2 O 3 2− ) and polysulfides (S x 2− ); third, separation of FeS min ; and fourth, separation of FeS 2min . The final product is H 2 S which is determined after trapping. The efficiency of recovery is 96–99% for FeS amorph , 76–88% for FeS min , and >97% for FeS 2min . This method has a high reproducibility if the experimental conditions are rigorously applied and only glass conduits are used. A well ventilated fume hood must be used because of the toxicity and volatility of several reagents and products. The advantage relative to previously described methods are better resolution for iron sulfide species and use of the same bottles for both incubation of cultures and acid degradation. The method can also be used for Fe/S stoichiometry with sub-sampling and Fe analysis.
Evolutionary significance of the mandibular foramen area in neandertals

An unusual morphology of the mandibular foramen area is described, and its incidence determined for several fossil and modern hominid skeletal samples. This morphology, designated the horizontal-oval type mandibular foramen, is found in 46.2% of the 26 Neandertal foramina examined and in 23.1% of a European Upper Paleolithic sample of 13 foramina. In a total of 747 foramina from five modern skeletal samples, the highest incidence is 3.72%. Possible explanations for the presence of the H-O trait and its unusually high incidence in Neandertals are examined. It is concluded that this feature is probably a genetic trait which either (1) might be selected for in Neandertals as a part of a massive masticatory apparatus, or (2) represents a discrete cranial trait without functional significance that simply reflects the high incidence of certain genes in Neandertal gene pools.
Metabolomic Strategies to Map Functions of Metabolic Pathways

Genome sequencing efforts have revealed a strikingly large number of unannotated and uncharacterized genes that fall into metabolic enzymes classes, likely indicating that our current knowledge of biochemical pathways in normal physiology, let alone in disease states, remains largely incomplete. This realization presents a daunting challenge for post-genomic-era scientists in deciphering the biochemical and (patho)physiological roles of these enzymes and their metabolites and metabolic networks. This is further complicated by many recent studies showing a rewiring of normal metabolic networks in disease states to give rise to unique pathophysiological functions of enzymes, metabolites, and metabolic pathways. This review focuses on recent discoveries made using metabolic mapping technologies to uncover novel pathways and metabolite-mediated posttranslational modifications and epigenetic alterations and their impact on physiology and disease.
Simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing for axial scanning

We show theoretically and experimentally that simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing can scan the temporal focal plane axially by adjusting the group velocity dispersion in the excitation beam path. When the group velocity dispersion is small, the pulse width at the temporal focal plane is transform-limited, and the amount of shift depends linearly upon the dispersion. By adding a meter of large mode area fiber into the system, we demonstrate this axial scanning capability in a fiber delivery configuration. Because a transform-limited pulse width is automatically recovered at the temporal focal plane, simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing negates the need for any dispersion pre-compensation, further facilitating its integration into a fiber delivery system. A highly promising application for simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing is an axial scanning multiphoton fluorescence fiber probe without any moving parts at the distal end and without dispersion pre-compensation.
Ovarian carcinoma complicated by gastric outlet obstruction.

Two patients with gastric outlet obstruction secondary to ovarian carcinoma are presented. The importance of considering this complication in an obstructed patient with known ovarian carcinoma is emphasized. Treatment of this condition by gastroenterostomy can lead to significant palliation, as well as allow further treatment of the primary disease by other modalities such as chemotherapy.
Repeated Arthus desensitization.

Abstract 1.1. Repeated Arthus desensitization required progressively larger doses of antigen. 2.2. When periods of desensitization and recovery were alternated, the maximum intensity of the skin reactions decreased progressively with each recovery period. A similar decrease in precipitin titers was observed after the second recovery period. 3.3. Prolonged desensitization coincident with immunologic exhaustion was observed after the sixth period of desensitization, seventy days after the first desensitizing dose. 4.4. Predesensitization skin reactivity and precipitin titers returned in response to anamnestic injections of antigen, 120 days after immunologic exhaustion. 5.5. A pure antigen which will not elicit minor antibodies is necessary for the solution of a number of problems raised by this and previous experiments.
High 226Ra and 228Ra activities in Nueces Bay, Texas indicate large submarine saline discharges

Abstract We have investigated submarine groundwater discharge to Nueces Bay (Texas) using naturally occurring Ra isotopes. Dissolved Ra activities in Nueces Bay are among the highest observed in coastal estuaries; as great as 2600 dpm m− 3 for 228Ra and 1000 dpm m− 3 for 226Ra. Using a combination of salt and Ra mass balances, we demonstrate that river discharge and bay bottom sediments cannot supply the Ra needed to balance tidal export. In the case of 226Ra there is an additional source of 218 × 106 ± 105% dpm day− 1 which is 9 times the maximum supply from bay bottom sediments and 50 times the Ra supplied by the Nueces River. A groundwater flux of 310,000 m3 day− 1 is required to supply the needed 226Ra, based on the measured maximum Ra activity of local groundwater. Though as little as 10% of this flux may be advecting terrestrial groundwater this would still represent 160% of the Nueces River discharge. This makes it unlikely that groundwater discharge alone is supplying all of the additional 226Ra. Oil-field brine could potentially account for the remainder. Leakage of 6290 m3 day− 1 of oil-field brine from the submerged petroleum wells and pipelines within the bay could supply all of the needed 226Ra. Such large fluxes of brackish groundwater and oil-field brine could significantly affect bay nitrogen budgets, salinities, and dissolved oxygen concentrations and should be considered when determining the freshwater inflow requirements for Nueces Bay and similar estuaries.
How surface roughness affects the angular dependence of the sputtering yield

Abstract Comprehensive model is developed to study the impact of surface roughness on the angular dependence of sputtering yield. Instead of assuming surfaces to be flat or composed of exact self-similar fractals, we developed a new method to describe the surfaces. Random fractal surfaces generated by midpoint displacement algorithm in computer graphics area and Support vector machine algorithm in pattern recognition area are combined with the Monte Carlo ion bombardment simulation code, i.e., Ion Transport in Materials and Compounds (ITMC) code [1] . With this new fractal version of ITMC-F, we successfully simulated the angular dependence of sputtering yield for various ion-target combinations. Examples are given for 5 keV Ar ions bombarding iron, graphite, and silicon surfaces, with the input surface roughness exponent directly depicted from experimental data. Comparison is made with previous models to account for surface roughness and recent experimental data. The ITMC-F code showed good agreement with the experimental data.
A 74-year-old woman with hemodynamic complications of acute MI

A high suspicion is key to early diagnosis and prompt management of mechanical complications of acute MI. Advances in echocardiography have made it the key test.
Training community residential staff: Evaluation and follow‐up

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a comprehensive residential direct-care staff training program on staff knowledge, record keeping, habilitation delivery, and turnover. A 40-hour training course was presented to 18 direct-care staff employed in three community residential facilities (CRF), while 18 staff in three other CRFs were placed on a waiting list. Sixteen of 18 trained staff (89%) increased use of habilitation activities, averaging 35.44% programming after training. Only six (33%) of the staff on the waiting list increased programming. The effectiveness of training was assessed against the gains of developmentally disabled (DD) consumers. In the training group, 31 of 36 (86.11%) residents increased on-task behavior while only 7 of 22 (31.6%) of the waiting list residents increased on-task behavior. Training also yielded improved client program records and a 50% decrease in staff turnover. Follow-up over 12 months showed behavior maintenance. Results suggest that training based on clear learner objectives, presented using behavioral procedures, and taught to the entire staff including managers improves staff performance and client benefit.
A differential game model of Nash equilibrium on a congested traffic network

This paper considers the problem of the competition among a finite number of players who must transport the fixed volume of traffic on a simple network over a prescribed planning horizon. Each player attempts to minimize his total transportation cost by making simultaneous decisions of departure time, route, and flow rate over time. The problem is modeled as a N-person nonzero-sum differential game. Two solution concepts are applied: [1] the open-loop Nash equilibrium solution and [2] the feedback Nash equilibrium solution. Optimality conditions are derived and given an economic interpretation as a dynamic game theoretic generalization of Wardrop's second principle. Future extensions of the model are also discussed. The model promises potential applications to Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) and air traffic control systems. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Culture of 293 cells in different culture systems: Cell growth and recombinant adenovirus production

Growth of 293 cells (human embryonic kidney) was compared in various cell culture systems including static flasks, cell aggregates and a variety of porous microcarriers. The best results were achieved with Fibra-Cel carriers and cell aggregates (1.1–1.4 × 106 cells/ml). Virus production was compared using a recombinant replication-deficient adenovirus as a model. Virus yields of lysates from cells grown on Fibra-Cel carriers, as cell aggregates and in static flasks were comparable (1.7–1.9 × 108 pfu/ml).
Are we lost in the vale of ignorance or on the mountain of principle

Abstract Making progress in understanding global and long-run problems raised by human perturbations of ecological systems, and in making that understanding relevant to policy formulation, will require intense collaboration between, at least, ecologists and economists. There is far too little of this now and far too much fairly fruitless argument and lecturing—in part because each side seems embarrassed by its lack of ability to do what it claims needs to be done. Ecological models cannot predict the long-run changes in the multiple functions of natural systems that might follow from human actions such as land clearance or waste storage. Economists' valuation techniques cannot convincingly deal with multiple dimensions of change in the environment or with the non-use values of any changes. An ecological-economic modeling project of 20 years ago reveals a few lessons for those who would like to see progress on collaborative research ultimately aimed at correcting these deficiencies. For example, real collaboration requires investment of substantial up-front time, investment best made in the context of a mathematical model of the problem to be investigated. The model forces participants to fit their ideas together rather than to string them out independently. It also will likely force compromise from disciplinary purity. There is much to be said for using such projects to train a small group of Ph.D.s who will have observed and participated in the collaboration. The existence of such a group will do more for “eco-system valuation” than ad hoc and episodic forums involving old dogs, even though some of these would be happy to learn new tricks.
The effect of co-colonization with community-acquired and hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains on competitive exclusion

We investigate the in-hospital transmission dynamics of two methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains: hospital-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) and community-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). Under the assumption that patients can only be colonized with one strain of MRSA at a time, global results show that competitive exclusion occurs between HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA strains; the strain with the larger basic reproduction ratio will become endemic while the other is extinguished. Because new studies suggest that patients can be concurrently colonized with multiple strains of MRSA, we extend the model to allow patients to be co-colonized with HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA. Using the extended model, we explore the effect of co-colonization on competitive exclusion by determining the invasion reproduction ratios of the boundary equilibria. In contrast to results derived from the assumption that co-colonization does not occur, the extended model rarely exhibits competitive exclusion. More commonly, both strains become endemic in the hospital. When transmission rates are assumed equal and decolonization measures act equally on all strains, competitive exclusion never occurs. Other interesting phenomena are exhibited. For example, solutions can tend toward a co-existence equilibrium, even when the basic reproduction ratio of one of the strains is less than one.
Toward a Better Categorical Balance of the Costs and Benefits of the Exclusionary Rule

While many have observed the randomness of the Fourth Amendment9s application, there has been little attempt to explain why the Supreme Court has allowed its doctrines on search and seizure to become so laden with irrational exceptions. Exceptions to the exclusionary rule are created, according to the Court, when the societal costs of excluding evidence outweigh the deterrent benefits. A look at the exceptions, however, reveals that something other than an attempt to avoid the most inefficient exclusion of evidence explains the exceptions. This essay argues that existing exceptions attempt to obscure the Court9s willingness to find that deterring police officers is ever worth the cost of sacrificing the conviction of the guilty. A single exception could be developed that would better eliminate the most inefficient applications of the exclusionary rule: a good-faith exception for serious crimes. It is argued here that the Court9s concern about acknowledging its acceptance of the exclusionary rule, however, will keep it from adopting such an exception, which would expressly recognize that certain applications of the rule are worthwhile. This essay suggests that the legislature is in a better position than the Court to adopt this alternative exception. The legislature is able to blame the Court for the existence of the exclusionary rule while offering a program of exceptions to the rule that would avoid the most extreme consequences of exclusion that the Court9s rule would otherwise visit upon society. And the new exception would not be without popular appeal: murderers wouldn9t get off on technicalities.
Soft drugs—XVI. Design, evaluation and transdermal penetration of novel soft anticholinergics based on methatropine

Atropine has been reported to produce unwanted systemic side effects on topical administration into the eye. The same problem could arise when atropine is used topically as a suppressant of eccrine sweating. In this study, the principles of soft drug design were applied to methatropine. A hypothetical carboxylate metabolite of methatropine was reactivated by esterification with cyclic and alicyclic alcohols to yield a series of compounds (3a-g). In vitro evaluation by guinea pig ileum assay indicated that the compounds are potent anticholinergics and the lead carboxylate metabolite is about 60 times less potent than the most active compound of the series. The activity was found to decrease with the increasing side chain length. The n-octanol/water partition coefficients were found to be directly dependent on the chain length for the compounds made with straight chain alcohols. The transdermal permeability coefficients across the hairless mice skin were found to be directly dependent on the partition coefficients. The soft drugs are found to metabolize extensively during the penetration process compared to the unmetabolizable nature of methatropine. The soft drugs reported in this study will probably be able to elicit a local action at the site of application but will probably be metabolized rapidly in the systemic circulation, thereby avoiding the systemic side effects with a consequent increase in the therapeutic index.
MCM10 mediates RECQ4 association with MCM2-7 helicase complex during DNA replication

Mutations in RECQ4, a member of the RecQ family of DNA helicases, have been linked to the progeroid disease Rothmund–Thomson Syndrome. Attempts to understand the complex phenotypes observed in recq4-deficient cells suggest a potential involvement in DNA repair and replication, yet the molecular basis of the function of RECQ4 in these processes remains unknown. Here, we report the identification of a highly purified chromatin-bound RECQ4 complex from human cell extracts. We found that essential replisome factors MCM10, MCM2-7 helicase, CDC45 and GINS are the primary interaction partner proteins of human RECQ4. Importantly, complex formation and the association of RECQ4 with the replication origin are cell-cycle regulated. Furthermore, we show that MCM10 is essential for the integrity of the RECQ4–MCM replicative helicase complex. MCM10 interacts directly with RECQ4 and regulates its DNA unwinding activity, and that this interaction may be modulated by cyclin-dependent kinase phosphorylation. Thus, these studies show that RECQ4 is an integral component of the MCM replicative helicase complex participating in DNA replication in human cells.
Depression among Puerto Rican Women: Culture, Etiology and Diagnosis:

As in most of the societies that have been studied, more than twice the number of Puerto Rican women compared to men suffer from diagnosed depression. The aim of this article is to examine depression in women in Puerto Rico from epidemiological, etiological, and especially, experiential perspectives. This study includes a comparison of women's com - plaints around negative mood states in cases within the public mental health system and equivalent cases encountered within a traditional healing system, Espiritismo. Several general questions are raised concerning the effect on the etiology of depression of cul - tural constructions regarding female roles and statuses, reproductive events, and nega - tive life events in general, as well as the value of closely examining the experience of depressed women relative to standard diagnostic assessments in mental health care. Given current interest in the relationship between gender and psychopa- thology, the complex and perplexing question of why significantly more women than men are at risk for depression—especially, major depressive dis- order and dysthymia, but also some subtypes such as atypical depression, rapid cycling bipolar disorder, and seasonal affective disorder—has been posed repeatedly over the past two decades (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1987; Quit- kin, Stewart, McGrath, & Liebowitz, 1988; Weissman & Klerman, 1985). Explanations of gender effects on risk for depression range through biology to social roles and to attitudes toward women. No single factor or set of fac- tors has been demonstrated to account for gender differences in risk for depression (McGrath, Keita, Strickland, & Russo, 1990). The problem of overrepresentation of depressed women compared to men in both AUTHOR'S NOTE: The data for this article were collected in the course of the Therapist-
Isomorphism of modules under ground ring extensions

Abstract Let D be the ring of algebraic integers in a number field and Λ a finite D -algebra. It is shown that if M and N are finitely generated Λ-modules, then M and N are locally isomorphic if and only if M and N become isomorphic over some integral extension of D .
Piezoelectric vs. conventional implant site preparation: ex vivo implant primary stability

Objectives This study aims to determine differences in primary stability between implants placed in cortical bone following Piezoelectric or conventional site preparation, as assessed by resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and reverse torque testing (RTT). Material and methods Four fresh bovine ribs were acquired and surgical guides fabricated with five sites per rib (n = 20), for proper site preparation. Implant sites were prepared via conventional drilling technique as per manufacturer's instruction (Implantium) or via Piezoelectric (Mectron) implant site preparation using the Implant Prep kit. Twenty 10 mm long, 3.6 mm diameter Implantium implants were placed with 35 Ncm torque; 10 implants per preparation method. RFA was assessed via the Osstell Mentor. Five values were taken per implant. All implants where subjected to a reverse torque in increasing increments of 5 until 50 Ncm force was reached. Results The five RFA values per site were averaged and plotted by placement technique. A paired t-test statistical analysis was run. The average RFA values showed no statistical significance between the 10 test (RFA = 69.04 ± 5.11) and 10 control (RFA = 70.94 ± 6.41) sites (P > 0.05). All implants in both groups withstood RTT up to 50 Ncm force without movement and thus showed no statistical differences. Conclusion Results of this ex vivo study imply that the Piezoelectric implant site preparation affords similar primary implant stability in comparison to conventional rotary instrumentation in cortical bone.
Are professional women overworked? Objective versus subjective perception of role loads

This was a study of 164 faculty women's estimation of the time they spend on their professions, their housework and child care. The focus of the study was to compare their reports about time spent on these activities with their feelings of being overworked. The subjects were divided into four groups according to their marital and motherhood status. Although all subjects reported working many hours, they did not report feeling particularly overworked. Those who have children, and by their own report work well over 107 hours per week, felt no more overloaded than did the childless subjects who reported working about 78 hours a week. The study makes a distinction between objective-quantitaties perception of role load and subjective-qualitative perception of role load. It also offers possible explanations for the findings.
A chip-based micro-cavity optical parametric oscillator

We report a micro-scale optical parametric oscillator (/spl mu/OPO). Oscillations are observed at low threshold values (170 micro-Watts) with highly ideal (97%) signal-to-idler photon emission. High conversion efficiencies (36%) are achieved.
An Experimental Investigation on the Wake Interference of Wind Turbines Sited Over Complex Terrains

() An experimental study was conducted to investigate the interferences of wind turbines sited over hilly terrains in order to elucidate underlying physics to explore/optimize design paradigms of wind turbines sited over complex terrains for higher power yield and better durability. The experiments were conducted in a large wind tunnel with of wind turbine models sited over a flat terrain (baseline case) and a 2D-ridge with non-homogenous atomospheric boundary layer winds. In addition to measuring dynamic wind loads (both forces and moments) and the power outputs of the wind turbine models, a high-resolution digital Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system was used to conduct detailed flow field measurements to quantify the flow characteristics of the surface winds and wake interferences among multiple wind turbines over flat (baseline case) and complex terrains. The detailed flow field measurements were correlated with the wind load measurements and power outputs of the wind turbine models to elucidate the underlying physics associated with turbine power generation and fatigue loads acting on the wind turbines.
A cheaper, simpler quantized Hall resistance standard

We have developed an accurate quantized Hall resistance (QHR) standard which is both cheaper and simpler to operate than most of those previously realized. In this paper, we outline the characteristics of the samples used, describe and discuss the design of the dewar and magnet system, and present field sweep data and accurate measurements carried out using a room temperature dc current comparator bridge.
Heme oxygenase-1 exacerbates early brain injury after intracerebral haemorrhage

Because heme oxygenase (HO) is the rate limiting enzyme in the degradation of the pro-oxidant hemin/heme from blood, here we investigated the contribution of the inducible HO-1 to early brain injury produced by intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). We found that after induction of ICH, HO-1 proteins were highly detectable in the peri-ICH region predominantly in microglia/macrophages and endothelial cells. Remarkably, the injury volume was significantly smaller in HO-1 knockout (HO-1−/–) mice than in wild-type controls 24 and 72 h after ICH. Although the brain water content did not appear to be significantly different, the protection in HO-1−/– mice was associated with a marked reduction in ICH-induced leucocyte infiltration, microglia/macrophage activation and free radical levels. These data reveal a previously unrecognized role of HO-1 in early brain injury after ICH. Thus, modulation of HO-1 signalling should be assessed further in clinical settings, especially for haemorrhagic states.
Knowledge and attitudes toward sexuality and sex education of a select group of older people.

The sexual knowledge and attitudes of adults age 65 and over has been a neglected area of research due in part to the widespread belief that older people are neither sexually active nor interested in sexual expression. The purposes of this study were to: 1) develop an instrument to measure the sexual knowledge and attitudes of older adults 2) collect data on the sexual knowledge and attitudes of a sample of older community residents 3) determine whether there are significant differences between older men and women in this area and 4) obtain older adults perceptions about sex education programs. Study participants included 15 men and 17 women ages 65-74 years who were members of an organization of older people. All of the men and 41% of the women were currently married. Structured interviews consisting of knowledge and attitude items demographic items and open-ended questions prepared by sexology and gerontology experts were conducted. No significant differences were noted between male and female respondents in terms of overall knowledge or attitudes. Although respondents had significantly more formal education than their age cohort they demonstrated a lack of knowledge about sexuality especially about topics such as erection and impotence drug effects and alcohol. In terms of attitude respondents were unanimous in recognizing the existence of sexuality needs in older adults. When asked to identify the concerns older people have about sex respondents cited personal attitudes impotence health problems and inability to perform unresolved questions and the lack of an available partner. 75% identified health as the major deterrent to continued sexual expression. The majority did not consider themselves to be more knowledgeable about sex than younger adults and 65% of the women and 75% of the men expressed a reluctance to ask questions about sex. 90% of respondents believed older people could benefit from sex education and suggested classes at community colleges churches and senior centers as well as handouts and pamphlets in public areas frequented by older adults. These results indicate that older adults need and desire information on sexuality especially on physiosexual changes that occur with age the impact of health changes on sexual expression and the effects of medications on sexual function. An annotated bibliography of publications and media on sexuality and aging is included.
Blending Synthetic Pheromones of Cerambycid Beetles to Develop Trap Lures That Simultaneously Attract Multiple Species

We evaluated attraction of cerambycid beetle species to blends of known cerambycid pheromones to determine whether such blends could be used as effective trap lures for detecting and monitoring multiple species simultaneously. Pheromone-baited traps captured 1,358 cerambycid beetles of which 1,101 (81.1%) belonged to three species in the subfamily Cerambycinae: Neoclytus acuminatus (F.), Neoclytus mucronatus (F.), and Xylotrechus colonus (F.). Beetles of these species were significantly attracted to synthetic blends that contained their pheromone components (isomers of 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, 2,3-hexanediol, or both), despite the presence of pheromone components of different species, including other isomers of 2,3-hexanediol, (E/Z)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-yl acetate, and citral. In some cases, attraction was partially inhibited by the pheromone components of heterospecific species, whereas for N. acuminatus, attraction was completely inhibited when blends contained (2R*,3S*)-hexanediol, the racemic mixture of diastereomers of its pheromone, (2S,3S)-hexanediol. Among the remaining beetles captured were three species in the subfamily Lamiinae: Astyleiopus variegatus (Haldeman), Graphisurus fasciatus (Degeer), and Lepturges angulatus (LeConte). All three lamiine species were previously known to be attracted to (E/Z)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-yl acetate and were captured in significant numbers by blends containing that compound. Our results suggest that different types of cerambycid pheromones can be combined to create effective multispecies lures for use in surveillance programs that target exotic cerambycid species.
Undergraduate manufacturing education-an interdisciplinary approach

Following a description of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and its motivation to develop as a center in manufacturing education, the history, evolution, and characteristics of the manufacturing research and academic programs are described. The authors discuss the status of course offerings with emphasis on the undergraduate level within the university departments, the relationship of the undergraduate and graduate programs via the professional program, and future steps such as satellite-delivered courses that are underway or planned. Some recommendations for development of an undergraduate curriculum based on the experiences authors' experiences are also given. >
Is Social Mobility Spatial? Characteristics of Immigrant Metros and Second Generation Outcomes: 1940-1970 and 1970-2000.

Research on immigrant and second generation outcomes has often examined their locations, following ideas that geographic dispersion facilitates social mobility, and that characteristics of the ethnic environment enable or constrain progress. I contend that second generation socioeconomic outcomes depend in part on the location choices and characteristics of a previous immigrant generation. Further, I suggest that this relationship reflects the changing geography of immigrants and labour markets, rather than geographically unfolding assimilation. Using the 1940, 1970, and 2000 Integrated Public Use Microdata Series files from the US Census, I regress second and 1.5 generation wage and educational outcomes in 1970 and 2000 on metro-area characteristics of a previous generation (1940 and 1970, respectively). Current labour market and second generation characteristics are included as controls and to facilitate interpretation. Characteristics of a previous immigrant generation's location were more important for second generation outcomes in the 1940–1970 period, while current place characteristics become more significant by 2000. There is evidence of selection operating through the positive intergenerational effects of places where immigrants' educational levels were high a generation ago. Metro-level immigrant concentration and manufacturing employment also have generally positive effects, although variations across generations and by nationality suggest their significance for social mobility is inadequately understood. The historical immigrant geographies of the US, and the ways in which metro labour market conditions intersect with immigrants' locational choices, both within and between generations, are thus a critical piece of the economic and spatial assimilation puzzle. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local field potentials and spiking activity in the primary auditory cortex in response to social calls.

The mustached bat, Pteronotus parnellii, uses complex communication sounds (“calls”) for social interactions. We recorded both event-related local field potentials (LFPs) and single/few-unit (SU) s...
On intrinsic generalization of low dimensional representations of images for recognition

Low dimensional representations of images impose equivalence relations in the image space; the induced equivalence class of an image is named as its intrinsic generalization. The intrinsic generalization of a representation provides a novel way to measure its generalization and leads to more fundamental insights than the commonly used recognition performance, which is heavily influenced by the choice of training and test data. We demonstrate the limitations of linear subspace representations by sampling their intrinsic generalization, and propose a nonlinear representation that overcomes these limitations. The proposed representation projects images nonlinearly into the marginal densities of their filter responses, followed by linear projections of the marginals. We have used experiments on large datasets to show that the representations that have better intrinsic generalization also lead to a better recognition performance.
Hardness of routing with congestion in directed graphs

Given as input a directed graph on n vertices and a set ofsource-destination pairs, we study the problem of routing themaximum possible number of source-destination pairs on paths, suchthat at most c(N) paths go through any edge. We show that theproblem is hard to approximate within an NΩ(1/c(N)) factoreven when we compare to the optimal solution that routes pairs onedge-disjoint paths, assuming NP doesn't have NO(log logN)-time randomized algorithms. Here the congestion c(N) can beany function in the range 1 ≤ c(N) ≤ α log N/log log N for some absolute constant α > 0. The hardness result is in the right ballpark since a factor NO(1/c(N)) approximation algorithm is known for this problem, viarounding a natural multicommodity-flow relaxation. We also give asimple integrality gap construction that shows that themulticommodity-flow relaxation has an integrality gap of NΩ(1/c) for c ranging from 1 to Θ((log n)/(log log n)).A solution to the routing problem involves selecting which pairs tobe routed and what paths to assign to each routed pair. Two naturalrestrictions can be placed on input instances to eliminate one ofthese aspects of the problem complexity. The first restriction is toconsider instances with perfect completeness; an optimalsolution is able to route all pairs with congestion 1 in suchinstances. The second restriction to consider is the uniquepaths property where each source-destination pair has a unique pathconnecting it in the instance. An important aspect of our result isthat it holds on instances with any one of these tworestrictions. Our hardness construction with the perfectcompleteness restriction allows us to conclude that the directedcongestion minimization problem, where the goal is to route allpairs with minimum congestion, is hard to approximate to within afactor of Ω(log N/log log N). On the other hand, thehardness construction with unique paths property allows us toconclude an NΩ(1/c) inapproximability bound also for theall-or-nothing flow problem. This is in a sharp contrast to theundirected setting where the all-or-nothing flow problem is known tobe approximable to within a poly-logarithmic factor.
Realistic neutrino opacities for supernova simulations with correlations and weak magnetism

Advances in neutrino transport allow realistic neutrino interactions to be incorporated into supernova simulations. We add tensor couplings to relativistic random phase approximation calculations of neutrino opacities. Our results reproduce free-space neutrino-nucleon cross sections at low density, including weak magnetism and recoil corrections. In addition, our opacities are thermodynamically consistent with relativistic mean field equations of state. We find antineutrino mean free paths that are considerably larger then those for neutrinos. This difference depends little on density. In a supernova, this difference could lead to an average energy of ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ that is larger than that for ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ by an amount that is comparable to the energy difference between ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ and ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}.$
Treatment of a case of thromboembolism resulting from thoracic outlet syndrome with intra-arterial urokinase infusion.

Abstract A 36-year-old man with thoracic outlet syndrome, admitted to the hospital with digital ischemia from subclavian artery thrombosis and distal embolization, was given intra-arterial urokinase. Thrombus in the subclavian artery was lysed successfully and peripheral emboli were partially cleared, resulting in relief of digital symptoms. Although surgical decompression and vascular reconstruction at the thoracic outlet may be necessary, this technique provides a means of recanalizing small distal vessels. (J VASC SURG 1988;7:568-71.)
Identification of specific inhibitors of human RAD51 recombinase using high-throughput screening.

RAD51 is a key protein of homologous recombination that plays a critical role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and interstrand cross links (ICL). To better understand the cellular function(s) of human RAD51, we propose to develop specific RAD51 inhibitors. RAD51 inhibitors may also help to increase the potency of anticancer drugs that act by inducing DSBs or ICLs, e.g., cisplatin or ionizing radiation. In vitro, RAD51 promotes DNA strand exchange between homologous ss- and dsDNA. Here, we developed a DNA strand exchange assay based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer and used this assay to identify RAD51 inhibitors by high throughput screening of the NIH Small Molecule Repository (>200,000 compounds). Seventeen RAD51 inhibitors were identified and analyzed for selectivity using additional non-fluorescent DNA-based assays. As a result, we identified a compound (B02) that specifically inhibited human RAD51 (IC50 = 27.4 μM), but not its E. coli homologue RecA (IC50 > 250 μM). Two other compounds (A03 and A10) were identified that inhibited both RAD51 and RecA, but not the structurally unrelated RAD54 protein. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis allowed us to identify the structural components of B02 that are critical for RAD51 inhibition. The described approach can be used for identification of specific inhibitors of other human proteins that play an important role in DNA repair, e.g., RAD54 or Bloom’s syndrome helicase.