cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the inertial impaction of small particles at the entrance of a pore including hydrodynamic and molecular wall interaction effects

Abstract Existing analyses for the inertial impaction at low Reynolds number of solid particulates and aerosol droplets at the entrance to pores and theories for the collection efficiency of nuclepore filters have heretofore neglected the hydrodynamic interaction of the particles with the entrance geometry of the pore and the effect of molecular level electrostatic and electrodynamic forces on the collection efficiency of the pores. In the present paper a new theoretical framework is proposed in which both these effects are considered and the behaviour of an isolated pore is considered in detail. Approximate expressions are derived for the hydrodynamic interaction tensor describing the spatially varying non-isotropic resistance of the particle as it approaches the pore entrance, and a simple effective interaction model is developed for describing capture by molecular level forces. This combined theory provides a rational explanation for the capture of particles by the wall of the pore when the viscous draining of the fluid layer between the particle and the wall is considered. The theory also predicts a heretofore unrecognized new phenomenon in which for finite particle inertia, large-angle incoming particle trajectories can cross low-angle trajectories and lead to multiple solutions for the range of angles in which the particles will be captured by the wall.
Select cytoplasmic and membrane proteins increase the percentage of immobile integrins but do not affect the average diffusion coefficient of mobile integrins

Integrins are ubiquitous adhesion receptors that are important for signaling and integrating the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton. The role of cytoplasmic proteins vinculin, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), integrin-linked kinase (ILK), and membrane proteins epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Notch in altering αPS2CβPS integrin lateral diffusion was measured using single particle tracking (SPT) and RNA interference (RNAi). SPT measures heterogeneous diffusion properties, and RNAi selectively reduces the concentration of a target protein. After systematically reducing the concentration of vinculin, FAK, ILK, EGFR, or Notch, there was a 31 to 80 % increase in the mobile integrin fraction, indicating that these five targeted proteins (or assemblies that contain these proteins) are responsible for immobilizing a fraction of the integrins when all proteins are present at native concentrations. The average diffusion coefficient of all mobile integrins did not change after any of the RNAi treatments, and the percentage of Brownian, directed, or anomalous/constrained trajectories relative to total mobile trajectories did not change after vinculin or EGFR RNAi. However, the fraction of anomalous/constrained trajectories relative to the total mobile trajectories increased 9 to 19 % after FAK, ILK, and Notch RNAi, when the concentration of these proteins was reduced. In the case of FAK, ILK, and Notch, native concentrations of these proteins simultaneously increase the immobile fraction of integrins but decrease the diffusion constraints to those integrins that remain mobile. Comparisons of single receptor and ensemble measurements of diffusion and what is known about the effect of these proteins in altering integrin clustering are discussed.
Electropharmacology of antiarrhythmic drugs

Cardiac arrhythmias may be caused by abnormalities of impulse initiation, impulse propagation, or a combination of the two. The specific mechanisms that may induce arrhythmias are reviewed, as are the means whereby antiarrhythmic drugs might be expected to modify arrhythmias. The cellular electrophysiologic effects of the following antiarrhythmic drugs are discussed: quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide, lidocaine, tocainide, mexiletine, phenytoin, beta-blocking and slow-channel-blocking drugs, aprindine, bretylium, ethmozin, and amiodarone. A knowledge of the similarities and differences of their actions on the determinants of conduction, on repolarization and refractoriness, on automatic mechanisms, and on afterdepolarizations, when considered in the context of the mechanism of clinically occurring tachyarrhythmias, may provide the correct framework for the choice of an appropriate agent for the control of an individual disorder of rhythm. However, it is emphasized that neither the precise mechanism of various dysrhythmias nor the fundamental basis for the salutary action of antiarrhythmic compounds is completely understood.
The Effect of Experimentally Induced Changes in Metabolism on Perceptual Measures of Metabolic Efficiency

Most psychologists will go along with the assumption that every behavioral or perceptual alteration in a person is accompanied by a change in the neural substrate. Assuming that the magnitude of these changes in the psychic and physical realms are quantitatively comparable, it follows that a relatively large psychological alteration is accompanied by a relatively large physiological change, and vice versa. For example, a large perceptual distortion produced by a figural after-effects technique (2) would be accompanied by a relatively extensive change in the neural substrate while a smaller distortion would mean a smaller change in the neural substrate. Such reasoning can also be applied to individual differences. Suppose one man obtains a large figural after-effect from a given satiation technique while another obtains a small one; the satiation must have produced a greater change in the nervous system of the former than of the latter. If this daerence occurs under identical stimulating conditions, it must be due to individual diEerence in modifiability. The first man has a more modifiable neural substrate than the second. Elsewhere (5,7) we have argued that any change in the neural substrate can be considered a metabolic change, and that a person who is very modifiable on perceptual measures such as a figural after-eflect test is metabolically egcient, while a less moditiable person is metabolically less efficient. Previous studies have shown a milinear relation between various over-all metabolic measures and perceptual distortability, in that Ss falling in the normal range on such measures as BMR or thyroid activity have a greater perceptual modifiability than Ss either below or above the normal range (4, 5, 7). The present studies were undertaken to see whether it is possible to produce changes in perceptual modhability by artificially changing metabolism in a group of normal Ss, with the expectation that a change in general body metabolism would be reflected in brain metabolism and hence in the perceptual rneasures. Three perceptual measures were employed: kinesthetic figural after-effect, ambiguous figure reversal, and a perceptual association. For the first, the kinesthetic figural after-effect test, blindfolded Ss &st found a width on a variable bar which felt just as wide as a standard bar, then rubbed inspection bars for one
Effects of transitory maternal pteroylglutamic acid (PGA) deficiency on respiratory control ratios, phosphorylative capacity, and cytochrome oxidase activities of mitochondria from rat embryos

Cytochrome oxidase activities and protein contents of homogenates and mitochondrial fractions of embryos from untreated and 9-methyl PGA treated pregnant rats were determined on various days of gestation. Rates of respiration, ADP:O, and respiratory control ratios were determined with the mitochondrial fractions. The cytochrome oxidase specific activities of homogenates or mitochondrial fractions of treated embryos were similar to those of controls of the same age. However, total mitochondrial protein and cytochrome oxidase activities of the treated embryos were similar to those of controls even though the treated embryos were smaller than controls. The amount of oxygen consumed by the treated embryos was not significantly different from that consumed by controls and the ADP:O and respiratory control ratios calculated for mitochondrial fractions of treated and control embryos were not significantly different.
SALVAGE PROSTATECTOMY WITH CONTINENT CATHETERIZABLE URINARY RECONSTRUCTION: A NOVEL APPROACH TO RECURRENT PROSTATE CANCER AFTER RADIATION THERAPY

Purpose: Salvage prostatectomy after full dose radiation therapy is associated with a high risk of urinary incontinence. We evaluated the complications of salvage prostatectomy with continent catheterizable reconstruction and its impact on urinary incontinence.Materials and Methods: Between August 1995 and February 1999, 13 patients with biopsy proved, locally recurrent prostate cancer after radiation therapy underwent salvage prostatectomy with complete bladder neck closure and reconstruction with an appendicovesicostomy to the native bladder in 9 and ileovesicostomy in 4.Results: There were no intraoperative complications. Four patients had serious complications necessitating reoperation, including a vesicourethral fistula requiring delayed cystectomy, wound dehiscence with disruption of the appendicovesical anastomosis, leakage from the small bowel anastomosis that resulted in sepsis and death, and stomal stenosis requiring delayed stomal revision in 1 each. Of 12 patients 2 (17%) used pads for inconti...
A Decentralized Agent Framework for Dynamic Composition and Coordination for Autonomic Applications

This paper introduces a peer-to-peer agent framework for supporting autonomic applications in decentralized distributed environments. The framework provides agents to discover, compose, and control elements. It defines agent interaction and negotiation protocols to enable appropriate application behaviors to be dynamically negotiated and enacted. The defined protocols and agent activities are supported by a scalable decentralized shared-space based substrate. The implementation and experimental evaluation of the system are also presented
Reasoning about the Appropriate Use of Private Data through Computational Workflows

While there is a plethora of mechanisms to ensure lawful access to privacy-protected data, additional research is required in order to reassure individuals that their personal data is being used for the purpose that they consented to. This is particularly important in the context of new data mining approaches, as used, for instance, in biomedical research and commercial data mining. We argue for the use of computational workflows to ensure and enforce appropriate use of sensitive personal data. Computational workflows describe in a declarative manner the data processing steps and the expected results of complex data analysis processes such as data mining (Gil et al. 2007b; Taylor et al. 2006). We see workflows as an artifact that captures, among other things, how data is being used and for what purpose. Existing frameworks for computational workflows need to be extended to incorporate privacy policies that can govern the use of data.
Pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a cat

Pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis was diagnosed in a 9-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat with a history of coughing, lethargy, and anorexia. Radiographic examination revealed multiple pulmonary opacities, consolidation of left lung lobes, and enlarged tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Cytologic examination of impression smears of abnormal pulmonary tissue revealed erythrocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages, with scattered atypical lymphocytes and binucleate cells. Histopathologic evaluation of abnormal lung tissue revealed multiple, coalescing, densely cellular nodules composed of anaplastic and pleomorphic lymphocytes, with scattered binucleate and multinucleate cells. Marked infiltration and effacement of bronchiolar and vascular smooth muscle were present. These features are characteristic of lymphomatoid granulomatosis. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a cat.
LECTURES ON RCFT

We review some recent results in two dimensional Rational Conformal Field Theorey. We discuss these theories as a generalization of group theory. The relation to a three dimensional topological theory is explained and the particular example of the Chern-Simons-Witten theory is analyzed in detail. This study leads to a natural conjecture regarding the classification of all RCFT’s.
A network management architecture for robust packet routing in mesh optical access networks

We describe an architecture for an optical local area network (LAN) or metropolitan area network (MAN) access. The architecture allows for bandwidth sharing within a wavelength and is robust to both link and node failures. The architecture can be utilized with an arbitrary, link-redundant mesh network (node-redundancy is necessary only to handle all node failures), and assumes neither the use of a star topology nor the ability to embed such a topology within the physical mesh. Reservation of, bandwidth is performed in a centralized fashion at a (replicated) head end node, simplifying the implementation of complex sharing policies relative to implementation on a distributed set of routers. Unlike a router, however, the head end does not take any action on individual packets and, in particular, does not buffer packets. The architecture thus avoids the difficulties of processing packets in the optical domain while allowing for packetized shared access of wavelengths. We describe the route construction scheme and prove its ability to recover from single link and single node failures, outline a flexible medium access protocol and discuss the implications for implementing specific policies, and propose a simple implementation of the recovery protocol in terms of state machines for per-link devices.
A bidirectional dc-ac converter

This paper proposes a bidirectional grid interface converter to be applied in Energy-Control-Center (ECC) in order to interface dc variables, such as battery energy storage system and ac conventional utility grid. Such power electronics solution guarantees: (i) bidirectional power flow between dc and ac converter sides, (ii) independent control in both sides, (iii) high level of integration, and (iv) implementation of two functions using a unique power conversion stage. Despite proposing a new solution, this paper presents an analysis of the converter in terms of: PWM strategy, dc-link capacitor variables, switches variables, low-pass-filter specification employed at the output converter sides and a comparison with a conventional solution. Simulation and experimental results are presented as well.
Decreased resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with restriction of ciprofloxacin in a large teaching hospital's intensive care and intermediate care units.

Objective. To examine the effect of restricting ciprofloxacin on the resistance of nosocomial gram-negative bacilli, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to antipseudomonal carbapenems.Design. Interrupted time-series analysis.Setting. Tertiary care teaching hospital with 11 intensive care and intermediate care units with a total of 295 beds.Patients. All nosocomial isolates of P. aeruginosa.Intervention. Restriction of ciprofloxacin.Results. There was a significant decreasing trend observed in the percentage () and the rate () of isolates of P. aeruginosa that were resistant to antipseudomonal carbapenems following the restriction of ciprofloxacin. There was also a significant decreasing trend observed in the percentage () and the rate () of isolates of ciprofloxacin-resistant P. aeruginosa. The rate of cefepime-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates declined () but the percentage of cefepime-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates did not change. There were no significant changes observed in the rate or the percentage o...
The Price of “Free”-dom: Consumer Sensitivity to Promotions with Negative Contextual Influences

Past research has shown that monetary promotions (e.g., discounts) are more likely to be processed relative to and integrated with the original product price than are free promotions. We posit that because of this difference, free promotions are more focal and salient than monetary promotions. In a set of three experiments, we demonstrate that this salience results in free promotions being less susceptible than equivalent monetary discounts to negative contextual information on quality that can potentially lower purchase intentions. We show that this effect can be reversed when respondents focus on other pieces of information that diminish the salience of the free promotion.
Robust sensor planning for a partially known moving target: Application to a dynamic X-ray imaging system

This paper discusses the extension of sample-based planning methods to the application of sensor planning for a partially unknown, moving target. This is achieved by modeling the target as a time-varying stochastic process with known mean and variance. Using the unscented transform, the target's statistics are then propagated through a user-supplied sensing effectiveness metric. The planner is demonstrated for a dynamic X-ray imaging platform tasked with viewing the human knee-joint center during normal, over-ground walking.
The multicovering radii of linear codes with 1-covering radius one

The multicovering radius is a generalization of the covering radius that was proposed by Klapper (1997) in the course of studying stream ciphers. Klapper showed that there exist stream ciphers that are resistant to synthesis attacks. The purpose of this paper is to determine the 2-covering radius of linear codes with 1-covering radius one. A technique for determining multicovering radii is illustrated and has generated a new bound.
A Unified Probabilistic Framework for Facial Activity Modeling and Understanding

Facial activities are the most natural and powerful means of human communication. Spontaneous facial activity is characterized by rigid head movements, non-rigid facial muscular movements, and their interactions. Current research in facial activity analysis is limited to recognizing rigid or non-rigid motion separately, often ignoring their interactions. Furthermore, although some of them analyze the temporal properties of facial features during facial feature extraction, they often recognize the facial activity statically, ignoring the dynamics of the facial activity. In this paper, we propose to explicitly exploit the prior knowledge about facial activities and systematically combine the prior knowledge with image measurements to achieve an accurate, robust, and consistent facial activity understanding. Specifically, we propose a unified probabilistic framework based on the dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) to simultaneously and coherently represent the rigid and non-rigid facial motions, their interactions, and their image observations, as well as to capture the temporal evolution of the facial activities. Robust computer vision methods are employed to obtain measurements of both rigid and non-rigid facial motions. Finally, facial activity recognition is accomplished through a probabilistic inference by systemically integrating the visual measurements with the facial activity model.
On a lower bound for sorting signed permutations by reversals

Computing the reversal distances of signed permutations is an important topic in Bioinformatics. Recently, a new lower bound for the reversal distance was obtained via the plane permutation framework. This lower bound appears different from the existing lower bound obtained by Bafna and Pevzner through breakpoint graphs. In this paper, we prove that the two lower bounds are equal. Moreover, we confirm a related conjecture on skew-symmetric plane permutations, which can be restated as follows: let $p=(0,-1,-2,\ldots -n,n,n-1,\ldots 1)$ and let $$ \tilde{s}=(0,a_1,a_2,\ldots a_n,-a_n,-a_{n-1},\ldots -a_1) $$ be any long cycle on the set $\{-n,-n+1,\ldots 0,1,\ldots n\}$. Then, $n$ and $a_n$ are always in the same cycle of the product $p\tilde{s}$. Furthermore, we show the new lower bound via plane permutations can be interpreted as the topological genera of orientable surfaces associated to signed permutations.
On the Moral Standing of the President as an Interpreter of the Constitution: Some Reflections on Our Current “Crises”

We know that the abuse of power may cause an erosion of authority, but I would suggest that the current "crisis" over Iran and the Contras confirms a notably different lesson: It is the erosion of authority, or the denial to the president of his rightful, constitutional powers, which has produced a stream of factitious crises. The "scandals" are generated by the prospect of an uncontained president, who is seeking to evade the restraints of the law, in order to deploy the instruments of violence in foreign policy. But the president appears to be bent on a course of lawlessness, he seems persistently to be threatening a "constitutional crisis," only if one accepts the premise that these statutory restraints on the president are eminently reasonable and constitutional. If they are not, then there is no pattern of lawlessness on the part of the president, no scandal, no crisis.
Two-Section Half-Width Microstrip Leaky Wave Antenna

Antenna beamwidth is a critical parameter that dictates the performance of a radar system. For a microstrip leaky wave antenna (MLWA) to achieve a narrow beam, it requires not only a long aperture, but also a small attenuation constant. In this paper, a two-section MLWA is proposed to achieve a small attenuation constant. The complex propagation constant of the proposed structure is first derived using the transverse resonance method (TRM). An antenna cross section is then designed using TRM and a short prototype is built and measured. It is shown that the resulting complex propagation constant agrees well with that calculated using TRM. Next, the antenna design is extended to a long aperture to demonstrate its narrow-beam performance based on full-wave simulation. Finally, the implications of employing a narrow-beam MLWA for radar applications are discussed.
Debiasing affective forecasting errors with targeted, but not representative, experience narratives

Abstract Objective To determine whether representative experience narratives (describing a range of possible experiences) or targeted experience narratives (targeting the direction of forecasting bias) can reduce affective forecasting errors, or errors in predictions of experiences. Methods In Study 1, participants (N = 366) were surveyed about their experiences with 10 common medical events. Those who had never experienced the event provided ratings of predicted discomfort and those who had experienced the event provided ratings of actual discomfort. Participants making predictions were randomly assigned to either the representative experience narrative condition or the control condition in which they made predictions without reading narratives. In Study 2, participants (N = 196) were again surveyed about their experiences with these 10 medical events, but participants making predictions were randomly assigned to either the targeted experience narrative condition or the control condition. Results Affective forecasting errors were observed in both studies. These forecasting errors were reduced with the use of targeted experience narratives (Study 2) but not representative experience narratives (Study 1). Conclusion Targeted, but not representative, narratives improved the accuracy of predicted discomfort. Practice implications Public collections of patient experiences should favor stories that target affective forecasting biases over stories representing the range of possible experiences.
Investigation of Supercritical Isooctane as a Reaction Medium in the Conversion of Methanol to Hydrocarbons over H-ZSM-5

Supercritical fluid (SCF) reaction media have been previously shown to facilitate heat removal and heavy product extraction from catalyst active sites in a variety of heterogeneous catalytic reactions, such as Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS). This work explores the feasibility of using SCF media to enhance methanol-to-hydrocarbons (MTH) reaction performance relative to traditional, gas-phase operation. Conversion of methanol over H-ZSM-5 was carried out in a continuous fixed-bed reactor in the presence of supercritical isooctane. Isooctane was selected as the SCF medium primarily because of its low reactivity over H-ZSM-5. The performance of SCF-assisted MTH was compared with that of gas-phase MTH at both 300 and 370 °C. Relative to gas phase operation at the same conditions, the use of supercritical isooctane resulted in improved catalyst maintenance and increased hydrocarbon productivity with increasing time on stream.
Strategic Context for Internet Banking: How Traditional Banks Manage e-Commerce to Build IT Capabilities and Improve Performance

Many studies have undertaken to show the impact of e-commerce on firm performance, but with mixed results. Therefore this study examines e-banking strategy and implementation, by developing a comprehensive model showing the particular strategic context (strategic role) of the e-commerce unit, the strategic control systems employed, and the nature of IT capabilities developed, in order to explain firm performance for banks. This study found that a more aggressive strategic context is associated with greater usage of strategic control systems, which comprise input controls, informal controls, formal targets and formal processes. Further, strategic controls is partly associated with IT capabilities, IT capabilities is partly associated with intermediate performance metrics (revenue enhancement, but not cost reduction), and intermediate performance metrics are associated with final firm profitability. A discussion and managerial implications for banks are given.
Probabilistic Error Models for machine learning kernels implemented on stochastic nanoscale fabrics

Presented in this paper are probabilistic error models for machine learning kernels implemented on low-SNR circuit fabrics where errors arise due to voltage overscaling (VOS), process variations, or defects. Four different variants of the additive error model are proposed that describe the error probability mass function (PMF): additive over Reals Error Model with independent Bernoulli RVs (REM-i), additive over Reals Error Model with joint Bernoulli random variables (RVs) (REM-j), additive over Galois field Error Model with independent Bernoulli RVs (GEM-i), and additive over Galois field Error Model with joint Bernoulli RVs (GEM-j). Analytical expressions for the error PMF is derived. Kernel level model validation is accomplished by comparing the Jensen-Shannon divergence DJS between the modeled PMF and the PMFs obtained via HDL simulations in a commercial 45nm CMOS process of MAC units used in a 2nd order polynomial support vector machine (SVM) to classify data from the UCI machine learning repository. Results indicate that at the MAC unit level, DJS for the GEM-j models are 1-to-2-orders-of-magnitude lower (better) than the REM models for VOS and process variation errors. However, when considering errors due to defects, DJS for REM-j is between 1-to-2-orders-of-magnitude lower than the others. Performance prediction of the SVM using these models indicate that when compared with Monte Carlo with HDL generated error statistics, probability of detection pdet estimated using GEM-j is within 3% for VOS error when the error rate pη ≤ 80%, and within 5% for process variation error when supply voltage Vdd is between 0.3V and 0.7V. In addition, pdet using REM-j is within 2% for defect errors when the defect rate (the percentage of circuit nets subject to stuck-at-faults) psaf is between 10−3 and 0.2.
Reactive Power Hierarchical Optimization in Regional Grid with Large Scale New Energy

Considering the voltage problems in regional grid with large scale new energy,the reactive power scheduling strategy was discussed,and the renewable power plants were taken as continuous reactive power adjustment means to participate in the optimization with capacitors. From the perspective of day-ahead and real-time scales,a three-level dynamic optimization model for coordinated control of district power network and new energy station was built and different objective functions were constructed of each level according to different needs and control variables. Finally,a case of district power network was used to validate the proposed model,and the results show that the model can ensure the safe operation of the grid at different load levels.
The research status and therapeutic targets of hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury

Long time oxygen exposure can induce acute lung injury.However,until now,we neither clearly clarify the pathogenesis of acute lung injury induced by hyperoxia nor have effective treatment measure.This paper reviews the research status of acute lung injury induced by hyperoxia in recent years.In this paper,we discuss the roles of following items in the pathogenesis of pulmonary oxygen toxicity: reactive oxygen species,inflammatory cells,signal transduction pathways and transcription factors.We also discuss the therapeutic targets in the future.
Analysis of HIV antibody test results of Mentougou district in Beijing city from 2005 to 2010

Objective To understand the HIV infection situation and epidemiological characteristics of Mentougou District in Beijing,in order to provide scientific basis for control and prevention of AIDS.Methods Antibody test results of different populations in Mentougou district of Beijing city from 2005 to 2010 were analyzed statistically.Results A total of 5 446 person-copies of specimens were tested from 2005 to 2010,of which 8 cases were positive,the total infection rate was 0.15%.People who voluntarily received counseling and testing and people in detention had higher positive detection rates,which were 0.50% and 0.31% respectively.The positive detection rate of male was more than female,and all of them were young adults.People with primary education and illiterate population were accounted for 62.5% among all infected person,and all of them were floating population.Conclusion Management of floating population should be strengthened and frequency of tests should be enhanced,in order to find more infected people.Health education,condom distribution and other interventional measures should be supplemented to curb the prevalence and spreading speed of AIDS.
Initial Results with the Cohen Cross-Trigonal Ureteroneocystotomy

Between January 1976 and December 1980, 109 children with 157 ureters with reflux were seen in consultation. Of these ureters 52 were operated upon using the Cohen cross-trigonal technique, while 105 were followed conservatively. The operative procedure is a complete intravesical ureteral mobilization followed by the creation of a submucosal tunnel across the base of the bladder. Followup studies, including an excretory urogram and voiding cystourethrogram, showed minimal hydronephrosis in 1 ureter and persistent grade I reflux in 1 ureter. Evaluation of these initial results indicates that the Cohen cross-trigonal ureteroneocystotomy is a safe and effective antireflux procedure.
Adaptions to Hypoxia and Redox Stress: Essential Concepts Confounded by Misleading Terminology.

Cells and organisms have developed a remarkable array of responses to adapt to hypoxic environments. In this Viewpoint, the author discusses the definitions and determinants of redox stress in hypoxia, the relationships among the changes in glucose metabolism, and the alterations in cell redox state. The ability to adapt to hypoxia is a fundamental survival strategy for all living organisms. In part, these adaptive mechanisms likely evolved from primordial metabolic programs in the hypoxic environment of the Proterozoic Eon1 within which ATP is generated from atypical energy sources, such as hydrogen sulfide. The best-studied adaptive mechanism is, of course, stabilization of the transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1, which leads to changes in gene expression that enhance glycolysis and attenuate oxidative phosphorylation. In recent years, the transition from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis has also been demonstrated in normoxic environments and shown to be induced by mediators such as D( R )-2-hydroxyglutarate, an oncometabolite product of the neomorphic activity of mutant isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH1 and IDH2),2 fumarate, and hydrogen sulfide. These and other related mechanisms decrease the cell’s metabolic dependence on molecular oxygen for ATP synthesis. In addition to its effect on cellular energetics, the shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in hypoxic environments serves another key purpose: it decreases the generation of potentially injurious reactive oxygen species (ROS). With hypoxia (but not anoxia), the mitochondrial electron transport chain becomes inefficient and leaks electrons to molecular oxygen, generating superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide (by spontaneous or enzyme-catalyzed dismutation). The determinants of superoxide generation in these conditions include high proton motive force, increased ubiquinol/ubiquinone, and increased NADH/NAD+ in the setting of decreased ATP synthesis. The shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis offsets these adverse effects, in part, by decreasing carbon flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle to limit further NADH generation, the …
Structural Equation Modeling (SEM): Simply a Rotated Concept Map

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the connections between the uses of concept mapping and structural equation modeling (SEM). Concept maps can also be used to help authors organize and structure reviewed literature in a manner that may help them find their voice when adding to the existing conversation on a particular topic. A discussion of the process recently utilized for a doctoral dissertation is presented to provide an example of this organizational process by presenting a summary of the literature review with a concept map of the review and the supporting documents attached to the appropriate concepts as re-sources. Dissertation examples are then used to further demonstrate how the connections between concept mapping the review of literature and using a concept map to visualize the analyses can help students demystify research methodology, especially, the use of SEM.
The Division Algorithm.

might remove 4 blocks (the number needed for each player) repeatedly to see how many people could play. Out of such situation problems the pencil-paper processes shown in figure 1, as well as several others, can easily be developed. This approach in any of its many forms, whether the partial quotients are written down the side or stacked on top, is a reasonable approach which can easily be backed up with number models and with common sense. However, many teachers experience considerable difficulty in making the process efficient enough to be satisfying. Many are the students who can find the answer to 344 -r8 something like figure 2a, but who, seemingly, can never reach the stage of figure 2b in the development of the algorithm, let alone the stage of figure 2c, unless the teacher throws up his hands in despair and teaches a rote process based on that well-worn educational principle "Do it this way because I said to!" 28-4 = 24 24 4 = 20 20 4 = 16 7 subtractions of 16-4=124 were P°ssible, 12-4 = 8 so7 x4 = 28 and 8-4 = 4 28^4 = 7 4-4 = 0
Water-induced stress influences the relative investment in cleistogamous and chasmogamous flowers of an invasive grass, Microstegium vimineum (Poaceae)

Background: Global climate change has the potential to shape evolutionary trajectories of invasive species via many routes, including through changes in mating systems. Many cleistogamous (CL) plants adjust investment in CL (selfed) vs. chasmogamous (CH, potentially outcrossed) progeny across environmental gradients. However, the details of such adjustments are lacking for highly invasive plant species.Aims: We used a highly invasive grass, Microstegium vimineum, as a model for understanding how changes in water-induced stress (including potential associated changes in soil nutrient availability) might affect mating systems and thus evolutionary change in invasive species. We predicted that plants would respond to increased water-induced stress through a relative reduction in investment in CL vs. CH reproduction (i.e., a decrease in the CL:CH ratio).Methods: Under greenhouse conditions, we measured fecundity (number of inflorescences and florets per plant) as well as relative investment in CL vs. CH flore...
An Harmonic Betatron Motion in Free Electron Lasers

In this article the trajectory of an electron in an FEL is calculated, including nonlinear, off-axis focusing terms in the transverse equations of motion, and the emittance growth due to the nonlinear terms is estimated.
Muscular strength and endurance and cardio-metabolic health in disadvantaged Hispanic children from the U.S

The predictive relationship between muscular strength and endurance and cardio-metabolic health, independent from aerobic fitness, is not clear in disadvantaged Hispanic children. The purpose of this study was to examine the predictive relationship between muscular strength and endurance and clustered cardio-metabolic risk, controlling for aerobic fitness, in Hispanic children from low-income schools. Participants were 320 Hispanic children (Mean age = 10.1 ± 1.1 years; 164 girls, 156 boys) recruited during the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 academic years from five low-income schools from the state of Utah in the U.S. Muscular strength and endurance was assessed using the push-up and curl-up tests and estimated VO2 Peak was calculated from the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run. A clustered metabolic syndrome composite score (MetS) was calculated from cardio-metabolic health measurements consisting of HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, waist circumference, blood glucose, and mean arterial pressure (MAP). Multi-level general linear mixed effects models were used to examine the predictive relationship between muscular strength and endurance and MetS, controlling for the effect of aerobic fitness and the clustering of children within classrooms and schools. Children who were in the middle and upper tertiles for muscular strength and endurance associated with a lower (more favorable) MetS score (middle tertile: β = − 2.59, 95% C.I. [− 4.23, − 0.95], p < 0.05; upper tertile: β = − 1.57, 95% C.I. [− 3.20, − 0.16], p < 0.05). The results suggest that higher levels of muscular strength and endurance relate to lower cardio-metabolic risk, independent of aerobic fitness, in Hispanic children from low-income schools.
Physical Activity, Diet Quality, and Mortality among Community-Dwelling Prefrail and Frail Older Adults

ABSTRACTIt is unknown if physical activity and diet quality are associated with the risk of poor outcomes, such as mortality, among prefrail and frail older adults. This was a population-based cohort study among 1487 prefrail and frail older-adults from the Third National Health and Nutrition Survey. Compared to participants who were sedentary (0 bouts of physical activity per week), those who were physically inactive (1–4 bouts of physical activity per week) were 24% less likely to die [HR: 0.76 (95% CI: 0.58–0.98)], and those who were physically active (≥5 bouts of physical activity per week) were 34% less likely to die [HR: 0.66 (95% CI: 0.51–0.86); Ptrend = 0.002]. Compared to participants with poor diet quality, those with fair diet quality were 26% less likely to die [HR: 0.74 (95% CI: 0.52–0.98)], and those with good diet quality were 33% less likely to die [HR: 0.67 (95% CI: 0.55–1.00); Ptrend = 0.050]. There was a synergistic interaction between physical activity and diet quality on the risk of m...
To Make Men Free: A History of the Republican Party

In an age when people read to confirm their prejudices rather than to challenge them, Heather Cox Richardson’s To Make Men Free is a book that Democrats cannot do without. It will confirm just what...
Multifidelity Uncertainty Propagation in Coupled Multidisciplinary Systems

Fixed point iteration is a common strategy to handle interdisciplinary coupling within a coupled multidisciplinary analysis. For each coupled analysis, this requires a large number of disciplinary high-fidelity simulations to resolve the interactions between different disciplines. When embedded within an uncertainty analysis loop (e.g., with Monte Carlo sampling over uncertain parameters) the number of high-fidelity disciplinary simulations quickly becomes prohibitive, since each sample requires a fixed point iteration and the uncertainty analysis typically involves thousands or even millions of samples. This paper develops a method for uncertainty analysis in feedback-coupled black-box systems that leverages adaptive surrogates to reduce the number of cases for which fixed point iteration is needed. The multifidelity coupled uncertainty propagation method is an iterative process that uses surrogates for approximating the coupling variables and adaptive sampling strategies to refine the surrogates. The adaptive sampling strategies explored in this work are residual error, information gain, and weighted information gain. The surrogate models are adapted in a way that does not compromise accuracy of the uncertainty analysis relative to the original coupled high-fidelity problem.
Dynamics of unstably stratified free shear flows: an experimental investigation of coupled Kelvin–Helmholtz and Rayleigh–Taylor instability

The dynamics of the coupled Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) and Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability (referred to as KHRT instability or KHRTI) is studied using statistically steady experiments performed in a multi-layer gas tunnel. Experiments are performed at four density ratios ranging in Atwood number from 0.035 to 0.159, with varying amounts of shear and ranging from 0 to 0.48, where is the speed difference between the two flow streams being investigated and is the mean velocity of these two streams. Three types of diagnostics – back-lit visualization, hot-wire anemometry and particle image velocimetry (PIV) – are employed to obtain the mixing widths, velocity field and density field. The flow is found to be governed by KH dynamics at early times and RT dynamics at late times. This transition from KH-instability-like to RT-instability-like behaviour is quantified using the Richardson number. Transitional Richardson number magnitudes obtained for the present KHRT flows are found to be in the range 0.17–0.56 similar to the critical Richardson numbers for stably stratified free shear flows. Comparing the evolution of density and velocity mixing widths, the density mixing layer is found to be approximately two times as thick as the velocity mixing layer. Scaling of velocity fluctuations is attempted using combinations of KH and RT scales. It is found that the proposed KHRT velocity scale, obtained using the combined mixing-layer growth equation, is appropriate for intermediate stages of the flow when both KH and RT dynamics are comparable. Probability density functions (p.d.f.s) for different fluctuating quantities are presented. Multiple peaks in p.d.f.s are qualitatively explained from the development of coherent KH roll-ups and their subsequent transition into turbulent pockets. The evolution of energy spectra indicates that density fluctuations start to show an inertial subrange from earlier times compared to velocity fluctuations. The spectra exhibit a slightly steeper slope than the Kolmogorov–Obukhov five-thirds law.
Skeletal tumor burden on baseline 18F-Fluoride PET/CT predicts overall survival after radium-223

458 Objectives The purpose of this study is to evaluate if skeletal tumor burden determined by whole-body 18F-sodium fluoride PET/CT (Fluoride PET/CT) is able to predict which patients will benefit from Radium-223 therapy (Ra-223). Methods We retrospectively reviewed 76 histologically confirmed hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients (43-89 y old; mean 71 ± 9 yrs.) with bone metastases submitted to Fluoride PET/CT either prior to, during and/or 3 months after Ra-223. Overall survival (OS) was the primary end point. Secondary end points were progression-free survival (PFS) and bone event. After establishing an SUVmax >10 as positive for bone disease, volumetric data was generated using whole-body segmentation. Subsequently, regions of elevated fluoride activity not related to metastatic disease were manually excluded. Statistics for the remaining volumetric dataset were then generated: highest SUVmax of a metastasis (hSUVmax), Mean10 and the skeletal tumor burden. The latter was determined by two parameters: total fluoride skeletal metastatic uptake (TF10) and the total volume of avid bone metastases (Vol10). Visual analysis of the number of bone metastases was also evaluated. Results Forty-two patients underwent a baseline Fluoride PET/CT prior to Ra-223. Skeletal tumor burden (TF10 and Vol10) were highly correlated (rho=0.95; p Conclusions Skeletal tumor burden on baseline Fluoride PET/CT is able to predict OS and the risk of having a bone event after Ra-223. Research Support This work was supported in part by the Cancer Center Support Grant (NCI Grant P30 CA016672).
A Survey on Real-Time Big Data Analytics: Applications and Tools

Large and complex amounts of data are being generated where traditional data processing applications are inadequate to deal with them. On the other hand, there is a growing need for extracting information from operational data in real time, which is crucial in fast changing situation. The faster one can harness insights from data, the greater the benefit in driving value, taking, reducing costs, and increasing efficiency. This paper surveys different approaches in real-time analytics of Big Data or near real-time in the specific fields of application, as well as tools and techniques being used. The survey results indicate what technologies have been used in each of the fields of application and what the reason for the choice was.
Beyond Bounded Selves and Places: The Relational Making of Vulnerability and Security

This essay elaborates how an imbalanced reciprocity between inhabitants of places of relative safety and places of greater precarity results from pursuing security on the basis of a reactive fear o...
Captive to the Clinic: Phase I Clinical Trials as Temporal Total Institutions

This article develops the concept of temporal total institutions to describe how and why individuals voluntarily submit to highly-controlled and often dehumanizing environments. We focus empirically on Phase I clinical trials, which offer compensation to healthy people in exchange for testing investigational pharmaceuticals. Analyzing the experiences of 67 U.S. healthy volunteers, we illustrate how comparisons between Phase I trials and prison are salient to participants as they reflect on their confinement in research facilities and their interactions with other participants and research staff. We argue that conditions of contemporary economic insecurity and/or poverty facilitate the existence of coercive temporal total institutions by undermining voluntariness. Phase I clinics take advantage of the steady supply of individuals who will submit to the organization's demands out of hope that the income gained will be transformative for their lives.
CHEMICALLY SYNTHESIZED DEOXYPOLYNUCLEOTIDES AS TEMPLATES FOR RIBONUCLEIC ACID POLYMERASE.

Khorana's methods for synthesizing nucleic acids were a prerequisite for the final solution of the genetic code. Additionally, Nirenberg regularly made reference to Khorana's contributions, which eventually earned him a share of the Nobel Prize in 1968. This article provides the results from the types of synthesizing efforts instrumental in his winning the Nobel.
Generation of Coherent Pulses of 60 Optical Cycles Through Synchronization of the Relaxation Oscillations of a Mode-Locked Dye Laser

Coherent interaction experiments on single photon transitions have so far been restricted to dilute vapors [1] (collision times in the nanosecond range), or “frozen media” [2] (like ruby cooled down to liquid He temperature, for which the phase relaxation time of some transitions can exceed 100 ns [3]). There is a need for a stable, highly coherent source of pulses of about 0.1 ps to apply these diagnostic techniques to complex molecules at room temperature. We report the successful development of such a source, yielding bandwidth limited pulses of 0.12 ps duration with 300W peak power.