cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mutual timing: an essential component of provider/patient communication.

Purpose To present a concept clarification in an effort to give a name to a commonly experienced but poorly understood communication process: mutual timing. Data Sources Extensive literature review of scientific and nursing literature; relevant theories; standardized process for concept clarification as delineated in the literature. Conclusions Good communication involves many familiar concepts, including good eye contact, attentive listening and the use of silence and touch. Mutual timing is the difference-making moment, creating common ground in the midst of engagement. Concept clarification is a critical step to understanding important practice concepts. Wedding the concept to everyday practice provides the beginning for development of guidelines, which can be used by nurse practitioners (NPs) for making decisions while caring for patients. Implications for Practice Nursing has claimed to be privy to a special relationship with patients that differs from other health care professions. When asked to differentiate their care from that of physicians, NPs are often quoted as valuing the psychosocial aspect of care and stressing the importance of their relationship with patients. Many NPs define themselves in terms of relationship, emphasizing strong moral obligations and mutual commitments with their patients. One of the core processes of the effective patient/provider relationship is good communication.
Theory of evaluation of the single pneumatic resistor decompression computer.

The development of decompression meters is historically reviewed. The theory of the popular automatic decompression meter marketed by Scubapro is critically discussed, and it is shown that the meter's time constant varies inversely with dive depth. Thus, the meter is a ‘multitissue’ device. The meter's performance is compared with the US Navy's ‘no decompression limits’. It is concluded that use of the meter by recreational divers should be discouraged.
Consumption and labor supply

Abstract We present a new econometric model of aggregate demand and labor supply for the United States. We also analyze the allocation full wealth among time periods for households distinguished by a variety of demographic characteristics. The model is estimated using micro-level data from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys supplemented with price information obtained from the Consumer Price Index. An important feature of our approach is that aggregate demands and labor supply can be represented in closed form while accounting for the substantial heterogeneity in behavior that is found in household-level data. As a result, we are able to explain the patterns of aggregate demand and labor supply in the data despite using a parametrically parsimonious specification.
Three-dimensional imaging of whole rodent organs using optical computed and emission tomography

We explore the potential of optical computed tomography optical-CT and optical emission computed tomography optical- ECT in a new area—whole organ imaging. The techniques are imple- mented on an in-house prototype benchtop system with improved image quality and the capacity to image larger samples up to 3c m than previous systems based on stereo microscopes. Imaging perfor- mance tests confirm high geometrical accuracy, accurate relative measurement of linear attenuation coefficients, and the ability to im- age features at the 50-m level. Optical labeling of organ microvas- culature was achieved using two stains deposited via natural in vivo circulatory processes: a passive absorbing ink-based stain and an ac- tive fluorescin FITC-lectin conjugate. The lectin protein binds to the endothelial lining, and FITC fluorescense enables optical-ECT imag- ing. Three-dimensional 3-D optical-CT images have been acquired of a normal rat heart and left lung and a mouse right lung showing exquisite detail of the functional vasculature and relative perfusion distribution. Coregistered optical-ECT images were also acquired of the mouse lung and kidney. Histological sections confirmed effective labeling of microvasculature throughout the organs. The advantages of optical-CT and optical-ECT include the potential for a unique com- bination of high resolution and high contrast and compatibility with a wide variety of optical probes, including gene expression labeling fluorescent reporter proteins. © 2007 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation En-
Sustaining high acetylcholine levels in the frontal cortex, but not retrosplenial cortex, recovers spatial memory performance in a rodent model of diencephalic amnesia

Although the thalamus and/or mammillary bodies are the primary sites of neuropathology in cases of diencephalic amnesia such as Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS), there is also functional deactivation of certain cortical regions that contribute to the cognitive dysfunction. Acetylcholine (ACh) is a key neurotransmitter that modulates neural processing within the cortex and between the thalamus and cortex. In the pyrithiamine-induced thiamine deficiency (PTD) rat model of WKS there are significant reductions in cholinergic innervation and behaviorally-stimulated ACh efflux in the frontal (FC) and retrosplenial (RSC) cortices. In the present study, ACh released levels were site-specifically amplified with physostigmine (0.5 μg, 1.0 μg) in the FC and the RSC, which was confirmed with in vivo microdialysis. Although physostigmine sustained high ACh levels in both cortical regions, the effects on spatial memory, assessed by spontaneous alternation, were different as a function of region (FC, RSC) and treatment (PTD, pair-fed [PF]). Higher ACh levels in the FC recovered the rate of alternation in PTD rats as well as reduced arm-re-entry preservative errors. However, higher ACh levels within the FC of PF rats exacerbated arm-re-entry preservative errors without significantly affecting alternation rates. Maintaining high ACh levels in the RSC had no procognitive effects in PTD rats, but rather impaired alternation behavior in PF rats. These results demonstrate that diverse cortical regions respond differently to intensified ACh levels—and the effects are dependent on thalamic pathology. Thus, pharmacotherapeutics aimed at enhancing cognitive functions must account for the unique features of cortical ACh stimulation and the connective circuitry with the thalamus.
Local Radiation and Systemic Chemotherapy: Preventing and Managing the Oral Complications

About 50 percent of cancer patients develop acute or chronic oral side effects from their treatments. Pretreatment strategies, oral care during treatment and close follow-ups can control these complications.
Causes and demographic, medical, lifestyle and psychosocial predictors of premature mortality: the CARDIA study

We examined the 16-year mortality experience among participants in the baseline examination (1985-86) of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, a U.S. cohort of 5115 urban adults initially 18-30 years old and balanced by sex and race (black and whites) in the USA. We observed 127 deaths (annual mortality of 0.15%). Compared to white women, the rate ratio (95% confidence interval) of all-cause mortality was 9.3 (4.4, 19.4) among black men, 5.3 (2.5, 11.4) among white men and 2.7 (1.2, 6.1) among black women. The predominant causes of death, which also differed greatly by sex-race, were AIDS (28% of deaths), homicide (16%), unintentional injury (10%), suicide (7%), cancer (7%) and coronary disease (7%). The significant baseline predictors of all-cause mortality in multivariate analysis were male sex, black race, diabetes, self-reported liver and kidney disease, current cigarette smoking and low social support. Two other factors, self-reported thyroid disease and high hostility, were significant predictors in analyses adjusted for age, sex and race. In conclusion, we found striking differences in the rates and underlying cause of death across sex-race groups and several independent predictors of young adult mortality that have major implications for preventive medicine and social policies.
Superconductor/ferromagnet bilayers: Influence of magnetic domain structure on vortex dynamics

We study the magnetically coupled superconductor-ferromagnet bilayers comprised of a ferromagnet with a rotatable periodic stripelike magnetic domain structure with alternating out-of-plane component of magnetization and a MoGe superconductor. We demonstrate a prominent difference in critical current density between cases when magnetic domain stripes are oriented parallel and perpendicular to the superconducting current. The bilayer exhibits pronounced commensurability features that are related to the matching periodicities of the Abrikosov vortex lattice and the magnetic stripe domains.
MRI of carotid atherosclerosis

MRI of carotid atherosclerosis provides a unique method to characterize plaque morphology and tissue composition, as well as, to a certain extent, plaque inflammation. Because of its noninvasiveness, it has many current and potential applications: the fact that it is the only technique that can examine the fibrous cap status in vivo makes it a powerful tool to identify high-risk plaques. With quantitative measurement achievable on a series of plaque compositional and morphologic features, this technique is also well suited for studying atherosclerosis progression and regression. This technique can also be combined with other imaging modalities such as ultrasound and nuclear medicine to create a comprehensive evaluation of carotid atherosclerosis from tissue compliance and composition to inflammation.
Bridging the gap: urban Catholic schools addressing educational achievement and opportunity gaps in the United States

Abstract Urban Catholic schools in the United States have been shown to be particularly effective at increasing student achievement, especially among minority students and disadvantaged students. Unfortunately many of these schools have been forced to close due to financial struggle, as enrollments and parish subsidies decrease and the costs of education increase. This article takes an in-depth look at urban Catholic schools within the greater context of urban education in the United States, with a focus on students, staff, and structure, the challenges schools face, and promising reforms for viability in the future.
Replication of the Wild Type and a Natural Hepatitis B Virus Nucleocapsid Promoter Variant Is Differentially Regulated by Nuclear Hormone Receptors in Cell Culture

A natural hepatitis B virus (HBV) variant associated with seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe antibody contains two nucleotide substitutions (A1764T and G1766A) in the proximal nuclear hormone receptor binding site in the nucleocapsid promoter. These nucleotide substitutions prevent the binding of the retinoid X receptor α (RXRα)–peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) heterodimer without greatly altering the efficiency of binding of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4) to this recognition sequence. In addition, these nucleotide substitutions create a new binding site for HNF1. Analysis of HBV transcription and replication in nonhepatoma cells indicates that RXRα-PPARα heterodimers support higher levels of pregenomic RNA transcription from the wild-type than from the variant nucleocapsid promoter, producing higher levels of wild-type than of variant replication intermediates. In contrast, HNF4 supports higher levels of pregenomic RNA transcription from the variant than from the wild-type nucleocapsid promoter, producing higher levels of variant than of wild-type replication intermediates. HNF1 can support variant virus replication at a low level but is unable to support replication of the wild-type HBV genome. These observations indicate that the replication of wild-type and variant viruses can be differentially regulated by the liver-specific transcription factors that bind to the proximal nuclear hormone receptor binding site of the nucleocapsid promoter. Differential regulation of viral replication may be important in the selection of specific viral variants as a result of an antiviral immune response.
Metal size distributions in EH and EL chondrites

[1] EL chondrites exhibit larger average metal grain sizes than EH chondrites, a difference attributed by Easton [1983] to metamorphic coarsening, as most EL chondrites are equilibrated, and most EH chondrites are unequilibrated. In this paper, we present metal grain size data for three unequilbrated EL3 chondrites (PCA 91020; ALH 85119; MAC 88180) , and three EH3 chondrites (ALH 84170; PCA 91085; PCA 91238). We find that EL3 chondrites have larger average metal grain sizes than EH3 chondrites, and that grain sizes of the unequilibrated enstatite chondrites are similar to those of equilibrated chondrites of the same class. We thus interpret the metal size distributions of enstatite chondrites as primarily reflecting their pre-metamorphic distributions. Shock processing appears to have had only minor influence on metal grain size distributions in these meteorites.
Fast, strong and compliant pneumatic actuation for dexterous tendon-driven hands

We describe a pneumatic actuation system for dexterous robotic hands. It was motivated by our desire to improve the ShadowHand system, yet it is quite universal and indeed we are already using it with a second robotic hand we have developed. Our actuation system allows us to move the ShadowHand skeleton faster than a human hand (70 msec limit-to-limit movement, 30 msec overall reflex latency), generate sufficient forces (40 N at each finger tendon, 125N at each wrist tendon), and achieve high compliance on the mechanism level (6 grams of external force at the fingertip displaces the finger when the system is powered.) This combination of speed, force and compliance is a prerequisite for dexterous manipulation, yet it has never before been achieved with a tendon-driven system, let alone a system with 24 degrees of freedom and 40 tendons.
Expressions of love, sex, and hurt in popular songs: a content analysis of all-time greatest hits

This research analyzed the 100 most popular songs (1958–1998) for artist characteristics and expression of love. In the 1990s women and black artists recorded more hits than in earlier periods. Over time, references to love in lyrics performed by women artists decreased. References to sex in lyrics peaked during 1976–1984 when women used sexual references five times more than men; however, during 1991–1998, men used more sexual references. Later songs and songs performed by white, female artists expressed greater selfishness. The quality of love expressed in lyrics remained the same. Results are discussed relative to cultural change.
Disrupted Brain Circuitry for Pain‐Related Reward/Punishment in Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic, relatively common pain disorder characterized by persistent, widespread body pain and myofascial tenderness, and is considered the quintessential “functional” pain disorder. The prevalence of FM in the general population is estimated in the United States to be 3.4% in women and 0.5% in men, and increases with age (reaching more than 7% in women between 60 and 79) (1). Some of the hallmarks of FM include alterations in central nervous system pain-modulatory processes, a prominent role of negative affective factors in maintaining pain and disability and a poor enduring response to “peripheral” treatments such as topical agents or trigger point injections, as well as opioids (2). These characteristics highlight the ‘central’ nature of FM pathophysiology, and have made this disorder a subject for several brain imaging studies. Collectively, evidence derived from psychophysical and functional neuroimaging studies supports the notion of “augmented sensitivity to painful stimulation in FM”, which is thought to be due predominantly to aberrant brain processing of pain-related information (2, 3). However, while the neural correlates of experimental (4-6) and clinical (7) pain in FM have been the object of several investigations, potential dysregulation of the neural mechanisms underlying anticipation of pain and anticipation of pain relief in this chronic pain population has received little attention. This is an important distinction, as cognitive, motivational and affective processes are intimately involved in the perception and reporting of pain, including in FM (3, 8, 9). Importantly, the brain state preceding a painful stimulation has been shown to predict responses to experimental (10), as well as clinical (11) pain. Expectancy and pain-relevant anxiety, in particular, have been shown to shape subsequent perceptual states (12). Relief from pain, on the other hand, is a positive hedonic experience intrinsically linked to pain (13). It has been suggested that the experience of relief may be altered in patients with chronic pain (14). As both pain, and the anticipation of pain and relief have strong hedonic value linked to their punishment/reward properties, it is reasonable to suspect that these states may be processed differently in FM patients, particularly in structures involved in the encoding of appetitive or aversive stimuli. In the present study we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and cuff pain algometry (CPA) to investigate the brain responses to deep tissue noxious stimulation as well as to the anticipation of pain and relief in FM patients and healthy controls. We adopted both a whole-brain approach and a region-of-interest (ROI) approach focused on the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA), two mesolimbic structures known to be involved in the processing of reward/punishment (15), and that were implicated in FM pathophysiology in positron emission tomography (PET) studies (16, 17).
Using ‘‘Dominetrics’’ to Impose Greater Discipline on Performance Rankings

Importing the methodology of Cherchye and Vermeulen (2006), the authors discuss the many ways ‘‘dominetrics’’ can measure performance. They then apply the approach to National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I men’s basketball rankings. The ordinal approach they take removes some subjectivity from the Rating Percentage Index (RPI). Just as Pareto relationships are obtained without subjective cardinal weighting schemes, the dominance relationships applied here eliminate the subjectivity of cardinal weighting. Because heated debate inevitably ensues after the NCAA Selection Committee’s announcement of at-large invitees to the NCAA tournament, the subjectivity-minimizing dominetric provides a barometer for evaluating the relative qualities of college basketball teams.
Splitting of low-Q Mie resonances

Splitting of low-Q Mie resonances in high-density alumina spheres with dielectric constant ∊≈9.6 is observed. The spheres have a shape distortion parameter value that ranges over 2 orders of magnitude, i.e., from 8×10-5 to 10×10-3. Splitting is observed at the (magnetic or TE) b4,1(Q≈425),b5,1(Q≈1700), and b6,1(Q≈5650) resonances. No splitting of the b3,1 or (electric or TM) a4,1 and a5,1 resonances is observed. The b5,1 resonance is studied extensively. The expected broadening or reduced Q of the resonances that is due to overlapping of the lines split by shape distortion is generally not observed. It is also found that it is easier to observe splitting in the spheres with the smallest shape distortion. This suggests that the mechanism responsible for the observed splitting competes with the shape splitting in such a way that destructive interference results.
Integrated retail and wholesale power system operation with smart-grid functionality

Our research team is developing an agent-based test bed for the integrated study of retail and wholesale power markets operating over transmission and distribution networks with smart-grid functionality. This test bed seams together two existing test beds, the AMES Wholesale Power Market Test Bed and the GridLAB-D distribution platform. As a first step, we have designed an integrated retail/wholesale market module specifically based on the ERCOT (Texas) energy region, and we are using simplified versions of this module to study potential retail consumer response to real-time-pricing contracts supported by advanced metering. This study reports on the latter work.
A mixed-signal correlator for acoustic transient classification

Correlation computations are widely used in template-based temporal pattern recognition, but are expensive to compute in real time on DSP systems. We have designed and fabricated a low-power chip which uses current-mode analog circuits to compute the correlation between an auditory input signal in the time-frequency domain and a stored binary template. We use a bucket-brigade device (BED) to accumulate partial column sums over time at rates consistent with the auditory-band input. Experimental results of the correlator demonstrate its correct operation over a wide range of operating frequencies.
Evidence that the Central Pattern Generator for Swimming in Tritonia Arose from a Non-Rhythmic Neuromodulatory Arousal System: Implications for the Evolution of Specialized Behavior

Abstract Comparisons of the nervous systems of closely related invertebrate species show that identified neurons tend to be highly conserved even though the behaviors in which they participate vary. All opisthobranch molluscs examined have a similar set of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons located medially in the cerebral ganglion. In a small number of species, these neurons have been physiologically and morphologically identified. In the nudibranch, Tritonia diomedea, three of the neurons (the dorsal swim interneurons, DSIs) have been shown to be members of the central pattern generator (CPG) underlying dorsal/ventral swimming. The DSIs act as intrinsic neuromodulators, altering cellular and synaptic properties within the swim CPG circuit. Putative homologues of the DSIs have been identified in a number of other opisthobranchs. In the notaspid, Pleurobranchaea californica, the apparent DSI homologues (As1–3) play a similar role in the escape swim and they also have widespread actions on other systems such...
High Performance Non-uniform FFT on Modern X86-based Multi-core Systems

The Non-Uniform Fast Fourier Transform (NUFFT) is a generalization of FFT to non-equidistant samples. It has many applications which vary from medical imaging to radio astronomy to the numerical solution of partial differential equations. Despite recent advances in speeding up NUFFT on various platforms, its practical applications are still limited, due to its high computational cost, which is significantly dominated by the convolution of a signal between a non-uniform and uniform grids. The computational cost of the NUFFT is particularly detrimental in cases which require fast reconstruction times, such as iterative 3D non-Cartesian MRI reconstruction. We propose novel and highly scalable parallel algorithm for performing NUFFT on x86-based multi-core CPUs. The high performance of our algorithm relies on good SIMD utilization and high parallel efficiency. On convolution, we demonstrate on average 90% SIMD efficiency using SSE, as well up to linear scalability using a quad-socket 40-core Intel(R) Xeon(R) E7-4870 Processors based system. As a result, on dual socket Intel(R) Xeon(R) X5670 based server, our NUFFT implementation is more than 4x faster compared to the best available NUFFT3D implementation, when run on the same hardware. On Intel(R) Xeon(R) E5-2670 processor based server, our NUFFT implementation is 1.5X faster than any published NUFFT implementation today. Such speed improvement opens new usages for NUFFT. For example, iterative multi channel reconstruction of a 240x240x240 image could execute in just over 3 minutes, which is on the same order as contemporary non-iterative (and thus less-accurate) 3D NUFFT-based MRI reconstructions.
Small-angle X-ray scattering reveals architecture and A₂B₂ stoichiometry of the UvrA-UvrB DNA damage sensor.

The UvrA–UvrB (AB) protein complex operates in the bacterial nucleotide excision repair pathway as the main sensor of DNA damage. Crystallographic analysis of the AB complex revealed a linear UvrB–UvrA–UvrA–UvrB arrangement of subunits with an internal two-fold axis that became incorporated into the crystal. Here, we have used small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to show close correspondence between the crystal structure and the entity in solution. This result confirms the number and disposition of subunits in the crystallographic model and rules out other possible arrangements suggested by packing in the crystal. The current SAXS analysis failed to detect significant changes to the structure as a function of nucleotide. Proteins 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental validation of the FETI-DPEM algorithm for simulating phased-array antennas

The electromagnetic dual-primal finite element tearing and interconnecting (FETI-DPEM) method is a non-overlapping domain decomposition method developed for the finite element analysis of large-scale electromagnetic problems. The method is particularly suitable for simulating large finite arrays because the geometrical repetitions of an array structure can be exploited to further enhance the computation performance. The method has been applied to the simulation of phased-array antennas in addition to other finite array structures. This paper presents the first experimental validation of this method for the simulation of a highly complicated realistic phased-array antenna. The antenna geometry is described in detail and the comparison between the simulated solution and experimental measurement is presented.
Xylazine‐induced mydriasis in rats and its antagonism by α‐adrenergic blocking agents

Pupillary response to xylazine (10–300 μg/kg, i.v.) norepinephrine (1–30 μg/kg, i.v.) and atropine (3–100 μg/kg, i-v.) were observed in rats anaesthetized with pentobarbital. Xylazine caused a dose-dependent mydriasis which was antagonized by a selective α2-adrenergic blocking agent, yohimbine (2.5 mg/kg, i.v.). A non-selective adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine (2.5 mg/kg, i.v.) was less effective in antagonizing this effect of xylazine. A selective α1-adrenergic blocking agent, prazosin (2.5 mg/kg, i.v.) was ineffective in reducing the xylazine-induced mydriasis. In contrast, both phentolamine and prazosin blocked the pupillary dilation produced by norepinephrine, while yohimbine was much less effective in antagonizing norepinephrine-induced mydriasis. Atropine also induced a dose-dependent mydriasis which was not affected by yohimbine pre-treatment. The present study suggests that the mydriatic effect of xylazine in the rat is mediated by an adrenergic mechanism, possibly by stimulating the α2-adrenergic receptors in the iris and CNS.
Attachment style and long-term singlehood

This study examined how long-term single people satisfy their attachment and sexual needs. A community sample of single and coupled adults (N = 142) located in the United States completed measures of attachment style, attachment figures, loneliness, depression, anxiety, quality of relationships with parents, and sexual behavior. In a structured interview, they answered questions about their childhoods and managing attachment, support, and sexual needs. Quality of childhood relationships with parents as well as use of attachment-related words was coded. Single participants were as likely as coupled ones to exhibit attachment security and rely on attachment figures, although compared to coupled participants, they reported higher levels of loneliness, depression, anxiety, sexual dissatisfaction, and troubled childhood relationships with parents.
Data flows and water woes: The Utah Data Center

Using a new materialist line of questioning that looks at the agential potentialities of water and its entanglements with Big Data and surveillance, this article explores how the recent Snowden rev...
Imaging of Posterior Interosseous Neuropathy following Distal Biceps Repair: A Report of 3 Cases

Three cases of PIN palsy following biceps repair are presented with clinical and imaging correlation. The imaging findings in these cases will be discussed and the orthopedic literature, as regards possible surgical approaches and technical factors believed to predispose to or prevent this complication, will be reviewed. It is important for radiologists to serve as consultants in these uncommon but sometimes devastating complications, helping to quickly and accurately recognize the imaging findings corresponding to the clinical symptoms and aiding the surgeon in diagnosis and treatment by identifying the possible causes and sites of nerve compression.
CubeSat Design and Attitude Control with Micro Pulsed Plasma Thrusters

A feasibility study is presented for using micro Pulsed Plasma Thrusters (μPPT) on a 3U CubeSat to perform attitude control to meet pointing requirements at altitudes between 400 and 1000 km. The orbits and attitude control are consistent with science missions for ionospheric and solar observations. The positioning of the thrusters is such that they provide full, three-axis rotational control while maximizing the efficiency of each pulse. The aerodynamic, magnetic, solar radiation, and gravity gradient disturbance torques are included in the formulation. Sensor modeling is also included. The study involves realistic power constraints anticipated on the 3U CubeSat. The paper presents the overall design of the 3U CubeSat and focuses on the attitude determination and control (ADC) approach and implementation. The paper also introduces the control strategy and numerical simulation results for stabilization, pointing and spinning applications.
Numerical validation of IFT in the analysis of protein-surfactant complexes with SAXS and SANS.

The use of the indirect Fourier transform methods for evaluating structural parameters directly in real space with small-angle scattering measurements is validated for the analysis of protein–surfactant complexes. An efficient Monte Carlo approach rapidly generates in silico structures based on a realistic pearl-necklace model for denatured proteins decorated with surfactant micelles. Corresponding scattering profiles are calculated and averaged over a large number of possible configurations for each structure. IFT algorithms are then used to calculate the corresponding pair-distance distribution function, and structural information is extracted directly without model fitting. The extracted parameters are compared and correlated with the known structure of the simulated complexes to assess the quality of the information that can be reliably obtained from these systems. The average extension, nearest-neighbor micelle distance, and average number of associated micelles are all accurately extracted through I...
Internationalizing the U.S. undergraduate psychology curriculum: A qualitative investigation of faculty perspectives.

Owing to U.S. centrism, policy regulations, language barriers, institutional resistance, and faculty member interests, efforts to internationalize the undergraduate psychology curriculum are not ye...
Infinitely Divisible Distributions on Cyclic Groups

(1967). Infinitely Divisible Distributions on Cyclic Groups. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 74, No. 3, pp. 255-261.
Racial Symbiosis and Cultural Frontiers: A Frame of Reference

Race came into the orbit of scientific discourse late in the history of social thought.2 In its begining the study of race was weighted heavily with biological doctrines, and was approached from the viewpoint of taxonomy, the influence of which has continued well into the present day. This viewpoint has been popular because it was and still is, a fascinating undertaking; its technique is simple and its result immediate and obvious. It was, however, around the turn of the present century, when "man's effort to classify himself" really captured the attention of students of biology, anthropology, sociology and psychology. In their hands mankind was assorted into three, four, to as many as sixty or more races.3 Despite the fact that the grouping of "races" was executed by students according to the spirit of science, the findings were utilized not so much by men of science as by the men of "action." The latter used them to foster their ulterior ends: to affirm prejudices already in vogue or to substitute new prejudice for the old prejudices. Recently sober efforts have been made to bring about changes in the prevailing racial folklore by means of scientific facts. The result, on the whole, has been negligible.4 The character of the taxonomic approach tended to commit its adherents to a research procedure wherein the concept of "race" was narrowed down until it could be treated statistically. A race became purely and simply a statistical norm. The questions raised were on the whole irrelevant to the study of race relations but they were, however, pertinent to the understanding of race itself.6 Whatever its accomplishments, taxonomy with its emphasis on race per se and not on the sodal process, contributed little toward the development of a sound theory of race relations. Its contribution lies, however, in the fact that it challenged the students of sociology to study race problems and their related phenomena. This shift from the taxonomic to the dynamic marks the beginning of a sociological study of race relations. The primary research effort has been one of isolating, describing, and analyzing
Study on resin matrix of advanced composite

In this paper a new hardener(DADMT) was used to intermix with DDM to reduce the temperature of DDM's melting and then used this mixture cured epoxy resins. This mixture agent is liquid in about 40℃ and can cure epoxy resins in moderate temperature. In this paper the percent of each agent and their mechanical properties were also studied.
The Use of Models in Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering

This essay is an inquiry into the formulation of models in the science of petroleum and natural gas engineering. The underlying questions of this essay how adequate some of the fundamental models of this science really are, and what assumptions have been made as the models were created. Our claim is that a good account of the adequacy of models must be strongly pragmatist, for these questions cannot be answered properly without strict attention to human purposes. These purposes include not only the search for a better understanding of geological formations, their natural history and structure, but also classroom instruction for university students, and economically feasible extraction of petroleum and natural gas. These models include machines as well as natural formations, and so too raise the interesting question of how we (pragmatically) model machines. We claim that many of the distortions and over-simplifications in these models are in fact intentional and useful, when we examine the models in light of their pragmatic aims.
Analytical Thermal Lens Spectrometry: Past, Present and Future Prospects

Thermal lens techniques have been demonstrated to be sensitive methods for low absorbance measurements. They can be used for the determination of absorptivities as low as 10−7. Although an increasing number of applications of thermal lens techniques to chemical analysis have been reported during the past few years, the methods are still relatively underutilized compared to the other spectral methods. This is surprising inasmuch as the techniques offer substantial advantages over conventional spectral methods with respect to noncontacting, in situ capability, precision, sensitivity, expanded dynamic range and minimum sample required.
HISTORICAL RELATIVISM: Beard

[Versatile, prolific, and creatively unconventional, Charles A. Beard (1874–1948) had a great influence on the American historiography of this century. In his early years a student of European history—his first book The Industrial Revolution appeared in England in 1901—he maintained his interest in European thought after he shifted to American history. There he became a pioneer in the analysis of the economic roots of political behavior—and his works An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States (1913) and Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy (1915) created a great, and on the whole salutary, stir among historians and laymen alike. Deeply concerned with the problems of the present, and devotedly democratic, Beard saw in history a means of democratic education, and his massive, highly successful survey, The Rise of American Civilization (2 vols. 1927, written with Mary R. Beard) opens with the characteristic sentence: “The history of a civilization, if intelligently conceived, may be an instrument of civilization.” Many of his forty-seven books enjoyed great popularity and it has been estimated that eleven million copies of them have been sold in various countries.
Comparison of Visual Outcomes of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy in Patients with and without Diabetes Mellitus.

Purpose Diabetic patients have a greater risk of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) than nondiabetic patients. We compare visual outcomes, prevalence of bilateral/sequential ION, and predictors of visual outcomes in NAION between diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Design Case-control study. Participants All 231 patients with NAION seen by the Neuro-Ophthalmology Service, Wilmer Eye Institute, between 2002 and 2011 were screened for study inclusion. Methods Patients presenting within 4 weeks of symptom onset (30 with diabetes mellitus, 62 control patients) were included in baseline demographic assessments of vascular risk factors. Interval and final visual outcomes (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR] visual acuity [VA]) were evaluated in the 81 patients in this group with clinical follow-up for ≥3 months, and population average logistic regression models were used to determine risk factors for worse visual outcomes. Main Outcome Measures Visual acuity at last follow-up. Results The median follow-up duration was 38.7 weeks in diabetic patients and 52.9 weeks in nondiabetic patients. The majority (92.5%) of patients presented within 2 weeks of symptom onset. In nondiabetic patients, the most prevalent risk factor for NAION was hyperlipidemia (62.9%); for diabetic patients, NAION risk factors included hypertension (83.3%), hyperlipidemia (83.3%), and small cup-to-disc ratio (63.3%). Sequential NAION occurred in 36.8% of diabetic patients and 20.9% of nondiabetic patients. At last follow-up, 48% of diabetic and 62% of nondiabetic patients had VA better than 20/40. Similar proportions of diabetic and nondiabetic patients (8 [27%] diabetic and 14 [22.5%] nondiabetic patients) recorded a final follow-up vision of 1.0 logMAR or worse at a minimum of 3 months. Ischemic heart disease (odds ratio [OR], 7.21; P P = 0.045) were associated with increased risk for final VA P = 0.011). Conclusions The VA at presentation and at final follow-up in diabetic patients with NAION were not significantly different from nondiabetic controls, although diabetic patients had a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. Ischemic heart disease and greater age, but not diabetes, independently correlated with worse VA outcome.
Timing of Future Remyelination Therapies and Their Potential to Stop Multiple Sclerosis Progression

Prior to the onset of demyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS), early oligodendrocyte injury, axonal degeneration and astroglial scarring occur. The irreversible progressive phase of MS begins when the axonal loss threshold is reached. Progressive disease onset has the highest impact on a poor prognosis in MS. Conversion to progressive disease is essentially an age-dependent process independent of disease duration and initial disease course. Although prevention of relapses has been the primary approach in the disease management, incomplete recovery from even the first relapse correlates with the long-term neurodegenerative phenotype of progressive MS onset. Therefore, the provider should review each patient’s potential for relapse-related disability and start DMDs with the goal of preventing relapses. Existing immunomodulatory medications used to prevent MS relapses do not prevent long-term disability, which requires agents focused on remyelination and axonal repair. If applied immediately after a relapse rather than during the progressive phase of MS, remyelination-stimulating strategies may result in full recovery and prevention of long-term neurodegeneration and progressive disease course.
Dynamic Single Country Models

In this chapter we begin the dynamic modeling of single country, multi-sector, multi-instrument financial problems. We utilize, as the basis, the models of Chapters 6 and 7, but we develop their dynamic counterparts. The methodology that we utilize in this chapter is now that of projected dynamical systems (cf. Chapter 4). In this chapter we are interested in the dynamic modeling of such financial systems, their stability analysis, as well as computational procedures. The financial models of the preceding two chapters are important since the sets of stationary points of the projected dynamical systems that we will present here will coincide with the sets of solutions to the corresponding variational inequality problem derived earlier.
Marriage and Migration

Despite immigration policies that are often built around family reunification, contemporary research on migration often prioritizes labor mobility over mobility associated with marriage and family formation. Drawing on scholarship across a range of disciplines and across the globe, this article focuses attention on the substantive dimensions and theoretical debates located at the intersections of research on marriage and migration. Among the topics covered are rural bride shortages and mail-order marriages, arranged marriages, marriages of convenience and the state policies introduced to regulate them, and crimes of honor. The article also addresses the impact of migration on spousal relationships and on parenting in a transnational context. Of particular consideration are dimensions of insecurity that arise in mixed-status families, which may result in domestic violence.
Front converter lenses for smart phones

Design approaches and performance data will be presented for converters for smart phones, including data and designs from six manufacturers, on telephoto, wide, and fisheye adapter.
Acidity in Titania–Alumina Mixed Metal Oxides

Titania–alumina mixed oxides were prepared with varying titania content. The catalysts contained sulfate which was introduced via titanyl sulfate used as precursor during the synthesis. Samples were characterized by IR spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine to determine Lewis and Bronsted acidity. At titania loadings below about 5 wt% no protonation of pyridine was detected by IR spectroscopy. However, 2-methyl-2-pentene isomerization indicated an increase in medium strength acidity in these samples relative to pure alumina and titania as inferred from an increased methyl shift activity. IR spectroscopy revealed the generation of fourfold coordinated Ti4+ sites and mildly acidic Ti–OH groups that may be responsible for the enhanced olefin isomerization reactivity of the mixed oxides. Addition of small amounts of titania also increased the concentration of the type Ia Al–OH group on the alumina surface characterized by an IR band at 3771 cm−1. At titania loadings of about 8 wt% and above Bronsted acidity was generated by sulfate groups as detected by the protonation of pyridine. Deposition of 0.3 wt% Pt on the titania–alumina mixed oxides generated finely dispersed Pt as measured by H2 chemisorption and TEM. The benzene hydrogenation activity on the Pt–TiO2–Al2O3 catalysts showed a maximum for the sample containing about 1 wt% titania and correlated with the relative abundance of the type Ia Al–OH groups on the alumina surface.
A Field Experiment Examining Mindfulness on Eating Enjoyment and Behavior in Children

The practice of mindfulness appears effective in promoting adaptive eating patterns in adolescents and adults. However, despite significant data suggesting that maladaptive eating patterns emerge at a very early age, there is a dearth of research examining the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions in promoting healthy eating patterns with young children. Sixty-five children across four school research sites participated in the present experiment to examine whether mindfulness promotes eating enjoyment and diverse eating behaviors in preschool- and early elementary-aged children. Children, ages 3–10 years old, were randomly assigned to a 4-week mindfulness intervention condition or a 4-week exposure, control condition. Each week for 4 days, children received one of four different foods (celery, cauliflower, kidney beans, or garbanzo beans). Children either received instructions to mindfully engage with the food or were given the food and allowed to eat without mindfulness prompts from the researchers. Following each eating exercise, children participants recorded the amount eaten and rated their enjoyment level. Across all sessions and both conditions, group leaders modeled eating behaviors for the children by eating all of the offered food. Results suggested that a brief mindfulness intervention promotes more overall food consumption of typically not preferred and unfamiliar foods (celery, cauliflower, and garbanzo beans) compared with an exposure, control condition. However, food enjoyment ratings did not significantly differ between the two conditions for any of the foods.
Pulmonary hypertension in chronic hemolytic anemias: Pathophysiology and treatment.

Abstract Pulmonary hypertension has emerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with hemoglobinopathies and chronic hemolytic anemias. These hematological diseases include – but are not limited to – sickle cell disease (SCD), thalassemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hematuria, and hereditary spherocytosis. Although most studies have been based on the use of echocardiography as a screening tool for pulmonary hypertension as opposed to the gold standard of right heart catheterization for definitive diagnosis, the association between chronic hemolytic anemia and pulmonary hypertension is evident. Studies have shown that patients with SCD and a tricuspid regurgitant velocity (TRV) ≥ 2.5 m/sec are at increased risk of pulmonary hypertension and are at increased mortality risk. Additional markers of risk of pulmonary hypertension and increased mortality include a pro-BNP >160 pg/mL combined with a 6-min walk distance of
3D on-chip microscopy of optically cleared tissue

Traditional pathology relies on tissue biopsy, micro-sectioning, immunohistochemistry and microscopic imaging, which are relatively expensive and labor-intensive, and therefore are less accessible in resource-limited areas. Low-cost tissue clearing techniques, such as the simplified CLARITY method (SCM), are promising to potentially reduce the cost of disease diagnosis by providing 3D imaging and phenotyping of thicker tissue samples with simpler preparation steps. However, the mainstream imaging approach for cleared tissue, fluorescence microscopy, suffers from high-cost, photobleaching and signal fading. As an alternative approach to fluorescence, here we demonstrate 3D imaging of SCMcleared tissue using on-chip holography, which is based on pixel-super-resolution and multi-height phase recovery algorithms to digitally compute the sample’s amplitude and phase images at various z-slices/depths through the sample. The tissue clearing procedures and the lens-free imaging system were jointly optimized to find the best illumination wavelength, tissue thickness, staining solution pH, and the number of hologram heights to maximize the imaged tissue volume, minimize the amount of acquired data, while maintaining a high contrast-to-noise ratio for the imaged cells. After this optimization, we achieved 3D imaging of a 200-μm thick cleared mouse brain tissue over a field-of-view of <20mm2 , and the resulting 3D z-stack agrees well with the images acquired with a scanning lens-based microscope (20× 0.75NA). Moreover, the lens-free microscope achieves an order-of-magnitude better data efficiency compared to its lens-based counterparts for volumetric imaging of samples. The presented low-cost and high-throughput lens-free tissue imaging technique enabled by CLARITY can be used in various biomedical applications in low-resource-settings.