cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modelling the electromagnetic field and plasma discharge in a microwave plasma diamond deposition reactor

Abstract A numerical model which includes an electromagnetic field model and a fluid plasma model has been developed for a microwave cavity plasma reactor used for diamond thin film deposition. The microwave plasma reactor modelled is a cylindrical, single mode excited cavity with an input power probe for coupling the microwave energy into the cavity. The time-varying electromagnetic fields inside the resonant cavity are obtained by applying the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method to solve Maxwell's equations. The microwave electric field interactions with the plasma discharge are described using a finite difference solution of the electron momentum transport equation. The characteristics of the discharge are simulated using a fluid plasma model which solves the electron and ion continuity equations, electron energy balance equation, and the Poisson equation. The spatial electric field patterns, power absorption patterns, and quality factor of the cavity loaded with a hydrogen discharge are investigated in the moderate pressure range (40–60 Torr). The physical behaviour of the diamond deposition discharge, such as plasma density, electron temperature, and plasma potential, are also simulated and analysed for various input conditions. The simulated results are compared with experimental data.
PHENIX highlights I: propagation of partons in a coloured medium

In this contribution I present recent results from the PHENIX collaboration, with a particular emphasis on measurements relating to the propagation of partons in a coloured medium.
Performance Evaluation of an MR-Compatible Rotating Anode X-Ray Tube

The key technical innovation needed for close proximity hybrid x-ray/MR (XMR) imaging systems is a new rotating anode x-ray tube motor that can operate in the presence of strong magnetic fields. In order for the new motor design to be optimized between conflicting design requirements, we implemented a numerical model for evaluating the dynamics of the motor. The model predicts the amount of produced torque, rotation speed, and time to accelerate based on the Lorentz force law; the motor is accelerated by the interaction between the magnetic moments of the motor wire loops and an external magnetic field. It also includes an empirical model of bearing friction and electromagnetic force from the magnetic field. Our proposed computational model is validated by experiments using several different magnitudes of external magnetic fields, which averagely shows an agreement within 0.5 % error during acceleration. We are using this model to improve the efficiency and performance of future iterations of the x-ray tube motor.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Consideration of g as a common antecedent for cognitive ability test performance, test motivation, and perceived fairness

Several different analyses were used to test the hypothesis that test-taking motivation, perceived test fairness, and actual test performance are correlated only because they share a common antecedent. First, hierarchical regressions reveal that initial test performance has a unique influence on non-ability factors even after controlling for test-takers' initial standing on those factors. Second, the variance underlying performance was partitioned into g and non-g components. Partial correlations show that the non-ability factors are essentially unrelated to performance after controlling for variance in g. Third, a correlated vectors analysis showed that the degree of g-saturation of the cognitive ability scales was significantly correlated with the magnitude of the correlations between performance on the scale and the non-ability variables. Lastly, only the g-variance underlying initial test performance predicted changes in motivation and fairness perceptions across repeated testing, but initial motivation and fairness perceptions did not influence changes in performance. It is concluded that, as suggested by the self-serving bias hypothesis, the relations between non-ability factors and test performance are largely due to a common antecedent, namely g.
Proprioceiving someone else's movement

Proprioception—the sense by which we come to know the positions and movements of our bodies—is thought to be necessarily confined to the body of the perceiver. That is, it is thought that while proprioception can inform you as to whether your left knee is bent or straight, it cannot inform you as to whether someone else's knee is bent or straight. But while proprioception certainly provides us with information about the positions and movements of our own bodies, I will argue that it does more than that. Surprising as this may sound, one can proprioceive someone else's movement. To show this, I first present the results of some studies that suggest that in seeing others move, we kinesthetically represent their movement in our bodies. I then argue, by means of an analogy to prosthetic vision, that such ‘kinesthetic vision’ should count as proprioceiving others move.
Televised Sports and Political Values

Heavy viewing of televised sports and of television in general were the best predictors of conservative values for high school students.
Selection of Hymenoptera venoms for immunotherapy on the basis of patient's IgE antibody cross-reactivity☆☆☆

Abstract Background: Positive skin test results to multiple venoms in patients with Hymenoptera venom allergy may result from IgE antibody cross-reactivity among venom proteins. To avoid treatment with unnecessary and costly venoms, we have developed a venom RAST inhibition test that identifies individuals in whom a positive venom IgE RAST result is due to cross-reactive venom-specific IgE antibody. Methods: Serum samples ( n = 412) were collected over 5 years from patients with clinically characterized Hymenoptera venom allergy who had positive skin test results to more than one venom. Venom allergosorbent was added to serum containing IgE antivenin and buffer or 100 μg of homologous or heterologous venom. Bound IgE was detected with radiolabeled anti-human IgE. Intraassay variation less than 10% coefficient of variation and homologous venom inhibition greater than 80% were required for acceptance of data. A "cross-reactivity index" (CRI) was computed as a ratio of percent inhibition produced by heterologous versus homologous venom. Results: Of the 412 sera-venom combinations analyzed, 41 (10%) were excluded because of incomplete homologous venom inhibition. Of the 371 remaining sera, 82% ( n = 305) were studied for IgE anti- Polistes wasp venom (PWV) cross-reactivity with yellow jacket venom (YJV) and the other 66 for other venom specificity cross-inhibitions. Of the serum samples tested, 36.4% (111 of 305) contained IgE anti-PWV venom of which the binding to solid-phase PWV was inhibited with soluble YJV to a level that produced CRIs greater than 95%. We believe that this constitutes complete inhibition and demonstrates exclusively YJV cross-reactive antibody in these samples. The remaining 63.6% had CRIs from 0% to 95%, indicating IgE specific for a spectrum of unique and cross-reactive PWV allergens. Only 4.3% (13 of 305) had CRIs less than 5%, which is consistent with IgE restricted to PWV unique allergens. The degree of the IgE anti-PWV inhibition to solid-phase PWV by YJV was independent of the IgE anti-PWV level. Conclusions: This study shows that one third of patients with Hymenoptera venom allergy evaluated with positive YJV- and PWV-reactive IgE in the skin and/or serum were identified as candidates for exclusion of PWV from their immunotherapy regimen because their IgE anti-PWV was more than 95% cross-inhibitable with YJV. Cost analysis of the venom RAST inhibition test and a conventional 5-year Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy program indicates that this serologic evaluation is cost-effective.
Correlation of Aspiration Results With Aseptic Loosening in Total Hip Arthroplasty

In the evaluation of patients with a persistently painful total hip arthroplasty establishing an accurate diagnosis is paramount in the selection of a successful treatment regimen. It is unknown whether synovial analysis might differentiate aseptic loosening from other causes of failure. A physiological basis exists to suggest that aseptic loosening might be a process of non-segmented leukocytes. The objective of this study was to determine if the synovial fluid differential cell count might aid in the diagnosis of aseptic loosening. A retrospective chart review of all patients who had undergone revision hip arthroplasty with pre-operative or intra-operative aspiration results was performed. Aseptic loosening was defined as gross intraoperative movement in the absence of infection. From these results Relative-Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were created, and sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. A diagnosis of aseptic loosening was established in 76 of the 253 hips. The ROC curves indicated that lymphocyte count does have utility in the diagnosis of aseptic loosening. If an aspirate has a combination of fewer than 2500 WBCs (sensitivity 93%, specificity 42%, NPV 94%, accuracy 57%) or more than 10% lymphocytes (sensitivity 86%, specificity 42%, NPV 87%, accuracy 55%) then the sensitivity for aseptic loosening is 96%, the specificity is 33%, the NPV is 95% and the accuracy is 52%. In patients with painful total hip arthroplasties in whom infection has been excluded, aspiration data can be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of aseptic loosening. In aspirates with neither a WBC cell count of less than 2500 nor a lymphocyte cell count of greater than 10% aseptic loosening can be effectively "ruled out" as fewer than 5% of these patients will have aseptic loosening. While non-specific, aspirate differential can be useful to "rule-out" aseptic loosening with a sensitivity and negative predictive value well exceeding that of standard radiographs.
Quantifying the metabolic activities of human-associated microbial communities across multiple ecological scales

Humans are home to complex microbial communities, whose aggregate genomes and their encoded metabolic activities are referred to as the human microbiome. Recently, researchers have begun to appreciate that different human body habitats and the activities of their resident microorganisms can be better understood in ecological terms, as a range of spatial scales encompassing single cells, guilds of microorganisms responsive to a similar substrate, microbial communities, body habitats, and host populations. However, the bulk of the work to date has focused on studies of culturable microorganisms in isolation or on DNA sequencing–based surveys of microbial diversity in small-to-moderate-sized cohorts of individuals. Here, we discuss recent work that highlights the potential for assessing the human microbiome at a range of spatial scales, and for developing novel techniques that bridge multiple levels: for example, through the combination of single-cell methods and metagenomic sequencing. These studies promise to not only provide a much-needed epidemiological and ecological context for mechanistic studies of culturable and genetically tractable microorganisms, but may also lead to the discovery of fundamental rules that govern the assembly and function of host-associated microbial communities.
Improving the immunogenicity of HIV-1 envelope trimer vaccines

An HIV-1 vaccine that induces protective antibodies remains elusive because a number of factors limit the quantity and quality of the antibodies raised against the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein complex (Env). We hypothesized that targeting Env vaccines directly to immune cells would improve Env-specific antibody responses. To this end we explored two approaches. First, we fused trimeric Env gp140 at the C-terminus to proteins that can target and activate B cells: CD40 ligand (CD40L), B-cell Activating Factor (BAFF), and A PRoliferation-lnducing Ligand (APRIL). Trimeric Env fused to APRIL, BAFF or CD40L triggered the secretion of IgM, IgG and IgA from human B cells in vitro. In particular Env-APRIL induced higher anti-Env antibody responses in rabbits. Env-APRIL was also more efficient at inducing neutralizing responses against various tier 1 viruses. Second, we embedded immunostimulatory proteins within the Env sequence. We replaced the V1V2 domain of Env with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Probing with neutralizing antibodies showed that both the Env and GM-CSF components of the chimeric protein were folded correctly. Furthermore, the embedded GM-CSF domain was functional as a cytokine in vitro. Mouse immunization studies demonstrated that chimeric Env-GM-CSF enhanced Env-specific antibody and T cell responses compared to wild-type Env. Collectively, these results show that targeting and activation of immune cells using engineered cytokine domains within the protein can improve the immunogenicity of Env subunit vaccines.
Rank- and sign-dependent linear utility models for binary gambles

Abstract Binary SEU, prospect theory, and rank-dependent utility are generalized to event weights that depend on the event and on whether or not its consequence is preferred to the status quo and to the alternative consequence. The special cases are characterized, and the representation is axiomatized qualitatively. Assuming utility is additive over joint receipt of gambles, several topics are investigated: differences among buying and selling prices and choice indifference; differences between judged and choice indifferences; a reason people may buy both lotteries and insurance; and the form of utility for money, namely, power functions on either side of the status quo.
Can pediatric electrophysiologists safely perform electrophysiology studies on adults with congenital heart disease

Introduction: Adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) are known to have arrhythmias. The purpose of this study was to review the safety and efficacy of a pediatric electrophysiologist performing electrophysiology studies (EPS) on ACHD. Methods: All ACHD >18 years of age who underwent an EPS performed by a pediatric electrophysiologist between 1995 and 2004 were included. Patient records were reviewed for demographics, cardiac diagnosis, surgery, arrhythmia, and catheterization issues such as vascular access, fluoroscopy time, complications, procedure performed, and success rates. Results: The study identified 70 patients who underwent 93 EPS: 42 with ventricular tachycardia (VT) and 28 with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). With respect to safety, vascular access was obtained in 100% of patients, fluoroscopy time averaged 34.2 minutes, and complications occurred in 3 patients (4%) including permanent (1) or transient (1) atrio-ventricular node injury and coagulum on the catheter (1), but no deaths. With respect to efficacy, 30 patients had an attempted radiofrequency ablation that was successful in 21 of 28 (75%) with SVT and 1 of 2 (50%) with VT. Conclusions: (1) ACHD can safely undergo an electrophysiology study performed by pediatric electrophysiologists, with low fluoroscopy times and few complications. (2) Success rates for ablation in this patient population approach 75%.
Physical fitness assessment of older adults in the primary care setting.

Purpose: To explore the relationships between the physical fitness and the demographic characteristics, general health and well-being, social support, and physical activity in a group of community-dwelling older adults. This study also assessedthefeasibilityofobtainingphysicalfitnessmeasuresintheprimarycare setting. Data sources: Thirty-four persons older than 60 years completed self-report measuresandtheSeniorFitnessTest(SFT),abatteryoffitnessmeasuresnormed for older adults. Self-report measures included demographics, general health and well-being (SF-36), social support (Social Support for Physical Activity Scale), and physical activity levels (Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly). Conclusions: Physically active older adults had significantly better upper and lowerbodystrength,aerobicendurance,anddynamicbalance.Olderadultswho reported better general health and had fewer chronic conditions scored better on the physical fitness tests. The SFT took 10-15 min to complete in the primary care setting. Implications for practice: Physicalfitnessmeasuresgiveprimarycareproviders objective information to develop a physical activity program for their patients. A physical activity program that includes recommendations for aerobic endurance, strength, flexibility, and/or balance that is based on objective findings may be a useful tool to promote better health and physical fitness in older adults.
Endoscopic Palliation of Malignant Biliary Obstruction

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has become the treatment of choice for palliation of malignant biliary obstruction, with lower morbidity and improved quality of life over surgical bypass, and a lower complication rate than percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). Endoscopic palliation of biliary malignancies is an evolving arena. The interventional endoscopist has a choice of polyethylene stents of various configurations and uncovered, partially covered, or fully covered metal stents. The precise applications and patient selection for each of these stents is still a matter of considerable research and debate. In a minority of patients, when access to the biliary tree fails, either on account of duodenal obstruction, inability to cannulate the bile duct or inability to traverse a complex biliary stricture at ERCP, endoscopic ultrasound-guided cholangiopancreatography (EUSCP) provides a safe and effective alternative in experienced centers. This review discusses the anatomical considerations, techniques, efficacy, safety, and some cost issues pertaining to endocopic palliation of malignant biliary strictures.
Nature or Nurture? Sources of Firm Preference for National Health Reform

I shall explore the process by which firms develop their political preferences, using the case of national health reform. Although rising health costs have heavily burdened many companies, I argue that economic interests alone are unable to account for the variation in firm response to the national reform effort. Rather, institutional factors, shown elsewhere to shape government decision making, also influence corporate preferences. These are (1) the institutionalization of private policy expertise within the firm, (2) firm participation in policy groups, and (3) policy legacies. These findings challenge conventional views of business political mobilization that suggest largely autonomous agents acting on the basis of easily recognized self-interests. Preference formation and corporate mobilization transpire in collective settings as a new stratum of corporate policy managers search for solutions to social problems. The primacy of economic concerns is very real. But institutional analysis explains how these economic concerns are interpreted and acted upon.
Unified kinetic theory of plasma correlations

Theorie cinetique unifiee des correlations dans un plasma, basee sur la hierarchie BBKGY. Application de la theorie au plasma a un composant avec interaction de Coulomb modifiee pour inclure les effets du fond. Les equations integro-differentielles sous forme close dans l'espace, la quantite de mouvement et le temps sont obtenues pour la fonction de correlation a 2 particules dans les limites du couplage fort et faible
Monocular acquisition and interocular transfer in albino rats with unilateral striate ablations

Monocular acquisition and interocular transfer of a horizontal-vertical discrimination were measured in 18 albino rats with unilateral lesions of the striate cortex and in 9 unoperated Ss. Ss trained with the eye contralateral to the lesion failed to learn the discrimination unless it had previously been acquired via the ipsilateral eye. Ss trained via the ipsilateral eye learned quickly if ipsilateral-eye training came first, but performed erratically if ipsilateral training followed contralateral training. Interocular transfer occurred in unoperated Ss, but it was incomplete.
Selective Homeworkless Reviews

We describe a version of review/inspection called selective homeworkless review. In these reviews, moderators are taught how to select artifacts for review and review methodologies with little or no preparation. Many review and inspection methodologies are known in the literature and used in industry with very good results. The main issue we faced was not how to tune an existing inspection methodology, but rather how to get people to seriously and continuously inspect their artifacts. With the shrinking of the release cycle, people try to avoid front-loaded methodologies such as reviews, which seem to waste time early on. This is true both at the organizational level, where the overall cost is considered and at the day-to-day level, where time for preparation needs to be found. Because the reasons for rejecting existing inspection techniques were more organizational than technical, the way our methodology overcomes these objections is as central to the paper as the selective homeworkless review methodology itself. We introduced selective homeworkless reviews three years ago. We now have convincing evidence that this methodology can be introduced even in organizations that are resistant to formal inspections, leading to significant improvements in quality.
High-gain harmonic generation free-electron laser at saturation

We report on observations of the output of a high-gain harmonic-generation (HGHG) free-electron laser (FEL) at saturation. A seed CO/sub 2/ laser at a wavelength of 10.6 /spl mu/m was used to generate amplified FEL output at 5.3 /spl mu/m. Measurement of the frequency spectrum, pulse duration and correlation length of the 5.3-/spl mu/m output verified the longitudinal coherence of the light. At the exit of the device, measurements of the energy distribution of the electron beam indicated that the HGHG process had reached saturation. By comparing the intensities of the higher harmonics (2.65 /spl mu/m and 1.77 /spl mu/m) relative to the 5.3-/spl mu/m fundamental, additional evidence confirming saturated operation was obtained. These results agree with theoretical predictions at saturation. We also briefly describe the status of a new HGHG experiment at the Source Development Laboratory (BNL), aimed at achieving generation of 100-nm radiation.
Biomarkers of response to VEGF pathway-targeted therapy for renal cell carcinoma.

PR-2 Background: Therapies that target the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway are effective in a significant fraction of patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (cRCC). The identification of molecular markers that predict response to these therapies will greatly help physicians with treatment decisions.Methods: Primary tumor blocks were obtained from 52 patients prior to treatment for metastatic cRCC. Patients were treated with SU11248, AG013736, or IFNA and bevacizumab at the UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center. DNA and RNA were extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples. DNA was sequenced for mutations in the VHL coding sequence. RNA was analyzed by quantitative PCR (QPCR) for differences in the relative expression levels of 26 candidate genes. SYBR Green and Taqman QPCR assays were validated initially using an independent tumor set with matched pairs of FFPE and frozen samples for each tumor. Protein expression levels for a subset of the candidate genes were also determined by immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) of FFPE sections.Results: Twenty-five of 43 evaluable tumors (58%) had a VHL mutation, including 15 with frameshift and 10 with non-frameshift mutations. The median time to disease progression (TTP) for patients with mutations resulting in frameshifts was 13.7 months, compared to 7.4 months in patients with non-frameshift mutations and 5.5 months in patients with no VHL mutation (p=0.06). The proportion of patients that progressed in each mutation class also reflects this difference in median TTP: 17 of 18 patients without mutation, 10 of 10 patients with non-frameshift mutations, and 10 of 15 patients with frameshift mutations have had disease progression.We compared QPCR for matched pairs of FFPE and frozen tumors using either SYBR Green or Taqman approaches. SYBR Green performed better than Taqman, with significantly higher Spearman rank correlations for frozen vs. FFPE. Expression of candidate genes was compared to protein expression by IHC, and tested for association with response to therapy. CAIX expression showed the strongest correlation between gene expression and IHC, while HIF2α and VEGFR-2 were moderately correlated.Conclusions: Response to VEGF pathway-targeted therapy in metastatic cRCC appears to be associated with VHL mutations that extensively alter the amino acid sequence of the VHL protein. Differences in the expression of angiogenesis-related genes and proteins may also be associated with response to these therapies. Such analyses of VHL pathway components help to understand the biology and clinical response to VEGF pathway-targeted agents.
Equivalent global impedance signature and its application to efficient broadband scattering analysis

This paper introduces a novel methodology for efficient, broadband electromagnetic scattering analysis for arbitrary incident waves. The proposed methodology uses the finite element method and model on reduction techniques to generate an equivalent global impedance signature (EGIS) of the scatterer, valid over the entire frequency bandwidth of interest and independent of the excitation. Once generated, EGIS can be used to predict scattering at any frequency of interest and for arbitrary excitation.
Noise Channels: Glitch and Error in Digital Culture, by Peter Krapp. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2011. 162 pp. $22.50 paper. ISBN 9780816676255 paper

Glitches and errors within digital media technology are hardly ever greeted gladly. Hardware failures, signal losses, and corrupt files have the potential to be personally and professionally catast...
Significance of Historical Hurricane Activity on Structural Damage Profile and Posthurricane Population Fluctuation in South Florida Urban Areas

The historical hurricane tracking records for the last 100 years indicate that the southeast regions of Florida have had the highest frequency of hurricane hits in the United States. Land-use characteristics and the extent of land-development activities are the major factors that contribute to vulnerability to hurricanes in high-risk coastal areas. The objectives of this study were to analyze the structural damages observed after Hurricane Andrew in relation to year of construction of the buildings to assess the impact of historical hurricane experience on building structures and population fluctuations in South Florida, specifically in Dade County. The relatively long period of low hurricane activity from 1950 to 1992 has resulted in increased population density and coastal development in South Florida, significantly increasing the vulnerability of the region. The structural damage data compiled by the Metropolitan Dade Department of Building and Zoning after Hurricane Andrew in 1992 show that the long p...
Epilepsy as an Autoimmune Disease

Investigators at University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, conducted a retrospective population-level study of the relationship between epilepsy and 12 common autoimmune diseases: type 1 diabetes mellitus, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis, Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, Sjogren syndrome, myasthenia gravis, and celiac disease.
Groin Pain: A Neurologic and Musculoskeletal Anatomic Review

A comprehensive understanding of the anatomy of the inguinal region is essential for the appropriate management of patients with groin pain. This chapter describes the boundaries of the inguinal canal and illustrates the anatomical course of the nerves and other structures contained within, as well as their relationships to the various fascial planes and spaces that are encountered during both open and laparoscopic operations.
A Nutritional Disease Demonstrating a Feed Deficiency in Dried Eggs

Abstract IN A study to determine the comparative feeding value of whole dried eggs from hens fed a complete all-mash ration but containing 65 percent of a toxic grain (Franke and Tully, 1931, 1932, 1933) and eggs from hens fed a complete all-mash ration using normal grains, a pellagra-like syndrome developed in the experimental chicks at approximately three weeks of age. Numerous workers have shown that egg white in various forms when used as the sole source of protein in rations for rats did not support normal growth. Parsons (1931) reported that “A nutritional disorder and death speedily result in the case of the majority of young rats weaned from stock rations when fed diets high in egg white, either raw or cooked, commercial, dried or fresh.” Parsons and Kelly (1933a) later showed that the lack of growth and pellagra-like condition in rats fed egg white as a chief source of . . .
Feasibility research on improving transmission capacity of the power transmission line in Ningxia Power Grid

The academic analysis and test results show that the power transmission lines in Ningxia Power Grid have the feasibility of further improving transmission capacity,uses the technology of grid dynamic increasing capacity can upgrade the transmission capacity of the power transmission line in Ningxia Power Grid.
Pathogenesis of steatorrhea in three cases of small intestinal stasis syndrome.

Steatorrhea in small intestinal stasis syndrome is often attributed to defective luminal micelle formation secondary to deconjugation of bile salts by excessive numbers of bacteria. The intestinal mucosa is usually presumed to be normal. The pathogenesis of steatorrhea was investigated in 3 patients with stasis syndrome of differing etiologies: (1) multiple jejunal diverticula; (2) scleroderma; and (3) idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Although bacterial overgrowth and some deconjugation of bile salts was demonstrated in all 3 of these patients, normal amounts of free fatty acids were solubilized in the aqueous phase of jejunal contents aspirated during a fat meal, indicating normal jejunal micelle formation by the remaining conjugated bile salts. When a sufficient number of jejunal biopsies were taken, patchy abnormalities were revealed by light microscopy in all 3 patients. This histological appearance varied widely in each patient from little or no abnormalities in villus architecture, to severe lesions with virtual absence of villi. Electron microscopy revealed far more extensive intestinal abnormalities than had been suspected by light microscopy. Several defects in mucosal fat absorption were demonstrated by electron microscopic examination of jejunal biopsies taken during a fat meal: (1) decreased numbers of fat particles in absorptive cells; (1) decreased numbers of absorptive cells participating in fat absorption; and (3) impaired transport of chylomicrons out of the absorptive cells into the lamina propria. After antibiotic treatment fat absorption improved by fat balance and there was electron microscopic evidence of chylomicron transport out of the absorptive cells. Nevertheless, other abnormalities by light and electron microscopy remained unchanged after antibiotics. Although the etiology of the jejunal mucosal lesions in these 3 patients remains unclear, our studies suggest that absorptive cell dysfunction rather than defective micelle formation is an important factor in the pathogenesis of their steatorrhea.
Modulation of Rat Inhibin mRNAs in Preovulatory and Atretic Follicles

Inhibin α and βA mRNA levels can be correlated with the maturational status of the antral follicle. Two distinct classes of follicles in which the levels of inhibin α and βA mRNAs decrease have been identified by in situ hybridization. They are preovulatory follicles found on the evening of proestrus, and atretic follicles found at all times during the rat estrous cycle. Inhibin α and βA mRNA levels decline in mature follicles following the preovulatory gonadotropin surges on the evening of proestrus. Administration of a GnRH antagonist to block the primary gonadotropin surges results in elevation of both inhibin α and βA subunit mRNAs through the following morning (estrus). Replacement of exogenous LH or FSH causes a decline in inhibin α and βA subunit mRNA levels 4 h following treatment. We conclude that the primary gonadotropin surges are important for appropriate regulation of inhibin gene expression. In addition to the late proestrus decrease in inhibin mRNA levels, we have observed that inhibin mRNA levels decrease in atretic follicles. Follicles of the type 1 a class entering the earliest stages of atresia express α mRNA at low levels and βA at levels not significantly greater than background. Follicles in later stages of atresia do not express detectable levels of either inhibin subunit mRNA.
Patterns of expressed emotion in adolescent eating disorders

Background This goal of this study was to understand the patterns of expressed emotions (EEs) in adolescent eating disorders. As such, this study compared EE among families of adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and a psychiatric control group, major depressive disorder (MDD). This study also examined the influence of family status (intact vs. nonintact) and the presence of siblings on EE. Methods Two-hundred and fifteen adolescents (ages 12–19) and their families were recruited for this study including 121 adolescents with AN, 54 adolescents with BN, and 40 adolescents with MDD. Adolescents with at least one parent completed the Standardized Clinical Family Interview. Adolescents completed structured diagnostic interviews to assess eligibility for the study, as well as a standardized questionnaire to assess depression. Results Analyses revealed that fathers showed higher levels of critical comments to adolescents with BN or MDD than those with AN, whereas mothers made more critical comments toward patients with BN. Mothers made the least number of positive remarks toward patients with MDD. In terms of the influence of family status, fathers from intact families showed more expressions of warmth and were less critical than fathers from nonintact families, whereas mothers from intact families were less critical but also made fewer positive remarks than mothers from nonintact families. The presence of siblings appeared to reduce mothers’ expression of warmth and emotional overinvolvement. Conclusions Unique patterns of EE were found to characterize AN, BN, and MDD. Family status and the presence of siblings exert an influence on EE that should be taken into consideration in future research.
The Lorentz Group with Dual-Translations and the Conformal Group

For those finite-matrix representations of the Lorentz group of rotations/boosts with spin $(A,B)\oplus(C,D)$ that can also represent translations, two possible translation subgroups qualify. Of these two, one must be selected, and one discarded, to represent the Poincare group of rotations/boosts with translations in spacetime. Instead, let us discard the requirement that there be just one translation subgroup. With dual-translations, one gives up agreement with simple macroscopic observations of spacetime. Now the transformations of both possible translation subgroups combine with those of the Lorentz group. The resulting commutation relations require new transformations and generators to satisfy the linearity requirement of a Lie algebra. Special cases of spins are sought to restrict the influx of new transformations. One finds that the Dirac 4-spinor formalism is the only viable solution. The slightly expanded group it represents is the conformal group with just one new transformation, scale change. It follows as a corollary that the Dirac 4-spinor formalism is the only matrix representation of the conformal group with spin $(A,B)\oplus(C,D).$
Die Struktur des Nervensystems

Kapitel 7 liefert einen groben Uberblick uber die Anatomie des Nervensystems. Hier konzentrieren wir uns auf die allgemeine Organisation des Nervensystems der Saugetiere, indem wir die embryonale Entwicklung des Gehirns verfolgen. Wir zeigen, dass die Spezialisierungen des menschlichen Gehirns im Grunde einfache Variationen vom Grundbauplan des Saugergehirns darstellen. Auserdem stellen wir die Groshirnrinde und das neue Gebiet der Konnektomik vor. Als Anhang (Kapitel 7A) folgt diesem Kapitel ein neuroanatomischer Atlas, der Oberflachen- und Querschnittsanatomie von Gehirn, Ruckenmark, vegetativem Nervensystem, Hirnnerven und versorgenden Blutgefasen des Gehirns illustriert. Ein Selbsttest hilft beim Lernen und Rekapitulieren der anatomischen Terminologie. In diesem Uberblick werden nur ausgewahlte anatomische Strukturen behandelt, mit besonderem Augenmerk auf die Beziehungen von Strukturen, die in den nachsten Kapiteln behandelt werden.
Revealing Social Structure from Texts: Meta-Matrix Text Analysis as a Novel Method for Network Text Analysis

Texts can be coded and analyzed as networks of concepts often referred to as maps or semantic networks. In such networks, for many texts, there are elements of social structure – the connections among people, organizations, events, and so on. Within organizational and social network theory an approach called the meta-matrix is used to describe social structure in terms of the network of connections among people, organizations, knowledge, resources, tasks and so on. Herein, we propose a combined approach using the meta-matrix model, as an ontology, to lend a second level of organization to the networks of concepts recovered from texts. We have formalized and operationalized this approach in an automated tool for text analysis referred to as AutoMap. We demonstrate how this approach enables not only meaning but also social structure to be revealed through text analysis. We illustrate this approach by showing how it can be used to discover the social structure of covert networks – the terrorist groups operating in the West Bank.
Court Responses to Runaway Offenses and Other Juvenile Status Violations

This chapter discusses the ways in which the courts respond to youth who run away from home and commit other offenses. Runaway youth may be classified as status offenders. Status offenses are non-criminal behaviors that are treated as violations only because the offender is a minor. Classifying juvenile behavior as status offenses is designed to restrict the youth’s behavior in order to promote their safety and health. States may classify runaways and other status violators as delinquents, while in other states status offenders are considered neglected or abused dependents. Some states classify status violators as a separate category. Status offenders may be referred to juvenile court or the runaway’s first contact is with a state child welfare agency. In other states, the status offender may be sent to a residential facility or the juvenile is required to participate in community-based interventions. If these informal strategies are not successful, juvenile courts will formally process them. In addition, A Child in Need Supervision petition can be filed with the court to assist juveniles who repeatedly commit status violations such as running away from home. This chapter also analyzes factors that increase the probability that youth will commit status offenses and disparities in the juvenile justice system.
Technical Standards and Deaf and Hard of Hearing Medical School Applicants and Students: Interrogating Sensory Capacity and Practice Capacity

Applicants to medical schools who are deaf and hard of hearing (DHoH) or who have other disabilities face significant barriers to medical school admission. One commonly cited barrier to admission is medical schools' technical standards (TS) for admission, advancement, and graduation. Ethical values of diversity and equity support altering the technical standards to be more inclusive of people with disabilities. Incorporating these values into admissions, advancement, and graduation considerations for DHoH and other students with disabilities can contribute to the physician workforce being more representative of the diverse patients it serves and better able to care for them.
Two-Hybrid Screening Identifies an Interaction between the CUB Domains of Human ADAMTS13 and Factor XII.

The metalloprotease ADAMTS13 regulates the size of released von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimers by cleaving a peptide bond in the VWF A2 domain. Unlike the other ADAMTS family members, ADAMTS13 contains two C-terminal CUB domains, and mutations in this region have been found in patients with congenital thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). In vitro studies indicate that CUB domains are dispensable for ADAMTS13 catalytic activity under static conditions with denatured VWF substrate, but they may be crucial for recognition of native VWF under flow. CUB domains in many proteins mediate protein-protein interactions, and to identify potential binding partners we conducted yeast two-hybrid screening using MATCHMAKER GAL4 two-hybrid system 3 (Clontech Laboratories Inc., CA, USA). A cDNA fragment encoding both CUB domains was inserted into the pGBKT7 vector. The resulting GAL4BD-CUB fusion protein was used as bait to screen a human liver cDNA library. Both bait and library vectors were simultaneously introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH109 and double transformants were selected on minimal synthetic dropout media lacking Trp, Leu and His. A total of approximately 3 × 10 6 clones were screened. Putative positive colonies were re-streaked and tested for β-galactosidase activity. DNA fragments from positive colonies were sequenced and 26 proteins were identified, 10 of which were plasma proteins including factor XII (FXII), β2-glycoprotein I, and fibrinogen β chain. Interactions were further characterized with a binding assay employing purified ADAMTS13 immobilized on microtiter plates. The FXII-ADAMTS13 interaction was saturable and reversible, with Kd = 17 nM, which is significantly lower than the plasma concentration of FXII (∼ 375 nM). Deletion of CUB domains in ADAMTS13(ΔCUB) reduces its affinity toward FXII by ∼10-fold (Kd = 164 nM). Activated FXII (FXIIa) bound saturably and reversibly to ADAMTS13 with Kd = 19 nM. Binding of FXIIa to ADAMTS13(ΔCUB) was undetectable, suggesting that the FXIIa-ADAMTS13 interaction is more specific than the FXII-ADAMTS13 interaction. This interaction of FXIIa and ADAMTS13 was totally blocked by a heat and acid stable inhibitor in plasma, whereas the interaction of FXII and ADAMTS13 was decreased only 50% by plasma. These data suggest that FXII can bind either to ADAMTS13 CUB domains or with lower affinity to a distinct site that does not involve the CUB domains; FXIIa, a two-chain enzyme formed by a single cleavage of FXII, only retains the structure involved in high affinity binding to ADAMTS13 CUB domains. Fibrinogen and β2-glycoprotein 1 also bound to ADAMTS13 in vitro, but with much lower affinity. However, the plasma concentrations of both proteins (about 9 μM and 4 μM, respectively) are at least 10 times higher than their apparent Kd values. Whether these CUB domain-interacting proteins are important for the regulation of ADAMTS13 activity in vivo remains to be established.
Use of orbital atherectomy in acute myocardial infarction via the transradial approach

Severe coronary artery calcifications pose an ongoing challenge when performing percutaneous coronary interventions, resulting in an increased likelihood of procedural complications. Orbital atherectomy (OA) has emerged as a promising technology that helps improve outcomes in this complex patient population. Its safety and efficacy are yet to be demonstrated in the setting of acute myocardial infarction. We present a case of a patient with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) evaluated with emergent transradial coronary angiography. The culprit lesion was a severely stenotic, heavily calcified, segment of the right coronary artery. The use of OA facilitated lesion expansion and implantation of a drug-eluting stent. Although OA should be considered as contraindicated for the management of soft-ruptured plaque, which accounts for the majority of STEMI presentations, it may be well applied to the small subset of patients with calcified nodule pathology, even in the acute setting.
Of the Nature of Reference

In the zeal to show the importance of meaning, everyone has somehow forgotten the reason for language, which is to assist us in our efforts to cope with the world. And how could this effort be implemented if we seized upon an isolated language and dropped out the pressure of the presence of that world? It is there, and stands ready to guide us in all our linguistic formulations.
Molecular Electron Propagator Theory and Calculations

Publisher Summary This chapter describes that the electron propagator is being employed in molecular theory primarily for the calculation of electron binding energies as well as for photoionization cross sections and intensities related to various spectrometric processes. The usefulness of propagator theory is by no means limited to the realm of electron binding energies. All areas of spectrometry can be given a unified treatment and the solution of the equation of motion for the appropriate propagator yields a spectral density function and energy differences from which expectation values and spectra can be obtained. The chapter reviews some of the basic definitions and introduces the notations of the electron propagator. The decoupling problem is stated and general methods of approximation are discussed using a spin orbital basis. The direct pole-residue search is described and implemented. It is discussed for the solution of the working equations to produce the spectral representation of the electron propagator. The emphasis is placed on the calculation of relative intensities of lines in photoelectron spectra.
Selecting and Screening Recipients: Diminished Ovarian Reserve and Premature Ovarian Failure

As a result of chronologic aging, both oocyte quantity and quality, and therefore reproductive potential, are known to decline in women. Studies involving historical populations have shown a clear drop in fecundity after the age of 30 years, leading to fertility loss at a mean age of 41 years, with a wide range between 23 and 51 years. Increasing female educational levels and participation in the workforce resulted in a clear rise in the mean age at which women deliver their first child in the USA. Between 1990 and 2002, the birth rate for women 35–45 increased 53 %. In other words, more than ever before women in their 30s and early 40s are attempting pregnancy for the first time. This general tendency to postpone childbearing also creates a growing number of infertile women who depend upon assisted reproductive techniques (ART) to achieve a pregnancy, solely on the basis of ovarian aging and decreased ovarian reserve. However, ART is able to compensate for the decreased natural fertility only to a limited extent, leaving many couples childless after prolonged and demanding infertility therapies. For these couples, egg donation often represents an excellent alternative treatment plan and, in many cases, their only hope for having a biologic child.