cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gendered Communication and Career Outcomes A Construct Validation and Prediction of Hierarchical Advancement and Non-Hierarchical Rewards

This research introduces and tests a measure that captures gendered communication style, a multi-dimensional construct with masculine and feminine facets. In Study 1, we follow a well-regarded content adequacy procedure to develop and test items to represent each of these facets and further validate the new measurement instrument across two samples of working adults. Study 2 replicates the instrument’s factor structure and tests the relationships between perceived masculine and feminine communication styles and multiple indicators of career success. Results generally support our hypotheses that masculine communication style is related to hierarchical advancement (e.g., number of promotions, advancement to higher managerial levels), whereas feminine communication style is related to non-hierarchical rewards (e.g., higher compensation, increased span of control). Unexpectedly, feminine communication style also positively predicts two indicators of hierarchical career success. Furthermore, an interaction eff...
Revealing rate-limiting steps in complex disease biology: The crucial importance of studying rare, extreme-phenotype families

The major challenge in complex disease genetics is to understand the fundamental features of this complexity and why functional alterations at multiple independent genes conspire to lead to an abnormal phenotype. We hypothesize that the various genes involved are all functionally united through gene regulatory networks (GRN), and that mutant phenotypes arise from the consequent perturbation of one or more rate-limiting steps that affect the function of the entire GRN. Understanding a complex phenotype thus entails unraveling the details of each GRN, namely, the transcription factors that bind to cis regulatory elements affected by sequence variants altering transcription of specific genes, and their mutual feedback relationships. These GRNs can be identified through their rate-limiting steps and are best uncovered by genomic analyses of rare, extreme phenotype families, thus providing a coherent molecular basis to complex traits and disorders.
Boron-Doped Diamond Films for Electrochemical Applications

Diamond electrodes possess unique chemical stability, a very wide potential window of water stability, and low background currents. These properties give rise to numerous possible applications, for example, electrosynthesis and electrodestruction reactions at extreme potentials and environmental conditions and as a sensor electrode in aggressive environments. Furthermore, the study of semiconducting diamond electrodes promises to lead to greater understanding of the surface chemistry of diamond and of electronic levels and surface states in doped diamond. In this paper the reactivity of diamond electrodes and their use in a molten salt environment, as a sensor element, and for characterizing diamond are discussed.
Experimental Study on Hypergolic Interaction between N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylethylenediamine and Nitric Acid

The hypergolic interaction between N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA, (CH3)2NCH2CH2N(CH3)2) and nitric acid was studied by several different experimental techniques. The gaseous species from condensed- and gas-phase reactions between TMEDA and nitric acid (90% HNO3) were analyzed by a confined interaction setup, coupled with a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The species identified include TMEDA dinitrate, dimethylnitrosamine (CH3)2NNO, dimethylformamide (CH3)2NCHO, CH2O, H2O, NO2, HONO, NO, CO2, N2O, and CO. The solid residue from the condensed-phase reactions between TMEDA and 90% HNO3 was studied by using a confined rapid thermolysis (CRT) coupled with FTIR spectroscopy and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. On the basis of the product analysis, the preignition reactions between TMEDA and nitric acid are discussed. The initiation reaction is a condensed-phase, exothermic salt formation reaction. At elevated temperatures, the thermal decomposition of nitric acid produces NO2, whi...
Social Stratification in Relation to Attitude Toward Sources of Power in a Community

In seeking to explain the universal occurrence of stratification and the forms it takes, Davis and Moore have presented a theory according to which (1) stratification is necessary to recruit occupants of socially important positions which require special talent or training; and (2) positions are rewarded on the basis of their social importance and the scarcity of qualified personnel. Against this theory it can be argued that the social importance of a position cannot be accurately gauged; that some rewarded positions make little or no contribution to society and thus have no functional importance; that the rewards of some other positions do not correspond to their importance or to the difficulty of filling them; and that the functional approach assumes, without warrant, a telic process in which a hypostasized society rewards positions differentially so as to maximize social welfare or insure societal survival. This paper suggests a modification of their theory so that (1) the "importance" of a position is seen simply as the effective demand of some members of the society for the services performed, and (2) the talent and training required of a position-holder are viewed as only two among several factors affecting the supply of positionholders. Factors affecting the demand for positions and their services are (1) cultural values, (2) technology, and (3) the power of groups and individuals to furnish rewards. Factors in the supply of position-holders and their services are (1) talent and training required to fill positions, (2) power to restrict the supply of personnel, (3) product differentiation and monopoly, (4) the process of career choice, and (5) labor mobility. Additional influences on the stratification system are (1) halo effect from symbolic aspects of the work situation, (2) historical features of positions and their incumbents, and (3) custom evolved through historical accident. It has been our intention to clarify, not to abandon, the functional approach. If a society has to get certain things done, it will develop patterns to channel people into positions so as to meet the demand for the necessary services.
Surface restructuring in sputter-damaged Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 + δ

The high-${T}_{c}$ cuprate Bi-2212 is sputtered with 500 eV Ar${}^{+}$ ions, and changes to the surface composition are investigated with low energy (2 keV) Na${}^{+}$ ion scattering. It is shown that ion bombardment leads to the development of a Bi-O overlayer, differing in structure from the underlying material and making the surface highly resistant to further sputtering-induced changes. In contrast, sputtering and ion-scattering simulations would suggest that atoms from lower layers should be present at the surface as a consequence of the kinematics of the sputtering process. It is thus concluded that the Bi-O layer forms because the surfactant effects of Bi reduce the surface energy.
Immediate Single-Stage Cranioplasty Following Calvarial Resection for Benign and Malignant Skull Neoplasms Using Customized Craniofacial Implants.

UNLABELLED Craniectomy defects following resection of calvarial lesions are most often reconstructed using on-table manufacturing. With the advent of computer-aided design/manufacturing and customized craniofacial implants (CCIs), there seems to be more suited alternatives. In this study, the authors report their institutional experience and outcome using immediate, single-stage, CCI-based reconstruction for benign and malignant skull neoplasm defects. METHODS A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of all implant cranioplasties performed between 2011 and 2014, by a single craniofacial surgeon at a tertiary academic medical institution was performed. Preoperative and postoperative computed tomography scans with 3D reconstruction were performed for the purpose of assessing adequate resection and reconstructive outcomes. Primary endpoints included length of surgery, predicted defect versus postoperative implant surface area, contour irregularities, and complications. RESULTS Of the 108 patients with cranioplasty identified, 7 patients were found to undergo immediate CCI-based reconstruction for calvarial neoplasms; 4 patients (4/7, 57%) presented with malignant pathology. All defects were >5 cm2. As compared with their original size, all implants were modified intraoperatively between 0.2% and 40.8%, with a mean of 13.8%. With follow-up ranging between 1 and 16 months, there were no implant-related complications identified. The immediate and long-term aesthetic results, as well as patient satisfaction, were ideal. CONCLUSION With this preliminary experience, the authors have successfully demonstrated that immediate customized implant reconstructive techniques, by way of intraoperative modification, are both safe and feasible for benign and malignant skull neoplasms. The authors believe that with wider acceptance of this multidisciplinary approach and increased surgeon familiarity, this technique will soon become the reconstructive standard of care.
The Role of Vitamin D in Osteoarthritis and Rheumatic Disease

Publisher Summary Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, characterized by focal damage to articular cartilage, ranging in severity from minor surface roughening to complete cartilage erosion, and accompanied by some form of reaction in the adjacent peri-articular bone. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an auto-immune disease characterized by joint inflammation leading to chronic pain, functional impairment and disability. Furthermore, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease with a complex etiology, with both environmental and genetic contributions. Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is also a unique form of inflammatory arthritis that may accompany psoriasis, which is an autoimmune disease affecting the skin. Vitamin D receptors (VDRs) have been identified in human skeletal muscle tissue, and are important for normal muscle function. There is a growing body of evidence that vitamin D is important in joint health and mechanisms that support a protective role for vitamin D in OA and rheumatic diseases have been identified. While several observational studies suggest vitamin D insufficiency is associated with increased risk for OA progression, with more severe RA and with SLE severity, there is still an overall lack of consistency among the available studies. The results of ongoing and future randomized controlled intervention trials are likely to clarify the influence of vitamin D on disease progression in patients with OA and rheumatic disease.
Earth Politics: Religion, Decolonization, and Bolivia's Indigenous Intellectuals. By Waskar Ari. (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014. Pp. xii, 262. $24.95.)

The author of this study traces the lives of four twentieth‐century Aymara intellectuals who were forebears of contemporary decolonization politics in Bolivia. Toribio Miranda, Gregorio Titiriku, M...
Association of age with utilization of radical cystectomy for high-grade nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: Results from the National Cancer Database.

312Background: Radical cystectomy (RC) is a preferred option for high−grade non−muscle invasive bladder cancer (HG NMIBC), particularly after failure of intravesical therapy. However, clinicians may be reluctant to offer surgery to older patients with NMIBC given concerns regarding morbidity. We therefore sought to evaluate the association of age with use of RC and clinicopathologic outcomes after RC for HG NMIBC. Methods: The National Cancer Data Base was queried to identify patients diagnosed with HG NMIBC between 2004−2013. Patients were stratified according to age at diagnosis: 80 years. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the associations of age group with utilization of RC and with pathologic upstaging (pT2−4 or pN+). Overall survival (OS) was evaluated using unadjusted and inverse propensity score weighted (IPTW) Kaplan−Meier methods and compared with the log-rank test. Results: RC was performed in 3,641 (5.7%) of 63,402 patients with HG NMIBC. Utilization ...
Factors affecting the risk of erroneous interpretation of online surgeon rating websites among the general population.

121Background: Several websites present estimated individual surgeon complication rates for surgeons in both the United States and Great Britain. Though some researchers have raised questions as to the validity and appropriateness of these publicly displayed outcome measures, there remains very little research into how the general public may interpret these data to make health care decisions. Methods: We invited attendees of the 2016 Minnesota State Fair who met entry criteria, (adults > 18 years old, English speakers who were able to use a tablet computer) to complete our survey. Demographic data was presented along with various screen shots from online surgeon rating websites. Patients were then asked to interpret these graphics and report complication rates. Some graphics displayed complications rates for one surgeon alone, while others compared multiple surgeons side-by-side. Results: 392 participants completed the survey from a broad geographic distribution from the upper Midwest (179 unique zip code...
Expanding teachers’ technological pedagogical reasoning with a systems pedagogical approach

A systems approach provides insight for expanding teachers’ pedagogical reasoning for integrating multiple technologies in inquiry, communication, and collaboration. An online learning trajectory supports the integration of a systems pedagogical approach for guiding teachers in developing their technological pedagogical thinking and reasoning so they in turn are able to implement a systems pedagogical approach with their own students. Specific instructional strategies guide teachers in refining their mental models for integrating multiple technologies in teaching mathematics through their increasingly complex technological pedagogical understanding as they learn about the technologies and teaching with those technologies. This study focuses on the impact that a system of multiple technologies as pedagogical tools has on teachers’ technological pedagogical reasoning as they integrate multiple technologies in their classrooms. A systems pedagogical understanding is at the core of teachers’ enhancement of their technological pedagogical reasoning, and supports the transformation of their knowledge called technological pedagogical content knowledge.
Brown Water: A Narrative of My Personal Journey in the Wake of Lewis and Clark

Review of: "Brown Water: A Narrative of My Personal Journey in the Wake of Lewis and Clark," by Butch Bouvier
CANCER SCREENING IN OLDER ADULTS

Adults aged 65 and older represent an increasingly important segment of the US population. Cancer is an important cause of death in this group. Screening for cancer can significantly reduce cancer incidence and mortality. In this review I address screening for breast, cervical, prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer in older Americans. Decisions about screening for cancer must consider the effects of screening, diagnostic evaluations, and treatments on the quality of life of each person.
Buy-sell auction mechanisms in market equilibrium

In this paper we consider the problem of computing market equilibrium when utilties are homothetic concave functions. We use the Fisher market model. The problem of finding a tâtonnement process for equilibrium in this case has been the subject of recent papers and determining an approximation is of considerable interest. Our buy-sell algorithm starts with an arbitrary price vector and converges to an e -equilibrium price vector in time proportional to O (1/e 2). This process attempts to closely mimic the convergence process of real-life markets.
Effects of diethyl-1, 4-dihydro-2, 4,6-trimethylpyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate on the metabolism of porphyrins and iron.

Changes in porphyrin metabolism attributable to diethyl-1 ,4dihydro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (DTD)’ were first reported by Solomon and Figge in 1959 (I, 2). After the oral administration of the compound to mice and guinea pigs, increased concentrations of liver coproporphyrin and protoporphyrin and renal uroporphyrin and protoporphyrin were observed. Urine analyses revealed increased coproporphyrin, traces of porphobilinogen, and no significant change in uroporphyrin. Such observations on the effects of DTD are of added interest when considered in light of the extensive work that has been done on experimental porphyria induced by Sedormid and related compounds. Recently, comparisons have been made of the changes in porphyrin metabolism due to DTD with alterations found in Sedormidor 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide-induced porphyria. The conclusions, which were based largely on porphyrin and precursor excretion patterns, were in disagreement as to the manner in which these different compounds affected porphyrin metabolism. Haeger-Aronsen (3) suggested that DTD-induced porphyria in rabbits differed from Sedormidinduced porphyria, principally in terms of a greater urinary cscretion of &aminolevulinic acid. deMatteis and Prior (4), on the other hand, concluded that the experimental porphyrias induced by DTD and Sedormid in rats were probably indistinguishable. In other reports, concerned primarily with b-aminolevulinic acid synthesis (5, 6), DTD has simply been referred to as a porphyria-inducing agent and is presumed to act like Sedormid and related compounds. However, an examination of the DTD molecule reveals that the essential groupings to induce a 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide or Sedormid type of porphyria are absent, and on this basis a different metabolic effect might be expected (7-10). For these reasons, a further investigation of DTD was carried out, but in this instance added emphasis has been placed on metabolism within the liver cell and on subcellular fractions. The results obtained indicate that the inhibition of iron-protoporphyrin chelation is at least one site of action of the compound. Some effects on porphyrin and iron metabolism are compared with those found in 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamideinduced porphyria.
Competition for legume nodule occupancy: a down-to-earth limitation on nitrogen fixation

Management of the legume root nodule symbiosis can be constrained by inability to establish a specific bacterial symbiont in the nodules. Inoculant strains of rhizobia selected or engineered for improved nitrogen fixation ability usually do not achieve nodule occupancy in field soils that already contain active indigenous populations of rhizobia. Instead, some indigenous strain or strains, usually without remarkable nitrogen fixation potential, out-compete those in the inoculant for nodulation sites. Competition for nodule occupancy must be better understood in terms of its microbial ecology, biochemistry, and molecular biology.
Pediatric Stapes Surgery: Hearing and Surgical Outcomes in Endoscopic vs Microscopic Approaches.

ObjectiveTo compare endoscopic and microscopic pediatric stapes surgery.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTwo academic otology practices.Subjects and MethodsSurgical and hearing outc...
Identifying Breast Cancer Distant Recurrences from Electronic Health Records Using Machine Learning

Accurately identifying distant recurrences in breast cancer from the electronic health records (EHR) is important for both clinical care and secondary analysis. Although multiple applications have been developed for computational phenotyping in breast cancer, distant recurrence identification still relies heavily on manual chart review. In this study, we aim to develop a model that identifies distant recurrences in breast cancer using clinical narratives and structured data from EHR. We applied MetaMap to extract features from clinical narratives and also retrieved structured clinical data from EHR. Using these features, we trained a support vector machine model to identify distant recurrences in breast cancer patients. We trained the model using 1396 double-annotated subjects and validated the model using 599 double-annotated subjects. In addition, we validated the model on a set of 4904 single-annotated subjects as a generalization test. In the held-out test and generalization test, we obtained F-measure scores of 0.78 and 0.74, area under curve (AUC) scores of 0.95 and 0.93, respectively. To explore the representation learning utility of deep neural networks, we designed multiple convolutional neural networks and multilayer neural networks to identify distant recurrences. Using the same test set and generalizability test set, we obtained F-measure scores of 0.79 ± 0.02 and 0.74 ± 0.004, AUC scores of 0.95 ± 0.002 and 0.95 ± 0.01, respectively. Our model can accurately and efficiently identify distant recurrences in breast cancer by combining features extracted from unstructured clinical narratives and structured clinical data.
Rapid molecular detection of macrolide resistance

Emerging antimicrobial resistance is a significant threat to human health. However, methods for rapidly diagnosing antimicrobial resistance generally require multi-day culture-based assays. Macrolide efflux gene A, mef(A), provides resistance against erythromycin and azithromycin and is known to be laterally transferred among a wide range of bacterial species. We use Recombinase Polymerase Assay (RPA) to detect the antimicrobial resistance gene mef(A) from raw lysates without nucleic acid purification. To validate these results we performed broth dilution assays to assess antimicrobial resistance to erythromycin and ampicillin (a negative control). We validate the detection of mef(A) in raw lysates of Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, S. salivarius, and Enterococcus faecium bacterial lysates within 7–10 min of assay time. We show that detection of mef(A) accurately predicts real antimicrobial resistance assessed by traditional culture methods, and that the assay is robust to high levels of spiked-in non-specific nucleic acid contaminant. The assay was unaffected by single-nucleotide polymorphisms within divergent mef(A) gene sequences, strengthening its utility as a robust diagnostic tool. This finding opens the door to implementation of rapid genomic diagnostics in a clinical setting, while providing researchers a rapid, cost-effective tool to track antibiotic resistance in both pathogens and commensal strains.
DDP4 inhibitors as novel agents in improving survival in diabetic patients with CRC and lung cancer: A SEER-Medicare study.

e14633Background: DPP4 is a cell surface protein that is widely expressed on different tissues and can play important role in tumor biology by acting as a tumor suppressor or activator, depending u...
Antenna Evaluation for Increased Security in Polarization Modulation

This investigation centers on the impact of antenna design on directional polarization modulation (PM) systems for increased wireless network security. Often, new PM methods are proposed without accounting for antenna effects, which unfortunately compromises the accuracy of their evaluation. Polarization state is directly linked to the inherent physical structure of the antenna and its feed, so we propose benchmarks for comparing several aspects of the radiated polarization state from typical dual-polarized antennas. Applications wishing to relay information via polarization states should take these factors into account in order to achieve the true performance capabilities of the modulation technique.
A far-field scattering model in textured polycrystals with ellipsoidal grains of arbitrary crystal symmetry:

Modeling the scattering-induced attenuation of elastic waves in heterogeneous polycrystals has practical applications in seismology and non-destructive evaluation. However, attenuation modeling for...
How Would Socrates Enhance Online Learning in Nursing Education

Contemporary education demands that teachers learn to provide excellent education in online learning environments. A student-centered, rich, and active learning environment can and must occur in the online learning arena. Applying Socratic questioning to online teaching and learning leads to rich dialogue and enhances learning. This article focuses on how online instructors can apply Socratic questioning in their online discussions, geared to the readiness of students.
Adapting photovoice with ESRI Survey123 for tourism disaster research in Banten, Indonesia

Disaster studies and tourism disaster research are emerging areas of academic inquiry that remain heavily reliant on traditional methods to gather qualitative data. Only recently have those in this...
A Case for Girl-child Education to Prevent and Curb the Impact of Emerging Infectious Diseases Epidemics

Not only do epidemics such as HIV/AIDS, Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), and the current Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) cause the loss of millions of lives, but they also cost the global economy billions of dollars. Consequently, there is an urgent need to formulate interventions that will help control their spread and impact when they emerge. The education of young girls and women is one such historical approach. They are usually the vulnerable targets of disease outbreaks - they are most likely to be vehicles for the spread of epidemics due to their assigned traditional roles in resource-limited countries. Based on our work and the work of others on educational interventions, we propose six critical components of a cost-effective and sustainable response to promote girl-child education in resource-limited settings.
Introduction: Employability Skills in the Twenty-First Century Workforce

The broad literature on workforce “skills gaps” describes how employers want to hire young workers who have the right employability skills or “soft skills.” Most employers are willing to “train up” high school students or recent graduates who possess the necessary personal and interpersonal skills. Existing employability skills frameworks identify (1) personal responsibility, (2) work ethic, (3) teamwork and helping behaviors, (4) leadership and conflict management, and (5) social skills as industry-desired personal qualities and interpersonal skills. High school career and technical education (CTE) courses can help fill those gaps. Such skills are often transmitted within families so it is key to understand how these skills can be learned in K-12 education in order to prepare cohorts of young people to enter the workforce.
Mathematical Statistics: Exercises and Solutions

Probability Theory.- Fundamentals of Statistics.- Unbiased Estimation.- Estimation in Parametric Models.- Estimation in Nonparametric Models.- Hypothesis Tests.- Confidence Sets.
Heed the data gap: Guidelines for using incomplete datasets in annual stream temperature analyses

Abstract Stream temperature data are useful for deciphering watershed processes important for aquatic ecosystems. Accurately extracting signal trends from stream temperature is essential for predicting responses of environmental and ecological indicators to change. Missing data periods are common for various reasons, and pose a challenge for scientists using temperature signal analysis to support stream research and ecological management objectives. However, the sensitivity of estimated temperature signal patterns to missing data has not been thoroughly evaluated, despite the potentially large impact on interpretation. In this study, we explored the effects of simulated missing daily data on the characterization of annual water temperature signals measured at headwater sites in the Pacific Northwest and Mid-Atlantic regions of the USA. For each site, we used linear regressions of sine-waves fitted to complete (365-d) and partial (7–357 consecutive missing data points) annual datasets of daily mean water temperature and computed three thermal parameters (mean, phase, and amplitude), which together can indicate thermally and ecologically influential watershed processes (e.g., depth and magnitude of groundwater discharge). Expected values (derived from complete datasets) ranged from 7.0 to 12.6 °C, 205 to 254 d, and 1.9 to 9.5 °C for annual mean, phase, and amplitude, respectively. While annual phase and amplitude could be accurately estimated (i.e., within 95–99% confidence intervals of expected values) with up to approximately two months of consecutively missing data, annual mean temperature required more complete datasets. We found that datasets with less than seven weeks of consecutively missing data enabled estimation of all annual signal parameters with reasonable accuracy (>75% probability of being within the 95–99% confidence intervals of expected values). Imputation of missing data expanded this range to approximately 20 weeks, with the greatest improvements in parameter estimation between 9 and 27 weeks of imputed missing data. However, caution should be exercised when applying this technique. For example, imputation improved the accuracy of parameter estimation for most sites, but accuracy decreased for some sites exhibiting strong groundwater influence. The timing of consecutive missing data points within a year had inconsistent effects on annual thermal parameter estimates among regions, years, and individual parameters. Utilizing sites with more than approximately seven consecutive weeks of missing data or 20 weeks of imputed data increases the probability of mischaracterization of annual stream thermal regimes. Understanding this limitation is vital for identifying the potential of streams to serve as climate refugia for ecological indicator species and effective future management of stream systems.
Association of Olfactory Training With Neural Connectivity in Adults With Postviral Olfactory Dysfunction.

Importance Viral upper respiratory tract infections are a major cause of olfactory loss. Olfactory training (OT) is a promising intervention for smell restoration; however, a mechanistic understanding of the changes in neural plasticity induced by OT is absent. Objective To evaluate functional brain connectivity in adults with postviral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD) before and after OT using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study, conducted from September 1, 2017, to November 30, 2019, recruited adults with clinically diagnosed or self-reported PVOD of 3 months or longer. Baseline olfaction was measured using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and the Sniffin’ Sticks test. Analysis was performed between December 1, 2020, and July 1, 2020. Interventions Participants completed 12 weeks of OT using 4 essential oils: rose, eucalyptus, lemon, and clove. The resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging measurements were obtained before and after intervention. Main Outcome and Measures The primary outcome measure was the change in functional brain connectivity before and after OT. Secondary outcome measures included changes in UPSIT and Sniffin’ Sticks test scores, as well as patient-reported changes in treatment response as measured by subjective changes in smell and quality-of-life measures. Results A total of 16 participants with PVOD (11 female [69%] and 14 White [88%]; mean [SD] age, 60.0 [10.5] years; median duration of smell loss, 12 months [range, 3-240 months]) and 20 control participants (15 [75%] female; 17 [85%] White; mean [SD] age, 55.0 [9.2] years; median UPSIT score, 37 [range, 34-39]) completed the study. At baseline, participants had increased connectivity within the visual cortex when compared with normosmic control participants, a connection that subsequently decreased after OT. Furthermore, 4 other network connectivity values were observed to change after OT, including an increase in connectivity between the left parietal occipital junction, a region of interest associated with olfactory processing, and the cerebellum. Conclusions and Relevance The use of OT is associated with connectivity changes within the visual cortex. This case-control cohort study suggests that there is a visual connection to smell that has not been previously explored with OT and that further studies examining the efficacy of a bimodal visual and OT program are needed.
Financial Stress Among Latino Adults in California During COVID-19

We study the impact of COVID-19 on stress, and especially on financial stress, among Latino adults in California. We take a mixed methods approach and rely on quantitative and qualitative data for our analysis. We recruited 84 low- and moderate-income (LMI) Latino adults in California through the Understanding America Study (UAS) Internet Panel who also participated in the Mobile Financial Diary (MFD) project, which took place during 2018 − 2019. We analyze data about personal experiences during COVID-19 in October 2020 and compare this to data collected during the period from August to October 2018. Our study portrays the experiences of California Latino adults who were predominantly born in the USA and are likely to be working and speak English. We also observe that a large percentage of our participants had health insurance and relatively high levels of educational attainment. We find contradictory results from our quantitative measures, where one of our indicators of financial behavior and well-being showed a significant increase (Financial Health Score), and the other (Financial Well-Being Scale) showed a significant decrease during COVID-19. Anxiety (GAD-7) and depression (PHQ) measures show no significant changes during COVID-19 in comparison to 2018. Nonetheless, our qualitative data analysis shows that many of our participants were experiencing major stressors during the pandemic associated with labor market experiences and family circumstances. In our qualitative data analysis, we also observe that women seemed to have been affected the most by the pandemic.
Neurovascular-modulation: A review of primary vascular responses to transcranial electrical stimulation as a mechanism of action.

Abstract Background The ubiquitous vascular response to transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) has been attributed to the secondary effect of neuronal activity forming the classic neurovascular coupling. However, the current density delivered transcranially concentrates in: A) the cerebrospinal fluid of subarachnoid space where cerebral vasculature resides after reaching the dural and pial surfaces and B) across the blood-brain-barrier after reaching the brain parenchyma. Therefore, it is anticipated that tES has a primary vascular influence. Objectives Focused review of studies that demonstrated the direct vascular response to electrical stimulation and studies demonstrating evidence for tES-induced vascular effect in coupled neurovascular systems. Results tES induces both primary and secondary vascular phenomena originating from four cellular elements; the first two mediating a primary vascular phenomenon mainly in the form of an immediate vasodilatory response and the latter two leading to secondary vascular effects and as parts of classic neurovascular coupling: 1) The perivascular nerves of more superficially located dural and pial arteries and medium-sized arterioles with multilayered smooth muscle cells; and 2) The endothelial lining of all vessels including microvasculature of blood-brain barrier; 3) Astrocytes; and 4) Neurons of neurovascular units. Conclusion A primary vascular effect of tES is highly suggested based on various preclinical and clinical studies. We explain how the nature of vascular response can depend on vessel anatomy (size) and physiology and be controlled by stimulation waveform. Further studies are warranted to investigate the mechanisms underlying the vascular response and its contribution to neural activity in both healthy brain and pathological conditions – recognizing many brain diseases are associated with alteration of cerebral hemodynamics and decoupling of neurovascular units.
Mouse vocal emission and acoustic complexity do not scale linearly with the size of a social group.

Adult mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), sounds above the range of human hearing, during social encounters. While mice alter their vocal emissions between isolated and social contexts, technological impediments have hampered our ability to assess how individual mice vocalize in group social settings. We overcame this challenge by implementing an eight-channel microphone array system, allowing us to determine which mouse emitted individual vocalizations across multiple social contexts. This technology, in conjunction with a new approach for extracting and categorizing a complex, full repertoire of vocalizations, facilitated our ability to directly compare how mice modulate their vocal emissions between isolated, dyadic, and group social environments. When comparing vocal emission during isolated and social settings, we found that socializing male mice increase the proportion of vocalizations with turning points in frequency modulation and instantaneous jumps in frequency. Moreover, males change the types of vocalizations emitted between social and isolated contexts. In contrast, there was no difference in male vocal emission between dyadic and group social contexts. Female vocal emission, while predominantly absent in isolation, was also similar during dyadic and group interactions. In particular, there were no differences in the proportion of vocalizations with frequency jumps or turning points. Taken together, the findings lay the groundwork necessary for elucidating the stimuli underlying specific features of vocal emission in mice.
Informal caregiving and the risk of material hardship in the United States

Millions of people in the United States provide unpaid care to family and friends with long-term illnesses and disabilities. Research shows that informal caregiving can be beneficial for recipients of care, but taxing for those providing care. Studies have not explored associations between informal caregiving and the risk of experiencing different forms of material hardship. In this study, we use data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (N = 31,633) to address this gap in the literature. The sample was drawn from a multistage-stratified sample of the civilian, non-institutionalised population of the United States. We analyse data that were collected in 2011 and find that providing informal care to others is associated with an increased risk of experiencing healthcare hardship, bill-paying hardship and food insecurity. Moreover, we find that household financial resources mediate the association between caregiving and material hardship. As a result, while caregiving households face a higher risk of experiencing material hardships at all income levels, the disparity is largest at low incomes and smallest at high incomes. The findings highlight the need for a stronger safety net for informal caregivers.
Ecosystem Management across Ownerships: the Potential for Collision with Antitrust Laws

Cross-boundary ecosystem management is increasingly being advocated to address large-scale ecological issues on forested landscapes. Such management requires information about the age, composition, and distribution of trees and other vegetation in addition to the ability to coordinate management over large areas. In the United States, the forest industry owns and manages a large quantity of biologically productive forest land, and these forests are crucial to the success of regional ecosystem planning. Antitrust laws, such as the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, limit the industry's ability to participate in regional ecosystem planning because they restrict the ability of competing firms to coordinate activities and share information. Because antitrust courts do not consider the intentions of violators, achieving conservation or other public policy goals, even when working with government agencies, is not a sufficient defense. Therefore, the real and perceived threat of antitrust litigation is a disincentive to the forest industry's participation in large-scale ecosystem management. Potential solutions to this problem include state immunity statutes and third-party data aggregation.
Spatially resolved flares in RS CVn systems.

We have isolated Mg II k emission line profiles arising solely from the flaring region during flares on AR Lac and V 711 Tau. From several high-resolution spectra obtained during the lifetime of the flare, we have determined the size and position of the flaring regions and studied the decay of the emission line width, radial velocity, and integrated line flux.
Relativistic heavy ion physics

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the relativistic heavy-ion physics. The energy deposition in relativistic heavy-ion collisions is not known. There are four large experiments planned at CERN: (1) NA34, an experiment aiming at detecting leptons with extensive calorimetry and a small solid angle magnetic spectrometer, (2) NA35, centered around a streamer chamber and also featuring calorimetry, (3) NA36, built for the detection of strange particles—for example, lambdas, cascades, and Ω−—using a sweeping magnet and a time projection chamber, and (4) the plastic ball and calorimetry experiment. E-802 is a high-energy heavy-ion experiment. The main feature of the experimental setup of E-802 is a single-arm magnetic spectrometer with two tracking counters before and two after the magnet for momentum determination. Particle identification is accomplished by time-of-flight measurements to a wall of scintillators placed all the way toward the end of the spectrometer platform combined with two Cerenkov counters. The first counter uses aerogel as a light source. The second counter uses freon gas at pressures up to 4 atmospheres. The experiment can then measure spectra as a function of multiplicity and transverse neutral energy flow, providing information on effective temperatures and production cross sections. The solid angle of the spectrometer will allow studies of two particle correlations of ρ, π, and κ, leading to estimates of source sizes.
Application of Shock Wave Data to Earth and Planetary Science

It is pointed out that shock wave data for: (1) low temperature condensable gases H2 and He, (2) H2O, CH4, NH3, CO, CO2, and N2 ices, and (3) silicates, metals, oxides and sulfides have many applications in geophysics and planetary science. The present paper is concerned with such applications. The composition of planetary interiors is discussed, taking into account the division of the major constituent of the planets in three groups on the basis of 'cosmic abundance' arguments, the H-He mixtures in the case of Jupiter and Saturn, shock wave data for hydrogen, and constraints on the internal structure of Uranus and Neptune. Attention is also given to the earth's mantle, shock wave data for mantle materials, the earth's core, impacts on planetary surfaces, elastic wave velocities as a function of pressure along the Hugoniot of iron, and reactions which yield the CO2 bearing atmospheres for Venus, earth, and Mars.
Acute memory impairment following electroconvulsive therapy. 1. Effects of electrical stimulus waveform and number of treatments.

ABSTRACT – The literature concerning acute changes in memory functions following electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) varying in stimulus electrode placement is reviewed. While it is clear that verbal memory deficits are greater following dominant unilateral (or bilateral) ECT than nondominant unilateral ECT, a definitive statement regarding nonverbal memory and electrode placement cannot be made due to methodological inadequacies of existing studies. The role of time before and after seizure induction is examined in relation to degree of retrograde amnesia, and possible causes of greater amnesia following bilateral than unilateral ECT are examined. Practical issues related to the choice of electrode placement are discussed.
Development of hybrid boundary integral-generalized (partition of unity) finite element solvers for scalar problems

The principal contribution of this paper is to prescribe the manner in which one can hybridize boundary integrals with GFEM. In the next section, we shall briefly describe the problem, and then prescribe the manner in which the computational domain may be truncated using a boundary integral. In doing so, we shall deal with both closed region and open region problems. For open region problems like cavity backed antennas, etc, we will be using Nitsche's method for truncating the domain. The accuracy of the proposed technique will be demonstrated via comparison against analytical data
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ISCHAEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY

Reperfusion of ischaemic tissues is often associated with microvascular dysfunction that is manifested as impaired endothelium-dependent dilation in arterioles, enhanced fluid filtration and leukocyte plugging in capillaries, and the trafficking of leukocytes and plasma protein extravasation in postcapillary venules. Activated endothelial cells in all segments of the microcirculation produce more oxygen radicals, but less nitric oxide, in the initial period following reperfusion. The resulting imbalance between superoxide and nitric oxide in endothelial cells leads to the production and release of inflammatory mediators (e.g. platelet-activating factor, tumour necrosis factor) and enhances the biosynthesis of adhesion molecules that mediate leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. Some of the known risk factors for cardiovascular disease (hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, and diabetes) appear to exaggerate many of the microvascular alterations elicited by ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R). The inflammatory mediators released as a consequence of reperfusion also appear to activate endothelial cells in remote organs that are not exposed to the initial ischaemic insult. This distant response to I/R can result in leukocyte-dependent microvascular injury that is characteristic of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Adaptational responses to I/R injury have been demonstrated that allow for protection of briefly ischaemic tissues against the harmful effects of subsequent, prolonged ischaemia, a phenomenon called ischaemic preconditioning. There are two temporally and mechanistically distinct types of protection afforded by this adaptational response, i.e. acute and delayed preconditioning. The factors (e.g. protein kinase C activation) that initiate the acute and delayed preconditioning responses appear to be similar; however the protective effects of acute preconditioning are protein synthesis-independent, while the effects of delayed preconditioning require protein synthesis. The published literature in this field of investigation suggests that there are several potential targets for therapeutic intervention against I/R-induced microvascular injury.
Regulation of Isomerohydrolase Activity in the Visual Cycle

While the overall biosynthetic pathway leading from all-trans-retinoids to 11-cis-retinoids in the visual cycle is understood, little is known about which step(s) may be rate-limiting and how control is exerted. One possible target for control is the isomerohydrolase, which processes all-trans-retinyl esters into 11-cis-retinol. The basal rate of 11-cis-retinol synthesis from all-trans-retinyl esters is extremely slow using bovine retinal pigment epithelial membranes [3.5 pmol of 11-cis-retinol min-1 (mg of protein)-1], and only small amounts of 11-cis-retinyl ester are formed. However, the addition of retinol binding proteins stimulates 11-cis-retinol formation by a factor of approximately 13. Specific protein−protein interactions are probably unimportant because bovine serum albumin and the physiologically relevant cellular retinaldehyde binding protein (CRALBP) both stimulate 11-cis-retinol formation to the same extent, although CRALBP does so at much lower concentrations. The relatively rapid rate of ...