cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instrumentation and fusion for congenital spine deformities.

Study Design. A retrospective clinical review. Objective. To review the use of modern instrumentation of the spine for congenital spinal deformities. Summary of Background Data. Spinal instrumentation has evolved since the advent of the Harrington rod, There is a paucity of literature, which discusses the use of modern spinal instrumentation in congenital spine deformity cases. This review focuses on modern instrumentation techniques for congenital scoliosis and kyphosis. Methods. A systematic review was performed of the literature to discuss spinal implant use for congenital deformities. Results. Spinal instrumentation may be safely and effectively used in cases of congenital spinal deformity. Conclusion. Spinal surgeons taking care of children with congenital spine deformities need to be trained in all aspects of modern spinal instrumentation.
Unsupervised identification of synonymous query intent templates for attribute intents

Among all web search queries there is an important subset of queries containing entity mentions. In these queries, it is observed that users are most interested in requesting some attribute of an entity, such as "Obama age" for the intent of age, which we refer to as the attribute intent. In this work we address the problem of identifying synonymous query intent templates for the attribute intent. For example, "how old is [Person]" and "[Person]'s age" are both synonymous templates for the age intent. Successful identification of the synonymous query intent templates not only can improve the performance of all existing query annotation approaches, but also could benefit applications such as instant answers and intent-based query suggestion. In this work we propose a clustering framework with multiple kernel functions to identify synonymous query intent templates for a set of canonical templates jointly. Furthermore, signals from multiple sources of information are integrated into a kernel function between templates, where the weights of these signals are tuned in an unsupervised manner. We have conducted extensive experiments across multiple domains in FreeBase, and results demonstrate the effectiveness of our clustering framework for finding synonymous query intent templates for attribute intents.
Danger warrants rescuing data

A plea as plaintive as that of Marcia Neugebauer should not go unheeded. The problem she cites presents potentially serious problems for science and deserves further thought and discussion. Linguists will tell us that the inevitable evolution of language results from modifications of meaning and usage in response to changing aspects of the human condition. Nevertheless, in the misappropriation of “data” there is enough at stake to warrant strong efforts to oppose the trend.
Nuclear tubulin of tissue culture cells

Tubulin has been implicated as a nuclear protein because of the role it plays in mitosis. In this paper we examined the role of tubulin in the nuclei of nonmitotic cells. Tubulin was found distributed throughout the nucleus and particularly in association with the chromatin. It comprised about 6.5% of the nonhistone chromosomal proteins. Nuclear tubulin appeared to be nonmicrotubular in form. Fluorescence microscopy data on metaphase chromosomes revealed that tubulin was present on the outside of the chromosomes. These data suggest a structural role for chromatin-associated tubulin.
New vaccine technology--what do you need to know?

Purpose To review the vaccine technology presently under development, in trials, or in some cases already available with a focus on applications for the primary care provider. Data Sources Selected scientific literature and Internet sources. Conclusions Vaccine technology has made significant advances in the last 100 years. Newer approaches in vaccine designs include recombinant subunit vaccines, reassortment virus vaccines, live viral vectors, conjugate vaccines, and DNA vaccines. Traditional vaccines are generally expensive to produce and both live vaccines and protein-based vaccines require special storage conditions. These factors limit the worldwide usefulness of the familiar vaccines of today. Implications for Practice Keeping abreast of changes in this rapidly changing technology is necessary for health care providers to fulfill their roles effectively. New protocols that use nasal, vaginal, and intraperitoneal routes as well as subcutaneous injections and skin patches, edible vaccines and time release methods may be preferred depending on factors such as the age, health status, and emotional status of the patient. These advances hold promise for further progress in the development of vaccines that are protective against multiple organisms in more acceptable delivery systems.
How Tidy is Your Desktop? a Field Study of Organizational Strategies:

Do most office workers customize the absolute or relative locations of icons on their computer desktops in an effort to enhance personal efficiency? Eighty-three employees in a variety of office settings allowed us to document the layout of their desktops and then took part in semi-structured interviews. Just under half of our participants (49%) repositioned their icons from the default locations generated by their computers' operating systems. Only 9% reported grouping icons by function. When the strategies of workers who considered their desktops organized were compared to those who did not, the most notable (and only reliable) distinction was the lower absolute number of icons on the “organized” desktops. Our participants' mostly passive approach to customization may have implications for the use of adaptive versus adaptable interfaces, and it demonstrates the need for decisional guidance tools to support even simple customization.
Stage of change as a predictor of response to psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa.

Objective This study was designed to test the hypotheses that stage of change is a useful predictor of dropout and that it is related to treatment outcome in patients receiving brief psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa. Method One hundred ten patients with bulimia nervosa were randomly assigned treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or interpersonal therapy (IPT). On initial screening, patients were classified as being in the stage of precontemplation, contemplation, or preparation. Results Initial stage of change was not related to dropout either before or following randomization. Among all treatment completers, stage of change was related to outcome. Of the patients assigned to CBT, stage of change was not related to outcome. However, stage of change was related to outcome in patients randomized to IPT. Discussion This study suggests that initial stage of change may, under certain circumstances, be a useful predictor of outcome and that its utility as an outcome predictor may vary according to treatment. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30:96–100, 2001.
Role of Ca2+ in the allosteric regulation of platelet actomyosin.

Abstract The role of Ca 2+ in regulation of platelet actomyosin ATPase activity has been investigated. The results suggest that Ca 2+ has at least two roles in the reaction mechanism; (a) it forms a complex with ATP to form the substrate, CaATP and (b) it forms a complex with the protein to activate the enzyme. Both the substrate and free Ca 2+ bind cooperatively to the protein. The binding of free Ca 2+ stimulates the enzymic activity and causes a change in the apparent K m value. The apparent K m value for CaATP is 0.15mM in the absence of free Ca 2+ and 0.07mM in the presence of 2.5mM Ca 2+ . Thus Ca 2+ appears to act as a positive allosteric effector.
Molecular dynamics simulations of papilloma virus E2 DNA sequences: Dynamical models for oligonucleotide structures in solution

The specificity of papilloma virus E2 protein–DNA binding depends critically upon the sequence of a region of the DNA not in direct contact with the protein, and represents one of the simplest known examples of indirect readout. A detailed characterization of this system in solution is important to the further investigation hypothesis of a structural code for DNA recognition by regulatory proteins. In the crystalline state, the E2 DNA oligonucleotide sequence, d(ACCGAATTCGGT), exhibits three different structural forms. We report herein studies of the structure of E2 DNA in solution based on a series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations including counterions and water, utilizing both the canonical and various crystallographic structures as initial points of departure. All MDs converged on a single dynamical structure of d(ACCGAATTCGGT) in solution. The predicted structure is in close accord with two of the three crystal structures, and indicates that a significant kink in the double helix at the central ApT step in the other crystal molecule may be a packing effect. The dynamical fine structure was analyzed on the basis of helicoidal parameters. The calculated curvature in the sequence was found to originate primarily from YPR steps in the regions flanking the central AATT tract. In order to study the role of structural adaptation of the DNA in the binding process, a subsequent simulation on the 16-mer cognate sequence d(CAACCGAATTCGGTTG) was initiated from the crystallographic coordinates of the bound DNA in the crystal structure of the protein DNA complex. MD simulations starting with the protein-bound form relaxed rapidly back to the dynamical structure predicted from the previous simulations on the uncomplexed DNA. The MD results show that the bound form E2 DNA is a dynamically unstable structure in the absence of protein, and arises as a consequence of both structural changes intrinsic to the sequence and induced by the interaction with protein. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 73:369–379, 2004
An Internally Consistent Thermodynamic Model for the System CaO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2 Derived Primarily from Phase Equilibrium Data

Abstract An internally consistent thermodynamic model for the subsolidus system CaO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2 (CMAS) was developed and refined using primarily data from phase equilibrium experiments. The solution properties of pyroxenes and garnet were approximated with an ionic model, with independent mixing on adjacent crystallographic sites. This approach simplified the calculation of phase relations by allowing sequential calculation of the site occupancies. Enthalpy, entropy, and volume differences, nominally at 970 K, were derived for all participating phases by matching as closely as possible the experimentally observed phase relations. Although thermochemical measurements were not used directly in the refinement, the results were continuously monitored and compared with the thermochemical data to achieve a close match. The new model can be used to calculate phase diagrams for the CMAS system and its subsystems in the whole pressure range of the upper mantle. Simple empirical corrections for the effects of Na...
Exploring Entrepreneurial Cognition in Franchisees: A Knowledge‐Structure Approach

Franchisees participate in new business creation uniquely, because, in many respects, the development of their ventures is under the direction of franchisors. In this study, using entrepreneurial s...
The thermodynamics of Himalayan orogenesis

Geological and geochemical research in the internal zone of the Himalayan orogen reveal evidence for complex relationships between regional metamorphism, anatexis, thrust faulting and normal faulting in Miocene time. Such interactions share many characteristics with those that define the behaviour of non-equilibrium thermodynamic systems, like chemical oscillators. The internal ordering of such systems arises spontaneously and is maintained by continual exchange of energy with the outside world. Mountain ranges are open thermodynamic systems, equally capable of displaying self- organized behaviour. They accumulate energy through a variety of mechanisms, particularly crustal thickening, but their non-equilibrium structure is maintained through compensating mechanisms of energy dissipation. The simultaneous operation of normal faults and thrust faults in the Himalayan system, ejecting a wedge of middle crust southward from the orogen towards the Indian foreland, was a remarkably efficient method of mass (and therefore energy) dissipation in Miocene time. Research in many branches of science suggests that thermodynamic systems forced far from equilibrium by their boundary conditions may evolve towards establishing the most efficient possible mechanisms for counteracting those conditions. For the Himalaya, one possible explanation for development of a process set characterized by simultaneous normal faulting and thrust faulting, linked through metamorphism and anatexis, is that simple physical erosion alone was inadequate to lrmderate the extraordinary crustal thickness and topographic gradients that characterized the southern flank of the range in Miocene time. The orogenic system may have adapted to this condition through a new and more efficient mechanism of energy dissipation that required the coordination of a variety of thermal and deformational processes.
Analysis of Open Waveguides Using the Finite-Element Method and Boundary Integral Equations

To analyze dielectric waveguides, an iterative procedure coupling the finite-element method in the interior to an integral equation of the exterior domain is developed. The robustness of this method is confirmed by the numerical results presented in this paper and corresponding the computation of the propagation constant.
A high-performance CMOS redundant binary multiplication-and-accumulation (MAC) unit

This paper describes the design of a pipelined CMOS 16/spl times/16 redundant binary multiplication-and-accumulation (MAC) unit. The MAC unit uses a novel coding scheme for representing binary signed digits. The coding, integrated with the modified Booth algorithm, produces a factor of four reduction in the number of summands feeding the adder tree without preprocessing. The consequent chip layout is compact and small. Furthermore, the MAC's pipeline stages are balanced, resulting in a clock rate exceeding 200 MHz with 0.8-/spl mu/m two-level metal CMOS technology. >
Choosing from a large tournament

A tournament can be viewed as a majority preference relation without ties on a set of alternatives. In this way, voting rules based on majority comparisons are equivalent to methods of choosing from a tournament. We consider the size of several of these tournament solutions in tournaments with a large but finite number of alternatives. Our main result is that with probability approaching one, the top cycle set, the uncovered set, and the Banks set are equal to the entire set of alternatives in a randomly chosen large tournament. That is to say, each of these tournament solutions almost never rules out any of the alternatives under consideration. We also discuss some implications and limitations of this result.
Co-localisation of non-cartilaginous articular pathology increases risk of cartilage loss in the tibiofemoral joint—the MOST study

Purpose To assess risk of cartilage loss in the tibiofemoral joint in relation to baseline damage severity, and to analyse the association of nearby pathologic findings on the risk of subsequent cartilage loss. Methods The Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study is a longitudinal study of individuals with or at high risk for knee osteoarthritis. MRI examinations were assessed according to the Whole Organ MRI Score. Included were all knees with available baseline and 30 months MRIs. Ordinal logistic regression was used to estimate risk of cartilage loss in each subregion in relation to the number of associated articular features including bone marrow lesions, meniscal damage and extrusion and also in regard to baseline damage severity, respectively. Results 13 524 subregions of 1365 knees were included. 3777 (27.9%) subregions exhibited prevalent cartilage damage at baseline and 1119 (8.3%) subregions showed cartilage loss at 30-month follow-up. Risk of cartilage loss was increased for subregions with associated features (OR 2.53, 95% CI 2.03 to 3.15 for one, 4.32 95% CI 3.42 to 5.47 for two and 5.30 95% CI 3.95 to 7.12 for three associated features; p for trend Conclusions Risk of cartilage loss is increased for subregions with associated pathology and further increased when more than one type of associated feature is present. In addition, prevalent cartilage damage increases risk for subsequent cartilage loss.
Quaternization kinetics of poly‐4‐vinylpyridine

The quaternization of poly-4-vinylpyridine by n-butyl bromide in tetramethylene sulfone and in propylene carbonate at 25, 50, and 75°C. begins as a simple second-order reaction with a rate constant approximately equal to that for 4-picoline. As the quaternization proceeds, the rate decreases due to the charge which is being built up on the polymer, and the quaternization of the last half of the pyridine side groups occurs at about one-tenth the initial rate. The kinetics can be summarized by the equation: where x is concentration of bromide ion at time t, A is initial concentration of butyl bromide, B is initial concentration of polymer in monomoles per liter, k0 is the initial rate constant for quaternizing isolated pyridine groups, k2 is the rate constant for quaternizing pyridine groups both of whose neighbors are already quarternized, and α is a parameter which depends on temperature, initial concentrations, and on the intrinsic rate constants. A simple graphical method is described which permits evaluation of k0, k2, and α from the data. At 25° in tetramethylene sulfone, k0 = 5.0 × 10−4 l./mole min., k2 = 5 × 10−5, and α/A = 2 × 10−4.
Norepinephrine Infusion in Normal Subjects and Patients with Essential or Renal Hypertension: Effect on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, and Plasma Catecholamine Concentrations

Infusion of NE in seven normal subjects and 13 patients with essential or renal hypertension caused a pronounced initial rise of systolic pressure in only seven hypertensives and one normotensive. This hyperresponsiveness was not a constant finding in essential or renal hypertensives but usually occurred in patients with highest preinfusion pressures. In some of the latter, following the pronounced rise in pressure when NE infusion was started (0.05 mug/kg/min), pressure did not increase further (probably due to reflexly reduced cardiac output) despite progressively increasing the infusion rate to 0.1 and 0.2 mug/kg/min. Hyperresponsiveness could not be attributed to increased NE concentrations at receptor sites since it was not significantly correlated with elevations of NE plasma concentrations; in some essential hypertensives, mild pressure increases occurred despite marked elevations of arterial plasma NE. Since hyperresponsiveness occurred in some patients with essential and some with renal hypertension, it could not be used to differentiate these two groups of hypertensives. The mechanism for hyperresponsiveness remains unclear but may be better explained by vascular structure alterations than by hyperreactive vascular smooth muscle per se; however, a combination of these factors could participate. During NE infusion, reflex bradycardia was associated with elevated pressure and was slightly more pronounced in normotensives; this was probably related to diminished baroreflex sensitivity in essential hypertensives and due to "resetting" of their baroreceptors. During high rates of NE infusion (0.2 mu/kg/min), higher arterial plasma NE concentrations in essential hypertensives than in normotensives could result from reduction in blood flow to organs important in inactivating circulating NE; however, a defective inactivating mechanism for NE in some essential hypertensives cannot be totally excluded.
Fully 3-D List-Mode OSEM Accelerated by Graphics Processing Units

Advanced list-mode image reconstruction algorithms such as fully 3D list-mode ordered-subset expectation maximization (OSEM) are needed to exploit the potential performance of high-resolution PET systems with depth-of-interaction capabilities. However, such algorithms are computationally intensive. With the aim to accelerate list-mode 3D-OSEM, we investigated the use of graphics processing units (GPUs). Primarily designed to deliver high-definition graphics for video games in realtime, GPUs are now increasingly being used as cost-effective high-performance coprocessors for scientific computing. Parallelizable algorithms such as list-mode OSEM are drastically accelerated when the 24 programmable units of the GPU are used to carry the heaviest part of the computation: the line forward and backward projections.
Interlocal Service Cooperation in U.S. Cities: A Social Network Explanation

Local governments increasingly confront policy problems that span the boundaries of individual political jurisdictions. Institutional theories of local governance and intergovernmental relations emphasize the importance of networks for fostering service cooperation among local governments. Yet empirical research fails to examine systematically the effects of social networks on interlocal service cooperation. Do the individual networks of local government actors increase their jurisdiction's level of interlocal service delivery? Drawing data from the National Administrative Studies Project IV (NASP-IV), multivariate analysis is applied to examine this question among 919 municipal managers and department heads across the United States. The findings indicate that interlocal service cooperation increases when jurisdictional actors network frequently through a regional association or council of government and when they are united by a common set of professional norms and disciplinary values. Manager participation in professional associations, however, does not increase interjurisdictional cooperation. The key conclusion for local government practitioners searching for ways to increase collaboration: networks that afford opportunities for more face-to-face interaction yield better results for effective service partnerships.
Insurance-mandated medical weight management before bariatric surgery.

Abstract Background Many insurance companies require a medical weight management (MWM) program as a prerequisite for approval for bariatric surgery. There is debate regarding the benefit of this requirement. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of insurance-mandated MWM programs on weight loss outcomes in our bariatric surgery population. Objective To assess the effect of insurance-mandated MWM programs on weight loss outcomes in our bariatric surgery population. Setting University. Methods A retrospective review of all bariatric surgery cases performed between 2009 and 2013 was conducted. Patients were stratified by payor mix based on whether the insurance company required MWM. To control for differences between groups, a bucket matching algorithm was used to match patients based on gender, age, body mass index (BMI), and surgery type (sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass, or gastric band). A repeated-measures regression model was created to estimate percent excess weight loss, percent excess BMI loss, and percent total weight loss. Results A total of 1432 bariatric surgery patients were reviewed. The bucket-matching algorithm resulted in 560 patients for final analysis. Mean age and BMI were 41 years and 43 kg/m 2 , respectively, and 91% were female. The regression model found no significant differences in weight loss outcomes between the MWM group and the comparison group at 1 year and 2 years—percent total weight loss: 21.3% [95% confidence interval [CI] 20.6%–22.1%] versus 20.2% [95%CI 19.7%–20.6%) at 1 year and 23.4% [95%CI 22.6%–24.3%] versus 21.5% [95%CI 21.0%–22.0%] at 2 years. Conclusion There was no difference in weight loss outcomes up to 2 years in patients who required insurance-mandated MWM programs. Longer-term studies are needed to determine the benefit of this insurance requirement.
Socioeconomic Status, Parents' Sex-Role Stereotypes, and the Gender Gap in Computing

AbstractThis study examined the effect of family socioeconomic status (SES) and parental sex-typed views and behaviors on children’s attitudes toward computers. The study sample consisted of 1, 730 male and female high school students in grades 9 and 12. The results indicated that SES, including the parents’ occupations and education, had significant effects on students’ attitudes toward computers. In general, gender-differential attitudes were more pronounced in the lower socioeconomic group. SES had a stronger effect on girls than boys. Analysis of the research findings revealed that both girls and boys perceived the gender stereotypes about computing held by their parents, and such attitudes inversely affected the female students’ own attitudes. Further examination showed that parental encouragement positively influenced boys’ and girls’ attitudes. Step-wise regression showed that parental encouragement had the strongest effect on children’s attitudes, parental sex-typed views ranked next, and SES had ...
Influence of atrocious weather on transmission lines of Zhejiang electric power grid

Atrocious weather imposes great danger to overhead transmission lines operation safety and stability in Zhejiang electric power grid.The ice disaster,windstorm disaster and lightning trip occurred in Zhejiang electric power grid are discussed in detail.The reasons for the transmission lines faults are analyzed.Besides,the measures and advices for the prevention of the transmission lines from those weather phenomena are presented.It provides reference for the future disaster prevention work.The results show that,the overload,imbalanced tension,and insulator icing flashover,which are resulted from the severe icing,are the main reasons for the icing disaster.For the new constructed transmission lines,the micro-terrain and micro-climate areas such as mountain pass,watershed,lakes and gorges should be avoided.The overload of transmission tower due to the severe typhoon is the main cause of the tower collapse.For the new constructed transmission lines,the original meteorological partition should be revised and refined,and the anti-typhoon standard of overhead lines should be increased appropriately.The lightning disaster in Zhejiang has regional distribution characteristic.It is recommended to install line arresters and other devices to reduce the lightning trip rate.
BiNGS!SL-seq: A bioinformatics pipeline for the analysis and interpretation of deep sequencing genome-wide synthetic lethal screen

While targeted therapies have shown clinical promise, these therapies are rarely curative for advanced cancers. The discovery of pathways for drug compounds can help to reveal novel therapeutic targets as rational combination therapy in cancer treatment. With a genome-wide shRNA screen using high-throughput genomic sequencing technology, we have identified gene products whose inhibition synergizes with their target drug to eliminate lung cancer cells. In this chapter, we described BiNGS!SL-seq, an efficient bioinformatics workflow to manage, analyze, and interpret the massive synthetic lethal screen data for finding statistically significant gene products. With our pipeline, we identified a number of druggable gene products and potential pathways for the screen in an example of lung cancer cells.
Improving venous thromboembolism prevention processes and outcomes at a community hospital.

Article-at-a-Glance Background Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients in the United States. Quality improvement (QI) strategies to increase the rates of prophylaxis in patients at-risk for VTE have been shown to be successful. The development of a formal, active strategy addressing the prevention of VTE, as a written, institutionwide VTE prophylaxis policy, presents a challenge for hospitals Methods In 2007 a multidisciplinary VTE committee was initiated to develop and implement a hospitalwide QI program to standardize VTE risk assessment and prophylaxis prescribing practices at Saint Francis Hospital (Tulsa, Oklahoma). The QI program included clinician education, VTE order set and electronic trigger implementation, and changes in mechanical prophylaxis usage. Results The VTE prophylaxis order set was successfully piloted and implemented hospitalwide within three months of the project's initiation. Standardization of VTE prophylaxis practices across surgical and medical specialties was the key aim of this QI program. As a result, patient-related outcomes were also improved. The number of hospital-acquired VTE events decreased from 123 (0.39%) in 2008 to 99 (0.32%) in 2009 and 87 (0.27%) in 2010, and a reduction in the VTE rate between 2008 and 2010 of 31.6%. There was a significant decrease between 2008 and 2010 in the number of hospital-acquired VTE events (p = .035). Conclusions Keys to the success of this QI program included leveraging multidisciplinary VTE committee members, physician champions, multiple approaches to communication and education, and providing evidence to support the changes. Sharing the hospital's QI process may provide a model for other hospitals challenged with developing and sustaining positive outcomes in patients at risk for VTE.
Gene Synthesis by Assembly of Deoxyuridine-Containing Oligonucleotides

Gene synthesis is an invaluable technique in synthetic and molecular biology for synthesis of artificial genes, operons, and even genomes. In many cases the traditional methods for obtaining functional DNA sequences through cloning are not applicable due to the novelty of genetic material. Here, we describe the simple and economical DNA synthesis method based on USER™ technology. The method consists of (1) synthesis of building blocks up to 500 bp; (2) assembly of genes up to 3 kb; (3) error correction reassembly; and (4) assembly of operons up to 15 kb if needed.
Surface Grafted Antimicrobial Polymer Networks with High Abrasion Resistance

In this work, we have investigated a quaternary ammonium compound that exhibits excellent antimicrobial activity and can be permanently grafted to substrates containing C–H bonds to form a durable polymeric film within 1 min. The compound consists of a biocidal component, dodecyl-alkylated quaternary ammonium, and a benzophenone moiety that, under mild UV irradiation, generates a densely cross-linked network and covalently attaches to a variety of substrates, including plastics, fabrics, and alkyl-modified glass surfaces. The surface attachment is 1 order of magnitude faster than that of previously reported benzophenone-associated cross-linkers, due to the electron-withdrawing effect of quaternary ammonium on the benzophenone chromophore. The modified surfaces are nonleaching and exhibit contact-killing and highly effective antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) using cell count and live/dead staining methods. The charged ammonium group al...
Religion, Social Networks, and Temperance in New Philadelphia, Illinois

This study provides a comparative analysis of social networks, religious denominations, and temperance movements in the nineteenth-century towns of New Philadelphia and Brooklyn, Illinois. The interdependence of social networks and religious life in New Philadelphia significantly contributed to social integration of African-American and European-American residents of the community. Similar networks of churches and families in Brooklyn served to unite African-American residents in resistance against instances of socio-economic oppression. * Annelise Morris is a graduate student in the Department of Anthropology, University of California at Berkeley. This study was completed as a senior honors thesis at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, with a thesis committee of Profs. Abdul Alkalimat, Vernon Burton, and Christopher Fennell. This article presents and edited version of that earlier study. Table of
Climate science information needs among natural resource decision-makers in the Northwest US

Abstract Managing water resources, air quality, forests, rangelands and agricultural systems in the context of climate change requires a new level of integrated knowledge. In order to articulate a role for university-based research teams as providers of climate services, this paper analyzes environmental change concerns and expectations about climate models among natural resources decision-makers in the Northwest US. Data were collected during a series of workshops organized by researchers from BioEarth, a regional earth systems modeling initiative. Eighty-three stakeholders from industry, government agencies and non-governmental organizations engaged with a team of academic researchers developing integrated biophysical and economic climate modeling tools. Analysis of transcripts of workshop discussions, surveys, and questionnaires reveals diverse attitudes among stakeholders about: 1) preferred modes of engaging in climate science research, 2) specific concerns and questions about climate change impacts, and 3) the most relevant and usable scope and scale of climate change impacts projections. Diverse concerns and information needs among natural resource decision-makers highlight the need for research teams to define clear and precise goals for stakeholder engagement. Utilizing the skills of research team members who have communication and extension expertise is pivotally important. We suggest impactful opportunities for research teams and natural resource decision-makers to interface and learn from one another. Effective approaches include structuring group discussions to identify gaps in existing climate change impacts information, explicitly considering changing policies, technologies and management practices, and exploring possible unintended consequences of decisions.
Detection and Management of Preexisting Cognitive Impairment in the Critical Care Unit.

Older adults account for half of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and ICU days, and approximately 2 in 5 older adults in the ICU have preexisting cognitive impairment (PCI). PCI identification is important for risk stratification and may influence ICU utilization and decision-making surrogacy. PCI is overlooked in more than half of patients without screening; however, screening instruments can identify PCI in less than 5 minutes. Management of PCI in the ICU involves addressing associated neuropsychiatric symptoms. Nonpharmacological interventions should be considered the mainstay of treatment; psychotropics may be considered, although available data on their efficacy is limited.
Dermis Fat Graft (DFG) for Superior Sulcus Volumetric Rejuvenation

Aging changes of the superior sulcus require unique considerations for rejuvenation. The superior sulcus is in close proximity to the globe and orbital structures, and therefore modifications present challenges that are not encountered elsewhere on the face. Muscles of the eye and lid, and their associated nerves, pass in close proximity or directly within the superior sulcus. The superior sulcus is also the location of the lacrimal gland and the superior ophthalmic vein. Disruption of these structures can result in a spectrum of minor deleterious cosmetic alterations to vision threatening side effects. Dermis fat grafting may be utilized independently or concurrently with other facial rejuvenation procedures to improve periorbital volume and cosmesis.
Hurricane Precipitation Observed by SAR

The SAR-observed backscatter from the ocean’s surface is related to the surface wave spectrum, which is in turn related to the near-surface vector wind. This enables retrieval of near-surface winds from SAR images. Rain impacting the surface affects the wind-driven surface wave spectrum and roughens the surface. Rain can be observed in SAR images due to the effects the rain has on the surface and scattering and attenuation of the radar signal by the falling rain. With its high resolution SAR is a useful sensor for studying rain. This Chapter focuses on SAR observation of rain in ocean images. The effect of rain on the SAR backscatter image is modeled. Using a case study of RADARSAT ScanSAR SWA images of Hurricane Katrina, rain effects are analyzed for three different incidence angle ranges using collocated ground-based Doppler weather radar (NEXRAD) rain measurements. The rain-induced backscatter observed by the ScanSAR is consistent with C-band scatterometer-derived wind/rain scattering models when the polarization difference between the sensors are considered. New insights into the temporal behavior of rain effects on the small-scale surface wave spectrum derived from the ScanSAR images are presented.
Russian Industrial Sector in H1 2017

This paper has been prepared on the results of business surveys of industrial enterprises which have been conducted by the Gaidar Institute using a European harmonized method in monthly cycles since September 1992, covering the entire territory of the Russian Federation. The panel size is around 1,000 enterprises employing over 13 percent of industrial employees. The panel is shifted towards large enterprises for each of the segregated sub-industries. The ratio of returned questionnaires is in the range of 70-75 percent.
Injury reporting on local TV news: a prime-time opportunity for prevention.

Background Local television news is America's primary source of information and may be an opportunity to shape public opinion surrounding issues such as injury prevention. Objective This study sought to systematically evaluate unintentional-injury coverage on local television news and to identify frequently interviewed public-service professionals and factors associated with discussion of risk factors and prevention. Methods Late news broadcasts from 122 local television stations within the U.S. during October 2002 were analyzed. The main outcomes variables were counts of case-injury stories: motor-vehicle crashes, fires, falls, drowning, poisonings, and sports–recreational injuries; identification of interviewed public service professionals; and discussion of risk factors and prevention. Bivariate and mulitvariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of discussion of prevention measures, risk factors, or both. Data were analyzed in Fall 2006. Results From 2795 broadcasts, 1748 case-injury stories were identified. Fires and motor-vehicle crashes constituted 84% of the case-injury stories. There were 245 case-injury stories containing an interview with a public service professional. Police officers and firefighters accounted for 82% of these interviews. Interviews with police officers and firefighters were independently associated with discussion of risk factors and prevention measures for motor-vehicle crashes (OR=2.49, CI=1.7–3.6) and fires (OR=2.77, CI=1.2–5.9), respectively. Conclusions Motor-vehicle crashes and fires were the most commonly reported injury topics. Police officers and firefighters were most commonly interviewed and, if interviewed, increased the likelihood that risk factors, prevention measures, or both were discussed. Optimizing the messages delivered by public service professionals through public service professional-level and media-level interventions may be an opportunity for disseminating injury-prevention information to the public and to policymakers, and methods to increase the likelihood of media interviews with public service professionals should be explored.
Pathophysiology of preterm labor with intact membranes

Preterm labor with intact membranes is a major cause of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). To prevent sPTB a clear understanding is needed of the hormonal interactions that initiate labor. The steroid hormone progesterone acting via its nuclear progesterone receptors (PRs) in uterine cells is essential for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy and disruption of PR signaling (i.e., functional progesterone/PR withdrawal) is key trigger for labor. The process of parturition is also associated with inflammation within the uterine tissues and it is now generally accepted that inflammatory stimuli from multiple extrinsic and intrinsic sources induce labor. Recent studies suggest inflammatory stimuli induce labor by affecting PR transcriptional activity in uterine cells to cause functional progesterone/PR withdrawal. Advances in understanding the functional interaction of inflammatory load on the pregnancy uterus and progesterone/PR signaling is opening novel areas of research and may lead to rational therapeutic strategies to effectively prevent sPTB.
An Optical Technique for Measuring Fiber Orientation in Short Fiber Composites

A technique for measuring the state of fiber orientation in short fiber composites using a Fraunhoffer diffraction apparatus is described. A theoretical analysis is compared to diffraction patterns produced from masks with known state of orientation and the agreement is found to be excellent. Samples from sheet molding compounds are analyzed to demonstrate processing induced fiber orientation in the material.
The Representation of Knowledge and the use of Knowledge in Discourse Comprehension1

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a few ideas about knowledge representation, and about how knowledge is used in discourse comprehension. It discusses a few approaches to the problem of knowledge representation that have been used in psychology and artificial intelligence (AI). The problem of knowledge representation and knowledge use is a focal one at the current stage of development in AI, linguistics, and psychology and that further progress in these disciplines will depend on finding solutions that are more adequate than what has been tried so far. Associationism was psychology's inheritance from philosophy. It has dominated psychological theory for a long time. It never was a monolithic system, but subsumed some rather distinct schools of thought. An associative network is a structure in which the nodes are unanalyzed concepts, and the links are unlabeled, but vary in strength.
Multi Label RBF Classification Method for Composite System Reliability Evaluation

In this paper a new approach for evaluation of composite system reliability of power systems is described. In this method Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) is combined with Multilabel Radial Basis Function (MLRBF) classifier to compute system reliability indices. MLRBF is a classification technique in which target vector of each instance is assigned into multiple classes. In this study MLRBF is used to characterize states of a complete power system (failure or success) without requiring optimal power flow (OPF) analysis. As a result, the computational burden of the reliability evaluation analysis to perform OPF is eliminated. For illustration, the proposed method is applied to the IEEE Modified Reliability Test System (IEEE-MRTS). The obtained results demonstrate that MLRBF algorithm in reliability evaluation provides good performance in classification accuracy while reducing computation time dramatically.
Ahead of the Curve: Tracking Progress in Novice Microsurgeons.

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate learning curves for an existing microsurgical training model. We compared efficiency and amount of training needed to achieve proficiency between novice microsurgeons without operative experience versus those who had completed a surgical internship. Methods Ten novice microsurgeons anastomosed a silastic tube model. Time to perform each anastomosis, luminal diameter, and number of errors were recorded. Results First year residents improved up to a brief plateau at 10 repetitions, followed by continued improvement. Second year residents improved up to a plateau at 10 repetitions with no further improvement thereafter. There was no significant difference in luminal area or errors between groups. Conclusion Residents with no operative experience can benefit from early exposure to microsurgical training. These interns continue to improve with additional repetitions while second year residents achieve proficiency with fewer repetitions.
Calculation of resonance energies from Q values

Resonance energies are frequently derived from precisely measured excitation energies and reaction $Q$ values. The latter quantities are usually calculated from atomic instead of nuclear mass differences. This procedure disregards the energy shift caused by the difference in the total electron binding energies before and after the interaction. Assuming that the interacting nuclei in a stellar plasma are fully ionized, this energy shift can have a significant effect, considering that the resonance energy enters exponentially into the expression for the narrow-resonance thermonuclear reaction rates. As an example, the rate of the $^{36}\mathrm{Ar}(p,\ensuremath{\gamma})^{37}\mathrm{K}$ reaction is discussed, which, at temperatures below $1\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GK}$, depends only on the contributions of a single resonance and direct capture. In this case, disregarding the energy shift caused by the total electron binding energy difference erroneously enhances the rate by $\ensuremath{\approx}40%$ near temperatures of $70\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MK}$.
Pathologic complete response is not equivalent to cure in esophageal cancer.

We thank the authors of the editorial commentary entitled “ Recurrence in complete responders after trimodality therapy in esophageal cancer ”, for their thoughtful review and critical appraisal of our manuscript. Our study examined recurrence in patients with esophageal cancer (EC) that achieved pathologic complete response (pCR) following trimodality therapy, with the aim of evaluating potential predictors of recurrence.
The size of the megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon (Lamniformes: Otodontidae), revisited

Otodus megalodon (Lamniformes: Otodontidae) is a gigantic late Neogene shark that lived nearly worldwide in tropical-temperate regions. Its gigantic teeth have captivated imaginations of the scient...
Endogenous Endophthalmitis: yield of the diagnostic evaluation

Endogenous endophthalmitis is an infection of the eye secondary to sepsis, occurring in 0.04–0.5% of bacteremia or fungemia. Risk factors include intravenous drug abuse (IVDA), diabetes, indwelling catheters, and immune suppression. Many patients have known or suspected bacteremia or fungemia; however, culture yield is reported to be low (approximately 50%). The purpose of this study is to elucidate the yield of diagnostic evaluation including microbial cultures over a 6.5 year period at an academic center in the United States. Retrospective chart review of patients with endogenous endophthalmitis at the University of Florida from June 2011 to February 2018. Included are 40 eyes of 35 patients. Endophthalmitis was secondary to an endogenous source in 23.5% of all endophthalmitis cases observed. Intraocular culture positivity was 28.6% overall but was 0% after initiation of systemic antibiotics. Most commonly identified organisms from the eye were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Candida. Blood culture positivity was 48.6%, most commonly Staphylococcus. IVDA was noted with increasing frequency as a risk factor. Diagnosis of endophthalmitis upon hospital admission was associated with a higher intraocular culture positivity (P = 0.040) and a shorter hospital stay (P = 0.035). Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were the highest yield imaging modalities; X-ray and non-ocular ultrasound were less diagnostically useful. Echocardiogram was positive by transesophageal route (TEE) in 22% and in 9% by transthoracic (TTE) testing. Following discharge from the hospital, 48.4% of patients failed to follow up with outpatient ophthalmology. Based on the results of this study, the interdisciplinary team should consider directed imaging, eye cultures prior to antimicrobial administration, thorough history for IVDA, and caution with premature discharge from the hospital.