cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classifying sensory profiles of children in the general population.

Background The aim of this study was to subtype groups of children in a community sample with and without developmental conditions, based on sensory processing patterns. Methods We used latent profile analysis to determine the number of sensory subtypes in a sample of n = 1132 children aged 3–14 years with typical development and developmental conditions, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities. Results A five-subtype solution was found to best characterize the sample, which differed on overall degree and differential presentation of sensory processing patterns. Children with and without developmental conditions presented across subtypes, and one subtype was significantly younger in age than others (P < 0.05). Conclusions Our results show that sensory subtypes include both children with typical development and those with developmental conditions. Sensory subtypes have previously been investigated in ASD only, and our results suggest that similar sensory subtypes are present in a sample reflective of the general population of children including those largely with typical development. Elevated scores on sensory processing patterns are not unique to ASD but rather are reflections of children's abilities to respond to environmental demands.
Structural verification via convergent total synthesis of dipeptide–lipids isolated from Porphyromonas gingivalis

Abstract A periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, produces two serine dipeptide lipid classes that we labeled lipid 654 and lipid 430, and both contain l -serine as the terminal amino acid. The lipid 654 and lipid 430 classes are each comprised of three species with differing fatty acid substitutions, but the most abundant species demonstrate unit masses of either 654 or 430, respectively. Recently we observed that the lipid 654 can be hydrolyzed by specific lipases to lipid 430. However, a substantial percentage of the naturally occurring lipid 654 cannot be enzymatically hydrolyzed to lipid 430. The observed partial hydrolysis could be due to the presence of a mixture of stereoisomers. Testing this theory requires structural verification of our so-called 654 and 430 by total synthesis. We present herein details of the convergent synthesis of lipids 430 and 654, which confirm the proposed structure of P. gingivalis lipid 654 to be (3R and 3S)- l -serine-2. The bis(fatty acid) (3R)- l -serine-2 was prepared as well as the synthetic precursor, serine dipeptide mono-fatty acid (3R)- l -serine-1, which is the structure of lipid 430. We also synthesized the (3S)- l -serine-2 diastereomer as well as (3S)- l -serine-1. Using these synthetic standards, we confirmed that PLA2-mediated hydrolysis of lipid 654 is enantioselective in that only the (3R)- l -serine-2, but not (3S)- l -serine 2 is enzymatically hydrolyzed.
Effects on breathing of agonists to μ-opioid or GABA A receptors dialyzed into the ventral respiratory column of awake and sleeping goats.

Pulmonary ventilation (VI) in awake and sleeping goats does not change when antagonists to several excitatory G protein-coupled receptors are dialyzed unilaterally into the ventral respiratory column (VRC). Concomitant changes in excitatory neuromodulators in the effluent mock cerebral spinal fluid (mCSF) suggest neuromodulatory compensation. Herein, we studied neuromodulatory compensation during dialysis of agonists to inhibitory G protein-coupled or ionotropic receptors into the VRC. Microtubules were implanted into the VRC of goats for dialysis of mCSF mixed with agonists to either μ-opioid (DAMGO) or GABAA (muscimol) receptors. We found: (1) VI decreased during unilateral but increased during bilateral dialysis of DAMGO, (2) dialyses of DAMGO destabilized breathing, (3) unilateral dialysis of muscimol increased VI, and (4) dialysis of DAMGO decreased GABA in the effluent mCSF. We conclude: (1) neuromodulatory compensation can occur during altered inhibitory neuromodulator receptor activity, and (2) the mechanism of compensation differs between G protein-coupled excitatory and inhibitory receptors and between G protein-coupled and inotropic inhibitory receptors.
House staff-led interdisciplinary morbidity and mortality conference promotes systematic improvement.

Abstract Background Improvements in patient safety are critical to improving clinical outcomes. We present a resident-led interdisciplinary morbidity and mortality (M&M) conference utilizing postconference task forces to identify unique system issues, classify key contributors to interdisciplinary complications, and implement systems solutions. The conference also served to facilitate resident involvement in quality improvement projects. Materials and methods Members of the UNC Housestaff Council designed and implemented a hospital-wide M&M conference. Cases involving two or more service lines and resulting from systematic failures were selected for presentation by an interdisciplinary group of residents involved in the patient's care. Postconference task forces addressed problems and developed initiatives to improve care. Results Of the 15 cases presented, 60% were attributable to an error in judgment, 26% to an error in diagnosis, and 13% to an error in technique. Communication (67%), coordination/care utilization (47%), poor process/workflow (40%), and inadequate training (33%) were the main associated contributing factors. Poor communication contributed to all complications resulting from an error in judgment. Inadequate training and poor workflow were the most common contributing factors with an error in technique. Poor utilization of care and inadequate processes were most common with an error in diagnosis. Postconference task forces identified system-based improvement projects in 73% (11 of 15) of cases with 82% (9 of 11) of projects successfully implemented or in process. Conclusions House staff–led interdisciplinary M&M conference utilizing postconference task forces is an ideal setting to identify unique system issues and implement system-based improvement strategies.
General Education Teachers’ Natural Rates of Praise: A Preliminary Investigation:

Many studies have demonstrated that when teachers are trained to increase their use of praise, student misbehavior improves; however, few studies have examined teachers’ natural use of praise and no study has examined the relation between teachers’ natural use of praise and classroom behavior. The purpose of the current study was to examine general education teachers’ natural use of praise in elementary classrooms. One hundred forty direct behavioral observation hours were used to collect praise rates and student behavior across 28 general education classrooms (kindergarten to fifth grade). Across all grade levels, results suggest that teachers’ use of praise was low (grade-level mean rates ranging from 0.38 per minute in the fourth grade to 0.75 per minute in kindergarten) and teachers used general praise more frequently than behavior-specific praise (BSP). A significant, negative relation was found between off-task behavior and BSP (r = −.37, p = .05), indicating that teachers who used more BSP tended t...
Extracardiac intrapericardial myxosarcoma causing right ventricular outflow tract obstruction in a dog

A 13-year-old male castrated pomeranian cross was referred for evaluation of episodes of collapse and a suspected cardiac mass. The presence of a mass at the base of the heart within the pericardial space was confirmed by echocardiography. Additional diagnostics included computed tomography, ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspirate, and thoracic radiographs. The mass was surgically debulked and diagnosed as myxosarcoma via histopathology. This case report describes the diagnostic imaging, laboratory findings, and short-term positive clinical outcome of a dog with a myxosarcoma in a previously undescribed location.
Culture and Gender

Culture involves an array of human characteristics that applies broadly to various social groups. Mental disorders are defined in reference to cultural norms and values. This subchapter reviews evidence of mental health disparities among three categories of sociocultural groups—racial/ethnic minorities, different genders, and sexual minorities—and provides recommendations for geriatric mental health-care providers working with diverse older adults. Research indicates that older African Americans and Asian Americans have lower rates of depression and anxiety than older Latinos and non-Latino Whites, but older racial/ethnic minorities tend to have poorer access to and utilization of geriatric mental health services. Older women may have greater rates of depression than older men, although evidence is mixed, but older men have lower rates of correct identification and appropriate treatment of depression relative to older women. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) older adults have higher rates of depression, anxiety, alcohol and substance misuse, and suicidal ideation than their heterosexual peers, with rates highest among transgender elders. Surveys indicate that cultural competence is a major priority for diverse older adults receiving geriatric mental health services.
Recent Progress on Understanding the Initiation of Translation in the Chloroplasts of Euglena Gracilis

The mechanism of protein biosynthesis in chloroplasts is currently not well understood. However, in general, the process of translation in this organelle is thought to resemble that in prokaryotes more closely than that in the eukaryotic cell cytoplasm. For example, chloroplast ribosomes are 70 S in size and initiation occurs with formylmethionine (Kozak, 1983). In bacteria, the initiation of translation requires three auxiliary factors. IF-2 promotes the binding of fMet-tRNA to 30 S ribosomal subunits. IF-3 facilitates ribosome dissociation and is thought to proofread the initiation complex. IF-1 facilitates the action of both IF-2 and IF-3 (Gualerzi and Pon, 1990). In contrast, the eukaryotic cytoplasmic system requires about 10 factors for the formation of the completed initiation complex (Pain, 1986). Several of these are involved in the binding of Met-tRNA to the ribosome while others appear to be required for the interaction of the 40 S subunit with the 5’ cap structure on the message.
Sacral neuromodulation in the treatment of defecation disorders

A large number of patients present with fecal incontinence due to idiopathic pelvic neuropathy or lesions of pelvic nerves, iatrogenic or secondary to other pelvic diseases or dysfunctions, involving sacral nerves. On the other hand, in many patients, constipation could be related to a peripheral neuropathy impairing normal defecation. Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) has been demonstrated as an effective approach in neuropathic defecation disorders. Its application is usually safe and easy, with a limited rate of complications or adverse events. The surgical procedure is made under local anesthesia. SNM effectiveness can be reliably tested during a short term period (up to 30 days) before the decision for a permanent implant. Results in most series show significant clinical improvement, with reduction in the number of incontinence episodes, decrease of incontinence score and improvement in patients’ quality of life. A few reports suggest a potential and interesting application of SNM in constipation. Findings from anorectal manometry and other physiology examinations are not conclusive in order to define SNM mechanisms of actions and suggest that a multifactorial effect “modulates” the deficient neuromuscular system causing the defecation disorders.
An Introduction to Calculator Logic Systems.

Anyone who has seriously considered purchasing a hand-held calculator (HHC) has undoubtedly become aware of the dif ferent logic systems used by these machines when solving even the simplest of arith metic problems. These systems differ in many obvious respects, and there is every reason to believe that their educational sig nificance will vary, also. The purpose of this article is to introduce each of the HHC systems found on the market and to ex plore some of the advantages and disad vantages of each.
Intracellular pH in gastric and rectal tissue post cardiac arrest.

We directly measured pHi using the pH sensitive dye, neutral red. We defined pHi for rectal and gastric tissue in whole tissue and by layer under control and arrest conditions. Fifteen minutes of arrest was not sufficient time to alter the pHi at the rectal or gastric site. On initial inspection, the stomach may be more sensitive to ischemic changes than the rectum. Understanding the mechanism by which PCO2 generation is used to track clinical changes is vital to the early detection of tissue dysoxia in order to effectively treat and manage critically ill patients.
Psychometrics of the self-efficacy for physical activity scale among a Latina women sample.

Even though Latinos have become a priority population for the promotion of physical activity in the United States, several widely used scales in physical activity promotion research have not been validated among this population, particularly in Spanish. This study aims to assess the validity and other psychometrics of the Self-Efficacy for Physical Activity scale among a sample of Spanish-speaking Latina women who participated in the Pasos Hacia La Salud intervention. We also explored alternatives for scale simplification. Data from 205 women corresponding to baseline, 6-month, and 12-month time points were analyzed. Internal consistency was assessed. A series of Spearman correlations, t-tests, linear regressions, and logistic regressions were used to assess the concurrent and predictive validity of the Self Efficacy for Physical Activity scale against both self-report and accelerometer-measured physical activity, using both continuous and categorical outcome data. Item Response Theory and factor analysis methods were used to explore alternatives to simplify the scale. Psychometric tests were repeated with the simplified scale. Cronbach’s alpha for the original scale was .72, .76, and .78 for baseline, 6-month, and 12-month data respectively. All concurrent validity tests conducted with 6-month and 12-month data, but not with baseline data, were statistically significant. Self-efficacy at 6 months was also predictive of physical activity at 12 months for all tests except one. Based on plots of Option Characteristic Curves, a modified version of the scale was created. Psychometric results of the modified scale were similar to those of the original scale. This study confirmed the scale’s reliability and validity, and revealed that the scale’s accuracy improves when some response items are collapsed, which is an important finding for future research among populations with low literacy levels.
Compositional Shifts in Forb and Butterfly Communities Associated with Kentucky Bluegrass Invasions

Abstract Rangeland management strategies impact biodiversity, the quality and quantity of ecosystem services, and overall rangeland resiliency. Previous management strategies, coupled with climate change, have led to widespread invasion by Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis; bluegrass) in the Northern Great Plains, United States. Bluegrass invasions are expected to have detrimental impacts on biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services provided by rangelands. Yet none have investigated how bluegrass invasions influence pollinator populations, which are a prominent conservation concern and provide ecosystem services. We measured the impact of bluegrass invasion on mixed-grass prairie forb and butterfly communities. Obligate grassland butterflies, those that rely on grasslands, decreased as bluegrass cover increased, including the threatened Hesperia dacotae. Conversely, the abundance of facultative grassland butterflies, those found in grasslands but not fully dependent on them for their life history, increased as bluegrass increased. Moreover, plant species diversity and flowering forb species richness decreased as bluegrass cover increased. Overall, bluegrass invasion led to butterfly and plant community simplification, signaling a loss of biodiversity and potentially ecosystem services. Our research is the first to quantify how grassland butterflies and the floral resources they depend on are negatively impacted by bluegrass invasion. Resource managers should adopt management strategies that reduce bluegrass cover and improve nectar and host resources for obligate grassland butterflies. Management choices that removed disturbance regimes inherent to the Northern Great Plains (i.e., fire and grazing) led to bluegrass dominance in the region. Therefore, restoring disturbance regimes may be one way to reduce bluegrass and benefit pollinator populations.
Evaluation of the vitamin D and biomedical statuses of young children with β-thalassemia major at a single center in southern China

In young children, β-thalassemia major (β-TM) is associated with potentially severe clinical characteristics, including poor growth, feeding difficulties, hepatosplenomegaly, bone metabolic disorders, and skeletal abnormalities. In this study, we reviewed the demographic and clinical characteristics (e.g., age, sex, duration of blood transfusion and chelating therapy, and vitamin supplementation) and serum biomarker levels (e.g., iron accumulation, bone metabolism, liver, kidney, and thyroid function markers) of 32 patients that received regular blood transfusion at a single center in southern China with the aim of stratifying the risk of severe complications such as osteopenia, endocrinopathies, and multi-organ failures. Although all patients exhibited moderately to strongly elevated serum ferritin levels, this biomarker was significantly higher in children older than ≥5 years, compared to younger children (*p < 0.05, 1512 ± 192.6 vs. 2337 ± 299.8 ng/ml, Mann-Whitney U test). Older children had a significantly lower 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) level, compared to younger children (**p < 0.01, 34.25 ± 11.06 vs. 23.05 ± 9.95 ng/ml, Mann-Whitney U test). No age-related differences were observed in serum calcium, phosphorus, and PTH levels. Regarding liver function, the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level was significantly increased in children older than ≥5 years, compared to younger children (*p < 0.05, 19.17 ± 2.44 vs. 43.45 ± 9.82I U/ml, Mann-Whitney U test). However, no age-related differences were observed in the serum levels of other liver or kidney and thyroid biomarkers. Our results suggest that in older children, hepatic iron overload may be associated with a low serum concentration of 25(OH)D3, an indicator of vitamin D deficiency and altered bone metabolism. Iron accumulation may also be associated with a higher concentration of ALT, a sensitive marker of liver malfunction. These findings may provide important clinical indications of the need for intervention to prevent severe complications in children with β thalassemia.
Scalable 3D Silicon Photonic Electronic Integrated Circuits and Their Applications

This paper investigates the opportunity and challenges of 3D silicon photonic electronic integrated circuits (3D EPICs) scaling to wafer-scale and beyond. The continuing demand for more data and information is driving new computing, communications, imaging, and information processing at higher throughput and energy-efficiency at lower manufacturing cost. The newly developed 3D silicon photonic devices including vertical U-turns and vertical lightpipes enable through-silicon-optical-vias (TSOVs) that can interconnect multiple layers of 2D silicon photonic electronic integrated circuits consistently with the industry's through-silicon-via (TSV) based 3D electronic integrated circuit manufacturing. Heterogeneous integration technology based on transfer printing allows wafer-scale (or beyond wafer-scale) heterogeneous integration of dissimilar materials (e.g., III-V semiconductor layers) on silicon at room temperature and 3D ultrafast laser inscription technologies allow arbitrary optical interfaces for high-density input/output between the 3D EPICs and many strands of multi-core-fibers (MCFs). We will discuss applications in neuromorphic computing, 3D LiDAR, photonic-integrated-interferometric-telescopes, 3D-fine-grain-memory, and 3D processor-memory realized by large-scale 3D EPICs.
Agents of Change or Control? Correlates of Positive and Negative Staff-inmate Relationships among a Sample of Formerly Incarcerated Inmates

Prior studies of staff-inmate interactions suggest that they are primarily adversarial in nature. However, less is known about the key factors that influence inmate-staff relationships. Using a sam...
Comparison between dry needling and focused ultrasound on the mechanical properties of the rat Achilles tendon: A pilot study.

Abstract In the U.S., approximately 14 million tendon and ligament injuries are reported each year. Dry needling (DN) is a conservative treatment introduced to alleviate pain and restore function; however, it is invasive and has mixed success. Focused ultrasound (fUS) is a non-invasive technology that directs ultrasound energy into a well-defined focal volume. fUS induces thermal and/or mechanical bioeffects which can be controlled by the choice of ultrasound parameters. fUS could be an alternative to DN for treatment of tendon injuries, but the bioeffects must be established. Thus, the purpose of this pilot study was to compare the effect of DN and fUS on the mechanical properties and cell morphology of 30 ex vivo rat Achilles tendons. Tendons were randomly assigned to sham, DN, or fUS, with 10 tendons per group. Within each group, 5 tendons were evaluated mechanically, and 5 tendons were analyzed histologically. Elastic modulus in the DN (74.05 ± 15.0 MPa) group was significantly lower than sham (149.84 ± 59.1 MPa; p = 0.0094) and fUS (128.84 ± 28.3 MPa; p = 0.0453) groups. Stiffness in DN (329.05 ± 236.8 N/mm; p = 0.0034) and fUS (315.26 ± 68.9 N/mm; p = 0.0027) groups were significantly lower than sham (786.10 ± 238.7 N/mm) group. Histologically, localized necrosis was observed in 3 out of 5 tendons exposed to fUS, with surrounding tissue unharmed; no evidence of cellular injury was observed in DN or sham groups. These results suggest that fUS preserves the mechanical properties of tendon better than DN. Further studies are needed to evaluate fUS as an alternative, noninvasive treatment modality for tendon injuries.
Freddie Gray and Deadly Force

In the case of Freddie Gray, certain standards of operation, practices, and policies set by the law enforcement administration for the Baltimore Police Department was not followed. The issue of the cause of death needs to be examined. As observed in the review of literature, the police officers misinterpreted what the reasonable amount of force is and abused their authority which ended up costing a young man’s life. To minimize the arrest-related deaths in police custody, there needs to be advice on the use of force policy to protect both the officer and suspect. Also, in the Baltimore Police Department and police departments worldwide there should be a push to enforce accountability and supervision among the ranks of officers. By doing this ensures that the standards of operation, practices, and policies are enforced daily to promote the mission of each department. Enforcing accountability will allow officers to meet the needs of the citizens that they are there to protect and serve them.
The Materiality of Accounting Errors: Evidence from SEC Comment Letters

We gain unique insights into materiality judgments about accounting errors by examining SEC comment letter correspondence. We document that managers typically use multiple quantitative benchmarks in their materiality analyses, with earnings being the most common benchmark. In most of the cases we review, managers deem the error immaterial despite its exceeding the traditional “5 percent of earnings” rule of thumb, often in multiple periods and by a large degree. Instead of attempting to conceal these overages, managers tend to forthrightly acknowledge them, often asserting that the benchmark is abnormally low during the violation period. We find that 17–26 percent of these “low benchmark” assertions are suspect (although none of these “low benchmark” assertions are challenged by the SEC). We also document substantial variation in the extent to which qualitative factors are mentioned as considerations. The SEC generally is deferential toward managers' arguments and judgments but is more likely to challenge immateriality claims when managers admit there are qualitative factors that indicate errors are material. L'importance relative des erreurs comptables : donnees provenant des lettres de commentaires de la SEC Les auteurs recueillent de precieux renseignements au sujet des jugements portes sur l'importance relative des erreurs comptables en analysant les lettres de commentaires de la SEC. Les gestionnaires, constatent‐ils, utilisent habituellement de multiples indices de reference quantitatifs dans leurs analyses de l'importance relative, l'indice des resultats etant le plus frequemment employe. Dans la plupart des cas etudies par les auteurs, les gestionnaires jugent l'erreur negligeable en depit du fait qu'elle excede la regle empirique des « 5 pour cent des benefices », souvent de beaucoup et a plusieurs reprises. Plutot que de tenter de dissimuler ces depassements, les gestionnaires tendent a les reconnaitre sans ambages, affirmant dans bien des cas que l'indice de reference est anormalement bas pour la periode de transgression. Les auteurs constatent que 17 a 26 pour cent de ces affirmations quant au niveau faible des indices sont suspectes (bien qu'aucune desdites affirmations ne soit mise en doute par la SEC). Ils notent aussi une variation appreciable de la mesure dans laquelle les facteurs qualitatifs sont allegues. La SEC respecte generalement les arguments invoques et les jugements portes par les gestionnaires, mais elle est davantage susceptible de remettre en question leurs affirmations quant au caractere negligeable des ecarts lorsque les gestionnaires admettent que certains facteurs qualitatifs indiquent que les erreurs sont importantes.
Microscopic methods for analysis of mitotic spindle structure.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the microscopic methods for analysis of mitotic spindle structure. The mitotic spindle in the living cell is essentially invisible in bright-field optics. Phase optical systems generate visible contrast from objects that do not absorb light by employing a geometry that affects interference between a reference light beam and light that has passed through the specimen and suffered a retardation of phase. In polarization optics, two orthogonal polarizing filters are set in the light path, both oriented normal to the optic axis, one situated above and one below the specimen. The power of polarizing optics lies in its capacity to reveal spindle fiber BR in living cells and in the adaptability of the method to a quantitative approach. The amount of BR in a living cell may be measured as the retardation of the plane of polarization oriented parallel to a fiber axis relative to the light polarized in the orthogonal plane. The scarcity of specific mitotic stages in a growing population of cells, combined with the rarity of particular mitotic structures in random sections of spindles, has led to the common use of some specific embedding techniques for microtomy.
Design notes and initial results from a 100 pps, 250 KV switch testing platform

The University of Missouri-Columbia, in association with Alpha Omega Power Technologies and The Boeing Company, have developed a high power, high-pressure flowing liquid dielectric test switch designed to be used for future high power microwave applications. The switch has been designed to operate at high-pressure in order to overcome some of the problems associated with liquid-dielectric switch media. This paper discusses updates made to the test stand, some of the aspects of the total system used for testing the high-pressure switch and results obtained from some of the initial test runs of the system
Impacts of Cattle Grazing Management on Sediment and Phosphorus Loads in Surface Waters

In 2001 (yr 1), 2002 (yr 2), and 2003 (yr 3), three blocks of five 1-ac paddocks were grazed by beef cows on hills at the Iowa State University Rhodes Research and Demonstration Farm to determine the effects of grazing management on phosphorus (P) and sediment runoff from pastureland. Grazing management treatments included an ungrazed control (UG), summer hay harvest with winter stockpiled grazing (HS), grazing by continuous stocking to a residual sward height of 2 in. (2C), rotational stocking to a residual sward height of 2 in. (2R), and rotational stocking to a residual sward height of 4 in (4R). At four times (late spring, mid-summer, early autumn, and early the subsequent spring) in each year, rainfall simulations were conducted at 6 sites within each paddock. Rainfall simulators dripped at a rate of 2.8 in./hr over a 5.4-ft2 area for a period of 1.5 hours. Runoff was collected and analyzed for total sediment, total P, and total soluble P. Simultaneous to each rainfall simulation, ground cover, penetration resistance, surface roughness, slope, the contents of P and moisture of the soil, sward height and forage mass were measured. Sediment flow was not affected by forage management practice. There was no difference between UG, HS, 4R in the amount of total P or soluble P lost in runoff, but greater amounts of total and soluble P were lost from 2C and 2R than from the other management practices (P<0.05). A greater amount of sediment was lost from the pastures during the late spring period than during other parts of the year (P<0.05). Losses of sediment, total P, and soluble P from pastures can be controlled by suitable grazing management practices.
Incremental Maintenance of Schema-Restructuring Views

An important issue in data integration is the integration of semantically equivalent but schematically heterogeneous data sources. Declarative mechanisms supporting powerful source restructuring for such databases have been proposed in the literature, such as the SQL extension SchemaSQL. However, the issue of incremental maintenance of views defined in such languages remains an open problem.We present an incremental view maintenance algorithm for schema-restructuring views. Our algorithm transforms a source update into an incremental view update, by propagating updates through the operators of a SchemaSQL algebra tree. We observe that schema-restructuring view maintenance requires transformation of data into schema changes and vice versa. Our maintenance algorithm handles any combination of data updates or schema changes and produces a correct sequence of data updates, schema changes, or both as output. In experiments performed on our prototype implementation, we find that incremental view maintenance in SchemaSQL is significantly faster than recomputation in many cases.
Acid- and acid/rennet-curd cheeses part B: Cottage cheese

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses cottage cheese that is soft, unripened, mild acid cheese with discrete curd particles of relatively uniform size. Creamed cottage cheese is dry-curd cottage cheese covered with a creamy dressing. Tuckey proposed that when the heating rate is too rapid, a surface protein film that acts as a semipermeable membrane, surrounding each cube of cottage cheese curd, becomes denatured, causing whey to be trapped in the curd. The quality of water used to wash curds affects the keeping quality of cottage cheese. Nutritionally, cottage cheese is a wholesome low-calorie food that supplies less than 110 kcal/100 g. The acidic taste of cottage cheese is largely because of lactic acid that is present at a concentration in the range 124–452 mg/kg; other acids present include formic and acetic, while the concentrations of propionic and butyric acids are
Obesity and Weight Loss Attempts among Subjects with a Personal History of Cancer.

Objectives: Obesity is a risk factor for many cancers and obese cancer patients have a poorer prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of obesity and attempts to lose weight among cancer survivors. The effects of cancer treatment and time since cancer treatment were also evaluated. Methods: The 2007 Health Information National Trends Survey data were analysed between 2011 and 2013; respondents with (n = 966) and without (n = 6,093) a personal history of cancer were identified. Each respondent’s body mass index (BMI) was calculated using self-reported height and weight measurements and categorised as normal (<25 kg/m 2 ), overweight (25‒29.9 kg/m 2 ) or obese (≥30 kg/m 2 ). Results: Cancer survivors were older (mean age = 63.4 versus 44.7 years for those with no history of cancer). Overall, there were similar percentages of overweight (37.6% versus 34.1%; relative risk ratio [RRR] = 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75‒1.31) and obese (31.4% versus 27.5%; RRR = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.79‒1.39) respondents among both cancer survivors and those without a history of cancer. Among overweight and obese participants, cancer survivors did not demonstrate increased weight loss attempts compared to those without a history of cancer (61.6% versus 66.3%; odds ratio = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.73‒1.20). Conclusion: A high prevalence of overweight and obese cancer survivors were identified without any association with cancer treatment. However, cancer survivors did not demonstrate increased attempts to lose weight in comparison to those without a history of cancer despite awareness of their degree of body fatness. Increased efforts to promote the maintenance of a healthy weight among cancer survivors are needed.
Effects of climate change on groundwater resources at Shelter Island, New York State, USA

Rising sea levels due to climate change are expected to negatively impact the fresh-water resources of small islands. The effects of climate change on Shelter Island, New York State (USA), a small sandy island, were investigated using a variable-density transient groundwater flow model. Predictions for changes in precipitation and sea-level rise over the next century from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007 report were used to create two future climate scenarios. In the scenario most favorable to fresh groundwater retention, consisting of a 15% precipitation increase and 0.18-m sea-level rise, the result was a 23-m seaward movement of the fresh-water/salt-water interface, a 0.27-m water-table rise, and a 3% increase in the fresh-water lens volume. In the scenario supposedly least favorable to groundwater retention, consisting of a 2% precipitation decrease and 0.61-m sea-level rise, the result was a 16-m landward movement of the fresh-water/salt-water interface, a 0.59-m water-table rise, and a 1% increase in lens volume. The unexpected groundwater-volume increase under unfavorable climate change conditions was best explained by a clay layer under the island that restricts the maximum depth of the aquifer and allows for an increase in fresh-water lens volume when the water table rises.
Simulation of the Onset of the Southeast Asian Monsoon During 1997 and 1998: The Impact of Surface Processes

The onset of the southeast Asian monsoon during 1997 and 1998 was simulated with a coupled mesoscale atmospheric model (MM5) and a detailed land surface model. The rainfall results from the simulations were compared with observed satellite data from the TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) TMI (TRMM Microwave Imager) and GPCP (Global Precipitation Climatology Project). The simulation with the land surface model captured basic signatures of the monsoon onset processes and associated rainfall statistics. The sensitivity tests indicated that land surface processes had a greater impact on the simulated rainfall results than that of a small sea surface temperature change during the onset period. In both the 1997 and 1998 cases, the simulations were significantly improved by including the land surface processes. The results indicated that land surface processes played an important role in modifying the low-level wind field over two major branches of the circulation; the southwest low-level flow over the Indo-China peninsula and the northern cold front intrusion from southern China. The surface sensible and latent heat exchange between the land and atmosphere modified the low-level temperature distribution and gradient, and therefore the low-level. The more realistic forcing of the sensible and latent heat from the detailed land surface model improved the monsoon rainfall and associated wind simulation. The model results will be compared to the simulation of the 6-7 May 2000 Missouri flash flood event. In addition, the impact of model initialization and land surface treatment on timing, intensity, and location of extreme precipitation will be examined.
Patterns of saccular afferent innervation in sciaenids

In this study, saccular afferent arborization patterns in Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus, red drum Sciaenops ocellatus and spot Leiostomus xanthurus were characterized. Leiostomus xanthurus showed the simplest configuration while M. undulatus displayed the most complex. In addition, hair-cell densities at sites sampled along the rostro-caudal axis of the saccular epithelia correlated with the observed patterns of arborization.
Forest and rangeland ecosystem condition indicators: identifying national areas of opportunity using data development analysis

This article reports the methodology and results of a data envelopment analysis (DEA) that attempts to identify areas in the country where there is maximum potential for improving the forest and rangeland condition, based on 12 indicator variables. This analysis differs from previous DEA studies in that the primary variables are measures of human activity and indicators of forest and rangeland condition in place of the traditional economic inputs (costs) and outputs. It also involves a different (ecological) production process than traditional DEA analyses, and a statistical preanalysis is developed and applied to homogenize the large and highly diverse landscape where this ecological production process takes place for the purposes of the DEA. It is concluded that, based on this analysis, there are opportunities to improve the forest and rangeland condition without reducing the amount of human activity, but not over large areas, only for some indicators, and typically not for a large number of indicators in the same place. This means that large-scale improvements in environmental condition across many indicators may often not come about without a reduction in human activity.
Remedies for Breach of Trust

The decision of the Supreme Court in AIB Group (UK) Plc v Mark Redler & Co confirms the approach taken by Lord Browne-Wilkinson in Target Holdings Ltd v Redferns: where a trustee misapplies trust assets, a beneficiary is limited to a claim for equitable compensation for losses caused by the trustee's breach of duty. This seems to be a departure from traditional equitable doctrine, which held that the beneficiary could falsify the trustee's unauthorised disbursement and bring a claim for an ‘equitable debt’. This note considers the impact of the decision of the Supreme Court, and how the law regarding ‘equitable compensation’ might continue to develop.
Expression, purification and preliminary X-ray analysis of a fibrillarin homolog from Methanococcus jannaschii, a hyperthermophile.

Fibrillarin plays a central role in ribosome biogenesis as a ribosomal RNA-processing protein. A Methanococcus jannaschii homolog of fibrillarin has been overexpressed, purified and crystallized. Crystals belong to the C2 space group with unit-cell parameters a = 121.4, b = 43.2, c = 55.3 A, β = 96.9°. Under flash-frozen conditions and using synchrotron radiation, the crystals diffract to 1.8 A resolution. For structural determination, a selenomethionine derivative of the protein has also been crystallized.
Hybrid TDMA/CDMA based on filtered multitone modulation for uplink transmission in HFC networks

We present a hybrid TDMA/CDMA system for uplink transmission in multiple access networks that is based on filtered multitone modulation. We consider an application to uplink transmission in hybrid fiber/coax networks. After discussing the characteristics of the proposed system, we address the problem of initial ranging and power adjustment of unregistered stations. Finally, we introduce a new collision resolution algorithm in conjunction with FMT modulation that uses iterative identification of the competing stations to achieve high throughput on the collision channel. System performance is investigated by simulations.
Should coronary arteriography be performed routinely before valve replacement

Abstract The implication that coronary atherosclerosis is a common cause of complications and death after prosthetic heart valve replacement has resulted in the performance of routine preoperative coronary arteriography in many clinics. A review of 4 years' experience with such studies at the University of Oregon Medical School Hospital indicates that patients with significant coronary obstruction in conjunction with valvular heart disease always had angina pectoris. None of the postoperative deaths or complications were due to demonstrable coronary artery disease without preexisting angina. It is likely that the increased cardiac work load imposed by valvular heart disease increases myocardial oxygen demands. Significant coronary atherosclerosis is therefore unlikely to remain asymptomatic. Coronary arteriography may be safely omitted before valve replacement in many patients with increased myocardial work who have no symptoms of ischemic heart disease, and who lack risk factors known to increase its incidence.
Technique for the measurement of pyroelectric coefficients

Abstract A technique is described which can be used for the determination of pyroelectric coefficients in polar crystals. The procedure is based on a simple relationship derived from an equivalent circuit which regards the material as a constant current generator. The measured coefficient is free from contributions arising from tertiary pyroelectricity when special precautions are taken, by the proper design and adjustment of the specimen heaters, to minimize non-uniform heating.
ENSO Simulation in Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models: Are the Current Models Better?

Maintaining a multi-model database over a generation or more of model development provides an important framework for assessing model improvement. Using control integrations, we compare the simulation of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and its extratropical impact, in models developed for the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report with models developed in the late 1990s [the so-called Coupled Model Intercomparison Project-2 (CMIP2) models]. The IPCC models tend to be more realistic in representing the frequency with which ENSO occurs, and they are better at locating enhanced temperature variability over the eastern Pacific Ocean. When compared with reanalyses, the IPCC models have larger pattern correlations of tropical surface air temperature than do the CMIP2 models during the boreal winter peak phase of El Nino. However, for sea-level pressure and precipitation rate anomalies, a clear separation in performance between the two vintages of models is not as apparent. The strongest improvement occurs for the modelling groups whose CMIP2 model tended to have the lowest pattern correlations with observations. This has been checked by subsampling the multi-century IPCC simulations in a manner to be consistent with the single 80-year time segment available from CMIP2. Our results suggest that multi-century integrations may be required to statistically assess model improvement of ENSO. The quality of the El Nino precipitation composite is directly related to the fidelity of the boreal winter precipitation climatology, highlighting the importance of reducing systematic model error. Over North America distinct improvement of El Nino forced boreal winter surface air temperature, sea-level pressure, and precipitation rate anomalies to occur in the IPCC models. This improvement is directly proportional to the skill of the tropical El Nino forced precipitation anomalies.
Si(001) Dimer Structure Observed with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Scanning tunneling microscopy has been used to determine the atomic structure of the clean Si(001) surface. The basic structural unit of the reconstruction has been resolved with a lateral resolution of \ensuremath{\sim} 3 \AA{}. Buckled and nonbuckled dimers appear to be present in roughly equal amounts, indicating that they have nearly the same energy. The presence of atomic-scale defects is discussed.
A Modified Reconstruction Filter for Diverging X-Ray Beams

The 3-D reconstruction of a density function for diverging X-ray beams, based on the direct convolution algorithm, was developed by Lakshminarayanan. In this method, the reconstruction of a section of an object was obtained as the average, over all source positions, of the backprojected data convolved with an appropriate filter function. In this note, a modification of Lakshminarayanan's filter is proposed. The modified filter has less undesirable high-frequency components, yet it retains the convolution property. It is shown that the new filter has less oscillatory response across the edge of highly absorbent structures (e. g., bones). Finally, it is shown how the modified fan-beam filter can be FFT implemented.
Leukemic transformation in hrs mice occurs in an immature-nonactivated thymocyte subpopulation.

Abstract The murine leukemic strain HRS/J has an autosomal-recessive, mutant gene, hr , with homozygotes ( hr/hr ) having a 72% incidence of thymic leukemia at 18 months of age compared to 20% in heterozygotes ( hr /+). This study was done to (a) determine if expression of thymocyte differentiation and murine leukemia virus (MuLV) antigens during leukemic transformation were different in hr/hr compared to hr /+ mice, (b) define the subpopulations that were targets for leukemic transformation, and (c) compare the results to reports in other leukemic strains. Flow cytometry analysis of thymus cell suspensions was done with anti-T-cell and anti-H-2 monoclonal antibodies, peanut agglutinin (PNA), and heteroantisera to MuLV antigens. Thymocytes of 1- to 3-month-old HRS/J mice were Thy 1.2 + , Lyt 1 + 2 + , H-2K k− , and MuLV − with an immature-nonactivated phenotype, i.e., PNA + , and Ia k− . Preleukemic and leukemic thymocytes showed diversity in expression of Thy 1.2 and Ly antigens with increased H-2K k and MuLV expression. No differences in phenotype patterns were noted between hr/+ and hr/hr mice during the time course of leukemogenesis. Persistently high PNA/low Ia k expression of preleukemic and leukemic thymocytes indicated that the target for HRS leukemic transformation was an immature-nonactivated thymocyte subpopulation in contrast to AKR/J mice in which leukemic transformation involves a mature-activated thymocyte subpopulation. These findings suggest that spontaneously generated leukemogenic viruses in HRS mice have tropism for thymocytes of an immature-nonactivated phenotype.