cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dermally adhered soil: 2. Reconstruction of dry-sieve particle-size distributions from wet-sieve data

In the evaluation of soil particle-size effects on environmental processes, particle-size distributions are measured by either wet or dry sieving. Commonly, size distributions determined by wet and dry sieving differ because some particles disaggregate in water. Whereas the dry-sieve distributions are most relevant to the study of soil adherence to skin, soil can be recovered from skin only by washing with the potential for disaggregation whether or not it is subsequently wet or dry sieved. Thus, the possibility exists that wet-sieving measurements of the particle sizes that adhered to the skin could be skewed toward the smaller fractions. This paper provides a method by which dry-sieve particle-size distributions can be reconstructed from wet-sieve particle-size distributions for the same soil. The approach combines mass balances with a series of experiments in which wet sieving was applied to dry-sieve fractions from the original soil. Unless the soil moisture content is high (i.e., greater than or equal to the water content after equilibration with water-saturated air), only the soil particles of diameters less than about 63 microm adhere to the skin. Because of this, the adhering particle-size distribution calculated using the reconstruction method was not significantly different from the wet-sieving determinations.
Postscheduling buffer management trade-offs in streaming software synthesis

Streaming applications, which are abundant in many disciplines such as multimedia, networking, and signal processing, require efficient processing of a seemingly infinite sequence of input data. In the context of streaming software synthesis from data flow graphs, we study the inherent trade-off between memory requirement and compilation runtime, under a given task firing schedule. We utilize postscheduling analysis granularity to control the amount of details in characterization of buffer's spatio-temporal footprints. Subsequently, we transform the buffer allocation problem to two-dimensional packing of polygons, where complexity of the packing problem (e.g., polygon shapes) is determined by the analysis granularity. We develop an evolutionary packing optimization algorithm which readily yields buffer allocations. Experimental results highlight the trade-off between complexity of the analysis and the total buffer size of generated implementations. In addition, they show dramatic improvements in total buffer size, if one is willing to pay the additional cost in optimization runtime.
No change in health risk behaviors over time among HIV infected adolescents in care: role of psychological distress

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the association of psychological distress and health risk behaviors among HIV infected adolescents. It was hypothesized that higher levels of distress would be associated with increased sexual risk behaviors, and increased use of alcohol and drugs. Methods: HIV infected adolescents (N = 323) were recruited into an observational study in 15 clinical sites; for the 323 subjects, a total of 1212 visits were used in a repeated measures analysis. Data on depression (using the CES-D), anxiety (manifest anxiety scale), sexual behaviors and alcohol and marijuana use were obtained through computer-assisted self-administered interview. Results: Approximately 65% of the sample was sexually active across all six study visits, with approximately 43% consistently reporting having unprotected sex at last intercourse. Higher levels of depression were associated with frequent alcohol use and with unprotected sex at last intercourse, with depressed adolescents significantly more likely to have had unprotected sex than those who were not depressed. Health anxiety was associated with frequent marijuana use and with recent sexual activity, and physiological anxiety was also associated with recent sexual activity. Conclusions: Despite the fact that these HIV infected adolescents are all engaged in primary care, overall the sample is maintaining its high-risk sexual behavior. In addition, these adolescents may be self-medicating to deal with health-related anxiety. Health interventions for HIV infected adolescents should examine whether psychological distress is contributing to maintenance health risk behaviors.
Presenting the Formal Theory of Hierarchical Complexity

The formal theory of the Model of Hierarchical Complexity is presented. Complexity theories generally exclude the concept of hierarchical complexity; Developmental Psychology has included it for over 20 years. It also applies to social systems and non-human systems. Formal axioms for the Model are outlined. The model assigns an order of hierarchical complexity to every task, using natural numbers, establishing a quantal notion of stage and stages of performance. This formalizes properties of stage theories in psychology. The formal theory of the model enables extending the concept of hierarchical complexity to any field where tasks and their performances exist.
User performance variability in DS-CDMA systems-long vs. short spreading sequences

The uplink performance in a cellular DS-CDMA systems using long and short spreading sequences is compared in terms of the distribution of the bit error probability, both with and without forward error correction. Two different receiver types are considered, conventional and MMSE, both with and without forward error correction. The short code system has a slightly higher performance variability among the user population than the corresponding long code system, which requires attention when designing a short code system. Code hopping as a technique to mitigate this is investigated.
Visualising Liquid Water in PEM Fuel Cells Using Neutron Imaging

In this article, we review the neutron imaging techniques that have been used to visualise liquid water in PEM fuel cells. A list of the various facilities engaged in this research is provided and the published literature in this field reviewed. Neutron imaging has been successfully used to visualise water dynamics in the flow channels of operating fuel cells. This technique has also been used to understand water removal mechanisms and the importance of membrane hydration and GDL flooding to optimal fuel cell performance. More recently this technique has been applied to imaging the water in fuel cell cross-sections in order to quantify the water contents in the different components of an operating fuel cell. Finally, this technique has also been utilised to examine ice formation during sub-zero operation of single fuel cells. With ongoing improvements in spatial and temporal resolution, neutron imaging can be expected to play a greater role in any fuel cell development related to water transport.
DNA Biosynthesis in Chloroplasts I. CHARACTERIZATION OF AND DEVELOPMENTAL VARIATION IN BOTH LIGHT- AND ATP-DRIVEN THYMIDINE INCORPORATION INTO DNA IN ISOLATED INTACT CHLOROPLASTS

Utilisation d'une nouvelle methode d'extraction de l'ADN (precipitation de proteines par la chaleur) pour etudier l'ADN chloroplastique. Influence du vieillissement, de la lumiere, des ions metalliques et des adenylates sur l'incorporation de thymidine tritiee
From the National Academies: The Challenges and Opportunities for Improving Undergraduate Science Education through Introductory Courses

Unlike previous articles that have informed readers of Cell Biology Education about education initiatives at the National Academies, this article is written primarily to stimulate and elicit your comments and feedback about introductory undergraduate science courses and ways to better serve a changing and more diverse student body. I hope to stimulate an exchange of ideas through an electronic discussion forum (details are provided below). Contributions from readers will be posted by CBE and made available to the members of the National Research Council’s Board on Science Education, which is seeking input from the postsecondary science education community about the most critical issues related to introductory undergraduate science courses. Input from CBE readers, participants at a small workshop held in June 2004, and participants in other activities will guide the Board in deciding on possible studies or other programs that will explore high-priority issues in greater detail.
Urinary estrogens (measured fluorometrically and biologically) in hyperadrenocorticism: influence of cortisone, compound F, compound B and ACTH.

WHEREAS the role of the adrenal cortex in promoting urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids and reducing corticoids in man has been established, the participation of the adrenals in the production of urinary estrogens has not been well investigated. That the adrenal glands are involved in estrogen metabolism is indicated by the fact that estrone has been extracted from ox adrenal glands (1). Adrenocortical tumors causing either virilization, Cushing's syndrome or feminization with gynecomastia, sometimes produce an increased excretion of estrogens, but this is not always so. In congenital adrenal hyperplasia, there is usually an increase of the urinary excretion of fluorometrically measured estrogens (2). It has recently been shown that cortisone therapy reduces the urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion to a normal level in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (2–5), but usually does not decrease the 17-ketosteroid output in cases of adrenal tumor (6, 7). It has been suggested that this response of 17-ket...
COMPARISON OF PEN AND KEYBOARD TRANSCRIPTION MODES IN CHILDREN WITH AND WITHOUT LEARNING DISABILITIES

Fourth graders with learning disabilities in transcription (handwriting and spelling), LD-TD, and without LD-TD (non-LD), were compared on three writing tasks (letters, sentences, and essays), whic...
Eisenmenger syndrome in an adult patient with a large patent ductus arteriosus

This is the case of a young female who was seen at our adult congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension service (Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK) at the age of 17 years. She initially presented at the age of 4 years with increasing shortness of breath. At that time, there was differential cyanosis with clubbing and lower oxygen saturations in the toes (82%) compared with her fingers (95%). On echocardiography there was evidence of severe pulmonary hypertension and a large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) with low velocity bidirectional shunting. She underwent cardiac catheterisation at the time which showed a pulmonary arterial pressure equal to that of the aorta.
Organizational Collaboration to Promote College Access: A P-20 Framework:

P-20 collaboration between the P-12 and higher education sectors has been increasing in recent years as a strategy to promote college access, particularly among underrepresented students.This article provides an overview of the current state of P-20 scholarship and practice in the field, offers an approach to conceptualizing the study and practice of P-20 collaboration, suggests strategies for refining research and practice in the field, and offers directions for future inquiry.
American Muslim physicians' experiences since 9/11: Cultural trauma and the formation of Islamic identity

The September 11, 2001 attacks, a defining moment for many Americans, have had a traumatic effect on their collective well-being. The attacks fit Alexander's definition of "cultural trauma." Using his conceptual framework, we explore how 9/11 and the ensuing discourse and events have affected one particular segment of the American public: American Muslim physicians (AMPs). We examine how these traumatic events have shaped their individual and collective response and changed their sense of collective identity. A semistructured individual interview protocol was used to collect data from 62 AMPs. A grounded thematic analysis guided the processing of qualitative interview data. The results show that the mistreatment and prejudice faced by many AMPs have left an indelible impression on their memories and sense of identity. Despite the initial negative response, September 11 led to other positive changes in their religious identity and facilitated adaptive action. The study implications are discussed. Language: en
Isolation of a sixth dynein subunit adenosine triphosphatase of Chlamydomonas axonemes.

This study of the axoneme led to the identification of a previously unknown adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), which is likely a major component of inner dynein arms. The ATPase was isolated from a soluble fraction of axonemes obtained from pf 28, a Chlamydomonas mutant lacking the outer dynein arms. The activity hydrolyzed up to 2.3 mumol of ATP.min-1.mg-1 of protein (at pH 7.2, in the presence of both Ca++ and Mg++), had a sedimentation coefficient of 11S in sucrose gradient, and cosedimented with four polypeptides of apparent molecular weight 325,000, 315,000 140,000, and 42,000. Several arguments indicate that the new ATPase is a component of the inner dynein arms. Three or four polypeptides cosedimenting with the activity belong to a group of axonemal components that are deficient in the axonemes of pf 23 and pf 30, two mutants that display different levels of inner dynein arm deficiency. The 42,000 component is axonemal actin, a subunit of two other inner dynein ATPases. The two polypeptides of molecular weight greater than 300,000 have electrophoretic mobility similar to that of high molecular weight components of outer and inner dynein arms. In spite of some similarities each ATPase isolated from inner or outer arms is composed of a different set of polypeptides. Different ATPases may be required for the modulation of localized sliding of adjacent outer double microtubules in the axoneme.
Getting the Details Right: Gene Signatures for Cancer Therapy

By any account, we have now entered the second decade of the “-omics revolution.” High-throughput measurement techniques capable of surveying large segments of the genome or proteome were expected to rapidly expand the pool of diagnostic biomarkers for many disease states. To date, however, this anticipated explosion in diagnostics has not occurred. The lack of progress—despite significant private and public investment—has led to a certain degree of introspection. With so many excellent discovery experiments, where are the promised biomarkers? A number of important answers to this question have been offered, including such factors as the expense of translational validation, regulatory challenges for multiplex biomarkers, and the need to better use the expertise of clinical laboratorians in identifying preanalytical and analytical hurdles. A recent report by Baggerly and Coombes (1), however, suggests another possibility: namely that common errors in data management can compromise the bioinformatics analysis of valuable -omics data sets. Baggerly and Coombes are at the forefront of the emerging discipline of “forensic bioinformatics,” an effort to reconstruct and validate analytical results that have been reported in the literature. Although one might think that this exercise would be straightforward, given that the published methods have passed peer review, it frequently requires a laborious reconstruction of unreported parameters, methodologies, and transformations. The authors argue that without a clear understanding and documentation of analytical methods, one can easily miss important errors that compromise experimental interpretation and, by extension, may impair the treatment of patients. In this recent work, Baggerly and Coombes have reanalyzed a set of experiments aimed at predicting the response of a tumor to chemotherapy. In brief, a number of reports from 2006 onward (2–4) explored the appealing concept of combining cell line drug-sensitivity data with microarray profiles to predict the therapeutic response of a given tumor. If …
Microbiologic analyses of nasal polyp tissue

Abstract Nasal polyps from 40 patients were cultured within 212 hours after surgical removal to determine whether microorganisms were present. The first 20 polyps were cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, viruses, fungi, mycoplasmas, and mycobacteria. Of these 20 polyps, eight were sterile by all tests, one grew Cryptococcus albidus , one grew Sporobolomyces , one had large numbers of Peptostreptococcus micros and Propionibacterium acnes , >10 6 colonyforming units per gram (cfu/gm), and nine had aerobic bacteria including 10 different species at levels 5 cfu/gm. The second 20 polyps were cultured for aerobic bacteria only; 11 polyps were positive. Overall, 14 of 26 polyps from patients with asthma and two of 14 polyps from patients without asthma were positive for aerobic bacteria at levels >10 3 cfu/gm ( p p p
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Dietary Supplementation Induces Lipid Peroxidation in Normal Dogs

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have anti-inflammatory effects at low concentrations; however increased dietary consumption may conversely increase susceptibility to oxidation by free radicals. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of PUFAs on selective oxidative injury and inflammatory biomarkers in canine urine and serum. Dogs ( 𝑛 = 5 4 ) consumed a diet supplemented with 0.5% conjugated linoleic acid/dry matter, 1.0% conjugated linoleic acid/dry matter, or 200 mg/kg docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid for 21 days. All dogs exhibited significantly increased plasma PUFA concentrations. All dogs had significant elevations in urinary F 2 𝑎 isoprostane concentration, though dogs consuming a diet containing 1.0% conjugated linoleic acid/dry matter had the highest increase ( 𝑃 = . 0 0 5 2 ). Reduced glutathione concentrations within erythrocytes decreased significantly in all three dietary treatment groups ( 𝑃 = . 0 1 0 8 ). Treatment with diets containing 1.0% conjugated linoleic acid/dry matter resulted in the greatest increase in oxidant injury. Caution should be exercised when supplementing PUFAs as some types may increase oxidation.
Quantative analysis of output power improvement using output reflector network in microwave frequency doublers

This paper quantatively analyzes the improvements of output power at two times fundamental frequency (fo) employing fo and 3fo reflector networks at the output of an active microwave frequency doubler. The output equivalent circuit of the active device is characterized by an ideal current source having a nonsinusoidal waveform in shunt with a nonlinear resistor. Harmonic balance analysis of this model is utilized to quantatively analyze the theory that an increase of output power at 2fo can be achieved due to the nonlinearity and mixing of fo and 3fo components in the resistor. Power increase by up to 3 dB is observed.
CHARACTERIZATION OF FAILURE PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT BINDER

This paper describes the characteristics of the uniaxial failure properties of the eight core asphalt cements from the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP). Uniaxial tensile failure properties of asphalts are highly dependent on temperature and loading (elongation) rate. The tensile failure properties of the eight core asphalts were obtained for various temperatures ranging from -30 to 0 degrees Centigrade (22 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit) and elongation rates ranging from 2.5 to 50 mm/min (0.1 to 2 in/min). Mastercurves were obtained for failure stress, failure strain, and failure energy versus loading time using time-temperature superposition. The time-temperature shift factors were obtained from rheological studies of asphalts using dynamic mechanical testing conducted separately but as a part of the same project. A function describing the failure mastercurves was developed.
Global Thermohaline Circulation. Part II: Sensitivity with Interactive Atmospheric Transports

A hybrid coupled ocean‐atmosphere model is used to investigate the stability of the thermohaline circulation (THC) to an increase in the surface freshwater forcing in the presence of interactive meridional transports in the atmosphere. The ocean component is the idealized global general circulation model used in Part I. The atmospheric model assumes fixed latitudinal structure of the heat and moisture transports, and the amplitudes are calculated separately for each hemisphere from the large-scale sea surface temperature (SST) and SST gradient, using parameterizations based on baroclinic stability theory. The ocean‐atmosphere heat and freshwater exchanges are calculated as residuals of the steady-state atmospheric budgets. Owing to the ocean component’s weak heat transport, the model has too strong a meridional SST gradient when driven with observed atmospheric meridional transports. When the latter are made interactive, the conveyor belt circulation collapses. A flux adjustment is introduced in which the efficiency of the atmospheric transports is lowered to match the too low efficiency of the ocean component. The feedbacks between the THC and both the atmospheric heat and moisture transports are positive, whether atmospheric transports are interactive in the Northern Hemisphere, the Southern Hemisphere, or both. However, the feedbacks operate differently in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, because the Pacific THC dominates in the Southern Hemisphere, and deep water formation in the two hemispheres is negatively correlated. The feedbacks in the two hemispheres do not necessarily reinforce each other because they have opposite effects on low-latitude temperatures. The model is qualitatively similar in stability to one with conventional ‘‘additive’’ flux adjustment, but quantitatively more stable.
Reconsidering Pay Dispersion's Effect on the Performance of Interdependent Work: Reconciling Sorting and Pay Inequality

Pay dispersion in interdependent work settings is virtually universally argued to be detrimental to performance. We contend, however, that these arguments often confound inequality with inequity, t...
Entropy measures and catalysis of bipartite quantum state transformations

Given probability vectors x and y, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of a probability vector z such that xominusz is majorized by yominusz. This is of interest because the "catalytic majorization" relation is known to be useful in classifying which transformations of jointly held pure quantum states are possible using local operations and classical communication when an additional jointly held state may be specified to facilitate the transformation without being consumed
Genome-wide analysis validates aberrant methylation in fragile X syndrome is specific to the FMR1 locus

Background: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a common form of inherited intellectual disability caused by an expansion of CGG repeats located in the 5 0 untranslated region (UTR) of the FMR1 gene, which leads to hypermethylation and silencing of this locus. Although a dramatic increase in DNA methylation of the FMR1 full mutation allele is well documented, the extent to which these changes affect DNA methylation throughout the rest of the genome has gone unexplored. Methods: Here we examined genome-wide methylation in both peripheral blood (N = 62) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs; N = 10) from FXS individuals and controls. Results: We not only found the expected significant DNA methylation differences in the FMR1 promoter and 5 0 UTR, we also saw that these changes inverse in the FMR1 gene body. Importantly, we found no other differentially methylated loci throughout the remainder of the genome, indicating the aberrant methylation of FMR1 in FXS is locus-specific. Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive methylation profile of FXS and helps refine our understanding of the mechanisms behind FMR1 silencing.
Steroidal sapogenins. XXV. Survey of plants for steroidal sapogenins and other constituents.

This is a report of the chemical examination of the fourth 1,000 accessions in a survey of plants for steroidal sapogenins and is thus a continuation of the reports on the first three 1,000 accessions (1-6). Data are given for 950 samples, representing 100 families, 272 genera, and 432 identified species. Of these, 14 families, 151 genera, and 376 species are new in this series. Quantitative data are given for the occurrence of 15 steroidal sapogenins, of which two, gentrogenin and correllogenin, are new. Qualitative data are given for the occurrence of these groups of constituents: saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and unsaturated sterols. There is no previously published chemical information on about 50 per cent of the species examined.
Alternative Hybrid Empirical Ground-Motion Model for Central and Eastern North America Using Hybrid Simulations and NGA-West2 Models

Abstract An alternative hybrid empirical ground‐motion model for central and eastern North America (CENA) is proposed. The new ground‐motion model (GMM) is developed for the average horizontal components (RotD50) of peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and 5%‐damped pseudospectral accelerations at 0.01–10 s spectral periods. Hybrid empirical estimates are derived using the regional modification factors between two regions (host and target), along with empirical GMMs from the host region. The regional adjustment factors are ratios of the intensity measures from the generated synthetics in the host (western North America [WNA]) and target (CENA) regions. In this study, the recent updated empirical GMMs developed by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center for the Next Generation Attenuation West2 (NGA‐West2) project (Bozorgnia et al. , 2014) are incorporated. We used a broadband simulation technique proposed by the authors (Shahjouei and Pezeshk, 2015a) to generate synthetics for both the WNA and CENA regions in which the high‐frequency and low‐frequency parts of synthetics are calculated through a stochastic finite‐fault method and kinematic source models along with the deterministic wave propagation, respectively. The updated seismological and geological parameters are deployed in simulations. The new ground‐motion model is developed, as part of the NGA‐East research project, considering multiple shaking scenarios that characterize the magnitude in the M 5.0–8.0 range. The proposed GMM represents the level of ground shaking in the distance range of 2–1000 km and are developed for the reference rock site condition with V S 30 =3 km/s in CENA. The results are compared with some other existing models in the region. In addition, a comprehensive residual analysis is performed using the recorded earthquakes available in the NGA‐East database.
A Primer on Health Economic Evaluations in Thoracic Oncology

There is growing interest for economic evaluation in oncology to illustrate the value of multiple new diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. As these analyses have started to move from specialist publications into mainstream medical literature, the wider medical audience consuming this information may need additional education to evaluate it appropriately. Here we review standard practices in economic evaluation, illustrating the different methods with thoracic oncology examples where possible. When interpreting and conducting health economic studies, it is important to appraise the method, perspective, time horizon, modeling technique, discount rate, and sensitivity analysis. Guidance on how to do this is provided. To provide a method to evaluate this literature, a literature search was conducted in spring 2015 to identify economic evaluations published in the Journal of Thoracic Oncology. Articles were reviewed for their study design, and areas for improvement were noted. Suggested improvements include using more rigorous sensitivity analyses, adopting a standard approach to reporting results, and conducting complete economic evaluations. Researchers should design high-quality studies to ensure the validity of the results, and consumers of this research should interpret these studies critically on the basis of a full understanding of the methodologies used before considering any of the conclusions. As advancements occur on both the research and consumer sides, this literature can be further developed to promote the best use of resources for this field.
Exploring the Determinants of the Empowered U.S. Municipality

This exploratory study of 142 U.S. municipalities identifies the factors that determine the scope of municipal discretion. The author finds total municipal discretion is positively correlated with ...
Low-rate Applications of Insecticides for Greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) Control and Effect on Beneficial Insects on Sorghum

Effective management of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), on sorghum depends on adequate insecticide efficacy and conservation of beneficial insects. Carbofuran and chlorpyrifos were each applied at several rates to determine the lowest dosage that provided greenbug control and maximum beneficial insect survival on sorghum. Carbofuran provided >90% greenbug control at rates as low as 0.28 kg (AI)/ha, and chlorpyrifos provided equal control at rates as low as 0.14 kg (AI)/ha while conserving beneficial insect populations.
The Horse-Hair Fungi

A peculiar fungus has recently come to the writer for determination and it was concluded that it belonged to the above named group. So far as known the horse-hair fungus or blight represents the mycelial stage of a Marasmius, based on material collected in Australia and described by Kalchbrenner as Marasmius crinis-equi (Grevillea 8: 153. 1879). Later Berkeley (Jour. Linn. Soc. 18: 383. 1883) changed the spelling of the specific name to "equicrinis." The original spelling, however, should be retained. There are several closely related species belonging to this category. The following description of the typical species is given by T. Petch (Ann. Royal Bot. Gard. Peradeniya 6: 43-44. 1915): "The mycelium of this species is the common horse-hair blight of Ceylon. It consists of a smooth, tough, black cord, from onetenth to one-eighth of a millimetre in diameter, which runs in all directions over bushes and trees, up to a height of 20 feet above the ground, attached to the living stems and leaves at intervals of one to four centimetres, or throwing out long free threads to adjacent branches. Its course is quite a random one. After proceeding along a branch for a short distance, it may leave it anld attach itself to a leaf, and after crossing several leaves may return to its original branch. Or it may travel from a branch to a leaf via the leaf stalk, and may make a complete circuit of one surface of the leaf before proceeding further. In general, the whole of the mycelium is aerial; it is not connected with any mycelium on the ground, and does not ascend the tree from the ground level. It has been observed at the base of Hevea trees, where it grows on the outer dead bark, but this is an exceptional case, and it has not been known to climb up to the leaves from that position. "When the leaves die they adhere to the mycelium until they
Prevalence and risk factors of chronic diseases among residents in Kaifeng city

Objective To examine the prevalence and risk factors of main chronic diseases among residents in Shunhe Hui nationality district of Kaifeng city and to provide bases for formulating prevention and control strategy. Methods With random cluster sampling,a questionnaire survey and physical measurements were conducted among 2 643 permanent residents aged over 18 years. Results The prevalence rate of non-communicable chronic diseases was 28. 98% and increased with the increment of age. The age-adjusted rate was significantly higher among the females than among the males( 31. 76% vs. 26. 35. 6%; χ2= 9. 382,P = 0. 002) and the age-adjusted rate of urban residents was significantly higher than that of rural residents( 33. 05% vs. 24. 96%; χ2= 21. 018,P = 0. 000). The top three diseases with higher prevalence were hypertension( 23. 95%),diabetes( 7. 61%),and coronary heart disease( 5. 87%). The results of logistic regression showed that high salt diet,high dietary oil intake,central obesity,age,excessive alcohol consumption,and smoking were risk factors of non-communicable chronic diseases among the residents. Conclusion The prevalence of chronic diseases is at a higher level and relevant measures should be taken to control the risk factors.
322 DEPRESSION AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE IN PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV.

Background Depression, substance abuse, and alcohol abuse are known to play a significant role in chronic diseases and especially afflict persons living with HIV (PLWH). The purpose of this study is to report the prevalence of these disorders in a population of PLWH and identify predisposing correlates. Methods A voluntary, IRB-approved questionnaire was offered to patients presenting to the University of Kentucky HIV clinic. Depression was assessed with both self-reported medical history as well as the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ-9). Substance abuse was assessed with the 10-item Short Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) and 10-item Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Self-reported demographic information was also collected. The data were analyzed through the use of simple means, standard errors, and Pearson product-moment correlations. Results Of the 123 surveys delivered, 102 (82.9%) were returned. Demographic information finds: mean age 40.6 6 9.1 (22-67); 83% men; 80% Caucasian, 15% African American, 3% Hispanic, and 1% Asian; 67% are men who have sex with men (MSM), 14% indicate high-risk heterosexual activity (HRH), 4 (4%) intravenous drug use, 2% report blood exposure, and 13% do not know their HIV risk factor; 50% have depression, and 28.4% have anxiety. The proportion of worrisome scores on these measures were 57.8% (PHQ $ 5 indicating depression), 11.8% (DAST $ 3), and 9.3% (AUDIT $ 8). Individual PHQ item analysis finds that 66.33% feel depressed, 72.92% have difficulty sleeping, 68.13% have poor appetite, and 24.5% are suicidal. Regarding drug abuse, 43.43% have used drugs for nonmedical reasons, 11.22% have neglected their family because of drugs, and 13.27% are unable to stop using drugs. Most (91.67%) do not consume more than 1-2 drinks per week, but 26.04% report some binge-drinking and 11.34% have been told to cut down. Significant correlations include self-reported depression and anxiety with PHQ scores (r = .473, p Conclusions The data suggest that depression is quite rampant in this population. Alcohol and drug abuse do not appear disproportionate; however, the small but significant binge-drinking and inability to stop using drugs could conceivably affect their disease outcomes. Mental health disorders represent serious, common, but identifiable and treatable comorbid disease in an already vulnerable population.
Multi-delay controller for multi-hazard mitigation

We present the concept of a variable input-space controller (VISC), for mitigation of multiple types of hazards. The VISC is a multi-delays feedback controller. The dimension and time delay of the feedback follow the construction of a delay vector based on the embedding theorem. These parameters are allowed to vary in time, which enables the controller to adapt to different types of excitations, or dynamic inputs. In this paper, we investigate the applicability of such controller by analyzing the selection procedures for the time delay, for a single-degree-of-freedom system subjected to a harmonic loading. This case leads to fixed parameters (i.e., dimension and time delay), and yields a specialized form of VISC: a multi-delay controller (MDC). The selection of the optimal time delay for a fixed-dimension MDC is analyzed based on mutual information theory, and also based on the minimization of a transfer function. The comparison of both analyzes validates that a controller based on a delay vector is effective at mitigating vibrations, and conditions a given to ensure stability of such VISC. Results from this paper show that the controller has the potential to automatically adapt to different types of excitations, and can be based on limited measurements.
197 THE EFFECT OF ZINC ON THE DIFFERENTIATION OF ADIPOSE-DERIVED STEM CELLS INTO OSTEOBLASTS

The aim of this project was to evaluate the effects of zinc in osteogenic media and its effect on the differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) into osteoblasts. Zinc has a stimulatory effect on bone formation and mineralization in vivo and vitro (Seo et al. 2010 Nutr. Res. Pract. 4, 356–361). Our hypothesis was that the presence of zinc in the osteogenic media would positively influence both the speed of formation and the number of osteoblastic nodules formed. Swine ASC were isolated as described (Monaco et al. 2009 Open Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. J. 2, 20–33). The ASC were divided in 8 different treatments: 6 different concentrations of zinc in the osteogenic medium (8, 4, 0.8, 0.4, 0.08, and 0.04 mM) plus 2 control treatments (osteogenic medium without zinc and a negative control, DMEM). The media was changed twice a week for 4 weeks. The experiment was replicated 4 times. At the end of the culture period, cells were stained with Alizarin Red S. In each well, we counted the nodules and divided them in 2 categories: formed and forming nodules. The second evaluation that we did was to evaluate the diameter of the largest nodules (2/well) in each group. Data were analysed by ANOVA using the Generalized Linear Model procedure (SPSS, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Bonferroni’s post-hoc test was used to perform statistical multiple comparison. The α-level was set at 0.05. The results showed that the doses of zinc of both 4 and 8 mM were toxic to the whole cell populations in this treatment, which was indicated by cell death, whereas the concentrations of 0.8 and 0.4 mM were not cytotoxic but no nodules formed. Here we report the results that are greater than zero in Table 1. There is a positive effect on nodule formation when the zinc is added to the media. It is clear that the total number of nodules is different between the 0.08 mM zinc group and the control (P < 0.003). When we evaluated nodule diameter we found a direct correlation between the zinc concentration and the diameter of the nodules: 292.7 (±136.6) v. 366.8 (±218.7) v. 423.7 (±267.7) µm for the control, 0.04 mM zinc, and 0.08 mM zinc, respectively. The largest nodule was found in the 0.08 mM zinc treatment at 886.6 µm. These results confirmed the positive effect of this mineral on bone formation. This preliminary experiment is the first step towards the analysis of the behaviour of ASC on scaffolds with zinc incorporated into their matrix. Table 1. The average number (SD in parentheses) of formed and forming osteoblast nodules compared between treatment groups
Phase II trial of robotic stereotactic radiosurgery (SBRT) in patients with recurrent gynecologic malignancies.

5102 Background: Ablative radiation dose delivered by a robotic SBRT platform has shown progression-free survival benefit in two limited case series among patients with recurrent gynecological mali...
Women's status and global food security: An overview

Scholars are increasingly examining how gender interacts with food security, with specific attention given to women. This is not surprising, given that women make up 43% of the global agricultural labor force and are responsible for producing almost half of the global agricultural food supply. Since women tend to be disproportionately responsible for taking care of household activities, including the production, purchase, preparation, and allocation of food-based resources—particularly in the developing world—there is a scholarly consensus that an improvement in women's status has a positive impact on nutritional outcomes. Current scholarship on gender and food security is thus broadly divided into relationships between food security and women's economic freedoms, legal opportunities, and both formal and informal education via improved knowledge of agricultural procedures. In this review, I draw attention to the role that sociologists can play in engaging these topics, and I specifically highlight the need to conduct more cross-national and longitudinal analyses of women's status and food security. Finally, I point towards recent studies that assess the impacts of Information and Communication Technologies on food security, and suggest the need to explicate the role of gender within such processes.
Hepatitis B virus X protein modulates cytosolic Ca2+ signaling in primary human hepatocytes

Worldwide, approximately 240 million people are chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV); chronic HBV infection is associated with the development of life-threatening liver diseases. The HBV HBx protein alters hepatocyte physiology to promote HBV replication. We previously reported that HBx modulates calcium signaling to stimulate HBV replication in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells and primary rat hepatocytes. Whether HBx modulates calcium signaling in a primary human hepatocyte, the natural site of an HBV infection, has not been determined. Here, we report the effect of HBx on calcium signaling in primary human hepatocytes and show that HBx modulates calcium signaling via enhanced calcium entry through store-operated calcium channels and elevated mitochondrial calcium, similar to HBx effects in HepG2 cells and primary rat hepatocytes. In addition to demonstrating that HBV and HBx affect calcium signaling in human hepatocytes, these studies also show that HBV and HBx regulation of calcium signaling is identical in primary human and rat hepatocytes, further validating the use of cultured primary rat hepatocytes for HBV studies.
Dopamine D1 receptor activation contributes to light-adapted changes in retinal inhibition to rod bipolar cells.

We demonstrated a new aspect of dopaminergic signaling that is involved in mediating light adaptation of retinal inhibition. This D1 receptor-dependent mechanism likely acts through receptors locat...
POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGICAL ENERGETICS OF A PULSED ZOOPLANKTON PREDATOR, THE CTENOPHORE MNEMIOPSIS LEIDYI

ABSTRACT The seasonal cycle of abundance of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in Narraganaett Bay, Rhode Island, is characterized by a dramatic biomass increase of several orders of magnitude reaching a peak of 15-60 g wet weight/m3 in the late summer, followed by a rapid autumn decline. To investigate the important controlling mechanisms of this annual pattern, results of studies of fecundity, feeding, and metabolism of M. leidyi were synthesized in formulating computer simulation models of individual and population biomass. Model predictions were compared to observations of individual growth and estimates of the field population biomass. In the early summer, when the smaller zooplankton are abundant, the ctenophore growth and reproductive rates seem to be sufficient to account for the tremendous observed biomass increase. In the late summer the zooplankton prey becomes depleted, individual ctenophore growth and fecundity depressed, and the ctenophore population ceases to grow. These features are reflected well in the simulation models, but without including predation on the ctenophores, the autumn decline is not adequately represented. In nature, metabolic demands combined with predation and flushing, probably decrease the standing stock of ctenophores in the fall, and cold winter temperatures along with low food availability postpone growth of the population until the following summer.
CONCLUDING REMARKS ON OSMOREGULATION

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the neural network for osmoregulation in vertebrates. Osmoregulation is achieved in reptiles, birds, and mammals by a complex system of neural elements that control thirst, salt appetite, the release the endocrines, and the activity of salt secreting glands. These responses are controlled in an appropriate way to maintain the osmolality of the intracellular fluid at an optimal level. The chapter presents a possible partial schema for influencing the retention of sodium and increasing sodium appetite and the one that is based on the assumptions that the populations of receptor neurons and reference neurons reside in the region of the hypothalamus lacking the blood brain barrier and that these two populations act antagonistically. There are other important distinctions between the control of urine formation and the control of salt gland secretion. In an experiment described in the chapter, in forming urine, the release of ADH could be inhibited by a small increase in ECF volume whereas decrease in ECF volume inhibited salt gland secretion. A decrease in the interstitial fluid volume inhibited secretion with no effect from the plasma volume.
Abstract LB-154: Pathologic features of response to neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 in resected non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC): A proposal for quantitative immune-related pathologic response criteria (irPRC)

There is great interest in using PD-(L)1 blockading drugs as neoadjuvant therapy for patients with resectable NSCLC. Early results demonstrated a 45% (9/20) major pathologic response (MPR) rate in patients with Stage I-III NSCLC after receiving nivolumab (NCT02259621). Major pathologic response (MPR) criteria were developed in the context of cytotoxic chemotherapy, defined as ≤10% residual viable tumor cells (RVT). The features of immune-mediated tumor regression following anti-PD-1 have yet to be described. We reviewed HE (2) massive [tumor] cell death, including cholesterol clefts and giant cells; and (3) tissue repair, including neovascularization and proliferative fibrosis (each enriched in MPR vs. non-responders, Fisher9s exact test p Citation Format: Tricia R. Cottrell, Julie E. Stein, Jamie E. Chaft, Elizabeth D. Thompson, Natasha Rekhtman, Valsamo Anagnostou, Kellie N. Smith, Amy S. Duffield, Robert A. Anders, James M. Isbell, David R. Jones, Jonathan D. Cuda, Richard Battafarano, Stephen C. Yang, Peter B. Illei, Edward Gabrielson, Frederic Askin, Moises Velez, Matthew D. Hellmann, Jennifer L. Sauter, Ludmila Danilova, Victor E. Velculescu, Jedd D. Wolchok, Suzanne L. Topalian, Julie R. Brahmer, Drew M. Pardoll, Ashley Cimino-Mathews, Patrick M. Forde, Janis M. Taube. Pathologic features of response to neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 in resected non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC): A proposal for quantitative immune-related pathologic response criteria (irPRC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-154.
“Unconscious” as “Mental and Not Conscious”: Why Repression, the Dynamic Unconscious, and Psychopathology Are Irrelevant to Freud’s Philosophical Argument

An obstacle to understanding Freud’s philosophical contribution is that he is primarily known as a clinician and clinical theoretician who put forward theories of repression and the dynamic unconscious to explain the symptoms of psychopathology. Many of his admirers prize that strictly clinical image of Freud. However, as I document in this chapter, Freud clearly indicated throughout his work that at the foundation of his clinical contribution was a more basic philosophical thesis that mental states can be unconscious. In this chapter, I disentangle Freud’s clinical theorizing about the dynamic unconscious from his philosophical argument about the descriptive unconscious to set the stage for the analysis to come.
Editorial: Home-Visiting Interventions and Caregiver Mental Health.

The article "Home Visiting and Antenatal Depression Affect the Quality of Mother and Child Interactions in South Africa" by Christodoulou et al.1 in the Journal presents findings from an important analysis of intervention effects among depressed and nondepressed mothers receiving the Philani home-visiting intervention2 in South Africa. This article highlights three critical issues fundamental to the promise of home-visiting interventions to advance developmental potential for families with young children globally: 1) the opportunity to attend to caregiver mental health, 2) the need for more integrated interventions that expand on the platform of early childhood development (ECD) to address broader issues in the home environment (eg, poverty, malnutrition, family violence) that may contribute to caregiver and child well-being overall, and 3) the promise of implementation science to study both effectiveness and implementation questions simultaneously.