cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coseismic temporal changes of slip direction: The effect of absolute stress on dynamic rupture

Abstract We investigate the dynamics of rupture at low-stress level. We show that one main difference between the dynamics of high- and low-stress events is the amount of coseismic temporal rake rotation occurring at given points on the fault. Curved striations on exposed fault surfaces and earthquake dislocation models derived from ground-motion inversion indicate that the slip direction may change with time at a point on the fault during dynamic rupture. We use a 3D boundary integral method to model temporal rake variations during dynamic rupture propagation assuming a slip-weakening friction law and isotropic friction. The points at which the slip rotates most are characterized by an initial shear stress direction substantially different from the average stress direction over the fault plane. We show that for a given value of stress drop, the level of initial shear stress (i.e., the fractional stress drop) determines the amount of rotation in slip direction. We infer that seismic events that show evidence of temporal rake rotations are characterized by a low initial shear-stress level with spatially variable direction on the fault (possibly due to changes in fault surface geometry) and an almost complete stress drop. Our models motivate a new interpretation of curved and cross-cutting striations and put new constraints on their analysis. The initial rake is in general collinear with the initial stress at the hypocentral zone, supporting the assumptions made in stress-tensor inversion from first-motion analysis. At other points on the fault, especially away from the hypocenter, the initial slip rake may not be collinear with the initial shear stress, contradicting a common assumption of structural geology. On the other hand, the later part of slip in our models is systematically more aligned with the average stress direction than the early slip. Our modeling suggests that the length of the straight part of curved striations is usually an upper bound of the slip-weakening distance if this parameter is uniform over the fault plane, and the direction of the late part of slip of curved striations should have more weight in the estimate of initial stress direction.
Trichosporon sepsis and leukemia

Trichosporon cutaneum is a fungus known to cause superficial nodules over the distal third of hair shafts, mainly scalp hair, and to produce a clinical entity known as piedra. This superficial mycosis occurs mostly in temperate and tropical regions and is rarely seen in North America. Trichosporon cutaneum spesis is described here in a 12-year-old boy with acute lymphocytic leukemia in relapse. To our knowledge this is the first case reported in the literature. Emphasis is made of the increasing rate of fungal diseases as well as of "opportunistic" infections in this type of immunosuppressed patient.
A stabilized mixed formulation for finite strain deformation for low-order tetrahedral solid elements

A stabilized mixed finite element formulation for four-noded tetrahedral elements is introduced for robustly solving small and large deformation problems. The uniqueness of the formulation lies within the fact that it is general in that it can be applied to any type of material model without requiring specialized geometric or material parameters. To overcome the problem of volumetric locking, a mixed element formulation that utilizes linear displacement and pressure fields was implemented. The stabilization is provided by enhancing the rate of deformation tensor with a term derived using a bubble function approach. The element was implemented through a user-programmable element of the commercial finite element software ANSYS. Using the ANSYS platform, the performance of the element was evaluated by comparing the predicted results with those obtained using mixed quadratic tetrahedral elements and hexahedral elements with a B-bar formulation. Based on the quality of the results, the new element formulation shows significant potential for use in simulating complex engineering processes.
Participation in the 1990 Decennial Census Politics, Privacy, Pressures

Theoretical perspectives on survey participation suggest that survey participation is a form of community involvement, reflecting a sense of civic obligation that also motivates such behavior as voting, serving on juries, and paying taxes. Using data from the Survey of Census Participation (SCP), we investigate this hypothesis with respect to mail response to the 1990 census. We examine such motivating factors as structural and attitudinal measures of alienation as well as more proximal measures of knowledge of and attitudes toward the census and concerns about privacy and confidentiality. We also examine a variety of constraining factors, including literacy, facility with the English language, and available time to complete the form. Using multivariate analysis, we explore the relative effects of these factors on the likelihood of returning the completed census form by mail and discuss the implications of our findings for participation in the census and political participation more generally.
Andrew Jackson and the Constitution: The Rise and Fall of Generational Regimes – By Gerald N. Magliocca

This brief book by a law professor makes a significant observation. The Supreme Court often makes its decisions based not so much on law but on who happens to be sitting on the bench. Presidents an...
Computerized detection of clustered microcalcifications in digital mammograms using a shift-invariant artificial neural network

A computer‐aided diagnosis(CAD) scheme has been developed in our laboratory for the detection of clustered microcalcifications in digital mammograms. In this study, we apply a shift‐invariant neural network to eliminate false‐positive detections reported by the CAD scheme. The shift‐invariant neural network is a multilayer back‐propagation neural network with local, shift‐invariant interconnections. The advantage of the shift‐invariant neural network is that the result of the network is not dependent on the locations of the clustered microcalcifications in the input layer. The neural network is trained to detect each individual microcalcification in a given region of interest (ROI) reported by the CAD scheme. A ROI is classified as a positive ROI if the total number of microcalcifications detected in the ROI is greater than a certain number. The performance of the shift‐invariant neural network was evaluated by means of a jackknife (or holdout) method and ROC analysis using a database of 168 ROIs, as reported by the CAD scheme when applied to 34 mammograms. The analysis yielded an average area under the ROC curve (A z ) of 0.91. Approximately 55% of false‐positive ROIs were eliminated without any loss of the true‐positive ROIs. The result is considerably better than that obtained in our previous study using a conventional three‐layer, feed‐forward neural network. The effect of the network structure on the performance of the shift‐invariant neural network is also studied.
Estimation of best predictors of binary response

Abstract This paper investigates analog estimation of predictors of binary response given semiparametric restrictions on the response process. Results are presented for the ‘isotonic’ response model and for the weaker ‘single-crossing’ model. The isotonic model assumes that the response probability is monotone in a linear function of the conditioning variables. In the single-crossing model the response probability is above a given value when a linear function of the conditioning variables is positive and below that value otherwise. It is found that analog estimators computed under the isotonicity restriction are generally consistent. Estimation under the single-crossing restriction is consistent only for special loss functions.
The Superconductivity of Columbium

Isothermal critical magnetic field curves and zero field transitions for several annealed specimens of columbium have been measured by an a.c. mutual inductance method, at temperatures from 5.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to the zero field transition temperature. The $H\ensuremath{-}T$ curve was found to fit the usual parabolic relationship $H={H}_{0}(1\ensuremath{-}\frac{{T}^{2}}{T_{0}^{2}})$ with ${H}_{0}=8250$ oersteds and ${T}_{0}=8.65$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The initial slope of the curve was 1910 oersteds/deg. The electronic specific heat in the normal state calculated from the thermodynamic equations is $0.0375T$ and the approximate Debye characteristic temperature in the superconducting state, 67\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Results on a different grade of columbium with a tantalum impurity of 0.4 percent, according to neutron scattering measurements, were in agreement with the data obtained from columbium of 0.2 percent maximum tantalum impurity.
1166 LIPID AND LIPOPROTEIN CORRELATIONS IN BLACK AND WHITE ADULT AND CHILD SIB PAIRS

To compare intrafamilial associations among siblings(S) who still share and no longer share a common household environment, S-S correlations for total cholesterol(TC), high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(C-HDL, C-LDL), and triglyceride(TG) were calculated.For the 54 black(B) and 230 white(W) adult(>20yrs old) (A) S-S pairs, and for the 97 B and 274 W child (6-19 yrs old)(C) S-S pairs, the correlations (*p<.02,**<.01,†<001) were: There were no consistent B-W differences in lipid-lipoprotein correlations in A or C S-S pairs. S-S correlations for C-LDL, TC, and TG were either comparable or stronger in A S-S than in C S-S pairs, despite the loss of shared households in the A S-S pairs. This suggests a lasting and persistent influence of genetic factors on C-LDL and TG, or, speculatively, persistence into adulthood of shared environmental effects. In contrast, S-S correlations for C-HDL were stronger in C than in A S-S pairs, suggesting a substantial influence of environmental factors on C-HDL, revealed when common households are no longer shared. Explication of environmental factors which affect C-HDL might be realized by longitudinal studies of lipoproteins from childhood to adulthood.
Relationship of IQ to verbal learning and memory: test and retest

The relationship between Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) IQ and performance on measures of memory was examined in 64 adults tested twice at a 2-week interval. Repeated measures analyses of variance revealed that individuals with Low-Average WAIS-R Full Scale IQ scores performed significantly more poorly than did individuals with Average and High-Average Full Scale IQs on memory measures including the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) General Memory and Delayed Recall indices, as well as California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) Total Words. Learning Slope, and Discriminability. Although all three groups demonstrated significant practice effects on each memory measure, group differences in performance persisted at retest. Multiple regression analyses revealed that WAIS-R factor scores Verbal Comprehension and Freedom from Distractibility accounted for up to 42% of the variance in WMS-R and CVLT indices. Moreover, WAIS-R performance at initial testing accounted for 22-41% of the variance in memory performance at retest. These results are discussed in the context of the construct stabilities of intelligence and memory, as well as the psychometric precision of the tests used to measure these constructs.
Comment on "Mössbauer sidebands from a single parent line"

Foils composed of alternating layers of ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic materials immersed in magnetic fields oscillating at radio frequencies display sidebands on M\"ossbauer transitions from the nuclei contained in the nonmagnetic regions. Attributed by Chien and Walker [Phys. Rev. B 13, 1876 (1976)] to the transfer into the nonmagnetic layer of acoustic phonons excited by magnetostriction in the ferromagnetic layers, this accepted cause of such effects is challenged by new data resulting from a reexamination and extension of that classic experiment.
Picogram per cell determination of DNA by flow cytofluorometry

Using nuclei isolated from less than 0.2 g tissue or 10(7) cells, a method is presented for the quantitative determination of amounts of DNA per cell at the picogram level. This technique is based on the enhanced fluorescence of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) when it binds to DNA. A rapid, one-step nuclear isolation and DNA staining procedure is used to prepare tissue samples for flow cytometric analysis. Frozen tissues give results comparable to those for fresh tissue. Both chicken and trout erythrocyte nuclei were used as reference standards in the determination of amounts of DNA per diploid cell for several mammals and Amazon molly fish. The consistent values obtained for different tissues from the same organism show the accuracy of this method for DNA measurement.
Effect of Cheese Bait on Seasonal Catches of Channel Catfish in Hoop Nets

Abstract The influence of cheese bait on hoop-net catches of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus was assessed in the Powder River system, Wyoming-Montana, in 1987. The bait did not affect the catch during the spawning period (June 4-30) but doubled it during the postspawning period (July 1-August 15).
Relationship between Air–Sea Density Flux and Isopycnal Meridional Overturning Circulation in a Warming Climate

This study aims to explore the relationship between air‐sea density flux and isopycnal meridional overturning circulation (MOC), using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) model projections of the twenty-first-century climate. The focus is on the semiadiabatic component of MOC beneath the mixed layer; this component is described using the concept of the push‐pull mode, which represents the combined effects of the adiabatic push into the deep ocean in the Northern Hemisphere andthepull out ofthedeepoceanin the SouthernHemisphere.Theanalysisbasedon theGFDL Climate Model version 2.1 (CM2.1) simulation demonstrates that the push‐pull mode and the actual isopycnal MOC at the equator evolve similarly in the deep layers, with their maximum transports decreasing by 4‐5 Sv (1 Sv [ 10 6 m 3 s 21 ) during years 2001‐2100. In particular, the push‐pull mode and actual isopycnal MOC are within approximately 10% of each other at the density layers heavier than 27.55 kg m 23 , where the reduction in the MOC strength is the strongest. The decrease in the push‐pull mode is caused by the direct contribution of the anomalous heat, rather than freshwater, surface fluxes. The agreement between the deep push‐pull mode and MOC in the values of linear trend and variability on time scales longer than a decade suggestsalargelyadiabaticpole-to-polemechanismforthesechanges.Therobustnessofthemainconclusions is further explored in additional model simulations.
X-Ray Truncation Rod Analysis Of Cu Thin Films on C-Plane Sapphire

The interfacial structure of room-temperature MBE-grown Cu thin film on c-plane sapphire has been studied by measuring the substrate crystal truncation rod (CTR) using synchrotron radiation. One substrate was annealed in air at 1500°C for 3 hours followed by an anneal in UHV at 1200°C for 30 minutes prior to Cu deposition. CTR from a clean sapphire substrate without Cu coverage was measured as a reference. The annealed substrate showed higher diffracted intensity along the CTR due to changes in surface structure. The terminating sequence of the substrate surface layers have been obtained from intensity profile analysis.
Structure formation during polymer blend flows

The structure formation processes that occur during the flow of dilute blends of high density polyethylene (HDPE) or polypropylene (PP) In a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) carrier phase have been studied. Due to low surface tensions, high deformations of the dispersed minor phase can be induced under slow flow conditions leading to the formation of slender filaments. Measurements on a slit die, having a large, converging flow entrance region, demonstrate that the mechanism for filament formation is droplet bursting, yielding growing tails during shear flow, or, unsteady drop elongation during extensional flow. Tail growth can be modeled as the flow of a slightly tapering cylinder in a fluid of different viscosity, For dispersed to carrier phase viscosity ratios greater than unity, extensional flow occurs in the tail phase, which can induce oriented crystallization. For ratios less than unity, the flow is compressive, which. Inhibits crystallization. Drop deformation and crystallization in the converging flow entrance region is greatly enhanced by the extensional flow, and droplet growth can be described by a model assuming a time-dependent, planar, extensional flow field. Data for birefringence and melting points of as-crystallized fibers are also presented and discussed.
Platelet avidity of cryopreserved veins: thrombogenicity of cryopreserved veins.

Prior work has suggested that cryopreserved venous allografts may serve as an effective arterial substitute. To determine the relative thrombogenicity of this material, platelet uptake of cryopreserved canine jugular veins (CJV) before and after deendothelialization was compared to fresh CJV before and after deendothelialization, and to PTFE. CJV were frozen in Medium 199 (M199) with 10% dimethylsulfoxide to −70°C. CJV were deendothelialized with collagenase (165 μ/mg Worthington type II in phosphate-buffered saline) for 15 min at 37°C. Canine platelets were harvested, labeled with indium-III-oxine, and suspended in 1 liter of M 199. Labeled platelets were used to perfuse each graft in a nonpulsatile flow loop for 120 min. Deendothelialization led to a significant increase in platelet uptake (P < 0.05). Frozen deendothelialized CJV showed the highest affinity for platelets. PTFE, cryopreserved, and fresh CJV showed similar affinity for platelets. Cryopreservation alone did not seem to inhibit the ability of endothelial cells to act as a nonthrombogenic surface and did not alter the histologic structure of the veins.
267 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND MITOCHONDRIAL ACTIVITY OF FETAL LAMB BRAIN IN STATES OF REDUCED OXYGEN CAPACITY

Previous studies have shown that the increased respiratory rate (RR) of newborn and adult brain mitochondria seen in states of reduced arterial O2 tension is an adaptive response. The present study investigates the response of fetal lamb brain mitochondria to decreased O2 content produced by increasing carboxy-hemoglobin concentration [COHb]. Ten chronically catheterized fetal lambs were subjected to increased [COHb] for 2 hrs at a constant blood volume. Blood gases, [Hb], [COHb] and cerebral blood flow, determined by the microsphere technique, were measured before and after establishment of 0 - 25% [COHb]. State 4 (substrate, no ADP) and state 3 (substrate, +ADP) RR of brain mitochondria, expressed as nm O2/nm cytochrome oxidase (a+a3) were determined with glutamate-malate substrate. As left ventricular O2 content was reduced from 8 to 3.5 ml/dl, state 3 activity fell from 216 to 119 nm O2/min (r=.714), a response opposite to that reported in adult animals exposed to increased [COHb]. In spite of this decreasing O2 content, O2 delivery increased (r=.965) as a result of a large increase in cerebral blood flow (from 60 to 418 ml/min/100g). This rise in O2 delivery was associated with a reduction in state 3 activity (r=.654). Our data show that fetal brain mitochondria adapt to increased oxygen availability, a response similar to that seen in newborn lambs as PaO2 rises.
Teacher education and elementary school science—1980†

A challenging projection of science education replete with heuristic content. Dare one be imaginative?
Evolution of Inflammatory Diseases

The association of inflammation with modern human diseases (e.g. obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancer) remains an unsolved mystery of current biology and medicine. Inflammation is a protective response to noxious stimuli that unavoidably occurs at a cost to normal tissue function. This fundamental trade-off between the cost and benefit of the inflammatory response has been optimized over evolutionary time for specific environmental conditions. Rapid change of the human environment due to niche construction outpaces genetic adaptation through natural selection, leading increasingly to a mismatch between the modern environment and selected traits. Consequently, multiple trade-offs that affect human physiology are not optimized to the modern environment, leading to increased disease susceptibility. Here we examine the inflammatory response from an evolutionary perspective. We discuss unique aspects of the inflammatory response and its evolutionary history that can help explain the association between inflammation and modern human diseases.
Roberts Rift, Canyonlands, Utah, A Natural Hydraulic Fracture Caused by Comet or Asteroid Impact

The impact that created Upheaval crater in Canyonlands National Park, Utah, is invoked here as the source for energy that simultaneously caused Roberts rift. However, no temporal linkage has been proven between the impact and rifting events. Roberts rift lies between 22 and 32 km northeast of the Upheaval impact crater on a subradial trend. The fissure contains clasts that were carried as much as 1,000 m upward from Paleozoic sources into the Mesozoic section. A plausible model for both the rifting and clast movement involves incremental loading of overpressured fluid compartments in the Pennsylvanian Paradox section and attendant hydraulic fracturing of the overlying confining strata during the impact event. The clasts were proppants entrained in upward moving fluids that originated from overpressured aquifers in the Pennsylvanian section or materials eroded from the fissure walls. Alteration halos and mineralization along the fissure reveal that there was upward leakage of reducing fluids from the overpressured zones following opening of the fissure. The fissure infillings became cemented with time, thus reducing fissure permeabilities to negligible.
Synthesis of α-Chemokines IP-10, I-TAC, and MIG Are Differentially Regulated in Human Corneal Keratocytes

PURPOSE Chemokines responsible for recruiting lymphocytes such as activated T cells into the cornea have not been clearly defined. IP-10, I-TAC, and MIG are chemoattractants for these lymphocytes. The goal of this study was to determine whether human corneal keratocyte (HCKs) in culture synthesize these chemokines in response to proinflammatory mediators. METHODS HCKs grown in vitro were stimulated with IL-1alpha, TNF-alpha, or IFN-gamma. Induction of alpha-chemokine gene expression was quantitated by real-time PCR and ELISA. Activation of the transcriptional activator STAT1 by IFN-gamma receptors expressed on HCKs was determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS HCKs incubated with TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, or IFN-gamma resulted in a >2000-fold increase in IP-10 protein secretion by 36 hours after stimulation. In contrast, stimulation with TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, or IFN-gamma induced levels of MIG and I-TAC that were not significantly greater than constitutive levels. Treatment of HCKs with IFN-gamma activated STAT1 and, in combination with either TNF-alpha or IL-1alpha, enhanced MIG and I-TAC synthesis >20-fold. CONCLUSIONS IP-10 synthesis is induced in HCKs by IL-1alpha, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma. In contrast, induction of I-TAC and MIG synthesis in HCKs requires costimulation with IFN-gamma and either IL-1alpha or TNF-alpha. The results suggest therefore, that the upregulation of I-TAC and MIG gene expression at sites of corneal inflammation are more tightly regulated than that of IP-10. A role for differential induction of the three alpha-chemokine genes in corneal inflammatory processes at the eye surface is discussed.
Assessment and management of psychiatric issues during cancer treatment

Since its beginnings in the mid-1970s, the field of psychooncology has developed rapidly. A substantial body of literature has evolved toward identifying key issues for psychiatric treatment and care management of cancer patients. The spectrum of cancer care encompasses patient experiences through initial diagnosis, active treatment, after-care and survivorship, as well as palliative care and end-of-life. This article highlights recognition and management of psychiatric syndromes in the context of cancer care.
The perils of inferring serial dependence from sample autocorrelations of moving average series

Abstract We demonstrate that oscillatory patterns in the higher lags of sample autocorrelations can arise whenever the true process is a finite order MA, and that this phenomenon exists even when the true autocorrelations are zero. Therefore the visually apparent structure is a statistical artifact, and the analyst should not attempt to model it directly. Instead one should utilize Box–Jenkins methodology, whereby appropriate significance levels for testing zero correlation can be obtained by fitting successively higher order MA models.
Development of a head-out plethysmograph system for non-human primates in an Animal Biosafety Level 3 facility.

Abstract Introduction The term ‘select agent’ (SA) refers to a list of microorganisms and toxins and are defined as those that have the potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety (42 C.F.R. Part 73). In order to carry out a research with SAs, an Animal Biosafety Level 3 (ABSL3) containment facility is required. Our newly completed ABSL3 facility is developing protocols for implementing safety and efficacy studies of therapeutics for SAs. Methods The primary purpose of this study was to develop methods for exposing non-human primates (NHP) to aerosolized SAs in the ABSL3 and systematically measure specific ventilatory endpoints (frequency, tidal volume, minute volume, and accumulated volume) using a head-out plethysmograph to more precisely control dosimetry. This report details the equipment and protocols used to conduct such studies within a containment facility. Results After validating the performance of the plethysmography system, we successfully exposed NHPs to an agent using the integrated plethysmography system. The system enabled an acquisition and analysis of ventilatory characteristics, facilitating accurate estimations of the inhaled dose. Discussion This system will have clear uses in the development of novel therapeutics and vaccines for the treatment of SAs in NHPs.
Binary uniform codes

An algorithm to construct all linear binary uniform codes is given. The algorithm makes use of block codes due to Macdonald.
The Scandinavian Efforts to Balance Societal Response To Offenses and Offenders: Crime Prevention and Social Control

Scandinavian countries, individually and collectively, have offered a progressive perspective on crime problems. Discontent with a treatment/punishment dichotomy current policy is one of prevention oriented rationality which focuses both on offenders and criminogenic social conditions. The system's response has moral and ethical implications for crime control, important in itself for crime prevention. The thrust is toward a criminal policy that relies on alternative responses external to the criminal justice system and that de-emphasizes the repressive nature of sanctions. Ask anyone, lay person or professional, where the most progressive, innovative, and humane criminal justice policy is and the answer will most likely be Scandinavia. There is a mystique about Scandinavia that pervades the academic and popular press regarding correctional methods and philosophies. For decades Scandinavian criminal justice policy has been a source of comparison, information, and direction. In 1966, Norvall Morris wrote an...
Characterization of New and Improved Fluorescent Proteins and their Applications

Fluorescent proteins (FPs) have become ubiquitous tools in biological and biomedical research. Since the cloning and exogenous expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, researchers have sought new variants of this and other FPs, with properties well-suited for particular imaging applications. Of special interest are FPs with different excitation and emission wavelengths, with brighter fluorescence, monomeric, and that mature rapidly at 37°C. We have examined the properties of several novel FPs isolated from fluorescent marine organisms, which were collected from the Great Barrier Reef in Australia and Belizean Barrier Reefs. All the proteins were cloned and expressed in E. coli and their properties were characterized. One FP, 28bc2, showed very promising characteristics having high brightness and a weak propensity to form dimers. We have modeled the structure of 28bc2 and designed mutations at the putative dimerization interface to decrease the potential to dimerize. We have further characterized the spectroscopic properties of 28bc2 wild type (wt) and the mutants and compared their properties with those of EGFP, a widely used variant of GFP. The 28bc2 wt and mutants FP are at least 2-fold brighter than EGFP and show similar pH stability profiles to that of EGFP. The photostability of 28bc2 wt and mutants is less than that of EGFP, though for some applications this is not critical. We have shown the advantages of brightness of 28bc2 mutants in one-step detection application in Western blotting and their usefulness in in vivo labeling demonstrated by RNA microinjection assays in zebrafish.
Effects of GABA uptake inhibitors on posthypoxic myoclonus in rats.

Abstract Male Sprague-Dawley rats developed posthypoxic myoclonus following 10-min cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Previous results showed that dysfunction of central GABAergic neurotransmission may contribute to the disease. In current studies, effects of GABA uptake inhibitors, guvacine hydrochloride (1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-3-pyridine carboxylic acid hydrochloride) and (±)-cis-4-hydroxynipecotic acid ([±]-cis-4-hydroxy-3-piperidine carboxylic acid), in the pathophysiology of posthypoxic myoclonus were investigated. Administration of guvacine (1 or 10 mg/kg, IP) or nipecotic acid (0.5 or 5 mg/kg, IP) significantly attenuated myoclonus scores of the animals. Tolerance to antimyoclonus effects of these two compounds did not develop after chronic administration (twice a day for 14 days) of guvacine (10 mg/kg, IP) or nipecotic acid (5 mg/kg, IP). On the other hand, tolerance was noticed with clonazepam (2.5 mg/kg, IP twice a day for 7 days). The results indicate that guvacine or nipecotic acid may be used in combination with (at reduced doses) or as alternatives to clonazepam to treat patients with the disease so as to reduce tolerance phenomenon usually associated with clonazepam.
Viewing Internet Pornography: For Whom is it Problematic, How, and Why?

This study investigated the prevalence of problematic Internet pornography viewing, how it is problematic, and the psychological processes that underlie the problem in a sample of 84 college-age males using an anonymous online survey. It was found that approximately 20%–60% of the sample who view pornography find it to be problematic depending on the domain of interest. In this study, the amount of viewing did not predict the level of problems experienced. Mediational analyses suggest that the manner in which an individual interacts with urges to view pornography may be related to whether viewing is problematic or not.
Government as Bookie: Explaining the Rise of Lotteries for Revenue:

The principal new form of legalized gambling in the past twenty years is the lottery. This article uses a Marxist framework to explain the spread of state-sponsored lotteries since 1964. It develop...
PTPN22 in Autoimmunity: Different Cell and Different Way

The tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 regulates T cell receptor signaling. In this issue of Immunity, Wang et al. (2013) show that in myeloid cells PTPN22 potentiates TLR-induced type I interferon production and that autoimmunity-associated allele PTPN22W encodes a reduced-function variant.
Amitriptyline-mediated cognitive enhancement in aged 3×Tg Alzheimer's disease mice is associated with neurogenesis and neurotrophic activity

Approximately 35 million people worldwide suffer from Alzheimer's disease (AD). Existing therapeutics, while moderately effective, are currently unable to stem the widespread rise in AD prevalence. AD is associated with an increase in amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers and hyperphosphorylated tau, along with cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. Several antidepressants have shown promise in improving cognition and alleviating oxidative stress in AD but have failed as long-term therapeutics. In this study, amitriptyline, an FDA-approved tricyclic antidepressant, was administered orally to aged and cognitively impaired transgenic AD mice (3×TgAD). After amitriptyline treatment, cognitive behavior testing demonstrated that there was a significant improvement in both long- and short-term memory retention. Amitriptyline treatment also caused a significant potentiation of non-toxic Aβ monomer with a concomitant decrease in cytotoxic dimer Aβ load, compared to vehicle-treated 3×TgAD controls. In addition, amitriptyline administration caused a significant increase in dentate gyrus neurogenesis as well as increases in expression of neurosynaptic marker proteins. Amitriptyline treatment resulted in increases in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein as well as increased tyrosine phosphorylation of its cognate receptor (TrkB). These results indicate that amitriptyline has significant beneficial actions in aged and damaged AD brains and that it shows promise as a tolerable novel therapeutic for the treatment of AD.
Biological reduction of perchlorate in ion exchange regenerant solutions containing high salinity and ammonium levels

The most promising technologies to remove perchlorate from water are ion exchange and biological reduction. Although successful, ion exchange only separates perchlorate from water; it does not eliminate it from the environment. The waste streams from these systems contain the caustic or saline regenerant solutions used in the process as well as high levels of perchlorate. Biological reduction could be used to treat the regenerant waste solutions from the ion exchange process. A treatment scheme, combining ion exchange and biodegradation, is proposed to completely remove perchlorate from the environment. Perchlorate-laden resins generate brines containing salt concentrations up to 6% or caustic solutions containing up to 0.5% ammonium. Both, high salt and ammonium hydroxide concentrations are potentially toxic to microorganisms. Therefore, the challenge of the proposed system is to find perchlorate reducing microorganisms that are effective under such stressful conditions. Preliminary results have shown that salt concentrations as low as 0.5% reduced the perchlorate biodegradation rate by 30%; salt concentrations greater than 1% decreased this rate to 40%. Although biodegradation was seen in ammonium levels of 0.4%, 0.6% and 1%, the perchlorate biodegradation rate was 90% of that at 0% ammonium hydroxide. Further research will focus on the isolation and/or acclimation of microorganisms that are able to biodegrade perchlorate under these stressful conditions.
A faith in humanness: disability, religion and development

This paper traces religious scriptural conceptualization and praxis of disability through pre-monotheistic Hellenic, Judeo-Christian, Islamic and eastern religious contexts. Secular-rationalistic conceptualization of disability through the medical model is discussed and situated within its origins of Judeo-Christian ethics. This is especially relevant in the history of eugenics. Universalization through the social model of disability is contrasted with the increase of faith-based organizations in development practice that bring their own religious world-views. I argue that understanding historical scriptural conceptualizations of disability are important to understand current trends in international development that affect persons with disabilities.
Characterization of the truncated hemoglobin THB1 from protein extracts of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Truncated hemoglobins (TrHbs) belong to the hemoglobin superfamily, but unlike their distant vertebrate relatives, little is known about their principal physiologic functions. Several TrHbs have been studied in vitro using engineered recombinant peptides. These efforts have resulted in a wealth of knowledge about the chemical properties of TrHbs and have generated interesting functional leads. However, questions persist as to how closely these engineered proteins mimic their counterparts within the native cell. In this report, we examined THB1, one of several TrHbs from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The recombinant THB1 (rTHB1) has favorable solubility and stability properties and is an excellent candidate for in vitro characterization. Linking rTHB1 to the in vivo protein is a critical step in understanding the physiologic function of this protein. Using a simplified three-step purification protocol, 3.5-L batches of algal culture were processed to isolate 50–60 μL fractions enriched in THB1. These fractions of C. reinhardtii proteins were then subjected to physical examination. Using gel mobility, optical absorbance and immunoreactivity, THB1 was identified in these enriched fractions and its presence correlated with that of a heme molecule. Mass spectrometry confirmed this cofactor to be a type b heme and revealed that the native protein contains a co-translational modification consistent with amino-terminal acetylation following initial methionine cleavage.
The epidemiology and clinical analysis of several outbreaks of herpes gladiatorum.

ABSTRACTANDERSON, B. J. The Epidemiology and Clinical Analysis of Several Outbreaks of Herpes Gladiatorum. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 35, No. 11, pp. 1809–1814, 2003.PurposeThe purpose of this analysis was to determine whether present National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) g
Sulfonylurea herbicides as inhibitors of amino acid biosynthesis in plants

Abstract Physiological, biochemical and genetic studies indicate that the sulfonylurea herbicides inhibit the enzyme acetolactate synthase. This enzyme catalyses the first reaction in the synthesis of the amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine in plants and microorganisms. The elucidation of the mechanism of action of herbicides such as the sulfonylureas not only has implications on the rational design of herbicides but also on the development of herbicide-resistant crops through genetic engineering.
Collective-Flux-Pinning Phenomena in Amorphous Superconductors

The pinning force ${F}_{p}$ in amorphous ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}$Ge films with ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}4$ K has been measured as a function of perpendicular field, temperature, and thickness of the samples. As a result of the large $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ and low ${J}_{c}$ characteristic of amorphous superconductors the pinning force for the first time is found to be in good agreement with the theory of Larkin and Ovchinnikov for collective pinning extended to the two-dimensional case. Pinning-mediated renormalization of the shear modulus leads to a sharp peak in ${F}_{p}$ near the upper critical field.
Image and Empire: Anglo-American Cinematic Interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1921–1937

(2003). Image and Empire: Anglo-American Cinematic Interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1921–1937. South African Historical Journal: Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 90-108.
Sources of the Persistent Gender Wage Gap along the Unconditional Earnings Distribution: Findings from Kenya

Past studies on gender wage inequality in Africa typically attribute the gender pay gap either to gender differences in characteristics or in the return to characteristics. The authors suggest, however, that this understanding of the two sources may be far too general and possibly overlook the underlying covariates that drive the gender wage gap. Moreover, past studies focus on the gender wage gap exclusively at the conditional mean. The authors go further to evaluate the partial contribution of each wage-determining covariate to the magnitude of the gender pay gap along the unconditional earnings distribution. The authors' data are from Kenya, and their empirical technique mirrors re-centered influence function regressions. The authors' results are novel and suggest that while gender differences in characteristics and the return to characteristics widen the gender pay gap at the lower end of the wage distributions, gender differences in characteristics widen the gender wage gap at the upper end of the wa...
The internal symmetry group of a connection on a principal fiber bundle with applications to gauge field theories

The internal symmetry group of a connection on a principal fiber bundleP is studied. It is shown that this group is a smooth proper Lie transformation group ofP, which, ifP is connected, is also free. Moreover, this group is shown to be isomorphic to the centralizer of the holonomy group of the connection. Several examples and applications of these results to gauge field theories are given.
Remote Sensing as a Means of Determining Ecological Conditions

The term "remote sensing" pertains to the acquiring of information about a particular geographic area through the use of aerial cameras or other sensing devices that are situated at some distance from the area that is being studied. The purpose of this paper is to indicate, with the aid of specific examples, the usefulness of remote sensing as a means of determining various ecological conditions. Some of the examples to be given are quite simple and others are complex, in terms of the analysis required to deduce ecological conditions from the remote sensing record. Specific Examples
Endothelial Dysfunction and Blood Pressure Variability in Selected Inbred Mouse Strains

The genetic regulation of blood pressure (BP) and endothelial function is likely to be polygenic. Because there is considerable variability in basal BP among inbred mouse strains, the purpose of this study was to determine whether a similar variability in vascular function exists among 7 "normotensive" strains. We tested the hypothesis that compared with mice with higher BPs, mice with lower BPs would have greater aortic endothelial responses to acetylcholine (ACh). Mean BP ranged from 117 to 145 mm Hg among the 7 strains. The responses of aortic rings to ACh, sodium nitroprusside, and papaverine were assessed after submaximal precontraction with prostaglandin F(2alpha). The aortas from all strains relaxed in a concentration-dependent manner to sodium nitroprusside and papaverine, but responses to ACh were markedly impaired in the aortas, but not carotid arteries, from 129P3/J and 129X1/SvJ mice. Aortas from the other strains relaxed normally to ACh. Furthermore, the endothelium-dependent dilators ADP and A23187 caused similar relaxation in 129P3/J, 129X1/SvJ, and C57BL/6J mice. Although the data do not support the initial hypothesis, the impaired aortic response to ACh in the 129 strains is a novel finding and illustrates the potential impact that genetic background can have on vascular responsiveness.
The deterioration of semantic networks in patients with Alzheimer's disease: A cross-sectional study

Previous studies showed that the semantic networks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients are disrupted in the early stages of the disease. The present study examined the semantic networks of 33 AD patients in different stages of disease severity to compare the quantitative and qualitative changes in their networks as the disease progresses. The properties of the semantic networks (e.g. the dimensionality and strength of the connections) were examined with multidimensional scaling and Pathfinder analyses. The results showed that, as AD patients became more demented, they focused less on abstract attributes in categorizing concepts, and have an alteration in the relative strength of associations between concepts. These findings indicate that the structure of semantic knowledge deteriorates in a systematic manner throughout the course of AD.
Anharmonic Decay of Vibrational States in Helical Peptides, Coils, and One-Dimensional Glasses†

Rates of vibrational energy transfer in the five largest a helices and two largest coil segments of myoglobin are calculated and compared with energy transfer in one-dimensional glasses. In all three cases, vibrational energy transfer occurs by anharmonic coupling of spatially overlapping localized normal modes in resonance. The frequencies of pairs of localized vibrational modes close in space are usually separated by a few hundred cm - 1 . As a result, there is little direct energy transfer to low-frequency modes by low-order anharmonic coupling, and rates of vibrational energy transfer from most higher-frequency modes are nearly temperature-independent, consistent with experimental observations. Variation of the anharmonic decay rate with mode frequency in helices and coils is similar, the trends of which are captured by an appropriately parametrized one-dimensional glass.
Chemiluminescent reaction of lucigenin with reducing sugars

Abstract The chemiluminescent reaction, in alkaline solution, of lucigenin with the reducing sugars sorbose, fructose, lactose, glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose and mannose has been studied. There is a linear relationship (correlation coefficient = 0.996) between the emission intensity and the second-order rate constant for the alkaline oxidation of these sugars. The emission intensity is linearly related to the sugar concentration; at high sugar concentrations (⪢5m M ) it is independent of the lucigenin concentration, but at low concentrations ( M ) is linearly related to the lucigenin concentration. These facts support the view that the rate-limiting step is the tautomerization of the sugars to the 1,2-enediol form; the enediol then undergoes reaction with lucigenin.
The role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the primary diagnosis of mesenchymal lesions a community hospital-based experience

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine the utility of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in the primary diagnosis of mesenchymal lesions. A total of 162 cases with a diagnosis of benign or malignant mesenchymal lesion (excluding lipoma) on FNAB were retrieved from the cytopathology archives for the years 1990–1997. METHODS Patients selected for inclusion in this study underwent FNAB as the primary diagnostic modality without a previous tissue diagnosis and had a subsequent surgical procedure for definitive histologic correlation. Seventy-two patients were selected on the basis of the above criteria. RESULTS Cytologic diagnoses were categorized as benign, malignant, or suspicious for malignancy. Among the 72 cases selected, 42 (58%) benign, 18 (25%) malignant, and 12 (16%) suspicious diagnoses were rendered. Of the patients with benign FNAB diagnoses, 39 of 42 (93%) had a benign lesion on histologic follow-up, and 3 of 42 (7%) had a malignancy. Of the patients with malignant FNAB diagnoses, 17 of 18 (94%) had a malignant lesion and 1 of 17 (6%) proved to be benign. In the subset of suspicious lesions, subsequent histology was benign in 5 of 12 (42%) and malignant in 7 of 12 (58%). CONCLUSIONS Based on our study, FNAB has excellent accuracy (88%), sensitivity (89%), and specificity (87%) for classifying a mesenchymal tumor as benign or malignant. FNAB can be a rapid and effective tool for the primary categorization of mesenchymal lesions and provide reliable information to the clinician for triage of patients. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2000;90:178–85. © 2000 American Cancer Society.