cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ADVANCED SOFTWARE CAPABILITIES FOR AUTOMATED EBSD

Venables (1973) coined the term electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to describe backscatter Kikuchi diffraction in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The first commercial system was produced by Moon and Harris of Custom Camera Designs in 1984 and was an outgrowth of the system designed by Dingley at the University of Bristol. This design was later provided to both Oxford Instruments and Ris0 National Laboratory out of which the OPAL™ and HKL™ systems evolved. The first fully automated EBSD system capable of automatic indexing of EBSD patterns and subsequent mapping of the spatial distribution of crystallographic orientation was introduced by Wright (1992). The term Orientation Imaging Microscopy or OIM™ was coined to describe this automated technique for forming images by mapping orientation data obtained from automated EBSD (Adams et al., 1993). Dingley and Adams co-founded TSL (or TexSEM Laboratories) in 1994 to produce the first commercial automated EBSD system based on the system developed by the group at Yale University (Adams, Wright, and Kunze). TSL adopted the name OIM™ for its automated EBSD products. Much of what was included in the original TSL system has become a standard for modern EBSD systems.
Design Considerations for a Low-Cost Sustainable Ocular Telehealth Program

It is important to view telehealth as a program that is evolving within the larger context of medical informatics, so that programs can be truly integrated into practices, and are not simply developed as interesting but isolated demonstration projects. As programs and methods are integrated into health care, and they gain wide acceptance in day-to-day work, then telehealth care will simply become part of health care, in the same way that other innovations have been incorporated into daily medical practice. Sustainability of ocular telehealth progrms is not as much a guiding principle as it is a reward for applying the principles of interoperability, adaptability, accessibility, and security.
Efficient Learning of Data Distribution using Simultaneous Recurrent Belief Network

Efficient learning of data distribution is necessary for many different applications such as classification, recognition, decision making and segmentation. Generative probabilistic models have been extensively used to effectively learn distribution of the input data. Moreover, generative models are considered as the first and foremost building blocks for developing highly expressive deep neural network architectures. Throughout the past decade, researchers have developed several undirected and directed probabilistic generative models. The two most popular generative models are Restricted Boltzman Machine (RBM) and Sigmoid Belief Network (SBN). Both these models utilize a two layer architecture with feedforward information processing inspired by the biological systems for learning data distributions. However, none of these models exhibit another well-known property found in biology in the form of recurrent neuronal information processing, which maybebeneficial for learning more complex data distribution. Consequently, this paper, for the first time in literature, proposes a directed recurrent generative model known as Simultaneous Recurrent Belief Network (SRBN) for efficiently learning the distribution of the input data. The efficacy of the proposed SRBN model is evaluated using two benchmark datasets: MNIST and Caltech 101 Silhouettes. Our experimental results suggest the SRBN model shows improved data distribution learning performance while utilizing minimal trainable parameters.
Introduction to “Contemplating Bureaucracies: A Tale of Identities – Essay 3” by David John Farmer

Identity may be thought of as the situated ways in which our bodies and subjectivities engage with and make-our-way through the world in which we dwell. But identity also is, as David Farmer sugges...
Abstract 231: The Role of Epsin in Regulating SR-B1 Function and Lipid Metabolism in Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is both a metabolic and inflammatory disease. Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque forms in response to hyperlipidemia and arterial wall inflammation-associated stimuli, where macropha...
A Single Layer Planar K-Band Monopulse Radar Receiver

In this paper, a K-band monopulse comparator and dual six-port junctions are combined to create a portable planar monopulse receiver. The architecture utilizes the phase offset of the difference signals to reduce the number of necessary downconverters. The full design was implemented with passive microstrip structures, silicon Schottky diodes, and a medium power amplifier. The performance of the design was measured at 24 GHz using a three-element series fed antenna supplied by a voltage-controlled oscillator.
Understanding communal coping among patients and informal caregivers with heart failure: A mixed methods secondary analysis of patient-caregiver dyads.

Abstract Background Dyads that view illnesses as shared stressors (“shared appraisal”), and collaboratively respond to it, have better outcomes. This process, known as communal coping, has received little attention in heart failure (HF). Objectives To examine communal coping among patient-caregiver dyads managing HF. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with 34 dyads. Shared appraisal was measured using we-ratio, as calculated with Linguistic Inquiry Word Count. We-ratio was divided into “high” and “low” for patients and caregivers, and concordance was examined. Thematic analyses were used to explore collaboration. Results Caregivers had higher we-ratios than patients (p=.005); 29.6% and 33.3% dyads were concordant on high and low “we-ratio,” respectively. In thematic analyses, we found that 1) dyads collaborated around diet, appointments, and medications, but less around physical activity; 2) dyads collaborated across all illnesses, not just HF; and 3) dyads concordant on high we-ratio reported stronger collaborations. Conclusions Communal coping varied by shared appraisal and collaboration. Understanding this variability may help develop tailored self-management interventions.
Scanned Microscopy Techniques

The application of scanned microscopy to the measurement of small surface features is discussed in this paper. Particular emphasis is laid on phase measurement in addition to amplitude measurement. It is shown that the measurement of phase makes it possible to determine the height of surface features with great accuracy, using both scanned acoustic and scanned optical microscopy. Examples of acoustic microscopes using water and air as an acoustic medium are discussed. Photoacoustic techniques, which combine optical excitation through an optical microscope and acoustic detection, are described, and an application of this technique for the measurement of film thickness is presented. In addition, the application of these concepts to a scanning optical microscope, which can measure phase and amplitude is discussed.
Access to daylight and view in an office improves cognitive performance and satisfaction and reduces eyestrain: A controlled crossover study

Abstract Windows provide access to daylight and view, both of which have been linked to positive outcomes for occupants, including improved satisfaction, well-being, and performance. However, window access can also cause discomfort and eyestrain from glare. This controlled crossover study tested the occupant impacts of two modern shading systems designed to provide daylight and view while minimizing glare: windows with manually-controlled motorized mesh shades (Mesh Shades) and windows with automatic tinting (Dynamic Tint). Ten participants spent fourteen weeks working in a living lab in which three conditions were non-consecutively repeated for two-week periods: Mesh Shades, Dynamic Tint, and a baseline condition lacking daylight and view (Blackout Shades). Participants' cognitive function performance, satisfaction, and eyestrain in the baseline Blackout Shades condition were compared to the same measures in the Mesh Shades and Dynamic Tint conditions. Two aspects of cognitive function performance—Working Memory and Inhibition—improved in both the Mesh Shades and Dynamic Tint conditions. Satisfaction with light as well as with the overall environment improved in both the Mesh Shades and Dynamic Tint conditions. Eyestrain symptoms were reduced in both the Mesh Shades and Dynamic Tint conditions. There were no statistical differences between settings with Dynamic Tint and motorized Mesh Shades on measures of cognitive function performance, satisfaction, or eyestrain symptoms. This research demonstrates that providing access to daylight and view in an office environment using modern shading methods can improve occupants’ cognitive performance and satisfaction while reducing eyestrain.
Emerging trends in paper spray mass spectrometry: Microsampling, storage, direct analysis, and applications

Recent advancements in the sensitivity of chemical instrumentation have led to increased interest in the use of microsamples for translational and biomedical research. Paper substrates are by far the most widely used media for biofluid collection, and mass spectrometry is the preferred method of analysis of the resultant dried blood spot (DBS) samples. Although there have been a variety of review papers published on DBS, there has been no attempt to unify the century old DBS methodology with modern applications utilizing modified paper and paper-based microfluidics for sampling, storage, processing, and analysis. This critical review will discuss how mass spectrometry has expanded the utility of paper substrates from sample collection and storage, to direct complex mixture analysis to on-surface reaction monitoring.
Text message content as a window into college student drinking: Development and initial validation of a dictionary of “alcohol-talk”:

The ubiquity of digital communication within the high-risk drinking environment of college students raises exciting new directions for prevention research. However, we are lacking relevant constructs and tools to analyze digital platforms that serve to facilitate, discuss, and rehash alcohol use. In the current study, we introduce the construct of alcohol-talk (or the extent to which college students use alcohol-related words in text messaging exchanges) as well as introduce and validate a novel tool for measuring this construct. We describe a closed-vocabulary, dictionary-based method for assessing alcohol-talk. Analyses of 569,172 text messages from 267 college students indicate that this method produces a reliable and valid measure that correlates as expected with self-reported alcohol and related risk constructs. We discuss the potential utility of this method for prevention studies.
Bilingual parent engagement in a divided school community: by J. Menard-Warwick, New York, NY, Routledge, 2019, 246 pp., $148.29 (Hardcover)

Julia Menard-Warwick's engaging ethnography of parent engagement over a two-year period in a two-way dual language bilingual elementary school in California caught and sustained my attention from s...
Multilocus Phylogeography of Eastern Red-Backed Salamanders (Plethodon cinereus): Cryptic Appalachian Diversity and Postglacial Range Expansion

Abstract Climatic and geological changes in eastern North America have shaped population history and genetic diversity in many taxa. A common finding of phylogeographic investigations is that south...
Key features in the measured band structure of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+ delta : Flat bands at EF and Fermi surface nesting.

The near-${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{F}}$ electronic structure and Fermi surface of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ have been mapped out with angle-resolved photoemission. Key features of the measured band structure are (1) an extended region of flat ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ derived bands very near ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{F}}$ and (2) a strong propensity for Fermi surface nesting. Comparative analysis of these data with those from other cuprate superconductors suggests that these features may be responsible for many of the anomalous physical properties of the p-type cuprates, while the absence of these features may be related to the more ``normal'' physical properties of the n types.
Deletion of the Thrombin Proteolytic Site in Neurofascin 155 Causes Disruption of Nodal and Paranodal Organization

In the central nervous system, myelin is attached to the axon in the paranodal region by a trimolecular complex of Neurofascin155 (NF155) in the myelin membrane, interacting with Caspr1 and Contactin1 on the axolemma. Alternative splicing of a single Neurofascin transcript generates several different Neurofascins expressed by several cell types, but NF155, which is expressed by oligodendrocytes, contains a domain in the third fibronectinIII-like region of the molecule that is unique. The immunoglobulin 5-6 domain of NF155 is essential for binding to Contactin1, but less is known about the functions of the NF155-unique third fibronectinIII-like domain. Mutations and autoantibodies to this region are associated with several neurodevelopmental and demyelinating nervous system disorders. Here we used Crispr-Cas9 gene editing to delete a 9 bp sequence of NF155 in this unique domain, which has recently been identified as a thrombin binding site and implicated in plasticity of the myelin sheath. This small deletion results in dysmyelination, eversion of paranodal loops of myelin, substantial enlargement of the nodal gap, a complete loss of paranodal septate junctions, and mislocalization of Caspr1 and nodal sodium channels. The animals exhibit tremor and ataxia, and biochemical and mass spectrometric analysis indicates that while NF155 is transcribed and spliced normally, the NF155 protein is subsequently degraded, resulting in loss of the full length 155 kDa native protein. These findings reveal that this 9 bp region of NF155 in its unique third fibronectinIII-like domain is essential for stability of the protein.
Academic Medical Center Visits by Adolescents Preceding Emergency Department Care for Suicidal Ideation or Suicide Attempt.

Abstract Objective Suicide is a leading cause of death in children and adolescents, and healthcare encounters relating to suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempt (SA) are steadily increasing. Studies examining healthcare utilization by adolescents prior to emergency department (ED) evaluation for SI/SA are lacking and may guide risk assessment. Methods We performed a descriptive study of patients 10 to 18 years evaluated for SI/SA in either of our 2 academic, pediatric EDs between January 1 and December 31, 2016. We quantified and characterized healthcare encounters in the year preceding ED evaluation for SI/SA by obtaining data from the electronic health record. Results We identified 599 patients with an index ED visit for evaluation of SI/SA. Mean age was 14.1 years (SD 2.0 years); 69.8% female, 61.9% White, 55.4% publicly insured. Fifty-six percent (336/599) had at least one previous encounter within our healthcare system in the year preceding their index ED visit (median 3, maximum 40, IQR: 2, 7), most commonly among Black/African American and Hispanic adolescents. Among all patients we identified 1409 previous encounters, and 55.4% (780/1409) occurred within 6 months of the index ED visit. Sixty-two percent (880/1409) of previous encounters were to an outpatient clinic, primarily nonmental health, subspecialty clinics. Conclusions Adolescent healthcare encounters in the year preceding ED evaluation for SI/SA occur in a variety of settings. A broad approach to suicide risk screening may improve opportunities for early identification and intervention.
Uncertainty modulates visual maps during non-instrumental information demand

Animals are intrinsically motivated to resolve uncertainty and predict future events. This motivation is encoded in cortical and subcortical structures, but a key open question is how it generates concrete policies for attending to informative stimuli. We examined this question using neural recordings in the monkey lateral intraparietal area (LIP), a visual area implicated in attention and gaze, during non-instrumental information demand. We show that the uncertainty that was resolved by a visual cue enhanced visuo-spatial responses of LIP cells independently of reward probability. This enhancement was independent of immediate saccade plans but correlated with the sensitivity to uncertainty in eye movement behavior on longer time scales (across sessions/days). The findings suggest that topographic visual maps receive motivational signals of uncertainty, which enhance the priority of informative stimuli and the likelihood that animals will orient to the stimuli to reduce uncertainty.
Engineering of a functional pancreatic acinus with reprogrammed cancer cells by induced PTF1a expression.

A pancreatic acinus is a functional unit of the exocrine pancreas producing digest enzymes. Its pathobiology is crucial to pancreatic diseases including pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, which can initiate from pancreatic acini. However, research on pancreatic acini has been significantly hampered due to the difficulty of culturing normal acinar cells in vitro. In this study, an in vitro model of the normal acinus, named pancreatic acinus-on-chip (PAC), is developed using reprogrammed pancreatic cancer cells. The developed model is a microfluidic platform with an epithelial duct and acinar sac geometry microfabricated by a newly developed two-step controlled “viscous-fingering” technique. In this model, human pancreatic cancer cells, Panc-1, reprogrammed to revert to the normal state upon induction of PTF1a gene expression, are cultured. Bioinformatic analyses suggest that, upon induced PTF1a expression, Panc-1 cells transition into a more normal and differentiated acinar phenotype. The microanatomy and exocrine functions of the model are characterized to confirm the normal acinus phenotypes. The developed model provides a new and reliable testbed to study the initiation and progression of pancreatic cancers.
Security issues in querying encrypted data

There has been considerable interest in querying encrypted data, allowing a “secure database server” model where the server does not know data values. This paper shows how results from cryptography prove the impossibility of developing a server that meets cryptographic-style definitions of security and is still efficient enough to be practical. The weaker definitions of security supported by previous secure database server proposals have the potential to reveal significant information. We propose a definition of a secure database server that provides probabilistic security guarantees, and sketch how a practical system meeting the definition could be built and proven secure. The primary goal of this paper is to provide a vision of how research in this area should proceed: efficient encrypted database and query processing with provable security properties.
Seguimiento médico del paciente celíaco

En este capitulo se presentan recomendaciones practicas para el seguimiento medico de enfermos celiacos. En la actualidad, la dieta sin gluten es el unico tratamiento disponible para la enfermedad celiaca. Los enfermos celiacos requieren adherencia estricta a la dieta sin gluten y seguimiento medico de por vida. Los beneficios de la adherencia estricta a la dieta sin gluten incluyendo control de sintomas, sero-conversion, y recuperacion de las vellosidades intestinal se discuten a detalle. A pesar de la enorme evidencia acumulada sobre los beneficios de la adherencia estricta a la dieta sin gluten en enfermos celiacos, los porcentajes de buena adherencia y/o seguimiento medico son bajos. Tambien se resumen las ventajas y limitaciones de los 4 metodos disponibles para evaluar la adherencia a la dieta sin gluten (historia dietetica, serologia, histologia, y cuestionarios estructurados). Tanto la opinion de expertos como las guias de manejo avaladas por diversas Sociedades Medicas estan de acuerdo en que el seguimiento medico es necesario, sin embargo, no existe un consenso universal sobre como llevar a cabo el seguimiento medico en la practica. Un diagrama de seguimiento clinico para enfermos celiacos es propuesto basado en la evidencia disponible y la experiencia institucional del autor, que incluye seguimiento medico regular, medicion anual de serologias, evaluacion detallada de la dieta, y monitoreo de la respuesta clinica y correccion de deficiencias nutricionales.
Silent decision: HP1 protein escorts heterochromatic RNAs to their destiny.

EMBO J advance online publication June072012; doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2012.05.009 Heterochromatin is classically perceived to be refractory to transcription because of its compact structure. However, Keller et al (2012) now demonstrated that heterochromatic transcripts can accumulate even when heterochromatin is normally packaged. By tracking down the fate of these heterochromatic RNAs, they revealed a new post-transcriptional mechanism of silencing in heterochromatin that involves the dynamic turnover of HP1Swi6 between its free, chromatin-bound and RNA-bound forms. The latter form escorts heterochromatic RNA to degradation.
NPS Phoenix AUV software integration and in-water testing

The NPS Phoenix autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) is a student research testbed for shallow-water minefield mapping missions. We discuss implementation of the execution, tactical and strategic levels of the rational behavior model robot architecture. Simulation-based design using an underwater virtual world has been a crucial advantage permitting rapid development of disparate software and hardware modules. Details are provided on process coordination, navigation, real-time sonar classification, path replanning around detected obstacles, networking, sonar and hydrodynamics modeling, and distributable computer graphics rendering. In-water experimental results are presented and evaluated.
Risk Factors Predicting the Incidence of Second Primary Breast Cancer among Women Diagnosed with a First Primary Breast Cancer

This study examined risk factors for development of a contralateral breast cancer among 4,660 US women diagnosed with a first primary breast cancer between 1980 and 1982. The authors believe it to be the first prospective cohort study on this topic that has employed direct patient interviews. All subjects were interviewed within 6 months of the diagnosis of their initial tumor as part of the multi-center, population-based, case-control Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study, and they were followed until the end of 1986 through the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Exclusive of those diagnosed during the initial 6 months after diagnosis of a first primary, 136 second primary breast cancers were identified. Proportional hazards models were used to assess the independent effects of multiple predictors. Specific risk factors evaluated included: age at diagnosis of first primary, exposure to exogenous hormones, menstrual and reproductive histories, tumor characteristics, demographic variables, and treatment modalities. The age-specific incidence rates of second primary breast cancer were higher in all age categories than are the incidence rates of breast cancer in the general population, yet the age at diagnosis of first primary breast cancer was not an important predictor of contralateral breast cancer. The risk of contralateral breast cancer was increased among cohort members who reported a personal history of benign breast biopsy (multivariable-adjusted rate ratio (RR) = 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13-2.53) and in those with an initial tumor that was classified as lobular carcinoma (multivariable-adjusted RR = 1.96, 95% CI 1.17-3.27). Treatment with chemotherapy for the first primary was associated with a lower risk of development of a second breast cancer (multivariable-adjusted RR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.33-0.96), while radiation therapy had little effect on the risk (multivariable-adjusted RR = 1.19, 95% CI 0.78-1.80).
Cellular hijacking: a common strategy for microbial infection.

Abstract Eukaryotic cells are under constant attack from microbial intruders seeking a selective advantage for survival, propagation and dissemination. Microbial infections can often result in disease and might even be lethal to the host if they are not combated effectively. Studies of host–pathogen interactions have revealed that virulence often requires the usurpation of existing cell signaling pathways or membrane traffic machinery of the host. Such studies provide a rich source of cell biological data that will probably prove essential for future efforts designed to either thwart these attacks or learn from them.
Assimilation of 13 NH 4 + by Anthoceros grown with and without symbiotic Nostoc

The pathways of assimilation of ammonium by pure cultures of symbiont-free Anthoceros punctatus L. and the reconstituted Anthoceros-Nostoc symbiotic association were determined from time-course (5–300 s) and inhibitor experiments using 13NH4+. The major product of assimilation after all incubation times was glutamine, whether the tissues were cultured with excess ammonium or no combined nitrogen. The 13N in glutamine was predominantly in the amide-nitrogen position. Formation of glutamine and glutamate by Anthoceros-Nostoc was strongly inhibited by either 1mM methionine sulfoximine (MSX) or 1 mM exogenous ammonium. These data are consistent with the assimilation of 13NH4+and formation of glutamate by the glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2)-glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.7.1) pathway in dinitrogen-grown Anthoceros-Nostoc. However, in symbiont-free Anthoceros, grown with 2.5 mM ammonium, formation of glutamine, but not glutamate, was decreased by either MSX or exogenous ammonium. These results indicate that during short incubation times ammonium is assimilated in nitrogenreplete Anthoceros by the activities of both glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2). In-vitro activities of glutamine synthetase were similar in nitrogen-replete Anthoceros and Anthoceros-Nostoc, indicating that the differences in the routes of glutamate formation were not based upon regulation of synthesis of the initial enzyme of the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway. When symbiont-free Anthoceros was cultured for 2 d in the absence of combined nitrogen, total 13NH4+assimilation, and glutamine and glutamate formation in the presence of inhibitors, were similar to dinitrogen-grown Anthoceros-Nostoc. The routes of immediate (within 2 min) glutamate formation and ammonium assimilation in Anthoceros were apparently determined by the intracellular levels of ammonium; at low levels the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway was predominant, while at high levels independent activities of both glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase were expressed.
An Assessment of U.S. Stream Compensatory Mitigation Policy: Necessary Changes to Protect Ecosystem Functions and Services†

Compensatory mitigation of impacted streams and wetlands has increased over the past two decades, with the associated industry spending over US$2.9 billion in aquatic restoration annually. Despite these expenditures, evaluations by the National Research Council and U.S. Government Accountability Office have provided evidence that compensatory mitigation practices are failing to protect aquatic resource functions and services, and vague federal policy and inadequate evaluation of compensatory mitigation projects are to blame. To address these weaknesses, an update to federal regulations on compensatory mitigation was released in 2008. Additionally, the 2012 Reissuance of Nationwide Permits, some of which affects compensatory stream mitigation, was recently published. Current policy, as reflected in these documents, still uses nonspecific language to direct compensatory stream mitigation leaving most implementation decisions to the local U.S. Army Corps of Engineers district. The majority of federal mitigation policy has focused on wetland compensation, with other aquatic resources receiving less attention (e.g., streams). In this article, weaknesses of current policy are discussed, as are suggested policy changes to minimize the loss of stream ecosystem functions and services. Compensatory mitigation policy should clearly define key terms, incorporate adaptive management procedures, and provide guidelines for determining mitigation costs and compensation ratio requirements.
Photon-echo spectroscopy on biological systems. I. Application to tissues

The fluorescence detection technique of incoherent accumulated photon echo is applied to the investigation of animal and human tissues. The correlation between the kind of animal tissue and the dephasing time is determined. The dephasing times of normal and cancerous human tissues are measured by this technique. The cancer tissues exhibit shorter dephasing times than the normal tissues, and this is interpreted as being caused by the large number of conformational substates of cancer tissues. The dephasing time of a benign-tumor tissue is also measured and shows a value similar to that of the normal tissue. The dephasing time of a metastasizing cancer region is also measured. The applicability of photon-echo spectroscopy to diagnosis is noted.
Psoriasis and Cardiovascular Risk: Strength in Numbers

In this issue, Wakkee and colleagues report a self-described exploratory cohort study and conclude that psoriasis may not be an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease (IHD) hospitalization and that there is only a slight and borderline increased risk of ischemic heart disease among psoriasis patients. This negative result should be interpreted in light of the study's limitations, the complex relationship among levels of psoriasis severity, patient age, and cardiovascular (CV) risk, and the context of the rapidly growing literature.
Metabolism and excretion of nitrobenzene by rats and mice

Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated marked species and strain differences in the toxicity of inhaled nitrobenzene. Since some of these differences could be due to variations in metabolism of nitrobenzene among species and strains, we have compared the metabolism of nitrobenzene in male Fischer-344 rats, CD rats, and B6C3F1 mice. In both strains of rats the urinary metabolites after a po dose of nitrobenzene were p -hydroxyacetanilide, p -nitrophenol, and m -nitrophenol. Fischer-344 rats excreted the metabolites as sulfate esters, but CD rats excreted them both as sulfate esters and glucuronides. In addition to these metabolites Fischer-344 rats excreted one, and CD rats two, very polar unidentified metabolites in the urine. These compounds did not coelute on HPLC with the glutathione conjugate of p -hydroxyacetanilide or further metabolic products of the glutathione conjugates. B6C3F1 mice excreted the same metabolites (except glucuronide of m -nitrophenol) in the urine as did CD rats. In addition mice excreted a substantial percentage of the dose (9.7%) as p -aminophenol sulfate, a compound not found in the urine of either strain of rat. In all three animals urinary excretion of nitrobenzene metabolites peaked 12 to 24 hr after po administration of nitrobenzene. This finding probably reflects slow nitrobenzene metabolism, since similar excretion rates were observed after an ip dose of nitrobenzene. Treatment of Fischer-344 rats with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, piperonyl butoxide, or SKF 525-A did not substantially alter the pattern of urinary metabolites or their rates of excretion. Bile was a minor route of excretion of nitrobenzene and its metabolites in both strains of rat; 2–4% of the dose was excreted by this route in 12 hr. There were six metabolites in bile, but the quantities available did not allow conclusive identification. Three of the metabolites coeluted on HPLC with 4-hydroxy-3-methylthioacetanilide, 2-acetamido-3-(5′-acetamido-2′-hydroxyphenylthio)propanoic acid, and 5-(5′-acetamido-2′-hydroxyphenyl)glutathione. The excretion of these metabolites was decreased in rats pretreated with diethyl maleate. The data indicate that differences in metabolism and excretion of nitrobenzene exist in the animals studied, and suggest that experiments designed to correlate nitrobenzene metabolism with toxicity may provide important information concerning the mechanism of toxicity of this compound.
Percutaneous Cholecystostomy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Cholecystitis in the High-Risk Patient

• We performed percutaneous cholecystostomy in 22 critically ill patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. This procedure accurately diagnosed acute cholecystitis in 17 of these 22 patients and excluded the diagnosis in the other 5 patients. Moreover, percutaneous cholecystostomy stabilized the conditions of 16 of the 17 patients with acute cholecystitis, allowing elective surgery in 8 patients and effectively treating 8 patients who never became surgical candidates. Percutaneous cholecystostomy and bile cultures are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of acute cholecystitis and should be performed in critically ill patients with clinical, laboratory, and radiologic evidence of acute cholecystitis and an excessive risk for cholecystectomy. ( Arch Surg . 1989;124:782-786)
The interferon dose response curve and its possible significance.

Abstract Although the literature and our unpublished data are compatible with the observation that a single molecule of interferon is sufficient to prevent a cell from producing virus progeny, slopes of dose response curves are often shallower (but not steeper) than those predicted for single-hit kinetics. We discuss possible explanations of how this may occur in three categories, either one interferon molecule may protect more than one cell, or the monolayer may contain cell types which respond differently to interferon, or there may be variation in sensitivity of viruses to the effect of interferons. In addition, an experiment is reported showing that cells infected in the absence of interferon can be prevented from producing plaques when seeded onto monolayers of interferon treated cells, although larger doses are needed than when the monolayers are seeded with virus. The slopes of the two dose-response curves are similar. Altogether these considerations suggest that a variety of circumstances operate to cause deviation from the expectation of the one term Poisson.
Short-term forms of presynaptic plasticity

Synapses exhibit several forms of short-term plasticity that play a multitude of computational roles. Short-term depression suppresses neurotransmitter release for hundreds of milliseconds to tens of seconds; facilitation and post-tetanic potentiation lead to synaptic enhancement lasting hundreds of milliseconds to minutes. Recent advances have provided insight into the mechanisms underlying these forms of plasticity. Vesicle depletion, as well as inactivation of both release sites and calcium channels, contribute to synaptic depression. Mechanisms of short-term enhancement include calcium channel facilitation, local depletion of calcium buffers, increases in the probability of release downstream of calcium influx, altered vesicle pool properties, and increases in quantal size. Moreover, there is a growing appreciation of the heterogeneity of vesicles and release sites and how they can contribute to use-dependent plasticity.
Laparoscopic resection for rectal cancer: a case-matched study

The field of laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery is expanding. We compare short-term and early oncological outcomes after laparoscopic versus open resection in carefully matched rectal cancer patients. All consecutive patients undergoing elective laparoscopic resection for rectal cancer were reviewed. Laparoscopic resections were matched 1:1 to open resections by age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, body mass index, neoadjuvant chemoradiation, and type of surgery. Data were analyzed using Fisher’s exact, chi-square, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and Kaplan–Meier estimates. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Ninety-one rectal cancer patients with laparoscopic resection were included, 59% were male, and median age was 62 years. Conversion rate was 18.7%. Laparoscopic and open surgery had similar 30-day morbidity and mortality except wound infection, which was lower for the laparoscopic group (p = 0.02). Laparoscopic surgery had similar 30-day readmissions but shorter total length of hospital stay (5 versus 7 days, p < 0.01), time to first flatus (3 versus 4.5 days, p = 0.001), and time to first bowel movement (4 versus 5 days, p = 0.05) when compared with open surgery. The 3-year disease-free survival, local recurrence, and distant recurrence rates were also similar between the two groups. Laparoscopic surgery can be safely performed for rectal cancer, with better postoperative recovery and acceptable early oncological outcomes. Results from large ongoing randomized trials with longer follow-up time are pending to better define oncologic outcomes.
Koud Zyé: A glimpse into linguistic enregisterment on Kréyòl television in Guadeloupe1

This paper examines Koud Zye, a Kreyol-language segment that was incorporated into the local nightly news in Guadeloupe, an overseas department of France located in the Caribbean. I argue that the variety of Kreyol chosen for use in Koud Zye illustrates a moment in a process of enregisterment. I demonstrate that the variety of Kreyol used in Koud Zye consciously draws on elements of basilectal creole and presents many similarities to a written variety developed by language planners for use in schools and in writing, thus distinguishing it from the Frenchified Kreyol commonly heard in everyday conversation. I suggest that the ideological position that the writers of Koud Zye hold toward Kreyol influenced their choice of language on the program and, furthermore, that the program helped to concretize beliefs about and knowledge of the studied variety of Kreyol that has been introduced into Guadeloupean schools by activists. Travay-lasa ka dekatiyeKoud Zye, on pati a jounal televize lokal ki fet an lang kreyol, an Gwadloup, ki se on depawteman a Lafwans ka touve-y an Karayib-la. Dapre mwen, model a Kreyol-la yo chwazi pou Koud Zye, ka montre on moman adan evolisyon a ‘enregistrement’ a lang-la (kivedi ki manye on moun ka pale on lang ka fin pa rantre adan on larel). An ka montre istil a lang-la ki adan Koud Zye, ni detwa eleman a gwo kreyol-la yo sevi eve-y volontewman, ka sanm on jan a kreyol make. Model lasa, se tala yonnde metamannyok ka prevwa pou lang kreyol-la envante, pou sevi an lekol-la, e ki pa ka sanm tala moun ka pale toulejou. An ka panse pozisyon ideolojik a se moun-la ki feemisyon-la, ni on enflians asi chwa a yo. An plis di sa, pwogram lasa rede met dewo sa moun ka panse asi kreyol-la, e fe yo pran konesans a model kreyol se militan-la mete an lekol-la. [Kreyol]
Structural and conformational analysis of (E)-erythromycin A oxime

A complete and unambiguous assignment of the 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra of(E)-erythromycin A oxime in acetone-d 6 was accomplished by two-dimensional chemical shift correlation methods. The 1 H NMR NOE data, in conjunction with molecular modeling techniques, were used to predict the predominant solution conformation of erythromycin A oxime in acetone-d 6 . This conformational analysis was used to explain the lack of facial selectivity observed in the reduction of the oxime
Interface recombination velocity and lifetime in GaAs and AlGaAs/GaAs structures

Abstract Using a non-destructive microwave measurement technique, we have determined the interface-recombination velocity of n GaAs/n+ GaAs and n GaAs/n+ AlGaAs interfaces. It is found that the interface-recombination velocity is lower in silicon doped than in sulphur-doped interfaces. Model equations are given of the interface-recombination velocity in terms of the N to N+ doping ratio which can be used in computer simulations of GaAs devices using these types of interfaces.
Rigidified Dendritic Structures for Imprinting Chiral Information

Chiral, polymerizable P2Pt(S-BINOL) metallodendrimers constructed with a rigid phenyl benzoate ester linkage were copolymerized into highly porous and cross-linked methacrylate-based polymers. The performance of these polymers with respect to BINOL exchange reaction enantioselectivities was compared to similar metallodendrimers constructed of more flexible benzyl ether repeat units. The increased rigidity of the ester linkage resulted in higher enantioselectivities for a BINOL/Br2BINOL exchange reaction, though exact structure/selectivity relationships are difficult to establish. At elevated temperatures, BINOL loss is observed leading to the inactivation of sites, though it is the less selective, and therefore less hindered sites, that are preferentially deactivated. Enantiomeric ratios of up to 84:16 were observed for the substitution of P2Pt(S-BINOL) with (±)-Br2BINOL within the imprinted polymer site, which equals the best yet achieved.
Electrokinetic Soil Remediation: Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract Electrokinetic remediation is effective for extraction of contaminants, such as heavy metals, from fine grained deposits. However, several challenges have led to limited field implementation in the US over the past two decades. The reasons include lower risk of exposure to adsorbed contaminants through groundwater, cost of treatment, technical challenges in difficult soil, and complex geochemical conditions, and the need for acidification to induce desorption. To address practical implementation, a Reactive Transference Factor can be used to identify conditions that are favorable for electrokinetic remediation. The factor measures the reactive transport rates relative to the electrical conductivity of the soil. Other opportunities are identified for implementation of electric-based methods for remediation beyond heavy metal extraction. These include enhancement of bioremediation, which is favorable for remediation of hot spots or source areas, and the development of reactive electrochemical barri...
A model of optimal voluntary muscular control

In the absence of detailed knowledge of how the CNS controls a muscle through its motor fibers, a reasonable hypothesis is that of optimal control. This hypothesis is studied using a simplified mathematical model of a single muscle, based on A. V. Hill's equations, with series elastic element omitted, and with the motor signal represented by a single input variable.
Overcomplete multicenter basis sets

Abstract The distribution of eigenvalues of the overlap matrix is analyzed for large and, in the limit, infinite overcomplete multicenter basis sets. It is shown that in the limit the eigenvalues become infinitely degenerate. A numerical example is given and discussed in terms of a semiclassical distribution in phase space.
An introprofessional geriatric medication activity within a senior mentor program.

Objective. To determine whether a required interprofessional geriatric medication activity within a senior mentor program changed pharmacy and medical students’ attitudes regarding interprofessional collaboration. Design. Interprofessional teams, consisting of 1 third-year pharmacy student and 2 second-year medical students, conducted an in-home interview and medication history with a senior mentor (geriatric patient). The team members then collaboratively analyzed and discussed the patient’s medication use and wrote an essay in which they identified the patient’s medication problems and reflected on the interprofessional experience. Assessment. Students completed a validated survey instrument to measure pharmacist-physician attitudes about interprofessional collaboration before and after the experience. Pharmacy and medical students’ already generally positive attitudes regarding interprofessional relationships were maintained and, in some instances, significantly improved. Students found the activity enhanced their geriatric training and increased their understanding of an interprofessional team. Conclusion. Incorporation of a geriatric medication activity within a senior mentor program maintained or improved pharmacy and medical students’ positive attitudes about interprofessional collaboration and enhanced geriatric training within the curriculum.
Harmonic representations of distributions

This paper is concerned with a characterization of functions which are regular harmonic in the xy plane except on the line y = 0, and have distributional. limits as y -+ 0+ and as y -+ O-. It is shown that such functions satisfy a generalized Green’s formula and may be represented as potentials of singleand double-layer distributions on the line y = 0. This generalizes well-known classical results. Furthermore, it turns out that this class of harmonic functions is identical with the class of functions which are restrictions, to y # 0, of distributions in W(P), whose Laplacians have their support on the x axis. Notation and terminology used here fohow that of Gel’fand and Shilov ES] and Bremermann [2]. Let U be an open subset of R”. The space of test functions on U is the set b(U) of all infinitely differentiable functions with compact support in U. It is given the usual topology [S]. The space of continuous linear functionals on D(U) is denoted by B’(U) and is given the weak topology. Its elements are called (Schwartz) distributions. For the fundamental properties of test functions and distributions, see [2, 5, 10, 121, for example.
The 3H(d, n)4He reaction: A possible source of intermediate energy neutrons

Abstract The 2H(3He, α)1H reaction cross section has been measured at 0° for 3He beam energies of 81.2, 99.5, and 128.6 MeV. These results are combined with previous cross section measurements to estimate the intermediate energy neutron beam intensities that can be produced using the 3H(d, n)4He reaction.
Cyclic AMP- and IL6-signaling cross talk: comodulation of proliferation and apoptosis in the 7TD1 B cell hybridoma.

Proliferation of the 7TD1 B cell hybridoma is dependent on the survival factor interleukin-6 (IL6). IL6 inhibits physiological cell death and allows expansion of populations of serum-stimulated cells. In this report, we demonstrate that cyclic AMP (cAMP)- and IL6-dependent signaling pathways can interact, controlling proliferation of 7TD1 cells through modulation of apoptosis. Cyclic AMP analogues inhibited proliferation, as well as other treatments that increased intracellular cAMP. The cAMP-induced inhibition could be reversed after 24 h by the removal of dibutyryl-cAMP from the culture medium and readdition of IL6. In the absence of IL6, cAMP induced a slow loss of viable cells. This decrease in viable cells in the presence of cAMP was accompanied by a marked increase in apoptosis. The increase in apoptotic cells after 48 h was preceded at 24 h by a parallel increase in DEVD-caspase activity after treatment with cell-permeable cAMP analogues. Increased DEVD-caspase activity and subsequent apoptosis could both be blocked by the addition of IL6. These coregulating actions may represent a cross-talk signaling mechanism modulating cytokine activation of cellular proliferation and survival.
Superconductivity of proton-irradiated V 3 Si

Bulk samples of ${\mathrm{V}}_{3}$Si were homogeneously irradiated by 35-MeV protons. Superconducting critical temperatures ${T}_{c}$, residual resistivities ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$, and upper critical fields ${H}_{c2}$ were measured for magnetic fields up to 14 T and temperatures from 1.4 K up to ${T}_{c}$. The observed temperature dependence of ${H}_{c2}$ is consistent with strong paramagnetic limiting and small spin-orbit scattering. Based on our collected data, estimates are provided for the electron-phonon coupling parameter $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ and the band density of states $N(0)$. These estimates suggest that for radiation-damaged ${\mathrm{V}}_{3}$Si a general relation of the form $\ensuremath{\lambda}=AN(0)\ensuremath{-}BN{(0)}^{2}$ exists, where $A$ and $B$ are positive constants.