cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Restoring the Structural Status of Keys Through DFT Phase Space

One of the reasons for the widely felt influence of Schenker’s theory is his idea of long-range voice-leading structure. However, an implicit premise, that voice leading is necessarily a relationship between chords, leads Schenker to a reductive method that undermines the structural status of keys. This leads to analytical mistakes as demonstrated by Schenker’s analysis of Brahms’s Second Cello Sonata. Using a spatial concept of harmony based on DFT phase space, this paper shows that Schenker’s implicit premise is in fact incorrect: it is possible to model long-range voice-leading relationships between objects other than chords. The concept of voice leading derived from DFT phases is explained by means of triadic orbits. Triadic orbits are then applied in an analysis of Beethoven’s Heiliger Dankgesang, giving a way to understand the ostensibly “Lydian” tonality and the tonal relationship between the chorale sections and “Neue Kraft” sections.
Weatherscapes: Big Bend National Park — Frontier Desert Solitude

Located under skies of predominantly subtropical high pressure, the landscape of the Big Bend region is very much representative of the arid environment in which it exists: weathered and eroded geo...
Generating, Appraising, and Revising Representations of Mathematics Teaching with Prospective Teachers

Facilitating whole class discussions is a complex practice to learn during teacher preparation. Hence much of the curriculum and pedagogies of mathematics teacher education aim to support beginning teachers to learn to facilitate meaningful and equitable mathematical class discussions. Although there are multiple approaches to address this complex teaching practice, in this chapter the author shares a task that bridges pedagogies of inquiry and enactment in teacher education and aims to empower prospective teachers by positioning them as producers, not just as consumers of representations of mathematics teaching. The “Create and Sort a Classroom Dialogue” invites prospective teachers to generate a representation of a mathematical discussion and to then sort and appraise the quality of their imaginary classroom dialogues. Prospective teachers are also invited to revise these dialogues to further refine their descriptions and representations of what high quality mathematical discussions might look and sound like. The author argues that the phases of generating, appraising, and revising representations of practice provide an important framework for engaging and empowering prospective teachers as future teachers of mathematics. These three phases are illustrated and used to discuss the affordances of engaging prospective teachers with representations of practice that they themselves have generated.
The strategic value of data resources in emergent industries

Abstract In this paper we examine the strategic role of data resources in emergent industries. We contrast the resource-based view and the relational view theories to examine how data resources can help organizations create and capture value. We compare two organizations from two different industries to understand how different types of data resources can provide a competitive advantage. We also examine the role of strategic partnerships in capturing value created through the exploitation of data resources. We conclude that while data often serve as a required resource for entry into new markets, strategic partnerships play a critical role in capturing value created through the exploitation of data resources. The emergent partnership structures are remarkably similar across the two organizations. They target rapid market expansion through encapsulation of data resources within highly scalable web services and the use of standardized legal contracts. We also find that temporal decoupling between value creation and value capture can expose firms to the erosion of the competitive advantage gained through investment in data resources.
Fifth Source of Jupiter Decametric Radiation

Non-Io controlled fifth source of Jupiter decametric radiation from/near visible planetary disk
Trends in the Catalytic Activity of Hydrogen Evolution during CO2 Electroreduction on Transition Metals

During CO2 electroreduction (CO2R), the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a competing reaction. We present a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the HER activity of transition metals under CO2R conditions. Experimental HER polarization curves were measured for six polycrystalline metal surfaces (Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Pt, and Fe) in the presence of CO2 gas. We found that the HER activity of the transition metals is significantly shifted, relative to the CO2-free case. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that this shift arises from adsorbate–adsorbate interactions between *CO and *H on intermediate and strong binding metals, which weakens the *H binding energy. Using a simple model for the effect of *CO on the *H binding energy, we construct an activity volcano for HER in the presence of CO2 gas that is consistent with experimental trends. The significant changes in HER activity in the presence of CO2 gas is an important consideration in catalyst design and could help develo...
Calcium Oxide and Calcium Hydroxide Treatment of Corn Silage

Nutrient analysis of Calcium Oxide (CaO) and Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) treatment of corn silage will show a reduced neutral detergent fiber (NDF) levels, increased calcium, increased crude protein and a slightly improved invitro digestibility of these feedstuffs due to the strong base degrading the plant fiber. Treated corn silage does appear to ferment eventually, but not as rapidly as non treated corn silage. The moisture present in the harvested forage is adequate for the reaction to take place and provides a heat sink for the heat generated from the reaction to prevent combustion. Additional work including feeding trials would help determine any real potential benefit.
Growth of Binary Compounds of Cu 2 ZnSn(S 1−x Se x ) 4 and Their Thin-Film Solar Cells

There are possibilities of generation of secondary phases in the Cu2(ZnSn)(S1−xSex)4 system while growing it. Therefore, all secondary phases, which can arrive from this compound, such as Cu2S, SnS, SnS2, Sn2S3, ZnS, ZnSe, and Cu2Se, and their properties are elaborated in this chapter, which illustrates the growth of the binary compounds by several techniques. In addition, the structural, optical, and electrical properties of the compounds are elaborated. Some of the binary compounds are useful as absorbers and others as windows for solar cell applications. For example, Cu2S and SnS are used as absorbers while ZnS and ZnSe are used as window layers in the solar cells that they depend on the basis of their band gaps or other properties. The fabrication processes of Cu2S and SnS thin-film solar cells by different techniques are emphasized. The I–V measurements, stability, and efficiencies of the solar cells are described. So far, the SnS-based cells exhibit low efficiency for which the reasons are explained. The Cu2S-based cells show reasonable solar energy conversion of around 10% but it decreases with age owing to instability.
American Contributions to Education, Religious and Secular

Sumatra has long attracted American religious educators, first because of the numbers of non-Moslems in the interior, and secondly because of the example of the martyrdom of the first missionaries.
Big data and biomedical informatics: Preparing for the modernization of clinical neuropsychology

Objective: Neuropsychology is poised for a fundamental shift as we modernize the ways in which behavior is measured. The amount and complexity of data generated by these new methods will be several...
DETERMINANTS OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT: A NEW PERSPECTIVE

A parsimonious measure of the relationship between wealth and the factors capitalism(C), democracy(D) and rule of law(R) is summarized in a CDR index. While the economic freedom index is a good economic indicator it is not designed to predict gross domestic product. The CDR index is a good predictor. Government spending and country-size are shown to have no effect on wealth per capita. The CDR effect on wealth is approximately thirteen times that of natural resources. Since government spending and the impact of natural resources on wealth are negligible, government policy must focus on building institutions for raising the CDR index.
Early biochemical predictors of survival in intermediate and high-risk prostate cancer treated with radiation and androgen deprivation therapy.

Abstract Background and purpose To identify early biochemical predictors of survival in intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer patients with a pre-treatment PSA Materials and methods A single-institution review of 2566 intermediate and high-risk prostate cancer patients treated with definitive RT and neoadjuvant and concurrent ADT from 1990 to 2012 was performed. The first prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value within three months of ADT initiation (post-ADT PSA) and the first PSA within three months after RT completion (post-RT PSA) were recorded. 1275 had baseline PSA Results MVA demonstrated a strong association between a post-RT PSA ≥0.09 ng/mL and a significantly higher risk of BR (HR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.45–2.57; p Conclusion A PSA value ≥0.09 ng/mL early after RT completion is associated with significantly worse prognosis across all clinical outcomes, and an early PSA reduction of ≥95% is associated with reduced risk of BR and DM. These findings may identify patients who require early aggressive systemic management for high-risk disease.
The Prevalence and Impact of Elevated Anxiety Sensitivity Among Hazardous Drinking College Students

Abstract Hazardous drinking is prevalent among college students, yet few seek treatment. Anxiety sensitivity AS is one factor with relevance to drinking. Yet, there are no known estimates of the prevalence of elevated AS among hazardous drinkers. The current study sought to estimate the prevalence of elevated AS among hazardous drinking college students and to examine relations between AS and hazardous drinking. Data from 1257 students Mage = 22.08; 80.4 % female; 76.8 % racial/ethnic minorities was employed. Approximately one third (30.7 %) of the sample met criteria for hazardous drinking. Among hazardous drinkers, 77.5 % had clinically elevated AS; similar rates were evidenced across sex and race/ethnicity. Hazardous drinkers reported significantly greater AS scores than moderate drinkers and non-drinkers (p
In reflux-related heartburn unresponsive to PPIs, surgery increased treatment success vs active medical treatment.

Source Citation Spechler SJ, Hunter JG, Jones KM, et al. Randomized trial of medical versus surgical treatment for refractory heartburn. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1513-23. 31618539
Proppant placement in complex fracture geometries: A computational fluid dynamics study

Abstract Proppant transport in activated natural fractures and induced secondary fractures has been increasingly receiving attention. However, the roughness and the non-planarity of hydraulic fractures violate the assumption of a constant flow path during the proppant transport. Therefore, we utilized a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach to study the proppant transport in the complex fracture network while considering the non-planarity and the surface roughness. The fracturing fluid loaded with sands (proppant) is injected to the fracture at a synthesized field-guided pumping schedule. We used the Eulerian-Eulerian frame of the two-phase turbulent flow for modeling the transport processes of which are compared to the proppant transport experiments. The results reflect that our constructed model captures the essential transport mechanisms of the dispersed phase (proppant particles) with the help of the appropriate drag model. We also find that the surface roughness of the fracture deaccelerates the particle velocity during the early injection time, while the fracture non-planarity plays more essential role to the particle transport in the fracture than other geometrical and topographic factors. More importantly, we noticed that the propped fracture heights vary up to one fold with different secondary fracture orientations. This observation would potentially surprise the production performance diagnosis later on.
Top to bottom: an expanded ranking of economics journals

In what we believe is the largest ranking of its kind in economics, this study extends the economics journal ranking literature by examining the impact of papers published in more than 550 economic...
Bad Habits: Habit, Idleness, and Race in Hegel

Recent discussions of Hegel's conception of second nature, specifically focused on Hegel's notion of habit (Gewohnheit), have greatly advanced our understanding of Hegel's views on embodied normativity. This essay examines Hegel's account of embodied normativity in relation to his assessment of good and bad habits. Engaging Hegel's account of the rabble (Pobel) in the Philosophy of Right and Frank Ruda's assessment of Hegel's rabble, this essay traces the relation between ethicality, idleness and race in Hegel. In being a figure of refusal in its affirmation of idleness, the rabble disallows the progressive revision of the project of modernity central to Hegel's philosophy. Hegel's discussion of the rabble is thus key to assessing the production of race within Hegel's notion of ethical life.
A Review of the Selected and Newer Antiseizure Medications Used in Childhood Epilepsies.

There have been additions of newer antiseizure medications in the armamentarium of clinicians for the management of epilepsy. The newer antiseizure medications have advantages of better tolerability, lesser adverse effects, and minimal drug interactions in comparison with conventional antiseizure medications. However, high cost and availability are concerns. There are also peculiar pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations for the pediatric age, particularly in the context of age-dependent electroclinical syndromes and precision-based medicine. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive and pragmatic update on newer antiseizure medications.
Extending functional communication training to multiple language contexts in bilingual learners with challenging behavior

Little research has highlighted how evidence-based practices (e.g., functional communication training [FCT]) might be adapted for bilingual learners with disabilities. In the current study, we served 2 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and challenging behavior whose parents primarily spoke Spanish at home, and whose teachers primarily spoke English at school. Following traditional FCT (i.e., 1 language only), we systematically replicated the findings of Neely, Graber et al. (2020) by demonstrating that mands in the untrained language (i.e., English) did not emerge when trained mands (i.e., Spanish) contacted extinction in alternative-language contexts. Simultaneously, challenging behavior consistently resurged. After children received explicit training with both languages and were taught to change the language of request when initial attempts were unsuccessful (i.e., "repair the message" training), these same children successfully obtained high rates of reinforcement in both language contexts, and challenging behavior rarely occurred.
Corporate networks, privatization and state sovereignty: Pending issues for the 1990s?☆

Abstract Since the 1980s the growing importance of the corporate network has raised sensitive policy issues in telecommunications relating to privatization and national sovereignty. This paper explores these issues in relation to the corporate network and analyses the existing problems and those that will arise in the next decade. The authors examine the corporate network, its workings, its importance as a competitive strategy, especially in a global context, and explain how this causes policy tensions. The authors suggest that these tensions will not dissipate over time, but that they will continue to affect policy-making well into the 1990s.
Information Extraction as Link Prediction: Using Curated Citation Networks to Improve Gene Detection

In this paper we explore the usefulness of various types of publication-related metadata, such as citation networks and curated databases, for the task of identifying genes in academic biomedical publications. Specifically, we examine whether knowing something about which genes an author has previously written about, combined with information about previous coauthors and citations, can help us predict which new genes the author is likely to write about in the future. Framed in this way, the problem becomes one of predicting links between authors and genes in the publication network. We show that this solely social-network based link prediction technique outperforms various baselines, including those relying only on non-social biological information.
We Are Few: Folklore and Ethnic Identity of the Jewish Community of Ioannina, Greece

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Annette B. Fromm Year: 2007 Pages: 232 Publisher: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers ISBN: 978-0-7391-2061-3 (hard cover). Prices: $65.00 USD(hard cover).
ROSAT X-Ray Observations of Two Planetary Nebulae: NGC 1535 and NGC 3587

X-ray emission from planetary nebulae (PNs) may originate from the central stars or from the shocked fast stellar winds. These two origins may be distinguished by the spatial extent and the spectral properties of the X-ray emission. Using ROSAT Position Sensitive Proportional Counter (PSPC) observations, Leahy et al. reported X-ray emission from the PNs NGC 1535 and NGC 3587. However, a careful comparison between optical and X-ray images of NGC 1535 shows that the X-ray emission is coincident with a star outside the optical boundary of the nebula. Previous reports of X-ray emission from NGC 1535 are therefore spurious. The PSPC image of NGC 3587 shows three peaks, two projected within and one outside the optical shell boundary. To improve the spatial resolution, we have obtained a 35 ks ROSAT High Resolution Imager observation of NGC 3587. The HRI image shows clearly that the three peaks are point sources: RX J111447.9+550106, RX J111450.9+550208, and RX J111504.9+550141. RX J111447.9+550106 is projected at the position of the central star, and its PSPC energy distribution shows a very soft X-ray spectrum; therefore, RX J111447.9+550106 most likely represents the photospheric emission from the 110,000 K central star. RX J111450.9+550208 and RX J111504.9+550141 have spectral properties different from those of RX J111447.9+550106 and are probably unrelated background sources.
Psychology of Learning and Behavior

Barry Schwartz, Steven Robbins, and new coauthor Edward Wasserman offer students an engaging introduction to the basic principles of Pavlovian conditioning, operant conditioning, and comparative cognition. The text's critical approach exposes students to the unresolved problems and controversies surrounding behavior theory and encourages them to interpret the material and make connections between theories and real-life situations. With several hundred new references, a new emphasis on comparative cognition, and expanded treatment of neuroscience and the neural basis of learning, the Fifth Edition sets the standard in its coverage of contemporary theory and research.
Mechanisms of damage and fracture in high-temperature, low-cycle fatigue of a cast nickel-based superalloy

In cast Udimet 500 subjected to high-temperature, low-cycle fatigue, localized oxidation at grain boundaries plays an important role in crack nucleation and propagation. Evidence is presented of a surface ridging and pronounced grain boundary penetration due to oxidation, a denudedγ′ zone adjacent to the oxide, and cracking of the oxide. The ridging is selective, and is presumed to occur on those boundaries where high stress exists. The phenomenon is viewed as analogous to stress-corrosion cracking.
Hemorrhage-induced interleukin-1 receptor pathway in lung is suppressed by 3,5-bis(2-fluorobenzylidene)-4-piperidone in a rat model of hypovolemic shock.

Severe blood loss in victims of trauma creates an exaggerated inflammatory background that contributes to the development of intravascular coagulopathy and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. We hypothesized that treatment with diphenyldifluoroketone EF24, an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B, would have salutary effects in hemorrhagic shock. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of EF24 on the expression of the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) superfamily in a rat model of hypovolemic shock. Hypovolemia was induced by gradually withdrawing approximately 50% of circulating blood, and EF24 was administered intraperitoneally (0.2 mg/kg) in 50 μL of saline. After 6 h of shock, lung tissue was probed immunohistochemically and by immunoblotting to study the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), IL-1R, suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2), and single immunoglobulin IL-1R-related (SIGIRR). The tissue-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6, were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We observed a reduction in immunoreactive TLR4 and IL-1R1 in lung tissue of rats treated with EF24. Simultaneously, the pulmonary expression of ST2 and SIGIRR (the putative down-regulators of the pro-inflammatory IL-1R pathway) was increased in EF24-treated hemorrhaged rats. The concentration of hemorrhage-induced TNF-α and IL-6 in lung tissue homogenates was also reduced by EF24 treatment. These results confirm our previous in vitro observations in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated dendritic cells that EF24 beneficially modulates the IL-1R pathway and suggest that it could be investigated as an adjunct therapeutic in managing inflammation associated with hemorrhagic shock.
High-performance front-end converter for avionics applications [aircraft power systems]

The distributed power systems of future commercial aircraft will adopt variable frequency generation (360 to 800 Hz). Front-end converters in the system will be required to have a high efficiency and a low total harmonic distortion (THD) of the input current. This paper explains the design of a zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) active-clamped isolated low-harmonic SEPIC rectifier for such applications. Utilization of the transformer leakage inductance for ZVS and a single-layer transformer design contribute to a high efficiency. An accurate averaged switch model has been developed, which shows that the control-to-input-current transfer function of this converter does not exhibit resonances observed in the conventional SEPIC. As a result, for closed-loop operation using average current control, damping of the coupling capacitor is not required. Operating at a switching frequency of 200 kHz, an experimental 100 W, 28 V output rectifier achieves a THD of 3-4% and efficiency exceeding 90% over the entire line frequency range.
Conceptual importance of identifying alcoholic liver disease as a lifestyle disease

The concept that alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is as a toxic disease does not mirror the exact nature of the disease. ALD should be defined as an alcohol-associated lifestyle disease, the predisposition to which is largely governed by gene-environment interactions, much like other chronic diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of ALD need to be re-addressed from this viewpoint. Specifically, the interactions between alcohol and secondary risk factors (high-fat diet, iron, tobacco, medications, female gender) and comorbidities (viral hepatitis, diabetes) are of urgent epidemiological importance. Molecular characterization of the interfaces of these interactions is essential for revelation or acquisition of new pathogenetic, preventive, and therapeutic insights.
Comparative studies of single-polarizer reflective liquid-crystal displays

— The electro-optic effects and viewing-angle characteristics of some recently developed single-polarizer reflective liquid-crystal displays are compared under the same material parameters. The mixed-mode twisted-nematic cells and biaxial film-compensated thin homogeneous cells are promising for both direct-view and projection displays employing crossed polarizers. How to improve contrast ratio for the parallel-polarizer displays remains a technical challenge.
Effects of Bacillus sphaericus 1593 and 2362 spore/crystal toxin on cultured mosquito cells.

Abstract An in vitro assay system for the toxin of Bacillus sphaericus strains 1593 and 2362 has been developed utilizing cultured Culex quinquefasciatus cells. The cytotoxic activity of extracts of B. sphaericus strain 1593 did not necessarily correlate with insecticidal activity. Cytotoxicity and larvicidal activity were neutralized by immune rabbit serum prepared against crude toxin extracts as well as by serum prepared against purified toxin from strain 2362. This purified toxin was also found to be cytotoxic. Activation with mosquito larval gut homogenates enhanced cytotoxicity of both 1593 extracts and purified toxin from 2362. The activity of cytotoxic preparations against three mosquito cell lines paralleled the activity of B. sphaericus spores against larvae of these mosquito species. The results suggest the presence of a protoxin and one or more cytotoxic proteins derived from it.
An Examination of Marketing Channel Conflict and Cooperation in the Motorsports Industry

This article describes underlying causes and effects of marketing channel conflict. Channel conflict can produce benefits and drawbacks to the channel members. This article identifies factors that affect cooperation between channel members in the motorsports industry. Motorsports is a major component of the global entertainment industry influencing other major industries, such as motor vehicle manufacturing, hospitality, and tourism. Within the marketing channel, there are various factors that create and impact the level of conflict among the channel members. Typical sources of conflict among motorsports channel members include goal differences, competition over channel resources, expectations divergence, role clarity, and non-fulfillment of roles. Managers of organizations in the motorsports industry can influence the intensity of these conflicts to improve performance of the marketing channel.
Treatment delays of colon cancer in a safety-net hospital system

Abstract Background Disparities in colon cancer survival have been reported to result from advanced stage at diagnosis and delayed therapy. We hypothesized that delays in treatment among medically underserved patients occur as a result of system-level barriers in a safety-net hospital system. Materials and methods Retrospective review and analysis of colon cancer patients treated in a large safety-net hospital system between May 2008 and May 2012. Data were collected on demographics, stage at diagnosis, time to surgery, time to adjuvant chemotherapy, and vital status. Regression analyses were performed to determine predictors of delays and failure to receive therapy. Results Of 248 patients treated for colon cancer, 56% (n = 140) had advanced disease at the time of presentation; furthermore, 29.1% of all colectomies for colon cancer were performed on an urgent or emergent basis. Thirty-six patients with stage III and IV disease did not receive chemotherapy (26%). Race, age, gender, and hospice care did not predict receipt of chemotherapy or delays to treatment. Patients with stage I colon cancer had a significantly longer interval between diagnosis and elective surgery when compared with patients with stage II, III, and IV colon cancer, with only 10% (n = 3) undergoing resection sooner than 6 wk after diagnosis. Conclusions One in three patients diagnosed with colon cancer in a large safety-net hospital system require urgent or emergent surgery, and one in two present with advanced disease. Reducing disparities should focus on earlier diagnosis of colon cancer and improving access to surgical specialists.
College major choice, occupational structure and demographic patterning by gender, race and nativity

Abstract This paper asks whether and to what extent occupational segregation by gender, race/ethnicity and nativity at national level influences the patterning of individual college major choice. National Education Longitudinal Studies (NELS 1988–1994) provides college major information and the Public Use Micro data 1990 census 5% sample (PUMS 5%) provides occupational structure information, focusing on the demographic representation in broad occupational fields by gender, race and nativity. I match the occupational structure information from the PUMS data to the NELS data by group membership, after cross-classifying gender, race and nativity. This paper finds that the demographic group representations in technical and life/health science occupations at societal level have significant positive influence on choosing corresponding college major fields for students from the same groups. This may indicate that the seemingly individual choice of college major has deep structural roots at the societal level.
Further studies on the influence of BPDS on the uptake of chelated iron by plants

Abstract Bush bean plants were exposed to 59FeEDDHA (2×l0‐5 M) for 22 hours with and without CaCO3 in the nutrient solution for pH differential (less than 7 and over 7) and also with combinations of 10‐4 M BPDS (bathophenanthroline‐disulfonate), 10‐4 M EDDHA, 10‐4 M EDTA, 10‐2 M H2O2 and 3×10‐5 M FeSO4 and 5×10‐5 M FeSO4. The BPDS and excess EDDHA both inhibited accumulation of the labeled iron in various plant parts but not additively. This implies a pe + pH of 10 or less unless the chelated Fe were absorbed intact. The excess EDDHA and EDTA decreased slightly the inhibiting effect of BPDS at both pH values. This implies a pe + pH of less than 10. When sufficient FeSO4 was applied to chelate all of the BPDS, inhibition of iron uptake still occurred, although the effect was less than with the unchelated BPDS. The high rate of FeSO4 decreased the inhibition more than did the low rate although high pH may decrease the availability of the residual 2 × 10‐5M Fe2+ . Hydrogen peroxide, an oxidizing agent, decre...
Rod influences on hue perception: Effect of background light level

Rod signals interact with red-green and blue-yellow perceptual hue dimensions to influence color appearance across the spectrum. Hue-naming studies from our lab have identified at least two rod-mediated mechanisms with different spectral and temporal properties: (1) a “faster” rod influence enhances green relative to red; and (2) a “slower” rod influence enhances short-wavelength red and blue. These two types of rod influence are revealed by a probe-flash paradigm. In the present study, we examine the effects of background light level on “faster” and “slower” rod mechanisms. We find both rod influences at higher light levels, but only the “faster” influence at lower light levels. These data provide additional support for the existence of two types of rod influence on hue that differ from each other in spectral specificity, temporal properties, and light-level dependence. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, S60–S64, 2001
Double aneuploidy: Trisomy 21 andXO/XX sex chromosome mosaicism

1. A fifth family with familial congenital extrahepatic biliary is described. 2. ClinicMty and pathologically familiaI and nonfamilial biliary atresia are similar except for a predominance of males in the familial condition. 3. The sex incidence and association of other congenital anomalies is discussed in relation to a possible etiology. Fur ther information must be correlated and new facts uncovered before the nature of this syndrome will be known.
A Proctologic diagnostic unit

A proctologic diagnostic unit which has been in use for ten months in the clinics, wards and operating rooms of the Jewish Hospital of Brooklyn is described. It has been of inestimable value and convenience. It is mobile, compact and complete. It provides available facilities for efficient laboratory and clinical diagnosis of the diseases of the terminal bowel.
Role of growth hormone in the amino acid-induced acute rise in renal function in man

To examine whether plasma growth hormone is necessary for the amino acid-induced rise in effective renal plasma flow (ERPF, PAH clearance) and GFR (inulin clearance), arginine HCl, 500 mg/kg, was infused for 30 minutes into eight normal and six growth hormone-deficient individuals. During infusion, ERPF increased in the normal and growth hormone-deficient subjects by 28.9 +/- 11.4 SD-% (P less than 0.01) and 46.5 +/- 14.4% (P less than 0.001). GFR rose by 23.7 +/- 5.9% (P less than 0.05) and 42.7 +/- 29.1% (P less than 0.001) in the two groups. Plasma growth hormone rose only in the normal subjects, while glucagon increased in both groups. Infusion of arginine HCl, 200 mg/kg, into normals increased ERPF and GFR without increasing plasma osmolality. Lower arginine doses essentially did not affect ERPF, GFR, growth hormone, or glucagon. Infusion of D-glucose into normals raised plasma osmolality as high as with arginine HCl, 500 mg/kg, but increased ERPF only slightly and not GFR; D-glucose infusion caused a delayed rise in growth hormone that was unassociated with an increase in ERPF or GFR. An infusion of ammonium chloride with sodium chloride, which provided an amount of chloride similar to the 500 mg/kg arginine HCl dose, did not change ERPF and GFR; this suggests that the chloride load did not cause the altered renal hemodynamics stimulated by arginine HCl. These findings indicate that neither normal plasma growth hormone levels nor a rise in growth hormone mediates the arginine-induced acute increase in ERPF or GFR. This effect is also not due to the osmolar load but could be caused by the rise in plasma glucagon.
High frequency somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from papaya hypocotyl callus

High frequency somatic embryogenesis in papaya (Carica papaya L.) tissue cultures was achieved by culturing hypocotyl sections from ten-day-old seedlings on half-strength Murashige and Skoog salts (MS) medium containing modified MS vitamins, 2.3 to 112.5 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d), 400 mg l-1 glutamine, and 6% sucrose. Four hermaphroditic Hawaiian cultivars produced embryogenic calluses after ten to 14 weeks of culture at 27°C in the dark. Efficiency in embryogenic response of genotypes differed, ‘Kapoho’ > ‘Sunset’ > ‘Sunrise’ > ‘Waimanalo’. The frequency of embryogenesis in induction medium containing 4.5 μM 2,4-d was lowest with 3% sucrose and highest with 7% sucrose. Somatic embryos developed directly from embryogenic calluses on induction medium, or, more often, they differentiated from calluses subcultured on a medium devoid of growth regulators. Between 50 and 500 embryos were produced from each 2-mm hypocotyl section after at least two months on induction medium and two months on maturation medium. Embryos subsequently developed into normal-looking plants on MS medium. Shoot cuttings from germinated embryos and micropropagated plants were rooted with 5.0 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), grown in the greenhouse, and transferred to the field.
Supercomputer studies in absolute minimization

Abstract Numerical methodology is developed for approximating the absolute minimum of a function or a functional. Only simplistic numerical techniques using averaging and trapezoidal integration are introduced and explored. CRAY X-MP/24 computer examples are described and discussed.
Who Is to Blame for Deviance in Organizations? The Role of Scholarly Worldviews

This paper explores two of the most important challenges facing contemporary scholars who seek to assign blame for deviance in organizational contexts. The first concerns the selection of an appropriate level of analysis. The second focuses on the social meaning of intent, or willfulness, also called mens rea in criminal trials. We suggest that scholarly worldviews play a central role in determining how these issues are discussed in the literature, thereby impacting the assignment of blame. Throughout, we use the case of the Tuskegee syphilis study to illustrate key issues.
Empirical cluster expansion models of cation order-disorder in A ( B 1 / 3 ′ , B 2 / 3 ″ ) O 3 perovskites

Minimal cluster expansion models of B-site cation ordering in ${A(B}_{1/3}^{\ensuremath{'}}{,B}_{2/3}^{\ensuremath{''}}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ perovskites are evaluated. It is demonstrated that the linear triplet interaction is both necessary and sufficient to stabilize the $P\overline{3}m1 1:2$ structure ground state that is observed in such compounds as $\mathrm{Ba}({\mathrm{Zn}}_{1/3},{\mathrm{Nb}}_{2/3}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{Ba}({\mathrm{Zn}}_{1/3},{\mathrm{Ta}}_{2/3}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}.$ The linear triplet model exhibits a $P\overline{3}m\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{1}\mathrm{Pm}\overline{3}m$ transition at ${\mathrm{kT}}_{C}/[\ensuremath{-}{J}_{(\ifmmode\bullet\else\textbullet\fi{}\ensuremath{-}\ifmmode\bullet\else\textbullet\fi{}\ensuremath{-}\ifmmode\bullet\else\textbullet\fi{})}]=4.5184.$ The addition of a nearest-neighbor pair interaction permits the transition sequence $P\overline{3}m\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{1}\mathrm{Fm}\overline{3}m1:1 \mathrm{structure}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{Pm}\overline{3}m,$ which is observed in $\mathrm{Ca}({\mathrm{Ca}}_{1/3},{\mathrm{Nb}}_{2/3}){\mathrm{O}}_{3},$ but not in a region of parameter space in which the lowest-energy ground state of the ${\mathrm{AB}}_{x}^{\ensuremath{'}}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{AB}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}^{\ensuremath{''}}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ pseudobinary occurs at the ${A(B}_{1/3}^{\ensuremath{'}}{,B}_{2/3}^{\ensuremath{''}}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ composition. This latter condition can be satisfied by including a second many-body interaction, specifically, a cube minus the triangle of three second-neighbor pairs. Monte Carlo simulations with such a model generate microstructures of the type that are observed in $\mathrm{Pb}({\mathrm{Zn}}_{1/3},{\mathrm{Nb}}_{2/3}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{Pb}({\mathrm{Mg}}_{1/3},{\mathrm{Nb}}_{2/3}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}.$
An evaluation of the Man to Man self-help group in Colorado and Utah.

purpose: Two surveys were conducted to evaluate the Man to Man program, a prostate cancer self-help group of the American Cancer Society (ACS). description of study: The study involved two surveys in Colorado and Utah in 2001, one of program participants, the other of area urologists, respectively. A focus group also was conducted of African American men with prostate cancer in Denver, Colo. results: In total, 112 participants in the Man to Man program and 66 urologists participated in the study. Results of the participant survey indicated that men and their families found out about the group through other prostate cancer survivors, doctors, or the ACS. Monthly attendance at the groups ranged from 2 to 50 participants. Participants valued the prostate cancer treatment information, physician presentations, and social aspects that were offered. The results of the urologist survey indicated that 67% were aware of the Man to Man program, but most were not aware of the services it offered. Urologists learned of the group through Man to Man participants, other physicians, and the ACS. Focus group results suggested that a personal preference for access to other sources of support and information was a primary reason for nonattendance at Man to Man meetings. clinical implications: Attendance at Man to Man meetings is likely to be enhanced by focusing on basic prostate cancer information topics. Future evaluations of Man to Man meeting participation should focus on the role of women in the program. Most urologists were not familiar with the services offered by Man to Man. The ACS and the organizers of local Man to Man programs should target urologists in future outreach efforts.
Exploring Adolescents’ Relationships with Non-Parental Adults Using the Non-Parental Adult Inventory (N.P.A.I.)

Adolescents’ relationships with non-parental adults is one identified protective factor that has received comparable little attention. Previous work indicates that significant, non-parental adults play an important role in adolescent development. This exploratory study examines the frequency of adolescent contact with non-parental adults, and their enjoyment of that contact using the Non-Parental Adult Inventory (N.P.A.I.). Gender and age differences among adolescent reports, and differences between parent and adolescent reports are explored. Frequency and reported enjoyment of adolescent contact within select categories of non-parental adults differed by gender. Parent and adolescent reports significantly differed with parents both underestimating and overestimating the strength of adolescents’ relationships with select adult groups. Results provide preliminary data regarding the nature of adolescents’ relationships with a broad range of non-parental adults.
Tuning the Properties of the Osmium Nitrido Group in TpOs(N)X2 by Changing the Ancillary Ligand

TpOs(N)(OAc)2 (2) is formed upon reaction of TpOs(N)Cl2 (1) with excess silver acetate (Tp = hydrotrispyrazolylborate). Treatment of 2 with protic acids HX gives the osmium(VI) complexes TpOs(N)X2, where X = trifluoroacetate (TFA, 3), trichloroacetate (TCA, 4), tribromoacetate (TBA, 5), bromide (6), oxalate (X2 = O2C2O2, 7), or nitrate (ONO2, 8). Cyclic voltammetry studies of 1-8 show irreversible reductions of OsVI to OsV, varying over a range of 0.63 V. Much smaller relative variations are observed in 15N NMR chemical shifts, v(Os identical to N) stretching frequencies, and optical absorbances. Compounds 1-8 all react with PPh3 by nucleophilic attack at the nitride ligand, yielding TpOs(NPPh3)X2. The reactions are accelerated by more electron withdrawing ligands X. The relative rates correlate with the peak reduction potentials although the effect is small: the rates vary by only 10(2) while the 0.63 V change in Ep,c corresponds to a change in equilibrium constant for electron transfer of approximately 10(11). Compounds 1-8 also react with triphenylboron, BPh3, with formation of borylanilido complexes TpOs[N(Ph)BPh2]X2. However, rate constants for reactions with BPh3 to yield OsIV boryl-amido complexes do not in general correlate with one-electron-reduction potentials. This is likely due to the mechanism of the BPh3 reactions being a two-step process and not simply nucleophilic attack.
TH‐E‐17A‐03: Development and Evaluation of a 4D‐CBCT Scheme Based On Simultaneous Motion Estimation and Image Reconstruction

Purpose: To develop and evaluate the performance of a novel 4D-CBCT reconstruction scheme based on simultaneous motion estimation and image reconstruction (SMEIR) through patient studies. Methods: The SMEIR algorithm consists of two alternating steps: 1) motion-compensated CBCT reconstruction; and 2) motion model estimation from the projections directly. In step 1, projections from all phases are used to reconstruct a reference phase 4D-CBCT by explicitly considering the motion models between different phases. In step 2, updated inverse consistent motion models are obtained directly from projections by matching the measured projections to the forward projection of the deformed reference phase 4D-CBCT. Motion model estimation was implemented on GPU to increase the computation efficiency. Two lung cancer patients were scanned for 4.5 and 5.7 minutes. Totally 1679 and 1982 projections were acquired and grouped into 10 phases. To evaluate SMEIR algorithm performance on conventional 1-minute CBCT scan, projections at each phase were down-sampled by factors ranging from 2 to 10. 4D-CBCT were reconstructed from down-sampled projections using FDK, total variation minimization (TV) and SMEIR. Using 4D-CBCT reconstructed from fully sampled projections as a reference, relative errors of image and tumor motion trajectory were analyzed to quantify performances of different reconstruction algorithms. Results: SMEIR algorithm outperforms FDK and TV in both reconstruction accuracy and tumor tracking accuracy. When averaged projection number per phase decreases to 18 in two patients, relative reconstruction errors for FDK, TV and SMEIR are 38.00%, 11.72% and 9.59%, respectively. The maximum tumor tracking errors are 2.53 mm, 2.05 mm, and 0.68 mm for FDK, TV and SMEIR, respectively. Conclusion: Patient studies show that the SMEIR algorithm achieves 1-mm tumor tracking accuracy when the average projection number per phase reduces to 18. SMEIR algorithm enables the use of conventional 1-minute CBCT for accurate motion modeling and 4D-CBCT reconstruction.
Ultrasonographic assessment of gestational age with the distal femoral and proximal tibial ossification centers in the third trimester

A prospective sonographic evaluation of the distal femoral and proximal tibial epiphyseal ossification centers in 228 normal pregnant women was carried out from 28 to 40 weeks' gestation. The mean gestational age at which the distal femoral epiphysis and proximal tibial epiphysis were imaged was 34 and 38 weeks, respectively. The distal femoral epiphysis was not identifiable before 28 weeks but was observed in 72% of fetuses at 33 weeks and in 94% of fetuses at 34 weeks' gestation. The presence of a distal femoral epiphysis measuring 1 or 2 mm was associated with a gestational age of greater than 33 weeks in 87.0% of fetuses, whereas a distal femoral epiphysis measuring greater than or equal to 3 mm was associated with a gestational age greater than 37 weeks in 85% of fetuses. The proximal tibial epiphysis, which was absent before 34 weeks' gestation, was observed in 56% of fetuses at 36 weeks, in 80% of fetuses at 37 weeks, and in 100% of fetuses at 39 weeks of gestation. The presence of a proximal tibial epiphysis of 1 or 2 mm was associated with a gestational age of greater than 36 weeks in 88% of fetuses, whereas a proximal tibial epiphysis greater than or equal to 3 mm was associated with a gestational age of greater than 38 weeks in 94% of fetuses. The sonographic evaluation of distal femoral epiphysis/proximal tibial epiphysis can be used as independent markers for estimation of gestational age during the third trimester, a period in which standard fetal biometric estimates of gestational age are least accurate.
Framework and algorithms for trend analysis in massive temporal data sets

Mining massive temporal data streams for significant trends, emerging buzz, and unusually high or low activity is an important problem with several commercial applications. In this paper, we propose a framework based on relational records and metric spaces to study such problems. Our framework provides the necessary mathematical underpinnings for this genre of problems, and leads to efficient algorithms in the stream/sort model of massive data sets (where the algorithm makes passes over the data, computes a new stream on the fly, and is allowed to sort the intermediate data). Our algorithm makes novel use of metric approximations in the data stream context, and highlights the role of hierarchical organization of large data sets in designing efficient algorithms in the stream/sort model.
The Identity of the Colloidal Particles in Soap Sols and Jellies

TEN years ago we found that two portions of the same solution of soap could be brought into the states of either sol or typically transparent jelly respectively at the same temperature, and that such significant properties as conductivity, lowering of vapour pressure, concentration of sodium ion as measured with the sodium amalgam electrode, etc., were identical in both these states. Sol and jelly differed only in mechanical properties such as rigidity and elasticity. We therefore drew the obvious conclusion that the rigid structure of the jelly must be built up by progressive linkings together of the particles which pre-existed in the sol (Trans. Ghem. Soc, London, 117, 1506; 1920).