cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anthropogenic land use is associated with N-fixing cyanobacterial dominance in lakes across the continental United States

Cyanobacteria cause many water quality problems in lakes worldwide. Although many studies have examined factors that influence the structure of cyanobacterial communities, few have explicitly compared the effects of within-lake conditions (e.g., nutrient concentrations) and watershed parameters (e.g., land use) on a diverse array of cyanobacterial taxa. Here, we analyzed data from the 2007 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s National Lakes Assessment to quantify how lakeshore anthropogenic land use, nutrient concentrations and ratios, and surface water temperatures predict cyanobacterial biovolume and dominance in 236 naturally-formed lakes spanning the continental U.S. We observed that anthropogenic lakeshore land use was the best predictor for cyanobacterial dominance, whereas in-lake nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations were the best predictors for cyanobacterial biovolume. Our analyses suggest that anthropogenic land use may influence cyanobacterial dominance via means other than increased nutrient concentrations. The sum of agricultural and human-developed lakeshore land use was the best predictor of N-fixing cyanobacterial dominance, but there was no significant relationship between anthropogenic land use and non-N-fixing cyanobacterial dominance. In addition, we observed a total N:P ratio threshold for cyanobacterial dominance in the phytoplankton community (150:1) that was much higher than previously reported ratios. Consequently, management strategies to control cyanobacteria need to account for eco-physiological variation among different cyanobacterial taxa, and should consider nutrients and the other effects of land use to control overall lake cyanobacterial biovolume and cyanobacterial dominance, as the two cyanobacterial metrics may be sensitive to different drivers.
Flash infrared radiation disinfection of fibrous filters contaminated with bioaerosols.

Aims: To investigate the effectiveness of infrared (IR) radiation heating in disinfecting air filters loaded with bioaerosols. Methods and Results: An irradiation device was constructed considering the unique characteristics of IR and the physical dimensions and radiative properties of air filters. Filters loaded with test bioaerosols were irradiated with the device and flash heated to an ultra-high temperature (UHT). A maximum of 3·77-, 4·38- and 5·32-log inactivation of B. subtilis spores, E. coli, and MS2 virus respectively was achieved within 5 s of irradiation. Inactivation efficiency could be increased by using a higher IR power. Microscopic analysis showed no visible damage from the heat treatment that would affect filtration efficiency. Conclusions: Because the disinfection was a dry heat process, a temperature greater than 200°C was found necessary to successfully inactivate the test micro-organisms. The results demonstrate that IR is able to quickly disinfect filters given sufficient incident power. Compared to existing filter disinfection technologies, it offers a faster and more effective solution. Significance and Impact of the Study: It has been shown that IR heating is a feasible option for filter disinfection; possibly reducing fomite transmission of collected micro-organisms and preventing bioaerosol reaerosolization.
Sensory hair cell regeneration in the zebrafish lateral line.

Background: Damage or destruction of sensory hair cells in the inner ear leads to hearing or balance deficits that can be debilitating, especially in older adults. Unfortunately, the damage is permanent, as regeneration of the inner ear sensory epithelia does not occur in mammals. Results: Zebrafish and other non-mammalian vertebrates have the remarkable ability to regenerate sensory hair cells and understanding the molecular and cellular basis for this regenerative ability will hopefully aid us in designing therapies to induce regeneration in mammals. Zebrafish not only possess hair cells in the ear but also in the sensory lateral line system. Hair cells in both organs are functionally analogous to hair cells in the inner ear of mammals. The lateral line is a mechanosensory system found in most aquatic vertebrates that detects water motion and aids in predator avoidance, prey capture, schooling, and mating. Although hair cell regeneration occurs in both the ear and lateral line, most research to date has focused on the lateral line due to its relatively simple structure and accessibility. Conclusions: Here we review the recent discoveries made during the characterization of hair cell regeneration in zebrafish. Developmental Dynamics 243:1187–1202, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is Structure-from-Motion Worth Pursuing?

Structure-from-motion is the problem of recovering the motion of a camera and the shape of objects in front of it from the images that the camera produces. If vision is to compute a representation of the world from images, structure-from-motion is undeniably a central problem. Yet decades of research have shown that this computation is very sensitive to errors in image measurements, both random and systematic. The time has come to assess this sensitivity quantitatively. Is the problem so bad that only extremely controlled experiments with carefully calibrated, high-quality equipment can yield acceptable reconstructions of the world’s geometry? Or can we hope to devise methods that extract useful three-dimensional information from the images produced by an off-the-shelf camera in a wide array of imaging scenarios? It may seem surprising that no clear and complete answer to this question is known yet.
Electron-spectroscopy study of YbXCu4 (X=Ag,Au,Pd).

We have studied the electronic structure of the heavy-electron compounds Yb{ital X}Cu{sub 4}, with {ital X} = Ag,Au,Pd, using x-ray photoemission and bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopies. Consistent with other evidence of small Kondo temperatures, we find that Yb in this system is nearly trivalent and that Kondo features in the Yb 4{ital f} BIS spectra are either absent or weak.
The Generation of Magnetic Fields in the Sun

In this paper results of a preliminary investigation into the existence of large scale magnetic fields in the Sun are given. Using a kinematic model with prescribed internal rotation and a standard solar model, the poloidal and toroidal components of the magnetic field are calculated. The basic decay time is of the order of the age of the Sun. In addition the fields are quite sensitive to slight variations in the internal rotation. The boundary condition at the sofar suriace also does not seem to influence the inner regions where large scale fields seem possible.
Pathology of the Canine and Feline Uterine Tube

Lesions of the uterine tube were described in 37 dogs and nine cats. Of the 52 lesions noted, 18 were developmental abnormalities; four paramesonephric remnants, and 14 mesonephric remnants. Uterine tube cysts were seen in 16 animals, and seven animals had salpingitis. One dog had hyperplastic changes of the infundibular mucosa, and one cat and one dog demonstrated adenomyosis. There were three primary benign uterine tube neoplasms, one adenocarcinoma, two metastatic neoplasms in the uterine tube, and two bursal lipomas, all in dogs. With the exception of neoplasia of the uterine tube, most lesions were unlikely to affect the reproductive performance of these animals and/or were incidental or secondary to disorders elsewhere in the reproductive tract.
SoC design methodology: a practical approach

Today's deep sub-micron semiconductor technology has enabled large-scale integration of multi-million gates consisting of reusable intellectual property (IP), on-chip memory and user-defined logic on a single chip. The design of such SoC has introduced several challenges in terms of increased design complexity in the areas of functional verification, timing closure, physical design, signal integrity, reliability, manufacturing test and package design. This tutorial discusses a methodology that is based on the successful design of several digital dominated SoCs such as high-speed low-cost communications processors, VOP and DSL devices, high performance audio and video processors at Texas Instruments. It provides a complete breadth of digital chip design techniques. In addition, it covers some issues related to mixed-signal SoC and hierarchical design. Design tradeoffs are discussed to handle the SoC complexity, and yet meet the time-to-market demands. We review different methodologies that are followed in the industry to design these chips. Following topics are covered with examples to explain design challenges and the approaches used to address them: design planning; functional verification; design for test (DFT); synthesis, floor-planning and STA; design closure; manufacturing tests and future challenges.
A Review of: “David Harmon and Allen D. Putney (Eds.). The Full Value of Parks: From Economics To The Intangible”

When engaging a text it is always important to understand the larger context in which it is situated, and that is particularly true in the case of the book reviewed here. Harmon and Putney co-edite...
Surgical intervention for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia is correlated with expression of the AP-1 transcription factor network.

BACKGROUND Approximately one-third of patients fail medical treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia and associated lower urinary tract symptoms (BPH/LUTS) requiring surgical intervention. Our purpose was to establish a molecular characterization for patients undergoing surgical intervention for LUTS to address therapeutic deficiencies. METHODS Clinical, molecular, and histopathological profiles were analyzed in 26 patients undergoing surgery for severe LUTS. Incidental transitional zone nodules were isolated from 37 patients with mild symptoms undergoing radical prostatectomy. Clinical parameters including age, prostate volume, medication, prostate specific antigen, symptom score, body mass index, and incidence of diabetes were collected. Multivariate logistic regression analysis with adjustments for potential confounding variables was used to examine associations between patient clinical characteristics and molecular targets identified through molecular profiling. RESULTS Compared to incidental BPH, progressive symptomatic BPH was associated with increased expression of the activating protein-1 transcription factor/chemokine network. As expected, inverse correlations were drawn between androgen receptor levels and age, as well as between 5α-reductase inhibitor (5ARI) treatment and tissue prostate specific antigen levels; however, a novel association was also drawn between 5ARI treatment and increased c-FOS expression. CONCLUSIONS This study provides molecular evidence that a network of pro-inflammatory activating protein-1 transcription factors and associated chemokines are highly enriched in symptomatic prostate disease, a profile that molecularly categorizes with many other chronic autoimmune diseases. Because 5ARI treatment was associated with increased c-FOS expression, future studies should explore whether increased activating protein-1 proteins are causal factors in the development of symptomatic prostate disease, inflammation or resistance to traditional hormonal therapy. Prostate 74:669–679, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Re‐examining format distortion and orthographic neighbourhood size effects in the left, central and right visual fields

Research has shown orthographic neighbourhood size effects (ONS) in the left visual field (LVF) but not in the right visual field (RVF). An earlier study examined the combined effects of ONS and font distortion in the LVF and RVF, but did not find an interaction. The current lexical decision experiment re-examined the interaction between ONS and format distortion at fixation and in the LVF and RVF with the addition of several methodological improvements. Main results replicated previous findings and extended them by indicating that (a) ONS effects in the LVF are immune to the putatively disruptive effects of format distortion, (b) format distortion revealed ONS effects in the RVF and (c) large orthographic neighbourhood size slowed pseudoword rejections regardless of format distortion or visual field presentation. Results are discussed within the context of relevant literature on the visual field laterality of visuoperceptual-orthographic processing.
I/O phase characterization of TPC-H query operations

With the introduction of newer faster processors, speedier interconnects and sophisticated I/O system designs, the processing capabilities of servers built in current market place are ever increasing, but so are the myriad commercial applications that they are used for. Unfortunately, detailed studies capturing the demands of commercial applications/workloads have been very few. In this paper we characterize the I/O activity of the 22 I/O-intensive database queries of the commercial decision support system (DSS) benchmark, namely, TPC-H and a smaller set of queries called "DSS-lite" that perform individual database operations. TPC-H query behavior varies throughout its execution but we identify "phases" in a query during which the performance is close forming a steady state. We use the DSS-lite results and query plan information to decipher the various phases of the TPC-H queries and characterize their I/O requirements, which can aid in forecasting or planning a DSS system's I/O capacity.
The Effect of Positive Models of Inclusion on Band Students' Attitudinal Statements regarding the Integration of Students with Disabilities

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of five positive models of inclusion on band students' attitudinal statements regarding the integration of students with disabilities in their mu...
Dynamics of Track Deflection Associated with the Passage of Tropical Cyclones over a Mesoscale Mountain

Abstract In this study, the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) was used to simulate Supertyphoon Bilis (in 2000) and Typhoon Toraji (in 2001) in order to investigate the dynamics of track deflection caused by the Central Mountain Range (CMR) of Taiwan. The MM5 predicted the track of each storm reasonably well. Bilis was stronger and had a relatively faster forward motion, which helped make the track continuous as it crossed the CMR. The use of a “bogus” vortex in the initialization process helped produce a storm closer to the observed strength. Bilis is a classic example of a typhoon crossing Taiwan with a continuous track. For comparison, Typhoon Toraji, a typical typhoon having a discontinuous track, was also studied. Toraji was weaker and had a relatively slower forward speed, which prevented the original low center from crossing over the CMR and forced more air parcels to go around the northern tip of the CMR. As a r...
Efficient discovery of XML data redundancies

As XML becomes widely used, dealing with redundancies in XML data has become an increasingly important issue. Redundantly stored information can lead not just to a higher data storage cost, but also to increased costs for data transfer and data manipulation. Furthermore, such data redundancies can lead to potential update anomalies, rendering the database inconsistent.One way to avoid data redundancies is to employ good schema design based on known functional dependencies. In fact, several recent studies have focused on defining the notion of XML Functional Dependencies (XML FDs) to capture XML data redundancies. We observe further that XML databases are often "casually designed" and XML FDs may not be determined in advance. Under such circumstances, discovering XML data redundancies (in terms of FDs) from the data itself becomes necessary and is an integral part of the schema refinement process.In this paper, we present the design and implementation of the first system, DiscoverXFD, for effcient discovery of XML data redundancies. It employs a novel XML data structure and introduces a new class of partition based algorithms. DiscoverXFD can not only be used for the previous definitions of XML functional dependencies, but also for a more comprehensive notion we develop in this paper, capable of detecting redundancies involving set elements while maintaining clear semantics. Experimental evaluations using real life and benchmark datasets demonstrate that our system is practical and scales well with increasing data size.
Overlap of segmental populations and axon collaterals in the thoracic sympathetic system of the cat

Sympathetic preganglionic axons are known to branch in the sympathetic chain, i.e. extraspinally. The possibility that the axons may branch within the spinal cord (intraspinally) and exit through different roots has not been well examined. The purpose of this study was to determine if intraspinal collaterals exist in the distribution of preganglionic neurons innervating the stellate ganglion of the cat using the double-labeled retrograde fluorescent dye technique (Diamidino Yellow and Fast Blue). The right stellate ganglion of pentobarbital-anesthetized cats was isolated; the sympathetic chain was ligated in two places just caudal to the T2 white ramus and then sectioned between the ligatures. One fluorescent tracer was injected into the stellate ganglion; the complementary-colored tracer was injected into the sympathetic chain below the cut. After a 6-day survival time, frozen serial 40-micron sections of spinal cord segments T1-T4 were cut and mounted. The longitudinal distribution of dyes: indicated a segmental preganglionic organization and overlapped approximately 700 micron. However, no sympathetic preganglionic neurons were double-labeled with both dyes. Additional experiments demonstrated a small number of extraspinal preganglionic axon collaterals.
Effects of coppice dune topography and vegetation on soil water dynamics in a cold-desert ecosystem

Abstract The relationships of soil water dynamics to arid-land coppice dune/swale topography and associated plants were examined under normal and enhanced precipitation. Three conditions were compared: coppice dunes dominated by Grayia spinosa, sparsely vegetated swales, and swales dominated by Artemisia tridentata. Sparsely vegetated swales were wetter than G. spinosa coppice dunes or A. tridentata swales. The effect of enhanced precipitation on end-of-season soil water storage and profile patterns was negligible. Soil water storage was negatively correlated with the number and size of nearby plants. Root biomass was highest near the surface and decreased with depth down to 2 m. The root biomass under G. spinosa coppice dunes was 10 times greater than in sparsely vegetated swales or swales dominated by A. tridentata. Variability in soil water characteristics was more strongly associated with vegetation patterns than with topography. The swales dominated by A. tridentata were significantly drier than sparsely vegetated swales. This ecosystem can recycle at least two times normal precipitation to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration.
Biologically based dose response model for hepatic toxicity: a mechanistically based replacement for traditional estimates of noncancer risk

Abstract Uncertainty in risk assessment can be reduced by increasing the use of relevant data specific to the particular xenobiotic and exposed organism. We describe the development of a preliminary, mechanism-based exposure response model for chloroform hepatotoxicity consisting of toxicokinetic (TK) and toxicodynamic (TD) submodels. The TK submodel is based on an existing physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for chloroform. The TD submodel consists of an empirical function linking tissue dose, defined by the PBTK model, with hepatocyte killing and subsequent regenerative cellular replication. Chloroform-induced cell killing was inferred quantitatively from dose-response hepatic labelling index studies conducted in female B6C3F1 mice and male F344 rats. The overall model was scaled to humans by conventional scaling of the TK submodel and by using the TD submodel as is i.e. as developed from the rodent data. The resulting human model was used to analyze a case of human poisoning which developed after repeated ingestion of large doses of cough syrup containing chloroform and alcohol. The model predicted the observed toxic response after the capacity for chloroform metabolism was increased by a factor of 3 from the value estimated using human liver microsomes. This is an acceptable adjustment of this parameter, given the uncertainty associated with the extrapolation from microsomes and the coexposure to alcohol. This preliminary result is encouraging, suggesting that the model, at its current stage of development, is able to approximate actual human risks of hepatotoxicity from chloroform exposure. The extensive use of data on chloroform TK and cytolethality-induced regenerative cellular replication for model development suggests that the model has reduced uncertainty relative to the current U.S. EPA oral reference dose (RfD) calculation for chloroform, which does not use any mechanistic or dose-response data.
Does environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) cause adverse health effects in susceptible individuals ? a critical review of the scientific literature. I: Respiratory disorders, atopic allergy and related conditions

Abstract The epidemiological data with respect to long‐term effects of ETS exposure on adult asthmatics are inconclusive. Experimental studies of acute effects of ETS exposure in asthmatic adults have produced equally inconclusive results. A small subset of individuals with asthma may react adversely to ETS exposure. The basis of these reactions remains to be determined. The data with respect to potential effects of exposure to ETS on COPD and other chronic respiratory disorders are virtually non‐existent. Studies consistently have failed to find any correlation between subjective complaints of sensitivity to tobacco smoke and either skin or serologic tests of immunologic reactivity to tobacco‐related antigens. ETS can cause annoyance, most likely related to odor perception, and eye and upper respiratory irritation, most likely on a nonspecific, non‐immunologic irritant basis. It has not been convincingly demonstrated that certain individuals are particularly hypersensitive or susceptible to such effects ...
Chinese National Oil Companies and Human Rights

Abstract China's efforts to secure foreign oil and natural gas to meet its growing energy demand are contributing to massive human rights violations in Sudan and Burma. These human rights conflicts, significantly influenced by abundant oil and gas reserves, have strained U.S.-China relations and complicated international efforts to create a more effective architecture to address both rights crises and conflict management over energy resources. The United States and its allies should not only engage Beijing but also bring Chinese national oil companies into the international energy market as stakeholders. Failure to address these matters could encourage other parties seeking scarce energy supplies to take similar compromises on human rights as they court questionable oil regimes, a development that would be detrimental to international peace and security.
c-Myc-dependent transcriptional regulation of cell cycle and nucleosomal histones during oligodendrocyte differentiation

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) have the ability to divide or to growth arrest and differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes in the developing brain. Due to their high number and the persistence of their proliferative capacity in the adult brain, OPCs are being studied as potential targets for myelin repair and also as a potential source of brain tumors. This study addresses the molecular mechanisms regulating the transcriptional changes occurring at the critical transition between proliferation and cell cycle exit in cultured OPCs. Using bioinformatic analysis of existing datasets, we identified c-Myc as a key transcriptional regulator of this transition and confirmed direct binding of this transcription factor to identified target genes using chromatin immunoprecipitation. The expression of c-Myc was elevated in proliferating OPCs, where it also bound to the promoter of genes involved in cell cycle regulation (i.e. Cdc2) or chromosome organization (i.e. H2afz). Silencing of c-Myc was associated with decreased histone acetylation at target gene promoters and consequent decrease of gene transcripts. c-Myc silencing also induced a global increase of repressive histone methylation and premature peripheral nuclear chromatin compaction while promoting the progression towards differentiation. We conclude that c-Myc is an important modulator of the transition between proliferation and differentiation of OPCs, although its decrease is not sufficient to induce progression into a myelinating phenotype.
The late morbidity and mortality in ruptured single anterior circulation aneurysms treated by non-surgical therapy.

Three hundred and sixty-four patients who suffered a subarachnoid haemorrhage from an aneurysm at either the anterior (ACA) or posterior (PCA) communicating artery location and who were not surgically treated have been followed for up to 21 years in order to study the late morbidity and mortality. For the 213 patients surviving to six months or longer : (1) little improvement in morbidity was noted during the many years of subsequent follow-up; (2) in general, ACA patients fared better than PCA patients; (3) the neurological state on original admission was strongly correlated with the degree of morbidity; (4) other factors measured at the time of original haemorrhage which adversely affected morbidity included the level of blood pressure or the presence of clot or spasm ; (5) rebleeding occurs on the average of 3.5% per year during the first decade; (6) the mortality associated with a late rebleed is 67%; (7) if deaths from late haemorrhage are excluded, cardiovascular causes account for the majority of subsequent deaths ; and (8) the risk of dying from all causes is increased when compared to a population matched by age and sex.
Tax policies’ impact on output, trade and income in Thailand

Abstract In this study, a consistent social accounting matrix (SAM) and a multisectoral computable general equilibrium (CGE) model were constructed for Thailand to quantitatively examine the dimensions of the effects of various industrial policies on key policy targets. The different policy scenarios analyzed the effects of alternative tax and transfer policies on output, trade flows and income distribution for particular industries and on the Thai economy as a whole. Finally the overall effects of Thai industry-specific industrial policy during the 1980–1985 period on output, trade flows, income distribution and welfare were evaluated.
Regional distribution of muscarinic receptors preferring gallamine in the rat brain

Abstract The regional distribution of muscarinic receptors recognized by the antagonist gallamine was determined autoradiographically by the ability of gallamine to reduce the binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate in rat brain slices. The inhibition data obtained from indirect binding assays on whole slices indicated that gallamine distinguished at least two sites with differing affinities. Analysis using a two-site model gave Kh = 0.6 μM, K1 = 10 μM. The regions of highest and lowest affinity for gallamine were apparent qualitatively by visual inspection of the autoradiograms. A number of regions in coronal sections at three different levels were compared by microdensitometry. Gallamine possessed greater overall affinity for the diencephalon and brainstem than for the forebrain. Within the forebrain, the septal nucleus was unique in that it displayed high affinity for gallamine. Within the brainstem, the superior colliculus had the greatest proportion of sites with high affinity for gallamine. In general, the binding profile of gallamine was opposite to that of the antagonist pirenzepine and similar to that of the agonist carbachol, suggesting that gallamine is selective for M2 muscarinic receptors.
Recognition of individual neighbors by song in the song sparrow, a species with song repertoires

Previous theory and research have suggested that bird species with song repertoires in general, and song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) in particular, cannot readily discriminate between the songs of neighbors and strangers. In a recent study (Stoddard et al. 1991) we showed that song sparrows can in fact discriminate neighbors from strangers on the basis of song. In this study we sought to demonstrate that song sparrows can make the finer discrimination between individual neighbors and that they can do so on the basis of a single song type. We compared the response of territorial males to song playback of neighbors and strangers at three locations: the neighbor's regular boundary, the opposite boundary, and the center of the territory. The birds showed strong neighbor-stranger discrimination at the regular boundary but not at the opposite boundary, nor in the center of the territory. The differences in song discrimination between different boundary locations indicate that song sparrows associate particular songs with particular territories, effectively discriminating between individual neighbors on the basis of song. Song repertoires themselves do not interfere with neighbor recognition to the extent originally postulated. As speakers are moved inside the territory from the border, however, the degree of discrimination diminishes. We believe that differences in speaker placement may have contributed to the variability in neighbor-stranger discrimination observed in previous studies of the song sparrow and perhaps other repertoire species as well. This interpretation is consistent with data from another song sparrow population showing that half the territory takeovers are by immediate neighbors.
Climate and carbon cycle changes under the overshoot scenario

Abstract The “overshoot scenario” is an emissions scenario in which CO2 concentration in the atmosphere temporarily exceeds some pre-defined, “dangerous” threshold (before being reduced to non-dangerous levels). Support for this idea comes from its potential to achieve a balance between the burdens of current and future generations in dealing with global warming. Before it can be considered a viable policy, the overshoot scenario needs to be examined in terms of its impacts on the global climate and the environment. In, particular, it must be determined if climate change cause by the overshoot scenario is reversible or not, since crossing that “dangerous” CO2 threshold could result in climate change from which we might not be able to recover. In this study, we quantify the change in several climatic and environmental variables under the overshoot scenario using a global climate model of intermediate complexity. Compared to earlier studies on the overshoot scenario, we have an explicit carbon cycle model that allows us to represent carbon-climate feedbacks and force the climate model more realistically with CO2 emissions rates rather than with prescribed atmospheric pCO2. Our standard CO2 emissions rate is calculated on the basis of historical atmospheric pCO2 data and the WRE S650 non-overshoot stabilization profile. It starts from the preindustrial year 1760, peaks in the year 2056, and ends in the year 2300. A variety of overshoot scenarios were constructed by increasing the amplitude of the control emissions peak but decreasing the peak duration so that the cumulative emissions remain essentially constant. Sensitivity simulations of various overshoot scenarios in our model show that many aspects of the global climate are largely reversible by year 2300. The significance of the reversibility, which takes roughly 200 years in our experiments, depends on the time horizon with which it is viewed or the number of future generations for whom equity is sought. At times when the overshoot scenario has emissions rates higher then the control scenario, the transient changes in atmospheric and oceanic temperatures and surface ocean pH can be significant, even for moderate overshoot scenarios that remain within IPCC SRES emissions scenarios. The large transient changes and the centennial timescale of climate reversibility suggest that the overshoot might not be the best mitigation approach, even if it technically follows the optimal economic path.
Notability and Revolution: Social Origins of the Political Elite in Liberal Spain, 1800 to 1853

Don Anselmo, the protagonist of a story by Mesonero Romanos, was a wealthy established gentleman in one of Andalusia's leading towns. Young, good-looking, affable, and generous, Anselmo held all the virtues and qualities that can make a man happy, except for one weakness: an overbearing ambition for becoming important. First, he did everything possible to attain a position of power in his town. Unsatisfied with merely local power, he decided to leave his house and possessions in the hands of an administrator and emigrate to Madrid, the only place in Spain where one could achieve a brilliant political career. Once in Madrid he spent his time and his money looking for protection and political connections, a process in which he experienced only personal humiliation and frustration. In the end, Don Anselmo, once a wealthy provincial gentleman, became a failed politician who abandoned both his family and his estate. Don Anselmo's sorry destiny illustrates, according to Mesonero, one of the worse diseases of Spanish society: the empleomania of its elites, a terrible misjudgment that provoked the abandon of productive activities and contributed to the country's backwardness.
Doses of histamine-2-receptor antagonists should be reduced in patients with low glomerular filtration rate

Doses of histamine-2-receptor antagonists should be reduced in patients with low glomerular filtration rate
Epileptic and Pseudoepileptic Seizures in Childhood and Adolescence

Five adolescents, 12–16 years of age, are described as presenting with pseudoepileptic seizures. Three were suffering from known epileptic seizures; none had a previous psychiatric history. Although the main clinical indication for considering the diagnosis of pseudoepilepsy comes from direct observation of the symptoms, a firm diagnosis requires considerable neuropsychiatric observation and assessment. Some cases do not meet diagnostic criteria for monosymptomatic hysteria and may be suffering from more diffuse anxiety states or disturbed behavior. Close liaison between pediatrics and child psychiatry, together with the availability of a full EEG service, allows the concurrent treatment of both medical and psychological problems. A child psychiatry unit with day or inpatient care and neuropsychiatric facilities may provide the best setting for the management of these children.
On the relation between financial flows and the trade balance in developing countries

Using time-series annual data for a sample of developing countries, this paper investigates the empirical validity of theoretical predictions regarding determinants of fluctuations in the trade balance and financial flows. The motive is to see if standard conjectures about possible determinants have broad support across these countries. While the evidence provides some support to theoretical predictions, statistical significance appears limited. Given mixed results, a large component of fluctuations in the trade balance and financial flows appears to be random in developing countries. Such randomness limits the ability of policy makers to interpret cyclical variations in components of the balance of payments. Moreover, this randomness raises concerns about the sustainability of a widening trade deficit and sources of financing in many developing countries.
Dynamics of acyclic interval maps

We investigate conditions under which a map f in a possibly non-compact interval is acyclic— the only periodic orbits are fixed points. Several earlier results are generalized to maps with multiple fixed points. The chief tools are convergence results due to Coppel and Sharkovski, and the Schwarzian derivative. Illustrative examples are given and open problems are suggested. He who can digest a second or third fluxion . . . need not, methinks, be squeamish about any point in divinity. ―Bishop George Berkeley, “The Analyst,” 1734
Acoustic scattering at 1.2 MHz from individual zooplankters and copepod populations

Abstract Acoustic returns from individual zooplankters and copepod populations were measured in a large tank. Target strengths of preserved zooplankters at 1.2 MHz were proportional to body volume. Live euphausiids had target strengths 6 to 7 dB higher than preserved euphausiids of similar size. Volume scattering from mixed-age copepod populations was roughly proportional to total body carbon and to total body volume. Scattering per unit carbon and per unit volume from copepod populations was less when larger copepods predominated, hence volume scattering from copepod populations may be a complex function of carbon and volume.
Do managers and IT professionals view the business value of information technology differently

Even as firms continue to invest substantially to develop and maintain their information technology assets, the means of judging the impact of those investments remain highly fragmented. The focus of scholars and their assessment methods varies substantially. To gain better insight into the business value returned from the spending of companies for information technology, an investigation involving 146 executives and managers and 61 IT professionals was conducted. The investigation explored factors associated with eleven business-value related themes and thirty-five individual factors identified in advance by independent group of senior IT directors. The findings clearly show a large number of areas where both managers and IT professionals agree on contributors and detractors from business value. Where differences were identified, it was clear that expectations related to the development and use of IT assets varied.
ON THE NEW PSYCHOPHYSICS

A discussion of problems and methods in modern psychophysics is presented. A distinction is made between prothetic and metathetic continua, and between ratio scales, category scales and what are called confusion scales. The paper includes a survey of some scaling experiments and reports the exponents of a number of power functions describing the relation between stimulus magnitude and subjective magnitude.
Taspase1 cleaves MLL1 to activate cyclin E for HER2/neu breast tumorigenesis

Taspase1, a highly conserved threonine protease, cleaves nuclear transcriptional regulators mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL, MLL1), MLL2, TFIIA, and ALF to orchestrate a wide variety of biological processes. In vitro studies thus far demonstrated that Taspase1 plays important roles in the proliferation of various cancer cell lines, including HER2-positive breast cancer cells. To investigate the role of Taspase1 in breast tumorigenesis in vivo, we deleted Taspase1 from mouse mammary glands by generating MMTV-neu;MMTV-cre;Tasp1F/− mice. We demonstrate that initiation of MMTV-neu- but not MMTV-wnt-driven breast cancer is blocked in the absence of Taspase1. Importantly, Taspase1 loss alone neither impacts normal development nor pregnancy physiology of the mammary gland. In mammary glands Taspase1 deficiency abrogates MMTV-neu-induced cyclins E and A expression, thereby preventing tumorigenesis. The mechanisms were explored in HER2-positive breast cancer cell line BT474 and HER2-transformed MCF10A cells and validated using knockdown-resistant Taspase1. As Taspase1 was shown to cleave MLL which forms complexes with E2F transcription factors to regulate Cyclins E, A, and B expression in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), we investigated whether the cleavage of MLL by Taspase1 constitutes an essential in vivo axis for HER2/neu-induced mammary tumorigenesis. To this end, we generated MMTV-neu;MLLnc/nc transgenic mice that carry homozygous non-cleavable MLL alleles. Remarkably, these mice are also protected from HER2/neu-driven breast tumorigenesis. Hence, MLL is the primary Taspase1 substrate whose cleavage is required for MMTV-neu-induced tumor formation. As Taspase1 plays critical roles in breast cancer pathology, it may serve as a therapeutic target for HER2-positive human breast cancer.
Enantioselective synthesis of (-)-codeine and (-)-morphine.

A new synthetic strategy for the synthesis of the opiate and amaryllidaceae alkaloids emerges employing a Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation to set the stereochemistry. The pivotal tricyclic intermediate is available in six steps from 2-bromovanillin and the monoester of methyl 6-hydroxycyclohexene-1-carboxylate, the latter available from glutaraldehyde and the Emmons−Wadsworth−Horner phosphate reagent. This intermediate requires only two steps to convert to (−)-galanthamine. Using a Heck vinylation, we found that the fourth ring of codeine/morphine is formed. The final ring formation involves a novel visible light-promoted hydroamination. Thus, six steps are required to convert the pivotal tricyclic intermediate into codeine, which has been demethylated in high yield to morphine.
An ultra-compact and efficient Li-ion battery charger circuit for biomedical applications

This paper describes an ultra-compact analog lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery charger for wirelessly powered implantable medical devices. The charger presented here takes advantage of the tanh output current profile of an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) to smoothly transition between constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) charging regimes without the need for additional area- and power-consuming control circuitry. The proposed design eliminates the need for sense resistors in either the charging path or control loop by utilizing a current comparator to detect end-of-charge. The power management chip was fabricated in an AMI 0.5 µm CMOS process, consuming 0.15 mm2 of area. This figure represents an order of magnitude reduction in area from previous designs. An initial proof-of-concept design achieved 75% power efficiency and charging voltage accuracy of 99.8% relative to the target 4.2 V.
Donors in a Dictatorship: Giving, Civil Society, and Democratic Action in Communist East Germany

This history of charitable collections in the East German dictatorship (the Protestant organized Bread for the World and the student-led Initiative: Hope for Nicaragua) analyzes the relationship between philanthropy, civil society, and democratic action. These collections, widely unknown outside of the former German Democratic Republic, indicate that independent associations could form to organize philanthropic collections for international causes in this dictatorship. These groups provided the basis for actions outside of state control by engaging East Germans in support of human rights and individual need internationally. As such, my work shows that philanthropy can both exist within a dictatorship and encourage democratic action.
Design and analysis of multi-core homogeneous systems for energy harvesting applications

In this paper, we leverage the benefits of voltage scaling methodology for obtaining energy efficiency and compensate for the loss in throughput by exploiting parallelism present in the various DSP designs. We will show that to achieve highest level of energy efficiency, the number of cores and the operating voltages vary widely between a base designs versus a process variation aware (PVA) design. We further show that the PVA design enjoys an average of 51.1% reduction in energy consumption for scalable throughput systems. This is because the base design needs to compensate for the effects of process variation as an after fact, while the PVA is able to make suitable decisions at the time of the design. Later, we will also present details of a prototype chip which is designed to analyze process variation effects on homogeneous multi-core systems.
Prevalence of Nontraditional Food Stores and Distance to Healthy Foods in a Rural Food Environment

Rural environments may present unique challenges for food access compared to urban areas. Eight hundred and seventy food stores were surveyed based on the availability of foods in 14 different food categories in an 8700-square-mile area of Upstate New York. Distances from these stores to 555 area households were calculated. A large number of nontraditional food stores constituted this rural food environment, and these stores were closer on average to households than traditional food stores. Fresh produce was available in only 43% of stores (mainly supermarkets and grocery stores and about one third of convenience stores). Less healthful foods like soda and chips were sold in nearly all stores. On average residents lived about 68% further away from fresh produce like apples and tomatoes (3.2 miles) than processed foods like soda and chips (1.9 miles).
Macro-analytical methods used to analyze tissues of the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi, for organochlorine pesticides, polychlorobiphenyls, and pentachlorophenol.

Among the specimens which were processed as the results of poisoning incidents, were tissues of an adult male Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi, which had died while in captivity without known cause. Various tissues of the animal were analyzed to determine whether the death of the monk seal had any connection with exposures to environmental pesticides or pollutants, particularly to organochlorine compounds. The specimens included urine, parts of liver, lung and blubber, an entire testis, and an entire kidney. Solid tissues from the animal were from correspondingly large organs. Macro methods for representative analyses of these tissues for multiresidues of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) were devised. Results are tabulated. The death of the Hawaiian monk seal could not be attributed conclusively to the organochlorines and pentachlorophenol that were found in tissues of this mammal. Baseline (normal) data of residue levels for these pollutants in animal tissues in Hawaii are so limited that pathogenic levels in the fauna cannot be predicted. It is difficult to even speculate whether the residues detected in the monk seal tissues were due to exposures of earth's background (ambient) atmosphere or to exposures of the mammal's immediate (specific) environment.
Highlights of the National Cancer Institute Workshop on mitochondrial function and cancer.

This workshop was stimulated by the desire of the National Cancer Institute to examine various aspects of mitochondrial function as they relate to tumorigenesis, apoptosis, and cancer therapy. Through endosymbiosis, a bacterial ancestor took its position in the eukaryotic cytoplasm and serves as the
Solution structure of a DNA duplex containing a replicable difluorotoluene–adenine pair

A nonpolar aromatic nucleoside derivative based on 2,4-difluorotoluene (F), a non-hydrogen bonding shape analog of thymidine, was recently shown to be replicated against adenine with high efficiency and fidelity. This led to the suggestion that geometric matching, potentially even in the absence of hydrogen bonding between bases in a pair, may be sufficient to direct nucleotide selection during replication. We have examined the solution structure of the F–A pair in the context of a 12 base pair DNA duplex. We find that, despite the destabilization caused by this analog, the F–A pair very closely resembles that of a T·A pair in the same context. This lends support to the importance of shape matching in replication.