cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gαi2 is required for chemokine-induced neutrophil arrest

Chemokines, including CXCL1, participate in neutrophil recruitment by triggering the activation of integrins, which leads to arrest from rolling. The downstream signaling pathways which lead to integrin activation and neutophil arrest following G-protein–coupled receptor engagement are incompletely understood. To test whether Gαi2 is involved, mouse neutrophils in their native whole blood were investigated in mouse cremaster postcapillary venules and in flow chambers coated with P-selectin, ICAM-1, and CXCL1. Gnai2−/− neutrophils showed significantly reduced CXCL1-induced arrest in vitro and in vivo. Similar results were obtained with leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with Gnai2−/− bone marrow showed a similar defect in chemoattractant-induced arrest as that of Gnai2−/− mice. In thioglycollate-induced peritonitis and lipopolysaccaride (LPS)–induced lung inflammation, chimeric mice lacking Gαi2 in hematopoietic cells showed about 50% reduced neutrophil recruitment similar to that seen in Gnai2−/− mice. These data show that neutrophil Gαi2 is necessary for chemokine-induced arrest, which is relevant for neutrophil recruitment to sites of acute inflammation.
Impact of carbon dioxide enrichment on the responses of maize leaf transcripts and metabolites to water stress

Maize (Zea mays) was grown in indoor chambers with ambient (38 Pa) and elevated (70 Pa) CO(2) . Drought treatments were imposed 17 days after sowing by withholding nutrient solution. Decreases of soil water content, leaf water potential, net CO(2) assimilation and stomatal conductance as a result of drought were delayed approximately 2 days by CO(2) enrichment. Concentrations of 28 of 33 leaf metabolites were altered by drought. Soluble carbohydrates, aconitate, shikimate, serine, glycine, proline and eight other amino acids increased, and leaf starch, malate, fumarate, 2-oxoglutarate and seven amino acids decreased with drought. Drought-dependent decreases of nitrate, alanine and aspartate were impacted by limiting nitrogen. Transcript levels of 14 stress-related maize genes responded to drought but this was delayed or modified by CO(2) enrichment. Overall, CO(2) enrichment eliminated many early responses of maize metabolites and transcripts to water stress but was less effective when drought was severe. Four metabolite groupings were identified by clustering analysis. These groupings included compounds that decreased with water stress, compounds involved in osmotic adjustment and aromatic compounds that alleviate oxidative stress. Metabolite changes also supported the suggestion that water stress inhibited C(4) photosynthesis and induced photorespiration.
Effects of venlafaxine, buspirone, and placebo on colonic sensorimotor functions in healthy humans.

Abstract Background & Aims: We have shown that venlafaxine-XR, a serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, enhanced gastric accommodation, whereas buspirone, a 5-HT 1A receptor agonist, reduced postprandial symptoms after a fully satiating meal. Our aim was to compare the effects of venlafaxine, buspirone, and placebo on colonic sensorimotor functions in healthy adults. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial of 60 healthy adults, we assessed the effects of oral venlafaxine, 150 mg; buspirone, 20 mg; and placebo on colonic sensorimotor functions. Results: Venlafaxine increased colonic compliance relative to placebo; thus it decreased the intracolonic balloon pressure at half-maximum volume ( P = 0.001) and altered the overall shape of the compliance curve, β ( P = 0.01). Venlafaxine also decreased fasting colonic tone ( P = 0.02) and the tonic response to a meal ( P = 0.003) compared with placebo; no differences in high amplitude phasic contractile events were observed. Pressure thresholds for first sensation ( P = 0.1) and gas ( P = 0.07) were not statistically significant with venlafaxine. The increase in pain scores per unit pressure during phasic distentions were affected by treatment ( P = 0.02), with smallest changes on venlafaxine and highest on placebo. Buspirone did not significantly alter colonic compliance, tone, or sensation relative to placebo. Conclusions: Venlafaxine alters colonic compliance and tone, and tends to reduce sensation during colonic distention in healthy humans. These data support the need for further clinical and physiologic studies of venlafaxine in colonic disorders affecting motor and possibly sensory functions.
Communicating medical bad news: parents' experiences and preferences.

Parents (N=189) of children enrolled in 15 developmental day care centers completed questionnaires that examined the experience of being told bad news and elicited preferences for physician behavior in a hypothetical situation (communicating the diagnosis of Down syndrome). Parents, in comparison with their experiences, preferred ( p
A 7‐month‐old male with Allan‐Herndon‐Dudley syndrome and the power of T3

Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS, MIM 300523) is an X-linked neurodegenerative disorder characterized by intellectual disability, severe hypotonia, diminished muscle mass, and progressive spastic paraplegia. All affected males have pathognomonic thyroid profiles with an elevated T3 , low-normal free T4 , and normal TSH. Mutations in the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) gene, SLC16A2, have been found to be causative. Here, we describe a proband whose extensive evaluation and ultimate diagnosis of AHDS unmasked three previously undiagnosed generations of affected individuals in one family. This case illustrates the need for clinicians to consider obtaining full thyroid studies on individuals with the non-specific findings of severe hypotonia, failure to thrive, and gross motor delay.
Geometric probability distribution for modeling of error risk during prescription dispensing.

Purpose. The relationship between the number of prescriptions dispensed by individual pharmacy staff during a single workday and the probability of committing at least one dispensing error during that same workday period was evaluated using a geometric probability distribution. Summary. A cross-sectional descriptive study involving 50 pharmacies located in six cities across the United States was conducted. A pharmacist trained to detect dispensing errors recorded the number of prescriptions filled by each pharmacy staff member and noted which prescription represented the staff member’s first dispensing error (defined as any deviation from the prescriber’s order) made during the observation period. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests for discrete distributions revealed that the observed cumulative distribution of dispensing errors could have come from a geometric probability distribution that assumed dispensing error rates of 2–3%. In terms of risk analysis, this study’s findings suggest that there can be a quantifiable statistical relationship between a measure of workload and the risk of committing at least one dispensing error. The ability to model dispensing errors using a geometric probability distribution enables the safety and health care practitioner to directly assess dispensing error risk as a function of a pharmacy’s accuracy rate and the number of prescriptions a pharmacy staff member should dispense during a work shift. Conclusion. A geometric probability distribution effectively modeled the relationship between the number of prescriptions filled and the occurrence of the first dispensing errors.
Robot Motion Simulation and Planning Based on Solid Modeling

Abstract Programs were developed which utilize computer graphics to simulate robots and their functions. Also developed was a simulation environment that can be used as a foundation to develop robot application programs. This environment exploits the power of the LISP language in data and control structures and is capable of interfacing with geometric modelers. To advance beyond the capabilities of present solid modelers, research has been made on representing the sweeping of 3-dimensional objects undergoing general motion. This provides ways for effective collision checking in simulation and generates information useful for collision-avoidance motion planning.
The use of life cycle tools to support decision making for sustainable nanotechnologies

Nanotechnology is a broad-impact technology with applications ranging from materials and electronics to analytical methods and metrology. The many benefits that can be realized through the utilization of nanotechnology are intended to lead to an improved quality of life. However, numerous concerns have been expressed regarding the unchecked growth of nanotechnology and the unforeseen consequences it may bring. To address the concerns, nanotechnology must be examined under the microscope of sustainability. This work applies the life cycle perspective to provide an understanding of the challenges facing the development of sustainable nanotechnology. A discussion of the holistic tools used to assess the components of sustainability serves as the basis to examine how a harmony between policy and product development can be maintained using decision making for sustainability. This harmony will be most readily achieved using an enhanced risk management strategy for sustainability that combines sustainability assessment with sustainable chemical design.
CHARGE-STATE EQUILIBRATION LENGTH OF A HIGHLY CHARGED ION INSIDE A CARBON SOLID

The penetration of 576-keV ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{\mathit{q}+}$ ions with initial charge states ${\mathit{q}}_{\mathit{i}}$=8,12,16 through a carbon foil of 310 \AA{} thickness has been investigated. The projectile's energy loss and final charge-state distribution have been measured. Within a resolution of a few percent no dependence of these data on the projectile's initial charge state was found. Furthermore the relative yield of Auger electrons emitted by the projectile before and after the foil was detected. From these yields we could derive that the Ar ions quickly reach an equilibrium excitation state inside the foil that does not depend on the initial charge state ${\mathit{q}}_{\mathit{i}}$. From the measured energy-loss data we derive an upper limit for the projectile's average charge-state equilibration length ${\mathit{x}}_{\mathit{e}}$ inside the foil of approximately one carbon layer. This result implies extremely large cross sections for electron transfer mechanisms between projectile and solid. An estimation of this cross section by using the classical over-barrier model hardly explains the observed, very large charge-exchange cross sections between ion and solid.
Stab modes in photonic crystal optical waveguides

Photonic crystals with line defects can be used for guiding light. In all the proposals and demonstrations of photonic bandgap (PBG) waveguides, the guiding modes were restricted to the photonic bandgap. We show that there exist some guiding modes outside the photonic bandgap. We also show that by using these modes, which we refer to as the slab modes, efficient power transfer from a dielectric slab waveguide to a PBG waveguide over a range of frequency wider than the photonic bandgap (PBG) can be obtained. Different properties of the slab modes of a PBG waveguide is also discussed.
Combined effects of plant competition and insect herbivory hinder invasiveness of an introduced thistle

The biotic resistance hypothesis is a dominant paradigm for why some introduced species fail to become invasive in novel environments. However, predictions of this hypothesis require further empirical field tests. Here, we focus on evaluating two biotic factors known to severely limit plants, interspecific competition and insect herbivory, as mechanisms of biotic resistance. We experimentally evaluated the independent and combined effects of three levels of competition by tallgrass prairie vegetation and two levels of herbivory by native insects on seedling regeneration, size, and subsequent flowering of the Eurasian Cirsium vulgare, a known invasive species elsewhere, and compared its responses to those of the ecologically similar and co-occurring native congener C. altissimum. Seedling emergence of C. vulgare was greater than that of C. altissimum, and that emergence was reduced by the highest level of interspecific competition. Insect leaf herbivory was also greater on C. vulgare than on C. altissimum at all levels of competition. Herbivory on seedlings dramatically decreased the proportion of C. vulgare producing flower heads at all competition levels, but especially at the high competition level. Competition and herbivory interacted to significantly decrease plant survival and biomass, especially for C. vulgare. Thus, both competition and herbivory limited regeneration of both thistles, but their effects on seedling emergence, survival, size and subsequent reproduction were greater for C. vulgare than for C. altissimum. These results help explain the unexpectedly low abundance recorded for C. vulgare in western tallgrass prairie, and also provide strong support for the biotic resistance hypothesis.
Echiura from the Pennsylvanian Essex Fauna of northern Illinois

The first unequivocal fossil echiuran, Coprinoscolex ellogimus gen. et sp.n., is described from the Middle Pennsylvanian Francis Creek Shale of the Mazon Creek area of northeastern Illinois. Specimens are whole-body impressions within siderite concretions. They show anterior proboscides, cigar-shaped trunks, convoluted alimentary canals, and cylindrical pellets. Lack of setae suggests classification in the Family Bonelliidae. Coprinoscolex was most likely a marine deposit-feeder, either crawling over the sediment surface or burrowing to shallow depths while ingesting sediment. While this occurrence does not confirm or deny an annelidan ancestry for the Echiura, it indicates that by the Pennsylvanian, echiurans were unsegmented and essentially modern in form.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: From Heartburn to Cancer

The pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is multifactorial. Barrett’s esophagus is the result of continuous injury to the esophageal mucosa exposed to gastric refluxate. This condition can progress to low-grade and high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and eventually to adenocarcinoma. HGD and intramucosal carcinoma have traditionally been treated by esophagectomy. Today, however, most patients with HGD and intramucosal carcinoma are treated with endoscopic modalities, while esophagectomy is reserved for selected cases.
Reflections on the disciplinary gulf between the natural and social sciences.

The general purpose of this essay is to explore key features of the disciplinary gulf between the natural and social sciences, and, in particular, differences in fundamental assumptions concerning the
High-voltage SPM oxidation of ZrN: materials for multiscale applications

Scanning probe microscope (SPM) oxidation was used to form zirconium oxide features on 200 nm thick ZrN films. The features exhibit rapid yet controlled growth kinetics, even in contact mode with 70 V dc applied between the probe tip and substrate. The features grown for times longer than 10 s are higher than 200 nm, and reach more than 1000 nm in height after 300 s. Long-time oxidation experiments and selective etching of the oxides and nitrides lead us to propose that as the oxidation reaches the silicon substrate, delamination occurs with the simultaneous formation of a thin layer of new material at the ZrN/Si interface. High-voltage oxide growth on ZrN is fast and sustainable, and the robust oxide features are promising candidates for multiscale (nanometre-to-micrometre) applications.
Extending the Extended Self in the Digital World

(2014). Extending the Extended Self in the Digital World. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 143-146.
SOME NEW EVIDENCE ON EVA COMPANIES

The study of companies using EVA and EVA-like systems discussed in the previous article provides evidence of changes in managerial behavior, such as reduced capital expenditures, increased share repurchases, and increased residual income, but stops short of concluding that such changes have increased shareholder value. This article presents evidence that directly addresses the issue: Do companies adopting EVA add more value for their shareholders than their industry competitors? The author reports that U.S. companies adopting EVA during the period 1987–1996 outperformed the median firms with the same SIC codes by 28.8% during the four-year period including and following the year of adoption. This paper also provides evidence of significant operating improvements that help explain such increases in shareholder value. But, in contrast to the finding of the Wallace study cited above, the capital expenditures of EVA companies increase (although at a slower rate than for S&P 500 companies) after going on to EVA.
Batron P–Si microsensor for methane and its derivatives

Abstract Baytron P–Si chip was made by depositing Baytron P onto a gap of two parallel gold plates on a silicon wafer separated by 150 μm such that the gold plates contact the polymer only in the gap region. The resistance of the polymer was examined at ambient room temperature before and after the exposure of the chip to different concentrations of methane or its derivatives such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and methylene chloride. The chip response to methane gas opens up the prospects of its usage at ambient temperature for the industrial and environmental detections in the range of 200–1300 ppm. Among the derivatives of methane, methylene chloride showed the highest response for detection. The mechanism of sensing is discussed.
The 60 Micron to 20 Centimeter Infrared-to-Radio Ratio within Spiral Galaxies

A detailed comparison is presented of the distribution of 60 micron IR and 20 cm radio continuum emission within 25 galaxies, mostly disk spirals. Local maxima in the thermal IR and nonthermal radio emission are found to be spatially coincident on scales of less than about 0.4 kpc in the nearest sample galaxies. The IR-red disk in normal spirals appears to be characterized by a shorter scale length than that of the radio continuum disk, suggesting that the IR-to-radio ratio should decrease as a function of radius. A model that successfully accounts for the observations is introduced which is based on the assumptions of steady-state star formation activity within the disk on kpc scales and a tight coupling between the origins of the dust-heating radiation and the radio-emitting cosmic-ray electrons. The underlying source is described as an exponential disk. The results also suggest that a random walk process cannot by itself describe the temporal evolution of cosmic rays.
Optimal egress time calculation and path generation for large evacuation networks

Finding the optimal clearance time and deciding the path and schedule of evacuation for large networks have traditionally been computationally intensive. In this paper, we propose a new method for finding the solution for this dynamic network flow problem with considerably lower computation time. Using a three phase solution method, we provide solutions for required clearance time for complete evacuation, minimum number of evacuation paths required for evacuation in least possible time and the starting schedules on those paths. First, a lower bound on the clearance time is calculated using minimum cost dynamic network flow model on a modified network graph representing the transportation network. Next, a solution pool of feasible paths between all O-D pairs is generated. Using the input from the first two models, a flow assignment model is developed to select the best paths from the pool and assign flow and decide schedule for evacuation with lowest clearance time possible. All the proposed models are mixed integer linear programing models and formulation is done for System Optimum (SO) scenario where the emphasis is on complete network evacuation in minimum possible clearance time without any preset priority. We demonstrate that the model can handle large size networks with low computation time. A numerical example illustrates the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach for evacuation.
On the adjoint semigroup and some problems in the theory of approximation

then / is identically zero. Because of this result .{] : / C Lp (~ , + oo), / ~nd [' absolutely c6ntinuous and ]" in Lp ( ~ , -7 ~)} is the saturation class (see [8], p. 287) for the approximat ion method {Tt}. The basic theorem from which most of his results follow is valid only for reflexive Banach spaces and so does not yield an identification of the saturat ion classes for the extreme values p = t and p = ~ . In this paper we identify some of these saturat ion classes by consideration of the appropriate adjoint semigroup. The following section is devoted to the necessary general semigroup results. These results are applied in Section 3 to obtain some identifications of Lipschitz classes due to HARDY and LITTLEWOOD, and in the remaining sections are applied to identify saturat ion classes.
The Arc Spectrum of Platinum

Eight new levels and forty-four new combinations have been found in Pt I. Fifty-six new lines have been measured in the ultra-violet. An examination of the Zeeman effect and the subsequent determination of the $g$-values for most of the terms has permitted a reasonable interpretation of many levels. Low structures are ${d}^{9}s$, ${d}^{8}{s}^{2}$ and ${d}^{10}$; middle terms arise from ${d}^{9}p$ and ${d}^{8}\mathrm{sp}$; high configurations are ${d}^{9}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}s$, ${d}^{8}s\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}s$, with an indication of ${d}^{8}s\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}d$. Quintet terms appear in the middle and high sets. From the failure of the intensity and interval rules and the irregularity of the $g$-values, it is evident that the Russell-Saunders coupling has almost completely broken down, as is to be expected from the position of platinum in the periodic table. There is only an approximate similarity with the theoretically analogous spectrum of Ni I. Ionization potentials are approximately calculated as 8.9 volts for ${d}^{9}s$ to ${d}^{9}$ and 9.7 volts for ${d}^{9}s$ to ${d}^{8}s$.
Past, present, and future (?); or the more things change the more they stay the same

The presidential address from the 27th Annual Meeting of the Society for Computers in Psychology, here slightly revised, traces a history of the Society through the papers that have been presented at previous annual meetings. Certain themes, such as the use of computers to facilitate teaching and research, emerge as constants over time. Computer technology has changed dramatically over those 27 years, however, as can be seen merely from the titles of the papers presented at the annual meetings. The present paper also proposes a direction for the Society’s future: the continuation of its strong history of facilitating communication among psychologists interested in applying the most current technology to their teaching and research.
Sucrase-isomaltase (palatinase) deficiency diagnosed during adulthood.

Although the number of reported patients with primary sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (S-ID) has been stated to be from 75 to 100 (1, 2), we have identified only 12 adults (14 years or more of age) with this deficiency documented by intestinal enzyme assays (3–11). Adults with both S-ID and a primary low lactase level are not included, since they would appear to represent a different situation (12). Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency is a rare cause of maldigestion/malabsorption but is easily diagnosed with present methods. We doubt that the estimated figure of half a million individuals with S-ID in the United States (9) is accurate. However, with three (3, 6, 10) of the previously reported adults coming from our medical center, of over 500 adults who have had intestinal enzyme assays, it is probably more common in adults than present reports would indicate. We have now had the opportunity to study our fourth nonrelated adult patient with S-ID. On the basis of assays of intestinal sucrase activities and enzyme ratios, individuals have been identified as being normal or as heterozygous (reduced sucrase) or homozygous (no sucrase activity) for S-ID. Reviewing our recent patient's case and the findings in other adults, it appears that this separation is not adequate. For this reason, and to bring S-ID as it presents during adulthood into better focus, we are reporting the following case.
Optical second-harmonic and reflectance-anisotropy spectroscopy of molecular adsorption at Si(001) step-edges

Reflectance-anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) and spectroscopic second harmonic generation (SHG) are used to probe a single-domain reconstructed stepped Si(001) surface offcut 6° toward [110] before and after dissociative adsorption of H2 at the DB step edges. Preliminary analysis with a simplified bond hyperpolarizability model supports the mutual consistency of RA and SHG spectra and suggests that hydrogen termination redistributes oscillator strength from the chemically active step dangling bond into the step back bonds. The data provide a benchmark for first-principles calculations of the optical response of stepped Si surfaces to step edge molecular adsorption. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ionic-liquid-promoted decaborane dehydrogenative alkyne-insertion reactions: a new route to o-carboranes.

Unlike in conventional organic solvents, where Lewis base catalysts are required, decaborane dehydrogenative alkyne-insertion reactions proceed rapidly in biphasic ionic-liquid/toluene mixtures with a wide variety of terminal and internal alkynes, thus providing efficient, one-step routes to functional o-carborane 1-R-1,2-C2B10H11 and 1-R-2-R′-1,2-C2B10H10 derivatives, including R = C6H5− (1), C6H13− (2), HC≡C−(CH2)5− (3), (1-C2B10H11)−(CH2)5− (4), CH3CH2C(O)OCH2− (5), (C2H5)2NCH2− (6), NC−(CH2)3− (7), 3-HC≡C−C6H4− (8), (1-C2B10H11)−1,3-C6H4− (9), HC≡C−CH2−O−CH2− (10); R,R′ = C2H5− (11); R = HOCH2−, R′ = CH3− (12); R = BrCH2−; R′ = CH3− (13); R = H2C═C(CH3)−, R′ = C2H5− (14). The best results were obtained from reactions with only catalytic amounts of bmimCl (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride), where in many cases reaction times of less than 20 min were required. The experimental data for these reactions, the results observed for the reactions of B10H13— salts with alkynes, and the computational studie...
Effects of correlated color temperature on focused and sustained attention under white LED desk lighting

Since the Kruithof's work on general illumination, the relationships between correlated color temperatures (CCTs) and human behavior are well documented. In the recent years, because of the high growth of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting products, studies on the effects of LED lighting on human behavior have emerged. This study examines the effects of CCTs on focused and sustained attention under white LED desk lighting. Three CCT conditions (2700, 4300, and 6500 K) are examined, and the Chu Attention Test was used to measure focused and sustained attention. Results show that CCTs affect attention. In specific, the 4300 K condition resulted in a significantly better focused and sustained attention. Comfortableness and clarity are rated by the subjects. The self-reported comfort shows no significant differences among the three conditions, but clarity shows significant differences. Gender differences are also discussed. It is found that the self-reported clarity by males show no significant differences among the three lighting conditions, whereas the self-reported clarity by females is significantly lower when CCT is 2700 K. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 281–286, 2015
Attractive men induce testosterone and cortisol release in women

Abstract Recently, Roney et al. (Roney, J.R., Lukaszewski, A.W., Simmons, Z.L., 2007. Rapid endocrine responses of young men to social interactions with young women. Horm. Behav. 52, 326–33; Roney, J.R., Mahler, S.V., Maestripieri, D., 2003. Behavioral and hormonal responses of men to brief interactions with women. Evol. Hum. Behav. 24, 365–375) demonstrated that men release testosterone and cortisol in response to brief social interactions with young women. The current experiment examined whether women show a similar endocrine response to physically and behaviorally attractive men. 120 women (70 naturally-cycling and 50 using hormonal contraceptives) were shown one of four 20-minute video montages extracted from popular films, depicting the following scenarios: 1) an attractive man courting a young woman (experimental stimulus), 2) a nature documentary (video clip control), 3) an unattractive older man courting a woman (male control), and 4) an attractive woman with no men present (female control). Saliva samples were taken before and after presentation of the stimulus, and were later analyzed for testosterone and cortisol content via enzyme immunoassay. Naturally-cycling women experienced a significant increase in both testosterone and cortisol in response to the experimental stimulus but to none of the control stimuli. Participants taking hormonal contraceptives also showed a significant cortisol response to the attractive man. Women may release adrenal steroid hormones to facilitate courtship interactions with high mate-value men.
Factor Structure of Psychopathy in Youth: Testing the Applicability of the New Four-Factor Model

Psychopathy has traditionally been viewed as a two-factor construct composed of core personality and antisocial features. This two-factor model was called into question by Cooke and Michie. Specifically, Cooke and Michie proposed a three-factor model that divided the original first factor into interpersonal and affective factors. The traditional second factor was reduced to only including irresponsible and impulsive behaviors, thereby deemphasizing antisocial characteristics. Recently, Hare found evidence of a four-factor model that reincorporates antisocial items. The current study examined two-, three-, and four-factor structures in adolescent offenders (N = 130) via confirmatory factor analyses. The results suggest that the two-factor model was a poor fit; however, three- and four-factor models evidenced good fit and were justifiable. These findings have important implications for the construct validity of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version. Implications for potential developmental trajectories, ...
Physical activity in Latinas: social and environmental influences

Latinas are the largest, fastest growing female ethnic minority group in the USA, and also report the lowest levels of physical activity. Following the framework of the social ecological model, this review examines unique social and environmental factors that influence physical activity in Latinas. Research shows that Latinas receive little social support for activity despite having large, close-knit social networks. Interventions incorporating social support components are generally efficacious. Latinas also face many environmental barriers, including crime, heat, traffic, lack of facilities and a fear of immigration enforcement, and there have been few attempts to address environmental barriers in Latino communities. Successful future interventions will need to consider unique social and environmental barriers affecting Latinas, and help Latinas learn to incorporate social networks into physical activity participation.
The need for Power, sympathetic activation, and illness

This paper provides a brief summary of a number of recent research reports indicating thatn Power, if it is inhibited or stressed, is associated with high blood pressure and with the frequency and severity of infectious diseases. Other motive/stress or inhibition combinations failed to show these relationships. Blockedn Power apparently leads to chronic sympathetic activation, which, over time, results in high blood pressure and which increases epinephrine output that interferes with lymphocyte function, weakening the body's immune defenses against infectious diseases. On the other hand,n Power that is expressed successfully and rewarded may lead to better adaptation.
Vocal signs of confidence.

This study examined whether two paralinguistic variables, vocal loudness and response latency, were associated with confidence in answers to trivia questions. Audience presence and size were manipulated and subjects' assertiveness was measured. Subjects verbally responded to trivia questions by indicating their choice and how confident they were in each answer. Tapes of these responses were later analyzed for latency of response and loudness of speech. As expected, the more confident individuals were in their answers, the faster and louder they responded. Assertive subjects spoke louder. The presence of an audience had no effects on vocal responding. Apparently, the confidence of a speaker can be inferred from the speed and loudness of the speaker's responses.
THEORIZING EMBODIED COMMUNICATIVE ORGANIZING: FLESHING OUT GENRE VIA GOFFMAN’S SITUATIONAL VIEW

Communication is central to organizational processes, yet theoretical understanding of social practices of communication – and their relation to organizing processes – still needs to be “materializ...
Anomalous scaling and gapless fermions of d-wave superconductors in a magnetic field.

The problem of d x 2 -y 2-wave quasiparticles in a weakly disordered Abrikosov vortex lattice is studied. Starting with a periodic lattice, the topological structure of the magnetic crystal momenta of gapless fermions is found for the particle-hole symmetric case. If in addition the site centered inversion symmetry is present, both the location and the number of the gapless fermions can be determined using an index theorem. In the case of spatially aperiodic vortex array, Simon and Lee scaling is found to be violated due to a quantum anomaly. The electronic density of states is found to scale with the root-mean-square vortex displacement as √Hf(u 2 rms /ξ 2 ), while thermal conductivity is H independent, but different from the H = 0 case.
Reinstatement versus Reactivation Effects on Active Memory in Infants

Abstract Reinstatement and reactivation are procedurally different reminder paradigms used with infants and children, but most developmental psychologists do not distinguish between them. In 4 experiments with 102 three-month-olds, we asked if they differ functionally as well. Independent groups of infants received either a reactivation or a reinstatement reminder 3 days after training, when the memory is active, but its specific details have been forgotten. In Experiment 1, we measured retention after increasing delays until infants forgot altogether. A single reinstatement protracted retention twice as long after training as a single reactivation. In Experiments 2–4, whether the reminder was the original training stimulus or a novel one differentially affected the duration and specificity of memory in the 2 procedures as well. These data demonstrate that the distinction between reinstatement and reactivation is not artificial. In addition to differing procedurally, reinstatement and reactivation differ functionally, with different memory-preserving effects.
Induction of the Unfolded Protein Response by Constitutive G-protein Signaling in Rod Photoreceptor Cells

Phototransduction is a G-protein signal transduction cascade that converts photon absorption to a change in current at the plasma membrane. Certain genetic mutations affecting the proteins in the phototransduction cascade cause blinding disorders in humans. Some of these mutations serve as a genetic source of “equivalent light” that activates the cascade, whereas other mutations lead to amplification of the light response. How constitutive phototransduction causes photoreceptor cell death is poorly understood. We showed that persistent G-protein signaling, which occurs in rod arrestin and rhodopsin kinase knock-out mice, caused a rapid and specific induction of the PERK pathway of the unfolded protein response. These changes were not observed in the cGMP-gated channel knock-out rods, an equivalent light condition that mimics light-stimulated channel closure. Thus transducin signaling, but not channel closure, triggers rapid cell death in light damage caused by constitutive phototransduction. Additionally, we show that in the albino light damage model cell death was not associated with increase in global protein ubiquitination or unfolded protein response induction. Taken together, these observations provide novel mechanistic insights into the cell death pathway caused by constitutive phototransduction and identify the unfolded protein response as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
Beneath the Rising Sun: “Frenchness” and the Archaeology of Desire

This article takes the case of “rouge pot” fragments found in an archaeological context in New Orleans’ French Quarter associated with the circa 1822 Rising Sun Hotel and investigates the discourses and desires that shape our interpretations of artifacts. We argue that archaeological, historiographic, and public desires overlap and inform one another in a complex web of relations. In New Orleans, the particular web into which the archaeology of cosmetic jars and hotel sites can fall is spun by the ways in which the former French colonial capital is sexualized in both textbooks and folk songs.
An examination of the seductive details effect in terms of working memory capacity.

Previous work on learning from text has demonstrated that although illustrated text can enhance comprehension, illustrations can also sometimes lead to poor learning outcomes when they are not relevant to understanding the text. This phenomenon is known as theseductive details effect. The first experiment was designed to test whether the ability to control one’s attention, as measured by working memory span tasks, would influence the processing of a scientific text that containedseductive (irrelevant) images, conceptually relevant images, or no illustrations. Understanding was evaluated using both an essay response and an inference verification task. Results indicated that low working memory capacity readers are especially vulnerable to the seductive details effect. In the second experiment, this issue was explored further, using eye-tracking methodology to evaluate the reading patterns of individuals who differed in working memory capacity as they read the same seductively illustrated scientific text. Results indicated that low working memory individuals attend to seductive illustrations more often than not and, also, for a longer duration than do those individuals high in working memory capacity.
On the Detectability of Fog, Cloud, Rain and Snow by Acoustic Echo-Sounding Methods.

Abstract The scatter of sound waves by fog, cloud, rain and snow particles is analyzed for the Rayleigh case (i.e., D≪λ). It is shown that relatively standard acoustic echo-sounding equipment should obtain strong echoes (about 49 dB above noise at 300 m range) during heavy snow conditions. Rain at 300 m range would produce echoes varying from about 23 dB to about (58 − Y) dB above noise for conditions ranging from drizzle (1 mm hr−1) to heavy rain (25 mm hr−1), the parameter Y being used to denote the increase in noise level in dB due to precipitation noise. Fogs and clouds with Z⩾5 × 10−2 mm6 m−3 would be detectable out to 300 m range on the standard system. Acoustic energy scattered from naturally occurring velocity and temperature fluctuations in the boundary layer of the atmosphere will tend to mask the hydrometeor echoes. Three methods of distinguishing hydrometeor echoes from those resulting from irregular velocity and temperature fields are suggested. An optimum experimental configuration to study ...
Axions, R invariance and Witten-O'Raifeartaigh models

Abstract We show that the Witten-O'Raifeartaigh models of supersymmetry breaking with a spontaneously broken R symmetry, the R current QCD anomaly can only take on a certain values if one is to solve the strong CP problem via the Peccei-Quinn mechanism with a cosmologically acceptable axion. We then apply these criteria to specific models.
Hepatocyte growth factor signaling pathway inhibits cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase and bile acid synthesis in human hepatocytes

Bile acid synthesis in the liver is regulated by the rate-limiting enzyme cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). Transcription of the CYP7A1 gene is inhibited by bile acids and cytokines. The rate of bile acid synthesis is reduced immediately after partial hepatectomy and during the early stage of liver regeneration. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) released from stellate cells activates a receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met, in hepatocytes and stimulates signaling pathways that regulate cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. This study demonstrated that HGF strongly and rapidly repressed CYP7A1 mRNA expression and the rate of bile acid synthesis in primary human hepatocytes. HGF rapidly induced c-Jun and small heterodimer partner mRNA and protein expression and increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and c-Jun. Specific inhibitors of protein kinase C, extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) blocked HGF inhibition of CYP7A1 expression. Knockdown of c-Met by small interfering RNA resulted in a significant increase in CYP7A1 and blocked HGF inhibition of CYP7A1 mRNA expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that HGF induced recruitment of c-Jun and small heterodimer partner (SHP) but reduced recruitment of the coactivators peroxisome proliferators activated receptor ρ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)–binding protein (CBP) to chromatin. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that HGF is a novel regulator of CYP7A1 and bile acid synthesis in human hepatocytes and may protect hepatocytes from accumulating toxic bile acids and developing intrahepatic cholestasis during the early stage of liver regeneration. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Creating trading networks of digital archives

Digital archives can best survive failures if they have made several c opies of their collections at remote sites. In this paper, we discuss how autonomous sites can cooperate to provide preservation by trading data. We examine the decisions that an archive must make when forming trading networks, such as the amount of storage space to provide and the best number of partner sites. We also deal with the fact that some sites may be more reliable than others. Experimental results from a data trading simulator illustrate which policies are most reliable. Our techniques focus on preserving the ``bits'' of digital collections; other services that focus on other archiving concerns (such as preserving meaningful metadata) can be built on top of the system we describe here.
FDA Perspective on Computer Assisted Pharmacology/Toxicology Review

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has been working with industry for a number of years to integrate computers into the review process. Most of these efforts have focused on the clinical section of a new drug application. A logical extension of this effort is the use of computers to aid in the review of the nonclinical pharmacology/toxicology data for new drugs. As a result of discussions with industry, the FDA began to develop the concept of a computer assisted pharmacology/toxicology review. The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research at FDA, along with the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (PMA) has formed a working group to evaluate the use of computers in the evaluation of the pharmacology/toxicology information submitted to the FDA. The goal of the committee is to develop a mechanism to facilitate the computerized review of data for the pharmacology/toxicology submissions. This article describes the FDA perspective on the use of the computer in the review of pharmacology/toxicology data
Life-History Aspects of the Rainbow Shiner, Notropis chrosomus (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), in Northern Georgia

Abstract The life history of Notropis chrosomus (Rainbow Shiner) was investigated using 12 monthly collections from Moore Creek (Etowah River Drainage) at GA Highway 140 in Cherokee County, GA. Specimens were collected by electroshocking and seining primarily from runs and flowing pools and examined to identify feeding habits, age, growth, and reproductive patterns. Notropis chrosomus are opportunistic insectivores with gut contents largely consisting of Chironomidae larvae, unidentified insect parts, unidentified Diptera adults, and Collembola. Spawning occurred in spring with 400–896 (mean 708.92, SD = 162.90) mature oocytes ranging from 0.7 mm to 1.22 mm (mean = 0.90 mm, SD = 0.167 mm) present in specimens collected in April, May, and June. Sexual maturity occurred at approximately one year of age. The maximum age of both males and females was estimated at approximately 24 months (females = 25 months, males = 23 months). The largest female collected was 66.71 mm SL and 5.515 g total weight. The largest...
Personal telecommunication radiation safety and the precautionary principle

The approach to risk management for RF and microwave radiation has been to establish guidelines for maximum permissible levels of exposure. These guidelines are based on evaluations of the relevant scientific literature and, with safety margins to account for uncertainties and gaps in scientific knowledge, offer a significant level of protection against established hazards of RF and microwave radiation for short-term exposures. One can argue, on this basis, that the precautionary principle - specifically, safety factors -have been used to guide the making and promulgation of existing permissible-exposure standards for RF and microwave radiation. Therefore, discussions on the appropriateness of the precautionary principle for RF radiation may be "much ado about nothing". Clearly, this approach to "pre caution" neither has stifled technological development, nor has it helped to enforce the acceptance of zero risk, but it provided a basis for action when science was unable to give a clear answer.
Preventing low birth weight: is prenatal care the answer?

Objectives: To review the evidence of effectiveness of prenatal care for preventing low birth weight (LBW). Methods: We reviewed original research, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and commentaries for evidence of effectiveness of the three core components of prenatal care - risk assessment, health promotion and medical and psychosocial interventions - for preventing the two constituents of LBW: preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Results: Clinical risk assessment will fail to identify the majority of pregnancies at risk for preterm delivery or IUGR. While biophysical and biochemical modalities appear promising, their cost-effectiveness has not been demonstrated, nor can their routine use be recommended in the absence of effective interventions. Smoking cessation programs appear to be modestly effective. There is insufficient evidence to conclude a benefit for nutrition interventions, work counseling or preterm birth education. Only antenatal corticosteroid therapy has demonstrated ...
Verifying a pipelined microprocessor

Demonstrates the effectiveness of the Larch/VHDL verification system by verifying a commercial microprocessor design. The National Security Agency (NSA) gave us the opportunity to verify a design of over 10,000 lines of VHDL source code, written by Motorola engineers, called the LRP15O. This design was an implementation of a microprocessor instruction set and specification called ARM7 from Advanced RISC Machines. It was an ideal challenge. No microprocessor design of this scale had been formally verified, and certainly no design of this size had been verified directly from VHDL or any other standardized hardware description language.