cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A benign soft tissue mass simulating a glenoid labral cyst on unenhanced magnetic resonance imaging.

ABSTRACT A 72-year-old Caucasian man initially presented with a vibratory sensation progressing to pain in his left scapular region. After failed conservative therapy, a left shoulder unenhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging study was performed. Initial interpretation suggested a glenoid labral tear with an associated paralabral cyst. Further review of the images identified heterogeneous increased T2-weighted signal intensity, which led to repeat MR imaging with intravenous contrast and the diagnosis of a solid tumor in the suprascapular notch. The MR appearance of the mass is illustrated and the usefulness of intravenous contrast administration in differentiating between a solid and cystic mass on MR imaging is discussed.
INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS FROM DIFFERENT CONTINENTS FACE VARIED CHALLENGES AND SEEK CAMPUS SUPPORT IN DISSIMILAR WAYS

Many studies have examined the challenges faced by international students from a global perspective. This study separates international students into four continents (African, Asian, European, and North American) and explores their challenges, such as English proficiency, financial needs, cultural shock, and technological experiences, and how these students seek help from campus resources such as the international, writing, students‟ success, and counseling centers. Also this study examines how these support systems influence international students‟ academic performances. The study surveyed 344 participants, and ANOVA result indicated that international students who received social support from campus resources experienced positive effects in their academic performance. Analysis revealed that of the different categories of international students, Asian international students felt most deficient in the English language, as such, they visited the writing and student success centers the most. European international students visited the counseling center the most, when compared to other international students. In general, African international students suffered the most, however, they felt most successful in their academics.
Multiple Sclerosis and the Comparative Value Disease Modifying Therapy Report of the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER)

On January 26, 2017, the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER) posted its final report on treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS) with disease modifying therapies (DMTs). The objective was to provide a modeled assessment of the effectiveness and value of the various DMTs against each other and supportive care. The model considered both relapsing-remitting and primary-progressive MS with hypothetical patient cohorts tracked from therapy initiation to death in a lifetime cost-utility framework. Recommendations were made for possible DMT package price discounts given benchmark willingness-to-pay cost per QALY thresholds. The purpose of this commentary is to assess this modeled analysis from the criteria of normal science: are the claims presented for the competing DMTs credible, evaluable and replicable? The review concludes that the ICER model does not meet required standards. The claims made for comparative effectiveness and value are non-evaluable. They are immune to failure. The review concludes that if models are to contribute to improving our understanding of the effectiveness and costs of DMTs then they should be evaluable in the short-term to allow feedback to formulary committees in a meaningful timeframe. Type: Commentary
Cardiogenic Shock, Acute Severe Mitral Regurgitation and Complete Heart Block After Cavo-Tricuspid Isthmus Atrial Flutter Ablation.

Radiofrequency (RF) ablation is the first-line management of cavo-tricuspid isthmus dependent atrial flutter. It has been performed with 95% success rate. Adverse events are very rare. We report the first case of acute severe mitral regurgitation (MR) and complete heart block developed after successful atrial flutter ablation. A 62-year-old female with mild MR presented with palpitations. Surface electrocardiogram was suggestive of isthmus dependent atrial flutter. A duodecapolar mapping catheter showed an atrial flutter with cycle length of 280 ms. An 8 mm tipped Thermistor RF ablation catheter was placed at the cavo-tricuspid isthmus. RF energy was delivered as the catheter was dragged to the inferior vena cava. Temperature limit was 60 °C; the power output limit was 60 W. The patient converted to sinus rhythm with the first ablation line. Bi-directional block was recorded. Two additional ablation lines lasting 60 - 120 s were delivered. The patient started having chest pain and developed complete heart block with no escape rhythm. She became hypotensive and was immediately paced from the right ventricle. There were no signs of pericardial tamponade. Emergent bedside echo demonstrated severe MR with a retracted posteromedial mitral valve leaflet. She was 100% paced and EKG changes could not be assessed. Based on the sudden onset chest pain, hypotension, complete heart block and acute severe MR after ablation, the right coronary artery occlusion was suspected. She was immediately transferred to catheterization laboratory. Coronary angiography revealed total occlusion of the posterolateral branch from the right coronary artery. Balloon angioplasty and coronary artery stenting was performed. Complete heart block subsequently resolved. Subsequent bedside echocardiogram showed marked improvement of the MR. Patients with smaller body size have smaller hearts and more likely to have injury from RF current. Higher energy penetrates deeper and causes more tissue damage. The use of lower temperature limits (55 °C) and lower energy (60 W) for small, elderly, and female patients is encouraged. Cardiol Res. 2017;8(2):63-67 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/cr534w
Abstract 281: Initial Illness Severity Not Hypothermia Treatment is Associated With Outcome After Cardiac Arrest

Background: The effect of illness severity on response to therapeutic interventions for cardiac arrest such as therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is unknown. This study examined the effects of TH on surv...
Conceptualizing the Landscape of Decision Making for Complex Problem Solving

ABSTRACTComplex problem resolution often involves the need for a pragmatic integration of knowledge from stakeholders with competing epistemic claims. The decision-making process regarding complex problem resolution is characterized by four basic sources of knowledge: disciplines, societies, organizations, and individuals. From the perspective of the public administration, we conceptualize the structure of the interactions between the disciplines and other sources of knowledge potentially relevant to the resolution of a public problem. To aid this exercise we examine a series of cases that we believe represent relevant aspects of complex problem resolution. We describe these basic interactions as collaborative, agnostic, or adversarial. This is a reorientation to the knowledge at play in the problem at hand. The study of public administration is well suited as a body of knowledge to address complex problems because it has a rich history of cooperation with other disciplines, practitioners, and stakeholder...
Zn-ProPhenol Catalyzed Enantio- and Diastereoselective Direct Vinylogous Mannich Reactions between α,β- and β,γ-Butenolides and Aldimines

We report a Zn-ProPhenol catalyzed reaction between butenolides and imines to obtain tetrasubstituted vinylogous Mannich products in good yield and diastereoselectivity with excellent enantioselectivity (97 to >99.5% ee). Notably, both α,β- and β,γ-butenolides can be utilized as nucleophiles in this transformation. The imine partner bears the synthetically versatile N-Cbz group, avoiding the use of the specialized aryl directing groups previously required in related work. Additionally, the reaction can be performed on gram scale with reduced catalyst loading as low as 2 mol %. The functional group-rich products can be further elaborated using a variety of methods.
Global rising trends of atrial fibrillation: a major public health concern

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide and the estimated global age adjusted prevalence was 0.5% in 2010, representing nearly 33.5 million individuals.1 The prevalence is likely underestimated as a large proportion of asymptomatic individuals and those having transient symptoms remain undiagnosed. It is recognised as a global public health problem due to its significant burden of morbidity and mortality resulting from embolic stroke, congestive heart failure and acute coronary syndrome. AF may affect functional status and impairs the quality of life. The incremental cost related to AF in the USA is estimated at US$6–26 billion per year.2 Thus, AF already has tremendous implications on the economy and public health. Numerous studies have reported AF as a growing epidemic with an expected doubling of its prevalence by 2030.3 However, most of the studies were conducted in the western world and epidemiological studies of AF in the Asian continent are scarce. Furthermore, the healthcare implications of the rapidly changing population dynamics in this region are poorly understood. As the prevalence is expected to rise, it is important to have an updated epidemiology of AF in order to allocate human and economic resources for appropriate healthcare planning. Two thirds of the AF-related healthcare expenses are from direct and indirect inpatient cost. Tremendous regional variation in hospitalisation for AF has been reported. Hence, the analysis of utilisation of hospitalisation is key to allocate resources accordingly. In this context, Kim et al used the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database of Korea to describe the temporal trends of hospitalisation, costs, treatment …
Simplified endoscopic photography for anatomic correlation with CT and MR of the larynx and pharynx.

Improvements in photographic film and the availability of fluid light transmitters rather than fibrooptics permit endolaryngeal and nasopharyngeal photography to be conducted using the same light levels as simple diagnostic examinations of these areas. The added perspective of endoscopic examination can often clarify many confusin bulky lesions that distort CT and MR anatomy. Thus endoscopic photography is a tremendous teaching tool.
History of Crime and Violence

This chapter traces the history of crime and violence and their interaction in the formulation of sophisticated, global illicit markets. It conceptualizes violence as an important tool of the underworld to enforce contracts, eliminate rivals, communicate and, ultimately, to coerce others. The chapter highlights specific cases such as the history of prohibition, the Italian-American mafia, and other organized criminal groups, to demonstrate the use of violence in the criminal underworld. It also explores new, technological developments in the criminal landscape, such as the use of the Dark Web and Bitcoin.
"For your eyes only": ophthalmic complications following lung transplantation

Ophthalmic complications in the lung transplant population are a little-known entity. It includes a spectrum of diseases ranging from infections such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, herpetic keratitis, Pseudallescheria boydii to non-infectious complications such as posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSCs), cyclosporine retinopathy, and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). These diseases can be attributed to high levels of immunosuppression, advanced age, and drug-specific side effects. Underlying comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus may also play a role in the pathogenesis. Patients can present with varied symptoms such as blurry vision, floaters or eye pain. Prompt diagnosis often requires a high index of suspicion. With increasing numbers of transplants being performed worldwide, it is imperative for the pulmonologist and transplant physician to recognize these often subtle symptoms. Any visual symptom should trigger an ophthalmological evaluation in order to manage these complications; some of which pose the risk of systemic dissemination and significant morbidity. The following article provides an in-depth review of the common presenting symptoms, treatments and recent advances related to common ophthalmic complications following lung transplantation. While this article focuses on the lung transplant sub-population, the authors would like to point out that some of these complications are shared by other solid-organ transplants as well, by virtue of their shared immunosuppressive therapies.
The self and dance movement therapy – a narrative approach

Within the last fifty years as philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science have moved towards increasingly more embodied theoretical frameworks, there has been growing interest in Dance Movement Therapy (DMT). DMT has been shown to be effective in mitigating negative symptoms in several psychopathologies including PTSD, autism, and schizophrenia. Further, DMT generally helps participants gain a stronger sense of agency and connection with their body. However, it has been argued that it is not always clear what constitutes these changes in DMT participants. I argue that we can better understand the empirical and phenomenological results of DMT across psychopathologies if we adapt an enactive embodied approach to cognition. I use the framework of embodied enactive cognition and narrative theories of the self to develop an account of DMT as a form of narrative change. I claim that through the acquisition of new bodily skill and bodily awareness, DMT can cause changes to the participant’s narrative self-understanding.
On the Weak Solutions to a Stochastic 2D Simplified Ericksen-Leslie Model

We study in this article a stochastic version of a 2D Ericksen-Leslie systems. The system model the dynamic of nematic liquid crystals under the influence of stochastic external forces and stretching effects. We prove the existence of a probabilistic weak solutions. The proof relies on a reformulation of the model proposed in Gong et al. (Nonlinearity 28(10), 3677–3694 2015) as well as a Galerkin approximation and some compactness results. We also prove the pathwise uniqueness of the weak solution when the stretching effect is neglected.
Measurement Validity of the Low Vision Independence Measure (LVIM).

OBJECTIVE. This study’s objective was to test the psychometrics of Smith’s (2013) Low Vision Independence Measure (LVIM) using the Rasch model. METHOD. A cohort design was used with 93 participants receiving occupational therapy for low vision. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a parceling approach was used to test the LVIM factors and Rasch analysis to examine item-level psychometrics. RESULTS. Participants’ average age was 78.9 yr (standard deviation = 12.1), and the majority were female (72.8%) with macular degeneration (62.3%). The CFA revealed two measurement factors: visual field or scotoma (n = 28) and visual acuity (n = 24). We removed six misfitting items, and the two factors of the revised LVIM demonstrated good rating scale function, good internal consistency (person reliability: visual field, .87; visual acuity, .90), good precision (person strata: visual field, 3.91; visual acuity, 4.40), no ceiling or floor effects, and no differential item functioning. CONCLUSION. The revised LVIM demonstrates good psychometrics on the Rasch model and can be used as a valid outcome measure in low vision rehabilitation.
A Semi-Autonomous Method to Detect Cosmic Rays in Raman Hyperspectral Data Sets

Cosmic rays can degrade Raman hyperspectral images by introducing high-intensity noise to spectra, obfuscating the results of downstream analyses. We describe a novel method to detect cosmic rays i...
The Gender Gap in Online News Comment Sections

Women are less likely than men to discuss or engage in politics. This study extends research on the gender gap in politics to an online context by exploring whether women are less likely to engage ...
Synthesis and structural characterization of (η5-Dp)Ru(PPh3)2H (Dp = C8H9−, 1,2-dihydropentalenyl)

(η5-Dp)Ru(PPh3)2H (Dp = C8H9−, 1,2-dihydropentalenyl) was synthesized in 90% yield by reaction of (η5-Dp)Ru(PPh3)2Cl with sodium formate. (η5-Dp)Ru(PPh3)2H was characterized by 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy. The Ru–H appears in the 1H NMR spectrum upfield at −11.6 ppm, indicative of a metal hydride. In the IR spectrum, the νRu–H was observed at 1920 cm−1. The solid-state structure of (η5-Dp)Ru(PPh3)2H (1) was determined by X-ray crystallography. Compound 1 has similar structural parameters to (η5-Cp)Ru(PPh3)2H and (η5-Ind)Ru(PPh3)2H.
Water-gas shift activity on Pt-Re surfaces and the role of the support

The activity of Pt-Re surfaces was studied for the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction in order to understand how Pt-Re interactions and cluster-support interactions influence activity. The results from these studies were also compared with previous reports of WGS activity on Pt-Re clusters grown on TiO2. Platinum on Re surfaces were prepared by annealing Re films on Pt(111) to form Pt-Re surface alloys, depositing Pt on Re/Pt(111), and depositing Pt on Re clusters supported on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces. In all cases, the turnover frequency (TOF) for the WGS reaction was higher for Pt with subsurface Re compared to pure Pt. Furthermore, the TOF for 2 ML Pt/TiO2 clusters was greater than that of Pt(111) and 2 ML Pt/HOPG clusters, indicating that the TiO2 support enhances activity for the WGS reaction on Pt. For Pt/TiO2 clusters, a plot of the fraction of perimeter/surface sites as a function of Pt coverage closely follows TOF vs Pt coverage, strongly suggesting that activity occurs at the Pt-TiO2 interface. Notably, the fraction of undercoordinated sites as a function of Pt coverage does not follow the same behavior as the TOFs.
A Task-Invariant Learning Framework of Lower-Limb Exoskeletons for Assisting Human Locomotion

Kinematic control approaches for exoskeletons follow specified trajectories, which overly constrain individuals who have partial or full volitional control over their lower limbs. In our prior work, we proposed a general matching framework for underactuated energy shaping to provide task-invariant, energetic exoskeletal assistance. While the proposed shaping strategies demonstrated benefits such as reduced human torques during walking, it remains unclear how the parameters of these shaping strategies are related to different gait benefits. Meanwhile, research indicates that customizing assistance via online optimization can substantially improve exoskeleton's performance for each individual. Motivated by this fact, we com-bine derivative-free, sample-efficient optimization algorithms with our energy shaping strategies to propose a task-invariant learning framework for lower-limb exoskeletons. Through rapid online optimization, this framework enables exoskeletons to adjust shaping parameters for minimizing human joint torques across users and tasks. Simulation results show that shaping strategies with optimal parameters effectively reduce human joint torques and estimated metabolic cost during simulated walking. In addition, the optimal exoskeleton torques calculated using able-bodied subjects' kinematic data closely match the real human joint torques for different walking gaits.
Scalability of Sensor Simulation in ROS-Gazebo Platform with and without Using GPU

Autonomous mobile robots depend heavily on sensors for interpreting the external environment and planning their movement. Given the complexity of even simple environments, the use of simulation is necessary to test sensory perception and movement strategies efficiently. Accurate and efficient sensor simulation is key to the successful development and fielding of autonomous mobile robots. In this paper, we investigate the scalability of LIDAR-type sensor simulation in ROS-supported Gazebo, an open-source multi-robot simulator. Specifically, the performance and scalability of the simulator are assessed with and without support from GPU in two virtual worlds, one highly-complex in terms of the number of collision targets and one not-complex. In both cases, we increase the number of sensors and evaluate system performance. The results show that the use of GPU helps improve performance, providing better speedups in the complex scene. However, the number of sensors that can be used is limited when using GPU.
A new approach for the calculation of transitional flows

In spite of many attempts at modeling natural transition, it has not been possible to predict the streamwise intensities. A procedure is developed which incorporates some results of linear stability theory into one-equation and stress model formulations. The stresses resulting from fluctuations in the transitional region have turbulent, laminar (nonturbulent) and large eddy components. Comparison with Schubauer and Klebanoff's experiments have shown that the nonturbulent and large eddy components have a large influence on the streamwise intensities and little influence on the shear stress. Finally, predictions of the one-equation model were as good as those obtained by the stress model.
SELL YOUR CARDS TO WHO: NON-FUNGIBLE TOKENS AND DIGITAL TRADING CARD GAMES

The remediation of analog trading card games into digital platforms troubles notions of ownership and highlights the flows of capital through the ecologies of TCGs that previously relied on material artifacts. $2 is a digital trading card game that utilizes Non-Fungible Tokens to address concerns over ownership. However, in the wake of the sale of a $69 Million dollar NFT at Christie's art auction, crypto-art has been embroiled in discourse with respect to artist exploitation, environmental, and other concerns endemic to blockchain and cryptocurrency technologies. This paper examines the implications of NFTs in digital card games via the material histories of trading card games and the way digital TCGs accelerate the extraction of capital from player communities by bypassing traditional secondary markets. $2 proposes to solve these issues of ownership and assure players their cards will retain their value. However, the game relies on the continued existence of the publisher's platform, blockchain infrastructure, and player interest. The game also ignores how cards become valuable. Despite mimicking the artificial scarcity associated with TCGs, it does not take into account the impact metagame trends have on the value of cards. By looking at NFT implementations in games such as $2 we can identify several issues with the technology that might otherwise be overlooked in favor of more common critiques. This also highlights several implications remediation and adaptation herald for digital versions of analog games.
Bilingual paraprofessionals in the second language acquisition classroom

This paper reports on a qualitative study of 13 bilingual paraprofessionals at a university in the USA enrolled in a second language acquisition class that was part of a professional development pr...
Significant inconsistency among pediatric oncologists in the use of the neutropenic diet.

Background The role of the neutropenic diet in the development of infections in oncology and stem cell transplant (SCT) patients is controversial. There is no data on the use of the neutropenic diet among pediatric oncologists. Methods A self-administered electronic survey was sent to 1,639 pediatric oncologists at 198 institutions who are members of Children's Oncology Group. A pediatric dietitian and pediatric oncologists developed, pretested, and modified the survey for item clarification. Results Five hundred fifty-seven physicians (34%) responded representing 174 (87%) of the 198 member institutions. More than half of respondents (57%) report implementing the neutropenic diet at their facility. In a multivariate analysis, being a stem cell transplant (SCT) center was the only significant factor associated with implementing a neutropenic diet (OR: 6.06, 95% CI, 2.88–12.738, P < 0.001) after controlling for years in practice, gender, center size, and academic versus private practice. Among physicians who implemented a neutropenic diet, absolute neutrophil count was the trigger for initiating the diet in oncology patients (72%) while admission and start of preparative regimen was used for SCT patients (84%). The majority of respondents (82%) stop the neutropenic diet when oncology patients are no longer neutropenic while the practice varied significantly with SCT patients. Providers at the same institution were not consistent with implementation of the diet, patient populations placed on the neutropenic diet and parameters for initiation, discontinuation of the diet and specific food restrictions. Conclusion The implementation of the neutropenic diet by pediatric oncologists remains quite variable even among those at the same institution. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:1806–1810. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social Identity Theory as a Framework for Understanding the Effects of Exposure to Positive Media Images of Self and Other on Intergroup Outcomes

Based on the tenets of social identity theory, a two-study experimental design was conducted which examined the influence of exposure to positive Latino media exemplars on ingroup (Latino) and outgroup (white) consumers. Specifically, the impact of exposure on interethnic evaluations as well as perceptions of self and other was evaluated. Results from Study 1 and Study 2 suggest that although exposure to positive media depictions of Latinos can prompt more favorable evaluations of ingroup and self among Latinos, the same cannot necessarily be said for the effects of exposure to affirmative messages on judgments about Latinos among outgroup members (i.e., whites). Instead, these data indicate that for whites, ingroup (racial/ethnic) identification is a potent factor in media-related interethnic evaluations.
Folate Deficiency Delays the Onset But Increases the Incidence of Leukemia in Friend Virus-Infected Mice

Clinical studies have indicated that folate deficiency may enhance the development of various malignancies. In animal studies that examined the effect of folate deficiency on malignancies, conflicting results have been reported. In some studies, folate deficiency increased the development and growth of malignant tumors; in others, it decreased the development and growth of malignancies. We examined the effect of transient folate deficiency on the development of leukemia in mice infected with the anemia-inducing strain of Friend leukemia virus. Friend virus disease can be considered as a model for human acute leukemias that are preceded by a preleukemic period. These include leukemias that develop in patients who received previous chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, as well as patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia or myelodysplasia. Folate deficiency around the time of Friend virus-infection delayed the onset but increased the incidence of leukemia. The rates of rearrangement of the Spi-1 (PU.1 ) oncogene by provirus integration and alteration of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene were the same in leukemia cell lines derived from folate-deficient mice as they were in cell lines from control mice. These results indicate that folate deficiency did not exert its enhancement of leukemogenesis through changes in either Spi-1 or p53, even though these two genes have been found to be the most frequently altered ones in Friend virus-induced leukemias. Our results suggest that folate deficiency may enhance the development of acute leukemia in patients who are at high risk for this disease.
Comparative Effectiveness of Iron and Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent Dosing on Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis.

Background The potential effects of iron-dosing strategies and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in the dialysis population are unclear. We examined the independent associations of bolus versus maintenance iron dosing and high versus low ESA dosing on HRQoL. Study Design Retrospective cohort design. Setting & Participants Clinical data (2008-2010) from a large dialysis organization merged with data from the US Renal Data System. 13,039 patients receiving center-based hemodialysis were included. Predictor Iron and ESA dosing were assessed during 1-month (n=14,901) and 2-week (n=15,296) exposure periods. Outcomes HRQoL was measured by the Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL) instrument (0-100 scale) during a 3-month follow-up period. Measurements Generalized linear mixed models, adjusting for several covariates, were used to estimate associations between iron and ESA dosing and HRQoL overall and for clinically relevant subgroups. Results For the 1-month exposure period, patients with lower baseline hemoglobin levels who received higher ESA dosing had higher physical health and kidney disease symptom scores (by 2.4 [95% CI, 0.6-4.2] and 5.6 [95% CI, 2.8-8.4] points, respectively) in follow-up than patients who received lower ESA dosing. For the 2-week exposure period, patients with low baseline hemoglobin levels who received bolus dosing had higher mental health scores (by 1.9 [95% CI, 0.0-3.8] points) in follow-up. Within the low-baseline-hemoglobin subgroup, individuals with a catheter or dialysis vintage less than 1 year who received higher ESA dosing had higher HRQoL scores in follow-up (by 5.0-9.9 points) and individuals with low baseline transferrin saturations who received bolus dosing had higher HRQoL scores in follow-up (by 2.6-5.8 points). Limitations Observational design; short duration of observation. Conclusions For individuals with low baseline hemoglobin levels, higher ESA dosing and bolus iron dosing were associated with slightly higher HRQoL scores in follow-up. These differences became more pronounced and clinically relevant for specific subgroups.
Characterization of a stable L-form of Bacillus subtilis 168.

Abstract A stable L-form of Bacillus subtilis 168 (sal-1) has been isolated which grows and divides logarithmically in liquid medium with a generation time of 60 min. This mutant does not synthesize cell wall as evidenced by chemical, biochemical, and morphological analyses. Antibiotics which specifically inhibit cell wall biosynthesis do not affect the growth of the L-form. Significant differences exist between the membrane proteins of the bacillary form and the L-form. The relative profile of membrane proteins varies with the salt concentration of the medium in both the L-form and the bacillary form.
Can Churches Discipline Members and Win in Court

In several courts around the country, cases are being tried which are not only interesting, but also illustrate the dimensions of religious freedom in this country; and they may have serious implications for local churches, particularly conservative churches. In general, the cases involve accusations by parishioners against their churches of such crimes as invasion of privacy, libel and slander, and inflicting emotional distress. The action of the churches that elicited such
Studies on Spinach Chloroplast and Nuclear DNA Using Large-scale Tissue Preparations

A method for the large-scale preparation of spinach chloroplasts using the Spinco Model L-4 zonal ultracentrifuge and for the extraction of DNA from the chloroplasts is described. Thirty-five percent of the chloroplast DNA (ρ = 1.706 g/cc) differs from nuclear DNA (ρ = 1.695 g/cc) in buoyant density. Tm, base composition, and renaturation properties. Sixty-five percent of the chloroplast DNA (ρ = 1.696 g/cc) has the same buoyant density and Tm as nuclear DNA, but it differs in base composition and renaturation properties.
Bilateral subdural hematoma after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a diagnosis often overlooked.

Hilgendorf et al. recently published in Leukemia & Lymphoma about chronic bilateral hematomas after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) [1]. Subdural hematoma (SDH) is a rare complication aft...
Theory of the spin dynamics in the cuprates: Comparison of the LaSrCuO and YBaCuO families☆

Abstract We summarize magnetic data in the copper oxides and emphasize the contrasting behavior seen in neutron experiments on the two cuprates: LaSrCuO and YBaCuO. We attribute the different q- dependence in the magnetic structure factor S (q, ω) to differences in the Fermi surface geometry, obtained in band structure approaches and (for the YBaCuO system) corroborated by photoemission experiments. Using a large Coulomb U , Fermi liquid based scheme, we present results for the q, ω and temperature dependence of the neutron cross section in both cuprate families at various hole concentrations. These calculations compare favorably with experiment. NMR measurements on the Cu site are shown to be consistent with these neutron data, as well as with our calculations. However, within the constraints of the standard transfer hyperfine model, the relaxation on the oxygen site is difficult to reconcile with neutron data. The implications of d -wave symmetry are explored and it is argued that both normal and superconducting magnetic data pose some problems for the simple d -wave pairing scenario.
The ennoblement of stainless steel by manganic oxide biofouling

Twenty-three 316L stainless steel (SS) coupons were exposed in situ to fresh river-water for periods of up to 35 days. All samples developed steady-state corrosion potentials (Ecorr) near + 350 mV (SCE) and polarization measurements showed enhanced cathodic current density characteristic of passive metal ennoblement. Epifluorescence and scanning electron microscopy of the attached biofilm showed numerous 10–20μm diameter Mn-rich annular deposits, associated clusters of bacterial cells, and abundant sheathed bacteria. Dissolution of the Mn deposits using Na2SO3 shifted Ecorr to pre-exposure values. SS coated with MnO2 paste displayed electrochemical behavior nearly identical to that of ennobled samples. A mechanism of ennoblement by MnO2 biofouling is proposed which explains a variety of findings on the electrochemical behavior of microbially colonized SS.
On the kinetics of helix formation between complementary ribohomopolymes and deoxyribohomopolymers

The rate of double helix formation by single-stranded poly A plus poly dT, poly dA plus poly U, poly dA plus dT, poly G plus poly dC, poly dG plus poly C, and poly dG plus poly dC have been investigated and compared to rates of ribohomopolymer helix formation rates. After correction for molecular weight, comparisons of rate data at 30°C below the melting temperature of the double helix show that: 1 Rates of helix formation by all combinations of guanine plus cytosine homopolymers are the same. 1 The rate of helix formation for poly dA plus poly dT is three times faster than the rate for poly A plus poly U. Rates of formation of DNA-RNA hybrid molecules are intermediate between these two rates, but closer to the poly dA plus poly dT rate. The effect of temperature on the rate of helix formation is interpreted in terms of a steady-state model for helix propagation. The results are consistent with a mechanism in which the formation of the second base pair is the rate-determining step.
T-box gene tbx5 is essential for formation of the pectoral limb bud.

The T-box genes Tbx4 and Tbx5 have been shown to have key functions in the specification of the identity of the vertebrate forelimb (Tbx5) and hindlimb (Tbx4)1,2. Here we show that in zebrafish, Tbx5 has an additional early function that precedes the formation of the limb bud itself. Functional knockdown of zebrafish tbx5 through the use of an antisense oligonucleotide resulted in a failure to initiate fin bud formation, leading to the complete loss of pectoral fins. The function of the tbx5 gene in the development of zebrafish forelimbs seems to involve the directed migration of individual lateral-plate mesodermal cells into the future limb-bud-producing region. The primary defect seen in the tbx5-knockdown phenotype is similar to the primary defects described in known T-box-gene mutants such as the spadetail mutant of zebrafish3,4 and the Brachyury mutant of the mouse5, which both similarly exhibit an altered migration of mesodermal cells. A common function for many of the T-box genes might therefore be in mediating the proper migration and/or changes in adhesive properties of early embryonic cells.
Effects of cataloging volume at the library of congress on the total cataloging costs of American research libraries

How should the library community organize its efforts to keep up with a cataloging volume that grows at about 5% per year? The decision is modeled as the problem of selecting the optimal value of a single variable, s, which is the fraction of all cataloging done centrally. It is assumed that the library community has B titles to catalog, and that the G (where G=s·B) most widely acquired titles will be cataloged centrally (e.g., at the Library of Congress), the cataloging records then being distributed to all libraries that have acquired each of the G titles. The other variables used in the model are the distribution of “popularity” among titles and the costs of cataloging books centrally or locally. The optimal s value is first determined in the general case. Then numerical estimates of the present situation are made, which indicate that s=100% is optimal now, meaning that everything (820 titles per day) should be cataloged centrally. At that rate, it is estimated that all cataloging could be done for $0.88 million per day, compared to the $1.07 million that is now being spent with s=40%. It is suggested that this potential savings of over $0.1 million per day, due to decreased duplication of effort by local libraries, could easily justify the use of a computer system to allow the value of s=100% to be reached.
An Economic Analysis of Unitized and Non-Unitized Production

Wasteful production of oil and gas can result when access to a reservoir is held by more than a single producer. Severe economic losses arise because of over-drilling, excessive storage, improper well-spacing, and intertemporal inefficiency as well as damage to the natural drive of the field which can reduce ultimate recovery from the reservoir. Reservoir-wide unitization has long been viewed as the ideal solution to this {open_quotes}common pool{close_quotes} problem. Unitization can be accomplished through private agreements, although in many cases these contracts are difficult to secure because of bargaining costs and hold-out problems. In many cases agreements can be reached only if unitization is compelled by law. We develop a dynamic economic model of reservoir production to analyze unitized and non-unitized reservoirs. The model uses optimal control theory to generate predictions about depletion rates and total recovery under these two regimes. Reservoir simulations are used to examine some predictions of the model and show that production from unitized reservoirs is biased toward the future compared to non-unitized reservoirs and that the initial overproduction under the rule of capture can be significant.
Primary and secondary sexual abstinence in high school students.

Abstract Purpose To assess reasons for choosing not to have sexual intercourse among two groups: virgins (primary abstainers) and already sexually experienced youth (secondary abstainers). Methods 73,464 Minnesota ninth- and twelfth-grade adolescents completed the 1998 Minnesota Student Survey. Respondents identified reasons for abstinence from a checklist from which they could nominate all relevant items. Reasons for each group were analyzed using Chi-square with a conservative criterion value ( p Results Sixty-six percent reported never having had intercourse (primary abstainers). Among sexually experienced youth, 7.8% reported choosing not to have intercourse (secondary abstainers). Fear of pregnancy was the reason endorsed most often, more by girls than by boys (OR = 26 for primary abstainers, 6.9 for secondary abstainers). Fear of other adverse consequences, such as sexually transmitted infections, parental disapproval, or fear of getting caught, were generally selected by more girls than boys, and by more primary than secondary abstainers. Similarly, more girls and primary abstainers than boys or secondary abstainers generally selected statements reflecting normative beliefs on youth or their friends having intercourse. Conclusions Fear of adverse consequences and normative beliefs about the appropriateness of having sexual intercourse were most frequently endorsed as important reasons by both groups of abstainers.
Notes on the theory and metatheory of intrinsic motivation

Abstract This paper is a reply to a number of criticisms made by Scott about the work of myself and others on the topic of intrinsic motivation. First I pointed out that Scott's metatheoretic starting point is different from mine and therefore forms the basis for disagreement at the theoretical, methodological, and prescriptive stages of our work. In response to the criticism that my work does not shed light on the obscure meaning of intrinsic motivation, I briefly outlined the elements of a general theoretical framework for conceptualizing and studying intrinsic motivation in relation to other motivational processes. Within this general framework I looked more specifically at the way in which extrinsic rewards can affect a person's intrinsic motivation. I then considered some specific methodological critiques and finally turned briefly to some implications and applications of this work.
Observations of Silver Iodide Plumes over the Grand Mesa of Colorado

Abstract A series of wintertime airborne tracing experiments was examined to determine some characteristics of the plumes of silver iodide smoke released either from the ground or from an aircraft over the Grand Mesa of Colorado. The plumes were identified in nearly every experiment by detecting the airborne AgI particles and often also by observing resulting ice particle plumes in essentially the same airspace. The lateral and vertical plume positions of Wound-released AgI from eight sites were determined for several wind, cloudiness and stability conditions. The instantaneous ground-released plume had a median spreading angle of 15° and meandered within a median angle of 38°. The median plume height above the crest exceeded 500 m. The lateral spreading rates of aircraft-released AgI were estimated at over 2 m s−1 for cloudy conditions and less in clear conditions. The implications for future cloud seeding strategies are discussed.
UV–VUV diagnostics for the Advanced Photon Source SASE FEL

The Advanced Photon Source self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) free-electron laser (FEL) uses diagnostics between undulator sections to characterize the light and the electron beam. These diagnostics enable z-dependent measurements of the exponential growth of the radiation and of the microbunching. The original diagnostics were designed for visible light. To enable measurements down to 265 nm, UV-enhanced cameras and fused-silica lenses have been installed. We have now designed a diagnostics suite that will enable us to continue measurements down to 50 nm using reflective optics and back-illuminated CCD cameras operating in vacuum. We describe the enhancements to the diagnostics for operation in the UV and VUV.
Macrophage production of nitrogen oxides in host defence against microorganisms

A group of parasitic microorganisms has evolved mechanisms for surviving within host cells. These facultative or obligate intracellular parasites come ~rom diverse taxonomic categories including bacteria, fungi, protozoa and metazoa. Many of these parasites, after causing a primary infection, establish a dormant or latent state which is totally silent. That is, they produce infection without disease. The maintenance of microbial dormancy is related to the competency of host immunity because immunosuppressive events are strongly correlated with reactivation of microbial reproduction. Cellular immunity involving T-lymphocyte-dependent macrophage ac-
Synthetic Dyes Based on Environmental Considerations Part I: Iron Complexes for Protein and Polyamide Fibers

We have described the synthesis of some novel 1:2 Fe complexed azo dyes and compared their properties with 1:2 Cr and 1:2 Co commercial analogs. We also report the interesting FAB mass spectroscopy...
Simple enantiomeric excess determination of alcohols using chiral selones and 77Se NMR spectroscopy

Abstract Coupling of a chiral selone derivatizing agent to chiral and racemic alcohols mediated with triphosgene gives adducts in yields ranging from 78–100%. 77 Se NMR spectroscopy conveniently allows the determination of the enantiomeric excesses of the parent chiral alcohol.
Neuroimaging, Expert Witnesses, and Ethics: Convergence and Conflict in the Courtroom

Roentgen's discovery of the x-ray in 1895 not only provided physicians with a remarkable visual tool to diagnose and treat human diseases and injuries, but it also provided the judiciary system with the ability to assess the extent and degree of injury suffered by individuals who became victims of negligent conduct by physicians, fellow citizens, industrial entities, or criminal behavior.
Comparative aspects and clinical outcomes of canine renal hemangiosarcoma.

Background: Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a common solid tumor of the spleen, heart, and skin of dogs. Renal HSA represents an uncommon anatomic variant, with little reported about its biologic behavior and clinical outcome. Hypothesis: That renal HSA is associated with longer survival than other visceral forms of HSA. Animals: 14 dogs with renal HSA. Methods: Medical records from 1999 to 2004 were searched for dogs with histopathologically confirmed renal HSA, and data relevant to clinical signs, treatments, and outcomes were abstracted. Results: Clinical signs were nonspecific, and the median duration of clinical signs before diagnosis was 60 days. Two dogs presented in cardiovascular collapse secondary to hemoperitoneum. Common hematologic and biochemical abnormalities were anemia (9/14), hematuria (7/14), and proteinuria (7/14). One dog had pulmonary metastasis at diagnosis. All dogs had evidence of a renal mass visualized by abdominal radiography (14/14), ultrasound (9/14), or both. All dogs underwent nephrectomy, and 4/14 dogs also received adjunctive chemotherapy. Median survival time of all dogs was 278 days (range 0–1,005 days), and dogs with hemoperitoneum had significantly shorter survival times than dogs without hemoperitoneum (62 days versus 286 days, P < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These results indicate that hemoperitoneum and distant metastasis at diagnosis appear to occur less frequently in dogs with renal HSA compared with other visceral forms of HSA. Furthermore, dogs with renal HSA have protracted disease progression, with improved 1 -year survival rates and longer median survival time compared to dogs with splenic, cardiac, and retroperitoneal HSA.
The use of scaled moments of inertia in experimental structure determinations: Extension to simple molecules containing hydrogen

Abstract The scaled moment of inertia structure theory described previously has been extended to treat simple molecules containing hydrogen atoms. With the aid of model force-field computations for HCN and HNC, simple methods have been developed to permit corrections for the large zeropoint vibration-rotation effects occurring upon deuterium substitution. The methods utilize a limited amount of ground state moment of inertia data and yield near-equilibrium XY distances (0.001 A or better) for HCO+, HCN, HN2+, and HNC. A near-equilibrium structure for HOC+ is reported for the first time: r (HO) = 0.975 ± 0.002 A and r (OC) = 1.1570 ± 0.0005 A .