cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brief Report: Predicting Social Skills from Semantic, Syntactic, and Pragmatic Language Among Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The language and social skill deficits associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) warrant further study. Existing research has focused on the contributions of pragmatic language to social skills, with little attention to other aspects of language. We examined the associations across three language domains (semantics, syntax, and pragmatics) and their relations to parent- and teacher-rated social skills among children with ASD. When parent-reported language skills were considered simultaneously, only semantics significantly predicted children's social skills. For teacher-reported language skills, all three language domains predicted children's social skills, but none made unique contributions above and beyond one another. Further research should consider the impact of social context on language expectations and interventions targeting semantic language on children's development of social skills.
From Indra’s net to internet: communication, technology, and the evolution of Buddhist ideas

In this engaging and highly readable work, Daniel Veidlinger makes two closely related claims. The first is that Buddhism, with its lack of formal hierarchical structures (at least outside of the m...
Insufficient and excessive N fertilizer input reduces maize root mass across soil types

Abstract Quantifying maize root response to nitrogen (N) fertilizer, soil texture, and weather is crucial to understand complex soil-root-plant processes. We performed a 2-year x 4 locations (sand content range: 5–95%) x N treatments (range: 0 to 336 kg N ha−1) field experiment in Iowa, U.S. to (1) determine the response of root traits to N fertilizer, and (2) develop generalized functions to aid understanding and prediction of root mass and root to shoot (R:S) ratio. Deep root samples (0−210 cm, increments of 30 cm) were collected using the soil core approach at early to middle grain fill period and quantified root mass, length, and N and C concentrations. In addition, yield and shoot biomass was measured. Root traits and yield had different responses to N fertilizer input. Root mass was maximized at 168 kg N ha−1; zero and excessive N fertilization decreased root mass by 33 and 17 %, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected root traits only in the top 30 cm soil layer. Soil texture affected root traits in a dry year (root mass was positively associated with silt and clay), but not in a wet year, suggesting that soil moisture overwhelms the effect of texture. The combined data (N rates x locations x years) revealed a negative relationship between R:S ratio and yield. This resulted in a new set of equations (e.g., upper bound R:S = e(–1.5 – 0.04*yield)) that can replace the constant R:S approach used in the literature. Yield, which is commonly measured, integrates the effects of environment, management, and genetic variation; hence the proposed equations can be widely applied. This study provides evidence that different plant traits are maximized at different levels of mineral N nutrition. Results can enhance biophysical models and prediction of R:S ratio.
#YELLOWPERILSUPPORTSBLACKPOWER: MEMORY WORK FOR INTERRACIAL SOLIDARITY

As various racial justice movements emerged under the “Black Lives Matter” slogan after George Floyd’s murder in May 2020, Monyee Chau posted some artwork on Instagram with the slogan, #YellowPerilSupportsBlackPower. The artwork—symbolizing Asians with a yellow tiger and African Americans with a black panther—ignited Asians’ activism in support of African Americans and became circulated via multiple social media platforms. In this study, I view the #YellowPerilSupportsBlackPower movement (YPSBP) as digital activism, and I analyze how Asian Americans project their “Asianness” to advocate for the Black community. In particular, I focus on memory work among Asian participants when they demonstrate their solidarity with the Black community. By analyzing mediated memory work on Instagram, I identify the three types of memory work in which Asian participants engage. I conclude that this memory work plays a key role in legitimatizing a process through which Asian Americans can produce affective ties with the Black community that build a multiracial identity extending beyond color lines. This exploration of interracial solidarity enriches both the social movement and digital activism scholarship by illustrating how memory work mediates and amplifies affective solidarity.
Transgender People's Perceptions of Medical Treatment: Implications for Providers and Loved Ones:

In this study, we examine qualitative data from 73 transgender adults. We present the information our participants shared about their experiences navigating health care systems (i.e., medical healt...
A History of the ISU Agricultural Engineering/Agronomy Research Farm

The story of the ISU Agricultural/Agronomy Research Farm starts with the Iowa State University campus. Iowa State University began as the Iowa Agricultural College and Model Farm with the act of the Iowa Legislature in 1858. After a competition between several locations across Iowa, the Story and Boone Counties delegation proposal, valued at $21,355, was accepted. Story County was on the edge of the frontier. The county had only been organized for five years, had no railroad, and was “reputed to be unusually swampy.” The campus was acquired as a prairie site of 648 acres near the Story/Boone County line near the Nevada to Boonsboro stage line. A Fourth of July celebration on the site had a toast to “The Rising Generation, the Hope of the World, and a Mighty Sure Crop in the Hawkeye State!” The first building, the Farm House, was built in 1861 and the first class enrolled in 1869.
Magnetische Sättigung in ruhenden Stromkreise

Unsere allgemeinen Regeln uber das Auftreten von zusatzlichen Ausgleichsstromen kurz nach dem Einschalten von Stromkreisen hatten zur Voraussetzung, das Widerstand, Selbstinduktion und Kapazitat der Stromkreise konstante Werte besitzen. In technisch verwendeten Eisenkreisen tritt nun aber bei starken magnetischen Feldern stets Sattigung des Eisens auf, die bewirkt, das die Selbstinduktion der das Feld umschliesenden Spulen keineswegs konstant ist, sondern sich mit der Stromstarke stark verandert. Es ist deshalb zweckmasig, bei derartigen Kreisen gar nicht mehr mit dem Begriff der Selbstinduktion zu rechnen, sondern die Erzeugung der induzierten Spannung durch das magnetische Feld direkt anzusetzen.
Research on Strong-Field Processes in the Ultraviolet Region

The recent interest in the study of atoms in strong laser fields grew naturally with the availability of intense laser sources. Since the first widely available intense laser was the Nd3+:glass or Nd: YAG system, this has remained the main workhorse for many experiments in the easily obtainable intensity range 1013–1014 W cm−2 (Ref. 1). Increasing the intensity of this laser is not simple, due to the self-focusing limit of the solid-state amplifying material. A method to overcome this limit has recently been developed,2 where a chirped pulsed is amplified and then recompressed to give a short, intense pulse.
The promise of bone cancer proteomics

Mass spectrometric analysis of the low-molecular-weight (LMW) range of the serum/plasma proteome is revealing the existence of large numbers of previously unknown peptides and protein fragments, predicted to be derived from circulating low-abundance proteins. While genomics and proteomics are the primary discovery research tool, recent innovations in high-throughput proteomics are now standard practice for biomarker and target discovery. Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) is the current mainstay for serum or plasma analysis, although other methods are emerging as alternative high-throughput approaches. From a proteomics perspective, the bone cancers, such as myeloma, breast and prostate cancer bony metastases, and osteosarcoma, are likely among the least studied. As recent advances in proteomic technology have thrust the bone cancer field into the era of proteomics, a review of the current status of the proteome as it relates to the skeletal consequences of malignancy seems reasonable.
Prison Reform and the California Correctional Peace Officers Association

The contract between the State of California and the California Correctional Peace Officers Association has often been criticized for imposing unbearable budget costs, reducing managerial discretion, threatening inmate safety, and impinging upon the state's ability to implement reform. The CCPOA contends that the contract promotes a professionalized workforce, with better employees, lower turnover, and fewer violent outbreaks than most states. This paper examines the implications of the current CCPOA contractual agreement and identifies which areas of the contract need revisiting.
Exploratory Galois Theory: The Galois Correspondence

We are now ready to introduce one of the most elegant results in algebra, the Galois correspondence. This correspondence gives us a framework for understanding the relationships between the structure of a splitting field over a field K and the structure of its group of automorphisms over K . Once we establish this correspondence, we go on to study in some detail how the group provides some distinguishing characteristics of the various conjugates over K of an element of the splitting field. Normal Field Extensions and Splitting Fields The property of splitting fields that encapsulates much of the information necessary for proving steps in the Galois correspondence is that of normality . In this section, we introduce the property and explore its connection with splitting fields. Definition 23.1 (Normal Field Extension in ℂ). Let K be a subfield of ℂ. An algebraic field extension L/K is normal if every polynomial f ∈ K [ X ] that is irreducible over K and that has at least one root in L contains n = deg( f ) roots in L . Note that since the roots of an irreducible polynomial in K [ X ] are distinct (Theorem11.3), this definition is equivalent to Definition 23.2 (Normal Field Extension). An algebraic field extension L/K is normal if every polynomial p ∈ K [ X ] that is irreducible over K and that has at least one root in L factors into linear terms over L . Clearly a splitting field of an irreducible polynomial p ∈ K [ X ] satisfies the condition for the particular polynomial p , but the interest of the property lies in whether the condition is satisfied for all irreducible polynomials q ∈ K [ X ]: each such polynomial must have either none of its roots in L or all of its roots in L .
CD-ROMS in the smaller U.S. depository library: Public service issues☆

Abstract As small selective depository libraries begin to receive depository publications on CD-ROM, librarians are faced for the first time with the impact of these electronic products on budget, equipment allocation, and stafftime. Many librarians may not be adequately prepared to deal with the complexity of CD-ROM statistical raw data files. This article looks at selection, equipment, staffing, and service issues and suggests reasons both for and against the selection of depository CD-ROM databases.
Distribution of a Lysosomal Enzyme in the Adult Brain by Axonal Transport and by Cells of the Rostral Migratory Stream

A portion of the lysosomal enzymes produced by cells is secreted, diffuses through extracellular spaces, and can be taken up by distal cells via mannose-6-phosphate receptor-mediated endocytosis. This provides the basis for treating lysosomal storage diseases, many of which affect the CNS. Normal enzyme secreted from a cluster of genetically corrected cells has been shown to reverse storage lesions in a zone of surrounding brain tissue in mouse disease models. However, low levels of enzyme activity and reduction of storage lesions also have been observed at sites in the brain that may not be explained by a contiguous gradient of secreted enzyme diffusing away from the genetically corrected cells. No direct evidence for alternative mechanisms of enzyme transport has been shown, and little is understood about the intracellular movement of lysosomal enzymes in neurons. We investigated whether axonal transport could occur, by expressing an eukaryotic lysosomal enzyme that can be visualized in tissue sections (β-glucuronidase) in brain structures that have defined axonal connections to other structures. This resulted in the transfer of enzyme to, and a reversal of storage lesions in, neurons that project to the gene expression site, but not in nearby structures that would have been corrected if the effect had been mediated by diffusion. In addition, transduction of cells in the subventricular zone resulted in the uptake of β-glucuronidase by cells entering the rostral migratory stream. Gene transfer to specific neuronal circuits or cells in migratory pathways may facilitate delivery to the global brain lesions found in these disorders.
Criterion-referenced Language Testing: Reliability, dependability, and unidimensionality

Introduction In this chapter, we will begin by addressing three central issues involved in test consistency: reliability, dependability, and fit. As we will explain, these issues arise because tests are never perfect, that is, any set of test scores contains error. Estimating just how much that error contributes to the scores of examinees centers on notions of reliability in norm-referenced testing (NRT), dependability in criterion-referenced testing (CRT), and what is termed fit in item response theory (IRT). NRT reliability estimation relies heavily on correlational approaches. So, we will necessarily have to provide a brief explanation/ review of how the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient works and how it should be interpreted. Three basic correlational approaches will then be explained: (a) test–retest reliability, (b) equivalent forms reliability, and (c) internal consistency reliabilities (including split-half adjusted by the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula, alpha, K-R20, and K-R21). CRT dependability will be discussed in terms of two general approaches to consistency estimation: threshold-loss methods and generalizability theory approaches. The threshold-loss methods will include the original agreement and kappa coefficients based on two administrations of a CRT, and Subkoviak's (1980) short-cut methods that allow for estimating the agreement and kappa coefficients from a single test administration. The generalizability theory approaches will include discussion of single and multiple sources of error as well as in terms of the domain score approach, phi (Φ), and squared-error loss approaches including Livingston's statistic and the more effective phi(lambda).
Rotational Dynamics of MRI Paramagnetic Contrast Agents in Viscous Media

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of model magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents vanadyl ethylenediaminetetraacetate and vanadyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetate in 46% w/v sucrose solutions have been acquired from near physiological temperature to near freezing to study their rotational dynamics in a viscous environment. The sucrose solution simulates environments that may arise in vivo and also when the contrast agents are bound either covalently or noncovalently (e.g., via hydrogen bonds) to another molecule either by chance or by design to improve the relaxivity and the specificity. We report that an isotropic Brownian model, which described the rotational dynamics of these agents in water, does not fully portray the rotational dynamics in this environment, especially in the intermediate or slow tumbling regime. However, an axial anisotropic rotational model simulated the experimental spectra well and can account for the trends exhibited by the data. The dynamics results suggest that the moti...
Emergency Psychiatric Services: A Study of Changing Utilization Patterns and Issues

Recent rapid and significant changes in the utilization patterns of emergency psychiatric services have culminated in markedly different patient profiles and intervention needs than those for which these services were originally intended. The resultant overextension and inappropriate utilization of the emergency unit have served to seriously jeopardize treatment efficacy and efficiency and to exacerbate the stress and difficulties associated with providing mental health intervention in an emergency room setting. Study findings of the patient profiles and patterns of use of emergency psychiatric services of a large metropolitan hospital are reported and examined in relation to these issues. Implications for a restructuring of treatment orientation and of the use of facility resources are discussed.
Toxic shock syndrome in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.

: A case of toxic shock syndrome with attendant clinical and laboratory abnormalities is presented. The coexistence of systemic lupus erythematosus in this patient emphasizes the need to consider this in the differential diagnosis. Since a broad spectrum of disease severity does exist and cutaneous manifestations are often prominent, milder forms of this syndrome may present to the dermatologist for evaluation.
Analysis of Apoptosis in Zebrafish Embryos by Whole-mount Immunofluorescence to Detect Activated Caspase 3

Whole-mount immunofluorescence to detect activated Caspase 3 (Casp3 assay) is useful to identify cells undergoing either intrinsic or extrinsic apoptosis in zebrafish embryos. The whole-mount analysis provides spatial information in regard to tissue specificity of apoptosing cells, although sectioning and/or colabeling is ultimately required to pinpoint the exact cell types undergoing apoptosis. The whole-mount Casp3 assay is optimized for analysis of fixed embryos between the 4-cell stage and 32 hr-post-fertilization and is useful for a number of applications, including analysis of zebrafish mutants and morphants, overexpression of mutant and wild-type mRNAs, and exposure to chemicals. Compared to acridine orange staining, which can identify apoptotic cells in live embryos in a matter of hours, Casp3 and TUNEL assays take considerably longer to complete (2-4 days). However, because of the dynamic nature of apoptotic cell formation and clearance, analysis of fixed embryos ensures accurate comparison of apoptotic cells across multiple samples at specific time points. We have also found the Casp3 assay to be superior to analysis of apoptotic cells by the whole-mount TUNEL assay in regard to cost and reliability. Overall, the Casp3 assay represents a robust, highly reproducible assay in which to analyze apoptotic cells in early zebrafish embryos.
Early Transition Experiences of Transition-Age Child SSI Recipients New Evidence From the National Survey of Children and Families

This article describes the challenges faced by pretransition-age (14 to 17 years) young people with disabilities receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and outlines potential policy options t...
Stress factors in dermatology

The changes occurring in the skin as a result of stress are initially physiological and temporary. However, if repeated frequently enough, they eventually become permanent and so pathological. It has been estimated that, in 34 per cent of cases of dermatological disease, stress was the precipitating factor. Dermatological stress disorders can be classified into the following: exclusively emotional; partly organic and partly psychological; emotional predisposing, perpetuating or precipitating factors; and unsightly diseases affecting the psyche. Pruritus is an important factor in many diseases, since it produces the itch-scratch vicious cycle. No matter what the cause of the itch, the current emotional state, including anxiety, tension and fear, are factors which influence it.
Regional models do not add much value to climate change projections

Global general circulation models are the dominant tool in the effort to forecast the effects of climate change. Given the expansive scope of these models, some simplifications need to be made when representing smaller-scale processes, such as the effects of regional topography. To compensate, regional climate models are sometimes used to incorporate local influences and, in theory, improve the accuracy of projections of regional climate change. In testing the abilities of a regional model and a global model to represent historically observed climate change for the continental United States, however, Racherla et al. found that the regional model provided only a small increase in model accuracy and in some cases actually made the forecasts worse.
An RNAi therapeutic targeting Tmprss6 decreases iron overload in Hfe -/- mice and ameliorates anemia and iron overload in murine β-thalassemia intermedia

Mutations in HFE lead to hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) because of inappropriately high iron uptake from the diet resulting from decreased hepatic expression of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin. β-thalassemia is a congenital anemia caused by partial or complete loss of β-globin synthesis causing ineffective erythropoiesis, anemia, decreased hepcidin production, and secondary iron overload. Tmprss6 is postulated to regulate hepcidin production by cleaving Hemojuvelin (Hjv), a key modulator of hepcidin expression, from the hepatocyte surface. On this basis, we hypothesized that treatment of mouse models of HH (Hfe−/−) and β-thalassemia intermedia (Hbbth3/+) with Tmprss6 siRNA formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) that are preferentially taken up by the liver would increase hepcidin expression and lessen the iron loading in both models. In the present study, we demonstrate that LNP-Tmprss6 siRNA treatment of Hfe−/− and Hbbth3/+ mice induces hepcidin and diminishes tissue and serum iron levels. Furthermore, LNP-Tmprss6 siRNA treatment of Hbbth3/+ mice substantially improved the anemia by altering RBC survival and ineffective erythropoiesis. Our results indicate that pharmacologic manipulation of Tmprss6 with RNAi therapeutics isa practical approach to treating iron overload diseases associated with diminished hepcidin expression and may have efficacy in modifying disease-associated morbidities of β-thalassemia intermedia.
Innervation and activity of non-striated muscle in a pelecypod mantle.

Abstract 1. 1. The anterior pallial nerve of Spisula solidissima contains three populations of axons and the posterior pallial nerves two. 2. 2. A circumpallial nerve joins both but carries no obbious connexions between cerebral and visceral ganglia. 3. 3. mantle responses include: (a) small spontaneous contractions associated with electrical bursts; (b) phasic contraction to a volley of impulses; and (c) phasic plus tonic contraction to a large tough or shock applied to mantle tissue. 4. 4. The electrical discharges associated with prolonged relaxation and the localization of tonic responses to the stimulated region suggest that the tonic contraction is a tetanic response to repetitive firing of ganglion cells seen in the mantle.
COMPARISON OF THREE FORMULATIONS OF ALPHA-CHLORALOSE FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF CANADA GEESE

The effectiveness of an alpha-chloralose (AC)-corn oil suspension, an AC-margarine mixture, and AC tablets were compared for immobilizing Canada geese (Branta canadensis). Responses to AC immobilization also were compared in male and female Canada geese. There was no difference in mean time to first effects or mean time to capture between male and female geese dosed with 30 mg/kg AC in orally-administered bread baits. Recovery times (≤24 hr) also were similar between sexes. Mean (±SE) time to first effects for geese immobilized with AC tablets in bread baits (19 ± 3 min) was significantly less than mean time to first effects for geese immobilized with AC in margarine (28 ± 6 min) or AC in corn oil (32 ± 7 min) applied to bread baits (n = 12 geese/treatment). Respective mean times to capture geese immobilized with AC tablets, AC-margarine, and AC-corn oil were not significantly different at 62 ± 25, 89 ± 48, and 88 ± 30 min, respectively. Ten, 11 and, seven geese immobilized with AC tablets, AC-margarine, ...
Effect of disorder on a graphene p-n junction

We propose the theory of transport in a gate-tunable graphene $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}n$ junction, in which the gradient of the carrier density is controlled by the gate voltage. Depending on this gradient and on the density of charged impurities, the junction resistance is dominated by either diffusive or ballistic contribution. We find the conditions for observing ballistic transport and show that in existing devices they are satisfied only marginally. We also simulate numerically the trajectories of charge carriers and illustrate challenges in realizing more delicate ballistic effects, such as Veselago lensing.
The FN method for solving the critical problem for a slab with a finite reflector

Abstract The F N method is used to solve the critical problem for a slab reactor with a finite reflector. Numerical results for the critical thickness are shown for different values of the mean number of secondary neutrons per collision and reflector thickness using various orders of the F N approximation. The results show the capability of the method to provide accurate solutions.
Correlation between "Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum" infection levels and fecundity in its psyllid vector.

The potato/tomato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) transmits the bacterium, "Candidatus (Ca.) Liberibacter solanacearum" (Lso), also known as "Ca. Liberibacter psyllaurous", which causes zebra chip disease in potato and other solanaceous crops. The authors previously showed that fecundity and nymph survival is significantly reduced in Lso-infected psyllids compared to uninfected psyllids on tomato. However, it is not known whether the level of the pathogen is correlated with concomitant reduction in fitness of the psyllid vector. Using quantitative PCR assays, Lso levels were determined in adult female founders of isofemale lines for whom several life history traits were previously recorded. Analysis of psyllid isofemale lines revealed that Lso infection levels in founders or mothers was negatively correlated with 7-day fecundity, nymph survival percentage, and number of F1 progeny including eggs, nymphs and adults. There was a significant negative density-dependent relationship between Lso level and fecundity. That is, psyllids experienced decreasing levels in fecundity with increasing bacterial titer. There was no apparent negative density-dependent relationship between Lso copies and number of nymphs, nymph survival percentage and number of adults. The negative effect of Lso on psyllid fecundity is likely due to direct effects of the bacteria on the insect host and not via the host plant. Taken together, these findings suggest that the level of Lso in its psyllid vector correlates with reduction in psyllid fitness.
Clinical experience and examination performance: is there a correlation?

CONTEXT The Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) requires there to be: '...comparable educational experiences and equivalent methods of evaluation across all alternative instructional sites within a given discipline'. It is an LCME accreditation requirement that students encounter similar numbers of patients with similar diagnoses. However, previous empirical studies have not shown a correlation between the numbers of patients seen by students and performance on multiple-choice examinations. OBJECTIVE This study examined whether student exposure to patients with specific diagnoses predicts performance on multiple-choice examination questions pertaining to those diagnoses. METHODS The Department of Pediatrics at the University of Nebraska Medical Center has collected patient logbooks from clerks since 1994. These contain information on patient demographics and students' roles in patient care. During week 7 of an 8-week course, students took an examination intended to help them prepare for their final examination. Logbooks and pre-examination questions were coded using standard ICD-9 codes. Data were analysed using Minitab statistical software to determine dependence between patient encounters and test scores. Subjects comprised a convenience sample of students who completed the clerkship during 1997-2000. RESULTS Our analysis indicates that performance on a multiple-choice examination is independent of the number of patients seen. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest knowledge-based examination performance cannot be predicted by the volume of patients seen. Therefore, too much emphasis on examination performance in clinical courses should be carefully weighed against clinical performance to determine the successful completion of clerkships.
Not a NICE CT protocol for the acutely head injured child.

Aim To assess the impact of the introduction of the Birmingham Children's Hospital (BCH) head injury computed tomography (CT) guidelines, when compared with the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines, on the number of children with head injuries referred from the Emergency Department (ED) undergoing a CT examination of the head. Material and methods All children attending BCH ED over a 6-month period with any severity of head injury were included in the study. ED case notes were reviewed and data were collected on a specifically designed proforma. Indications for a CT examination according to both NICE and BCH head injury guidelines and whether or not CT examinations were performed were recorded. Results A total of 1428 children attended the BCH ED following a head injury in the 6-month period. The median age was 4 years (range 6 days to 15 years) and 65% were boys. Four percent of children were referred for a CT using BCH guidelines and were appropriately examined. If the NICE guidelines had been strictly adhered to a further 8% of children would have undergone a CT examination of the head. All of these children were discharged without complication. The remaining 88% had no indication for CT examination by either BCH or NICE and appropriately did not undergo CT. Conclusions Adherence to the NICE head injury guidelines would have resulted in a three-fold increase in the total number of CT examinations of the head. The BCH head injury guidelines are both safe and appropriate in the setting of a large children's hospital experienced in the management of children with head injuries.
Survey of Oceanic Fallout Traces Using Cesium Absorbers

Large samples of fallout cesium can be collected for surveying oceanic distributions by absorbing upon certain types of ferrocyanide granules contacted with sea water. Sample size is conveniently normalized by reference to the natural nuclide also collected. Surveying and analytical techniques have been developed and much of the Pacific has been surveyed.
Angiotensin I [Phe8-His9] hydrolase and bradykininase from human lung.

Abstract Atypical angiotensin I “converting enzyme” (angiotensin I [Phe 8 -His 9 ] hydrolase or APHH) was purified from human lung tissue. Two enzyme preparations from different lungs were found to fragment and inactive bradykinin. Fragmentation was demonstrated by electrophoretic techniques and biological inactivation was demonstrated by bioassay. Bradykininase activity was inhibited by low concentrations of 2,3-dimercaptol-propanol (BAL) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), but not by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) or p-chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid (CMPSA). Conversion of angiotensin I was inhibited by BAL, PMSF, and CMPSA but not by EDTA. APHH from a third lung preparation was free of significant bradykininase activity as determined by bioassay. It is concluded that these two enzymatic activities are probably associated with separate enzymes.
Automated Turbidimetric Microbiological Assay Readout System

A new automated turbidimetric assay readout system utilizing commercially available off-the-shelf equipment is described. This system is capable of obtaining the absorbance values of over 400 individual tubes virtually unattended and is being used routinely in the certification of antibiotics with greater precision and speed than was previously attainable. Because the system involves no change in basic methodology from the current official procedure for antibiotic assay, no change in the “Code of Federal Regulations” is required.
On analytic modeling of lunar perturbations of artificial satellites of the earth

Two different procedures for analytically modeling the effects of the Moon's direct gravitational force on artificial Earth satellites are discussed from theoretical and numerical viewpoints. One is developed using classical series expansions of inclination and eccentricity for both the satellite and the Moon, and the other employs a method of averaging. Both solutions are seen to have advantages, but it is shown that while the former can be more accurate in special situations, the latter is quicker and more practical for the general orbit determination problem where observed data is used to correct the orbit in near real time.
GABA-like immunoreactive cells containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the chick retina

The possibility that GABA-like immunoreactive cells of the chick retina also contain neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors was investigated by means of immunohistochemical techniques. Double-labeled cell bodies containing GABA-like immunoreactivity and nicotinic receptor-like immunoreactivity were seen in the inner third of the inner nuclear layer and were presumably amacrine cells. Approximately 29-36% of the GABA-positive cells in the inner nuclear layer contained nicotinic receptor immunoreactivity. Their soma sizes ranged from 5-12 microns. Some double-labeled cells ranging from 7-21 microns were observed in the ganglion cell layer as well. Between 9-37% of the GABA-positive cells in this layer contained nicotinic receptor-like immunoreactivity. Following injection of a retrograde tracer into the optic tectum, some of the retrogradely labeled cells were also double labeled with antibodies against GABA and nicotinic receptors. This indicates that at least some of the GABA-positive cells containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the ganglion cell layer are indeed ganglion cells. The present data appear to represent the first demonstration of the presence of acetylcholine receptors in GABA-containing cells in the retina, thus providing a basis for a possible influence of acetylcholine upon those presumptive GABAergic cells.
Distinguishing among white seeded bean cultivars by means of allozyme genotypes

Allozyme genotypes were determined at 10 loci for 90 cultivars of white seeded snap beans. Within cultivars the loci were homozygous and usually monomorphic, permitting the characterization of most cultivars by a single set of allozymes. A total of 72 allozyme combinations were observed among the cultivars tested, and 52 (58%) of the cultivars could be uniquely distinguished by allozyme genotype alone. The remaining 38 lines could be separated into small groups of 2–5 cultivars each.
Stochastic quantization for performance stability

We consider stochastic stationary analog signals. For such signals, we consider quantizers whose performance remains stable under perturbations in the statistical description of the signals. Performance is defined as the induced average distortion, the output entropy, and the asymptotic consistency in the preservation of important signal characteristics. We found that stochastic quantizers can, in general, realize performance stability, while deterministic quantizers do not. We consider block quantization for lower average distortion under fixed output rate, and we propose predictive stochastic quantization for highly correlated signals. The proposed predictive quantizers compress automatically to the output entropy. We also propose nonpredictive block stochastic quantization for weakly correlated or uncorrelated signals. We describe an Elias-type noiseless compressor for channel transmission, and a matching decoder.
Lessons from the interpretation/misinterpretation of John Ogbu’s scholarship

In November 2003, the Council on Anthropology and Education honored John Ogbu with the George and Louise Spindler Award, for exemplary and long‐term contributions to educational anthropology. But in March 2003, a noted economist condemned Ogbu’s work as serving an ‘oppressive function’. In this paper, such contradictory instances are cited as the author recounts his encounters with Ogbu’s scholarship. Disparate assessments of Ogbu’s ideas and legacy raise important questions. What responsibility do educational anthropologists have for how their research is understood? Which aspects of Ogbu’s legacy should we hold onto as his work is interpreted in politicized and polarized ways?
A transient stiles-crawford effect

Abstract A change in the angle at which light in a background impinged upon the retina caused a rapid rise, followed by a slower decay, in the brightness of the background and in the increment threshold measured at the center of the background. These effects were independent of the direction of the change of the incident angle of the background light, and independent of the incident angle of the light in the test flash. The concept of cone adaptation pools can account for the results, but only if the hypothesized interactions between dark light and real light are constrained in certain ways.
Genome reprogramming during sporulation

When environmental conditions compromise survival, single celled organisms, such as the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, induce and complete a differentiation program called sporulation. The first step consists of meiosis, which generates genetic diversity within the eventual haploid cells. The post-meiotic maturation stage reinforces protective barriers, such as the spore wall, against deleterious external conditions. In later stages of sporulation, the spore nucleus becomes highly compacted, likely sharing certain characteristics with the metazoan male gamete, the spermatozoon. The sporulation differentiation program involves many chromatin-related events, including execution of a precise transcription program involving more than one thousand genes. Here, we review how chromatin structure and genome reprogramming regulate the sporulation transcription program, and how post-meiotic events reorganize spore chromatin.
REFLECTIVE PRACTICE IN INFANT MENTAL HEALTH TRAINING AND CONSULTATION

This article describes models of training in infant mental health that utilize reflective supervision as a fundamental component of the educational and clinical experiences. The design and structure of these programs, offered by two medical centers, are described. Benefits and challenges to the adoption of infant mental health practice by trainees are outlined. Incorporation of reflective supervision in the training is discussed, and clinical examples are provided to illustrate its essential role in the development of the infant mental health clinician.
Use of pulsed bremsstrahlung excitation on hermes-iii for investigation of active detection of fissionable material

Summary form only given. We investigate the use of pulsed bremsstrahlung as a standoff active interrogation tool for the production of neutron and gamma signatures in fissionable materials.1 Photons are generated by an electron beam striking a Ta converter on the 16 MV Hermes III facility at Sandia National Laboratories, and propagate to a target location 19 m from the electron beam diode, at which various materials are placed. X-rays produce (γ,f) and (γ,n) reactions in fissionable material, while nonfissionable materials such as Pb will result in competing (γ,n) reactions. The intense prompt 30 ns x-ray burst from the diode produces γ-rays and neutrons from materials in the environment, all of which must be discriminated by a successful detector set.
Incarcerate free radicals

We have investigated the possible protective effect of superoxide dismutase and allopurinol in a rat model of mild and severe hepatic necrosis produced by Corynebacterium parvum with or without endotoxin. Histology showed a sinusoidal mononuclear cell infiltrate with multiple granulomata but variable degrees of hepatic necrosis. In the severe hepatic injury model there was a reduction in mortality, associated with a decrease in histologic and biochemical evidence of hepatic necrosis, after treatment with superoxide dismutase. This protective effect was not demonstrated with partially heat-inactivated superoxide dismutase. In the mild hepatic injury model similar trends in reduction of serum levels of hepatic enzymes were observed after treatment with both superoxide dismutase and allopurinol. These results indicate that oxygen-derived free radicals may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatic injury in the rat.
Newer Drugs in Management : Calcium Antagonists

Ca 2+ ions are critical to the functions of the various cells involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. Interest has developed regarding the potential use of Ca 2+ antagonists in the management of asthma and allergic diseases. The information accumulated to date suggests that Ca 2+ entry blockers may decrease airway smooth muscle responses to contractile agonists and may also reduce chemical mediator release from mast cells. Both processes would be expected to modify favorably the pathophysiology of asthma. This seems to have been demonstrated with the findings that certain Ca 2+ entry blockers may inhibit exercise-induced bronchospasm and cold air- and antigen-induced airway narrowing. In several but not all experiments a direct bronchodilating effect of nifedipine was found in some subjects. In asthmatic patients with coexistent cardiovascular disease requiring β-blocker therapy, it would be appropriate to use drugs such as the currently available Ca 2+ entry blockers in place of the contraindicated β-blocking agents. It appears that the currently available Ca 2+ entry blockers have not provided a breakthrough class of therapeutic agents for the treatment of asthma. However, it seems highly likely that new Ca 2+ antagonist drugs can be expected which will have greater specificity for airway smooth muscle and perhaps other cell types involved in the pathogenesis of asthma.
Minecraft as a Creative Tool: A Case Study

Many scholars are enthusiastic about the potential learning opportunities present in the sandbox-style gaming environment, Minecraft. In the following case study, the authors explored the use of Minecraft in a high school literature class and the presentation of characterization and plot in three student-made machinima, or films made in the game world. The authors demonstrate that Minecraft offers a unique opportunity for students to display their creativity and understanding of concepts in ways that are more feasible than if they were attempted in the "real" world. It is also relevant to point out that the epistemology associated Minecraft is constructionist in its nature, which implicates a different style of instruction than is typically employed in the U.S. classroom. The authors pose some questions about the diffusion of games like Minecraft in the future, based on their discussion of similar technologies in the past.
A coupled-inductor multi-level ladder converter for sub-module PV power management

The viability of solar photovoltaic energy has increased in recent years due to continuing efficiency improvements and cost reductions. However, there remains a need for improvements in power electronic circuits and architectures, especially to deal with sources of mismatch loss in real-world environments. This work presents a circuit implementation and multi-objective control scheme for a four-level DC-DC converter that provides sub-module energy optimization for photovoltaic systems. The work builds on past approaches using switched-inductor (SL) topologies that manage power flow in parallel with series-connected PV strings. We describe the use of coupled-magnetics to reduce current ripple and improve efficiency compared to past SL approaches. The converter works by enforcing voltage ratios among adjacent PV sub-strings, allowing independent sub-module maximum power point tracking (MPPT). A state-space model of the switched-inductor topology is presented to provide a foundation for a PI control scheme. Circuit simulations are compared to measurement results for a four-stage prototype integrated in the junction-box of a 245 Wp PV module.
Modulation of dendritic cell innate and adaptive immune functions by oral and sublingual immunotherapy.

Sublingual (SLIT) and oral immunotherapy (OIT) are promising treatments for food allergy, but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Dendritic cells (DCs) induce and maintain Th2-type allergen-specific T cells, and also regulate innate immunity through their expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We examined how SLIT and OIT influenced DC innate and adaptive immune responses in children with IgE-mediated cow's milk (CM) allergy. SLIT, but not OIT, decreased TLR-induced IL-6 secretion by myeloid DCs (mDCs). SLIT and OIT altered mDC IL-10 secretion, a potent inhibitor of FceRI-dependent pro-inflammatory responses. OIT uniquely augmented IFN-α and decreased IL-6 secretion by plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), which was associated with reduced TLR-induced IL-13 release in pDC-T cell co-cultures. Both SLIT and OIT decreased Th2 cytokine secretion to CM in pDC-T, but not mDC-T, co-cultures. Therefore, SLIT and OIT exert unique effects on DC-driven innate and adaptive immune responses, which may inhibit allergic inflammation and promote tolerance.
Optical rotatory dispersion of some pituitary hormones

Abstract The optical rotatory dispersion of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (P), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was studied by the method of spectropolarimetry. The dispersion constants of GH and P were found to be high, the constant of FSH was in the low medium range, while that of LH was found to be abnormally low. Since LH is a globular protein, the abnormally low dispersion constant seems to be due to some specific conformation of the polypeptide chain that differs considerably from the presumably α-helical conformation.
Solid phase extraction GC/ECD method for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in wildlife plasma

A gas chromatographic method for the analysis of nine organo-chlorine pesticides in wildlife plasma is described. Reversed-phase solid phase extraction is utilized to extract the organochlorine pesticides from plasma. This is followed by a normal phase solid phase extraction clean-up as the pesticides are recovered by elution with hexane:ethyl ether (1:1) and quantified by gas chromatogra-phy/electron capture detection. Method limits of detection range from 7.0–25 μg/L. The mean recovery for all pesticides is 81%.
Cortical potentials evoked by tooth pulp stimulation in rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Tooth pulp was electrically stimulated in 21 rhesus monkeys and evoked electrical activity recorded on cerebral cortex. Gross surface potentials which were found on the postcentral gyrus at the tip of the intraparietal sulcus required electronic summation for identification. Pulp-activated potentials were distinguishable from those evoked by stimulation of periodontal structures on the basis of latency and amplitude. In addition, thirty-eight single pulp-driven units were isolated. They were concentrated in deep cellular layers at the base of the central sulcus. Units driven by oral mucosa were more superficially located.