cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic review of the impact of adult drug treatment courts

The U.S. correctional system is overburdened with individuals suffering from substance use disorders. These illnesses also exact a heavy toll on individual and public health and well-being. Effective methods for reducing the negative impact of substance use disorders comprise critical concerns for policy makers. Drug treatment court (DTC) programs are present in more than 1800 county, tribal, and territorial jurisdictions in the United States as an alternative to incarceration for offenders with substance use disorders. This review article summarizes the available descriptive information on representative DTC populations and the observational studies of drug court participants, and it specifically reviews the available experimental effectiveness literature on DTCs. The review concludes by examining the limitations of the current literature, challenges to conducting research in drug court samples, and potential future directions for research on DTC interventions. A review of nonexperimental and quasi-experimental literature regarding the impact of DTCs points toward benefit versus traditional adjudication in averting future criminal behavior and in reducing future substance use, at least in the short term. Randomized effectiveness studies of DTCs are scant (3 were identified in the literature on U.S. adult drug courts), and methodological issues develop in combining their findings. These randomized trials failed to demonstrate a consistent effect on rearrest rates for drug-involved offenders participating in DTC versus typical adjudication. The 2 studies examining reconviction and reincarceration, however, demonstrated reductions for the DTC group versus those typically adjudicated.
TOXICITY OF INTRAVENOUSLY INJECTED URANIUM IN GUINEA PIGS.

Abstract Kidney lesions and plasma creatinine were determined in a group of guinea pigs injected intravenously 5 days previously with doses of uranium acetate corresponding to either 1.5, 3.0, or 6.0 mg of uranium metal per kilogram of body weight. Extensive lesions of nephritis, including both glomerular and tubular damage, were seen at all three levels of uranium. Plasma creatinine increased noticeably as the uranium dosage increased. In another group of animals given uranium at the same dose levels as the first group, a dose of uranium acetate of 2.67 mg/kg (1.5 mg of uranium metal per kilogram) caused no deaths during a 33-day observation period. More than one-half of the animals survived the higher doses. An effective, nonlethal intravenous dose of uranium acetate for producing nephritis in guinea pigs is 2.67 mg/kg.
Respiratory Failure in Myasthenia Gravis due to Vocal Cord Paresis

• Paroxysmal dyspnea and stridor in a patient with myasthenia were shown to be due to weakness of vocal cord abductors that improved with anticholinesterase therapy. Despite adequate inspiratory force, breathing was severely impaired by increased inspiratory resistance. The inspiratory flow-volume loop was useful in documenting the laryngeal obstruction and monitoring the effect of therapy. Reinterpretation of previous studies suggests that upper airway obstruction may often contribute to respiratory failure in patients with myasthenia.
“Six million years ago, what set our ancestors on the path from ape to human?”

(a) NARRATOR: Humans: without a doubt, the smartest animal on Earth. Yet we're unmistakably tied to our ape origins. Millions of years ago, we were apes, living ape lives in Africa. So how did we get from that to this? What happened? What set us on the path to humanity? [Opening narration] (b) NARRATOR: But Selam's brain was only around 75 percent of its adult size, suggesting it was growing up slower. Childhood would have been her time to learn, to learn the survival strategies her family group needed to live in a dangerous world. Perhaps this set the stage for our longer human childhood when culture is handed down. But is there any other evidence Selam's brain was becoming more human and less ape? To find out, compare a human brain to a chimp's. Wait a minute, don't apes still exist? In fact, …
Deformylation of 4,4'-diformamidodiphenyl sulfone (DFD) by mammalian liver homogenates

Abstract Deformylation of 4,4'-diformamidodiphenyl sulfone (DFD) was studied in liver homogenates. The rates of deformylation were found to be in the following order: guinea pig ≧ human > mouse = rabbit = rat > dog. The rates of 14 CO 2 formation from (formyl- 14 C)-DFD coincided well with that of free arylamino group formation from DFD determined with a modified Bratton-Marshall technique. ∗ These results indicate that DFD is deformylated to produce HCOOH and primary arylamino compounds possibly through hydrolytic reaction. The rate of HCOOH oxidation by liver homogenates was much faster than that of CO 2 production from DPD, suggesting that the rate limiting step of CO 2 formation from DFD is the deformylation of DFD but not the oxidation of the formate. It appears that DFD is deformylated in the body to diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) which acts as an active antimalarial agent.
Perturbative relations in inclusive B decays

At leading power in the heavy quark expansion soft physics effects in both semileptonic and radiative inclusive decays of the B meson into charmless final states near the endpoint are encoded in a unique non-perturbative shape function. This talk describes the general framework in constructing relations between these two decay channels that are independent of the shape function and thus perturbative.
DNA arrangement in isometric phage heads

DNA is wound tightly into phage heads in such a way that it tends to form layers concentric with the rigid protein shell. In P22 and wild-type lambda, DNA completely fills the internal volume, with a highly uniform local packing of adjacent segments; in lambda deletion mutants containing less than a full genome, the local packing distance increases correspondingly.
Clinical Risk Factors for Primary Graft Failure Following Lung Transplantation

Study objectives Primary graft failure (PGF) is a devastating acute lung injury syndrome following lung transplantation. We sought to identify donor, recipient, and operative risk factors for its development. Design We conducted a cohort study of 255 consecutive lung transplant procedures performed between October 1991 and July 2000. We defined PGF as follows: (1) diffuse alveolar opacities exclusively involving allograft(s) and developing within 72 h of transplant, (2) a ratio of Pa o 2 to fraction of inspired oxygen Setting Tertiary-care academic medical center. Results The overall incidence was 11.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.9 to 15.9). Following multivariable analysis, the risk factors independently associated with development of PGF were as follows: a recipient diagnosis of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.52; 95% CI, 1.29 to 15.9; p = 0.018), donor female gender (adjusted OR, 4.11; 95% CI, 1.17 to 14.4; p = 0.027), donor African-American race (adjusted OR, 5.56; 95% CI, 1.57 to 19.8; p = 0.008), and donor age 45 years (adjusted OR, 6.79; 95% CI, 1.61 to 28.5; p = 0.009). Conclusions Recipient diagnosis of PPH, donor African-American race, donor female gender, and donor age are independently and strongly associated with development of PGF.
GRL issue on Ozone Hole Continues Debate

The November special issue of Geophysical Research Letters (GRL) is dedicated to research on a troubling scientific mystery: the annual decrease in atmospheric ozone levels over the south pole in September and October, commonly called the “ozone hole” (Eos, October 28, 1986, p. 812; June 17, 1986, p. 524). Papers in the GRL issue present evidence both supporting and casting doubt on virtually every ozone hole hypothesis proposed so far.
Altruistic punishing and helping differ in sensitivity to relatedness, friendship, and future interactions

Altruism is behaviorally defined as an act that benefits others at the expense of the actor. Altruism is usually associated with helping others in need, but it can also take place in the context of punishment. People who help to maintain cooperation by punishing cheaters are benefiting others at their own expense as surely as if they performed acts of overt helping. The proximate psychological mechanisms that motivate altruistic helping and altruistic punishment are almost certainly different from each other (e.g., empathy vs. moralistic anger). We present two studies suggesting that the impulse to altruistically help and altruistically punish differ in their sensitivity to information regarding genetic relatedness and probability of future interactions. This interesting empirical result is relevant to the interpretation of altruistic punishment as an evolved adaptation versus a byproduct of modern environments, and to the evolution of psychological traits associated with morality.
Infant responsiveness to maternal cues in mice of 2 inbred lines

The present study examined the responsiveness of 19- and 20-day-old C57BL/6J (C) and A/J (A) mouse pups to maternal cues. The C pups were found to spend more time near their C or A foster mother than they did near a virgin female. The A pups showed no such preference. Attempts to increase the motivation of A pups to approach the mother did not produce any preference for maternal cues, However, when the bedding on which odorous substances had been permitted to accumulate for an extended period of time was used as choice stimuli, pups of both lines showed a preference for the bedding of the mother as opposed to that of a virgin female. These results support findings with other rodents of a change in the female's odor during lactation which increases her attractiveness to her pups; and they demonstrate a genetic difference between pups of 2 inbred strains in their approach to maternal cues.
Involvement of the transcription factor E2F1/Rb in kainic acid-induced death of murine cerebellar granule cells

Abstract The full mechanisms underlying neuronal death following excitotoxic insult remain unclear, despite many in vivo and in vitro studies. Recent work has focused on various signaling molecules and pathways, normally strictly regulated, that can trigger death if perturbed. The transcription factor, E2F1 is pivotal in controlling cell death under stress situations. The current study aimed to investigate the role of this transcription factor in modulating neuronal death following kainic acid (KA) treatment of cultured mouse cerebellar granule cells (CGCs). KA-induced death of CGCs was attenuated by the selective KA/AMPA receptor antagonist CNQX, but not MK-801. Such neuronal death was caspase-3-independent and did not activate many known death genes, such as Fas receptor, caspase-8 and p38. However, hyperphosphorylation of Rb showed a transient increase which may lead to activation of E2F1. Indeed E2F1 +/+ and −/− CGCs showed a differential response to KA-mediated toxicity, in that E2F1 −/− neurons were significantly less susceptible to KA compared to E2F1 +/+ neurons, albeit both E2F1 +/+ and −/− neurons expressed similar levels of KA receptors and responded similarly to kainate antagonist, CNQX. Using selective inhibitors to CDKs, such as olomoucine, roscovitine and flavopiridol, and the inhibitor SB203580 to p38 MAPK, we ruled out the possibility that Rb inactivation through hyperphosphorylation was due to either upstream kinases. Therefore activation of Rb/E2F1 pathway appears to involve novel interactions yet to be elucidated.
A framework for route configurability in power-constrained wireless mesh networks

QoS support for power-constrained wireless mesh networks (WMNs) poses a significant challenge. WMNs are increasingly used as multi-purpose networks, i.e., they serve multiple objectives and different applications simultaneously. As a consequence, a one-size-fits-all routing solution is difficult to achieve, particularly when the performance and QoS expectations of these applications differ. This work proposes Configurable Mesh Routing (CMR), a toolkit that supports the discovery and management of routes based on any combination of a number of supported QoS metrics. This enables network users to deploy customized routes that meet their unique needs. Our experiment demonstrates how CMR is able to balance the network-wide goal of energy efficiency and application-specific QoS requirements.
Variation in levels of lipid components and protein in ecogeographic races of Sorghum bicolor

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is a widespread grass of the African savanna. It contains wild and cultivated subspecies which have morphologically distinct ecogeographic races. Measurements of the amount of oil and protein in sorghum grains revealed significant differences in protein levels between wild and cultivated subspecies. Measurements of the relative percentages of fatty acid components of oil also revealed significant differences in levels of oleic and linoleic acid among wild and cultivated races. We conclude that morphological differences acquired in the course of differentiation of ecogeographic races have been paralleled by differentiation in levels of lipid components and grain protein levels.
An Easy Method for Diagnosis of Lymphedema

Lymphoscintigraphy has been very useful in determination of lymphatic abnormalities. However, the radioactive isotopes used have been investigational and difficult obtain. The purpose of this study was to examine patients with extremity edema by lymphoscintigraphy using a radioactive colloid readily available in our nuclear pharmacy, Technetium 99m sulfur minicolloid. Forty limbs in 20 patients were evaluated using Technetium 99m sulfur minicolloid lymphoscintigraphy. All patients had lower extremity edema initially attributed to a venous or lymphatic etiology. There were 12 patients with normal bilateral studies. Seven patients exhibited unilateral obstruction to lymphatic flow, and one had unilateral enhanced flow of lymph. Those with normal studies included five patients with nonspecific edema, four with varicosities, and one patient each with acute deep vein thrombosis, chylous ascites, and excision of the greater saphenous vein for arterial bypass grafting. Five patients with obstructed patterns had previous arterial bypass procedures, one had trauma to the extremity, and one had lymphedema tarda. The one enhanced lymphoscintigraphic pattern was seen in a patient with acute cellulitis. All patients had Doppler venous examinations and other studies included strain gauge phlethysmography, venograms, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound. As with other scintigraphic imaging agents used to study lymphatic flow, Technetium 99m provides clinically useful information in evaluating the swollen extremity noninvasively.
Efficient sweep buffering in swept source optical coherence tomography using a fast optical switch

We describe a novel buffering technique for increasing the A-scan rate of swept source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) systems employing low duty cycle swept source lasers. This technique differs from previously reported buffering techniques in that it employs a fast optical switch, capable of switching in 60 ns, instead of a fused fiber coupler at the end of the buffering stage, and is therefore appreciably more power efficient. The use of the switch also eliminates patient exposure to light that is not used for imaging that occurs at the end of the laser sweep, thereby increasing the system sensitivity. We also describe how careful management of polarization can remove undesirable artifacts due to polarization mode dispersion. In addition, we demonstrate how numerical compensation techniques can be used to modify the signal from a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) clock obtained from the original sweep to recalibrate the buffered sweep, thereby reducing the complexity of systems employing lasers with integrated MZI clocks. Combining these methods, we constructed an SSOCT system employing an Axsun technologies laser with a sweep rate of 100kHz and 6dB imaging range of 5.5mm. The sweep rate was doubled with sweep buffering to 200 kHz, and the imaging depth was extended to 9 mm using coherence revival. We demonstrated the feasibility of this system by acquiring images of the anterior segments and retinas of healthy human volunteers.
Four-nucleon transfer reactions among heavy ions

Abstract Making use of the Buttle-Goldfarb approximation the reaction 16O(16O, 12C)20Ne is studied. For the potential entering the DWBA integral, an effective potential Veff between the transferred α-particle and the core nucleus is chosen. The influence of different choices for Veff is discussed and the results for the post and prior forms are compared.
Application of fuzzy regression models to predict exchange rates for composite currencies

This research proposes a new regression analysis model based on fuzzy statistics. With the increase in number of variables that interact in a complex economic environment, the accumulation of perfect knowledge for the purpose of prediction has become increasingly unrealistic. Thus, predicting future exchange rates in a composite currency situation has become increasingly difficult. Our research is an effort in that direction in which we try to predict certain key parameters based on the imperfect and uncertain information obtained from the related economic variables. In this regard, the theoretical foundation of fuzzy regression analysis has been extended. Here we utilize the fact that the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables is not sharply defined as in the non-fuzzy linear regression analysis. The most important assumption for this work is that the deviations between the estimated values and the corresponding real values of the output variables lie in the imprecision or the ambiguity in the system parameters. The significant contribution of this research is in its efficient modeling of fuzzy prediction analysis system which can be implemented in an uncertain economic environment such as chaotic fluctuations of composite currency.
On the theoretical and empirical basis for apportioning extinction by aerosols: A critical review

Abstract Extinction efficiency characterizes the response of total extinction to the removal of a particulate species. Specific extinction is a quantity with the same units which can be calculated from a species' distribution with respect to particle size. Calculations in terms of the composition density function are presented to demonstrate that extinction efficiency and specific extinction are distinct quantities. The dynamics of particle size are shown to have implications for the apportionment of extinction by both statistical analyses and physical models.
Optical principles, biomechanics, and initial clinical performance of a dual-optic accommodating intraocular lens (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis).

Purpose To design and develop an accommodating intraocular lens (IOL) for endocapsular fixation with extended accommodative range that can be adapted to current standard extracapsular phacoemulsification technique.
On achieving a complete fault coverage for sequential machines using the transition fault model

A complete method is presented for generating tests for sequential machines. The transition fault model is employed, and the machine is assumed to be described by a state table. The test generation algorithm described is polynomial in the size of the state table, and is complete and accurate in the following sense. For every given transition fault, the algorithm provides either a test, or a proof that the fault is undetectable. The relationship between transition faults and stuck-at faults is investigated. The single transition fault model is augmented by carefully selected multiple transition faults which potentially increase the coverage of single stuck-at faults. A method to achieve 100% fault efficiency for stuck-at faults is then proposed, and experimental results for stuck-at faults are presented.
2.4- $\mu\hbox{m}$ -Cutoff AlGaAsSb/InGaAsSb Phototransistors for Shortwave-IR Applications

Shortwave-infrared (IR) detectors are critical for several applications, including remote sensing and optical communications. Several detectors are commercially available for this wavelength range, but they lack sufficient gain that limits their detectivity. The characterization results of AlGaAsSb/InGaAsSb phototransistors for shortwave-IR application are reported. The phototransistors are grown using molecular beam epitaxy technique. Spectral-response measurements showed a uniform responsivity between 1.2- and 2.4- region with a mean value of 1000 A/W. A maximum detectivity of was obtained at 2 at and 1.3 V.
Optical security system employing shifted phase-encoded joint transform correlation and orthogonal code

Efficient cryptographic techniques are very much crucial in protecting confidential information, including personal identification and biometrics. Reliable encryption algorithm must restrict any and all unauthorized access to information or information system. At the same time, the algorithm should reproduce the information to its authorized users without any loss of distortion. Optics has played an important role in devising fast and reliable security systems without requiring complex architecture. Though several optical security techniques have so far been proposed in the literature, but they are not as successful in providing with robust performance and strong security against unauthorized access. This paper proposes an efficient optical security system utilizing a joint transform correlation (JTC) technique and orthogonal encoding scheme. Multiple information in the form of images are encoded using orthogonal codes and then mixed together. The single encoded image is fed to the JTC scheme, where the input image is nonlinearly encrypted by the key using Fourier lenses. The proposed technique also includes a fringe-adjusted filter to eliminate noisy signals and hence to enhance the decryption performance. Computer simulation investigation verifies that the scheme can secure the confidential information from any threats.
Loss-of-function phenotype of hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies.

Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) provides a human model to investigate the role of PMP22 in myelinated peripheral nerve, since the disease is caused by a deletion of one of the two PMP22 alleles. To systematically characterize the phenotype of HNPP, we prospectively evaluated the clinical features and electrophysiological findings in 17 genetically confirmed patients, 7 men and 10 women, ranging in age from 9 to 66 years (mean, 41 ± 13). Fifteen symptomatic patients presented with episodes of transient focal weakness or sensory loss that were usually related to particular activities causing nerve compression, including stretching or minor repetitive focal trauma. No patient sought medical attention for symptoms of a symmetric polyneuropathy. Neurological examinations were either normal or mildly abnormal. Neither focal slowing of nerve conduction studies, nor reduction in compound muscle action potential (CMAP) or sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitudes consistently predicted the site of symptoms. We conclude that the majority of patients with HNPP present with transient, recurrent, focal symptoms of weakness or sensory loss in the distribution of individual nerves or plexus, and that a diffuse symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy is an unusual presentation of HNPP. These studies suggest that the function of PMP22, at least in part, is to stabilize myelin so that it will be protected from injuries resulting from repetitive, minor trauma. Muscle Nerve 29: 205–210, 2004
Atypical atrial flutter originating in the right atrial free wall.

Background—Data from experimental models of atrial flutter indicate that macro-reentrant circuits may be confined by anatomic and functional barriers remote from the tricuspid annulus–eustachian ridge atrial isthmus. Data characterizing the various forms of atypical atrial flutter in humans are limited. Methods and Results—In 6 of 160 consecutive patients referred for ablation of counterclockwise and/or clockwise typical atrial flutter, an additional atypical atrial flutter was mapped to the right atrial free wall. Five patients had no prior cardiac surgery. Incisional atrial tachycardia was excluded in the remaining patient. High-density electroanatomic maps of the reentrant circuit were obtained in 3 patients. Radiofrequency energy application from a discrete midlateral right atrial central line of conduction block to the inferior vena cava terminated and prevented the reinduction of atypical atrial flutter in each patient. Atrial flutter has not recurred in any patient (follow-up, 18±17 months; range, ...
Practices That Facilitate Critically Burned Children’s Holistic Healing

Advances in medical technology have enabled many children to survive injuries that less than 10 years ago would have caused death. The intense physical care and the children’s and families’ emotional needs place extraordinary demands on pediatric burn nurses. In this article, the author reports the findings of an interpretive study that examined the experiences of 16 pediatric burn intensive care unit nurses for the purpose of uncovering and articulating practices that help critically burned children to heal holistically. Following 112 hours of interviews and 134 hours of observing the nurses while they worked, she identified 12 practices and aggregated them into the theme Healing the Child Within. She observed the nurses laughing, playing, singing, talking, and praying with the children. These everyday practices were for the sake of maintaining or reestablishing harmony of the children’s mind, body, and spirit.
Bladder conservation for muscle-invasive bladder cancer

In the UK alone, approximately 10,000 patients are diagnosed with bladder cancer each year. Of these, muscle-invasive bladder cancer stage T2 or T3 accounts for 10-15%, with the remainder being non-muscle-invasive tumors, dealt with by local intravesical treatment. This group of patients are often older, the median age at presentation being 65-70 years and since this is a smoking-associated cancer there are often significant comorbidities. Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common histological type and comprises >90% of bladder cancers. Other cell types include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small-cell carcinoma, sarcoma, carcinosarcoma, lymphoma and melanoma. In bladder cancer, the most important prognostic factors are stage and grade. Cystectomy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy all have a role in the management of bladder cancer. In many centers across the world, the standard management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer, stage T2 and T3, is radical cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. There is now increasing evidence that modern nonsurgical approaches using chemoradiation achieve results at least as good as those with surgery and enable bladder preservation in the majority of patients. Optimal chemoradiation schedules and the role of radiosensitizers remain important areas of research to optimize the bladder-preserving approach. Ultimately, a prospective randomized trial is needed to compare modern state-of-the-art surgery with chemoradiation to provide high-level evidence on which informed patient choices can be made.
On Efficient Data Transport with Mobile Carriers

In this paper, we consider a network of stationary nodes that rely on mobile nodes to transport data between them. We assume the mobile nodes can control their mobility pattern to respond to traffic loads, as well as satisfy some other secondary objectives, such as surveillance requirements. We study this problem in the framework of cost minimization, where we derive a dual iterative algorithm that results in optimal mobility pattern for minimizing network wide cost. We then implement our proposed algorithm and evaluate its performance on a testbed.
Coded spreading with m-sequences

Maximum length shift register (MLSR) sequences are utilized for joint channel coding and data spreading. Compared to uncoded spreading, more than 5 dB coding gain is obtained at BER of 10/sup -3/ in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels. The coding gain increases up to 22 dB in Rayleigh fading channels. In the proposed algorithm, information bits are segmented into blocks and coded by cyclic MLSR coding. The code word output of the systematic MLSR encoder (m-sequence) is then used for spreading the uncoded information bits in each data block. At the receiver, the autocorrelation property of the m-sequences is used for mutual despreading and decoding of the received signal. An optimum soft decision decoder is implemented by a parallel bank of correlators, which are matched to each spreading sequence. Despreading and channel decoding operations are performed concurrently. The ingenuity of the algorithm lies in the fact that all the redundant channel coding bits are carried by spreading sequences, and thus avoids energy per information bit loss due to channel coding. Utilizing the same spreading code for all the data bits in the block provides diversity, which improves the performance substantially in fading channels.
Overview of antibacterial, antitoxin, antiviral, and antifungal activities of tea flavonoids and teas

Tea leaves produce organic compounds that may be involved in the defense of the plants against invading pathogens including insects, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. These metabolites include polyphenolic compounds, the six so-called catechins, and the methyl-xanthine alkaloids caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline. Postharvest inactivation of phenol oxidases in green tea leaves prevents oxidation of the catechins, whereas postharvest enzyme-catalyzed oxidation (fermentation) of catechins in tea leaves results in the formation of four theaflavins as well as polymeric thearubigins. These substances impart the black color to black teas. Black and partly fermented oolong teas contain both classes of phenolic compounds. A need exists to develop a better understanding of the roles of polyphenolic tea compounds in food and medical microbiology. This overview surveys and interprets our present knowledge of activities of tea flavonoids and teas against foodborne and other pathogenic bacteria, virulent protein toxins produced by some of the bacteria, virulent bacteriophages, pathogenic viruses and fungi. Also covered are synergistic, mechanistic, and bioavailability aspects of the antimicrobial effects. Further research is suggested for each of these categories. The herein described findings are not only of fundamental interest, but also have practical implications for nutrition, food safety, and animal and human health.
Performance of a PEM Fuel Cell Water Management System Using Static Output Feedback

Water management through anode water removal and cathode air inlet humidification is investigated in this paper. A state feedback controller is designed to meet both the steady state and transient requirements for water balance and pressure regulation. Performance of the controlled system with full- state feedback is analyzed, in particular when water content in the stack is measured by humidity sensors. In an attempt to eliminate the need for a state observer and to reduce the measurements required, static-output feedback is then explored. It is shown that comparable performance can be achieved under sub-saturated stack conditions with a static-output feedback using only anode side pressure and humidity measurements.
Cavity shape and beam dynamics design for a linac for pions

A linac to accelerate pions from 400 to 920 MeV kinetic energy is being designed as an upgrade to the LAMPF accelerator facility at Los Alamos, New Mexico. Calculations for the design of the superconducting cavity shape attempt to reduce the peak surface field needed to achieve a given accelerating gradient, yet ensure sufficient cell-to-cell coupling to maintain field stability when microphonics or other tuning errors are present. The beam dynamics design has the goal of getting the highest possible flux of pions in a narrow momentum range at the end of the linac. In order to do this, the design takes into account the survival fraction from pion decay, and optimizes the acceptance of the combination of the transport line from the pion production target to the entrance of the linac and the linac itself. >
Shifting the Evolving CAR T Cell Platform into Higher Gear

In this issue of Cancer Cell, Zhao and colleagues test various chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells to show that CD28-CD3ζ CAR T cells that constitutively express 4-1BBL promote T cell expansion and tumor eradication while reducing exhaustion. The results have important implications for the development of effective CAR T cell therapies in cancer patients.
Immunization "dyspractice": The need for "no fault" insurance

We are on a collision course in many areas of the United States. A number of states have passed compulsory immunization laws for school children, yet the majority of the vaccines required in fulfillment of these laws have a specific incidence of adverse reactions. These range from mild fever or irritability to encephalitis or paralysis. True, the incidence is small, but it is real. For live oral trivalent poliovirus vaccine, for example, the package insert cautions that "the possible low level of risk to the vaccinated subject or to close contacts [should] be considered at all times." Yet what recourse does the one person in tens of thousands suffering an adverse reaction have?
A note on tone in Tiv conjugation

In this note I will explore the consequences of analysing downstep in Tiv as arising from deleted low tones which in underlying structure are parts of tone sequences on single syllables. My source of data and of many features of the analysis will be Arnott's important paper of 1964.
GPU-Based Simulation of Ultrasound Imaging Artifacts for Cryosurgery Training.

This study presents an efficient computational technique for the simulation of ultrasound imaging artifacts associated with cryosurgery based on nonlinear ray tracing. This study is part of an ongoing effort to develop computerized training tools for cryosurgery, with prostate cryosurgery as a development model. The capability of performing virtual cryosurgical procedures on a variety of test cases is essential for effective surgical training. Simulated ultrasound imaging artifacts include reverberation and reflection of the cryoprobes in the unfrozen tissue, reflections caused by the freezing front, shadowing caused by the frozen region, and tissue property changes in repeated freeze–thaw cycles procedures. The simulated artifacts appear to preserve the key features observed in a clinical setting. This study displays an example of how training may benefit from toggling between the undisturbed ultrasound image, the simulated temperature field, the simulated imaging artifacts, and an augmented hybrid prese...
At the Edge of an Empire: Plague, State and Identity in New Caledonia, 1899–1900

ABSTRACTThis paper examines colonial discourses on race, environment and global identity that arose during an outbreak of bubonic plague in the French Pacific settler colony of New Caledonia between December 1899 and April 1900. The outbreak of plague brought to the forefront colonial anxieties over living on the periphery of empire, definitions of what it meant to be white, the health menace posed by peoples the dominant colonial society categorised as non- white, and the danger the plague posed to the salubrious island environment that had just begun to attract free settlement after the end of the penal colony four years previously. These discourses were linked by the threat, real and imagined, posed by the bubonic plague, intersecting with the ambiguous place held by the outlying colony within the webs of a modern global commercial community and the Pacific world.
Healable and Repeatable Adhesively Bonded Joint

The adhesively bonded structure has to be replaced after the crack initiation and propagation. In a previous study, a biomimic two-step self-healing scheme (close-then-heal) by mimicking human skin has been proposed for self-healing structural-length scale damage. The adhesively bonded joint are prepared and to invest its feasibility and repeatability by fabricating a composite adhesive bonded joint with thermoplastic particles dispersed in a most commonly used epoxy based adhesive material. The fractured specimens were healed per the close-then-heal mechanism and tested again to fracture. This fracture-healing test lasted for 3 cycles.© 2011 ASME
Prichard and the Ethics of Virtue Notes on a Footnote

I. H. A. Prichard's article, "Is Moral Philosophy Based on a Mis take?" was first published in 1912, but attracted very little attention for a quarter of a century, even though it answered its titular question with the forcefully argued thesis that all of the then prevailing systems were in fact rooted in error. Now it is famous, being perhaps the currently most interesting piece of moral philoso phy written by an intuitionist. There are a number of reasons for this interest, but for me one of the main ones is the "sharp distinc tion" Prichard makes between virtue and moral goodness, together with the things he says in the course of making it. Here, however, my attention will not be centered on this distinction as such, but on a footnote to it that is as exciting as it is unexpected. At the point at which Prichard introduces this footnote, he is making the distinction referred to, which he regards as following from what he has previously said.1 According to Prichard, there are two kinds of "intrinsically good" motives: "a sense of obligation," which is not a desire and has no purpose or end, and certain desires, viz. those "prompted by some [intrinsically] good emotion, such as gratitude, affection, fam ily feeling, or public spirit"; two kinds of intrinsically good actions: those done from a sense of obligation and those done from some intrinsically good desire; and two kinds of intrinsically good dis positions: moral goodness or the disposition to do what one believes to be right because it is right and virtue or a disposition to be activated by some intrinsically good desire. There are thus two different species of intrinsic goodness of motives, actions, and dis positions, one moral and the other nonmoral, depending on the
WAVE, TURBULENT AND MEAN MOMENTUM FLUXES ACROSS THE BREAKING WAVE TRANSITION REGION IN THE SURF ZONE

This paper presents an application to the transition region of an integral momentum conservation model incorporating a Reynolds type decomposition for both wave and turbulent fluctuations. With simple parameterizations the model provides both a rough predictive capability for the limiting wave reduction across the transition zone and also an alternative means of examining the partitioning of flow momentum across the region.
Role of Solution Structure in Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation on Graphite with LiPF6 in Propylene Carbonate

An investigation of the interrelationship of cycling performance, solution structure, and electrode surface film structure has been conducted for electrolytes composed of different concentrations of LiPF6 in propylene carbonate (PC) with a binder-free (BF) graphite electrode. Varying the concentration of LiPF6 changes the solution structure, altering the predominant mechanism of electrolyte reduction at the electrode interface. The change in mechanism results in a change in the structure of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) and the reversible cycling of the cell. At low concentrations of LiPF6 in PC (1.2 M), electrochemical cycling and cyclic voltammetry (CV) of BF graphite electrodes reveal continuous electrolyte reduction and no lithiation/delithiation of the graphite. The solution structure is dominated by solvent-separated ion pairs (Li+(PC)4//PF6–), and the primary reduction product of the electrolyte is lithium propylene dicarbonate (LPDC). At high concentrations of LiPF6 in PC (3.0–3.5 M), elec...
Analysis of the Determination of Ion Exchange Resin Performance

The national standard is used to determine the performance of the ion exchange resin. acid and alkali of the old resin can not be limited to the number of times in the treatment of national standard. The content of the impurity in the discharge liquor should be examined,and the state of balanced water content should be expounded;the steps to determine the wet real density of resin should be adjusted.
Human oviductal fluid proteins. V. Identification of human oviductin-I as alpha-fetoprotein.

Objective To investigate whether human oviductin-I (hOV-I) from human oviductal fluid (hOF) and human alpha-fetoprotein (hAFP) are identical molecules. Design Comparison of amino acid and carbohydrate composition of hOV-I with that of hAFP. Isolation of hAFP from oviductal fluid of a patient and evaluation of its immunochemical properties in relation to hOV-I and authentic hAFP standard. Setting Procedures were performed in an academic research environment. Patients Human oviductin-I was isolated from a pooled sample of hOF obtained from four patients in a third world country. AFP was purified from a sample of oviductal fluid obtained from a single patient during her periovulatory period. Interventions Human oviductal fluid was collected coincident to elective tubal ligations. Main Outcome Measures The amino acid and carbohydrate composition of hOV-I was determined. AFP was purified from hOF using ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The identity between hOV-I and hAFP from hOF was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western immunoblot analysis. Results The amino acid and carbohydrate composition of hOV-I indicated similarities between hOV-I and hAFP. Both hOV-I and hAFP reacted with mouse anti-hAFP monoclonal antibody and purified polyclonal rabbit anti-hOV-I immunoglobulin G in an identical manner as observed by noncompetitive ELISA. Purified AFP from hOF of a single patient had a molecular mass of 66 kd and was found to be identical with hOV-I by Western immunoblot analysis. Conclusions Human oviductin-I and hAFP are chemically similar and immunologically identical molecules. We believe that this finding is the first documentation for the existence of AFP in hOF.
Issues Related To Safety Culture

The concept of safety culture has received significant attention ever since the accident at Three Mile Island (TMI) highlighted the importance of management and organizational factors to the safety of nuclear power operation. The concept of safety culture encompasses a broad spectrum of characteristics that include personnel attitudes, the control of work activities, and organizational structures. Although safety culture means different things to different people, a working definition of the term has been provided by the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group (INSAG) of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (Reference 1). In INSAG’s view, safety culture is “that assembly of characteristics and attitudes in organizations and individuals which establishes that, as an overriding priority, nuclear plant safety issues receive the attention warranted by their significance.” In a Policy Statement on the Conduct of Nuclear Power Plant Operations (Reference 2), the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) proposed a similar definition.
Has the QCD critical point been observed at RHIC? - A Rebuttal

This note rebuts an old, but recurring claim by Antoniou, Davis and Diakonos [1] that the critical point and associated critical exponents reported in Ref. [2], is based on an erroneous treatment of scaling relations near the critical point.
Reply to comment by Iverson on “The reduction of friction in long runout landslides as an emergent phenomenon”

Here we address the comments by Iverson [2016] on our recent work concerning the reduction of friction in long runout landslides [Johnson et al., 2016]. Iverson [2016] questions the veracity of models and suggests that high basal pore fluid pressure is the dominant mechanism reducing friction in long runout landslides. The main goal of our work was to elucidate the mechanism responsible for the apparent reduction of friction and long runout occurring in the landslide simulations of Campbell et al. [1995], which did not include an interstitial fluid. We found that the apparent reduction of friction in large slides could be explained by acoustic waves causing sliding to preferentially occur at pressures below the expected overburden, a mechanism reminiscent of acoustic fluidization. Such a mechanism is required to explain the long runout of dry landslides such as those on the Moon and other airless or waterless bodies. While our models provide no estimates of the effect of fluids on landslide runout, we have demonstrated a mechanism that increases runout distances that does not involve fluids.
Neurobiology of comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol-use disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol-use disorder (AUD) are highly comorbid in humans. Although we have some understanding of the structural and functional brain changes that define each of these disorders, and how those changes contribute to the behavioral symptoms that define them, little is known about the neurobiology of comorbid PTSD and AUD, which may be due in part to a scarcity of adequate animal models for examining this research question. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state-of-the-science on comorbid PTSD and AUD. We summarize epidemiological data documenting the prevalence of this comorbidity, review what is known about the potential neurobiological basis for the frequent co-occurrence of PTSD and AUD and discuss successes and failures of past and current treatment strategies. We also review animal models that aim to examine comorbid PTSD and AUD, highlighting where the models parallel the human condition, and we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each model. We conclude by discussing key gaps in our knowledge and strategies for addressing them: in particular, we (1) highlight the need for better animal models of the comorbid condition and better clinical trial design, (2) emphasize the need for examination of subpopulation effects and individual differences and (3) urge cross-talk between basic and clinical researchers that is reflected in collaborative work with forward and reverse translational impact.