cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Ca2+ Status of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Is Altered by Induction of Calreticulin Expression in Transgenic Plants

To investigate the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) stores in plant cells, we generated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum; NT1) suspension cells and Arabidopsis plants with altered levels of calreticulin (CRT), an ER-localized Ca(2+)-binding protein. NT1 cells and Arabidopsis plants were transformed with a maize (Zea mays) CRT gene in both sense and antisense orientations under the control of an Arabidopsis heat shock promoter. ER-enriched membrane fractions from NT1 cells were used to examine how altered expression of CRT affects Ca(2+) uptake and release. We found that a 2.5-fold increase in CRT led to a 2-fold increase in ATP-dependent (45)Ca(2+) accumulation in the ER-enriched fraction compared with heat-shocked wild-type controls. Furthermore, after treatment with the Ca(2+) ionophore ionomycin, ER microsomes from NT1 cells overproducing CRT showed a 2-fold increase in the amount of (45)Ca(2+) released, and a 2- to 3-fold increase in the amount of (45)Ca(2+) retained compared with wild type. These data indicate that altering the production of CRT affects the ER Ca(2+) pool. In addition, CRT transgenic Arabidopsis plants were used to determine if altered CRT levels had any physiological effects. We found that the level of CRT in heat shock-induced CRT transgenic plants correlated positively with the retention of chlorophyll when the plants were transferred from Ca(2+)-containing medium to Ca(2+)-depleted medium. Together these data are consistent with the hypothesis that increasing CRT in the ER increases the ER Ca(2+) stores and thereby enhances the survival of plants grown in low Ca(2+) medium.
A school-based resistance intervention improves skeletal growth in adolescent females

Twenty-two sixth-grade girls who participated in a 7-month school-based resistance-training program were compared to 22 controls. In a subanalysis of Tanner breast II (T2) and III (T3) subjects (n = 21 controls subjects (CON), n = 17 subjects in the high-intervention (INT)-dose group (HI)), T2 HI had greater narrow neck (NN) width gains than T2 CON (p 0.05). However, in a subanalysis limited to subjects who were T2 or T3 at BL (n = 21 CON, n = 17 HI), T2 HI had greater gains in NN width (p = 0.01) compared to T2 CON, while T3 HI had greater gains in L3 BMD (p = 0.03) compared to T3 CON. In a group of T2 and T3 sixth-grade girls, a school-based resistance-training intervention produced maturity-specific differential gains for HI versus CON at the hip and spine.
Elastic properties of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride and diamond by dynamic resonance measurements

Abstract The elastic properties of ceramic materials are important to their performance in severe abrasion and wear applications and also provide a useful, quantitative measure of quality. We have measured the Young's modulus E , shear modulus G , and Poisson's ratio ν of several commercial polycrystalline cubic boron nitride and diamond products, in the form of free-standing disks, using the dynamic resonance method. The latter method is accurate and fast enough for routine quality control. Measurements on polycrystalline c-BN yielded values of E, G , and ν in the ranges of 630–770 GPa, 270–340 GPa, and 0.14–0.18, respectively, depending on the volume fraction of superabrasive, binder phase and microstructure. As a point of comparison, the orientation-averaged values of E, G , and ν for pure, equiaxed, polycrystalline c-BN are calculated as 909 GPa, 405 GPa, and 0.12, respectively. Measured values of E, G , and ν for sintered diamond lay in the ranges of 915–990 GPa, 415–450 GPa, and 0.10–0.11, respectively. The modulus results are compared to selected additional material properties.
P38MAP kinase, but not phosphoinositol-3 kinase, signal downstream of glutamine-mediated fibronectin-integrin signaling after intestinal injury.

Background Glutamine appears to mediate protection against gut injury via multiple pathways. These include fibronectin-integrin, PI3-K/MAPK pathways, and activation of heat shock protein (HSP) response. We hypothesize there may be a relationship between these pathways mediating glutamine’s protection in intestinal epithelial-6 cells after heat stress. We assessed whether p38MAPK and PI3-K/Akt signaling are involved in glutamine’s cytoprotective mechanism and the role they play in glutamine-mediated protection in conjunction with fibronectin-integrin osmosignaling after hyperthermia.
Taxonomy of nonfermentative bacilli: The IIk-2 group

Twenty-two strains of the Center for Disease Control’s IIk-2 group of nonfermentative Gram-negative, weakly pigmented (yellow) bacteria were examined in respect to phenotypic features, DNA base composition, and both intra-and extra-group DNA-DNA hybridizations. Eighteen of the 22 strains appeared to be members of one taxon. This taxon is phenotypically not similar to two genera,Acinetobacter andMoraxella, which have similar base compositions. It does, however, have phenotypic features and base composition compatible with those of the genusFlavobacterium.
Modeling of Nonlinear Dynamic Systems

This paper presents an algorithm that enables one to identify nonlinear terms in a discrete linear model of a stationary dynamic system obtained from a sequence of periodically spaced input-output measurements.
Chinese input with keyboard and eye-tracking: an anatomical study

Chinese input presents unique challenges to the field of human computer interaction. This study provides an anatomical analysis of today's standard Chinese input process, which is based on pinyin, a phonetic spelling system in Roman characters. Through a combination of human performance modeling and experimentation, our study decomposed the Chinese input process into sub-tasks and found that choice reaction time and numeric keying, two component resulted from the large number of homophones in Chinese, were the major usability bottlenecks. Choice reaction alone took 36% of the total input time in our experiment. Numeric keying for multiple candidates selection tends to take the user's attention away from the computer visual screen. We designed and implemented the EASE (Eye Assisted Selection and Entry) system to help maintaining complete touch-typing experience without diverting visual (spacebar) and implicit eye-tracking to replace the numeric keystrokes. Our experiment showed that such a system could indeed work, even with today's imperfecteye-tracking technology.
Family timing in late adolescence and early adulthood: the case of southern males.

Social science research and theory about familial orientations and reproductive ideals have largely neglected males' attitudes. Drawing on demographic and status attainment perspectives, this study applies a model of processes underlying marriage and family timing to longitudinal data on 288 young adult males from the Southern Youth Study. Several posited influences of family of origin factors, significant others, and adolescent status and familial aspirations on marital timing and early family growth are assessed.
International capital transfers and the choice of production technique: A simple two-country model

Abstract A two-country, two-factor, two-good world with incomplete specialization is explored in the context of international capital transfers, where the techniques of production of the same good differ across sectors of the world economy. It is shown that the terms of trade for the South will worsen with a capital transfer to the South under a wide range of assumptions about the nature of the technology used in the North-owned sector of the South. The implied redistribution of world income, as well as the implications of a change in the production technique of the foreign-owned sector of the South, are then examined.
Multiphysics simulation on electromagnetic peening of predrilled holes

The areas around predrilled holes are highly stressed regions where cracks can easily form, which decreases the resistance of metal components to fatigue and causes serious problems in industry, such as aerospace, automobile, and ship building. In this paper, a novel method utilizing the effects of a strong pulsed electromagnetic field is introduced to effectively produce residual compressive stress into the surface of a predrilled hole. Basic principles of electromagnetic peening (EMP) are investigated using a multiphysics simulation approach. Simulations of EMP process on the surface of a work piece with predrilled blind hole are carried out by COMSOL Multiphysics 3.4. The distributions of stress and strain are presented and discussed, which demonstrate the feasibility of EMP on inducing compressive residual stress into the interior surface around a hole. In addition, the distribution of residual stress varies with various hole depth and work piece thickness is investigated. Finally, the influence of process parameters is also studied. The results of this work will help design process of strengthening 3D surfaces in metal components in manufacturing industry.
An improved optical technique for monitoring plant cell concentration

An improved optical method was developed to determine cell weight concentrations using a micro-plate reader. Light absorbance was measured by a vertical light beam, which can minimize the cell settling effect found in traditional optical measurements with a horizontal light beam. The use of well plates not only requires very small sample sizes, but also handles a large number of samples at the same time. Absorbance measurements were linearly related to cell weight over the full range of batch culture growth.
Transmission electron microscope study of crystal defects in natural fluorite

Large loops (>1000 A) and an ordered arrangement of defect aggregates (∽100 A) in the (111) plane of natural fluorite have been observed by transmission electron microscopy. The loop images are observed as double-arc contrast or strain-field contrast. Loops lie on {111} planes and have Burgers vectors of the type (a/2) 〈110〉. The defect aggregate array gives rise to superlattice reflections in (111) electron diffraction patterns which are indexed on a cubic unit cell with lattice parameter as = a0, where a0 is the fluorite (CaF2) lattice parameter. The ordered defect array is observed to intensify in the electron microscope, and electron irradiated areas possess a deep blue coloration after electron microscopy. The associated coloration leads to the conclusion that the defect aggregates are F-aggregate (color) centers, and conversely that color centers or color-center aggregates are responsible for coloration in natural fluorites. Grose Schleifen (>1000 A) und eine regelmasige Anordnung von Defektaggregaten (∽100 A) werden in der (111)-Ebene von naturlichem Fluorit durch Transmissionselektro-nenmikroskopie beobachtet. Die Schleifendiagramme werden als Doppel-Bogen-Kontrast oder Spannungsfeld-Kontrast beobachtet. Die Schleifen liegen auf {111}-Ebenen und besitzen Burgersvektoren vom Typ (a/2) 〈110〉. Die Defektaggregatanordnung gibt Anlas zu Ubergitterreflexionen in den (111)-Elektronenbeugungsdiagrammen, die in einer kubischen Elementarzelle mit dem Gitterparameter as = a0 indiziert werden, wobei a0 der Fluoritgitter(CaF2)-Parameter ist. Es wird beobachtet, das die regelmasige Defektanordnung sich im Elektronenmikroskop vergrosert und das die elektronenbestrahlten Flachen eine tiefblaue Verfarbung nach der Elektronenmikroskopie besitzen. Die assoziierte Verfarbung fuhrt zu dem Schlus, das die Defektaggregate F-Aggregat(Farb)-Zentren sind und das umgekehrt Farbzentren oder Farbzentrenaggregate verantwortlich fur die Verfarbung im naturlichen Fluorit sind.
Ultrastructural localization of extranuclear progestin receptors in the rat hippocampal formation

Progesterone’s effects on hippocampal dependent behavior and synaptic connectivity maybe mediated through the progestin receptor (PR). Although estrogen induces PR mRNA and cytosolic PR in the hippocampus, nuclear PR immunoreactivity is undetectable by light microscopy, suggesting that PR is present at extranuclear sites. To determine whether this is the case, we used immunoelectron microscopy to examine PR distribution in the hippocampal formation of proestrus rats. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that PR labeling is present in extranuclear profiles throughout the CA1 and CA3 regions and dentate gyrus, and, in contrast to light microscopic findings, in nuclei of a few pyramidal and subgranular zone cells. Most neuronal PR labeling is extranuclear and is divided between pre- and post-synaptic compartments; approximately 30% of labeled profiles were axon terminals and 30% were dendrites and dendritic spines. In most laminae, except in CA3 stratum lucidum, about 15% of PR-immunoreactive profiles were unmyelinated axons. In stratum lucidum, where the mossy fiber axons course, more than 50% of PR labeled profiles were axonal. The remaining 25% of PR labeled profiles were glia, some resembling astrocytes. PR labeling is strongly dependent on estrogen priming as few PR labeled profiles were detected in ovariectomized, oil-replaced females. Synapses formed by PR-labeled terminals were predominantly asymmetric, consistent with a role for progesterone in directly regulating excitatory transmission. These findings suggest that some of progesterone’s actions in the hippocampal formation may be mediated by direct and rapid actions on extranuclear PRs and that PRs are well positioned to regulate progesterone-induced changes at synapses.
The “medical model,” miasma theory, and community mental health

Current practices in the field of community mental health are examined to determine the extent to which the so-called “medical model” is actually being utilized. In many respects it is shown that the time-honored miasma theory model is more appropriate in understanding these practices. Miasma theory is described and contrasted as a model with the medicobiological model as regards its pertinence for understanding present ideas of the taxonomy of emotional disorders, principles of diagnosis and treatment, and theories of primary prevention. Some implications of miasma theory as a community mental health model are suggested.
The activation domain of the MotA transcription factor from bacteriophage T4

Bacteriophage T4 encodes a transcription factor, MotA, that binds to the -30 region of middle-mode promoters and activates transcription by host RNA polymerase. We have solved the structure of the MotA activation domain to 2.2 A by X-ray crystallography, and have also determined its secondary structure by NMR. An area on the surface of the protein has a distinctive patch that is populated with acidic and hydrophobic residues. Mutations within this patch cause a defective T4 growth phenotype, arguing that the patch is important for MotA function. One of the mutant MotA activation domains was purified and analyzed by NMR, and the spectra clearly show that the domain is properly folded. The mutant full-length protein appears to bind DNA normally but is deficient in transcriptional activation. We conclude that the acidic/hydrophobic surface patch is specifically involved in transcriptional activation, which is reminiscent of eukaryotic acidic activation domains.
Analyzing biodiesel: standards and other methods

Biodiesel occupies a prominent position among the alternatives to conventional petrodiesel fuel owing to various technical and economic factors. It is obtained by reacting the parent vegetable oil or fat with an alcohol )transesterification) in the presence of a catalyst to give the corresponding monoalkyl esters, which are defined as biodiesel. Because of the nature of the starting material, the production process, and subsequent handling, various factors can influence biodiesel fuel quality. Fuel quality issues are commonly reflected in the contaminants or other minor components of biodiesel. This work categorizes both the restricted species in biodiesel and the physical properties prescribed by the standards, and details the standard reference methods to determine them as well as other procedures. Other aspects of biodiesel analysis, including production monitoring and assessing biodiesel/petrodiesel blends, are also addressed. The types of analyses include chromatographic, spectroscopic, physical properties-based, and wet chemical methods. The justifications for specifications in standards are also addressed.
CHEST PAIN IN PEDIATRICS

Chest pain in the pediatric population is a common and mostly benign occurrence. A thorough history and physical examination are usually all that are necessary in excluding the rare, life-threatening causes of chest pain. These rare, life-threatening events require immediate evaluation, treatment, and subspecialty consultation. Idiopathic chest pain is the most common diagnosis, and the symptoms are typically chronic. laboratory testing is usually nondiagnostic, costly, and burdensome to patients and therefore unnecessary. A long-term, trusting relationship with the patients and their families is needed to reassure them and allow symptoms to resolve.
Confronting Anxiety in Couple and Family Therapy Supervision: A Developmental Supervisory Model Based on Attachment Theory

Referencing relevant supervisory literature and attachment theory, this article presents a developmental couple and family therapy supervisory model that emphasises the efficacy of the supervisory relationship. Issues concerning anxiety, cognition and learning theory are addressed and phases in the supervisory process are identified and described. Cognitive, emotional and social development are linked to attachment theory and discussed in the supervisory context.
Data‐based structural health monitoring using small training data sets

Summary One of the most efficient ways to solve the damage detection problem using the statistical pattern recognition approach is that of exploiting the methods of outlier analysis. Cast within the pattern recognition framework, damage detection assesses whether the patterns of the damage-sensitive features extracted from the response of the system under unknown conditions depart from those drawn by the features extracted from the response of the system in a healthy state. The metric dominantly used to measure the testing feature's departure from the trained model is the Mahalanobis Squared Distance (MSD). Evaluation of the MSD requires the use of the inverse of the training population's covariance matrix. It is known that when the feature dimensions are comparable with the number of observations, the covariance matrix is ill-conditioned and numerically problematic to invert. When the number of observations is smaller than the feature dimensions, the covariance matrix is not even invertible. In this paper, four alternatives to the canonical damage detection procedure are investigated to address this issue: data compression through discrete cosine transform, use of pseudo-inverse of the covariance matrix, use of shrinkage estimate of the covariance matrix, and a combination of the three aforementioned techniques. The performance of the four methods is first studied on simulated data and then compared using the experimental data recorded on a four-story steel frame excited at the base by means of a shaking table available at the Carleton Laboratory at Columbia University. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NCSX Modular Coil Fabrication

The modular coils for the National Compact Stellarator Experiment (NCSX) presented a number of significant engineering and manufacturing challenges due to their complex shapes, requirements for high dimensional accuracy and the high current density required in the modular coils due to space constraints. Some of these challenges included developing techniques to manufacture highly shaped coils which utilize copper rope conductor, dimensional control, and Vacuum Pressure Impregnation [VPI] operations. Production style manufacturing operations were introduced in order to maintain schedule and contain costs. This paper will discuss those challenges and manufacturing steps that were taken to successfully manufacture the Modular Coils. A general description of the tooling and equipment necessary to manufacture the modular coils will also be presented.
Antigenic and Immunogenic Characterization of Recombinant Baculovirus-Expressed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein: Implication for Vaccine Design

The spike (S) glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) mediates the receptor interaction and immune recognition and is considered a major target for vaccine design. However, its antigenic and immunogenic properties remain to be elucidated. In this study, we immunized mice with full-length S protein (FL-S) or its extracellular domain (EC-S) expressed by recombinant baculoviruses in insect cells. We found that the immunized mice developed high titers of anti-S antibodies with potent neutralizing activities against SARS pseudoviruses constructed with the S proteins of Tor2, GD03T13, and SZ3, the representative strains of 2002 to 2003 and 2003 to 2004 human SARS-CoV and palm civet SARS-CoV, respectively. These data suggest that the recombinant baculovirus-expressed S protein vaccines possess excellent immunogenicity, thereby inducing highly potent neutralizing responses against human and animal SARS-CoV variants. The antigenic structure of the S protein was characterized by a panel of 38 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) isolated from the immunized mice. The epitopes of most anti-S MAbs (32 of 38) were localized within the S1 domain, and those of the remaining 6 MAbs were mapped to the S2 domain. Among the anti-S1 MAbs, 17 MAbs targeted the N-terminal region (amino acids [aa] 12 to 327), 9 MAbs recognized the receptor-binding domain (RBD; aa 318 to 510), and 6 MAbs reacted with the C-terminal region of S1 domain that contains the major immunodominant site (aa 528 to 635). Strikingly, all of the RBD-specific MAbs had potent neutralizing activity, 6 of which efficiently blocked the receptor binding, confirming that the RBD contains the main neutralizing epitopes and that blockage of the receptor association is the major mechanism of SARS-CoV neutralization. Five MAbs specific for the S1 N-terminal region exhibited moderate neutralizing activity, but none of the MAbs reacting with the S2 domain and the major immunodominant site in S1 showed neutralizing activity. All of the neutralizing MAbs recognize conformational epitopes. These data provide important information for understanding the antigenicity and immunogenicity of S protein and for designing SARS vaccines. This panel of anti-S MAbs can be used as tools for studying the structure and function of the SARS-CoV S protein.
Optimized Distributed Field-Based Sensing for Control of Voice Coil Motor

A magnetic field-based sensing system utilizing statistically optimized concurrent multi-sensor outputs for non-contact precise field-position association is presented. The rationale and principle of capitalizing on simultaneous spatial field measurements to induce unique correspondence between field and position to achieve accurate translational motion over large travel distances for feedback control is illustrated using a single-source-multi-sensor configuration. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used as a pseudo filter to optimally reduce the dimension of the multi-sensor output space for field-position mapping with artificial neural networks (ANNs). The effects of PCA on the sensing accuracy and closed-loop tracking performance are experimentally investigated using a voice-coil motor and a 9 sensor network with an optical encoder as a comparison.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Endorsement of a personal responsibility to adhere to the minimum drinking age law predicts consumption, risky behaviors, and alcohol-related harms

Despite minimum drinking age laws, underage college students engage in high levels of risky drinking and reach peak lifetime levels of alcohol dependence. A group of presidents of universities and colleges has argued that these laws promote disrespect for laws in general, and do not prevent drinking or related negative consequences. However, no study has investigated the policy-relevant question of whether students who endorse a personal responsibility to obey drinking laws, regardless of their opinions about the laws, are less likely to drink or to experience negative consequences. Therefore, we compared endorsers to non-endorsers, controlling for race, gender, and baseline outcomes, at two universities (Ns = 2007 and 2027). Neither sample yielded a majority (49% and 38% endorsement), but for both universities, all 17 outcome measures were significantly associated with endorsement across all types of analyses. Endorsers were less likely to drink, drank less, engaged in less high-risk behavior (e.g., heavy/binge drinking), and experienced fewer harms (e.g., physical injury), even when controlling for covariates. Racial/ethnic minority groups were more likely to endorse, compared to White students. By isolating a small window of time between high school and college that produces large changes in drinking behavior, and controlling for covariates, we can begin to hone in on factors that might explain relations among laws, risky behaviors, and harms. Internalization of a social norm to adhere to drinking laws could offer benefits to students and society, but subsequent research is needed to pin down causation and causal mechanisms. Language: en
Interaction structure and dimensionality reduction in decentralized MDPs

Decentralized Markov Decision Processes are a powerful general model of decentralized, cooperative multi-agent problem solving. The high complexity of the general problem leads to a focus on restricted models. While worst-case hardness of such reduced problems is often better, less is known about the actual difficulty of given instances. We show tight connections between the structure of agent interactions and the essential dimensionality of various problems. Bounds are placed on problem difficulty, given restrictions on the type and number of interactions between agents. These bounds arise from a bilinear programming formulation of the problem; from such a formulation, a more compact reduced form can be automatically generated, and the original problem rewritten to take advantage of the reduction.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH RENAL TRANSPLANTATION1

SUMMARY The results of our first thirty-five cases of renal homotransplantation performed on thirty-two patients are reported. Of the twenty patients living, seven received kidneys from live donors and all of these patients have functioning kidneys. In addition, these patients are all out of the hospital and are living normal or relatively normal lives. In general, the renal function has been maintained somewhat better than in the majority of the cadaver transplants. There are thirteen patients living who had cadaveric renal homografts. Of this group, eleven have functioning kidneys and two required nephrectomy of the homograft and are being maintained on chronic dialysis. Four of these patients are still in the hospital at this time, but the remainder are leading normal or relatively normal lives. Experience obtained to date would seem to indicate that clinical experiments with renal transplantation are of such success as to encourage further work in this field. We are particularly hopeful that the utilisation of cadaver donors will continue to be a rewarding one. There remain many questions to be answered, but careful work in this field should provide many of the answers.
Dark Matter through the Axion Portal

Motivated by the galactic positron excess seen by PAMELA and ATIC/PPB-BETS, we propose that dark matter is a TeV-scale particle that annihilates into a pseudoscalar ``axion.'' The positron excess and the absence of an antiproton or gamma ray excess constrain the axion mass and branching ratios. In the simplest realization, the axion is associated with a Peccei-Quinn symmetry, in which case it has a mass around 360--800 MeV and decays into muons. We present a simple and predictive supersymmetric model implementing this scenario, where both the Higgsino and dark matter obtain masses from the same source of TeV-scale spontaneous symmetry breaking.
The effect of Ca2+ channel modulators on vagally induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea-pig.

Abstract The effects of N- and L-type voltage operated calcium channel (VOCC) antagonists were examined on the bronchoconstriction induced by vagal stimulation in artificially respired guinea-pigs. Vagal stimulation produced a reproducible and consistent bronchoconstrictor response which corresponded to an increase in pulmonary inflation pressure equivalent to (10.4 ± 1.0%) of the maximum. This vagally induced rise in pulmonary inflation pressure was reduced (54% P
Spatial and temporal magnetometry using cold atoms in dark optical tweezers

We use Faraday spectroscopy of atoms confined to crossed hollow beam tweezers to map magnetic fields over several millimeters with 100 micron resolution. The traps permit several hundred measurements in a single loading cycle.
Stabilization of hybrid dynamical systems

We consider stabilization of an affine in control, nonlinear autonomous hybrid dynamical system (HDS) plant model. HDS are systems that combine the dynamics of a discrete system abstractly modeled as an automaton and continuous system modeled as nonlinear ordinary differential equations. We drive a HDS version of exact linearization via nonlinear feedback. In doing so we were able to bypass the issue of characterization of inherent switching boundaries in the plant model to derive stabilizing controllers.
Rule tensions and the dynamics of institutional change: From ‘to the victor go the spoils’ to the Stimson Doctrine:

When and under what conditions do norms and rules change? Dominant conceptions of institutional change in International Relations theory are based on the idea that it is the result of a shift in power: new actors become able to impose their vision on the world. However, the source of change need not be the power or preferences of actors in society, but could come from the internal dynamics of the rule system governing these actors. This article develops recent research in this area by linking Sandholtz�s model of norm change to recent dynamic institutionalist work and exploring and specifying particular mechanisms, or types of tensions, in rule systems that produce change. Institutions and complexes of rules exhibit rule tensions: inconsistencies, ambiguities, and inadequacies that can lead to disputes over the application of the rules. Actors then have to solve problems or disputes over rule interpretation. Change can thus occur without the introduction of new actors or a shift in the power of existing actors. I apply these ideas to a significant change in the rules of war in the early 20th century: the shift from the rule �to the victor go the spoils� to the Stimson Doctrine, or the rule that states should not profit from aggression.
Toxicity of carbon nanotubes to freshwater aquatic invertebrates

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are hydrophobic in nature and thus tend to accumulate in sediments if released into aquatic environments. As part of our overall effort to examine the toxicity of carbon-based nanomaterials to sediment-dwelling invertebrates, we have evaluated the toxicity of different types of CNTs in 14-d water-only exposures to an amphipod (Hyalella azteca), a midge (Chironomus dilutus), an oligochaete (Lumbriculus variegatus), and a mussel (Villosa iris) in advance of conducting whole-sediment toxicity tests with CNTs. The results of these toxicity tests conducted with CNTs added to water showed that 1.00 g/L (dry wt) of commercial sources of CNTs significantly reduced the survival or growth of the invertebrates. Toxicity was influenced by the type and source of the CNTs, by whether the materials were precleaned by acid, by whether sonication was used to disperse the materials, and by species of the test organisms. Light and electron microscope imaging of the surviving test organisms showed the presence of CNTs in the gut as well as on the outer surface of the test organisms, although no evidence was observed to show penetration of CNTs through cell membranes. The present study demonstrated that both the metals solubilized from CNTs such as nickel and the “metal-free” CNTs contributed to the toxicity. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1823–1830. © 2012 SETAC
Theoretical temperature profiles for concentric coil induction heating devices in a two-dimensional, axi-asymmetric, inhomogeneous patient model

In this paper we report on theoretical calculations for the temperature distributions produced by an rf magnetic induction device that is placed concentrically about the long axis of the patient. A two-dimensional, axi-asymmetric, inhomogeneous patient model was used in conjunction with a numerical moment method for calculating the electric fields in the tissues of the model and a numerical finite element method for calculating the resulting temperature distributions. The electric fields and the absorbed power per unit volume of tissue were calculated for both a thorax and viscera model, each of which included a tumor volume. The absorbed power values were input into the bioheat transfer equation and the temperature distributions were calculated for a wide range of blood flow rates. Based on the steady-state and transient results, our computer simulations predict poor therapeutic temperature profiles for tumors embedded deeply in the thorax and viscera. This heating technique appears to produce significant therapeutic volumes in superficial tumors located not greater than 7 cm in depth. These theoretical calculations should aid the clinician in the evaluation of induction heating devices for their effectiveness in heating deep-seated and superficial tumors.
Sensitivity analysis of DOA estimation algorithms to sensor errors

A unified statistical performance analysis using subspace perturbation expansions is applied to subspace-based algorithms for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation in the presence of sensor errors. In particular, the multiple signal classification (MUSIC), min-norm, state-space realization (TAM and DDA) and estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT) algorithms are analyzed. This analysis assumes that only a finite amount of data is available. An analytical expression for the mean-squared error of the DOA estimates is developed for theoretical comparison in a simple and self-contained fashion. The tractable formulas provide insight into the algorithms. Simulation results verify the analysis. >
Understanding and Transcending Team Member Differences: A Felt-Experience Exercise:

The felt-experience exercise is a form of cooperative learning. Participants are placed into dyads in which they interact with one another to realize and deepen their understanding of themselves, their partner, and the course content. Meaning is created through written reflection on personal experience and dialogue with one’s partner. The understanding of one’s self and one’s partner is created through awareness of their differences. As well as providing a basic cooperative learning structure to be used in any course, the felt-experience exercise may be used as a diversity-training tool or to assist individuals or groups to understand and transcend conflict.
Children's Illness Cognition: What Mothers Think

This study examined the relationships between children's conceptions of illness etiology, treatment, and prevention and parents' estimates of their children's conceptions. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 194 children and their mothers or guardians. Responses were coded for conceptual complexity and developmental sophistication. Relative levels of illness etiology, treatment, and prevention understanding as well as agreement between mothers and their children were calculated. Three quarters of mothers were on target with their children's responses in the etiology and treatment domains while approximately 10% underestimated and 15% overestimated. Within the prevention domain, 50% of mothers were on target with the remainder split evenly between underestimation and overestimation. Mothers who underestimated their children's understanding believed them to be much less sophisticated than how on target mothers viewed their children and overestimating mothers believed their children to be more sophisticated than on target mothers (Fs > 13.25; p < 0.001).
The High Temperature Vaporization and Thermodynamics of the Titanium Oxides (XVIII)

The substance Ti10O19has been synthesized and studied mass spectrometrically in the temperature range 1753–1946 K. The melting point and the partial molal enthalpies of vaporization for TiO2(g), and TiO2(g) are reported, as are the partial pressures of O2(g) and O2(g) at 1800 K.
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) paralog dose governs T cell effector and regulatory functions

The immune system in mammals is one of the most complex networks in the animal kingdom. One way that its many components communicate is via proteins called cytokines, which are released by cells and detected by receptors on the surface of other cells. This leads to the activation of signals inside the responding cells that alter the activity of genes and, ultimately, direct how they behave. STAT5 is a signal protein that is activated when certain cytokines bind to receptors on the cell surface. Consequently, it is an attractive target for drug therapies that seek to alter immune responses and there is keen interest in understanding how it works. It is an unusual protein in that there are two versions – termed STAT5A and STAT5B – that are produced by two separate genes. Together, STAT5A and STAT5B are fundamental to the immune system but there is considerable debate about whether they perform the same job or have distinct roles. Villarino et al. used a combination of genetic and genomic approaches to investigate how both versions of STAT5 work in mice. The experiments show that STAT5B plays a much bigger role in immune cells than STAT5A. Unexpectedly, the experiments indicate that the disparity is not due to differences in protein activity, but is caused by differences in the amount of these proteins in cells. Villarino et al.’s findings resolve longstanding questions about the relationship between STAT5A and STAT5B within the immune system. A logical next step is to find the molecular mechanisms responsible for causing different amounts of STAT5A and STAT5B to be produced in immune cells. Future work will also compare the roles of STAT5A and STAT5B in non-immune cells and explore whether it might be possible to develop therapies that specifically target one version and not the other.
Mechanism Of Thermally Assisted Creep Crack Growth

We use atomistic Monte-Carlo simulations to investigate the dynamics of cracks which sizes are smaller than the Griffith length. We demonstrate that such cracks can irreversibly grow proviso their size is larger than a certain critical length which is smaller than the Griffith length, as recently suggested [ L. Golubovic and A. Peredera, Phys. Rev. E51, 2799 (1995)]. We show here that this thermally assisted creep crack growth is dominated by irreversible changes in the region of the crack tip, primarily in the form of dislocation emissions and nucleation of microcavities and voids. These processes act together during the crack growth: the crack tip region acts as a source for emissions of dislocations which subsequently serve as seeds for creation of vacancy clusters in a region away but still close to the crack tip. Eventually, passages between these vacancy clusters and the mother crack are formed and the crack thus increases in size. As this process repeats, the crack grows.
Situation analysis of the incidence of occupational poisoning at Tongzhou District of Beijing from 2006 to 2013

Objective To analysis of the incidence of occupational poisoning at Tongzhou District,in order to provide scientific evidence for developing prevention and control strategies of occupational poisoning.Methods Through using the direct reporting information system of prevention and control of occupational diseases in Beijing,occupational poisoning report card database from July 2006to November 2013at Tongzhou District was drawed in Excel format.Results There were 64cases of occupational poisoning reported during the period at Tongzhou District from 2006to 2013.The average age of poisoning was 39.0(± 11.0)years old.Gender ratio(male:female)was 4.3:1.The ages of the occupational poisoning cases in males was most distributed in youth and middle adults,accounting for 82.7%(43/52);Female age distribution of the poisoning cases,however,was mainly in the middle and the elderly adults,accounting for 75.0%(9/12)。The occupational poisonings occurred in 45.8%(11/24)of the private economy、70.8%(17/24)of the SMEs and40.0%(6/15)of the chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing industry enterprises.About20kinds of chemicals were found to be the causes of the occupational poisonings.Chronic occupational poisonings were mainly from benzene,acrylamide etc,which were distributed in the paint,ingredients and other positions.Acute occupational poisonings were mainly from hydrogen sulfide、chlorine etc,which were distributed in the wastewater treatment,the prosecution(Victoria)repair、transportation and other jobs.Conclusions Relevant administrative departments at all levels should pay more attention to the characteristics of occupational poisoning,especially strengthening montoring key industries,key positions,high-risk chemical substances,as welll as the private economy,SMEs where there are frequently occupational poisoning hazards,in order to develop effective prevention and control measures of occupational diseases.
Characterization of a renal cell carcinoma cell line suitable as a target for immunological studies in vitro and in the nu/nu mouse.

Abstract A continuous human renal carcinoma cell line designated RPMI-SE was established from a patient with a poorly to moderately differentiated renal cell carcinoma. The cells are anchorage dependent, have a well defined globular shape with pseudopod-like structures, a doubling time in vitro of 24 hr. and are able to grow subcutaneously in female ICR Swiss nu/nu mice. RPMI-SE cells obtained from tissue culture and the nude mouse had the chromosome number of neartetraploidy. Common morphologic rearrangements were present in both the cell line and nu/nu mouse tumor. RPMI-SE was evaluated as a target cell line in an in vitro Indium-111 release assay. Three patterns of cytotoxicity were observed at an effector to target cell ratio of 100:L The highest degree of cytotoxicity (75 per cent) was obtained with autologous lymphocytes. An intermediate level of cytotoxicity (50 per cent) was obtained with allogeneic lymphocytes. The lowest level of cytotoxicity (27 per cent) was obtained with normal lymphocytes and was comparable to the level of cytotoxicity observed with the NK sensitive K562 target cell line. Morphologic data and chromosomal analysis indicate that the RPMI-SE cell line has maintained characteristics of the original tumor. This cell line will be useful for immunological studies as a target cell line in vitro as well as in vivo in the nude mouse.
How implicit theories help differentiate approaches to online impression management: A preliminary typology:

This article proposes an empirically-grounded typology to describe how people approach online impression management across multiple digital sites given employers’ use of online information for personnel selection. Qualitative analysis revealed four primary online impression management types: acceptor, dissident, scrubber, and strategist. The four types are primarily differentiated based on people’s relatively fixed or relatively flexible implicit theories about information, technology, visibility, and identity, and whether people take passive, reactive, or active approaches to online impression management. Although research on implicit theories usually focuses on individual attributes, these findings highlight how people’s implicit theories about the context or field of communicative action work in combination to influence impression management behavior. This study suggests practical interventions to increase people’s agency and effectiveness in managing online information and provides foundations for fut...
Nonlinear reduced order source identification

In this paper we propose a novel approach to the problem of model-based source identification in steady-state transport phenomena given a set of noisy measurements. We formulate the problem as an optimization problem in function space and utilize the adjoint method to calculate the gradient. To obtain a finite dimensional representation of this problem we employ proper orthogonal decomposition, which provides a small number of basis functions that best approximate the function space in which the concentration function lives. Similarly, we parametrize the source function by nonlinear tower functions, which allow us to reduce the size of the problem from thousands of unknowns to a handful of variables. The above approximations give rise to a low dimensional nonlinear optimization problem, for which we provide explicit expressions for the gradient and Hessian that can be used with available optimization techniques to solve for the desired source function. We provide simulation results that demonstrate a drastic reduction in computation time. At the same time we are able to solve complex advection-diffusion problems in non-convex environments.
Voltage Flickering Reduction Using Distribution STATCOM

Power Quality is becoming intensity concerned from both electric utilities and customers. Voltage Flicker is a major power quality problem as it has a significant impact on both the equipment and production environment. This work describes the voltage control technique of reduction of voltage flicker and clearing fault using Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (DSTATCOM). The test system used is IEEE 9-bus distribution system clarified the optimal location of DSTATCOM by using Artificial Neural Network. A simulation was done using MATLAB/Simulink software.
Tests of Model Behavior that can Detect Structural Flaws: Demonstration with Simulation Experiments

Validation of System Dynamics (SD) models involves two general types of tests: Tests of model structure and tests of model behavior. Yet, since SD models are causal models, the essence of model validity lies always in structural validity: “Right behavior for the right reasons”. (The nature of SD model validity has been discussed in various SD literature. For example, Forrester 1961 (Chapter 13); Forrester 1968; Forrester and Senge 1980; Bell and Senge 1980; Richardson and Pugh 1981 (Chapter 5 and 6) and Barlas 1985). Standard behavior tests, which compare the model-generated behavior to the observed reference behavior are generally “weak” in SD context, since they can not separate spurious behavior accuracy (“right behavior for the wrong reasons”) from true behavior validity. Such tests provide no structural information. Structure tests, on the other hand, are “strong” tests, since they evaluate the model structure directly. But their their major drawback is that they are informal, qualitative, hence difficult to communicate. (See Forrester and Senge 1980, and Richardson and Pugh 1981 (chapter 5) for some specific behavior and structure tests). Thus, it seems like a “third type of test” would be most appropriate for SD validation purposes: Quantitative/formal behavior tests that can provide some structural information (“structurally-oriented” behavior tests). Interestingly, such tests already exist in the SD validation “repertoire”. (For example, “Extreme Condition” simulations, “Behavior Sensitivity” testing, in Forrester and Senge 1980 and Richardson and Pugh 1981). But these tests are usually listed along with all other behavior tests, which undermines the major difference that exists between the former and the latter.