cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic motivation and positive development

Decades of scientific research shows that intrinsic motivation (IM) is a powerful "engine" of learning and positive development. This chapter synthesizes the research, first showing how the psychological state of IM is associated not only with enhanced engagement and perseverance in an activity, but also with greater use of meta-cognitive strategies and deeper processing of information. These features likely account for evidence that IM is related to greater and more effective learning. Second, we examine the determinants of this beneficial state. Evidence suggests that it results from the convergence of factors at multiple levels--from immediate conditions in the activity to longer-term personal goals, cultural values, and human dispositions. Drawing on these findings, we show that there is considerable potential for young people to develop their abilities to experience and regulate their IM within activities. In the third and final section, we then discuss how youth professionals can work with youth to help them cultivate the capacity for intrinsically motivated learning. We present ten guiding principles for cultivating IM derived from the research. We give particular attention to adolescence, because it is a period when youth become more able to engage in this deliberate cultivation--to be producers of their own development.
Poster: X60: A Programmable Testbed for Wideband 60 GHz WLANs with Phased Arrays

We introduce X60, the first SDR-based testbed for 60 GHz WLANs, featuring fully programmable MAC/PHY/Network layers, multi-Gbps rates, and a user-configurable 12-element phased antenna array. These features provide us with an unprecedented opportunity to revisit the most important aspects of 60 GHz signal propagation and obtain new insights on performance expected from practical 60 GHz systems. X60's unique capabilities make it an ideal platform for experimentation and prototyping across layers.
When kind of citizen? Temporally displaced citizenship education in a Chilean private school

ABSTRACTIn Chile, some elite private schools have developed a particular approach towards citizenship education, acknowledging the privileged social position their students occupy, while inviting them to disrupt the same social structure that has produced this privilege. However, the enduring salience of Chilean society's inequalities begs the question of how effective this approach truly is. This paper attempts to answer this, examining a Chilean private school and a particular service-learning activity. Through ethnographic methods and an analysis rooted in cultural production theory, the paper argues that, although many of its components are still quite problematic, service-learning activities like this one do provide opportunities for promoting participatory and social justice citizenship education, through the students' engagement in “collective deliberations.” However, these opportunities are neutralized when framed within a particular cultural fact – here called the Discourse of the Leaders – which...
Life Within Energy Policy

The “sacredness of life” is foundational to environmentalism, and “being alive” is the fundamental criterion for moral considerability. It is also recognized by some philosophers that well-being is often only assessing the individual in a vacuum, neglecting the moral component of impact to other lives (both human and nonhuman). In this way, the “value of life” bridges these related philosophies and provides theoretical support for decisions of social and environmental sustainability where lives are impacted, such as in the energy field. So, we ought to be explicit about those impacts if we are concerned about the morality of policies. Too often taken for granted, “life” is powerful – like no other term, it is immediately referring to two ends of a causal chain – our choices impact lives. To the extent that someone does not consent to a threat to being alive, we should do everything in our power to comply. With transparent, engaged, and inclusive discussions, informed by full life cycle analyses, we can not only protect fundamental rights of the least well-off but also can plan an energy transition that helps everyone to flourish. The case of the Navajo Generating Station illustrates impacts on real lives.
Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agroforestry Practices in Temperate North America

Agroforestry, an ecologically and environmentally sustainable land use, offers great promise to sequester carbon (C). The objectives of this chapter are to (1) provide a review of C sequestration opportunities available under various agroforestry practices in temperate North America, and (2) estimate C sequestration potential by agroforestry in the US. Since accurate land area under agroforestry was not available, the potential C sequestration was estimated based on several assumptions about the area under different agroforestry practices in the US: 1.69 million ha under riparian buffer, 17.9 million ha (10% of total cropland) under alley cropping, and 78 million ha under silvopasture (23.7 million ha or 10% of pasture land and 54 million ha of grazed forests). Based on these, we estimated C sequestration potential for riparian buffers, alley cropping, and silvopasture in the US as 4.7, 60.9, and 474 Tg C year–1, respectively. Establishment of windbreaks to protect cropland and farmstead could sequester another 8.79 Tg C year–1. Thus, the potential for C sequestration under agroforestry systems in the US is estimated as 548.4 Tg year–1. The C sequestered by agroforestry could help offset current US emission rate of 1,600 Tg C year–1 from burning fossil fuel (coal, oil, and gas) by 34%. These preliminary estimates indicate the important role of agroforestry as a promising CO2 mitigation strategy in the US, and possibly in other parts of North America. The analysis also reveals the need for long-term C sequestration research in all regions and for all agroforestry practices, establishment of standardized protocols for C quantification and monitoring, inventory of agroforestry practices, development of models to understand long-term C sequestration, and development of agroforestry design criteria for optimum C sequestration for all regions.
Non-interventional cardiologists' perspectives on the role of pharmacogenomic testing in cardiovascular medicine.

AIM To evaluate factors influencing cardiologists' perspectives about pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing in clinical practice. PATIENTS & METHODS Semistructured interviews with practicing cardiologists were qualitatively analyzed to identify common themes. RESULTS Five themes were identified among 16 cardiologists from four specialties (n = 5 general cardiology, n = 3 electrophysiology, n = 2 adult congenital and n = 6 heart failure/transplant): cardiologists' knowledge and needs, perceived clinical validity and utility of PGx testing, dissemination and management of PGx results, patient-related considerations and incidental findings. CONCLUSION Lack of evidence was considered by many cardiologists to be a major barrier hindering the use of PGx testing. However, they would consider adopting PGx if they were provided additional education, ongoing support and evidence supporting the clinical utility of PGx testing in cardiovascular medicine.
Glass-induced enhancement of superconducting T c : Pairing via dissipative mediators

With substantial evidence of glassy behavior in the phase diagram of high-${T}_{c}$ superconductors and its coexistence with superconductivity, we attempt to answer the following question: what are the properties of a superconducting state where the force driving Cooper pairing becomes dissipative? We find that when the bosonic mediator is local, dissipation acts to reduce the superconducting critical temperature $({T}_{c})$. On the other hand, contrary to na\"{\i}ve expectations, ${T}_{c}$ behaves nonmonotonically with dissipation for a nonlocal mediator---weakly dissipative bosons at different energy scales act coherently to give rise to an increase in ${T}_{c}$ and eventually destroy superconductivity when the dissipation exceeds a critical value. The critical value occurs when dissipative effects become comparable to the energy scale associated with the spatial stiffness of the mediator, at which point ${T}_{c}$ acquires a maximum. We outline consequences of our results to recent proton-irradiation experiments (M. Leroux et al., arXiv:1808.05984) on the cuprate superconductor ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{x}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ (LBCO), which observe a disorder-induced increase in ${T}_{c}$ even when the transition temperature of the proximate charge density wave (CDW) seems to be unaffected by irradiation. Our mechanism is a way to raise ${T}_{c}$ that does not require a ``tug-of-war'' type scenario between two competing phases.
Training Actor’s Voices: Towards an Intercultural/Interdisciplinary Approach

Tara McAllister-Viel has written a thought-provoking examination of voice training in her monograph Training Actors’ Voices: Towards an Intercultural/Interdisciplinary Approach. Her research was sp...
Laboratory and Molecular Diagnosis of Hepatitis C and Resistance Testing

The hepatitis C virus is a rapidly evolving topic in the field of medicine with regard to not only the therapeutic options available but to the diagnostics as well. Here in this chapter, we elaborate the techniques used in the laboratory and molecular testing for the hepatitis C virus along with the resistance testing. The chapter focuses on the screening and confirmatory tests that are used in the diagnosis of HCV along with the indications for screening as well as the barriers. The point-of-care rapid diagnostic tests currently available and the molecular RNA tests are reviewed. Given the fact that the HCV virus has a high replicative potential and is versatile, the dilemma of resistance towards direct-acting antiviral has emerged. Hence the need for resistance testing has become necessary in many situations and involves the detection of resistance-associated substitutions. These tests aid in guiding therapy and to further optimize it to prevent therapeutic failure and to improve the rates of sustained virological response. These methods of resistance testing for HCV are defined in the chapter along with the scenarios in which it is recommended.
Algorithmic determination of source orientations for the CivaSheet directional brachytherapy device.

Abstract Purpose The CivaSheet device uses multiple directionally shielded Pd-103 CivaDot sources to produce a directional planar dose distribution. In postplanning, manually digitizing the 3D source orientation is challenging because the 3D vector must be digitized by using 2D displayed images. The aim of this study is to develop an algorithm that will automatically determine the direction of each CivaDot source based on the location of sources adjacent to it. Methods and Materials The algorithm determines the source direction by averaging the normal directions of multiple local planes established by the adjacent sources. The algorithm was tested on a manually constructed CivaSheet-like device that was CT scanned in known flat geometries and two known curved geometries. Algorithmically determined source directions were compared with the known directions. The algorithm was also used on a postplan for a gynecological pelvic sidewall tumor bed implant and compared against manual digitization of the source directions. Results For the flat and curved test geometries, the average angular difference between the algorithm determined and known orientation was 1.2° ± 0.8° (flat geometry), 1.7° ± 2.1° (curve about vertical axis), and 2.3° ± 2.4° (curve about horizontal axis). For the patient case, results showed on average a 23.1° ± 10.8° difference between the manual digitized orientation and the algorithm's predicted orientation. Conclusions The algorithm calculates the source orientation with accuracy better than 2.3° for the controlled experiments. In addition to its accuracy, the algorithm produces consistent results and lessens the difficult challenge of orienting the partially shielded sources.
The Applicant's Perspective on Urology Residency Interviews: A Qualitative Analysis.

Objective To better understand what urology applicants look for on interview day and what they care about in selecting a residency program through an analysis of anonymous online posts about the urology interview process. Methods We collected 3 years (2016-2018) of comments and posts from the Interview Impressions tab of the Urology Match Google Sheet for 133 urology residencies. Qualitative data analysis was performed using grounded theory methodology. Results We identified 6 categories of themes on (1) interview day structure, (2) diverse faculty, (3) program culture, (4) surgical training, (5) research, and (6) program benefits. These themes appeared in comments for 77%-86% of the residency programs except for research which was present for 44% of the programs. The efficiency and structure of interview day are very important. Applicants also care about young and diverse fellowship-trained faculty across a wide breadth of subspecialties. They believe they are able to discern the program culture and collegiality between residents and faculty. Applicants want a balance of surgical and clinical training with a focus on robotics and surgical autonomy. Not all applicants are interested in research but those that are appreciate a strong support system. Finally, additional program benefits and the positives and negatives of the program's location are frequently discussed. Conclusion Analysis of anonymous social media posts can help improve the interview process for applicants and programs alike. Programs can also identify areas of improvement for residency training. Our findings provide additional insight towards the ultimate goal of improving the match process.
Stabilization of Uncertain Discrete-Time Systems

Abstract We consider the problem of obtaining stabilizing controllers for a class of uncertain systems described by difference equations (discrete-time systems). A class of discrete-time Lyapunov min-max controllers are obtained which, under certain conditions on the uncertainty yield the desired behavior. The results obtained are compared with those of the continuous-time case. They are illustrated by application to linear, scalar input, phase variable systems with bounded parameter and input uncertainties.
Cooperative routing in wireless networks

The joint problem of transmission-side diversity and routing in wireless networks is studied. It is assumed that each node in the network is equipped with a single omni-directional antenna and multiple nodes are allowed to coordinate their transmissions to achieve transmission-side diversity. The problem of finding the minimum energy route under this setting is formulated. Analytical asymptotic results are obtained for lower bounds on the resulting energy savings for both a regular line network topology and a grid network topology. For a regular line topology, it is possible to achieve energy savings of 39%. For a grid topology, it is possible to achieve energy savings of 56%. For arbitrary networks, we develop heuristics with polynomial complexity which result in average energy savings of 30% – 50% based on simulations.
Inhibiting Fibroblast Mechanotransduction Modulates Severity of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Objective: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive fibrotic lung disease that affects 63 in every 100,000 Americans. Its etiology remains unknown, although inflammatory pathways appear...
A voice operated musical instrument

Many mathematical formulas and algorithms exist to identify pitches formed by human voices, and this has continued to be popular in the fields of music and signal processing. Other systems and research perform real time pitch identification implemented by using PCs with system clocks faster than 400MHz. This thesis explores developing an embedded RPTI system using the average magnitude difference function (AMDF), which will also use MIDI commands to control a synthesizer to track the pitch in near real time. The AMDF algorithm was simulated and its performance analyzed in MATLAB with pre-recorded sound files from a PC. Errors inherent to the AMDF and the hardware constraints led to noticeable pitch errors. The MATLAB code was optimized and its performance verified for the Motorola 68000 assembly language. This stage of development led to realization that the original design would have to change for the processing time required for the AMDF implementation. Hardware was constructed to support an 8MHz Motorola 68000, analog input, and MIDI communications. The various modules were constructed using Vectorbord© prototyping board with soldered tracks, wires and sockets. Modules were tested individually and as a whole unit. A design flaw was noticed with the final design, which caused the unit to fail during program execution while operating in a stand-alone mode. This design is a proof of concept for a product that can be improved upon with newer components, more advanced algorithms and hardware construction, and a more aesthetically pleasing package. Ultimately, hardware limitations imposed by the available equipment in addition to a hidden design flaw contributed to the failure of this stand-alone prototype.
Efficiently finding the most parsimonious phylogenetic tree via linear programming

Reconstruction of phylogenetic trees is a fundamental problem in computational biology. While excellent heuristic methods are available for many variants of this problem, new advances in phylogeny inference will be required if we are to be able to continue to make effective use of the rapidly growing stores of variation data now being gathered. In this paper, we introduce an integer linear programming formulation to find the most parsimonious phylogenetic tree from a set of binary variation data. The method uses a flow-based formulation that could use exponential numbers of variables and constraints in the worst case. The method has, however, proved extremely efficient in practice on datasets that are well beyond the reach of the available provably efficient methods. The program solves several large mtDNA and Y-chromosome instances within a few seconds, giving provably optimal results in times competitive with fast heuristics than cannot guarantee optimality.
Provenance-Aware Faceted Search in Drupal

As the web content is increasingly generated in more diverse situations, provenance is becoming more and more critical. While a variety of approaches have been investigated for capturing and making use of provenance metadata, arguably no single best-practice approach has emerged. In this paper, we investigate an approach that leverages one of the most popular content management systems – Drupal. More specifically, we study how provenance metadata can be captured and later published as structured data on the Web using Drupal. We also demonstrate how provenance metadata can be used to facilitate faceted search in Drupal.
Circular R-Factor Molecules Controlling Penicillinase Synthesis, Replicating in Escherichia coli Under Either Relaxed or Stringent Control

Two infectious drug-resistance (R) factors, R28K and R6K, each conferring resistance to a number of penicillins by the synthesis of a penicillinase, were transferred to Proteus mirabilis PM1 and Escherichia coli RC85 host strains. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from these strains was separated by density-gradient centrifugation and subjected to electron microscopy by use of a modification of the protein-monolayer diffusion technique. Analytical density-gradient centrifugation of the purified DNA from PM1 strains showed, in addition to the major peak at a density of 1.698 g/cm(3) characteristic of Proteus chromosomal DNA, a single satellite band at a density of 1.710 g/cm(3) [guanine plus cytosine (GC) base ratio 50%] for R28K and at 1.704 g/cm(3) (GC base ratio 45%) for R6K. Direct CsCl density-gradient centrifugation of crude lysates of the E. coli (R28K)(+) strain in the presence of ethidium bromide gave rise to a sedimentation profile with a single satellite peak containing covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA molecules with a mean contour length of 21.4 mum [44 x 10(6) atomic mass units (AMU)], although a minority was 13.6 mum in length. From the size of the major class, it was estimated that there were two to three copies of the R28K factor present as CCC molecules per chromosome at various phases of cellular growth. Similar studies of the E. coli (R6K)(+) lysates showed two satellite peaks; peak I contained mostly CCC molecules of contour length 12.8 mum (26 x 10(6) AMU), and peak II, intermediate to peak I and the chromosomal peak, contained CCC molecules of a similar size, together with about equal numbers of catenated molecules, mostly dimers consisting of two interlocked monomers of 12.8 mum. A smaller number (ca. 0.1%) of higher catenanes was also seen. The number of CCC copies of the R6K factor per chromosome present in peak I was calculated as 13 at logarithmic phase and 38 at stationary phase. In peak II, a constant ratio of about one catenated dimer per chromosome was found at all phases of growth. Penicillinase assays of cultures at different phases of growth showed a correlation between the estimated number of R-factor copies present as CCC molecules and the enzyme activity per cell for both R28K and R6K.
Test-suite reduction for model based tests: effects on test quality and implications for testing

Model checking techniques can be successfully employed as a test case generation technique to generate tests from formal models. The number of tests cases produced, however, is typically large for complex coverage criteria such as MCDC. Test-suite reduction can provide us with a smaller set of test cases that present the original coverage-often a dramatically smaller set. One potential drawback with test-suite reduction is that this might affect the quality of the test-suite in terms of fault finding. Previous empirical studies provide conflicting evidence on this issue. To further investigate the problem and determine its effect when testing formal models of software, we performed an experiment using a large case example of a flight guidance system, generated reduced test-suites for a variety of structural coverage criteria while presenting coverage, and recorded their fault finding effectiveness. Our results show that the size of the specification based test-suites can be dramatically reduced and that the fault detection of the reduced test-suites is adversely affected. In this report we describe our experiment, analyze the results, and discuss the implications for testing based on formal specifications.
Distributed memory compiler methods for irregular problems—data copy reuse and runtime partitioning

Outlined here are two methods which we believe will play an important role in any distributed memory compiler able to handle sparse and unstructured problems. We describe how to link runtime partitioners to distributed memory compilers. In our scheme, programmers can implicitly specify how data and loop iterations are to be distributed between processors. This insulates users from having to deal explicitly with potentially complex algorithms that carry out work and data partitioning. We also describe a viable mechanism for tracking and reusing copies of off-processor data. In many programs, several loops access the same off-processor memory locations. As long as it can be verified that the values assigned to off-processor memory locations remain unmodified, we show that we can effectively reuse stored off-processor data. We present experimental data from a 3-D unstructured Euler solver run on iPSC/860 to demonstrate the usefulness of our methods.
Uncertainty assessment in watershed-scale water quality modeling and management: 1. Framework and application of generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) approach

[1] Watershed-scale water quality models involve substantial uncertainty in model output because of sparse water quality observations and other sources of uncertainty. Assessing the uncertainty is very important for those who use the models to support management decision making. Systematic uncertainty analysis for these models has rarely been done and remains a major challenge. This study aimed (1) to develop a framework to characterize all important sources of uncertainty and their interactions in management-oriented watershed modeling, (2) to apply the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) approach for quantifying simulation uncertainty for complex watershed models, and (3) to investigate the influence of subjective choices (especially the likelihood measure) in a GLUE analysis, as well as the availability of observational data, on the outcome of the uncertainty analysis. A two-stage framework was first established as the basis for uncertainty assessment and probabilistic decision-making. A watershed model (watershed analysis risk management framework (WARMF)) was implemented using data from the Santa Clara River Watershed in southern California. A typical catchment was constructed on which a series of experiments was conducted. The results show that GLUE can be implemented with affordable computational cost, yielding insights into the model behavior. However, in complex watershed water quality modeling, the uncertainty results highly depend on the subjective choices made by the modeler as well as the availability of observational data. The importance of considering management concerns in the uncertainty estimation was also demonstrated. Overall, this study establishes guidance for uncertainty assessment in management-oriented watershed modeling. The study results have suggested future efforts we could make in a GLUE-based uncertainty analysis, which has led to the development of a new method, as will be introduced in a companion paper. Eventually, the study should assist in the development of a new generation of watershed water quality models.
Studies on the function of glucocorticoid in mouse mammary epithelial cell differentiation in vitro. Stimulation of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Abstract Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity is stimulated maximally in mouse mammary epithelial cells in culture in the presence of insulin, hydrocortisone, and prolactin. Insulin, by itself, is a potent stimulus, whereas both hydrocortisone and prolactin require insulin for manifestation of their effects. Time course studies of the change in enzyme activity show that insulin produces approximately a 100% increase in the enzyme activity during the first 48 hours and that thereafter the activity decreases rapidly to the basal level. Addition of prolactin to the insulin-containing medium effects a larger increase up to about 200%, but after 2 days in culture the activity again declines markedly. Hydrocortisone, together with insulin, increases the activity by about 250% and maintains this high level for 4 days in culture. Such an effect of hydrocortisone is also manifested in the presence of insulin and prolactin, and results in a maximal increase in the enzyme activity. The ability of hydrocortisone to facilitate a high level of enzyme activity is mimicked by spermidine, but not by spermine, putrescine, or magnesium ion. Spermidine is effective at a concentration as low as 4 x 10-4 m, which is within the physiological range. This effect of spermidine is specific for hydrocortisone since spermidine does not simulate the effect of either insulin or prolactin.
Automated online feature selection and learning from high-dimensional streaming data using an ensemble of Kohonen neurons

Here we describe a new algorithm that uses Kohonen networks at its core for class-based feature selection and for learning to recognize classes of patterns. This online algorithm is meant for streaming big data and for highly parallel implementation on a platform such as Apache Spark. The algorithm works in two phases. In the initial phase, it examines some streaming data to determine the features that distinguish a particular class from the rest of the classes. After this phase of class-based feature selection, it then uses those selected features to learn pattern classifiers. All phases use Kohonen networks and Kohonen style online learning. Kohonen networks trained in the first phase are discarded once features are selected. Automation is based on an ensemble of Kohonen neurons for pattern classification. We provide here some initial computational results on some high-dimensional gene expression problems based on a desktop implementation. In testing this algorithm, no parameters were changed for the different problems solved. And that is an essential feature of automation of learning.
The FDG lumped constant in normal human brain

The lumped constant (LC) is a correction factor used to infer glucose metabolic rate (MRglc) from FDG metabolic rate (MRFDG). Methods: LC was determined in normal brain in 10 subjects (4 male, 6 female) by measuring regional MRglc and MRFDG independently using 1-11C-glucose and 18F-FDG with dynamic positron tomographic imaging, arterial blood sampling, and region-of-interest time-activity curve analysis with appropriate compartmental models. Results: The mean LC (±SD) for normal brain was found to be 0.89 ± 0.08. The value for cerebellum was slightly lower, 0.78 ± 0.11 (P = 0.006; 2-tailed paired t test). Conclusion: The LC values determined in this study are considerably higher than older values in the literature, probably because of methodologic differences, but agree with a recent study by Hasselbalch.
Interaction of dietary fiber with lipids--mechanistic theories and their limitations.

It is now well established that dietary fiber is not an inert entity. On the contrary, it can effectively interact with other food components, whether they are macro or micro nutrients. Among the macronutrients, dietary lipids have been studied most extensively in conjunction with dietary fiber. The inclusion of dietary fiber in diet not only displaces lipids, but it also frequently alters or diminishes their physiological and nutritional contributions. This is usually demonstrated in reduced calorie density of the diet, in reduction of blood and hepatic lipids, and in alteration and output of fecal lipids. These changes are of a major significance since they are believed to be beneficial in preventing or reducing serious diseases which include obesity, coronary heart disease as well as certain types of cancer. In order to explain these changes, it is important to understand the interactions and reactions between different dietary fibers and lipids on the molecular basis. Although a number of excellent theories on how dietary fiber reacts or interacts with dietary lipids and how the hypolipidemic effects are achieved have been proposed, our understanding of the mechanism of these interactions is still unsatisfactory. The main reason for this lies in great chemical diversity of existing dietary fibers, and to a lesser degree of lipids, and in extreme difficulty to monitor the reactions which take place in the intestine and in the other parts of the human body. It is likely that better physicochemical characterization of dietary fibers and lipids and correlation of these attributes with corresponding physiological effects will inevitably improve our understanding of these vital interactions.
Comparison of shelf currents off central California prior to and during the 1997-1998 El Nino

Abstract Moored current, temperature, salinity, and pressure data were collected at three sites that transect the narrow continental shelf offshore of Davenport, CA, starting in August 1996 and continuing to the spring of 1998. This data set allowed a comparison of oceanographic conditions prior to (8/96–3/97) and during (8/97–3/98) the last major El Nino. During this El Nino, mean temperatures over the 8-month time period were about 3 °C warmer than during the prior year at all of the sites. Correlations between near-surface and near-bottom temperatures, and between near-surface temperature and wind stress decreased during the El Nino compared to conditions the year before. The mean alongshore currents were more strongly poleward during El Nino at sites over the mid-shelf and near the shelf break. There was a general tendency for the energy in alongshore currents to move toward lower frequencies during the El Nino, particularly at the sites farther offshore. The processes that forced the shelf flows changed in relative importance throughout the study. The local alongshore wind stress was less important in driving shelf currents during the El Nino when much of the wind-induced upwelling was confined to less than 5 km of the coast. The observed strong poleward shelf currents on the mid- to outer-shelf were not clearly tied to local forcing, but were remotely driven, most likely by slope currents. The response of the Davenport shelf to an El Nino event may differ from other areas since the shelf is narrow, the wind forcing is weaker than areas to the north and south, and the shelf may be at times isolated by fronts that form at strong upwelling centers. In the winter, strong storm-related winds are important in driving currents at periods not only in the synoptic wind band, but also for periods on the order of 20 d and longer.
Hydroxyurea exerts bi-modal dose-dependent effects on erythropoiesis in human cultured erythroid cells via distinct pathways.

Summary. Hydroxyurea (HU) has been shown to increase the proportion of fetal haemoglobin (HbF) in most sickle cell patients. A low-dosage regimen increased total haemoglobin (Hb) levels in some thalassaemia intermedia patients by preferentially increasing b-globin biosynthesis. To further characterize these apparent dose-dependent effects of HU, we examined erythroid cells exposed to HU (5–100 lmol/l) in two-phase liquid culture. Low doses (from 5 to 25 lmol/l) increased Hb levels by up to 2AE7-fold, and a high dose (100 lmol/l) increased Hb levels when added at d 3–6 of phase II, with no significant changes in response to HU during the late stage of phase II culture (‡ 9 d). HU exposure during d 0–3 of phase II culture increased the number of erythroid colonies to a maximum of fivefold at 5 lmol/l HU. GATA-1 mRNA was downregulated at a high dose and GATA-2 was dose dependently upregulated over a lower dosage range. Treatment with 100 lmol/l HU dramatically upregulated the death receptor DR-5, caspase 3, as determined by cDNA microarray analysis. In contrast, 10 lmol/l HU modestly upregulated mRNA levels of the early growth response gene. Our results suggest that HU exerts concentration-dependent effects on HbF production and erythropoiesis and that these two effects are mediated by distinct molecular mechanisms.
Constraints on charged-Higgs-boson couplings

Using the experimental value of the KL-KS mass difference, the authors derive constraints on charged-Higgs-boson couplings in gauge theories of the weak and electromagnetic interactions. These bounds severely restrict the possible magnitude of charged-Higgs-boson effects in K and D meson decays. The results are based on the observation that charged-Higgs-boson-exchange contributions to K0-K0 mixing are of order 1/MH^2 whereas the corresponding W-boson contribution is only of order mc^2/MW^4.
Minimizing off-target signals in RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques are becoming extremely sensitive, to the point where individual RNA or DNA molecules can be detected with small probes. At this level of sensitivity, the elimination of 'off-target' hybridization is of crucial importance, but typical probes used for RNA and DNA FISH contain sequences repeated elsewhere in the genome. We find that very short (e.g. 20 nt) perfect repeated sequences within much longer probes (e.g. 350-1500 nt) can produce significant off-target signals. The extent of noise is surprising given the long length of the probes and the short length of non-specific regions. When we removed the small regions of repeated sequence from either short or long probes, we find that the signal-to-noise ratio is increased by orders of magnitude, putting us in a regime where fluorescent signals can be considered to be a quantitative measure of target transcript numbers. As the majority of genes in complex organisms contain repeated k-mers, we provide genome-wide annotations of k-mer-uniqueness at http://cbio.mskcc.org/ approximately aarvey/repeatmap.
A linear time approximation algorithm for multiprocessor scheduling

Givenn jobs andm identical processors anO(n) approximation algorithm is presented which tries to determine a nonpreemptive schedule with minimum finish time. Ifr is the number of jobs placed onto the processor with maximum finish time, then the worst case ratio of the new algorithm's finish time to the optimal solution is shown to be less thanrm/(rm−m+1). Extensive empirical results show that the new algorithm is competitive with the LPT algorithm in terms of quality of solution and faster in terms of computing time.
Dietary chromium intake. Freely chosen diets, institutional diet, and individual foods.

Chromium content of 22 daily diets, designed by nutritionists to be well-balanced, ranged from 8.4 to 23.7 μg/1000 cal with a mean ±SEM chromium content of 13.4±1.1 μg/1000 cal. Most dairy products are low in chromium and provide 20 μg/serving. In summary, chromium content of individual foods varies, and is dependent upon chromium introduced in the growing, transport, processing, and fortification of the food. Even well-balanced diets may contain suboptimal levels of dietary chromium.
Biodegradation of naphthalene from coal tar and heptamethylnonane in mixed batch systems

This research presents the first demonstration of substantial microbial degradation and depletion of naphthalene from coal tar, a multicomponent, aromatic, dense nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL). The rates and extents of microbial degradation of naphthalene from coal tar and from a two-component NAPL simpler in composition than coal tar were evaluated in gently mixed, NAPL−water batch systems. The rate of degradation of naphthalene, the principal constituent in coal tar, was found to be significantly influenced by the rate of external surface mass transfer from the coal tar. Results show that the rate of mass transfer may control the overall rate of biotransformation in mixed systems where coal tar is present as a globule (≃11 mm diameter). Mass transfer is relatively rapid and does not limit biodegradation in slurry systems when coal tar is distributed among a large number of small microporous silica particles (≃250 μm diameter). These results were obtained for conditions favorable for biodegradation and p...
On the secular evolution of groundwater on Mars

[1] We modeled the subsurface transport of H2O and CO2 on Mars in a two-dimensional pole-to-equator cross-section, starting with sudden surface freezing representing ancient climate change. We find that excursions to low obliquity strongly drive ice sublimation and subsequent groundwater evaporation at low latitudes. This creates a hydraulic gradient in the saturated zone that moves water equatorward and even sublimates the base of high-latitude ice. Eventually, all H2O is lost at latitudes less than ∼30°. A subcryospheric vadose zone may be retained at higher latitudes, but ultimately only a few monolayers of adsorbed water will be held. A subcryospheric phreatic zone is preserved in the same regions only where lateral heterogeneity restricts horizontal fluid flow. The predicted contemporary state of Mars is drier and with groundwater—if present at all—in different locations than previously considered.
Developing a Student Conception of Academic Rigor

In this article we describe models of academic rigor from the student point of view. Drawing on a campus-wide survey, focus groups, and interviews with students, we found that students explained academic rigor in terms of workload, grading standards, level of difficulty, level of interest, and perceived relevance to future goals. These findings contrast with our previous research about the faculty conception of academic rigor (Draeger et al. 2013) based on active learning, meaningful content, higher-order thinking, and appropriate expectations. Our new research offers the prospect of increasing the level of academic challenge in ways that resonate with student concerns.
Mutants of Rhizobium japonicum defective in nodulation

Several mutants defective in nodulation were isolated from Rhizobium japonicum strains 3I1b110 and 61A 76. Mutants of class I do not form nodules after incubation with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] for 17 days, but will do so by 28 days. When host plants other than G. max are infected with several of these strains, there is no detectable difference in the time of nodulation or size of nodules as compared to the wild type. Two mutants of class I (i. e., SM1 and SM2) have been shown previously to be altered in the lipopolysaccharide portion of their cell wall. Mutants of class II are not slow to nodulate but form fewer nodules than the wild type on all the host plants tested. Mutants of class III are unable to form nodules. Some bacteriophage-resistant mutants, altered in cell surface structure, fall into this class. Two mutants of class III do not bind to soybean roots.
Therapeutic plasmapheresis as a bridge to liver transplantation in fulminant Wilson disease

Wilson disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism that leads to the accumulation of copper mainly in the liver, cornea, brain, and kidney. Rarely, Wilson disease can present as fulminant hepatic failure with direct antiglobulin test-negative hemolytic anemia and renal failure. In the absence of liver transplantation, this disease is uniformly fatal because medical therapy is ineffective. This report describes the successful use of plasmapheresis for a patient with fulminant Wilson disease as a bridge to transplantation. Five daily therapeutic plasmapheresis procedures using fresh frozen plasma as a replacement fluid were performed over 6 days. Serum copper, urinary copper excretion, and hemolysis were significantly reduced and renal function improved. The patient's clinical status improved and she remained clinically stable until a liver transplant was possible. Plasmapheresis can be a successful medical treatment in fulminant Wilson disease and should be considered as a therapeutic measure to stabilize a patient by decreasing serum copper, reducing hemolysis, and helping to prevent renal tubular injury from copper and copper complexes until liver transplantation is possible.
Research on Product Lifecycle Management system based on Teamcenter

Product lifecycle management is the main part of enterprise informationizaiton management, Teamcenter software is the leader in PLM solution field. Considering the actual demands about the informationization management in large, medium and small enterprises, three architectures of Teamcenter are illustrated, eight subsystems of Teamcenter are discussed in detail and its software as well as the other PLM softwares is introduced. And two cases are given.
Prevalence of advanced histological features in diminutive and small colon polyps

Background Investigators have proposed "predict, resect, and discard" strategies for diminutive (≤5 mm) or small (6-9 mm) polyps to reduce screening colonoscopy costs. Advanced histological features such as villous histology, high-grade dysplasia, and/or cancer in these polyps could deter adoption of these strategies. Objective Determine the prevalence of advanced histological features in diminutive and small colon polyps. Design Retrospective analysis of data from 3 prospective clinical trials. Setting Two tertiary-care referral centers. Patients This study involved patients undergoing screening or surveillance colonoscopy. Intervention The location, size, and morphology of each polyp detected was documented. Each polyp was then resected, placed in a unique specimen jar, and sent for histopathological evaluation. Main Outcome Measurements Rates of advanced histological features (villous histology, high-grade dysplasia, and cancer). Results A total of 2361 polyps were detected, removed, and retrieved. Both diminutive and small polyps had a lower frequency of any advanced histological features compared with large polyps (0.5% and 1.5%, respectively vs 15.0%; P P Limitations Retrospective analysis from tertiary-care referral centers; predominantly white, male, veteran patient population resulting in limited generalizability of results. Conclusion The prevalence of advanced histological features in colon polyps ≤5 mm is very low (0.5%). This has important implications for the potential practice of "predicting, resecting, and discarding" diminutive colon polyps.
B71-6 System Structure in Data, Programs, and Computers

This book represents an interesting attempt to take an overall view of a data system defined by the author as "the artifact that consists of a digital computer, a control program, and an accessible library of programs and data." His intended audience are professionals in the computer industry whose pursuit of specialized vocations leads them away from systematic consideration of the data system as a whole. His avowed aim is "crispness in style and frugality in detail." Consequently this book covers a good deal of ground—sometimes very briefly.
A mode coupling theory of higher order time correlation functions

Abstract Kawasaki's mode coupling theory [Ann. Phys. 61 (1970) 1] is used to compute time correlation functions of the form 〈Ak0(t0) … Akn(tn)〉, where Ak(t) represents some slowly varying quantity. The Gaussian and Bare Vertex approximations are made, thus yielding extremely simple expressions for these higher order correlation functions. These do not contain any bare transport coefficients and suggest relatively simple tests by which the theory could be checked. Examples relating to light scattering in nonequilibrium systems and the hydrodynamics of simple fluids are presented.
Common generic measures of health related quality of life in injured patients

The measurement of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) through generic outcome instruments is important for comparisons of populations across disease states and interventions. The growing number of questionnaires available has made selection and interpretation more difficult. Profile instruments such as the SF-36 and Sickness Impact Profile provide insight into various domains of health with established population norms. Preference-based measures, including the EQ-5D, Health Utilities Index, SF-6D, and QWB-SA are used to generate utility scores, which can be used for cost-effectiveness analysis and therefore have particular relevance in health policy. Both types of generic measures have been used in clinical trials in injured populations to assess the relative impact of interventions on quality-of-life. Comparisons of internal consistency and test-retest reliability across measures reveal minimal differences between instruments, and reported values are acceptable for group comparisons but insufficient for individual clinical use. There is a dearth of studies evaluating the validity of these measures in the trauma population, but available data suggest most of the available instruments are acceptable. Populations that may require special consideration are patients with head, spinal cord, and upper-extremity injuries. Practical issues to consider in selecting a questionnaire include time for completion, which ranges from less than 2 min for the EQ-5D to 20-30 min for the Sickness Impact Profile. Selection of the appropriate measure ultimately depends largely on the population to be studied and whether utility-estimation is desired.