cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Multiple Treatment Targets: A Case Study of a Male with Comorbid Personality and Substance Use Disorders

Dialectical behavior therapy has accrued substantial evidence as a treatment for individuals with borderline personality disorder. However, there are only two randomized clinical trials with individuals with comorbid substance use disorders. This case study presents Michael, a male client who sought treatment for his alcohol use, difficulties at work, and struggles with making and maintaining relationships. Michael engaged in dialectical behavior therapy that simultaneously addressed his substance use with comorbid borderline personality disorder. With this approach, the client exhibited reductions in substance use, suicidal ideation, self-harm, and increases in skillful behaviors. Results highlight the importance of continuing assessments with clients and using this information to inform therapy as well as provide an example of how trainees, with close supervision, can implement dialectical behavior therapy with a client with comorbid borderline personality and substance use disorders.
Input/Output and State-Space Stability

This paper first reviews various results relating state-space (Lyapunov) stabilization to notions of input/output or “bounded-input bounded-output” stabilization, and then provides generalizations of some of these results to the case of systems with saturating controls.
NUEVAS APORTACIONES SOBRE LA MUERTE DE ALVAR NÚÑEZ CABEZA DE VACA EN VALLADOLID Y LA AUTORÍA DEL “PROHEMIO” DE COMENTARIOS

Todavia se sigue defendiendo que Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca murio en Sevilla, pese a que no existe ninguna prueba documental que asi lo confirme. Por el contrario, en el presente articulo se analizan una serie de documentos en los que apuntan al hecho de que murio en la ciudad de Valladolid. De igual forma se analiza el "prohemio" de sus Comentarios, sobre el que hasta la actualidad ningun estudioso se ha pronunciado respecto a su autoria, demostrandose la notoria diferencia de redaccion que existe con el resto del libro, como evidencia que respalda la intervencion del personaje estudiado en su redaccion.
Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Vascular Dementia

Vascular dementia (VaD) is the term applied to patients with an acquired dementia syndrome due to the effects of cerebrovascular disease. A variety of different vascular lesions can cause cognitive impairment, including clinical stroke, subclinical brain injury, global cerebral hypoperfusion, and cerebral hemorrhage. Cerebrovascular disease also frequently coexists with other pathologies in the aging brain commonly resulting in syndromes of cerebrovascular disease “mixed” with other neurodegenerative pathologies. Current diagnostic criteria for VaD require correlation of clinical features with neuroimaging findings. The prognosis and clinical course of VaD is more variable than other dementia syndromes and patients often stabilize (or even improve) after initial stroke. This process of decline and stabilization repeats itself with each additional vascular injury, resulting in a clinical course often described as “stepwise”. When the cause of VaD is due to small vessel disease, the course is usually insidious, making it difficult to distinguish clinically from Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Risk factor modification represents the primary treatment strategy for patients with VaD. Although there are no approved therapies to overcome cognitive impairment in VaD, several agents used in AD have demonstrated modest symptomatic benefits and may provide significant relief for patients and their caregivers.
The Great Awakening of Life: an Existential Phenomenological Interpretation of the Mahat-Buddhi in the Sāṃkhya Kārikā

The Sāṃkhya Kārikā’s “mahat-buddhi” appears to be riddled with obscurity. Standard realist interpreters struggle to explain its cumbersome, textually unsupported bivalence, namely, how the mahat-buddhi can represent both a cosmological entity and a psychological capacity. Idealist readings, meanwhile, neglect the historically deep ontological meaning of this tattva by reducing it to a power of the transcendental ego. This paper moves beyond the impasse of the realism-idealism framework for interpreting the Sāṃkhya Kārikā and examines the mahat-buddhi through the existential phenomenology of Jose Ortega y Gasset. It begins by re-framing classical Sāṃkhya metaphysics as an existential phenomenology of life, whereby life—as lived reality, not an external physical world or a field of mental experience—conveys the meaning of vyaktaprakṛti. From this, the paper then argues that the mahat-buddhi represents “the great awakening of life,” which is characterized by 5 key features: (1) purposive procreativity; (2) a power of illuminating discernment; (3) a principle of disclosure; (4) an existentially unitary, concentrated vitality; and (5) a capacity to take other-beings-as.
A corpus-based investigation of noun phrase complexity in the L2 writings of a first-year composition course

Abstract This study presents frequency and correlation analyses of noun modifiers in L2 student writing, as represented in Purdue University's Corpus and Repository of Writing (Crow). In the study, 79 argumentative papers are extracted from Crow to examine the use of 11 noun modifiers reported in Biber, Gray, and Poonpon (2011). In the frequency analysis, the modifiers used by L2 student writers are compared to those found in academic journal articles. In the correlation analysis, the frequency of each noun modifier is correlated with the students' TOEFL writing scores. The results show that the modifiers, especially phrasal noun modifiers (i.e., nouns as modifiers, prepositional phrases), are used more frequently in academic journal articles than in L2 writing and that the correlation between the modifiers and the students' TOEFL scores is much stronger for basic than for advanced noun modifiers. This suggests that first-year L2 students would benefit from targeted instruction on advanced noun modifiers during academic writing courses.
Proper Sterile Gloving Technique for Non-Operating Room Sterile Procedures: A Step-by-Step Guide.

During the first week of the academic year as I began my fellowship, one of our attending physicians gave us a valuable demonstrative lecture on the proper way to put on sterile gloves. Throughout medical school and residency, I had attended multiple lectures and completed countless mandatory
Health and Development

Issues related to human and health capital formation are of particular importance because interventions on this front can have a direct impact on living standards, wellbeing, and economic development. Historical evidence can be especially valuable to understanding how human and health capital is formed, and how it contributes to development. Issues discussed in this chapter include water, sanitation and hygiene, maternal and child health, and climate and the environment.
Diet and Risk for Developing Kidney Disease

I was diagnosed with minimal changes disease, and I am very interested in research that shows lifestyle patterns that affect kidney disease. I was diagnosed 18 years ago and have spent the past two decades successfully experimenting with food and how protein affects my kidney disease. By replacing
Attraction of indirect excitons in van der Waals heterostructures with three semiconducting layers

We study a capacitor made of three monolayers of transition-metal dichalcogenide separated by hexagonal boron nitride. We assume that the structure is symmetric with respect to the central layer plane. The symmetry includes the contacts: if the central layer is contacted by the negative electrode, both external layers are contacted by the positive one. As a result a strong enough voltage $V$ induces electron-hole dipoles (indirect excitons) pointing toward one of the external layers. Antiparallel dipoles attract each other at large distances. Thus, the dipoles alternate in the central plane forming a two-dimensional antiferroelectric with negative binding energy per dipole. The charging of a three-layer device is a first-order transition, and we show that if ${V}_{1}$ is the critical voltage required to create a single electron-hole pair and charge this capacitor by $e$, the macroscopic charge ${Q}_{c}=eS{n}_{c}$ ($S$ is the device area) enters the three-layer capacitor at a smaller critical voltage ${V}_{c}l{V}_{1}$. In other words, the differential capacitance $C(V)$ is infinite at $V={V}_{c}$. We also show that in a contactless three-layer device, where the chemically different central layer has lower conduction and valence bands, optical excitation creates indirect excitons that attract each other, and therefore form antiferroelectric exciton droplets. Thus, the indirect exciton luminescence is redshifted compared to a two-layer device.
Fragile families: foster care, immigration, and citizenship

In 2018, as high-profile family separations at the US-Mexico border garnered international attention, migrant parents engaged in daily struggles to regain custody of children in the US child welfar...
264) Altered Brain Network Topology in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients on Prescription Opioid Analgesics

Opioid prescribing for chronic pain conditions such as Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) in the United States has increased substantially in the past two decades. However, the effects of opioid analgesics on the brain network topology in CLBP remains unknown. The present study therefore provides the first test of the hypothesis that opioid status impacts the activity of the whole-brain network using graph theory methods. Resting state fMRI data were collected on a 3T scanner from 10 CLBP patients on long-term opioid regimens (CLBP+; 5 males, mean age ± SD = 48.5 ± 14.8 years) and 10 matched opioid-naive CLBP patients (CLBP-, 5 males, mean age ± SD = 43.6 ± 12.6 years) according to a protocol approved by the Stanford IRB. Following image quality assurance in MRIQC, and preprocessing in SPM12, we performed graph theoretical network analysis using CONN toolbox. For each participant, global network efficiency — a graph theory measure for integrative capacity of complex systems, was calculated and correlated with individual differences in sensory pain scores from Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ). We focused on global efficiency as it reflects effective information transfer (i.e., small-worldness) within a network of nodes (i.e., regions of interests) and edges (i.e., correlation). Results revealed that the global efficiency values were positively correlated with pain in CLBP- but not in CLBP+ (r = 0.49 vs r = - 0.06, p = 0.05). This suggests that as sensory dimension of the pain intensity increased, CLBP- exhibited more efficient information transfer across a network of brain regions, including the core nodes of the salience network (anterior insula), frontoparietal central executive network (dorsolateral prefrontal cortices), and bilateral sensorimotor networks. Follow up studies with larger sample size are required to corroborate these observations and to formulate appropriate strategies for opioid prescribing guidelines, accordingly. Supported by NIH P01AT006651, and NIH T32DA035165.
Validating an Index of Social Adjustment for High School Use

Abstract Social adjustment and socialization by means of games, sports, and other physical education activities have always been objectives of physical education. This study represents an effort to develop and validate an instrument which will quantify the degree of social adjustment and screen out those students requiring special consideration and guidance. A Behavior Trend Index of 20 dichotomous behavior items and scale norms for the same are provided.
Identification and Categorization of Policy and Legal Barriers to Long-Term Timely Postdisaster Reconstruction

AbstractSome communities are able to return to a normal state quickly after a disaster; however, the causes of delays in the postdisaster recovery phase remain an important concern. Policy and lega...
Iran: A Modern History

Abbas Amanat’s Iran: A Modern History is one of the most ambitious works of Iranian historiography in decades. An eminent historian of Qajar Iran, Amanat here steps outside his forte to weave toget...
Numerical Simulations of Selected LEAP Centrifuge Experiments with PM4Sand in FLAC

Increasing the confidence in estimates of liquefaction-induced deformations from numerical models requires careful validation of both constitutive models and numerical simulation approaches. This validation should be performed with proper consideration of the intended use of the simulation results and the uncertainty inherent in comparing numerical simulations to laboratory or physical models. This paper describes the comparison of a set of calibrated numerical simulations to the results of centrifuge experiments with a submerged, liquefiable slope. These simulations were performed as part of the 2017 LEAP simulation exercise using the constitutive model PM4Sand and the numerical platform FLAC. The simulation results were compared to those from the centrifuge to identify which aspects of the experimental response the simulations were adequately able to capture. This paper provides a description of the simulation approach including the constitutive model and numerical platform. The process of calibrating PM4Sand to the results of laboratory experiments is described. This is followed by a description of the system-level simulations and a comparison of the simulation results with the experimental results. A sensitivity study was performed to examine trends in the simulation response and a discussion of the findings from this study is presented.
Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Vitamin C or Carbadox on Weanling Pigs Subjected to Crowding Stress

A 2 X 3 factorial arrangement was used in each of two trials with two levels of floor space allowance (.25, .13 m2/pig) and three dietary treatments (basal, basal + 660 ppm vitamin C, basal + 55 ppm carbadox). The reduction in floor space allowance was achieved in trial 1 by doubling the number of pigs/pen from eight to 16 and in trial 2 by reducing the size of pens by half. An 18% protein starter diet was used as the basal diet. Total numbers of pigs used were 216 in trial 1 and 144 in trial 2. Pigs were weaned between 4 and 5 wk of age (7.5 kg average wt) and fed ad libitum for 28 d. Reducing floor space allowance caused a (P less than .05) reduction in weight gain of weanling pigs in both trials. When the reduction of floor space allowance was done by increasing number of pigs/pen (trial 1), pigs responded with a significantly reduced feed intake with no change in efficiency of feed utilization. However, when floor space allowance was reduced by changing the size of the pen (trial 2), feed intake of pigs was not affected but efficiency of feed utilization was reduced significantly. Neither form of crowding affected vitamin C concentration in adrenal glands and weights of adrenal glands, spleen and thymus. Dietary supplementation of carbadox, but not vitamin C, produced significantly greater weight gain, feed efficiency, and spleen weight of pigs in both trials. Although there was no interaction between crowding and dietary treatment in affecting the performance of pigs, supplemental carbadox improved the performance of crowding-stressed pigs by maintaining an adequate level of feed intake and improving feed efficiency, whether crowding was caused by increased pig density or by reduced pen size. No significant differences in phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin test response or in the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (N/L) were observed among treatments in trial 1, while a significantly reduced response to PHA and a higher N/L were detected in crowding-stressed pigs in trial 2.
The contribution of globular clusters to cosmic reionization

Author(s): Ma, X; Quataert, E; Wetzel, A; Faucher-Giguere, CA; Boylan-Kolchin, M | Abstract: We study the escape fraction of ionizing photons (fesc) in two cosmological zoom-in simulations of galaxies in the reionization era with halo mass Mhalo ∼1010 and $10{11}\, \mathrm{ M}-{\odot }$ (stellar mass M∗ ∼107 and $109\, \mathrm{ M}-{\odot }$) at z = 5 from the Feedback in Realistic Environments project. These simulations explicitly resolve the formation of proto-globular clusters (GCs) self-consistently, where 17-39 per cent of stars form in bound clusters during starbursts. Using post-processing Monte Carlo radiative transfer calculations of ionizing radiation, we compute fesc from cluster stars and non-cluster stars formed during a starburst over ∼100 Myr in each galaxy. We find that the averaged fesc over the lifetime of a star particle follows a similar distribution for cluster stars and non-cluster stars. Clusters tend to have low fesc in the first few Myr, presumably because they form preferentially in more extreme environments with high optical depths; the fesc increases later as feedback starts to destroy the natal cloud. On the other hand, some non-cluster stars formed between cluster complexes or in the compressed shells at the front of a superbubble can also have high fesc. We find that cluster stars on average have comparable fesc to non-cluster stars. This result is robust across several star formation models in our simulations. Our results suggest that the fraction of ionizing photons from proto-GCs to cosmic reionization is comparable to the cluster formation efficiencies in high-redshift galaxies and thus proto-GCs likely contribute an appreciable fraction of photons but are not the dominant sources for reionization.
How Do Non-Native Plants Influence Soil Nutrients Along a Hydroclimate Gradient on San Cristobal Island?

The introduction of non-native plants to the Galapagos Islands has led to large changes in plant species composition and biomass, along with shifts in plant-animal interactions. Of the numerous proposed mechanisms for how non-native plants out-compete native plants, one hypothesis is that non-native plants can increase soil nutrient concentrations, which leads to a positive feedback in greater soil nutrient availability for non-native plants. In this study, we addressed this hypothesis and examined how non-native plants influence soil nitrogen and phosphorous on San Cristobal Island. We collected soils at the end of the warm and wet season and at the end of the cool and dry season along an elevational gradient, under both native and non-native plant canopies. The elevation gradient represents a climo-sequence of temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and volumetric water content. We also analyzed plant tissues for foliar N concentrations to compare native and non-native plant nutrient use. We found that soil ammonium (NH4+) and phosphate (PO43−) increased along the elevational gradient, with nitrate (NO3−) most concentrated at high elevation. Compared to under non-native plant canopies, soil NH4+ and NO3− were 32% and 43% more concentrated under native canopies, respectively. However, we did not detect any differences in PO43− pools under native versus non-native plant canopies. Leaching and denitrification likely caused export of NO3− during the wet season and at wetter elevations, while rapid turnover rates and plant uptake induced seasonal and elevational differences in PO43−. We hypothesize that NH4+ was not as variable seasonally because it is not as strongly controlled by leaching as are NO3− and PO43−. Overall, these results suggest that while non-native species can influence soil nutrients to some extent, hydroclimate gradients and human activities play a larger role in modifying soil nutrients.
Embolic Shotgun Pellet to the Left Middle Cerebral Artery Causing Hemiplegia and Aphasia With Near Complete Clinical Recovery on Nonoperative Management.

A 28-year-old male presented after gunshot injury to his right side from a shotgun. He had no prior history of gunshot injury and no neurologic deficits on presentation. Initially, non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scans of the head, face, chest, abdomen, and pelvis demonstrated multiple pellets lodged in the patient's right upper extremity, face, abdomen, and right hemithorax which penetrated the right lung. A shotgun pellet was also found in the region of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) on the head CT without contrast with no skull fracture or intracerebral hemorrhage. The patient subsequently developed right hemiplegia and expressive aphasia approximately 48 hours after the trauma. CT angiography (CTA) of the head and neck with perfusion at that time demonstrated ischemic penumbra and the location of the pellet to be in the distal left M1 branch. No intervention was performed given the location. The patient clinically improved without intervention. This is an uncommon injury and outcome for embolization of a foreign body.
The Hip-Spine Relationship in Total Hip Arthroplasty: How to Execute the Plan.

Abstract Background Patients with spinopelvic pathology, including lumbar spine stiffness and sagittal spinal deformity, are at increased risk for postoperative complications, including instability, dislocation, and revision after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Recent evidence has suggested that the Lewinnek safe zone should no longer be considered an appropriate target for all patients, especially those with spinopelvic pathology, as the safe zone is a dynamic rather than static target. There are 2 distinct issues for arthroplasty surgeons to consider: lumbar spinal stiffness and sagittal spinal deformity, each of which has its own management. Methods In order to manage patients with spinopelvic pathology undergoing THA, a basic understanding of spinopelvic parameters, including sagittal balance, sacral slope, and anterior pelvic plane, is essential. Techniques outlined in this manuscript describe a systematic preoperative work-up and intraoperative management of acetabular component positioning according to patient-specific spinopelvic parameters, ensuring optimal component placement and a reduced risk for impingement, instability, and poor postoperative outcomes. Results Evaluation of each patient’s spinopelvic parameters informs patient classification according to the Hip-Spine Classification for THA. Patient classification is determined by the presence of spinal stiffness and spinal deformity, with corresponding scoring and classification into one of the 4 categories used to determine risk for postoperative dislocation, define patient-specific cup positioning, and create their functional safe zone. Conclusion A simple 2-step preoperative assessment with measurements of the anterior pelvic plane and the sacral slope on standing and seated lateral X-rays will identify patients at high risk for postoperative dislocation due to spinal deformity and/or stiffness. Accounting for spinopelvic pathology and adhering to the Hip-Spine Classification guidelines for acetabular component positioning can help reduce the burden of instability and revisions in this complex patient population.
Illegal Immigration and Crime in Texas

Donald J. Trump launched his candidacy for the Republican presidential nomination in June 2015 by comments on illegal immigrants and the crime they commit in the United States. “When Mexico sends its people, they’re not sending their best. They’re not sending you. They’re not sending you,” he said. “They’re sending people that have lots of problems and they’re bringing those problems with us. They’re bringing drugs, they’re bringing crime, they’re rapists, and some, I assume, are good people.” A few weeks after Trump’s announcement, 32‐​year‐​old Kate Steinle was shot and killed by an illegal immigrant Jose Inez Garcia Zarate in San Francisco, California. Although Zarate was later acquitted of all murder and manslaughter charges due to mistakes made by the prosecutor, his shooting of Steinle seemed to support Trump’s worry about illegal immigrants causing a crime spree and helped win him the election in 2016. As tragic as the shooting and death of Kate Steinle was, it was one of the 13,455 murders that year in the United States and it does not tell us how many of those victims were murdered by illegal immigrants. The most important measure that matters when judging the crime rates of illegal immigrants is how likely they are to be criminals compared to other sub‐​populations. If illegal immigrants are more likely to be criminals then their presence in the United States would raise crime rates, supporting Trump’s assertions. But if illegal immigrants are less likely to commit crime then they would lower the nationwide crime rate. Politically, this debate spills over to evaluating whether domestic immigration enforcement policies reduce crime. Illegal immigrant crime is also central to the debate over sanctuary jurisdictions that refuse to turn over many illegal immigrants to Immigration and Customs Enforcement, the effects of a border wall, and whether Border Patrol requires more resources to counter crime along the border. Answering whether illegal immigrants are particularly crime prone is essential to addressing these concerns and setting efficient anti‐​crime policies.
Spatially resolved Fourier transform impedance spectroscopy: A technique to rapidly characterize interfaces, applied to a QD/SiC heterojunction

We demonstrate a technique to quickly build and spatially map the frequency response of optoelectronic devices. The transfer function of a linear system is the Fourier transform of its impulse response. Such an impulse response is obtained from transient photocurrent measurements of devices such as photodetectors and solar cells. We introduce and apply Fourier transform impedance spectroscopy (FTIS) to a PbS colloidal quantum dot SiC heterojunction photodiode and validate the results using intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy. Cutoff frequencies in the devices were as high as ∼10 kHz, showing their utility in advanced thin film and flexible electronics. The practical frequencies for FTIS lie in the mHz–kHz range, ideal for composite materials such as quantum dot films that are dominated by interfacial trap states. These can lead to characteristic lengths for charge collection ∼20–500 μm dominated by transmission line effects, rather than intrinsic diffusion and drift length scales, enabling extraction of interfacial capacitances and series/parallel resistances.
Rapidly fatal infection with Bacillus cereus/thuringiensis: genome assembly of the responsible pathogen and consideration of possibly contributing toxins.

Abstract Bloodstream infection with Bacillus cereus/thuringiensis can be life threatening, particularly in patients who are severely immunocompromised. In this report we describe a case that progressed from asymptomatic to fatal over approximately 5 hours despite extensive resuscitation efforts. We identify the pathogen and assemble its genome, in which we find genes for toxins that may have contributed to the precipitous demise. In the context of this and other cases we discuss the possible indication for rapid appropriate antibiotic administration and potentially antitoxin treatment or toxin removal in fulminant illness in immunocompromised patients.
Misrepresentation of Credence Goods and Channel Design

Credence goods are often delivered to consumers via a vertical channel where the true quality of the good is determined by a manufacturer (an upstream channel member), while consumers' quality perceptions are driven by the observable signals of quality sent by a retailer (a downstream channel member). We study product misrepresentation in a vertical channel with asymmetric information about true product quality and focus on conditions that incentivize downstream channel members to misrepresent product quality to consumers. We develop a model with credulous consumers who rely on seller signals of quality to determine their expected utility from consumption of goods. The model shows that product misrepresentation rises as an equilibrium outcome due to actions of both the manufacturer and the retailer. We suggest that channel design can be a mechanism mitigating the level of misrepresentation. Specifically, adding more retailers in a channel can reduce the extent of misconduct and can increase the profits of the channel members.
A Pedagogical Note on the Economic Theory of Regulation

While scores of papers have drawn on the basic insights of the early founders of the economic theory of regulation, the ability to cogently present the general form of the theory in a readily accessible graphical format has only recently emerged. While providing a promising approach for illustrating and analyzing regulatory (and deregulatory) outcomes, however, the analysis presented to this point appears to require the derivation of several different graphs. The result is that, while stemming from a single paradigmatic framework, the graphical approach fails thus far to offer a single unified basis for illustrating the general economic theory of regulation. In this paper, we seek to fill this lacuna by providing a simple, yet powerful, unifying graphical construct for presenting the myriad implications of that theory.
Managerial Risk-Taking Incentives and Firm Risk in the Post-Regulatory Era

We provide evidence that there has been a fundamental change in the relationship between managerial risk taking incentives and firm risk after 2002, a period characterized by significant regulatory changes concerning executive compensation practices in public corporations. A consequence of the regulatory changes is a drop in CEO stock option grants, translated into significantly lower risk-taking incentives. We show that firms with different risk profiles have responded to regulatory changes differently. Riskier firms decreased the stock option grants, thus risk-taking incentives to their CEOs the most. Yet, the changes in risk-taking incentives have not been accompanied by changes in firm risk. As a result, the relationship between managerial risk-taking incentives and firm risk becomes negative in the post-regulatory era.
Production of variants of decreased malignancy and antigenicity from clones transformed in vitro by methylcholanthrene.

Starting with a thrice-cloned highly malignant fibroblastic line of cells derived from C3H mouse prostate by treatment in vitro with methylcholanthrene (4C1), several variant clones were obtained following plating on glutaraldehyde-fixed cells or by FUDR treatment. These variants had a lower saturation density than the parent clone and were 500 times less malignant. These less malignant variants had more or less chromosomes than the parent clone. The 4C1 cells possessed cell-surface antigen (s) capable of inducing humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in syngeneic C3H mice. The less malignant variants were deficient in the 4C1 antigen, although their cell-surface alloantigens were unchanged. Thus, there was a loss of 4C1 antigen, and no new antigens could be detected on the variant cells. A partir d'une lignee cellulaire fibroblastique fortement maligne clonee trois fois, provenant de la prostate de souris C3H et traitee in vitro au methylcholanthrene (4C1), plusieurs clones mutants ont ete obtenus apres adjonction de cellules fixees au glutaral-dehyde ou traitement au FUDR. Ces mutants ont une densite de saturation plus faible que le clone initial et sont 500 fois moins malins. Ces mutants dont la malignite est attenuee ont plus ou moins de chromosomes que le clone initial. Les cellules 4C1 possedent un ou des antigenes de surface capables d'induire des reponses humorales et des reponses immunitaires a mediation cellulaire chez des souris C3H syngeneiques. Les mutants, dont la malignite est faible, sont deficients en antigene 4C1 bien que les alloantigenes de la surface cellulaire soient intacts. Il y a donc une perte d'antigene 4C1 et aucun nouvel antigene ne peut ětre decele sur les mutants.
Resonant Frustrated Total Reflection (FTR) approach to optical bistability in semiconductors

The recent observation of very large nonlinearities and of optical bistability in semiconductor structures at room temperature has heightened the interest in all optical switching and signal processing as a practical prospect in optical information technology. Along with the search for suitable nonlinear materials, some attention is also being paid to the study of various interaction geometries, like the nonlinear interface, several waveguide configurations, and the surface plasmon configuration. Here we consider one further approach of this kind, which makes use of the concept of nonlinear FTR (Frustrated Total Reflection) optical cavity.
Structure of The Malvenuto-Reutenauer Hopf Algebra of Permutations (Extended Abstract)

We analyze the structure of the Malvenuto-Reutenauer Hopf algebra of permutations in detail. We give explicit formulas for its antipode, prove that it is a cofree coalgebra, determine its primitive elements and its coradical filtration and show that it decomposes as a crossed product over the Hopf algebra of quasi-symmetric functions. We also describe the structure constants of the multiplication as a certain number of facets of the permutahedron. Our results reveal a close relationship between the structure of this Hopf algebra and the weak order on the symmetric groups.
Dorsal dislocation of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the index finger with particular reference to open dislocation.

1. Nine cases of dorsal dislocation of the index metacarpophalangeal joint are reported. 2. Three open dorsal dislocations of the index metacarpophalangeal joint are reported and discussed. 3. Six closed dorsal dislocations of the index metacarpophalangeal joint were treated by manipulation which failed to reduce the dislocation. In all six open reduction was necessary.
Ghostbusting: which output gap really matters?

Reflecting domestic demand pressures, the output gap has important implications for economic analysis. This paper assesses the usefulness of four commonly-used gap measures for a small set of European countries. The main results are that the policy implications can be very different depending on the gap measure and that, consequently, care should be exercised when employing any such measure. Moreover the paper investigates in a simple inflation forecasting framework the common assertion that the output gap could improve the forecasting accuracy. For annual observations, however, these measures rarely provide useful information and there is no single best measure across countries.
Aluminum-induced inhibition of calmodulin-regulated phosphodiesterase activity: Enzymatic and optical studies

Abstract Calmodulin, a highly conserved, endogenous calcium-binding protein, plays a major role in coordinating the effects of second messengers in response to cellular stimulation. Calcium is bound to four specific sites on calmodulin which has a molecular weight of about 17 000 [1]. Calmodulin also seems to participate in regulating the polymerization of brain microtubules whose assembly depends in part on the local level of cyclic 3′:5′-nucleotide phosphodiesterase [2]. Results presented in this communication show that aluminum binds stoichiometrically to calmodulin thereby changing its conformation which, in turn, leads to an inhibition of the calmodulin- and calcium-dependent phosphodiesterase activity. Camodulin was prepared from bovine brain acetone powder by affinity chromatography [3] with 500 mM NaCl in the elution buffers to enhance the purity of the material. All buffers and assay solutions were free from contaminating metals as analyzed on a Varian atomic absorpion spectrophotometer, model 1475. Calcium binding was measured under equilibrium dialysis conditions. The enzymatic activity was assayed as described [4]. The addition of increasing aluminum concentrations to calmodulin- and calcium-dependent phosphodiesterase produces a distinctive inhibition of the enzymatic activity (Fig. 1). In the absence of aluminum 0 percent inhibition corresponds to 0.6 nmol/ml·min cyclic GMP hydrolyzed. 50 percent inhibition of the enzymatic activity occurs at a molar ratio of 3:1 [aluminum]/[calmodulin]. The metal-induced inhibition does not appear to result simply from a displacement of calcium from its specific sites on calmodulin, as demonstrated by measuring the calcium content with atomic absorption (Fig. 1). Rather, application of aluminum causes a larger hydrophobic surface exposure of the protein as compared to that generated by calcium, as evidenced by fluorescent, hydrophobic probes. These results are in accord with those from circular dichroism experiments indicating that aluminum induces helix-coil transitions in calmodulin at stoichiometric ratios [5]. These kinds of changes in the protein may explain why the aluminumcalmodulin complex cannot interface properly with the enzymatic protein and lost at least part of its regulatory character; formation of this complex may thus be a key lesion in aluminum toxicity.
9 Myths of Incontinence in Older Adults: both Clinicians and the Over-65 Set Need to Know More

Despite progress made in the research into and treatment of urinary incontinence, its incidence is rising among older adults. Many reasons for this disturbing finding have been posed: clinicians' insufficient knowledge of urinary incontinence, the reluctance of patients to discuss it, and inadequately individualized care. Common misconceptions of bladder health in older adults are explored to address these concerns and help prepare nurses in all settings to provide care that prevents and treats incontinence.
Enhancing paracellular permeability by modulating epithelial tight junctions

The intestinal epithelium is a major barrier to the absorption of hydrophilic drugs. The presence of intercellular junctional complexes, particularly the tight junctions (zona occludens), renders the epithelium impervious to hydrophilic drugs, which cannot diffuse across the cells through the lipid bilayer of the cell membranes. There have been significant advances in understanding the structure and cellular regulation of tight junctions over the past decade. This article reviews current knowledge regarding the physiological regulation of tight junctions and paracellular permeability, and recent progress towards the rational design of agents that can effectively and safely increase paracellular permeability via modulation of tight junctions.
Clinician variability in characterizing mandible fractures.

Purpose: This study evaluated variability in the clinical parameters commonly used to characterize mandible fractures. Patients and Methods: Inter-rater reliability of 18 oral and maxillofacial surgeons was assessed using radiographs of 22 cases of mandible fractures. Raters were asked to evaluate each case based on several parameters including number, location, and displacement of the individual fractures and severity of the composite injury. To evaluate intra-rater reliability, selected cases were reviewed at a second session by a subgroup of these surgeons. Tests of concordance used to quantify measurement reliability included the interclass correlation coefficient and multiple-rater kappa statistics. Results: Inter-rater agreement on the number of constituent fractures ranged from excellent for simpler fractures to poor for complex gunshot injuries. Even within raters, the range of interclass correlation for complex injuries was only 0.33 to 0.42 between the 2 assessments. Clinicians appeared to be better at delineating coronoid, condyle, ramus, and angle fractures; symphyseal and canine region fractures had lower inter- and intrarater agreement. Tests of concordance showed moderate to excellent reliability when fracture displacements were expressed in millimeters, but only fair reliability when displacements were expressed as categories. Even when the clinicians concurred on displacement measurements, a large overlap was observed in their categorization of these displacements. Despite the differences in the assessment of individual parameters, the high intrarater reliability coefficient (0.78) indicated that the individual clinicians had a high internal consistency in their assignment of summary severity scores. Multiple regression analysis revealed the number of constituent fractures, the type of fracture, and amount of fracture displacement (millimeters) to be significant predictors of clinician ratings of injury severity. Conclusions: The clinician variability underscores the difficulties involved in trauma description and scoring. The study identifies some sources of clinician variability and emphasizes the need to standardize the characterization of mandible fractures by using explicit guidelines. © 2001 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Nitroglycerin attenuates the bowel damage of necrotizing enterocolitis in a rabbit model.

Abstract Endogenous enteric nitric oxide has multiple functions. Enteric nitric oxide may be diminished in the premature infant and may therefore predispose the immature intestine to injury. The aim of this study was to determine if the infusion of a nitric oxide donor (nitroglycerin) would attenuate intestinal damage in a rabbit model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Transmural injection of rabbit intestinal loops with an acidified solution of casein and calcium gluconate simulates certain aspects of necrotizing enterocolitis. After injection of acidified casein solution into rabbit intestinal loops, twelve rabbits were randomly divided into two groups: six received maintenance fluids only and six received maintenance fluids and a nitroglycerin infusion adjusted to maintain mean arterial pressure 10 mm Hg below baseline (range, 2 to 12 μg/kg/min). After 3 hours, the rabbits were killed, and the intestinal tissue graded histologically. Intestinal damage in the nitroglycerin-treated rabbits was significantly less than that of untreated controls (mean histological grade of 0.39 v 1.48, P
A test, using atmospheric data, of a method for estimating oceanic eddy diffusivity

G. Holloway has proposed a simple method to estimate the effective horizontal eddy diffusivity for oceanic tracers using satellite measurements of sea-surface height variability. In this method, the diffusivity is assumed to scale as the r.m.s. eddy geostrophic streamfunction. This method should apply analogously in an atmospheric context, in which the energetic eddies are well resolved in data sets and models, and in which both the effective diffusivity and tracer fluxes can be directly calculated. We evaluate Holloway's method using lower-tropospheric daily atmospheric reanalysis data, and find that at a given height the method succesfully yields estimates of the divergent part of the atmospheric sensible heat flux, to within a fairly uniform scaling factor.
Two-year follow-up of patients with Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) treated with pegaptanib (Macugen)

Purpose: The results of a 36-week, phase 2 trial of pegaptanib (Macugen) for DME suggest pegaptanib improves visual acuity (VA), reduces retinal thickness, and causes regression of neovascularization (NV). The results of an extended follow-up after pegaptanib discontinuation are reported. Methods: This multicenter, double-masked, controlled study included subjects with best-corrected VA between 20/50 and 20/320 in the study eye and DME involving the center of the macula. Subjects were randomized (1:1:1:1) to intravitreous pegaptanib (0.3, 1, 3 mg) or sham injections at study entry and weeks 6 and 12. Additional pegaptanib injections and/or focal/grid laser photocoagulation were administered as needed for another 18 weeks; thereafter, only photocoagulation was given at the investigators’ discretion. Study endpoints were evaluated at weeks 36, 52, and 82. Results: At baseline, treatment groups (total N=172) were well balanced for VA and retinal thickness. At weeks 36, 52, and 82, mean VA change from baseline was better for subjects receiving 0.3 mg (n=44) versus sham (n=42) (+4.7 vs -0.4 letters, P<0.04; +3.6 vs -0.3 letters, P<0.15; +1.3 vs -2.4 letters, P<0.23). At each time point, more subjects receiving 0.3 mg gained ≥10 and ≥15 letters and had a greater reduction in mean central retinal thickness (-68 vs +3.7 μm; -82 vs -37 μm; -122 vs -49 μm). Retinal NV at baseline showed regression at week 36 in 8/13 (62%) eyes. Treatment with pegaptanib was well tolerated. Conclusions: The relative treatment benefit and safety of pegaptanib in DME achieved at week 36 appears to remain evident through 2 years even after injections are discontinued. Further trials of pegaptanib for DME appear to be warranted.
System resilience modeling and enhancement for the cloud

It has become increasingly evident that large scale systems such as clouds can be brittle and may exhibit unpredictable behavior when faced with unexpected disturbances. Even weak and innocuous disturbances can bring down the system inoperative and may introduce catastrophic disasters to the society. The goal of this research is to explore the fundamental theories that govern cloud system resilience and to provide novel and effective mechanisms to model and enhance the resilience of cloud. A food web like process interaction model is developed and system resilience enhancement mechanisms are proposed based on the control of the strength of interactions. Also, the effectiveness and limitations of modularization on resilience enhancement is illustrated by using a replica consistency control protocol. The research has shown that weakening key process interactions and modularizing complex systems are very effective on resilience enhancement.
Conjugate of bovine serum albumin with nicotine.

Abstract The preparation and characterization of a nicotine-albumin conjugate are reported. The nicotine derivative, 6-(p-aminobenzamido)nicotine, which was coupled to bovine serum albumin(BSA), was synthesized by the following sequence; 1 -nicotine→6-aminonicotine→6-(p-nitrobenzamido)nicotine→6-(p-aminobenzamido)nicotine. Thirty molecules of conjugated nicotine per molecule of BSA were distinguished by the determination of 6-aminonicotine after hydrolysis. The distribution of the conjugated nicotine on BSA was examined by the stoichiometry of the composed amino acids before and after conjugation, and also by the electrophoretic behavior of the conjugated BSA on a polyacrylamide gel.
Risk communication: absolute versus relative expressions of low-probability risks

Abstract According to most prescriptive decision rules, formally equivalent methods of communicating risk information should have identical effects on risk-taking behavior, even if the pertinent displays are different. The present work takes two methods commonly employed in epidemiology, incidence rates and relative risks, and examines their comparative effects on risk-avoidant behavior. In Experiment 1, we presented 108 undergraduates with information about risks associated with different brands of tires and toothpaste and displayed that information either as incidence rates or as a relative risk ratio. For the tires product, subjects given the relative risk format were willing to pay more money for a safer product than were subjects given the incidence rate format. There were, however, no differences between the two conditions for the toothpaste product. Experiment 2 evaluated two potential explanations for the difference in findings between the two products. The majority of the data supported an "editing" hypothesis, which suggests that extreme low-probability risks, such as those associated with tire blowouts, are edited to "essentially nil risk," while more moderate risks, such as those associated with periodontal disease, are considered to be small but significant. These findings are discussed in the context of fuzzy trace theory and related models, which suggest that people reason on the basis of simplified representations rather than on the literal information available.