cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approximate Query Complexity

Let f : {0, 1}n → {0, 1}. Let μ be a product probability measure on {0, 1}n. For e ≥ 0, we define De(f), the e-approximate decision tree complexity of f, to be the minimum depth of a decision tree T with μ(T(x) ≠ f(x)) ≤ e. For j = 0 or 1 and for δ ≥ 0, we define Cj,δ(f), the δ-approximatej-certificate complexity of f, to be the minimum certificate complexity of a set A ⊆ Ω with μ(AΔf−1(j)) ≤ e. Note that if μ(x) > 0 for all x then D0(f) = D(f) and Cj,0(f) = Cj(f) are the ordinary decision tree and j-certificate complexities of f, respectively. We extend the well-known result, D(f) ≤ C1(f)C0(f) [Blum and Impagliazzo 1987; Hartmanis and Hemachandra 1991; Tardos 1989], proving that for all e > 0 there exists a δ > 0 and a constant K = K(e, δ) > 0 such that for all n, μ, f, De(f) ≤ K C1,δ(f)C0,δ (f). We also give a partial answer to a related question on query complexity raised by Tardos [1989]. We prove generalizations of these results to general product probability spaces.
Another possible model equation for long waves in nonlinear dispersive systems

Abstract In the same spirit in which Benjamin, Bona, and Mahoney modified the Korteweg-de Vries equation (Ux+Ut+UUx+Uxxx=0) to obtain the so-called BBM equation, Ux+Ut+UUx−Uxxt=0, we propose a different modification: Ux+Ut+UUx+Uxtt=0. The advantages in this equation are 1) the system is conservative since it can be derived from the Lagrangian density L= 1 2 θ x θ t + 1 2 θ 2 x + 1 6 θ 3 x − 1 2 θ 2 xt , where θ x ≡ U;2) for large wave-numbers |k|, the infinitesimal-wave phase speed falls off like 1 |k| , in accord with physical intuition; 3) since the equation is of second order in t, both U and Ut can be independently specified for t = 0. Several conservation laws satisfied by solutions to this equation are given.
Clinical correlates of action tremor in Parkinson disease.

Background Action tremor is often noted in patients with Parkinson disease (PD), yet the clinical correlates of this type of tremor have been the focus of few studies. It is not clear whether this action tremor is a manifestation of the underlying basal ganglia disease. Objective To determine whether the severity of action tremor in PD is associated with age, age at disease onset, disease duration, levodopa dose, severity of rest tremor, or other motor (ie, bradykinesia, rigidity) and nonmotor manifestations of PD. Methods Patients with PD (N = 197) were ascertained as part of a familial aggregation study. All patients underwent a neurological examination. Rest tremor was rated with the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale; and action tremor, with the Washington Heights–Inwood Genetic Study of Essential Tremor Rating Scale. Results Action tremor was present in 184 (93.4%) of 197 patients. Four patients (2%) met criteria for definite essential tremor. The action tremor score was not associated with age, age at onset, or disease duration. The action tremor score was associated with the rest tremor score ( r = 0.37; P r = 0.21, P Conclusions Action tremor was associated with rest tremor in PD, suggesting that, at least in part, action tremor is a manifestation of the underlying basal ganglia disease. Neither tremor was associated with other motor and nonmotor manifestations of PD. This in turn suggests that tremor in PD may represent an underlying pathophysiological process different from these other manifestations.
Iteration algorithms for interchannel gradient reconstruction of multicomponent images distorted by Z-axis noise

This paper presents iteration algorithms for the interchannel gradient reconstruction of the signals of multicomponent digital images distorted by Z-axis noise. The results of numerical studies show that the distorted elements of multicomponent images are reconstructed more accurately when the proposed algorithms are used than they are when known algorithms are used.
Presynaptic Ca2+ Channels Compete for Channel Type-Preferring Slots in Altered Neurotransmission Arising from Ca2+ Channelopathy

Several human channelopathies result from mutations in alpha1A, the pore-forming subunit of P/Q-type Ca2+ channels, conduits of presynaptic Ca2+ entry for evoked neurotransmission. We found that wild-type human alpha1A subunits supported transmission between cultured mouse hippocampal neurons equally well as endogenous mouse alpha1A, whereas introduction of impermeant human alpha1A hampered the effect of endogenous subunits. Thus, presynaptic P/Q-type channels may compete for channel type-preferring "slots" that limit their synaptic effectiveness. The existence of slots generates predictions for how neurotransmission might be affected by changes in Ca2+ channel properties, which we tested by studying alpha1A mutations that are associated with familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 (FHM1). Mutant human P/Q-type channels were impaired in contributing to neurotransmission in precise accord with their deficiency in supporting whole-cell Ca2+ channel activity. Expression of mutant channels in wild-type neurons reduced the synaptic contribution of P/Q-type channels, suggesting that competition for type-preferring slots might support the dominant inheritance of FHM1.
Evolutionary leadership theory

This article reviews an important new monograph on evolutionary leadership theory by Mark van Vugt and Anjana Ahuja (Naturally Selected: The Evolutionary Science of Leadership. New York: HarperBusiness, 2011, 272 pp. ISBN 978-0-06196-383-4, $25.99, Hardcover). I summarize the main arguments of this work, which draws on evolutionary psychology and Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection to explain why and under what circumstances leadership and followership traits emerged in human societies. In so doing, I assess the extent to which it succeeds, as intended, in providing a scientifically rigorous framework for our understanding of leadership in the 21st century.
CALLOSE SUBSTANCE IN PLANT CELLS

CALLOSE AS a plant cell constituent has been given little attention, possibly because of an unusual distribution and the fact that only small amounts have been available for study. Its exact structure and functions are poorly understood. Perhaps most interest in callose has been displayed by students of phloem (Esau, 1939, 1950; Crafts, 1951) since sieve tubes contain an abundance of the substance, and by plant pathologists (Thomas, 1928; Rawlins and Takahashi, 1952) because the mycelial walls of many fungi contain callose, and because certain parasitic fungal attacks are known to induce callose formation in host cells. In most instances the studies have been anatomical or histochemical in nature. Peculiarly, those workers interested in the chemistry of the cell wall have given the substance but little recognition in recent times.
Recent developments in food-matrix Reference Materials at NIST.

Since 1996, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed several food-matrix Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) characterized for nutrient concentrations. These include SRM 1544 Fatty Acids and Cholesterol in a Frozen Diet Composite, SRM 1546 Meat Homogenate, SRM 1548a Typical Diet, SRM 1566b Oyster Tissue, SRM 1846 Infant Formula, and SRM 2383 Baby Food Composite. Three additional materials – SRM 1946 Lake Superior Fish Tissue, SRM 2384 Baking Chocolate, and SRM 2385 Spinach – are in preparation. NIST also recently assigned values for proximate (fat, protein, etc.), individual fatty acid, and total dietary fiber concentrations in a number of existing SRMs and reference materials (RMs) that previously had values assigned for their elemental composition. NIST has used several modes for assignment of analyte concentrations in the food-matrix RMs, including the use of data provided by collaborating laboratories, alone and in combination with NIST data. The use of data provided by collaborating food industry and contract laboratories for the analysis of food-matrix RMs has enabled NIST to provide assigned values for many analytes that NIST does not have the resources or analytical expertise to measure.
Activated oxygen ashing of biological specimens for the microdetermination of Na, K, Mg, and Ca by atomic absorption spectrophotometry☆

Abstract A procedure employing electrically activated oxygen for the oxidation of organic substances at relatively low temperatures (100–125°C) and requiring no large additions of chemical reagents is applied to the destruction of biological materials preliminary to elemental analyses by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results of recovery studies for micromolar levels of Na, K, Mg, and Ca in rat liver cell microsomes are highly satisfactory when specially designed quartz ashing chambers are used with the Tracerlab LTA-500A low temperature asher. Activated oxygen ashing appears to offer a unique and superior method for the treatment of milligram amounts of biological materials preliminary to elemental analyses of samples containing micromolar levels of biologically important elements.
Three-dimensional Navier-Stokes calculations of multiple interacting vortex rings

Results from a finite-difference Navier-Stokes code for three-dimensional, unsteady, vortical flows in unbounded domains are presented and analyzed in this paper. The vortical flows presented are representative of vortex rings and other closed vortical tubes or structures in fluid mechanics. Such structures are important elements in fluid flows such as jets, atmospheric turbulence, and the far-field wakes of aircraft, and studies of their interaction may aid in an understanding of complex fluid flows. The paper demonstrates that computational methods can be used as a viable alternative or supplement to experimental techniques for studying the physics of vortex flows. The separate visualization of vortex stretching, convection, and diffusion is presented in this paper for a single elliptical vortex ring.The calculations employ a truncated series expansion technique to simulate the unbounded nature of the fluid flow with a finite computational domain, which is a more accurate technique than the conventional freestream boundary specification. The numerical divergence of the three-dimensional vorticity field is considered as a useful estimate of truncation error, and the use of a kinetic energy decay law as a calculation check is demonstrated. Results from the Navier-Stokes code are presented for the unsteady motion of two and four vortex rings along parallel axes, and the results agree qualitatively with experimental flow visualization.
The cost of broadcasting on star graphs and k-ary hypercubes

It is shown that for two common broadcasting problems, a star graph performs better than a k-ary hypercube with a comparable number of nodes only in networks consisting of an impractically large numbers of nodes. This result is based on a comparison of the costs of known solutions to the one-to-all broadcast and the complete broadcast problems for each network. It is suggested that the cost of solutions to these common problems is a better indication of the expected performance of an interconnection network than is a comparison of scalar measures such as the diameter and degree. >
Open Issues in Secure DNS Deployment

The domain name system's growth has been unprecedented, but protocol vulnerabilities threaten its stability and trustworthiness. The Internet Engineering Task Force's DNS security extentions specification aims to protect the system from these attacks.
Possible role of ultraviolet radiation in evolution ofCannabis chemotypes

The damaging effects of UV-B radiation have apparently affected the amounts of ultraviolet-absorbing secondary compounds in some plants. A similar role for Δ9 tetrahydrocannabinol may explain the high levels of this compound inCannabis from areas of intense ambient UV-B. Further research is needed to determine whether UV-B radiation serves only as a selection pressure or if UV-B-induced stress may also directly stimulate production.
Restoration of the gut microbial habitat as a disease therapy

An intestinal infectious disease that is difficult to treat is cured by a defined set of bacterial species.
Assessment and Correction of Turbidity Effects on Raman Observations of Chemicals in Aqueous Solutions

Improvements in diode laser, fiber optic, and data acquisition technologies are enabling increased use of Raman spectroscopic techniques for both in lab and in situ water analysis. Aqueous media encountered in the natural environment often contain suspended solids that can interfere with spectroscopic measurements, yet removal of these solids, for example, via filtration, can have even greater adverse effects on the extent to which subsequent measurements are representative of actual field conditions. In this context, this study focuses on evaluation of turbidity effects on Raman spectroscopic measurements of two common environmental pollutants in aqueous solution: ammonium nitrate and trichloroethylene. The former is typically encountered in the runoff from agricultural operations and is a strong scatterer that has no significant influence on the Raman spectrum of water. The latter is a commonly encountered pollutant at contaminated sites associated with degreasing and cleaning operations and is a weak scatterer that has a significant influence on the Raman spectrum of water. Raman observations of each compound in aqueous solutions of varying turbidity created by doping samples with silica flour with grain sizes ranging from 1.6 to 5.0 μm were employed to develop relationships between observed Raman signal strength and turbidity level. Shared characteristics of these relationships were then employed to define generalized correction methods for the effect of turbidity on Raman observations of compounds in aqueous solution.
An efficient frontier approach to addressing JIT sequencing problems with setups via search heuristics

This research presents a technique to obtain production sequences where scheduling flexibility and number of setups are considered. These two objectives of flexibility and setups are typically inversely correlated with each other, so simultaneous optimization of both is challenging. Another challenging issue is the combinatorial nature of such sequencing problems. An efficient frontier approach is exploited where simultaneous maximization of flexibility and minimization of setups is desired. The efficient frontier is constructed via the popular search heuristics of Genetic Algorithms, Simulated Annealing and Tabu Search. For several test problems from the literature, it is discovered that the efficient frontiers obtained via the three search heuristics provide near optimal results for smaller problems, and for larger problems, the Simulated Annealing and Tabu Search approaches outperform the Genetic Algorithm approach.
The fine structure of the mouse odontoblast.

Abstract A study of the fine structure of the odontoblasts of young mice was undertaken in order to further elucidate the secretory role of this cell in the production of dentine. The observations suggested that fully differentiated odontoblasts possess all of the cytoplasmic characteristics of cells engaged in the production of proteins for external use. A large well developed granular endoplasmic reticulum occupied the greater portion of the cytoplasm. Transitional vesicles originating from the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum appeared to give rise to the forming face of the Golgi apparatus by a process of fusion. There was evidence that coated vesicles derived from the mature face of the Golgi apparatus fused to produce dense granules and multivesicular bodies in the vicinity of the Golgi complex, while other coated vesicles migrated to and accumulated in the secretory pole of the cell, i.e. the odontoblastic process. Dense bodies containing distinct crystalloid inclusions were also observed in the area of the Golgi complex. Fusion of coated vesicles with the cell membrane of the odontoblastic process in the region of the predentine matrix was a frequent finding. Observations suggest that coated vesicles play a role in segregation of material by the Golgi complex and in secretion of dentinal collagen and ground substance. The presence of specialized areas of membrane contact (tight junctions) between adjacent odontoblasts were regularly observed.
Can We Predict Functional Outcome in Neonates with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy by the Combination of Neuroimaging and Electroencephalography

Background Neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of mortality, morbidity, and long-term neurological deficits. Despite the availability of neuroimaging and neurophysiological testing, tools for accurate early diagnosis and prediction of developmental outcome are still lacking. The goal of this study was to determine if combined use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) findings could support outcome prediction. Methods We retrospectively reviewed records of 17 HIE neonates, classified brain MRI and EEG findings based on severity, and assessed clinical outcome up to 48 months. We determined the relation between MRI/EEG findings and clinical outcome. Results We demonstrated a significant relationship between MRI findings and clinical outcome (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.017). EEG provided no additional information about the outcome beyond that contained in the MRI score. The statistical model for outcome prediction based on random forests suggested that EEG readings at 24 hours and 72 hours could be important variables for outcome prediction, but this needs to be investigated further. Conclusion Caution should be used when discussing prognosis for neonates with mild-to-moderate HIE based on early MR imaging and EEG findings. A robust, quantitative marker of HIE severity that allows for accurate prediction of long-term outcome, particularly for mild-to-moderate cases, is still needed.
A System Dynamics Approach to Quantitatively Analyze the Effects of Mobile Broadband Ecosystem's Variables on Demands and Allocation of Wireless Spectrum for the Cellular Industry

Radio spectrum is an encumbered and finite resource. Perception of radio spectrum scarcity has been linked, sometimes linearly, to the higher demand of mobile data services and the greater market penetration of mobile broadband devices. Cellular operators worldwide have been asking to allocate more spectrum to support this demand. To validate the "spectrum scarcity" notion, various elements of the wireless ecosystem, including network infrastructure, spectral efficiency of mobile technologies, and data offloading via unlicensed spectrum need to be appraised; and their effects on "spectrum utilization" need to be understood. Research presented here takes a system dynamics approach to study dynamic behaviour among these elements and their effects on usage of spectrum through sensitivity analysis. A stock-and-flow model-based simulation is employed for hypotheses testing to justify the need for more spectrum. Simulation results show that mobile data demand can exceed the current capacity of cellular networks causing a spectrum deficit if apt planning of spectrum policies and appropriate infrastructure investment are delayed.
Growth inhibitor produced by embryonic spinal cord cells in culture: Studies on its properties and actions

Abstract Cord inhibitor is a low molecular weight product of cultured embryonic chick spinal cord cells which in our experiments interfered with the growth and development of muscle and skin cells in culture. Partially purified preparations, obtained by ultrafiltration, gel-filtration chromatography, and agarose electrophoresis, were stable to heating to temperatures of 100°C and resistant to the action of DNase 1 and RNase 1. Trypsin and Pronase treatment resulted in the loss of inhibitor activity. Cord inhibitor activity on muscle cell cultures was not overcome by nutritional supplementation with glutamine, amino acids, fetal calf serum, or vitamins to twice the amounts usually present. Supplementation with carnitine and pyruvate also did not protect target cultures. Three agents related to the cyclic nucleotide system, theophylline, epinephrine, and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate, also were without effect in concentrations from 10 −5 to 10 −7 m . Aspirin, 8 × 10 −5 to 8 × 10 −7 M , did not affect inhibitor production by cord cells or its action on target muscle cells. Serial passage in culture of skin fibroblasts led to their development of resistance to the cord inhibitor. Resistance developed during the first week of cell culture. Three heterologous continuous cell lines also were relatively resistant to the action of the cord inhibitor. Spinal cord cells in primary culture were resistant to the cord inhibitor. Resistant fibroblasts, or lysates prepared from them, did not diminish the titer of cord inhibitor activity remaining after a 4.5-h incubation at 37°C. We suggest that the cord inhibitor may be a peptide containing two to four amino acid residues.
The Fifty-Ninth William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition

The results of the Sixty-Ninth William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition, held December 6, 2008, follow. They have been determined in accordance with the regulations governing the Competition. The contest is supported by the William Lowell Putnam Prize Fund for the Promotion of Scholarship, an endowment established by Mrs. Putnam in memory of her husband. The annual Competition is held under the auspices of the Mathematical Association of America. The first prize, $25,000, was awarded to the Department of Mathematics of Harvard University. The members of the winning team were Zachary R. Abel, Iurie Boreico, and Arnav Tripathy; each was awarded a prize of $1,000. The second prize, $20,000, was awarded to the Department of Mathematics of Princeton University. The members of the winning team were Peter Z. Diao, John V. Pardon, and Adrian I. Zahariuc; each was awarded a prize of $800. The third prize, $15,000, was awarded to the Department of Mathematics of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The members of the winning team were Qingchun Ren, Xuancheng Shao, and Yufei Zhao; each was awarded a prize of $600. The fourth prize, $10,000, was awarded to the Department of Mathematics of Stanford University. The members of the winning team were Young Hun Jung, Nathan K. Pflueger, and Jeffrey Wang; each was awarded a prize of $400. The fifth prize, $5,000, was awarded to the Department of Mathematics of the California Institute of Technology. The members of the winning team were Jason C. Bland, Zarathustra E. Brady, and Brian R. Lawrence; each was awarded a prize of $200. The five highest ranking individual contestants, the Putnam Fellows, in alphabetical order, were Brian R. Lawrence, California Institute of Technology; Seok Hyeong Lee, Stanford University; Arnav Tripathy, Harvard University; Bohua Zhan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; and Yufei Zhao, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Each received an award of $2,500. The next eleven highest ranking individual contestants, in alphabetical order, were Iurie Boreico, Harvard University; Adam C. Hesterberg, Princeton University; William A. Johnson, University of Washington; Cedric Lin, University of British Columbia; Anton S. Malyshev, Princeton University; John V. Pardon, Princeton University; Qingchun Ren, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Oleg O. Rudenko, Florida Atlantic University; Colin P. Sandon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Jacob N. Steinhardt, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; and Alex Zhai, Harvard University. Each received an award of $1,000. The next nine highest ranking individual contestants, in alphabetical order, were Zachary R. Abel, Harvard University; Thomas D. Belulovich, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Jason C. Bland, California Institute of Technology; Gabriel T. Bujokas, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Konstantin Matveev, University of Toronto; Nathan K. Pflueger, Stanford University; Aaron H. Potechin, Princeton University; Dong Uk Rhee, University of Waterloo; and Adrian I. Zahariuc, Princeton University. Each received an award of $250.
L-X-RAY FLUORESCENCE (XRF): A RAPID ASSESSMENT OF CORTICAL BONE LEAD (Pb) IN Pb-TOXIC CHILDREN

The current method to determine the need for chelation in Pb-toxic children (blood Pb: 25-55 ug/dl; EP >35 ug/dl) is based on the result of the CaNa2EDTA provocative test (PbP). The PbP requires an injection and an 8-hour urine collection - difficult to achieve in young children. In this study, a low energy x-ray generator with a silver anode was used to measure Pb Lα XRF from the tibias of 18 children. With the leg immobilized, partially polarized photons were directed at the anteromedial skin surface of the mid-tibia. Based on spectra from a leg phantom and from an amputated adult leg, the nominal detection limit was ~2 ug Pb/gm of bone, when the skin surface dose reached 1.0 rad. Bone Pb XRF measurements were performed 1 week before the PbP and compared to outcomes on the PbP. The results were: A nominal XRF measurement of >2 ug Pb/gm of bone was unerringly predictive of a positive PbP in this group. Undetectable bone Pb by XRF did not discriminate between Pb-toxic children with positive and negative PbP's. In 2 non-Pb-toxic XRF-positive children, the blood Pb levels were 17 and 20 ug/dl. Non-invasive XRF measurements of cortical bone Pb could be a rapid method to determine the need for chelation in large populations of children.
An effort and time based measure of usability

The hypothesis of this research is that usability relates to the physical effort that is required in order to use software in the accomplishment of interactive tasks. Implications of this hypothesis are significant since effort is an objective quantity that can be measured efficiently in a relatively non-expensive and non-invasive fashion. Based on this hypothesis, this work proposes metrics for measuring operability, learnability, and understandability.Usability testing is an essential element of a robust validation process. Nevertheless, evaluating software usability is an expensive and time consuming activity, frustrating both developers and managers. Developers are frustrated because it is a critical part of their work; yet, they do not have solid information on how to address it. Managerial frustration lies in the fact that correcting usability defects is an iterative process, and the amount of preparation required can significantly delay a project. Hence, wider utilization of usability testing requires reducing the cost and simplifying the approach.This paper proposes a framework for measuring effort and using the effort measurements to assess usability. The framework has two main components: One bases effort on keystrokes and mouse usage; the second uses a model of the eye muscles along with eye-movement tracking to estimate eye effort. The two components are independent, but they could be used in tandem. Tracking time and effort may not be as precise an evaluation of usability. Nevertheless, it can provide a good screening tool to reduce development cost.
Polar cap contraction associated with the leading edge of a magnetic cloud

In the early hours of 14 January 1988 a large magnetic cloud passed the earth. In this brief article we show evidence of a sudden impulse associated with the leading edge of the main body of the magnetic cloud and we map the evolution of the convection patterns which are indicative of polar cap contraction associated with the subsequent, large, northward-directed interplanetary magnetic field. We provide a unique, step-by-step view of the high latitude events, simultaneously tracing both day side and nightside responses to the solar wind variations. Our maps provide clear global-scale support for polar cap expansion/contraction theory. The final state of convection in the northern hemisphere was one of extreme quiescence with the suspension of both dayside and nightside reconnection and a near total loss of motional electric fields mapping into the ionosphere. We discuss how this state developed.
Inter- and Intraspecific Variation in the Diets of Sympatric Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) and Lar Gibbons (Hylobates lar)

Studies of the siamang (Hylobates syndactylus continentis) and the lar gibbon (Hylobates lar lar) where they co-occur in mainland Asia have demonstrated interspec
Triglycerides produced in the livers of fasting rabbits are predominantly stored as opposed to secreted into the plasma

Objective The liver plays a central role in regulating fat metabolism; however, it is not clear how the liver distributes the synthesized triglycerides (TGs) to storage and to the plasma.
Variability of mood and hysterical traits in normal women

PERSONALITY is described in terms of traits shared, to a greater or lesser degree, by everyone. The clinical diagnosis of personality disorder rests on the judgment that several of these traits are present to a quantitatively deviant degree. How reliable and valid is that judgment? The issue of reliability has recently been examined by PRESLEY and WALTON~ in relation to categorical and dimensional classifications of personality disorder. They point to three sources of disagreement among clinicians which lower the reliability of categorical diagnoses: (1) rater bias resulting in varying attention to certain aspects of the patient’s personality; (2) several meanings being attached to the same term; and (3) inadequate definition as to the limits of normal trait variation. Less study has been given the question of validity. SLAVNEY and MCHUGH~ were unable to validate clinical diagnoses of hysterical personality disorder with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPT). They had hoped that such a self-rating instrument might avoid the above-mentioned potential causes of low reliability, and hence low validity, that are inherent in clinical judgments. Most of their patients with diagnoses of hysterical personality disorder were depressed, however, and had an MMPI mean profile which closely resembled that of depressed controls. The authors concluded that the MMPI accurately reflected the similar moods of depressed index patients and controls, but that it failed to assess the traits which physicians apparently recognized when assigning the diagnosis of hysterical personality disorder to one group and not to the other. Emotional lability is one of the traits said to characterize the hysterical personality and it can be directly assessed by serial self-ratings of mood. Such self-ratings have been related to other subjective phenomena,3s5 to endocrine changes-s and to mental illnesses.s-12 We report the use of techniques suggested by some of these studies to examine the hypothesis that self-ratings on variability of mood are positively correlated with self-ratings on hysterical traits. In this way, we hope to demonstrate empirically one aspect of the validity of the concept hysterical personality.
Current concepts of the effect of oxygen on the developing retina

The role of oxygen in the development of retrolental fibroplasia and the mechanism of oxygen changes in the developing retina are discussed. The primary effect of oxygen is one of vascular closure and the secondary response, which occurs after removal from increased oxygen, is retinal neovascularization. A brief discussion of recent observations on the potential role of vitamin E in the prevention of retrolental fibroplasia is presented.
Reply to “The Infallible Microbial Identification Test: Does It Exist?”

We agree with [van Belkum and colleagues][1] that there is no infallible microbial identification test, which is why it is important to recognize the faults in technologies that are being marketed as highly accurate. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (
A visual language for modeling and executing traceability queries

Current software and systems engineering tools provide only basic trace features, and as a result users are often compelled to construct non-trivial traceability queries using generic query languages such as SQL. In this paper, we present an alternative approach which defines traceability strategies for a project using UML class diagrams and then constructs trace queries as constraints upon subsets of the model. The visual trace modeling language (VTML) allows users to model a broad range of trace queries while hiding underlying technical details and data structures. The viability and expressiveness of VTML for use in a real project are demonstrated through modeling a broadly representative set of queries for a web-based health-care system. It is then evaluated through an experiment with human users to assess the readability and writability of VTML queries in comparison to generic SQL queries. We found that users read and constructed traceability queries considerably faster using VTML than using SQL. Furthermore, visually constructed traceability queries were substantially more correct compared to the same queries constructed with SQL.
Nondispersive magnetostatic-volume-wave delay line

A magnetostatic delay line enabling nondispersive delay to be obtained over any 150 MHz bandwidth from S- up to X-band is described. The magnitude of the nondispersive delay is approximately independent of magnetic field, and the device does not suffer from low power saturation effects.
A Hybrid Large Eddy Simulation/Filtered Mass Density Function for the Calculation of Strongly Radiating Turbulent Flames

Due to the complex nonlinear coupling ofturbulent flow, finite-rate combustion chemistry and thermal radiation from combustion products and soot, modeling, and/or simulation of practical combustors, or even laboratory flames undergoing strong soot formation, remain elusive. Methods based on the determination of the probability density function of the joint thermochemical scalar variables offer a promising approach for handling turbulence-chemistry-radiation interactions in flames. Over the past decade, the development and application of the filtered mass density function (FMDF) approach in the context of large eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent flames have gained considerable ground. The work described here represents the first application of the LES/FMDF approach to flames involving soot formation and luminous radiation. The initial focus here is on the use of a flamelet soot model in an idealized strongly radiating turbulent jet flame, which serves to detail the formulation, highlight the importance of turbulence-radiation interactions, and pave the way for the inclusion of a soot transport and finite-rate kinetics model allowing for quantitative comparisons to laboratory scale sooting flames in the near future.
Hydrology: The sting in a fractal tail

Knowing how contaminant dissolved in rainfall will behave on its way through a catchment area has clear practical uses. One such study has been carried out in mid-Wales using an innocuous marker, the sodium chloride blown inland in sea spray. The authors find that a non-fractal input (in rainfall) is turned into a fractal output (in stream water). One conclusion is that contaminant flushing from a watershed will take more time than usually expected.
Banking a hemi-abdominal DIEP flap: a pilot report of indications, technique, and utility.

We present a pilot report of ‘’ the contralateral hemi-abdominal deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap under the abdominal closure in patients undergoing unilateral autologous breast reconstruction when a hemi-abdominal flap suffices. Four patients undergoing unilateral autologous breast reconstruction with a hemi-abdominal DIEP or superficial inferior epigastric artery flap had their contralateral hemi-abdominal flap left in position, or ‘’ under their abdominal closure to be used in case of failure. This novel method may be of assistance when a free microvascular hemi-abdominal flap is felt to be threatened or suspect. It provides a life-boat for the younger and experienced surgeon alike, and most importantly, for the breast cancer survivor. Economic analysis of the technique reveals that the contralateral hemi-abdominal flap should be banked more often than intuition alone would suggest. V C 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 29:265–269, 2009. The deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap and the superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flap have become outstanding options in breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer or prophylaxis. The popularity has arisen because they eliminate much of the significant morbidity to the abdominal wall and rectus musculature associated with the traditional transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap. 1–3 However, these perforator flaps are complex and challenging due to the high variability and unpredictability in perforator anatomy and microsurgical skill required for success. Furthermore, perforator-based flaps do not have the same blood supply that the pedicled and free TRAM flaps have. 4 Free TRAM flaps and DIEP flaps share similar source arterial blood supply and venous drainage; however, normal and abnormal anatomic variation can exist. 5 Some studies show higher rates of partial flap necrosis and fat necrosis in DIEP flaps than those in free TRAM flaps. 4,6
Theatrical anatomy: Duverney in Paris, 1670-1720.

During the reign of Louis XIV, anatomical demonstrations became a public attraction in Paris. At the Jardin du Roi, the star performer was Joseph-Guichard Duverney, who attracted hundreds to his anatomy lectures. Simultaneously, Duverney also instructed the Dauphin and his courtiers, lectured to medical students at the Hotel-Dieu hospital (making off with corpses in the process) and dissected before the Paris Academy of Sciences. Duverney's dramatic, rhetorical and anatomical skills made him the best-known man of science in Louis XIV's Paris.
The viability of mid-level practitioners in isolated rural communities.

In the last decade there has been an increasing emphasis on providing equal access to health care for all citizens of the United States.1 2 Rural dwellers have been identified as a population group who experience significant barriers to gaining access to the traditional health care delivery system. The problem becomes more acute for the target population that is more remote from larger communities. One potential solution in which significant investment has been made is the training and use of nonphysician health providers for the delivery of primary health care services. This study examines the attempt of the National Health Service Corps (NHSC) in the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, Idaho) and Alaska to use non-physician health providers (physician assistants and nurse practitioners) to solve the health care needs of the geographically isolated community. It focuses on an analysis of the financial growth and evolution of this type of practice through which hopefully one can draw some preliminary conclusions about the economic viability of the model.
Effect of the 90 kDa heat shock protein, HSP90, on glucocorticoid receptor binding to DNA-cellulose.

Glucocorticoid receptors in the IM-9 human lymphoblastoid cell line were affinity labeled with [3H]dexamethasone 21-mesylate and activated to a DNA-binding form by filtration through a Bio-Gel A-1.5m column. The 90 kDa heat shock protein, HSP90, was identified by labeling IM-9 cells with 35S-methionine at both 37° C and 42° C and purified to near homogeneity by sequential chromatography through DE52 and hydroxyapatite. Addition of purified HSP90 to activated, affinity labeled glucocorticoid receptors in a molecular ratio of 16 to 1 inhibited the binding of the receptors to DNA-cellulose. HSP90 did not affect the binding of other proteins to DNA-cellulose, indicating that the inhibitory effect of HSP90 was specific for the glucocorticoid receptor. These results suggest that HSP90 may associate with the glucocorticoid receptor, masking its DNA-binding site and thereby inhibiting receptor interaction with DNA.
VCD spectroscopic properties of the β‐hairpin forming miniprotein CLN025 in various solvents

Electronic and vibrational circular dichroism are often used to determine the secondary structure of proteins, because each secondary structure has a unique spectrum. Little is known about the vibrational circular dichroic spectroscopic features of the β-hairpin. In this study, the VCD spectral features of a decapeptide, YYDPETGTWY (CLN025), which forms a stable β-hairpin that is stabilized by intramolecular weakly polar interactions and hydrogen bonds were determined. Molecular dynamics simulations and ECD spectropolarimetry were used to confirm that CLN025 adopts a β-hairpin in water, TFE, MeOH, and DMSO and to examine differences in the secondary structure, hydrogen bonds, and weakly polar interactions. CLN025 was synthesized by microwave-assisted solid phase peptide synthesis with Nα-Fmoc protected amino acids. The VCD spectra displayed a (−,+,−) pattern with bands at 1640 to 1656 cm−1, 1667 to 1687 cm−1, and 1679 to 1686 cm−1 formed by the overlap of a lower frequency negative couplet and a higher frequency positive couplet. A maximum IR absorbance was observed at 1647 to 1663 cm−1 with component bands at 1630 cm−1, 1646 cm−1, 1658 cm−1, and 1675 to 1680 cm−1 that are indicative of the β-sheet, random meander, either random meander or loop and turn, respectively. These results are similar to the results of others, who examined the VCD spectra of β-hairpins formed by DPro-Xxx turns and indicated that observed pattern is typical of β-hairpins. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 442–450, 2010. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
The extraction of actinide elements from nitric acid solutions by tri-n-octylamine☆

Abstract The extraction of six of the actinide elements from nitric acid solutions by tri-n-octylamine in xylene has been investigated and the effects of acid and amine concentrations have been measured. The extraction of neptunium(IV) and plutonium(IV) was found to be much greater than any of the other oxidation states studied. The application of this property to a separation technique has been suggested. The nitrate complex species predominating in the amine phase has been suggested in the case of the tetravalent ions.
Devaluation, Capital Mobility, and Long‐Run Equilibrium*

The paper considers a small, fully employed economy with non-tradeables, securities, and money. The paper first analyzes the effects of devaluation and financial controls in the short-run equilibrium on the trade balance, the capital account, and the overall balance of payments. Disequilibria in the capital account and the overall balance of payments cause changes in the stock of securities and money, shifting the short-run equilibrium. The paper investigates the condition for the- uniqueness and stability of the long-run equilibrium under this adjustment process (‘specie flow mechanism’). Finally, the long-run equilibrium effects of devaluation and monetary policies are examined.
Interpolation of Refractive Index Data

A comparison of the interpolation of index of refraction data for Czochralski sapphire, cyclohexane, and polystyrene dissolved in cyclohexane using a three-term Sellmeier equation, the Lorentz-Lorenz equation with six terms, third and fifth order polynomials, and a cubic-spline technique indicates that the cubic spline method is extremely valuable for simple interpolation. Not only were the magnitudes of the rms and average absolute residuals the smallest, but the fits showed no systematic errors.
Reconfigurable add-drop multiplexer for spatial modes

We show how a spatial mode can be extracted from a light beam, leaving the other orthogonal modes undisturbed, and allowing a new signal to be retransmitted on that mode. The method is self-aligning, avoids fundamental splitting losses, and uses only local feedback loops on controllable beam splitters and phase shifters. It could be implemented with Mach-Zehnder interferometers in planar optics. The method can be extended to multiple simultaneous mode extractions. As a spatial reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer, it is hitless, allowing reconfiguration without interrupting the transmission of any channel.
Nutritional Therapy for Selected Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Nutritional approaches are available for the management of several different classes of inborn metabolism errors. In phenylketonuria (PKU), phenylalanine is not properly metabolized; and its accumulation leads to neurologic dysfunction and metal retardation. Altering the diet to limit phenylalanine intake led to remarkable improvement in children with PKU. It was later found that instituting dietary therapy immediately after identification of the disorder in newborns prevented mental retardation. Throughout the 1960s nutritional therapies were found for other inborn disorders, including galactosemia, maple syrup urine disease, and homocystinuria. For the group of disorders associated with defects in the urea cycle, leading to profound hyperammonemia, therapy based on the concept of waste nitrogen excretion (i.e., by increasing excretion of urea cycle intermediates in the urine, nitrogen that would otherwise recycle as ammonia can be eliminated) dramatically produced better control of hyperammonemia and its consequences. Some inborn errors of metabolism respond to vitamin therapy. Biotin-related multiple carboxylase synthetase deficiency can be produced by either of two enzyme defects--holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency or biotinidase deficiency. Both are treatable with biotin supplementation. The symptoms of multiple carboxylase deficiency can also occur after intestinal resection or ingestion of raw eggs. Multiple carboxylase deficiency has been treated successfully in utero by giving the mother biotin supplements. Peroxisomal disorders may respond to dietary management. Liver disease in hereditary tyrosinemia may be accentuated by hypermethioninemia and treated by controlling the blood methionine level. Glycogen storage disease Type I, which causes hypoglycemia, can be controlled by oral administration of cornstarch.
Machining-Induced Residual Stress: Experimentation and Modeling

Controlled orthogonal and controlled oblique machining of annealed AISI 4340 have been undertaken in a design of experiments framework to investigate the machining-induced residual stresses resulting from these processes. The experimentation demonstrates significant simplifications in the machining-induced residual stress problem when the stresses are expressed in a coordinate system fixed in the tool and also indicates that the directions along the cutting edge and normal to the cutting edge of the tool are principal directions of the machining-induced residual stresses. Based on the experimental results, a plane strain thermoelastoplastic model of metal flow under the flank of a cutting tool is developed to predict the full in-plane biaxial residual stress profiles existing at and beneath the newly created surface. Calibrated results show favorable agreement with the experimental machining-induced residual stresses in annealed AISI 4340.
Multidimensional quality-of-life measure with an application to Fortune's best cities

Abstract The notion of the quality of life is about a finite set of measurable attributes that can be weighted by some metric. The quality of life has subjective as well as objective dimensions. Single dimension measures now are recognized as too narrow to fully capture differences in the quality of life. Based upon data envelopment analysis (DEA), the current paper demonstrates how to develop a multidimensional measure to characterize the quality of life and identify its best-practice frontier which balances work and family life and judges practical comfort. Benchmarks are introduced into DEA models to implicitly reflect tradeoff information on quality-of-life related factors and to incorporate evaluation standards. A method is proposed to determine the unique best quality-of-life scale target. Critical quality-of-life factors are identified in a multidimensional construct. Fortune magazine's choice of the 20 best cities—15 domestic and five international—is investigated.