cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation therapy of head and neck tumors: A randomized study of treatment in air vs. treatment in hyperbaric oxygen

Abstract A randomized study of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, with the exception of T, vocal cord lesions, compared 23 patients who were treated in air with doses of 250 rad four times a week to 6250 rad, to 21 patients who were treated at three atmospheres of hyperbaric oxygen with 12 x 400-rad fractions in approximately 32 days. Distribution by anatomic site and age were comparable. Distribution by stage was in favor of the air group since five Stage I patients were found in the air group but none in the hyperbaric oxygen group. The sex distribution was uneven-15 males to eight females in the air group and eight males to 13 females in the oxygen group. All patients were followed for a minimum of two years; most patients were followed more than five years, with indefinite followup. The 12 × 400-rad schedule in four and one-half weeks in the hyperbaric oxygen group proved to be well tolerated without any significant increase in complications. Radiation myelitis can be avoided by limiting the spinal cord dose to 7 × 400 rad.
Transcriptional Regulation of Endothelial Cell Tissue Factor Expression during Rickettsia rickettsii Infection: Involvement of the Transcription Factor NF-κB

The vascular endothelial cell (EC) is a primary target of infection with Rickettsia rickettsii, the etiologic agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Changes in gene transcription elicited by intracellular infection, including EC expression of the coagulation pathway initiator known as tissue factor (TF), may contribute to the vascular pathology observed during disease. Nuclear run-on analysis of uninfected and infected, cultured human endothelial cells revealed that the rate of TF mRNA transcription is enhanced more than twofold at 3 h following infection, thus coinciding with increased steady-state levels of TF mRNA. TF mRNA remained relatively unstable during infection, with a half-life of 1.6 h. The eukaryotic protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide did not block R. rickettsii-induced increase in TF mRNA levels and actually resulted in its superinduction, thus revealing that de novo synthesis of host cell protein was not prerequisite to this transcriptional response. Involvement of the transcription factor NF-κB in R. rickettsii-induced TF expression was demonstrated by using two unrelated inhibitors of NF-κB activation. The antioxidant pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and the proteasome inhibitor N-tosyl-l-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone blocked expression of TF mRNA and activity during infection. This study demonstrates that R. rickettsii infection results in transcriptional activation of the TF gene and that this response involves activation of the transcription factor NF-κB.
On the optimality of classical coherent receivers of differentially encoded M-PSK

This paper demonstrates that the classical receiver used for coherent detection of differentially encoded M-ary phase-shift keying (M-PSK), namely, the one that makes optimum coherent decisions on two successive symbol phases and then differences these to arrive at a decision on the information phase is suboptimum when M>2. However, this receiver structure can be arrived at by a suitable approximation of the likelihood function used to derive the true optimum receiver whose structure is also given.
A new method to extract EOT of ultrathin gate dielectric with high leakage current

The standard capacitance-voltage (C-V ) technique can no longer determine accurately the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) for an advanced CMOS transistor with ultrathin gate dielectric where there is high gate leakage current, as well as series resistance; this situation will get worse as the CMOS transistor's scaling trend continues. This paper describes a simple methodology based on dual-frequency C-V measurement and four-element circuit model to extract accurately the EOT in the presence of gate leakage current and series resistance. This method can be effective with a current density of 1000 A/cm/sup 2/ for a 10 /spl mu/m /spl times/10 /spl mu/m capacitor. Such a high current density will satisfy the projected gate leakage current requirements for many generations of CMOS technologies, as specified in the 2003 International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors.
Humans and bots in internet chat: measurement, analysis, and automated classification

The abuse of chat services by automated programs, known as chat bots, poses a serious threat to Internet users. Chat bots target popular chat networks to distribute spam and malware. In this paper, we first conduct a series of measurements on a large0 commercial chat network. Our measurements capture a total of 16 different types of chat bots ranging from simple to advanced. Moreover, we observe that human behavior is more complex than bot behavior. Based on the measurement study, we propose a classification system to accurately distinguish chat bots from human users. The proposed classification system consists of two components: 1) an entropy-based classifier; and 2) a Bayesian-based classifier. The two classifiers complement each other in chat bot detection. The entropy-based classifier is more accurate to detect unknown chat bots, whereas the Bayesian-based classifier is faster to detect known chat bots. Our experimental evaluation shows that the proposed classification system is highly effective in differentiating bots from humans.
Nanomanufacturing: path to implementing nanotechnology

Research and development work in nanoscience and nanotechnology has generated new fundamental understanding of physical phenomena and material behaviour at the nano-scale. This knowledge has resulted in discoveries of new materials, structures and devices. It is believed that these basic research investments should now lead to new products and applications. The general feeling is that nanotechnology needs to move from fundamentals to practice, from the laboratory to the marketplace. The broad consensus is that we need accelerated research and development investments in nanomanufacturing science to step up transition of nanotechnology and to hasten technology transfer. Such an effort will fulfil nanotechnology’s promise, which to bring about economic and societal benefits. This paper will define and discuss our perspective on nanomanufacturing, describe our manufacturing science programmes ongoing research and development efforts, list manufacturing challenges and discuss how these are being met through our basic research programmes.
Primaclade---a flexible tool to find conserved PCR primers across multiple species

Summary: Primaclade is a web-based application that accepts a multiple species nucleotide alignment file as input and identifies a set of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers that will bind across the alignment. Primaclade iteratively runs the Primer3 application for each alignment sequence and collates the results. Primaclade creates an HTML results page that recaps the original alignment, provides a consensus sequence and lists primers for each alignment area, with primers color-coded to reflect the level of degeneracy in the primer. Availability: Primaclade can be accessed freely at http://www.umsl.edu/~biology/Kellogg/primaclade.html Contact: [email protected]
On the Consistency of Feature Selection using Greedy Least Squares Regression

This paper studies the feature selection problem using a greedy least squares regression algorithm. We show that under a certain irrepresentable condition on the design matrix (but independent of the sparse target), the greedy algorithm can select features consistently when the sample size approaches infinity. The condition is identical to a corresponding condition for Lasso. Moreover, under a sparse eigenvalue condition, the greedy algorithm can reliably identify features as long as each nonzero coefficient is larger than a constant times the noise level. In comparison, Lasso may require the coefficients to be larger than O(√s) times the noise level in the worst case, where s is the number of nonzero coefficients.
Effects of interstitial impurities on phase equilibria

Because interstitial elements are ubiquitous in the environment, it is inevitable that they will be present as contaminants in most metals unless unusual precautions are taken in preparing and/or handling them. Data are available which show that the common interstitial elements (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen) interact with most metals to modify both the electron distributions and the vibrational behavior. A small amount of an interstitial impurity can have a drastic effect on the position of the phase boundaries of an equilibrium diagram, the stability of a phase, the allotropic behavior of a metal, and the melting point of a metal.
Emerging amyloid beta (Ab) peptide modulators for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD)

Background: According to the ‘amyloid cascade hypothesis’ of Alzheimer's disease (AD), abnormal processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) into toxic amyloid beta (Aβ)-peptides is central to the etiopathology of this uniquely human brain disorder. Objective: To review current AD drugs, pharmacological approaches and strategies aimed at modulating Aβ-peptide generation and/or aggregation in the treatment of AD. Methods: Data searches at various websites: Alzheimer Research Forum; individual drug company databases; Medline; Pharmaprojects database; unpublished research; inter-University research communications. Results/conclusion: Considerable research effort has focused on secretase-mediated mechanisms of βAPP processing, and the latest pharmacological strategies have used selective Aβ-peptide-lowering agents (SALA) to provide therapeutic benefit against Aβ-initiated neurodegenerative pathology. Currently, dedicated anticholinesterase, glutamatergic agonist and Aβ-peptide immunization have had lit...
Discovery of a novel series of 6-azauracil-based thyroid hormone receptor ligands: Potent, TRβ subtype-selective thyromimetics

In this communication, we wish to describe the discovery of a novel series of 6-azauracil-based thyromimetics that possess up to 100-fold selectivities for binding and functional activation of the beta(1)-isoform of the thyroid receptor family. Structure-activity relationship studies on the 3,5- and 3'-positions provided compounds with enhanced TR beta affinity and selectivity. Key binding interactions between the 6-azauracil moiety and the receptor have been determined through of X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Darwin's principles of divergence and natural selection: Why Fodor was almost right.

Abstract Darwin maintained that the principles of natural selection and divergence were the “keystones” of his theory. He introduced the principle of divergence to explain a fundamental feature of living nature: that organisms cluster into hierarchical groups, so as to be classifiable in the Linnaean taxonomic categories of variety, species, genus, and so on. Darwin’s formulation of the principle of divergence, however, induces many perplexities. In his Autobiography , he claimed that he had neglected the problem of divergence in his Essay of 1844 and only solved it in a flash during a carriage ride in the 1850s; yet he does seem to have stated the problem in the Essay and provided the solution. This initial conundrum sets three questions I wish to pursue in this essay: (1) What is the relationship of the principle of divergence to that of natural selection? Is it independent of selection, derivative of selection, or a type of selection, perhaps comparable to sexual selection? (2) What is the advantage of divergence that the principle implies—that is, why is increased divergence beneficial in the struggle for life? And (3) What led Darwin to believe he had discovered the principle only in the 1850s? The resolution of these questions has implications for Darwin’s other principle, natural selection, and permits us to readjust the common judgment made about Jerry Fodor’s screed against that latter principle.
Experimental techniques in high‐vacuum anionic polymerization

Experimental methods used in high-vacuum anionic polymerization are described in detail, with extensive illustrations to demonstrate proper procedures and techniques. These descriptions include construction and operation of the vacuum line, handling purification chemicals, ampulization techniques, short-path distillations, initiator synthesis, polymerization procedures, and linking reactions using chlorosilanes. A primary emphasis is placed on safety. We believe that this review of these methods will be useful to scientists working in the field of anionic polymerization and may also benefit other researchers in performing tasks requiring ultra-high-purity reaction conditions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6179–6222, 2005
Determination of regioselectivity in ring opening of tert‐butylaziridinones by a combination of 15N labeling and electrospray ionization‐ion trap mass spectrometry

The ring opening of 1,3-di-tert-butylaziridinone by tert-butylamine and aniline was investigated by using electrospray ionization and collision-induced dissociation in an ion trap mass spectrometer in conjunction with 15N labeling of the two amine nucleophiles. Using the MSn capabilities of the ion trap instrument, we were able to monitor the retention of the 15N label through successive fragmentation steps. Both amines exhibited a remarkable degree of selectivity in that they both cleaved exclusively the 1,3-bond (the alkyl–nitrogen bond). This result is in contrast to that obtained previously with methylamine, which cleaved just the opposite bond, namely, the 1,2-bond (the acyl–nitrogen bond). These contrasting results could not have been predicted by previously published guidelines. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is Hypoalbuminemia Associated With Septic Failure and Acute Infection After Revision Total Joint Arthroplasty? A Study of 4517 Patients From the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program

Abstract Introduction Several studies have suggested that malnutrition may be associated with periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). However, strong evidence for this association is lacking. The purpose of the present study is to ask, Is the proportion of patients with hypoalbuminemia (a proxy for malnutrition) higher among patients with a septic indication for revision TJA than patients with an aseptic indication for revision TJA? Secondly, among patients undergoing revision TJA for an aseptic indication, is hypoalbuminemia predictive of subsequent early postoperative PJI? Methods Patients undergoing revision total hip or knee arthroplasty were identified in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Hypoalbuminemia was defined as serum albumin Results A total of 4517 patients met inclusion criteria, of which 715 (15.8%) underwent revision for a septic indication. Patients undergoing revision for a septic indication had a higher rate of hypoalbuminemia than patients undergoing revision for an aseptic indication (42.8% vs 11.8%; relative risk = 3.6, 95% confidence interval = 3.2-4.1, P P = .005). Conclusions These findings add to the growing body of evidence that malnutrition increases the risk of PJI after TJA. Future prospective studies should consider whether correcting malnutrition preoperatively reduces the risk of PJI after TJA.
Patient perceptions of surgeon-industry relations in a military setting.

ABSTRACT Background: Investigations into the financial relationships between orthopedic surgeons and device manufacturers have recently been investigated. Despite these investigations, the public appears to maintain trust and confidence that their surgeons are acting in patients' best interest. However, patient perceptions of these relationships have not been investigated in a military treatment setting. We surveyed patients' perception of the surgeon–industry relationship in a single military treatment facility. Methods: From March 2012 to March 2013, we surveyed 282 preoperative and postoperative spine and arthroplasty patients in a single military treatment facility. Patients were eligible if they were adult TRICARE beneficiaries being followed in one of those clinics and within the age requirements. Results: Most patients were aware of private industry involvement in the manufacture of orthopedic implants (77%). Most patients thought that it was beneficial for surgeons to serve in an advisory role to ...
DISPERSAL LIMITATIONS OF EPIPHYTIC LICHENS RESULT IN SPECIES DEPENDENT ON OLD-GROWTH FORESTS

Epiphytic lichen biomass accumulates slowly in forest canopies. We eval- uated three alternative hypotheses for the slow accumulation of epiphytic lichens, using two experiments in tree crowns from 15 Douglas-fir forest stands representing three age classes: old growth, young, and recent clearcuts. The first experiment evaluated whether forest age, bark roughness, or dispersal rate limits the establishment of the dominant old- growth-associated lichen, Lobaria oregana. Surface-sterilized branches with either rough or smooth bark were repeatedly inoculated with propagules and compared 1 yr after the last inoculation. Dispersal affected rates of establishment: inoculated branches had 27X more newly established thalli than controls. Establishment on smooth bark was highest in clearcuts, intermediate in young forests, and lowest in old growth. There was as much or more establishment of sown propagules on smooth-barked branches as on rough-barked branches in all age classes. In the second, transplant-performance experiment, Lobaria oregana grew as rapidly in young forests as in old growth but lost biomass and suffered more injuries in clearcuts. In contrast, L. pulmonaria performed at least as well in clearcuts as in young forests and old growth. Poor dispersal and establishment limit the development of L. oregana populations in Douglas-fir forests. Particular substrates and microenviron- ments found only in old growth are not essential for Lobaria establishment and growth. Maximizing the number and dispersion of remnant trees in cutting units should maximize the rate of accumulation of L. oregana biomass in the regenerating forest. The single most important action promoting the accumulation of old-growth-associated epiphytes will be the retention of propagule sources in and near all cutting units.
Mechanical coordination in motor ensembles revealed using engineered artificial myosin filaments

The sarcomere of muscle is composed of tens of thousands of myosin motors that self-assemble into thick filaments and interact with surrounding actin-based thin filaments in a dense, near-crystalline hexagonal lattice. Together, these actin-myosin interactions enable large-scale movement and force generation, two primary attributes of muscle. Research on isolated fibres has provided considerable insight into the collective properties of muscle, but how actin-myosin interactions are coordinated in an ensemble remains poorly understood. Here, we show that artificial myosin filaments, engineered using a DNA nanotube scaffold, provide precise control over motor number, type and spacing. Using both dimeric myosin V- and myosin VI-labelled nanotubes, we find that neither myosin density nor spacing has a significant effect on the gliding speed of actin filaments. This observation supports a simple model of myosin ensembles as energy reservoirs that buffer individual stochastic events to bring about smooth, continuous motion. Furthermore, gliding speed increases with cross-bridge compliance, but is limited by Brownian effects. As a first step to reconstituting muscle motility, we demonstrate human β-cardiac myosin-driven gliding of actin filaments on DNA nanotubes.
Nationalism, Aztlán and Chicanismo

Scholars of the Chicano movement and more particularly Chicano nationalism have often studied it as a product of the biographical and ideological contests among the leaders themselves. However, by engaging the literature on nations and nationalism more broadly we can place Chicano nationalism and in particular the concepts of Aztlan and Chicanismo into a broader framework that illuminates critical structural conditions and grassroots formations that gave rise to nationalism. This provides important theoretical and conceptual tools. First we can understand Chicano nationalism and Chicanos in general as connected to range of groups around the world who have faced various forms of social, political and economic exclusion by nation states that have developed national aspirations of their own. Second we can also unify theories of nations and nationalism by examining both the bottom up social movement aspects of national formation that are driven by broad structural trends. Thus, Chicano nationalism is not an aberration or creature simply of the U.S. but part of a broader phenomenon. This paper will help move the study of Chicano nationalism away from the realm of biography, terms entirely defined by the U.S. and into a more global discourse that also helps us understand the dynamics through which minority groups come to develop national aspirations.
RELATIVISTIC PARTICLE SYSTEMS WITH INTERACTION

The possibility of covariantly describing a system of a fixed number of particles interacting directly is explored by attempting a direct "integration" of ihe commutation relations for the inhomogeneous Lorentz group under restrictions appropriate to the term "system of a fixed number of particles." By direct interaction is meant the fact that interaction between the particles is expressed directly in terms of coordinates, momenta, and spins for the particles rather than through the agency of a mediating field. The integration is carried out in considerable generality with the assumption that the infinitesimal generators of the group have expansions in inverse powers of the square of the velocity of light. The result coincides with that obtained earlier by Bakamjian and Thomas, but the method employed yields greater insight into the generality of the result, as well as into how further conditions beyond covariance, such as the property which is here called "separability of the interaction," can be incorporated in the result. The relationship of the result to the complete reducibility of a representation of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group is pointed out. Possible generalizations and applications of the procedures here employed are discussed. (auth)
Religion and World Problems

When I arrived I picked up one of the many fascinating pamphlets which have been available to us and read for the first time a story from the life of Woodrow Wilson. He, one day, was told that his glasses were slipping down toward his mouth and he said, “Oh fine, then I can see what I have to say.” I knew only a few moments ago that I was to say anything this morning so I am somewhat in the position of Woodrow Wilson. But I am delighted at this opportunity to say a very few words. I am not going to tell very much about Quakerism because after all we are one of the very smallest of the many sects and religions represented here and that would entitle us to just a very few seconds as compared to the size of other groups that have spoken. I would like, however, to take advantage of this opportunity to underline a few of the things already said, the many very wise and inspiring things which have been said and which seem to me to point toward the main purpose of this discussion on the relevance of religion to the world today. I remind you that the relevance of religion to the world today is spelled out in the problems listed for discussion yesterday afternoon but which have been held over for further discussion this morning. They are: poverty in the midst of plenty, racial and religious prejudice and discrimination, the disaffection of youth, the cult of violence, and the causes of war.
Route-aware independent MPI I/O on the blue gene/Q

Scalable high-performance I/O is crucial for application performance on large-scale systems. With the growing complexity of the system interconnects, it has become important to consider the impact of network contention on I/O performance because the I/O messages traverse several hops in the interconnect before reaching the I/O nodes or the file system. In this work, we present a route-aware and load-aware algorithm to modify existing bridge node assignment in the Blue Gene/Q (BG/Q) supercomputer. We reduce the network contention and reduce the write time by an average of 60% over the default independent I/O and by 20% over collective I/O on up to 8192 nodes on the Mira BG/Q system. Our algorithm routes 1.4x fewer messages through the bridge nodes which connect to the I/O nodes on the BG/Q.
Type 3 Secretion System Cluster 3 Is a Critical Virulence Determinant for Lung-Specific Melioidosis

Burkholderia pseudomallei, the bacterial agent of melioidosis, causes disease through inhalation of infectious particles, and is classified as a Tier 1 Select Agent. Optical diagnostic imaging has demonstrated that murine respiratory disease models are subject to significant upper respiratory tract (URT) colonization. Because human melioidosis is not associated with URT colonization as a prominent presentation, we hypothesized that lung-specific delivery of B. pseudomallei may enhance our ability to study respiratory melioidosis in mice. We compared intranasal and intubation-mediated intratracheal (IMIT) instillation of bacteria and found that the absence of URT colonization correlates with an increased bacterial pneumonia and systemic disease progression. Comparison of the LD50 of luminescent B. pseudomallei strain, JW280, in intranasal and IMIT challenges of albino C57BL/6J mice identified a significant decrease in the LD50 using IMIT. We subsequently examined the LD50 of both capsular polysaccharide and Type 3 Secretion System cluster 3 (T3SS3) mutants by IMIT challenge of mice and found that the capsule mutant was attenuated 6.8 fold, while the T3SS3 mutant was attenuated 290 fold, demonstrating that T3SS3 is critical to respiratory melioidosis. Our previously reported intranasal challenge studies, which involve significant URT colonization, did not identify a dissemination defect for capsule mutants; however, we now report that capsule mutants exhibit significantly reduced dissemination from the lung following lung-specific instillation, suggesting that capsule mutants are competent to spread from the URT, but not the lung. We also report that a T3SS3 mutant is defective for dissemination following lung-specific delivery, and also exhibits in vivo growth defects in the lung. These findings highlight the T3SS3 as a critical virulence system for respiratory melioidosis, not only in the lung, but also for subsequent spread beyond the lung using a model system uniquely capable to characterize the fate of lung-delivered pathogen.
Performance of Unstructured Finite Volume Code on a Cluster with Multiple GPUs per Node

This paper will investigate the performance of an unstructured finite volume code on a multi-CPU, multi-GPU cluster. This cluster attempts to balance IO, GPU, and CPU performance to accommodate a wide variety of codes. A new, unstructured finite volume code running in parallel using MPI/OpenMP and MPI/CUDA is presented. The performance of this code on a purpose-built GPU cluster is examined under a number of operating conditions. The GPU cluster is a collection of 24 compute nodes, each consisting of two, 6-core Intel Core i7 Processors and two NVIDIA GPUs with one to two QDR Infiniband ports connected to a switch. Eight of the compute nodes have two NVIDIA Fermi Tesla GPUs well connected with two QDR Infiniband cards. The remaining 18 have two NVIDIA Fermi Video GPUs. The use of multiple chipsets creates non-uniform access to both the GPUs and Infiniband, potentially creating bottlenecks when transferring data between the CPU and the GPU and between nodes. This paper will also explore these issues as well as potential solutions.
Skin diseases of the aged.

The typical course and appearance of well-known skin diseases are somewhat altered in patients of advanced age. One of the most common skin disorders in these patients is senile pruritus. Other frequent disorders are neurotic excoriations, seborrheic dermatitis, decubitus ulcers, alopecia, and seborrheic keratosis. Among the most common malignancies in these patients are basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas.
Type 2 diabetes remission following gastric bypass: does diarem stand the test of time?

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) is well known to ameliorate type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and recent work suggests that the preoperative DiaREM model predicts successful remission up to 1 year post-RYGB. However, no data exist for long-term validity. Therefore, we sought to determine the utility of this score on long-term RYGB effectiveness for T2DM resolution at 2 and 10 years, respectively. T2DM patients (Age: 48, BMI: 49, HbA1C: 8.1) undergoing RYGB at the University of Virginia between 2004–2006 (n = 42) and 2012–2014 (n = 59) were evaluated prospectively to assess preoperative DiaREM score, defined from insulin use, age, HbA1C, and type of antidiabetic medication. T2DM partial remission status was based on the American Diabetes Association guidelines (HbA1C < 6.5 % and fasting glycemia <125 mg/dL, and no anti-diabetic medications). Chi-square test was used to compare patient’s T2DM status to their DiaREM probability of remission. Among RYGB patients with 2-year postoperative data, 2 were lost (n = 1 no follow-up and n = 1 died) resulting in 57 patients for analysis. For the 10-year postoperative data, 11 were lost (n = 6 no follow-up and n = 5 died), thereby resulting in only 31 patients for analysis. Patients were distributed by DiaREM score to correlate with the predicted probability of remission as follows: 0–2 (Predicted 94 %, 2-year 100 % p = 0.61, 10-year 100 % p = 0.72), 3–7 (Predicted 76 %, 2-year 94 % p = 0.08, 10-year 83 % p = 0.57), 8–12 (Predicted 36 %, 2-year 47 % p = 0.38, 10-year 43 % p = 0.72), 13–17 (Predicted 22 %, 2-year 20 % p = 0.92, 10-year 33 % p = 0.64), and 18–22 (Predicted 9 %, 2-year 15 % p = 0.40, 10-year 14 % p = 0.64). Preoperative DiaREM scores are a good tool for predicting both short- and long-term T2DM remissions following RYGB. This study highlights the need to identify strategies that improve T2DM remission in those at highest risk.
Apple Lesion Image Recognition Method Based on Convolutional Network

In order to implement intelligent and real-time alerting to orchard disease-pest based on the image sensed by sensors,a method for pathologic image recognition-diagnosis based on convolution network and a variable impulse learning algorithm addressed at convolution operation are proposed.In addition,a novel scheme for updating parameter and optimizing network by variable impulse is designed.Experimental results on apple pathologic sensing image suggests that compared with shallow learning method and depth learning method,the proposed method presents an obvious edge of recognition performance,of which the accuracy rate stands at 97.45%,and it converges relatively fast,with a piecewise smooth,weak fluctuation in the convergence zone.Analysis of the data from the different benchmark data-sets also demonstrates the method presents a fair generalization.
Peripheral neuropathy in thalassaemia

BACKGROUND: Patients with thalassemia may complain of numbness and weakness of the lower extremities. The aim of the study was to document whether these patients suffer from a polyneuropathy and to...
Jugular bulb oximetry for the monitoring of cerebral blood flow and metabolism.

Jugular bulb oximetry can be used to assess the balance between oxygen supply and demand to the brain, measure metabolic byproducts, and determine cerebral blood flow. It has been useful in guiding the management of patients who are at risk of developing global ischemia. In this article, the principles upon which this monitor is based are discussed. Technical considerations such as placement techniques, factors affecting accuracy, limitations of the technique, and proper interpretation of oximetric values are reviewed. sLastly, specific clinical applications are presented.
Targeted therapy: an evolving concept in esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) affects approximately 11,000 persons per year in the United States, is increasing in incidence, and is associated with an exceptionally high mortality rate.[1-4] In this issue of ONCOLOGY, Krasna reviews the role of multimodality therapy in the treatment of EAC. Poor outcome in patients with EAC is reflective of both deficiencies in early detection and the inadequacy of available therapies across stages.
Genetic Analysis Shows that Morphology Alone Cannot Distinguish Asian Carp Eggs from Those of Other Cyprinid Species

AbstractFish eggs and embryos (hereafter collectively referred to as “eggs”) were collected in the upper Mississippi River main stem (~300 km upstream of previously reported spawning by invasive Asian carp) during summer 2013. Based on previously published morphological characteristics, the eggs were identified as belonging to Asian carp. A subsample of the eggs was subsequently analyzed by using molecular methods to determine species identity. Genetic identification using the cytochrome-c oxidase 1 gene was attempted for a total of 41 eggs. Due to the preservation technique used (formalin) and the resulting DNA degradation, sequences were recovered from only 17 individual eggs. In all 17 cases, cyprinids other than Asian carp (usually Notropis sp.) were identified as the most likely species. In previously published reports, a key characteristic that distinguished Asian carp eggs from those of other cyprinids was size: Asian carp eggs exhibited diameters ranging from 4.0 to 6.0 mm and were thought to be m...
Sleep-Wake Differences in Relative Regional Cerebral Metabolic Rate for Glucose among Patients with Insomnia Compared with Good Sleepers.

STUDY OBJECTIVES The neurobiological mechanisms of insomnia may involve altered patterns of activation across sleep-wake states in brain regions associated with cognition, self-referential processes, affect, and sleep-wake promotion. The objective of this study was to compare relative regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRglc) in these brain regions across wake and nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep states in patients with primary insomnia (PI) and good sleeper controls (GS). METHODS Participants included 44 PI and 40 GS matched for age (mean = 37 y old, range 21-60), sex, and race. We conducted [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography scans in PI and GS during both morning wakefulness and NREM sleep at night. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to test for group (PI vs. GS) by state (wake vs. NREM sleep) interactions in relative rCMRglc. RESULTS Significant group-by-state interactions in relative rCMRglc were found in the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex, left middle frontal gyrus, left inferior/superior parietal lobules, left lingual/fusiform/occipital gyri, and right lingual gyrus. All clusters were significant at Pcorrected < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS Insomnia was characterized by regional alterations in relative glucose metabolism across NREM sleep and wakefulness. Significant group-by-state interactions in relative rCMRglc suggest that insomnia is associated with impaired disengagement of brain regions involved in cognition (left frontoparietal), self-referential processes (precuneus/posterior cingulate), and affect (left middle frontal, fusiform/lingual gyri) during NREM sleep, or alternatively, to impaired engagement of these regions during wakefulness.
Type I interferon suppresses virus-specific B cell responses by modulating CD8 + T cell differentiation.

Studies have established a role for T cells in resolving persistent viral infections, yet emerging evidence indicates that both T and B cells are required to control some viruses. During persistent infection, a marked lag or failure to generate neutralizing antibodies is commonly observed and likely contributes to an inability to control certain pathogens. Using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) as a model, we have examined how a persistent viral infection can suppress neutralizing humoral immunity. By tracking the fate of virus-specific B cells in vivo, we report that LCMV-specific B cells were rapidly deleted within a few days of persistent infection, and this deletion was completely reversed by blockade of type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling. Early interference with IFN-I signaling promoted survival and differentiation of LCMV-specific B cells, which accelerated the generation of neutralizing antibodies. This marked improvement in antiviral humoral immunity did not rely on the cessation of IFN-I signaling in B cells but on alterations in the virus-specific CD8+ T cell response. Using two-photon microscopy and in vivo calcium imaging, we observed that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) productively engaged and killed LCMV-specific B cells in a perforin-dependent manner within the first few days of infection. Blockade of IFN-I signaling protected LCMV-specific B cells by promoting CTL dysfunction. Therapeutic manipulation of this pathway may facilitate efforts to promote humoral immunity during persistent viral infection in humans. Our findings illustrate how events that occur early after infection can disturb the resultant adaptive response and contribute to viral persistence.
Internal Temporal Order

The temporal organization of physiological events within an animal may often be as important as their spatial organization. Mutually interdependent events must not only occur at precise spatial locations but must also occur with appropriate timing. Similarly, incompatible processes, which may require different physicochemical conditions for their completion, can be separated just as effectively in time as in space.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Monoclonal Gammopathies in Gaucher Disease Patients on Enzyme Replacement Therapy.

Gaucher Disease is a lysosomal storage disease in which glucocerebroside accumulates in macrophages because of a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, β-glucocerebrosidase. Polyclonal and monoclonal gammopathies (MG) have been frequently associated with long-standing Gaucher Disease, and there have been reports suggesting an increased incidence of multiple myeloma (MM) in these patients. Chronic stimulation of the immune system secondary to progressive glucocerebroside storage and increased expression of cytokines such as Interleukin 6 have all been postulated to be the mechanism underlying this association. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the incidence and natural history of MG in Type 1 Gaucher Disease patients on enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) followed for up to 15 years. Twenty-eight patients with Type I Gaucher Disease on ERT seen at a single medical center were selected for the analysis. Of the twenty-eight patients, 17 (60.7%) were male; 11 (39.3%) were female; and the median age at the initiation of therapy was 42 years (range 25–85 years). Serum protein electrophresis (SPEP), immunofixation, and immunoglobulin quantitation were performed in all of these patients before initiating ERT and at intervals during follow-up. The patients were categorized into three groups based on their initial SPEP results: Group 1: those with normal SPEP pattern; Group 2: those with polyclonal gammopathy; and Group 3: those with MG. At the time of initiation of ERT, Group 1 contained 12 patients (42.8%) while Groups 2 and 3 each had 8 patients (28.6%). During follow up for a median of 8.5 years (range 1–15 years), 2 patients from the Group 1 (16.7%) and 4 patients from Group 2 (50%) developed MG. Of the patients in Group 3, 3 patients (21.4%) reverted to a normal SPEP pattern. Overall, 14 patients (50%) in all three groups had a MG identified at the time of initiation of therapy or during follow-up: 3 (all in Group 3) reverted to a normal SPEP pattern while the other 11 patients showed no change in M-spike levels after a median of 8.5 years of follow up. All 14 patients with MG had a monoclonal IgG immunoglobulin, and 3 of them also had a monoclonal IgM immunoglobulin. There was no association between the occurance or type of MG with any particular Gaucher Disease genotype, patient age, or other clinical variable. Only one of the patients developed a malignancy: an elderly man with MG developed Hodgkin’s Disease. None of our patients developed MM. In conclusion, these data confirm the high rate of MG in patients with Gaucher Disease but a low rate of progression to any other plasmacytic or lymphocytic disorder.
Competition and Information Deception in Online Social Networks

ABSTRACTThis study empirically examines the role of competition in determining intentions toward personal information deception (PID) among users of online social network (OSN) sites. PID refers to OSN users intentionally misrepresenting or refusing to disclose online personal information. The research proposes that consumers’ intentions toward PID depend on their desire for online competition with other OSN users, which in turn depends on user appraisals of available status and hedonic benefits, as well as established social norms around competition. An analysis of data gathered from 499 OSN participants (students enrolled at a state university in the southeastern United States) shows that competitive desires represent an important antecedent of PID behavior in OSN contexts. Theoretical and practical implications of the research are also discussed.
Sympathetic ANS modulation of pupil diameter in emotional scene perception: Effects of hedonic content, brightness, and contrast

A series of studies investigated the effects of hedonic content, brightness, and contrast on pupil diameter during free viewing of natural scenes, assessing the amplitude of the initial light reflex and subsequent sustained pupil diameter change. Hedonic picture content varied from highly arousing scenes of erotica and violence to scenes depicting nature, babies, loss, contamination, food, and more. Despite equivalent overall picture brightness and contrast, pupil diameter still varied as a function of the local brightness of central vision at fixation. Statistical (Experiment 1) and methodological (Experiment 2, 3) solutions produced complementary data indicating that scenes of erotica and violence reliably attenuate the amplitude of the initial light reflex and prompt enhanced late diameter pupil changes, compared to other scene contents. A principal components analysis supported the hypothesis that a single sympathetically mediated process enhances pupil dilation during picture viewing, modulating both initial constriction and late diameter changes. Rather than being a subtle index of "liking," pupil diameter is primarily sensitive to events that reliably elicit measurable sympathetic nervous system activity.
"Communities" of Conditions: Novel Methods for Classifying Psychiatric Disorders.

In 1798, Philippe Pinel presented one of the first nosologies for psychiatric disorders, "Nosographie philosophique ou la methode de l'analyse appliquee a la medecine."1 His emphasis on psychological and physical conditions as the basis of mental illness provided a distinct departure from prior reliance on such etiologies such as demonic possession. Establishing classification schema was a much more profound innovation than a simple academic reordering of psychiatric phenomena-under Pinel's leadership at the famed Pitie-Salpetriere hospital, it also led to a radical reformation of clinical interventions, moving away from pseudoscientific practices toward psychologically based interventions. Much of this work influenced his successors in psychiatric taxonomy including Emil Kraeplin and others, ultimately forming the basis of the DSM.2 Although the DSM has been subsequently celebrated and maligned, it has been instrumental in both our conceptualization and treatment approach to psychiatric disorders. Indeed, there has been extensive effort to validate these conditions using factor analytic approaches to confirm that such conditions represent cohesive biologically based disorders, which has presented challenges.3.
Renewable High-Purity Mono-Phenol Production from Catalytic Microwave-Induced Pyrolysis of Cellulose over Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon Catalyst

The activated carbons (ACs) enriched in P-containing functional groups were obtained through one-pot microwave-induced pyrolysis from corn stover activated with phosphoric acid and were further tested as the catalyst for selective monophenol production from cellulose pyrolysis for the first time. Maximum AC yield (44.3 wt %) was obtained with an acid to biomass ratio of 0.85. Increasing phosphoric acid to corn stover ratios could enhance the porosity and peak intensities of P-containing functional groups in obtained ACs. Attained ACs had an excellent catalytic performance in phenol production with the highest selectivity of phenol (99.02 % based on peak area) in the obtained organic compounds at the catalytic temperature of 450 °C. The catalytic performance of ACs remained highly selective for phenol after using two times. The experimental results indicated that P-containing groups such as −O–P, O═P, and −O–P–O– were the active reaction sites and more mespores promoted phenol production. The phenol can be...
Progress Toward and the Promise of Multidiscipline Engine Simulation

Current engineering systems tools have limitations that restrict the ability to unite conceptual design and detailed analysis. Numerical Propulsion System Simulator (NPSS) is a multidisciplinary systems analysis tool that has been tackling key concurrent design technology barriers for over a decade. This paper will look at some of the successes achieved by NPSS and areas requiring additional development. NPSS is widely used within industry for full engine simulation of gas turbines and (to a lesser extent) rockets. The first version of this tool has focused on providing an object-oriented framework that provides a sound architecture for both low-and high-fidelity systems models. High-fidelity simulations have just recently been achieved on parallel computers. They demonstrate the promise of this new technology and indicate critical areas for future development.
A Prospective Evaluation of Early Postoperative Complications After Distal Biceps Tendon Repairs.

Purpose The reported incidence of postoperative complications after distal biceps tendon repairs (DBTRs) has been determined largely by retrospective studies. We hypothesized that a large prospective cohort study of DBTRs would demonstrate increased complication rates relative to existing literature values. Secondarily, we hypothesized that most complications would be transient and self-limiting, regardless of the surgical technique employed for the repair. Methods Consecutive patients undergoing acute, primary DBTR from July 2016 to December 2017 were enrolled. The repair technique, postoperative protocol, and follow-up intervals were determined by the individual surgeons’ protocols. Demographic information, surgical data, and complications were tabulated prospectively. Exclusion criteria included chronic DBTRs, secondary DBTRs requiring allograft, DBTRs of partial tears, and postoperative follow-up of less than 12 weeks. We included 212 repairs performed by 37 orthopedic surgeons in 3 different subspecialties. Results Sixty-five patients (30.7%) had 73 complications. Fifty patients (44.6%) in the 1-incision group experienced complications compared with 15 (15.0%) in the 2-incision group. Sixty patients (28.3%) developed a minor complication. Fifty-seven patients (26.9%) had sensory neurapraxias, 47 after a 1-incision procedure and 10 after a 2-incision procedure, a statistically significant difference. Of the patients with neurapraxias, 94.7% were resolved or improving at the time of the latest follow-up. Five patients (2.4%) developed a major complication, defined as a return to the operating room in the postoperative period due to deep infection or rerupture. Conclusions The complication rate after DBTR appears to be higher than 2 other retrospective studies and is predominantly in the form of transient neurapraxias. This study confirms that there is a higher complication rate in 1-incision techniques as compared with 2-incision techniques. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic II.