cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CD34+ selection and the severity of oropharyngeal mucositis in total body irradiation-based allogeneic stem cell transplantation

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the impact of ex vivo T cell depleted (TCD) by CD34+ selection on the incidence and severity of oropharyngeal mucositis (OM) after myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT) with total body irradiation (TBI) conditioning. This approach has the advantage of avoiding methotrexate for graft versus host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. We analyzed the incidence and severity of OM in a cohort of 105 consecutive patients who underwent CD34+ selected (peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) from human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical siblings) allo-SCT with total body irradiation (TBI) conditioning. OM was graded by the World Health organization (WHO) and the Bearman regimen-related toxicity (RRT) scales. The incidence of WHO grade 3–4 OM was 34.3 %. There were no cases of grade 3–4 OM by the RRT scale. Significant correlation was found between the severity of OM and the use of intravenous (IV) narcotic medications (r 2 = 0.15, p = 0.004), total parenteral nutrition (TPN; r 2 = 0.68, p < 0.001), and hospital length of stay (LOS) (r 2 = 0.12, p = 0.01). TBI-induced OM can inflict significant morbidity in the early transplant period, and the incidence of WHO grade 3–4 OM can exceed 50 % when methotrexate is used for GVHD prophylaxis. In the CD34+ selected setting, methotrexate is avoided and the incidence of WHO grade 3–4 OM, use of TPN, and need for narcotic analgesia appear to be lower than historic evidence from standard T-replete allogeneic transplantation. We conclude that toxicity from OM is tolerable in CD34+ selected allo-SCT and should be prospectively measured in randomized trials comparing CD34+ selection versus T-replete transplantation.
Low demanding parental feeding style is associated with low consumption of whole grains among children of recent immigrants

We explored the influence of immigrant mothers feeding style on their children's fruit, vegetable and whole grain intake and how this relationship differed by mother's time in the U.S. Baseline data were collected on mother-child (3-12 yrs) dyads enrolled in Live Well (n = 313), a community-based, participatory, randomized controlled lifestyle intervention (2008-2013). Socio-demographics, years of residence in the U.S., behavioral data, and responses to the Caregiver's Feeding Styles Questionnaire (CFSQ) were obtained from the mother. Measured heights and weights were obtained for both mother and child. Child dietary intake was assessed using the Block Food Screener. Separate multiple linear regression models were run, adjusting for child and mother covariates. Interactions between feeding styles and years in the U.S. (<5 and ≥ 5 years), ethnicity, and child age were tested. Sixty-nine percent of mothers were overweight or obese, 46% of the children were overweight or obese. For mothers in the U.S. for<5 years, having a low demanding/high responsive style was associated with lower child intake of whole grains in adjusted models vs. a high demanding/high responsive style (p < 0.05). This was not seen for mothers in the U.S. for≥5 years. Thus, the influence of feeding style on dietary intake may change with length of time in the U.S. These hypotheses-generating findings call for future research to understand how broader socio-cultural factors influence the feeding dynamic among immigrants.
Children's academic development: Where evolution meets culture

Schools are the interface between evolution and culture. They are the contexts in which children’s evolved learning and motivational biases intersect with the need to learn the vast array of evolutionarily-novel skills (e.g., reading) and knowledge (e.g., geometric concepts) needed to function as adults in modern societies. The rapid cross-generational accumulation of knowledge during the past several millennia has created a gap between children’s evolved learning and motivational biases and the types of learning needed to master evolutionarily-novel skills and knowledge. I provide a brief overview of these evolved learning and motivational biases, and place them in the context of children’s learning and motivation to learn in modern-day schools. Key words: evolution, development, cognitive development, academic learning.
Applications of Microwave Energy in Drying, Calcining, and Firing of Ceramics

Application des microondes au sechage de la ceramique sanitaire et au frittage de ceramiques d'alumine et de bougies d'allumage
Causality Tests for Public School Performance and Funding

This paper seeks to shed light on the role of school funding in individual school performance. A unique data set is utilized for the Metropolitan Nashville – Davidson County School District in Tennessee, known colloquially as Metro. In 2005 the Metro school board undertook the task of breaking down individual school spending levels by funding source. The resulting 2004-2005 financial data are combined with academic test scores and demographic data for 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 academic years for each of 70 elementary schools. Econometric tests are then conducted to examine whether contemporaneous test score performance is determined by funding, or whether funding is determined by prior performance, or whether other school characteristics influence both.
Triangle Research Libraries Network

The Triangle Research Libraries Network (TRLN) is a cooperative project of the libraries of Duke University, North Carolina State University, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Its goal is to provide an integrated online system for the three campuses using a distributed network. The online catalog, which is considered the core of the system, is operational. Other functions are being developed, including acquisitions/serials control. This article outlines the planning process used by the Acquisitions/ Serials Advisory Committee to prepare general functional requirements for an ideal automated acquisitions/serials control subsystem. It emphasizes the importance of careful documentation to provide a solid foundation for any direction automation efforts might take. It gives advice for the development of functional requirements as well as for the evaluation of turnkey systems as alternate ways to achieve the goals stated in the requirements. Finally, it describes the lessons learned from the ...
BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES OF MONOAMINE OXIDASE DEFICIENCY: PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL EVIDENCE

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) isoenzymes A and B are mitochondrial-bound proteins, catalyzing the oxidative deamination of monoamine neurotransmitters as well as xenobiotic amines. Although they derive from a common ancestral progenitor gene, are located at X-chromosome and display 70% structural identity, their substrate preference, regional distribution, and physiological role are divergent. In fact, while MAO-A has high affinity for serotonin and norepinephrine, MAO-B primarily serves the catabolism of 2-phenylethylamine (PEA) and contributes to the degradation of other trace amines and dopamine. Convergent lines of preclinical and clinical evidence indicate that variations in MAO enzymatic activity--due to either genetic or environmental factors--can exert a profound influence on behavioral regulation and play a role in the pathophysiology of a large spectrum of mental and neurodegenerative disorders, ranging from antisocial personality disorder to Parkinson's disease. Over the past few years, numerous advances have been made in our understanding of the phenotypical variations associated with genetic polymorphisms and mutations of the genes encoding for both isoenzymes. In particular, novel findings on the phenotypes of MAO-deficient mice are highlighting novel potential implications of both isoenzymes in a broad spectrum of mental disorders, ranging from autism and anxiety to impulse-control disorders and ADHD. These studies will lay the foundation for future research on the neurobiological and neurochemical bases of these pathological conditions, as well as the role of gene × environment interactions in the vulnerability to several mental disorders.
A Review of “Success with Library Volunteers”

As the former manager of a busy public library, I can attest to the opportunities and challenges presented by incorporation of library volunteer programs. The authors did not intend for this text t...
Design of Low-Speed Airfoils by Numerical Optimization

A practical procedure for the optimum design of low-speed airfoils is demonstrated. The procedure uses an optimization program based on a gradient algorithm coupled with an aerodynamic analysis program that uses a relaxation solution of the inviscid, full-potential equation. The analysis program is valid for both incompressible and compressible flow, thereby making optimum design of high-speed, shock-free airfoils possible. Results are presented for the following three constrained optimization problems at fixed angle of attack and Mach number: (1) adverse pressure-gradient minimization, (2) pitching-moment minimization; and (3) lift maximization. All three optimization problems were studied with various aerodynamic and geometric constraints.
Etching and Post‐Treatment Surface Stability of Track‐Etched Polycarbonate Membranes by Plasma Processing Using Various Related Oxidizing Plasma Systems

Oxidizing plasmas (O2, CO2, H2O (g), and formic acid (g)) were used to modify track-etched polycarbonate (PC) membranes and explore the mechanisms and species responsible for etching. Etch rates were measured using scanning electron microscopy; modified surfaces were characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle. These results were combined with optical emission spectroscopy to provide insight into etch mechanisms. Although oxide functionalities implanted were similar, H2O (g) and formic acid vapor plasmas yielded the lowest contact angles. The CO2, H2O (g), and formic acid (g) plasma-modified surfaces were found to be similarly stable 1 month after treatment. Etch rate correlated directly to the relative gas-phase density of atomic oxygen and hydroxyl radicals.
Free vibration of arches flexible in shear.

An analysis reported by Veletsos et al. (1972) concerning the free vibrational characteristics of circular arches vibrating in their own planes is considered. The analysis was based on a theory which neglects the effects of rotatory inertia and shearing deformation. A supplementary investigation is conducted to assess the effects of the previously neglected factors and to identify the conditions under which these effects are of practical significance or may be neglected. A simple approximate procedure is developed for estimating the natural frequencies of arches, giving due consideration to the effects of the previously neglected factors.
Magnitude and composition of sinking particulate phosphorus fluxes in Santa Barbara Basin, California

examined particulate P cycling in the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB) off the coast of southern California using a 520 m deep-moored sediment trap deployed from 1993–2006 and a sediment core collected in 2005 directly beneath the sediment trap at 590 m. Total particulate P (TPP), particulate inorganic P (PIP), and particulate organic P (POP) were quantified using a 5-step sequential extraction method (SEDEX) that chemically separates PIP into loosely bound, oxide-bound, authigenic, and detrital P phases. POP fluxes, while similar in magnitude to other coastal regions (22 10 mmol m 2 d 1 ) were a small component of the TPP pool (15%). Seasonal trends revealed significant increases in POP fluxes during upwelling due to increased biological production in surface waters by organisms that increased mineral ballast. High particulate organic carbon (POC) to POP ratios (337 18) further indicated rapid and efficient remineralization of POP relative to POC as particles sank through the oxic water column; however, further reduction of POP ceased in the deeper anoxic waters. Loosely bound, oxide-bound, and authigenic P, dominated the TPP pool, with PIP fluxes substantially higher than those measured in other coastal settings. Strong correlations between oxide-associated, authigenic, and detrital P fluxes with lithogenic material indicated a terrestrial source associated with riverine discharge. Furthermore, more than 30% of the loosely bound and oxide-bound P was remineralized prior to burial, with the magnitude of dissolution far exceeding that of POP. These results highlight the dynamic nature of the particulate P pool in coastal ecosystems and how changes in P source can alter the composition and lability of P that enters coastal waters.
Phenylketonuria: evaluation of therapy and verification of diagnosis.

Twelve patients were studied who had been placed on a low-phenylalanine diet before 2 months of age because of hyperphenylalaninemia. The failure of tyrosine blood levels to rise significantly after a phenylalanine load was considered confirmation of the diagnosis of phenylketonuria. The height of each of the 12 patients was less than the fiftieth percentile and 3 were under the third percentile. The failure to thrive was correlated with a plasma phenylalanine level below 3 mg. per 100 ml. One child developed the phenylalanine deficiency syndrome.
Morphotropic phase boundary in high temperature ferroelectric xBi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3 − yPbZrO3 − zPbTiO3 perovskite ternary solid solution

Abstract A bismuth and lead oxide based perovskite ternary solid solution x Bi(Zn 1/2 Ti 1/2 )O 3 − y PbZrO 3 − z PbTiO 3 ( x BZT − y PZ − z PT) was investigated as an attempt to develop a high T C ferroelectric material for piezoelectric sensor and actuator applications. A morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) between rhombohedral and tetragonal phases was determined through an XRD study on a pseudobinary line 0.1BZT − 0.9[ x PT − (1 − x )PZ] for composition 0.1Bi(Zn 1/2 Ti 1/2 )O 3 − 0.5PbZrO 3 − 0.4PbTiO 3 . Enhanced piezoelectric and ferroelectric activities were observed for MPB composition with dielectric constant e r ′ ~ 23,000 at Curie temperature ( T C ) ≈ 320 °C, remanent polarization ( P r ) = 35 μC/cm 2 , piezoelectric coefficient ( d 33 ) = 300 pC/N, unipolar strain = 0.15%, and electromechanical coupling coefficient ( k P ) = 0.45.
Efficient reconfiguration methods to enable rapid deployment of runtime reconfigurable systems

Today's sensing and processing algorithms operate on vast data streams coming from a broad range on input sources. In response, embedded computing applications require a large degree of configurability and adaptability to operate on a variety of data inputs where the characteristic of the data inputs may also change over time. To address these challenges, runtime reconfigurable systems can enable efficient implementations in which hardware accelerators can be reconfigured in response to the characteristics of the current data inputs. In this paper, we present an overview of the framework and runtime reconfiguration methods developed in the data-adaptable reconfigurable embedded systems (DARES) project. We provide an overview of the rapid deployment and runtime reconfiguration capabilities of this methodology, showcasing an adaptable implementation of a JPEG2000 image compression application.
Conformation of a bound inhibitor of blood coagulant factor Xa.

13C{15N} and 13C{19F} rotational-echo double-resonance NMR have been used to characterize the enzyme-bound structure of ZK-816042, an amidine−imidazoline inhibitor of human factor Xa (FXa). The NMR experiments were performed on a lyophilized FXa−inhibitor complex. The complex was formed in solution in the presence of stabilizing excipients and frozen after gradual supercooling prior to lyophilization. The results indicate that the inhibitor binds with a distribution of orientations of the imidazoline ring.
SU-GG-T-296: Experience on Using Modified CHECKMATE for Hi-Art Tomotherapy Daily QA

Purpose: To design a method utilizing a commercially available daily QA device to check the performance of the Hi‐Art Tomotherapy unit. This method is simple for therapists to finish in a short time and also can check the output and energy of the machine as well as the laser and imaging precisions as recommended by Tomotherapy. The initial experience of using this method is also reported. Method and Materials: A CHECKMATE (Sun Nuclear Corp. Melbourne, FL) with one vented parallel‐pate chamber at the center was used. BBs were added to serve as the markers to check the imaging precision and couch position accuracy. The 10 cm square markings and the BBs were also used to check the red laser movement accuracy. A procedure was designed to deliver 20s beam on time (∼287 cGy) to the chamber with SSD = 85cm. This procedure was delivered first to check the output of the machine, then a Cerrobend plate of ∼1.6 cm thick was put on top of the device and the procedure was delivered again. The ratio between the two readings was used to represent the energy of the machine. Results were compared with the monthly QA measurements and CT detector data measured by field service engineer (FSE) when available. Results Daily couch position variation was well within 1mm limit. The output measurements were in agreement with the monthly IC measurement as well as the CT detector data used by FSE. The energy measurements were consistent with the monthly QA data. When target was deteriorating, the FSE reported data had a different trend than the morning QA data. Conclusions The modified CHECKMATE provides a reliable and fast way to do daily check for Tomotherapy machine and can be easily done by a therapist
Concern About Safety of Carotid Angioplasty

Stroke risk reduction for the large majority of patients with high-grade carotid stenosis is presently best accomplished by carotid endarterectomy. When properly applied according to clearly identified standards and guidelines, this treatment is effective, safe, and durable.1 2 The results of recent large randomized trials demonstrate conclusively not only the effectiveness of surgical therapy for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in reducing stroke incidence but also the importance of careful studies in providing definitive information.3 4 With this background of hard-won experience, we view with concern the application of catheter-based angioplasty techniques to carotid artery bifurcation and internal carotid artery disease. Reports of such techniques can be found in small published series characterized by lack of complete descriptive information and absent …
Determinants of Maternal Vitamin A or Beta-Carotene Supplementation Coverage: Village-Based Female Distributors in Nepal

Success rates of community-based micronutrient supplementation programs may be enhanced if local residents take primary responsibility for distribution of supplements. Hence this study attempts to identify such characteristics among village-based women hired to deliver nutritional supplements to women of childbearing age in Nepal. Between 1994 and 1997 a community randomized placebo trial was conducted in the Sarlahi district to assess the impact on maternal and infant health and survival of weekly supplementation among 44646 women of childbearing age. Overall results show that successful supplement distribution can depend on factors external to the distributor as well as personal attributes such as age and literacy. Illiterate distributors may have related better to women who were more like themselves leading to increased compliance. Recipient characteristics that predicted higher coverage rates included older age and higher parity previous history of child deaths and lower socioeconomic status. Furthermore it is noted that compliance is higher among distributors who are similar to recipients in terms of education level.
Design And Performance Of Very High Speed InGaAs And GaAs Photodiodes

High-speed In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As and GaAs photodiodes with varying absorption region thicknesses were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on semi-insulating InP and GaAs substrates, respectively. The fabricated devices exhibit measured impulse response characteristics which are close to the simulated ones. An Ino.53Gao.47As photodiode having 0.75 μm thick absorption region and 20 x 25 μm 2 area is characterized by a leakage current 1 nA and responsivity of 0.35 A/W. The temporal response characteristics of this diode is characterized by a risetime of 21 ps and a FWHM of 27 psec. A GaAs photodiode which has a 1A‚Âµm absorption region and 20 x 25 μm 2 is characterized by a laser-limited rise time of 45 psec. and FWHM 55 psec. with a leakage current less than 1 nA and a responsivity of 0.65 A/W. A similar GaAs photodiode with a 0.5 μm absorption region and a 12 μm diameter active area is characterized by a risetime of 20 psec. and FWHM of 35 psec. with a leakage current much less than 1 nA and responsivity of 0.4 A/W. To our knowledge these performances are amongst the best reported for PIN photodiodes. Techniques for enhancing the device characteristics further will be described and discussed.
Fiber-Optic Biosensor for the Detection of Atrazine: Characterization and Continuous Measurements

An optical fiber enzymatic biosensor was formed by immobilizing cells containing atrazine chlorohydrolase to the surface of a pH-sensitive optode. This enzyme catalyzes the dechlorination of atrazine, releasing hydrochloric acid and creating a signal response from the optode that was proportional to the atrazine concentration. Biosensors capable of quantitative and sensitive atrazine concentration measurements were developed using the atrazine chlorohydrolase of both Pseudomonas sp. ADP and Clavibacter michiganese sp. ATZ1. The biosensors based on both bacteria had a limit of detection of less than 1 ppb (validated using gas chromatography) and a linear range from 1 ppb to 100 ppb atrazine. Response times were a function of concentration and the source of enzyme, with a response time of 10 or 20 min for a 25 ppb atrazine solution. The performance of these sensors at various temperatures, pH values, and buffer capacities was also studied. The use of poly-L-lysine to increase the physical stability of biose...
Structure of Valence and Conduction Levels in NiO

Photoemission measurements on cleaved NiO(100) identify both the O $2p$ $\ensuremath{\pi}$ valence orbitals and the previously undetected O $2p$ $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ orbitals. An upper limit of 0.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 eV is set on the width of the Ni $3d$ ${t}_{2g}\ensuremath{\downarrow}$ emission. A large maximum in the empty density of states is detected in the secondary-electron spectrum, explaining previously debated photoabsorption data. We conclude from the available data that NiO is not a conventional band-gap insulator, as has been suggested recently, but is in fact a Mott insulator.
Idioventricular Rhythm in Acute Myocardial Infarction

An ectopic ventricular rhythm (IVR) with a rate of 60 to 100/min was detected in 36 of 100 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction by constant monitoring of the electrocardiogram. This mechanism was not apparent clinically and was usually transient, lasting 4 to 30 beats. It was frequently associated with inferior myocardial infarction and usually occurred during sinus bradycardia or the slow phase of sinus arrhythmia. Unlike true paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia (PVT), IVR did not progress to ventricular fibrillation and did not influence the prognosis adversely. Recognition of IVR is important in order to avoid unnecessary and perhaps dangerous treatment with cardiosuppressive drugs and electrical cardioversion.
Familial bladder cancer in an oncology clinic.

Abstract We have evaluated family history and cigarette smoking history on 49 consecutively ascertained patients with urinary bladder carcinoma and compared them with 956 consecutively ascertained patients with histologically verified cancer (all sites), all of whom were being treated in the same oncology clinics. Data was collected through interviews, questionnaires, and primary medical and pathology documents. Cancer risks were compared on the basis of anatomic sites involved and with cumulative risk estimated from data in the Third National Cancer Survey. A permutation test was also employed. Significant heterogeneity of risk (z = 4.85, p ≤ 0.02) for bladder cancer was found in relatives of probands with bladder cancer. Significant heterogeneity or increase in risk of bladder cancer was not observed when families with lung, other smoking related cancer, and nonsmoking related cancer were analyzed. Though based on a limited number of verified bladder cancer patients, we have provided statistical evidence in support of our hypothesis that bladder cancer may have a stronger familial etiologic component than heretofore recognized.
GABAA receptor needs two homologous domains of the beta-subunit for activation by GABA but not by pentobarbital.

THE predominant inhibitory neurotrasmitter of the brain, GABA (γ-amino butyric acid), activates chloride-selective ion pores integral to the receptor complex. Subunits comprising the pre-sumed hetero-pentameric GABA channel have been cloned1–4, but little information is available on the domains important for activation. Rat wild-type or mutated α1-, & beta;2- and γ2-subunits (designated α, β and γ) were coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes and examined electrophy siologically. We report here the identification of two separate and homologous domains of the β-subunit, each of which contributes a tyrosine and threonine essential for activation by GABA. Conservative substitution of each of these four amino acids dramatically decreased GABA channel sensitivity to activation by GABA and the GABA agonist muscimol. These substitutions, however, did not impair activation by the barbiturate pentobarbital, indicating these two different classes of agonists activate GABA channels through distinct mechanisms. We also present evidence suggesting that the two identified domains of the β-subunit contribute a major component of the GABA receptor.
A new algorithm for one-dimensional problems

Abstract A new computation scheme in perturbation theory is developed for one-dimensional nonrelativistic problems with static potentials. If λ is a measure of the strength of the perturbation, after n steps in this scheme, the energy and wave function corrections are known to order λ 2 n −1 , whereas the same are known only to order λ n in the ordinary perturbation expansion.
Data Analysis and Visualization in High-Performance Computing

Because data analysis and visualization jobs are highly diverse in terms of their size-measured by core count, memory use, and requisite software-sophisticated, high-performance monitoring tools are needed to improve user support and facilitate resource allocation.
Constitutions as constraints: A case study of three american constitutions

The Original Constitution of the United States, the Articles of Confederation, was approved in 1781, but within a few years the Articles were replaced by the Constitution of the United States. Approximately seven decades late, the Confederate States of America wrote a constitution using the U.S. Constitution as a model. The three documents are used as a case study on constitutional rules as constraints on government. When compared to the Articles, the effect of adopting the Constitution was to relax constraints on the federal government. The Confederate Constitution added constraints to the U.S. Constitution, while retaining the same basic framework.
Thermodynamics of the B to Z transition in poly(dGdC)

The thermodynamics of the B to Z transition in poly(dGdC) was examined by differential scanning calorimetry, temperature-dependent absorbance spectroscopy, and CD spectroscopy. In a buffer containing 1 mM Na cacodylate, 1 mM MgCl2, pH 6.3, the B to Z transition is centered at 76.4°C, and is characterized by ΔHcal = 2.02 kcal (mol base pair)−1 and a cooperative unit of 150 base pairs (bp). The tm of this transition is independent of both polynucleotide and Mg2+ concentrations. A second transition, with ΔHcal = 2.90 cal (mol bp)−1, follows the B to Z conversion, the tm of which is dependent upon both the polynucleotide and the Mg2+ concentrations. Turbidity changes are concomitant with the second transition, indicative of DNA aggregation. CD spectra recorded at a temperature above the second transition are similar to those reported for ψ(–)-DNA. Both the B to Z transition and the aggregation reaction are fully and rapidly reversible in calorimetric experiments. The helix to coil transition under these solution conditions is centered at 126°C, and is characterized by ΔHcal = 12.4 kcal (mol bp)−1 and a cooperative unit of 290 bp. In 5 mM MgCl2, a single transition is seen centered at 75.5°C, characterized by ΔHcal = 2.82 kcal (mol bp)−1 and a cooperative unit of 430 bp. This transition is not readily reversible in calorimetric experiments. Changes in turbidity are coincident with the transition, and CD spectra at a temperature just above the transition are characteristic of ψ(–)-DNA. A transition at 124.9°C is seen under these solution conditions, with ΔHcal = 10.0 kcal (mol bp)−1 and which requires a complex three-step reaction mechanism to approximate the experimental excess heat capacity curve. Our results provide a direct measure of the thermodynamics of the B to Z transition, and indicate that Z-DNA is an intermediate in the formation of the ψ-(–) aggregate under these solution conditions.
The San Salvador Earthquake of October 10, 1986—Casualties, Search and Rescue, and Response of the Health Care System

Abstract The San Salvador earthquake caused a relatively large number of casualties. Perhaps one‐third of the fatalities occurred in engineered structures. Structural collapse, nonstructural elements, occupant actions, fire, and soil failure all played a role in earthquake injuries. The collapse of several multistory buildings necessitated heavy rescue operations by local authorities, foreign experts, and volunteers. This experience revealed the need for better coordination of such efforts in future disasters. Earthquake damage significantly disrupted local health services, causing evacuation of all major hospitals. Health care continues in temporary facilities. Future health service decentralization is a possible positive outcome.
Stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis in cultured liver cells by CCl4

Abstract The contribution of hepatocytes to liver prostaglandin synthesis is controversial, partly because hepatocytes of varying purity have been studied. In this study, prostaglandin synthesis was examined in conventional and ricin-purified rat hepatocytes that were incubated with gaseous carbon tetrachloride as a model stimulus for lipid peroxidation and prostaglandin synthesis. Hepatocytes that were incubated for 2 hours with 1 ml, of liquid CCl 4 /5 L gas volume showed no evidence of cell death or injury. However, twice this volume of CCl 4 caused total cell death. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) failed to detect prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) synthesis in hepatocyte cultures after the first day in culture, under a variety of cell culture conditions. Conventional hepatocyte cultures, but not ricin-purified hepatocytes, synthesized thromboxane B 2 (approximately 300 pg/mg protein) and prostaglandin D 2 (PGD 2 ) (range, 1,000-6,000 pg/mg protein). Conventional hepatocyte cultures released prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) immunoreactivity (ranging from approximately 900 to 1,800 pg/mg protein). Ricin-purified hepatocyte cultures made at least half as much PGF 2α immunoreactivity as did corresponding conventional hepatocytes. However, cyclooxygenase inhibitors did not inhibit the portion of PGF 2α immunoreactivity made by ricin-purified hepatocytes. PGF 2α immunoreactivity released by ricin-purified hepatocytes cochromatographed with PGF2 alpha, and probably represents F2-isoprostanes resulting from lipid peroxidation in hepatocytes. F2- isoprostane release was detected by immunoassay. Conventional cultures of rat hepatocytes contain Kupffer and endothelial cells, which can synthesize significant amounts of cyclooxygenase products. Highly purified hepatocytes do not produce cyclooxygenase products, even with a maximal stimulus to lipid peroxidation. CCl 4 causes the release of F2-isoprostanes from hepatocytes with or without observable cell injury, as detected by Trypan blue exclusion or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. (Hepatology 1996 Sep;24(3):677-84)
Single component and multi-component adsorption of metal ions by activated carbons

Abstract The adsorption by activated carbons was investigated as a method to recover metal ions from acid mine drainage. The adsorption of ferrous, manganese, zinc and calcium in single, binary, ternary, and quaternary systems was studied. Equilibrium isotherms were determined at selected pHs to characterize the adsorption process. Adsorption capacities were compared in single, binary, ternary and multi-component systems for different types of activated carbons. The adsorption data fitted Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms in most of the cases. The results indicate that Langmuir isotherm fits the data better in single component systems whereas the Freundlich is better in multi-component systems. Breakthrough curves were presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of adsorption in packed bed for treatment of metal bearing wastewaters.
A variational justification of the assumed natural strain formulation of finite elements—II. The C0 four-node plate element

Abstract In Part II the four-node C0 plate bending element is used to explore some of the possibilities opened by the theory presented in Part I [C. Militello and C. A. Felippa, Comput. Struct.34, 431–438 (1990)]. This element is chosen because the version presented by Bathe and Dvorkin [Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng21, 367–383 (1985)], MITC4, can be considered the simplest assumed natural strain element that allows several possibilities to be studied in a straightforward manner. Attention is focused on the governing functionals R and H presented in Part I, assuming independent strain fields only for the transverse shear strains. Besides MITC4, three formulations (two mixed and one hybrid) are considered that collectively represent a variational justification for the assumed strain technique. In addition, reduced and selective-integration elements are examined to compare their behavior with that of the present assumed strain elements.
The Quest for Instantaneous Perfection and the Demand for “Push-Button” Administration

Abstract Educational leaders in the United States are faced with a society seeking instantaneous perfection, immediate and perfect solutions. In education, this leads to a demand for push-button administration and an abandonment of trust in educators' judgment. As exemplified by the No Child Left Behind Act (2002), the search for quick fixes results in simplistic, technocratic, and prescriptive solutions that deskill teachers and educational leaders. The antidote to instantaneous perfection and push-button administration is courageous leadership that keeps leaders focused on their educational vision.
Darwin and moral realism: Survival of the iffiest

This paper defends moral realism against Sharon Street’s “Darwinian Dilemma for Realist Theories of Value” (this journal, 2006). I argue by separation of cases: From the assumption that a certain normative claim is true, I argue that the first horn of the dilemma is tenable for realists. Then, from the assumption that the same normative claim is false, I argue that the second horn is tenable. Either way, then, the Darwinian dilemma does not add anything to realists’ epistemic worries.
When the rubber meets the road: effects of urban and regional residence on principle and implementation measures of racial tolerance

Abstract Borrowing from the classical theories of Wirth and Stouffer and the more contemporary work of Tuch, we account for racial tolerance as a function of urban and regional residence. We add to the dialogue by including “implementation” questions in addition to “principle” questions as defined by Schuman, Steeh, Bobo, and Krysan to assess racial tolerance by urbanism and region over time with data extracted from the National Opinion Research Center's General Social Survey. These data are randomly drawn samples of the non-institutionalized US population of 18 years of age and older for years between 1972 and 1996. Findings suggest a general shift toward greater tolerance with a caveat. The phrase, “when the rubber meets the road” depicts an earnest commitment to actions that express tolerance and we do indeed find different patterns when analyzing principle and implementation questions. This disparity is steadier for the urban/non-urban comparisons in which the gap in tolerance persists regardless of question type (principle or implementation). This finding corroborates Tuch's earlier predictions. Conversely, the impact of region across time varies by question type. Although strides toward racial tolerance are observed in general over time, Southerners and rural residents still appear to lag behind their counterparts. These findings persist across time, across different measures of tolerance, and when multiple related factors such as education and income are taken into consideration.
Current status of transition-state theory

We present an overview of the current status of transition-state theory and its generalizations. We emphasize (i) recent improvements in available methodology for calculations on complex systems, including the interface with electronic structure theory, (ii) progress in the theory and application of transition-state theory to condensed-phase reactions, and (iii) insight into the relation of transition-state theory to accurate quantum dynamics and tests of its accuracy via comparisons with both experimental and other theoretical dynamical approximations.
Simulation of the Martian dust cycle with the GFDL Mars GCM

[1] The Martian seasonal dust cycle is examined with a general circulation model (GCM) that treats dust as a radiatively and dynamically interactive trace species. Dust injection is parameterized as being due to convective processes (such as dust devils) and model-resolved wind stresses. Size-dependent dust settling, transport by large-scale winds and subgrid scale diffusion, and radiative heating due to the predicted dust distribution are treated. Multiyear Viking and Mars Global Surveyor air temperature data are used to quantitatively assess the simulations. Varying the three free parameters for the two dust injection schemes (rate parameters for the two schemes and a threshold for wind-stress lifting), we find that the highly repeatable northern spring and summer temperatures can be reproduced by the model if the background dust haze is supplied by either convective lifting or by stress lifting with a very low threshold and a low injection rate. Dust injection due to high-threshold, high-rate stress lifting must be added to these to generate spontaneous and variable dust storms. In order to supply the background haze, widespread and ongoing lifting is required by the model. Imaging data provide a viable candidate mechanism for convective lifting, in the form of dust devils. However, observed nonconvective lifting systems (local storms, etc.) appear insufficiently frequent and widespread to satisfy the role. On the basis of the model results and thermal and imaging data, we suggest that the background dust haze on Mars is maintained by convective processes, specifically, dust devils. Combining the convective scheme and high-threshold stress lifting, we obtain a “best fit” multiyear simulation, which produces a realistic thermal state in northern spring and summer and, for the first time, spontaneous and interannually variable global dust storms.
Effect on Congestion and Motorcycle Safety of Motorcycle Travel on High-Occupancy-Vehicle Facilities in Virginia

The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 mandated that motorcycles be permitted to travel on federally funded highoccupancy-ehicle (HOV) facilities unless they created a safety hazard or adversely affected HOV operations. Although motorcycles had previously been banned from traveling on Virginia's HOV lanes, the Commonwealth Transportation Board (CTB) authorized motorcycle travel on HOV facilities in Virginia as of September 21, 1992, for a 2-year trial period. Study of that 2-year trial period found that motorcycles account for as much as 3 percent of the annual peak traffic volume on some HOV lanes. However, in the 2 years after the CTB authorized their travel on HOV facilities, there were only five motorcycle crashes on HOV lanes in the peak direction during hours that HOV restrictions were in effect. The study concludes that there is no evidence that allowing motorcycles to travel on HOV lanes in Virginia has an adverse impact on motorcycle safety or congestion on HOV lanes.
Using Cases in Management Development Programmes

Good management cases describe real‐world situations faced by managers. Explains the case methods course as an instrument in management education and training which provides participants with the opportunity to develop analytical, decision‐making and communications skills. Suggests that, as the group is acknowledged to be an effective vehicle for case discussion, the ability to listen and, especially, to disagree is a sine qua non.
A pilot phase II study of the efficacy and biosafety of doxorubicin chemotherapy in tumor-bearing equidae.

Background The efficacy and biosafety of a previously established tolerable dosage of doxorubicin have not been established in horses. Objectives To provide preliminary evidence of the efficacy of doxorubicin in tumor-bearing horses, explore drug pharmacokinetics profile, and estimate period of risk of exposure to drug residues. Animals Twelve horses with 37 tumors. Procedures Treatment protocol included 6 treatments at 3-week intervals. Eight horses were uniformly treated at a dosage of 70 mg/m2 and 4 horses received 4 of 6 treatment cycles at 70 mg/m2. Clinical signs, tumor responses, and toxicoses were evaluated. Drug residue concentrations were quantitated in 3 horses receiving of 65, 70, and 75 mg/m2 by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (plasma, feces) and liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (urine). Results Thirty tumors, including lymphomas, carcinomas, sarcoids, and melanoma, were evaluated for efficacy. The overall response rate was 47% (95% CI, 28–65%). Doxorubicin was not found to be effective against melanomas. Lymphomas and carcinomas were most responsive. Pooled serum Cmax and half-life of doxorubicin were 121.3 ng/mL and 12.9 hours, respectively. There were no detectable residues in fecal samples up to 3 weeks after treatment and in plasma and urine after 2 and 3 days, respectively. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance This study provides preliminary evidence that single-agent doxorubicin at a dosage of 70 mg/m2 has a broad spectrum of activity. The risk of exposure to drug residues in plasma and feces was low. Direct contact with urine-contaminated wastes should be avoided for 2 days after treatment.
Stereospecific deuterium substitution attenuates the tumorigenicity and metabolism of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK).

Stereochemical determinants of the tumorigenicity and metabolism of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were investigated using the stereospecifically deuterated isotopomers (4R)-[4-2H1]NNK and (4S)-[4-2H1]NNK. Upon ip administration to groups of 20 female A/J mice, NNK and (4S)-[4-2H1]NNK exhibited similar lung tumorigenicity at three different doses, whereas (4R)-[4-2H1]NNK was 2-fold less tumorigenic at all three doses. In a parallel experiment, levels of O6-methylguanine and 7-methylguanine were 2-fold lower in lung DNA of mice treated with (4R)-[4-2H1]NNK than in mice treated with NNK or (4S)-[4-2H1]NNK. To corroborate these in vivo data, the in vitro metabolism of these compounds was investigated using A/J mouse lung microsomes and Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9)-expressed mouse cytochrome P450s 2A4 and 2A5. Kinetic isotope effects on the apparent Vmax (DV) for the product of NNK 4-hydroxylation, OPB, were 2.7 ± 0.2 and 2.8 ± 0.4 when (4R)- and (4S)-[4-2...
Metal binding properties and secondary structure of the zinc-binding domain of Nup475.

Nup475 is a nuclear zinc-binding protein of unknown function that is induced in mammalian cells by growth factor mitogens. Nup475 contains two tandemly repeated sequences YKTELCX8CX5CX3H (Cys3His repeats) that are thought to be zinc-binding domains. Similar sequences have been found in a number of proteins from various species of eukaryotes. To determine the metal binding properties and secondary structure of the putative zinc-binding domains of Nup475, we have used synthetic or recombinant peptides that contain one or two domain sequences. The peptide with a single domain bound 1.0 ± 0.1 equivalents of Co2+, and the peptide with two domains bound 1.7 ± 0.4 equivalents of Co2+. Both peptides bound Co2+ and Zn2+ with affinities similar to those of classical zinc finger peptides. In each case, the Co2+ complex exhibited strong d-d transitions characteristic of tetrahedral coordination. For structural studies by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we used a more soluble two-domain peptide that had a single amino acid substitution in a nonconserved amino acid residue in the second Cys3His repeat. The mutant peptide unexpectedly showed loss of one of its metal binding sites and displayed ordered structure for only the first Cys3His sequence. On the basis of the nuclear magnetic resonance data, we propose a structure for the Nup475 metal-binding domain in which the zinc ion is coordinated by the conserved cysteines and histidine, and the conserved YKTEL motif forms a parallel sheet-like structure with the C terminus of this domain. This structure is unlike that of any previously described class of metal binding domain.
Mixed matrices and binomial ideals

Given an integral vector u /gE Zn, one may associate with it the binomial /tfu = Xu+ − Xu− in Z[X] = Z[X1, …, Xn] where u+ and u− are the positive and negative supports of u, respectively. We say that u is mixed if u+,u− ≠ 0 and a matrix M is mixed if all its rows are mixed. We investigate relationships between the matrix M whose rows are u1, …, ur and the ideal I = 〈/tfu1, …, /tfu1〉. For example, if M contains no square mixed submatrix of any size, then the vectors u1, …, ur are linearly independent and /tfu1, …, /tfur form a regular sequence in Z[X]. This allows us to decide if a semigroup ring is a complete intersection. When applied to numerical semigroups, the results give an alternate proof of a theorem by Delorme which characterizes numerical semigroups that are complete intersections.
Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor upregulates the expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human pancreatic cancer.

Background. We have previously reported that the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) promotes pancreatic cancer cell invasion in vitro. The purpose of this study was to determine whether GDNF regulates the expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in human pancreatic cancer cells. Methods. We used human pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2. The effect of GDNF on mRNA and protein expression was measured by Northern blot, Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MMP proteolytic activity was detected by gelatin zymography. To determine which intracellular pathways were involved, we used the following inhibitors: tyrosine kinase inhibitor Genistein, MEK-1 inhibitor PD98059 and PI3-K inhibitor Wortmannin. Results. GDNF increased MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression in MIA PaCa-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with GDNF enhanced gelatinolytic activity of the pro and active form of MMP-9. Inhibitor experiments showed that the expression and activity of pro MMP-9 was totally inhibited by Genistein and partially by Wortmannin, whereas PD98059 had no effect. All three compounds inhibited the activity of the active form of MMP-9. Conclusions. GDNF upregulates the expression and enzymatic activity of MMP-9 through different signaling pathways in MIA PaCa-2. These findings suggest that GDNF modulates MMP-9 expression and activation, and this may promote pancreatic cancer invasion. (Surgery 2003;134:293-9.)