cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why Have U.S. Firms Offshored to China

This paper represents the first in a series on U.S. manufacturing offshoring. It describes why many U.S. firms have relocated production networks to China, the world’s largest manufacturing economy. As the U.S. economy has become increasingly dependent on the provision of services and the production of high-tech goods, many U.S. firms have offshored labor-intensive stages of their manufacturing process to China to benefit from cost differentials, operational advantages, better proximity to suppliers and a growing consumer base, and incentives. An accompanying briefing describes the size and composition of U.S. manufacturing offshoring to China.
Transcranial Photobiomodulation (tPBM) Recipients Present Information Flow Alterations in the Cortex: an eCONNECTOME Brain Space ROI Analysis

This study conducted a Granger-causality analysis using eCONNECTOME on tPBM-evoked EEG data taken from 19 human subjects. Results revealed significant alteration in information flow in the cortical source space by sham-controlled tPBM with 1064-nm laser.
Topological Reaction Rate Measurements Related to Scuffing

The contact area of the plate of a ball/plate (both consisting of hardened M-50 steel) sliding elastohydrodynamic contact run on trimethylolpropane triheptanoate with or without tricresylphosphate (TCP) additive was optically profiled periodically with a phase-locked interference microscope (PLIM), both before and after exposure to alcoholic hydrochloric acid. As scuffing was approached, the change of profile within the contact region changed much more rapidly by the acid probe and assumed a constant high value after scuffing. A new nonetching metallurgical phase was found in the scuff mark, which was apparently responsible for the high reactivity. Soaking the metal surfaces in the lubricant before running affected the subsequent reactivity. The microscopic profile changes (sensitivity ± 30 A in depth) involved primarily the small asperities of radius < 3 μm, while the larger ones were unaffected. Soaking the steel in TCP smoothed the fine structure of the surface profile, but increased the reactivity tow...
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome microRNA as therapy for cardiac ischemic injury

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a significant cause of human health harm. In the past, stem cell therapy was reported to have functional defects, such as immune rejection, tumorigenicity, and infusion toxicity. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with lipid bilayer membrane structure, containing proteins, lipids, mRNA, miRNA, DNA, and other molecules, which can mediate various biological functions such as immune response, inflammatory response, cell migration, and differentiation intercellular communication. Exosomal miRNAs have outstanding advantages in disease diagnosis and curative effect prediction. Likewise, paracrine factors could also mediate the main therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells. Research has shown that mesenchymal stem cell-derived micro-exosomes, which may come from stem cells, accumulate in the ischemic tissue and regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis sites of myocardial injury after being transplanted. This review reviewed the molecular mechanisms of exosomes and internal microRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells in cardiac ischemic injury repair.
Isolated Ovarian Metastasis from Pancreatic Cancer Mimicking Primary Ovarian Neoplasia: Role of Molecular Analysis in Determining Diagnosis

Background and Presentation: In this study, we present the case of a 64-year-old female with a chief complaint of abdominal pain and bloating, which had been persistent over a period of 4 months. I...
Coarse-Grained Density Functional Theory Predictions via Deep Kernel Learning

Scalable electronic predictions are critical for soft materials design. Recently, the Electronic Coarse-Graining (ECG) method was introduced to renormalize all-atom quantum chemical (QC) predictions to coarse-grained (CG) molecular representations using deep neural networks (DNN). While DNN can learn complex representations that prove challenging for traditional kernel-based methods, they are susceptible to overfitting and the overconfidence of uncertainty estimations. Here, we develop ECG within the GPU-accelerated Deep Kernel Learning (DKL) framework to enable CG QC predictions of a conjugated oligomer using range-separated hybrid density functional theory. DKL-ECG provides accurate reproduction of QC electronic properties in conjunction with prediction uncertainties that facilitate efficient training over multiple temperature data sets via active learning. We show that while active learning algorithms enable efficient sampling of a more diverse configurational space relative to random sampling, the predictive accuracy of DKL-ECG models is effectively identical across all active learning methodologies employed. We attribute this result to the low conformational barriers of our test molecule and the redundant sampling of configurations induced by Boltzmann sampling, even for distinct temperature ensembles.
Las penurias de doña María: un análisis sociolingüístico de unrelato náhuatl moderno

The author offers a particularly interesting story reflecting a real happening in San Miguel Canoa, Puebla. The Nahuatl text, in which not only Spanish loans but whole sentences in that language are abundant, becomes here the subject of a penetrating sociolinguistic analysis.
Effect of Transnational Standards on U.S. Teacher Education

The Standards for Effective Pedagogy and Learning (CREDE, 2014) specify five transnational universals of teaching that are especially effective for the rapidly growing population of English language learners in North America. CLASSIC is an evidence-based, CREDE-aligned model of teacher education for classroom educators of English language learners. CLASSIC has utilized with more than 10,000 teachers in 100 school districts, located in eight states, in collaboration with eight different universities. This study examined the impact of the transnational standards of CLASSIC curricula on teachers’ observed practices with English language learners as measured by the recently developed Inventory of Situationally and Culturally Responsive Teaching (ISCRT). Despite some variability, over 110 participating teachers in 37 U.S. schools demonstrated statistically significant improvements in their delivery of effective pedagogy, across a wide range (18 of 22) ISCRT indicators; teachers exhibited highest levels of growth in instructional conversations, joint productive activity, and challenging activities. The full text of the article can be found at 10.18275/fire201401031041
Reconfigurable architectures for real-time network anomaly detection

A successful real-time intrusion detection is predicated on the ability to support the bandwidth demand of gigabit Ethernet. One portion of anomaly detection includes gathering additional network traffic information by extracting data based on network behavior. Those data are input to more advanced detection methods such as principal component analysis for anomaly detection. To achieve real-time performance, both the core algorithms and data gathering tools must satisfy bandwidth demands. In this Ph.D. work, we look to exploit reconfigurable hardware in a dynamic network environment and implement novel architectures for next generation intrusion detection systems utilizing anomaly detection schemes.
Dynamic robustness in gene regulatory networks

We investigate the robustness of biological networks, emphasizing gene regulatory networks. We define the robustness of a dynamical network as the magnitude of perturbation in terms of rates and concentrations that will not change the steady state dynamics of the network. We find the number of dynamical networks versus their dynamical robustness follows a power law. We observe module robustness to increase with node degree in published gene regulatory networks. Finally, based on dynamical robustness, we propose a growth model for producing networks with power law degree distributions.
Purification and bioassay of hedgehog ligands for the study of cell death and survival.

Abstract The Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted ligands—composed of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), Indian Hedgehog (Ihh), and Desert Hedgehog (Dhh)—possesses many roles during embryonic development, adult homeostasis, and cancer. The specific functions of the Hh proteins are intertwined with their requirement as survival factors in Hh‐responsive cells. However, studies designed to dissect the anti‐apoptotic role of Hhs have been hindered by the lack of simple approaches to purify large quantities of recombinant ligands in the average laboratory setting because of the natural modifications of these proteins with palmitic acid and cholesterol. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive protocol for the expression of Shh, Ihh, and Dhh in Escherichia coli as fusion proteins with calmodulin‐binding peptide to allow easy and rapid purification. The ligands are engineered with a new N‐terminus containing two isoleucine residues to provide an essential hydrophobic interphase for achieving high biologic activity. The protocol includes a detailed description of a method for determination of the specific activity of the generated proteins by use of a cell culture—based luciferase approach.
Accuracy Motivations, Predispositions, and Social Information in Political Discussion Networks

This analysis studies how variation in individuals' motivation to form accurate judgments affects the process of political discussion. I use a small-group experiment in which participants compete to elect the simulated candidate who best represents their true preferences. I manipulate economic incentives to control participants' accuracy motivations. The results show that accuracy-motivated participants, compared to those with weaker accuracy goals, seek discussants with more expertise and a more diverse set of viewpoints, place greater emphasis on socially provided messages, and reduce emphasis on political predispositions. As a result of these differences, however, accuracy-motivated participants rely more heavily on biased information. Hence, accuracy motivations do not produce more accurate judgments or better decisions. Although previous work on political discussion has largely ignored the role of motivations, these results suggest that accuracy motivations play an important but nuanced role in this process. Strengthened accuracy motivations increase individuals' exposure to political expertise and ideological diversity but also increase their potential to be misled.
The Myth of State Sovereignty

This Article reviews three different aspects of the constitutional protection of state sovereignty. The first section will introduce the issues arising from disputes over state sovereignty by reviewing the Supreme Court's application of state sovereignty concepts leading up to the constitutional crisis of 1933-36. The second section will discuss the abstract concept of sovereignty and its application in the system of American federalism. The third section of the Article will examine the Court's recent state sovereignty decisions in light of this abstract conception of sovereignty. The third section will place particular emphasis on the logical inconsistencies of the Court's new state sovereignty decisions. These decisions are justified by rationales that seem to incorporate the same broad conceptions of sovereignty described in section two, but in the end the modern Court has stopped short of providing states with the power to adopt and enforce policies that are exclusive and final in the sense that a coherent concept of sovereignty requires. The third section will conclude with a discussion of the implications presented by this anomaly.
A Conceptual Model for Community Interagency Collaboration

Although interagency community collaboration has been suggested to increase programming and decrease costs, theoretical understanding for this in nursing is limited. A conceptual framework for community interagency collaboration is described that depicts collaboration as a function of environmental conditions, organizational situations, and task characteristics. Transactional patterns including intensity, formalization, interrelational patterns, and structured relationships are discussed as are outcomes pertaining to organizations, interorganizational relations, clients, and communities.
Manganese (II) oxidation at mineral surfaces: A microscopic and spectroscopic study

The products of the heterogeneous oxidation of Mn(II)aq at hematite, goethite, and albite surfaces were studied, using Scanning Force Microscopy (SFM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Scanning Auger Microscopy (SAM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Oxidation experiments were conducted at room temperature in aerated solutions containing 4.0–26.7 ppm Mn(II)aq at pHs ranging from 7.8 to 8.7. Exposure times ranged from a few minutes up to six months. Through this study, it was found that steps are the most reactive sites for initiating the adsorption-oxidation reaction, independent of the mineral surface used. After the initial oxidation of Mn(II) at or near these sites, the continued adsorption-oxidation process is mineral surface dependent resulting in two types of growth paths, substrate and precipitate controlled growth. Substrate controlled growth (hematite and goethite) is characterized by the formation of a thin coating of protocrystallites that grows across the mineral surface away from the initial adsorption-oxidation site. In contrast, precipitate controlled growth (albite) is characterized by the development of precipitate ridges along a step edge. These two surface-controlled growth processes influence the distribution of the precipitates found with SEM and in hand-samples. However, independent of the mineral surface used in the experiments, the resulting precipitates consisted of Mn(III) bearing oxyhydroxides, predominately β-MnOOH.
Integrating speech information across talkers, gender, and sensory modality: female faces and male voices in the McGurk effect.

Studies of the McGurk effect have shown that when discrepant phonetic information is delivered to the auditory and visual modalities, the information is combined into a new percept not originally presented to either modality. In typical experiments, the auditory and visual speech signals are generated by the same talker. The present experiment examined whether a discrepancy in the gender of the talker between the auditory and visual signals would influence the magnitude of the McGurk effect. A male talker’s voice was dubbed onto a videotape containing a female talker’s face, and vice versa. The gender-incongruent videotapes were compared with gender-congruent videotapes, in which a male talker’s voice was dubbed onto a male face and a female talker’s voice was dubbed onto a female face. Even though there was a clear incompatibility in talker characteristics between the auditory and visual signals on the incongruent videotapes, the resulting magnitude of the McGurk effectwas not significantly different for the incongruent as opposed to the congruent videotapes. The results indicate that the mechanism for integrating speech information from the auditory and the visual modalities is not disrupted by a gender incompatibility even when it is perceptually apparent. The findings are compatible with the theoretical notion that information about voice characteristics of the talker is extracted and used to normalize the speech signal at an early stage of phonetic processing, prior to the integration of the auditory and the visual information.
Effect of Hexagenia on Daphnia response in sediment toxicity tests

The toxicity of 12 freshwater sediments to the water flea, Daphnia magna Straus, and the mayfly nymph, Hexagenia, were tested in recycling laboratory microcosms. The organisms were tested both together and singly. Significant differences in Daphnia mortality between test and control sediments occurred in only two cases in which Daphnia was tested alone, and in five cases in which it was tested with Hexagenia. Significant Hexagenia mortality occurred in only two cases. The results imply that (a) Hexagenia is a less sensitive indicator of freshwater sediment toxicity than is Daphnia and (b) the presence of Hexagenia usually intensifies the Daphnia response. Tests that combine these two organisms are recommended, since Daphnia, although an open-water species, responds not only to dissolved materials in the water but also to particulates released from the sediments by the physical activity of Hexagenia. These types of tests could be used, on a standardized, routine basis, as indicators of potential problems.
Second Messenger Regulation of Lipoprotein Uptake by an Arterial Wall Model

Second messenger signaling has been shown to regulate a variety of cellular functions in response to external stimuli. The following study was performed to determine the potential role of second messengers on influencing lipoprotein uptake by the arterial wall. An aortic endothelial cell (EC)-smooth muscle cell (SMC) bilayer was preexposed to various mediators of the cyclic AMP and inositol phosphate pathways for 30 min. The permeability, binding, and cellular uptake of 125I-labeled low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (10 micrograms/ml) added to the upper well media of the bilayer were then measured for each cell type after a 3-h incubation period. Forskolin (100 microM), an activator of adenylate cyclase, resulted in an increase in all measured parameters. 8-Br-cAMP (30 microM), a cAMP analogue, showed a similar effect on EC permeability (P < 0.00005) while galanin (0.1 mg/ml), an adenylate cyclase inhibitor, had no effect. GTP-binding protein inhibition with pertussis toxin (10 mg/ml) led to a marked reduction in SMC uptake (P < 10(-7)) without affecting membrane binding. Protein kinase C activation with phorbol myristate acetate (0.1 mg/ml) also increased EC permeability to LDL but, unlike forskolin, had no effect on LDL binding. This effect was further potentiated by calcium ionophore A23187 (5 x 10(-6) M), indicating a contributing role of intracellular calcium. These results would suggest that LDL uptake can be influenced by several second messenger systems, and that EC and SMC may respond differently to these intracellular signals. Second messenger regulation may allow changes in lipoprotein uptake by the arterial wall in response to external stimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Growth of crystals and effects of oxygen annealing in the Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O and Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O superconductor system

Abstract The growth of mm-sized crystals in the Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O and Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O superconductor systems is discussed. The presence of polycrystals, which can be described as syntactic intergrowth crystals, is widely found. In the Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O s crystals of three distinct phases with superconducting transitions at 103, 106–108 and 112–114 K have been grown. In the Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O system crystals have been grown for two phases that exhibit transition temperatures at 80 and 92 K. Oxygen annealing is shown to substantially improve the superconducting properties in both systems.
Thermal properties of boron and borides

The influence of point defects on the thermal conductivity of polycrystalline \ensuremath{\beta}-B has been measured from 1 to 1000 K. Above 300 K, samples containing 2 at. % Hf and Zr have thermal conductivities close to that of amorphous boron, indicating very strong phonon scattering. A thermal conductivity of equal magnitude has also been measured near and below room temperature for nearly stoichiometric single crystals of the theoretical composition ${\mathrm{YB}}_{68}$. On the basis of a comparison with earlier measurements to temperatures as low as 0.1 K, it is concluded that the thermal conductivity of crystalline ${\mathrm{YB}}_{68}$ is indeed very similar, if not identical, to that expected for amorphous boron over the entire temperature range of measurement (0.1\char21{}300 K). Measurements of the specific heat of nearly stoichiometric ${\mathrm{YB}}_{68}$ between 1.5 and 30 K also reveal a linear-specific-heat anomaly of the same magnitude as is characteristic for amorphous solids, in fair agreement with earlier measurements by Bilir et al. It is concluded that the lattice vibrations of crystalline ${\mathrm{YB}}_{68}$ are glasslike.
Pteropods and climate off the Antarctic Peninsula

Abstract Shelled (thecosome) and naked (gymnosome) pteropods are regular, at times abundant, members of Southern Ocean zooplankton assemblages. Regionally, shelled species can play a major role in food webs and carbon cycling. Because of their aragonite shells thecosome pteropods may be vulnerable to the impacts of ocean acidification; without shells they cannot survive and their demise would have major implications for food webs and carbon cycling in the Southern Ocean. Additionally, pteropod species in the southwest Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean inhabit a region of rapid warming and climate change, the impacts of which are predicted to be observed as poleward distribution shifts. Here we provide baseline information on intraseasonal, interannual and longer scale variability of pteropod populations off the Antarctic Peninsula between 1994 and 2009. Concentrations of the 4 dominant taxa, Limacina helicina antarctica f. antarctica , Clio pyramidata f. sulcata , Spongiobranchaea australis and Clione limacina antarctica , are similar to those monitored during the 1928–1935 Discovery Investigations and reflect generally low values but with episodic interannual abundance peaks that, except for C. pyr. sulcata , are related to basin-scale climate forcing associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate mode. Significant abundance increases of L. helicina and S. australis after 1998 were associated with a climate regime shift that initiated a period dominated by cool La Nina conditions and increased nearshore influence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). This background information is essential to assess potential future changes in pteropod species distribution and abundance associated with ocean warming and acidification.
A Survey of Nurses Self-Reported Prospective Memory Tasks: What Must they Remember and What do they Forget?:

Although a nurse's job is inundated with prospective memory (PM) demands, and studies show that PM failures are a key component of adverse medical events, only one study has examined prospective memory in nursing (Grundgeiger, Sanderson, MacDougall, & Venkatesh, 2009). The purpose of the current study was to complement existing research with self-reports from 25 nurses on the PM tasks they must remember and those they forget. Results revealed that nurses most frequently perform episodic tasks, and these tasks can be further classified to better explain when nursing PM demands arise and what the demands consist of. A more specific categorization of nursing PM tasks enables researchers to focus on specific design solutions. We provide examples of such re-design recommendations intended to alleviate PM demands.
Loss of PTEN expression is associated with increased risk of recurrence after prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer

PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10) is one of the most frequently lost tumor suppressor genes in human cancers and it has been described in more than two-thirds of patients with advanced/aggressive prostate cancer. Previous studies suggest that, in prostate cancer, genomic PTEN loss is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Thus, we evaluated whether immunohistochemical PTEN expression in prostate cancer glands was associated with higher risk of recurrence, using a nested case–control study that included 451 men who recurred and 451 men who did not recur with clinically localized prostate cancer treated by radical prostatectomy. Recurrence was defined as biochemical recurrence (serum prostate-specific antigen >0.2 ng/ml) or clinical recurrence (local recurrence, systemic metastases, or prostate cancer-related death). Cases and controls were matched on pathological T stage, Gleason score, race/ethnicity, and age at surgery. Odds ratios of recurrence and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using conditional logistic regression to account for the matching factors and to adjust for year of surgery, preoperative prostate-specific antigen concentrations, and status of surgical margins. Men who recurred had a higher proportion of PTEN negative expression (16 vs 11%, P=0.05) and PTEN loss (40 vs 31%, P=0.02) than controls. Men with markedly decreased PTEN staining had a higher risk of recurrence (odds ratio=1.67; 95% confidence intervals 1.09, 2.57; P=0.02) when compared with all other men. In summary, in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer treated by prostatectomy, decreased PTEN expression was associated with an increased risk of recurrence, independent of known clinicopathological factors.
Acousto-optic tunable filter based spectropolarimetric imagers

Development of robust compact spectropolarimetric imagers that can acquire spectral, spatial and polarization features from a scene of interest is of utmost importance for efficient detection of targets and backgrounds. Spectral features arise due to the material properties of objects as a result of the emission, reflection, and absorption of light while the polarization features arise from the physical nature of the object surfaces and edges that influence the polarization properties of the reflected, scattered, or emitted light. Using a hyperspectral imager one can acquire images with narrow spectral bands and take advantage of the characteristic spectral signatures of different materials making up objects and backgrounds. By combining both polarization and hyperspectral detection capabilities in one single imager, we can perform much better object detection and identification than by using either polarization or hyperspectral detection capability. Spectropolarimetrc imagers designed using an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) are ideally suited to provide both agile spectral and polarization signatures. At the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL), we are developing small, vibration-insensitive, robust, remotely controlled, and programmable hyperspectral imagers from the ultraviolet to the long wave infrared. We have also demonstrated a full Stokes polarization imager using an AOTF with two liquid crystal retarders. Here, we will discuss our imager designs and present results from our experiments.
Role of p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase as an adaptor molecule linking the insulin receptor to insulin receptor substrate 1.

After insulin stimulation of cells, signaling complexes are formed, containing the insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase. To study the nature of these complexes, we employed purified IR, recombinant IRS-1, antibodies to IR and IRS-1, and fusion proteins containing the two SH2 domains of p85. In intact cells, insulin increased tyrosine phosphorylation of both the IR and IRS-1. Both of these proteins were immunoprecipitated with antibodies to p85. Also, fusion proteins containing the two SH2 domains of p85 directly precipitated both the IR and IRS-1. Next, these signaling complexes were reconstituted in vitro with purified IR, recombinant IRS-1, and the two SH2 domains of p85. In the presence of both SH2 domains of p85, the IR associated with IRS-1. Other data, both in intact cells and in vitro, demonstrated that N- and C-terminal SH2 domains of p85 had preferential binding affinities for the IR and IRS-1, respectively. Studies with an IR mutant trunc...
Is Inflation Targeting Compatible with Post Keynesian Economics

The purpose of this paper is to show that inflation targeting is compatible with Post Keynesian economics, but only if the policies used to achieve the inflation target explicitly acknowledge (1) the demand-determined nature of the real income generating process, and (2) the importance of conflicting claims over the distribution of income for determining the rate of inflation. The paper then questions whether or not policy makers should trouble to engage in inflation targeting. It is shown that there does exist a Post Keynesian case for inflation targeting, but that the appropriate inflation target that emerges from Post Keynesian economics suggests that far too much attention is currently being paid to inflation and that more of policy makers' attention should be devoted to output (and, by extension, employment) targeting.
General semantics and public speaking

(1940). General semantics and public speaking. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 594-601.
Simulation of Stable Tearing Crack Growth Using the Cohesive Zone Model Approach

A cohesive zone model (CZM) based approach is applied with 3D finite element method to simulate stable tearing crack growth events in Arcan specimens made of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy. The CZM parameter values are calibrated for a triangular cohesive law under Mode I condition. Simulation prediction of the load-crack extension curve compares reasonably well with experimental data. With the same set of CZM parameter values, simulations are performed for mixed Mode I/II stable tearing crack growth events as well. A good agreement is also reached between the simulation predictions and the experimental results. The CTOD variation with crack extension is also checked under both Mode I and mixed-mode I/II conditions. The results suggest that CZM based simulations can predict the critical CTOD value, which conventionally is used as an input in CTOD based stable tearing simulations and is obtained from experimental measurements. The findings of the current study establish a connection between CTOD and CZM based simulation approaches.
Using polynomial regression for data representation in wireless sensor networks

Unlike conventional sensor networks, wireless sensors are limited in power, have much smaller memory buffers, and possess relatively slower processing speeds. These characteristics necessitate minimum transfer and storage of information in order to prolong the network lifetime. In this paper, we exploit the spatio-temporal nature of sensor data to approximate the current values of the sensors based on readings obtained from neighbouring sensors and itself. We propose a tree based polynomial regression algorithm (TREG), that addresses the problem of data compression in wireless sensor networks. Instead of aggregated data, only the coefficients computed by the regression function, TREG are passed to achieve the following goals: (i) the sink can get attribute values in the regions devoid of sensor nodes, and (ii) readings over any portion of the region can be obtained at one time by querying the root of the tree. As the size of the data packet from each tree node to its parent remains constant, the proposed scheme scales very well with growing network density or increased coverage area. Since physical attributes exhibit a gradual change over time, we propose an iterative scheme, UPDATE_COEFF, which obviates the need to perform the regression function repeatedly and uses approximations based on previous readings. Extensive simulations are performed on real world data to demonstrate the effectiveness of the aggregation algorithm, TREG. Results reveal that for a network density of 0.0025, a complete binary tree of depth 4 could provide the absolute error to be less than 6%. A data compression ratio of about 0.02 is achieved using our proposed algorithm, which is almost independent of the tree depth. In addition, our proposed updating scheme makes the aggregation process faster while maintaining the desired error bounds. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Debris Accumulation On and Filter Resistance to Airflow for Four Commercially Available Vacuum Cleaners

Mortar removal with right-angle grinders can cause excessive exposure to respirable crystalline silica. To control this dust exposure, vacuum cleaners need to exhaust 2.3 m3/min (80 cubic feet per minute) from the grinder's exhaust hood. Maintaining this airflow while collecting as much as 15.9 kg (35 lb) of debris in the vacuum cleaner has been problematic. A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate how mortar debris affects vacuum cleaner airflow and filter pressure loss. Four vacuum cleaners were tested. Two of the vacuum cleaners used vacuum cleaner bags as a prefilter; the other two vacuum cleaners used cyclones to reduce the amount of debris that reaches the filter. Test debris was collected by a masonry restoration contractor during actual mortar removal using a grinder fitted with a hood. The hood is attached to a vacuum cleaner with cyclonic pre-separation. The vacuum cleaner fan curves were obtained experimentally to learn how pressure loss affects vacuum cleaner airflows. Then, 15.9 kg (35 lb...
THE FERTILE SPIKE OF OPHIOGLOSSUM PETIOLATUM. I. MECHANISM OF ELONGATION

the length of spikes of various ages, determination of cell lengths of peduncle ground parenchyma cells, and historadioautography of spikes treated with H3-thymidine confirms the presence in the apical portion of the peduncle of a region of frequently dividing cells intercalated between two regions of more mature tissues. Marking experiments indicate that the petiole of the sterile segment of the frond elongates in a similar fashion. Although this type of intercalary meristem is rather common in angiosperm flower scapes and peduncles, this is the first detailed analysis
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Micropatterns and Interconnections Fabricated With Layer-by-Layer Nano Self-Assembly and Microlithography on Flexible Substrates

The fabrication and characterization of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) multilayers, micropatterns and interconnections on plastic substrates are reported in this paper. The SWNT-based multilayers and devices are fabricated with a simple, fast, inexpensive, low-temperature, and highly efficient technique combining layer-by-layer (LbL) nano self-assembly, microlithography, and lift-off techniques. The SWNT multilayers are alternating layers of SWNTs and poly (dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDDA). Lithography and lift-off techniques are used to pattern the SWNT multilayers. SWNT microstructures with linewidth of 5 μm are fabricated and characterized. The thickness of a (PDDA/SWNT) bi-layer is approximately 76 A. Two-terminal SWNT thin film based interconnections are fabricated on flexible substrates. Current-voltage (I-V) characterization and four-point probe measurement show that the resistance of the interconnection is nonlinearly inversely proportional to the number of the assembled SWNT layers. The nano-assembled polymer/SWNT composite can be used in many applications due to its low cost, light weight, and long lifetime.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Labeled scales (e.g., category, Likert, VAS) and invalid across-group comparisons: what we have learned from genetic variation in taste

Direct comparisons of sensory or hedonic perceived intensities across individuals are impossible since we cannot share experiences. However, experiences can be compared indirectly if we can identify a standard assumed to be equal, on average, to groups compared. Sensory standards (i.e., magnitude matching) have proved very useful. Intensity adjectives/adverbs have also been used as standards (e.g., This tastes very strong to me; is it very strong to you?). We argue these labels often refer to experiences of different absolute intensity to the groups of interest making the comparisons invalid. An early solution rested on the assumption that the maximum intensity perceivable was equal for all sensory domains and individuals. Comparisons were then possible because all judgments could be made on a zero to maximum scale. We present data showing this assumption is not true.
The semiconvective zone in very massive stars

Semiconvective zone and convective core as function of stellar mass and evolution during hydrogen burning
Correlations between nucleons in high-energy nuclear collisions

Abstract The correlation between nucleons ejected in high-energy nuclear collisions is studied in a classical Glauber model treating multiple collisions between nucleons and delta resonances. The microscopic binary kinematics produces pronounced structure in the rapidity-rapidity and azimuthal-angle projections.
Localization of language cortices by functional MR imaging compared with intracarotid amobarbital hemispheric sedation.

OBJECTIVE: We undertook this study to investigate functional MR imaging as a new clinical method for determining hemispheric language dominance. Seven patients undergoing surgical evaluation for chronic intractable epilepsy were studied. Intracarotid amobarbital injection was also performed and the findings compared with the functional MR imaging results. CONCLUSION: Functional MR imaging studies enabled localization of the frontal and temporal lobe language cortices. The results of functional MR imaging and intracarotid amobarbital testing of hemispheric language dominance agreed in all seven patients, including two right-handed patients with right-hemisphere language dominance. These preliminary results show that functional MR imaging is an accurate noninvasive method of determining language dominance that may replace the amobarbital test for some purposes if confirmed by additional research.
Spinal motor circuits: merging development and function.

The recent studies provide us with insights into the genetic mechanisms that control development of the spinal cord. By identifying genetic markers that label specific cell types in the spinal cord, these studies provide a potential interface between developmental studies in the embryo and physiological studies of the motor function in the adult. A unifying goal for all neuroscientists, be they focused on the molecular, cellular, or systems levels approaches or working in vertebrates or invertebrates, is to understand how neurons control behaviors. Ultimately, from a developmental standpoint, this comes down to understanding how neurons are generated, how groups of neurons are assembled into networks, and how then the activity of these circuits is coordinated to generate complex behavior. The recent work defining genes that control spinal interneuron cell fate is a critical step in this direction.Tanabe William Jessell 1988xTanabe, Y, William, C, and Jessell, T.M. Cell. 1988; 95: 67–80Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | Scopus (269)See all ReferencesTanabe William Jessell 1988
Exploration of Mechanisms Regulating Larval Survival in Lake Michigan Bloater: A Recruitment Analysis Based on Characteristics of Individual Larvae

Abstract Estimates of relative egg deposition and larval abundance suggest that events occurring between spawning and the first 1–2 months after hatching play a major role in determining recruitment success of bloater Coregonus hoyi in Lake Michigan. Although relative egg deposition in 1983 was only 57% of that in 1982, larval recruitment was 2.4 times greater in 1983. We investigated mechanisms governing survival of larval bloaters by comparing characteristics of individual “survivors” through the first 1–2 months of life with those of larvae at earlier life history stages. Otolith analysis was used to identify stress periods and to determine ages, first-feeding dates (close correlates of birthdate), and average growth rates of individual bloater larvae from hatching to nearly 2 months of age in 1982 and 1983. Differences between the observed distribution of first-feeding dates for newly hatched larvae and the expected distribution predicted from egg deposition showed that eggs spawned early experienced ...
Thickness-Dependant Electrical Characteristics of Nitrogen-Doped Polycrystalline 3C-SiC Thin Films Deposited by LPCVD

The effect of film thickness on the electrical resistivity of heavily-nitrogen-doped polycrystalline SiC (poly-SiC) thin films is investigated. The resistivity of poly-SiC thin films decreases by a factor of ˜7 for thickness increasing from 100 nm-thick to 1.78 μm-thick; the resistivity begins to stabilize as thickness approaches 1 μm. The increased resistivity for the thinner films is shown to be related to the grain boundary effect. Secondary ion mass spectrometry indicates a nitrogen concentration of 9×1020 atoms/cm3 in the films. However, Hall measurements reveal that only 45% of the dopants are electrically active in the 100 nm-thick film. The percentage of active dopants rises to 80% when film thickness increases to 680 nm. From the studies of surface roughness and microstructure, it is seen that small grains are formed at the initial stage of deposition, which then grow into larger columnar grains as film thickness increases. The presence of a large density of grain boundaries and limited grain growth for the very thin films contribute to increased electrical resistivity from increased trapped mobile carriers and reduced carrier mobility. The free carrier trapping phenomenon can further be observed in the temperature-dependence of resistance measurement.
Implementing quality measures for inflammatory bowel disease.

Variation in care for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is present across multiple aspects of IBD management, suggesting overall poor quality of care. Quality indicators are intended to provide clear, measurable processes and outcomes of quality care. Initial sets of process and outcome measures have been developed to address areas of inconsistent care and to allow for standardized measurement of outcomes. Measures developed by the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America (CCFA) are intended to provide measurable standards for improvement in care. These measure sets will warrant updates overtime to best represent gaps in IBD management. Practically, implementation of quality measures may depend on the care setting and whether quality measurement and improvement can be incorporated into workflows and electronic medical records. Collaborative networks, utilization of care pathways, and standardized treatment algorithms may represent avenues for wide-scale implementation of quality improvement. Implementation efforts should assess the impact on outcomes in order to identify successful models for improvement in IBD care.
Endodontic-orthodontic management of fractured anterior teeth

A fracture below the alveolar crest of the left maxillary central incisor was restored by the acid-etch method after extrusion of the tooth. A 10-year-old girl fractured her left maxillary central incisor below the alveolar crest. Combining endodontic therapy and orthodontic extrusion, the fracture line was repositioned to allow adequate restoration. A tooth that would have routinely been extracted was saved and restored through use of a collaborative approach.
The Neapolitan School: Francesco Durante (1684-1755) - Aspects of Manuscript Dissemination, Misattributions, and Reception

After the Austrian conquest of Naples in 1707, Masses, motets and Psalm settings, by Francesco Mancini, Nicola Fago, Domenico Sarro and the still little-known Francesco Durante, made their way into Bohemia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Saxony. All of Durante's early exported pieces of church music are found in these locations only. From the Zenith of his career, 1738 to 1755, dated manuscripts cover almost every year. The period includes all of the works upon which rests Durante's posthumous fame. During the nineteenth century, his church music, especiallly his works in "Palestrina style," became objects for collectors of "ancient music." The demand for sacred works by Durante and other Neapolitan composers led to misattributions of manuscripts, not always out of ignorance. During the second-half of the nineteenth century, changing attitudes toward church music, the Bach restoration, and the emergence of a view of history tinged with nationalistic overtones led to a change in Durantes's historic position. By 1904, The "Epoch of the Neapolitan School: Leo and Durante, 1725-1766" had been replaced by "The Age of Bach and Handel." The lack of interest in Neapolitan church music that followed led to a neglect of scholarly studies until the second half of the twentieth century, when musicologists began to revive the topic.
A framework for systematic evaluation of multicast congestion control protocols

Congestion control is a major requirement for multicast to be deployed in the current Internet. Due to the complexity and conflicting tradeoffs, the design and testing of multicast congestion control protocols is difficult. In this paper, we present a novel framework for systematic testing of multicast congestion control protocols. In our framework, we first design an appropriate model for the studied protocols based on the protocols specifications and correctness conditions, and then we develop an automated search engine to generate all possible error scenarios and filter these errors to come up with a selected set of scenarios that we evaluate in more detailed simulations. Our methodology helps in identifying the potential problems of the studied protocols and points to possible improvements. We hope that this will provide a valuable tool to expedite the development and standardization of such protocols.
Mathematical Modeling of the Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Neighboring Sarcomeres in Actin Stress Fibers

Actin stress fibers (SFs) in live cells consist of series of dynamic individual sarcomeric units. Within a group of consecutive SF sarcomeres, individual sarcomeres can spontaneously shorten or lengthen without changing the overall length of this group, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. We used a computational model to test our hypothesis that this dynamic behavior is inherent to the heterogeneous mechanical properties of the sarcomeres and the cytoplasmic viscosity. Each sarcomere was modeled as a discrete element consisting of an elastic spring, a viscous dashpot and an active contractile unit all connected in parallel, and experiences forces as a result of actin filament elastic stiffness, myosin II contractility, internal viscoelasticity, or cytoplasmic drag. When all four types of forces are considered, the simulated dynamic behavior closely resembles the experimental observations, which include a low-frequency fluctuation in individual sarcomere length and compensatory lengthening and shortening of adjacent sarcomeres. Our results suggest that heterogeneous stiffness and viscoelasticity of actin fibers, heterogeneous myosin II contractility, and the cytoplasmic drag are sufficient to cause spontaneous fluctuations in SF sarcomere length. Our results shed new light to the dynamic behavior of SF and help design experiments to further our understanding of SF dynamics.