cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remote Memory Function and Dysfunction in Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Korsakoff’s syndrome (KS) is a pervasive disorder of memory characterized by both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Although retrograde memory impairment in KS has been less frequently studied, the status of remote memory in KS has been tested across a number of different tasks that measure knowledge of public information (e.g., famous faces/news events), general semantic information (e.g., vocabulary words), personal semantic information (e.g., facts about oneself), and autobiographical events (e.g., events from one’s personal past). In each of these domains, Korsakoff patients demonstrate remote memory impairments that can extend back many years or decades. In addition, a majority of studies report that the extensive remote memory impairment in KS is temporally graded, with relative preservation of memories from childhood and early adulthood. The current paper reviews published experimental studies of remote memory in KS, with particular attention paid to (a) the selectivity of the deficit with respect to the age of the memory and (b) the relationship of memory impairment to underlying neuropathology. We discuss the significance of the reported pattern and extent of remote memory impairment with respect to theories about the nature of the underlying cognitive deficits in KS.
Factors Influencing Two-Day Official Butter-Fat Tests of Cows

Summary A preliminary report of these experiments indicate the following: 1. A great many factors may influence the per cent of fat in cows milk. 2. Both the season of the year and the period of lactation cause a variation in the per cent of butterfat, the highest tests occruring, on the average, in the winter months and the latter months of the lactation period. The lowest tests occur on the average in the summer months and the first month of the lactation period. 3. Leaving one-fourth of the normal amount of milk as strip-pings in the udder of a cow apparently caused an increase in the per cent of butterfat in the milk of some cows, but the effect seemed to last over several milkings so that a single preliminary milking would not prevent the leaving of strippings at a milking previous to the preliminary milking.
Superperiodic features observed on graphite under solution with scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract Graphite has become one of the most conmonly used substrates in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). It is easily cleaved to yield atomically flat areas (and atomic resolution of the basal plane). However, it suffers some disadvantages. Steps are much more reactive than the basal plane and are easily decorated with contamination. Even clean surfaces yield unusual images: one example is the well-known giant corrugations out of the plane on graphite surfaces [1–3]. This paper deals with yet another unusual effect, which is the observation of superperiodic (SP) features in the plane of the basal layer. Structures with periods of up to several hundred angstroms may be seen on “clean” surfaces. These features have been reported by Hashizume et al. [4] and kuwabara et al. [5] in air while Lyding et al. [6] have reported similar air observations of graphite surfaces treated with a phosphotungstic acid solution. In this communication, we report these features as observed on a freshly cleaved graphite maintained under solution along with some details of the boundary between the “normal” and superperiodic graphite. Our characterization of graphite surfaces under solution with STM has revealed that a small percentage of the surface (∼ 1% or less) shows superperiodic features with observed periodicities in the plane ranging from approximately 45 to 440 A with peak-to-peak amplitudes out of the plane extending from 2 to 5 A. We see abrupt boundaries between the superperiodic and “normal” graphite with these boundaries showing high amplitude features.
Complexity of uniqueness and local search in quadratic 0-1 programming

We prove that the problem of checking whether a quadratic 0-1 problem has a unique solution is NP-hard. Furthermore, we prove that finding the global minimum of quadratic 0-1 programming with unique solution remains an NP-hard problem. Regarding local search, we prove that the problem of finding a discrete local minimum for quadratic 0-1 problems, with two coordinates being fixed, is NP-hard. In addition, we discuss an algorithm for computing discrete local minima.
Pesticide and Nitrate Trends in Domestic Wells where Pesticide Use Is Regulated in Fresno and Tulare Counties, California

The California Department of Pesticide Regulation initiated regulations on pesticide use in 1989 to mitigate groundwater contamination by atrazine [6-chloro--ethyl-'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] and subsequently for simazine (6-chloro-,'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), diuron ['-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-,-dimethylurea], bromacil [5-bromo-6-methyl-3-(1-methylpropyl)-2,4(1,3)-pyrimidinedione], and norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3(2)-pyridazinone]. Annual water samples from 2000 to 2012 were obtained from domestic wells in Fresno and Tulare counties in regulated areas designated either as leaching groundwater protection areas (GWPAs), where residues move downward in percolating water, or runoff GWPAs, where residues move offsite in rain or irrigation runoff water to sensitive sites such drainage wells. Concentrations decreased below the reporting limit, so maximum likelihood estimation methodology for left-censored data was used. Decreasing trends in concentration were measured in both GWPA designations for simazine, its breakdown products desisopropyl atrazine (ACET, 2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino--triazine) and diamino chlorotriazine (DACT, 2,4-diamino-6-chloro--triazine), and diuron. Bromacil crop use was predominant in runoff GWPAs, where decreases over time were also measured. In contrast, increased trends were observed for norflurazon and its breakdown product desmethyl norflurazon [DMN, 4-chloro-5(amino)-2-(α,α,α trifluorometa-tolyl] in runoff GWPAs. Use of simazine, diuron, and bromacil was regulated before norflurazon, so patterns of detection represent a shift to use of unregulated products. For NO, 22 of 67 wells indicated linear decreases in concentration coinciding with decreases in pesticide residues in those wells. Concentration of ACET, DACT, diuron, and NO in well water was two to five times greater when located in runoff GWPAs. Greater amounts of herbicide were applied to crops grown in runoff GWPAs, but high concentrations in runoff water entering ponds or drainage wells could also be a factor for increased well water concentration. Initial regulatory measures appear to have been effective in reducing groundwater concentrations, but continued monitoring is needed to evaluate changes made to the regulatory approach in 2004.
Approximation of distribution and density functions

Stochastic approximation algorithms are used to construct least squares error approximations to density and distribution functions. The approximation is linear in terms of the parameters to be estimated. The only information available to the algorithm is a sequence of independent samples from the distribution of density being approximated.
The theory of electrophoresis-convection

Abstract The theory of transport in the electrophoresis-channel is developed in the quasi-stationary approximation on the basis of the equations of hydrodynamics and the equations of forced diffusion of ion constituents under the influence of an applied electric field. Times of transport of proteins through the channel and separation factors for representative protein mixtures are estimated by means of the theory.
4D Doha: mapping Qatar's built environment over time

Abstract 4D Doha is a both an art installation and a repository of information about Doha's growth over time. It is the result of a research project undertaken by professors and students of Carnegie Mellon and is funded by Qatar Foundation. This website and installation is led by Kelly Hutzell and Rami el Samahy, with team members Kristina Ricco, Spencer Gregson and Blake Lam. The pace of change in Doha, Qatar over the last sixty years challenges the imagination: new buildings and even new land has been created as the city has grown from a tiny village to one vying for world-class status. Infrastructure projects aim to strengthen the country's connections to the region and the global economy, while planned mega-scale mixed-use projects will expand the capital city of Doha to more than twice its current size. 4D Doha addresses these transformations by tracing the physical growth of the city across time through an interactive display that allows users to track a variety of changes through different eras, from the pre-oil period of 1947, through the current expansion facilitated by natural gas extraction, followed by the potential for continued diversified economic and physical growth. The project focuses on making spatial what was once only available as two-dimensional information, allowing one to examine the morphology of the buildings, the road network, and landfill additions creating sea ports, airports and causeways. Data has been acquired through a critical urban reading of historical aerial imagery, as well as current Geographic Information Systems (GIS) information. Through British aerial surveys of the country taken periodically from the late 1940's to early 1980, as well as subsequent aerial views, the project team created a series of twelve historical mappings, tracing the transformation of the city from 1947 to the GIS information for the present day. The two-dimensional urban fabric was then three-dimensionally modeled using Rhinoceros and City Engine software programs. Final processing allows one to access the interface through three distinct portals: view, time and data. These hypermedia maps integrate both narratives and historical images so that one encounters interpretative pathways while exploring the interface. The initial phase of the project is intended to serve as a catalyst to collect and disseminate further content on Qatar's urban growth. It is the aim that the project be both an educational website, slated to debut in fall 2010, as well as a permanent installation in the Carnegie Mellon Qatar building on Education City's campus.
Progesterone and prolactin are both required for suppression of the induction of rat α-lactalbumin activity

Progesterone prevents lactation during pregnancy. This anti-lactogenic effect includes suppression of the advent of alpha-lactalbumin activity, an effect which prevents the formation of lactose. Alpha lactalbumin activity can be induced to some extent in pregnant rat mammary explants by insulin and hydrocortisone alone, and to a greater extent with prolactin in addition, or with EGF in addition. Physiological levels of progesterone markedly inhibit the induction in the presence of prolactin plus insulin and hydrocortisone, only weakly inhibit in the presence of insulin and hydrocortisone alone, and have no inhibitory effect in the presence of EGF plus insulin and hydrocortisone. Prolactin permits some inhibition in the presence of EGF. The results suggest that progesterone does not subvert the essential insulin or glucocorticoid signals. It also appears that transduction of the prolactin signal is required in order that progesterone effectively block induction of alpha-lactalbumin activity.
Increased glutathione synthesis through an ARE-Nrf2-dependent pathway by zinc in the RPE: implication for protection against oxidative stress.

Purpose To determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of zinc against oxidative stress in cultured retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Methods Cultured ARPE-19 cells were treated with different concentrations of zinc for various times. Cellular glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) expression was measured by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor (Nrf2) activity was measured in a dual luciferase assay after transfection of reporter plasmids containing the antioxidant response element (ARE). The small interference (si)RNA approach was used to knock down the expression of Nrf2. Results Zinc significantly increased GSH levels in ARPE-19 cells through induction of the de novo synthesis pathway. At 150 microM, zinc increased the GSH level by 70%. At similar concentrations, zinc upregulated the mRNA level of GCL and activated the ARE-Nrf2 pathway. The effects of zinc on ARE activation and GSH synthesis were inhibited by knockdown of Nrf2 expression using the siRNA approach. Conclusions Induction of the ARE-Nrf2 pathway by zinc provides powerful and prolonged antioxidation and detoxification that may explain the beneficial effects of zinc observed in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
On the formulation and numerical solution of problems in anisotropic finite plasticity

Abstract This article discusses an extension of the Green–Naghdi finite plasticity theory to explicitly include anisotropic effects in the stress response, yield condition, flow rule and hardening rule. Constitutive models are developed within the context of the extended theory and used in formulating implicit integration algorithms which inherit the characteristics of the classical return-mapping scheme of isotropic plasticity. Representative numerical simulations demonstrate the applicability and predictive capacity of the proposed model in the presence of large plastic deformations.
Evolving Management of Colonoscopic Perforations

Perforations of the large bowel during diagnostic or therapeutic colonoscopy are a rare but significant complication. Their treatment has evolved over the last decade, but there are still no specific guidelines for their optimal management. Retrospective review of 105,786 consecutive colonoscopies performed in a 21-year period allowed assessment of the medical records in all patients treated at our institution for colonoscopic perforation. Thirty-five patients suffered perforation (perforation rate 0.033%) during colonoscopy from January 1986 to October 2007 (14 men, 21 women; mean age 69.4 years). Twenty-four of the perforations occurred during diagnostic colonoscopy, whereas 11 during therapeutic colonoscopy. Twenty-three (66%) of the patients underwent operative treatment and 12 (34%) were managed nonoperatively. The average length of stay was 15.2 days, and there was one death (2.9% 30-day mortality rate) among the patients. Perforations from diagnostic colonoscopy usually are large enough to warrant surgical management, whereas perforations from therapeutic colonoscopy usually are small, leading to successful nonoperative treatment. Over the last decade, the surgical treatment of colonoscopic perforations has evolved, as there has been a trend that favors primary repair versus bowel resection with successful outcome. Careful observation and clinical care adherent to strict guidelines for patients treated nonoperatively is appropriate in order to minimize morbidity and mortality and identify early those who may benefit from operation. Each treatment, however, has to be individualized according to the patients’ comorbidities and clinical status, as well as the specific conditions during the colonoscopy that lead to the perforation.
Robotic large-scale application of wheat cell-free translation to structural studies including membrane proteins

The use of the Protemist XE, an automated discontinuous-batch protein synthesis robot, in cell-free translation is reported. The soluble Galdieria sulphuraria protein DCN1 was obtained in greater than 2 mg total synthesis yield per mL of reaction mixture from the Protemist XE, and the structure was subsequently solved by X-ray crystallography using material from one 10 mL synthesis (PDB ID: 3KEV). The Protemist XE was also capable of membrane protein translation. Thus human sigma-1 receptor was translated in the presence of unilamellar liposomes and bacteriorhodopsin was translated directly into detergent micelles in the presence of all-trans-retinal. The versatility, ease of use, and compact size of the Protemist XE robot demonstrate its suitability for large-scale synthesis of many classes of proteins.
Distributed online learning of the shortest path under unknown random edge weights

We consider the distributed shortest path problem in an undirected graph where the edge weights are random variables with unknown distributions. The objective is to design a distributed online learning algorithm to find the shortest path from a source node to a destination node where each node only knows its neighbors but not the entire network topology. The performance of the learning algorithms is measured by regret defined as the additional cost incurred over a time horizon of length T when compared to a centralized shortest path algorithm carried out under known edge weight distributions. We propose a distributed learning algorithm that achieves a regret logarithmic with the number of packets and polynomial with the network size. The same order with time and network size holds for the message complexity of the proposed algorithm. This result finds applications in cognitive radio and ad hoc networks under unknown and dynamic communication environments.
The Usefulness of the Woodcock—Johnson Psycho—Educational Battery Cognitive Cluster Scores for Learning Disabled College Students

The Woodcock—Johnson Psycho—Educational Battery was administered to 41 learning disabled college students. A modified subtest profile was used to facilitate the examination of the pattern of subtest scores for the Cognitive Factor Cluster Scores. Results indicated that these scores should not be interpreted at face value for this population.
How a Technology Professional Development Program Fits into Teachers' Work Life

Abstract This study examined a professional development program for integrating technology into school by studying the activities of teachers from two Indiana school districts who participated in a yearlong professional development program as they introduced new curricula in their classroom. My primary research question was how does a professional development program fit into participant teachers’ everyday work life during and after the program? The findings suggest that by participating in the program teachers were given the opportunity to share new curricula with other teachers and university staff. The program expectations and expectations from school districts brought about new pressures to teachers’ work life. Consequently, teachers managed their time to gain new skills and confidence. Additionally, participant teachers gained respect from their local colleagues because they had a successful technology curriculum they could share and demonstrate. However, teachers experienced tensions from competing responsibilities during and after the program.
Common Sequence Variants of the Macrophage Scavenger Receptor 1 Gene Are Associated with Prostate Cancer Risk

Rare germline mutations of macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) gene were reported to be associated with prostate cancer risk in families with hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) and in patients with non-HPC (Xu et al. 2002). To further evaluate the role of MSR1 in prostate cancer susceptibility, at Johns Hopkins Hospital, we studied five common variants of MSR1 in 301 patients with non-HPC who underwent prostate cancer treatment and in 250 control subjects who participated in prostate cancer–screening programs and had normal digital rectal examination and PSA levels (<4 ng/ml). Significantly different allele frequencies between case subjects and control subjects were observed for each of the five variants (P value range .01–.04). Haplotype analyses provided consistent findings, with a significant difference in the haplotype frequencies from a global score test (P=.01). Because the haplotype that is associated with the increased risk for prostate cancer did not harbor any of the known rare mutations, it appears that the observed association of common variants and prostate cancer risk are independent of the effect of the known rare mutations. These results consistently suggest that MSR1 may play an important role in prostate carcinogenesis.
Almost total absence of chronic rejection in primary pediatric liver transplantation under tacrolimus

CHRONIC rejection (CR) is a significant cause of graft failure after successful liver transplantation and occurs in 2% to 20% of LTx cases under CsA. Up to 70% of chronic rejection occurring under CsA-based therapy may be halted or reversed following initiation of tacrolimus therapy. We analyzed 1048 adult post-LTx patients under tacrolimus in which 5252 liver biopsies were done. The rate of chronic rejection leading to graft loss or death was 1.8% with a mean follow up of 6 years. Another 1.3% had CR on biopsy, but by optimizing their baseline immunosuppression, CR stabilized. The presence of viral infection (HCV, HBV), autoimmune processes (PBC, PSC, AI), and/or the inability to maintain immunosuppression (for life-threatening infection/PTLD/noncompliance of patients) were identified as risk factors. The aim of the present study was to examine the incidence of CR in the pediatric (age 18 years) primary LTx under tacrolimus over the long term, where the incidence of viral hepatitis and autoimmune processes are far less common.
Major challenges of global leadership in the twenty-first century

(2001). Major challenges of global leadership in the twenty-first century. Human Resource Development International: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 9-19.
The Production and Utilization of Seeds in Plains Grassland of Southeastern Arizona

In the plains grassland in southeastern Arizona there are two peaks of seed production. Following the winter rains, seeds are produced which are subject to relatively high predation by ants and rodents, and following the summer rains seeds are produced which are subject to relatively high predation from sparrows and rodents but not ants. The differences in seed selection by ants and sparrows have apparently been important in determining the evolution of seed morphology and phenology. Seeds produced after the winter rains are smooth in outline and difficult for ants to carry. Seeds produced after the summer rains have con- spicuous awns, hairs, or other projections and usually require husking by sparrows. The bill structure of sparrows is such that they can more easily eat the species of seeds which become available after the winter rains, but this is the time when sparrows switch their diets from seeds to insects. The mandibular structure of Pogototinyrmtlex ants makes it difficult for them to harvest the seeds of smooth outline as are produced after the winter rains. The seeds which ants can most easily transport back to their nests are those species produced only after the sUmmer rains and which ripen just as autumn cold forces the ants underground. Thus, the plants appear to have adapted the morphology of their seeds and their reproductive phenology to minimize predation. Interclass competition for seeds by ants, sparrows, and rodents is minimized by a complex combination of factors involving seed selection, differences in seasonal activity, and the bi- modal nature of seed production. What interclass competition that might exist is probably manifest only in years of low seed production.
System-level optimization and benchmarking of graphene PN junction logic system based on empirical CPI model

Many novel devices are being pursued in recent years to augment or even replace CMOS technology. It is, therefore, important to develop a methodology to effectively evaluate the system-level performance of the emerging technologies. In this paper, an empirical cycles per instruction (CPI) model is presented based on Intel microprocessor family, which can be utilized to quantify the chip throughput for an emerging device technology at the early stage of technology development without detailed design and optimization of a full processor. Graphene pn junction devices are used as a platform for the proposed methodology. It is demonstrated that for the same power density and die size area, the maximum throughput of an optimized graphene logic single-core system can be 35% higher than that of its CMOS counterpart at 15nm technology node.
Acid phosphatase activity in the intestine and caeca of bluegill, exposed to methyl mercuric chloride

The toxic effects of mercury on fish can be measured accurately by studying the enzymes and other biochemical indicators. The gross organismic changes in fish due to mercury toxicity occur only after significant damage to the internal tissue or physiological-biochemical changes in the tissue. The intestine has contact with the external environment via food. Therefore, any significant alteration in the environment may induce some changes in the structure and function of the digestive tract. An attempt has been made to measure the changes in acid phosphatase activity in different regions of intestine and intestinal diverticulae of bluegill fish as these enzymes are highly sensitive to methyl mercury.
Experimental evidence for a difference between thermal and elastic debye thetas of a crystal near 0 K

Abstract A recent reanalysis of perturbation theory results for the anharmonic free energy of a crystal shows elastic θe1 ≠ thermal θc despite earlier findings that θe1=θc. We test this contradiction via statistical analysis of experimental data for copper and find θe1−θc=2.12±1.02 K.
Development of the vasculature of the anterior pituitary: ontogeny of basic fibroblast growth factor.

This study correlates the ontogeny of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) with the development of the vasculature of the anterior pituitary (AP) in two strains of rat, Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Fischer 344 (F344). Immunolocalization of FGF was followed from the first appearance of Rathke's pouch (RP) in 12-day (12d) fetuses, through each day of fetal development, and in 5, 20, and 50d postnatal female rats. In addition, the ontogeny of folliculo-stellate cells (FSC) is described, since previous studies suggested that these unique cells might function as phagocytes in the regulation of FGF. In both rat strains, vascularization of the AP commenced in 16d fetuses. In 15–20d fetuses, dense foci of immunopositivity for extracellular FGF were apparent at sites of capillary penetration adjacent to partially disrupted, immature gonadotropes. Localization of FGF was first detected in immature gonadotropes in 18d fetuses and persisted in the cytosol of a subpopulation of gonadotropes thereafter. In 15d fetuses, FGF was localized within the cytosol intimately associated with the peripheral-facing plasma membranes of all cells of the adenohypophysis, and persisted to variable degrees in later fetal stages. Localization of FGF within nuclei of AP parenchymal cells was evident only in 16–17d fetuses. Although the ontogeny of FGF and vascularization of the AP was very similar in both rat strains, the ontogeny of FSC differed markedly. In both strains, follicular lumens contained FGF during late fetal and early postnatal development. However, both electron microscopy and immunostaining for S-100 marker protein revealed that the postero-lateral edges of the AP of F344 rats often lacked FSC when compared to SD rats, a situation which could compromise regulation of FGF by FSC at the AP periphery in that strain, and thereby contribute to the neovascularization from systemic blood vessels known to occur in that strain during prolactinoma formation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Communicative Functions of African American Head Start Children

Children from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds are more often over- and underreferred for special education services than children from the mainstream culture. In fact, African American children, particularly boys, are more likely to be expelled from preschool programs. Differences in African American communication styles may be misinterpreted and consequently lead to frustration and conflict. Yet, little research had documented typical pragmatic development in African American preschool children. In this study, 12 African American Head Start children were videotaped during play, and their pragmatic communicative functions were analyzed. Significant differences were found in the types of communicative functions used by African American boys as compared to girls.
Su1485 Outcomes After Endoscopic Assessment and Management of Early-Stage Esophageal Cancer

Su1485 Outcomes After Endoscopic Assessment and Management of Early-Stage Esophageal Cancer Uni Wong*, Bruce D. Greenwald Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD Early-stage esophageal cancer carries a lower risk of lymph node involvement and metastasis. Endoscopic therapy can be definitive therapy in some cases. High-risk lesions are generally treated with esophagectomy, but some patients are deemed ineligible due to comorbid disease. Limited outcome data is available for this group. Aim: To examine clinical outcomes in patients diagnosed with T1 esophageal cancer presenting at a single institution. Methods: Retrospective review of patients presenting to our institution with stage I esophageal cancer from November 2002 to June 2012. Data collected included age, gender, race, presence and length of Barrett’s esophagus (BE), staging, treatments given (including endoscopic resection [ER], cryotherapy [cryo], esophagectomy [surgery], photodynamic therapy [PDT], or combined chemotherapy and external radiotherapy [CRT]), follow-up duration and outcome. Remission was defined as absence of cancer on biopsy at follow-up EGD. Results: 84 patients were identified. Median age was 70 (range 43-94), 69 (82%) were male, 76 (90%) were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma, and 79 (94%) were white. BE was found in 62 (74%) with median length of 4 cm (range 1-14). Initial ER was performed in 74 (88%). Staging after EUS and ER was T1a-50 (60%) and T1b-31 (37%), not identifiable-3. Median follow-up was 15 months (range 6-115). Other therapy included repeat ER in 22 (26%), cryotherapy in 41 (49%), surgery in 19 (23%), PDT in 5 (6%), CRT in 1 (1%). In the T1a group, 4 patients had surgery, and remission was achieved with endoscopic therapy in 26 (56%), with recurrence in 4. Positive deep margin or lymphovascular invasion was found in 16 (32%) but rate of remission was no different in this group (p 0.07). 1 and 2 year survival is 97.5% and 85%. Only 1 death was directly attributable to esophageal cancer. In the T1b group, surgery was not performed in 16 (51%) due to comorbid illness or patient refusal of surgery. In this group, remission was achieved in 15 with median follow-up of 10 months (range 2-98). Conclusion: Prolonged survival is possible in both T1a and T1b esophageal cancer with endoscopic therapy in those at high risk for complications of esophagectomy. Endoscopic remission is achievable in about half of patients, but death due to cancer progression is uncommon.
Stratigraphic and Environmental Significance of Sedimentary Structures in Cayugan (Silurian) Tidal Flat Carbonates, Northwestern Ohio

Detailed studies of outcropping rocks of Cayugan age in the Findlay arch area disclose numerous and diverse types of sedimentary structures, the majority of which have not been recognized or described previously in these strata. The recognition of these structures provides a new approach to the lithostratigraphic and environmental analysis of Cayugan rocks in the Findlay arch region. The 170-ft (52-m) sequence of Cayugan rocks which crops out in the Waterville, Ohio, area is the thickest sequence of Cayugan rocks exposed in Ohio along the southern margin of the Michigan basin. These rocks include the uppermost part of the Greenfield Formation, nearly all the Tymochtee Formation, and the lower part of the Put-in-Bay Formation. The 130-ft (40-m) section of the Tymochtee Formation is the thickest surface section of this unit and the only section in which both the upper and lower contacts are exposed in the Findlay arch region. The section of the Tymochtee Formation is designated as a principal reference section for the Findlay arch region; portions of this section can be correlated physically with the type section of the Tymochtee Formation. Sedimentary structures provide criteria for the recognition of four new members in the Tymochtee Formation, which are, in ascending Stratigraphic order, the Granger Island, Ovitt Road, Maumee River, and Roche de Boeuf Members. The principal types of rocks developed from Cayugan sedimentation in northwestern Ohio are fine-grained, mostly unfossiliferous dolomites and shaly dolomites, which contain algal stromatolites, shrinkage cracks, ripple marks, tidal channels, gypsum, pseudomorphs after gypsum, celestite, and molds and casts of halite. Collapse has occurred in some rocks due to the solution of evaporite minerals. By analogy with Holocene sediments, it is concluded that the Cayugan rocks were formed on an evaporite-carbonate tidal flat wherein the conditions of sedimentation were not unlike those found today in the Persian Gulf. Subenvironments in the Cayugan tidal flat were mainly intertidal, but ranged from subtidal to supratidal. During Cayugan time northwestern Ohio was an evaporite-carbonate tidal flat rather than a reef bank complex as has been suggested previously. Strandlines within the tidal flat were probably oriented mainly northwestward, in opposition to the present northeastward trend of the Findlay arch through northwestern Ohio. It is probable that the Findlay arch did not affect sedimentation in northwestern Ohio during Cayugan time.
A microassay for mammalian histidine decarboxylase

Abstract This report describes a microassay procedure for mammalian histidine decarboxylase (HDC) based on the measurement of [ 14 C]O 2 formed from l -[1- 14 C]histidine. This assay is particularly useful for quick measurement of HDC activity both in microgram quantities of cell or tissue extract and in tissues that contain significant levels of endogenous histamine. Using this assay, we have shown that the pH optimum, K m and thermolability of HDC are similar for extracts prepared both from normal rat peritoneal mast cells and from the Furth mouse mastocytoma. HDC activity could be detected in homogenates prepared from 10 5 rat mast cells, and it was expressed on a per cell basis. Mast cell HDC activity varied with the strain of rat from which the cells were obtained and with the season when they were assayed.
Differences in cytochrome P-450 of various strains of rats following chronic administration of pentobarbital.

Abstract Cytochrome P-450 levels were analyzed in rats of two pigmented (black Long-Evans and ACl) and two albino strains (Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley) following the administration of pentobarbital sodium and physiological saline. Differences between the albino vs pigmented strains were observed following injections of saline. The Fischer 344 albino strains responded similarly to the pigmented strains following a progressively increasing dose schedule of pentobarbital sodium.
Evaluation of microwave and radio frequency catheter ablation in a myocardium-equivalent phantom model

The use of 2450-MHz microwave energy applied via a miniature coaxial cable-mounted helical coil antenna was investigated as a means to increase the treated volume of cardiac tissue in a saline-perfused, tissue-equivalent manner during ablation. Using an array of fiber-optic temperature probes implanted in a saline-perfused, tissue-equivalent gel phantom model designed to simulate the myocardium during ablation, the heating pattern from the microwave antenna was characterized and compared to that induced by a commercial RF electrode catheter at 550 kHz. Effects of variable contact angle between the heat source and heart wall were assessed. Heating patterns from the RF electrodes dropped off much more abruptly both radially and axially than the microwave antenna. The volume of effectively heated tissue was more than ten times larger for the microwave antenna when the heat sources were well-coupled to the tissue, and more than four times larger for the microwave antenna when the sources were angled 30 degrees away from the tissue surface. >
Interfacing ab initio Quantum Mechanical Method with Classical Drude Osillator Polarizable Model for Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Chemical Reactions.

In order to further improve the accuracy and applicability of combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) methods, we have interfaced the ab initio QM method with the classical Drude oscillator polarizable MM force field (ai-QM/MM-Drude). Different coupling approaches have been employed and compared: 1. the conventional dual self-consistent-field (SCF) procedure; 2. the direct SCF scheme, in which QM densities and MM Drude positions are converged simultaneously; 3. the microiterative SCF scheme, in which the Drude positions of the polarizable model are fully converged during each self-consistent field (SCF) step of QM calculations; 4. the one-step-Drude-update scheme, in which the MM Drude positions are updated only once instead of fully converged during each molecular dynamics (MD) step. The last three coupling approaches are found to be efficient and can achieve the desired convergence in a similar number of QM SCF steps comparing with the corresponding QM method coupled to a nonpolarizable...
The production of a membrane by purified oligodendroglia maintained in culture

Abstract Purified oligodendroglia maintained in culture produce whorls of membrane lamellae, adjacent to the cell soma. When subcellular fractions are prepared from the cells in culture, three membrane fractions are obtained: a glial light fraction which electron micrographs show to be predominantly large vesicles; an intermediate fraction that on electron micrographs consists of whorls of membrane lamellae; and a plasma membrane fraction consisting primarily of small vesicles. In a study on the production of the membrane lamellae, the results show that there is a rapid incorporation of radiolabel into cerebrosides and phosphatidylcholine, with lower incorporation into other phospholipids. There is a delay in incorporation into sulfatides. Incorporation into proteins show a complex heterogeneous pattern of proteins, ranging from high to low molecular weight (MW) bands. The incorporation data may reflect the composition of the subfractions after different times in culture.
Non-existence of collineations equivalent to some loop laws

If in a translation plane there is a set of collineations whose existence is necessary and sufficient for the validity of the multiplicative left-inversive law, the weak-inversive law, the anti-automorphicinverse law, or the left Bol law in one of the coordinatizing right quasifields, then the plane is a Moufang plane. The same holds also for the Moufang law, if the coordinatizing quasifield is not the Hall system of order 9.
Properties and Analysis of a Stable Derivative of Pyrroline- 5-Carboxylic Acid for Use in Metabolic Studies

The unstable metabolic intermediate 1Δ-pyrroline-5-car☐ylic acid (P5C or glutamic semialdehyde) cannot be isolated as a chemically pure solid because of its irreversible and concentration-dependent reaction with itself. This has been avoided by preparing it in dilute solution by periodate oxidation of dl-hydroxylysine and isolating it as a pure 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone from which P5C can be quantitatively regenerated. The product has been characterized by various chemical and enzymatic tests and by comparison with two other types of preparation of P5C. One of the reactions used to standardize it, reduction to proline by borohydride, also produced hydroxynorvaline in amounts indicating that an equilibrium exists between the ring and open forms of P5C and glutamic semialdehyde.
ATTITUDES ON RACE, CULTURE AND DISCRIMINATION IN MORTGAGE LENDING

This study establishes a baseline for the mortgage industry's beliefs and attitudes about race, culture, and discrimination in mortgage banking and determines if these attitudes vary by race. Through survey research, the data reveals that race matters in the lending arena.
Regulation of cardiac hypertrophy by intracellular signalling pathways

The mammalian heart is a dynamic organ that can grow and change to accommodate alterations in its workload. During development and in response to physiological stimuli or pathological insults, the heart undergoes hypertrophic enlargement, which is characterized by an increase in the size of individual cardiac myocytes. Recent findings in genetically modified animal models implicate important intermediate signal-transduction pathways in the coordination of heart growth following physiological and pathological stimulation.
URBAN REGIMES AND RACIAL POLITICS IN NEW ORLEANS

: This paper describes and analyzes the nature of the New Orleans urban regime focusing on the first term of Sidney Barthelemy, the second black mayor of New Orleans (1986–1990). First, because the authors believe that regime theory needs to be more carefully theorized in relation to racial politics, they begin by discussing the changing relationship of blacks to the prevailing New Orleans regime. Second, in analyzing this racial politics, they focus on the relationship between the evolving structure of the electoral coalition, governing coalition development strategies, and the stability of the governing regime. They conclude that a caretaker regime is very difficult to maintain in a city with a recent majority black electorate. Such an electoral coalition has a tendency to support either a progressive or corporate regime. Finally, the authors pay particular attention to the development of the consensus-seeking para-apparatus, its relationship to racial politics, and its affect on development policy, governing coalition politics, and regime transition.
The Impact on Interest Rates of Unemployment Announcements and Their Revisions

The announced changes in monthly employment reports and in weekly new unemployment claim reports are based on new levels and on revisions to previous levels. We analyze the effect on interest rates of surprises to these two separate components of the changes. We find that for weekly reports the effect on interest rates of the new level is greater than the effect of the revisions. For monthly employment reports, the two components’ effects have similar strength.
Power-law scaling and probabilistic forecasting of tsunami runup heights

A power-law scaling relationship describes tsunami runup heights at ten locations in Japan. Knowledge of the scaling law for tsunamis can be the basis for probabilistic forecasting of the size and number of future events and for estimating probabilities of extremely large events. Using tsunami runup data archived by the U.S. National Geophysical Data Center, we study ten locations where the tsunami record spans at least one order of magnitude in runup height and the temporal record extends back several decades. A power law or upper-truncated power law describes the cumulative frequency-size distribution of tsunami runup heights at all ten locations. Where the record is sufficient to examine shorter time intervals within the record, the scaling relationship for the shorter time intervals is consistent with the scaling relationship for the entire record. The scaling relationship is used to determine recurrence intervals for tsunami runup heights at each location. In addition to the tsunami record used to determine the scaling relationship, at some of the locations a record of large events (>5 m) extends back several centuries. We find that the recurrence intervals of these large events are consistent with the frequency predicted from the more recent record. For tsunami prone locations where a scaling relationship is determined, the predicted recurrence intervals may be useful for planning by coastal engineers and emergency management agencies.
Cyclical Spike Driving in Chronically Isolated Cortex

SUMMARY Chronic cortical isolations were prepared in 12 cats and the effects of direct cortical stimulation on a penicillin epileptogenic focus in each slab were evaluated. Trains of low frequency stimuli (0.5–2.0/sec) could trigger spikes in all preparations. In 9 experiments when such stimulation was continued over many minutes it induced “cyclical spike driving” in the focus, i.e. trains of DCR-spike complexes alternated with trains of simple DCR's. Cycles were remarkably regular and of long duration. This pattern of periodic activity responded in a predictable fashion to small changes in stimulus intensity, frequency and regularity. Characteristic latency changes between stimulus and triggered spike were seen in all prepartions with cyclical spike driving. The variations in SP level which occur during the cycles appeared to result from the spike activity and did not lead to the changes in spike triggering. Evidence is presented which suggests that the spike itself initiates a process with a long time constant which in turn acts to limit spike generation. These data may be relevant to the general problem of the limitation and control of cortical seizure discharges. REASUMEA Des cortex isoleAs chroniques ont eAteA preApareAs chez 12 chats et les effets d'une stimulation corticale directe sur un foyer eApileptique aG la peAnicilline ont eAteA eAvalueAs pour chaque lambeau. Des trains de stimuli aG basse freAquence (0.5—2.0/sec.) pouvaient deAclencher des pointes dans toutes les preAparations. Dans 9 expeAriences, lorsqu'une telle stimulation a eAteA continueAe au cours de nombreuses minutes, elle a provoqueA un “deAclenchement cyclique de pointes” dans le foyer, c'est aG dire des trains de complexes de pointes “DCR” alterneAs avec des complexes de simples “DCR's”. Les cycles eAtaient remarquablement reAguliers et de longue dureAe. Ce “pattern” d'activiteA reApondait d'une manieGre preAvisible aG de petites modifications de l'intensiteA, de la freAquence et de la reAgulariteA du stimulus. Des changements de latence caracteAristiques entre le stimulus et la pointe deAclencheAe ont eAteA observeAs dans toutes les preAparations avec deAclenchement cyclique des pointes. Les variations du niveau “SP” qui se produisent pendant les cycles apparaissent eCtre le reAsultat de l'activiteA de pointes. Ces constatations suggeGrent que la pointe elle-meCme engendre un processus avec une longue constante de temps qui, aG son tour, agit pour limiter l'engendrement de la pointe. Ces donneAes peuvent se rapporter au probleGme geAneAral de la limitation et du controCle des deAcharges critiques corticales.
Building A System For Insider Security

Current protection strategies against insider adversaries are expensive, intrusive, not systematically implemented, and operated independently; too often, such strategies are defeated. The authors provide a systems-based framework and model for understanding important elements, their interactions, interdependencies, and gaps for insider security.
Individual Differences in the Moralization of Everyday Life

We report on the development and initial validation of the Moralization of Everyday Life Scale (MELS), designed to measure variations in people's assignment of moral weight to commonplace behaviors. In Study 1, participants reported their judgments for a large number of potential moral infractions in everyday life; principal components analysis revealed 6 main dimensions of these judgments. In Study 2, scores on the 30-item MELS showed high reliability and distinctness from the Big 5 personality traits. In Study 3, scores on the MELS were strongly correlated with scores on an early scale of moral judgments, suggesting convergent validity.
The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method for Numerical Modeling of Electromagnetic Wave Interactions

This paper succinctly reviews the background and formulation of the finite-difference time-domain (FD-TD) method for numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave interactions with arbitrary structures. Selected 3-D results are given showing comparisons with both measured data and other numerical modeling approaches. An assessment is made of the present horizon of FD-TD modeling capabilities, and possible future directions.