cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Approach to Identifying Intervention Targets for Patient-Safety Improvement in a Hospital Setting

Despite differences in approaches to organizational problem solving, healthcare managers and organizational behavior management (OBM) practitioners share a number of practices, and connecting healthcare management with OBM may lead to improvements in patient safety. A broad needs-assessment methodology was applied to identify patient-safety intervention targets in a large rural medical center. This included a content analysis of descriptions of managers' follow-up actions to error reports for nine types of the most frequently occurring errors. Follow-up actions were coded according to the taxonomy of behavioral intervention components developed by Geller et al. (1990). Two error types were identified as targets for intervention, and the outcome of this assessment process indicated a clear need to apply OBM interventions at the management level and thus have a hospital-wide benefit to patient safety. Future implications for using a system-wide approach to identifying and classifying responses to medical er...
Synthetic Nanoscale Architectures for Lipoprotein Separation

Current low density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis procedures are expensive and time consuming. We report here a novel technique to detect and separate nanoparticles using solid state nanopores. Our technique relies on the resistive pulse phenomenon used in coulter counters. We used a 150nm diameter nanopore to detect nanoparticles that closely resembled HDL and LDL in terms of their size and surface charge. Statistical analysis of the translocation data revealed that our setup preferentially allowed the particles resembling HDL to pass thorough while restricting the translocation of the particles that resembled LDL.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The presence of smooth muscle actin in fibroblasts in the torn human rotator cuff

Abstract The rotator cuff frequently sustains athletic and occupational injury, often resulting in chronic pain and disability. However, despite the high incidence of such shoulder problems, the pathophysiology of rotator cuff injury and healing has not yet been fully elucidated. The notable finding of this study was the presence of a contractile actin isoform, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), in nonvascular cells in all of the seven torn human rotator cuff specimens evaluated immunohistochemically. Up to 95% of cells in any one region, and over 95% of elongated cells found in association with crimped collagen, contained SMA. Most of the cells staining positive for SMA in these sections had morphological features of the fibroblast, though a small number were chondrocyte-like. Treatment of cells growing out from human rotator cuff explants with TGF-β1 significantly increased the amount of SMA evaluated by Western blot analysis. PDGF-BB and IFN-γ had no effect on the cell content of SMA. This is the first documentation of the presence of SMA-positive cells in the human rotator cuff tendon. SMA has been found in a number of other healing connective tissues including skin, ligament, meniscus, cartilage, and other types of tendon. Of importance are previous findings that SMA-positive cells can contract a collagen-glycosaminoglycan analog of extracellular matrix in vitro. The results of the present study thus suggest that SMA-containing cells could contribute to the retraction of the torn ends of a ruptured rotator cuff and play an important role in healing.
Toward Independent Measures of Speed of Reading

This report proposes that speed of reading should be analyzed as four separate components. A measure of the first of these, speed of reading known vocabulary, is described and its characteristics investigated on a mixed sample of 84 boys including a high proportion of retarded readers but covering the full achievement span. In this sample the measure is independent of a cluster of standardized reading tests and has a high reliability estimated from scores on separately timed halves. An investigation of relationships between the experimental test and a series of measures of cognitive abilities suggests that this aspect of speed of reading is most closely related to perceptual speed.
RELIABILITY OF TIME ESTIMATES

Recent interest in time estimation as a function related to personality (1) is based on the assumption that individuals are consistent in their estimation of time, i. e., that time estimates are reliable. It seems important to determine under what conditions this assumption is justified. In this study the reliability of time estimates is assessed for several time intervals ranging from 15 sec. to 240 sec. METHOD 55 Ss from sections of a beginning psychology course were tested in a group situation. They estimated 5 different time intervals: 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 sec. Each interval was defined as the time between rhe sounding of a click and the word stop, spoken by E. Ss wrote estimates (in minutes and seconds) on a card after each interval. They were instructed to make the estimate on the basis of how much time they felt had elapsed. There were two sessions, a week apart. During each session Ss made a series of estimates of intervals in the follon.ing order: 30, GO, 120, 15, and 240 sec. This series was then repeated immediately wirhout Ss being aware of two distinct series. Thus during each session Ss made nvo estimates of each time interval, one in each series.
Demographics of the 2007 SSA Membership

The Seismological Society of America (SSA), originally organized in 1906 with 12 members (Howell 2002), has grown to roughly 2,000 members in 2007. The objectives of our society (reproduced in full inside the front cover of this issue) include the scientific investigation of earthquakes and promoting public safety in the face of earthquake hazards. The objectives are not directed to the United States in particular. The membership now represents 63 countries including the United States, as well as nearly every state of the United States. Annual meetings of the SSA, held in April of each year, attract roughly 20% of its members; although they mainly attract the U.S. members, many of the SSA's non-U.S. members attend these meetings also. The demographics of the SSA membership are important to achieving the SSA mission. They are also important for meeting planning. The analysis presented here was first motivated by a very simple question: what location would minimize the sum of travel distances of SSA members to the annual meeting? This question, however, led to an expanded analysis of SSA demographics. We map the raw state and country distribution and compute the “centroid” of the SSA membership as a useful piece of information. The distribution of SSA members is naturally skewed by the main foci of our work, which are primarily earthquake and explosion physics and earthquake hazard. Unlike some professions, which have a fairly uniform distribution of members when normalized to local population statistics, the SSA membership is expected to be heavily weighted to areas of high earthquake activity. Here we quantify this assumption, using geographic information system (GIS) tools to produce maps of SSA membership. We requested the membership list of the SSA from the office staff in May 2007. The list was valid for January 31, 2007. We requested only …
The anterior choroidal artery: an anatomical study of its area of distribution.

The morphology and the structures supplied by the extraventricular segment of the anterior choroidal artery was studied in 22 human brains. The pertinent arterial sections were injected with a gelatin-india ink mixture and the brains serially sectioned and cleared after formalin fixation. The area of distribution of the anterior choroidal artery varied widely. There is good supply to the globus pallidus, the posterior and retrolenticular portions of the internal capsule, the cerebral peduncle, the optic tract and the lateral geniculate body. A lesser supply is furnished to the genu of the internal capsule, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, and amygdala.
RADIAL DEPENDENCE OF PEAK PROTON AND IRON ION FLUXES IN SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE EVENTS: APPLICATION OF THE PATH CODE

The radial dependence of particle peak fluxes in large solar energetic particle (SEP) events is important in determining the potential impact of space weather hazards on space missions. Using the Particle Acceleration and Transport in the Heliosphere code, we model the acceleration and transport of protons and iron ions at evolving coronal mass ejection shocks propagating throughout the inner heliosphere from about 0.1 to 2.5 AU. An example shock with a compression ratio of 3.9 and a speed of 1000 km s{sup -1} close to the Sun is modeled using a two-dimensional MHD ZEUS code. The compression ratio and shock speed weakened to 2.3 and 630 km s{sup -1}, correspondingly, at 2 AU. Shocks with 15 Degree-Sign , 45 Degree-Sign , and 75 Degree-Sign angles between the upstream magnetic field and the shock normal were studied. The shock angle was kept constant throughout the simulation. Both gradual and impulsive events are studied. Diffusive shock acceleration is assumed at the shock and we use a total diffusion coefficient that includes a parallel diffusion coefficient which takes into account the upstream wave amplification, and a perpendicular diffusion coefficient which is based on the NonLinear Guiding Center theory. The transport of particles escapingmore » from the shock is modeled using a Monte Carlo approach. Time-intensity profiles for protons and iron ions are obtained. We analyzed the radial dependence of peak fluxes (J) for both protons and iron ions from 0.5 to 2 AU. We find that the functional dependence is softer than R {sup -3} and is about R {sup -2.9} to R {sup -1.8} in the energy range of 0.3-5 MeV nuc{sup -1}. Quasi-perpendicular shock showed a steeper radial dependence than a quasi-parallel shock. Mixed events show a softer radial dependence at energies above 500 keV nuc{sup -1} for iron ions and above 1 MeV for protons. The values of J(R) depend on seed particle composition, particle energy, shock obliquity, and the interplanetary turbulence level. Consequently, we advocate using SEP event-specific computer modeling rather than empirical formulae for future forecasting of the radiation environment throughout the heliosphere during large SEP events.« less
The Decade of Private Knowledge: Linguistics from the Early 60's to the Early 70's

A review of the dissemination of information among linguists and the epis-temological basis of the transformational movement leads to the suggestion that the decade from the early 1960's to the early 1970's was a decade of private knowledge for persons engaged in the theoretical study of human languages. This decade of private knowledge was not caused directly by Chomsky's disavowal of empiricism and his espousal of rationalism. Rather, it was caused indirectly by the shift from empiricism to rationalism and the subsequent attempt to base the data for theory building on native speaker intuition. The period of private knowledge in linguistics will probably continue until there is a shift in the epistemological basis of transformational thought.
Evidence for two subspecies of Gunnison’s prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni), and the general importance of the subspecies concept

Abstract Accurate taxonomy is essential for conservation, but subspecies-level systematics can be hampered both by a lack of consensus on what constitutes a subspecies and by discordance among data types (e.g., genetics vs. morphology). Here we provide a framework for evaluating subspecies using multidimensional criteria, and suggest that taxa must satisfy multiple criteria to qualify as subspecies. As a case study, we use the Gunnison’s prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni), a species for which there has been disagreement regarding the existence of subspecies due to inconsistent application of criteria for defining subspecies. To explicitly test the hypothesis that two subspecies exist, we generated five predictions that could be evaluated with genetic data, while also using morphological and ecological criteria. We sampled 838 Gunnison’s prairie dogs from across the species range and performed a series of genetic analyses using 16 microsatellite and two mitochondrial loci (cytochrome b and the control region). We compared subspecies morphology and quantitatively evaluated whether abiotic and biotic habitat characteristics encountered by each subspecies differed. Genetic results from all five predictions supported the existence of two distinct subspecies within the confines of a proposed revision in the boundary between subspecies. The subspecies differed marginally in morphology and significantly in their habitats, suggesting ecological differentiation. Our results, which are in line with historical descriptions of morphologically distinct subspecies, suggest the subspecies should be recognized. This work provides support for the utility of integrating multiple data and analysis types to inform systematics and conservation.
Seasonal changes in interrelationships among milk constituents.

Summary Since total soluble phosphorus, soluble organic and inorganic phosphorus, citric acid, and magnesium show important seasonal changes, differences in the relationships of these constituents to other milk constituents have been studied. Important changes in correlation between constituents are shown to occur with changes in season. The correlation coefficients between total soluble phosphorus and many other milk constituents change from highly significant to not significant with changes in season. The data show marked changes in relationships with casein, calcium, and phosphorus. The relation between soluble inorganic phosphorus and the soluble calcium also shows major shifts with changes in season. The magnitude of these shifts is sufficiently great that changes in stability of the milk would be expected. The soluble organic phosphorus is not closely associated with any of the major milk constituents. There is little evidence to suggest that changes in this constituent could account for seasonal changes in the properties of milk. Citric acid is normally quite independent of the other milk constituents. However, in the spring it is highly significantly correlated with casein, colloidal phosphorus, and the insoluble calcium. Association of citrate with the casein micelles and the colloidal calcium phosphate appear to be seasonal phenomena. Magnesium also shows its most significant relationships in the spring. In other seasons, its changes are independent of the other major constituents. No relationship between magnesium and soluble calcium is indicated at any season.
Extreme diversity of decapod crustaceans from the mid-Cretaceous (late Albian) of Spain: Implications for Cretaceous decapod paleoecology

Abstract Thirteen decapod crustacean species, eight of which are new, from the mid-Cretaceous (late Albian) limestones of the Koskobilo quarry in northern Spain are described, illustrated, and discussed. They include: Graptocarcinus texanus; Navarrara betsieae gen. nov., sp. nov.; Acareprosopon bouvieri n. comb.; Laeviprosopon hispanicum sp. nov.; L. planum sp. nov.; L. edoi sp. nov.; L. crassum sp. nov.; Viaia robusta ; Cretamaja granulata gen. nov., sp. nov.; Koskobilius postangustus gen. nov., sp. nov.; Navarrahomola hispanica ; Glytodynomene alsasuensis ; and Albenizus minutus gen. nov., sp. nov. Cretamaja and Koskobilius represent the oldest known spider crabs. In total, 36 species are now known from the Koskobilo locality based on 1078 specimens. To discover the magnitude of the diversity of the decapod fauna of Koskobilo, a comprehensive overview of decapod-rich localities and formations from the Cretaceous worldwide was compiled. It appears that Koskobilo is the most diverse decapod fauna from a single locality currently known from the Cretaceous. A rarefaction analysis shows that the maximum number of species is nearly reached. The number of genera, 26, is also unsurpassed for the Cretaceous. Forty-two species are found from localities within the Eguino Formation to which sediments from the Koskobilo quarry are ascribed, which is also unprecedented for a single formation within the Cretaceous. Evidence suggests that the most diverse decapod faunas from the Cretaceous are found in coral-associated limestones. This is consistent with evidence from the Recent, where decapod diversity is high in coral reefs compared to other habitats. This also suggests that the decapod peak diversity in Koskobilo is largely ecological in nature and not caused by a preservational bias. This is one of the most comprehensive studies on Cretaceous decapod diversity so far. Field work in coral-associated strata is expected to yield more decapod-rich faunas.
Layer-by-Layer Deposition of Barrier and Permselective c-Oriented-MCM-22/Silica Composite Films

A layer-by-layer deposition method is presented for the fabrication of compact c-oriented-MCM-22/silica films on aluminum alloys and porous α-alumina discs. The film fabrication procedure combines deposition of platelike MCM-22 crystals on substrates by covalent attachment under reflux and/or by sonication-assisted covalent attachment (using the methods introduced by Yoon and co-workers and recently reviewed [Acc. Chem. Res. 2007, 40 (1), 29−40]) with evaporation-induced-self-assembly (EISA) of surfactant-templated silica. The composite c-oriented MCM-22/silica films exhibited corrosion resistance barrier properties comparable to commercial chromate conversion coatings. Moreover, they exhibited hydrogen ideal selectivities (e.g., H2/N2 ∼ 7) above those expected by Knudsen diffusion indicating molecular sieving potential.
Heavy metals in aquatic plants, clams, and sediments from the Chesapeake Bay, U.S.A. implications for waterfowl

Abstract Dry weight concentrations of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc were measured in clams, submerged aquatic macrophytes and sediments from several locations in the Chesapeake Bay region. Clam species included Macoma balthica, Mya arenaria, and Rangia cuneata; plant taxa included Najas spp., Potamogeton spp., Ruppia maritima, Vallisneria americana, and Zostera marina. Cadmium and lead concentrations were generally greater in whole plants than in soft tissues of clams, while the reverse was true for zinc; no marked trend was observed in copper concentrations. These results suggest that the changes occurring in the food habits of some Chesapeake Bay waterfowl towards increased clam utilization as a result of declining submerged plant abundances is not increasing ingestion of the nonessential metals cadmium and lead. Highest lead, copper and zinc concentrations were observed in sediments from the Patapsco River, which is probably due to the proximity of Baltimore Harbor. Highest cadmium concentrations were observed in sediments in the Port Tobacco River, a tributary of the Potomac River. These observations were generally consistent with high concentrations of the respective metal(s) in biota from these locations. Concentrations of the four metals in sediments were highly correlated to organic matter content.
How High Local Charge Carrier Mobility and an Energy Cascade in a Three‐Phase Bulk Heterojunction Enable >90% Quantum Efficiency

Charge generation in champion organic solar cells is highly efficient in spite of low bulk charge-carrier mobilities and short geminate-pair lifetimes. In this work, kinetic Monte Carlo simulations are used to understand efficient charge generation in terms of experimentally measured high local charge-carrier mobilities and energy cascades due to molecular mixing.
Behavioral responses during the initial exposures to a low dose of cocaine in late preweanling and adult rats.

Human drug experimentation begins during late childhood and early adolescence, a critical time in physical and CNS development, when the immature CNS is vulnerable to the long-term effects of psychoactive drugs. Few preclinical animal studies have investigated responses to such drugs in a developmental stage equivalent to late childhood of humans. We used a rodent model to examine behavioral responses of female Sprague–Dawley late preweanling and adult rats during acute and repeated exposures to a low dose of cocaine. Results show that after cocaine injection, preweanling rats (18–21 days old) have locomotor responses that differ from adults, but after postnatal day 22, the responses are indistinguishable from adults even though rats are still not weaned. Before day 22, locomotor effects of cocaine differ from those in adults in three ways: preweanlings are active for a longer time after cocaine injection at day 18; preweanling activity peaks more rapidly after subcutaneous administration; and after only three injections of cocaine, a tolerance-like pattern is seen in preweanlings whereas an emerging pattern of sensitization to cocaine is seen in adults. The behavioral patterns of this age group offer a preclinical model of the early effects of drugs of abuse.
Material model uncertainty quantification using evidence theory

Uncertainties in material models and their influence on structural behavior and reliability are important considerations in analysis and design of structures. In this article, a methodology based o...
Fat and lean BMI reference curves in children and adolescents and their utility in identifying excess adiposity compared with BMI and percentage body fat

Background: Body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat (%BF) are widely used to assess adiposity. These indexes fail to account for independent contributions of fat mass (FM) and lean body mass (LBM) to body weight, which vary according to age, sex, pubertal status, and population ancestry in the pediatric population. Objective: The objective was to develop pediatric reference curves for fat mass index (FMI) and lean body mass index (LBMI) and evaluate the effects of population ancestry and LBM on measures of excess adiposity (BMI, %BF, and FMI). Design: Sex-specific FMI and LBMI reference curves relative to age for children and adolescents aged 8–20 y were generated from cross-sectional body-composition data measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry from NHANES. Results: The mean LBMI z score was higher in blacks (males: 0.26; females: 0.45) than in whites (males: −0.07; females: −0.09) and Mexican Americans (males: 0.05; females: −0.09). The positive predictive value of overweight by BMI to identify excess adiposity defined by FMI was lower in blacks (males: 35.9%; females: 30.3%) than in whites (males: 65.4%; females: 52.2%) and Mexican Americans (males: 73.3%; females: 68.3%). Participants classified as having excess adiposity by FMI but normal adiposity by %BF had significantly higher BMI, LBMI, and height z scores than did those classified as having excess adiposity by %BF but normal adiposity by FMI. Conclusions: Relative to FMI, the prevalence of excess adiposity is overestimated by BMI in blacks and underestimated by %BF in individuals with high LBM. The use of FMI and LBMI improves on the use of %BF and BMI by allowing for the independent assessment of FM and LBM.
3-D Interpolation in Object Perception: Evidence from an Objective Performance Paradigm.

Object perception requires interpolation processes that connect visible regions despite spatial gaps. Some research has suggested that interpolation may be a 3-D process, but objective performance data and evidence about the conditions leading to interpolation are needed. The authors developed an objective performance paradigm for testing 3-D interpolation and tested a new theory of 3-D contour interpolation, termed 3-D relatability. The theory indicates for a given edge which orientations and positions of other edges in space may be connected to it by interpolation. Results of 5 experiments showed that processing of orientation relations in 3-D relatable displays was superior to processing in 3-D nonrelatable displays and that these effects depended on object formation. 3-D interpolation and 3-D relatabilty are discussed in terms of their implications for computational and neural models of object perception, which have typically been based on 2-D-orientation-sensitive units.
Isolation of the mouse homologue of BRCA1 and genetic mapping to mouse chromosome 11

Abstract The BRCA1 gene is in large part responsible for hereditary human breast and ovarian cancer. Here we report the isolation of the murine Brca1 homologue cDNA clones. In addition, we identified genomic P1 clones that contain most, if not all, of the mouse Brca1 locus. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the mouse and human coding regions are 75% identical at the nucleotide level while the predicted amino acid identity is only 58%. A DNA sequence variant in the Brca1 locus was identified and used to map this gene on a ( Mus m. musculus Czech II × C57BL/KsJ)F1 × C57BL/KsJ intersubspecific backcross to distal mouse chromosome 11. The mapping of this gene to a region highly syntenic with human chromosome 17, coupled with Southern and Northern analyses, confirms that we isolated the murine Brca1 homologue rather than a related RING finger gene. The isolation of the mouse Brca1 homologue will facilitate the creation of mouse models for germline BRCA1 defects.
Customer Service in Higher Education

In today's highly competitive world, higher education needs to look more closely at improving customer service on campus. As the consumers of education become more aware of their rights, they will be demanding the same service of educational institutions as they do commercial businesses. Higher education needs to investigate what busienss has been doing in the area of customer service and apply it in the education environment. This paper will explore the relationship between quality customer service and student retention, and will present a customer service model that could be used to initiate a comprehensive customer service program on campus.
Variable-characteristic p—n-junction devices based on reversible ion drift

Abstract It has been found that germanium wafers containing a p -type impurity and lithium, a high atomic mobility n -type impurity, may be used to construct junction devices, called flexodes, whose I–V characteristics may be reversibly transformed between resistive and rectifying states. These transformations result from the application of electric fields at intrinsic temperatures (≳ 100°C). They are due to field-enhanced diffusion of Li + ions. Reverse bias is thought to cause electric-field-controlled precipitation of excess lithium in the region of the p — n junction. Such precipitation can degrade the rectification by causing breakdown and shorting of the junction. The precipitates may be removed from the junction region and the rectification may be restored by the application of forward bias. Methods of making flexodes and of obtaining the junction transformations are described, and a qualitative model for the growth of precipitates in the applied electric field is discussed. Several proposed practical applications of flexodes are also included.
Rates of OH radical reactions. II. The combination reaction OH+NO+M

The combination of OH+NO+M at 295 °K was studied over the pressure range 25–770 torr of various third bodies M, using the flash photolysis resonance absorption technique. Absolute second order rate constants kII for the reaction were measured at various pressures of He, N2, SF6, CF4, and H2O, and at 720 torr of Ar. The data were treated by a simple two step Lindeman scheme. The limiting value of kII at high pressure, kII∞, was found to be kII=1.1×1013 cm3 mol−1⋅s−1. The efficiencies of the third bodies for collisional energy transfer, η, relative to the efficiency of H2O taken as one were calculated to be H2O=1, CF4=0.41, SF6=0.37, N2=0.12, Ar=0.05, and He=0.02.
Polycondensation in a continuous, stirred-tank reactor

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyse transient and steady-state polycondensation in a continuous, stirred-tank reactor as an example of large, complex kinetic systems. The approach used is to effect a partial analytical solution of the exact rate equations supplemented by a numerical solution by digital computer. By dimensional analysis a single dimensionless group is obtained, which is related to the polymer yields and molecular weight distribution for both transient and steady-state operation of an isothermal reactor with constant feed composition.
SEMPL: a semantic portal

Semantic Web technology is intended for the retrieval, collection, and analysis of meaningful data with significant automation afforded by machine understandability of data [1]. As one illustration of semantic web technology in action, we present SEMPL, a semantic web portal for the Large Scale Distributed Information Systems lab (LSDIS) at the University of Georgia. SEMPL, which is powered by a state of the art commercial system, Semagix Freedom [7], uses an ontology-driven approach to provide semantic browsing, linking, and contextual querying of content within the portal. By using the ontology based information integration technique, SEMPL can specify the context of a particular piece of research information, annotate web pages, and provide links to semantically related areas enabling a rich contextual retrieval of information.
Gas Exchange and Co-regulation of Photochemical and Nonphotochemical Quenching in Bean during Chilling at Ambient and Elevated Carbon Dioxide.

The effects of elevated (700 µmol mol−1) and ambient (350 µmol mol−1) CO2 on gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) during 24 h chilling treatments at 6.5 °C. Consistent with previous research on this cultivar, photosynthetic decline during chilling was not significantly affected by CO2 while post-chilling recovery was more rapid at elevated compared to ambient CO2. Our primary focus was whether there were also CO2-mediated differences in demand on nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) processes during the chilling treatments. We found that photosystem II quantum yield and total NPQ were similar between the CO2 treatments during chilling. In both CO2 treatments, chilling caused a shift from total NPQ largely composed of qE, the protective, rapidly responding component of NPQ, to total NPQ dominated by the more slowly relaxing qI, related to both protective and damage processes. The switch from qE to qI during chilling was more pronounced in the elevated CO2 plants. Using complementary plots of the quantum yields of photochemistry and NPQ we demonstrate that, despite CO2 effects on the partitioning of NPQ into qE and qI during chilling, total NPQ was regulated at both CO2 levels to maximize photochemical utilization of absorbed light energy and dissipate only that fraction of light energy that was in excess of the capacity of photosynthesis. Photodamage did occur during chilling but was repaired within 3 h recovery from chilling in both CO2 treatments.
On spectrum placement for linear time invariant delay systems

A ring of delay operators is used to obtain a ring model description of a linear time invariant delay system. With this aid an algorithm is developed for the computation of the polynomial state-feedback matrix which assigns an arbitrary set of poles of the closed-loop system (spectrum placement). An example is included to illustrate the method.
Organizational Improvisation and Learning: A Field Study:

An inductive study of improvisation in new product development activities in two firms uncovered a variety of improvisational forms and the factors that shaped them. Embedded in the observations we...
Stay-at-Home Fathers and Breadwinning Mothers Gender, Couple Dynamics, and Social Change

I examine experiences of married couples to better understand whether economic shifts that push couples into gender-atypical work/family arrangements influence gender inequality. I draw on in-depth interviews conducted in 2008 with stay-at-home husbands and their wives in 21 married-couple families with children (42 individual interviews). I find that the decision to have a father stay home is heavily influenced by economic conditions, suggesting that men’s increased job instability and shifts in the relative employment conditions of husbands and wives push some men into at-home fatherhood. However, this shift in family arrangements can promote change toward greater gender equality even in couples that initially hold entrenched, gendered beliefs. The data indicate that at-home fathers come to value their increased involvement in children’s care in ways that reduce gender differences in parenting and that have the potential to translate into institutional change, particularly when they reenter the labor fo...
The Future of World Order

Perhaps more profoundly than any international lawyer of our time, Wolfgang Friedmann combined a deep humanistic commitment to an improved system of world order with a lively awareness that proposals for global reform must first pass tests of political feasibility to warrant serious attention.* It is a great tribute, I think, to the strength of Professor Friedmann’s vision that he could accept the harsh realities of international relations, especially given the persistence and intensification of the war system, without over the years growing either sentimental or cynical, that is, without succumbing to the easy advocacy of either instant world government or the facile endorsement of what was once called realpolitik, but which might now be more easily recognized if identified as Kissingerism or for that matter, Brzezinskiism.
Meaning representation in Montague grammar and situation semantics

This paper compares certain aspects of situation semantics and Montague grammar and points out some issues related to natural language programming. It provides and introduction to certain basic concepts of situation semantics and makes some tentative claims about possible advantages of situation semantics. Cet article compare certains aspects des semantiques de situation avec les grammaires de Montague en insistant sur quelques problemes lies au traitement informatique des langues nature!les. On y trouve une introduction a plusieurs concepts de base des semantiques de situation ainsi que quelques avantages possibles de ces semantiques.
The mass of Neptune

A comprehensive evaluation is conducted of the numerous attempts to estimate the mass of Neptune. It is noted that the two primary methods to mass-determination, respectively based on planetary perturbations and satellite motions, yield results of virtually equal accuracy for the mass of this planet. The attempts discussed encompass Triton observations, the values of Newcomb (1874), photographic observations, and values recently obtained from planetary and spacecraft observations.
Cellular, Morphometric, Ontogenetic and Connectional Substrates of Anatomical Asymmetry

Although anatomical cerebral asymmetry appears in all animals that have been examined, its link to functional lateralization is not clear. In an attempt to further elucidate this relationship between structure and function, we have compared, in rats and humans, brains that have asymmetric architectonic areas to those that are symmetric. We have found that (1) asymmetry is the result of the production of a small side rather than the production of a large side; (2) architectonic asymmetry is the result of changes in the total numbers of neurons rather than cell-packing density; (3) events occurring early in corticogenesis--specifically during the period of progenitor cell proliferation and/or death--are important for the formation of asymmetric cortical areas; and (4) symmetric brains have relatively greater numbers of callosal fibers and more patches of termination than their asymmetric counterparts. These results, taken together, suggest that if anatomic asymmetry underlies functional lateralization, it may have more to do with the different organization of symmetric and asymmetric brains, rather than simply which hemisphere (or brain region) is larger.
Rehabilitation of Concrete Pavements Assisted with Abrasive Waterjets

Currently he rehabilitation of concrete pavements in the USA is mainly performed by the so called cracking and seating technique. An extensive review of the advantages and disadvantages of the existing concrete pavements rehabilitation techniques is given. The use of an abrasive waterjet cutting technique for slotting the concrete pavement slabs is proposed. Instead of the common square rectangular shaped concrete fragments, which have a detrimental effect on the reflective cracks, thus on the service life of the overlays, more suitable diamond shaped fragments are proposed. Extensive experimental work is done on investigation of the effects of the abrasive waterjet cutting parameters on the depth of cut in concrete slabs. A mathematical model based on the experimental data is developed relating the depth of cut to the waterjet pressure, jet traverse speed, abrasive flow rate and standoff distance.
Coronary blood flow and myocardial metabolism in acute experimental anaemia.

Anaemia produced by isovolumic exchange of dextran reduced mean haematocrit in 12 dogs from 48 to 19%. Coronary blood flow increased out of proportion to the rise in cardiac output. Myocardial oxygen consumption rose 21% despite a reduction in systemic oxygen transport. Coronary sinus Po2 increased 1 mm Hg. With anaemia, myocardial noradrenaline release, and skeletal and cardiac muscle potassium uptake were observed.
Brief paper: A neural network solution for fixed-final time optimal control of nonlinear systems

In this paper, fixed-final time optimal control laws using neural networks and HJB equations for general affine in the input nonlinear systems are proposed. The method utilizes Kronecker matrix methods along with neural network approximation over a compact set to solve a time-varying HJB equation. The result is a neural network feedback controller that has time-varying coefficients found by a priori offline tuning. Convergence results are shown. The results of this paper are demonstrated on an example.
Energetic Particle Synthesis of Metastable Layers for Superior Mechancial Properties

Energetic particle methods have been used to synthesize two metastable layers with superior mechanical properties: amorphous Ni implanted with overlapping Ti and C, and amorphous diamond-like carbon (DLC) formed by vacuum-arc deposition or pulsed laser deposition. Elastic modulus, yield stress and hardness were reliably determined for both materials by fitting finite-element simulations to the observed layer/substrate responses during nanoindentation. Both materials show exceptional properties, i.e., the yield stress of amorphous Ni(Ti,C) exceeds that of hardened steels and other metallic glasses, and the hardness of DLC (up to 88 GPa) approaches that of crystalline diamond (approx. 100 GPa). Tribological performance of the layers during unlubricated sliding contact appears favorable for treating Ni-based micro-electromechanical systems: stick-slip adhesion to Ni is eliminated, giving a low coefficient of friction (approx. 0.3-0.2) and greatly reduced wear. We discuss how energetic particle synthesis is critical to forming these phases and manipulating their properties for optimum performance.
Effect of two strains of peanut mottle virus on fatty acids, amino acids, and protein of six peanut lines.

Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars (Starr and Florunner) and four peanut introductions (PI 261945, 261946, 261973, and 261980) were each separately inoculated with a mild strain (M2) and with the necrosis strain (N) of peanut mottle virus. The effects of these viral strains on the chemical composition of peanut seed were evaluated. The chemical characteristics varied with the type of viral infection. The greatest effect was on fatty acids and the least on the total amino acids. In general, peanuts infected with the necrosis strain showed: (1) a decrease in the percentages of stearic and oleic acids, while linoleic, arachidic, behenic, and lignoceric acids increased, (2) increases in the levels of the free amino acids glycine, alanine, isoleucine, histidine, lysine, and arginine, and (3) the total amino acids exhibited a slight decrease in aspartic acid and a slight increase in methionine. Peanuts infected with the mild strain generallly showed: (1) a slight increase in linoleic acid, (2) litt...
Applications and Performance Analysis of Bridging with Layer-3 Forwarding on Wireless LANs

This paper presents an in-depth study of applying the bridging technology with layer-3 forwarding (L3F) in Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN). L3F addresses a limitation of wireless communications at the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, and uses the information at the network layer (IP address) to forward packets. It has the flexibility of IP routing without the complexity of routing and subnet configurations. The detailed procedure of L3F is presented in this paper, along with thorough performance analysis using a high capability traffic generator and analyzer. The performance results, as measured by throughput and latency, show that the L3F performance is comparable to traditional layer-2 bridging and significantly better than IP routing. This paper also presents two practical applications of using L3F: one is in the Small Office and Home Office (SOHO) to interconnect multiple LAN segments, and the other is in the multi-hop ad hoc wireless networks.
Impact of a psychosocial intervention on performance status and coping

9611 Background: Psychosocial distress is a critical cancer comorbidity; new interventions are needed. Pathfinders, a manualized psychosocial care program, provides patient navigation, counseling, coping skills training, mind/body techniques, and lifestyle advice. Methods: This prospective, single-arm, pilot study enrolled adult metastatic breast cancer patients with prognosis ≥6 months. Consenting participants met with a Pathfinder (trained social worker) at least monthly, with interim phone/email contact. Pathfinders worked with patients to identify inner strengths, teach coping skills, engage complementary/alternative providers, employ mind/body techniques, and support healthy lifestyle. At baseline, month 3 and month 6, patients completed surveys including Patient Care Monitor (PCM; a review of systems with 6 subscales and a global quality of life [QOL] score), and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Fatigue subscale (FACIT-F). Results: Participants (n=50) were: mean age 51.2 years (SD ...
The Geroscience Hypothesis: Is It Possible to Change the Rate of Aging?

Aging is not a disease. It is a generalized and progressive loss of function with the passage of time that makes us increasingly vulnerable to a broad suite of diseases. The Geroscience Hypothesis asserts that any intervention that retards the aging process will simultaneously delay the onset of multiple diseases. Retarding the aging process is not only a worthwhile medical enterprise; it is achievable as shown by the fact that nature has achieved it many times. Humans, for instance, age about half as fast as their close evolutionary relatives, chimpanzees. Experimentally, dietary restriction retards aging in a variety of laboratory organisms. Dietary restriction not only increases longevity, but it also slows the rate of functional decline in many systems, delays multiple chronic diseases, and has been repeated in multiple laboratories in multiple genotypes. In addition, direct manipulation of dozens to hundreds of individual genes also appears to slow aging, as indicated by a life-lengthening effect. The knowledge gained in genetic studies has now been employed to design pharmacological interventions. The National Institute on Aging’s Interventions Testing Program has been phenomenally successful at discovering compounds that extend life in genetically heterogeneous mice. Five compounds that extend life in at least one mouse sex have been reported to date, suggesting the real possibility that successful interventions in the aging process can be developed for humans.
Relationship Between Monocytosis and T-Lymphocyte Function in Human Cancer

This study was designed to: 1) determine the relative number of monocytes in mononuclear cell suspensions derived from the peripheral blood of cancer patients and 2) ascertain if any relationship existed between the numbers of monocytes in those cell suspensions and T-lymphocyte function. Monocytes were quantitated by morphology verified by phagocytosis of antibody-coated erythrocytes. A significant difference (P less than or equal to 0.01) existed between the number of monocytes in suspensions from normal individuals (26.2 +/- 4.3) and cancer patients (38.0 +/- 13.4). The cancer patients were divided into 2 groups: 1) those who exhibited normal in vitro T-cell responses to phytohemagglutinin and 2) those in whom responses were significantly suppressed. The mean number of monocytes in suspensions from the cancer patient group with normal responses was 29 +/- 9, whereas that from the cancer patients with suppressed responses was 47 +/- 11, a highly significant difference (P less than or equal to 0.01). Therefore, the study demonstrated two things: 1) Mononuclear cell suspensions derived from cancer patients exhibited significant monocytosis relative to those from normal individuals and 2) a strong correlation existed between monocytosis and suppressed T-lymphocyte function in vitro.
The Evaluation of Factors Believed to Contribute to Obesity in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Survivors

Background. Obesity rates for pediatric acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) survivors vary from 11% to 57%. Researching dietary behaviors may identify dietary risks leading to obesity and opportunities for intervention. Objective. To evaluate the relationship between caloric and macronutrient intake on the incidence of obesity in pediatric ALL. Design/setting/participants. Retrospectively reviewed data of 142 participants was examined. Participants were grouped into categories based on body mass index (BMI) for adults and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts for children. Twenty-four-hour food recall records were reviewed to assess dietary intake. Confounding factors and caloric/macronutrient intake were compared across obesity classes. Main outcome measurements. Macronutrient levels were compared between groups. Descriptive data examined. BMI at enrollment on BONEII, age at diagnosis, ethnicity, gender, corticosteroid use, cranial radiation therapy, and standard/high risk. ALL group. Results. Thirty-nine percent of participants were overweight/obese. ALL survivors who consumed a higher percentage of their calories from protein were more likely to be underweight/normal weight while participants who consumed more calories and total carbohydrates were more likely to be overweight/obese. There was no relationship with the other factors examined. Conclusion. Dietary interventions should be designed to ensure patients consume adequate amounts of protein while limiting portion sizes and carbohydrate-based snacks.
Binding of sulfobromophthalein sodium (BSP) and other organic anions by isolated hepatic cell plasma membranes in vitro.

SummaryIsolated, hepatic cell plasma membranes bound on average 160 ± 2 μg of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) per mg of protein. Taurocholate, bilirubin and fluore-scein, which do not compete for hepatic uptake with BSP when simultaneously injected in vivo, exhibited little or no interference with BSP binding by hepatic cell plasma membranes in vitro. Other organic anions, such as indocyanine green, flavaspidic acid glucaminate, and iodipamide methylgluca-mine, which compete with BSP for hepatic uptake in vivo, significantly reduced BSP binding by isolated membranes in vitro.
Antimetabolic antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae measured by tetrazolium reduction inhibition.

SummaryThe reduction of tetrazolium by M. pneumoniae is inhibited by specific serum. Based on this, a method has been derived for measuring growth inhibiting antibody. This procedure was applied to post-vaccination and convalescent sera from animal and human subjects and compared with CF and IHA antibodies. The presence of TRI antibody correlated well with resistance to disease.