cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Departmental Advisory Councils: Bridging the Gap between Marketing Academicians and Marketing Practitioners

The growing criticism of business schools by the business community has resulted in attempts by academia to develop a closer working relationship between these two groups. This article addresses the use of advisory councils as vehicles for better articulation between marketing academicians and marketing practitioners. A national survey of business schools reveals a limited but increasing use of marketing advisory councils. The councils received mixed reviews from those schools using them, and there also were some key differences of opinion as to what activities such councils should perform. Marketing departments apparently use a variety of methods other than advisory councils to keep abreast of the changing educational needs of future business managers. The article also provides guidelines for the formation of a council and for the enhancement of successful meetings and participation of the members.
Methodology for concurrent determination of urea kinetics and the capture of recycled urea nitrogen by ruminal microbes in cattle.

Abstract We measured the incorporation of recycled urea-nitrogen (N) by ruminal microbes, using five ruminally and duodenally fistulated steers (237 kg) fed low-quality grass hay (47 g crude protein/kg dry matter (DM)). Three received 1 kg/day of soybean meal (SBM) and two received no supplemental protein (control). The experiment was 15 days long. Background enrichments of 15N were measured on day 9 and continuous jugular infusion of 0.12 g/day [15N15N]urea began on day 10. Daily samples of urine, feces, ruminal bacteria and duodenal digesta from days 10 through 14 were used to determine plateaus in 15N enrichment. Duodenal and bacterial samples collected on day 15 were used to measure duodenal N flows. Bacterial N flow was calculated as duodenal N flow multiplied by duodenal 15N enrichment divided by bacterial 15N enrichment. Bacterial N from recycled urea-N was calculated as bacterial N flow multiplied by bacterial 15N enrichment divided by urinary urea 15N enrichment. Urinary enrichment of [15N15N]urea plateaued within 24 h, whereas 14N15N urea plateaued within 48 h of [15N15N]urea infusion. Bacteria reached a plateau in 15N enrichment within 24 h and duodenal samples within 48 h. Urea production was 17.6 g of urea-N/day for control and 78.0 g/day for SBM. Gut entry was 0.99 g of urea-N/g of urea-N produced for control and 0.87 g/g for SBM. Incorporation of recycled N into microbial N was 9.0 g of N/day for control and 23.0 g/day for SBM. Recycled urea-N accounted for 0.33 g of N/g of microbial N at the duodenum for control and 0.27 g/g for SBM. Our methods allowed measurement of incorporation of recycled urea-N into ruminal microbial N.
A Highly Dense, Low Power, Programmable Analog Vector-Matrix Multiplier: The FPAA Implementation

This paper presents a solid foundation for implementing analog vector-matrix multipliers (VMMs) in field-programmable analog arrays (FPAAs). Custom analog VMMs have been demonstrated to be 1000 times more power efficient than commercial digital implementations. However, no previous analog VMM discussion has carefully provided all of the implementation and performance considerations needed to utilize such a system. We utilize the FPAA because it provides an ideal platform for embedding low-power analog processing into larger systems. FPAAs allow the analog processing system to be rapidly prototyped, implemented at low cost, and easily reconfigured in the field. This paper can double as a complete analog VMM design specification, as well as a systematic tutorial on developing general systems with FPAA hardware. We detail the aspects of VMM topology choice, completely analyze the performance metrics, and describe the methods and tools involved in FPAA synthesis.
The synthesis of compact fuzzy neural circuits

Concerns Smart Parts, a class of fuzzy neural hardware. Smart Parts are "smart" in that they can learn an input-output mapping implicit in a data set. They are "parts" in that they are small high-speed fuzzy neural processors meant to provide the fuzzy hardware designer customized functionality in a small package. They are application-specific. The paper focuses on the tool assisting this synthesis, TROUT. Using design heuristics that favor small size and high speed, TROUT can produce Smart Parts circuit specifications virtually automatically. It starts by minimizing the complexity of the target application data set in a way that simplifies the eventual implementation. It chooses a neural net or fuzzy network model from a small library that best suits the data set. In this paper, we detail the fuzzy min-max classifier model (FMM). TROUT optimizes FMM learning parameters to produce the smallest circuit offering the highest input vector throughout. Two architectural insights make the synthesis tractable. First, the FMM network architecture is structurally adaptive. Second, asynchronous circuit-design techniques are used because they simplify the synthesis process by eliminating clock scheduling. The output from TROUT is very high-level hardware description language (VHDL) code that can be used to synthesize the circuit in any of a number of circuit technologies. We outline the synthesis process and provide a circuit example based on the public domain wine classification data set.
Accelerating Pathways to College The (In)Equitable Effects of Community College Dual Credit

Objective:The proportion of high school students taking college courses (e.g., dual credit) is increasing and state and local policies are expanding, yet little is known about the effect of dual credit policies on key educational outcomes, including the effects for low-income students and students of color. The purpose of this study was to examine how dual credit policies differentially influence college access and completion.Method:This study used propensity score matching to examine the impact of community college dual credit policy in Illinois using a large sample of students (n = 41,727) who completed high school in spring 2003. Drawing from Perna and Thomas’ Conceptual Model of Student Success and Rawls’ notion of justice as fairness, the study examined effect heterogeneity to determine differential effects for low-income students and students of color on two educational outcomes: college enrollment and college completion.Results:The analyses showed that dual credit policies positively affect all stu...
Electrochemical applications of metal hydrides

Abstract The electrochemical principles and applications of metal hydrides will be described in this chapter. In particular, the application of metal hydrides in the nickel-metal hydride rechargeable battery is the focus. The criteria, classification, current research, and market status together with future trends of metal hydrides for Ni-MH battery application will be discussed.
New Modular Product-Platform-Planning Approach to Design Macroscale Reconfigurable Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

The benefits of a family of macroscale reconfigurable unmanned aerial vehicles to meet distinct flight requirements are readily evident. The reconfiguration capability of an unmanned-aerial-vehicle family for different aerial tasks offers a clear cost advantage to end users over acquiring separate unmanned aerial vehicles dedicated to specific types of missions. At the same time, it allows the manufacturer the opportunity to capture distinct market segments, while saving on overhead costs, transportation costs, and after-market services. Such macroscale reconfigurability can be introduced through effective application of modular product-platform-planning concepts. This paper advances and implements the Comprehensive Product Platform Planning framework to design a family of three reconfigurable twin-boom unmanned aerial vehicles with different mission requirements. The original Comprehensive Product Platform Planning method was suitable for scale-based product-family design. In this paper, important modifi...
Association of novel mutations in a sodium channel gene with fluvalinate resistance in the mite, Varroa destructor

SUMMARYVarroa (Varroa destructor) has recently become resistant to Apistan, a pyrethroid pesticide with tau-fluvalinate as its active ingredient. In many insect pests, resistance to pyrethroid insecticides is due to reduced target-site (sodium channel) sensitivity to pyrethroids in the nervous system, a phenomenon called knockdown resistance (kdr). A number of studies showed that kdr and kdr-type resistance is a result of point mutations in the para family of sodium channel genes. To investigate the molecular mechanism of resistance to fluvalinate in varroa, we have cloned and sequenced a large cDNA fragment corresponding to segment 3 of domain II (IIS3) to segment 6 of domain IV (IVS6) of a para-homologous sodium channel gene (VmNa) from susceptible and resistant mite populations. The deduced amino acid sequence from this cDNA shares 71%, 60%, and 50% identity with the corresponding region of the para-homologous protein of the Southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, Drosophila melanogaster Para, and r...
Closed Rupture of the Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon with Evaluation of the Mechanism of Injury: A Case Report.

The flexor hallucis longus tendon is prone to injury in the foot and ankle region, including tears and partial ruptures1-3, especially among ballet dancers and athletes4-7 who engage in repetitive push-off maneuvers, resulting in inflammation (Fig. 1). Complete interruption of the tendon is often associated with lacerations8-10. More rarely, these injuries present as closed complete ruptures whose precise etiology is still not well understood1,11-19. Fig. 1 Plantar aspect of the right foot. FDL = flexor digitorum longus, FHL = flexor hallucis longus, H’s K = knot of Henry, TEAR = tear in the flexor hallucis longus tendon, and SLIP TO FDL = slip to the flexor digitorum longus tendon from the flexor hallucis longus tendon. Reproduced with permission of Harry Hauck Jr. To our knowledge, Krackow, in 1980, was the first to describe a closed complete rupture of the flexor hallucis longus tendon; this traumatic rupture occurred in a thirty-four-year-old man who had dorsiflexed the ankle, foot, and great toe against resistance while diving11. Since then, only ten cases of closed complete rupture of the flexor hallucis longus tendon have been described in the literature1,11-19; these injuries are summarized in Table I. In this case report, we describe a patient with a closed rupture of the flexor hallucis longus tendon, with a special emphasis on the mechanism of injury. View this table: TABLE I Case Reports of Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon Ruptures in the Literature* The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and he provided consent. A seventy-four-year-old white man ruptured the right flexor hallucis longus tendon while changing his trousers standing by a stairway. He had already negotiated the left leg and …
Quantum quasigroups and loops

Abstract Quantum quasigroups and quantum loops are self-dual objects providing a general framework for the nonassociative extension of quantum group techniques. Bialgebra reducts of Hopf algebras are quantum loops, while sufficient conditions are given for quantum loop structure to augment to a Hopf algebra. The Moufang–Hopf algebras of Benkart et al., the Hopf quasigroups and coquasigroups of Klim–Majid, and the coassociative H -bialgebras of Perez-Izquierdo (for instance, the universal enveloping algebras of Sabinin algebras), all form quantum loops. Other quantum quasigroups offer natural nonassociative extensions of Hopf algebra constructions: quasigroup algebras, dual quasigroup algebras, and quantum couples of groups with quasigroups. Further examples include an algebra of rooted binary trees, and an algebra of skein polynomials.
On the numerical evaluation of theJ-integrals

This is a third paper dealing with the numerical evaluation of the light changes exhibited by close binary systems; for previous communications, Lanzano, 1976a, b.
An Overlooked yet Ubiquitous Fluoride Congenitor: Binding Bifluoride in Triazolophanes Using Computer-Aided Design

Despite its ubiquity during the binding and sensing of fluoride, the role of bifluoride (HF2–) and its binding properties are almost always overlooked. Here, we give one of the first examinations of bifluoride recognition in which we use computer-aided design to modify the cavity shape of triazolophanes to better match with HF2–. Computational investigation indicates that HF2– and Cl– should have similar binding affinities to the parent triazolophane in the gas phase. Evaluation of the binding geometries revealed a preference for binding of the linear HF2– along the north–south axis with a smaller Boltzmann weighted population aligned east–west and all states being accessed rapidly through in-plane precessional rotations of the anion. While the 1H NMR spectroscopy studies are consistent with the calculated structural aspects, binding affinities in solution were determined to be significantly smaller for the bifluoride than the chloride. Computed geometries suggested that a 20° tilting of the bifluoride (s...
Absence of Synergism with Insecticide Combinations Used on Chinch Bugs (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)

The susceptibility of chinch bug, Blissus leucopterous leucopterous (Say), adults to various mixtures of toxins was studied. No evidence of synergism was detected with mixtures of cypermethrin + chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, or carbosulfan, or piperonyl butoxide + cypermethrin.
The regulation of the reform in telecom system

To set up the efficient telecom regulation system is not only the most important task of the reform in China's telecom system but also a demand to improve its competitive efficiency on the telecom market after the departure of the state and the enterprise,and the reforms of the enterprises.On the basis of analyzing the current situation in the country's telecom regulation,the article puts forward a proposal on how to build the national telecom regulation system in a comprehensive,developing and systematical way.
Preparation and clinical observation of Pedo-Antiperspirant

object:Investigate the preparing methods of Pedo-Antiperspirant,and observe it's curative effect on children's diaphoresis symptom.Methods:Prepare the Pedo-Antiperspirant according to the records of pharmacopeia.Patients were divided into treatment group and control group.Results:The ratio of apparent effect and the total validity of the treatment group are higher remarkably than the control group(p0.05).Conclusion:The preparation of Pedo-Antiperspirant is reasonable and effective.
Matched Asymptotic Expansions

Introduction Why study perturbation techniques? The answer lies in the fact that we can simplify the problem significantly if we study the structure of the equation. In some cases, analytical solutions may be obtained, which eliminates any need for computational work. More commonly, the application of these techniques results in a problem that may be solved numerically much easier than the original problem. Perturbation methods had been known since the days of the ancient astronomers to predict the trajectories of planets subject to small disturbances. The modern concept of regular and singular perturbation problems was developed in the 1960s and refined over the 1970s in fluid mechanics to investigate the high Reynolds number flow past a flat plate, the boundary layer . The function of a boundary layer is to bring the velocity to zero on a solid body. Because the boundary layer is very thin, of O ( Re −1/2 ), the velocity will vary rapidly across the layer, making numerical solutions very difficult, if not impossible. In the intervening years, boundary layer–type behavior, the rapid variation of any quantity over a short distance or period of time, has been used in a wide variety of disciplines to describe such behavior. There are a number of books on this subject, and these appear in the bibliography; they include Kevorkian and Cole (1981, 1996), VanDyke (1975), Nayfeh (1973), Bellman (1964), Bender and Orszag (1999), Holmes (1995), Hinchcliffe (2003), and Howison (2005). The book by VanDyke (1975) is specifically oriented toward fluid mechanics, whereas the others are more general treatments.
On Die Bit Error Rate Estimator for NAND Flash Memory

In this brief, we propose a simple bit error rate (BER) estimator utilizing the parity check constraints of a low-density parity-check code-based error correction coding (ECC) scheme. The proposed estimator can be efficiently implemented on flash memory die with a very small area cost. We articulate applications in which flash memory controllers can take advantage of having the BER estimate before the ECC decoding scheme to significantly reduce programming errors and improve system performance in terms of latency and throughput.
The Coming Federalism Battle in the War Over the Death Penalty

From the founding of the Republic until 2002, it appears that only a single person was ever sentenced to death by the federal government for criminal conduct occurring in a State that did not authorize the death penalty for the same conduct. However, since 2002, eleven people have been sentenced to death by the federal government for criminal conduct occurring in non-death penalty States. And in the last twenty-three years, the federal government has sought the death penalty dozens of times in non-death penalty States. Such cases virtually always involve offenses historically thought of as being best dealt with at the state level. While some federal capital defendants in non-death penalty States have raised constitutional objections in their cases based on federalism principles, these objections have uniformly been rejected at the district court level. However, no federal courts of appeals has yet addressed these objections.Currently, thirty-one States authorize capital punishment while nineteen do not. The category of non-death penalty States includes some of the Nation’s most populous, such as New York, Illinois, and Michigan. In the coming decades, it is likely that other large States, such as California and Pennsylvania, and perhaps even Texas, will abandon the death penalty. It is also likely that capital punishment will be retained in many States, particularly in the South and West, and at the federal level. Given these premises, the use of the federal death penalty in non-death States, which is now mostly a side issue in the death penalty debate, may take on more prominence. As the demand for retribution against the very worst murderers in these States continues, future pro-death penalty Attorneys General will likely bring more of these cases in federal court. Moreover, Congress may continue to expand federal jurisdiction over murders that have tenuous connections to interstate commerce. In short, we may soon see a federalism battle in the war over the death penalty.
Co-editors’ introduction: Gaps between research and policy and practice compromise the education of English Learners

National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) data consistently show that the average math and reading scores of English Learners (ELs) are lower than those of their non-EL peers (Kena et al.,...
On the Analysis of Chatter in Mechanical Systems with Impacts

Abstract In rigid-body mechanics, models that capture collisional contact as an instantaneous exchange of momentum may exhibit dynamics that include infinite sequences of impacts accumulating in finite time to a state of persistent contact, often referred to as chatter. In this paper, we review theoretical tools for the analysis of transient and steady-state behavior in the vicinity of critical periodic orbits for which chatter terminates at a point corresponding to the imminent release from persistent contact, and illustrate the application of this theory to a simplified model of a mechanical pressure relief valve. A general theory for single-degree-of-freedom impact oscillators, previously described in an unpublished manuscript by Nordmark and Kisitu1, is shown to yield both qualitative and quantitative agreement with model simulation results. The predicted bifurcation structure shows that the border orbit unfolds supercritically into a universal cascade of local attractors with nontrivial scaling relationships.
A programmable smoke delivery device for PET imaging with cigarettes containing 11C-nicotine.

Abstract Introduction PET imaging with 11C-nicotine-loaded cigarettes is a valuable tool to directly assess fast nicotine kinetics and its neuropharmacological role in tobacco dependence. To eliminate variations among puffs inhaled by subjects, this work aimed to develop a programmable smoke delivery device (SDD) to produce highly reproducible and adjustable puffs of cigarette smoke for PET experiments. New method The SDD was built around a programmable syringe pump as a smoking machine to draw a puff of smoke from a 11C-nicotine-loaded cigarette and make it available for a subject to take the smoke into the mouth and then inhale it during PET data acquisition. Brain nicotine time activity curves and total body absorbed 11C-nicotine doses (TAD) were measured in smokers who inhaled a single puff of smoke via the SDD from a 11C-nicotine-loaded cigarette. Results Nearly identical brain nicotine kinetics were observed between participants who inhaled a puff of smoke through the SDD and those who inhaled directly from a cigarette. Comparison with existing methods This new device minimizes puff variations that exist with earlier smoke delivery apparatuses which could introduce confounding factors. Conclusions The SDD is effective in delivering 11C-nicotine from the study cigarettes. Despite a 2-s increase in aging of smoke delivered through the SDD versus smoke taken directly from a cigarette, the difference in brain nicotine kinetics after 11C-nicotine delivery with and without use of the SDD is negligible. This refined device may be useful for future research on the deposition and pharmacokinetics of nicotine inhaled with tobacco smoke.
Abstract 17435: Undersizing Donor Hearts by Predicted Heart Mass Increases the Risk of Primary Graft Dysfunction Following Cardiac Tranplantation

Background: Lingering theoretical concern over the hazards of significantly undersized donor hearts has impeded the utilization of otherwise viable allografts for transplantation. Prior studies indicate that predicted heart mass (pHM) provides better size matching in cardiac transplantation than body weight. We examined whether undersizing donor hearts by >30% pHM was associated with primary graft dysfunction (PGD), using the recent ISHLT definition. Methods: Using a prospectively maintained clinical database, we reviewed 214 isolated heart transplants at a single institution and compared patients implanted with hearts undersized by >30% versus those implanted with normal donor size hearts within 30% of pHM (control group). Multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess the impact of donor undersizing on the development of mild, moderate, or severe PGD, and in-hospital/30-day mortality. Results: The 2 groups were similar in age (56±12 years), history of prior sternotomy (50%), pulmonary vascular resistance (2 Woods units), and ischemic etiology (48%). Significant differences in the undersized vs control groups included a greater proportion of male recipients (100% vs 72%, P 2 , P=0.005). In-hospital/30-day mortality was similar between groups (2.7% vs 3.4%). Overall, the undersized group experienced higher rates of PGD (41% vs 27%) as well as significantly increased rates of moderate/severe PGD (24% vs 9%; P=0.02; Figure 1). Multivariate analysis confirmed that undersizing donor hearts by pHM, but not by donor weight, was predictive of moderate/severe PGD (Odds ratio, 3.1 [95%-CI, 1.2-9.0], P=0.0036). Conclusions: Undersized donor hearts by >30% according to pHM may increase rates of PGD following cardiac transplantation. This study confirms that pHM provides more clinically appropriate size matching than weight alone.
Thermodynamic properties of pyrrole, 1-methylpyrrole, 2,4-dimethylpyrrole, and 2,5-dimethylpyrrole: Experimental and computational results

Abstract New measurements of critical temperature, saturated liquid heat capacity from temperature T ≈ 315 K to T ≈ 550 K, and saturated liquid density from T = 323 K to T ≈ 475 K are reported for pyrrole (Chemical Abstracts registry number [109-97-7]), 1-methylpyrrole [96-54-8], 2,4-dimethylpyrrole [625-82-1], and 2,5-dimethylpyrrole [625-84-3]. New measurements of vapor pressure are reported for 2,4-dimethylpyrrole {338
Philosophical Argument and Wicked Problems

This comment on Frodeman and Briggle’s Socrates Tenured raises questions about the project of applying philosophy or philosophical skills to wicked problems such as terrorism. By definition, these ...
More of a Philosopher: Adeline Mowbray and “Every-Day Nature”

This chapter presents Adeline Mowbray as a sympathetic, but critical, evaluation of the practical implications of Mary Wollstonecraft’s attempt to live according to principles that were opposed by society at large. Writing as a former friend of Wollstonecraft and her husband William Godwin, Opie works to reform the female philosopher by allowing her protagonist, Adeline Mowbray, to recognize her errors and atone for her transgressions through suffering. The process of rehabilitating Adeline, however, ends up destroying her, suggesting that for Opie, there is no way for the Wollstonecraftian female philosopher to be accommodated within society. But through secondary characters, Opie introduces the possibility of an alternate kind of female philosopher: a woman as intelligent, as rational, and as morally concerned as Wollstonecraft, but better able to contribute to progress by understanding the need to accommodate herself to social expectations.
Performance of PROMIS Computer Adaptive Testing As Compared With Established Instruments for Multiple-Ligament Knee Injuries

Background:The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) computer adaptive testing (CAT) is a patient-reported outcome metric that has been validated for anterior cruciate l...
Engaging Adolescents: Animal Assisted Therapy for Adolescents with Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders

This study compares treatment engagement and outcomes between two groups of adolescents with psychiatric and substance use disorders (SUD): one received treatment with Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT) and another without AAT. This is an exploratory study with a quasi-experimental pre-post comparison group design. Participants were 31 adolescents (ages 12–17 years) participating in an urban school-based substance treatment program. Cases (n = 14) received treatment with AAT, whereas comparison (n = 17) received treatment without AAT. The outcome measures included: number of sessions attended, proportion of negative urine drug screens for non-nicotine substances, overall-wellbeing, and the School Engagement Instrument. Student’s T test and a Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test were used to evaluate differences. Outcomes that differed significantly between groups were further evaluated using unadjusted linear regression. Participants who received treatment with AAT (M = 9.9, SD = 3.2) attended more therapy sessions within a 16-week period (β = 3.5, t(1) = 2.89, p = 0.0072) than those that received treatment without AAT (M = 6.4, SD = 3.5). Additionally, the AAT group (Mdn = 2.9, IQR: 1.8, 5.0) had a greater improvement in overall-wellbeing (β = 3.6, t(1) = 3.74, p = 0.0009) than treatment group without AAT (Mdn = 0.5, IQR: −2.6, 1.4). AAT could be a way to increase engagement for youth in substance use treatment.
The Misinterpreted Grin: The Development of Discursive Knowledge About Race Through Public Memory of Louis Armstrong:

This project explores how expressions of public memory that engage with Louis Armstrong reflect the “tensions and contestations” in the study of memory generally and consideration of his legacy spe...
Reply: Should We Stick with Surgical Glues? The Incidence of Dermatitis after 2-Octyl Cyanoacrylate Exposure in 102 Consecutive Breast Cases

Skin adhesives have become standard in wound closure as alternatives to traditional sutures or as sterile occlusive dressings after surgery of all types. The literature is replete with case reports of contact dermatitis following exposure to cyanoacrylate-based adhesives, such as 2-octyl cyanoacrylate. Nonetheless, it has been the impression of the senior author and others that the incidence of allergic and/or contact dermatitis is much higher than commonly considered. The authors prospectively studied 102 consecutive patients who underwent breast surgery performed by the senior author with 2-octyl cyanoacrylate placed over incisions as an occlusive dressing. Two patients with a known glue allergy did not receive cyanoacrylate at surgery but were scratch tested to confirm the diagnosis. All patients were followed postoperatively. Twelve patients went on to develop significant dermatitis postoperatively after glue placement. Cyanoacrylate was confirmed as the cause of all rashes by allergy scratch testing for a total incidence of 14 percent (14 patients). Given the popularity of cyanoacrylate products across emergency rooms, clinics, and operating rooms, awareness of the true incidence of these reactions may caution against their use in the future. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:: Therapeutic, IV.
PULMONARY VEIN STENOSIS MASQUERADING AS PNEUMONIA IN A PATIENT WITH PRIOR RADIOFREQUENCY CATHETER ABLATION OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

33% of patients with pulmonary vein stenosis were initially diagnosed with bronchitis, pneumonia, or rarely malignancy, leading to delayed care and unnecessary invasive diagnostic testing. Misdiagnosis is common because the most frequent symptoms are nonspecific. Early recognition of pulmonary vein
Color Space Transformation-Based Algorithm for Evaluation of Thermochromic Behavior of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals Using Polarized Light Microscopy

Cholesteryl ester liquid crystals exhibit thermochromic properties related to the existence of a twisted nematic phase. When used in applications such as thermal mapping, a color change is often monitored by video cameras. Thus, quantitative methods to evaluate thermochromic behavior (e.g., blue-start, red-start, red-end, color play and bandwidth) from video analysis are desirable. However, obtaining quantitative color measurements from digital images remains a significant technical challenge, especially for highly reflective samples such as liquid crystals (for which ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) reflectance spectroscopy is typically used). We developed a method to determine thermochromic properties from videos of liquid crystal cooling under polarized light microscopy. We relate observed color transitions to quantifiable changes in the cumulative color difference in the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) L*a*b* color space and validate this method with UV-vis reflectance spectroscopy. The measured thermochromic behavior and associated measurement uncertainties (coefficient of variations) were comparable to UV-vis reflectance measurements.
Chapter 29 – Population Codes⁎

In many instances, sensory and motor information is encoded by mean firing rates across a population of neurons. Although this is by no means the only way sensory information is encoded in neural populations and networks, it is the best understood. In this chapter, we introduce the tools used to describe the encoding of information across neural populations. We start with a simple example: the encoding of wind direction in sensory neurons of the cricket cercal system (§29.1). From there, we work our way towards a general theory applicable to large neuron populations in the presence of neuronal noise (§§29.2–29.5). Finally, in §29.6 we describe experimental results demonstrating population coding in the superior colliculus, one of the best understood examples in monkeys.
Third Quadrant Conduction Loss of 1.2–10 kV SiC MOSFETs: Impact of Gate Bias Control

The third quadrant (3rd-quad) conduction of power MOSFET s involves competing current sharing between the metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) channel and the body diode controlled by the gate bias ( V G). For 1.2 kV SiC planar MOSFET s, it is well known that a positive V G higher than the threshold voltage enables parallel conduction through both channels, which reduces the 3rd-quad voltage drop and conduction loss. This work, for the first time, unveils that this fact does not hold for higher voltage (e.g., 3.3 kV and 10 kV) SiC planar MOSFET s. By combining the static characterization, simulation, and modeling, it is revealed that, once the MOS channel turns on , the body diode in high-voltage MOSFET s turns on at a source-to-drain voltage ( V SD) much higher than the built-in potential of the PN junction. In 10 kV SiC MOSFET s, the body diode does not turn on over the entire practical V SD range if the MOS channel is on. As a result, the positive VG leads to completely unipolar conduction, which could induce a higher voltage drop than the bipolar body diode at high temperatures. A buck converter based on a 10 kV SiC MOSFET half-bridge module was built and tested, which validated that a negative V G control provides the smallest 3rd-quad voltage drop and conduction loss at high temperatures. Finally, based on the revealed physics for planar MOSFET s, the optimal V G control for the 3rd-quad conduction in trench MOSFET s is discussed. These results provide critical device understandings of 1.2–10 kV SiC MOSFET s and important application guidelines for 10 kV SiC MOSFET s.
Abstract 40: Time Course of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Lesions and Sensory Motor Changes in Spontaneously Hypertensive Stroke Prone Rats

Introduction: Animal models of human cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) are important for the study of the disease underlying mechanisms and testing therapeutic interventions. Spontaneusly Hypert...
Ethanol-induced lymphatic endothelial cell permeability via MAP-kinase regulation.

Chronic alcohol alters the immune system enhancing the susceptibility to inflammation, bacterial, and viral infections in alcohol users. We have shown that alcohol causes increased permeability of ...
Chapter 25. Translational Control of Gene Expression

Publisher Summary Significant new developments have stimulated renewed interest in translation-level gene regulatory mechanisms. Among the new findings, investigators have demonstrated that the overexpression of protein synthesis initiation factor 4E (elF-4E) transforms cells and that injection of these cells into nude mice causes tumors. These data indicate that translational control mechanisms should be considered in the genetic basis for cancers. In other studies of viral and cellular messenger RNA (mRNA) translation, ribosomes have been observed to initiate protein synthesis not only by the 5' scanning mechanism but also by binding internally. These findings suggest that the scanning model for the initiation of protein synthesis does not account for all initiation events. Specific RNA-protein interactions are at the core of translational control mechanisms, and a great deal has been learned about the specific determinants that permit RNA and protein molecules to bind specifically and form ribonucleoprotein complexes. One of the most exciting new developments in translational control is the emerging role of 3' untranslated region. Although the 3' terminus was previously believed to be a relatively benign stretch of noncoding nucleotides, it is now clear that the 3' end is essential for mRNA localization, stability, protein binding, and translational control. Translation-level regulation of gene expression has often been considered to be the poor cousin of transcriptional control in terms of its significance for regulating gene expression. New data now demonstrate the flexibility and elegance of translational control mechanisms, where the structural diversity of RNA molecules provides specific binding sites for proteins and where messenger RNAs are shuttled through the cytoplasm in silent form and somehow activated when they reach their destination.
Nucleotide sequence of the human placental alkaline phosphatase gene. Evolution of the 5' flanking region by deletion/substitution.

Three closely related alkaline phosphatase (ALP) genes reside on the long arm of chromosome 2 in man. One of these genes (the placental ALP-1) encodes the classic heat-stable placental alkaline phosphatase. Another gene (the placental ALP-2) is closely related to the placental ALP-1 and may encode the so-called placental ALP-like enzyme of the testis and thymus. The third member of this gene family (the intestinal ALP gene) encodes the intestinal alkaline phosphatase. The expression of the placental ALP-1 and intestinal ALP genes is highly tissue-specific in spite of nearly 90% sequence similarity within their exons. To help determine the basis for this tissue specificity, the nucleotide sequence of the placental ALP-1 gene and some of its 5′ flanking region has been determined and analyzed by comparison with placental ALP-2 and intestinal ALP gene sequences. The placental ALP-1 gene transcription unit has 4087 bases between the major cap site and the most distal of several reported 3′ ends. The protein coding region is divided by 10 short introns varying in size from 74 to 241 nucleotides. Three of these introns bisect regions of the gene that encode residues conserved between the active site of the Escherichia coli enzyme and the human placental ALP. This result suggests that the human alkaline phosphatase genes have evolved in an intron-independent fashion. A comparison of the placental ALP-1 5′ flanking sequence (up to -540) with the analogous sequence of the intestinal ALP gene revealed several deletion/substitutions which could be important in determining the tissue-specific expression of these genes.
Probabilistic Structure Calculations: A Three-Dimensional tRNA Structure from Sequence Correlation Data

Algorithms based on probability theory can address issues of uncertainty directly through their representational framework and their theory for data combination. In this paper, we discuss the advantages of probabilistic formulations for molecular-structure calculations, describe one implementation of such a formulation, and show its performance on a data set derived from analysis of the statistical correlations within a set of aligned transfer RNA sequences. By assigning reasonable physical interpretations to certain statistical correlations, we are able to calculate three-dimensional structures for tRNA from a random starting structure. The constraints that we use are associated with different variances, and so their effects are not uniform, and must be reconciled by a probabilistic algorithm to yield the most likely structure. As might be predicted, the uncertainty in the position for each base is a function of both the number and strength of the constraints, and is reflected in the variances in atomic position calculated by the algorithm. For example, the hinge region in the tRNA is shown to be the most uncertain. In addition, the algorithm retains information about positional covariation that is useful for understanding the relationships between different parts of the structure. These experiments also demonstrate that we can define a single-sphere representation for each base that is useful for nucleic acid structural calculations in the same way that alpha-carbon representations are useful for protein structural calculations.
Does Media Fragmentation Produce Mass Polarization? Selective Exposure and a New Era of Minimal Effects

Political observers are concerned that the fragmentation of contemporary news media and the proliferation of ideological cable news options fuels opinion polarization. The potential implications are problematic: Ideological camps on the left and right of the political spectrum, with different understandings of politics due to these fundamentally distinct sources of information. We develop a model of media effects given selective exposure and ask whether opinionated political shows polarize viewers. We test our hypotheses using a novel experimental design that requires participants to watch pro-attitudinal and counter-attitudinal programs in some treatment conditions, but allows others limited choice over what they watch. We find that the polarizing effects of political programs on cable networks dissipate when people can choose across these options or watch entertainment programs. While enabling people to construct an ideologically congruent information environment, media fragmentation also allows those most susceptible to media influence to select out of political information altogether.
The historical origins of the Van der Waals equation

Abstract This paper studies J.D. van der Waals's thesis in the light of his own remark that he set out to determine the “molecular pressure” in Laplace's theory of capillarity. Van der Waals is reviwed as working in the tradition of mechanical explanation that goes back directly to Newton. The influence of Clausius is also traced, but emphasis is placed on the different uses to which Clausius and Van der Waals put the virial theorem. The status of molecular theory in 1873 is analyzed.
T-pouch: results of the first 10 years with a nonintussuscepting continent ileostomy.

BACKGROUND:Continent ileostomy is an alternative for patients who are either not candidates for an ileo-anal pullthrough or in whom an ileo-anal pullthrough failed. We previously described a new type of continent ileostomy (T-pouch) with a nonintussuscepting valve.OBJECTIVE:This study performed an o
Evidence for a structural change in the substrate preceding hydrolysis of a chymotrypsin acyl enzyme: application of the resonance Raman labelling technique to a dynamic biochemical system.

Abstract By using a flow system, resonance Raman spectra have been obtained of the acyl enzyme 4-amino-3-nitro-cinnamoyl-α-chymotrypsin over the pH range where it shifts from a stable to an active state. The band at 1625 cm −1 was assigned to the CC stretch in the acryloyl residue and bands in the 1200 to 1450 cm −1 region were shown to be associated with the aromatic residue. Studies with analogues of the substrate established that the CC and the aromatic bands could independently monitor events in the and aromatic moieties, respectively. Thus, events in the acyl enzyme leading to spectral changes involving the catalytic site could be distinguished from those involving the aromatic site. The data strongly suggested that the structure of the acylating group in the stable acyl enzyme at pH 3.0 resembled that of the substrate in aqueous solution, the conformation about the ethylenic bonds being essentially planar, trans and probably s- trans about the CCCO single bond. However, on shifting the acyl enzyme to pH values of 5.7 to 7.0 a large change occurred in the 1625 cm −1 band without detectable changes in the aromatic bands. Thus, the enzyme produces a change in a submolecular grouping which contains the bond being hydrolysed. The change occurred within the mixing and observation time of about ten seconds. Since it was identical at essentially inactive (pH 5.7) and active (pH 7.0) pH values it must precede and be independent of the rate-controlling step in deacylation. The change in the 1625 cm −1 band thus probably reflects an ionization in the acyl enzyme between pH 3.0 and 5.7. Consequently, above pH 5.7 deacylation proceeds from a structure differing from that at the stable pH of 3.0. The resonance Raman spectra of this intermediate are consistent with either deformation to reduce planarity within the acryloyl residue, or of the stabilization of resonance structures of the form Either of these mechanisms would produce an intermediate, the carbonyl group of which would be probably intrinsically more reactive relative to the substrate in solution or to the stable acyl enzyme. The resonance Raman provides some support for Henderson's (1970) prediction that distortion occurs in the acryloyl residue prior to deacylation.
A numerical model of transformation superplasticity for iron

A numerical model of transformation superplasticity for an elastic, ideally plastic material is presented using a two-dimensional plane-strain formulation considering both temperature and displacement. The evolution of temperature, stresses and strains during the α/γ phase transformation of iron is computed for different values of the applied stress. For low stresses, the numerical model predicts a linear relationship between the uniaxial applied stress and the uniaxial plastic strain increment accumulated after crossing the phase transformation range. For high stresses, the relationship becomes non-linear: the strain increments tend to infinity as the applied stress approaches the yield stress. Both of these trends are in qualitative agreement with existing analytical solutions for transformation superplasticity in an ideally plastic material. Furthermore, upon introducing plane-strain specific equivalent quantities for the transformation mismatch and the yield stress, the numerical model is in good quantitative agreement with both analytical predictions and experimental data for pure iron.
Real-time myocardial blood flow imaging in normal human beings with the use of myocardial contrast echocardiography

Abstract Triggered myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) has been used successfully to quantify myocardial blood flow and assess coronary stenosis in animal models, but practical considerations have limited its broad clinical use. Real-time MCE may have practical advantages to assess perfusion and real time myocardial blood flow in human beings. We compared real-time MCE with triggered imaging in 23 normal human volunteers by using an investigational ultrasound contrast agent (DMP-115) and a commercially available ultrasound platform (Acuson Sequoia). Peak myocardial opacification (reflecting myocardial blood volume) after contrast infusion was quantified digitally in gray scale units (GU). In 13 subjects, myocardial blood flow reserve was assessed during dipyridamole infusion with the use of intermittent destruction-replenishment techniques. Real-time MCE resulted in a 30- to 45-GU increase from baseline compared with a 20- to 70-GU increase with triggered imaging. Real-time MCE showed no statistical difference in opacification ( P = .131 by analysis of variance) among any of the myocardial regions of interest. Triggered imaging resulted in heterogeneous opacification among the regions of interest ( P (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2001;14:698-705.)