cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Steroid metabolism and validation of noninvasive endocrine monitoring in the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)

The purpose of this study was to validate noninvasive endocrine monitoring techniques for African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) and to establish physiological validity of these methods by evaluating longitudinal reproductive-endocrine profiles in captive individuals. To determine the primary excretory by-products of ovarian steroid metabolism, [14C]-progesterone and [3H]-estradiol were co-administered to a female and all excreta were collected for 80 hr postinjection. Radiolabel excretion peaked ≤ 18 hr postinfusion, and progesterone and estradiol metabolites were excreted in almost equivalent proportions in urine (39.7 and 41.1%, respectively) and feces (60.3 and 58.9%, respectively). Most of the urinary metabolites were conjugated (estradiol, 94.3 ± 0.3%; progesterone, 90.4 ± 0.5%), so that immunoassays for pregnanediol-3α-glucuronide (PdG) and estrogen conjugates (EC) were effective for assessing steroid metabolites. Two immunoreactive estrogens (estradiol and estrone) and at least one immunoreactive progesterone metabolite (3α-hydroxy-5α, pregnan-20-one) were detected in feces. Urine and fecal samples were collected (1–3 times per week) for 1.5 yr from one adult female and two adult males to assess longitudinal steroid metabolite excretion. Overall correlation of urinary PdG to matched, same-day fecal progesterone metabolites immunoreactivity was 0.38 (n = 71, P < 0.05). Similarly, urinary EC was correlated (P < 0.05) with same-day fecal estrogen immunoreactivity (r = 0.49, n = 71). During pregnancy and nonpregnant cycles, copulation occurred at the time of peak (or declining) estrogen metabolites and increasing progesterone metabolites concentrations. Estrus duration was 6–9 days and gestation lasted 69 days with parturition occurring coincident with a drop in progesterone metabolites. Males exhibited seasonal trends in fecal testosterone excretion with maximal concentrations from July to September coincident with peak mating activity. Although these limited longitudinal hormone profiles should be interpreted cautiously, noninvasive gonadal steroid monitoring suggests that: (1) both female and male wild dogs may exhibit reproductive seasonality in North America, (2) females are monoestrous, and (3) peak testicular activity occurs between August and October coincident with mating behavior. From a conservation perspective, noninvasive endocrine monitoring techniques should be useful for augmenting captive breeding programs, as well as for developing an improved understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying reproductive suppression in response to social and ecological pressures. Zoo Biol 16:533–548, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bacterial endocarditis and cirrhosis of the liver

A patient presenting with a rapidly decompensating Laennec's cirrhosis and an obscure fever was found to have acute bacterial endocarditis at autopsy. Previous reports describing the association of cirrhosis and bacterial endocarditis are briefly reviewed, and the insidious nature of this complication is emphasized.
Selection of Nutrition Support Regimens

The selection of a nutrition support regimen should be the product of a logical, stepwise process. After an appropriate candidate is selected, the integrity and function of the gastrointestinal tract must be assessed to determine if nutrients can be administered enterally or must be given by vein. The anticipated length of therapy will help determine the type of feeding access. Long-term nutrition support requires permanent access, such as a percutaneously or surgically placed feeding tube for enteral nutrition or a tunnelled catheter or implanted port for parenteral nutrition. Formula selection for enteral nutrition, providing adequate liver and renal function, depends largely on the patient's ability to assimilate intact nutrients. The primary decision in parenteral formula selection is whether to provide the macronutrients as a mixed fuel system. The ultimate goal of nutrition support is to make a smooth transition to oral feedings while maintaining adequate nutritional intake.
Positive Psychological Characteristics in Diabetes: A Review

Positive psychological characteristics, such as optimism, self-efficacy, and resilience, have been increasingly associated with improved outcomes in medically ill individuals. However, there has been minimal systematic review of these characteristics and their associations with outcomes in people with diabetes. We aim to review these associations, their potential mediating mechanisms, and the evidence supporting interventions targeting these qualities. In people with diabetes, positive psychological characteristics are significantly associated with improved glycemic control, fewer complications, and reduced rates of mortality. Potential mechanisms mediating these associations include behavioral factors (e.g., improved treatment adherence), reduced inflammation, and improved neuroendocrine and autonomic functioning. Most psychosocial treatments in this population have focused on improving self-efficacy and resilience; such interventions may improve quality of life, well-being, and diabetes self-care. While untested in diabetes, interventions to boost other positive characteristics have been effective in other medically ill patients and may warrant further study in this cohort.
Three-dimensional Structure of ncd-decorated Microtubules Obtained by a Back-projection Method

Abstract We have used cryo-electron microscopy and image analysis to obtain the three-dimensional (3D) structure of 11, 12, 14 and 15 protofilament microtubules decorated with the motor domain of ncd. To obtain the 3D maps, we developed a back-projection method that does not require a helical arrangement of the tubulin heterodimers. This method allows the calculation of 3D maps even when lattice discontinuities (seams) are present. The maps show that the microtubules we studied conform to a B-type lattice with one or more seams. In the presence of 5′-adenylim-idodiphosphate (AMP-PNP), the motor domain of ncd binds to the microtubule protofilament crest interacting with only one protofilament. Viewing the structures along the microtubule axis shows that the ncd motor domain and the tubulin are tilted in opposite directions. We determined that a clockwise tilt of the tubulin subunits corresponds to a view from the minus end towards the plus end of the microtubule.
The trapping of a spontaneously flipped-out base from double helical nucleic acids by host-guest complexation with β-cyclodextrin: The intrinsic base-flipping rate constant for DNA and RNA

Beta-cyclodextrin, which forms stable host-guest complexes with purine bases, induces the melting of RNA and DNA duplexes below their normal melting temperatures. Alpha-cyclodextrin, which does not form stable complexes, has no effect on either RNA or DNA. Gamma-cyclodextrin, which forms weaker complexes, has no effect on RNA and a smaller effect than beta-cyclodextrin on DNA. The rate of melting is kinetically first-order in duplex and, above about 20 mM beta-cyclodextrin, is independent of the beta-cyclodextrin concentration with a first-order rate constant, common to both RNA and DNA, of (3.5 +/- 0.5) x 10(-3) s(-1) at 61 degrees C (DNA) and at 50 degrees C (RNA). This is taken to be the rate constant for spontaneous "flipping out" of a base from within the duplex structure of the nucleic acids, the exposed base being rapidly trapped by beta-cyclodextrin. Like beta-cyclodextrin, nucleic acid methyltransferases bind the target base for methylation in a site that requires it to have flipped out of its normal position in the duplex. The spontaneous flip-out rate constant of around 10(-3) s(-1) is near the value of k(cat) for the methyltransferases (ca. 10(-3) to 10(-1) s(-1)). In principle, the enzymes, therefore, need effect little or no catalysis of the flipping-out reaction. Nevertheless, the flip-out rate in enzyme/DNA complexes is much faster. This observation suggests that the in vivo circumstances may differ from in vitro models or that factors other than a simple drive toward higher catalytic power have been influential in the evolution of these enzymes.
A revised key to Stenhelia (Stenhelia) (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) including two new species from the Pacific*

Two new Stenhelia (Stenhelia) species are described: 5. (S.) diegensis from 1200 m depth in San Diego Trough, California and 5. (S.) asetosa from the intertidal of Nanaimo Estuary, British Columbia. S. (S.) diegensis differs from previously known species in having but one seta on the terminal segment of the P, endopod. 5. (S.) asetosa lacks inner setae on the first segments of the P2–P, exopods. A table listing the salient morphological features of the species of Stenhelia (Stenhelia) is given as is a new key to the subgenus.
Carbohydrate histochemistry of the opossum submandibular and major sublingual glands.

Submandibular and major sublingual salivary glands of the opossum contain histochemically demonstrable neutral mucosubstances, nonsulfated acid mucosubstances and sulfomucins. Sialomucins could not be demonstrated conclusively with the methods used in this study. Special serous cells of the opossum submandibular gland contained low concentrations of acidic mucosubstances but no appreciable concentration of neutral mucosubstances was seen. Sulfomucins were not observed in special serous cells. The mucous tubules of the submandibular gland contained high concentrations of neutral mucosubstances. No appreciable acidic mucosubstance was demonstrated in the submandibular gland mucous tubules. Unlike the mucous tubules of the submandibular gland, the major sublingual gland mucous tubules contained high concentrations of both neutral and acidic mucosubstances. The mucous tubules often contained sulfomucin-positive cells interspersed among cells that contained high concentrations of non-sulfated acidic mucosubstance. Marked staining of sulfated acidic mucosubstance was seen only in the major sublingual gland, in both the mucous tubules and in the seromucous demilunes. The seromucous demilunes contained both sulfated and non-sulfated acidic mucosubstances.
Gravitational clustering: a new approach based on the spatial distribution of the points

Abstract We describe here a new clustering method based on the notion of a force of attraction between each pair of points, and without using a “similarity” measure. The clusters are formed by allowing each point to move slowly under the resultant effect of all the forces on it, and by merging two points when they become too close to each other. This model can be regarded as a refinement of both the nearest-neighbor method and the fuzzy c-means method, and it avoids some of the pitfalls of both of those methods. It produces a complete cluster-hierarchy in O ( N 3 ) time for N points. We illustrate the method with several examples.
The case for progesterone.

Recent clinical trials in hormone therapy (HT) for women ap- proaching or past menopause have been disappointing. Most women who have been taking conjugated equine estrogens combined with synthetic progestins have been encouraged to stop these supplements because of in- creased health risks. The results of the clinical trials may be accurate about the risks associated with the synthetic compounds and combina- tions, but the data do not reflect what might have been the case if 17- estradiol had been tested with natural progesterone instead of synthetic medroxyprogesterone acetate. For the most part, in almost all work on HT, estrogens have been given the primary focus despite the fact that progest- erone has important properties that can enhance the repair of neurodegen- erative and traumatic injuries to the central nervous system. This article reviews some of those properties and discusses the evidence suggesting that, if HT is to be reconsidered, progesterone should be given more attention as a potent neurotrophic agent that may play an important role in reducing or preventing motor, cognitive, and sensory impairments that can accompany senescence in both males and females.
Reactive arthritis in patients attending an urban sexually transmitted diseases clinic.

Objective. To assess the prevalence, clinical manifestations, associated genital infections, and HLA associations of reactive arthritis (ReA) among patients attending an urban sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic. Methods. Using a standardized questionnaire, 271 consecutive adults, primarily black, with possible or proven Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection were screened for symptoms of ReA. A followup questionnaire was administered 6 weeks later by mail. Patients who reported at least 1 symptom were evaluated by a rheumatologist. HLA–B typing was performed on patients with objective ReA features. Results. Nine of 217 patients (4.1%) with genital infection/inflammation had objective ReA features. Chlamydial or nongonococcal STD syndromes were diagnosed in 8 of these 9 patients (88%). Genital infection/inflammation was asymptomatic in 78% of patients with ReA features. HLA–B27 or other B7–cross-reactive group antigens were not associated with the occurrence of ReA. Conclusion. Nongonococcal genital infections, often asymptomatic, can trigger a relatively mild ReA in a larger number of exposed patients than previously thought, irrespective of the individual's HLA status.
Measurement and Metaphysics in van Fraassen’s Scientific Representation

Van Fraassen has presented in Scientific Representation an attractive notion of measurement as an important part of the empiricist structuralism that he endorses. However, he has been criticized on the grounds that both his notion of measurement and his empiricist structuralism force him to do the very thing he objects to in other philosophical projects—to endorse a controversial metaphysics. This paper proposes a defense of van Fraassen by arguing that his project is indeed a ‘metaphysical’ project, but one which is very similar to Strawson’s ‘descriptive metaphysics’; if this is the case, van Fraassen’s project may be taken, following recent suggestions made by Ney and Paul, as a form of metaphysics that can potentially make a crucial contribution to scientific inquiry.
Spike Lee’s Phantasmagoric Fantasy and the Black Female Sexual Imaginary in She Hate Me

This paper examines the sexual politics of the Spike Lee film She Hate Me (2004). The film’s director and collaborative writer attempts to integrate the memory of the initial whistle blower of Watergate, the Black American security guard Frank Wills, with a contemporary Black corporate hero story. She Hate Me also includes a subnarrative of sexual surrogacy and Black female sexuality, which emerges as the central narrative by the film’s end. I argue that the film presents a phantasmagoric fantasy, which postulates normative conceptions of sexuality, while purporting to represent the non-normative Black female sexual imaginary in a sympathetic way. I build upon this argument by addressing the following questions: How does the dominant narrative of She Hate Me reify conservative notions of the conjugal family? In what ways does Lee’s construction of Black sexualities undermine the cultural politics of Frank Wills’s memory? How does Lee’s compilation of sexual iconography serve the purpose of sensory stimulation, rather than a serious contemplation, of the parameters of sexual identities? Through my exploration of the homonationalist ideology upheld in the film, I assert that Lee’s stale illusion of sexual representation and underdeveloped political narrative creates a nebulous sexual and political phantasma of representation.
Sony Online Entertainment: EverQuest®or EverCrack?

At around 6:00 a.m., on Tuesday, November 20, 2001, in Hudson, WI, Shawn Woolley had logged on to his computer and began playing EverQuest , his favorite game. A few hours later he committed sui cide. Two days passed and, when he didn't show up for Thanksgiving dinner, his mother, Liz Woolley, found his body in a rocking chair at his computer desk. He had a 0.22 caliber rifle at his side and EverQuest was still playing on his computer screen.4 Mrs. Woolley stated to the news media that she believed the cause of Shawn's suicide was his addiction to EverQuest . The news media picked up on the suicide story and the potential issues of addiction, obsession, or compulsion of today's consumer for online game-playing at the expense of their daily lives. Although the media contacted Sony Online Enter tainment for comment, the only response from the company was from Mr. McDaniel, stating "There's a duty on the consumer to use it responsibly."
Phagokinetic tracks of 3T3 cells: Parallels between the orientation of track segments and of cellular structures which contain actin or tubulin

Abstract Phagokinetic tracks were used to determine the current direction of migration in 3T3 cells. Comparing this direction with the orientation of actin- or tubulin-containing cellular structures by indirect immunofluorescence, the following results were obtained. First, the main actin-containing bundles were located at the bottom and tail end of 3T3 cells and ran parallel to the current or preceding direction of migration. Second, the 3 μm long rod-like structure (primary cilium), which contains tubulin and which has been observed by other investigators in transmission electron microscopy (Barnes, 1961; Sorokin, 1962; Wheatley, 1969) and in indirect immunofluorescence (Osborn and Weber, 1976), was oriented predominantly parallel to the substrate and to the current movement direction. It seems possible that the primary cilium has a role in the directional control of a migrating 3T3 cell, and that the main actin containing bundles act as substrate-attached rails along which the nucleus and bulk cytoplasm slide during displacement of the cells.
Real time tomographic reflection: phantoms for calibration and biopsy

We aim to validate Real Time Tomographic Reflection (RTTR) as an image guidance technique for needle biopsy. RTTR is a new method of in situ visualization, which merges the visual outer surface of a patient with a simultaneous ultrasound scan of the patient's interior using a half-silvered mirror. The ultrasound image is visually merged with the patient, along with the operator's hands and the invasive tool in the operator's natural field of view. Geometric relationships are preserved in a single environment, without the tool being restricted to lie in the plane of the ultrasound slice. The present experiment illustrates the effectiveness of needle biopsy using RTTR on a phantom consisting of an olive embedded in a turkey breast and discusses several prototypes of calibration phantoms.
Intravenous lidocaine inhibits visceral nociceptive reflexes and spinal neurons in the rat.

BackgroundSystemically administered local anesthetics and other sodium channel blockers produce analgesia in patients with hypersensitivity disorders. To assess whether these agents have a role in the treatment of visceral pain, the present study examined the effects of intravenous lidocaine on neur
A leap into the unknown—working overseas

Like most of these things, the opportunity to work for a year in Brisbane came about by chance, one in a series, in a lifetime filled with lucky circumstances. I had already decided, with my wife, to take six months of unpaid leave in order to see a bit of the world. More about this another time. The chance to work in Brisbane came up and we rapidly combined it with our travel plans. It is usually hard for doctors working in a March/September system to fit in with doctors working in a January/January system without upsetting someone. Our plans for time out to travel gave us much needed flexibility to reconcile this. Part of me would have liked to work in the developing world, but for complicated personal reasons this was not possible. So, the question arises: What is the point of working in another developed country? Will the experience be significantly different from staying at home? To try to address this …
Conditioning of the pyramidal response in unanesthetized cats

The effect of a classical conditioning paradigm on the evoked pyramidal activity in immobilized cats was examined. The lower-frequency evoked pyramidal discharge appears to be a more robust measure of conditioning than is a criterion based upon axonal discharges recorded in the medullary pyramids. Conditioning was observed using either criterion.
Metal-Chelate Polymers: Structural/Property Relationships as a Function of the Metal Ion

Metal ions chelated to preformed polymers can produce marked property changes, especially when the metal ion is bonded directly to the polymer backbone. Such metal-chelate polymers can show superior properties over their organic counterparts in certain applications,1 although properties such as thermal stability are quite polymer and metal ion dependent.2 A good example of improved thermal stability Is provided by the zinc chelate of PTO; i.e., poly(terephthaloyloxalic-bis-amidrazone)3,4. This metal-chelate polymer and many others are also good fire retardants. The existence of polymer-anchored metal catalysts is well documented, too. 1,5–11 However, superiority is not always the case. Brittleness and intractability are two properties often associated with metal-containing polymers.12 We are attempting to modify polymers through metal ion chelation and to vary the metal ions therein, in order to learn more about how such chelation modifies the properties of the polymers. The polymeric hydrazones under investigation in our laboratory provide examples of the changes which are possible.
Updated assays for inhibin B and AMH provide evidence for regular episodic secretion of inhibin B but not AMH in the follicular phase of the normal menstrual cycle.

STUDY QUESTION What is the daily variation in serum inhibin B (InhB) and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in relation to the LH surge in women of reproductive age.
An investigation of statistical thinking in two different contexts: Detecting a signal in a noisy process and determining a typical value

Abstract The study describes students’ patterns of thinking for statistical problems set in two different contexts. Fifteen students representing a wide range of experiences with high school mathematics participated in problem-solving clinical interview sessions. At one point during the interviews, each solved a problem that involved determining the typical value within a set of incomes. At another point, they solved a problem set in a signal-versus-noise context [Konold, C., & Pollatsek, A. (2002). Data analysis as the search for signals in noisy processes. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 33 , 259–289]. Several patterns of thinking emerged in the responses to each task. In responding to the two tasks, some students attempted to incorporate formal measures, while others used informal estimating strategies. The different types of thinking employed in using formal measures and informal estimates are described. The types of thinking exhibited in the signal-versus-noise context are then compared against those in the typical value context. Students displayed varying amounts of attention to both data and context in formulating responses to both problems. Suggestions for teachers in regard to helping students attend to both data and context when analyzing statistical data are given.
Generating Cutting Planes for Mixed Integer Programming Problems in a Parallel Computing Environment

A parallel implementation of a disjunctive cutting-plane algorithm in a distributed memory environment is described. Guided by a selection of difficult instances from MIPLIB and real instances obtained from brain-tumor research, various strategies of cut synchronization are considered, and their influence on speedup, communication overhead, load balance, and effectiveness in closing the integrality gap are studied. The parallel cutting-plane algorithm is coupled with an LP-based heuristic to assist in returning a good quality integer feasible solution upon termination of the parallel process. The parallel implementation is sufficiently coarse-grained to yield an average of less than 6% of the total time performing tasks associated with communication overhead, and it provides reasonable speedup when executing in parallel. Noticeable differences in load-balance scores are observed, depending on the number of processors used, the synchronization scheme used, and the structure of the MIP problem instance. Nevertheless, the synergism of the combined collection of cuts generated locally on each processor is effective in closing the integrality gap in all cases, and there is minimal variability in the amount of the gap closed as the number of processors varies. In particular, the degree of decentralization, as governed by the synchronization schemes, has little effect on the overall quality of the cuts generated.
Realigning biomedical science instruction in predoctoral curricula: a proposal for change.

Currently in North America, there is an active dialogue going on about the state of predoctoral dental education and the need for curriculum change, innovation, and the adoption of contemporary, competency-based educational models. At the institutional level, curriculum committees struggle with requests from faculty to add new content to an overburdened didactic and clinic schedule. This article will describe potential solutions centering on the role and scope of the biomedical sciences in predoctoral dental education. The authors propose that dental educators and institutions reconsider the current admission prerequisites and curriculum content of the biomedical sciences in predoctoral programs. The proposed changes are intended to eliminate content redundancy between undergraduate and predoctoral dental education by integration of the biomedical sciences—in particular, biochemistry, microbiology, and physiology—into other clinically oriented coursework and learning experiences in the curriculum based on a pathophysiology model that fosters students’ comprehension of the etiology of oral and systemic diseases encountered by the general dental practitioner. The authors explore how changes in the biomedical science prerequisites for dental school matriculation and associated modifications in curriculum focus and content would impact admissions testing, composition of national board exams, and strategies for teaching and learning within dental schools.
Treatment of Cognitive Impairment After Poststroke Depression A Double-Blind Treatment Trial

Background and Purpose—Patients with poststroke major depression have a greater severity of cognitive impairment than nondepressed patients even when matched for size and location of stroke lesion. Prior treatment studies have consistently failed to show an improvement in cognitive function even when poststroke mood disorders responded to antidepressant therapy. We examined the response of cognitive function to treatment with nortriptyline or placebo in a double-blind trial. Methods—Patients with major (n=33) or minor (n=14) depression participated in a double-blind treatment study with nortriptyline or placebo. They were examined for change in depressive mood, measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), and change in cognitive impairment, assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), after treatment with nortriptyline or placebo. Cognitive treatment response, as measured by the MMSE, was compared between patients whose depression did and did not respond to treatment. Results—Pat...
Trastuzumab in the Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer Anticancer Therapy Versus Cardiotoxicity

Trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody against the HER2 receptor, was recently approved for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. However, 28% of patients receiving both an anthracycline and trastuzumab developed heart failure. Although HER2 overexpression has been associated with the development of cancer, HER2 receptors seem to be cardioprotective because they mediate the activation of important cardiac survival pathways. Because the morbidity and mortality of heart failure surpasses that of many cancers, prudent medical practice mandates that physicians learn more about the mechanisms of trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity and develop algorithms for assessing risk/benefit ratios before extending the use of this agent to patients with less invasive forms of breast cancer.
Nonlinear structural analysis on distributed-memory computers

A computational strategy is presented for the nonlinear static and postbuckling analyses of large complex structures on massively parallel computers. The strategy is designed for distributed-memory, message-passing parallel computer systems. The key elements of the proposed strategy are: (1) a multiple-parameter reduced basis technique; (2) a nested dissection (or multilevel substructuring) ordering scheme; (3) parallel assembly of global matrices; and (4) a parallel sparse equation solver. The effectiveness of the strategy is assessed by applying it to thermo-mechanical postbuckling analyses of stiffened composite panels with cutouts, and nonlinear large-deflection analyses of HSCT models on Intel Paragon XP/S computers. The numerical studies presented demonstrate the advantages of nested dissection-based solvers over traditional skyline-based solvers on distributed memory machines.
Does Online Harassment Constitute Bullying? An Exploration of Online Harassment by Known Peers and Online-Only Contacts

Purpose: To shed light on the nature of online harassment and the extent to which it may be bullying by examining differences in the characteristics of harassed youth, online harassment incidents, and distressing online harassment based on the identity of online harassers (known peer vs. online-only contact). Methods: A telephone survey of a nationally representative sample of 1500 youth Internet users, ages 10 to 17, conducted between March and June 2005. Results: Nine percent (n 129) of youth were harassed online in the past year, 43% (n 56) by known peers and 57% (n 73) by people they met online and did not know in person (online-only contacts). Most online harassment incidents did not appear to meet the standard definition of bullying used in school-based research and requiring aggression, repetition, and power imbalance. Only 25% of incidents by known peers and 21% by online-only contacts involved both repeated incidents and either distress to targets or adult intervention. Conclusions: In many cases, the concept of "bullying" or "cyber-bullying" may be inappropriate for online interpersonal offenses. We suggest using "online harassment," with disclaimers that it does not constitute bullying unless it is part of or related to offline bullying. This would include incidents perpetrated by peers that occur entirely online, but arise from school-related events or relationships and have school-related consequences for targets. The Internet provides opportunities for the extension of conventional school bullying to new venues. Those who study conventional school bullying should include online forms of the behavior in research, prevention, and intervention paradigms. © 2007 Society for Adolescent Medicine. All rights reserved.
Reevaluation of PbTe1−xIx as high performance n-type thermoelectric material

Thermoelectric transport properties of n-type PbTe1−xIx with carrier concentrations ranging from 5.8 × 1018–1.4 × 1020 cm−3 are reinvestigated from room temperature to 800 K. The electronic transport properties, resistivity and Seebeck coefficient in this study are effectively consistent with prior reports, however the thermal conductivity has been found to be historically overestimated. The reassessment of the thermal transport properties, in combination with careful control of the carrier density by iodine doping, reveals a significantly larger figure of merit, zT ∼ 1.4, than often previously reported for n-type PbTe. The results and analysis of the data from this study lead to a redetermination of zT for this historical thermoelectric material and provide a renewed interest in n-type PbTe based materials.
Prevalence and characteristics of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in a cohort of young patients in day treatment for eating disorders

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is a “new” diagnosis in the recently published DSM-5, but there is very little literature on patients with ARFID. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of ARFID in children and adolescents undergoing day treatment for an eating disorder, and to compare ARFID patients to other eating disorder patients in the same cohort. A retrospective chart review of 7-17 year olds admitted to a day program for younger patients with eating disorders between 2008 and 2012 was performed. Patients with ARFID were compared to those with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and other specified feeding or eating disorder/unspecified feeding or eating disorder with respect to demographics, anthropometrics, clinical symptoms, and psychometric testing, using Chi-square, ANOVA, and post-hoc analysis. 39/173 (22.5%) patients met ARFID criteria. The ARFID group was younger than the non-ARFID group and had a greater proportion of males. Similar degrees of weight loss and malnutrition were found between groups. Patients with ARFID reported greater fears of vomiting and/or choking and food texture issues than those with other eating disorders, as well as greater dependency on nutritional supplements at intake. Children’s Eating Attitudes Test scores were lower for children with than without ARFID. A higher comorbidity of anxiety disorders, pervasive developmental disorder, and learning disorders, and a lower comorbidity of depression, were found in those with ARFID. This study demonstrates that there are significant demographic and clinical characteristics that differentiate children with ARFID from those with other eating disorders in a day treatment program, and helps substantiate the recognition of ARFID as a distinct eating disorder diagnosis in the DSM-5.
A Horizon-Tracking Method for Shipboard Video Stabilization and Rectification*

AbstractAn algorithm is presented for the stabilization and rectification of digital video from floating platforms. The method relies on a horizon-tracking technique that was tested under a variety of lighting and sea-state conditions for 48 h of video data over 12 days during a research cruise in the North Pacific Ocean. In this dataset, the horizon was correctly labeled in 92% of the frames in which it was present. The idealized camera model assumes pure pitch-and-roll motion, a flat sea surface, and an unobstructed horizon line. Pitch and roll are defined along the camera look direction rather than in traditional ship coordinates, such that the method can be used for any heading relative to the ship. The uncertainty in pitch and roll is estimated from the uncertainties of the horizon-finding method. These errors are found to be of the order 0.6° in roll and 0.3° in pitch. Errors in rectification are shown to be dominated by the uncertainty in camera height, which may change with the heave motion of a f...
Regulation of a highly specific retinoic acid-4-hydroxylase (CYP26A1) enzyme and all-trans-retinoic acid metabolism in human intestinal, liver, endothelial, and acute promyelocytic leukemia cells.

The recently identified retinoic acid (RA)-metabolizing cytochrome P450RAI-1 (CYP26A1) has been implicated in accelerated metabolism and rapid clearance of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) during prolonged oral administration in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), leading to a progressive decline in plasma drug levels. We studied induction and regulation of CYP26A1 expression and ATRA metabolism in human intestinal (Caco-2), liver (HepG2), endothelial (HUVEC), and APL (NB4) cell lines. ATRA rapidly induced upregulation of CYP26A1 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. Other retinoids (retinol, 9-cis-RA, and 13-cis-RA) also induced significant CYP26A1 expression in HepG2 and NB4 cells. CYP26A1 mRNA expression in HepG2 cells returned to baseline in 48 h upon removal of ATRA from the culture medium, suggesting that the expression is reversible and requires the presence of ATRA. In endothelial cells, however, a higher concentration of ATRA (10 μM) was required to induce expression of CYP26A1....
Measles Vaccination Associated With Lower Mortality Risk From Other Childhood Infections

According to the researchers, when measles was common it contributed to more than half of all childhood deaths from infectious diseases in the industrialized countries. In developing countries, where infectious diseases are very high, the researchers concluded that the reduction in mortality has been up to 80 percent. IT HAS BEEN known for decades that having measles suppresses children's immune system for weeks and months, leaving them unable to fight off infections from pneumonia, encephalitis, bronchitis, diarrheal diseases and other opportunistic infections. A new study suggests that the measles virus may result in a longer-lasting “immune-amnesia” that makes it harder for children to fight off other diseases for 2 to 3 years (Mina et al., 2015). According to the researchers, these results provide additional evidence of the public health benefits of the measles vaccine. The researchers examined data on post-measles infections in the United States, England and Wales, and Denmark both before and after the measles vaccine became available in the 1960s. They conducted a detailed analysis of population data investigating death rates and measles incidence among children aged 1–9 in the European countries and among children aged 1–14 in the U.S. during the preand post-vaccine eras. Measles vaccination started in the 1960s in the United Kingdom and the United States and in the 1980s in Denmark. The researchers found a correlation between the number of measles cases in a given period and the number of deaths from non-measles infectious diseases in children in the 2 or 3 years after the measles vaccine was introduced. In each of these locations, there was a drop in the non-measles mortality rate that paralleled the introduction of the measles vaccine and the subsequent decrease in the rate of measles infection. According to the researchers it appears that when measles was prevalent, it would go through a population, and that population would be at an increased risk
Magnetospheric Multiscale Overview and Science Objectives

Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS), a NASA four-spacecraft constellation mission launched on March 12, 2015, will investigate magnetic reconnection in the boundary regions of the Earth's magnetosphere, particularly along its dayside boundary with the solar wind and the neutral sheet in the magnetic tail. The most important goal of MMS is to conduct a definitive experiment to determine what causes magnetic field lines to reconnect in a collisionless plasma. The significance of the MMS results will extend far beyond the Earth's magnetosphere because reconnection is known to occur in interplanetary space and in the solar corona where it is responsible for solar flares and the disconnection events known as coronal mass ejections. Active research is also being conducted on reconnection in the laboratory and specifically in magnetic-confinement fusion devices in which it is a limiting factor in achieving and maintaining electron temperatures high enough to initiate fusion. Finally, reconnection is proposed as the cause of numerous phenomena throughout the universe such as comet-tail disconnection events, magnetar flares, supernova ejections, and dynamics of neutron-star accretion disks. The MMS mission design is focused on answering specific questions about reconnection at the Earth's magnetosphere. The prime focus of the mission is on determining the kinetic processes occurring in the electron diffusion region that are responsible for reconnection and that determine how it is initiated; but the mission will also place that physics into the context of the broad spectrum of physical processes associated with reconnection. Connections to other disciplines such as solar physics, astrophysics, and laboratory plasma physics are expected to be made through theory and modeling as informed by the MMS results.
Discrimination and uniformity of test item distracters.

It is demonstrated that the item discrimination index (d) and an index of the uniformity of the distribution of choices of distracters (U) provide useful information about the effectiveness of distracters on multiple-choice items.
Abstract: Genome-Wide Complex Trait Analysis of Shared Genetic Effects Between Brain Electrophysiology Measures and Alcohol Dependence.

Genome-Wide Complex Trait Analysis of Shared Genetic Effects Between Brain Electrophysiology Measures and Alcohol Dependence Leslie Ann D. Brick, Valerie S. Knopik, Wayne F. Velicer & Rohan Palmer a Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry at Rhode Island Hospital; and Cancer Prevention Research Center, University of Rhode Island b Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry at Rhode Island Hospital; and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University c Cancer Prevention Research Center, University of Rhode Island Published online: 17 Feb 2015. To cite this article: Leslie Ann D. Brick, Valerie S. Knopik, Wayne F. Velicer & Rohan Palmer (2015) Abstract: GenomeWide Complex Trait Analysis of Shared Genetic Effects Between Brain Electrophysiology Measures and Alcohol Dependence, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50:1, 129-130, DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2014.988989 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2014.988989 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50:129–130, 2015 Copyright C © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0027-3171 print / 1532-7906 online DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2014.988989 Abstract: Genome-Wide Complex Trait Analysis of Shared Genetic Effects Between Brain Electrophysiology Measures and Alcohol Dependence Genome-Wide Complex Trait Analysis of Shared Genetic Effects Between Brain Electrophysiology Measures and Alcohol Dependence
Determination of 16 kinds of phthalate esters in disposable plastic cup leaching solution by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

16kinds of phthalate esters in disposable plastic cup leaching solution were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.Sample extracts with n-hexane liquid-liquid extraction,determination of concentration extract content used GC/MS.The results showed that the linear correlation coefficients were higher than0.997,within the concentrations of 0.05~8.0μg/mL.The detection limits for the analysis were 0.02~0.05μg/mL.The recovery rate was 86%~102%,with RSD less than 1.4%.The method is simple and reliable.It is a feasible method to detected 16kinds of phthalate esters in disposable plastic cup leaching solution.
Subepididymal orchiectomy: the acceptable alternative.

AbstractOrchiectomy remains the standard of therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer. It also is cost-effective and compliance is assured. Any stigma of a mutilating procedure may be avoided by subepididymal orchiectomy, which offers an acceptable cosmetic result. (J. Urol., 144: 942–944, 1990)
Diagnosis and surgical correction of combined congenital defects of supra-umbilical abdominal wall, lower sternum, and diaphragm.

Summary A complex syndrome of related congenital defects is described in a 6-year-old boy in whom the diagnosis was made before operation, and a complete anatomic repair was successfully carried out with a 6 year follow-up evaluation.
Peer perceptions of students receiving pull-out services in elementary school: A multi-age study

ABSTRACTThis study examined the peer nominations of 213 children in Kindergarten (90), 3rd grade (58), and 5th grade (65) to examine their perceptions of peers who received pull-out services for unique needs. Using Coie, Dodge, and Coppotelli’s[1982. “Dimensions and Types of Social Status: A Cross-age Perspective.” Developmental Psychology 18 (4): 557–570] protocol for assessing sociometric status in children, the results revealed that peer perceptions of most liked (ML) and least liked (LL) in the classroom were associated with pull-out status, with those students who did not receive pull-out services receiving more nominations as ML than their peers who did leave the classroom for pull-out services. Social impact scores for children who received pull-out services were not significantly different from those of children who did not receive pull-out services, but significant differences were revealed for social preference scores. Implications and avenues for future research are discussed.
Software emulation of TOA based ranging with UWB creeping wave around human body

Ultra wide band (UWB) technologies in wireless body area networks (WBAN) attract more and more attention in researches such as on-body medical healthcare. Meanwhile, body mounted sensors in WBAN with UWB signals are required to be located appropriately to collect data. Thus, making sure the sensors are at their proper locations is a critical issue in WBAN. Time of arrival (TOA) based ranging technique is applicable to do this. However, TOA measurement and analysis in real world is costly and time consuming while the feasibility of simulation results are skeptical. Thus, in this paper, we conduct both real measurements and simulations and compare their results to validate the capability of software simulation. Besides the comparison, accuracy of TOA measurements and simulations is analyzed, coming up with a Cramer-Rao lower bound which is treated as the performance guide line.
CHAPTER 14 – Herbicides and Soil

This chapter on herbicides and soil examines the physical and chemical factors that interact to determine herbicide activity and fate in soil. It explores the importance of adsorption to an herbicide's fate in soil and relationship among herbicide adsorption, leaching, volatility, and degradation. In addition, it explains the role of soil microorganisms in herbicide degradation, as well as the chemical (nonenzymatic) and photodegradation of herbicides. Finally, it considers the role of herbicides that persist in soil and their effect on weed management.