cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of early eukaryotic cells: genomes, proteomes, and compartments.

Eukaryotes arose from an endosymbiotic association of an α-proteobacterium-like organism (the ancestor of mitochondria) with a host cell (lacking mitochondria or plastids). Plants arose by the addition of a cyanobacterium-like endosymbiont (the ancestor of plastids) to the two-member association. Each member of the association brought a unique internal environment and a unique genome. Analyses of recently acquired genomic sequences with newly developed algorithms have revealed (a) that the number of endosymbiont genes that remain in eukaryotic cells—principally in the nucleus—is surprisingly large, (b) that protein products of a large number of genes (or their descendents) that entered the association in the genome of the host are now directed to an organelle derived from an endosymbiont, and (c) that protein products of genes traceable to endosymbiont genomes are directed to the nucleo-cytoplasmic compartment. Consideration of these remarkable findings has led to the present suggestion that contemporary eukaryotic cells evolved through continual chance relocation and testing of genes as well as combinations of gene products and biochemical processes in each unique cell compartment derived from a member of the eukaryotic association. Most of these events occurred during about 300 million years, or so, before contemporary forms of eukaryotic cells appear in the fossil record; they continue today.
A TAP1 null mutation leads to an enlarged olfactory bulb and supernumerary, ectopic olfactory glomeruli

Major histocompatibility class I (MHCI) molecules are well known for their immunological role in mediating tissue graft rejection. Recently, these molecules were discovered to be expressed in distinct neuronal subclasses, dispelling the long-held tenet that the uninjured brain is immune-privileged. Here, we show that MHCI molecules are expressed in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) of adult animals. Furthermore, we find that mice with diminished levels of MHCI expression have enlarged MOBs containing an increased number of small, morphologically abnormal and ectopically located P2 glomeruli. These findings suggest that MHCI molecules may play an important role in the proper formation of glomeruli in the bulb.
Commentary: Collaboration in dual degree programs contributes something new to both fields

Dual degree programs in public health and law have blossomed in the United States and beyond. They are traditionally promoted on the premise that public health efforts often require legal authority to legitimize and implement their goals and objectives, and that participation of lawyers safeguards respect for individual rights, privacy, and autonomy against governmental intrusion in furtherance of public health objectives. Thus, lawyers who understand public health are far more valuable in promoting population health than traditional constitutional and administrative law practitioners without such understanding. On the public health side, epidemiologists and other practitioners trained in the law ensure that reliable data inform public policy. In the classroom, we have found that dual degree students enrich the educational experience in both fields, broadening understanding and creating conversations that transcend law or public health alone.
Attachment of cell fragments of Fusobacterium nucleatum to oral epithelial cells, gingival fibroblasts and white blood cells

The characteristic haemagglutination (HA) caused by Fusobacterium nucleatum strains was used for measuring their attachment to oral epithelial, gingival fibroblast and white blood cells. Whole cells and sonicated preparations of oral F. nucleatum strains VPI No. 4355, 10197 and ATCC No. 10953 haemagglutinated human and sheep red blood cells. Sonicated preparations of the organisms were tested for HA activity before and after absorption with human cells. Buccal epithelial, gingival fibroblast and white blood cells bound the HA-active fragments, as observed by: (1) decrease in the HA activity of the sonicated preparation after absorption, (2) increase in HA activity of the cells used for absorption, (3) presence of microbial fragments on the cells after absorption detected by fluorescent antibody. The HA-active fragments were released from the cells by EDTA; furthermore, galactose but not glucose inhibited the attachment of F. nucleatum to human cells. The role of cell binding in colonization by the organisms and in immune-stimulated damage to host cells is important.
Laser-induced acoustic detection of shallow-buried objects

A Laser-induced acoustic technique has been demonstrated for the potential application of underground object detection. The high acoustic impedance mismatch between granular soil and buried mine (usually landmines are made from plastic, rubber and metal) gives good contrast for detection. We obtained 3-D images of underground objects by scanning a pulsed laser across the surface of the ground and keeping the acoustic detector at relatively fixed position with respect to the laser spots. A signal processing method is introduced by using de-convolution filter. When a laser pulse impinges on the surface of ground, a laser-induced acoustic pulse will be excited after a sudden increase of surface temperature followed a sudden volume expansion. We used a laser vibrometer as acoustic receiver and found that the acoustic pulse width depends on laser pulse width. Using 100 ns CO2 laser, we obtained 4 to approximately 5 microsecond acoustic sound pulses.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A supersonic molecular beam mass spectrometer study of autoassociation in acetonitrile and propionitrile

Abstract The autoassociation of gas phase dipole-dipole clusters of acetonitrile and propionitrile were studied. A supersonic molecular beam was used as a sampling system for the gas phase (10–100 torr) equilibrium of monomer and clusters of each nitrile system followed by mass spectral detection. Either monochromatic VUV light produced by an electron storage ring or electrons produced by a rhenium filament was used for ionization. Ions corresponding to the series (RCN)nH+ were attributed to fragmentation of the unique neutral clusters present in the molecular beam. The temperature dependence of the cluster ions was used to determine the enthalpies of formation for the nitrile clusters. Both dimer and trimer clusters were found in gas phase acetonitrile with enthalpies of formation of −8.9 and −9.0 kcal mol−1, respectively. No clusters larger than dimer were found for propionitrile. The enthalpy of propionitrile dimer formation was −9.5 kcal mol−1.
Clutter reduction technique for GPR data from minelike targets

In this paper a signal processing technique is developed to reduce clutter due to ground bounce in ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements. This technique is especially useful when a GPR is used to detect subsurface anti- personnel mines. The GPR clutter is modeled using a simple parametric model. Buried mine and clutter contributions are separated through a set of iterative subspace projections. The algorithm outperforms existing clutter reduction approaches and also yields target feature which are useful for detection and identification of these mines. It is shown that the proposed technique increases the probability of detection and at the same time significantly decreases the false alarm rates when combined with a matched filter detector.
Src family kinases, key regulators of signal transduction

The Src family of protein tyrosine kinases (SFKs) plays key roles in regulating signal transduction by a diverse set of cell surface receptors in the context of a variety of cellular environments. SFKs have evolved many ingenious molecular strategies to couple receptors with the cytoplasmic signaling machinery. The contributions to this issue of ONCOGENE describe how this machinery regulates fundamental cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, cell shape, migration and survival, and specialized cell signals. The pleiotropic functions of Src and Src family members underscore the importance of these kinases and explain why many of the members of this family have been identified as cellular oncogenes. In this volume, we have attempted to provide the reader with an overview of the current understanding of the function of Src family kinases in the regulation of selected cellular signaling pathways.
Rewarding properties of β-endorphin as measured by conditioned place preference

The role of β-endorphin as a possible mediator in the reinforcing properties of opiates was investigated using a conditioned place preference paradigm. Heroin, a synthetic opiate known to have reinforcing properties, produced a strong preference for an environment previously paired with heroin injection at all doses tested (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg SC). No such place preference was observed following saline injections. Rats also showed dose-dependent place preference for the environment paired with β-endorphin when injected intracerebroventricularly (significant dose was 2.5 μg). At higher doses (5.0 and 10.0 μg) rats showed no preference for the paired environment, but were catatonic. Pretreatment with naloxone (0.04, 0.2, 1.0 mg/kg SC) attenuated the rewarding effect of β-endorphin (2.5 μg) at all doses tested. The lowest dose of naloxone which had no aversive effect when tested alone could also significantly block the positive effect of β-endorphin. The reinforcing dose of β-endorphin (2.5 μg) also produced an increase in locomotor activity, when tested in photocell cages. This suggests that the hyperactivity induced by β-endorphin may contribute to the preference for an environment previously paired with the same drug. The reinforcing effect of β-endorphin is most probably mediated by the mu and/or delta opioid subtype receptor, since β-endorphin has a high affinity for these receptors. These results demonstrate positive reinforcing properties of β-endorphin in the central nervous system.
Using Spores of Bacillus to Create Evaporation-Driven Engines

Biological organisms harness energy from natural evaporation by using their inherent structures which are able to capture and stretch water molecules in response to the chemical potential gradient of water. A tree is a simple example, where water is continuously transported to the top, sometimes one hundred meters above the ground, due to evaporation occurring at the leaves. These stimuli-responsive biomaterials could possibly exhibit high energy densities for efficient energy converters and actuators. Bacillus spore is a water-responsive biomaterial that has a large energy density, high reversibility, and fast response to variations in relative humidity (RH). Here, we present hybrid spore/plastic biomaterials that can be used for high strain actuation and energy harvesting from evaporation. We fabricated the spore/plastic hybrid biomaterials by periodically coating alternating sides of ultrathin polyimide tapes with bacterial spores. The resulting structure curved into an approximately sinusoidal shape with a low RH nearby, and achieved a large linear displacement at both ends of the tape. By exchanging less than 5% water by weight, these hybrid biomaterials produced a large actuation strain of ∼200 % and a fast response (< 1s) due to changes of RH. The actuation displacement and force can be easily scaled up by assembling these hybrid biomaterials in series and parallel. Using these packaged hybrid biomaterials, we created two types of evaporation-driven engines that convert evaporation energy to oscillatory and rotary motion. When we placed these engines near wet surfaces, they start and run autonomously and produce work continuously. We demonstrated that the mechanical work is sufficient to power a light source and drive a miniature car.References:1. Wheeler, T. D. & Stroock, A. D. Nature 455, 208-212, (2008).2. Chen, X., Mahadevan, L., Driks, A. & Sahin, O. Nat Nanotechnol 9, 137-141, (2014).
Selective predation by the mosshead sculpin Clinocottus globiceps on the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima and its two algal symbionts

The mosshead sculpin Clinocottus globiceps (Girard, 1857) feeds on the sea anemone Anthopleuru elegantissima that contains two different algal endosymbionts, zooxanthellae and zoochlorellae. During laboratory feeding experiments, the sculpin selectively fed on the tentacles of zooxanthellate anemones over those of zoochlorellate and algae-free anemones. Zoochlorellae passed through the fish gut unharmed while zooxanthellae were degraded. The productivity of zooxanthellae in the fish feces (0.20 ± 0.13 pg C cell−1 h−1) was significantly lower (93% less) than that of zooxanthellae freshly isolated from anemones (3.14 ± 0.52 pg C cell−1 h−1), whereas the productivity of fecal zoochlorellae was the same as that of freshly isolated zoochlorellae (1.21 ± 0.15 pg C cell−1 h−1). The chlorophyll content (Chl a and c) of zooxanthellae was reduced by 50% after passage through the fish gut while the chlorophyll content of zoochlorellae (Chl a and b) did not change. Selective predation on zooxanthellate anemones confers several ecological advantages to zoochlorellate anemones and to zoochlorellae, most notably predator avoidance and dispersal of viable zoochlorellae that may serve as a source of symbionts for other anemones. By influencing the outcome of predator-prey interactions involving their hosts, symbiotic algae may have broader ecological roles in benthic communities than previously described.
Costly Enforcement of Voluntary Environmental Agreements

We examine the consequences of costly enforcement on the ability of voluntary agreements with industries to meet regulatory objectives, the levels of industry participation with these agreements, and the relative efficiency of voluntary and regulatory approaches. A voluntary agreement can be more efficient in reaching an aggregate emissions target than a conventional emissions tax, but only if: (1) profitable voluntary agreements in which members of the agreement pay for its enforcement exist; (2) members of a voluntary agreement actually bear the costs of enforcing the agreement; (3) the agreement is enforced by a third-party, not the government, and (4) this third-party enforcer has a significant advantage in monitoring technology and/or available sanctions over the government.
Decomposition of sorghum residue in a double-crop sorghum and wheat system

Abstract An understanding of crop residue decomposition patterns is fundamental to the efficient management of residue, particularly in double-cropping systems. In a 3-yr study conducted at Plains, Ga, decomposition of residue from three grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] cultivars buried in mesh (53-μm) bags at two different times was monitored for 160–225 d, depending on the year. No consistent differences in decomposition patterns among the cultivars were apparent. Residue dry matter and N loss from both Burial 1 (immediately after sorghum grain harvest) and Burial 2 [prior to planting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. em Thell), about 50 d after Burial 1] followed exponential patterns. During the interval between Burial 1 and Burial 2, slower decomposition of the standing residue resulted in Burial 2 residue being reduced to means of 77 and 84% of the original dry matter and N values, respectively; whereas, mean values for the buried Burial 1 residue had declined to 50 and 76% for original dry matter and N, respectively. However, by 225 d after Burial 1, both residues had very similar relative dry matter and N values. At 225 d, the mean relative dry matter remaining for Burial 1 and Burial 2 residues were 36 and 33%, respectively. The mean relative N remaining at 225 d for Burial 1 and Burial 2 residues were 67 and 64%, respectively. The C-to-N ratio of the residue decreased linearly with time from an initial mean of 33.3 to a mean of 15.8 after 225 d of decomposition. The results demonstrate that sorghum residue is readily decomposed in soils of the southeastern U.S.A.
The QTc interval and its dispersion in patients receiving two atypical antipsychotics

Treatment with atypical antipsychotics may prolong the rate-corrected Q–T interval (QTc) on electrocardiogram and increase the risk of dangerous ventricular arrhythmias. Polytherapy with atypical antipsychotics is becoming common, but the effect of this practice on the QTc has not been explored in detail. Among 364 adults treated with atypical antipsychotics randomly selected from consecutive admissions to a single hospital, electrocardiograms with measurable Q–T intervals in at least six leads were available for 38 of 49 patients receiving polytherapy with two atypical antipsychotics. Daily chlorpromazine equivalent, QTc duration and QTc dispersion were assessed in this group and in 73 closely matched patients receiving atypical antipsychotic monotherapy. The daily chlorpromazine equivalent of atypical antipsychotics was significantly greater in the polytherapy group (525.2 vs. 244.7 mg, P = 0.0003). Polytherapy and monotherapy patients were similar with regard to QTc duration, QTc dispersion and proportion of patients with gender-adjusted QTc prolongation (7.9% vs. 9.6%). The QTc duration had only a modest correlation with the total antipsychotic dose (P = 0.064). The presence of hypokalemia (3.0–3.5 mEq/l) was not associated with longer QTc intervals. The common practice of polytherapy with two atypical antipsychotics does not seem to lead to significant QTc prolongation compared to monotherapy.
Direct observation and kinetics of a hydroperoxyalkyl radical (QOOH)

Oxidation of organic compounds in combustion and in Earth’s troposphere is mediated by reactive species formed by the addition of molecular oxygen (O2) to organic radicals. Among the most crucial and elusive of these intermediates are hydroperoxyalkyl radicals, often denoted “QOOH.” These species and their reactions with O2 are responsible for the radical chain branching that sustains autoignition and are implicated in tropospheric autoxidation that can form low-volatility, highly oxygenated organic aerosol precursors. We report direct observation and kinetics measurements of a QOOH intermediate in the oxidation of 1,3-cycloheptadiene, a molecule that offers insight into both resonance-stabilized and nonstabilized radical intermediates. The results establish that resonance stabilization dramatically changes QOOH reactivity and, hence, that oxidation of unsaturated organics can produce exceptionally long-lived QOOH intermediates.
Differential localization of glucose transporter isoforms in non-polarized mammalian cells: distribution of GLUT1 but not GLUT3 to detergent-resistant membrane domains.

Abstract The hexose transporter family, which mediates a facilitated uptake in mammalian cells, consists of more than 10 members containing 12 membrane-spanning segments with a single N-glycosylation site. However, it remains unknown how these isoforms are functionally organized in the membrane domains. In this report, we describe a differential distribution of the glucose transporter isoforms GLUT1 and GLUT3 to detergent-resistant membrane domains (DRMs) in non-polarized mammalian cells. Whereas more than 80% of cellular proteins containing GLUT3 in HeLa cell lines was solubilized by a non-ionic detergent (either Triton X-100 or Lubrol WX) at 4 °C, GLUT1 remained insoluble together with the DRM-associated proteins, such as caveolin-1 and intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP). These DRM-associated proteins and the ganglioside GM1 were shown to float to the upper fractions when Triton X-100-solubilized cell extracts were centrifuged on a density gradient. In contrast, GLUT3 as well as most soluble proteins remained in the lower layers. Furthermore, perturbations of DRMs due to depletion of cholesterol by methyl-β-cyclodextrin (mβCD) rendered GLUT1 soluble in Triton X-100. Immunostaining patterns for these isoforms detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy in a living cell were also distinctive. These results suggest that in non-polarized mammalian cells, GLUT1 can be organized into a raft-like DRM domain but GLUT3 may distribute to fluid membrane domains. This differential distribution may occur irrespective of the N-glycosylation state or cell type.
Capabilities and applications of FEM code deform: the perspective of the developer

Abstract Process simulation assists the forming engineer in establishing and optimizing process variables and die design. As a result, process development effort and costs are reduced. In order for forming industry to take full advantage of process simulation, simulation tools should be capable of predicting actual physical phenomena accurately, and offer streamlined simulation procedures so that the required engineering effort in using it should be acceptable. In this paper, capabilities of the FEM code deform are presented. deform is a two-dimensional FEM program capable of simulating a wide class of forming processes with various material models. The automatic mesh generation and remeshing capability of the deform system is proved to be an essential feature of a streamlined simulation procedure for industrial applications. Example solutions are also presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the deform system.
A comparative study of management decision-making from computer-terminals

The advent of interactive computer systems and cathode ray tube terminals promises great achievements in the area of managerial decision-making. Thus far, however, graphic terminals and light pens have been used mostly to solve scientific, engineering, and mathematical problems. They have been applied relatively little to the types of problems frequently encountered by business management. As a result, objective data on their effectiveness in this environment are largely lacking. In order to provide some data, a study was undertaken to observe how the managerial decision-making process might be improved by a graphic man-computer interface and to measure quantitatively the gains that might be achieved.
Signal processor chip implementation

Very large microprocessors can now be integrated on a single chip; the integration eliminates packaging delays and is especially attractive for performance-oriented processors such as signal processors. This paper describes a semicustom signal processor chip designed jointly by the IBM France Essonnes and La Gaude laboratories. The logic is implemented from an optimized library of bipolar circuits, Layouts are compatible and designed to map data flow structures efficiently. Chip design time has been greatly reduced through the use of developed CAD tools tailored to our methodology. The design achieves twice the density that would be possible (with the same technology) with a masterslice. The chip's high performance has been verified with hardware; it provides enough computation power for 125 second-order filters with 8-kHz sampling of the input signal.
Genetic influences on DSM-III-R drug abuse and dependence: a study of 3,372 twin pairs.

Research and clinical experience indicate that drug use disorders tend to run in families. The objective of this study was to distinguish between the family environment and genetic factors as the source of this observed family resemblance. Data were collected by telephone interview from members of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry, comprising male twin pairs who served in the U.S. military between 1965 and 1975. There were 3,372 pairs in which both twins participated. Drug use disorder was defined as receiving a diagnosis of drug abuse or dependence according to DSM-III-R; 10.1% of the sample had abused or been dependent on at least one illicit drug. A significant difference between concordance rates for monozygotic (26.2%) vs. dizygotic (16.5%) twins indicated a genetic influence on drug use disorder. Biometrical modeling indicated that genetic factors (34% of the variance), the environment shared by twins (28% of the variance), and the nonshared environment (38% of the variance) had significant influences of similar magnitudes on the individual's risk of developing a drug use disorder. These results support the application of molecular genetic approaches to elucidate the genetic influence on drug use disorder, as well as the potential efficacy of environmental intervention to reduce risk.
Association of psychosocial risk screening in pediatric cancer with psychosocial services provided

Objective: How screening for psychosocial risk in pediatric oncology may relate to the number and type of psychosocial services provided is a critical step in linking screening with treatment. We predicted that screening at diagnosis would be associated with the delivery of more psychosocial services over 8 weeks and that these services would be consistent with Universal, Targeted, or Clinical psychosocial risk level based on the Pediatric Psychosocial Preventative Health Model (PPPHM). Methods: Parents of children newly diagnosed with cancer received either the Psychosocial Assessment Tool (PAT; n = 49) or psychosocial care as usual (PAU; n = 47), based on their date of diagnosis and an alternating monthly schedule. Medical record review and surveys completed by social workers and child life specialists were used to determine psychosocial services provided to patients and their families over the first eight weeks of treatment. Results: As predicted, families in the PAT condition received more services than those in PAU based on social worker and child life specialist report and medical record review. Within the PAT group, families at the Targeted and Clinical levels of risk received more intensive services than those at the Universal level. Conclusions: This initial report shows how psychosocial risk screening may impact psychosocial care in pediatric cancer, supporting the importance of screening as well as matching services to risk level. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Impact of Medical Home on Selected Children's Health Outcome

Medical Home practice has been shown to deliver effective health care to children. This practice model calls for providing patient-centered care that is compassionate, culturally effective, coordinated, integrated, safe, of high quality, and accessible. This study shows that children in the states with a higher amount of Medical Home received childhood vaccinations at a higher rate than others. However, Medical Home had a limited effect on the rate of children receiving dental/medical services, mental health services, or number of overweight children.
Utility of positron emission tomography in sarcomas.

Purpose of reviewPositron emission tomography using [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose has been studied as a tool to help predict the malignant potential of sarcomas, prognosis of patients and response to chemotherapy, and to detect disease recurrence. Recent developments in the use of [18F]fluoro-2-deox
Asian marriage patterns in transition.

Both social and economic forces have contributed to changing traditional marital patterns in Asian societies in the last several decades. Such changes are compared to the changes in marital patterns which occurred in Europe before and again at the time of industrialization. Analyses are based on schedules of percentages ever married by age and sex and nuptiality indicators derived from them. Social change seems to have led to later marriage for both males and females in all non-Western societies studied. Accompanying this change has been the move to individually chosen mates and times of marriage. Data is presented in tabular and scattergram form. There is geographical variability as to the extent of nuptiality change resulting either from timing differences or from different sociocultural backgrounds. Migration-induced sex ratio effects on nuptiality are examined. Such effects are generally inconsistent across countries. Unlike in Europe permanent celibacy is not a factor of importance in Asia. Nuptiality patterns in Asia are examined in more detail in relation to the following 3 factors of modernization: educational opportunity and attainment labor force participation and urbanization. It is speculated that these processes will cause continued marriage delay and greater levels of celibacy in the future.
Dewetting: Nucleation and growth of dry regions

Abstract Dewetting of a solid surface covered by a film of nonwetting liquid either proceeds from a pre-existing dry patch or edge, or initiates from some film-thinning disturbance that cotinues to grow until the film ruptures. Local thinning can be caused by evaporation; by drainage due to gravity or capillarity-driven flow, especially from sharp surfaces; or by surface tension gradients, such as are caused by surface-active substances delivered by particles falling on the film. Once a nonwetting film has been sufficiently thinned, conjoining (negative disjoining) pressure can accelerate thinning until rupture. This catastrophic rupture is modeled here by solving the Navier—Stokes system approximated for thickness variations over distances long compared to the mean film thickness, and augmented with conjoinging pressure. Rupture leads to film retraction and formation of a dry patch. These phenomena are visualized with the aid of moire topography. Of special interest are local spreading disturbances where airborne particles fall on the film surface: craters or dry patches often nucleate. Implications for coating operations are discussed.
Clinical and pathologic prognostic features in acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland

BACKGROUND: To the authors' knowledge, the indications for adjuvant treatment in acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) of the parotid gland have not been elucidated to date. The aim of the current study was to determine patterns of failure and adverse prognostic features. METHODS: Between March of 1989 and August of 2006, 35 patients underwent surgery at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center for AciCC of the parotid gland and had their clinical and pathologic features retrospectively analyzed at the primary site. All cases were reviewed by 2 head and neck pathologists. Five-year estimates of survival outcomes were performed, followed by univariate analysis of potential prognostic features. RESULTS: The T classifications were as follows: T1 in 46% of patients, T2 in 23% of patients, T3 in 18% of patients, and T4 in 9% of patients. Three patients had cervical lymph node involvement. All patients underwent surgery as their primary treatment. Approximately 63% of patients (n = 22) received radiation treatment. The median follow-up time for surviving patients was 59.9 months. Five-year estimates of disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and local control were 85%, 90%, and 90%, respectively. Of the clinical variables tested, clinical extracapsular extension (ECE), facial nerve sacrifice, and lymph node involvement were found to be significantly associated with a detriment in DFS and OS (P 2 mitoses per 10 high-power fields (HPF), atypical mitosis, vascular invasion, perineural invasion, pleomorphism, and necrosis were associated with adverse DFS (P 2 mitoses/10 HPF) and/or tumor necrosis, high-grade carcinomas had a significantly lower DFS and OS (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: AciCC had a low treatment failure rate, and a large number of patients could be considered candidates for surgery only. A histologic grading system was devised to help stratify patients for adjuvant treatment. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
An adaptive N -body algorithm of optimal order

Picard iteration is normally considered a theoretical tool whose primary utility is to establish the existence and uniqueness of solutions to first-order systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). However, in 1996, Parker and Sochacki [Neural, Parallel, Sci. Comput. 4 (1996)] published a practical numerical method for a certain class of ODEs, based upon modified Picard iteration, that generates the Maclaurin series of the solution to arbitrarily high order. The applicable class of ODEs consists of first-order, autonomous systems whose right-hand side functions (generators) are projectively polynomial; that is, they can be written as polynomials in the unknowns. The class is wider than might be expected. The method is ideally suited to the classical N-body problem, which is projectively polynomial. Here, we recast the N-body problem in polynomial form and develop a Picard-based algorithm for its solution. The algorithm is highly accurate, parameter-free, and simultaneously adaptive in time and order. Test cases for both benign and chaotic N-body systems reveal that optimal order is dynamic. That is, in addition to dependency upon N and the desired accuracy, optimal order depends upon the configuration of the bodies at any instant.
Results of a Single Case Controlled Study of The Optimum Performance Program in Sports in a Collegiate Athlete

In this study, a sport-specific adaptation of Family Behavior Therapy (i.e., The Optimum Performance Program in Sports [TOPPS]) in a collegiate athlete was examined, including a controlled evaluati...
Fos Activation of Selective Afferents to Ventral Tegmental Area during Cue-Induced Reinstatement of Cocaine Seeking in Rats

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons are crucial for appetitive responses to Pavlovian cues, including cue-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. However, it is unknown which VTA inputs help activate these neurons, transducing stimuli into salient cues that drive drug-seeking behavior. Here we examined 56 VTA afferents from forebrain and midbrain that are Fos activated during cue-induced reinstatement. We injected the retrograde tracer cholera toxin β subunit (CTb) unilaterally into rostral or caudal VTA of male rats. All animals were trained to self-administer cocaine, then extinguished of this behavior. On a final test day, animals were exposed to response-contingent cocaine-associated cues, extinction conditions, a non-cocaine-predictive CS-, or a novel environment, and brains were processed to visualize CTb and Fos immunoreactivity to identify VTA afferents activated in relation to behaviors. VTA-projecting neurons in subregions of medial accumbens shell, ventral pallidum, elements of extended amygdala, and lateral septum (but not prefrontal cortex) were activated specifically during cue-induced cocaine seeking, and some of these were also activated proportionately to the degree of cocaine seeking. Surprisingly, though efferents from the lateral hypothalamic orexin field were also Fos activated during reinstatement, these were largely non-orexinergic. Also, VTA afferents from the rostromedial tegmental nucleus and lateral habenula were specifically activated during extinction and CS- tests, when cocaine was not expected. These findings point to a select set of subcortical nuclei which provide reinstatement-related inputs to VTA, translating conditioned stimuli into cocaine-seeking behavior.
The Cyclin-dependent Kinase-activating Kinase (CAK) Assembly Factor, MAT1, Targets and Enhances CAK Activity on the POU Domains of Octamer Transcription Factors

Octamer binding transcription factors (Oct factors) play important roles in activation of transcription of various genes but, in some cases, require cofactors that interact with the DNA binding (POU) domain. In the present study, a yeast two-hybrid screen with the Oct-1 POU domain as a bait identified MAT1 as a POU domain-binding protein. MAT1 is known to be required for the assembly of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-activating kinase (CAK), which is functionally associated with the general transcription factor IIH (TFIIH). Further analyses showed that MAT1 interacts with POU domains of Oct-1, Oct-2, and Oct-3 in vitro in a DNA-independent manner. MAT1-containing TFIIH was also shown to interact with POU domains of Oct-1 and Oct-2. MAT1 is shown to enhance the ability of a recombinant CDK7-cyclin H complex (bipartite CAK) to phosphorylate isolated POU domains, intact Oct-1, and the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II, but not the originally defined substrate, CDK2. Phosphopeptide mapping indicates that the site (Ser385) of a mitosis-specific phosphorylation that inhibits Oct-1 binding to DNA is not phosphorylated by CAK. However, one CAK-phosphorylated phosphopeptide comigrates with a Cdc2-phosphorylated phosphopeptide previously shown to be mitosis-specific, suggesting that, in vitro, CAK is able to phosphorylate at least one site that is also phosphorylated in vivo. These results suggest (i) that interactions between POU domains and MAT1 can target CAK to Oct factors and result in their phosphorylation, (ii) that MAT1 not only functions as a CAK assembly factor but also acts to alter the spectrum of CAK substrates, and (iii) that a POU-MAT1 interaction may play a role in the recruitment of TFIIH to the preinitiation complex or in subsequent initiation and elongation reactions.
The biology of technology

Why do commentators talk about the PC market as if it were a biological process? Industry watchers often talk about the "birth" of industries or the "death" of obsolete technology. Conservative investors discuss the stable stocks of "mature" industries (as if mercurial earning reports are found only at "adolescent" firms). Similarly, the "product life cycle" metaphor has become shorthand for regular and repeated patterns that accompany turnover of products. Biological metaphors, much like any metaphor, are incomplete and inexact, but suggestive. For example, the life cycle in computing has many different and overlapping meanings. There are at least three in common use today. Technology enthusiasts use the metaphor one way, buyers another, and sellers yet another. Differences in meanings say much about the person using the metaphor. Some people have warm feelings for the computing cycle, but others do not.
Flow field analysis in a compliant acinus replica model using particle image velocimetry (PIV)

Inhaled particles reaching the alveolar walls have the potential to cross the blood-gas barrier and enter the blood stream. Experimental evidence of pulmonary dosimetry, however, cannot be explained by current whole lung dosimetry models. Numerical and experimental studies shed some light on the mechanisms of particle transport, but realistic geometries have not been investigated. In this study, a three dimensional expanding model including two generations of respiratory bronchioles and five terminal alveolar sacs was created from a replica human lung cast. Flow visualization techniques were employed to quantify the fluid flow while utilizing streamlines to evaluate recirculation. Pathlines were plotted to track the fluid motion and estimate penetration depth of inhaled air. This study provides evidence that the two generations immediately proximal to the terminal alveolar sacs do not have recirculating eddies, even for intense breathing. Results of Peclet number calculations indicate that substantial convective motion is present in vivo for the case of deep breathing, which significantly increases particle penetration into the alveoli. However, particle diffusion remains the dominant mechanism of particle transport over convection, even for intense breathing because inhaled particles do not reach the alveolar wall in a single breath by convection alone. Examination of the velocity fields revealed significant uneven ventilation of the alveoli during a single breath, likely due to variations in size and location. This flow field data, obtained from replica model geometry with realistic breathing conditions, provides information to better understand fluid and particle behavior in the acinus region of the lung.
Fast back electron transfer prevents guanine damage by photoexcited thionine bound to DNA

The phenothiazinium dye thionine has a high excited state reduction potential and is quenched by guanine on the femtosecond time scale. Here, we show by gel electrophoresis that irradiation of thionine with 599 nm light in the presence of an oligonucleotide duplex does not produce permanent DNA damage. Upon photoexcitation of thionine weakly associated with guanosine-5‘-monophosphate, the reduced protonated thionine radical and neutral guanine radical are detected by transient absorption spectroscopy, indicating that the quenching of thionine by guanine occurs via an electron-transfer mechanism. The observation of radical formation without permanent guanine damage indicates that fast back electron transfer plays a critical role in governing the yield of damage by DNA-binding molecules.
Annual Rossby Wave Characteristics in the California Current Region from the GEOSAT Exact Repeat Mission

Abstract Examination of sea level variability in the California Current region, from 20° to 50°N and from the coast of North America to 140°W, was made possible with altimetric observations obtained by the GEOSAT Exact Repeat Mission (ERM) for the period November 1986-October 1987. During this period, a time sequence of twenty-one 17-day maps of altimetric sea level residuals over the Califomia Current region was constructed. The rms distribution of these altimetric sea level residuals displayed local maxima at three locations adjacent to the coast of California; i.e., off Point Eugenia at 27°N, southwest of Point Conception at 32°N, and between Monterey and Cape Mendicino (i.e., 37°–40°N). Complex empirical orthogonal function (CEOF) analysis reveals that 53% of the variance over this one-year period was associated with the annual cycle, with amplitude maximum in summer and minimum in winter. The spatial distribution of amplitude displayed local maxima adjacent to the coast, again at 27°N, 32°N, and from...
Comments on ''Qualitative explanation of Pellam's helium paradox''

The paper of Penney, concerning the role of "heat-exchange" torques in the "$\ensuremath{\lambda}$-point anomaly" of Pellam, is examined. It is shown, using only the equations and assumptions of Penney's paper, that the heat-exchange torque reduces to simply a torque produced by the inertia of counterflow. His calculations of the sense and temperature dependence of the torque are shown to be in error. It is shown in the light of these results that little effect on the "$\ensuremath{\lambda}$-point anomaly" would be expected for an assumed approximately isotropic room-temperature radiation.
High-throughput multi-analyte screening for renal disease using capillary electrophoresis.

Abstract End-state renal disease (ESRD) affects 300 000 people in the United States each year. A large percentage of these individuals (∼20%) die within the first year after diagnosis. Current methods of determining renal function rely on the measurement of a single marker using slow and frequently non-specific colorimetric methods. In this report, capillary zone electrophoresis was used to perform a multi-analyte assay for markers of renal function in urine. This method tested for creatinine (Cr), creatine (Cn), uric acid (UA), and p -aminohippuric acid (PAH) levels. The limits of detection ( S / N =3) were found to be 5 μM for Cr, 0.75 μM for Cn, and 1.5 μM for UA and PAH. Linear ranges were determined to be 5–500 μM for Cr, 0.75–500 μM for Cn, and 1.5–250 μM for UA and PAH. These ranges included the expected concentrations of the markers in human urine after 50-fold dilution. This screening method proved to be a simple and fast way to perform a high throughput analysis for multiple renal function indicators.
Reply to comment on Resuspension of urban soils as a persistent source of lead poisoning in children: A review and new directions by John D. Bogden and Francis W. Kemp

The authors welcome the opportunity to clarify some of the most important points in their recent review paper. The comment by Bogden and Kemp supports the concept that Pb resuspension in urban areas is an important public health burden to young children, the main conclusion. They feel, however, that the role of vitamin D in affecting at least part of the seasonality signal observed in children’s blood Pb values has been dismissed too quickly. In particular, the 4–8 year old cohort (Kemp et al., 2007) shows some statistically significant correlations between vitamin D and blood Pb levels. The authors agree that they should have noted this relationship in the older cohort, but this omission reflects the different implicit focus of the review — namely the 0–5 year old cohort, which is the age range for which Pb poisoning has the greatest neurological impact (e.g., Jusko et al., 2007). This comment brings up an important issue related to the uptake and absorption mechanisms for Pb. There are three reasons to argue that soil Pb resuspension is a dominant vector for Pb exposure to young children: (1) the authors’ analysis of seasonality patterns in large populations of children in several cities revealing that climatic factors alone can predict blood Pb levels (Laidlaw et al., 2005), (2) the robustness of this prediction for children from cities with very different climatologic regimes, ranging from mid-continent to coastal monsoon (Laidlaw et al., 2005; Laidlaw and Filipelli, 2008), including cases where seasonal fluctuations in blood Pb levels predicted by soil resuspension models do not coincide with sunlight exposure seasons, and (3) the lack of correlation between vitamin D, a sunlight exposure/bone remineralization indicator, and blood Pb levels for young children (0–4 years of age; Kemp et al., 2007). It is concluded from this that the soil resuspension model must be dominant for very young children, but that the vitamin D model may in fact become an additional factor once children reach the 4–8 year range. So, what factor(s) causes this age difference in Pb risks? Bogden and Kemp note in their comment that physiological differences are important. The present authors would argue that both physiology AND behavior drive the age differences that are seen. Young children, with hand-to-mouth exploration behavior, crawl-
Metal complexes of 3-carboxyethyl substituted trispyrazolylborates: interactions with the ester carbonyl oxygens

The water molecules in complexes [TpCO2Et,MeM(H2O)3]+ where M = Ni, Co, Mn, or Cu(II) are easily displaced by neutral bidentate ligands, L to produce species of the type [TpCO2Et,MeM(L)H2O]+. Attempted deprotonation of the water molecules in the parent complexes gives rise to rearrangement products for M = Ni, Co and Mn but gives isolable dinuclear hydroxo-bridged species for Zn and Cu. A number of interesting secondary interactions between the H-bond accepting [TpCO2Et,Me] group and the other ligands in the metal coordination sphere are revealed by X-ray crystallography. The ester carbonyl CO stretching frequency of the ligand in the IR is seen to be diagnostic of the type of interaction (i.e. nonbonded, H-bonded or weakly complexed, and strongly complexed) between it and the cation, and can be used to provide valuable information in the absence of X-ray crystal structures.
The frequency, cost, and clinical outcomes of hypernatremia in patients hospitalized to a comprehensive cancer center.

Purpose To study the frequency of hypernatremia in hospitalized cancer patients and its impact on clinical outcomes and healthcare cost.
1H-NMR spectroscopy on the nanoliter scale for static and on-line measurements

NMR pectroscopy is one of the most powerful methods available for structural elucidation and for determination of the physical environment of an analyte. However, there has been limited success in scaling NMR to work with smaller volume samples. We report the development of nanoliter-scale NMR detection cells, formed by wrapping a radio frequency microcoil directly around a fused silica capillary. This creates 5-200-nL volume NMR detection cells drom an ∼1 mm length of 75-530-μm-i.d. fused silica capillary. The design and construction of optimized coils are described in detail. Using such NMR detection cells in a static mode, <50-ng limits of detection for amino acids are achieved for 1-min data acquisition times