cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Sectioning-- Slices of Life

The power of the confocal light microscope lies in its ability to collect images, often called optical sections, at discrete levels and at different excitation wavelengths from intact fluorescently labeled biological specimens. Moreover, the registration between optical sections is preserved so that subsequent digital analysis and display are facilitated. Significant improvements have been made in recent years to the instrumentation for collecting optical sections from fixed or living biological samples labeled with one or more fluorescent probes. In addition to the laser scanning confocal microscope, the multiple photon microscope, the spinning disk microscope and deconvolution of wide field light microscope images are now practical options for imaging.
A review of internal combustion engine combustion chamber process studies at NASA Lewis Research Center

The performance of internal combustion stratified-charge engines is highly dependent on the in-cylinder fuel-air mixing processes occurring in these engines. Current research concerning the in-cylinder airflow characteristics of rotary and piston engines is presented. Results showing the output of multidimensional models, laser velocimetry measurements and the application of a holographic optical element are described. Models which simulate the four-stroke cycle and seal dynamics of rotary engines are also discussed.
False-Positive Quadruple Screen Test for Trisomy 18 in a Patient with a Fetus with Bloom’s Syndrome

In the literature, conflicting reports on the significance of false-positive maternal serum multiple marker testing for trisomy 18 are encountered; however, the biology of this finding is discussed in
Predicting Fall Risks in an Elderly Population: Computer Dynamic Posturography Versus Electronystagmography Test Results

Objectives/Hypothesis: Falls are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for persons aged 65 years and older, with more than 2 million people falling and sustaining serious injury annually. This study compared computer dynamic posturography (CDP) and electronystagmography (ENG) results as predictors of falls. Study Design: Retrospective. Methods: Thirty-three patients over the age of 65 years who presented to a balance disorders and falls prevention clinic were used for this study (22 women and 11 men, with an average age of 78.0 y and a mean fall rate of 3.5 times). All had experienced at least one fall in the year before visiting the clinic and were tested with both CDP and ENG. The CDP results were divided into subcategories (sensory organization testing and limits of stability); ENG results were divided into four categories (ocular motor, rotational chair, positional, and caloric studies). Results: Test findings were classified as normal or abnormal based on age-matched normative data. Of the patients in the study, 27.3% were normal for one type of testing and abnormal for the other. Twenty-six patients (78.8%) had abnormal results on CDP, and 20 individuals (60.6%) showed ENG abnormalities (42.4% for ocular motor, 28.6% for positional, 13.6% for caloric, and 11.2% for rotational chair studies). The limits of stability category was significant in predicting multiple falls. Conclusion: For this population, CDP was determined to be a more sensitive test for identifying patients who have fallen, with limits of stability testing the most significant part of the CDP battery; for ENG studies, the best falls indicator was the ocular motor battery.
Magnetoacoustic open-orbit antiresonance in silver☆

Abstract Antiresonance (sharp attenuation minima) predicted theoretically by Sievert in 1967 and the rich harmonics observed experimentally by Khatri and Peverly in 1973 in copper have remained unexplained to a great extend. In this letter, we report our preliminary results on this novel effect (antiresonance) for shear waves propagated along the [111] crystallographic direction in silver.
Transient VO2 Characteristics in Children at the Onset of Steady-Rate Exercise

Abstract The transient oxygen uptake (VO2) response during the initial phase of exercise was investigated in 28 children (mean age ± SD = 10.2 ± 2.28 years) during constant load submaximum bicycle ergometer exercise (mean power output ± SD = 56 ± 4.0 watts; mean VO2 ± SD = .92 ± .141 [mdot] min-1). The VO2 half-time (VO2 - t½) averaged (± SD) 34.8 (± 12.70) sec which is similar to that observed in adults. Examination of the VO2-t ½ response as it related to age (7 to 14 years) showed that younger children attained steady-rate VO2 more quickly than older children (r = .77 between age and VO2-t½, P < .05). Body size, maturational level, exercise intensity, cardiorespiratory factors, and anaerobic potential are suggested as possible factors accounting for the positive age vs VO2-t ½ relationship.
DNA polymerase catalysis in the absence of Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds: analysis by single-turnover kinetics.

We report the first pre-steady-state kinetic studies of DNA replication in the absence of hydrogen bonds. We have used nonpolar nucleotide analogues that mimic the shape of a Watson-Crick base pair to investigate the kinetic consequences of a lack of hydrogen bonds in the polymerase reaction catalyzed by the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli. With a thymine isostere lacking hydrogen-bonding ability in the nascent pair, the efficiency (k pol /K d ) of the polymerase reaction is decreased by 30-fold, affecting the ground state (K d ) and transition state (k pol ) approximately equally. When both thymine and adenine analogues in the nascent pair lack hydrogen-bonding ability, the efficiency of the polymerase reaction is decreased by about 1000-fold, with most of the decrease attributable to the transition state. Reactions using nonpolar analogues at the primer-terminal base pair demonstrated the requirement for a hydrogen bond between the polymerase and the minor groove of the primer-terminal base. The R668A mutation of Klenow fragment abolished this requirement, identifying R668 as the probable hydrogen-bond donor. Detailed examination of the kinetic data suggested that Klenow fragment has an extremely low tolerance of even minor deviations of the analogue base pairs from ideal Watson-Crick geometry. Consistent with this idea, some analogue pairings were better tolerated by Klenow fragment mutants having more spacious active sites. In contrast, the Y-family polymerase Dbh was much less sensitive to changes in base pair dimensions and more dependent upon hydrogen bonding between base-paired partners.
Orientation dependence of oxygen thermal donors in silicon under stress

Abstract Pre-heat-treated or as-provided p-type Cz-silicon samples were stressed along 〈011〉 or 〈010〉 direction during 450°C annealing. The generated oxygen thermal donor concentrations were obtained by resistivity measurements. We found that the thermal donor formation rate is not only dependent upon the thermal history of the sample and the stress on the sample, but also depends on the orientation of the sample under stress.
Mitochondrial diabetes: pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and genetic analysis.

This study provides a compact overview on the most common form of the maternally inherited diabetes and deafness syndrome (MIDD) that associates with an A-G mutation in mitochondrial DNA at position 3243 in the tRNA(Leu,UUR) gene. The pathobiochemistry and pathophysiology is discussed. The mutation leads predominantly to a reduced insulin secretion by beta cells in response to glucose stimulation, however, without marked involvement of autoimmune processes as seen in type 1 diabetes mellitus. The underlying biochemical mechanism leading to beta cell dysfunction is discussed. Furthermore, the clinical presentation of the disease is summarized as are the methods to detect the A3243G mutation, particular in view of the often low levels of heteroplasm of the A3243G mutation.
Using Actors as Simulated Patients for Interprofessional Education

Interprofessional education (IPE) in health profession training is recognized as a key to improving patient care in practice settings. Though recognized as extremely important, implementation of IPE remains a challenge for many health profession programs. Despite challenges, the seven health profession (HP) programs at D’Youville College initiated IPE using healthcare simulation with professional actors serving as simulated patients. Faculty from chiropractic, dietetics, nursing, occupational therapy, pharmacy, physical therapy and physician assistant programs collaborated in this year-long implementation process. This manuscript provides a description of the planning, delivery and assessment of this innovative interprofessional simulation and the creation of the campus Interprofessional Clinical Advancement Center. Students reported enhanced understanding and respect of professional roles and responsibilities and ability to communicate effectively. Faculty reported an ability to encourage interaction and collaboration among HP students. Suggestions for curricular improvements and program sustainability included professional development and compensation. This manuscript should assist other health professional programs seeking guidance to implement and evaluate interprofessional education in academic institutions.
Critical Classrooms Using Artists’ Lives to Teach Young Students Social Groups, Power, and Privilege

This article uses data from a 9-month ethnography in California to illustrate how elementary teacher’s decision to reenact Jane Elliott’s “A Class Divided” experiment, in conjunction with an artist-centered multicultural curriculum, shifted classroom conversations to a more critical dialogue of social groups, power, and privilege. Data illustrate how this approach to learning about diversity and difference can facilitate development of students’ critical consciousness at the elementary school level. Student interviews and an interview with the classroom teacher are also used to triangulate findings. The article concludes with suggestions as to how teachers can create critical spaces in their own classrooms.
Preparation and Properties of tert-Butyloxycarbonylaminoacyl-4-(oxymethyl) phenylacetamidomethyl-(Kel F-g-styrene) Resin, an Insoluble, Noncrosslinked Support for Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis

The Boc-aminoacyl-OCH2-Pam- derivative of Kel F-g-styrene resin has been synthesized by a chemically unambiguous route. Direct amidoalkylation of the unsubstituted resin followed by hydrazinolysis gave the aminomethyl-resin. The loaded resin was obtained by reaction with a Boc-aminoacyl-OCH2-phenylacetic acid and DCC. The stability of this resin derivative towards acidolysis in trifluoroacetic acid was determined. Only 0.01–0.02 mol% loss of chains will occur in a single deprotection cycle in solid phase peptide synthesis. The peptidyl- and aminoacyl-OCH2-Pam-(Kel F-g-styrene) resins were cleaved with anhydrous HF-anisole at 0°C in near-quantitative yield. Simultaneous syntheses of the model peptide Leu-Ala-Gly-Val on this resin and on Val-OCH2-Pam-poly(styrene-co-1% divinylbenzene) resin gave the same low levels of byproducts. No (<0.1%) intersite aminolysis was observed on treatment of Leu-Ala-Gly-Val-OCH<2-Pam-(Kel F-g-styrene) resin with 5% diisopropylethylamine in dichloromethane for 22 h.
Amorphous Silicon Carbide as a Non-Biofouling Structural Material for Biomedical Microdevices

This paper details the development of amorphous hydrogenated silicon carbide (a-SiC:H) films as structural material that is resistant to biofouling. The a-SiC:H films were deposited by PECVD and evaluated for their mechanical and anti-biofouling properties. It was found that the as-deposited films exhibited compressive residual stresses that could be converted to moderate tensile stresses upon a post deposition anneal. The amorphous films exhibited a much lower Young’s modulus but similar burst stress when compared to polycrystalline 3C-SiC films of like thickness. The as-deposited a-SiC:H films were more resistant to biofouling than silicon and silicon dioxide surfaces. Coating the a-SiC:H films with polyethylene glycol (PEG) significantly improved the anti-fouling characteristics for extended periods.
Divergent Evolutionary and Expression Patterns between Lineage Specific New Duplicate Genes and Their Parental Paralogs in Arabidopsis thaliana

Gene duplication is an important mechanism for the origination of functional novelties in organisms. We performed a comparative genome analysis to systematically estimate recent lineage specific gene duplication events in Arabidopsis thaliana and further investigate whether and how these new duplicate genes (NDGs) play a functional role in the evolution and adaption of A. thaliana. We accomplished this using syntenic relationship among four closely related species, A. thaliana, A. lyrata, Capsella rubella and Brassica rapa. We identified 100 NDGs, showing clear origination patterns, whose parental genes are located in syntenic regions and/or have clear orthologs in at least one of three outgroup species. All 100 NDGs were transcribed and under functional constraints, while 24% of the NDGs have differential expression patterns compared to their parental genes. We explored the underlying evolutionary forces of these paralogous pairs through conducting neutrality tests with sequence divergence and polymorphism data. Evolution of about 15% of NDGs appeared to be driven by natural selection. Moreover, we found that 3 NDGs not only altered their expression patterns when compared with parental genes, but also evolved under positive selection. We investigated the underlying mechanisms driving the differential expression of NDGs and their parents, and found a number of NDGs had different cis-elements and methylation patterns from their parental genes. Overall, we demonstrated that NDGs acquired divergent cis-elements and methylation patterns and may experience sub-functionalization or neo-functionalization influencing the evolution and adaption of A. thaliana.
All Oral HCV Therapies of the Future

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy has revolved around pegylated interferon-alpha (PEG IFN) and ribavirin (RBV), with the recent addition of the direct-acting antivirals (DAA), telaprevir or boceprevir, to the regimen for genotype 1 patients. Further progress has been made with the identification of multiple targets, allowing for additional DAAs, including other protease inhibitors, NS5A inhibitors and NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Initial studies have shown these drugs to provide more effective therapy than the current standard of care when combined with PEG IFN and RBV. More recently, however, even without PEG IFN, combinations of DAAs have been shown to allow for shorter treatment duration, increased efficacy, and better safety profiles. These regimens have the potential to allow HCV to be eradicated with all oral therapy in the near future.
Sedative tolerance accompanies tolerance to the analgesic effects of fentanyl in infant rats.

Iatrogenic tolerance and physical dependence have been documented in human neonates and infants infused with fentanyl or morphine i.v. to maintain continuous analgesia and sedation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and mechanical ventilation for the treatment of life-threatening pulmonary diseases. Using postnatal d 17 infant rats, the hypothesis was tested that sedative tolerance accompanies tolerance to fentanyl analgesia in the tail-flick test. Postnatal d 14 infant rats remained naive or received osmotic minipumps infusing saline (1 μL/h) or fentanyl citrate (60 μg·kg–1h–1). Seventy-two hours later, fentanyl's antinociceptive potency was reduced 3.1-fold in fentanyl-infused rats. Conscious sedation and deep sedation were examined with the cliff-avoidance and the righting-reflex procedures, respectively. Fentanyl-infused infants were tolerant to both the conscious and deep sedative effects of fentanyl. Another hypothesis tested was that very high receptor intrinsic activity opioids are less likely to produce tolerance, or to be cross-tolerant to other opioids. Dihydroetorphine is 5 000 to 10 000 times more potent than morphine. However, fentanyl-infused infant rats were cross-tolerant to the analgesic and sedative effects of dihydroetorphine. Interestingly, dihydroetorphine's analgesic efficacy was significantly reduced to a maximum analgesic efficacy (Emax) value of 40% maximum possible effect (MPE). Another concern was whether fentanyl tolerance would generalize to another class of sedatives, the benzodiazepines. This was especially relevant considering the widespread use of benzodiazepines like midazolam in ECMO and mechanical ventilation. Midazolam elicited no analgesia in the tail-flick test. Furthermore, fentanyl-tolerant rats were not cross-tolerant to the conscious or deep sedative effects of midazolam.
High-Speed Multidimensional Convolution

Fast computation algorithms are developed for twodimensional and general multidimensional convolutions. Two basic techniques (overlap-and-add, overlap-and-save) are described in detail. These techniques allow speed and storage requirement tradeoffs and they define a decomposition of the total convolution into partial convolutions that can be easily found by parallel use of fast sequential cyclic convolution algorithms. It is shown that unlike what is the case in one dimension, the ``overlap-and-save'' method enjoys a clear advantage over the ``overlap-and-add'' method with respect to speed and storage in multidimensional convolution. A specific computational burden is assessed for the case where these methods are used in conjunction with radix-2 fast Fourier transform algorithms.
Enhanced separation of antidepressant drugs using a polymerized nonionic surfactant as a transient capillary coating.

[l]. In 1981, the analytical methods used for such analyses included high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography with a nitrogen specific detector, and immunoassays which were found to provide better results when coupled to HPLC [l]. It was
Immunologic reaction to oral cancer

Abstract Oral squamous cell carcinoma in human beings and that induced in the hamster pouch with DMBA both show a lymphocytic reaction in the lamina propria. Serum from the hamsters reacts with the epithelium in the cancer but not in the normal mucosa, suggesting a humoral response in DMBA-induced cancer cell transformation.
Comparison of measured and calculated appearance-potential spectra for six 3d metals

We report comparisons of measured and calculated L3-shell appearance potential spectra (APS) for Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, and Ni. The measurements were made with polycrystalline specimens and carefully calibrated electron energy scale. APS data have usually been interpreted in terms of a simple one-electron model in which both the excited core electron and the incident electron have final states near the Fermi level. According to this model, a self-convolution is made of the empty density of states (DOS) and this is convolved with a Lorentzian function to represent core-hole lifetime broadening. Comparisons of the shapes of measured and calculated APS yield satisfactory agreement for the heavier elements of the 3d series (Co and Ni) but the model breaks down for the lighter elements (Ti and V). As indicated by the final-state rule, we need to include effects of the core hole in the final state. With the use of a Green's function approach, the APS are calculated from the final-state DOS (i.e., modified by the presence of a core hole). For Ti and V, we indeed find satisfactory agreement with the measured data after including effects of the core hole. Core-hole effects are smaller but still noticeable for Cr and Fe; they are nearly negligible for Co and Ni, consistent with the rule.
Wordsworth's I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud

(1998). Wordsworth's I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud. The Explicator: Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 67-70.
The Circle Problem in the Hyperbolic Plane

Abstract This paper deal with the analogue of the classical circle problem in the hyperbolic plane; that is, we count the number N Γ ( s , z ) of translates of a base point z by a Fuchsian group Γ , which lie in a geodesic ball of radius s about z . If Σ( s , z ) is the theoretical best approximation to N ( s , z ) (which has π e s /vol( Γ ) as its leading term), we set d ( s , z ) = N ( s , z ) − Σ( s , z ), the best known upper bound for which is O ( e 2 s /3 ). We get omega results for d ( s , z ), which in the co-compact case are d ( s , z ) = Ω ( e s /2 β( s )), where β( s ) → ∞ as s → ∞. We also show that the normalized remainder term e ( s , z ) = d ( s , z )/ e s /2 has finite mean, which is zero unless Γ is noncompact and has null forms. Further we carry out a numerical investigation of the Fermat groups and the results are consistent with an upper bound e ( s , z ) = O ( e ϵ S ) for all ϵ > 0. The problem in hyperbolic n -space is also investigated.
Walleye Fecundity, Potential Egg Deposition, and Survival from Egg to Fall Young-of-Year in Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin, 1979-1981

Abstract The fecundity, total potential egg deposition, and survival from egg to fingerling for walleyes in Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin was investigated from 1979-1981. Higher fecundity in 1979 than in 1980 or 1981 was thought to be due to better feeding conditions in the summer of 1978 compared to the summers of 1979 and 1980. Walleye fecundity was most highly correlated with fish weight in 1979 and 1980 and with length in 1981. Fecundity estimates for walleyes of equal size were similar using either fall- or spring-collected fish, indicating that egg number was probably set in late summer or early fall. Estimated total potential egg production for walleyes in Escanaba Lake was 85.9 million in 1979, 43.6 million in 1980, and 25.8 million in 1981. Survival from potential egg deposition to fall in the first year was 0.0088% in 1979, 0.0026% in 1980, and 0.0714% in 1981.
Lysis inhibition with a mutant of bacteriophage T5.

Abstract Lysis inhibition has been demonstrated with a small-plaque mutant of T5, designated M12. This appears to be the first example of the phenomenon outside the T-even system. M12 and T5 appear identical in host range, adsorption rate, serum neutralization, and injection rate, but differ in minimal latent period in single infection (45–50 minutes for M12 as against 37 minutes for T5) and in plating efficiency under various conditions. Evidence of lysis inhibition in multiply infected cultures was obtained with M12, but not T5, by observations on the clearing of turbid cultures, one-step growth experiments, and microscopic examination. The best demonstrations in one-step growth experiments were obtained when young bacterial cultures (Escherichia coli strain F, smooth derivative of FCb) were multiply infected with M12 in a single input (multiplicity of 6–8 adequate) and further incubated undiluted for 30–40 minutes, or diluted earlier into sonicated extracts of B 5 . The latter do not affect the lysis of cultures singly or multiply infected with T5 or singly infected with M12. One-step growth experiments suggest multistep release of phage in lysisinhibited cultures. A possible explanation, actual multiplication of the infected bacteria, received no support from microscopic studies.
ARE INDUCED DEFENSES COSTLY? CONSEQUENCES OF PREDATOR-INDUCED DEFENSES IN WESTERN TOADS, BUFO BOREAS

Induced defenses are widespread in nature, and in amphibian larvae they are often expressed as altered behavior and changes in tail shape, color, and size. Theory predicts that induced defenses should be costly in the absence of a predator threat. No costs have been found for these defenses after metamorphosis. In this study, we tested for induced defenses in western toads, Bufo boreas, and measured larval and postmetamorphic con- sequences of these responses. Larvae were raised in either the presence or absence of nonlethal predator cues. Defense responses to these larval treatments were measured during the larval stage and shortly after metamorphosis using both predator bioassays and quan- tification of the putative chemical defense common in toads, bufadienolides. We found no differences in larval morphology, growth rate, or development rate between the predator and control treatments. In the larval bioassays, some types of invertebrate predators con- sumed significantly fewer of the B. boreas larvae that were reared with predator cues compared to the control treatments. Bufadienolides were not present in B. boreas larvae. In the postmetamorphic bioassays, tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) had longer handling times when consuming B. boreas that had developed in larval environments without predator cues compared to predator-treatment B. boreas. However, postmetamorphic B. boreas from predator cue larval environments had significantly higher concentrations of bufadienolides than did those from larval environments without predators, suggesting that these defenses are ineffective against tiger salamanders. Our results demonstrate that there is plasticity in the chemical defenses of toads and suggest that induced larval defenses may incur costs that are only apparent after metamorphosis.
Bubbles, Drops, and Particles

Abstract The standard κ-ϵ equations and other turbulence models are evaluated with respect to their applicability in swirling, recirculating flows. The turbulence models are formulated on the basis of two separate viewpoints. The first perspective assumes that an isotropic eddy viscosity and the modified Boussinesq hypothesis adequately describe the stress distributions, and that the source of predictive error is a consequence of the modeled terms in the κ-ϵ equations. Both stabilizing and destabilizing Richardson number corrections are incorporated to investigate this line of reasoning. A second viewpoint proposes that the eddy viscosity approach is inherently inadequate and that a redistribution of the stress magnitudes is necessary. Investigation of higher-order closure is pursued on the level of an algebraic stress closure. Various turbulence model predictions are compared with experimental data from a variety of isothermal, confined studies. Supportive swirl comparisons are also performed for a laminar flow case, as well as reacting flow cases. Parallel predictions or contributions from other sources are also consulted where appropriate. Predictive accuracy was found to be a partial function of inlet boundary conditions and numerical diffusion. Despite prediction sensitivity to inlet conditions and numerics, the data comparisons delineate the relative advantages and disadvantages of the various modifications. Possible research avenues in the area of computational modeling of strongly swirling, recirculating flows are reviewed and discussed.
Thirteen ways to estimate global error

Various techniques that have been proposed for estimating the accumulated discretization error in the numerical solution of differential equations, particularly ordinary differential equations, are classified, described, and compared. For most of the schemes either an outline of an error analysis is given which explains why the scheme works or a weakness of the scheme is illustrated.
Analysis of triangle quality measures

Several of the more commonly used triangle quality measures are analyzed and compared. Proofs are provided to verify that they do exhibit the expected extremal properties. The asymptotic behavior of these measures is investigated and a number of useful results are derived. It is shown that some of the quality measures are equivalent, in the sense of displaying the same extremal and asymptotic behavior, and that it is therefore possible to achieve a concise classification of triangle quality measures.
Embedded earrings: a complication of the ear-piercing gun

Ear-piercing techniques include needles, safety pins, sharpened studs, and self-piercing kits. Complications from ear piercing are well documented and may involve local infection, sepsis, keloid scar formation, sarcoid granulomas, cyst formation, bifid ear lobe deformity, and organizing hematoma. The use of the spring-loaded ear-piercing instrument has resulted in an increased frequency of the complication of the earring backing becoming embedded in the ear lobe and helix. The embedded earring complication may result from improper aseptic technique, insufficient training of personnel at ear-piercing centers, or piercing the ears of young. To diminish the risk of embedded earrings we recommend aseptic technique, proper training, limiting ear piercing to the lobe, frequent cleansing of the lobe, and removal of the earring if signs of infection develop.
Localization of vimentin and desmin in BHK21/C13 cells and in baby hamster kidney.

Abstract Specific antibodies against the intermediate filament protein subunits, desmin and vimentin, were used to characterize the fibroblastic tissue culture cell line BHK21/C13 and the cells comprising baby hamster kidney (BHK). The BHK21/C13 cells have previously been shown to contain desmin and vimentin by biochemical techniques. The results from double immunofluorescence analysis show that both immunologically distinct intermediate filament subunit proteins are expressed simultaneously within the same BHK21/C13 cell, and that the filamentous patterns are very similar, if not superimposable even in cells treated with colchicine. There are some cells that may contain vimentin only. Double immunofluorescence on cryostat sections of BHKs and preparations of dissociated kidney cells demonstrate that the cells, most likely smooth muscle, comprising the blood vessel walls contain vimentin and desmin simultaneously. The simultaneous expression of vimentin and desmin is not a phenomenon which is restricted to tissue culture cells. Thus, the simultaneous presence of these two intermediate filament proteins within the BHK21/C13 cell may not be the result of growth in tissue culture.
Finite element analysis of mixing phenomena in tangential twin‐screw extruders for non‐Newtonian fluids

A flow analysis of non-Newtonian fluids inside co-rotating tangential twin-screw extruders is presented with the emphasis on mixing phenomena. A new simplified approach was proposed in modelling the flow, i.e. the flow in twin-screw extruders was considered as a sequence of flows in two regions: (i) the translation region (T-region), similar to a single-screw extruder; and (ii) the mixing region (M-region), representing the central part of twin-screw extruders. The flow has been assumed to be isothermal, steady-state and creeping. Furthermore, it was assumed that the velocity field does not change significantly in one co-ordinate (i.e. the down-channel direction in the case of the T-region and the axial direction in the case of the M-region) as compared with the other co-ordinate directions. Accordingly, a quasi-three-dimensional finite element method has been developed to analyse the flows in both regions. The mixing mechanisms inside the T - and M-regions were analysed and the inter-channel mixing in the M-region was quantified. The residence time distribution and performance characteristic of a single screw with a self-wiping profile were also calculated.
Improvement of Oxidative and Emulsion Stability of Model Salad Dressing by Glucose Oxidase-catalase

ABSTRACT: The oxidative stability of model salad dressing containing 1.0% glucose was determined by measuring the headspace volatile compounds of sample bottles and peroxide values. Glucose oxidase-catalase acted as an anti or pro-oxidant depending on the concentration. As glucose oxidase-catalase increased from 0 to 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 unit/g salad dressing, the volatile compounds and peroxide values decreased and the enzyme acted as antioxidant (α= 0.05). As glucose oxidase-catalase increased from 0.3 to 0.5 and 0.7 unit/g salad dressing, peroxide values increased (α= 0.05) and the enzyme was prooxidant. The enzyme improved the emulsion stability of the dressing at 0.5 and 0.7 unit/g sample (α= 0.05).
An effective punishment scheme to reduce extramarital affairs: an economic approach

By using a dynamic stochastic optimization model, this paper shows that the existence of punishment does not necessarily deter extramarital affairs. This study may help to explain why extramarital affairs are a common phenomenon in most societies even though punishment exists. This study also has an implication for family laws: extramarital affairs can be effectively reduced if the legal punishment scheme is designed in the way that makes the adulterer’s expected loss increase with the level of adultery at an increasing or constant rate.
An engineering approach to an unsolved problem in multicomponent diffusion

Both practical and conceptual problems arise in standard theories of multicomponent diffusion. They include the sometimes arbitrary and even artificial selection of one component as the solvent, the lack of explicit dependence on the properties of the solvent, and the difficulty in formulating compositionally dependent diffusion coefficients that satisfy material-balance constraints. Two alternative approaches based on tracer diffusion coefficients for various components are physically reasonable and overcome these difficulties. Both approaches predict cross-diffusion, that is, diffusion of component A as a result of a gradient in component B. Either approach can be used in systems where component diffusivities differ greatly in magnitude and where the number of chemical species is large, as in polymerizations.
Modeling red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman), damage using in situ and ancillary landscape data

Abstract Red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), has been implicated as a contributing factor to oak decline and mortality in forests of Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. A non-destructive rapid estimation procedure was used to determine red oak borer infestation histories of northern red oaks, Quercus rubra L., in a series of forest stands. Twenty-three biotic and abiotic variables in 364 vegetation-monitoring plots were analyzed for possible inclusion in a data distribution-independent machine-learning decision tree model to predict red oak borer hazard conditions on the Ozark National Forest. Decision tree models generated in this study of red oak borer damage were relatively successful in explaining patterns in the training data (71–81% overall accuracy), but relatively unsuccessful in predicting red oak borer hazard in unknown cases (42–49% overall accuracy based on cross-validation). Average clay content, distance to roads, and ridge-top topographic position were input variables that yielded the highest information content. Increased predictive accuracy likely depends on technology for optimizing the spatial aggregation scale of each input variable.
Ectomycorrhizal responses to organic and inorganic nitrogen sources when associating with two host species

While it is established that increasing atmospheric inorganic nitrogen (N) deposition reduces ectomycorrhizal fungal biomass and shifts the relative abundances of fungal species, little is known about effects of organic N deposition. The effects of organic and inorganic N deposition on ectomycorrhizal fungi may differ because responses to inorganic N deposition may reflect C-limitation. To compare the effects of organic and inorganic N additions on ectomycorrhizal fungi, and to assess whether host species may influence the response of ectomycorrhizal fungi to N additions, we conducted an N addition experiment at a field site in the New Jersey pine barrens. Seedlings of two host species, Quercus velutina (black oak) and Pinus rigida (pitch pine), were planted at the base of randomly-selected mature pitch pine trees. Nitrogen was added as glutamic acid, ammonium, or nitrate at a rate equivalent to 227.5 kg ha(-1) y(-1) for eight weeks, to achieve a total application of 35 kg ha(-1) during the 10-week study period. Organic and inorganic N additions differed in their effects on total ectomycorrhizal root tip abundance across hosts, and these effects differed for individual morphotypes between oak and pine seedlings. Mycorrhizal root tip abundance across hosts was 90 % higher on seedlings receiving organic N compared to seedlings in the control treatment, while abundances were similar among seedlings receiving the inorganic N treatments and seedlings in the control. On oak, 33-83 % of the most-common morphotypes exhibited increased root tip abundances in response to the three forms of N, relative to the control. On pine, 33-66 % of the most-common morphotypes exhibited decreased root tip abundance in response to inorganic N, while responses to organic N were mixed. Plant chemistry and regression analyses suggested that, on oak seedlings, mycorrhizal colonization increased in response to N limitation. In contrast, pine root and shoot N and C contents did not vary in response to any form of N added, and mycorrhizal root tip abundance was not associated with seedling N or C status, indicating that pine received sufficient N. These results suggest that in situ organic and inorganic N additions differentially affect ectomycorrhizal root tip abundance and that ectomycorrhizal fungal responses to N addition may be mediated by host tree species.
Distributions of dissolved titanium in Chesapeake Bay and the Amazon River Estuary

Abstract Total dissolved Ti in Chesapeake Bay and the Amazon River Estuary exists at nanomolar to subnanomolar concentrations. In both estuaries, dissolved Ti is removed at low salinities in the course of estuarine mixing, most likely by coagulation of colloidal metal, perhaps with stabilization of the aggregates by organic material or by adsorption onto other particles. Titanium concentrations in 0.2 μm-filtered surface samples obtained on a summer survey of Chesapeake Bay range from 0.52–0.87 nM at 0.1 salinity, decreasing to 0.07–0.28 nM at higher salinities. The extent of removal is ≥65%. Variable but low levels in the middle estuary probably reflect inputs from tributaries to the bay. A comparison of Ti concentrations in oxic surface waters and suboxic and anoxic bottomwaters shows no consistent evidence for Ti release from dissolving Fe or Mn phases. On a summer survey of the Amazon River Estuary, Ti concentrations in 0.22 μm-filtered surface waters decrease from 3.3–7.1 nM at salinities of 0.3–0.8 to 0.27–0.62 nM above a salinity of 5, for a removal of > 90%. Slight elevations in Ti concentrations at salinities greater than 34 may result from resuspension of sediments on the dynamic Amazon shelf. Using the Amazon River Estuary as an example, at least 90% of the global flux of dissolved Ti from rivers is removed to particles at low salinities. Considering this, the effective global flux of dissolved Ti from rivers to the oceans, here estimated at ≈2 × 107 mol y−1, is 10–100 times lower than what has been previously estimated based on river inputs.
Clopidogrel plus aspirin was inferior to oral anticoagulation for preventing vascular events in atrial fibrillation.

Source Citation The ACTIVE Writing Group on behalf of the ACTIVE Investigators; Connolly S, Pogue J, Hart R, et al. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in t...
Nitrogen acquisition in four co-existing species from an upland acidic grassland

The concentration of both nitrate and ammonium nitrogen was measured in soil taken from an upland acidic (pH 4.5) grassland habitat, containing four co-existing species, Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin., Festuca ovina L., Juncus squarrosus L. and Nardus stricta L. Both nitrate and ammonium nitrogen were found to be present in the soil, in similarly small quantities. The effect of both sources of nitrogen on relative growth rate was studied, and an attempt was made to determine whether nitrate or ammonium nitrogen is the immediate source of nitrogen for these plants using assays of nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.2) and ammonium uptake. All four species showed larger growth rates on the same concentration of ammonium nitrogen compared to nitrate nitrogen. All species showed low activities of leaf nitrate reductase, even in plants grown on 18 mol nitrate m−3. Ammonium uptake activity appeared to be higher in species which showed the lowest nitrate reductase activity and least response to increasing nitrate concentration in the growth medium.
The new generation of graduating anesthesia residents: what is the impact on a major tertiary referral private practice medical center?

Purpose of reviewThe new graduate entering the private practice arena faces many challenges. Expectations regarding both the professional environment and personal lifestyle have changed from previous generations, and these are reviewed and discussed. The challenges for both professional and personal
Coronoid fractures: evaluation and treatment

Abstract Coronoid fractures can be challenging to understand and treat. There are five common patterns of coronoid fractures, modified from the Regan Morrey classification: tip fractures, mid transverse fractures, basal fractures, anteromedial oblique fractures and anterolateral oblique fractures. Specific tools to understand the fracture pattern and associated injuries, and to develop a treatment plan, are presented.
In vivo optical coherence tomography for the diagnosis of oral malignancy.

Background and Objective: Oral cancer results in 10,000 U.S. deaths annually. Improved highly sensitive diagnostics allowing early detection of oral cancer would benefit patient survival and quality of life. Objective was to investigate in vivo non-invasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) techniques for imaging and diagnosing neoplasia-related epithelial, sub-epithelial changes throughout carcinogenesis. Study Design/Materials and Methods: In the standard hamster cheek pouch model for oral carcinogenesis (n ¼ 36), in vivo OCT was used to image epithelial and sub-epithelial change. OCT- and histopathology-based diagnoses on a scale of 0 (healthy) to 6 (squamous cell carcinoma, SCC) were performed at all stages throughout carcinogenesis by two blinded investigators. Results: Epithelial, sub-epithelial structures were clearly discernible using OCT. OCT diagnosis agreed with the histopathological gold standard in 80% of readings. Conclusion: In vivo OCT demonstrates excellent potential as a diagnostic tool in the oral cavity. Lasers Surg. Med. 35:269–275, 2004. 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The American Voter and the Economy, 2008

Why did Obama defeat McCain in 2008? As with any national election outcome, the immediate culprit that comes to mind is economic performance. When the U.S. is prosperous, the electorate votes the incumbent presidential party back into office. When the U.S. economy sours, the incumbent (or incumbent party) loses. In 2008, the application of this rule led to a correct prediction once again. Economy up, Republicans out. It is difficult to challenge this conventional wisdom that the economy contributed to the transfer of the White House from the Republicans to Democrat Obama.
When Does a Crystal Conduct Heat Like a Glass

Semiconducting crystalline materials that are poor conductors of heat are important as thermoelectric materials and for technological applications involving thermal management. In the present article neutron scattering, electrical and thermal transport, heat capacity, magnetic and acoustic measurements are reported on single crystals of three semiconductors with the type I clathrate structure: Ba8Ga16Ge30, Sr8Ga16Ge30 and Eu8Ga16Ge30. Taken together these measurements suggest specific structural features that result in a crystal with the lowest possible thermal conductivity, namely that of a glass with the same chemical composition. Weakly bound atoms that rattle within oversized atomic cages in a crystal result in a low thermal conductivity, but the present data show that both rattling atoms and tunneling states are necessary to produce a true glass-like thermal conductivity.
Mutations in the cytoplasmic domain of the influenza virus hemagglutinin affect different stages of intracellular transport

Mutations have been introduced into the cloned DNA sequences coding for influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA), and the resulting mutant genes have been expressed in simian cells by the use of SV40-HA recombinant viral vectors. In this study we analyzed the effect of specific alterations in the cytoplasmic domain of the HA molecule on its rate of biosynthesis and transport, cellular localization, and biological activity. Several of the mutants displayed abnormalities in the pathway of transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. One mutant HA remained within the endoplasmic reticulum; others were delayed in reaching the Golgi apparatus after core glycosylation had been completed in the endoplasmic reticulum, but then progressed at a normal rate from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface; another was delayed in transport from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. However, two mutants were indistinguishable from wild-type HA in their rate of movement from the endoplasmic reticulum through the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface. We conclude that changes in the cytoplasmic domain can powerfully influence the rate of intracellular transport and the efficiency with which HA reaches the cell surface. Nevertheless, absolute conservation of this region of the molecule is not required for maturation and efficient expression of a biologically active HA on the surface of infected cells.
The Developmental Psychopathology of Child Maltreatment

Child maltreatment is a complex, insidious problem that, although predominant in impoverished families (Pelton, 1978), cuts across all sectors of society. The American Association for Protecting Children (1986) tallied 1,727,000 reports of suspected child maltreatment in 1984. Forty two percent of these reports were substantiated. A national survey reported that 10.7% of parents admitted to having perpetrated a “severe violent act” against their child in the previous year (Straus & Gelles, 1986), and prevalence rates of sexual abuse have been estimated to be as high as 62% for girls and 31% for boys (Dubowitz, 1986). The economic and human costs of maltreatment in American society are astronomical. It is likely that billions of dollars are spent in treatment and social service costs and are lost in lessened productivity for a generation of maltreated children (Dubowitz, 1986).
Subliminal Activation of Intrapsychic Conflicts: Subconscious Realms of Mind vs Subconscious Processes of Mentation

Cognitive-state monitoring theory asserts that people perceive subliminal stimulation without self-consciously monitoring its external innervation (as opposed to central innervation). Thus monitoring theory predicts that subconsciously perceived discord, in the absence of any ‘external location’ cues, should be misinterpreted as centrally generated discord and should disrupt self-generated behavior. Consistent with this prediction, mathematical problem-solving in the current experiment was disrupted after mathematically competitive males repeatedly heard the subliminal message IT'S WRONG TO CRUSH DADDY stereophonically localized in the middle of their heads—but not after they repeatedly heard this subliminal ‘Oedipal’ message binaurally localized on one side of their heads. A subliminal message binaurally localized on one side of the self should not interfere with problem-solving behavior because, even though the message's external innervation is not self-consciously ‘monitored,’ its external location is ...
Raman Amplification in Multimode Fiber

We demonstrate that the Raman gain of the fundamental mode in graded-index multimode fiber (MMF) is comparable to that of standard single-mode fiber using the same pump power. Moreover, we show that mode-selective gain is significantly enhanced by the radial dependence of the GeO2 concentration in these fibers. The mode-selective gain is also shown, via impulse responses and eye diagrams, to reduce the intersymbol interference for near center-launch excitations and thereby enhance high-speed MMF link performance