cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Labeling Preschoolers as Learning Disabled: A Cautionary Position:

The purpose of this article is to explore the issues concerning the adaptation of school-based service delivery concepts for use in early childhood special education programs. The use of categorical labels for determining eligibility for preschool children is not required by law—and may be detrimental. The following concerns are discussed: (a) definitional issues in learning disabilities versus low achievement, (b) the dangers of labeling and low expectation sets, (c) repeated failure to demonstrate movement through a continuum of services (particularly to least restrictive environments), and (d) the efficacy of early intervention and school-based special services for those with mild or suspected developmental disabilities. Research is reviewed concerning definitional and assessment issues utilizing learning disabilities as a construct. Alternatives for describing the characteristics of young children who are significantly at risk or developmentally delayed are provided.
Rationale and use of vasodilators in the management of congestive heart failure

Burch’s initial description of hexamethonium for the relief of intractable ventricular dysfunction’ was largely ignored until recently when a landslide of literary material has emerged proclaiming the effects of vasodilator therapy in the management of patients with congestive heart failure. Several comprehensive reviews of vasodilator therapy have been published.‘-” Nevertheless, a number of areas concerning this therapy remain clouded. In this presentation, we attempt to synthesize the results of numerous investigations and reviews into a form that may assist in the evaluation of this therapy.
Molecular structure of silsesquioxanes determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to deduce the three-dimensional structure of a complex silsesquioxane polymer. Four distinct levels of structure were observed in the mass spectrum. The overall shape of the peak distribution was typical of polymers formed by condensation reactions. The mass separation between major clusters of peaks, each major cluster corresponding to an oligomer with a unique number of repeat units, confirmed that the synthesis proceeded as expected with no side reactions. The mass separation between peaks within a major cluster showed that intramolecular reactions during synthesis resulted in the elimination of water. The loss of water was ascribed to the formation of closed loops in the polymer structure. A simple arithmetic algorithm is presented for identifying these peaks. Autocorrelation techniques were used to determine the number and distribution of intramolecular closed loops per oligomer. This knowledge was used to deduce whether a particular oligomer is branched-linear, ladder, polyhedral, or some combination of these. The single-oligomer isotopic distribution was used to determine that cationization was present from both sodium and potassium ions.
Training effects on contrafreeloading in rats housed in operant chambers

Four rats were trained to press a bar for food pellets and then were housed in operant chambers for 6 continuous days of choice-testing between obtaining pellets freely or by barpressing. There were two additional 3-day choice periods following more barpress training. It was found that (1) animals preferred to secure food by barpressing when initially placed in the choice situation and immediately following additional barpress training; (2) there was a subsequent decrease to very low levels of response-dependent food taken during choice testing; and (3) opening the chambers for daily maintenance during choice-testing caused a temporary increase in barpressing for food. Thus the previously reported stability of high rates of barpressing in the presence of free food is, at least in part, dependent upon short testing sessions.
Photoacoustic imaging enhanced by indocyanine green-conjugated single-wall carbon nanotubes

A photoacoustic contrast agent that is based on bis-carboxylic acid derivative of indocyanine green (ICG) covalently conjugated to single-wall carbon nanotubes (ICG/SWCNT) is presented. Covalently attaching ICG to the functionalized SWCNT provides a more robust system that delivers much more ICG to the tumor site. The detection sensitivity of the new contrast agent in a mouse tumor model is demonstrated in vivo by our custom-built photoacoustic imaging system. The summation of the photoacoustic tomography (PAT) beam envelope, referred to as the "PAT summation," is used to demonstrate the postinjection light absorption of tumor areas in ICG- and ICG/SWCNT-injected mice. It is shown that ICG is able to provide 33% enhancement at approximately 20 min peak response time with reference to the preinjection PAT level, while ICG/SWCNT provides 128% enhancement at 80 min and even higher enhancement of 196% at the end point of experiments (120 min on average). Additionally, the ICG/SWCNT enhancement was mainly observed at the tumor periphery, which was confirmed by fluorescence images of the tumor samples. This feature is highly valuable in guiding surgeons to assess tumor boundaries and dimensions in vivo and to achieve clean tumor margins to improve surgical resection of tumors.
Remote Observing with the Nickel Telescope at Lick Observatory

We describe a project to enable remote observing on the Nickel 1-meter Telescope at Lick Observatory. The purpose was to increase the subscription rate and create more economical means for graduate- and undergraduate students to observe with this telescope. The Nickel Telescope resides in a 125 year old dome on Mount Hamilton. Remote observers may work from any of the University of California (UC) remote observing facilities that have been created to support remote work at both Keck Observatory and Lick Observatory. The project included hardware and software upgrades to enable computer control of all equipment that must be operated by the astronomer; a remote observing architecture that is closely modeled on UCO/Lick's work to implement remote observing between UC campuses and Keck Observatory; new policies to ensure safety of Observatory staff and equipment, while ensuring that the telescope subsystems would be suitably configured for remote use; and new software to enforce the safety-related policies. The results increased the subscription rate from a few nights per month to nearly full subscription, and has spurred the installation of remote observing sites at more UC campuses. Thanks to the increased automation and computer control, local observing has also benefitted and is more efficient. Remote observing is now being implemented for the Shane 3- meter telescope.
Computer Control of the Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron

The controls of the Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron are being interfaced to a computer system. The initial implementation of the system is designed to reduce the time for setting up the cyclotron between experiments and to closely monitor the operation of the accelerator's power supplies. The system will be expanded to include the monitoring and control of the RF, beam-line, and vacuum systems. Later, diagnostic devices will be interfaced so that beam quality and intensity may be optimized. The operator communicates with the cyclotron via a CRT interactive display and a control console containing reassignable function keys and LED readout devices. The computer is a Modular Computer Systems MCS III/5. Operation data and programs for controlling the cyclotron are stored on disc and magnetic tape libraries.
Tip Lesion Variant of FSGS

Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical hotographer: Brent Weedman. uthor queries to Agnes Fogo, MD, Department of Patholog E-mail: Agnes.Fogo@vanderbilt.edu ney Dis. 38(6):E30. y the National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Published by Else 6/$36.00 oi.org/10.1053/S0272-6386(13)90047-0 Fig 1. The localized sclerotic lesion that only involves the proximal tubular pole of the glomerulus has been classified as the tip lesion, with some evidence suggesting a better prognosis than typical FSGS. As in minimal change disease and FSGS, there are no immune complexes, and electron microscopy shows extensive foot process effacement (not shown, see minimal change disease). (Jones’ silver stain, 3200).
Weighted-Tuple Synchronization for Parallel Architecture Simulators

Simulation is a critical tool for evaluating processor and program performance and behavior in newly proposed computer architectures. When modeling target machines with hundreds or thousands of cores, parallel simulation approaches are an increasingly popular method to reduce the long simulation times inherent in single-threaded simulation. Unfortunately, synchronization forces a tradeoffs between performance and fidelity in these parallel simulators. In this work, we study the link between synchronization violations and architectural metric error in the form of CPI error. Further, we introduce weighted-tuple synchronization, a new distributed synchronization scheme that improves error-delay for parallel simulation. Each core periodically selects a group of synchronization targets, forming a synchronization tuple. The lead core then waits for the other cores to catch up. Selection occurs randomly, but is weighted to favor cores which cause more synchronization violations. With weighted-tuple synchronization and a synchronization interval of 100 cycles, average error delay improves over barrier synchronization by 41% and over random-pair synchronization by 35%.
High-energy dependence of the molecular-hydrogen photoionization cross section

The photoionization cross section for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ per atom has recently been reported to be \ensuremath{\sim} 45% larger than the atomic cross section at energies of 5.41 and 8.39 keV. This note relates this observation to the differences in electron density at the nucleus in atomic and molecular hydrogen and points out that the enhancement at high photon energies is unique for molecular hydrogen.
SIMILARITY OF AFFECTIVE MEANING AND THE EVALUATION OF METAPHOR

Summary.-This study explored the role of similarity of affective meaning between the elements of metaphors (an X is a Y) in the evaluation of metaphor. Similarity was measured by subjects' ratings of the metaphor elements on the Evaluation, Potency, and Activity factors of the semantic differential technique (Osgood, Suci, & Tannenbaum, 1957). To determine evaluation scores, other subjects ranked the metaphors on a Q-sort task for goodness, vividness, meaningfulness, strangeness, and interestingness. Only a positive linear relationship was found between similarity and evaluation. Similaricy on Activity was most strongly related to the positive evaluation of the metaphors. Many researchers have been concerned with the nature of the bases of metaphorical extension. A similarity of function between the things compared seemed to Asch (1958) to be at the root of a metaphor. Brown (1958) and Koen (1965) emphasized the role of mediated associations in metaphorical linkage. Richards (1929) has cautioned that some metaphors are based on "literal" similarities. In such "sense metaphors" a man may be called a pig because of some physical resemblance. At the other pole of metaphorical relationships, Richards referred to "emotive metaphors" which are grounded in the similarity of one's emotional response to the things compared in the metaphor. Of course, a given metaphor can be to an extent literally based and to an extent emotionally based at the same time. Osgood's (1962, 1969) discussion of the Semantic Differential's relationship to metaphor seems most relevant to emotive-type metaphors; "emotive" is not an ideal term (see Richards, 1955) but for this introduction, it represents an adequate level of analysis. He considers his measures of so-called affective rneaning-Evaluation, Potency, and Activity-to be the "'common coin of metaphor', . . . and the psychological basis for synesthesia and much of aesthetic communication" ( 1969, p. 197). He notes that the bipolar adjective scales of. the semantic differential must be used metaphorically when applied to many domains. For example, the rating of the "softness" of "truth" is necessarily metaphorical. The more often the semantic differential scales need to be used metaphorically, the more clearly and reliably the Evaluation-Potency-Activity system tends to fall out in the factor analysis of the ratings. He concludes that this system maps metaphorical meaning. Since the semantic differential provides a convenient measure of similarity (the D score) and since Osgood's system (1969) appears to measure primar'ly
A CNDO estimate of the relative affinities of taurine and isethionic acid for alkali metal ions

Calculations are made, in the CNDO/2 formalism, of the relative affinities of the taurine zwitterion and the isethionic acid anion for alkali metal ions. The possible implications of the results for an understanding of the antiepileptic activity of taurine are discussed.
Drainage Systems Developed by Sapping on Earth and Mars

During falling tides the foreshores of many beaches develop steep-headed incised drainageways that resemble and may be analogous to some larger scale drainage systems of both Earth and Mars. The beach systems are formed entirely by groundwater outflow and sapping where the water table intersects the beach face. At this intersection outflow dilates the sand and moves surface grains outward into the runoff. This forms gully heads, which then advance headward up the slope in directions largely controlled by directional permeability. Activity ceases when the water table falls below the level of the gully heads. Rather extensive, though miniature, angulate-dendritic drainage systems can result from this process, but sapping has rarely been recognized as a major factor in the formation of larger scale drainage systems on Earth. On Mars, however, the analogy of the beach models may help explain the origin of some large valleys as a result of sapping by outflow of groundwater derived from thawed ground ice. Such relict effects of sapping may be recognizable on Mars because they have not been obscured by surface processes, as they tend to be on Earth. Re-evaluation of many terrestrial fluvial systems may reveal that sapping has been a common and important valley-forming process here too.
Ketene acetal monomers: Cationic photopolymerization

A study of the photoinduced cationic polymerization of a novel series of cyclic and acyclic ketene acetal monomers was carried out. It was observed that the cyclic monomers underwent facile cationic polymerization to give high molecular weight polymers while the acyclic ketene acetals did not. Thermally induced polymerization was also observed on standing catalyzed by glass surfaces. Photoinduced cationic polymerizations employing both diaryliodonium and triarylsulfonium salt photoinitiators were studied. It was observed that the position and type of substitutents in the cyclic ketene acetals was the major factor in determining the proportion of vinyl and ring-opening polymerizations that take place. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Size reduction associated with brachymesophalangia-5: a possible selective advantage.

Subjects with brachymesophalangia-5 (the short middle segment trait of the fifth digit) are systematically reduced in the length of the second metacarpal and in stature, by approximately 0.5 standard deviations, in contrast with unaffected individuals or unaffected siblings of affected propositi. There is conclusive evidence for axial and appendicular length reduction in affected individuals, and the smaller body size associated with brachymesophalangia-5 may confer a selective advantage during growth under conditions of chronic caloric or protein-calorie malnutrition.
Anti-M and anti-N reactivity with Tn and T activated cells

Summary Monoclonal (MoAB) anti-N and anti-M were tested against normal, T-activated, and Tn-activated RBCs. In vivo T and Tn activation affects the sialic acid expression on the RBCs which may affect the binding of antibodies to the M and / or N antigens. The majority of MoAB anti-M and anti-N in this workshop demonstrated some effect from in vivo T and Tn activation.
Excitation spectrum of Heisenberg spin ladders.

Heisenberg antiferromagnetic spin ``ladders'' (two coupled spin chains) are low-dimensional magnetic systems which for S=1/2 interpolate between half-integer-spin chains, when the chains are decoupled, and effective integer-spin one-dimensional chains in the strong-coupling limit. The spin-1/2 ladder may be realized in nature by vanadyl pyrophosphate, (VO${)}_{2}$${\mathrm{P}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$. In this paper we apply strong-coupling perturbation theory, spin-wave theory, Lanczos techniques, and a Monte Carlo method to determine the ground-state energy and the low-lying excitation spectrum of the ladder. We find evidence of a nonzero spin gap for all interchain couplings ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$g0. A band of spin-triplet excitations above the gap is also analyzed. These excitations are unusual for an antiferromagnet, since their long-wavelength dispersion relation behaves as (k-${\mathit{k}}_{0}$${)}^{2}$ (in the strong-coupling limit ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$\ensuremath{\gg}J, where J is the in-chain antiferromagnetic coupling). Their band is folded, with a minimum energy at ${\mathit{k}}_{0}$=\ensuremath{\pi}, and a maximum between ${\mathit{k}}_{1}$=\ensuremath{\pi}/2 (for ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$=0) and 0 (for ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$=\ensuremath{\infty}). We also give numerical results for the dynamical structure factor S(q,\ensuremath{\omega}), which can be determined in neutron scattering experiments. Finally, possible experimental techniques for studying the excitation spectrum are discussed.
The role of citrate and phthalate during Co(II) coprecipitation with calcite

Abstract The influence of citrate and phthalate on Co coprecipitation with calcite was investigated using a combination of batch experiments, Fourier-transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) over a wide range of precipitation rates. Steady-state growth conditions (at constant [Ca], [Co], DIC, and pH) were generally achieved within 3–5 h, after which Co(II) partitioning into calcite was evaluated. Only minor differences are observed in the partition coefficient ( K d ) trends with and without citrate and phthalate as a function of calcite precipitation rate except at very low rates. Slight inhibition of calcite growth is observed in the presence of citrate or phthalate, which can be attributed to adsorption at surface sites. TGA curves for samples coprecipitated with citrate show a significant mass loss between 375 and 550 °C, whereas the weight-loss curves for the Co–phthalate coprecipitates are indistinguishable from those of the organic-free Co coprecipitates. This indicates that citrate is incorporated into calcite during calcite crystallization, whereas phthalate is excluded. FT-IR spectra for the sample with citrate show a broad absorption in the range 3700–3100 cm −1 , which is attributable to water molecules coordinated to citrate coprecipitated with calcite. The preferential incorporation of citrate over phthalate likely reflects differences in both aqueous speciation and conformation of the carboxylate groups. This new finding may provide new insight to the factors that control the behavior of macromolecules and their incorporation into the structure of calcium carbonate during biomineralization.
Single-cell analysis of sodium channel expression in dorsal root ganglion neurons

Sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) express multiple voltage-gated sodium (Na) channels that substantially differ in gating kinetics and pharmacology. Small-diameter ( 30 μm) predominately express fast TTX-S Na current. Na channel expression was further investigated using single-cell RT-PCR to measure the transcripts present in individually harvested DRG neurons. Consistent with cellular electrophysiology, the small neurons expressed transcripts encoding for both TTX-S (Nav1.1, Nav1.2, Nav1.6, and Nav1.7) and TTX-R (Nav1.8 and Nav1.9) Na channels. Nav1.7, Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 were the predominant Na channels expressed in the small neurons. The large neurons highly expressed TTX-S isoforms (Nav1.1, Nav1.6, and Nav1.7) while TTX-R channels were present at comparatively low levels. A unique subpopulation of the large neurons was identified that expressed TTX-R Na current and high levels of Nav1.8 transcript. DRG neurons also displayed substantial differences in the expression of neurofilaments (NF200, peripherin) and Necl-1, a neuronal adhesion molecule involved in myelination. The preferential expression of NF200 and Necl-1 suggests that large-diameter neurons give rise to thick myelinated axons. Small-diameter neurons expressed peripherin, but reduced levels of NF200 and Necl-1, a pattern more consistent with thin unmyelinated axons. Single-cell analysis of Na channel transcripts indicates that TTX-S and TTX-R Na channels are differentially expressed in large myelinated (Nav1.1, Nav1.6, and Nav1.7) and small unmyelinated (Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9) sensory neurons.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose dissolved in N-methyl morpholine oxide/water solutions

In situ hydrolysis of cellulose (dissolving pulp) in N-methyl morpholine oxide (NMMO) solutions by commercially available Accellerase1000 is carried out. The yield of reducing sugars is followed as a function of time at three different temperatures and four different enzyme loadings to study the effect of system parameters on enzymatic hydrolysis. Initial results show that rates of hydrolysis of cellulose and yields of reducing sugars in the presence of NMMO-water is superior initially (ratio of initial reaction rates approximately 4) and comparable to that of regenerated cellulose (for times greater than 5h) when suspended in aqueous solutions. The usage of Accellerase1000 results predominantly in the formation of glucose with minimal amounts of cellobiose. This study proves the ability of cellulases to remain active in NMMO to carry out an in situ saccharification of cellulose thus eliminating the need to recover regenerated cellulose. Thus this work will form the basis for developing a continuous process for conversion of biomass to hydrogen, ethanol and other hydrocarbons.
Mode Structure Of A Low-Gain Low-Voltage Free-Electron Laser

A test-model free-electron laser, FEL, has been operated at voltages from 120 to 280 kV. The laser has a 2-cm wiggler period and utilizes a linearly polarized wiggler. The resonator is composed of a 1.75-cm-dia circular waveguide coupled to 8.89-cm-dia spherical mirrors. The beam current is about 15 A and the FEL operates at near threshold. The theoretical gain exceeds the measured cavity losses (10 to 30 percent per pass) only for the higher Q modes. The most intense emission occurs at frequencies near the waveguide cutoff of 10.2 GHz, where we estimate the emitted power to be saturated at 10 to 100 kW. Signals have been observed to last for over 10 ps. This lower frequency mode, (which we presume is the backward TE11 FEL wave), dominates. Radiation is reproducibly observed to appear during periods when the voltage corresponds qualitatively to resonator modes; with each mode usually occurring twice during the pulse, e.g. during the rise and fall of the voltage. The rate of change of the voltage affects the gain under these circumstances and the signal is quenched if the change exceeds about 4% per ps. Harmonic frequencies are also observed at frequencies near to, but not on, the forward-wave branch of the FEL-dispersion curve. The intensity of the third harmonic (31 GHz) is on the order of 44 W.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mitochondrial DNA alterations in thyroid cancer.

Background Alterations in mitochondrial DNA have been identified in a number of solid tumor types, including gastric, head and neck, breast, colorectal, lung, and bladder carcinomas. Recently, a homopolymeric C stretch (D310) located within the noncoding D-loop of the mitochondrial genome was identified and described as a mutational hotspot. The objective of the present study was to examine a series of thyroid cancers for genetic alterations in this region. Methods Seventy-two (72) thyroid cancers were examined for alterations in D310 using PCR-based methods. The primary tumors tested included 35 papillary carcinomas, 18 medullary carcinomas, 9 anaplastic carcinomas, 9 follicular carcinomas, and 1 insular carcinoma. Results Alterations in D310 were observed in 2/35 papillary carcinomas (5.7%), 1/18 medullary carcinomas (5.6%), 1/9 anaplastic carcinomas (11.1%), and 1/9 follicular carcinomas (11.1%). Overall, the rate of alterations was 5/72 (6.9%). Conclusions Mutations in the D310 region of the D-loop of mitochondrial DNA are found in thyroid tumors of varying histologic types and grades. This mutation rate is lower than the reported rate of alteration in tumors of epithelial origin, and shows no relationship to histologic grade. J. Surg. Oncol. 2003;82:170–173. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation Produced by a High-Altitude Nuclear Explosion on July 9, 1962

A preliminary report is presented of the investigations made with the satellite Injun I (launched July 29, 1961) on the artificial radiation belt produced by a nuclear device exploded at a high altitude near Johnston Island. The satellite had three particle detectors, two of which were directional and the other was omni-directional. The dynamics of geomagnetically trapped particles are described briefly. Plots of the data are given. It is estimated that there were ~10/sup 24/ freshly injected and trapped electrons of energy >1.5 Mev in the geomagnetic field one hour after the explosion. The rate of loss of electrons of energy >6 Mev is considered briefly. The measured intensities are compared with those of the Argus belts. (D.L.C.)
Effects of intravenous acetazolamide on retinal pH in the cat.

Abstract Double-barreled H+-selective microelectrodes were used to study the effect of intravenous acetazolamide on intraretinal pH in the cat. Acetazolamide (11·4–27·8 mg kg−1 intravenously) caused a rapid acidification of the subretinal space. This change in pH originated in the most distal portion of the subretinal space and could not be attributed to a change in pH or PCO2 of the arterial blood. Slow light-evoked alkalinizations in distal retina, attributable to a decrease in rod photoreceptor energy metabolism, were relatively unaltered by acetazolamide. This result indicated that acetazolamide had not crossed the blood-retinal barrier in sufficient amounts to change this response. In time, following intravenous perfusion of acetazolamide, continuous depth profiles of intraretinal pH showed an acidification of the entire retina and the vitreous also became more acidic. These results indicate that the rapid or primary effect of acetazolamide is an acidification of the distal portion of the subretinal space, which is thought to originate in a change in the transport of H + or HCO 3 − by the retinal pigment epithelium. This is followed by an acidification of the entire retina and vitreous, presumably due to diffusion of acid from the distal retina, although there could be additional causes.
TRANSFORMATION OF SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERRILL) USING PROLIFERATIVE EMBRYOGENIC TISSUE MAINTAINED ON SEMI-SOLID MEDIUM

Transgenic soybean can be efficiently produced by particle bombardment of embryogenic suspension culture material. Unfortunately, the time required to obtain a transformation-competent soybean suspension culture line is often lengthy and can result in reduced fertility of regenerated plants. In addition, establishment and maintenance of embryogenic suspension cultures can be very difficult. The objective of this work was to minimize the time required to obtain transformation-competent embryogenic tissue and optimize DNA delivery into that tissue. Somatic embryos were induced from immature cotyledons of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv ‘Jack’] by placement of cotyledons, adaxial side up, on a MS-based induction medium containing 40 mg (181 µM) 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) per 1 and 6% sucrose. Embryogenic tissues, which formed from the surface of the cotyledons within 2–4 wk, were transferred to an embryo proliferation medium containing 20 mg (90 µM) 2,4-D per 1 and 3% sucrose. After 4 wk, proliferative embryogenic tissue could be used for transformation via particle bombardment. Desiccation of target tissue, period of subculture prior to bombardment, and the number of bombardments per target tissue were evaluated for enhancement of transient β-glucuronidase (GUS) expression. The highest number of blue foci was observed when the target tissue was desiccated for 10 min in an uncovered Petri plate containing proliferation medium, subcultured on the same day of bombardment, and bombarded three times on a single day. For stable transformation, selection was started 20 d after bombardment using 9 mg hygromycin per 1 for 4 wk, and 18 mg per 1 thereafter. Stably transformed clones were obtained from tissue bombarded once and twice on a single day. GUS assays and Southern hybridization analysis of DNA from putative clones confirmed stable integration of the introduced genes. Fertile transgenic plants were obtained in 11–12 mo following culture initiation.
Foraging Performance by Atta colombica, a Leaf-Cutting Ant

The size of leaf fragments cut and carried by leaf-cutting ants affects the time and energy costs of providing substrate to the colony's fungal gardens. I estimate the costs and gains for individual workers of Atta colombica, a leaf-cutting species of South and Central American forest habitats. Load masses needed to maximize the rate or energetic efficiency of individual foraging are greater than average fragment masses actually carried by Atta colombica foragers in a lowland forest in Panama. Analysis of foraging rates for a similar species, Atta cephalotes, suggests that fragments carried by this species are also below rate-maximizing size. Thus, individual rate or efficiency maximization appears not to be the "strategic" basis of foraging behavior in these leaf-cutting ants. Fragment size might be constrained by handling requirements, but little is known about this aspect of leaf cutting. Short absolute return times to the nest (and therefore lightweight loads) might be favored to reduce moisture loss ...
Grip Strength of Children Aged 3 to 7 Years Using A Modified Sphygmomanometer: Comparison of Typical Children and Children With Rheumatic Disorders

The standard methods for testing grip strength can cause pain and inhibit accuracy of results when persons have rheumatic diseases. The first purpose of this study was to gather data on grip strength of typical children 3 to 7 years of age using the modified sphygmomanometer technique. Modified grip strength testing requires the person to squeeze an inflated sphygmomanometer (blood pressure device). Gender, age, height, weight, hand preference, and grip strength of 273 children 3 to 7 years old were recorded. Results illustrate that grip strength increases steadily from younger to older children. No differences were noted related to height, weight, or grip strength between girls and boys. The second purpose of this study was to compare the grip strength of a preliminary sample of children with rheumatic disorders to the grip strength of a sample of typical children. Results indicate that grip strength of the sample of 17 children with rheumatic disorders was significantly lower. This study offers therapists some guidance about grip strength expectations for children aged 3 to 7 years that can then be applied to a variety of special populations.
Dynamic fluctuations in normal liquid 3He

Abstract A kinetic theory analysis of normal liquid 3He is presented. Its relationship to other theories is discussed, and the importance of nonlocal effects is emphasized.
Reevaluating obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for cerebrovascular disease.

Over the past quarter century, multiple studies have firmly established an association between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and stroke. Case reports, case series, and case-control studies have demonstrated an 70% prevalence of OSAS in stroke survivors. Furthermore, the severity of OSAS (Apnea Hypopnea Index [AHI] of .30/hour) is much higher in stroke patients than in controls. In many cases, the symptoms of OSAS precede the occurrence of stroke, suggesting a cause-andeffect relationship. Early large-scale risk ratio studies showed a strong association between snoring and cerebral infarction, with a risk ratio of 10.3; the more habitual the snoring, the greater the risk of stroke. Specifically, persistent snoring is an independent risk factor for cerebrovascular events, with a risk ratio of 3.16, especially for events occurring during sleep or shortly after awakening. Adding obesity and daytime sleepiness to habitual snoring more than doubles the risk. With apnea added, the risk is 7-fold greater. Subjects diagnosed with OSAS (AHI $ 5) have a 1.58 relative odds of prevalent stroke, with a hazard ratio of 2.89. After stratifying for severity, mild OSAS ($ 5 AHI , 15) carries a 2.44-fold greater risk of cerebrovascular events, whereas moderate ($ 15 AHI , 30) or severe OSAS (AHI $ 30) carries a 3.56-fold greater risk. One of the seminal articles on this subject was published by Arzt et al in 2005. The authors followed a population of 1475 subjects aged 30-60 years for 12
Overweight and obesity in women with physical disabilities: associations with demographic and disability characteristics and secondary conditions.

Abstract Background This cross-sectional study was designed to examine weight in association with demographic and disability characteristics and secondary conditions in a sample of community living women with physical disabilities. Methods 443 predominantly ethnic minority women with physical disabilities were recruited through public and private health clinics and community organizations. They completed questionnaires including measures of body mass index and a health conditions checklist. Results Data showed that nearly three-quarters of the sample were overweight (26.6%) or obese (47.6%) with 14% extremely obese. Obesity was highest among middle aged women (aged 45-54, 52.7%; aged 55-64, 52.5%; compared to aged 18-44, 37.8%; or aged ≥65, 39.1%). Black (84.0%) and Hispanic women (83.8%) were more likely to be overweight or obese compared to non-Hispanic white women (56.7%). Women with joint and connective tissue diseases and women with more extensive functional limitations were more likely to have excess weight. Disability factors were more strongly associated with excess weight than demographic factors other than age. Weight classification was significantly related to whether or not the women had ever had diabetes or blood pressure problems. Diabetes was reported 4 times as often as among women in general (36.3% versus 8.9%), and hypertension nearly twice as often (56.2% versus 30.9%). Conclusions These findings indicate extremely high rates of overweight and obesity in women with physical disabilities, a growing population greatly in need of effective weight management interventions. Overweight and obesity in combination with disability in women was associated with disproportionately high rates of diabetes and hypertension.
Critical image formation parameters in thermal hyperspectral image simulations

The increased availability and reliability of hyperspectral thermal imaging systems has stimulated the development of new exploitation algorithms that key on spectroscopic features. However, variations in image formation parameters can have significant effects on the ability of hyperspectral algorithms to separate and identify spectral signatures within a scene. To continue to support the algorithm development community, the simulation community must provide synthetic imagery that features both the spatial and spectral characteristics observed in actual imagery. This paper outlines the spectral resolution requirements for hyperspectral simulation in the thermal region as well as the importance of rigorous modeling of the atmosphere, surface temperatures, surface optical properties and backgrounds contributions. The approaches taken by the Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation model to incorporate these critical modeling parameters are described and example imagery demonstrating variations of these parameters is also included.
Epiphytic macrolichen indication of air quality and climate in interior forested mountains of the Pacific Northwest, USA

a b s t r a c t Biomonitoring can provide cost-effective and practical information about the distribution of nitrogen (N) deposition, particularly in regions with complex topography and sparse instrumented monitoring sites. Because of their unique biology, lichens are very sensitive bioindicators of air quality. Lichens lack a cuticle to control absorption or leaching of nutrients and they dynamically concentrate nutrients roughly in proportion to the abundance in the atmosphere. As N deposition increases, nitrogen-loving eutrophic lichens become dominant over oligotrophic lichens that thrive in nutrient-poor habitats. We capitalize on these characteristics to develop two lichen-based indicators of air-borne and depositional N for inte- rior forested mountain ecosystems of the Pacific Northwest and calibrate them with N concentration measured in PM2.5 at 12 IMPROVE air quality monitoring sites in the study area. The two lichen indices and peak frequencies of individual species exhibited continuous relationships with inorganic N pollu- tion throughout the range of N in ambient PM2.5, suggesting that the designation of a critical level or critical load is somewhat arbitrary because at any level above background, some species are likely to experience adverse impacts. The concentration of N in PM2.5 near the city of Spokane, Washington was the lowest measured at an instrumented monitoring site near known N pollution sources. This level, 0.37 g/m 3 /year, served as a critical level, corresponding to a concentration of 1.02% N in the lichen Letharia vulpina, which is similar to the upper end of background lichen N concentrations measured elsewhere in the western United States. Based on this level, we estimate critical loads to be 1.54 and 2.51 kg/ha/year of through-fall dissolved inorganic N deposition for lichen communities and lichen N concentration, respectively. We map estimated fine-particulate (PM2.5) N in ambient air based on lichen community and lichen N concentration indices to identify hotspots in the region. We also develop and map an independent lichen community-based bioclimatic index, which is strongly related to gradients in moisture availability and temperature variability. Lichen communities in the driest climates were more eutrophic than those in wetter climates at the same levels of N air pollution. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Is there a spirit of governance

In his classic work, H. George Frederickson offers a robust call to value anew the spirit of public administration. This was offered not as an abstract treatise but as a reaction to the evolution of the practice of public administration that included institutions and approaches that stretched previous understanding of the field. Much about the constitution of the “spirit of public administration” is left abstract by Frederickson. It is something of a placeholder for the norms, values, and principles that are threatened by the ascendance of “governance.” In this article, the threat of an undermined spirit of administration in a governance era is considered with an attempt at greater specificity and concreteness than previous discussions. To the end of opening a more empirical exploration of the spirit–governance nexus, this article moves away from an either/or position and attempts to distill the highest risks of deterioration of spirit in the provision of public goods.
Entrepreneurial overconfidence and ambiguity aversion: dealing with the devil you know, than the devil you don't know

Various empirical studies find that entrepreneurs are systematically overconfident in their venture's probabilistic chances of success. Yet, entrepreneurs often face an ambiguous future that precludes them from making such probabilistic judgements. A theoretical framework based on ambiguity aversion is developed to explain an entrepreneur's overconfidence under complex and novel conditions of ambiguity. Unlike optimistic explanations, this ambiguity-averse form of overconfidence offers a non-probabilistic approach to entrepreneurial judgements of uncertainty.
CEBPE promoter SNPs, caught red handed? A commentary on identification of functional nucleotide and haplotype variants in the promoter of the CEBPE gene

CEBPE promoter SNPs, caught red handed? A commentary on identification of functional nucleotide and haplotype variants in the promoter of the CEBPE gene
Genetic and physical mapping of the GLUR5 glutamate receptor gene on human chromosome 21.

Glutamate receptors (GluRs) mediate excitatory neurotransmission and may have important roles in central nervous system disorders. To characterize the human GLUR5 gene, which is located on human chromosome 21q22.1, we isolated cDNAs, genomic phage lambda clones, and yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) and developed sequence tagged sites (STSs) and simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs) for GLUR5. Genetic mapping with a tetranucleotide AGAT repeat named GLUR5/AGAT (six alleles observed, 70% heterozygosity) placed GLUR5 5 cM telomeric to APP (D21S210) and 3cM centromeric to SOD1 (D21S223). The humanGLUR5 gene is located near the familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) locus; linkage analysis of GLUR5 SSLPs in FALS pedigrees yielded negative lod scores, consistent with the recent association of the FALS locus with the SOD1 gene. Physical mapping of GLUR5 using a YAC contig suggested that the GLUR5 gene spans approximately 400–500kb, and is within 280kb of D21S213. The large size of the GLUR5 gene raises questions regarding its functional significance. Our GLUR5 YAC contig includes clones found in the Genethon chromosome 21 YAC contig, and reference to the larger contig indicates the orientation centromere — D21S213 — GLUR5 5′ end-GLUR5/ AGAT — GLUR5 3′ end — SODI. The development of GLUR5/AGAT should permit rapid determination of the status of the GLUR5 gene in individuals with partial trisomy or monosomy of chromosome 21. Such studies may provide insights concerning the possible role of GLUR5 in Down syndrome.
Lipolytic response of rat adipocytes to epinephrine: effect of age and cell size.

Abstract Isolated fat cells from 3, 12 and 28 month old rats were compared in their lipolytic response to various doses of L-epinephrine. With increasing age a progressive decline in the response occurred when comparing rats with unmatched mean adipocyte diameters. However, this apparently age-related decrease was no longer evident if the diameters were matched since the 28 month old animals had a lipolytic response less than the 3 month old rats but greater than the 12 month olds. Body weight differences between these ages may account for these observations. The biphasic dose response curve to hormone stimulation in the 3 and 12 month olds was monophasic at 28 months. Within each age group the initial lag in glycerol release decreased and the lipolytic response increased as mean cell size increased. The rate of hormone stimulated glycerol release varied inversely with incubations of 3,700 to 25,000 cells/ml and aging had no effect on this parameter. DNA content per fat cell remained constant with age.
Vibronic quantum beats in PbS microcrystallites.

We have used femtosecond optical spectroscopy to study the dynamics of excitons strongly confined in microcrystallites of the narrow-band-gap semiconductor PbS. The transient absorption of the lowest exciton level exhibits terahertz-frequency vibronic quantum beats. Far-infrared measurements show that the vibrations are confined transverse-optical phonons.
Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the pancreas and jejunum

Plasmacytomas occurring in the gastrointestinal tract are extremely rare. We report one such case of pancreatic and jejunal plasmacytoma in a single patient with known multiple myeloma with emphasis on computed tomographic (CT) findings.
Control strategies on cross-layer optimization within secondary spectrum access networks

Cross-layer optimization has been frequently considered as one solution for achieving more efficiency in wireless networks. Different scheduling algorithms can be implemented to satisfy specific requirements. With respect to spectrum allocation, conventional algorithms often do not employ advanced forms of priority scheduling for the assignment of transmission channels, thus resulting in the inefficient utilization of wireless network resources. To improve the utilization in this situation, we investigate three control strategies: master-slave configuration, multi supervisor, and floating supervisor, which can coordinate specific spectrum allocation efficiently and exchange their priorities. The proposed strategies apply different algorithms in order to utilize transmit power for improving system error robustness, utilize data rate to increase transmission bandwidth and information throughput, and utilize frame size to control the amount of information transmitted per burst. The simulation results of these algorithms are compared against each other. It can be observed from our research results that structures that are more complex generally achieve higher efficiency at the cost of increased delay.
Uncovering unconscious memories and myths for understanding international tourism behavior

Abstract Growing evidence suggests unconscious thinking (e.g., [Bargh, John A., (2002), “Losing consciousness: automatic influences on consumer judgement, behavior, and motivation.” J Consum Res, 29 (2), 280–285.]) affects most decision-making. Tapping into this process requires a methodology that helps informants retrieve memories from their unconscious memories. Using McCracken's [McCracken, Grant, (1988), The long interview. Newbury Park: Sage.] long interview method, data are collected to demonstrate retrieval of subconscious myths and interpretations of their meanings. Levy [Levy, Sidney J. Interpreting consumer mythology: a structural approach to consumer behavior. Journal of Marketing 1981;45(3):49–61.] suggests that unconscious memories are stored as little myths–pieces of stories–and offers interpretive guidelines for analysis. Using a modified version of Levy's method, the paper interprets thick, written descriptions of long interviews of Japanese tourists visiting Hawaii's Big Island (BI). The results provide insights on Japanese tourist behavior inaccessible through conventional research methods. Both emic (self) and etic (researcher) interpretations of visitor experiences uncover important insights on leisure travel decisions and tourist behavior. Long interviews of Japanese tourists visiting Hawaii's Big Island are mapped and compared to the visitor's plans, motivations, decisions, and consequences. This paper extends Levy's [Levy, Sidney J. Interpreting consumer mythology: a structural approach to consumer behavior. Journal of Marketing 1981;45(3):49–61.] methodology to expand understanding of the tourist decision-making process.