cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
4. The New York City Business Atlas: Leveling the Playing Field for Small Businesses with Open Data

While retail entrepreneurs, particularly those operating in the small-business space, are experts in their respective trades, they often lack access to high-quality information about social, environmental, and economic conditions in the neighborhoods where they operate or are considering operating. The New York City Business Atlas, conceived by the Mayor’s Office of Data Analytics (MODA) and the Department of Small Business Services, is designed to alleviate that information gap by providing a public web-based tool that gives small businesses access to high-quality data to help them decide where to establish a new business or expand an existing one. e tool brings together a diversity of data, including business-fling data from the Department of Consumer Affairs, sales-tax data from the Department of Finance, demographic data from the census, and traffic data from Placemeter, a New York City startup focusing on real-time traffic information. The initial iteration of the Business Atlas made useful and previously inaccessible data available to small-business owners and entrepreneurs in an innovative manner. After a few years, however, it became clear that the tool was not experiencing the level of use or creating the level of demonstrable impact anticipated. Rather than continuing down the same path or abandoning the effort entirely, MODA pivoted to a new approach, moving from the Business Atlas as a single information-providing tool to the Business Atlas as a suite of capabilities aimed at bolstering New York’s small-business community. Through problem- and user-centered efforts, the Business Atlas is now making important insights available to stakeholders who can put it to meaningful use — from how long it takes to open a restaurant in the city to which areas are most in need of education and outreach to improve their code compliance. This chapter considers the open data environment from which the Business Atlas was launched, details the initial version of the Business Atlas and the lessons it generated and describes the pivot to this new approach.
The impact of body mass index on the risk of early progression of smoldering multiple myeloma to symptomatic myeloma.

8032Background: Human adipocytes can contribute directly to the in vitro growth and progression of multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines. Clinically, an elevated body mass index (BMI) has been associate...
Multi-component professional development for educators in an Early Head Start: Explicit vocabulary instruction during interactive shared book reading

Abstract This multiple-baseline, single case design study investigated the effects of a multi-component professional development program to increase educators’ use of explicit vocabulary instruction during small group interactive shared book reading sessions in Early Head Start classrooms. The effects of the program were examined across four educators and 2–3 of their students (n = 9 students). Educators were provided with a professional development program, which included an introduction to content through direct teaching, opportunities for practice during classroom routines, and individualized coaching with feedback. Baseline book reading sessions resulted in consistently low levels of educator intervention fidelity based on fidelity checklists, followed by immediate increases in fidelity upon introduction to the program. Students showed receptive vocabulary gains for words targeted during intervention and maintenance sessions. Educators found the program to be feasible for classroom use, and they planned to continue using the targeted strategies in the future. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Metrics-Based Approaches

Continuing from Chap. 7, this chapter applies one method—the resilience matrix—to a selection of cases ranging from energy grids to psychological resilience to electrical engineering. As noted in Chap. 6, the resilience matrix can utilize either qualitative or quantitative input to inform decision-making, making it flexible and adaptable to user needs. Each case below includes a general overview of how resilience might be applied to a given case area, and then continues on to include a real-world, real-data case demonstration through a resilience matrix.
501. Serum IgG Antibody Testing Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Healthcare Workers

Background: With the COVID-19 pandemic, many changes were made in healthcare institutions including but not limited to canceling elective surgeries, limiting face-to-face clinic visits, and implementing visitor restrictions Phased reopening began at West Virginia University (WVU) Medicine on May 25, 2020 While preparing for transition, concern was raised regarding potential for more employee exposures to persons with SARS-CoV-2 infection In West Virginia (WV), we did not get the predicted surge of SARS-CoV-2 Current cumulative percent positivity for SARS-CoV-2 PCR in WV is 2332 positives of 133,142 tests (1 75%) We provided appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including controlled air purifying respirators for all healthcare workers (HCW) caring for persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 from the beginning Policies requiring masks for all HCW and patients took effect on March 27, 2020 and April 29, 2020, respectively We hypothesized that due to appropriate PPE use there would be no difference in SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity in HCW working in high versus low risk areas Methods: Serum samples from 1042 randomly selected HCW across 4 WVU Medicine hospitals, ranging from 170 to 690 beds with 121 cumulative SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive patients at the time of the study, were tested for SARS-CoV-2 IgG between May 26, 2020 and June 5, 2020 Physicians, nurses, and respiratory therapists were characterized as high or low risk based on work location Environmental services (EVS) workers were included but not risk-stratified A questionnaire was used to obtain information on demographics, chronic medical conditions, symptoms, and exposures Results: SARS-CoV-2 IgG was positive in 9 of 1042 (0 86%) randomly selected HCW Seroprevalence was lower in high risk 5/835 (0 60%) versus low risk 4/176 (2 27%) group This was not statistically significant No EVS workers tested positive 0/31 (0%) Of 9 HCW who tested positive, 2 had previously tested positive for SARSCoV- 2 PCR Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence in a large sample of HCW across 4 WVU Medicine hospitals was low (0 86%) Low seroprevalence among HCW in high risk areas may be related to appropriate PPE use Seroprevalence in HCW not caring for patients with COVID-19 could be from community or other inadvertent exposure
HLS-Compatible, Embedded-Processor Stream Links

Fine-grained dataflow streaming between parallel compute operators provides both a simple form of concurrency and high performance operation. These streams are regularly used to support concurrency within HLS computations on the FPGA. We provide a compatible stream API and implementation that allows FPGA operators to interoperate with operators implemented on the embedded, hardcore processors on SoC FPGAs. With our stream interface, individual operators can be written in C and compiled to either the embedded core or the FPGA from a single source file, and neither FPGA-mapped nor processor-mapped operators need to know whether the other side of the stream is implemented on an embedded core or on the FPGA. This capability also eases processor integration for debugging and development. Our streams support over 100MB/s per core between the ARM A53 cores on the Zynq UltraScale+ and the FPGA fabric even when all four A53 cores concurrently share a single AXI channel.
Cerebral Blood Flow of the Neonatal Brain after Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury.

Objective Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in infants can have long-term adverse neurodevelopmental effects and markedly reduce quality of life. Both the initial hypoperfusion and the subsequent rapid reperfusion can cause deleterious effects in brain tissue. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) assessment in newborns with HIE can help detect abnormalities in brain perfusion to guide therapy and prognosticate patient outcomes. Study Design The review will provide an overview of the pathophysiological implications of CBF derangements in neonatal HIE, current and emerging techniques for CBF quantification, and the potential to utilize CBF as a physiologic target in managing neonates with acute HIE. Conclusion The alterations of CBF in infants during hypoxia-ischemia have been studied by using different neuroimaging techniques, including nitrous oxide and xenon clearance, transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, arterial spin labeling MRI, 18F-FDG positron emission tomography, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), functional NIRS, and diffuse correlation spectroscopy. Consensus is lacking regarding the clinical significance of CBF estimations detected by these different modalities. Heterogeneity in the imaging modality used, regional versus global estimations of CBF, time for the scan, and variables impacting brain perfusion and cohort clinical characteristics should be considered when translating the findings described in the literature to routine practice and implementation of therapeutic interventions. Key Points
Metformin Confers Cardiac and Renal Protection in Sudden Cardiac Arrest via AMPK Activation

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) affects over 600,000 individuals annually in the United States and is associated with substantial mortality. After resuscitation, multi-system organ damage is common and largely attributable to ischemia-reperfusion injury. The anti-diabetic drug metformin improves cardiac outcomes in models of myocardial ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion. In this study, we evaluated the role of metformin pretreatment in a mouse model of SCA. We found that two weeks of metformin pretreatment protects cardiac ejection fraction and reduces acute kidney injury post-SCA in non-diabetic mice. Further, metformin pretreatment prior to SCA activates AMPK signaling and is associated with altered mitochondrial dynamics and markers of autophagy following arrest. Direct AMPK activation and inhibition studies demonstrate that activation is necessary and sufficient for metformin-mediated protection of cardiac and renal tissues in this model. We were unable to demonstrate cardiac protection with a single-dose metformin rescue therapy. Importantly, these findings translate into patients. We retrospectively evaluated the extent of cardiac and kidney damage in diabetic patients resuscitated from SCA. Metformin-treated patients have less evidence of heart and kidney damage after arrest than diabetics who have not received metformin. Together, these data support AMPK activation as a preventive mechanism in ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Performance modifying techniques for recycled thermoplastics

Abstract Petro-derived commodity thermoplastics are relatively inexpensive, lightweight, and non-biodegradable materials, which can be readily molded at high temperatures into a range of products. The manufacturing of such thermoplastic resins and products has increased dramatically over the last 70 years. The plastics based on polyolefins, polystyrenes, and polyesters occupy the largest share (80%) of the world's plastic markets. However, the disposal of waste plastics has created considerable environmental concerns. Therefore, environment protection agencies and plastic manufacturers are constantly seeking appropriate techniques for recycling or upcycling waste plastics into new products. In recent years, the recycling rates are approximately 9 to 15% out of total plastics produced annually in the United States and Europe, which are predominantly limited to individual plastic fractions such as HDPE and PET. The recycling process is associated with various expensive and time-consuming sorting techniques, which are not economically attractive to the recycling industries. A significant issue is when multiple plastics are blended, they often are not chemically compatible, resulting in phase separation and inferior-quality materials. Therefore, it is important to apply certain performance modifiers during the re-extrusion of waste thermoplastics, which include compatibilizers, coupling agents, impact modifiers, and many others. There are different additives and techniques available, suitable to improve the mechanical and other associated properties of polymer blends and composites, and these can also be used for improving the performance of recycled thermoplastics. This review article summarizes various chemical additives and approaches, which can be used in thermomechanical upcycling of waste thermoplastics to new materials with superior mechanical performance via improving interfacial adhesion or phase homogeneity of polymer blends.
Industry Self Regulation of Data Privacy and Security

Industry self-regulation of consumer data privacy and security has been proposed as a flexible alternative and compliment to traditional government regulation. This study analyzes whether different types of existing industry-led standards improve online privacy and security. The paper examines which types of firms join voluntary standards and whether there is a difference in outcomes between trade association memberships (like the Digital Advertising Alliance) and certification programs (like TRUSTe). Results suggest that more trafficked websites are more likely to adopt standards, and that trade association membership does not have an effect on privacy and security performance. There is some evidence that paid certification can hurt subsequent privacy and security. This study also compares website privacy measures and highlights the need for a valid privacy metric.
Increased ADAM17 Expression in ACE2 Knockout Mice is Associated with Increased Excitability of Paraventricular Nucleus Pre-sympathetic Neurons

We previously reported that ACE2 knockout (KO) mice, like humans, develop age-dependent hypertension. In addition, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) was recently shown to contribute to neurogenic hypertension. Accordingly, we hypothesized that ADAM17 in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of hypothalamus contributes to enhanced sympathetic tone in mice lacking ACE2. Adult 10-12 week-old wildtype (WT) and ACE2 KO male mice (n=2-4/group) were injected in the kidney with a pseudorabies virus encoding a green fluorescent protein, for retrograde labeling of sympathetic neurons. After 4 days, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were conducted from labeled pre-sympathetic PVN neurons. The resting membrane potential of these PVN neurons in WT mice was -59.7 ±1.06 mV, while -52.7 ±1.6 mV in ACE2 KO mice, which may suggest an increase threshold for excitability in pre-sympathetic PVN neurons. In another set of mice, the hypothalamus was dissected from WT and KO animals (n=4/group) for western blot analysis....
Conditional spectrum-based ground motion selection. Part I: Hazard consistency for risk-based assessments

SUMMARY The conditional spectrum (CS, with mean and variability) is a target response spectrum that links nonlinear dynamic analysis back to probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for ground motion selection. The CS is computed on the basis of a specified conditioning period, whereas structures under consideration may be sensitive to response spectral amplitudes at multiple periods of excitation. Questions remain regarding the appropriate choice of conditioning period when utilizing the CS as the target spectrum. This paper focuses on risk-based assessments, which estimate the annual rate of exceeding a specified structural response amplitude. Seismic hazard analysis, ground motion selection, and nonlinear dynamic analysis are performed, using the conditional spectra with varying conditioning periods, to assess the performance of a 20-story reinforced concrete frame structure. It is shown here that risk-based assessments are relatively insensitive to the choice of conditioning period when the ground motions are carefully selected to ensure hazard consistency. This observed insensitivity to the conditioning period comes from the fact that, when CS-based ground motion selection is used, the distributions of response spectra of the selected ground motions are consistent with the site ground motion hazard curves at all relevant periods; this consistency with the site hazard curves is independent of the conditioning period. The importance of an exact CS (which incorporates multiple causal earthquakes and ground motion prediction models) to achieve the appropriate spectral variability at periods away from the conditioning period is also highlighted. The findings of this paper are expected theoretically but have not been empirically demonstrated previously. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacotherapy of Bipolar I Disorder: Focus on Aripiprazole

Bipolar disorder is a common and complex condition, starting early in life and continuing throughout the life cycle. Most people suffering from bipolar disorder manifest other problems as well, inc...
On Computing k-CNF Formula Properties

The latest generation of SAT solvers (e.g. [10,7]) generally have three key features: randomization of variable selection, backtracking search, and some form of clause learning. We present a simple algorithm with these three features and prove that for instances with constant Δ (where Δ is the clause-to-variable ratio) the algorithm indeed has good worst-case performance, not only for computing SAT/UNSAT but more general properties as well, such as maximum satisfiability and counting the number of satisfying assignments. In general, the algorithm can determine any property that is computable via self-reductions on the formula.
Reducing the resolution bias in cloud fraction from satellite derived clear‐conservative cloud masks

[1] Clear-conservative satellite cloud detection algorithms overestimate cloud fraction (CF), the degree to which depends on instrument resolution and the spatial distribution of cloud area, with boundary layer cumulus carrying the largest overestimation. This is because in the standard method of computing CF, partially cloudy pixels contribute in the amount of the pixel's area rather than the true cloud area. Development of analytical and pattern recognition techniques to reduce overestimation has been limited by the lack of coincident long-term, large scale, and high-resolution satellite data sets. Such data sets are now available from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instruments onboard the satellite, Terra. These data sets are used to determine the resolution required to reduce the CF overestimation to ≤0.01 absolute CF using the standard, analytical, and pattern recognition techniques on perfect, clear-conservative cloud masks with future instrument design in mind; investigate the challenges of implementing these techniques on MISR's operational clear-conservative cloud mask; and demonstrate the impact of these techniques on a MISR-derived CF climatology similar to those used to evaluate climate models. Reducing the median CF bias to ≤0.01 requires resolutions of <45 m and ≤80 m for the standard and analytical techniques, respectively, while the pattern recognition technique has no resolution requirement up to a resolution of 1.2 km. When the pattern recognition technique is applied to 10-year, December, low cloud climatologies over the tropical Western Atlantic (10°N–20°N and 50°W–60°W) derived from MISR, the average CF reduces from 0.50 to 0.20. This is a large reduction in cloud fraction, particularly when considering the climate sensitivity to low clouds and the use of satellite derived CF climatologies for evaluation of climate model CF and radiative budgets.
Communicating about Communication: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Educating Educators about Language Variation

The quest to educate non-standardized English-speaking students has been a primary driving force behind developments in many fields represented by Compass journals, including sociology, geography, linguistics, psychology, history, literature, and education. Academics engaged in these multiple perspectives must join together, both to communicate knowledge about language variation to educators and to learn from educators’ experiences with teaching non-standardized English-speaking students. Following the conference theme of breaking down barriers, we draw on research gathered from multidisciplinary approaches to educational analysis by developing a linguistic awareness model that is designed to facilitate the sharing of knowledge about language variation between educators and researchers. Our model currently addresses three U.S.-based English language varieties: School English, Southern English, and African-American English. Drawing on these models, we highlight best teaching practices that can help non-standardized English-speaking students break down communication barriers to educational success in the pre-collegiate classroom. We draw on previous endeavors by academics to communicate information about language variation to wider audiences, noting two important challenges: the need to couple language variation awareness with readily accessible, specific examples of language variation and the need to provide information about how to work with language variation within the increasingly diverse classroom. We contend that only with this specific knowledge can educators use linguistic information to help students from non-standardized English-speaking backgrounds achieve in schools. Otherwise, educators may not appreciate the relevance and immediate necessity of the information. In our linguistic awareness model, we suggest realistic, cost effective ways to approach educators, including certification and re-certification courses, in-service workshops, websites, and wikis. A wiki of materials to accompany this paper may be found at http://charityhudleymallinsoncompass.wmwikis.net/. We also suggest future directions for linguistically aware educators to become resources for information on language variation and linguistic tolerance in their own schools and communities. This paper was originally presented as part of the 2009 Compass Interdisciplinary Virtual Conference. You can read this paper along with commentaries and discussion at: http://compassconference.wordpress.com/2009/10/19/conference-paper-communicating-about-communication-multidisciplinary-approaches-to-educating-educators-about-language-variation/
Detection of nitric oxide using difference-frequency generation in PPLN near 5.3 /spl mu/m

Considerable work has been done to investigate the spectrum of the NO molecule and develop methods to measure trace concentration of this species. Detection of nitric oxide using tunable diode laser spectroscopy (TDLAS) has been previously reported. A sensitivity of 300 ppt was obtained, which demonstrated the potential of high-resolution infrared spectroscopy for NO detection. However, at present time, the absence of compact and room-temperature tunable infrared sources at NO absorption region (5.1 to 5.7 /spl mu/m) greatly limits the use of laser spectroscopy for potential applications. In this work, difference-frequency generation (DFG) is suggested as a convenient means to obtain such an infrared source, while periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) is selected as the nonlinear medium. Primarily, this material can be engineered for noncritical quasi-phase-matching of any combination of visible or near-IR lasers to produce DFG within its transparency range. It also features a large nonlinear coefficient and an optical transparency from visible to 5.4 /spl mu/m.
Mimics of the structural elements of type III group B Streptococcus capsular polysaccharide. Part III: two repeating units (octasaccharide) with (S)-1-carboxyethyl groups replacing sialic acids

Abstract A chemical synthesis of octasaccharide 1 is described in which ( S )-1-carboxyethyl groups replace sialic acid residues to yield a mimic of two repeating units of the type III group B Streptococcus capsular polysaccharide.
Atomic force Microscopy to Quantify Local Mechanical Properties of Tissue

For regenerated tissue to be fully functional, it must exhibit the mechanical integrity of normal tissue. Because of the composite nature of tissues, regional variation in properties, and the fact that macroscopic mechanical testing is not always feasible with regenerated tissue, microscopic approaches are needed to better delineate structure-function relations. We have been utilizing an atomic force microscope (AFM) in conjunction with a picoindentation attachment to determine local, sub-micron level mechanical properties of normal and regenerated tissues. As representative data to establish the validity of this approach, regional hardness and stiffness values for dentin are presented. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated that moduli were site-specific. However, local variations at a given point (e.g. properties at < 1μm spatial displacement) were less than site to site variations, validating the efficacy of the technique. Hardness and elasticity may be considered quantitative measures of degree of mineralization, enabling linkage between mechanical, structural, and biological measures of tissue regeneration.
Angle Interferometer Cross-Axis Errors

Summary Angle interferometers are commonly used to measure surface plate flatness. An error can exist when the centerline of the double corner cube mirror assembly is not square to the surface plate and the guide bar for the mirror sled is curved. Typical errors can be one to two microns per meter. A similar error can exist in the calibration of rotary tables when the centerline of the double corner cube mirror assembly is not square to the axes of rotation of the angle calibrator and the calibrator axis is not parallel to the rotary table axis. Commercial double corner cube assemblies typically have non-parallelism errors of ten milli-radians between their centerlines and their sides and similar values for non-squareness between their centerlines and end surfaces. The authors have developed a simple method for measuring these errors and correcting them by remachining the reference surfaces.
Web seismic Un∗x: making seismic reflection processing more accessible

Abstract Web Seismic Un ∗ x is a browser-based user interface for the Seismic Un ∗ x freeware developed at Colorado School of Mines. The interface allows users to process and display seismic reflection data from any remote platform that runs a graphical Web browser. Users access data and create processing jobs on a remote server by completing form-based Web pages whose Common Gateway Interface scripts are written in Perl. These scripts supply parameters, manage files, call Seismic Un ∗ x routines and return data plots. The interface was designed for undergraduate commuter students taking geophysics courses who need to: (a) process seismic data and other time series as a class using computers in campus teaching labs and (b) complete course assignments at home. Students from an undergraduate applied geophysics course tested the Web user interface while completing laboratory assignments in which they acquired and processed common-depth-point seismic reflection data into a subsurface image. This freeware, which will be publicly available by summer 1999, was developed and tested on a Solaris 2.5 server and will be ported to other versions of Unix, including Linux.
Understanding human myeloid dendritic cell subsets for the rational design of novel vaccines.

Dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate a repertoire of immune responses that endows resistance to infection and tolerance to self. Understanding the principles by which DCs control immunity and tolerance has provided a rich basis for studying and improving clinical outcome of human disease treatment. Several features contribute to the complexity of the DC system. Among these, plasticity and existence of subsets are prominent determinants to the quality of the elicited immune responses. Indeed, different DC subsets are distributed in peripheral tissues and the blood and display different microbial receptors, surface molecules and cytokine expression, all of which influence the immunologic outcome. The biologic raison d'etre for separate DC subsets has been the focus of many studies including our own and is being reviewed with an emphasis on human skin DCs.
The role of the business model on dynamic capability in the electronics industry

This paper explores the role of the business model in increasing the dynamic capability of a firm in the electronics industry. By focusing on the capability of firms following different business models under changing environmental conditions, we have analyzed what business model can help a firm to maintain a strong competitive position. We extend the literature of firms' dynamic capability by examining the competition of firms' business models under changing environmental conditions. We also contribute to the “history-friendly” model literature by identifying a firm's business model and its internal and external dynamics as successful factors in the evolution of the electronics industry. We start from the study of Samsung Electronics to find empirical evidence and then use history-friendly simulation to provide a general analysis of the complex relationships among business models, synergy effect, and environmental conditions. We find that in the electronics industry, a firm following the “open-combined business model” can achieve a strong competitive position under the conditions of a large market size in the components industry and strong technology integration in the consumer electronics industry.
Anticoagulation in Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy have multiple factors that predispose to thromboembolic events. However, reports of the incidence of thromboembolic events in this population vary widely. There has never been a controlled study of long-term anticoagulation among patients with congestive heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy. In this report we review the available published data regarding the risk of thromboembolic events in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, and the effectiveness and risks of anticoagulation in this population. Although many investigators have called for a prospective, randomized clinical trial to assess the risks and benefits of long-term anticoagulation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, a more practical approach may be to compile a national registry of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy to collect observational data on both the rate of embolic events as well as bleeding complications among patients with and without anticoagulation.
Explanatory Multidimensional Multilevel Random Item Response Model: An Application to Simultaneous Investigation of Word and Person Contributions to Multidimensional Lexical Representations

This paper presents an explanatory multidimensional multilevel random item response model and its application to reading data with multilevel item structure. The model includes multilevel random item parameters that allow consideration of variability in item parameters at both item and item group levels. Item-level random item parameters were included to model unexplained variance remaining when item related covariates were used to explain variation in item difficulties. Item group-level random item parameters were included to model dependency in item responses among items having the same item stem. Using the model, this study examined the dimensionality of a person’s word knowledge, termed lexical representation, and how aspects of morphological knowledge contributed to lexical representations for different persons, items, and item groups.
Design equations for silicon detector ladders with heat generated by radiation damage induced leakage current

Abstract We find approximate analytical solutions to the problem of cooling a silicon detector ladder which is internally heated by leakage current caused by radiation damage. The heat generation term has an approximately exponential temperature dependence. heat is removed by convection and/or conduction to a heat sink. Design equations are derived which prevent thermal runaway, and a wide range of parameter space for those equations is explored.
Insightful illusions: requirements gathering for large-scale groupware systems

Large-scale, organization-wide groupware systems are high risk development efforts. Requirements gathering and early evaluation are constrained by the need to attain a critical mass of users and content. One approach to mitigate this risk is to employ Wizard of Oz style system simulations during the requirements gathering phase. While this method has historically been used to test quasi-functional system prototypes, we have found it to be a useful method for assessing organizational feasibility.
Problem-Solving Interactions Between Mothers and Children

ABSTRACT The central goal of this study was to gather information on how mothers and children solve problems. The sample consisted of 38 mother-child dyads recruited from the community. Children were between the ages of 8 and 12. Each mother and child completed self-report questionnaires and participated in a five-minute problem-solving task during which the dyad was videotaped as they discussed a family problem. Results indicate that mothers are more active participants than children in a problem-solving situation and that girls are significantly less engaged than boys in problem-solving tasks with a parent. Several of the coded problem-solving variables were significantly related to parenting stress. Future study might include live coding of observed problem-solving variables to make the findings more applicable to clinical practice.
A facile synthesis of an aldehydic analog of platelet activating factor and its use in the production of specific antibodies

Abstract The multistep synthesis of a platelet activating factor (PAF) analog having a reactive aldehyde group at the ω-end of the sn-1 position is described. A novel ozonolysis of a double bond was employed to generate the aldehyde group in high yield under mild conditions. The aldehyde group was generated at the last step of the synthesis to avoid any reactions of protection and deprotection. The natural chiral center at the sn-2 position was introduced at the first step so that no steric resolution of the final product was needed. This analog of PAF was conjugated to thyroglobulin via reductive amination and then used to immunize rabbits for production of specific antibodies. The purified antibodies bind stereospecifically to tritiated PAF and crossreact minimally with lyso-PAF, plasmalogens and other phospholipids. The solid-phase radioimmunoasssay thus developed detects as low as 20 pg of PAF per assay tube and should be applicable to the quantitation of PAF in biological systems.
Hypertension in the ED: still an unrecognized problem

Abstract Introduction Hypertension is prevalent in the general population. Emergency Department (ED) follow-up studies show persistence of blood pressure elevations in up to 50% of patients, and ED screening for hypertension has been recommended. Blood pressure elevations are often ignored or attributed to pain or anxiety. Our purpose was to document the incidence and recognition of hypertension in the ED and to assess its relation to pain scores and age. Methods This was a retrospective study. Patients presenting to the ED during a 1-month period were included. Age, blood pressure, and pain scores were reviewed. Discharge instructions and diagnoses were assessed as to whether blood pressure was recognized or follow-up was recommended. Results There were 2821 patients. Fifteen percent were less than 18 years old. Twenty-six percent had an elevated blood pressure (40% of pediatric patients). There was no correlation between the distribution of pain scores in either children or adults. There was almost no recognition of the problem. Follow-up for elevated blood pressure was recommended in only 4%. Of these, only 46% actually received follow-up. Twenty-four percent of patients with elevated blood pressure received follow-up for other reasons. Blood pressure was still elevated in 47%. Conclusion Hypertension was a common problem in our patient population. Elevated blood pressure readings were almost uniformly ignored or unrecognized, particularly in children. There was no correlation of elevated blood pressure readings and acute pain scores. Elevated blood pressure readings should not be attributed solely to anxiety or acute pain on presentation.
Blending History with Geographic Information System Technology: Using USS Arizona GIS Data to Engage Students in Technology and History of the Pearl Harbor Attack

As we rely more and more heavily on technology in our teaching methods, utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has become increasingly commonplace for instructing students how to interact successfully with scientific data and data analysis tools. With students’ increasing fascination with technology such as GIS, there is a unique opportunity to incorporate spatial learning techniques with more qualitative subjects such as history. The applied history techniques described in this study represent a creative methodology that can be used at several teaching and learning levels. In this study, I review a recently completed GIS dataset of the USS Arizona completed by a dual effort of the Park Service and Northrop-Grumman Mission Systems. This dataset is used in a successful case-study approach to integrating historical simulation techniques of the Pearl Harbor Incident with learning to analyze spatial data in a GIS environment.
Lorentz force hydrophones at megahertz frequencies: theory, practice and applications

Abstract We extend prior electrodynamic transducer (EDT) designs to an underwater Lorentz force hydrophone constructed from thin-gauge wire that operates at megahertz frequencies (within an external magnetic field) and presents combined acoustic transparency and bidirectionality. Other advantages over conventional piezoelectric hydrophones include design versatility, easy fabrication, reproducible frequency characteristics, and apparently high fidelity signal reception. These features tend to offset the disadvantages of lower sensitivity and the requirement of an external magnetic field. Coupling between the incident acoustic wave and consequent motion of the wire is in principle independent of frequency and small wire diameter. Induced emf's may thus be used over a broad frequency range to measure acoustic fields or obtain reflection coefficient data for solids and liquids, such as that described below.
QSAR models of cytochrome P450 enzyme 1A2 inhibitors using CoMFA, CoMSIA and HQSAR

Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) studies were conducted on an in-house database of cytochrome P450 enzyme 1A2 inhibitors using the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), comparative molecular similarity analysis (CoMSIA) and hologram QSAR (HQSAR) approaches. The database consisted of 36 active molecules featuring varied core structures. The model based on the naphthalene substructure alignment incorporating 19 molecules yielded the best model with a CoMFA cross validation value q2 of 0.667 and a Pearson correlation coefficient r2 of 0.976; a CoMSIA q2 value of 0.616 and r2 value of 0.985; and a HQSAR q2 value of 0.652 and r2 value of 0.917. A second model incorporating 34 molecules aligned using the benzene substructure yielded an acceptable CoMFA model with q2 value of 0.5 and r2 value of 0.991. Depending on the core structure of the molecule under consideration, new CYP1A2 inhibitors will be designed based on the results from these models.
Cold or hot wash: Technological choices, cultural change, and their impact on clothes-washing energy use in China

Abstract Usage pattern of clothes washing (and clothes washers) are strongly related to local cultural practices. Such practices have led to the development of distinctive clothes-washing technologies in the US, Europe, and Japan. In emerging markets such as China, several types of technologies often co-exist. Some use less energy but more water (the impeller type), and some use more energy but less water (the horizontal axis type). The competition between different technologies is thought to lead to better consumer choices. However, it could also lead to changes in clothes-washing habits—from cold to hot wash, and therefore to much higher energy use. This paper examines the standard development process in China to illustrate that adoption of foreign technologies and technical standards, if not carefully calibrated to the local cultural practices, could have unintended consequences for energy use and environment.
Organization and visualization of brain tissue volume data

Abstract Following the conventions employed by the National Library of Medicine's Visible Human Project, our volume data is collected from serial cross sections of brain tissue taken at uniform 0.3–1 mm intervals. A solid model of brain cortical areas and nuclei is reconstructed from the volume data. This model is decomposed into a hexahedral finite element model that organizes the neuronal forests and neuronal network data at the microstructure level. The volume database thus enables a 3D visualization of the human brain from its gross anatomy to an exploration of its microstructure.
Kinetics of dislocation-mediated strain relaxation in InGaAs/GaAs heteroepitaxy

The relaxation of InGaAs/GaAs thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy is studied by an in situ optical stress sensor technique. Profiles of normalized film strain versus thickness are obtained for several growth temperatures and two InGaAs compositions. The profiles are modeled using Dodson and Tsao's concept of effective stress, and a new kinetic model of dislocation sources associated with the surface roughness, which could be generated by film growth and have a transient response following a growth interrupt.
Observation of the Infrared Spectrum of the Triatomic Deuterium Molecular Ion D 3

The infrared vibrational-rotational spectrum of the ${\mathrm{D}}_{3}^{+}$ isotope of the simplest polyatomic molecule is observed. Eight intervals between 1750 and 1850 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ have been measured to an error of 0.0005 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ or 0.3 ppm (at 70% confidence level). Four have been identified as members of the fundamental degenerate vibrational band. The rest apparently involve unidentified higher vibrational-rotational levels.
Design and fabrication of integrally damped composite fan blades

The design, analysis, and fabrication methods of embedding small viscoelastic damping patches into scaled composite fan blades is presented, where the goal is to improve the blade fatigue characteristics by increasing the damping in the chord-wise modes. This discussion concentrates on improving the damping levels in a research composite shell/titanium spar fan blade, developed by NASA-Lewis and Pratt and Whitney. First, the geometry and material definition of the existing composite fan blade are presented. Second, methods for sizing and locating the damping patch are presented based upon the modal strain energy method. The layered damping patch is composed of outer layers of a TEDLAR (or KAPTON) barrier film, which encompasses a viscoelastic damping material and loose- weave scrim cloth (creep protection). Two different patch sizes and locations are discussed to provide maximum damping as well as optimal damping. Finally, procedures are outlined for fabricating the integrally damped composite fan blades. Fabricated blades will be tested at the NASA-Lewis vacuum facility.
A Review and Bibliography of the Literature of Honey Bee Colony Collapse Disorder : A Poorly Understood Epidemic that Clearly Threatens the Successful Pollination of Billions of Dollars of Crops in America

This article briefs agricultural librarians on three key aspects of Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), a disease involving the virtually total disappearance and presumed annihilation of the adult bee population of hives: (1) the yearly multibillion dollar importance of honeybees as the nation's key crop pollinators and the annual $200 million domestic production and export of honey; (2) the more common bee diseases and well-known hive stressors that current theories of CCD suggest interact with each other in some as yet undetermined combination, perhaps including new pathogens to which most American bees have limited or no immunity; and (3) several bees other than the honeybee that are not currently affected by CCD and that have some potential as partial substitute pollinators for some crops.
An analysis of multi-union elections involving incumbent unions

This article investigates the extent and outcomes of multi-union elections involving incumbent unions between 1974 and 1986. During this 13 year period a total of 1423 raid elections (an average of 109 per year) were conducted. The data reveal that the number of raid elections is declining and that unions, as opposed to no-union, continue to be victorious in the majority of cases, although there is considerable regional, industrial, union, and bargaining unit size variance in union victory rates.
Effect of early rearing experience on subsequent behavior and production of Holstein heifers.

Abstract Sixty-seven heifer calves were assigned at birth to one of four rearing treatments: 1) groups of six, 2) individual hutch, 3) isolation, and 4) isolation with handling (10min daily interaction with calf feeder). Calves were on the same diet and except for group calves were in 1.2×2.4-m hutches. Group calves were in open shed housing with 3m 2 /calf. Calves were weaned at approximately 10 wk and then assimilated into regular herd routine. An open field test of 3min for each calf was conducted on 3 consecutive days at weaning. Samples for blood plasma glucocorticoids were taken before and after open field testing. Forty-eight heifers milked twice daily completed 305-day lactations. There were no differences in weaning weight or average daily gain to weaning. Group calves urinated and defecated more during open field tests, but number of vocalizations was not different. There was a signifiant rise of glucocorticoids for all calves, but treatment effects were nil. Cows reared in isolation (treatments 3 and 4) produced significantly more milk (922kg 3.5% fat-corrected milk), had a 1205kg advantage in relative milk, but were not different from group or individually reared cows in relative milk fat. A hypothesis to explain these results is proposed.
Successful transplantation of pediatric en bloc kidneys with bilateral double ureters

We report a case in which en bloc kidneys with bilateral double ureters from a 5-month-old donor were successfully transplanted into a 25-year-old recipient. No stents were used. There were no complications after the transplant. The patient remains well at more than 1.5 years post-transplantation with serum creatinine 1.2 mg/dl.
Local extragonadal roles of activins.

Abstract Activins were initially isolated from gonadal fluids based on their ability to stimulate FSH secretion from gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary. They represent a group of homo/heterodimeric proteins that are structurally related to the transforming growth factor β superfamily of growth and differentiation factors. The importance of activins as autocrine and paracrine modulators of a diverse set of biologic functions is now appreciated based on their widespread anatomic distribution and numerous biologic activities.