cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of delayed testing on passive avoidance of conditioned fear stimuli in young rats

Deficits in passive avoidance learning in immature animals have been explained in terms of immature response-inhibition mechanisms, the role of age-specific defense responses to conditioned or unconditioned stimuli, or differential levels of fear acquisition. In Experiment 1, shock-elicited UCRs and fear strength were held constant by training all subjects at the same age. Sixteen-day-old rat pups received Pavlovian fear conditioning and were tested 1, 5, or 10 days later for passive avoidance of the conditioned stimuli. To offset retention losses, half of each group received a noncontingent footshock reactivation 24 h before testing. Passive avoidance latencies increased with delay (age) in reactivated groups. But with an active avoidance (escape from fear) measure (Experiment 2), performance was consistently poor and unrelated to age at testing. These data suggest that maturation of response-inhibition mechanisms may contribute to the ontogeny of passive avoidance performance. More generally, some implications of the distinction between learning and performance for developmental studies are considered.
Genetic algebras and time continuous models

It is shown how linear genetic algebras, ordinarily applied in situations with discrete time, will also simplify certain systems of differential equations in time continuous models. These models describe the variation of genotype frequencies in infinite populations in different mating systems. The cases considered include matings between individuals randomly drawn from the population at each moment, a population which is continuously backcrossed to a second, constant population, and a population divided into two age groups, which take part in the matings with different intensities. For the first case the general theory is applied to an example with tetraploids having a mixture of chromatid and chromosome segregation.
Pelvic examination is unnecessary in pregnant patients with a normal bedside ultrasound

Objective: This study examines the necessity of a formal pelvic examination in patients with early pregnancy-related complaints and an intrauterine pregnancy on bedside ultrasound (US). Methods: Data were prospectively collected on emergency department (ED) patients presenting with early pregnancy complaints and bedside US evidence of intrauterine pregnancy. All patients received a formal pelvic examination with cervical testing for sexually transmitted pathogens. Disposition decisions based on pelvic examination findings were compared with disposition decisions based on ultrasound findings alone. Results: Over a 13-month period, 50 patients entered the study. Mean estimated gestational age was 8.6 (±0.4) weeks. Abnormal speculum examination findings included vaginal blood (19 [38%]) and cervical discharge (3 [6%]). Abnormal bimanual findings included adnexal tenderness (6 [12%]) and uterine tenderness (4 [8%]). One patient (2.5%) had a positive antigen test for Chlamydia trachomatis. Emergency department diagnoses were threatened abortion (30 [60%]), intrauterine pregnancy (11 [22]), abdominal pain (8 [16%]), and ovarian cyst (1 [2%]). Three patients (6%) had incidental urinary tract infections. All patients were discharged from the ED. No management changes were made based on the pelvic examination. Conclusion: In patients with a US-documented viable pregnancy, the pelvic examination did not contribute to the patient's immediate obstetric treatment. Occult cervical pathogens may be present in these patients.
The effect of sixty-cycle AC current on the regeneration axis of Dugesia†

Dugesia dorotocephala and D. tigrina were sectioned transversely, imbedded in agar, and exposed to alternating current in a rectangular chamber. At field strengths of from 310 to 418.4 rms mv/mm potential fall, functional bipolar, regressive bipolar and permanent bipolar regenerants were produced. No regenerants showed reversal of polarity. The similarity in field strength for the three groups was primarily due to the extreme motility of imbedded pieces. The results were independent of absolute healing time and duration of exposure to the field, and of body level of regenerate origin. No significant differences were found between the species with respect to mortality or response to the AC field. AC field action is non-polar, but its direction must coincide with the regenerant axis to be effective. The field operates to reduce the normal antero-posterior polarity.
What Do Voters Need to Know?: Testing the Role of Cognitive Information in Asian American Voter Mobilization

Previous field experiments have found that indirect methods, particularly direct mail, are not effective in increasing voter turnout. Most of the mail used in these experiments provided procedural ...
Sex-Linked Bias in Chances of Being Promoted to Supervisor

The literature addressing gender-based discrimination in promotion decisions has primarily focused on case studies of Fortune 500 companies or scenarios in which managers are asked to make simulated promotion decisions. Such studies are limited in both scope and generalizability. This research attempts to overcome these limitations by examining a large, random sample of female and male workers. Using survival analysis, we explore the period of time from the year of hire to the year promotion to supervisor is achieved. Avoiding bias that may be associated with analyses pertaining to a particular type of organization or sector of the economy, this investigation focuses on a particular career moment—procession to a primary rung of the career ladder. Findings support the existence of significant pro-male bias in promotion decisions unattributable to differences in time on the job, education, or parenting responsibilities.
Franz–Keldysh Photon-Assisted Voltage-Operated Switching of a Transistor Laser

Data are presented on the transistor laser light-output (LI-V ) as a function of base current and the collector-to-emitter voltage (VCE) revealing sensitive fine structure that can, with suitable bias, be exploited for signal switching and mixing. The output light intensity versus current-voltage characteristics (LI-V ) and the fine structure in the LI-V characteristics are related to the change in laser operation from the ground state to the first excited state of the quantum well incorporated in the transistor base, laser mode changes, or shift from spontaneous to stimulated emission (or the reverse). The region of stimulated recombination and its boundary are or particular interest. The concept of the voltage-driven switching of a transistor laser employing the Franz-Keldysh photon-assisted process to shift the operation from stimulated (high coherent optical field) to spontaneous (lower incoherent field) is demonstrated
General, database-driven fast-feedback system for the Stanford Linear Collider

A feedback system has been developed for stabilizing SLC beams at many locations. The feedback loops are designed to sample and correct at the 60-Hz repetition rate of the accelerator. Each loop can be distributed across several of the standard 80386 microprocessors which control the SLC hardware. A communications system, KISNet, has been implemented to pass signals between the microprocessors at this rate. The software is written in a general fashion using the state-space formalism of digital control theory. This allows a new loop to be implemented by just setting up the online database and perhaps installing a communications link. >
Scalable Video Compression via Overcomplete Motion Compensated Wavelet Coding

Recently, there have been a flurry of works on overcomplete motion compensated wavelet coding (OMCWC). In this paper, we address the importance of phase and focus on the design of scalable video coding algorithms within the OMCWC framework. Specifically, our new contributions consist of the following three components: (1) efficient block motion estimation techniques in the wavelet domain including hierarchical and fractional-pel block matching, (2) extend overcomplete motion compensated prediction (MCP) into overcomplete motion compensated temporal filtering (MCTF) to achieve temporal scalability (3) context modeling strategies for embedded quantization and entropy coding of 3D wavelet coefficients. Experiment results are used to demonstrate that the class of overomplete MCP/MCTF coders are capable of achieving comparable performance to other competing interframe wavelet coders.
Analysis of heart rate dynamics during spinal and epidural anesthesia

The analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) was used to assess the effects of spinal and epidural anesthesia upon the control of the heart by the autonomic nervous system. Anesthesia blocked important reflex loops and resulted in no change in mean heart rate, a decrease in the magnitude of the HR spectrum, and a reduction in regularity of the heart rate dynamics. HRV provides information concerning the integrity of the cardiovascular control system not readily apparent from the mean HR. >
Two linearized models for a hyperbolic free boundary value problem

We consider two linearized models which describe the motion of a gas in a cylinder with a piston at one end whose motion is determined by the pressure of the gas within the cylinder and by external forces. In the first model all second and higher order terms are neglected, whereas in the second model a quadratic correction term is added to the equation of motion of the piston so that energy arguments become applicable. For both models existence and uniqueness theorems are given.
Automated Microscopy to Evaluate Surgical Specimens Via Touch Prep in Breast Cancer

Background Breast conservation therapy is the standard treatment for breast cancer; however, 20–50% of operations have a positive margin leading to secondary procedures. The standard of care to evaluate surgical margins is based on permanent section. Imprint cytology (touch prep) has been used to evaluate surgical samples, but conventional techniques require an experienced cytopathologist for correct interpretation. An automated image screening process has been developed to discern cancer cells from normal epithelial cells. This technique is based on cellularity of the imprint specimen and does not require expertise in cytopathology.
Effects of Chair Arm Design on Wrist Posture

The effects of four different chair armrest designs on typing wrist posture were tested. Twenty-four subjects, men and women grouped at the 95th, 50th, and 5th percentiles for height, typed while sitting on each of four chairs with different armrests. The chair armrest designs investigated differed by the type, number and range of adjustments available. Each subject typed while instrumented with wrist electrogoniometers that measured wrist extension/flexion and radial/ulnar deviation. All conditions and tasks were counterbalanced. Results showed no main effects of chair armrest design on either wrist extension or ulnar deviation. Significant interactions involving chair armrest design were found for ulnar deviation but not for wrist extension. Correlations between anthropometric dimensions and wrist posture were found.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Orbit

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) employs the nuclear resonance phenomenon to produce images of living tissues. Unlike computed tomography (CT), which relies solely on differences in the propensity of tissues to absorb X-rays to produce various contrasts, MRI offers a wide variety of pulse sequences, each of which exploits differences in the magnetic properties of protons in living tissue to produce contrast resolution. When optimal protocols are used, MRI contrast resolution in the orbital soft tissues is superior to that provided by any other imaging modality. Other advantages of MRI over CT include the ability to select the plane of imaging, and improved safety due to the lack of ionizing radiation.
A study on combined routing and source coding with explicit side information in sensor networks

This paper studies the problem of combining tree routing and data compression with explicit side information in wireless sensor networks. We first present our network flow and data rate model based on the observation that in many practical situations, side information providing the most coding gain comes from a few nearby sensors. An optimization problem is then formulated and shown to be NP hard. It is subsequently cast as a mixed integer program. For our particular model, we examine several approximation algorithms, and compare their performances through simulations. Improvement over shortest path trees, which completely ignore the source correlation, is achieved only by judiciously merging flows of correlated data based on the coding gain information
Dynamic Object Individuation in Rhesus Macaques A Study of the Tunnel Effect

A manual-search experiment with rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) explored dynamic object individuation in the tunnel effect: Subjects watched as a lemon rolled down a ramp and came to rest behind a tunnel (Occluder 1) and then as a kiwifruit emerged and became occluded at the end of its path behind a screen (Occluder 2). When the kiwifruit emerged at about the time that the lemon should have (had it continued its motion), subjects searched for food only behind Occluder 2—apparently perceiving the lemon to have transformed into a kiwifruit on the basis of spatiotemporally continuous motion. In contrast, when a brief pause interrupted the occlusion of the lemon and the emergence of the kiwifruit, monkeys searched for food behind both occluders. With further control conditions, this experiment demonstrates a spatiotemporal bias—similar to a bias found in adult visual perception—in the computation of object persistence in the context of a dynamic correspondence problem.
Low-Light-Level CMOS Image Sensor For Digitally Fused Night Vision Systems

In this paper we present a VNIR solid state sensor technology suitable for next generation fused night vision systems. This technology is based on a highly optimized low power 0.18um CMOS image sensor (CIS) process. We describe a 320(H) x 240(V) pixel prototype sensor based on this technology. The sensor features 5T pixels with pinned photodiodes on a 6.5μm pitch with integrated micro-lens. The 5T pixel architecture enables both correlated double sampling (CDS) and a lateral anti-blooming drain. The measured peak quantum efficiency of the sensor is greater than 50% at 600nm, and the read noise is less than 1e- RMS at room temperature. The sensor does not have any multiplicative noise. The full well capacity is greater than 40ke-, the dark current is less than 3.8pA/cm2 at 20oC, and the MTF at 77 lp/mm is 0.4 at 600nm. The sensor also achieves an intra-scene linear dynamic range of greater than 90dB (30000:1) at room temperature.
Posture and Gesture Recognition using 3D Body Shapes Decomposition

We present a method for describing arbitrary human posture as a combination of basic postures. This decomposition allows for recognition of a larger number of postures and gestures from a small set of elementary postures called atoms. We propose a modified version of the matching pursuit algorithm for decomposing an arbitrary input posture into a linear combination of primary and secondary atoms. These atoms are represented through their shape descriptor inferred from the 3D visual-hull of the human body posture. Using an atom-based description of postures increases tremendously the set of recognizable postures while reducing the required training data set. A gesture recognition system based on the atom decomposition and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is also described. Instead of representing gestures as HMM transition of postures, we separate the description of gestures as two HMMs, each describing the transition of Primary/Secondary atoms; thus greatly reducing the size of state space of HMM. We illustrate the proposed approach for posture and gesture recognition method on a set of video streams
Stonewalling Justice: Why the Supreme Court Should Reconsider Stone v. Powell

Roughly three decades ago, in Stone v. Powell, the Supreme Court prevented habeas review of Fourth Amendment claims, citing the exclusionary rule’s deterrence rationale as well as social costs to justify limiting review. This article examines the rationale of Stone according to the Court’s own announced goals and implicit logic and challenges the legitimacy of the Court’s holding. Stone offers several justifications — primarily based on the Court’s understanding of the Fourth Amendment and the exclusionary rule at the time — to reach its result. But why are Fourth Amendment claims, unlike other constitutional claims related to the introduction of evidence in a criminal trial, barred from review in a habeas proceeding? Does refusing to hear Fourth Amendment claims in habeas proceedings render the Fourth Amendment a dead letter by denying the constitutional rights of some citizens?
Lucky ranging in underwater environments subject to spatial coherence loss

For passive ranging in environments subject to unknown fluctuating spatial coherence losses, we derive a new lucky maximum likelihood estimator based on the probabilistic assumption that each collected data snapshot is either coherent or purely incoherent with some probability. Our lucky range estimator can be interpreted as first ranking the coherence quality of each data snapshot according to an array gain-like quantity during the parameter search, followed by accumulation of likelihood surfaces out of data snapshots of high spatial-coherence. This effectively avoids the wash-out or the smearing results encountered in the traditional procedures of utilizing a long integration time without a prior screening for the data spatial-coherence. A connection to the adaptive coherence estimator (ACE) is revealed. Also established is an equivalence between the lucky MLE and the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence based spatial coherence test.
A profile of clinical dietetics practice in Pennsylvania

Clinical dietitians in Pennsylvania (N = 185) responded to a survey (based on the practice description developed by the Clinical Dietetics Profession Team of the Continuing Professional Education Development Project) in which they rated time spent on and perceived importance of 11 responsibilities and 120 tasks in their practice. Practitioners spent the most time on responsibilities and tasks that they perceived to be most important. Responsibilities rated high in terms of time spent and importance were nutrition care implementation, nutrition care planning, nutrition assessment, and nutrition care evaluation. Dietitians reported spending a considerable amount of time on activities related to documentation.
Investigation of the Role of Polysaccharide in the Dolomite Growth at Low Temperature by Using Atomistic Simulations.

Dehydration of water from surface Mg2+ is most likely the rate-limiting step in the dolomite growth at low temperature. Here, we investigate the role of polysaccharide in this step using classical molecular dynamics (MD) calculations. Free energy (potential of mean force, PMF) calculations have been performed for water molecules leaving the first two hydration layers above the dolomite (104) surface under the following three conditions: without catalyst, with monosaccharide (mannose), and with oligosaccharide (three units of mannose). MD simulations reveal that there is no obvious effect of monosaccharide in lowering the dehydration barrier for surface Mg2+. However, we found that there are metastable configurations of oligosaccharide, which can decrease the dehydration barrier of surface Mg2+ by about 0.7–1.1 kcal/mol. In these configurations, the molecule lies relatively flat on the surface and forms a bridge shape. The hydrophobic space near the surface created by the nonpolar −CH groups of the oligosa...
Sense-making under ignorance.

Much of cognition allows us to make sense of things by explaining observable evidence in terms of unobservable explanations, such as category memberships and hidden causes. Yet we must often make such explanatory inferences with incomplete evidence, where we are ignorant about some relevant facts or diagnostic features. In seven experiments, we studied how people make explanatory inferences under these uncertain conditions, testing the possibility that people attempt to infer the presence or absence of diagnostic evidence on the basis of other cues such as evidence base rates (even when these cues are normatively irrelevant) and then proceed to make explanatory inferences on the basis of the inferred evidence. Participants followed this strategy in both diagnostic causal reasoning (Experiments 1–4, 7) and in categorization (Experiments 5–6), leading to illusory inferences. Two processing predictions of this account were also confirmed, concerning participants’ evidence-seeking behavior (Experiment 4) and their beliefs about the likely presence or absence of the evidence (Experiment 5). These findings reveal deep commonalities between superficially distinct forms of diagnostic reasoning—causal reasoning and classification—and point toward common inferential machinery across explanatory tasks.
The Philosophy of Hegel: Ethics and politics

Hegel's ethical and political philosophy has had more than its share of critics. Marx's early critique of Hegel's central political work, the Philosophy of Right , is perhaps the most famous point of attack in the German tradition, but others in that tradition, such as the scholar Rudolf Haym, have voiced unusually harsh criticisms of Hegel's supposed links to the most authoritarian currents within Prussian politics. In the Anglophone world, the high point of suspicion towards Hegel's ethics and politics can be found especially in the immediate aftermath of World War II, with Bertrand Russell's notorious claim that Hegel's concept of freedom amounted to no more than the “right to obey the police” and with the attack unleashed by Karl Popper in The Open Society and Its Enemies . Much has changed since the heyday of this postwar “Hegel to Hitler” form of critique. The shift began to take place in the English-speaking world particularly with the publication of Herbert Marcuse's Reason and Revolution and the careful attempts of Shlomo Avineri and others to recover at least elements of Hegel's political doctrine for a more liberal tradition. As for Hegel's ethics, a sustained complaint from a number of quarters in the present century, both analytic and continental, was about whether Hegel in fact had an ethics – the charge that morality and conscience, especially, simply disappeared into the larger dialectical machine. If not everyone held that view, many in the Anglophone tradition certainly thought that Hegel's ethics must rest on some musty Bradleyan account of “my ethical station” that was hardly worth consideration in the contemporary social world.
Reaching Bayesian belief Over networks in the presence of communication noise

In this paper, we consider the problem of distributed sequential estimation in a network whose communication channels are affected by additive Gaussian noise. We propose a method that is based on cooperation among neighboring agents and that allows every agent to reach the belief that is the optimal Bayesian solution. This solution is the posterior distribution of the unknowns that is held by a fictitious fusion center. The agents, however, do not implement the Bayes' rule. Compared with the standard average consensus algorithm, the proposed method is stable in the sense that the effects of the noise do not accumulate with time and a random walk behavior is avoided. We show that with the proposed method every agent's belief converges to the belief of a fictitious fusion center, if the variance of the communication noise is bounded. We provide computer simulations that compare the proposed method with a method which works well in the noise-free case.
“Water Is Life”: Local Perceptions of Páramo Grasslands and Land Management Strategies Associated with Payment for Ecosystem Services

Andean paramo grasslands have long supported human populations that depend on them as forage for livestock and, increasingly, have been recognized as critical water sources with large soil carbon s...
Parallelising the MARS15 code with MPI for shielding applications.

The MARS 15 Monte Carlo code capabilities to deal with time-consuming deep penetration shielding problems and other computationally tough tasks in accelerator, detector and shielding applications, have been enhanced by a parallel processing option. It has been developed, implemented and tested on the Fermilab Accelerator Division Linux cluster and network of Sun workstations. The code uses a message passing interface MPI. It is scalable and demonstrates good performance. The general architecture of the code, specific uses of message passing and effects of a scheduling on the performance and fault tolerance are described.
Risk factors for pressure injuries among critical care patients: A systematic review

Abstract Objective To identify risk factors independently predictive of pressure injury (also known as pressure ulcer) development among critical-care patients. Design We undertook a systematic review of primary research based on standardized criteria set forth by the Institute of Medicine. Data sources We searched the following databases: CINAHL (EBSCOhost), the Cochrane Library (Wilson), Dissertations & Theses Global (ProQuest), PubMed (National Library of Medicine), and Scopus. There was no language restriction. Method A research librarian coordinated the search strategy. Articles that potentially met inclusion criteria were screened by two investigators. Among the articles that met selection criteria, one investigator extracted data and a second investigator reviewed the data for accuracy. Based on a literature search, we developed a tool for assessing study quality using a combination of currently available tools and expert input. We used the method developed by Coleman et al. in 2014 to generate evidence tables and a summary narrative synthesis by domain and subdomain. Results Of 1753 abstracts reviewed, 158 were identified as potentially eligible and 18 fulfilled eligibility criteria. Five studies were classified as high quality, two were moderate quality, nine were low quality, and two were of very low quality. Age, mobility/activity, perfusion, and vasopressor infusion emerged as important risk factors for pressure injury development, whereas results for risk categories that are theoretically important, including nutrition, and skin/pressure injury status, were mixed. Methodological limitations across studies limited the generalizability of the results, and future research is needed, particularly to evaluate risk conferred by altered nutrition and skin/pressure injury status, and to further elucidate the effects of perfusion-related variables. Conclusions Results underscore the importance of avoiding overinterpretation of a single study, and the importance of taking study quality into consideration when reviewing risk factors. Maximal pressure injury prevention efforts are particularly important among critical-care patients who are older, have altered mobility, experience poor perfusion, or who are receiving a vasopressor infusion.
A novel method for finding new multi-soliton wave solutions of the completely integrable equations

Abstract This paper presents a novel simplest equation method (SEM) to construct multi-soliton wave solutions. The paper proceeds step-by-step with increasing detail about derivation process, first illustrating the algorithm of the SEM and then exploiting an even deeper connection between Burgers’ equation and multi-soliton solutions and the simplest equation. Comparing with the Hirota’s method, our method provides the possibility for constructing multi-soliton solutions of the completely integrable equations with variable coefficients concisely. Applying such a method to the Gardner equation and the Whitham-Broer-Kaup (WBK) shallow water model, new general forms of multi-soliton solutions are obtained.
What MDL and Class Actions Have in Common

This short article responds to Elizabeth Chamblee Burch's article, Monopolies in Multidistrict Litigation, 70 Vand. L. Rev. 67 (2017). Burch argues that lawyers in MDL leadership positions use their power to negotiate settlements that favor themselves over the plaintiffs they purport to represent. She points to particular terms that lawyers routinely insert in mass settlements. She contrasts MDL with class actions, where procedural safeguards presumably protect class members' interests. My response contends that Burch's concerns about MDL are on target, but that class actions, rather than providing a neat contrast, reveal powerful parallels to the ethical and procedural concerns she identifies in MDL. The article looks at the similarities and differences between class actions and MDL in terms of the risk of self-serving conduct by lawyers in the negotiation of collective settlements.
The Measurement and Evaluation of Children's Ministry Praxis

Popular books and resources for children's ministers are typically based on philosophical assertions, anecdotal evidence, or the experience of the author, rather than on empirical evidence. The pre...
Exploiting AUTOSAR Safety Mechanisms to Launch Security Attacks

Automotive Electronic Control Units (ECUs) rely on both hardware and software mechanisms to ensure safety is maintained in the face of hazards that result from both random and systematic failures. In the presence of a malicious attacker, these safety mechanisms can serve as attack vectors to launch Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. This can be achieved by disabling critical system functions through the malicious creation of safety relevant fault conditions. In this paper, we explore some of the exploitable safety mechanisms within the Automotive Open System Architecture (AUTOSAR), and we demonstrate two successful attacks on an authenticated CAN FD bus system by introducing safety critical failures.
MNEs’ Strategic Response to Corruption Distance: Evidence from a Disruptive Technology Sector

Does the level of direct investment from MNEs headquartered in the advanced economies to emerging markets depend on corruption distance between home and host countries, and on the nature of firms’ ...
Metagenomics reveals the impact of wastewater treatment plants on the dispersal of microorganisms and genes in aquatic sediments

ABSTRACT Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) release treated effluent containing mobile genetic elements (MGEs), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and microorganisms into the environment, yet little is known about their influence on nearby microbial communities and the retention of these factors in receiving water bodies. Our research aimed to characterize the genes and organisms from two different WWTPs that discharge into Lake Michigan, as well as from surrounding lake sediments to determine the dispersal and fate of these factors with respect to distance from the effluent outfall. Shotgun metagenomics coupled to distance-decay analyses showed a higher abundance of genes identical to those in WWTP effluent genes in sediments closer to outfall sites than in sediments farther away, indicating their possible WWTP origin. We also found genes attributed to organisms, such as those belonging to Helicobacteraceae, Legionellaceae, Moraxellaceae, and Neisseriaceae, in effluent from both WWTPs and decreasing in abundance in lake sediments with increased distance from WWTPs. Moreover, our results showed that the WWTPs likely influence the ARG composition in lake sediments close to the effluent discharge. Many of these ARGs were located on MGEs in both the effluent and sediment samples, indicating a relatively broad propensity for horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Our approach allowed us to specifically link genes to organisms and their genetic context, providing insight into WWTP impacts on natural microbial communities. Overall, our results suggest a substantial influence of wastewater effluent on gene content and microbial community structure in the sediments of receiving water bodies. IMPORTANCE Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) release their effluent into aquatic environments. Although treated, effluent retains many genes and microorganisms that have the potential to influence the receiving water in ways that are poorly understood. Here, we tracked the genetic footprint, including genes specific to antibiotic resistance and mobile genetic elements and their associated organisms, from WWTPs to lake sediments. Our work is novel in that we used metagenomic data sets to comprehensively evaluate total gene content and the genetic and taxonomic context of specific genes in environmental samples putatively impacted by WWTP inputs. Based on two different WWTPs with different treatment processes, our findings point to an influence of WWTPs on the presence, abundance, and composition of these factors in the environment.
Facial Allotransplantation in China

Between 2003 and 2006, there were two operations in China for partial face transplantation. Details about the operative technique, background research, immunosuppression, etc are summarized here. Although these operations were free of significant early complications, neither patient survived in the long run. Careful patient selection, and close, life-long follow up will probably be required to minimize late complications after face transplantation.
Cross Sections, Data Projection and Dip-Domain Mapping

A cross section shows the relationships between different horizons and allows the information from multiple map horizons to be incorporated into the interpretation. Cross sections may categorized as illustrative or predictive. The purpose of an illustrative cross section is to illustrate the cross section view of an already-completed map or 3-D interpretation. A slice through a 3-D interpretation is a perfect example. The purpose of a predictive cross section is to assemble scattered information and, utilizing appropriate rules, predict the geometry between control points. A predictive cross section can be used to predict the geometry of a horizon for which little or no information is available.
Effect of hydrogen concentration on graphene synthesis using microwave-driven plasma-mediated methane cracking

Abstract Gas phase graphene forms as an aerosol in a microwave plasma among other carbon forms. Consisting of 2–6 sheets per stack with dimensions between 100 and 500 nm, it is referred to as nanographene (NG). Surprisingly, increasing H/C ratio in the feedstock increases the relative graphitic content of the product. Dependence of the different carbon forms upon H/C ratio of the gas feed mixture is shown across multiple analytical characterizations. Attributes of (a) phase quality (pristine nature of NG) and (b) phase quantity (how much NG forms relative to other carbon sp2 phases) are addressed. Phase identification of the forms is performed via transmission electron microscopy with quantification by thermogravimetric analysis, assessing their respective oxidative reactivity benchmarked to commercially available similar carbon products applied as standards. X-ray diffraction differentiates these forms based on varied extent of graphitic structure. Electron energy loss spectroscopy assesses graphitic content by the ratio of sp2/sp3 bonding. Raman spectroscopy supports the observed shift in relative proportions of the carbon forms towards preferential graphitic content with increasing H/C. Selected area diffraction illustrates this for NG. Fringe analyses of nanostructure quantifies this shift for carbon particles. Infra-red spectroscopy reveals complementary C H bonding as a measure of graphitic quality.
Olanzapine versus fosaprepitant for the prevention of nausea and vomiting in patients receiving concurrent chemoradiation treatment.

9502 Background: The purpose of the study was to compare the effectiveness of olanzapine (OLN) and fosaprepitant (FOS) for the prevention of nausea and vomiting in patients receiving concurrent hig...
PURIFICATION OF RABBIT PULMONARY AND HEPATIC CYTOCHROME P-450 BY HYDROPHOBIC COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY

Procedures have been developed for the purification of two forms of rabbit pulmonary cytochrome P-450 and the hepatic form induced by phenobarbital. The procedures take advantage of the hydrophobic nature of cytochrome P-450 through the utilization of octyl- and phenyl-Sepharose 4B. Pulmonary cytochrome P-450I and the hepatic cytochrome can be purified to 21 nmol/mg protein by the reported method and the final preparations of these hemoproteins contain up to 17% of the microsomal P-450 content. This suggests a yield of up to 33% for the form of the cytochrome purified. Pulmonary cytochrome P-450I and the hepatic form of P-450 induced by phenobarbital appear to be the same enzyme as determined by a number of criteria. Pulmonary cytochromes P-450I and P-450II are clearly different proteins.
Rigid and Flexible Facets of Symplectic Topology

The article discusses in a historical perspective the notions of symplectic flexibility and rigidity and their role in the creation and the development of symplectic topology.
Intracranial Aneurysms in White Patients with Moyamoya Disease: A U.S. Single-Center Case Series and Review.

Background Intracranial aneurysms (IA) are associated with moyamoya disease (MMD). There are no clinically tested treatment guidelines. Reporting of cases is vital to better understand the underlying pathophysiology and potential ethnic predispositions and improve patient selection for intervention. Methods Records of all patients diagnosed with MMD with concomitant IA who presented to our institution were retrospectively reviewed. Data related to demographic, clinical, MMD characteristics, aneurysm characteristics, surgical intervention, and follow-up were collected from the records of each patient. Aneurysm location was categorized into circle of Willis (CoW) aneurysms (originating from the CoW or its major branches) and peripheral aneurysms (arising from choroidal or lenticulostriate arteries). Results Ten patients were found to have a total of 14 IA. All patients were white. Ten aneurysms (71%) were classified as CoW aneurysms and 4 (29%) were classified as peripheral. Seven of 10 CoW aneurysms (70%) were located in the anterior circulation, whereas 3 (30%) were located in the posterior circulation. Aneurysms of anterior and posterior circulations were most commonly treated with coil embolization, whereas peripheral artery aneurysms were most commonly treated with either cerebral revascularization alone or aneurysm excision. Conclusions Revascularization surgery seems to be an effective method of indirectly treating IA in patients with MMD. Previous literature in addition to our series shows that endovascular embolization is safe and efficacious in treating IA of most locations in patients with MMD. The use of open microsurgery for direct aneurysm treatment in this population poses many challenges.
Chapter Twenty-Seven – Solvent Extraction

Publisher Summary This chapter describes solvent extraction or liquid–liquid extraction as a partitioning process where a solute distributes itself between two immiscible phases. The basic process is the same as in partition chromatography; the difference lies in the experimental technique of performing the operation in the laboratory. The chapter explains solvent extraction as a standard method of purification for organic molecules that is used for quantitative separations for both inorganic and organic systems. Although some of the newer chromatographie techniques provide an alternate method for a particular separation, solvent extraction has retained much of its popularity as a versatile separation method. The reason is that solvent extraction is easily performed, simple in methodology, reproducible, fast, and versatile. The solvent extraction method is applicable to trace as well as macro levels and often provides very clean and complete separations.
Thromboelastographic Results and Hypercoagulability Syndrome in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Who Are Critically Ill.

This cohort study examines the association of thromboelastographic results with hypercoagulability among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 who have been admitted to an intensive care unit.
Structural Determinants of Cholesterol Recognition in Helical Integral Membrane Proteins

ABSTRACT Cholesterol (CLR) is an integral component of mammalian membranes. It has been shown to modulate membrane dynamics and alter integral membrane protein (IMP) function. However, understanding the molecular mechanisms of these processes is complicated by limited and conflicting structural data: Specifically, in co-crystal structures of CLR-IMP complexes it is difficult to distinguish specific and biologically relevant CLR-IMP interactions from a nonspecific association captured by the crystallization process. The only widely recognized search algorithm for CLR-IMP interaction sites is sequence-based, i.e. searching for the so-called ‘CRAC’ or ‘CARC’ motifs. While these motifs are present in numerous IMPs, there is inconclusive evidence to support their necessity or sufficiency for CLR binding. Here we leverage the increasing number of experimental CLR-IMP structures to systematically analyze putative interaction sites based on their spatial arrangement and evolutionary conservation. From this analysis we create three-dimensional representations of general CLR interaction sites that form clusters across multiple IMP classes and classify them as being either specific or nonspecific. Information gleaned from our characterization will eventually enable a structure-based approach for prediction and design of CLR-IMP interaction sites. SIGNIFICANCE CLR plays an important role in composition and function of membranes and often surrounds and interacts with IMPs. It is a daunting challenge to disentangle CLRs dual roles as a direct modulator of IMP function through binding or indirect actor as a modulator of membrane plasticity. Only recently studies have delved into characterizing specific CLR-IMP interactions. We build on this previous work by using a combination of structural and evolutionary characteristics to distinguish specific from nonspecific CLR interaction sites. Understanding how CLR interacts with IMPs will underpin future development towards detecting and engineering CLR-IMP interaction sites.
What Do You Think? Using Expert Opinion to Improve Predictions of Response Propensity Under a Bayesian Framework.

Responsive survey designs introduce protocol changes to survey operations based on accumulating paradata. Case-level predictions, including response propensity, can be used to tailor data collection features in pursuit of cost or quality goals. Unfortunately, predictions based only on partial data from the current round of data collection can be biased, leading to ineffective tailoring. Bayesian approaches can provide protection against this bias. Prior beliefs, which are generated from data external to the current survey implementation, contribute information that may be lacking from the partial current data. Those priors are then updated with the accumulating paradata. The elicitation of the prior beliefs, then, is an important characteristic of these approaches. While historical data for the same or a similar survey may be the most natural source for generating priors, eliciting prior beliefs from experienced survey managers may be a reasonable choice for new surveys, or when historical data are not available. Here, we fielded a questionnaire to survey managers, asking about expected attempt-level response rates for different subgroups of cases, and developed prior distributions for attempt-level response propensity model coefficients based on the mean and standard error of their responses. Then, using respondent data from a real survey, we compared the predictions of response propensity when the expert knowledge is incorporated into a prior to those based on a standard method that considers accumulating paradata only, as well as a method that incorporates historical survey data
A Zebrafish Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa Shows Continuous Degeneration and Regeneration of Rod Photoreceptors.

More than 1.5 million people suffer from Retinitis Pigmentosa, with many experiencing partial to complete vision loss. Regenerative therapies offer some hope, but their development is challenged by the limited regenerative capacity of mammalian model systems. As a step toward investigating regenerative therapies, we developed a zebrafish model of Retinitis Pigmentosa that displays ongoing regeneration. We used Tol2 transgenesis to express mouse rhodopsin carrying the P23H mutation and an epitope tag in zebrafish rod photoreceptors. Adult and juvenile fish were examined by immunofluorescence, TUNEL and BrdU incorporation assays. P23H transgenic fish expressed the transgene in rods from 3 days post fertilization onward. Rods expressing the mutant rhodopsin formed very small or no outer segments and the mutant protein was delocalized over the entire cell. Adult fish displayed thinning of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) and loss of rod outer segments, but retained a single, sparse row of rods. Adult fish displayed ongoing apoptotic cell death in the ONL and an abundance of proliferating cells, predominantly in the ONL. There was a modest remodeling of bipolar and Muller glial cells. This transgenic fish will provide a useful model system to study rod photoreceptor regeneration and integration.
Mnemonic verses concerning animals and birds in Cambridge University Library, Ms Oo. Vii.48

Abstract This article is devoted to an essentially unknown fragment containing a collection of thirteenth-century mnemonic verses about animals and birds. It is a logical continuation of a study I published in 2010 in Reinardus about the entire corpus of mnemonic verses that appear in medieval Latin bestiaries. As the core of that investigation, I chose a late thirteenth-century English bestiary of the so-called Second Family (Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 533). In that article I suggested that further research would likely uncover more such examples in non-bestiary manuscripts. This was confirmed in 2018 by a newly discovered fragment in Cambridge University Library, MS Oo.vii.48, containing the verses present in MS Bodley 533, and additional verses about animals and birds. Using this fragment, I put forward the idea that there was an established medieval tradition of collecting and keeping organized mnemonic verses devoted to animals and birds. I argue that finding these verses from bestiaries and other sources together in one fragment sheds light on the interrelations of bestiaries and other genres.
Ideology and Global Conflicts: Revolutionary Actors and Their Opposition to Liberalism

The concept of the revisionist state has been central to IR, and the literature demonstrates that they initiate international conflicts. As a subset of the revisionist state, revolutionary states i...
Proparasitylenchus californicus n. sp. (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), parasitic in the intertidal rove beetle Tarphiota geniculata (Mäklin) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in California, USA

A new nematode species, Proparasitylenchus californicus n. sp., is described from the intertidal rove beetle Tarphiota geniculata (Maklin) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in California, USA. The new species differs from European representatives of the genus by possessing a cleft stylet in both sexes. The parasitic female is ovoviviparous and produces numerous juveniles that moult twice in the beetle host, then exit and moult twice to the adult stage in the environment. After mating, the free-living fertilised females enter a new host. Heavy infections sterilise the beetles. This is the first record of the genus Proparasitylenchus Wachek, 1955 in the New World and the first allantonematid parasite of a marine, intertidal beetle.