cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Odor-evoked activity in the mouse lateral entorhinal cortex

The entorhinal cortex is a brain area with multiple reciprocal connections to the hippocampus, amygdala, perirhinal cortex, olfactory bulb and piriform cortex. As such, it is thought to play a large role in the olfactory memory process. The present study is the first to compare lateral entorhinal and anterior piriform cortex odor-evoked single-unit and local field potential activity in mouse. Recordings were made in urethane-anesthetized mice that were administered a range of three pure odors and three overlapping odor mixtures. Results show that spontaneous as well as odor-evoked unit activity was lower in lateral entorhinal versus piriform cortex. In addition, units in lateral entorhinal cortex were responsive to a more restricted set of odors compared to piriform. Conversely, odor-evoked power change in local field potential activity was greater in the lateral entorhinal cortex in the theta band than in piriform. The highly odor-specific and restricted firing in lateral entorhinal cortex suggests that it may play a role in modulating odor-specific, experience- and state-dependent olfactory coding.
Stereo-isomeric nitrates in the treatment of angina pectoris

Abstract 1. 1. The four stereo-isomers of pentitol pentanitrate ( d -arabitol, l -arabitol, xylitol and adonitol pentanitrate) are highly effective in the prophylactic treatment of angina pectoris. They are especially effective when administered sublingually, but even when enclosed in gelatin capsules and swallowed, their use is followed by an increase in exercise tolerance in many patients. Clinically there is no clear-cut superiority of any one of these preparations over the other three; hence, the stereo-isomeric configuration of these compounds is not important in their utilization in angina pectoris. 2. 2. d -isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil), when administered sublingually, is also highly effective in the prophylactic treatment of angina pectoris. The rapidly soluble sublingual form of Isordil is much more effective than is the more slowly soluble preparation intended to be swallowed. Following the use of the sublingual form of isosorbide dinitrate, an increase in exercise tolerance becomes evident within a few minutes and persists for as long as one to four hours in some patients. When taken after the induction of pain, the sublingual form of isosorbide dinitrate decreased the duration of discomfort of the patient whose attacks otherwise were usually longer than one minute in duration. The use of the “sustained-action” tablets was not followed by a detectable increase in exercise tolerance, although many patients experienced headache. 3. 3. The activity of the nitrates in angina pectoris is not due to the number of —ONO 2 groups in the nitrate molecule. 4. 4. The lag in onset and the prolonged duration of effect of the nitrates imply that their action is not immediately dependent on the concentration of the pure drug in the blood stream. 5. 5. Chlorothiazide and Recordil were of slight value in some patients with angina pectoris. The use of Amplivix and Persantin was not followed by any appreciable increase in exercise tolerance.
Expression and Activity of Nitric Oxide Synthase Isoforms in Methamphetamine-induced Striatal Dopamine Toxicity

Nitric oxide is implicated in methamphetamine (METH)-induced neurotoxicity; however, the source of the nitric oxide has not been identified. Previous work has also revealed that animals with partial dopamine loss induced by a neurotoxic regimen of methamphetamine fail to exhibit further decreases in striatal dopamine when re-exposed to methamphetamine 7–30 days later. The current study examined nitric oxide synthase expression and activity and protein nitration in striata of animals administered saline or neurotoxic regimens of methamphetamine at postnatal days 60 and/or 90, resulting in four treatment groups: Saline:Saline, METH:Saline, Saline:METH, and METH:METH. Acute administration of methamphetamine on postnatal day 90 (Saline:METH and METH:METH) increased nitric oxide production, as evidenced by increased protein nitration. Methamphetamine did not, however, change the expression of endothelial or inducible isoforms of nitric oxide synthase, nor did it change the number of cells positive for neuronal nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression or the amount of neuronal nitric oxide synthase mRNA per cell. However, nitric oxide synthase activity in striatal interneurons was increased in the Saline:METH and METH:METH animals. These data suggest that increased nitric oxide production after a neurotoxic regimen of methamphetamine results from increased nitric oxide synthase activity, rather than an induction of mRNA, and that constitutively expressed neuronal nitric oxide synthase is the most likely source of nitric oxide after methamphetamine administration. Of interest, animals rendered resistant to further methamphetamine-induced dopamine depletions still show equivalent degrees of methamphetamine-induced nitric oxide production, suggesting that nitric oxide production alone in response to methamphetamine is not sufficient to induce acute neurotoxic injury.
Uncertain Future for California’s Low-Carbon Fuel Standard?

A multiperiod optimization model is used to analyze how changes in the U.S. ethanol market may affect California's low-carbon fuel standard. The six market conditions analyzed include a reference scenario in which development of the lignocellulosic ethanol industry proceeds according to the current industry forecast of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the ethanol tariff and federal ethanol tax credits maintain current levels; a 5-year delay in development of the lignocellulosic ethanol industry; accelerated growth of the lignocellulosic ethanol industry; removal of the $0.54/gallon ethanol import tariff; removal of the three federal ethanol tax credits; and removal of both the tariff and tax credits. The most dramatic change in California's compliance pathway occurs with changes in development of the cellulosic ethanol industry. If the industry is delayed for an additional 5 years, Brazilian ethanol will account for 25% of all transportation energy in the state by 2020. If industry developmen...
Intolerance of uncertainty, depression, and anxiety: the moderating and mediating roles of rumination†

Objectives: This study examined rumination as a moderator and mediator between intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and depression and anxiety symptoms. Designs: The study was a cross sectional study. Survey data were collected from 332 undergraduate students at a large Midwestern university. Results: The results from hierarchical analyses supported the moderator role of rumination. A high level of rumination enhanced the association between IU and depression symptoms. In addition, both high and low levels of rumination strengthened the relation between IU and anxiety symptoms. Results from structural equation modeling analyses indicated that rumination fully mediated the relation between IU and depression symptoms, but only partially mediated the association between IU and anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: The results supported rumination as a moderator and mediator in the association between IU and depression and anxiety symptoms. Future research and practical implications are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 67:1–20, 2011.
Hip fractures are risky business: an analysis of the NSQIP data.

Abstract Introduction Hip fractures are one of the most common types of orthopaedic injury with high rates of morbidity. Currently, no study has compared risk factors and adverse events following the different types of hip fracture surgeries. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the major and minor adverse events and risk factors for complication development associated with five common surgeries for the treatment of hip fractures using the NSQIP database. Methods Using the ACS-NSQIP database, complications for five forms of hip surgeries were selected and categorized into major and minor adverse events. Demographics and clinical variables were collected and an unadjusted bivariate logistic regression analyses was performed to determine significant risk factors for adverse events. Five multivariate regressions were run for each surgery as well as a combined regression analysis. Results A total of 9640 patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture were identified with an adverse events rate of 25.2% ( n = 2433). Open reduction and internal fixation of a femoral neck fracture had the greatest percentage of all major events (16.6%) and total adverse events (27.4%), whereas partial hip hemiarthroplasty had the greatest percentage of all minor events (11.6%). Mortality was the most common major adverse event (44.9–50.6%). For minor complications, urinary tract infections were the most common minor adverse event (52.7–62.6%). Significant risk factors for development of any adverse event included age, BMI, gender, race, active smoking status, history of COPD, history of CHF, ASA score, dyspnoea, and functional status, with various combinations of these factors significantly affecting complication development for the individual surgeries. Conclusions Hip fractures are associated with significantly high numbers of adverse events. The type of surgery affects the type of complications developed and also has an effect on what risk factors significantly predict the development of a complication. Concerted efforts from orthopaedists should be made to identify higher risk patients and prevent the most common adverse events that occur postoperatively.
Enabling personalized medicine through the use of healthcare information technology.

To achieve the goal of personalized medicine, advances in healthcare information technology (HIT) must be accompanied by similar advances in data analysis and translation into clinical care. For healthcare providers and their patients, advances in genomics and other related fields must be captured by sophisticated decision support systems that integrate information from multiple sources of data and facilitate their use in the clinic. In addition to addressing privacy concerns, regulators will also need to work toward establishing evidentiary standards for the use of data from electronic clinical sources in areas such as comparative effectiveness and safety, while addressing the complexity behind the genetic basis of the exceptions to their general findings. Overall, the increased use of HIT will allow for a more integrated, efficient system for collecting and analyzing clinical data, providing a fruitful environment for hypothesis testing and generation, as well as leading to more personalized and effecti...
Exact and stable tip trajectory tracking for multi-link flexible manipulator

In this paper, the recently developed stable inversion theory for nonlinear nonminimum phase systems is applied to output tracking for multi-link flexible robot manipulators. First, a mathematical model is developed for a two-link flexible manipulator using assumed mode technique with tip position as output. Then an inverse model is derived and a two-point boundary value problem is set up to guarantee that the inverse obtained is a stable one regardless of the fact that a flexible manipulator is a nonminimum phase system. The eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix of the inverse system are calculated to verify the hyperbolicity of the fixed point. Following a recent general result, an iterative procedure is presented to numerically construct the stable inverse for a given desired tip trajectory. This inverse is used as a feedforward together with joint angle feedback to control the tip position. Excellent output tracking is achieved with no transient or steady state errors and no internal vibration buildup. >
Introgression of chromosome 13 in Dahl salt-sensitive genetic background restores cerebral vascular relaxation

To evaluate the potential role of impaired renin-angiotensin system (RAS) function in contributing to reduced vascular relaxation in Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats, responses to ACh (10−6 mol/l) and ...
Applying a proof of tverberg to complete bipartite decompositions of digraphs and multigraphs

Graham and Pollak [2] proved that n – 1 is the minimum number of edge-disjoint complete bipartite subgraphs into which the edges of Kn decompose. Tverberg [6], using a linear algebraic technique, was the first to give a simple proof of this result. We apply Tverberg's technique to obtain results for two related decomposition problems, in which we wish to partition the arcs/edges of complete digraphs/multigraphs into a minimum number of arc/edge-disjoint complete bipartite subgraphs of appropriate natures. We obtain exact results for the digraph problem, which was posed by Lundgren and Maybee [4]. We also obtain exact results for the decomposition of complete multigraphs with exactly two edges connecting every pair of distinct vertices.
Structural and chemical requirements for histidine phosphorylation by the chemotaxis kinase CheA.

The CheA histidine kinase initiates the signal transduction pathway of bacterial chemotaxis by autophosphorylating a conserved histidine on its phosphotransferase domain (P1). Site-directed mutations of neighboring conserved P1 residues (Glu-67, Lys-48, and His-64) show that a hydrogen-bonding network controls the reactivity of the phospho-accepting His (His-45) in Thermotoga maritima CheA. In particular, the conservative mutation E67Q dramatically reduces phospho-transfer to P1 without significantly affecting the affinity of P1 for the CheA ATP-binding domain. High resolution crystallographic studies revealed that although all mutants disrupt the hydrogen-bonding network to varying degrees, none affect the conformation of His-45. N-15-NMR chemical shift studies instead showed that Glu-67 functions to stabilize the unfavored (NH)-H-delta 1 tautomer of His-45, thereby rendering the N-epsilon 2 imidazole unprotonated and well positioned for accepting the ATP phosphoryl group.
Delayed expression of cell cycle proteins contributes to astroglial scar formation and chronic inflammation after rat spinal cord contusion

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) induces secondary tissue damage that is associated with astrogliosis and inflammation. We previously reported that acute upregulation of a cluster of cell-cycle-related genes contributes to post-mitotic cell death and secondary damage after SCI. However, it remains unclear whether cell cycle activation continues more chronically and contributes to more delayed glial change. Here we examined expression of cell cycle-related proteins up to 4 months following SCI, as well as the effects of the selective cyclin-dependent kinase (CDKs) inhibitor CR8, on astrogliosis and microglial activation in a rat SCI contusion model. Adult male rats were subjected to moderate spinal cord contusion injury at T8 using a well-characterized weight-drop model. Tissue from the lesion epicenter was obtained 4 weeks or 4 months post-injury, and processed for protein expression and lesion volume. Functional recovery was assessed over the 4 months after injury. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated a marked continued upregulation of cell cycle-related proteins − including cyclin D1 and E, CDK4, E2F5 and PCNA − for 4 months post-injury that were highly expressed by GFAP+ astrocytes and microglia, and co-localized with inflammatory-related proteins. CR8 administrated systemically 3 h post-injury and continued for 7 days limited the sustained elevation of cell cycle proteins and immunoreactivity of GFAP, Iba-1 and p22PHOX − a key component of NADPH oxidase − up to 4 months after SCI. CR8 treatment significantly reduced lesion volume, which typically progressed in untreated animals between 1 and 4 months after trauma. Functional recovery was also significantly improved by CR8 treatment after SCI from week 2 through week 16. These data demonstrate that cell cycle-related proteins are chronically upregulated after SCI and may contribute to astroglial scar formation, chronic inflammation and further tissue loss.
Estimating effective population size from samples of sequences : a bootstrap Monte Carlo integration method

We would like to use maximum likelihood to estimate parameters such as the effective population size N(e) or, if we do not know mutation rates, the product 4N(e) mu of mutation rate per site and effective population size. To compute the likelihood for a sample of unrecombined nucleotide sequences taken from a random-mating population it is necessary to sum over all genealogies that could have led to the sequences, computing for each one the probability that it would have yielded the sequences, and weighting each one by its prior probability. The genealogies vary in tree topology and in branch lengths. Although the likelihood and the prior are straightforward to compute, the summation over all genealogies seems at first sight hopelessly difficult. This paper reports that it is possible to carry out a Monte Carlo integration to evaluate the likelihoods approximately. The method uses bootstrap sampling of sites to create data sets for each of which a maximum likelihood tree is estimated. The resulting trees are assumed to be sampled from a distribution whose height is proportional to the likelihood surface for the full data. That it will be so is dependent on a theorem which is not proven, but seems likely to be true if the sequences are not short. One can use the resulting estimated likelihood curve to make a maximum likelihood estimate of the parameter of interest, N(e) or of 4N(e) mu. The method requires at least 100 times the computational effort required for estimation of a phylogeny by maximum likelihood, but is practical on today's work stations. The method does not at present have any way of dealing with recombination.
Comparative in vitro activity of DU-6859a, a new fluoroquinolone agent, against gram-positive cocci.

Abstract The in vitro activity of DU-6859a (DU), a new fluoroquinolone agent, was evaluated against 233 gram-positive cocci and was compared with those of ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, nafcillin, and ampicillin. The MICs of DU for 90% of the staphylococci tested were < or = 0.06 microgram/ml. All of the groups A and B and viridans group streptococci were inhibited by < or = 0.125 microgram of DU per ml, which was 32-fold more active than ciprofloxacin. On the basis of MICs for 90% of the strains tested, DU was 32- and 16-fold more active than ciprofloxacin against Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, respectively. The bactericidal activity of DU was demonstrated by time-kill techniques against all ciprofloxacin-susceptible enterococci. DU shows promise for the treatment of infections with gram-positive cocci and warrants further evaluation by in vitro and in vivo studies.
Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma

Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is a rare subtype of HL with unique clinicopathologic features. The hallmark histologic feature is the presence of malignant LP cells, unusual CD20(+)CD15(-)CD30(-) variants of Reed-Sternberg cells, embedded within a nodular pattern of infiltrating lymphocytes. Compared with classical HL, NLPHL shows a slightly older median age at presentation (30-40 years), greater male predominance (3:1), less mediastinal involvement (<15%), and lower occurrence of classical HL risk factors. The differential diagnosis includes progressive transformation of germinal centers, lymphocyte-rich classical HL, and T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma, the latter of which may share a common biologic relationship. The vast majority of patients present with limited stage disease (70%-80%), the standard treatment for which is involved field radiotherapy at 30-36 Gy. Response rates to primary therapy exceed 90%, although relapses are common and may occur years after the initial diagnosis. Secondary malignancies, particularly non-Hodgkin lymphoma, may also occur at a frequency similar to that of relapsed NLPHL. Patients with advanced stage disease may have lower response rates and overall survival times than those with limited stage disease. For relapsed disease, treatment options include the salvage therapies used in classical HL, and rituximab.
Tendon graft donor sites.

Each of 480 extremities from 120 cadavers was dissected. Particular attention was given to potential donors for tendon grafts. Both the palmaris Iongus and the extensor digiti minimi had an average length of 16 cm and an average width of 3 mm. The extensor indicis tendon averaged 13 cm in length and 3 mm in width. The plantaris and second toe extensors averaged 35 cm in length and 2 to 2.5 mm in width. None of these measurements correlated well with age, sex, or hand or foot size. There was, however, a high correlation between right- and left-side measurements in each specimen, in spite of some degree of anatomic variation for all the tendons studied. The palmaris longus was missing in 25% of the upper extremities, and the prantaris in 19% of the lower extremities dissected.
Sequence-based, in situ detection of chromosomal abnormalities at high resolution.

We developed single copy probes from the draft genome sequence for fluorescence in situ hybridization (scFISH) which precisely delineate chromosome abnormalities at a resolution equivalent to genomic Southern analysis. This study illustrates how scFISH probes detect cryptic and subtle abnormalities and localize the sites of chromosome rearrangements. scFISH probes are substantially shorter than conventional recombinant DNA-derived probes, and Cot1 DNA is not required to suppress repetitive sequence hybridization. In this study, 74 single copy sequence probes (>1,500 bp) have been developed from ≥100 kb genomic intervals associated with either constitutional or acquired disorders. Applications of these probes include detection of congenital microdeletion syndromes on chromosomes 1, 4, 7, 15, 17, 22 and submicroscopic deletions involving the imprinting center on chromosome 15q11.2q13. We demonstrate how hybridization with multiple combinations of probes derived from the Smith-Magenis syndrome interval on chromosome 17 identified a patient with an atypical, proximal deletion breakpoint. A similar multi-probe hybridization strategy has also been used to delineate the translocation breakpoint region on chromosome 9 in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Probes have also been designed to hybridize to multiple cis paralogs, both enhancing the chromosomal target size and detecting chromosome rearrangements, for example, by splitting and separating a family of related sequences flanking an inversion breakpoint on chromosome 16 in acute myelogenous leukemia. These novel strategies for rapid and precise characterization of cytogenetic abnormalities are feasible because of the sequence-defined properties and dense euchromatic organization of single copy probes. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ductile-to-brittle transition strain rate

Solder joint failure mode depends on factors such as loading mode (shear vs. tensile), temperature, and strain rate. For any given loading mode and temperature, there is a transition from ductile failure to brittle failure as strain rate is increased. This ductile-to-brittle transition strain rate (DTBTSR) is one of the best indicators for robustness relative to impact loading. A higher value for DTBTSR is better. DTBTSR was measured for a wide range of lead free solder joints. The effects of pad metallization, solder alloy, reflow conditions, thermal aging, test temperature, and loading mode were characterized. DTBTSR was found to improve with 1) electroplated Ni/Au over other finishes (as long as the substrate supplier has a well controlled process), 2) less reflow time above liquidus for Cu pad metallization, 3) mild thermal aging, 4) higher test temperature, and 5) shear loading over tensile loading.
Processing conditions for polysilicon films with tensile strain for large aspect ratio microstructures

The processing conditions to obtain high-quality and repeatable polysilicon films are described. These include substrate preparation, the deposition procedure, reactor configuration, and postdeposition treatment. Examples of large-aspect-ratio microstructures such as long, thin beams and tuning forms for sensor applications and large-area diaphragms for piezoresistive microphones and X-ray masks are presented to illustrate the potential of polysilicon films that are in tension. >
Magnetic coil design considerations for functional magnetic stimulation

Our studies have demonstrated effective stimulation of the bladder, bowel, and expiratory muscles in patients with spinal cord injury using functional magnetic stimulation, However, one limitation of the magnetic coils (MC) is related to their inability to specifically stimulate the target tissue without activation of surrounding tissue. The primary goal of this study was to determine the governing parameters in the MC design, such as coil configuration, diameter, and number of turns in one loop of the coil. By varying these parameters, our approach was to design, construct, and evaluate the induced electric field distributions of two sets of novel MC's. Based on the slinky coil design, the first set of coils was constructed to compare their abilities in generating induced electric fields for focal nerve excitation. The second set of coils was built to determine the effect that changes in two parameters, coil diameter and number of turns in one loop, had on field penetration. The results showed that the slinky coil design produced more focalized stimulation when compared to the planar round coils. The primary-to-secondary peak ratios of the induced electric field from slinky 1 to 5 were 1.00, 2.20, 2.85, 2.62, and 3.53. We also determined that coils with larger diameters had better penetration than those with smaller diameters. Coils with less number of turns in one loop had higher initial field strengths; when compared to coils that had more turns per loop, initial field strengths remained higher as distance from the coil increased. In our attempt to customize MC design according to each functional magnetic stimulation application and patients of different sizes, the parameters of MC explored in this study may facilitate designing an optimal MC for a certain clinical application.
Invasive plant architecture alters trophic interactions by changing predator abundance and behavior

As primary producers, plants are known to influence higher trophic interactions by initiating food chains. However, as architects, plants may bypass consum- ers to directly affect predators with important but underappreciated trophic ramifications. Invasion of western North American grasslands by the perennial forb, spot- ted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), has fundamentally altered the architecture of native grassland vegetation. Here, I use long-term monitoring, observational studies, and field experiments to document how changes in vegetation archi- tecture have affected native web spider populations and predation rates. Native spiders that use vegetation as web substrates were collectively 38 times more abundant in C. maculosa-invaded grasslands than in uninvaded grass- lands. This increase in spider abundance was accompanied by a large shift in web spider community structure, driven primarily by the strong response of Dictyna spiders to C. maculosa invasion. Dictyna densities were 46-74 times higher in C. maculosa-invaded than native grasslands, a pattern that persisted over 6 years of monitoring. C. mac- ulosa also altered Dictyna web building behavior and foraging success. Dictyna webs on C. maculosa were 2.9- 4.0 times larger and generated 2.0-2.3 times higher total prey captures than webs on Achillea millefolium, their primary native substrate. Dictyna webs on C. maculosa also captured 4.2 times more large prey items, which are crucial for reproduction. As a result, Dictyna were nearly twice as likely to reproduce on C. maculosa substrates compared to native substrates. The overall outcome of C. maculosa invasion and its transformative effects on vegetation archi- tecture on Dictyna density and web building behavior were to increase Dictyna predation on invertebrate prey C89 fold. These results indicate that invasive plants that change the architecture of native vegetation can substantially impact native food webs via nontraditional plant ? preda- tor ? consumer linkages.
High-resolution, cross-well reflection imaging; potential and technical difficulties

The case study presented in this paper demonstrates that reflections can be found in high‐frequency cross‐well data. These reflections can be enhanced by a processing sequence similar to the one applied to VSP data to produce very high‐resolution images. Vertical resolution of the order of 3–5 ft (1–1.5 m) for well distances of a few hundred feet is potentially feasible. Although this study produced a good tie between the cross‐well reflection image and the sonic log, our research also illustrated some of the technical difficulties associated with cross‐well reflection imaging. Specifically, we found that the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the image decreases as the distance between the imaged reflection points and the wells increases, and that aliased tube waves as well as shear and converted waves were the main components of the noise. We also observed that interpretation of wide‐angle reflections might be misleading, since these events are significantly stretched, both horizontally and vertically, during ima...
Incidence and Prevalence of Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis among Children in Atlanta and Seattle

The incidence and prevalence of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) for children aged <18 years were estimated in 2 US cities, Atlanta and Seattle, in 1996. All otolaryngologists in a 24-county area in metropolitan Atlanta (101 physicians) and an 8-county area in metropolitan Seattle (139 physicians) agreed to participate in the study. Medical record chart abstraction was performed only for children with documented current residence in the study area (21 patients in Atlanta and 14 patients in Seattle). The incidence rate for juvenile RRP was 1.11/100,000 population in Atlanta and 0.36/100, 000 in Seattle. The prevalence rate was 2.59/100,000 population in Atlanta and 1.69/100,000 in Seattle. In neither city did prevalences differ significantly when stratified by sex or race. Extrapolation of these estimates to the US population suggests that 80-1500 incident cases and 700-3000 prevalent cases of juvenile RRP will occur in the United States during 1999.
Taxonomy of Mitigation Strategies for Driver Distraction

Driver distraction can be described as the diversion of driver’s attention from the primary task of driving and is one of the most common causes of crashes. Complex technologies that have either been introduced to the driving domain or are planned to be, raise the concern of high levels of distraction, by placing additional demands on drivers. Different mitigation strategies (e.g., warning and vehicle control) have been implemented in the vehicle to reduce driver distraction. However there has not been a clear definition or categorization of these strategies. This paper, therefore, proposes a taxonomy of mitigation strategies for driver distraction and relates the strategies to accumulated research in the areas of automation and adaptive aiding to define important design tradeoffs with each strategy. This taxonomy provides a framework that can guide research and address the driver distraction problem systematically.
Origin of Short-Range Forces in Water Between Clay Surfaces and Lipid Bilayers

The forces between clays surfaces, surfactant micelles, lipid bilayers and biomembranes in water include the expected attractive van der Waals and repulsive electric double-layer forces (DLVO forces). In the case of the rigid crystalline surfaces of clays, there are additional short- range forces due to water structure and hydrogen-bond correlations. The force associated with water structure is generally oscillatory, while that associated with the H-bond network is monotonically repulsive (between hydrophilic surfaces) or monotonically attractive (between hydrophobic surfaces). These two forces are still not understood theoretically.
Continuous caudal anesthesia in obstetrics by means of lidocaine 1 per cent

Abstract 1. A series of 178 cases of continuous caudal anesthesia using lidocaine HCl 1 per cent without epinephrine for labor and delivery are presented. 2. The dosage schedule is given. 3. Advantages of lidocaine as an anesthetic agent in obstetrics are enumerated. 4. It is concluded that lidocaine 1 per cent is a very satisfactory agent for use with continuous caudal anesthesia in obstetrics.
The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter

Preface ix 1 A Puzzling Primate 1 2 It's Not Our Intelligence 8 3 Lost European Explorers 22 4 How to Make a Cultural Species 34 5 What Are Big Brains For? Or, How Culture Stole Our Guts 54 6 Why Some People Have Blue Eyes 83 7 On the Origin of Faith 97 8 Prestige, Dominance, and Menopause 117 9 In-Laws, Incest Taboos, and Rituals 140 10 Intergroup Competition Shapes Cultural Evolution 166 11 Self-Domestication 185 12 Our Collective Brains 211 13 Communicative Tools with Rules 231 14 Enculturated Brains and Honorable Hormones 260 15 When We Crossed the Rubicon 280 16 Why Us? 296 17 A New Kind of Animal 314 Notes 333 References 373 Illustration Credits 429 Index 431
Manufactured Shapes of Rectangular RAINBOW Actuators

A model based on energy and variational methods is developed and used to predict the manufactured shape of square RAINBOW actuators. Due to the large out-of-plane deformations of the actuators as they are cooled from their elevated processing temperature, geometric nonlinearities are included in the model. It is shown there is a critical value of the ratio of actuator sidelength to thickness that determines whether the manufactured out-of-plane shape is a dome or a cylinder. Additionally, there is a critical value of the ratio of the reduced layer thickness to total thickness which determines which shape will occur. A simple extension to the model is used to predict the deformations due to application of an electric field. Despite the inclusion of geometric nonlinearities, the field strength vs. deformation relation is generally very nearly linear, which is an advantage when studying dynamic response. However, the response could be significantly nonlinear if the actuator was inadvertently designed to have geometric parameters near the critical values.
Lost in Limbo: An Exploratory Study of Homeless Mothers' Experiences and Needs at Emergency Assistance Hotels:

Increases in family homelessness have led several states to use hotels and motels as shelters. Except for investigations into “welfare hotels” of the 1980s, research on this practice is largely nonexistent. This study explored the experience of living in an emergency assistance hotel through in-depth interviews with 10 homeless mothers, triangulated with proximity analyses of the walking distance and public transit time between emergency assistance hotels in Massachusetts (n = 49) and 6 basic need types. Four themes emerged from interviews: living in limbo, profound isolation, role conflict, and immense difficulty meeting basic needs—which proximity analyses further illustrated. Findings suggest the need for systems to consider homeless families' mobility barriers and assess the built environment around hotels used to shelter families.
Perspectives: The Market for Dividends and Related Investment Strategies

A market for dividends paid on major equity indices and paid by large companies has developed around the world. This market, in a manner similar to that of the U.S. Treasury strip market, allows investors to invest in future dividend cash flows independent of investing in the equities. Since 2004, dividend swaps have been a major profit contributor for multistrategy and macro hedge funds because market-implied dividends have been trading at high discounts and dividend growth has been strong. This article contains a discussion of current instruments and market dynamics, investment strategies and methods of forecasting dividends, and potential benefits and problems in this market.
NutriPhone: vitamin B12 testing on your smartphone(Conference Presentation)

Vitamin B12 deficiency is the leading cause of cognitive decline in the elderly and is associated with increased risks of several acute and chronic conditions including anemia. The deficiency is prevalent among the world population, most of whom are unaware of their condition due to the lack of a simple diagnostics system. Recent advancements in the smartphone-enabled mobile health can help address this problem by making the deficiency tests more accessible. Previously, our group has demonstrated the NutriPhone, a smartphone platform for the accurate quantification of vitamin D levels. The NutriPhone technology comprises of a disposable test strip that performs a colorimetric reaction upon collecting a sample, a reusable accessory that interfaces with the smartphone camera, and a smartphone app that stores the algorithm for analyzing the test-strip reaction. In this work, we show that the NutriPhone can be expanded to measure vitamin B12 concentrations by developing a lateral flow assay for B12 that is compatible with our NutriPhone system. Our novel vitamin B12 assay incorporates blood sample processing and key reagent storage on-chip, which advances it into a sample-in-answer-out format that is suitable for point-of-care diagnostic applications. In order to enable the detection of pM levels of vitamin B12 levels, silver amplification of the initial signal is used within the total assay time of less than 15 minutes. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our NutriPhone system by deploying it in a resource-limited clinical setting in India where it is used to test tens of participants for vitamin B12 deficiency.
On-site Simulation Training Improves Nurses’ First-Responder Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Performance: Traveling Simulation Program

Purpose Evaluate feasibility and impact of on-unit simulation-based nurse first-responder team training in a large tertiary care hospital.
Analysis of the Epidemic Situation of Notifiable Diseases of Nanyang City in 2006

Objective To analysze the epidemic status of notifiable infectious diseases of Nanyang in 2006 and effectiveness of surveillance of notifiable disease based on the direct report through network. Method The epidemic status of notifiable infectious diseases of Nanyang in 2006 was analyzed by descriptive study's method. Result 29247 cases of 18 infectious diseases of catagoloy B were reported in 2006, with 165 death cases and a incidence rate of 295.88/100000. 1863 cases of 6 infectious diseases of catagoloy C were reported, with no death cases. The top two of most reported dieases were tuberculosis and viral hepatitis B, accounted for 38.96% and 38.03% of all the reported diseases of catagoloy B. Conclusion By applying direct network report, the monitoring and controlling of infectious diseases should be strengthened in Nanyang city. The measure of prevention and control, especially vaccination, was effectively control the infectious diseases. However, viral hepatitis, malaria, blood-borne diseases and STD showed an uptrend of increase. We should especially pay attention to blood-borne diseases and STD because they mainly existed in the young age group. The prevention of blood-borne diseases and STD must be reinforced to restrain the epidemic situation.
SU-F-J-224: Impact of 4D PET/CT On PERCIST Classification of Lung and Liver Metastases in NSLC and Colorectal Cancer

Purpose: To quantify the impact of 4D PET/CT on PERCIST metrics in lung and liver tumors in NSCLC and colorectal cancer patients. Methods: 32 patients presenting lung or liver tumors of 1–3 cm size affected by respiratory motion were scanned on a GE Discovery 690 PET/CT. The bed position with lesion(s) affected by motion was acquired in a 12 minute PET LIST mode and unlisted into 8 bins with respiratory gating. Three different CT maps were used for attenuation correction: a clinical helical CT (CT_clin), an average CT (CT_ave), and an 8-phase 4D CINE CT (CT_cine). All reconstructions were 3D OSEM, 2 iterations, 24 subsets, 6.4 Gaussian filtration, 192×192 matrix, non-TOF, and non-PSF. Reconstructions using CT_clin and CT_ave used only 3 out of the 12 minutes of the data (clinical protocol); all 12 minutes were used for the CT_cine reconstruction. The percent change of SUVbw_peak and SUVbw_max was calculated between PET_CTclin and PET_CTave. The same percent change was also calculated between PET_CTclin and PET_CTcine in each of the 8 bins and in the average of all bins. A 30% difference from PET_CTclin classified lesions as progressive metabolic disease (PMD) using maximum bin value and the average of eight bin values. Results: 30 lesions in 25 patients were evaluated. Using the bin with maximum SUVbw_peak and SUVbw_max difference, 4 and 13 lesions were classified as PMD, respectively. Using the average bin values for SUVbw_peak and SUVbw_max, 3 and 6 lesions were classified as PMD, respectively. Using PET_CTave values for SUVbw_peak and SUVbw_max, 4 and 3 lesions were classified as PMD, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggest that response evaluation in 4D PET/CT is dependent on SUV measurement (SUVpeak vs. SUVmax), number of bins (single or average), and the CT map used for attenuation correction.
Profilin Binding Modulates the Aggregation and Phase Separation of Huntingtin N-Terminal Fragments via Polyphasic Linkage

Neurotoxic aggregates formed by N-terminal fragments of the mutant huntingtin protein (Htt-NTFs) are associated with the onset and progression of Huntington's disease. Htt-NTFs encompass expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts that are flanked on the N-terminus by a 17-residue stretch and on the C-terminus by a 38-residue proline-rich stretch (C38). Htt-NTF aggregation and toxicity in cells is diminished by direct interactions with profilin, which is an abundant actin-binding protein that also binds polyproline ligands through a distinct binding site.Htt-NTF aggregation leads to the formation of soluble spherical aggregates (30-50 nm in diameter) and insoluble fibrillar deposits. These aggregates constitute distinct phases and are characterized by saturation concentrations, i.e., threshold concentrations that must be crossed in order for the corresponding phases to form. Using a combination of in vitro measurements we have demonstrated that profilin binding lowers the driving forces for Htt-NTF aggregation and phase separation via polyphasic linkage, a phenomenon whereby distinct saturation concentrations are shifted upwards by an order of magnitude. Accordingly, in the presence of profilin, a higher total concentration of Htt-NTFs is required to cross a given phase boundary. Our binding assays reveal that profilin binds preferentially to Htt-NTF monomers and small soluble oligomers. This involves specific interactions between profilin and the polyproline modules of C38 and possibly non-specific interactions between profilin and polyQ via an avidity effect.Our data provide a biophysical explanation for the observed cellular effects of profilin on Htt-NTF aggregation. Increases in saturation concentrations through polyphasic linkage might be a general mechanism for lowering the driving forces for aggregation and phase separation of aggregation-prone proteins, and may contribute to the protein homeostasis mechanisms used by cells to cope with protein aggregation stress.
Modeling the Influence of Changes in Consumer Reservation Price Structure on Inter-Tier Retail Competition

Competition between brands in different tiers (e.g., national brands vs. store-label brands, high-priced vs. low-priced brands) has been an interesting and important area of scholarly inquiry and managerial attention for several years. However, an examination of the nature of inter-tier competition in the context of changes in consumer reservation price structure has not been investigated. One issue worthy of consideration is: what changes can we expect to see in the nature of competition between different tiers when the consumer reservation price structure changes? This article attempts to answer this question. We offer a framework for studying the nature of inter-tier competition in the context of changes in consumer reservation price structure.
Desorption of plutonium from montmorillonite: An experimental and modeling study

Abstract Desorption of plutonium (Pu) will likely control the extent to which it is transported by mineral colloids. We evaluated the adsorption/desorption behavior of Pu on SWy-1 montmorillonite colloids at pH 4, pH 6, and pH 8 using batch adsorption and flow cell desorption experiments. After 21 days adsorption, Pu(IV) affinity for montmorillonite displayed a pH dependency, with Kd values highest at pH 4 and lowest at pH 8. The pH 8 experiment was further allowed to equilibrate for 6 months and showed an increase in Kd, indicating that true sorption equilibrium was not achieved within the first 21 days. For the desorption experiments, aliquots of the sorption suspensions were placed in a flow cell, and Pu-free solutions were then pumped through the cell for a period of 12 days. Changes in influent solution flow rate were used to investigate the kinetics of Pu desorption and demonstrated that it was rate-limited over the experimental timescales. At the end of the 12-day flow cell experiments, the extent of desorption was again pH dependent, with pH 8 > pH 6 > pH 4. Further, at pH 8, less Pu was desorbed after an adsorption contact time of 6 months than after a contact time of 21 days, consistent with an aging of Pu on the clay surface. A conceptual model for Pu adsorption/desorption that incorporated known surface-mediated Pu redox reactions was used to fit the experimental data. The resulting rate constants indicated processes occurring on timescales of months and even years which may, in part, explain observations of clay colloid-facilitated Pu transport on decadal timescales. Importantly, however, our results also imply that migration of Pu adsorbed to montmorillonite colloids at long (50–100 year) timescales under oxic conditions may not be possible without considering additional phenomena, such as co-precipitation.
Neurobiological Effects of Morphine after Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used commonly to manage pain in the early phase of spinal cord injury (SCI). Despite its analgesic efficacy, however, our studies suggest that intrathecal morphine undermines locomotor recovery and increases lesion size in a rodent model of SCI. Similarly, intravenous (IV) morphine attenuates locomotor recovery. The current study explores whether IV morphine also increases lesion size after a spinal contusion (T12) injury and quantifies the cell types that are affected by early opioid administration. Using an experimenter-administered escalating dose of IV morphine across the first seven days post-injury, we quantified the expression of neuron, astrocyte, and microglial markers at the injury site. SCI decreased NeuN expression relative to shams. In subjects with SCI treated with IV morphine, virtually no NeuN+ cells remained across the rostral-caudal extent of the lesion. Further, whereas SCI per se increased the expression of astrocyte and mi...
Investigational Drug Information

The drug information appearing in this column is for investigational drugs studied in clinical research protocols being pursued in the Clinical Center at the National Institutes of Health. This same information, in the form of an “Investigational Drug Fact Sheet,” is distributed, prior to its use, to the dispensing pharmacist and the appropriate nursing units involved in the administration of the drugAs with all investigational drugs, the drugs reported in this column have a Notice of Claimed Investigational Exemption for o New Drug (IND) assigned to them by the Food and Drug Administration (F.D.A.).