cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solving the Challenges to World Trade

World trade faces fundamental challenges. This essay examines six threats to the intellectual case for open trade: to wit, worries about ecology, fairness, morality, equity, security, and geopolitics. Together, these threats implicate a huge swath of international trade. One of the biggest indicators of diminishing support for trade is the moribund status of the leading institution of the trading system, the World Trade Organization (WTO). There are three branches of WTO governance and all three are in trouble: the judicial branch and its vacant Appellate Body, the executive branch and its vacant post of WTO Director-General, and the legislative branch where the WTO Ministerial Conference has failed to meet since 2017. Solving global problems often requires focused international policies and sometimes specialized international agencies to administer such policies. Unfortunately, during the 21 st century, the growth in international problems has not been matched by a growth in international solutions. The faltering of the trading system is one example of that mismatch, but the same pathology exists in many areas of global governance. The biggest problem may be the shallow Paris Agreement on Climate Change that lacks any mutually agreed commitments, such as a carbon tax, for harmonized actions to combat global warming. Yet even without any international commitment to impose a carbon tax on domestic commerce, there are political demands to impose carbon taxes on imported products for ecological and fairness reasons. This essay introduces the term “tradeclimate” questions as nomenclature for the set of environmental issues relating to transborder trade that should be resolved in the climate regime, not in the WTO. In discussing China, the essay notes that the trade war between China and the United States spills into the WTO, and explains why the WTO should not arrogate to itself the task of re-educating China. Gaining China’s cooperation is critical to achieving better policies in the WTO, the Paris Agreement, and the World Health Organization.
Cost effectiveness analysis of implementing tuberculosis screening among applicants for non-immigrant U.S. work visas.

While persons who receive immigrant and refugee visas are screened for active tuberculosis before admission into the United States, nonimmigrant visa applicants (NIVs) are not routinely screened and may enter the United States with infectious tuberculosis. We evaluated the costs and benefits of expanding pre-departure tuberculosis screening requirements to a subset of NIVs who arrive from a moderate (Mexico) or high (India) incidence tuberculosis country with temporary work visas. We developed a decision tree model to evaluate the program costs and estimate the numbers of active tuberculosis cases that may be diagnosed in the United States in two scenarios: 1) “Screening”: screening and treatment for tuberculosis among NIVs in their home country with recommended U.S. follow-up for NIVs at elevated risk of active tuberculosis; and, 2) “No Screening” in their home country so that cases would be diagnosed passively and treatment occurs after entry into the United States. Costs were assessed from multiple perspectives, including multinational and U.S.-only perspectives. Under “Screening” versus “No Screening”, an estimated 179 active tuberculosis cases and 119 hospitalizations would be averted in the United States annually via predeparture treatment. From the U.S.-only perspective, this program would result in annual net cost savings of about $3.75 million. However, rom the multinational perspective, the screening program would cost $151,388 per U.S. case averted for Indian NIVs and $221,088 per U.S. case averted for Mexican NIVs. From the U.S.-only perspective, the screening program would result in substantial cost savings in the form of reduced treatment and hospitalization costs. NIVs would incur increased pre-departure screening and treatment costs.
Changes in University Club Athletes’ and Non-Athlete Students’ Stress and Perceived Gains Across a Semester:

To examine the relationship between club rugby participation, collegiate experiences, and perceived gains, 25 rugby players and 25 non-athlete students completed the Student-Athlete Experiences Inv...
Solutions of Problems: Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis of Circuits Including Transformers and Magnetically Coupled Inductors

In this chapter, the problems of the third chapter are fully solved, in detail, step-by-step, and with different methods.
DIY Antenna Studio: A Cost-Effective Tool for Antenna Analysis [Education Corner]

A novel and instructive antenna characterization setup design is introduced in this article. The setup is designed to reduce the cost to antenna characterization and proliferate the knowledge of antennas. The characterization setup introduced does not employ off-the-shelf antenna characterization equipment and software, instead it innovates a technique that can be replicated by students in a classroom environment with minimum equipment overhead. The designed system has a measurement capability ranging from 47 MHz to 6 GHz owing to the wide operational bandwidth of the transceiver and can measure and validate the fundamental properties of an antenna. The system performance was validated by characterizing a patch antenna designed using CST Microwave Studio. The experimental results obtained from the designed system are compared to the results obtained from industry specification equipment. The operational design, advantages of the system explained in detail and the drawbacks are discussed.
Changes in Total Homocysteine and Glutathione Levels After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy in Children with Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease.

Paediatric obesity is a well-known risk factor for metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on the levels of total homocysteine (tHcy) and total glutathione (tGSH) plasma levels in children with MAFLD. Twenty-four children with severe obesity who underwent LSG were included in the study. The metabolic parameters, systemic inflammatory markers, one-carbon metabolism products, ultrasound and histological improvement were evaluated at baseline (T0M) and after 12 months from LSG (T12M). The patients exhibited a significant amelioration of several metabolic parameters at T12M. A significant reduction of steatosis was observed at ultrasound (from 72.7% of moderate-severe grade to 0% severe steatosis), accompanied by a statistically significant improvement of ballooning, portal and lobular inflammation and fibrosis. A statistically significant decrease of tumour necrosis factor circulating levels was also observed (T0M median = 290.3, IQR = 281.0–317.0 pg/mL; T12M median = 260.4, IQR = 240.0–279.0 pg/mL; p < 0.0001). After 12 months from LSG, a significant increase of mean plasma levels of tHcy(T0M mean = 15.7 ± 4.1 μmol/L; T12M mean = 21.1 ± 9.3 μmol/L; p = 0.0146) was also observed. The increase of tHcy showed no causal link with the improvement of MAFLD-related inflammatory, metabolic and histological pattern. LSG in children with obesity induces an improvement of MAFLD-related metabolic derangement and liver damage, but also a mild hyperhomocysteinemia that should be avoided to prevent cardiovascular risk.
Tissue kallikreins as serological biomarkers for lung cancer

2679 Tissue kallikreins are a family of 15 genes (KLK1-KLK15) co-localized in tandem to chromosome 19q13.4, encoding serine protease enzymes. In addition to KLK3/PSA, which has had a great impact in clinical medicine for the screening, diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer, many other members of this family, dysregulated in cancer, have been identified as promising diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers for several cancer types, including ovarian, breast, prostate, and testicular cancers. Despite advances in spiral computed tomography, there are no optimal biomarkers for lung malignancies, nor effective therapeutic strategies for the majority of patients. Therefore, there is a critical need to discover novel biomarkers for lung cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of several members of the kallikrein family (KLK5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 11), to determine whether any of them have value as serological biomarkers for lung cancer. Serum samples collected by the UCLA Lung Cancer SPORE program from 100 subjects (50 cases and 50 controls) were analyzed blindly by using ELISA assays developed in-house. We identified statistically significant differences in KLK5, KLK7, KLK8, KLK10 and KLK11 protein expression between cases and controls (p In conclusion, these preliminary results indicate that many members of the kallikrein family are dysregulated in lung carcinoma and that KLK11, or panels of many kallikreins, may constitute novel markers for lung cancer, but likely only for late stage disease.
How Innovative Was The Trump Campaign in 2016: A Historical Perspective

Much of the 2016 campaign and the election of Donald Trump seemed novel, while other aspects were throwbacks to an earlier era. The Trump campaign fit this dual reality as Trump tweeted with wild abandon, while relying on traditional mass rallies and mediated news media during much of his campaign. So how innovative was the Trump campaign in 2016? This study applies a model of political communication change over time, which I label the Political Communication Cycle (PCC), to the Trump 2016 campaign in order to answer that question in a new way. This study finds that the Trump campaign did not break new ground in terms of online methods or data use, which had been stabilizing for some time. However, the novel style in which candidate Trump used each was applied in a new way, even if the populist and racial-nationalist themes he offered were far from novel. Further, America has had demagogues before, but never one as politically successful as Trump and none in the modern internet-centric media environment. The historical analysis suggests that Trump’s campaign may be viewed as a turning point in terms of campaign communication tactics, but is unlikely to become the new norm.
Automatic Post-Editing for Vietnamese.

Automatic post-editing (APE) is an important remedy for reducing errors of raw translated texts that are produced by machine translation (MT) systems or software-aided translation. In this paper, we present a systematic approach to tackle the APE task for Vietnamese. Specifically, we construct the first large-scale dataset of 5M Vietnamese translated and corrected sentence pairs. We then apply strong neural MT models to handle the APE task, using our constructed dataset. Experimental results from both automatic and human evaluations show the effectiveness of the neural MT models in handling the Vietnamese APE task.
Thomas von Aquin - Anstoß und Anstöße für das evangelische Gedächtnis

Fur die Bestimmung des Verhaltnisses von Thomas von Aquin und Martin Luther hat Otto Hermann Pesch das Begriffspaar „sapiential“ und „existentiell“ vorgeschlagen. Die vorliegende Abhandlung geht einen anderen Weg und unterscheidet eine reformatorische Differenzhermeneutik von einer thomasischen Harmoniehermeneutik: Reformatorisches Denken zeichnet sich durch scharfe Unterscheidungen aus – Gesetz und Evangelium, Glaube und Werke, aber auch Vernunft und Offenbarung. Das so Unterschiedene ist nicht getrennt, sondern in ein komplexes, kritisches Verhaltnis zueinander gesetzt. Demgegenuber versucht Thomas von Aquin in der Begrundung der Theologie wie auch in der Rechtfertigungslehre Unterschiedenes in ein harmonisches Verhaltnis zueinander zu setzen. Wahrend sich so die Konflikte der Reformationszeit gut erklaren lassen, ist es bemerkenswert, dass seit der Aufklarung die evangelische Theologie zunehmend aus eigenen Uberlegungen zu einer neuen Form von Harmoniehermeneutik gekommen ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist auch ein neues, positives Verhaltnis evangelischer Theologie zu Thomas moglich. Otto Hermann Pesch has suggested that the relation between Thomas Aquinas and Martin Luther can be aptly captured by the two concepts “sapiential” and “existential”. This article takes a different path, distinguishing the Reformation hermeneutics of difference from the Thomasian hermeneutics of harmony: Reformation theology uses sharp distinctions – Law or Gospel, faith or works, as well as reason or revelation. While these things are not separate, Reformation doctrine puts them into a complex, critical relation to one another. By contrast, Thomas Aquinas seeks to build a harmonious relation between seeming opposites, as evident both from his foundation of theology and his doctrine of justification. While the conflicts of the Reformation period can be well explained in this way, it is noteworthy that Protestant theology, since the Enlightenment, seems to have developed its own hermeneutics of harmony, step by step. Against this background, a new, positive understanding of Aquinas in Protestant theology seems to be possible.
Logging-Type Fatalities in the U.S. Production Agriculture Industry, 1980-1992

SUMMARY Logging activities such as felling trees for firewood and clearing farm land of trees, are conducted by many farmers throughout the country. According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities (NTOF) surveillance system, these logging-type practices resulted in 173 work-related “struck by falling object” deaths to farmers during the years 1980 through 1992, which represent 46− of all struck-by-falling-object deaths in the agricultural production industry during this 13-year time period. The majority of these deaths occurred in the midwestern (41−) and southern (46−) regions of the United States.
Studies on Acid-Base, Hydration-Dehydration and Keto-Enol Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions of α-Ketoacids by Polarography, Linear Sweep Voltammetry and Spectroscopy

Even when α-ketoacids play an important role as a link between the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins and their solution chemistry should be of general interest, quantitative information regarding positions of acid-base, keto-enol, and hydration-dehydration equilibria established in their dilute aqueous solutions is rather limited. Only properties of pyruvic acid were studied extensively1, but those of α- ketoglutaric acid received only limited attention1c, 2. For the most complex system represented by oxalacetic acid attention was paid predominantly to keto-enol equilibria3 and only recently the role of hydration yielding a geminal diol has been considered1c, 1f, 4.
Critique of Eliason, Amodia, and Cano's Article Spirituality and Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment

(2006). Critique of Eliason, Amodia, and Cano's Article Spirituality and Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 143-148.
TRENDS IN ELECTRONIC COMMERCE SECURITY: A MANAGERIAL BRIEF AND TEACHING NOTE

The Internet and similar networks provide new infrastructures for communications andcommerce. These open networks interconnect computers across many differentorganizations with dramatically lower communications and distributed applicationsdevelopment costs. This motivates businesses to transfer commercial activity from closedprivate networks to open networks like the Internet.However, open network architectures are vulnerable to a number of different securitythreats. While many different hardware and software solutions exist to secure transactionsover the Internet, greater consensus is required by companies and consumers on theprocesses, organizations and application of existing technical solutions for secureelectronic commerce. Greater consensus on security among trading parties will lower thecosts of electronic commerce and accelerate its deployment on the Internet.
Artificial intelligent techniques for intrusion detection

This paper concerns using support vector machines (SVMs) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) for intrusion detection. We investigate and compare the performance of IDSs using SVMs and ANNs, using a well-known set of intrusion evaluation data gathered by DARPA. Through a variety of comparative experiments, it is found that, with appropriately chosen kernel functions, SVMs outperform ANNs in at least three critical aspects of IDS performance: (1) Accuracy - SVMs achieve very-high accuracy (in the high 90% range) than the best-trained ANNs, (2) Training Time and Testing Time - SVMs' training time and testing time are an order of magnitude faster than ANNs', and (3) Scalability - SVMs scale much better than ANNs. SVMs, therefore, provide suitable tools for building signature-based IDSs. We describe our investigation methodology, report experimental results, and conclude by describing an ongoing effort of a SVM and agents-based IDS that delivers enhanced performance, that possesses enhanced intrusion response capability and that is applicable to wireless networks.
Anesthetic management of a ventilator-dependent parturient with the King-Denborough syndrome.

Purpose The King-Denborough syndrome (KDS) is a rare disorder that is associated with myopathy, susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (MH) as well as congenital skeletal and facial anomalies. We report the anesthetic management of a parturient with KDS.
Organic material and soil compressibility.

Compression tests on model organic soils have shown that higher organic fractions significantly increase soil compressibility. Precise control over organic content, fiber type and size, and mineral type in the model soil were made possible using kaolinite-fiber mixtures. A plot of organic fraction versus void ratio for selected pressure levels showed linear relationships. The two variables, organic fraction and pressure, were uncoupled by plotting intercepts and slopes for the straight lines against consolidation pressure giving two void ratio parameters. Excellent agreement was observed between predicted and field equilibrium void ratios for available data on papermill sludge. Combining initial and final effective overburden pressures with existing organic fractions permits prediction of void ratios needed for settlement prediction using conventional soil mechanics theory.
A Study of Transonic Gas Dynamics by the Hydraulic Analogy

The theory governing the propagation of surface water waves is analyzed to show that an analogy with the two-dimensional flow of a perfect gas exists only if the water depth is approximately V4 in., the model is fairly large, and the shock waves or hydraulic jumps present are of the weak type having a negligible increase in entropy. Photographs of the water surface waves corresponding to shock waves in front of simple wedges and circular cylinders are presented to illustrate these restrictions. It is pointed out that the surface-wave group velocity, which could be considerably less than the so-called wave velocity, provided the only correct analogy to the speed of sound in two-dimensional gas flow over a closed body. Motion pictures were taken in order to study the effect of constant acceleration on bow shock waves. I t was found that at high rates of acceleration the location of a detached shock wave was dependent mainly on a nondimensional acceleration parameter and was practically independent of the instantaneous Mach Number.
Wait!!! No Steroids for this Asthma…

Patient: Female, 31 Final Diagnosis: Hyperinfection syndrome due to Strongyloides stercoralis Symptoms: Abdominal pain • shortness of breath Medication: Prednisone Clinical Procedure: Bronchoscopy with BAL Specialty: Pulmonology Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: Strongyloides stercoralis (SS) is a parasite seen in certain parts of the USA and in people from other endemic areas. In these patients steroids might precipitate or exacerbate asthma. Apart from worsening of asthma, serious complications like hyperinfection syndrome and even death can occur in these patients if treated with steroids. Treatment is either ivermectin or albendazole based on severity of the disease. Clinicians have to be very careful when prescribing steroids in patients presenting with an exacerbation of asthma from areas endemic for Strongyloides stercoralis. Case Report: A young woman with history of asthma presented with complaints of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, wheezing, and dry cough. Physical examination revealed diffuse expiratory wheezing and mild diffuse abdominal pain without rebound or guarding. Laboratory results showed leukocytosis with eosinophilia. Stool studies showed Strongyloides stercoralis. Imaging revealed ground-glass opacities in the right upper and lower lobe along with an infiltrate in the lingular lobe on the left side. Bronchoscopy showed Strongyloides stercoralis. The patient was diagnosed with hyperinfection syndrome due to Strongyloides stercoralis most probably exacerbated by prednisone given for her asthma. Steroids were then discontinued and the patient was started on ivermectin. The patient improved with treatment. Repeat stool examination was negative for Strongyloides stercoralis. Conclusions: Clinicians have to be very careful when prescribing steroids in patients presenting with an exacerbation of asthma who are from areas endemic for Strongyloides stercoralis and should test for it (preferably with serology test) before starting treatment.
Measurement of superoxide-derived free radicals in the reperfused heart. Evidence for a free radical mechanism of reperfusion injury.

There has been considerable controversy regarding the role of oxygen free radicals as important mediators of cell damage in reperfused myocardium. This controversy regards whether superoxide and hydroxyl free radicals are generated on reperfusion and if these radicals actually cause impaired contractile function. In this study, EPR studies using the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyroline-n-oxide (DMPO) demonstrate the formation of .OH and R. free radicals in the reperfused heart. EPR signals of DMPO-OH, aN = aH = 14.9 G, and DMPO-R aN = 15.8 G aH = 22.8 G are observed, with peak concentrations during the first minute of reperfusion. It is demonstrated that these radicals are derived from .O2- since reperfusion in the presence of enzymatically active recombinant human superoxide dismutase markedly reduced the formation of these signals while inactive recombinant human superoxide dismutase had no effect. On reperfusion with perfusate pretreated to remove adventitial iron, the concentration of the DMPO-OH signal was increased 2-fold and a 4-fold decrease in the DMPO-R signal was observed demonstrating that iron-mediated Fenton chemistry occurs. Hearts reperfused with recombinant human superoxide dismutase exhibited improved contractile function in parallel with the marked reduction in measured free radicals. In order to determine if the reperfusion free radical burst results in impaired contractile function, simultaneous measurements of free radical generation and contractile function were performed. A direct relationship between free radical generation and subsequent impaired contractile function was observed. These studies suggest that superoxide derived .OH and R. free radicals are generated in the reperfused heart via Fenton chemistry. These radicals appear to be key mediators of myocardial reperfusion injury.
Contrast-enhanced 3D MR breathhold imaging of porcine coronary arteries using fluoroscopic localization and bolus triggering.

The purpose of this study was to develop cardiac-gated contrast-enhanced 3D MRA for imaging the coronary arteries of pigs. Each major coronary artery was imaged individually in a single 3D slab in one breathhold. To permit acquisition within a breathhold, a limited number of partitions (12–16) were collected in a single, oblique, thin 3D slab. Typical resolution of the acquisition was 0.8 (X) × 1.6 (Y) × 1.6 (Z) mm. MR fluoroscopic localization was used to establish the 3D double-oblique orientation. Real-time MR fluoroscopy was also used to instantaneously trigger the 3D scan after detection in the aortic root of the intravenously administered contrast bolus. Six pigs were used in the study. Each pig was scanned on two separate days. Images routinely show the majority of the length of the three principal coronary arteries. Magn Reson Med 42:1159–1165, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nursing, Food Service, and the Child With Diabetes

The safety and well-being of children while they are at school or day care is a major concern in our society. It is therefore important that the professionals who are entrusted with the care of young people possess the knowledge and skills necessary to provide a safe and caring environment for all children, including those with chronic disorders such as diabetes. Each day 35 children in the United States are diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. To make their school experiences positive, it is imperative that school employees be aware of the potential challenges associated with diabetes and how to meet these challenges successfully. This article discusses the role of the school nurse in forming an interdisciplinary team to work with a child with diabetes. It addresses the school nurse's role in diabetes education of food service personnel in the school. Confidentiality issues are also addressed.
Alcohol-induced facial dysmorphology in C57BL/6 mouse models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), which includes a range of developmental deficits. Fetal alcohol syndrome is the most severe form of FASD and can be diagnosed with pathognomonic facial features such as a smooth philtrum, short palpebral fissure, and thin upper vermilion. However, many children with developmental damage because of prenatal alcohol exposure exhibit none, or only a subset, of the above features, making diagnosis difficult. This study explored novel analyses to quantify the effect of a known dose of alcohol on specific facial measurements in substrains C57BL/B6J (B6J) and C57BL/6NHsd (B6N) mice. Mouse dams were provided alcohol (Alc) consisting of 4.8% (vol/vol) alcohol in a liquid diet for 16 days prepregnancy and chow and water diet during mating, and then the alcohol liquid diet was reinstated on gestational days 7 (E7) to gestational day 17 (E17). Treatment controls included a pair-fed (PF) group given matched volumes of an alcohol-free liquid diet made isocalorically and a group given ad lib access to lab chow and water (Chow). Maternal diet intake (Alc and PF), blood alcohol concentrations (BACs), embryo weights, and 15 morphometric facial measurements for E17 embryos were analyzed. B6N dams drank more alcohol during pregnancy and generated higher BAC than B6J dams. Both the Alc and PF treatments induced significant reductions in embryo weights relative to Chow in both substrains. Alcohol treatments produced significant changes, relative to controls, in 4 of the 15 facial measures for the B6N substrain but only in two measures for the B6J substrain. Discriminant analysis demonstrated successful classification of the alcohol-exposed versus nonalcohol-exposed B6N embryos, with a high sensitivity of 86%, specificity 80%, and overall classification (total correct 83%), whereas B6J mice yielded sensitivity of 80%, specificity 78%, and overall correct classification in 79%. In addition, B6N mice showed significantly more effects of pair feeding on these facial measures than did B6J mice, suggesting that the B6N substrain may be more vulnerable to nutritional stress during pregnancy. Overall, these data indicate that both B6N and B6J mice were vulnerable to alcohol but show differences in the severity and location of alcohol-induced dysmorphic facial features and may parallel findings from human studies comparing different ethnic groups. Furthermore, these findings suggest that discriminant analysis may be useful in predicting alcohol exposure in either mouse substrains.
Investigation of electrostrictive polymers as actuators for mesoscale devices

This paper presents an investigation of the use of electrostrictive silicone polymers as actuators for mesoscale devices. The generated strains of both flat and rolled actuators, based on Dow Corning Sylgard 182 and 184, with sputtered gold electrodes, are presented as functions of the applied electric field. Variables examined in this study include silicone film thickness, gold electrode thickness, cycling of the applied electric field, and actuator configuration (flat or rolled). In general, thinner silicone films and gold electrodes yielded greater strains, at a constant applied field. The actuator performance tended to deteriorate with repeated application of the electric field, and the gold electrodes cracked after being subjected to a large percentage strain.
Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and visual sensitivity using scanning laser polarimetry with variable and enhanced corneal compensation.

Purpose To compare the strength of the structure–function association between scanning laser polarimetry-measured retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and visual sensitivity. Two methods of corneal compensation were evaluated, variable corneal compensation (VCC) and enhanced corneal compensation (ECC). Design Observational case series. Participants One hundred twenty-seven glaucoma (repeatable abnormal visual fields [VF] by pattern standard deviation and/or glaucoma hemifield test) or glaucoma suspect (glaucomatous-appearing discs by photograph assessment without field defects) participants in the University of California, San Diego Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study. Methods One eye of each participant was imaged using GDx VCC and GDx ECC on the same day. Visual fields tested using the Humphrey Field Analyzer (with Swedish interactive threshold algorithm) were obtained within 6 months of imaging. Main Outcome Measure The associations ( R 2 ) using linear and logarithmic regression between RNFL thicknesses measured in 6 sectors (inferior, inferotemporal, temporal, superotemporal, superior, nasal) with VCC and ECC and VF sensitivities (decibel threshold measurements) measured in 6 corresponding sectors were compared. Comparisons were made using paired t tests on the log-transformed absolute values of regression residuals. Results Using GDx VCC, 32 scans had a typical scan score (TSS) ≤ 78 (lowest quartile) and no ECC scans had TSS R 2 ) ranged from 0.03 (temporal RNFL) to 0.22 (superotemporal RNFL) for VCC and from 0.01 (temporal RNFL) to 0.26 (superotemporal RNFL) for ECC. Associations generally were slightly stronger for ECC than for VCC, although these differences were only significant for inferotemporal RNFL ( R 2 = 0.19 and 0.11, for ECC and VCC, respectively). Conclusion The RNFL thickness associations with VF sensitivity are stronger using ECC compared with VCC, suggesting that ECC provides a better cross-sectional representation of visual function than VCC.
Preoperative evaluation and management of jugular foramen tumors

The preoperative evaluation and management of the patient with a jugular foramen tumor comprises a series of clinical, biochemical, radiographic, and endovascular studies. The selection and order of necessary studies are dictated by the suspected tumor type as suggested by the initial clinical and radiographic evaluation. Catecholamine testing and balloon test occlusion, for example, may be necessary in the management of a glomus jugulare tumor, but do not constitute part of the preoperative evaluation of a jugular foramen schwannoma. We review the studies and procedures used in the preoperative evaluation and management of the patient with a jugular foramen tumor. Included in this discussion is an introduction to CT/MRI holography, a newly designed method of three-dimensional image display, which is still in the developmental stage.
System implementation of coherent analog optical links

Coherent detection in analog optical links offers several advantages, including increased linearity, heterodyne frequency conversion capability, and reduced link noise figure. Implementing a coherent link in a microwave communications system requires understanding and mitigation of coherence-related noise. We describe an analog optical link using coherent detection and amplitude modulation to achieve high dynamic range, high link gain, and low noise figure. We then address the dominant performance-limiting parameters and discuss several approaches to overcome these limitations.
Methodology to estimate the relative pressure field from noisy experimental velocity data

The determination of intravascular pressure fields is important to the characterization of cardiovascular pathology. We present a two-stage method that solves the inverse problem of estimating the relative pressure field from noisy velocity fields measured by phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) on an irregular domain with limited spatial resolution, and includes a filter for the experimental noise. For the pressure calculation, the Poisson pressure equation is solved by embedding the irregular flow domain into a regular domain. To lessen the propagation of the noise inherent to the velocity measurements, three filters – a median filter and two physics-based filters – are evaluated using a 2-D Couette flow. The two physics-based filters outperform the median filter for the estimation of the relative pressure field for realistic signal-to-noise ratios (SNR = 5 to 30). The most accurate pressure field results from a filter that applies in a least-squares sense three constraints simultaneously: consistency between measured and filtered velocity fields, divergence-free and additional smoothness conditions. This filter leads to a 5-fold gain in accuracy for the estimated relative pressure field compared to without noise filtering, in conditions consistent with PC-MRI of the carotid artery: SNR = 5, 20 x 20 discretized flow domain (25 X 25 computational domain).
Scarification and Degermination of Sorghum for Grits Production: Effects of Hybrid and Conditioning1

ABSTRACT Three sorghum hybrids were tempered and decorticated with an abrasive-type mill (scarifier) to produce low-ash and low-fat grits. The effects of tempering time and temperature were investigated, and the optimum tempering conditions for obtaining low-ash and low-fat grits were found for each sorghum hybrid. The conditions were 3 min at 30°C for bronze sorghum with heteroyellow endosperm, 40 min at 40°C for white sorghum with white endosperm, and 10 min at 20°C for red sorghum with white endosperm. The grits yields were low using the scarifier, hence, another abrasive-type mill was investigated for improving grits yields. A modified experimental corn decorticator-degerminator was used to dry-mill the three sorghum hybrids tempered to the optimum conditions found with the scarifier. The yields were 45.3% grits with 0.23% ash and 0.18% fat for the bronze/heteroyellow hybrid, 49.1% grits with 0.22% ash and 0.36% fat for white/white hybrid, and 44.2% grits with 0.20% ash and 0.22% fat for red/white hyb...
Effects of Conformity to and Deviation from the Crowd:Reputation in the Context of Equity Analysts

Despite the importance of building and maintaining reputations, relatively little research has been devoted to understanding how conformity to or deviation from one’s peers’ actions might affect on...
Molecular Origins of Friction: The Force on Adsorbed Layers

Simulations and perturbation theory are used to study the molecular origins of friction in an ideal model system, a layer of adsorbed molecules sliding over a substrate. These calculations reproduce several surprising features of experimental results. In most cases, the frictional force on a solid monolayer has a different form from that observed between macroscopic solids. No threshold force or static friction is needed to initiate sliding; instead, the velocity is proportional to the force. As in experiments, incommensurate solid layers actually slide more readily than fluid layers. A comparison of experiment, simulation, and analytic results shows that dissipation arises from anharmonic coupling between phonon modes and substrate-induced deformations in the adsorbate.
Alkoxide precursors for controlled oxygen incorporation during metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy GaAs and Al x Ga 1−x As growth

Controlled oxygen incorporation in GaAs using Al-0 bonding based precursors, dimethyl aluminum methoxide (DMALO) and diethyl aluminum ethoxide (DEALO), is presented in this investigation. A comparison study of oxygen incorporation kinetics between nominally undoped AlxGa1−xAs using trimethyl aluminum and DMALO-doped GaAs suggests that DMALO is one of the most important oxygen-bearing agents responsible for unintentional oxygen incorporation in AlxGa1−xAs. Controlled oxygen doping using DEALO is reported for the first time. Oxygen incorporation behavior, especially on the effect of the V/III ratio, was found to be quite different from the case of DMALO, mainly due to the differences between methyl- and ethyl-based growth chemistries. Physical, electrical, and optical properties of these oxygen-doped GaAs are also reported.
Effect of tetanus on the parental behaviour in the rat.

PREVIOUS experiments on the placental barrier to tetanus toxin in the rat revealed that mothers suffering from tetanus were able to deliver a healthy litter1. While some of these mothers cared for their new-born, others neglected them. The present investigation was therefore undertaken to determine to what extent tetanus might affect parental behaviour, and the effect of this behaviour on the offspring.
Constructing a philosophy of chiropractic I: an Integral map of the territory

Objective The purpose of this article is to establish a metatheoretical framework for constructing a philosophy of chiropractic by using Integral Theory and Integral Methodological Pluralism. This is the first in a series of 3 articles.
The Social Identity of the Chronic Schizophrenic

Using ethnographic research methods in a sample of institutionalized male schizophrenics, an emic typology of patient social identities was derived. Interview and observational data yielded three general status classes comprising thirteen associated identities: killer, fighter, assaultive person, fag, rapist, doper, drunk, victim, con, nut, weirdo, snitch, and disoriented. An individual's social identity varied depending upon his current setting within the hospital (official, private, patient-staff interaction, or outside). This emic-derived typology is contrasted with the etic typologies which dominate the literature (e.g. Goffman, Salisbury and Henry), and the importance of ethnographic study in social psychiatry is highlighted. Language: en
Testing the ion cyclotron resonance theory of electromagnetic field interaction with odd and even harmonic tuning for cations

Abstract Seeds of Raphanus sativus, var. Cherry Belle were exposed to combined parallel static and sinusoidal 60 Hz, 40 μT peak-peak ac fields turned to the fundamental, 2nd and 3rd cyclotron resonance harmonics for calcium and potassium ions. Other seeds were exposed to similar fields tuned to the fundamental and 5th harmonic for magnesium. Concurrent controls consisted of seeds exposed to the ac field only, and to ambient geomagnetic and stray 60 Hz ac fields. After 21 d, plant height, aboveground weight, root weight, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width and length/width aspect ratio were measured and compared to in-group controls. Calcium slowed germination, potassium speeded it, and magnesium left it unaffected. Calcium and magnesium tunings were generally stimulatory to growth, while potassium tuning was inhibitory, except for root weight. Controls (ac only) were unchanged from the ambient field controls. Fields at the 2nd harmonic were ineffective, except for potassium 2N, which appears similar to a weak calcium effect. The data support the ICR theory, but not the Paramagnetic Resonance theory of Lednev, or its expansion by Blackman and Blanchard as the Ion Paramagnetic Resonance theory.
Polymer devolatilization: Theory of equipment

The role of surface renewal and feedback phenomena in devolatilization equipment is clearly illustrated via staged models. A continuous model for the vented, single-screw devolatilizer is developed, including barrel evaporation and bulk surface renewal as well as backmixing, which represents de-volatilization data more accurately than previous models. Numerous sample computations are included. The models are used to demonstrate the sensitivity of devolatilization equipment to certain design parameters.
Role of angular momentum for atomic scattering in intense laser fields

We have used nonperturbative quantum-mechanical close-coupled scattering calculations to investigate inelastic atomic collisions induced by strong laser fields. If a partialwave expansion in molecular total angular momentum states is used for the scattering wave function, the selection rule $\ensuremath{\Delta}J=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ for the radiative interaction matrix elements results in an infinite set of close-coupled equations. Model calculations for the total laser-induced inelastic cross section for both beam and homogeneous-gas experiments are carried out for two $^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ states coupled by linearly polarized light. A truncated expansion is used with a sufficient number of rotational states to ensure convergence of the cross section. The results show that the exact cross section saturates much more slowly with increasing laser intensity than the cross section calculated for a two-state $J$-conserving model. Angular momentum changes larger than \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 are possible when the laser intensity is sufficiently high. Thus, a sufficient number of rotational states must be included in the expansion basis to take into account scattering paths that can lead to large changes in angular momentum.
Willingness to Pay for a QALY Based on Community Member and Patient Preferences for Temporary Health States Associated with Herpes Zoster

Background and Objectives: A clear sense of what society is willing to pay for a QALY could enhance the usefulness of cost-effectiveness analysis as a field. Scant information exists on willingness to pay (WTP) for a QALY based on direct elicitation of preferences from community members or patients. We had the opportunity to evaluate WTP per QALY using data from a survey on temporary health outcomes related to herpes zoster. Our aims were to (i) describe how much community members are willing to pay to save a QALY based on scenarios describing temporary health states; (ii) evaluate how WTP per QALY varies based on experience with the disease being described and with demographic variables; and (iii) evaluate how the duration and intensity of pain in a scenario influences WTP per QALY.
Herbivory responsive C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor protein StZFP2 from potato

While C2H2 zinc finger transcription factors (TF) are often regulated by abiotic stress, their role during insect infestation has been overlooked. This study demonstrates that the transcripts of the zinc finger transcription factors StZFP1 and StZFP2 are induced in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) upon infestation by either the generalist tobacco hornworm (THW, Manduca sexta L.) or the specialist Colorado potato beetle (CPB, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). StZFP1 has been previously characterized as conferring salt tolerance to transgenic tobacco and its transcript is induced by Phytophthora infestans and several abiotic stresses. StZFP2 has not been characterized previously, but contains the hallmarks of a C2H2 zinc finger TF, with two conserved zinc finger domains and DLN motif, which encodes a transcriptional repressor domain. Expression studies demonstrate that StZFP2 transcript is also induced by tobacco hornworm and Colorado potato beetle. These observations expand the role of the C2H2 transcription factor in potato to include the response to chewing insect pests.
NOISE FROM SUPERSONIC COAXIAL JETS, PART 1: MEAN FLOW PREDICTIONS

Recent theories for supersonic jet noise have used an instability wave noise generation model to predict radiated noise. This model requires a known mean flow that has typically been described by simple analytic functions for single jet mean flows. The mean flow of supersonic coaxial jets is not described easily in terms of analytic functions. To provide these profiles at all axial locations, a numerical scheme is developed to calculate the mean flow properties of a coaxial jet. The Reynolds-averaged, compressible, parabolic boundary layer equations are solved using a mixing length turbulence model. Empirical correlations are developed to account for the effects of velocity and temperature ratios and Mach number on the shear layer spreading. Both normal velocity profile and inverted velocity profile coaxial jets are considered. The mixing length model is modified in each case to obtain reasonable results when the two stream jet merges into a single fully developed jet. The mean flow calculations show both good qualitative and quantitative agreement with measurements in single and coaxial jet flows.
The Domain Structure of Sigma 54 as Determined by Analysis of a Set of Deletion Mutants

Escherichia coli sigma 54 was analyzed by making a series of 16 internal deletions within its gene and analyzing the properties of the mutant proteins. All of the mutant proteins except one were strongly defective in a growth test that relied on sigma 54 function. Additional assays were applied to determine the causes of these defects. The assays monitored the following properties: the level of protein expression; ability to bind to the -24 promoter element of the glnAP2 promoter in vivo; the ability to bind to the -12 promoter element in vivo; ability to melt the promoter start site in vivo; ability to bind the Rhizobium meliloti nifH promoter in vitro; and the ability to form a sigma 54-core RNA polymerase complex (E sigma 54 holoenzyme) in vitro. The analysis shows a modular structure in that certain regions of the protein predominate in contributing to each of these properties. A large carboxyl region of the protein is essential for promoter binding. A smaller amino-terminal segment is essential for DNA melting. An element essential for the forming the E sigma 54 holoenzyme lies between these two regions. None of these domains resemble those of sigma 70 and this difference is discussed in view of the different transcription mechanisms directed by the two proteins.
Immigrant Farmworker Advocacy: The Dynamics of Organizing

This paper explores contemporary labor rights advocacy among Latino farmworkers and their allies in New York state, drawing on data from participant observation and field interviews conducted over nearly a decade (from 2000 to 2008). The principal finding is that power inequalities within advocacy networks constrain the actions of “weaker” members, who, in turn, respond with unconventional tactics of resistance within the networks themselves. This paper employs key mechanisms from the literature on transnational advocacy to explain these domestic-level interactions, demonstrating their portability from one level of analysis to another.
Representational Gesture, Pointing Gesture, and Memory Recall of Preschool Children

This study investigated the effects of two different types of hand gestures on memory recall of preschool children. Experiment 1 found that children who were instructed to use representational gestures while retelling an unfamiliar story retrieved more information about the story than children who were asked to hold their hands still. In addition, children who engaged in some forms of bodily movements other than hand gestures also recalled better. Experiment 2 showed that a simpler and more basic form of gesture, the pointing gesture, had a similar effect on recollecting and retelling the details of a story. The findings provide evidence for the beneficial effects of hand gestures, both representational gestures and pointing gestures, on cognitive processes such as memory retrieval and verbal communication for preschool aged children.