cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowing Hands: The Cognitive Psychology of Manual Control

Whenever you get dressed, carry objects, write, draw, or gesture, you express knowledge about how to get things done with your hands. Ironically, that knowledge is often difficult to express. Typically you can't say what you know. Still, it would be enormously useful to identify the knowledge underlying manual control. The design of equipment and transportation systems might better anticipate the abilities and limitations of users, and methods of teaching and rehabilitating skills might improve. This book, the first on the cognitive psychology of manual control, uncovers the hidden knowledge that hands express. Organized around key topics in this emerging area, including the role of the will in manual control, illusions concerning hand position sense, and the coordination of manual actions with others, Knowing Hands explains the planning and control of manual actions in everyday life.
Prototypes reflect normative perceptions: implications for the development of reasoned action theory

The reasoned action approach is one of the most successful behavioral theories in the history of social psychology. This study outlines the theoretical principles of reasoned action and considers when it is appropriate to augment it with a new variable. To demonstrate, we use survey data collected from a 4 to 17 year old U.S. adolescents to test how the 'prototype' variables fit into reasoned action approach. Through confirmatory factor analysis, we find that the prototype measures are normative pressure measures and when treated as a separate theoretical construct, prototype identity is not completely mediated by the proximal predictors of behavioral intention. We discuss the assumptions of the two theories and finally consider the distinction between augmenting a specific theory versus combining measures derived from different theoretical perspectives.
The Role of Exopolysaccharides in Microbial Adaptation to Cold Habitats

The cellular exterior that a single-celled microorganism presents to its surroundings marks its first line of defense against environmental pressures, from energy deprivation, shifts in ionic strength, and thermal stress to viral and higher-order attack. The extracellular production of complex sugar compounds (extracellular polysaccharides or exopolysaccharides), whether to provide an individual, multipurpose cell coating or be released for consortial arrangements such as biofilm formation, is a hallmark of microbial life in soil, water, and host (plant and animal)-associated environments. The basic features of exopolysaccharides and their functions pertain to all manner of environments and forms of microbial adaptation, regardless of ambient temperature. At very low temperatures, however, where a phase change comes into play, special considerations arise. In this chapter, which represents an update and reframing of previous work [Krembs and Deming (Psychrophiles: from biodiversity to biotechnology. Springer, 2008)], we pay particular attention to the role of microbially produced exopolysaccharides at subfreezing temperatures. Given recent advances, we have kept the focus on sea ice, that frozen yet brine-filled and exopolysaccharide-rich environment where the physical, chemical, and viral challenges present in the space inhabited by microbes greatly influence their ability to survive and evolve. In the last decade, the study of exopolysaccharides in sea ice has advanced on several fronts, from ocean-scale analyses of their microalgal production and iron-storage capacity to biochemical analyses of their novel ice-binding functions in bacteria. The field has thus moved closer to realizing the pervasive importance of exopolysaccharides in very cold environments, including their biogeochemical, evolutionary, and biotechnological potential.
Some Planned Experiments with Relativista Heavy Ions

We discuss briefly selected aspects of some experiments planned with relativistic heavy ions as projectiles. Special emphasis is put on very peripheral collisions and the possibility to produce fragile exotica by multiple Coulomb excitations. Also discussed are the prospects for thermalization and transverse energy production in central nucleus-nucleus collisions.
Core Competencies in Master of Public Administration Programs: Perspectives from Local Government Managers

The Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration (NASPAA) recommends that Master of Public Administration (MPA) programs adopt five core competencies as part of the accreditatio...
Automated testing of electrical cable harnesses

One technical challenge in promoting robotic applications in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) is to automate testing and assembly operations, which are usually performed by human operators due to a high cost and limited flexibility of robotic systems. In this paper, the automation of electric cable harnesses is focused, hardware and software architectures are modularized to maximize the system capability to test a variety of harnesses and simplify system designs. A new testing system is proposed, its design is discussed in details, and its performance has been validated by the experiments over the prototyped instrumentation. It has shown that the modularized testing system is able to test a wide scope of harnesses in a cost-effective way; it outperformed human operators significantly in terms of testing time and reliability. The proposed approach of modularization can be extended in developing other solutions of automation in SMEs due to its potential in increasing system flexibility and reducing system cost.
12 – Synthesis and Applications of Branched Peptides in Immunological Methods and Vaccines

This chapter elucidates the synthesis and applications of branched peptides in immunological methods and vaccines. Branched peptides, such as multiple antigen peptides (MAPs), are artificial proteins that are significant in biochemical and biomedical applications. This chapter describes the methods for preparing MAPs and applications such as synthetic vaccines, serodiagnostics, and peptide inhibitors. It describes a new design of MAPs containing lipidated built-in adjuvant, which can be delivered by oral administration to elicit systemic and mucosal immunoglobulins as well as cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. It also describes orthogonal approaches by thiol and carbonyl chemistries to facilitate synthesis using unprotected peptide segments as building blocks and ligating them to the core matrix. Proteins as a class of biopolymers have the unusual capacity of displaying a diverse variety of folds and forms predetermined by the primary sequences and correlated to protein functions. Many of the functional sites are located on the surfaces, and some are continuous sequences consisting of 4–21 residues. This holds for the antigenic sites of proteins, which are referred to as epitopes. Other sites include those for attachment, recognition, location, and cellular compartment translocations and are known as motifs.
Intrinsic Motivation and Health

The concept of intrinsic motivation, championed by D. E. Berlyne, has by now taken root in psychology. Whether deprived of nutrients or not, both animals and humans will display considerable curiosity and play, and will actually work for no other reward than gaining information about the environment. Further, intrinsically motivated activities have proven to be especially satisfying, and without boredom or anxiety. Consistently with this, stimuli of a complex or changing nature attract more attention, and are considered more aesthetically pleasing.
Gas Flow at the Ultra-nanoscale: Universal Predictive Model and Validation in Nanochannels of Ångstrom-Level Resolution.

Gas transport across nanoscale pores is determinant in molecular exchange in living organisms as well as in a broad spectrum of technologies. Here, we report an unprecedented theoretical and experimental analysis of gas transport in a consistent set of confining nanochannels ranging in size from the ultra-nanoscale to the sub-microscale. A generally applicable theoretical approach quantitatively predicting confined gas flow in the Knudsen and transition regime was developed. Unlike current theories, specifically designed for very simple channel geometries, our approach can be applied to virtually all geometries, for which the probability distribution of path lengths for particle–interface collisions can be computed, either analytically or by numerical simulations. To generate a much needed benchmark experimental model, we manufactured extremely reproducible membranes with two-dimensional nanochannels. Channel sizes ranged from 2.5 to 250 nm, and angstrom level of size control and interface tolerances were...
Surface Nanostructuring of Steel in Electrospark Alloying with WC-Based Electrodes

The change in cathode mass and anode erosion during electrospark alloying is investigated, with different process kinetics. With increase in pulse length, the efficiency of deep electrospark alloying increases up to some limit determined by the electrode composition.
Abstract TP192: Change in Cerebral Blood Flow Velocities Before and After Diuresis in an Outpatient Heart Failure Clinic

Background: Cognitive deficits have been described in individuals with heart failure (HF), with worsening at the time of acute decompensation and volume overload. We evaluated transcranial doppler ...
A Real-Time Maintenance Policy for Multi-Stage Manufacturing Systems Considering Imperfect Maintenance Effects

Machines are subject to deterioration due to usage and aging. Once one machine fails, maintenance action has to be imposed in order to resume its operation. In practice, maintenance actions are not always able to restore the machine as new. Multi-level maintenance is a more realistic scenario. It is important to select a proper maintenance level upon failure since it directly relates to the duration of a maintenance action and the deterioration status after maintenance and therefore determines the overall system performance. In this paper, a real-time maintenance policy is proposed to select an optimal maintenance level aiming at reducing maintenance-related costs. The maintenance cost includes resource cost and production loss due to machine stoppage. The maintenance cost rate, which is the cost per unit time after the maintenance, is used to select the optimal maintenance level. The maintenance effect is modeled with a virtual-age approach. With the available data collected by distributed sensors, a data-driven modeling of serial production lines is established for analyzing production dynamics. The opportunity window of machine stoppage in the stochastic scenario is derived, which is further used to estimate the production loss caused by the machine stoppage due to maintenance. A numerical experiment is conducted to validate the proposed maintenance policy.
T time for ADAR: ADAR1 is required for T cell self‐tolerance

ADAR1, an RNA‐editing enzyme, plays a key role in preventing self‐RNAs from triggering autoinflammatory responses. In this issue of EMBO reports , Nakahama and colleagues uncover a novel role for ADAR1 in T cells [1]. The authors report that in T cells, ADAR1‐mediated suppression of type I interferon‐stimulated gene (ISG) expression is required for thymic T cell self‐tolerance and prevention of colitis. These findings establish a novel function of ADAR1 in T cells and suggest that autoreactive T cells may contribute to disease symptoms in autoinflammatory disorders.
Reducing Anesthesia Use for Pediatric Magnetic Resonance Imaging: The Effects of a Patient- and Family-Centered Intervention on Image Quality, Health-care Costs, and Operational Efficiency

Abstract Children with complex medical problems who require anesthesia are known to be at risk for acute adverse physiologic events related to anesthesia. The risks of anesthesia include short- and long-term psychological and neurobehavioral issues. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as the standard of care for diagnosis and follow-up of many conditions, and more children are being subjected to anesthesia to ensure acceptable motion-free image quality of the MRI scans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an anesthesia-free patient- and family-centered intervention through an analysis of MRI quality, health-care costs, and operational efficiency as compared with other approaches. This study retrospectively reviewed patient data extracted from electronic medical records of children aged 3-17 years, who underwent outpatient MRI at an urban academic medical center from 2015 to 2016. A total matched sample size of 500 children, 125 per group, was used to investigate the outcome variables including the quality of magnetic resonance image, health-care cost, and procedural time. The groups included are as follows: (1) intervention group, patient- and family-centered preparation of the child, and no anesthesia given (PFC/NA); (2) comparison group, no structured preparation, and no anesthesia given (SC/NA); (3) comparison group, certified child life specialist preparation, and anesthesia given (CCLS/A); (4) comparison group, no structured preparation, anesthesia given (SC/A). The PFC/NA intervention group was found to have significantly lower costs (p
Asymmetrical selection maintains heritable phenotypic variation between two subspecies of Monardella villosa

PREMISE Monardella villosa is an evolutionarily young species complex distributed across a large geographic range. Our goal was to determine whether the phenotypic difference between two subspecies of M. villosa was heritable and whether the alternative phenotypes were adaptive to their respective local habitats. METHODS We collected seeds from 25 populations of M. villosa, 14 from subspecies franciscana, which grows closer to the coast, and 11 from subspecies villosa, which has a larger and more inland geographic distribution. We reciprocally transplanted the two subspecies into their respective habitats and compared plant germination, post-emergence survival, and growth. We used linear mixed models to quantify the effects of genotype and environment to determine whether subspecies were locally adapted and whether leaf traits that distinguish these subspecies were genetically based. RESULTS Plants of both subspecies grown at the coastal site had significantly lower survival and biomass than the inland site. The subspecies were not locally adapted; however, the coastal subspecies franciscana did have a home site advantage. We also found that distinctive leaf morphological traits were genetically based, with high broad-sense heritability of traits. CONCLUSIONS The two subspecies of Monardella villosa were not locally adapted to their respective habitat, but rather we found that selection for local genotypes may be stronger at the coastal site. Despite the lack of evidence for local adaptation in the strict sense, the subspecies had heritable variation in several leaf phenotypes, indicating that heterogeneous selection imposes an adaptive trade-off for leaf trichome production within this species.
Achievement in Dental School as Related to Personality and Aptitude Variables

Attempts to predict performance in dental school from individual scales of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) have yielded equivocal results. A search for combinations and clusters of sca...
Association of Sonic Hedgehog with the Extracellular Matrix Requires its Putative Zinc-Peptidase Activity

Abstract Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) has a catalytic cleft characteristic for zinc metallopeptidases. Nevertheless, the putative peptidase activity of Shh is dispensable for activation of the response in vitro and was deemed “pseudo-active”. Still, Shh has significant sequence similarities with some bacterial peptidoglycan metallopeptidases defining a subgroup within the M15A family that, besides having the characteristic zinc coordination domain, can bind two calcium ions. Extracellular matrix (ECM) components in animals include heparan-sulfate proteoglycans, which are analogs of bacterial peptidoglycan and thus potential peptidase substrates. We found that the putative metallopeptidase activity of Shh is required for its association with ECM as well as for non-cell autonomous signaling. The putative peptidase requires the presence of at least 0.1 µM zinc and is inhibited by mutations affecting critical catalytic residues as well as extracellular calcium. Our results indicate that Shh is a calcium-regulated zinc metallopeptidase.
Muslims under the rainbow: Five aspects of reconciling Islamic faith with queer identity

Academia regarding intersectionality has often involved analyses of how exposure to multiple forms of discrimination impact people ’ s lives. However, researchers have increasingly begun to examine how the compounded negative effects of intersectionality can be mediated to allow a diverse amalgamation of identities to be embraced and empowered. Muslims who identify as sexual minorities represent a unique intersectional positionality, existing in the liminal spaces between communities that many see as distinct and immiscible. Attempting to reconcile the heterogeneous facets of Islam and queerness encompasses navigating various facets of community, family, religiosity, self-identification, and media representation. These journeys are often continuous, involve creating new normalcies and queering methods of embodiment, and, at this time, are more likely to transform individual lives and smaller community spaces than Muslim societies at large. Through an examination of current archival research and lived experiences, this paper will argue that, despite the difficulties of unifying the conflicting Muslim and LGBTQIA+ identities, research strongly suggests that queer Muslims can achieve an uncompromised congruence of faith and sexuality by renegotiating and reinterpreting their relationships with faith, family, community and self.
Getting read as rad: Performances of “nice white lady” and tensions in teaching about white supremacy

Two white women professors who teach courses on diversity in education in different social, political, and geographical contexts analyze our performances of our experiences with students. We indivi...
Genomic analysis of Cryaa-R49C and Cryab-R120G knockin mutant mice: 10-year follow-up

Abstract Objective Two experimental samples from a mouse line containing Cryaa or Cryab modifications on a predominantly C57Bl/6 background using 129Sv mouse strain embryonic stem cells were investigated. The objective was to reexamine the precise genetic background of the mice 10 years after they were converted to the C57Bl/6 background. Results The genetic backgrounds of the mice were assessed at the DartMouse™ Speed Congenic Core Facility at the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth. DartMouse used the Illumina, Inc. Infinium Genotyping Assay to interrogate a custom panel of 5307 SNPs that were spread throughout the genome. The raw SNP data were analyzed using the DartMouse SNaP-Map™ and Map-Synth™ software, which allowed for genetic background identification at each SNP location for every mouse. As part of the analysis, 323 SNPs were eliminated from the data prior to generating chromosome maps due to internal quality control protocols. Of the remaining 4984 SNPs, 44.56% were uninformative (not polymorphic between the two relevant genetic backgrounds) and approximately 0.91% gave uninterpretable data. The remaining 54.53% of the returned SNPs were well distributed throughout the genome. The genetic backgrounds were determined to be 98-99% C57Bl/6J, which was the desired background.
Private Lunar Initiatives

The Moon was initially viewed as a trophy for a political, military, and technological contest between Russia and the United States. But with the recent discovery of billions of tons of water ice in the shadowed craters of the north and south poles of the Moon, there is a new “Gold Rush” or “Moon Rush” for these valuable resources. Space exploration and tourism are now entering a new chapter driven by business plans and personal profits. Private American space companies are eyeing the Moon as a fueling station for their ambitious private flights to Mars, as well as fuel and oxygen for humans living and working on the lunar surface.
Factors Associated with the Development of Persistent Pain after mTBI.

Abstract Background Persistent pain after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is widely experienced, yet little is known about who is at risk for experiencing persistent pain after their injury. Aims The purpose of this study was to 1) determine if there are factors associated with later experiencing persistent pain after mTBI and 2) examine if there are symptom patterns associated with the experience of persistent pain. Design Secondary analysis was conducted using de-identified data from an NIH-funded longitudinal study.SettingsParticipants were enrolled in the emergency department. Participants Participants were aged 21 to 92 and all had experienced mTBI. Methods We examined baseline characteristics, symptoms, and injury related variables associated with the endorsement of persistent pain among those with mTBI (N = 183) from baseline to 6 months post-injury. In order to identify a persistent pain phenotype, exploratory factor analysis was used to determine which symptoms co-occur with persistent pain. Results Persistent pain was found in 78% of those with mTBI. Those with lower overall health status at day 7 and at 1-month following injury had greater odds of developing persistent pain. Those with higher levels of general health status and physical function health status at day 7 and 1 month, and those with higher levels of overall health related status at 1 month had significantly lesser odds of persistent pain at 6 months. Factor analysis revealed that persistent pain and co-occurring symptoms (anxiety, depression, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, sleep disturbance, poor memory, poor concentration, longer to think and light sensitivity) loaded on one factor, indicating that these symptoms are associated. Conclusions Those at increased risk for persistent pain should be screened beginning early in the recovery trajectory to reduce their risk of developing persistent pain. Identification of a phenotype offers potential for recognition of symptoms that cluster with persistent pain, improving the ability to treat patients more holistically, and develop interventions to support recovery from injury.
Commentary: Mandatory covid vaccination blames individual care home workers for government failures.

Compulsory jabs detract from the crucial problems of underfunding and workforce shortages, says Nadra Ahmed—and if care home staff leave, it will increase pressure on the NHS
The Interrogation Room Metaphor: A Teacher’s Use of Phenomenology to Conceptualise and Describe the Thinking and Learning Mind

Taking thinking as a subjective human experience, this paper posits philosophical description, alongside explanations derived from cognitive science, as an additional prospective theoretical constituent underpinning modern education and learning theory. A series of phenomenological reflections was carried out, in the tradition of the classical phenomenologists, in an attempt to conceptualise the phenomenon of thinking from an educational perspective, and more clearly define it in the context of learning. Emphasising the situated, contextual and interactive nature of thinking, the resulting description is hereby presented, in the spirit of resonance and catalytic authenticity, together with an accompanying visual metaphor based on an interrogation room set-up in a law enforcement setting.
Which Priorities Should Guide Palliative Surgical Research

Research priorities in surgical palliative care should go beyond generating data from traditional surgical morbidity or mortality metrics. Surgical researchers can seek to better understand care management complexities of surgical patients with serious illnesses in order to gather high-quality, patient-centered data; improve surgical patients' experiences; and motivate surgical palliative care as a field.
Hausdorff on ordered sets

Selected Hausdorff bibliography by J. M. Plotkin Introduction to ""About a certain kind of ordered sets"" by J. M. Plotkin About a certain kind of ordered sets [H 1901b] by F. Hausdorff Introduction to ""The concept of power in set theory"" by J. M. Plotkin The concept of power in set theory [H 1904a] by F. Hausdorff Introduction to ""Investigations into order types, I, II, III"" by J. M. Plotkin Investigations into order types [H 1906b] by F. Hausdorff Introduction to ""Investigations into order types IV, V"" by J. M. Plotkin Investigations into order types [H 1907a] by F. Hausdorff Introduction to ""About dense order types"" by J. M. Plotkin About dense order types [H 1907b] by F. Hausdorff Introduction to ""The fundamentals of a theory of ordered sets"" by J. M. Plotkin The fundamentals of a theory of ordered sets [H 1908] by F. Hausdorff Introduction to ""Graduation by final behavior"" by J. M. Plotkin Graduation by final behavior [H 1909a] by F. Hausdorff Appendix. Sums of $\aleph_1$ sets [H 1936b] by F. Hausdorff.
Intravascular Stents in Congenital Heart Lesions

Intravascular stent implantation, even with the current equipment and relatively crude delivery techniques, should be considered for the primary therapy of pulmonary branch stenosis and systemic venous stenosis.
Siena: From PowerPoint to Web App in 5 Minutes

Siena lets users design web applications using commonly available PowerPoint as the modeling/development tool. From PowerPoint, users can model business artifacts and processes, transform applications to a standard representation and then immediately deploy and execute these composite applications on a model execution engine.
Cyclic variations in vaginal thermal conductance in ewes.

Abstract The thermal conductance of the vagina of ewes increased one day prior to the onset of estrus; a significant decrease occurred one day after the beginning of estrus. This rise and fall in thermal conductance appear to correlate with cyclic changes in the secretion of estrogens which have pronounced effects on blood flow in the reproductive tract.
Using Functional Behavior Assessment in General Education Settings: Making a Case for Effectiveness and Efficiency:

Under the 1997 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, schools have a legal obligation to conduct functional behavior assessments (FBAs) when developing intervention plans for students with di...
Examining the Structure of Emotion Regulation: A Factor-Analytic Approach

Objective Critiques of self-report indices of emotion regulation suggest that its measurement is in need of more critical investigation. The current study examined the factor structure of emotion regulation as informed by Gross' (1998a) Process Model: Situation Selection, Attentional Deployment, Cognitive Change, and Response Modulation. Method A sample of 553 participants was recruited using Amazon's Mechanical Turk (Mage = 37.12, SD = 13.66; n = 352 female). Confirmatory factor analysis with maximum likelihood estimation was performed in Mplus. Results A four-factor model of emotion regulation demonstrated poor fit. An alternative five-factor model fit the data well: CFI = .94, TLI = .93, RMSEA = .07. Conclusion Emotion regulation may be better conceptualized as a combination of specific strategy use and a broader construct, called “emotional distancing” (a trait-like disposition towards emotions). Further research is required to determine if the observed five-factor model can be replicated in more diverse samples.
Regional differences in glial-derived factors that promote dendritic outgrowth from mouse cortical neurons in vitro

To determine whether glia from different CNS regions differ in their ability to support axons or dendrites, embryonic (E18) mouse cortical neurons were cocultured with early postnatal (P4) rat astroglial derived from cortex, retina, olfactory bulb, mesencephalon, striatum, and spinal cord. After 5 d in vitro, axon and dendrite outgrowth from isolated neurons was quantified with double-labeling immunohistochemical techniques. Whereas axonal growth was similar on the various monolayers, total primary dendritic outgrowth was nearly threefold greater on glia derived from the cortex, retina, and olfactory bulb than on glia derived from mesencephalon, striatum, or spinal cord. This effect was principally on the number of primary dendrites rather than the elongation of individual dendrites. Similar morphological differences were observed when cortical neurons were grown on polylysine in a noncontact coculture system with glia continuously conditioning the media. This selective promotion of dendrite growth was independent of neuron survival. These results indicate that there are regional differences in the ability of CNS glia to support dendritic growth and that this effect is due, in part, to release of a diffusable factor.
Embedded scattering eigenvalues: Light trapping in 2D and 3D systems

Light confinement and localization are of fundamental importance in modern science and technology. In many bounded and unbounded electromagnetic systems, the presence of highly confined modes manifests itself in the reflection, transmission, or scattering signature, as asymmetric Fano resonances with narrow bandwidths. A typical example of this response is represented by resonant Wood's anomalies in diffraction gratings, which have been shown to arise from the excitation of guided complex modes, i.e., leaky modes, supported by the periodic structure (A. Hessel and A. A. Oliner, Appl. Opt. 4, 1275, 1965). Their asymmetric Fano lineshape is due to the interference between a non-resonant reflection background and a discrete resonant state, i.e., the leaky mode, which corresponds to a transverse resonance of the open wave-guiding structure. By using a rigorous coupled-wave analysis, it is possible to observe that, while resonant Wood's anomalies typically have narrow bandwidths, their Q factor can never truly diverge for conventional grating geometries (except for normal plane-wave incidence under specific conditions). This behavior is expected since, if there are outgoing waves that fulfill phase matching with a guided mode of the structure (or one of his space harmonics), the mode is expected to couple to free-space radiation, resulting in a scattering resonance with finite Q factor. Surprisingly, however, it has recently been found that different geometries, e.g., double gratings, or photonic crystal slabs, can actually sustain Fano resonances with diverging Q factors, as the leaky mode supported by the structure becomes uncoupled from free-space radiation, ideally bound despite the presence of available and compatible outgoing waves (D. Marinica, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 183902, 2008; C. W. Hsu, et. al., Nature 499, 188, 2013). Such a bound state has been denoted as an “embedded eigenvalue”, which can exist within the continuum of radiation modes. In our talk, we will provide physical insights into this behavior, investigating why and how it occurs for specific grating geometries, and we will discuss the possibility of controlling and tuning embedded eigenvalues by suitably changing the property of the periodic structure.
Risk factors for traumatic or unsuccessful lumbar punctures in children.

Study objective Traumatic and unsuccessful lumbar punctures can cause substantial diagnostic ambiguity that may lead to unnecessary antibiotic use and hospitalization, in addition to patient discomfort. Risk factors for obtaining traumatic and unsuccessful lumbar punctures have been studied in a limited fashion only. We sought to determine patient, physician, and procedural factors associated with traumatic and unsuccessful lumbar punctures in children. Methods The study included a prospective cohort of all children undergoing lumbar punctures in a single emergency department between July 2003 and January 2005. Our main outcome was either a traumatic lumbar puncture (cerebrospinal fluid RBC counts ≥10,000 cells/mm 3 ) or unsuccessful lumbar puncture (failure of the procedure to yield fluid for cell counts) after the first lumbar puncture attempt. We performed multiple logistic regression analyses to identify independent predictors of traumatic or unsuccessful lumbar punctures. Results Of the 1,474 eligible lumbar punctures, 1,459 (99%) were included in the analysis. Of these, 513 (35%) were traumatic or unsuccessful on the first attempt. After adjustment for patient characteristics, physician and procedural factors associated with an increased risk of a traumatic or unsuccessful lumbar puncture included less physician experience (adjusted odds ratio for an ordinal decrease in experience 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01 to 1.15), lack of local anesthetic use (adjusted odds ratio 1.6; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.2), advancement of the spinal needle with stylet in place versus stylet removed (adjusted odds ratio 1.3; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.7), and increased patient movement (adjusted odds ratio 2.1; 95% CI 1.6 to 2.6). Conclusion Of the factors associated with traumatic or unsuccessful lumbar punctures in children, advancement of the spinal needle with the stylet in place and lack of local anesthetic use are the most modifiable. Modification of these procedural factors may reduce the risk of traumatic or unsuccessful lumbar punctures in children.
Breast volume denoising and noise characterization by 3D wavelet transform.

Abstract Breast imaging through cone-beam computed tomography provides a digital breast volume, with which the three-dimensional (3D) breast tissues can be analyzed. Data denoising, as a preprocessing step for subsequent volumetric breast segmentation is always needed. In this paper, we report a volumetric denoising technique by a separable 3D wavelet transform (WT), i.e. a ‘2D WT plus 1D WT’ scheme. Specifically, the scheme performs two-dimensional (2D) wavelet denoising on a stack of slice images of the breast volume, followed by one-dimensional (1D) wavelet denoising along the stacking direction. The denoising is achieved by wavelet decomposition, high-pass subband attenuation, and wavelet synthesis. A one-level 3D WT produces eight subbands occupying the octants of the 3D wavelet space. Multilevel WT also provides a multiresolution representation of breast volume, i.e. a sequence of low-pass subbands. In general, most noise and irregularity features are imparted into the high-pass subbands, which are removed or reduced for denoising purpose. Meanwhile, the information in a subband can be characterized in terms of energy, variance, and entropy. Through 3D visualization, the spatial structure in a subband can also be visually perceived. Experimental demonstration with the breast volume reconstructed from a specimen is provided.
Isolation, characterization, and validation of oleaginous, multi-trophic, and haloalkaline-tolerant microalgae for two-stage cultivation

Abstract Mass outdoor cultivation of microalgae for biofuels and co-products faces challenges of low lipid productivity, contamination, inefficient CO 2 supply, and difficulties in harvesting. A two-stage cultivation process was developed to address these challenges. This involves culturing microalgae in a fermentor heterotrophically or photobioreactor mixotrophically as first-stage to rapidly obtain high cell densities for inoculating a phototrophic open-pond culture featuring high levels of NaHCO 3 , pH, and salinity as second-stage. A microalgae that is tolerant of these phototrophic conditions, can use organic carbon, and can prolifically produce oil is key to the success of such a two-stage process. Two oleaginous, haloalkaline-tolerant, and multi-trophic green microalgae from soda lakes were isolated, identified, and compared in this study using a multi-instrument approach as candidates for such process. A model triacylglyceride (TAG) was developed for rapid, non-destructive lipid quantitation using liquid-state 1 H NMR. A two-stage cultivation system and a high pH-mediated auto-flocculation method were tested on the selected strain ALP2 with a 1 L fermentor and 40 L open-tank. In unoptimized conditions, the stain achieved a final biomass concentration of 0.978 g DCW/L, lipid content of 39.78% DCW, and auto-flocculation harvesting efficiency of 64.1%.
Does degradation lead to segregation

For years, mitosis has been thought to be regulated at two major control points, the first controlling entry into M- phase (mitosis or meiosis) by triggering chromosome condensation, nuclear envelope breakdown and mitotic spindle assembly, and the second controlling exit from mitosis. Work on the first control point has emphasized the role of activation of mitosis-promoting factor (MPF), the principle components of which are the regulatory and catalytic subunits, cyclin and p34cdc2 kinase, respectively; MPF activation has been recently reviewed and will not be
Contributions to Aphasia Before Broca

Summary Surprising misconceptions about the history of aphasia are encountered, perhaps the most common misconception being that the medical and scientific history of aphasia begins with Gall and that the supposedly few and scattered earlier references to the disorder constitute merely the “prehistory” of the subject. Actually, an impressive amount of information about aphasia was known by 1800, before Gall published his work. Almost all the clinical forms of aphasia had been described. The unawareness of defect which may accompany paraphasia and jargon aphasia and the coincidence of aphasia and agraphia had been noted. Retention of capacity for serial speech when spontaneous, conversational and repetitive speech was gravely impaired had been remarked. Differential impairment in reading one language as compared with another had been described. The associationist conception that aphasia was due to an interruption in the connections between image or idea and expressive linguistic sign had been advanced. Valuable clinical contributions and notable advances in theoretical formulation were made during the first sixty years of the 19th century. Dissociation of language loss in polyglots, echolalia and the verbosity of some aphasic patients were described. From his studies of agraphia, Marce postulated the existence of a cerebral center for writing which was related to, but distinct from, the coordinating center for oral speech. Sensory aphasia was alluded to by Lordat. The foremost theoreticians of the period were Bouillaud and Lordat, both of whom clearly distinguished between loss of memory for articulating words and loss of memory for the words themselves. The work on cerebral localization during this period, which has received so much attention from medical historians, did not produce any important advances in knowledge. Bouillaud’s ideas on the role of the anterior lobes were rejected on sound empirical grounds as well as for ideological reasons. It is true, however, that the struggle between the Bouillaud school and its opponents led directly to Broca's discovery.
Surgical therapy of pancreatic pseudocysts.

Background Pancreatic pseudocysts are a common complication associated with acute and chronic pancreatitis. Fifteen percent and 40% of patients diagnosed with either acute or chronic pancreatitis, respectively, develop pseudocysts (Grace and Williamson, Br J Surg, 80:573–581, 1993). The treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts has evolved since the early 1980s, and changes in management have lead to an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of pseudocysts as well as necessary treatment paradigms.
Elastic-Plastic Analysis by Integrated Local Petrov-Galerkin Sinc Method

Elastic and elastic―plastic analyses of tensioned panels with an elliptical center notch are performed using the integrated local Petrov―Galerkin sinc method. The method is extended for analysis of boundary-value problems for nonlinear materials. The integrated local Petrov―Galerkin sinc method is used to obtain stress concentrations and stress intensities, using the J integral for both elastic and elastic―plastic plane-stress panels. The material is assumed to behave in a bilinear manner with kinematic hardening. The results are compared with the analytic solution for an infinite elastic panel in tension and with a finite-element solution for the panel with material nonlinearity. Good correlation is seen with stress concentration; although, the method tends to overestimate the stress concentrations. The nonlinear results compare well with the finite-element results. The accuracy deteriorates as the plastic zone propagates into areas less densely populated by the sinc points. For the elastic―plastic material, the J integral was estimated within 5 % of the finite-element result, using the integrated local Petrov―Galerkin sinc method.
HSP70 protects murine astrocytes from glucose deprivation injury

Expression of the 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) induced by a first insult is associated with protection from a subsequent ischemic insult in brain. Expression of the human inducible HSP70 was previously shown to protect astrocytes in primary culture from combined oxygen-glucose deprivation. These studies have now been extended to demonstrate that HSP70 expression also protects from isolated glucose deprivation. Slight protection was seen against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure. Glutathione levels decrease less after glucose deprivation or H2O2 exposure (200 microM) in the cells overexpressing HSP70, compared to either beta-galactosidase expressing or uninfected controls (P < 0.01). These data suggest that the HSP70-expressing cells suffered less oxidative stress since their glutathione levels were better preserved.
Template Switching by RNA Polymerase II In Vivo: Evidence and Implications from a Retroviral System

Transfection of retrovirus packaging cells with linear DNA from a retroviral vector missing the 3' long terminal repeat (3' LTR) results in production of infectious virus. Analysis of the newly formed proviruses indicates that restoration of the 3' LTR sequences necessary for reverse transcription and integration occurred due to end-to-end template switching by mammalian RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in the packaging cells. These observations argue that RNAP II can utilize double-strand breaks and gaps in DNA to generate "recombinant" transcripts in vivo and suggest a mechanism for mutation and recombination of retroviruses.
Beyond the Sidewalk: Pedestrian Risk and Material Mismatch in the American Suburbs

American suburbs designed in the twentieth century to house a growing middle class are experiencing escalating poverty. Utilizing a mixed-method social epidemiology, this study finds high pedestria...
Electron spin resonance investigation of the cyanyl and azidyl radical formation by cytochrome c oxidase.

Abstract Cyanide (CN−) is a frequently used inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration due to its binding to the ferric heme a 3 of cytochrome coxidase (CcO). As-isolated CcO oxidized cyanide to the cyanyl radical (⋅CN) that was detected, using the ESR spin-trapping technique, as the 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO)/⋅CN radical adduct. The enzymatic conversion of cyanide to the cyanyl radical by CcO was time-dependent but not affected by azide (N3 −). The small but variable amounts of compound P present in the as-isolated CcO accounted for this one-electron oxidation of cyanide to the cyanyl radical. In contrast, as-isolated CcO exhibited little ability to catalyze the oxidation of azide, presumably because of azide’s lower affinity for the CcO. However, the DMPO/⋅N3 radical adduct was readily detected when H2O2 was included in the system. The results presented here indicate the need to re-evaluate oxidative stress in mitochondria “chemical hypoxia” induced by cyanide or azide to account for the presence of highly reactive free radicals.
Carrier lifetimes in green emitting InGaN/GaN disks-in-nanowire and characteristics of green light emitting diodes

Improvement in the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of InGaN/GaN disks-in-nanowires by surface passivation is demonstrated. The highest IQE achieved through surface passivation for green emitting (λ=540 nm) InGaN/GaN disks-in-nanowires is ∼53%. Radiative and nonradiative carrier lifetimes are calculated for as-grown and surface passivated green emitting disks-in-nanowires. Passivated green sample exhibits a room temperature radiative lifetime of ∼748 ps, which is much smaller than that of equivalent quantum wells. Electroluminescence measurements on passivated green light emitting diodes containing InGaN disks demonstrate no roll over or efficiency droop up to 375 A/cm2, and exhibit a blue-shift of 7 nm in peak wavelength. An enhancement in the light output due to surface passivation is observable in the relative external quantum efficiency of the surface passivated devices as compared with the as-grown samples. (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Constituting Interests and Identities in a Two-Level Game: Understanding the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Dam Conflict

This paper uses the conflict between Hungary and Slovakia over the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Dam to examine two foreign policy issues. The first is how states determine their interests and how perception of gains and losses arise and change. The second is the reality that international norms are rarely clear and often conflict, making answering questions of whether states have “internalized” or are abiding by norms problematic. This case is a good vehicle for addressing these questions as the dam dispute began during the communist period and has continued through the political and economic transitions to European Union membership. It also was the focus of a groundbreaking International Court of Justice case on the application of ecological necessity to treaty obligations. Fleshing out the model of a two-level game with insights from other theoretical perspectives, this article argues the key to this stalemate is the interrelated process through which state identity and understandings of vital interests change, creating frames in each state around different international norms.
Refibrillation managed by EMT-Ds: Incidence and outcome without paramedic back-up

Some patients converted from ventricular fibrillation to organized rhythms by defibrillation-trained ambulance technicians (EMT-Ds) will refibrillate before hospital arrival. The authors analyzed 271 cases of ventricular fibrillation managed by EMT-Ds working without paramedic back-up. Of 111 patients initially converted to organized rhythms, 19 (17%) refibrillated, 11 (58%) of whom were reconverted to perfusing rhythms, including nine of 11 (82%) who had spontaneous pulses prior to refibrillation. Among patients initially converted to organized rhythms, hospital admission rates were lower for patients who refibrillated than for patients who did not (53% versus 76%, P = NS), although discharge rates were virtually identical (37% and 35%, respectively). Scene-to-hospital transport times were not predictively associated with either the frequency of refibrillation or patient outcome. Defibrillation-trained EMTs can effectively manage refibrillation with additional shocks and are not at a significant disadvantage when paramedic back-up is not available.
Race and the Representation of Blacks' Interests During Reconstruction

A majority of recent studies finds that black members of Congress are more supportive of blacks' interests than are white members of Congress, even white Democrats. These results are limited, howev...