cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel role for p56/Lck in regulation of endothelial cell survival and angiogenesis

Previous studies have demonstrated that cleaved high-molecular-weight kininogen (HKa) induces endothelial apoptosis and inhibits angiogenesis and have suggested that this occurs through inhibition of Src family kinases. This study assessed the role of tyrosine-protein kinase Lck (p56/Lck) in this pathway. We analyzed early events leading to apoptosis of human endothelial cells exposed to HKa. The role of p56/Lck was investigated using short interfering (si) RNA knockdown and lentivirus expression in assays of endothelial tube formation, sprouting of neovessels from murine aorta, and angiogenesis in Matrigel plugs. HKa stimulated expression and phosphorylation of p56/Lck. siRNA knockdown of p56/Lck promoted endothelial proliferation and blocked HKa-induced apoptosis and activation of p53, Bax, and Bak. Lentivirus expression of p56/Lck in endothelial cells induced apoptosis and blocked tube formation. Expression of p56/Lck in murine aortic rings blocked sprouting angiogenesis. Lentivirus expressing p56/Lck blocked angiogenesis in Matrigel plugs, while p56/Lck short hairpin RNA inhibited the antiangiogenic effect of HKa. Scrambled siRNAs and empty lentiviral vectors were used in all experiments. Apoptosis of proliferating endothelial cells and inhibition of angiogenesis by HKa requires p56/Lck. This suggests a novel role for p56/Lck in regulation of endothelial cell survival and angiogenesis.-Betapudi, V., Shukla, M., Alluri, R., Merkulov, S., McCrae, K. R. Novel role for p56/Lck in regulation of endothelial cell survival and angiogenesis.
Evaluation of Foliar Applied Pyrethroid Insecticides for Control of Adult Corn Rootworm in Corn, 2015: Table 1

The efficacy of foliar-applied insecticides was evaluated against adult corn rootworm (CRW) populations in field corn near Clay Center, NE, during 2015. In continuous corn environments high populations of CRW adults feed on corn silks and may interfere with pollination, reducing grain yield. Information is needed on the efficacy of foliar insecticides against adult CRW in reproductive stage corn. Adult CRW populations consisted of >95% WCR and <5% SCR. Experimental design was an RCB with four replicates. Plot …
Association of Allograft Rejection and Inducible Interleukin-2 Receptor Expression on CD8 Lymphocytes

Acute rejection of the transplanted kidney is a leading cause of graft failure in renal transplant recipients. Early clinical diagnosis of rejection in these patients is difficult because other processes such as drug toxicity and infection can diminish graft function, elevate serum creatinine, and mimic rejection. Recently, we had begun testing a new peripheral blood assay for the diagnosis of rejection among solid organ allograft recipients. A significant increase in inducible interleukin-2 receptor (IL2R) expression on CD8 lymphocytes from hepatic allograft recipients was observed during periods of rejection versus quiescence (37±5 vs 9±2; p<0.001) documented by serial liver biopsies (1). In this study, we obtained peripheral blood from ten renal allograft recipients at least bi-weekly post-transplant to determine the predictive value of monitoring inducible IL2R on CD8 lymphocytes.
Principles of Leading Change

While many theories of educational change certainly exist in print (Carr-Chellman, 2006; Cuban & Usdan, 2002; Ellsworth, 2000; Elmore & Burney, 1997; Fullan, 2001; Hargreaves & Shirley, 2009; Miles, 2005; Reigeluth, Carr-Chellman, Beabout, & Watson, 2006; Squire & Reigeluth, 2000), it is less clear whether these theories are aligned with practitioners’ beliefs and actions regarding change.
The Future of Cell Biology: Emerging Model Organisms

Most current research in cell biology uses just a handful of model systems including yeast, Arabidopsis , Drosophila , Caenorhabditis elegans , zebrafish, mouse, and cultured mammalian cells. And for good reason – for many biological questions, the best system for the question is likely to be found among these models. However, in some cases, and particularly as the questions that engage scientists broaden, the best system for a question may be a little-studied organism. Modern research tools are facilitating a renaissance for unusual and interesting organisms as emerging model systems. As a result, we predict that an ever-expanding breadth of model systems may be a hallmark of future cell biology.
Ein "Richtiges Afrikabild." Das koloniale Namibia und die frühe Historiographie der DDR

Die Geschichte des kolonialen Namibias und die Erinnerung an den—aus gegenwartiger Forschungsperspektive—ersten deutschen Volkermord im Jahr 1904 erfahren in der letzten Dekade besonders viel Aufmerksamkeit. Vor allem Kultur- und LiteraturwissenschaftlerInnen setzen sich unter postkolonialen, kulturwissenschaftlichen und erinnerungstheoretischen Perspektiven mit der Verhandlung von Kolonialismus und Volkermord in Romanen auseinander und fragen hierbei nach der Wirkmachtigkeit kolonialer und postkolonialer Diskurse (Albrecht; Brehl; Hermes; Wassink). Fiktionalisierte Geschichten uber das koloniale Namibia werden dabei als Ausdruck gesellschaftlicher Vergangenheits- und Wirklichkeitskonstruktionen gelesen, die „an politischen und wissenschaftlichen Diskursen partizipieren“ (Hermes 15). Dabei werden die Entwurfe Schwarzer und Weiser Menschen fokussiert, denn deren Imagination und Konstruktion bestimmen die jeweils koharent erscheinenden Plot- und Erzahlstrukturen der Romane entscheidend und lassen daher auf die Verhandlung von Rassismen schliesen.
Prognostic value of contrast enhancement and FLAIR for survival in newly diagnosed glioblastoma treated with and without bevacizumab: results from ACRIN 6686.

Background ACRIN 6686/RTOG 0825 was a phase III trial of conventional chemoradiation plus adjuvant temozolomide with bevacizumab or without (placebo) in newly diagnosed glioblastoma. This study investigated whether changes in contrast-enhancing and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR)-hyperintense tumor assessed by central reading prognosticate overall survival (OS). Methods Two hundred eighty-four patients (171 men; median age 57 y, range 19-79; 159 on bevacizumab) had MRI at post-op (baseline) and pre-cycle 4 of adjuvant temozolomide (22 wk post chemoradiation initiation). Four central readers measured bidimensional lesion enhancement (2D-T1) and FLAIR hyperintensity at both time points. Changes from baseline to pre-cycle 4 for both markers were dichotomized (increasing vs non-increasing). Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were used for inference. Results Adjusting for treatment, increasing 2D-T1 (n = 262, hazard ratio [HR] = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.48-2.91, P < 0.0001) and FLAIR (n = 273, HR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.26-2.41, P = 0.0008) significantly predicted worse OS. Median OS (days) was significantly shorter for patients with increasing versus non-increasing 2D-T1 for both bevacizumab (443 vs 535, P = 0.004) and placebo (526 vs 887, P = 0.001). Median OS was significantly shorter for patients with increasing versus non-increasing FLAIR for placebo (595 vs 872, P = 0.001), and trended similarly for bevacizumab (499 vs 535, P = 0.0935). Adjusting for 2D-T1 and treatment, increasing FLAIR represented significantly higher risk for death (HR = 1.59 [1.11-2.26], P = 0.01). Conclusion Increased 2D-T1 significantly predicts worse OS in both treatment groups, implying absence of a substantial proportion of pseudoprogression 22 weeks after initiation of standard therapy. FLAIR adds value beyond 2D-T1 in predicting OS, potentially addressing the pseudoresponse effect by substratifying bevacizumab-treated patients with non-increasing 2D-T1.
Oxygen-Atom Vacancy Formation at Polyoxovanadate Clusters: Homogeneous Models for Reducible Metal Oxides

We report the first example of oxygen-atom vacancy formation at the surface of a polyoxometalate, highlighting the ability of a polyoxovanadate-alkoxide cluster, [V6O7(OCH3)12]1–, to function as a homogeneous model for reducible metal oxides. The removal of an oxide ion from [V6O7(OCH3)12]1– results in the formation of a reactive vanadium(III) cation within the multimetallic framework. Generation of [V6O6(OCH3)12]1– is confirmed by 1H NMR, infrared and electronic absorption spectroscopies, as well as electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The consequences of oxygen atom removal on the electrochemical profile of the assembly are assessed, revealing that stabilization of the reduced cluster is achieved through delocalized electron density. The oxygen-atom vacancy permits activation of O2, demonstrating the ability of polyoxovanadate-alkoxide clusters to serve as both structural and functional models of reducible metal oxides.
Young Multihandicapped Sensory Impaired Children: Making Educational Decisions

Educational decision making is a process in which parents, educators, and other persons involved in a child’s educational program decide the most appropriate services for the child and how those services should be rendered. The process for making educational decisions for multihandicapped sensory impaired children is the same as that for other children with special needs, except for possible differences in the service options, the instructional perspectives, and to some extent, the content and emphasis of the curriculum.
Structural Modification of Nonlinear FEA Subcomponents Using Nonlinear Normal Modes

Structural modification procedures are widely used to predict changes in the dynamics of a structure based on the addition of stiffeners, reinforcements, modifications of bolted joints, and payloads. A truncated modal basis of a linear dynamic system can be used to predict the changes of the mode shapes and frequencies due these modifications. This work proposes an extension of modal structural modification for geometrically nonlinear structures, by representing the structure with a set of nonlinear normal modes. An approximate quasi-linear modal model is defined from the fundamental frequency and maximum deformation shape of the nonlinear normal mode solutions. The resulting quasi-linear model has energy dependent mode shapes and natural frequencies. An iterative algorithm then applies modal structural modification to the quasi-linear modal model such that the modal parameters used in the substructuring routine are appropriate for each response level of interest. The method is demonstrated on a finite element model of a geometrically nonlinear beam with a variable elastic boundary condition. The model is meant to mimic the uncertain boundary conditions of a substructure in a hypersonic air vehicle. The nonlinear normal modes are computed for the unmodified beam, and a torsion spring is added to the boundary using the proposed method. It is found to give accurate predictions of the nonlinear modes of the assembly, potentially at a greatly reduced computational cost.
Single-Molecule Methods

Single-molecule methods have emerged as powerful tools in life science research. These techniques allow the detection and manipulation of individual biological molecules and investigate, with unprecedented resolution, their conformations and dynamics at the nanoscale level. These techniques overcome the restrictions of traditional bulk biochemical studies by focusing on individuals of molecules. Here we describe some of the most common single-molecule methods including atomic force microscopy, optical tweezers, and fluorescence microscopy. We also describe the use of cryo-electron microscopy methods to study large molecules and macromolecular assemblies. We outline the principles of operation for each technique and discuss prominent applications.
The Pavlovian basis of reciprocal inhibition therapy

While there is a slight disagreement between Wolpe’s views and Pavlov’s statements concerning the application of experimental psychology to the study of psychiatry, Wolpe indicates that he owes much to Pavlov.
2.5 Which Models Are Good (Enough), and When?

With the possible exception of some basic theories such as quantum mechanics and relativity, scientific models are by nature incorrect – at best they correspond to a natural system in limited ways. This is especially true of models used in Earth-surface-process research, whether conceptual, analytical, or numerical; they all involve simplifications, abstractions, and parametrizations, either intentionally or out of necessity. A model can be wrong in an absolute sense – for example, if the processes represented do not correspond at all to those in the natural system of interest. However, in most cases, rather than evaluating whether a model is right or wrong, it is more appropriate to ask whether the model is useful. The answer often depends on the context and the purpose at hand. For example, a highly simplified model developed as a theoretical tool might be useful in developing explanatory insights, and yet not be useful for simulating the behavior of a natural system with some required level of quantitative accuracy. The types of predictions that are most appropriate for testing models differ between those intended for theoretical and simulation purposes. Evaluating models often also involves a subjective element, with many researchers having more faith in models that represent physical conservation laws more explicitly, which can correspond to resolving finer spatial and temporal scales. However, when sediment transport and/or biology are involved in landscape evolution or pattern formation, basing a model explicitly on the conservation of momentum is generally impractical or impossible. All Earth-surface-process models rely on parametrization of processes at unresolved scales, and we use such parametrization whenever we treat variables that emerge at the macroscopic level (e.g., pressure and density). Embracing this approach when addressing landscape change on relatively large scales, and developing empirically based parametrizations at scales much larger than those of laboratory experiments, could facilitate more effective modeling, in terms of quantitative accuracy as well as explanatory clarity.
Complete Genome Sequences of Streptococcus sobrinus SL1 (ATCC 33478 = DSM 20742), NIDR 6715-7 (ATCC 27351), NIDR 6715-15 (ATCC 27352), and NCTC 10919 (ATCC 33402).

ABSTRACT The bacterium Streptococcus sobrinus causes tooth decay in humans. We present complete circularized genome sequences for four strains of S. sobrinus, type strain SL1, strain NIDR 6715-7 and the related NIDR 6715-15, and strain NCTC 10919. The finished genomes will enable genomic comparisons between S. sobrinus and other cariogenic microbes.
Outdoor Recreation Availability, Physical Activity, and Health Outcomes: County-Level Analysis in Minnesota

Despite pervasive beliefs about the association between outdoor recreation and positive health outcomes, empirical evidence remains largely inconclusive. Past research has focused primarily on the individual and community level and revealed both strong connections between physical activity and health and proximity to public parks predict physical activity levels. Evidence connecting outdoor recreation opportunities directly with specific health outcomes (e.g., weight status, diabetes, mental health), however, is limited. Furthermore, only a handful of studies explores connections between outdoor recreation opportunities and health at macro levels (e.g., across states, counties, or metropolitan areas). Macro-level studies to date have limited analysis to physical activity and obesity rates, despite the wide range of benefits associated with physical activity. This study expands the macro-level understanding of the connection between the availability of outdoor recreation, physical activity, and health by using a typology of recreation opportunities and analyzing a wider range of health outcomes at a county level in the U.S. state of Minnesota. Results suggest that although parkland and nonmotorized trails significantly and positively associate with increased physical activity and lower obesity rates, most other health associations remain insignificant when controlling for select sociodemographic characteristics. Results imply the importance of readily available recreation opportunities in fostering physically active lifestyles, suggest a larger variety of recreation indicators be included in future analysis and inventories, and highlight opportunities for public lands to encourage and promote physical activity.
Thurstonian Item Response Theory and an Application to Attitude Items

The assessment of attitudes has a long history dating back at least to the work of Thurstone. The Thurstonian approach had its “golden days,” but today it is seldom used, partly because judges are needed to assess the location of an item, but also because of the emergence of contemporary tools such as the IRT. The current work is motivated by a study that assesses medical students’ attitudes toward obese patients. During the item-development phase, the study team discovered that there were items on which the team members could not agree with regard to whether they represented positive or negative attitudes. Subsequently, a panel of n = 201 judges from the medical profession were recruited to rate the items, and the responses to the items were collected from a sample of n = 103 medical students. In the current work, a new methodology is proposed to extend the IRT for scoring student responses, and an affine transformation maps the judges’ scale onto the IRT scale. The model also takes into account measurement errors in the judges’ ratings. It is demonstrated that the linear logistic test model can be used to implement the proposed Thurstonian IRT approach.
Genomic characterization of Changuinola viruses from Panama: evidence for multiple genome segment reassortment

The complete coding sequences of five divergent strains of Changuinola virus (CGLV), collected over a 16-year period in Panama, were determined, using viral metagenomics. Each strain had 10 RNA segments that encoded structural and non-structural proteins with amino acid identities ranging from 33 to 99% with sequences of other 15 members of the Changuinola virus (Reoviridae: Orbivirus) species group. Genetic analyses of the five Panamanian virus strains revealed probable reassortment among multiple segments of the viruses.
5.40 – Bioseparations: Membrane Processes

Membrane unit operations play a major role in all biotechnology manufacturing processes. During the last two decades, new membranes, modules, and systems have been developed specifically to meet the requirements of the biotechnology industry. Sterile filtration membranes are used to remove insoluble aggregates throughout the downstream process and to ensure sterility in final filling operations. Tangential flow microfiltration is used to harvest secreted protein from cell culture. Depth filtration is used for clarification to remove cell debris. Virus filtration is used to remove endogenous retrovirus-like particles and adventitious viruses as part of the overall viral clearance strategy. Ultrafiltration is used for product concentration, buffer exchange, and formulation. New membrane systems have also been developed for protein–protein separations using high-performance tangential flow filtration and membrane chromatography. This article reviews recent developments in membrane technology, focusing on the development and application of highly effective membrane systems for the commercial production and purification of recombinant protein products.
Micro spect in vivo bio-distribution study of azithromycin ophthalmic in situ gel

Azithromycin (AZT) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is found in ocular tissues when administered systemically. AZT inhibits RNA-dependent protein synthesis and hence has effective bactericidal capability against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are the primary causative organisms for bacterial infection. In situ ophthalmic gels are systems which undergo a sol-to-gel transformation when instilled in eyes. In situ gels overcome the shortcoming of ophthalmic drops as they get washed out and diluted due to tear fluid. The aim and objective of present study was to formulate in situ ophthalmic gelling systems of Azt and determine in vivo ocular residence time in rat eyes of Tc99 labelled Azt by Micro SPECT. The in situ gel was formulated using Poloxamer 407, which is a temperature-induced gelling agent and HPMC K4M, which is known to increases mucosal adhesivity and enhance viscosity to facilitate sustained release of drug. The formulations developed were evaluated for pH, clarity, viscosity, gelling capacity and % drug release. The selected formulation was subjected to isotonicity and In Vivo Bio-distribution studies. Experimental studies on compatibility showed no interaction between polymers and AZT. AZT was found soluble in PB6.8. All formulations were found clear immediately after preparation and after sterilization a pH after gelation was satisfactorily in the range of 6 to 7. Viscosity and Gelation capacity of in situ gel increased with increase in polymer concentration. Formulations F2 showed desired results w.r.t viscosity, gelation capacity, drug release. In Vivo Biodistribution studies of Tc99 labelled AZT by Micro SPECT showed there was a significant increase in ocular residence time of in situ gel when compared with Tc99 labelled marketed solutions.
Effect of crystalline phase assemblage on reliability of 3Y-TZP.

Abstract Statement of problem Strengthening mechanisms of zirconia ceramics stabilized with 3 mol% yttria (3Y-TZP) are complex and dictated by the crystalline phase assemblage. Although their clinical performance for dental restorations has been excellent, there is evidence that framework fractures do occur and have been underreported. Meanwhile, the relationship between phase assemblage and reliability of 3Y-TZP is not properly understood. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to elucidate the relationship between crystalline phase assemblage and the reliability of 3Y-TZP and to calculate the associated probabilities of survival. Material and methods Disks of 3Y-TZP were prepared from cylindrical blanks and randomly assigned to 12 experimental groups (n=20 per group). Different crystalline phase assemblages were produced by either varying the sintering temperature from 1350 °C to 1600 °C and/or treating the surface by airborne-particle abrasion with 50-mm alumina particles at a pressure of 0.2 MPa for 1 minute with or without subsequent heat treatment. Crystalline phases were analyzed by standard and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD). The relationship between phase assemblage and reliability was determined by measuring the biaxial flexural strength (BFS) according to ISO standard 6872 and by using Weibull statistics to calculate the Weibull modulus (m), probability of survival, and maximum allowable stresses. XRD results were analyzed by ANOVA to detect statistically significant differences between groups. Adjustment for all pairwise group comparisons was made using the Tukey method (α=.05). Results Standard incidence XRD confirmed the presence of a small amount of cubic phase after sintering at 1350 °C. A cubic-derived nontransformable tetragonal t’-phase was observed at sintering temperatures of 1450 °C and above, the amount of which increased linearly. GIXRD revealed that airborne-particle abraded groups sintered at 1350 °C and 1600 °C had the highest variability in monoclinic phase fraction as a function of depth. These groups were also associated with the lowest reliability. Groups as-sintered at 1350 °C and 1600 °C had the lowest modulus (m=8.1 [0.5] and 7.0 [0.8], respectively) and probability of survival (Ps) for a maximum allowable stress of 700 MPa, while treated groups sintered at 1450 °C and 1550 °C were associated with the highest modulus (from 15.0 [1.4] to 20.9 [1.4]) and Ps (≥0.9999). The lower strength and reliability of groups sintered at 1600 °C was consistent with the presence of a significant amount of nontransformable t’-phase. The pattern of BFS results indicated that ferro-elastic domain switching was a dominant strengthening mechanism in 3Y-TZP. Conclusions The present study first reported on the detrimental effect of the cubic-derived nontransformable t’-phase on the mechanical properties of 3Y-TZP. It was demonstrated that phase assemblage determined reliability and was directly linked to the probability of survival.
Metabolism and transport pathways of the blood stable camptothecin AR-67 (7-t-butyldimethylsilyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin)

2553 Background: AR-67 is a 3rd generation camptothecin analog with superior stability of its active lactone form (>85%). This stability has been credited in part to the -R10 hydroxyl group (-OH); ...
Reflections on Three Different High School Chemistry Lab Formats during COVID-19 Remote Learning

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, education at all levels has temporarily shifted to remote learning, hobbling an integral component of chemistry courses: the laboratory. The chemistry lab is crucial f...
The Coronavirus Pandemic and Immigrant Communities: A Crisis That Demands More of the Social Work Profession

As the coronavirus pandemic has taken over matters of life and death globally, immigrant communities were some of the most deeply impacted. In the United States (U.S.), Latinx immigrants and other ...
Agricultural Networks in Emerging Markets: A Supply Chain Approach

We study the development of effective agricultural supply networks in emerging economies for better utilization of land and downstream processing resources for harvested goods. Using the cotton sector of Mozambique as a prototypical example, we study the decisions made by farmers, down-stream processors and government officials in agribusiness supply chains (agri-chains). The structure/con guration and management of the supply network, associated sourcing rights of downstream processors, government minimum price guarantees to farmers, and taxes on cross-region flows affect the performance of these chains and are in the domain of our study. We develop a stylized model of an agricultural supply network that consists of two farmers, supported by two downstream processors (ginners), who make two types of fundamental decisions under yield uncertainty: how much land to allocate for planting before the start of the growing season, and, the pricing rules followed by downstream processors that purchase the harvest. We consider a variety of decision making structures, from centralization to complete decentralization, for our agrichains. The resulting analysis depends on the nature of decision-making and on the structure of yield uncertainty. Analytical results supported by numerical experiments, allow us to conclude that appropriately setting minimum price guarantees at intermediate levels, can lead to near first-best solutions independently of decision rights in agricultural networks. The analysis also suggests that some farmer co-operation in land allocation or regional integration of farmer-ginning assets, together with moderate minimum price guarantees, might be implementable pathways to achieve agri-chain efficiency in emerging economies.
A Compendium of Community Engagement Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: Clinical and Translational Science Award Program (CTSA)-funded institutions were charged with developing clinical and translational science programs and transforming clinical research at their institutions. Community engagement (CE) was recognized as a key component and catalyst of that transformation. CE hub capacities for working with communities and translating knowledge into practice have been illustrated through their COVID-19 responses. Methods: CE hub leaders met and discussed their CTSA’s early responses regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2-hour discussion was distilled into themes which were sent to the CE hub leaders with a request for written accounts describing actions taken to engage local partners, communities, and institutions. The written reports form the basis for this compendium. Results: Eighteen institutions submitted written reports describing activities in relation to six themes: (1) listen to the community and respond to concerns, (2) collect data to understand the impact of COVID-19 on distinct communities and groups, (3) communicate science and address misinformation, (4) collaborate with health departments, (5) engage hubs and underrepresented populations in COVID-19 research, and (6) support our own well-being and that of others. Conclusions: Bidirectional interactions comprise the foundation of CE, which requires trusted partnerships that sustain communication through a series of activities and goals. The nimble responses to the pandemic substantiate the need for CE programs to maintain the infrastructure necessary to achieve the primary CTSA goals of improving health within and across communities and localities as well as expanding research participation of community members.
New Measure to Understand and Compare Bridge Conditions Based on Inspections Time-Series Data

AbstractThe C+ score for US bridges on the 2017 infrastructure report card underscores the need for improved data-driven methods to understand bridge performance. There is a lot of interest and pri...
High-Latitude Springtime Photochemistry. Part Ii: Sensitivity Studies of Ozone Production

A seven-year record of surface ozone measurements from Denali NationalPark, Alaska shows a persistent spring maximum. These data, combined withmeasurements of NOx, hydrocarbons, O3, and PANfrom a continental site in Alaska during the spring of 1995 are used as thebasis for a sensitivity study to explore tropospheric photochemistry in thisregion. Because of the relatively high concentrations of NOx(mean of 116, median of 91 pptv), the net tendency was for photochemicalozone production. The range of net O3 production for averageconditions measured at this site during spring is between 0.96–3.9ppbv/day depending on the assumptions used; in any case, this productionmust contribute to the observed springtime maximum in O3.Model calculations showed that of the anthropogenic ozone precursors, onlyNOx had a strong effect on the rate of ozone production; themeasured concentrations of anthropogenic hydrocarbons did not significantlyaffect the ozone budget. Naturally produced biogenic hydrocarbons, such asisoprene, may also have a significant effect on ozone production, even atconcentrations of a few 10's of pptv. An observed temperature-isoprenerelationship from a boreal site in Canada indicates that isoprene may bepresent during the Alaskan spring. Measurements of isoprene taken duringthe spring of 1996 suggest that reactive biogenic hydrocarbon emissionsbegin before the emergence of leaves on deciduous trees and that theconcentrations were sufficient to accelerate ozone production.
Clinical trial: the effects of a probiotic mixture on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug enteropathy - a randomized, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled study.

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 209–214 Summary Background Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause serious gastrointestinal side effects. Faecal calprotectin assay represents a simple and practical method for diagnosis of NSAID enteropathy. Intestinal micro-organisms are necessary for the development of NSAID-induced small bowel lesions and hence it has been suggested that probiotics could protect against NSAID enteropathy. Aim To evaluate the effect of a probiotic mixture in comparison with placebo on faecal calprotectin concentrations (FCCs) in healthy volunteers receiving indomethacin. Methods In a double-blind, cross-over trial, 20 healthy volunteers ingested a daily dose of probiotic mixture (VSL#3) or placebo for 21 days. From day 16 to day 19, all subjects were also administered 50 mg/day of indomethacin. FCCs were measured the day before starting probiotic/placebo ingestion (T0), and every day from day 15 to day 21. Results During dosing with probiotic, median FCCs were significantly increased only at day 17 with respect to T0 values, whereas during dosing with placebo, they were significantly increased at every day from day 17 to day 21 with respect to T0 values. Conclusions Treatment with VSL#3 before and during indomethacin therapy significantly reduces FCCs in healthy subjects with respect to placebo, suggesting that this approach could be useful in decreasing indomethacin-induced intestinal inflammation.
The Effect of Moving Carpal Tunnel Releases Out of Hospitals on Reducing United States Health Care Charges

Purpose To better understand how perioperative care affects charges for carpal tunnel release (CTR). Methods We developed a cohort using ICD9-CM procedure code 04.43 for CTR in the National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery 2006 to test perioperative factors potentially associated with CTR costs. We examined factors that might affect costs, including patient characteristics, payer, surgical time, setting (hospital outpatient department vs. freestanding ambulatory surgery center), anesthesia type, anesthesia provider, discharge status, and adverse events. Records were grouped by facility to reduce the impact of surgeon and patient heterogeneity. Facilities were divided into quintiles based on average total facility charges per CTR. This division allowed comparison of factors associated with the lowest and highest quintile of facilities based on average charge per CTR. Results A total of 160,000 CTRs were performed in 2006. Nearly all patients were discharged home without adverse events. Mean charge across facilities was $2,572 (SD, $2,331–$2,813). Patient complexity and intraoperative duration of surgery was similar across quintiles (approximately 13 min). Anesthesia techniques were not significantly associated with patient complexity, charges, and total perioperative time. Hospital outpatient department setting was strongly associated with total charges, with $500 higher charge per CTR. Half of all CTRs were performed in hospital outpatient departments. Facilities in the lowest quintile charge group were freestanding ambulatory surgery centers. Conclusions Examination of charges for CTR suggests that surgical setting is a large cost driver with the potential opportunity to lower charges for CTRs by approximately 30% if performed in ASCs. Type of study/level of evidence Economic/decision analysis II.
Telomerase and DNA end replication: no longer a lagging strand problem?

Note: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, USA. Reference UPLIN-ARTICLE-1995-002 Record created on 2007-11-20, modified on 2017-05-12
Pedigree analysis of breast cancer in oklahoma indian women

Family pedigrees of Oklahoma Indian women with a history of breast cancer were developed with special reference to age at onset, cancer pathology (if known), age of death, cause of death, and blood quantum as recorded by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood (CDIB) card. Nine women were contacted, and careful family histories were obtained. Pedigrees were obtained on five of the nine women who had developed breast cancer between the ages of 25 and 45 years. Two of the women were mother and daughter. All women had undergone modified radical mastectomies after tissue biopsy diagnosis was obtained. There appeared to be no correlation between blood quantum and the age of diagnosis of breast cancer. These preliminary data suggest that more pedigree analyses should be obtained to confirm the hypothesis that breast cancer is occurring in younger Oklahoma Indian women. The need for a Native American, preferably female, genetic counselor is required to complete the analysis of the BRCA-1 gene in this population of American Indian women. Cancer 1998;83:1796-1798. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Substrate influenced specific heat of non-superfluid helium films.

Abstract We have investigated the low temperature specific heat of non-superfluid 4 He films, less than two layers thick, adsorbed in a cylindrical geometry, Anopore membranes, and in a multiply connected geometry, Millipore filter paper. A specific heat lump, shifting to lower temperatures with increasing thickness, disappearing for superfluid coverages, is seen for both substrates. A bump is also found for 3 He films in Anopore. We discuss the bump's temperature and thickness dependence.
A new headholder for PET, CT, and NMR imaging

A new headholder was developed for patient restraint and repositioning during positron emission tomography (PET), CT, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging procedures. A customized form was produced for each patient by pouring polyurethane resin and catalyst between an injection-molded polystyrene shell and a protective latex sheet and placing the patient's head in the form while the resin set. Excellent head restraint and repositioning was achieved when the headholder was used with a crossed-laser system. Repositioning accuracy was demonstrated by comparing transmission scans of the same patient obtained on different days and by comparing PET transmission scans with coplanar CT scans. No artifacts due to the headholder were apparent in CT, PET, and NMR images.
Vicious cycles within the neuropathophysiologic mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease

Rigorous scientific research has identified multiple interactive mechanisms that parallel and are likely causative of the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Causative mechanisms include genomics, the creation of amyloid beta (Abeta), factors inhibiting the Abeta removal process, the transformation of Abeta to its toxic forms (various forms of Abeta aggregation), and lastly the oxidative, inflammatory, and other effects of toxic Abeta. Fibrillar beta-amyloid peptide, a major component of senile plaques in AD brain, is known to induce microglial-mediated neurotoxicity under certain conditions, but some recent studies support the notion that Abeta oligomers are the primary neurotoxins. Abeta-42 oligomers that are soluble and highly neurotoxic, referred to as Abeta-derived diffusible ligands (ADDLs), assemble under conditions that block fibril formation. These oligomers bind to dendrite surfaces in small clusters with ligand-like specificity and are capable of destroying hippocampal neurons at nanomolar concentrations. Evidence is presented that AD is triggered by these soluble, neurotoxic assemblies of Abeta rather than the late stage pathology landmarks of amyloid plaques and tangles. The premise is that AD symptoms stem from aberrant nerve cell signaling and synaptic failure rather than nerve cell death, which nevertheless follows and exacerbates the initial pathologies of AD. The defective clearance of amyloid leads to amyloid angiopathy that in turn perpetuates hypoperfusion that affects formation as well as absorption of CSF thereby altering clearance of amyloid and promoting vascular and parenchymal deposition[1]. Hypoperfusion, the defective clearance of amyloid, and resultant increase in amyloid deposition thus represent a vicious cycle. Chronic vascular hypoperfusion-induced mitochondrial failure results in oxidative damage, which drives caspase 3-mediated Abeta peptide secretion and enhances amyloidogenic APP processing. Intracellular Abeta accumulation in turn promotes a significant oxidative and inflammatory mechanism that generates a vicious cycle of Abeta generation and oxidation, each accelerating the other. Abeta activates astrocytes that add to the oxidative imbalance, upregulate the expression of APP via TGF-beta, and are capable of expressing BACE1. Each of these 3 actions accelerates the larger cycle of cholinergic neuron destruction. As oxidative stress induces lesions of cholinergic nuclei producing a reduction in cholinergic neurotransmission, a subsequent increase in cortical APP involving PKCepsilon leads to accelerated amyloidogenic APP metabolism. The linkage of cholinergic activation and APP metabolism completes an additional feedback loop wherein the damage wrought by Abeta accelerates further Abeta production. A comprehensive vision of the neuropathophysiologic mechanisms that result in AD reveals several vicious cycles within a larger vicious cycle, that is to say, a number of interactive systems that each, once set in motion, amplify their own processes, thus accelerating the development of AD.
The white pock mutants of rabbit poxvirus: V. In vitro translation of early host range mutant mRNA

Abstract The abortive infections of pig kidney (PK) cells by both RPμhr23 and RPμhr31, two early (DNA minus) white pock (μ) host range (hr) mutants of rabbit poxvirus (RPV), are characterized by the in vivo inhibition of both host and viral protein synthesis by 10 hr postinfection although viral RNA synthesis continues. Further analysis reveals that large quantities of functional viral mRNA can be isolated from PK cells abortively infected with RPμhr23 and translated in vitro throughout the 10-hr period of infection, even though these mRNAs are almost totally inactive in vivo . The in vitro translation of accumulated mRNA isolated from PK cells abortively infected by RPμhr31 shows a quite different pattern where the maximum amount of RNA translatable in vitro is found at 6 hr postinfection with lesser amounts at 10 hr postinfection. Although early or prereplicative viral proteins are detected with each mutant both in vivo and after in vitro translation of isolated RNA, few, if any, late proteins are observed under any conditions.
Influence Functions for the Infinite and Semi-Infinite Strip

Influence functions appropriate for the boundary-element method for the Laplace equation are given for the infinite and semi-infinite strip. The method of Green's functions is used to produce single-sum series for the influence functions, which reflect the domain shape and the boundary conditions. Boundary conditions of type 1, 2, and 3 are treated. Series convergence is improved by identifying slowly converging terms and replacing them with fully summed polynomial forms. Numerical examples are given
Structure and function of the healing medial collateral ligament in a goat model

In this study knee joint function with a healing medial collateral ligament (MCL) at six weeks was examined with a robotic/universal force-moment sensor testing system during the application of two loading conditions: (1) 5 Nm valgus moment and (2) 67 N anterior load. Additionally the structural properties of the femur-MCL-tibia complex and the mechanical properties of the MCL substance were determined by uniaxial tensile tests. The histological appearance of the healing MCL was also observed. At 30 degrees and 60 degrees of knee flexion, valgus rotation of the healing knee was significantly increased compared to the sham. The in situ force in the healing MCL was significantly lower (34+/-17 N vs 54+/-12 N) at the same flexion angles (50+/-10 N vs 62+/-7 N). The anterior translation of the knee had returned to normal values at 30 degrees and 60 degrees of knee flexion. However, no differences could be found between the corresponding in situ forces in the healing MCL at all flexion angles examined during application of an anterior load. The stiffness of the healing group (52.5+/-19.4 N/mm) was significantly lower than the sham group (80.3+/-26.4 N/mm) (p<0.04). The modulus of the healing group was also significantly decreased (p<0.05). The findings suggest that the tensile properties of the healing goat MCL and valgus knee rotation have not returned to normal at six weeks after an isolated MCL rupture, however, anterior translation appeared to return to sham levels.
Molecular Simulation Studies on the Elongation of Gold Nanowires in Benzenedithiol

The bonding geometry at the metal−molecule interface plays an important role in determining the conductance behavior of metal−molecule−metal junctions. This bonding geometry has to be determined a priori in quantum mechanical current−voltage (I−V) calculations. To identify the detailed metal−molecule bonding configurations, we perform classical molecular simulations by combining grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) sampling with molecular dynamics (MD) to explore the dynamic elongations of gold nanowires in the presence of benzenedithiol (BDT) molecules. A specific multitime-scale double reversible reference system propagator algorithm (double-RESPA) has been designed for the metal−organic complex in MD simulations to improve the simulation efficiency. We investigate the variations of bonding sites and bonding angles of BDT molecules on a stretched Au nanowire at a constant chemical potential. The density of BDT and the number of bonded and nonbonded BDT molecules in the simulation box is monitored during t...
Direct observation of electron-transfer-induced conformational transformation (molecular actuation) in a bichromophoric electron donor

With the aid of laser-flash photolysis, the one-electron oxidation of conformationally mobile tetramethoxydibenzobicyclo[4.4.1]undecane (1), using photoexcited chloranil as an oxidant, allows us to show that extended 1(+•) undergoes a conformational transformation to π-stacked folded 1(+•) on a microsecond time scale (τ ≈ 1 μs), which is at least six times longer than that found for the conformationally locked model compound.
β-Adrenergic receptor stimulation increases surface NKCC2 expression in rat thick ascending limbs in a process inhibited by phosphodiesterase 4.

The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (THAL) reabsorbs ∼30% of the filtered NaCl in a process mediated by the apical Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC2. Stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors in t...
A study of electron-beam-evaporated MgO films using electron diffraction, optical absorption and cathodoluminescence☆

Abstract Reflection high energy electron diffraction, optical absorption and cathodoluminescence were used to study MgO films deposited onto fused silica, single- crystal silicon and LiF substrates at various temperatures. Results showed that some of the same optical absorption and emission bands observed in X- or UV- irradiated, additively colored or mechanically deformed MgO crystals were observed in evaporated MgO films. The peak positions and the relative peak intensities of the optical absorption and emission bands depended on the substrate temperature during film deposition as well as on the structure of the film. The effect of heating the films in air and vacuum on the optical absorption and emission bands is also discussed.
Problems encountered with catheter balloon valvuloplasty of bioprosthetic aortic valves.

La valvuloplastie de bioprotheses ne peut se faire qu'en l'absence de vegetations, de thrombose (risque d'embolisation) et de dechirures degeneratives
A Comparison of Floating Car vs. Loop Detector Estimated Freeway Travel Time Delay

ABSTRACT Floating car- and loop detector-based methods are two different types of methods frequently used to collect travel time delay information across a freeway network. Sometimes, it is necessary to use them jointly to achieve the necessary freeway network coverage, due to the high labor costs for the floating car-based method and the indispensability of sufficient network instrumentation for the loop detector-based method. For example, both floating car- and loop detector-based methods were once used in the Highway Congestion Monitoring Program in the California Department of Transportation. It is therefore necessary to evaluate whether these two types of methods estimate similarly in terms of total travel time delay. To this end, corresponding delay information estimated using both types of methods from 37 freeway segments in the Greater Sacramento Area were collected and compared. It was found that these two types of methods do not estimate similarly in terms of total segment travel time delay. The mean absolute relative difference (MARD) can be as high as 78%, especially when delay is defined using a lower reference speed, such as 56 km/h. However, in terms of total segment travel time, the loop detector and the modified floating car method estimated similarly. The MARD is 19%. It was also found that the estimation from the different methods did correlate fairly well, which provides a means of conversion when different methods are used to monitor the total delay across a freeway network. As a spin-off, it was also found that a 1.5 km spacing of loop detectors is sufficient to achieve the 19% MARD as compared with the modified floating car method in terms of total travel time estimation.