cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcription of a yeast phosphoglucomutase isozyme gene is galactose inducible and glucose repressible.

Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL5 (PGM2) gene was isolated and shown to encode the major isozyme of phosphoglucomutase. Northern (RNA) blot hybridization revealed that the GAL5 transcript level increased three- to fourfold in response to galactose and was severely repressed in response to glucose. Total cellular phosphoglucomutase activity was likewise responsive to galactose and to glucose, and this responsiveness was found to be due primarily to variation in the activity of the major isozyme of phosphoglucomutase. These results imply that the major and minor isozymes of phosphoglucomutase have distinct roles in yeast cells. The galactose inducibility of GAL5 was found to be under the control of the GAL4, GAL80, and GAL3 genes. In striking contrast to other galactose-inducible genes, the GAL5 gene exhibited an unusually high GAL4-independent basal level of expression. These results have implications for metabolic trafficking.
Libraries and reading motivation: A review of the Programme for International Student Assessment reading results

Teenagers do better at reading when they are motivated to read. The Programme for International Student Assessment assesses reading literacy for 15-year-olds in over 70 countries worldwide, and also includes questions that explore the relationships between motivation and reading. Country-level results indicate that developing countries have lower reading scores than developed countries. However, they also indicate that students in many developing countries are more motivated to read and spend more time reading than students in developed countries. These results suggest that the ideal role for libraries is to ensure students’ motivation to read through the provision of a variety of materials, a supportive environment for literacy and reading conversations, and encouraging student autonomy in making their reading choices.
Subsequent Neoplasms in Adult Survivors of Childhood Genitourinary Tumors

Treatment for childhood genitourinary tumors such as Wilms tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, and germ cell tumors has progressed to the point that cure can be expected in many cases. However, survivorship is often coupled with a variety of late effects, of which subsequent neoplasms may be the most concerning if not the most life threatening. Here, we review current literature to assess and report issues relating to subsequent neoplasms in patients with a history of childhood genitourinary tumors, including causative factors, overall risks, the most prevalent subsequent neoplasms, and current recommendations for surveillance and screening.
Hemagglutinin mutations related to attenuation and altered cell tropism of a virulent avian influenza A virus.

Abstract The H5 hemagglutinin (HA) of a highly virulent avian influenza virus, A/Turkey Ontario/7732/66 (H5N9), was previously shown to have five neutralizing epitopes, and escape mutants within one epitope (group 1) were markedly attenuated (M. Philpott, B. C. Easterday, and V. S. Hinshaw, J. Virol. 63:3453-3458, 1989). To define the genetic changes related to these antigenic and biologic properties, the HA genes of mutants within each of the epitope groups were sequenced by using the polymerase chain reaction. The mutations in the attenuated group 1 mutants were located near the distal tip of the HA molecule in close proximity to the receptor-binding site, on the basis of alignment with the three-dimensional structure of the H3 HA. All group 1 mutations involved charged amino acids. The group 1 mutants, similar to the wild-type virus, spread systemically and were recovered from the spleens of infected chickens but, unlike the wild-type virus, failed to produce severe necrosis in the spleens. Viral replication in the spleens was investigated by in situ hybridization of spleen sections from chickens infected with the wild-type or attenuated mutants. Wild-type virus replication was demonstrated in large, mononuclear, macrophagelike cells; however, group 1 mutant virus was detected attached only to erythrocytes within the red pulp. These results suggest that the attenuated mutants differ in their cell tropism within the spleen.
Extraction of 4-nitrophenol from 1-octanol into aqueous solution in a hollow fiber liquid contactor

Abstract p -Nitrophenol (PNP) was extracted from 1-octanol into an aqueous buffered solution using membrane-supported extraction in hollow fiber liquid contactors (HFLCs) containing hydrophobic, microporous polypropylene fibers. PNP is a weak acid and in aqueous solution may dissociate to form nitrophenolate ion (PNP − ), that has negligible solubility in 1-octanol. The ratio of the two species in aqueous solution is governed by pH; therefore, the overall mass transfer coefficient based on solvent phase concentrations was determined as a function of pH. The extraction of PNP is a four-step process, consisting of diffusion across the solvent boundary layer, diffusion through the solvent-filled membrane, reaction (dissociation) at the solvent/aqueous interface, and diffusion across the aqueous boundary layer. The reaction step is assumed much faster than the others; a model of the mass transfer capabilities of the system is presented based on this assumption. The overall mass transfer coefficients were determined experimentally by recirculating the solvent phase through the shell space of a HFLC and the aqueous phase through the fibers. The model closely predicts the experimentally measured trends of the overall mass transfer coefficient.
Estimation of Maximum Physical Performance.

Research Quarterly articles dealing with whether to use the best score or average score as the criterion score for multiple-trial physical performance tests are briefly reviewed. The main purpose of this study is to compare by accepted statistical criteria the best and average scores as estimators of a subject's maximum performance. The results suggest that unless the variance of the measurement error is much larger than the within-subject variance, a rare occurrence, the best score will usually be the better estimator of maximum performance. A consistent estimator of maximum performance is also constructed.
The fractional hepatic extraction of histidine in acute and chronic renal failure.

The fractional hepatic extraction (FHE) of histidine absorbed from the in vivo-perfused jejunum was measured in rats with chronic renal failure (CRF) and acute renal failure (ARF). CRF rats were compa
Wheat Grain Quality Response to Tillage and Rotation with Field Pea

Preceding spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with field pea (Pisum sativum L.) can enhance wheat grain yield in a wheat-pea (WP) rotation compared with continuous wheat (WW). The pea-rotation benefits to wheat grain quality are uncertain. A 6-yr study was conducted to determine (i) if grain protein content, kernel weight, and test weight were enhanced for wheat in a WP rotation compared with WW, and (ii) if an interaction between cropping and tillage systems existed. The WP and WW systems were maintained in subplots within clean-till (CT), reduced-till (RT), and no-till (NT) whole plots arranged in a randomized complete block as a split plot in southwestern North Dakota, USA. Grain protein content of wheat averaged 160 g kg -1 and was unaffected by cropping system (P > 0.05). However, grain protein content was 10 to 30 g kg -1 lower under NT compared with CT, depending on the year. Kernels were heavier in two of 6 yr in the WP rotation compared with WW. No difference in kernel weight was detected between cropping systems in the other 4 yr. A consistent trend in kernel weight was not detected across tillage systems, and interactions between cropping and tillage systems were not observed for either grain protein content or kernel weight. A three-way interaction between cropping systems, tillage systems, and years was detected for grain test weight. These results failed to demonstrate a consistent pea-rotation benefit to wheat grain quality.
Infrared reflectivity and transmissivity of boron‐implanted, laser‐annealed silicon

Analysis of the infrared reflectance and transmittance of boron‐implanted, laser‐annealed silicon shows that the Drude theory of free hole scattering provides a good description of the optical properties of these materials up to the highest doping levels obtainable. It was found that (1) the relaxation time (∼7×10−15 s) was independent of the implant dose, and (2) the boron concentration affecting the optical properties varies essentially linearly with implant dose.
Effect of out-of-roundness on stresses in a cooling tower

Abstract The effect of a bulge in a hyperboloidal cooling tower on the stresses due to gravity and prescribed wind load is studied, by means of shell membrane theory. The geometry of a slightly out-of-round shell is derived, and the equilibrium equations are modified to include the effects of out-of-roundness. An iterative procedure is employed to solve the equilibrium equations numerically. Tables of stresses are given for a specific shell subjected to various moderate-sized bulges. The effect of a moderate-size bulge on the stresses in a cooling tower subjected to wind load and self weight is relatively small. The main effect of the out-of-roundness is to redistribute the stresses in the shell by a process of shedding load in the neighborhood of the bulge.
Density and temperature distributions in non-uniform rotating planetary exospheres with applications to earth

Abstract Using an exosphere model which includes the effects of rotation and temperature and density variations at the exobase, we determine kinetic temperature and density distributions for planetary exospheres in general and terrestrial O, He and H in particular, the latter being based on empirical models for density and temperature variations at exobase altitudes. We examine the effects of energy flow and confirm Fahr's suggestion that the lateral energy flow at the exobase should be important for the temperature distributions above the base. Considering uniform density and sinusoidal temperature variations at the base, we find that temperatures decrease with altitude above the diurnal temperature maximum Tmax at the base. On the other hand, above the diurnal temperature minimum Tmin at the base, the temperatures increase from the base to peak values (except for low values of mMG/kT0) and then decrease above the peaks, tending to approach the values above Tmax. The corresponding densities near the base, above Tmin, decrease with altitude more rapidly than above Tmax but exhibit considerable increases in their scale heights in the vicinity of their temperature peaks, at which points the densities begin to approach those above Tmax. In the converse case, with uniform base temperature and sinusoidal base density variations, the exospheric density and temperature distributions above the diurnal density maximum Nmax and minimum Nmin at the base result in similar characteristics to those above Tmax and Tmin, respectively. Applying the model to terrestrial O, He and H, we find that multiple exospheric temperatures should occur wherein temperatures above Tmax decrease less rapidly with altitude for increasing species mass. On the other hand, O and He temperatures increase with altitude above Tmin to peak values near 5000 km and then decrease above the peaks while H temperatures decrease with altitude throughout. We also examine the effects of the terrestrial exospheric H temperature distribution on optical depths for Lyman alpha absorption and find that such temperature variation may be important for radiative transfer calculations when the depths are greater than unity and satellite orbits are unimportant.
Microwave-assisted solvent extraction of solid matrices and subsequent detection of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract Concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in natural solids remain largely unknown. Contributing to this, is a lack of methods permitting the simultaneous detection of the diverse, low-level contaminants present in these complex matrices. We have developed a microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MASE)-based method targeting seven diverse PPCPs (caffeine, 17β-estradiol, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, musk ketone, naproxen, and triclosan) and a molecular marker for fecal waste (epicoprostanol). The method consisted of optimizing the following variables: derivatization of the polar target analytes, silica gel open column clean-up, and gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric (GC–MS) analysis of sample extracts for analysis and detection of the compounds noted above. Testing of the method on spiked soil allowed for 89.6 ± 2.89% recovery of three target compounds and 25.0 ± 1.93% recovery of five of the compounds. Although the latter recoveries were low, the precision across all recoveries was high, suggesting good reproducibility in application of the method. Furthermore, we suspect that matrix effects are likely responsible for the lower recoveries. Techniques with the exclusive incorporation of organic solvents were found inapplicable in the study of a pharmaceutical salt, diphenhydramine HCl. Application of the developed method to sediment collected directly downstream of the effluent pipe of a wastewater treatment plant allowed detection of ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, and epicoprostanol at ng–μg per gram dry weight concentrations. The observation of acidic pharmaceuticals, previously believed to exhibit insignificant sorption to solid matrices, in the tested sediment samples, coupled with application of biosolids for agricultural purposes, demonstrates the need for expanded investigation of PPCP contamination of natural solid matrices.
Protist Homologs of the Meiotic Spo11 Gene and Topoisomerase VI reveal an Evolutionary History of Gene Duplication and Lineage-Specific Loss

Spo11 is a meiotic protein of fundamental importance as it is a conserved meiosis-specific transesterase required for meiotic recombination initiation in fungi, animals, and plants. Spo11 is homologous to the archaebacterial topoisomerase VIA (Top6A) gene, and its homologs are broadly distributed among eukaryotes, with some eukaryotes having more than one homolog. However, the evolutionary relationships among these genes are unclear, with some debate as to whether eukaryotic homologs originated by lateral gene transfer. We have identified and characterized protist Spo11 homologs by degenerate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing and by analyses of sequences from public databases. Our phylogenetic analyses show that Spo11 homologs evolved by two ancient eukaryotic gene duplication events prior to the last common ancestor of extant eukaryotes, resulting in three eukaryotic paralogs: Spo11-1, Spo11-2, and Spo11-3. Spo11-1 orthologs encode meiosis-specific proteins and are distributed broadly among eukaryotic lineages, though Spo11-1 is absent from some protists. This absence coincides with the presence of Spo11-2 orthologs, which are meiosis-specific in Arabidopsis and are found in plants, red algae, and some protists but absent in animals and fungi. Spo11-3 encodes a Top6A subunit that interacts with topoisomerase VIB (Top6B) subunits, which together play a role in vegetative growth in Arabidopsis. We identified Spo11-3 (Top6A) and Top6B homologs in plants, red algae, and a few protists, establishing a broader distribution of these genes among eukaryotes, indicating their likely vertical descent followed by lineage-specific loss.
Markers of masked iron deficiency and effectiveness of EPO therapy in chronic renal failure

Recombinant erythropoietin (rHuEPO) is well established in the management of anemia of chronic renal disease. However, a number of clinical issues, including the best laboratory indicators of an imminent marrow response to rHuEPO replacement, the ideal measurements to detect masked iron deficiency, and optimal methods of iron replacement, remain unanswered. To investigate these issues, studies were performed in anemic chronic hemodialysis patients. A number of standard hematologic measurements in addition to automated reticulocyte counts (Sysmex R-1000) and serum transferrin receptors (TfR) were obtained in these patients. A response to initiation of rHuEPO administration could be predicted if the serum TfR concentration was less than 6 mg/L (normal, 3.8 to 8.5 mg/L). In patients on rHuEPO, an imminent hemoglobin response to an increased rHuEPO dose could be predicted after 1 week based on a greater than 20% increase from baseline in the serum TfR or absolute reticulocyte count, with a sensitivity of 92%. In patients on rHuEPO replacement with serum ferritin levels greater than 30 μg/L, none of the panel of tests, including serum TfR, reliably detected masked iron deficiency. In a long-term study over 5 months in patients on a stable maintenance dose of EPO, a gradual decline in total body iron occurred, even in subjects with initial adequate iron stores, and despite taking 50 mg elemental iron daily as oral ferrous sulphate. The serum TfR is useful for predicting a hemoglobin response when initiating rHuEPO therapy, and combined with automated reticulocyte counting it is valuable for predicting a hemoglobin response when increasing the dose of rHuEPO. The serum TfR loses its specificity for detecting tissue iron deficiency in patients on maintenance rHuEPO therapy because of increased erythropoiesis, which itself raises serum TfR levels.
Behavioral and catecholamine depleting effects of α-methyl-5-hydroxytryptophan

Abstract The effects of α-methyl-5-hydroxytryptophan (αM-5-HTP), a recently reported inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, on spontaneous locomotor activity and on the brain contents of noradrenaline and dopamine were compared with those of α-methyltyrosine (α-MT), an established inhibitor of this enzyme. Like α-MT, α-M-5-HTP depressed motor activity and depleted the brain of noradrenaline. However, unlike α-MT, α-M-5-HTP did not markedly lower the brain content of dopamine and did not block amphetamine-induced stimulation of motor activity.
Effects of triiodothyronine supplementation after myocardial ischemia

Abstract Cardiopulmonary bypass causes a "euthyroid-sick" state characterized by low levels of circulating triiodothyronine. Triiodothyronine supplementation in this setting has been postulated to improve postischemic left ventricular function by increasing the availability of myocardial high-energy phosphates. These postulates have not been substantiated, however, using load-independent parameters of left ventricular function and analysis of high-energy phosphate metabolism. To test these hypotheses, 14 healthy pigs (30 to 40 kg) were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass and instrumented with left ventricular minor-axis ultrasonic crystals and micromanometertipped pressure catheters. Hearts were subjected to 30 minutes of global, normothermic ischemia. Triiodothyronine (0.1 mg/kg; n=7) or placebo (n = 7) was administered in a random, investigator-blinded fashion at the removal of the aortic cross-clamp and after 60 minutes of reperfusion. Hemodynamic, metabolic, and ultrastructural data were obtained before ischemia and after 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes of reperfusion. By 90 minutes of reperfusion left ventricular contractility had returned to preischemic levels in hearts supplemented with triiodothyronine, despite postischemic myocardial adenosine triphosphate levels of 50% to 60% of baseline in both groups. Ultrastructurally, the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria were significantly better preserved in the group treated with triiodothyronine. This study suggests that triiodothyronine supplementation significantly enhances postischemic left ventricular functional recovery and that this recovery is due to mechanisms other than enhanced availability of myocardial high-energy phosphates.
Selection of convective planform orientation by boundary anisotropy

Thermal instability of a fluid layer confined between isotropic horizontal solid walls leads to convection cells having no preferred horizontal direction. For thermally anisotropic walls, we find that certain planform orientations are preferred, in that convection sets in at a smaller Rayleigh number (Ra) for some orientations than for others, thus providing a means by which a regular planform may be established in a large-aspect-ratio layer. We consider horizontal layers of two Boussinesq, Newtonian fluids separated by a rigid, thermally anisotropic plate of constant thickness. The upper and lower fluid layers are bounded above and below, respectively, by rigid, thermally anisotropic plates of arbitrary thickness. When the bounding surfaces are thermally anisotropic, the horizontal wavevector (a) of the resulting convective flow has two distinct components. Thus, instead of a neutral curve in the (Ra, a)-plane, there is a neutral surface, and Ra depends on both components of a, or alternatively, on |a| and the planform orientation angle Φre[0, 2π]. In the isotropic case, the neutral surface is axisymmetric (i.e. invariant with respect to Φr consistent with the known dependence on |a| only.For anisotropic walls, axisymmetry is replaced by π- periodicity in the Φr direction, corresponding to invariance with respect to a 180° rotation, and the neutral surface has an even number of local minima. We study the dependence of Φr on the middle plate orientation (Φp) Several different Φr−Φp topologies are found. When the number of local minima exceeds two, discontinuous Φr−Φp plots may occur. The dependence of Φr on the thicknesses and conductivities of the plates and fluids and on the orientation of the plates is discussed, with special reference to the transitions between different Φr−Φp topologies.
Controlled delivery of taxol from poly(ethylene glycol)-coated poly(lactic acid) microspheres

The development of injectable microspheres for sustained drug delivery to the arterial wall is a major challenge. We demonstrated the possibility of entrapping an antiproliferative agent, taxol, in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-coated biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) microspheres with a mean diameter of 2-6 microm. A solution of taxol and PLA dissolved in an acetone/dichloromethane mixture was poured into an aqueous solution of PEG [or poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA] with stirring with a high-speed homogenizer for the formation of microspheres. Taxol recovery in PLA-PEG microspheres was higher (61.2 +/- 2.3%) than with PVA-based (41.6 +/- 1.8%) preparations. An analysis by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy revealed that PEG was incorporated well on the PLA microsphere surface. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the PEG-coated PLA microspheres were spherical in shape and had a smooth surface texture like those of PVA-based preparations. The amount of drug release was much higher initially (25-30%); this was followed by a constant slow-release profile for a 30-day period of study. This PEG-coated PLA microsphere formulation may have potential for the targeted delivery of antiproliferative agents to treat restenosis.
Comparison of photon-stimulated dissociation of gas-phase, solid and chemisorbed water

Abstract Recent electron- and photon-stimulated desorption (ESD/PSD) data for H2O in the condensed phase and chemisorbed on GaAs(110) and Ti(001) are interpreted utilizing previously published photoemission, electron coincidence and Auger data along with theoretical calculations. Comparison with fragmentation data from the gas phase indicates that only two hole-one electron type states are effective for desorption in condensed or molecularly chemisorbed hydrogen bonded water. The 1b2−1 excitation, which effectively dissociates H2O gas via predissociation, is ineffective in the condensed phase because of the presence of intermolecular decay mechanisms which compete with the predissociation process. Hydrogen bonding reduces the effectiveness of the “2a2−” excitation for H+ desorption. The 1b1−24a1 and 1b1−13a1−14a1 two hole-one electron states are sufficiently long lived: occupation of the strongly antibonding 4a1 orbital also makes them repulsive. These properties make the two hole-one electron states the most persistent for H+ desorption from the H2O phases studied. The core level PSD spectrum from solid D2O is also interpreted. All of the results are found to be comparable to previously reported results for CO.
Is Technical Communication "Literature"? Current Writing Scholarship and Vico's Cycles of Knowledge.

Three premises of the humanities and writing scholarship—1. that relation ships between humanitieslarts and science/technology are cyclical; 2. that a discourse continuum is a more useful way to analyze prose than a discourse taxonomy; 3. that context creates meaning—when related to the theory of knowledge in Vico's New Science (1744), enable us to view technical writing as a medium of Art and Science, and as a human activity engaging both the cognitive self and its interpretive communities.
A fast intelligent data acquisition system

Abstract A fast intelligent multiprocessor data acquisition system is described here. The system based on the MC68010 using the VME bus can acquire data via the CAMAC dataway at transfer rates up to 800 Kbytes/s. The system has a user friendly interface which builds the required assembly code needing only the CAMAC FNAs used in the experiment. In addition the system can be easily modified using the standard MC68010 assembly language to handle most preprocessing requirements. The system design will also allow for future expansion to the 32 bit word and faster instruction time of the MC68020. This expansion will allow for transfer rates well over a Mbyte/s.
High-dose-rate brachytherapy of recurrent rectal adenocarcinoma presenting as a solitary intravascular metastasis of the iliac vein: A case report

Abstract Purpose To describe a novel use of high-dose-rate intravascular brachytherapy in the first reported case of macroscopic metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma within a peripheral vein. Methods and materials Following thrombolytic therapy to ablate an overlying venous thrombosis, a vascular stent was deployed across the entire length of the tumor. Using the stent as a target, 4300 cGy was delivered to the tumor via megavoltage external beam radiation. This was followed by two weekly intravascular high-dose-rate 192Ir brachytherapy applications of 400 cGy each. Results There is no evidence of recurrence in the treated vein at 43 months of follow-up. Conclusions In this unique case, a combination of external beam radiation therapy and intravascular brachytherapy provided effective control of a solitary intravascular metastasis from rectal carcinoma.
An investigation of how the informal communication of firm preferences influences managerial honesty

Abstract This study investigates the effectiveness of informal firm communication at motivating managerial honesty. Specifically, it focuses on the effectiveness of informal cost targets, which communicate firms’ specific cost preferences to managers without tying managers’ compensation to reporting costs that meet those targets. I develop predictions about how the tightness of an informal cost target influences the effect that a cost target has on managers’ reporting honesty. Using an experimental setting, I examine three levels of target tightness—loose, moderate, and tight—within a uniformly distributed cost range and where participants’ financial incentives are to ignore the cost target and fully misreport their cost information. I find that both moderate and loose cost targets, on average, increase honesty relative to when the firm does not communicate a specific target or it communicates a tight target. Tight targets have no significant effect, positive or negative, on honesty. Whereas prior research focuses only on the potential benefits of firms communicating their general preferences, my study provides important insights regarding the potential incremental effectiveness of communicating specific preferences.
A comparison of two acoustical methods for estimating parameters of glass fibre and melamine foam materials

Abstract Using the Bies–Allard and Kino–Allard models, parameters including porosity, flow resistivity and characteristic lengths of glass wool, polyester fibre, melamine foam and compressed melamine foam materials have been deduced from knowledge of the mean fibre diameter, bulk density and density of the raw solid material from which the fibres are made. Also these parameters have been deduced from ultrasonic measurements and inverted from impedance tube measurements using commercial software Foam-X. It has been found that the ultrasonically-measured viscous and thermal characteristic lengths are in good agreement with the predictions from fibre diameters and densities. However the values of tortuosity, flow resistivity and characteristic lengths inverted from impedance tube data using the commercial software differ significantly from the values obtained by the ultrasonic slope method. Differences between bulk densities of materials predicted by the Bies–Allard and Kino–Allard models using viscous characteristic length values derived from the Foam-X and values deduced by the slope method are explored in detail. In particular it is shown that the outputs from the commercial software do not distinguish between materials with similar flow resistivity but rather different microstructures.
MAC for dedicated short range communications in intelligent transport system

The need for critical improvements to the North American surface transportation infrastructure vis-a-vis alleviation of congestion while enhancing public safety has led to new intelligent transportation system (ITS) infrastructure based on vehicle-to-vehicle (v2v) wireless communications. The allocation of 75 MHz in the 5.9 GHz band for dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) may also enable future delivery of rich media content to vehicles at short to medium ranges via vehicle-to-roadside (v2e) links. Recently, AASTM committee E17.51 endorsed a variant of the IEEE wireless LAN standard, denoted 802.11a roadside applications (R/A), as the platform for the DSRC link and data link layer. In this article, we provide a tutorial overview of DSRC applications and assess IEEE802.11 PHY and MAC layer characteristics in this context. It is anticipated that current 802.11 specifications need to be suitably altered to meet requirements for DSRC environments of multihop connectivity, high vehicle mobility, and heterogeneous services with a variety of QoS requirements for which the original design was not intended. This article captures the current state of the art of 802.11-based multiple access protocols and highlights open research issues.
Velopharyngeal insufficiency, submucous cleft palate and a phonological disorder as the associated clinical features which led to the diagnosis of Jacobsen syndrome. Case report and review of the literature

Jacobsen syndrome is an uncommon but well-known contiguous gene syndrome caused by partial deletion involving the long arm of chromosome 11. Most common features include: psychomotor impairment, facial dysmorphism, and thrombocytopenia. Cleft palate has been rarely reported. A case of Jacobsen syndrome confirmed by cytogenomic analysis is presented with review of the literature. Main clinical features were phonological disorder, submucous cleft palate (SMCP) and velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). VPI was corrected surgically according to findings of videonasopharyngoscopy and videofluoroscopy. It is concluded that clinicians should consider that VPI associated with SMCP may be the main manifestations of a chromosomal syndrome.
A Systematic Review of the Familial Co-Aggregation of Schizophrenia With Non-Psychotic Disorders

Schizophrenia is a highly heritable mental health condition, likely due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Given that genes appear to predispose offspring to vulnerabilities or endophenotypes rather than to the disorder itself, and that environmental risk-factors tend to be shared across psychopathologies, we may expect other non-psychotic conditions to likewise aggregate with schizophrenia in families. This article reviews studies on familial co-aggregation of schizophrenia with other disorders, published over the past two decades. Twenty-two studies met inclusion criteria. Although many early family and cohort studies lacked statistical power due to small sample sizes, the overriding pattern is one in favor of familial co-aggregation of schizophrenia with a broad range of psychiatric conditions, including affective, anxiety, substance use, and childhood-onset disorders, which has been confirmed in recent population-based studies. Several causal hypotheses are proposed to explain thes...
The Role of Interaction Sequences and the Timing of Resistance in Shaping Obedience and Defiance to Authority

Explanations of Milgram's findings have traditionally focused on a priori qualities of the situation and/or the actors, which are presumed to operate more or less simultaneously to produce obedience or defiance. Such a perspective largely overlooks the unfolding and evolving nature of both obedience and defiance. This article develops a contrasting, sequential model. A specific hypothesis is advanced: The sooner in the course of the experiment a subject begins to show notable resistance, the more likely he will be to end up defiant. Reanalysis of data collected by Milgram for his “Bridgeport” condition supports this hypothesis. The effects of early resistance are discussed in terms of two processes: (a) An interpersonal process that works to jam the authority's prods and break the momentum he imparts to the interaction; and (b) a psychological process that works to erode the subject's rationalization for continuing and spurs him to search for justification for stopping.
Properties of sulfonated poly(butylene terephthalate)

Sulfonated poly(butylene terephtalate) crysstallized from the melt exhibit spherulitic morphology, with a maltese cross at 45° with respect to the crossed polars, at low sulfonate levels (≤5.0 mol %). At higher ion content, the maltese cross rotates 45° to form a cross pattern. At still higher ion contents (13 mol %) the light scattering disappears completely. The crystallinity level decreases with increasing ion content and is eliminated completely at the highest sulfonation level, whereas the spherulite radius remains invariant.
One Size Does Not Fit All: Differences in HPV Knowledge between Haitian and African American Women

Background: Historically, all black persons, regardless of ancestry or country of origin, have been categorized as one group for cancer research and control efforts. This practice likely masks variability in exposure to determinants of disease, as well as in risk of cancer incidence and mortality. The current study examines potential differences in knowledge of human papilloma virus (HPV) between Haitian women living in Little Haiti, Miami, Florida, and a national sample of predominately African American women. Methods: Data for Haitian women were collected in 2007 as part of an ongoing community-based participatory research initiative in Little Haiti. For purposes of comparison, we used data from a largely African American subsample of the 2007 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). These data sources used identical items to assess HPV knowledge, providing a unique opportunity to examine how this outcome may vary between two very distinct populations who are often grouped together for research and disease surveillance. Results: Relative to the HINTS sample, Haitian women were far less likely to have heard about HPV. Conclusions: Study data highlight important differences in Haitian and African American women's knowledge of HPV, a known determinant of cervical cancer risk. Such findings suggest that continuing to classify persons of similar phenotype but different cultural backgrounds and lifetime exposures as one group may preclude opportunity to understand, as well as attenuate, health disparity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(2); 366–70
Phase behavior of 1,3,5-tri-tert-butylbenzene–carbon dioxide binary system

Abstract 1,3,5-tri- tert -butylbenzene (TTBB) is solid at ambient conditions, and has substantial solubility in liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide. We present the phase behavior of TTBB–CO 2 binary system at temperatures between 298 and 328 K and at pressures up to 20 MPa. Phase diagrams showing the liquid–vapor, solid–liquid and solid–vapor equilibrium envelopes are constructed by pressure–volume–temperature measurements in a variable-volume sapphire cell. TTBB is highly soluble in CO 2 over a wide range of compositions. Single-phase states are achieved at moderate pressures, even with very high TTBB concentrations. For example, at 328 K, a binary system containing TTBB at a concentration of 95% by weight forms a single-phase above 2.04 MPa. TTBB exhibits a significant melting-point depression in the presence of CO 2 , 45 K at 3.11 MPa, where the normal melting point of 343 K is reduced to 298 K. With its high solubility in carbon dioxide, TTBB has potential uses as a binder or template in materials forming processes using dense carbon dioxide.
Reducing work disability associated with rheumatoid arthritis: identification of additional risk factors and persons likely to benefit from intervention.

Objective. To study additional risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-related work disability and to identify the groups of individuals at high risk and the potentially modifiable factors which place them at risk. Methods. A cross-sectional mail survey was conducted among 469 adults with RA. Work disability was defined as unemployment due to RA. A broad range of explanatory factors was examined, including sociodemographic, health, work, support given by others, and commuting difficulty. Employed and workdisabled subjects were compared by t-test and chisquare. Attributable fractions were calculated to assess the predictive value of factors. A recursive partitioning procedure identified individuals at varying risks for work disability, and their characteristics were defined. Results. The risk factors joint pain and functional status, commuting difficulty, physical demands of the job, and disease duration were important predictors of work disability in both the attributable fraction and recursive partitioning analytic models. Having a professional or administrative job was protective, provided the salary earned was not low. Younger individuals with RA of shorter duration were placed at high risk by potentially modifiable factors. While older persons with RA of long duration were at high risk, modifiable factors could not be identified. Conclusion. Commuting difficulty, a previously overlooked factor, is an important predictor of RA work disability. Younger individuals with RA of relatively short duration can be placed at high risk by potentially modifiable factors including commuting difficulty, physically demanding jobs, greater joint pain and poor functional status, and nonprofessional/nonadministrative jobs.
Doped carbon black catalyst supports: II. Magnetic, Mössbauer, and catalytic studies of iron/carbon systems

Abstract In continuation of our earlier investigation of carbon-supported Fe catalysts, a systematic study of diamagnetic susceptibility and ESR spectroscopy was carried out on “as-received”, graphitized, and borondoped carbon blacks. This characterization showed the Fermi level ( E F ) of the graphitic carbon decreased with boron doping. These carbon supports were used for dispersing small Fe crystallites, which were further characterized by appropriate in situ magnetization measurements and Mossbauer Spectroscopy. Observations showed that all Fe C catalysts were superparamagnetic yielding particle diameters in the range of 3.5–5.5 nm. From the reaction rates obtained for CO hydrogenation over these catalysts, activation energies, product distributions, and turnover frequencies were computed. These results were compared with Fe Al 2 O 3 and Fe SiO 2 catalysts. The iron dispersed on boronated carbons showed a small increase in turnover frequency for CO hydrogenation as compared with Fe dispersed on undoped carbons. A seven-fold change in the E F level of the carbon supports produced only a twofold change in activity, and consequently a strong interaction between the iron and carbon could not be confirmed.
Effect of Vitamin Deficiencies on Basal Metabolism and Respiratory Quotient in Rats.

SummaryRiboflavin and pantothenic acid deficiencies in rats do not alter the BMR. A definite decrease in the BMR was observed in severe vitamin B6 deficiency. All rats showing a riboflavin, vitamin B6, and pantothenic acid deficiency had a higher RQ than normal rats. The possible explanation for this increased RQ is given.
Ambiguous, circular and polysemous: students' definitions of the “balance of nature” metaphor:

The “balance of nature” metaphor has been used to explain the functioning of natural systems from ancient times and continues to be invoked in popular culture, in spite of controversy regarding its...
Estimation of Heat and Hydrologic Budget of Upper Klamath Lake Oregon, USA Using Updated DLM-WQ Model

Estimation of lake hydrologic budgets is essential for sustainable water management due to increasing water demand and uncertainties related to climate change. The updated turbulent diffusion transfer algorithms were developed and incorporated in the DLM-WQ model developed at UC Davis to estimate the Upper Klamath Lake’s dynamics, and heat and hydrologic budget. The exchange coefficients for latent heat (CEN), sensible heat (CHN), and wind drag (CD) of the turbulent diffusion model were calibrated using coefficient of correlation as the objective function. The agreement between estimated and measured lake water elevation and temperature are found to be excellent with correlation coefficients 0.99 and 0.95, respectively. The heat and hydrologic budgets are more sensitive to evaporative heat loss (35 %) than sensible heat exchanges (11 %). The stream inflow and lake outflow dominate the hydrologic budget with approximately 47 % due to stream inflow and approximately 44 % due to lake outflow. Precipitation directly on the lake and evaporation from the lake are only 3 % and 6 %, respectively. The lake mixes to the bottom sporadically during spring and summer. Estimated deep mixing for the period 1994–1996 shows the lake’s increasing stability without a deep mixing event for approximately 4 months during summer in 1996. Prolonged stratification in the hypereutrophic lake is expected to lead to hypoxia near the sediment surface resulting in exacerbation of existing ecological problems. The DLM-WQ model can be applied to a broad range of lakes/reservoirs with selection of appropriate CEN and CHN value for lake/reservoir dynamics and water resources planning evaluation.
Surgical resection and reconstruction for advanced and recurrent gynecologic malignancies

The treatment of gynecologic malignancies entails surgery, systemic therapy and radiation therapy. Depending on the primary disease site and extent of the disease, the treatment strategies are applied alone or in combination. Over the past few decades, specialist knowledge and understanding of the pathophysiology and behavior of gynecologic neoplasms has led to a significant improvement in the relevant treatment modalities. The surgical management of gynecologic malignancies has evolved from the simple hysterectomy to more comprehensive staging procedures that are of pivotal importance for improving and estimating the prognosis and guiding the treatment of affected patients. These sometimes complex procedures encompass radical pelvic and upper abdominal surgery, including the associated urologic and intestinal procedures that are required to adequately resect the neoplasm. In this article, we will review and summarize the literature on the surgical resection and reconstruction of advanced and recurrent gy...
Metabolically Stabilized Derivatives of Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate: Synthesis and Applications

Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) lipid is an essential component of eukaryotic membranes and a marker of the Golgi complex. Here, we developed metabolically stabilized (ms) analogs of PtdIns(4)P and the inositol 1,4-bisphosphate (IP(2)) head group derivative and demonstrated that these compounds can substitute the natural lipid fully retaining its physiological activities. The methylenephosphonate (MP) and phosphorothioate (PT) analogs of PtdIns(4)P and the aminohexyl (AH)-IP(2) probe are recognized by the PtdIns(4)P-specific PH domain of four phosphate adaptor protein 1 (FAPP1). Binding of FAPP1 to the PtdIns(4)P derivatives stimulates insertion of the PH domain into the lipid layers and induces tubulation of membranes. Both ms analogs and IP(2) probes could be invaluable for identifying protein effectors and characterizing PtdIns(4)P-dependent signaling cascades within the trans-Golgi network (TGN).
Effect of lithium chloride and theophylline on hexosaminidase activity in tadpole tail discs.

Abstract Tail fin discs from Rana catesbeiana were cultured for up to 5 days in the presence of triiodothyronine, cyclic AMP, theophylline, LiCl, or combinations of them, and metamorphic changes were measured by changes in the specific activity of hexosaminidase, a lysosomal marker enzyme. Triiodothyronine (154 n M ) and cyclic AMP (100 μ M ) induce comparable metamorphic changes. Triiodothyronine causes a 30% decrease in cyclic AMP in the first 5 hr, more than a 100% increase in the next day, and a gradual decrease during subsequent days. Theophylline, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase, does not of itself induce normal metamorphic changes, but it potentiates the action of triiodothyronine. Lithium chloride, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, blocks all the hormone-stimulated increase in hexosaminidase activity only if presented in the first hour of hormone treatment. These results indicate that an early increase in the level of cyclic AMP may mediate triiodothyronine-induced metamorphic change and that triiodothyronine stimulates the adenylate cyclase system.
The number of perfect matchings in a hypercube

Abstract A perfect matching or a 1-factor of a graph G is a spanning subgraph that is regular of degree one. Hence a perfect matching is a set of independent edges which matches all the nodes of G in pairs. Thus in a hypercube parallel processor, the number of perfect matchings evaluates the number of different ways that all the processors can pairwise exchange information in parallel. Making use of matrices and their permanents one can write a straightforwardformula which we evaluate for n ≤ 5.