cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Environment in Fostering Independence: Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Developing an Instrument

Although rehabilitation professionals are increasingly aware that environments can support or interfere with an individual's ability to function, environmental factors are not emphasized in assessment and intervention planning across rehabilitation disciplines. Conceptual and methodological issues related to creating a measure for assessing the rehabilitation environment, in either institutional or home settings, as it relates to fostering an individual's independence are presented. Reflecting a multidimensional conceptual base, the Environment-Independence Interaction Scale has subscales for temporal, physical, social, and cultural dimensions of the environment. The measure is primarily intended for research in evaluating effects of various rehabilitation environments on selected outcomes.
On plasma disturbances caused by the motion of the Space Shuttle and small satellites - A comparison of in situ observations

Recent results regarding the interactions between a body and its environmental space plasma, made by charged particle probes mounted in the bay of the Space Shuttle Orbiter Columbia (STS 3 mission), are compared with earlier results, obtained from small ionospheric satellites, in an attempt to widen our scope of knowledge and understanding regarding such interactions. The objective is to work toward a unified model of body-space plasma interactions in the solar system covering a variety of plasma and body conditions. The comparisons focus mainly on (1) the (wake/ram) current ratio; (2) the generation of charged particle density fluctuations (indicative of plasma turbulence) around the body; and (3) the increase in electron temperature ahead and in the wake of the satellite. The main results of the comparison are that (1) the (wake/ram) current ratio (or current depletion in the wake) for the Orbiter is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude larger than the ratio for small ionospheric satellites; and (2) fluctuations in density (or turbulence) are observed for both 'large body' (Shuttle Orbiter) and 'smaller body' (standard ionospheric satellites). However, the cause of the turbulence may not be the same for both cases; (3) the results for the electronic temperature enhancement due to the Shuttle Orbiter are in contrast with measurements from smaller ionospheric satellites. A path to follow in future Shuttle experiments is suggested and caution that care be taken in interpreting local particle and field measurements.
The Nash solution and relevant expansions

Abstract In this paper we propose a new axiom, Relevant Balanced Expansion Monotonicity (RBEM), to replace Nash's original Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives (IIA) axiom. Using the RBEM axiom and the other three original axioms suggested by Nash we provide a characterization of the Nash Solution.
Touch Rugby: An Alternative Activity in Physical Education

(1994). Touch Rugby: An Alternative Activity in Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 55-59.
Uptake and metabolism of 3H-estrone in neural and peripheral tissue of gonadectomized adult and neonatal guinea pigs

Abstract (1) Adult and neonatal male and female guinea pigs were gonadectomized, injected with 3H-estrone (40 μCi/animal) and killed 4 hr after injection. (2) All neural tissues studied (hypothalamus, amygdala, septal area, and cerebral cortex) retained significantly more radioactivity than plasma. (3) Almost all radioactivity was recovered as either estrone or estradiol-17β. (4) A greater percentage of the total radioactivity in the hypothalamus was recovered as estradiol-17β than in other brain tissues. (5) Males and females were similar in their uptake patterns. (6) Neonatal animals generally did not selectively retain tritiated estrogen in neural tissues, though their absolute values of radioactivity were higher than adults. (7) Peripheral tissues (uterus, seminal vesicles) were the only tissues in which a higher percentage of radioactivity was recovered as estradiol-17β than as estrone. (8) Results are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that estrone must be converted to estradiol-17β for it to facilitate lordosis behavior.
Acute tolerance to the cardiovascular effects of volatilized cocaine free base in rats

The cardiovascular effects elicited by volatilized cocaine were compared to those produced by i.v. drug administration. All of the subjects exposed to volatilized cocaine exhibited an initial increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP), profound bradycardia, and heart blocks. Intravenous administration of cocaine (1.5 mg/kg i.v.), a dose equivalent to the amount of drug subjects received from inhalation exposure, led to a transient increase in MAP but failed to produce any obvious ECG abnormalities or bradycardia; however, increasing the dose to 4.5 mg/kg resulted in considerable toxicity. Finally, the hemodynamic effects elicited by inhalation cocaine were found to undergo rapid tolerance during the first 5-min exposure period and the three subsequent drug exposures.
Quantifying phase behavior in partially miscible polystyrene/poly(styrene‐co‐4‐bromostyrene) blends

The phase behavior of thin-film blends of polystyrene (PS) and the random copolymer poly(styrene-co-4-bromostyrene) (PBS) was studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Phase behavior was studied as a function of the PBS and PS degree of polymerization (N), degree of miscibility [controlled via the volume fraction of bromine in the copolymer (f)], and annealing conditions. The Flory–Huggins interaction parameter χ was measured directly from SAXS as a function of temperature and scaled with f as χ = f2χS–BrS [where χS–BrS represents the segmental interaction between PS and the homopolymer poly(4-bromostyrene)] Simulations based on the Flory–Huggins theory and χ measured from SAXS were used to predict phase diagrams for all the systems studied. The PBS/PS system exhibited upper critical solution temperature behavior. The AFM studies showed that increasing f in PBS led to progressively different morphologies, from flat topography (i.e., one phase) to interconnected structures or islands. In the two-phase region, the morphology was a strong function of N (due to changes in mobility). A comparison of the estimated PBS volume fractions from the AFM images with the PBS bulk volume fraction in the blend suggested the encapsulation of PBS in PS, supporting the work of previous researchers. Excellent agreement between the phase diagram predictions (based on χ measured by SAXS) and the AFM images was observed. These studies were also consistent with interdiffusion measurements of PBS/PS interfaces (with Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy), which indicated that the interdiffusion coefficient decreased with increasing χ in the one-phase region and dropped to zero deep inside the two-phase region. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 255–271, 2002
Stable Hilbert series of S(g)K for classical groups

Given a classical symmetric pair, (G,K), with g=Lie(G), we provide descriptions of the Hilbert series of the algebra of K-invariant vectors in the associated graded algebra of U(g) viewed as a K-representation under restriction of the adjoint representation. The description illuminates a certain stable behavior of the Hilbert series, which is investigated in a case-by-case basis. We note that the stable Hilbert series of one symmetric pair often coincides with others. Also, for the case of the real form U(p,q) we derive a closed expression for the Hilbert series when min(p,q)→∞.
The Continuing Controversy over Right-to-Work Laws in the Early Twenty-First Century

This article provides a brief introduction to the ongoing controversy concerning right-to-work (RTW) legislation in the United States. The paper proceeds with the outlining of the major ideological arguments in favor of and in opposition to RTW laws before presenting the taste, free rider and bargaining power hypotheses which has motivated research concerning the economic effects of RTW laws. After reporting the findings of some of the basic empirical research designed to test these hypotheses as well as other recent studies, the article concludes that RTW laws have, at a minimum, moderately reduced the scope of unionization as well as the number of union members over the long-run. This indicates that the presence or absence of RTW legislation is not merely a symbolic fight as some have maintained but is something that has real consequences for the trade union movement’s future in the United States in the early 21st century.
Thresholds for formant‐frequency discrimination of vowels in consonantal context

Thresholds for formant frequency discrimination were shown to be in the range of 1%–2% by Kewley‐Port and Watson [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95, 485–496 (1994)]. The present experiment extends that study and one by Mermelstein [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 572–580 (1978)] to determine the effect of consonantal context on the discrimination of formant frequency. Thresholds for formant frequency were measured under minimal stimulus uncertainty for the vowel /i/ synthesized in isolation and in CVC syllables with the consonants /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /m/, and /l/. Overall, the effects of consonantal context were similar to those reported by Mermelstein (1978), although his threshold estimates were a factor of 4–5 times larger because less‐than‐optimal psychophysical methods had been used. Compared to the vowel in isolation, consonantal context had little effect on thresholds for F1 and a larger effect on F2. When a shift in threshold was observed, subject variability was high and resolution was degraded by as much as a factor of 2. Analyses of stimulus parameters indicated that resolution was degraded by shortening steady‐state vowel duration or if the separation between the onsets of the formant transitions was small. Overall, consonantal context makes it more difficult for some, but not all, listeners to resolve formant frequency as accurately as for vowels in isolation.
Theory of Substitutional Deep Traps in Covalent Semiconductors

The energies of substitutional deep ${A}_{1}$ impurity levels in zinc-blende semiconductors are predicted and related to the impurities' atomic energies and to host dangling bond (ideal vacancy) energies.
Math-Based Control Logic Development for Automotive Industrial Applications: Issues, Challenges and Solution

Intensive global competition forces automotive manufacturers to develop and produce vehicles at lower cost with shorter life cycles and better quality. Faster Vehicle Development Process (VDP) improve profitability by reducing the time and cost related to designing, engineering and launching a new vehicle model. More importantly, it enables automotive makers to react quickly to trend shift in market, e.g., recent shift from SUV (Sports Utility Vehicle) to small fuel efficient vehicle. However, the current manufacturing system design (especially control logic design), key part of VDP, is labor intensive and time consuming, and design quality and performance are highly dependent on the designer’s knowledge and experience. This paper discusses the issues and challenges identified in the current logic development process. A new method to automatically generate control logic using formal method is proposed. In this approach, the required information is collected and modeled as Automata. Possible control logic sequences are then calculated and the optimal one is identified from a set of alternative solutions. This paper also discusses how to implement and integrate the proposed method into the automotive manufacturing engineering process. The method is applied to automotive industry examples, and results are presented. Based on these case studies, this math-based approach can improve the quality of controls logic codes, and reduce ramp-up time and engineering cost significantly.Copyright © 2008 by General Motors
High-efficiency X-band MMIC GaN power amplifiers with supply modulation

This paper presents measurement results on supply-modulated X-band 0.15μm gate width GaN HEMT MMIC power amplifiers for OFDM signals. Two PAs at 10GHz with 4 and 10W output powers show peak CW efficiencies of 69% and 55%, with gains of 8.5 and 20.4 dB respectively. Supply modulation trajectories are designed by static characterization of each MMIC PA, and the drain modulation is performed though both a linear broadband modulator and a high-efficiency 5-MHz switching modulator. The PAs are tested in four modes: (1) with a constant 20-V supply and the 18-MHz OFDM signal input through the drive; (2) pure envelope tracking; (3) signal-split supply modulation; and (4) envelope elimination and restoration (EER) with a 5-MHz switching modulator. Average PAE and composite power added efficiencies are compared, reaching 65.4% and 35%, respectively, with the 4-W PA and a linear modulator.
Further studies on the conformation of acetylcholine.

Abstract A reexamination of the hypothesis that acetylcholine exists in a cyclic conformation was undertaken. The determination of infrared-absorption spectra and the acylation rates of a number of analogues of acetylcholine were carried out. The assembled evidence indicated that the shift toward the higher energy of the infrared absorption of the carbonyl peak of acetylcholine and its higher rate of acylation argues against a cyclic conformation and for an inductive influence of the quaternary nitrogen.
SU‐FF‐I‐61: A PC‐Based 3‐Dimensional Ultrasound Software Package

Purpose: Although ultrasound imaging is integral to a number of applications (such as prostate localization during radiation treatment and thyroid cancer screening in remote counties), portable ultrasound units lack 3‐dimensional (3D) image display, thus limiting the usefulness of the imaging modality. The purpose of this study was to design and test a freehand 3D image processing and visualization software package, Ultra3D, to work with an existing ultrasound unit that lacks 3D capability. Method and Materials: The Ultra3D system was designed to work with any ultrasound units, especially the laptop‐PC based Terason Smart Probe. The Ultra3D software system is mainly composed of two components: the user interface developed with Visual Basic and the Image Processing and Visualization library (IPVL) developed using Visual C++. The Ultra3D package has four major functions: image acquisition, 3D image reconstruction,image preprocessing, and 3D visualization. When the software is integrated with the Terason SmartProbe™ system, a series of 2D images is captured using free‐hand scanning method. These 2D images are then registered at different viewing angles, and their composite images are displayed by different volume and surface rendering techniques. Automatic 3D segmentation allows the interested regions to be better visualized. Results and Conclusion: This Ultra3D system has been successfully integrated with many different ultrasound units. The integration with the laptop‐PC based Terason Smart Probe allows 3D image manipulation to be possible at restricted working environments that require portability and user‐friendliness. 3D image processing and visualization show that, this program, with a digital image‐capture system, a semi‐automatic contours highlight method, and variant volume rendering techniques, greatly speeds up the reconstruction and visualization process, and gives the doctor more intuitive images. Future efforts include application of the system for prostate localization during radiation treatment and thyroid cancer screening in remote counties.
Eupatorium steelei (Asteraceae), a new species from the southern Appalachian Mountains of eastern U.S.A.

Eupatorium steelei, endemic to the southern Appalachian Mountains, is described, illustrated, and discussed. It clearly belongs to sectionVerticillata, where it is most closely related toE. purpureum.
Patient-specific Analysis of Periodontal and Peri-implant Microbiomes

Periodontally involved teeth have been implicated as ‘microbial reservoirs’ in the etiology of peri-implant diseases. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to use a deep-sequencing approach to identify the degree of congruence between adjacent peri-implant and periodontal microbiomes in states of health and disease. Subgingival and peri-implant biofilm samples were collected from 81 partially edentulous individuals with periodontal and peri-implant health and disease. Bacterial DNA was isolated, and the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced by pyrotag sequencing. Chimera-depleted sequences were compared against a locally hosted curated database for bacterial identification. Statistical significance was determined by paired Student’s t tests between tooth-implant pairs. The 1.9 million sequences identified represented 523 species. Sixty percent of individuals shared less than 50% of all species between their periodontal and peri-implant biofilms, and 85% of individuals shared less than 8% of abundant species between tooth and implant. Additionally, the periodontal microbiome demonstrated significantly higher diversity than the implant, and distinct bacterial lineages were associated with health and disease in each ecosystem. Analysis of our data suggests that simple geographic proximity is not a sufficient determinant of colonization of topographically distinct niches, and that the peri-implant and periodontal microbiomes represent microbiologically distinct ecosystems.
Femtosecond sources for optical arbitrary waveform generation

Advances in high repetition-rate femtosecond laser technology for optical arbitrary waveform generation will be described. Combs spanning two octaves, from 500nm to 2μm, based on GHz modelocked Ti:sapphire and erbium-fiber lasers, have been carrier-envelope stabilized and frequency referenced.
Six Expert and Student Teachers' Views and Implementation of Constructivist Teaching Using a Movement Approach to Physical Education.

In this article I describe 3 expert and 3 student physical education teachers' constructivist views of pedagogical content knowledge and their practices while teaching 3 lessons on educational games involving dribbling that were based on the movement approach. Transcripts of 2 formal interviews with each participant and 18 videotaped lessons were analyzed using constant comparison. Results indicated that both groups of teachers demonstrated an adequate constructivist view of pedagogical content knowledge. Although expert and student teachers had no problems facilitating students' work on a variety of movement tasks, the student teachers, unlike the expert teachers, did not use constructivist-based instructional strategies to respond to students' learning responses.
Tooth Size and Position Before Birth

No uniformity exists in the arrangement of the deciduous anterior teeth before birth. The deciduous incisors achieve a substantial amount of their final mesiodistal width at an early stage. Jaw growth in the anterior region during the last three months before birth appears not to exceed the increase in mesiodistal crown dimensions.
Ecophysiological constraints shape autumn migratory response to climate change in the North American field sparrow.

Our ability to accurately forecast species' geographical responses to climate change requires knowledge of the proximate and ultimate drivers of their distribution. Here, we consider the ecophysiol...
Geriatric medicine in the United States: New roles for physician assistants

The problem of adequate medical care for the nation's elderly is mounting as this population grows in numbers. While the overall U.S. population has tripled since 1900, the segment over 65 has increased eightfold. Because of the high incidence of chronic illness in persons over 65, they consume a disproportionate amount of health care. Contributing to the problem are pervasive attitudes of ageism in the U.S. culture (including those of physicians), with the result that old people in the U.S. receive fragmented and often substandard medical care, particularly in nursing homes. Although some stirrings of activity in geriatric medicine are apparent in medical schools, not nearly enough faculty are available to teach courses and the interest of medical students is low. Several trends indicate that physician assistants are prepared to help fill the gaps in health care of the elderly. First, as physician extenders, these allied health professionals have demonstrated that they can perform approximately 80% of primary care tasks carried out by physicians at no sacrifice of quality. Second, a large proportion of the current caseload of physician assistants is patients over the age of 65. Third, physician assistant training programs have incorporated a fivefold increase in geriatric courses into their curricula since 1980, and both students and graduates show a high interest in this field. Finally, reimbursement policies of third party payers indicate a trend toward underwriting more physician assistant services. For example, Medicare Part B recently included payment of physician assistants in nursing homes and hospitals. “We all know that it is better to be young and healthy than old and sick.”1 Samuel Papper, M.D., 1984
Primary dystonia: moribund or viable.

Classification schemes are essential to clinicians and researchers alike; they drive diagnostic and testing algorithms and treatment approaches, and have led to major advances in understanding genetic etiologies. However, as our knowledge advances an iterative process occurs. Syndromes can now be divided into genetic etiologies; as these are interrogated, phenotypes that are different from their original clinically defined class emerge. Long laundry lists of genes and loci are produced and the lines that delineated categories may degrade. To some extent this scenario now besets the established classification scheme of dystonia. As we learn about specific etiologies, widening phenotypes, biological markers, and pathophysiology, the notion of a single or unified entity “primary dystonia” becomes less clear. This review will discuss some of the questions raised by advances in the field and their impact, if any, on the definition of primary dystonia
Seasonal Survival of Radiomarked Emperor Geese in Western Alaska

Abstract The population of emperor geese (Chen canagica) in western Alaska, USA, declined by >50% from the 1960s to the mid-1980s and has increased only slightly since. Rates of population increase among arctic geese are especially sensitive to changes in adult survival. Improving adult survival in seasons or geographic areas where survival is low may be the best means of increasing the emperor goose population. We monitored fates of 133 adult female emperor geese that were radiomarked with surgically implanted very high frequency or satellite radiotransmitters from 1999 to 2004 to assess whether monthly survival varied among years, seasons, or geographic areas. Because of uncertainties in determining whether a bird had died based on the radio signal, we analyzed 2 versions of the data. One version used conservative criteria to identify which birds had died based on radio signals and the other used more liberal criteria. In the conservative version of the data we detected 12 mortalities of emperor geese, ...
A Biologically Inspired Shape Representation Model Based on Part Decomposition

Shape representation is a major challenge in machine perception, and is the basis for vision. Most current theories of shape representation are based on the idea of feature or part extraction. Compared with template matching and Fourier decomposition, parts-based mechanism is better adapted to the real-world difficulties of view-point transformations, partial occlusion and plastic deformation. We present in this paper a parts-based shape representation model inspired by the mammalian visual ventral pathway. With the sparse coding constraint, the computational model combines unsupervised representation in the feed-forward stream with lateral interaction to achieve stable, efficient and natural representation of shapes. Further comparing the response properties of model cells to those of biological V4 cells, we find that model cells display same curvature and object centered tuning as the reported physiological measurements.
A prospective study of vaginal pH as a predictor of preterm delivery.

Objective: To test the usefulness of vaginal pH determinations in the prediction of the risk of preterm delivery at or before 36 weeks of gestation. Methods: This was a prospective study of asympto...
Functional analysis of spermatogonial stem cells in Steel and cryptorchid infertile mouse models.

Abstract Spermatogenesis is a complex and productive process that originates from stem cell spermatogonia and ultimately results in formation of mature spermatozoa. The stem cell undergoes self-renewal throughout life, but study of its biological characteristics has been difficult because a very small number (2 to 3 in 104 cells) exist in the testis and they can only be identified by function. Although the development of the spermatogonial transplantation technique has provided an assay system for stem cells, efficient methods to enrich stem cells have not been available. Here, we examined two infertile mouse models, Steel/SteelDickie(Sl/Sld) and experimental cryptorchid, as a source of testis cell populations enriched in stem cells. The Sl/Sld testis showed little enrichment, which raises questions about how adult stem cell number is determined and about the currently accepted belief that adult stem cells are independent of Sl factor. The cells recovered from cryptorchid testes were enriched for stem cells 25-fold (colonies) or 50-fold (area) compared to wild-type testes. The cryptorchid condition does not affect stem cell activity, but eliminates almost all differentiated cells, and about 1 in 200 cells is a stem cell. Thus, cryptorchid testes provide an important approach for purification and characterization of spermatogonial stem cells.
Sentencing policy and disparity: Guidelines and the influence of legal and democratic subcultures

Abstract This study analyzed the effects of sentencing policy on sentencing outcomes and the determinants of sentencing decisions. The authors used hierarchical modeling to examine the impact of sentencing reform on legal and individual- and county-level extralegal factors in addition to the sentencing outcomes themselves. The research was framed within the legal and democratic subculture perspective developed by Richardson and Vines (1970) for understanding lower court decision making. The results indicated that sentencing policy acts as a filter, through which cues from each subculture are synthesized, and helps to shape the effects of both legal and extralegal variables on sentencing outcomes.
A tolerance analysis for manufacturing to direct process capability improvement efforts

A tolerance analysis for manufacturing which can be used to direct process capability improvement efforts is presented. This approach is a direct application of Taguchi's Quality Engineering by Design (QED) techniques, and incorporates both process simulation and product manufacturing data. The resulting combination provides a useful weapon against variation to process and device engineers in a manufacturing environment. The focus is on determining an appropriate process variation reduction strategy in order to achieve device performance specifications. An illustrative case study is presented on the variation reduction of the nMOS threshold voltage (Vtn) in the RIT CMOS process. A tolerance reduction model is developed which determines where variation reduction efforts will be most rewarded. Based on this model, a practical tolerance reduction strategy is established.
Complicated Grief and Suicidal Ideation in Adult Survivors of Suicide

While the prevalence of complicated grief has been demonstrated to be elevated in survivors of suicide, the association between complicated grief and suicidal ideation among adult suvivors of suicide has not been explored. The purpose of the present study is to examine the association between complicated grief and suicidal ideation in suicide survivors. The Inventory of Complicated Grief and the Beck Depression Inventory were administered to 60 adult survivors within 1 month of a death by suicide of a family member or significant other. Complicated grief was associated with a 9.68 (CI: 1.036, 90.417) times greater likelihood of suicidal ideation after controlling for depression, suggesting that syndromal complicated grief heightens vulnerability to suicidal ideation. Clinicians may provide more comprehensive assessments by recognizing the possibility of suicidal ideation in those with complicated grief.
Design and performance of the PHENIX muon tracking systems

The PHENIX muon spectrometers at RHIC incorporates cathode strip chambers (CSC) as the tracking detectors. The design requirements for the spectrometers was such that the mass resolution for the vector mesons would allow for a clear separation of the individual states. This lead to the requirement that the CSC's have a resolution of 100 /spl mu/m and the intermediate detector station have a radiation length less than 0.1% The octant shaped chambers were constructed of a honeycomb panel structure for the first and last station and the middle station used etched 25 /spl mu/m metallized mylar foils held under tension by thick aluminum frames. The largest chambers, 3.5 m /spl times/ 3.5 m, are at station 3. Both spectrometers have now been fully instrumented and data taking has been very successful. We have shown that the chambers have met design requirements. A description of the design and performance of the chambers for both cosmic rays and real data is given.
Cytomegalovirus UL103 Controls Virion and Dense Body Egress

Human cytomegalovirus UL103 encodes a tegument protein that is conserved across herpesvirus subgroups. Mutant viruses lacking this gene product exhibit dramatically reduced accumulation of cell-free virus progeny and poor cell-to-cell spread. Given that viral proteins and viral DNA accumulate with normal kinetics in cells infected with mutant virus, UL103 appears to function during the late phase of replication, playing a critical role in egress of capsidless dense bodies and virions. Few dense bodies were observed in the extracellular space in mutant virus-infected cells in the presence or absence of the DNA encapsidation inhibitor 2-bromo-5,6-dichloro-1-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole. Upon reversal of encapsidation inhibition, UL103 had a striking impact on accumulation of cell-free virus, but not on accumulation of cell-associated virus. Thus, UL103 plays a novel and important role during maturation, regulating virus particle and dense body egress from infected cells.
Commentary: Technological Change, Intellectual Property, and Academic Libraries An Outline of the Issues

Observations are made from the perspective of an academic librarian who is concerned with both protecting the rights of intellectual property holders and ensuring the fair use of information for the creation of new knowledge and the common good. The article comments on several factors related to intellectual property (political, economic, and cultural contexts, time constraints, and the nature of software and cyberspace) that were contained in papers presented at a 1995 conference. The author concludes by recommending that a new legislative model be designed to address appropriately the complexities of intellectual property in the on-line environment.
Extracellular matrix gene expression in the developing mouse aorta

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules made by vessel wall cells during vascular development, with the primary focus on the developing mouse aorta, and focuses on ECM gene expression during mouse aortic development. The structural matrix proteins, which are important for vascular strength and compliance, are produced during a relatively narrow developmental window in the mouse that begins around the last trimester of development and continues for only a few weeks after birth. Prior to this synthetic ‘‘matrix phase,’’ the cells in the vessel wall are highly proliferative and express matrix proteins that support cell motility, establish polarity, and bind and sequester growth factors. As the cells shift out of the matrix phase, the spectrum of contractile proteins changes as the SMC prepares for its unique contractile function and general cell maintenance genes are expressed. It is shown in the chapter that the vascular SMC can exhibit a wide range of phenotypes at different stages of development. Developing a molecular snapshot of normal development provides new avenues of investigation into vascular cell phenotypic modulation in health and disease.
Highly efficient and selective enrichment of peptide subsets combining fluorous chemistry with reversed-phase chromatography

The selective capture of target peptides poses a great challenge to modern chemists and biologists, especially when enriching them from proteome samples possessing extremes in concentration dynamic range and sequence diversity. While approaches based on traditional techniques such as biotin-avidin pairing offer versatile tools to design strategies for selective enrichment, problems are still encountered due to sample loss or poor selectivity of enrichment. Here we show that the recently introduced fluorous chemistry approach has attractive properties as an alternative method for selective enrichment. Through appending a perfluorine group to the target peptide, it is possible to dramatically increase the peptide's hydrophobicity and thus enable facile separation of labeled from non-labeled peptides. Use of reversed-phase chromatography allowed for improved peptide recovery in comparison with results obtained using the formerly reported fluorous bonded phase methods. Furthermore, this approach also allowed for on-line separation and identification of both labeled and unlabeled peptides in a single experiment. The net result is an increase in the confidence of protein identification by tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) as all peptides and subsequent information are retained. Successful off-line and on-line enrichment of cysteine-containing peptides was obtained, and high quality MS2 spectra were obtained by tandem mass spectrometry due to the stability of the tag, allowing for facile identification via standard database searching. We believe that this strategy holds great promise for selective enrichment and identification of low abundance target proteins or peptides.
Skin Color Bias: A New Perspective on an Old Social Problem

(1998). Skin Color Bias: A New Perspective on an Old Social Problem. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 132, No. 2, pp. 238-240.
Intelligent cloud capacity management

Cloud computing as a service promises many business benefits. The cost to pay is that it also faces many technique challenges. One of the challenges is to effectively manage cloud capacity in response to the increased demand changes in clouds, as computing customers now can provision and de-provision virtual machines more frequently. This paper studies cloud capacity prediction as a response to the challenge. We propose an integrated solution for intelligent cloud capacity estimation. In this solution, a novel measure is introduced to quantify and guide the prediction process. Then an ensemble method is utilized to predict the future provisioning/de-provisioning demands respectively. The cloud capacity is estimated using the active virtual machines and the future provisioning/de-provisioning demands altogether. Our proposed solution is simple and with low computational cost. The experiments on the IBM Smart Cloud Enterprise trace data shows our solution is effective.
Control of leakage in multilayered conductor-backed coplanar structures

The spectral domain technique with a complex root searching procedure is used to investigate leakage phenomena in the multilayered conductor-backed coplanar waveguides. It is found that the leakage in the conventional conductor-backed CPW can be controlled by introducing an additional dielectric layer over certain frequency range with appropriately chosen geometry. However, these multilayered structures will leak when frequency is sufficiently high. Two different multilayered structures are given as examples. >
GROWRANGE: anytime VCG-based mechanisms

We introduce anytime mechanisms for distributed optimization with self-interested agents. Anytime mechanisms retain good incentive properties even when interrupted before the optimal solution is computed, and provide better quality solutions when given additional time. Anytime mechanisms can solve easy instances of a hard problem quickly and optimally, while providing approximate solutions on very hard instances. In a particular instantiation, GROWRANGE, we successively expand the range of outcomes considered, computing the optimal solution for each range. Truth-revelation remains a dominant strategy equilibrium with a stage-based interruption, and is a best-response with high probability when the interruption is time-based.
The Role of African American Males in Politics and Government

This article examines the contributions of African American males to government and politics during the latter half of the twentieth century. More specifically, it chronicles the careers of Kweisi Mfume, Colin Powell, J. C. Watts, Jr., Ralph Bunche, Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., Andrew Young, Jr., and Edward Brooke. The purpose of this critical analysis is threefold: (1) to present a historical overview of prominent African American males in the executive, judicial, and legislative branches of government as well as state and local government; (2) to discuss crucial variables that determined the selection of individuals to be examined in this case study, upon which the author's typology is based, and to reflect critically upon the unique contributions of the seven aforementioned individuals to national and international affairs; and (3) to explore some future implications for black males in the totality of the current American political spectrum. This study takes on considerable magnitude given the fact that i...
Functional genomic and epidemiological studies reveal novel genes regulating cholesterol metabolism

Elevated plasma cholesterol is a heritable trait and a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Although several major biochemical pathways regulating cholesterol metabolism have been identified, questions regarding the details of this regulation remain. In fact, common genetic polymorphisms in candidate genes explain only 5 to 7% of variation in high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels between individuals. This suggests that many of the factors influencing cholesterol metabolism, and potentially the etiology of cardiovascular disease, are unknown. Here, we review recent functional genomic research that, combined with results from genome-wide association studies, provides a powerful tool to identify novel candidate genes relevant to cholesterol metabolism.
Vascular Effects of Statins in Stroke

Background Recent clinical trials and meta-analyses of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) have demonstrated a reduction in ischemic stroke in patients wi...
The Business Ethics of Incarceration: The Moral Implications of Treating Prisons Like Businesses

This paper offer's a comment on the current moral component of the modern private-prison debate. While several theorists have concluded that public prisons are morally preferable to contracted-out prisons because of the unsavory tendencies for private firms to “profit off of other people's misery,” I contend that the latter may be true but the former does not necessarily follow therefrom.
A Salesforce Control Theory Analysis of Enterprise Microblog Posts

Social computing and enterprise 2.0 trends are reshaping business. Selling is no different. In this work, we examine the theory of behavior-based and outcome-based salesforce control put forth several decades ago in the context of social business. We collect enterprise microblog posts of salespeople and conduct a preliminary empirical study. Our preliminary results indicate that microblog posts written by sellers not on commission are greater in number and more cooperative on average, confirming the propositions of salesforce control theory. However, a different view of the empirical results indicates that there may not be a difference between commission and noncommission sellers in the content of their posts, warranting further study.
Analysis of methotrexate monitoring practices during treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis according to centre size

Aims Methotrexate is currently accepted as the first line disease modifying antirheumatic drug for juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Regular blood test monitoring for early signs of hepatotoxicity and bone marrow suppression is necessary. National guidelines for blood test monitoring exist; however, there is a paucity of underpinning evidence and anecdotal evidence suggests varying practice in this area. Children in the British Isles are managed in paediatric rheumatology networks, with relatively few tertiary units. The authors aimed to survey current paediatric rheumatology blood test monitoring practice across the British Isles in all contexts where this occurs. Methods The authors used a web-based tool to survey all members of the British Society for Paediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology. The authors asked respondents about their centre, number of children treated, guidelines, blood test monitoring (including changes to frequency during periods of stability) and approach to abnormal blood test results. The authors encouraged a single team response from each centre. Results Responses were received representing 33 centres across England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The authors divided responses received into “large centres” (treating >100 children) and “small centres” (treating Conclusions The results of the survey showed variation in monitoring practice among UK practitioners, mirroring a survey of North American practice. We discuss possible reasons for a more cautious approach adopted by small centres. We propose closer networking of centres providing paediatric rheumatology services to ensure standardisation of care pathways.
Explanation, Prediction, and Meaning Variance: An Assessment of Distance Interaction Models

(1970). Explanation, Prediction, and Meaning Variance: An Assessment of Distance Interaction Models. Economic Geography: Vol. 46, PROCEEDINGS International Geographical Union Commission on Quantitative Methods, pp. 223-233.
The Geometric Foundations of the Mechanics of A Rigid Body

(1943). The Geometric Foundations of the Mechanics of A Rigid Body. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 50, No. 8, pp. 492-502.
Blood sugar observations in late pregnancy complicated by hyperthyroidism.

In a comprehensive review of the literature by Rowley1 concerning the blood sugar figures in pregnancy, the average figures show that there is no appreciable difference from the normal. It is estimated that the blood sugar throughout pregnancy varies from .07 per cent to .11 per cent. Contrary to these facts, Faber2 recently reported low blood sugar values in late pregnancy, with a lowered renal threshold, a case whose fasting blood sugar was .052 per cent, and whose blood sugar rose with a sugar tolerance test to .15 per cent, with glycosuria and with a subsequent drop of blood sugar to .05 per cent.I have been observing a case of pregnancy complicated with a moderate hyperthyroidism, with rather unusual blood sugar findings. The patient entered the Barnes Hospital on October 26, 1925, and was discharged on November 30th. She was re-admitted on December 13th and stayed in the hospital ten days. She was again admitted on January 21, 1926, and is in the hospital at the present time. Her basal metabolic rat...
Nutritional Support of Burn Patients

Major thermal injury is characterized by a hypermetabolic response. Failure to provide burn patients with sufficient exogenous caloric and nitrogen intake results in pronounced weight loss, impaired wound healing, decreased host resistance to infection, and cellular dysfunction. Nutritional therapy should be directed at environmental control, prevention of infection, early wound closure, progressive physical activity, and the provision of sufficient exogenous calories and nitrogen to prevent unnecessary catabolic sequelae. During the past 10 years, new methods have emerged for providing better nutrition to severely burned patients. As a result, morbid complications of prolonged catabolism have been significantly reduced, and survival of patients with major thermal injury has been markedly enhanced.
Chromosomal Evolution in Grasshopper Mice (Onychomys: Cricetidae)

Diploid number was consistent at 48 in all specimens of Onychomys thus far studied, but the number of pairs of acrocentric elements varied from 0 in O. leucogaster to 6, 7, and 9 in O. torridus and to 10 in O. arenicola . Chromosomal variation in leucogaster, arenicola , and the 6 and 7 acrocentric cytotypes of torridus could be explained by additions (or deletions) of heterochromatic short arms. Onychomys leucogaster differed chromosomally from Peromyscus crinitus by an inversion in two pairs (9 and 19) plus heterochromatic short arm additions to all other pairs except 1, 22, and 23. Onychomys leucogaster differed from Peromyscus melanotis by inversions in chromosome pairs 2, 3, 6, 19, and 20 plus heterochromatic short arm additions in all other pairs except 1, 22, and 23. Onychomys leucogaster differed from Baiomys taylori by inversions in chromosome pairs 1, 9, 19, 22, and 23 plus heterochromatic short arm additions in all other pairs. These data are in agreement with the proposal that the primitive karyotype for the early peromyscines had few biarmed elements (probable biarmed pairs are 1, 22, 23, and possibly 9) with heterochromatin restricted to the centromere. Convergent events are needed to explain the distribution of heterochromatic short arms within species of Onychomys as well as within the peromyscine genera.
A Persian Folk Method of Figuring Interest

(1996). A Persian Folk Method of Figuring Interest. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 69, No. 5, pp. 376-376.
The Sacramentality of the Cosmos

In this chapter I explore representations out of the wealth of recent material written on the sacramentality of the cosmos and adjudicate its significance in relation to the place of nonhuman animals in Christian theology and ethics. In particular, I consider whether this retrieved strand of Christian thought breaks from the dominant tradition and, if so, to what extent. This consideration will require an in-depth search into Orthodox theology, as Eastern Christianity has best maintained the affirmation of cosmic sacramentality. However, while such an affirmation has been somewhat wanting in the West, I do not want to ignore the recent developments in Roman Catholicism that have retrieved it. Thus, what follows examines the concept of cosmic sacramentality in general, with attention to both Eastern and Western theologians.