cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marx, Moral Judgment, and Medical Ethics: Commentary on Buchanan

Marx, Marxism, and Marxists are distinct sources of possible guidance for resolving moral problems. Karl Marx is the German political philosopher who lived and wrote during the nineteenth century. Marxism refers to various interpretations of Marx’s thoughts and writings by others. Marxists are those who practically align themselves with one of these interpretations through their actions, through their own writings, or both. Exegetes of Marx elaborate different, sometimes conflicting versions of Marxism, and Marxists differ in their practical interpretation of Marx’s views. Marxism may, of course, be understood and explained by individuals who are not Marxists, and even by those who oppose Marx or Marxism. Allen Buchanan exemplifies the exegete who is not a Marxist, and who in fact is critical of Marx’s views [2, 3,4].
You Lead Like a Girl: Gender and Children’s Leadership Development:

Recent leadership initiatives encourage children, particularly girls, to defy gender stereotypes. Yet, those creating and participating in these initiatives, like all members of our culture, have t...
Mitigating cyber attacks through the measurement of non-IT professionals’ cybersecurity skills

Users’ mistakes due to poor cybersecurity skills result in up to 95 per cent of cyber threats to organizations. Threats to organizational information systems continue to result in substantial financial and intellectual property losses. This paper aims to design, develop and empirically test a set of scenarios-based hands-on tasks to measure the cybersecurity skills of non-information technology (IT) professionals.,This study was classified as developmental in nature and used a sequential qualitative and quantitative method to validate the reliability of the Cybersecurity Skills Index (CSI) as a prototype-benchmarking tool. Next, the prototype was used to empirically test the demonstrated observable hands-on skills level of 173 non-IT professionals.,The importance of skills and hands-on assessment appears applicable to cybersecurity skills of non-IT professionals. Therefore, by using an expert-validated set of cybersecurity skills and scenario-driven tasks, this study established and validated a set of hands-on tasks that measure observable cybersecurity skills of non-IT professionals without bias or the high-stakes risk to IT.,Data collection was limited to the southeastern USA and while the sample size of 173 non-IT professionals is valid, further studies are required to increase validation of the results and generalizability.,The validated and reliable CSI operationalized as a tool that measures the cybersecurity skills of non-IT professionals. This benchmarking tool could assist organizations with mitigating threats due to vulnerabilities and breaches caused by employees due to poor cybersecurity skills.
Refractive Outcomes after Pars Plana Vitrectomy and Scleral Fixated Intraocular Lens with Gore-Tex Suture.

Purpose To evaluate refractive outcomes after combined pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and scleral fixation of an intraocular lens (IOL) using Gore-Tex suture. Design Retrospective cohort study. Participants Fifty-five eyes from 53 patients who underwent PPV with a Gore-Tex sutured IOL from June 2013 through December 2017. Methods Patients who underwent combined PPV and scleral fixation of an IOL with Gore-Tex suture were identified. All eyes underwent scleral fixation of either an Akreos A060 or enVista MX60 IOL and were fixated either 2 mm or 3 mm posterior to the limbus. Postoperative manifest refractions were performed at least 3 months after surgery and were compared with preoperative predicted target refraction based on in-the-bag IOL calculations. Subgroup analyses based on sclerotomy placement and IOL models were performed. Main Outcome Measures Postoperative manifest refraction and difference with sclerotomy placement and IOL model. Results The mean postoperative spherical equivalent (SEQ) was –0.99±1.00 diopters (D). The mean difference in SEQ (ΔSEQ) from preoperative predicted target was –0.64±1.00 D. The IOL was fixated 2 mm posterior to the limbus in 14 eyes and 3 mm in 41 eyes. Within these 2 subgroups, the mean postoperative SEQ was –1.53±1.35 D for fixation 2 mm posterior to the limbus and –0.82±0.83 D for fixation 3 mm posterior to the limbus (P = 0.09). The mean ΔSEQ was –0.43±0.71 D for fixation 3 mm posterior to the limbus and –1.35±1.32 D for fixation 2 mm posterior to the limbus (P = 0.03). The mean amount of surgically induced astigmatism in the overall cohort was 0.77±0.65 D. The mean ΔSEQ and induced astigmatism were similar between IOL models. Conclusions After combined PPV and Gore-Tex–sutured IOL implantation, mean postoperative refractive outcomes were more myopic when the IOL was fixated 2 mm from the limbus compared with 3 mm from the limbus. No significant difference was found between IOL models. Based on these results, future implant power calculations may be adjusted to approximate preoperative target refraction more accurately.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy utilization in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: Increasing yet inappropriate use?

441Background: Neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy (NAC) is associated with improved overall survival in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC); however, utilization nationally ha...
Fast Detection of Open Circuit Device Faults and Fault-Tolerant Operation of Single-Phase H-Bridge Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converters

This paper proposes a simple and fast detection technique for power device open circuit (OC) fault in single phase H-bridge flying capacitor multilevel converters (H-FCMCs). A fault mitigation technique is also proposed adding four additional switches to the H-FCMC regardless of the number of commutation cells or levels. The fault detection concept only needs to sense the voltage and direction of current at the output terminal of the H-FCMC to detect and localize the fault. The algorithm compares the measured and expected terminal voltage considering the commanded switch state and the direction of the terminal current. A circuit with multiple windows detectors is utilized to track the output voltage level and current direction with high bandwidth. Once an OC fault is detected and localized, auxiliary switches operating at the fundamental output frequency will be activated to reconfigure the H-FCMC converter to the half H-FCMC with the same number of output voltage levels but with half the output switching frequency.
Selecting a pharmacotherapy regimen for patients with chronic insomnia.

Chronic insomnia, whether it is primary or in combination with another medical or psychiatric disorder, is a prevalent condition associated with significant morbidity, reduced productivity, increas...
Supporting Pediatric Patients and Their Families at the End of Life: Perspectives From Bereaved Parents:

Background:Cancer remains the leading cause of death by disease for children in the United States. It is imperative to optimize measures to support patients and families facing the end of a child’s...
Lower Extremity Combat Sustained Peripheral Nerve Injury in US Military Personnel.

Since the civil war, combat sustained peripheral nerve injuries (CSPNI) have been documented during wartime. Warfare has evolved and current combat involves a greater severity of blast injuries secondary to increased use of improvised explosive devices. The purpose of this study was to describe CSPNI and report outcomes after evaluation and treatment. We hypothesize that a shorter time to evaluation will improve outcomes. Methods A database including all active duty service members who sustained a CSPNI and were treated by the PNC between 2004 and 2009 was used. Service member demographic information, injury mechanism, CSPNI description, and Medical Research Council (MRC) final motor and sensory outcomes were queried from this database. Results One hundred and four military service members sustained 144 PNIs. The average age was 26.7 years, and nearly all were men (98.1%). There was no correlation between Sunderland classification and age, specific PNI, injury type, or time to evaluation. Higher Sunderland classifications were found to be correlated with worse final motor (r = 0.51, P < 0.001) and final sensory (r = 0.41, P < 0.001) scores. Final motor and sensory scores were not associated with specific nerve injury, mechanism of injury, initial EMG, or surgical procedure. Shorter time to initial assessment was associated with improved final motor and sensory scores, but was not found to be statistically significant. Conclusions As the complexity of CSPNIs progress as combat weaponry evolves, a firm understanding of treatment factors is important. Our study demonstrates in recent conflict that military service members' initial injury severity is a key factor in expected outcome.
Sex-specific differences in presentations and determinants of outcomes after endovascular thrombectomy for large vessel occlusion stroke.

Sex-specific differences in ischemic stroke outcomes are prevalent. We sought to investigate sex differences in the determinants of reperfusion and functional outcomes after endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for emergent large vessel occlusion ischemic stroke (ELVO). Patients presenting to a single referral center with an anterior circulation ELVO that underwent EVT from 2011 to 2019 were included in this retrospective analysis. Sex differences in history, presentation, adequate reperfusion (TICI 2b-3), and 90-day good outcome [delta modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤ 2 from pre-stroke] were examined. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess sex-specific associations with outcomes. Three hundred and eighty-one consecutive ELVO patients were identified. Women (N = 193) were older (75 vs 64 years, p < 0.0001), had more pre-stroke disability (17% vs 9%, p = 0.032), more atrial fibrillation (41% vs 30%, p = 0.033), but less carotid atherosclerosis (8% vs 16%, p = 0.027). Rates of TICI 2b-3 and good outcome were similar between sexes. Carotid atherosclerosis (OR 0.315, 95% CI 0.130, 0.762) and dissection (OR 0.124, 95% CI 0.027, 0.569) independently decreased the odds of TICI 2b-3 among men but not women. Older age, more severe stroke, and not achieving TICI 2b-3 independently decreased the odds of good outcome among both sexes, while prior stroke (OR 0.258, 95% CI 0.083, 0.797) and hemorrhagic transformation (OR 0.111, 0.021, 0.592) were determinants exclusive to men. In a real-world analysis of ELVO stroke patients treated with EVT, we found that despite advanced age and more pre-stroke disability, women have comparable reperfusion rates and functional outcomes compared to men. Sex-specific determinants of reperfusion and functional outcome were identified that require further study.
Conjunctivitis and other ocular findings in patients with COVID-19 infection.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is an acute respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 that might affect the eye in the form of conjunctivitis and other ocular features. OBJECTIV...
Some Models for Spanish Colonial Archaeology in California

Nomothetics—the scientific search for general laws and patterns of behavior—is the ultimate goal of inductive archaeology. Specific data from numerous sites can now be used to confirm or disconfirm hypotheses as more general laws about cultural processes. Several interesting models have been generated by archaeologists and scholars in related disciplines that can help to explain the colonial phenomenon. Some of these models will be briefly summarized and applied to the situation in Spanish California.
Collisional broadening of OH 2Σ+−2π lines in flames

Abstract Line widths of ten lines in the 0-0 band of OH 2Σ+−2π have been measured in an atmospheric pressure flame. The method is applied to each line separately, and consists of measuring both the absorption on a continuum and the absorption of the same line emitted from a sharp line source. It is assumed that the absorption lines have Voigt profiles, and are unshifted by collision broadening. The collision broadening parameter a is determined by finding that value which makes the two measurements consistent. The results show an initial decline in a with increasing J, in good agreement with Engleman ,(1) followed by an increase in a with J. It is suggested that the latter behavior may be related to a reported predissociation at about J = 13.
The Persistence of Special Items

Prior research shows that negative special items are less persistent than core earnings. However, the allocation of special items to periodic earnings entails significant measurement error which may induce the observed lower persistence. In this paper, we control for this measurement error by aggregating core earnings and special items over periods of one to five years, and testing whether the differential persistence is robust to longer aggregation periods. We find lower persistence of special items only for firms with low core (pre-special items) profitability. For these firms, negative special items have no association with future bottom line earnings for all aggregation periods. In contrast, for high core profitability firms, negative special items exhibit significant persistence, and the persistence increases with the aggregation period. In particular, when earnings are aggregated over five years, we find no difference in the persistence of negative special items and core earnings.
Phase Relations and Miscibility in Polymer Blends Containing Copolymers.

This article reviews the reported work on thermodynamics of polymer blends in which at least one of the components is a copolymer. Theoretical and experimental studies of miscibility and phase transition and separation behaviors in such systems are summarized. Chapter 2 deals with blends involving random copolymers, including the cases in which a random copolymer AB is mixed with either a homopolymer A, or a homopolymer C, or two homopolymers A and B. Chapter 3 deals with blends involving a block copolymer, and after giving a brief overview of systems containing a pure block copolymer alone, it reviews the blend systems containing a block copolymer AB mixed with a homopolymer A or two homopolymers A and B.
The Electronic Health Record Paradox: Observations of a GI Consultant

‘‘It was the best of times, it was the worst of times,’’ wrote Charles Dickens in the Tale of Two Cities. He could well have been talking about the electronic health record (EHR) and medicine in the twenty-first century. My career has spanned a remarkable transformation from a paper medical record system to an electronic system. To understand this transformation, we must recall the common frustrations of the paper era. Handwritten, illegible records, lost laboratory test results and reports, prescription errors, and little systematic documentation of anything were the norm. Reflecting back on twentieth century medicine, it seems remarkable that we were able to muddle through and help our patients. This may have been a tribute to the resiliency of our patients, but there may be another explanation. I think we spent more time with patients, focused more on the medical history, had more continuity of care with fewer ‘‘hand-offs,’’ and did not rely on a ‘‘cut-and-paste’’ method of constructing the patient narrative. This is my thesis, and I fear it makes me seem old and out of date, so let me elaborate. I am hardly a technology Luddite. In the hope of introducing a totally electronic medical record, I helped develop an electronic report generator for endoscopy reporting to enable endoscopic research (Clinical Outcome Research Initiative, CORI). I envisioned that the easy availability of laboratory and testing data, prior records, and notes would reduce the time physicians spend trying to locate key records and enable them to spend more time in face-to-face contact with patients. ‘‘Smart’’ systems would reduce medical errors in prescribing and testing. A medical problem might be identified, and evidence-based algorithms would appear to help direct the clinician toward the most effective approach to the issue. Clinical reminders would be embedded so that crucial anniversary dates for preventive measures would easily be recalled. It is exciting that so many of these features are now in place. Nevertheless, the electronic era has not lived up to its potential, due in part to failures of the electronic system and in part to human adaptation to the system.
Dimensions of the Transfer Choice Gap: Experiences of Latina and Latino Students Who Navigated Transfer Pathways

This article draws on the voices of three Latina and two Latino students who navigated transfer pathways from a community college to four-year colleges. Although all but one of these students was eligible for admission to the selective University of California system, none of them exercised that choice. In fact, only one enrolled in a selective university. The transfer outcomes for the group interviewed illustrate the informational and cultural barriers that students must overcome in order to exercise choice in the selection of transfer institutions. The findings indicate that institutional "transfer agents" are needed to help qualified community college students overcome informational and cultural barriers to transfer into selective institutions. The students' transfer stories reveal the detrimental consequences of lack of access to transfer agents.
Simulation of electron phase shifts by electrostatic potential across electroceramic interfaces

An expression for the electron-wave phase shifts caused by the potential of an electric dipole is extended to a general equation representing the phase shifts caused by the electrostatic potential across a parallel-plate capacitor. The capacitor is then used to construct a simple model for the phase shifts caused by the potential barriers present across internal interfaces in solids. The phase simulations yields phase shifts for electroceramic interfaces in good agreement with the phase images reconstructed from off-axis electron holograms of acceptor-doped grain boundaries in SrTiO3.
Transmembrane potentials of parenchyma cells and nematode-induced transfer cells

A comparison of transmembrane potential (pd) properties of parenchyma cells and giant transfer cells induced by a root-knot nematode in the roots ofImpatiens balsamina has been made. Apart from some differences in rate of response to a few treatments, parenchyma and giant cells had similar pd values; active and passive components of the pd (cyanide, azide); responses to total ion concentration, pH and potassium concentration; responses to protein synthesis inhibitors (puromycin, cycloheximide and actinomycin D) and responses to sugars. Both parenchyma cells and giant cells are depolarized by puromycin, cycloheximide and actinomycin D. The cells recover from the depolarization in the presence of cycloheximide, suggesting that this presumed protein synthesis inhibitor does not act in a straight-forward manner. The cells do not recover in the presence of puromycin or actinomycin D. Parenchyma cells and giant cells clearly have different metabolic rates and ion fluxes, but their pd responses are the same. This suggests that the pd does not reflect metabolic activity or ion fluxes of a cell, but is strictly controlled in itself. Part of this control may be via a feedback mechanism acting on an electrogenic pump. The depolarization caused by glucose is induced by aging the cells after excision. The effect is discussed in terms of an H+ dependent cotransport system and an ATPase permease system. The apparent normality of pd responses of nematode-induced giant transfer cells suggests that they may be a useful model system for experiments on higher plant cells.
SU‐FF‐T‐346: Photon Spectral Characteristics of Dissimilar 6MV Linear Accelerators

Purpose: To determine and compare the energy spectra of four 6MV beams, generated from four physically different accelerators. Also, to demonstrate that the spectra of clinical photon beams can be measured as a part of the beam data collection process for input to a 3D treatment planning system. Methods and Materials: The spectra of 6MV beams that are dosimetrically matched were studied to determine if the beam spectra are similarly matched. Each of the four accelerators examined had different physical designs. The four accelerators were two Varian 2100C/Ds (one 6MV/18MV waveguide and one 6MV/10MV waveguide), one Varian 600C with a vertically mounted waveguide and no bending magnet, and one Siemens MD 67/40 with a 6MV/10MV waveguide. All four accelerators had Percent Depth Dose curves for 6MV that were matched. Spectral measurements were performed by narrow beam transmission measurements through pure aluminum along the central axis of the accelerator, made with a graphite Farmer ion chamber with a Lucite buildup cap. Results: Reconstructed spectra show that all four beams have similar energy distributions with only subtle differences, despite the differences in accelerator design. Comparisons of the measured spectra to the spectra found by the auto‐modeling algorithm in a commercial treatment planning system also showed excellent agreement. Plots of the measured spectra are shown. Conclusions: The measured spectra of different 6MV beams are similar, regardless of accelerator design. The measured spectra agree with those derived by the treatment planning system. Thus, beam spectra can be acquired in a clinical setting at the time of commissioning as a part of the routine beam data collection.
Ordering and the strength of an aligned Ag3Mg-AgMg eutectic

A fine lamellar structure with interlamellar spacings from 1 to 7μ has been produced by directional solidification of an Ag3Mg-AgMg eutectic alloy. The tensile properties were measured as a function of test temperature, interlamellar spacing,λ, and degree of order in the Ag3Mg phase. The dependence of flow stress onλ -1/2 increased sharply with ordering of Ag3Mg and this strengthening persisted at elevated temperatures. Work hardening rate and ductility of the eutectic at low temperatures also were affected, leading to the conclusion that ordering changes the compatibility of slip across interphase boundaries.
Relative availability of some strontium-90 compounds in soil.

ASSESSMENT of contamination of man's food chain by strontium-90 through plants is complicated by variables in the plant's source of this isotope. Thus the content of strontium-90 in plants from fall-out may be influenced by foliar absorption1, stem-base absorption2, and the vertical distribution of strontium-90 in the soil profile3. In cultivated soils, the low mobility of strontium-90 coupled with normal tillage practices eventually will lead to a relatively uniform distribution of strontium-90 within the rhizosphere. Consequently the availability of strontium-90 from soil to plants becomes an important factor in hazard evaluation. We believe information regarding availability, and any change with time thereof, can be obtained by successively cropping soil cultures which have been uniformly contaminated with strontium compounds of varying solubility.
Ready or not? School preparedness for California's new personal beliefs exemption law

Objective This paper describes elementary school officials’ awareness of and preparedness for the implementation of California's new exemption law that went into effect on January 1, 2014. The new law prescribes stricter requirements for claiming a personal beliefs exemption from mandated school-entry immunizations.
Students Explore Supportive Transportation Needs of Older Adults

Students in an undergraduate applied research in aging class learned about qualitative research methods by analyzing previously collected narratives. The interviews were with 32 participants who were national experts in senior transportation in the United States. The purpose of the study was to explore the specialized supportive mobility needs of community-residing older adults. The policy goal of the study was to expand the discussion on levels of assistance needed in senior transportation. The educational goal of the study was to expose undergraduate students to qualitative research methods, having them analyze transcripts and audio recordings. In preparation for the research, students reviewed the current literature in transportation and aging and learned that the ability to get to where you want to go, when you want to go there, is a key factor for aging-in-place in our communities. When that ability is compromised, the informal network of family and friends may not be a sustainable transportation opt...
Phase‐Transfer and Other Types of Catalysis with Cyclopropenium Ions

This work establishes the cyclopropenium ion as a viable platform for efficient phase-transfer catalysis of a diverse range of organic transformations. The amenability of these catalysts to large-scale synthesis and structural modification is demonstrated. Evaluation of the molecular structure of an optimal catalyst reveals some unique structural features of these systems. Finally, a discussion of electronic charge distribution underscores an important consideration for catalyst design.
Monte Carlo simulation of reactive and non-reactive desorption of molecules from solid surfaces

A Monte Carlo simulation scheme is developed to study thermal desorption of gas molecules from mixed adlayers containing two species where reactive and non-reactive desorption coexist. The effects of non-reactive desorption on the spectra of reactive desorption are investigated. The lateral interactions among adatoms, adsorbate islanding, surface diffusion, initial surface coverage and site energies are taken into account. It is observed that in a wide range, when the reaction energy of two species occupying adjacent sites is lower than the site energy of the old species, the non-reactive desorption has little or very limited effect on the spectrum of the reactive desorption, and only when the activation energy is quite close to the site energy of the old species does the non-reactive desorption affect the spectrum of reactive desorption, along with the initial coverage and the lateral interactions among adatoms. This indicates that earlier studies that separate reactive desorption from non-reactive desor...
Optical reflection from planetary surfaces as an operator-eigenvalue problem

The understanding of quantum mechanical phenomena has come to rely heavily on theory framed in terms of operators and their eigenvalue equations. This paper investigates the utility of that technique as related to the reciprocity principle in diffuse reflection. The reciprocity operator is shown to be unitary and Hermitian; hence, its eigenvectors form a complete orthonormal basis. The relevant eigenvalue is found to be infinitely degenerate. A superposition of the eigenfunctions found from solution by separation of variables is inadequate to form a general solution that can be fitted to a one-dimensional boundary condition, because the difficulty of resolving the reciprocity operator into a superposition of independent one-dimensional operators has yet to be overcome. A particular lunar application in the form of a failed prediction of limb-darkening of the full Moon from brightness versus phase illustrates this problem. A general solution is derived which fully exploits the determinative powers of the reciprocity operator as an unresolved two-dimensional operator. However, a solution based on a sum of one-dimensional operators, if possible, would be much more powerful. A close association is found between the reciprocity operator and the particle-exchange operator of quantum mechanics, which may indicate the direction for further successful exploitation of the approach based on the operational calculus.
Neonatal Risk in Adolescent Mother

OBJECTIVE: We analyzed clinical records of infants born to adolescent mother (A) vs adult mothers (B) to evaluate the risk of maternal age.
Cocaine conditioning and sensitization: the habituation factor.

Abstract The behavioral and neurobiological impact of cocaine can be strongly influenced by the environmental context in which the cocaine effects are experienced. In this report, we present the results of an experimental study in which the effects of environmental context in terms of novelty/familiarity upon locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine were examined. In the first phase of the study, two groups of naive rats ( N = 10/group) received either cocaine (10 mg/kg) or saline immediately prior to a 20-min test in a novel open-field environment. After three daily cocaine/saline test sessions, both groups received a saline test to evaluate cocaine conditioned drug effects. In the second phase, two groups ( N = 10/group) were administered a 20-min saline test 1 day prior to receiving the same cocaine and saline testing regimen as in the first phase. Cocaine sensitization effects were not observed when the cocaine treatments were initiated in a novel environment but were observed when the same cocaine treatments were preceded 1 day by a single 20-min test environment exposure. The maximal locomotion sensitization effects observed, however, did not exceed the locomotor stimulant effects induced by cocaine administered in a novel environment. Thus, the cocaine sensitization manifested following a brief 20-min exposure to the test environment 1 day prior to cocaine administration represented a reversal of an inhibitory habituation effect. Cocaine-conditioned effects were also observed in both phases. These cocaine conditioned effects approximated, but did not exceed, the activation effects generated by a novel environment.
Recognition of emotional distress in physically healthy primary care patients who perceive poor physical health

This study examines the recognition and treatment of emotional distress in physically healthy primary care patients who perceive themselves to be in fair or poor physical health. Patients (N = 892) from three private primary care practices completed a mental health screening form prior to their medical visit which included an overall assessment of their physical health (1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = fair, 4 = poor). Following the visit, their physicians completed a questionnaire that included the same physical health assessment item. The study group, physically healthy patients who perceive poor physical health (HPPPH), included those patients who rated their physical health as 2 or 3 points more impaired than it was rated by their physician. HPPPH (N = 39) were significantly more likely than other patients (N = 853) to report a prior psychiatric hospitalization (p < 0.05), marital difficulties (p < 0.01), recent missed work due to a mental health problem (p < 0.001), and a range of anxiety, depressive, and psychosomatic symptoms. However, HPPPH were also significantly more likely than other patients to receive excellent emotional health ratings (p < 0.001) from their physicians and were less likely to receive mental health treatment (p < 0.05). Detection of emotional distress may be particularly difficult in physically healthy patients who have low physical health perceptions. Identification of pessimistic physical health perceptions may serve as an indicator for underlying emotional distress.
Saccharin and saccharin-glucose ingestion in two inbred strains of Mus musculus

In one experiment 10 C57BL/6J and 10 DBA2/J mice received saccharin in daily 1/2-h sessions for 19 days while hungry or satiated. A second experiment involved giving these same mice saccharin or glucose and saccharin plus glucose for 24-h periods with or without solid food. It was found in Experiment 1 that saccharin consumption is related to drive; hungry mice at first drank more than did nonhungry mice until the 11th day, after which the former group dropped off and was equalled by the latter. The effect was more pronounced for C57 than for DBA mice—apparently related to strain differences in natural preferences for saccharin. Both strains drank large amounts of saccharin plus glucose in Experiment 2, especially when hungry. The results are discussed within the context of research on food habits.
Affinity membranes prepared from hydrophilic coatings on microporous polysulfone hollow fibers

Abstract Microporous polysulfone hollow fibers were modified by reacting terminal phenol groups with ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDGE) to produce terminal epoxy groups. These were used to covalently link hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) polymers to the membrane surface. Further epoxidation of the HEC and reaction with hexane-diamine produced amine-terminated leashes on the microporous fibers. Recombinant protein A was linked to the amine functions and the resulting affinity membranes were evaluated for IgG capacities. The EGDGE reactions were studied under both acidic and basic catalysis conditions. IgG capacities of the acid-catalyzed reaction products reached as high as 20 mg/ml bed volume. Comparisons of equilibrium and dynamic capacities show that dynamic capacities are somewhat lower than the equilibrium capacities.
Importance of interactions for free-volume and end-group effects in polymers: An equilibrium lattice investigation

We consider a lattice model of a polymer system in which we distinguish between the end (E) and the middle (M) groups. The free volume is represented as a ``hole'' or ``void'' (0), which constitutes a separate species in addition to the two ``species'' M and E. There are three different exchange interaction energies, and correspondingly three Boltzmann weights ${w}_{\mathrm{ij}},$ $i\ensuremath{\ne}j=0,E,M$ between different species. We define the free volume associated with the species $j=M$ or E, as the average number of voids next to j. Using a recently developed equilibrium lattice theory, we calculate the free volume ${v}_{E}$ and ${v}_{M}$ associated with an end group and a middle group, respectively, and investigate the effects of interactions among them. Our calculations show that ${v}_{E}$ and ${v}_{M}$ are intricate functions of ${w}_{\mathrm{ij}},$ the pressure and the molecular weight, and that their difference can change sign under certain conditions. These conditions are elucidated. We demonstrate that when the end group is chemically dissimilar from the middle group, the middle group may have more free volume than the end group. We find that the conditions that favor a middle group having more free volume over an end group are ${w}_{E0}l1,$ ${w}_{M0}l1,$ and ${w}_{\mathrm{ME}}g1.$ The effect of pressure and molecular weight can be of either type and appears to be dependent on the interactions.
Is transformational theory unassailable

Abstract Bennison Gray, in a recent survey of book-length works which purport to demolish transformational theory, concludes that transformational theory at the present is unassailable. The reason for this is that Gray sees two constructs as being the sine qua non of transformational theory. The first of these requires a “deep structure” for each sentence in a language which relates form and meaning exactly. The second of these centers on the well-known idealization construct of Chomskyan methodology. If the crux of transformational theory can be encapsulated by these two constructs, then, Gray may have made his point. But, if it cannot, then, there is reason to question his conclusion since transformationalists such as Chomsky have not set these principles as the sine qua non of transformational theory. The present paper examines transformational theory, discussing various propositions which may be central to the existence of the theory in an attempt to determine the truth or falsity of Gray's assertion. In doing this, three types of constructs, which appear to be important within the theory, are discussed: (1) those which have proved to be false in the past and which have been discarded by the transformational theorists themselves, (2) those which appear to be false from the viewpoint of critics of various aspects of transformational theory; and (3) those constructs which are axiomatic in nature and which are adopted or discarded as a matter of preference. Among the first type are those which required belief in kernel sentences or the “evaluation metric.” Among the second type is one that has as its primary substance the fact that children learn language from an essentially “degenerate corpus” (Chomsky 1965). Also among this type are the assumptions within transformational grammar which require separate listings for polysemous forms. Among the third type are those which form the very basis of the theory such as the espousal of rationalist philosophy as a basis for linguistic study. Whether any of these positions are crucial to the existence of transformational theory cannot be determined unless transformational theory is clearly delineated and some method is provided for determining which constructs are crucial and which are not. In any case, a single journal article is not able to do this. It can, however, answer the question “Is transformational theory unassailable?”, and suggest directions which can be pursued in search of better solutions, a task that Gray would deem unnecessary in the light of his conclusions.
Evolving concepts in the diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a rare inflammatory process of the kidney that results in focal or diffuse renal enlargement and nonexcretion. In the past, XGP often has been misdiagnosed as renal carcinoma. Newer investigative modalities and an increased awareness of XGP should make preoperative diagnosis possible. Thirty-two cases of XGP are presented, with emphasis on recent advances in radiographic appraoch to diagnosis.
Mouse hepatitis virus A59 increases steady-state levels of MHC mRNAs in primary glial cell cultures and in the murine central nervous system

Infection of mixed glial cell cultures with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)-A59 results in an approximately six-fold increase in the level of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I mRNA. In situ hybridization of glial cell cultures infected with MHV-A59 again showed enhanced MHC mRNA expression, both in infected and uninfected cells. These results extend our earlier finding that MHC surface antigens are enhanced on astrocytes and oligodendrocytes after MHV-A59 infection and suggest that this enhancement is a result of an increase in the steady-state level of MHC mRNA. We further demonstrate that increases in MHC mRNA occur in the murine central nervous system (CNS) following infection in vivo. Northern blot analysis of RNA from the brains of infected animals showed transient expression of both MHC class I and class II mRNA over the first 14 days of infection. Expression coincided with viral replication and clearance. In situ hybridization of brain sections from infected animals showed that class I and class II expression was widespread throughout all portions of the brain and in uninfected as well as infected cells. Viral RNA, in contrast, was observed in small foci of cells and mostly within the limbic system. Thus enhancement of MHC mRNA was not restricted either to areas of infection or inflammation. The spatial relationship between viral and MHC expression supports our hypothesis that a soluble mediator is involved in the mechanism of the increase in MHC levels. The fact that MHC induction occurs in vivo as well as in vitro suggests MHC may be important in the mechanism of MHV-induced disease.
The distribution and utilization of calcium by two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) lines differing in calcium efficiency when grown under low-Ca stress

Two lines of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) representing extremes in utilization effciency of absorbed Ca were studied to detect internal differences in Ca transport and distribution and factors responsible for strain differences in susceptibility to low Ca-stress. Differences in efficiency of Ca use were expressed as CaER (mg of dry weight produced for each mg of Ca absorbed by the plant).
ROLE OF GRANULE SIZE AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN THE VISCOSITY OF COWPEA STARCH DISPERSIONS HEATED IN EXCESS WATER

The role of granule size and size distribution, measured by laser diffraction, in affecting the flow behavior and yield stress of cowpea starch dispersions (2.6% w/w) heated for various time intervals at 67, 70, 75 and 80C was studied. Flow data on the dispersions at 20C were fitted to the power law flow equation. The standard deviation of the granules described the transition of flow behavior from shear thickening (dilatant) in the early stages of gelatinization to shear thinning (pseudoplastic) in the latter stages. It was an important variable for also correlating the critical shear rate, γ c , for the onset of shear thickening in starch dispersions. The granules swelled to a maximum of about 3.5 x raw starch granule mean diameter and a granule mass fraction of 65%. The consistency index of the dispersions increased with granule mean diameter.
Incorporating the Prevention Paradigm into Administrative Psychiatry

This overview describes the application of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention—as well as universal, selective, and indicated preventive interventions—to psychiatric and substance use disorders. Ways in which the psychiatrist with a clearly defined administrative role, such as the medical director of a program, service, agency, or organization, or a psychiatrist in some other directorial role (eg, director of education or clinical program director), can apply the prevention paradigm are described. Specifically, a prevention orientation is relevant to administrative psychiatry in the domains of service delivery, education and training, research, and community consultation and advocacy.
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for April–June, 1983

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 99 earthquakes that occurred during the second quarter of 1983.
A vector model for CIDEP: the role of the exchange interaction

Abstract A vector model is presented which illustrates the role of the exchange interaction in CIDEP and relaxation. The vector representations of the S and T0 radical pair states are constructed to have the same properties of angular momentum and symmetry as the corresponding wavefunctions. Applications of the vector model to net and multiplet CIDEP and to polarization quenching are discussed.
A Simple C0 quadrilateral thick/thin shell element based on the refined shell theory and the assumed strain fields

Abstract This is a companion paper of the authors' previous one. In this paper, a convenient form of the refined two-dimensional shell theory for the thick cylindrical shells proposed by the authors is given: and a simple and efficient C 0 quadrilateral shell element is developed by the quasiconforming element technique. The element stiffness matrix presented here is given explicitly. This C 0 thick/thin shell element satisfies the rigid body motion, passes the patch test and exhibits neither shear locking and membrane locking nor spurious kinematic modes. The numerical examples solved here demonstrate that the C 0 quasi-conforming shell element gives very good results in the analysis of both thick and thin shells.
Control of photochemical smog by diethylhydroxylamine

Abstract Diethylhydroxylamine (DEHA) has been proposed as an atmospheric additive to inhibit photochemical smog formation. All previous work has been reviewed including chemical studies, simulated atmospheric studies and medical studies. A model for atmospheric dispersion of the inhibitor is described. Finally the advantages and possible problems of the method are discussed.
Trading places: America and Europe in the Middle East

For most of the past century in the Middle East, European powers like Britain and France were self-confident, interventionist, militaristic and prone to unilateral action. The Americans, on the other hand, were sympathetic to the locals, committed to compromise and strong supporters of international law and the United Nations. Now it's the other way around. As case studies from Iran, Iraq, Algeria and Egypt show, the two sides have effectively traded places, as a result of their changing roles in the international system. The fact that Americans are now walking in European footsteps does not mean that they will suffer the same fate as their predecessors. If America can avoid the temptation to act like an imperial power and legitimise its efforts by promoting democracy and winning international support, it might also be able to avoid the resentment and violent resistance that doomed the British and French.
Bilirubin Exerts Renoprotective Effects in Angiotensin II-Hypertension

Bilirubin is an endogenous antioxidant and is the end product of heme catabolism by heme oxygenase (HO) and biliverdin reductase. Chronic angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion induces renal HO-1 expression that is associated with renoprotective effects, and further induction of renal HO-1 attenuates the development of hypertension in this model. To determine the effects of bilirubin on the development of Ang II-induced hypertension and resultant proteinuria, 2 groups of rats were studied: Ang II (n = 4) and Ang II + bilirubin (n = 4). Rats were infused with Ang II (80 ng/min for 2 weeks), and bilirubin was administered simultaneously in 1 group (3 mg/100 g body weight/48 hr, intraperitoneally). Two weeks after onset of Ang II infusion, systolic blood pressure significantly increased from 134 +/- 4 to 198 +/- 7 mm Hg (P < 0.05) in the Ang II group and from 128 +/- 8 to 209 +/- 9 mm Hg (P < 0.05) in the Ang II + bilirubin group. Relative to the Ang II group, treatment with bilirubin did not alter body weight, food intake, water intake or urine output. However, urinary protein excretion was significantly lower in the Ang II + bilirubin group (32.9 +/- 9.7 mg/d versus 81.4 +/- 22.8 mg/d, P < 0.05). The authors conclude that exogenous bilirubin exerts renoprotective effects in Ang II-dependent hypertension.