cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Current Surgical Management at Academic Medical Centers in the United States

Purpose: Controversy exists on the necessity for and timing of genitoplasty in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Our knowledge of surgical preferences is limited to retrospective series from single institutions and physician surveys, which suggest a high rate of early reconstruction. We evaluated current surgical treatment for congenital adrenal hyperplasia at academic centers.Materials and Methods: We queried the Faculty Practice Solutions Center database to identify all female patients younger than 18 years with a diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia between 2009 and 2012. Procedures were identified by CPT codes for vaginoplasty, clitoroplasty and other genital procedures. Reconstruction type, age at surgery and surgeon volume were analyzed.Results: We identified 2,614 females in the database with a diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia who were seen at a total of 60 institutions. Of infants younger than 12 months between 2009 and 2011 as few as 18% proceeded to surgery within a 1 ...
Effect of Carbon Dioxide and pH on Susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis Group to Erythromycin

Abstract We examined the effects of pH and incubation in a CO2-containing atmosphere on the activity of erythromycin against 81 strains of the Bacteroides fragilis group. A striking reduction in erythromycin activity was noted when the pH decreased below 7.0 and when the organisms were incubated with CO2.
Luteinizing Hormone Levels in Pig, Cow and Rat Blood Plasma During the Estrous Cycle

A procedure employing acetone fractionation of blood plasma is described by which luteinizing hormone (LH) activity is concentrated to the extent that it may be measured accurately by the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion assay. Levels of LH ranged from 35 ng equivalents of NIH-LH-Sl per 100 ml of plasma to less than 1 ng. The results indicate that the procedure may be used to measure the LH activity in 100 ml of whole blood. Values obtained from blood samples collected at different times in the estrous cycles of swine, cattle and rats suggest that the concentration of LH in the blood plasma rises rapidly 12 hr prior to oviolation in the gilt, 6–17 hr in the cow and 6–12 hr in the rat, while it is low at other times in the cycle. (Endocrinology 78: 976, 1966)
Nifedipine blocks effects of triazolam injected into the dorsal raphe nucleus on sleep.

In previous studies, the author has reported both in vitro and in vivo sleep studies in which there were complex interactions between benzodiazepine hypnotics and the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker nifedipine. The author has also reported that microinjections of triazolam into the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat result in enhancement of wakefulness. In the present study, nifedipine and triazolam were coadministered into this site. As previously was observed, triazolam produced a dose-dependent increase in sleep latency and a decrease in total sleep, primarily by reducing non-rapid-eye-movement sleep. Nifedipine had no effect on sleep when given by itself but prevented the alterations in sleep by triazolam. These various sleep effects were not associated with alterations in core temperature. These data are consistent with the view that some aspect of the sleep-altering activity of triazolam involves interaction with voltage-dependent calcium channel activity.
Electromagnetic Response of a Medium Loaded with Coated Conductive Particles

We consider a model of a mineralized ore zone in the form of a dissemination of metal particles of spheroidal shape. To account for electrochemical effects, the surface of the particles exhibits an interface impedance that can be any specified function of frequency. A quasi-static analysis is used, which is justified because the particles are electrically small. Explicit expressions for the induced dipole are given for the prolate spheroidal geometry and the oblate case follows a simple transformation. The result is exact only for the case where the angular dependence of the interface impedance has a special form. A general expression is given for the transient response of the particles when the primary field is abruptly terminated. The resulting decay of the secondary field is shown to be a strong function of the particle shape.
Patient Activity and Hip Wear

Polyethylene wear rates in vivo are highly variable. A major factor contributing to the variability in clinical wear rates is patient activity. Pedometer studies have documented a 45-fold range in patient activity. A microprocessor worn on the ankle is more accurate than a pedometer and records the motion of the leg in real time, allowing the assessment of walking speed and pattern. Average patient activity approaches 2 million gait cycles/year. With adjustments for patient weight and activity, in vivo wear studies are highly correlated to pre-clinical hip wear simulator studies. Walking speed and pattern also influence polyethylene wear. The greatest patient activity and wear occur during the first 5 years post-implantation. Walking number of gait cycles and walking speed both decrease with aging, resulting in decreasing wear over time. The low wear rates of cross-linked polyethylene combined with decreasing patient activity with aging indicate a reduced risk of wear-related complications over the long term.
Social User Mining: Survey on Mining Different Types of Social Media Data

In recent years, the pervasive use of social media has generated huge amounts of data that starts to gain a lot of attentions. Each social media source utilizes different data types such as textual and visual. For example, Twitter1 is for a short text message, Flickr2 is for images and videos, and Facebook3 allows all of these data types. It is highly desired to find patterns of social media users from such different data formats. With the use of data mining techniques, the social media data opens a lot of opportunities for researchers. Despite of its short history, social media mining has become very active research area. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on recent research on social user mining. In particular, the survey focuses on two aspects: 1 social user mining based on data types, such as textual, visual, and both textual and visual information, and 2 social user mining based on mining techniques. In addition, we present our current research on social user mining as well as its future directions.
p53 and HER-2/neu Overexpression in Ovarian Borderline Tumors

Abstract Objective: To study p53 and HER-2/neu expression in borderline ovarian tumors (BLOT) by assessing their frequency, coexpression, and relationship to histologic type, FIGO stage, tumor recurrence, and survival. Methods: Forty-two patients with confirmed BLOT (25 serous, 13 mucinous, and 4 seromucinous) were followed for 1.5 to 14 years (mean, 6.3). Thirty (71%) patients had FIGO stage I and 12 (29%) had FIGO stage III disease. Paraffin-embedded sections from the 42 BLOT, 5 normal ovaries, and 10 benign ovarian cystadenomas were stained using monoclonal antibodies against human p53 (DAKO-p53, DAKO, Denmark) and HER-2/neu (C-erB-2, Triton, Parkway, CA). Positive staining was semiquantitated depending on the number of positively stained tumor cells. p53 and HER-2/neu overexpressions were correlated to each other, to histologic subtype, stage, tumor recurrence, and survival. Results: None of the patients had tumor recurrence. The 5- and 10-year disease-free survival was 100%. None of the normal ovaries or ovarian cystadenomas demonstrated overexpression of p53 or HER-2/neu. Ten (24%) BLOT demonstrated overexpression of p53 and 9 (21%) demonstrated overexpression of HER-2/neu. HER-2/neu overexpression was significantly greater in stage III than in stage I tumors ( P = 0.0157). Seromucinous BLOT demonstrated significantly greater p53 overexpression compared with other histologic subtypes ( P = 0.030). Coexpression of p53 and HER-2/neu occurred in 4 patients (9.5%). There was no significant correlation between the overexpression of p53 and HER-2/neu ( P = 0.180) and no significant relationship between p53 and HER-2/neu overexpression and the presence of microinvasion, ability to perform optimal cytoreductive surgery, tumor recurrence, or survival. Conclusions: p53 and HER-2/neu overexpression occurred in about 20–25% of BLOT overall and more commonly in seromucinous and advanced stage tumors. Coexpression occurred in 9.5% of the cases with no significant correlation between the expression of p53 and HER-2/neu.
Effects of Surface Roughness on Flows Through Nano/Micro Channel Based Biomedical Devices: A Study by Lattice Boltzmann Method

The objective of this research is to study the effects of surface roughness on flows through nano/micro channels with a focus on designing better biomedical devices. A two dimensional computational model for fluid flow based on Lattice Boltzmann (LB) method has been applied first to a 10 μm width channel with flat boundary conditions and the flow profiles have been found to have an excellent comparison with analytical results. Rough boundary conditions using rectangular tooth-shaped corrugations giving about 0.25 μm average roughness have then been applied to the same 10 μm channel flow. We have observed significant differences in the velocity profiles between the flows with rough and flat boundary conditions. Boundary slips have also been observed in case of flows with rough boundary conditions. Surface roughness effects have increased or the differences between the flows with rough and flat boundary conditions have increased with decreased channel widths.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Whole-system phosphorus balances as a practical tool for lake management.

Controlling phosphorus (P) inputs to lakes remains a priority of lake management. This study develops watershed P balances for 11 recreational lakes in Minnesota. Areal P input rates to the watersheds ranged from 0.32 to 6.0 kg P ha−1 year−1 and was linearly related to the percentage of watershed in agriculture. Watershed P retention ranged from 10% to 89% of input P. Although many best management practices work to increase P retention (by trapping P in basins; reducing erosion; filtration), P retention is not sustainable indefinitely, particularly in “hot spots” such as septic leach fields and heavily manured fields. The watershed P balance tool is a framework that can allow watershed managers to develop novel strategies for managing P. P management strategies should be developed to keep P inputs and exports in balance so that P does not accumulate; long-term P accumulation is not sustainable and can eventually lead to lake eutrophication.
The QTN Program and the Alleles That Matter for Evolution: All That’s Gold Does Not Glitter

The search for the alleles that matter, the quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) that underlie heritable variation within populations and divergence among them, is a popular pursuit. But what is the question to which QTNs are the answer? Although their pursuit is often invoked as a means of addressing the molecular basis of phenotypic evolution or of estimating the roles of evolutionary forces, the QTNs that are accessible to experimentalists, QTNs of relatively large effect, may be uninformative about these issues if large-effect variants are unrepresentative of the alleles that matter. Although 20th century evolutionary biology generally viewed large-effect variants as atypical, the field has recently undergone a quiet realignment toward a view of readily discoverable large-effect alleles as the primary molecular substrates for evolution. I argue that neither theory nor data justify this realignment. Models and experimental findings covering broad swaths of evolutionary phenomena suggest that evolution often acts via large numbers of small-effect polygenes, individually undetectable. Moreover, these small-effect variants are different in kind, at the molecular level, from the large-effect alleles accessible to experimentalists. Although discoverable QTNs address some fundamental evolutionary questions, they are essentially misleading about many others.
Signal detection analysis of the ideal group

Abstract Theorems derived from the Theory of Signal Detectability are applied to the group decision problem. These theorems specify the behavior of the Ideal Group - the group having the highest achievable detection performance given an array of members with specified individual indices of detectability. Equations are provided for relating group performance to (1) the size of the group, (2) the detectability indices of the individual members, and (3) the correlation between member observations of the stimulus. The efficiency of real groups, such as juries and committees, is briefly discussed.
Long-Term Effects of Prescribed Fire and Thinning on Residual Tree Growth in Mixed-Oak Forests of Southern Ohio

Long-term (10 years) growth responses of residual trees to prescribed fire and thinning were evaluated using standard dendrochronological protocols to understand the broader effects of the treatments on mixed-oak forest ecosystems in southern Ohio. Analysis of 696 increment cores (348 trees ≥ 25 cm DBH; five species) from 80 0.1 ha permanent plots distributed evenly across four treatments (control, thin, thin + burn, burn) indicated substantial increase in tree basal area increment (BAI) following the treatment. Post-treatment mean BAI of trees from the three active treatments ranged from 20.52 to 23.55 cm2 y−1 compared with pre-treatment values of 16.86–17.07 cm2 y−1. BAI rates (averaging 15.13 and 16.33 cm2 y−1, respectively, for pre- and post-treatments) in the control plots did not change much over time. Mechanical treatments were more effective than prescribed fire at enhancing BAI of trees. However, basal area growth depended to some degree on the severity of prescribed fire. Analysis of percent BAI change revealed an interesting temporal trend with moderate to major growth releases during the first 5-year post-treatment period, and a slight attenuation thereafter, suggesting the need for periodic application of treatments to sustain growth over a longer timescale. Growth responses varied greatly among species, with yellow-poplar and hickories exhibiting the highest and lowest post-treatment BAI rates of 31.11 and 15.71 cm2 y−1, respectively. Given their variable growth responses, integrating residual trees into current monitoring programs may help in elucidating the consequences of prescribed fire and thinning on forest dynamics and development.
Appearance of the flagellate phenotype in populations of Naegleria amebae.

Abstract Amebae of Naegleria gruberi may be grown on nutrient agar in association with Aerobacter aerogenes. When transferred from agar to a defined aqueous environment, the amebae transform into flagellates. Conditions are described which favor the synchronous and reproducible conversion of entire populations of amebae into flagellates. Transformation is measured by fixing aliquots of the transforming population and counting the proportion which have completed a specific change. The time course of appearance of flagellates has been analyzed. At 25°C half of the amebae round up about 55 minutes after suspension, develop visible flagella 6–10 minutes later, and assume a flagellate shape 14–18 minutes after that. The times are reproducible, and more than 90% of the population completes a given change within 25 minutes. The relative rate of transformation is dependent on temperature, but independent of cell population density. The early events of transformation are arrested at 10°C, but at about the time the amebae round up, some critical event occurs after which the appearance and elongation of flagella can continue at the low temperature. The capacity of Naegleria amebae to transform is stably inherited, and the phenotypic changes occur without change in genotype. In addition, although the flagellates are unstable and revert to amebae, in an aqueous environment these amebae retransform and revert repeatedly until they begin to encyst.
Collaboration and learning in immersive virtual environments

We are investigating collaboration and learning in immersive virtual environments. Preliminary studies of 110 sixth and ninth grade students have been conducted where students worked in pairs while investigating the concept of global warming within a fully immersive, 3-D, virtual reality based model of Seattle called Global Change World (GCW). Field research being conducted during June of 1999 is expanding on these preliminary studies by seeking to identify differences in science concept learning between solitary users, paired-peer users, and agent-guided users interacting within the GCW virtual learning environment (VLE). We have observed that most students thoroughly enjoy their experiences with GCW. It is also apparent that peer collaboration plays a significant role in regards to the level of student engagement within the VLE. Therefore, we believe that the potential for GCW to facilitate valuable collaborative learning experiences in conjunction with more traditional classroom activities is great. Our continuing research is intended to focus more closely on the impact of both peer and expert-novice collaboration on the preconceived or "naive" scientific concepts held by students. The paper that follows describes our research to date, and will be amended to include the methods and results of our research-in-progress.
Olivine/melt transition metal partitioning, melt composition, and melt structure—Influence of Al3+ for Si4+ substitution in the tetrahedral network of silicate melts

Abstract The influence on olivine/melt transition metal (Mn, Co, Ni) partitioning of Al 3 + ⇔ Si 4 + substitution in the tetrahedral network of silicate melt structure has been examined at ambient pressure in the 1450–1550 °C temperature range. Experiments were conducted in the systems NaAlSiO 4 –Mg 2 SiO 4 – SiO 2 and CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 –Mg 2 SiO 4 –SiO 2 with about 1 wt% each of MnO, CoO, and NiO added. These compositions were used to evaluate how, in silicate melts, Al 3 + ⇔ Si 4 + substitution and ionization potential of charge-balancing cations affect activity–composition relations in silicate melts and mineral/melt partitioning. The exchange equilibrium coefficient, K D ( M – Mg ) olivine/melt = ( X M / X Mg ) olivine / ( X M / X Mg ) melt ( M = Mn 2 + , Co 2 + , Ni 2 + ) , is a positive and linear function of melt Al/(Al + Si) at constant degree of melt polymerization, NBO/ T . The ∂ [ K D ( M – Mg ) olivine/melt ] / ∂ [ Al / ( Al + Si ) ] is negatively correlated with the ionic radius, r , of the M-cation and also with the ionization potential ( Z / r 2 , Z = electrical charge) of the cation that serves to charge-balance Al 3+ in tetrahedral coordination in the melts. The activity coefficient ratio, ( γ M / γ Mg ) melt , is therefore similarly correlated. These melt composition K D ( M – Mg ) olivine/melt relationships are governed by the distribution of Al 3+ among coexisting Q-species in the peralkaline (depolymerized) melts coexisting with olivine. This distribution controls Q-speciation abundance, which, in turn, controls ( γ M / γ Mg ) melt and K D ( M – Mg ) olivine/melt . The relations between melt structure and olivine/melt partitioning behavior lead to the suggestion that in natural magmatic systems mineral/melt partition coefficients are more dependent on melt composition and, therefore, melt structure the more alkali-rich and the more felsic the melt. Moreover, mineral/melt partition coefficients are more sensitive to melt composition the more highly charged or the smaller the ionic radius of the cation of interest.
Movement of Colloidal Particles in Two-Dimensional Electric Fields

We characterize the movement of carbon black particles in inhomogeneous, two-dimensional dc electric fields. Motivated by display applications, the particles are suspended in a nonpolar solvent doped with a charge control agent. The two-dimensional fields are generated between strip electrodes on a glass slide spaced 120 microm apart with field strengths up to 10(4) V/m. Such fields are insufficient to drive either electrohydrodynamic instabilities or natural convection due to ohmic heating, but they move the particles between the electrodes in about 30 s. In the center region between the strip electrodes, the particles move by electrophoresis; that is, the particle velocity is proportional to the electric field. However, when imposing a constant-potential or constant-current boundary condition at the electrodes to derive the electrical field, the electrophoretic mobility calculated from the measured particle velocities is outside the range of mobilities predicted from the theory of O'Brien and White. Near the electrodes the particles either speed up or slow down, depending on the polarity of the electrode, and these changes in velocity cannot be explained simply by electrophoresis in a spatially varying electric field. We suggest that this anomalous motion arises from electrohydrodynamic flows originating from the interaction between the space charge of the polarized layers above the electrodes and the electric field. Approximate calculations indicate such flows could be sufficiently strong to explain the anomalous trajectories near the edges of the electrodes.
Catalase-dependent ethanol metabolism in vivo in deermice lacking alcohol dehydrogenase

Pathways of ethanol elimination in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-positive and -negative deermice were studied using the catalase inhibitor, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. To verify that aminotriazole inhibited catalase effectively, the characteristic decrease in catalase-H2O2 which occurs in saline-treated controls when ethanol is peroxidized was monitored at 660-640 nm in perfused deermouse livers. Following 1.5 hr of pretreatment with aminotriazole (1.5 g/kg), the peroxidatic activity of catalase measured in vitro was inhibited by greater than 99%. Under these conditions, ethanol did not decrease catalase-H2O2 in perfused livers, indicating that catalase was inhibited. Ethanol and aniline oxidation by microsomes were also inhibited by about 67-90% after 1.5 hr of pretreatment with aminotriazole. In ADH-positive deermice, pretreatment with aminotriazole for 1.5 hr prior to injection of ethanol (2.0 g/kg) decreased rates of ethanol elimination in vivo from 13.2 +/- 0.8 to 10.2 +/- 0.4 mmoles/kg/hr. In ADH-negative deermice, similar treatment decreased rates of ethanol elimination in vivo from 4.5 +/- 0.4 to 1.1 +/- 0.6 mmoles/kg/hr. Following pretreatment with aminotriazole (1.0 g/kg) for 6 hr, rates of ethanol elimination in ADH-negative deermice returned to near basal values. Under these conditions, the peroxidatic activity of catalase measured in vitro and the ethanol-dependent decrease in catalase-H2O2 in perfused livers also returned to near basal levels; however, the oxidation of ethanol by cytochrome P-450 was inhibited completely. It is concluded, therefore, that time of pretreatment with aminotriazole is an important variable which must be controlled carefully to inhibit catalase completely. Since catalase was active while cytochrome P-450 was not following 6 hr of pretreatment with aminotriazole, it is concluded that ethanol elimination occurs predominantly via catalase-H2O2 in ADH-negative deermice under these conditions.
Nonlinear refraction in UV transmitting materials

We measure the nonlinear refractive coefficient n2 in BaF2, LiF, MgF2, Al2O3 and diamond using the Z-scan technique at (lambda) equals 1.06, 0.532, and 0.355 micrometers . Two-photon absorption in diamond at 0.355 micrometers is also measured. The results are in good agreement with a two-parabolic band theory developed for semiconductors.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Concanavalin-A stimulates human chorionic gonadotrop in (hCG) and hCG-alpha secretion by human choriocarcinoma cells☆

Abstract The plant lectin Concanavalin-A stimulates the secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin and free alpha subunit by cultured human choriocarcinoma cells in a dose dependent and time dependent manner. This stimulation is prevented by alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside, a Concanavalin-A specific hapten sugar. This is the first report of a lectin stimulating the secretion of a glycoprotein hormone. Since the stimulation likely occurs subsequent to interactions at the membrane level, Concanavalin-A may represent a probe for studying membrane-related events involved in the control of human chorionic gonadotropin secretion.
Integrating the American Criminal Justice and Mental Health Service Systems to Focus on Victimization

Although most research and policy in the mental health and criminal justice arenas have operated independently of one another, there is a growing consensus suggesting the need for an integration of these two disparate, yet complementary systems. Furthermore, in light of the adverse mental health consequences that often accompany victimization experiences, it is apparent that these two systems should develop and foster overlapping services for crime victims. The research reviewed herein provides an examination of issues such as these, identifies some of the barriers that stand in the way of a successful integration of the two systems, and attempts to provide some guidance and direction for future integrated mental health and criminal justice system approaches. An outline of research gaps and directions for future study are offered for the integration of criminal justice and mental health systems, as such collaborations are likely to alleviate some of the deleterious mental health outcomes evident among crime victims and at the same time reduce the occurrence of repeat victimization.
A theoretical study of a controlled-cycled stirred-tank reactor

A mathematical study was carried out for a stirred reactor in which the feed and product streams were periodically interrupted. The cycled reactor proved superior to a continuous stirred-tank reactor for first- and second-order reactions, and surpassed a plug-flow reactor for those cases in which the reaction rate passes through a maximum, such as autocatalytic and exothermic adiabatic reactions. Temperature-programmed cycled reactors were also studied, but appeared to have little advantage over conventional reactors.
Estimating heart rate and RSA from the mattress-recorded kinetocardiogram

This article describes a method for extracting heart rate (HR) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) from the kinetocardiogram (KCG) recorded from accelerometers embedded in a mattress topper. Validation has been performed via comparison with simultaneously recorded ECG. All-night estimates of HR and RSA magnitude derived from both methods were highly correlated. KCG-derived estimates of HR were slightly lower, and those of RSA magnitude higher, than those derived from ECG. These biases are consistent with the need to constrain KCG estimation to periods free of body movement. Mattress actigraphy represents a zero-burden method of obtaining intensive longitudinal indices of cardiac status.
Problems and Controversies in the Management of Hematogenous Candidiasis

Hematogenous candidiasis is associated with substantial mortality and morbidity. Amphotericin B has routinely been used to treat this infection. However, tolerance of therapy with amphotericin B is limited by the drug's toxicity. The results of recently completed prospective randomized clinical studies comparing amphotericin B with fluconazole for the treatment of hematogenous candididiasis suggest that fluconazole is as effective as amphotericin B and that fluconazole is better tolerated by patients. Nevertheless, several questions remain to be answered regarding the optimal choice of antifungal agent for both nonneutropenic and neutropenic patients, the dosing schedule and duration of therapy, the role of combination antifungal therapy, and the efficacy of the lipid formulations of polyenes. Controversial issues with respect to the role of central venous catheters in the pathogenesis of hematogenous candidiasis, as well as the roles of cytokines and white blood cell transfusions in the treatment of neutropenic patients with hematogenous candidiasis, also need to be addressed.
Articulating Learning Disabilities for the Public: A Case of Professional Riddles

This investigation examined, through a survey of popular periodicals, the types and quantities of information that have been disseminated to the general public about learning disabilities. It was speculated that an analysis of these mainstream periodicals would provide practitioners and researchers with an insight into the kind of information that is being communicated to the public and, therefore, is likely serving to shape common perceptions of learning disabilities. A two-step process was utilized: (a) identification and selection of the most widely circulated articles on learning disabilities published from 1963 through 1984, and (b) analysis of the information contained in the articles to determine prevailing positions on etiologies and remedial interventions. The examination revealed that learning disabilities are viewed to be of neurophysiological origin and that remedial interven- tions should include multiple instructional methods and accommodate the in- dividual aptitudes of the learner.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptors in Head and Neck Cancer

The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) has emerged as a significant contributor to the progression and metastatic spread of a number of cancers, including head and neck cancer (HNC). The receptor is most frequently overexpressed in cancer cells, with no evidence of activating mutations to date. Because this receptor exhibits robust activation of PI3K/Akt leading to mTOR activation and anti-apoptotic signaling, it has the capability of enhancing the tumorigenic signaling of other growth factors and cytokines. It is this property of the IGF-1R that has led to its becoming a viable target for cancer therapeutic strategies. In HNC, the IGF-1R has been shown to be involved in the activation of multiple signaling pathways and to be responsible, in part, for some cases of acquired resistance to chemotherapeutics. In this chapter, the role of the IGF-1R and the components of this system will be discussed and their roles in HNC will be evaluated.
The origin of geochemical diversity of lunar mantle sources inferred from the combined U–Pb, Rb–Sr, and Sm–Nd isotope systematics of mare basalt 10017

The results of our combined U–Pb, Rb–Sr, and Sm–Nd isotope study of mare basalt 10017 contribute to the understanding of the petrogenetic processes involved in the origin of geochemical diversity in lunar mare basalt sources, as well as the U–Pb isotope systematics of the Moon. The Rb–Sr, Sm–Nd, and 238 U– 206 Pb isotope systems yield concordant crystallization ages of 3.633 ± 0.057 Ga, 3.678 ± 0.069 Ga, and 3.616 ± 0.098 Ga, respectively. The 235 U– 207 Pb isochron yields an older, though still concordant, age of 3.80 ± 0.12 Ga. Neither the 206 Pb– 207 Pb system nor U–Pb concordia system yields an age for 10017 that is concordant with the age determined from the Sm–Nd, Rb–Sr, and 238 U– 206 Pb systems. The initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr of 10017 is 0.69941 ± 7 and the initial eNd is +3.2 ± 0.4. Initial Pb isotopic compositions, determined from the U–Pb isochrons, are 206 Pb/ 204 Pbi = 31 ± 11 and 207 Pb/ 204 Pbi = 34 ± 15. Together, these initial Pb compositions constrain the l value of the 10017 source to be 70 ± 30, assuming a single-stage Pb growth model. This is considerably lower than l values typically estimated for mare basalt sources (� 100–600). Regardless, the l values calculated for the sources of mare basalts, as well as other lunar samples, show a range that is larger than can be explained by fractionation of U from Pb solely by crystallization of silicate phases and ilmenite during magma ocean solidification and formation of lunar mantle sources. The U–Pb isotope systematics may reflect late-stage formation of a sulfide phase, which strongly fractionates Pb from U but has minimal effect on Rb/Sr or Sm/Nd compositions, during crystallization of the lunar magma ocean. � 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Living history of physiology: Carl Gans

In 2005, The American Physiological Society initiated The Living History of Physiology Project to recognize senior members who have made extraordinary contributions during their career to the advancement of the discipline and profession of physiology. Each Eminent Physiologist will be interviewed for archival purposes, and the video tape will be available from the American Physiological Society Headquarters. In addition, a biographical profile of the recipient will be published in Advances in Physiology Education.
Downscaling GISS ModelE Boreal Summer Climate over Africa

The study examines the perceived added value of downscaling atmosphere-ocean global climate model simulations over Africa and adjacent oceans by a nested regional climate model. NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) coupled ModelE simulations for June- September 1998-2002 are used to form lateral boundary conditions for synchronous simulations by the GISS RM3 regional climate model. The ModelE computational grid spacing is 2deg latitude by 2.5deg longitude and the RM3 grid spacing is 0.44deg. ModelE precipitation climatology for June-September 1998-2002 is shown to be a good proxy for 30-year means so results based on the 5-year sample are presumed to be generally representative. Comparison with observational evidence shows several discrepancies in ModelE configuration of the boreal summer inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ). One glaring shortcoming is that ModelE simulations do not advance the West African rain band northward during the summer to represent monsoon precipitation onset over the Sahel. Results for 1998-2002 show that onset simulation is an important added value produced by downscaling with RM3. ModelE Eastern South Atlantic Ocean computed sea-surface temperatures (SST) are some 4 K warmer than reanalysis, contributing to large positive biases in overlying surface air temperatures (Tsfc). ModelE Tsfc are also too warm over most of Africa. RM3 downscaling somewhat mitigates the magnitude of Tsfc biases over the African continent, it eliminates the ModelE double ITCZ over the Atlantic and it produces more realistic orographic precipitation maxima. Parallel ModelE and RM3 simulations with observed SST forcing (in place of the predicted ocean) lower Tsfc errors but have mixed impacts on circulation and precipitation biases. Downscaling improvements of the meridional movement of the rain band over West Africa and the configuration of orographic precipitation maxima are realized irrespective of the SST biases.
Channel Access Priority for Vehicle Intersection Collision Warning

We propose an intersection warning channel access priority (IWCAP) protocol to warn drivers of a possible collision when approaching an intersection. Our protocol operates via inter-vehicle communication (IVC) networks with one omni directional antenna per vehicle and one dedicated short range communication (DSRC) channel. The advantage of our protocol is that it can be used as an optional add-on medium access mechanism to the IEEE 802.11a MAC protocol. We describe in details the operation of our protocol and show the performance analysis in terms of latency, bandwidth, the required communication range and the required distance to an intersection to avoid a collision.
Activation of Airway Epithelial Cells by Toll-Like Receptor Agonists

Toll-like receptors (TLR) play an important role in pathogen recognition and innate immunity. We investigated the presence and function of TLRs in the BEAS-2B airway epithelial cell line and primary bronchial epithelial cells. Standard real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and Taqman RT-PCR revealed that BEAS-2B cells express mRNA for TLR1–10. Several TLR ligands were tested for their ability to activate gene expression in BEAS-2B cells using limited microarray analyses focusing on genes of the chemokine and chemokine receptor family, cytokines, and signaling pathways. While the TLR3 ligand double-stranded RNA was the most effective epithelial activator, clear responses to flagellin, lipopolysaccharide, CpG, peptidoglycan, and zymosan were also observed. RT-PCR and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to confirm results obtained with microarrays for five of the induced genes: interleukin-8, serum amyloid A, TLR3, macrophage inflammatory protein-3α, and granu...
Transaction control expressions for separation of duties

The author describes a model and notation for specifying and enforcing aspects of integrity policies, particularly separation of duties. The key idea is to associate a transaction control expression with each information object. The transaction control expression constrains the pattern in which transactions can be executed on an object. As operations are actually executed the transaction control expressions gets converted to a history. This history serves to enforce separation of duties. Transient objects with a short lifetime are distinguished from persistent objects which are long-lived. Separation of duties is achieved by maintaining a complete history for transient objects but only a partial history for persistent objects. This is possible because of the system-enforced rule that transactions are executed on persistent objects only as a side effect of execution on transient objects. >
Social pedagogy: historical traditions and transnational connections

With over 150 years of history, social pedagogy is both an interdisciplinary scholarly field of inquiry and a field of practice that is situated in the intersection of three areas of human activity: education, social work and community development. Although social pedagogy has different emphases and approaches depending on particular historical and geographical contexts, a common theme is that it deals with the connections between educational and social dynamics, or put in a different way, it is concerned with the educational dimension of social issues and the social dimensions of educational issues. The first part of this paper analyzes the history of the field of social pedagogy since its origins until today, with a focus on transnational flows between Europe and the Americas. The second part of the paper discusses the main issues raised in this special issue of EPAA, and extracts the main threads and connections among the different papers included in the volume.
Understanding and Using the 2003 NSTA Science Teacher Preparation Standards for NCATE Accreditation or State Approval

It is likely that if you are a science teacher educator at a college or university with a teacher preparation program, you will be involved at some point in your career in the accreditation process...
IMRT and VMAT for Craniospinal Irradiation: A Comparison with Traditional Techniques

Purpose/Objective(s): Craniospinal irradiation (CSI) poses a challenging planning process due to the complex target volume. This study analyzes dosimetric advantages of IMRT and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) to classic conformal (3DCRT) planning in adults. Previous studies focused only on IMRT for spine fields but here both the cranial and the spine fields are investigated. The use of VMAT is also included.
SEX-LINKED RECESSIVE LETHALS IN DROSOPHILA WHOSE EXPRESSION IS SUPPRESSED BY THE Y CHROMOSOME

A method was devised which allows the detection and recovery of sex- linked recessive letheals with lethal phenotype that is suppressed bp the Y chromosome, as well as onthodox lethals that are inviable with or without a Y. With doses of 3 and 4 kr, approximately 20% of all induced sex-linked recessive lethals survive in the presence of a Y chromosome and are consequently overlooked by currently used methods of lethal detection. The Y-suppressed lethals may be divided into two major classes. About one-eighth of them are deficiencies for the proximal heterochromatin, specifically for bb/sup +/, and they are suppressed by the Y because the Y carries the homologous region. The other seven-eighths are nearly all associated with gross rearrangements with at least one break point in the chromocentral heterochromatin and at least ore in the X. These are concluded to be variegated position-effect lethals. The V-type position-effect lethals may be further subdivided into one group that is male fertile and associated with X chromosome inversions or insertional translocations and another group that is male sterile and associated with reciprocal translocations with a break in the X and a break iu the chromocentral heterochronintin of chromasome 2 or 3. Themore » sterility of the reciprocal translocations is attributable to failure of sperm head elongation. It is postulated that continuity of the X chromosome plays an important role in normal spermiogenesis and that this continuity is disrupt by reciprocal translocation. (auth)« less
ZEN MORALITY WITHIN THIS WORLD

During the past few decades, Zen (Ch’an) Buddhism has been the most popular Buddhist school among Westerners. Much has been stated on Zen metaphysics, epistemology, psychology, and philosophy of language. But little has been said about the Zen theory of morality. The chief purpose of this paper is to investigate the Zen view of morals.
Validity Evidence for Making Decisions About Accommodated and Modified Large-Scale Tests

The Standards on Psychological and Educational Tests are typically referenced as the starting point to any argument about general education testing. Likewise, they should be the starting point for testing students with disabilities, whether the decision focuses on the use of an accommodation or a recommendation to participate in an alternate assessment based on modified academic achievement standards (AA-MAS). Using five different kinds of evidence, the standards provide a frame of reference focused on making inferences and decisions. “Validity refers to the degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of test scores entailed by proposed use of tests … It is the interpretations of test scores required by proposed uses that are evaluated, not the test itself” (American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council of Measurement in Education, 1999, p. 9).
Social Work's New Role in the Welfare-Class Revolution

Margie, a 17-year-old welfare recipient, lost an upper front tooth and asked her social worker in a private agency to help her negotiate with the welfare department for emergency dental treatment. She was pri marily concerned about how she looked. Her appearance was so markedly affected that she was ashamed to look for a job. Margie had had two psychiatric hospitaliza tions and had been seen a few times by the agency's psychiatrist. The welfare investigator was sympathetic to the social worker's request and immedi ately notified the city's emergency dental clinic because an appointment with the regular clinic would have taken months or, at best, weeks. Unfortunately, since it was more an emotional emergency than a phys ical one, treatment was refused. The welfare investigator then discussed Margie's problem with a welfare depart ment medical worker. The medical worker
On the Littlewood–Paley Inequalities for Subharmonic Functions on Domains in {\mathbb{R}}^{n}

For the unit disk \(\mathbb{D}\) in \(\mathbb{C}\), the classical Littlewood–Paley inequalities (1936) are as follows: Let h be harmonic on \(\mathbb{D}\). There exists a positive constant C, independent of h, such that for all p, 2 ≤ p < ∞, $${\int }_{\mathbb{D}}{(1 -\vert z\vert )}^{p-1}\vert \nabla h(z){\vert }^{p}dx\,dy \leq C\left [\vert h(0){\vert }^{p} +\sup\limits_{ 0<r<1}{ \int }_{0}^{2\pi }\vert h(r{e}^{i\theta }){\vert }^{p}d\theta \right ],$$ with the reverse inequality valid for all p, 1 < p ≤ 2.In this chapter we will consider various extensions of the Littlewood–Paley inequalities to subharmonic functions on domains in \({\mathbb{R}}^{n},\,n \geq 2\). Specifically we will prove that if f is a nonnegative C 2 subharmonic function on a bounded domain Ω in \({\mathbb{R}}^{n}\) with C 1, 1 boundary for which Δf is subharmonic or has subharmonic behavior, then for 1 ≤ p < ∞, there exists a constant C independent of f, such that $${\int }_{\Omega }\delta {(x)}^{2p-1}{(\Delta f(x))}^{p}dx \leq C\sup\limits_{ 0<r<{r}_{o}}{ \int }_{\partial \Omega }{f}^{p}(t - r{\mathbf{n}}_{ t})ds(t),$$ (1) where δ(x) is the distance from x to ∂Ω and n t is the unit outward normal at t ∈ ∂Ω. We will also present the analogue of Eq. (1) for the case 0 < p < 1. Taking f = h 2, where h is harmonic on Ω, gives the usual Littlewood–Paley inequalities for harmonic functions. We will also consider analogues of the Littlewood–Paley inequalities for nonnegative subharmonic functions f for which | ∇ f | is subharmonic or has subharmonic behavior.
Pharmacoeconomic challenges in the management of diabetic nephropathy.

Background Diabetes is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD)-kidney failure to the point of requiring dialysis or a kidney transplant. representing 45% of all new patients enrolling into ESRD programs. Approximately 400,000 patients in the United States have ESRD, and this number has doubled over the decade from 1991-2001. Dialysis is a very expensive modality costing more than 50,000 dollars per patient per year. Total medical spending for the 400,000 patients with ESRD cost 22.8 billion dollars in 2001, an almost 3-fold increase over the same 1991-2001 decade. ESRD spending represents 6.4% of the total Medicare budget, a 33% increase from 4.8% in 1991. This epidemic growth in ESRD has led to skyrocketing utilization of health care resources. Purpose To summarize the (1) economic impact of the increased prevalence and costs associated with ESRD secondary to diabetes, (2) major evidence in diabetic nephropathy associated with the use of agents that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) to delay the progression to ESRD, and (3) results of a recent pharmacoeconomic analysis on the economic impact of the use of the angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) irbesartan to block the RAAS in diabetic nephropathy. Results Application of pharmacoeconomic models demonstrate that use of irbesartan increases mean life expectancy from months to years, depending on when in the course of the disease irbesartan therapy is started. Further, use of this agent produces these results while lowering costs, with mean savings of 3,000 dollars to 12,000 dollars per patient. Conclusion Clinical trials show that blocking the RAAS with ARBs and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors delays the progression of diabetic nephropathy to ESRD. Recent analyses using predictive models have concluded that the most effective strategy is to begin therapy early in disease progression.
Contemporary Models of Democracy

In the following article I profile three normative models of democracy at the center of current debates in democratic theory-communitarian, deliberative, and agonistic. I then critique their limitations. Calling for greater sociological and political realism, I turn to Danilo Zolo's thesis of "complexity and democracy" and his view that today democracy is a supplemental feature of techno-oligarchic regimes. Drawing upon the work of Zolo, Michel Foucault, and Sheldon Wolin, I relocate the idea and practice of democracy. I contend that today democracy exists in its most vital and novel form as an ethos and set of strategies operating at the local and micro levels of adaptation and resistance to complex power and policy networks.
Historical Culture: On the Recoding of an Academic Discipline

In a challenge to contemporary historians and cultural critics, this book proposes that the "autonomy" and "necessity" of history, and the concepts of "historicity" and "historicality," are academic myths which block critical access to the reality of the present. For Professor Cohen, narrative history promotes a false comparability of past and present, which renders the present unknowable.