cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FROM THE BARRIO TO THE BUCOLIC: THE STUDENT TRANSFER EXPERIENCE FROM HSIS TO SMITH COLLEGE

The study reported in this article examined two Hispanic-serving institutions, Miami-Dade Community College and Santa Monica College, and the innovative transfer agreements they have with Smith College, a highly selective private women's college. Factors that influence the successful transfer of women students to Smith from these HSIs are highlighted. The article concludes with recommendations for how Hispanic-serving institutions, and community colleges in general, can learn from the exemplars offered here how to develop their own unique transfer initiatives that benefit Latinas/os and other underrepresented students to transfer to and be successful at elite four-year colleges and universities.
Trichostatin A restores Apaf-1 function in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: Chemoresistance is the major factor limiting long-term treatment success in patients with epithelial ovarian cancers. Most cytotoxic drugs kill cells through apoptosis; therefore, defective execution of apoptotic pathways results in a drug-resistant phenotype in many tumor types. METHODS: A panel of ovarian cancer cell lines was screened for expression and function of the apoptosome components Apaf-1 and caspase-9. Expression levels were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting; Apaf-1 function was determined by assessing the ability of endogenous Apaf-1 to cleave caspase-9 in the presence or absence of cytochrome c. The effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A on Apaf-1 expression and function was evaluated. RESULTS: The authors report here that the resistance of ovarian cancer cells to the proapoptotic effects of chemotherapy is due in part to deficient Apaf-1 activity. Although Apaf-1 is expressed in most ovarian cancers, the functional activity is impaired, as Apaf-1 has a diminished ability to recruit and activate caspase-9. Treatment of ovarian cancer cells with trichostatin A results in restoration of Apaf-1 function independent of alterations in Apaf-1 expression. Furthermore, treating chemoresistant cells with sublethal doses of trichostatin A restores Apaf-1 function and sensitizes cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Targeting intrinsic pathway defects for therapeutic intervention may result in sensitizing tumors to standard chemotherapy or triggering apoptosis in the absence of other apoptotic signals. The identification of drugs that can use Apaf-1 when it is present, yet can overcome its functional inactivation, may be an important clinical advance. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in Taconite Tailings. I. Incidence and Spread of Endogonaceous Fungi Following Reclamation

Abstract The incidence and spread of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizae in reclaimed and unreclaimed taconite tailings were assessed. A corn bioassay was used to determined the relative levels of infective propagules of VA mycorrhizal fungi in tailing samples collected before and periodically after reclamation of a 144-ha taconite tailing settling basin in Wisconsin, U.S.A. Samples were collected at three distances from the western berm of the settling basin to attempt to monitor the spatial establishment and spread of mycorrhizae in the basin. There was a significant temporal effect, but no distinguishable spatial effect on the population densities of VA mycorrhizal propagules in the tailing samples. The relative levels of mycorrhizal propagules in samples collected before reclamation were not significantly different from the levels in sterilized controls. Tailings collected 1, 8 and 20 weeks after reclamation had progressively higher densities of infective propagules. These results contrast with the very slow rates of spread reported for studies conducted in semi-arid sites in North America. It was suggested that VA mycorrhizal fungi are able to become established more rapidly in mesic sites than semi-arid sites because mesic sites are generally more conducive to host plant growth.
Synthesis of 13C labeled n-alkylchlorosi lanes

This report describes the synthesis of various carbon-13 enriched n-alkylchlorosilanes with label in corporation at selective positions along the alkyl chains. Compounds which were prepared were: n-nonyltrichlorosilane-1-13C n-dodecyltrichlorosilane-4-13C n-dodecyldimethylchlorosilane-4-13C n-tridecyltrichlorosilane-12-13 n-dodecyltrichlorosilane-12-13C n-tridecyldimethylchlorosilane-12-13C
Pollution Prevention's Promise, Limits, and Relevance to Planners

This article reviews the promise and limits of pollution prevention efforts to date in the context of federal and state pollution prevention programs and data on industry prevention initiatives. The authors argue that knowledge of pollution prevention strategies provides planners with an important perspective as they seek to encourage economic development while minimizing the impact of development on the environment.
Proton-Proton Scattering at 5 Mev

A scattering chamber has been constructed which employs a number of radial slit units arranged at various angles with respect to the collimated beam of protons. A photographic plate is placed behind each slit unit and the tracks of protons which are scattered into the plate can be counted. To obtain cross sections from this apparatus the number of tracks per unit area must be determined. Protons were scattered from hydrogen gas at approximately 1.5-cm Hg pressure. Advantages of the design were relatively simple geometry, data obtained simultaneously at all angles, almost complete freedom from impurity-scattering, and short cyclotron running times. The differential cross sections were measured for 5.07-Mev protons from 14\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the center-of-mass system. The results indicate an $S$-wave phase shift of 54.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and a repulsive $P$-wave phase shift of 0.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. They are therefore quite consistent with pure $S$-wave scattering.
Bending-Torsion Divergence of a Clamped-Clamped Composite Wing

Based on inviscid, incompressible, two-dimensional, strip theory aerodynamics and a beam structural model, a single, third-order, ordinary differential equation is derived for the bending-torsion divergence of a spanwise-uniform composite wing with bending-twist coupling. The exact divergence dynamic pressure and mode shapes are presented for the clamped-clamped case. Unlike the clamped-free case, the solution of which is well known and straightforward, this problem is more challenging because one boundary condition involves both ends. The divergence dynamic pressure is found to be dependent on only two non-dimensional parameters, one of which is driven primarily by the bending-twist coupling, and the other by a ratio involving torsional and bending stiffnesses and the offset between the aerodynamic and generalized shear centers. It is shown that the divergence dynamic pressure increases with the absolute value of the bending-twist coupling and that sensitivity of the divergence dynamic pressure to the coupling parameter is larger for larger values of torsional stiffness and for smaller values of the offset or bending stiffness. Finally, the divergence mode shape, symmetric about the mid-span for the uncoupled case, is shown to become more non-symmetric as the sensitivity to bending-twist coupling increases.
St. Benedict Sees the Light: Asam's Solar Eclipses as Metaphor

During the Baroque period, artists worked in a style—encouraged by the Roman Catholic Church and the Council of Trent—that revealed the divine in natural forms and made religious experiences more accessible. Cosmas Damian Asam, painter and architect, and his brother Egid (Aegid) Quirin Asam, sculptor and stuccatore, were the principal exponents of eighteenth-century, southern-German religious decoration and architecture in the grand manner, the Gesamtkunstwerk. Cosmas Damian's visionary and ecstatic art utilized light, both physical and illusionistic, together with images of meteorological and astronomical phenomena, such as solar and lunar eclipses. This paper focuses on his representations of eclipses and demonstrates how Asam was galvanized by their visual, as well as metaphorical, power and that he studied a number of them. He subsequently applied his observations in a series of paintings for the Benedictine order that become increasingly astronomically accurate and spiritually profound. From the evidence presented, especially in three depictions of St. Benedict's vision, the artist harnessed his observations to visualize the literary description of the miraculous event in the Dialogues of St. Gregory the Great, traditionally a difficult scene to illustrate, even for Albrecht Durer. Asam painted the trio at Einsiedeln, Switzerland (1724–27); Kladruby, the Czech Republic (1725–27), where he captured the solar corona and the "diamond-ring effect"; and Weltenburg, Germany (1735), where he also depicted the diamond-ring effect at a total solar eclipse. We conclude that his visualizations were informed by his personal observations of the solar eclipses on 12 May 1706, 22 May 1724, and 13 May 1733. Asam may have also known the eclipse maps of Edmond Halley and William Whiston that were issued in advance. Astronomers did not start studying eclipses scientifically until the nineteenth century, making Asam's depictions all the more fascinating. So powerful was the image that Asam invented to visualize St. Benedict's vision that it found reflection in the subsequent Bavarian Benedictine visual tradition. Total solar eclipses are among the most spectacular sights in Nature. Therefore, in an age obsessed with revealing the divine through natural idioms and making religious experiences direct—not to mention that light had long functioned as a symbol of divinity in the Christian tradition—it seems fitting that solar eclipses would be interpreted as a metaphor of a divine presence or a miracle.
Nicotine Regulates Multiple Synaptic Proteins by Inhibiting Proteasomal Activity

Ubiquitination regulates the degradation, membrane trafficking, and transcription of proteins. At mammalian synapses, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) influences synaptic transmission and plasticity. Nicotine also has the ability to affect synaptic function via mechanisms that remain partially unknown. We found that nicotine, at concentrations achieved by smokers, reduced proteasomal activity, produced accumulation of ubiquitinated synaptic proteins, and increased total protein levels. In particular, a 24 h exposure to nicotine decreased proteasome-dependent degradation of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit, as indicated by the accumulation of ubiquitinated alpha7. The same nicotine treatment increased the levels of the AMPA glutamate receptor subunit GluR1, the NMDA receptor subunit NR2A, the metabotropic receptor mGluR1alpha, the plasticity factor Homer-1A, and the scaffolding postsynaptic density protein PSD-95, whereas the levels of another scaffolding protein, Shank, were reduced. These changes were associated with an inhibition of proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity by nicotine. The nAChR antagonist mecamylamine was only partially able to block the effects of nicotine on the UPS, indicating that nAChR activation does not completely explain nicotine-induced inhibition of proteasomal catalytic activity. A competition binding assay suggested a direct interaction between nicotine and the 20S proteasome. These results suggest that the UPS might participate in nicotine-dependent synaptic plasticity.
Single-kink dynamics in a one-dimensional atomic chain: A nonlinear atomistic theory and numerical simulation

A nonlinear lattice-dynamical theory of single kinks is presented which involves a simple equation of constraint. A set of coupled equations of motion is derived for the kink and discrete lattice fluctuations, which retains the full details of their mutual interaction. The theory is used to study ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$-lattice kinks. For low kink velocities the kink equation of motion reduces to a generalized Langevin form. The static kink energy is found to vary periodically with the lattice spacing, implying that thermal kink motion is an activation process at low temperatures. Numerical studies reveal that kinks undergo damped motion, oscillatory motion, and trapping between lattice sites. Damping and oscillatory motion vanish as the continuum limit is approached. A phenomenological theory of damped kink propagation is developed and compared with numerical simulation.
Herbert Spencer's Principles of Sociology : A Centennial Retrospective and Appraisal

On the occasion of its recent centennial, we trace the remarkable history of Herbert Spencer's 2,240 page Principles of Sociology , the most inductive, systematic, and comprehensive study of human society ever attempted. Spencer's bold aim was to establish empirically and then to explain (after the manner of the natural sciences) the 'relations of co-existence and sequence' among social phenomena. The database ('mass of evidence') required was so vast that it was published as a separate work, some eight folio volumes called Descriptive Sociology . A major force in the making of both scientific sociology and anthropology in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Spencer's magnum opus was all but lost to these fields by the early decades of the twentieth century. The present generation, however, is witnessing a growing revival of interest in Spencer's thought. For many, his confident vision of a natural science of society still offers the best hope for understanding human societies and how they have co...
Unpleasant surprises in the greenhouse

There is now clear evidence that changes in the Earth's climate may be sudden rather than gradual. It is time to put research into the build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere on a better footing.
X-ray Induced Photocurrents at the Metal/Solution Interface

A technique is herein described for the acquisition of X-ray absorption spectra of electrodes fully immersed in an electrolyte solution by monitoring the energy dependence of X-ray induced photocurrents. This novel strategy made it possible to obtain in situ Au LIII-edge X-ray absorption spectra of solid Au electrodes displaying virtually identical features to those recorded simultaneously via X-ray fluorescence. The dependence of the X-ray induced photocurrents on chopping frequency and electrode potential was found to be consistent with a temperature modulation of the rate of the interfacial electron transfer (faradaic heating currents), rather than electron photoemission, as the primary source of the observed effects.
Particle production by white holes

A white hole is the time reverse of a spacetime in which gravitational collapse has occurred to form a black hole. We find that in quantum field theory in a white-hole background, for any initial state of the field which is a product of a state on the horizon with a state at past null infinity, an infinite particle and energy flux occurs at future null infinity when the white-hole horizon is seen to terminate. This may be interpreted as a quantum version of the classical white-hole instability discussed by Eardley. Consequently, there appear to be considerable difficulties in incorporating white holes into a consistent picture of a thermodynamic self-gravitating quantum system. This provides evidence that the laws of quantum gravity may not be time-reversal invariant.
The effect of pressure and stretching on the passage of labeled albumin into canine aortic wall

Summary The passage of labeled albumin from serum into canine aortic wall was studied in vitro under conditions which permitted the pressure exerted on the serum and the amount of aortic stretching to be varied independently. The rate at which albumin entered the inner layer of the aortic wall was not appreciably affected by pressure exerted on the serum. However, the passage of albumin into that layer was greatly accelerated by stretching the aortic wall. Hypertension has previously been observed to accelerate the passage of albumin into the inner layer of the aortic wall in the living dog. The present study suggests that it does so mainly by stretching the aortic wall. Albumin has previously been observed to enter the inner layer of the aortic wall fastest proximally and progressively less rapidly down the length of the aorta. This gradient was observed in the present study in aortas, the different regions of which were stretched the same amount. This indicates that the gradient that occurs in the intact dog is due in part to regional variations in the nature of the aortic wall. However, in the living dog, greater stretching of proximal than distal aorta by blood pressure probably also contributes to the occurrence of the gradient.
Rapid assessment of understory light availability in a wet tropical forest

We demonstrate use of the ratio of red to far-red (R:FR) light in assessing understory light levels in tropical forests. We determined the sensitivity of the ratio to bias when used under a variety of light conditions. We also calibrated the relationship between percent transmittance, as measured with traditional paired-instrument methods, and the R:FR ratio under a wide range of canopy cover conditions. Finally, we used the relationship to measure light levels under a closed canopy in a secondary tropical wet forest and assessed the usefulness of the measurements in determining spatial structure of light in a 1 ha plot, compared with percent transmittance values. Across a wide range of canopy conditions, red:far-red ratios explained 97% of the variation in percent diffuse transmittance under cloudy skies. Predictions of percent transmittance made under sunny skies were consistently lower than those made during cloudy conditions, even under a closed canopy, indicating that the method can be used reliably only with diffuse light. We used the R:FR ratio to characterize the spatial structure in understory light levels in a wet tropical forest in Costa Rica, explaining more variation in spatial structure than did a model fit to percent transmittance at a height of 1.5 m. The ratio provides a quick way to assess with high sensitivity the quantity and quality of light without the inconvenience and potential errors that can be introduced with the use of paired instruments or hemispherical photographs.
Multivessel coronary thrombosis treated with abciximab (ReoPro®) in a patient with essential thrombocythemia

A 50-year-old man was admitted with acute inferior and anterior myocardial infarction. The patient was diagnosed with essential thrombocythemia (ET) based on the findings of marked thrombocytosis of 1,113 x 10(3)/mm3, splenomegaly, and numerous clumping megakaryocytes on bone marrow biopsy. Emergent coronary angiography revealed extensive multivessel thrombosis involving the left main coronary artery and completely occluding the proximal right coronary artery. In addition to standard therapy with aspirin, heparin, and primary angioplasty of the right coronary artery, the patient received additional antiplatelet therapy with ticlopidine, hydroxyurea, and the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor-inhibiting monoclonal antibody drug abciximab (ReoPro). Serial coronary angiograms 1 and 5 days following the infarction showed progressive thrombus resolution. The pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic challenges of ET-associated coronary thrombosis are discussed in this report.
Inclusion of Model Errors in Reliability-Based Optimization

This paper proposes a methodology to estimate errors in computational models and to include them in reliability-based design optimization (RBDO). Various sources of uncertainties, errors, and approximations in model form selection and numerical solution are considered. The solution approximation error is quantified based on the model itself, using the Richardson extrapolation method. The model form error is quantified based on the comparison of model prediction with physical observations using an interpolated resampling approach. The error in reliability analysis is also quantified and included in the RBDO formulation. The proposed methods are illustrated through numerical examples.
Influence of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Damage to Potato and Foliage Availability on Overwinter Survival of First-Generation Colorado Potato Beetle Adults (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in North Carolina

Survival of 1st-generation Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), adults following harvest of the Irish potato, Solanum tuberosum L., crop in late June was investigated in eastern North Carolina. First-generation adults that emerge before harvest may have access to postbloom-stage potato plants injured by European com borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), whereas beetles that emerge after harvest may have access only to cull tubers. We tested the hypotheses that adult overwinter survival is positively correlated with the period 1st-generation adult beetles had fed on potato foliage and that feeding on com borer-damaged plants affect overwinter survival of 1st-generation adults. Therefore, overwinter survival was examined after beetles were presented a continuous supply of potato tubers as the only source of food or were fed for 3, 7, 11-12, or 17 d on potato plants that were either damaged by the European com borer or undamaged, and then were provided tubers. Feeding on com borer-damaged plants did not affect overwinter survival of 1st-generation potato beetle adults (survival in 1993: damaged, 15% and undamaged, 14%; 1994: damaged, 11% and undamaged, 9%). First-generation adults that had access to potato foliage in late June and early July had a significantly better chance of surviving overwinter and reproducing the following year compared with beetles that had access only to tubers. Overwinter survival of 1st-generation beetles that had only tubers as a host was 0 and 0.5% in 1993 and 1994, respectively.
Superplastic deformation behavior of a fine-grained aluminum alloy 7475

Abstract A commercial aluminum alloy 7475 containing iron, silicon and chromium and processed for fine grain size was found to deform superplastically when tested at 730 K. The activation energy for superplastic flow is nearly equal to that for lattice diffusion, and the stress exponent is approximately equal to 2. It is suggested that lattice diffusion controls the deformation behavior at elevated temperatures and the mechanism for plastic flow at 730 K is grain boundary sliding accommodated by slip processes occurring both within the grain and in the vicinity of the grain boundary. The microstructural features are compared with theoretical predictions of a model for superplasticity.
Full integration of simulation in an associate degree nursing program

To meet the ever increasing learning needs of associate degree nursing students, a team of faculty and staff developed a plan to integrate simulation throughout the curriculum. Using a systematic process, the team created simulations for laboratory, clinical, and didactic courses. The simulations were designed to fill identified gaps in clinical experiences and reinforce patient safety, assessment, prioritization, communication, and collaboration skills.
Minimum Distance Matched Sampling With Fine Balance in an Observational Study of Treatment for Ovarian Cancer

In observational studies of treatment effects, matched samples have traditionally been constructed using two tools, namely close matches on one or two key covariates and close matches on the propensity score to stochastically balance large numbers of covariates. Here we propose a third tool, fine balance, obtained using the assignment algorithm in a new way. We use all three tools to construct a matched sample for an ongoing study of provider specialty in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Fine balance refers to exact balance of a nominal covariate, often one with many categories, but it does not require individually matched treated and control subjects for this variable. In the example the nominal variable has 72 = 9 × 8 categories formed from 9 possible years of diagnosis and 8 geographic locations or SEER sites. We obtain exact balance on the 72 categories and close individual matches on clinical stage, grade, year of diagnosis, and other variables using a distance, and stochastically balance a total of ...
The problems with whistle‐blowing: U.S. v. Wailly

Whistle-blowing is traditionally a dangerous, unequal activity that pits the individual against his or her own organization. The author examines the 1975 U.S. Air Force Academy embezzlement case of U.S. v. Wailly, including the reluctance of numerous parties who allegedly disregarded advance warnings about Major Louis F. Wailly's criminal activities, as well as the subsequent organizational fallout from the affair. Survey data from 2,600 service academy graduates from 1959 to 2010, and a Volunteer Contribution Mechanism (VCM) experiment with 72 cadets discount the conventional wisdom that whistle-blowing and loyalty are necessarily moral tradeoffs. Whistle-blowing as a model of the suboptimal Nash equilibrium is also examined.
A miniaturized spiral antenna for energy harvesting of implantable medical devices

In this paper, a wireless power transfer system for implantable medical devices using a miniaturized 3 mm diameter single arm circular spiral antenna is presented. The transmission characteristics, S 21 between the transmitting and receiving antennas with air and tissue as a medium between antennas are analyzed and measured. The receiver antenna receives almost 2 mW average power with power transfer efficiency of 53%. The power transfer efficiency could still reach to 4% with 274 µW average received power, with placement of 1.5 cm tissue and 1 cm air in between two antennas. With one PN diode rectifier, the total DC power from the receiver side is 489 nW.
Feasibility and prognostic value of stress-perfusion CMR in obesity

Background Obesity is an emerging population at high risk for cardiac events for which robust stress imaging techniques are necessary. Stress-perfusion CMR has high image resolution and is less affected by tissue attenuation compared to nuclear scintigraphy. However, its prognostic value in obese patients has not been determined. We hypothesized that stress-perfusion CMR can effectively prognosticate obese patients with suspected myocardial ischemia.
Yeast mutants defective in iso-2-cytochrome c.

Abstract The structural gene CYC 7 for yeast iso-2-cytochrome c was previously identified by isolating a mutant, cyc 7-1-1, totally lacking iso-2-cytochrome c and demonstrating that revertants of this mutant contained iso-2-cytochrome c with an altered primary structure (Downie et al. , 1977). In this paper we describe a variety of different types of mutants that completely or partially lack iso-2-cytochrome c due to mutations in either the structural gene, CYC 7, or unlinked “regulatory” genes. The iso-2-cytochrome c -deficient mutants were isolated by benzidine staining of over 3 × 10 5 colonies from ϱ − strains (cytoplasmic petites) that lacked iso-1-cytochrome c due to the deletion cyc 1-1 and that contain abnormally high levels of iso-2-cytochrome c due to a chromosomal translocation, CYC 7-1, adjacent to the normal structural gene CYC 7 +. The cytochrome c content of mutants not staining with the benzidine reagents was estimated by low temperature spectroscopy, and 139 mutants containing significantly decreased levels of iso-2-cytochrome c were analyzed genetically by complementation with previously identified cyc mutants. In this way 50 mutants at the cyc 2 and cyc 3 loci were identified along with a group of 62 mutants of the structural gene cyc 7. The different types of mutants of the structural gene which were uncovered and which were more or less anticipated included those that completely lacked iso-2-cytochrome c , those that were suppressible by UAA or UAG suppressors, those that lacked iso-2-cytochrome c but had increased levels after growth at lower temperatures, and those that exhibited visibly altered c a absorption bands of iso-2-cytochrome c . Iso-2-cytochrome c mutants with altered primary structures were obtained from intragenic revertants of several of these mutants, confirming our earlier conclusion that cyc 7 is the structural gene. In addition we observed an unexpected class of mutants that lacked iso-2-cytochrome c when in the ϱ − state but contained approximately the CYC 7-1 parental level when in the ϱ + state. Two of these mutants, cyc 7-1-47 and cyc 7-1-49, were shown to contain altered iso-2-cytochromes c . The different contents of the abnormal iso-2cytochromes c suggest that cytochrome c has different environments in ϱ + and ϱ − mitochondria and that the ϱ + condition may stabilize certain altered proteins.
Short- and Long-Term Memory in Drosophila Require cAMP Signaling in Distinct Neuron Types

Summary Background A common feature of memory and its underlying synaptic plasticity is that each can be dissected into short-lived forms involving modification or trafficking of existing proteins and long-term forms that require new gene expression. An underlying assumption of this cellular view of memory consolidation is that these different mechanisms occur within a single neuron. At the neuroanatomical level, however, different temporal stages of memory can engage distinct neural circuits, a notion that has not been conceptually integrated with the cellular view. Results Here, we investigated this issue in the context of aversive Pavlovian olfactory memory in Drosophila . Previous studies have demonstrated a central role for cAMP signaling in the mushroom body (MB). The Ca 2+ -responsive adenylyl cyclase RUTABAGA is believed to be a coincidence detector in γ neurons, one of the three principle classes of MB Kenyon cells. We were able to separately restore short-term or long-term memory to a rutabaga mutant with expression of rutabaga in different subsets of MB neurons. Conclusions Our findings suggest a model in which the learning experience initiates two parallel associations: a short-lived trace in MB γ neurons, and a long-lived trace in α/β neurons.
The analysis and interpretation of solar X-ray photographs.

This paper discusses the methods used to analyse and interpret X-ray filtergrams obtained by solar soft X-ray telescopes such as the S-056 Skylab instrument. First, an appropriate definition of the line-of-sight emission measure ξ L(T) is developed, and it is shown how the X-ray data may be analysed to obtain an approximation to ξ L(T). The accuracy of this approximation is severely limited by the mathematical ill-conditioning of the problem, and additional constraints on the solutions must be imposed through the use of a specific model of the coronal region under study. Such a model is also required for the proper interpretation of the results in terms of coronal plasma processes. Examples of such models are provided and the forms of ξ L(T) derived from them compared with other, semi-empirical forms. The ‘filter ratio method’ (a simplified form of analysis in which the region under study is assumed isothermal) is discussed. It is shown that in the presence of line-of-sight temperature gradients, the values of ‘effective temperature’ and ‘emission measure’ yielded by this method cannot be directly related to the physical state of the plasma and so are of little utility in the study of coronal processes.
MODIFIED WASHINGTON HYDRAULIC FRACTURE TEST TO DETERMINE D-CRACKING SUSCEPTIBLE AGGREGATE

In the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) a test method for identifying D-cracking susceptible aggregates in approximately eight days was developed to replace the widely used but time-consuming rapid freezing-and-thawing test using ASTM C 666 test methods. The basic assumption in this new method is that the hydraulic pressure expected in concrete aggregates during freezing and thawing can be simulated by subjecting aggregates, submerged in water, to high pressures and the extreme rapid release of the pressure. The percent fracture, percent mass loss, and hydraulic fracture index are the parameters calculated as a result of the test, which is commonly called the Washington Hydraulic Fracture Test (WHFT). A number of states have conducted tests using this apparatus on the same aggregate source and have found a scatter in the results. These reports prompted research on a newer modified apparatus that accounts for this variability by allowing for a larger specimen and/or sample size and also introducing a computer interface. The WHFT 97 is completely automated in terms of controlling the testing procedure for each respective ten cycles of operation, and requires minimal manual labor. Twenty-one different aggregate sources, with different degrees of freezing and thawing susceptibility, were tested according to the WHFT test procedure on both machines (the original WHFT 94 and the WHFT 97) to establish a correlation, if possible, between the results of the proposed WHFT test and those reported for the ASTM C 666 Method B as modified by the Illinois Department of Transportation (ILDOT). In addition, a petrographic analysis was conducted on each aggregate source in order to determine its percentage of air voids, pore size, and pore size distribution. A direct correlation was not established; hence, the test data were compared using the pass/fail criteria to establish the potential of the UIC Modified WHFT 97 as a screening test. The failure criteria presented by the percent fracture (2%) from the WHFT 97 test and 0.060% maximum allowable expansion from the ILDOT freezing and thawing test were used. This comparison indicated that 67% of the test results on the WHFT 94 and 76% on the WHFT 97 were identified correctly based on the ILDOT criteria. All the aggregate types (dolomite, gravel, ACBF slag) were successfully classified using these failure modes with the exception of one aggregate type, limestone. It appears, based on this comparison, that the WHFT 97 test may have the potential to be used as a screening test prior to the ASTM freezing and thawing test. In addition, the petrographic investigation showed potential in rating limestone aggregate as well as determining if other testing is required to identify D-cracking susceptible aggregate.
Hormone-binding and solubility properties of fusion proteins containing the ligand-binding domain of the human androgen receptor

Abstract The ligand-binding properties of the human androgen receptor (AR) reside in the carboxy terminus of the receptor and are retained in fusion proteins encoding this domain. Despite a wealth of information pertaining to the importance of specific amino acid residues in the binding of ligands, the precise amino terminal boundary of this domain has not been determined for the androgen receptor. The current studies focused on the expression of a series of AR fusion proteins in bacteria. These experiments demonstrate that specific androgen binding is detected in a fusion protein encoding amino acid residues 675–917, although this binding is of lower affinity than that observed for the native AR. Inclusion of an additional segment (residues 622–675) restores the capacity of the hormone-binding domain to bind mibolerone with high affinity. Detailed studies of the ligand-binding properties and solubility of one AR fusion protein (625–917) indicate that although the levels of ligand binding and soluble receptor fusion protein usually vary in parallel, this is not true at all time points and the proportion of soluble AR fusion that is able to bind hormone is highest when the levels of soluble AR fusion protein are lowest. This observation, coupled with the changes in the quantity of soluble and insoluble fusion protein occurring at different times following induction at 12°C, 22°C, and 37°C, suggests that the saturation of one or more steps is required for folding of the AR hormone-binding domain to a conformation that is both soluble and competent to bind hormone under conditions of high-level expression. Analysis of the solubility of six different fusion proteins containing different portions of the AR hormone-binding domain suggests that a discrete segment of this domain is not responsible for its synthesis as predominantly insoluble aggregates in bacteria when expressed at high levels.
An investigation of laminar mixed convection inside a horizontal tube with isothermal wall conditions

Abstract The laminar flow and heat transfer within a horizontal isothermal tube are studied both experimentally and theoretically. Emphasis is given to flow regimes where a buoyant effect on the forced flow is exhibited within the tube. Several tests were carried out over a wide range of operating conditions with water and a propylene-glycol solution inside the tube. A three-dimensional numerical model was used to analyze the flow behavior and the heat transfer. The secondary flows create a large circumferential variation of the fluid temperature and the Nusselt number.
A survey of biological collaboration models

Collaboration has been widely studied throughout multiple disciplines, and it has been applied to a broad range of fields. In collaboration games, players’ strategies are the main influence on the final rewards or payoffs. In the field of biology, the phenomena of collaboration in coalition formation and in foraging have encouraged researchers to make great efforts in studying them. Quantitative models have been developed to include the biological complexities and behaviors of natural creatures and also to identify and predict the optimal strategies for them. Also, the models are applied in other fields, such as those (e.g., wireless sensor and robot networks) in the engineering realm. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and discuss those models, to gain inspiration from the modeling methods and analysis methods, to introduce the applications of the models in engineering, and to propose research directions in collaboration with presenting problems as examples that may be potentially solved with bio-inspired solutions. This paper surveys the quantitative models, including the assumptions in the models, modeling methods, and analysis methods as well as other studies that focus on the mechanism of the evolution of cooperation in nature systems.
Changes in Body Temperature and Basal Metabolic Rate of the Ama—A Commentary

The article entitled “Changes in Body Temperature and Basal Metabolic Rate of the Ama” (ie, Koreanpearl diving women) focuses on the thermal and metabolic responses of the remarkable Korean pearl divers(ama) who repeatedly dove into the waters of Pusan, Korea. This classic article demonstrates that the amawomen exhibited a type of acclimation termed “metabolic adaptation,” which may occur in individuals whobecome acclimatized to cold. The oral temperatures and metabolic rates of the Korean diving womendescribed in this article were measured during 4 seasons and compared with their Korean nondivingcounterparts who lived in the same community and consumed the same diet.The oral temperature of Korean diving women was measured before and after they dove for pearls in thewaters off the Pusan coast. Resting metabolic rate was also measured under the same conditions. In thesummer, the average oral temperature of the women declined to 35°C after 70 minutes of diving into 27°Cwater. In the winter months, the water temperature averaged 10°C, permitting the women to dive for only 15minutes. During this time, their oral temperatures declined to 33°C. Because the oral temperature declinedwith respect to the water temperature conditions, the duration of the work for the women was primarilydetermined by the water temperature and their ability to endure the extreme cold. The basal metabolic rateof the ama pearl divers varied with the season, implying that in the winter months the elevated (basal)
14.—Sea-floor Fossils: Keys to Historical Oceanography

If any physical, chemical, or biological attribute of the ocean is examined over an appropriate time scale it is usually possible to document significant fluctuations and to discern in these fluctuations periodic as well as random components. Seasonal variations in current systems, water temperature, salinity, productivity and in the composition of biological communities are familiar examples of quasi-periodic changes commonly studied by oceanographers for the insights they offer into marine processes.
1H and 13C NMR of substituted dibenzo‐14‐crown‐4 ethers

Dibenzo-14-crown-4 and eight substituted dibenzo-14-crown-4-ethers were studied by 1D and 2D 1 H and 13 C NMR and their chemical shifts are reported
Fabry's disease presenting with stroke

An atypical patient with Fabry's disease is presented. This patient developed a left internal capsule lacunar stroke at the age of 25. The etiology of the stroke was unclear. At the age of 29 he was discovered to have corneal lesions suggestive of Fabry's disease but had no other clinical features typical of Fabry's disease. The diagnosis of Fabry's disease was confirmed biochemically. Fabry's disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of stroke of unclear etiology in young male patients.
Quantization of signals and metrics in the decoding of 8-PSK TCM

The performance of rate 2/3 8-PSK Trellis Coded Modulation was investigated as a function of the numerical resolution of the metrics and signal vectors used in decoding by the Viterbi algorithm. It was found that a 16 state Ungerboeck code using 5 bit I and Q with 7 bit metrics achieved roughly the same performance as pragmatic TCM. The findings were applied to the digital logic design of a TCM decoder. >
The effects of moral hazard and adverse selection on the pricing and underpricing of initial public offerings

Abstract Underpricing research to date relies on the assumption that there exist a negative relationship between the pricing of an initial public offering (IPO) and its first day returns. Consequently, little is known in the literature on IPOs as to which part of initial returns is due to ‘deliberate underpricing’ (that is, a discount on the ‘true’ value of the offer) and which part is due to market reaction on the first trading day. In this paper we theoretically untangle this assumed relationship between offer pricing and first day gains. Consistent with the proposed model, our results show that different antecedents affect the two outcomes and that their relationship is positive. Our model and findings provide interesting implications for research, public policy and practice.
Renal function after short-term ibuprofen use in infants and children

Objective. To test the hypothesis that short-term use of ibuprofen increases the risk of impaired renal function in children. Study Design. Randomized, double-blind acetaminophen-controlled clinical trial. Children with a febrile illness were enrolled from outpatient pediatric and family medicine practices and randomly assigned to receive either acetaminophen suspension or one of two dosages of ibuprofen suspension (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg) for fever control. Results. Mean blood urea nitrogen levels on admission among children admitted to hospital and assigned ibuprofen 5 mg/kg (n = 96), ibuprofen 10 mg/kg (n = 102), and acetaminophen 12 mg/kg (n = 87) were 4.1, 3.8, and 3.9 mmol/L, respectively. The corresponding creatinine levels were 43, 41, and 43 μmol/L, respectively. The prevalence of a creatinine level >62 μmol/L was 9.5% overall and did not vary by antipyretic assignment. Among 83 children hospitalized with dehydration, the mean creatinine level was 44 μmol/L, and the prevalence of an elevated creatinine was 14%; neither measure varied by antipyretic assignment. Conclusion. Although renal failure in children has been reported after ibuprofen use, these data suggest that for short-term use the risk of less severe renal impairment, as reflected by blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, is small and not significantly greater than that after acetaminophen use.
Non-Abelian anomaly and vector-meson decays

We propose an extension of the old, fairly successful, phenomenological prescription for adding spin-1 fields to the chiral Lagrangian of pseudoscalar mesons to the case where the Wess-Zumino term is present. This leads to the possibility of describing within the effective-Lagrangian framework a whole class of ''unnatural-parity'' hadronic reactions. In particular, we study the well-known (pure hadronic) ..omega -->..3..pi.. and (radiative) ..omega --> pi../sup 0/..gamma.. processes, and find good agreement with experiment, comparable to that for any of the current-algebra ''theorems.'' The construction of the Lagrangian is seen to involve subtle theoretical issues. We are led to examine in more detail Witten's ''trial-and-error'' gauging of the Wess-Zumino term and note that the Bardeen form of the anomaly seems more suitable than the left-right-symmetric form for constructing an effective model with phenomenological spin-1 fields.
Conversion of Micronaire Reading to Arealometer Specific-Surface-Area Values in Cotton

Comparison of Micronaire and Arealometer values from published conversion tables showed considerable discrepancy at the ends of the scales. Using an array of cotton samples spanning the scale in approximately equal increments, new equations for conversion of values were established. Equations and a table of fineness scalar conversion values are given.
The cyanobacterial circadian clock is based on the intrinsic ATPase activity of KaiC

The earth rotates on its axis with a period of 24 h, imposing a dramatic diurnal oscillation on the biosphere. Endogenous biological clocks with circadian periods of ≈24 h are nearly ubiquitous, from bacteria to humans, and serve to coordinate organisms with these daily environmental changes. These clocks make important contributions to fitness, and, in competitive environments, disruption of the circadian clock has dire consequences in cyanobacteria, plants, and mammals (1). Enormous progress has been made in elucidating the mechanism of circadian timekeeping in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. The kaiABC locus is essential for rhythmicity (2), and recently a self-sustaining and temperature-compensated circadian rhythm in the phosphorylation of KaiC has been reconstituted in vitro in a minimal system containing the three Kai (Japanese for “cycle”) proteins plus ATP (3, 4). In a recent issue of PNAS, Terauchi et al. (5) established that the ATPase activity of KaiC is the fundamental reaction underlying the cyanobacterial circadian oscillation (Fig. 1).
Development of PECVD SiC for MEMS Using 3MS as the Precursor

This paper reports our effort to develop amorphous hydrogenated silicon carbide (a-SiC:H ) films specifically designed for MEMS applications using a semiconductor-grade organosilane known as trimethylsilane (3MS) as the precursor. In our work, the a-SiC:H films were deposited in a commercial PECVD system at a fixed temperature of 350˚C using 3MS diluted in helium (He). Films with thicknesses from ~ 100 nm to ~ 2μm, a typical range for MEMS applications, were deposited. Deposition parameters such RF power, deposition pressure, and 3MS-to-He ratio were explored to obtain films with low residual compressive stresses. Low temperature, post-deposition annealing at 450˚C was used to convert the as-deposited compressive residual stresses to moderate tensile stresses, which are desired for micromachined bridges, membranes and other anchored structures. Compositional analysis indicated that films with a Si-to-C ratio of 1 could be deposited under certain conditions. Mechanical properties such as Young’s modulus and fracture strength were derived from the load-deflection behavior of micromachined freestanding membranes. Nanoindentation was used to verify the Young’s modulus and determine the hardness. As expected, the films exhibit insulating properties with a relative dielectric constant at 3.90 for as-deposited films and 2.69 after annealing at 1100˚C, as determined from C-V measurements. Chemical inertness was tested in aqueous, corrosive solutions such as KOH and HNA. Prototype structures were fabricated using both surface micromachining and bulk micromachining techniques to demonstrate the potential of the a-SiC:H films for MEMS applications.