cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender and well-being around the world

We explore gender differences in reported well-being around the world, both across and within countries - comparing age, income, and education cohorts. We find that women have higher levels of well-being than men, with a few exceptions in low income countries. We also find differences in the standard relationships between key variables - such as marriage and well-being - when differential gender rights are accounted for. We conclude that differences in well-being across genders are affected by the same empirical and methodological factors that drive the paradoxes underlying income and well-being debates, with norms and expectations playing an important mediating role.
Determining the reliability of the Withdrawal Assessment Tool-1 in comparison to the Neonatal Drug Withdrawal Scoring System

Background: Children that receive opioids and/or benzodiazepines can develop dependence and demonstrate withdrawal symptoms if the medication is abruptly discontinued. In addition, neonates that are exposed to intrauterine drugs can also manifest symptoms of withdrawal. Due to the limited research, reliability and validity remains unclear among clinical conditions and instruments. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of the Withdrawal Assessment Tool-Version 1 (WAT-1), in comparison to the Lipsitz Neonatal Drug Withdrawal Scoring System (NDWSS). Methods: A prospective cross sectional study was conducted at a University-affiliated academic Children’s Hospital. An Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) and a nursing student were trained on the use of both instruments. The student nurse and APN independently filled out both the NDWSS and the WAT-1 based on reports of symptoms and direct observation. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlations. Results: One hundred assessments were completed. The correlations between the WAT-1 and the NDWSS scores were high (correlation > 0.8 and p < .001). There was a significant difference between the NDWSS scores based on diagnosis ( p ≤ .01). Cardiac and neurologic diagnoses tended to score higher when the NDWSS was used. Conclusions: The NDWSS instrument should be used cautiously in children with varying diagnoses especially cardiac and neurological diagnoses.
Morphogenesis of Bacillus Spore Surfaces

Spores produced by bacilli are encased in a proteinaceous multilayered coat and, in some species (including Bacillus anthracis), further surrounded by a glycoprotein-containing exosporium. To characterize bacillus spore surface morphology and to identify proteins that direct formation of coat surface features, we used atomic-force microscopy (AFM) to image the surfaces of wild-type and mutant spores of Bacillus subtilis, as well as the spore surfaces of Bacillus cereus 569 and the Sterne strain of Bacillus anthracis. This analysis revealed that the coat surfaces in these strains are populated by a series of bumps ranging between 7 and 40 nm in diameter, depending on the species. Furthermore, a series of ridges encircled the spore, most of which were oriented along the long axis of the spore. The structures of these ridges differ sufficiently between species to permit species-specific identification. We propose that ridges are formed early in spore formation, when the spore volume likely decreases, and that when the spore swells during germination the ridges unfold. AFM analysis of a set of B. subtilis coat protein gene mutants revealed three coat proteins with roles in coat surface morphology: CotA, CotB, and CotE. Our data indicate novel roles for CotA and CotB in ridge pattern formation. Taken together, these results are consistent with the view that the coat is not inert. Rather, the coat is a dynamic structure that accommodates changes in spore volume.
Wireless micromanometer system for chronic bladder pressure monitoring

This paper describes a wireless system to monitor urinary bladder pressure comprising an implantable device with an external receiver and wireless battery charger. The device is intended to be implanted within the bladder wall, sealed behind the urothelial lining. This location is protected from the urine stream, thus avoiding mineral encrustation and stone formation, and is suitable to measure intravesical pressure in chronic applications. The implant is dimensionally designed to gain access to the bladder using conventional urological tools, e.g. a cystoscope. The active circuit implant features a custom application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), rechargeable battery and wireless telemetry. Inductive charging, novel power management schemes and innovative packaging allow this device to be inserted through the urethra, implanted within the bladder wall, and operate for a lifetime of up to 10 years.
Analysis and simulation of Web services

Web services--Web-accessible programs and devices--are a key application area for the Semantic Web. With the proliferation of Web services and the evolution towards the Semantic Web comes the opportunity to automate various Web services tasks. Our objective is to enable markup and automated reasoning technology to describe, simulate, compose, test, and verify compositions of Web services. We take as our starting point the DAML-S DAML + OIL ontology for describing the capabilities of Web services. We define the semantics for a relevant subset of DAML-S in terms of a first-order logical language. With the semantics in hand, we encode our service descriptions in a Petri Net formalism and provide decision procedures for Web service simulation, verification and composition. We also provide an analysis of the complexity of these tasks under different restrictions to the DAML-S composite services we can describe. Finally, we present an implementation of our analysis techniques. This implementation takes as input a DAML-S description of a Web service, automatically generates a Petri Net and performs the desired analysis. Such a tool has broad applicability both as a back end to existing manual Web service composition tools, and as a stand-alone tool for Web service developers.
Analysis of Acculturation, Sex, and Heavy Alcohol use in Latino College Students:

24% of 917 students at California State University Long Beach who completed an alcohol use survey in 2002 (73% response) identified themselves as Latino. Because measures of acculturation reported in most adult studies positively correlated with alcohol use and sex, it was hypothesized that these associations might also apply to Latino college students. With increasing levels of acculturation, women but not men in this Latino college sample reported significantly greater occurrence of heavy drinking, positive attitudes about drinking, and perception that most of their friends use alcoholic beverages. Language: en
Health Care Law versus Constitutional Law

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, the Supreme Court's ruling on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, is a landmark decision - both for constitutional law and for health care law and policy. Others will study its implications for constitutional limits on a range of federal powers beyond health care. This article considers to what extent the decision is also about health care law, properly conceived. Under one view, health care law is the subdiscipline that inquires how courts and government actors take account of the special features of medicine that make legal or policy issues especially problematic - rather than regarding health care delivery and finance more generically, like most any other economic or social enterprise. Viewed this way, the opinions from the Court's conservative justices are mainly about general constitutional law principles. In contrast, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's dissenting opinion for the four more liberal justices is just as much about health care law as it is about constitutional law. Her opinion gives detailed attention to the unique features of health care finance and delivery in order to inform her analysis of constitutional precedents and principles. Thus, the Court's multiple opinions give a vivid depiction of the compelling contrasts between communal versus individualistic conceptions of caring for those in need, and between health care and health insurance as ordinary commodities versus ones that merit special economic, social, and legal status.
Accurate indirect branch prediction

Indirect branch prediction is likely to become increasingly important in the future because indirect branches occur more frequently in object-oriented programs. With misprediction rates of around 25% on current processors, indirect branches can incur a significant fraction of branch misprediction overhead even though they remain less frequent than the more predictable conditional branches. We investigate a wide range of two-level predictors dedicated exclusively to indirect branches. Starting with predictors that use full-precision addresses and unlimited tables, we progressively introduce hardware constraints and minimize the loss of predictor performance at each step. For programs from the SPECint95 suite as well as a suite of large C++ applications, a two-level predictor achieves a misprediction rate of 9.8% with a 1K-entry table and 7.3% with an 8K-entry table, representing more than a threefold improvement over an ideal BTB. A hybrid predictor further reduces the misprediction rates to 8.98% (1K) and 5.95% (8K).
Tunable glass reference materials for quantitative backscattered electron imaging of mineralized tissues

Backscattered electron microscopy provides gray-level contrast resulting from variations in atomic composition. Through the use of reference materials, quantitative backscattered electron (qBSE) imaging can be used to measure the mineral content of mineralized tissues at submicron resolution. We have developed novel tunable reference materials that can be adjusted for analysis of an individual tissue or a wide range of tissues with variable atomic density. As an alternative to conventional metallic reference materials, these amorphous materials maintain long-term stability and possess no long-range order that may induce channeling contrast. Using these reference materials, we characterized the mineral content of a broad range of mineralized tissues from immature mouse femur to whale bulla. Mineral volume fraction correlated to more traditional measurements of mineral content with microcomputed tomography and ashing techniques. Further, we demonstrate the advantage of location-matched measurements of nanomechanical properties and qBSE mineral content.
Fourway: Graphical Tool for Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering

Fourway is a simple graphical tool for estimating the conditional dependence of decision variables involved in the seismic design process on the earthquake intensity. The tool was formulated for use with the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center’s performance-based earthquake engineering framework. The tool simplifies the development of decision fragilities by exact determination of first moments and approximate determination of second central moments (variance) of the corresponding probability distributions, without the need for numerical integration of intermediate probabilistic models. For commonly assumed probability distributions of the interim variables, the Fourway method was compared to closed-form and numerical solutions, including measures for evaluating the variance approximations. It is shown that Fourway is a useful first-pass assessment tool for approximating the parameters of the decision variable distributions. Furthermore, Fourway is a tool for evaluating the effects of varying t...
Developing Dislocation Subgrain Structures and Cyclic Softening During High-Temperature Creep–Fatigue of a Nickel Alloy

The complex cyclic deformation response of Alloy 617 under creep–fatigue conditions is of practical interest both in terms of the observed detriment in failure life and the considerable cyclic softening that occurs. At the low strain ranges investigated, the inelastic strain is the sole predictor of the failure life without taking into consideration a potentially significant environmental influence. The tensile-hold creep–fatigue peak stress response can be directly correlated to the evolving dislocation substructure, which consists of a relatively homogenous distribution of subgrains. Progressive high-temperature cycling with a static hold allows for the rearrangement of loose tangles of dislocations into well-ordered hexagonal dislocation networks. The cyclic softening during tensile-hold creep–fatigue deformation is attributable to two factors: the rearrangement of dislocation substructures into lower-energy configurations, which includes a decreasing dislocation density in subgrain interiors through integration into the subgrain boundaries, and the formation of surface grain boundary cracks and cavity formation or separation at interior grain boundaries, which occurs perpendicular to the stress axis. Effects attributable to the tensile character of the hold cycle are further analyzed through variations in the creep–fatigue waveform and illuminate the effects of the hold-time character on the overall creep–fatigue behavior and evolution of the dislocation substructure.
Ultimate tensile properties of segmented polyurethane elastomers: factors leading to reduced properties for polyurethanes based on nonpolar soft segments

Abstract Factors that could explain the lower tensile properties of nonpolar soft-segment-based polyurethane block copolymers relative to those of conventional polyether or polyester polyurethanes have been examined. Many of the materials studied in the literature have suffered from the use of soft segments with poor functionality, which has led to low molecular weight, network defects, and an unfavorable amount of crosslinking. Additionally, most of the materials have been based on soft segments whose molecular weight appears to be too high to obtain optimum properties. Polyurethanes based on nonpolar soft segments are also likely to suffer from premature phase separation during polymerization leading to low molecular weight and compositional heterogeneity, especially if the reaction is done in bulk. The lower soft-segment glass-transition temperature of, in particular, the polydimethylsiloxane polyurethanes can also contribute to their lower tensile properties at room temperature. However, if difference...
Puerto Rican adolescents' disclosure and lying to parents about peer and risky activities: associations with teens' perceptions of Latino values.

Abstract Disclosure and lying to mothers and fathers about different activities, as defined within social domain theory, were examined as a function of Latino family values in 109 Puerto Rican lower socioeconomic status middle adolescents ( M = 15.58 years, SD = 1.18) living in the United States. Questionnaires revealed that teens sometimes disclosed to parents about their risky prudential (unhealthy or unsafe) and peer activities. Lying was infrequent, although greater for risky than for peer issues. In general, path analyses demonstrated that teens’ greater adherence to Latino family values and trust in parents were associated with more disclosure and less lying to mothers. However, these findings were moderated by the type of issue considered and perceptions of parents’ Latino family values.
Regulatory capitalism and its discontents: Bilateral interdependence and the adaptability of regulatory styles

The expansion of global trade has produced new challenges for the effective governance of product safety. We argue that many of these challenges arise at the bilateral level from the interaction of more or less adaptable national regulatory styles. When regulatory styles are unadaptable they produce gaps in risk management, slow and contested resolutions to crises, and limited regulatory cooperation. To examine these claims empirically, we study bilateral food safety regulation in four major exporter–importer dyads: China–Japan; Canada–United States (US), China–European Union (EU), and the US–Japan. The China–Japan dyad is the most adaptable, combining China's “export segmentation” regulatory style with Japan's strongly “risk-averse, interventionist” style. The Canada–US dyad operates effectively, bringing together Canada's “global market–conforming” regulatory style with the US strategy of “sovereign regulator.” The China–EU dyad is less adaptable because the EU's “harmonization” regulatory style makes it difficult for the EU to adapt to the weaknesses of the Chinese food safety system. Finally, the US's sovereign regulator style clashes with Japan's interventionist style, making them the least adaptable of the four dyads. The paper concludes with a discussion of the broader relevance of our findings for the development of regulatory capitalism.
Personal and environmental predictors of the intention to use maternal healthcare services in Kalomo, Zambia

Low maternal healthcare service utilization contributes to poor maternal and new born health outcomes in rural Zambia. The purpose of this study was to identify important factors influencing women's intention to use these services in Kalomo, Zambia. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 1007 women of reproductive age (15-45 years) from 13 rural health centres with the lowest service utilization rates in the district. Questions included measures of (past) healthcare seeking behaviour, psychosocial variables (attitude, perceived social norms, perceived behavioural control), logistical barriers (e.g., distance to the clinic) and sociodemographic variables (e.g., age, income and education level). Overall, our findings showed that most respondents had high intention to use healthcare services. Intention was positively associated with attitude, personal norms, behavioural control, education and income levels. Conversely, intention was negatively related to perceived social norms, age and distance. Multivariate regression analysis showed that, together, these variables accounted for 41.8% of the variance in intention, with perceived behavioural control being the strongest predictor of intention, followed by geographical distance and perceived social norms. These findings suggest that public health programmes mitigating these important factors are likely to motivate pregnant women to use maternal healthcare services.
Functional Limitation, Pain, and Alcohol Use: Exploring Gender Differences in the Mediating Role of Depressive Symptoms.

Objective:This study considered the processes linking functional limitation and pain with depressive symptoms and two alcohol-related outcomes (past-month drinking and problematic drinking) over a 3-year period.Method:Data were drawn from a two-wave Miami-Dade County community study of people with physical disabilities (N = 559). Structural equation modeling was used to assess whether depressive symptoms mediated the associations among functional limitation, bodily pain, and the alcohol-related outcomes considered, and whether these associations were moderated by gender.Results:When the effects of the sociodemographic control variables were controlled for, depressive symptoms partly explained the effects of Wave 1 functional limitation and bodily pain on problematic drinking at Wave 2. The mediating effects of depressive symptoms on problematic drinking were significantly greater for men than for women.Conclusions:The findings demonstrate clear linkages between two physical health indicators, depressive s...
Understanding Muscles: A Practical Guide to Muscle Function, ed 2

Kingston B. Cheltenham, UK GL53 7TH, Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2005, paperback, 217 pp, illus, ISBN: 0-7487-9440-9, $23.40. The title of this book accurately describes its purpose and scope. This is a concise, clear, and practical overview of most of the skeletal muscles in the human body. It is organized in an interactive format that should greatly help the reader learn the name, attachments, and functions of the different muscles. This book would be useful to most students learning gross anatomy for the first time, or for those clinicians looking for a quick overview of muscle anatomy. Specifically, this book would be appropriate for first-year students in physical therapy, osteopathy, athletic training, occupational …
Never Fear: You Already Model!

Simulation modeling is a valuable decision-support tool for environmental management, but the complexities of model building have historically required the involvement of a computer programming specialist to implement the scientific input of subject matter experts. Many ecologists avoid simulation modeling because of the ongoing perception that it demands excessive project resources and time, plus a very good fit with a computer programmer who typically has no knowledge of the scientific discipline. This chapter illustrates that model building is a natural part of everyday human experience, almost from birth. The implication of that fact is that the arrival of simple, intuitive simulation modeling platforms makes it possible for ecologists (and others) to develop their own sophisticated science-based models without relying on a dedicated computer programmer to write the code. Furthermore, the availability of well-supported, open-source software such as NetLogo (http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/) makes it unnecessary for the novice modeler to expend research project resources on costly proprietary software packages.
The ‘Law-Regulation Distinction’ and European Integration: Reflections on the German Jurisprudence from the 1960s to the Present

This article builds on my contribution to the conference "Art de la legislation et typologie des regimes constitutionnels" at the Institut Michel Villey, Universite Pantheon-Assas (Paris) in October 2009. In this piece, I examine the jurisprudence of the German Federal Constitutional Court (GFCC) on European integration since the 1960s, with particular attention given to the Maastricht and Lisbon decisions of 1993 and 2009. The article compares elements of these decisions with the so-called "law-regulation distinction" contained in the French constitution of 1958. I argue that this distinction, as interpreted by the French high courts, has served a purpose similar to a range of provisions in the German Basic Law of 1949 as interpreted by the GFCC: the reconciliation of administrative governance and constitutional democracy. (I call this the "postwar constitutional settlement of administrative governance"). A similar goal has animated the German jurisprudence on the limits on the delegation of normative power to the supranational level. The GFCC, without stating it explicitly, has relied on a conceptual framework drawn ultimately from the postwar settlement. The normative core of Court’s reasoning is a distinction between the proper realm of “law” belonging to the constitutional legislature and that of “regulation” belonging to the executive and administrative spheres, whether within or beyond the state. In important respects, the German jurisprudence has intuitively understood European integration as a supranational extension of the more general diffusion and fragmentation of normative power that characterizes modern administrative governance.
Acute respiratory diseases etiologic, diagnostic and therapeutic considerations.

This review might well be regarded as a summary of present knowledge of the large field of respiratory diseases and a brief review of the salient features, concerned primarily with the etiologic, pathogenic and therapeutic considerations. The etiologic, rather than the anatomic, approach to diagnosis is emphasized in order that an intelligent attitude towards therapy might be developed. The recent advances in discovery of new etiologic agents, e.g., adenoviruses, is discussed in some detail. Differential diagnosis includes such diseases as vesicular pharyngitis, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections, infections mononucleosis, poliomyelitis, ornithosis, and rickettsial diseases. Specific use of antimicrobial drugs for certain viral infections is emphasized. Dosage of available therapeutic drugs is detailed for the diseases in which they have been shown to be effective, such as rickettsial diseases, ornithosis, and complicating bacterial infections. Prophylactic uses are outlined and a warning against the uncritical use of such therapy is given. Many problems remain unsolved, but rapid progress is being made.
A Study of the Physiology of Resistance to Hydrocyanic Acid in the California Red Scale

The resistance of the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.), to hydrocyanic acid is a matter of practical as well as theoretical interest. Certain strains have become highly resistant to this fumigant, whereas other strains show no such resistance. It is evident from genetic studies that resistance is inherited, but there are no discernible morphological characteristics in which the resistant and nonresistant strains differ. Physiological differences between the strains must be the basis of variations in resistance to hydrocyanic acid. It is the purpose of this work to elucidate the nature of these differences.
Racial Differences in Communication Apprehension and Interprofessional Socialization in Fourth-Year Doctor of Pharmacy Students

Objective. To examine racial differences in communication apprehension and interprofessional socialization in fourth-year PharmD students and to investigate the relationship between the two constructs.Methods. Two measures with reliability and validity psychometric evidence were administered to fourth-year pharmacy students at a single historically black university with a large racial minority population. The Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA-24) measures level of fear or anxiety associated with communication. The Interprofessional Socialization and Valuing Scale (ISVS) measures beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors towards interprofessional collaborative practice.Results. One hundred fourteen students completed the survey. This produced a 77.4% response rate and 45.6% of the participants were African American. There were significant differences between races (ie, White, African-American, and Asian) on both measures. The PCRA-24 and ISVS were significantly correlated in each racial group.Con...
Intravenous Angiography Using Digital Video Subtraction: Intravenous Cervicocerebrovascular Angiography

The clinical application of intravenous angiography to study the cervicocerebrovascular system using the digital video subtraction system described in a companion article is reported. About 0.75 ml/kg of a standard 76% iodine contrast solution is injected into an antecubital vein using a power injector. Then 15-20 exposures of the head and neck region at a 1/sec rate are made on the image intensifier. The images are recorded by a high performance video system and the output signal is digitized for subsequent computer manipulation. The subtraction images of these vessels produced by the computer show the vessels clearly, even though they contain very low concentrations of contrast media. Standard exposure factors of 75–80 kVp, 9–10 msec at 800–1,000 mA are used. Clinically pertinent features of the data alteration and flow through the system and the step-by-step computer procedures used to achieve and analyze the various forms of subtracted images are described. Five experimental and clinical cases demonstrate appropriate applications to cervicocerebrovascular disease: (1) evaluating the effects of surgical and medical therapy on atherosclerosis; (2) providing a screening angiographic test for patients with asymptomatic bruits and/or positive noninvasive studies; (3) evaluating patients who have significant generalized vascular disease either precluding or presenting hazardous contraindications to transarterial catheterization; (4) evaluating significantly aged patients in whom standard angiography has higher risk; and (5) evaluating currently asymptomatic patients who are medically at higher risk for developing atherosclerotic lesions. Numerous examples of the various types of image manipulations are presented: (1) linear subtraction; (2) logarithmic subtraction; (3) alterations of electronic contrast enhancement (map slope); (4) the usefulness of a series of angiographic images; and (5) the importance of multiple projections with this technique.
Consecutive cycles of precise, unidirectional 14-bp deletions using a BseRI/BsgI trimming plasmid.

A straightforward method for generating precise, consecutive, unidirectional 14-bp deletions into cloned DNA, adopted from the trimming principle developed by Szybalski and his colleagues, is prese...
Crowding: timing of treatment

The late mixed dentition stage of development, after the eruption of the first premolars, is a favorable time to start treatment to resolve crowding. This protocol offers the clinician choices. If nonextraction treatment is preferable, arch length preservation can provide the space for alignment in approximately 75% of all patients with crowding. If extraction treatment is indicated, the first premolars are available.
Intracerebral hemorrhage: the next frontier for minimally invasive stroke treatment.

Great technical, scientific, and clinical advances have been made in the treatment of both emergent large vessel occlusions (ELVOs) and cerebral aneurysms. However, little progress has been made in the management of patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)—the leading cause of hemorrhagic stroke.1 ICH accounts for 10–15% of all strokes and is associated with the highest rates of morbidity and mortality of all stroke subtypes.1 ,2 Almost half of afflicted patients do not survive and only 20% of survivors are independent at 180 days.3 ,4 No medical interventions, with the exception of blood pressure management and anticoagulation reversal, have been shown to improve outcomes for these patients, and even for these treatments, evidence is conflicting.5–8 Two large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating open craniotomy for ICH did not show significant improvements in patient outcome. The Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH) evaluated over 1000 patients with spontaneous supratentorial hemorrhages, both deep and lobar, randomizing them to either open surgical evacuation or medical management.9–12 Surgery showed no beneficial effects on either clinical outcomes or mortality rates. Subsequently, STICH II evaluated over 600 patients with superficial (surgically accessible) lobar ICH without intraventricular extension. STICH II also showed no benefit for surgery over medical management.9–12 The lack of significant benefit for any specific intervention has engendered deep-seated skepticism within the neuroscience community about the potential for future research and the prospects for interventional therapies to help these patients.13 ,14 Moreover, low levels of reimbursement for the medical management of ICH have served as a further disincentive to both hospitals and …
Coprocessing Solvent Extraction Studies

A coprocessing solvent extraction flowsheet for recovery and purification of light water reactor (LWR) fuels has been developed. This flowsheet never completely separates uranium from plutonium. The flowsheet has changed operation of the partitioning contactor to achieve partial partitioning of uranium and plutonium. Partial partitioning has been demonstrated with simulated feeds and irradiated LWR fuel solutions with hydroxylamine nitrate reductant to concentrate the plutonium by factors of 6 to 27.4. Nitrite was shown to interfere with the reduction of plutonium. Increased hydroxylamine concentrations gave normal reduction behavior. 7 figures, 5 tables.
Extraction and Deployment of Human Guidance Policies

Abstract: Robust and adaptive human motion performance depends on learning, planning, and deploying primitive elements of behavior. Previous work has shown how human motion behavior can be partitioned at subgoal points, and primitive elements extracted as trajectory segments between subgoals. An aggregate set of trajectory segments are described by a spatial cost function and guidance policy. In this paper, Gaussian process regression is used to approximate cost and policy functions extracted from human-generated trajectories. Patterns are identifying in the policy function to further decompose guidance behavior into a sequence of motion primitives. A maneuver automaton model is introduced, simplifying the guidance task over a larger spatial domain. The maneuver automaton and approximated policy functions are then used to generate new trajectories, replicating original human behavior examples.
A retrospective analysis of the role of gefitinib in the definitive management of esophageal/gastroesophageal junction (E/GEJ) cancer.

e15000 Background: The role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition in resectable E/GEJ cancer is uncertain. We update and retrospectively compare results from two Cleveland Clinic trials of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and surgery; the second study differing only by the addition of gefitinib (G) to the treatment regimen. Methods: Eligibility required a diagnosis of E/GEJ squamous cell or adenocarcinoma (ACA), with an endoscopic ultrasound stage of at least T3, N1, or M1a (AJCC 6th). Patients (pts) in both trials received 5-FU (1000mg/m2/d) and cisplatin (20mg/m2/d) as continuous infusions over days 1-4 along with 30 Gy radiation at 1.5 Gy bid. Surgery followed in 4-6 weeks; identical CCRT was given 6-10 weeks later. The second trial added G, 250mg/d, on day 1 for 4 weeks, and again with postoperative CCRT for 2 years. Preliminary results and comparisons have been previously published. Results: Clinical characteristics were similar between the 80 pts on the G trial (2003-2006) and the...
Retail Characteristics and Ownership Structure

The choice of vertical relationships between an upstream manufacturer and a set of heterogeneous downstream retailers/entrepreneurs is examined using a principal-agent framework. Standard principal-agent theory predicts that as unobservable effort exerted by the retailer/entrepreneur becomes more important to the manufacturer, contracts between the manufacturer and agent will entail strong incentives and less direct control. The observability of effort is linked to retail characteristics in the gasoline industry, and station-level data on retail characteristics and ownership structure from every gasoline station in the Los Angeles retail gasoline market from 1992–1996 confirm the model's predictions.
Multi-objective design of microvascular panels for battery cooling applications

Abstract Building on a recently developed optimization method based on an interface-enriched generalized finite element method, multiple objective functions are considered for the optimization of 2D networks of microchannels embedded in battery-cooling panels. The objective functions considered in this study are a differentiable alternative to the maximum temperature (the p-mean of the temperature), the pressure drop and the variance of the temperature. The e -constraint method and the normalized normal constraint method are used to generate the pressure-temperature Pareto optimal front of the multi-objective optimization problem. The effects of different operating constraints/conditions such as localization of heat sources, prescribed pump power and imposed flow rate on the optimal designs are investigated. In addition to the topology of the embedded network, the cross sections of the microchannels are also introduced as design parameters to further improve the pressure drop of the designs. The resulting variable-cross-section optimized design is validated with experiment.
Themes of Paradise in Contemporary British and American Art

The idea of paradise has inspired the artistic imagination in, at least, two directions. One is an impulse to create a more perfect tomorrow by addressing social ills today. The other is sometimes manifest in a desire to recover a lost spiritual consciousness or creative imagination. These directions are evidenced in the work of two contemporary artists. In an exhibition entitled Tomorrow is Another Day , created for the 2017 Venice Biennale, Los Angeles-based artist Mark Bradford draws the viewer toward an imagined social horizon, beyond which dawns a more perfect world. Simultaneously on view in Venice, but not a part of the Biennale, Damien Hirst’s Treasures from the Wreck of the Unbelievable explores a rapacious hunger for immortality. Purporting to be the salvage of an ancient shipwreck, Hirst’s exhibition tests the modern, post-enlightenment, viewer’s willingness, even ability, to believe.
Equations of Motion of Free-Floating Spacecraft-Manipulator Systems: An Engineer's Tutorial.

The paper provides a step-by-step tutorial on the Generalized Jacobian Matrix approach for modelling and simulation of spacecraft-manipulator systems. The General Jacobian Matrix approach describes the motion of the end-effector of an underactuated manipulator system solely by the manipulator joint rotations, with the attitude and position of the base-spacecraft resulting from the manipulator motion. The coupling of the manipulator motion with the base-spacecraft are thus expressed in a generalized inertia matrix and a generalized Jacobian matrix. The focus of the paper lies on the complete analytic derivation of the generalized equations of motion of a free-floating spacecraft-manipulator system. This includes symbolic analytic expressions for all inertia property matrices of the system, including their time derivatives and joint-angle derivatives, as well as an expression for the generalized Jacobian of a generic point on any link of the spacecraft-manipulator system. The kinematics structure of the spacecraft-manipulator system is described both in terms of direction-cosine matrices and unit quaternions. An additional important contribution of this paper is to propose a new and more detailed definition for the modes of maneuvering of a spacecraft-manipulator. In particular, the two commonly used categories free-flying and free-floating are expanded by the introduction of five categories, namely floating, rotation-floating, rotation-flying, translation-flying, and flying. A fully-symbolic and a partially-symbolic option for the implementation of a numerical simulation model based on the proposed analytic approach are introduced and exemplary simulation results for a planar four-link spacecraft-manipulator system and a spatial six-link spacecraft manipulator system are presented.
Sporadic Burkitt Lymphoma with Orbital Extramedullary Infiltration.

Background/aims Sporadic Burkitt lymphoma is rarely associated with orbital involvement. Methods We present a case of sporadic Burkitt lymphoma with extramedullary subperiosteal leukemic infiltrates of the orbit and facial bones. Results Follow-up examination after chemotherapy and disease remission reveals resolution of the subperiosteal infiltrates. Conclusion Despite an aggressive presentation, cure is common with appropriate, intensive treatment. To our knowledge, this report is the first to photographically depict the resolution of extramedullary orbital subperiosteal leukemic infiltrates after appropriate chemotherapy.
Do environmental factors drive obesity? Evidence from international graduate students.

International students offer a unique window into the role environmental factors play in driving obesity. Naive estimates of the relationship between environmental factors and obesity are often plagued by reverse causation, sample selection, and omitted variable bias. In this study, we survey international students at 40 public universities across the United States. We use this unique data to link the weight gain of international students to the prevalence of obesity where they live. We argue that our estimates are less likely to be biased as international students have limited control over the environment to which they are exposed upon arrival in the United States. We find that students living in areas with a higher prevalence of obesity show a biologically important and statistically significantly greater increase in weight as compared to those living in areas with a lower prevalence of obesity. Results provide cautious evidence that environmental characteristics of a region can affect the weight gain of individuals.
Schools and Social Structure

There is a critical need to establish a bridge between the sociological literature on desegregation and several closely related areas, including cross-cultural education, interactional studies of schooling, and comparative educational stratification. This chapter discusses how desegregation is perceived and socially constructed in school settings. It also provides an overview of key theoretical implications of United States desegregation studies from an interactionist perspective and suggests the importance of both cross-cultural and individual-level variables for research on desegregation and educational stratification.
The incidence of factor VIII inhibitors in patients with severe hemophilia A.

Inhibitor development is a serious complication of hemophilia A treatment. Although studies of inhibitor prevalence had been published earlier,1–3 the possibility that there is increased risk of inhibitor formation with different Factor VIII (F.VIII)-containing products was first raised when heat-treated concentrates were introduced. However, this concern was quickly dropped when it was apparent that heat treatment was necessary to inactivate HIV. As a result, no systematic study during the 1980s directly compared heat treated and non-heat treated F.VIII concentrates.
9 – Particle Accelerators

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the nature of the forces on charges, and describes the arrangement and principle of operation of several important kinds of particle accelerators. A device that provides forces on charged particles by some combination of electric and magnetic fields and brings the ions to high speed and kinetic energy is called an accelerator. Many types have been developed for the study of nuclear reactions and basic nuclear structure, with an ever-increasing demand for higher particle energy. One way to accelerate ions to high speed is to provide a large potential difference between a source of charges and a target. In effect, the phenomenon of lightning, in which a discharge from charged clouds to the earth takes place, is produced in the laboratory. Successive electrical accelerations by electrodes and circular motion within a magnetic field are combined in the cyclotron. Ions such as protons, deuterons, or alpha particles are provided by a source at the center of a vacuum chamber located between the poles of a large electromagnet.
Safety and performance of current abuse-deterrent formulations.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Prescription opioid abuse is now an epidemic that has forced the government and industries to take initiatives. These include developing abuse-deterrent formulations (ADFs), issuing regulatory guidances and allocating massive budgets to ensure the safety and effectiveness of these medications.Areas covered: This review covers the regulatory guidance on evaluation and labeling of the branded and generic ADFs. It also includes the relevant patents and technologies, the in-vitro, in-vivo, the post-marketing data, the FDA reviews, and the products’ labeling of the FDA-approved products with abuse-deterrent features.Expert opinion: Despite the development of a dozen products with abuse-deterrent features, most of these technologies rely on the same deterrent agent, making it easier for abusers to focus their manipulation efforts and share their experience to defeat the technology. Further advancement in the field requires developing more robust, more diverse, safer, and affordable deterre...
Where Institutional Logics Meet Innovation Pathways: Internet search and the puzzle of librarians

Few innovations see as much everyday use as the Internet search engine. The history of the search engine’s development, however, raises an interesting puzzle: Though librarians claim information se...
Optimal SUAS Path Planning in Three-Dimensional Constrained Environments

Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems have grown in autonomy and capability and continue to complement Department of Defense mission objectives. Teaming unmanned aircraft with manned vehicles can expand ...
Examination of Homing Behaviors in Two Species of Crayfish Following Translational Displacements

Crayfish have been model systems for examining complex behaviors and the underlying neural mechanisms that guide these behaviors. While spatial learning has been examined in a subset of crayfish species, homing behaviors remained largely unexamined. Here we examined homing behavior following translational displacements in a primary burrowing (Creaserinus fodiens) and tertiary burrowing species (Faxonius rusticus). Individuals of both species were placed in an arena with artificial burrows embedded within the arena floor. The arena floor was fitted with a panel, which served as a treadmill belt to allow for translational displacement. Individuals were displaced after they had left the burrows. The movement pathways of displaced crayfish were compared with those in two control groups, one which underwent no displacement and the second in which the treadmill belt was displaced but returned to its original position almost immediately. Homing success for displaced individuals of both species was considerably reduced in comparison to the control groups. Moreover, displaced primary burrowers had significantly lower homing success in comparison to displaced tertiary burrowers. Primary burrowers exhibited greater homing error and significantly impaired homing behaviors compared with tertiary burrowers. Furthermore, heading angles in displaced groups (of both species) were significantly higher than the control group of both species. Species-specific differences in homing success and homing error indicate that primary burrowers were more negatively impacted by translational displacements. These homing differences indicate that these two species of crayfish have differing homing strategies.
Rights of Children

The origins and import of the constitutional recognition of children’s rights can be traced through some of the most important legal documents of the last 800 years, including the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, and the United States Bill of Rights. Both human rights and the cultural and historical weight accorded to the recognition of rights through constitutional expression are derived from these documents and the values they embodied. But it was the intersection of the more recent rise of international recognition of children’s rights in the global community during the 20th century with that historical precedent of embedding legal and political rights within national constitutions that laid a fertile foundation for the widespread constitutionalization of children’s rights in numerous countries around the world since 1989. Factor in decolonialization and the collapse of the Soviet Bloc -- providing an expansion in recognition of rights-holding populations and opportunities to establish new governments and draft new constitutions -- and it becomes clear that children’s rights advocates were provided the perfect moment in history to domesticate what had become nearly universal recognition of children as rights holders -- at least in the international community. This article was prepared for the Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law and provides a comparative overview of the constitutionalization of children's rights around the world over the past century.