cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR in HIV and SIV attachment, infection, and transmission.

Receptor binding largely governs HIV tropism since the presence of CD4 and an appropriate coreceptor, most often CCR5 or CXCR4, is a prerequisite for efficient membrane fusion and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (Alkhatib et al., 1996; Choe et al., 1996; Deng et al., 1996; Doranz et al., 1996; Dragic et al., 1996; Feng et al., 1996). Binding of the viral envelope (Env) protein to CD4 induces conformational changes in the gp120 subunit of Env that enable it to interact efficiently with a coreceptor (Lapham et al., 1996; Trkola et al., 1996; Wu et al., 1996). CD4 binding may also trigger conformational changes in gp41 that lead to exposure of the fusion peptide (Furuta et al., 1998; Melikyan et al., 2000). While the structural consequences of coreceptor binding are not well understood, it is clear that binding to coreceptor is needed for the final conformational changes in Env that lead to membrane fusion and virus entry. Inhibitors that prevent Env-coreceptor binding or that directly block conformational changes in Env needed for membrane fusion have been developed and are now in clinical trials (Doranz et al., 2001; Kilby et al., 1998). While engagement of CD4 and a coreceptor is required for efficient virus entry, simple attachment of HIV to the cell surface can occur via interactions with other cell surface molecules (reviewed in Ugolini et al., 1999). Attachment can be rate limiting for viral infection as evidenced by the fact that procedures which concentrate virus on the cell surface in vitro, such as spinoculation or inclusion of polycations in the virus inoculum, can markedly improve infection efficiency (O’Doherty et al., 2000). Binding of HIV to cell surface molecules such as heparan sulfate, or the inclusion of cellular adhesion proteins such as CD44, ICAM-1, or CD62L in the viral envelope,
Regional Development Implications of Foreign Direct Investment in Central Europe

Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been accorded a central role in the post-communist economic transformation of Central and Eastern Europe. This paper examines the regional effects of FDI in Central Europe (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) in the 1990s. It challenges uncritical views of FDI and its role in regional economic transformations by considering its potentially adverse effects for regional economic development, such as the intensification of uneven development, the development of a dual economy, failure to develop linkages with local and regional economies, and its contribution to increased regional economic instability. A case-study of the Czech automotive components industry illustrates the regional economic effects of FDI in Central Europe in terms of stability of investment, its links with the regional economy and its effects on domestic research and development.
College Student Perceptions of Victim Action: Will Targets of Stalking Report to Police?

Stalking is a concern on college campuses and it often goes unreported to authorities. This study seeks to determine whether gender of the respondent, gender of the victim/offender, and relationship status influence perceptions of victim reporting of stalking in a university setting. Regression results indicate that students believe that male victims and victims of an ex-intimate are significantly less likely to report their cases to police, while qualitative data suggests that gender norms, the potential for violence, and shame all play a role in perceptions of reporting. Implications of these findings are discussed, as well as directions for future research.
Amyloidosis: graviores morbos, asperis remedii

In this issue of Blood, Sanchorawala and colleagues provide 10-year follow-up of their efforts to treat immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis with high-dose melphalan in the 1990s. They report median survival durations approaching 5 years for all patients and exceeding 10 years for those attaining hematologic complete remission.
Imaging of Tracheobronchial Injuries

Tracheobronchial injuries are rare and can be life threatening. They can result from external injuries due to blunt or penetrating trauma or from internal injuries subsequent to inhalation of fumes, gases, and aspiration of liquids or foreign bodies. The most dangerous aspect of tracheal trauma is the fact that it is easily overlooked initially. Imaging studies play a pivotal role in timely diagnosis.
Silicate weathering and CO 2 consumption within agricultural landscapes, the Ohio-Tennessee River Basin, USA

Abstract. Myriad studies have shown the extent of human alteration to global biogeochemical cycles. Yet, there is only a limited understanding of the influence that humans have over silicate weathering fluxes; fluxes that have regulated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and global climate over geologic timescales. Natural landscapes have been reshaped into agricultural ones to meet food needs for growing world populations. These processes modify soil properties, alter hydrology, affect erosion, and consequently impact water-soil-rock interactions such as chemical weathering. Dissolved silica (DSi), Ca2+, Mg2+, NO3–, and total alkalinity were measured in water samples collected from five small (0.0065 to 0.383 km2) gauged watersheds at the North Appalachian Experimental Watershed (NAEW) near Coshocton, Ohio, USA. The sampled watersheds in this unglaciated region include: a forested site (70+ year stand), mixed agricultural use (corn, forest, pasture), an unimproved pasture, tilled corn, and a recently (
Effect of Coating Thickness and Penetration on Shear Behavior of Coated Fabrics

Many applications have been developed by taking advantage of the combined properties of rubber and textiles. For example, the shear behavior of rubber-coated fabrics is governed by the interaction of its two components, which is dependent on the yarn mobility. In this paper, the effect of coating penetration and thickness on the shear behavior is studied, along with the development of a combined lubrication theory and flow through a porous media model for coating penetration. For the shear deformation of the fabrics, nine types of woven PET fabrics are made and dip-coated multiple times in neoprene latex, with and without a coagulant agent. The results show that with the increase of coating thickness and penetration, the shear behavior becomes more similar to cord/textile embedded in rubber. The results from the modeling section suggest that a model can be developed to link the process and the material parameters to the ensuing coated fabric structure and its mechanical response.
Memory functions of nanocrystalline cadmium selenide embedded ZrHfO high-k dielectric stack

Metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors made of the nanocrystalline cadmium selenide nc-CdSe embedded Zr-doped HfO2 high-k stack on the p-type silicon wafer have been fabricated and studied for their charge trapping, detrapping, and retention characteristics. Both holes and electrons can be trapped to the nanocrystal-embedded dielectric stack depending on the polarity of the applied gate voltage. With the same magnitude of applied gate voltage, the sample can trap more holes than electrons. A small amount of holes are loosely trapped at the nc-CdSe/high-k interface and the remaining holes are strongly trapped to the bulk nanocrystalline CdSe site. Charges trapped to the nanocrystals caused the Coulomb blockade effect in the leakage current vs. voltage curve, which is not observed in the control sample. The addition of the nanocrystals to the dielectric film changed the defect density and the physical thickness, which are reflected on the leakage current and the breakdown voltage. More than half of the originally trapped holes can be retained in the embedded nanocrystals for more than 10 yr. The nanocrystalline CdSe embedded high-k stack is a useful gate dielectric for this nonvolatile memory device.
WHAT HAPPENED TO PATROL OPERATIONS IN KANSAS CITY? A REVIEW OF THE KANSAS CITY PREVENTIVE PATROL EXPERIMENT'

Abstract This paper reviews important aspects of the design, execution, and evaluation of the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment. The focus is on the operational behavior of the patrol force during the experiment and not on before-and-after crime statistics. Where appropriate, simple probabilistic models are employed to estimate frequencies of preventive patrols and response times in each of the experimental areas. These models, together with experimental data, demonstrate that (1) typical patrol intensities in Kansas City are not large enough to encompass the range of patrol intensities experienced in other cities, and (2) patrol visibility in the depleted areas (the reactive beats) due to responding calls for service is relatively quite large, perhaps even equalling the pre-experimental levels during high workload periods. Such models also demonstrate that travel distances into the reactive beats should not be markedly increased, as the researchers had expected. Based on models and experimental data, the analysis indicates that the particular experimental design used in Kansas City resulted in a significant continued patrol presence in the depleted areas, with little increase in travel times in those areas. This suggests two policy conclusions: (1) great caution should be used in attempting to induce the general value of a visible patrol presence from the results of the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment; (2) patrol administrators in other cities could, on a day-by-day basis if need be, remove conventional patrol coverage from certain beats and markedly increase manning in others nearby without incurring significant degradations in service (either actual or perceived) in the depleted areas. This second possibility facilitates the implementation of crime-directed patrol efforts.
Prenatal protein malnutrition reduces β2, β3 and γ2L GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in the adult septum

Rats exposed to prenatal protein malnutrition are less sensitive to the amnestic effects of chlordiazepoxide when administered directly into the medial septum. Here we report that prenatal malnutrition selectively decreases gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA(A)) receptor gamma(2L) mRNA levels in the medial septum, consistent with malnutrition-induced decreases in the amnestic effects of chlordiazepoxide infusion. In the lateral septum, beta(2) and beta(3) mRNA levels are also decreased, suggesting that prenatal malnutrition alters GABA(A) receptor gene expression in the septal complex.
Electroconvulsive therapy for depression.

An 82-year-old woman with severe depression, including psychotic symptoms, is referred for consideration of electroconvulsive therapy. She has had four episodes of major depression consisting of crying spells, loss of interest in usual activities, insomnia, loss of appetite and weight, difficulty with concentration, feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, and thoughts of suicide.
Effects of Gas-Phase Basicity on the Proton Transfer between Organic Bases and Trifluoroacetic Acid in the Gas Phase: Energetics of Charge Solvation and Salt Bridges†

The unimolecular dissociation pathways and kinetics of a series of protonated trimer ions consisting of two organic bases and trifluoroacetic acid were investigated using blackbody infrared radiative dissociation. Five bases with gas-phase basicities (GB) ranging from 238.4 to 246.2 kcal/mol were used. Both the dissociation pathways and the threshold dissociation energies depend on the GB of the base. Trimers consisting of the two most basic molecules dissociate to form protonated base monomers with an E(0) ~ 1.4 eV. Trimers consisting of the two least basic molecules dissociate to form protonated base dimers with an E(0) ~ 1.1-1.2 eV. These results indicate that the structures of the trimers change as a function of the GB of the basic molecule. The predominant structure of the protonated trimers consisting of the two most basic molecules is consistent with a salt bridge in which both of the basic molecules are protonated, and the trifluoroacetic acid molecule is deprotonated, whereas the predominant structure of the protonated trimers consisting of the two least basic molecules are consistent with charge-solvated complexes in which the proton is shared. The structure of the trimer consisting of the base of intermediate basicity is less clear; it dissociates to form primarily protonated base dimer, but has an E(0) ~ 1.2 eV. These results are consistent with the structure of this trimer as a salt bridge, but the resulting dissociation A(-). BH(+) product does not appear to be stable as an ion pair in the dissociative transition state.
Research in speech communication.

Abstract Advances in digital speech processing are now supporting application and deployment of a variety of speech technologies for human/machine communication. In fact, new businesses are rapidly forming about these technologies. But these capabilities are of little use unless society can afford them. Happily, explosive advances in microelectronics over the past two decades have assured affordable access to this sophistication as well as to the underlying computing technology. The research challenges in speech processing remain in the traditionally identified areas of recognition, synthesis, and coding. These three areas have typically been addressed individually, often with significant isolation among the efforts. But they are all facets of the same fundamental issue--how to represent and quantify the information in the speech signal. This implies deeper understanding of the physics of speech production, the constraints that the conventions of language impose, and the mechanism for information processing in the auditory system. In ongoing research, therefore, we seek more accurate models of speech generation, better computational formulations of language, and realistic perceptual guides for speech processing--along with ways to coalesce the fundamental issues of recognition, synthesis, and coding. Successful solution will yield the long-sought dictation machine, high-quality synthesis from text, and the ultimate in low bit-rate transmission of speech. It will also open the door to language-translating telephony, where the synthetic foreign translation can be in the voice of the originating talker.
An assessment of attraction toward affirmative action organizations: investigating the role of individual differences

Our study investigated applicant characteristics in response to organizations incorporating an affirmative action policy (AAP) statement in recruitment material. Study participants (N = 217; White upper-level management students) randomly received recruitment material containing one of three statements (e.g., affirmative action, equal employment opportunity (EEO), or no statement regarding affirmative action or EEO) and were asked to evaluate the attractiveness of the organization publicizing the designated policy. Results indicated that individuals responded negatively to AAPs in recruitment material because of prejudice attitudes, the perceived unfairness of such programs (which we relate to equity sensitivity), or in an attempt to protect their own self-interest (which we relate to general self-efficacy). Additionally, individuals' equity sensitivity and general self-efficacy both moderated the relationship between racial prejudice and organizational attractiveness. Specifically, the negative relationships between participants' prejudice attitudes and the attractiveness of organizations publicizing an affirmative action policy were stronger for benevolents (persons tolerant of situations where they are under-rewarded) and for persons low in self-efficacy. Implications of our findings for organizational recruitment practices are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preservation of original hydrothermal δ34S values in greenschist to upper amphibolite volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits

Laser microprobe analysis of sulfide mineral pairs from several volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) stockwork feeder zones shows that greenschist to upper amphibolite facies metamorphism will reset sulfur isotope thermometers if the mineral grains are in direct grain-to-grain contact. However, discrete monomineralic sulfide grains that are completely encased in quartz matrix and that are not in direct grain-to-grain contact with one another, will preserve their original hydrothermal sulfur isotope compositions, because exchange during metamorphism is inhibited by the enclosing quartz. Calculated temperatures from three separate VMS systems range from 170 to 424 °C for sulfide pairs that are not in direct grain-to-grain contact, and are consistent with independently determined temperature estimates. Sulfide pairs that are in direct contact yield unreasonably low temperatures, indicative of reequilibration during metamorphism and subsequent slow cooling.
Irreversability and magnetic hysteresis in type II superconductors

Abstract The models of hysteretic behavior of type II superconductors of Campbell et al. and Silcox and Rollins are examined quantitatively against experimental data and qualitatively against Abrikosov's theories. A new theory of hysteretic behavior is proposed which brings good agreement with these two standards. The theory is based on taking into account fluxoid-fluxoid interactions from interfluxoid distances greater than those of nearest neighbors, and a new reversible curve.
In inclusion-body myositis muscle fibers Parkinson-associated DJ-1 is increased and oxidized

Sporadic inclusion-body myositis (s-IBM) is the most common muscle disease of older persons. The muscle-fiber molecular phenotype exhibits similarities to both Alzheimer-disease (AD) and Parkinson-disease (PD) brains, including accumulations of amyloid-beta, phosphorylated tau, alpha-synuclein, and parkin, as well as evidence of oxidative stress and mitochondrial abnormalities. Early-onset autosomal-recessive PD can be caused by mutations in the DJ-1 gene, leading to its inactivation. DJ-1 has antioxidative and mitochondrial-protective properties. In AD and PD brains, DJ-1 is increased and oxidized. We studied DJ-1 in 17 s-IBM and 18 disease-control and normal muscle biopsies by: (1) immunoblots of muscle homogenates and mitochondrial fractions; (2) real-time PCR; (3) oxyblots evaluating DJ-1 oxidation; (4) light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry. Compared to controls, in s-IBM muscle fibers DJ-1 was: (a) increased in the soluble fraction, monomer 2-fold (P = 0.01), and dimer 2.8-fold (P = 0.004); (b) increased in the mitochondrial fraction; (c) highly oxidized; and (d) aggregated in about 15% of the abnormal muscle fibers. DJ-1 mRNA was increased 3.5-fold (P = 0.034). Accordingly, DJ-1 might play a role in human muscle disease, and thus not be limited to human CNS degenerations. In s-IBM muscle fibers, DJ-1 could be protecting these fibers against oxidative stress, including protection of mitochondria.
Persistence of disability 24 to 36 months after pediatric traumatic brain injury: a cohort study

This study examined the outcome of 0- to 17-year-old children 36 months after traumatic brain injury (TBI), and ascertained if there was any improvement in function between 24 and 36 months. Controls were children treated in the emergency department for an arm injury. Functional outcome 36 months after injury was measured by the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), the self-care and communication subscales of the Adaptive Behavior Assessment Scale-2nd edition (ABAS-II), and the Child and Adolescent Scale of Participation (CASP). At 36 months after TBI, those with moderate or severe TBI continued to have PedsQL scores that were 16.1 and 17.9 points, respectively, lower than at baseline, compared to the change seen among arm injury controls. Compared to the baseline assessment, children with moderate or severe TBI had significantly poorer functioning on the ABAS-II and poorer participation in activities (CASP). There was no significant improvement in any group on any outcomes between 24 and 36 months. Post-injury interventions that decrease the impact of these deficits on function and quality of life, as well as preventive interventions that reduce the likelihood of TBI, should be developed and tested.
What Is the Relationship Between the Response of Angina to Coronary Surgery and Anatomical Success

Analysis of clinical response, graft patency, and treadmill performance was carried out in 72 patients one year after aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass surgery. Thirty-four of 46 patients with complete relief of angina had all grafts patent at one year, as opposed to 4 of 14 unimproved patients (P < 0.01); 84.4% of 77 grafts in the former group were patent, as compared with 48% of 25 grafts in the latter group (P < 0.01). Similarly, treadmill tolerance and end-exercise heart rate were significantly increased in patients experiencing significant or complete clinical relief. Unimproved patients showed no improvement in these parameters. Individual observations indicated that graft patency did not always ensure clinical relief or abolition of ischemic treadmill responses.
RENAL MEDULLARY CARCINOMA

AbstractPurpose: Renal medullary carcinoma is a rare and extremely aggressive neoplasm that almost always develops in young patients with sickle cell trait. To our knowledge all cases to date have been metastatic at surgical resection. Pathological examination reveals an aggressive tumor mainly involving the renal medulla with a varied morphology. The prognosis is dismal. Mean survival from the time of resection is 15 weeks (range 2 to 52). The disease course has not been altered by surgery, radiotherapy or various regimens of chemotherapeutic agents.Materials and Methods: We add to the literature our experience treating renal medullary carcinoma in 2 cases and review the existing literature on this disease.Results: Both patients whom we treated died of the disease, as have the other 35 patients described in the literature.Conclusions: A high index of suspicion may lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment, and survival of patients with renal medullary carcinoma.
Vibration control of cylindrical shells using active constrained layer damping

The fundamentals of controlling the structural vibration of cylindrical shells treated with active constrained layer damping (ACLD) treatments are presented. The effectiveness of the ACLD treatments in enhancing the damping characteristics of thin cylindrical shells is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. A finite element model (FEM) is developed to describe the dynamic interaction between the shells and the ACLD treatments. The FEM is used to predict the natural frequencies and the modal loss factors of shells which are partially treated with patches of the ACLD treatments. The predictions of the FEM are validated experimentally using stainless steel cylinders which are 20.32 cm in diameter, 30.4 cm in length and 0.05 cm in thickness. The cylinders are treated with ACLD patches of different configurations in order to target single or multi-modes of lobar vibrations. The ACLD patches used are made of DYAD 606 visco-elastic layer which is sandwiched between two layers of PVDF piezo-electric films. Vibration attenuations of 85% are obtained with maximum control voltage of 40 volts. Such attenuations are attributed to the effectiveness of the ACLD treatment in increasing the modal damping ratios by about a factor of four over those of conventional passive constrained layer damping (PCLD) treatments. The obtained results suggest the potential of the ACLD treatments in controlling the vibration of cylindrical shells which constitute the major building block of many critical structures such as cabins of aircrafts, hulls of submarines and bodies of rockets and missiles.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Demonstration of high spatial resolution in ultrafast scanning tunneling microscopy

We demonstrate ultrafast dynamical imaging of surfaces using a scanning tunneling microscope with a low-temperature-grown GaAs tip photoexcited by 100-fs, 800-nm pulses. We detect picosecond transients on a coplanar stripline and demonstrate a temporal resolution (full-width at half maximum) of 1.7 ps. By dynamically imaging the stripline, we demonstrate that the local conductivity in the sample is reflected in the transient correlated current and that 20-nm spatial resolution is achievable for a 2 ps transient, correlated signal. We apply this technique of photoconductively-gated ultrafast scanning tunneling microscopy (PG-USTM) to study carrier dynamics in InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dot samples (SAQD) at T=300 K. The initial carrier relaxation proceeds via Auger carrier capture from the InAs wetting layer (WL) on a timescale of 1-2 ps, followed by recombination of carriers on a 900 ps timescale. Finally, we demonstrate junction-mixing ultrafast STM (JM-USTM) using picosecond voltage pulses propagating on a patterned metal-on-metal (Ti/Pt). Using JM-USTM we have achieved a spatio/temporal resolution of 2 nm/20 ps.
What should nations reveal about their spying from space? An examination of the US experience

Abstract Revelation of the details of countries' space-based reconnaissance programs was unusual until the end of the Cold War, despite debates on the subject within the US government. Since then – and in contrast to Russia – the USA has been more open about its spying activities. This article charts the history of declassification in the USA from the Eisenhower Administration to that of G.W. Bush. It discusses issues such as the need to ensure freedom of space for the operation of spy satellites, gaining public acceptance of space-based reconnaissance by demonstrating the civil uses of such photography, and tradeoffs between revealing one's capabilities and letting others know how closely their actions can be observed.
The influence of residual stresses on rolling contact mode II driving force in bearing raceways

Abstract This paper evaluates the effects of rolling-contact-generated residual stresses on the mode II cyclic stress intensity range ΔK II that drives subsurface crack growth in a rim subjected to repeated rolling contacts. It treats the circumferential residual stresses generated in high strength bearing steels in the early life (2 ⩽ N ⩽ 10 7 contacts ) and the higher levels existing in the later life (10 8 ⩽ N ⩽ 10 10 contacts ). ΔK II is evaluated for repeated, two-dimensional, frictionless rolling contact, for small, planar, subsurface cracks under linear elastic fracture mechanics conditions. The calculations are performed as a function of hertzian pressure, relative crack depth, crack inclination, and crack face friction for the two sets of residual stress fields. The results are compared with observations of crack growth and spalling. The work shows that the later life residual stresses substantially reduce the ΔK II values for rough cracks at all but the smallest inclinations, favoring the formation of shells.
The Circumstellar Environment of Evolved Stars as Revealed by Studies of Circumstellar Water Masers

This dissertation presents the results of a multi-epoch very long baseline interferometric (VLBI) study of water masers located in the extended atmospheres of seven evolved stars. The research was performed using the Very Long Baseline Array and Very Large Array of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Water masers are found to exist in the atmospheres of evolved, oxygen-rich stars where a population inversion of the rotational transition at 22 GHz can be maintained by collisional pumping. The masers are identified as individual pockets or filaments of gas, which have good velocity coherence and may be imaged using radio interferometry. Stellar winds are initiated in these sources by dust formation and acceleration of the gas through momentum coupling. The typical wind speeds in the region of the water masers are 10 to 20 \kms. The water masers in several evolved stars (VY CMa, VX Sgr, S Per, U Her, IK Tau, RX Boo and NML Cyg) have been observed at three epochs and exhibit proper motions consistent with the assumed source distances and the measured outflow velocity in the water maser region. Estimates of the distance to the sources using statistical approximation are in agreement with the currently accepted distances to the stars. The following stars had reliable distances determined using proper motion data: S Per (2.3 ± 0.5 kpc), VY CMa (1.4 ± 0.2 kpc), VX Sgr (1.4 ± 0.3 kpc). An upper limit for the distance of NML Cyg was obtained ( 3.5 kpc). The remaining stars had too few maser detections (RX BOO, IK Tau) or were not strong enough at all epochs (U Her) to self-calibrate using the VLBA. A detailed kinematic model was used to describe the flow motions of the gas in the maser region. The regions are found to be complex and not well modeled by uniform radial outflow, radial outflow with rotation, or radial outflow with acceleration. The reasons for this are explored and include the probable presence of anisotropic velocity fields induced through non-uniform dust formation near the star.
The Effect of Visual vs. Verbal Stimuli on Gesture Production

Previous research suggests that speakers gesture more when they are describing information learned in a visuo-spatial format than when describing information learned in a verbal format. The present study examined whether this difference in gesture is due to decreased verbal accessibility when information has been learned visuo-spatially or to the decreased accessibility of mental images when information has been learned verbally. Participants described the events of stories learned in two conditions. In one condition, the participants heard a verbal description twice. In the other condition, the participants heard the verbal description once and then watched an animated cartoon of the events. We found increased representational gestures when speakers had watched the cartoon in addition to hearing its description. Importantly, this increase in gesture does not appear to be due to differences in speech accessibility or output, suggesting that speakers gesture when they have a clear image in mind and not just when they do not have ready access to verbal labels.
Reactions of Silanes and Silyl Halides with Trans-MeIr(CO)[P(p-tolyl)3]2, Carbon–Hydrogen and Carbon–Silicon Bond Formation

Abstract Reaction of silanes (HSiR3, R3 = Me2Ph, (OMe)3) with trans-MeIr(CO)[P(p-tolyl)3]2 leads to methane and HIr(SiR3)2(CO)[P(p-tolyl)3]2 through oxidative addition and reductive elimination sequences. These reactions contrast with those involving the addition of silanes to analogous alkoxo indium complexes. Reaction of Me3SiI with trans-MeIr(CO)[P(p-tolyl)3]2 produces Me4Si and Ir(SiMe3)(CO)[P(p-tolyl)3]2I2, thus providing the first example of oxidative addition of silicon-iodide bonds at ambient conditions. These reactions demonstrate the formation of carbon-hydrogen and silicon-carbon bonds.
Brief Report: No Association between Parental Age and Extreme Social-Communicative Autistic Traits in the General Population.

This is the first investigation of the relationship between parental age and extreme social-communicative autistic traits in the general population. The parents of 5,246 children in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) completed the Social and Communication Disorders Checklist (SCDC). The association between parental age and SCDC scores was assessed in the full sample and among high scoring individuals (e.g. top 5%, 1%). There was no association between parental age and social-communicative autistic traits in the general population. Neither maternal nor paternal age was associated with extreme scores. These findings suggest that advanced parental age does not confer increased risk for extreme social and communication impairment assessed quantitatively.
Pretreating Dent Corn Grits for Puffing in a Rice Cake Machine

The best operational conditions for puffing dent corn grits with a rice cake machine were 14% grit moisture, 215°C and 9 sec. Salting and steaming, low pH soaking medium, larger corn grit sizes, 2% glycerin, and 2% corn oil tended to increase puffed volume of the corn cakes. Smaller grit sizes, 3% alcohol and high pH soaking medium had negative effects on corn cake volume. Acid-modification of corn starch, 1% or 3% corn oil, and up to 10% sugar had no effect.
Die Stellung des Subgenus Orobus (L.) Baker in der Gattung Lathyrus L. und seine systematische Gliederung

Innerhalb der Tribus Vicieae (Fam. Fabaceae) bilden Lathyrus, Pisum, Vicia und Lens einen Komplex recht nahe verwandter Gattungen. Die Grundung der Gattung Orobus L. auf die rankenlosen Lathyrus-Arten mit nicht gedrehtem Griffel ist unnaturlich und kann nicht aufrecht erhalten werden. Ebenso kunstlich ist die Trennung der rankenlosen von den rankentragenden Arten als Sect. Orobus und Sect. Orobastrum Boiss. Beide Sektionen werden zum Subgenus Orobus zusammengefast. Diese Untergattung enthalt die phylogenetisch altesten Formenkreise. Alle nordamerikanischen Arten (auser Lathyrus pusillus Elliot) gehoren ebenfalls hierher, die systematische Stellung der sudamerikanischen und ihre Beziehungen zu den eurasiatischen und nordamerikanischen Arten ist im einzelnen noch unklar. Das Subgen. Orobus wird in die Sektionen Orobus, Platystylis, Pratensis, Eurytrichon, Orobon und Neurolobus gegliedert. Aufrechter Wuchs, vielpaarig gefiederte Blatter mit grosen, breiten Blattchen und Nebenblattern, vielblutige Blutentrauben, dorsiventrale Kelche und lineale Griffel charakterisieren die Arten der Sect. Orobus, die fast alle Bewohner der Laubund Nadelwalder der gemasigten Zone sind. Sie bilden zusammen mit den nordamerikanischen Arten den Grundstock eines alten tertiaren Gurtelareals, aus dem sich zahlreiche weitere Formenkreise entwickelt haben, die heute vor allem das Mediterrangebiet Europas und Sudwestasien bewohnen.
Angle of arrival estimation without EVD for coherent sources

A novel method is introduced in this paper that estimates direction of arrival (DOA) utilizing coherent and noncoherent signals that are impinging on an array of antenna elements in multipath environment. This algorithm presents several advantages over the classical subspace algorithms such as root MUSIC and ESPRIT with forward/backward spatial smoothing. The major advantages are that the proposed method does not require the forward/backward spatial smoothing to detect coherent sources whereas it is required for Root MUSIC and ESPRIT methods. The proposed algorithm does not require Eigen decomposition unlike spatially smoothed covariance matrix in Root MUSIC and ESPRIT methods. These advantages reduce the computational complexity while maintaining the accurate estimation. Simulation results show better performance for the proposed method when compared with forward/backward spatial smoothing Root MUSIC for one-dimensional DOA estimation.
Differential regulation of constitutive and retinoic acid-induced galectin-1 gene transcription in murine embryonal carcinoma and myoblastic cells.

Abstract Galectin-1 (gal-1), a galactoside-binding lectin, is found in many vertebrate tissues and its expression is regulated during development. We had found that gal-1 expression is increased in F9 murine embryonal carcinoma cells concurrently with induction of differentiation by all- trans retinoic acid (RA). In contrast, gal-1 expression was constitutively high in murine myoblastic C2C12 cells. Therefore, we used these two cell types as models to begin to understand the mechanisms underlying constitutive and RA-induced gal-1 expression. We transfected transiently into F9 cells a series of reporter constructs containing different deletions of the 5′ upstream region of the gal-1 gene promoter placed upstream of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter cDNA and evaluated the activation of transcription by RA treatment. The results indicate that the induction of gal-1 by RA is regulated at least partially at the level of transcription. A strong RA responsiveness region was found within the sequence from −1578 to −1448 upstream of the transcription start site (+1). In contrast, the high constitutive gal-1 expression in C2C12 cells appeared to be mediated by a sequence within the promoter region from −62 to +1, which contains an Sp1 consensus sequence. A gel electrophoretic mobility shift assay indicated that the transcription factor SP1 bound to the gal-1 Sp1 site and mutagenesis of this Sp1 site abolished both the binding of nuclear proteins to the mutated Sp1 site and the high constitutive expression of the gal-1 gene. The results demonstrate that gal-1 expression is cell type-specific and suggest that different factors regulate constitutive and RA-induced gal-1 expression.
Isolation and protein composition of the outer membrane ofErwinia amylovora

The outer membrane (OM) ofErwinia amylovora was separated from the cytoplasmic membrane either by isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation or by treating the envelope preparation with sodium lauroylsarcosine. Outer membranes, prepared by using either method, were similar in the content of the major proteins as revealed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The wild-type strains ofE. amylovora (E9, E8, EA178, EA198, EA225, EA273) had—in common in the OM—two major protein bands of apparent molecular weights of 15,800 (protein z) and 38,000 (protein y). The OM protein profiles of the virulent wild-type (E9) and the avirulent mutant (E8) were identical but differed from otherE. amylovora strains by the presence of an additional major protein band of approximately 40,000 (protein x). In strain E9, protein x appeared to be associated with the peptidoglycan, whereas proteins y and z were apparently not peptidoglycan-bound.
Colorectal cancer surveillance after age 65 years.

Abstract Background It would be valuable to determine whether or not asymptomatic patients 60 to 65 years of age with normal colonoscopies should continue to undergo serial colorectal cancer surveillance examinations. Methods Data were obtained from retrospective review of our existing database. Additional data were obtained from patients’ medical records, office charts, and pathology reports. In situ endoscopic measurements were performed using a biopsy forceps that was 7 mm when fully extended. Results Over the past 25 years, 699 asymptomatic patients between 60 and 65 years of age underwent colonoscopies which revealed no pathology. As part of their routine continuing colorectal surveillance and without any prior abnormal endoscopic findings, 56 of these patients underwent a total of 123 colonoscopies after age 65. Thirty-seven patients (66%) had surveillance colonoscopies that continued to be normal while 13 patients (23%) were diagnosed with colorectal adenomas and 6 patients (11%) were found to have hyperplastic polyps. No cancers were discovered. Conclusions Patients over the age of 65 should continue to undergo colorectal surveillance even if prior examinations have been negative.
A framework for assessing flood frequency based on climate projection information

Abstract. Flood safety is of the utmost concern for water resources management agencies charged with operating and maintaining reservoir systems. Risk evaluations guide design of infrastructure alterations or lead to potential changes in operations. Changes in climate may change the risk due to floods and therefore decisions to alter infrastructure with a life span of decades or longer may benefit from the use of climate projections as opposed to use of only historical observations. This manuscript presents a set of methods meant to support flood frequency evaluation based on current downscaled climate projections and the potential implications of changing flood risk on how evaluations are made. Methods are demonstrated in four case study basins: the Boise River above Lucky Peak Dam, the San Joaquin River above Friant Dam, the James River above Jamestown Dam, and the Gunnison River above Blue Mesa Dam. The analytical design includes three core elements: (1) a rationale for selecting climate projections to represent available climate projections; (2) generation of runoff projections consistent with climate projections using a process-based hydrologic model and temporal disaggregation of monthly downscaled climate projections into 6-h weather forcings required by the hydrologic model; and (3) analysis of flood frequency distributions based on runoff projection results. In addition to demonstrating the methodology, this paper also presents method choices under each analytical element, and the resulting implications to how flood frequencies are evaluated. The methods used reproduce the antecedent calibration period well. The approach results in a unidirectional shift in modeled flood magnitudes. The comparison between an expanding retrospective (current paradigm for flood frequency estimation) and a lookahead flood frequency approach indicate potential for significant biases in flood frequency estimation.
Distributed deadlock detection algorithm

We propose an algorithm for detecting deadlocks among transactions running concurrently in a distributed processing network (i.e., a distributed database system). The proposed algorithm is a distributed deadlock detection algorithm. A proof of the correctness of the distributed portion of the algorithm is given, followed by an example of the algorithm in operation. The performance characteristics of the algorithm are also presented.
Seismic moment assessment of earthquakes in stable continental regions—III. New Madrid 1811–1812, Charleston 1886 and Lisbon 1755

SUMMARY The sizes of three major or great historical earthquakes are reassessed using the isoseismal-area-regression tools developed in Parts I and II of this study of stable continental region (SCR) seismicity. The earthquakes are 1811 New Madrid, central United States, and its following sequence; 1886 Charleston, coastal South Carolina; and 1755 Lisbon, oceanic intraplate off the continental shelf of Portugal. The analysis confirms the large size of these events and for the first time places constraints on the uncertainty of their seismic moment release. Because of the exceptionally low seismic-wave attenuation of eastern North America (ENA), a separate North American regression of seismic moment on isoseismal area was developed. Additionally, the unknown western extents of the New Madrid isoseismal areas were calibrated with the patterns of the M 6.3-6.6 1843 and 1895 earthquakes. Application of Part II analysis procedures with these corrections yields New Madrid size estimates, expressed as moment magnitude, of M 8.1±0.31 for the 1811 December 16, M 7.8±0.33 for the 1812 January 23, and M 8.0±0.33 for the 1812 February 7 principal events. The Charleston earthquake's magnitude decreases from M≳7.4 to M 7.3±0.26 after compensation for the effect of coastal plain sediments on its inner isoseismals. Intensity regressions for Lisbon are calibrated against the isoseismal pattern of the nearly co-located M 7.8 1969 St Vincent earthquake, which in this case increases the predicted size of Lisbon from M 8.4 to M 8.7±0.39. These size estimates are supported by data from independent phenomena: extent and severity of liquefaction, the maximum distance of induced landslides, and for Lisbon, tsunami wave amplitudes. Estimated source parameters are controlled by crustal or lithospheric temperature, which governs the depth extent of brittle faulting. Using estimated continental and oceanic geotherms, viable fault lengths are 30–80 km for Charleston, 120–180 km for 1811 New Madrid, and 180–280 km for Lisbon for average displacements of 2–4 m, 8–11 m, and 10–14 m, respectively, and for average static stress and strain drops. At the estimated seismic moments of this study, the 1811 New Madrid and the 1755 Lisbon events are, respectively, the largest known SCR and oceanic lithosphere earthquakes.
Objective Speech Intelligibility Measure for Low Bit-Rate Speech Codecs Operating in Noisy Channels

Low bit-rate speech codecs are important in many critical communication systems used by the military, police and fire departments, homeland security and other first responders. Such codecs offer low bandwidth, ease of encryption, and reasonable voice quality. Their increasing role in emergency communication scenarios requires them to function reliably under marginal RF channel conditions exhibiting low signal-to-noise ratios and multi-path in a harsh mobile environment. The result is increased bit error rates that may seriously degrade speech intelligibility. This paper introduces an objective tool based on a statistical language model for assessing intelligibility in these situations. Such a tool could be used to develop communication systems that are robust in harsh RF channels, for evaluating the effectiveness of radios prior to deployment, and perhaps even for real-time monitoring of system performance. Subjective human listener-based assessment is always the gold standard; however, the time and expense of such tests make them inappropriate for many practical applications. For the proposed technique, correlation with subjective intelligibility was measured to be 0.96, and appears to be text, speaker, and technology independent.
Racist Nativism in the 21st Century

Since the 1960s, academia and the public have frequently used racism as the catch-all phrase to explain any racial or ethnic injustice identified in America. However, are the disparities domestic minorities face the same as those faced by immigrant minorities? For example, journalists have suggested that the various state immigration policies targeting Hispanic immigrants in the United States recently are as racist as the Jim Crow laws enacted decades ago. In this essay, I contend that while nativism and racism are kissing cousins, distinguishing and using these concepts may lend to more precise explanations of the issues many racial and ethnic minorities face who exist outside of the Black‐White dichotomy that has traditionally characterized United States. To untangle these terms, I review recent scholarship to provide up-to-date definitions, as well as reintroduce the concept of ‘racist nativism’ to better explain the variability that characterizes racial or ethnic prejudice and discrimination in 21st century America.
Measurement of the Short-Term Stability of Quartz Crystal Resonators and the Implications for Crystal Oscillator Design and Applications

A new technique is presented which makes it possible to measure the inherent short-term stability of quartz crystal resonators in a passive circuit. Comparisons with stability measurements made on crystal controlled oscillators indicate that noise in the electronics of the oscillators very seriously degrades the inherent stability of the quartz resonators for times less than 1 s. A simple model appears to describe the noise mechanism in crystal controlled oscillators and points the way to design changes which should improve their short-term stability by two orders of magnitude. Calculations are outlined which show that with this improved short-term stability it should be feasible to multiply a crystal controlled source to 1 THz and obtain a linewidth of less than 1 Hz. In many cases, this improved short-term stability should also permit a factor of 100 reduction in the length of time necessary to achieve a given level of accuracy in frequency measurements.