cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extending modern PaaS clouds with BSP to execute legacy MPI applications

As the popularity of cloud computing continues to increase, a significant amount of legacy code implemented using older parallel computing standards is outdated and left behind. This forces the organizations to port the old applications into new cloud platforms. This, however, violates the "develop once - run anywhere" principle promised by utility computing. As a solution to this problem, we explore the possibility of executing unmodified MPI applications over a modern parallel computing platform. Using BSP as a bridging model between MPI and the Hadoop framework, we implement a prototype MPI runtime for today's computing clouds, which eliminates the overhead of porting legacy code.
The Effects of Electron‐Donating Substituents on [Ir(bpy)Cp*Cl]+: Water Oxidation versus Ligand Oxidative Modifications

A series of [Ir(bpy)Cp*Cl]Cl (bpy: 2,2′-bipyridine; Cp*: pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) complexes with 4,4′- and 6,6′-substituents on the bipyridine ring were synthesized and used for water oxidation both electrochemically and with chemical oxidants. Under electrochemical water-oxidation reaction (WOR) conditions at pH = 1, blue films were observed to deposit on the electrode surfaces for all of the complexes, without the detection of oxygen. For chemically driven WORs, three oxidants with different overpotentials and electron-transfer kinetics led to very different behaviors. [Ru(bpy)3]3+ was shown to slowly oxidize the ligands without generating oxygen at pH = 3.7. With NaIO4 as the oxidant at neutral pH, oxygen generation was observed, but ligand oxidation was also seen for the complexes with electron-donating substituents such as –OMe or –OH groups. With Ce4+ as the oxidant at pH = 1, a competition between water oxidation and ligand decomposition existed; less ligand decomposition was observed for catalysts that are more active for WOR. These results indicate the intricate nature of molecule water-oxidation catalysts and their complex behaviors that are highly sensitive to water-oxidation conditions.
Influence of the reflected rayleigh wave on a propagating edge crack

In experimental studies of rapid crack propagation in solids, specimens in the two dimensional single edge notch configuration are commonly used. If the motion of the crack tip differs significantly from steady motion, then Rayleigh surface waves are generated at the crack tip, and these waves propagate along the crack faces in the direction of crack growth. These surface waves can overtake the propagating crack tip. Several investigators have recently observed that the available data suggest that these reflected surface waves play a role in the crack arrest process [1,2]. The purpose here is to give a preliminary report on the evidence available in the theory of elastic crack propagation which supports this suggestion on the influence of surface waves. The elastodynamic boundary value problem which would serve as a model of this process is extremely difficult to solve, and it is unlikely that a solution in which the surface waves effects are separated from other effects will be available in the near future.
Preservation of washed bovine spermatozoa in a synthetic medium at room temperature.

Abstract 1. 1. Development is described of a completely synthetic medium that permitted storage at room temperature of washed bovine spermatozoa for one week with 10 per cent loss of initial motility. 2. 2. The respiratory ability and the ATP and ADP content of the stored cells declined rapidly with time. The relationship of these measurements to the state of “health” of the cells is not clear. 3. 3. Measurement of DNP-stimulated ATP-ase activity of stored cells indicated that the ability to couple oxidation and phosphorylation may not be impaired.
SEED DEVELOPMENT IN ACALYPHA RHOMBOIDEA AND SOME OTHER EUPHORBIACEAE

IN THE course of a study on Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. to determine the chromosome number, a few ovules in late stages of development were examined. It was noted that vascular strands were present in tissue that apparently belonged to the nucellus. Since this has been seldom reported, it was thought worth while to make a more complete investigation on this species and some other members of the Euphorbiaceae. The earlier cytological literature dealing with Euphorbiaceae has been summarized by Schiirhoff (1924); descriptions of their embryogeny have been brought together by Schnarf (1929), and those of seed anatomy by Netolitzky (1926). These reviews do not include a paper by Mandl (1926) which reports that short branches 'of the vascular bundle lie in the nucellus of the species of Euphorbia that he studied, one by Wiehr (1930) on the histology of mature seeds of a number of species belonging to 7 genera of the Euphorbiaceae, and one by Maheshwari and Johri (1940) on Acalypha indica which deals mainly with the origin of the nucellar beak and deviations that occur in the development of the embryo sac. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-Staminate and pistillate flowers of Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. were collected in 1940 along Madison streets and, in 1941, from the university campus near the lake shore where the species grows luxuriantly. Belling's and Randolph's modifications of Navashin's fixative were used chiefly; a small amount of material was fixed in Juel's solution. Sections were cut from 10 to 15 tt in thickness. The stains used included fast green and safranin, Flemming's triple stain, Conant's quadruple stain, Heidenhain's and Delafield's haematoxylin, and Newton's crystal violetiodine combination. The last proved most satisfactory. Flowers of other Euphorbiaceae, mostly from Wisconsin, were similarly fixed, sectioned and stained for comparison with Acalypha rhomboidea. These species include Croton glandulosus var. septentrionalis Muell. Arg., collected at Lodi; Euphorbia dentata Michx. and E. nutans Lag. from Monona Bay; E. maculata L. from the university campus; E. Esula L. and E. corollata L. from Middleton; E. marginata Pursh from Atchison, Kansas, and also from near Lodi, where it had escaped from a garden; and Codiaeum variegatum Blume from a single plant in the botanical greenhouse. Representative plants of each of these species
Isolation and immunological characterization of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase from human liver.

Abstract 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) has been isolated from human liver utilizing HMG-CoA affinity chromatography. The apparent monomer molecular weight of purified human HMG-CoA reductase by SDS-gel electrophoresis was 53,000, and the oligomeric molecular weight determined by sucrose density centrifugation was 104,000. A monospecific antibody prepared against rat liver HMG-CoA reductase inhibited the enzymic activity of microsomal and purified human liver enzyme and formed a single immunoprecipitin line by radial immunodiffusion. These results represent the initial isolation and characterization of human liver HMG-CoA reductase.
Nutrition and Muscle Catabolism in Maintenance Hemodialysis: Does Feeding Make Muscle Cells Selective Self-Eaters?

Efforts to build muscle by increased protein feeding in hemodialysis patients have been thwarted by parallel increases in both muscle protein synthesis and degradation. The evidence suggests that muscle cells replace older proteins in response to feeding rather than using new proteins to drive muscle cell hypertrophy. This review presents the hypothesis that protein feeding provides an opportunity for muscle to accelerate proteolysis of proteins that have been damaged by oxidation, nitrosylation, and/or glycosylation and to replace damaged mitochondria that contribute to oxidative stress. Increases in proteolysis with feeding are driven by insulin resistance and the increased oxidative stress of mitochondrial respiration. Oxidized proteins and organelles are excellent substrates for degradation by the proteasome, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy: these systems of proteolysis seem to be activated by oxydatiative stress. Replacement of oxidized and other damaged proteins may be a benefit of protein feeding in hemodialysis, but alternative strategies, including exercise, will be required to build muscle.
Características clínicas e identidad genérica en subtipos de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria

Background: Gender identity is a relevant issue in the approach to eating disorders. Aim: To compare psychological and behavioural characteristics and traits of gender identity among women with eating disorders and its subtypes and non eating disordered female subjects. Material and Methods: An structured clinical interview based on the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for eating disorders, the EAT-40 (Eating Attitudes Test), the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (IBRS) were administered to 58 compulsive-purgative anorectics (AN/BN group), 15 restrictive anorectics (AN group), 33 patients suffering from eating disorder not otherwise identified, 33 purgative bulimics and to 82 female students without eating disorders. Results: Patients with eating disorders ranked significantly higher on the EAT-40 and EDI and all its items (p <0.001). The AN/BN group ranked significantly higher on the EDI (p <0.001) and on Drive for thinness, Perfectionism and interpersonal distrust (p <0.001). The AN group ranked higher on Maturity fears (p <0.001). The BN group ranged higher on Body dissatisfaction, Ineffectiveness and Interoceptive awareness (p <0.001). Patients with eating disorders were significantly identified with Feminine category and subjects without eating disorders with Androgynous and Undifferentiated categories on the IBRS (p=0.002). The AN group showed the highest percentage on Feminine category and the lowest on Androgynous and Undifferentiated categories. All the groups rejected and approved feminine, masculine and neutral qualities. Conclusions: Femininity emerged as the main trait of gender identity in patients suffering from eating disorders, in contrast to androgyny, showed by healthy women (Rev Med Chile 2003; 131: 748-58)
Amyloid precursor protein secretases as therapeutic targets for traumatic brain injury

The neurotoxic Aβ peptide is produced after traumatic brain injury. Mark P. Burns and his colleagues show that inhibiting the enzymes involved in Aβ production can block the neuron death and neurological dysfunction that occurs after traumatic brain injury. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, found in Alzheimer's disease brain, accumulate rapidly after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both humans and animals. Here we show that blocking either β- or γ-secretase, enzymes required for production of Aβ from amyloid precursor protein (APP), can ameliorate motor and cognitive deficits and reduce cell loss after experimental TBI in mice. Thus, APP secretases are promising targets for treatment of TBI.
Infrared and Raman spectra, ab initio calculations and vibrational assignment for 3-fluoro-1-butyne

Abstract The infrared (3500-80 cm −1 ) and Raman (3500-20 cm −1 ) spectra of 3-fluoro-1-butyne, CH 3 CHFCCH, have been recorded for the gas and solid. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the liquid has also been recorded to aid in the vibrational assignment. Ab initio electronic structure calculations of energies, geometrical structures, vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, Raman activities and the potential energy function for the methyl torsion have been calculated to assist in the interpretation of the spectra. The fundamental torsional mode is observed at 251 cm −1 with a series of sequence peaks falling to lower frequency. The three-fold methyl torsional barrier is calculated to be 1441 ± 20 cm −1 (4.12 ± 0.06 kcal mol −1 ) where the uncertainty is partly due to the uncertainty in values of the V 6 term. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed based on band contours, relative intensities, and ab initio predicted frequencies. Several fundamentals are significantly shifted in the condensed phases compared to values in the vapor state.
The Effects of Electric Currents and Fields on Deformation in Metals, Ceramics, and Ionic Materials: An Interpretive Survey

Abstract The experimental and theoretical results of 50 years of research on the effects of electrical fields on deformation at high and low temperatures are reviewed. Application of currents to metals above a threshold in the range of about 3 × 102 to about 3 × 103 amp/cm2 (depending on material) increases the strain rate (i.e., decreases the stress). Above that threshold, the relationship between current density and strain rate is log-linear with a slope of about 3, independent of material. Many of the experiments were done in a “pulsed” mode to reduce Joule heating. The amount of Joule heating was measured and analytically eliminated from the results. Careful analysis of the data showed that the major effect of a field was to increase the frequency term . Reductions in the activation enthalpy and energy reductions due to the wind force were modest in terms of their effect on increasing the strain rate. The wind force on dislocations may be viewed as resulting from drift of the electron cloud; at low di...
A K319N/E325Q double mutant of the lactose permease cotransports H+ with lactose. Implications for a proposed mechanism of H+/lactose symport.

Abstract In this study, we have examined the transport characteristics of the wild-type lactose permease, single mutants in which Lys-319 was changed to asparagine or alanine or Glu-325 was changed to glutamine or alanine, and the corresponding double mutant strains. The wild-type and Asn-319 mutant showed high levels of lactose uptake, with K m values of 0.42 and 1.30 mm and V max values of 102.6 and 48.3 nmol of lactose/min/mg of protein, respectively. The Asn-319/Gln-325 strain had a normal K m of 0.36 mm and a moderate V max of 18.5 nmol of lactose/min/mg of protein. By comparison, the single E325Q strain had a normal K m of 0.27 mm but a very defective V max of 1.3 nmol of lactose/min/mg of protein. A similar trend was observed among the alanine substitutions at these positions, although the V max values were lower for the Ala-319 mutations. When comparing theV max values between the single position 325 mutants with those of the double mutants, these results indicate that neutral 319 mutations substantially alleviate a defect inV max caused by neutral 325 mutations. With regard to H+/lactose coupling, the wild-type permease is normally coupled and can transport lactose against a gradient. The position 325 single mutants showed no evidence of H+transport with lactose or thiodigalactoside (TDG) and were unable to facilitate uphill lactose transport. The single Asn-319 mutant and double Asn-319/Gln-325 mutant were able to transport H+upon the addition of lactose or TDG. In addition, both of these strains catalyzed a sugar-dependent H+ leak that inhibited cell growth in the presence of TDG. These two strains were also defective in uphill transport, which may be related to their sugar-dependent leak pathway. Based on these and other results in the literature, a model is presented that describes how the interactions among several ionizable residues within the lactose permease act in a concerted manner to control H+/lactose coupling. In this model, Lys-319 and Glu-325 play a central role in governing the ability of the lactose permease to couple the transport of H+ and lactose.
Advertising Images: From Persuasion to Polysemy

Abstract This study explores the relationship between style and persuasion, and how audiences become involved with a message long enough to acknowledge and cognitively process it. Using a melding of cultural studies and cognitive processing as a theoretical backdrop, and inspired by photo-documentary advertising—a relatively new genre of ads encoded with ambiguity —this study posits that the use of ambiguity in ads invites polysemous, or multiple readings, which tend to involve audiences through pleasure and ambiguity resolution. Findings from a consumer survey support this position and suggest that polysemy may not only involve an audience, but may enhance memorability for ads in this genre.
Collimated Beam Scanning of Pure Germanium Detectors

The design of collimated sources of Am241, Co57, and Fe55 suitable for scanning germanium detectors is given. Am241 scans taken through the p contact on a p-type detector are given for detectors with and without radial resistivity gradients. The data obtained from these scans are used to calculate the radial dependence of depletion layer width and an "effective" carrier concentration. The results obtained indicate that, with the surface treatment used, the surface is accumulated on p-type detectors. At voltages below full depletion, an extra "peak" associated with slow pulses originating in the undepleted region is described. The number of these slow pulses depends on the type of back contact that is used.
The effects of cytochrome C on the extent of myocardial infarction and regional function of the ischemic myocardium

Abstract The effects of cytochrome C, an electron carrier in the process of oxidative phosphorylation, on infarct size and regional left ventricular function after a coronary artery occlusion were investigated. Thus, in 30 dogs, 1 minute after left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion, 99m Tc-labeled albumin microspheres (8 mCl) were injected into the left atrium for subsequent assessment of the hypoperfused zone, that is, the area at risk of infarction. Fifteen minutes after coronary artery occlusion, dogs were randomized into a control group (n = 15) and a cytochrome C-treated group (n = 15). The latter immediately received cytochrome C, 2.5 mg/kg intravenously. Six hours after coronary artery occlusion the dogs were sacrificed and their left ventricles were cut into 3 mm thick slices. Infarct size was determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and measured by planimetry. The same slices were then submitted to autoradiography and the hypoperfused zone was then measured by planimetry. The hypoperfused zone was 22 ± 2% and 23 ± 2% of the left ventricle in the control and treated groups, respectively (NS), indicating that the extent of myocardium at risk before treatment was similar. The extent of the hypoperfused zone which evolved to necrosis was 90 ± 3% in the control group but only 50 ± 7% in the treated group ( p
Characterization and control of microstructure in combinatorially prepared aluminum-silicon thin film nanocomposites

In this paper, we describe the application of thin film combinatorial deposition methods to systematically control the microstructure of AlxSi(1−x) alloys through variations in composition and growth temperature. Discrete libraries of compositionally graded films have been sputter deposited onto silicon substrates to produce two structural phase regions: amorphous a-(Al-Si) and amorphous a-Si plus crystalline c-Al. The microstructure was investigated using x-ray diffraction while atomic force microscopy techniques were used to obtain surface morphology and phase distribution.
SYNTHESIS AND ALKALI METAL PICRATE EXTRACTION CAPABILITIES OF NOVEL, CAGE-FUNCTIONALIZED DIAZACROWN ETHERS. EFFECTS OF HOST PREORGANIZATION ON AVIDITY AND SELECTIVITY TOWARD ALKALI METAL PICRATES IN SOLUTION

Abstract The synthesis of a series of cage-functionalized bis(monoazacrown) ethers and bis(diaza-crown) ethers is described. Alkali metal picrate extraction profiles have been determined for several members of this novel series of ionophores. The increased level of preorganization achieved when a cage-functionalized bis(diaza-crown) ether is incorporated into a “molecular box” results in higher levels of avidity and selectivity of the resulting host system toward alkali metal picrates in solution.
Paradigms in science and archaeology

The paradigm concept as developed in western philosophy of science contexts is reviewed, and the metaphysical paradigms that govern research protocols in mainstream Old and New World prehistoric archaeology are described and compared. It is concluded that post-1970 New World archaeological research receives its intellectual mandate from anthropology, is founded on postpositivist biases, and is governed by a critical-realist ontology, a modified-objectivist epistemology, and an experimental-manipulative methodology. Post-1970 Old World archaeological research is viewed as a kind of history, remains mostly in the strict empiricist tradition, and is governed by a realist ontology, an inductivist epistemology, and by an observational methodology. The claims of various kinds of postprocessual archaeology are also evaluated in terms of the paradigm concept.
Androgen receptor mRNA expression in the rhesus monkey ovary.

Immunocytochemical detection of androgen receptors (ARs) in several compartments of the macaque ovary, including the germinal epithelium, follicle, and corpus luteum, suggests a role for androgens in modulating ovarian function via the classical receptor-mediated pathway. To examine AR mRNA expression in the rhesus monkey ovary, total RNA was isolated from whole ovaries, the germinal epithelium-enriched cortical and medullary compartments of the ovary, and corpora lutea from early (d 3–5), mid (d 6–8), midlate (d 10–12), and late (d 13–15) stages of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. RNA was also obtained from luteinized granulosa cells from monkeys receiving gonadotropin treatment to stimulate the development of multiple ovarian follicles. After reverse transcription of total RNA using oligo-dT as a primer, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a unique 329 bp segment of the monkey AR hormone-binding region. Reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR products of the expected size were detected in all ovarian and control tissues. Sequence analysis of the AR cDNA from the macaque ovary revealed 99% nucleotide homology and 100% predicted amino acid homology to the cDNA for the hormone-binding region of human AR. Northern analysis demonstrated the presence of a major AR mRNA species at 9.5 kb in corpus luteum, luteinized granulosa cells, and prostate, with additional bands detected in the corpus luteum and prostate at 7.9 and 3.4 kb, respectively. A sensitive RNase protection assay was used to examine AR mRNA levels in ovarian tissues and showed AR mRNA expression throughout the life-span of the corpus luteum. Thus, detection of AR mRNA in the primate ovary, including the periovulatory follicle and corpus luteum, supports the concept that these tissues are targets for receptor-mediated androgen action during the menstrual cycle.
Effects of Limiting Extension at the αIIb Genu on Ligand Binding to Integrin αIIbβ3

Structural data of integrin αIIbβ3 have been interpreted as supporting a model in which: 1) the receptor exists primarily in a “bent,” low affinity conformation on unactivated platelets and 2) activation induces an extended, high affinity conformation prior to, or following, ligand binding. Previous studies found that “clasping” the αIIb head domain to the β3 tail decreased fibrinogen binding. To study the role of αIIb extension about the genu, we introduced a disulfide “clamp” between the αIIb thigh and calf-1 domains. Clamped αIIbβ3 had markedly reduced ability to bind the large soluble ligands fibrinogen and PAC-1 when activated with monoclonal antibody (mAb) PT25-2 but not when activated by Mn2+ or by coexpressing the clamped αIIb with a β3 subunit containing the activating mutation N339S. The clamp had little effect on the binding of the snake venom kistrin (Mr 7,500) or αIIbβ3-mediated adhesion to immobilized fibrinogen, but it did diminish the enhanced binding of mAb AP5 in the presence of kistrin. Collectively, our studies support a role for αIIb extension about the genu in the binding of ligands of 340,000 and 900,000 Mr with mAb-induced activation but indicate that it is not an absolute requirement. Our data are consistent with αIIb extension resulting in increased access to the ligand-binding site and/or facilitating the conformational change(s) in β3 that affect the intrinsic affinity of the binding pocket for ligand.
A cryptic fragment from fibronectin's III1 module localizes to lipid rafts and stimulates cell growth and contractility

The interaction of cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM) form of fibronectin (FN) triggers changes in growth, migration, and cytoskeletal organization that differ from those generated by soluble FN. As cells deposit and remodel their FN matrix, the exposure of new epitopes may serve to initiate responses unique to matrix FN. To determine whether a matricryptic site within the III1 module of FN modulates cell growth or cytoskeletal organization, a recombinant FN with properties of matrix FN was constructed by directly linking the cryptic, heparin-binding COOH-terminal fragment of III1 (III1H) to the integrin-binding III8-10 modules (glutathione-S-transferase [GST]-III1H,8-10). GST-III1H,8-10 specifically stimulated increases in cell growth and contractility; integrin ligation alone was ineffective. A construct lacking the integrin-binding domain (GST-III1H,2-4) retained the ability to stimulate cell contraction, but was unable to stimulate cell growth. Both GST-III1H,2-4 and matrix FN colocalized with caveolin and fractionated with low-density membrane complexes by a mechanism that required heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Disruption of caveolae inhibited the FN- and III1H-mediated increases in cell contraction and growth. These data suggest that a portion of ECM FN partitions into lipid rafts and differentially regulates cytoskeletal organization and growth, in part, through the exposure of a neoepitope within the conformationally labile III1 module.
Chloride and fluid secretion by cultured human polycystic kidney cells

Epithelial cells cultured from the renal cysts of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) secrete fluid via a process stimulated by adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP). We have investigated the hypothesis that fluid secretion by these cells is dependent on cAMP-mediated chloride secretion. Individual cultured ADPKD cells were suspended within a polymerized collagen matrix and stimulated to form cysts. Individual cultured cysts were placed in a chamber on the stage of an inverted microscope equipped with epifluorescent and video analysis attachments. The rate of fluid secretion, cell volume and changes in intracellular Cl- were measured. In the absence of secretagogues, fluid was absorbed from the cyst cavity (-2.36 +/- 0.64 nl/min/cm2 inner surface area). 8-Bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) plus 3-isobutyl-1-methlyxanthine (IBMX) induced a rapid reversal in the net movement of fluid to secretion (6.79 +/- 1.28 nl/min/cm2). Bumetanide reversibly reduced fluid secretion to 0.95 +/- 0.60 nl/min/cm2. Cell volume rapidly decreased by 7.5 +/- 0.9% with the initiation of secretion and bumetanide caused an additional loss (4.2 +/- 1.0%). Furosemide had a similar effect on forskolin-induced fluid secretion. Cellular chloride concentration was monitored with the use of the indicator, 6-methoxy-N-ethylquinolinium chloride (MEQ). Removal of Cl- from the bath reduced intracellular [Cl-] (MEQ fluorescence increased by 11.4 +/- 2.3%). In cysts pretreated with furosemide to prevent Cl- entry, the application of forskolin caused a decrease in Cl- concentration (MEQ fluorescence increased by 9.3 +/- 2.6%). Using monolayers of cultured ADPKD cells, grown on permeant supports, we compared the changes in short circuit current (ISC) induced by forskolin in the presence and absence of external Cl-. Forskolin increased ISC (from 8.9 +/- 2.7 to 10.6 +/- 2.7 microA/cm2) in the presence of Cl-, but did not significantly affect ISC in its absence. These data indicate that cultured ADPKD cells can direct fluid transport in either the absorptive or the secretory direction, and that cAMP stimulates secretion and this secretion is accompanied by a net loss of cell solute. Inhibition of secretion by bumetanide or furosemide caused an additional loss of cell solute, including Cl-. The ionic transepithelial current induced by forskolin is dependent on the presence of Cl-. These data support the thesis that chloride secretion drives fluid secretion by cultured ADPKD cells.
Distal Radius Fractures Arthroscopic-Assisted Fixation

Arthroscopy of the wrist has been an extremely useful tool for the diagnosis and treatment of wrist problems for 20 years. It provides an unparalleled ability to visualize the articular cartilage, ligaments, and triangular fibrocartilage complex of the wrist. It has become a useful tool in the treatment not only of these soft tissues but also of distal radius fractures, particularly those fractures involving the articular surface. The overall treatment of distal radius fractures is in continual evolution, and the role of arthroscopy in the treatment of these injuries also continues to evolve. We are presenting our approach and philosophy of the use of wrist arthroscopy in the treatment of distal radius fractures. It is especially useful in treatment of radial styloid fractures, extremely comminuted fractures, pilon and die punch fractures of the distal radius. It is helpful when there are suspected associated soft tissue injuries to either the intercarpal ligaments or to the triangular fibrocartilage complex. It has the ability to be used as a diagnostic or therapeutic modality alone or in conjunction with either external or internal fixation. Indications and useful techniques are included in this manuscript along with possible future uses of wrist arthroscopy in the treatment of distal radius fractures.
Satellite Measurements of High Latitude Convection Electric Fields

This paper reviews the first results of satellite experiments to measure magnetospheric convection electric fields using the double-probe technique. The earliest successful measurements were made with the low-altitude (680-2530 km) polar orbiting Injun-5 spacecraft. The Injun-5 results are compared with the initial findings of the electric field experiment on the polar orbiting OGO-6 satellite. Electric field measurements from the OGO-6 satellite have substantiated many of the initial Injun-5 observations with improved accuracy and sensitivity. The OGO-6 detector revealed the persistent occurrence of anti-sunward convection across the polar cap region at velocities not generally detectable with the Injun-5 experiment. The OGO-6 observations also provided information indicating that the location of the electric field reversal shifts equatorward during periods of increased magnetic activity. The implications of the electric field measurements for magnetospheric and auroral structure are summarized, and a list of specific recommendations for improving future experiments is presented.
Effects of acute dopamine depletion on responsiveness to D1 and D2 receptor agonists in infant and weanling rat pups.

The behavioral responses to separate and combined administration of the D1 agonist SKF-38393 and the D2 agonist quinpirole following acute dopamine (DA) depletion via alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT) or AMPT/reserpine were examined in infant (10-day-old) and weanling (21-day-old) rat pups. At both ages, AMPT pretreatment generally had little impact on D1- or D2-agonist-induced responding, whereas the greater DA depletion observed following AMPT/reserpine pretreatment was generally associated with suppression of both D1 and D2 agonist-typical responding. Thus, whereas in adult animals some degree of D1 receptor activation by endogenous dopamine appears to be necessary for D2 responding but not vice versa (e.g. White et al. 1988), in young animals there appears to be a reciprocal co-dependence of these two receptor subtypes, with extensive DA depletion suppressing responding to both agonists when administered separately. At 10 days of age, some D1 and D2 agonist-induced behaviors that were previously blocked by AMPT/reserpine were reinstated following combined administration of both agonists. In contrast, no clear evidence for reinstatement was seen following administration of the combined agonists to AMPT/reserpine-pretreated weanlings, perhaps due to the induction of potential competing behaviors. Whereas DA depletion blocked many D1- and D2-induced behaviors, such depletion conversely promoted the expression in agonist-treated animals of a number of behaviors that were not normally induced by the agonists in non-depleted animals. These behaviors typically involved an oral component and included grooming and mouthing following SKF-38393 in depleted 10-day-old pups, mouthing following administration of either agonist to depleted weanlings, and probing and intense self-mutilation (forepaw and tongue biting) following the combined agonists in depleted weanlings. This rapid induction of potentiated agonist responsiveness following acute DA depletion early in life may have significant implications with regard to animal models for the developmental disorder of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
Charge Nurses as Front-Line Leaders: Development Through Transformative Learning

Based on the results of a staff satisfaction survey, nurse leaders recognized that the role of charge nurse was a significant source of dissatisfaction. Little attention had been paid to how the charge nurse role was learned, and no organizational support was offered to develop nurses for this role. Collaborating with a nurse educator consultant, nurse managers developed and implemented a three-part educational program to reframe staff perceptions of the charge nurse role. Centered on principles of transformational learning, the program evaluation demonstrated that concerted efforts to improve staff satisfaction and effectiveness could be accomplished if staff were given new information and guided through focused discussion and reflection. Eighty-two percent of the attendees noted that they appreciated the time allocated for the sessions and acknowledged that this gave them an opportunity to examine their thoughts and feelings. Seventy-five percent said that they learned new words to describe and explain their experiences. After the sessions, staff described a new sense of professional pride and nurse managers observed greater confidence in nurses' decision making and assertive communication.
Undersea laser communications is a “game-changer” for the US navy, so how do we make the promise a reality?

Today's Navy faces a number of challenges in meeting its goal of global presence and the emerging needs of a maritime nation. In particular, the number of traditional assets or resources available to conduct these missions, specifically Naval platforms (aircraft, surface combatants and submarines), continues on a steady decline due to age and an ever-constricting Defense budget. Unmanned vehicles and systems promise to extend the reach of our Navy's platforms and enhance their ability to meet their operational requirements to monitor and control large expanses of the world-wide maritime battle space. However, the network available today to provide command and control, and exfiltration of data from these unmanned vehicles/systems is wholly inadequate for the mission. This is especially true in the undersea domain. Legacy systems utilizing Radio Frequency (RF) or acoustics fall far short in meeting the requirements to connect the undersea environment either due to physics, the lack of stealth, insufficient bandwidth and/or the ability to be jammed or otherwise denied.
Chemotherapy options for gastric cancer.

Most patients diagnosed with gastric cancer in the United States and the Western World will either present with advanced disease or have recurrence after surgery, requiring discussions of chemotherapy. The evolution of chemotherapy for gastric cancer has been mixed with excitement and disappointment. Multiple single-agent chemotherapies have been shown to be only modestly effective in advanced disease, and the search for the best combination of therapy has been difficult. Contemporary combination therapies for advanced gastric cancer, usually containing 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and/or cisplatin, demonstrate response rates in the 20% to 40% range, with median survivals between 6 and 12 months. While newer, standard chemotherapeutics, including the taxanes and irinotecan, may offer modest additional benefits, each requires further examination in phase III trials. Among patients with curatively resected disease, postoperative chemoradiotherapy appears to improve overall survival significantly. As a greater understanding of the molecular basis of gastric cancer is gained, the inclusion of biologic-based therapies will hopefully advance our ability to treat patients with gastric cancer more effectively.
Childhood Adverse Events and Current Traumatic Distress A Comparison of Men and Women Drug-Dependent Prisoners

This study describes the prevalence of childhood adverse events (CAEs) among men and women prisoners and assesses the relationship of CAEs to adult symptoms of traumatic distress. Interview data fo...
Optical Tomography with Early Arriving Photons: Sensitivity and Resolution Analysis

Biological tissues are classified as turbid media to visible and near infrared lights. Photons propagating in tissue generally experience hundreds of scattering events before eventually being absorbed or escaping through boundaries. A lot of attention has been paid to exploiting diffusive photon density waves, which is, however, associated with difficulties in image reconstruction. Early arriving photons consist of a very small portion of photons reaching a detector. As they undergo forward scattering, their trajectories aggregate together to form a thin beam which probes limited volume. This makes it possible to implement single scanning scheme and to acquire more independent information for high quality images. This work is a preliminary theoretical study concerning the sensitivity and image resolution of a time-gating system. The Controlled Monte Carlo method was used for simulating migration of early arriving photons. Optical parameters and phantom dimensions were so chosen that they were applicable to breast cancer detection. Acquired edge-spread functions manifest the possibility of millimeter spatial resolution. Sensitivity analysis was derived from perturbations caused by targets of various contrasts and sizes, with respect to different temporal windows.
An 80-Year-Old Woman With Vaginal Prolapse

DR SHIP: Mrs H is an 80-year-old woman with Medicare insurance who recently began feeling tissue coming out of her vagina. She called to make an appointment to see her longtime gynecologist. She feels generally well and lives with her husband of more than 50 years. She has systolic hypertension and osteoporosis. Decades ago, Mrs H had 4 vaginal deliveries of healthy, term infants. She has had regular Papanicolaou smear screening, but her most recent smear showed atypical cells of undetermined significance. It was her first abnormal smear. She denies vaginal bleeding or urinary incontinence; she does experience some urinary urgency. Her bowels are regular. She is sexually active, without dyspareunia or other problems. Her medications include enalapril, hydrochlorothiazide, and alendronate. A daughter and sister have been diagnosed with breast cancer. She has good exercise tolerance, is very active, and wants to preserve her quality of life. On physical examination, the patient is a thin woman in no distress. Her weight is 125 lb, and her height is 63 inches. The blood pressure is 170/70 mm Hg, heart rate 60/min and regular. On pelvic examination, her cervix has prolapsed 2 cm past the hymen; there is very little cystocele or rectocele. Aside from the abnormal cervical smear, her laboratory values are unremarkable. Mrs H is not eager to try a pessary. She is trying to decide whether to have surgery or to do nothing about her prolapse at this point in time.
Role of Novel and Emerging Oral Anticoagulants for Secondary Prevention of Acute Coronary Syndromes

Dual antiplatelet therapy has become a mainstay of long-term management of patients after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Mortality for these patients remains high despite current evidence-based treatment strategies. The coagulation cascade plays a role in the pathophysiology of ACS, and trials with warfarin in combination with dual antiplatelet therapy have found decreased rates of ischemic events at the expense of increased bleeding risk. Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) in the direct factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor and direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI) categories have been evaluated in combination with standard post-ACS therapy. Rivaroxaban, a FXa inhibitor, reduced the rates of ischemic events but increased major bleeding rates. Apixaban did not decrease the rates of ischemic events and also increased major bleeding rates. Other FXa inhibitors have not been studied in the long-term management of ACS (e.g., otamixaban), are not currently being studied in ongoing phase III trials (e.g., TAK-442), or have been discontinued by the manufacturer (e.g., darexaban). The DTI dabigatran had a 2- to 4-fold increased risk of major bleeding with unclear benefit for reducing ischemic events. The factor IXa inhibitor pegnivacogin is an RNA-based aptamer that has been studied in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization but has not been studied for long-term post-ACS management. The European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Thrombosis recommends the use of newer antiplatelet agents over addition of NOACs. Additional guidelines are available to guide management in patients requiring triple antithrombotic therapy but do not provide definitive recommendations on NOACs. Many questions remain about the place of NOACs for long-term post-ACS management. Recent trials have evaluated double versus triple antithrombotic therapy to balance efficacy and bleeding risk, but they did not include NOACs. It also remains unclear if NOACs hold a place in post-ACS therapy in the era of more potent antiplatelet agents such as prasugrel and ticagrelor.
Implementation of nonseparable exact exchange effects in the first-order nondegenerate adiabatic theory.

We have implemented nonlocal exchange effects rigorously in the first-order nondegenerate adiabatic (FONDA) theory. This implementation requires solving integrodifferential equations that involve double integrals. Separable and model exchange approximations that simplify the inclusion of exchange in the scattering calculations have been previously implemented in the FONDA theory. The discrepancy between the exact exchange FONDA cross sections and the separable and model exchange results suggests that one needs to include exchange rigorously to obtain accurate results over a wide range of energies. Specifically, a difference of up to 30% is observed between the exact and separable exchange FONDA cross sections at near-threshold energies. At higher energies the FONDA results from the rigorous and model exchange implementations disagree by as much as 10%.
New Movements, Digital Revolution, and Social Movement Theory

The year 2011 was not only abundant in newly emerging social movements and revolutions, it was also a year where the role of the Internet in mobilizing these new movements could not have been highl...
Channel assignment schemes and traffic capacities of mobile radio systems

In this paper, we examine the spectrum efficiency of various land mobile radio system approaches in terms of traffic capacity for a given number of channels. Spectrum Efficiency can also be described in terms of Communication Capacity of the system per unit bandwidth. To determine the number of users a system can support for a given grade of service, both aspects (traffic handling and communication) should be considered simultaneously. In the first part of this paper we examine the traffic capacity of cellular mobile radio systems with different channel assignment schemes. It is shown that cellular systems are superior to trunked systems with moderate frequency reuse but not without frequency reuse. However, with use of effective channel assignment schemes, cellular system's performance is close to that of trunked systems even without frequency reuse. Adaptive channel assignment schemes are examined. Adaptive shcemes are based on the fact that traffic intensity of the arrival process varies slowly with time. Therefore, channels can be assigned to take the maximum advantage of the random nature of the arrival process and the frequency reuse at a given time. Traffic capacity of the mobile radio system is examined which uses the same set of channels to service the different classes of users. One such example is the mobile radio system which provides voice-telephone and dispatch service on the same channels. Arrival process is assumed to be Poisson for both telephone and dispatch calls with different arrival rates. Service rates are also different for the telephone and dispatch calls. Blocked telephone calls are cleared from the system and blocked dispatch calls are delayed. Another example is a mobile radio system which services different classes of users with different service times and grades of service.
Effect of transition metal co-doping on broad band luminescence excitation mechanism in rare earth-doped chalcogenide glasses

Abstract Photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectroscopy were carried out on As 12 Ge 33 Se 55 samples co-doped with Er and different elements of the first transition series to investigate the effect of the transition metals on a previously observed broad excitation band. It was found that Fe, Cu and Mn all decrease the strength of the broad excitation band, while the Cr alters the lineshape by contributing additional oscillator strength at long wavelengths. Low temperature studies reveal that the mechanism leading to the broad band shifts to larger energies, following the bandgap, while the Cr absorption band is insensitive to the bandgap, indicating a different origin for the two excitation mechanisms. PLE spectroscopy of a Dy,Cr co-doped sample confirm the distinction between the two processes. The Cr excitation mechanism is attributed to a d-to-d band absorption followed by non-radiative energy transfer to the Er dopants. A model for the broad PLE band based on strongly lattice coupled impurities is presented.
Post‐Soviet Transition: Improving Health Services Delivery and Management

During the post-Soviet transition of the last 2 decades, ex-Communist countries of the Eastern Bloc, including eastern and central Europe, the Soviet Union, and its satellite and aligned states, have undergone major health system reforms. Many health systems of those countries--previously adopting a Soviet-type Semashko model--are currently called "in transition," as reform agendas, such as shifting to a Bismarck, Beveridge, or mixed financing scheme or adopting new health delivery management policies, are still in development. In this article, we first review common characteristics of Semashko health systems (the predominant health system of Communist countries during the Soviet era) and then discuss the "new public management" principles that ex-Communist countries have recently started to adopt with various degrees of success. We then illustrate experiences with these principles using 2 case studies, from Russia and Albania, and propose health policy options for both cases. Based on a review of the literature and on the our work experience in Russia and Albania, we found that the 2 ex-Semashko systems have not fully capitalized on expected positive outcomes of new public management principles due to low local healthcare financing levels, depreciated healthcare infrastructure and operational capacities, overlapping and contradicting ideology and policies of the former and newer health systems, and finally, lack of leadership that has successful experience with these principles. In the case of pharmaceutical pricing, reimbursement, and access in Russia, we show how a well-intentioned but suboptimally designed and managed pharmaceutical coverage scheme has suffered moral hazard and adverse selection and has adversely impacted the new public management promise of efficient medicine coverage. In the case of Albania, the delayed investment in human resource reform within a depreciated and underfinanced delivery system has adversely affected the implementation of new public management principles.