cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Alaskan orocline, the paleomagnetism and the paleogeography of Alaska

Abstract Paleomagnetic data from southwestern Alaska when compared with similar data from North America do not support Carey's orocline hypothesis for Alaska's tectonic development. Further analysis of the Alaskan data and comparison with paleomagnetic data from the Wrangell Mountains point to a scenario for the development of southern Alaska involving the accretion of a number of island arcs and slivers of continental material against the northeast Pacific margin. This could be the result of the general northward motion of the Pacific plates from Mesozoic to the present. Perhaps the best analog for proto-Alaska would be the southwest Pacific today where there appears to be a number of small ocean basins being compressed together.
Submaxillary gland recovery from obstruction. I. Overall changes and electron microscopic alterations of granular duct cells

Rat submaxillary glands were ligated for 31 days and then the ligatures were removed. Groups of animals were killed after 31 days of ligation and 7, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 days after the ligatures were removed. Overall gland recovery was studied by light microscopy in 1.5 μ sections, while the fine-structure details of recovery in the exocrine cells of the granular duct were studied by electron microscopy. There is a pronounced morphologic similarity of glands ligated for 31 days to immature glands of neonatal rats. However, evidence of parenchymal cell death or mitotic activity is extremely rare and therefore gland recovery is the result of cell recovery, not the result of de novo cell differentiation. Evidence of secretory activity appears in acinar cells before it does in granular ducts. Prior to 30 days after unligation granular duct cells contain no secretion granules, almost no RER, and very small Golgi areas. After 30 days, small dense granules appear in the apical cytoplasm, and there is a slight increase of RER. At 120 days, a small number of these cells appear mature, i.e., they are full of large secretion granules and contain well formed RER and Golgi patterns. By 180 days the gland appears essentially normal but there are still fewer mature granular duct cells than in the control.
The Emergency medical treatment and active labor act (EMTALA): Guidelines for compliance

Every patient presenting to a hospital emergency department must have a medical screening examination to determine whether an emergency medical condition exists. If there is no emergency medical condition, the Act does not apply. Any patient who is found to have an emergency medical condition must be stabilized. If necessary. the appropriate on-call physician must be consulted to administer necessary stabilizing treatment. Once the patient has been stabilized, the Act no longer applies. If a hospital is unable to provide the necessary stabilizing treatment, arrangements must be made for an appropriate transfer to a facility with the capacity to provide treatment. A hospital with specialized capabilities or facilities may not refuse to accept an appropriate transfer of an individual who requires such specialized capabilities or facilities if the hospital has the capacity to treat the individual. If a woman is in active labor and there is insufficient time to effect an appropriate transfer safely. maternal and newborn care must be provided to the woman and her infant.
Comparison of audible noise caused by magnetic components in switch-mode power supplies operating in burst mode and frequency-foldback mode

In this paper, it is shown that operation of switch-mode power supplies in burst mode (BM) results in lower audible noise than operation in frequency-foldback mode (FFM). However, the selection of the switching frequency in a burst package can have a significant impact on the audible noise. In both BM and FFM, the audible noise can be reduced by decreasing the peak value of current pulses and proportionally increasing the burst frequency in BM and the switching frequency in FFM. In BM, the audible noise can be further reduced if instead of increasing the burst frequency, the number of burst pulses is increased without changing the burst frequency. The presented BM and FFM audible noise analysis is experimentally verified on a dc-dc boost test circuit.
The effect of object shape and mode of presentation on judgments of apparent volume

Apparent volume for geometric solids and life-sized two dimensional representations of these solids was scaled by magnitude estimation. Data were adequately fit by power functions whose exponents were less than those previously reported for judgments of apparent length and area. Object shape and mode of presentation affected both magnitude estimations of apparent volume and the best fitting power function exponents. The influence of shape, both across object shape classes and within the cylinder shape class, appears to depend upon the relative elongation of the vertical dimension.
Nuclear histones in Physarum polycephalum during growth and differentiation.

Abstract The electrophoretic composition of the nuclear histones of Physarum polycephalum has been determined at various times during the mitotic cycle of the plasmodium and at all stages of the life cycle. During the mitotic cycle there were no marked changes in the relative amounts of the major histone components, but there were changes in a triplet of minor bands, with one band decreasing and another increasing during the period from early prophase to telophase. Histone:DNA ratios remained at about 1, on a weight basis, throughout the mitotic cycle but were slightly higher at the time of mitosis. Histone synthesis could occur when DNA synthesis was blocked by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, and histone:DNA ratios could be increased to 3 by prolonged treatment with the drug. The nuclei of starving and sporulating plasmodia, and of spores, amoebae, and spherules all contained the seven histone bands characteristic of the growing plasmodia, but the relative amounts of the bands varied. The histone:DNA ratio was about 1 in amoebae and 0.8 in starving and sporulating plasmodia.
Factors predictive of significant hepatic fibrosis in adults with chronic hepatitis B and normal serum ALT.

Goal: This study examines the prevalence and correlates of significant liver fibrosis among patients with immunotolerant hepatitis B. Background: Adults with chronic hepatitis B infection acquired early in life often have normal serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and high serum hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid loads (HBV DNA), known as "immunotolerant" hepatitis B. Study: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 28 hepatitis B patients with serum HBV DNA titer > 10 6 copies/mL, positive hepatitis B envelope antigen, and persistently normal serum ALT in a tertiary care setting. Liver biopsies were reviewed by a single pathologist who was blinded to other data. The prevalence of significant hepatic fibrosis was determined using the hospital-defined upper limit of normal for ALT and 2 more stringent criteria proposed by recent studies. Statistical analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with hepatic fibrosis. Results: The prevalence of stage 2 fibrosis using the hospital laboratory, more stringent, and most stringent definitions of normal serum ALT, was 32%, 32%, and 13%, respectively, corresponding to negative predictive values of 68%, 68%, and 88%, respectively. Age greater than 30 years (P = 0.035), grade 2 liver inflammation (P = 0.005), and lower serum HBV DNA level (mean 7.45 vs. 8.42 log 10 copies/mL, P<0.001) were independently associated with stage 2 fibrosis on liver biopsy. Conclusions: These results highlight the need to use stringent definitions of normal serum ALT when making clinical decisions for patients with chronic hepatitis B. Older age and lower serum HBV DNA level predict significant hepatic fibrosis on biopsy. Our findings may guide decisions regarding liver biopsy among patients with immunotolerant hepatitis B.
Lethal photosensitization of microorganisms with light from a continuous-wave gas laser.

— Eleven strains of microorganisms were examined for their susceptibility to death by irradiation with 21–30 mW of light at 6328 A from a continuous-wave gas laser. Washed cells of seven species were rapidly killed when irradiated aerobically in aqueous solutions of toluidine blue: Sarcina lutea (two strains), Escherichia coli, Chromobacterium violaceum, Arthrobacter atrocyanus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Rhodotorula glutinis. Cells remained viable when irradiated anaerobically in toluidine blue. This is not proof that oxygen is required for death since toluidine blue is subject to reduction to the leuco form under anaerobic conditions. None of the microbes tested, including cells of Bacillus cereus, Rhodospirillum rubrum, and Euglena gracilis, were killed in aerated suspensions without toluidine blue. Thus, it is unlikely that any strain has an endogenous photosensitizer capable of acting at 6328 A. However, more than 95 per cent of the cells of R. rubrum lost their motility. A colorless mutant of S. lutea began dying 10 min faster than the wild strain, which is known to be protected from photosensitized death by carotenoids for at least 2 hr when irradiated in toluidine blue with 1000 ft candles of tungsten light. Since toluidine blue is bleached in irradiated cell suspensions, logarithmic death ceases within an hour with 2·5 × 10=6 M toluidine blue. Yeasts are less susceptible than bacteria, exhibiting longer lags before death begins. The size of colonies produced by irradiated yeast cells decreases with irradiation time. This suggests that multiple hits are required for death.
Exotropia in children with high hyperopia

Purpose To describe the clinical characteristics, treatment, and subsequent clinical course of children with exotropia and high hyperopia. Methods The medical records of 26 patients seen between 1990 and 2009 who had an exotropia and ≥4.00 D of hyperopia were retrospectively reviewed. We analyzed the clinical characteristics, treatments, and subsequent alignment outcomes. Results A total of 26 patients between the ages of 2.5 months and 9 years were included. Of these, 15 had associated medical conditions or developmental delay. Of 22 patients with measured visual acuities, 19 had amblyopia (10 unilateral, 9 bilateral). None of the patients demonstrated fine stereoacuity. Twenty-three exotropic children were treated with spectacles: 15 were fully corrected, 10 of whose exotropia improved; 8 received partial correction of their hyperopia, 3 of whose exotropia improved. Six patients who presented with large, poorly controlled exotropia and did not improve with spectacle correction required strabismus surgery. Conclusions Children with high hyperopia and exotropia are likely to have developmental delay or other systemic diseases, amblyopia, and poor stereopsis. Treatment of high hyperopia in exotropic children with their full cycloplegic refraction can result in excellent alignment.
Early impact of the federally mandated Local Wellness Policy on physical activity in rural, low-income elementary schools in Colorado.

The What's Working project described the initial impact of the United States’ federally mandated Local Wellness Policy in rural, low-income elementary schools located in Colorado. Before and after the Local Wellness Policy mandate went into effect, a survey about school features related to nutrition and physical activity was sent to a random sample of 45 rural elementary schools (i.e., schools located outside of urban areas), in which at least 40% of students qualified for free or reduced-cost lunch. Overall, opportunities for physical activity did not change after the policy went into effect: although time in physical education increased by 14 min per week (P=0.10), time for recess decreased by roughly 19 min per week (P=0.10). Policies supporting student participation in physical education and recess (an unstructured time during school hours when students are allowed to play outside) did not change. The researchers coded Local Wellness Policies and found them to have weak wording that produced minimal impact. Content analysis of key informant interviews suggested several barriers to the impact of the Local Wellness Policies: (1) competing pressures facing school districts, (2) lack of resources devoted to the Local Wellness Policy, (3) principals’ lack of knowledge about the policy, and (4) lack of accountability mechanisms to ensure policy implementation. Financial resources and more effective communication about Local Wellness Policies among school districts and principals are needed to elevate the importance of and increase opportunities for physical activity in rural, low-income Colorado elementary schools.
Telogen effluvium. New concepts and review.

• Background.— Telogen effluvium is the result of a perturbation of the hair cycle that is manifest by increased loss of normal club hairs. Although diverse causes for telogen effluvium have been proposed, this article suggests several diverse mechanisms for the first time. Observations.— Five different functional types of telogen effluvia are proposed based on changes in different phases of the follicular cycle. These are immediate anagen release, delayed anagen release, short anagen syndrome, immediate telogen release, and delayed telogen release. Diverse causes are confirmed and drug-related telogen effluvia are reviewed. Conclusions.— The five diverse mechanisms proposed for telogen effluvia are generally confirmed and supported by clinical findings. ( Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:356-363)
Save the sprint across campus: bring the classroom to the helpdesk

At the University of Rochester, Classroom Technology is responsible for technology support for over 80 rooms, as well as computing/printing support for more than 400 computers and 24 printers spread across 15 buildings on two different campuses. All of this is accomplished by a small compliment of staff that at any given time answer the phones, deliver equipment, offer "walk-in" support, and provide the more time-consuming support "in the field". As the technical complexity of the teaching environment has increased, we are faced with the challenge of how to remain available to provide support without adding staff. The solutions have all involved reducing the need to run across campus for routine support matters such as turning a projector on, or installing software. Most supported rooms are part of a centralized system that allows our helpdesk staff to monitor and control key room functions, such as turning the projector on, controlling volume, and switching between media types. Most of the tools used for this integration were built in-house and work seamlessly with existing commercial packages to allow for a consistent interface, regardless of how the rooms are actually configured. In a similar vein, all of the computers we support can be accessed and monitored centrally. We know what software is being used, patches and entire software packages can be deployed on the fly, and the integrity of the machine is maintained. The result is an (almost) magical 'immediate' response, regardless of the problem.
Surface Topography and Functional Requirements for Dry Sliding Surfaces

Summary Friction and wear of dry sliding surfaces were examined as a function of the initial surface topography, relative hardness and the geometrical arrangement using crossed-cylinder geometry. The initial surface topography was found to have no effect on the initial and steady-state friction coefficients and the wear rates of the sliding members. Also, the initial friction coefficient was independent of the geometrical arrangement. However, the steady state friction coefficients and the wear rates were strongly dependent on the relative hardness and the geometrical arrangement of the sliding pair. When the hard surface was stationary and the soft surface was moving both surfaces were polished. By contrast, when the soft surface was stationary and the hard surface was moving, polishing did not occur. The surfaces of identical materials were always rough and had much higher coefficients of friction due to plowing. Entrapped wear debris increased the friction coefficient which in turn increased the wear rate. Based on these observations a model for steady state friction is presented and the implications of these findings to dry sliding surfaces are discussed.
Do different types of school mathematics development depend on different constellations of numerical versus general cognitive abilities

The purpose of this study was to examine the interplay between basic numerical cognition and domain-general abilities (such as working memory) in explaining school mathematics learning. First graders (N = 280; mean age = 5.77 years) were assessed on 2 types of basic numerical cognition, 8 domain-general abilities, procedural calculations, and word problems in fall and then reassessed on procedural calculations and word problems in spring. Development was indexed by latent change scores, and the interplay between numerical and domain-general abilities was analyzed by multiple regression. Results suggest that the development of different types of formal school mathematics depends on different constellations of numerical versus general cognitive abilities. When controlling for 8 domain-general abilities, both aspects of basic numerical cognition were uniquely predictive of procedural calculations and word problems development. Yet, for procedural calculations development, the additional amount of variance explained by the set of domain-general abilities was not significant, and only counting span was uniquely predictive. By contrast, for word problems development, the set of domain-general abilities did provide additional explanatory value, accounting for about the same amount of variance as the basic numerical cognition variables. Language, attentive behavior, nonverbal problem solving, and listening span were uniquely predictive.
Multivesicular release at Schaffer collateral-CA1 hippocampal synapses.

Whether an individual synapse releases single or multiple vesicles of transmitter per action potential is contentious and probably depends on the type of synapse. One possibility is that multivesicular release (MVR) is determined by the instantaneous release probability (Pr) and therefore can be controlled by activity-dependent changes in Pr. We investigated transmitter release across a range of Pr at synapses between Schaffer collaterals (SCs) and CA1 pyramidal cells in acute hippocampal slices using patch-clamp recordings. The size of the synaptic glutamate transient was estimated by the degree of inhibition of AMPA receptor EPSCs with the rapidly equilibrating antagonist γ-d-glutamylglycine. The glutamate transient sensed by AMPA receptors depended on Pr but not spillover, indicating that multiple vesicles are essentially simultaneously released from the same presynaptic active zone. Consistent with an enhanced glutamate transient, increasing Pr prolonged NMDA receptor EPSCs when glutamate transporters were inhibited. We suggest that MVR occurs at SC–CA1 synapses when Pr is elevated by facilitation and that MVR may be a phenomenon common to many synapses throughout the CNS.
Intercenter Variance in Clinical Trials of Head Trauma--Experience of the National Acute Brain Injury Study: Hypothermia

Object In a recently conducted trial of hypothermia in patients with severe brain injury, differences were found in the effects of hypothermia treatment among various centers. This analysis explores the reasons for such differences. Methods The authors reviewed data obtained in 392 patients treated for severe brain injury. Prerandomization variables, critical physiological variables, treatment variables, and accrual methodologies were investigated among various centers. Hypothermia was found to be detrimental in patients older than the age of 45 years, beneficial in patients younger than 45 years of age in whom hypothermia was present on admission, and without effect in those in whom normothermia was documented on admission. Marginally significant differences (p Conclusions For Phase III clinical trials we recommend: 1) a detailed protocol specifying fluid and MABP, ICP, and CPP management: 2) continuous monitoring of protocol compliance; 3) a run-in period for new centers to test accrual and protocol adherence; and 4) inclusion of only centers in which patients are regularly randomized.
Addressing the new regulatory landscape: IT compliance and E-Discovery at KMCO Gaming

With the advent of federal regulations such as the Sarbanes Oxley act and the amended Federal Rules for Civil Procedure guidelines, KMCO Gaming, a leading manufacturer of casino gaming systems, is grappling with managing electronic data and records in compliance with legal requirements. In the midst of a major lawsuit against a rival company, KMCO has decided to purchase an electronic discovery (E-Discovery) solution. E-Discovery is the process of finding and producing digital information needed as evidence for legal matters. To implement such a solution, KMCO would need to develop a formal governance structure, processes for electronic file storage and sharing, and technology tools to support the new E-Discovery system. This case provides an overview of the regulatory landscape that impacts management of electronic records and highlights some of the organizational challenges that may impede the ability for IT management to successfully deliver IT compliance initiatives. Names and identifying facts related to the company, key players and key events described in the case have been changed.
Marsh macrophyte responses to inundation anticipate impacts of sea-level rise and indicate ongoing drowning of North Carolina marshes.

In situ persistence of coastal marsh habitat as sea level rises depends on whether macrophytes induce compensatory accretion of the marsh surface. Experimental planters in two North Carolina marshes served to expose two dominant macrophyte species to six different elevations spanning 0.75 m (inundation durations 0.4–99 %). Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus exhibited similar responses—with production in planters suggesting initial increases and then demonstrating subsequent steep declines with increasing inundation, conforming to a segment of the ecophysiological parabola. Projecting inundation levels experienced by macrophytes in the planters onto adjacent marsh platforms revealed that neither species occupied elevations associated with increasing production. Declining macrophyte production with rising seas reduces both bioaccumulation of roots below-ground and baffle-induced sedimentation above-ground. By occupying only descending portions of the parabola, macrophytes in central North Carolina marshes are responding to rising water levels by progressive declines in production, ultimately leading to marsh drowning.
Anton Boisen: a portrait.

This psychobiographical essay aims to shift Boisen scholarship from a focus on his disputed psychiatric diagnosis to a more inclusive investigation of the disparate aspects of his personality. I conclude that Boisen’s central personality trait was a brand of loquacity that lacked substance—specifically the substance of his deepest secrets. This caused a kind of chronic frustration in his relations with others and, I argue, led to his chronic, psychotic state of being. Additionally, I argue that Boisen’s psychosis and religious practice worked together to sustain his psychological regression.
Acute systemic hypotension after arteriovenous fistula construction in a patient with severe aortic stenosis

We report the case of a 53-year-old hemodialysis patient with severe aortic stenosis, who developed acute systemic hypoperfusion after arteriovenous fistula (AVF) construction. He presented with hypotension and repeated syncope soon after distal radiocephalic AVF construction, and finally developed a respiratory arrest. His blood pressure and hemodynamics recovered promptly by sub-emergent aortic valve replacement surgery. In the present case, the heart with severe aortic stenosis could not increase cardiac output in response to the reduction in peripheral vascular resistance caused by the AVF. High-output heart failure, a relatively rare AVF-associated disorder, occurs with an excessive AVF flow, usually more than 3 L/min or 30% of cardiac output. However, heart failure may develop soon after construction of an AVF with a moderate blood flow if a patient's cardiac function is severely impaired. In addition, heart failure may improve with AVF preservation if the underlying heart disease is treatable.
Response of Mountain Yellow-Legged Frogs, Rana muscosa, to Short Distance Translocation

To determine the response of Mountain Yellow-Legged Frogs to short distance translocations, I placed transmitters on 20 adult frogs and moved them short distances from 144-630 m and monitored their responses for up to 30 days. Of the 20 translocated frogs, seven frogs returned to their original capture site, four frogs moved in the direction of their capture site but had not returned by the end of the study, and nine frogs did not return and were found at the translocation site. Apparently, displacing frogs was stressful, and translocated frogs lost body mass during the study period. Eighteen translocated frogs that were weighed at the beginning and end of the study lost body mass (mean loss was1.2 g) compared to a group of 18 randomly selected PIT tagged frogs also weighed during the same tracking period (mean gain in body mass 5 2.5 g) at our Kings Canyon study site. Translocation of adult Rana muscosa as a conservation tool may not be effective because some would simply attempt to return to their original capture site, and their homing may be stressful to an already declining frog population.
Vitamin D as an Immunomodulator: Risks with Deficiencies and Benefits of Supplementation

Vitamin D refers to a class of fat-soluble secosteroids often associated with their role in absorption and metabolism of minerals such as calcium and phosphate. In recent years, our understanding of vitamin D has expanded to include its role in modulating the immune system. Of particular focus are the effects of vitamin D deficiency and supplementation on patients suffering from disorders due to dysregulation of the immune system. In patients with multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease, deficiencies in vitamin D have been associated with an increased risk of disease activity. In this review, we will look at the current state of research in regards to the relationship between vitamin D and immune-dysregulation. We will focus on both the risks associated with vitamin D deficiency as well as the benefits of vitamin D supplementation.
In vitro analysis of the floating mode phenomenon in the Free Impeller Gyro Pump.

: The Free Impeller Gyro Pump was designed based on a new concept of free impeller, in which the rotational shaft and the mechanical bearings were completely eliminated from the impeller. Due to this characteristic design, a phenomenon occurred in which the impeller lifted off the bottom of the pump housing in a certain range of pumping conditions during the initial in vitro studies (floating mode). We studied this floating mode in detail using a Hall effect position sensor to monitor the impeller position. A Hall sensor signal recorded on the strip chart, which represents the distance between the impeller top and the pump ceiling, proved the existence of the floating mode. By analyzing the data in detail, it was also verified that the floating mode was composed of three subdivided phases: latent, transitional, and dominant. Furthermore, stability of the impeller rotation in the floating mode against the change of pump orientation was also exhibited in this study. These results suggests that the Free Impeller Gyro Pump should possess high antithrombogenicity, atraumatic features, no bearing wear, and stable performance when operated within the range of the floating mode.
Phytochrome-induced SIG2 expression contributes to photoregulation of phytochrome signalling and photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

Chloroplast-localized sigma factor (SIG) proteins promote specificity of the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase. SIG2 function appears to be necessary for light-grown Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Specific photoreceptors or light-dependent factors that impact the light-induced accumulation of SIG2 have not been reported. A molecular link between phytochromes and nuclear-encoded SIG2, which impacts photomorphogenesis specifically under red (R) and far-red (FR) light, is described here. Both phyA and phyB promote SIG2 transcript accumulation. Disruption of SIG2 results in R- and FR-specific defects in the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and cotyledon expansion, although no impairments in these responses are detected for sig2 mutants under blue (B) or white (W) light. SIG2 also impacts root elongation under W and R, and the R-dependent expression of PIF4, encoding a phytochrome-interacting factor, and HY2, which encodes a phytochrome chromophore biosynthetic enzyme. Whereas SIG2 apparently impacts the accumulation of the phytochromobilin (PΦB) phytochrome chromophore, sig2 mutants differ significantly from PΦB mutants, primarily due to wavelength-specific defects in photomorphogenesis and disruption of a distinct subset of phytochrome-dependent responses. The molecular link between phytochromes and SIG2 is likely to be an important part of the co-ordination of gene expression to maintain stoichiometry between the nuclear-encoded phytochrome apoprotein and plastid-derived PΦB, which combine to form photoactive phytochromes, and/or light-dependent SIG2 accumulation is involved in an inductive light signalling pathway co-ordinating components between nucleus and plastids.
Comparative Economics of US Catfish Production Strategies: Evidence from a Cross‐sectional Survey

Understanding the effects of specific management strategies on yields and economic outcomes on commercial catfish farms could provide useful guidance to catfish farmers on the most profitable sets of production practices. Data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture–National Animal Health Monitoring System (USDA–NAHMS) 2009 survey of production practices on catfish farms in Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi were used to identify five clusters of catfish farms that use various stocking densities, channel versus hybrid catfish, different aeration levels, and utilize automated oxygen sensors. The lowest production costs ($1.96/kg) were found in cluster 1 and were followed in order of increasing costs per kilogram of clusters 2 and 4 ($2.16/kg) and cluster 5 ($2.73/kg); the highest cost corresponded to cluster 3 ($2.84/kg). The lowest risk levels corresponded to the clusters with the lowest production costs per kilogram of fish and the highest risk levels to the highest production costs. This analysis demonstrated that different types of management models can achieve similar levels of production costs ($/kg), and it appears that there is not one single economically optimum way to raise catfish. The key to least-cost production is to balance the use of inputs, their associated costs, and the yield produced to achieve economic efficiency within the farm's overall business and management model.
Rheological study of phenolic-urethane-amine process

The flow dynamics of phenolic-urethane-amine process in a core box of an inverted "U" configuration was studied experimentally using a Laempe LI Core Shooter. The effects of reduction in area of the vents were evaluated by manual reduction of the active vent areas. In addition, experimental data on the pressure drop and friction factor for the vents were obtained as a function of the amounts of sand deposited in vent area. The experimental data are compared with the predictions of the Blake-Kozeny and Ergun porous flow equations and good agreement was found.
Response to Comment on "Impacts of Fine Root Turnover on Forest NPP and Soil C Sequestration Potential"

We commend Luo et al . ([ 1 ][1]) for their effort to extend the analysis of our data ([ 2 ][2]) and partition root C turnover into the turnover of structural C (SC) and nonstructural C (NSC) in root tissues. Clearly, the rate of replacement of SC, which is mostly cellulose, and NSC, which consists
Study of Heat Conduction between Fractal Aggregates and the Surrounding Gas in the Transition Regime Using the DSMC Method

Heat conduction between fractal soot aggregates and the surrounding gas is one of the fundamental problems encountered in the theoretical analysis of soot particle size measurement using the laser-induced incandescence (LII) techniques. Improved the modelling capability of this fundamental phenomenon helps improve the accuracy of LII based techniques for soot particle sizing. Heat conduction rate between fractal aggregates and the surrounding monatomic gas in the transition regime was calculated using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. The fractal aggregates were numerically generated using a combination of particle-cluster and cluster-cluster aggregation algorithms. The DSMC results were analyzed using the Fuchs approach for heat conduction between a spherical particle and the surrounding gas in the transition regime to arrive at the size of the heat transfer equivalent sphere for fractal aggregates. The heat transfer equivalent sphere radius for fractal aggregate is required in the formulation of aggregate based LII models. Such heat transfer equivalent sphere radius is recommended as the characteristic length scale of fractal aggregate heat conduction and is compared with the radius of gyration and the projected area based sphere radius.
FOLIO FORMAT AND MUSICAL ORGANISATION IN THE LITURGICAL REPERTOIRE OF THE IVREA AND APT CODICES

Most music historians would probably have little trouble accounting for the normative formal principles of a fourteenth-century rondeau or isorhythmic motet. A topic that has occasioned much less notice, however, is the question of formal articulation in the parallel corpus of liturgical works produced in no small quantity through to the end of the century, from the Tournai Mass to the earliest layer of works contained in fifteenth-century sources such as Bologna Q 15. What relatively little the scholarly literature offers on this subject has tended to portray the composition of masses either as being wholly derivative of secular forms (the typical view), or at best as reflecting some sort of murky attempt at through-composition.
Total body water, sodium space, and total exchangeable sodium in normal and toxemic pregnant women

Abstract 1. Simultaneous measurements of sodium space and total body water as well as total exchangeable sodium have been made on a series of toxemic patients and the values compared with the range obtained for normal pregnant women near term. 2. The relationship of total body water and body weight was found to be influenced by body build; i.e., lean pregnant women were found to have a higher (58.7 per cent body weight) and obese pregnant women a lower (45.4 per cent body weight) water content than the mean (53.3 per cent body weight). The ratio of sodium to water space showed no significant difference when lean, obese, and average normal pregnant patients were compared. 3. The mean sodium space of pre-eclamptic patients with and without hypertensive vascular disease constitutes a significantly higher percentage (56.0) of the total body water than the corresponding mean for normal (49.5) and hypertensive patients without pre-eclampsia (50.0). 4. The mean value for the total exchangeable sodium of pre-eclamptic patients is significantly higher (46.0 mEq. per kilogram) than that of normal pregnant patients (39.6 mEq. per kilogram) of comparable gestational age. 5. Additional evidence has been presented that normal pregnant women do not retain sodium beyond the limits for the nonpregnant state.
Selectivity of Polypeptide Binding to Nanoscale Substrates

Abstract : We present new computational methodology for designing polymers, such as polypeptides and polyelectrolytes, which can selectively recognize nanostructured substrates. The methodology applies to polymers which might be used to: control placement and assembly for electronic devices, template structure during materials synthesis, as well as add new biological and chemical functionality to surfaces. Optimization of the polymer configurational sequence permits enhancement of both binding energy on and binding selectivity between one or more atomistic surfaces. A novel Continuous Rotational Isomeric State (CRIS) method permits continuous backbone torsion sampling and is seen to be critical in binding optimization problems where chain flexibility is important. We illustrate selective polypeptide binding between either analytic, uniformly charged surfaces or atomistic GaAs(100), GaAs(110) and GaAs(111) surfaces. Computational results compare very favorably with prior experimental phage display observations S.R. Whaley et al., Nature, 405, 665 (2000) for GaAs substrates. Further investigation indicates that chain flexibility is important to exhibit selective binding between surfaces of similar charge density. Such chains begin with sequences which repel the surfaces, continue with sequences that attract the surface and end with sequences that neither attract nor repel strongly.
WE‐E‐ValA‐02: Dosimetric Comparison of the No Action Level Alignment Protocol with Daily Alignment Techniques for Prostate Cancer

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of two off‐line “No‐Action‐Level” (NAL) correction protocols with daily image‐guided alignments using bony registration (simulating electronic portal image alignment), ultrasound, and CT for direct prostate target localization. Method and Materials: Ten prostate patients received 3 CT scans per week using an integrated CTLINAC system immediately prior to radiotherapy (243 CT scans total). A clinical treatment plan was designed on the planning CTimage using current clinical margins and copied onto the daily CTimages. Two NAL protocols, based on CT measurements of the internal prostate shift relative to bony anatomy, were simulated for correcting the predicted internal systematic prostate shifts after 1 week or after 2 weeks of treatment. The NAL protocols were compared to three daily alignment methods, which simulated pelvic bone alignment, ultrasound alignment, and CT alignment. The dosimetric impact on target coverage for each scenario was reported. Reducing the planning margins to 3mm was also evaluated. Results: Daily CT scans are more accurate than daily ultrasound measurements for determining the prostate systematic positional shift, particularly in the anterior/posterior direction. The average minimum prostate dose was greatest with CT alignment (75.8Gy, p<=0.028), then with the two NAL protocols (both 74.Gy, p<=0.017), followed by ultrasound alignment (73.2Gy) and bone alignment (70.2Gy). For plans with 3mm margins, the average minimum dose was greatest with CT alignment (75.1Gy, p<=0.007), then with the two adaptive alignments (71.4Gy and 70.8Gy respectively, p<=0.022), followed by ultrasound alignment (68.4Gy) and bone alignment (63.9Gy). Conclusions: An off‐line NAL correction protocol for reducing systematic internal target shifts proved to be effective when performed after only one treatment week. The target dosimetric coverage from the NAL protocol was as good as daily ultrasound alignments but not as great as daily CT alignments. Using a 3mm planning margin exacerbated the differences in target coverage.
Composition Shifts, Disturbance, and Canopy-Accession Strategy in an Oldgrowth Forest of Southwestern Ohio, USA

ABSTRACT: Forest composition can shift through time in response to a variety of factors including changes in climate conditions and disturbance regimes. In many forests of eastern North America, oak (Quercus) populations are decreasing while maple (Acer) populations are increasing. Altered fire regimes over the last century are thought to be the primary driver of oak-to-maple dynamics; however, other factors may be playing an important role in this dominance transition. Our study sought to determine the community structure and disturbance history of an old-growth forest remnant in an area of western Ohio where fires were historically infrequent. To determine community structure, abundance of woody species was measured within 32 plots at four canopy strata. Dendrochronology was used to determine the disturbance history of the site and canopy accession patterns of canopy trees. We found that oaks and hickories (Carya) were important contributors to the forest canopy, but were less numerous than maples in su...
On the Accuracy of Sampling Schemes for Wireless Network Characterization

Wireless network characterization is an important task in next generation wireless networks. In order to achieve efficient wireless network characterization, accurate sampling strategies are required. The relative performance of different sampling strategies for assessing various wireless network traffic metrics is significant due to the complexity and expense involved in the collection, storage, and analysis of all the traffic generated in the wireless medium. Since the spectrum used for most wireless networks, especially those based on IEEE 802.11 standards, is divided into several channels, the existing count-based sampling methods demand continuous capture on each channel for selecting the desired packets of interest. Continuous capturing makes the cost of monitoring infrastructure very expensive and hence count-based sampling methods are not scalable. However, the time-based sampling methods which were considered inaccurate in wired network characterization, appear to offer a cost-effective and scalable solution by reducing the cost of resources necessary to accurately characterize the wireless medium. For example, the use of time-based sampling enable us to make use of a single wireless interface for accurately sampling multiple channels. However, in order to achieve this, we need to identify the right set of parameters for time-based sampling. This paper presents a study of the performance of various time-based sampling methods in answering questions related to their use in wireless network traffic characterization. We simulate time-based sampling traces at a variety of granularities using a complete packet trace (i.e., parent population) captured in a campus wireless network environment that aggregates traffic from a large number of nodes. From our analysis using Chi-square test, we found that the timer-driven time-based sampling is more accurate than count-driven time-based sampling for both systematic and stratified sampling schemes.
Applying Twister to Scientific Applications

Many scientific applications suffer from the lack of a unified approach to support the management and efficient processing of large-scale data. The Twister MapReduce Framework, which not only supports the traditional MapReduce programming model but also extends it by allowing iterations, addresses these problems. This paper describes how Twister is applied to several kinds of scientific applications such as BLAST, MDS Interpolation and GTM Interpolation in a non-iterative style and to MDS without interpolation in an iterative style. The results show the applicability of Twister to data parallel and EM algorithms with small overhead and increased efficiency.
Interacting Brain Stem Components of Opiate-Activated, Descending, Pain-Inhibitory Systems

This is a review of research aimed at elucidating how various opiate analgesia substrates in rat brain stem interact with one another to bring about opiate analgesia. The three substrates studied are the midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG), the bulbar nucleus raphe magnus (RM), and the bulbar nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis (PGC). The methods used in the reviewed studies are unique in that behavioral and neuronal responses are assessed in consequence of nanoinjecting opiates (met-enkephalin) into subset pairs of these structures. Responses to single and conjoint injections are compared. Effects on neuronal and behavioral responses in consequence of disruption of these structures with tetracaine block are also discussed. It is seen that PGC cannot serve as an opiate analgesia substrate if the functional integrity PAG is impaired. However PAG does not depend on PGC's functional integrity.
Group Theoretic Algorithms for the Integer Programming Problem II: Extension to a General Algorithm

The main result of this paper is a group theoretic algorithm GTIP2 for the integer programming problem. This algorithm is an extension of an algorithm from an earlier paper part I. The algorithm in part I solves a group optimization problem derived from a given integer programming problem. The optimal solution to the group problem thereby obtained is an optimal solution to the integer programming problem if it is feasible. Unfortunately, an optimal solution to the group problem may yield an infeasible integer solution. The algorithm GTIP2 of this paper is an extension of the method of part I when it fails. In particular, GTIP2 employs a search procedure to find an optimal solution to the integer programming problem. The extent of the search is bounded by procedures derived from a variety of relevant group problems that are solved by the algorithm of part I. There is a discussion of the class of problems for which GTIP2 is primarily intended and the relation of GTIP2 to other algorithms is indicated. A numerical example and some partial computational results are included.
The new indonesian marriage law: a mirror of Indonesia's political, cultural, and legal systems

Indonesias 1st national marriage law effective January 2 1974 was an attempt to unify the diverse legal systems and parts of legal systems which regulate Indonesian familial matters. Although now on the statute books the law has had little effect. Its history of enactment and its prospects of implementation supply a mirror of Indonesias legal political and cultural processes. Moslems felt that they had been pushed aside in the formulation of the proposal and they also objected to some of the bills articles which they considered contrary to their religion. Heated debates took place both within and outside the House of Representatives. Of the many articles of the proposed bill which aroused controversy Article 2(1) -- which stipulated that registration was necessary for a valid marriage -- was the most debated. Also causing much debate were Articles 3 and 40 which required permission from a civil court before a Moslem man may marry more than 1 wife and before a Moslem man or woman may divorce his or her spouse. Another debated subject was Article 11(2) which stipulates that religious differences are not obstacles to marriage. Moslem objection to this proposed article has a long history. The original bill had 73 articles and the compromise law had 67. Anything determined to be contrary to Islamic law in the original bill was either changed taken out or left subject to future implementing regulations.
Weeds in the traditional slash/mulch practice of frijol tapado: indigenous characterization and ecological implications

Summary Weeds in the secondary vegetation of the fallow in slash/mulch or shifting cultivation systems have been identified as important components of the system. Weeds found in the traditional slash/mulch or frijol tapado bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production system in southern Costa Rica were identified and given preliminary rankings based on fanner surveys. The variance of these rankings was used as a measure of farmer uncertainty. Weed rankings were further characterized by key informant interviews. This study also investigated the ecological implications of the vegetative dynamics in the system. Biomass estimates of individual weed species, nutrient dynamics and crop yield response are considered in conjunction with the farmers' rankings of weeds. A negative correlation was found between weed rankings and bean yield, and between weed rankings and C:N ratios.