cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zonal electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing of proteins and virus particles in density gradients of small volume

Abstract Proteins and virus particles were separated by zonal electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing in glass tubes of small volume. The tubes were covered at the bottom with dialysis membranes and sucrose gradients containing either buffer or ampholytes were generated directly into them. When ampholytes were employed, reproducible pH gradients were generated during electrophoresis. After the separations were finished, dense sucrose was pumped into the bottom of each tube and the gradient was fractionated from the top; the recovery of virus was nearly complete.
Binding of pro-migratory serum factors to electrospun PLLA nano-fibers

Architecture of the poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) scaffolds is known to affect protein affinity and binding strength. Here, we demonstrate that nanofibrous electrospun PLLA scaffolds reversibly absorb the pro-migratory serum factors that stimulate migration of vascular smooth muscle via an NFkB-dependent mechanism. Further, we demonstrate that mesenchymal stem cells seeded on the PLLA scaffolds do not enhance muscle migration but may maintain the ability of induced cells to migrate in an NFkB-independent manner. These findings further support the promising application of PLLA scaffolds for therapeutic angiogenesis and vascular graft engineering.
High-Field Characterization of Piezoelectric and Magnetostrictive Actuators

High-field theoretical and experimental analysis of piezoelectric and magnetostrictive actuators is presented. First, the analysis of a piezoelectric stack actuator (PiezoSystems Jena PAHL 120/20) is described. A theoretical model based on the linear theory of piezoelectricity is developed. Extensive experiments were conducted, aimed at lowfrequency dynamic electro-mechanical behavior characterization. Curve fitting procedures are used to adjust the model coefficients for various load levels. Through comparison with experimental data, the model is adjusted to include nonlinear terms related to higher losses on the unloading cycle. Second, the impedance analysis of a magnetostrictive actuator (Etrema AA140J025) is described. Linear piezomagnetism is assumed, as an approximation to nonlinear magnetostrictive behavior about a bias point. Low-field and high-field impedance measurements were performed, revealing left shifting of the actuator resonance as the power is increased. Model tuning of the impedance mo...
Analysis of Biomolecular Interactions Using a Miniaturized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor

A commercially available miniaturized surface plasmon resonance sensor has been investigated for its applicability to biological interaction analysis. The sensor was found to exhibit excellent repeatability and linearity for high-refractive index solutions and good reproducibility for the binding of proteins. Its detection limit for the monoclonal antibody M1 was found to be 2.1 fmol, which corresponds to a surface concentration of 21 pg/mm2. Simple surface immobilization procedures relying on biotin/avidin or glycoprotein/lectin chemistry have been explored. Equilibrium dissociation constants for the binding of the FLAG peptide to its monoclonal antibody (M1) and for the binding of concanavalin A to a glycoprotein have been determined. The close agreement of these measurements with values obtained by surface fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy helps to validate the use of this device. Thus, this sensor shows promise as an inexpensive, portable, and accurate tool for bioanaly...
Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. X. Banding patterns in cancerous effusions.

Abstract Cells from five cancer effusions (two ovarian carcinomas, two lung cancers, and one carcinoma of the breast) were analyzed by G-, C-, and Q-banding techniques. The following observations were made: 1) The origin of some marker chromosomes could be traced accurately by these banding techniques. 2) Several chromosomes, which appeared normal with conventional staining techniques, were found to be re-arranged ones and, hence, abnormal. 3) Chromosomes No. 1, No. 3 and No. 11 were the most frequently involved in aberrations, whereas No. 12, No. 13, No. 17-20, and No. 22 Were least frequently involved. Only in one case each was the X chromosome or the Y chromosome involved in aberrations. The Y chromosome was found to be missing in all cancer cells of one lung cancer. 4) Each effusion had characteristic markers, invariably present in each cell, whether the cells were near diploid, or polyploid. 5) No common markers were observed in the two ovarian carcinomas studied, whereas the two lung cancers had a few common markers.
Hemodynamically Driven Stent Strut Design

Stents are deployed to physically reopen stenotic regions of arteries and to restore blood flow. However, inflammation and localized stent thrombosis remain a risk for all current commercial stent designs. Computational fluid dynamics results predict that nonstreamlined stent struts deployed at the arterial surface in contact with flowing blood, regardless of the strut height, promote the creation of proximal and distal flow conditions that are characterized by flow recirculation, low flow (shear) rates, and prolonged particle residence time. Furthermore, low shear rates yield an environment less conducive for endothelialization, while local flow recirculation zones can serve as micro-reaction chambers where procoagulant and pro-inflammatory elements from the blood and vessel wall accumulate. By merging aerodynamic theory with local hemodynamic conditions we propose a streamlined stent strut design that promotes the development of a local flow field free of recirculation zones, which is predicted to inhibit thrombosis and is more conducive for endothelialization.
Resuming after Interruption: Exploring the Roles of Spatial and Goal Memory:

Interruptions research has generally focused on the factors that make interruptions more or less disruptive to primary task performance, the ways in which people engage the interruption as they disengage from a primary task, and the role of environmental context/cues in primary task resumption. However, little research has focused on investigating the processes by which a person reorients to and resumes the primary task following an interruption. This research explores the potential roles of spatial location and goal memory in the process of resumption. The experiment reported uses a new paradigm in which, following an interruption, a person can be returned to a different task and/or a different location. We found that both goal memory and spatial memory play a role in resuming the primary task following an interruption. However, there is still not a clear picture of how the two interact, and it may be that individual differences play an important role in how people deal with interruptions.
Real burden and potential risks from foodborne infections: the value of multi-jurisdictional collaborations ☆

The burden of foodborne infections on the public health is substantial. Many different microbes can contaminate foods and cause illness in the consumer. New and emerging problems are identified with regularity, as a result of microbial change, of changing patterns of production and trade, and the complex ecologies in which we produce and process the foods we eat. In the United States, the zoonotic pathogens Salmonella, Campylobacter , Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (such as E. coli O157:H7), Listeria and Toxoplasma are major challenges. Public health surveillance is vital to estimate the burden, to detect outbreaks, and to track trends in the illness as interventions take place. Cases reported to public health authorities represent only a small fraction of those that occur, but if that fraction is known, the total number of cases can be estimated. Most cases are sporadic, occurring outside of recognized outbreaks. With systematic molecular methods for surveillance, large and dispersed outbreaks can be identified. Investigation of outbreaks of illnesses can detect new pathogens, establish new food vehicles, and identify likely points of contamination. The results of surveillance, of research based on sporadic cases, and of outbreak investigations can guide the important multi-disciplinary research in food science, veterinary and ecological sectors that are critical to improving prevention upstream from the consumer. Because microbes travel freely across boundaries, this increasingly requires a transnational approach. We can anticipate more unexpected challenges, even as current challenges are controlled. Robust, stable and flexible public health platforms for surveillance, for investigation, and for supporting interdisciplinary research that improves prevention are important to sustained progress in the field of food safety.
Is pulse oximetry an essential tool or just another distraction? The role of the pulse oximeter in modern anesthesia care

Since the discovery of anesthetic agents, patient monitoring has been considered one of the core responsibilities of the anesthesiologist. As depicted in Robert Hinckley's famous painting, The First Operation with Ether, one observes William Thomas Green Morton carefully watching over his patient. Since its founding in 1905, 'Vigilance' has been the motto of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). Over a hundred years have passed, and one would think we would be clear regarding what we are watching for and how we should be watching. On the contrary, the introduction of new technology and outcome research is requiring us to re-examine our fundamental assumptions regarding what is and what is not important in the care of the patient. A vast majority of anesthesiologists would refuse to proceed with an anesthetic without the presence of a pulse oximeter. On the other hand, outcome studies have failed to demonstrate an improvement in patient care with their use. For that matter, it can be argued that outcome studies have yet to demonstrate an unambiguous role for any monitor of any type (i.e. blood pressure cuff or ECG), as outcome studies may fail to capture rare events. Because of the increased safety that has been attributed to pulse oximetry, it is unlikely that further studies can or will be conducted. As we enter a new era of clinical monitoring, with an emphasis on noninvasive cardiovascular monitoring, it might be of benefit to examine the role of the pulse oximeter in clinical care. This article reviews the available evidence for pulse oximetry. Further, it discusses contemporary issues, events, and perceptions that may help to explain how and why pulse oximetry may have been adopted as a standard of care despite the lack of supportive. Lastly, it discusses less obvious benefits of pulse oximetry that may have further implications on the future of anesthesia care and perhaps even automated anesthesia.
Research on the Technology of Failure Functional Recovery for Secondary Equipment in Smart Substation

The technology of secondary equipment condition diagnosis and failure functional recovery could improve security, stability and effectiveness in smart substation. The development of status diagnosis and trends is summarized , and outstanding issues are discussed. The program of state diagnosis and failure function recovery are proposed on the basis of exiting technology; diagnosis model based on IEC 61850network device discovery and failure function recovery, etc are mainly studied. The smart substation secondary equipment diagnostic and failure function recovery are explored, which meets the development of mart grid self-healing and self-control.
Skin explant culture: a reliable method for detecting pemphigoid antibodies in pemphigoid sera that are negative by standard immunofluorescence and immunoblotting.

We investigated the presence of bullous pemphigoid antibodies in bullous pemphigoid sera that are negative by standard indirect immunofluorescence. We incubated each of four indirect immunofluorescence-positive bullous pemphigoid sera, seven indirect immunofluorescence-negative bullous pemphigoid sera, one indirect immunofluorescence- negative herpes gestationis serum, three indirect immunofluorescence-positive epidermolysis bullosa acquisita sera, five indirect immunofluorescence-negative epidermolysis bullosa acquisita sera, and two normal human sera with fresh human skin explants in medium 199 at 4°C for 48 h. All bullous pemphigoid sera, herpes gestationis serum, and the three indirect immunofluorescence-positive epidermolysis bullosa acquisita sera had IgG that bound the basement membrane zone of skin explants with moderate to marked intensity as demonstrated by immunofluorescence. Normal sera and indirect immunofluorescence-negative epidermolysis bullosa acquisita sera failed to bind the explant basement membrane zone. Immunoblotting of bullous pemphigoid sera showed five of seven indirect immunofluorescence-negative bullous pemphigoid sera to bind high-molecular weight and/or low-molecular weight bullous pemphigoid antigens from epidermal extracts. We conclude that the skin explant culture system is a very sensitive method for the detection of bullous pemphigoid antibodies in all bullous pemphigoid sera.
MRI of normal and abnormal duodenum using Half-Fourier Single-Shot RARE and gadolinium-enhanced spoiled gradient echo sequences.

Abstract The objective of this research was two-fold: First, to describe the normal and abnormal MR appearances of the duodenum using combined Half-Fourier Acquisition Single Shot RARE (HASTE) and gadolinium-enhanced standard and fat suppressed spoiled gradient echo (SGE) sequences. The second objective was to assess the ability of these combined sequences to detect and characterize duodenal diseases. MR examinations were performed on fifty consecutive patients with no clinical history of duodenal diseases, who were 1) imaged with HASTE and gadolinium-enhanced standard and fat suppressed SGE sequences and 2) referred to MR examination for reasons other than duodenal diseases, and were reviewed retrospectively to determine the normal MR appearances of the duodenum. A second population of patients with abnormal duodenum who were imaged with the same MR sequences were included in the second part of this study. This population was composed of 20 consecutive patients with subsequently proven duodenal abnormalities, including: malrotation (2), diverticula (4), intussusception (1), sprue (1), polyps (2), neurofibroma (1), lymphoma (1), Zollinger Ellison syndrome (1), metastatic disease (1), Crohn’s disease (1), and wall thickening and duodenitis (5). Normal measurements of the duodenum are described. Abnormalities of wall thickness and duodenal masses required combined HASTE and gadolinium-enhanced SGE images to evaluate well. Abnormalities of the bowel lumen (e.g., diverticula and intussusception), and developmental variants (e.g., malrotation), were sufficiently visualized on HASTE images alone. Bowel inflammation was best shown on gadolinium-enhanced fat suppressed SGE images. HASTE and gadolinium-enhanced fat suppressed SGE sequences are complementary techniques for the demonstration of normal and abnormal duodenum. The combined use of both sequences allows evaluation of different aspects of bowel diseases; abnormalities of position, lumen, and contents are well shown on HASTE, while inflammation is best shown on gadolinium enhanced fat suppressed SGE, and wall thickening and masses are best evaluated with the combined use of both techniques. Keywords: Duodenum; Contrast enhancement; Spoiled-gradient echo (SGE); Half-Fourier Acquisition Single-shot RARE (HASTE).
rek, a gene expressed in retina and brain, encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase of the Axl/Tyro3 family

Rek (retina-expressed kinase) has been identified as a putative novel receptor-type tyrosine kinase of the Axl/Tyro3 family with a potential role in neural cell development. rek clones were isolated from a chick embryonic brain cDNA library with a DNA probe obtained by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of mRNA from Muller glia-like cells cultured from chick embryonic retina. Sequence analysis indicated that Rek is a protein of 873 amino acids with an extracellular region composed of two immunoglobulin-like domains followed by two fibronectin type III domains with eight predicted N-glycosylation sites. Two consensus src homology 2 domain binding sites are present in the cytoplasmic domain, suggesting that Rek activates several signal transduction pathways. Northern analysis of rek mRNA revealed a 5.5-kilobase transcript in chick brain, retina, and kidney and in primary cultures of retinal Muller glia-like cells. Rek protein was identified by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting as a 140-kDa protein expressed in the chick retina at embryonic days 6-13, which corresponded to the major period of neuronal and glial differentiation. Transfection of rek cDNA into COS cells resulted in transient expression of a putative precursor of 106 kDa that autophosphorylated in immune complex protein kinase assays. Overexpression of rek cDNA in mouse NIH3T3 fibroblasts resulted in activation of the 140-kDa rek kinase and induction of morphologically transformed foci. These properties indicated that Rek has oncogenic potential when overexpressed, but its normal function is likely to be related to cell-cell recognition events governing the differentiation or proliferation of neural cells.
Decrease in canine endocardial and epicardial electrogram voltages with exercise: implications for pacemaker sensing.

Individuals with permanently implanted pacemakers who have normal sensing and pacing at rest may demonstrate abnormalities, particularly of atrial sensing, with exercise. Exercise is known to cause changes in the surface electrocardiographic voltages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in endocardial and epicardial voltages during exercise in canines with permanently implanted pacing leads similar to those permanently implanted in humans with pacemakers. Six adult mongrel dogs were equipped with transvenous atrial and ventricular endocardial bipolar screw-in leads from a jugular venosection, and with atrial and ventricular bipolar stab-on leads from a left thoracotomy. Exercise was performed at one week following implantation and at weekly intervals for a total of 4 weeks. The animals were studied at rest and at a single workload of 3 miles per hour at a 30% elevation. Unfiltered electrograms were recorded with a VR-12 Electronics-for-Medicine photographic recorder. The mean decreases of electrograms with exercise from resting voltage were: 15% for atrial endocardial unipolar leads: 11% for atrial endocardial bipolar leads; 4% for atrial epicardial unipolar leads; 15% for atrial epicardial bipolar leads; 8% for ventricular endocardial unipolar leads; 18% for ventricular endocardial bipolar leads; 0.1% for ventricular epicardial unipolar leads and 5% for ventricular epicardial bipolar leads.
Increased risk of pancreatic adenocarcinoma after acute pancreatitis.

Background & Aims Acute pancreatitis (AP) is often the initial presentation of pancreatic cancer (pancreatic adenocarcinoma [PaCa]). We evaluated the risk of PaCa after AP. Methods We performed a retrospective study of patients with AP who sought care in the Veterans Health Administration from 1998 through 2007. We excluded patients with pre-existing PaCa or recurrent AP and those who had the first episode of acute pancreatitis, from 1998 through 2000. Results Of 495,504 patients with Veterans Health Administration inpatient and outpatient records, 5720 were diagnosed with AP (1.15%) and 710 were diagnosed with PaCa (0.14%), from 2000 through 2007. Seventy-six patients had AP within 2 years before being diagnosed with PaCa (10.7% of all patients with cancer diagnosed during that period). The risk for PaCa was greatest in the first year after AP (14.5 per 1000 patient-years) and then decreased rapidly. Risk for PaCa was negligible in patients 24 months for 10 patients. Conclusions A significant number of patients with PaCa initially present with AP; the diagnosis of cancer is often delayed by up to 2 years. We suggest that PaCa be routinely considered as a potential etiology of AP in patients ≥40 years old.
Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactive retinal ganglion cells and their pattern of termination in the optic tectum of chick (Gallus gallus)

Substance P-like immunoreactive (SP-LI) neurons were identified within the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer of the chick retina. The SP-LI cells in the inner nuclear layer consisted of several subtypes of neurons, differing in soma size and dendritic arborization. In the ganglion cell layer a population of moderately labelled SP-LI neurons was also present. About 6-9 microns in diameter and spaced 50-80 microns apart, they formed a regular array across the entire retina, with a density of about 400 cells/mm2 in the superior temporal retina, declining to less than 100 cells/mm2 in the peripheral retina. The total number of SP-LI cells in the ganglion cell layer was approximately 75,000. Individual axons could be followed toward the optic nerve head. Lesions near the optic nerve head resulted in axotomy of ganglion cells within a limited portion of the retina. Two days of postaxotomy there were numerous SP-LI swellings in the proximal segments of axotomized axons. SP-LI neurons in the axotomized zone were larger, more numerous, and showed increased staining of their processes. Fourteen days following a retinal lesion, there was depletion of all SP-LI cells in the ganglion cell layer within the axotomized zone, but the SP-LI neurons in the inner nuclear layer were not noticeably affected. Following a localized injection of rhodamine-coupled latex beads into the optic tectum, a population of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the contralateral retina was retrogradely labelled. Many of these cells also exhibited SP-like immunoreactivity. Examination of the optic tectum indicated the presence of SP-LI fibres in laminae 2-13 (nomenclature of Cajal: Histologie du Systeme Nerveux. Vol. 2. Paris: Maloine, '11), with immunoreactive terminal regions present mainly in laminae 2-4, 7, and 9-13. SP-LI cell bodies were found predominantly in laminae 10-12 and 13. Fourteen days following a retinal lesion, SP-LI processes and terminals were depleted from laminae 2 and 3. Immunoreactive cells and processes in the remaining laminae of the optic tectum were not noticeably altered. The present report confirms the existence of SP-LI retinal ganglion cells in the chick retina and demonstrates their contribution to lamina specific SP-LI arborization in the optic tectum.
Necrotizing enterocolitis: intraluminal biochemistry in human neonates and a rabbit model.

ABSTRACT: The intestinal contents of 17 neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis were analyzed for pH, carbohydrate, protein, and bacteria. The intraluminal pH was 5 g/dl. The variables of acid and protein were then examined in a rabbit intestinal loop model. The hemorrhagic response in individual loops was measured using Cr51 tagged red blood cells such that the microliters of blood per centimeter intestine could be determined. Loops with organic acid and protein had significantly (p < 0.01) more intramural blood than control loops. Organic acid (possibly generated by bacterial mixed acid fermentation of carbohydrate) in the presence of protein promotes intramural hemorrhage similar to that seen in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis.
Changes in the bovine herpesvirus 1 genome during acute infection, after reactivation from latency, and after superinfection in the host animal

Three subtypes, as defined byHindIII restriction endonuclease (RE) analysis patterns [17], of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV 1) were used to inoculate seronegative, BHV 1-free cattle. These included: infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV), subtype 1.1; infectious pustular vulvovaginitis virus (IPPV) isolate K22, subtype 1.2b; and IPVV isolate FI, subtype 1.2a. Nasal, vaginal, and buffy coat samples were taken for virus isolation from each animal. RE analysis was done on virus isolates collected during acute infection, after reactivation from latency, and after reactivation followed by superinfection with a subtype of BHV 1 that differed from the primary inoculation virus. Changes occurred in the BHV1 genome after only 1 passage in the host animal, and varied from tissue to tissue within the same animal. Viruses reactivated from latency also displayed genome variability. Only animals that received IPVV as the primary inoculation virus were successfully superinfected. After superinfection, cattle shed both superinfecting and reactivated viruses, and genome variability was observed. These data suggest that the application of RE analysis in diagnostic and epidemiologic studies of BHV 1 is limited to analysis between types and subtypes, and is not applicable for the examination of isolates from within a BHV 1 subtype.
The structure of social protest, 1961–1983☆

Abstract The inherent duality of protests — the fact that groups protest on issues — is exploited to model the social structure of group to group relations for all groups which protested in Washington DC over five periods, 1961–63, 1967–68, 1971–73, 1976–78 and 1981–83. The structural positions of groups are identified over time and we show that a group's position influences the protest repertoire employed. Central groups in all periods define which repertoires are most dominant and more peripheral groups appear as innovators. Using the structural positions of groups as a test of their salience, some of the predictions of the new social movement theory — that identity has replaced interest as the determinant of social protest, and that organized labor's role has declined — are tested. We find support for the first claim, and falsify the second. While new social movement groups have become more central in the world of social protest, the role of labor has not changed relative to its position in the early 1960s. Finally we develop some of the implications of the modeling strategy employed. Basic is the recognition that movement scholars be more sensitive to the context in which protests occur. This context is the structure of social protest.
Real-time 3D model-based tracking using edge and keypoint features for robotic manipulation

We propose a combined approach for 3D real-time object recognition and tracking, which is directly applicable to robotic manipulation. We use keypoints features for the initial pose estimation. This pose estimate serves as an initial estimate for edge-based tracking. The combination of these two complementary methods provides an efficient and robust tracking solution. The main contributions of this paper includes: 1) While most of the RAPiD style tracking methods have used simplified CAD models or at least manually well designed models, our system can handle any form of polygon mesh model. To achieve the generality of object shapes, salient edges are automatically identified during an offline stage. Dull edges usually invisible in images are maintained as well for the cases when they constitute the object boundaries. 2) Our system provides a fully automatic recognition and tracking solution, unlike most of the previous edge-based tracking that require a manual pose initialization scheme. Since the edge-based tracking sometimes drift because of edge ambiguity, the proposed system monitors the tracking results and occasionally re-initialize when the tracking results are inconsistent. Experimental results demonstrate our system's efficiency as well as robustness.
On the transition to turbulent convection. Part 2. The transition to time-dependent flow

The Rayleigh number at which steady convective flow changes to time-dependent flow is determined experimentally for several fluids with Prandtl numbers from 1 to 104. The time dependence is of two forms: (i) a slow tilting of the cell boundary, with time scale of the vertical thermal diffusion time, (ii) an oscillation with a faster time scale determined by the orbit time of the fluid around the cell. The nature of this oscillation is one of hot (or cold) spots advected with the original cellular motion. At a fixed point in the fluid this produces a time periodic oscillation of the temperature. A discrete change of slope of the heat flux curve accompanies this transition. As the Rayleigh number is increased, transition to disorder is seen to result from an increase in the frequency and number of these oscillations.
Sorption of water and organic solutes in polyimide films and its effects on dielectric properties

The effect of structure on the sorption kinetics of water and of various organic solutes into polyimide (PMDA-ODA) thin films was studied. The major techniques employed include measurements of sorption kinetics, density, and dielectric relaxation. More solute uptake, lower densities and higher diffusivities were observed for films cured at lower temperatures. By measuring both changes of mass and of density, the volume expansion of the polymer due to each solute was obtained; this was found to be proportional to the molar volume of the solute. The two dielectric relaxation peaks (denoted by γ1 and γ2) due to water (and other solutes) were studied in detail to obtain the relevant activation energies and the separate dipole moments. While water and methylene chloride appear in both γ1 and γ2 configurations, methyl and ethyl alcohol appear mainly as γ2, while acetic acid is primarily γ1. It was concluded that the γ1 configurations are relatively homogeneously distributed throughout the polymer, involving loose bonding to the polymer structure, while the γ2 configurations involve small clusters, probably chains of molecules. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ASSOCIATION OF A VARIANT LIPASE IN HUMAN MILK WITH PROLONGED NEONATAL JAUNDICE

Human milk samples that inhibit billrubin-UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity in vitro have been associated with prolonged unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in newborn infants. 1/178 milk samples collected at random inhibited the enzyme as compared to 7/15 suspected samples. The non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) content of five inhibitory milks (27.6 ± 4.9 mM) differed from control samples (12.3 ± 5.5 mM, p<0.05). This is in agreement with Bevan and Holton (Clin Chlm Acta, 1972). The concentration of each fatty acid measured by GLC was higher in inhibitory milks. The lipase activity of 124 milk samples collected from volunteers on day 3 or 4 of lactation (control group) was compared with that of 8 samples from mothers of infants with prolonged unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (jaundiced group). The lipase assays were performed in duplicate using tributyrin as substrate with and without sodium taurocholate (TC) in the incubation mixture. Results as follows: Agarose gel electrophoresis of milk proteins showed a difference in mobility between lipases from normal and abnormal milk. Thus, a lipase with abnormally high activity and variant electrophoretic mobility appears to be the cause of increased concentrations of NEFA in the abnormal breast milks.
Calcium-dependent and ATP-sensitive potassium channels and the 'permissive' function of cyclic GMP in hypercapnia-induced pial arteriolar relaxation

Abstract The conclusion that cyclic 3′–5 guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) functions in a `permissive' manner in promoting cerebrovasodilation during hypercapnia was based on findings showing that the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor-induced repression of the CO 2 response could be reversed upon addition of exogenous cGMP. We hypothesized that the action of cGMP revealed in those studies does not define its normal role in hypercapnic cerebral vasodilation, but rather is a unique function of the artificial situation of NOS inhibition coupled with cGMP repletion. Thus, although CO 2 reactivity may be the same in normal versus cGMP-repleted animals, the factors contributing to that response may differ. To test that possibility, the effects of calcium-dependent (K Ca ) or ATP-sensitive (K ATP ) potassium channel blockers on pial arteriolar CO 2 reactivity, in vivo, were evaluated in the presence and absence of NOS inhibition plus administration of a cGMP analogue. Pial arteriolar diameter changes in hypercapnia were measured in three principal groups of anesthetized rats: (I) K Ca channel-inhibited (via iberiotoxin); (II) K ATP channel-inhibited (via glibenclamide); and (III) controls. Group I and II rats were further divided into: (a) those treated with the neuronal NOS (nNOS) inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), followed by successive suffusions of the cGMP analogue, 8-bromo-cGMP (8Br-cGMP) and 8Br-cGMP+K-channel blocker; and (b) rats where 7-NI and 8Br-cGMP applications were omitted. Group III rats were divided into time and 8Br-cGMP controls. Hypercapnia (PCO 2 ≅60 mmHg, 3 min)-induced dilations were reduced by 70–80% following 7-NI and restored by 8Br-cGMP. That restoration was reversed by both K-channel blockers. In the absence of 7-NI and exogenous cGMP, CO 2 reactivity was unaffected by K-channel inhibition. These findings confirmed that nNOS-derived NO is critically important to the hypercapnic reactivity of cerebral arterioles, and that cGMP repletion, following NOS inhibition, could restore CO 2 reactivity. The observation that K Ca and K ATP channel blockade did not alter CO 2 reactivity under baseline conditions, but attenuated CO 2 reactivity only in the presence nNOS inhibition (and cGMP repletion), suggests that multiple, redundant, and interactive mechanisms participate in CO 2 -induced vasodilation. These results also imply that current strategies for revealing permissive actions of cGMP (or NO) may need to be re-evaluated.
Serum Free Light Chain Specificity and Sensitivity: A Reality Check

In 2001, a commercial test consisting of 2 separate measurements to quantify κ and λ free light chains (FLCs) was reported in Clinical Chemistry (1). The antisera specificities in this assay were reported to be 10 000-fold higher for FLCs than for light chains bound to immunoglobulin heavy chains. FLCs were thought to be associated with imbalances in heavy and light chain production in monoclonal plasma cell populations, and their quantifiability in the presence of the bulk of serum immunoglobulin opened new opportunities for characterizing plasma cell proliferation disorders. The reference interval for polyclonal FLCs was documented, and the reference interval for the free light chain κ-to-λ (FLC K/L) ratio was demonstrated to be a sensitive indicator for excess (e.g., clonal) FLC production(1)(2). The gold standard for detection of monoclonal proteins is immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE). Several retrospective studies, however, showed that serum FLC had substantially higher detection limits than serum and urine IFE for diagnosis of the monoclonal light chain diseases of primary light-chain amyloidosis(3)(4) and light chain deposition disease(2), as well as nonsecretory multiple myeloma(5). This increase in diagnostic detection limit for this subset of monoclonal gammopathies indicates that the serum FLC assay is a natural addition to serum and urine IFE for diagnostic testing in the monoclonal gammopathies. The serum FLC assay specificity for the monoclonal plasma cell proliferative disorders resides in the …
A theory and empirical test of land option pricing

Abstract Land option contracts are agreements whereby a landowner agrees to sell property at a stipulated exercise price to a potential buyer (developer) within a specified length of time. The option contract gives the developer time to coordinate the expertise of many professionals and obtain zoning changes and financing for the property, if necessary. In most cases the developer must either purchase the option to buy the proposed site or purchase the land outright before knowing whether the development is feasible. The landowner's objective is to choose an exercise price (and hence an option premium) which will ensure that the developer will exercise the land option. In a bid-price model where developers are risk-neutral and landowners are risk-averse, the prediction is that land options are written with a zero or close to zero time premium. This paper is a test of this hypothesis and the results confirm the theoretical model.
Application of Gold Catalyst for Mercury Oxidation by Chlorine

This paper discusses a recent study of mercury catalytic oxidation by chlorinating reagents. Gold was chosen as the catalyst because of its reluctance to chemisorb some gases such as O2, NO, H2O, and SO2. This property, as demonstrated in this study, is instrumental to mercury oxidation by circumventing some undesired inhibitory reactions such as OH + NO + M --> HONO + M and OH + SO2 + M --> HOSO2 + M, which were recognized under homogeneous situations at high temperatures. In comparison to Cl2, HCl showed weak oxidizing capability but appreciable inhibition in mercury oxidation by Cl2, probably through the competition of active sites with Cl2. Overall, the mercury catalytic oxidation by Cl2 on gold catalyst surfaces was viable, reaching 40-60% in this study under temperatures of 448-498 K, where the thermal decomposition of formed Hg2+ was effectively avoided.
Inverse deformation results in finite elasticity

Es wird gezeigt, dass fur elastisch homogenes Material die Gleichgewichtsbedingungen ohne Massenkrafte bezuglich Ausgangs- und Endkoordinaten sowie Deformationsenergie je Raumeinheit im undeformierten und im deformierten Zustand eine Dualitat aufweisen. Mit Hilfe dieser Eigenschaft wird gezeigt, dass der Gleichgewichtszustand fur ein gegebenes Material eine inverse Verformung definiert, welche fur gewisse andere Materialien einen Gleichgewichtszustand darstellt. Die Arbeit verallgemeinert die vonAdkins fur transversal isotropes inkompressibles Material in gleichformigem Zug mit uberlagerter ebener Verformung nachgewiesene Reziprozitat.
Employment, peers, and life-course transitions

One of Sampson and Laub's central findings from their analysis of the Gluecks' data was that reductions in adult criminal behavior were associated with stable employment. In support of their theory of informal social control, they maintained that employment builds social capital that, in turn, bonds young adults to social institutions. Using data from the National Youth Survey we examine the effects of associating with prosocial coworkers on changing delinquent peer networks and on criminal behavior and drug use. The results demonstrate that prosocial coworkers disrupt previously established delinquent peer networks and are associated with reductions in adult criminal behavior.
Medroxalol Combined with Hydrochlorothiazide in the Treatment of Hypertension

The antihypertensive effect and safety of hydrochlorothiazide administration as a single drug and together with medroxalol were determined in 20 patients with primary hypertension. Following two biweekly intervals on placebo and hydrochlorothiazide, medroxalol was started at 100 mg three times a day and titrated against blood pressure response up to a maximum of 300 mg three times a day. In nine patients the effect of the single and the combined drug therapy on blood pressure during isometric handgrip exercise, on plasma renin activity, and on plasma catecholamines and their deaminated metabolites was investigated. The administration of hydrochlorothiazide was associated with a significant decrease in blood pressure, but heart rate did not change. The addition of medroxalol produced a substantial decrease in blood pressure and heart rate in both the recumbent and upright positions (P less than 0.001). Due to careful titration of medroxalol, orthostatic hypotension was observed only in one patient. Neither hydrochlorothiazide alone nor the combined drug regimen prevented or diminished the rise in blood pressure with exercise. Although plasma renin activity decreased during the combined drug therapy, there was no correlation between the initial levels or the change in plasma renin activity and the extent of decrease in blood pressure. The concentration of plasma epinephrine increased during the combined drug period, whereas catecholamine metabolites increased significantly during both periods of the study. It is concluded that medroxalol combined with hydrochlorothiazide constituted a potent and safe antihypertensive therapy for the duration of the present study.
Sequential connectivity of 3-complexes

Abstract R.H. Bing showed that if a closed 3-manifold M has a triangulation in which the 3-simplexes can be ordered (σ 1 ,…,σ n ) so that each σ 1 hits ∪ j i σ j in a connected set, then M is homeomorphic to S 3 . There are several ways to vary Bing's idea. In the preceding case, we show that the given triangulation of C = ∪ i n σ i is collapsible, so C is a 3-cell. If some of the intersections are disconnected, the sum of the numbers of excess components is a bound for the Heegaard genus of M . For more general cell complexes K ( dim ⩽3), if K is collapsible then (a subdivision of) K is sequentially connected. The converse is true under certain conditions on K or on the enumeration of cells σ i . As an application of this machine, we show that if Q is a polyhedron for which Π 1 ( Q ) requires more than n generators, any space obtained by attaching n 2-cells to Q is not collapsible.
High-accuracy frequency standards using laser-cooled Hg+ ions

We discuss frequency standards based on laser-cooled 199Hg+ ions confined in cryogenic rf traps. In one experiment, the frequency of a microwave source is served to the ions' ground-state hyperfine transition at 40.5 GHz. For seven ions and a Ramsey free precession time of 100 s, the fractional frequency stability is 3.3 (2) X 10-13 (tau) -1/2 for measurement times (tau) < 2 h. The ground-state hyperfine interval is measured to be 40 507 347 996.841 59 (14) (41) Hz, where the first number in parentheses is the uncertainty due to statistics and systematic errors, and the second is the uncertainty in the frequency of the time scale to which the standard is compared. In a second experiment under development, a strong-binding cryogenic trap will confine a single ion used for an optical frequency standard based on a narrow electric quadrupole transition at 282 nm. The bandwidth of the laser used to drive this transition is less than 10 Hz at 563 nm.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
MAINTENANCE OF NORMAL PITUITARY WEIGHT AND CYTOLOGY IN THE SPAYED RAT FOLLOWING ESTRADIOL IMPLANTS IN THE ARCUATE NUCLEUS.

Estradiol contained within the lumen of 30 gauge hypodermic tubing was implanted into the arcuate nucleus, mammillary bodies, or anterior lobe of the pituitary, either at the time of spaying or 11 days or 60 days after castration. The normal pituitary weightand cytological characteristics of the gonadotrophs were maintained only when estradiolwas implanted in the arcuate nucleus after spaying. Blank tubing implants in all the previously mentioned locations or estradiol implants in the mammillary bodies or anteriorpituitary were completely ineffective in inhibiting the typical sequence of castration cell formation which occurs in the pituitary of the spayed rat.
Causal factors for seismicity near Azle, Texas

In November 2013, a series of earthquakes began along a mapped ancient fault system near Azle, Texas. Here we assess whether it is plausible that human activity caused these earthquakes. Analysis of both lake and groundwater variations near Azle shows that no significant stress changes were associated with the shallow water table before or during the earthquake sequence. In contrast, pore-pressure models demonstrate that a combination of brine production and wastewater injection near the fault generated subsurface pressures sufficient to induce earthquakes on near-critically stressed faults. On the basis of modelling results and the absence of historical earthquakes near Azle, brine production combined with wastewater disposal represent the most likely cause of recent seismicity near Azle. For assessing the earthquake cause, our research underscores the necessity of monitoring subsurface wastewater formation pressures and monitoring earthquakes having magnitudes of ∼M2 and greater. Currently, monitoring at these levels is not standard across Texas or the United States.
Penetration depth of surface effects in molecular crystals

Abstract In the semi-infinite molecular crystal the interplanar distances perpendicular to the surface are allowed to assume their equilibrium value. By minimizing the energy of the system it is shown that the first interplanar distance increases by 2.5 per cent, the second by 0.6 per cent, the third by 0.2 per cent, and the fourth by 0.08 per cent. It can be shown that this expansion over the normal distance in an infinite crystal falls off as one over the cube of the distance from the surface. On the other hand, the surface energy is shown to be only slightly affected by these deeper distance perturbations. The change in interplanar distances is also calculated for various uniformly distorted semi-infinite crystals.
Kruskal's Proof of the Joint Distribution of and s 2

(1984). Kruskal's Proof of the Joint Distribution of and s 2. The American Statistician: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 134-135.
On the registration of FLGPR and IR data for a forward-looking landmine detection system and its use in eliminating FLGPR false alarms

This paper proposes a technique for using infrared (IR) imagery to eliminate false forward-looking ground penetrating radar (FLGPR) detections by examining areas in IR images corresponding to FLGPR alarm locations. The FLGPR and IR co-location is based on the assumption of a flat earth and the pinhole camera model. The parameters of the camera and its location on the vehicle are not assumed to be known. The parameters of the model are estimated using a set of correspondences gathered from the data utilizing the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) optimization algorithm. Detection of false alarms is accomplished by generating a descriptor, consisting of various statistics calculated from the IR images along with the FLGPR confidence value, for each alarm location. The alarms are then classified based on the Mahalanobis distance between their descriptor and a multivariate normal distribution used to model false alarms. The false alarm distribution is computed from training data where the validity of each alarm location is already known. Using this technique, generally fifteen to twenty percent or more of the FLGPR false alarms can be eliminated without losing any true alarms.
Ultrarapid-Scan Infrared Spectrometer*

A simple low-resolution rapid-scanning infrared spectrophotometer has been developed from a modified commercial monochromator. When used with a cooled InSb or some other very fast response detector, this spectrometer is capable of over 20 000 scans per second, as limited by the present drive motor. A raster-type oscilloscope recording system is described which allows the photographic observation of many spectral scans on one oscilloscope. Sample emission spectra are shown of a xenon reflected shock and a xenon flash lamp.
A discrete transmission-matrix method for modeling the distributed feedback arising from continuously varying refractive index profiles

Several methods exist for modeling the Fresnel reflectance arising from arbitrary refractive index profiles. In many cases, the calculation can be done analytically; however, a numerical method must be employed for more complicated scenarios. The transmission matrix is an analytic method which is well suited for modeling reflection at abrupt interfaces. In this work, we develop a numerical approach, relying on the transmission matrix method, which can properly model the reflection and transmission properties of a continuously varying index profile. This approach has been applied to high power semiconductor lasers by modeling the built-in distributed feedback arising from the continuously mismatched wave impedance along the cavity length caused by a non-uniform temperature profile.