cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MethylViewer: computational analysis and editing for bisulfite sequencing and methyltransferase accessibility protocol for individual templates (MAPit) projects

Bisulfite sequencing is a widely-used technique for examining cytosine DNA methylation at nucleotide resolution along single DNA strands. Probing with cytosine DNA methyltransferases followed by bisulfite sequencing (MAPit) is an effective technique for mapping protein-DNA interactions. Here, MAPit methylation footprinting with M.CviPI, a GC methyltransferase we previously cloned and characterized, was used to probe hMLH1 chromatin in HCT116 and RKO colorectal cancer cells. Because M.CviPI-probed samples contain both CG and GC methylation, we developed a versatile, visually-intuitive program, called MethylViewer, for evaluating the bisulfite sequencing results. Uniquely, MethylViewer can simultaneously query cytosine methylation status in bisulfite-converted sequences at as many as four different user-defined motifs, e.g. CG, GC, etc., including motifs with degenerate bases. Data can also be exported for statistical analysis and as publication-quality images. Analysis of hMLH1 MAPit data with MethylViewer showed that endogenous CG methylation and accessible GC sites were both mapped on single molecules at high resolution. Disruption of positioned nucleosomes on single molecules of the PHO5 promoter was detected in budding yeast using M.CviPII, increasing the number of enzymes available for probing protein-DNA interactions. MethylViewer provides an integrated solution for primer design and rapid, accurate and detailed analysis of bisulfite sequencing or MAPit datasets from virtually any biological or biochemical system.
Mean convergence of orthogonal Fourier series and interpolating polynomials

For a family of weight functions that include the general Jacobi weight functions as special cases, exact condition for the convergence of the Fourier orthogonal series in the weighted L p space is given. The result is then used to establish a Marcinkiewicz--Zygmund type inequality and to study weighted mean convergence of various interpolating polynomials based on the zeros of the corresponding orthogonal polynomials.
Laying the groundwork-an analysis of how to get started with operations analysis

Abstract To make operations analysis a pervasive force in education, it is as important to be systematic and disciplined in deciding which projects to undertake as it does to show these virtues once we have selected a problem and are pressing for a solution. Progress means thinking about objectives, including the objective of demonstrating that operations analysis is relevant for education and of establishing a climate of acceptance for the new methods. Progress means concern for people and politics and an eye for initial projects that are hard to bungle. We have little to gain in pitting scarce talent and betting the reputation of operations analysis on situations which we can do little to improve. Meaningful solutions, for the administrator, are solutions that he can manage politically and that do not require impossible increases in staff or budgets to implement. Shrewdness in choosing projects that fit what we can do with operations analysis, though, does not mean picking insignificant problems. Operations analysis must understand the larger issues in American education and set its priorities to fit. We can better afford honest failure than irrelevance.
Do academically deficient scholarship athletes earn higher wages subsequent to graduation

In this paper, data from the Baccalaureate & Beyond 93/97/03 survey is used to estimate the effects on the earnings of scholarship athletics participants subsequent to graduation. Former college athletes are found to have higher wages on average. Upon first glance, colleges and universities could use these results to argue on behalf of investments in athletics. However, by using quantile regression, it is shown that the positive wage premiums are not equivalent for all college athletes.
Cryopreservation of shoot tips from in vitro plants of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] by vitrification.

Routine cryopreservation of shoot tips from sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] has been hampered by their survival variability after cryogenic exposure. We examined the effects of light conditions on stock plants, sucrose preculture and cryoprotectant loading on survival after vitrification using PVS2 solution. The survival of vitrified sweet potato shoot tips cooled to approximately –208 °C was increased by preculturing with 0.3 M sucrose for 24 h at 22 °C. Survival was also enhanced by excising shoot tips immediately after the 8-h dark photoperiod. The best survival after cryogenic exposure was obtained using 2 M glycerol +0.4 M sucrose for 1 h at 22 °C followed by dehydration with PVS2 for 16 min at 22 °C. Rapid cooling was used and achieved by the immersion of foil strips into partially solidified nitrogen. Successfully vitrified and warmed shoot tips directly developed shoots on a medium containing 1 μM NAA, 0.5 μM BA and 0.1 μM kinetin with only minimum callus formation. Shoot formation occurred in all surviving shoot tips. This procedure shows promise for cryopreserving sweet potato shoot tips.
Coordination models for service and computational grids

In this paper we present an architecture for service and computational grids and discuss two aspects of coordination on a grid, one related to resource allocation and one driven by the process specification of an workflow.
Role of Nucleotides in Nitrogenase Catalysis

In summary, it is clear that nucleotides participate at several levels in the nitrogenase reaction. Binding of nucleotides to the Fe protein result in protein conformational changes that are important for subsequent reaction steps. The hydrolysis of ATP by the Fe protein-MoFe protein complex is not absolutely required for electron transfer from the Fe protein to the MoFe protein, but does greatly accelerate this reaction. Finally, the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi is involved in controlling the dissociation of the Fe protein from the MoFe protein following electron transfer.
Mechanisms and factors influencing the removal of microcystin-LR by ultrafiltration membranes

In this study, we investigate the application of ultrafiltration (UF) for the removal of the cyanotoxin, microcystin-LR, and determine the dominant removal mechanisms. System variables examined included membrane characteristics, feed concentration, water recovery and operating pressure. While adsorption dominated rejection for most UF membranes, at least at early filtration times, both size exclusion and adsorption were important in removing microcystin-LR by the tight thin-film (TF) membranes. Adsorption was primarily attributed to hydrophobic interactions, although hydrogen bonding and physical surface properties such as surface roughness, thickness, and porosity may also play a role. Polysulfone membranes, the most hydrophobic membrane examined, significantly adsorbed microcystin-LR (∼91%), whereas the more hydrophilic cellulose acetate membranes adsorbed little or no microcystin-LR. The initial feed concentration had a significant influence on the adsorption capacity of TF membranes for microcystin-LR, which could be described based on a linear adsorption isotherm. An increase in water recovery and/or operating pressure led to an increase in the adsorption of microcystin-LR, probably due to increased convective transport. On the other hand, microcystin-LR rejection through size exclusion was reduced for higher water recovery and/or applied pressure.
Induction of Herpud1 expression by ER stress is regulated by Nrf1

Herpud1 is an ER-localized protein that contributes to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis by participating in the ER-associated protein degradation pathway. The Nrf1 transcription factor is important in cellular stress pathways. We show that loss of Nrf1 function results in decreased Herpud1 expression in cells and liver tissues. Expression of Herpud1 increases in response to ER stress, but not in Nrf1 knockout cells. Transactivation studies show that Nrf1 acts through antioxidant response elements located in the Herpud1 promoter, and chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrates that Herpud1 is a direct Nrf1 target gene. These results indicate that Nrf1 is a transcriptional activator of Herpud1 expression during ER stress, and they suggest Nrf1 is a key player in the regulation of the ER stress response in cells.
The homozygous genetic load in mutagenized populations of Oenothera hookeri T. and G.

A measure of seedling viability was used to estimate the homozygous geneticc load of seedlings from mutagenized populations of Oenothera. The breeding protocol forced genomes to homozygosity. Pollen from control and mutagenized Oenothera hookeri T. and G. strain Johansen, a seven-paired lethal-free stock, was used to pollinate a translocation stock with balanced lethals. The hybrid formed a complete translocation ring and upon selfing yielded two types of plants, a translocation heterozygote similar to its hybrid parent and a seven-paired plant homozygous for the 7 chromosomes obtained from Johansen. Genetic markers allowed the identification of seven-paired seedlings in the cotyledon stage. Control hybrids averaged a recovery of 57.5% seven-paired seedlings. Hybrids obtained from plants that had been mutagenized by seed treatment with 15000 R X-rays, 0.04 M ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and 0.08 M EMS averaged 48.3%, 19.2%, and 6.0% recovery of seven-paired forms, respectively. The data are used to estimate the genetic load and lethal equivalents in each population. The implications of these results are evaluated with reference to mutation breeding of plant populations.
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of a potent and selective HIV protease inhibitor (L-735,524) in rat, dog and monkey plasma

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic method coupled with liquid-liquid sample extraction and ultraviolet detection has been developed for the quantification of L-735,524 (I), a potent, highly selective and orally bioavailable inhibitor of recombinant human immundefficiency virus (HIV) protease in rat, dog and monkey plasma. The present method is reproducible and reliable with limits of quantification of 25, 12.5 and 6.25 ng/ml, respectively for rat, dog and monkey plasma. The standard curve was linear over the range of 6.25–2000 ng/ml in the biological fluid. The mean coefficients of variation for concentration within the range of standard curve were 7.94, 6.91 and 4.52%, respectively, for intra-day analysis and 5.58, 9.27 and 5.45%, respectively, for inter-day analysis. The recoveries of I and L-707,943 (II), an analog of I used as the internal standard, from plasma samples were all over 88% through the extraction procedure. I and I are stable in mobile phase over a 48-h period while waiting for injection at ambient temperature and over a 144-h period in rat, dog and monkey plasma while stored at −20°C. Aqueous solubility of I is pH dependent, 60 mg/ml at pH 3.5 and 0.3 mg/ml at pH 4.8. The analytic procedures described in this report have been successfully employed to quantify the concentration of I in rat, dog and monkey plasma and provide the kinetic information for toxicological and pharmacological studies.
First hint of nonstandard CP violation from B ---> Phi K(S) decay

We comment on the implications of the recently measured CP asymmetry in B {yields} {Phi}K{sub S} decay. The data disfavor the Standard Model at 2.7 {sigma} and--if the trend persists in the future with higher statistics--require the existence of CP violation beyond that in the CKM matrix. In particular, the b {yields} s{bar s}s decay amplitude would require new contributions of comparable size to the Standard Model ones with an order one phase. While not every model can deliver such a large amount of CP and flavor violation, those with substantial FCNC couplings to the Z can reproduce the experimental findings.
Predictors of physical assault victimization: Findings from the National Survey of Adolescents

Exposure to interpersonal victimization during childhood and adolescence is prevalent and has been found to be associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes. The present study examined the relations between childhood violence exposure and mental health on subsequent exposure to new physical assault in young adults using longitudinal nationally representative, prospective data from the initial (Wave I) and follow-up interviews (Wave II) of the National Survey of Adolescents (NSA). Among the 1,753 participants who completed both assessment time points, 15.8% reported a new physical assault experience at Wave II. Results indicated that racial/ethnic status, gender, history of child physical abuse, witnessed violence drug use, and family drug problems reported at Wave I were all significant predictors of new physical assault. Implications are discussed.
Non-rigid shape correspondence and description using geodesic field estimate distribution

Non-rigid shape description and analysis is an unsolved problem in computer graphics. Shape analysis is a fast evolving research field due to the wide availability of 3D shape databases. Widely studied methods for this family of problems include the Gromov Hausdorff distance [1], Bag-of-Features [2] and diffusion geometry [3]. The limitations of the Euclidian distance measure in the context of isometric deformation have made geodesic distance a de-facto standard for describing a metric space for non-rigid shape analysis. In this work, we propose a novel geodesic field space-based approach to describe and analyze non-rigid shapes from a point correspondence perspective.
An adaptive Student Centered Curriculum for an intelligent training system

An intelligent tutoring system customizes its presentation of knowledge to the individual needs of each student based on a model of the student. Student models are more complex than other user models because the student is likely to have misconceptions. We have addressed several difficult issues in reasoning about a student's knowledge and skills within a real-time simulation-based training system. Our conceptual framework enables important aspects of the tutor's reasoning to be based upon simple, comprehensible representations that are the basis for a Student Centered Curriculum. We have built a system for teaching cardiac resuscitation techniques in which the decisions abouthow to teach are separated from the decisions aboutwhat to teach. The training context (i.e., choice of topics) is changed based on a tight interaction between student modeling techniques and simulation management. Although complex student models are still required to support detailed reasoning about how to teach, we argue that the decision about what to teach can be adequately supported by qualitatively simpler techniques, such as overlay models. This system was evaluated in formative studies involving medical school faculty and students. Construction of the student model involves monitoring student actions during a simulation and evaluating these actions in comparison with an expert model encoded as a multi-agent plan. The plan recognition techniques used in this system are novel and allow the expert knowledge to be expressed in a form that is natural for domain experts.
The Relative Friction Force Contributions of Polishing Pads and Slurries During Chemical Mechanical Polishing

Next generation integrated circuits (IC’s) will require the use of porous dielectric materials with shear strengths much lower than the currently used dense silicon dioxide. The high friction of CMP (chemical mechanical polishing) may damage these porous dielectric materials. This research is being performed to define the nanoscale source of this poorly understood CMP friction to enable development of less damaging CMP processes. It is proposed that the nanoscale friction on the IC from CMP is a variable combination of two-body pad nanoasperity to IC contact and three-body nanocontact of the slurry particle between the pad nanoasperity and the IC surface. This research uses a combination of individual nanoscale friction measurements for CMP of SiO2 , an analytical model to sum these effects, and bench scale CMP experiments to guide the research and validate the model.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
An Analysis of Adult Education Administration Literature, 1936-1989:

Literature that focuses on adult education administration was identified and analyzed by a slightly revised form of the Sork and Buskey (1986) literature analytical framework. The 75 books, articles, monographs and chapters were categorized into three descriptive dimensions and were examined for the degree of their comprehensive attention to nine administrative functions. A review of the charts indicates differences in the contexts or settings of adult education administration, the sources utilized in the literature, and the extent of coverage given to the administrative functions. Six observations provide a research agenda for improving the adult education administration literature.
Modular Software for On-Line Handling of Nuclear Data

Modular programming for the handling of data on-line with a general purpose digital computer considerably simplifies the programming task. A system called ROMEO implementing this concept has been developed. More than 150 relocatable, self-contained programs of some 30 types have been prepared and used in a nuclear physics experiment using an SDS 920 computer. These programs, falling into the housekeeping, data accumulate, data manipulate, and data output categories, are described briefly and their use in the experiment is discussed. About 30 of these programs are stored in fast memory concurrently with loading and deleting possible during the experiment.
Understanding Tobacco-Related Attitudes among College and Noncollege Young Adult Hookah and Cigarette Users.

Abstract Objective: To examine differences in tobacco-related attitudes and hookah and cigarette use among college and noncollege young adults. Participants: Time-location samples of young adult bar patrons in San Diego, California (N = 2,243), Tulsa (N = 2,095) and Oklahoma City (N = 2,200), Oklahoma, Albuquerque (N = 1,044) and Las Cruces (N = 894), New Mexico, between September 2009 and July 2011. Methods: Multinomial logistic regression examined associations between hookah and cigarette use and tobacco-related attitudes. Results: Current college students and graduates are less likely to smoke cigarettes, but more likely to use hookah. Among current hookah users, 22.6% were hookah-only users and 77.4% were dual users (cigarettes and hookah). College status is associated with different hookah use patterns, and those with anti-tobacco industry attitudes were more likely to smoke hookah. Conclusions: Novel interventions are needed for college students using hookah. Existing strategies targeting smokers wi...
Preventing, identifying and managing thyroid deficiency in prenatal practice

Despite the lack of consensus among groups issuing recent guidelines, it is possible to identify options that are available for prenatal practitioners. Examples include the following: iodine supplements to protect against hypothyroidism; adjusting l-thyroxine dosage upward in women with previously diagnosed hypothyroidism to account for increased pregnancy needs; and screening for undetected thyroid deficiency via targeted questions and/or thyroid-stimulating hormone testing. Decision-making about thyroid status requires access to reliable, trimester-specific normative data for both thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine, as well as an understanding of the impact of human chorionic gonadotropin on thyroid function, especially during the first trimester. Continuity of care is enhanced by systematic follow-up postpartum, including attention to postpartum thyroid dysfunction that often occurs among women with raised antibody levels.
Final state interactions in deuteron breakup by protons at 585 and 800 MeV

Abstract Neutron-proton final state interactions (FSI) were observed in the deuteron breakup reaction 2H(p, 2p)n-via a kinematically complete experiment at incident proton energies of 585 and 800 MeV. Kinematic conditions were chosen which allowed the final state proton and neutron to have small relative energies; data were taken at four proton c.m. scattering angles at 800 MeV, ranging from 71° to 119° and at 94° and 106° at 585 MeV. The data are analyzed in terms of the Goldberger-Watson formalism for final state interactions, and the individual contributions of the 1S0 and 3S1 np states are determined. The 3 S 1 1 S 0 ratio is large, as expected from some reaction models. The ratio of 3S1 (almost elastic) to pd elastic cross sections is in good agreement with FSI analysis.
EDS1 in tomato is required for resistance mediated by TIR-class R genes and the receptor-like R gene Ve.

*† These two authors contributed equally to this work. Summary In tobacco and other Solanaceae species, the tobacco N gene confers resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and leads to induction of standard defense and resistance responses. Here, we report the use of Ntransgenic tomato to identify a fast-neutron mutant, sun1-1 (suppressor of N), that is defective in N-mediated resistance. Induction of salicylic acid (SA) and expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, each signatures of systemic acquired resistance, are both dramatically suppressed in sun1-1 plants after TMV treatment compared to wild-type plants. Application of exogenous SA restores PR gene expression, indicating that SUN1 acts upstream of SA. Upon challenge with additional pathogens, we found that the sun1-1 mutation impairs resistance mediated by certain resistance (R) genes, (Bs4, I, and Ve), but not others (Mi-1). In addition, sun1-1 plants exhibit enhanced susceptibility to TMV, as well as to virulent pathogens. sun1-1 has been identified as an EDS1 homolog present on chromosome 6 of tomato. The discovery of enhanced susceptibility in the sun1-1 (Le_eds1-1) mutant plant, which contrasts to reports in Nicotiana benthamiana using virus-induced gene silencing, provides evidence that the intersection of R gene-mediated pathways with general resistance pathways is conserved in a Solanaceous species. In tomato, EDS1 is important for mediating resistance to a broad range of pathogens (viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens), yet shows specificity in the class of R genes that it affects (TIR-NBS-LRR as opposed to CC-NBS-LRR). In addition, a requirement for EDS1 for Ve-mediated resistance in tomato exposes that the receptor-like R gene class may also require EDS1.
Increased incidence of hepatic foci and nodules in rats given one or two doses of 1,2-dibromoethane.

ABSTRACI livers of male Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated for foci and nodules 90 days and 16 months after one or two oral doses of lj2-dibromoethane (DBE). Rats (190 g) were given the following oral treatments. Controls received corn oil (2.5 ml/kg) at 0 and 24 hr. DBE x 1 received corn oil at 0 hr and 75 mg DBE/ kg at 24 hr. DBE X 2 received 75 rng DBE/kg at 0 and 24 hr. All rats underwent a two-thirds partial hepatectomy at 28-29 hr, a one-third partial hepatectomy at 90 days, and were given 0.05% phenobarbital in drinking water for 4 months beginning at 1 yr. DBE was given to the DBE X 2 group twice within 24 hr because the compound is a hepatocyte mitogen. At 90 days, no appreciable changes were evident in any group. At 16 months, the incidence of nodules in the DBE X 2 group (25 of 41) was double that of the DBE x 1 group (12 of 38) (p < 0.01) and triple that of the control group (6 of 34) (p c 0.0001). Both the DBE % 1 and the DEE X 2 groups had higher incidences of eosinophilic foci, and also higher numbers, larger sizes, and larger areas of y-glutamyltranspeptidasepositive foci than the control group. These results demonstrate for the first time that hepatocyte foci and nodules are initiated by limited exposure of animals to DBE.
Aquaporins: translating bench research to human disease.

There is considerable potential for translating knowledge of aquaporin structure, function and physiology to the clinic. One area is in aquaporin-based diagnostics. The discovery of AQP4 autoantibodies as a marker of the neuromyelitis optica form of multiple sclerosis has allowed precise diagnosis of this disease. Other aquaporin-based diagnostics are possible. Another area is in aquaporin-based genetics. Genetic diseases caused by loss-of-function mutations in aquaporins include nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and cataracts, and functionally significant aquaporin polymorphisms are beginning to be explored. Perhaps of greatest translational potential is aquaporin-based therapeutics. Information largely from aquaporin knockout mice has implicated key roles of aquaporin-facilitated water transport in transepithelial fluid transport (urinary concentrating, gland fluid secretion), water movement into and out of the brain, cell migration (angiogenesis, tumor metastasis, wound healing) and neural function (sensory signaling, seizures). A subset of aquaporins that transport both water and glycerol, the `aquaglyceroporins', regulate glycerol content in epidermal, fat and other tissues, and are involved in skin hydration, cell proliferation, carcinogenesis and fat metabolism. Aquaporin-based modulator drugs are predicted to be of broad potential utility in the treatment of edematous states, cancer, obesity, wound healing, epilepsy and glaucoma. These exciting possibilities and their associated challenges are reviewed.
Methodologies and Cell Lines Used for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Chlamydia spp.

In vitro susceptibility testing was performed on strains of Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydia psittaci under various conditions, including the cell line utilized, the time between infection and the addition of an antimicrobial, the concentration of inoculum, and the effect of multiple passage on the minimal chlamydicidal concentrations for the antibiotics doxycycline, azithromycin, erythromycin, ofloxacin, and tetracycline. With macrolides, the MIC varied depending upon the cell line utilized. With all antimicrobials, the MIC was related to the time at which the antimicrobial was added after infection. By an optimized cell culture passage method, all strains of chlamydia tested demonstrated survival after exposure to high levels (>100 times the MIC) of antimicrobials. Furthermore, upon retest, these surviving organisms did not demonstrate increased MICs. Thus, this phenomenon does not reflect selection of antimicrobial-resistant mutants but rather survival of some organisms in high antimicrobial concentrations (heterotypic survival). An additional 44 clinical isolates of C. trachomatis from patients with single-incident infections were tested against those from patients with recurrent or persistent infections, and heterotypic survival was seen in all isolates tested; hence, in vitro resistance did not correlate with the patient's apparent clinical outcome.
13C NMR studies of some tricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]octanes

The 13C NMR chemical shifts for a series of exo- and endo-3,3-diphenyltricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]octanes are reported. Comparisons with the parent exo- and endo-tricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]octanes and with bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes show that most of the chemical shifts are additive. Substituent effect constants are presented for the tricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]octyl system. Pronounced deshielding effects are seen in the endo series for C-6 and −7 of the alkene endo-3,3-diphenyltricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]oct-6-ene, the epoxide endo-3,3-diphenyltricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]octan-6,7-exo-oxide, and the tetracyclic exo-3,3-diphenyltetracyclo[3.3.1.02,406,8]nonane. The chemical shifts of C-3 and −8 are diagnostic for endo vs. exo substitution.
Maximum likelihood estimation of ordered multinomial parameters

The pool adjacent violator algorithm Ayer et al. (1955, The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 26, 641-647) has long been known to give the maximum likelihood estimator of a series of ordered binomial parameters, based on an independent observation from each distribution (see Barlow et al., 1972, Statistical Inference under Order Restrictions, Wiley, New York). This result has immediate application to estimation of a survival distribution based on current survival status at a set of monitoring times. This paper considers an extended problem of maximum likelihood estimation of a series of 'ordered' multinomial parameters p(i)= (p(1i),p(2i),.,p(mi)) for 1 <or=i <ro=k, where ordered means that p(j1) <or=p(j2) <or=<or=p(jk) for each j with 1 <or=j <or=m-1. The data consist of k independent observations X(1),., X(k) where X(i) has a multinomial distribution with probability parameter p(i) and known index n(i)\geq 1. By making use of variants of the pool adjacent violator algorithm, we obtain a simple algorithm to compute the maximum likelihood estimator of p(1),., p(k), and demonstrate its convergence. The results are applied to nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation of the sub-distribution functions associated with a survival time random variable with competing risks when only current status data are available (Jewell et al. 2003, Biometrika, 90, 183-197).
Ice Shape Prediction For Turbofan Rotating Blades

This paper presents a parametric study of ice accretion on a high bypass turbofan engine booster rotor. Both flow and droplets' governing equations are formulated and solved in the reference frame of the rotating blades. A Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is used for the continuous and discrete phases with one-way interaction model to simulate momentum and energy exchange on the droplets and their effects on the three-dimensional droplet trajectories. The flux-based collection efficiency is calculated for the rotor blade at 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% engine design speed. A quasi-3D analysis of the ice accretion over the rotor blade is conducted based on the computed flow characteristics using the code LEWICE. Results are presented for the ice shape variation along the span, inlet temperature and rotor speeds. The highest accumulation was predicted on the blade pressure side leading edge near the hub and increased with reduced rotor speed and flow temperature.
Quality-of-Service Driven Power and Rate Adaptation over Wireless Links

We propose a quality-of-service (QoS) driven power and rate adaptation scheme over wireless links in mobile wireless networks. Specifically, our proposed scheme aims at maximizing the system throughput subject to a given delay QoS constraint. First, we derive an optimal adaptation policy by integrating information theory with the concept of effective capacity for a block fading channel model. Our analyses reveal an important fact that there exists a fundamental tradeoff between throughput and QoS provisioning. In particular, when the QoS constraint becomes loose, the optimal power-control policy converges to the well-known water-filling scheme, where Shannon (ergodic) capacity can be achieved. On the other hand, when the QoS constraint gets stringent, the optimal policy converges to the total channel inversion scheme under which the system operates at a constant rate. Inspired by the above observations, we then consider a more practical scenario where variable-power adaptive modulation is employed over both block fading and Markov correlated fading channels. In both cases, we derive the associated power and rate adaptation policies. The obtained results suggest that the channel correlation has a significant impact on QoS-driven power and rate adaptations. The higher the correlation is, the faster the power-control policy converges to the total channel inversion when the QoS constraint becomes more stringent. Finally, we conduct simulations to verify that the adaptation policy proposed for Markov channel models can also be applied to the more general channel models.
The finite helical axis of the knee joint (a non-invasive in vivo study using fast-PC MRI)

An understanding of the in vivo knee joint kinematics is critical for the further improvement and validation of knee joint models and for the development of better surgical and rehabilitative protocols. Unfortunately, most studies exploring the finite helical axis (FHA) tend to produce excellent qualitative results, but quantitative results are often lacking. Thus, the purpose of this study was to non-invasively and in vivo quantify the tibiofemoral FHA in a relatively large normal population during volitional knee extension using fast-PC MRI, to report the data relative to consistent coordinate systems (making it available for modeling input, experimental comparison and for device design), to determine the variability of the FHA, to investigate the screw home mechanism and to test the hypothesis that knee joint kinematics are independent of gender. Intra- and inter-subject repeatability was excellent. The intra- (inter-) subject repeatability of the FHA orientation in the frontal and axial planes was 1.8% (3.3%) and 3.7% (6.0%) of the average value, respectively. At the beginning of extension, the FHA was directed laterally and slightly superiorly and at the end of extension, it was directed in the lateral-inferior direction, indicative of the screw-home mechanism. The FHA location was not fixed during extension. There was small, but significant differences in all FHA parameters between genders and normalizing positional data relative to epicondylar width helped to reduce this difference. The data obtained in the current study forms an excellent base for future knee joint modeling and clinical studies.
Cell Surface-Binding Motifs of L2 That Facilitate Papillomavirus Infection

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is the primary etiologic agent of cervical carcinoma, whereas bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1) causes benign fibropapillomas. However, the capsid proteins, L1 and L2, of these divergent papillomaviruses exhibit functional conservation. A peptide comprising residues 1 to 88 of BPV1 L2 binds to a variety of cell lines, but not to the monocyte-derived cell line D32, and blocks BPV1 infection of mouse C127 cells. Residues 13 to 31 of HPV16 L2 and BPV1 L2 residues 1 to 88 compete for binding to the cell surface, and their binding, unlike that of HPV16 L1/L2 virus-like particles, is unaffected by heparinase or trypsin pretreatment of HeLa cells. A fusion of HPV16 L2 peptide 13-31 and GFP binds (K(d), approximately 1 nM) to approximately 45,000 receptors per HeLa cell. Furthermore, mutation of L2 residues 18 and 19 or 21 and 22 significantly reduces both the ability of the HPV16 L2 13-31-GFP fusion protein to bind to SiHa cells and the infectivity of HPV16 pseudovirions. Antibody to BPV1 L2 peptides comprising residues 115 to 135 binds to intact BPV1 virions, but fails to neutralize at a 1:10 dilution. However, deletion of residues 91 to 129 from L2 abolishes the infectivity of BPV1, but not their binding to the cell surface. In summary, L2 residues 91 to 129 contain epitopes displayed on the virion surface and are required for infection, but not virion binding to the cell surface. Upon the binding of papillomavirus to the cell surface, residues 13 to 31 of L2 interact with a widely expressed, trypsin- and heparinase-resistant cell surface molecule and facilitate infection.
Automated conflict resolution, arrival management, and weather avoidance for air traffic management

This article describes a unified solution to three types of separation-assurance prob- lems that occur in en-route airspace: separation conflicts, arrival sequencing, and weather-cell avoidance. Algorithms for solving these problems play a key role in the design of future air traffic management systems such as the US's NextGen. Because these problems can arise simulta- neously in any combination, it is necessary to develop integrated algorithms for solving them. A unified and comprehensive solution to these problems provides the foundation for a future air traffic management system that requires a high level of automation in separation assurance. This article describes the three algorithms developed for solving each problem and then shows how they are used sequentially to solve any combination of these problems. The first set of algorithms resolves loss-of-separation conflicts. It generates multiple resolutions for each con- flict and then selects the one giving the least delay. Two new algorithms, one for sequencing and merging of arrival traffic, referred to as the arrival manager, and the other for weather-cell avoidance are presented. Because these three problems constitute a substantial fraction of the workload of en-route controllers, integrated algorithms to solve them is a basic requirement for automated separation assurance. This article also reviews the advanced airspace concept, a proposed design for a ground-based system that postulates redundant systems for automated separation assurance in order to achieve both high levels of safety and airspace capacity. It is proposed that automated separation assurance be introduced operationally in several steps, each step reducing controller workload further while increasing airspace capacity. A fast time simulation was used to determine performance statistics of the algorithm at up to 3 current traffic levels.
Lactobacillus Adhesion to Mucus

Mucus provides protective functions in the gastrointestinal tract and plays an important role in the adhesion of microorganisms to host surfaces. Mucin glycoproteins polymerize, forming a framework to which certain microbial populations can adhere, including probiotic Lactobacillus species. Numerous mechanisms for adhesion to mucus have been discovered in lactobacilli, including partially characterized mucus binding proteins. These mechanisms vary in importance with the in vitro models studied, which could significantly affect the perceived probiotic potential of the organisms. Understanding the nature of mucus-microbe interactions could be the key to elucidating the mechanisms of probiotic adhesion within the host.
Variations in microbial community composition through two soil depth profiles

Soil profiles are often many meters deep, but with the majority of studies in soil microbiology focusing exclusively on the soil surface, we know very little about the nature of the microbial communities inhabiting the deeper soil horizons. We used phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis to examine the vertical distribution of specific microbial groups and to identify the patterns of microbial abundance and communitylevel diversity within the soil profile. Samples were collected from the soil surface down to 2 m in depth from two unsaturated Mollisol profiles located near Santa Barbara, CA, USA. While the densities of microorganisms were generally one to two orders of magnitude lower in the deeper horizons of both profiles than at the soil surface, approximately 35% of the total quantity of microbial biomass found in the top 2 m of soil is found below a depth of 25 cm. Principal components analysis of the PLFA signatures indicates that the composition of the soil microbial communities changes significantly with soil depth. The differentiation of microbial communities within the two profiles coincides with an overall decline in microbial diversity. The number of individual PLFAs detected in soil samples decreased by about a third from the soil surface down to 2 m. The ratios of cyclopropyl/monoenoic precursors and total saturated/total monounsaturated fatty acids increased with soil depth, suggesting that the microbes inhabiting the deeper soil horizons are more carbon limited than surface-dwelling microbes. Using PLFAs as biomarkers, we show that Gram-positive bacteria and actinomycetes tended to increase in proportional abundance with increasing soil depth, while the abundances of Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and protozoa were highest at the soil surface and substantially lower in the subsurface. The vertical distribution of these specific microbial groups can largely be attributed to the decline in carbon availability with soil depth. q 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
“Listen to My Story and You Will Know Me”: Digital Stories as Student‐Centered Collaborative Projects

This article explores the power of English language learners' digital stories as student-centered projects and offers practical suggestions for language teachers interested in trying digital storytelling. The article explains pedagogical practices and digital storytelling in the context of contemporary scholarship on inclusive pedagogy, communities of practice, and multiliteracies. As students develop and produce their stories, they not only choose topics, visual images, and musical materials that are meaningful and of genuine interest to them, they also collaborate with other students and friends and family in the United States and in their home countries. Using examples of students' digital stories, journal entries, final essays, and interviews, the classroom is discussed as a community of practice where various domains of expertise are recognized and shared. Based on three semesters of research and practice, the authors suggest that an engaged language classroom community can develop as students learn to negotiate new digital terrain and gain valuable multiliteracy skills through the creation of their own digital stories. The steps in classroom digital storytelling and resources for teachers are included.
Job sequencing with quadratic penalties: An A*-based graph search approach

The authors tried to establish that A* is much better than traditional branch-and-bound procedures at solving certain types of minimum-penalty job-sequencing problems. Townsend's algorithm (1976) for minimum-penalty job sequencing on one machine with quadratic penalties was implemented both as tree search and as a graph-based A* formation that uses Townsend's lower bounds at nodes as heuristic estimates. The graph implementation took much less time to run, and problem instances of much larger size could be solved. The approach seems to be particularly suitable for sequencing and other optimization problems where lower bounds at nodes can be determined without excessive computational effort. >
Oesophageal carcinoma in the dog.

Two cases of undiflerentiated carcinoma of the canine oesophagus are described. Both cases presented with symptoms of dysphagia and vomiting and both were initially diagnosed by oesophagoscopy. Barium swallow radiographs in both cases revealed definite filling defects. Because of its size, surgical excision was attempted in Case 1, but the dog died soon after surgery. In Case 2, the tumour was inoperable because of its extensive involvement of the entire anterior portion of the thoracic oesophagus and diffuse metastasis to the lungs. Resume. On decrit deux cas de carcinome non-differencie de l'œsophage canin. Ces deux cas, presentant des symptomes de dysphagie et de vomissements, ont ete tous deux initialement diagnostiques au moyen d'une œsophagoscopie. Dans les deux cas, des radiographies du baryum avale ont revele des images lacunaires bien definies. A cause de son volume, on a tente une excision chirurgicale dans le premier cas mais le chien est mort peu apres l'intervention chirurgicale. Dans le second cas, la tumeur etait inoperable a cause de l'implication extensive de l'entiere portion anterieure de l'œsophage thoracique et a cause d'une metastase diffusee aux poumons. Zusammenfassung. Zwei Falle von nichtdifferenziertem Karzinom der Hundespeiserohre sind beschrieben. Beide Falle zeigten Symptome von Dysphagia und Erbrechen und beide Diagnosen waren anfangs durch Speiserohrenbetrachtung festgestellt. Barium-Schluck Rontgenaufnahmen zeigten deutliche Fullungsdefekte. Wegen seiner Grosse versuchte man in dem einen Fall chirurgische Excision, doch der Hund starb bald nach der Operation. In dem zweiten Fall war der Tumor nicht operierbar, wegen seiner ausgedehnten Verwicklung im gesamten vorderen Teil der thorakal Oesophagus und verbreiteter Metastase in der Lunge.
Exploring theoretical linkages between self-control theory and criminal justice system processing

Abstract Using Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) self-control construct for theoretical leverage, this conceptual article offers a preliminary framework for examining discretion, criminal justice decision-making, and criminal justice system behavior. Low self-control likely facilitates negative interactions between defendants, police, judicial officers, and correctional staff, potentially affecting discretionary outcomes. Research questions are provided for future investigators to begin empirical assessment of the relationships between self-control and criminal justice processing. As a global construct, self-control could be incorporated into criminal justice models as a potentially robust correlate of discretion, decision-making, recidivism, and offender noncompliance with the criminal justice system.
Survey Research in International Political Economy: Motivations, Designs, Methods

The use of surveys and survey experiments by international political economy scholars is increasing, adding to the ability to study a broad array of topics. In doing so, many scholars in international political economy draw on—and are contributing to—insights and arguments from American politics and comparative politics (Milner 1998), substantive fields with a history of using surveys and survey experiments. In this article, I review motivations for using surveys and survey experiments, the research designs, and analysis strategies in light of this issue’s contributions. I contrast these motivations and their accompanying designs and discuss the pros and cons of ways to approach the data generated by these research designs. The goal of this commentary is to situate surveys and survey experiments—especially those within the special issue—within a larger discussion about research motivations, design, and analysis techniques.
Hepatic and Renal Effects on Potency of Estrogenic Stilbene Derivatives in Chickens

A statistical method for the assay of estrogen activity in chicks was developed and used to characterize 3 phenolic estrogens related to stilbene and 2 ester and 1 ether derivative of each. The most potent of each class of compound was hexestrol and its derivatives; the most potent classes of compounds were the esters. Using 3 alternative injection sites, the first 2 of which ensure absorption via the hepatic or renal portal systems, and the third of which leads directly to the general circulation, permitted an estimation of the effects of the liver and kidney during a single passage. The liver destroyed or excreted up to 99.9%, and the kidney over 50%, of the phenols. Esterification reduced inactivation in the liver and almost abolished it in the kidney. The ethers were likewise little affected by kidney passage, and their potency was augmented in the liver.
Hypotension, heart block and reversed pulsus alternans in a patient with hypertrophic subaortic stenosis following digitalis and diuretic therapy.

Digitalis and diuretic therapy in a patient with known hypertrophic muscular subaortic stenosis was followed by heart block, pulsus alternans and hypotension. No cause for the deterioration was discovered and the patient recovered after fluid replacement and withdrawal of digitalis. It is postulated that increased obstruction due to the inotropic effect of digitalis and due to blood volume depletion caused by the diuretic led to the patient's clinical deterioration.