cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation damage and its effect on hot-carrier induced instability of 0.5 mm CMOS devices patterned using synchrotron X-ray lithography

The device characteristics and the radiation damgae ofn-channel andp-channel MOSFETs patterned using synchrotron x-ray lithography are examined. The effect of radiation damage caused by x-ray lithography on the device reliability during hot electron injection is investigated. In addition to neutral traps, large amounts of positive oxide charge and interface states, particularly acceptor-like interface states, which cause degradation of MOSFET characteristics are found to be created by x-ray irradiation during the lithography process. Although several annealing steps are performed throughout the entire fabrication process, the radiation damage, particularly neutral traps, is not completely annealed out. The hot-electron induced instability inp-channel MOSFETs is significantly increased due to the enhanced electron trapping in the oxide by residual traps. The effect of radiation damage on hot electron induced instability is found to be more severe inn +-poly buried-channelp-MOSFETs than inp +-poly surface-channel p-MOSFETs. However, the degradation inn-channel MOSFETs due to channel hot carriers is not significantly increased by x-ray lithography. These results suggest that the major degradation mechanism due to hot-carrier inp-channel MOSFETs is electron trapping and inn-channel MOSFETs is interface state generation. It also suggests thatp-channel MOSFETs, in addition ton-channel MOSFETs, needs to be carefully examined in terms of hot carrier induced instability in CMOS VLSI circuits patterned using x-ray lithography.
Dispersed phase mixing effects on second moments in dominantly first-order, backmix reactors

Abstract An idealized model for dispersed phase mixing is used to find the relative rates of A + A, B + B and A + B reactions when the reaction A ⇌ B is dominant, first order and reversible. A large possible effect of mixing on the A + A reaction is demonstrated, while the effect on B + B on A + B is never greater than a factor of two. The results are applicable to estimating the effect of mixing on second order by-product reactions which are important when present to a small extent. In addition, this represents the first analytical solution to the mixing-reaction equation.
Source localization and sensor placement in environmental monitoring

In this paper we discuss two closely related problems arising in environmental monitoring. The first is the source localization problem linked to the question How can one find an unknown "contamination source"? The second is an associated sensor placement problem: Where should we place sensors that are capable of providing the necessary "adequate data" for that? Our approach is based on some concepts and ideas developed in mathematical control theory of partial differential equations.
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia Following a Jalapeño Grease Fire

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) is an inflammatory lung disease characterized by granulation tissue in the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli. BOOP can be caused by a number of etiologies including infection, toxic inhalation, medications, radiation, and collagen vascular disease, or it can be idiopathic. We report here a case of BOOP following inhalational exposure to a jalapeno grease fire. Capsaicin and other jalapeno-derived compounds are known causes of epithelial damage and airway inflammation but to our knowledge have never been implicated in the development of BOOP. This case adds to the growing list of exposures associated with BOOP and highlights the importance of taking a thorough exposure history in patients with lung injury of unknown etiology.
Frank M. Richter Receives 2009 Harry H. Hess Medal

Frank M. Richter was awarded the 2009 Harry H. Hess Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 16 December 2009 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “outstanding achievements in research in the constitution and evolution of Earth and other planets.”
The modular application customizing system

A system for generating application program packages for use on small computers can produce both questionnaire-tailored packages for individual users and standard packages for general distribution.
Some adaptive control problems which convert to a "classical" problem in several complex variables

We discuss the equivalence of bi-H/sup /spl infin// control problems to certain problems of approximation and interpolation by analytic functions in several complex variables. In bi-H/sup /spl infin// control, the goal is to perform H/sup /spl infin// control design for a plant where part of it is known and a stable subsystem /spl delta/ is not known, i.e. the response at "frequency" s is P(s, /spl delta/(s)). We assume that once our system is running, we can identify /spl delta/ online. Thus the problem is to design a function K off-line that uses this information to produce a H/sup /spl infin// controller via the formula K(s, /spl delta/(s)). The controller should yield a closed loop system with H/sup /spl infin// gain at most /spl gamma/ no matter which /spl delta/ occurs. This is a frequency domain problem. The article shows how several bi-H/sup /spl infin// control problems convert to two complex variable interpolation problems. These precisely generalize the classical (one complex variable) interpolation (AAK-commutant lifting) problems which lay at the core of H/sup /spl infin// control. These problems are hard, but the last decade has seen substantial success on them in the operator theory community. In the most ideal of bi-H/sup /spl infin// cases these lead to a necessary and sufficient treatment of the control problem.
Persistence of the Gleissberg 88‐year solar cycle over the last ∼12,000 years: Evidence from cosmogenic isotopes

[1] Among other longer-than-22-year periods in Fourier spectra of various solar–terrestrial records, the 88-year cycle is unique, because it can be directly linked to the cyclic activity of sunspot formation. Variations of amplitude as well as of period of the Schwabe 11-year cycle of sunspot activity have actually been known for a long time and a ca. 80-year cycle was detected in those variations. Manifestations of such secular periodic processes were reported in a broad variety of solar, solar–terrestrial, and terrestrial climatic phenomena. Confirmation of the existence of the Gleissberg cycle in long solar–terrestrial records as well as the question of its stability is of great significance for solar dynamo theories. For that perspective, we examined the longest detailed cosmogenic isotope record—INTCAL98 calibration record of atmospheric 14C abundance. The most detailed precisely dated part of the record extends back to ∼11,854 years B.P. During this whole period, the Gleissberg cycle in 14C concentration has a period of 87.8 years and an average amplitude of ∼1‰ (in Δ14C units). Spectral analysis indicates in frequency domain by sidebands of the combination tones at periods of ≈91.5 ± 0.1 and ≈84.6 ± 0.1 years that the amplitude of the Gleissberg cycle appears to be modulated by other long-term quasiperiodic process of timescale ∼2000 years. This is confirmed directly in time domain by bandpass filtering and time–frequency analysis of the record. Also, there is additional evidence in the frequency domain for the modulation of the Gleissberg cycle by other millennial scale processes. Attempts have been made to explain 20th century global warming exclusively by the component of irradiance variation associated with the Gleissberg cycle. These attempts fail, because they require unacceptably great solar forcing and are incompatible with the paleoclimatic records.
Control of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-5 Protease Synthesis and Secretion by Human Fibroblasts and Porcine Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells

IGF binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) is an important trophic factor for controlling the actions of IGF-I in human dermal fibroblasts and porcine aortic smooth muscle cells. When IGFBP-5 is associated with extracellular matrix, it acts to enhance the cell growth response to IGF-I. The amount of IGFBP-5 within the extracellular matrix is related in part to the amount that is present in conditioned medium, which is related to its rate of synthesis and degradation. A serine protease that degrades IGFBP-5 is present in the conditioned medium of both of these cell types. Because the IGFBP-5 protease activity that is secreted by fibroblasts has been shown to be due to the complement components C1r and C1s, these studies were undertaken to determine whether smooth muscle cells also secreted these proteases and to identify some of the factors that regulate their secretion by both cell types. Both smooth muscle cells and human fibroblasts were shown to release C1r and C1s into conditioned medium. Both C1r and C1s were d...
Modelled photosynthesis predicts woody plant richness at three geographic scales across the north‐western United States

Aim We analyse regional patterns of woody plant species richness collected from field data in relation to modelled gross photosynthesis, P g , compare the performance of P g in relation to other productivity surrogates, and examine the effect of increasing scale on the productivity‐richness relationship. Location The forested areas in the north-western states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana, USA. Methods Data on shrub and tree species richness were assembled from federal vegetation surveys and compared with modelled growing season gross photosynthesis, P g (the sum of above- and below-ground production plus autotrophic respiration) and two measures of spatial heterogeneity. We analysed the productivity‐richness relationship at different scales by changing the focus size through spatial aggregation of field plots using 100 and 1000 km 2 windows covering the study area. Regression residuals were plotted spatially. Using the best available tree data set (Continuous Ve getation Survey: CVS), we compared different productivity indices, such as actual evapotranspiration and average temperature, in their ability to predict patterns of tree species richness. Results The highest species richness (species/unit area) occurred at intermediate levels of productivity. After accounting for variable sampling intensity, the richness‐ productivity relationship improved as more field plots were aggregated. At coarser levels of aggregation, modelled productivity accounted for 57‐71% of the variation in richness patterns for shrubs and trees (CVS data set). Measures of spatial heterogeneity accounted for more variation in richness patterns aggregated by 100 km 2 windows than aggregation by 1000 km 2 windows. P g was a better predictor of tree richness in Oregon and Washington (CVS data set) than any surrogate productivity index. Main conclusions P g was observed to be a strong unimodal predictor of both tree (CVS) and shrub (FIA) richness when field data were aggregated. For the tree data set examined, seasonally integrated estimates of photosynthesis (P g ) predicted tree richness patterns better than climatic indices did.
Effect of obesity on inpatient rehabilitation outcomes following total knee arthroplasty

Objectives: To examine obesity effects on outcomes following inpatient rehabilitation in patients following primary total knee arthroplasty or revision total knee arthroplasty.Design: Retrospective, comparative study.Setting: Fifty-bed, university-affiliated rehabilitation hospital.Patients: Obese (N = 139; body mass index >30 kg/m2) and non-obese (N = 146; body mass indexB <30 kg/m2) total knee arthroplasty patients. Participants were further stratified based on total knee arthroplasty type, primary and revision for a total of four groups.Intervention: Interdisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation.Main measures: Range of motion, length of stay, Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores, FIM efficiency scores, total and daily hospital charges, and discharge disposition location.Results: Range of motion and FIM scores improved from admission to discharge in both obese and non-obese patients regardless of total knee arthroplasty type. FIM efficiency was lower in revision than primary total knee arthroplasty...
Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus cereus Sensu Lato Bacteriophage Bcp1.

ABSTRACT Bacillus cereussensu lato organisms are an ecologically diverse group that includes etiologic agents of food poisoning, periodontal disease, and anthrax. The recently identified Bcp1 bacteriophage infects B. cereussensu lato and is being developed as a therapeutic decontamination agent and diagnostic countermeasure. We announce the complete genome sequence of Bcp1.
Long-acting β-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids: Is the whole greater than the sum of its parts?

b-Agonists and inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) form the cornerstone of asthma therapy. b-Agonists stimulate the Gs alphasubunit of the G protein–coupled b2-receptor on the airway smooth muscle cell surface, resulting in the stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, which produces cyclic AMP. The resultant airway smooth muscle relaxation and increase in airway caliber mediate the predominant clinical effect of b-agonists as used in asthma pharmacotherapy. However, b2-receptors are not only present on the surface of airway smooth muscles but also on other cells, such as mast cells and fibroblasts. In vitro stimulation of these receptors results in decreased production of inflammatory mediators in mast cells and decreased extracellular matrix protein release from fibroblasts. Furthermore, some data suggest that b-receptor stimulation can inhibit smooth muscle proliferation. Although the in vitro data mentioned above suggest that b-agonists might produce salutary effects in asthma in addition to their smooth muscle relaxant effects, when evaluated clinically, there is little to suggest that this is the case. They are therefore classified as reliever medications because they temporarily relieve symptoms but have little effect on long-term asthma control. ICSs, on the other hand, are classified as controller medications because they appear to affect some of the underlying pathobiological processes, such as airway inflammation, that are associated with increased airway reactivity and loss of asthma control. Long-acting b-agonists (LABAs) produce long-lived stimulation of b-receptors. Considering the mechanisms of action of b-agonists, it is not surprising that adding a LABA to an ICS in patients whose symptoms are not fully controlled with the ICS alone improves asthma symptoms. However, it is unclear whether the benefit provided by the combination is merely an additive one (ie, adding a symptom reliever to a controller) or whether this combination might act synergistically to improve the anti-inflammatory actions of one or both of the components in the combination.
Water-Soluble Polymers. 77. Amphoteric Cyclocopolymers with Sulfobetaine Units: Phase Behavior in Aqueous Media and Solubilization of p-Cresol in Microdomains

A novel series of cyclocopolymers containing the pH-responsive hydrophobic monomer, N,N-diallyl-N-methylamine (DAMA), and the sulfobetaine monomer, 3-(N,N-diallyl-N-methylammonio)-propanesulfonate (DAMAPS), have been prepared in 0.5 M NaCl aqueous solution (pH = 4.0) using 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-2-methyl-1-propanone (Irgacure 2959) as the free-radical photoinitiator. The feed ratio of DAMA:DAMAPS was varied from 100:0 to 0:100 mol % with the total monomer concentration held constant at 2.5 M. 13 C NMR data indicate that the resulting polymers maintain the five-membered-ring structure in the cis conformation common to cyclized diallylammonium salts. Reactivity ratio studies predict that the sulfobetaine monomer is incorporated randomly along the polymer backbone. Weight-average molecular weights and second virial coefficients vary from (4.00 to 8.42) x 10 4 and (2.14 to 4.62) x 10 -4 mL mol g -2 , respectively. Solution behavior is dependent upon pH as determined by turbidimetric titration, steady-shear viscometry, and equilibrium surface tensiometry. At high degrees of ionization, the copolymers assume an extended conformation due to the charge-charge repulsions along the copolymer backbone. As the molar incorporation of the sulfobetaine increases, the copolymer assumes a more globule-like conformation due to zwitterionic interactions. With decreasing degree of ionization of the DAMA units, hydrophobic associations increasingly dominate the solution behavior. For copolymers with a low incorporation of the sulfobetaine, chain collapse leading to phase separation occurs. However, at higher incorporations, the sulfobetaine acts as a hydrophilic segment to limit hydrophobic packing and minimizes the chain collapse. Equilibrium dialysis experiments demonstrate that these pH-reversible microdomains can be used to control the sequestration of organic foulants and thus have potential application as polymeric surfactants in micellar enhanced ultrafiltration processes for water purification.
Central nervous system action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone to increase gastric mucosal blood flow in the rat

The central nervous system effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on gastric acid secretion and mucosal blood flow were studied in rats. Corpus mucosal blood flow was measured by the hydrogen gas clearance technique and acid output by a continuous gastric perfusion method in fasted, urethane-anesthetized rats. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (1 or 5 micrograms) injected into the cerebral lateral ventricle induced concomitant increases in gastric acid secretion and mucosal blood flow. Intravenous infusion of step doses of TRH (60 and 180 micrograms/kg.h) had no effect on these parameters. Bilateral vagotomy and atropine (0.15 mg/kg) completely blocked the effects of intracerebroventricular injection of TRH (5 micrograms) on gastric acid secretion and mucosal blood flow. In contrast, intravenous omeprazole (20 mumol/kg) completely inhibited the increase in gastric acid secretion but not the increase in mucosal blood flow elicited by intracerebroventricular administration of TRH (5 micrograms). These results demonstrate that TRH acts in the brain to stimulate gastric acid secretion and mucosal blood flow through vagal dependent pathways and peripheral muscarinic receptors. Part of the effect of central TRH on gastric mucosal blood flow is not secondary to the stimulation of acid secretion and appears to represent a direct cholinergic vasodilatory response.
Recruiting rural and urban LGBT populations online: differences in participant characteristics between email and Craigslist approaches

Current recruitment strategies to reach lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) groups typically yield highly localized, mostly urban samples. Online recruitment strategies hold much promise for engaging rural and other underrepresented LGBT individuals in health research, but little research has been conducted examining the relative strengths of differing online recruitment methods. The purpose of the current study was to explore the effectiveness of both email and Craigslist recruitment to access rural sexual and gender minorities, and to examine if individuals across modalities differ significantly from each other with regards to demographic and psychosocial characteristics. Participants for the study were recruited through two sequentially implemented online convenience sampling recruitment methods: listserv based and Craigslist based. Participants completed an online battery assessing demographic characteristics, disclosure of sexual orientation/gender identity, health behaviors, and various psychosocial characteristics. A total of 3279 LGBT-identified individuals were recruited, 980 through Listservs and 2299 through Craigslist. Participants came from all 50 US states and nearly 30 % reported living in a rural area. When comparing the Listserv and Craigslist recruits, the groups differed on nearly every demographic and psychosocial characteristic assessed, ranging from racial/ethnic diversity to levels of psychological distress. Online recruitment strategies are feasible for accessing both rural and urban LGBT populations, and are highly effective at doing so. These strategies yield samples with remarkable diversity geographically, demographically, and psychosocially. In addition, similar to comparisons between in-person and online recruitment, samples recruited through different online methods significantly differ from each other in demographic and psychosocial characteristics.
Scanning the Technology

This special issue presents many exciting and surprising developments in signal and image processing owing to sparse representations. While the technology is new, much of the intellectual heritage of these recent developments can be traced back generations. This foreword sketches the ?prehistory of sparsity,? a fascinating range of early discoveries ranging from pure mathematics to oil exploration to biological vision.
Small broomrape (Orobanche minor) germination and early development in response to plant species

Abstract Small broomrape, a holoparasitic weed, was recently introduced to the Pacific Northwest and contaminates a limited number of red clover fields in Oregon. Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to evaluate small broomrape response to common crop and weed species in the Pacific Northwest, and to evaluate a quick-screening method for plant species response to the parasite. In greenhouse studies, plants were grown in a hydroponic polyethylene bag system to allow for continuous visibility of their roots and monitoring of small broomrape seed germination and tubercle development. Results of the greenhouse study were validated in a field contaminated with small broomrape. In the greenhouse polyethylene bag study, small broomrape germinated and tubercles developed on alfalfa, arrowleaf clover, carrot, celery, crimson clover, lettuce, prickly lettuce, red clover, spotted catsear, subterranean clover, white clover, and wild carrot. Small broomrape germinated but did not develop tubercles when grown wi...
Pancreatic duct cell cultures.

The duct cell is a minor cell type of the pancreas, which comprises 10% of the cells and 4% of the volume of the pancreas (39). The predominant acinar cells are much denser than the other cell types because of their large content of zymogen granules (145), thus the duct cells contain less than 4% of the pancreatic protein. The duct cells comprise a tubular epithelium through which the secretions of the acinar cells (digestive enzymes in a small volume of chloride-rich fluid) reach the duodenum. The duct system adds a large volume of a bicarbonate-rich fluid that aids the movement of the digestive enzymes through the duct system and neutralizes stomach acid in the duodenum, although there is considerable species variation in the details of duct cell function (21, 22) . The smallest of the pancreatic ducts, the intralobular ducts (ductules), are in direct epithelial continuity with the acinar cells and tend to project into the acinus as centroacinar cells. Ductular cells comprise about 80% of the cells of the duct system (75). Ductules drain into interlobular ducts and these drain into one or more main ducts. As duct size (luminal diameter and number of cells in circumference) increases, the height of the epithelium and the thickness of surrounding connective tissue increases (39). Duct cells generally exhibit an unspecialized cytoplasm containing a few mucin secre­ tory granules in interlobular and main ducts, apical microvilli, a single apical cilium, and extensive interdigitations of lateral plasma membrane. Small numbers of goblet, brush, and endocrine cells are scattered among the principal cells of interlobular and main ducts (39, 96, 119).
Indexing continual range queries for location-aware mobile services

We study a new main memory-based approach to indexing continual range queries to support location-aware mobile services. The query index is used to efficiently answer the following question repeatedly: "Which moving objects are currently located inside the boundaries of individual queries?" We present a covering tile-based (COVET) query index, where adjacent covering tiles touch each other only at the edges. A set of virtual tiles is predefined, each with a unique ID. One or more of the virtual tiles are used to strictly cover individual range queries. A COVET index maintains a direct mapping between covering tiles and queries. It allows query evaluation to take advantage of incremental changes in object locations. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the COVET index and compare virtual tiles of different shapes and sizes.
IDIOSYNCRATIC REALITY CLAIMS, RELAXATION DISPOSITIONS, AND ABC RELAXATION THEORY: HAPPINESS, LITERAL CHRISTIANITY, MIRACULOUS POWERS, METAPHYSICS, AND THE PARANORMAL

This study examined idiosyncratic reality claims, that is, irrational or paranormal beliefs often claimed to enhance relaxation and happiness and reduce stress. The Smith Idiosyncratic Reality Claims Inventory and the Smith Relaxation Dispositions Inventory (which measures relaxation and stress dispositions, or enduring states of mind frequently associated with relaxation or stress) were given to 310 junior college student volunteers. Principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation identified five idiosyncratic reality claim factors: belief in Literal Christianity; Magic; Space Aliens: After Death experiences; and Miraculous Powers of Meditation, Prayer, and Belief. No factor correlated with increased relaxation dispositions Peace, Energy, or Joy, or reduced dispositional somatic stress, worry, or negative emotion on the Smith Relaxation Dispositions Inventory. It was concluded that idiosyncratic reality claims may not be associated with reported relaxation, happiness, or stress. In contrast, previous research strongly supported self-affirming beliefs with few paranormal assumptions display such an association.
On being paid not to work for the men of impressive but easy affairs.

Abstract I hide behind my limited presentation time to retreat from offering answers to this dilemma, save to cite one example to illustrate that knowledge workers are not politically hopeless. In response to a severe need, investigators mobilized in the last 5 years to advocate for increased federal funding for research. The succeeded. Many deans, department chairs, and other managers, including the NEJM editors, viewed this project as unlikely to succeed and not worthy of their aggressive promotion. Perhaps this example suggests that knowledge workers should sometimes work for pay to solve their problems. Please see in REFERENCES my comments on certain cited papers. Thank you for your attention and welcome discussion.
Nitrogen transfer in a Caribbean mutualistic network: editorial comment on the feature article by Cantrell et al.

sea anemone. Cantrell et al., however, deduce that through the shrimps’ role as cleaners, they attract coral reef fish to the vicinity of the anemone, and these fish may contribute significant levels of nitrogen. Consequently, through a complex mutualistic network, multiple organisms benefit. This study highlights the importance of investigating ecological relationships in the context of the habitat, the environmental conditions, and the other organisms found in the environment.
Definitions and Basic Properties

In the Introduction we referred to copulas as “functions that join or couple multivariate distribution functions to their one-dimensional marginal distribution functions” and as “distribution functions whose one-dimensional margins are uniform.” But neither of these statements is a definition—hence we will devote this chapter to giving a precise definition of copulas and to examining some of their elementary properties.
Adaptive and Perceptual Learning Technologies in Medical Education and Training

Recent advances in the learning sciences offer remarkable potential to improve medical education and maximize the benefits of emerging medical technologies. This article describes 2 major innovation areas in the learning sciences that apply to simulation and other aspects of medical learning: Perceptual learning (PL) and adaptive learning technologies. PL technology offers, for the first time, systematic, computer-based methods for teaching pattern recognition, structural intuition, transfer, and fluency. Synergistic with PL are new adaptive learning technologies that optimize learning for each individual, embed objective assessment, and implement mastery criteria. The author describes the Adaptive Response-Time-based Sequencing (ARTS) system, which uses each learner's accuracy and speed in interactive learning to guide spacing, sequencing, and mastery. In recent efforts, these new technologies have been applied in medical learning contexts, including adaptive learning modules for initial medical diagnosis and perceptual/adaptive learning modules (PALMs) in dermatology, histology, and radiology. Results of all these efforts indicate the remarkable potential of perceptual and adaptive learning technologies, individually and in combination, to improve learning in a variety of medical domains.
Design Requirements for a Spintronic MTJ Logic Device for Pipelined Logic Applications

Spintronic devices have been spotlighted due to their nonvolatility and potential for low-voltage operation. However, their potential performance and energy efficiency require greater scrutiny. In this paper, a circuit-level energy-performance analysis is used to derive the design requirements for a spintronic magnetic tunnel junction logic device, mLogic , for pipelined logic applications. An analytical equation for the domain wall mobility of mLogic is derived to predict the performance of future designs and used to point to key directions for further device improvement. We show that the energy dissipation of a logic pipeline under delay constraints is a convex function of the write/read-path resistance ratio and the supply voltage. Scaling the supply voltage can reduce the energy dissipation at the expense of switching speed, but is limited by an extrinsic pinning effect and thermal noise. The energy reduction by maximizing the tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) will be saturated for TMR larger than 100. But maximizing TMR can mitigate the thermal noise limit of scaling the supply voltage. The energy gap between MOSFETs and mLogic gets smaller for more advanced technology nodes. With 32-nm technology, a future mLogic design can be more optimal than MOSFETs in low-power and low-performance applications, such as emerging Internet-of-Things devices.
Lesbian Stepfamilies: An Even More “Incomplete Institution”

Cherlin's (1978) model of remarriage as an incomplete institution is used to show how lesbian families' experiences are similar to and different from those in heterosexual stepfamilies. We examine how heterosexism and homophobia enhance the marginalization of lesbian stepfamilies. Despite the importance of the partner's role in the family, much of the lesbian stepfamily research neglects her. Ways to involve the partner's perspective in practice and research and to broaden research perspectives on lesbian stepfamilies are suggested.
Chemically Assisted Ion Beam Etching of Tungsten using ClF3

A chemically assisted ion beam etching (CAIBE) technique is described which employs an ion beam from an electron bombardment ion source and a directed flux of ClF 3 neutrals. This technique enables the etching of tungsten foils and films in excess of 40 μm thick with good anisotropy and pattern definition over areas 5 mm 2 , and with a high degree of selectivity. (100) tungsten foils etched with this process exhibit preferred orientation etching, while polycrystalline tungsten films exhibit high etch rates approximately 80% that of (100) orientation tungsten.
Between Principles: Liberal Democracy and the Communitarian Challenge

Democracies come in different shapes and sizes. In the West, the preferred form of democracy is liberal democracy, a hybrid whose name calls attention to the different principles out of which it is formed.
Does Investors' Desire to Punish Misreporting Affect Their Litigation Decisions and Managers' and Investors' Welfare?

ABSTRACT: Shareholder litigation is an important part of the regulation of securities markets that can influence corporate managers' reporting behavior. Prior research shows that conventional economic factors affect investors' litigation decisions. We use experimental markets to examine whether investors engage in costly litigation even without a direct financial incentive to do so and whether this affects managers' reporting decisions and managers' and investors' welfare. We find that investors frequently litigate when they can impose a financial penalty on managers for misreporting even though they cannot recover their legal fees or receive restitution for their losses. Moreover, this deters managers' shirking and misreporting and improves managers' and investors' welfare almost as effectively as when investors can recover their legal fees and receive restitution for their losses. Overall, our results indicate that, in addition to financial incentives, investors' desire to punish misreporting plays an i...
THE ARTHRITOGENIC PROPERTIES OF MICROBIAL ANTIGENS: Their Implications in Disease States

Shortly after birth, all mammals come in contact with a wide variety of microorganisms and the antigens that are inherently part of them. These microbes can enter the body by way of several orifices or can make direct contact on the skin and usually result in a host immune response to these foreign antigens. In general, these casual skirmishes between microbes and host are harmless and may actually be beneficial in some instances, protecting the host from foreign invasion by more virulent organisms. Yet, in certain genetically susceptible individuals, there is an abnormal host immune response to those microbial antigens, particularly those that are cross-reactive with host tissues. Alternatively, the microbial antigens may nonspecifically stimulate the host's immune system to secrete a variety of inflammatory mediators (i.e., lymphokines and cytokines). The end result of both pathways is an inflammatory process resulting in damage to the host. The specificity for the relevant target organs depends on the microbe and the host's genetic makeup. It is the purpose of this article to examine the arthritogenic properties of these microbial antigens and to explore the mechanisms by which they induce this pathologic damage.
Comparative analysis of radioactive iodine versus thyroidectomy for definitive treatment of Graves disease.

Background Management of Graves disease includes antithyroid drugs, 131 I therapy, or thyroidectomy. Our aim was to review our institutional experience with definitive treatments for Graves disease. Methods This was a retrospective review of patients undergoing 131 I therapy ( n = 295) or thyroidectomy ( n = 103) for Graves disease (2003–2015). Demographic, clinical, pathology, and outcome data were collected from institutional databases. Results 131 I therapy patients were older (39.1 years vs 33.4 years, P = .001). There was no difference in the presence of ophthalmopathy between groups. A larger proportion of children received thyroidectomy than 131 I therapy (17.1% vs 9.2%, P = .026). The success rate of the first 131 I therapy dose was 81.4%. Overall success rate, including additional doses, was 90.1%. Rapid turnover of iodine correlated with 131 I therapy failure (58.3% rapid turnover failure vs 14.9% non–rapid turnover failure, P 131 I therapy complications included worsening thyrotoxicosis (1%) and deteriorating orbitopathy (0.7%). Operative complications were higher than 131 I therapy complications ( P Conclusion A higher proportion of pediatric Graves disease patients underwent thyroidectomy than 131 I therapy. Rapid turnover suggested more effective initial management with operation than 131 I therapy. Although transient operative complications were high, 131 I therapy complications included worsening of Graves orbitopathy among those with pre-existing orbitopathy.
Functions of Aggression and Peer Victimization in Elementary School Children: the Mediating Role of Social Preference

This study examined whether social preference was a mechanism that explained the relation between proactive and reactive aggression and peer victimization. Participants were 494 children in grades 2–5. Proactive and reactive aggression was assessed via a self-report measure and indices of social preference and peer victimization were assessed via a peer nomination inventory. Data was collected during the fall and spring of two academic years. The relations among aggression, social preference, and peer victimization varied as a function of aggression and gender. For girls, reactive aggression was a significant negative predictor of social preference. Findings also revealed social preference mediated the relation between reactive aggression and peer victimization for girls. This pathway did not hold for boys. There was some evidence that proactive aggression was negatively associated with peer victimization, but only for girls. Findings from the current study suggest social preference may be a key mechanism through which reactive aggression is associated with future victimization for girls. Boys’ aggression was not related to subsequent peer victimization. Future research and intervention efforts should consider gender differences and the function of aggression when investigating children’s peer victimization experiences.
MGMT methylation status may predict survival in elderly patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM)

e13023 Background: Methylation of the MGMT gene promoter is associated with prolonged survival and response to temozolomide in GBM < 70. However, it is unclear if MGMT is a useful prognostic biomar...
Laser Scanning Confocal Microcopy for Arabidopsis Epidermal, Mesophyll, and Vascular Parenchyma Cells

Investigation of protein targeting to plastids in plants by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) can be complicated by numerous sources of artifact, ranging from misinterpretations from in vivo protein over-expression, false fluorescence in cells under stress, and organellar mis-identification. Our studies have focused on the plant-specific gene MSH1, which encodes a dual targeting protein that is regulated in its expression and resides within the nucleoid of a specialized plastid type ( Virdi et al., 2016 ). Therefore, our methods have been optimized to study protein dual targeting to mitochondria and plastids, spatial and temporal regulation of protein expression, and sub-organellar localization, producing a protocol and set of experimental standards that others may find useful for such studies.
Love for Sale: Pop Music in America

This volume is an intriguing rumination on the importance of popular music. Columbia University professor David Hajdu choreographs three dynamic elements that define musical value. These include hi...
Journal Article Writing and Publication: Your Guide to Mastering Clinical Health Care Reporting Standards (2017)

Journal Article Writing and Publication: Your Guide to Mastering Clinical Health Care Reporting Standards serves as a vitally important tool as the profession of occupational therapy fully embraces...
The care-giving relationship: paradoxical and transcendent aspects.

Care-givers have always lived with the paradox that they are supposed to care deeply about their clients, but not get too in­ volved. In addition, caring itself has been viewed as dangerous for the one caring, such that care-givers are urged not to care too much, for fear of burnout (Maslach, 1983). In spite of these admonitions successful care-givers and therapists continue to get involved with clients, often in ways that have profound significance for both of them, though professionals may rarely talk to each other about these experiences. Our usual theoretical base for the therapeutic relationship offers little support for personal involvement. Actual practice. nevertheless, may be more caring and involved than orthodox theory and formal professional discussion ordinarily indicates. Moreover, at least one observer (Stiver, 1985) has argued that it is time to take caring "out of the closet" and give it the legitimacy and value it deserves. The purpose of the present study,' based on research into nurses' perceptions (Montgomery, 1990), was to determine the nature of caring from the perspective of the care-giver's experience. I wanted to determine the nature of caring communication. and what this experience is for the care-giver. Is it associated with burnout, or is caring the essence of professional satisfaction? If both situa­ tions exist, how do successful care-givers manage this paradox? In
Wetland flux controls: how does interacting water table levels and temperature influence carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in northern Wisconsin?

Wetlands play a disproportionately large role in global terrestrial carbon stocks, and from 1 year to the next individual wetlands can fluctuate between carbon sinks and sources depending on factors such as hydrology, temperature, and land use. Although much research has been done on short-term seasonal to annual wetland biogeochemical cycles, there is a lack of experimental evidence concerning how the reversibility of wetland hydrological changes will influence these cycles over longer time periods. Five years of drought-induced declining water table at Lost Creek, a shrub fen wetland in northern Wisconsin, coincided with increased ecosystem respiration (Reco) and gross primary production (GPP) as derived from long-term eddy covariance observations. Since then, however, the average water table level at this site has increased, providing a unique opportunity to explore how wetland carbon fluxes are affected by interannual air temperature differences as well as changing water table levels. Water table level, as measured by water discharge, was correlated with Reco and GPP at interannual time scales. However, air temperature had a strong correlation with Reco, GPP, and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) at monthly time scales and correlated with NEP at inter-annual time scales. Methane flux was strongly temperature-controlled at seasonal time scales, increasing an order of magnitude from April to July. Annual methane emissions were 51 g C m−2. Our results demonstrate that over multi-year timescales, water table fluctuations can have limited effects on wetland net carbon fluxes and instead at Lost Creek annual temperature is the best predictor of interannual variation.
“The Biggest Scoop in Advertising History”: Personality Marketing, G.B.S., and the Near-Testimonial

The author uses two influential advertising campaigns from the late 1920s as case studies that illustrate how the advertising industry and Shaw are using “collaboration” to further articulate professional identities and produce novel strategies for the promotion of personality and product. Illustrating what is at stake in the proximity between advertising and literature, a Harrods campaign that featured Shaw garnered considerable transatlantic fanfare for crafting “near-testimonials” from literary authors as a way to ward off the specter of impropriety and maintain the integrity of stakeholders, each pursuing their respective aims. Another American campaign (for Simmons mattresses) took the “near testimonial” in a new direction and situated Shaw at the center of a controversy over the efficacy of a tried and true marketing technique. Despite the taint, the continued turn towards “personality marketing” provoked innovation in form, the professionalizing of writers within the industry, and the delineation of modern advertising. For Shaw, the author argues, the ad space presented another opportunity to act on the prophet motive, marketing the Shavian lifestyle.
Serial-Chain Dynamics

We now study the dynamics of serial-chain multibody systems and derive their equations of motion. The approach builds upon the single rigid body dynamics and serial-chain kinematics developments in Chaps. 2 and 3. The component link-level equations of motion are assembled into compact system-level operator versions of the equations of motion using the serial-chain mass matrix. Algorithms for the system inverse dynamics are also discussed.
Size Mismatching Increases Mortality After Lung Transplantation in Preadolescent Patients

Background The effect of size mismatch between donor and recipient in pediatric lung transplantation (PLTx) is currently unknown. Previous studies in adults have suggested that oversized allografts are associated with improved outcomes after lung transplantation. We investigated this relationship to quantify its effect on posttransplant outcomes in children. Methods The United Network of Organ Sharing database was queried for preadolescent (age Results The analysis included 540 children. One-year mortality was higher with a height mismatch of 5% or less (hazard ratio [HR], 2.97; p = 0.001) and above 5% (HR, 2.22; p = 0.009). Similarly, 1-year mortality was worse with weight mismatch of 10% or less (HR, 1.99; p = 0.035) and above 10% (HR, 2.04; p = 0.028). On unadjusted analysis, a pTLC ratio of less than 0.9 was associated with worse survival (p = 0.017). This finding persisted after multivariate risk adjustment (HR, 2.93; p = 0.02). Contrary to findings in adults, an oversized allograft (pTLC ratio > 1.1) was not associated with improved survival (HR, 1.95; p = 0.147). Conclusions In preadolescent children undergoing PLTx, size mismatching is associated with increased death. Our findings differ from studies in adults, which demonstrated improved survival associated with oversized allografts. Accordingly, well-matched allografts should be prioritized when assessing donor-recipient pairs for transplantation.
Identifying Patients with Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction using Machine Learning

While coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is a major cause of ischemia, it is very challenging to diagnose due to lack of CMD-specific screening measures. CMD has been identified as one of the five priority areas of investigation in a 2014 national Research Consensus Conference on Gender-Specific Research in Emergency Care. In this study, we utilized methods from machine learning that leverage structured and unstructured narratives in clinical notes to detect patients with CMD. We have shown that structured data are not sufficient to detect CMD and integrating unstructured data in the computational model boosts the performance significantly.
A single-institution study of concordance of pathological diagnoses for interstitial lung diseases between pre-transplantation surgical lung biopsies and lung explants.

By comparing diagnoses made by pre-transplant surgical lung biopsy (SLB) and the final pathologic diagnosis of the explanted pathology (EP), we aimed to study the factors that could impact pathologic diagnoses in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD). We retrospectively reviewed the lung transplant database at Cleveland Clinic [01/01/2006–12/31/2013] to include all lung transplant recipients with a prior diagnosis of ILD. Two pulmonary pathologists independently reviewed each SLB and lung explant. The diagnoses were labeled as concordant (same diagnosis on SLB and explant) or discordant (diagnosis on SLB and explant were different) by consensus. Of 389 patients transplanted for ILD, 217 had an SLB before transplant. Pathological diagnoses were concordant in 190 patients (87.6%) [165 UIP (86.8%), 13 NSIP (6.8%), 8 CHP (4.2%) and 4 other diagnoses (2.1%). In 27 cases (12.4%), the diagnosis on SLB differed from EP. 8/27 were diagnosed with UIP on SLB and of these, 5 were re-classified as NSIP. 14/19 (73.7%) patients with a SLB diagnosis “other than UIP” were re-categorized as UIP based on explant. Discordant cases had a greater time between SLB and EP than concordant cases (1553 days vs 1248 days). The pathologic diagnosis of ILD by SLB prior to lung transplant is accurate in most patients, but may be misleading in a small subset of patients. The majority of discordant cases that were reclassified as UIP could be due to a sampling error, or perhaps, an increased time from the date of the SLB to transplant. Future studies examining how multidisciplinary consensus diagnosis affects this discordance are necessary.