cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convergence and the Implications for Journalism Education

Media organizations in many parts of the world are introducing a form of reportage known as convergence. In essence convergence — also known as multiple-platform publishing — involves re-working material so that one piece of content appears in several forms. Often the process starts at daily newspapers because they have the largest number of journalists. After attending a news event, the reporter writes a handful of paragraphs for a Web site, then produces a radio version, possibly a television version, and finally writes a piece for the next day’s paper. This paper describes the process at some of the world’s leading innovators, and then considers the implications for how journalism is practiced and taught.
Survival of the International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles: A Personal Retrospective

ABSTRACT.This paper addresses the survival story of International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles (FILA) as well as personal reflections and experiences on reshaping the organization during the campaign for survival after the International Olympic Committee (IOC) removed wrestling from the program of the Olympic Games on February 2, 2013.
Signatures of baryogenesis in the minimal supersymmetric standard model

We revisit the electroweak baryogenesis within the context of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM), studying its potential collider signatures. We find that this mechanism of baryogenesis does not give a new CP violating signal at the $B$-factories. The first circumstantial evidence may come from enhanced $B_s$ or $B_d$ mixing. If a light right-handed scalar top and Higgs are found as required, a linear collider represents the best possibility for confirming the scenario.
Data Mining for Health Care Professionals: MBA Course Projects Resulting in Hospital Improvements

In this paper, the authors discuss a data mining course that was offered for a cohort of health care professionals employed by a hospital consortium as an elective in a synchronous online MBA program. The students learned to use data mining to analyze data on two platforms, Enterprise Miner, SAS (2008) and XLMiner (an EXCEL add-in). The final assignment for the semester was for the students to analyze a data set from their place of employment. This paper describes the projects and resulting benefits to the companies for which the students worked.
Data model for a decision support in comprehensive nutrient management in the United States

Decision Support Systems (DSSs) have been developed to aid planners in achieving a 'suitable plan' from a complex decision space. AFOPro is one such DSS, developed in the present work, for comprehensive nutrient management in the United States. More specifically, AFOPro is a response to the need to track nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in commercial fertilizer and in the livestock manure generated by the Confined Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs), applied as nutrient source in agricultural fields in the United States. This system may be used by the planner to make allocation decisions optimum for an agricultural field to meet the crop needs, while minimizing the possible impacts on the watersheds. AFOPro consists of two essential modules - (1) AFOPro Core, the nutrient management decision module, (2) AFOPro Web, the web module for updating the knowledge base. AFOPro is flexible, transparent and interactive and supported 21 states of the United States as of February 2005. The number of users of this system has grown to more than 350 nationwide since its first release in May 2003.
Chest Pain in an Aspirin-Sensitive Asthmatic Patient: Eosinophilic Esophagitis Causing Esophageal Dysmotility

We describe a case of eosinophilic esophagitis in a 38-year-old man with aspirin-sensitivity asthma which presented as noncardiac chest pain. Manometric measurements demonstrated tertiary contractions. Biopsies showed a dense eosinophilic infiltrate in the mucosa. There was no response to therapy for reflux. Symptoms quickly resolved with corticosteroid therapy. Subsequent manometric values recorded after corticosteroid therapy showed resolution of the dysmotility. Biopsies showed normal mucosa. Adult asthmatic subjects with noncardiac chest pain should receive further investigation if reflux therapy fails to resolve the symptoms.
A Reappraisal of Eyelid Eccrine and Apocrine Hidrocystomas: Microanatomic and Immunohistochemical Studies of 40 Lesions

Purpose To establish reliable criteria for diagnosing eyelid eccrine and apocrine hidrocystomas. Design Retrospective clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study. Methods Twenty-two specimens of normal portions of eyelids were evaluated to establish the distribution and microanatomy of eccrine and apocrine glands. Immunostaining for cytokeratin 7 (CK7), gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was performed on these tissues and on 40 lesions in 33 patients diagnosed with eccrine or apocrine hidrocystomas by unaided light microscopy. Results Eccrine glands were not present in the eyelid margins, the lower half of the upper eyelid pretarsal skin, or the pretarsal lower eyelid skin. Apocrine glands were restricted to the eyelid margins and canthi where the cysts were located. GCDFP-15, CK7, and α-SMA immunoreacted with the eccrine secretory coils but not their ducts; apocrine gland secretory spirals also stained positively for these markers throughout their extended courses, but not their short terminal ducts. Positivity was found in 37 of 40 hidrocystomas for α-SMA and 19 for GCDFP-15; lesions tested for CK7 displayed positivity. Conclusions Alpha-SMA-, CK7-, and/or GCDFP-15-positive apocrine hidrocystomas were the only type discovered in this series and arose from glandular secretory spirals within the marginal, perimarginal, or canthal skin. Three lesions did not stain for α-SMA, initially suggesting an absent myoepithelium and therefore an eccrine ductal origin; they manifested CK7 positivity, however, another characteristic of the apocrine secretory spiral but not ducts. Our findings disprove the contention that eccrine predominate over apocrine hidrocystomas in the eyelids.
In vivo determination of the elastic response of bone. II. Ulnar resonant frequency in osteoporotic, diabetic and normal subjects

For pt.I. see ibid. vol.15, 427 (1970) The product of ulnar resonant frequency and length (FaL) was measured for 172 normal men, 265 normal women, and for 28 osteoporotic and 15 diabetic women and was shown to be a function of age; for women after age 55, it decreases rapidly (about 1%/year). The distribution of FaL for randomly selected clinically normal women more than 45 years old is bimodal; this suggests that rapid bone loss is not a universal phenomenon; the so-called senile or postmenopausal osteoporosis appears to be an abnormality and not a normal concomitant of the ageing process. Women with symptomatic osteoporosis exhibit FaL values averaging about 44% less than those of age-matched controls, while diabetic women have values between these two extremes.
Reactive Deposition of Conformal Metal Oxide Films from Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

High-purity conformal metal oxide films were deposited onto planar and etched silicon wafers by surface-selective precursor hydrolysis in supercritical carbon dioxide using a cold wall reactor. Continuous films of cerium, hafnium, titanium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, and bismuth oxides between 21 and 263 nm thick were grown at temperatures between 250 and 300 °C using CO2 soluble precursors. The as-deposited films were pure single-phase oxide in the cases of HfO2, ZrO2, and TiO2 and composed of oxides of mixed oxidation states in the cases of cerium, tantalum, niobium, and bismuth oxides as determined by XPS. As-deposited films typically contained 5% carbon or less. Carbon contamination was eliminated in all cases by annealing at 400 °C. The films were characterized by XPS, profilometry, SEM, XRD, and AFM.
Formation of sulfate and glucoside conjugates of benzo[e]pyrene by Cunninghamella elegans

Benzo[e]pyrene is a pentacyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, which, unlike its structural isomer benzo[a]pyrene, is not a potent carcinogen or mutagen. The metabolism of benzo[e]pyrene was studied using the filamentous fungus Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 36112. C. elegans metabolized 65% of the [9, 10, 11, 12-3H]benzo[e]pyrene and unlabeled benzo[e]pyrene added to Sabouraud dextrose broth cultures after 120 h of incubation. Three major metabolites of benzo[e]pyrene were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. These metabolites were identified by 1H and 13C NMR, UV-visible, and mass spectral analyses as 3-benzo[e]pyrenylsulfate, 10-hydroxy-3-benzo[e]pyrenyl sulfate, and benzo[e]pyrene 3-O-β-glucopyranoside.
The influence of heart rate on the refractory period of the atrium and A-V conducting system

Abstract The refractory periods of the atrium and A-V transmission system were studied in the cat and man using the interpolated extrasystole technique. Increasing heart rate by atrial pacing shortened the atrial refractory period, and the A-V functional refractory period. However, the A-V effective refractory period was prolonged by increased frequency of pacing. In the cat, bilateral section of the vagus nerve usually made the A-V effective refractory period impossible to measure.
Homing, Movements, and Longevity of Bats

As far as is known, bats were first banded in the United States in 1916, when Dr. A. A. Allen, an ornithologist, marked five pipistrelles with bird bands (Allen, 1921). Little banding of bats was done during the next 16 years; in fact it was not until 1932 that intensive studies were undertaken. Between 1932 and 1951 a total of 67,279 bats were banded in the United States and Canada. Over 50,000 of these were banded in caves, usually in the wintertime while the bats were in the inactive hibernating condition (Mohr, 1953). Most of these studies were made in the eastern United States. Most of the findings of these banding studies have related to the homing ability, movements, and longevity of various species of the more colonial, cave dwelling bats. No intensive studies have been made of the more solitary tree dwelling bats. The purpose of this paper is to summarize some of these findings of other workers and to add the results of banding studies that I have carried on. Grateful acknowledgement is made to the National Science Foundation for Research Grant G-333 (Investigations of the Mammals of Arizona) for financial assistance for field work in Arizona. I am also grateful to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service for furnishing the bands used in my studies in Illinois, Kansas and Arizona, and to Dr. Fred R. Cagle, Department of Zoology, Tulane University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana, for making available to me the original banding data for the bats banded in Illinois. Since banding studies usually involve much work, I have often imposed upon my friends, associates and students for assistance. Among those whose efforts warrant special thanks are the following: my wife, Irma Cockrum; Drs. A. B. Leonard and A. B. Wiliams; Lee Beatty and Keith …
Enzymic Methods of Analysis

(1970). Enzymic Methods of Analysis. C R C Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 376-413.
Support and promoter effects in the selective oxidation of ethane to acetic acid catalyzed by Mo-V-Nb oxides

Abstract Catalysts based on Mo-V-Nb oxides were examined in bulk and supported forms for the oxidation of ethane to ethene and acetic acid. Bulk Mo0.61V0.31Nb0.08Ox powders showed rates and selectivities similar to those in previous reports. Precipitation in the presence of colloidal TiO2 led to a 10-fold increase in ethene and acetic acid rates (per active oxide) without significant changes in selectivity relative to unsupported samples. Precipitation in the presence of colloidal ZrO2 and Al2O3 suspensions, however, introduced unselective combustion sites without improving ethane oxidation rates. Mo5O14 structures, containing low-valent metal cation centers were detected in bulk Mo0.61V0.31Nb0.08Ox and TiO2-supported samples by Raman and UV–visible spectra and consistent with X-ray diffraction patterns, but not in Al2O3- or ZrO2-containing catalysts. The introduction of trace amounts of Pd (0.0025–0.01 wt.%), as a physical mixture of separate 0.3 wt.% Pd/SiO2, led to the near complete depletion of ethene intermediates and to a significant increase in acetic acid synthesis rate. Small PdOx catalyze ethene oxidation to acetaldehyde, but require the rapid scavenging of these molecules by Mo-V-Nb oxides to prevent acetaldehyde combustion and loss of selectivity. Dispersed VOx domains on TiO2 were able to catalyze all steps required for ethane oxidation to acetic acid. COx selectivities, however, were much higher than on bulk and TiO2-supported Mo0.61V0.31Nb0.08Ox catalysts. Dispersed MoOx domains were essentially inactive at these reaction conditions but their concurrent presence with VOx increased acetic acid selectivity by titrating unselective sites and stabilizing more reducible VOx species.
Role of interfacial oxygen on the quality and strain stability of pseudomorphic silicon-germanium layers grown on Si substrates

Abstract A commercially available 300 mm single-wafer UHV-CVD reactor was used to grow strained pseudomorphic Si 0.79 Ge 0.21 layers beyond the critical thickness on Si substrates. A unique in situ method of introducing controlled amounts of oxygen at the growth interface, combined with a very sensitive defect etching technique, was used to study the crystal defects present in the strained SiGe layers immediately after growth and after thermal annealing over large areas (many square centimeters). The etching results showed that the density of growth-related defects (stacking faults) originating from residual O at the epitaxy/substrate interface increases exponentially when the interfacial O concentration exceeds a level of about 10 13 O/cm 2 as measured by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. By defect etching the annealed samples we demonstrate that all the strain-relieving defects (dislocations) we observed originate from these growth defects. Therefore, we confirm previous claims that the strain metastability of low-misfit SiGe layers is controlled mainly by the initial concentration of growth defects. These findings have important implications regarding historical studies of metastability in the strained SiGe/Si system as well as contemporary efforts to grow highly metastable strained layers for IC applications.
ON ELASTIC-PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF I-BEAMS IN BENDING AND TORSION

Abstract The use of various models is studied to represent an I-beam for its elastic-plastic bending and torsional response including warping. The rectangular cross-section 2-node Hermitian beam element, the 4-node isoparametric beam element, and the 9-node isoparametric shell element of ADINA with constraint equations are used to establish the models. The linear elastic and elastic-plastic solutions of a cantilevered I-beam are given, and it is concluded that the I-beam model constructed with the isoparametric beam element can be used for general analysis.
Rustling Synaptic Vesicle Cargo after Exocytosis

In this issue of Neuron, Voglmaier et al. provide new evidence that the retrieval of synaptic vesicle transporters after exocytosis proceeds along at least two different endocytic pathways. This work provides new insight into the mechanisms of sorting synaptic vesicle cargo at the cell surface.
The Only Game in Town: Stock-Price Consequences of Local Bias

Theory suggests that, in the presence of local bias, the price of a stock should be decreasing in the ratio of the aggregate book value of firms in its region to the aggregate risk tolerance of investors in its region. We test this proposition using data on U.S. Census regions and states, and find clear-cut support for it. Most of the variation in the ratio of interest comes from differences across regions in aggregate book value per capita. Regions with low population density - e.g., the Deep South - are home to relatively few firms per capita, which leads to higher stock prices via an "only-game-in-town" effect. This effect is especially pronounced for smaller, less visible firms, where the impact of location on stock prices is roughly 12 percent.
Vitamin D upregulates glutamate cysteine ligase and glutathione reductase, and GSH formation, and decreases ROS and MCP-1 and IL-8 secretion in high-glucose exposed U937 monocytes.

Introduction Glutathione is a major endogenous antioxidant and its deficiency is implicated in the etiology and progression of a number of human diseases. Vitamin D is important for the prevention of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, and some cancers. Using a monocyte cell model, this study examined the hypothesis that vitamin D upregulate glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLC) and glutathione reductase (GR), which catalyzes GSH biosynthesis. Methods U937 monocytes were pretreated with and without 1,25 (OH) vitamin D (10–25 nM) for 24 h and then exposed to control and high glucose (HG, 25 mM) for 4 h. Levels of GSH determined using HPLC; GR activity by oxidation of NADPH; GCLC protein, MCP-1 and IL-8 using ELISA kits. Results 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D supplementation significantly upregulated expression of GCLC and GR, levels of GCLC protein and GR activity, and formation of GSH in control and HG-treated monocytes. 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D caused significantly (p < 0.05) lower secretion of IL-8 and MCP-1, and lower ROS levels in monocytes exposed to control and HG-treated monocytes. Conclusions This study demonstrates a positive link between vitamin D and GSH levels, and that some beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation may be mediated by an improvement in the cellular GSH levels and a decrease in ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Hepatopancreas glycosidases of the abalone (Haliotus rufescens).

Abstract 1. 1. A number of different glycosidase activities were found in abalone ( Haliotus rufescens ) hepatopancreas extracts. 2. 2. Using p- nitrophenyl derivatives, the following glycosidase activities were found: α- l -fucosidase (36) β- d -galactosidase (30·3), α- d -mannosidase (27·2), β- d -glucuronidase (25), N-acetyl-β- d -glucosaminidase (11·4), α- d -galactosidase (8), β- d -glucosidase (8), β- d -xylulosidase (2·9) and α- d -glucosidase (1·67). 3. 3. A number of natural substrates were also tested.
Resveratrol is cidal to both classes of Haemophilus ducreyi

Resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytoalexin, is produced by plants in response to infection and has antibacterial activity. Haemophilus ducreyi is a Gram-negative bacterium that is the causative agent of the sexually transmitted disease chancroid. This study employed minimum cidal concentration (MCC) assays to evaluate the potential of resveratrol as a microbicide against H. ducreyi. Five class I and four class II strains of H. ducreyi tested had MCCs ≤500 μg/mL. Resveratrol was also tested against Lactobacillus spp., part of the natural vaginal flora. Representative strains of Lactobacillus were co-cultured with H. ducreyi and 500 μg/mL resveratrol; in all cases, Lactobacillus was recovered in greater numbers than H. ducreyi. These results show that resveratrol is not only bacteriostatic but is bactericidal to H. ducreyi, confirming the compound's potential for use as a topical microbicide to prevent chancroid.
Ten-color, whole blood flow cytometric analysis of human myeloid subsets; implications for immune monitoring in cancer patients

Myeloid cells comprise a heterogeneous population of cells that include granulocytes and monocytes. Recent data reveals a complex role of myeloid cells as mediators of tumor progression and tumor induced immunosuppression. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been extensively studied in mouse models and are thought to be actively recruited to the tumor and suppress immunity through multiple mechanisms. Characterizations of human MDSCs have been much more problematic due to the lack of equivalent surface markers in mice and the variation and inconsistent use of human cell surface markers. The use of these populations as biomarkers for immunity requires standardization in sample prep and reporting. Typically, blood is prepared for analysis by collection of the mononuclear cell fraction. However, we found that this method can alter the cell populations of interest. For example, paired samples from healthy ten volunteers showed an increase of CD16 expression on monocytes purified by density gradient centrifugation versus those stained directly from whole blood. In addition, whole blood flow cytometry allows universal reporting terms as results can be reported in cells/μL. In effort to begin to standardization human myeloid subsets, we developed a ten color flow panel to analyze unfractionated peripheral blood. As part of this development, we felt it was very important to use surface markers and non-overlapping gating strategies that would enable us to define distinct myeloid populations. We used a combination of ten markers that allows us to measure over 15 myeloid phenotypes including granulocytes (using CD15, CD16 and CD66b), monocyte sub-populations (identified by CD14 and CD16), suppressive monocytes (CD14+HLA-DRlo/neg), myeloid derived suppressor cell populations (LINnegCD33 +HLA-DR+), and circulating dendritic cell populations (LINnegHLA-DR+ subgrouped by CD11c and CD123). In addition to typical bivariate plotting strategies, we also used radar plot analyses to look at multiple markers simultaneously. Data from healthy volunteer controls and cancer patients of the non-overlapping myeloid populations will be shown. This approach will allow standardization of the collection and reporting of these critically important populations.
Applications of Doppler Measurements to Problems in Relativity, Space Probe Tracking, and Geodesy

This paper begins with a discussion of the precision with which the Doppler shift in the signal received from a space vehicle can be measured, using existing atomic frequency standards on the ground, and a proposed transponder system on the vehicle. Applications of Doppler methods to measuring the gravitational redshift, to tracking space probes and measuring certain astronomical constants, and to geodesy, making use of the precision of atomic standards, are then presented. The conclusion drawn is that Doppler methods can imnprove upon existing accuracy in these areas.
Searle's abstract argument against strong AI

Discussion of Searle's case against strong AI has usually focused upon his Chinese Room thought-experiment. In this paper, however, I expound and then try to refute what I call his abstract argument against strong AI, an argument which turns upon quite general considerations concerning programs, syntax, and semantics, and which seems not to depend on intuitions about the Chinese Room. I claim that this argument fails, since it assumes one particular account of what a program is. I suggest an alternative account which, however, cannot play a role in a Searle-type argument, and argue that Searle gives no good reason for favoring his account, which allows the abstract argument to work, over the alternative, which doesn't. This response to Searle's abstract argument also, incidentally, enables the Robot Reply to the Chinese Room to defend itself against objections Searle makes to it.
Soil, plant and atmospheric conditions as they relate to ammonia volatilization

Gaseous ammonia (NH3) transport is an important pathway in the terrestrial N cycle. In the atmosphere NH3 neutralizes airborne acids and is a major factor determining air quality and acid rain deposition patterns. Redeposition of atmospheric NH3 plays an important role in the N balance of natural ecosystems and has been implicated in forest decline, plant species change and eutrophication of surface water. Much of the N in soil-plant animal systems can be lost to the atmosphere, particularly with surface applied livestock waste, or urea and anhydrous ammonia fertilizers. Plants can have a significant impact on NH3 transport because they can both absorb and desorb atmospheric NH3. Under conditions of low soil N or high atmospheric NH3 concentrations, plants absorb NH3. Under conditions of high soil N or low atmospheric NH3 concentrations, plants volatilize NH3. This article discusses methods for evaluating NH3 transport in the filed, the rate of NH3 volatilized from fertilizer application, and the effects of plants on net NH3 transport.
Branchio-oto-renal syndrome associated mutations in Eyes Absent 1 result in loss of phosphatase activity

The Eyes Absent (Eya) proteins are tyrosine phosphatases and transcriptional activators involved in cell-fate determination and organ development. Mutations in the gene encoding Eya homologue 1 have been implicated in the multi-organ developmental disorder branchio-oto-renal syndrome (BOR) and in ocular defects. Here we report that BOR-associated mutations lead to a loss of phosphatase activity in Eya1 proteins, while mutations associated with ocular defects yield Eya1 proteins with near normal levels of phosphatase activity. Furthermore we demonstrate that the N-terminal domain attenuates the catalytic activity of Eya suggesting a mechanism of regulation.
Direct Conversion of C. elegans Germ Cells into Specific Neuron Types

The ability of transcription factors to directly reprogram the identity of cell types is usually restricted and is defined by cellular context. Through the ectopic expression of single Caenorhabditis elegans transcription factors, we found that the identity of mitotic germ cells can be directly converted into that of specific neuron types: glutamatergic, cholinergic, or GABAergic. This reprogramming event requires the removal of the histone chaperone LIN-53 (RbAp46/48 in humans), a component of several histone remodeling and modifying complexes, and this removal can be mimicked by chemical inhibition of histone deacetylases. Our findings illustrate the ability of germ cells to be directly converted into individual, terminally differentiated neuron types and demonstrate that a specific chromatin factor provides a barrier for cellular reprogramming.
Electronic structure of semiconductor surfaces and interfaces

Abstract This article discusses how our understanding of the electronic structure of semiconductor surfaces has evolved over the last decades. It traces the evolution of concepts, such as surface states, surface core level shifts, and charge transfer. Examples from silicon surfaces show how much our capabilities for detecting surface states have grown, from the first indirect evidence of surface states to the full picture in momentum space and real space. An extrapolation to the future forecasts a shift from the analysis of surfaces towards the synthesis of new structures, using advanced semiconductor processing techniques.
Proper accounting of mass transfer resistances in forward osmosis: Improving the accuracy of model predictions of structural parameter

Abstract This work demonstrates a more accurate method for calculating structural parameter ( S ) of asymmetric osmotic membranes using experimental data and a theoretical flux model which encapsulates all significant boundary layer phenomena. External boundary layer effects on the porous side of the membrane have been neglected in many current models. In these models, external concentration polarization (ECP) effects get combined with internal concentration polarization (ICP), resulting in inflated S values. In this study, we proposed a mathematical flux model in which ECP effects are accounted for, so that S can be more accurately measured. This model considered the in-series resistances for solute transport based on intrinsic properties of the membrane, as well as boundary layers at membrane surfaces and within the support layer. We therefore introduced new equations to define total resistance to solute transport and reflection coefficient of membranes in FO. The results indicate that ICP is less severe than previously predicted and that cross-flow velocity, temperature and concentration of the draw and the feed solutions impact both external and internal concentration polarization. Our calculations surprisingly show that changes in cross-flow velocity impact internal concentration polarization due to induced mixing within the support layer. Also, we suggest that it is critical to consider the “ residence time ” of solutes in the vicinity of the selective layer when determining the membrane selectivity.
Synthetic liquid fuels for the U.S.

Abstract The promise of synthetic liquid fuel production in the U.S. is assessed. Heavy oil sources are commercially viable; liquid fuels from tar sands are competitive at current world prices, but environmental impacts need further study; indirect coal liquefaction requires large-scale federal support; direct coal liquefaction has progressed at the pilot stage, now requires support by the Synfuels Corporation and is unlikely to contribute to transportation-fuel supplies before early in the next century. Shale-oil recovery by 1. (1) in situ processing is generally infeasible in the U.S.; 2. (2) modified in situ processing faces complex environmental and technological problems; and 3. (3) mining and above-ground recovery is marginally competitive at early 1982 prices but is progressing slowly.
Surface-initiated ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone from a patterned poly(hydroxymethyl-p-xylylene)

A new strategy toward patterned polymer brushes combining the spatially controlled deposition of poly[(hydroxymethyl-p-xylylene)-co-(p-xylylene)] (1) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization of 4-(hydroxymethyl)[2.2]paracyclophane and surface-initiated ring-opening polymerization was developed. Patterns of polymer brushes with thicknesses between 53 and 538 A were created. The approach does not require photolithographic tools and has potential applicability to a wide range of different substrates, such as glasses, polymers, metals or composites.
Subantimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD) improves probing parameters associated with periodontitis

Original Article Preshaw PM, Hefti AF, Novak MJ, Michalowicz BS, Pihlstrom BL, Schoor R, et al. Subantimicrobial dose doxycycline enhances the efficacy of scaling and root planing in chronic periodontitis: a multicenter trial. J Periodontol 2004;75(8):1068-76. Level of Evidence 1b Purpose The purpose of this randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) was to compare the effect of scaling and root planning (SRP) plus subantimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD) to adjunctive placebo in subjects with moderate to advanced chronic periodontitis. Source of Funding Industry Type of Study/Design Randomized controlled trial
Resolution of the multiple inert gas method for estimating V̇a/Q̇ maldistribution

Abstract During steady-state infusion of a mixture of dissolved inert gases, their elimination by the lung depends on the distribution of ventilation/perfusion (V a /Q) ratios. Thus, certain features of the V a /Q distribution can be inferred from inert gas measurement. Because of the: (1) complexity of the lung, and (2) experimental errors, the ability of such a technique to describe the shape and position of the V a /Q distribution accurately is limited. In this report we present an analysis of the resolution of the method for 9 representative sets of inert gas data, taking account of both of the above factors. These 9 sets span the range of commonly observed data, both in health and in diseases such as asthma, interstitial fibrosis, chronic obstructive lung disease and respiratory distress syndromes. Both error-free and error-containing data are studied and by linear programming methods, bounds are placed on maximum and minimum possible perfusion in several regions of the V a /Q spectrum. Modality is also studied by linear programming. The results show that the resolving power of the method depends greatly on the specific case under study. When groups of units are separated in V a /Q by a decade, this can be determined with considerable confidence. Shunt and low V a /Q areas can generally be well resolved, but when distributions are very broad, resolution is limited.
Neuromuscular Control and Coordination during Cycling

Abstract The neuromuscular control aspect of cycling has been investigated through the effects of modifying posture and cadence. These studies show that changing posture has a more profound influence on neuromuscular coordination than does changing slope. Most of the changes with standing posture occur late in the downstroke: increased ankle and knee joint moment, reduced hip joint moment and greater activity in specific muscles. Due to the influence of lower extremity inertial properties, higher pedaling frequency induces more neuromuscular changes at the hip than at the knee or ankle joints. These neuromuscular adaptations to environmental and task constraints are discussed with regard to the contributions of the central nervous system and the solution provided by peripheral anatomical structure—mono- and biarticular muscles. The results indicate that training and related movement analysis should be specific to the motion, supporting the notion of task-specific training.
Minimizing the squared mean curvature integral for surfaces in space forms

We minimize a discrete version of the squared mean curvature integral for polyhedral surfaces in three-space, using Brakke's Surface Evolver [Brakke 1992]. Our experimental results support the conjecture that the smooth minimizers exist for each genus and are stereographic projections of certain minimal surfaces in the three-sphere.
Antiphase stripe order as the origin of electron pockets observed in 1/8-hole-doped cuprates

Recent quantum oscillation measurements on underdoped cuprates are shown to be consistent with the predictions of a mean field theory of the $1∕8$ magnetic antiphase stripe order proposed to occur in high-${T}_{c}$ cuprates. In particular, for intermediate values of the stripe order parameter, the magnetotransport is found to be dominated by an electron pocket, whose size is sensitive to the value of the density wave potential.
Quantum Noise in a Parametric Amplifier with Lossy Modes

We derive the fundamental noise properties of a parametric amplifier (paramp) which is driven by a monochromatic pump but which has many lossy signal and idler modes. We use a quantum-mechanical approach similar to that employed by Louisell and co-workers in their treatment of paramps and lasers with lossless modes. Our results are not directly deducible from the lossless mode analysis, but they do give the same limiting noise temperature as that analysis. This minimum noise temperature is the same as that of an ideal laser. In fact, we find that one can always design a laser whose field correlation functions would be the same as those of any given paramp. Many results for laser noise in various configurations can be carried over directly and applied to parametric amplifiers by using correspondence substitutions which we set down. For example, in analogy to Pound's description of the maser (in terms of a Nyquist theorem extended to negative temperatures), the calculation of paramp noise is found to be equivalent to applying Nyquist's theorem to both the active and passive elements in the (classically computed) equivalent circuit of a signal mode of interest. From this one obtains the spectra of effective noise generators which, when amplified in the circuit, duplicate the "quantum" as well as thermal noise that is present in the output. The Nyquist theorem is extended to apply to each active element by simply taking the element temperatures to be minus the real temperature of the corresponding idler mode (whose parametric coupling into the signal circuit gives rise to that element) multiplied by the ratio of the pump minus the idler to the idler frequencies.
Risky driving related to driver and vehicle characteristics

This investigation was performed to determine relationships between driver and vehicle characteristics and risk taking in everyday driving, as measured by close following in freeway traffic. A total of 12,000 observations were made of headways (time intervals between successive vehicles) in high flow freely moving freeway traffic at two sites, one in Michigan, the other in Toronto, Canada. The headways were measured using a photographic technique which allowed vehicle and occupant characteristics to be recorded, including type of vehicle and sex and seat belt use. For the Michigan observations, the vehicle license number was recorded, from which additional information on the vehicle and owner (usually the driver) was obtained from state files, including the vehicle mass and model year and the owner's age. sex and history of recorded accidents and traffic violations. Shorter headways (close following), corresponding to higher risk, were found for drivers with prior accidents or violations, young drivers, male drivers, drivers with no passengers. and drivers who did not wear a seat belt. Vehicles associated with shorter headways included newer cars and cars of intermediate mass (1600-1900 kg).
The effects of endogenous picolinic acid on zinc metabolism in the rat

Abstract Adult male rats were fed purified diets containing either 5 ppm or 20 ppm Zn for a total of four weeks. Two weeks after starting the dietary regimen, the two dietary groups were each divided into three treatment groups receiving continuous intravenous infusions from surgically implanted osmotic pumps of either 0.9% NaCl or picolinic acid (PA) solutions containing 200 mg or 50 mg PA/ml. True zinc absorption and excretion of endogenous zinc were measured using a 65 Zn isotope dilution technique. PA treatment increased dietary zinc absorption as well as serum and tibia zinc concentrations compared to controls treated with NaCl. However, PA treatment had no effect on either intestinal excretion of endogenous zinc or urinary zinc excretion. Furthermore, the effects of PA on zinc absorption and distribution were independent of either the concentration of PA in the infusion solutions or the level of dietary zinc. These results indicate that although PA of endogenous origin can promote zinc absorption and affect zinc distribution, it is unlikely that PA can regulate zinc metabolism.
A Comparison of Two Techniques for Determining Glomerular Size Distributions in Domestic Fowl

Nephrons in the avian kidney have an extremely heterogeneous size distribution. The shortest nephrons have very small glomeruli, and the larger nephrons have very large glomeruli. Physiological, nutritional, and disease factors may be correlated with the functioning of different sized nephrons. The present study was conducted to compare two techniques for measuring glomerular size distributions. A postmortem India ink infusion technique gave results that were highly comparable to an in vivo alcian blue infusion technique. Single Comb White Leghorn pullets were found to have approximately 270,000 glomeruli per kidney; glomerular circumferences and diameters ranged between .07 to .42 mm and .02 to.14 mm, respectively. A unimodal size distribution was found, with most glomeruli falling within the circumference range of .15 to .26 mm. The alcian blue technique should provide a quantitative in vivo method for evaluating selective tubular damage or physiological glomerular intermittency.
Implantable Biomimetic Electronics as a Neural Prosthesis for Lost Memory Function

Dr. Berger will present results of a collaborative effort on the part of the University of Southern California, Wake Forest University, and the University of Kentucky to develop a nonlinear dynamic model of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. The model is implemented in very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuitry for use as a neural prosthetic to replace damaged or dysfunctional brain tissue. The hippocampus is a region of the brain responsible for the formation of long-term memories, and frequently is damaged as a result of epilepsy, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. The components of this multi-laboratory effort will be described, and include: (1) experimental study of neuron and neural network function - how does the hippocampus encode information?, (2) formulation of biologically realistic models of neural system dynamics - can that encoding process be described mathematically to predict how the hippocampus (or a region of the hippocampus) will respond to a particular event?, (3) microchip implementation of neural system models - can the mathematical model be realized as a set of electronic circuits to achieve rapid computational speed and miniaturization?, and (4) hybrid neuron-silicon interfaces - can electronic devices be "functionally connected" to neural tissue for bi-directional communication with the hippocampus?. By integrating solutions to these component problems, the team is realizing a microchip-based model of hippocampal nonlinear dynamics that can perform the same function as a removed, damaged hippocampal region. Through bi-directional communication with other neural tissue that normally provides the inputs and outputs to/from the damaged hippocampal area, the neural model can serve as a neural prosthesis. A proof-of-concept will be presented in which the CA3 region of the hippocampal slice is replaced by a microchip model of CA3 nonlinear dynamics. How the current work in brain slices is being extended to behaving animals also will be described
LDPE/PP blends modified by peroxide and radiation induced reactions

LDPE/PP polyblends, modified through either peroxide initiated reactions or irradiation, were characterized in terms of rheological and mechanical properties and microstructure. In the presence of peroxide, or through irradiation LDPE crosslinks, PP degrades. Data were obtained at two peroxide concentration levels (0.1 and 1% by weight) and two radiation doses (30 and 100 kGy). The results show that in peroxide modification, the degradation of PP prevails over the crosslinking of LDPE. However, the effect of irradiation of LDPE (crosslinking) is predominant over that of PP (degradation). The irradiation process tends to yield improved mechanical properties vs. peroxide modification for the PP-rich blends. In addition, the melt viscosity and elasticity of the irradiated PP-rich blends are higher than those of the peroxide-reacted blends at a given level of PP content and frequencies between 10 and 100 rad/s. Attempts were made to relate the shape of the rheological curves and the mechanical properties of the blends to the observed changes in their microstructure. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Conduction electron paramagnetic resonance study of concentrated alkali metal-ammonia solutions

Abstract Conduction electron paramagnetic resonance was observed in concentrated alkali metal-ammonia solutions. The lineshape is Dysonian, and by analysis of the lineshape the diffusion time, relaxation time, and g shift were determined. In these solutions the relaxation time and g shift increase exponentially with the atomic number of the metal. The results of this study indicate that the spin-orbit relaxation mechanism is dominant. The relaxation time and g shift are discussed in detail and are compared to analogous studies on the alkali metals as well as other systems.
Controlling chemical reactivity with antibodies

The remarkable specificity of an antibody molecule has been used to accomplish highly selective functional group transformations not attainable by current chemical methods. An antibody raised against an amine-oxide hapten catalyzes the reduction of a diketone to a hydroxyketone with greater than 75:1 regioselectivity for one of two nearly equivalent ketone moieties. The antibody-catalyzed reaction is highly stereoselective, affording the hydroxyketone in high enantiomeric excess. Similarly, the reduction of ketones containing branched and aryl substituents, including the highly symmetrical 1-nitrophenyl-3-phenyl-2-propanone, was enantioselective. The simple strategy presented herein may find general applicability to the regio- and stereoselective reduction of a broad range of compounds.
Effects of Continuous Ram Exposure and Early Spring Lambing on Initiation of the Breeding Season in Yearling Crossbred Ewes

Abstract The duration of the seasonal anestrus, the postpartum interval from lambing to first estrus and the date of initiation of the breeding season were studied using four groups of yearling ewes. The ewes were 1/2-Dorset, 1/4-Rambouillet, and 1/4-Finnsheep and averaged 190 days of age at the start of the study on 26 September. Group 1 ewes ( n =17) were not exposed for breeding but were continuously cohabited with vasectomized rams from 26 October until the following 28 September. Group 2 ( n =19), 3 ( n =18) and 4 ( n =16) ewes were exposed to fertile rams from 26 September until 1 December and subsequently isolated from rams. Group 2 ewes were then exposed to vasectomized rams within 7 to 10 days of lambing (mean date of 20 March) whereas group 3 ewes remained isolated from males. Group 4 ewes failed to lamb and also remained isolated from rams. Lambs were weaned on 28 May and ewes from all groups were combined and placed with vasectomized rams on 4 June to determine the time required for mating to begin. Ewes were checked twice weekly for evidence of mating; serum progesterone levels were determined to confirm that observed matings were accompanied by ovulation. The mean dates of last and subsequent first estrus in group 1 ewes were 22 February and 24 August, respectively, and the mean duration of the first seasonal anestrus was 183 days. The mean postpartum interval in group 2 ewes was 115 days; the mean date of first estrus was 15 July. After combining the groups on 4 June, the median dates of first mating for groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 1 September, 19 July, 18 July and 20 July, respectively. Thus, ewes that were continuously cohabited with rams took an average of 45 days longer to begin mating. Ewes in the other groups did no differ, suggesting that an average of 63 days of ram exposure immediately following lambing had no negative effects on subsequent summer mating behavior.