cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the origin of the 6.1-ms pulsar

A quantitative model is presented to account for the observed features of the binary pulsar PSR1953+53. A lower giant branch star is suggested to have evolved on a nuclear time scale while orbiting a neutron star, with mass transfer to the neutron star commencing when the giant attained its Roche lobe. A radius-core mass relationship was used to examined the processes that occurred after the hydrogen atmosphere was drained off to the neutron star. Tidal dissipation has circularized the orbit of the companion during mass transfer, while the orbit expanded. Accretion torques caused spin-up of the neutron star, which had a magnetic moment of no more than 3 x 10 to the 27th G/cu cm. The drained star became a degenerate dwarf with very faint luminosity, which accounts for no visual companion having been observed to date.
Mariculture of the loliginid squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana through seven successive generations

Abstract Sepioteuthis lessoniana is a commercially important squid throughout the Indo-West Pacific and is a useful species in biomedical research. It has now been cultured through seven successive generations in closed, recirculating seawater systems. Egg viability was highest in the parental generation (34.9%) and significantly decreased in the next six generations with a viability rate of 1.56–13%. The highest hatchling survival was in G 4 (80.3%) and the lowest was in G 3 (26.3%). Water quality was maintained at acceptable levels during each successive generation (NH 4 2 3 8.0). Life spans ranged from 169 to 262 days (5.6–8.7 months) with a mean of 208 days (6.9 months). The seven generations reached mean adult sizes at 500–900 g. The age of sexual maturity for females was recorded for all populations except G 6 and ranged from 146 to 224 days (4.9–7.5 months) with an average of 171 days (5.7 months). Sex ratios did not consistently vary from 1:1 in any generation. Live food (i.e., crustaceans and fish) was the only food supplied throughout their life cycle.
Identification with Academics and Violence in Schools

The goal of this article is to present a theoretical model integrating identification with academics, motivation and engagement behaviors, academic outcomes, and violent or deviant behavior. Four d...
Which came first – building cooling loads or global warming? – a cause and effect examination:

While weather changes from day to day, climate change occurs on a time scale far in excess of a human lifetime. Climate had been changing dramatically even before humans evolved on Earth. Notwithstanding this, there is evidence supporting an accelerated global warming trend over the last century. Scientists agree that much of the global warming can be attributed to increases in certain greenhouse gases, notably water vapour and carbon dioxide. What scientists disagree over is what amount of the greenhouse effect is due to human activity. This paper's purpose is to quantify, through computer simulations, the increased cooling loads imposed by recognized climate change models and give designers a framework within which to set goals for new building efficiency measures. The paper does not include proposals for methods of reducing energy consumption in buildings – instead, it demonstrates the probable impact global warming trends have on buildings' cooling loads and vice versa.
Black/white differences in relative weight and obesity among girls: the Bogalusa Heart Study.

Abstract Background and objective. Although black women have a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than do white women, it is unclear if a similar pattern exists among youths. We therefore examined the development of black/white differences in relative weight and adiposity among 5 to 17-year-old girls. Methods. Cross-sectional analyses of 4542 black and 4542 white girls who were examined between 1973 and 1994. Quetelet Index (kg/m 2 ), Rohrer Index (kg/m;s 3 ), and height-adjusted weight were used as measures of relative weight, and subscapular and triceps skinfolds as measures of adiposity. Breast development was used as an index of sexual maturation. Results. On average, black girls were 1 to 3 kg heavier than were similarly aged white girls, and before adolescence, they were 2 to 3 cm taller. After adjusting for differences in height, the mean relative weight of black girls was consistently greater than that of white girls only after age 13; furthermore, sexual maturation was a stronger correlate of relative weight among black girls than among white girls. Comparable differences were seen for the subscapular skinfold thickness, but white girls consistently had a thicker mean triceps skinfold than did black girls. Conclusion. Sexual maturation should be considered in comparisons of relative weight and obesity among youths, and as compared with white girls, black girls do not have a higher mean relative weight until adolescence. The use of different indices of overweight and adiposity can lead to contrasting results, with simple comparisons of Quetelet Index tending to overstate the relative weights of taller children.
Minimally invasive sacral neuromodulation implant technique: modifications to the conventional procedure.

PURPOSE: Sacral neuromodulation is a novel treatment for selected urinary and bowel dysfunctions. A new method is described for electrode implantation, the “minimally invasive sacral neuromodulation implant technique.” METHODS: After the percutaneous nerve evaluation test, a small longitudinal incision (3 cm) is made, and a catheter cannula segment is inserted through the sacral foramen beside an insulated needle. The electrode is introduced into the catheter cannula, which is then removed and fixed to the sacrum by means of small anchors. The proximal part of the lead is tunneled into the subcutaneous tissue, reaching the pocket made to accommodate the neurostimulator. RESULTS: This procedure was performed in ten patients (5 male; mean age, 50.4 years). In four patients a single electrode was implanted, and in six patients two electrodes were implanted. The minimally invasive technique was significantly faster, saving a mean time of 20 minutes for each electrode. The incision made directly on the sacral foramen was significantly reduced (3 vs. 12 cm), avoiding the wide, blunt dissection of subcutaneous fat tissue. Application of the catheter cannula allowed the electrode to be introduced easily and correctly. The electrode anchors never failed: no cases of lead displacement or suboptimal position of the electrode occurred. A unilateral, sterile subcutaneous seroma occurred in one of the ten patients. CONCLUSIONS: The minimally invasive sacral neuromodulation implant technique seems to be a safe procedure—making sacral neuromodulation implant easier, faster, and safer, in as much as complications could be potentially reduced.
Electron energy levels for a dense electron gas in parabolic GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs quantum wells.

Parabolic GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As quantum-well structures have been developed as a means of producing a uniform three-dimensional electron gas. Calculations of the actual density profile and energy levels in the Hohenberg-Kohn-Sham local-density-functional approximation are presented for several values of electron sheet density in the well. These results verify the predicted uniformity of the electronic-charge-density distribution over the occupied portion of the well and give more quantitatively correct estimates of the Fermi level and subband energy separations than available previously.
The Role of Lectins in Cell Division of Tissue Cultures of Soybean and Tobacco

Summary Lectins, phytohemagglutinins, have been reported to act as mitogenic agents in animal and plant tissue cultures. We have tested the effect of three different lectins (soybean agglutinin, phytohemagglutinin-M, and wheat germ agglutinin) on the growth of tissue cultures of soybean root segments and tobacco with expiants. In no case any significant improvement in growth over controls could be demonstrated, except in the case of wheat germ agglutinin, which appears to enhance the growth of tobacco pith expiants in the presence of an auxin and a cytokinin.
Effects of temporal jitter on video quality : Assessment using psychophysical and computational modeling methods

The conventional synchronous model of digital video, in which video is reconstructed synchronously at the decoder on a frame-by-frame basis, assumes its transport is delay- jitter-free. This assumption is inappropriate for modern integrated service packet networks such as the Internet for network delay jitter varies widely. Furthermore, multiframe buffering is not a viable solution in interactive applications such as video conferencing. We have proposed a `delay cognizant' model of video coding (DCVC) that segments an incoming video into two video flows with different delay attributes. The DCVC decoder operates in an asynchronous reconstruction mode that attempts to maintain image quality in the presence of network delay jitter. Our goal is to maximize the allowable delay of one flow relative to that of the other with minimal effect on image quality since an increase in the delay offset reflects more tolerance to transmission delay jitter. Subjective quality evaluations indicates for highly compressed sequences, differences in video quality of reconstructed sequences with large delay offsets as compared with zero delay offset are small. Moreover, in some cases asynchronously reconstructed video sequences look better than the zero delay case. DCVC is a promising solution to transport delay jitter in low- bandwidth video conferencing with minimal impact on video quality.
Eclipsing Binaries in the Young Large Magellanic Cloud Cluster NGC 1850

I present light curves for two detached eclipsing binary stars in the region of the LMC cluster NGC 1850, which is possibly a young globular cluster still in formation. One, a likely O-type star, is a newly detected eclipsing binary in the region of the very young subcluster NGC 1850A. This binary is among a small number of highly massive O-type stars in binary systems found in LMC clusters. These two eclipsing binaries are the first to be discovered in the well-studied NGC 1850, and the O-type star is the first eclipsing binary found in NGC 1850A. Light curves for two Cepheid variables in the NGC 1850 region are also shown. The discovery of two eclipsing binaries in the young globular-like cluster NGC 1850 is discussed in terms of the importance of the binary fraction to globular cluster evolution.
641 IMPROVED SURVIVAL AND THE MORBIDITY IN VERY SHORT SMALL INTESTINE OF INFANCY WITH THE USE OF LONG-TERM PARENTERAL FEEDING

13 children with very short small intestine, <38cm of jejunoileum(JI), from the first month of life were managed on home parenteral nutrition(PN) between 1974 & 1984. Survival is compared with the collective reported data in this condition before 1972. 9 of 13(69%) have survived compared with 7 of 30(23%) previously. 5 discontinued PN with normal growth and development after periods of 4-32 months. 4 still receive partial (2) or total(2) PN after 9,55,66 and 68 months; all of these have grown normally. In the 3 combined categories of 15-38cm of JI without an ileocecal valve(ICV) and <15cm of JI with and without an ICV, 7 of 10(70%) have survived compared with 0 from 16 before 1972. 17 episodes of systemic catheter infection occurred; 14 were successfully treated without catheter removal. 6 children developed gallstones and underwent cholecystectomy for cholecystitis. Of 10 children in whom hepatic histology was obtained, 2 developed cirrhosis and 6 portal fibrosis; portal hypertension occurred in these but variceal hemorrhage did not. With long term PN, the length of JI necessary for ultimate survival off PN has been reduced from ≥15cm to ≥11cm with an ICV and from ≥38cm to ≥25cm without an ICV.
A Comparison of the Use of In Vitro-Transcribed and Native rRNA for the Quantification of Microorganisms in the Environment

Abstract Nearly full-length, small subunit (SSU) rRNA was transcribed in vitro from clones of SSU rDNA genes. Comparing the use of in vitro-transcribed and native rRNA indicated that, when in vitro-transcribed rRNA was used as a standard for quantitative hybridizations with oligonucleotide probes, the population was consistently underestimated. The population abundance was expressed as a percentage of specific target SSU rRNA (determined with a specific oligonucleotide probe), relative to the total SSU rRNA (measured with a universal probe). Differences in hybridization signals could be related to specific probe target locations and rRNA denaturation conditions, suggesting that higher order structure is important in quantitative membrane hybridizations. Therefore, in vitro-transcribed rRNA cannot always be used for the absolute quantification of microbial populations, but can be employed as a standard to quantify shifts in population abundance over time, and to compare community structure in various environments.
Laser fluorescence angiography reveals perfusion defects in retrograde cardioplegia

Background: Adequate perfusion of the right ventricle with retrograde cardioplegia has always been questioned. However, clinical studies suggested sufficient protection and, up to now, intraoperative assessment of cardioplegia distribution has been difficult.Methods: As a pilot study in 14 patients, we used indocyanine green laser fluorescence angiography (ICGLA) to assess vascular and myocardial perfusion of different areas of the right anterior ventricular wall. Regions of interest were analyzed quantitatively using a new software package.Results: ICGLA allowed rapid and reliable visualization of cardioplegic flow and distribution. Retrograde cardioplegia revealed perfusion defects in the territory of the right anterior cardiac veins when compared to antegrade delivery and to areas close to the left anterior descending vein(s), confirmed by quantitative analyses of maximal fluorescence intensity. Five patients were excluded from quantitative analyses. The learning curve, pitfalls, limitations and specia...
Student Journal Writing in an International Setting

This article examines the use of journal or diary writing assignments to enhance a foreign study tour program. Two versions of the journal writing assignment are described, and benefits of this tea...
Tetramethylthiourea and pyridine complexes of selenium(IV) and tellurium(IV) halides

Abstract The bis(tetramethylthiourea) complexes of tellurium(IV) chloride and bromide, and bis(pyridine) complexes of several tellurium(IV) halides and selenium(IV) chloride have been subjected to i.r. spectroscopic, molecular weight, and electrical conductance study. The tellurium(IV) complexes display infrared spectra consistent with trans -octahedral monomeric species but, in polar solution, experience varying degrees of ionic dissociation. Tetrachlorobis(pyridine) selenium(IV) has general physical characteristics and a molar conductance in acetonitrile ( μ = 18 Ω −1 cm 2 mole −1 at 1·5 × 10 −3 M) which, contrary to earlier reports, suggest it to be a molecular species undergoing very limited ionization in solution.
Neuregulin-2 is Developmentally Regulated and Targeted to Dendrites of Central Neurons

Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) regulates numerous aspects of neural development and synaptic plasticity; the functions of NRG-2 and NRG-3 are presently unknown. As a first step toward understanding how NRGs contribute to distinct aspects of neural development and function, we characterized their regional and subcellular expression patterns in developing brain. The expression of NRG-1–3 mRNAs was compared postnatally (P0, P7, adult) by using in situ hybridization. NRG-1 expression is highest at birth, whereas NRG-2 mRNA levels increase with development; expression of both genes is restricted to distinct brain regions. In contrast, NRG-3 transcripts are abundant in most brain regions throughout development. NRG-2 antibodies were generated to analyze protein processing, expression, and subcellular distribution. As with NRG-1, the transmembrane NRG-2 proprotein is proteolytically processed in transfected HEK 293 cells and in neural tissues, and its ectodomain is exposed and accumulates on the neuron surface. Despite the structural similarities between NRG-1 and NRG-2, we unexpectedly found that NRG-2 colocalizes with MAP2 in proximal primary dendrites of hippocampal neurons in culture and in vivo, although it is not detectable in axons or in axon terminals. These findings were confirmed with NRG-2 ectodomain antisera and epitope-tagged recombinant protein. In cerebellum, NRG-2 colocalizes with calbindin in proximal dendrites and soma of Purkinje cells. In contrast, NRG-1 is highly expressed in axons of dissociated hippocampal neurons, as well as in somas and dendrites. The distinct temporal, regional, and subcellular expression of NRG-2 suggests its unique and nonredundant role in neural function. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:156–172, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Headache in HIV‐1‐Related Disorders

To define the causes, clinical significance and characteristics of headaches in HIV-1-related disorders, we studied 49 consecutive HIV-1 infected patients who presented with headache. Work-up included CT scans, cerebrospinal fluid examinations (in the absence of a contraindication) and serologic studies. Overall, 40 of 49 patients (82 percent) had an identifiable serious cause of headache. Cryptococcal meningitis (39 percent) and CNS toxoplasmosis (16 percent) were the leading headache etiologies. Serious causes were more likely in patients diagnosed with AIDS prior to presentation but also occurred in most patients in early stages of infection. Based on this study, we suggest that patients with HIV-1 infection must be managed with a high index of suspicion when they present with new onset headaches.
Bond Characterization of Plasma Sprayed Zirconium on Uranium Alloy by Microcantilever Testing

The future production of low enriched uranium nuclear fuel for test reactors requires a well-adhered diffusion barrier coating of zirconium (Zr) on the uranium/molybdenum (U-Mo) alloy fuel. In this study, the interfacial bond between plasma sprayed Zr coatings and U-Mo fuel was characterized by microcantilever beam testing. Test results revealed the effect of specific flaws such as cracks and pores on the bonding of interfaces with a sampling area of approximately 20 μm2. TEM examination showed the Zr/U-Mo interface to contain rows of very fine grains (5-30 nm) with the Zr in contact with UO2. Bond characteristics of plasma sprayed samples were measured that are similar to those of roll bonded samples showing the potential for plasma sprayed Zr coatings to have high bond strength.
VLSI residue multiplier modulo a Fermat number

Multiplication is central in the implementation of Fermat number transforms (FNT) and other residue number algorithms. There is need for a good multiplication algorithm which can be realized easily on a VLSI chip. In this paper, the Leibowitz multiplier [1] is modified to realize multiplication in the ring of integers modulo a Fermat number. The advantage of this new algorithm over Leibowitz's algorithm is that Leibowitz's algorithm takes modulo after the product of multiplication is obtained. Hence time is wasted. In this new algorithm, modulo is taken in every bit operation when performing multiplication. Therefore no time is wasted in this respect. Furthermore, this algorithm requires only a sequence of cyclic shifts and additions. The design for this new multiplier are regular, simple, expandable and therefore, suitable for VLSI implementation.
Initiation and Maintenance of the Granulomatous Response

Steven L. Kunkel, Ph.D.; Robert M. Strieter M.D., F.C.C.?; Nicholas Lukac Ph.D.; and Stephen W Chensue, M.D., Ph.D. T he initiation and maintenance of a chronic granulomatous response is due to a dynamic interaction between the inciting agent, inflammatory mediators, leukocytes, and resident structural cells of a given tissue. Clinically, granulomatous diseases are difficult to treat and often require therapies which can immunocompromise the host. The limited therapeutic modalities which are available for the patient with granulomatous inflammation reflects the level of understanding of these diseases. Treatment of infectious granulomatous diseases has targeted the known agent, while treatment of idiopathic granulomatous diseases has usually targeted the inflammatory/immune cells. Independent of the etiology, granulomatous inflammation usually possesses a characteristic pathologic response. The histologic presentation of a granuloma at the time of clinical diagnosis is a mixed cellular response, typified by the presence of mononuclear cells, including both monocyte/macrophages and lymphocytes.’ However, fibroblasts, epitheloid cells, giant cells, and other leukocyte populations are also likely to be found in the granulomatous lesion.2 While various granulomatous responses can be characterized by a common “histologic picture,” these responses can vary dramatically with regard to the intensity of the infiltrating and proliferating cells. The intensity of the infiltrates and reactivity of these participating cells have aided in defining granulomas as either a foreign body-type or a
Self-calibration in rotational shearing interferometry

Diffraction-limited imaging of an incoherent object observed through fixed unknown aberrations is demonstrated using rotational shear interferograms. Reconstruction algorithms were inspired by radio-astronomy self-calibration methods. They require no reference point source other than the object itself to calibrate the effects of aberrations.
Role of phosphatidylcholine saturation in preventing bile salt toxicity to gastrointestinal epithelia and membranes.

Background and Aim: The mechanism which protects the biliary and intestinal mucosa from the detergent properties of bile acids is not fully understood. We employed three contrasting in vitro model systems (human red blood cells, polarized intestinal [Caco-2] cells, and synthetic liposomes), to compare the efficacy of saturated and unsaturated phosphatidylcholine (PC) to protect cells and membranes from bile salt injury. Methods: Hemolysis of red blood cells, electrical resistance across confluent monolayers of Caco-2 cells, and disruption of synthetic PC liposomes were assessed after incubation with varying concentrations of bile salt (sodium deoxycholate) alone or in the presence of saturated or unsaturated PC. Results: The hemolytic activity of deoxycholate on red blood cells was observed at ≥2 mM, and could be blocked by equimolar concentration or greater of both saturated or unsaturated PC. In contrast, exposure of Caco-2 cells to deoxycholate at ≥0.8 mM induced a maximal decrease in resistance, which was reversed by ≥0.8 mM unsaturated PC or 5 mM saturated PC. Similarly, synthetic liposomes were permeabilized by 0.8 mM deoxycholate and were protected by a lower concentration of unsaturated PC (2 mM) than saturated (5 mM). Conclusions: Cells can show variable resistance to bile salt toxicity. Extracellular PC, especially in the unsaturated state, can directly protect cell and artificial membranes from bile salt injury. These findings support a role for biliary PC in the formation of mixed micelles that have low cytotoxic properties.
RAT SEMINAL VESICLES AND PROSTATE GLANDS AS QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS OF TESTICULAR HORMONE

A study of the reactions of both seminal vesicles and prostate glands of rats was undertaken to determine their usefulness as quantitative indices of the presence of testicular hormone. It was known that both glands responded distinctly to castration with a definite histology that differed widely from the normal condition in those organs. It became desirable to know whether either or both glands would respond quantitatively to different concentrations of injected male hormone, and whether they would respond constantly enough so that they might be relied upon to be used as an assay method. In the extraction of testicular hormone, active material is obtained, in a form as pure as possible, by successive treatments that eliminate inactive organic substances. The strength of activity, as well as the determination of the presence of activity in a solution, thus far can be indicated only by biologic tests.
Multinucleate cell angiohistiocytoma—a new entity

A series of five cases is reported of unusual papular skin lesions which had unique and previously undescribed histological appearances. Four of the five patients were female and their ages ranged from 47 to 66 years. The lesions developed slowly over many months, were multiple, reddish-purple in colour, and individual papules measured 2–10 mm. In four of the patients the lesions were situated on acral sites, usually unilateral, and all were asymptomatic. Clinical diagnoses had included lichen planus, Kaposi's sarcoma, histiocytoma and granuloma annulare. The striking histological features of these lesions included the presence of numerous small blood vessels in the mid-dermis associated with scattered inflammatory cells and larger bizarre histiocytoid cells. Many of these latter cells were multinucleate and had an irregular or angulated cell outline. The pattern of vascular proliferation was quite unlike that seen in venous stasis, Kaposi's sarcoma or histiocytoma, and we believe these lesions represent a previously unrecognized disorder. Full clinical and pathological details of these five cases will be summarized and the value of newer histochemical, immunological and monoclonal antibody labelling techniques in deter mining the histogenesis of such lesions will be emphasized.
Molecularly targeted therapies for malignant glioma: rationale for combinatorial strategies

Median survival of patients with malignant glioma (MG) from time of diagnosis is approximately 1 year, despite surgery, irradiation and conventional chemotherapy. Improving patient outcome relies on our ability to develop more effective therapies that are directed against the unique molecular aberrations within a patient’s tumor. Such molecularly targeted therapies may provide novel treatments that are more effective than conventional chemotherapeutics. Recently developed therapeutic strategies have focused on targeting several core glioma signaling pathways, including pathways mediated by growth-factors, PI3K/Akt/PTEN/mTOR, Ras/Raf/MEK/MAPK and other vital pathways. However, given the molecular diversity, heterogeneity and diverging and converging signaling pathways associated with MG, it is unlikely that any single agent will have efficacy in more than a subset of tumors. Overcoming these therapeutic barriers will require multiple agents that can simultaneously inhibit these processes, providing a ratio...
New sum-rate upper bound for the two-user Gaussian interference channel

A new upper bound for the sum-capacity of the two-user complex Gaussian interference channel is derived. The bound is based on genies that provide side information signals to the receivers. Various parameters are introduced to control the side information, which can be optimized to get the tightest possible bound. The new bound improves the performance of the best known bounds for sufficiently small cross-gains.
Continuous and routine EEG in intensive care: Utilization and outcomes, United States 2005–2009

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of intensive care unit continuous EEG (cEEG) monitoring on inpatient mortality, hospital charges, and length of stay. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a dataset representing 20% of inpatient discharges in nonfederal US hospitals. Adult discharge records reporting mechanical ventilation and EEG (routine EEG or cEEG) were included. cEEG was compared with routine EEG alone in association with the primary outcome of in-hospital mortality and secondary outcomes of total hospital charges and length of stay. Demographics, hospital characteristics, and medical comorbidity were used for multivariate adjustments of the primary and secondary outcomes. Results: A total of 40,945 patient discharges in the weighted sample met inclusion criteria, of which 5,949 had reported cEEG. Mechanically ventilated patients receiving cEEG were younger than routine EEG patients (56 vs 61 years; p p p Conclusions: cEEG is favorably associated with inpatient survival in mechanically ventilated patients, without adding significant charges to the hospital stay.
A thermally-aware performance analysis of vertically integrated (3-D) processor-memory hierarchy

Three-dimensional (3-D) integrated circuits have emerged as promising candidates to overcome the interconnect bottlenecks of nanometer scale designs. While they offer several other advantages, it is expected that the benefits from this technology can potentially be off-set by thermal considerations which impact chip performance and reliability. The work presented in this paper is the first attempt to study the performance benefits of 3-D technology under the influence of such thermal constraints. Using a processor-cache-memory system and carefully chosen applications encompassing different memory behaviors, the performance of 3-D architecture is compared with a conventional planar (2-D) design. It is found that the substantial increase in memory bus frequency and bus width contribute to a significant reduction in execution time with a 3-D design. It is also found that increasing the clock frequency translates into larger gains in system performance with 3-D designs than for planar 2-D designs in memory intensive applications. The thermal profile of the vertically stacked chip is generated taking into account the highly temperature sensitive leakage power dissipation. The maximum allowed operating frequency imposed by temperature constraint is shown to be lower for 3-D than for 2-D designs. In spite of these constraints, it is shown that the 3-D system registers large performance improvement for memory intensive applications.
Organic species of lanthanum in natural environments: Implications to mobility of rare earth elements in low temperature environments

Abstract Naturally occurring organic ligands, such as acetate, citrate, malonate, oxalate, and succinate, play important roles in mobility and accumulation of La and other rare earth elements in low temperature systems under Earth surface conditions. However, a comprehensive and consistent thermodynamic database covering the complexes of rare earth elements with those naturally occurring organic ligands is lacking. In this study, thermodynamic data of organic species of rare earth elements (REE) represented by La, with an emphasis on their aqueous complexes with organic ligands, are critically reviewed. The organic ligands covered by this study include acetate, citrate, malonate, oxalate and succinate. In this critical review, the Specific Interaction Theory (SIT) model is adopted for extrapolation to infinite dilution. This model is a reliable activity coefficient model valid for a wide range of ionic strengths. These critically reviewed data, including complex formation constants, SIT interaction coefficients and solubility product constants, would enable accurate modeling of the speciation and solubility of REE in various environments including high ionic strength environments, providing insight into mobility and enrichment of REE in various environments.
Coping Strategies as Moderators of the Relationship Between Race-and Gender-Based Discrimination and Psychological Symptoms for African American Women:

The present study tested the moderating effect of culture-specific coping strategies to understand the relationships between race- and gender-based discrimination and psychological symptoms for African American women. Previous literature suggests that African American women experience adverse psychological outcomes related to race and gender discrimination. Therefore, it was hypothesized that coping strategies would influence the severity of discrimination-related psychological consequences, such that frequent use of coping efforts would be related to less severe psychological symptoms. Moderated structural equation modeling was used to test the study hypothesis. Results revealed that race and gender discrimination were associated with increased psychological symptoms. No moderating effect of coping strategies was found. Implications for future research are discussed.
Measures and trends in energy use of semiconductor manufacturing

We analyze trends in electricity use to fabricate typical Intel CPUs from 1995 to 2005. Two sets of energy consumption data for semiconductor fabrication were collected: from the annual survey of manufacturers (ASM) of the U.S. Census and annual reports from the Taiwanese semiconductor manufacturer UMC. Analysis indicates that the difference between the two data sources is small despite being very different aggregations of device production and geographical location. We combine this information with technical specifications of Intel CPUs to measure trends in energy use according to two different functional units. The first measure, electricity use per transistor, displays rapid and sustained decreases, with 98% reduction from 1995 to 2005. This behavior is reminiscent of Moorepsilas Law and reflects rapid technological progress in the industry. The second measure, electricity use per typical CPU for a given year (e.g. Pentium II for 1998), displays fluctuations but surprisingly is roughly constant over the 10-year period. The explanation for this constant behavior is that while technological progress reduces the energy use per transistor, it also enables demand for more powerful chips which contain many more transistors. The two effects, according to this analysis, roughly balance. We do not interpret this result as a lack of effort of the industry to pursue energy efficiency, rather as a fundamental dynamic for sectors in which processes and products are co-evolving. This result calls for a rethinking of how we conceptualize and benchmark efficiency improvements in rapidly evolving sectors.
The charging and discharging of stress-generated traps inside thin silicon oxide

Excess high-voltage stress-generated low-level leakage currents through 10 nm silicon oxides, previously described as DC currents, are shown to decay to the limit of detection given adequate observation time and, thus, have no discernible DC component. A physical model is presented which describes the majority of the excess low-level leakage currents in terms of the charging and discharging of traps previously generated by the high voltage stress. Excess low-level leakage currents measured with voltage pulses with polarity opposite to that of the stress voltage are found to contain an additional current component, which is explained by the transient charging and discharging of certain traps inside of the oxide. Evidence is presented which suggests that an oxide trap generated by the high-voltage stress can contain either a positive or a negative charge, in addition to being neutral and that the traps are located near both oxide interfaces. All of the trap charging and discharging currents can be explained by the flow of electrons into and out of traps generated by the high voltage stress, without resorting to the flow of holes in the oxide.
Partially adaptive beamformer design subject to worst-case performance constraints

Proposes two methods for designing partially adaptive beamformers that satisfy a performance specification over a set of likely interference scenarios. Both methods choose the adaptation space in a sequential fashion; the dimension is increased one by one until the performance specification is attained. In the multilevel point design method, each dimension of the adaptation space is chosen to give optimum performance at a single interference scenario. The constrained minimization design method chooses each dimension of the adaptation space to exactly satisfy the performance specification at a single interference scenario while approximately minimizing the average interference output power over neighboring scenarios. Simulations indicate that both methods result in better performance than existing methods while using fewer degrees of freedom. >
Learning Common Sense through Visual Abstraction

Common sense is essential for building intelligent machines. While some commonsense knowledge is explicitly stated in human-generated text and can be learnt by mining the web, much of it is unwritten. It is often unnecessary and even unnatural to write about commonsense facts. While unwritten, this commonsense knowledge is not unseen! The visual world around us is full of structure modeled by commonsense knowledge. Can machines learn common sense simply by observing our visual world? Unfortunately, this requires automatic and accurate detection of objects, their attributes, poses, and interactions between objects, which remain challenging problems. Our key insight is that while visual common sense is depicted in visual content, it is the semantic features that are relevant and not low-level pixel information. In other words, photorealism is not necessary to learn common sense. We explore the use of human-generated abstract scenes made from clipart for learning common sense. In particular, we reason about the plausibility of an interaction or relation between a pair of nouns by measuring the similarity of the relation and nouns with other relations and nouns we have seen in abstract scenes. We show that the commonsense knowledge we learn is complementary to what can be learnt from sources of text.
Complex oxides: Intricate disorder

The presence of ordered domains in intrinsically disordered pyrochlores and spinels calls for a reassessment of our understanding of their structure and disordering mechanism.
CSIclipse: presenting crash analysis data to developers

Debugging is difficult and costly, especially for failures that occur after deployment. In prior work, we developed a suite of instrumentation and analysis tools, collectively titled the Crash Scene Investigation toolkit (CSI). These tools aid developers by providing additional information about failing program executions using latent data in post-failure memory dumps. While we showed that our technique is effective in reducing execution ambiguity, it lacked a proper user interface for developers. In this paper, we present CSIclipse, a work-in-progress plugin for the Eclipse integrated development environment (IDE) that brings our analyses directly to the user. The goal of our plugin is to ease the burden of debugging production failures by conveniently presenting CSI trace and analysis data with intuitive source code overlays and powerful data exploration mechanisms. While designed for our CSI data, our plugin is likely general enough to support trace data from a variety of program analyses.
Electoral Institutions and National Debt

This paper argues that countries with lower levels of party fractionalization tend to have larger budget deficits and higher levels of government debt. The main reasons are that less fractionalized party systems are more susceptible to fiscal pandering, while more fractionalized systems facilitate dissenting positions that can counteract that pandering. Multiple forms of evidence are used to show that countries with less fractionalized party systems tend to: (a) avoid discourse on raising taxes, (b) have smaller tax revenues, (c) have larger budget deficits, and (d) have higher levels of government debt.
Characteristic Boundary Condtitions for Compressible Viscous Flows on Curvilinear Grids

We describe characteristic boundary conditions for finite-difference discretizations of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. A detailed mathematical derivation of the characteristic boundary treatment is given for general curvilinear grids. Deficiencies in previously published derivations are pointed out. A general universal formulation for arbitrary boundary condition treatment has been derived. Systematic testing for inviscid and viscous flows demonstrates the proper behavior of the presented approach.
Design and Application Considerations for a High Speed Rotating Heat Pipe

[Abstract] Simulating internal airflow conditions within turbine blade internal cooling passages can be an effective tool to gain a better understanding of the interaction between angular velocity, operating temperatures, coolant effectiveness, etc. In the current research, a next generation heat rig capable of achieving 10,000 RPM was designed and fabricated to simulate the high temperature and angular velocity histories of turbine blades. The first phase of the design consists of a tubular shaft specimen aligned with the axis of rotation that allows for coolant to be internally passed. The heat pipe is externally heated with NiCr resistive wire, and the rotation of the shaft is facilitated by a digitally-controlled motor. In order to overcome the design challenges of this system, many of the obstacles concerning mechanical strength, rotordynamics and thermal control were encountered. Developing life estimates, carrying out modal analysis to guard against low critical speeds, implementing accurate temperature control, and so on, were important considerations. Preliminary experiments were carried out on the device to determine the performance of the system.
Two times deep drawing simulation and experimental study of CN100 car engine oil pan

Wrinking and thinning are often met when the die of CN100 car engine pan is tested.The drawing process was simulated by ETA/Dynaform.At the wrinking and thinning position of the simulated drawing,the nodes were seleted and used for analyzing the stresses.Drawbead was used and die radius was increased to 1.5 times of the original in order to eliminate defect.Finally the simulation result was verified using experimental die.The experimental result show that the wrinkling and thinning phenomenons are effectively alleviated or even eliminated.
Cardiac Surgical Procedures Following Myocardial Infarction

Operative intervention during evolving or recent myocardial infarction is now feasible with relatively low predicted mortality rates. This has been made possible by rapid advancements in strategies of perioperative myocardial protection and myocardial resuscitation. Mechanical complications and cardiogenic shock associated with myocardial infarction remain challenging but now are associated with 85% to 90% predicted survival rates. Early "elective" operative revascularization following myocardial infarct results in low morbidity and mortality rates and no longer need be avoided absolutely.
Immunotherapy of Murine Transitional Cell Carcinoma

A series of 6 controlled experiments in C3H/He mice were performed to evaluate nonspecific immunotherapeutic regimens with a transplantable murine bladder tumor (MBT2). Immunotherapeutic agents studied included live Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) preparations in varying doses and strains (Tice, Pasteur, and Glaxo), Re mutant glycolipid (ReG) from Salmonella typhimurium, BCG cell wall skeletons (CWS), CWS plus B4 glycolipid fraction of ReG, and Keyhole-Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH). Animals received an intradermal MBT2 inoculation and were then randomized to treatment and control (saline treated) groups. Immunotherapy was administered intralesionally 1 day after tumor transplantation. Tumors were excised by amputation at a volume of 400 mm.3 and animals were later rechallenged with tumor inocula, again treated, and followed for tumor incidence, growth rate and survival. No antitumor affect was observed with ReG, CWS or CWS plus B4. KLH immunotherapy did result in measurable antitumor effect. Consistent and statistically significant (p <0.01) antitumor responses as measured by prolonged survival and decreased growth rate were observed with Tice and Pasteur strains of BCG in doses ranging from 5 × 105 to 1 × 107 colony forming units per animal. Doses in excess of 107 units were found to decrease antitumor response. Glaxo strain BCG had no beneficial effect when used in the maximal dose (106 colony forming units) that could be administered. In animals immunized with intermediate doses of live Tice or Pasteur strain BCG in the study, effective long term immunity to transitional cell carcinoma was observed. Although many new immunotherapeutic agents have been advocated in other tumor models, to date we have found Tice and Pasteur strains of live BCG to be the most effective agents in the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma.
World food supply and population explosion.

What is the current and prospective world food situation and why all the alarm about it? Could and should the United States feed the world? How can food production be increased? Why is the “War on Hunger” misleading? This paper discusses these questions from the economist's point of view and concludes that the world food outlook is both more promising and perplexing than is generally believed.
Applications of Inverse Theory to Solid Earth Geophysics

This chapter is a survey of the current state of inverse theory in solid earth geophysics. Topics that are surveyed include earthquake location methods (including double-difference methods), travel time tomography, earthquake moment tensor inversion, waveform tomography (including so called banana-doughnut kernels), free oscillation and surface wave inversions, surface wave tomography, attenuation tomography, signal correlation, tectonic plate motions and geodesy, gravity and geomagnetism, and electromagnetic induction (including the magnetotelluric method). The discussion references an extensive bibliography of classic articles that provide further details.
Biographical Analysis of Robert Frost’s “Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening”

Robert Frost’s poem “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” like any other poems is a multidimensional literary work that any readers can draw their own interpretation of meaning depending upon their level of comprehension of the written text. Several studies and analyses were already conducted in identifying the meaning of this poem and that too much effort was already being given by Frost’s critics in interpreting the poem in the context of the poet’s symbolic terrain in general; however, such tensions and oppositions of making meaning of the poem are akin to have an interpretation of poem’s theme as a mere appreciation of nature and impression of death. Thus, this paper tries to explore other symbolic interpretation and that it argues that this poem reveals the poet’s downfalls and his worth emulating fatherly and husbandry character via biographical literary theory.