cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prompt chemistry of alkenoxy radical products of the double H-atom transfer of alkoxy radicals from isoprene

Quantum mechanical calculations have previously shown that certain second-generation alkoxy radicals formed in the atmospheric degradation of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) will undergo a novel reaction pathway: the simultaneous jumping of two H-atoms across the hydrogen bonds with a barrier of only ∼5 kcal/mol. The alkenoxy radical products of these double H-atom transfers are formed with ∼20−25 kcal/mol of energy, and may promptly decompose in competition with quenching to thermal energies. The fate of the energized alkenoxy radicals was determined under atmospheric and common laboratory conditions with use of stochastic Master equation analyses with relative energies determined at the B3LYP/6-311G(2df,2p) level of theory. The analyses accounted for the differing stabilities of, and interconversions between, conformers of the alkenoxy radicals with different numbers and arrangements of hydrogen bonds. Atmospheric implications of the double H-atom transfer are discussed.
Node view: a mHealth real-time infectious disease interface disease interface - 2014 ebola outbreak case study

We present a real-time interface which allows for contact tracing using ubiquitous sensors present in the Node smartphone application on Android phones. The initial application seeks to aid in the prevention of infectious diseases in Lagos, Nigeria through installing the application on up to 100 smartphones. In our demo we demonstrate how anonymous user IDs can be interrogated from a real-time dataset. Using this information a public policy maker or health worker can identify infected or at risk individuals immediately. Furthermore, they can notify such individuals if they are at risk. Lastly, future work will allow us to use this information to model the spread of an infectious disease in real-time with geospatial resolution not readily available in typical infectious disease models.
The influence of hematocrit on hemolysis by ultrasonically activated gas-filled micropores

Abstract In vitro studies of ultrasonic bioeffects typically employ cell number densities much lower than those present in vivo , which can lead to difficulties in interpretation and extrapolation. In this study, the influence of cell number density on the hemolytic effect of ultrasonic gas-body activation (a low-level form of cavitation) was investigated. Hydrophobic membranes with 4μm diameter gas-trapping micropores were immersed in saline suspensions of erythrocytes with hematocrits (HCT) from 0.001 to 0.3, and whole blood, and exposed to 1.7 MHz continuous-wave ultrasound in a 37°C saline-filled exposure bath. Significant hemolysis was observed for spatial peak intensities above about 45–90 mW/cm 2 for the 16 min exposures. The percentage of cells hemolysed tended to decrease with increasing hematocrit such that the number of cells hemolysed, which is proportional to the product of the hematocrit and the percent hemolysis, remained roughly constant. Readily observable in vitro effects may therefore become quite subtle when diluted, as for in vivo conditions, by large numbers of cells.
Toward Flexibility in Application of Behavioral Science Research

Practitioners in the fields of management, personnel administration, and human resource development tend toward a superficial evaluation of behavioral science research. In their quest for a sure-fi...
Palliative endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of a malignant pancreatic cyst causing gastric outlet obstruction.

Background: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts has been well described but it is not an established therapy for malignant pancreatic cystic neopla
Correcting Water Content Measurement Errors Associated with Critically Refracted First Arrivals on Zero Offset Profiling Borehole Ground Penetrating Radar Profiles

Borehole ground penetrating radar (BGPR) operated in zero offset profiling (ZOP) mode has promise for monitoring rapidly changing water contents within the subsurface. However, the coexistence of multiple travel paths through the subsurface can give rise to measurement errors. Specifically, in layered systems with sharp changes in water content with depth, critically refracted waves may arrive before direct waves at some depths. Velocity profiles are determined based on analyses of the travel time of the first-arriving energy at each depth. Therefore, correct velocity analysis requires that these travel times be classified according to the path followed by the first-arriving energy. We establish criteria that can be used to identify first-arriving critically refracted waves from travel time profiles. Through hypothetical examples and a field experiment, we demonstrate that these criteria allow for more accurate determination of the water content profile. However, these corrections are limited if thin, high water content layers are present in the subsurface.
Review of antibiotic resistance, antibiotic treatment and prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most common pathogens causing lower respiratory and other serious invasive infections in children. Over the past 15 years antibiotic resistance among pneumococcal isolates has continued to increase and clearly has impacted the management of pneumococcal infections. In this review the frequency and mechanisms by which S. pneumoniae evade the actions of antibiotics, the antimicrobial approach to treating pneumococcal pneumonia in children in the era of antibiotic resistance and strategies to prevent invasive pneumococcal infections are discussed.
Studies on adjuvant-induced polyarthritis in rats. I. Adjuvant composition, route of injection, and removal of depot site.

The composition and quantity of Freund-type adjuvant injected, the route of injection, and reaction at the depot site were studied for their roles in producing polyarthritis in rats. The intra-dermal injection of Myobacterium butyricum in oil induced arthritis with much higher frequency than the subcutaneous or intravenous route. The minimal effective intradermal dose was 0.06 mg. M. butyricum in 0.02 ml. oil; 0.6 mg. mycobacteria in 0.1 ml. oil was required to produce polyarthritis in 100 per cent of rats. Wax fractions of mycobacteria did not induce arthritis. Neither a depot of adjuvant nor inflammation at the injection site was important as polyarthritis developed, even though amputation of the tail to remove the depot of injected adjuvant was performed within 2 hours after injection. While the mechanism of adjuvant-induced polyarthritis remains unknown, the joint disease appeared dependent upon specific sites of dissemination of the adjuvant. Le composition e le quantitate de adjuvante typo Freund, le via de injection usate, e le reaction a1 sito del deposito esseva studiate con respecto a lor rolos in le production de polyarthritis in rattos. Le injection intradermal de Mycobacterium butyricum in oleo induceva arthritis multo plus frequentemente que le injection subcutanee o intravenose del mesme preparato. Le minime efficace dose intradermal esseva 0,06 mg de M. butyricum in 0,02 ml de oleo. Pro producer polyarthritis in 100 pro cento del rattos, 0,6 mg de M. butyricum in 0,1 ml de oleo esseva requirite. Fractiones de cera de mycobacterios non induceva arthritis. Ni un deposito de adjuvante ni inflammation a1 sito del injection esseva importante. Polyarthritis se disveloppava mesmo quando le cauda esseva amputate (pro eliminar le deposito del injicite adjuvante) intra 2 horas post le injection. Ben que le mechanismo del induction de polyarthritis per un adjuvante remane incognoscite, il pareva que le occurrentia de morbo articular dependeva de specific sitos de dissemination del adjuvante.
A quadrature finite element Galerkin scheme for a biharmonic problem on a rectangular polygon

A quadrature Galerkin scheme with the Bogner–Fox–Schmit element for a biharmonic problem on a rectangular polygon is analyzed for existence, uniqueness, and convergence of the discrete solution. It is known that a product Gaussian quadrature with at least three-points is required to guarantee optimal order convergence in Sobolev norms. In this article, optimal order error estimates are proved for a scheme based on the product two-point Gaussian quadrature by establishing a relation with an underdetermined orthogonal spline collocation scheme. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2008
Recycling carpet waste by injection and compression molding

Studies have been carried out to convert carpet waste into valued products. Two common processes, injection and compression molding, can be used to recycle carpet waste. Three types of carpet waste have been recycled: (1) edge trim from carpet manufacturing, (2) polypropylene shear lint from cutting tufted carpet loops, and (3) separated polypropylene from postconsumer carpet waste. For injection molding, shredded carpet waste was debulked, ground, dried, and molded. For compression molding, the recycled carpet waste was combined with glass mat reinforcement. The compression-molding process consists of debulking, stacking with glass mats, and consolidation. The mechanical testing results are encouraging. The injection-molded samples showed properties acceptable for many applications. The glass-mat-reinforced carpet waste made by compression molding had properties comparable to commercial virgin thermoplastics reinforced with glass mat.
Testing the interactive effects of outcome favourability and procedural fairness on members' reactions towards a voluntary professional organization.

Questionnaire data from 213 members of a voluntary professional organization were used to examine the interactive effects of outcome favourability and structural procedural fairness in organizational decision making on members' commitment to and resentment towards the organization. The focal interaction emerged on resentment such that members had particularly high resentment when the outcome was unfavourable and procedures were unfair. However, contrary to prior results from field studies relating to employer organizations, the interaction did not emerge on commitment. This latter finding may be attributable to the nature of the material outcomes established by voluntary professional organizations and an emphasis by members on psychological outcomes such as self-esteem.
Balancing histone methylation activities in psychiatric disorders

Alterations in histone lysine methylation and other epigenetic regulators of gene expression contribute to changes in brain transcriptomes in mood and psychosis spectrum disorders, including depression and schizophrenia. Genetic association studies and animal models implicate multiple lysine methyltransferases and demethylases in the neurobiology of emotion and cognition. Here, we review the role of histone lysine methylation and transcriptional regulation in normal and diseased neurodevelopment and discuss various methyltransferases and demethylases as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disease.
Using Reader Preferences to Optimize News Content: A Method and a Case Study

This article introduces the use of choice-based conjoint analysis to measure the content preferences of newspaper readers. Its importance lies in its role as part of an economic theory of newspaper finance that connects various measures of news quality to circulation and to circulation revenue. In addition, choice-based conjoint provides another way to operationalize “quality” in terms of how much readers like various kinds of content and the relative amounts of that liking. Content preferences were obtained from a large sample of readers of a newspaper of about 100,000 in circulation from the Southeastern United States using the proposed methodology and subsequently, the results were used by the newspaper to modify its content accordingly. Four months after the content changes were made, the publisher of the newspaper reported a significant maintenance of circulation even as print price was increased by 75%. The findings are consistent with the economic model of newspaper demand, and suggests that preferences measured using choice-based conjoint provide impetus for making key management decisions. ACCESS TO FULL TEXT
How young children spend their time: television and other activities

Time-use diaries were collected over a 3-year period for 2 cohorts of 2- and 4-year-old children. TV viewing declined with age. Time spent in reading and educational activities increased with age on weekdays but declined on weekends. Time-use patterns were sex-stereotyped, and sex differences increased with age. As individuals' time in educational activities, social interaction, and video games increased, their time watching entertainment TV declined, but time spent playing covaried positively with entertainment TV. Educational TV viewing was not related to time spent in non-TV activities. Maternal education and home environment quality predicted frequent viewing of educational TV programs and infrequent viewing of entertainment TV. The results do not support a simple displacement hypothesis; the relations of TV viewing to other activities depend on the program content, the nature of the competing activity, and the environmental context.
Neurogenesis in the hypothalamus of adult mice: potential role in energy balance.

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) induces weight loss in obese rodents and humans, and for reasons that are not understood, its effects persist after the cessation of treatment. Here we demonstrate that centrally administered CNTF induces cell proliferation in feeding centers of the murine hypothalamus. Many of the newborn cells express neuronal markers and show functional phenotypes relevant for energy-balance control, including a capacity for leptin-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Coadministration of the mitotic blocker cytosine-β-d-arabinofuranoside (Ara-C) eliminates the proliferation of neural cells and abrogates the long-term, but not the short-term, effect of CNTF on body weight. These findings link the sustained effect of CNTF on energy balance to hypothalamic neurogenesis and suggest that regulated hypothalamic neurogenesis in adult mice may play a previously unappreciated role in physiology and disease.
Ionized carbon in the Large Magellanic Cloud

The 158 micron 2P3/2-2P1/2 fine-structure transition of C(+) at selected locations in the LMC. The C II emission is most intense toward far-infrared continuum peaks and generally is not seen in positions exhibiting strong CO J = 2-1 radiation. Where both C II and CO emission are detected, the V(LSR) centroids are similar but the C II line is wider. The differences in spatial distribution and spectral shape suggest a more pronounced physical separation between the predominantly neutral atomic and molecular gas regions than is the case in the Galaxy. In the LMC, the intense and extended C II emission near 30 Dor implies a total amount of C(+) several times greater than that of Galactic molecular cloud complexes. An attempt was made to detect the 289 micron J = 9-8 transition of (C-12)O in a few locations. The observed upper intensity limit for N159 implies that moderate density molecular gas fills less than 5 percent of the beam and that most of the low J CO emission comes from lower density gas.
Homopolymers and vinyl chloride copolymers of vinyl esters of chlorinated fatty acids from umbelliferae and limnanthes douglasii

Homopolymers and copolymers of vinyl esters of chlorinated C18, C20, and C22 fatty acids with vinyl chloride have been prepared and evaluated. The incorporation of the vinyl ester of chlorinated C18, C20, and C22 acids as comonomers with vinyl chloride produced more flexible copolymers than have other comonomers, yet none have imparted the plasticization that can be obtained by an equal amount of external plasticizer.
Intrinsic Mechanical Properties of 20 MAX-Phase Compounds

The intrinsic mechanical properties of 20 MAX-phase compounds are calculated using an ab initio method based on density functional theory. A stress versus strain approach is used to obtain the elastic coefficients and thereby obtain the bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio based on the Voigt–Reuss–Hill (VRH) approximation for polycrystals. The results are in good agreement with available experimental data. It is shown that there is an inverse correlation between Poisson's ratio and the Pugh ratio of shear modulus to bulk modulus in MAX phases. Our calculations also indicate that two MAX compounds, Ti2AsC and Ti2PC, show much higher ductility than the other compounds. It is concluded that the MAX-phase compounds have a wide range of mechanical properties ranging from very ductile to brittle with the “A” in the MAX phase being the most important controlling element. The measured Vickers hardness in MAX compounds has no apparent correlation with any of the calculated mechanical parameters or their combinations.
X Chromosome Inactivation and Xist Evolution in a Rodent Lacking LINE-1 Activity

Dosage compensation in eutherian mammals occurs by inactivation of one X chromosome in females. Silencing of that X chromosome is initiated by Xist, a large non-coding RNA, whose coating of the chromosome extends in cis from the X inactivation center. LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposons have been implicated as possible players for propagation of the Xist signal, but it has remained unclear whether they are essential components. We previously identified a group of South American rodents in which L1 retrotransposition ceased over 8 million years ago and have now determined that at least one species of these rodents, Oryzomys palustris, still retains X inactivation. We have also isolated and analyzed the majority of the Xist RNA from O. palustris and a sister species retaining L1 activity, Sigmodon hispidus, to determine if evolution in these sequences has left signatures that might suggest a critical role for L1 elements in Xist function. Comparison of rates of Xist evolution in the two species fails to support L1 involvement, although other explanations are possible. Similarly, comparison of known repeats and potential RNA secondary structures reveals no major differences with the exception of a new repeat in O. palustris that has potential to form new secondary structures.
The Development of Reporting Norms without Explicit Guidance: An Example from Accounting for Gift Cards

SYNOPSIS: This study examines the evolution of retail firms' financial reporting for unused gift cards (i.e., breakage) as an example of how reporting norms develop in the absence of explicit auth...
Ion-Shading Effects During Metal Etch in Plasma Processing

Self-consistent computations of electric fields (E-fields) and ion orbits inside trenches were done in order to verify Hashimoto's hypothesis of damage that is induced during plasma processing. In his well-accepted theory, Hashimoto proposed a mechanism for electron-shading damage, whereby the photoresist at the tops of trenches and vias collects a negative charge from the thermal electrons, creating an E-fleld, which prevents electrons from reaching the trench bottom, where collector is located. The sheath E-field accelerates the ions and drives them straight into the trench where they impinge on the collector, and charge it positive if it is isolated. In the computations presented in this paper, it is shown that ion orbits depend only on the E-fields at the entrance and are sensitive to changes in the shape of the photoresist layer there. In addition to the electron-shading mechanism, there is an "ion-shading" effect that protects part of the trench walls, and the number of ions that strike the wall is too small to cause any deformation of the walls.
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF COPPER AND SILICIC ACID ON RESTING SPORE FORMATION AND VIABILITY IN A MARINE DIATOM1

The toxic effects of copper on resting spore formation and viability in the marine diatom Chaetoceros protuberans Lauder were determined both with and without silicic acid added to the medium. With silicic acid available, partial inhibition of resting spore formation occurred only at the highest cupric ion activity (pCu 8.6), while the percentage of cells forming spores at pCu's 10.2 and 11.3 was nearly the same as in the controls. Without silicic acid added to the medium, sporulation was completely inhibited at pCu 8.6 and greatly inhibited at pCu 10.2. At pCu 11.3 and in the controls, the rate of spore formation was less than 50%. The results indicate that the inhibition of resting spore formation by copper is related to the concentration of silicic acid available to cells of C. protuberans. This is consistent with previous studies which show that copper toxicity during vegetative growth involves interference with silicification in diatoms and is a function of the silicic acid concentration of the medium. Viable resting spores of C. protuberans were still present in cultures following exposure to elevated copper concentrations during a 100-day incubation period. This indicates that resting spores can serve to enhance diatom survival in areas polluted by heavy metals.
Joint representation of depth from motion parallax and binocular disparity cues in macaque area MT.

Perception of depth is based on a variety of cues, with binocular disparity and motion parallax generally providing more precise depth information than pictorial cues. Much is known about how neurons in visual cortex represent depth from binocular disparity or motion parallax, but little is known about the joint neural representation of these depth cues. We recently described neurons in the middle temporal (MT) area that signal depth sign (near vs far) from motion parallax; here, we examine whether and how these neurons also signal depth from binocular disparity. We find that most MT neurons in rhesus monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) are selective for depth sign based on both disparity and motion parallax cues. However, the depth-sign preferences (near or far) are not always aligned: 56% of MT neurons have matched depth-sign preferences (“congruent” cells) whereas the remaining 44% of neurons prefer near depth from motion parallax and far depth from disparity, or vice versa (“opposite” cells). For congruent cells, depth-sign selectivity increases when disparity cues are added to motion parallax, but this enhancement does not occur for opposite cells. This suggests that congruent cells might contribute to perceptual integration of depth cues. We also found that neurons are clustered in MT according to their depth tuning based on motion parallax, similar to the known clustering of MT neurons for binocular disparity. Together, these findings suggest that area MT is involved in constructing a representation of 3D scene structure that takes advantage of multiple depth cues available to mobile observers.
Adolescent alcohol use is a risk factor for adult alcohol and drug dependence: evidence from a twin design.

Background. Early alcohol use is associated with abuse and dependence of licit and illicit substances later in life. The role of genetic and environmental factors in this association is not conclusive.Method. In 1992, data on substance use, abuse/dependence and psychiatric disorders were collected from 8169 male twin members of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. The interview obtained age of onset of regular drinking (one drink/month for 6 or more months). Regression analyses of twin pairs discordant for early alcohol use tested whether the association between early drinking (before age 17) and adult substance use and abuse/dependence remained after controlling for genetic factors, family environment and covariates. Twin models tested for common genetic and/or environmental influences on early drinking and adult alcohol dependence and ever use and abuse/dependence on marijuana and other drugs.Results. Co-twin analyses suggested the association between early regular alcohol use and adult alcohol dependence, marijuana and other drug use, and marijuana and other drug abuse/dependence could not be entirely explained by common genetic and shared family environmental factors. Genetic contributions to early regular drinking were significantly correlated with those on use of marijuana (rA=0·59), use of other drugs (rA=0·64), alcohol dependence (rA=0·54) and abuse/dependence of marijuana and other drugs (rA=0·63 and 0·66). Small but significant unique environmental correlations (rE range 0·11–0·22) indicated that familial factors could not entirely explain the association between early alcohol use and later substance use, abuse and dependence.Conclusions. Early regular drinking is associated with later alcohol dependence and use, abuse/dependence on drugs. The association is not entirely explained by genetic or shared family environmental factors. This suggests unique environmental factors contribute to transitions from early regular alcohol drinking to use, abuse and dependence on alcohol and other substances.
Multiband all-dielectric frequency selective surface filters for the mid-infrared

A DFSS filter comprised of a-Si blocks on a polyimide substrate was designed to have dual stopbands in the mid-IR. Full-wave simulation of this structure including measured material properties predicts strong polarization independent stopbands at 80 THz and 90 THz for normally incident IR radiation. This design was fabricated using e-beam lithography. Efforts are currently underway to characterize the fabricated structure and to generate additional DFSS designs using GA optimization.
Justification for neglecting the third moment in the steady state expression for the turbulent heat‐flux near the ground

Observations indicate that the third moment term ρ′ ω′ T′ which appears in an expression for the turbulent heat-flux is negligible.
Fracture initiation and crack propagation of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) in organic solvents

The effects of organic liquid environments on the fracture behaviour of acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene (ABS) have been investigated. Fracture initiation experiments showed that K~, (K~ being the stress intensity factor at crack/craze initiation), could be meaningfully correlated with the solvent solubility parameter (Ss) of the different liquid environments and had a minimum value at 8s = 6p, where 6p was the solubility parameter of ABS. For the rangeof organic liquids used, hydrogen bonding did not have any significant effects on the correlations. It was demonstrated that the K~-8, correlations could also be usefully extended to other materials such as plain and glass-filled polystyrenes. At a common crack speed (&), the fracture toughness (R) values in "crazing" liquids (i.e. alcohols) were greater than those in "cracking" solvents (i.e. acetone, benzene, toluene, etc.) which usually caused a "dissolution" effect on the plastic. From crack propagation experiments, and using fracture mechanics analyses, definite R(&) and Kc (~) relationships for ABS immersed in toluene, carbon tetrachloride and methanol were determined. These experimental results showed that crack propagation was relaxation controlled and agreed well with a recent theoretical analysis due to Williams and Marshall for environmental crack and craze growth in polymers. Finally, SEM pictures were presented to show the remarkable differences in the fracture morphologies of ABS in both "crazing" and "cracking" liquid environments.
Leadership and university libraries: Building to scale at the interface of cultures

This paper describes the key aspects of leadership for university library directors and staff within the context of the variety of cultures found in higher education. The ability to work at the interface of cultures is the central theme. The relationship of this theme to major areas of focus in research libraries is explored. The importance of library leadership in all areas of campus life is highlighted. A cross cultural approach to the academic environment provides a new way of examining leadership.
A new look at double error correcting BCH codes

We give a complete classification of the error locator polynomials that occur in the decoding of DEC BCH codes. We present a new construction showing that all quadratic error locator polynomials produced by received vectors falling in the interstitial region between decoding spheres are illegitimate and have no roots. Furthermore we show that a small subset of received vectors in the interstitial region produce cubic error locator polynomials that are illegitimate except for the correctable case of a triple error pattern with three equally spaced errors in the cyclic sense.
A single neonatal exposure to aflatoxin B1 induces prolonged genetic damage in two loci of mouse liver

Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB1) is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in humans. Infant, but not adult, mice are sensitive to AFB1-induced liver carcinogenesis; a single dose during the neonatal period leads to hepatocellular carcinoma in adulthood. Earlier work defined the mutational spectrum in the gpt gene of gpt delta B6C3F1 mice 3 weeks after exposure to aflatoxin. In the present study, we examined the gpt spectrum 10 weeks postdosing and expanded the study to examine, at 3 and 10 weeks, the spectrum at a second locus, the red/gam genes of the mouse λEG10 transgene. Whereas the gpt locus is typically used to define local base changes, the red/gam genes, via the Spi– assay, often are used to detect more global mutations such as large deletions and rearrangements. Three weeks after dosing with AFB1, there was a 10-fold increase over the control in the Spi– mutant fraction (MF) in liver DNA; after 10 weeks, a further increase was observed. The MF in the gpt gene was also increased at 10 weeks compared with the MF at 3 weeks. No gender-specific differences were found in the Spi– or gpt MFs. Whereas Spi– mutations often signal large genetic changes, they did not in this specific case. The Spi– spectrum was dominated by GC to TA transversions, with one exceptionally strong hotspot at position 314. Using two genetic loci, the data show a strong preference for the induction of GC to TA mutations in mice, which is the dominant mutation seen in people exposed to aflatoxin.
Effects of role model deservingness on overcoming performance deficits induced by stereotype threat

Previous research has shown that exposure to successful role models can restore performance that had been impaired by stereotype threat, and that some role models are more effective than others. The present research examined the effects of role model deservingness on women's mathematics test performance after being placed under stereotype threat. In Experiment 1, a woman who attained success by herself (deserved) proved a more effective role model than an equally likable and successful woman whose success was handed to her (not deserved). In Experiment 2, women role models proved more effective at combating stereotype threat when their successes were attributable to internal-stable (deserved) than external-unstable (not deserved) causes, an effect that was partially mediated by reduction in extra-task thinking. The results are seen as having implications for theories of stereotype threat and causal attribution. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing vitamin status in large population surveys by measuring biomarkers and dietary intake - two case studies: folate and vitamin D

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) provides the most comprehensive assessment of the health and nutrition status of the US population. Up-to-date reference intervals on biomarkers and dietary intake inform the scientific and public health policy communities on current status and trends over time. The main purpose of dietary assessment methods such as the food-frequency questionnaire, food record (or diary), and 24-hr dietary recall is to estimate intake of nutrients and, together with supplement usage information, describe total intake of various foods or nutrients. As with all self-reporting methods, these tools are challenging to use and interpret. Yet, they are needed to establish dietary reference intake recommendations and to evaluate what proportion of the population meets these recommendations. While biomarkers are generally expensive and, to some degree, invasive, there is no question as to their ability to assess nutrition status. In some cases biomarkers can also be used to assess intake or function, although rarely can one biomarker fulfill all these purposes. For example, serum folate is a good indicator of folate intake, red blood cell (RBC) folate is a good status indicator, and plasma total homocysteine is a good functional indicator of one-carbon metabolism. Using folate and vitamin D - two vitamins that are currently hotly debated in the public health arena - as two case studies, we discuss the complexities of using biomarkers and total intake information to assess nutrition status. These two examples also show how biomarkers and intake provide different information and how both are needed to evaluate and set public health policy. We also provide guidance on general requirements for using nutrition biomarkers and food and supplement intake information in longitudinal, population-based surveys. Keywords: nutrition survey; NHANES; monitoring; trend; biochemical indicator; nutrition status; food intake; dietary questionnaire; folate; vitamin D (Published: 2 April 2012) Citation: Food & Nutrition Research 2012. 56 5944 - DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v56i0.5944
Enhanced CAS Certificate for Metadata-Based Access Control in Grids

This paper presents an enhanced design of the community authorization service (CAS) which supports centralized, fine-grain access control by managing the memberships, service types, resource objects and security policies of a virtual organization (VO). The current CAS provides fundamental solutions regarding user privacy, authentication and authorization, but it has some limitations due to its centralized management of the security policies of a VO, in terms of scalability, flexibility and interoperability. We enhanced the CAS to support diverse security requirements within a dynamic grid computing environment by enabling the CAS server to publish a proxy certificate embedding additional attributes of users. It allows the service providers to support customized services by analyzing the attributes of users and security policies.
Excretion and Perception of a Characteristic Odor in Urine after Asparagus Ingestion: a Psychophysical and Genetic Study

The urine of people who have recently eaten asparagus has a sulfurous odor, which is distinct and similar to cooked cabbage. Using a 2-alternative forced-choice procedure, we examined individual differences in both the production of the odorants and the perception of this asparagus odor in urine. We conclude that individual differences exist in both odorant production and odor perception. The biological basis for the inability to produce the metabolite in detectable quantities is unknown, but the inability to smell the odor is associated with a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs4481887) within a 50-gene cluster of olfactory receptors.
Optical Arbitrary Waveform Generation-Based Packet Generation and All-Optical Separation for Optical-Label Switching

This letter introduces a versatile modulation-format transparent optical-label switching (OLS) transmitter based on optical arbitrary waveform generation (OAWG) and all-optical label extraction. The transmitter creates OLS packets, each with a payload and a label generated by OAWG. With the use of a circulator and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG), the payload and label are simultaneously extracted from the packet. Generation and separation of a repeated 100-ps packet with a 10-bit 100-Gb/s payload and a 4-bit 40-Gb/s label in nonreturn-to-zero and return-to-zero on-off keying formats indicate the potential for future OLS packet switching networks using an OAWG-based transmitter and an FBG to remove and add labels. Retrieved spectral and temporal waveform of both the payloads and labels show clearly spectral separation and temporal overlap.
Information Literacy of Physical Science Graduate Students in the Information Age

This article reports on findings from a survey exploring the information literacy of physical science graduate students. The study also describes the graduate students’ perceptions of the physical and psychological components that enhance or detract from their ability to find, appraise, and use information and how they feel during the various stages of an information search. This snapshot investigation illustrates that physical science graduate students form an information-literate microcosm despite the lack of formal library instruction. The students offer a small number of reasons why they may be inhibited from locating an information source and report experiencing little anxiety as they search for information. They also describe their ideal information-seeking environment as being within the comfort of their home or the convenience of the library. Further, they place some emphasis, but not total reliance, on the capability to connect to the Internet quickly. Relevance, quality, and speed are the cornerstones of a successful search quest. Recommendations for outreach to graduate students who are not native speakers of English are made. Also, suggestions are proposed for library instruction that is specifically designed for, and attracts a greater number of, physical science graduate students.
A Limited Renal Injury May Cause a Permanent Form of Neurogenic Hypertension

Previously, we have shown that an acute injury to the kidney produced by an intrarenal injection of phenol causes an immediate increase in blood pressure and in norepinephrine (NE) secretion from the posterior hypothalamus. The studies suggest that in this model afferent impulses from the kidney to central integrative structures in the brain may be responsible for the increase in blood pressure. To further evaluate whether a renal injury caused by the intrarenal injection of phenol leads to a permanent elevation of blood pressure and whether this is mediated by increased sympathetic nervous system activity, we examined the chronic effects (4 weeks) of an intrarenal injection of 50 μL of 10% phenol on blood pressure and NE secretion from the posterior hypothalamus. Systolic blood pressure increased from 128 ± 2.1 to 176 ± 1.5 mm Hg (P < .01) 4 weeks after receiving the intrarenal injection of phenol, but it did not change in rats that received the vehicle (128 ± 2.4 and 135 ± 1.7 mm Hg) and in rats that were subjected to renal denervation (127 ± 3.4 and 124 ± 1.0 mm Hg). The secretion of NE from the posterior hypothalamic nuclei was greater (P < .01) in rats that received phenol (253 ± 9.6 pg/mL) than in controls (158 ± 8.6 pg/mL) and denervated rats (170 ± 2.1 pg/mL). These studies have shown that a limited injury to one kidney may cause a permanent elevation of blood pressure and this is associated with increased sympathetic nervous system activity.
A survey of three Costa Rican communities for intestinal parasites

Single stool specimens were collected from 848 individuals from three rural communities of Paracito, El Naranjo and Palmira, Costa Rica. Examination by the F. E. sedimentation technique revealed 7 species of helminths and 11 species of protozoa. Over 95% of the 848 persons examined were parasitized, 83.5% with worms and 86% with protozoa. Whipworm, T. trichiufa, A. lumbricoides and hookworms were the most common worms encountered. Entamoeba histolytica occurred in about 40% of the people while Giardia lamblia was found in 21.7%. Dientamoeba fragilis was not encountered due to the method of examining the stools.
Cyclic Metal Plasticity: Experiments and Theory

Stress-strain curves are presented for random inelastic cyclic loadings of 2-in. (51-mm) diameter, thin-walled ASTM A106 seamless steel tubes subjected to uniaxial and torsional experiments. The mechanical properties of the selected steel resemble those of the A36 steel widely used in building construction. The experiments simulate the extreme conditions which may occur in some elements of structural steel frames during severe earthquakes. The uniaxial cyclic tests correspond to the conditions which may develop in the flanges of beams; whereas the torsional tests simulate those in the panel zones of the beam-column joints. Employing the effective stress and the effective plastic-strain invariants and a hereditary concept a procedure is described for using the experimental results from uniaxial tests for obtaining consititutive relations for generalized loadings, including complete load reversals. Comparisons of the calculated results with experiments are given showing good agreement.
Colorado: a historical atlas

This handsome historical state atlas – produced by a fine university press and by one of Colorado’s most distinguished historians – should find a place on many book shelves, both within and beyond ...
How Cognitive Artifacts Support Distributed Cognition in Acute Care

In acute health care, tightly constrained teams of service providers perform complex procedures that routinely have significant consequences. Recent patient safety research encourages the use of decision support tools to improve human performance. Multiple hospital departments collaborate in a distributed cognition to balance the demand for health care with resources such as care providers, equipment and facilities. To plan and manage the balance, an anesthesiologist and a nurse coordinator predict resource availability, build consensus among team members, resolve disputes, plan resource allocation, assess and re-plan the balance between need and resources, speculate about future needs, create trial solutions, anticipate resource requirements, bump procedures and stash and husband resources. The Availabilities Sheet, Master Schedule, Operating Room (OR) Graph and OR Board are four cognitive artifacts used to support their work. Artifacts must, at a minimum, be reliable, informative, efficient, clear, accu...
Environmental Persistence and Infectivity of Oocysts of Two Species of Gregarines, Blabericola migrator and Blabericola cubensis (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae), Parasitizing Blaberid Cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae)

Abstract For apicomplexan parasites using an oral-fecal transmission route with significant environmental exposure, the environmental persistence and infectivity of the oocyst has a direct impact on local infection dynamics, including the ability to withstand extended periods without readily available hosts. Herein we quantify the environmental persistence and infectivity of the oocysts of 2 septate gregarine species at controlled temperature and humidity and demonstrate that they can persist over multiple generational time spans. Species of Blabericola generally complete their endogenous life cycles from oocyst to oocyst within 10 days. The median residual environmental oocyst lifetime for Blabericola oocysts in this study is 21–28 days, but a significant number of oocysts of Blabericola migrator persisted and remained infective in the environment for up to 39 days while those of Blabericola cubensis persisted and remained infective for up to 92 days. Although long-lived relative to their own generationa...
STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIAL OIL /GAS RESERVOIR

Reservoir is the principal object of log interpretation and evaluation. With the development of petroleum industry, the reservoir study is getting more important, because the reservoir controls not only the oil and gas reserve but the productivity and recovery as well. The characteristics of the low-resistivity reservoirs are different from those of the common shaly sandstone reservoirs for their different geological characteristics. Among which related to the log information are chiefly lithology characteristics; Physical property; electrical characteristics, fluid characteristics and so forth. They are the geological basis of fine log interpretation and evaluation, and the degree of influence of these factors on well log response is the physical basis of log evaluation.
The applications of nonlinear Kalman filters in passive tracking with bearing-only measurements

Target Motion Analysis(TMA) is one of the most popular techniques for estimation of time-varying state of underwater targets.Two types of nonlinear filters,Extended Kalman Filter(EKF) and Unscented Kalman Filter(UKF),are applied to the monostatic and bistatic bearing-only tracking.The tracking performance of the two filters is demonstrated via Monte Carlo simulations.The results show that the UKF outperforms in most cases in the underwater passive tracking scenarios,especially if the target makes maneuvers frequently.Compared with EKF,UKF shows better numerical stability and higher estimation accuracy with little cost of computational complexity.
How should we manage an acute exacerbation of COPD

Would you order a chest film to evaluate an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? Which medication would you first prescribe-a short-acting inhaled beta-2 agonist or an anticholinergic bronchodilator? These are important questions for family physicians who commonly manage acute exacerbations of COPD. The guideline summarized here was developed by a joint expert panel of the American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine and the American College of Chest Physicians. Three outcomes were considered: treatment efficacy, 6-month mortality, and relapse, as defined by return visit to the emergency department within 14 days of initial presentation. Systematic reviews with evidence tables were used to analyze data. The rationale for each recommendation is clear and well documented. We added strength-of-recommendation ratings, which are not in the original guideline.
Structural Reliability Analysis of Composite Advanced Sail for Virginia Class Submarine

A structural reliability model is developed for a large composite submarine sail structure. Random variables include material strength and stiffness properties as well as load. Limit states are formulated in terms of material strength parameters and buckling resistance. A series system reliability model that bases structural performance on first component failure is used. A total of 205 random variables and 117 limit states compose the structural system model. Most component reliability indices ranged from 3 to 7, with overall system failure governed by material in-plane shear with a reliability index of 1.84. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis determined that load and material strength were the most significant random variables, while material stiffness parameters were unimportant. Significant computational effort was saved by reducing the number of random variables to the most influential set. The effects of correlation and random variable probability distribution were explored. It was found that correlation has little effect on results, but probability distribution is significant. Recommendations are made to improve performance.