cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Construction activity recognition for simulation input modeling using machine learning classifiers

Despite recent advancements, the time, skill, and monetary investment necessary for hardware setup and calibration are still major prohibitive factors in field data sensing. The presented research is an effort to alleviate this problem by exploring whether built-in mobile sensors such as global positioning system (GPS), accelerometer, and gyroscope can be used as ubiquitous data collection and transmission nodes to extract activity durations for construction simulation input modeling. Collected sensory data are classified using machine learning algorithms for detecting various construction equipment actions. The ability of the designed methodology in correctly detecting and classifying equipment actions was validated using sensory data collected from a front-end loader. Ultimately, the developed algorithms can supplement conventional simulation input modeling by providing knowledge such as activity durations and precedence, and site layout. The resulting data-driven simulations will be more reliable and can improve the quality and timeliness of operational decisions.
HRTEM study of 1/6 partial dislocations in hot hardness indented Ge

Abstract Dislocations produced in Ge by high-temperature indentation have been studied using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. An interesting defect has been observed which consists of a 1/6⟨411⟩ partial dislcation separated by an intrinsic stacking fault from a 1/6⟨121⟩ 30° partial. The unusual 1/6⟨411⟩ partial dislocation forms by the reaction of a perfect 1/6⟨110⟩ 60° and 1/6⟨211⟩ 90° partial dislocation belonging to different glide planes.
Standardized Curriculum and Loss of Creativity

The current emphasis on national standards in core content areas works against 3 laudable goals of 21st-century education: cooperation, critical thinking, and creativity. I focus on creativity as a critical 21st-century skill and argue that the preoccupation with curriculum standards that are overly prescriptive undermines efforts at facilitating creative processes and outcomes. I propose that, rather than abandoning standards, policy makers must embrace their role and purposes in more creative ways. I also argue that to inspire creativity in curriculum, it is important that society foster creativity among teachers and their teaching practice. Teachers do not need to find a method or theory that they will follow slavishly. Rather, they need to analyze a multiplicity of ideas and put their creative powers to work in answering questions such as: Where could I use this? For what purpose? With whom? In what context? If people want to promote creativity in students, they should also encourage it in teachers.
Increasing duration of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is associated with an increased incidence of postoperative electroencephalographic seizures

Objective Electroencephalographic seizures have been shown to occur in 5% to 20% of neonates and infants after biventricular repair of a variety of cardiac defects. Occurrence of a seizure is a predictor of adverse long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae. The contemporary incidence of postoperative seizures after repair of cardiac defects such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome and other forms of single ventricle is not known. Methods A prospective study of 178 patients less than 6 months of age undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass with or without deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) was conducted at a single institution from September 2001 through March 2003 to identify postoperative seizures assessed by 48-hour continuous video electroencephalographic monitoring. Results Cardiac defects included transposition of the great arteries with or without a ventricular septal defect (n = 12), ventricular septal defect with or without coarctation (n = 28), tetralogy of Fallot (n = 24), hypoplastic left heart syndrome or variant (n = 60), other functional single ventricle (n = 14), and other defects suitable for biventricular repair (n = 40). Median age at the time of the operation was 7 days (range, 1-188 days) and was 30 days or less in 110 (62%) patients. DHCA was used in 117 (66%) patients, with multiple episodes in 9 patients. Median total duration of DHCA was 40 minutes (range, 1-90 minutes). Electroencephalographic seizures were identified in 20 (11.2%) patients. Seizures occurred in 15 (14%) of 110 neonates and 5 (7%) of 68 older infants. Seizures occurred in 1 (4%) of 24 patients with tetralogy of Fallot, 1 (8%) of 12 with transposition of the great arteries, and 11 (18%) of 60 with hypoplastic left heart syndrome or variant. By stepwise logistic regression analysis, once increasing duration of total DHCA (P = .001) was considered, no other variable improved prediction of occurrence of a seizure. Patients with DHCA duration of more than 40 minutes had an increased incidence of seizures (14/58 [24.1%]) compared with those with a DHCA duration of 40 minutes or less (4/59 [6.8%], P = .04). The incidence of seizures for patients with a DHCA duration of 40 minutes or less was not significantly different from those in whom DHCA was not used (2/61 [3.3%], P = .38). Conclusions In the current era, continuous electroencephalographic monitoring demonstrates early postoperative seizures in 11.2% of a heterogeneous cohort of neonates and infants with complex congenital heart defects. Increasing duration of DHCA was identified as a predictor of seizures. However, the incidence of seizures in children with limited duration of DHCA was similar to that in infants undergoing continuous cardiopulmonary bypass alone.
Restitution of function and collateral sprouting in the cat spinal cord: the partially hemisected animal

The hypothesis that collateral sprouting might be correlated with recovery of function was tested by a combination of behavioral and anatomical studies. Partial hemisections, sparing the dorsal columns, were made between T12 and L1 of cat spinal cord. Initially, all reflex and locomotor hindlimb activity was depressed ipsilaterally. During two postoperative weeks behavioral and electromyographic responses increased in response to intrinsic reflex elicitation but not to descending or crossed reflex elicitation. Marked improvement in use of the limb occurred as intrinsic reflex activity increased and became, in some cases, hyperactive. The status then remained stable for ten months. Since intrinsic reflexes are mediated by ipsilateral dorsal roots, the intraspinal distribution of L5 or L6 dorsal roots was determined by degeneration methods ten months after hemisection or by quantitative radioautography 20 days after hemisection. By both methods, the dorsal root distribution was found to be asymmetrical in the spinal gray. It was greater on the experimental side and the distribution was altered, having a greater distribution medially in Rexed's lamina VI and laterally in lamina VII. These anatomical changes are considered as signs of collateral sprouting from dorsal roots in response to degeneration of descending tracts on the same side. Dorsal root distribution to dorsal horn (laminae I–IV), motor nuclei, and nucleus gracilis is symmetrical. Regions of increased and of expanded dorsal root input can be correlated with electrophysiologically determined location of interneurons in the path of cutaneous reflexes and of stretch reflex facilitation. Behavioral and anatomical changes were selective; intrinsic reflexes recovered or became hyperactive and ipsilateral dorsal roots showed evidence of collateral sprouting during the recovery period, although a causal relationship between the two cannot be proven, by the present experiments.
Solubility of RDX in dense carbon dioxide at temperatures between 303 K and 353 K

The solubility of the high-explosive cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) in carbon dioxide (CO2) is measured over a temperature and pressure range of 303 K to 353 K and 6.9 MPa to 48.3 MPa, respectively. A high-pressure ultraviolet chromatographic detector is used to measure in situ solute levels of RDX in a dynamic flow apparatus. RDX is found to be relatively insoluble in CO2, with a maximum solubility of about 0.25 mg/g CO2 at the highest temperatures and pressures studied. Empirical fits of the solubility isotherms are determined as a function of the solvent density and solute vapor pressure. The spectroscopy of RDX is also examined as a function of CO2 temperature and pressure to confirm the suitability of the method for determination of solubility.
Management of Cryptococcal Meningitis in Sub-Saharan Africa

Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a common form of meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa due to the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. This report outlines the management of CM with a focus on resource-limited settings. Sections covered include epidemiology and diagnosis, pharmacotherapy, management of complications, timing of antiretrovirals, and primary and secondary prevention of CM. Emphasis has been given to recent articles and landmark trials, and opinion is given from the authors' own experiences.
Wit and humor in discourse processing

Humor and wit are complex cognitive, social, and linguistic phenomena that are relevant to research in text comprehension, pragmatics, and discourse processing. We begin by presenting a taxonomy of jokes and wit as a useful, descriptive tool. Next, we argue that humor processing may occur in a parallel rather than serial fashion by contrasting a serial‐processing, incongruity‐resolution model with an alternative dual‐processing model. We subsequently endorse a theory of speech acts as a theoretical framework for the consideration of wit in discourse processing. Specifically, we argue that detailed analytical theories such as Allen's (1983) are needed to clarify the semantic and computational foundations of humor and wit. We present a taxonomy of the social functions of wit and argue that the consideration of wit as a plan for the fulfillment of social and discourse goals will enrich our theories of conversation.
Micro- and Nanofluid Dynamics in Optofluidic and Nanophotonic Devices (Invited)

Optofluidics represents the fusion of nanophotonics and microfluidics. Here we will discuss the coupling of nanoscale fluid dynamics with electromagnetics and how it can be exploited to create unique optical and biomedical analysis devices.
Monoamine synthesis and caffeine-induced locomotor activity

Abstract Alpha-methyltyrosine and para-chlorophenylalanine were used to investigate the effect of inhibition of catecholamine and serotonin synthesis, respectively, on caffeine-induced activity. Alphamethyltyrosine prevented caffeine-induced activity which was substantially restored by apparent replacement of catecholamine synthesis by l -Dopa treatment. Para-chlorophenylalanine pretreatment enhanced caffeine-induced activity, but this activity was also attenuated by alpha-methyltyrosine.
Intermediate christoffel-minkowski problems for figures of revolution

Necessary and sufficient conditions are described on ap function ω over the unit sphere in Euclideann-spaceE n in order for ω to be thepth order, elementary symmetric function of the prncipal radii on the boundary of a sufficiently smooth convex body of revolution inE n ; here these radii are taken as functions of the outer unit normal direction on the bounding surface;p satisfies 1≦p<n−1.
In-circuit emulator

A microprocessor-based in-circuit emulator is described. The emulator is for 6802, 6808, and 6809 microprocessors. It does not operate at full bus speed or execute instructions from the target machine. It is designed to be an inexpensive debugging tool for 6800 family microprocessors. It will identify design or construction errors relatively quickly by executing a set of diagnostics from firmware.
Trials and tribulations: a review of the role of assimilate supply in soybean genetic yield improvement

Abstract The contribution of genetic improvement to overall soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) yield improvement has been estimated to range from 0.5 to 0.7% per year in continental North America. Therefore, breeding has had and potentially will play an important role in yield improvement. An understanding of the physiological traits associated with genetic improvement in yield holds the promise of increasing the efficiency of further advances in yield improvement. A number of theories have been put forward as to the physiological traits that may contribute to genetic yield improvement. However, in reviewing the research literature, a number of incongruencies among the theories become apparent. The objective of this paper was to discuss some of the contradictory theories on the physiological traits associated with yield, especially as they address the role of assimilate supply to genetic yield improvement. The genetic material used, the means of parameter calculation, the phenological stage at which treatments were imposed can all impact the conclusions that may be drawn from a study. The conclusions from a study must thus be seen within the constraints of its experimental approach. Total dry matter (DM) accumulation appears to be a more important contributor to yield improvement than harvest index. The association between DM accumulation and yield is most apparent after the beginning of reproductive development, although the physiological traits associated with this increase is contentious: neither selection for maximum leaf carbon exchange rate (CER) nor maintenance of leaf CER during the seed filling period (SFP) has proved to consistently improve yield. Soybean cultivars have a complex feedback system which maintains a cultivar-specific source–sink ratio. Manipulation of the ratio of source supply to sink demand has shown that plants generally readjust to maintain their inherent source–sink ratio. A possible explanation for the lack of gain in yield through selection for greater assimilate supply alone may be because it was ineffective in increasing the source–sink ratio of the cultivar. The source–sink ratio may prove to be a more potent trait than assimilate supply alone to further soybean genetic yield improvement.
Hylleraas-type calculations of the relativistic corrections for the ground state of the lithium atom

Calculations of the principal Breit-Pauli relativistic corrections for the ground-state energy of the lithium atom have been carried out. The corrections have been determined using first-order perturbation theory. Only the non-fine-structure components of the Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian in the infinite nuclear mass approximation are considered. The wave function employed is an extensively optimized large-scale Hylleraas-type expansion. Comparisons are made with the few available relativistic corrections for the lithium atom that are available in the literature. A reevaluation of the first ionization potential for the ground state of Li is presented.
Conformational analysis of amphetamine in solution based on unambiguous assignment of the diastereotopic benzylic protons in the 1H NMR spectra

Abstract The erythro- and threo-amphetamine-β-d diastereomers were synthesized and used for the unambiguous assignment of the diastereotopic benzylic protons and the measurement of vicinal 1H-1H coupling constants which were used to determine the distribution of rotamers around the central cα-cβ bond in the side chain.
Loss of entrainment and anatomical plasticity after lesions of the hamster retinohypothalamic tract

The suprachiasmatic nuclei receive photic input information directly through a retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) and indirectly through a projection from the intergeniculate leaflet of the lateral geniculate complex, the geniculohypothalamic tract (GHT). Prior work has established that the RHT is sufficient for entrainment, but has not shown whether it is necessary because it has not been possible to transect that pathway. The present study addresses this problem by employing knife cuts to sever the RHT in male hamsters. Three knife cut procedures were used and one of these succeeded in separating the SCN from the optic chiasm in 8 animals with limited damage to the chiasm and the SCN. The effectiveness of the RHT lesion was confirmed by cholera toxin-HRP histochemistry which demonstrated that the knife cuts eliminate the normal retinal innervation of the SCN while sparing projections to thalamic and tectal visual centers. In a light-dark cycle, the lesioned animals exhibit free-running rhythms indicating that the RHT is necessary for entrainment. A surprising observation is the presence of extensive axonal sprouting of retinal fibers in brains of animals with RHT lesions. The newly-formed axons grow extensively into the SCN, anterior hypothalamus and basal forebrain, but form anomalous axonal plexuses which have no evident function.
Linear equality constraints in finite element approximation

This is the first of a series of reports to appear in which the development of a new finite element stress analysis technique will be documented. The work is being conducted at Washington University under a cooperative research program with AMCAR Division of ACF Industries, Inc. Washington University's participation is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation under the Program of University Research and by the Association of American Railroads. The main project objective is the development of a mathematical modeling capability for the benefit of the rail transportation industry that will permit design optimization of key structural components such that the probability of fatigue failure can be minimized with respect to a given load environment. The current finite element technology is not cost-effective in fatigue design applications because a very large number of successive analyses must be executed with progressively refined finite element subdivision in order to establish confidence in the accuracy of solution in those areas where stresses change rapidly.
Zumba® dance improves health in overweight/obese or type 2 diabetic women.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility and health improvements from a Zumba® intervention in overweight/obese women. METHODS Twenty-eight (14 type 2 diabetic and 14 non-diabetic) over-weight/obese women (BMI: 37.3±1.5 kg/m(2)) 50.8±1.8 y of age, completed a 16-week intervention attending Zumba® dance classes 3 days/week, 60 minutes/class. We measured aerobic fitness, body weight, body fat %, and motivation to exercise before and after the study. RESULTS Intrinsic motivation to exercise (p < .05) and aerobic fitness (1.01 ± 0.40 mL/kg/min, p < .05) improved, and the participants lost body weight (-1.05 ± 0.55kg, p < .05) and body fat% (-1.2 ± 0.6%, p < .01). CONCLUSION The Zumba® intervention improved health and physical fitness in women.
Mens et Manus at Work: The Distributed Library Initiative at MIT

Most buildings at MIT are connected, and the long hallway which runs the length of the main complex is called the “infinite corridor.” This design was intentional when the Cambridge campus began construction along the banks of the Charles River basin in 1913. The purpose of interconnecting buildings, in contrast to the separate buildings of many campus quadrangles, is to promote conversation and interchange among students, faculty, and staff. This was viewed especially important for the cross‐fertilization of interdisciplinary studies. What does this have to do with the DLI? It is an early analog of the DLI purpose to nourish and encourage the quality of education and research for the entire MIT community. Within the Athena computing environment students often learn cooperatively. Through services such as Discuss, an online meeting facility, students can ask questions, continue dialogue, probe for new answers, and relax. The DLI provides the information layer of this learning environment and helps to build the electronic infinite corridor.
Descriptive Observations of Adults' Facilitation of Literacy in Young Children's Play

Using a qualitative research approach, this article examined adults' literacy-assisting behaviors, roles, and role taking during the spontaneous play of 3- and 4-year-old children in three literacy-based play settings. Six early childhood caregivers participated in the study as informants. Based on ethnographic interviews with them, their journal entries, and observations of their behaviors (actions and language) during free playtime, characteristic behaviors and roles supportive of literacy in play were identified and described. Qualities of the adults' role taking in the flow of children's literacy-related play were also observed. The descriptive observations point toward commonalities among adults' facilitation of literacy in play, accepted play intervention techniques, and adult behaviors in storybook-reading contexts. Implications for further research and practice are also discussed.
Some biophysical principles underlying the controlled atmosphere storage of plant material

SUMMARY Controlled atmosphere (CA) storage is of use for commodities which potentially can undergo rapid and unacceptable biochemical change. In air, the oxygen status of most plant material, including fleshy storage organs and fruits, suffices, even in the centre, for cytochrome oxidase to be fully saturated. Conflict of evidence exists as to possible O2 and CO2 gradients in fruit which, though physiologically unimportant in air, could be important under CA conditions. CA storage gives possible control of internal O2 from o to about 80–95%; internal CO2 from about 3–4 to 100%; and both simultaneously to intermediate values. Calculated molarities of dissolved O2, CO2 and ethylene are given for various atmospheres. The differences in the O2 concentrations recommended for different varieties of apple are not readily explicable. Varietal differences in susceptibility to CO2 injury could possibly result from anatomical, rather than biochemical, differences. This could be determined partly by resolving the conflict of evidence mentioned above. Variability of plant material prevents precise control of intercellular atmosphere; recommended atmospheres can be designed only to avoid completely anaerobic conditions and a harmful level of CO2 in the centre of the least permeable individual fruit or vegetable. Effects of low O2 and high CO2 are briefly described.
A Survey of Proper-Motion Stars. XIV. Spectroscopic Binaries among Metal-poor Field Blue Stragglers

We summarize the results from a program of monitoring the radial velocities of 10 metal-poor, high-velocity field stars whose colors are 0.01 to 0.13 mag bluer than main-sequence turnoffs of comparable-metallicity globular clusters. Two of the candidate halo blue stragglers (BD +72 94 and BD +40 1166) show no signs of velocity variability, one (HD 84937) shows only weak signs of variability, one (BD +25 1981) appears to be a very long-period binary, and six (BD -12 2669, HD 97916, HD 106516, BD +51 1817, G66-30, and G202-65) are single-lined spectroscopic binaries, with periods ranging from 167 to 844 days. Velocity coverage for the four candidates without orbital solutions ranges from 15.9 to 19.0 years. The orbital eccentricities are all low, e < 0.30 and e = 0.11. Five of the six binary orbits have very low eccentricities, with e = 0.07. We have reanalyzed the velocity data from Preston & Sneden and have derived orbital solutions similar to theirs for 10 of the spectroscopic binaries among their "blue metal-poor" stars with [Fe/H] ≤ -0.6. We confirm their conclusion that the binary frequency is high; we find 47 ± 10% if we include only the definite binaries with [Fe/H] ≤ -0.6. Our orbital solutions for the seven binaries with periods longer than 20 days all have low eccentricities, with e ≤ 0.26 and e = 0.11. These orbital characteristics are very similar to the Ba II, CH, subgiant CH, and dwarf carbon stars, suggesting that mass transfer has been involved in their formation. Of the five binary stars in our program with published abundances of lithium, all have been found to be deficient (and one in beryllium as well). In contrast, two of the three apparently single stars have published lithium abundances and show no deficiency. The mass functions for the six binaries in our program and seven similar systems studied by Preston & Sneden are consistent with their unseen companions all being white dwarfs with M ≈ 0.55 M⊙ and random orbital inclinations. Taking all of our observations and those of others together, we argue that the results are consistent with all field blue stragglers being binary systems with long periods and low eccentricities, the primary stars being deficient in lithium and the secondary stars being normal-mass white dwarfs. All these properties are suggestive of a blue-straggler formation model that involves mass transfer. For six of the 13 stars in the two programs for which s-process elemental abundances are available, no signs of enhancement are discernible, suggesting that the donor star was a first-ascent red giant. For the star with the longest orbital period (1307 days), CS 22956-028, s-process abundance enhancements have been reported. This star may be a precursor to the subgiant CH class, as suggested by Luck & Bond.
Effect of Feeding Coumaphos on Feed Intake and Rate of Gain of Steers

Abstract When four Holstein steers were fed a ration countaining 3mg/kg body weight coumaphos for 135 days, blood cholinesterase activity was depressed markedly. However, differences in feed intake, feed conversation, and gain in body weight were not significant between these and four steers fed untreated ration.
Molecular structure and characterization of a novel murine ABC transporter, Abca13

We report the isolation and structural characterization of the full-length gene and cDNA for a novel mouse ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, Abca13. The mRNA, isolated from mouse kidney, is 6.7 kb in size and encodes a protein consisting of 2143 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 240 kDa. The Abca13 gene consists of 44 exons which span 360 kb of genomic sequence. Abca13 has been mapped to mouse chromosome 11.a2, revealing the human orthologue highly conserved on a syntenic region of human chromosome 7p12. The deduced mouse Abca13 protein shows highest amino acid sequence homology to human ABCA1 (50%), ABCA4 (50%), and ABCA12 (56%). Analysis of the putative Abca13 promoter region revealed potential transcription factor binding sites associated with myeloid- and lymphoid-derived cell types. mRNA transcript levels were highest in mouse submaxillary gland, epididymus, ovary, and thymus; with lower levels in a variety of other tissues. An alternative transcript was discovered in mouse kidney devoid of exon 11. The removal of exon 11 by post-transcriptional splicing causes a frameshift in the open reading frame and results in a premature termination codon. We hypothesize that the excision of exon 11 may serve as a regulatory mechanism in kidney, and perhaps other tissues as well. The molecular characterization of the mouse Abca13 gene will establish the foundation for future functional studies of the human ABCA13 transporter.
Reading Children In Gautier De Coinci’s Miracles De Nostre Dame

As cultural historians publish findings on the image and role of children in medieval society, scholars of medieval literature have begun to consider the same question. However, the children in Gautier de Coinci’s Miracles de Nostre Dame, published in the first third of the 13th century, have escaped serious scholarly attention. Work to date on the question of children in the Miracles is comprised of only a few pages of a monograph and has only included three children, portraying them as rather flat symbols ofinnocence. The present study includes eight children and submits that their image and role vary in tandem with the particular didactic aim of each miracle. Careful study of these figures in their literary and socio-cultural context demonstrates an attitude towards children that is far more complex and rich than at first glance. Furthermore, by isolating and casting these characters into relief, we gain better understanding of the miracle as a genre. Children exemplify how elements, including characters are manipulated in the universe of the miracle in various ways but towards a single, didactic aim.
Intellectual patterning in schizophrenic children.

The pattern of intellectual functioning was analyzed for 120 male children diagnosed schizophrenic who were resident in a psychiatric hospital. There were 20 subjects at each of six annual age levels from 10 through 15 years. Subtests and IQ scores of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children were assessed by pattern distribution, factor analysis, and factor intercorrelation. Performance IQ was consistently superior to Verbal IQ for all age levels for Full Scale IQ over 75; lower-IQ children displayed relatively greater competence in Verbal over Performance subtests. Three factors —A, a verbal factor; B,a perceptual-motor factor; and C,a discrimination factor — seemed to provide the most effective interpretation of matrix cluster. Intercorrelation of factor loadings indicated little differentiation of function. Comparison of factor patterns of schizophrenics with those of brain-damaged, emotionally disturbed, and normal children provided evidence of differing etiologies within the broader clinical designation of childhood schizophrenia. The pattern of factors by schizophrenics with IQ less than 80 resembled patterns obtained by braindamaged children, whereas schizophrenics with IQ greater than 80 were quite unlike all comparison groups but most closely resembled emotionally disturbed children in cognitive patterns of functioning. Argument was adduced for suggesting that evidence indicated the presence of dual etiology within central nervous system dysfunction.
CXCL12 induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase in human CD8 T cells.

Background We reported previously that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in graft-infiltrating human T cells that is confined to the bystander population contributes to T- cell–mediated rejection of allograft arteries in a humanized mouse model. Herein we examine whether CXCL12, a chemokine thought to contribute to recruitment of bystander T cells, induces iNOS in human CD8 T cells. Methods Human CD8 T cells were treated with CXCL12 and iNOS expression was examined. Also, human allograft arteries were immunohistochemically stained for iNOS and CD8, and adjacent sections stained for CXCL12 to determine their localization in human tissues. Results Resting human CD8 and CD4 T cells expressed the CXCR4, but not the CXCR7, receptor for CXCL12. Treatment with CXCL12 induced expression of both iNOS mRNA and protein in primary human CD8 T cells in a dose-dependent manner, but had no effect on CD4 T cells. Induction of iNOS expression in CD8 T cells was mediated by increased gene transcription. T-cell-receptor (TCR)-activated CD8 T cells rapidly downregulated CXCR4, which coincided with diminished ability of CXCL12 to induce iNOS in activated T cells. iNOS expression in infiltrating human CD8 T cells was spatially associated with CXCL12 expression both in the humanized mouse model of allograft artery rejection and in clinical specimens of coronary arteries displaying allograft vasculopathy. Conclusions CXCL12 induces iNOS expression in human CD8 T cells and this response may contribute to allograft rejection.
Accessibility of Field Recordings in United States Ethnomusicology and Folk Archives

The music library and archive literature suggests that ethnomusicological field recordings can have significant value to users not associated with the institution holding the material. This study gathered data from the websites of seventeen United States sound archives in order to determine what levels of physical and intellectual access to field recordings are currently available to different users.
Personal Social Networks and Dual Disorders: A Literature Review and Implications for Practice and Future Research

ABSTRACT Objectives: To review and examine the literature on social networks and dual disorders, and the separate literatures on social networks in relation to mental illness and substance abuse respectively, and to consider implications for practice and research. Methods: Papers selected for review included empirical studies of social networks and/or social support of adults with diagnosed substance use and/or mental disorders. Results: Thirty-six studies met the criteria for review which is organized around three themes: structural characteristics of social networks, network composition, and the impact of social networks on treatment and recovery. Conclusions: Social networks function both as a predictor as well as an outcome of mental illness and substance use. Understanding and assessment of social networks is important to understanding addictive behaviors. Further research is needed in the following areas: the role of social networks in readiness for treatment, entry into and participation in treatme...
Properties of some Hugoniot curves associated with shock instability

Abstract Combining the Hugoniot equation e e 0  1 2 (p + p 0 )(v 0  v) with the (e-p-v) equation of slate gives the Hugoniot curve ph(p0, v0, v) centered at an initial condition (p0, v0) in the (p-v) plane. Since the Hugoniot equation satisfies the conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy, only those Hugoniot curves that are consistent with the second law of thermodynamics define the locus of states connected to (p0, v0) by a single compression shock. Hugoniot curves that lie in a domain of the (p-v) plane where ( ∂ 2 p ∂v 2 ) 8 > 0 are consistent with the second law of thermodynamics; those that lie in a domain where ( ∂ 2 p ∂v 2 ) 8 > 0 , as well as in a domain where ( ∂ 2 p ∂v 2 ) 8 , are inconsistent with the second law and are associated with shock instability. The first law of thermodynamics gives properties of some Hugoniot curves associated with shock instability. The second law of thermodynamics, together with conditions necessary for hydrodynamic stability, gives the locus of states connected to a given initial condition in the domain of the (p-v) plane where a single compression shock is thermodynamically unstable.
Increased burrowing by fiddler crabs Uca rapax (Smith) (Decapoda : Ocypodidae) in response to low food supply

Abstract The fiddler crab Uca rapax (Smith) feeds on microbes that colonize decaying cordgrass Spartina alterniflora Loisel. in the salt marsh. Crab-burrowing activity brings organic matter to the sediment surface. This fosters microbial growth on the organic matter and stimulates cordgrass growth. Food supply to the crabs is thereby directly and indirectly enhanced. Fiddler crabs may dig more burrows than they require for their protective and physiological needs. There may be a selective advantage in digging burrows in excess of one burrow per crab, because of the benefit of enhancing food supply and decreasing the competition for food. Fiddler crabs may dig burrows “in excess” even when empty burrows are available and they may adjust their burrowing in response to food supply. This hypothesis was examined by (a) comparing burrow and crab density in a salt marsh, then (b) manipulating burrow density and (c) food availability in the laboratory. Furthermore, females were hypothesized to be more sensitive to food availability than males, and small crabs more sensitive than large crabs. Results showed that (a) there were more burrows than fiddler crabs, (b) smaller crabs of both sexes dug new burrows despite the presence of unoccupied burrows and (c) burrowing activity of smaller crabs of both sexes varied with food availability. When food availability was lower, they excavated as much sediment and dug more burrows and burrow branches, while allocating less time to burrowing. They did so by burrowing faster and to lesser depths. Small crabs may be more sensitive to food availability and may be better capable of adjusting their burrowing to food supply.
Hybrid silicon ring lasers

Hybrid silicon platform provides a solution to integrate active components (lasers, amplifiers, photodetectors, etc.) with passive ones on the same silicon substrate, which can be used for building an optical interconnect system. Owing to the advantages in footprint, power consumption, and high-speed modulation, hybrid silicon microring lasers have been demonstrated as a potential candidate for on-chip silicon light source. In this paper we review the progress to improve the performance of recently demonstrated compact microring lasers with ring diameter of 50 μm. A simple approach to enhance optical mode and electron-hole recombination, which results in threshold reduction and efficiency improvement is developed. This is done by appropriately undercutting the multiple quantum well (MQW) region to force carriers to flow towards the outer edge of the microring for better gain/optical mode overlap. We observe a reduction of the threshold of over 20% and up to 80% output power enhancement. The model and the experimental results highlight the benefits, as well as the negative effects from excessive undercutting, including lower MQW confinement, higher modal loss and higher thermal impedance. A design rule for MQW undercutting is therefore provided. Application as on-chip optical interconnects is discussed from a system perspective.
Nuclear sclerotic cataract in young patients in Taiwan

Abstract Purpose To document the clinical features of discrete nuclear sclerosis in young patients. Setting Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China. Methods The medical records of all patients younger than 45 years with nuclear sclerosis who had cataract surgery at 1 hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with congenital cataract, ocular trauma, ocular disease in addition to myopia, and systemic disease associated with cataract were excluded. The patients’ age, sex, bilateral lens status, axial length, original and preoperative refractive status, and preoperative and postoperative best corrected visual acuities (BCVAs) were recorded. Results Fifty-five eyes of 35 patients aged 32 to 45 years met the study criteria. Nuclear sclerotic cataract was bilateral in 20 patients. The mean age at surgery was 40.64 years ± 3.63 (SD). The mean refraction before the development of cataract was –7.80 ± 3.57 diopters (D) and the mean preoperative refraction, –17.40 ± 6.05 D. The mean axial length was 28.09 ± 2.31 mm. The postoperative BCVA was 20/22 or better in 53 eyes (96.4%). Conclusions In patients younger than 45 years with cataract in Taiwan, nuclear sclerosis was not a rare cause of visual loss and axial myopia was strongly associated with the formation of nuclear sclerosis. Bilateral sclerosis was observed in most cases. Patients with an axial length greater than 27.0 mm had the greatest risk. Surgical treatment was therapeutic.
Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications

The loss of control over drug intake that occurs in addiction was initially believed to result from disruption of subcortical reward circuits. However, imaging studies in addictive behaviours have identified a key involvement of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) both through its regulation of limbic reward regions and its involvement in higher-order executive function (for example, self-control, salience attribution and awareness). This Review focuses on functional neuroimaging studies conducted in the past decade that have expanded our understanding of the involvement of the PFC in drug addiction. Disruption of the PFC in addiction underlies not only compulsive drug taking but also accounts for the disadvantageous behaviours that are associated with addiction and the erosion of free will.
Infective Endocarditis in Patients Receiving Long-term Hemodialysis

Objective To ascertain the predominant characteristics of patients receiving long-term dialysis who develop infective endocarditis (IE). Patients and Methods We reviewed the records of all chronic hemodialysis patients who had IE at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, between 1983 and 1997. Results Twenty episodes of IE occurred in 17 pa­tients. One patient had 3 episodes of IE, and 1 patient had 2 episodes of IE; each episode was caused by a different organism. The mean ± SD age of our patients was 63±11 years; there were 13 males; 6 patients had diabetes mellitus; and the mean ± SD duration of hemodialysis prior to IE was 24.2±20.5 months. This analysis included 10 episodes of IE (occurring in 9 patients) within the Mayo Clinic Dialysis System during which time 223,358 hemodialysis treatments were delivered, giving a rate of 10 IE episode per 223,336 hemodialysis treatments. Among all 20 IE episodes, there were 14 synthetic arteriovenous grafts, 4 permanent venous dialysis catheters, 2 temporary venous dialysis catheters, and 2 native arteriovenous fistulas (2 accesses in 2 patients), and access had been in place for a mean ± SD of 15.9±18.6 months. The portal of infection was the hemodialysis access in 13 episodes of IE. The causative organisms for IE were Staphylococcus aureus in 8 cases, Enterococcus sp in 4 cases, viridans streptococcus in 3 cases, Staphylococcus epidermidis in 2 cases, and 1 case each of Streptococcus bovis , group G β-hemolytic streptococcus, and Aspergillus sp. The mitral valve was involved in 9 cases, the aortic valve was involved in 5 cases, and the tricuspid and pulmonic valves were involved in 1 case each. Patient survival (after the first episode of IE) was 71 % at 30 days; 53% at 60 days; and 35% at 1 year. Echocardiography was performed in 19 episodes of IE. The transthoracic echocardiogram was 62.5 % sensitive and 40 % specific for the presence of definite or probable vegetations. Univariate analysis for factors affecting 60-day survival show that presence of right-sided IE, vegetation size greater than 2.0 cm 3 , diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, and initial leukocyte count greater than 12.5 × 10 9 /L were poor prognostic factors. Aortic valve involvement carried a better prognosis. Conclusions Infective endocarditis in hemodialysis patients is relatively infrequent but has a high mortality. Patients with synthetic intravascular dialysis angioaccess (synthetic grafts and venous catheters) are more likely to develop IE than patients with native arteriovenous fistulas. Transesophageal echocardiography is a preferred echocardiographic study for suspected cases of IE. Prolonged antibiotic therapy is needed for all patients, and close monitoring is needed for patients with right-sided IE, large vegetations, diabetes mellitus, and an elevated leukocyte count.
COMPOSITIONAL EFFECTS, ROLE SYSTEMS, AND THE SURVIVAL OF SMALL DISCUSSION GROUPS

S URVEY analysts have recently become intrigued with a phenomenon called variously contextual analysis, structural effects, social climates, or compositional effects. The general idea is that similar individuals can be shown to behave differently when they are members of different kinds of groups. More narrowly, such analyses treat individuals characterized by the presence or absence of a given property and their behavior in groups which vary in the proportion of members who possess the property, for example, the behavior of whites and Negroes living in areas which vary in their racial composition or the behavior of promoted and nonpromoted soldiers in outfits which vary in promotion rates. Technically, such analyses require multivariate tables in which individual-level characteristics are held constant and aggregate-level differences between groups are allowed to vary. A fuller discussion of the idea and technical problems of analysis is given in the introduction to this symposium, and the particular technique in our analysis is described in another publication.' Most of the reported studies of this type treat values as the contextual variable and stress the effect on voting, morale, opinions, etc., of the values which predominate in a person's social milieu. Thus, Berelson, Lazarsfeld, and McPhee report influences of the political climate of Elmira, New York; Levin in this journal reports the influences of political climates in Illinois towns; Coleman treats value climates within high schools; Blau analyzes the influence of occupational norms on white-collar workers; and Lazarsfeld and Thielens infer influences from political climates among college professors.2
A Systematic Review of the Use of Quality of Life Measures in Colorectal Cancer Research with Attention to Outcomes in Elderly Patients

Abstract Purpose Quality of life (QOL) measures are critical to the evaluation of new cancer treatments, particularly for elderly patients. Our intent was to assess patterns of use of QOL endpoints in colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment research and to summarize current knowledge about how CRC treatment affects elderly patients. Patients and Methods We searched MEDLINE for English-language, human trials published from 1995 to 2005 that met the following criteria: reported on patients with CRC, were not surgery-only cohorts, and included a QOL or functional endpoints. Trials specifically reporting data on elderly patients were reviewed in depth and summarized. Results One hundred twentyone eligible studies and 10 trials with elderly-specific data were found. The median number of trials published annually increased from 5 (range, 4–8 trials) between 1995 and 1999 to 14.5 (range, 11–22 trials) between 2000 and 2005. Chemotherapy was the most commonly studied treatment (55%), and metastatic CRC (55%) was the most commonly studied population. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer C30, with or without C38, was the most frequently used instrument (49%). Studies reporting on elderly patients showed that many patients experience a decline in physical function immediately after surgery and have increased need for supportive services. Little information is available on the effect of chemotherapy in elderly patients. Use of QOL and functional measures in treatment-related CRC research has increased; however, it continues to be hampered by a lack of dissemination and methodologic problems. Conclusion Missing data from patient attrition, limitations of assessment methods, and a small number of patients treated with chemotherapy in the trials reporting on elderly patients seriously limit our ability to draw conclusions from this survey about how treatment affects QOL or function in CRC.
Defective T cell differentiation in the absence of Jnk1

The c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway has been implicated in the immune response that is mediated by the activation and differentiation of CD4 helper T (TH) cells into TH1 and TH2 effector cells. JNK activity observed in wild-type activated TH cells was severely reduced in TH cells from Jnk1-/- mice. The Jnk1-/- T cells hyperproliferated, exhibited decreased activation-induced cell death, and preferentially differentiated to TH2 cells. The enhanced production of TH2 cytokines by Jnk1-/- cells was associated with increased nuclear accumulation of the transcription factor NFATc. Thus, the JNK1 signaling pathway plays a key role in T cell receptor-initiated TH cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation.