cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An immunohistochemical study of endothelin-1 in the human eye

PURPOSE. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictive and neural peptide that has been demonstrated to be present and functionally active and important in the eye. This study was undertaken to examine for the first time the cellular distribution of ET-1 in the whole human eye. METHODS. Twelve human eyes were examined by immunohistochemical staining of paraffin sections, using an anti-ET-1 primary antibody and an ABC-detection system. RESULTS. Endothelin-1-immunoreactivity (ET-1-IR) was detected primarily in the fibrovascular stroma of the iris, ciliary body and choroid, in the retinal blood vessels, the ciliary and optic nerves, and in the corneal and the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium. CONCLUSION. In the eye, ET-1-IR is present in fibrovascular, neural and epithelial structures. Changes in the distribution and concentration of ET-1 may be relevant to a variety of ocular diseases including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, sickle cell disease, optic neuritis, AION, papilledema, corneal ulcer, corneal...
Synthesis of N-{4-[2-(2-Amino-5,6-dihydro-4(3H)-oxo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)- ethyl]benzoyl}-l-glutamic Acid: A Ring-Contracted Analogue of 5,10-Dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic Acid†

This paper describes the synthesis of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-5,6-dihydro-4(3H)-oxo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-l-glutamic acid (4), which can be viewed as a ring-contracted analogue of 5,10-dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid (DDATHF, 1) in which the C-7 methylene group of the latter has been excised and C-6 joined to N-8. This compound exhibits significant activity as an inhibitor of the growth of human (CCRF-CEM) lymphoblastic leukemic cells in vitro and apparently acts by blocking de novo purine biosynthesis through inhibition of glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GAR FTase).
The body ion loss biomarker. 1. Interactions between trace metals and low pH in reconstituted coal mine‐polluted water

Net body ion loss of brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) was evaluated as a biomarker of the potential toxicity of coal mine-polluted water. Fish were exposed in reconstituted coal mine-polluted water prepared in a continuously flowing system with a mixture of 16 water chemistry variables adjusted to match stream concentrations measured in moderately and severely mine-impacted streams. Changes in net body cation (Na + , K + , and Ca 2+ ) loss rates from the fish were determined. Metal/pH interactions were tested by exposing fish to (1) a mixture of all six potentially toxic metals (Al, Fe, Zn, Mn, Ni, and Cd or Pb), (2) individual metals, (3) no metals (low pH effect), or (4) time control. At severe levels (pH m 3.34) all metal treatments caused a net whole-body sodium loss rate similar to that observed for pH alone. Body potassium rates were essentially unchanged from that of the control ; a significant calcium influx observed under control conditions was eliminated by most acid and metal exposures. At less severe pollution levels (pH 3.95) some metals (Ni 2+ , Mn 2+ , and Zn 2+ ) blocked the net loss of body sodium induced by acidity. We conclude that net body sodium loss rate is a sensitive, reproducible, and acute indicator of acid and trace metal pollution and may be a useful biomarker for determining the presence and degree of impact of coal mine-polluted water on fish.
Performance of management strategies in the protection of riparian vegetation in three oregon cities

Abstract The destruction of riparian vegetation in urban areas signals the loss of valuable ecosystem services. This paper documents the extent of riparian vegetation loss during a period of rapid development (1990 – 2002) in three Oregon cities with distinctive, local management strategies. Findings show that loss has occurred in all three cities, but this loss has been curtailed by implementation of protective policies. Moreover, more than half the losses in each city were due to a few large development projects, rather than a large number of smaller ones. The paper concludes that management strategies do limit destructive actions by small projects and that large losses are potentially avoidable with targeted attention to large-scale projects.
Large Block Embedding and “Pop-OfF” Technique for Immunoelectron Microscopy

A technique for immunoelectron microscopy is described whereby tissue is embedded in large (6 × 12 mm) plastic blocks and reembedded (“popped off”) directly from semithin (3-μm) sections for thin sectioning. This technique is particularly useful in locating relatively sparse cells or tissue structures. Three acrylic plastics were evaluated: Lowicryl K4M, LR Gold, and LR White. Results indicated excellent ultrastructural morphologic preservation and retention of antigenicity with the first two plastics both comparable to conventional methods of processing. Lowicryl and LR Gold were successfully adapted to the large block pop-off technique. Technical problems were encountered with LR White.
On the rate and activation energy of the Br + Br2 ataom-exchange reaction

Abstract The Br + Br 2 atom-exchange reaction has been studied using quasiclassical trajectories and a semi-empirical potential-energy surface with shallow, long-range wells. The computed reaction rate coefficient is in good agreement with experiment. The computed reaction activation energy is ≲ 1 kcal/mole.
RELIABILITY OF CRITERION‐REFERENCED TESTS: A DECISION‐THEORETIC FORMULATION

It has been suggested that the primary purpose for criterion-referenced testing in objective-based instructional programs is to classify examinees into mastery states or categories on the objectives included in the test. We have proposed that the reliability of the criterion-referenced test scores be defined in terms of the consistency of the decision-making process across repeated administrations of the test. Specifically, reliability is defined as a measure of agreement over and above that which can be expected by chance between the decisions made about examinee mastery states in repeated test administrations for each objective measured by the criterion-referenced test.
Perceptions and interpretations of benign situations: a study of organisational conflict using a dual-task method

Organisational conflicts have been the topic of much study. However, even with this research and literature, as well as institutionalised human resource policies outlining professionalism and proper employee conduct, team-building activities, negotiation training, retreats, workshops, and conflict resolution interventions - conflicts continue to be an intransigent source of organisational dysfunction and failures. We developed a dual task test to investigate personality constructs, perceptions of others, and climate of incivility on conflicts. We found that certain personality characteristics led to more negative perceptions of benign situations and higher perceptions of incivility. Moreover, negative perceptions of benign situations and high perceptions of incivility led to more frequent organisational conflicts.
Qualitative H-reflex testing in huntington's disease.

The occurrence of H-reflexes over both the anterior tibial muscle and the thenar muscle on both sides was investigated in 15 patients suffering from Huntington's disease, 8 clinically inconspicuous offspring, and 30 healthy normal controls. The following results were obtained:
Coulomb Excitation with Ne 20 Ions

Neon ions with energies ranging from 8 to 15 MeV have been obtained by the acceleration of doubly and triply charged ions in a 5.5-MV Van de Graaff. These projectiles have been used to study Coulomb excitation in 18 nuclei ranging from ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ to ${\mathrm{Th}}^{232}$. In particular, the levels of ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{47}$, ${\mathrm{V}}^{51}$, ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{57}$, ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{61}$, ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{67}$, ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{73}$, and ${\mathrm{As}}^{75}$ were investigated. The spin of the 320-keV state of ${\mathrm{V}}^{51}$ is uniquely assigned as $\frac{5}{2}$ and the mixing ratio, $\ensuremath{\delta}={(\frac{E2}{M1})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$, is 0.52\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}.07. Strong evidence is found against previous assignments of $\frac{5}{2}$ for the spin of the 184-keV state in ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{67}$. The yields and angular distributions of the gamma rays require spin assignments of $\frac{3}{2}$ and \textonehalf{} for the 184- and 93-keV states, respectively, in ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{67}$.
Orthotropic and transversely isotropic stress-strain relations with built-in coordinate transformations

Abstract Computationally convenient elastic stress-strain relations are given for orthotropic and transversely isotropic materials in terms of unit vectors that are aligned in the preferred material directions. Methods are proposed for determining the material symmetry planes from mechanical and thermal response. The restrictions on the elastic constants that are discussed by Jones (1975) are specialized to the case of transverse isotropy. It is shown that the laminated composite structures with high in-plane stiffness may easily violate these restrictions. The incompressible version of the stress-strain relations are presented for materials that do not deform under hydrostatic loading. This version applies to composite structures made with incompressible epoxy matrices and stiff fibers. For incompressible laminated structures the restrictions on the elastic constants are violated when the in-plane modulus E T and the out-of-plane modulus E A are governed by E T > 4 E A . Violation of the restrictions may be the cause of the common occurrence of interlaminar shear failure and edge delamination. In order to avoid excessive load transfer, it may be beneficial to keep the fiber matrix Young's moduli in the range E f E m .
Multilayer edge molecular electronics devices: a review

Molecular electronics devices have potential to miniaturize the computational devices down to few nm and can be highly versatile. The realization of any molecular electronics device critically depends on the methods of connecting functional molecule(s) to electrical leads. This review mainly focuses on the recently developed versatile multilayer edge molecular electronics device (MEMED) approach. To produce MEMEDs molecular conduction channels are bridged across the ultrathin insulator, along the exposed vertical edges of a tunnel junction. This paper explains how the MEMED approach effectively addresses the major roadblocks encountered in the realization of practical molecular electronics devices. MEMED can be produced by widely available microfabrication tools. The tunnel junction used in a MEMED can have any combination of metallic electrodes. Additionally, the tunnel junction's insulator thickness can be precisely tailored to utilize a vast variety of molecules as a device element. A MEMED approach enables an unprecedented number of control experiments to reveal the true behavior of molecular conduction channels. The tunnel junction used in a MEMED can be characterized before establishing molecular conduction channels. The MEMED approach makes it straightforward to reverse the molecule's effect and then retrieve characteristic of the parent device. This design offers a unique opportunity to transform highly matured magnetic tunnel junctions into futuristic molecular spintronics devices, a potential candidate device for quantum computation. Besides the application in computational devices, MEMED design can also be used for biosensing by enabling the interaction between MEMED's active molecular channels with the target bio-analytes.
Metallurgical aspects in welding Cr–Mo–V turbine rotor steels Part 2 Evaluation of narrow gap submerged arc weldment

AbstractA mechanical and microstructural evaluation of a weld mock-up was carried out for the same Cr–Mo–V rotor steel used in Part 1 of this study. The weldment was a submerged arc weld processed by a commercial fabricator; the welding parameters and heat treatments were not made available. One of the objectives of this study was to determine whether stresses associated with welding a large rotor section played a significant role in the development of reheat cracking. It was found that a butter weld layer was deposited before the multipass full thickness weld. This procedure led to significant grain refinement at the heat affected zone of the base metal, yielding excellent impact properties relative to the rotor base material. This welding technique and the selection of filler metal of lower strength than the rotor material apparently contributed to the elimination of reheat cracking. The Charpy impact energies of the full thickness and butter welds were much greater than those of the rotor steel; howeve...
Dependent feature trees for density approximation II. Maximum likelihood clustering

Abstract In this paper, maximum likelihood clustering for the decomposition of mixture density of data into its normal component densities is considered. Optimal dependent feature trees for approximating the densities can be constructed using criteria of mutual information and distance measures. By defining different types of nodes in a general dependent feature tree, maximum likelihood equations are developed for the estimation of parameters of mixture density using fixed-point iterations. Furthermore, the field structure of the data is also taken into account in developing maximum likelihood equations.
Isolating frequency scale effects on self-reported loneliness

Abstract Response options presented on questionnaires affect self-reports concerning the frequency of loneliness. Two experiments using items from the UCLA Loneliness Scale—Version 3 (ULS) presented participants with either of two response option ranges. In Experiment 1, response options in the high-frequency condition ranged from “Every Day” to “Never.” In the low-frequency condition, response options ranged from “Once a month or more often” to “Never.” In Experiment 2, response options ranged from “Every Day” to “Never” in the high-frequency condition and from “Once a week or more often” to “Never” in the low-frequency condition. Results confirmed that self-reported frequency of experiences related to loneliness increased when participants were presented with response options emphasizing higher frequency. Implications for the ULS in particular, and questionnaire design in general, are discussed.
Rapid Mueller matrix polarimetry based on parallelized polarization state generation and detection

We present rapid Mueller matrix polarimetry that can extract twelve Muller matrix elements from a single intensity image in real time and with high spatial resolution. This is achieved by parallelizing the respective polarization state generation and polarization state detection processes, which in existing polarimeters is performed sequentially. Parallelization of the polarization state generation process is accomplished through the use of vector beams, for which this work represents a new application domain. Polarization state detection is parallelized by uniquely combining a microscope/array detector setup with a specialized algorithm that simultaneously utilizes information from multiple spatial regions of the array detector. Simulated results applying this technique to two anisotropic samples including metamaterial yield material parameters that are consistent with those reported in the literature.
Dosimetric effect of target expansion and setup uncertainty during radiation therapy in pediatric craniopharyngioma.

Abstract Purpose Investigate the effect of tumor change and setup uncertainties on target coverage for pediatric craniopharyngioma during RT. Methods and materials Fifteen pediatric patients with craniopharyngioma (mean 5.1years) were included in this study. MRI was performed before and a median of six times during RT to monitor changes in the tumor volume. IMRT plans were created and compared to the CRT plan used for treatment. The role of adaptive therapy based on GTV changes was investigated. Dosimetric effects of interfraction and intrafraction motion were examined. Results The mean of the maximal change in the GTV was 28.5% [−20.7% to 82.0%]. For the standard margin IMRT plans, the mean D 95 of the base plan on the base target was 53.6Gy [53.1–54.1]. The mean D 95 of the base plans on the adaptive targets was 52.1Gy [47.9–54.1]. The D 95 for the adaptive plan on the adaptive target was 53.8Gy [53.4–54.3]. A linear regression equation of y = - 0.12 x , r 2 =0.70, was found for the percent change in D 95 of the PTV ( y ) vs. the percent change in the GTV ( x ). Inter and intrafraction motion did not affect the target coverage for standard and reduced margin plans. Conclusions The GTV of pediatric craniopharyngioma patients change size during therapy and adaptive planning is critical for conformal plans; therefore early and regular surveillance imaging is required.
Effect of Testosterone Propionate in Eunuchoidism

ConclusionTestosterone propionate causes enlargement of the prostate and progression of secondary sex characters in the eunuchoid, together with a gain in weight, nitrogen and sodium retention, and a slight increase in the basal metabolic rate.
The copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: cloning, sequencing, and biological activity.

Abstract The gene for copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been cloned, sequenced, and shown to have physiological activity. The gene was isolated from a lambda gt11 library by using a long, unique deoxyoligonucleotide probe. The probe sequence was deduced from the known amino acid sequence by using a computer-generated yeast codon preference table. The sequence of the coding and flanking regions is reported. The cloned gene was expressed and shown to be active in vivo. A 3.2-kilobase fragment containing the coding region and 160 upstream bases, subcloned in a yeast/Escherichia coli shuttle vector, was used to transform a yeast strain lacking Cu,Zn-SOD activity. The presence of the Cu,Zn-SOD gene-containing plasmid corrected the characteristic dioxygen sensitivity of this strain. Electrophoretic transfer blots with antibody to yeast Cu,Zn-SOD showed the presence of the protein in transformants and wild-type yeast but not in the mutant. The role of Cu,Zn-SOD in defense against dioxygen toxicity is discussed in the light of these findings.
Relations between subduction, slab heating, slab dehydration and continental growth

Abstract The hydrated altered basalts of the oceanic crust, if subducted, could release large volumes of water during their phase transformations and partial melting reactions. If heat from shear strain recrystallizations largely heats the altered basaltic layer, only a 2 km thick layer could be heated significantly before the slab reaches 80–125 km depth. Most of the released waters should be driven into the deeper but cooler regions at the slab and andesitic-tonalitic partial melts should form in the heated altered basalt layer. Large volumes of water initially at the surface could be added to the mantle and tonalitic partial melts could be lost from the oceanic crust and added to the continental plate and could account for continental growth.
Growth of the red alga Iridaea cordata (Turner) Bory in semi-closed culture

Abstract The marine red alga Iridaea cordata (Turner) Bory, a carrageenan producer, was grown in a semi-closed culture system in which agitation was provided by aeration. Factors regulating the growth and conditions favoring optimum productivity in such a culture system were studied. The factors studied included plant size, rate of flow of sea water, ratio of biomass to surface area, and light intensity. Yield/surface area in such a culture system (5700 kcal/m 2 /yr or 1950 g ash free dry matter/m 2 /yr) can exceed that of natural populations by six-fold. Such a culture system also provides a novel means of assessing the growth and potential productivity of large benthic seaweeds.
Observations and interpretation of fundamental mode Rayleigh wavefields recorded by the Transportable Array (USArray)

[1] Broadband recordings of the dense Transportable Array (TA) in the western United States provide unparalleled detailed images of long-period seismic surface wavefields. With 400 stations spanning most of the western United States, wavefronts of fundamental mode Rayleigh waves may be visualized coherently across the array at periods ≳40 s. In order to constrain the Rayleigh wave phase velocity structure in the western United States, I assemble a data set of vertical component seismograms from 53 teleseismic events recorded by the TA from April 2006 to October 2007. Complex amplitude spectra from these recordings at periods 27–100 s are interpreted using the multiplane wave tomographic method of Friederich and Wielandt (1995) and Pollitz (1999). This analysis yields detailed surface wave phase velocity and three-dimensional shear wave velocity patterns across the North American plate boundary zone, elucidating the active processes in the highly heterogeneous western U.S. upper mantle.
Effects of discharge of municipal waste on water quality of the lower Mississippi River

The effects of discharge of municipal wastes on water quality within the lower Mississippi River below Old River have been reevaluated using published water quality data in the Louisiana reach of the river for the water years 1974-1984. A novel graphical technique has facilitated the evaluation of upriver controls on water quality and the identification of sources and sinks along the lower Mississippi. Comparison of calculated annual fluxes at different down-stream monitoring stations has simplified some of the problems inherent in evaluating analyses of samples collected from different water masses during a typical sampling run. With the exception of an increase in bacterial count, the discharge of municipal waste into the Mississippi River in Louisiana appears to have had no significant effect on water quality, a finding consistent with the earlier US Geological Survey study of Wells (1980). It would be highly desirable for future mass balance studies if existing water quality programs on the Mississippi River were to adopt a Lagrangian sampling approach.
Post-transcriptional regulation of genes of iron metabolism in mammalian cells

Iron metabolism is tightly regulated in mammalian cells. Here we describe several types of post-transcriptional mechanisms that have been identified in regulation of genes of iron metabolism. Iron-dependent regulation of stability of the transcript is the key to regulation of the expression of the transferrin receptor. Selective repression of translation in iron-depleted cells is the key to regulation of the expression of ferritin and several other genes that require iron for function. Specific regulatory proteins that directly sense iron levels in cells are needed to coordinate iron metabolism. These proteins, known as iron regulatory proteins (IRPs), bind to specific RNA stem-loops in transcripts with high affinity when cells are depleted of iron. The two IRPS, IRP1 and IRP2, are post-translationally modified by iron, but the nature of the post-translational regulatory process differs. IRP1 assembles an iron-sulfur cluster which determines its function, whereas IRP2 is rapidly degraded in the presence of iron. Direct binding of iron is likely to be involved in sensing of iron levels by IRP1 and IRP2. Although each IRP binds to the RNA stem-loop motifs known as iron-responsive elements (IREs) with high affinity, it is possible that each protein binds an additional, unique set of target-binding motifs. The list of potential genes that are regulated by IRPs continues to grow, and much remains to be learned about the regulation of mammalian iron metabolism.
Optimal Bayesian design applied to logistic regression experiments

Abstract A traditional way to design a binary response experiment is to design the experiment to be most efficient for a best guess of the parameter values. A design which is optimal for a best guess however may not be efficient for parameter values close to that best guess. We propose designs which formally account for the prior uncertainty in the parameter values. A design for a situation where the best guess has substantial uncertainty attached to itis very different from a design for a situation where approximate values of the parameters are known. We derive a general theory for concave design critria for non-linear models and then apply the theory to logistic regression. Designs found by numerical optimization are examined for a range of prior distributions and a range of criteria. The theoretical results are used to verify that the designs are indeed optimal.
Developing a comprehensive approach to youth violence prevention in a small city.

A Center for Academic Excellence in Youth Violence Prevention was established in 1999 at Virginia Commonwealth University, in the small city of Richmond, Virginia. The social context of Richmond provides many challenges and assets for preventing youth violence, including high levels of youth exposure to violence and exemplary role models for resiliency. In this paper, the conceptual framework used to guide Center activities is explained first, followed by an accounting of the initial activities for developing a community mobilization process. Next, examples are presented of how the core theme of"Strengthening the Voices of Stakeholders"was implemented at the levels of grassroots/taxpayer, organizations, and systems/policy. A university policy strategy for involving more sectors of the University in community partnerships to prevent youth violence and promote positive early childhood development is then described. The paper closes with an assessment of the mobilization efforts to date and a sketch of new plans for the future. Language: en
The greater memorability of self‐generated versus externally presented product information

Previous research based on the “generation effect” (Slamecka & Graf, 1978) seems to suggest that when subjects are allowed to do more active thinking on their own in order to generate a response to an experimental stimulus (self-generated information), memory performance is often better than when all the answers or solutions to the stimulus question are presented to them (externally presented information). In the present study, it was demonstrated that potent generation effects can occur in the context of a single advertising appeal. The results also confirm that the existence of an elaborate semantic network (i.e., prior knowledge) for a given product category can be an important factor in facilitating the generation effect. Implications for memory theories and directions for future research are discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Leadership in European Union Negotiations: The Presidency of the Council

This article argues that the Presidency of the Council of Ministers plays a crucial leadership role in policy making negotiations in the Council of the European Union (EU). The analysis begins with a detailed description of leadership resources available to the Presidency. Sufficient resources of coercion, reward, legitimacy, socialization, expertise and information exist to support the thesis that the Presidency plays a major role. Based on these findings, the most effective leadership strategy of the Presidency is defined as guiding the negotiating parties toward the achievement of common ends through a cooperative process. Further study reveals that a more sophisticated understanding of leadership can be developed by linking strategies to leadership contexts. The paper concludes that the Presidency has the potential to play an effective leadership role and that the interplay between different sources of leadership is important to understanding the dynamics of multilateral negotiation.
Control of topographic retinal axon branching by inhibitory membrane-bound molecules

Retinotopic map development in nonmammalian vertebrates appears to be controlled by molecules that guide or restrict retinal axons to correct locations in their targets. However, the retinotopic map in the superior colliculus (SC) of the rat is developed instead by a topographic bias in collateral branching and arborization. Temporal retinal axons extending across alternating membranes from the topographically correct rostral SC or the incorrect caudal SC of embryonic rats preferentially branch on rostral membranes. Branching preference is due to an inhibitory phosphatidylinositol-linked molecule in the caudal SC. Thus, position-encoding membrane-bound molecules may establish retinotopic maps in mammals by regulating axon branching, not by directing axon growth.
Distinct surface morphologies of electropolymerized polymethylsiloxane network polypyrrole and comonomer films

The electropolymerization of polysiloxane-functionalized pyrrole or poly(methyl-(undec-pyrrole-1-yl-decyl)-siloxane), to form conjugated network polymer films, is described. The “precursor polypyrrole” was electropolymerized using dynamic cyclic voltammetry (CV) on a flat conducting substrate electrode, resulting in cross-linked polypyrrole films. Unique “nanoscale” morphologies were formed because of phase-segregation of polysiloxane domains and cross-linked polypyrrole, depending on the thickness and electrochemical conditions. By electropolymerizing the precursor polymer in-situ with pyrrole comonomers, the morphology changes with composition ratio. The film properties were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), FT-IR, UV−vis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), surface plasmon spectroscopy (SPS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The precursor method extends the possibility of tailoring film properties of polypyrrole and other conjugated polymers. Interesting insights on the electrochemical pro...
Activated Charcoal Administration in a Pediatric Emergency Department

Objectives:Activated charcoal is the commonest form of gastrointestinal decontamination offered to potentially poisoned children within United States emergency departments. Our aim was to describe this practice with regard to timing, route of administration, use of flavoring agents, and occurrence o
IR spectroscopy of α- and β-protonated pyrrole via argon complex photodissociation.

Protonated pyrrole cations are produced in a pulsed discharge/supersonic expansion source, mass-selected in a time-of-flight spectrometer, and studied with infrared photodissociation spectroscopy. Vibrational spectra in both the fingerprint and C–H/N–H stretching regions are obtained using the method of tagging with argon. Sharp vibrational structure is compared to IR spectra predicted by theory for the possible α-, β-, and N-protonated structures. The spectral differences among these isomers are much larger than the frequency shifts due to argon attachment at alternative sites. Though α-protonation predominates thermodynamically, the kinetically favored β-protonated species is also observed for the first time (in 3–4 times lower abundance under the conditions employed here). Theoretical investigations attribute the greater stability of α-protonated pyrrole to topological charge stabilization, rather than merely to the greater number of resonance contributors. The far-IR pattern of protonated pyrrole does...
Locomotory behavior of limb bud cells. Effect of excess vitamin A in vivo and in vitro.

Abstract Limb buds excised from 11th to 12th day mouse embryos were cut at the junction of the shaft and autopod to produce proximal and distal segments respectively. The ectodermal covering of each segment was surgically removed and the core of mesenchymal tissue was diced into small fragments. Proximal and distal fragments were cultured on separate Falcon plastic flasks in a fluid medium consisting of Hams F 12 and fetal calf serum. The fragments attached and began to spread on the surface of the flask within 12 h after seeding. The morphology and rate of movement of the cells from the fragment were observed at 12, 36, and 60 h in culture. The cells of control proximal fragments were bipolar in outline for most of the 3-day culture period, while the cells obtained from distal segments changed from bipolar to stellate by the 2nd day of culture. The bipolar outline seemed to be a reliable indicator of cells that actively move in culture. The rates of migration were calculated and showed that the bipolar proximal cells were more motile than cells from distal limb areas. When previously untreated cells were cultured in medium containing 10 IU vitamin A acetate/ml both shape and motility were affected. The cells became stellate in outline by the end of the 1st day in culture. The rate of movement of the treated cells of both proximal and distal culture fragments was much below control levels. When embryos were treated in utero on day 11 1 2 with vitamin A acid (retinoic acid) and limb fragments prepared and cultured as described above, the cells exhibited a stellate shape and a decrease in migration tendencies during the first 12 h after seeding. By the end of the 3-day culture period the apparent recovery from retinoic acid treatment was demonstrated in both the morphology and the increased rate of movement of the cells. These results indicate that a difference between proximal and distal control cell migratory rates exists which, if manifest in the developing mouse limb bud, may play a role in the attainment of proper limb shape. Vitamin A seems capable of impairing those properties of cells necessary for cell movement which might be a factor involved in the production of the limb defects observed after maternal hypervitaminosis A in the mouse.
Correlation of Radiation Effects in Transistors and Integrated Circuits

The effects of ionizing radiation on discrete MOS n- and p-channel transistors are correlated with performance degradation of CMOS integrated circuits. The individual components of radiation induced charge, oxide-trapped charge and interface-state charge, are separated using a subthreshold current technique. Processing splits and post-irradiation biased anneals are used to vary the ratio of oxide-trapped charge to interface-state charge. It is shown that the effective channel mobility depends to first order on the interface-state charge density. Static power supply current is correlated with the n-channel leakage at zero gate voltage while output drive currents are a function of both threshold voltage and channel mobility. Changes in propagation delay of signals through integrated circuits can be understood when both mobility and threshold voltage are considered as a function of the bias dependent charge buildup. A new transistor switching time figure of merit, t/C, which measures the drain to source drive over a full logic level voltage swing at the drain node, is introduced. This index is then shown to correlate with propagation delay in an IC. Finally, performance changes in an IC are modeled using only the measured buildup of oxide-trapped and interface-state charges from transistors as a function of radiation.
MO‐G‐BRC‐06: Potential for Improved IQ Using Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy Compared to Conventional 3D Conformal Radiation for Whole Ventricular Radiation in Children

Purpose: Radiation treatment for localized pure germinoma includes treatment to the whole ventricles followed by a boost to the tumor. Our goal was to compare Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) with 3D conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) in the treatment of these children. We compared coverage of the target, doses to normal tissues, and modeled the effect of the dosimetric differences on IQ. Methods: Ten children with intracranial germinomas were used. The prescription doses was 23.4 Gy to the ventricles followed by 21.6 Gy to the tumor located in the pineal region. For each child, two‐lateral 3DCRT plans (CMS XiO, Version 4.4) and full arc VMAT plans (MONACO, Version 2.03.01) were generated. Coverage of the target was assessed by computing a conformity index (CI) and heterogeneity index (HI). Mean dose to the temporal lobe was used to estimate IQ five years after completion of radiation, using a patient age of 10 years old. Results: VMAT compared to the 3DCRT plan improved conformality (CI 1.85 versus 1.10), with similar heterogeneity (HI 1.09 versus 1.06). The averaged mean doses for left and right temporal lobes were 31.3 and 31.7 Gy for VMAT plans and 37.74 and 37.6 Gy for the 3DCRT plans. This difference in mean temporal lobe dose resulted in an estimated IQ difference of 3.1. If the temporal lobes were explicitly included in the VMAT optimization, for a representative case, the mean temporal lobe dose is further reduced by 5.6 Gy, resulting in an estimated IQ difference of an additional 3.0 points. Conclusions: For treatment of children with intracranial pure germinomas, VMAT compared to 3DCRT provides increased conformality and reduces doses to the temporal lobes. This may result in improvements in IQ in these children.
Evaluation Tool for Wastewater Treatment Technologies for Shale Gas Operations in Ohio

An assessment framework to identify viable technologies for processing wastewater generated in shale gas drilling, completion and production operations in Ohio was created. This work was completed under a contract with Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA) and Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) as called for in Ohio Senate Bill 315 – a bill that provides critical regulatory components for Ohio shale gas operations. State agencies can use this assessment framework to review proposed wastewater treatment technologies with the goal of reducing both the volume of fresh water taken from streams and rivers for hydraulic fracturing and the reliance on injection wells for disposal of wastewater fluids. The project team worked with stakeholders to reach consensus on criteria to assess the wastewater treatment technologies. This included selection of evaluation categories, identification of key technology attributes and determination of performance metrics. The regulatory requirements for evaluation of wastewater treatment technologies were interpreted and translated into a usable tool for identification of key issues. Finally, several case studies were performed to demonstrate application of the assessment framework for different technology approaches. The assessment process provides a mechanism for dialogue between the industry and regulators regarding proposed wastewater processing technologies or approaches. It can also be used to identify strengths and weaknesses of different technologies, as needs and priorities for wastewater treatment evolve. Finally, the assessment process can be implemented for efficient screening of proposed water handling solutions against a user-specific set of criteria.
Community Adversity and Children’s Mental Health: Moderating Effects of Caregiver Service Utilization and Race on Children’s Internalizing and Externalizing Problems

This study examined the relationship between community adversity and childhood internalizing and externalizing problems, and whether this relationship is moderated by service utilization and race. The study involved 3225 children ages 2–17, and their caregivers, who participated in the second cohort of the National Survey on Child and Adolescent Well-Being. Bivariate correlation and regression analysis indicate that childhood internalizing problems were correlated with sex and community adversity. Children externalizing problems were correlated with race, sex, service utilization, and community adversity. Childhood internalizing and externalizing problems were highly correlated. Regression analysis reveals a strong relationship between community adversity and childhood externalizing problems. Service utilization was found to significantly and positively moderate the relationship between community adversity and externalizing problems. While a strong correlation between race and childhood externalizing problems exist, race did not moderate the relationship between community adversity and externalizing problems. Internalizing problems were excluded from the regression analysis since it did not correlate with any of the moderator variables. The findings are discussed and the study limitations are examined. Implications for child welfare practice, policy, and research are highlighted.
Icing Cloud Calibration of the NASA Glenn Icing Research Tunnel

The icing research tunnel at the NASA Glenn Research Center underwent a major rehabilitation in 1999, necessitating recalibration of the icing clouds. This report describes the methods used in the recalibration, including the procedure used to establish a uniform icing cloud and the use of a standard icing blade technique for measurement of liquid water content. The instruments and methods used to perform the droplet size calibration are also described. The liquid water content/droplet size operating envelopes of the icing tunnel are shown for a range of airspeeds and compared to the FAA icing certification criteria. The capabilities of the IRT to produce large droplet icing clouds is also detailed.
Reduction of particulate matter emissions from diesel backup generators equipped with four different exhaust aftertreatment devices.

Diesel particulate matter (PM) reduction efficiencies for backup generators (BUGs) (>300 kW) equipped with a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), DOC+fuel-borne catalyst additive combination (DOC+FBC), passive diesel particulate filter (DPF), and an active DPF were measured. Overall, the DOC and DOC+FBC technologies were found to be effective in reducing mainly organic carbon (OC) emissions (56−77%) while both DPFs showed excellent performance in reducing both elemental carbon (EC) and OC emissions (>90%). These findings demonstrate the potential for applying DOCs to older engines where PM is dominated by the OC fraction. In most modern engine applications, where the PM consists of mainly EC, the DOC will be largely ineffective. Alternatively, passive and active DPFs are expected to be efficient for most engine technologies. Measurements of particle size distributions provided evidence of the high temperature formation of sulfate nanoparticles across the control technologies despite the use of ultralow sulfur...
Depression in patients with coronary artery disease

Depression is more prevalent in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) than in the general elderly population. Although CAD patients with depression have higher mortality rates, depression is often not recognized and treated in these patients. We administered structured psychiatric diagnostic interviews to 99 inpatients with CAD and diagnosed 23% with a major depressive episode (MDE) by DSM-IV criteria. Severity of medical illness and family history of psychopathology were indicators for increased risk for MDE. These findings may facilitate the recognition of CAD patients at greater risk for MDE.
Infrared and Raman spectra of Si(CCH)4 and Ge(CCH)4, and the infrared spectrum of Sn(CCH)4

Abstract Infrared spectra of Si(CCH) 4 , Ge(CCH) 4 , and Sn(CCH) 4 have been measured from 33 to 4000 cm −1 for the vapor and for solutions in several solvents. Raman spectra with polarizations were obtained for solutions of the first two compounds only. T d symmetry was assumed and was completely satisfactory. Most of the spectroscopically-active fundamentals of the silicon and germanium compounds could be assigned with little difficulty.
Tumor Embolism Presenting as Rapidly-forming Cavitary Lesion

Cavitary lung lesions are most often associated with infectious processes, but cavities can develop rapidly in the setting of pulmonary infarction due to venous thromboemboli or malignant necrosis most comonly due to squamous cell carcinoma. Venous tumor embolism occurs when tumor cells invade the vasculature and then disseminate. Initial symptoms of tumor emboli to the lungs are typically similar to those of non-malignant pulmonary thromboembolism including dyspnea, hypoxemia, and normal or minimally abnormal chest radiography, but may also include progressive pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. Definitive diagnosis can be made via lung tissue biopsy or demonstration of malignant cells from blood samples aspirated from the distal port of a wedged pulmonary artery catheter. We report the case of a patient who developed rapidly-developing, large lung cavities due to diffuse tumor emboli. A 64 year-old man with a history of lung adenocarcinoma previously treated with lobectomy and chemotherapy was admitted with respitatory distress. He was tachycardic and hypoxic on presentation. Imaging studies revealed a small pulmonary embolus within the pulmonary artery supplying the left upper lobe as well as two large right-sided pulmonary cavities which were not present on outpatient imaging just one week prior. Laboratory studies revealed leukocytosis and abnormal liver enzymes but no definitive evidence of infectious or autoimmune pathology. Despite treatment with systemic anticoagulation and broad-spectrum antibiotics, he developed progressive respiratory failure as well as neurologically-devastating cerebral ischemic events. After discussion with his family, he was transitioned to comfort care and died shortly thereafter. Post-mortem examination revealed widespread occlusion of pulmonary vessels with malignant cells, including the vessels supplying the areas of the lung containing the cavities. Histopathologic staining was consistent with adenocarcinoma. Non-malignant thromboemboli were not found on gross or microscopic examination of his lung vasculature. He also had neoplastic involvement of the vessels in his splanchnic circulation. We believe that widespread tumor emboli caused his pulmonary cavities, respiratory failure, and neurologic deterioration. doi:10.4021/jmc263w
Trajectories of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Adolescent Girls: A Comparison of Parallel Trajectory Approaches

Longitudinal mixture models have become popular in the literature. However, modest attention has been paid to whether these models provide a better fit to the data than growth models. Here, we compared longitudinal mixture models to growth models in the context of changes in depression and anxiety symptoms in a community sample of girls from age 10 to 17. Model comparisons found that the preferred solution was a 5-class parallel process growth mixture model that differed in the course of depression and anxiety symptoms reflecting both ordering of symptoms and qualitative group differences. Comparisons between classes revealed substantive differences on a number of outcomes using this solution. Findings are discussed in the context of clinical assessment and implementation of growth mixture models.