cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Icing effects on aircraft stability and control determined from flight data: Preliminary results

The effects of airframe icing on the stability and control characteristics of the NASA DH-6 Twin Otter icing research aircraft were investigated by flight test. The flight program was developed to obtain the stability and control parameters of the DH-6 in a baseline ('uniced') configuration and an 'artificially iced' configuration for specified thrust conditions. Stability and control parameter identification maneuvers were performed over a wide range of angles of attack for wing flaps retracted (0 deg) and wing flaps partially deflected (10 deg). Engine power was adjusted to hold thrust constant at one of three thrust coefficients (C(sub T) = 0.14, C(sub T) = 0.07, C(subT) = 0.00). This paper presents only the pitching- and yawing-moment results from the flight test program. Stability and control parameters were estimated for the uniced and artificially iced configurations using a modified stepwise regression algorithm. Comparisons of the uniced and iced stability and control parameters are presented for the majority of the flight envelope. The artificial ice reduced the elevator and rudder control effectiveness by 12 percent and 8 percent respectively for the 0 deg flap setting. The longitudinal static stability was also decreased substantially (approximately 10 percent) because of the tail ice. Further discussion is provided to explain some of the effects of ice on the stability and control parameters.
Drugs from the Sea: A Bibliography

In case any of you are expecting a tale of mystery and intrigue on the high seas—complete with ships in hidden coves—I'm afraid I must disappoint you. My Drugs from the Sea story is not so dramatic, although it has its excitement (since the potential is always there for discovering a miracle drug from life in the sea).
Formation of liver microsomal MDA–protein adducts in mice with chronic dietary iron overload

Lipid peroxidation has been proposed to be a major mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of hepatic iron overload. Hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation has been demonstrated in animals with dietary iron overload, and major products of lipid peroxidation with known cytotoxicity, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), may be involved in iron-induced hepatocellular injury by covalent binding to microsomal proteins. This investigation examined whether DBA/2Ibg mice fed a diet enriched with ferrocene-iron for 16 weeks, results in hepatic lipid peroxidation, and if liver microsomes contain proteins adducted by MDA. Chronic iron feeding to mice resulted in a severe hepatic iron overload with hepatic stores of iron 12-fold greater than those measured in control mice and a three-fold increase in hepatic concentrations of MDA, indicating the occurrence of iron-induced lipid peroxidation in vivo. Hepatic collagen content was increased by over three-fold (p<0.05) in iron-fed mice as compared to control animals, suggesting increased fibrogenesis. Using rabbit antiserum specific for MDA–amine protein adducts and immunoprecipitation-western blotting, we documented formation of 10 liver microsomal proteins adducted by MDA in iron overload mice (approximate molecular weights; 214, 140, 129, 121, 103, 83, 62, 60, 48, and 43-kD). Control mice did not exhibit positive immunostaining for these protein adducts. The incubation of synthetic MDA with liver microsomes isolated from untreated mice demonstrated formation of MDA-adducted proteins with molecular weights comparable to those detected following in vivo iron overload. The data from this animal study are the first to demonstrate that lipid-derived aldehydes produced from hepatic iron overload in vivo, covalently bind and hence, chemically modify numerous proteins in microsomes. These data suggest that MDA modified proteins in microsomes may play a role in a sequence of events that lead to cell injury during metal-induced liver damage.
Chemoreception as a factor in food location of Elysia cauze Marcus (Opisthobranchia, Ascoglossa)

When encountering stimulatory substances, the ascoglossan ( = sacoglossan) Elysia cauze Marcus displays a headlifting response, i.e. lifts its head and anterior part of its body and turns it in the direction of the stimulus. This response was used to identify food attractants. Proteins isolated from food algae by precipitation with (NH4)2SO4 had as much stimulatory effect as the filtered algal homogenate. Gel‐separation on Sephadex G‐25 of algal homogenates showed that a small protein or large polypeptide (approximate molecular weight 2000–3500) had almost as much stimulatory effect as the proteins isolated by precipitation. A few low molecular weight substances, i.e. betaine and cysteine, had some stimulatory effect at relatively high concentrations (10‐3‐10‐4 M). Thus, proteins seem to be most important in food location and recognition in E. cauze. Ablation of the rhinophores showed that these structures play a significant role in food location in E. cauze.
Returns to R&D on new drug introductions in the 1980s

Abstract This study finds that the mean IRR for 1980–1984 U.S. new drug introductions is 11.1%, and the mean NPV is 22 million (1990 dollars). The distribution of returns is highly skewed. The results are robust to plausible changes in the baseline assumptions. Our work is also compared with a 1993 study by the OTA. Despite some important differences in assumptions, both studies imply that returns for the average NCE are within one percentage point of the industry's cost of capital. This is much less than what is typically observed in analyses based on accounting data.
Genetics and the pathobiology of ageing.

Genetics offers a powerful approach to the elucidation of mechanisms underlying specific components of the senescent phenotype of our species. Perhaps thousands of gene variations have escaped the force of natural selection and thus play roles in the genesis of different patterns of ageing in man. It is possible that a subset of these genes may be of particular importance in how most people age. While variations at the Werner helicase locus could be one such example, several lines of evidence suggest that mutation at that locus leads to a ‘private’ mechanism of ageing. It will be important, however, to investigate polymorphisms underlying the regulation of expression of this gene in the general population. Polymorphisms (normally occurring variants of a gene, or sequence of DNA), rather than mutations, may also prove to be more relevant to our understanding of the differing susceptibilities of people to common disorders such as late onset Alzheimer's disease. Polymorphic forms of the Apolipoprotein E gene is a good example. It remains to be seen if the pathogenetic framework (beta amyloidosis) derived from studies of the several rare mutations responsible for early onset familial forms of the disease proves relevant to the pathogenesis of the vastly more prevalent sporadic forms of the disorder. In contrast to the satisfying progress on the genetics of the diseases of ageing, research on the genetic basis for unusually robust retention of structure and function in old age has been neglected and requires a higher priority for the future. Such research should include studies of environmental agents and should address mechanisms of ‘sageing’, a stage in the life course characterized by an extensive utilization of behavioural and physiological adaptations to compensate for functional declines. For the genetics of longevity, we have to turn to genetically tractable organisms such as nematodes and fruit flies. Such studies have provided significant support for the oxidative stress theory of ageing. It will be important to learn more about the age–related pathologies and pathophysiologies of these organisms.
Production of Nanostructures of DNA on Surfaces

Nanopatterns of thiolated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) are produced by using an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based lithography technique known as nanografting. Under high shear force, AFM tips disp...
Bitter Perception in Women with and Without a History of Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To determine if women with a history of hyperemesis gravidarum have a higher response to bitter stimuli than parous women without severe nausea. Humans show an innate dislike of bitter taste. This dislike may aid in the avoidance of bitter poisonous substances. Therefore, we were interested in whether heightened bitter taste perception plays a role in the excessive vomiting seen in women who suffer with hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). Bitter perception is heightened in genetic supertasters (measured by response to 6-n-propylthiouracil or PROP) and can be altered in dysgeusia. Dysgeusia may be a phantom sensation or persistent taste in the mouth. We recruited women who had a history of hospitalization for HG and those without severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Two groups of women were formed based on a vomiting score (vomiting frequency and severity over the course of pregnancy); 15 scored in the high vomiting group and 16 in the low vomiting group. Bitter taste response was measured by: 1) bitterness of PROP impregnated paper; 2) bitterness of .001 M quinine hydrochloride (QHCL) applied to areas of taste nerve innervation. Subjects reported the presence of dysgeusia and the history of taste-related pathology. The perceived bitterness of PROP was similar for both groups. In chi square analyses, women with high vomitting reported significantly higher bitter perception in the back of the tongue (p
Auditory specificity in unit recordings from cat's visual cortex.

Abstract A substantial percentage of cells in the primary visual cortex of the cat can be activated by nonvisual stimuli. Twenty-five cells were studied in detail in five cats and their responses to visual and acoustic stimuli tested. While all units could be activated by visual stimuli, seven of these responded to visual and acoustic stimulation. Analysis with frequency-modulated tones showed that these seven units were responsive to specific parameters of the sound stimuli. Twodimensional maps done with a small disc on a contrasting background showed that these units have, in addition, visual receptive fields.
Rubratoxin B hepatotoxicity: An electron microscopic study

Abstract Rubratoxin B, the principal toxin produced by Penicillium rubrum , causes hepatic damage. The present study describes ultrastructural changes in rat livers at intervals of 3, 6, 24, and 72 hr following administration of 0.36 mg/kg rubratoxin B. Three hours after treatment, minimal ultrastructural changes including loss of glycogen and dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) were observed in groups of hepatocytes. These groups of altered cells showed a random, multifocal pattern of distribution throughout the liver by light and electron microscopy. At 6 hr, hepatocytes in the focal areas affected by rubratoxin showed more severe ultrastructural changes. There was increased vesiculation of RER with loss of ribosomes from the membranes and disaggregation of polyribosome complexes. Mitochondria contained inclusions of cytoplasmic material and intramatrix myelin figures. Increased numbers of lipid droplets were observed in some cells. Sinusoids appeared to be slightly congested. At the 24-hr interval, hepatocytes in the affected areas showed progressive degenerative changes. Mitochondria were extremely swollen and showed loss of cristae and increased numbers of myelin figures in their matrix. Accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid was more evident, and autophagic vacuoles were occasionally seen. Nuclear changes in these hepatocytes included clumping and margination of chromatin. Sinusoids at the 24-hr interval were severely congested with blood cells, platelets, and fibrin. Endothelial cells lining the sinusoids were fragmented and, in some areas, completely absent. By 72 hr, most hepatocytes in the focal, involved areas were completely necrotic. Cytoplasmic organelles showed irreversible, degenerative changes and cell membranes were frequently ruptured. Sinusoids showed complete loss of lining endothelium, and the lumens were occluded with blood cells, fibrin, and cellular debris.
Previous PICC placement may be associated with catheter-related infections in hemodialysis patients.

Catheter-related infections (CRIs) are a significant source of morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. The identification of novel, modifiable risk factors for CRIs may lead to improved outcomes in this population. Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) have been hypothesized to compromise vascular access due to vascular damage and venous thrombosis, whereas venous thrombosis has been linked to the development of CRIs. Here we examine the association between PICC placement and CRIs. A retrospective review was performed of all chronic hemodialysis catheter placements and exchanges performed at a large university hospital from September 2003 to September 2008. History of PICC line use was determined by examining hospital radiologic records from December 1993 to September 2008. Catheter-related complications were assessed and correlated with PICC line history. One hundred eighty-five patients with 713 chronic tunneled hemodialysis catheter placements were identified. Thirty-eight of those patients (20.5%) had a history of PICC placement; these patients were more likely to have CRIs (odds ratio = 2.46, 95% confidence interval = 1.71–3.53, p < .001) compared with patients without a history of PICC placement. There was no difference between the two groups in age or number of catheters placed. Previous PICC placement may be associated with catheter-related infections in hemodialysis patients.
Differential effects of GABA and bicuculline on rapidly- and slowly-adapting neurons in primary somatosensory cortex of primates

In cortical area 3b of monkeys, responses of 71 single neurons to controlled indentations of glabrous skin were recorded before and during iontophoretic application of GABA and bicuculline methiodide (BMI), a GABA receptor antagonist. Constant amplitude indentations were applied to selected sites within the receptive fields of neurons representing the glabrous skin on the digits and palm. Profiles of response magnitudes across stimulation sites were used to quantify receptive field dimensions before and during antagonism of GABAergic inhibition. During administration of BMI, the receptive fields of 26 rapidly-adapting neurons were increased by 3–4 times their original size. Response latencies were substantially longer in the region of expansion than in the original receptive field, suggesting that expansion might be mediated by intracortical connections. The expansion of RFs onto adjacent digits after blockade of GABAergic inhibition suggests that somatotopic reorganization following digit amputations may be subserved by existing excitatory connections. The responses of slowly-adapting neurons were separated into two components, a “dynamic” response corresponding to activity elicited by the initial indenting ramp and a “static” response produced by the sustained indentation. Among 8 slowly-adapting neurons tested with BMI, the receptive fields of the dynamic response component increased to an extent that was similar to the change produced in rapidly-adapting neurons. By contrast, the static response component was rarely altered by BMI. Comparison of the responses to administration of GABA revealed that only 12 of 27 slowly-adapting neurons were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, whereas 37 of 44 rapidly-adapting neurons exhibited significant reduction of responses in the presence of GABA. Hypotheses are proposed to explain the differential effect of BMI and GABA on slowly- and rapidly-adapting cortical neurons.
A Miniature Fiber Optic Refractive Index Sensor Built in a MEMS-Based Microchannel

A small, highly sensitive, and electromagnetic interference (EMI)-immune refractive index (RI) sensor based on the Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometer is presented. The sensor’s FP cavity was fabricated by aligning two metal-deposited, single-mode optical fiber endfaces inside a microchannel on a silicon chip. The mirrors on the fiber endfaces were made of thermal-deposited metal films, which provided the high finesse necessary to produce a highly sensitive sensor. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication techniques, specifically photolithography and deep dry etching, were used to precisely control the profile and depth of the microchannel on the silicon chip with an accuracy of 2 μm. The RI change within the FP cavity was determined by demodulating the transmission spectrum phase shift. The sensitivity and finesse of the transmission spectrum were controlled by adjusting the cavity length and the thickness of the deposited metal. Our experimental results showed that the sensor’s sensitivity was 665.90 nm/RIU (RI Unit), and the limit of detection was 6 × 10−6 RIU. Using MEMS fabrication techniques to fabricate these sensors could make high yield mass production a real possibility. Multiple sensors could be integrated on a single small silicon chip to simultaneously measure RI, temperature, and biomolecule targets.
The Role of Antioxidants on Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus

Objective:To evaluate the literature on the role of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus and search sources of promising antioxidants: pharmaceutical, dietary supplements, or investigational compounds.Data Sources:A preliminary literature search of PubMed (1966-June 2010) was performed, using the MeSH database when possible, with the terms antioxidants, oxidative stress, antioxidants and diabetes, insulin resistance, and antioxidants and diabetic neuropathy. Bibliographies of all articles retrieved were also reviewed.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All studies published in English with data describing the role of antioxidants and oxidative stress in humans or animals were included.Data Synthesis:Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and insulin resistance. α-Lipoic acid (ALA) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were shown to be potent antioxidants in several clinical trials, including the SYDNEY trial, SYDNEY 2 trial, and ALADIN III study, in diabetes with albuminuria, and ...
Responses of Synaptic Ribbons in Pineal Photoreceptors Under Normal and Experimental Lighting Conditions

The size of synaptic ribbons (SR) in photoreceptor cells of the goldfish pineal organ was quantified over 24-h light:dark cycles of long (16:8) and short (10:14) photoperiods during summer and winter months, respectively. The amplitude of both rhythms was similar with peak values occurring toward the latter part of the photophase or early dark. When fish were entrained to the long photoperiod and exposed to continual light, SR size continued to increase during the expected dark time. The effect of extending the photoperiod into the expected dark time was diminished when fish were entrained to a short photoperiod and presented with 6 h of darkness at the end of the 24-h period. The size increase in response to environmental lighting is believed to reflect a greater demand for either vesicle attachment sites or neurotransmitter storage sites since vesicles (neurotransmitter) have been hypothesized to accumulate in the synaptic pedicles during inhibition by light. From a comparative standpoint it is noteworthy that synaptic ribbons (vesicle-crowned rods) in mammals react in a similar manner to both normal and experimental lighting conditions.
Studies of Ti alloys for dental castings.

Abstract Casting of Ti has been recently investigated in dentistry. The purpose of this study was to examine the alloying effect on the cast Ti. Metallurgical structures, mechanical properties, and in vitro corrosion resistance were, therefore, studied for cast Ti and for four selected cast Ti alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-15V, Ti-20Cu, and Ti-3Pd. A “Castmatic” dental casting machine was utilized, which involved argon-arc melting and subsequent argon/vacuum-pressurized casting. The photomicrographs revealed quite large grains in the cast structures. XRD analyses on cast Ti metals showed the quasi-equilibrium phases present. The strength of cast Ti could be significantly increased by alloying. Cross-sectional microhardness measurements of cast Ti alloys showed U-type hardness distribution due to the surface mold reaction. All the cast Ti alloys examined showed a strong passivity trend in the corrosion test. The present results suggest that cast Ti alloys have promising features for future dental uses.
Trauma and Substance Abuse Among Child Welfare Involved African American Mothers: A Case Study

Using a multiple embedded case study design, this study highlights the experiences of 26 African American mothers with substance-abuse histories who were trying to regain custody of their children, and 26 professionals who were helping these women accomplish that goal. Thematic analysis revealed that trauma interfered with these women's ability to successfully navigate child protection in two ways: external and internal expressions of trauma. Women who lost custody of their children had more external expressions of trauma and/or all four effects of trauma. Developing trauma-informed services for parents who are child welfare-involved is an important next step.
THE PHARMACOLOGY OF THEBAINE IN THE CHRONIC SPINAL DOG

Abstract The effects of thebaine were studied in nondependent and morphine dependent chronic spinal dogs as well as in chronic spinal dogs receiving thebaine chronically. Thebaine did not produce any morphine-like effects in nondependent dogs nor did it precipitate an abstinence syndrome in morphine-dependent dogs. Large doses of naltrexone precipitated a mild abstinence syndrome in dogs receiving thebaine chronically; however, no with drawal abstinence syndrome was observed after abrupt withdrawal. Thebaine is not a morphine-like drug, nor does it produce appreciable physical dependence in the dog.
Alternate substrates and inhibitors of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase

Abstract Structural analogs of (−)- S -adenosyl- l -methionine (SAM), in which the heterocyclic base was modified, were used to initiate studies to elucidate the active site conformation of the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase, which was partially purified from Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato). These potential substrate analogs were screened for activity both as substrates and/or as inhibitors of ACC synthase. In general, ACC synthase was found to have a rather rigid specificity for the structural features of the natural substrate (SAM) in that only the purine base adenosine and adenosine analogs in which the N 6 nitrogen was modified were substrates.
The religious factor revisited

Four decades have passed since the publication of Gerhard Lenski’s The Religious Factor. While generally regarded as a classic in the sociology of religion, the book has had a curious history, largely because of the interest it generated in differences between Protestants and Catholics. In this paper I provide an alternative reading of The Religious Factor’s impact on sociology of religion that points to its larger theoretical implications. I argue that the book should be understood in relation to continuing debates about the classification of religious traditions, differentiation among socioreligious groups, intergroup relations among religious traditions, and friendship ties within religious communities. Through understanding these contributions, the book's legacy as well as continuities and new opportunities in the study of religion can be appreciated.
A simplified finite element model for ultrasonic cleaning

Simplified models for ultrasonic cleaning are presented which require significantly less computational effort than the transient finite element analysis previously employed for this fluid—structure interaction problem. The analysis is simplified three ways: (1) by solving for the steady state frequency solution; (2) by assuming that the solid is rigid to scattered waves; and (3) by using an infinite boundary condition approximation in the finite element solution. When the wave is incident from the solid, estimating the force on contaminant particles using these techniques requires only one-thousandth the computational effort of a full transient analysis. When the wave is incident from the fluid, treating the solid as completely rigid gives essentially the same results at 0·1 and 1 GHz as treating the solid as rigid to scattered waves only. However, this analysis indicates that the force on the contaminant particle produced by a wave originating in the solid is less than one-seventh the force produced by a wave originating in the fluid.
Submillimeter brightness temperatures of Venus, Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune

Abstract New measurements are used to determine the brightness temperatures of Venus, Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune at 750 μm and of Venus and Jupiter at 450 μm using Mars as the primary calibration standard.
Interaction of halichondrin B and homohalichondrin B with bovine brain tubulin

Halichondrin B is a polyether macrolide of marine origin which binds to tubulin and inhibits microtubule assembly in vitro and in vivo. As is the case with phomopsin A and dolastatin 10, halichondrin B is a non-competitive inhibitor of vinblastine binding to tubulin. Analogous to maytansine, which by contrast is a competitive inhibitor of vinblastine binding, halichondrin B has no effect on colchicine binding, which is greatly stabilized by phomopsin A and dolastatin 10, but not by maytansine. We have previously developed assays which allow sensitive discrimination among the interactions of various ligands with tubulin, and examined the effects of ligands on the reactivity of tubulin sulfhydryl groups and the exposure of hydrophobic areas on the surface of the tubulin molecule. To classify the nature of the interaction between halichondrin B and tubulin, in this study we examined the effects of halichondrin B and its closely related analogue, homohalichondrin B, by these assays. We found that: (1) halichondrin B and homohalichondrin B both inhibited formation of an intra-chain cross-link between two sulfhydryl groups in beta-tubulin, as do phomopsin A, dolastatin 10, maytansine, and vinblastine; (2) halichondrin B resembles maytansine in that it had no effect on alkylation of tubulin sulfhydryl groups by iodoacetamide, unlike phomopsin A, dolastatin 10 and vinblastine, all of which inhibit alkylation; (3) halichondrin B differs from other anti-mitotic drugs in that it enhanced exposure of hydrophobic areas on tubulin; (4) homohalichondrin B, like maytansine and in contrast to phomopsin A, dolastatin 10 and vinblastine, had no effect on exposure of hydrophobic areas; and (5) homohalichondrin B, contrary to maytansine, inhibited alkylation of tubulin sulfhydryl groups in the presence of GTP and MgCl2. In their interactions with the tubulin molecule, halichondrin B and homohalichondrin B appear to have unique conformational effects which differ from those of other drugs and also from the effects of each other as well.
CONTROLLED PRODUCTION OF PROLIFERATING SOMATIC CELL HYBRIDS

The techniques described permit the controlled production of large numbers of proliferating somatic cell hybrids in a relatively short period of time. Sendai virus is used to promote cell hybridization. s-propriolactone is employed as the inactivating agent of Sendai virus since it produces complete loss of viral infectivity while preserving viral fusion capacity. Cells are fused in monolayer, instead of in suspension, since fixing cells in two dimensions permits one to control cell contacts during the fusion event through the expedient of varying multiplicities of the parental cells and the total cell density. Under the conditions described, a several hundred fold increase in the number of hybrid clones obtained is seen as compared to the controls.
Presidential elections and the Federal Reserve's interest rate reaction function

Abstract We examine the political business cycle from the perspective of an interest rate reaction function and then contrast the Federal Reserve's willingness to endure unemployment for the sake of lower inflation with that of the electorate.
Effect of alcohol on canine esophageal mucosa

Abstract The prominence of alcohol abuse in the history of patients with carcinoma of the esophagus suggests some etiologic significance. This study was designed to determine whether alcohol affects the permeability of canine esophageal mucosa. The effects of HCl and HCl plus different concentrations of alcohol on ionic movement across the mucosa of the distally occluded canine esophagus were measured. Significant loss of H + occurred when different concentrations of alcohol were added to HCl. Histological changes in the esophageal mucosa occurred when the combination of HCl and alcohol was left in the esophagus for a period of 4 hr. This observation suggests that alcohol may increase the permeability of the esophagus, perhaps to carcinogens, and may allow the carcinogen to reach the basal, premitotic layer of the esophageal epithelium.
TH‐D‐AUD C‐05: Assessment of Heterogeneity Change in Tumors Over Time Course of Treatment

Purpose:Tumors are known to be heterogeneous but it is unclear whether and how heterogeneity changes throughout therapy. The purpose of this work was to quantitatively assess proliferative heterogeneity over time course of treatment.Method and Materials:Tumor heterogeneity and its temporal development were investigated for patients undergoing either radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Six radiotherapy patients were imaged prior to radiation therapy and 2–3 weeks after the first scan while receiving treatment. Four chemotherapy patients were imaged with FLT‐PET prior to treatment, during Sunitinib malate therapy (week 4) and during withdrawal (week 6). Spatial statistics were used to assess proliferative heterogeneity over tumor volume. Global Moran I statistics with inverse distance weighting were used to estimate the overall degree of spatial autocorrelation in cell proliferation. Proliferation clusters were visualized using local G statistics, which identified local regions of strong autocorrelation. Results: No significant changes in tumor heterogeneity during radiation therapy were seen, with the mean change in Moran I throughout treatment of only −2.5±6.9 %. On the contrary, chemotherapy patients showed changes in tumor heterogeneity over the time course of treatment. Moran I changed by −14.5±3.7 % from pre‐treatment to week 4 and 13.0±8.1 % from week 4 to week 6. The correlation coefficient between chemotherapy response and change in Moran I from pre‐treatment to week 4 was 0.75. On the other hand, no strong correlation between the initial heterogeneity and response to treatment was observed. Conclusion: Results showed that spatial statistics successfully provide a measure of tumor heterogeneity and its changes over the course of treatment. The heterogeneity changes depend upon treatment type and response to treatment.
Assignment of the gene for the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein E (SNRPE) to human chromosome 1q25-q43.

Abstract Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), which are composed of various U RNAs and several proteins, are components of the mRNA splicing apparatus. The snRNP protein E is encoded by a multigene family which consists of a single expressed gene and several processed pseudogenes. We have used somatic cell hybridization, in situ hybridization, and linkage analysis to both physically and genetically map the expressed E protein gene to human chromosome 1q25–43, with the most probable location being band 1q32. In addition to the snRNP E protein gene, two other snRNP components—the U1 RNA true multigene family and a group of class I U1 pseudogenes—are located on human chromosome 1.
Increased macrophage division in the synovial fluid of goats infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus

Macrophages are a major component of the arthritic lesions induced by the lentivirus caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV). Using autoradiography and the appearance of mitotic figures to detect dividing macrophages, we found that 2.1% +/- 0.2% of synovial fluid macrophages from uninfected goats are dividing and that after infection with CAEV the percentage increases three- to sixfold. The enhanced macrophage division was not associated with increased dividing of blood monoblasts. The amount of macrophage division correlated with two measures of arthritis: joint swelling and the number of synovial fluid macrophages. Induction of an immune response in the joints of CAEV-infected goats increased the number of dividing macrophages. The synovial fluid of infected animals was mitogenic for macrophages from infected animals in amounts that correlated with the amount of macrophage division occurring in the joints. Activated lymphocytes produced nondialyzable lymphokines mitogenic for macrophages from CAEV-infected goats but not from uninfected goats. These results suggest that in situ macrophage division contributes to the lesions induced by CAEV and that infection leads to greater responsiveness of macrophages to mitogenic factors produced by lymphocytes.
NSTX-U Digital Coil Protection System Software Detailed Design

The national spherical torus experiment (NSTX) currently uses a collection of analog signal processing solutions for coil protection. Part of the NSTX upgrade (NSTX-U) entails replacing these analog systems with a software solution running on a conventional computing platform. The new digital coil protection system (DCPS) will replace the old systems entirely, while also providing an extensible framework that allows adding new functionality as desired. The development of the DCPS was a multidiscipline engineering effort. The fact that long-trusted yet presently inadequate protection mechanisms were being replaced with a first-of-a-kind system at NSTX-U has led to a carefully crafted, full-featured software design. Real-time concurrent RedHawk Linux provides the deterministic environment in which the software runs, and the software architecture follows a unified modeling language design with industry standard patterns.
Studies on experimental nephrosis produced by isosensitization in rats.

Summary 1. The effects of a histamine liberator, compound 48/80, and an antihistamine, bromdylamine maleate, and methyl prednisolone on the kidney disease produced in rats by iso-immunization were studied. These drugs did not appear to influence the course of the disease. 2. After a series of intraperitoneal injectionsof homologous kidney emulsified in Freund's adjuvants, proteinuria was observed in approximately 50 per cent of all the rats. The incidence of kidney disease was essentially the same in the animals treated with a histamine liberator, an antihistamine, and methyl prednisolone, as in the untreated controls which has received only the kidney emulsified in Freund's adjuvants. 3. The susceptibility of the rats to isosensitizationvaried greatly: proteinuria developed promptly in some animals after 5 to 6 antigen injections, in others it was observed only many weeks after the injections had been discontinued. In some, despite additional antigen injections and a prolonged observation period, proteinuria failed to develop. 4. Once the disease process was establishedby isosensitization, it was irreversible. No remissions were observed. 5. The underlying mechanism of the productionof kidney disease in rats by isosensitization does not appear to depend on the release of histamine.
Dichroic Optical Properties of Extended Nanostructures Fabricated Using Angle-Resolved Nanosphere Lithography

Extended angle-resolved noble metal nanostructures such as nanooverlaps, nanocontacts, nanogaps, and nanochains show diverse optical characteristics. Polarized microextinction spectroscopy demonstrates dichroic contrast varying between 20 and 200 nm upon comparing the optical spectra of the transverse and longitudinal localized surface plasmon resonance modes. This dichroic contrast can be easily controlled by regulating deposition conditions.
Ion-pair formation of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifyl)imide in low dielectric media

A proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) study of the ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifyl)imide, dilute in low dielectric constant solvent media is presented. Equilibrium species are directly observed in the 1H NMR spectrum as two sets of resonance features, thus displaying unusually long lifetimes. In mixed solvent systems the species mole fractions are directly proportional to the bulk dielectric constant of the solution. The two sets of resonance features are assigned to the freely dissolved ions and ion-pair aggregates. The assignment is supported by measured spin lattice relaxation rates, and the observed temperature and concentration dependencies of the equilibrium. The thermodynamic quantities Δ G m , Δ S m , and Δ H m are also evaluated from the temperature-dependent data.
Shaping high-speed Marangoni flow in liquid films by microscale perturbations in surface temperature

The authors show that a variety of controlled flow patterns, including toroidal cells and surface doublets, can be generated in 80–400μm thick liquid films by placing scanning microscopy probes with integrated heaters just above the surface ( 1000μm∕s can be accomplished with surface temperature perturbations <1°C. This technique enables microfluidic manipulation on unpatterned substrates.
Treatment of cancer-related anorexia with olanzapine and megestrol acetate: a randomized trial

Purpose The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of megestrol acetate (MA) and olanzapine (OLN) for the treatment of cancer-related anorexia (CRA).
Systematics of particle-nucleus reactions. I. Parameters

A set of parameters for studying the systematics of nuclear recoil, induced by high-energy protons, is proposed. A simple version ${\mathrm{V}}_{0}$ of the two-velocity model is the basis of this analysis. The velocity of the observed recoil nucleus is assumed to be the vector sum of an initial velocity $v$, which is constant and in the forward direction from the first step of the reaction, and a velocity $V$, which has a distribution of values and is isotropic from the second step. The evaluation of recoil experiments yields values of $v$ and $\frac{p}{{p}_{\mathrm{CN}}}$ (the fractional momentum transfer) for the first step of the reaction; $〈T〉=\frac{1}{2}{M}_{\mathrm{REC}}〈{V}^{2}〉$, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{S}$ and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{F}$ for the second step; and $\frac{{T}_{max}}{〈T〉}$ and ${P}_{max}$ for the overall reaction. The mass of the observed recoil nucleus is ${M}_{\mathrm{REC}}$; ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{S}$ and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{F}$ are the average kinetic energy of the emitted particles in a random-walk process or in two-fragment breakup, respectively; ${T}_{max}$ is the maximum value of $T$ for a given reaction mode, and ${P}_{max}$ is the upper limit to the probability of this reaction mode. The combination of the single-collision model and the ${\mathrm{V}}_{0}$ approximation results in the additional parameter ${E}_{0}^{*}=\frac{p{E}_{\mathrm{CN}}}{{p}_{\mathrm{CN}}}$ for the first step of the reaction, where ${E}_{\mathrm{CN}}$ is the excitation energy plus a small kinetic energy in a compound-nucleus reaction. An analysis based on the collision-tube model, in which one or more nucleons may be emitted in the first step, gives the excitation energy ${E}^{*}$, $\frac{{E}^{*}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}A}$, the mass $\ensuremath{\Delta}m$ of the effective target, and $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}A}{\ensuremath{\Delta}m}$. The value of ${E}^{*}$ includes the kinetic energy of the excited nucleus and the separation energy of the nucleons emitted in the first step. The total number of nucleons emitted in the reaction is $\ensuremath{\Delta}A$.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Proton induced; introduction to recoil systematics.
BRST invariance of the measure in string field theory

Abstract The BRST transformations, given by gauge-fixing Witten's string field theory in the Seigel gauge, are applied to the string measure. It is shown that the simple measure (just the product of differentials of all the fields) is BRST invariant, thus maintaining the invariance of the gauge-fixed action at the quantum level.
Compressions of liquids. III. Temperature and molecular weight dependence of the Hudleston parameters for the n-alkanes

General equations for the temperature dependence of the parameters of the Hudleston equation are given which were deduced from a study of n-alkane compression data. Empirical expressions for the molecular-weight dependence of the constants of these equations are likewise given which are applicable only to n-alkanes. By use of these relations in the Hudleston equation the compressions of the family of liquid n-alkanes over ranges of T, P, and m were calculated on an IBM-650 computer. The over-all standard percentage error (SPE) of the computer calculations for n-alkanes of 7 to 20 carbons up to temperatures not exceeding their normal boiling points was 0.10%. The over-all SPE for n-alkanes of 7 to 40 carbons up to temperatures substantially above their normal boiling points (but not exceeding 300°C.) was 0.21%.
Niche Today, Gone Tomorrow—Progenitors Create Short-Lived Niche for Stem Cell Specification

Establishing tissue-specific adult stem cells during organogenesis is important for maintenance of tissue homeostasis throughout the lifetime of the organism. In a recent study in Science, Mathur et al. (2010) describe how progenitor cells in the Drosophila larval midgut create a temporary niche to maintain stem cell fate during development.
Clothing Invention Improving the Functionality of Women's Skirts, 1846-1920

Historians have increasingly used patents to better understand historical antecedents for modern functional attire. This study examined 1,126 patents from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office “Neth...
ET-27REPLICATION AND SPREAD OF ONCOLYTIC HERPES VIRUS IN GLIOMA STEM CELLS CAN BE ENHANCED BY SPECIFIC INHIBITION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6

High-grade gliomas remain clinically challenging and under current therapies the prognosis is generally dismal. Intratumoral heterogeneity, therapy resistance, and tumor recurrence likely caused by glioma stem cells (GSCs) still represent major challenges, which need to be addresses by novel, multimodal therapies. We attempted to combine rQnestin34.5, an oncolytic herpes simplex virus expressing its ICP34.5 virulence gene under the glioma-specific nestin promoter, with specific inhibition of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). We have previously reported that pan-HDAC inhibition using valproic acid enhances rQnestin34.5's antitumor activity and our data obtained in established glioma cell lines indicate that sole inhibition of HDAC6 can at least in part be accounted for this effect. We now analyzed the influence of the specific HDAC6 inhibitor Tubacin on rQnestin34.5 replication in GSC lines originating from proneural, classic, and mesenchymal glioma subtypes. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that plaque formation and spread were accelerated within the first 48 hours after infection when cells were pre-treated with Tubacin, translating into significantly increased cytotoxicity in the respective time frame. Viral DNA replication was enhanced after combination treatment as increased viral copy numbers per cell were detected by qPCR. Furthermore, HDAC6 inhibition increased mRNA expression levels of immediate early and late genes. Importantly, the positive effect of Tubacin on rQnestin34.5 replication and spread in GSCs was critically dependent on drug pre-treatment regimens and very low infectious titers. We also noted that the benefit of rQnestin34.5 oncolysis from HDAC6 inhibition varied quantitatively between GSCs. While responsiveness was not determined by glioma subtype or HDAC6 expression levels, we are currently investigating whether the choice of the exact viral entry mechanism can be used as a predictive marker. Future studies will also aim at establishing a therapeutic regimen demonstrating the potential benefit of HDAC6 inhibition in addition to herpes simplex oncolysis in a GSC-derived orthotopic glioma model.
Body Esteem: An Exception to Self‐Enhancing Illusions?1

Participants were 192 university students (96 males, 96 females) who completed the Body Esteem scale (Franzoi & Shields, 1984) under instructions to rate their feelings about their own bodies, rate their feelings about a specific or “average” student's body, and rate the importance they and others attached to these feelings. One of the findings is that when individuals perceived themselves as less positive on a particular desirable physical trait, they also rated the trait as less important to possess in the first place. The only exception to this was women's weight concern. It was also found that men generally rated themselves higher on body-esteem subscales than they rated other men, while women did not exhibit such self-serving evaluations of their bodies. One implication from these results is that the same self-enhancement strategies successfully employed by individuals in other areas of self-evaluations were not successful in enhancing one's body esteem, especially women's weight concern.
Operating Nomad during the Atacama Desert Trek

Nomad is a mobile robot designed for extended planetary exploration. In June and July of 1997, Nomad performed its first such mission, traversing more than 220 kilometers in the Atacama Desert of Chile and exploring a landscape analogous to that of the Moon and Mars. Nomad’s journey, the Atacama Desert Trek, was an unprecedented demonstration of long-distance, long-duration robotic operation. Guided by operators thousands of kilometers away but telepresent via immersive imagery and interfaces, Nomad operated continuously for 45 days. Science field experiments evaluated exploration strategies and analysis techniques for future terrestrial and planetary missions.
Fried Chicken or Pop? Redefining Development and Ethnicity in Totonicapan

This article draws on ethnographic research with a K’iche’ community development organisation in the rural department of Totonicapan to examine how neoliberal development policies in post-conflict Guatemala both enabled and problematised grassroots ethnic development strategies. Specifically, this study analyses efforts by the Cooperation for the Rural Development of the West (CDRO) to operationalise Maya culture as a tool for development through the pop (woven mat) methodology. This particular Maya development model was successful in its ability to appeal to both the international development industry and local community development goals. The article also examines, however, how the pop also became an important site of critique of neoliberal state reforms and class inequality within the community.
INCREASED RATES OF DESCEMET’S STRIPPING AUTOMATED ENDOTHELIAL KERATOPLASTY (DSAEK) GRAFT FAILURE AND DISLOCATION IN GLAUCOMATOUS EYES WITH AQUEOUS SHUNTS

Purpose: To investigate the rates of Descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) graft dislocation and failure in glaucomatous eyes, including eyes with history of trabeculectomy and/or aqueous shunts. Methods: A retrospective, case-control study on a total of 424 consecutive eyes undergoing DSAEK at an academic setting compared 96 glaucomatous eyes to a control group of 328 eyes. Pre- and post DSAEK procedure data was aggregated for up to 2 years (mean follow-up, 6.5±6.9 months) including rates of graft dislocation and failure. Results: Out of 96 glaucomatous eyes, 20 had undergone trabeculectomy, 27 had received one or more aqueous shunts, 12 had undergone both procedures and 37 were on medical therapy. Complete DSAEK graft dislocation and failure occurred in 2.7% and 3% of non-glaucomatous patients, respectively. Eyes with history of aqueous shunt surgery experienced graft dislocation and failure rates of 26.0% (OR=4.6, 95% CI 1.513.7, p=0.0067) and 26.0% (OR=10.3, 95% CI 3.8-27.1, p 0.40) had no significant increase in graft dislocation or failure rates. Conclusion: Eyes with medically controlled glaucoma or prior trabeculectomy demonstrated comparable rates of graft dislocation and failure as compared to controls. Aqueous shunt surgery was associated with increased rates of graft dislocation and failure after DSAEK.