cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meal patterns and body weight after nicotine in male rats as a function of chow or high-fat diet

Studies of the effects of nicotine (NIC) on meal patterns in rats often employ chow pellet diets that contain little fat, whereas humans using NIC commonly consume diets relatively rich in fat. The aim of the present study was therefore to compare the impact of NIC administration and NIC cessation on meal pattern in adult male rats offered a standard powdered chow (CHOW: 10.9% fat by calories) diet or a palatable high-fat (HIFAT: 58.3% fat by calories) diet. Computerized meal pattern analyses were conducted for male rats treated for 14 days with injections of either saline or 1.4 mg/kg/day of NIC (as the free base given in 5 equal amounts) during the dark phase and continued for 10 days after NIC cessation. The suppression of daily caloric intake by NIC was larger in HIFAT-NIC rats than in CHOW-NIC rats (p < .01), such that NIC induced a greater suppression of body weight in HIFAT-NIC rats, relative to CHOW-NIC rats (p < 0.02). NIC administration reduced MS in both CHOW and HIFAT rats. CHOW fed rats showed a gradual increase in meal number in response to NIC, whereas HIFAT fed rats showed a significant initial suppression of meal number, which returned to control levels by day 4 of the 14 day NIC treatment period. In addition, NIC increased water intake more in HIFAT fed rats than in CHOW rats. Cessation of NIC resulted in transient increases in daily caloric intake in CHOW and in HIFAT rats. The present study demonstrates that NIC actions on food intake suppression, meal patterns, and weight reduction differ depending on whether the rats are fed low- or high-fat diets.
Information processing in the adaptation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to osmotic stress: an analysis of the phosphorelay system

Cellular signaling is key for organisms to survive immediate stresses from fluctuating environments as well as relaying important information about external stimuli. Effective mechanisms have evolved to ensure appropriate responses for an optimal adaptation process. For them to be functional despite the noise that occurs in biochemical transmission, the cell needs to be able to infer reliably what was sensed in the first place. For example Saccharomyces cerevisiae are able to adjust their response to osmotic shock depending on the severity of the shock and initiate responses that lead to near perfect adaptation of the cell. We investigate the Sln1–Ypd1–Ssk1-phosphorelay as a module in the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway by incorporating a stochastic model. Within this framework, we can imitate the noisy perception of the cell and interpret the phosphorelay as an information transmitting channel in the sense of C.E. Shannon’s “Information Theory”. We refer to the channel capacity as a measure to quantify and investigate the transmission properties of this system, enabling us to draw conclusions on viable parameter sets for modeling the system.
Spectroelectrochemical identification of charge-transfer excited states in transition metal-based polypyridyl complexes

Identification of transient species is a necessary part of delineating the kinetics and mechanisms associated with chemical dynamics; when dealing with photo-induced processes, this can be an exceptionally challenging task due to the fact that spectra associated with excited state(s) sampled over the course of a photochemical event often cannot be uniquely identified nor readily calculated. Using Group 8 complexes of the general form [M(terpy)2]2+ and [M(bpy)3]2+ as a platform (where terpy is 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine and bpy is 2,2′-bipyridine), we demonstrate how spectroelectrochemical measurements can serve as an effective tool for identifying spectroscopic signatures of charge-transfer excited states of transition metal-based chromophores. Formulating the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited state(s) as M3+–L−, the extent to which a linear combination of the spectra of the oxidized and reduced forms of the parent complexes can be used to simulate the characteristic absorptions of MLCT-based transient species is examined. Quantitative agreement is determined to be essentially unachievable due to the fact that certain transitions associated with the optically prepared excited states are either overcompensated for in the spectroelectrochemical data, or simply cannot be replicated through electrochemical means. Despite this limitation, it is shown through several illustrative examples that this approach can still be extremely useful as a qualitative if not semi-quantitative guide for interpreting time-resolved electronic absorption data of charge-transfer compounds, particularly in the ultrafast time domain.
Cognitive development in children with new onset epilepsy

Aim To characterize the prospective trajectory of cognitive development in children with new or recent onset epilepsy from baseline to 5 to 6 years after diagnosis. Method Sixty-nine children (40 males, 29 females; age 8–18y), with new or recent onset epilepsies underwent neuropsychological assessment shortly after diagnosis (Wave 1), 2 years (Wave 2), and 5 to 6 years after diagnosis (Wave 3). Intelligence, academic achievement, language, executive function, and psychomotor speed were evaluated. Sixty-two children (28 males, 34 females; age 8–18) with typical development served as a comparison group at each time point. The cognitive data were examined by syndrome (localization-related epilepsy [LRE]; idiopathic generalized epilepsy [IGE]; comparison group). Mixed effect regression models compared trajectories among groups with respect to time since diagnosis. Results Cognitive abnormalities exhibited by children with epilepsy in arithmetic computation, response inhibition, attention, fine motor dexterity, and psychomotor speed (all p values <0.001), are detectable at or near the time of diagnosis and largely remain stable over the ensuing 5 to 6 years without evidence of progressive worsening or recovery. This course is evident across both LRE and IGE groups, with the LRE group performing better for some outcomes (arithmetic, response inhibition, psychomotor speed) and never worse than the IGE group. Interpretation Cognitive development in children with LRE and IGE is not characterized by progressive deterioration or lack of age-appropriate development; rather, development lags behind that of children with typical development. Cognitive abnormalities, when detected, are present near the time of diagnosis, persist over time, and require early intervention.
Perceptions of Participants Involved in Peer Assisted Learning in a Professional Athletic Training Education Program

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the perceptions, values, and experiences of individuals involved in peer assisted learning (PAL) in the clinical setting of an athletic trainin...
Interplay of magnetism and superconductivity at the nanometer scale: the case of complex oxide heterostructures

It is suggested that magnetism and superconductivity can coexist at the nanometer scale in heterostructures consisting of complex ferromagnetic and superconducting oxides. The geometry discussed is that of a trilayer where the superconductor is a copper oxide and is sandwiched by two layers of ferromagnets consisting of manganese oxides. The superconductor is assumed to be layered and have a d-wave order parameter. It is shown that the ground state of such nanometer scale heterostructures alternates between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic depending on the thickness of the superconductor.
Trimodal nanoelectrode array for precise deep brain stimulation: prospects of a new technology based on carbon nanofiber arrays

Although deep brain stimulation (DBS) has recently been shown to be effective for neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, there are many limitations of the current technology: the large size of current microelectrodes (∼1mm diameter); the lack of monitoring of local brain electrical activity and neurotransmitters (e.g. dopamine in Parkinson’s disease); the open-loop nature of the stimulation (i.e. not guided by brain electrochemical activity). Reducing the size of the monitoring and stimulating electrodes by orders of magnitude (to the size of neural elements) allows remarkable improvements in both monitoring (spatial resolution, temporal resolution, and sensitivity) and stimulation. Carbon nanofiber nanoelectrode technology offers the possibility of trimodal arrays (monitoring electrical activity, monitoring neurotransmitter levels, precise stimulation). DBS can then be guided by changes in brain electrical activity and/or neurotransmitter levels (i.e. closed-loop DBS). Here, we describe the basic manufacture and electrical characteristics of a prototype nanoelectrode array for DBS, as well as preliminary studies with electroconductive polymers necessary to optimize DBS in vivo. An approach such as the nanoelectrode array described here may offer a generic electrical-neural interface for use in various neural prostheses.
Integrative modeling of cardiac arrhythmia: relating gene expression to cell and tissue function

The development and analysis of biophysically and anatomically detailed computational models of physiological systems is beginning to provide an important tool for relating changes in gene expression to changes in biological function at the levels of cell and tissue in both health and disease. The authors illustrate this approach using computational models of the failing heart developed recently within their laboratory.
Between history and melodrama: René Clair's Quatorze Juillet

(2000). Between history and melodrama: Rene Clair's Quatorze Juillet. Quarterly Review of Film and Video: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 117-125.
DNA specificity enhanced by sequential binding of protein monomers.

Transcriptional activation often requires the rapid assembly of complexes between dimeric transcription factors and specific DNA sites. Here we show that members of the basic region leucine zipper and basic region helix–loop–helix zipper transcription factor families follow an assembly pathway in which two protein monomers bind DNA sequentially and form their dimerization interface while bound to DNA. Nonspecific protein or DNA competitors have little effect on the rate of assembly along this pathway, but slow a competing pathway in which preformed dimers bind DNA. The sequential monomer-binding pathway allows the protein to search for and locate a specific DNA site more quickly, resulting in greater specificity prior to equilibrium.
Corruption and Reform in India: Public Services in the Digital Age

Preface and acknowledgments 1. Introduction 2. The politics of reform in the digital age 3. Do reforms affect the quality of services? 4. Timing of reform: policy initiation in the Indian states 5. Scope of reform I: patterns of policy implementation 6. Scope of reform II: coalition governments 7. Scale and management of reform: from 'petty' to 'grand' corruption 8. Technology-enabled administrative reform in cross-national perspective 9. Conclusion.
The Effect of Manipulated Self-Efficacy on Perceived and Sustained Effort

Self-efficacy's role in determining perceived and sustained effort during an isometric handgrip task was assessed using a repeated measures experimental design. Moderately active, predominantly Caucasian, participants (male = 33, female = 39, M = 19.18 years, SD = .74) were recruited from the southeastern United States. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: High-efficacy (HE), low-efficacy (LE), or control. Efficacy expectations were manipulated via false performance feedback. During the task participants provided differentiated ratings of perceived effort at 15-s intervals. Effort tolerance was determined by the length of time the participant could maintain the task. Repeated measures (RM) multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated the HE group found the task less strenuous and more enjoyable than the LE or control group. Furthermore, the HE group demonstrated greater tolerance of the task than either the LE or control group. These findings imply that self-efficacy has a m...
Spatial correlations in kinetic gelation

The authors report here a calculation of the spatial correlation function of the fully polymerised four-functional units in the kinetic gelation model in three dimensions. The results indicate that the fully polymerised four-functional units form small correlated regions in space. This is in sharp contrast to normal percolation where the spatial distribution of fully polymerised units is uniform. The size of these clusters of crosslinks depends on the extent of reaction, the concentration of initiators and the solvent diffusivity. The results suggest a picture of the microscopic structure of a gel as consisting of bundles of chains linked by clusters of crosslinks in agreement with electron microscopic studies of polyacrylamide gels.
Reducing DNA polymerase α in the absence of drosophila ATR leads to p53-dependent apoptosis and developmental defects

The ability to respond to DNA damage and incomplete replication ensures proper duplication and stability of the genome. Two checkpoint kinases, ATM and ATR, are required for DNA damage and replication checkpoint responses. In Drosophila, the ATR ortholog (MEI-41) is essential for preventing entry into mitosis in the presence of DNA damage. In the absence of MEI-41, heterozygosity for the E(mus304) mutation causes rough eyes. We found that E(mus304) is a mutation in DNApol-α180, which encodes the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase α. We did not find any defects resulting from reducing Polα by itself. However, reducing Polα in the absence of MEI-41 resulted in elevated P53-dependent apoptosis, rough eyes, and increased genomic instability. Reducing Polα in mutants that lack downstream components of the DNA damage checkpoint (DmChk1 and DmChk2) results in the same defects. Furthermore, reducing levels of mitotic cyclins rescues both phenotypes. We suggest that reducing Polα slows replication, imposing an essential requirement for the MEI-41-dependent checkpoint for maintenance of genome stability, cell survival, and proper development. This work demonstrates a critical contribution of the checkpoint function of MEI-41 in responding to endogenous damage.
Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation for Pathologists

Abstract Context.—Interest in pathologist-performed ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration is increasing. Educational courses discuss clinical ultrasound and biopsy techniques but not ultrasound physics and instrumentation. Objective.—To review modern ultrasound physics and instrumentation to help pathologists understand the basis of modern ultrasound. Data Sources.—A review of recent literature and textbooks was performed. Conclusions.—Ultrasound physics and instrumentation are the foundations of clinical ultrasound. The key physical principle is the piezoelectric effect. When stimulated by an electric current, certain crystals vibrate and produce ultrasound. A hand-held transducer converts electricity into ultrasound, transmits it into tissue, and listens for reflected ultrasound to return. The returning echoes are converted into electrical signals and used to create a 2-dimensional gray-scale image. Scanning at a high frequency improves axial resolution but has low tissue penetration. Electronic focu...
HBAR as a high frequency high stress generator

In this paper we report on High-Overtone Bulk Acoustic Resonator (HBAR) as high stress generator by measuring f-Q product of various tones and overtones from room temperature to 80 Kelvin. HBARs provide excellent acoustic isolation from anchor losses as the modes are confined within the high finesse acoustic cavity made from single crystal diamond or silicon carbide (SiC) substrates. Their high Q and linearity makes them robust transducers for generating up to 20MPa AC stress with small drive voltages at GHz frequencies which is instrumental in manipulating spin-defect qubits in these materials.
Engineering tubulin: microtubule functionalization approaches for nanoscale device applications

With the emergences of engineered devices at microscale and nanoscale dimensions, there is a growing need for controlled actuation and transport at these length scales. The kinesin–microtubule system provides a highly evolved biological transport system well suited for these tasks. Accordingly, there is an ongoing effort to create hybrid nanodevices that integrate biological components with engineered materials for applications such as biological separations, nanoscale assembly, and sensing. Adopting microtubules for these applications generally requires covalent attachment of biotin, fluorophores, or other biomolecules to tubulin enable surface or cargo attachment, or visualization. This review summarizes different strategies for functionalizing microtubules for application-focused as well as basic biological research. These functionalization strategies must maintain the integrity of microtubule proteins so that they do not depolymerize and can be transported by kinesin motors, while adding utility such as the ability to reversibly bind cargo. The relevant biochemical and electrical properties of microtubules are discussed, as well as strategies for microtubule stabilization and long-term storage. Next, attachment strategies, such as antibodies and DNA hybridization that have proven useful to date, are discussed in the context of ongoing hybrid nanodevice research. The review concludes with a discussion of less explored opportunities, such as harnessing the utility of tubulin posttranslational modifications and the use of recombinant tubulin that may enable future progress in nanodevice development.
Emergency radiology in the United States—a stepchild finding its way

Emergency radiology as an academic discipline and practice activity is clearly recognized as a distinct category within the community of radiologists in the USA. But, its place among the other branches of diagnostic imaging is as an outlier. Emergency radiology is not recognized as a separate course of study in the curriculum of training. It is not a component of the qualifying exam of the American Board of Radiology. It has few fellowships. It has not engendered a specific designation of care personnel for trauma centres. Moreover, its situation with respect to emergency physicians is bound, by neither regulation nor tradition, to be intellectually or physically close. Yet, it is recognized as encompassing an established society of teachers, practitioners and investigators. Its journal is a repository of new knowledge. Thus, it occupies a definitive if still anomalous position in American medicine in general and radiology in particular.
Alveolar epithelial fluid transport and the resolution of clinically severe hydrostatic pulmonary edema

To characterize the rate and regulation of alveolar fluid clearance in the uninjured human lung, pulmonary edema fluid and plasma were sampled within the first 4 h after tracheal intubation in 65 m...
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) pollination in California's Central Valley is limited by native bee nest site location

The delivery of ecosystem services by mobile organisms depends on the distribution of those organisms, which is, in turn, affected by resources at local and landscape scales. Pollinator-dependent crops rely on mobile animals like bees for crop production, and the spatial relationship between floral resources and nest location for these central-place foragers influences the delivery of pollination services. Current models that map pollination coverage in agricultural regions utilize landscape-level estimates of floral availability and nesting incidence inferred from expert opinion, rather than direct assessments. Foraging distance is often derived from proxies of bee body size, rather than direct measurements of foraging that account for behavioral responses to floral resource type and distribution. The lack of direct measurements of nesting incidence and foraging distances may lead to inaccurate mapping of pollination services. We examined the role of local-scale floral resource presence from hedgerow plantings on nest incidence of ground-nesting bees in field margins and within monoculture, conventionally managed sunflower fields in California's Central Valley. We tracked bee movement into fields using fluorescent powder. We then used these data to simulate the distribution of pollination services within a crop field. Contrary to expert opinion, we found that ground-nesting native bees nested both in fields and edges, though nesting rates declined with distance into field. Further, we detected no effect of field-margin floral enhancements on nesting. We found evidence of an exponential decay rate of bee movement into fields, indicating that foraging predominantly occurred in less than 1% of medium-sized bees' predicted typical foraging range. Although we found native bees nesting within agricultural fields, their restricted foraging movements likely centralize pollination near nest sites. Our data thus predict a heterogeneous distribution of pollination services within sunflower fields, with edges receiving higher coverage than field centers. To generate more accurate maps of services, we advocate directly measuring the autecology of ecosystem service providers, which vary by crop system, pollinator species, and region. Improving estimates of the factors affecting pollinator populations can increase the accuracy of pollination service maps and help clarify the influence of farming practices on wild bees occurring in agricultural landscapes.
Dietary Protein Source Impacts Bone, Acid Load and Calcium Excretion in Murine and Human Phenylketonuria

Background: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by a loss of function mutations in phenylalanine (phe) hydroxylase and requires lifelong dietary management with an elemental amino acid (AA) or glycomac...
Hormonal Evaluation of Hyperandrogenism in Women

A19-year-oldwomanpresented toher primary carephysician for evaluationof oligomenorrhea. She has had fewer than 6 menstrual cycles per year since menarche at 13 years of age. Her last menstrual cycle was 9months ago, and at that time, she sought gynecologic evaluation.Hergynecologist consideredthepossibilityofpolycysticovarysyndrome(PCOS) and obtained laboratorymeasurements for thyrotropin, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormonebut questioned the diagnosis of PCOSbecause of a normal luteinizing hormone-to-follicle-stimulating hormone ratio (Table 1). The gynecologist referred the patient to an endocrinologist.
An Efficient, Regioselective Pathway to Cationic and Zwitterionic N-Heterocyclic Cellulose Ionomers

Cationic derivatives of cellulose and other polysaccharides are attractive targets for biomedical applications due to their propensity for electrostatically binding with anionic biomolecules, such as nucleic acids and certain proteins. To date, however, relatively few practical synthetic methods have been described for their preparation. Herein, we report a useful and efficient strategy for cationic cellulose ester salt preparation by the reaction of 6-bromo-6-deoxycellulose acetate with pyridine or 1-methylimidazole. Dimethyl sulfoxide solvent favored this displacement reaction to produce cationic cellulose acetate derivatives, resulting in high degrees of substitution (DS) exclusively at the C-6 position. These cationic cellulose derivatives bearing substantial, permanent positive charge exhibit surprising thermal stability, dissolve readily in water, and bind strongly with a hydrophilic and anionic surface, supporting their potential for a variety of applications such as permeation enhancement, mucoadh...
The LSH/DDM1 Homolog MUS-30 Is Required for Genome Stability, but Not for DNA Methylation in Neurospora crassa

LSH/DDM1 enzymes are required for DNA methylation in higher eukaryotes and have poorly defined roles in genome maintenance in yeast, plants, and animals. The filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa is a tractable system that encodes a single LSH/DDM1 homolog (NCU06306). We report that the Neurospora LSH/DDM1 enzyme is encoded by mutagen sensitive-30 (mus-30), a locus identified in a genetic screen over 25 years ago. We show that MUS-30-deficient cells have normal DNA methylation, but are hypersensitive to DNA damaging agents. MUS-30 is a nuclear protein, consistent with its predicted role as a chromatin remodeling enzyme, and levels of MUS-30 are increased following DNA damage. MUS-30 co-purifies with Neurospora WDR76, a homolog of yeast Changed Mutation Rate-1 and mammalian WD40 repeat domain 76. Deletion of wdr76 rescued DNA damage-hypersensitivity of Δmus-30 strains, demonstrating that the MUS-30-WDR76 interaction is functionally important. DNA damage-sensitivity of Δmus-30 is partially suppressed by deletion of methyl adenine glycosylase-1, a component of the base excision repair machinery (BER); however, the rate of BER is not affected in Δmus-30 strains. We found that MUS-30-deficient cells are not defective for DSB repair, and we observed a negative genetic interaction between Δmus-30 and Δmei-3, the Neurospora RAD51 homolog required for homologous recombination. Together, our findings suggest that MUS-30, an LSH/DDM1 homolog, is required to prevent DNA damage arising from toxic base excision repair intermediates. Overall, our study provides important new information about the functions of the LSH/DDM1 family of enzymes.
The Disablement Process in Patients With Pulmonary Disease

Background and Purpose. The purposes of this study were (1) to describe the disabilities of patients with pulmonary disease and (2) to examine the relationships among impairments, functional limitations, and disability, as described by the disablement process model. Subjects. Subjects were 154 patients with chronic pulmonary disease (64% female, 36% male; mean age=59 years, SD=14, range=24–86). Methods. Information was abstracted from physical therapy records, including measurements of pulmonary impairment, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), and Functional Status Questionnaire (FSQ) scores. Multivariate analyses were used to examine the relationships among measurements of impairment, 6MWD, and FSQ scores. Results. Mean FSQ scores ranged from 52.6 for instrumental activities of daily living to 83.3 for basic activities of daily living, where 100 represents the highest level of ability. Fifty percent of patients were not working because of health problems. Percentage of predicted 1-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), oxyhemoglobin saturation, and the ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity were related to 6MWD but not to FSQ scores. The 6MWD was associated with scales of the FSQ including basic activities of daily living (R2=.24), instrumental activities of daily living (R2=.35), and social activity (R2=.26). Conclusion and Discussion. Patients entering a pulmonary rehabilitation program have clinically important disabilities. The results support the use of the disablement process model and suggest that different and important information is obtained from measurements of impairment, functional limitation, and disability in patients with pulmonary disease.
The Crowdfund Act's Strange Bedfellows: Democracy and Start-Up Company Investing

This article argues that the Crowdfund Act’s democratic intent should be protected and nurtured so that crowdfunding’s democratic characteristics have the opportunity to develop and evolve.
Effects of Intraosseous Tibial vs. Intravenous Vasopressin in a Hypovolemic Cardiac Arrest Model

Author(s): Fulkerson, Justin; Lowe, Robert; Anderson, Tristan; Moore, Heather; Craig, William; Johnson, Don | Abstract: Introduction: This study compared the effects of vasopressin via tibial intraosseous (IO) and intravenous (IV) routes on maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), the time to maximum concentration (Tmax), return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and time to ROSC in a hypovolemic cardiac arrest model.Methods: This study was a randomized prospective, between-subjects experimental design. A computer program randomly assigned 28 Yorkshire swine to one of four groups: IV (n=7), IO tibia (n=7), cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) + defibrillation (n=7), and a control group that received just CPR (n=7). Ventricular fibrillation was induced, and subjects remained in arrest for two minutes. CPR was initiated and 40 units of vasopressin were administered via IO or IV routes. Blood samples were collected at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, and 4 minutes. CPR and defibrillation were initiated for 20 minutes or until ROSC was achieved. We measured vasopressin concentrations using high-performance liquid chromatography.Results: There was no significant difference between the IO and IV groups relative to achieving ROSC (p=1.0) but a significant difference between the IV compared to the CPR+ defibrillation group (p=0.031) and IV compared to the CPR-only group (p=0.001). There was a significant difference between the IO group compared to the CPR+ defibrillation group (p=0.031) and IO compared to the CPR-only group (p=0.001). There was no significant difference between the CPR + defibrillation group and the CPR group (p=0.127). There was no significant difference in Cmax between the IO and IV groups (p=0.079). The mean ± standard deviation of Cmax of the IO group was 58,709 ± 25,463pg/mL compared to the IV group, which was 106,198 ± 62,135pg/mL. There was no significant difference in mean Tmax between the groups (p=0.084). There were no significant differences in odds of ROSC between the tibial IO and IV groups.Conclusion: Prompt access to the vascular system using the IO route can circumvent the interruption in treatment observed with attempting conventional IV access. The IO route is an effective modality for the treatment of hypovolemic cardiac arrest and may be considered first line for rapid vascular access.
Acid phosphatases of rat polymorphonuclear leucocytes.

SummaryThe present study has revealed that 45% of acid phosphatase in rat poly-morphonuclear leucocytes can be recovered from the granular fraction, 21% from the nuclear fraction, and 34% from the supernatant fraction. Acid phosphatase in the granule fraction appeared to have properties distinctly different from those of the enzyme in the nuclear and soluble fractions. The enzyme in the granule fraction was more stable, possessed a lower pH optimum, and was preferentially inhibited by sodium fluoride.
Update : deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism prophylaxis in orthopedic surgery

Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism continue to be controversial areas for prophylaxis in orthopedic surgery. This patient population continues to have the highest incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism when inappropriately or not prophylaxis for this complication. This article reviews the current modalities for prophylaxis with respect to their safety and efficacy. In addition, the new modalities of low molecular weight heparin and arteriovenous impulse system are presented.
Analysis on Signification of Land Ecosystem in Suburb of Yan'an City Based on GIS

The article takes the studied area from Gaopo to Sanshilipu in the urban of Yan'an city as an example,divides the area by the ecological signification,finds out the potential ecological problem,so that provide consults in ecological protection and construction of the suburb.By using the ArcGIS technology,it makes a complex analysis on the multiple factors based on the single-factor analysis.The studied area is divided into three categories including the highly-significant areas,moderately-significant areas and common significant areas.The total area of highly-significant areas is 13.58 km2,accounted for 66.55% of the total studied area.Ecological signification in the Suburb of Yan'an city is very high,the city's construction is limited and couldn't be exploited largely,on the contrary,the studied area should strengthen the ecological protection and construction.
Effectiveness of Balloon Angioplasty in Children With Recurrent Aortic Coarctation Depends on the Type of Aortic Arch Pathology

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of balloon angioplasty (BAP) for recurrent aortic coarctation (ReCoA) in infants comparing simple and complex type of aortic arch pathology (Norwood I procedure). Background ReCoA is a known complication after cardiovascular surgery for coarctation of the aortic arch. Methods and Results In a single center case study, we analyzed 20 infants undergoing BAP for ReCoA comparing simple (n = 10) and complex type of aortic arch pathology (n = 10). At catherization diameter of ReCoA stenosis was 3.2 ± 0.7 mm (mean ± SD) with short localized (11/20) or long hypoplastic stenosis (9/20) before and 4.8 ± 1.2 mm after BAP (P < 0.001). Invasive systolic pressure gradient was reduced from 27.5 ± 16.2 mmHg before to 5.1 ± 6.6 mmHg after BAP (P < 0.001), comparable in simple and complex type of ReCoA. At day 1 after catherization noninvasive systolic arterial blood pressure gradient was reduced from 20.2 ± 23.1 to 6.7 ± 9.9 mmHg (P < 0.001), respectively, calculated continuous wave Doppler echo gradient from 36.3 ± 22 to 16.8 ± 9.6 mmHg (P < 0.01). Complications were aortic arch dissection (1/20), discrete aortic arch aneurysm formation (1/20), pericardial effusion (1/20), and peripheral arterial thrombosis (4/20). At a mid-term follow up of 9.5 months (1–40) after BAP, 3 infants needed early surgical reintervention due to secondary ReCoA, all with long hypoplastic aortic arch segments, but simple type of aortic arch pathology. Conclusions At mid-term follow up, BAP remains an effective catheter intervention for ReCoA for infants with localized ReCoA, but not with long hypoplastic aortic arch segments, even in simple type of aortic arch pathology.
International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

Prior to 1946, international congresses were the only activity conducted by the group of mechanicians. Professor Jan Burgers (Delft) presented a plan at the 1946 Congress in Paris to expand the activities of the group under the umbrella of a Union. A British scientist by the name of Stratton, who was general secretary of the International Council of Scientific Unions, proposed (to Burgers) that the Congress of Applied Mechanics transform itself into a Union so that it would have a more permanent character and could adhere to the International Council. This was described in a letter from Burgers to G. I. Taylor dated January 18, 1946. Taylor responded, “If he (Taylor) sees Karman, he would ask him what he thinks”. H. Villat, head of the French organizational committee for the Paris Congress, wrote to Burgers in June 1946 that several of his colleagues generally approved of the idea.
Update on "What" and "Where" in Spatial Language: A New Division of Labor for Spatial Terms.

In this article, I revisit Landau and Jackendoff's (1993) paper, “What and where in spatial language and spatial cognition,” proposing a friendly amendment and reformulation. The original paper emphasized the distinct geometries that are engaged when objects are represented as members of object kinds (named by count nouns), versus when they are represented as figure and ground in spatial expressions (i.e., play the role of arguments of spatial prepositions). We provided empirical and theoretical arguments for the link between these distinct representations in spatial language and their accompanying nonlinguistic neural representations, emphasizing the “what” and “where” systems of the visual system. In the present paper, I propose a second division of labor between two classes of spatial prepositions in English that appear to be quite distinct. One class includes prepositions such as in and on, whose core meanings engage force-dynamic, functional relationships between objects, with geometry only a marginal player. The second class includes prepositions such as above/below and right/left, whose core meanings engage geometry, with force-dynamic relationships a passing or irrelevant variable. The insight that objects’ force-dynamic relationships matter to spatial terms’ uses is not new; but thinking of these terms as a distinct set within spatial language has theoretical and empirical consequences that are new. I propose three such consequences, rooted in the fact that geometric knowledge is highly constrained and early-emerging in life, while force-dynamic knowledge of objects and their interactions is relatively unconstrained and needs to be learned piecemeal over a lengthy timeline. First, the two classes will engage different learning problems, with different developmental trajectories for both first and second language learners; second, the classes will naturally lead to different degrees of cross-linguistic variation; and third, they may be rooted in different neural representations.
Overview Of Allied Signal's XCUT System

Abstract The expert system, XCUT, utilizes Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology for preparing production process plans, automatically selecting cutting tools, and automatically defining machinability parameters and NC tape requirements. XCUT includes the capability to analyze solid model product representations and recognize feature information required by subsequent automated manufacturing processes. A distributed architecture has been implemented where XCUT, the solid model, and the feature extraction interface all run as separate processes and communicate through inter-process mail boxes for integration. XCUT can successfully plan for 80 percent of the features on moderately complex prismatic machined parts and reduce 2 – 4 hours of manual process effort to 15 – 30 minutes. The automatic recognition and creation of rectangular depression features from the piece part solid model has been addressed. Also, XCUT can now automatically classify 80 percent of the feature solid model bodies as a particular instance type in the XCUT feature taxonomy and determines feature attributes (such as, bottom face, depth, width, length). Areas of future work have been identified that will enable the XCUT system to be used for production. These areas where further development is required are: geometric reasoning, representation of manufacturing features, dimensioning and tolerancing, feature extraction, distributed computing architecture, knowledge gathering, and user interfaces.
New method for measuring inter-core crosstalk in multi-core fibers using near-infrared camera

A new method using a near-infrared camera for measuring inter-core crosstalk in multi-core fibers is presented. We show that an appropriate evaluation of output power enables good estimation of crosstalk in dual-core and 7-core fibers.
Perceived workplace mistreatment: Case of Latina hotel housekeepers.

Background Latina hotel housekeepers' social class, gender, race/ethnicity, nationality, and United States immigration status render them particularly vulnerable to workplace mistreatment. Objective We sought to reveal the array of policy- and interpersonal-related mistreatment experienced by Latina hotel housekeepers in the southeastern United States employed at 75 local hotels which included 4-star, 3-star, 2-star, and 1-star properties. Methods This ethnographic study involved 27 in-depth interviews with Latina hotel housekeepers. Using semi-structured in-depth interview guides, participants were interviewed until collected data reached saturation. Data were coded to explore themes and relationships for the housekeepers' work environments, and thick descriptions of these environments were developed. Results Participants ranged in work experience from 1 to 15 years, with all but one unable to reach full-time status, and were paid between $7.25 and $8.00 per hour. Policy-related phenomena, such as low pay, lack of paid sick leave or overtime, and absence of appropriate cleaning tools or protective equipment were all perceived as forms of mistreatment by Latina hotel housekeepers. Interpersonal mistreatment in the form of supervisor favoritism, unfair work assignments, biased allocation of cleaning supplies, disrespect, and verbal abuse due to ethnicity was also perceived. Conclusions Latina hotel housekeepers endure mistreatment that impacts their psychosocial and physical occupational health. We provide recommendations to minimize workplace mistreatment and improve well-being of Latina hotel housekeepers.
Identification of the fatty acid activation site on human ClC-2

Fatty acids (including lubiprostone and cobiprostone) are human ClC-2 (hClC-2) Cl− channel activators. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this activation were examined. Role of a four-ami...
Synthesis of Methods and Measures for Determining Value of Transportation Research

Transportation agencies and most notably State Departments of Transportation (State DOTs) sponsor various research projects to enhance the state of transportation in a wide range of impact areas, such as safety, environmental sustainability, and congestion reduction. Determining the value of transportation research projects is a critical step towards promoting high value research projects and assuring that research funds are not misappropriated. Although a variety of methods and measures have been proposed to determine the value of transportation research, there has not been a study to synthesize these methods and measures and exemplify their actual applications under various impact areas. The overall objective of this paper is to synthesize existing methods and measures for determining the value of transportation research. Through data gathering and analysis, it is found out that most State DOTs (84%) that responded to the survey have future plans to quantify the value of research projects. However, the lack of knowledge about existing methods and measures is a significant barrier for assessing the benefits of research projects across various benefit areas. The results of content analysis conducted on the documents that represent the state of practice in determining the value of research showed that, regardless of the difference in benefit areas, all the managers of transportation research agencies strive to answer 2 critical questions when it comes to determine the value of research: what method and what measure could be used to determine the value of research? This research determines how these critical questions are answered in the current state of practice. The results were presented to research program managers of transportation agencies for validation. These subject matter experts rated the results highly useful to their current practices. The major contribution of this paper is to identify and exemplify various methods and measures that have been successfully used for determining the value of transportation research in a variety of impact areas.
Thermal conductivity of Ni-coated MWCNT reinforced 70Sn-30Bi alloy

Abstract The high thermal conductivity of thermal interface material (TIM) is essential since the heat dissipation of electronic chips in an integrated circuit is solely achieved through TIM, which forms the bottleneck of the heat conduction. In the current study, the efficiency of utilizing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to increase the thermal conductivity of a typical TIM 70Sn-30Bi alloy has been investigated. Encapsulation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with nickel by electroless deposition was used to prevent aggregation of CNTs and to enhance the interfacial bonding between CNTs and the metal matrix. The nickel encapsulation also allows avoiding the separation of CNTs from the molten metal due to the buoyancy effect. The dispersion of Ni-encapsulated CNTs was assisted by sonication. The thermal conductivity of 3 wt % Ni/MWCNTs reinforced 70Sn-30Bi alloy was found to be more than 170% greater than that of the base alloy.
Two accounting standard setters: one industry

The ability of investors, taxpayers and researchers to compare financial statements issued by hospitals, universities and other governmental agencies is affected by their understanding of current accounting and reporting rules. Publicly owned not-for-profit organizations report different financial results from those that are privately owned. This study looks at the historical events that brought about the accounting and reporting divergences, discusses the recognition and reporting differences, and explores the implications for statement users.
Forces and stresses

In previous chapters, we have discussed the kinematic structure of a flow, but made no reference to the external action that is necessary for establishing the flow or to the physical mechanism that is responsible for sustaining the motion. Consideration of these issues requires an under-standing of the hydrodynamic forces developing in a fluid as a result of the motion. In this chapter, we discuss the physical origin of these forces and introduce constitutive equations relating the stresses developing at the surface of infinitesimal fluid parcels to the parcel deformation. In subsequent chapters, we shall use these constitutive equations to build an integrated theoretical framework that will allow us to compute the structure of a steady flow and the evolution of an unsteady flow from a specified initial state.
Free Calcium in Red Blood Cells of Human Hypertensives is Elevated: How Can This be?

Abnormal regulation of calcium transport has been proposed as one mechanism by which increased levels of intracellular free Ca2+ may occur and could be a factor in essential hypertension (Bohr and Webb, 1984). Since vascular smooth muscle cells from human subjects are not readily available for studies of ion transport, circulating blood cells have frequently been used as a model for such measurements in hypertension (Erne et al., 1984a; Lindner et al., 1987; Postnov et al., 1977). While several abnormal Na+ transport pathways have been described in human red blood cells (RBCs) in hypertension (Postnov et al., 1977; Diez et al., 1987), little is known concerning intracellular free Ca2+ in these cells.
Risk, Outcomes, and Predictors of Clostridium difficile Infection in Lymphoma: A Nationwide Study.

OBJECTIVE The risk of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has not been well studied in patients with lymphoma. We thus sought to determine the risk of CDI in hospitalizations with lymphoma along with its trend, outcomes, and predictors using a large database. METHODS Hospital discharge data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2007 to 2011 were used for the study. Using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes, all adult patients aged 18 years or older having a primary diagnosis of lymphoma were queried for the presence of CDI as any of the secondary diagnoses. The risk of CDI in lymphoma and its yearly trend were assessed. We performed multivariate logistic regression to determine the independent risk factors of CDI in lymphoma. Furthermore, we studied mortality and other adverse outcomes of CDI in patients with lymphoma. RESULTS There were 236,312 discharges (weighted) with the primary diagnosis of lymphoma. CDI was present in 2.13% of patients with lymphoma versus 0.8% in the nonlymphoma group (P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, the significant predictors of CDI in lymphoma were presence of infection (odds ratio [OR] 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.7-3.6), stem cell transplant (OR 2.7, 95% CI 2.3-3.4), graft-versus-host disease (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.4-2.8), race (Asian vs white, OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.4), chemotherapy (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.4-1.8), gastrointestinal surgery (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2-1.7), and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) (CCI of 2 vs 0-1: OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.4; CCI of 3 vs 0-1: OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.03-1.6). CDI in lymphoma was associated with worse hospital outcomes such as increased mortality (17% vs 8%), increased length of stay (23.6 vs 9.9 days), mean total hospital charges ($197,015 vs $79,392), rate of intubation (13% vs 4% vs 13%), and rate of total parenteral nutrition (11% vs 3%). CONCLUSIONS Hospitalization with lymphoma was associated with an increased risk of CDI. The significant predictors for CDI in lymphoma were infection, stem cell transplant, graft-versus-host disease, race, chemotherapy, gastrointestinal surgery, and Charlson Comorbidity Index. CDI in lymphoma was associated with increased mortality and other adverse outcomes warranting a need of more vigilance for CDI in patients with lymphoma.