cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of canine gastric acid secretion by an H-1 receptor antagonist to histamine.

Histamine H-2 receptors are thought to mediate gastric acid secretory responses, where-as H-1 receptors supposedly regulate mucosal vascular responses to histamine. In an in vivo chambered canine stomach flap preparation, the H-1 receptor antagonist, tripelennamine, injected intraarterially (22.1 μmol/kg) into the stomach flap reduced histamine-stimulated (1.25 μ/kg/min intravenously) acid secretion by approximately two thirds with a secondary reduction in gastric mucosal blood flow. This antisecretory action does not appear to be due to nonspecific mucosal damage. The H-2 receptor antagonist, metiamide, injected intraarterially (2.5 μmol/kg) also inhibited gastric acid secretion by about two thirds as did intravenously injected metiamide (4.5 μmol/kg), whereas intravenously administered tripelennamine (40.8 μmol/kg) was ineffective as an acid secretory inhibitor. Intraarterial tripelennamine reduced the secretory actions of the H-2 agonist, 4-methyl-histamine (2.2 μg/kg/min intravenously), while intravenous metiamide depressed the gastric mucosal dilator responses to the H-1 agonist, 2-methylhistamine (5 μg/kg/min intravenously). Both histamine-receptor antagonists also reversed the systemic circulatory depressor effects of histamine and its analogs. These results suggest the need for reevaluation of inferences based upon the assumed specificity of H-2 and H-1 agonists and antagonists.
The Nature of Mass Murder and Autogenic Massacre

Incidents of mass murder have gained considerable media attention, but are not well understood in behavioral sciences. Current definitions are weak, and may include politically or ideological motivated phenomenon. Our current understanding of the phenomenon indicates these incidents are not peculiar to only western cultures, and appear to be increasing. Methods most prominently used include firearms by males who have experienced challenging setbacks in important social, familial and vocational domains. There often appears to be important autogenic components (Mullen Behavioral Sciences and the Law (22)3, 2004), including dysthymic reactions and similar antecedents. There have been observations of possible seasonal variations in mass murders, but research to date is inadequate to establish this relationship. It is recommended behavioral sciences and mental health researchers increase research efforts on understanding mass killings, as the current socioeconomic climate may increase vulnerability to this phenomenon, and the incidents are not well understood despite their notoriety.
Use of a metal ring-marked catheter for geometric calibration in quantitative coronary angiography.

Quantitative coronary angiography depends on accurate measurement of catheter shaft diameter for correction of X-ray magnification errors. We compared the use of coronary catheters with a single metal ring (R), inserted during manufacture, with measurements using the edges of the catheter shaft (S) as a calibration mark. Both ring and shaft were 2.50 mm in diameter. On unmagnified X-ray images, the ring measured 2.49 +/- 0.40 mm, and the shaft measured 2.39 +/- .040 mm in diameter. Quantitative coronary angiography using both ring and shaft for calibration provided the same percent stenosis (R:72 +/- 12; S: 71 +/- 13), but stenosis cross-sectional area was 28% different (R: 1.44 +/- .24; S: 1.84 +/- .34 mm2). Use of the catheter shaft for calibration causes overestimation of actual coronary artery dimensions. To prevent this problem, absolute measurements of coronary artery dimensions should be made with metal ring-marked catheters.
Do Female Stickleback Care About Male Courtship Vigour? Manipulation of Display Tempo Using Video Playback

[Reproductive ♂ and ♀ threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus were presented with a videotaped sequence of a zigzag dancing ♂ played back at normal (T), half (0.5T), one-and-a-half (1.5T), double (2T) and triple (3T) tempo. Playbacks were displayed pairwise (T/0.5T; T/ 1.5T; T/2T; T/3T) on monitors placed at opposite ends of the test tank. Each playback pair was displayed to subjects for 4 min, with display locations switched to opposite ends of the test tank at 2 min to control for position preference. Both ♂ and ♀ subjects responded to playback images much like they do to live ♂♂, ∏demonstrating the potential of video playback for analysing visual communication in stickleback. Male and ♀ subjects contacted 1.5T and 2T images as much as images moving at normal tempo but they contacted 0.5T and 3T images less. Thus, subjects were more attracted to ♂♂ displaying at normal to slightly faster tempo than to ♂♂ displaying outside that range. The stabilizing selection that such effects might impose on animals could contribute to the typical intensity that characterizes much of their display behaviour., Reproductive ♂ and ♀ threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus were presented with a videotaped sequence of a zigzag dancing ♂ played back at normal (T), half (0.5T), one-and-a-half (1.5T), double (2T) and triple (3T) tempo. Playbacks were displayed pairwise (T/0.5T; T/ 1.5T; T/2T; T/3T) on monitors placed at opposite ends of the test tank. Each playback pair was displayed to subjects for 4 min, with display locations switched to opposite ends of the test tank at 2 min to control for position preference. Both ♂ and ♀ subjects responded to playback images much like they do to live ♂♂, ∏demonstrating the potential of video playback for analysing visual communication in stickleback. Male and ♀ subjects contacted 1.5T and 2T images as much as images moving at normal tempo but they contacted 0.5T and 3T images less. Thus, subjects were more attracted to ♂♂ displaying at normal to slightly faster tempo than to ♂♂ displaying outside that range. The stabilizing selection that such effects might impose on animals could contribute to the typical intensity that characterizes much of their display behaviour.]
Relative translucency of six all-ceramic systems. Part II: Core and veneer materials

Abstract Statement of Problem. All-ceramic core materials with various strengthening compositions have a range of translucencies. It is unknown whether translucency differs when all-ceramic materials are fabricated similarly to the clinical restoration with a veneered core material. Purpose. This study compared the translucency of 6 all-ceramic materials veneered and glazed at clinically appropriate thicknesses. Material and Methods. Core specimens (n = 5 per group) of Empress dentin, Empress 2 dentin, In-Ceram Alumina, In-Ceram Spinell, In-Ceram Zirconia, and Procera AllCeram were fabricated as described in Part I of this study and veneered with their corresponding dentin porcelain to a final thickness of 1.47 ± 0.01 mm. These specimens were compared with veneered Vitadur Alpha opaque dentin (as a standard), a clear glass disc (positive control), and a high-noble metal-ceramic alloy (Porc. 52 SF) veneered with Vitadur Omega dentin (negative control). Specimen reflectance was measured with an integrating sphere attached to a spectrophotometer across the visible spectrum (380 to 700 nm); 0-degree illumination and diffuse viewing geometry were used. Measurements were repeated after a glazing cycle. Contrast ratios were calculated from the luminous reflectance (Y) of the specimens with a black (Yb) and a white backing (Yw) to give Yb/Yw with CIE illuminant D65 and a 2-degree observer function (0.0 = transparent, 1.0 = opaque). One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple-comparison test were used to analyze the data ( P Results. Significant differences in contrast ratios were found among the ceramic systems tested when they were veneered ( P P P Conclusion. Within the limitations of this study, a range of translucency was identified in the veneered all-ceramic systems tested. Such variability may affect their ability to match natural teeth. The glazing cycle resulted in decreased opacity for all test materials except the completely opaque In-Ceram Zirconia and metal-ceramic specimens. (J Prosthet Dent 2002;88:10-5.)
Automated detection of cross-frequency coupling in the electrocorticogram for clinical inspection

We developed a toolbox for detecting high-frequency oscillations and evaluating cross-frequency phase-amplitude coupling in electrocorticographic (ECoG) data with optimal parameters. Here we demonstrate use of the toolbox using simulated and realistic ECoG data. The results confirmed its potential usefulness for clinical research or practice. The tools have been released as a Phase-Amplitude Coupling Toolbox (PACT) plug-in for EEGLAB, an open software environment for electrophysiological data analysis (sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab).
Role of the mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex in the cellular response to UV damage.

Mammalian cells exhibit complex cellular responses to DNA damage, including cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis. Defects in any one of these responses can result in carcinogenesis. Absence of the chromatin remodeling complex Swi/Snf is found in many instances of cancer, and we have investigated its role in the UV damage response. The human carcinoma cell line SW13 is deficient in Swi/Snf and is very sensitive to UV radiation. In contrast, SW13 cells with ectopic Brg1 expression regain active Swi/Snf and become significantly more resistant to UV radiation. Sensitivity to UV light correlates well with dramatic UV induced apoptosis in SW13 cells, but not in SW13 cells expressing Brg1. We show that SW13 cells synchronized at the G1/S border progress into S phase after UV irradiation, and this checkpoint deficiency is corrected after Brg1 expression is restored. Interestingly, Brg1 expression in SW13 cells restores expression of two DNA damage responsive genes, Gadd45a and p21. Furthermore, Gadd45a ind...
Role for p27Kip1 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration

Background—Rapamycin is a potent inhibitor of smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration. Rapamycin-mediated inhibition of SMC proliferation is associated with upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1. Previously, we showed that mixed embryonic fibroblasts obtained from p27Kip1(−/−) mice were relatively rapamycin-resistant, suggesting that p27Kip1 plays an integral role in modulating the antiproliferative effects of rapamycin. We hypothesized that the antimigratory effect of rapamycin may also be mediated by p27Kip1. Methods and Results—Rapamycin (1 to 10 nmol/L) inhibited basic fibroblast growth factor–induced migration of wild-type (WT) but not p27Kip1(−/−) SMCs in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05) in a modified Boyden chamber. The effects of rapamycin on aortic SMC explant migration were also studied with WT, p27(+/−), and p27(−/−) mice. Rapamycin 4 mg · kg−1 · d−1 IP for 5 days inhibited SMC migration by 90% in the WT and p27Kip1(+/−) (P<0.05) but not p27Kip1(−/−) animals...
UNDERDIAGNOSIS AND OVERDIAGNOSIS OF ADHD: DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF BEHAVIORAL RATINGS AND UTILITY OF PSYCHOMETRIC TESTING. 109

UNDERDIAGNOSIS AND OVERDIAGNOSIS OF ADHD: DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF BEHAVIORAL RATINGS AND UTILITY OF PSYCHOMETRIC TESTING. 109
The Malliavin calculus, a functional analytic approach

In his groundbreaking articles [S, 91, Malliavin introduced a technique for obtaining elliptic regularity results using function space calculus. In his formulation, the function space calculus on which his theory rests is the martingale calculus coming from the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process on Wiener space (cf. [ 121 for a detailed discussion of Malliavin’s theory from this point of view). Although this formulation has a great deal to recommend it and is particularly pleasing to afficionados of the so-called “Brownian sheet,” most analysts (including those who are reasonably facile with the machinery of probability theory) are unlikely to find the technical difficulties inherent in this approach outweighed by the eventual rewards. Shigekawa [ 111 discovered that there is an alternative formulation of Malliavin’s theory. In Shigekawa’s formulation, no mention need be made of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. Instead, what he relies on is a Sobolev type extension of the Frechet dervative with Wiener measure playing the role played by Lebesgue measure in the finite dimensional context. A third formulation of Malliavin’s theory was recently provided by Bismut [ l]. Bismut’s idea is to exploit the quasi-invariance of Wiener measure as it is manifested in a beautiful relation due to Haussmann [4]. The present article has two aims. In the first place, Section 1, 2, and 3 are devoted to yet another formulation of Malliavin’s calculus. Although the end results are precisely the same as those obtained in [ 121, no reference is made to the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process on which the original theory depended. Instead, the machinery is entirely that of elementary functional analysis and is devoid of any sophisticated martingale calculus. It has been my intent that these three sections should be readily accessible to any analyst who has had some acquintance with Wiener measure.
Dynamic network equilibrium research

This short paper discusses and expands the presentation by Friesz, TL (see IRRD 287450) on dynamic network modelling. It stresses the importance of further research in this field. (TRRL)
Gastric lipolysis in the developing rat. Ontogeny of the lipases active in the stomach

The first step in fat digestion occurs in the stomach, where 10-30% of dietary triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed to partial (di- and mono-) acylglycerols and free fatty acids. Preduodenal fat digestion is an important compensatory mechanism in the newborn because of immature pancreatic (lipase) and hepatic (bile acid synthesis) function. Since hydrolysis of fat in the stomach can be catalyzed by enzymes of lingual (Hamosh, M. (1979) Pediatr. Res. 13, 615-622) and possibly gastric origin, we have studied the developmental pattern and quantitative contribution of these two enzymes to intragastric fat digestion by measuring lipase activity in homogenates of lingual glands and gastric mucosa of rats from birth until 60 days of age. Total lipolytic activity in rat gastric mucosa was only 2-10% of that in the lingual glands throughout the entire period studied. Lingual lipase activity increased steadily from birth until day 50, whereas the activity in the gastric mucosa reached peak levels at 17-20 days and declined sharply after weaning. Throughout the period of study--suckling, weaning, and young adulthood--lingual and gastric lipase had very similar characteristics: pH optimum in the range of 5.0-6.0 and 2.5-5.0-fold higher activity on medium-chain (tri[14C]octanoin) than long-chain (tri[3H]olein) triacylglycerols. In the lingual glands, lipase activity was higher during fasting, probably because of accumulation of enzyme (without depletion during meals), whereas in the gastric mucosa lipase levels were higher after feeding, suggesting adsorption of lingual lipase (which reaches the stomach with the ingested food) onto the gastric mucosa. From birth to weaning, there was rapid and extensive hydrolysis of triacylglycerol in the stomach (decrease from 98 mol% in rat milk to 33.6-48.9 mol% in the stomach contents half an hour after feeding). The intragastric lipolysis remained almost constant from birth until day 20, in spite of a marked increase in food consumption, probably because of the continued rise of lingual lipase levels. The direct relationship between high intragastric lipolysis and high lingual lipase activity suggests that lingual lipase is the major digestive enzyme in the newborn.
LACK OF INHIBITION OF LATERAL BUDS BY THE GROWTH-PROMOTING SUBSTANCE PHENYLACETIC ACID

It is now a well-known fact that indole acetic and indole butyric acids, when applied in lanolin to cut apices of stems suppress the formation of lateral buds, as do the terminal buds themselves. Thimann and Skoog (9) were the first to demonstrate this when they applied an extract from Rhizopus suinus to decapitated Vicia faba seedlings and found that the lateral buds were inhibited. It was later found that the active substance was indole acetic acid. Since that time other investigators have demonstrated the same thing for other plants (2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9,10). In some laboratory experiments with Helianthus annuus the writer applied indole acetic acid and phenylacetic acids in lanolin to the cut surfaces of stems. After some time it was noticed that some of the treated plants had produced lateral buds while others had not and when a check was made it was found that the treated plants that produced shoots were the ones that had been treated with phenylacetic acid. This interesting observation led to a more detailed and carefully controlled experiment. Helianthus annuus was used again because under normal treatment it never produces any lateral buds or branches. Four lots of 16 plants each were carefully selected, besides some control plants not decapitated. These plants were between 60 and 70 centimeters tall; no flower buds had as yet been formed. Ten to 15 cm. of the top were cut off from each one of these 64 plants. The cut was always about one centimeter above a node. One per cent, indole acetic, indole butyric, and phenylacetic acids mixed separately in lanolin, as well as lanolin alone, were used. Sixteen plants were treated with each chemical on March 20, 1939. A considerable amount of material was smeared on the freshly cut surface, but it was not repeated during the time of the experiment. On April 10 representative plants from each group were photographed (fig. 1). At that time the plants treated with the auxin showed the typical gall formation, but no buds or lateral shoots had been formed on any of the plants treated with indole acetic and butyric acids. The plants treated with phenylacetic acid had on the other hand formed as many and nearly as large buds as the plants treated with plain lanolin. A month later (May 13) representative plants from each lot were again photographed (fig. 2). As the photograph shows, all of the plants except those not decapitated had by now produced some buds or branches. It is to be remembered that during a period of 54 days no new auxin application had been made. By
The re-entrant superconducting-normal phase boundary of the Kondo system (La, Ce)Al2☆

Abstract The re-entrant superconducting-normal phase boundary of the ( La , Ce)Al2 system is reported. The pair breaking parameter deduced from the data increases with decreasing temperature as (-ln T) between 0.1 and 3.30°K. This behaviour suggests that the Kondo temperature TK ⪅ 0.1°K. No evidence was found for a third transition temperature down to 6 m°K.
Novel heme-binding component in the serum of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

The serum of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) was examined for heme- and hemoglobin-binding proteins. Electrophoretic mobility retardation assays failed to detect a hemoglobin-binding material similar to mammalian haptoglobin; however, a heme-binding component (not previously described) was identified in catfish seru. The heme-binding component was purified by gel filtration chromatography; electrophoretic analyses suggested it to be composed of two polypeptide subunits of molecular masses about 115 and 98 kDa. This composition is inconsistent with hemopexin, the known heme-binding serum protein of mammals. Although it was not fully saturated with heme, the catfish component contained detectable heme in normal sera. When complexed by the binding material, heme was used as an iron source by isolates of the bacterial Gram-negative genusAeromonas; the capacity of other bacteria to use the complex was not tested. The physiological function of the catfish heme-binding serum protein is presently not clear.
Development of converter for low power battery charging with backup

In this paper single stage AC-DC converter is designed and developed for battery charging. Desired features for battery charger are low cost, fast charging, high power factor, high efficiency, minimum ripple and high reliability. These are achieved using proposed circuit. This work presents novel approach of a battery charger, which offers battery galvanic isolation and Power Factor Correction (PFC) in a simple structure. This converter used as a part of a Distributed Power Supply System (DPS), also overcomes the need of galvanic isolation in each dc/dc converters. Simulation of proposed converter is done and results obtained are satisfactory.
Using tabu best-response search to find pure strategy nash equilibria in normal form games

We present a new method for computing pure strategy Nash equilibria for a class of n-person games where it is computationally expensive to compute the payoffs of the players as a result of the joint actions. Previous algorithms to compute Nash equilibria are based on mathematical programming and analytical derivation, and require a complete payoff matrix as input. However, determining a payoff matrix can itself be computationally intensive, as is the case with combinatorial auctions. This paper proposes an approach, based on best-response dynamics and tabu search, that avoids the requirement that we have a complete payoff matrix upfront, and instead computes the payoffs only as they become relevant to the search. The tabu features help break best-response cycles, and allow the algorithm to find pure strategy Nash equilibria in multiplayer games where best-response would typically fail. We test the algorithm on several classes of standard and random games, and present empirical results that show the algorithm performs well and gives the designer control over the tradeoffs between search time and completeness.
Mechanism of Acceleration of Functional Reentry in the Ventricle Effects of ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel Opener

Background—The effect of effective refractory period (ERP) shortening on the vulnerability and characteristics of induced functional reentry in the ventricle remain poorly defined. We hypothesized that ERP shortening increases ventricular vulnerability to reentry and accelerates its rate, as is the case in the atrium. Methods and Results—The epicardial surfaces of 19 isolated and superfused canine right ventricular slices (4×4 cm and <2 mm thick) were mapped with 480 bipolar electrodes 1.6 mm apart. Vulnerability was tested during pacing at a cycle length (CL) of 600 ms and with a single premature stimulus of 5-ms duration at increasing current strength of 1 to 100 mA. Cromakalim (10 μmol/L), an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener, caused a significant (P<0.001) shortening of the ERP but had no effect on conduction velocity. Cromakalim increased (P<0.01) the vulnerability (product of current and the stimulus coupling interval) for reentry induction. Reentry had a significantly shorter CL and lasted for...
Post-column photochemical reaction detection in liquid chromatography based on photosensitized generation of singlet molecular oxygen: Study of reaction parameters and application to the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls

The parameters effecting the sensitivity and selectivity of a photochemical reaction detection scheme based on the reaction of 3-substituted pyrroles with singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) in HPLC are reported. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were chosen as model compounds for the detection scheme. Following separation by reverse-phase chromatography, PCBs are excited by a Hg pen-ray lamp in a crocheted PTFE photochemical reactor. PCBs that are efficient1O2-sensitizers promote ground state O2 (3Σ-3) to an excited state (1Σg+ or1Δg) which rapidly oxidizes 3-substituted pyrroles which are added to the mobile phase. Detection is based on the loss of pyrrole. The reaction is catalytic in nature since one analyte molecule may absorb light many times, producing large amounts of1O2. Detection limits for 4,4′-dichlorobiphenyl and Aroclors 1242, 1248 and 1254 were improved by 1–2 orders of magnitude over optimized UV-absorbance detection. Configuration of the photochemical reactor and judicious choice of the wavelength used to follow the loss of pyrrole were determined to be the most important factors in terms of sensitivity of the detection scheme. Comparison of three reagents (i.e. 3-substituted-pyrroles) used for trapping1O2 demonstrates the effect of substitution on sensitivity and to some extent selectivity of PCB determination.
The effects of aging on diurnal water intake and melatonin binding in the suprachiasmatic nucleus

In vitro autoradiography was used to quantify [125I]melatonin binding in young rats and in aged rats that were screened for diurnal drinking prior to neurobiological study. Among the aged subjects studied, some rats exhibited a blunted diurnal rhythm in that a decreased percentage of water was consumed during the dark phase. Other aged animals maintained a strong nocturnal pattern of water intake similar to young rats. The density of [125I]melatonin binding in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus was significantly correlated with diurnal drinking, i.e. lower binding was associated with a more blunted rhythm. Thus, [125I]melatonin binding in the SCN may provide a marker for age-related decline in some aspects of biological functions.
Functionally distinct human T cell clones that produce lymphokines with IL-2-like activity

Various functionally distinct human T cell clones derived from in vitro mixed leukocyte cultures are found to secrete lymphokines with detectable Interleukin-2 (IL-2)-like activity upon antigenic stimulation. These lymphokine producing clones are not only dependent on exogenous growth factors provided in the form of crude phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced spleen conditioned medium for growth but can themselves be driven to proliferate by their own lymphokines. The induction of lymphokine production appears to be antigen-specific and the lymphokines secreted are believed to contain nonantigen and nonspecies specific IL-2-like activity. We show here that IL-2-like lymphokines are produced by a subset of T lymphocyte clones, i.e., the help-independent cytotoxic T cells clones that have the capacity to proliferate to, as well as to lyse, the original sensitizing cells. In addition, other T cell clones capable of producing active lymphocytes include those clones that have the T helper cell characteristics, i.e., can undergo antigen-induced proliferation but are not cytotoxic; in the presence of lectin (PHA), however, some helper T cells (Th) but not others, can express lectin-dependent cell-mediated lysis. Finally, yet another subset of T lymphocytes, the help-dependent cytotoxic T cell clones that cannot proliferate to antigenic stimulation, was found to produce no detectable IL-2-like activity.
Fueling up skeletal muscle to reduce obesity: A TrkB story.

Targeting TrkB signaling could represent a good therapeutic strategy to prevent obesity. In this issue of Chemistry & Biology , Chan et al. report the efficacy of 7,8-DHT, a TrkB agonist, in preventing obesity in female mice. The underlying molecular mechanisms behind this activity seem to involve increased energy expenditure in skeletal muscle.
A Species of Tetrahymena Parasitic in the Renal Organ of the Slug Deroceras reticulatum

SUMMARY. A ciliate found in the renal organ of the gray garden slug, Deroceras reticulatum, is referred to Tetrahymena (Paraglaucoma) rostrata (Kahl). In the parasitic phase, the ciliate is evidently not histiophagic. It is readily cultivated in bacterized tissue infusions, and has been established in axenic culture in yeast extract. The number of complete primary ciliary meridians in ciliates of the parasitic phase has been observed to range from 41 to 58; in ciliates from cultures, the number of meridians has been observed to range from 28 to 37. In culture, the form of T. rostrata from D. reticulatum appears to be morphologically identical with a strain (NZ-4) recovered from soil in New Zealand.
Regulated Chromosomal DNA Replication in the Absence of a Nucleus

Using Xenopus egg extracts, we have developed a completely soluble system for eukaryotic chromosomal DNA replication. In the absence of a nuclear envelope, a single, complete round of ORC-dependent DNA replication is catalyzed by cytosolic and nuclear extracts added sequentially to demembranated sperm chromatin or prokaryotic plasmid DNA. The absence of rereplication is explained by an activity present in the nucleus that prevents the binding of MCM to chromatin. Our results indicate that the role of the nuclear envelope in DNA replication is to concentrate activators and inhibitors of replication inside the nucleus. In addition, they provide direct evidence that metazoans use the same strategy as yeast to activate DNA replication and to restrict it to a single round per cell cycle.
A Multilevel Perspective on the Climate of Bullying: Discrepancies Among Students, School Staff, and Parents

Although many bullying prevention programs aim to involve multiple partners, few studies have examined perceptual differences regarding peer victimization and the broader bullying climate among students, staff, and parents. The present study utilized multilevel data from 11,674 students, 960 parents, and 1,027 staff at 44 schools to examine the association between school-level indicators of disorder, norms regarding bullying and bullies, and students, parents, and staff perceptions of safety, belonging, and witnessing bullying. Results revealed several important discrepancies between adults and youth with regard to their perceptions. Moreover, results highlight the significance of normative beliefs about bullies, retaliation, and the influence of school contextual factors on students' risk for exposure to bullying.
Explicit perturbation formulas and convergence theorems

Explicit formulas for the eigenvalue and eigenvector series covering all possible splitting cases are presented. These formulas avoid the restrictions placed on the Banach or Hilbert space linear operator. By the use of majorants, convergence of these series is proved and error estimates under suitable boundedness assumptions are given for a few special splitting cases. These arguments appear to carry over to any given splitting case. An example of a nonisolated space linear operator is given for which the boundedness and other assumptions hold. (C.E.S.)
NMR studies on the mechanism of polymerization of cyclic olefins by a molybdenum catalyst

Abstract The catalyst Mo(CO) 5 py/C 2 H 5 AlCl 2 /(C 4 H 9 ) 4 NCl was investigated in reactions of the cyclic olefins cyclopentene, exo - and endo -dicyclopentadiene, exo , exo -norbornadiene dimer and indene. For these olefins, the polymers obtained were mostly of the ring-opened type, but also exhibited ring retention to some extent, depending on the reaction temperature. Investigation of the polymerization of norbornene as promoted by both the Mo catalyst and Re(CO) 5 Cl/C 2 H 5 AlCl 2 systems showed that, depending on the temperature of the reaction, both ring-retained and ring-opened units are present in the same chain. Evidence for the mechanism of propagation of polymerization, which was deduced to be a combination of insertion and olefin metathesis occurring on the same catalyst molecule, comes from NMR spectroscopy on 2,3-dideuterionorbornene, where 13 C{ 2 H} DEPT and INEPT spectra show migration of a deuterium atom from the 2-position of 2,3-dideuterionorbornene to a methylene group.
Predicting Amounts of Radiolytically Produced Species in Brine Solutions

The corrosion of iron overpack materials for nuclear waste forms in salt is highly dependent upon the species produced by the radiolysis of brines which may contact the metal. A computer code has been developed to predict the concentrations of the radiolytically produced species as a function of time using published values for radiation yields of species, chemical reaction rate constants, and parameters derived from experimental evidence.
Model-based Tracking for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

We consider the problem of tracking of a mobile target node in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) set-up. We propose a lightweight probabilisticmodel-based tracking protocol (PMBT) that achieves a short catching path with a high success rate. PMBT is a probabilistic online tracking algorithm that computes information utilities at each step, and then chooses the next step toward the target based on the maximum expected utility. Our algorithm avoids the need to maintain a tracking data structure (such as a hierarchical directory look-up structure) and the need to send periodic update messages about the target’s location. Simulation results show, by taking a hybrid approach that integrates a gradient model and a Markov model, our algorithm significantly outperforms both gradient-based and Markov approaches alone.
Nomenclature of Renal Disease

Excerpt To the editor: Neil Steinmetz's letter in the March issue of the ANNALSconcerning confusion in the use of terms to describe the locus and distribution of glomerular lesions and the replies ...
Pattern formation by small RNA signals

Plant stem cells not only serve as a persistent source of cells from which lateral organs arise, they also produce signals important for the patterning of lateral organs. Our work focuses on small regulatory RNAs as potential signals. Leaves of higher plants exhibit a varying degree of asymmetry along their dorsoventral axis. This asymmetry is specified via the polarized expression of class III homeodomain-leucine zipper (hd-zipIII) genes, which specify dorsal cell fate. Through detailed in situ hybridization analyses we were able to show that this polarized hd-zipIII expression is set up by the graded expression pattern of a 21-nucleotide microRNA, miR166. More recently, we have shown that this miR166 gradient is generated through the opposing activity of a different small regulatory RNA, the transacting siRNA tasiR-ARF. A further twist to the story is added by the observation that tasiR-ARF in turn is regulated by a third small RNA, miR390. Our observations identify a novel mechanism of pattern formation in which cell fates along a developmental axis are specified through the opposing activities of distinct small RNAs. miR390 and tasiR-ARF define the dorsal side of the leaf by restricting the expression domain of miR166, which in turn delineates the ventral side by restricting expression of the HD-ZIPIII transcription factors. Importantly, comparison of the expression patterns of small RNA precursor transcripts to those of the mature small RNAs provides evidence that small regulatory RNAs may traffic between cells, which offers the intriguing possibility that small RNAs may function as mobile signals in development.
Frequency-multiplexed combinatory mass sensing with single data line from multiple integrated film bulk acoustic resonators

This paper presents a novel array of four film bulk acoustic resonators (FBAR) having four distinct fundamental resonant frequencies that offers parallel and/or combinatory mass sensing of multiple chembio species, such as various proteins. To achieve the multiple resonant frequencies, we connect multiple FBARs (having slightly different resonant frequencies, thus each representing a unique sensor) in parallel, and form one FBAR (out of the multiple) on a chip. This way, when we measure the frequency shifts of the arrayed FBAR through a network analyzer, we have multiple resonant frequencies, each of which will change as a function of added mass (of chembio species), independent of the others.
Task-specific design of skeletal muscle: balancing muscle structural composition

Skeletal muscle fibers are composed of three structural elements, each contributing a unique aspect of muscle function, yet each ‘competing’ in a sense for space inside the cell. The volume occupied by myofibrils determines the force of contraction, the volume of sarcoplasmic reticulum sets the rate of onset and relaxation of a fiber’s contraction and hence contraction frequency, and the volume of mitochondria sets the level of sustained performance. The entirety of functional outcomes in muscle, from sustained isometric to high frequency contractions, and from high power output to high endurance, are all primarily attributable to shifts in the proportions (and relationships) of those three structures. This paper examines and reviews these components of muscle first to identify and summarize structure‐function ‘rules’, and second to examine the balance between sometimes competing demands. In particular, we focus on those muscles in which power, endurance and frequency are all simultaneously high (flight muscles), and examine how muscle has ‘solved’ problems of space and energy demand. From these results and observations it would appear that for flight to have evolved in small animals, the double packing of inner mitochondrial membranes may be expected in animals under 50‐80 g in mass, and asynchronous muscle is structurally essential for flight in small insects with wing beat frequencies above about 100 Hz. © 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Investigation of an FCG and Pulse Transformer Based Power Conditioning System

A cooperative effort was initiated between Texas Tech University and the University of Missouri-Columbia to develop a single-shot power conditioning system to drive an RF load. The purpose of the system is to convert prime power to an output capable of driving a load with an impedance ranging from 15 to 30 Ohms. A Helical Flux Compression Generator (HFCG) was chosen as the electrical energy amplification stage due to its portability and high energy density. Certain topologies of HFCGs are better suited to drive low impedance loads (i.e. short circuits or similar), however, cascaded HFCG systems are capable of driving higher impedance loads, thereby reducing the requirements from subsequent pulse forming stages to match the HFCG output to the load impedance. Therefore, a dual-stage HFCG was chosen to drive a pulse transformer and series fuse in order to produce voltages on the order of 150 kV to 300 kV across the secondary of the pulse transformer. The fuse has been designed to open in 280 ns or less when a peak current of 25 kA-40 kA is reached. The output voltage will be used to drive an RF load or to charge a mesoband oscillator. Both topologies for power conditioning are being considered and tests to date indicate that both types of geometries can be driven by the HFCG and power conditioning system. The results of the experimental tests as well as the energy transfer efficiency will be discussed.
Long-term exposure to elevated CO2 enhances plant community stability by suppressing dominant plant species in a mixed-grass prairie

Climate controls vegetation distribution across the globe, and some vegetation types are more vulnerable to climate change, whereas others are more resistant. Because resistance and resilience can influence ecosystem stability and determine how communities and ecosystems respond to climate change, we need to evaluate the potential for resistance as we predict future ecosystem function. In a mixed-grass prairie in the northern Great Plains, we used a large field experiment to test the effects of elevated CO2, warming, and summer irrigation on plant community structure and productivity, linking changes in both to stability in plant community composition and biomass production. We show that the independent effects of CO2 and warming on community composition and productivity depend on interannual variation in precipitation and that the effects of elevated CO2 are not limited to water saving because they differ from those of irrigation. We also show that production in this mixed-grass prairie ecosystem is not only relatively resistant to interannual variation in precipitation, but also rendered more stable under elevated CO2 conditions. This increase in production stability is the result of altered community dominance patterns: Community evenness increases as dominant species decrease in biomass under elevated CO2. In many grasslands that serve as rangelands, the economic value of the ecosystem is largely dependent on plant community composition and the relative abundance of key forage species. Thus, our results have implications for how we manage native grasslands in the face of changing climate.
Yield and reliability concerns in polyimide based multi-chip modules

The key technology elements used in the fabrication of a high-performance, low-cost silicon-on-silicon multichip module (MCM) are described. Al/PI multilayer substrates, flip-chip soldering of chips to substrate, and wire bonding of substrate to a ceramic pin grid array (PGA) package were the various interconnection elements used. Some of the yield and reliability issues encountered in the manufacture of the substrates, the flip-chip process, and wire bonding of the Al/PI structures are discussed, and process changes made to solve some of these problems are presented. >
Perturbative QCD correction to the hard-scattering amplitude for the meson form factor

The one-loop QCD correction to the hard-scattering amplitude for the meson form factor is calculated in order to resolve the discrepancies between three previous calculations.
Should addictive disorders include non‐substance‐related conditions?

Aims In anticipation of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), to consider whether addictive disorders should include non-substance use disorders. Methods The author reviewed data and provided perspective to explore whether disorders such as pathological gambling (PG) should be grouped together with substance dependence, given that they share many features. Results PG and substance dependence currently reside in the DSM, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) within separate categories, with PG classified as an impulse control disorder (ICD) and substance dependence as a substance use disorder (SUD). Arguments can be forwarded to support each categorization, as well as to justify their inclusion together as addictions. Conclusion The current state of knowledge suggests that there exist substantial similarities between PG and SUDs. Further research is indicated prior to categorizing PG and other ICDs together with SUDs.
THE PHYLOGENETICS OF ACROCHAETIALES REVISITED: INFERENCES FROM RBCL AND CHLOROPLAST ENCODED 23S RRNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS

Recent molecular evidence from 23S rRNA sequences has shed light on the phylogenetic status of Acrochaetiales and Palmariales, suggesting a paraphyletic Acrochaetiales and a monophyletic Palmariales-Acrochaetiales assemblage characterized by the absence of both the carpogonial filament and associated post-fertilization fusions. It has also brought into question the status of Palmariales. Despite these findings, the familial and generic systematics of Acrochaetiales have remained somewhat obscure, in large part due to inadequate taxon and gene sampling. In the present study we address this problem by performing phylogenetic analyses of rbcL and 23S rRNA sequences from acrochaetioid algae covering a broad range of morphologies. Our results confirm elements from several primarily chloroplast based classification schemes (Papenfuss 1945, 1947; Stegenga 1979, 1985; Lee & Lee 1988) while also providing new phylogenetics insight. Two groups are supported at the most inclusive level. Group I is marine, has parietal chloroplasts, and includes three clades delimited primarily by the presence/absence of pyrenoids, number of chloroplasts, and possibly spore germination pattern. Group II is more heterogeneous and consists of three clades differentiated largely by chloroplast type (stellate/parietal, pyrenoid present/absent) and number, habitat (marine/freshwater) and life history. Systematic criteria drawn from the closely related order Palmariales suggest that we recognize Group I as a new family, Colaconemataceae, and the three taxa in Group II as Acrochaetiaceae, Rhodochortonaceae and Audouinellaceae. Furthermore, each of the three groups in Colaconemataceae could be regarded at the generic level. We also report on the utility of 23S rRNA for red algal systematics.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: their occurrence in honey from tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.).

The hepatotoxic alkaloids known to occur in tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) are also present in honey produced from the nectar of this species. These alkaloids, which inclued senecionine, seneciphylline, jacoline, jaconine, jacobine, and jacozine, are potentially carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic and may pose health hazards to the human consumer.
Metabolic Disorders and Developmental Origins of Health and Disease

The link between an adverse intrauterine environment and the development of diabetes and obesity later in life has been observed in pregnancies complicated by poor intrauterine growth, maternal diabetes, and maternal obesity, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not been defined clearly. In this chapter, we highlight what is currently known about the molecular mechanisms contributing to the development of diabetes and obesity in offspring exposed in utero to intrauterine growth restriction, gestational diabetes, and maternal obesity. This chapter describes the model systems that have been developed to study the effects of a disturbed intrauterine metabolic milieu on the offspring and translational studies on human subjects focusing on epigenetic modifications that alter gene expression.
Receptor- and ligand-based study of fullerene analogues: comprehensive computational approach including quantum-chemical, QSAR and molecular docking simulations

Fullerene and its derivatives have potential antiviral activity due to their specific binding interactions with biological molecules. In this study fullerene derivatives were investigated by the synergic combination of three approaches: quantum-mechanical calculations, protein–ligand docking and quantitative structure–activity relationship methods. The protein–ligand docking studies and improved structure–activity models have been able both to predict binding affinities for the set of fullerene-C60 derivatives and to help in finding mechanisms of fullerene derivative interactions with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 aspartic protease, HIV-1 PR. Protein–ligand docking revealed several important molecular fragments that are responsible for the interaction with HIV-1 PR. In addition, a density functional theory method has been utilized to identify the optimal geometries and predict physico-chemical parameters of the studied compounds. The 5-variable GA-MLRA based model showed the best predictive ability (r2training = 0.882 and r2test = 0.738), with high internal and external correlation coefficients.
Music Educators' Perceived Effectiveness of Inclusion.

The purpose of this research project was to examine whether music teachers’ perceptions of effectiveness of inclusion, curriculum adaptations/modifications, or student achievement had altered from previous research findings 20 years before. A survey based on that used by Gfeller, Darrow, and Hedden was sent to music educators through the United States and returned by 1,194, with all 50 states represented. Results indicate more positive responses as compared with 20 years ago, with participants generally reporting that the students were successfully integrated, their music needs were being met, and they did not hinder the progress of students without disabilities. Additionally, teachers’ responses indicated they were comfortable adapting and/or modifying their regular curriculum to meet the needs of students with special needs and that these students were graded on the same standards of music achievement as the other students in their classes.