cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entry and Release of Measles Virus Are Polarized in Epithelial Cells

Abstract The initial site of virus replication during measles infection is in the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. We have investigated measles virus infection of two types of polarized epithelial cells to determine if entry and/or release of the virus is confined to either the apical or the basolateral plasma membrane. The Caco-2 line of human intestinal epithelial cells and the polarized Vero C1008 monkey kidney cell line were grown on permeable supports and inoculated either through the apical or basolateral surfaces. Cells exposed to virus in the apical medium showed high levels of synthesis of virus-specific proteins, whereas no synthesis of viral proteins was detected in cells inoculated at the basolateral surface. Virus titers derived from apically infected cells were found to be about 1000-fold greater than titers derived from cells infected at the basolateral surface. Indirect immunofluorescence results also demonstrated that expression of measles viral antigens occurs at high levels only when input virions are inoculated at the apical surface. To investigate the localization of CD46 and moesin, which are receptors for measles virus, Caco-2 cells were incubated with monoclonal antibodies against CD46 or moesin followed by 125 I-labeled anti-mouse Ig.The results indicate that CD46 is expressed preferentially on the apical membranes while moesin appears to be present at similar levels on both surfaces. Release of the virus was also examined and found to be polarized as well Virus was released into the apical medium at up to 1000-fold higher titers than virus released into the basolateral medium. These results demonstrate that in two epithelial cell types measles virus preferentially enters and is released from epithelial cells in a polarized fashion through the apical plasma membrane.
Analysis of internet-wide probing using darknets

Recent analysis of traffic reaching the UCSD Network Telescope (a /8 darknet) revealed a sophisticated botnet scanning event that covertly scanned the entire IPv4 space in about 12 days. We only serendipitously discovered this event while studying a completely unrelated behavior (censorship episode in Egypt in February 2011), but we carefully studied the scan, including validating and cross-correlating our observations with other large data set shared by others. We would like to extend these strategies to detect other large-scale malicious events. We suspect the fight against malware will benefit greatly (and perhaps require) collaborative sharing of diverse large-scale security-related data sets. We hope to discuss both the technical and the data-sharing policy aspects of this challenge at the workshop.
The occurrence of translocations in insecticide resistant and susceptible field‐collected strains of the German cockroach

Insecticide resistant and susceptible field-collected strains of the German cockroach were surveyed for the occurrence of chromosome polymorphisms. Analyses were on meiotic cells of males that hatched from oothecae with unusual numbers (>5) of incompletely developed eggs (aberrant oothecae). Three males were reciprocal translocation heterozygotes. A spontaneous translocation was noted in one cell of a fourth male. The males were from insecticide resistant strains. Partially developed eggs in oothecae from outcrosses of two of the translocation herozygotes ceased development in early stages and were characterized by gross morphologic abnormalities. Chromosome abnormalities other than translocations occurred in a low percentage of males from aberrant oothecae in both resistant and susceptible strains. The only general differences between susceptible and resistant strains were that, in pooled data, the frequencies of unhatched oothecae and of aberrant oothecae were higher in the resistant than susceptible strains.
BLACK AND WHITE PERCEPTIONS OF PARTY DIFFERENCES

Despite a comparative disadvantage vis-a-vis whites in resources like education that often are considered to lead to political sophistication, African Americans show signs of being a rather politically sophisticated group of people. Given that better educated people are much more likely than those with less education to see larger differences between Democrats and Republicans, the propensity for blacks to perceive larger differences between the parties, both in general and on specific issues, is striking. This puzzle is explained by the fact that education has a huge impact on seeing partisan differences for whites, but not for blacks. That this understanding of the structure of American politics has so completely penetrated black public opinion is quite remarkable. Strength of partisanship, and to a lesser degree, racial consciousness, appear to be largely responsible for blacks (particularly less educated blacks) perceiving such stark party differences.
Efficacy of Simvastatin Treatment of Valvular Interstitial Cells Varies With the Extracellular Environment

Objective— The lack of therapies that inhibit valvular calcification and the conflicting outcomes of clinical studies regarding the impact of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors on valve disease highlight the need for controlled investigations to characterize the interactions between HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and valve tissue. Thus, we applied multiple in vitro disease stimuli to valvular interstitial cell (VIC) cultures and examined the impact of simvastatin treatment on VIC function. Methods and Results— VICs were cultured on 3 different substrates that supported various levels of nodule formation. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 was also applied as a disease stimulus to VICs on 2-D surfaces or encapsulated in 3-D collagen gels and combined with different temporal applications of simvastatin. Simvastatin inhibited calcific nodule formation in a dose-dependent manner on all materials, although the level of statin efficacy was highly substrate-dependent. Simvastatin treatment significantly altered nodule morphology, resulting in dramatic nodule dissipation over time, also in a substrate-dependent manner. These effects were mimicked in 3-D cultures, wherein simvastatin reversed TGF-β1–induced contraction. Decreases in nodule formation were not achieved via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, but were correlated with decreases in ROCK activity. Conclusions— These studies represent a significant contribution to understanding how simvastatin may impact heart valve calcification.
Parabrachial Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Neurons Mediate Conditioned Taste Aversion

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a phenomenon in which an individual forms an association between a novel tastant and toxin-induced gastrointestinal malaise. Previous studies showed that the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) contains neurons that are necessary for the acquisition of CTA, but the specific neuronal populations involved are unknown. Previously, we identified calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-expressing neurons in the external lateral subdivision of the PBN (PBel) as being sufficient to suppress appetite and necessary for the anorexigenic effects of appetite-suppressing substances including lithium chloride (LiCl), a compound often used to induce CTA. Here, we test the hypothesis that PBel CGRP neurons are sufficient and necessary for CTA acquisition in mice. We show that optogenetic activation of these neurons is sufficient to induce CTA in the absence of anorexigenic substances, whereas genetically induced silencing of these neurons attenuates acquisition of CTA upon exposure to LiCl. Together, these results demonstrate that PBel CGRP neurons mediate a gastrointestinal distress signal required to establish CTA.
Signals, cochlear mechanics and pragmatism: a new vista on human hearing?

The sense of hearing in humans became a research field in its own right around the middle of the nineteenth century. The foundations of the field were laid by physicists such as Georg Ohm and Hermann von Helmholtz and by the physiologist Alfonso Corti. The concepts of pure tone and Fourier analysis have informed hearing research ever since. The miracle of our exquisite capacity for perceiving salient qualities of music and speech such as pitch and prosody has often been explained in terms of Fourier analysis of acoustic stimuli into pure tones. In this article, I combine a historical–philosophical approach with acoustic signal modelling, cochlear mechanics and qualitative experiment. I discuss auditory phenomena irreducible to Fourier analysis of acoustic stimuli and reappraise the conceptual foundations of the field by proposing a pragmatist framework for understanding the sense of hearing in humans.
Isopiestic measurements of the osmotic and activity coefficients for the systems HClO4 + UO2(ClO4)2+H2O and NaClO4+UO2(ClO4)2+ H2O at 25°C†

Isopiestic results for the three-component systems HClO 4 + UO 2 (ClO 4 ) 2 + H 2 O and NaClO 4 + UO 2 (ClO 4 ) 2 + H 2 O and for the limiting two-component systems are presented. Analysis of the results by the neutral-electrolyte and ion-component methods gave equally satisfactory fits to the osmotic coefficients. Estimates of the three-component results from two-component results were better with the ion-component approach for HClO 4 + UO 2 (ClO 4 ) 2 + H 2 O, but were better with the neutral-electrolyte approach for NaClO 4 + UO 2 (ClO 4 ) 2 + H 2 O.
Visual embedded system programming has arrived

Many ECE graduates have only limited experience with design and integration of mixed-signal, embedded systems. This is in part due to the multitude of topics that must be taught to students during a very limited period of time. Fortunately, recent advances in reconfigurable hardware/software platforms and Visual Programming tools have the potential to dramatically address this deficiency, and enable a paradigm shift in ECE undergraduate education towards complex systems and networks of systems. This paper presents new educational material based on Visual Programming and reconfigurable mixed-signal systems on a chip to teach mixed-domain co-design and integration, including analog, digital, and software. The paper presents a new introductory course for freshmen ECE students, which is currently being developed at Stony Brook University, and a senior design project that was successfully completed at Hofstra University.
Tracks from Extinct Radioactivity, Ancient Cosmic Rays, and Calibration Ions

WE present here an alternative explanation of the fossil tracks in lunar minerals that have been attributed1,2 to extinct radioactivity of superheavy elements.
Saving the Bath Water: An Invited Comment on Krauze and Slomczynski's “Matrix Representation of Structural and Circulation Mobility”

Krauze and Slomczynski propose a mathematical treatment of the mobility table that they claim solves “the crucial methodological problem” in mobility research. We reject their definition of this problem, and we reject their solution. Their proposed solution (1) is not oriented toward describing the process of social mobility or testing theories about the mobility process. Consequently, major issues (for example, the causal effect of socioeconomic origins on destinations, the location of barriers to equal opportunity, and the distances among occupational categories) are ignored in their treatment; (2) has no statistical basis, and hence it should not be used with sample data; (3) yields measures of mobility that are dependent on the marginal distributions, and hence, these measures are not particularly useful for comparative work; and, finally, (4) is arbitrary and unjustified, even if their definition of the crucial methodological problem is accepted. For Krauze and Slomczynski fail to justify one of the ...
Generalization of independent response model for toxic mixtures

Interaction between toxic compounds has long been known to researchers. Attempts to model this interaction have been based on two basic paradigms -- termed additivity and independence (1, 2). Previous models based on these assumptions focused on measuring the interaction between the compounds and then classifying the type of interaction as synergism, antagonism, additivity or independence (3, 4). The aim of this work is to present a generalization of the independent action hypothesis that is quantitatively capable of describing deviations regardless of the underlying single component dose response models. The mathematical framework of copulas is employed. This approach is then tested against data sets with both human health and ecological risk applications.
A comparison of the antinociceptive effects of opioid agonists in neonatal and adult rats in phasic and tonic nociceptive tests.

Abstract Changes in the attitudes about neonatal pain and pain management have recently resulted in increases in the administration of opioids to neonates. Little is known, however, about the relative potencies of the various opioid agonists employed, especially in comparison to adult responses. The first objective in the present study was to compare the antinociceptive potency of four clinically relevant opioids in neonatal and adult rats. The second objective was to compare and contrast these agents in two different types of nociceptive tests: tonic (formalin-induced inflamation) and phasic (tail flick and hot plate). Our results indicate that the opioid agonists morphine, meperidine, and fentanyl, and the mixed agonist buprenorphine were all effective antinociceptive agents in both neonates and adults in each of the three tests employed, and that the relative potencies of these agents appeared to be similar in neonates and adults. In general, the pups were more sensitive to the antinociceptive agents when tested in the phasic nociceptive tests, and the drugs were more potent in the tonic test than either of the phasic tests.
Prevalence of Mixed-methods Sampling Designs in Social Science Research

The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to document the prevalence of sampling designs utilised in mixed-methods research and to examine the interpretive consistency between interpretations made in mixed-methods studies and the sampling design used. Classification of studies was based on a two-dimensional mixed-methods sampling model. This model provides a typology in which sampling designs can be classified according to the time orientation of the components (i.e. concurrent versus sequential) and the relationship of the qualitative and quantitative samples (i.e. identical versus parallel versus nested versus multilevel). A quantitative analysis of the 42 mixed-methods studies that were published in the four leading school psychology journals revealed that a sequential design using multilevel samples was the most frequent sampling design, being used in 40.5% (n=17) of the studies. More studies utilised a sampling design that was sequential (66.6%; n=28) than concurrent (33.4%; n=14). Also, multilevel...
113Cd nuclear magnetic resonance study of the binding of Cd2+ and Lu3+ to silver hake parvalbumin

The binding of Cd2+ and Lu3+ to a parvalbumin isotype isolated from silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis), SHPV-B, has been studied by 113Cd nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Titration at pH 6.7, with 113CdCl2, of either apo SHPV-B or native SHPV-B (i.e. Ca2+ loaded) resulted in the emergence of two 113Cd resonances in the 113Cd NMR spectrum, one at about −94 ppm and another at about −97 ppm (relative to a 113 Cd2+ signal at 0 ppm arising from (unenriched) 2 M CdSO4, consistent with the presence of two distinct binding site environments on the protein for cadmium ion. Addition of Lu3+ to 113Cd2+ -substituted SHPV-B resulted in the preferential loss of the low field (i.e. −94 ppm) 113Cd NMR signal, consistent with the existence of one highly selective site on the silver hake parvalbumin (for the binding of ions that are very close to Ca2+ in their ionic radii and charge density, such as Cd2+ and a second, less selective site that can accommodate ions of slightly differing size (and charge density). Comparison of our Lu3+ addition results (on the silver hake parvalbumin) with the results of similar studies in the literature on pike and carp parvalbumin indicates significant similarities with the former and significant differences from the latter. These studies may bear on the evolutionary relatedness of parvalbumins from these three species.
Human Cytochrome P450c17: Single Step Purification and Phosphorylation of Serine 258 by Protein Kinase A

Cytochrome P450c17 (P450c17) is the single microsomal enzyme that catalyzes steroid 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20 lyase activities. The ratio of lyase to hydroxylase activity of human P450c17 determines whether steroidogenesis leads to the synthesis of cortisol or sex steroids. This ratio is regulated posttranslationally by factors that influence the efficiency of electron transfer from P450 oxidoreductase to P450c17. One factor favoring more efficient electron transfer and 17,20 lyase activity is cAMP-dependent serine/threonine phosphorylation of P450c17. Identifying the responsible kinase(s) and the P450c17 residues that undergo phosphorylation has been challenging, partly because of difficulties in preparing biochemically useful amounts of pure, catalytically active P450c17. We describe a modified strategy for preparing P450c17 in which the traditional carboxy-terminal 4×His tag is replaced by 3×Gly6×His. This construct permits more rotational freedom of the protein when bound to the nickel affinity column, reducing steric associations between the protein and the column, and permitting a single-step chromatographic purification to apparent homogeneity. Using this vector, we explored P450c17 phosphorylation by mutagenesis of Ser and/or Thr residues to Asp or Glu to mimic the approximate size and charge of phospho-Ser or phospho-Thr. This strategy did not identify Ser and/or Thr site(s) that increase the ratio of lyase to hydroxylase activity, suggesting that the regulatory phosphorylation strategy of human P450c17 is very complicated. Although previous work has excluded protein kinase A (PKA) as the responsible kinase, the cAMP-inducible nature of the phosphorylation-associated increase in lyase activity suggests that PKA may play a role, possibly as a priming kinase. Using our novel vector and a series of mutations, we identified the P450c17 site phosphorylated by PKA as Ser258.
Surface hopping outperforms secular Redfield theory when reorganization energies range from small to moderate (and nuclei are classical)

We evaluate the accuracy of Tully’s surface hopping algorithm for the spin-boson model in the limit of small to moderate reorganization energy. We calculate transition rates between diabatic surfaces in the exciton basis and compare against exact results from the hierarchical equations of motion; we also compare against approximate rates from the secular Redfield equation and Ehrenfest dynamics. We show that decoherence-corrected surface hopping performs very well in this regime, agreeing with secular Redfield theory for very weak system-bath coupling and outperforming secular Redfield theory for moderate system-bath coupling. Surface hopping can also be extended beyond the Markovian limits of standard Redfield theory. Given previous work [B. R. Landry and J. E. Subotnik, J. Chem. Phys. 137, 22A513 (2012)] that establishes the accuracy of decoherence-corrected surface-hopping in the Marcus regime, this work suggests that surface hopping may well have a very wide range of applicability.
Three-dimensional threading approach to protein structure recognition

We describe a gapped structural threading method starting from aligning the query protein sequence to the dominant eigenvector of the structure contact-matrix. A mathematically straightforward iteration scheme provides a self-consistent optimum global sequence-structure alignment. The computational efficiency of this method makes it possible to search whole protein structure databases for structural homology without relying on sequence similarity. The sensitivity and specificity of this method are discussed, along with a case of blind test prediction. This method will provide a versatile tool for protein structure prediction and protein domain recognition complementary to existing tools that rely on sequence homology.
Analysis of efficiency measures for block diagonal machine-component charts

Abstract Group efficiency measures have been developed to evaluate machine-component charts for the formation of cellular manufacturing systems. In this paper the existing grouping efficiency measures will be evaluated by determining the relationship between the values of a grouping efficiency measure and the performance of the corresponding cellular manufacturing system.
Bluegill Recruitment, Growth, Population Size Structure, and Associated Factors in Minnesota Lakes

Abstract To better understand the differences among populations of bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, we analyzed the relationships between bluegill recruitment, growth, population size structure, and associated factors from approximately 2,600 Minnesota lakes. Potential explanatory variables for our models included bluegill year-class strength, growth, population size structure, the relative abundance and mean weight of predator species, physical and chemical characteristics of lakes, summer air temperature, and season. Bluegill year-class strength, growth, and population size structure were more strongly related to each other than to predator and lake characteristics, temperature, or season. Growth of age-6 bluegills was positively associated with population size structure and inversely related to year-class strength, suggesting density-dependent growth effects for adult bluegills. Growth of age-3 bluegills was inversely related to Secchi depth, so early growth and productivity may be linked. Bluegill popula...
Enumeration of hard-to-reach populations for a community-based vaccine distribution study

Purpose Estimates of sizes of hard-to-reach (HTR) populations are necessary to estimate disease and intervention success rates in these groups. We aimed to enumerate HTR populations (homeless, sex workers, drug users, elderly shut-ins, immigrants) in 8 neighborhoods of East Harlem and the Bronx as part of community-based influenza vaccine distribution study. Methods Estimation of the number of HTR individuals in the 8 neighborhoods was performed using a modified Delphi technique and venue-based, door-to-door, and capture-recapture sampling methods between January and August 2004. Results Estimates of each of the groups of interest from the four enumeration methods were: 932 – 2620 homeless (mean = 1599, median = 1423); 804 – 275 sex workers (mean = 452, median = 364); 4268 – 7966 drug users (mean =5936, median = 5759); 747 – 4400 elderly (mean = 3101, median = 3629); and 5813 – 13,713 immigrants (mean = 9736, median = 9708). Overall, the most conservative estimates for homeless individuals and drug users were given by the door-to-door sampling method; for sex workers it was the modified Delphi method and for the elderly and immigrants it was the capture-recapture method. Estimates obtained from the venue-based sampling method were most widely divergent from the overall mean for the homeless, sex workers and substance users. The capture-recapture method estimate was the most divergent for the elderly, while for immigrants it was the door-to-door method. Conclusion Enumerating hidden populations represents a special public health challenge. The variety of estimates gathered by using different techniques provides a sense of the complexity in estimating counts of hidden populations. Certain techniques may be more appropriate for estimating the sizes of different of populations; in particular venue-based sampling appears to be the most effective method for reaching individuals who may not be well connected to mainstream society. These techniques can supplement the Census in providing an estimate that likely includes those less likely to respond to an official census.
Thermodynamical implications of a violation of the Pauli principle.

We suggest a mechanism allowing the introduction of a small violation of the Pauli exclusion principle. Within this framework, we compute the grand partition function for a free-electron gas in a metal. We discuss the physical implications of our results and infer an upper bound on the violation parameter.
CFD simulation of mechanical draft tube mixing in anaerobic digester tanks.

Abstract Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to simulate the mixing characteristics of four different circular anaerobic digester tanks (diameters of 13.7, 21.3, 30.5, and 33.5 m) equipped with single and multiple draft impeller tube mixers. Rates of mixing of step and slug injection of tracers were calculated from which digester volume turnover time (DVTT), mixture diffusion time (MDT), and hydraulic retention time (HRT) could be calculated. Washout characteristics were compared to analytic formulae to estimate any presence of partial mixing, dead volume, short-circuiting, or piston flow. CFD satisfactorily predicted performance of both model and full-scale circular tank configurations.
Automated Layer Aligning and Stacking System for the Fully Dense Freeform Fabrication Process

The existing building metallic prototypes from metal sheets or foil slices methods suffer some limitations, such as difficulty in making complex features and long process cycle time. The Fully Dense Freeform Fabrication (FDFF) process is a new freeform fabrication method capable of building fully dense prototypes from practically any materials in a layer-by-layer basis, which overcomes the limitations of other methods. However, layer aligning and stacking are still very challenging because aligning and stacking all thin layers takes a lot of time and effort. Therefore, an automated layer aligning and stacking system is proposed and implemented in this paper. A vision system together with a robotics system are developed to automate the FDFF process. Experiments were performed and the results demonstrate that the automated FDFF process can fundamentally improve the concept of rapid prototyping by enabling producing fully dense parts with any complexity and any solid materials for the sizes from micro scale to several feet in a very fast and low cost approach.
99mTc-sestamibi uptake and retention during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.

BACKGROUND 99mTc-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (Sestamibi) is a new perfusion agent that has shown promise for the noninvasive detection of myocardial salvage after coronary reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction. The objective of this study was to further validate that myocardial uptake and retention of Sestamibi after reperfusion in a canine myocardial infarction model are markers of tissue viability. The hypotheses tested were that if Sestamibi is given early after reperfusion and myocardial uptake is quantitated soon afterward, the degree of ultimate myocardial salvage will be overestimated, and that there will be continued loss of myocardial Sestamibi from ischemic tissue during 3 hours of reperfusion due to accelerated release of Sestamibi from cells already irreversibly injured during the phase of coronary occlusion, reperfusion injury to myocytes still viable early after reflow, or a combination of both mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS In protocol 1, 8.0 mCi Sestamibi was injected intravenously in anesthetized dogs 2-5 minutes after reperfusion preceded by 3 hours of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion. Animals were killed either 5 minutes (n = 7) or 3 hours (n = 9) after Sestamibi administration. Mean endocardial Sestamibi activity was 74 +/- 3% of nonischemic activity in dogs killed early and 31 +/- 2% of nonischemic activity in dogs killed late after Sestamibi administration, indicating myocardial loss of Sestamibi during 3 hours of reflow. Regional flow (percent nonischemic) at the time of Sestamibi administration (2-5 minutes after reperfusion) was comparable in dogs killed early (144 +/- 23%) and dogs killed late (118 +/- 4%, p = NS). In protocol 2, Sestamibi was given intravenously at baseline under normal conditions followed by 3 hours of LAD occlusion and either 4 (n = 6), 30 (n = 9), or 180 minutes (n = 10) of reperfusion. At postmortem, myocardial slices were imaged for quantification of defect magnitude and regional flow (radiolabeled microspheres), and tissue Sestamibi activities were determined by gamma well counting. Coronary sinus Sestamibi activity was serially measured. In these dogs, which were preloaded with Sestamibi at baseline, 3 hours of LAD occlusion followed by 3 hours of reperfusion resulted in a loss of Sestamibi in the endocardial zone of the ischemic region to 40 +/- 6% of nonischemic levels (p < 0.0001). This loss corresponded to a sustained elevation of coronary sinus activity throughout the reflow period. The loss of myocardial Sestamibi was significantly greater than that observed in dogs killed 4 or 30 minutes after reflow. Defect magnitude also worsened over 3 hours of reperfusion as assessed by gamma camera imaging of slices of the excised hearts. CONCLUSIONS These experimental data suggest that Sestamibi uptake and retention are dependent on myocardial viability as well as regional flow. If Sestamibi is administered early after reperfusion and imaging is performed soon afterward, the degree of myocardial salvage could be significantly overestimated.
Shading of regions on vector display devises

Given an arbitrary simple polygon with N vertices we present an algorithm for shading the interior of the polygon with a set of parallel lines where the slope and the distance between lines are prespecified. If the number of shading line segments is M, the algorithm described in the paper runs in 0(N log N + M) time. The algorithm is generalizable to shade any region or regions of an arbitrary planar subdivision.
Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Wood: A Proof‐of‐Concept Study

A proof-of-concept study to evaluate the biological removal of hydrocarbons (naphthalene, n-hexadecane, and fuel oil #2) from contaminated wood (Southern yellow pine) was conducted using 14 C-labeled tracers and gas chromatography. Contaminated wood was brought in contact with n-hexadecane-degrading Pseudomonas aeruginosa PG201 or naphthalene degrading environmental isolates by the application either on mineral medium agar or filter paper containing a previously grown biomass (overlay technique). The experiments showed a significant acceleration of naphthalene removal by biomass. Due to biodegradation combined with evaporation, naphthalene was nearly completely removed (up to 90-98 %) in 4-8 days from freshly contaminated 6 mm- and 17 mm-thick wood samples. The removal of a less volatile hydrocarbon, n-hexadecane, was less efficient, at 40-60% in 20-40 days, with the only variable significantly affecting this pollutant's removal rate being the moisture content of the medium. Biodegradation experiments with standard heating fuel oil #2 (a representative real-world contaminant) resulted in significant removal of light hydrocarbons (C 10 -C 16 ), i.e., more mobile/volatile substrates, in 3 weeks (up to 70 %) whereas heavier hydrocarbons (C 17 -C 19 ) were less affected. Pollutant mobility in both wood and aqueous media was shown to be the crucial factor affecting the removal efficiency. These results point toward a promising technique to reclaim wooden structures contaminated with volatile and semi-volatile chemicals.
Collaborating Interaction Design into Engineering Projects in Community Service (EPICS)

This paper investigates the design collaboration process between the Interaction Design (IXD) program and Engineering Projects in Community Service (EPICS) program at Purdue University. There have been quite a few recent research focused on analyzing the collaboration between Industrial Design students and Engineering students. However, little in the literature has been dedicated to discuss the education of Interaction Design and its collaboration with engineering programs. In this research, we tried to identify characteristics that differentiate IXD and EPICS students by focusing on the experiences of the IXD students. Some characteristics made the collaboration successful, but other created frustrations. In order to understand, explore, and evaluate the collaboration process, we collected the data during and after the collaboration and qualitatively analyzed it using a design collaboration model. This analysis identified several interesting features of this interdisciplinary collaboration. The collaboration between two programs benefited both sides and will be conducted regularly. The understanding gained from this study helps to understand and manage the discourse during the interdisciplinary collaboration, which will benefit our future education and inspire better interdisciplinary education and collaboration.
SU‐E‐I‐24: How Does C‐Arm Rotation Affect Peak Skin Dose in Interventional Cardiology?

Purpose: Rotating the C‐arm during an interventional cardiology (IC) procedure is believed to spread radiation dose on the skin. Previous studies have shown that this practice often increases peak skin dose (PSD) in interventional radiology (IR) procedures. We sought to determine whether C‐arm rotation reduces the PSD in IC procedures and, if so, under what circumstances. Methods: Simulations were performed using a numerical ray‐tracing algorithm to analyze the effect of C‐arm rotation on PSD across a range of patient sizes, C‐arm configurations, and procedure types. Specific data on modern fluoroscopes and patient dimensions were used as inputs to the simulations. Conclusion: In many cases, modest angles completely eliminated overlap between x‐ray field sites on the skin. C‐arm rotation was most effective for large patients and small x‐ray field sizes. In cases in which overlap remained, PSD increases were generally small, and the 95% area load was reduced. One exception was craniocaudal rotation, which tended to increase PSD, substantially in some cases. The use of a prophylactic approach in which the C‐arm was rotated between small opposing left and right anterior oblique angles was effective in dividing the skin dose between two distinct skin sites. Conclusions: Rotating the C‐arm reduces PSD in IC procedures when used as either a procedural modification or a prophylactic dose reduction strategy. Tight collimation increases the benefit of C‐arm rotation. Conflict of Interest: A. S. Pasciak and A. K. Jones are founders of Fluoroscopic Safety, LLC. Fluoroscopic Safety, LLC provides educational instruction on the safe use of fluoroscopy to physicians.
Characterization of B and N Implanted Fused Silica

The implantation of B and N into fused silica can result in chemical incorporation into the glass with a consequent larger increase in refractive index than is possible due to volume compaction alone. B implantation produces anomalously large concentrations of oxygen-vacancy defects which aid in the establishment of B into a borosilicate layer. N implants can result in unreacted N accumulations in addition to N incorporated into a Si-oxynitride layer. The unreacted N can also be incorporated by implantation damage (e.g., Si, Ar, Kr)--before or after N implantation--which provides additional occupancy sites. These results are important with respect to the use of implantation-produced waveguides for optoelectronic devices.
Depression Treatment Preferences in Older Primary Care Patients.

Purpose: For depressed older primary care patients, this study aimed to examine (a) characteristics associated with depression treatment preferences; (b) predictors of receiving preferred treatment; and (c) whether receiving preferred treatment predicted satisfaction and depression outcomes. Design and Methods: Data are from 1,602 depressed older primary care patients who participated in a multisite, randomized clinical trial comparing usual care to collaborative care, which offered medication and counseling for up to 12 months. Baseline assessment included demographics, depression, health information, prior depression treatment, potential barriers, and treatment preferences (medication, counseling). At 12 months, services received, satisfaction, and depression outcomes were assessed. Results: More patients preferred counseling (57%) than medication (43%). Previous experience with a treatment type was the strongest predictor of preference. In addition, medication preference was predicted by male gender and diagnosis of major depression (vs dysthymia). The collaborative care model greatly improved access to preferred treatment, especially for counseling (74% vs 33% in usual care). Receipt of preferred treatment did not predict satisfaction or depression outcomes; these outcomes were most strongly impacted by treatment condition. Implications: Many depressed older primary care patients desire counseling, which is infrequently available in usual primary care. Discussion of treatment preferences should include an assessment of prior treatment experiences. A collaborative care model that increases collaboration between primary care and mental health professionals can increase access to preferred treatment. If preferred treatment is not available, collaborative care still results in good satisfaction and depression outcomes.
Real-time monitoring of protein secretion in mammalian cell fermentation: measurement of monoclonal antibodies using a computer-controlled HPLC system (BioCad/RPM).

On-line, “real-time” monitoring of product concentration is important for mammalian cell culture fermentation. The continuous measurement of monoclonal antibodies allows for instantaneous determination of cell productivity and effective manipulation of the fermentor operating conditions for optimal production. This article will present the evaluation and application of a BioCad/RPM system (Per Septive Biosystems) for rapid analysis of lgG concentration for hybridoma cell cultivation. Several commercial crossflow filtration devices are tested for low protein retention and fouling properties. A protein G column is used successfully for analyzing about 400 samples of lgG1, without significant loss in separation efficiency. The Immuno Detection system is integrated into a computer-controlled 15-L fermentor. This fermentor could be operated in batch and perfusion modes with cell densities up to 20 million cells/mL. A continuous cell-free sample stream obtained by a hollow fiber filter system is introduced to the BioCad/RPM for analysis. The speed of this system allows for real-time monitoring even at high densities with fast dynamics. A murine hybridoma cell (A10G10) is cultivated in batch and continuous reactors and antibody concentration is measured continuously with complete sterility. The results are compared to offline measurements with good agreement. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biomarkers of lung epithelial injury and inflammation distinguish severe sepsis patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome

Introduction Despite recent modifications, the clinical definition of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains non-specific, leading to under-diagnosis and under-treatment. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that a biomarker panel would be useful for biologic confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of ARDS in patients at risk of developing ARDS due to severe sepsis.
Molecular Mechanisms for Transposition of Drug-Resistance Genes and Other Movable Genetic Elements

Transposition is proposed to be responsible for the rapid evolution of multiply drug-resistant bacterial strains. Transposons, which carry the genes encoding drug resistance, are linear pieces of DNA that range in size from 2.5 to 23 kilobase pairs and always contain at their ends nucleotide sequences repeated in inverse order. In some transposons the terminal inverted repeat sequences are capable of independent movement and are called insertion sequences. Transposons carry a gene that encodes transposase(s), the enzyme(s) responsible for recombination of the transposon into another DNA molecule. Studies on transposable genetic elements in bacteria have not only given insight into the spread of antibiotic resistance but also into the process of DNA movement.
A three‐dimensional non‐linear Timoshenko beam based on the core‐congruential formulation

A three-dimensional, geometrically nonlinear two-node Timoshenkoo beam element based on the total Larangrian description is derived. The element behavior is assumed to be linear elastic, but no restrictions are placed on magnitude of finite rotations. The resulting element has twelve degrees of freedom: six translational components and six rotational-vector components. The formulation uses the Green-Lagrange strains and second Piola-Kirchhoff stresses as energy-conjugate variables and accounts for the bending-stretching and bending-torsional coupling effects without special provisions. The core-congruential formulation (CCF) is used to derived the discrete equations in a staged manner. Core equations involving the internal force vector and tangent stiffness matrix are developed at the particle level. A sequence of matrix transformations carries these equations to beam cross-sections and finally to the element nodal degrees of freedom. The choice of finite rotation measure is made in the next-to-last transformation stage, and the choice of over-the-element interpolation in the last one. The tangent stiffness matrix is found to retain symmetry if the rotational vector is chosen to measure finite rotations. An extensive set of numerical examples is presented to test and validate the present element.
PZT-Actuated In-Flight Deicing With Simultaneous Shear and Impulse Forces

Piezoelectric actuations for simultaneous generation of shear and impulse forces for effective and energy efficient deicing applications are proposed. Aircraft leading edge structures is considered for the analysis. Adhesive shear bond between the ice layer and the substrate, which is more than ten times weaker than the normal bond, is targeted to achieve deicing. Piezoelectric actuators consisting of high normal to shear coupling factor(d15) are considered at the inner surface of the leading edge at the locations where highest amount of ice accretion is occurred. Simultaneous shear and impulse force generation can be achieved with actuators consisting of two sets of electrodes, one arranged in parallel to the poling direction and the other perpendicular to the poling direction to generate shear forces and normal forces respectively. Appropriate piezoelectric material configuration is chosen, so that enough shear forces are generated to weaken the bond of the ice-substrate interface which is weak in shear. Once the shear bond is weakened, applied normal impulses force the ice layer come off the surface. Finite element model of the leading edge structure with ice accretion layer and piezoelectric actuators are constructed. Simulations of the deicing process are performed and the actuator locations, electric charge applied and impulse duration are optimized. This method employs single actuator for both shear and impulse generation and consumes far less power than any existing in-flight deicing methods.© 2004 ASME
A Constructive Proof of Brauer's Theorem on Induced Characters in the Group Ring

We provide an alternative constructive proof of the classical Brauer theorem for finite groups based on the well-known description of the complex irreducible representations of the symmetric groups Sn. The theorem is first proved for Sn and then for general G by embedding in Sn and applying the Mackey subgroup theorem.
Floorplanning challenges in early chip planning

Early chip planning is becoming more critical as server system designers strive to explore a large design space with multiple cores and accelerators in an advanced silicon technology that includes 3D chip stacking. During early chip planning, designers search for the high-level design and layout that best satisfies a myriad of constraints and targets. In this paper, we discuss our experience in applying traditional floorplanning tools at this early stage and suggest how they might be adapted for early floorplanning.
Temperature Field Analysis and Thermal Error Testing for CNC Machine Tool's Headstock

The dynamic and thermal characteristics of spindle assembly will affect the final machining performance of a machine tool seriously. It is of great significance to study the dynamic and thermal characteristics of the spindle assembly for improving the level of machine tool's design and manufacturing. The paper takes a high precision computer numerical control lathe as the research object. First the thermal characteristics were obtained by using finite element method. Then the laser triangle measuring instrument and the infrared thermal imager were used to measure the temperature field and thermal deformation of the spindle assembly. Finally in order to get the thermal equilibrium time and the thermal deformation data of spindle system, the wavelet toolbox was used to deal with thermal testing data. The paper's work laid a foundation for the further research on the thermal characteristics analysis and thermal error's compensation of machine tools.
Diagnosis and Management of Migraines and Migraine Variants

Migraine headache is a neurologic disorder that occurs in 18% of women and 6% of men. Adults and children with mild to moderate migraine headaches seeking acute therapy should be treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs because of the efficacy, cost, and decreased side effects. Some children and adults require preventive therapy (those with headaches lasting >12 h, those patients with >4 headaches in 1 month, those with headaches that affect their ability to function). Studies have shown that early treatment with large doses of medication work well for the treatment of moderate to severe migraine headache.
Performance comparison of reservation and preallocation protocols for star-coupled WDM photonic networks

This paper compares the performance of two time-division multiplexed media access protocols designed for star-coupled wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) photonic networks. The TDMA-C protocol is reservation based: one WDM channel is used to reserve access for data packet transmission on the remaining data channels. Control channel access arbitration is achieved through time-division multiplexing, enabling all active nodes the opportunity to transmit once every control cycle. This approach significantly reduces the long synchronization delays typical of time-division multiplexing systems since the control cycle length is proportional to the control packet size rather than the data packet size. Every node in this system has one turnable transmitter and two receivers. >
A model to build, assess, and reflect on students' Metacognition through the classroom debate of controversial environmental issues

Debates have been used as a tool to promote active learning in the classroom. Role-play debates have been used to bring more realism to the issue being debated. In a junior-level environmental science course, role-play debates were utilized to present and discuss controversial environmental issues in realistic scenarios that occur throughout the United States. Using these debates as a platform, a model to build, assess, and reflect on students' metacognition was developed and implemented. This model provides a method to assess a student's metacognitive ability and allow for reflection and improvement in this area.
A creative design class on piezo- and pyroelectricity

The author describes his elective design course on piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity at the Rochester Institute of Technology. He emphasizes that the course was designed to develop each student's creative potential as fully as possible. >