cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF MODULATORS OF GLUTATHIONE SYNTHESIS ON THE HEPATOTOXICITY OF 2-METHYLFURAN

Treatment of male Sprague-Dawley rats with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), prior to administration of carbon-14(14C)-labelled 2-methylfuran (2MF) caused a marked decrease in the covalent binding of 14C-labelled 2MF metabolites to both DNA and protein, although there was no apparent change in the distribution of the labelled parent 2MF. BSO pretreatment also protected against hepatotoxicity of 2MF, as indicated by lower serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels. Pretreatment with BSO offered protection only if administered 1.5 hr before 2MF dosage. Administration of 2MF, 4 and 6 hr after BSO resulted in manifestation of the hepatotoxicity of 2MF. Prior treatment with diethylmaleate (DEM), increased covalent binding of [14C]2MF to liver proteins and also elevated serum GPT levels. Thus, depletion of tissue glutathione (GSH) by two different chemicals acting by different mechanisms produced opposite effects on the covalent binding and toxicity of 2MF. Pretreatment with L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate (OTZ), a promoter of GSH biosynthesis, increased the hepatic covalent binding of [14C]2MF and potentiated hepatotoxicity. However, administration of OTZ and BSO prior to an i.p. dose of 100 mg/kg of 2MF, decreased the hepatic covalent binding of [14C]2MF and decreased the hepatoxicity. The marked instability of the GSH conjugate of the reactive metabolite of 2MF may account for the potentiation of hepatotoxicity of 2MF by OTZ. A single s.c. dose of BSO, caused a transient increase in plasma cystine levels concurrent with the depletion of liver GSH. Administration of 2MF, 1.5 hr after BSO, significantly decreased plasma cystine levels as compared to control animals that received vehicle alone. Pretreatment with BSO also resulted in increased excretion of urinary metabolites in 2MF treated animals as compared to animals receiving 2MF alone. Thus, BSO probably protects against hepatoxicity of 2MF by indirectly causing more detoxification of the reactive metabolite of 2MF, as it does not alter the distribution of unmetabolized 2MF and does not have any apparent effect on the microsomal mixed-function oxidase which mediates the activation of 2MF. The enhanced detoxification of 2MF in BSO treated animals appears independent of the depleted GSH levels; it may result from increased availability of a better alternative nucleophile (i.e. cysteine), capable of conjugating with acetyl acrolein. Acetyl acrolein (AA) appears to be the principal reactive metabolite of 2MF which binds covalently to tissues. Previous in vitro studies have shown that cysteine is a better trapping agent of AA than GSH or N-acetyl-cysteine.
Quantification of sphingolipids in soybeans

Soybean is believed to be a rich source of sphingolipids, a class of polar lipids with desirable biological activities. Analytical methods for sphingolipids vary, and quantitative data for sphingolipids in foods, including soybeans, are scarce. the objectives of this study were to establish a method for quantification of sphingolipids in soybeans and to determine whether genotype, stage of maturity, and growing location affect sphingolipid content in soybeans. Separation of neutral lipids and interfering polar lipids from sphingolipids by saponification, transesterification, and solvent partition was studied. Solvent partition accompanied by TLC purification was determined to be the most accurate sample preparation method for HPLC quantification of cerebroside. There were significant differences in cerebroside concentration among genotypes, with a range of 142 to 492 nmol/g seed (dry wt basis). The differences in cerebroside concentration between immature and mature seeds of one genotype and between two seed production locations of one genotype were considerable but not statistically significant.
Radiation-Induced Splenic Atrophy in Patients with Hodgkin's Disease and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas

Effective treatment of Hodgkin's disease renation of the extent of the disease. This usually involves staging laparotomy, which includes splenectomy and biopsies of the para-aortic lymph nodes, liv...
Oxidative dehydrogenation of cyclohexane over vanadate catalysts

Abstract The oxidative dehydrogenation of cyclohexane was studied at 440 and 484°C over NdV0 4 , Mg 3 (VO 4 ) 2 , and a mixed VMg0 catalyst. Cyclohexene was the major initial product. Benzene, carbon oxides, and a trace of cyclohexadiene were also observed. The catalytic behavior of the mixed VMg0 catalyst in this reaction was very similar to its behavior in the oxidation of butane. However, the behaviors of NdV0 4 in the two reactions were different. The difference between the two catalysts was attributed to their different rates of reoxidation.
Two observed consequences of penetration electric fields

The influence of penetration electric fields (PEF) on storm-time energetic particles in the inner magnetosphere and on the stability of plasma in the low-latitude ionosphere is widely recognized. We describe two consequences of PEFs, regularly observed during magnetic storms that indicate their persistence throughout the main phases. These are (1) the presence of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPB) across the evening local time sector during main phases and their absence throughout recovery, and (2) detections of low-energy ion precipitation in the dawn sector equatorward of the auroral electron boundary.
Distance Decay Values And Shopping Center Size

(1975). Distance Decay Values And Shopping Center Size. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 304-309.
Assessing optimal configurations of multi-paddock grazing strategies in tallgrass prairie using a simulation model

Maintaining or enhancing the productive capacity and resilience of rangeland ecosystems is critical for the continued support of livelihoods and the ecosystem services that benefit society at large. While the benefits of multi-paddock grazing management have been evident for many years in many countries, it is extremely difficult if not impossible to adequately assess the consequences of the different combinations of management options possible when using multi-paddock management under constantly varying conditions on rangelands. To investigate grazing scenarios that would be impractical to conduct in the field we developed a simulation model to focus on addressing the impacts of different cattle grazing management options with multi-paddock management on ecological condition (EC) and profitability. Cattle ranching options are simulated over 25 years periods under varying levels of multi-paddock grazing management complexity at low to moderate stocking levels and fixed or variable stocking rates. We examine the likely ecological and economic effects of shortening grazing periods, lengthening recovery periods, using fixed versus adaptive operational decisions and increasing the number of paddocks in the grazing configuration. At initial stocking levels of up to at 70% of forage standing crop, both EC and profitability are increased with increasing number of paddocks. Shorter periods of grazing increase both EC and profitability while increasing recovery periods increases both EC and profitability initially but profitability decreases if recovery periods are too long. Both EC and profitability are positively related to number of paddocks used.
Hydrodynamics-induced variability in the USP apparatus II dissolution test

The USP tablet dissolution test is an analytical tool used for the verification of drug release processes and formulation selection within the pharmaceutical industry. Given the strong impact of this test, it is surprising that operating conditions and testing devices have been selected empirically. In fact, the flow phenomena in the USP test have received little attention in the past. An examination of the hydrodynamics in the USP apparatus II shows that the device is highly vulnerable to mixing problems that can affect testing performance and consistency. Experimental and computational techniques reveal that the flow field within the device is not uniform, and dissolution results can vary dramatically with the position of the tablet within the vessel. Specifically, computations predict sharp variations in the shear along the bottom of the vessel where the tablet is most likely to settle. Experiments in which the tablet location was carefully controlled reveal that the variation of shear within the testing device can affect the measured dissolution rate.
The effects of thiopental and generic and nongeneric propofol on respiratory resistance during anesthetic induction in patients with reactive airways

Abstract Study Objective: To demonstrate a favorable effect of propofol on respiratory system resistance during anesthetic induction, and to determine if generic propofol causes adverse effects on respiratory resistance. Design: Randomized pilot study. Setting: Anesthetic induction for elective surgery. Patients: 27 consenting ASA physical status II and III patients with reactive airways (positive smoking history or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), but not receiving bronchodilator therapy. Interventions: Patients were randomized equally to one of three anesthetic induction (and maintenance) drugs: sodium thiopental, 5 mg/kg (25 μ g/kg/min), generic or nongeneric propofol, 1.25 mg/kg (50 μ g/kg/min). They received preinduction midazolam and fentanyl (2 mg and 150 μ g) and intravenous lidocaine (0.5 mg/kg). After anesthetic induction, tracheal intubation was established, and predetermined settings for mechanical ventilation were initiated. Measurements: Immediately after intubation, a sensor was placed on the 8-mm endotracheal tube to detect baseline airway pressure and flow. During maintenance, repeat measurements of pressure and flow were obtained at 2.5-minute intervals for 10 minutes. Respiratory system resistance was derived off-line using the isovolumetric technique. Main Results : Patients were similar across groups. The respiratory resistance measured after anesthetic induction did not differ among groups. During the maintenance infusion of thiopental or propofol, respiratory resistance increased gradually across all groups. There was no difference in the response of respiratory resistance either at induction or during the 10-minute maintenance between the generic and the nongeneric propofol groups. Conclusions: In contrast to earlier reports, this pilot study was unable to document a difference in the respiratory resistance in patients induced with thiopental or propofol. In addition, we were unable to demonstrate any different respiratory responses between generic propofol, containing sodium metabisulfite preservative, and nongeneric propofol.
Force Corridors of Post Mortem Human Surrogates in Oblique Side Impacts from Sled Tests

To develop region-specific force corridors in side impacts under oblique loadings using post mortem human surrogates (PMHS). Unembalmed PMHS were positioned on a sled. Surrogates contacted a segmented, modular/ scalable load-wall to isolate region-specific forces (shoulder, thorax, abdomen, pelvis). Heights and widths of segmented load-wall plates were adjustable in sagittal and coronal planes to accommodate anthropometry variations. Load cells were used to gather region-specific forces. Tests were conducted at 6.7 m/s. Peak forces and times of attainments, and standard corridors (mean ± 1 SD) are given for the four torso regions and summated forces. The mean age, stature, and total body mass of the five male PMHS were: 56.6 ± 4.4 years, 183 ± 3.5 cm and 70.6 ± 9.0 kg. Peak pelvis forces were the greatest, followed by thorax, abdomen and shoulder. Sequence of times of attainments of peak forces initiating from pelvis increased rostrally to abdomen to thorax and shoulder regions. Corridors were tight in all regions, except shoulder. As previous force corridors were based solely on pure-lateral impacts and region-specific forces were not extracted, the present oblique responses using anthropometry-specific load-wall design can be used to develop injury criteria and evaluate the biofidelity of dummies.
A systematic process for efficient execution on Intel's heterogeneous computation nodes

Heterogeneous architectures (mainstream CPUs with accelerators/co-processors) are expected to become more prevalent in high performance computing clusters. This paper deals specifically with attaining efficient execution on nodes which combine Intel's multicore Sandy Bridge chips with MIC manycore chips. The architecture and software stack for Intel's heterogeneous computation nodes attempt to make migration from the now common multicore chips to the many-core chips straightforward. However, specific execution characteristics are favored by these manycore chips such as making use of the wider vector instructions, minimal inter-thread conflicts, etc. Additionally manycore chips have lower clock speed and no unified last-level cache. As a result, and as we demonstrate in this paper, it will commonly be the case that not all parts of an application will execute more efficiently on the manycore chip than on the multicore chip. This paper presents a process, based on measurements of execution on Westmere-based multicore chips, which can accurately predict which code segments will execute efficiently on the manycore chips and illustrates and evaluates its application to three substantial full programs -- HOMME, MOIL and MILC. The effectiveness of the process is validated by verifying scalability of the specific functions and loops that were recommended for MIC execution on a Knights Ferry computation node.
A political explanation of variations in central bank independence

Although central banks possess a similar function across the industrial democracies, their institutional structures—their levels of independence—differ greatly. My explanation of this variation emphasizes the informational asymmetries of monetary policymaking. Government ministers have informational advantages in the policy process, potentially creating conflicts with backbench legislators and, in a multiparty government, coalition partners. An independent central bank can help alleviate these conflicts. Politicians will choose an independent bank (1) if government ministers, party legislators, and coalition partners have different monetary policy incentives and (2) if government ministers fear that party legislators and coalition partners will withdraw their support over a policy dispute. I statistically test the argument against the cross-national variation of central bank institutions. I also use the theoretical framework to examine episodes of institutional choice and reform in Germany, Britain, and Italy.
Time-Resolved, Single-Cell Study of the Attack of the Antimicrobial Peptide Ll-37 on Live E. Coli Cells

Human LL-37 is an antimicrobial peptide whose amphiphilic helices selectively degrade bacterial membranes by a mechanism that is poorly understood. We are using single-cell, two-color fluorescence microscopy to directly observe the attack of rhodamine-LL-37 on live E. coli cells in real time. The cells express either periplasmic or cytoplasmic GFP. This enables quantitative correlation of the extent of LL-37 adsorption with leakage or lysing of GFP from the two different compartments, while simultaneously monitoring cell growth. At 15 uM, LL-37 lyses the periplasm to GFP and halts growth in 2-4 min, long before the cytoplasm lyses to GFP at 20-30 min. At 6 uM, rhodamine-LL-37 binding occurs in three distinct waves, with Wave 2 correlating in time with the halting of cell growth (t = 7-10 min). Wave 1 coats the cell periphery uniformly, but Wave 2 preferentially attacks the septal region and slowly spreads outward towards the poles. This suggests that the cell division machinery may be a target of LL-37-induced cell death. We will use FRET to discern the penetration depth of LL-37 during the different waves of attack and a variety of mutant strains to correlate the LL-37 attack with formation of the Z-ring and additional parts of the divisome. These methods will enable quantitative comparison of antimicrobial attack on real bacterial membranes with studies of lysing of synthetic lipid bilayers. They will be applicable to a wide variety of antimicrobial agents and bacterial species.
Instability of (1+1) de Sitter space in the presence of interacting fields

Instabilities of two dimensional (1+1) de Sitter space induced by interacting fields are studied. As for the case of flat Minkowski space, several interacting fermion models can be translated into free boson ones and vice versa. It is found that interacting fermion theories do not lead to any instabilities, while the interacting bosonic sine-Gordon model does lead to a breakdown of de Sitter symmetry and to the vanishing of the vacuum expectation value of the S matrix.
Eulerian and Lagrangian Statistics from Surface Drifters and a High-Resolution POP Simulation in the North Atlantic

Abstract Eulerian and Lagrangian statistics were calculated from the North Atlantic surface drifter dataset for the years 1993–97 and a high-resolution eddy-resolving configuration of the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Parallel Ocean Program (POP) model. The main purpose of the study was to statistically quantify the state of the surface circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean for this period and compare it with the equivalent modeled state. Diffusivities and time and length scales are anisotropic over most of the ocean basin, except in most of the subpolar regions. Typical time and length scales are 2–4 days and 20–50 km. Longest timescales are found in the energetically quiescent regions in the south and southeast sectors of the basin. The longest length scales are found in the energetic western boundary current system, the most dispersive region of the domain. In many respects the eddy-resolving model reproduced a surface circulation in good statistical agreement with that depicted by the drifte...
Transient absorption for characterization of intermediate band solar cells

We use transient absorption methods to characterize the sequential two-photon absorption in a quantum-dot superlattice based intermediate band solar cell (QD-IBSC). Using collinear, orthogonally polarized beams generated from an Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) at varying time delay, tuned stepwise from 1050nm to 1250nm, we use the solar cell photocurrent as a direct measure of the transient absorption by measuring the differential photocurrent as a function of time delay between two energetically degenerate, ∼ 100fs pulses. For comparison, we measure the pulse autocorrelation in the same geometry using a GaAsP photodiode, where all observed photocurrent is derived from instantaneous two-photon absorption. Our measurements show that at high intensity, the measurement is dominated by instantaneous two photon absorption, with a simultaneous sequential two-photon photocurrent which persists beyond the pulse overlap. Our measurements demonstrate the method can reveal carrier dynamics in a working QD-IBSC, and their dependence on energy. The method could potentially give details of the band structure formed in the QD-IBSC. Such knowledge may benefit device development and future designs of IBSCs based on QD superlattices or alternative intermediate band materials or device structures.
Collateral social development accompanying reinforcement of outdoor play in a preschool child

A 3-yr-old preschool girl with deficits in both motor and social repertoires was socially reinforced by teachers for use of outdoor play equipment, as a contribution to her motor skills and as a tactic to produce increased social contact with other children. Her use of outdoor play equipment, and various examples of her social interaction with both teachers and children were scored in the course of experimental development and analysis of her rate of equipment use. Equipment use increased greatly under the social reinforcement contingency; certain desirable examples of social interaction with other children showed a collateral development; other examples of adult-oriented development remained constant; and one class of undesirable baby-like behavior decreased markedly. Thus, the study provided a picture of what other behavior changes may take place in the course of behavior modification aimed at a single response class.
Does Z-Protein Have a Role in Transport of Bilirubin and Bromosulfophthalein by Isolated Perfused Rat Liver?

Bilirubin and other organic anions are transported in serum avidly bound to albumin from which they are extracted and transferred into the hepatocyte where they bind to cytosolic proteins. Two abundant organic anion binding proteins, ligandin and Z-protein, were previously purified from liver cytosol and characterized. Other studies in isolated perfused rat liver revealed that selectively increased cytosolic ligandin concentration, following phenobarbital treatment or thyroidectomy, directly correlated with net bilirubin uptake which resulted from reduced bilirubin efflux. To clarify the role of Z-protein in hepatic organic anion transport, we have now determined the kinetics of bilirubin and bromosulfophthalein (BSP) uptake in isolated perfused liver of normal rats and compared results to rats in which Z-protein, but not ligandin, was selectively increased following treatment with clofibrate (ethylchlorophenoxy-isobutyrate). These studies revealed that despite a 147% induction of Z-protein in treated animals, there was no effect on influx or efflux of tracer doses of bilirubin or BSP. Addition of albumin to the protein-free 10% fluorocarbon perfusate reduced influx of 3H-bilirubin (p less than 0.03) and tended to reduce influx of BSP. In this situation, there was still no influence of Z-protein concentration on efflux. These studies indicate that Z-protein does not appear to play a role in the hepatic uptake of bilirubin and BSP.
Statistical Modeling of Hydrogeologic Data ‐ Part I: Regression and ANOVA Models

Statistical modeling can be a powerful tool for analyzing complex hydrogeologic and water quality data. The objectives of this paper are to discuss the nature of statistical models; to describe two types of statistical models, regression models, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) models; and to give examples of how the models have been and could be applied to solve hydrogeologic problems.
Sarcomere mutations in cardiogenesis and ventricular noncompaction.

Ventricular noncompaction is a form of cardiomyopathy where increased trabeculation is present frequently affecting the left ventricle and resembling an embryonic state of heart development. Clinically, left ventricular noncompaction may manifest as congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, and/or thromboembolic events. There are multiple genes linked to noncompaction, but recently, sarcomere gene mutations were found in both familial and sporadic cases of noncompaction. The association of noncompaction with sarcomere mutations supports the classification of ventricular noncompaction as cardiomyopathy and raises interesting questions regarding the continuum of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and noncompaction. The mutational spectrum of sarcomere genes in these disorders highlights the importance of the MYH7 gene encoding β -myosin heavy chain and ACTC1 encoding the cardiac actin gene. Intriguingly, these mutations also share a low but definitive incidence of congenital heart malformations including septal defects. These human genetic findings support that normal myocardial and sarcomere function are required for proper compaction and septation and that these mutations also portend a high risk of developing heart failure in later life.
Ifosfamide Metabolite Chloroacetaldehyde Causes Renal Dysfunction in vivo

Renal injury is a common side-effect of the chemotherapeutic agent ifosfamide. Current evidence suggests that the ifosfamide metabolite chloroacetaldehyde may be responsible for this nephrotoxicity. The present study examined the effect of increasing amounts of intrarenally infused chloroacetaldehyde on kidney function, glutathione content and malondialdehyde formation. The ability of the uroprotectant medication sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (mesna) to prevent chloroacetaldehyde-induced renal injury was also assessed. Intrarenal chloroacetaldehyde infusion caused dose-dependent declines in glomerular filtration rate and p-aminohippuric acid clearance and increases in urine flow rate, sodium, glucose and protein excretion. These abnormalities were associated with progressive kidney glutathione depletion and malondialdehyde accumulation. Mesna infusion did not affect renal function but did cause a significant fall in kidney glutathione content. Simultaneous administration of chloroacetaldehyde and mesna only partially corrected renal functional abnormalities and prevented malondialdehyde accumulation but not glutathione depletion. These results show that the ifosfamide metabolite chloroacetaldehyde causes kidney dysfunction, glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation in vivo. Mesna provides limited protection against chloroacetaldehyde nephrotoxicity, potentially explaining its inability to completely prevent ifosfamide-related renal injury in clinical practice.
PRESERVATION POTENTIAL OF GECARCINID LAND CRABS (DECAPODA, BRACHYURA, GECARCINIDAE) FROM SAN SALVADOR

ABSTRACT Land crabs are found in marine and terrestrial sediments and sedimentary rocks from the Pleistocene and Holocene throughout the Caribbean. Field surveys of two widespread and abundant species, Gecarcinus lateralis and Gecarcinus ruricola, were conducted three times a week for 4 weeks along the northern coast of San Salvador Island, the Bahamas, at three localities that varied in vegetation cover, available sediment, and wind and wave energy. A total of 1400 identifiable remains were found and scored for four taphonomic characters: fragmentation, edge modification, surface alteration, and color loss. The majority of specimens exhibited various levels of disarticulation, from complete limbs to only isolated podomeres. Overall, claws are overrepresented, and the distribution of recovered remains differed significantly (p < 0.0001) from that expected based on the anatomy of a single crab (eight legs, two claws, and one carapace per individual). Remains found in direct sunlight and open spaces consist...
Female Identity and Career Pathways Post-Baccalaureate Nurses Ten Years After

Qualitative interviews with 17 postbaccalaureate nurses are analyzed with special attention to their management of conflicting commitments in the personal and occupational domains. Problems are seen as arising not only from organizational difficulties associated with parallel involvement with a profession and with the traditional domestic-maternal role, but from cultural categories that reflect sexual asymmetry. The paper discusses the strategies respondents use to minimize these contradictions, showing that these generally operate either to enhance harmony between the two domains or to accentuate their separateness from each other.
Qualitative Research: Implications for Description and Assessment

As clinical speech-language pathologists seeking different ways to understand the complexity of communication within naturalistic and social contexts, we are progressively adapting the qualitative research methods of the social sciences for our assessment purposes. This article discusses some basic principles and practices discussed previously in this forum on qualitative research and demonstrates how they can be employed to provide effective and sufficient clinical communicative assessment.
Shotgun glycomics: a microarray strategy for functional glycomics

Major challenges of glycomics are to characterize a glycome and identify functional glycans as ligands for glycan-binding proteins (GBPs). To address these issues we developed a general strategy termed shotgun glycomics. We focus on glycosphingolipids (GSLs), a class of glycoconjugates that is challenging to study, recognized by toxins, antibodies and GBPs. We derivatized GSLs extracted from cells with a heterobifunctional fluorescent tag suitable for covalent immobilization. We separated fluorescent GSLs by multidimensional chromatography, quantified them and coupled them to glass slides to create GSL shotgun microarrays. Then we interrogated the microarrays with cholera toxin, antibodies and sera from individuals with Lyme disease to identify biologically relevant GSLs that we subsequently characterized by mass spectrometry. Shotgun glycomics incorporating GSLs and potentially glycoprotein-derived glycans is an approach for accessing the complex glycomes of animal cells and is a strategy for focusing structural analyses on functionally important glycans.
An Experiment in Tropical Mesoscale Analysis: Part 2

Abstract In Part 2 of the two-part paper, scale interaction between the large-scale wave and the BOMEX 26 July 1969 mesoscale system, is examined, primarily through the means of divergence, vertical motion, and mass flux computations. The mesoscale system was the dominant feature of most of the computational area. Vertical motions in the mesoscale system were an order of magnitude greater than those associated with the synoptic-scale wave. Compensatory sinking around the mesoscale system overwhelmed the synoptic-scale ascent. The integrated vertical mass flux in the mesoscale system was comparable to that produced by the synoptic-scale wave. A comparison is drawn between the 26 July mesoscale system and previously described tropical systems of similar short lifetimes. It is suggested that for small-scale systems to continue to intensify, a correspondingly strong concurrent large-scale forcing is a prerequisite.
Underuse of 24-Hour Urine Collection Among Children With Incident Urinary Stones: A Quality-of-care Concern?

Objective To determine the prevalence of 24-hour urine collection among first-time pediatric stone formers and investigate factors associated with its use. Materials and Methods Using data from the MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database (2002-2006), children presenting to the emergency department with an incident episode of upper urinary tract stone disease were identified through a diagnosis code–based algorithm. The number of patients performing a 24-hour urine collection within 6 months of this encounter was calculated. Temporal trends in the prevalence of use were assessed. We fitted multivariate logistic regression models to examine factors associated with testing. Results In total, 1848 children presented with an incident upper tract stone, of which 12.0% submitted a 24-hour urine collection. This percentage remained stable over the study period. Testing was more common among younger patients ( P P P Conclusion Despite rates of stone recurrence, 24-hour urine collection appears to be underused among children. Efforts to increase its use are therefore likely to benefit pediatric patients with urinary stone disease.
Parallel solver for trajectory optimization search directions

A key algorithmic element of a real-time trajectory optimization hardware/software implementation is presented, the search step solver. This is one piece of an algorithm whose overall goal is to make nonlinear trajectory optimization fast enough to provide real-time commands during guidance of a vehicle such as an aeromaneuvering orbiter or the National Aerospace Plane. Many methods of nonlinear programming require the solution of a quadratic program (QP) at each iteration to determine the search step. In the trajectory optimization case, the QP has a special dynamic programming structure. The algorithm exploits this special structure with a divide- and conquer type of parallel implementation. The algorithm solves a (p.N)-stage problem on N processors in O(p + log2 N) operations. The algorithm yields a factor of 8 speed-up over the fastest known serial algorithm when solving a 1024-stage test problem on 32 processors.
IWCTS 2009 Workshop Report: The 2nd International Workshop on Computational Transportation Science (Seattle, Washington - November 3, 2009)

IWCTS 2009 was the second international workshop that brings together researchers and practitioners from various domains to discuss the modeling, planning, and other computational aspects of transportation. The workshop provides not only paper sessions that cover the algorithms, modeling, and practice of transportation problems, but also panel discussions that cover the environmental issues, roles of computer scientists and future direction of transportation research.
Cell kinetics of repair after allyl alcohol-induced liver necrosis in mice

The cellular kinetics of repair and scarring which occurs after induction of periportal necrosis in mice by allyl alcohol were examined by histology and immunohistochemistry. Thirty-six six-week-old female C57Bl/6J mice were injected intraperitoneally with two doses of allyl alcohol on day 0 and tissue sections were taken at various times and stained by haematoxylin and eosin or immunostained for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), bile duct/oval cell marker A-6, and DNA fragments (apoptosis). Within 6 hours, periportal necrosis was seen extending to produce large zones of confluent, pan-acinar irregular necrosis, predominantly in the right and medial lobes with sparing of the left and caudate lobes. Restoration of liver mass was accomplished mainly by proliferation of mature hepatocytes in the surviving lobes of the liver (hyperplasia). In the right and medial lobes where necrosis was limited to the periportal zone, there was some, but much less, proliferation of small, oval periportal cells. The large necrotic zones in the right and median lobes shrank and were replaced by granulomatous inflammation. This cellular contribution of liver regeneration in the mouse was different from that previously reported in the rat and provides a means of inducing only a small proliferation of oval cells.
A review of Anadenidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata), with a description of a new species

A restriction of the name Anadenidae Pilsbry, 1948 to Asian species, i.e. members of the genus Anadenus Heynemann, 1862, is proposed. Anadenus (A.) nepalensis n. sp. is described. The following names are synonymized: Anadenus Heynemann, 1862 = Gymnanadenus Bhatia, 1926 syn. n.; Anadenus altivagus (Theobald, 1862) = Limax modestus Theobald, 1862 syn. n. = A. schlagintweiti Heynemann, 1862 syn. n. = A. jerdoni Godwin-Austen, 1882 syn. n. = A. beebei Cockerell, 1913 syn. n. = A. dalhousiensis Bhatia, 1926 syn. n. = A. (Gymnanadenus) matthaii Bhatia, 1926 syn. n. Names of unclear status are regarded as nomina dubia: Anadenus banerjeei Rajagopal, 1973; A. dautzenbergi, Collinge, 1900; A. giganteus Heynemann, 1862; A. insignis Godwin-Austen, 1882 and A. sinensis Mollendorff, 1899. All the known species-level taxa are discussed, based on the type material, museum specimens and newly acquired material. The descriptions, illustrated with original figures and photos, include external appearance, taxonomically useful characters of internal structure, especially genitalia, localities and numerous comments on taxonomy; an original identification key to species is provided.
Muscle lactate dehydrogenase activity is decreased in murine motor neuron disease

Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was examined in affected skeletal muscles of the wobbler mouse, a murine model in which denervation follows degeneration of spinal cord motoneurons. Average biceps brachii LDH activity was reduced at 7 and 15 but not at 3 postnatal weeks. These results demonstrate a progressive alteration in muscle energy metabolism in a natural model of motor neuron disease.
Arachidonic acid mobilization in platelets: the possible role of protein kinase C and G-proteins.

A major route for the release of arachidonic acid from platelet phospholipids appears to be catalyzed by a phospholipase A2 that can be stimulated by a rise of cytosolic Ca2+. This paper discusses certain other mechanisms for regulation of this process. Release of arachidonic acid by calcium ionophores is potentiated by pretreatment with stimulators of protein kinase C; e.g. diglyceride, phorbol esters and the terpene diester mezerein. This effect appears to be coincident with phosphorylation of a certain group of proteins (not 47 KDa protein), and is sensitive to depletion of ATP, activation of Ca2+ dependent phosphatase, and the kinase C inhibitor H-7, but is unaffected by Na+/H+ exchange inhibitors. Recent results in other cell types strongly indicate that phospholipase A2 is also directly under control of certain GTP-binding proteins.
Cytogenesis of the human fetal pancreas.

The initial survey of pancreatic islet formation in the human fetus was reported by Pearce (’03) who described the development of the islets from the primitive pancreatic tubules. The islets were first identifiable in a 54 mm fetus as clusters of small eosinophilic cells attached to the tubule but following vascularization, as observed in a 90 mm fetus, they became separated from the tubules by an encroachment of connective tissue. Studies by Seyfarth (’20) and Nakamura (’24) confirmed the origin of the islets but differed from Pearce in that they found the first islets in 50 and 80 mm fetuses, respectively. The occurrence of two cell types in the fetal islet was initially reported by Weichselbaum and Kryle (’09) while Kardasewitch (’27) described two cell types within the duct system of a 45 mm fetus. The first indication of islet development was noted by Kardasewitch in a 60 mm fetus when small darkly stained cells, the “Insulocytes,” began to proliferate but “typical” islets were not observed until the 90 mm stage. Neubert (’27) also described the development of islet cells from ductule epithelium and, in addition, from cells located at the terminal ends of the ducts. These cells contained intensely stained granules and exhibited a “muddy” appearance which was typical of all young islet cells. Furthermore, such scattered isletpotential cells were always found on the outer surface of groups of cells arranged around adjacent blood vessels, a grouping referred to by Neubert as an “Inselfeld.” In a more recent study of the fetal pancreas, Ferner and Stoeckenius (’51) divided islet development into three stages : (a) single cells, (b) “Inselfeld,” and (c) “Mantelinsel.” The first stage, observed in a 130 mm fetus, consisted of alpha cells within the walls and terminal procy , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Radiative transfer of infrared radiation in model clouds

The complete radiative transfer equation in its scalar form is evaluated to obtain the emissivity, transmissivity and reflectivity of model clouds at selected infrared wavelengths. The cloud models assume liquid water concentrations of 0.1 and 0.3 g/m 3 which are thought to be representative of layer clouds and fogs of moderately low and high water contents. It is the purpose of this study to determine relative errors in radiative transfer calculations in the infrared which are introduced by choices of model cloud droplet size distributions. This task is accomplished by comparing differences in infrared cloud characteristics resulting from the use of the well-known droplet distribution functions of Best (1951), Diem (1948), Deirmendjian (1964) and occasionally that of Warner (1969) for the same liquid water content. The water vapor window, subdivided into 5 spectral intervals, and a spectral region of the strong 6.5 micron water vapor band are investigated in detail for this purpose. It is found that the exponential and unimodal distributions of Best, Diem and Deirmendjian yield results which differ non-critically in practically all cases. The bimodal distribution of Warner, which is used only in conjunction with the lower liquid water content, shows appreciable differences with respect to the other three distribution functions. Of the many computational results which are available, only a few representative samples are displayed. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1971.tb00600.x
Aspects of the synthesis of poliovirus RNA and the formation of virus particles.

Abstract In HeLa cells, poliovirus RNA synthesis begins within an hour after infection and continues exponentially for 3 hours, the rate becoming linear at this time. Up to 2 hours of infection, none of the RNA which has been made has entered virus particles but is found in polyribosomes. After 2.5 hours, RNA begins also to be enclosed within virus particles, and by 4 hours, 20% of the total RNA which has been synthesized is in virus. At 3.75 hours of infection, an RNA molecule can be coated with viral protein within less than 5 minutes after its synthesis, and this coating can take place in the absence of protein synthesis. Conclusions drawn from these data are: (1) The concept of an “eclipse phase” for poliovirus is valid only in terms of virus particle formation. Virus RNA synthesis commences very early after infection. (2) The templates responsible for viral RNA synthesis multiply during the early stage of infection. The exponential rise in RNA synthesis is not due simply to asynchrony of activation of template precursors among the input molecules. (3) There exists in the infected cell a pool of viral coat-protein precursors. All the protein for a given virus particle can be synthesized prior to its RNA.
Steepest Ascent Algorithms for Nonconical Multiple Objective Programming

A steepest ascent family of algorithms suitable for the direct solution of continuous variable unconstrained nonconical multiple objective programming problems is introduced. Nonconical multiple objective problems, unlike standard (conical) vector optimization problems, cannot be easily solved by examining related single objective problems. The concept of a direction of steepest ascent is generalized to the multiple objective context and the question of algorithmic convergence is treated. A computational example involving a nonconical unanimity order is given.
The interpretations of ultraviolet observations of comets

The paper summarizes recent cometary UV observations, most of which were made in Ly-alpha light with instruments aboard earth-orbiting satellites. These include OAO-2 observations of comets Bennett and Tago-Sato-Kosaka, OGO-5 observations of comets Bennett and Encke, and numerous observations of comet Kohoutek. Models for the production of cometary hydrogen atoms are described, including the fountain, syndyname, and parent-daughter models. Calculations of emission line profiles and multiple-scattering effects are also discussed. Results of observations and interpretations are reviewed for each cited comet, far-UV observations in other emission lines are noted, and the use of comets as solar-wind probes is considered. It is concluded that the results of the present cometary Ly-alpha observations strongly support the concept of an icy conglomerate solid cometary nucleus and suggest water to be one of the most abundant molecules in comets.
Systemic inflammatory mediators and bone homeostasis in intestinal failure.

Background: A proinflammatory state has been described in patients with intestinal failure. The prevalence of metabolic bone disease in this group is considerable. It is not known whether this proinflammatory state is related to bone parameters, though bone disease is recognized as a proinflammatory process in postmenopausal women. The purpose of this study was to examine whether inflammation was related to bone disease. Methods: Eight patients with parenteral nutrition (PN)-dependent intestinal failure but no recent infections or immunosuppressive medications had serum assayed for interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and its receptors (TNFR-I and TNFR-II), C-reactive protein, and whole blood for lymphocyte proliferation. Routine clinical laboratory measures of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, serum calcium, and phosphorus within 3 months of the inflammatory measures were compared by Pearson's correlation to the inflammatory measures. Results: Mean values for calcium, phosphorus, and albumi...
Simulation and Visualization of Menisci-Femur Contact Using Patient-Specific Deformable Models

Computational modeling and simulation of knee joint can help expand our understanding of the knee biomechanics, and thus improve orthopedic practice. Although many computational knee models have been developed, very few of them include a deformable menisci model. In addition, patient specific modeling and simulation are still not widely adopted, although they are shown to be more effective than generic modeling. In this paper, we present two new methods for simulating and visualizing menisci-femur contact area during gait cycles, using patient-specific knee models and motion data. Specifically we propose a new template based 3D model reconstruction method that generates patient-specific knee models from medical images. We also propose a new deformable menisci model that combines physics-based deformation and spatial deformation, making it easier for users to balance the physical realism and performance needs. These new methods will benefit knee biomechanical analysis as well as interactive orthopedic surgery planning and training.
Study of the human plasma proteome of rheumatoid arthritis

In this study, we report a combined proteomic and peptidomic analysis of human plasma from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and controls. We used molecular weight cut-off filters (MWCO: 10kDa) to enrich low-molecular-weight (LMW) peptides from human plasma. The peptide fraction was analyzed without trypsin digestion by capillary reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a linear ion trap-FT-MS system, which identified 771 unique peptides in the peptidome study (from 145 protein progenitors). An anti-albumin/anti-IgG column was used to remove albumin and immunoglobulin G (IgG) from the human plasma. After that, the albumin/IgG-depleted sample was fractionated into a bound fraction and an unbound fraction on a multi-lectin affinity column (M-LAC). LC-MS analysis of the corresponding tryptic digests identified 308 proteins using the M-LAC approach. Relative differences in the following protein classifications were observed in the RA human plasma samples compared with controls: structural proteins, immuno-related proteins, protease inhibitors, coagulation proteins, transport proteins and apolipoproteins. While some of these proteins/peptides have been previously reported to be associated with RA disease such as calgranulin A, B, C and C-reactive protein, several others were newly identified (such as thymosin beta4, actin, tubulin, and vimentin), which may further the understanding of the disease pathogenesis. Moreover, we have found that the peptidomic and glycoproteomic approaches were complementary and allow a more complete picture of the human plasma proteome which can be valuable in studies of disease etiology.
Korean American Parental Depressive Symptoms and Parental Acceptance–Rejection and Control

This study explored the relationships between Korean American parental depressive symptoms and parenting in 64 mothers and 35 fathers of adolescents 11 to 17 years of age. Using multiple regression after controlling for family income, both parents’ depressive symptoms were found to significantly influence their acceptance and rejection behaviors, explaining 14% of variance in the mother model and 47% of variance in the father model. Specifically, maternal depressive symptoms were found to significantly positively influence their hostility. Paternal depressive symptoms were found to significantly negatively influence their affection and positively influence their hostility, neglect, and undifferentiated rejection. Educating Korean American parents, especially fathers, regarding the possible influence of their depressive symptoms on their acceptance and rejection of their adolescents could be helpful.