cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Location of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Services Across New York City Neighborhoods: Do Neighborhood Socio-demographic Characteristics and HIV Incidence Matter?

Despite an increasing pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use among populations at highest risk of HIV acquisition, comprehensive and easy access to PrEP is limited among racial/ethnic minorities and low-income populations. The present study analyzed the geographic distribution of PrEP providers and the relationship between their location, neighborhood characteristics, and HIV incidence using spatial analytic methods. PrEP provider density, socio-demographics, healthcare availability, and HIV incidence data were collected by ZIP-code tabulation area in New York City (NYC). Neighborhood socio-demographic measures of race/ethnicity, income, insurance coverage, or same-sex couple household, were not associated with PrEP provider density, after adjusting for spatial autocorrelation, and PrEP providers were located in high HIV incidence neighborhoods (P < 0.01). These findings validate the need for ongoing policy interventions (e.g. public health detailing) vis-a-vis PrEP provider locations in NYC and inform the design of future PrEP implementation strategies, such as public health campaigns and navigation assistance for low-cost insurance.
Conducting HIV Prevention Programs for the Severely Mentally Ill: An Assessment of Capacity Among HIV Prevention Programs Providers in the City and County of San Francisco

Recent studies have shown that the severely mentally ill (SMI) are at higher risk for HIV infection than the general population. At the same time, the number of HIV prevention programs available for this priority population is extremely low. The purpose of this study was to identify the extent to which community-based organizations conduct HIV prevention for severely mentally ill people. Telephone interviews with HIV prevention program managers in San Francisco were conducted over two weeks in 2003. Of the 21 agencies funded by the San Francisco Department of Public Health, only three agencies included severely mentally ill people as a priority population for their prevention efforts. However, 16 agencies reported that they provided prevention services to the SMI, even though they were not considered a priority risk population. Three providers reported no SMI among the population they served. Additional studies are also needed to examine the capacity building elements that are necessary for HIV prevention program providers to plan, design, and implement prevention programs tailored for SMI individuals.
Combustion synthesis of N-doped three-dimensional graphene networks using graphene oxide–nitrocellulose composites

We demonstrate a novel method to prepare high-quality and uniform nitrogen-doped, three-dimensional, graphene networks through combustion of graphene oxide (GO)–nitrocellulose composites. The N-doped 3D graphene networks have tunable porous morphology and the pore size can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of GO in the nitrocellulose matrix. This new method is a simple method to obtain nitrogen-doped graphene networks and has potential applications in energy storage and conversion, catalysis, and sensors.
The Role of Integrin αDβ2 in Macrophage Migration.

Abstract Integrin αDβ2 (CD11d/CD18), the most recently discovered member of the β2 sub-family of adhesion receptors, is strongly upregulated on macrophage foam cells which underscores its potential role in atherosclerosis. However, the contribution of αDβ2 to monocyte/macrophage adhesive reactions and the significance of its overexpression on these cells remain unknown. Recently we characterized αDβ2 as a multiligand receptor capable of binding many extracellular matrix proteins with the recognition specificity overlapping that of the major myeloid-specific integrin αMβ2 (Mac-1). We hypothesized that the αDβ2 ability to bind numerous ligands in the extracellular matrix and its capacity to be upregulated to high density on the surface of macrophages may modulate cell adhesiveness and, thus, affect migration. To evaluate the role of αDβ2 in migration, we generated model and natural cells expressing different densities of αDβ2 and tested their migration to different extracellular matrix proteins. In vitro studies demonstrated that αDβ2 expressed at low densities, either on the surface of HEK293 cells or the mouse macrophage cell line IC-21, supported migration which was partially inhibited by anti-αD function-blocking antibodies. Furthermore, β1 and β3 integrins expressed on HEK293 cells and IC-21 macrophages, respectively, contributed to migration because anti-β1 and anti-β3 antibodies inhibited migration. Increased expression of αDβ2 on the surface of HEK293 cells and its upregulation by PMA on IC-21 macrophages resulted in the inhibition of cell migration. Ligation of αDβ2 with anti-αD antibodies restored β1- and β3-driven cell migration by means of removing restraints imposed by the excess of the αDβ2-ligand adhesive bonds. To test the possibility that progressive upregulation of αDβ2 can block macrophage migration in vivo, we assessed the effect of anti-αD function blocking antibodies using the thioglycollate-induced peritonitis model. More than 4-fold upregulation of αDβ2 was detected on macrophages in 72 h after thioglycollate stimulation and, similar to in vitro studies, the numbers of migration macrophages increased in the presence of anti-αD antibodies. These results demonstrate that the density of αDβ2 can modulate cell migration and suggest that low levels of αDβ2 can contribute to monocyte migration while αDβ2 upregulation on differentiated macrophages might facilitate their retention at the site of inflammation.
Scalar direct detection: In-medium effects

Abstract A simple extension of the Standard Model consists of a scalar field that can potentially constitute the dark matter (DM). Significant attention has been devoted to probing light O ( ≲ 10 eV ) scalar DM, with a multitude of experimental proposals based on condensed matter systems as well as novel materials. However, the previously overlooked effective in-medium mixing of light scalars with longitudinal plasmons can strongly modify the original sensitivity calculations of the direct detection experiments. We implement the in-medium effects for scalar DM detection, using thermal field theory techniques, and show that the reach of a large class of direct DM detection experiments searching for light scalars is significantly reduced. This development identifies setups based on Dirac materials and tunable plasma haloscopes as particularly promising for scalar DM detection. Further, we also show that scalars with significant boost with respect to halo DM, such as those produced in the Sun, decay of other particles or by cosmic rays, will not suffer from in-medium suppression. Hence, multi-tonne direct DM detection experiments, such as those based on xenon or argon, also constitute a favorable target. We also discuss scalar mediated DM scattering.
Analysis of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid, and glufosinate from human urine by HRAM LC-MS

Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is the main metabolite of glyphosate (GLYP) and phosphonic acids in detergents. GLYP is a synthetic herbicide frequently used worldwide alone or together with its analog glufosinate (GLUF). The general public can be exposed to these potentially harmful chemicals; thus, sensitive methods to monitor them in humans are urgently required to evaluate health risks. We attempted to simultaneously detect GLYP, AMPA, and GLUF in human urine by high-resolution accurate-mass liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HRAM LC-MS) before and after derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride (Fmoc-Cl) or 1-methylimidazole-sulfonyl chloride (ImS-Cl) with several urine pre-treatment and solid phase extraction (SPE) steps. Fmoc-Cl derivatization achieved the best combination of method sensitivity (limit of detection; LOD) and accuracy for all compounds compared to underivatized urine or ImS-Cl-derivatized urine. Before derivatization, the best steps for GLYP involved 0.4 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) pre-treatment followed by SPE pre-cleanup (LOD 37 pg/mL), for AMPA involved no EDTA pre-treatment and no SPE pre-cleanup (LOD 20 pg/mL) or 0.2–0.4 mM EDTA pre-treatment with no SPE pre-cleanup (LOD 19–21 pg/mL), and for GLUF involved 0.4 mM EDTA pre-treatment and no SPE pre-cleanup (LOD 7 pg/mL). However, for these methods, accuracy was sufficient only for AMPA (101–105%), while being modest for GLYP (61%) and GLUF (63%). Different EDTA and SPE treatments prior to Fmoc-Cl derivatization resulted in high sensitivity for all analytes but satisfactory accuracy only for AMPA. Thus, we conclude that our HRAM LC-MS method is suited for urinary AMPA analysis in cross-sectional studies.
Private Information and Dynamic Bargaining in Supply Chains: An Experimental Study

Problem definition: We conduct a controlled human-subjects experiment in a two-tier supply chain where a supplier’s per-unit production cost may be private information while bargaining with a buyer...
Clinical Trials with Interferon-Alpha as a Chemosensitizer in Gliomas

To assess the efficacy of recombinant interferon-alpha (IFN-rα) combined with carmustine (BCNU) and other agents, we performed four prospective clinical trials. Of 35 patients with recurrent glioma who were given BCNU and IFN-rα, 29% experienced regression with a median duration of 10.1 months; 37% of nonresponders remained stable for more than 6 months. By contrast, the combination of IFN-rα and alpha-dimethylornithine (DFMO) produced no responses in 29 patients with recurrent glioma. We then completed a phase I study of 15 patients with newly diagnosed grade 3 or 4 glioma [World Health Organization (WHO) classification] treated with radiation, BCNU, and IFN-rα. In that study, IFN-rα 12 × 106 units/ m2 s.c. on days 1–3 of each week produced excessive fatigue, weight loss, and confusion, but patients could tolerate IFN-rα at 12 X 106 units/m2 given on days 1–3 of weeks 1, 3, and 5 of each 7-week cycle with BCNU given at 150 mg/m2 on day 3 every 7 weeks. Eight patients had grade 4 gliomas and 7 had grade 3 gliomas. For the 4 evaluable grade 4 patients, the mean survival time was 24.6 months (range, 12.6–44.7 months); 3 of the 7 grade 3 patients remained alive for 50.2+ to 55.5+ months without tumor recurrence. We are conducting a prospective phase III trial in which all patients first receive radiation plus BCNU then are randomized to BCNU alone or BCNU plus IFN-rα. To date, 383 patients have been registered on the study and 274 have been randomized. Toxicity with the IFN-rα regimen has been pronounced, consisting of flu-like symptoms, confusion, and somnolence. Survival data are not yet sufficiently established to be reported.
Consciousness and Information Processing: A Biocognitive Perspective

Although the facts and phenomena of consciousness have received attention in various forms in the past, it is only recently that the scientific community and the biobehavioral sciences in particular, have begun to recognize its study as a legitimate, even essential, domain of inquiry. Investigators who have attempted to explore this area of functioning have approached it from a myriad of perspectives, with a heterogeneous array of methods and techniques. The available literature in this area consists largely of a disparate collection of findings with an occasional, loosely woven theory. Most researchers working in areas of the biobehavioral sciences which have bearing on the study of consciousness are often not aware of data in a different, but related area which might be relevant to their investigations.
Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP), Der Weg Zur Offenen Kommunikation in der Fertigungsleittechnik

Die Einfuhrung flexibler Fertigungsverfahren setzt die Komrnunikationsfahigkeit der in der Fertigung installierten Automatisierungseinrichtungen voraus. In dem von General Motors initiierten und geforderten MAP-Projekt spezifizieren und erproben Hersteller und Anwender von Automatisierungseinrichtungen gemeinsam ein offenes Kommunikationssystem fur die Fertigungsautomatisierung. Der 5-Stufenplan fur die Realisierung, Stand der Arbeiten und anstehende Aufgaben werden erlautert, die fur Einfuhrung und Verbreitung getroffenen Masnahmen werden vorgestellt.
In re Silicon Graphics Securities Litigation: Shareholder Wealth Effects of the Interpretation of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act?s Pleading Standard

This Essay examines the stock market's reaction to the Ninth Circuit's decision in re Silicon Graphics Securities Litigation. That decision adopted the most stringent interpretation of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act's "strong inference" standard for pleading scienter in securities fraud cases. Studying the abnormal stock returns of a sample of high technology companies, the authors find a statistically significant positive return for shareholders of these companies to the Silicon Graphics decision. They also find that these positive stock price effects were strongest for those firms most likely to be sued in securities fraud class actions, but the results were less positive for those firms most likely to be sued for committing fraud. The authors conclude that the Silicon Graphics decision enhanced shareholder wealth on average. They argue that when the Supreme Court is called upon to interpret the Reform Act's pleading standard that it should adopt the Silicon Graphics standard.
The Equilibrium Approach to Exchange Rates

Media reports on foreign exchange rates are filled with discussions of “overvalued” or “undervalued” currencies. Stories in the financial press about changes in exchange rates frequently state that they affect international competitiveness and employment.
The "Sort-Your-Own (SYO) Method" of Collaborative Sorting: A Practical Technique to Improve the Efficiency of Group Convergence

This work represents an initial attempt to formalize a practical facilitation technique for collaborative sorting tasks that are used to help achieve convergence outcomes. The "Sort-your-own (SYO) Method" is a simple approach to a collaborative sorting task that (in practice) promises to be an efficient way to complete the idea organization phase of a session more quickly, and with improved accuracy, over other methods. Because of its inherent design, the SYO Method mitigates several of the classic psychological pitfalls frequently observed in idea organization activities that usually lead to declines in participant satisfaction. The discussion focuses on the potential benefits of this method and describes the ideal settings/conditions for its use.
Parallel programming on reconfigurable meshes with buses

Several mesh-like architectures have been proposed to support parallel computing. These connect the processor mesh with a system of reconfigurable buses. In this work, the authors present several examples to illustrate the ease with which efficient (in fact, constant time) programs can be developed for the weakest of these architectures. The examples are from computational geometry. >
On adaptive arrays in mobile communication

The author studies the use of adaptive arrays in mobile communication for increasing channel capacity as well as reducing co-channel interference. Antenna arrays may be used at the base station and/or at the mobile unit. A mathematical model for the received signal is presented and discussed in the context of frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA). It is shown from the carrier-to-interference and noise ratio (CINR) for a single- and an array-antenna that the latter results in reduced co-channel interference. >
3D teleimmersion for collaboration and interaction of geographically distributed users

Teleimmersion is an emerging technology that enables users to collaborate remotely by generating realistic 3D avatars in real time and rendering them inside a shared virtual space. The teleimmersive environment thus provides a venue for collaborative work on 3D data such as medical imaging, scientific data and models, archaeological datasets, architectural or mechanical designs, remote training (e.g., oil rigs, military applications), and remote teaching of physical activities (e.g., rehabilitation, dance). In this paper, we present our research work performed over the course of several years in developing the teleimmersive technology using image-based stereo and more recently Kinect. We outline the issues pertaining to the capture, transmission, rendering, and interaction. We describe several applications where we have explored the use of the 3D teleimmersion for remote interaction and collaboration among professional and scientific users. We believe the presented findings are relevant for future developers in teleimmersion and apply across various 3D video capturing technologies.
hZimp7, a Novel PIAS-Like Protein, Enhances Androgen Receptor-Mediated Transcription and Interacts with SWI/SNF-Like BAF Complexes

Members of the PIAS (protein inhibitor of activated signal transducer and activator of transcription) family are negative regulators of the Janus family of tyrosine kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway. Recently, PIAS proteins have been shown to interact with multiple signaling pathways in various cellular processes, and it has been demonstrated that PIAS and PIAS-like proteins interact with nuclear hormone receptors. In this study, we have identified a novel human PIAS-like protein, provisionally termed hZimp7, which shares a high degree of sequence similarity with hZimp10 (human zinc finger-containing, Miz1, PIAS-like protein on chromosome 10). hZimp7 (human zinc finger-containing, Miz1, PIAS-like protein on chromosome 7) possesses a molecular mass of approximately 100 kDa and contains a conserved Miz (msx-interacting zinc finger) domain, a nuclear translocation signal sequence, and a C-terminal transactivation domain. Northern blot analysis revealed that hZimp7 is predominantly expressed in testis, heart, brain, prostate, and ovary. Moreover, immunohistochemical staining of prostate tissues revealed that endogenous hZimp7 protein localizes to the nuclei of prostate epithelial cells and costains with the androgen receptor (AR). Further analysis of hZimp7 subcellular localization revealed that hZimp7 and the AR colocalize within the nucleus and form a protein complex at replication foci. Transient transfection experiments showed that hZimp7 augments the transcriptional activity of the AR and other nuclear hormone receptors. In contrast, reduction of endogenous hZimp7 protein expression by RNA interference decreased AR-mediated transcription. Finally, we determined that hZimp7 physically associates with Brg1 and BAF57, components of the ATP-dependent mammalian SWI/SNF-like BAF chromatin-remodeling complexes. The above data illustrate a potential role for hZimp7 in modulation of AR and/or other nuclear receptor-mediated transcription, possibly through alteration of chromatin structure by SWI/SNF-like BAF complexes.
The effect of albedo on the evapotranspiration rate

Abstract The problem was to evaluate the possibility of reducing the evapotranspiration of an irrigated field by increasing its reflectivity to incoming radiation. A numerical computation approach was used to solve the differential equations governing the transfer phenomena in a horizontally homogeneous atmospheric boundary layer and underlying soil. A few preliminary tests showed that although wind velocities were not accurately predicted, the effect of such inaccuracies on the energy budget results was not significant. Comparisons of calculated results for fields with natural albedo (0.25) and fields with albedo artificially increased to 0.40, indicated the following: 1. ( 1 ) Under a clear sky, the relative reduction in net radiation due to the treatment, was about 30%, as compared with only 20% reduction in the solar radiation absorbed at the surface. 2. ( 2 ) The major factors affecting the saving of water were the albedo and the wetness of the surface. Wind, surface roughness and thermal stratification were of only secondary importance. 3. ( 3 ) The savings in water due to the treatment were calculated to be roughly 30% for all wetness conditions.
Inhibition of cell proliferation, invasion, tumor growth and metastasis by an oral non-antimicrobial tetracycline analog (COL-3) in a metastatic prostate cancer model.

Antibiotic forms of tetracycline exhibit antitumor activity in some tumor models. However, their low in vivo efficacy and associated morbidity limit their long-term application in cancer therapy. This report appraises the efficacy of doxycycline (DC) and non-antimicrobial, chemically modified tetracyclines (CMTs) against prostate cancer. Both DC and several CMTs inhibited prostate tumor cell proliferation in vitro. Some of the CMTs were significantly more potent than DC. One of the CMTs, 6-deoxy, 6-demethyl, 4-de-dimethylamino tetracycline (CMT-3, COL-3), was the most potent inhibitor (50% inhibition dose [GI(50)] 90% (CMT-3). CMT-3 and DC decreased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 secretion in treated cultures and inhibited activity of secreted MMPs, CMT-3 was a stronger inhibitor. Daily oral gavage of DC and CMT-3 inhibited tumor growth and metastasis in the Dunning MAT LyLu rat prostate tumor. Decreases in tumor growth (27-35%) and lung metastases were observed (28.9 +/- 15.4 sites/animal [CMT-3-treated] versus 43.6 +/- 18.8 sites/animal [DC-treated] versus 59.5 +/- 13.9 [control]; p < 0.01]. A delay in tumor growth (27 +/- 9.3%, p < 0.05), reduction in metastases (58 +/- 8%) and decrease in tumor incidences (55 +/- 9%, CMT-3-treated) were also observed, when rats were predosed for 7 days. No significant drug-induced morbidity was observed in any of the animals. These results, along with a recently concluded clinical trial, suggest a potential use of CMT-3 as an oral, nontoxic drug to treat metastatic prostate and other cancers.
Diode-clamped multilevel converter topology for battery cells charging applications

A new charger control strategy for optimum charging of individual battery cells is proposed. The charger can directly charge individual battery cells based on their state-of-charge (SOC) using multilevel converter topology. In multilevel converter, individual cells are connected in series on the DC side of the converter. By choosing switching pattern and their duration in a combined manner, the charging current in each cell of the converter can be controlled very competently. The technique using diode-clamped multilevel converter is an excellent candidate for the unification of the charger and the individual cell current controller. The proposed control technique in balancing the individual cell charging currents is verified for different operating conditions.
Altered levels of primary antioxidant enzymes in progeria skin fibroblasts.

Abstract Free radicals are involved in the aging process. In this study, the profile of primary antioxidant enzymes that scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) was examined for the first time in human skin fibroblasts from progeria, a premature aging disease. Altered levels of antioxidant enzymes were found in progeria cells. Basal levels of MnSOD were decreased in progeria cells as well as a blunted induction in response to chronic stress. This change may contribute to the accelerated aging process in progeria cells. In contrast, the levels of CuZnSOD showed no progeria-related change. Two H 2 O 2 removing enzymes demonstrated a significant reduction in progeria cells: only 50% of normal CAT activity and 30% of normal GPX activity can be detected in progeria cells. This diminished H 2 O 2 removing capacity in progeria cells may lead to an imbalance of intracellular ROS and therefore may play an important role in the development of progeria.
Determination of CD4 antigen density on cells: Role of antibody valency, avidity, clones, and conjugation

The number of R-phycoerythrin (R-PE)-conjugated antibodies bound to a cell can be quantitated on a flow cytometer by using beads with known numbers of attached R-PE molecules (QuantiBRITE PE). Using these reference beads, we have observed that a number of factors affect the accuracy of the quantitation and conclusions about epitope density. These factors include valence of antibody binding, the use of antibody fragments (Fab's) versus intact monoclonal antibodies (mAb's), fixation, the purity of the conjugate (i.e., percentage of 1:1 ratios), dissociation rate, the use of washed versus unwashed preparations, and the location of epitope on target antigen. We used CD4 on T cells as a model to explore these challenges in detail. We conclude that CD4+ T cells bind approximately 49,000 CD4 (Leu 3a) antibody molecules, that this binding is bivalent, and therefore that there are approximately 98,000 CD4 antigen molecules on the surface of these cells.
Current status of ablative therapies in esophageal disorders.

Endoscopic ablative therapies for esophageal diseases have been used for palliation of inoperable esophageal cancer, but their use in eradication of early esophageal cancer and Barrett’s esophagus (with and without dysplasia) has been reported in recent publications. Pharmacologic and surgical treatment of reflux symptoms in patients with Barrett’s esophagus has not consistently reversed the metaplastic epithelium. This has led investigators to try different modalities of local injury to the columnar mucosa in an acid-reduced environment. Endoscopic reversal of Barrett’s esophagus (visual replacement of columnar mucosa by squamous mucosa) is more readily achievable than complete histologic reversal. Preliminary data show that endoscopic reversal of Barrett’s esophagus can be achieved, but intestinal metaplasia underlying the new squamous mucosa is reported in almost all series. Incidence of adenocarcinoma in patients with Barrett’s without dysplasia is probably so low that endoscopic ablation as a therapy cannot be advocated outside of study protocols. Endoscopic therapy as a definitive treatment for patients with high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and/or early adenocarcinoma holds promise, especially in older patients with comorbid illnesses. Future long-term randomized studies are needed to determine whether ablative therapies can provide an alternative approach for patients with HGD and early cancer. Advanced cancers that are not resectable for cure can be effectively treated by endoscopic therapy for palliation of dysphagia.
A FACTOR ANALYTIC STUDY OF THE ITEMS IN THE RATHUS ASSERTIVENESS SCHEDULE AND THE PERSONAL REPORT OF COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION

A factor analysis of items in the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule and the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension yielded six factors. College students (n = 215) at a large midwestern universit...
Self as a default target in thinking about traits

Two experiments provide evidence for the recruitment of self as a default target in thinking about traits. Results show that semantic processing of trait labels, when no specific target is named, facilitates subsequent trait judgments more for self than for other social exemplars, including exemplars of highly familiar others. The effect is not qualified by trait desirability. However, as predicted, such a privileged position of self in thinking about traits, applies to thinking about covert, unobservable, manifestations but not to thinking about overt, observable, manifestations of traits.
The structure and function of the third component of human complement--I. The nature and extent of conformational changes accompanying C3 activation.

Abstract The nature and extent of conformational changes accompanying the enzymatic activation of C3 were investigated using spectroscopic methodology. Techniques sensitive to changes in backbone conformation (e.g. far UV circular dichroism (CD)) or to the perturbation of a considerable proportion of the aromatic residues in the protein (e.g., intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence or solvent perturbation difference spectroscopy) failed to show substantial spectral differences following the activation process. In contrast, methods capable of detecting changes in the local environment of a small number ofchromophores show significant spectral alterations following C3 activation. For example, the ultraviolet difference spectrum of a C3a + C3b digestion mixture versus native C3 provides evidence for the net burial of approximately one tryptophan residue upon activation ( Δe 294 = + 1400) while the negative direction of the difference spectrum below 288 nm is suggestive of a net exposure of a small number of tyrosine residues. Peptide cleavage induced changes in the local environment of aromatic residues are also evident in comparing the near UV (330-250 nm) CD spectra of pre- and post-activation C3. Part of the difference observed in the 270-250 nm region may result from an altered environment of disulfide bonds. This is further suggested by our findings that disulfides are more resistant to reduction in C3b than in the native molecule. Finally, we report that the emission spectrum due to the binding of the fluorescent compound 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) to C3 displays a very pronounced enhancement following C3 conversion. This finding suggests that there are substantial changes in the surface hydrophobicity of at least a portion of the C3 molecule following its activation. Taken together, the conformational probes described in this study provide a foundation for investigating the dynamic processes occurring in C3 following its activation.
The vibrational analysis of 1,1-dimethylcyclopropane and 1,1-dimethyl-d6-cyclopropane

Abstract The i.r. and Raman spectra of 1,1-dimethylcyclopropane and 1,1-dimethyl-d 6 -Cyclopropane have been investigated from 100 to 4000 cm −1 . Infrared spectra are reported in the solid and vapor states and Raman spectra are reported for all three physical states. Data from the normal and deuterated samples were used for Teller—Redlich product rule calculations as a check on correctness of the vibrational assignments. The 1 ← 0 and 2 ← 0 torsional transitions were observed and the calculated barriers to internal rotation for the solid and vapor states are 3.7 and 3.2 kcal/mole respectively.
Helping smokers quit: a randomized controlled trial with private practice dentists

Fifty private practitioners and their office staff members were randomly assigned to one of four groups: participants received a protocol for smoking management and a lecture on the consequences and management of smoking, or in addition, had nicotine gum freely available to patients, had stickers attached to their charts, or had gum and reminders. The percentage of patients in each group who had q u it smoking a year later was 7.7, 16.3, 8.6, and 16.9, respectively, indicating a significant main effect for the gum conditions. The availability of nicotine gum also significantly increased the amount of time that patients reported they received smoking cessation counseling from the dentists and office staff.
A Variable Thickness Low Temperature Infra-Red CeH*,†

An infra-red absorption cell has been designed and constructed for use at low temperatures. This cell incorporates flat silver chloride windows and possesses a mechanism for varying the sample thickness with the cell in place. The present cell is satisfactory for use down to about liquid hydrogen temperatures but, with some minor changes, can be redesigned for use at lower temperatures.
Effects of Chemical Inducers on Human Microsomal Epoxide Hydrolase in Primary Hepatocyte Cultures

Human microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH; EC 3.3.2.3) is an important biotransformation enzyme and potential risk determinant for pathologies such as cancer and teratogenesis. Currently, the effects of chemical exposures on human mEH gene expression are largely unknown, but they may constitute a unique modifier of disease susceptibility. To examine this issue, we exposed cultures of primary human hepatocytes isolated from seven donors to prototypic chemical inducers [such as phenobarbital (PB), polyaromatic hydrocarbons, dexamethasone, butylated hydroxyanisole, and ciprofibrate]. Basal levels of mEH RNA and protein were detected readily in untreated cells. Chemical treatment of cultured hepatocytes resulted in variable mEH RNA and protein expression, but, in general, only modest modulatory effects were detected following these exposures. The maximum increase in mEH RNA expression observed was approximately 3.5-fold following Arochlor 1254 exposure. Immunochemical levels of mEH protein were quantified for all treatment groups in three cultures and demonstrated less overall variation and, in general, a lack of concordance with corresponding mEH RNA levels. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 and 3A mRNA levels were measured before and following exposure to β-naphthaflavone and PB, respectively, to permit independent evaluation of hepatocyte inducer responsiveness. Substantial increases in RNA expression levels for both the CYP1A2 and CYP3A genes demonstrated that the hepatocyte cultures were robust and highly responsive to inducer treatment. These results indicate that the mEH gene in human hepatocytes is only modestly responsive to chemical exposures.
Updating the General Chemistry Anchoring Concepts Content Map

The previously published Anchoring Concepts Content Map (ACCM) from the ACS Examinations Institute is updated. Through the development process of the ACCM for other subdisciplines, changes have been made at the top two levels, and these changes need to be reflected in the previously published maps. In addition, a large-scale project to align test items from ACS Exams over the past 20 years revealed specific omissions in the initially published General Chemistry ACCM.
TOWN NAMES OF COLONIAL NEW ENGLAND IN THE WEST

ABSTRACT The names given to the towns of New England during the colonial period formed the largest group of place names drawn upon in the naming of places (counties, townships, and aggregated communities) in the western territories and states after the attainment of independence by the United States. The distribution of these names in the twentieth century provides a clue to the westward spread of cultural elements from the northeastern states into the interior of North America, supplementing evidence from speech habits and material elements of the cultural landscape. Because of ambiguities, especially of contamination by transfer of some identical names from the middle and southern colonies, the present distribution of the names in the states west of the original colonies must be examined in the light of evidence other than their position on the map. The full insight to be gained from the occurrence of the names may be achieved only by a more detailed examination, preferably by individual states, than th...
Late Steps in the Formation of E. coli RNA Polymerase—λPR Promoter Open Complexes: Characterization of Conformational Changes by Rapid [Perturbant] Upshift Experiments

Abstract The formation of the transcriptionally competent open complex (RP o ) by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase at the λP R promoter involves at least three steps and two kinetically significant intermediates (I 1 and I 2 ). Understanding the sequence of conformational changes (rearrangements in the jaws of RNA polymerase, DNA opening) that occur in the conversion of I 1 to RP o requires: (1) dissecting the rate constant k d for the dissociation of RP o into contributions from individual steps and (2) isolating and characterizing I 2 . To deconvolute k d , we develop experiments involving rapid upshifts to elevated concentrations of RP o -destabilizing solutes (“perturbants”: urea and KCl) to create a burst in the population of I 2 . At high concentrations of either perturbant, k d approaches the same [perturbant]-independent value, interpreted as the elementary rate constant k −2 for I 2 → I 1 . The large effects of [urea] and [salt] on K 3 (the equilibrium constant for I 2 ⇄ RP o ) indicate that a large-scale folding transition in polymerase occurs and a new interface with the DNA forms late in the mechanism. We deduce that I 2 at the λP R promoter is always unstable relative to RP o , even at 0 °C, explaining previous difficulties in detecting it by using temperature downshifts. The division of the large positive enthalpy change between the late steps of the mechanism suggests that an additional unstable intermediate (I 3 ) may exist between I 2 and RP o .
Sexual Desire and Depression Following Spinal Cord Injury: Masculine Sexual Prowess as a Moderator

Men’s adherence to masculine norms stressing sexual prowess may contribute to their adjustment to changes in sexual functioning following spinal cord injury. The authors test this hypothesis by examining the moderating role of men’s conformity to gender norms for sexual prowess on the relationship between sexual desire and depression. One hundred and sixteen male citizens of the United States with spinal cord injuries were recruited for participation in the internet-based survey. Results indicated that participants with strong sexual desire evinced higher rates of depression when they conformed to masculine norms emphasizing sexual prowess. Men with little reported sexual desire, by contrast, demonstrated lower rates of depression when they endorsed norms for prowess. Directions for future research and treatment interventions are offered.
Some aspects of the electromagnetic field

“The rotating armatures of every generator and every motor in this age of electricity are steadily proclaiming the truth of the relativity theory to all who have ears to hear,” declares this well-known physicist, who traces the development of electromagnetic theory from the 18th century to the impact of relativity.
Gonoid thelytoky in soft scale insects (Coccidae: Homoptera)

Cytological analysis of the thelytokous soft-scale insects Coccus hesperidum L. (2n=14) and Saissetia coffeae (Walker) (2n=16) revealed that while in both “species” the chromosomes did not pair during prophase I, meiosis consisted of two divisions, the chromosome number was reduced, and diploidy was restored by the fusion of the female pronucleus with the polar nucleus II. The difficulty of trying to classify this type of thelytoky as either automictic or apomictic led to the proposal that a new criterion and new terms be used to classify thelytoky (and parthenogenesis). The new criterion is whether the number of chromosome elements present in the first (or only) metaphase of oogenesis is the same as that present in the oogonia (gonoid thelytoky) or different from it (agonoid thelytoky). The new criterion is superior to the existing criteria because it is unambiguous, and because it groups together forms with a similar tendency towards heterozygosity (or homozygosity). The possible evolution of the forms analyzed as well as the two other thelytokous forms of each “species” described by Thomsen (1927) are discussed. Another soft-scale insect, Physokermes hemicryphus Dalam, consisted of a diploid (2n=18) and a triploid (3n=27) form, in both of which the chromosomes also did not pair. Each of the three “species” contained a strain in which only a single nucleolus was present per cell. In C. hesperidum some strains with two nucleoli differed in the size of the nucleoli.
“Assertion” and intentionality

Robert Stalnaker argues that his causal-pragmatic account of the problem of intentionality commits him to a coarse-grained conception of the contents of mental states, where propositions are represented as sets of possible worlds. Stalnaker also accepts the “direct reference” theory of names, according to which co-referring names have the same content. Stalnaker’s view of content is thus threatened by Frege’s Puzzle. Stalnaker’s classic paper “Assertion” is intended to provide a response to this threat. In this paper, I evaluate Stalnaker’s claim that the causal-pragmatic account of intentionality commits one to a coarse-grained conception of the contents of mental states, and argue that the apparatus laid out in “Assertion” is not sufficiently comprehensive to account for all versions of Frege’s Puzzle.
Secondary organic aerosol from α‐pinene ozonolysis in dynamic chamber system

The formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced from a-pinene ozonolysis was examined using a dynamic chamber system that allowed the simulation of ventilated indoor environments. Particle-bound reactive species (ROS) including peroxides, peroxy radicals and ions that could penetrate into the lungs and deliver oxidative stress to the tissue causing damage were quantitatively determined from filters collected from the chamber. ROS was determined using dichlorofluorescin such that resulting fluorescent intensities were converted to equivalent H2O2 concentrations. Measured ROS concentrations at a-pinene and ozone concentrations relevant to prevailing indoor concentrations ranged from 1.1 to 7.2 nmol/m 3 of H2O2. Particle density was also determined from scanning mobility particle sizer measurements and mass collected onto filters to obtain volume and mass concentration, respectively. Partitioning theory reveals the fact that with increased SOA mass loading, even for more volatile species, partitioning onto particle phase is favored relative to low SOA mass loadings. Other recent studies have found changes in composition of the SOA depending on the precursor VOC concentrations. This behavior was reflected in these experi- ments in terms of a change of density. Measured densities ranged from 1.07 to 1.69 g/cm 3 .
Insulin therapies: Current and future trends at dawn

Insulin is a key player in the control of hyperglycemia for type 1 diabetes patients and selective individuals in patients of type 2 diabetes. Insulin delivery systems that are currently available for the administration of insulin include insulin syringes, insulin infusion pumps, jet injectors and pens. The traditional and most predictable method for the administration of insulin is by subcutaneous injections. The major drawback of current forms of insulin therapy is their invasive nature. To decrease the suffering, the use of supersonic injectors, infusion pumps, sharp needles and pens has been adopted. Such invasive and intensive techniques have spurred the search for alternative, more acceptable methods for administering insulin. Several non-invasive approaches for insulin delivery are being pursued. The newer methods explored include the artificial pancreas with closed-loop system, transdermal insulin, and buccal, oral and pulmonary routes. This review focuses on the new concepts that are being explored for use in future.
Experiments using automated sample plan selection for OPC modeling

OPC models have become critical in the manufacturing of integrated circuits (ICs) by allowing correction of complex designs, as we approach the physical limits of scaling in IC chip design. The accuracy of these models depends upon the ability of the calibration set to sufficiently cover the design space, and be manageable enough to address metrology constraints. We show that the proposed method provides results of at least similar quality, in some cases superior quality compared to both the traditional method and sample plan sets of higher size. The main advantage of our method over the existing ones is that it generates a calibration set much faster, considering a large initial set and even more importantly, by automatically selecting its minimum optimal size.
Ancestral personhood and moral justification

In this article I seek to elucidate the theoretical relationship between the concepts of morality and personhood. I argue that cultural models of personhood are more concretely available to the ima...
Protection of bacteriophage T1 against x-rays and heat.

Abstract Inactivation of bacteriophage T1 by x-rays and by heat can be arrested by the addition of highly ionizing inorganic salts to the aqueous suspension of the phage. The inactivation by heat and by x-rays, however, apparently takes place by two very different means, since certain inorganic salts operative against one of the destructive agents are not operative against the other. The ability to protect against x-rays in a concentration of 0.1 M is in the following order: NaNO 2 , NaNO 3 , (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , CaCl 2 , NaCl, and MgSO 4 . The ability to protect against heat is in practically the reverse order, as follows: MgSO 4 , CaCl 2 , (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , NaCl, NaNO 3 , and NaNO 2 . Stages in the replicative process where inactivation may occur are considered in the light of isotopically labeled phage experiments.
Dispersion in combustion gas sampling probes

The problem of dispersion that occurs when a solute-solvent interface is transported by a-laminar stream flowing down a straight horizontal tube is investigated. Concentration profiles over a range of Peclet numbers and tube lengths for cases of a single step change in concentration and a periodically varying concentration are measured by an infrared absorption technique. Allowing for the effects of natural convection, good agreement is obtained with Taylor's analytical solution for a step change in gas concentration and Philip's analytical solution for a periodically varying change in gas concentration. Calculations for typical combustion gas sampling probes are presented. It is concluded that dispersion can be best minimized by reducing probe length and diameter.
Move to Improve: a randomized workplace trial to increase physical activity.

Background Workplaces are important settings for interventions to increase physical activity, but effects have been modest. Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of Move to Improve , a social–ecologic intervention delivered at the workplace to increase leisure-time physical activity. Methods A group-randomized 12-week intervention consisting of organizational action and personal and team goal-setting was implemented in Fall 2005, with a multi-racial/ethnic sample of 1442 employees at 16 worksites of The Home Depot, Inc. Change in physical activity was analyzed in Fall 2007 using latent growth modeling and latent transition analysis. Results Participants in the intervention had greater increases in moderate and vigorous physical activity and walking compared to participants in a health education control condition. The proportion of participants that met the Healthy People 2010 recommendation for regular participation in either moderate or vigorous physical activity remained near 25% at control sites during the study but increased to 51% at intervention sites. During the last 6 weeks of the study, intervention participants exceeded 300 weekly minutes of self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and 9000 daily pedometer steps. Conclusions The results support the feasibility and efficacy of the Move to Improve intervention and the role of goal-setting for attaining increased physical activity levels.
Electrolyte Metabolism in HeLa Cells

Methods have been developed to study cellular Na, K, and Cl concentrations in HeLa cells. Cell [Na] and [K] are functions of the age of the culture. As the culture grows [K], expressed in mmols/liter cell H2O, rises from an initial value of 121 to a peak of 206 at about 4 days, and thereafter falls until it has almost returned to the initial value by the 9th day. [Na] falls as [K] rises, but there is no fixed relationship between the cellular concentrations of the two cations. There is, however, a correlation between generation time and cellular [K]. Measurements of net K uptake and net Na extrusion were carried out during 1 hour incubation at 37°C of low K cells. Both net K uptake and net Na extrusion took place against chemical concentration gradients, so that at least one transport system must be active; if the Cl distribution is passive both net K uptake and net Na extrusion are active. Studies with inhibitors of respiration and glycolysis lead to the conclusion that respiration is not required for these net transports, which appear to derive their energy from glycolytic sources.