cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lack of ozone effects on oxygen hemoglobin affinity.

Abstract Ozone exposure has been shown to cause erythrocyte damage and thus may be affecting oxygen delivery by the red cell. Oxyhemoglobin affinity, heme-oxygen binding site interaction (Hill coefficient), and red cell 2 ,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations were measured in a total of twenty - two New Zealand white rabbits exposed to ozone. Ozone exposures of 1 and 3 ppm for 4 hr in rabbits had no signifi-cant (P > .05) effect, immediate or delayed, on the parameters measured.
Large frequency tuning of Lithium Niobate laterally vibrating MEMS resonators via electric boundary reconfiguration

The paper presents a method for tuning the center frequency of Lithium Niobate (LN) laterally vibrating MEMS resonators (LVRs). This technique can be used to address the need for low-cost and miniature frequency-agile components of future programmable RF front-ends. The resonator center frequency is modified by changing the electrical boundary conditions imposed by the excitation electrodes. The underlying theory for the tuning mechanism is discussed and verified by experiments. The experimentally shown tuning range is 3%, which surpasses any demonstration of tuning for MEMS resonators. The predicted tuning range can be as high as 7%.
Changes in supervision needs following participation in a residential post-acute brain injury rehabilitation programme

Objective: Supervision needs typically increase following moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Research assessing the impact of TBI residential rehabilitation programmes on supervision needs is limited.Research design: Prospective cross-sectional study.Methods and procedures: Ninety-four participants with moderate-to-severe TBI admitted to a post-acute brain injury rehabilitation programme (PABIR) were administered the supervision rating scale (SRS) at admission and at 1 month post-discharge. To account for spontaneous neurological recovery, patients were separated into those who were less than 1 year (L1Y, n = 55) or greater than 1 year (G1Y, n = 39) post-injury.Experimental intervention: None.Main outcomes and results: A mixed factorial design yielded a significant interaction (F(1, 92) = 18.2; p < 0.0001) with post-hoc results revealing that the L1Y group improved more dramatically in terms of supervision needs than the G1Y group. Using reliable change methodologies, 52.7% of the L1Y demons...
Primary arteriovenous fistula inflow proximalization for patients at high risk for dialysis access-associated ischemic steal syndrome

Establishing a functional vascular access while minimizing the risk of dialysis access-associated ischemic steal syndrome (DASS) may present a challenging problem in patients with severe peripheral vascular disease where even a low-flow arteriovenous fistula (AVF) may lead to severe symptoms and physical findings of DASS. Proximalization of arterial inflow for an existing vascular access is established as an effective treatment for DASS. We hypothesized that a primary proximal arterial inflow procedure for vascular access in patients judged to be at high risk for DASS would result in a successful hemodialysis access and mitigate the risk of steal syndrome. We report four such patients considered to be at significant risk for DASS after construction of a new vascular access. An axillary artery AVF inflow anastomosis was constructed in each patient. The access outflow configuration varied with the available venous outflow conduit identified during the preoperative ultrasound evaluation. In all four patients in this report, a functional autogenous dialysis access was established without DASS.
Identification of social cognitive variables as predictors of safer sex behavior and intent in heterosexual college students

The purpose of this study was to identify social cognitive factors significantly associated with consistent condom use and safer sex intentions for heterosexual college students. No or new relationship involvement, positive attitudes toward condoms, higher HIV risk perceptions, being male, and being younger were associated with more consistent condom use. Higher HIV risk perceptions, positive attitudes toward condoms, safer sex negotiation, no or newer relationship involvement, lower classification, and higher safer sex perceptions of self-efficacy were associated with increased intent to engage in safer sex. HIV knowledge was not associated with safer sex intent or condom use. HIV intervention must go beyond presenting information. Intervention must incorporate social cognitive factors associated with safer sex intent and practice into their design, targeting groups and building safer sex skills.
Separation and partial characterization of rat liver cell membrane components.

Abstract The objectives of this research were to separate and partially characterize the components of rat liver cell plasma membranes. The plasma membranes of liver cells obtained from normal Wistar male rats were isolated using density gradients. The purified membrane was then solubilized in phenol-urea-acetic acid and gel electrophoresis was performed on the solubilized membrane components. Samples of the eluate collected following preparative gel electrophoresis were phosphorus positive-ninhydrin positive; phosphorus negative-ninhydrin positive; phosphorus po6itive-ninhydrin negative; and phosphorus negative-ninhydrin negative. The amino acid analyses showed that the proteins of the separated components were different and that no one component contained more than 6% of the total membrane protein. Liver cell plasma membranes contain components that differ from those of red blood cell plasma membranes. These components can be further divided into subgroups of proteins, i.e., phospholipoproteins and prot...
Aging and cell death in the other yeasts, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Candida albicans

How do cells age and die? For the past 20 years, the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been used as a model organism to uncover the genes that regulate lifespan and cell death. More recently, investigators have begun to interrogate the other yeasts, the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and the human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans, to determine if similar longevity and cell death pathways exist in these organisms. After summarizing the longevity and cell death phenotypes in S. cerevisiae, this mini-review surveys the progress made in the study of both aging and programed cell death (PCD) in the yeast models, with a focus on the biology of S. pombe and C. albicans. Particular emphasis is placed on the similarities and differences between the two types of aging, replicative aging, and chronological aging, and between the three types of cell death, intrinsic apoptosis, autophagic cell death, and regulated necrosis, found in these yeasts. The development of the additional microbial models for aging and PCD in the other yeasts may help further elucidate the mechanisms of longevity and cell death regulation in eukaryotes.
Indirect quantum measurement of a single quantum spin

Abstract We establish the conditions to observe a single localized quantum spin 1 2 using a tunneling current of electrons as the probe in an indirect quantum measurement. We show that a strong tunneling current, due to the shot noise, suppresses the spin dynamics, such as the spin precession in an external magnetic field (quantum Zeno effect), while a weak tunneling current preserves the spin precession but the oscillatory component of the current is of the same order as the noise. Within our semi-classical analysis we describe the physical requisites to observe a signature of quantum oscillations in the current–current correlation function.
Surface mound formation during epitaxial growth of CrN(001)

Abstract Single crystal CrN(001) layers, 10 to 160 nm thick, were grown on MgO(001) by reactive magnetron sputtering at growth temperatures Ts = 600 and 800 °C. In situ scanning tunneling microscopy shows that all layer surfaces exhibit mounds with atomically smooth terraces that are separated by monolayer-high step edges aligned along ( 110) directions, indicating N-rich surface islands. For Ts = 600 °C, the root mean square surface roughness σ initially increases sharply from 0.7 ± 0.2 for a thickness t = 10 nm to 2.4 ± 0.5 nm for t = 20 nm, but then remains constant at σ = 2.43 ± 0.13 nm for t = 40, 80 and 160 nm. The mounds exhibit square shapes with edges along ( 110) directions for t ≤ 40 nm, but develop dendritic shapes at t = 80 nm which revert back to squares at t = 160 nm. This is associated with a lateral mound growth that is followed by coarsening, yielding a decrease in the mound density from 5700 to 700 µm−2 and an initial increase in the lateral coherence length ξ from 7.2 ± 0.6 to 16.3 ± 0.8 to 24 ± 3 nm for t = 10, 20, and 40 nm, respectively, followed by a drop in ξ to 22 ± 2 and 16 ± 2 nm for t = 80 and 160 nm, respectively. Growth at Ts = 800 °C results in opposite trends: σ and ξ decrease by a factor of 2, from 2.0 ± 0.4 and 20 ± 4 nm for t = 10 nm to 0.92 ± 0.07 and 10.3 ± 0.4 nm for t = 20 nm, respectively, while the mound density remains approximately constant at 900 μm−2. This unexpected trend is associated with mounds that elongate and join along ( 100) directions, yielding long chains of interconnected square mounds for t = 40 nm. However, coalescence during continued growth to t = 160 nm reduces the mound density to 100 µm−2 and increases σ and ξ to 2.5 ± 0.1 and 40 ± 2 nm, respectively.
Rayleigh scattering by neutral atoms, 100 eV to 10 MeV

We calculate the contribution to elastic photon scattering from an atom due to scattering off the bound atomic electrons (Rayleigh scattering). We compare predictions resulting from our numerical evaluation of the relativistic second-order $S$ matrix in a screened central potential with other theories, particularly the form-factor approximation. We give a prescription for accurate $O(1%)$ evaluation of total-atom Rayleigh amplitudes (summed over electrons) and present sample tabulations for lead ($Z=82$) for energies of experimental interest in the range from 22.1 to 2750 keV. Based on our prescription we compare elastic-scattering cross sections using Rayleigh amplitudes with selected experiments and are able to remove the large factor-of-two discrepancies previously reported.
Multigigahertz performance of a superconducting analog-to-digital converter

This paper presents the progress we have made on our design, fabrication, and testing of a fully parallel superconducting analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with multi-GHz clock frequencies and input bandwidth. To our best knowledge, this converter is the first flash-type analog-to-digital converter ever reported in Josephson technology that fully integrates a quantizer and a thermometer-to-binary encoder to achieve binary outputs. In this design, the quantizer consists of 2(superscript N-1 comparators, each of which is realized using a hysteretic one- junction sampling SQUID driving a two-junction readout SQUID. A new logic family has been designed based on the same comparator building block and has been used to implement the thermometer-to- binary encoder. Taking advantage of the fact that the encoder's input is thermometer-coded, we have designed three-input and four-input quasi-XOR gates with only three NAND gates and therefore reduced significantly the total gate count. Functionalities of all the sub-circuits have been verified experimentally at clock frequencies up to 3 GHz, which is limited by our currently available testing equipment.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Leukemia and Lymphoma: Infrequent Manifestations of Common Viral Infections? A Review

Horizontally transmitted viruses have been etiologically linked to leukemia and lymphoma in several higher mammals (gibbons, cows, and cats). In the best-studied example, the cat, feline leukemia virus is a common community-acquired virus that infrequently produces cancer. However, the infection and its complications (cancer) are not typical of infectious diseases. Epidemilogically, serologically, and virologically, infections with this type of virus can contradict classic infectious disease dogma. Therefore, previous studies that failed to link characteristics of infectious diseases (epidemiologic, serologic, or virologic) to human cancer must be cautiously interpreted. A link between retroviruses and/or DNA viruses and human lympho-reticular malignancies is hypothesized, and it is suggested that systematized nation-wide studies of selected cancer patients and their contacts be executed with the most sensitive and specific laboratory probes available.
The fine structure of the monkey (Macaca) Sertoli cell and its role in maintaining the blood-testis barrier.

The monkey Sertoli cell, a tall columnar cell, extends from the basement membrane of the seminiferous epithelium to the tubule lumen. Its nucleus occupies a basal position and reveals extensive nuclear envelope infoldings. A zone of fine filaments, approximately 0.5 μ in thickness, invests the nucleus and appears to prevent other cell organelles from approaching it. The basal cytoplasm is characterized by numerous mitochondria and abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Lipid droplets, 3 to 4 μ in diameter, membrane-limited dense bodies of various shapes and densities, Golgi cisternae, scattered free ribosomes and parallel profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum are common. The more apical portions of the cell contain longitudinally oriented microtubules and rod-shaped mitochondria, but other organelles are rare. The seminiferous tubules of monkeys are surrounded by three to five circumferentially arranged cells that overlap each other but are separated by intercellular spaces of at least 300 to 400 A. Tracers such as horseradish peroxidase and lanthanum nitrate injected intravascularly readily pass between the peritubular cells and enter the germinal epithelium. Within the epithelium the tracers outline the spermatogonia and early spermatocytes by permeating the surrounding intercellular spaces. Further penetration toward the tubule lumen is effectively prevented by the occluding tight junctions joining adjacent Sertoli cells. Thus, in monkeys the peritubular epithelioid cells do not impede vascularly introduced tracers from penetrating into the germinal epithelium. The only morphological component of the blood-testis barrier in the macaque appears to be the Sertoli-Sertoli occluding junction.
Differential flatness based nonlinear predictive control of fed-batch bioreactors

Abstract A trajectory optimization scheme based on the property of differential flatness is proposed in this paper. A dynamic optimization problem is transformed into a lower dimensional nonlinear programming problem through the use of flat outputs. This optimization approach is demonstrated in the repeated optimization of nonlinear dynamic systems under feedback in an approach similar to nonlinear model predictive control. This approach is illustrated on two examples involving biomass optimization and product optimization. Optimization under feedback is studied for the nominal problem and the case where uncertainty is present. The proposed scheme is also used in conjunction with a nonlinear Luenberger observer to generate the optimal trajectories under parametric uncertainty.
Visual Acuity of the Harbour Seal and the Steller Sea Lion under Water

SOME investigators have suggested that seals and sea lions rely primarily on sight when catching food under water1–4. Earlier experiments on the visual acuity of pinnipeds under water2 were largely unsuccessful in keeping animals at a minimum distance from the stimuli so that accurate visual angles could be calculated, and in using stimulus configurations in which visual resolving power could be measured uncontaminated by intensity discriminations5. This report describes experiments which have corrected these deficiences.
Effects of dendrimer oil dispersants on Dictyostelium discoideum

Chemical dispersion is a frequently used yet controversial strategy in an attempt to minimize the environmental and economic impact of large-scale oil spills. Previously, cationic poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers have been proposed as novel, biocompatible oil dispersants. Here, we investigate the effect of such dendrimer oil dispersants on the soil amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, using phenanthrene as a model polyaromatic hydrocarbon. In examining cell culture proliferation and changes in membrane potential, we find that low concentrations of cationic generation-4 PAMAM dendrimers were non-toxic to Dictyostelium discoideum. In comparison, the same low concentration of the primary surfactant in the COREXIT oil dispersant, Tween 80, did display limited acute cytotoxicity. Higher concentrations of dendrimer oil dispersant elicited cytotoxicity due to significant depolarization of the cell membrane resulting from the uptake of highly cationic PAMAM dendrimers. Cellular uptake of cationic PAMAM dendrimers was confirmed by a cellular association experiment conducted at room temperature and 2 °C, using fluorescence imaging. The uptake and corresponding membrane depolarization was found to be significantly inhibited by the presence of phenanthrene within and around the periphery of the dendrimers. This study offers new insight into the environmental implications of oil dispersants.
Assessment of potential future hydrogen markets in the U.S.

Potential future hydrogen markets in the United States are assessed. Future hydrogen markets for various use sectors are projected, the probable range of hydrogen production costs from various alternatives is estimated, stimuli and barriers to the development of hydrogen markets are discussed, an overview of the status of technologies for the production and utilization of hydrogen is presented, and, finally, societal aspects of hydrogen production and utilization are discussed.
From Population Control to Reproductive Rights: Understanding Normative Change in Global Population Policy (1965–1994)

This article examines the process of normative change and nascent norm emergence in areas of global policy making through the convening of UN global conferences. Specifically, the article is a case study of how the norms and discourse undergirding and legitimising global population policy have changed from population control to reproductive rights through the passing decades. The United Nations, as a main site of discursive and normative contestation, provides opportunities for global social movements to lodge oppositional claims against states and other actors in world politics. A constructivist approach is used to identify five processes integral to understanding mutually constitutive and fluid agent-structure processes of normative change and nascent norm emergence in global population policy. This research contributes to the extant constructivist literature on the process of norm emergence by suggesting one processual model that can illuminate other cases of norm formation, maintenance, and change reg...
Attachment Disorders of Infancy

John Bowiby’s influential theory of attachment (1969/1982, 1973, 1980) grew out of concern among clinicians and researchers in the early to mid-twentieth century about problems of young children raised in contexts of less-than-adequate caregiving, with difficulties in social relatedness (Bowlby, 1951; Call, 1980; Goldfarb, 1945; Kempe, Silverman, Steele, Droegemueller, & Silver, 1962; Rutter, 1972; Skeels, 1966; Spitz, 1945, 1946; Tizard & Tizard, 1971). The formal classification of clinical disorders of attachment, however, is a relatively recent development. In fact, there has been almost no systematic research devoted to clinical disorders of attachment, and until recently, these disorders have been cited in the literature only rarely. In this chapter, we begin by reviewing research demonstrating some of the deviant and unusual attachment behaviors evident in young children raised in extraordinary caregiving contexts. Afterward, we review several different approaches to defining and classifying disorders of attachment. Then, we turn to what is known about the etiology, epidemiology, differential diagnosis, and course and prognosis. We conclude by describing issues salient to assessment and treatment of attachment in infants and toddlers. Throughout, we emphasize the importance of the integration of theory, research, and clinical application.
A proposed model of administrative roles in recreation management

This paper reports on qualitative research based upon role theory and using Talcott Parson's Theory of Action as a framework to explore factors that influence a recreation administrator when making decisions. Recreation administrators from all three sectors of the recreation industry (public, private and non-profit) participated in three rounds of in-depth interviews that focused on five dimensions of administrative responsibility: proactive administration; managerial efficiency; social equity; political responsiveness; and neutrality. After analysis of the transcriptions and input from both professional and academic reviewers, what has resulted is a proposed model of administrative roles in recreation management that recognises the existing literature yet takes a more comprehensive approach to understanding how recreation administrators perceive their role as they make decisions. While not yet fully developed, the proposed model has the potential to affect the profession in two specific ways. First, as w...
Extending the Boundaries of Teacher Education through Corporate Internships

A full-time paid internship with a corporation that is part of a 15-month master's degree program for prospective teachers is described. Corporate educators are involved in recruitment, selection, teaching, placement, and supervision of prospective teachers. Interns learn how companies work and how to use that information with their students. They observe corporate educational practices and consider applications of those practices in schools. Evidence of the personal and professional benefits of participation in the program is provided from 5 years of experience with 100 graduates.
SHAREHOLDER‐MANAGEMENT CONFLICT AND EVENT RISK COVENANTS

Event risk covenants (ERCs), such as poison puts, can protect bondholders from losses related to highly leveraged transactions. Previous observers argue that managers could use ERCs primarily to benefit shareholders or to entrench, and the evidence on the shareholder wealth effects of ERCs is conflicting. Using data not previously exploited and an innovative method of isolating the wealth effects of ERCs, we find that ERCs decrease shareholder wealth. Additional evidence suggests that firms with greater shareholder-management conflict are more likely to use ERCs. Overall, the evidence from this study supports the entrenchment view of ERCs.
Radical cascades in electron transfer dissociation (ETD) – implications for characterizing peptide disulfide regio-isomers

Direct characterization of peptides with multiple disulfide bonds by mass spectrometry is highly desirable. In this study, electron transfer dissociation (ETD) of peptide disulfide regio-isomers was studied using model peptides containing two intrachain disulfide bonds. ETD provided rich sequence information (c/z ions) even for the backbone region under the coverage of two disulfide bonds. This behavior presented an analytical advantage over low energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) of protonated intact peptide ions, which produced very limited sequence (b/y) ions. Mechanistic studies suggested that the formation of c/z ions under the two disulfide bond covered region resulted from an initial N–Cα bond cleavage, followed by radical cascades to cleave multiple disulfide bonds. The ETD spectra of the disulfide regio-isomers produced similar product ions due to radical cascades; while the relative intensities of the product ions varied, to a certain degree, which could be helpful in distinguishing isomers with overlapping disulfide bonds.
Two-dimensional NMR, circular dichroism, and fluorescence studies of PP-50, a synthetic ATP-binding peptide from the beta-subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase.

PP-50, a peptide based on residues 141-190 of the beta-subunit of mitochondrial F1-ATPase, contains the GX4GKT consensus region for nucleoside triphosphate binding and has been shown to bind ATP [Garboczi, D.N., Shenbagamurthi, W.K., Hullihen, J., & Pedersen, P.L. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 812-816]. At pH 4.0, appropriate for NMR studies, PP-50 retains the ability to bind ATP tightly (KD = 17.5 microM) with a 1:1 stoichiometry as shown by titrations measuring the partial quenching of ATP fluorescence by PP-50. CD spectra of PP-50 at pH 4.0 and at low ionic strength show 5.8% helix, 30.2% beta-structure, and 64% coil. ATP binding increases the structure of PP-50, changing the CD to 7.5% helix, 44.5% beta-structure, and 48% coil. Increasing the ionic strength to 50 mM KCl also increases the structure, changing the CD to 7.4% helix, 64.4% beta-structure, and 28.2% coil. The 600-MHz proton NMR spectrum of PP-50, at pH 4.0 and low ionic strength, has been assigned by 2D methods (TOCSY, DQF-COSY, and NOESY with jump-return water suppression). Based on strong d alpha N NOEs, J alpha N values, and NH chemical shifts differing from random coil values, regions of extended structure are detected from residues 1-7 and 43-48. Based on dNN, dNN(i,i+2), and d alpha N(i,i+2) NOEs and 3J alpha N values, possible type I' and type I turns are found from residues 11-14 and 31-34, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Effect of Broken Exhibits on the Experiences of Visitors at a Science Museum

This study explores visitors' perceptions of “broken” exhibits at the Museum of Science, Boston. Data were collected through comment cards, timing and tracking maps, exit interviews, surveys, and f...
The Equatorial Pacific Cold Tongue Simulated by IPCC AR4 Coupled GCMs: Upper Ocean Heat Budget and Feedback Analysis

[1] This study examines the contribution of ocean dynamics to sea surface temperature (SST) biases in the eastern Pacific cold tongue region in fifteen coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Twenty years (1980–1999) of the twentieth-century (20C3m) climate simulations from each model are analyzed. An excessive and narrow SST cold tongue that extends too far west into the western Pacific in comparison to observations is a common bias in CGCMs. This feature is found in CGCMs analyzed here and in many previous studies. The heat budget analysis indicates that errors in both net surface heat flux and total upper ocean heat advection significantly contribute to the excessive cold tongue in the equatorial Pacific. The stronger heat advection in the models is caused by overly strong horizontal heat advection associated with too strong zonal currents, and overly strong vertical heat advection due to excessive upwelling and the vertical gradient of temperature. The Bjerknes feedback in the coupled models is shown to be weaker than in observations, which may be related to the insufficient response of surface zonal winds to SST in the models and an erroneous subsurface temperature structure. A hypothesis that describes how the cold tongue bias is possibly developed in the CGCMs is provided based on the results of our analysis.
Financing Alternatives for Chinese Small and Medium Enterprises: The Case for a Small and Medium Enterprise Stock Market

Financing alternatives for small and medium enterprises in China are discussed in the present study. In particular, we analyze the significant changes and developments in China s “second board” stock market. China s extensive network of regional assets and equity exchanges, which were set up to facilitate private equity transfer, and non-performing loan transactions seem to partially fill the void for small and medium enterprises, which cannot easily obtain approval for listing on the stock exchanges. Foreign investors can identify investment opportunities in non-listed domestic state-owned and private businesses through these regional assets and equity exchanges. At the same time, foreign stock markets are now attracting the young Chinese enterprises to list their stocks on their exchanges. (Edited by Zhinan Zhang)
Trends in validity of central line–associated bloodstream infection surveillance data, New York State, 2007-2010

Background In 2007, New York State (NYS) hospitals began mandatory public reporting of central line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) data associated with intensive care units (ICUs) into the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). Facilities were required to use the NHSN device-associated CLABSI criteria to identify laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infections. Methods Onsite audits were conducted in ICUs by NYS hospital-acquired infection program staff using a standardized database. Hospitals provided ICU patient medical records with a positive blood culture during a selected time frame. Results Between 2007 and 2010, an average of 79% of all reporting hospitals were audited annually. Of the 5,697 patients audited, 3,104 (54%) had a central line in place, and 650 of the patients with a central line (21%) were identified as having a CLABSI by the hospital-acquired infection program reviewer. Between 2007 and 2010, the specificity increased from 90% to 99%, whereas the sensitivity remained stable at approximately 71%. As a result of the audit process, the NYS 2010 CLABSI rate increased by 5.6%. Conclusions A standardized audit process has helped improve the accuracy of CLABSI reporting. Data validation provides consistent data for measuring the progress of infection prevention strategies and allows for relevant comparison of ICU data.
Immersions of manifolds

Abstract This paper outlines a proof of the conjecture that every compact, differentiable, n-dimensional manifold immerses in Euclidean space of dimension 2n - α(n), where α(n) is the number of ones in the dyadic expansion of n.
Structural basis of DNA-protein recognition

Abstract Recent structure determinations of several repressor-operator complexes have shown how proteins can recognize specific binding sites on DNA. Although each of these repressor proteins belongs to the ‘helix-turn-helix' class of DNA-binding proteins, they do not use a simple code for recognition.
L1 unmixing and its application to hyperspectral image enhancement

Because hyperspectral imagery is generally low resolution, it is possible for one pixel in the image to contain several materials. The process of determining the abundance of representative materials in a single pixel is called spectral unmixing. We discuss the L1 unmixing model and fast computational approaches based on Bregman iteration. We then use the unmixing information and Total Variation (TV) minimization to produce a higher resolution hyperspectral image in which each pixel is driven towards a "pure" material. This method produces images with higher visual quality and can be used to indicate the subpixel location of features.
Survey of Hospital Pharmacy Directors: Assessment of the Current State of Unit-Dose Acquisition

Background: Many hospitals are in the planning stage of barcode point-of-care (BPOC) implementation. One of the challenges that hospital pharmacies face in BPOC implementation is unit-dose acquisition. Objective: This article presents the results of a survey of hospital pharmacy directors to assess the current state of unit-dose acquisition to support bedside barcode-enabled dispensing practices. Methods: An online survey was administered over 2 months and was available from September to November 2008. The University of Arkansas Institutional Review Board approved the survey before it was disseminated. The survey was developed in collaboration with 2 hospital pharmacy directors. Ninety-one valid survey responses were representative in terms of the distribution of hospital size compared with previous surveys of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Though there were 91 total respondents, not all provided responses to all of the survey questions. Thus, some of the figures, tables, and text refer to fewer than 91 respondents. Results: The results of interest to pharmacy technicians indicated that most hospitals today are able to purchase at least 40% of their medications in unit-dose packaging directly from the manufacturer. For medications that cannot be acquired in unit-dose packaging, 85% of the hospitals surveyed perform repackaging operations in-house. However, 87% of the hospitals that use a high-speed oral solid repackager only use this equipment, at most, 4 hours per day. Our survey results showed that only 8% of the hospitals surveyed used a third-party repackager to acquire unit-dose medications, compared with 85% of hospitals that are either currently using or in the planning phase of using BPOC. Conclusions: The survey found that most hospital pharmacy directors choose to repackage medications in-house, despite the high cost of repackaging equipment and a relatively low utilization of that equipment. Hospitals indicated that cost and turnaround time were the 2 issues of greatest concern when considering outsourcing unit-dose medication repackaging to a third-party repackager.
From Regulation to Censorship: Film and Political Culture in New York in the Early Twentieth Century

The struggle over censorship stood at the core of the relationship between the political culture of progressivism and early moving pictures. Called by contemporaries and historians alike a democratic art, the moving pictures invited audiences to participate in the new mass culture of the early twentieth-century. As some early film makers began to use the medium to tell stories, those sitting in small theaters in towns and cities across America saw before them a make-believe world that was nonetheless plausible commentary on the past, the present, and the future. What remained unresolved was how those who championed political reforms, ostensibly in the language of progressive and democratic politics, might harness the power of the medium in redefining American political and social life. How much power the moving pictures and its mass audience might assume energized men and women, particularly progressives in New York City, who sought a more democratic culture, politics, and social life. How much power the moving pictures and its mass audience might assume energized men and women, particularly progressives in New York City, who sought a more democratic culture, politics, and social life. They regarded the political potential of the moving pictures as essential to the empowerment of the masses in an age when social boundaries were in flux. At the same time, they tried and ultimately failed to extend to moving pictures the protection of the First Amendment. They did this because they believed in the political and artistic possibilities of the medium for a democratic culture. In creating a plan to elevate the moving pictures and their places of exhibition, they became locked in a confrontation with other reformers who feared the awesome power of the screen to hasten modernity and all that it implied.
Assessing Male Batterers With the Personality Assessment Inventory

In this study, we sought to provide empirical data on the utility of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) for the assessment of male batterers. The sample consisted of 93 men who were court mandated to treatment. In the study, we were able to replicate 2 of 3 clusters (borderline/dysphoric and nonelevated) commonly found in the literature on male batterers; however, we only partially replicated the 3rd cluster (antisocial/narcissistic). This new finding may reflect a difference in the assessment instrument used to assess male batterers (i.e., PAI). In this study, we also investigated a previously understudied subgroup of batterers, specifically, men who engage in positive impression management. In this study, we conclude that the PAI is a potentially useful instrument in assessing male batterers and provide suggestions for future research.
Carbon oxides hydrogenation on RhNa-Y: Addition of 1-butene

At 4.0 MPa, CO2 hydrogenation over a RhNA-Y catalyst yields only saturated and essentially linear hydrocarbons (up to C7). In contrast, CO hydrogenation gives a more complex mixture including olefins (α and β), paraffins (linear and branched) and oxygenates. Addition of 1-butene provides a plausible interpretation of these differences.
Subtalar distraction bone block arthrodesis

This retrospective study analyses the results of subtalar bone block distraction arthrodesis used in the treatment of late complications of calcaneal fractures, acute severely comminuted fractures, nonunion (and malunion) of attempted subtalar arthrodeses, avascular necrosis of the talus, and club-foot deformity. Of 39 patients (41 feet) who had this procedure, 35 (37 feet) returned for follow-up after a mean of 70 months (26 to 140). There were 24 men (25 feet) and 11 women (12 feet) with a mean age of 41 years (16 to 63). Each completed a standardised questionnaire, based on the hindfoot-scoring system of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society and were reviewed both clinically and radiologically. Of the 37 operations, 32 (87%) achieved union. The mean hindfoot score (maximum of 94 points) increased from 21.1 points (8 to 46) preoperatively to 68.9 (14 to 82) at the final follow-up. The mean talocalcaneal and calcaneal pitch angles were 20.5° and 4.9° before operation, 25.9° and 8.3° immediately after, and 24.6° and 7.7° at the final follow-up, respectively. The mean talar declination angle improved from 6.5° (−10 to 22) before operation to 24.8° (14 to 32) at the final follow-up. The mean talocalcaneal height increased from 68.7 mm before operation to 74.5 mm immediately after and 73.5 mm at the final follow-up. Of the 37 arthrodeses available for review, 32 were successful; 29 patients (30 arthrodeses) were satisfied with the procedure. Minimal loss of hindfoot alignment occurred when comparing radiographs taken immediately after operation and at final follow-up.
Regulation of Antibody Responses: The Role of Complement and Adhesion Molecules

To analyze the importance of cell surface-associated molecules in modulating the immune response by facilitating T/B cell interaction, we used the T cell-dependent antigen, bacteriophage phi X174. Taking advantage of "experiments of nature", we studied specific antibody synthesis in patients with deficiencies of complement components or of the adhesion molecule CD11/CD18 (leukocyte adhesion defect, LAD) and guinea pigs and dogs with early complement component deficiency. Following intravenous injection of bacteriophage phi X174 into normal subjects or animals, a primary response consisting of IgM, a secondary response consisting of IgM and IgG, and a tertiary, predominantly IgG response can be distinguished. Patients and guinea pigs deficient of early complement component and LAD patients responded to repeated phage immunization with depressed antibody titers, lack of or inadequate amplification, and failure to switch from IgM to IgG, suggesting a defect in generating antigen-specific memory cells. Several mechanisms have to be considered: (i) The complement portion of the antigen-antibody complement complex facilitates the accumulation and trapping of antigen in lymphoid organs, thus improving the response to Ag at low concentrations. (ii) Immune complexes preferentially bind to antigen-specific B cells, cells expressing Fc receptors, or CR2 and CR3, the receptors for C3bi. (iii) The weak binding established between the MHC-II/Ag complex and the TCR complex is strengthened through the binding of several adhesion molecule pairs. (iv) Receptor-ligand binding initiates activation signals. The concept of binding/signaling via interacting molecules is further supported by the observation that mAb 60.3, recognizing the beta chain of CD11/CD18, blocks in vitro synthesis of antibody to bacteriophage by primed PBMC.
History, Ethnogeography, and the “last unknown”

Bonnemaison, Joel. The Tree and the Canoe: History and Ethnogeography of Tanna. Josee Penot‐Demeiry, transi. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994. xxiv + 368 pp. including notes, glossary, references, and index. $36.00 cloth. Errington, Frederick K. and Deborah B. Gewertz. Articulating Change in the “Last Unknown.” Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995. xvii + 196 pp. including references and index. $59.95 cloth, $19.95 paper.
Theoretical study of the dipole moment, polarizability, and their derivatives for the CO molecule

Abstract Many-body perturbation theory and coupled-cluster theory are used to determine the dipole moment, polarizabilities, and their derivatives with respect to internuclear separation for the CO molecule. There are sizable errors in the dipole moment and its derivative when evaluated in the MP4(SDTQ ) approximation. Significantly improved results are obtained in the CCD + ST(CCD) approximation.
HISTORY, MEMORY AND THE LEGACY OF SAMORI IN SOUTHERN MALI, c . 1880–1898

This article seeks to situate local oral traditions on Samori Toure within the contexts of both internal African empire building and French colonial conquest. It takes into account the experiences of the vanquished on the periphery of Samori's empire in an effort to reassess his legacy. It argues that local traditions not only provide a corrective to the nationalist historiography on Samori, they also complicate the notion of ‘resistance’ by demonstrating internal dissent and even rebellion against Samorian rule at a time of Samori's vaunted ‘primary resistance’ to French conquest. Finally, this article concludes by providing a contemporary reading of the southern Malian historical landscape, rooting local Samorian history and politics in particular ‘sites of memory’.
Continuous production of the lipopeptide biosurfactant of Bacillus licheniformis JF-2

Bacillus licheniformis JF-2 synthesizes a surfactin-like lipopeptide that is the most effective biosurfactant known. In shake-flask cultures the biosurfactant is produced by actively growing cells (mid-linear phase), but subsequently it becomes rapidly internalized by the cells as soon as the culture enters the stationary phase. This deactivation phenomenon is a major hurdle in the efficient production of the biosurfactant. We have shown that the synthesis of the JF-2 lipopeptide is strongly dependent on O2 concentration with substantial production observed only in cultures grown under O2-limiting conditions. In continuous cultures the biosurfactant was produced only within a narrow window of low dilution rates. At a dilution rate of 0.12 h−1 and low dissolved O2, the biosurfactant concentration was maintained at 33 mg/l, which is virtually the same as the maximum concentration obtained in optimized batch fermentations.
Eyelid movements and mental activity at sleep onset

Abstract The nature and time course of sleep onset (hypnagogic) mentation was studied in the home environment using the Nightcap, a reliable, cost-effective, and relatively noninvasive sleep monitor. The Nightcap, linked to a personal computer, reliably identified sleep onset according to changes in perceived sleepiness and the appearance of hypnagogic dream features. Awakenings were performed by the computer after 15 s to 5 min of sleep as defined by eyelid quiescence. Awakenings from longer periods of sleep were associated with (1) an increase in reported sleepiness, (2) a decrease in the length of mentation reports, (3) a decrease in the frequency of reports of normal, wake-like thoughts, (4) an increase in the frequency of “unusual thoughts,” and (5) increased frequencies of formal dream features, including visual hallucination, self-representation, fictive movement, narrative plot, and bizarreness. While sleep-onset reports can include all features of rapid eye movement (REM) dream reports, the number of such features is markedly reduced at sleep onset, suggesting that this mentation is a greatly diminished version of REM dreaming.
A low-cost aqueous two phase system for enzyme extraction

Several low-cost maltodextrins form two liquid phases with polyethylene glycol (PEG) in aqueous solution. We have measured physical properties for three PEG-maltodextrin two-phase systems and demonstrated their bioseparation capabilities by extracting alcohol dehydrogenase from yeast extracts with a PEG bound textile dye.
Applications and perspectives of phototrophic microorganisms for electricity generation from organic compounds in microbial fuel cells

There is an increasing interest to integrate phototrophic microorganisms into microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to assist electricity generation. In general, this integration can be accomplished in three ways: (1) phototrophic microorganisms function as or provide a substrate for supplying electrons; (2) photoheterotrophic microorganisms catalyze the anode reaction; and (3) photoautotrophic microorganisms provide oxygen as an electron acceptor to the cathode reaction. Direct use of phototrophic microorganisms for electricity production in MFCs faces significant challenges, because of the complex composition of microbial cells and their resistance to hydrolysis, and low conversion efficiency to electric energy by MFCs. Proper pretreatment using chemical or biological methods may improve degradability of microbial cells. Some purple nonsulfur bacteria exhibit strong electrochemical catalysis of organic compounds in the anode of an MFC, and the effect of illumination on the catalytic performance needs further investigation. Electricity generation via syntrophic relationship between photosynthetic microorganisms (providing organic compounds) and heterotrophic bacteria (oxidizing organics) in the anode is generally low due to low concentration of the electron donors and adverse effect of oxygen as a result photosynthesis on anode activities. It is promising to apply photosynthetic microorganisms in the cathode with multiple functions of oxygen supply, nutrient removal and biomass production. To address some of the challenges, two paradigms are proposed to encourage further investigation and development of effective processes with strong synergy between phototrophic microorganisms and MFCs.
Layered hydrophilic/hydrophobic fiber media for water-in-oil coalescence

Fibrous coalescing filters are commonly used to separate water-in-oil emulsions. Wettability of the fibers significantly influences the filter performance. The wettability of the filter media depends on surface properties of fiber materials and porosity of the filter medium. The wettability of the filter media is characterized using modified Washburn’s equation and expressed in terms of the lipophilic to hydrophilic (L/H) ratio. In this work, layered media were prepared with varying compositions of hydrophilic micro glass fibers and hydrophobic polypropylene or polyester fibers to achieve a range of L/H values. By varying the fiber composition and thickness of hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers in the media, filter media with different wetting properties can be prepared. Water and Viscor-1487 oil (a diesel fuel calibration fluid) were used as test liquids for the wettability characterization. The filter media were tested in liquid–liquid coalescence experiments in which fine emulsions of water droplets were dispersed in the Viscor-1487 liquid. The experimental results show that the layered hydrophilic/hydrophobic structures significantly reduce the pressure drop and improve the filter performance as compared to media constructed with only micro glass fibers.