cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Living or dying in three quarter time: Neonatal orchestration of hippocampal cell death pathways by androgens and excitatory GABA

In the immature brain, GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) is an excitatory neurotransmitter. With development, GABA becomes inhibitory due to the changes in the expression level of chloride transporters, leading to a negative shift in chloride ions. Clinical evidence and studies in animal models indicate greater brain damage in male versus female neonates following a variety of neuronal insults. The recent finding of Nunez and McCarthy suggest a mechanism whereby androgens may endanger male neurons to the possible excitotoxic effects of excitatory GABA in neonates. Given our growing understanding of the excitatory immature GABAergic system and how sex, age and hormone milieu can influence this system, such studies might pave a path for novel clinical treatments to alleviate neonatal risk for brain injury.
Developmental patterns of macronutrient intake in female and male rats from weaning to maturity

Abstract Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats had available pure macronutrient diets, protein, carbohydrate and fat, from birth to day 77 of age. Analyses of their intake of these nitrients, as a function of age, demonstrate that, in both sexes, daily protein intake and preference for this nutrient relative to the other macronutrients rise steadily from weaning and peak precisely at the time of puberty (day 37–44 for females and days 42–49 for males), when there is also a peak in body weight gain. This is in contrast to daily carbohydrate intake, which peaks 2 weeks after puberty in males, and also to the female and male rats' preference for carbohydrate, which remains relatively stable from weaning to maturity. These patterns also differ from those observed for daily fat intake and fat preference for females and males, which are relatively high during the first postweaning week and then decline and remain very low until shortly after puberty (day 54), when there occurs a sharp burst in fat intake. Comparisons between the females and males reveal a significantly stronger preference for carbohydrate in the females, exhibited as early as 23 days of age; a stronger preference for protein and fat in the males, evident after day 28; and greater light-period feeding of carbohydrate and fat by females compared to males, apparent after puberty. Correlational analyses demonstrate that body weight and total kcal intake are closely related to daily protein consumption, more strongly in females compared to males; are strongly related to daily fat intake only in males; and are unrelated to intake of carbohydrate, at any age and in either sex.
Limiting the environmental impact of animal production odors

Abstract Odors emananting from animal production facilities are the primary environmental cause for complaint resulting in great corrective expense and, in many instances, facility closure. The current state-of-the-art of odor control technology ranges from intensive waste management and good housekeeping practices to chemical treatment and facility isolation. These controls at best only limit the generation and/or quality of animal production odors. The most effective odor limiting technologies are the most cost intensive. Therefore, methods used are dependent upon the seriousness of the situation and the cost-benefit that may be derived from their use. Original facility design and site selection consideration are of great importance to the existence of confined animal feeding enterprises with a non-farm population which is encroaching at increasing rates into rural areas. Land use planning and zoning restrictions for agricultural/animal feeding purposes may well be the ultimate odor control tool of the future for newly instituted facilities. Extensive basic and applied research is required to provide adequate technology for use by existing facilities.
Myrothecium verrucaria isolates and formulations as bioherbicide agents for kudzu

Abstract The fungus Myrothecium verrucaria (MV) has previously been shown to have potential as a bioherbicide for kudzu (Pueraria lobata) control. It has also been shown that MV wild-type (MV-wt) often forms sectors, when grown on various nutrient media. Experiments compared MV-wt and MV sector efficacy when grown on agar or on rice grains. In greenhouse evaluations of sectors, applied as foliar sprays in water or in other formulations (corn oil, surfactant, and corn oil plus surfactant) for efficacy against kudzu seedlings, some sectors possessed bioherbicidal activity equal that of MV-wt, but others exhibited lower activity. Without a dew period, aqueous formulations of MV-wt, a yellow sector, and a white sector provided zero control, but all three isolates were active without a dew period when formulated in corn oil, Silwet L-77 surfactant, and in surfactant plus corn oil. Generally, the yellow sector was less effective than the other two isolates in any formulations, and the MV-wt and white sector pro...
Tumor vaccine for ovarian carcinoma targeting sperm protein 17

BACKGROUND The authors previously identified sperm protein 17 (Sp17) as being expressed in patients with multiple myeloma. The restricted expression of Sp17 in normal tissue makes it an ideal target for tumor vaccine. In the current study, the authors extended their research to include ovarian carcinoma. METHODS A pair of sequence specific primers was used in reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to determine the gene expression of Sp17. A recombinant Sp17 protein was used with monocyte-derived dendritic cells and autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells to generate Sp17 specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). The successful generation of Sp17 specific CTLs was confirmed using standard 51chromium-release assays. RESULTS Sp17 was found to be expressed in the primary tumor cells from 70% of the patients with ovarian carcinoma. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I- restricted Sp17 specific CTLs were generated successfully from the peripheral blood of three patients with ovarian carcinoma at the time of disease presentation. These CTLs were able to lyse autologous Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cells in a Sp17-dependent manner. Target lysis was HLA class I-dependent and could be blocked by antibodies against monomorphic HLA class I but not HLA class II molecules. The CTLs also lysed Sp17-positive autologous tumor cells, suggesting that Sp17 is processed and presented in association with the HLA class I molecules in Sp17- positive tumor cells in a concentration and configuration that could be recognized by recombinant protein-primed CTLs. Tumor cell killing by the CTLs appeared to be mediated through the perforin pathway. Flow cytometric analysis of the CTLs indicated that they predominantly were CD8 in phenotype and produced interferon-γ and scant amounts of interleukin-4. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study suggest the potential of Sp17 as a target for immunotherapy in patients with ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 2002;94:2447–53. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10506
Registration-based measurement of regional expiration volume ratio using dynamic 4DCT imaging

Lung function depends on mechanical lung expansion and contraction during the respiratory cycle. Recently developed dynamic 4D CT imaging and 3D image registration can be used to analyze regional lung function, which are significant for lung disease diagnosis, treatment and lung ventilation change during radiation therapy. 4D CT images of the lung can be reconstructed at any respiratory phase point based on the breathing trace signal during image acquisition. In this paper, we propose an image registration-based technique for assessing regional pulmonary function during specified time interval and estimating regional expiration volume ratio using 4D CT. Data from four anesthetized mechanically-ventilated sheep and one human patient undergoing Radiation Therapy were analyzed. Sheep lung images were divided into 30 slabs in the ventral-dorsal direction with equal lung height to study the ventilation variation. We found that the mean values of expiration volume ratio across slabs demonstrate a similar pattern and lung tissue near dorsal part contracts more in the first expiratory phase. The reproducibility of regional lung function of one human patient was compared between end-expiration-to-end-inspiration pair and the phase pair spanning the first expiratory interval, in which the latter pair shows 30% higher reproducibility. The accuracy of image registration is assessed by 200 semi-automatically annotated lung landmarks. Sheep data show landmark error on the level of 0.8 mm after registration.
Longitudinal instability in HIF beams

The longitudinal instability which is certain to occur in the heavy ion fusion (HIF) beams in an induction linac (linear accelerator) and is currently considered to be a major question as to the feasibility of the induction linac as an option in accelerator design is discussed. The instability in question is a close relative of the well-known microwave instability in circular accelerators but with distinctive features in this unfamiliar parameter range. That it should occur in a linear accelerator is due to the fact the ions are non-relativistic all the way (10 GeV at mass 200 to 50 MeV/nucleon to beta =0.3) and regenerative bunching can occur at an unpleasant rate in a kiloampere beam subjected to the impedance of the accelerating modules themselves. The author presents the results of analytic and computational work on module impedances, growth rates and feedback (forward) systems. >
Evidence that amyloid beta-peptide-induced lipid peroxidation and its sequelae in Alzheimer's disease brain contribute to neuronal death

Abstract Amyloid β-peptide [Aβ(1–42)] is central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and the AD brain is under intense oxidative stress, including membrane lipid peroxidation. Aβ(1–42) causes oxidative stress in and neurotoxicity to neurons in mechanisms that are inhibited by Vitamin E and involve the single methionine residue of this peptide. In particular, Aβ induces lipid peroxidation in ways that are inhibited by free radical antioxidants. Two reactive products of lipid peroxidation are the alkenals, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and 2-propenal (acrolein). These alkenals covalently bind to synaptosomal protein cysteine, histidine, and lysine residues by Michael addition to change protein conformation and function. HNE or acrolein binding to proteins introduces a carbonyl to the protein, making the protein oxidatively modified as a consequence of lipid peroxidation. Immunoprecipitation of proteins from AD and control brain, obtained no longer than 4 h PMI, showed selective proteins are oxidatively modified in the AD brain. Creatine kinase (CK) and β-actin have increased carbonyl groups, and Glt-1, a glutamate transporter, has increased binding of HNE in AD. Aβ(1–42) addition to synaptosomes also results in HNE binding to Glt-1, thereby coupling increased Aβ(1–42) in AD brain to increased lipid peroxidation and its sequelae and possibly explaining the mechanism of glutatmate transport inhibition known in AD brain. Aβ also inhibits CK. Implications of these findings relate to decreased energy utilization, altered assembly of cytoskeletal proteins, and increased excitotoxicity to neurons by glutamate, all reported for AD. The epsilon-4 allele of the lipid carrier protein apolipoprotein E (APOE) allele is a risk factor for AD. Synaptosomes from APOE knock-out mice are more vulnerable to Aβ-induced oxidative stress (protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and ROS generation) than are those from wild-type mice. Further, synaptosomes from allele-specific APOE knock-in mice have tiered vulnerability to Aβ(1–42)-induced oxidative stress, with APOE4 more vulnerable to Aβ(1–42) than are those from APOE2 or APOE3 mice. These results are consistent with the notion of a coupling of the oxidative environment in AD brain and increased risk of developing this disorder. Taken together, the findings from in-vitro studies of lipid peroxidation induced by Aβ(1–42) and postmortem studies of lipid peroxidation (and its sequelae) in AD brain may help explain the APOE allele-related risk for AD, some of the functional and structural alterations in AD brain, and strongly support a causative role of Aβ(1–42)-induced oxidative stress in AD neurodegeneration.
The Effects of Stimulating Lower Leg Muscles on the Mechanical Work and Metabolic Response in Functional Electrically Stimulated Pedaling

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) pedaling with the muscles of the upper leg has been shown to provide benefit to spinal cord injured (SCI) individuals. FES pedaling with electrical stimulation timing patterns that minimize the stress-time integral of activated muscles has been shown to increase the work individuals can perform during the exercise compared to existing FES stimulation timing patterns. Activation of the lower leg muscles could further enhance the benefit of FES pedaling by increasing the metabolic response to the exercise. For SCI individuals, the objectives of this study were to experimentally determine whether FES pedaling with the upper and lower leg muscles would affect the work generated and increase the physiological responses compared to pedaling with the upper leg muscles alone. Work, rate of oxygen consumption ( VO2), and blood lactate data were measured from nine SCI subjects (injury level T4-T12) as they pedaled using upper leg and upper and lower leg muscle groups on repeated trials. The subjects performed 6% more work with the upper and lower legs than with the upper legs alone, but the difference was not significant (p = 0.2433). The average rate of oxygen consumption associated with the upper leg muscles (441 ± 231 mL/) was not significantly different from the corresponding average for the upper and lower legs (473 ± 213 mL/) (p = 0.1176). The blood lactate concentration associated with the upper leg muscles (5.9 ± 2.3 mmoles/L) was significantly lower than the corresponding average for the upper and lower legs (6.8 ± 2.3 mmoles/L) (p = 0.0049). The results indicate that electrical stimulation timing patterns that incorporate the lower leg muscles do increase the blood lactate concentrations. However, there was not enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis that stimulating the lower leg muscles affected the work accomplished or increased the rate of oxygen consumption. In conclusion, incorporating the lower leg muscles in the exercise does not lead to negative effects and could result in enhanced exercise outcomes in the long term.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of a Siloxane-Based Liquid Crystal Using an Improved Fast Multipole Algorithm Implementation

In our continuing efforts towards designing materials with controlled optical properties, largescale molecular dynamics simulations of a molecular cluster of a liquid crystalline cyclic siloxane are still limited by the size of the molecular system. Such simulations enable evaluation of the orientation order parameter of the system, as well as modelling the behavior of the material in bulk. This study summarizes improvements in the implementation of the fast multipole algorithm for computing electrostatic interactions which is included in the molecular dynamics program PMD[7, 8], such as the elimination of computations for empty cells and the use of optimal interaction lists. Moreover, an improved implementation of a 3-D Fast Multipole Method (FMM3D) based on the algorithm previously proposed [1, 2] is described in detail. The structure of the module, details of the expansions, parallelization, and its integration with the molecular dynamics simulation code are explained in detail. Finally, the utility of this approach in the study of liquid crystalline materials is briefly illustrated.
The nonlinear paradigm: Advancing paradigmatic progress in the policy sciences

This paper responds to Daneke 's call for a new systems paradigm in the policy sciences. The nonlinear paradigm is presented as one perspective that may add to this new paradigm. The nonlinear paradigm explores the complex, uncertain, and sometimes unstable time evolution of nonlinear systems. The paper identifies and examines elements of the nonlinear paradigm that have particular relevance for understanding and contending with policy problems. The lessons learned and the tools utilized by this emerging perspective are presented as a means for furthering paradigmatic progress in the policy sciences.
Identifying characteristics of residential care facilities relevant to the placement process of seniors.

Non–nursing home residential care for older persons has grown markedly over the past few decades. These settings are much more diverse than nursing homes, ranging from small “mom and pop” homes with a few residents; to nonprofit religiously sponsored facilities; to large, for-profit, corporaterun facilities. 1 Given the diversity of residences, it would be helpful to consumers, policy makers, providers, and researchers to be able to identify and measure those components about each setting that are considered central to the provision of quality care. Elucidating these characteristics could then lead to creation of a standard reporting tool by which consumers could make more informed residential and care choices. The article by Lestage et al 2 in this issue of the Journal takes a step in this important direction. Working in the Canadian province of Quebec (where the residential care industry has similar diversity to the United States), the authors asked key informants from various backgrounds to provide ratings regarding physical and organizational environmental characteristics considered to be essential and nonessential for the care of 2 groups of residents: those with cognitive impairment and those with functional impairment. The result is a list of 171
Dietary Energy Concentration Effect on Performance of White Leghorn Hens at Various Densities in Cages

Abstract White Leghorn hens housed at cage floor densities of 660, 440, or 330 cm2 each (2, 3, or 4 per cage) were fed diets with 2,737, 3,003, or 3,322 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy from 21 to 73 weeks of age. As density of hens per cage increased, hen-day egg production and efficiency of feed utilization were reduced, whereas mortality increased. Final body weight decreased most with 4 hens per cage. Feed intake, energy intake, and egg quality characteristics were little affected. Dietary energy level did not significantly affect overall hen-day egg production. However, the highest dietary energy consistently resulted in the lowest egg production during the latter part of the experiment. This decrease was most noticeable with hens housed 4 per cage. This confirms our earlier conclusion with heavy, egg-type hens that high dietary energy is not conducive to sustained egg production with high density housing of hens in cages. Increasing the dietary energy level decreased feed intake and consequently increased efficiency of feed utilization. However, energy intake/hen was similar with all diets. Total mortality as well as that caused just by traumatic events increased as dietary energy increased. Egg quality characteristics were little affected by dietary energy. In agreement with our earlier study with heavy, egg-type hens, we conclude that increasing dietary energy level for White Leghorn hens will not reverse the downward trend in egg production that occurs as hen density in cages increases. The only depressive effect of increasing hen density in cages that was partly reversible by increasing dietary energy was the decline in body weight.
Who Are the Contingent Workers in Federal Government

To most, federal employment means stable work with good pay, good benefits, long-run job security, and opportunities for promotion from the mail room to upper management. The authors' debunk that notion. The authors' definitively establish the presence of a core/ring structure in federal employment. Core occupations are permanent full-time, year-round stable positions, whereas ring jobs are comparatively unstable work situations: temporary, part-time, and/or for a specified period of time. Federal personnel administrators increasingly use temporary, contract, on-call, and part-time positions to control costs. Even when we control for individual characteristics�educational attainment and years of experience�we find group characteristics�particularly gender�reduce the chances of working in a permanent federal job. Is this an indictment against the federal government's reputation as a model employer? Perhaps. At the very least, the potential for gender disparity in employment outcomes deserves further study. Contingent arrangements at the agency level deserve a closer look too.
An empirical bayes formulation of cohort models in cancer epidemiology

This paper concerns the incidence rates of malignant skin melanoma for several age-sex groups and time periods in three geographic regions, uses a method of cohort analysis and employs a two-stage random effects model. The first stage entails the assumption that the within-region variation in the frequency of disease incidence for a fixed age-sex-cohort group has a Poisson distribution with mean proportional to the population at risk. The second stage, after adjusting for age and sex, entails the assumption that the between-region geographic variation in the logarithm of the true incidence rate has a prior distribution with parameters estimated by the method of maximum likelihood. After adjusting for age effects, we estimate random geographic-specific cohort effects for each sex with use of an empirical Bayes method and compare the results with the usual multiplicative Poisson model that assumes fixed geographic-specific cohort effects for each sex. This comparison shows that the method presented here provides more stable estimates of geographic-specific cohort effects, and in addition the random effects model describes these data more adequately.
Peer-to-peer streaming: design and challenges

Streaming multimedia content over the Internet is extremely popular mainly due to emerging applications such as IPTV, YouTube and e-learning. All these applications require simultaneous streaming of multimedia content from one or multiple sources to a large number of users. Such applications impose unique requirements in terms of server bandwidth and playback delay which are difficult to achieve in a scalable fashion with the traditional client-server architecture. Peer-to-peer (P2P) overlays offer a promising approach to support scalable streaming applications, that we broadly refer to as “P2P streaming”. Design of a scalable P2P streaming mechanism that accommodates heterogeneity of peers’ bandwidth and copes with dynamics of peer participation while ensuring in-time delivery of the multimedia content to individual peers is extremely challenging. Besides these fundamental challenges, P2P streaming applications are facing practical issues such as encouraging peers’ contribution and decreasing the costly inter-ISP P2P traffic. In this dissertation, we study several aspects of live P2P streaming with the goal of improving the performance of such systems. This dissertation can be categorized into two parts as follows. (i) We present the design and evaluation of a mesh-based live P2P streaming mechanism, called PRIME. Further, we perform a head-to-head comparison between the two approaches on live P2P streaming, namely tree-based and mesh-based. We demonstrate the superiority of the mesh-based approach. In the quest for a systematic comparison of existing mesh-based solutions on live P2P streaming, we leverage the insights from our design in PRIME and propose an evaluation methodology. Utilizing the evaluation methodology, we compare the performance of existing mesh-based live P2P streaming solutions. (ii) From a more practical perspective, we tackle some of the existing practical issues in the deployment of live P2P streaming applications, namely providing incentives for participating peers to contribute their resources and designing ISP-friendly live P2P streaming protocols with the ultimate goal of reducing costly inter-ISP traffic. In the end, this dissertation reveals fundamental trade-offs in the design, comparison and meaningful evaluation of basic and practical live P2P streaming mechanisms under realistic settings. This dissertation includes my previously published and my co-authored materials.
A model microfluidics-based system for the human and mouse retina

The application of microfluidics technologies to the study of retinal function and response holds great promise for development of new and improved treatments for patients with degenerative retinal diseases. Restoration of vision via retinal transplantation therapy has been severely limited by the low numbers of motile cells observed post transplantation. Using modern soft lithographic techniques, we have developed the μRetina, a novel and convenient biomimetic microfluidics device capable of examing the migratory behavior of retinal lineage cells within biomimetic geometries of the human and mouse retina. Coupled computer simulations and experimental validations were used to characterize and confirm the formation of chemical concentration gradients within the μRetina, while real-time images within the device captured radial and theta cell migration in response to concentration gradients of stromal derived factor (SDF-1), a known chemoattractant. Our data underscore how the μRetina can be used to examine the concentration-dependent migration of retinal progenitors in order to enhance current therapies, as well as develop novel migration-targeted treatments.
Social conversation and its relationship to sleep behavior among college students.

Abstract Sleep health is compromised during the college years; college students have shortened sleep duration and often keep inconsistent sleep schedules. One strong predictor that has been identified in previous research on college student sleep is dysfunctional beliefs like worry and perceived lack of control. Less understood are the contributing factors to these dysfunctional beliefs. This paper draws on a social science perspective to examine how college students talk about sleep and how these conversations relate to beliefs and intentions to sleep. In a 2-step mixed-methods design, this study explores conversations among college students about sleep and how these conversations relate to sleep-related cognitions and behaviors (n = 301). College students report frequently talking about sleep-damaging topics (staying up late, daytime sleepiness), and this discussion is associated with lower cognitive beliefs about behavioral control and lower intention to sleep. Regression results show a negative relationship between sleep behaviors and sleep-damaging conversations (β = − 0.41; P P
The Diffusion of Concepts from Economics to Political Science: Disciplinary Dependency Meets Disciplinary Imperialism

There has been considerable discussion, dating back to at least the 1970s, and involving Coase and Hirshleifer among others, of the notion of "economic imperialism," the expansionist tendency of economics to move into topic areas previously considered outside the reach of economics. We trace the diffusion of concepts over time from the "imperialistic" discipline of economics into and through the "borrowing" discipline of political science. Focusing on a diverse set of 78 economics-based concepts, we profile statistically the extent, pace, and pattern of conceptual borrowing in the three leading "general readership" political science journals, 1911-2006. Our analyses include the following features. First, whereas prior discussions often focused on economists moving into and working on "noneconomic" topics, we consider instead the migration of economic concepts to political science, and the extent to which the migration results in political scientists using these concepts. This allows us to evaluate a claim of Coase (1978) about the conditions under which concepts would migrate and be adopted by the practitioners of the receiving discipline. Second, we use a simple benefit-cost framework of the incentives facing a political scientist to adopt an economic concept in order to develop simple hypotheses about which concepts might migrate. Our data allow us to test these hypotheses. Third, we examine in detail the development within economics and the subsequent migration of the "median voter" concept, a case of particular interest. Instructive features include its complex genesis within economics, and its pattern of reception and acceptance-versus-resistance within political science. More generally, our findings enable us to speak to the role played by active agents or conceptual entrepreneurs in conceptual diffusion, the importance of intuitive accessibility to non-specialists and similarity to concepts already in use in the receiving discipline, the slow pace of the diffusion process into and within political science, and the superficial use in political science of most of the economics-based concepts that do take root. We conclude by considering the future of the economics-political science link.
Successful endoscopic ablation of a pyriform sinus fistula in a child: case report and literature review

Recurrent thyroid infections are rare in children. When present, patients should be evaluated for anatomic anomalies such as pyriform sinus fistulae. We describe a 12-year-old girl with history of recurrent thyroid abscesses secondary to a pyriform sinus fistula and managed with concurrent endoscopic ablation and incision and drainage.
Nutrition regulation of male accessory gland growth and maturation in Tribolium castaneum

Insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway is known to control growth, development and reproduction. Insulin-like peptide mediated body size plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster has been reported. Here, our studies showed that IIS pathway and nutrition regulate growth and maturation of the male accessory gland (MAG) in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. The size of MAG increased from day 1 to day 5 post-adult emergence (PAE). This increase in the size of MAG is contributed by an increase in cell size, but not cell number. The growth of MAG was impaired after double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated knockdown in the expression of genes coding for ILP3, InR, Chico, PI3k, AKT, and GATA1 involved in IIS pathway. Interestingly, starvation showed similar effects on the growth and maturation of MAG. The phenotypes observed in animals where IIS signaling pathway genes were knocked down are similar to the phenotypes observed after starving beetles for 5 days PAE. These data suggest that nutrition signals working through IIS pathway regulate maturation of MAG by promoting the growth of MAG cells.
Comparison of Volatile Compounds and Stridulation Emitted by the Douglas-fir Beetle from Idaho and Western Oregon Populations

Volatile compounds were trapped from live Dendroctonus pseudotsugae from coastal (W. Oregon) and interior (Idaho) populations and analyzed by GC/MS. Two new compounds were partially characterized: pent-3-en-1-ol, found in all fed females, and 6- or 4-methylhept-5-en-2-one, identified from interior unfed males and fed females and from coastal females cross-fed in interior logs. In bioassay in Oregon, the trans isomer of the former compound increased aggregation of flying beetles to host compounds and to frontalin, and the 6-methyl isomer of methylheptenone effected 74% inhibition of flight aggregation. Fed Idaho females released a greater quantity of frontalin, but the ratio of pheromones was similar in the 2 populations. Unfed beetles from both populations released several monoterpenes, confirming a previous report. More β-pinene was released by interior than coastal females. Toothstrike rates of Idaho male stridulations were faster, as expected from the smaller size of interior beetles, but the general form and envelope of attractant, premating, and rivalry chirps were the same in the 2 populations. The release of methylheptenone by interior males and fed females, and greater amounts of frontalin and β-pinene by interior fed females are the most striking differences noted between the 2 populations studied; however, cross-feeding tests indicated that this difference is probably host-determined rather than genetic.
Cold Atom Based Ballistic Single Zone Atom Interferometer

We describe the behavior of a single zone atom interferometer, implemented via cold atoms released from a trap and falling under gravity through a pair of bichromatic counter-propagating fields, and experimental efforts to realize it.
Head waves from a transition layer

abstract Ultrasonic, seismic-model experiments have been performed to re-examine the nature of head waves from a transition layer. Two-dimensional, layered structures, some with a transition zone and some with a sharp discontinuity, constructed by lead-aluminum laminations have served as the models. Amplitude and phase responses have been measured in a frequency range of 25 kHz to 200 kHz. At low frequencies, where the wavelength is much longer than the thickness of the transition zone, little difference is observed between head waves from a transition zone and those from a sharp discontinuity. At a certain frequency range where the wavelength is close to the thickness of the transition zone, the measured head-wave amplitude from a transition zone becomes a few times larger than that from a sharp discontinuity. This is characteristic of head waves from a poorly defined boundary and may be used to estimate the thickness of a general transition layer. A sharp, high-frequency cutoff is again observed, but the cutoff frequency is not consistent with previous studies.
CUDA kernel based collective reduction operations on large-scale GPU clusters

Accelerators like NVIDIA GPUs have changed the landscape of current HPC clusters to a great extent. Massive heterogeneous parallelism offered by these accelerators have led to GPU-Aware MPI libraries that are widely used for writing distributed parallel scientific applications. Compute-oriented collective operations like MPI_Reduce perform computation on data in addition to the usual communication performed by collectives. Historically, these collectives, due to their compute requirements have been implemented on CPU (or Host) only. However, with the advent of GPU technologies it has become important for MPI libraries to provide better design for their GPU (or Device) based versions. In this paper, we tackle the above challenges and provide designs and implementations for most commonly used compute-oriented collectives - MPI_Reduce, MPI_Allreduce, and MPI_Scan - for GPU clusters. We propose extensions to the state-of-the-art algorithms to fully take advantage of the GPU capabilities like GPUDirect RDMA (GDR) and CUDA compute kernel to efficiently perform these operations. With our new designs, we report reduced execution time for all compute-based collectives up to 96 GPUs. Experimental results show an improvement of 50% for small messages and 85% for large messages using MPI_Reduce. For MPI_Allreduce and MPI_Scan, we report more than 40% reduction in time for large messages. Furthermore, analytical models are developed and evaluated to understand and predict the performance of proposed designs for extremely large-scale GPU clusters.
Knowledge and its Objects

The last chapter assumed that the objects of knowledge are propositions. This assumption requires defence and part of this chapter will be devoted to this. In addition, we must discuss the nature of knowledge in order to be clear about the requirements of omniscience, and therefore this chapter will investigate the nature of knowledge and its objects. This statement of purpose is, of course, a little overstated; for certainly a complete epistemology cannot be presented in one chapter. Rather, I shall investigate the nature of knowledge in so far as it bears on the doctrine of omniscience. First, I shall discuss the nature of knowledge in sufficient detail to develop a preliminary understanding of the claim that there is an omniscient being, and I shall also distinguish that claim from the claim that there is a being who has the property of being omniscient essentially.
Chapter 5 – Perinatal Neurohormonal Programming and Endocrine Disruption

Sexual differentiation of the brain is tightly orchestrated by perinatal increase in the sex hormones, testosterone and estrogen, and their binding to neural androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptors (ESR1 and ESR2), respectively. Depending on the brain region, the effects may be largely testosterone mediated or require the conversion into estradiol. In males, the net effect is brain masculinization and defeminization, which results in them exclusively demonstrating male-typical sexual behaviors. In the absence of these responses, the female brain is instead programmed. Full manifestation of adult sexual behaviors requires the initial organization or programming of the brain during the in utero/postnatal period and later adult surge of the sex hormones, which is considered the activational period. Epigenetic changes likely modulate the organizational-activational effects of sex steroids and their cognate receptors. Maternal stress during the perinatal period and endogenous/exogenous glucocorticoids can also disrupt normal brain programming responses. Deficits in neurobehavioral programming can originate via changes in placental structure and function, suppression of enzymes regulating cortisol (corticosterone in rodents) production, glucocorticoid disturbances to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and via epigenetic changes. Perinatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC), such as bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, may also interrupt brain hormonal programming and later elaboration of adult sexual behaviors. These chemicals may induce their effects through disturbing steroidogenesis, via the sex steroid receptors, HPA axis, and epimutations. This chapter will consider how sex steroids and glucocorticoids shape perinatal programming of the brain, and the potential injurious effects of the EDC, BPA, and phthalates on these processes.
Universal recovery behavior of negative bias temperature instability [PMOSFETs]

PMOSFETs experiencing negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) recover after stress is removed. We show for the first time that: (1) the recovery can reach 100% at 25/spl deg/C; (2) recovery has a universal behavior independent of stress voltage, stress time and temperature (below 25/spl deg/C); and (3) the recovered devices degrade at the same rate when re-stressed, indicating that recovery resets the degraded device to its original state. We propose a three step model to describe this mechanism: (i) voltage accelerated degradation, (ii) bias and degradation independent recovery and (iii) temperature driven "lock-in" step. We believe that the competing effects of these three steps corrupt common field/temperature acceleration models for NBTI.
Fungal fermentation on anaerobic digestate for lipid-based biofuel production.

Anaerobic digestate is the effluent from anaerobic digestion of organic wastes. It contains a significant amount of nutrients and lignocellulosic materials, even though anaerobic digestion consumed a large portion of organic matters in the wastes. Utilizing the nutrients and lignocellulosic materials in the digestate is critical to significantly improve efficiency of anaerobic digestion technology and generate value-added chemical and fuel products from the organic wastes. Therefore, this study focused on developing an integrated process that uses biogas energy to power fungal fermentation and converts remaining carbon sources, nutrients, and water in the digestate into biofuel precursor-lipid. The process contains two unit operations of anaerobic digestion and digestate utilization. The digestate utilization includes alkali treatment of the mixture feed of solid and liquid digestates, enzymatic hydrolysis for mono-sugar release, overliming detoxification, and fungal fermentation for lipid accumulation. The experimental results conclude that 5 h and 30 °C were the preferred conditions for the overliming detoxification regarding lipid accumulation of the following fungal cultivation. The repeated-batch fungal fermentation enhanced lipid accumulation, which led to a final lipid concentration of 3.16 g/L on the digestate with 10% dry matter. The mass and energy balance analysis further indicates that the digestate had enough water for the process uses and the biogas energy was able to balance the needs of individual unit operations. A fresh-water-free and energy-positive process of lipid production from anaerobic digestate was achieved by integrating anaerobic digestion and fungal fermentation. The integration addresses the issues that both biofuel industry and waste management encounter—high water and energy demand of biofuel precursor production and few digestate utilization approaches of organic waste treatment.
Electric Motor and Belt Retrofits: Measured Savings and Lessons Learned

Synopsis Measured savings of retrofits of electric motors and belt drives at two institutions are analyzed. Reasons for energy savings ranging from negative to more than expected are explored, as well as a host of pitfalls and how to avoid them.
Additional observations on scoring the accuracy of written recall

The recalls of stories of six groups of Ss were scored for accuracy by seven different methods including scaling by rank order. The recalls were of stories that had been read to the Ss three, four, or five times. The inter-correlations of these measures were subjected to factor analysis with the results indicating, as in previous research, a two factor solution. One of the factors was identified as length. The other factor, unlike previous research which identified it as the number of content words, was the cloze procedure in some groups and the idea group in others. This would indicate that two variables are of importance in scoring the accuracy of written recall; One, length, being present in all cases examined (in the present as well as in prior research) and the other a variable factor the nature of which is probably a complex function of at least the degree of learning and the nature of the learned material. It is impossible to be more specific about the conditions determining the nature of the variable factor with the relatively small amount of data at hand.
Inferential language use by youth with Down syndrome during narration.

Abstract We examined inferential language use by youth with Down syndrome (DS) in the context of narrative storytelling relative to younger typically developing (TD) children and same-aged peers with fragile X syndrome (FXS) matched on nonverbal cognitive ability level. Participants’ narratives were coded for the use of different types of inferential language. Participants with DS used proportionately less inferential language overall relative to their counterparts with TD or FXS, although mean length of utterance accounted for group differences observed for the DS-TD group comparison only. Patterns of inferential language use varied across inferential subtypes and across participant groups, with mean length of utterance playing a significant role in group differences. These findings suggest potential syndrome specificity to the DS phenotype regarding impairments in inferential language use that can be partially explained by level of expressive syntactic ability and should be considered in future research. Clinical interventions within the DS population, therefore, should target to some extent the use of inferential language and complex sentence structure.
Developmental timing of trauma exposure and emotion dysregulation in adulthood: Are there sensitive periods when trauma is most harmful?

Abstract Background This study aimed to determine whether there were sensitive periods when a first exposure to trauma was most associated with emotion dysregulation symptoms in adulthood. Methods Adult participants came from a public urban hospital in Atlanta, GA (n = 1944). Lifetime trauma exposure was assessed using the Traumatic Events Inventory (TEI). Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the association between the developmental timing of first trauma exposure, classified as early childhood (ages 0–5), middle childhood (ages 6–10), adolescence (ages 11–18), and adulthood (ages 19+), on adult emotion dysregulation symptoms, measured using the abbreviated Emotion Dysregulation Scale. Results Participants exposed to trauma at any age had higher emotion dysregulation scores than their unexposed peers. However, participants first exposed to child maltreatment or interpersonal violence during middle childhood had higher emotion dysregulation scores relative to those first exposed during other developmental stages; these developmental timing differences were detected even after controlling for sociodemographic factors, exposure to other trauma, and frequency of exposure to trauma. Further, after controlling for current psychiatric symptoms, the effect of other interpersonal trauma exposure in middle childhood was diminished and first exposure to other interpersonal violence in early childhood was associated with significantly lower emotion dysregulation symptoms. Limitations Limitations of this study include the use of retrospective reports and absence of complete information about trauma severity or duration. Conclusion These findings should be replicated in other population-based samples with prospective designs to confirm the importance of developmental timing of trauma on later emotion dysregulation.
Divine Embodiment in Philo of Alexandria

Because later polemics established Jews and Christians as binary opposites, distinguished largely by their views on God’s body, scholars have not sufficiently explored how other Jews in the early Roman period, who stood outside the Jesus movement, conceived of how the divine could become embodied on earth. The first-century Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria often operates as the quintessential representative of a Jew who stressed God’s absolute incorporeality. Here I demonstrate how Philo also presents a means by which a part of Israel’s God could become united with human materiality, showing how the patriarchs and Moses function as his paradigms. This evidence suggests that scholarship on divine embodiment has been limited by knowledge of later developments in Christian theology. Incarnational formulas, like that found in John 1:14 were not the only way that Jews in the first and second century CE understood that God could become united with human form.