cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orthogonal least-squares line fit with variable scaling

An orthogonal least‐squares method was considered for linear correlations of data sets in which both variables are subject to unknown uncertainties in measurement. A previously reported method and an alternatively developed equivalent method were investigated. The orthogonal method was found to be sensitive to the relative numerical scales of the two variables, but its application is considered appropriate to data sets rescaled to dimensionless forms. A versatile computer program was developed for application of the method. It allows for the comparison of the orthogonal and standard least‐squares methods and has the ability to produce publication quality plots. Results are given for one experimental data set.
Virus-Like Particles in the Spiral Ganglion of the Guinea Pig Cochlea

Double-walled spherical particles 100 millimicrons in diameter were accidentally discovered in the cytoplasm of spiral ganglion neurons of apparently healthy guinea pigs with normal startle responses. These particles in some ways resemble viruses of the herpes group and may represent a latent form of neuronal infection.
Movement of a bean shoot: an introduction to chronobiology.

An active learning exercise that focuses on movements (circum-nutations) of climbing bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.; cv. Kentucky Wonder, pole bean) has been successfully incorporated into the curriculum of educational institutions to introduce the subject of chronobiology to students. This didactic activity, which involves an ultradian rhythm, can be completed within a span of 2-4 h, fits into the schedule of various courses, uses materials commonly found in classrooms, requires a time commitment of only a few minutes from each student, and can be modified to include a circadian rhythm project. Ultimately, students develop a better understanding about parameters and characteristics of rhythms, analytical procedures, and the temporal organization of life.
Abstractions for hybrid systems

We present a procedure for constructing sound finite-state discrete abstractions of hybrid systems. This procedure uses ideas from predicate abstraction to abstract the discrete dynamics and qualitative reasoning to abstract the continuous dynamics of the hybrid system. It relies on the ability to decide satisfiability of quantifier-free formulas in some theory rich enough to encode the hybrid system. We characterize the sets of predicates that can be used to create high quality abstractions and we present new approaches to discover such useful sets of predicates. Under certain assumptions, the abstraction procedure can be applied compositionally to abstract a hybrid system described as a composition of two hybrid automata. We show that the constructed abstractions are always sound, but are relatively complete only under certain assumptions.
Computational Precision Requirements for Optimal Weights in Adaptive Processing

The required accuracy for computing the estimated optimum weights of an adaptive processor has been analyzed by investigating the effects of errors in computing the inverse matrix. It is shown that the required precision depends upon the matrix. An equation for the general case is derived. Several special cases are considered in detail. It is shown that the case of a single interference source requires the highest precision. The least stressing case is identifi'ed and compared to the worst case. The requirements for a "typical" case are also considered. A comparison of the requirements for the covariance matrix estimation technique and for adaptive weight implementation using gradient descent techniques is given. It is shown that there is a dichotomy in that cases that do not stress one technique tend to stress the other.
Life Spans of Dipodomys and Perognathus in the Mojave Desert

Rodent populations were studied by live-trapping in four 20-acre plots for a 2½-year period. Three of the plots were fenced to prevent dispersal. One of the fenced areas was irradiated at a low level; the rodents received an average of 1 r/day. The life span of a rodent was defined as the time between the first and last appearance in the trapping records. Mean life spans in the fenced plots that were not irradiated were between 3.7 and 5.0 months for Perognathus formosus, P. longimembris, Dipodomys merriami and D. microps . Mean life spans were shorter in the irradiated plot and shortest in the unfenced plot. The values for the unfenced plot reflect the additional influences of dispersal and kit fox predation. The kit fox is the only important mammalian predator, but accounts for an insignificant amount of mortality in the rodent population. The red racer is a predator of undetermined importance. Greatest mortality occurs in the few months following first capture. Twenty-five P. longimembris survived from 3 to 5 years, a remarkably long time for a small (6 to 8 g) mammal. Periodic torpor probably aids their survival.
The effect of traditional Chinese Therapeutic Massage on individuals with neck pain

Abstract Objective: To determine the effect of Traditional Chinese Therapeutic Massage on individuals with neck pain. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: Thirty-one volunteers with neck pain and loss in range of motion, for longer than one year were recruited from California State University staff and faculty. A total 28 subjects completed the study. Intervention: Traditional Chinese Therapeutic Massage (TCTM) and a home based, self-administrated exercise program. Main outcome measurement: A previously published neck pain questionnaire was used to measure pain intensity and the quality of life. A neck range of motion test was used to assess the changes in neck flexibility. Results: The TCTM group had a significant reduction in the scoring of pain questionnaire (p Conclusion: Traditional Chinese Therapeutic Massage provided significant benefit to those suffering from neck pain. Further studies need to address the combination of the treatments using TCTM and the therapies in mainstream medicine.
FORMULATIONS OF RATIONS FOR THE AMERICAN LOBSTER1

A program has been developed for compounding and evaluating artificial diets for the American lobster (Homarus americanus). Feeding trials using brine shrimp have produced growth rates that exceed those described in feeding trials where clams and green crab were fed. While brine shrimp are expensive and not routinely available, growth rates on these animals can be used as a standard in evaluating new diets which have been formulated from economical sources of the dietary components. Diet formulations developed in several laboratories have been compared. The studies show that diet affects both growth components, i.e., molting frequency and size increment per molt. This study suggests that future emphasis be placed on matrix-type constituent analysis of brine shrimp in comparison with other diets in order to determine which elements or rations of elements are essential dietary components of the lobster. Our progress in this area will be discussed.
Expression of truncated tobacco osmotin in Escherichia coli : purification and antifungal activity

Tobacco osmotin is a functional homolog of mammalian adiponectin, and has antifungal activity. This work was undertaken to produce recombinant osmotin that has previously been unsuccessful because of its toxicity. Expression of recombinant tobacco osmotin (rOSM) in Escherichia coli inclusion bodies has been achieved. The optimal pH for rOSM expression in ZYM 505 medium is 7.0 at OD650 of 1.5 of culture growth. The rOSM from the inclusion body was extracted with 8 M urea, and purified using CM-cellulose and cobalt-agarose bead affinity chromatography to a high purity. Approximately 80% of the rOSM remained bound to CM-cellulose and Cobalt-agarose beads after initial elution. The yield of purified rOSM was between 40 and 50 mg from 2 l of culture. Repeated elution of protein from CM-cellulose and Co-agarose increased the yield of rOSM to 200 mg from 2 l culture. The purified rOSM showed variable antifungal activities against two pathogenic yeast strains; Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, and non-pathogenic strains; Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia methanolica.
Selective model inversion and adaptive disturbance observer for time-varying vibration rejection on an active-suspension benchmark

Abstract This paper presents an adaptive control scheme for identifying and rejecting unknown and/or time-varying narrow-band vibrations. We discuss an idea of safely and adaptively inverting a (possibly non-minimum phase) plant dynamics at selected frequency regions, so that structured disturbances (especially vibrations) can be estimated and canceled from the control perspective. By taking advantage of the disturbance model in the design of special infinite-impulse-response (IIR) filters, we can reduce the adaptation to identify the minimum amount of parameters, achieve accurate parameter estimation under noisy environments, and flexibly reject the narrow-band disturbances with clear tuning intuitions. Evaluation of the algorithm is performed via simulation and experiments on an active-suspension benchmark.
Treating adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in hospitalized psychiatric patients

Objectives: We intend to review the importance of appropriately recognizing and managing attention deficit/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD) in the acute psychiatric hospital setting. Methods: We demonstrate the management of three patients with associated ADD/ADHD diagnosis in the hospital setting. This case series is followed by a review of the literature on the treatment of ADD/ADHD with particular focus on inpatient treatment. Results: Given that the core symptoms of ADD/ADHD are inattention, hyperactivity, poor concentration, impulsivity, poor organization and emotional instability, it follows that a comprehensive inpatient treatment plan should address these issues in order to obtain sustained, focused participation on the part of the patient. Suppression of ADD/ADHD symptoms with stimulants greatly enhanced our patients' ability to more productively and actively participate in the treatment of the acute psychiatric problems which led to their admission. Conclusions: Currently, no published data exist on prevalence of ADD/ADHD in psychiatric hospitals, rates of treatment and outcome of treatment with regard to recovery and quality of aftercare. Nonetheless, the benefits of treating ADD/ADHD among psychiatric inpatients may be seen in case examples and are also apparent in the data concerning treatment of ADD/ADHD in the dually diagnosed.
Enhanced critical currents in high-temperature superconductors with splayed pins

Using realistic three-dimensional computer simulations, we consider the effects of point, columnar, and splayed columnar pinning on vortex transport. We find an enhancement in the critical current when columnar pins are placed in a splayed configuration rather than parallel to each other, but that this enhancement is limited to the vortex creep regime at the lowest measurable applied currents. At higher currents, in the vortex flow regime, the enhancement by splay is lost.
Long Range Ultrasonic Guided Wave Focusing in Pipe for Small Defect Detection, Location and Circumferential Length Analysis

Ultrasonic guided wave focusing techniques in steel pipe are used to detect and measure the axial as well as circumferential locations of three differently shaped defects (planar saw cuts, a volumetric through-wall hole, and a volumetric elliptical corrosion). The axial location of a defect was obtained by measuring the arrival time of the defect echo. Defect circumferential location was determined by focusing at 44 circumferential positions around the pipe at a specific distance. The maximum amplitude of the defect echo was recorded with respect to each circumferential focal position in producing an angular profile of the reflected wave. The maximum amplitude of this experimental angular profile occurs at the angle of the defect circumferential location. The energy impingement onto the defect for each focusing position can be calculated from the focused angular profile and the defect cross sectional area. Comparison between the experimental angular profiles and the theoretical ones provides us with a good estimate of the defect circumferential size.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Adsorption and displacement processes on W(111) involving CH4, H2, and O2☆

Abstract Adsorption and displacement processes involving CH4, H2, and O2 on the (111) surface of tungsten have been examined using the thermal desorption method in conjunction with mass spectrometry and work function changes. Methane is physically adsorbed on W(111) at T~ 125 K and desorbs with a binding energy of 8.0 kcal mole . Neither adsorption nor decomposition of CH4 is observed at 300 K on W(111). Hydrogen is chemisorbed on W(111); 4 atomic binding states having desorption energies ranging from 12 kcal mole to 31 kcal mole are observed. The influence of oxygen on the binding of both H2 and CH4 has been examined. Oxygen specifically blocks the adsorption of certain hydrogen binding states; oxygen causes an increase in the CH4 binding energy to ∼ 10 kcal mole . Coadsorption of hydrogen and CH4 also exhibits site specificity.
Salinity‐induced changes in gill Na, K‐ATPase activity in the mud fiddler crab, Uca pugnax

Male mud fiddler crabs (Uca pugnax) were shown to hyperosmoregulate in 10% and 50% seawater (SW) and to hypoosmoregulate in 150% and 200% SW. Crabs fully immersed in the media did not osmoregulate as well as those that were free to enter or leave the medium at will (“natural” environment). Gill sodium-plus-potassium ATPase (Na,K-ATPase) enzyme specific activity was characterized in crude homogenates. After acclimation (21 days) in 10% SW, all six gill pairs in immersed crabs showed significantly higher enzyme specific activity (ESA) than 100% SW controls; crabs in 50% SW had significantly higher ESA in gills 3 through 6. With one exception, a decrease, acclimation to 150% or 200% SW did not significantly change gill ESA in immersed crabs. In all media, gills 5 and 6 had approximately 75% of the total ESA in the crabs' gills. Crabs in the “natural” environment showed a similar pattern of changes in gill ESA. Thus, changes in gill ESA appear to be important only in hyperosmotic regulation and in active sodium uptake by the gills from dilute media. The time-course of changes in crude homogenate ESA in gills 5 and 6, after transfer of 100% SW crabs to 10% SW, was relatively rapid (significantly increased after 1 day) and correlated well with changes in hemolymph osmolality. Three different microsomal preparations from gills 5 and 6 did not show significantly increased ESA until between 3 and 7 days after transfer. Therefore, gill Na,K-ATPase activity may be altered both by rapid modulation of existing enzyme and by longer term synthesis of new enzyme.
Impermeability of the rat placenta to insulin during organogenesis.

The cause of the embryopathy associated with diabetes mellitus is uncertain. To examine whether exogenously administered insulin may be teratogenic, tracer amounts of radiolabelled insulin were infused for two hours during organogenesis (day 12 1/2 of gestation) into three groups of pregnant rats: control (n = 8), diabetic (n = 5), and hyperinsulinemic (n = 4). For maternal plasma, no differences were found among the three study groups in the perecentage of the protein-precipitable (insulin-containing) radioactivity. Tissue radioactivities were expressed relative to the two-hour maternal plasma sample. Maternal kidney samples had the highest total and protein precipitable counts followed in descending order by the maternal plasma, maternal liver, placenta, and embryo. No differences in radioactivities were noted among the three study groups for specific tissues studied. Protein-precipitable radioactivities in the embryo were more than 100-fold less than the maternal plasma values. In 11 of the 17 litters, the acid-insoluble fractions of the embryos were not distinguishable from background counts, and none of the remaining six were greater than twice background. These studies demonstrate that during the period of organogenesis, the rat embryo is protected from maternal insulin by the placenta, and hence, maternal insulin in an unlikely teratogen.
Chemosensory Development in the Fetus and Newborn

The chemosensory system is one of the earliest emerging systems in fetal development. Smell is detected through the epithelium of the nasopharynx and taste through the tongue. Anatomical structures and innervation are already present in the first and early second trimesters. Early fetal experience with the mother's specific diet through the amniotic fluid provide for a continuous sensory environment from fetal to newborn life. Both term and preterm infants detect and discriminate odor and taste and prefer their own mother's familiar odor and taste. Exposure to the newborn mother's amniotic fluid and breast milk provide physiologic and behavioral changes that influence early attachment relationships and feeding outcomes. Strong, ill-timed, and nonfamiliar odors can interfere with infant physiologic stability and behavioral organization. Hospital chemosensory environments should be adapted to the specific expectations and needs of the infant and mother particularly during delivery and the neonatal intensive care unit experience.
Leading order QCD corrections to the heavy to light meson transition form factor

We calculate {ital O}({alpha}{sub {ital s}}) corrections to the soft, wave-function-dependent, normalization {ital f}{sub +}(0) of the matrix element {l_angle}{pi}{vert_bar}{bar {ital q}}{gamma}{sup {mu}}{ital Q}{vert_bar}{ital B}{r_angle}. We find these corrections to be large and strongly dependent on the meson wave functions in the momentum region where propagators in the hard amplitude become soft. The findings are compared with recent results for the {ital B}{r_arrow}{pi}{ital l}{bar {nu}} branching ratio reported by CLEO. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
An Externality-based Decentralized Optimal Power Allocation Scheme for Wireless Mesh Networks

The rapidly growing demand for wireless communication makes efficient power allocation a critical factor in the network's efficient operation. Power allocation in decentralized wireless systems, where the transmission of a user creates interference to other users and directly affects their utilities, has been recently studied by pricing methods. However, pricing methods do not result in efficient/optimal power allocations for such systems for the following reason. Systems where a user's actions directly affect the utilities of other users are known to have externalities. It is well known [1, Chapter 11] that in systems with externalities, standard efficiency theorems on market equilibrium do not apply and pricing methods do not result in Pareto optimal outcomes. In this paper we formulate the power allocation problem for a wireless mesh network as a decentralized allocation problem with 'externalities'. We consider a decentralized system where users' utilities and channel gains are private information and the system has multiple interference temperature constraints to control interference. We present a decentralized mechanism to allocate transmission powers to the users. The mechanism takes into account the externality generated to the other users by the transmission of each user, satisfies the informational constraints of the system, overcomes the inefficiency of pricing mechanisms and guarantees convergence to globally optimal power allocations.
Artificial intelligence as the liberal arts of computer science

I suggest that artificial intelligence be presented as a broad, interdisciplinary, humanistic area of study taught through several courses. I suggest avoiding problem sets, examinations, and other elements of engineering pedagogy; I advocate curriculum structures that encourage original student research, self-directed programming projects, and the development of connections between diverse topic areas. This short paper describes a "liberal arts" approach to introductory artificial intelligence education and the implementation of this approach in the cognitive science program at Hampshire College.
Acquisition of English Tense‐Aspect Morphology by Advanced French Instructed Learners

The acquisition of English verbal morphology has been mostly tested as a second language (L2) in English-speaking settings (Bardovi-Harlig, 1992a, 1992b, 1992c, 1998; Bardovi-Harlig & Bergstrom, 1996; Bayley, 1991, 1994), more rarely as a foreign language (e.g., Robison, 1990, 1995), in only one cross-sectional study with native speakers of French in a foreign/L2 setting in Quebec (Collins, 2002), and never with French speakers living in France, who have much less exposure to English than their Francophone counterparts living in Quebec. The present cross-sectional study analyzes data from a group of 21 high school French speakers learning English in France to address two main research questions: (a) Do our learners exhibit nativelike performance in their use of the various past morphological forms across the lexical aspectual classes (e.g., Vendler, 1957/1967)? (b) Does their first language lead French speakers to overuse the English present perfect due to its morphological similarity with the passe compose? Our findings underscore the effect of lexical aspect on the use of past tense markers while highlighting a significant departure from the predicted developmental path of past tense marking: States are marked more consistently than telic events in the narrative task. Possible theoretical and methodological factors that might account for the present findings are discussed.
Privacy preserving OLAP

We present techniques for privacy-preserving computation of multidimensional aggregates on data partitioned across multiple clients. Data from different clients is perturbed (randomized) in order to preserve privacy before it is integrated at the server. We develop formal notions of privacy obtained from data perturbation and show that our perturbation provides guarantees against privacy breaches. We develop and analyze algorithms for reconstructing counts of subcubes over perturbed data. We also evaluate the tradeoff between privacy guarantees and reconstruction accuracy and show the practicality of our approach.
Crossing Waters, Crossing Worlds: The African Diaspora in Indian Country edited by Tiya Miles and Sharon Holland Durham

Crossing Waters, Crossing Worlds, a collection of essays from scholars including Robert Warrior and Virginia Kennedy, as well as Tiya Miles and Sharon Holland, is a timely contribution to the small...
Effective parameterizations of three nonwetting phase relative permeability models

Describing convective nonwetting phase flow in unsaturated porous media requires knowledge of the nonwetting phase relative permeability. This study was conducted to formulate and derive a generalized expression for the nonwetting phase relative permeability via combining with the Kosugi water retention function. This generalized formulation is then used to flexibly investigate the Burdine, Mualem, and Alexander and Skaggs models' prediction accuracy for relative nonwetting phase permeability. The model and data comparison results show that these three permeability models, if used in their original form, but applied to the nonwetting phase, could not predict the experimental data well. The optimum pore tortuosity and connectivity value is thus obtained for the improved prediction of relative nonwetting phase permeability. As a result, the effective parameterization of ( α,β,η) parameters in the modified Burdine, modified Mualem, and modified Alexander and Skaggs permeability models were found to be (2.5, 2, 1), (2, 1, 2), and (2.5, 1, 1), respectively. These three suggested models display the highest accuracy among the nine relative permeability models investigated in this study. However, the corresponding discontinuous nonwetting phase and the liquid film flow should be accounted for in future for the improved prediction of nonwetting phase relative permeability at very high and very low water saturation range, respectively.
Growth and development of the endoparasitic wasp Apanteles congregatus: dependence on host nutritional status and parasite load

. Previously we have shown that the number of Apanteles congregatus Say (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) larvae developing in Manduca sexta (L.) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) larvae that are parasitized in the first instar determines the timing of emergence of the parasites from the host. Here we show that the first larval ecdysis of the wasps occurs after the host ecdyses to the terminal stage, regardless of whether that stage is the host's fourth, fifth or supernumerary sixth instar. Starvation of newly ecdysed terminal stage host larvae prevents emergence of the parasites. When starvation is begun at progressively later times, then an increasing proportion of the hosts have parasites that emerge, suggesting a period of indispensable host nutrition exists during which the host must feed to satisfy the developmental requirements of the parasites. In hosts fed ad libitum, the weight of the host plus its parasites at the time of emergence is positively correlated with the number of parasites developing in the host. When the weight of the parasites alone is subtracted from the weight of the host—parasite complex, the data show that heavily parasitized hosts have a larger host mass than lightly parasitized larvae. In contrast, the wasp larvae, and the adult males and females that develop from them, have lower individual weights after development in heavily parasitized hosts.
System-level optimization of architectural performance under varying service demands

This paper describes the motivation, methods, and application of a regimen for optimizing cost-performance measures for distributed system architectures. Dynamic performance under varying workloads was optimized in terms of system resource parameters in an absolute time base context. The intent was to establish an exacting yet practical means for setting architecture parameters and tolerances near the outset of system-level development. An existing software-implemented prototype for an on-line transaction processing system (OLTPS) was modified and interfaced with a genetic algorithm (GA). An objective function composed of architecture attributes was used as a fitness metric for the GA. Five architecture parameters encoded in a 24-bit chromosome were manipulated by the GA to furnish instantiation values for the OLTPS prototype. After each prototype execution, four dynamic performance measures were fed to the GA for fitness ranking. Despite some hesitancy in GA convergence, the overall optimization scheme worked well. To achieve more rapid resolution of optima, a multiple mutation operator mechanism was improvised and used to advantage. In all, the effort expended for dynamically quantified system-level optimization is seen as well justified and quite beneficial to overall system design.
Psychiatric Mental Health Leadership at the Tipping Point.

Currently the United States health care system is responding to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) and the visionitcontainsforhealthcaretransformation.Alongwithsweeping changes in service delivery and payment structures, health care reform has championed concepts such as patient-centered care, integrated care, and wellness. Although these are not new ideas, their adaptation, in both ideology and service design has been accelerated in the context for reform. Indeed they are reaching a tipping point; the point where ideas gain wide acceptance and become influential trends. Although psychiatric mental health (PMH) nurses have been active in wellness, patient-centered care, and integrated care, at the current time they seem to be situated peripheral to these national trends. Increased presence of PMH nurses will facilitate their contribution to the development of these concepts within service structures and interventions. To increase knowledge and appreciation of PMH nurses’ practice and unique perspective on these issues, leaders are needed who will connect and effectively communicate PMH nursing efforts to the broader health care arena. This article outlines the events that created a context for these three concepts (patient-centered care, wellness, and integrated care), and I suggest why they have reached a tipping point and discuss the need for greater PMH nursing presence in the American national dialog and the role of nursing leaders in facilitating these connections.
An adaptive phase I design for identifying a biologically optimal dose for dual agent drug combinations

Historically, designs for dose seeking trials using chemotherapeutic drug combinations have been geared towards finding the maximum tolerated dose, with safety as the primary outcome. With target based agents whose dose-efficacy curves are unknown and dose-toxicity relationships may be minimal, alternative designs are needed. In this paper, we propose an extension to an adaptive single agent dose-finding design previously reported. A generalization of the continuation ratio model allowing separate toxicity and efficacy curves for each agent in a dual agent combination, generating a dose success surface for the combination, is proposed. A continual reassessment approach with a straightforward dose selection criterion using the accumulated data from all patients treated to that point is employed. Our simulation studies demonstrate favourable operating characteristics in terms of experimentation and recommendation rates, and the average sample size, under a variety of scenarios. The proposed approach allowing the incorporation of both the toxicity and efficacy of each agent into the identification of an optimal dosing region for a combination is novel and warrants further consideration.
Business Cycle Duration Dependence Reconsidered

Sichel estimated a Weibull hazard model using the National Bureau of Economic Research business cycle chronology and found evidence of duration dependence only for prewar expansions and postwar contractions. The article updates the postwar sample through the end of the most recent expansion and uses a generalized Weibull model that provides much greater flexibility at the expense of one additional parameter. This model finds evidence of duration dependence for all samples and is statistically superior to the conventional Weibull model for all samples except postwar contractions.
Land cover change in the Bolivian Amazon and its implications for REDD+ and endemic biodiversity

Tropical deforestation is a major contributor to green house gas emissions in developing countries. Incentive mechanisms, such as reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD), are currently being considered as a possible emissions reduction and offset solution. Although REDD has expanded its scope to include co-benefits such as sustainable management of forests and biodiversity conservation (known as REDD+), current carbon-base methodologies do not specifically target projects for the parallel protection of these co-benefits. This study demonstrates the incorporation of both carbon and biodiversity benefits within REDD+ in the Bolivian Amazon, through the analysis of land cover change and future change scenario modeling to the year 2050. Current protected areas within the Bolivian Amazon were evaluated for REDD+ project potential by identifying concordant patterns of carbon content, species biodiversity and deforestation vulnerability. Biodiversity-based versus carbon-based protection schemes were evaluated and protected areas were prioritized using irreplaceability-vulnerability plots. Deforestation projection scenarios to the year 2050 varied depending on the historical period analyzed, producing low, intermediate and high deforestation scenarios. All scenarios showed increasing deforestation pressure in the northern region of Bolivia along with high levels of biodiversity loss. Expected reductions in the carbon pool ranged from 8 to 48%, for the low and high demand scenarios respectively. Some protected areas presented large numbers of endemic species, high concentrations of carbon and high deforestation vulnerability, demonstrating the potential for win–win REDD+ projects in Bolivia.
Banded Matrix Approach to Finite Element Modelling for Soft Tissue Simulation

Realistic deformation of computer-simulated anatomica structures is computationally intensive. As a result, simple methodologies not based in continuum mechanics have been employed for achieving real-time deformation of virtual anatomy. Since the graphical interpolations and simple spring models commonly used in these simulations are not based on the biomechanical properties of tissue structures, these ‘quick and dirty” methods typically do not represent accurately the complex deformations and force-feedback interactions that can take place during surgery. Finite Element (FE) analysis is widely regarded as the most appropriate alternative to these methods. Extensive research has been directed toward applying this method to modelling a wide range of biological structures, and a few simple FE models have been incorporated into surgical simulations. However, because of the highly computational nature of the FE method, its direct application to real-time force-feedback and visualisation of tissue deformation has not been practical for most simulations. This limitation is due primarily to the overabundance of information provided by the standard FE approaches. If the mathematics are optimised through preprocessing to yield only the information essential to the simulation task, run-time computation requirements can be reduced drastically. We are currently developing such methodologies, and have created computer demonstrations that support real-time interaction with soft tissue. To illustrate the efficacy and utility of these fast “banded matrix” FE methods, we present results from a skin suturing simulator which we are developing on a PC-based platform.
Interfacial Tension Controlled Fusion of Individual Femtoliter Droplets and Triggering of Confined Chemical Reactions on Demand

This paper describes stepwise on-demand generation and fusion of femtolitre aqueous droplets based on interfacial tension. Sub-millisecond reaction times from droplet fusion were demonstrated, as well as a reversible chemical toggle switch based on alternating fusion of droplets containing acidic or basic solution, monitored with the pH-dependent emission of fluorescein.
Fixed priority scheduling of periodic task sets with arbitrary deadlines

Consideration is given to the problem of fixed priority scheduling of period tasks with arbitrary deadlines. A general criterion for the schedulability of such a task set is given. Worst case bounds are given which generalize the C.L. Liu and J.W. Layland (1973) bound. The results are shown to provide a basis for developing predictable distributed real-time systems. >
Design of the Jupiter accelerator for large X-ray yields

Nanosecond pulsed power provides the unique capability to deliver high energy and high power at low cost and high efficiency. One important application of this technology is to the generation of intense, high-energy laboratory X-ray sources using magnetically driven implosions. Saturn generates /spl sim/500 kilojoules of X-rays using this process. This paper presents a detailed design concept for a /spl sim/15 MJ laboratory X-ray source and discusses the resultant capabilities for high energy density physics studies.
Long-term feedback and differential feedback effects in nonmetric multiple-cue probability learning

The purpose of this research was to study the long-term effects of different types of feedback upon learning and performance of individual human organisms and the sensitivity of such subjects to changes in the validity of information in probabilistic judgment tasks. The subject's task consisted of predicting a binary event on the basis of two or three binary cues whose validity changed on each of five successive days. Subjects received one of three different types of informational feedback about their performance - outcome feedback, cue-event validity feedback, or percentage correct feedback. The results indicated, at least for tasks involving additive cues, that adaptation to new cue validities became more rapid on successive days. The different types of feedback tended to produce different response strategies. However, the different strategies had virtually no effect upon overall judgmental accuracy. Further, there was an apparent interaction between task characteristics and feedback type. This result was found to be consistent with the results of other studies utilizing differential feedback in similar tasks.
Redistribution Under the Current Social Security System

This article describes how the current Social Security system redistributes income. It begins by describing the role Social Security has played in lifting the elderly, and particularly women, minorities, and lower-income workers, out of poverty. It then analyzes how four elements of the current system: (1) the method by which benefits are paid; (2) the progressive benefit formula; (3) disability benefits; and (4) auxiliary benefits, affect these groups.
Controlling Inkjet Fluid Kinematics to Achieve SOFC Cathode Micropatterns

Drop-on-demand inkjet printing a mask-less, fine write, and high throughput technique is attractive for fabricating miniature ceramic devices. In this study, high quality, fine-featured solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathode micropatterns were demonstrated using inkjet printing. The influence of the droplet kinematic properties on final drop deposition was studied by adjusting ink temperature and droplet velocity to obtain a wide range of Weber and Z values, i.e. 0 35 printing defects from splashes and satellites were present. At Weber < 35 the droplets coalesced into uniform, round circles without splashes or satellite defects. Defect-free printing was essential toward achieving uniform micropatterens such as micro dot arrays or micro lines which are on the scale of 100 microns or less. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0031504jss] All rights reserved.
Assessment of Tourism/Hospitality Journals’ Role in Knowledge Transfer: An Exploratory Study

This study is a preliminary assessment of the transfer of knowledge from 13 popular tourism, hospitality, and related academic journals to managers, researchers, and other practitioners in the U.S. tourism and hospitality industries. It is based on a sample survey of members of two organizations that cover these populations: the Travel and Tourism Research Association and the Travel Industry Association of America. This study finds, among other results, that the two populations differ in their proportions that read any journals and specific journals, that there are preferences for journals that vary by occupation and tourism industry sector, and that relatively little transmission of knowledge is taking place from leading journals to industry practitioners. Recommendations are presented for further research and action.
Styles in scientific explanation: Paul Ehrlich and Svante Arrhenius on Immunochemistry.

La controverse qui opposa P. E. et S. A. au debut de ce siecle. Breves biographies et analyse de leurs travaux. P. E.: 1854-1915 (Allemagne), auteur de Studies in Immunity, New-York, 1910. S. A. (Suede): 1859-1927, auteur d'Immunochemistry: The Application of the Principles of Physical Chemistry to the Study of the Biological Antibodies, New York, 1970. Theories physicalistes et structuralistes.
Phototactic orientation by the marine dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dorsum Kofoid. I. A mechanism model

Phototatic orientation by the marine dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dorsum was examined using closed circuit television methods. Mono- and bi-directional stimuli were used to determine directional discrimination by the cells. Cell orientation time was also measured. From the results obtained, a model is presented which proposes paired photoreceptor sites.
Is Intralesional Treatment of Giant Cell Tumor of the Distal Radius Comparable to Resection With Respect to Local Control and Functional Outcome

Background A giant cell tumor is a benign locally aggressive tumor commonly seen in the distal radius with reported recurrence rates higher than tumors at other sites. The dilemma for the treating surgeon is deciding whether intralesional treatment is adequate compared with resection of the primary tumor for oncologic and functional outcomes. More information would be helpful to guide shared decision-making.
Dendrimer Mediated ‘Bricks and Mortar’ Self-Assembly of Nanoparticles

Control of particle-particle spacing is a key determinant of optical, electronic, and magnetic properties of nanocomposite materials. We have used poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers to assemble carboxylic acid-functionalized mixed monolayer protected clusters (MMPCs) through acid/base chemistry between particle and polymer. IR spectroscopy and selective dendrimer staining, observed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), establish that the PAMAM dendrimers are the mortar in the assembly and act to space the MMPCs in the resulting aggregates. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was then used to establish average interparti cle distances; five generations of PAMAM dendrimer (0, 1, 2, 4, 6) were investigated and monotonic increase in interparticle spacing from 4.1 nm to 6.1 nm was observed. Initial studies involving the application of this methodology to control the magnetic properties of 3-iron oxide nanoparticles have been completed. γ-Iron oxide nanoparticles (6.5 nm in diameter) have been assembled with PAMAM dendrimers generations 2.5, 4.5, and 6.5. The resulting aggregates were characterized with SAXS and magnetization obtained on a super conducting quantum interference devise (SQUID). An observed correlation between the blocking temperature (TB) and the average interparticle spacing suggests that our methodology could be used to tailor the magnetic profile of the nanoparticles.
Being There: Inpatients’ Perceptions of Family Presence During Resuscitation and Invasive Cardiac Procedures

Background Although patients' families want to be invited to the bedside of hospitalized loved ones during crisis events, little is known about patients' perceptions of family presence. Objective To explore adult inpatients' perceptions of family presence during resuscitation, near-resuscitation, and unplanned invasive cardiac procedures shortly after the life-threatening event. Methods In this qualitative study, data were collected by interviews at least 13 hours after a crisis event and before hospital discharge. Data were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed for themes. Results From the bedside interviews (N = 48), the overarching theme of "being there" was explained more specifically as "being there is beneficial," "being there is hard," "families in the way," and "desire for control." Most participants preferred family presence, although preferences varied with types of crisis events, patients' predictions of family members' responses, and the nature of family relationships. New perspectives emerged about patients' decision making related to family presence. Conclusions This study extends existing knowledge about factors that influence the decision-making processes of hospitalized patients regarding family presence during a crisis event. Health care professionals can provide support as patients ponder difficult decisions about who to have present and can reduce patients' fears that families might interfere with the life-saving efforts.
O Centro Espirita: The Supreme Court Raises the Spirits of the Free Exercise Clause

The Supreme Court has only partially protected the "discrete minorities" the Constitution was meant to protect. Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita (2006), upholding the use of a controlled substance for religious purposes, was an important step in that direction. However, the Court should rethink its erroneous decision in Employment Division v. Smith and restore strict scrutiny to Free Exercise rulings.
Silent citizens: reflections on community, habit, and the silent majority in political life

This article identifies two different senses in which the concept of ‘community’ can be seen to underpin the norm of vocal participation in democratic politics. The first is a broadly liberal view of community – traceable to Alexis de Tocqueville – that promotes active, vocal, and autonomous citizens and acts as a buffer between the state and the individual. A second broadly conservative view of community in the writings, for example, of Edmund Burke and T.S. Eliot treats community as organic, passive, and largely silent. It valorizes habit and habitual relationships as supporting political life through obedience to the law and respect for authority. While these two traditions stand apart, what is striking about both views of community is the one point about which both agree: citizens' sense of community is in decline within liberal democracies today. Thus silence and silent majorities are problematic to both traditions, albeit for different reasons.
Spontaneous rectus sheath haematoma secondary to severe coughing in a patient with no other precipitating factors.

A 62-year-old woman with a past medical history significant only for hypertension and hypothyroidism presented to the emergency department (ER), with right lower quadrant pain. She had, 1 day prior to the day of admission, been treated for bronchitis as an outpatient. She continued to experience multiple episodes of cough at home and eventually developed abdominal pain, which brought her to the ER. Her vitals were within normal limits and physical examination was significant for tenderness on palpation in the right lower quadrant of her abdomen, with guarding. Her blood work was significant for haemoglobin of 6.5 g/dL. Our …
Applications of Adenoviral Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer in Cardiovascular Research

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. New studies are needed to explore novel therapeutic options for patients that are refractory to existing therapies. Gene transfer using adenoviral vectors has shown promising results in animal studies, and is now being tested in many clinical trials. In this chapter, the advantages of adenoviral vector-mediated gene transfer for cardiovascular disease applications, and the methods on how to construct, propagate, and evaluate adenoviral vectors, are discussed.
Eradication of asymmetric spurious modes in AlN MEMS resonators using mode conversion

This papers reports on a spurious mode suppression technique that converts the asymmetrical (A0) mode to the intended symmetrical (S0) mode vibrations by installing a notch in aluminum nitride (AlN) laterally vibrating resonators. The technique has been experimentally validated to simultaneously eradicate the A0 spurious mode and enhance the S0 mode electromechanical coupling (kt2) for the monolithically integrated resonators over a wide frequency range (100∼600 MHz). The method described herein has overcome a major bottleneck obstructing the deployment of single-chip multi-frequency AlN resonators as a commercially viable solution for RF front-end filtering. It is also the first demonstration of complete A0 mode suppression in lamb-wave resonators with enhancement of kt2.