cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The segmented arch approach to space closure

The clinical application of frictionless attraction springs using the segmented arch technique is described. Differential space closure is achieved by varying the force system between the anterior and posterior segments. A specially designed force transducer allowed accurate force and moment determination for each spring design. By duplicating predetermined spring geometries, the orthodontist can reproduce the required force system within narrow ranges. The most important considerations in the clinical use of attraction springs are the amount of distal activation, the angulation differential between the anterior and posterior teeth, and the centricity or eccentricity of the loop. Improvements in design have lead to a more efficient, hygienic, and comfortable mechanism for space closure.
Exploring Sexual Attitudes and Experiences: A Classroom Exercise

This classroom exercise is designed to facilitate insight and understanding of the relationships between sexual attitudes and sexual experiences among college students. First, students complete a 65-item survey on which they indicate their moderate to traditional sexual attitudes and their corresponding sexual experiences. Next, correlations, means, and additional statistics are calculated and discussed with the class. Students discuss the trends in the attitudes and experiences in the context of current research in the field. Students have expressed extremely positive qualitative and quantitative responses to the activity.
Selective modification by opiates of neuronal activity of the medial basal hypothalamus.

Abstract Multiunit activity was recorded from medial basal hypothalamic (MBH) neurons in freely behaving rats previously implanted with permanent Nichrome electrodes (62 μm in diameter). The effects of cumulative doses of morphine (0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, and 30.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and one dose of naloxone (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) on spontaneous electrical discharges were studied. Dose-related responses were observed, i.e., each incremental dose of morphine elicited additional alterations of multiunits (25, 38, 59, 72, and 78% after 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, and 30.0 mg/kg morphine, respectively). This procedure was utilized to identify and classify the MBH neurons with relation to the response patterns induced by morphine and its antagonist, naloxone. Four patterns (increase, decrease, biphasic changes in firing rates, or no effect) of response to morphine and three to naloxone (reversal, no effect, sensitivity to naloxone but not to morphine) were identified, i.e., a total of seven different patterns which may provide insights into neurophysiological actions relating to different functional properties of medial basal hypothalamic neurons. It was noticed that only the decreases of firing produced by morphine were blocked by naloxone. These observations also provide fundamental information of importance in studies of the physiological properties such as tolerance and dependence underlying chronic effects of opiates.
Anesthesia: an interfacial phenomenon

Abstract The research on the anesthesia mechanism is unique in that a concerted consensus has never been reached. Nonspecific interaction with hydrophobic parts of cell membranes is favored by many, but specific binding to receptor proteins is also proposed. This article limits its discussion on the nonspecific aspect of volatile anesthetic actions. There are two features in anesthesia that involve colloid and surface chemistry. (1) Anesthesia can be induced by any small lipid-soluble molecules that perturb macromolecular structure. (2) A pressure of about 100 atm completely antagonizes anesthetic actions. According to the Le Chatelier principle, the system volume of anesthetized state is larger than the awake state. The volume increase is not caused by the space occupied by the bound anesthetic molecules, but is created in excess of the membrane volume plus the bound anesthetic molecules. The origin of this excess volume is the key to understand anesthesia mechanisms. Among the multiple factors that contribute to creation of the excess volume, the interfacial properties of membranes and proteins are considered to contribute most. This is because the interfacial water molecules are almost maximally compressed by the surface charges and are denser than the bulk water. When these close-packed water molecules are released into the bulk, the system volume expands with creation of an extra volume. The relative increase in the hydrophobicity of the water-macromolecule interface may be the cause of anesthesia.
Sonoluminescence from non-aqueous liquids.

Our understanding of the chemical effects of high-intensity ultrasonic irradiation of liquids is still quite limited. It is generally accepted that sonochemistry results from acoustic cavitation: the creation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in ultrasonically irradiated liquids1. The mechanism of sonoluminescence in aqueous systems has been a matter of some dispute; recent discussions have suggested at least three possible origins: black-body emission2, chemiluminescence from radical recombination3, and electric discharge4. Few studies of non-aqueous sonoluminescence, however, have been conducted5–7. We present here the first spectrally resolved sonoluminescence spectra from hydrocarbon and halocarbon liquids. These spectra originate unambiguously from excited-state molecules created during acoustic cavitation. These high-energy species probably result from the recombination of radical and atomic species generated during the high temperatures and pressures of cavitation.
Thermocline and Zonal Advective Feedbacks Within the Equatorial Ocean Recharge Oscillator Model for ENSO

Through the dynamical coupling between ocean and atmosphere, the vertical advection of anomalous subsurface temperature by the mean upwelling and the zonal advection of mean sea surface temperature (SST) by anomalous current constitute the so-called the thermocline and zonal advective feedbacks that are essential for El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) coupled dynamics. In this paper, we demonstrate that these two feedbacks are dynamically linked because of the geostrophic balance between the upper ocean zonal current and the meridional gradient of the thermocline. Both feedbacks thus play important and similar roles in the growth and phase transition of ENSO. We further propose a new version of the conceptual recharge oscillator model for ENSO by including these two feedbacks. The new model retains the simplest possible form of a harmonic oscillator, yet presents a more complete description of slow physics for ENSO. Moreover, it also provides the reconciliation between the biased emphases in the ENSO theories oh the thermocline and zonal advective feedbacks.
Experimental Investigation of the Confluent Boundary Layer of a High-Lift System

This paper describes a fundamental experimental investigation of the confluent boundary layer generated by the interaction of a leading-edge slat wake with the boundary layer on the main element of a multi-element airfoil model. The slat and airfoil model geometry are both fully two-dimensional. The research reported in this paper is performed in an attempt to investigate the flow physics of confluent boundary layers and to build an archival data base on the interaction of the slat wake and the main element wall layer. In addition, an attempt is made to clearly identify the role that slat wake / airfoil boundary layer confluence has on lift production and how this occurs. Although complete LDV flow surveys were performed for a variety of slat gap and overhang settings, in this report the focus is on two cases representing both strong and weak wake boundary layer confluence.
Vapor-liquid equilibria for 2-methylbutene-1 and 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene at 310.93, 316.48 and 322.03 K

Abstract Total pressure, vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the binary system composed of 2-methylbutene-1 and 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene are reported at 310.93, 316.48 and 322.03 K. The uncertainties in the measured variables, expressed as standard deviations, are 0.001 mole fraction, 0.02 K, and 0.1% of measured pressure. The coefficients for a modified form of the Wilson solution model are also reported. These coefficients were determined from the data using a general non-linear least squares technique which takes into account uncertainties in both the independent and dependent variables. The standard deviation of prediction, for temperature independent coefficients, is 0.24% for pressure, 0.0001 for mole fraction, and 0.02 K for temperature.
Stimulation of neurite outgrowth by neurotrophins delivered from degradable hydrogels

Degradable hydrogels are useful vehicles for the delivery of growth factors to promote the regeneration of diseased or damaged tissue. In the central nervous system, there are many instances where the delivery of neurotrophins has great potential in tissue repair, especially for treatment of spinal cord injury. In this work, hydrogels based on poly(ethylene glycol) that form via a photoinitiated polymerization were investigated for the delivery of neurotrophins. The release kinetics of these factors are controlled by changes in the network crosslinking density, which influences neurotrophin diffusion and subsequent release from the gels with total release times ranging from weeks to several months. The release and activity of one neurotrophic factor, ciliary-neurotrophic factor (CNTF), was assessed with a cell-based proliferation assay and an assay for neurite outgrowth from retinal explants. CNTF released from a degradable hydrogel above an explanted retina was able to stimulate outgrowth of a significantly higher number of neurites than controls without CNTF. Finally, unique microsphere/hydrogel composites were developed to simultaneously deliver multiple neurotrophins with individual release rates.
Multinary alloy electrodes for solid state batteries II. A new LiSiMg alloy negative electrode material for use in high energy density rechargeable lithium cells

Abstract Electrochemical coulometric titration has been used to explore the electrode properties of a ternary LiSiMg alloy composition. The measured electrode potential and lithium capacity for this system are comparable to those estimated from consideration of the isothermal Gibbs triangle for the ternary system. These measured values are far higher than those of the state-of-the-art binary systems currently employed in thermal batteries. For example, measured electrode potentials for the ternary alloy at 440 °C were about 90 mV more negative than those for the conventional 44 wt.% LiSi binary alloy, translating to a loss of only about 70 mV compared to pure lithium. Consequently, the maximum specific energy (considering active materials only) of a cell employing this material as the negative electrode component with a hypothetical cathode (say, one lithium in 60 g of active material) which is 2.0 V positive of pure lithium should be about 35% higher than that of a comparable cell using the 44 wt.% LiSi binary alloy.
Aspects of capital accumulation in interwar central-east European industry

(1982). Aspects of capital accumulation in interwar central-east European industry. History of European Ideas: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 79-93.
PROBABILISTIC ROBUST PARALLEL DESIGN OF THE SUBSYSTEMS CONSTITUTING A COMPLEX SYSTEM

Abstract The design of complex systems, consisting of several subsystems and with performance specifications from multiple disciplines, in parallel was addressed in a previous publication using a Robust Parallel Design (RPD) approach. In this paper, RPD is extended and a Probabilistic Robust Parallel Design (PRPD) approach is proposed to handle cases where the statistical properties of uncertainties are known. Monte Carlo simulation is used to determine the value of a subsystem objective, given the known statistical distributions of uncertainties. Random search techniques (e.g., Simulated Annealing) can then be used to minimize the subsystem objective. PRPD is illustrated using a passive suspension design example of a half-car model.
Synthesis and Characterization of an RNA Dinucleotide Containing a 3‘-S-Phosphorothiolate Linkage

The synthesis of an RNA dinucleotide (IspU) containing a 3‘-S-phosphorothiolate linkage is described. The compound is prepared from 9-(3-deoxy-3-iodo-β-d-xylofuranosyl)hypoxanthine with installation of the phosphorothiolate group via an Arbusov reaction and protection of the ribose 2‘-hydroxyl as a silyl ether. IspU is found to be a substrate for several enzymes including T4 polynucleotide kinase, snake venom phosphodiesterase, and ribonuclease T2. Base-catalyzed cleavage of the dinucleotide is accelerated (∼2000-fold) relative to that of the phosphate-linked compound IpU. Product characterization and kinetic analysis show that IspU is cleaved through the same mechanism as IpU. The observed rate acceleration is argued to reflect stabilization of the anionic transition state by the polarizable sulfur atom.
Strategies to design an effective mentoring program.

From the Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Children’s Hospital, Hershey, PA (M.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (S.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine – Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL (E.Z.); and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont College of Medicine and Vermont Children’s Hospital at Fletcher Allen Health Care, Burlington, VT (L.F.)
A method for studying epithelialmesenchymal interactions in human oral mucosal lesions

— A system has been developed for examining connective tissue influence on keratinization of normal and leukoplakic human oral epithelia. Paired biopsy specimens of normal and leukoplakic mucosa were left intact or were incubated in 1 mM EDTA to permit epithelial-connective tissue separation and various recombinations of the epithelium and connective tissue. The tissues were transplanted to subdermal sites of “nude” (nu/nu) mice and were protected by polyethylene capsules. 44% of implants performed were recovered apparently vital. Preexisting structure was retained after epithelial-connective tissue separation and self-recombination. Cross-recombined specimens showed changes in patterns of keratinization including changes of keratinized leukoplakic epithelium to a nonkeratinized type.
Immunohistochemical Detection of Phenol Sulfotransferase‐Containing Neurons in Human Brain

: Using antibodies raised against human platelet phenol sulfotransferase (PST), immunohistochemical studies were performed to determine the cellular localization of PST in several areas of human brain. In the hippocampus PST immunoreactivity was localized in both the pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons and was in greatest abundance in the CA2 and CA3 areas. In the striatum the immunoreactivity was most predominant in the large neurons of the globus pallidus and in the medulla the staining was scattered throughout the neurons of the raphe nucleus and the reticular formation. The selective presence of PST in the neurons of the CNS raises the issue as to the role of this enzyme in sulfating neurotransmitters because PST has been shown to be capable of conjugating a variety of neurotransmitters including the catecholamines as well as the tyrosine moiety of a number of small peptides such as enkephalin and cholecystokinin.
Update on Phase I/II Breast Cancer Prevention Trials

The greatest success in breast cancer prevention has been with two agents, tamoxifen and raloxifene, both of which are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the risk reduction of invasive breast cancer in high-risk women. However, these agents are only effective in preventing a certain percentage of estrogen receptor–positive disease. New agents are needed to prevent invasive breast cancer in a broader population of women. Phase I/II clinical trials are conducted with the intent of investigating agent efficacy via surrogate endpoint biomarkers. They also allow us to refine the population that may benefit from a given intervention. In this article, we review the important components of early phase trials including study design, cohort, surrogate endpoint biomarkers, and the challenges of recruiting to prevention trials. We discuss some early-phase trials for which results have recently been reported at meetings or through publications, as well as those trials that have recently been opened.
Estimation of source water to cedar elm in a central Texas riparian ecosystem

A riparian ecosystem downstream of a small dam in central Texas was instrumented for sap flow, soil moisture content, and stream level from 2001. Stable isotopes in water (D and 18O) were analysed from rainfall, stream, lake, and cored sapwood cellulose from cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia). The isotope signature of water source to cedar elm was identified by back calculation starting with the water isotopes in cellulose, and accounting for leaf-water evaporation and biological fractionation during cellulose synthesis. The estimated mean isotope of the source water to cedar elm was enriched above rainfall in similarity to stream water during 2002. Flow paths that may have contributed to estimated variability from regional base flow and recharge water were identified using the variably saturated HYDRUS-2D model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flavonoids of the annual Muhlenbergia

Abstract Whole plant flavonoids were characterized from 152 populations representing 15 species of the annual Muhlenbergia . Flavonoids are predominantly based on luteolin and tricin. Glycosides are linked at position 6 C -glycosyl and 7 O -glycosyl. There is considerable variation in flavonoid patterns within and among species. Phenetic analyses of flavonoid data support recognition of three closely related groups in these 15 species of Muhlenbergia .
Effects of d-amphetamine and ethosuximide on responding under delayed-matching-to-sample procedures with differential and nondifferential outcomes.

Abstract Pigeons were exposed to delayed-matching-to-sample (DMTS) procedures in which food or a flash of the feeder light followed correct responses. When these consequences were correlated with a particular stimulus (e.g., food followed matching responses to red and a flash of the feeder light followed matching responses to green), accuracy was higher (i.e., stimulus control was greater) than when discriminative stimuli and consequences were not correlated. Although stimulus control in the absence of drug appeared to be weaker under the uncorrelated procedure, neither d-amphetamine (0.5–3.0 mg/kg) in Experiment 1 nor ethosuximide (40–160 mg/kg) in Experiment 2 disrupted accuracy to a greater extent under that procedure. These results, like those of a prior investigation, suggest that drug efects are similar under DMTS procedures regardless of whether correlated or uncorrelated outcomes are arranged.
Review: Regulation of liver regeneration by pro-inflammatory cytokines

The liver has tremendous regenerative capacity. This distinguishes it from other vital organs (e.g. the brain, heart and lungs) that cannot replace functional tissue once it has been destroyed. Although hepatocytes rarely proliferate in the healthy adult liver, virtually all surviving hepatocytes replicate at least once after 70% partial hepatectomy. Therefore, partial liver resection has been used to characterize mechanisms that regulate liver regeneration. Residual hepatocytes up-regulate both proliferative and liver-specific gene expression in order to preserve tissue specific function. In addition, hepatocyte proliferation is tightly co-ordinated to complement regenerative responses in hepatic non-parenchymal cells (e.g. endothelia, biliary epithelia, stellate and Kupffer cells), so that the entire organ can be reconstituted within days. Studies with neutralizing antibodies to tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) clearly demonstrate that, after partial hepatectomy, TNF promotes liver cell proliferation. The present review focuses on the regulation of the hepatocyte proliferative response by pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Stresses and strains in the passive left ventricle

In this paper, we estimate the stresses and strains from the equatorial region down to the apex of the heart by modeling the passive left ventricle as a frustrum of a thick hollow cone. Large deformation theory has been employed in this analysis. Furthermore, the effects of residual stresses and the anisotropy due to muscle fiber orientation have been included. It is observed that circumferential stress, which is the most important physiologically, decreases considerably at the endocardium and is more evenly distributed through the wall when residual stresses are taken into account. The stresses also decrease as we go from the equatorial region to the apex. Because heart muscles physically have residual stresses, the consequent lower stress gradient through the wall enhances the diastolic function of the left ventricle.
Production of a Catalan-Specific Vowel Contrast by Early Spanish-Catalan Bilinguals

The present study investigates the acoustics (F1 × F2) of Catalan and Spanish mid-back vowels as produced by highly proficient, early Spanish-Catalan bilinguals residing on the island of Majorca, a bilingual speech community. Majorcan Catalan has two phonemic mid-back vowels in stressed positions (/o/ and /c/) while Spanish possesses only one (/o/). Two groups of bilinguals were recruited and asked to produce materials in both languages - one group of Spanish dominant and one of Catalan-dominant speakers. It was first found that Catalan and Spanish /o/ are virtually indistinguishable. Catalan /c/ is lower and more fronted than the other two vowels. Spanish-dominant bilinguals were found to differ from Catalan-dominant ones in that they did not produce the Catalan-specific /o/-/c/ contrast in their speech; that is, they produced a single, merged Catalan mid-back vowel. A within-subjects analysis of first- and second-language mid-back vowels further suggested, for Spanish-dominant bilinguals, that they had developed a separate vowel category to accommodate their single, merged Catalan mid-back vowel; that is, they possessed a two-category mid-back vowel system, i.e. one for their Spanish /o/ and one for their merged Catalan /o/ + /c/. Potential explanations and theoretical implications are discussed.
An immunological and cytogenetic investigation of tuberous sclerosis

Patients with tuberous sclerosis were studied to investigate the pathophysiological basis for hamartoma and neoplasia development in this disease. Chromosome banding, aberration following G-2 x-ray exposure, and the frequency of sister chromatid exchange were normal. Mean IgM levels were significantly elevated above those of random institutionalized control patients but not above cottage-mate controls. Although 4 out of 10 patients did not respond to any of the skin test antigens used, tuberous sclerosis patients and controls had similar responses to in vitro lymphocyte transformation. This study failed to reveal any cytogenetic abnormalities or conclusive evidence of immune deficiency in tuberous sclerosis.
CO2 distribution in groundwater and the impact of groundwater extraction on the global C cycle

Abstract Growing population and wealth, agricultural expansion, changing land use, and mechanized irrigation increase the demand on water resources. Groundwater accounts for about 20% of global water use, with agriculture the largest consumer. Groundwater CO2 partial pressures are typically ∼ 10–100 times higher than atmospheric, so CO2 degassing is an unavoidable consequence of groundwater extraction. For regional studies, very good estimates of groundwater CO2 in clastic aquifers can be calculated for temperate-climate regions from: log 10 ( p CO 2 ) = log 10 ( HCO 3 − ) − pH + 7.749 where the constant is the sum of the negative logarithm (base 10) of the Henry's Law constant for CO2 and first association constant for H2CO3 at 13 °C, and titration alkalinity can be substituted for activity of HCO3−. Groundwater CO2 is not uniformly distributed in groundwater, being most variable near the water table, lowest at intermediate depth, and highest in deep aquifers where non-potable water is typical. Geochemical speciation modeling is required to assess CO2 released when groundwater equilibrates with the atmosphere. A suite of potable water types were modeled for this purpose, with the result that current groundwater production is estimated to release ∼ 0.01 to 0.03 Pg C year− 1, similar to CO2 from volcanic emissions and ∼ 200 times less than other human-sourced CO2 emissions. Determination of dissolved CO2 depends on accuracy of pH measurements: CO2 released due to groundwater use may be underestimated if reported pH measurements do not represent in situ pH.
Acute effect of brief low- and high-intensity exercise on circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I, II, and IGF-binding protein-3 and its proteolysis in young healthy men

We measured circulating levels of the GH insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in response to brief exercise of different intensities. Ten males (mean age 28 +/- 5 yr) were studied on three separate occasions: once under resting conditions (control) and once each performing 10 min of low- or high-intensity exercise. Blood samples were assayed by RIA for GH, IGF-I and -II, IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and IGFBP-3 proteolytic activity. After 10 min of low-intensity exercise, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 had increased over preexercise baseline by 7.7 +/- 2.7% (P < 0.05) and 12.5 +/- 3.3% (P < 0.004), respectively. After 10 min of high-intensity exercise, all measured components of the IGF system were increased: IGF-I by 13.3 +/- 3.2% (P < 0.002), IGF-II by 15.7 +/- 3.1 (P < 0.01), and IGFBP-3 by 23 +/- 6% (P < 0.001). IGFBP-3 proteolytic activity also was increased (44 +/- 14% above baseline, P < 0.05). GH reached its peak 10 min after the cessation of high-intensity exercise, unlike the earlier peaks of IGF-I and II. In summary: 1) brief exercise leads to small but significant increases in circulating IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-3 proteolysis; and 2) these responses may be influenced by exercise intensity. The IGF responses seem to be unrelated to GH. Acute exercise-induced proteolysis of IGFBP-3 may contribute to anabolic effects of physical activity by increasing the bioavailability of IGF-I.
Partitioning carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes using correlation analysis

Partitioning of eddy covariance flux measurements is routinely done to quantify the contributions of separate processes to the overall fluxes. Measurements of carbon dioxide fluxes represent the difference between gross ecosystem photosynthesis and total respiration, while measurements of water vapor fluxes represent the sum of transpiration and direct evaporation. Existing flux partitioning procedures typically require additional instrumentation and/or invoke scaling assumptions that may or may not be appropriate. Here, we present a novel flux partitioning procedure that relies upon the simple assumption that contributions to the measured high-frequency time series of carbon dioxide and water vapor concentrations derived from stomatal processes (i.e., photosynthesis and transpiration) and non-stomatal processes (i.e., respiration and direct evaporation) separately conform to flux-variance similarity. Vegetation water use efficiency is the only parameter needed to perform the partitioning. We apply this technique to eddy covariance data collected over the course of a growing season above a maize field. Results yielded by the correlation-based partitioning approach are consistent with expected trends throughout the growing season, as photosynthesis and transpiration fluxes increase in parallel with observed increases in maize leaf area. Magnitudes of the derived fluxes compare well with literature-based values, and short-term, transient features are also detected as both respiration and direct evaporation fluxes are found to respond to wetting events. These results support the validity of the theory-based partitioning approach, which has the benefit of being simultaneously applied to both carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes, while relying solely upon standard eddy covariance instrumentation.
Approximations to a conservative inverse chi-square procedure for combining p-values in integrative research

Abstract The use of p -values in combining the results of independent studies often involves studies that are potentially aberrant. This suggests the use of a statistic which trims some of the smallest and largest p -values. Here we provide two convenient approximations to the exact distribution of the trimmed Fisher statistic. The first utilizes Pearson's system of curve classification, while the second is a normal approximation.
Dream or reality: providing universal access to basic telecommunications in Nigeria?

Abstract Nigeria has publicly announced its intentions to make basic telecommunications, specifically telephones, affordable and universally available to its people. However, several issues make this proposition especially difficult for countries such as Nigeria. For instance, Nigeria's population is large at 110 million with less than 1% presently able to access telephones. Furthermore, over 70% of Nigerians, the majority of them poor, live in rural areas where telephone lines do not presently exist. This paper studies the universal service proposition viz a viz these conditions by analyzing Nigeria's attempts to provide telephone service since the country's independence in 1960. The paper notes impending problems with Nigeria's attempts to achieve critical mass, which is essential for universal access. Ultimately, it suggests various strategies that the country should use to stimulate critical mass and achieve universal access.
Issues in the dimensional structure of career entrenchment

The purpose of this note is to critique methodological aspects of G. Blau's (2001) test of the discriminant validity of the Carson, Carson, and Bedeian (1995) measure of career enhancement. Blau concluded that career entrenchment may be better represented as a two- rather than three-dimensional construct. An anaysis of Blau's measurement procedures and data, however, questions this conclusion.
Seaweed allelopathy degrades the resilience and function of coral reefs.

Coral reefs are in dramatic global decline due to a host of local- and global-scale anthropogenic disturbances that suppress corals and enhance seaweeds. This decline is exacerbated, and recovery made less likely, due to overfishing of herbivores that normally limit seaweed effects on corals. Seaweeds were known to suppress coral reproduction and recruitment, but in a recent study, we demonstrated that numerous seaweeds also directly poison corals via lipid-soluble allelochemicals transferred during contact. These allelopathic interactions may limit reef recovery once seaweeds proliferate and commonly contact remaining corals. Other recent studies suggest that seaweeds may also damage corals by enhancing coral disease or via release of water-soluble organics than stimulate damaging microbes. For some of these mechanisms, cause versus effect is not yet clear. Here, we suggest that these different mechanisms are not mutually exclusive, may interact in context-dependent ways, but need to be assessed under ec...
Bioavailability of oxalate in foods

The ability of 7 "oxalate-rich" foods to enhance urinary oxalate excretion was measured in 8 normal volunteers. The analyzed value for oxalate was high for spinach (1,236 mg.), moderate for chocolate (126 mg.) and tea (66 mg.), and for low vegetable juice, cranberry juice, pecans, and orange juice (2 to 26 mg.). The urinary oxalate increased by 29.3 mg. during eight hours after ingestion of spinach. However, it rose by less than 4.2 mg. from consumption of other food items. The bioavailable oxalate (per cent of total appearing in urine) was much less from food items of high or moderate oxalate content (spinach and chocolate) than from standard solutions of sodium oxalate (2.4 to 2.6 versus 6.5 to 7.3 per cent). Thus, only spinach among food items tested was capable of causing hyperoxaluria in normal subjects.
Influence of bonding agents and composites on microleakage

The compatibility of selected composite resins was compared with Scotchbond Dual Cure adhesive. In addition, the influence of the types of composite resins on microleakage was investigated. No significant difference was found in microleakage of preparations restored with Scotchbond Dual Cure adhesive and the five composite resins of other manufacturers from restorations inserted with the manufacturers bonding agent and composite resin. Severe leakage occurred at the gingival dentinal margin in all restorations. However, leakage was greatly reduced when a less viscous microfilled composite resin was used in conjunction with various bonding agents. The findings of this study indicate that the higher viscosity and lower water-sorption values of some composite resins may adversely influence micro-leakage regardless of the bonding agent used.
The dopaminergic system and aggression in laying hens.

ABSTRACT The dopaminergic system is involved in the regulation of aggression in many species, especially via dopamine (DA) D1 and D2 receptor pathways. To investigate heritable differences in this regulation, 2 high aggressive strains [Dekalb XL (DXL) and low group egg productivity and survivability (LGPS)] and one low aggressive strain (low group egg productivity and survivability; HGPS) of laying hens were used in the study. The HGPS and LGPS lines were diversely selected using group selection for high and low group production and survivability. The DXL line is a commercial line selected through individual selection based on egg production. Heritable differences in aggressive propensity between the strains have been previously assessed. The birds were pair housed within the same strain and labeled as dominant or subordinate based on behavioral observation. For both experiments 1 and 2, behavioral analysis was performed on all 3 strains whereas neurotransmitter analysis was performed only on the most aggressive (DXL) and least aggressive (HGPS) strains. In experiment 1, the subordinate birds were treated with D1 agonist, D2 agonist, or saline controls (n = 12). In experiment 2, the dominant birds from a separate flock were treated with D1 antagonist, D2 antagonist, or saline controls (n = 12). Treatment-associated changes in aggressive behaviors and central neurotransmitters were measured. Aggression was increased in all strains in response to D1 agonism but increased only in the less aggressive HGPS birds with D2 agonism. Aggression was decreased and hypothalamic serotonin and epinephrine were increased in birds from all strains treated with D2 receptor antagonist. The D1 receptor antagonism elicited different behavioral and neurotransmitter responses based on the aggressive phenotype of the genetic strains. Aggressive strains DXL and LGPS but not the HGPS strain decreased aggressiveness following antagonism of the D1 receptor. The data show evidence for distinct neurotransmitter regulation of aggression in high and low aggressive strains of hens through different receptor systems. These chicken lines could provide new animal models for the biomedical investigation of the genetic basis of aggression.
Genetic influences on cortical regionalization in the human brain.

Animal data demonstrate that the development of distinct cortical areas is influenced by genes that exhibit highly regionalized expression patterns. In this paper, we show genetic patterning of cortical surface area derived from MRI data from 406 adult human twins. We mapped genetic correlations of areal expansion between selected seed regions and all other cortical locations, with the selection of seed points based on results from animal studies. "Marching seeds" and a data-driven, hypothesis-free, fuzzy-clustering approach provided convergent validation. The results reveal strong anterior-to-posterior graded, bilaterally symmetric patterns of regionalization, largely consistent with patterns previously reported in nonhuman mammalian models. Broad similarities in genetic patterning between rodents and humans might suggest a conservation of cortical patterning mechanisms, whereas dissimilarities might reflect the functionalities most essential to each species.
Thermodynamics of turbine and piston rankine space power cycles

Equations (6) and (7) have been evaluated for x0,g,/l = 0.5 using the curve for n + J0c(c)n/d0c) shown in Fig. 2 and for three bluntness ratios, £ = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3. The calculated derivatives are plotted in Fig. 3 vs C, and the Newtonian values from Eqs. (8) and (9) are included. The damping derivatives Cmq as denned in this note! depend mainly on C and are practically independent of £ for the chosen e.g. position. For other e.g. locations the variations of Cmq with £ is
Members Only: Gated Communities and Residential Segregation in the Metropolitan United States1

Using the American Housing Survey for 2001 and Census 2000, I examine the link between gated communities and residential segregation. I hypothesize that gating and segregation are defined by similar mechanisms, thus reinforcing urban inequality in U.S. cities. The results, however, indicate a more complex relationship. On the one hand, there are common mechanisms behind the two processes: the pursuit of higher property values, fear of crime, and fear of increased social heterogeneity. An increase in percent recent immigrants leads to higher levels of both segregation and gating. On the other hand, factors such as region, percent black, percent Hispanic, percent college graduates, and functional specialization affect the two processes differentially. Although segregation is less pronounced and declining in the U.S. urban Southwest, gated communities are much more prominent there. The results challenge the notion that the declines in residential segregation in recent decades indicate social progress.
Chirped solitary pulses in low birefringent optical fibres: a theoretical model

Non-linear coupling of polarized solitons with initial linear frequency chirp in a low birefringent optical fibre is analysed on the basis of a theoretical model of coupled non-linear Schrodinger equations. A threshold condition is obtained for the bound state of two polarizations corresponding to a phase mismatch in solition positions.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Ultrasound Fusion Biopsy for Prediction of Final Prostate Pathology

Purpose: We explored the impact of magnetic resonance imaging-ultrasound fusion prostate biopsy on the prediction of final surgical pathology.Materials and Methods: A total of 54 consecutive men undergoing radical prostatectomy at UCLA after fusion biopsy were included in this prospective, institutional review board approved pilot study. Using magnetic resonance imaging-ultrasound fusion, tissue was obtained from a 12-point systematic grid (mapping biopsy) and from regions of interest detected by multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (targeted biopsy). A single radiologist read all magnetic resonance imaging, and a single pathologist independently rereviewed all biopsy and whole mount pathology, blinded to prior interpretation and matched specimen. Gleason score concordance between biopsy and prostatectomy was the primary end point.Results: Mean patient age was 62 years and median prostate specific antigen was 6.2 ng/ml. Final Gleason score at prostatectomy was 6 (13%), 7 (70%) and 8–9 (17%). A terti...
Technology deployment status of U.S. smart Grid projects — Electric distribution systems

Upgrade of electric distribution networks is vital for unified modernization of the grid. To fulfill this prerequisite and contribute to the overall development of the smart grid, the U.S. government awarded up to 50% federal grants to 57 Electric Distribution Systems (EDS) projects in the Smart Grid Investment Grant (SGIG) program under the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). This paper presents a quantitative study of the technology deployment status of these projects. In this paper, EDS projects are classified in four groups based on the number of substations in their respective service territories. Numeric comparison is provided depending on the portion of the distribution systems that has been modernized with distribution automation (DA), SCADA, and based on number of DA devices installed. Finally, projects with the highest progress (in 2009-2012) are identified based on these analyses.
Follicle squash preparations: uses in studies of cell kinetics following irradiation.

These investigations in CF 1 mice were undertaken to establish the usefulness of whole follicle squash preparations in kinetics studies of anagen matrix cell responses to ionizing radiation. The backs of mice were plucked and H 3 TdR (0.8 uCi/g) was injected intraperitoneally 15 minutes prior to irradiation. Animals were treated with 100 rads at 45 kv. Skin biopsies were fixed in cold acid alcohol for 24 hours, brought through graded alcohols to water, hydrolyzed in 1N HCl, and transferred to Schiff's reagent overnight. Individual follicles were dissected free and squashed on slides in 45% acetic acid. Auto-radiographs were made from squash preparations. Mitotic indices were reduced within 30 minutes after x-ray exposure (2.4% in control sites vs 1.8% in irradiated silos) and dropped sharply after 2 hours (2.2% vs 0.7%). There was essentially complete recovery of the mitotic index within 7 hours after irradiation (2.1% vs. 1.7%). The post-radiation G 2 period delay was 1½-2 hours. Studies of the 4 individual hair types revealed no significant differences in radiation responses despite substantial differences in the sizes of matrix cell populations. Usefulness of the technique described for kinetics studies of drug or radiation effects on proliferative cell populations is emphasized.
Young children's theories of mind about empathetic and selfish motives

Young children's prosocial behaviors may be motivated by empathy. Forty-one 36-66 month-old children were actively involved with a pipe cleaner figurine play scenario. One figurine appeared distressed at an alarm sound. The other figurines simultaneously terminated the alarm, expressing either empathic or selfish motives. Twenty-four participants (58.5%) correctly pointed at the empathic and selfish figurines, and correctly restated their motives. Of these, 50% (12) consistently predicted empathic or selfish figurines' motives and actions in 3 other situations. Linear regression analyses indicated children's theories of mind about others' selfish and empathic motives predicted preferences for snack sharing with the empathic figurine ( R 2 = .690, p < .001) and empathically helping a friend in distress ( R 2 = .702, p < .001 ).
Parallelization of a Branch and Bound Algorithm on Multicore Systems

The general m-machine permutation flowshop problem with the total flow-time objective is known to be NP-hard for m ≥ 2. The only practical method for finding optimal solutions has been branch-and-bound algorithms. In this paper, we present an improved sequential algorithm which is based on a strict alternation of Generation and Exploration execution modes as well as Depth-First/Best-First hybrid strategies. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme exhibits improved performance compared with the algorithm in [1]. More importantly, our method can be easily extended and implemented with lightweight threads to speed up the execution times. Good speedups can be obtained on shared-memory multicore systems.
Notch1 modulates timing of G1-S progression by inducing SKP2 transcription and p27Kip1 degradation

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) and Notch receptor activation have been shown to influence adult stem cells and progenitors by altering stem cell self-renewal and proliferation. Yet, no interaction between these molecular pathways has been defined. Here we show that ligand-independent and ligand-dependent activation of Notch1 induces transcription of the S phase kinase–associated protein 2 (SKP2), the F-box subunit of the ubiquitin-ligase complex SCFSKP2 that targets proteins for degradation. Up-regulation of SKP2 by Notch signaling enhances proteasome-mediated degradation of the CKIs, p27Kip1 and p21Cip1, and causes premature entry into S phase. Silencing of SKP2 by RNA interference in G1 stabilizes p27Kip1 and p21Cip1 and abolishes Notch effect on G1-S progression. Thus, SKP2 serves to link Notch1 activation with the cell cycle machinery. This novel pathway involving Notch/SKP2/CKIs connects a cell surface receptor with proximate mediators of cell cycle activity, and suggests a mechanism by which a known physiologic mediator of cell fate determination interfaces with cell cycle control.
Is there less to social anxiety than meets the eye? Behavioral and neural responses to three socio-emotional tasks

Background: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is widely thought to be characterized by heightened behavioral and limbic reactivity to socio-emotional stimuli. However, although behavioral findings are clear, neural findings are surprisingly mixed. Methods: Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined behavioral and brain responses in a priori emotion generative regions of interest (amygdala and insula) in 67 patients with generalized SAD and in 28 healthy controls (HC) during three distinct socio-emotional tasks. We administered these socio-emotional tasks during one fMRI scanning session: 1) looming harsh faces (Faces); 2) videotaped actors delivering social criticism (Criticism); and 3) written negative self-beliefs (Beliefs). Results: In each task, SAD patients reported heightened negative emotion, compared to HC. There were, however, no SAD versus HC differential brain responses in the amygdala and insula. Between-group whole-brain analyses confirmed no group differences in the responses of the amygdala and insula, and indicated different brain networks activated during each of the tasks. In SAD participants, social anxiety symptom severity was associated with increased BOLD signal in the left insula during the Faces task. Conclusions: The similar responses in amygdala and insula in SAD and HC participants suggest that heightened negative emotion responses reported by patients with SAD may be related to dysfunction in higher cognitive processes (e.g., distorted appraisal, attention biases, or ineffective cognitive reappraisal). In addition, the findings of this study emphasize the differential effects of socio-emotional experimental tasks.
Staffing architecture for expatriate assignments to support subsidiary cooperation

The purpose of this article is to develop a theory-based explanation of expatriate staffing system (architecture) supporting subsidiary cooperation in multinational organizations. First, an overview of the factors driving the need for this system to provide a rationale for the use of role theory in the development of four specific expatriate role categories in different assignments is presented. Second, we examine how the associated issues of expatriate dependability and competence are related to this categorization. Third, we outline how the design of appropriate expatriate staffing architecture can help resolve specific conflicting issues in subsidiary cooperation. In conclusion, we discuss specific implications of the proposed framework. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Models for Design and Control of Stochastic, Multi-Item Batch Production Systems

We propose an approach to modeling a production facility that makes many products in large, discrete batches, when demands and the production process are stochastic. This approach combines standard inventory and queueing submodels into classical optimization problems. The models developed in this paper to illustrate the approach represent the production facility by a single-server queueing system or by a network of queues; other systems can also be handled within the approach. The models optimize the approximate operating cost of a given facility over certain simple, plausible control policies; furthermore, the models are tractable enough to be used routinely for design studies.