cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
White Matter and Social Cognition

Abstract There is a growing consensus that social cognition and behavior emerge from interactions across distributed regions of the “social brain”. Social neuroscience has traditionally focused its attention on functional response properties of these gray matter networks and neglected the vital role of white matter (WM) connections in establishing such networks and their functions. In this article, we conduct a comprehensive review of prior research on structural connectivity in social neuroscience and highlight the importance of this literature in clarifying brain mechanisms of social cognition. We pay particular attention to the research on three key social processes: face processing, embodied cognition, and theory of mind, and their respective underlying neural networks. To fully identify and characterize the anatomical architecture of these networks, we further implement probabilistic tractography on a large sample of diffusion-weighted imaging data. The combination of an in-depth literature review and the empirical investigation gives us an unprecedented, well-defined landscape of WM pathways underlying major social brain networks. Finally, we discuss current problems in the field, outline suggestions for best practice in diffusion imaging data collection and analysis, and offer new directions for future research. Abbreviations ACC: anterior cingulate cortex AD: axial diffusivity AF: arcuate fasciculus AI: anterior insula ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis AMG: amygdala ASD: autism spectrum disorders ATL: anterior temporal lobe ATR: anterior thalamic radiation CC: corpus callosum CING: cingulum bundle CST: cortico-spinal tract DES: direct electrical stimulation dMPFC: dorsal medial prefrontal cortex dMRI: diffusion-weighted MRI DP: developmental prosopagnosia DTI: diffusion tensor imaging FA: fractional anisotropy FFA: fusiform face area IFG: inferior frontal gyrus IFOF: inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus ILF: inferior longitudinal fasciculus IPL: inferior parietal lobe MCI: mild cognitive impairment MD: mean diffusivity MPFC: medial prefrontal cortex MS: multiple sclerosis OFA: occipital face area OFC: orbitofrontal cortex face patch PCC: posterior cingulate cortex PD: Parkinson’s disease PP: progressive prosopagnosia PreC: precuneus RD: radial diffusivity ROI: region-of-interest sMRI: structural MRI STS: superior temporal sulcus TBSS: tract-based spatial statistics ToM: Theory of Mind TPJ: temporo-parietal junction UF: uncinate fasciculus VBM: voxel based morphometry vMPFC: ventral medial prefrontal cortex WM: white matter
Mecp2 regulates tnfa during zebrafish embryonic development and acute inflammation

Mutations in MECP2 cause Rett syndrome, a severe neurological disorder with autism-like features. Duplication of MECP2 also causes severe neuropathology. Both diseases display immunological abnormalities that suggest a role for MECP2 in controlling immune and inflammatory responses. Here, we used mecp2-null zebrafish to study the potential function of Mecp2 as an immunological regulator. Mecp2 deficiency resulted in an increase in neutrophil infiltration and upregulated expression of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines Il1b and Il10 as a secondary response to disturbances in tissue homeostasis. By contrast, expression of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnfa) was consistently downregulated in mecp2-null animals during development, representing the earliest developmental phenotype described for MECP2 deficiency to date. Expression of tnfa was unresponsive to inflammatory stimulation, and was partially restored by re-expression of functional mecp2 Thus, Mecp2 is required for tnfa expression during zebrafish development and inflammation. Finally, RNA sequencing of mecp2-null embryos revealed dysregulated processes predictive for Rett syndrome phenotypes.
Thoracic stent graft placement for repair of iatrogenic aortic injury secondary to sheath placement during pacemaker insertion

We describe the inadvertent cannulation of the proximal descending thoracic aortic stent with a five French sheath during attempted pacemaker placement in an 88- year-old male. The injury was managed successfully by the percutaneous placement of a thoracic aortic stent graft with good outcome. Our case highlights the feasibility of managing this uncommon injury with this technique.
Hydrothermal liquefaction of high- and low-lipid algae: Mass and energy balances.

Abstract Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of high-lipid microalgae Nannochloropsis salina (N. salina) and low-lipid microalgae Galdieria sulphuraria (G. sulphuraria) were run under subcritical conditions (310–350 °C and 10–17 MPa) in a 1.8 L batch autoclave system. HTL mass and energy balances for both species were compared under different operating conditions to predict the optimum reaction conditions for new algae strains based on their feedstock composition. Bio-crude oils and chars were characterized by bomb calorimetry, elemental analysis, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Under the optimized conditions, 59 wt% and 31 wt% bio-crude oil yields were obtained from HTL of N. salina and G. sulphuraria, while 85% and 59% of the feedstock energy were partitioned into N. salina-derived and G. sulphuraria-derived bio-crude oils, respectively. More favorable energy balances were related to shorter reaction times and higher algal solid contents.
FUEL CELLS – PROTON-EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS | Stacks

Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells are categorized into two classes defined by their specific electrical connection architecture that is used to increase the output voltage within application requirement ranges. For automotive and stationary applications, separate unit cells are stacked together in series to form an integrated three-dimensional structure that includes connections and manifolds to distribute reactants and coolant. For smaller portable applications, the serial connection is achieved on a mostly two-dimensional structure based preferably on a single proton-exchange membrane for manufacturing ease. Functions, materials, and designs for the prevalent components are discussed and include the bipolar plate, membrane/electrode assembly, and seal and compression mechanism. The advent of portable devices using printed circuit board or microelectromechanical system technologies has led to the appearance of components fulfilling many of the functions traditionally attributed to components designed for larger automotive and stationary applications.
Cancer of unknown primary: Ancillary testing of cytologic and small biopsy specimens in the era of targeted therapy

Initial evaluation of patients presenting with a suspected malignancy without a clear clinical or radiologic impression of a primary site (so-called cancer of unknown primary, or CUP) frequently includes fine needle aspiration (FNA) to both establish a diagnosis and procure tissue for additional studies. Careful management of limited specimen material is especially important in the modern era, when molecular studies may take precedence over a more definitive tissue diagnosis. This review summarizes our practice habits when encountering a CUP. Broadly, key morphologic patterns in context of patient history and clinical-radiologic impression should guide the selection of a limited panel of IPOX stains to establish first a broad lineage. Subsequently 1-2 site-specific markers may be used to confirm the diagnosis. In difficult cases, it is helpful to convey the situation to the treating physicians, who may prefer to prioritize molecular testing over pursuit of a more definitive diagnosis. Prudent choice of immunoperoxidase (IPOX) studies, based on both key cytomorphologic criteria and continued communications with the clinical team regarding their needs for treatment planning, is critical in CUP cases.
How Yeast Cells Find Their Mates

Extracellular chemical gradients provide signals that guide a broad spectrum of different cellular processes. By accurately sensing and responding to chemical gradients, immune cells can chase down invading pathogens, sperm cells can locate a distant egg, and growing axons can form connections in the developing nervous system. Haploid cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae grow up gradients of pheromone in order to locate and fuse with nearby mating partners. Gradient sensing should be challenging for yeast, because they must detect a minute difference in concentration across their small cell bodies. Nevertheless, yeast cells can orient with remarkable accuracy in shallow pheromone gradients. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain how yeast cells locate their partners, but it remains unclear whether, and to what degree each of the proposed mechanisms contributes. We imaged fluorescent polarity probes in real time during mating events and found that cells located their partners in a multi-step process. First, cells placed a weak cluster of polarity proteins in approximately the correct location, despite a previously unappreciated challenge posed by asymmetrically distributed pheromone receptors. Cells were able to overcome receptor asymmetry by sensing the ratio, rather than the number, of active pheromone receptors. Second, the polarity cluster proceeded to move erratically around the cortex during an “indecisive phase.” We found evidence that cells switched to a local sensing mechanism during the indecisive phase, wherein cells used the mobile polarity cluster like a nose to search for areas where the local pheromone concentration was high. Third, the polarity cluster stabilized adjacent to a partner cell’s cluster and remained stationary until the partners met in the middle and fused.
Tuning martensitic transitions in (MnNiSi)0.65(Fe2Ge)0.35 through heat treatment and hydrostatic pressure

A first-order magneto-structural transition from a ferromagnetic orthorhombic TiNiSi-type martensite phase to a paramagnetic hexagonal Ni 2In-type austenite phase was observed in (MnNiSi) 0.65(Fe 2Ge) 0.35. In this work, we demonstrate that the first-order magneto-structural transition temperature for a given composition is tunable over a wide temperature range through heat treatment and hydrostatic pressure. The first-order transition temperature was reduced by over 100 K as the annealing temperature went from 600 to 900 °C, and this first-order transition was converted to second order when the sample was annealed at 1000 °C. The maximum magnetic-induced isothermal entropy change with μ0ΔH=7 T reaches −58 J/kg K for the sample annealed at 600 °C, and the relative cooling power reaches 558 J/kg for the sample annealed at 700 °C. Similar to the influence of annealing temperatures, the first-order martensitic transition temperatures were reduced as the application of hydrostatic pressure increased until they were converted to second order. Our results suggest that the (MnNiSi) 0.65(Fe 2Ge) 0.35 system is a promising platform for tuning magneto-structural transitions and the associated magnetocaloric effects. Furthermore, a similar heat treatment methodology or application of hydrostatic pressure can be applied to MnNiSi-based shape memory alloys to tailor their working transition temperatures.
The Enterococcus: a Model of Adaptability to Its Environment

The genus Enterococcus comprises a ubiquitous group of Gram-positive bacteria that are of great relevance to human health for their role as major causative agents of health care-associated infections. The enterococci are resilient and versatile species able to survive under harsh conditions, making them well adapted to the health care environment. Two species cause the majority of enterococcal infections: Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Both species demonstrate intrinsic resistance to common antibiotics, such as virtually all cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, clindamycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Additionally, a remarkably plastic genome allows these two species to readily acquire resistance to further antibiotics, such as high-level aminoglycoside resistance, high-level ampicillin resistance, and vancomycin resistance, either through mutation or by horizontal transfer of genetic elements conferring resistance determinants.
GP226 Tetrahydrobiopterin disorders in ireland: a case series of 7 patients

Background Classical Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder in phenylalanine metabolism caused by profound deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). Newborn screening for PKU was introduced in Ireland in 1966. A low phenylalanine diet is the well-established standard treatment for patients with Classical PKU. However, approximately 1% of all cases in Ireland are caused by an inborn metabolic defect of the cofactor of PAH, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). BH4 is an essential cofactor for various metabolic pathways, including phenylalanine, Dopa and 5-OH-Tryptophan metabolism. This subgroup of ultra-rare neurometabolic diseases is referred to as ‘Malignant/Atypical Phenylketonuria’, as most of these patients have raised phenylalanine blood levels and develop profound neurological symptoms despite adequate dietary restriction of phenylalanine, if not treated with additional medications to prevent neurotransmitter deficiencies. Methods We describe diagnostic approaches, biochemical findings and mutational spectrum, clinical presentation, treatment and outcomes in a case series of 7 patients diagnosed with either 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydrobiopterin synthase (PTPS) deficiency (n=2), a defect in BH4 biosynthesis, or dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) deficiency (n=5), a defect in BH4 regeneration. Results Seven patients aged 2 to 33 years were included in this study after ethics approval was obtained. Six patients were diagnosed in the newborn period; all five patients with DHPR deficiency were diagnosed following detection of an elevated phenylalanine on newborn screening. Four patients had developmental delay and one patient with DHPR deficiency had epilepsy. All five patients with DHPR deficiency were homozygous for c.353C>T mutation in the QDPR gene. One patient with PTPS deficiency was diagnosed at age 3 years and 9 months when he presented with developmental delay and oculogyric crises, his sibling was subsequently diagnosed as a newborn and is neurologically normal at age 2 years, neither required dietary therapy as their hyperphenylalaninaemia is mild. Both patients with PTPS deficiency are homozygous for c.84–3C>G mutation in the PTS gene. All patients have been treated with neurotransmitter replacement. Conclusion Some disorders of BH4 metabolism such as DHPR deficiency may mimic Classical Phenylketonuria biochemically with a raised blood phenylalanine level, in others, such as PTPS deficiency, the hyperphenylananinaemia may be mild. However, early differential diagnosis is crucial to commence appropriate treatment in a timely manner to improve outcomes in patients with a rare ‘Atypical PKU’. These cases demonstrate the importance of BH4 measurement in patients with a positive PKU newborn screening result and also when evaluating children with unexplained neurological deterioration such as oculogyric crises.
Compartment Syndrome in Tibial Plateau Fractures: Do Previously Established Predictors Have External Validity?

OBJECTIVE To test previously established radiographic predictors of compartment syndrome in tibial plateau fractures and determine whether novel measurements may further improve a surgeon's ability to identity patients at high risk for developing this outcome. DESIGN Retrospective review. SETTING Academic Level I trauma center. PATIENTS Five hundred thirteen patients with tibial plateau fractures treated operatively over a 10-year period (OTA/AO 41B1-3 & 41C1-3; Schatzker I-VI). INTERVENTION Previously established plain film radiographic measurements and novel computed tomography soft tissue measurements. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Acute compartment syndrome (ACS). RESULTS Schatzker VI fractures (odds ratio 5.72, confidence interval 2.55-12.83, P < 0.001), high-energy mechanism (3.10, 1.26-7.58, P = 0.0096), fibular fracture (8.14, 3.33-19.96, P < 0.0001), fracture length (9.70, 2.45-37.69, P = 0.0014), and plateau-shaft combined injury (2.97, 1.15-7.70, P = 0.019) were all associated with the development of compartment syndrome. The depth of the posterior compartment was also predictive of CS (1.06, 1.02-1.09, P = 0.0025). Patients with 3 and 4 predictive markers demonstrated a 20% and 27% chance of developing ACS respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that several factors are associated with the development of ACS. The presence of each independent predictor had a cumulative effect such that when more than one variable is present, the chance of ACS increases. This information may be used to alert providers regarding injuries that require vigilant evaluation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The role of glia in protein aggregation.

Abstract Protein aggregation diseases involve intracellular accumulation or extracellular deposition of certain protein species in neuronal or glial cells, leading to neurodegeneration and shortened lifespan. Prime examples include Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease (HD), which are affected by overlapping or specific aggregation-prone proteins. Mounting evidence suggests that dysfunctional glial cells may be major drivers for some diseases, and when they are not causal factors, they could still significantly exacerbate or alleviate disease progression by playing a plethora of detrimental or beneficial roles. Here we review the diverse functions performed by glial cells in a variety of protein aggregation diseases, highlighting the complexity of the issue and the interconnected relationships between these multifaceted effects.
Exploring the Heterogeneity of Factors that may Influence Implementation of PrEP in Family Planning Clinics: A Latent Profile Analysis

Title X-funded family planning clinics have been identified as optimal sites for delivery of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention. However, PrEP has not been widely integrated into family planning services, especially in the Southern US, and data suggest there may be significant implementation challenges in this setting. Because Title X clinics vary greatly in provider-, organizational-, and systems-level characteristics, there is likely variation in capacity to implement PrEP across clinics. We conducted a survey from February to June 2018 among providers and administrators of non-PrEP-providing Title X-funded clinics across 18 southern states. Survey items were designed using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to assess constructs relevant to PrEP implementation. To explore the heterogeneity of CFIR-related implementation determinants and identify distinct sub-groups of Title X clinics, a latent profile analysis was conducted using nine CFIR constructs: complexity, relative advantage, cost, attitudes, implementation climate, compatibility, leadership engagement, available resources, and cosmopolitanism. We then conducted a multi-level analysis (accounting for nesting of participants within clinics) to test whether group membership was associated with readiness for implementation of PrEP, controlling for key sociodemographic characteristics. Four hundred and fourteen healthcare providers/administrators from 227 non-PrEP-providing Title X clinics participated in the study. We identified six sub-groups of clinics that each had distinct patterns of PrEP implementation determinants. Clinic sub-groups included “Highest Capacity for Implementation”, “Favorable Conditions for Implementation”, “Mixed Implementation Context”, “Neutral Implementation Context”, “Incompatible Setting for Implementation”, and “Resource-Strained Setting”. Group membership was related to numerous provider-level (i.e., ability to prescribe medication) and clinic-level (i.e., provision of primary care) characteristics. In comparison to the “Neutral” group (which held neutral perceptions across the implementation determinants), the “Highest Capacity” and “Favorable Conditions” groups had significantly higher levels of implementation readiness, and the “Resource-Strained” group had a significantly lower level of implementation readiness. Latent profile analyses can help researchers understand how implementation readiness varies across healthcare settings, promoting tailoring of implementation strategies to unique contexts.
Spirituality in Violent and Sub stance-Abusing African American Men

Abstract Historically, African Americans have relied upon an undying belief in religious consciousness as a source of survival to endure the harsh treatment they experienced in a society that tended to de-humanize their existence (Martin & Martin, 2002). However, Vanzant (1996) said that Black men have lost their souls and feverishly search for a sense of meaning or the essence of their true sense of self. In addition, in fear, shame, and humiliation, Black men have run to alcohol and violence in a misguided attempt to feel more complete. The search for completeness is universal, cross-cultural, and (in essence) spiritual. Therefore, this article describes a means for recognizing and incorporating spirituality into treatment when clinicians work with African American men. The author utilizes case scenarios, reviews the literature, and provides practical examples on how clinicians can recognize and create an environment that invites clients to explore their spiritual needs. Although the primary focus of th...
Large Scale Oscillations of Galaxies

The observational evidence that may indicate the presence of large scale modes of oscillation in galaxies is reviewed, and some results of theoretical modal calculations are described.
Chiral ion-exchange chromatography: Correlation between solute retention and a theoretical ion-exchange model using imprinted polymers

Mobile phase effects were studied in the separation of D- and L-phenylalanine anilide (D,L-PA) on an imprinted chiral stationary phase (CSP). Using an aqueous-organic mobile phase, an improved column performance was seen, reflected in a two-fold decrease in the reduced plate height and an almost doubling of the resolution as compared to when a pure organic mobile phase was used. A strong dependence of retention (k') and enantiomer selectivity (alpha) on mobile phase pH was observed. k' reached a maximum at a pH close to the pKa value of the solute and alpha was high at low pH value but decreased when pH exceeded the solute pKa. Potentiometric titration data allowed estimation of the state of protonation of both the carboxylic acid containing CSP and the amino group containing solutes. The data are analyzed using a simple cation-exchange model to allow simulation of the retention as a function of mobile phase pH. The close agreement between the simulated and experimental curves for retention versus pH suggests that a simple cation-exchange mechanism controls the retention in this system. Moreover, the slightly lower average pKa of the imprinted polymer compared to that of a corresponding blank polymer explains the high selectivity seen at low pH values. Based on these findings, a model describing the events controlling binding and selectivity as a function of pH is proposed.
Interdisciplinary Laboratory Course: &#8220;Chemistry and Transport in Semiconductor Materials Synthesis&#8221;

Semiconductor fabrication technologies (including those at the nanoscale) draw upon a wide variety of disciplines, and rest upon a correspondingly diverse scientific and mathematical base. Few courses on device fabrication address “process science”: the scientific and mathematical fundamentals underlying the design and optimization of plasma and thermal processes. There are relatively few universities with undergraduate programs focusing on nanoscale materials processing. This situation results partly from the exceptionally interdisciplinary nature of the field, which makes it difficult for any one department to claim “ownership.” To address this lack, we are developing a laboratory course for upper-division undergraduates and graduate students called “Chemistry and Transport in Semiconductor Materials Synthesis.” The course provides students with hands-on experimental and computational experiences in the processes and fundamentals that govern semiconductor device fabrication.
Poliovirus mutant that contains a cold-sensitive defect in viral RNA synthesis

By manipulating an infectious cDNA clone of poliovirus, we have introduced a single-codon insertion into the 3A region of the viral genome which has been proposed to encode a functional precursor of the virion-linked protein VPg. The resulting mutant was cold sensitive in monkey kidney cells. Viral RNA synthesis was poor at 32.5 degrees C, although no other function of the virus was obviously affected. The synthesis of both positive and negative strands was severely depressed. Temperature shift experiments suggest that a normal level of production of the affected function was required only during the early (exponential) phase of RNA synthesis. Analysis of viral polyprotein processing at the nonpermissive temperature revealed that some of the normal cleavages were not made, most likely as a consequence of the defect in RNA synthesis or as a result of the concomitant reduction in the level of virally encoded proteases.
The Business of Sports: A Primer for Journalists

Contents: Preface. Introduction-What Makes Sports a Unique Business? The Structure of Professional Team Sports. The Structure of Individual Sports. The Structure of College and High School Sports. The International Sports System. Sports Contracts. Labor Relations in Sports. Sports Agents. Team Relocation and Facility Issues. Sports Injuries. Drug Testing in Sports. Discrimination in Sports. Intellectual Property and Sports. Traditional and New Media and Sports.
Consumption Response to Credit Tightening Policy: Evidence from Turkey

We study the impact of credit tightening policy implemented by the Turkish Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency on consumer spending in the period between January 2010 and August 2013. We find that consumers with high amounts of debt were severely affected compared to consumers with low debt. Following the implementation of the policy, relative spending of highly indebted consumers dropped by more than 70%, a significant and persistent drop for many months subsequent to the policy date. The policy effect was strongest for consumers that are young, single and have a low credit card limit.
A comparison of diffusive light reflectance from in vitro and in vivo media

The shape of surface reflectance curves is compared for a test medium and for the surface of the human limb. A modulated light spot was incident on the surface of the media and mean reflectance was measured at light source-detector separations ranging from 2.5 mm to 34.5 mm. The in vitro model was constructed to approximate a diffusive layered biological medium. The diffusive properties of the model were changed at depth. Both the in vitro and in vivo results are compared with those predicted by diffusion theory for a uniform diffusive medium. The results indicate that the in vitro medium appears to capture the optical behavior of an in vivo medium for surface measurements out to five diffusion lengths. In addition, the data from both media are matched to the uniform diffusive medium predicted by diffusion theory with good agreement at large source-detector separations. >
Effects of Using Programmed Cards on Learning in a Museum Environment1

AbstractMUSEUM VISITORS (N=120) viewed an exhibit with or without the benefit of programmed cards. The presence or absence of feedback, and the amount of information on a card were manipulated in a factorial design. The experimental groups were compared to control Ss who received only a test on the material, or who studied and were tested on the exhibit without benefit of the cards. Analysis of posttest scores indicated that while the experimental groups performed significantly better than both control groups, no significant differences were found among the experimental groups. The data were compared to that of Screven (5) and discussed as supporting the hypothesis that the cards directed the visitor’s observing behavior.
Carnivalesque in Medieval Japanese Literature: A Bakhtinian Reading of Ōeyama Shuten Dōji

Shuten Dōji [Drunken Demon], from the genre otogi zōshi or Companion Tales, is one of Japan's most famous and popular medieval oni legends. While on the surface Shuten Dōji provides a potent literary example of good triumphing over evil, internal tensions in the text blur these distinctions. Thus, the representation of the Japanese imperial court and the noble warriors fighting on its behalf as the force of all that is ‘good’ becomes a troubled one, because the voice of the doomed ‘evil’oni resonates throughout the text as the voice of the marginalized other. To explicate this alternate viewing of the demon and to prize out the tensions within the text, this article examines Shuten Dōji through the lens of Mikhail Bakhtin's concept of the Carnival.
Structural plasticity broadens the specificity of an engineered protease

The substrate specificity of α-lytic protease has been changed dramatically, with a concomitant increase in activity, by replacing an active-site Met with Ala. The substrate specificity of both this mutant and another similar mutant are extraordinarily broad. X-ray crystallographic analysis shows that structural plasticity, a combination of alternate side-chain conformations and binding-site flexibility, allows both large and small substrates to be well accommodated.
THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAMELLAE IN COPRINUS MICACEUS

The question as to the origin and method of developmentof the gills in the hymenomycetes still remains unsettled. Certain stages are well known and have been many times described and figured and certain general conclusions are widely accepted. For example, that in many forms the gills arise endogenously and that the relative positions of the stipe, pileus and hymenium are the same in the undifferentiated button as in the adult. On the other hand, the question as to the method of origin of the gill cavity, the direction of growth of the gill rudiments and their relation to the stipe and pileus, the differentiation of trama and hymenium, etc., have never been clearly and adequately described. The older literature has been reviewed by Atkinson (I906) and others, and I will note only such points as bear especially on my own observations on Coprinus micaceus. Schmitz (I842) describes the gill cavity in Agaricus Bulliardi as an annular cavity separating pileus and stipe. The layer of hyphae connecting the outer margin of the pileus and stipe he called the veil or cortina. It is not clear what he means by veil as compared with the peripheral layer found in Coprinus micaceus. Schmitz proposed a theory of development for all pileate species of fungi according to which the organ nearest the substratum in the mature form is the structure first to arise, thus the mycelium precedes the stipe and the stipe the pileus while the hymenophore is formed last. Hoffmann's (I856) description of the development of the carpophore lies at the basis of many of the current accounts of the method of formation of the pileus and hymenium. He describes the young buttons of Agaricus campestris as small spheres which elongate owing to the growth of the interior cells perpendicularly upward. The terminal cells now grow out laterally and then turn abruptly downward. The ends of these hyphae form the lamellae primordia. In a later paper (i86o) he described sixteen further species of Agaricaceae and still later (i86i) he described the development of Coprinus fimetarius. Hoffmann
Overview of the field

Abstract Clinical descriptions of depression date back to antiquity. Scientific investigations of mood disorders started only 150 years ago. An historical overview of depression leads into today's knowledge that depressive disorders are common, serious, and sometimes life-threatening and that their effects are persistent and costly. Depressive disorders have a high prevalence, around 5% in the general population, with at least 20% of patients suffering with chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Neuroimaging technology provides unprecedented opportunities for elucidating the neurobiological correlates of mood disorders. Neuroimaging studies of primary mood disorders have identified neurophysiologic abnormalities in the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), the amygdala, and the related parts of the striatum and thalamus. There has been a revolution in our understanding of the pathogenesis of depression, with recent work demonstrating, among others, the critical impact of stress. There is an abundant evidence from family, twin, and adoption studies that genetic factors play an important role in the etiology of affective disorders. A variety of hormonal abnormalities, such as altered levels of cortisol, growth hormone, or thyroid hormones, indicate the existence of endoctrine disturbances. Despite the initial findings of immunosuppresion in depression, some studies have indicated that immune activation could also be present and might even play a role in the onset of depressive symptoms. Neurotrophic factors are among the growth factors that have been studied for their role in the adult nervous system. Despite advances in the pharmacotherapy of depression, only one third of patients respond favorably to antidepressant drugs. One third do not respond at all, and in clinical trials, at least one third respond to placebo. There is clearly an urgent need for novel antidepressants.
Nationalism and social history

Keith Hitchens, Orthodoxy and Nationality. Andrieu Saguna and the Rumanians of Transylvania, 1846–1873 (1977), ix+372 (Harvard University Press, £14.70) Gerasimos Augustinos, Consciousness and History: Nationalist Critics of Greek Society 1897—1914 (1977), v +182 (Columbia University Press, £16.90) Paul Robert Magocsi, The Shaping of a National Identity. Subcarpathian Rus’, 1848–1948 (1978), xiii+640 (Harvard University Press, £17.50) Hans Mommsen, Arbeiterbewegung und Nationale Frage. Ausgewahlte Aufsatze (1979), 429 (Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, DM 78)
The Power of the Spoken Word in Life, Psychiatry, and Psychoanalysis—A Contribution to Interpersonal Psychoanalysis

Starting with a 1890 essay by Freud, the author goes in search of an interpersonal psychology native to Freud's psychoanalytic method and to in psychoanalysis and the interpersonal method in psychiatry. This derives from the basic interpersonal nature of the human situation in the lives of individuals and social groups. Psychiatry, the healing of the soul, and psychotherapy, therapy of the soul, are examined from the perspective of the communication model, based on the essential interpersonal function of language and the spoken word: persons addressing speeches to themselves and to others in relations, between family members, others in society, and the professionals who serve them. The communicational model is also applied in examining psychiatric disorders and psychiatric diagnoses, as well as psychodynamic formulas, which leads to a reformulation of the psychoanalytic therapy as a process. A plea is entered to define psychoanalysis as an interpersonal discipline, in analogy to Sullivan's interpersonal psychiatry.
Disaster Recovery Among Multiethnic Immigrants: A Case Study of Southeast Asians in Bayou La Batre (AL) After Hurricane Katrina

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Immigrants suffer disproportionately from disasters because they have limited capacity to prepare for, respond to, or recover from a disaster. Unfortunatel...
The hildebrand equation of state for minerals relevant to geophysics

The Hildebrand thermal equation of state (EOS) is revived and applied to minerals appropriate to the earth's interior. The chief virtue of this EOS is that it escapes the necessity of evaluating a Gruneisen parameter at high compression and high temperature. The classical Gruneisen parameter is replaced by the product of two experimentally measured parameters: α, the coefficient of thermal expansivity, and K T , the isothermal bulk modulus. In order for the Hildebrand EOS to be useful in geophysical conditions it is necessary to show that α K T is, to a large extent, independent of volume. This can be done directly by experiment, following Yagi, or indirectly using thermodynamic formulae where other measurements are used in place of α K T . Four such tests are proposed, two of them following tests proposed by Swenson. The result indicates that most, if not all, of the close-packed minerals relevant to geophysics follow the rule that the value of α K T is to a satisfactory extent independent of compression.
Characterization of the estrogen receptor and its dynamics in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells using a covalently attaching antiestrogen

We have used a covalently attaching antiestrogen, tamoxifen aziridine [TA; (Z)-(l-[4-(2-[N-aziridinyl] ethoxy)phenyl])l,2-diphenyl-l-butene], to analyze the structure and dynamics of the estrogen receptor in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. The labeling of receptor with [3H]TA is specific, being blocked only by estrogens and antiestrogens, and the labeling is very efficient in that TA labels covalently the same number of receptors that are labeled reversibly by estradiol. In cells exposed to[3H]TA for 1 h, most of the covalently associated radioactivity is found in the 0.6 M KC1 extract of the nuclear fraction; this receptor has an apparent mol wt of 63,000 ± 2000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and a pi of 5.7 by gel isoelectric focusing in the presence of 8 M urea. The mol wt and pi of cytosol receptor labeled with [3H] TA are identical. In cells labeled with [3H]TA (20 nM) for 1 h and then exposed to a chase of 10−6 M estradiol, [3H]TA-labeled nuclear receptor disappears wi...
Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection and Enumeration of Dekkera bruxellensis in Wine

Traditional methods to detect the spoilage yeast Dekkera bruxellensis from wine involve lengthy enrichments. To overcome this difficulty, we developed a quantitative real-time PCR method to directly detect and enumerate D. bruxellensis in wine. Specific PCR primers to D. bruxellensis were designed to the 26S rRNA gene, and nontarget yeast and bacteria common to the winery environment were not amplified. The assay was linear over a range of cell concentrations (6 log units) and could detect as little as 1 cell per ml in wine. The addition of large amounts of nontarget yeasts did not impact the efficiency of the assay. This method will be helpful to identify possible routes of D. bruxellensis infection in winery environments. Moreover, the time involved in performing the assay (3 h) should enable winemakers to more quickly make wine processing decisions in order to reduce the threat of spoilage by D. bruxellensis.
Balloon angioplasty for branch pulmonary artery stenosis—Cutting balloons

Pulmonary artery stenosis can cause right ventricular strain but intrapulmonary lesions are inaccessible to surgery; moreover, some are also resistant to high pressure balloon angioplasty. An alternative is the use of microsurgical devices mounted on balloons for transvenous delivery, including cutting balloons. The current literature is sparse but seems to indicate a role for cutting balloons in specific situations. The higher cost of these devices does not merit routine use instead of high pressure balloons but a randomised controlled study is underway to address this issue. Until the results of this become available, the role of cutting balloons for pulmonary artery stenosis remains limited to specific situations. The recommendations for the safe use of these devices must be adhered to by all operators.
Volume and outcome relationship in bariatric surgery in the laparoscopic era

Background The relationship between volume and outcomes in bariatric surgery is well established in the literature. However, the analyses were performed primarily in the open surgery era and in the absence of national accreditation. The recent Metabolic Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program proposed an annual threshold volume of 50 stapling cases. This study aimed to examine the effect of volume and accreditation on surgical outcomes for bariatric surgery in this laparoscopic era.
Preferential killing of PTEN-null myelomas by PI3K inhibitors through Akt pathway

We recently reported that internal deletion of PTEN tumor suppressor gene in OPM2 and Δ47 myeloma lines led to high Akt activation. Re-expression of PTEN induced strong apoptosis and growth inhibition. To understand the biologic importance of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt activation affected by PTEN deletion, we analysed apoptosis and growth inhibition by applying PI3K inhibitors to myeloma lines and by expressing Akt constructs. The PI3K inhibitors preferentially suppressed PTEN-null myeloma growth to those expressing PTEN, indicating that PI3K activation is more critical for growth and survival of those lines with PTEN mutations than others expressing a functional PTEN gene. Since PTEN-null myeloma lines exhibited much stronger Akt activation than PTEN-expressing cells in response to insulin-like growth factor I stimulation, we determined whether Akt could be responsible for PI3K-mediated cell survival and growth of PTEN-null myeloma lines. Expression of an active Akt, but not its kinase dead mutant, reversed wortmannin- and dexamethasone-induced apoptosis and growth inhibition in PTEN-null myeloma lines, suggesting that Akt lies downstream of PI3K for PTEN-null myeloma survival and dexamethasone resistance. In summary, we have provided evidence that PTEN-null myeloma cells are stringently dependent on the PI3K/Akt activation for cell survival. These results may provide a basis to treat myeloma patients with PI3K and Akt inhibitors.
Metastasis in the androgen-lnsensitive Nb rat prostatic carcinoma system

This unit has in the past evaluated the Nb rat prostatic adenocarcinoma model with respect to chemotherapies. Recently, this unit has been evaluating agents that may have a role in decreasing metastatic rate. The three androgen-insensitive tumors, Nb Pr A.I. I, II, III, have been evaluated herein. Agents that have been used include indomethocin, heparin, heparin plus cortisone, and heparan sulfate (SP54). It has been shown that these agents do play a role in reducing the metastasis. In evaluation of Nb Pr A.I, I, control animals had a metastatic rate of 57%. In treatment with indocin, only 21% of the animals, three of 14 animals treated, had a metastasis, and treatment with heparin and cortisone resulted in one of 14 animals having metastasis. Similar observations were seen when treatment with SP54 and heparin was evaluated in the Nb Pr A.I. III; 18 and 27% of treatment group animals had metastasis, whereas 55% of control groups had metastasis. Similarly, in the Nb Pr A.I. II evaluation, control animals having a metastatic rate of 43 % had heparin plus cortisone and heparin alone, and this particular tumor model revealed complete resolution with no animals having metastatic disease. The majority of these agents have not effected tumor volume in terms of reduction as much as the best chemotherapeutic agents in this model system include cyclophosphamide and cis-platinum.
An investigation of the structural and dielectric properties of the solid solution system (1-x)Pb(Sc1/2Ta1/2)O3-(x)PbTiO3

The preliminary characterization of the structural and dielectric properties of compositions from the solid solution system (1−x) Pb(Sc1/2Ta1/2)O3-(x) PbTiO3 is presented. A morphotropic phase boun...
The Zebra in the room

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immunemediated prothrombotic disorder which classically presents with declining platelet counts 5–10 days after heparin exposure. Thrombotic complications occur in an estimated 20–50% of patients with thrombocytopenia and can affect both the venous or arterial circulation [1]. In patients with a classic presentation of thrombosis in the setting of thrombocytopenia, the diagnosis of HIT is readily made. However, in patients with complicated medical issues and atypical presentations, the diagnosis is more challenging. Rarely, HIT presents with unusual manifestations: adrenal hemorrhagic necrosis, skin necrosis at heparin injection sites, warfarin-associated venous limb gangrene, cerebral venous thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or systemic reactions with heparin administration. Often, these unusual sequelae are not accompanied by thrombocytopenia (as with skin necrosis), or paradoxically, are associated with a hemorrhagic event (as a consequence of thrombosis) [2]. In this issue, Thota et al. describe a patient with HIT presenting with hemodynamic collapse as a result of adrenal insufficiency caused by adrenal vein thrombosis and adrenal necrosis. Although adrenal hemorrhagic necrosis is a very rare complication of HIT, the authors recognized that the patient was thrombocytopenic after receiving low-molecular-weight heparin and that adrenal hemorrhage, as a result of adrenal vein thrombosis, is frequently associated with HIT [3]. This case highlights the importance of recognizing the unusual thrombotic complications of HIT. Although the diagnosis of HIT can be difficult, recognition of the unusual sequelae of HIT allows for prompt diagnosis and initiation of therapy, with potential to prevent significant morbidity and mortality.
Anticrack inclusion model for compaction bands in sandstone

[1] Detailed observations of compaction bands exposed in the Aztec Sandstone of southeastern Nevada indicate that these thin, tabular, bounded features of localized porosity loss initiated at pervasive grain-scale flaws, which collapsed in response to compressive tectonic loading. From many of these Griffith-type flaws, an apparently self-sustaining progression of collapse propagated outward to form bands of compacted grains a few centimeters thick and tens of meters in planar extent. These compaction bands can be idealized as highly eccentric ellipsoidal bodies that have accommodated uniform uniaxial plastic strain parallel to their short dimension within a surrounding elastic material. They thus can be represented mechanically as contractile Eshelby inclusions, which generate near-tip compressive stress concentrations consistent with self-sustaining, in-plane propagation. The combination of extreme aspect ratio (∼10−4) and significant uniaxial plastic strain (∼10%) also justifies an approximation of the bands as anticracks: sharp boundaries across which a continuous distribution of closing mode displacement discontinuity has been accommodated. This anticrack interpretation of compaction bands is analogous to that of pressure solution surfaces, except that porosity loss takes the place of material dissolution. We find that displacement discontinuity boundary element modeling of compaction bands as anticracks within a two-dimensional linear elastic continuum can accurately represent the perturbed external stress fields they induce.
Synthesis of oxacalixarenes incorporating nitrogen heterocycles: evidence for thermodynamic control.

Oxacalix[2]arene[2]hetarenes are formed in a single step by cyclooligomerization of meta-diphenols with meta-dichlorinated azaheterocycles. The high selectivity for cyclic tetramer formation results from thermodynamic product control. Macrocycles as large as oxacalix[5]arene[5]hetarenes have been isolated under nonequilibrating conditions.