cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wegener's granulomatosis presenting as a large solitary cavitary mass.

A 29-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with a 1-month history of nonproductive cough that had recently worsened and a new-onset sore throat. She had been treated 1 month earlier by her primary care physician for “sinusitis.” She had no chest pain or dyspnea; she reported fevers but was afebrile at the time of examination. Chest x-ray demonstrated a patchy infiltrate in the superior segment of the left lower lobe with central cavitation, with the impression of left lower lobe pneumonia, probably cavitary (Figure ​(Figure11). She was treated with a 7-day course of levofloxacin and a methylprednisolone dose pack. Figure 1 Posteroanterior chest radiograph on initial emergency department visit demonstrates left lower lobe rounded opacity with central lucency. The patient returned to the emergency department 15 days later with worsened cough and new-onset dyspnea and hemoptysis as well as malaise and myalgias. A basic metabolic panel revealed elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, 33 and 3.0 mg/dL, respectively. A repeat chest x-ray (Figure ​(Figure22) and computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest (Figures ​(Figures33 to ​to55) were performed. Figure 2 Posteroanterior chest radiograph on repeat emergency department visit 15 days later shows persistent left lower lobe opacity with cavitation as well as new bilateral diffuse alveolar opacities with relative subpleural sparing. Figure 3 CT axial image through the upper lobes demonstrates bilateral diffuse alveolar opacities with subpleural sparing. Figure 5 CT coronal reformatted image demonstrates both the cavitary mass lesion in the left lower lobe and the bilateral diffuse alveolar opacities with subpleural sparing. DIAGNOSIS: Wegener' granulomatosis.
Production of L-Isoleucine by AHV Resistant Mutants of Brevibacterium flavum

The growth of Brevibacterium flavum No. 2247A was inhibited by α-amino-β-hydroxy-valeric acid (AHV), and the inhibition was partially reversed by L-isoleucine.AHV resistant strain ARI-129, which was isolated on a medium supplemented with 2 mg/ml of AHV, produced 11 g/liter of L-isoleucine.No difference was observed in threonine dehydratase between No. 2247A and ARI–129. Homoserine dehydrogenase from ARI–129 was insensitive to the feedback inhibition by L-isoleucine and L-threonine.O-Methyl-L-threonine resistant mutant, strain AORI–126, which was derived from ARI–129, produced 14.5 g/liter of L-isoleucine. Specific activity of threonine dehydratase from AORI–126 increased about two-fold higher than those from No. 2247A and ARI–129, whereas degree of inhibition of the enzyme by L-isoleucine was the same among three strains.Among auxotrophic mutants derived from ARI–129, adenine and lysine auxotrophs produced more L-isoleucine than the parent did.In the adenine auxotroph, L-isoleucine production was markedly...
U.S. Air Force development of a high-altitude laser crosslink

The requirement to send ever increasing amounts of tactical military information between sensor aircraft and information processing facilities for command and control purposes has begun to reach the physical limits of present RF data links, even when data compression is employed. Use of laser data links is under consideration by the United States Air Force and development of an airborne laser data link is under way by the United States Air Force Research Laboratory Sensors Directorate (AFRL/SN). This technology development program is being conducted in two phases. The first phase included the design and evaluation of a laser data link ground demonstration. This demonstration was carried out in August and September, 1995 between a laser terminal on Mount (Mt.) Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii and a similar laser terminal on Mt. Haleakala on the island of Maui located 150 kilometers (km) away. The terminals used in this ground demonstration were capable of 1.1 gigabits per second (GBPS), full duplex communication with bit error rates (BERs) of 10 -6 or better. A motion and vibration base was used to simulate flight conditions, while the terminal instrumentation was used to collect atmospheric effects data. Results of the ground demonstration, including signal acquisition, tracking stability, and scintillation were used to modify the design of the laser terminal for follow-on air-to-air operations. The second phase of the AFRL/SN development program under way is the transition of the ground demonstration results into a refined terminal design for installation into two business class jet aircraft. Flight demonstration of the laser data link between these kinematic aerial platforms will be performed between two T-39A (Sabreliner 40) test aircraft at distances up to 500 km and altitudes up to 40kft (12.2km). A ground-based field test of these two refined laser terminals is planned for November 1999 between Mt. Palomar in San Diego, CA and a test site 50 km away. The installation of high-bandwidth laser data link terminals for communication between high-altitude aerial platforms provides for two advances. First, the ability to use advanced airborne sensors generating very large amounts of raw data in near real-time. Second, command and control decisions can be made based on a more timely and comprehensive database of information.
Use of an Acrocentric Chromosome in a Genetic and Linkage Study of Barley Chromosome 4.

An acrotrisomic plant was isolated in the progeny of the primary trisomic for chromosome 4. It was designated as acrotrisomic 4L4S. Five marker stocks were crossed as male to the acrotrisomic 4L4S. The F2 segregation in the trisomic tests showed that the gene i, previously located in the distal part of the long arm, segregated in a disomic ratio, indicating that i is located on the missing segment of the long arm. The genes lk5, gs1 and yh in the short arm also segregated in a disomic ratio, indicating their locations should be in the deficient part of the short arm of chromosome 4. The gene f10 on the short arm showed a trisomic ratio, indicating that this gene is located on the remaining proximal segment of the short arm. Acrosomic trisomic analysis provide, a valuable approach for physical localization of genes on barley chromosomes.
Metaphoric advertisement comprehension: The role of the cerebral hemispheres

Currently little is known about how implicit processes (i.e., cognitive processes that consumers are unaware of) are utilized as consumers read metaphoric advertisements. The field of cognitive neuroscience can help marketers better understand consumers' implicit processing by examining how each cerebral hemisphere uniquely contributes during metaphoric advertisement comprehension. A right hemisphere advantage has been demonstrated during metaphoric language processing; however, it is unclear how each hemisphere of the brain processes metaphors used in advertisements. This study combines the fields of marketing and cognitive neuroscience to investigate the hemispheric processing of metaphoric advertisements. Through the use of the divided visual field paradigm, participants read metaphor, literal, or neutral slogans and responded to related target words presented to either the left visual field-right hemisphere or the right visual field-left hemisphere. As predicted, there was a right hemisphere advantage, compared to the left hemisphere, for metaphoric slogans. Additionally, greater facilitation was evident in the right hemisphere for literal slogans compared to metaphoric slogans. Metaphoric messages were also remembered better than literal ones. These findings provide an in-depth account of how consumers implicitly process messages, suggesting an important role of the right hemisphere during the comprehension of both metaphoric and literal messages. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
S(IV) chemistry in smelter produced particulate matter

Epidemiological and animals toxicological studies have indicated that reactions between SO2(g) and metal containing aerosols result in the formation of respiratory irritants. It had initially been suggested by EPA that sulfate per se was responsible for the observed health effects. That now appears unlikely. These studies point out the importance of understanding in detail the chemical species formed by such interactions. In the present paper procedures which have been used to study the formation of aerosol inorganic S(IV) species are described, together with the results obtained from studies in the flue line, workroom, and plume of smelters. Both atmospheric and laboratory studies indicate that very stable complexes of S(IV) with Fe(III) or Cu(?) can form in aerosols. The data suggest that the concentration of these (S(IV) complexes in primary particulate emissions from smelters will be about 10% of the sulfate concentration. In plumes the concentration of inorganic S(IV) varied from 10 to 80% of the sulfate concentration. The most important variable controlling the formation of these S(IV) complexes in a plume aerosol droplet is the aerosol acidity. The formation of aerosol inorganic S(IV) complexes in the plume is not related to the formation of sulfate. There have been no studies previously reported that would allow an unequivocal evaluation of the toxicological implications of the chemistry reviewed in this paper. If these various S(IV) species are responsible at the low concentrations reported here for the "synergistic" effects previously reported between SO2(g) and aerosols, then additional toxicological work would appear warranted.
Pyrazoles, 1,2,4-triazoles, and tetrazoles as surrogates for cis-amide bonds in boronate ester thrombin inhibitors

Substituted pyrazoles, 1,2,4-triazoles, and tetrazoles are good surrogates for cis-amide bonds in a series of boronate ester thrombin inhibitors.
Development of tolerance to delta9-THC in the frog.

Apres injections bi-journalieres deΔ9-THC a des grenouilles, nous avons calcule la duree de la perte du reflexe de redressement. La tolerance auΔ9-THC fut evidente apres la seconde injection et, apres la troisieme, aucun effect ne fut visible. Ceci suggere que la tolerance se developpe par leΔ9-THC, et non par ses metabolites, puisque les grenouilles n'ont pas de systeme enzymatique d'hydroxylation.
Positive Darwinian Selection at Single Amino Acid Sites Conferring Plant Virus Resistance

Explicit evaluation of the accuracy and power of maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods for detecting site-specific positive Darwinian selection presents a challenge because selective consequences of single amino acid changes are generally unknown. We exploited extensive molecular and functional characterization of amino acid substitutions in the plant gene eIF4E to evaluate the performance of these methods in detecting site-specific positive selection. We documented for the first time a molecular signature of positive selection within a recessive resistance gene in plants. We then used two statistical platforms, Phylogenetic Analysis Using Maximum Likelihood and Hypothesis Testing Using Phylogenies (HyPhy), to look for site-specific positive selection. Their relative power and accuracy are assessed by comparing the sites they identify as being positively selected with those of resistance-determining amino acids. Our results indicate that although both methods are surprisingly accurate in their identification of resistance sites, HyPhy appears to more accurately identify biologically significant amino acids using our data set.
Repair of the external granular layer of the hamster cerebellum after prenatal and postnatal administration of methylazoxymethanol.

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the influence of methylazoxymethanol acetate (Mam ac) on cell proliferation and regeneration of the external granular layer in the cerebellum of the hamster. Pregnant hamsters were treated with 10 mg/kg/day Mam ac on days 13–15 of gestation and youngsters on the second, third, and fourth or fourth, fifth and sixth postnatal days. In animals treated during intrauterine life and examined on the day of birth a large number of cells in the external granular layer were destroyed, but some seemingly healthy ones always remained. In those permitted to live, surviving cells formed a new external granular layer and by the 20th postnatal day no morphological differences could be detected between the treated and control animals. In animals treated on the second to fourth postnatal days practically all the cells of the external granular layer were destroyed. By the tenth day the Purkinje cells were located throughout the molecular zone. Many of them showed a cytoplasmic cone extending centrally instead of toward the periphery. The internal granular layer contained only a few cells, apparently owing to failure of the normal inflow of neurons from the external granular layer. In animals treated on the fourth to sixth postnatal days most cells in the external granular layer were destroyed. During the following days surviving cells presumably gave rise to a new external granular layer. The cells of this layer failed to migrate centrally. Instead they remained located in the molecular layer where they formed an extra layer of cells, which had the appearance of granule cells. The animals were ataxic, although retinal abnormalities may have been partially responsible for the symptoms.
Becker's Melanosis and Hypoplasia of the Breast and Pectoralis Major Muscle

: Becker's melanosis can be associated with hypoplastic abnormalities. In our patient (the first case report), it occurred in association with an absent pectoralis major muscle. Although more common in males, this patient demonstrates that Becker's melanosis can occur in females and may be congenital.
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY IN RUBELLA ASSAYED BY A CYTOTOXICITY TEST AND BY LYMPHOCYTE STIMULATION

Preferential cytotoxic activity against rubella-infected target cells was discovered in the supernatants of rubella virus-stimulated human lymphocytes from rubella-seropositive but not seronegative donors. Supernatants from unstimulated lymphocyte cultures failed to show such activity. Assay of cytotoxic activity of lymphocyte culture supernatants against rubella-infected and uninfected human fibroblast cells, using cell counting in microplates, provided a method for studies of cell-bound immunity in rubella. This assay was more sensitive in detecting remote past immunity to rubella than was lymphocyte stimulation with rubella virus as measured by uptake of C-14-thymidine. Good correlation between the two methods was found when development of immunity was followed during the course of rubella infection and vaccination. By both tests, lymphocytes from rubella vaccinees became responsive to rubella antigen 4 weeks after vaccination. This late detection of specific cell-mediated immunity may be due to rubella virus-induced immunosuppression after vaccination, an early and transient phenomenon demonstrable by phytohemagglutinin-unresponsiveness of the lymphocytes.
Myocardial hemorrhage after coronary reperfusion in pigs.

Abstract The effects of 1 hour of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and subsequent reperfusion were studied for 3 hours in anesthetized closed chest pigs using an intracoronary balloon occluding technique. In 12 pigs subjected to reperfusion, S-T segment elevation decreased to control levels within 30 minutes and was significantly less than in 10 control pigs without reperfusion ( P P This study thus documents the occurrence of postreperfusion myocardial hemorrhage in an animal with a coronary circulation similar to man's. Hemorrhage is directly related to the duration of occlusion but appears to be unaffected by mannitol given before reperfusion. Caution is advised both during bypass surgery, in which occlusion and reperfusion occur, and In efforts to restore coronary blood flow during acute myocardial infarction.
GABA in epilepsy: the pharmacologic basis.

Summary: GABA transmission plays a key role in controlling seizure activity. The precise nature of its effect depends on the particular location in the brain and the pathway involved. Animal studies have helped to define specific brain regions such as the substantia nigra and area tempestas that are critical in controlling seizure activity. Antiepileptic drugs such as vigabatrin [gamma vinyl GABA (GVG)], a drug rationally developed to treat resistant epilepsy, can enhance GABA transmission in these regions and may thereby afford seizure protection.
Controlling the Decomposition Pathway of LiBH4 via Confinement in Highly Ordered Nanoporous Carbon

The wetting and decomposition behavior of LiBH4 has been investigated in the presence of highly ordered nanoporous hard carbon (NPC) with hexagonally packed 2 nm diameter columnar pores. Calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and IR spectroscopy measurements confirm that the LiBH4 within the pores is amorphous. The confinement of LiBH4 in such small pores results in the disappearance of the low-temperature structural phase transition, the melting transition, and also the significant decrease of the onset desorption temperature from 460 to 220 °C with respect to bulk LiBH4, a lower temperature than observed in larger pore sizes in the literature. Most importantly, our results suggest that diborane release is suppressed or eliminated in the decomposition of noncrystalline LiBH4. Tight nanoconfinement may therefore mitigate both safety concerns and loss of active material in borohydride-based hydrogen storage systems.
High numerical aperture full-field optical coherence tomography with space-invariant resolution without scanning the focus

In high-numerical-aperture optical coherence tomography, the depth-of-field is usually quite short and therefore the focus is scanned through the object to form a well-resolved image of the entire volume. However, this may be inconvenient for in vivo scanning when precision placement is not easily achieved between the object and the focusing objective. We show that by scanning the illumination wavelength, and using novel inverse scattering methods on the detected interferograms, features outside of the focus can be resolved and therefore the focus does not need to be scanned.
Mechanics and electrochemistry of ionic polymer metal composites

Abstract Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) are electroactive materials composed of a hydrated ionomeric membrane that is sandwiched between noble metal electrodes. Here, we propose a modeling framework to study quasi-static large deformations and electrochemistry of IPMCs. Specifically, IPMC kinematics is described in terms of its mechanical deformation, the concentration of mobile counterions neutralizing the ionomer, and the electric potential. The chemoelectromechanical constitutive behavior is obtained from a Helmholtz free energy density, which accounts for mechanical stretching, ion mixing, and electric polarization. The three-dimensional framework is specialized to plane bending of thin IPMCs. Hence, we propose a structural model, where the moment and the charge stored along the IPMC are computed from the solution of a modified Poisson–Nernst–Planck system, in terms of the through-the-thickness coordinate. For small static deformations, we present a semianalytical solution based on the method of matched asymptotic expansions, which is ultimately used to study IPMC sensing and actuation. We demonstrate that the linearity of IPMC actuation in a broad voltage range could be attributed to the interplay of two competing nonlinear phenomena, associated with Maxwell stress and osmotic pressure. In agreement with experimental observations, our model confirms the possibility of tailoring IPMC actuation by varying the counterion size and the concentration of fixed ions. Finally, the model is successful in predicting the significantly different voltage levels displayed by IPMC sensors and actuators, which are associated with remarkable variations in the ion mixing and polarization energies.
School-based interventions for aggressive African-American boys

Abstract Four school-based interventions for aggressive African-American boys were reviewed. The interventions were respectively designed to (a) alter biased attributions to hostile intent, (b) develop more adaptive social problem solving skills, (c) enhance peer relations through pair therapy, and (d) improve self-esteem and academic achievement with instruction in all male classrooms. The strengths and limitations of each intervention were evaluated. The article concludes with recommendations for future intervention research with African-American boys labeled as aggressive.
Implementation of service-learning in engineering and its impact on students' attitudes and identity

The current paper outlines a concise engineering service-learning model and describes its implementation and logistics in the context of a typical heat transfer course for undergraduate engineering students. The project was executed in collaboration with a not-for-profit organisation. Summative reflections were conducted by the students by answering a set of carefully-phrased questions after conducting the project. The students had to write about their feelings, attitudes, identity, and the physical, social, ethnic and economical environment they had experienced as they performed the service. A quantitative method for analysing reflections is presented. Analysis of the students’ responses clearly showed that they became more aware and sensitive to their roles as engineers in a societal context.
Investigation of infill panels made from engineered cementitious composites for seismic strengthening and retrofit

An infill system for frame structures has been developed as a retrofit strategy for critical facilities. The system uses precast panels made with an engineered cementitious composite (ECC) material in lieu of a traditional reinforced concrete or masonry. The ECC material is advantageous due to the increased tensile strain capacity and compressive toughness of the material relative to traditional materials. Finite element simulations were performed to identify promising infill geometries. A series of structural scale tests was developed from the simulation results. The results from a series of single panel tests are presented. Testing results indicated that different levels of panel strength and stiffness can be achieved by varying the mix design of the ECC material and the amount of reinforcement in the panels. The panel test results combined with the simulation results demonstrate the potential of the infill system as a retrofit.
Targeting of Aberrant mRNAs to Cytoplasmic Processing Bodies

In eukaryotes, a specialized pathway of mRNA degradation termed nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) functions in mRNA quality control by recognizing and degrading mRNAs with aberrant termination codons. We demonstrate that NMD in yeast targets premature termination codon (PTC)-containing mRNA to P-bodies. Upf1p is sufficient for targeting mRNAs to P-bodies, whereas Upf2p and Upf3p act, at least in part, downstream of P-body targeting to trigger decapping. The ATPase activity of Upf1p is required for NMD after the targeting of mRNAs to P-bodies. Moreover, Upf1p can target normal mRNAs to P-bodies but not promote their degradation. These observations lead us to propose a new model for NMD wherein two successive steps are used to distinguish normal and aberrant mRNAs.
Ideological trends among ethnoregional parties in post‐industrial democracies

Several dozen ethnoregional parties have been active in industrial democracies since the late 1960s. The most successful of these are examined to understand what determines their ideological characteristics, how these characteristics correlate with electoral success and policy success and what ideological trends are emerging among newer ethnoregional parties. This is done by analysing the ideologies of these parties as functions of their positions on the restructuring of the‐ state and socio‐economic issues. This analysis is then used to examine successful ethnoregional parties that emerged in the late 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s and now in the 1990s.
From Actions to Impressions: Cognitive Attribution Theory and the Formation of Corporate Reputation

Psychologists have long studied how people form impressions about others based on observed behavior, a principal suggestion being that behavior can be attributed either to the internal disposition of the observed person, or to factors of the external situation that constrain possible actions. This paper reviews cognitive processes that influence such attributions and discusses their applicability to the formation of impressions about corporations based on corporate behavior. Managers can more effectively use public service initiatives to enhance the reputations of their corporations if the initiatives are conducted in a manner that invites observers to attribute them to the disposition of the corporation rather than to situational constraints.
The stereotype consistency effect is moderated by group membership and trait valence.

ABSTRACT People generally have better memories for traits that are stereotypic consistent rather than stereotypic inconsistent. From social identity theory, we hypothesized that this stereotype consistency effect would be moderated by group membership and trait valence. Specifically, we expected the typical stereotype-consistency effect when the target person was an outgroup member (different ethnicity from the participant). However, if the target person was an ingroup member (same ethnicity as the participant), we expected stereotypicality to facilitate memory for positive traits but not negative traits. Participants (N = 104) read a series of statements about an ingroup member or an outgroup member and subsequently completed a memory test. The results confirmed our main prediction. The findings have implications for social identity theory, social cognition research, and for understanding intergroup relations.
Lake levels, mobility and lithic raw material selection and reduction strategies: A Great Lakes case study

AbstractIt has recently been proposed that lowered lake levels after 4250 BP broadened opportunities for mobility and interaction patterns among hunter-gatherer populations in the Saginaw drainage and in Michigan more broadly (; ). Here, data are presented on chipped stone reduction strategies as reflected in two site assemblages in Bay City, Michigan (20BY28, 20BY387) that bridge this key point in time. The earliest Late Archaic components of these sites, occupied during the higher than modern post Nipissing recession ca. 3200 BP, are typified by on-site reduction of local cherts, often utilising a bipolar reduction strategy. Subsequent uses of the area largely shifted to lower elevations. The more recent site components contain both more diverse projectile styles, many of which can be linked with Ontario types, and higher occurrences of non-local raw materials, specifically Onondaga chert apparently arriving at the site as preforms. The last use of these sites occurred during the Late Woodland, also dur...
Dielectric properties of silver-gelatin granular suspensions.

Recently, some authors have employed a lattice-gas version of the coherent-potential approximation (LG-CPA) to describe the optical properties of composites formed by the suspension of Ag grains in a gelatin host. We show here that a direct approach to structural disorder, based on Roth's effective-medium approximation (EMA), yields results that are, at least, of comparable accuracy to those of the LG-CPA. The dependence of the EMA dielectric function on the input parameters that characterize metal-insulator suspensions is examined and found to be physically reasonable.
A sorting importin on Sec61.

A recent report identifies a cellular protein that recognizes inner nuclear membrane (INM) targeting signals. This finding provides the missing link for the transport of large inner nuclear membrane proteins as they travel from the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum to the INM.
Competitive inhibition of intestinal glucose transport by phlorizin analogs

Abstract The nature of the inhibition of intestinal glucose transport in vitro by phlorizin and its congeners was investigated. The results of two series of experiments are described. In one, the rate of transport was measured as glucose lost from the medium after 10 minutes of incubation with hamster intestine, and in the other, the amount of glucose accumulated in the tissue was taken as a measure of transport rate. In both sets of experiments, glucose in the medium was varied over a 10-fold concentration range while dosage of a particular inhibitor was held constant. The kinetic data obtained from these experiments were analyzed graphically as double reciprocal plots, and are interpreted as evidence that phlorizin and its glycosidic analogs compete with glucose for the transport carrier. On the other hand, the results of the experiments with phloretin indicate that this aglycone inhibits transport in a non-competitive manner. The apparent dissociation constants of the inhibitors were determined, and the relative free energies of interaction were calculated and compared. These results provide a basis for further work in which the development of an in vitro assay for the glucose carrier in cell-free homogenates could be attempted.
Evaluation of Bias for Two Charpy Impact Machines with the Same Instrumented Striker

Two Charpy machines were used to test NIST verification specimens at three energy levels: low energy (∼15 J at −40°C), high energy (∼100 J at −40°C), and super-high energy (∼240 J at room temperature). The study evaluates the differences observed for the bias between two impact machines and the variation in test data for instrumented versus non-instrumented impact tests. The machines used for testing were of very similar design, and all tests were performed with the same instrumented striker (switched between machines). After testing, the raw force/time data were used for the analyses, without correcting instrumented data by matching absorbed energies measured by the machine encoder (KV) and calculated under the force/deflection test record (Wt). The characteristic forces at general yield (Fgy) and the maximum forces (Fm) were determined in accordance with ASTM E2298-09 from the instrumented impact record that was used to calculate the total impact energy (Wt). The findings show the following: (1) one machine consistently produced higher absorbed energy values than the other machine; (2) the variation in Wt is significantly lower than the variation in absorbed energy measured in the non-instrumented test (KV) for a given machine and energy level; (3) the relative differences between KV and Wt increased with increasing absorbed energy levels; (4) variations in maximum force are lower than variations in absorbed energy values; (5) instrumented data indicate that the variation in the curves is very small up to maximum force, and that differences in absorbed energy mainly occur during fracture propagation (post-maximum force data); (6) data from these two independent measures of absorbed energy indicate that scatter is due primarily to material variability; and (7) the bias between the two machines is significantly reduced when the same striker is used for testing.
Police academy training: comparing across curricula

Purpose – This study aims to address two interrelated research questions. First, to compare the academy performance of police recruits trained under a traditional academy curriculum with the performance of those trained under a new academy curriculum based on community policing. Second, to investigate whether a different “type” of recruit performs better in the community policing curriculum compared with the traditional curriculum.Design/methodology/approach – Regression analysis is used to estimate the effects of independent variables on three dependent variables that indicate academy success: average academy scores, failure experiences, and post‐academy employment.Findings – Results suggest that more highly educated recruits and female recruits fared better in the community policing curriculum but that, overall, recruits in the community policing curriculum performed similarly to their traditional counterparts.Research limitations/implications – The findings suggest that newer police training models may...
Aerosol-stable peptide-coated liposome nanoparticles: a proof-of-concept study with opioid fentanyl in enhancing analgesic effects and reducing plasma drug exposure.

Previously, we reported a novel pressurized olfactory drug (POD) delivery device that deposits aerosolized drug preferentially to upper nasal cavity. This POD device provided sustained central nervous system (CNS) levels of soluble morphine analgesic effects. However, analgesic onset of less soluble fentanyl was more rapid but brief, likely because of hydrophobic fentanyl redistribution readily back to blood. To determine whether fentanyl incorporated into an aerosol-stable liposome that binds to nasal epithelial cells will enhance CNS drug exposure and analgesic effects and reduce plasma exposure, we constructed Arg–Gly–Asp (RGD) liposomes anchored with acylated integrin-binding peptides (palmitoyl–Gly–Arg–Gly–Asp–Ser). The RGD liposomes, which assume gel phase membrane structure at 25°C, were stable under the stress of aerosolization as only 2.2 ± 0.5% calcein leakage was detected. The RGD-mediated integrin binding of liposome is also verified to be unaffected by aerosolization. Rats treated with fentanyl in RGD liposome and POD device exhibited greater analgesic effect, as compared with the free drug counterpart (AUCeffect = 1387.1% vs. 760.1% MPE*min), whereas approximately 20% reduced plasma drug exposure was noted (AUC0–120 = 208.2 vs. 284.8 ng min/mL). Collectively, fentanyl incorporated in RGD liposomes is physically and biologically stable under aerosolization, enhanced the overall analgesic effects, and reduced plasma drug exposure for the first 2 h. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 103:2231–2239, 2014
Composition gaps, critical crystallinity, and fractional crystallization in orogenic (calc-alkaline) magmatic systems

The recognition of a three-way correlation between magmatic SiO2 content, critical crystallinity, and the size (magnitude) of crystal fractionation-generated composition gaps in calc-alkaline magmatic systems suggests an important control of magmatic critical crystallinity on the formation of such composition gaps. To explain this correlation, it is proposed that fractionation-generated composition gaps are caused by: (1) simultaneous interior (i.e. non-substrate) crystallization and vigorous chamberwide convection which leads to progessive crystal suspension; (2) cessation of convection when the percentage of suspended crystals reaches the critical crystallinity of the magma, and; (3) eventual buoyancy-driven crystal-liquid segregation producing a discrete body of fractionated magma which is separated from the initial magma by a composition gap. This mechanism implies that many, if not most magma bodies are characterized by interior crystallization and vigorous convection, conditions which are not universally agreed upon at present. Given that such conditions characterize natural magma bodies, fractional crystallization through crystal settling in low-velocity boundary layers should be an important mechanism of fractional crystallization. In a crystallizing and convecting body of magma, composition gap formation should represent one endmember of a complete spectrum of possible evolutionary paths governed by the relative rates of crystal settling and crystal retention. As a given volcanic plumbing system matures with time, average settling/retention ratios within individual magma bodies should increase due to higher average wall-rock temperatures. It follows that, within a given volcanic center, early-stage volcanism should be more likely to display fractionation-generated composition gaps than later-stage volcanism. Such a temporal evolution has been documented at at least two Aleutian calc-alkaline volcanic centers.
On the theory and measurement of the determinants of mortality.

This article develops a model of mortality that shows how biological, demographic, and environmental factors interact to affect an individual’s probability of dying. To illustrate the usefulness of the model, we derive from it (as special cases) the Brass system of model life tables and the proportional-hazard mortality model and apply a logit version of the model to analyze the determinants of child mortality in Sri Lanka.
Investigation of the local response of the steel–concrete interface for corrosion measurement

Abstract An equivalent circuit representation for the steel–concrete interface is determined from direct potential measurements at the steel surface. The local response of steel–concrete interface to a given polarization applied at the concrete surface is investigated using an Ag/AgCl embedded reference electrode and a test system which allows simultaneous measurements at the steel–concrete interface and on the concrete surface. It is shown that the impedance spectrum on Nyquist plot for the steel–concrete interface comprises of a single arc. The equivalent circuit representation of the steel–concrete interface comprising of a parallel combination of a constant phase element (CPE) and a resistance was found to be suitable for representing the observed frequency response above 10 mHz. The parameters for the equivalent circuit obtained from the frequency-domain impedance measurements are shown to provide close prediction of the transient time-domain response from a linear polarization resistance measurement. The equivalent circuit was found to be suitable for interpreting the transient response of the steel–concrete interface during the linear polarization measurements. Available results indicate that while the response of steel undergoing active corrosion exhibits a distinctive CPE behavior, the passive steel approaches a pure capacitor. The value of resistance when the measured current increases linearly with time during a linear polarization measurement from the concrete surface provide acceptable measurements of the charge transfer resistance, and the Ohmic resistance of the concrete.
From inanimate matter to living systems

Since the early part of this century, the Genesis account of the origin and evolution of life has been explained as an extrapolation of astronomical and geochemical processes. The essence of the answer to date is a protoreproductive protocell of much biochemical and cytophysical competance. The processes of its origin, molecular ordering, and its functions are described. A crucial understanding is that of the nonrandomness of evolutionary processes at all stages (with perhaps a minor statistical component). In this way, evolution conflicts with statistical randomness; the latter is a favorite assumption of both scientific and creationistic critics of the proteinoid theory. The principle contribution of the proteinoid theory to the understanding of general biology is to particularize the view that evolutionary direction is rooted in the shapes of molecules, in stereochemistry. After molecules of the right kind first assembled to protocells, life in its various stages of evolution was an inevitable consequence. It is molecules that continue to assemble as part of living process and, in the role of enzymes, continue to direct life cycle of the cell.
recA-dependent genetic switch generated by transposon Tn10

Abstract We describe a new type of regulatory switch generated in bacteriophage lambda by transposon Tn10. By this switch, phage genes alternate reversibly between expressed and non-expressed states as the direct consequence of a reversible DNA rearrangement. The switch itself has arisen via Tn10-promoted recombination. The subsequent “flip-flop” in gene expression occurs by general recombination between two IS10 elements serving as “portable regions of homology”.
Studies on the hydrogen storage characteristic of La1−xCex(NiCoMnAlCuSiZr)5.7 with a B2 secondary phase

Abstract Six alloys with Ce partially substituting for La, having nominal alloy compositions of La15−xCexNi68.7Co4.7Mn4.3Al5.6Cu1.2Zr0.2Si0.3 (x = 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10), were prepared by induction melting. The structure, chemical composition, gaseous phase hydrogen storage, and electrochemical properties of these alloys in the as-cast and annealed (960 °C for 10 h in vacuum) states were investigated. It was found that both the hydrogen reactions in the gaseous phase and the electrochemistry of these Pr, Nd-free hyper-stoichiometric alloys were dominated by the “synergetic effect” between the AB5 main phase and a B2 (close to AlMnNi2) secondary phase (3–9 vol.%). As the abundance of the B2 secondary phase decreased with the annealing process, although the gaseous phase storage capacities improved, all the electrochemical properties (capacity, high-rate dischargeability, surface exchange current, and hydrogen diffusion in the bulk) deteriorated. Besides, with the increase in Ce-content (less La), the unit cell volume of the AB5 main phase decreased, the c/a ratio in the same phase increased, the abundance of the B2 secondary phase increased, the hydrogen equilibrium pressure and the hydride entropy and enthalpy increased, and the maximum and reversible gaseous phase hydrogen storage capacities and the electrochemical discharge capacity increased first and then decreased. The surface exchange currents of the as-cast alloys were higher than those from the annealed alloys. Both the as-cast and annealed alloys showed higher hydrogen bulk diffusion coefficients (up to four times) than that from an AB5 sample.
Relationship between laying sequence and mercury concentration in tree swallow eggs.

When female birds lay eggs, some of their body burden of mercury is eliminated into each egg, potentially leading to declining mercury across the clutch. However, there was no decline in mercury with laying sequence in clutches of tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) eggs at a mercury-contaminated site, presumably due to daily replenishment of mercury in females during laying. Sampling just one egg from the nest provided an accurate measure of clutch mercury contamination. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1155–1159. © 2010 SETAC
Effect of Inverted Body Position on Intraocular Pressure

We evaluated changes in intraocular pressure in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma after inversion into a totally dependent position with the head down and compared them with the changes in intraocular pressure in healthy nonglaucomatous eyes. Five minutes after inversion, intraocular pressure increased from 16.8 mm Hg ±2.8 (sitting) to 32.9 mm Hg ± 7.9 in normal eyes and from 21.3 mm Hg ± 2.3 (sitting) to 37.6 mm Hg ± 5.0 in glaucomatous eyes. Although visual fields were unchanged after inversion, glaucomatous eyes may be particularly susceptible to such changes and unable to withstand the transient but significant increase in intraocular pressure that occurs after assuming an inverted position. We recommend that patients with ocular hypertension or glaucoma refrain from this activity.
Quantum transport equations for two-band semiconductor systems☆

Abstract Employing nonequilibrium Green's functions and the equation of motion technique, transport equations for two-band semiconductor systems are derived and their physical significance is discussed.
Item Context and /s/ Phone Articulation Test Results

Fourteen children who misarticulated some phones of the /s/ phoneme were tape recorded articulating several lists of items involving /s/. The lists included the Mc-Donald Deep Test for /s/, three l...
The Channel Design Decision: A Model and an Application

This paper proposes a channel design model based on the notion that distribution functions are the basic determinants of channel structure. The purpose of the model is to assist manufacturers in making effective channel decisions. The model evaluates what distribution structure the firm should adopt, how many intermediaries it should use, and what levels of service it should offer its customers. The proposed model-based decision approach is illustrated with an industrial marketing application. First, parameters were established for the model, using a combination of field data and managerial judgment. Next, the model was used to optimize profits over several channel alternatives. The profit-maximizing alternative determined the optimal channel structure, distribution intensity, and channel service. The implications of the model results for the manufacturer are discussed.
Net movements of monovalent and bivalent cations, and their relation to energy metabolism, in slices of hepatoma 3924A and of a mammary tumour.

1. During incubation at 1° in saline medium buffered either with phosphate or bicarbonate, slices of Morris hepatoma 3924A, and of a chemically induced tumour of rat mammary gland, lost K+ and gained Na+, Ca2+ and water. 2. Upon subsequent incubation at 38° in oxygenated medium, these changes were partially reversed. In the hepatoma, the reaccumulation of K+ was equally efficient in phosphate or bicarbonate medium, and in the presence and absence of glucose. Ca2+ was extruded in bicarbonate, but not in phosphate medium, and its extrusion was reduced in the presence of glucose. 3. When respiration was inhibited in the presence of glucose, K+ transport by the hepatoma continued to an extent which varied with the glycolytic activity of the slices, suggesting that the rate of ATP synthesis was a limiting factor under these conditions. 4. In the absence of glucose, the transport of Na+ and K+ was completely stopped by respiratory inhibition. However, more than 50% of the O2 uptake had to be inhibited before any effect on transport was observed, suggesting that the rate of synthesis of ATP from endogenous respiration is in excess of that required to maintain transport. 5. Inhibition of transport by ouabain was accompanied by a 30% fall in the rate of endogenous respiration, and by a fall of 33% in the rate of glycolysis in the presence of cyanide plus glucose. 6. Comparison of the minimum rates of respiration and of glycolysis (in the presence of glucose plus cyanide) required to maintain the maximal extent of K+ transport in the hepatoma slices, suggests that ATP derived from oxidative phosphorylation or from anaerobic glycolysis is equally efficient as a source of energy for ion transport.
Structuring Employment Interviews to Improve Reliability, Validity, and Users' Reactions

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