cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling Np and Pu transport with a surface complexation model and spatially variant sorption capacities: implications for reactive transport modeling and performance assessments of nuclear waste disposal sites

One-dimensional (1D) geochemical transport modeling is used to demonstrate the effects of speciation and sorption reactions on the ground-water transport of Np and Pu, two redox-sensitive elements. Earlier 1D simulations (Reardon, 1981) considered the kinetically limited dissolution of calcite and its effect on ion-exchange reactions (involving 90Sr, Ca, Na, Mg and K), and documented the spatial variation of a 90Sr partition coefficient under both transient and steady-state chemical conditions. In contrast, the simulations presented here assume local equilibrium for all reactions, and consider sorption on constant potential, rather than constant charge, surfaces. Reardon's (1981) seminal findings on the spatial and temporal variability of partitioning (of 90Sr) are reexamined and found partially caused by his assumption of a kinetically limited reaction.In the present work, sorption is assumed the predominant retardation process controlling Pu and Np transport, and is simulated using a diffuse-double-layer-surface-complexation (DDLSC) model. Transport simulations consider the infiltration of Np- and Pu-contaminated waters into an initially uncontaminated environment, followed by the cleanup of the resultant contamination with uncontaminated water. Simulations are conducted using different spatial distributions of sorption capacities (with the same total potential sorption capacity, but with different variances and spatial correlation structures). Results obtained differ markedly from those that would be obtained in transport simulations using constant Kd, Langmuir or Freundlich sorption models. When possible, simulation results (breakthrough curves) are fitted to a constant Kd advection-dispersion transport model and compared. Functional differences often are great enough that they prevent a meaningful fit of the simulation results with a constant Kd (or even a Langmuir or Freundlich) model, even in the case of Np, a weakly sorbed radionuclide under the simulation conditions. Functional behaviors that cannot be fit include concentration trend reversals and radionuclide desorption spikes. Other simulation results are fit successfully but the fitted parameters (Kd and dispersivity) vary significantly depending on simulation conditions (e.g. "infiltration" vs. "cleanup" conditions). Notably, an increase in the variance of the specified sorption capacities results in a marked increase in the dispersion of the radionuclides.The results presented have implications for the simulation of radionuclide migration in performance assessments of nuclear waste-disposal sites, for the future monitoring of those sites, and more generally for modeling contaminant transport in ground-water environments.
An analysis of formal mentoring programs and perceived barriers to obtaining a mentor at large public accounting firms

One way for firms to promote the mentoring of employees is to establish formal programs that match employees with potential mentors. Whether employees are satisfied with such formal mentoring is an empirical question. This paper examines that issue as well as whether formal mentoring programs serve to reduce perceived barriers to obtaining a mentor. The study is based on survey data obtained from 723 respondents currently working at the major public accounting firms. The study found that certain methods for matching potential mentors and prote´ge´s, as well as certain formal structures (e.g., meeting regularly and setting goals and objectives), are associated with greater mentorship satisfaction by employees. Also, the study found evidence that employees exposed to formal mentoring programs perceive no more barriers to obtaining a mentor than employees who develop informal mentoring relationships. No evidence was found suggesting that female employees, compared to males, perceived greater barriers to obta...
Characterization of compositional oscillations in InGaAs films induced by MBE cell configuration and substrate rotation

We examine compositional non-uniformities in InGaAs films grown on InP substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of samples cut near the edge of the wafer show periodic bands of contrast typical of a superlattice. Flux variations across the wafer lead to mole fraction oscillations that are dependent on the growth rate and substrate rotation speed. Without careful analysis, this film morphology could be mischaracterized as spontaneous ordering due to strain effects.
2AFC assessment of contrast threshold for a standardized target using a monochrome LCD monitor

The DICOM Gray Scale Display Function (GSDF) relates display contrast to the contrast threshold derived from the Barton Model (C BM ) of the human visual system. We have measured the contrast threshold (C T ) using a monochrome medical LCD monitor and graphics card under the conditions defined by the DICOM standard and compared the results to the Barten Model. A two Alternative Forced Choice (2AFC) observer performance test was used to measure contrast threshold. The 2AFC tests were given once to a large group of observers with varied medical imaging experience. A small subset of this group was tested multiple times over several months in order to examine intraobserver variability. The mean relative contrast (C T /C BM ) associated with a 75% detection rate was found to be 0.508, with a standard deviation of 0.176. For the intraobserver tests, results improved after the first 3 trials. The mean C T /C BM values (and standard deviation) for the next 9 tests were 0.0980 (0.107), 0.244 (0.0928), and 0.398 (0.0855). The results indicate that contrast substantially less than 1 C T /C BM is detected based on the statistical criteria used. This can be explained based on the criteria for detection used in the classical observer tests that form the basis for the Barten model. Additionally, our data indicates significant differences amongst observers.
Bandwidth-Constrained Allocation in Grid Computing

Grid computing systems pool together the resources of many workstations to create a virtual computing reservoir. Users can “draw” resources from this reservoir using a pay-as-you-go model, commonly used for utilities (electricity and water). We model such a system as a capacitated graph, and study a basic allocation problem: given a set of jobs, each demanding computing and bandwidth resources and yielding a profit, determine which feasible subset of jobs yields the maximum total profit.
An inference-based model of word meaning in context as a paraphrase distribution

Graded models of word meaning in context characterize the meaning of individual usages (occurrences) without reference to dictionary senses. We introduce a novel approach that frames the task of computing word meaning in context as a probabilistic inference problem. The model represents the meaning of a word as a probability distribution over potential paraphrases, inferred using an undirected graphical model. Evaluated on paraphrasing tasks, the model achieves state-of-the-art performance.
The Art of Mixing with an Admixture of Art: Viewing Creativity Through P. V. Danckwerts's Early Work

P V. Danckwerts's work provides a springboard for an examination of issues dealing with creativity in research and acceptance of new viewpoints. When is a concept ready to be embraced and to what extent can an advance be premature? I argue that the visual arts offer thought-provoking analogies and examples are used to illustrate various points.
Amino acid-peptide-catalyzed enantioselective Morita-Baylis-Hillman reactions

Abstract Peptide-based catalysts in the presence of proline as co-catalyst have been found to catalyze the enantioselective ketone-based Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction. The co-catalyst combination has afforded catalysis where enantioselectivities of up to 81% have been obtained.
Matrix isolation study of the oxidation of diborane: synthesis of boroxin H3B3O3 and its 18O labeled counterparts

Abstract The matrix isolation technique has been employed in an attempt to characterize intermediates formed during the pyrolysis and pyrolytic oxidation of B 2 H 6 . Samples were passed through a pyrolysis zone heated to as high as 350°C. When no oxygen was present, complete decomposition of the parent diborane was observed, with no new product species. Under these conditions, it is likely that elemental boron and H 2 are the dominant products. Pyrolysis of samples containing B 2 H 6 and O 2 led to a strong absorption near 1380 cm −1 , which is assigned by comparison to literature spectra to boroxin, H 3 B 3 O 3 . 18 O Data have been obtained for the latter species and are used to support a D 3h structure for the compound.
Laryngeal dysplasia. A clinicopathologic study.

Background. Histologic changes that may predict irreversible neoplastic transformation remain poorly defined for lesions of the larynx. To date, more than 20 schemes for the classification of laryngeal dysplasia have been proposed, yet no one system has gained wide acceptance. This has led to considerable confusion in defining the pathogenesis of this process and controversy in selecting the optimal management strategy of patients with premalignant changes of the larynx. Methods. A detailed and systematic review was made of 125 laryngeal biopsies from 62 patients with laryngeal squamous cell dysplasia who received long term follow-up (mean, 74 months). Various histopathologic parameters were assessed in an attempt to define the prognostic importance of each parameter for progression from atypia to invasive carcinoma. Results. Five parameters were found to be significantly different when comparing lesions that progressed to carcinoma with those that remained stable or resolved: abnormal mitotic figures, mitotic activity, stromal inflammation, maturation level, and nuclear pleomorphism. Surface morphology, nucleolar prominence, and koilocytosis were not significantly different when comparing the two groups. Surface keratin formation did not suggest improved prognosis for patients with lesions with other features of dysplasia. Conclusions. These findings suggest that within the laryngeal glottis, severe keratinizing dysplasia occurs more frequently than does classic carcinoma in situ, and both entities likely represent intraepithelial neoplastic transformation. Cancer 1995;75:457-63.
Digit span and alpha frequency: a cross-validation.

Evidence is adduced supporting two propositions involving the relation of individual Wechsler subtest scores to “normal level.” (1) Brain-damaged subjects perform on Digit Symbol at least 2 WTS points below their apparent normal level. (2) A positive relation exists between the difference score, Digit Span minus normal level, and the frequency of the occipital EEG for non-brain-damaged subjects.
Insulin response during the oral glucose tolerance test: The role of age, sex, body fat and the pattern of fat distribution

To clarify their primary roles on insulin response to oral glucose, age and sex differences in body composition should be taken into account. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on 472 men and 299 women of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, ranging in age from 20 to 96 years. Subjects who were taking medications or had any diseases which could affect glucose tolerance were excluded. In addition to insulin and glucose values for the glucose tolerance test, we calculated body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat from skinfolds (% Body Fat), waist hip ratio (WHR), mean glucose level over the 2-hour test (GM), the basal insulin (IO), and the mean insulin response over the 2-hour test (IM). There was no significant sex difference in mean age, but men had significantly higher BMI (25.6 vs 24.0 kg/m2), WHR (0.93 vs 0.76), and GM (8.5 vs 7.7 mM), while % Body Fat was lower (25% vs 33%). Unadjusted IO and IM levels were significantly higher in men than in women (51 vs 44 and 303 vs 231 pM--antilogs of log-normalized values). Insulin levels, adjusted for differences in age, % Body Fat, WHR, and GM by analysis of covariance, however, showed no sex differences (49 vs 46 and 282 vs 257 pM). Adjusted insulin levels declined significantly with age; IM fell progressively from 323 pM in 20 to 39-year olds, 267 pM in 40 to 59-year, 253 pM in 60 to 79-year, and 228 pM in 80 to 96-year olds (p < 0.01). We conclude that the sex differences in insulin levels are explained by differences in body habitus and post-load glucose levels, but that insulin levels decline with age per se.
Lattice simulations of the thermodynamics of strongly interacting elementary particles and the exploration of new phases of matter in relativistic heavy ion collisions

At high temperatures or densities matter formed by strongly interacting elementary particles (hadronic matter) is expected to undergo a transition to a new form of matter - the quark gluon plasma - in which elementary particles (quarks and gluons) are no longer confined inside hadrons but are free to propagate in a thermal medium much larger in extent than the typical size of a hadron. The transition to this new form of matter as well as properties of the plasma phase are studied in large scale numerical calculations based on the theory of strong interactions - Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD). Experimentally properties of hot and dense elementary particle matter are studied in relativistic heavy ion collisions such as those currently performed at the relativistic heavy ion collider (RHIC) at BNL. We review here recent results from studies of thermodynamic properties of strongly interacting elementary particle matter performed on Teraflops-Computer. We present results on the QCD equation of state and discuss the status of studies of the phase diagram at non-vanishing baryon number density.
Hypervalent iodine oxidation: α-Functionalization of β-dicarbonyl compounds using iodosobenzene

Abstract Hypervalent iodine oxidation of β-diketones and β-ketoesters with iodosobenzene-boron trifluoride etherate in chloroform using appropriate nucleophiles results In α-functionalization. Benzoylacetone on reaction with iodosobenzene or iodosobenzene boron trifluoride-etherate in methanol yields α-methoxyacetophenone ( 9 ) and methyl phenylacetate ( 10 ). The possible mechanisms for these reactions are discussed.
Denoising medical imagery using a novel framework

We proposed a novel framework that allows a method optimized for white noise to be used for denoising CT imagery. We considered low-dose x-ray CT imagery where lowering the dose of x-rays results in an increase in quantum noise. We first denoised an image independently several times using different parameters. Then, we selected pixels from those denoised images to form a final composite image. We produced results using blockmatching denoising, but in principle other methods could work within this framework, as well. The proposed method was able to better reproduce regions of low-contrast than the conventional BM3D approach.
Pathway concepts experiment for head-down synthetic vision displays

Eight 757 commercial airline captains flew 22 approaches using the Reno Sparks 16R Visual Arrival under simulated Category I conditions. Approaches were flown using a head-down synthetic vision display to evaluate four tunnel ("minimal", "box", "dynamic pathway", "dynamic crow's feet") and three guidance ("ball", "tadpole", "follow-me aircraft") concepts and compare their efficacy to a baseline condition (i.e., no tunnel, ball guidance). The results showed that the tunnel concepts significantly improved pilot performance and situation awareness and lowered workload compared to the baseline condition. The dynamic crow's feet tunnel and follow-me aircraft guidance concepts were found to be the best candidates for future synthetic vision head-down displays. These results are discussed with implications for synthetic vision display design and future research.
Diffusion without vacancies or interstitials: a new concerted exchange mechanism

We present a novel concerted exchange mechanism for the diffusion of substitutional atoms in semiconductors that does not involve any defects. For self-diffusion in Si we show that this mechanism is energetically favorable and is able to account for a number of experimental observations. Implication for the diffusion of substitutional dopants is discussed.
The independent effects of hyperandrogenaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, and obesity on lipid and lipoprotein profiles in women

We performed this study to clarify the independent effects of hyperandrogenaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, and obesity on lipid and lipoprotein levels in women with hyperandrogenaemia (HA) and anovulation which we designated as the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO). We examined fasting lipid, lipoprotein, sex hormone and insulin levels in 38 women (21 obese (ob), 17 non-obese (nob] with HA and anovulation (PCO) and 38 normal ovulatory women (21 obese, 17 non-obese), matched for age and weight. The women with PCO had significantly increased androgen levels compared to the normal women. However, total oestradiol levels were similar in the PCO and normal women. Mean fasting insulin levels and 2-h glucose levels (both P less than 0.001) were significantly higher in ob PCO women. There were significant decreases (P less than or equal to 0.01) in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in both the obese groups (ob PCO and ob normal) compared to the non-obese (nob PCO and nob normal) groups. Otherwise, mean lipid and lipoprotein levels did not differ in the ob or the nob PCO women compared to the control groups. The correlations between sex hormone, lipid and lipoprotein levels differed in the four groups of women. After statistical adjustment for potential hormonal interactions, nob PCO women had significant positive correlations between testosterone and LDL levels (R = 0.51, P less than 0.05) and insulin and TTG levels (R = 0.61, P less than 0.01). Ob normal women had a significant positive correlation between oestrone and TTG levels (R = 0.44, P less than or equal to 0.05). We conclude that (1) PCO women are in a low to risk for CVD primarily because of the increased prevalence of obesity rather than the reproductive hormone abnormalities associated with this disorder. However, by their lipid profiles, the PCO women were still in a low to intermediate risk group for CVD.
Diameter, width, closest line pair, and parametric searching

We apply Megiddo's parametric searching technique to several geometric optimization problems and derive significantly improved solutions for them. We obtain, for any fixed ?>0, anO(n1+?) algorithm for computing the diameter of a point set in 3-space, anO(8/5+?) algorithm for computing the width of such a set, and onO(n8/5+?) algorithm for computing the closest pair in a set ofn lines in space. All these algorithms are deterministic.
γ rays from an extranuclear direct capture process

Abstract Direct electric dipole capture γ-ray transitions are calculated for a numbers of cases of charged particle capture in nuclei. It is found that when the γ-ray energy is sufficiently low — below about 2 MeV — the capture matrix element is determined by regions external to the usual “nuclear radius”. A number of cases of this type are discussed and the calculations compared with experiment. The calculations are extended to the keV region in those cases when the process is of astrophysical interest.
Asymmetric synthesis of both enantiomers of α-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinebutanol: Potential antipsychotic agents

Abstract Asymmetric syntheses of both enantiomers of the potential antipsychotic agent, α-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(2-pyrimidynyl)-1-piperazinebutanol, have been achieved via the chiral reduction of 4-chloro-4′-fluorobutyrophenone with (+)- and (−)-DIP-Chloride as the key step.
Application of Flash Welding to a Titanium Aluminide Alloy—Microstructural Evaluations

Alpha-two titanium aluminides represent strong candidates for replacing many conventional titanium and nickel-base superalloys for intermediate temperature applications. One potential application of these alloys is turbine engine rings. Nonrotating rings of this type are typically manufactured by flash butt welding. The performance of welds in this alloy are known to be strongly affected by the weld microstructure. Welding processes that result in very slow cooling rates yield relatively coarse Widmanstatten-type microstructure(s) which generally yields acceptable weld performance. Processes that result in intermediate cooling rates, however, result in acicular alpha-two martensite microstructures. These microstructures have very little ductility and lead to reduced weld performance. Finally, for processes where the cooling rate is very rapid, the weld microstructure is a retained ordered beta phase, which apparently results in improved weld properties.Copyright © 1991 by ASME
Measuring Rents and Interest Rate Risk in Imperfect Financial Markets: The Case of Retail Bank Deposits

Traditional measures of interest rate risk assume that prices of financial assets and liabilities are set in perfectly competitive markets. However, evidence suggests that many retail financial markets do not follow the competitive paradigm. In this paper, we employ a general contingent claims framework to value rents earned by banks in demandable retail deposit markets. Our analysis provides a natural and economically meaningful measure of interest rate risk for these imperfectly competitive markets. Using monthly survey data on NOW accounts and MMDAs, we estimate the value of retail deposit rents and deposit durations for more than 200 commercial banks.
Thermochemistry of some binary alloys of noble metals (Cu, Ag, Au) and transition metals by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry

Abstract The standard enthalpies of formation of some noble metal–transition metal compounds have been measured by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry at 1372 K. The following results (in kJ/mol of atoms) are reported; Cu51Zr14, −24.3±2.2; Cu3Pd, −7.6±1.2; Cu51Hf14, −22.9±2.3; Cu3Pt, −10.8±1.1; AgTi, −1.6±2.4; AgTi2, −2.3±1.1; Ag2Y, −26.6±1.2; Au2Sc, −83.4±1.8; Au4Sc, −57.3±1.5; AuMn, −25.3±1.7; Au2Y, −84.6±1.8; Au3Y, −69.1±1.9; Au3Pd, −7.9±1.9. The results are compared with some earlier experimental values obtained by EMF, by vapor pressure and by calorimetry. They are also compared with the predicted values of Miedema and coworkers. We will present a systematic picture of how the enthalpies of formation may be related to the atomic number of the transition metal.
Anti de Sitter geometry and strongly coupled gauge theories

Abstract We propose supergravity duals to non-trivial fixed points of the renormalization group in three dimensions with ADE global symmetries. All the fixed point symmetries are identified with space-time symmetries.
Relativistic many-body Hamiltonian approach to mesons

We represent QCD at the hadronic scale by means of an effective Hamiltonian, H, formulated in the Coulomb gauge. As in the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model, chiral symmetry is explicitly broken, however our approach is renormalizable and also includes confinement through a linear potential with slope specified by lattice gauge theory. This interaction generates an infrared integrable singularity and we detail the computationally intensive procedure necessary for numerical solution. We focus upon applications for the u, d, s and c quark flavors and compute the mass spectrum for the pseudoscalar, scalar and vector mesons. We also perform a comparative study of alternative many-body techniques for approximately diagonalizing, H: BCS for the vacuum ground state; TDA and RPA for the excited hadron states. The Dirac structure of the field theoretical Hamiltonian naturally generates spin dependent interactions, including tensor, spin-orbit and hyperfine, and we clarify the degree of level splitting due to both spin and chiral symmetry effects. Significantly, we find that roughly two thirds of the pi-rho mass difference is due to chiral symmetry and that only the RPA preserves chiral symmetry. We also document how hadronic mass scales are generated by chiral symmetry breaking in the model vacuum. In addition to the vacuum condensates, we compute meson decay constants and detail the Nambu-Goldstone realization of chiral symmetry by numerically verifying the Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner relation.
The impact of maturity regulation on high interest rate lenders and borrowers

Abstract The State of Maine recently imposed an additional regulation on the maturity of small loans offered by finance companies, presumably to protect the consumer. The effectively restricted the maturity of these high interest rate loans to 36 months. Within five years, the number of licensees (finance company offices) declined from 116 to 24. Within another five years, all of these lenders had completely ceased operations. Hypotheses on the effect and value to consumers of the regulation are stated operationally and tested empirically. This study includes estimation of the loan companies' cost function, (accounting) profit rates and output and a survey of the individuals directly affected by the demise of the companies. The analysis indicates (1) that the maturity restriction made ordinary operations unprofitable, (2) why this occurred, and (3) that half of the consumers did not obtain funds elsewhere.
Shape memory ceramic actuation of adaptive structures

Field-induced phase transitions in electroceramics with the advantages of large strain and shape memory are investigated as a mechanism for structural actuation. Several lanthanum and niobium doped lead zirconate stannate titanate compositions were manufactured and studied. The dependence of the material response on various factors relevant to structural actuation has been examined. Factors such as induced stress, actuation frequency, and temperature play an important role in the response of the material. A prototype adaptive structure using shape memory ceramic active materials has been constructed, tested, and used to validate model predictions.
Improved assumed‐stress hybrid shell element with drilling degrees of freedom for linear stress, buckling and free vibration analyses

An improved four-node quadrilateral assumed-stress hybrid shell element with drilling degrees of freedom is presented. The formulation is based on Hellinger-Reissner variational principle and the shape functions are formulated directly for the four-node element. The element has 12 membrane degrees of freedom and 12 bending degrees of freedom. It has nine independent stress parameters to describe the membrane stress resultant field and 13 independent stress parameters to describe the moment and transverse shear stress resultant field. The formulation encompasses linear stress, linear buckling, and linear free vibration problems. The element is validated with standard tests cases and is shown to be robust. Numerical results are presented for linear stress, buckling, and free vibration analyses.
Priorities of ophthalmic research.

The purpose of research is to uncover truths, that is to describe reality validly. But all truths are not equally generalizable, and all research is not equally justifiable. For example, the value of
A hybrid transform method for analysis/synthesis of speech

Abstract In this paper, a hybrid transform method for analysis/synthesis and coding of speech signals is proposed. A finite number of Fourier functions is used to represent frame-by-frame the selective (narrow-band) components of speech. The broadband residual is characterized by a small number of Walsh functions. An iterative algorithm, to determine the frequency and sequency components in a systematic manner, is derived. This is employed for speech coding at 16 kbit/s and 9.6 kbit/s. The hybrid transform method produces natural sounding speech which is indistinguishable from the original at 16 kbit/s and highly intelligible at 9.6 kbit/s.
Hereditary properties of partitions, ordered graphs and ordered hypergraphs

In this paper we use the Klazar-Marcus-Tardos method (see [A. Marcus, G. Tardos, Excluded permutation matrices and the Stanley-Wilf conjecture. J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 107 (2004) 153-160]) to prove that, if a hereditary property of partitions P has super-exponential speed, then, for every k- permutation π, P contains the partition of |2k| with parts {{i, π(i) + k} : i ∈ ⌈ k ⌉}. We also prove a similar jump, from exponential to factorial, in the possible speeds of monotone properties of ordered graphs, and of hereditary properties of ordered graphs not containing large complete, or complete bipartite ordered graphs.Our results generalize the Stanley-Wilf conjecture on the number of n-permutations avoiding a fixed permutation, which was recently proved by the combined results of Klazar [M. Klazar, The Furedi-Hajnal conjecture implies the Stanley-Wilf conjecture, in: D. Krob, A.A. Mikhalev, A.V. Mikhalev (Eds.), Formal Power Series and Algebraic Combinatorics, Springer, Berlin, 2000, pp. 250-255] and Marcus and Tardos [A. Marcus, G. Tardos, Excluded permutation matrices and the Stanley-Wilf conjecture, J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 107 (2004) 153-160]. Our main results follow from a generalization to ordered hypergraphs of the theorem of Marcus and Tardos.
Velocity Dispersions and Dynamical Masses for a Large Sample of Quiescent Galaxies at z > 1: Improved Measures of the Growth in Mass and Size

We present Keck LRIS spectroscopy for a sample of 103 massive (M > 10^(10.6) M☉) galaxies with redshifts 0.9 < z < 1.6. Of these, 56 are quiescent with high signal-to-noise absorption line spectra, enabling us to determine robust stellar velocity dispersions for the largest sample yet available beyond a redshift of 1. Together with effective radii measured from deep Hubble Space Telescope images, we calculate dynamical masses and address key questions relating to the puzzling size growth claimed by many observers for quiescent galaxies over the redshift interval 0 < z < 2. Our large sample provides the first opportunity to carefully examine the relationship between stellar and dynamical masses at high redshift. We find this relation closely follows that determined locally. We also confirm the utility of the locally established empirical calibration which enables high-redshift velocity dispersions to be estimated photometrically, and we determine its accuracy to be 35%. To address recent suggestions that progenitor bias—the continued arrival of recently quenched larger galaxies—can largely explain the size evolution of quiescent galaxies, we examine the growth at fixed velocity dispersion assuming this quantity is largely unaffected by the merger history. Using the velocity dispersion-age relation observed in the local universe, we demonstrate that significant size and mass growth have clearly occurred in individual systems. Parameterizing the relation between mass and size growth over 0 < z < 1.6 as R ∝ M^α, we find α = 1.6 ± 0.3, in agreement with theoretical expectations from simulations of minor mergers. Relaxing the assumption that the velocity dispersion is unchanging, we examine growth assuming a constant ranking in galaxy velocity dispersion. This approach is applicable only to the large-dispersion tail of the distribution, but yields a consistent growth rate of α = 1.4 ± 0.2. Both methods confirm that progenitor bias alone is insufficient to explain our new observations and that quiescent galaxies have grown in both size and stellar mass over 0 < z < 1.6.
Diversification strategy and profitability

Prior work has shown an association between diversification strategy and profitability. This paper replicates that association using more recent and complete data and goes on to investigate the sources of the association. Theoretical arguments are advanced which predict the association which will remain once the effects of varying industry profitability are removed. Empirical tests verify this prediction and permit the discrimination between the effects of industry and diversification strategy on profitability.
On the recoverability of risk and time preferences from consumption and asset demands

Abstract We establish sufficient conditions for the recoverability and uniqueness of utility functions performing generating consumption and asset demands in a two-period setting under uncertainty.
Characterization of Reactive Intermediates by Multinuclear Diffusion-Ordered NMR Spectroscopy (DOSY)

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is the most powerful and widely utilized technique for determining molecular structure. Although traditional NMR data analysis involves the correlation of chemical shift, coupling constant, and NOE interactions to specific structural features, a largely overlooked method introduced more than 40 years ago, pulsed gradient spin−echo (PGSE), measures diffusion coefficients of molecules in solution, thus providing their relative particle sizes. In the early 1990s, the PGSE sequence was incorporated into a two-dimensional experiment, dubbed diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY), in which one dimension represents chemical shift data while the second dimension resolves species by their diffusion properties. This combination provides a powerful tool for identifying individual species in a multicomponent solution, earning the nickname “chromatography by NMR”. In this Account, we describe our efforts to utilize DOSY techniques to characterize organometallic reactive intermediate...
Singular Monge-Ampère foliations

This paper generalizes results of Lempert and Szoke on the structure of the singular set of a solution of the homogeneous Monge-Ampere equation on a Stein manifold. Their a priori assumption that the singular set has maximum dimension is shown to be a consequence of regularity of the solution. In addition, their requirement that the square of the solution be C 3 everywhere is replaced by a smoothness condition on the blowup of the singular set. Under these conditions, the singular set is shown to inherit a Finsler metric, which in the real analytic case uniquely determines the solution of the Monge-Ampere equation. These results are proved using techniques from contact geometry.
Individual differences in the perception of final consonant voicing among native and non-native speakers of English

In two previous papers published in Journal of Phonetics, we presented findings concerning perception and production of devoicing by native speakers of Mandarin (Hayes-Harb, Smith, Bent, & Bradlow, 2008) and native speakers of German (Smith, Hayes-Harb, Bruss, & Harker, 2009), who were learning English as a second language (L2). As with most studies dealing with the acquisition of L2 speech perception and production, we reported findings concerning general patterns among the various groups of listeners and speakers. We have subsequently come to appreciate that although averages across groups of subjects allow for useful generalizations, it is important to be cautious in drawing strong conclusions about the nature of L2 speech perception and production based only on group data, e.g., inferring that all subjects show essentially the same pattern as represented by group averages. The purpose of the present investigation was to re-examine speech perception patterns for the English word-final voicing contrast among the native English and non-native speakers/listeners from the Hayes-Harb et al. (2008) and Smith et al. (2009) studies in greater detail and to emphasize the importance of evaluating the performance of individual listeners along with group data in future research.
VINYLALUMINATION OF ACTIVATED CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

Abstract [α-(Ethoxycarbonyl)vinyl]diisobutylaluminum and its β-methyl and -phenyl analogs react with activated ketones, such as α-keto esters, α-acyl cyanides, and α-acetylenic ketones to provide the corresponding α-hydroxyalkenylated products in high yields.
The experimental status of glueballs

Glueballs and other resonances with large gluonic components are predicted as bound states by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). The lightest (scalar) glueball is estimated to have a mass in the range from 1 to 2 GeV/c 2 ; a pseudoscalar and tensor glueball are expected at higher masses. Many dierent experiments exploiting a large variety of production mechanisms have presented results in recent years on light mesons with J PC = 0 ++ , 0 + , and 2 ++ quantum numbers. This review looks at the experimental status of glueballs. Good evidence exists for a scalar glueball which is mixed with nearby mesons, but a full understanding is still missing. Evidence for tensor and pseudoscalar glueballs are weak at best. Theoretical expectations of phenomenological models and QCD on the lattice are briey discussed.
Fun with Fonts: Algorithmic Typography

Over the past decade, we have designed five typefaces based on mathematical theorems and open problems, specifically computational geometry. These typefaces expose the general public in a unique way to intriguing results and hard problems in hinged dissections, geometric tours, origami design, physical simulation, and protein folding. In particular, most of these typefaces include puzzle fonts, where reading the intended message requires solving a series of puzzles which illustrate the challenge of the underlying algorithmic problem.
Influence of fluorine substitution on the properties of metal chelate compounds—II copper(II) chelates of tetradentate ligands☆

Abstract The ultraviolet, visible, and infrared absorption spectra of six β-diketones and their copper(II) chelates are presented and discussed in relation to the structure of these molecules. Infrared assignments are made. The 300-mμ bands of the metal chelates are shown to be shifted enolate ion absorptions. The order of magnitude and direction of those shifts are predicted correctly by a simple molecular orbital-electrostatic calculation. Visible chelate spectra are correlated with the nature of the chelating agent. The correlation agrees with crystal-field theory predictions. Preparations of most substances studied are described in full, as are some problems arising from the preparations.
DIB—a distributed implementation of backtracking

DIB is a general-purpose package that allows a wide range of applications such as recursive backtrack, branch and bound, and alpha-beta search to be implemented on a multicomputer. It is very easy to use. The application program needs to specify only the root of the recursion tree, the computation to be performed at each node, and how to generate children at each node. In addition, the application program may optionally specify how to synthesize values of tree nodes from their children's values and how to disseminate information (such as bounds) either globally or locally in the tree. DIB uses a distributed algorithm, transparent to the application programmer, that divides the problem into subproblems and dynamically allocates them to any number of (potentially nonhomogeneous) machines. This algorithm requires only minimal support from the distributed operating system. DIB can recover from failures of machines even if they are not detected. DIB currently runs on the Crystal multicomputer at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Many applications have been implemented quite easily, including exhaustive traversal (N queens, knight's tour, negamax tree evaluation), branch and bound (traveling salesman) and alpha-beta search (the game of NIM). Speedup is excellent for exhaustive traversal and quite good for branch and bound.
The Formation of Massive Cluster Galaxies

We present composite 3.6 and 4.5 μm luminosity functions (LFs) for cluster galaxies measured from the Spitzer Deep, Wide-Field Survey for 0.3 5σ) disagreement between the measured LF and the continuation of the passive evolution model from lower redshifts. After considering potential systematic biases that might influence our highest redshift data points, we interpret the observed deviation as potential evidence for ongoing mass assembly at this epoch.
An automated technique for conducting a total system study

In conjunction with a comprehensive analysis of the data processing at an Air Force Base, a system study technique was developed which utilized EAM equipment for recording and analyzing all primary data processing applications. The study effort also included the initial postulation of a total data processing system.The automated study technique facilitated systems analysis by: relating significant data, providing thorough analyses of existing systems, simplifying documentation correction, and automatically preparing flow charts.The study technique is completely independent of the data processing complex being analyzed, the organization involved, the mission it supports, and hardware considerations.
STRUCTURE OF PHOSPHOLIPID MONOLAYERS CONTAINING POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) LIPIDS AT THE AIR-WATER INTERFACE

The density distribution of a lipid monolayer at the air−water interface mixed with varying amounts of lipid with poly(ethylene glycol) polymer headgroups (polymer−lipid or PEG−lipid) was measured using neutron reflectometry. The structure of the monolayer at the interface was greatly perturbed by the presence of the bulky polymer−lipid headgroups resulting in a large increase in the thickness of the headgroup region normal to the interface and a systematic roughening of the interface with increasing polymer−lipid content. These results show how bulky hydrophilic moieties cause significant deformations and out-of-plane protrusions of phospholipid monolayers and presumably bilayers, vesicles, and biological membranes. In terms of polymer physics, very short polymer chains tethered to the air−water interface follow scaling behavior with a mushroom to brush transition with increasing polymer grafting density.
Pensions, non-discrimination policies, and the employment of older workers

Abstract This paper analyzes firms' decisions to hire older workers. We model, the role of pensions in back-loading pay for specifically trained workers. We then evaluate the effects, of imposing age discrimination rules and non-discriminatory fringe benefit rules, and analyze the consequences for the firm's decision to hire older versus younger individuals. The model predicts that defined benefit pension plans deter the hiring of older workers, but only if hired for entry level position. The reason is f hat the wages of this group cannot be lowered enough to pay for the benefits. Data from a new survey of employers are used to test this hypothesis. The findings show that a more generous defined benefit pension plan reduces employment prospects for older, entry level workers. Employers offering defined benefit pension, plans employ older workers, but tend not to hire them into entry level jobs.
Detection Techniques of Microsecond Gamma-Ray Bursts Using Ground-based Telescopes

Gamma-ray observations above 200 MeV are conventionally made by satellite-based detectors. The EGRET detector on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory has provided good sensitivity for the detection of bursts lasting for more than 200 ms. Theoretical predictions of high-energy gamma-ray bursts produced by quantum mechanical decay of primordial black holes (Hawking) suggest the emission of bursts on shorter timescales. The final stage of a primordial black hole results in a burst of gamma rays, peaking around 250 MeV and lasting for 1/10 of a microsecond or longer depending on particle physics. In this work we show that there is an observational window using ground-based imaging Cerenkov detectors to measure gamma-ray burst emission at energies E > 200 MeV. This technique, with a sensitivity for bursts lasting nanoseconds to several microseconds, is based on the detection of multiphoton-initiated air showers.
Cross-sectional regressions and the empirics of economic growth

Abstract This paper provides a short survey of the recent empirical growth literature based on cross-sectional analysis. Unlike some other analysts, I argue that this literature has uncovered interesting findings that should direct theoretical research in the future.
The Potential Impact of Groove Modes on Type II Planetary Migration

In this Letter, we briefly describe the evolution of a variety of self-gravitating protoplanetary disk models that contain annular grooves (e.g., gaps) in their surface density. These grooves are inspired by the density gaps that are presumed to open in response to the formation of a giant planet. Our work provides an extension of the previously studied groove modes that are known in the context of stellar disks. The emergence of spiral gravitational instabilities is predicted via a generalized eigenvalue code that performs a linear analysis and confirmed with hydrodynamical simulations. We find that the presence of a groove drives a fast-growing two-armed mode in moderately massive disks and extends the importance of self-gravitating instabilities down to lower disk masses than for which they would otherwise occur. We discuss the potential importance of this instability in the context of planet formation, e.g., the modification of the torques driving type II migration.
Implication of multimodality in ambient interfaces

Ambient interfaces have long held the promise of enhanced and effective human machine interaction. Ambient interfaces can adapt to human activity allowing seamless exchange of information. This goal requires a coordinated development effort that incorporates a thorough understanding of human perceptual system in the design of interfaces. In this way, ambient interfaces can not only supplement the current activities of humans but also expand their functionality to novel approaches in interaction. Since humans interact with their environments through multiple channels, multimodality is an indispensable aspect of ambient interfaces. Multimodality is a broad term that encompasses not only sensory aspects of human- machine interaction but also cognitive interaction that is responsible for a unified perception. Thus, sensory formats are essential in construction of ambient interfaces but do not constitute the complete picture. In this paper, we propose that ambience can only be achieved when multiple modalities are considered in toto. In addition, multimodality cannot be implemented in isolation from the desired tasks and their pertaining contexts. We propose an integrated view of multimodal interfaces that differentiates itself from the previous conception of multimodal human-machine interaction. Multimodal interfaces have become synonymous with voice-and-gesture interaction. We propose that this category of multimodality does not fully exploit or include the human user's capability of effectively interacting and communicating with the machine. Both concepts of semantic congruence and syntactic constraints can be dealt with only when we attempt to create interfaces that include the human perceptual system in its design. This can be achieved by a staged evaluation process where in each interface is associated with its joint performance value and accessibility. Besides this, the interface and human must share the same real-world model for effective reference.
PPBS in higher education planning and management: Part II, the university of California experience

Part I provided an overview of PPBS, some discussion of PPBS implementation in the U.S. government, and a review of the arguments for adopting PPBS in postsecondary education and the various kinds of work that have been done toward this end. In part II, we discuss the experience of the University of California with PPBS from 1966 to 1971. Part III, to be published subsequently, will suggest some new departures in model construction and policy analysis which we believe represent a useful spirit in which further development can and should occur, and will also contain some general concluding observations.
The typed λ-calculus is not elementary recursive

We prove that the problem of deciding for closed terms t1, t2 of the typed λ-calculus whether t1 β-converts to t2 is not elementary recursive.