cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Homocysteine, system b0,+ and the renal epithelial transport and toxicity of inorganic mercury

Proximal tubular epithelial cells are major sites of homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism and are the primary sites for the accumulation and intoxication of inorganic mercury (Hg2+). Previous in vivo data from our laboratory have demonstrated that mercuric conjugates of Hcy are transported into these cells by unknown mechanisms. Recently, we established that the mercuric conjugate of cysteine [2-amino-3-(2-amino-2-carboxy-ethylsulfanylmercuricsulfanyl)propionic acid; Cys-S-Hg-S-Cys], is transported by the luminal, amino acid transporter, system b0,+. As Cys-S-Hg-S-Cys and the mercuric conjugate of Hcy (2-amino-4-(3-amino-3-carboxy-propylsulfanylmercuricsulfanyl)butyric acid; Hcy-S-Hg-S-Hcy) are similar structurally, we hypothesized that Hcy-S-Hg-S-Hcy is a substrate for system b0,+. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the saturation kinetics, time dependence, temperature dependence, and substrate specificity of Hcy-S-Hg-S-Hcy transport in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells stably transfected with system b0,+. MDCK cells are good models in which to study this transport because they do not express system b0,+. Uptake of Hg2+ was twofold greater in the transfectants than in wild-type cells. Moreover, the transfectants were more susceptible to the toxic effects of Hcy-S-Hg-S-Hcy than wild-type cells. Accordingly, our data indicate that Hcy-S-Hg-S-Hcy is transported by system b0,+ and that this transporter likely plays a role in the nephropathy induced after exposure to Hg2+. These data are the first to implicate a specific, luminal membrane transporter in the uptake and toxicity of mercuric conjugates of Hcy in any epithelial cell.
Two-week test-retest reliability of the Duke Religion Index.

The present study investigated 2-wk. test-retest reliability of the Duke Religion Index, a 5-item self-report questionnaire that assesses organizational, nonorganizational, and intrinsic religiosity. The sample consisted of 20 undergraduate college students (11 women) whose mean age was 24.7 yr. (SD = 5.0 yr.). Findings supported the 2-wk. test-retest reliability of the Duke Religion Index with an intraclass correlation coefficient of .91.
Human computer interaction that reaches beyond desktop applications

Recently, several frameworks have been developed for writing mobile and web applications in Java, making the development of web and mobile applications accessible to HCI students with only a CS1 Java background. In this paper we describe using student projects based on the Google Android mobile platform and Google's Web Toolkit to provide students with experience designing and implementing user interfaces for mobile and web applications. Specific examples demonstrate how programming on these platforms reinforces standard HCI topics. As a result of being able to learn mobile device programming in the context of "cool" Google platforms, students expressed increased interest in studying HCI.
Low-temperature energy transfer in LHC-II trimers from the Chl a/b light-harvesting antenna of photosystem II

Temperature dependence in electronic energy transfer steps within light-harvesting antenna trimers from photosystem II was investigated by studying Chl a pump-probe anisotropy decays at several wavelengths from 675 to 682 nm. The anisotropy lifetime is markedly sensitive to temperature at the longest wavelengths (680–682 nm), increasing by factors of 5 to 6 as the trimers are cooled from room temperature to 13 K. The temperature dependence is muted at 677 and 675 nm. This behavior is modeled using simulations of temperature-broadened Chl a absorption and fluorescence spectra in spectral overlap calculations of Forster energy transfer rates. In this model, the 680 nm anisotropy decays are dominated by uphill energy transfers from 680 nm Chl a pigments at the red edge of the LHC-II spectrum; the 675 nm anisotropy decays reflect a statistical average of uphill and downhill energy transfers from 676-nm pigments. The measured temperature dependence is consistent with essentially uncorrelated inhomogeneous broadening of donor and acceptor Chl a pigments.
Effect of electric fields on ducted diffusion flames

The behavior of ducted laminar and turbulent diffusion flames is influenced by de electric fields. The geometry, luminosity, velocity field, and heat transfer are examined.
The totally implantable novacor left ventricular assist system.

The Novacor Left Ventricular Assist System (LVAS) (Novacor Corp, Oakland, CA) was initially console-based and has been available since 1993 in a wearable configuration. It has been successfully used for the past 16 years as a bridge to cardiac transplantation in patients with end-stage congestive heart failure. The Stanford experience represents 53 patients (48 male, 5 female) with a mean age of 44 ± 13 years (16 to 62) and a mean support time of 56 ± 76 days (1 to 374). Complications with LVAS use consisted predominantly of bleeding (43%), infection, (30%), and embolic cerebrovascular events (24.5%). Sixty-six percent of the supported patients were successfully bridged to cardiac transplantation. In animal studies, 4 sheep had the totally implantable configuration in place for a cumulative duration of 1 year with 1 animal supported for 260 days. The next generation Novacor LVAS will be small, quiet, and fully implantable without the need for volume compensation. It will also provide physiologic pulsatile flow and will be fail-safe.
A sexually dimorphic basal anal‐fin ray expansion in the weakly discharging electric fish Gnathonemus petersii

Male Gnathonemus petersii (Mormyridae) exhibit two structural, sexually dimorphic characters: anal-fin ray bone expansion and an indentation of the posterior ventral body wall (formerly described as anal-fin indentation). Females lack this bone expansion, but may show a slight indentation. Morphometric data on both characters were obtained from radiographs of 414 fish (males and females) ranging in size from 60 to 276 mm Ls. Both body wall indentation and bone expansion began to develop in males of about 120 mm Ls. At 160–180 mm, the sex ratio of fish with expansion to fish without expansion was 50 : 50. Androgens seem to affect the expression of both these sexual dimorphisms. Bone expansion may provide increased bone surface for muscle attachment and thus facilitate the anal-fin reflex during courtship behaviour.
913-115 Uptake and Retention of Radiolabled lodophenylpentadecanoic Acid (IPPA) in a Rabbit Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction

When radiolabeled iodophenylpentadecanoic acid (IPPA) is administered to patients with stable coronary artery disease, hibernating myocardium can be detected. However, the uptake and retention of IPPA within acutely infarcted and stunned myocardium has not been critically examined. Accordingly, we evaluated the initial distribution and retention of IPPA in infarcted and viable myocardium from the risk area (RA) of 7 rabbits. The left circumflex artery was occluded for 1 hour during which Nb-95 labeled microspheres (MS) were injected to define the RA. Following 1 hour of reperfusion, Ru-103 labeled MS and 1–123 IPPA were injected. To allow partial myocardial clearance of the 1123 IPPA, a 40 minute period without intervention was observed after which Cr-51 labeled MS and 1–125 IPPA were injected. The hearts were harvested 5 minutes later to determine the retention of 1–123 IPPA and initial uptake of 1–125 IPPA. Hearts were cut into segments which were individually incubated in Nitro Blue Tetrazolium baths to determine viability. The MS and IPPA activity for the normal, the infarcted RA and the viable RA was measured and normalized to the mean activity of the entire left ventricle, and is displayed as follows: Reperfusion Blood Flow IPPA Distribution/Blood Flow At 1hour At 1.7 hour 1–123 Rentention 1–125 Uptake Normal 0.99 ± 0.10 1.11 ± 0.16 1.01 ± 0.08 1.01 ± 0.26 RA-Viable 1.17 ± 0.22 0.86 ± 0.17 * 0.94 ± 0.20 0.97 ± 0.15 RA-Infact 1.14 ± 0.38 0.73 ± 0.24 * 0.94 ± 0.30 0.94 ± 0.16 * p l 0.05 Despite a significant decrease in blood flow within the RA at the end of the experiment, the retained 1–123 IPPA reflected the blood flow at the time of its injection. We conclude that following acute coronary occlusion and reperfusion, the initial distribution of IPPA is related to flow and does not reflect the severity of myocardial injury, In addition, the cardiac retention of IPPA cannot be used to identify acutely infarcted or stunned myocardium, Therefore, during the immediate peri-infarction period, IPPA uptake and kinetics cannot be used to determine the viability of reperfused myocardium.
Weight Perceptions, Misperceptions, and Dating Violence Victimization Among U.S. Adolescents

Dating violence is a major public health issue among youth. Overweight/obese adolescents experience peer victimization and discrimination and may be at increased risk of dating violence victimization. Furthermore, given the stigma associated with overweight/obesity, perceptions and misperceptions of overweight may be more important than actual weight status for dating violence victimization. This study examines the association of three weight indices (weight status, perceived weight, and weight perception accuracy) with psychological and physical dating violence victimization. The 2010 baseline survey of the 7-year NEXT Generation Health Study used a three-stage stratified clustered sampling design to select a nationally representative sample of U.S. 10th-grade students (n = 1,983). Participants who have had a boyfriend/girlfriend reported dating violence victimization and perceived weight. Weight status was computed from measured height/weight. Weight perception accuracy (accurate/underestimate/overestim...
Cooked meat yields from four strains of chickens, 6 and 16 weeks of age.

ABSTRACT CONSUMER purchases of poultry are influenced by the yield of edible cooked meat as well as by quality, convenience and price. In recent years, poultry breeders have attempted to increase this yield by improving the meat type of their strains of chickens. Henderson (1946) found a significant correlation between meat type score (live and dressed) and percentage edible meat. Dawson et al. (1957) reported within one strain of meat type bird, a positive correlation between apparent (visual) meat type and yield of edible cooked meat. These birds were evaluated as miniature broilers at 6 weeks of age. This study was conducted to evaluate the percentage of edible meat, percentage bone and cooking losses obtained from commercial strains of birds processed at 6 and 16 weeks of age. PROCEDURE A. One hundred straight-run baby chicks from three commercial hatcheries and seventy-five chicks from a strain developed at the university farm 1 were . . .
Magnetoelectric effects in ferromagnetic films on ferroelectric substrates

Theories for magnetoelectric (ME) effects in a bilayer consisting of magnetostrictive film on piezoelectric substrate are discussed. The ME coupling at low frequencies and at mechanical resonance due to acoustic modes have been estimated and applied to the specific case of a thin film of permendur or nickel ferrite on lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Both ideal and non-ideal interface coupling are considered. The theory predicts strong ME coupling for magnetic films on piezoelectric substrates. At low frequency, the ME coefficient is maximum when PZT is 2–4 times as thick as the magnetic film. The ME coefficient, for ideal coupling, shows resonance enhancement at a single frequency. For non-ideal interface coupling, enhancement is expected at two frequencies corresponding to coupled oscillations in magnetic and piezoelectric layers.
Effect of Fiber Initial Modulus on its Migratory Behavior in Yarns

The influence of fiber initial (tensile) modulus on the migratory behavior and physical properties, especially abrasion resistance, of polyester-cotton blends was studied. Nine selected polyesters were blended with combed cotton on the cotton system. For each type of polyester, the polyester/cotton ratio was nominally 50/50, 65/35, and 80/20 by weight. Portions of yarn samples were sectioned and photomicrographs were made. The radial distribution of the blend compo nents have been characterized by a "migration index." It has been found that the initial moduli of component fibers influence the migration of fibers and also the abrasion resistance of fabrics woven from these yarns.
Grenade-Amok in Laos: a Psychosocial Perspective:

Most studies of amok have concentrated on surviving individuals brought to court or hospital. Thus, a biased sampling of such individuals has resulted. In this study anthropologic field techniques were employed to obtain extensive data on grenade-amok in Laos, including cases in which the individual died as a result of his violent behaviour. Data on premorbid state, precipitating events, and postmorbid psychopathology were collected for eighteen cases. In addition, demographic variables of the amok persons were obtained, and the social context of the amok behaviour was investigated. Hypotheses presented in the paper take into account both the psychological and the sociologic dimensions of this problematic behaviour.
The reliability of parafoveal cone density measurements

Background Adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) enables direct visualisation of the cone mosaic, with metrics such as cone density and cell spacing used to assess the integrity or health of the mosaic. Here we examined the interobserver and inter-instrument reliability of cone density measurements. Methods For the interobserver reliability study, 30 subjects with no vision-limiting pathology were imaged. Three image sequences were acquired at a single parafoveal location and aligned to ensure that the three images were from the same retinal location. Ten observers used a semiautomated algorithm to identify the cones in each image, and this was repeated three times for each image. To assess inter-instrument reliability, 20 subjects were imaged at eight parafoveal locations on one AOSLO, followed by the same set of locations on the second AOSLO. A single observer manually aligned the pairs of images and used the semiautomated algorithm to identify the cones in each image. Results Based on a factorial study design model and a variance components model, the interobserver study9s largest contribution to variability was the subject (95.72%) while the observer9s contribution was only 1.03%. For the inter-instrument study, an average cone density intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of between 0.931 and 0.975 was calculated. Conclusions With the AOSLOs used here, reliable cone density measurements can be obtained between observers and between instruments. Additional work is needed to determine how these results vary with differences in image quality.
Hand hygiene behavior in a pediatric emergency department and a pediatric intensive care unit: comparison of use of 2 dispenser systems.

• BACKGROUND Adherence to hand hygiene standards is poor. Approaches and systems to improve hand hygiene practices warrant testing. • OBJECTIVE To compare the frequency of use of manually operated and touch-free dispensers of sanitizer for hand hygiene. • METHODS Manual and touch-free dispensers of alcohol sanitizer were placed in the emergency department and an intensive care unit of a large pediatric hospital for two 2-month periods for each type of dispenser. Counting devices installed in each dispenser and direct observations were used to determine actual frequency of and indications for hand hygiene. • RESULTS The touch-free dispensers were used significantly more often than were the manual dispensers. The means for the number of episodes of hand hygiene per hour were 4.42 for the touch-free dispensers and 3.33 for the manual dispensers (P = .04); the means for the number of episodes per patient per hour were 2.22 and 1.79, respectively (P = .004); and the means for the number of uses of the dispenser per day were 41.2 and 25.6, respectively (P = .02). However, the overall compliance rate was 38.4% (2136 episodes of hand hygiene per 5568 indications for hand hygiene). • CONCLUSIONS The type of dispensing system influenced hand hygiene behavior. Nevertheless, overall hand hygiene compliance remained low. In order for interventions to have a major effect on hand hygiene, multiple factors must be considered. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2005;14:304-312)
Raman-shifting ArF excimer laser radiation for vacuum-ultraviolet multiphoton spectroscopy

We present the results of Raman shifting the radiation from an ArF laser in HD and D2 to produce tunable high-power vacuum-ultraviolet radiation. Calculations of the Raman gain for H2, D2 and HD at 193 nm are presented Modifications made to the ArF laser to improve beam quality are described. Wavelengths as short as 132 nm are achieved by Raman shifting in D2. The gas must be cooled below room temperature for efficient Raman shifting in HD. We obtain energies as high as 1 mJ at 170 nm by Raman shifting in HD at liquid-nitrogen temperature. The Raman-shifted radiation is used to perform two-photon spectroscopy in atomic and molecular fluorine and molecular hydrogen.
Long-term radiographic evaluation of hydroxylapative-augmented mandibular alveolar ridges

From six months to four years after alveolar ridge augmentation was performed, the vertical ridge heights of 74 Class III and Class IV alveolar ridge deficiency patients, who had undergone augmentation with hydroxylapatite with or without autogenous cancellous bone, were measured using panoramic radiographs adjusted for magnification errors. No statistically significant decreases in vertical ridge heights were seen when only hydroxylapatite was used, nor were there significant differences between the two types of hydroxylapatite particles used. Unlike other bone onlay procedures, the use of autogenous bone and HA together did not result in significant decreases in vertical ridge height.
A Survey of Distance Education Programs

According to Martin and Samels (Martin & Samels, 1995), distance education is one of the least understood areas of technological change in higher education today. The constant improvement in technology, the rapidly changing student demographics, the constant demand for better educated students, the need for more Information Technology (IT) professionals, and the lack of more universally accepted definitions and learning models have all created a wealth of opportunities in this field. One of the challenges for researchers in this field is finding an accepted definition for “distance education.” For some (Keegan, 1986; Verduin & Clark, 1991), distance education takes place whenever the instructor and student are physically distant from each other. Others (Baird & Monson, 1992) require
Laboratory Measurement of Lunar Regolith Simulant Surface Charging in a Localized Plasma Wake

Laboratory experiments are carried out to measure the charging of Johnson Space Center Number OneA lunar simulant surface in a localized plasma wake similar to that at the lunar terminator. The results show that the floating potential of a regolith surface in a plasma wake may be significantly different from that of a solid dielectric surface because ion collection on a regolith surface is sensitively influenced by the surface collection area of dust grains. The results also suggest that at the same negative charging potential, an isolated dust grain charges 50 times more than a dust grain on the regolith surface.
Exploring the Market Efficiency of New England Seafood Auctions

The seafood industry represents a significant market for the U.S. and New England in particular. Given the commodity nature of this market, one would believe that it should follow widely accepted economic market theory. Contrary to this belief, this study found that the seafood auctions in the largest three New England fishing ports do not conform to market theory. Discrepancies are found both in price and in the price/quantity relationships suggesting that market forces beyond price and quantity are operative in determining the final price of the product offered.
Chemical Alternatives Assessment: Enabling Substitution to Safer Chemicals

As potentially or actually harmful ingredients are identified in commercial products, the goal is to replace them with safer alternatives. Yet a chemical ingredient is hardly a modular component that can be easily switched out. Further, replacement could remove one hazard and introduce others. To avoid this stymieing problem and ease an innovator’s choice of ingredients, Lavoie et al. report on a decision-making approach developed by the EPA’s Design for Environment program. A few case experiences illustrate its utility and recommend further use.
On tuning efficiency of sampled grating DBR lasers using quatnum well intermixing

Widely tunable SGDBR lasers present tremendous opportunities for developing high functionality photonic integrated circuits (PICs) for present wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) communication networks and as an enabling technology for developing future fiber optic networking architectures. The inherent difficulty in manufacturing these devices stems from the one dimensional growth platform used to produce the epitaxial material, whereas, the complex nature of PICs demand the integration of devices with differing functionality to be produced on the same chip. Due to the lithographically defined mirrors the SGDBR lends itself to integration with other components, such as semiconductor optical amplifiers, electro-absorption modulators, and passive waveguides [1,2]. Such devices including the sampled-grating DBR (SGDBR) require the structure to vary orthogonal to the growth direction.
Intelligence: Man, Bee, and Boojum

Let Mebegin by promptly dispelling the notion that as humans we are the higher and other animals are the lower creatures. This was an idea born in ignorance and nurtured by human pride probably since man first realized he could dominate the other creatures with whom he shares the Earth. Certainly, some organisms are more complex than others in that they may be composed of more cells or organ systems, or more advanced in that they arc less like their ancestors, or more intelligent in that they can solve more difficult problems, but none of these criteria justifies the term “higher.” Let us try to forget our inflated human egos for just a short time and consider other animals in the light of what Henry Heston wrote: “not underlings; [but] … other nations.”
Antimicrobial-Induced DNA Damage and Genomic Instability in Microbial Pathogens

Combatting infectious disease is a critical global health concern and involves tackling both emerging infectious agents and newly–drug resistant strains of previously curable pathogens. The widespread and inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents has increased the frequency of resistance among human pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and protozoan parasites, and threatened to undermine the efficacy of all existing antimicrobial drugs [1]. Whereas lethal doses of antimicrobials may select for preexisting resistant microbes, there is increasing interest in uncovering the cellular consequences of sublethal antimicrobial exposure on the development of antimicrobial resistance. There are numerous circumstances under which microbial organisms are exposed to low doses of antimicrobials, including in patients, in livestock animals, and in the environment [1–3]. Sublethal antimicrobial exposure can trigger DNA damage and genomic instability across the diversity of microbial pathogens, including bacterial and fungal species. Here we investigate general mechanisms by which antimicrobials can damage microbial DNA. We also explore downstream cellular responses to DNA damage, including DNA repair. We will look at specific examples by which antimicrobial treatment, through DNA damage and cellular responses, can induce genetic perturbations ranging from small nucleotide mutationsto gross chromosomal rearrangements [1,4]. Overall, this review aims to explore genomic pressure exerted on bacterial and fungal pathogens by antimicrobial treatment, and implications for antimicrobial resistance.
Dextrose Administration and Vitamins B.

SummaryYoung rats weighing 65 to 90 g were maintained for 14 to 21 days on a vitamin B-free diet (casein 10, sucrose 80, butter 4, salts, agar and vitamins A and D). At this time these animals survived fasting but 2 or 3 days. Substitution of a diet of dextrose, supplemented by dextrose solution by stomach tube, permitted survival of from 7 to 16 days.Vitamin-depleted rats receiving dextrose and thiamine survived 2 to 4 times as long as those receiving only dextrose. Nicotinamide appeared to have some effect, but riboflavin, pyridoxine hydrochloride, pantothenic acid and choline had no appreciable effect in prolonging the life of the dextrose-fed rats. All of the foregoing vitamins given together had no further beneficial effect than when thiamine alone was given.When dextrose was substituted immediately following an adequate vitamin-containing diet, rats survived 19 to 29 days. The injection of thiamine hydrochloride or the vitamin mixture did not appreciably alter the survival time of these animals.
Policy Effects on Informed Political Engagement

For this article, we tested whether and to what extent young people’s rates of informed voting are influenced by laws and policies that regulate the electoral system and by civic education policies. Education policies and state voting laws vary widely and are in rapid flux; their impact is important to understand. Immediately after the 2012 election, a sample of 4,483 youth was surveyed that included at least 75 respondents in each of the 50 states and national oversamples of African Americans and Latinos. Their experiences with civic education and support from their families predicted their informed political participation as young adults, but variations in the existing state policies did not matter. This may suggest that the kinds of policies that states have enacted—such as allowing early voting or requiring one course on government in high school—are not helpful but policies that promote extracurricular participation and discussion of current issues in schools could be much more effective.
Can A Girl’s Best Friend Be Born In A Lab?: The Role of Ritual in the Diamond Market

A number of studies suggest that people may care about the process by which a product is made, even when it is not associated with the quality of the product. A common example of this preference is...
Addressing health disparities through dental-medical collaborations, part II. Cross-cutting themes in the care of special populations

This article introduces the second group in a series of articles in this journal on dental-medical collaborations to reduce oral health disparities. This group targets the needs of the elderly and individuals with mental retardation, developmental disabilities, and other special health problems. Five themes are common to these populations: the importance of oral-systemic interactions and need for interprofessional collaboration in care and training; the possibility of diminished mental and motor capacities and ability to provide self-care; difficulty accessing appropriate dental care; complex social and cultural factors; and the lack of a sufficient evidence base on basic mechanisms and clinical interventions. Gaps in training of dental, medical, and other health professionals contribute to disparities. Few programs provide integrated, interdisciplinary approaches, despite the growing numbers of elderly and the increasing life span of individuals with developmental disabilities. The inability of many such individuals to advocate for themselves, limitations in financial mechanisms, and societal biases fuel health disparities. These articles propose recommendations for key changes in dental and other health professional training, advocate increased commitment to special populations in research agendas, and encourage collaboration across health professions and with community and advocacy groups. A strong emphasis on prevention must be a part of these changes.
Intratumor Heterogeneity Affects Gene Expression Profile Test Prognostic Risk Stratification in Early Breast Cancer

Purpose: To examine the effect of intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) on detection of genes within gene expression panels (GEPs) and the subsequent ability to predict prognostic risk. Experimental Design: Multiplexed barcoded RNA analysis was used to measure the expression of 141 genes from five GEPs (Oncotype Dx, MammaPrint, PAM50, EndoPredict, and Breast Cancer Index) in breast cancer tissue sections and tumor-rich cores from 71 estrogen receptor (ER)-positive node-negative tumors, on which clinical Oncotype Dx testing was previously performed. If the tumor had foci of high Ki67 ( n = 26), low/negative progesterone receptor (PR; n = 13), or both ( n = 5), additional cores were obtained. In total, 181 samples were processed. Oncotype Dx recurrence scores were calculated from NanoString nCounter gene expression data. Results: Hierarchical clustering using all GEP genes showed that majority (61 of 71) of tumor samples clustered by patient, indicating greater interpatient heterogeneity (IPH) than ITH. We found a strikingly high correlation between Oncotype Dx recurrence scores obtained from whole sections versus tumor-rich cores ( r = 0.94). However, high Ki67 and low PR cores had slightly higher but not statistically significant recurrence scores. For 18 of 71 (25%) patients, scores were divergent between sections and cores and crossed the boundaries for low, intermediate, and high risk. Conclusions: Our study indicates that in patients with highly heterogeneous tumors, GEP recurrence scores from a single core could under- or overestimate prognostic risk. Hence, it may be a useful strategy to assess multiple samples (both representative and atypical cores) to fully account for the ITH-driven variation in risk prediction. Clin Cancer Res; 22(21); 5362–9. ©2016 AACR .
Take a hard look at subcritical tests

In October 1995, the Energy Department announced a series of experiments to study the impact that aging plutonium and new methods of producing replacement warhead components will have on the reliability of the nuclear stockpile. It is not clear that this proposed series of {open_quotes}subcritical{close_quotes} experiments, to be conducted underground at the Nevada Test Site, would answer those reliability questions, but they could complicate the already troubled task of implementing a credible ban on nuclear testing. The Comprehensive Test Ban (CTB) Treaty will ban both full-scale and low-yield nuclear tests (including so-called {open_quotes}hydronuclear{close_quotes} tests), but not the proposed subcritical experiments, which would involve chemical rather than nuclear explosions. The controversy surrounding the proposed test lies in the fact that they involve both fissile material and high explosives, and that they will be conducted underground at the Nevada Test Site, in the {open_quotes}Low-Yield Nuclear Experimental Research{close_quotes} (LYNER) facility. Although its official name was recently changed to {open_quotes}U1a,{close_quotes} the LYNER facility was originally designed for hydronuclear tests.
MAMMALIAN CELL NUCLEAR RNA LIGASE ACTIVITY

Publisher Summary This chapter analyzes the mammalian cell nuclear RNA ligase activity. The chapter reports finding a RNA ligase activity in crude nuclear extracts of 16 day fetal mouse liver cells, which synthesize β-globin pre-mRNA and some adult globin mRNA. Extracts were prepared as by others except that nuclei were freeze-thawed twice and Dounce homogenized in place of sonication. A simple oligoribonucleotide synthetic assay was designed and analyzed with paper chromatography, similar to methods used for T4 RNA ligase. Commercially available unlabeled and labeled 3′-OH acceptors such as ApApA, IpIpI etc. and 5′-P donors such as pAp, pCp etc. served as model substrates at relatively high concentrations (0.1–1 mM) with T4 RNA ligase as control enzyme. Assay volumes (50–100 μl) were incubated in sealed microcaps at 27°C and 37°C for 10–120 m. Long incubation at 37°C favored substrate degradation by cell nucleases. A single ligated product, for example, XpXpXbYp with 5′-OH and 3′-P termini resulted from any one assay. Chromatogrammed molecules were monitored with UV light or radioactivity counting.
Ischemic Heart Disease

Echocardiography is one of the most common imaging modalities used in evaluation of ischemic heart disease. It is used to diagnose coronary artery disease, assess consequences of coronary artery disease and give survival prognosis.
Nuclear repartitioning of galectin-1 by an extracellular glycan switch regulates mammary morphogenesis

Branching morphogenesis in the mammary gland is achieved by the migration of epithelial cells through a microenvironment consisting of stromal cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). Here we show that galectin-1 (Gal-1), an endogenous lectin that recognizes glycans bearing N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) epitopes, induces branching migration of mammary epithelia in vivo, ex vivo, and in 3D organotypic cultures. Surprisingly, Gal-1's effects on mammary patterning were independent of its glycan-binding ability and instead required localization within the nuclei of mammary epithelia. Nuclear translocation of Gal-1, in turn, was regulated by discrete cell-surface glycans restricted to the front of the mammary end buds. Specifically, α2,6-sialylation of terminal LacNAc residues in the end buds masked Gal-1 ligands, thereby liberating the protein for nuclear translocation. Within mammary epithelia, Gal-1 localized within nuclear Gemini bodies and drove epithelial invasiveness. Conversely, unsialylated LacNAc glycans, enriched in the epithelial ducts, sequestered Gal-1 in the extracellular environment, ultimately attenuating invasive potential. We also found that malignant breast cells possess higher levels of nuclear Gal-1 and α2,6-SA and lower levels of LacNAc than nonmalignant cells in culture and in vivo and that nuclear localization of Gal-1 promotes a transformed phenotype. Our findings suggest that differential glycosylation at the level of tissue microanatomy regulates the nuclear function of Gal-1 in the context of mammary gland morphogenesis and in cancer progression.
We were not prepared to tell people yet

Communication Privacy Management theory provides a framework for investigating confidentiality breaches that occur on Facebook. Open-ended online questionnaires served as mechanism for collecting data about privacy violations and the resulting boundary turbulence. Privacy violations validated three a priori categories (Petronio & Reierson, 2009) of confidentiality breaches (privacy ownership violations, discrepancy breaches of privacy, and pre-emptive privacy control). Findings indicated that the lack of established explicit privacy rules led to privacy violations and boundary turbulence. Results also provided insight regarding motivations of privacy violations, reactions to privacy violations, and the role of privacy rules in the violation. The absence of explicit privacy rules between parties leads to privacy violations.Secrets were prematurely announced, violating others expectations of disclosure.Privacy breaches online have lasting implications for on and offline relationships.Privacy rules were revisited, readjusted, and renegotiated after a violation.The use of explicit privacy rules would have prevented many privacy violations.
Mammoth Cave Meteorology

Cave atmospheric conditions are vitally important to conservation of a broad range of cave resources. These include hibernating bats, cave invertebrates and amphibians, the park’s most significant historic structures, thousands of organic prehistoric artifacts, and evaporite minerals such as gypsum snowballs. Sophisticated computer modeling of cave atmospheric conditions to predict the effects of alternative management actions has begun, and this powerful tool can help park managers avoid costly mistakes. For example, artificially enhanced influx of cold winter air in the Historic Entrance resulted in an increased rock fall rate, which is both a safety and conservation issue. A prodigious amount of data on cave atmospheric conditions has been acquired, and these data need to be considered in a comprehensive way.
THE WHISKEY TAX OF 1791 AND THE CONSEQUENT INSURRECTION: “A WICKED AND HAPPY TUMULT”

This paper examines the development of the Whiskey Tax of 1791 and its criticality in the funding of early federal government debt and operations. By considering some of the provisions of the tax and the collection and enforcement procedures, the financial and social impacts of the Whiskey Tax are clarified. Civil disobedience in resisting the tax and the “Whiskey Rebellion” of 1794 are explored in that context. Whether the Whiskey Tax effectively served as the first income tax is considered. Images of original record documents are included.
Elephant Watering (W)hole: Transrational Learning Spaces

Critical pedagogies, including postmodern, postcolonial and feminist approaches, highlight the importance of critical thinking, situated knowledges, ways of knowing and a politics of location. In this chapter, the author expands this terrain and explores transrational encounters and interpretations of facilitating in the classroom in the United States. A transrational pedagogical orientation both epistemologically and ontologically twists rationality as one mode of perception and offers cutting edge insights into creating multidimensional learning spaces for critical thinking, seeing, relating and being. Transrational approaches to facilitating are relational, experiential and a force of life. This chapter merges critical pedagogy and peace research and expands upon intersectionality and positionality within the classroom, utilizing transrational philosophy and its practical implications. In this context, (differential) power and privilege play out and are facilitated within a systemic approach to conflict, difference and plurality. In this sense, the classroom is a dynamic and living space of deep meaning where students explore their own unfinished processes of transformation, self-actualization and interconnectedness. Flowing in and through the relational and experiential individual, the author moves from intersubjective consciousness in the classroom to relational shapes of spirit of individual and transpersonal consciousness, an embodied and living transrational pedagogical space.
Peritoneal Metastases from Malignant Mesothelioma

Diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare cancer that is ultimately fatal in almost all afflicted individuals. Morbidity and mortality from MPM is due to its propensity to progress locoregionally within the abdominal cavity. Patients with MPM most commonly present with nonspecific abdominal symptoms that usually lead to diagnosis when the condition is relatively advanced. MPM is considered a chemotherapy-resistant malignancy.
Mining Associations in Large Graphs for Dynamically Incremented Marked Nodes

The edges between nodes of a graph describe some sort of relationship between the two nodes. In this paper, we would like to efficiently determine the relationship between specific nodes of importance, which we call marked nodes, in a large graph. These relationships obtained must be optimal, which requires us to segregate the marked nodes from the less important nodes and group them together using partitioning algorithms. We introduce an improved algorithm which allows for the efficient addition of new marked nodes to a partition without rerunning the algorithm on previously marked nodes.
Regulations and Standards

When the United States began to change from a rural society to an urban one, food science was nonexistent, microbiology was in its infancy, and little was known about the chemistry of foods. Workers in the food business were trained in the need for sanitation. The adulteration of food was common.
Structure and function of human NAD(+)-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase.

Prostaglandins are rapidly metabolized in the body. The primary route of metabolism is initiated by NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) which catalyzes the reversible oxidation of 15(S)-hydroxyl group to a keto function resulting in a great loss of biological activities. 15-PGDH is therefore considered a key enzyme responsible for biological inactivation of prostaglandins. The enzyme is ubiquitously present in mammalian tissues. The first cDNA was cloned form human placenta and was found to have an open reading frame of 798 bp coding for 266 amino acids.’ The native enzyme is believed to be a dimer composed of identical subunits with a M.W. of 29 kDa. The enzyme utilizes a wide range of prostaglandins, lipoxins and hydroxy fatty acids as substrates and prefers NAD+ over NADP+ as a coenzyme.’ The enzyme is sensitive to sulfhydryl inhibitors indicating one or more cysteinyl residues are essential.’ The primary structure of 15-PGDH shows that it belongs to a superfamily of short chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR).3Sequence analysis indicates that an overall homology of 20% among SDRs with several conserved amino acid residues. Whether these conserved residues and cysteinyl residues are involved in catalytic activity and/or structural integrity remains to be determined. Most of these conserved residues reside in the first two thirds of the polypeptide chain suggesting that they might be involved in interacting with the common coenzyme NAD+. The C-terminal third shows little homology in sequences indicating that this segment appears to accommodate substrates of diversed structures.. This study is focused on using site-directed mutagenesis to examine the roles of several conserved and cysteinyl residues in catalytic activity and the involvement of C-terminal domain in enzyme and substrate interactions.
Identification and localization of Tospovirus genus-wide conserved residues in 3D models of the nucleocapsid and the silencing suppressor proteins

Tospoviruses (genus Tospovirus, family Peribunyaviridae, order Bunyavirales) cause significant losses to a wide range of agronomic and horticultural crops worldwide. Identification and characterization of specific sequences and motifs that are critical for virus infection and pathogenicity could provide useful insights and targets for engineering virus resistance that is potentially both broad spectrum and durable. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), the most prolific member of the group, was used to better understand the structure-function relationships of the nucleocapsid gene (N), and the silencing suppressor gene (NSs), coded by the TSWV small RNA. Using a global collection of orthotospoviral sequences, several amino acids that were conserved across the genus and the potential location of these conserved amino acid motifs in these proteins was determined. We used state of the art 3D modeling algorithms, MULTICOM-CLUSTER, MULTICOM-CONSTRUCT, MULTICOM-NOVEL, I-TASSER, ROSETTA and CONFOLD to predict the secondary and tertiary structures of the N and the NSs proteins. We identified nine amino acid residues in the N protein among 31 known tospoviral species, and ten amino acid residues in NSs protein among 27 tospoviral species that were conserved across the genus. For the N protein, all three algorithms gave nearly identical tertiary models. While the conserved residues were distributed throughout the protein on a linear scale, at the tertiary level, three residues were consistently located in the coil in all the models. For NSs protein models, there was no agreement among the three algorithms. However, with respect to the localization of the conserved motifs, G18 was consistently located in coil, while H115 was localized in the coil in three models. This is the first report of predicting the 3D structure of any tospoviral NSs protein and revealed a consistent location for two of the ten conserved residues. The modelers used gave accurate prediction for N protein allowing the localization of the conserved residues. Results form the basis for further work on the structure-function relationships of tospoviral proteins and could be useful in developing novel virus control strategies targeting the conserved residues.
Optimization of Si-Photonics Compatible AlN waveguides for Integrated Nonlinear Optics Applications

We explore fabrication-process dependencies on optical losses of AlN films and demonstrate Second Harmonic Generation through modal phase-matching in integrated AlN waveguides. A loss-dependent conversion efficiency model is developed to better design waveguides in lossy AlN media.
Reanimating the Answerable Body: Rhetorical Looking and the Digital Interface

Abstract Extending the work of Fleckenstein, Gage, and Bridgman (2017), this article presents rhetorical looking as a framework for addressing the covert violence that accrues across digital interfaces through the reinforcing dynamic of speed, transparency, and forgetful seeing. This triad invites users to approximate the normate body, and in doing so, elides users’ unique embodiments and answerability. Rhetorical looking disrupts this process through four nonlinear tactics: looking-through, which illuminates vision as active and embodied; looking-at, which invites an audit of the values at play through interface-user interactions; looking-with, during which users remap their relation to digital interfaces; and looking-into, which encourages action answerable to bodies, past, present, and future. Enacting rhetorical looking in response to digital interfaces, students in an advanced composition course contested speed, transparency, and forgetful seeing, and through this work, reclaimed both their embodiments and their answerability.
On Modeling Voltage Phasor Measurements as Graph Signals

While the graph theoretic properties pertaining to the electrical grid are well known, the field of graph signal processing offers new insights and understanding about the measurements from the electrical grid. In this paper we establish that voltage measurements are the result of a low-rank excitation to a low-pass graph filter. Then, we illustrate the identification of community structure in the electrical grid since the excitations are low-rank in nature. Proposed algorithm for community detection is tested on a synthetic 2000 bus test case in the state of Texas with promising results.
Environmental Injustice and Religion: Outdoor Air Pollution Disparities in Metropolitan Salt Lake City, Utah

The distributive environmental justice literature has expanded beyond examining only race- and class-based injustices, but no studies have focused on religion’s influence on disparate environmental...
Understanding Thickness-Dependent Transport Kinetics in Nanosheet-Based Battery Electrodes

There is a growing need for thicker electrode designs to achieve high energy/power for ever-increasing power needs by electronic devices and electric automobiles. Though great efforts, such as stru...
The Solvent Contrast Variation Method

The distinctly non-uniform distribution of atomic positions created by solvent channels in the asymmetric units of protein crystals is a defining distinction between small molecules and macromolecules. The contrast variation method is a frontal experimental attack on the problem of solving the structure of a molecular envelope. It is rooted in the earliest proposal to solve the three-dimensional structures of proteins (Bragg & Perutz, 1952). That paper outlined in all essential details the theoretical basis for using measurements from crystals prepared with different solvent contrasts to enhance the signal of the envelope transform and separate it from that of the internal fluctuations. The method was used explicitly, and combined with information on the molecular envelope obtained from electron microscopy, to give the initial phases for Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus by triangulation akin to that used with isomorphous derivatives (Harrison, 1969; Harrison & Jack, 1975).
Is apparent instability a guiding feature in visual search

Humans are quick to notice if an object is unstable. Does that assessment require attention or can instability serve as a preattentive feature that can guide the deployment of attention? This paper...