cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A proposed experimental platform for measuring the properties of warm dense mixtures: Testing the applicability of the linear mixing model

Abstract This paper presents a proposed experimental technique for investigating the impact of chemical interactions in warm dense liquid mixtures. It uses experimental equation of state (EOS) measurements of warm dense liquid mixtures with different compositions to determine the deviation from the linear mixing model. Statistical mechanics is used to derive the EOS of a mixture with a constant pressure linear mixing term (Amagat’s rule) and an interspecies interaction term. A ratio between the particle density of two different compositions of mixtures, K(P, T)i: ii, is defined. By comparing this ratio for a range of mixtures, the impact of interspecies interactions can be studied. Hydrodynamic simulations of mixtures with different carbon/hydrogen ratios are used to demonstrate the application of this proposed technique to multiple shock and ramp compression experiments. The limit of the pressure correction that can be measured due to interspecies interactions using this methodology is determined by the uncertainty in the density measurement.
Effect of linkers on the αvβ3 integrin targeting efficiency of cyclic RGD-conjugates.

Cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (cRGD) peptides are well known to target ανβ3 integrin expressed on cancer cells and neovasculature. Conjugation of these peptides with dyes, drugs, antibodies and other biomolecules through covalent linkers provides a facile way to deliver these products to tumor cells for targeted cancer therapy and diagnosis. Click chemistry and acid-amine couplings are widely used conjugation strategies. However, the effects of different linkers and the distance between the cRGD and the conjugates on the binding of cRGD ligand with ανβ3 has been underexplored. In this present study, we prepared cRGD-conjugates using different linkers and determined how they altered the tumor targeting efficiency in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrate that different linkers significantly altered the pharmacokinetics of the cRGD conjugates and the tumor uptake kinetics. Unlike large antibodies, this preliminary finding shows that linkers used to attach drugs and fluorescent molecular probes to small peptides play a major role in the accuracy of tumor targeting and treatment outcomes. As a result, considerable attention should be paid to the nature of linkers used in the design of molecular probes and targeted therapeutics.
Cardio‐hepatic risk assessment by CMR imaging in liver transplant candidates

Background The preoperative workup of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) patients is practically complex given the need for multiple imaging modalities. We recently demonstrated in our proof-of-concept study the value of a one-stop-shop approach using cardiovascular MRI (CMR) to address this complex problem. However, this approach requires further validation in a larger cohort, as detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as well as cardiovascular risk assessment is critically important in these patients. We hypothesized that coronary risk assessment and HCC detectability is acceptable using the one-stop-shop CMR approach. Methods In this observational study, patients underwent CMRI evaluation including cardiac function, stress CMR, thoracoabdominal MRA, and abdominal MRI on a standard MRI scanner in one examination. Results Over 8 years, 252 OLT candidates underwent evaluation in the cardiac MRI suit. The completion rates for each segment of the CMR examination were 99% for function, 95% completed stress CMR, 93% completed LGE for viability, 85% for liver MRI, and 87% for MRA. A negative CMR stress examination had 100% CAD event-free survival at 12 months. A total of 63 (29%) patients proceeded to OLT. Explant pathology confirmed detection/exclusion of HCC. Conclusions This study further defines the population suitable for the one-stop-shop CMR concept for preop evaluation of OLT candidates providing a road map for integrated testing in this complex patient population for evaluation of cardiac risk and detection of HCC lesions.
Influence of Metal Contamination and Sediment Deposition on Benthic Invertebrate Colonization at the North Fork Clear Creek Superfund Site, Colorado, USA.

Assessing benthic invertebrate community responses to multiple stressors is necessary to improve the success of restoration and biomonitoring projects. Results of mesocosm and field experiments were integrated to predict how benthic macroinvertebrate communities would recover following the removal of acid mine drainage from the North Fork of Clear Creek (NFCC), a U.S. EPA Superfund site in Colorado, USA. We transferred reference and metal-contaminated sediment to an upstream reference site where colonization by benthic macroinvertebrates was measured over 30 days. Additionally, a mesocosm experiment was performed to test the hypothesis that patches of metal-contaminated substrate impede recolonization downstream. Abundance in all treatments increased over time during field experiments; however, colonization was slower in treatments with metal-contaminated fine sediment. Community assemblages in treatments with metal-contaminated fine substrate were significantly different from other treatments. Patterns i...
The Constitutionality of the NSA Surveillance Program: A Letter to the House Judiciary Committee

Following the December 2005 disclosure by the New York Times of a highly-classified National Security Agency surveillance program that was authorized by President Bush shortly after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, there has been a great national debate, both scholarly and popular, about the legality of the program. Opponents claim that it violates the FISA statute's requirement that executive branch officials first obtain a warrant before conducting surveillance on enemy communications that originate or terminate in the United States itself. They also claim that, even if FISA statute was implicitly amended by the post-9/11 Authorization for the Use of Military Force (AUMF), the program violates the 4th Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable searches. Defenders of the program argue that the program was authorized by Congress's AUMF; that even if not, the FISA statute would be an unconstitutional intrusion on the powers the President has directly from Article II of the Constitution; and finally, that surveillance of enemy communications in time of war is perfectly reasonable and therefore consistent with the 4th Amendment. The Congressional Research Service and the Department of Justice each prepared major legal analyses of the program. CRS found the program unconstitutional, while DOJ found that it was perfectly constitutional. This letter/article, prepared at the request of the U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary Committee, reviews the strength of the two arguments and concludes that the Department of Justice legal analysis is more more thorough and much better grounded in the Constitution's text, history, and underlying political theory, as well as better supported by existing precedent.
Improving tree cover estimates for fine-scale landscape ecology

Mapping the presence of trees is an important tool for assessing tree-covered habitats, their changes, and calculating variables, like forest area and fragmentation. Despite the popularity of automated pattern recognition to make tree cover maps, their accuracy and precision are rarely tested or compared to more modest methods, like human-based pattern recognition to identify tree cover. Here, we test the performance of two computer-generated tree mapping products, the Global Change Forest database and the Carnegie Landsat Analysis System, against ground surveys and a human-made tree cover map created using Google Earth to hand digitize the presence and absence of trees in a diversified agricultural region in Costa Rica (934 km2). The human-made tree cover map properly classified 100% ground survey sites and explained 81% of the variance in percent of canopy cover values from the field. The Global Change Forest database misclassified 18 of 23 ground survey sites in deforested locations and explained 6% of the variance in percent of canopy cover values from ground surveys. The Carnegie Landsat Analysis System misclassified 9 of 23 ground survey sites in deforested locations and explained 38% of the variance in percent of canopy cover values from the field. Our results suggest that the Global Change Forest database overestimated tree cover by of 20% and the Carnegie Landsat Analysis System by 1%. We caution landscape ecologists working at fine spatial scales against using computer-generated tree cover, especially in the partially forested lands that increasingly cover the planet.
The Value of a Well-Trained Ear: Incidental Detection of Catathrenia on Home Sleep Apnea Tests in Patients With Low Probability for Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Catathrenia is a rare sleep-related breathing disorder marked by nocturnal groaning during prolonged exhalation. Home sleep apnea tests are growing in popularity, but no prior case reports exist do...
Focused Cardiac Ultrasound in the CT ICU: Helpful or Just Another Toy?

Cardiac imaging in the cardiothoracic intensive care unit (CTICU) plays an important role in the pre- and postoperative management of patients. While echocardiography is the primary imaging tool used, comprehensive examinations performed by a sonographer and interpreted by a cardiologist may not be available when assessment is required urgently or frequently. Focused cardiac ultrasound (FCU) is an ultrasound examination performed and interpreted at the bedside by a non-cardiologist to evaluate for a defined list of diagnoses. Several subspecialties have shown the value of using FCU in conjunction with physical exam and monitoring devices to guide patient assessment and management. This chapter will address the use of FCU in critically ill patients, with a focus on the CTICU.
Demystifying buprenorphine misuse: has fear of diversion gotten in the way of addressing the opioid crisis?

Buprenorphine is considered one of the most effective treatments for opioid use disorder and significantly reduces risk of overdose death. However, concerns about its diversion and misuse have often taken center stage in public discourse and in the design of practices and policies regarding its use. This has been to the detriment of many vulnerable patient populations, especially those involved in the criminal justice system. Policies that restrict access to buprenorphine in criminal justice and other settings due to concerns of diversion do not accurately reflect the relative risks and safety profile associated with it, creating unnecessary barriers that drive an illicit market of this much-needed medication. Although proper regulation of all controlled medications should be a priority, in most instances the benefits of buprenorphine highly outweigh its risks. In the midst of a national crisis, efforts should be focused on expanding, and not restricting, access to this lifesaving treatment.
Improvement of the GaSb/Al 2 O 3 interface using a thin InAs surface layer

A major challenge in fabricating a high mobility (In)GaSb based transistor is reducing the density of trap states (D it ) at the III-V/high-k interface [1]. Unoccupied surface bonds react with ambient oxygen and create energy levels within the GaSb bandgap which limit Fermi level movement and degrade sub-threshold slope. InGaAs and other As-rich surfaces have been thoroughly investigated and exhibit significant trap state reduction with Ammonium Sulfide passivation and further native oxide reduction when exposed to TMA precursor used in ALD [2,3]. Interface engineering of GaSb is accomplished using an epitaxially grown 2nm InAs top layer. This GaSb/InAs gate stack has shown immense improvement in C-V characteristics and a significant reduction of D it at the III-V/high-k interface.
The Impact of Handheld Legislation on Traffic Fatalities: Evidence from a Temporal Regression Discontinuity Design

Distracted driving is the leading cause of vehicle crashes in the United States. Lawmakers in several states have responded to this phenomena by implementing laws aimed at restricting the use of various handheld devices while operating a vehicle. In this paper, we utilize the temporal regression discontinuity design to estimate the impact of introducing handheld legislation on the level of traffic fatalities. We find consistent evidence that introducing a law which restricts the use of handheld devices while driving results in a 22% reduction in daily traffic fatalities and reduces average fatalities by 0.64 individuals each day. These results are robust to several specification and falsification checks.
Member spotlight: Amy J. Ko

In this feature of the Bulletin, we highlight members of the SIGCSE community. In this issue, Bulletin co-editor Jeffrey Miller interviewed Amy J. Ko.
Minority stress and health: A grounded theory exploration among men who have sex with men in China and implications for health research and interventions

Abstract Rationale Men who have sex with men (MSM) in China are disproportionately affected by HIV and mental health issues. Although predominately western-based research suggests a minority stress perspective to explain health disparities, how Chinese MSM experience stress related to being a sexual minority and how such experiences affect their health have not been carefully examined. Objective: This study was a qualitative investigation of how stress related to sexuality (e.g., stigma, discrimination, and oppression) are experienced among MSM in China and how these experiences affect their psychological and behavioral health. Method In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 MSM in China. Grounded theory was employed to guide data analysis. Results Six categories emerged, which included: A Family-Oriented, Heteronormative Culture, Interpersonal Rejections and Marginalization, Internalization of Stigma, the Psychological Impact of Minority Stress, Impact on HIV-related Behavioral Health, and Coping. A conceptual model was developed, which illustrated relationships among categories and described sources, processes, and impact of minority stress among MSM in China. Cultural, social, and internalized sources of minority stress were shown to have detrimental effects on participants' psychological health and HIV-related behavioral health. Various coping strategies shared the purpose of navigating well-being in one's direct environment and in the larger culture. Conclusions Findings demonstrate the relevance of minority stress in behavioral health among Chinese MSM as well as the need to conceptualize minority stress within MSM's sociocultural context. HIV prevention efforts may benefit from a contextualized understanding of minority stress and addressing minority stress in a culturally congruent, community-centered fashion.
GraphVine: exploiting multicast for scalable graph analytics

The proliferation of graphs as a key data structure for big-data analytics has heightened the demand for efficient graph processing. To meet this demand, prior works have proposed processing in memory (PIM) solutions in 3D-stacked DRAMs, such as Hybrid Memory Cubes (HMCs). However, PIM-based architectures, despite considerable improvement over conventional architectures, continue to be hampered by the presence of high inter-cube communication traffic. In turn, this trait has limited the underlying processing elements from fully capitalizing on the memory bandwidth an HMC has to offer. In this paper, we show that it is possible to combine multiple messages emitted from a source node into a single multicast message, thus reducing the inter-cube communication without affecting the correctness of the execution. Hence, we propose to add multicast support at source and in-network routers to reduce vertex-update traffic. Our experimental evaluation shows that, by combining multiple messages emitted at the source, it is possible to achieve an average speedup of 2.4× over a highly optimized PIM-based solution and reduce energy consumption by 3.4×, while incurring a modest power overhead of 6.8%.
Processing metallic materials far from equilibrium

The field of solidification has evolved from metallurgical alchemy to a predictive science over the past century. Our particular focus is on metals and their alloys, whose thermophysical properties tend to differ distinctively from that of organic systems. Rapid advances in modeling efforts and real-time experiments have yielded a wealth of new and quantitative information across relevant length- and time scales, thereby expanding our understanding of the liquid-to-solid phase transition. The articles in this issue highlight some important recent developments in the field, including solidification at extreme rates, as well as the state-of-the-art computational and experimental techniques that allow us to probe the otherwise improbable. In light of this progress, we identify critical issues and open questions that point to future research directions in solidification science.
An Order-Independent Algorithm for Learning Chain Graphs.

LWF chain graphs combine directed acyclic graphs and undirected graphs. We propose a PC-like algorithm, called PC4LWF, that finds the structure of chain graphs under the faithfulness assumption to resolve the problem of scalability of the proposed algorithm by Studeny (1997). We prove that PC4LWF is order dependent, in the sense that the output can depend on the order in which the variables are given. This order dependence can be very pronounced in high-dimensional settings. We propose two modifications of the PC4LWF algorithm that remove part or all of this order dependence. Simulation results with different sample sizes, network sizes, and p-values demonstrate the competitive performance of the PC4LWF algorithms in comparison with the LCD algorithm proposed by Ma et al. (2008) in low-dimensional settings and improved performance (with regard to error measures) in high-dimensional settings.
“Guardians of the Lost Library”: Developments of the Duck Fan Communities

This chapter explores the history of the formation of the fan communities that cropped up around these comics in mid-century, charting the rise and fall from the 1960s to the 1990s. The emphasis here is on the parallel communities: the collector-minded Americans focused on the work of Barks and the lore-oriented Germans that engaged with Fuchs’s translations. Key to the exploration is the impact a few fans had upon the larger enterprise, with the revelation of Carl Barks identity (which had previously been a closely held secret of the publisher) being the result of the dedicated detective work of a few different fans, and a testament to the role of fan scholarship in the formation of fan identity in this crucial period.
Variation Theory and the Reception of Chinese Literature in the English-speaking World

In his article "Variation Theory and the Reception of Chinese Literature in the Englishspeaking World" Shunqing Cao introduces "variation theory" he developed and suggests that the framework can be applied in studying the dissemination and reception of Chinese literature in the English-speaking world. Cao argues that cultural and literary differences produce variations in literary exchanges among different cultures and variation theory concentrates on these variations. With unique perspectives on variation in translation, cultural misreading, and domestication, variation theory is a useful theoretical framework and methodology for the study of the reception of Chinese literature in the English-speaking world. Shunqing Cao, "Variation Theory and the Reception of Chinese Literature in the English-speaking World" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 17.1 (2015): Thematic Issue The Study of Chinese Literature in the Anglophone World. Ed. Shunqing Cao
The Person’s Interactions

We have looked at ourselves and examined the many interactions we need to consider in order to become more value-centered and less domineering. Turning our attention to marginalized persons, we can see similar interactional patterns. Their aggression, self-harm, or withdrawal represent apartness—a surrender to anguish, meaninglessness, and choicelessness. Our dominative interactions compound them. Our central role is not to find ways to get rid of their behavior problems, but to enable the learning of accepting and returning unconditional valuing and engagement. As we do this, feelings of apartness disappear. Behavioral difficulties do not exist as much as interactional ones, and we play a central role in the presence or absence of violence in others through our everyday interactions. There is no form of aggression, self-injury, or withdrawal that is not related to and influenced by our interactions. If the person is slapping or hitting, we have to ask what we are doing. Are our words demanding? Is our gaze devaluing? Is our tone authoritarian or cold? The homeless person on the street falls deeper into despair with our frozen stares. The woman with schizophrenia who is grabbed by a caregiver loses more of life’s meaning. The child spanked by a parent senses more loneliness. And although some persons are born in disharmony, our commitment needs to be centered on teaching even those most distant persons to be part of family and community life. The process, then, needs to start with us and move both ourselves and others toward companionship. Our purpose is to diminish a sense of being apart from others by establishing feelings of union with us and others.
Characterization and expression of two avirulence genes cloned from Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea.

Abstract Two avirulence genes, avrB and avrC, from race 0 of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea, were sequenced and found to encode single protein products of 36 and 39 kilodaltons, respectively. The proteins had neither recognizable signal peptide sequences nor significant stretches of hydrophobic amino acids that might indicate membrane association. Both avrB and avrC had relatively low position 3 and overall G+C contents, which suggests that they may have been recently introduced into P. syringae pv. glycinea. The deduced amino acid sequences of the proteins encoded by avrB and avrC shared 42% identical amino acids. However, when introduced into race 4 of P. syringae pv. glycinea, each gene directed a unique pattern of hypersensitive reactions on several differential soybean cultivars. The avrC protein was overproduced in Escherichia coli cells and deposited as insoluble inclusion bodies in the cell cytoplasm. The avrC protein could be solubilized with urea-octyl glucoside treatment, but neither the solubilized protein nor the intact inclusion bodies elicited a hypersensitive reaction in soybean leaves.
Inappropriate Confidence and Retirement Planning: Four Studies with a National Sample

Financial decisions about investing and saving for retirement are increasingly complex, requiring financial knowledge and confidence in that knowledge. Few studies have examined whether direct assessments of individuals' confidence are related to the outcomes of their financial decisions. Here, we analyzed data from a national sample recruited through RAND's American Life Panel (ALP), an internet panel of U.S. adults aged 18 to 88. We examined the relationship of confidence with self-reported and actual financial decisions, using four different tasks, each performed by overlapping samples of ALP participants. The four tasks were designed by different researchers for different purposes, using different methods to assess confidence. Yet, measures of confidence were correlated across tasks, and results were consistent across methodologies. Confidence and knowledge showed only modest positive correlations. However, even after controlling for actual knowledge, individuals with greater confidence were more likely to report financial planning for retirement and to successfully minimize fees on a hypothetical investment task. Implications for the role of confidence (even if it is unjustified) in investment behavior is discussed.
Examining impulsivity as a moderator of the relationship between body shame and bulimic symptoms in Black and White young women.

Abstract Impulsivity has been linked to bulimic symptomatology in a number of studies; however, few have examined this relationship among Black women. We investigated the correlations between impulsivity and bulimic symptoms, and tested impulsivity as a moderator of the body shame/bulimic symptoms relationship among a sample of female undergraduates ( N = 276; 97 Blacks, 179 Whites). These participants provided data on body shame, impulsivity, and bulimic symptoms (EDE-Q binge eating frequency, BULIT-R, EDI-Bulimia). Among Blacks, impulsivity was significantly positively associated with all bulimic symptoms measures; among Whites, impulsivity was only positively correlated with binge eating frequency. Furthermore, among Blacks, the combination of high body shame and high impulsivity was associated with the highest levels of bulimic symptoms; these findings were not observed among Whites. This study highlights the importance of impulsivity and body shame in identifying bulimic symptomatology among Black women.
Importance of Model Simulations in Cassini In-Flight Mission Events

Simulation environments have been an integral part of Cassini's heritage. From the time of flight software development and testing to the beginning of the spacecraft's extended mission operations, both softsim and hardware-in-the-loop testbeds have played vital roles in verifying and validating key mission events. Satellite flybys and mission-critical events have established the need to model Titan's atmospheric torque, Enceladus' plume density, and other key parametric spacecraft environments. This paper will focus on enhancements to Cassini's Flight Software Development System (FSDS) and Integrated Test Laboratory (ITL) to model key event attributes which establish valid test environments and ensure safe spacecraft operability. Comparisons between simulated to in-flight data are presented which substantiate model validity.
Second-order perturbation theory with the contact interaction

Abstract We have calculated the second-order energies for the 1s and 2s states of atomic hydrogen perturbed by r 0 / r 2 ( r + r 0 ) 2 , the form of the Fermi contact operator derived from the Dirac theory. This is of interest in the evaluation of both NMR spin-spin coupling constants and of small corrections to the hydrogen atom hyperfine splitting. The results are compared with those of previous work which approximated the contact interaction as δ( r )/ r 2 .
The effect of solvents on the radiation‐induced polymerization of ethyl and isopropyl vinyl ethers

The radiation-induced cationic polymerization of ethyl and isopropyl vinyl ethers was studied in a variety of solvents. The propagation rate constants were estimated and found to vary widely with the nature of the solvent. In particular, a good linear relationship existed between the logarithms of the rate constants and the reciprocal of the dielectric constants. The lowest rates were those of the highest dielectric constant solvents. These results have been interpreted in terms of the Laidler and Eyring theory of ion-molecule reactions. Isopropyl vinyl ether polymerizes much faster than ethyl vinvl ether, although the rates approach the same value at infinite dielectric constant. In contrast, “free” carbenium ion polymerizations initiated by stable carbenium ion salts in methylene chloride solution had similar values for both monomers. A comparison is made between the rate constants obtained with both methods of initiation.
Predicting localization phenomena via Lyapunov exponent statistics

Liapunov exponents can be used to analyze localization in a disordered system for which the system's transfer matrix is known. Liapunov exponents provide a measure of the exponential spatial amplitude decay of the various wave types. However, this decay may be due to several mechanisms. In this work, the standard deviations of the Liapunov exponents are shown to predict frequency regions where the decay is due to localization, as opposed to off-resonance or dissipation. In this way, critical frequency regions where increased vibration amplitudes may occur can be systematically identified. The covariance of the Liapunov exponents is also considered and proposed as an indicator of wave conversion. (Author)
Kovats Retention Indices of Halocarbons on a Hexafluoropropylene Epoxide-Modified Graphitized Carbon Black

Kovats retention indices of 97 halocarbons related to research on alternative refrigerants, propellants, foaming agents, and blowing agents have been measured on a packed column stationary phase consisting of a 5% (mass/mass) coating of a low molecular weight polymer of hexafluoropropylene epoxide on graphitized carbon black. The measurements on each fluid have been made at four temperatures, and the thermal dependence of the indices has been modeled with appropriate equations. The modeled values are suitable for the identification of these compounds by gas chromatography on both laboratory and field instrumentation. The values are also useful for the optimization of more sophisticated analyses needed in specific situations. The results indicate that the stationary phase chosen will provide separation of nearly all the fluids of interest. Moreover, we show that there is sufficient spread in the retention index values to facilitate fluid identification. The measurements also appear to fit a qualitative tri...
About the cover: Luca da Pacioli and Leonardo’s drawings of polyhedra

Luca da Pacioli (1446/7–1517) was a Franciscan friar and Renaissance polymath, traditionally thought to be a protege of Piero della Francesca (1420–1492), one of the foremost painters of the Florentine-Umbrian school. There is no doubt that Pacioli was a mentor to Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1520), though there are conflicting views on the relationships and the influence of any of the three on the others [1]. Luca da Pacioli and Piero della Francesca were born in the same small town, Borgo di Sansepolcro, southeast of Florence and on the border between Tuscany and Umbria. Piero della Francesca, because of his eminence as a Renaissance painter, is usually referred to only as Piero, just as the name Leonardo usually refers to Leonardo da Vinci, not one of the other Leonardos of history. Piero, like Leonardo, combined his ability as a painter with an interest in science and mathematics. Unlike Leonardo, his contributions in mathematics were primarily relevant to art—perspective, proportion, and, by extension, architecture. Leonardo’s work is well known, touching on mechanics, hydrodynamics, anatomy, architecture, music, military engineering, and even ideas anticipating human flight. Luca da Pacioli’s contributions were more modest. His first published book, Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni, et proportionalita, was published in Venice in 1497 and was widely used as a textbook. Highly peripatetic, early in his career Pacioli moved to Urbino, where he tutored the son of Federigo da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino, immortalized by one of the most famous portraits of Renaissance Italy. This profile portrait by Piero hangs in the Uffizi. Federigo’s image is so striking that Piero used it on at least one other occasion, in his Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints and Angels (and incidentally, with Federigo da Montefeltro himself kneeling in the foreground). It is sometimes called the Montefeltro Altarpiece since it was commissioned by the Duke, and it is now in the Pinacoteca di Brera in Milan. Some have
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF VEGETATIVE AND DIVIDING CELLS OF THE UNICELLULAR RED ALGAE RHODELLA VIOLACEA AND RHODELLA MACULATA1

Rhodella violacea (Kornmann) Wehrmeyer and Rhodella maculata Evans were investigated for ultrastructural details of vegetative and dividing cells. Rhodella violacea has a nuclear projection into the pyrenoid similar to that found in R. maculata, although the nuclear projection in R. maculata traverses a starch-lined area before contacting the pyrenoid. Unlike most, red algae, the two Rhodella species lack a peripheral encircling thylakoid in the chloroplast and have dictyosomes associated solely with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) instead of with both mitochondria and ER. Both species also have a well-developed peripheral system of ER connected to the plasmalemma by tubules, a situation found only in red algal unicells, Cell division was studied primarily in R. violacea; a less thorough examination of R. maculata showed no essential differences. Both have small, double-ringed, nucleus-associated organ files (NAOs) surrounded by moderately electron-dense material, metaphase–anaphase polar gaps in the nuclear envelope, absence of perinuclear ER. and short interzonal spindles. This pattern of mitosis is similar in most respects to that reported in the unicell Flintiella. Following mitosis, microtubules extend from the region of each NAO to its associated nucleus and to the undivided pyrenoid. The NAOs appear to apply tension to the nuclei and the pyrenoid and may be the mechanism for ensuring equal partitioning of both organdies. Two different forms of pyrenoid-nucleus association occur during mitosis. Nuclear projections into the pyrenoid, prevalent during interphase and early stages of mitosis, recede at metaphase. Then, the pyrenoid extends protrusions into the nuclear polar areas, forming a cup that partially surrounds the nucleus. Cell division and vegetative characters confirm the close taxonomic affinity of these two species of Rhodella and support their separation from the genus Porphyridium.
Direction of self-estimate of ability and college-related criteria.

93 general psychology students were administered a self-rating scale of college ability and an objective measure of college ability. Following a 2-score transformation, students were assigned to 1 ...
Importance of the Treatment Field for the Application of Vascular Photodynamic Therapy to Inhibit Intimal Hyperplasia

Intimal hyperplasia (IH) plays a dominant role in the development of restenosis. In previous studies, photodynamic therapy (PDT) prevented IH induced by segmental balloon injury of the rat carotid. The critical elements required to control IH effectively with this technique are not fully understood. This study assessed the importance of the treatment field by studying the repair process of injured vessels, in which the PDT-treatment field did not target the entire injured area. The entire rat common carotid artery was balloon-injured to induce IH, whereas only the cervical segment below the bifurcation was subjected to PDT by external light irradiation after administration of the photosensitizer chloroaluminum sulfonated phthalocyanine. Light irradiation of injured arteries without photosensitizer served as control for PDT, and PDT of uninjured arteries was included as a control group for the balloon injury. Histologic characterization of the repair process was sequentially assessed. Balloon-injured arteries without PDT displayed rapid IH development with a peak at 2 weeks. Photodynamic therapy of balloon-injured arteries resulted in complete local depletion of medial smooth muscle cells (SMC), which was associated with a lack of IH until 2 weeks. However, at 4 and 16 weeks there was significant IH in PDT-treated arteries despite a lack of medial SMC repopulation. A wave of IH progression over the acellular media was observed in these arteries, migrating from the injured non-PDT-treated area. The PDT of uninjured arteries did not result in IH and was also associated with a persistent acellular media. Delayed IH development after PDT of injured vessels can result from IH progression from an injured site not included in the treatment field. This also indicated that the source of cells developing the intimal hyperplasia lesion can originate from an area remote from the lesion. Together with previous results and the determination that PDT itself does not induce IH, it can be reasoned that inclusion of the whole injured artery or a section of an uninjured margin in the treatment field is essential for effective PDT prevention of IH.
Multimode Illumination in the Terahertz for Elimination of Target Orientation Requirements and Minimization of Coherent Effects in Active Imaging Systems

It is shown that with appropriate multimode illumination and modulation strategies, it is possible to achieve the high sensitivity of active illumination, with the elimination of the need for "strategic" angular orientation of the target and to do so while minimizing the impact of coherent effects such as speckle. It is also shown that very modest terahertz (THz) power levels correspond to very high brightness temperatures, even when this power is divided among the many modes of large enclosures. We also consider how technical advances in the THz will continue to expand the scenarios of applicability for these approaches.
Dynamic photonic structure for integrated photonics

Based on the effects of photonic transitions, we show that a linear, broadband and nonreciprocal on-chip optical isolation can be accomplished by dynamic refractive index modulations. Such scheme allows for on-chip optical isolation using standard CMOS fabrication process. We also show how to use photonic transition to create on-chip tunable resonance with quality factor and resonant separately controllable.
Genetic Disorders Underlying Facial Deformities

Man is vulnerable to over 6,000 genetic disorders. One out of every twenty newborns will have an expression of a genetic disease during the first year of life (Shapira, 1986). This article provides a brief overview of basic types of genetic disorders and how they are manifested in children. Particular emphasis is given to facial deformities that early childhood special educators see in the classroom. Service delivery networks for genetic screening are presented as well as sources of family support groups. Basic knowledge of genetic disorders and available services is important for the educator of young children, because such knowledge helps the teacher make appropriate referrals.
Glaciation and Submarine Valleys

CONTINENTAL terraces are huge submerged benches, each surfaced by a continental shelf and a continental slope. The fall-off of shelf to slope begins not far from the 50-fathom isobath. The shelves vary in width from a few miles to 150 miles, their seaward gradient averaging about 1 in 1,500. The average gradient of the continental slope, measured from the fall-off to the flat plain of the deep ocean, is about 1 in 15, or 100 limes as steep ; measured from the fall-off to the 500 fathom isobath, the seaward gradient averages about 1 in 10, or 150 times as steep as that of the shelf.
Initiation of poly-N-acetyllactosamine chain biosynthesis occurs preferentially on complex multiantennary asparagine-linked oligosaccharides

Abstract An N -acetyl-β- d -glucosaminyltransferase activity involved in the initiation of poly- N -acetyllactosamine chain biosynthesis can be solubilized from Ehrlich ascites tumor cell microsomal membranes. The ability of this enzyme to act on linear and branched acceptor substrates has been studied. The results indicate that complex-type tri- and tetra-antennary oligosaccharides exhibiting the branching pattern β- d -Gal p -(1→4)-β- d -Glc p NAc-(1→6)-[β- d -Gal p -(1→4)-β- d -Glc p -NAc-(1→2)]- d -Man are the preferred substrates for the enzyme, and therefore, may represent the structures upon which the generation of poly- N -acetyllactosamine chains proceeds more efficiently.
A linearized analysis of the modified P1 equations

Abstract We analyze the propagation of linear radiation waves using the P1/3 equations recently suggested by Olson (Olson et al. JQSRT 1999; in press). These equations lead to the correct behavior of the radiation field under a wide variety of conditions and may provide a simple and practical method of solving time-dependent radiation transport problems, even in complex geometries.
Ribavirin prophylaxis and therapy for experimental argentine hemorrhagic fever.

Abstract Junin virus-infected rhesus macaques received prophylactic and therapeutic ribavirin to assess the potential of this drug for treating humans with Argentine hemorrhagic fever. When ribavirin was administered intramuscularly at the time of experimental infection with the lethal P3790 strain of Junin virus, all animals were protected from clinical disease. A delay in the initiation of therapy until after the onset of illness resulted in improvement and resolution of systemic signs of disease; however, survivors subsequently developed a late-onset central nervous system infection which was fatal in two of three animals. Side effects of ribavirin included thrombocytosis and severe anemia, both of which resolved promptly on withdrawal of drug therapy. Results of this study suggest that ribavirin may prove useful in treating humans with Argentine hemorrhagic fever.
Frustration, curvature, and defect lines in metallic glasses and the cholesteric blue phase.

We develop continuum elastic theories for the blue phases of cholesteric liquid crystals and for the metallic glasses. These theories are frustrated and possess ground states with networks of defect lines; the frustration can be relieved in a space of constant positive curvature (a sphere in four dimensions). The order parameter for the blue phase is a director (in ssR ${P}^{2}$), and for the metallic glasses it is a 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4 rotation matrix [in SO(4)]. The elastic energies are written using covariant derivatives which are zero for the local low-energy configurations. The theories are nonlinear sigma models. We also develop a renormalization-group analysis of disclination cores in models with ssR ${P}^{2}$, vector, SO(3), and SO(4) order-parameter spaces. The energy of disclination lines diverges logarithmically as their core size is taken to zero. A total divergence can be added to the energy. Through an unusual combination of energetic and topological effects, it contributes an energy proportional to the product of the length and strengths of the disclinations. We use this total divergence as a counterterm to keep the disclination energies fixed in the continuum limit.
SATURATED OUTPUTS FOR HIGH-GAIN, SELF-EXCITING NETWORKS

We consider a broad class of continuous time dynamical systems modeling a collection of processing units sending signals to each other. Each unit has an internal state variable xi and an output variable yi which is a nondecreasing function gi (xi). Certain outputs, called "forced", are of the form σj (Kxj) where σj is a sigmoid and K > 0 is a parameter called "gain". The dynamics is given by a system of differential equations of the form dx/dt = H (x, y, t). The system is self-exciting: ∂Hi/∂yi ≥ 0, and > 0 for the forced outputs. We show that for sufficiently high gain, the forced outputs are close to the asymptotic limiting values of the sigmoids along any stable solution x (t) defined on a finite interval J, for a proportion of t ∈ J that approaches 1 as K → ∞. This generalizes Hopfield's Saturation Theorem about additive neural networks with symmetric weight matrices.
Relativistic laser-plasma interactions

By focusing petawatt peak power laser light to intensities up to 10 21 Wc m −2 , highly relativistic plasmas can now be studied. The force exerted by light pulses with this extreme intensity has been used to accelerate beams of electrons and protons to energies of a million volts in distances of only microns. This acceleration gradient is a thousand times greater than in radio-frequency-based accelerators. Such novel compact laser-based radiation sources have been demonstrated to have parameters that are useful for research in medicine, physics and engineering. They might also someday be used to ignite controlled thermonuclear fusion. Ultrashort pulse duration particles and x-rays that are produced can resolve chemical, biological or physical reactions on ultrafast (femtosecond) timescales and on atomic spatial scales. These energetic beams have produced an array of nuclear reactions, resulting in neutrons, positrons and radioactive isotopes. As laser intensities increase further and laser-accelerated protons become relativistic, exotic plasmas, such as dense electron–positron plasmas, which are of astrophysical interest, can be created in the laboratory. This paper reviews many of the recent advances in relativistic laser–plasma interactions.
Race Relations in "Ebony": An Analysis of Interracial Statements in Selected Feature Stories.

The tense racial climate in America during the civil rights movement was the subject of constant media attention during the 1960s. Race relations were often portrayed and characterized as tenuous. To what extent (if any) did media accounts influence perceptions about race relations during this chapter of American history? Unfortunately, this question and the broader issue that it poses have not been addressed very often in the mass communication literature. However, social scientists have investigated and compared media use of Black and White Americans (Greenberg & Dervin, 1970). Additionally, researchers have examined the roles played by media (frequently television) in portraying racial minorities and in presenting racial stereotypes (Roberts, 1970). Lippmann (1922) was among the first social scientists to note the potential of media to influence human tendencies to reduce perceptions into convenient categories facilitating easy recognition. He referred to this process as stereotyping. Later studies on the impact of media in cultivation and socialization lend support to the notion that mass media potentially influence perceptions about race relations (Gerbner, 1973). To systematically investigate this proposition, a multifaceted research design could be employed to generate data on media content, media consumption, and attitudes relative to race relations.
Trimming phase and birefringence errors in planar lightwave circuits with deep ultraviolet femtosecond laser

A deep ultraviolet femtosecond laser was employed to trim phase and birefringence errors in silica planar lightwave circuits. A permanent refractive index change of ∼3.8×10−4 and a birefringence change of 1.0×10−4 were induced in hydrogen-free Mach-Zehnder planar waveguide circuits. The ultrafast laser enhances the ultraviolet photosensitivity response in silica waveguides by two orders of magnitude greater than that of a nanosecond 248 nm KrF excimer laser.
TRANSPORT AND REACTIONS OF GOLD IN SILICON CONTAINING CAVITIES

We quantified the strength of Au binding on cavity walls and in precipitates of the Au-Si molten phase within Si over the temperature range 1023{endash}1123 K. Also determined was the diffusivity-solubility product of interstitial Au. These properties were obtained by using ion implantation and annealing to form multiple layers containing cavities or Au-Si precipitates and then measuring by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry the rate and extent of Au redistribution between layers during isothermal heating. Results were incorporated into a diffusion-reaction formalism describing the evolution of the coupled concentrations of interstitial Au, substitutional Au, Si interstitial atoms, and Si vacancies. Cavities were shown to be effective sinks for the gettering of Au from solution in Si. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Gray platelet syndrome

![Figure][1] A 5-year-old girl was treated for 4 years based on a diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). When she presented for a second opinion, she met all criteria for ITP except that inspection of her peripheral blood smear showed large platelets with a complete lack of granulation,