cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Life Course, Age Grading, and Age-Linked Demands for Decision Making

ABSTRACT Life-span developmental psychology intersects with sociology at the point where social systems, whether they be small groups or nations, deal with the biological and social maturation and aging of their individual members. The basic premise of this paper is that age is an important variable that cuts across all areas of social life, and that it does so primarily through three social mechanisms: the life course, the system of age grading, and age-linked demands for decision making. This paper treats the life course, age grading and age-linked demands for decisions as highly interrelated social forces operating in the development of human beings. The life course is portrayed as a crude road map with quite a few alternative routes for getting through life's various stages. The existence of the life course provides a conception of successive changes in the structure of an individual's life and an expection that these changes will occur. Age grading, is portrayed as a process that combines with sex to control the individual's access to various groups, roles, aspects of culture(including norms, attitudes, values, beliefs, and skills), social situations, and social processes. Decision demands provide the individual, and those who care about him or her, with motivation for imposing structure on what otherwise would be a chaotic system of sometimes contradictory age norms and age-linked opportunities. Decision demands are a prime normative mechanism for providing the movement that translates the static age grading system into the life course and ultimately into the biography of an individual. Finally, some social factors that shape the individual's responses to change are discussed. This paper represents a preliminary excursion into poorly charted territory. It contains many speculations intended to promote thinking and spark research in new directions. It is necessarily short on well-documented answers to the issues it raises. At the same time, it seeks to provide a more complex approach to the sociology of the life span than has been available to developmental researchers in the past.
An S116R Phosphorylation Site Mutation in Human Fibroblast Growth Factor-1 Differentially Affects Mitogenic and Glucose-Lowering Activities

Fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1), a potent human mitogen and insulin sensitizer, signals through both tyrosine kinase receptor-mediated autocrine/paracrine pathways as well as a nuclear intracrine pathway. Phosphorylation of FGF-1 at serine 116 (S116) has been proposed to regulate intracrine signaling. Position S116 is located within a ∼17 amino acid C-terminal loop that contains a rich set of functional determinants including heparin∖heparan sulfate affinity, thiol reactivity, nuclear localization, pharmacokinetics, functional half-life, nuclear ligand affinity, stability, and structural dynamics. Mutational targeting of specific functionality in this region without perturbing other functional determinants is a design challenge. S116R is a non-phosphorylatable variant present in bovine FGF-1 and other members of the human FGF family. We show that the S116R mutation in human FGF-1 is accommodated with no perturbation of biophysical or structural properties, and is therefore an attractive mutation with which to elucidate the functional role of phosphorylation. Characterization of S116R shows reduction in NIH 3T3 fibroblast mitogenic stimulation, increase in fibroblast growth factor receptor-1c activation, and prolonged duration of glucose lowering in ob/ob hyperglycemic mice. A novel FGF-1/fibroblast growth factor receptor-1c dimerization interaction combined with non-phosphorylatable intracrine signaling is hypothesized to be responsible for these observed functional effects.
Nanosecond-Pulsed, mJ-Level Single-Mode Fiber Master Oscillator Power Amplifier with Polarization Maintaining Tapered Gain Fiber

We have demonstrated mJ pulse energy with nanosecond pulses, narrow linewidth, and single-mode beam quality operation in a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) fiber laser system using an Yb-doped polarization maintaining tapered amplifier.
Two Oncogenic Hits Are Required To Initiate Lymphomagenesis in Adult, but Not Neonatal Hosts.

The hallmark (8:14) translocation of Burkitt’s lymphoma causes MYC overexpression, a primary event in the development of Burkitt’s lymphoma. While Burkitt’s lymphoma comprises nearly one third of childhood malignancies, it is rare in adults. Among many explanations is the possibility that the capacity for a lymphocyte to undergo malignant transformation by MYC activation is influenced by factors related to the developmental state of the host. To address this possibility, we used transgenic mice in which the MYC proto-oncogene is conditionally regulated via the Tetracycline Regulatory System (Tet system). When MYC was activated in cohorts of mice less than 3 weeks of age, mice universally succumbed to lymphoma within 23 weeks. However, when MYC was activated in adult mice (over 7 weeks of age) the mice failed to develop lymphoma within 50 weeks. We were not able to detect differences in the effects of MYC on the proliferation or apoptosis in lymphocytes from adult versus neonatal hosts. We next explored whether the concomitant activation of MYC with a second oncogene could induce lymphomagenesis in adult mice. When we conditionally induced both MYC and BCL2 or MYC and RAS in adult hosts, mice succumbed to lymphoma with a mean latency of 24–27 weeks. Our results suggest that in adult hosts, concurrent activation of at least two oncogenes is required for MYC to initiate tumorigenesis.
Influence of Silica Fume and Polycarboxylate Ether Dispersant on Hydration Mechanisms of Cement

Partial replacement of ordinary portland cement by silica fume (SF) accelerates its rate of hydration reactions. This acceleration is attributed to the enhanced heterogeneous nucleation of the main hydration product, i.e., calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–S–H), on the extra surfaces provided by SF. However, such enhancement of C–S–H nucleation is suppressed in the presence of polycarboxylate ether (PCE) dispersant, which is added to regulate the fluidity and rheological properties of fresh paste. A generalized phase boundary nucleation and growth model with time-dependent growth of C–S–H is used to fit the hydration rates of plain and binary (10% to 30% SF) cement pastes prepared with and without PCE. The results show that while SF accelerates cement hydration, increments in hydration rates are significantly smaller in relation to the extra surface area provided by SF. This is because of the agglomeration of SF particles which renders up to 96% of their surface area unavailable for C–S–H nucleation. Furthermor...
Endurance of SN 2005ip after a decade: X-rays, radio and Hα like SN 1988Z require long-lived pre-supernova mass-loss

NSF [AST-1210599, AST-1312221, AST-1211916]; NASA [1255094]; NASA through an Einstein Postdoctoral Fellowship; Gary & Cynthia Bengier; Richard & Rhoda Goldman Fund; Christopher R. Redlich Fund; TABASGO Foundation; W. M. Keck Foundation
Quantitative iTRAQ-based secretome analysis reveals species-specific and temporal shifts in carbon utilization strategies among manganese(II)-oxidizing Ascomycete fungi

Fungi generate a wide range of extracellular hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes and reactive metabolites, collectively known as the secretome, that synergistically drive plant litter decomposition in the environment. While secretome studies of model organisms have greatly expanded our knowledge of these enzymes, few have extended secretome characterization to environmental isolates, particularly filamentous Ascomycetes, or directly compared temporal patterns of enzyme utilization among diverse species. Thus, the mechanisms of carbon (C) degradation by many ubiquitous soil fungi remain poorly understood. Here we use a combination of iTRAQ proteomics and extracellular enzyme activity assays to compare the protein composition of the secretomes of four manganese(II)-oxidizing Ascomycete fungi over a three-week time course. We demonstrate that the fungi exhibit striking differences in the regulation of extracellular lignocellulose-degrading enzymes among species and over time, revealing species-specific and temporal shifts in C utilization strategies as they degrade the same substrate. Specifically, our findings suggest that Alternaria alternata SRC1lrK2f and Paraconiothyrium sporulosum AP3s5-JAC2a employ sequential enzyme secretion patterns concomitant with decreasing resource availability. Stagonospora sp. SRC1lsM3a preferentially degrades proteinaceous substrate before switching to carbohydrates, and Pyrenochaeta sp. DS3sAY3a utilizes primarily peptidases to aggressively attack carbon sources in a concentrated burst. This work highlights the diversity of operative metabolic strategies among understudied yet ubiquitous cellulose-degrading Ascomycetes, enhancing our understanding of their contribution to C turnover in the environment.
Evaluation of Approval Request 47; Call for Release Procedures for Charlotte Douglas International Airport

NASA is collaborating with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and aviation industry partners to develop and demonstrate new concepts and technologies for Integrated Arrival, Departure, and Surface (IADS) traffic management capabilities under the Airspace Technology Demonstration 2 (ATD-2) project. One of the goals of the IADS capabilities in the ATD-2 project is to increase predictability and throughput of airspace operations by improving Traffic Management Initiative (TMI) compliance. This paper focuses on the Approval Request (APREQ) procedures developed for the ATD-2 project between the Air Traffic Control (ATC) Tower at Charlotte Douglas International Airport and Washington Center. In March 2017, NASA conducted a Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) simulation to evaluate the operational procedures and information requirements for the APREQ procedures in the ATD-2 IADS system between ATC Tower and Center. The findings from the HITL are used to compare ATD-2 APREQ procedures with information about current day APREQ procedures.
Did the Food Environment Cause the Obesity Epidemic

Several putative explanations of the obesity epidemic relate to the changing food environment. Individual dietary macronutrients have each been theorized to be the prime culprit for population obesity, but these explanations are unlikely. Rather, obesity probably resulted from changes in the caloric quantity and quality of the food supply in concert with an industrialized food system that produced and marketed convenient, highly processed foods from cheap agricultural inputs. Such foods often contain high amounts of salt, sugar, fat, and flavor additives and are engineered to have supernormal appetitive properties driving increased consumption. Ubiquitous access to convenient and inexpensive food also changed normative eating behavior, with more people snacking, eating in restaurants, and spending less time preparing meals at home. While such changes in the food environment provide a likely explanation of the obesity epidemic, definitive scientific demonstration is hindered by the difficulty in experimentally isolating and manipulating important variables at the population level.
Tuning conformation and properties of peptidomimetic backbones through dual N/Cα-substitution

We demonstrate that changing the backbone between peptides, peptoids and the underexplored dual N/Cα-substituted peptoids analogues allows for control over the preferred conformation of the intrinsically disordered biomimetic oligomers. The conformation tunability is directly probed using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and is shown to manifest itself in differences in the nanoparticle–oligomer hybridization propensity.
Marriage Institutions and the Formation of Cross-Cultural Knowledge Networks in Early Modern Southeast Asia

This article explores the ways in which Europeans encountered indigenous knowledge in Asia and the Americas during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and reconstructs the social factors that enabled productive cross-cultural knowledge encounters within a particular temporal and cultural context. By focusing on the tacit nature of medical knowledge and on the structure of the networks that enabled cross-cultural brokerage I develop a framework that explains why knowledge exchange occurred in some situations and not in others. In particular, I argue that a unique marriage institution that emerged in the Dutch-controlled regions of the Indonesian archipelago during the second half of the seventeenth-century fostered European access to indigenous botanical knowledge by reshaping the patterns of relationships that linked European, mestiza, and indigenous cultures. Women in Southeast Asia were the important medical practitioners within their local communities. By fostering and formalizing relationships with Asian and mestiza women this marriage institution both created direct ties with local experts while also integrating European men in to a community who relied primarily on local botanical cures for their medical care and who could broker relationships with local practitioners.
Capitalism and Socialism

Economic analysis of institutions does not require references to capitalism and socialism. However, it is useful to continue to make this distinction because competition between capitalism and socialism has so dominated the twentieth century. Moreover, the history and development of capitalism and socialism help us understand the forces that contributed to the rise of many institutions. And categorizing some institutions as having the characteristics of capitalism or socialism reduces the cost of identifying their intended consequences.
Hereditary Channelopathies Caused by TRPV4 Mutations

Mutations in the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 gene (TRPV4), encoding a widely expressed Ca2+-permeable ion channel, result in autosomal dominant diseases of peripheral nerve (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2C, congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy, scapuloperoneal spinal muscular atrophy) or the skeletal system (metatropic dysplasia, spondylometaphyseal dysplasia Kozlowski type, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia Maroteaux type, autosomal dominant brachyolmia, parastremmatic dysplasia, familial digital arthropathy-brachydactyly). TRPV4-mediated nerve and bone disorders are characterised by considerable phenotypic variability, including severe congenital-onset disease to complete nonpenetrance in the case of nerve disease-associated mutations. Most often, individual TRPV4 mutations have been associated with distinct organ system diseases; although overlap syndromes may occur. Heterologous expression studies have identified a number of functional changes in the TRPV4 ion channel resulting from disease-causing mutations, the most prominent being increased constitutive channel activity. As many of these changes are shared by TRPV4 mutants causing different diseases, however, it remains unclear how particular mutations in TRPV4 result in such diverse disease phenotypes. In this chapter, we outline the clinical and pathological features of the known forms of TRPV4-mediated disease, as well as the effects of disease-causing mutations on TRPV4 assembly, expression and channel activity. We also explore current thinking on the pathogenenic mechanisms contributing to different forms of TRPV4 channelopathy. Elucidation of these mechanisms will be an important step in the development of new therapeutic interventions for these diseases.
Public Administration Research in Mainland China: A Systematic Review of Chinese Public Administration in English Language Journals (1996–2016)

This study provides a systematic review of the development of Chinese public administration in English language journals. An analysis of articles in the top 25 English-language public administratio...
A comparative study of feeding behavior and digestive function in dairy goats, wool sheep and hair sheep.

An intake and digestibility study was conducted with three groups (six animals per group) of yearling wether dairy goats (four Toggenburg, two Alpine), wool sheep (Targhee X Dorset) and hair sheep (St. Croix). Body weight (BW) ranged from 42 to 52 kg, averaging 47 kg. All animals were penned individually and given ad libitum access to a mixture of alfalfa-smooth bromegrass hay in pelleted, chopped or long form. Each group contained three ruminally cannulated animals. There were no apparent differences in the composition of feed consumed among goats, wool sheep and hair sheep, and no significant animal type X forage form interactions for any of the variables evaluated. Significant differences were observed in dry matter intake (DMI) between wool sheep, hair sheep and goats: 3.17%, 2.66% and 2.23% of BW, respectively (P less than .05). Daily water intake (WI) was greatest for wool sheep (P less than .05), but not different between hair sheep and goats. Total digestibility of dry matter (DM) and all fiber fractions were similar among animal types. For the cannulated animals, ruminal content weight and total ruminal volume were greatest for wool sheep (P less than .05). Ruminal acid detergent lignin (ADL) turnover was greater in wool and hair sheep than goats (P less than .05), but no differences were apparent for dry matter or neutral detergent fiber (NDF) turnover. For all animals, DMI, DMI/BW, digestible DMI and WI were greater for pelleted than chopped and long hay (P less than .05). Total ruminal volume, contents weight (on an absolute or BW basis) and fluid volume were lower in the cannulated animals consuming pelleted hay (P less than .05). Ruminal DM turnover rate was faster on pelleted than long hay, while DM turnover rate on chopped hay was intermediate. Turnover of ADL was faster on pelleted than chopped or long hay (P less than .05), but there were no differences among forage forms in NDF turnover rate. Fluid turnover rate was faster on pelleted and chopped than on long hay (P less than .05). Under the conditions of this study, no apparent differences were observed among animal types in the nutrient composition of feed consumed, ruminal or total tract digestibilities or rate of passage for dry matter. However, feeding behavior or selectivity differences under natural grazing conditions may deviate from what has been observed in confinement.
Becoming Hispanic-serving institutions: opportunities for colleges and universities

Gina A. Garcia’s book, Becoming Hispanic-Serving Institutions, explores what it means to serve Latinx students at Hispanic-serving institutions (HSIs) and assesses various ways these institutions a...
Size, ornamentation, and flight feather morphology promote within-pair paternity in a sexually dimorphic passerine

Morphology in sexually dimorphic species is related to increased opportunity for sexual selection when traits reflect individual quality. In socially monogamous species, it may function to increase variance in reproductive success if exaggerated traits are related to the opportunity to engage in extra-pair paternity (EPP). Nonetheless, it is poorly understood if ornamental versus functional traits are differentially related to the distribution of paternity across individuals. We examined EPP in the Scissor-tailed Flycatcher (Tyrannus forficatus), a sexually dimorphic suboscine passerine, to determine how flight feather morphology (both ornamental and related to flight performance), ornamental coloration, and flight performance were related to paternity for males and females. We assessed paternity at 140 nests across 7 years and found that 73% of nests contained extra-pair young with 59% of nestlings resulted from extra-pair fertilizations. Males that secured paternity with their social mate had larger size (wing chord and tail length), better body condition, and more exaggerated ornamental traits (color, primary notch, and streamer length) than cuckolded males. When compared directly to the social males they cuckolded, however, cuckolders had shorter primary notches and had duller coloration. Elongated flight feather features were associated with greater maneuverability during flight, and longer primary notches and tail streamers were associated with maintenance of within-pair paternity, possibly via flight displays. Females that cuckolded their mates had less exaggerated flank coloration but better body condition than those that did not. We posit that in this system, there is a lack of strong selection on extra-pair mate morphology; rather, high-quality males maintained WPP while females in good condition were more likely to cuckold social males of poorer quality, signaling a role of reciprocal selection in extra-pair mate choice. Determinants of the frequency and extent of extra-pair paternity are central to our conception of mating systems, population genetics, and sexual selection. Morphological determinants can influence faithfulness to a mate and are a key aspect of locomotion, limiting or enhancing an individual’s ability to interact with others. We examined how ornamental (coloration and tail streamers) and functional traits involved in flight (wing and tail structure) correlated with cuckoldry. Male condition, size, and ornamental traits were negatively associated with cuckoldry; yet, social males were cuckolded by males of poorer quality. Flight feather characteristics were positively associated both with flight performance and maintenance of paternity, suggesting a role of flight in cuckoldry. Female body condition was related to cuckoldry and perhaps indicates reciprocal choice by males for healthy extra-pair mates. We posit a lack of strong selection on extra-pair mate morphology in this system; rather, high-quality males maintained WPP while females were more likely to cuckold social males of poorer quality.
Spatiotemporal variations of in situ Vp/Vs ratio within the Salton Sea Geothermal Field, southern California

Abstract The Salton Sea Geothermal Field is located on the southeastern shore of Salton Sea and has been facilitated with many geothermal units in the past few decades. In this study, I investigate possible effects of the long-term production process on seismic parameters by using a high-resolution approach to estimate the near-source compressional- to shear-wave velocity ratios (Vp/Vs). I apply this method to similar earthquake clusters based on waveform cross-correlation data and obtain robust results for six event clusters in the study area. The resulting in situ Vp/Vs ratios vary from 1.510 to 1.811 with the calculated uncertainties below 0.02. I examine possible relations between these Vp/Vs ratios and other types of data. The observed spatial correlation with the heat flow and temporal correlation with well production data indicate that the near-source Vp/Vs ratios strongly depend on the subsurface natural properties, but are influenced by the amount of extraction and injection volume throughout the operational period. This study suggests that the in situ estimation method can be used to detect changes in near-source Vp/Vs ratios caused by exploitation of geothermal areas and is a potentially valuable tool for geothermal resource monitoring.
Teaching Engineering Students Freehand Sketching with an Intelligent Tutoring System

Sketching is an essential skill in engineering design. However, the instruction of sketching in engineering curriculum has greatly diminished in recent decades. Previous studies have shown that teaching an Industrial Design-inspired version of free hand sketching is effective in engineering courses, but engineering professors are often untrained to teach this method effectively. This chapter studies the effect of supplementing instructor-taught sketching with an online sketching tutor that utilizes artificial intelligence to provide human-like feedback to user sketches. To measure the impact of the introduction of this program, the authors compared students who used the online tutor against students who only completed paper-based sketching homework using pre- and post-course spatial visualization evaluations and sketching quizzes. The results show that the students using the online tutor significantly improve their spatial visualization skills at a level equivalent to students who had more practice with pen-and-paper sketching.
The conchal butterfly graft in secondary reconstruction of the bilateral cleft lip nasal deformity

Abstract Objectives The bilateral cleft nasal deformity is characterized by a short columella and a broad, flattened nasal tip. Secondary correction is challenging and often complicated by skin envelope scarring and hypoplastic alar cartilages. Adequate and durable tip projection requires a procedure that adequately augments the nasal tip and maximizes tip support. We describe a novel technique for secondary correction of this deformity in the immature pediatric population. Methods The conchal butterfly graft technique utilizes a folded cartilage construct to simultaneously increase tip projection and provide tip support. A retrospective review of 19 consecutive patients with bilateral cleft lip who underwent secondary tip rhinoplasty utilizing our technique over a 7-year period was conducted. Charts were reviewed for age at operation, length of follow-up and secondary revision procedures. Pre- and post-operative photographs were compared using two different methods to assess the degree of change and overall aesthetic result. Three plastic surgeons who previously were unfamiliar with the technique independently rated seven nasal tip characteristics. Nasal tip projection (NTP) was then measured objectively by two widely utilized methods: the Goode method and the Baum method-modified by Powell. Results Long lasting correction of the bilateral cleft nasal deformity was achieved utilizing this technique in 19 patients over a 7-year period with a mean length of follow-up of 5.4 years. We demonstrate augmented nasal tip projection that approaches ideal relationships from both relative measurement and survey data. Conclusion The conchal butterfly graft technique is effective for reconstruction of the bilateral cleft nasal deformity, and in our experience, has resulted in long lasting nasal projection and overall improved facial balance.
Kinetics analysis of ubiquitin local fluctuations with Markov state modeling of the LE4PD normal modes

Local fluctuations are important for protein binding and molecular recognition because they provide conformational states that can be trapped through a selection mechanism of binding. Thus, an accurate characterization of local fluctuations may be important for modeling the kinetic mechanism that leads to the biological activity of a protein. In this paper, we study the fluctuation dynamics of the regulatory protein ubiquitin and propose a novel theoretical approach to model its fluctuations. A coarse-grained, diffusive, mode-dependent description of fluctuations is accomplished using the Langevin Equation for Protein Dynamics (LE4PD). This equation decomposes the dynamics of a protein, simulated by molecular dynamics, into dynamical pathways that explore mode-dependent free energy surfaces. We calculate the time scales of the slow, high-amplitude fluctuations by modeling the kinetics of barrier crossing in the two-dimensional free energy surfaces using Markov state modeling. We find that the LE4PD predicts slow fluctuations in three important binding regions in ubiquitin: the C-terminal tail, the Lys11 loop, and the 50 s loop. These results suggest that the LE4PD can provide useful information on the role of fluctuations in the process of molecular recognition regulating the biological activity of ubiquitin.
Headache, hyperprolactinemia, and prolactinomas.

The present study was undertaken to investigate whether headache in women with nonpuerperal hyperprolactinemia was related to elevated serum prolactin (PRL) levels or the presence of a PRL-secreting pituitary adenoma. The subjects were 469 women seen initially during the period of 1973 to 1979 at four clinical centers with the complaints of secondary amenorrhea and/or galactorrhea, 212 of whom were subsequently diagnosed as having a prolactinoma. Headaches were four times more frequent (relative odds = 3.92; 95% confidence interval = 1.54 to 9.97) in the presence of an adenoma than in its absence. This effect was not altered by adjustment for PRL level or study center, nor could it be explained by confounding due to age, occupation, level of education, use of oral contraceptives, cigarette smoking, ethnic group, or history of head injury. Hyperprolactinemia was associated with headache only if a prolactinoma was present (chi 2 = 9.524; P = .002) and not in the absence of a prolactinoma (chi 2 = 1.547; P = .214). These findings suggest that the space-occupying mass effect of a prolactinoma is responsible for headache in women with nonpuerperal hyperprolactinemia. Despite its nonspecific nature, headache may be a useful indicator of the presence of an occult prolactinoma in women with secondary amenorrhea and/or galactorrhea.
Educating the Designer of 2025

Abstract I am not inclined, for several reasons, to believe there are straightforward goals for educators seeking to shape the designer of 2025. The embedded assumption that there are broad similarities among designers is my first worry. I don’t just believe that differences are inevitable—I believe in the value of diversity in individual experience and individual points of view. I see thinking through making as vital in my little corner of design, and as valuable resource for educators in general. Thinking through making—once a common way of approaching the world—has largely disappeared, but art and design programs would do well to preserve this important approach. (Note that I am not talking about past designers; much of society dealt with the world as physical stuff to be manipulate.) To some extent, the popularity of design thinking has demonstrated the value of a variety of thinking through making. Much of the conversation around design thinking assumes that the future of design is in the tackling of larger, more complex, and often immaterial tasks. While I embrace that, I wonder whether moves toward larger, more complex, often immaterial projects as the center of undergraduate training undermines the learning of the sort of skills we hope designers have.
The demand for and marginal cost of air pollution abatement: an implicit market analysis

The demand for air pollution abatement used the median voter model as its theoretical basis. A utility function for the median voter was devised with air pollution abatement as one of the goods. This utility function also incorporated transpolitical boundary costs and benefits. Implicit prices were derived from the expenditure identity: price times quantity equals expenditures. Data on air pollution abatement and expenditures for air pollution abatement by state governments and two-digit SIC manufacturing industries were used. Only point source manufacturing air pollutants were considered. The utility function was maximized subject to a budget constraint, and ordinary demand functions were derived;Air pollution abatement was hypothesized to be a public good produced by a figurative joint firm of the state governments and private emitting industries. This figurative joint firm was assumed to minimize the cost of abatement. A marginal cost function for abatement was derived by minimizing costs subject to an output constraint. Competitive behavior was assumed for the figurative joint firm with price set equal to marginal cost;The exogenous variables on the demand side included gross personal income, attitudes about environmental quality in the previous year, stock of air pollution in the previous year and a measure of the skewness of the distribution of income. The exogenous variables in the marginal cost equation include wages of state government workers enforcing air pollution regulations, wages of private industry air pollution abatement workers, the user cost of capital and the stock of air pollution in the previous year;Econometric estimates of the demand and marginal cost equations were derived using two-stage least squares. The data were pooled time-series and cross-section observations of the fifty states of the United States for the period 1974-1978;Significant findings include low elasticity of demand for air pollution abatement with respect to price (-0.17) and with respect to income (0.44). Also of note is the elasticity of demand with respect to income distribution skewness (1.56) leading to the inference that those who are decisive in determining the level of air pollution abatement benefit through cost shifting from skewed income distributions.
Simpler Hyperparameter Optimization for Software Analytics: Why, How, When

How can we make software analytics simpler and faster One method is to match the complexity of analysis to the intrinsic complexity of the data being explored. For example, hyperparameter optimizers find the control settings for data miners that improve the predictions generated via software analytics. Sometimes, very fast hyperparameter optimization can be achieved by ‘`DODGE-ing’'; i.e. simply steering way from settings that lead to similar conclusions. But when is it wise to use that simple approach and when must we use more complex (and much slower) optimizers To answer this, we applied hyperparameter optimization to 120 SE data sets that explored bad smell detection, predicting Github issue close time, bug report analysis, defect prediction, and dozens of other non-SE problems. We find that the simple DODGE works best for data sets with low ‘`intrinsic dimensionality’' (around 3) and very poorly for higher-dimensional data (around 8). Nearly all the SE data seen here was intrinsically low-dimensional, indicating that DODGE is applicable for many SE analytics tasks.
Generation of Sex-Reversed Female Clonal Mice via CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Y Chromosome Deletion in Male Embryonic Stem Cells

Mice derived entirely from embryonic stem (ES) cells can be generated through tetraploid complementation. Although XY male ES cell lines are commonly used in this system, occasionally, monosomic XO female mice are produced through spontaneous Y chromosome loss. Here, we describe an efficient method to obtain monosomic XO ES cells by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion of the Y chromosome, allowing generation of female clonal mice by tetraploid complementation. The monosomic XO female mice are viable and able to produce normal male and female offspring. Direct generation of clonal mice in both sexes can significantly accelerate the production of complex genetically modified mouse models.
Generalized Social Marginal Welfare Weights Imply Inconsistent Comparisons of Tax Policies

This paper concerns Saez and Stantcheva's (2016) generalized social marginal welfare weights (GSMWW), which aggregate losses and gains due to tax policies, while incorporating non-utilitarian ethical considerations. The approach evaluates local tax changes without a global social objective. I argue that local tax policy comparisons implicitly entail global comparisons. Moreover, whenever welfare weights do not have a utilitarian structure, these implied global comparisons are inconsistent. One motivation for GSMWW is that it preserves the Pareto principle. I argue that the approach's problems should spark a reconsideration of Pareto if one wants to represent broader values in formal policy analysis.
The Taxonomic History of Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891 (Diptera: Culicidae).

A review of all taxonomic actions within the subgenus Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribalzaga, 1891 (Diptera: Culicidae) sensu Reinert et al. (2008) is provided. In particular, the complex historical taxonomic treatment of the type species of this group is dissected and explained in detail. Additionally, current challenges with the definition of the subgenus and its constituents are discussed, as are the requisite steps for a successful revision of the taxon. Going forward, we conclude that a taxonomic revision of the species should include a neotype designation for Ochlerotatus scapularis (Rondani, 1848) from topotypical material. Additionally, we provide a review of the characters and taxa that need to be re-evaluated and well-described in order to stabilize the taxonomy of the subgenus. This effort represents a key step towards a stable nomenclature of the Tribe Aedini.
Beyond Inevitability: Emphasizing the Role of Intention and Ethical Responsibility in Engineering Design

Much of how humans think about their world and their actions in relation to it is governed by the manner of their speaking. In this paper the authors argue that this has an especially significant impact on the work of engineers and their perception of ethical responsibility. A discourse framework governing the actions of engineers which focuses on the idea of technological development tends to lead toward perceptions of technological inevitability, whereas one focusing on the terminology of engineering design enhances perceptions of choice and, consequently, of individual responsibility. Perceptions of responsibility resulting from design focused discourse thus are not limited to narrow safety and production considerations, but include holistic considerations such as aesthetic and environmental factors, as well as considerations of societal implications of design choices. The authors propose that increased focus on design discourse, in both professional and public settings, will enhance a broader sense of ethical responsibility among engineers.
The Distinct Element Method — Application to Structures in Jointed Rock

This paper presents a brief review of the distinct element method (DEM) with particular emphasis on techniques for handling contact detection. In addition, various approaches for parallelization are considered. Our primary focus is on applying the DEM to simulations of the attack and defense of buried facilities. Some continuum approaches to this problem are discussed along with results from underground explosions. Finally, our DEM code is used to simulate dynamic loading of a tunnel in jointed rock and preliminary results are presented demonstrating the suitability of the DEM for this application.
Effect of Heinz Bodies on Red Cell Deformability

Decreased deformability of acetylphenylhydrazine-treated erythrocytes, measured by in vitro filtration experiments, was found to parallel Heinz body formation. The decreased deformability seemed unrelated to methemoglobin formation, ATP depletion, red cell size, or membrane effect. Hemolysis of Heinz body erythrocytes occurred during filtration of severely damaged cells, in an all-or-none fashion. In mixtures, separation of untreated cells from Heinz body-containing erythrocytes could be accomplished by filtration. There may be a relationship of these filtration properties to intravascular, in vivo destruction of severely damaged cells in Heinz body anemias.
Unstable quantum states and rigged Hilbert spaces

We apply rigged Hilbert space techniques to the quantum mechanical treatment of unstable states in nonrelativistic scattering theory.We discuss a method which is based on representations of decay amplitudes in terms of expansions over complete sets of generalized eigenvectors of the interacting Hamiltonian, corresponding to complex eigenvalues.These expansions contain both a “discrete” and a “continuum” contribution. The former corresponds to eigenvalues located at the second sheet poles of the S matrix, and yields the exponential terms in the survival amplitude. The latter arises from generalized eigenvectors associated to complex eigenvalues on background contours in the complex plane, and gives the corrections to the exponential law.
In vivo functional analyses of the type II acyl carrier proteins of fatty acid biosynthesis

Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is a key component of the fatty acid synthesis pathways of both type I and type II synthesis systems. A large number of structure-function studies of various type II ACPs have been reported, but all are in vitro studies that assayed function or interaction of mutant ACPs with various enzymes of fatty acid synthesis or transfer. Hence in these studies functional properties of various mutant ACPs were assayed with only a subset of the many ACP-interacting proteins, which may not give an accurate overall view of the function of these proteins in vivo. This is especially so because Escherichia coli ACP has been reported to interact with several proteins that have no known roles in lipid metabolism. We therefore tested a large number of mutant derivatives of E. coli ACP carrying single amino acid substitutions for their abilities to restore growth to an E. coli strain carrying a temperature-sensitive mutation in acpP, the gene that encodes ACP. Many of these mutant proteins had previously been tested in vitro thus providing data for comparison with our results. We found that several mutant ACPs containing substitutions of ACP residues reported previously to be required for ACP function in vitro support normal growth of the acpP mutant strain. However, several mutant proteins reported to be severely defective in vitro failed to support growth of the acpP strain in vivo (or supported only weak growth). A collection of ACPs from diverse bacteria and from three eukaryotic organelles was also tested. All of the bacterial ACPs tested restored growth to the E. coli acpP mutant strain except those from two related bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis and Lactococcus lactis. Only one of the three eukaryotic organellar ACPs allowed growth. Strikingly the ACP is that of the apicoplast of Plasmodium falciparum (the protozoan that causes malaria). The fact that an ACP from a such diverse organism can replace AcpP function in E. coli suggests that some of the protein-protein interactions detected for AcpP may be not be essential for growth of E. coli.
A Comparative Study of Blood Chemistry and Respiration in Marine and Freshwater Eels

THE EURYHALINE NATURE OF THE EEL has made it the su,bject of numerous s.u.dies designed to explain the various physiological mechanisms which allow the eel to inhabit marine, estuar- ine, and freshwater environments. This is par- ticularly true for the common eel of Europe (Anguilla anguilla) and Jpan (Anguilla jap- onica). The American eel (Anguilla rostrata) has not received as much attention, particularly with regard to basic physiologic measurements. We report here a comparative study of the res- piration and the levels of several blood constit- uents of American eels taken from the three maj,o,r environments this spedes inhabits. MATERIALS AND METHODS The eels utilized in this study were taken from a number of freshwater streams and estu- aries in Connecticut and from Long Island Sound by means of eel pots. All were in the yellow stage (mean length 45 centimeters). Fish used for the determination of the various
Occlusal attrition, transpalatal dimensions and the early New Zealand Moari†

Considerable occlusal wear of the early New Zealand Maori's teeth was associated with a rough diet and contributed to dental pathology. Transpalatal measurements were recorded to within 0.1 mm for 62 young adult male skulls, giving a mean of 38.4 ± 0.34.
A Modular Linear Permanent-Magnet Machine with an FPGA-Based Controller

This paper details the design and testing of a high dynamic performance, modular linear permanent magnet (PM) machine and drive system with an FPGA based controller. Advantages of the modular design and the impacts of this arrangement on the drive and control systems are discussed. A complete description of the prototype machine is given, including the major design choices and construction. The necessary functions of the power electronic drive are explained, as are the tasks and architecture of the system control. Finally, results from extensive testing of the entire system are presented.
Radial dose distribution of 192Ir and 137Cs seed sources.

The radial dose distributions in water around 192Ir seed sources with both platinum and stainless steel encapsulation have been measured using LiF thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLD) for distances of 1 to 12 cm along the perpendicular bisector of the source to determine the effect of source encapsulation. Similar measurements also have been made around a 137Cs seed source of comparable dimensions. The data were fit to a third order polynomial to obtain an empirical equation for the radial dose factor which then can be used in dosimetry. The coefficients of this equation for each of the three sources are given. The radial dose factor of the stainless steel encapsulated 192Ir and that of the platinum encapsulated 192Ir agree to within 2%. The radial dose distributions measured here for 192Ir with either type of encapsulation and for 137Cs are indistinguishable from those of other authors when considering uncertainties involved. For clinical dosimetry based on isotropic point or line source models, any of these equations may be used without significantly affecting accuracy.
A hypermedia GIS: The Massachusetts turnpike study

Abstract This article describes an information system developed at the Harvard Graduate School of Design in support of a landscape analysis, planning and design project concerned with the Massachusetts Turnpike. This system includes both vector and raster GIS database and analysis software; a video disk containing some 6000 sequential images of the study area; image processing software for producing and editing color bit-maps and producing hard-copy; hyper-media database management and exploration software; and spreadsheet software for statistical analysis and data visualization. The system is selfcontained on a Macintosh IIcx workstation, using commercial software, and linked through a local-area network to other computers for access to a larger database, more complex GIS analysis, and other services such as CAD software.
Nonequilibrium Stagnation Point Boundary Layers with Arbitrary Surface Catalycity

An approximate theory of nonequilibrium stagnation point boundary layer flow on highly cooled blunt bodies at hypersonic flight speeds, including a finite atom recombination rate on the surface, is presented. The analysis is based on a simplified nonlinear representation of the reaction rate distribution across the boundary layer which is derived from the fact that recombination near the wall dominates the nonequilibrium behavior when the wall is highly cooled. Closed-form solutions for the conditions at the gas/solid interface, such as atom concentration at the wall and heat transfer, are obtained in terms of a universal function of a single, composite Damkohler number. This number represents the combined effects of homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction over a wide range of the various thermochemical parameters involved. The theory is found to be in good agreement with the numerical results for nonequilibrium flow reported by Fay and Riddell.
The digital darkroom, part 2: Digital photography basics

In Part 2 of this series, we review the basics of digital photography, including the common components of digital cameras; the variables affecting image capture, processing and storage that affect picture quality; and the various types of digital cameras currently available.