cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mantel Designs of Lewis Buckner, Black Cabinetmaker and House Carpenter (c. 1856–1924) of Sevierville, Tennessee

Lewis Buckner, a black cabinetmaker and house carpenter in Sevierville, Tennessee, constructed furniture and architectural details (interior and exterior) for families in this small Smokey Mountain community in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Six mantels from three houses are documented as having been constructed by Buckner based on the integration of corroborating evidence from written records, oral histories, and design analysis. This visual examination illustrates the commonalities between two family pieces (a mantel and dresser), for which the provenance can be well established, and the mantels as a means to establish the “authorship” of this black artisan; close agreement is revealed in the choice of motifs, arrangements, and methods of craftsmanship. Precepts of style are those of the late Victorian era.
Effect of general anesthesia on plasma cardiac troponin I concentrations in healthy horses.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effect of general anesthesia on plasma cTnI concentrations in horses. Animals, materials and methods Thirty-two horses undergoing general anesthesia and either elective surgery or MRI without surgery were prospectively studied. Twenty-nine horses (22 surgical, 7 imaging) completed the study. Plasma cTnI concentrations were determined prior to anesthesia and at 6, 12 and 24 h following discontinuation of the inhalant anesthetic. Results All horses had cTnI values within the reference range at all time points. Six horses (21%) developed detectable cTnI 6 or 12 h following anesthesia. Risk factors for detectable cTnI include increasing age and dorsal recumbency. Horses with detectable cTnI had significantly lower mean and diastolic arterial blood pressures than those without detectable cTnI. Conclusion Uncomplicated general anesthesia with or without surgery does not result in cardiac troponin I elevations above the reference range in the first 24 h postoperatively.
Generalizing the permanent-income hypothesis: Revisiting Friedman's conjecture on consumption

Abstract Friedman's contribution to the consumption literature goes well beyond the seminal permanent-income hypothesis. He conjectured that the marginal propensity to consume out of financial wealth shall be larger than out of “human wealth”, the present discounted value of future labor income. I present an explicitly solved model to deliver this widely noted consumption property by specifying that the conditional variance of changes in income increases with its level. A larger realization of income not only implies a higher level of human wealth, but also signals a riskier stream of future labor income, inducing a higher precautionary saving, and thus giving rise to Friedman's conjecture. Appropriately adjusting human wealth for income risk, I show that Friedman's conjecture may be formulated as a “generalized” permanent income hypothesis. I further show that Friedman's conjecture captures the first-order effect of stochastic precautionary savings. Finally, I propose a natural decomposition of the optimal saving rule to formalize various motives for holding wealth as emphasized in [Friedman, M., 1957. A Theory of the Consumption Function. Princeton University Press, Princeton].
Thermal and fluid flow instabilities in buoyancy-driven flows in open-ended cavities

Abstract The basic features of the buoyancy-driven convection in an open-ended cavity are analyzed and an in depth presentation of the related results are given in this work. It is shown that, at higher Rayleigh numbers, a one to one relationship exists between the frequency of the periodic oscillations in the Nusselt number and the central vortex's oscillations and location inside the cavity. In fact, for any given type of oscillatory pattern (e.g. asymmetric sinusoidal or distorted W), the frequency of the oscillations of the Nusselt number (or the central vortex inside the cavity) increases linearly as the Rayleigh number increases. For air, this linear relationship was explicitly determined. Furthermore, it is determined that, for cases which Ra $ 9 × 10 5 , the central vortex's oscillation frequency and/or amplitude becomes much higher and it starts to deviate from any type of repeatable pattern. It is proposed that it is this irregular high frequency and/or amplitude of the central vortex coupled with the flow separation around the mid-section of the lower block that triggers the transition to turbulent flow.
Defect spectroscopy using 1/fγ noise of gate leakage current in ultrathin oxide MOSFETs

Abstract The electrical trap properties in ultrathin oxide MOSFETs are extracted using 1/ f γ low frequency noise components of gate leakage current. The technique is based on the low frequency noise measurements which are capable of probing trap states over the energy and space. The gate voltage is swept between 0.4 and 1.32 V to obtain the different power slopes γ of 1/ f γ noise spectrum. From the measured noise data, the trap parameters such as slow trap densities and capture cross-section are accurately determined as a function of trap energy and trap distance. The 1/ f γ noise measurement results confirm that the capture cross-sections depend strongly on the surface potential, and the slow trap densities estimated near the band edge and at the Si–SiO 2 interface are higher than those near the midgap and deeper distance. Moreover, the parallel conductance spectroscopy of slow traps is reproduced by 1/ f γ low frequency noise measurements, and is verified by the low frequency plateau in measured conductance loss G p ( f )/ w . For the purpose of investigating the dependency of trap parameters on the complex admittance of oxide traps, the Cole–Cole plots for different trap profiles, a uniform and exponentially decreasing trap distribution in space, are calculated using the theoretical model. The noise spectroscopy technique further reveal the dynamic evolution of trap states and gives a clear physical understanding of the pertinent low frequency noise sources.
Retrofitting of pedestrian overpass by Truss-Z modular systems using graph-theory approach

Graph-theoretical method of retrofitting of Truss-Z ramp in constrained environment.This exhaustive search method produces better (ideal) solution than meta-heuristics.Large case study in an extremely constrained environment with 124 TZ units.TZ modules with 1:12 (8.3%) slope are used - allowable for self-powered wheelchairs. Installing pedestrian ramps is a common improvement towards a barrier-free environment. This paper introduces a graph-theoretical method of retrofitting of a single-branch Truss-Z (TZ) ramp in a constrained environment. The results produced by this exhaustive search method are usually ideal and better than those produced previously with meta-heuristic methods.A large case study of linking two sections of the Hongo Campus of Tokyo University using an overpass in an extremely constrained environment is presented. TZ modules with 1:12 (8.3%) slope are used, which is allowable in most countries for ramps for self-powered wheelchairs.The results presented here are highly satisfactory both in terms of structural optimization and aesthetics.Visualizations of the TZ ramp system, composed of 124 units, are presented.
Magnetic irreversibility and metastability in a CuMn alloy

Abstract Our magnetic measurements on a CuMn alloy reveal that T m , the temperature of the susceptibility peak, is marked by a qualitative change in the magnetization-vs.-field behavior. The magnetization process at and above T m is reversible at all fields, whereas below T m an irreversibility sets in at a threshold field H 1 and persists up to a second threshold field H 2 . The irreversibility results in an isothermal remanence whose saturation value (attained when the field removed exceeds H 2 ) equals the saturation value of the thermoremanence (attained after cooling from above T m in a field larger than H 2 ). Both states of remenence are characterized by a magnetization which is completely reversed by a small reverse field but returns to its original polarity when the field is removed. The hysteresis loop remains thus displaced as long as the cycling field is less than H 1 .
Effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists on different measures of motion sickness in cats.

Abstract Because N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) antagonists prevent cisplatin-induced emesis and NMDA receptors are in both emetic pathways and structures associated with the final common pathway for vomiting, they have the potential to be broad-spectrum antiemetics. This was evaluated by determining their effects on motion sickness in cats. The measures included the number vomiting, the number of symptom points, which reflect activity early in the final common path and the duration of the retch/vomit sequence, which reflects activity late in the path. Dextrorphan, ketamine and dextromethorphan decreased the number vomiting with the same rank order of potency as at NMDA receptors. Additional studies with 1,3-di-o-tolylguaninidine (DTG) and haloperidol ruled out a role for sigma receptors. The NMDA antagonists produced a nonsignificant dose-dependent decrease in symptoms and had no effects on the duration of vomiting. They also produced motor abnormalities at the highest doses. The competitive antagonist LY 233053 also decreased the number vomiting without altering the duration. It produced a nonsignificant non–dose-dependent decrease in symptoms and had no effects on gross motor output. The results are consistent with a broad spectrum of antiemetic efficacy with at least a part of its action in the early to middle portions of the final common pathway for vomiting. Additional actions on the vestibular nuclei are possible.
Regional Renegotiations of Space Tojolabal Ethnic Identity in Las Margaritas, Chiapas

In recent years, Indians of different ethnicities in Chiapas have come together in regional and national forums around a sense of shared Indian identity. Calls for Indian unity at these forums are based on common experiences of discrimination, lack of representation and power in the national political system, and the absence of government services in indigenous regions, as well as on the shared practice of communal work and similar decision-making procedures within indigenous communities. Since the organization of the first of these meetings, the Indian Congress in San Crist6bal de Las Casas in 1974, increased collective organization across Indian ethnic boundaries has occurred, as Chiapas's Tzotzils, Tzeltals, Chols, and Tojolabals have joined in a historic discussion about common problems and potential solutions. The bringing together of indigenous ethnicities throughout the state was an important contribution in itself, providing the participants with a broader vision of themselves both as members of particular ethnic groups and as Indians in the larger context. Participants formed new alliances as they sought to establish links with other organizations in the state, in Mexico, and in the international community. Although ethnically based solidarity provided a way for Chiapas's indigenous people to begin addressing their common problems, turning that solidarity into political and economic power is still in a formative stage and has been more problematic. Nevertheless, especially since the Zapatista uprising, indigenous activists have taken advantage of the disarray in Chiapas's constitutional government to undertake political and administrative reforms unilaterally at the local and regional levels. These experiments in rearranging government to include people who have for 500 years been excluded from power have faced unrelenting opposition from the state and national govern-
N2O activation and oxidation reactivity from a non-heme iron pyrrole platform.

We report the design, syntheses, and oxidation reactivity of a new family of non-heme iron pyrrole complexes. The most reactive congener is capable of activating N2O, an appealing yet challenging oxidant, for oxygen atom transfer. The first generation tpaPhFe complex reacts with oxygen atom donors to generate a ligand hydroxylated species by intramolecular C−H activation and oxygenation. The second-generation tpaMesFe system expands on this reactivity to intermolecular hydrogen atom abstraction chemistry through N2O activation. The observation of arene C−H hydroxylation and the consumption of external hydrogen atom donors implicates a potent metal-centered oxidant, likely an iron(IV)-oxo species, along these reaction pathways. This work establishes a new coordination platform for high-valent iron reactivity.
Hindsight Bias Demonstrated in the Prediction of a Sporting Event

The authors examined hindsight bias in the context of a sporting event (Super Bowl XXXIII) with individuals who had previous knowledge of the hindsight bias-42 students who were currently enrolled in psychology classes that had previously covered hindsight bias. To control for extraneous variables, the authors analyzed how often the participants watched football, their gender, and whom they predicted to win; they found no differences between how often the participants watched football and whom they predicted to win. The hindsight bias existed for the prediction of the outcome for the Super Bowl, and the participants with previous knowledge were not immune to its effect. Results are discussed in relation to attribution theory, the reconstructionist view, and response bias view.
Mediating indigeneity: Ho-Chunk ‘Indian News’ as a critique of the legacies of settler colonialism

This article examines the legacies of settler colonialism discussed in the writings of Frisk Cloud, one of four Ho-Chunk men who published Indian News columns – a relatively early project of Indige...
Multifactorial analysis of differences in temporomandibular joint hard tissue anatomic relationships between disk displacement with and without reduction in women.

Abstract Statement of problem. Without multifactorial models, it is difficult to resolve whether hard tissue tomographic relationships can distinguish differences between temporomandibular joint (TMJ) internal derangement diagnoses. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to use multifactorial models to examine whether there are hard tissue anatomic and orthopedic characteristics that distinguish temporomandibular joints with disk displacement with reduction from disk displacement without reduction. Material and methods. TMJ tomograms from female patients who had unilateral disk displacement diagnosed with (n = 84) or without (n = 78) reduction were compared with the use of 14 linear and angular measurements and 8 ratios. A representative classification tree model was tested for fit with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and likelihood accountability, and the results were compared with a multiple stepwise logistic regression model and univariate analysis. Results. Disk displacement without reduction joints had longer mean postglenoid fossa heights ( P P P t test). The classification tree had 4 terminal nodes; to differentiate the joints, it used the eminence radius and the absolute superior joint space to anterior joint space ratio subordinate to the postglenoid process height. The tree model accounted for 31.4% of the likelihood (Rescaled Cox and Snell R 2 ) with 73.5% accuracy (sensitivity 82.6% and specificity 65.4%). Disk displacement without reduction joints had either deeper posterior fossa walls or posterior walls of average length combined with a superior-to-anterior joint space ratio of less than 0.83; this suggests a more open-wedge-shaped anterior joint space combined with a less-rounded articular eminence. In contrast, most disk displacement with reduction joints had shorter posterior fossa wall height combined with more equal or larger superior-to-anterior joint spaces. The logistic regression model was less accurate than the classification tree model (sensitivity 60.9%, specificity 66.7%) and accounted for only 9.9% of the likelihood (Rescaled Cox and Snell R 2 ) and 63.6% accuracy. The postglenoid process height was the strongest differentiating factor in all models. Conclusion. Hard tissue relationships revealed by central tomogram sections were able to model notable differences between disk displacement with and without reduction joints when examined as contingency-based multifactorial systems. (J Prosthet Dent 2001;86:407-19.)
Isothermal flow of viscous liquids in corotating twin screw devices

A mathematical model is derived for isothermal flow of a Newtonian liquid through corotating twin screw equipment. Two different flow regimes are studied. In the first, channels of twin screw equipment are completely filled with liquid, generate a pressure gradient, and provide a discharge pressure at the end of the pump. Equations are given for drag flow rate, pressure backflow rate, and flow rate through the nip zone. It is shown how the analysis of single screw pumps can be modified for twin-screw pumps. In the second regime channels are partly full, which is the case with extraction equipment. Equations show how the degree of fill in the equipment changes with flow rate, speed, and dimensions.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Athletes

CONTEXT: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common in the general population, and many individuals with this condition participate in sports activity at all competition levels. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Related studies were selected through literature searches of PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases for the years 1991 to 2011. Key search terms were ADD, ADHD, sports, athletes, athletics, guidelines, NCAA, WADA, IOC, college, concussion, diagnosis, management, treatment, evaluation, return-to-play, pharmacotherapy, adult, adolescent, student, screening, injury, risk, neuropsychiatry, TBI, traumatic brain injury, and epidemiology. STUDY DESIGN: Literature review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4. RESULTS: ADHD usually has an early onset, with delayed diagnosis in some patients due to heterogeneous presentations. Suspected cases can be evaluated with available diagnostic tools and confirmed clinically. Athletes with ADHD may participate at all competition levels. CONCLUSION: Athletes with ADHD are able to participate at all competition levels by following published guidelines and requirements. Exercise benefits many athletes with ADHD. The relationship between ADHD and concussion syndromes is currently under investigation. Language: en
Automatic Detection of the K-Complex in Sleep Electroencephalograms

The development and application of an electronic system which is capable of automatically detecting the K-complexes, aperiodic waveforms found in sleep electroencephalograms, is described. The system can be used either on- or off-line.
Cardiovascular and catecholamine response to orthostasis in panic and obsessive-compulsive disorder and normal controls: effects of anxiety and novelty.

Objective Studies of the cardiovascular and catecholamine response to orthostatic challenge in panic disorder patients have yielded conflicting results. Failure to control for the effects of both anxiety and novelty, which contribute to subjects' response to orthostatic challenge in control patients, could possibly account for this. Methods The blood pressure, pulse, plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine responses to orthostasis were examined in patients with panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (to control for nonspecific anxiety effects), and controls, on two separate days a week apart (to control for novelty). Results All measures showed robust and significant increases with orthostatic challenge that were generally similar across groups. Pressure responses were greater on average on the first compared with the second day and panic disorder patients had higher plasma norepinephrine levels throughout the study and a diminished diastolic blood pressure response on the first day. Conclusions These findings in general support the absence of consistent peripheral autonomic nervous system differences in response to orthostatic challenge in panic disorder patients. Depression and Anxiety 6:159–164, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Does withdrawal of antihypertensive medication increase the risk of cardiovascular events

The Fifth Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure recommends that attempts to discontinue antihypertensive drug therapy be considered after blood pressure (BP) has been controlled for 1 year. However, discontinuation of drug therapy could unmask underlying conditions and precipitate clinical cardiovascular events. The Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly (TONE) was a clinical trial of the efficacy of weight loss and/or sodium reduction in controlling BP after withdrawal of drug therapy in patients with a BP or = 150/90 mm Hg at withdrawal, providing that good BP control can be maintained with nonpharmacologic therapy.
"Wherein hath Ramus been so offensious?": Poetic Examples in the English Ramist Logic Manuals (1574-1672)

Abstract : The logic manuals of Peter Ramus (Pierre de la Ramee, 1515-72) enjoyed a wridespread pedagogical sueeess in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, especially in Protestant England. Historians of dialectical studies have judged these manuals, and Ramist dialectic more generally, as purveying a vitiated form of Aristotelian logic because the manuals cite examples frem poetry to illustrate logical principles and axioms. The semantics of Ramist method, however, blurs the neat line between literal and figurative language. A semiotie analysis of Ramist dialectic suggests that the oppesitien between logical discourse and poetic discourse is net stable and that Ramist logie is fundamentally representative or “poetic.”
SELF-ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICATIONS BY PATIENTS IN HOSPITALS OR EXTENDED CARE FACILITIES

: Patients in hospitals and extended care facilities usually are given their medications by a nurse until the very moment of discharge. Then they are expected to adhere accurately to often difficult schedules which may include taking several drug preparations of confusing sizes, shapes and colors. A group of 20 elderly long-term hospital patients were studied for their abilities regarding self-administration of medications. They demonstrated surprising accuracy. In the two-week study, only 5 of the 20 patients made errors; and in a total of 588 opportunities, only 14 errors occurred. Self-administration, in properly selected cases, appears to offer a chance to “teach” patients and to tailor the medication schedules realistically to their limitations. The results of our small pilot study indicate that, through appropriate application of this policy, we may expect a freeing of nursing time for other services, a decrease in hospital costs, and a reduction of post-hospital morbidity through increased accuracy of drug administration. Several other facets of this policy are under study, e.g., how well patients will perform during longer periods; the methods for checking reliability of the patient; the roles of nurse, pharmacist and physician; and the hospital legal aspects.
Optimal distributed planning for self assembly of modular manipulators

We describe algorithms to build self-assembling robot systems composed of active modular robots and passive bars. The distributed algorithms are based on locally optimal matching. We demonstrate how to build an active structure by the cooperative aggregation and disassembly of modular robotic manipulators. A target structure is modeled as a dynamic graph. We prove that the same optimality - quadratic competitive ratio - as for the static graph can be achieved for the algorithms. We demonstrate how this algorithm can be used to build truss-like structures.
Microbiota Modulate Host Gene Expression via MicroRNAs

Microbiota are known to modulate host gene expression, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are importantly implicated in many cellular functions by post-transcriptionally regulating gene expression via binding to the 3′-untranslated regions (3′-UTRs) of the target mRNAs. However, a role for miRNAs in microbiota-host interactions remains unknown. Here we investigated if miRNAs are involved in microbiota-mediated regulation of host gene expression. Germ-free mice were colonized with the microbiota from pathogen-free mice. Comparative profiling of miRNA expression using miRNA arrays revealed one and eight miRNAs that were differently expressed in the ileum and the colon, respectively, of colonized mice relative to germ-free mice. A computational approach was then employed to predict genes that were potentially targeted by the dysregulated miRNAs during colonization. Overlapping the miRNA potential targets with the microbiota-induced dysregulated genes detected by a DNA microarray performed in parallel revealed several host genes that were regulated by miRNAs in response to colonization. Among them, Abcc3 was identified as a highly potential miRNA target during colonization. Using the murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line, we demonstrated that mmu-miR-665, which was dysregulated during colonization, down-regulated Abcc3 expression by directly targeting the Abcc3 3′-UTR. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that microbiota modulate host microRNA expression, which could in turn regulate host gene expression.
Variables affecting alternation behavior in the cockroach,Blatta orientalis

To investigate alternation behavior in the cockroach as an invertebrate, three T-maze experiments were conducted assessing the effects of (a) intratrial (exposure) and intertrial (exposure to test) interval, (b) brightness similarity of the alternatives and response-direction factors, and (c) an initial free-choice vs. a varying number of forced-choice exposures. Alternation was enhanced with a long exposure on Trial 1, a short interval between Trial 1 and Trial 2 (test), greater dissimilarity (or discriminability) of the arm brightnesses and more frequent forced-choice exposures to an arm prior to test. These results highlight the role of intramaze brightness cues as controlling alternation in the cockroach and accord well with a response-to-change interpretation of the phenomenon. In addition, they suggest that the alternation paradigm can be used effectively to assay short-term memory storage in neurologically simple organisms.
Achievement Place: modification of the behaviors of pre-delinquent boys within a token economy.

The “pre-delinquent” behaviors of six boys at Achievement Place, a community based family style behavior modification center for delinquents, were modified using token (points) reinforcement procedures. In Exp. I, point losses contingent on each minute late were effective in producing promptness at the evening meal. During the reversal phase, threats (which were not backed up with point losses) to reinstate the point consequences initially improved promptness but the last two of five threats were ineffective. In Exp. II, point consequences effectively maintained the boys' room-cleaning behavior and, during a fading condition where the percentage of days when the contingency occurred was decreased, the point consequences remained effective for over six months, even when they were delivered on only 8% of the days. Experiment III showed that the boys saved considerable amounts of money when point consequences were available for deposits but saved little money when no points were available. Also, when points were given only for deposits that occurred on specific days the boys deposited their money almost exclusively on those days. In Exp. IV, point consequences contingent on the number of correct answers on a news quiz produced the greatest increase in the percentage of boys who watched the news and, to a lesser extent, increased the percentage of correct answers for the boys who watched the news. The results indicate that “pre-delinquent” behaviors are amenable to modification procedures and that a token reinforcement system provides a practical means of modifying these behaviors.
Evaluating Tactility and Dexterity for Military Aviation Protective Gloves

To avoid penetration from chemical agents, U.S. military Aviators wear chemical-biological (CB) protective clothing, including gloves, while in CB threat environments. This protective requirement typically increases glove thickness which could interfere with tactility and dexterity needed to effectively operate aircraft. An applied laboratory evaluation was conducted to determine if current CB glove tactility and dexterity could be enhanced by the introduction of novel glove concepts. Aviator subjects performed objective tasks based upon standardized tests of tactility and dexterity. They also self-rated their ability to manipulate cockpit controls on aircraft simulator panels. A human factors questionnaire was administered following each test condition and at the conclusion of all conditions. Evidence from all data sources indicates that three novel glove concepts show promise for enhancing tactility and dexterity performance. The approach to combining multiple data sources, the methodological constraint...
Transcription factor expression dynamics of early T-lymphocyte specification and commitment

Mammalian T lymphocytes are a prototype for development from adult pluripotent stem cells. While T-cell specification is driven by Notch signaling, T-lineage commitment is only finalized after prolonged Notch activation. However, no T-lineage specific regulatory factor has been reported that mediates commitment. We used a gene-discovery approach to identify additional candidate T-lineage transcription factors and characterized expression of > 100 regulatory genes in early T-cell precursors using realtime RT-PCR. These regulatory genes were also monitored in multilineage precursors as they entered T-cell or non-T-cell pathways in vitro; in non-T cells ex vivo; and in later T-cell developmental stages after lineage commitment. At least three major expression patterns were observed. Transcription factors in the largest group are expressed at relatively stable levels throughout T-lineage specification as a legacy from prethymic precursors, with some continuing while others are downregulated after commitment. Another group is highly expressed in the earliest stages only, and is downregulated before or during commitment. Genes in a third group undergo upregulation at one of three distinct transitions, suggesting a positive regulatory cascade. However, the transcription factors induced during commitment are not T-lineage specific. Different members of the same transcription factor family can follow opposite trajectories during specification and commitment, while factors co-expressed early can be expressed in divergent patterns in later T-cell development. Some factors reveal new regulatory distinctions between αβ and γδ T-lineage differentiation. These results show that T-cell identity has an essentially complex regulatory basis and provide a detailed framework for regulatory network modeling of T-cell specification.
Dependency in Epileptic Children

SUMMARY Factors related to the development of dependency in epileptics were studied. Epileptic children were found to be significantly more dependent than controls, both with tonsillectomy and with cystic fibrosis. Child-rearing attitudes were not different among parents of children in the three groups. Dependency in epileptic children was not significantly correlated with a number of variables—demographic, clinical and attitude of the parents. RESUME On a etudie les facteurs en relation avec le developpement de la dependance chez les epileptiques. On a trouve que les enfants epileptiques etaient significativement plus dependants que les sujets de controle qui avaient a la fois une tonsillectomie et une fibrose cystique. Dans ces 3 groupes, les parents n'elevaient pas leurs enfants de maniere differente. La dependance des enfants epileptiques n'etait pas en relation significative avec les facteurs demographique, clinique et l'attitude des parents.
Expansion Characteristics of Extruded Corn Grits

Abstract Yellow corn grits with 180 g/kg moisture content (dry basis) were extrusion cooked in a Brabender single-screw laboratory scale extruder with various combinations of barrel temperature (100–200 °C) and screw speed (80–200 rpm). Bulk densities, solid densities, expansion properties, and total, open and closed pore volumes were determined. Extrudate bulk density, measured by glass bead displacement, was highly correlated with the bulk density based on the actual dimensions of the extrudates. Overall and radial expansion increased with temperature and screw speed whereas axial expansion decreased. Axial expansion was affected mostly by surging. The pore volumes had an increasing trend with temperature and screw speed.
Calcium signalling in lymphocytes

The modulation of intracellular calcium ion concentration, [Ca(2+)](i), is a common signalling mechanism used in many biological systems. B and T lymphocytes rely on Ca(2+) signalling to initiate both developmental and activation programs. Recent data has shed new light on the initiation of this signalling pathway, the connection between the release of intracellular Ca(2+) stores and the influx of extracellular Ca(2+), and the molecular identity of the elusive Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channel. In addition, recent gene profiling of T lymphocytes has identified the genes that are controlled by [Ca(2+)](i) and the Ca(2+)-dependent phosphatase calcineurin.
Further work on approximations for intraparticle diffusion rates in cyclic adsorption and desorption

Further investigation on the use of higher-degree polynomials to represent the transient concentration profiles inside the particle is done with particular emphasis on cyclic adsorption-desorption. Furthermore, the improved linear driving force (LDF) method proposed by Rajnak (1985) for the case of a single adsorption step is extended for the case of cyclic adsorption and desorption
Changes in quercetin concentration in onion (Allium cepa L.) owing to location, growth stage and soil type

summary A study with onion investigated the variation in the concentration of the potentially anticarcinogenic flavonol, quercetin owing to location, soil type and growth stage. Seven genotypes grown at two locations were analysed for aglycone and total quercetin concentration by reverse-phase high-performance-liquid-chromatography (RP-HPLC). Out of seven genotypes investigated, four showed significant differences (P= 0.05) in total quercetin concentration between two locations. In 1993, ‘Texas Grano 10I5Y’ (TG1015Y) bulbs collected at five growth stages were analysed for quercetin concentration by RP-HPLC. Quercetin concentration in ‘TG1015Y’ at different growth stages showed slight differences. Furthermore, quercetin concentration in bulbs harvested at second growth stage (23 March) was significantly (P= 0.05) greater than at the first growth stage (23 March). A slight difference in total quercetin concentration due to soil was noticed. This study shows that the site of growth of union is a major environmental factor in determining quercetin concentration but soil type and growth stage are not important.
Youth in conflict in the Horn of Africa: A comparative analysis of mungiki in Kenya and Al-shabaab in Somalia

Youth constitute the largest percentage of the total world population and are considered core to the development of society. However, even with the large numbers, researches on youth in Africa tend to be skewed on employment and labour distribution, education and human development. Outside these formalized sectors, youth are studied as the most controversial group based on their behavior and seemingly misplaced roles. The place of youth in conflict in Africa is thus unexplored as available research focuses more on child soldiers in relation to recruitment, effects of conflicts, disarmament and reintegration. Beyond this, youth in conflict are studied in relation to violence and delinquency particularly in the United States of America and Europe and hardly in Africa. This is despite the growing involvement of youths in conflict as militias, rebels, vigilante groups as well as victims. This article explores the place of youths in conflict of post-colonial Africa where their role has increasingly grown. As a comparative analysis, it uses the case study of Al-shabaab in Somalia and Mungiki in Kenya Key words : Youth, Mungiki, Al-Shabaab, Kenya, Somalia.
1.00 Mev Proton Induced Defects in a-Si:H thin Films and Solar Cells

Irradiation of thin films and solar cells with 1.00 MeV protons has been investigated for a fluence of 5.0E14 cm−2. We have used photothermal deflection spectroscopy and light conductivity to characterize the effect of irradiation on thin films; current-voltage and quantum efficiency measurements have been used to determine the effects of irradiation on solar cells. Irradiation introduces increases in the sub-band-gap optical absorption and decreases in the photoconductivity of thin films. The major effect on solar cells is to reduce the short-circuit current. The spectral dependence of the quantum efficiency is reduced in a somewhat uniform manner with irradiation and also recovers in a uniform manner with annealing. Investigations of the annealing behavior of both thin films and solar cells show similar behaviors in the measured properties. The properties of both the films and cells are essentially restored with a one-hour anneal at 200 °C. Attempts have been made to use simple models to calculate defect densities and carrier transport.
Estrogen replacement therapy for the potential treatment or prevention of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that occurs gradually and results in memory loss, behavior and personality changes, and a decline in cognitive abilities. Although basic biological data suggest that estrogen may have neuroprotective and neuroenhancing functions, a number of studies have produced conflicting findings on the use of estrogen for maintaining cognitive function in older people. This review summarizes clinical studies that have examined the effects of estrogen in women with AD.
Giant Radio Pulses from a Millisecond Pulsar

We have observed 1.7 × 106 individual pulses from the millisecond pulsar PSR B1937+21. About one pulse in 10,000 has more than 20 times the mean "pulse-on" flux density, and individual pulses as large as 300 times the average were observed. Comparable behavior has previously been observed only for the Crab pulsar. Giant pulses from PSR B1937+21 are seen in both the main pulse and interpulse components, and their amplitude distribution has roughly a power-law shape. Strong pulses differ greatly from the average emission: they are narrower, systematically delayed by some 40-50 μs, and many are nearly 100% circularly polarized. In addition to their potential importance for elucidating the physics of the emission region, the giant pulses may be useful for high precision timing measurements.
Recording compound action potentials from the optic nerve in man and monkeys

Abstract Compound action potentials were recorded from the optic nerve in patients undergoing neurosurgical operations and in rhesus monkeys. The stimuli were short light flashes delivered by light-emitting diodes that were bonded to plastic contact lenses positioned on one or both eyes, and potentials were recorded simultaneously from electrodes placed on the scalp. Potentials recorded from the optic nerve in man have an initial small positive deflection, with a latency of about 45 msec, followed by a negativity with a latency of 60–70 ,msec. The wave form depends on the recording site on the optic nerve and, occasionally, oscillations with a frequency around 100 Hz were seen in the responses from the optic nerve. There was considerable individual variation in the shape and size of the recorded potentials, but most potentials recorded simultaneously from an electrode placed on Oz with a reference electrode on the forehead appeared as positive deflections with latencies of about 80 msec and, occasionally, with a small positivity with a latency of about 45 msec. Compound action potentials recorded from the optic nerve near the ocular globe in the rhesus monkey in response to similar light flashes appeared as negative deflections with latencies of about 17 msec. The potentials recorded at the chiasm appeared as initial positive deflections, with the latency of the earliest peak being about 35 msec, on which oscillations with frequencies of about 100–150 Hz occasionally could be seen. The recordings from electrodes placed on the scalp (Cz-Oz and Cz-shoulder) in the monkey showed a positive peak with a latency of about 65 msec. In some animals a small negative peak with a latency of 40 msec was seen.
Goals for a Configuration Management Network Protocol

Experience from research on integrating versioning and configuration management support to the Web has shown that building such support on the basic Web infrastructure leads to undesirable architectural choices. This paper presents goals for a standardization effort called Delta-V which is extending the Web infrastructure, specifically the core network protocols HTTP and WebDAV, with capabilities for remote versioning and configuration management. Important goals include providing equal support for all content types, allowing versioning unaware applications to participate, supporting both mutable and immutable revisions, ensuring that human-readable strings are internationalizable, and provision of strong authentication and transport security. These goals are currently being used to develop the Delta-V protocol within the Internet Engineering Task Force.
Divine action and quantum theory

Recent articles by Nicholas Saunders, Carl Helrich, and Jeffrey Koperski raise important questions about attempts to make use of quantum mechanics in giving an account of particular divine action in the world. In response, I make two principal points. First, some of the most pointed theological criticisms lose their force if we attend with sufficient care to the limited aims of proposals about divine action at points of quantum indetermination, Second, given the current state of knowledge, it remains an open option to make theological use of an indeterministic interpretation of quantum mechanics. Any such proposal, however, will be an exploratory hypothesis offered in the face of deep uncertainties regarding the measurement problem and the presence in natural systems of amplifiers for quantum effects.
Systems and Trans-System Level Analysis Identifies Conserved Iron Deficiency Responses in the Plant Lineage

We surveyed the iron nutrition-responsive transcriptome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using RNA-Seq methodology. Presumed primary targets were identified in comparisons between visually asymptomatic iron-deficient versus iron-replete cells. This includes the known components of high-affinity iron uptake as well as candidates for distributive iron transport in C. reinhardtii. Comparison of growth-inhibited iron-limited versus iron-replete cells revealed changes in the expression of genes in chloroplastic oxidative stress response pathways, among hundreds of other genes. The output from the transcriptome was validated at multiple levels: by quantitative RT-PCR for assessing the data analysis pipeline, by quantitative proteomics for assessing the impact of changes in RNA abundance on the proteome, and by cross-species comparison for identifying conserved or universal response pathways. In addition, we assessed the functional importance of three target genes, VITAMIN C 2 (VTC2), MONODEHYDROASCORBATE REDUCTASE 1 (MDAR1), and CONSERVED IN THE GREEN LINEAGE AND DIATOMS 27 (CGLD27), by biochemistry or reverse genetics. VTC2 and MDAR1, which are key enzymes in de novo ascorbate synthesis and ascorbate recycling, respectively, are likely responsible for the 10-fold increase in ascorbate content of iron-limited cells. CGLD27/At5g67370 is a highly conserved, presumed chloroplast-localized pioneer protein and is important for growth of Arabidopsis thaliana in low iron.
Energy-optimal distributed algorithms for minimum spanning trees

Traditionally, the performance of distributed algorithms has been measured in terms of time and message complexity. Message complexity concerns the number of messages transmitted over all the edges during the course of the algorithm. However, in energy-constraint radio or wireless networks (e.g., sensor networks), energy is a critical factor in measuring the efficiency of a distributed algorithm. Transmitting a message between two nodes has an associated cost (energy) and moreover this cost can depend on the two nodes (e.g., the distance between them among other things). Thus in addition to the time and message complexity, it is important to consider energy complexity that accounts for the total energy associated with the messages exchanged among the nodes in a distributed algorithm, and design energy-efficient distributed algorithms for energy-constraint networks.This paper addresses the minimum spanning tree (MST) problem, an important problem in distributed computing. We study energy-efficient distributed algorithms for the Euclidean MST problem assuming random distribution of nodes. We show a non-trivial lower bound of Ω(log n) on the energy complexity of any distributed MST algorithm. We then give a distributed algorithm that constructs an optimal MST with energy complexity O(logn) on average and O(log n log log n) with high probability. This is an improvement over the previous best known bound on the average energy complexity of Ω(log2n). All the above results assume that nodes do not know their geometric coordinates. If the nodes know their own coordinates, then we give an algorithm with O(1) energy complexity (which is the best possible) that gives an O(1) approximation to the MST.
Estimating Upper Confidence Limits for Extra Risk in Quantal Multistage Models

Multistage models are frequently applied in carcinogenic risk assessment. In their simplest form, these models relate the probability of tumor presence to some measure of dose. These models are then used to project the excess risk of tumor occurrence at doses frequently well below the lowest experimental dose. Upper confidence limits on the excess risk associated with exposures at these doses are then determined. A likelihood-based method is commonly used to determine these limits. We compare this method to two computationally intensive "bootstrap" methods for determining the 95% upper confidence limit on extra risk. The coverage probabilities and bias of likelihood-based and bootstrap estimates are examined in a simulation study of carcinogenicity experiments. The coverage probabilities of the nonparametric bootstrap method fell below 95% more frequently and by wider margins than the better-performing parametric bootstrap and likelihood-based methods. The relative bias of all estimators are seen to be affected by the amount of curvature in the true underlying dose-response function. In general, the likelihood-based method has the best coverage probability properties while the parametric bootstrap is less biased and less variable than the likelihood-based method. Ultimately, neither method is entirely satisfactory for highly curved dose-response patterns.