cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smart, Secure, Yet Energy-Efficient, Internet-of-Things Sensors

The proliferation of Internet-of-Things (IoT) has led to the generation of zettabytes of sensitive data each year. The generated data are usually raw, requiring cloud resources for processing and decision-making operations to extract valuable information (i.e., distill smartness). Use of cloud resources raises serious design issues: limited bandwidth, insufficient energy, and security concerns. Edge-side computing and cryptographic techniques have been proposed to get around these problems. However, as a result of increased computational load and energy consumption, it is difficult to simultaneously achieve smartness, security, and energy efficiency. We propose a novel way out of this predicament by employing signal compression and machine learning inference on the IoT sensor node. An important sensor operation scenario is for the sensor to transmit data to the base station immediately when an event of interest occurs, e.g., arrhythmia is detected by a smart electrocardiogram sensor or seizure is detected by a smart electroencephalogram sensor, and transmit data on a less urgent basis otherwise. Since on-sensor compression and inference drastically reduce the amount of data that need to be transmitted, we actually end up with a dramatic energy bonus relative to the traditional sense-and-transmit IoT sensor. We use a part of this energy bonus to carry out encryption and hashing to ensure data confidentiality and integrity. We analyze the effectiveness of this approach on six different IoT applications with two data transmission scenarios: alert notification and continuous notification. The experimental results indicate that relative to the traditional sense-and-transmit sensor, IoT sensor energy is reduced by $57.1\times$ for electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor based arrhythmia detection, $379.8\times$ for freezing of gait detection in the context of Parkinson's disease, $139.7\times$ for electroencephalogram (EEG) sensor based seizure detection, $216.6\times$ for human activity classification, $162.8\times$ for neural prosthesis spike sorting, and $912.6\times$ for chemical gas classification. Our approach not only enables the IoT system to push signal processing and decision-making to the extreme of the edge-side (i.e., the sensor node), but also solves data security and energy efficiency problems simultaneously.
How Frontliners Enact Strategy: Role of Visual Digital Artifacts in Strategy Realization Process

The scholarship on the role of visual material artifacts and how frontliners enact strategy in organizations is maturing. This paper aims to contribute to this stream of research through a qualitat...
A systems dynamics approach to human trafficking in Maharashtra, India

India is an extremely diverse and culturally unique nation that is characterized by a large and growing population. Amidst such potential, however, it is plagued by many levels of corruption and often ineffective governmental actions. Such conditions have given rise to a large human trafficking market that has pervasively spread throughout the region. Human Trafficking is a complex system defined by a multitude of endogenous and exogenous variables which drive an inhumane operation. From the human traffickers at the source nodes to the individual clients who visit and sexual exploit the girls through prostitution, human trafficking is often seen in India as a natural part of society or as a necessary evil. This paper aims at identifying the key variables which drive the human trafficking market in order to explain how such dynamics and structures contribute to the system and to what extent.
Scandinavians in the State House: How Nordic Immigrants Shaped Minnesota Politics

Review of: "Scandinavians in the State House: How Nordic Immigrants Shaped Minnesota Politics" by Klas Bergman
Resolution Enhancement for Optical Imaging Interferometric Microscopy

The resolution of optical microscopy can be extended by synthetic aperture techniques using extreme off-axis illumination. Illuminating the object through a sapphire substrate extends the resolution to <100 nm at a 405 nm wavelength.
Development of a modified yoga program for pulmonary hypertension: a case series

Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a hemodynamic condition in which the pressure in the bed of the pulmonary arteries is elevated. Although medications have improved both symptoms and mortality, PH remains a debilitating and devastating disease. Little is known about the effects of nonpharmacologic approaches, such as yoga and meditative breathing, in treatment of the disease. Objective Given the unique hemodynamic concerns of PH patients, the research team intended to describe the development and subsequent initiation of a therapeutic treatment plan that uses modified yoga and to evaluate its benefits and safety. Design This study was a case series with 3 PH patients of varying functional abilities. Each patient was provided with a DVD, access to YouTube video segments, and a download of the Yoga for PH application. The patients were asked to document their use of the home exercise regimen and journal around their subjective observations. They were also administered the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLPII) at the beginning and end of the 8 wk. Setting The study took place in a tertiary care, academic hospital in a large urban setting. Participants In this case series, 3 patients with group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension, with varying functional abilities, are described. Intervention Three discreet yoga programs were designed with modifications specific to PH patients: chair yoga, intermediate yoga with a chair assist, and experienced yoga. Patients were provided with a video, Yoga for PH, in the form of a DVD, a video on YouTube, and a downloadable application and were instructed to log activity and subjective markers of well-being. Outcome measures Subjective and objective effects on clinical, physical function, and psychological outcomes were measured. Subjective effects were identified through journaling as well as the self-administered questionnaire HPLPII. When available, 6-min walk distance (6MWD) testing and oxygen saturation were also used. Results The modified yoga program proved feasible, safe, and effective in the 3 described cases. Patients described decreases in anxiety and joint pain, with improvements in health-promoting behaviors as measured by the HPLPII. Overall mean scores for health-promoting lifestyle increased in each patient, though due to the small sample size, statistical significance cannot be measured. No patient experienced an adverse event associated with the practice. Conclusions The modified yoga program for PH patients can provide a standardized, accessible starting point for further study on the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of such a program on a larger scale.
Transgender abortion patients and the provision of transgender-specific care at non-hospital facilities that provide abortions.

Abstract Objective To estimate the number of transgender and gender non-binary (TGNB) individuals who obtained abortions in the United States and the extent to which abortion facilities offer transgender-specific health services. Study design We collected survey data from all known health care facilities that provided abortions in 2017. For the first time, the questionnaire included items about TGNB abortion patients and services. Results We estimate that 462 to 530 TGNB individuals obtained abortions in 2017 and that 23% of clinics provide transgender-specific care. Conclusion Several hundred abortions were provided to TGNB individuals in 2017, primarily at facilities that did not provide transgender-specific health services. Implications Findings from this study support efforts to implement and expand gender-inclusive and affirming care at health care facilities that provide abortion.
Hematologic changes in cyanotic congenital heart disease: a review

Abstract Several hematologic changes occur in children and adults with chronic cyanosis – some adaptive, some maladaptive. Changes in blood viscosity, iron metabolism, coagulation profile change, and thromboembolic risk all occur with secondary erythrocytosis. It is important that medical professionals understand these changes and their clinical significance as chronic cyanosis has multi systemic consequences. This article will focus on a review of pathophysiology and clinical practice guidelines as they pertain to hyperviscosity, iron deficiency, hyperuricemia, bleeding tendencies, thromboembolism, and central nervous system complications.
Visionbased Sensor Coverage in Uncertain Geometric Domains

Brief Biography: Qian Li was born in Shandong, China, in 1989. She received the bachelors degree in mathemat- ics and applied mathematics and minor bachelors degree in Finance from the Tianjin University and Nankai University (Tianjin, China) in 2012, and the Master and Ph.D. degrees in Operations Research from SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA in 2014 and 2019, respectively. In 2012, she joined the Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics (AMS), Stony Brook University, and in 2014 she became a Ph.D. candidate focus on Computational Ge- ometry. Since August 2012, she has been teaching assistant, summer instructor and research assistant in Department of AMS. Her main research is Sensor Networks and Coverage Under Uncertainty.
Implementation and Characterization of Point Field Detectors for Current Mismatch Measurements in Paralleled GaN HEMTs

Gallium Nitride (GaN) wide-bandgap semiconductor devices are set to be a much suitable candidate for the next generation of the power conversion systems. Device current monitoring and reliability assurance play a crucial role in optimizing GaN power transistors performance. This work presents investigation and analysis on viable contactless point field detector required for sensing the current mismatch between paralleled GaN power transistors in power modules. By monitoring the current-sharing behavior per each pair of paralleled GaN power transistors, the proposed solution provides the data required for prognostics that would deliver improved reliability to overall power conversion systems. Sensitivity, accuracy, as well as other relevant factors are considered to provide thorough analysis on compatibility and performance of these point field detectors.
Methylmercury—total mercury ratios in predator and primary consumer insects from Adirondack streams (New York, USA)

Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant that affects biota in remote settings due to atmospheric deposition of inorganic Hg, and its conversion to methylmercury (MeHg), the bioaccumulating and toxic form. Characterizing biotic MeHg is important for evaluating aquatic ecosystem responses to changes in Hg inputs. Aquatic insects possess many qualities desired for MeHg biomonitoring, but are not widely used, largely because of limited information regarding percentages of total mercury (THg) composed of MeHg (i.e., MeHg%) in various taxa. Here, we examine taxonomic, spatial, and seasonal variation in MeHg% of stream-dwelling predator and primary-consumer insects from nine streams in the Adirondack region (NY, USA). Predator MeHg% was high (median 94%) and did not differ significantly among five taxa. MeHg% in selected dragonflies (the most abundant predators, Odonata: Aeshnidae and Libellulidae) exhibited little seasonal and spatial variation, and THg concentration was strongly correlated with aqueous (filtered) MeHg (FMeHg; rs = 0.76). In contrast, MeHg% in primary consumers—shredders (northern caddisflies [Trichoptera: Limnephilidae]) and scrapers (flathead mayflies [Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae]), were lower (medians 52% and 35%, respectively), and differed significantly between taxa, among sites, and seasonally. Correlations of THg with FMeHg were weak (shredders, rs = 0.45, p = 0.09) or not significant (scrapers, p = 0.89). The higher MeHg% of predators corresponded with their higher trophic positions (indicated by nitrogen stable isotopes). Results suggest obligate predators hold the most promise for the use of THg as a surrogate for MeHg biomonitoring with aquatic insects within the Adirondack region.
The role of EC-IC bypass in ICA blood blister aneurysms-a systematic review.

To perform a systematic review of extracranial-to-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass surgery with parent vessel trapping for blood blister–like aneurysms (BBAs) of the internal carotid artery (ICA) according to PRISMA guidelines. Search of PubMed using “bypass” [all fields] and “ICA” [all fields] or “internal carotid artery” [all fields] and (“blood blister–like aneurysm” [MeSH terms]. Thirty-four original articles were identified, of which 21 were excluded (treatment not including bypass or insufficient details on complications or clinical outcomes). Thirteen articles published between 2008 and 2019 were included, totaling 98 patients, with a median of 7.5 patients per article (range 1–17). Mean age was 53.3 years (range 23–80). The main techniques were external carotid artery to middle cerebral artery (ECA-MCA) in 81% and superficial temporal artery to MCA (STA-MCA) in 19%. The most common grafts were radial artery (74%) and STA (19%). The risk of intraoperative rupture varied from 0 to 75%, with a mean of 12%. With respect to clinical outcomes, the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was not stated in 30% of the cases. When stated, mRS was ≤ 2 in 79%, mRS was 3–5 in 10%, and 4% had mRS 6 (death). We identified only 13 articles, with no prospective studies. Outcomes were better than generally reported for ruptured aneurysms, both with respect to poor outcome (mRS > 2) and in-hospital mortality, perhaps reflecting a selection bias. In general, the data reporting quality was low, precluding any firm conclusions, but EC-IC bypass with ICA trapping may be a valid treatment option for ruptured ICA BBAs.
Escué-Zapata v. Colombia

In this case, Colombian Military Forces murdered German Escue Zapata, a leader in the indigenous Paez or Nasa community in 1988. Interestingly, the State acknowledged international responsibility for violating Articles 4(1) (Prohibition of Arbitrary Deprivation of Life), 5 (Right to Humane Treatment), and 7 (Right to Personal Liberty) in relation to Article 1(1) (Obligation to Respect Rights) of the American Convention on Human Rights. In the Court’s decision, it discussed whether violations of Article 1(1) (Obligation to Respect Rights) may be invoked separately from violations of other Articles of the Convention, and found that killing a community leader is not, per se, a violation of Article 23 (Right to Participate in Government).
COVID-19-Associated Coagulopathy: A Case Report of Thrombosis despite Therapeutic Anticoagulation

The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to tremendous morbidity and mortality. Various inflammatory markers have been monitored and considered to be associated with disease prognosis. One of the major sources of comorbidity involved has been development of thrombosis alongside the infection. This prothrombotic phenomenon considered, COVID-19-associated coagulopathy (CAC), has been the center of discussion in dealing with this infection. There still remains ambiguity regarding management guidelines for thromboprophylaxis dosing and therapeutic anticoagulation. We present a case of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection complicated by thrombosis despite therapeutic anticoagulation contributing to prolonged intensive care unit and hospital stay.
Spatiotemporal Autoregressive Models of Neighborhood Effects

Using 70,822 observations on housing prices from 1969 to 1991 from Fairfax County Virginia, this article demonstrates the substantial benefits obtained by modeling the spatial as well as the temporal dependence of the data. Specifically, the spatiotemporal autoregression with twelve variables reduced median absolute error by 37.35% relative to an indicator-based model with twenty-six variables. One-step ahead forecasts also document the improved performance of the proposed spatiotemporal model. In addition, the article illustrates techniques for rapidly computing the estimates and shows how to compute indices for any location.
High prevalence of xylazine among fentanyl screen-positive urines from hospitalized patients, Philadelphia, 2021.

Abstract Background Xylazine is an α-2 adrenoreceptor agonist used as a sedative/analgesic in veterinary medicine. Xylazine is known to be present within the street supply of opiates in urban Philadelphia. Medical staff at our hospital asked if we could test for xylazine in fentanyl screen-positive urine samples. We developed an LC-MS/MS assay for this purpose, and determined prevalence of xylazine among fentanyl screen-positive urine samples at our hospital. Methods The LC-MS/MS assay utilized d5-norfentanyl as internal standard (IS). One hundred microliter samples were extracted with 200 µl of MeOH/IS. LC was performed using a Phenomenex Kinetix C18 column (100 A, 5 µm, 50 × 4.6 mm) at 40 °C. Time-variable mobile phases (A = H2O, 0.1% formic acid; B = MeOH, 0.1% formic acid) were used at a fixed flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. MS/MS used positive electrospray ionization, monitoring m/z transitions of 221 > 164 for xylazine (primary), 221 > 90 for xylazine (qualifier), and 238 > 84 for d5-norfentanyl (IS). Retention time was 3.9 min for both xylazine and IS. Results Calibration curve was linear (0–500 ng/ml; r > 0.99). Inter-assay CVs (n = 20) were 5.2% (18 ng/ml) and 6.6% (95 ng/ml). Lower limit of detection was set at 10 ng/ml (CV = 15%). Among 81 urine samples that were screen-positive for fentanyl (Ark Diagnostics immunoassay), 63 (78%) were positive for xylazine (>10 ng/ml). Conclusions By LC-MS/MS, there was high prevalence (78%) of xylazine in fentanyl screen-positive urine samples submitted to the laboratory. Because α-2 adrenoreceptor agonists may be used in treatment of opioid addiction, knowledge of xylazine exposure may be clinically useful to guide patient management.
Cognitive Biomarkers in the Clinic: Lessons From Presurgical fMRI

SUMMARY Cognitive biomarkers are vital and uniquely challenging clinical tools. There has been marked growth in neuroimaging-based cognitive biomarkers across the past 40 years with more in development (e.g., clinical cognitive EEG). The challenges involved in developing cognitive biomarkers and key milestones in their development are reviewed here using clinical functional MRI's evolution as a case study. It is argued that indexing cognition is uniquely challenging because it requires patients to consistently use specific cognitive processes, and it is difficult or impossible to independently verify this occurred. This limitation can be successfully managed through careful analysis of standardized protocols for acquisition and interpretation, and ensuring the clinical application of biomarkers integrates disciplines with complementary expertise. Factors beneficial to the adoption of a novel cognitive biomarker include a clinical need and inadequate alternatives. Key milestones in the development of functional MRI included (1) demonstration that its performance was equivalent to its predecessor; (2) demonstration it predicted a clinically meaningful outcome; and (3) the establishment of infrastructure for both its execution and billing. Review of functional MRI and its predecessors suggest a cycle whereby successful cognitive biomarkers are validated, experience widespread adoption and customization/fragmentation, go through a period of review, and finally are refined and standardized. Those applying future cognitive biomarkers in the clinic can avoid some of the failures of clinical functional MRI by defining the skills and disciplines the method requires and routinely evaluating patient outcomes.
“We Matter”: Cultural Significance of a Counter-Narrative Black Public Affairs Program

Awareness is believed to be the longest-running locally-produced African American public affairs show in the country. Through thirteen oral history interviews and archival documents, this article e...
Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of steroid receptors.

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of steroid receptors. The activity of various steroid receptors hormone-independent nuclear localization signal sequences (NLSs) is suppressed, in cis, by the unoccupied glucocorticoid receptors ligand binding domain (GR LBD). This repressive function is relieved upon the binding of hormone, most likely reflecting exposure of the NLS from a site within a receptor heteromeric complex. In some cells, heat-shock protein (hsp)70 appears to remain bound to GR following its activation and tight association with nuclei, prompting speculation that hsp70 may influence some nuclear functions of the receptor or directly participate in the nuclear transport of GR. Analogous effects on GR nuclear retention were also observed in nontransformed NRK cells treated with okadaic acid, a specific inhibitor of protein phosphatase types 1 and 2A. The nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of other steroid receptors could likewise be influenced by their association in nuclear anchoring complexes, while still accounting for the unique equilibrium subcellular distributions observed among different receptors. The reformation of a GR heteromeric complex could represent the ATP-dependent step that has been postulated to be required for GR recycling and perhaps for nuclear export.
Proposition 83, Framing and Public Attitudes toward Sex Offenders: An Application of Heuristic Models of Social Judgment

This ongoing study seeks to accomplish two objectives: 1) evaluate framing of thematic representations in newspaper articles about sex offenders, sex offense cases, and sex offender policy; and 2) measure the role of media exemplars and heuristics on individuals’ attitudes and social judgment. In 2006, California voters passed a sweeping measure known as Proposition 83, or “Jessica’s Law,” which increased dramatically the state’s punitive response to persons convicted of sex crimes and registered as sex offenders. In a preliminary content analysis of a representative sample of articles from the Sacramento Bee during the 2006 election year, articles tended to portray sex offenders as predatory and non-human, focusing primarily on the most extreme cases and prolific offenders, without regard for the vast heterogeneity of individuals and offenses subsumed by the term “sex offender.” This manner of newspaper framing also over-emphasized child molestation in comparison to rape and other categories of sex offenses. Moreover, even where newspaper articles sought to convince readers to vote against the measure using centrally persuasive techniques, sensational language and non-representative exemplars were highly correlated with arguments that Proposition 83 would not achieve greater public safety. The implications of these preliminary findings offer an opportunity to experimentally test the role of the availability and representativeness heuristics on social judgment for persons exposed to sensational and unrepresentative media framing. The relationship between these phenomena and concerns for social justice according to feminist critical theory are also discussed.
Fireworks Exploded in My Mouth: Affective Responses Before, During, and After the Very First Kiss

Abstract For many people, the very first kiss represents a significant life event, a developmental milestone that serves to usher them into the realm of sexual maturity and adulthood. Surprisingly, this important sexual event has received little systematic scientific attention. The goal of the present descriptive study was to examine the affective reactions that commonly accompany the very first kiss. Using a free response format, participants (N = 338) described the affective responses (i.e., emotions, feelings, sentiments) they experienced before, during, and after their very first kiss. Contrary to our hypothesis, the most common responses experienced immediately prior to the kiss were subjectively unpleasant (e.g., anxiety, fear, uncertainty). Our other hypotheses were confirmed. As predicted, more men than women recalled experiencing positive affect both during and after their first kiss, and more women than men reported negative affect during and after the kiss. These gender differences are in accor...
Hybrid Systems: Modeling and Supervisory Control

This paper presents elements of control-oriented models of hybrid systems with input and output signals. Models can be composed through standard block-diagram interconnections. Transition systems with inputs and outputs are introduced to define the semantics for open-loop hybrid systems. Fixed-point iterations can then used to synthesize logical supervisory controllers. This is illustrated for the problem of designing a supervisor to keep the state of the hybrid system out of a specified set of forbidden states. Recently developed tools for computer-aided modeling, simulation, and verification of hybrid systems are reviewed briefly. The paper concludes with a discussion of open research issues and prospects for applications of the theory to problems of practical interest.
Research note: reduction of muscular fatigue associated with repetitive light assembly operations by means of arm counterbalancing.

The muscular effort required to perform a light assembly task was monitored by electromyography on each of 14 female subjects under two different methods of assembly. First, the conventional method was studied with the arms unsupported. The second method involved counterbalancing the weight of the arms. A highly significant difference was found between methods, thus indicating that, during sustained activity, muscular effort can be reduced approximately 50% by counterbalancing the weight of the arms. Also, the onset of physiological fatigue is indefinitely delayed, if not completely eliminated, by the utilization of this technique. A comparison between age groups showed little difference attributable to the age of the subject.
Effects of Heating on Chemical and Physical Properties and Processing Quality of Cotton

Optimum quality from cotton at the textile mill depends on the need for improvements in a number of handling areas. Processing and yarn quality problems sometimes occur through overdrying practices...
Effects of a novel inotropic agent, BAY y 5959, in conscious dogs: comparison with dobutamine and milrinone.

Traditional inotropic agents, e.g., those that increase myocardial contraction through enhanced cyclic AMP or those that increase contractility at a relatively high O2 cost are frequently not useful in the clinical setting. Accordingly, newer agents that operate through different mechanisms have been synthesized. The goal of the present study was to compare the effects of a new Ca2+ promotor, BAY y 5959, with more traditional inotropic agents, dobutamine and milrinone, in 11 conscious dogs chronically instrumented for measurement of left ventricular (LV) and arterial pressures, LV internal diameter, wall thickness, coronary blood flow, and arterial and coronary sinus O2 content. Equi-inotropic doses of BAY y 5959 (20 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)), dobutamine (10 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)), and milrinone (10 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)) were selected, which increased the LV rate of pressure development in sinus rhythm by 71-78% from similar baselines. Heart rate rose with dobutamine (+24 +/- 4%) and milrinone (+23 +/- 2%) but fell with BAY y 5959 (-35 +/- 3%). Dobutamine increased myocardial O2 consumption (MV(O2)) by 88 +/- 10%. In contrast, MV(O2) increased less with BAY y 5959 (+9 +/- 3%) and milrinone (+16 +/- 5%; P < 0.05). Furthermore, mechanical efficiency was also calculated either with direct measurement of cardiac output or by pressure-volume loops. Dobutamine and milrinone did not change efficiency; however, BAY y 5959 increased efficiency by 19 +/- 5%. With the heart rate held constant, BAY y 5959 increased MV(O2) by 32 +/- 4% but still increased efficiency by 28 +/- 7%. Thus the Ca2+ promotor BAY y 5959 has unique features that might be desirable for clinical applications where inotropic support is indicated, but increased MV(O2) without enhanced mechanical efficiency is deleterious.
Introduction to the biochemistry of D-arabinosyl nucleosides.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the biochemistry of D-arabinosyl nucleosides. Arabinosyl compounds can be thought of as analogs of both ribo and deoxy ribo compounds. They do participate actively in many enzymatic reactions, e.g., deamination of ara-C and ara-A, by cytidine deaminase and adenosine deaminases, respectively, phosphorylation of ara-C, by wheat phosphotransferase, phosphorylation of cytosine arabinoside monophosphate (ara-CMP), by an appropriate kinase, the activity of adenine arabinoside triphosphate (ara-ATP), with yeast hexokinase, etc. The epimerization of the 2'-OH in the sugar does not so distort the structure, as to prevent these compounds from approaching a variety of catalytic sites in several enzymes. The apparent lack of phosphorylation of ara-M and its apparent inhibitory properties, as a nucleoside, in the conversion of cytosine monophosphate (CMP) to deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP) are also consistent, with the possibility that some arabinosyl compounds may not inhibit as nucleotides, but may be active solely as nucleosides. At present, there is little experimental evidence to suggest why a deficiency in deoxyribonucleotide should be lethal. The hypothesis, that in some way these deficiencies provoke chromosome breaks, is supported by the observation of these breaks in animal cells. Some slight evidence concerning deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) degradation in bacteria, provoked by these treatments, is becoming available, of which induction of lysogenic bacteria, by such methods, may be considered to be an example. It is evident then that the chemistry and biochemistry of the D-arabinonuckosides have been launched, but that the biological activities of these compounds present numerous mysteries. The practical and esthetic aspects of the mysteries and its relation to the molecular mechanism and cellular physiology is discussed in this chapter.
Banking Panics of the Gilded Age: The Bank Panic Experience: An Overview

Before we undertake a comprehensive narrative and analysis of the three major and two incipient banking panics of the national banking era, it may prove useful to provide a broad overview of the bank panic experience. We take bank panic experience to mean not only what happened during banking panics but also the public's perception of those events, especially outside New York where bank runs and bank failures were neither very large nor widely diffused, except in 1893. Specific banking panics differed as to their origins, duration, the number and incidence of bank runs and bank failures, the response of the New York Clearing House (NYCH), and their real effects. Each had its own signature, as it were, differentiating it from the others. With due respect to those differences, we can still attempt to construct a general profile of what happened both in New York and the interior. Banking panics had their origins in the New York money market with the sole exception being the panic of 1893. Our knowledge of what happened in New York is on firmer ground than our knowledge of what happened outside New York. We also have a fairly clear idea about the course of each of the banking panics in the city of Chicago. But the banking panic experience in the other major cities has been unchronicled, partly from a lack of scholarly interest, and partly from the inconvenience of accessing multiple local newspaper sources.
Harmonic structure of English Channel/Southern Bight tides from a wave equation simulation

Abstract The harmonic structure of a long-term time-stepping simulation is obtained by least-squares decomposition. The structure of 11 major constituents used to force the model is displayed, reproducing the major tidal features of this system. The problem of incomplete field data is discussed and analyzed, in terms of these and 40 additional constituents which were generated internally. At least two semi-diurnal constituents (2 MS 2 and 2 MN 2 ) which had been previously neglected are shown to be contributors to apparent errors in time-domain comparisons with field data. By excluding these and all other unforced constituents, improved RMS error estimates are obtained in the time domain.
Studies on the solvent extraction of thorium

The solvent extraction separation of thorium with tri-n-octyl-phosphine oxide was studied. Thorium was determined in gross quantities of uranium compounds using a two-cycle solvent extraction procedure in the presence of EDTA. Uranium was shown to be preferentially extracted by TOPO from a 2M nitrate solution. In addition, it was found that yttrium and the rare earths are extracted by TOPO. Elimination of this interference was accomplished by backwashing with a fresh 2M nitrate wash solution. The methods developed are rapid, selective, and sensitive for the spectrophotometric determination of thorium and yttrium. The systems obey Beer's law under all concentration ranges studied, and by proper choice of final concentration and absorbance cells, the methods can be applied over wide ranges of concentration.
Effects of depletion of complement in the development of labyrinthitis ossificans.

Hypothesis: Labyrinthitis ossificans results in part from the intense inflammatory response to Streptococcus pneumoniae cell wall components. Depletion of complement in Mongolian gerbils following induction of meningitis will reduce the degree of inflammation and subsequent cochlear fibrosis. Study Design: Random prospective study. Histological evaluations were performed with the researcher blinded to the experimental group Methods:S pneumoniae meningitis was induced in 10 control and 18 experimental Mongolian gerbils with an intrathecal injection of the bacteria. Both groups of animals received treatment with penicillin. The experimental group was also treated with cobra venom factor to deplete complement in the animals. Three months after the induction of meningitis, the animals' temporal bones were harvested for histological evaluation. Results: The decomplemented animals developed significantly less intracochlear fibrosis (P < .01). The mortality rate for the experimental group was 11% compared with 40% in the control group (P = .14). Conclusions: Reduction of the intense inflammatory response to the S pneumoniae cell wall components in suppurative labyrinthitis secondary to bacterial meningitis reduced the degree of labyrinthitis ossificans.
Animal models of Salmonella infections: enteritis versus typhoid fever

The most common disease syndromes caused by Salmonella serotypes in humans, typhoid fever and enteritis, can be modeled using Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium infections in mice and calves, respectively. This article reviews murine typhoid and bovine enteritis and discusses strengths, limitations and distinctive features of these animal models.
AB INITIO MOLECULAR ORBITAL STUDY OF OXIDATIVE ADDITION OF H2 AND CH4 TO THE RHCL(CO)(PH3)2 COMPLEX

Abstract The restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) and second order Moller-Plesset perturbation (MP2) methods were used to study the structure and stability of the complex RhCl(CO)(PH 3 ) 2 , as well as its reactivity to molecules H 2 and CH 4 . trans -RhCl(CO)(PH 3 ) 2 is about 13 kcal mol −1 more stable than cis -RhCl(CO)(PH 3 ) 2 . The isocarbonyl trans -RhCl(OC)(PH 3 ) 2 isomer, where the CO ligand is coordinated to the metal atom by the oxygen atom, lies about 60 kcal mol −1 higher than carbonyl trans -RhCl(CO)(PH 3 ) 2 and is separated from the latter with a small isomerization barrier of 6 kcal mol −1 . The oxidative addition reactions trans -RhCl(CO)(PH 3 ) 2 +H 2 → (H) 2 RhCl(CO)(PH 3 ) 2 and trans -RhCl(CO)(PH 3 ) 2 +CH 4 → H(CH 3 )RhCl(CO)(PH 3 ) 2 take place without forming pre-reaction van der Waals complexes, and are calculated to be exothermic by 2 kcal mol −1 and endothermic by 20 kcal mol −1 and to have barriers of 16 and 27 kcal mol −1 , respectively. The reactions of less populated cis -RhCl(CO)(PH 3 ) 2 have comparable barriers, 18 and 31 kcal mol −1 , for H 2 and CH 4 , respectively, and will not make major contributions to the mechanism of reaction of RhCl(CO)(PH 3 ) 2 . These reactions of RhCl(CO)(PH 3 ) 2 should be substantially more difficult than the corresponding reactions of RhCl(PH 3 ) 2 . The CO binding energies in the product OC-[H(R)RhCl(PH 3 ) 2 ] are calculated to be 17 and 20 kcal mol −1 for RH and CH 3 , respectively, and the CO molecule will dissociate from the product at moderate temperatures.
Electrical Property of Mo-Doped VO2 Nanowire Array Film by Melting−Quenching Sol−Gel Method

Mo-doped VO2 nanowire array film with good thermochromic properties was prepared by melting−quenching followed by heat treatment in a vacuum. The formation of the new microstructure is related to t...
Stimulation of Release of Lipoprotein Lipase Activity from Isolated Fat Cells by Rat Serum

IT is generally accepted that lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is responsible for removal of triglyceride fatty acids from the plasma by the extra-hepatic tissues1. Recently our studies have been focused on the energy dependent release of LPL activity from isolated fat cells2,3. We have proposed that release of this enzyme from the fat cells in adipose tissue regulates removal of triglycerides from the circulation.
Unattenuated tracer particle extraction through time-averaged, background image subtraction with outlier rejection

Fluid-flow analysis using particle tracking seeks to assign velocity vectors to sequences of still images (tracks) of particles suspended in a transparent fluid or gas. This requires that high quality particle images be obtained from a system of moving particles. In practice, however, the images are contaminated by a variety of noise sources which must be removed before tracking can be performed. The traditional approach to prefiltering, which is being used in commercially-available systems, is to perform background subtraction in concert with some form of thresholding and/or image stretching. Unfortunately, these methods can attenuate particle images so badly that valid track yields are significantly reduced. In place of these methods, we present a non-attenuating background subtraction method with outlier rejection together with a non-attenuating substitute for thresholding.These algorithms have been tested on real track data and can recover virtually all images of particles in suspension with very little attenuation of particle-image intensity.
Pedal Gangrenous Changes in the Digits of an Adolescent With Ulcerative Colitis: A Case Report

Ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the colon and is occasionally associated with thrombosis. We report the case of an adolescent with ulcerative colitis who presented with bilateral gangrenous toes without signs of ascending cellulitis. Radiographs indicated the presence of bilateral and erosive changes in the distal phalanges. The vascular team referred the patient for podiatric intervention for distal vasculitis and thrombosis of the digital vessels. Transphalangeal amputations were performed, and postoperative antibiotics were initiated. The surgical sites healed uneventfully, and the patient was able to resume daily activities. Thrombosis of the foot in the context of ulcerative colitis is a rare, but serious, complication that can lead to serious comorbidities, including amputation.
Distribution of structure factors and phase transitions in a driven lattice gas

Using Monte Carlo methods, we study the full distribution of structure factors in the standard driven lattice gas at half filling. The time evolution of the structure factors associated with the two lowest non-trivial wavevectors is used to construct histograms. For saturation drive, at temperatures well above , both are exponentially distributed, but with different widths. These results are well described by a continuum field theory with a dynamics which violates the usual fluctuation dissipation theorem. As T is lowered, one of these distributions remains essentially unaltered. By contrast, the other develops a maximum away from the origin, while staying single-peaked throughout. This behaviour is an unmistakable signal for a continuous transition.
Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase gene expression in normal and transformed hamster embryo fibroblasts following stimulation by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

We have compared the regulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene expression in primary cultures of hamster embryo fibroblasts and in two independently transformed hamster embryo cell lines. Previous studies have demonstrated that 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) can greatly potentiate the serum growth factor induction of ODC enzyme activity in transformed cells, but not in normal hamster embryo fibroblasts. Treatment of either normal or transformed cells with both TPA and serum yielded greater accumulations of ODC mRNA than with either treatment alone, which is consistent with changes at the protein level. However, treatment of the transformed cells with TPA and serum resulted in a greater increase in steady state levels of ODC mRNA than that observed using normal fibroblasts. The time course for the induction of ODC mRNA was similar for both normal and transformed cells with maximal accumulations 4-8 h after treatment. Studies with actinomycin D further suggests that ODC mRNA is comparatively long-lived in both normal and transformed cells. The accumulation of ODC mRNA after stimulation with TPA and serum is blocked by cycloheximide in normal hamster fibroblasts suggesting that this induction is dependent upon protein synthesis. In contrast, cycloheximide did not affect the accumulation of ODC mRNA under similar treatment conditions in transformed cells. This altered regulation of ODC gene expression in transformed hamster embryo fibroblasts cannot be explained by either gene rearrangement or the amplification of an ODC gene. These data suggest that transformation of hamster embryo cells results in a loss of cellular control over ODC gene regulation which includes an alteration in the requirement for protein synthesis for ODC mRNA accumulation.
Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake is associated positively with corticolimbic gray matter volume in healthy adults

Abstract Background In animals, dendritic arborization and levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor are positively associated with intake of the omega-3 fatty acids. Here, we test whether omega-3 fatty acid intake in humans varies with individual differences in gray matter volume, an in vivo , systems-level index of neuronal integrity. Methods Fifty-five healthy adults completed two 24 h dietary recall interviews. Intake of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids was categorized by tertiles. Regional gray matter volumes in a putative emotional brain circuitry comprised of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), amygdala and hippocampus were calculated using optimized voxel-based morphometry on high-resolution structural magnetic resonance images. Results Region of interest analyses revealed positive associations between reported dietary omega-3 intake and gray matter volume in the subgenual ACC, the right hippocampus and the right amygdala, adjusted for total gray matter volume of brain. Unconstrained whole-brain analyses confirmed that higher intake of omega-3 fatty acids was selectively associated with increased greater gray matter volume in these and not other regions. Conclusions Higher reported consumption of the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids is associated with greater gray matter volume in nodes of a corticolimbic circuitry supporting emotional arousal and regulation. Such associations may mediate previously observed effects of omega-3 fatty acids on memory, mood and affect regulation.
Empty Forms in Plato

Aristotle tells us that Plato claimed that the Forms are separate from and prior to particulars (e.g. Metaphysics M4.1078b30–32, 9.1086b1–2, Z6.1031b11–15), and later scholars have usually agreed with Aristotle.1 Unfortunately, there is no agreement about what Plato’s claim amounts to. In this article, I examine and refute one proposed interpretation of Plato’s thesis. According to this interpretation, the separation and priority of the Forms consisted, for Plato, in the propositions that (A) there can be, and in fact are, Forms which have no instances, but (B) there cannot be things which are F (‘F’ a general term) if there is no Form of Fness. I shall concentrate on (A) throughout and eliminate (B) only in passing. In outline, my course will be this: In the remainder of Section I, I distinguish different versions of (A); in Sections II–IV, I show the falsity of the Empty Forms Thesis (hereafter, ‘EFT’), i.e. the thesis that Plato accepted (A). In Section II, I show conditionally that EFT is false for an important subclass of Forms; in Section III, that it is unconditionally false for all Forms that can have particulars as instances; and in Section IV, that there are no Forms other than those discussed in Section III.
Spare the rod and spoil the child

The four papers which follow were originally presented at a research conference at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, on the use of discipline by primary caregivers. The use of corporal punishment in child discipline was discussed extensively. There was no consistent opinion among the authors about whether corporal punishment should be totally discouraged or whether such discipline had its place in the array of practices used by parents. Data supporting both points of view were presented and it was recommended that classification schemes of disciplinary practices include, in addition to a typology, some indications of the harshness of the punishment, the way in which it is administered and important contextual aspects.
Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectra of open-chain linear polyphosphates

Abstract Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectra were obtained for open-chain linear polyphosphates, usually as their sodium salts or as a sodium-magnesium complex. The compounds investigated were primarily pentapolyphosphate, hexapolyphosphate, heptapolyphosphate, and two longer polyphosphates, one of which had an average chain length of 12 phosphate units, the other 16 units. Spectra were interpreted with computer simulations to give chemical shifts and coupling constants for component phosphorus atoms. Titration of the salts to give the diprotonated salt caused changes in chemical shifts which were most marked for the terminal phosphate atoms and less marked for other phosphate atoms, the effect decreasing with the distance from the terminal phosphate. The changes were interpreted in terms of separate pK's for the addition of each proton. Better separation of chemical shifts of component atoms was found for the salts than for the diprotonated salts. The addition of magnesium ions enhanced the separation of chemical shifts but caused some loss in the fine structure of multiplets.
Questions From the Language Classroom: Research Perspectives

Many teachers believe that research on L2 learning has little to say to their everyday classroom needs and decisions. The following paper attempts to address questions about classroom life that can be illuminated by current research findings on L2 learning and teaching. Among the topics covered are the role and importance of learners' L1 and cultural adjustment in successful L2 learning and the relative merits of a range of classroom practices, including those which emphasize learners' comprehension over their production, provide correction of error, incorporate drill and practice, and offer instruction in grammar rules. Also addressed in light of research are the strengths and limitations of classroom management strategies for using student groups and pairs, providing teacher-directed instruction, and encouraging class participation. Problems in achieving pronunciation accuracy and in preventing and overcoming fossilization are also explored with respect to relevant research.