cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A greenhouse study on the response of corn (Zea mays L.) to manure from beef cattle fed antibiotics

Abstract Manure from beef cattle receiving the antibiotics lasalocid or monensin or no antibiotic, was used at rates equivalent to 0, 11, 22 and 44t ha −1 (dry weight) in a greenhouse study with corn ( Zea mays L.). Monensin manure was lower in organic N and P but higher in K than were the other manures. In two successive crops, yields with the antibiotic manures were equal to or greater than yields with the control manure at rates of 22t ha −1 or less. Both antibiotic manures suppressed yield at the 44t ha −1 rate in the first crop but not in the second.
Identification of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator domains that are important for interactions with ROMK2.

In addition to functioning as a cAMP-activated chloride channel, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) plays an important role in conferring regulatory properties on other ion channels. It is known, with respect to CFTR regulation of ROMK2 (renally derived K ATPchannel), that the first transmembrane domain and the first nucleotide binding fold domain (NBF1) of CFTR are necessary for this interaction to occur. It has been shown that under conditions that promote phosphorylation, the ROMK2-CFTR interaction is attenuated. To elucidate the complex nature of this interaction, CFTR constructs were co-expressed with ROMK2 in Xenopus oocytes, and two microelectrode voltage clamp experiments were performed. Although the second half of CFTR can act as a functional chloride channel, our results suggest that it does not confer glibenclamide sensitivity on ROMK2, as does the first half of CFTR. The attenuation of the ROMK2-CFTR interaction under conditions that promote phosphorylation is dependent on at least the presence of the R domain of CFTR. We conclude that transmembrane domain 1, NBF1, and the R domain are the CFTR domains involved in the ROMK2-CFTR interaction and that NBF2 and transmembrane domain 2 are not essential. Lastly, the R domain of CFTR is necessary for the attenuation of the ROMK2-CFTR interaction under conditions that promote phosphorylation.
Video Coding Using a Complex Wavelet Transform and Set Partitioning

A video-coding system that exploits the motion-selective characteristics of the 3-D complex dual-tree discrete wavelet transform is presented. The proposed system does not perform explicit motion compensation but instead relies on the dual-tree transform to isolate moving features. Although the dual-tree transform is redundant, a noise-shaping process increases the sparsity of the transform coefficients, resulting in a high degree of spatiotemporally coherent regions of insignificant coefficients. The transform coefficients are coded with binary set-partitioning using k-d trees in an algorithm that exploits both within-subband spatiotemporal coherency as well as cross-subband correlation to achieve efficient coding. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system outperforms other coders that also do not perform explicit motion estimation or compensation.
Electrospray MS/MS reveals extensive and nonspecific oxidation of cholesterol esters in human peripheral vascular lesions

Although LDL is rendered proatherogenic by various experimental treatments (e.g., acetylation), the exact structural changes that drive LDL transformation in vivo remain enigmatic. Among the many hypothesized targets of oxidative modification are cholesterol esters (CE). This family of neutral lipids, which carries a highly unsaturated pool of fatty acyl groups, is the main component of both LDL particles and atherosclerotic plaques. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was employed to reveal abundant and diverse oxidized CEs (oxCE), including novel oxidation products, within human peripheral vascular lesions. These oxCE species composed up to 40% of the total CE pool, with cholesteryl linoleate being oxidized to the greatest extent. Imaging mass spectrometry studies showed that oxCE was entirely confined within the plaque, along with unmodified CE and triacylglyceride (TAG). Interestingly, we found no evidence for TAG oxidation, although polyunsaturated species were abundant. Enzymatic oxidation of cholesteryl linoleate by 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO), an enzyme often invoked in CE oxidation, initially results in a regio- and stereospecific product. Analysis of intact cholesteryl hydroxyoctadecadienoate isomers in human atheromata revealed no regio- or stereospecificity, indicating 15-LO was either not a major source of oxCE or nonenzymatic processes had eroded any product specificity.
Psychiatric Symptoms and HPA Axis Function in Adolescent Methamphetamine Users

Methamphetamine (METH) is a widely abused drug. However, little is known about the effects of chronic METH consumption on HPA axis function and psychiatric symptomatology in adolescent METH users. The current study evaluated psychiatric symptoms and changes in the stress response of adolescent METH users. Forty-one adolescent METH users and 75 comparison subjects in the same age range (ages 12-23 years) were recruited. Each subject completed the Symptom Checklist-90R (SCL-90) and was evaluated using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. In addition, the subjects completed the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and had salivary cortisol levels measured 30 min before, immediately after, and 60 min after the TSST. Adolescent METH users showed greater severity of symptoms across all measures of the SCL-90. Younger female METH users had the most symptoms. Furthermore, the METH users exhibited significantly enhanced cortisol levels immediately following the TSST (+31%, p = 0.03). Adolescent METH use is associated with greater psychiatric symptoms and enhanced cortisol secretion following a social stressor, particularly in younger female METH users. The psychiatric symptoms may reflect altered prefrontal cortical function resulting from chronic stress/drug use and the resulting glucocorticoid exposure. The results further suggest that treatment approaches should focus on stress-coping strategies to decrease the probability of relapse.
Effects of xylazine on cerebrospinal fluid catecholamines in the rhesus monkey

The i.v. administration of xylazine, a potent, selectiveα2-adrrnergic receptor agonist, resulted in a 76% decrease in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) norepinephrine in chair-adapted rhesus monkeys. A significant decrease was observed within 1.5 h of administration and continued through the 3 h course of sampling. Dopamine was maximally decreased by 24% at 1.5 h. Epinephrine was not significantly decreased following xylazine administration. These data suggest that norepinephrine release into monkey CSF, as an index of central or peripheral norepinephrine turnover, is more sensitive toα2-adrenergic agonists than is CSF dopamine or epinephrine.
Stomatal versus biochemical limitations to dynamic photosynthetic performance in four tropical rainforest shrub species.

Photosynthetic performance under dynamic light regimes was assessed in four different species of tropical shrubs from the family Rubiaceae via field gas exchange measurements conducted on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Rates of photosynthetic induction and induction loss were assessed throughout the day in both the wet and dry seasons in order to determine the relative roles of stomata and biochemistry in limiting photosynthetic performance under transient light conditions. A high degree of coordination was observed between stomatal conductance and biochemical capacity for CO2 assimilation during induction. Rates of biochemical and overall photosynthetic induction sharply decreased when initial stomatal conductance fell below a narrow range of critical values. Time of day or season did not affect rates of biochemical deactivation upon shading, but did influence stomatal closure, which often exerted a significant influence over induction loss in the darkness. In measurements of total assimilation due to a 60-s light pulse, both biochemical activity and stomatal conductance were linearly related to total CO2 uptake. Only during the mornings of the wet season was stomatal conductance consistently high enough to be non-limiting to dynamic photosynthetic performance. At all other times, stomatal behavior exercised significant influence over induction times, photosynthetic induction loss, and total CO2 uptake from 60-s light pulses.
Addition of ferulic acid, ethyl ferulate, and feruloylated monoacyl- and diacylglycerols to salad oils and frying oils

To determine antioxidative effects of ferulic acid and esterified ferulic acids, these compounds were added to soybean oils (SBO), which were evaluated for oxidative stability and frying stability. Additives included feruloylated MAG and DAG (FMG/FDG), ferulic acid, ethyl ferulate, and TBHQ. After frying tests with potato chips, oils were analyzed for retention of additives and polar compounds. Chips were evaluated for hexanal and rancid odor. After 15 h frying, 71% of FMG/FDG was retained, whereas 55% of ethyl ferulate was retained. TBHQ and ferulic acid levels were 6% and <1%, respectively. Frying oils with ethyl ferulate or TBHQ produced significantly less polar compounds than SBO with no additives. Chips fried in SBO with TBHQ or ferulic acid had significantly lower amounts of hexanal and significantly less rancid odor after 8 d at 60°C than other samples. Oils were also aged at 60°C, and stability was analyzed by PV, hexanal, and rancid odor. Oils with TBHQ or FMG/FDG had significantly less peroxides and hexanal, and a lower rancid odor intensity than the control. FMG/FDG inhibited deterioration at 60°C, whereas ethyl ferulate inhibited the formation of polar compounds in frying oil. Ferulic acid acted as an antioxidant in aged fried food. TBHQ inhibited oil degradation at both temperatures.
Inscription and Castration in Picasso's The Painter and His Model, 1927*

In the spring of 1927, Picasso produced a large painting known as The Painter and His Model, now in Tehran. Perhaps because of its current location, the work has, until recently, gone largely unremarked in the literature on the artist. Nonetheless, it stands as his most arresting single canv as of the late 1920s—perhaps the strangest period of the artist's production—and indeed as one of the supreme achievements of his career. In ways we have yet to grasp fully, the late ′20s marked a crucial turning point for Picasso: a moment of crisis, which seemed to require a tot al reexamination of his means. Over the course of 1927 in part icular, his work took on a troubled, almost desperate air as Picasso reengaged wit h Cubism's most difficult lessons, and const ant ly courted—at times even willed—aesthet ic failure. At no t ime had the art ist worked against himself with such intensit y, or with such bewildering results.
Delayed neutron data from tristan

Abstract Half-lives and Pn values are presented for 38 precursors among the low yield fission products. Pn values are based on a beta-neutron coincidence technique.
Desorption cooling below 12 K using He4 desorbed from synthetic zeolite

Abstract Two cryostats were built for desorption cooling in the temperature range below 12 K, using desorption of He 4 gas from synthetic zeolite. The desorption cooling experiments carried out with these cryostats are described. The initial temperatures chosen were 12.0 K, 10.0 K, 8.0 K, and 6.0 K and initial pressures between 0.25 atm and 1.00 atm (1 atm = 101 kN m −2 ). Final temperatures ranged down to 1.83 K. Measurements were made of the rate of warm-up under various power loadings (powers up to 12.8 mW were employed) at the final low temperatures and the results, as a function of the average temperature, are presented. With the larger cryostat, containing 130g of synthetic zeolite, refrigeration was maintained for periods longer than 25 hours. An assessment is made on the limitations of the cooling process based on the results reported here and on previous experiments on adsorption isotherms. Data are presented in tabular form for the expected duration of refrigeration and total refrigerative capacity at various temperature levels from 3.0 K to 6.0 K for 1 kg of synthetic zeolite; as an example, this would permit refrigeration to be maintained between 4.0 K and 5.0 K for 130 hours for a 1 mW power loading.
Saving Infected Catheters: Why and How

Conventional management of dialysis catheter-related bacteremia involves administration of systemic antibiotics, as well as removal of the infected catheter. This approach adds burdensome and expensive procedures, and creates short-term problems for dialysis access. Recent research has shown that bacterial biofilms form routinely in the catheter lumen, and act as the nidus for bacteremic episodes. Instillation of a concentrated antibiotic-anticoagulant solution into the catheter lumen ('antibiotic lock') may permit successful treatment of the infection, while salvaging the patient's catheter. A number of recent studies have reported the success of an antibiotic lock protocol in about two thirds of cases of catheter-related bacteremia. Catheter replacement is only performed in those patients with protocol failures (persistent fever or positive surveillance blood cultures). In conclusion, routine application of an antibiotic lock protocol may reduce substantially the need for routine catheter replacement in hemodialysis patients with catheter-related bacteremia.
Pulmonary mycobacterial spindle cell pseudotumor in a lung transplant patient: Progression without therapy and response to therapy

Mycobacterial spindle cell pseudotumor (MSP) represents a rare, non-malignant, mass-forming reaction to various mycobacterial infections, typically occurring in immunocompromised patients. It is characterized by the proliferation of spindle-shaped fibrohistiocytic cells without the formation of epithelioid granulomas. Without staining for acid-fast bacilli, histological distinction from other spindle cell lesions, including malignancy, can be difficult. Most of the MSP cases reported in the literature have involved lymph nodes, skin, spleen, or bone marrow, but rarely involve the lung. MSP predominately occurs in patients who are immunosuppressed. We present a patient with MSP of the transplanted lung caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria, in whom both the natural course of the untreated pseudotumor as well as the response to antimycobacterial treatments were observed.
Heroin Addict Relationships with Parents during Childhood and Early Adolescent Years

Abstract In order to determine the role of parental influences in heroin addiction, a Biographical Inventory consisting of 56 life history items was given to 100 addicts and to a matched group of 100 nonusers. Results suggest that early life histories of individuals may be important predisposing factors. Addicts more likely led an unhappy childhood, experienced harsh physical punishment, and lacked parental concern in the areas of school, sexual conduct, friends, and career guidance. Nonusers more likely came from intact homes where parental influence was a significant positive factor, where the fathers were regarded as pals, and the mothers as consistent.
Profile Scaling Increases the Similarity Search Performance of Molecular Fingerprints Containing Numerical Descriptors and Structural Keys

The concept of compound class-specific profiling and scaling of molecular fingerprints for similarity searching is discussed and applied to newly designed fingerprint representations. The approach is based on the analysis of characteristic patterns of bits in keyed fingerprints that are set on in compounds having equivalent biological activity. Once a fingerprint profile is generated for a particular activity class, scaling factors that are weighted according to observed bit frequencies are applied to signature bit positions when searching for similar compounds. In systematic similarity search calculations over 23 diverse activity classes, profile scaling consistently increased the performance of fingerprints containing property descriptors and/or structural keys. A significant improvement of ∼15% was observed for a new fingerprint consisting of binary encoded molecular property descriptors and structural keys. Under scaling conditions, this fingerprint, termed MP-MFP, correctly recognized on average clos...
Separation of hollow heart potato tubers by means of size grading, specific gravity, and x-ray examination

1. A total of 1,146 pounds (3,443 tubers) of Irish Cobbler potatoes grown in the Red River Valley were graded into six size classes and into six specific gravity classes and the incidence of hollow heart in each size and specific gravity class was determined. 2. The percentage by weight of hollow heart in each size class ranged from zero in the tubers smaller than 1.5 inches in diameter to 78.0 for tubers larger than 3.5 inches in diameter. However, of the 24.3 per cent hollow heart present in the entire 1,146 pounds examined, 20.8 per cent occurred in the size range 2.0 to 3.5 inches, whereas the remaining 3.5 per cent occurred in the potatoes larger and smaller in size. 3. The hollow heart in each specific gravity class ranged from 86.1 per cent in the potatoes having a specific gravity of 1.06 and below to 5.3 per cent in the potatoes having a specific gravity above 1.10. However, in order to reduce the hollow heart incidence to a level below the maximum tolerance allowable (5 per cent) for U. S. No. 1 potatoes, it would be necessary to grade out all tubers having a specific gravity lower than 1.10, or approximately 52 per cent of the crop. 4. The X-ray examination of 1,441 tubers of Irish Cobbler, 1,625 tubers of selection No. 6.39-4-40, and 1,270 tubers of Early Ohio potatoes in 1944 resulted in the detection of 74.6 per cent, 83.1 per cent, and 84.1 per cent, respectively, of the hollow heart present in these varieties. The total hollow heart present in the 695 pounds of tubers examined was reduced from 12.9 per cent to 2.7 per cent through the use of this method of detection.
Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence of Single Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)

The green fluorescent protein (GFP) has emerged as a powerful reporter molecule for monitoring gene expression, protein localization, and protein-protein interaction. However, the detection of low concentrations of GFPs is limited by the weakness of the fluorescent signal and the low photostability. In this report, we observed the proximity of single GFPs to metallic silver nanoparticles increases its fluorescence intensity approximately 6-fold and decreases the decay time. Single protein molecules on the silvered surfaces emitted 10-fold more photons as compared to glass prior to photobleaching. The photostability of single GFP has increased to some extent. Accordingly, we observed longer duration time and suppressed blinking. The single-molecule lifetime histograms indicate the relatively heterogeneous distributions of protein mutants inside the structure.
On the Metrical Transitivity of the Geodesics on a Surface of Constant Negative Curvature

5 It follows that d-y varies as v-~. (The derivatives of lower than nth order vanish). ds" This remains true even for n = 0, that is, when the direction of initial velocity is different from the force direction, so that trajectories are not in contact with the line of force We then have the familiar result that the curvature varies inversely as the square of the speed. The next simplest case is n = 1. If we project a particle in the direction of the force, then the trajectories have, in general, ordinary inflexions, and the quantity
Oxygen aurora during the recovery phase of a major geomagnetic storm

[1] We have analyzed ultraviolet spectra measured in the postsunset auroral zone on 16 July 2000, during the recovery phase of the major geomagnetic storm of 14-16 July 2000. We find enhanced oxygen ion and neutral line emissions above 300 km in the postsunset sector of the auroral oval during the initial fast recovery phase of the storm, also called the Bastille Day storm. No comparable emissions are seen in simultaneous measurements of nitrogen and hydrogen emission features, indicating that these features are not related to electron or proton aurora. The enhancements are seen slightly equatorward of all other nitrogen line and band emissions that are presumed to comprise the nominal diffuse electron auroral oval. On the basis of the altitude profile, location, and timing of the enhancements, we interpret these oxygen emissions as a product of precipitating ring current oxygen ions in the auroral atmosphere, possibly after pitch-angle scattering by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. These emissions may provide an important measure of the contribution of collisions and charge exchange interactions to the loss of oxygen ions and the recovery of geomagnetic storms and substorms.
Effects of Gestational Zinc Deficiency in Mice on Growth and Immune Function

Abstract It has previously been reported that feeding mice a marginal zinc (Zn) diet (5 μg Zn/g) during the last two-thirds of pregnancy results in long term deleterious effects on the offsprings' growth and immune function compared to control (100 μg Zn/g) offspring. However, recent results in our laboratory using a similar protocol have not been as dramatic as those previously reported. Since that study there has been modification of the diet employed. More importantly, virtually all commercial vendors now breed mouse colonies behind a pathogen free barrier. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that differences in results were due to recent modifications in the diet, or due to a need for a more severe Zn deficiency to produce the previously reported effects.
An alternating direction method for multi‐dimensional parabolic free surface problems

A locally one-dimensional method (fractional step or alternating direction method) is used to approximate multi-dimensional free surface problems for the diffusion equation by a sequence of one-dimensional problems. These are solved with the method of lines and invariant imbedding.
Study of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in organic solvents using multiple linear regression

Abstract We have used multiple linear regression to predict either initial rate, log initial rate or specificity for enzyme-catalyzed reactions performed in non-aqueous solvents. The Subtilisin Carlsberg catalyzed transesterification of N -acetyl- l -phenylalanine ethyl ester by methanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol was assayed in 30 non-aqueous solvents, and the lipase catalyzed transesterification of methyl methacrylate in 23 non-aqueous solvents. Both sets of reactions were performed at fixed thermodynamic water activity. The lipase catalyzed reactions were also performed in water saturated solvents and in dry solvents. The report illustrates that regression analysis may provide insight into how solvents can alter the activity and specificity of enzymes suspended therein. A regression model for the subtilisin catalyzed reaction suggests that solvents which have a flat hydrophobic region inhibit by competing with the substrate for an enzyme cleft. In the lipase catalyzed reaction, tetrachloroethylene is an outlier (i.e., behaves differently to other solvents) for all the regression models. This deviation, together with an element of structural similarity to the substrate, suggests that tetrachloroethylene acts as a competitive inhibitor. Log P is an important descriptor and it, or an expression containing log P , appears in all the regression equations. Log initial rate is predicted by a two-descriptor model for either enzyme system in solvents of high log P at fixed thermodynamic water activity. Regression models with the same two descriptors predict initial rate for the lipase system over the entire log P range for solvents maintained at fixed thermodynamic water activity and for dry solvents, but not for water saturated solvents.
Stimulation of propionate metabolism by monocarboxylic acids

Abstract Butyrate stimulates the metabolism of propionate in liver from rats and non-fasted sheep, though to a lesser extent than fasted sheep. The butyrate stimulatory effect is exerted on the carboxylation of propionate but not propionyl-CoA. Isobutyrate, β-hydroxybutyrate, valerate, hexanoate and octanoate all stimulate propionate metabolism, but citrate, succinate and α-ketoglutarate are ineffective. It is postulated that the stimulative effect operates via a CoA transphorase.
WISCONSIN INHERITANCE TAXATION

SINCE the enactment of its first permanent inheritance tax in 1903 the state of Wisconsin has substantially altered and extended its transfer tax system. Although these inheritance, estate, and gift taxes have provided on the average somewhat less than 2 per cent of the total state and local revenue, their present and future potential yield is far from negligible to a state faced with the usual, difficult problem of budget balancing. Thorough investigation of the legal, administrative, and economic aspects of these transfer taxes is the design of this thesis. Primary reliance has necessarily been placed upon a study of court reports, session laws, and records of the State Department of Taxation and upon personal interviews with state and county officials who administer the death and gift taxes. With the assumption that there is no federal legislation basically affecting state transfer taxes the following major conclusions are reached: 1. Wisconsin should not replace its well-established and generally well-accepted inheritance tax by a full-fledged estate tax. (Its present estate tax, which should be retained, is effective only in rare cases when the inheritance tax does not collect the full amount permitted a state under the federal estate tax credit provision.) 2. The base for the state gift tax should not be made cumulative over the years because of the danger of driving property out of the state. The present system whereby each year's gifts to the same donee from the same donor is aggregated into a single non-cumulative base is unfair, illogical, and unproductive of revenue. Yet there is no federal gift tax credit and only twelve states levy gift taxes so that any state attempting to collect a really effective gift tax faces a real migration threat. 3. The deduction allowed under the Wisconsin inheritance tax for death taxes paid by the estate to the federal government should be continued.
MMPI-2 Profiles of Persons with Multiple Chemical Sensitivity

We compared the MMPI-2 profiles of adults with multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), epileptic seizures (ES), and nonepileptic seizures (NES). Both NES and MCS are medically unexplained conditions. In previous studies profiles associated with NES were elevated on scales Hs and Hy, compared with profiles associated with ES. We predicted that profiles associated with MCS would be elevated on Hs and Hy compared with the ES group. Patients with ES and NES were diagnosed after intensive EEG monitoring using published criteria. MCS was diagnosed if there was a complaint of illness in response to multiple common odors at levels that are not noxious to most people. All the MCS cases had legal claims for injury related to chemical exposures. The results showed that on MMPI-2 scales Hs, D, and Hy the MCS group had means significantly higher than both the ES and NES groups. Fake Bad Scale scores were elevated in 11 MCS cases, and regression-based estimates of Fake Bad Scale scores showed elevation in the MCS group compared with both seizure groups. We conclude that MMPI-2 data, obtained from people seeking financial compensation, indicate that there is a strong psychological component to MCS symptoms.
Electroreduction of aromatic nitro compounds : case for comparison of information obtained by polarography and voltammetry

The difference between the information obtained by d.c. polarography (which is virtually a potentiostatic method) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), where products formed at one potential can affect electrolysis at another potential is discussed. The principle is demonstrated on reduction of nitrobenzenes, where at DME the reduction usually occurs as a strictly four-electron process, whereas in CV the arylhydroxylamines formed react wit an intermediate of the four-electron reduction.
Teaching computer systems through common principles

Computer system subjects ranging from computer organization and operating systems to computer networking and database systems form an integral part of a computer science or computer engineering major. Because the subjects are usually taught as separate courses, students may not recognize that they share many design principles. We identify a set of these principles and demonstrate how they apply to all these aspects of a computer system. In our experience, students' understanding of these subjects and how they are inter-related improves when we identify and illustrate these common principles.
CD28-dependent HIV-1 Transcription Is Associated with Vav, Rac, and NF-κB Activation

Activation of HIV-1-infected T cells through the T cell receptor and costimulatory molecule CD28 induces proviral transcription; however, the mechanism behind this enhanced virus expression is unknown. Jurkat T cells and primary CD4+ T cells expressing a CD8 alpha/CD28 chimeric receptor containing a mutation at tyrosine 200 in the cytoplasmic tail were unable to fully induce HIV-1 proviral transcription in response to CD8 alpha/28 receptor cross-linking in comparison to CD28 costimulation. The loss of transactivation seen with the mutant chimeric receptor correlated with a decrease in Vav tyrosine phosphorylation. CD28-dependent activation of HIV-1 transcription also required the GTPase activity of Rac1, which was not activated during costimulation with the mutated receptor. Furthermore, the mutated receptor was unable to induce NF-kappa B DNA binding or transactivation, as demonstrated by electromobility shift assays and HIV-1 long terminal repeat and NF-kappa B-dependent reporter constructs. These studies show that signaling events initiated by tyrosine 200 of CD28 are required for efficient expression of HIV-1 transcription in activated T cells.
Simultaneous Extraction and Concentration by On-Line Hollow Fiber Membrane Extraction

In the determination of trace-level pollutants in water, a concentration step is usually needed between extraction and analysis. In this paper, simultaneous extraction and concentration during on-line analysis using hollow fiber membranes is reported. Solvent loss across the membrane resulted in simultaneous concentration during extraction and had pronounced influence on enrichment factor and extraction efficiency. This phenomenon is an important consideration for analytical methods employing solvent extraction across a membrane, because it is possible to eliminate the concentration step. Continuous on-line monitoring of semivolatile compounds was achieved using this approach, and the effects of process variables on enrichment and extraction efficiency were studied. It was found that enrichment increased with solvent loss, even when the extraction efficiency decreased.
A social identity framework of American hip-hop cultural performance

The sociocognitive processes of marginalized-group social identity negotiation within a wider hegemonic sociocultural context can appear counterintuitive. Employing social identity theory to extend our understanding of the tension between racial and economic group-based identities, the mutations of three notable hip-hop referents serve as case studies that illuminate a framework of the intra- and intergroup relations facilitated by hip-hop's cultural performance within a racialized society.
The starting of single-phase hermetically-sealed motors

The operation of four principal starting devices now in use and a fifth phase-angle eddy-current relay is described. An analysis is given of the characteristics of each device and its effect on the starting characteristics of a single-phase induction motor of the split-phase or capacitor-start type.
A user centric mobility prediction approach based on spatial conceptual maps

This paper presents a novel framework for user mobility prediction that can accurately predict the traveling trajectory and destination using knowledge of user's preferences, goals, and analyzed spatial information without imposing any assumptions about the availability of users' movements history. Using concepts of evidential reasoning of Dempster-Shafer's theory, the user's navigation behavior is captured by gathering pieces of evidence concerning different groups of candidate future locations. These groups are then refined to predict the user's future location when evidence accumulate using Dempster rule of combination. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed framework.
Investigation of hot electrons and hot phonons generated within an AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistor

We review our recent results obtained on an AlN/GaN-based high-electron-mobility transistor. The temperature of the electrons drifting under a relatively-high electric field is significantly higher than the lattice temperature (i.e., the hot electrons are generated). These hot electrons are produced through the Frohlich interaction between the drifting electrons and long-lived longitudinal-optical phonons. By fitting electric field vs. electron temperature deduced from the measurements of photoluminescence spectra to a theoretical model, we have deduced the longitudinal-optical-phonon emission time for each electron is to be on the order of 100 fs. We have also measured the decay time constant for LO phonons to be about 4.2 ps. An electric field present in a GaN/AlN heterostructure can bring both the first-order and second-order Raman scattering processes into strong resonances. The resonant Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering results in the increase and decrease of non-equilibrium longitudinal-optical phonon temperatures, respectively. Moreover, the phonon temperature measured from the Raman scattering is increased with an applied electric field at a much higher rate than the lattice temperature due to the presence of field-induced non-equilibrium longitudinal-optical phonons.
Emotion Priming and Attributions for Terrorism: Americans' Reactions in a National Field Experiment

The terrorist attacks of September 11 elicited many forms of negative affect, including anger and sadness. They also elicited a search for explanations. A national field study that experimentally primed emotion evaluated how priming anger and sadness differentially evoked causal judgments about the attacks. It found that priming anger triggered more causal attributions than did priming sadness. Thus, specific emotions, rather than general negativity, shaped citizens' attributions regarding September 11. In addition to its theoretical implications, the study demonstrates a method for studying ecologically valid emotions, under conditions of experimental control, with a nationally representative sample.
Commentary: Electromyographic thresholds for stimulated thoracic pedicle screws are influenced by multiple factors

COMMENTARY ON Montes E, De Blas G, Regidor I, et al. Electromyographic thresholds after thoracic screw stimulation depend on the distance of the screw from the spinal cord and not on pedicle cortex integrity. Spine J 2012;12:127–32 ( in this issue ).
Measurement of the hyperfine structure of the 4d 2 D 3/2,5/2 levels and isotope shifts of the 4p 2 P 3/2 → 4d 2 D 3/2 and 4p 2 P 3/2 → 4d 2 D 5/2 transitions in gallium 69 and 71

The hyperfine structure of the 4d2D3/2,5/2 levels of 69,71Ga is determined. The 4p2P3/2→4d2D3/2 (294.50-nm) and 4p2P3/2→4d2D5/2 (294.45-nm) transitions are studied by laser-induced fluorescence in an atomic Ga beam. The hyperfine A constant measured for the 4d2D5/2 level is 77.3±0.9 MHz for 69Ga and 97.9±0.7 MHz for 71Ga (3σ errors). The A constant measured for the 4d2D3/2 level is -36.3±2.2 MHz for 69Ga and -46.2±3.8 MHz for 71Ga. These measurements correct sign errors in the previous determination of these constants. For 69Ga the hyperfine B constants measured for the 4d2D5/2 and the 4d2D3/2 levels are 5.3±4.1 MHz and 4.6±4.2 MHz, respectively. The isotope shift is determined to be 114±8 MHz for the 4p2P3/2→4d2D3/2 transition and 115±7 MHz for the 4p2P3/2→4d2D5/2 transition. The lines of 71Ga are shifted to the blue. This is in agreement with previous measurement.
Eruptive melanocytic nevi heralding the diagnosis of metastatic malignant melanoma: A case report.

Eruptive melanocytic nevi (EMN) are an unusual phenomenon characterized by the rapid appearance of multiple melanocytic nevi. Whether atypical or benign, EMN are associated with various medications and diseases but not previously with melanoma.1 EMN have been described in internal malignancy, such as prostate cancer, in which it is proposed as a paraneoplastic phenomenon, although the mechanism is unclear.2 One cutaneous phenomenon that arises from primary melanoma is epidermotropic metastatic malignant melanoma (EMMM), whereby malignant cells migrate from the dermal metastasis into the epidermis. Epidermotropic metastases are metachronous with the primary tumor or appear after resection or treatment of the primary disease, and melanoma is no exception.3 Eruptive nevi may be clinically mistaken as EMMM; therefore, making the distinction is important. We report a case of a patient who had 2 concurrent primary melanomas treated with wide local resection and in whom EMN developed, with no signs of EMMM, 8 weeks before diagnosis of widespread metastatic melanoma.
Dynamic visualization of signaling activities in living cells

The complexity and specificity of many forms of signal transduction are widely suspected to require spatial microcompartmentation and dynamic modulation of the activities of protein kinases, phosphatases, and second messengers. However, traditional methodologies for detecting signaling events, such as activation of kinases and second-messenger production and degradation, are limited in their spatiotemporal resolution and do not allow one to follow these events within the live-cell context. To achieve dynamic tracking of signaling activities in living cells, we have engineered genetically encoded fluorescent reporters for protein kinases and second messengers, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and phosphoinositides. Their development and specific examples of their application are discussed. In addition, a live-cell, high-throughput screening method has been developed for identification of new modulators that affect the dynamic activity of kinases and second messengers. Together, these reporters have the potential to provide important spatiotemporal information about the circuitry governing specific signaling events in living cells.
PATCH STRUCTURE, OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR, AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF PARASITISM RISK

To date, almost no experimental field studies have attempted to assess the factors that generate heterogeneity in the distribution of parasitism risk, a putative indicator of host–parasitoid stability. In this study, I examined the interaction between a planthopper Prokelisia crocea and its egg parasitoid Anagrus columbi among discrete patches of prairie cordgrass, Spartina pectinata. In particular, I examined how patch geography and host distribution within a patch influenced the distribution of adult parasitoids, parasitoid oviposition behavior, the proportion of hosts parasitized, and the aggregation of parasitism (cv2) and adult parasitoids. Based on six generations of census data, the distribution of parasitism was strongly aggregated within (cv2 = 3.58), but not among (cv2 = 0.58) cordgrass patches. Parasitism was also spatially and temporally density independent. To determine what influences the distribution of parasitism risk, I selected 26 discrete cordgrass patches, removed all sources of A. columbi, and then quantified the immigration and subsequent oviposition behavior of A. columbi colonists. I found that the number of immigrants significantly increased with patch size and decreased with patch isolation. Patch size had no influence on the per capita hosts parasitized per leaf, but there was a significant twofold increase in per capita attacks from the least to the most isolated patches. The isolation effect was likely due to an optimal oviposition response to dispersal distance by A. columbi. For these experimental patches, substantial within-patch aggregation of parasitism (cv2 = 1.63) did not translate into strong among-patch aggregation (cv2 = 0.13). Searching adult parasitoids were randomly distributed within and among patches and thus did not explain the high cv2 within patches. Interestingly, the aggregation of parasitism risk within a patch was significantly negatively correlated with patch size and positively correlated with patch isolation. The distribution of parasitism risk could be divided into two general components. The within-parasitoid component was attributable to individuals engaging in multiple ovipositions within a leaf and the distance-dependent oviposition response. The latter response was likely the cause for the variation in cv2 with respect to patch size and isolation. Within-parasitoid aggregation has no effect on host–parasitoid stability. The among-parasitoid component of aggregation appears to have been due to heterogeneity in the vulnerability of hosts and an edge effect (parasitism risk is 60% more heterogeneous at the edge than interior of a patch) and is in theory stabilizing. Consequently, a change in landscape structure that leads to an increase in cordgrass edge habitat may promote a more stable host–parasitoid interaction. Corresponding Editor: R. F. Denno.
Evolutionary-inspired probabilistic search for enhancing sampling of local minima in the protein energy surface.

Background: Despite computational challenges, elucidating conformations that a protein system assumes under physiologic conditions for the purpose of biological activity is a central problem in computational structural biology. While these conformations are associated with low energies in the energy surface that underlies the protein conformational space, few existing conformational search algorithms focus on explicitly sampling lowenergy local minima in the protein energy surface. Methods: This work proposes a novel probabilistic search framework, PLOW, that explicitly samples low-energy local minima in the protein energy surface. The framework combines algorithmic ingredients from evolutionary computation and computational structural biology to effectively explore the subspace of local minima. A greedy local search maps a conformation sampled in conformational space to a nearby local minimum. A perturbation move jumps out of a local minimum to obtain a new starting conformation for the greedy local search. The process repeats in an iterative fashion, resulting in a trajectory-based exploration of the subspace of local minima. Results and conclusions: The analysis of PLOW’s performance shows that, by navigating only the subspace of local minima, PLOW is able to sample conformations near a protein’s native structure, either more effectively or as well as state-of-the-art methods that focus on reproducing the native structure for a protein system. Analysis of the actual subspace of local minima shows that PLOW samples this subspace more effectively that a naive sampling approach. Additional theoretical analysis reveals that the perturbation function employed by PLOW is key to its ability to sample a diverse set of low-energy conformations. This analysis also suggests directions for further research and novel applications for the proposed framework.
Cooperative relaying with side information

We study the problem of cooperative communication in the case that the assisting node (i.e. the relay) has access to correlated information about the source that needs to be reconstructed at the destination. Finding the relaying strategy that minimizes the reconstruction distortion at the destination, is one of the long standing open problems in information theory. In this paper, we propose a novel relaying strategy and show that, for Gaussian sources and additive Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels, this scheme always achieves within a factor of 6 of the least possible reconstruction distortion. Therefore, we find a uniformly near optimal strategy for Gaussian models, and approximate the minimum possible distortion in reconstructing the source within a factor of 6.
Third-Party Certification in the Global Agrifood System: An Objective or Socially Mediated Governance Mechanism?

Third-party certification (TPC) is becoming an integral component of the global agrifood system. However, little is known about its functions, structures and practices. In this article we examine the emergence of TPC as a governance mechanism, its organisational structure, and its practices. Distinguishing between two forms of ‘independence’– organisational and operational – we argue that TPC exhibits organisational, but not operational independence. Thus, in contrast to the view of TPC as an objective governance mechanism, we argue that TPC is embedded in social, political and economic networks. This finding, we argue, raises questions as to how TPC is structured and operates, who gets to decide the ways it is structured and operates, and the ways that TPC might differentially impact on actors in the food and agricultural sector.
Appetitive and Defensive Motivation: Goal-Directed or Goal-Determined?

Our view is that fundamental appetitive and defensive motivation systems evolved to mediate a complex array of adaptive behaviors that support the organism’s drive to survive—defending against threat and securing resources. Activation of these motive systems engages processes that facilitate attention allocation, information intake, sympathetic arousal, and, depending on context, will prompt tactical actions that can be directed either toward or away from the strategic goal, whether defensively or appetitively determined. Research from our laboratory that measures autonomic, central, and somatic reactions when processing emotional scenes is described which indicates that motivationally relevant cues, whether appetitive or defensive, capture attention preferentially, prompt enhanced perceptual processing and information gathering, and occasion metabolic arousal that mobilizes the organism for coping actions.
EyeKeys: A Real-Time Vision Interface Based on Gaze Detection from a Low-Grade Video Camera

There are people that are so severely paralyzed that they only have the ability to control the muscles in their eyes. Communication is limited to the interpretation of eye movements. Currently available human-computer interface systems are often intrusive, require special hardware, or use active infrared illumination. We present a system that runs on an average PC with video input from an inexpensive USB camera. The face is tracked using multi-scale template correlation. Symmetry between left and right eyes is exploited to detect if the computer user is looking at the camera, or off to the left or right side. The detected eye direction can then be used to control applications such as spelling programs or games. We developed the game "BlockEscape" to gather quantitative results to evaluate our interface system with test subjects. We also compared our system to a mouse substitution interface.