cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State Truths, Private Letters, and Images of Public Opinion in the Ancien Régime: Sévigné on Trials

This essay considers the complicated prehistory of the concept of public opinion in early modern France through an analysis of Madame de Sevigne’s letters on two judicial proceedings of her lifetime: Nicolas Fouquet’s trial for corruption and the Marquise de Brinvilliers’s prosecution during the Affaire des poisons . Although most cultural historians agree that public opinion emerges as a political force only after the fall of absolute monarchy, Sevigne’s correspondence used the figure of a judging public to criticize the law courts’ rulings, questioning their authority by exploiting the ostensibly private discursive space of correspondence to articulate the judgement of an imagined ‘public’ in opposition to the official truth. By rhetorically valorizing rumour, gossip, and the consensus of tout le monde , Sevigne exposed the flaws of judicial procedures whereby verdicts were achieved through the control and manipulation of information. The legitimate final arbiter on these proceedings, Sevigne asserted, was located not in the law court but in the court of public opinion. In this way, her letters provide new insights into the politics of information control during the Ancien Regime .
EPRI activities to address reactor pressure vessel integrity issues

Abstract The demonstration of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) structural integrity is an essential element in ensuring the continued safe and reliable operation of US nuclear power plants. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), through its domestic and international member utilities, continues to pursue an aggressive research program to develop technologies and capabilities that will address issues associated with reactor pressure vessel integrity. Ongoing research in the EPRI Nuclear Power Group Materials Performance Program covers a broad range of technical areas associated with RPVs. The program is structured under the following product groups; (1) Management and Mitigation; (2) Material Performance Databases; (3) Material Condition Assessment; and (4) Operability Assessment. Specific activities under each of theses product groups are described in this paper.
THE SYNTHESIS OF 5S RNA AND ITS REGULATION DURING EARLY SEA URCHIN DEVELOPMENT

De novo synthesis of 5S RNA and of transfer RNA (tRNA) has been demonstrated previously to occur by mid-cleavage (128-cell stage) in sea urchin embryos (24). The present study focused on determining more precisely the time of onset of activity of the genes for 5S RNA and for tRNA during sea urchin embryogenesis by preloading the GTP precursor pools of unfertilized eggs. The results showed that newly-made 5S RNA and tRNA could be detected as early as the 32-cell stage. In order to determine whether newly-synthesized 5S RNA accumulates coordinately during development with newly-made 26S (34) and 18S ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), the relative rates of accumulation of these three RNA molecules were measured and compared at each of several stages of sea urchin embryogenesis. In contrast to the coordinated accumulation of newly-synthesized 26S and 18S rRNAs, newly-made 5S RNA accumulated in excess at the mesenchyme blastula (9-fold excess), midgastrula (5-fold excess) and prism (3-fold excess) stages. The 5S RNA/26S RNA molar ratios only approached unity in advanced (48 hr) plutei. The non-coordinated accumulation of newly-made 5S RNA with that of 26S and 18S rRNAs suggests that the accumulation of these newly-synthesized RNAs is differentially regulated during early sea urchin development.
Localization of glucosamine-incorporating materials at epithelial surfaces during salivary epithelio-mesenchymal interaction in vitro.

Abstract Submandibular salivary epithelium of the 13-day mouse embryo, following trypsin-pancreatin separation from its investing mesenchyme, incorporates tritiated glucosamine when incubated in labeled tissue culture medium for 1 hour at 37°C. After being cultured for 24 hours trans-filter from unlabeled mesenchyme of a similar age, the label is manifested autoradiographically as high grain count beyond the basal surface of the epithelial cells. Grain counts over the epithelial cells were found to rise to a maximum between 2 and 6 hours in culture and subsequently to fall. Grain counts beyond the basal cell surface were found to increase during the first 24 hours in culture. These data are interpreted to indicate that label appearing at the basal cell surface by 24 hours in culture represents an epithelial cell product. Suggestive evidence that the labeled material is a mucopolysaccharide comes from the fact that hyaluronidase removes the label whereas collagenase does not. Evidence is presented that surface materials removed by trypsin-pancreatin at the time of culture, or after 24 hours, are important in controlling the uptake of tritiated glucosamine.
Adsorption and decomposition of nitric oxide and ammonia on a stepped platinum single crystal surface

Abstract The adsorption of nitric oxide and ammonia on the Pt(S)-[12(111) × (111)] surface has been studied using low energy electron diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, and thermal desorption spectroscopy; at saturation the adsorbed NO forms a 2 × 2 overlayer structure. Auger results and approximate desorption results confirm that the saturated surface corresponds to a coverage of about 3.8 × 10 14 adsorbed nitrogen containing species per square centimeter ( θ max ) or about 1 4 of the platinum surface atom concentration. Partial dissociation of the desorbing NO occurs as evidenced by thermal desorption of N2 and O 2 from the surface. The fraction of adsorbed nitrogen desorbed as N2 decreases from 100% below 0.1 θ max to about 30% at saturation. A surface saturated with ammonia corresponds to about 9 × 10 13 nitrogen containing species per cm 2 . Significant dissociation of the desorbing NH 3 occurs at all coverages studied as evidenced by thermal desorption of N 2 and H 2 .
IQGAP1 Regulates NR2A Signaling, Spine Density, and Cognitive Processes

General or brain-region-specific decreases in spine number or morphology accompany major neuropsychiatric disorders. It is unclear, however, whether changes in spine density are specific for an individual mental process or disorder and, if so, which molecules confer such specificity. Here we identify the scaffolding protein IQGAP1 as a key regulator of dendritic spine number with a specific role in cognitive but not emotional or motivational processes. We show that IQGAP1 is an important component of NMDAR multiprotein complexes and functionally interacts with the NR2A subunits and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 signaling pathway. Mice lacking the IQGAP1 gene exhibited significantly lower levels of surface NR2A and impaired ERK activity compared to their wild-type littermates. Accordingly, primary hippocampal cultures of IQGAP1−/− neurons exhibited reduced surface expression of NR2A and disrupted ERK signaling in response to NR2A-dependent NMDAR stimulation. These molecular changes were accompanied by region-specific reductions of dendritic spine density in key brain areas involved in cognition, emotion, and motivation. IQGAP1 knock-outs exhibited marked long-term memory deficits accompanied by impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in a weak cellular learning model; in contrast, LTP was unaffected when induced with stronger stimulation paradigms. Anxiety- and depression-like behavior remained intact. On the basis of these findings, we propose that a dysfunctional IQGAP1 gene contributes to the cognitive deficits in brain disorders characterized by fewer dendritic spines.
How bad was it? The effects of victim and perpetrator emotion on responses to criminal court vignettes

Affect control theory is a general model of how emotions, identities and actions are related in social interaction. In this study, we used affect control theory to predict how the emotions displayed by a perpetrator and a victim during their criminal trial statements influence a juror's judgments about their identities. We then asked how these identity judgments about the perpetrator and victim affect the recommended sentence for the perpetrator. An experiment used undergraduates' reactions in a mock jury setting to test the theory's predictions. Maximum likelihood structural equation models show the influence of both criminal and victim emotion displays in affecting identity inferences about the participants in the crime scene. These identity inferences, as well as inferences about the severity of the criminal behavior itself determine the sentence recommended for the perpetrator, supporting affect control theory. The emotions displayed by a perpetrator during the description of a criminal incident influence our judgments about him or her (Drass & Spencer 1987; Everett & Nienstadt 1992; Robinson et al. 1994; Spencer 1983). Perpetrators who are upset and remorseful about their offenses receive more lenient judgments. But our
Stochastic Properties of Neurotransmitter Release Expand the Dynamic Range of Synapses

Release of neurotransmitter is an inherently random process, which could degrade the reliability of postsynaptic spiking, even at relatively large synapses. This is particularly important at auditory synapses, where the rate and precise timing of spikes carry information about sounds. However, the functional consequences of the stochastic properties of release are unknown. We addressed this issue at the mouse endbulb of Held synapse, which is formed by auditory nerve fibers onto bushy cells (BCs) in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus. We used voltage clamp to characterize synaptic variability. Dynamic clamp was used to compare BC spiking with stochastic or deterministic synaptic input. The stochastic component increased the responsiveness of the BC to conductances that were on average subthreshold, thereby increasing the dynamic range of the synapse. This had the benefit that BCs relayed auditory nerve activity even when synapses showed significant depression during rapid activity. However, the precision of spike timing decreased with stochastic conductances, suggesting a trade-off between encoding information in spike timing versus probability. These effects were confirmed in fiber stimulation experiments, indicating that they are physiologically relevant, and that synaptic randomness, dynamic range, and jitter are causally related.
Transition Metal Complexes of Cyanoisocyanoarenes as Building Blocks for One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Molecular Solids.

The complexes trans-[MI(2)(CNC(6)H(4)-CN-4)(2)], (M = Pd and Pt), trans-[FeI(2)L(4)] (L = CNC(6)H(4)-CN-4 and CNC(6)H(2)-Me(2)-2,6-CN-4), and [Mn(CNC(6)H(4)-CN-4)(6)][SO(3)CF(3)] were prepared. The compounds are thermally stable up to 230 degrees C or higher. The molecular structure of trans-[FeI(2)(CNC(6)H(4)-CN-4)(4)] was determined by X-ray crystallography: monoclinic, space group P2(1)/n, a = 11.570(2) A, b = 10.1052(8) A, c = 28.138(7) A, beta = 92.034(9) degrees, Z = 4, 3464 unique reflections, R = 0.074, R(w) = 0.089. The complexes contain the peripheral cyano groups in linear, planar, and octahedral dispositions, respectively. Solids were obtained by combining solutions of [PdI(2)(CNC(6)H(4)-CN-4)(2)] and [Cu(hfacac)(2)], [FeI(2)(CNC(6)H(4)-CN-4)(4)] and AgSO(3)CF(3), [FeI(2)(CNC(6)H(2)-Me(2)-2,6-CN-4)(4)] and [Rh(2)(O(2)CCF(3))(4)], and [Mn(CNC(6)H(4)-CN-4)(6)][SO(3)CF(3)] and [Rh(2)(O(2)CCF(3))(4)]. [PdI(2)(CNC(6)H(4)-CN-4)(2)] and [Cu(hfacac)(2)] in a ratio of 1:2 form a crystalline, one-dimensional solid: monoclinic, space group P2(1)/c, a = 8.317(2) A, b = 13.541(1) A, c = 22.568(5) A, beta = 100.45(1) degrees, Z = 2, 3279 unique reflections, R = 0.037, R(w) = 0.047.
Directed polymers in a random environment with a defect line

We study the depinning transition of the $1+1$ dimensional directed polymer in a random environment with a defect line. The random environment consists of i.i.d. potential values assigned to each site of $\mathbb{Z}^2$; sites on the positive axis have the potential enhanced by a deterministic value $u$. We show that for small inverse temperature $\beta$ the quenched and annealed free energies differ significantly at most in a small neighborhood (of size of order $\beta$) of the annealed critical point $u_c^a=0$. For the case $u=0$, we show that the difference between quenched and annealed free energies is of order $\beta^4$ as $\beta\to 0$, assuming only finiteness of exponential moments of the potential values, improving existing results which required stronger assumptions.
Nutritional support of the pediatric trauma patient

Of all the interventions available to aid recovery of the injured child, few have the power of proper nutritional support. Healing after trauma depends not only on restoration of oxygen delivery, but on "substrate delivery," or provision of calories to support metabolic power and specific nutrients to allow rebuilding of injured tissue. Failure to deliver adequate substrate to the cells is revealed as another form of shock. Nutritional interventions after trauma are most effective when informed by the specific ways that children diverge physiologically (metabolic rate, biomechanics, physiological response to trauma) from adults. This review describes these responses and outlines a general strategy for safely delivering energy and specific substrates to protect and heal injured children, regardless of body size and type of injury.
Dissatisfaction with hospital care for children with sickle cell disease not due only to race and chronic disease.

Background A previous study reported increased dissatisfaction with hospital care for children with sickle cell disease (SCD); however, its small size excluded determining whether race and chronic disease explained the difference. Procedure At hospital discharge, parents of children with SCD completed a survey assessing satisfaction with their child's hospital care. Results were compared to three years of satisfaction surveys for children with asthma or admitted to a general pediatrician's service collected as quality improvement for the hospital. The primary outcome was parent reported dissatisfaction with care. A chi-square was used to compare dissatisfaction between SCD and each comparison group. Results Parents of 639 children were included, 34 children with SCD, 124 with asthma, and 481 general pediatric patients. Parents of children with SCD were more often dissatisfied with their child's care compared to children with asthma (32.4% vs. 16.9%, P < 0.05) and general pediatric patients (32.4% vs. 14.6%, P < 0.05). Among all children, dissatisfaction was higher in families with minority children (21.1% vs. 12.6%); this difference did not exist among children with asthma. Among African-American children, a higher proportion of parents of children with SCD believed their child was treated differently because of race than children with asthma (45.5% vs. 2.8%, P < 0.01) or general pediatric patients (45.5% vs. 8.3%, P < 0.01). Conclusion Parents of children with SCD report increased dissatisfaction with care. While dissatisfaction was higher in minority families, the high rate of parental concern about race as a reason for families of children with SCD is not seen in African-American families of children with asthma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:174–178. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
COMPARISONS OF SALT‐MARSH FUCOID PRODUCTION ESTIMATED FROM THREE DIFFERENT INDICES1

Production of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) LeJolis ecads and Fuscus vesiculosus L. was calculated from measurements of in situ growth, seasonal variations in standing-crops and seasonal variations in photosynthetic capacity. A computer model for predicting daily, monthly and yearly net production from photosynthesis data was constructed. This model used daily irradiation, actual biomass of algae/m/sup 2/ contributing to production and photosynthesis vs. light intensity relationships as data inputs. Comparison of production estimated from in situ growth, standing-crops and photosynthesis indicated that both marsh fucoids turn over biomass twice per year. Total net production of both fucoids, estimated from photosynthesis data, was ca. 315 g C . m/sup -2/ . yr/sup -1/. On the other hand, production of both fucoids calculated from standing-crop data was only 155 g c . m/sup -2/ . yr/sup -1/.
Thermal Property Measurements of Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) Layers

Advanced thin-film growth technology has made it possible to arrange different materials at the atomic level and to fabricate thin-film structures (e.g., GMR) with strong quantum effects. GMR devices appear in two important areas of storage technology: GMR sensors for magnetic read heads, and Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM). The former is a well-established commercial technology, in which nanoscale thermal transport is related to reliability, through electrostatic discharge (ESD) events as well as performance. In MRAM, the nanoscale thermal transport limits device ultimate performance, but may also present an opportunity for assisted switching. The thermal transport properties of these thin periodic layers play an important role in design, performance and reliability of these devices, which are fundamentally different from their bulk counterparts [1,2].Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A model of the formation of elliptical galaxies

An analytical model of elliptical galaxy formation is formulated that yields predicted mass distributions. A good fit is obtained when the model is tested against the luminosity profile of NGC 3379. The present theory is identical to a parallel theory of solar system formation which suggests that the mass distribution of the solar system should be similar to that of NGC 3379. Comparison supports this conjecture.
Piezoelectric MEMS Energy Harvesters

The development of self-powered wireless microelectromechanical (MEMS) sensors hinges on the ability to harvest adequate energy from the environment. When solar energy is not available, mechanical energy from ambient vibrations, which are typically low frequency, is of particular interest. Here, higher power levels were approached by better coupling mechanical energy into the harvester, using improved piezoelectric layers, and efficiently extracting energy through the use of low voltage rectifiers. Most of the available research on piezoelectric energy harvesters reports Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) or AlN thin films on Si substrates, which are well-utilized for microfabrication. However, to be highly reliable under large vibrations and impacts, flexible passive layers such as metal foil with high fracture strength would be more desirable than brittle Si substrates for MEMS energy harvesting. In addition, metallic substrates readily enable tuning the resonant frequency down by adding proof masses. In order to extract the maximum power from such a device, a high level of (001) film orientation enables an increase in the energy harvesting figures of merit due to the coupling of strong piezoelectricity and low dielectric permittivity.Strongly {001} oriented PZT could be deposited by chemical solution deposition or RF magnetron sputtering and ex situ annealing on (100) oriented LaNiO3 / HfO2 / Ni foils. The comparatively high thermal expansion coefficient of the Ni facilitates development of a strong out-of-plane polarization. 31 mode cantilever beam energy harvesters were fabricated using strongly {001} textured 1∼3 μm thick PZT films on Ni foils with dielectric permittivity of ∼ 350 and low loss tangent (<2%) at 100 Hz. The resonance frequency of the cantilevers (50∼75 Hz) was tuned by changing the beam size and proof mass. A cantilever beam with 3 μm thickness of PZT film and 0.4 g proof mass exhibited a maximum output power of 64.5 μW under 1 g acceleration vibration with a 100 kΩ load resistance after poling at 50 V (EC ∼ 16 V) for 10 min at room temperature. Under 0.3g acceleration, the average power of the device is 9 μW at a resonance frequency of ∼70 Hz. Excellent agreement between the measured and modeled data was obtained using a linear analytical model for an energy harvesting system, using an Euler-Bernoulli beam model. It was also demonstrated that up to an order of magnitude more power could be harvested by more efficiently utilizing the available strain using a parabolic mode shape for the vibrating structure. Additionally, voltage rectifying electronics in the form of ZnO thin film transistors are deposited directly on the cantilever. This relieves the role of voltage rectification from the interfacing circuitry and provides a technique improved harvesting relative to solid state diode rectification because the turn-on bias can be reduced to zero.© 2014 ASME
Evaluation of a Peritoneal Dialysis Solution Containing Polymer

Glucose is used in peritoneal dialysate to produce the gradient for ultrafiltration. The peritoneal membrane’s low reflection coefficient for glucose imposes a demand for high transmembrane concentrations, perhaps adding unwanted body burden of glucose. A polymer with a lower permeation rate used as an osmotic agent would circumvent this. We evaluated the mass transfer coefficient (mtc), T1/2 disappearance from the peritoneal cavity and ultrafiltration capabilities of a 900 dalton (Mn) starch derived polymer. We compared an 8% (455 mOsm/L) and a 10% (484 mOsm/L) polymer (Pol) solution to available dialysate solutions containing 2.5% (399 mOsm/L) and 4.25% (491 mOsm/L) X glucose (Glc). The dialysate compositions were otherwise similar. Using a randomized complete block design, 5 anephric dogs maintained on chronic peritoneal dialysis were studied. The mtc (ml/min) was greater for the glucose than the polymer solutions (p < 0.05): 2.5%-13 and 4.25%-14 vs 8%-5 and 10%-6, The T1/2 disappearance (min) was also greater (p < 0.05): 2.5% Glc-112 and 4.25% Glc-111 vs 8% Pol-281 and 10% Pol-252. Over a 180 min. period the 2.5% glucose solution generated the least volume of ultrafiltrate (ml, p < 0.05):2.5% Glc-113 and 4.25% Glc-589 vs 8% Pol-640; 10% Pol-912. We conclude that the lower permeation rate of the polymer yields ultrafiltration at a lower dialysate osmolality. A polymer solution may be a feasible alternative to glucose.
Short-Period Kinetic Energy Cycles in the Atmosphere

Abstract Short-period cycles in the large-scale atmospheric circulation were investigated with time series of kinetic energy, its generation and outflow, which were computed twice a day for a 5-year period over the North American Continent. The spectra were computed from the autocorrelation curves, and were compared with the red noise spectra to evaluate the statistical significance of the energy cycles. The maxima of time spectra of different energy parameters show frequent agreement. The commonly reported kinetic energy cycles with periods of one to two weeks are observed; however, they are not statistically significant and also show very high year-to-year irregularity. Significant cycles with periods around 40 days and 2–4 days are also noted.
Superconductivity of Protactinium

Superconductivity of protactinium at 1.4°K was first reported l in 1965 by a group at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. The result had been expected because of protactinium’s relationship to superconducting neighbors in the periodic table. Workers at Harwell, however, have as recently as 1972 reported2 no evidence of superconductivity in protactinium down to a temperature of approximately 0.93°K. We believe that we have an explanation for this discrepancy.
The Long-Term Performance of Nuclear Waste Forms: Natural Materials - Three Case Studies

Natural materials may be used to advantage in the evaluation of the long-term performance of nuclear waste forms. Three case studies are presented: (I) radiation effects in ceramic waste forms; (II) corrosion products of UO2 under oxic conditions; (III) corrosion rare of nuclear waste glasses. For each case, a natural phase which is structurally and chemically analogous to the waste form is identified and used to evaluate the long-term behavior of a nuclear waste form. Short-term experimental results are compared to the observations made of analogous natural phases. The three case studies illustrate that results may range between providing fundamental data needed for the long-term evaluation of a waste form to only providing qualitative data of limited use. Although in the most rigorous view the long-term behaviour of a phase cannot be predicted, the correspondence between short-term experimental results and observations made of natural phases provides confidence in the “predicted” behavior of the waste form. The strength of this approach rests with the degree to which a mechanistic understanding of the phenomenon is attained.
The user consultant handbook: the species develops

We will now discuss in a little more detail the Struggle for Existence. Charles Darwin, The Origin of SpeciesAs a User Services office expands the number of policies, procedures, and staff usually expands with it. Old methods for disseminating information may no longer be effective with a larger staff. At the University of Alaska Anchorage, we found that a user consultant handbook helps us distribute information more effectively to our consulting staff.We discovered that producing a user consultant handbook is like turning a ferocious tiger into a tame house cat. You will tussle with it, but you'll gain a warm, loyal friend.
Some nerve endings in the rat pelvic paracervical autonomic ganglia and varicosities in the uterus contain calcitonin gene-related peptide and originate from dorsal root ganglia

Abstract The pelvic paracervical autonomie ganglia of female rats were studied for a subpppulation of nerve endings that could be derived from sensory nerve fibers. Immunohistochemical staining using an antiserum against the synaptic-terminal protein synapsin I was used to identify terminal boutons, while an antiserum against the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide was used to reveal a subpopulation of sensory nerve fibers. The uterine cervix was also examined for the existence of calcitonin gene-related peptide and synapsin I immunoreactivity in nerve fiber varicosities. In addition, the location of nerve endings in the paracervical ganglion was compared to that in the superior cervical ganglion. Synapsin I immunoreactivity was present in the paracervical ganglion in abundant boutons around neuron somata and in the cervix in varicose nerve fibers of the myometrium, vasculature and epithelium. Double labeling immunocytochemistry revealed calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in subpopulations of synapsin I-immunoreactive endings in ganglia and nerve varicosities in the cervix. Injection of a retrograde axonal tracer, fluorogold, into the paracervical ganglion produced labeled neurons in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord; however, fluorogold-labeled neurons containing calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity were visualized only in dorsal root ganglia. Injections of fluorogold into the uterine cervix produced labeled neurons in the paracervical ganglion and dorsal root ganglia; however, only those in dorsal root ganglia contained immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene-related peptide. These results suggest that immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene-related peptide is present in a subpopulation of nerve endings in the paracervical ganglion and not merely in fibers of passage. The nerve endings in the ganglion and varicosities in the uterine cervix originate from sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia. The arrangement of endings in the ganglia could play a role in sensory/autonomie interactions for modulation of visceral activity.
Plasma peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) and ceruloplasmin are affected by age and copper status in rats and mice.

In an attempt to identify a sensitive and improved marker of mammalian copper status during neonatal development experiments compared two plasma cuproenzymes, peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM ), an enzyme involved in peptide posttranslational activation, to ceruloplasmin (Cp), a ferroxidase involved in iron mobilization. Dietary Cu deficiency (Cu−) was studied in dams and offspring at postnatal age 3 (P3), P12, and P28. Rodent Cp activity rose during lactation whereas PAM activity fell. Reduction in Cp activity was more severe than reduction in PAM activity in Cu− offspring and dams. Cp activity was greater in rats than mice whereas PAM activity was similar in adults but greater in mouse than rat pups. Both cuproenzymes changed during neonatal development and when dietary copper was limiting. With proper controls, each enzyme can be used to assess copper status.
Diffusion of a gas through a membrane

i(z) = 1 e x p ( 6 0 (9) iv These expressions were obtained by truncating after the first term of the infinite series of the analytical solution presented by the authors. All of these equations are approximate formulae for the current ratio; therefore, they are not accurate over the entire range of time as demonstrated by Kimble et al. [4]. The infinite series solution presented by McBreen et al. [2] is the following:
Specificity of lithium (Li+) to enhance the production of colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) from mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes in vitro

Abstract We report here studies demonstrating the ability of Li + to increase GM-CSF production from both mitogen-induced spleen and thymus cells prepared as serum-free conditioned medias (SF-SCCM, SF-TCCM). GM-CSF activity was both a mitogen and Li + specific mediated event ( P −6 M ), a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis, produced an even greater enhancement in GM-CSF than control cultures prepared without indomethacin. These data indicate Li may enhance GM-CSF production by inhibiting the ability of PG to decrease GM-CSF production. CFU-Mk colony formation was not significantly influenced by any specific cation-induced mitogen (CM), suggesting Li's ability to stimulate megakaryocytopoiesis may be mediated via a more direct stem cell effect. Furthermore, Li-derived (CM) significantly reduced both CFU-E and BFU-E, while those CMs prepared in the presence of K and Ca significantly increased erythroid colony formation. These effects could be mediated via alterations in the production of BPA. These studies demonstrate the unique capacity of cations to influence the differentiation of committed hematopoietic stem cells possibly by modulating the production of such factors required for hematopoietic differentiation.
John Wesley’s Doctrine of Grace in Light of the Christian Tradition

This ecumenically minded article explores Wesley’s understanding of grace both in its relation to experience – inward religion – and in relation to his doctrines of justification and sanctification. Wesley’s treatments of justification and sanctification are compared to those of Luther, Calvin and Trent. His unique and ecumenical blending of traditions allowed Wesley to develop a doctrine of grace which offers significant resources to contemporary understandings of Christian life and practice.
The Effect of Maternal Stimulation on the Development of Premature Twins† 1310

A developmental disadvantage was noted in a group of premature twins due to reduced maternal stimulation and interaction as compared to singleton controls. Eight twins (BW 1516 +/- 247g; GA 1 +/- 1wks) were compared to 39 singletons (BW 1691 +/- 367g; GA 32 +/- 2 wks) at one and 8 months after discharge during home visits. The two groups were medically (Parmalee Medical Risk Factor Index:75 +/- 12 vs 76 +/- 15) and demographically (Income: 25 +/- 14K vs 30 +/- 16K) comparable. Examiners blind to the hypothesis obtained 30 minutes of spontaneous behavior on each visit and scored every 15 seconds for a variety of maternal-infant interactions (maximum possible occurrences per behavior=120). At 12 and 18 months corrected age, infants were assessed on the Mental Development Index (MDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. The results of the study shown below suggest the home environment of premature twins may account for some of the developmental disadvantage noted. We speculate that additional home support would be compensatory. Table
Eimeria tenella: packed blood cell volume, hemoglobin, and serum proteins of chickens correlated with the immune state.

Abstract Single inoculation of birds with 5000 or more E. tenella oocysts resulted in an observable or significant drop in packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin values, total proteins, and albumin values which was maximum at 6 to 7 days after exposure. This reduction was proportional to the intensity of the disease which, in turn, depended on the number of oocysts used for exposure. The decrease in PCV was accompanied by a decrease in the hemoglobin values. The use of graded doses of oocysts did not produce similar effects. If the birds were made resistant or immune after prior exposure to E. tenella, these changes were not observed. This suggested that the above parameters could be used as an index of the severity of infection and also indirect indication of the immune status of the birds after challenge exposure. At least 5000 E. tenella oocysts were essential to obtain 100% survival against a challenge infection with 100,000 E. tenella oocysts. A correlation was observed between the PCV and hemoglobin levels and the total serum protein and albumin values in birds inoculated with 5000 or more E. tenella oocysts. No significant leukocytic response was detected in infected birds before or after challenge infection.
Language-impaired children's processing of morphology: preliminary data from three tasks

Conventional methods of assessing language-impaired children's comprehension and production of grammatical morphology often yield valuable clinical information. However, there are types of morphological ability for which these tasks are unsuitable. In this paper, three new tasks are discussed. It is argued that each is capable of revealing particular types of morphological ability that might be missed using traditional procedures. Preliminary data are presented for illustration purposes.
Serious silver sulphadiazine and mafenide acetate dermatitis

Infrequently reported, serious allergic reactions to topical antimicrobial agents used in the treatment of burn injuries are a potential source of confusion. To avoid misdirected therapy, an understanding of the manifestations of such reactions is important. Two recent cases of serious allergic reactions, one to silver sulphadiazine, one to mafenide acetate, are presented and the literature is reviewed.
Cell Migration and Abnormal Crypt-cell Enlargement in the Small Intestine of X-irradiated Mice

SummaryThe dose-response relation of abnormal intestinal crypt-cell enlargement has been observed after x-ray doses from 500–10 000 r. Englargement of the largest intestinal crypt cells is a function of x-ray dose, being greater with increasing dose. Greatest enlargement was observed 48–60 hours after all doses studied. Analysis of a number of cell populations showed that cell loss from the crypt region by death and by migration on to the villus is accompanied by abnormal crypt-cell enlargement and possibly migration of the villus-core stroma into the crypt region. Greatest enlargement 48–60 hours after all doses is interpreted as a result of cell migration into an environment that does not support growth. Experiments using tritiated thymidine indicate that crypt-cell enlargement is not associated with polysomaty of the largest abnormally-enlarged cells. Abnormal crypt-cell enlargement has been considered as a possible result of water uptake, polysomaty, or unbalanced growth.
Scalar quantum chromodynamics in two dimensions and the parton model

Abstract We study SU(N) scalar quantum chromodynamics in two space-time dimensions in the large-N limit. This is the model of color gauge fields interacting with scalar quarks. We find that the consensual properties of four-dimensional QCD, i.e. infrared slavery, quark confinement, the charmonium picture, etc. are all realized. Moreover, the current in this model mimics nicely the behavior of the current in four-dimensional QCD, in contrast to the original model of 't Hooft.
Coronal oblique imaging of the knee: Can it increase radiologists' confidence in diagnosing posterior root meniscal tears?

Aim To investigate the utility of the coronal oblique sequence in the interrogation of posterior root meniscal lesions. Materials and methods Following international review board approval, 62 consecutive knee arthroscopy cases were referred to the musculoskeletal (MSK) radiologists from the same orthopaedic surgeon for imaging/surgical correlation of the posterior meniscal roots. Of 62 cases, 45 lateral and 46 medial menisci met the inclusion criteria. Imaging evaluation was performed with standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences, including a coronal oblique proton density sequence. Two blinded fellowship-trained MSK radiologists independently evaluated the menisci on standard sequences indicating whether a tear was identified and then specifying a confidence score using a scale of 1–3 on each study interpreted. Immediately thereafter, the coronal oblique sequence was evaluated using the same method. Statistics were performed on meniscal lesions involving the posterior horn/root junction or isolated root tears comparing confidence scores. Results Reader A identified nine posterior horn/root junction tears and 14 isolated root tears. Following the addition of the coronal oblique sequence, confidence scores increased in three of 14 (21.4%) isolated root tears. All three final reads were concordant with arthroscopy. Reader B identified 10 posterior horn/root junction tears and 19 isolated root tears. The confidence score increased in six cases: five of 19 (26.3%) isolated root tears and one of 10 (10%) posterior horn/root junction tears. All six final reads were concordant with arthroscopy. Kappa coefficients indicated near perfect agreement. Conclusion The coronal oblique sequence increased reader confidence in nearly 24% of the posterior root cases identified in this series.
The Io current wing

[1] Jupiter's satellite Io produces a standing magnetospheric disturbance, variously called the Alfven wing or the Io flux tube, which carries current away from the satellite along the magnetic field and downstream. The physics governing this phenomenon remains controversial. This paper generalizes previous analytic treatments to include effects of plasma compressibility. The nonlinear MHD equations are shown to be equivalent to a nonlinear second-order partial differential equation for a single scalar function of position in the plane transverse to the wing. This equation bears a strong resemblance to the velocity potential equation for two-dimensional compressible flow in an ideal fluid. In certain limits the resemblance is exact, which permits approximate analytic solutions of the fluid case to be used to explore the properties of the compressible magnetofluid. The derivation allows translational symmetry in any direction, unlike the Alfven-wing model which requires symmetry along an Alfven characteristic. The wing current is governed by an effective conductance that generalizes the Alfven wing conductance but is flexible enough to maintain a constant value in regions with different plasma densities. Hence this formalism suggests how the local plasma can adjust to provide a continuous current along the wing, all the way from the dense torus, through the rarified high-latitude regions, to Jupiter's ionosphere.
Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid in clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Two different sizes of circular covalently closed deoxyribonucleic acid plasmids have been identified in four independent clinical isolates of eisseria gonorrhoeae. All four strains contained a small plasmid with a molecular weight of 2.8 X 10-6 and two of the four stains also contained a large plasmid with a molecular weight of 24.5 X 10-6. The avirulent derivative of each of these four strains had the same plasmid complement as its virulent parent. There was no correlation between the presence of these plasmids and antibiotic resistance, piliation, and colony type associated with virulence, or ability to grow without seven specific amino acid supplements. Images
Local synthesis and developmental regulation of avian vitreal insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins: a model for independent regulation in extravascular and vascular compartments.

The expression and regulation of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in developing avian vitreous humor and serum were compared. Vitreal IGF-I-binding activity was highest on embryonic day 6 [E-6; bound/free ratio (B/F), 0.22 +/- 0.019/50 microliters), decreased 10-fold between E-6 and E-19, and then remained stable through the remainder of embryonic development. In contrast, serum IGF-I binding increased 2-fold over this period, from a B/F of 0.380 +/- 0.056 (E-6) to a B/F of 0.89 +/- 0.18 (E-19). After hatching, serum IGF-I-binding activity continued to increase through posthatching week 12, while vitreal IGF-I binding increased only slightly and then remained constant. Although IGF-II binding in the vitreous humor and serum is 2- to 3-fold higher than that of IGF-I, the same pattern of developmental regulation was observed as with IGF-I. Western ligand blots revealed a vitreal 24-kilodalton (kDa) IGFBP that was absent from both embryonic and adult sera. Likewise, posthatching serum was...
New class of mutations in Escherichia coli (uup) that affect precise excision of insertion elements and bacteriophage Mu growth.

Abstract We have used a papillation screening technique to isolate mutations that increase the precise excision of insertion elements. The three mutations isolated stimulated precise excision of Tn5, Tn10, and the IS elements. They had a large, 20- to 600-fold, effect on excision of Tn5 at various chromosomal sites. The varied stimulation for different Tn5 insertions showed that the mutations altered the relationship between a precise excision activity and the chromosomal sequence flanking an inserted Tn5. A much smaller stimulation was observed for insertions on the plasmid F'128. The stimulation was recA independent. The mutations also reduced the rate of production of bacteriophage Mu progeny. The mutations were mapped by two- and three-factor crosses with closely linked Tn10 insertions. They defined the uup locus, located at 21.3 min on the Escherichia coli map, next to pyrD.
Observatory equipment for recording photographically the conductivity of the air

The atmospheric-electric program at the observatories of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at Watheroo, Western Australia, and Huancayo, Peru, provides for separate continuous records of each of the unipolar conductivities, λ+ and λ−. The conductivity recording equipment for a given observatory consists of two subsidiary units, each of which is a modification of the well-known Gerdien conductivity apparatus similar, in general, to that described by Swann, in 1917, but including certain features and improvements which have resulted from several years' experience, at Washington, with the original apparatus.
What is to be done? Controversies in the diagnosis and treatment of manic-depressive illness.

SummaryBackground: In recent years, much progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia and depression. Bipolar disorder, however, remains frequently misunderstood, leading to inconsistent diagnosis and treatment. Why is the case? What is to be done about it?Methods: We critically review studies in the nosology of bipolar disorder and the effects of anti-depressant agents.Results: Bipolar disorder is underdiagnosed and frequently misdiagnosed as unipolar major depressive disorder. Antidepressants are probably overused and mood stabilisers underused. Reasons for underdiagnosis include patients' impaired insight into mania, failure to involve family members in the diagnostic process, and inadequate understanding by clinicians of manic symptoms. We propose using a mnemonic to aid in diagnosis, obtaining family report, and utilising careful clinical interviewing techniques given the limitations of patients' self-report. We recommend aggressive use of mood stabilisers, and less emphasis...
Magnetic field effects on B12 ethanolamine ammonia lyase: Evidence for a radical mechanism

A change in radical pair recombination rates is one of the few mechanisms by which a magnetic field can interact with a biological system. The kinetic parameter Vmax/Km (where Km is the Michaelis constant) for the coenzyme B12-dependent enzyme ethanolamine ammonia lyase was decreased 25 percent by a static magnetic field near 0.1 tesla (1000 gauss) with unlabeled ethanolamine and decreased 60 percent near 0.15 tesla with perdeuterated ethanolamine. This effect is likely caused by a magnetic field-induced change in intersystem crossing rates between the singlet and triplet spin states in the [cob(II)alamin:5'-deoxyadenosyl radical] spin-correlated radical pair.
Finite-thickness conductor models for full-wave analysis of interconnects with a fast Integral equation method

In this paper, a fast electromagnetic integral equation solution methodology is proposed for the frequency-domain modeling of lossy, interconnect structures. The proposed method utilizes a two-layer model for thick conductors where the unknown current density inside the rectangular wire strips is approximated in terms of equivalent surface currents placed at the top and bottom sides of the strip which, for the purposes of this paper, are assumed to be substantially larger than the side strips. A matrix impedance relationship, which depends on the conductor thickness and its material properties, is established between the two surface current densities to account for the skin effect behavior of the field within the conductor. The selected assignment of the unknown current densities on the planes associated with the top and bottom sides of the metallization, combined with the planarity of multilayered interconnect structures, makes possible the application of the conjugate gradient fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm for the computationally efficient prediction of the electromagnetic response of multiport interconnect structures. Applications of the resulting fast integral equation solver to the electromagnetic modeling of interconnect circuits with thick lossy conductors from near dc to multigigahertz frequencies are used to demonstrate the validity of the method and quantify its computational efficiency.
The application of quasilinearization to non-linear systems

This paper presents a method of solving systems of simultaneous non-linear partial differential equations using the method of lines and the method of quasilinearization-superposition in combination. The advantages of the method over those methods more generally used are discussed and an example of the application of the method to the two-dimensional momentum and energy equations considering temperature-dependent and/or shear-rate dependent viscosity is given.