cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalized Expected Utility Analysis and the Nature of Observed Violations of the Independence Axiom

First expressed by Allais in the early fifties, dissatisfaction with the expected utility model of individual risk taking behavior has mushroomed in recent years, as the number of papers in this volume, its predecessor (Allais & Hagen(1979)), and elsewhere2 indicates. The nature of the current debate, i.e. whether to reject a theoretically elegant and heretofore tremendously useful descriptive model in light of accumulating evidence against its underlying assumptions, is a classic one in science, and the spur to new theoretical and empirical research which it is offering cannot help but leave economists, psychologists, and others who study this area with a better understanding of individual behavior toward risk.
Abstract 634: SOX11 is a potential clinical marker for hormone receptor negative ductal carcinoma in situ

Background: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) comprises 20-25% of screen-detected breast cancer and, like invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), is heterogeneous in terms of underlying biology, presentation and outcome. There are limited potential biomarkers of outcome for DCIS, although estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (pos), progesterone receptor (PgR)-pos, and HER2-negative (neg) DCIS appears to have a better outlook than DCIS neg for ER and PgR but pos for HER2. The aim of this study was to identify markers for DCIS to develop a panel to stratify DCIS into DCIS at low or high risk of further DCIS. Methods and results: To identify genes driving DCIS evolution followed by the progression to IDC, we first used transcriptional data sets (GSE788, GSE16873) which had data from both normal mammary glands (NMG) and DCIS and performed class comparison (NMG vs DCIS). For both GSE7882 and GSE16883, the number of over- and under-expressed genes was 297 and 187. Over-expressed genes in DCIS represented a mitotic/proliferative feature annotated as mitotic spindle and condensed chromosome. Under-expressed genes represented loss of epithelial features annotated as epithelial cell differentiation and development. A total of 484 differentially expressed genes in DCIS were further correlated with recurrence events of IDC using Kessler9s breast cancer data set to identify genes contributing aggressive feature across DCIS and IDC. Genes correlating to recurrence events were selected. From 484 genes, 99 were significantly associated with recurrence events of IDC (with P Conclusion: SOX11 is exclusively overexpressed in ER/PgR-neg DCIS and is a candidate clinical marker for recurrence of DCIS or progression of ER/PgR-neg DCIS to IDC. Citation Format: Kazuharu Kai, Wei Lu, Fei Yang, Ximing Tang, Ignacio I. Wistuba, Subrata Sen, Alastair Thompson. SOX11 is a potential clinical marker for hormone receptor negative ductal carcinoma in situ [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 634.
Abstract P198: Increased Urinary Angiotensinogen Reflects Intrarenal Renin-angiotensin System Activation in High Fat Diet Induced-type 2diabetic Mice

Obesity is a risk factor for diabetes mellitus (DM) and patients with DM are often hypertensive and exhibit inappropriate activation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which increases the risk for diabetic nephropathy and progression to chronic kidney disease. Enhanced intrarenal AGT levels contribute to increased intrarenal Angiotensin II levels. To examine the role of an activated RAS in DM, we measured urinary AGT along with albuminuria and other metabolic parameters in high fat diet induced-type 2 DM mice. Immediately after weaning, male C57BL/6J mice (N=18) were fed either a normal fat diet (18 % Kcal from fat; CT mice) or high fat diet (42.0 % Kcal from fat; HF mice) for 24 wk. Body weight (BW), food intake, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) by telemetry, were measured weekly. Glucose tolerance test (GTT) and homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were further assayed. At wks 0, 12, and 24 on dietary regimen, measurements of albuminuria and uAGT by ELISA were used as markers of renal injury and intrarenal RAS activation, respectively. Body weight increased by 140% in HF mice compared to 66 % in CT mice (from 18±0.5 to 44±1.4 g and 17±0.6 to 28±0.6 g, respectively) with no differences in daily energy intake (15.02±1.3 kcal/day and 15.4±0.8 kcal/day). Plasma glucose, area under curve (AUC) of GTT, and HOMA-IR were significantly increased in HF mice (121± 6mg/dL; 32,865±6,222; 5±1) compared to CT mice (220± 27mg/dL; 55,549±4,611; 54±9). In HF mice, SBP was augmented by wk 10 compared to CT mice (126±5 vs. 113±1 mmHg; P
Creativity and Bio-capitalism in the Age of the Anthropocene

Creativity is an abstract and universal concept. Yet, it is one also subject to the form and function of the socio-historical and economic conditions during which it is being defined. This chapter is a reflection on conditions under which creativity might be understood and applied in our future eco-political landscape. Furthermore, creative “labor” (input and output) will be influenced by the rise in global corporate power and evolution of technological developments. The author reviews a recent history of the intersections among neoliberal ideology, capital, and creativity, and predicting what those relationships might look like in an emerging bio-capitalist world. This chapter concludes with hypotheses about the relationships between power and people, and creative solutions to the problems we will face in the age of the Anthropocene, a larger global sphere.
Review of Intensive Longitudinal Methods: An Introduction to Diary and Experience Sampling Research

Analytic methods for intensive longitudinal data have experienced great surgency over last half-century. In the last decade, these methods have gained special prominence given advances in ability t...
Investigation of interactive teaching techniques to promote student understanding in chemistry

Nihal J Behrens, Northwest Iowa Community College Sheldon, IA 51201; K.A. Burke, and Thomas J. Greenbowe, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, IA 50011. The motivation for doing this research was to investigate whether typical end-of-chapter problems in general chemistry textbooks or guided-inquiry tutorials influence student performance on quizzes and exams. Tutorials and guided-inquiry exercises were incorporated into a college general chemistry recitation curriculum at a University located in the Midwest. The performance on quizzes and exams of students using tutorials was compared to the performance of students doing end-of-chapter problems. Scores on the ACS California Diagnostic Exam (CALD) at the beginning of the study were used as a basis of comparison between the two groups. Teaching assistant-led recitation sections were randomly divided into A and B groups. Groups A and B had four recitation sections each. Prior to the first exam, students in Group A were administered tutorials while students in Group B did comparable homework exercises. Then, prior to the next exam, students in Group B were administered tutorials while students in Group A did comparable homework problems. After a total of four exams, students’ performance was compared by studying questions (both conceptual and algorithmic) on quizzes, and hour exams. The results of this study indicated that students who proficiently used tutorials, performed better on quizzes and exams compared to students who did the end-of-chapter problems. The performance of students on
Robotic Assisted Excision of Obturator Mesh and Retropubic Urethropexy

Video Objective To showcase a new approach to treatment of chronic pelvic pain after transobturator mesh placement. Setting A community based academic institution. Interventions A robotic approach to an excision of transobturator mesh causing chronic pelvic pain and a robotic retropubic urethropexy for stress urinary incontinence. Conclusion Robotic technology can be used in combination to a vaginal approach to explore the obturator space and removed improperly placed mesh in appropriate candidates. While performing this procedure, it is also possible to perform a robotic urethropexy in patients with persistent stress urinary incontinence symptoms.
Outcomes Assessment of Multi-Level Sleep Surgery in Syndromic Versus Non-Syndromic Children.

Objectives:Analyze the differences in length of stay, cost, disposition, and demographics between syndromic and non-syndromic children undergoing multi-level sleep surgery.Methods:Children with sle...
Remote sensing of vegetation conditions after post-fire mulch treatments

Abstract Wildfires are becoming more prevalent and are impacting forests, watersheds and important resources. Hydrologic and geomorphic processes following wildfires can include erosion flooding, and degraded water quality. To mitigate these secondary impacts, post-fire restoration treatments can be applied to a burned area to stabilize the land surface or promote vegetative regrowth. This research focuses on wood and straw mulch treatment implemented after the 2012 Waldo Canyon Fire in Colorado (United States) and estimates the spatial and temporal changes in annual and seasonal vegetation after a fire with respect to geomorphic factors. This study highlights the use of satellite-based remote sensing products to investigate the impacts of post-fire rehabilitation treatments on vegetation. Using Enhanced Vegetation Index as a proxy for vegetative growth, vegetation conditions are evaluated with respect to slope, slope aspect, and burn severity to understand the impact of the ground cover treatments on vegetation for five years before and after the fire (2007–2016). Sixty-three burned and untreated sites, forty-nine burned sites treated with wood mulch, and twenty-eight burned sites treated with straw mulch were analyzed. These sites were also compared to two control sites that were unburned and untreated, Hunter's Run and Fountain Creek. Generally, post-fire conditions did not return to pre-fire levels, where average vegetation levels were lower. By the end of the study, burned and untreated sites had larger vegetative levels than burned and treated sites. The vegetation levels of the burned sites were statistically different (α = 0.05) from pre-fire conditions in all areas of treatment. Burned sites treated with wood and straw recovered to 69% and 73% of pre-fire conditions, respectively. This work demonstrates the novel use of remote sensing to observe vegetation after post-fire treatment applications to augment the number of sites and length of time that can be analyzed. The observed change in vegetation conditions also contributes to furthering our understanding of the impacts of post-fire restoration, which is important for post-fire management.
Ideas and Innovations to Improve the Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Residency Application and Selection Process:

ObjectiveTo (1) summarize strategies proposed in the recent otolaryngology–head and neck surgery (OTO-HNS) literature for improving the residency application and selection process, (2) evaluate the...
A Systematic Review of Cutaneous Dog Ear Deformity: A Management Algorithm.

Background Dog ear, a characteristic bunching up of excess tissue formed during wound closure, is a common unsightly problem in cutaneous surgery. It may present as a cosmetic concern or a source of physical discomfort. Several management techniques have been reported, but it is unclear which approach is the most effective or whether outcomes vary with surgical situations. This report assesses the best practices for dog ear management. Methods A systematic literature search was performed. All relevant articles written in English and involving human subjects were included. Results There were 2028 potentially relevant articles, but only 36 articles met the inclusion criteria. These articles were published in multispecialty journals. They included 23 techniques or case report articles, 6 retrospective and prospective studies, but no clinical trial or randomized control trial. Ten major techniques were identified in the literature. No single technique was proved to be superior in the literature. There was no recommended algorithm in the literature. Conclusions Despite there being no single recommended technique to manage dog ear deformities, there is ample evidence to suggest surgeons avoid a pre-planned elliptical design, use a proper skin-conserving design for excision, and carry out a meticulous suture closure as the first steps to prevent dog ears. We discuss the indications for each of the ten techniques and propose an algorithm for dog ear management. Until further research is performed, multispecialty cutaneous surgeons should familiarize themselves with the discussed techniques to provide patients with the best functional and aesthetic results.
If at first you do not succeed. Repeat SARS-COV2 PCR testing

Background: Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs) of nasopharyngeal specimens (NPS) have become standard for diagnosis of SARS-COV2 IDSA guidelines suggest repeat testing after 24-48 h when initially negative and clinical suspicion persists We characterized patients from whom initial NPS were NAAT-negative, but repeats were NAAT-positive, in order to identify which patients might benefit from repeat NAAT for SARS-CoV-2, and the appropriate interval Methods: We conducted an IRB-approved retrospective review of laboratory and electronic medical record data for all patients evaluated for SARS-CoV-2 infection at the Mount Sinai Health System, whose initial NAATs were done between March 16 - March 30, 2020, and who were retested within one month NAATs were performed on NPS in viral transport medium using the Roche Diagnostics cobas® 6800 SARS-CoV-2 Test Baseline patient characteristics, clinical and radiographic findings were identified Results: Of 235 patients eligible for inclusion, 172 (70 5%) were initially NAAT-negative, and 118 (68 6%) remained NAAT-negative over 1 month follow up 54 (31 4%) converted to NAAT-positive over the next 1-month Of patients who became NAAT-positive, 31 (57 4%) were inpatients who converted results within a single admission;the average interval was 6d 7h between the NAAT-negative and NAAT-positive results, and the minimum interval was 10 5 h Symptoms examined for correlation for conversion to NAAT-positive were: fever, cough, shortness of breath, and combined nausea/vomiting/diarrhea Duration of symptoms reported at triage did not appear to affect time to conversion to NAAT-positive No individual symptom was more likely to be associated with conversion to NAAT- positive However, time to conversion to NAAT-positive was shorter for patients with multiple symptoms In general, chest radiography (CXR) findings correlated with NAAT results;interval to NAAT-positive was shorter for patients with worsening CXR findings Conclusion: Our data supports repeat testing in patients with multiple clinical symptoms suggestive of SARS CoV-2 infection and negative initial NP test results Further studies are needed to determine the true clinical sensitivity and specificity of SARS-CoV-2 NAAT assays
Herpes simplex virus-1 KOS-63 strain is virulent and causes titer-dependent corneal nerve damage and keratitis.

To investigate the acute clinical, immunological, and corneal nerve changes following corneal HSV-1 KOS-63 strain inoculation. Corneas of C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with either low dose (Ld) or high dose (Hd) HSV-1 KOS-63 or culture medium. Clinical evaluation was conducted up to 7 days post inoculation (dpi). Viral titers were assessed by standard plaque assay. Excised corneas were stained for CD45 and beta-III tubulin. Corneal flow cytometry was performed to assess changes in leukocyte subpopulations. Corneal sensation was measured using a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. Naive, sham-infected (post scarification), and McKrae-infected C57BL/6 corneas served as two negative and positive controls, respectively. Compared to Ld infected mice, Hd HSV-1 KOS-63 demonstrated higher incidence of corneal opacity (1.5 ×) and neovascularization (2.6 × ; p < 0.05). At 7 dpi Hd infected mice showed more severe corneal opacity (2.23 vs. 0.87; p = 0.0003), neovascularization (6.00 vs. 0.75; p < 0.0001), and blepharitis (3.11 vs. 2.06; p = 0.001) compared to the Ld group. At 3 dpi epitheliopathy was significantly larger in the Hd group (23.59% vs. 3.44%; p = 0.001). Similarly, corneal opacity was significantly higher in Hd McKrae-infected corneas as compared with Ld McKrae-infected corneas at 3 and 5 dpi. No significant corneal opacity, neovascularization, blepharitis, and epitheliopathy were observed in naive or sham-infected mice. Higher viral titers were detected in corneas (1 and 3 dpi) and trigeminal ganglia (TG) (3 and 5 dpi) in Hd versus Ld KOS-63 groups (p < 0.05). Leukocyte density showed a gradual increase over time from 1 to 7 dpi in both KOS-63 and McKrae-infected corneas. Corneal flow cytometric analysis (3 dpi) demonstrated a higher percentage of Gr-1 + (71.6 vs. 26.3) and CD11b + (90.6 vs. 41.1) cells in Hd versus Ld KOS-63 groups. Corneal nerve density significantly decreased in both Hd KOS-63 and Hd McKrae infected corneas in comparison with naive and sham-infected corneas. At 3 dpi corneal nerve density was lower in the Hd versus Ld KOS-63 groups (16.79 vs. 57.41 mm/mm2; p = 0.004). Corneal sensation decreased accordingly at 5 and 7 dpi in both Ld and Hd KOS-63-infected mice. Corneal inoculation with HSV-1 KOS-63 strain shows acute keratitis and nerve degeneration in a dose-dependent fashion, demonstrating virulence of this strain.
Discourses: Crazy Stone Dropped in a Postmodern Pond

The 2006 cultural carnival induced by the film Crazy Stone has not only prompted many films of similar styles but also showcased a network of ideas that makes the appearance of this film a particularly interesting juncture in the recent history of Chinese cinema as well as ideas. The metaphor is that the film is really like a piece of stone and its ability to cause craziness is attributed to its “postmodern” peculiarities; the contemporary cultural discourses are like a pond, fertile and ready to spread the ripples caused by the casting in of this peculiar stone. In light of this metaphor, this chapter draws a road map of discourses in topics of postmodernism, grassroots, carnival, and egao (mischievous parody).
Signaling at Physical Barriers during Pollen–Pistil Interactions

In angiosperms, double fertilization requires pollen tubes to transport non-motile sperm to distant egg cells housed in a specialized female structure known as the pistil, mediating the ultimate fusion between male and female gametes. During this journey, the pollen tube encounters numerous physical barriers that must be mechanically circumvented, including the penetration of the stigmatic papillae, style, transmitting tract, and synergid cells as well as the ultimate fusion of sperm cells to the egg or central cell. Additionally, the pollen tube must maintain structural integrity in these compact environments, while responding to positional guidance cues that lead the pollen tube to its destination. Here, we discuss the nature of these physical barriers as well as efforts to genetically and cellularly identify the factors that allow pollen tubes to successfully, specifically, and quickly circumnavigate them.
Management of IBD in the Elderly Patient With Cancer

The management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in patients with known or recently treated cancer has become a common dilemma in our ageing population. Older patients are commonly excluded from prospective trials, and co-morbid status and polypharmacy may muddy our understanding of the impact of therapies on these patients. Immunosuppression (anti-TNF therapy, antimetabolite therapy) carries a relative contra-indication in the setting of known cancer as it is expected to increase cancer risk and increase propagation of in situ cancer. Recent studies have sought to investigate this risk by looking from two sides—the impact of cancer therapies on IBD outcomes and the risk of cancer occurrence/recurrence in patients on IBD therapies. In this chapter, we review this data and determine the safety of commonly used IBD therapies in this potentially vulnerable elderly population.
Logic and Analogy

At the beginning of his opusculum, De nominum analogia,1 Cajetan remarks that analogy has great importance for metaphysics, something which is certainly true, but soon the impression gets fixed that analogical signification is a metaphysical doctrine. John of St Thomas observes that there is a logical doctrine of analogy, but feels that in following Cajetan one is engaged in a metaphysical consideration. Nevertheless, John stresses something which it is difficult to find in Cajetan and Sylvester, namely that the doctrine of the analogy of names is a logical one. …quaia in illo loco 1 p., q. 13 agit de analogia magis dialectice quam metaphysice, scilicet ut tenet se ex parte nominum, non ex parte rerum (de nominibus Die ibi agebat). Sicut autem ad analogiam metaphysice attenditur inaequalitas ex parte rerum, ita in analogia dialectice considerata attenditur inaequalitas in modo significandi et nominandi.2
NMR Studies of Metabolism in Experimental Models

Epileptic seizures call forth higher rates of cerebral blood flow and consumption of oxygen and glucose than any other reversible metabolic stress. Intimate understanding of these events is important for two quite different reasons. First, activation of metabolism during seizures is likely to occur by invoking in extreme form mechanisms which under more moderate circumstances subserve normal function. Viewed that way, investigation of epileptic pathophysiology is an avenue to understanding of still larger matters than the neurobiological basis of a major health problem. Second, permanent cell damage is a well documented consequence of intense, prolonged seizure discharge; prevention of it depends in part on learning precisely how it occurs. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has recently become available for the study of cerebral metabolism in vivo; the first few years of its development have been reviewed (1). Observation of well-known metabolic changes in seizures was a natural validating step in development of the new technology, which makes measurement of cerebral phosphocreatine (PCr), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), intracellular pH (pHi) and lactate possible in the living brain. Since the behavior of these variables during experimental seizures has been documented abundantly by other techniques, induction of seizures offered an opportunity to assess the practical capability of MRS to detect large, predictable metabolic changes in vivo. The validating phase of the work was successful, and MRS methods now appear to be capable of examining aspects of seizure metabolism which are difficult to study any other way. An example of this is a previously unappreciated dissociation between the pHi and lactate content of seizing cerebrum in the rabbit, described in the last section of this chapter.
Inducible nitric oxide synthase and inflammatory diseases.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a colorless gas at room temperature and one of the simplest molecules known, yet it has been implicated in a wide variety of regulatory mechanisms ranging from vasodilatation and blood pressure control to neurotransmission. It is also involved in nonspecific immunity and participates in the complex mechanism of tissue injury as a major mediator of inflammatory processes and apoptosis (1). This work focuses on the complex role of NO produced by the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Although the earliest studies in the field suggested that NO is a strictly pro-inflammatory macrophage product, it is clear from the current literature that, in fact, NO is made by numerous cell types and is often anti-inflammatory. Much of this dichotomy can be explained by the particular responses of given cells involved in the inflammatory response, but another variable involves the complex chemistry in which NO can participate. As we outline below, various facets of the immune response can be examined from these perspectives.
Characteristics of Supercritical Transitional Temporal Mixing Layers

Several Direct Numerical Simulation realizations of supercritical, three-dimensional, temporal mixing layers are used to investigate aspects of interest to turbulent combustion. The realizations are based on a model previously developed that accounts for the enlarged transport matrix at supercritical conditions (Soret and Dufour effects), for real gas equations of state, and for variable Schmidt and Prandtl numbers. This model is exercised for two very different sets of binary species, heptane/nitrogen and oxygen/hydrogen, to obtain transitional states for mixing layers excited at different perturbation wavelengths. Visualizations of the transitional states show that all layers develop convoluted regions of high density gradient magnitude (HDGM), which result both from the distortion of the initial density stratification boundary and from mixing. The species mass fraction in these HDGM regions is very weakly dependent of the perturbation wavelength. The existence of the HDGM regions, independent of the perturbation wavelength, indicates that they may be a feature of spatial mixing layers, and furthermore have a similar mass fraction composition. Evaluations of the applicability of the assumed PDF method for describing supercritical transitional flows shows that neither the s density nor the Gaussian are appropriate representations of the conserved scalar, and that the PDFs of the partial densities and the temperature are correlated, invalidating the typical model of the reaction rate as the product of the marginal PDFs.
Patterns and perspectives in applied fracture mechanics

This lecture begins with a overview of applied fracture mechanics pertinent to safety of pressure vessels. It then progresses to a chronological panorama of experimental and analytical results. To be useful and dependable in safety analysis of real structures, new analysis developments must be physically realistic, which means that they must accurately describe physical cause and effect. Consequently, before mathematical modeling can begin, cause and effect must be established from experimental data. This can be difficult and time consuming, but worth the effort. Accordingly, the theme of this paper is that the search for patterns is constant and vital. This theme is illustrated by the development of small, single-specimen, fracture toughness testing techniques. It is also illustrated by the development, based on two different published large-strain, elastic-plastic, three-dimensional finite-element analyses, of a hypothesis concerning three-dimensional loss of constraint. When a generalization of Irwin`s thickness-normalized plastic-zone parameter, reaches a value close to 2{pi}, the through-thickness contraction strain at the apex of the near-tip logarithmic-spiral slip-line region becomes the dominant negative strain accommodating crack opening. Because slip lines passing from the midplane to the stress-free side surfaces do not have to curve, once these slip lines are established, stresses near the crack tip are only elevated by strain hardening and constraint becomes significantly relaxed. This hypothesis, based on published three-dimensional elastic-plastic analyses, provides a potentially valuable means for gaining additional insight into constraint effects on fracture toughness by considering the roles played by the plastic strains as well as the stresses that develop near a crack tip.
Restless Legs Syndrome: Would You Like That with Movements or Without?

The restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common sensorimotor condition that often results in discomfort and sleep disturbance. Diagnosis of RLS is entirely clinical and based upon a patient’s description of subjective symptoms, and thus when considering RLS diagnosis non-specificity is a real problem. RLS is associated with periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS) in up to 90% of RLS sufferers; however, their presence is neither sufficient nor necessary for the diagnosis of RLS. The disease RLS and the motor phenomenon of PLMS share similarities in various areas, which include pathophysiology, pharmacology, genetics, and epidemiology. The purpose of this opinion piece is to outline the many similarities between RLS and PLMS in order to make an argument for the inclusion of PLMS as a supplementary diagnostic criterion of RLS, termed electro-clinical RLS, which would consist of the current clinical RLS diagnosis plus PLMS. This additional criterion could be used in cases where diagnosis is unclear to increase specificity or in research projects where proper diagnosis is desired at the investigational level.
Theory of nanotube opto-electromechanical device

Theory of a novel carbon nanotube opto-electronic switch is presented. Current control is realized at the molecular level by applying field of an atomic charge or atomic dipole across the nanotube channel, which can work as a local gate. In the case of a unit (1 e) point charge, close to the surface, a scattering potential strength is /spl sim/2 eV if neglecting the screening. Thus, the screened potential has to be used and it is /spl sim/0.1 eV for a SWNT with typical parameters. In case of the dipole scatterer, the potential is approximately 10 times weaker. The change of the dipole orientation with respect to the channel axis modulates the potential shape from a single barrier/well to a coupled triangular barrier and well. A possibility for creating a light-controlled electronic device is discussed.
Efficient detection and localization on graph structured data

The problem of efficiently identifying regions of interest arises in the context of surveillance, monitoring and exploration of a large area or network involving social, sensor, communication network data. We formulate these problems in terms of locating optimum values of signals on graphs. In this perspective we associate features with nodes/edges of a graph where the maxima/minima of these features correspond to interest points. We develop an algorithm that adaptively probes local sub-collection of nodes (local regions) on the graph and sequentially refines the search space from noisy averaged returns from each probed region. The size of the region determines the cost of the probe with larger regions corresponding to lower cost. Our goal is to minimize regret after T rounds with minimal budget/cost. Under suitable smoothness conditions on the signal we show that after T rounds the cumulative regret scales optimally as O(equation) with significant cost gain over other state-of-art techniques.
Rectennas at optical frequencies: How to analyze the response

Optical rectennas, antenna-coupled diode rectifiers that receive optical-frequency electromagnetic radiation and convert it to DC output, have been proposed for use in harvesting electromagnetic radiation from a blackbody source. The operation of these devices is qualitatively different from that of lower-frequency rectennas, and their design requires a new approach. To that end, we present a method to determine the rectenna response to high frequency illumination. It combines classical circuit analysis with classical and quantum-based photon-assisted tunneling response of a high-speed diode. We demonstrate the method by calculating the rectenna response for low and high frequency monochromatic illumination, and for radiation from a blackbody source. Such a blackbody source can be a hot body generating waste heat, or radiation from the sun.
Brady Corporation: Delivering Customer Value Through Multiple Channels

Brady Corporation is a $500 million manufacturer of identification products (signs, labels, bar-coding equipment, etc.) based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. The firm relies heavily on distributors but has a significant direct-to-consumer business, so it has worked to build an e-business environment that supports both channels. The case describes Brady's ebusiness initiatives and its approach to developing an IT infrastructure that supports those initiatives.
Robust edge detection in noisy images using an adaptive stochastic gradient technique

The problem of edge detection in noisy images is addressed in this paper. It is shown that the performance of an existing edge detection method, known as the stochastic gradient operator, can be significantly improved by incorporating three new features: (i) a robust technique for estimating the noise variance and autocorrelation function of the signal, (ii) a block-by-block adaptation of the gradient mask, and (iii) calculation of a threshold based on Rayleigh distribution. The performance of the proposed technique is compared with that of some existing ones.
Kautilya: a forerunner of neoclassical price theory

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish Kautilya as a genuine contender to be a forerunner of the neoclassical price theory.Design/methodology/approach – Rational reconstruction approach is used to present Kautilya's understanding of several most basic concepts in economics.Findings – Kautilya's understanding of the law of diminishing returns is at par with the classicists. His applications of concepts like opportunity cost, and of demand and supply framework, are closer to those of the neoclassicals. His understanding of the rules (axioms) of comparison and consistency and the exploration of substitution possibilities is way ahead of the classicists.Research limitations/implications – The current research in the history of economic thought concentrates too heavily on the exploration of Western history of economic thought.Practical implications – Kautilya's Arthashastra is a new source of knowledge and the profession should encourage the exploration of other ancient contributions outside of Eu...
Development of an open eyelid mutant in Mus musculus

Abstract 1. 1. The development and histology of the eye is described for an inherited condition designated as slit lids in which the eyelids are either thin or open at birth. 2. 2. Almost invariably the lens was the first portion of the eye affected. The primary defect was an abnormal degree of vacuolization and its earliest appearance was at 14–15 days of gestation. 3. 3. At later ages, usually after birth, corneas and retinas also showed defects and the lens defects frequently increased in severity. Lenses were extruded in some animals; corneas were thickened, opaque and covered by scabs; neural retinas were folded and rosetted. 4. 4. Comparison with two other mutants with open eyelids at birth indicated differences in order and age of appearance of the various eye effects and some differences in histology. 5. 5. It is suggested that the lens defect in mice with slit lids may trigger the syndrome by affecting the vitreous humor and hence intraocular pressure.
Why celebrate the golden jubilee of the double helix

This year, widespread attention has been bestowed upon the discovery of the Watson-Crick model of DNA. This extensive publicity contrasts with the sparse news coverage it received in 1953, when war-torn Britain was celebrating the coronation of Queen Elizabeth and the first ascent of Mount Everest. The remarkable growth of molecular biology since 1953 is the chief reason for the attention given to the Watson-Crick model today.
Dependence of purine 8C-H exchange on nucleic acid conformation and base-pairing geometry: a dynamic probe of DNA and RNA secondary structures.

Laser Raman spectroscopy is employed as a probe of hydrogen isotope exchange in nucleic acids exhibiting different secondary structures. The rates for deuterium exchange of 8C-H groups in adenine (A), hypoxanthine (I), and guanine (G) residues of ribo- and deoxyribopolynucleotides are compared with corresponding rates of mononucleotides. In general, nucleic acid secondary structure significantly retards the rate of purine 8C-H exchange. Specifically, the exchange kinetics are strongly dependent on both the kind and amount of secondary structure. The retardation factor (R), defined as the quotient of rate constants for monomer and polymer exchanges, is greatest for the A-helix (9.5 ± 1), intermediate for the B-helix (2.8 ± 0.6), and smallest for the Z-helix (1.5), thus permitting the three authenticated DNA structures to be distinguished from one another using the Raman dynamic probe. Polyribonucleotide complexes of the A-helix family that contain the same backbone conformation and ribosyl pucker (C3′ - endo/anti) but that differ in the geometry of base pairing or number of helix strands are also clearly distinguished by their different deuterium exchange rates. The extraordinarily large retardation of 8C-H exchange (R > 200) that occurs in multihelical structures is attributed to hydrogen bonding by the purine 7N acceptor. These results indicate that 8C-H exchange may be exploited to detect Hoogsteen base pairing and possibly interactions of nucleic acid-binding proteins that involve the 7N site as hydrogen-bond acceptor. The feasibility of the method for evaluation of solvent penetration to encapsidated genomes of DNA and RNA viruses is considered. The present results also reveal a number of new vibrational band assignments for identification of DNA and RNA secondary structures from equilibrium Raman spectra.
Transmural variation of myocardial attenuation measured with a clinical imager.

Abstract The objective of this study was to quantify the transmural variation in attenuation for the septal and lateral walls of the heart. Our approach was to utilize a commercially available ultrasonic imaging system to acquire images of excised sections of eight sheep hearts with an orientation similar to that encountered in the apical four-chamber view. The measured values (mean ± SE) of the slope of attenuation for the transmural regions of the septum are: 1.40 ± 0.11, 0.99 ± 0.09, and 1.85 ± 0.16 (dB/cm/MHz) for the left subendocardial, midmyocardial, and right subendocardial zones, respectively. The analogous data from the lateral wall are: 1.42 ± 0.11, 0.83 ± 0.07, and 1.20 ± 0.16 (dB/cm/MHz) for the subendocardial, midmyocardial, and subepicardial zones, respectively. These data demonstrate that ultrasonic attenuation associated with the septum and the lateral wall, when imaged in a manner similar to that of the apical four-chamber view, is anisotropic. (E-mail: jgm@howdy.wustl.edu)
Compatibility of alginate impression materials and dental stones

Abstract Four alginate (irreversible hydrocolloid) impression materials certified as meeting A.D.A. specification 18 for hydrocolloid impression materials were tested for compatibility with five dental stones (20 tests). Five samples of each alginate-stone combination were made and evaluated (100 casts). The method of determining compatibility was a modification of the one given in A.D.A. specification 18 for dental hydrocolloid impression material. The principal changes from the test for compatibility with gypsum given in specification 18 are as follows: 1. The 0.025 mm. wide line produced by the stainless steel test block was used instead of the 0.075 mm. wide line for the evaluation. 2. Each test sample was scored 1, 2, 3, or 4 according to the quality of reproduction of the 0.025 mm. wide line. 3. Evaluation and scoring were accomplished under magnification (x10) using reproducible low-angle illumination. 4. Alginate impression materials and stones used in the study were mixed with a mechanical spatulator under reduced atmospheric pressure. The test casts were scored by four dentists on three successive days. An analysis of variance procedure was applied to the sums of the three replicates for each dentist. Di-Keen appeared to be more compatible with the impression materials tested than were the other stones; whereas, Jeltrate generally appeared to be more compatible with the dental stones tested than any of the other impression materials. The Di-Keen-Jeltrate combination appeared to be the most compatible combination, but it was not statistically better than the Di-Keen-D-P and Vel-Mix-Jeltrate combinations.
Software development productivity measurement

As the demand for software continues to rise faster than our ability to train new information systems professionals, we must seek to improve the productivity of software developers. Improvement of productivity in this context means producing the same systems with a smaller amount of resources. The research focuses on two separate questions: 1) "What are the appropriate measures of the outputs and inputs essential to the development of information systems," and 2) "What are the relationships among the input factors affecting productivity?"
Making the Cut: Options for Making Initial Evaluations of Malting Quality in Barley

Alternatives to traditional methods of estimating the potential malting quality of barley lines were examined through their application to two regional barley nurseries, with the goal of identifying streamlined procedures suitable for making initial assessments of malting quality. Mashing malt using an isothermal hot water extract (HWE) procedure instead of the standard Congress mash generated distinct but closely related values for primary measures of malt modification, including malt extract, wort soluble protein, soluble/total malt protein, wort β-glucan, and wort free amino nitrogen. Simple measurements of other wort properties, including refractive index and wort osmolyte concentration, also showed strong correlations between Congress and HWE worts. Analyses of small-scale (microcentrifuge tube) versions of isothermal HWE worts showed good correlations with the attributes of Congress worts. Although the key malting quality metrics for Congress and HWE worts were not equivalent, their close correlations suggest that they may be equally able to differentiate the malting quality of barley lines. The simple isothermal temperature profile of the HWE wort, in conjunction with implementation of methods that use simple laboratory instrumentation for wort analysis, could simplify initial malting quality analysis and make it more accessible to laboratories lacking dedicated mashing and wort analysis instruments.
Rare earth element release from phosphate minerals in the presence of organic acids

Abstract The primary objective of this research was to investigate the effects of aliphatic and aromatic low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) on rare earth element and yttrium (REY) release from the phosphate minerals apatite and monazite. Since prior studies have shown that redox status can affect REY partitioning during incongruent dissolution, a secondary objective was to assess the influence of dissolved O2 concentration. Increasing LMWOA concentrations from 0 to 10 mM resulted in enhanced REY release. In general, REY release increased in the order: no ligand ≈ salicylate
The extended Bruggeman approach for chiral-in-chiral mixtures

We develop the extended Bruggeman (EB) model for homogenizing chiral-in-chiral composites. The `extension' comes from a rigorous incorporation of the size of the inclusions in the polarization and polarizability dyadics. This model yields three equations which are nonlinear in the EB estimates, and they are solved using the modified Newton - Raphson and the secant methods. The numerical results presented outline the characteristics of the model and the effect of the size of the inclusions and show significant deviations from the extended Maxwell Garnett (EMG) estimates.
A semi‐lunar periodicity of neurotransmitter‐like substances from plants

Cardioacceleratory activity was found in ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Coleus blumei (Benth, var. verschaffeltii), Phaseolus vulgaris L., and Philodendron (Schott) sagittifolium. The cardioacceleratory activity fluctuated considerably from day to day and from sample to sample but displayed a consistent tendency to drop to very low levels shortly after full moon and new moon. The tendency to fall to low levels at semi-lunar intervals is compared with similar findings in cockroach, mouse and human blood and complementary findings in cockroach nervous tissue.
Tetranuclear Phosphinidine, Phosphide, Arsenide, and Oxide Anionic Clusters of Molybdenum and Tungsten Supported by Neopentoxide Ligands: Na(18-crown-6)[M4(μ3-PSiMe3)(OCH2tBu)11], K(18-crown-6)[M4(μ3-E)(OCH2tBu)10] (E = P, As), K(18-crown-6)2[Mo4(μ3-O)(OCH2tBu)11]

From the reactions between M2(OCH2tBu)6 (2 equiv) and NaP(SiMe3)2 (1 equiv) in benzene and 18-crown-6 the phosphinidine clusters [M4(μ3-PSiMe3)(OCH2tBu)11]-, compounds 1 (M = Mo) and 2 (M = W) are formed and are reactive intermediates in the formation of [M4(μ3-P)(OCH2tBu)10]- cluster anions, compounds 3 (M = Mo) and 4 (M = W), respectively, which have been isolated and characterized as their Na(18-crown-6)+ salts. Crystals of Na(18-crown-6)+[Mo4(μ3-P)(OCH2tBu)10]-·C6H6 were examined by single crystal X-ray crystallography at −110 °C in the space group Pn with a = 13.000(2) A, b = 17.501(3) A, c = 18.703(2) A, and β = 93.11(1)° with Z = 2 and at −173 °C in the space group Cc with a = 22.118(4) A, b = 17.480(3) A, c = 23.250(4) A, and β = 110.82(1)° with Z = 4. At the lower temperature, there is higher symmetry and no disorder of the 18-crown-6 molecule. The cluster anion has a Mo4 butterfly with a μ3-P ligand and virtual mirror symmetry. One wing-tip Mo atom is five-coordinate and bonded to the μ3-P atom and shows longer Mo-to-Mo distances (2.68(1) and 2.71(1) A) relative to its counterpart (2.48(1) and 2.50(1) A); the backbone Mo−Mo distance is 2.53(1) A. The cluster anion in 3 but not 4 is also accessible from the reaction between Mo2(OCH2tBu)6 (2 equiv), PH3, and KOCH2tBu (1 equiv) in THF/18-crown-6 (THF = tetrahydrofuran). A similar approach involving AsH3, Mo2(OCH2tBu)6, and KOCH2tBu gave the μ3-arsenide cluster complex K(18-crown-6)+[Mo4(μ3-As)(OCH2tBu)10]-, compound 5, which by NMR spectroscopy is analogous in structure to 3. The reaction between Mo2(OCH2tBu)6 (2 equiv) and KOH in THF/18-crown-6 gave K(18-crown-6)2+[Mo4(μ3-O)(OCH2tBu)11]-, compound 6, which is proposed to be isostructural with the phosphinidine complexes 1 and 2 on the basis of NMR data. Crystal data for K(η6-C12H24O6)(η2-C12H24O6)+[Mo4(μ3-O)(OCH2tBu)11]- at −165 °C: a = 17.595(2) A, b = 28.044(3) A, c = 20.443(2) A, β = 97.61(1)° with Z = 4, and space group P21/n. The cluster anion in 6 contains a 12-electron Mo4 butterfly with 12 M−M bonding electrons, as in 3, but the shortest Mo−Mo distance 2.42(1) A involves the backbone metal atoms. The Mo−Mo distances involving the oxo-capped triangle (2.61(1) and 2.62(1) A) are notably longer than those in the other triangle (2.48(1) A).
Endoscopic sampling for tissue diagnosis in gastrointestinal malignancy

Tissue sampling for histopathologic and cytologic diagnosis through fiberoptic endoscopy can be performed in almost every patient with endoscopically visualized lesions or suspected areas. These procedures were performed in 150 patients with proven final diagnoses of gastrointestinal malignancy. The overall accuracy of biopsy was 73% and of brushing exfoliative cytology, 85%; 93% accuracy was achieved when these diagnostic procedures could be performed in combination. Inappropriate or inadequate sampling has been the most common cause for false negative diagnoses. The advantageous routine use of combined brushing cytology and biopsy under direct vision during fiberoptic endoscopy is emphasized.
Autonomic and behavioral evidence of "implicit" memory in amnesia.

Abstract A profoundly amnesic patient with a left retrosplenial-fornix lesion was tested on a recognition task that evaluated both verbal and electrodermal aspects of new learning. In addition, “implicit memory” tasks (mirror reading and perceptual identification) were given. The patient displayed strong evidence of learning on all tasks although the results of this learning were not represented in explicit recall or recognition. These findings suggest that autonomic as well as behavioral evidence can index spared memory functions in amnesia. The specific meaning of electrodermal recognition and its possible place in the distinction between implicit and explicit memory is discussed.