cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Black/White differences in adolescent drug use: a test of six hypotheses

Six specific hypotheses have been developed to account for why Caucasians have higher rates of drug use compared to African-Americans. This article utilizes data from a South Florida-based community study of 893 young adults (1998–2002) to test these hypotheses. Specifically, Caucasians (1) initiate drug use at younger ages than African-Americans and (2) have more discretionary financial resources to fund their use than African-Americans. The findings presented here indicate that the racial gap in drug use may be attenuated by these aspects of use in early adulthood; implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Process, Product, and Potential: The Archaeological Assessment of Collaborative, Wiki-Based Student Projects in the Technical Communication Classroom

Wikis enable large, diverse groups of writers to effectively collaborate online. Although Wikipedia is the best-known wiki, businesses are increasingly using wikis to build documents and resources for internal use. Although many teachers of technical communication are interested in integrating wikis into their syllabi, assessment is difficult. Assessments based on traditional assignments fail because they do not focus on the social nature of wikis. This article introduces an “archaeological” assessment framework focused on this discourse.
On exchangeable sampling distributions for uncontrolled data

Abstract When statistical observations are not based upon a controlled randomized experiment, it can be appealing to try to model their joint distribution via an exchangeable sampling distribution. However, exchangeable sampling distributions should be used with extreme caution, and do not obviously usefully model any lack of independence of the observation vectors. The two main problems concern the distributions of the test statistics, together with a lack of identifiability of the dependencies between the observation vectors. Two new asymptotic results relating to empirical processes, Dirichlet processes, and non-parametric tests for fit, are described in order to highlight these problems.
Daily reports of intimate partner verbal aggression by self and partner: short-term consequences and implications for measurement

OBJECTIVE: Agreement within couples regarding the occurrence of aggression is surprisingly low. Survey research often collapses across partners' reports to create a pooled estimate of aggression in the relationship. This method ignores possible differences in partners' perceptions of the event, potentially weakening researchers' ability to detect consequences of aggression. The current study examines both partners' reports of verbal aggression to determine whether aggression reported by only one partner influences both partners' short-term outcomes. METHODS: We used a 56-day daily diary to examine the effect of verbal aggression on short-term negative outcomes. We examined whether aggression reported by either partner is sufficient to predict consequences for both partners, or if an individual must report aggression to experience consequences. RESULTS: Victims' reports of receiving verbal aggression were a better predictor of next day victim consequences than perpetrators' reports. Perpetrators' reports of perpetrating verbal aggression were a better predictor of next day perpetrator consequences than victims' reports. Days when partners agreed that aggression had occurred generally predicted the worst outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: People's own reports of verbal aggression are the best predictor of short-term consequences. Pooling partner reports of aggression may make it more difficult to understand the consequences of intimate partner aggression. Language: en
Improving Access to E-Journals and Databases at the MIT Libraries: Building a Database-Backed Web Site Called "Vera"

Co published simultaneously in The Serials Librarian, Vol. 41, no. 3/4, 2002, pp. 227-254; and: E-Serials Cataloging: Access to Continuing and Integrating Resources via the Catalog and the Web, ed. by Jim Cole and Wayne Jones, The Haworth Information Press, 2002, pp. 227-254. [PDF version of entire journal issue available for free from Hayworth Press]. HTML version available at
Allospecific Cytotoxic T Cells Generated from β2m−/−Mice in Primary MLC: Analysis of Activation Requirements, Specificity, and Phenotype ☆

Abstract It has been demonstrated by several investigators that β 2 m −/− knockout mice are deficient in the expression of MHC Class I molecules but can nevertheless generate CD8 + allospecific cytotoxic T cells following vigorous in vivo priming. We demonstrate here that in vivo priming is not necessary to generate MHC Class I allospecific CTL from β 2 m −/− mice. When splenocytes from naive unprimed β 2 m −/− mice were provided exogenous cytokines in MHC Class I disparate primary MLC, allospecific cytolytic effectors were generated. β 2 m −/− MHC Class I allospecific CTL that were CD3 + and Thy1.2 + were otherwise heterogeneous in phenotype, including CD8 + , CD4 + , CD8 − CD4 − , TCRαβ + , and TCRγδ + T cells. This phenotypic variability of β 2 m −/− CTL generated in primary MLC reveals the diversity of CTL precursors that develop in vivo in the absence of MHC Class I.
Neonatal shivering and hypothermia after intrapartum amnioinfusion

Since Miyazaki and Taylor first proposed intrauterine instillation of normal saline to relieve variable decelerations, it has become an accepted procedure not only to abort variable decelerations but to dilute thick meconium and replace amniotic fluid in cases of oligohydramnios. Complications of amnioinfusion although rare include uterine overdistension and amniotic fluid embolism. We report three cases of shivering and hypothermia after amnioinfusion in otherwise healthy neonates. A 27-year-old term primigravida underwent amnioinfusion because of persistent variable decelerations. Amnioinfusion was initiated with a bolus of 500 mL of normal saline at room temperature and continued at a rate of 500 mL/h for a total of 3 h. The patient had an uneventful vaginal delivery. Upon delivery, the baby was noted to be shivering and the body temperature was 35·2oC. Apgar scores were 5 at 1 min and 7 at 5 min. The baby was warmed and able to be extubated. There were no other complications and he was discharged with his mother on day 3. Amnioinfusion was started on a 32-year-old multigravida at 35 weeks and 2 days of gestation for persistent variable decelerations. The amnioinfusion protocol was similar to above. A preterm baby was born pale and shivering with Apgar scores of 5 at 1 min and 7 at 5 min. His weight was 3010 g. Umbilical artery pH was 7·26. The baby’s body temperature was 35oC. The baby was warmed in an incubator set 1·5oC above normal, and oxygen was administered. Subsequently, he did well and was discharged from the hospital on day 6 of life. A 34-year-old was admitted to hospital at 35 weeks of pregnancy with preterm premature rupture of membranes leaking thick meconium. An amnioinfusion with the same protocol was continued for 6 h. The baby was born with Apgar scores of 7 at 1 min and 8 at 5 min. The baby was shivering, and his temperature was 35·3oC. After warming, the baby stopped shivering and his skin colour improved. He was discharged from hospital on day 3 of life. In a questionnaire study of amnioinfusion prevalence, protocols, and complications, 26% of responders reported at least one complication of the procedure including uterine Losartan-associated atypical cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia
Heating Augmentation Due to Compression Pad Cavities on the Project Orion CEV Heat Shield

An experimental study has been conducted to assess the effects of compression pad cavities on the aeroheating environment of the Project Orion CEV heat-shield. Testing was conducted in Mach 6 and Mach 10 perfect-gas wind tunnels to obtain heating measurements in and around the compression pads cavities using global phosphor thermography. Data were obtained over a wide range of Reynolds numbers that produced laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow within and downstream of the cavities. The effects of cavity dimensions on boundary-layer transition and heating augmentation levels were studied. Correlations were developed for transition onset and for the average cavity-heating augmentation.
Solid and fluid phase assays for bacterial plasminogen activators

Abstract Certain bacteria secrete or possess membrane bound proteins which are capable of activating host plasminogen to form the serine protease, plasmin. Plasmin can play a central role in the pathogenesis of microbial disease, particularly with regard to dissemination, modifying host structures and modulating the complement cascade. To determine if organisms produce proteins which have the capacity to activate plasminogen, the following experimental approaches are presented. Assays can be performed on cells grown on agar (caseinolytic assay), or on crude culture supernatants resolved by SDS-PAGE (fibrinolytic assay). For increased sensitivity and specificity, the plasmin-specific chromogenic substrate, H-D-valyl-leucyl-lysine-para-nitroanilide can be used not only to analyze in liquid phase the presence of plasminogen activators in culture supernatants and column effluents but also in a solid phase assay on products transferred to nitrocellulose. The latter method also permits direct immunological comparisons and the ability to test for inhibitors.
Leadership Competencies in Continuing Higher Education: Implications for Leadership Education.

(1999). Leadership Competencies in Continuing Higher Education: Implications for Leadership Education. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education: Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 14-23.
Transient enhanced diffusion and gettering of dopants in ion implanted silicon

The authors have studied in detail the transient enhanced diffusion observed during furnace or rapid-thermal-annealing of ion-implanted Si. The authors show that the effect originates in the trapping of Si atoms by dopant atoms during implantation, which are retained during solid-phase epitaxial (SPE) growth but released by subsequent annealing to cause a transient dopant precipitation or profile broadening. The interstitials condense to form a band of dislocation loops located at the peak of the dopant profile, which may be distinct from the band formed at the original amorphous/crystalline interface. The band can develop into a network and effectively getter the dopant. They discuss the conditions under which the various effects may or may not be observed, and discuss preliminary observations on As/sup +/ implanted Si. 12 references, 12 figures.
Fatigue crack propagation and strain cycling properties

Fatigue crack propagation caused by cumulative damage due to strain cycling at crack tip, relating resistance to cyclic ductility
Mentoring: A nurse educator survey

Mentoring promotes success throughout the careers of nurse educators. This pilot study discusses findings from a survey administered at the 18th Annual Nurse Educator Conference in the Rockies. Facilitators of and barriers to mentoring were identified by participants and clustered into themes by researchers. The findings are useful to associate degree nursing programs because issues surrounding the nurse educator shortage are addressed. Strategies to develop effective mentoring programs to assist in recruiting and retaining qualified nurse educators are discussed.
Recent progress in noise reduction and scatter correction in dual-energy imaging

We report on several new techniques which we are developing for scatter correction and noise suppression in single-shot dual-energy chest radiography. For scatter, we use a deconvolution technique to correct for the scatter produced within the dual-energy cassette, which can result in scatter fractions as high as 30% in the high-energy image. For patient scatter, we have developed a technique which estimates the scatter by viewing each pixel in the image as a scattering source, and summing up its scatter contribution over all pixels. For scatter suppression, we describe the methods of noise clipping and noise forcing, both which use information from the low- and high-energy images to correct pixel values in the high-energy image which are unphysical. The noise clipping can also be combined with the correlated noise reduction technique, in order to combine the strengths of the two methods.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thermodynamic, enzymatic and structural effects of removing a salt bridge at the base of loop 4 in (pro)caspase-3.

Interactions between loops 2, 2′ and 4, known as the loop bundle, stabilize the active site of caspase-3. Loop 4 (L4) is of particular interest due to its location between the active site and the dimer interface. We have disrupted a salt bridge between K242 and E246 at the base of L4 to determine its role in overall conformational stability and in maintaining the active site environment. Stability measurements show that only the K242A single mutant decreases stability of the dimer, whereas both single mutants and the double mutant demonstrate much lower activity compared to wild-type caspase-3. Structural studies of the caspase-3 variants show the involvement of K242 in hydrophobic interactions that stabilize helix 5, near the dimer interface, and the role of E246 appears to be to neutralize the positive charge of K242 within the hydrophobic cluster. Overall, the results suggest E246 and K242 are important in procaspase-3 for their interaction with neighboring residues, not with one another. Conversely, formation of the K242–E246 salt bridge in caspase-3 is needed for an accurate, stable conformation of loop L4 and proper active site formation in the mature enzyme.
Characterization of volatile organic compounds and odors by in-vivo sampling of beef cattle rumen gas, by solid-phase microextraction, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry–olfactometry

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odors in cattle rumen gas have been characterized by in-vivo headspace sampling by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry–olfactometry (GC–MS–O). A novel device enabling headspace SPME (HS-SPME) sampling through a cannula was designed, refined, and used to collect rumen gas samples from steers. A Carboxen–polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber (85 μm) was used for SPME sampling. Fifty VOCs from ten chemical groups were identified in the rumen headspace. The VOCs identified had a wide range of molecular weight (MW) (34 to 184), boiling point (−63.3 to 292 °C), vapor pressure (1.05 × 10−5 to 1.17 × 102 Pa), and water solubility (0.66 to 1 × 106 mg L−1). Twenty-two of the compounds have a published odor detection thresholds (ODT) of less than 1 ppm. More than half of the compounds identified are reactive and have an estimated atmospheric lifetime of <24 h. The amounts of VFAs, sulfide compounds, phenolic compounds, and skatole, and the odor intensity of VFAs and sulfide compounds in the rumen gas were all higher after feeding than before feeding. These results indicate that rumen gases can be an important potential source of aerial emissions of reactive VOCs and odor. In-vivo sampling by SPME then GC–MS–O analysis can be a useful tool for qualitative characterization of rumen gases, digestion, and its relationship to odor and VOC formation.
Microsystems for Manipulation and Characterization of Biological Systems

Microsystems provide some of the most intriguing options for studying and modifying cells and larger biological systems. During the last two decades, a large suite of micro- (electro-opto-chemo-mechanical) components have been fabricated and characterized in numerous labs around the world. Our group has been building on this technology base to develop devices for biological and medical applications. Using our surface micromachining technology (S andia’s U ltra-planar, M ulti-level M EMS T echnology - SUMMiT™) as a starting point, we have developed a modified process flow (S urface micromachining w ith I ntegrated microF luidics T echnology - SwIFT™) which incorporates silicon nitride layers that allow the creation of insulator lined, optically transparent microfluidic structures. Incorporation of mechanical, electrical and optical structures with microfluidic components enable the design and manufacture of highly functional devices in a batch-fabrication methodology. Some of the devices currently being tested include a microtransfection device, patch clamp array with integrated electronics, microfluidics and mechanical coupling to the cells, valves, pumps and channels with electrodes for manipulating (separating, concentrating) cells and particles.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Higher-order topological phase: generalizations of the Aharonov-Bohm and Josephson effects

In the magnetic Aharonov-Bohm effect a semiclassical path of a charged particle is gaussian linked with a magnetic flux tube and one observes an interference phase angle proportional to the magnitude of the enclosed flux. We first generalize to the case of knotted paths. Then we argue that quantum mechanical wave functions with semiclassical paths that have higher order linking to multiple magnetic flux tubes have interference angle proportional to the product of the fluxes. Similar results hold for generalizing the Josephson effect.
Sentinel Node Biopsy Before Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Determining Axillary Status and Treatment Prognosis in Locally Advanced Breast Cancer

Background Treatment of locally advanced breast cancer with neoadjuvant chemotherapy assesses an in vivo tumor response while increasing breast conservation. Axillary clearance of nodal disease after treatment defines prognostic stratification. Our study objective was to show that sentinel node staging before treatment can optimize posttreatment prognostic stratification in clinically N0 patients.
Boundedness Properties and Perturbing Lyapunov Functions

It is well-known [ 1,4] that in investigating uniform boundedness of solutions of a given differential system by means of Lyapunov functions, it is enough to impose conditions on the complement of a compact set in 1w”, where as in the case of nonuniform boundedness properties, the proofs demand that the assumptions hold everywhere in KY. In [2], using the idea of perturbing Lyapunov functions, the nonuniform boundedness property is discussed without assuming conditions everywhere, as in the case of uniform boundedness. Recently [ 31 uniform boundedness criteria are studied by using two Lyapunov functions together with the theory of differential inequalities to obtain sufficient conditions under weaker assumptions. In this paper, we investigate nonuniform boundedness properties employing the method of perturbing Lyapunov functions and the theory of differential inequalities. Our results include several existing results as special cases as well as those in [2, 33.
Interlayer Bonding and the Lattice Vibrations of β -GaSe

The lattice vibrations of the layer compound $\ensuremath{\beta}$-GaSe have been investigated by means of infrared and Raman experiments. Reflectivity measurements for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{E}}\ensuremath{\perp}c$ over the range 175-4100 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ have shown one infrared-active mode at 213.9 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Six Raman lines have been observed at 19.1, 60.1, 134.6, 213.1, 249, and 307.8 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. A group-theoretical analysis of the lattice vibrations, which shows the origin of the conjugate modes in layer compounds, is presented. Electrostatic as well as van der Waals coupling between the layers is indicated by the large localized effective charge obtained from the infrared measurements.
The effect of dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei lesions on body weight regulation

Prior to hypothalamic surgery 1 group of male rats was placed on a partial starvation regimen to lower their body weight. A second group was fed ad libitum. Just before surgery the 2 groups were divided into 2 sub groups. Bilateral electrolytic lesions were then placed in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus in some of the partially starved and some of the ad libitum fed rats. The remaining animals were sham operated. After surgery all groups were fed ad libitum. Following hypothalamic operation the group that before surgery had been fed ad libitum showed the previously reported postoperative hypophagia and reduced body weight. On the other hand, the rats that were partially starved prior to placement of the lesion, ate significantly more than ad libitum fed lesioned animals during the first 9 days after surgery. The body weights of the partially starved, lesioned rats increased steadily from the day of the operation while lesioned rats fed ad libitum showed an initial delay of ponderal growth. The data suggest that the transient postoperative increase in food intake of the partially starved, lesioned rats is an active process to bring the body weight of these animals up to a new but lowered ‘body weight set point’ initiated by the hypothalamic destruction. Since previous studies had shown that rats with a lesion in the dorsomedial nucleus have a normal body composition, it is suggested that the lesions change the animals' ‘body weight set point’ and not the ‘body fat set point’, as has been suggested after ventromedial and lateral hypothalamic lesions.
Examining the Spring Discontinuity in Daily Temperature Ranges

Abstract The atmosphere and biosphere both change rapidly throughout midlatitude spring. Many weather variables are modified during this season, including the diurnal temperature range (DTR). The mean DTR trend displays a discontinuity at the onset of spring characterized by a rapid increase for several weeks, followed by an abrupt leveling off. The trend then remains essentially flat throughout the remainder of the warm season. These DTR changes reflect the interactive role many weather variables play with surface-layer processes. Thus, diagnosing the causes of these variations may provide background information for numerous global change analyses, as daily temperature data become increasingly available worldwide. The results of this study suggest that several factors (snow cover loss, more frequent southerly winds, and increased ceiling heights) are responsible for the initial rapid increase in the DTR. The second half of the discontinuity (subsequent leveling off) is connected with increased atmospheri...
Foot in the Door: A Typology of Salesmen

The authors developed a grounded model of face-to-face salesmen. The first part of the study involved analysis of 2 films on sales: 1 fiction and 1 nonfiction. Then, the researchers interviewed salesmen in a variety of contexts. Finally, the film analysis was compared with the interviews to create a conceptualization of the contemporary salesman.
Body size, but not cooling rate, affects supercooling points in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta.

The level of an animal’s stress resistance is set by multiple intrinsic physiological and extrinsic environmental parameters. Body size is a critical intrinsic parameter that affects numerous fitness-related organismal traits including fecundity, survival, mating success, and stress resistance. The rate of cooling is a critical extrinsic environmental factor that can affect thermal stress resistance. Workers of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), display considerable variation in adult body size. Therefore, developing ecologically realistic models of thermotolerance in this species requires a consideration of body size. We tested the hypothesis that body size and cooling rate would interact to set the supercooling point in fire ant workers by exposing workers of a range of body sizes to three different cooling regimens: a very fast ramp of −10°C/min, an intermediate ramp of −1°C/min, and an ecologically relevant slow ramp of −0.1°C/min. Specifically, we asked whe...
Delivering website's historical data as a service

The historical data of a website are valuable resources. A website will provide better service for users by developing schemes to deliver historical data. This paper introduces the use of web services to deliver historical data for a snapshot-enabled website.
There's More to a Reading Problem than Poor Reading

Students who read poorly often have several problems in addition to poor reading which stand in the way of their school achievement. Thus, poor reading should not be treated as an isolated problem; rather, all roadblocks to a poor reader's academic success should be identified and a treatment plan devised which addresses both academic and nonacademic problems. Incidence of various academic and nonacademic roadblocks found in a population of poor readers is discussed, as well as some of the strategies that were used for overcoming the roadblocks.
Estimation of daily soil water evaporation using an artificial neural network

Abstract In field water balance studies, one of the major difficulties is the separation of evapo-transpiration into plant transpiration and soil evaporation. In this paper, the radial basis function (RBF) neural network was implemented using C language to estimate daily soil water evaporation from average relative air humidity, air temperature, wind speed and soil water content in a cactus field study. The RBF neural network learned rapidly and converged after about 1000 training iterations. The optimum number of hidden neurons was found to be six. The RBF neural network achieved good agreement between predicted and measured values. The average absolute percent error and the root mean squared error was 21·0% and 0·17 mm for the RBF neural network vs . 30·1% and 0·28 mm for the multiple linear regression (MLR). The RBF neural network technique appears to be an improvement over the MLR technique for estimating soil evaporation.
P-wave seismic anisotropy on Hydrate Ridge

Summary We have observed P-wave seismic anisotropy at the south summit of Hydrate Ridge (HR), Cascadia convergent margin, offshore Oregon, on walkaway vertical seismic profiles and ocean bottom seismometer data. Models based on the assumption of vertical transverse isotropy (VTI), require the vertical velocity to be higher than the horizontal velocity that is uncommon in the conventional sand-shale formations. Since HR is characterized by high velocity hydrate veins, emulating vertical layering, an HTI model (TI with a horizontal axis of symmetry) seems more appropriate. Our anisotropy analysis consists of two-steps, 1) building of 2D anisotropic model comprising homogeneous layers based on the traveltime-error-contour analysis assuming VTI and HTI medium, and 2) derivation of continuously varying heterogeneous model using a rigorous traveltime inversion with very-fast simulated annealing. Based on our result we established relationships between P-wave anisotropic parameters and distribution of gas hydrate and free gas at HR. Observed P-wave anisotropy are, 1) 11% (N-S) to 15% (E-W) in the layer A (from sea floor to 70 meter below sea floor) containing heterogeneous hydrate veins, 2) 7% (N-S) to 10% (E-W) in the layer B (from layer A to bottom simulating reflector) containing relatively homogeneous hydrate and 3) 3% in the layer C (gas-bearing sediments below layer B). Anisotropy values are proportional to the hydrate concentration at the HR. Distribution and concentration of gas-hydrates can be further used for studying possibilities of gas-hydrate as a geohazard, an economic energy source, and a cause for world margin stability and climate change.
Simulation of javelin flight using experimental aerodynamic data

This paper discusses computer simulation of the differential equations which describe javelin dynamics in flight. It is shown that the use of experimental aerodynamic forces and moments in the equations is preferable to theoretical approximations for these forces and moments which have been used in previous studies. An example which is characteristic of a good throw is presented and analyzed and many interesting features of the trajectory are pointed out.
The ivory tower approach to entrepreneurial linkage: productivity changes in university technology transfer

Academic entrepreneurship has been intensively applied to the area of technology innovation and diffusion in the US. Along with the promotion of innovative approaches, universities take advantage of knowledge spillovers from their laboratories to the market for both economic development and financial gains. This study assessed individual university productivity in technology transfer using feasible measures of multiple input–output combinations and data envelopment analysis to examine panel data gathered over the period 1999–2007. A major finding is that there was substantial growth in the average productivity of university technology transfer during this period. The average annual productivity gain in the 90 universities was over 30%, indicating that universities’ technology transfer activities were relatively efficient in terms of their input to output ratio. The positive shifts in average productivity changes were primarily due to the increasing frequencies of commercial outputs. This finding suggests that universities and public policy should pay attention to stimulate commercial activities rather than to increase investments for upgrading a next level of realistic, long-term strategies.
The Impact of Peer Mentoring on Organizational Knowledge Creation and Sharing An Empirical Study in a Software Firm

Managing organizational knowledge creation and sharing effectively has become an important source of competitive advantage for firms. Peer mentoring is becoming increasingly common and may be an ef...
The Willful Self

William James devoted a chapter of his Principles of Psychology to the nature and function of the will, elaborating several specific means by which individuals engage in willful behavior For James, the self was centrally involved in the will, and "willing" often involved perceiving the end state, or goal, in terms of the self Until quite recently most approaches to the will, intention, and motivation since James have minimized the role of the self This article describes recent conceptions of the self and discusses how these may allow us to refine and extend some of James's notions about the operation of the will. It focuses specifically on the importance of making an intention self-relevant, the ways that the self may allow the person to maintain attention on an intended act, and the process by which the self may control willful behavior. It is argued that further developments in understanding willfulness require thorough analysis of the interdependence between the structure and functioning of the self sy...
Photopolymerization kinetics of poly(acrylate)–clay composites using polymerizable surfactants

Abstract Photopolymerization kinetics of polymer–clay nanocomposite systems utilizing polymerizable quaternary ammonium surfactants as dispersants were systematically investigated to determine the effects of surfactant type and clay morphology on polymerization behavior. For these studies, either polymerizable surfactants were mixed into a clay–monomer system or the surfactants were ionically anchored to clay surfaces and added to the monomer for in situ photopolymerization. Higher photopolymerization rates are observed with increasing polymerizable surfactant concentration, while no significant change or decreases in polymerization rate occur with incorporation of non-polymerizable surfactants. The higher rates observed for polymerizable surfactant systems are due to lower apparent termination rate parameters stemming from immobilization of the surfactants. For clay that is modified with ionically bonded quaternary ammonium surfactants, polymerization rates decrease in both polymerizable and non-polymerizable organoclay systems with increasing concentration, but this decrease is much smaller when polymerizable organoclays are utilized. For the same organoclay concentration, higher polymerization rates and double bond conversions result with increasing polymerizable surfactant concentration via cation exchange. Significant increases in polymerization rate also occur with increasing degree of clay exfoliation.
Body sculpturing by lipo-suction extraction.

Classical open surgical contouring and sculpturing of the body has required significant scarring with long incisions and wide depressed scars. During the last decade, a small number of European surgeons have pioneered techniques for suction lipectomy. Illouz introduced the concept of lipolysis and blunt cannula extraction. The method described herein, which is termed lipo-suction, is a dry technique. No lipolytic solutions or local anesthetic solutions are injected. The technique relies on mechanical disruption and suction extraction of adipose tissue. The instrument is a rigid blunt-ended extractor with dull apertures. Posteperative care is a significant factor in reducing the rate of seroma formation to less than 1%.
Lack of effect of cholinergic agents or endogenous guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate on renin release by slices of rat renal cortex in vitro☆☆☆

Abstract Cyclic GMP, in concentrations exceeding 50 μM, and cyclic AMP, in concentrations exceeding 1 μM, significantly increased the release of renin by slices of rat renal cortex. Stimulants of cyclic AMP accumulation, such as epinephrine or norepinephrine, 1 μM, produced a significant increase of renin release but did not alter cyclic GMP levels. In contrast, acetylcholine, carbamylcholine, bethanachol, methachol and NaN 3 increased cyclic GMP accumulation without modifying renin release. These results suggest that exogenous cyclic GMP acts as a weak agonist of cyclic AMP on renin release in renal cortex. The effects observed with exogenous cyclic GMP, however, may not represent a physiological action since various stimulants of endogenous cyclic GMP accumulation did not alter renin secretion.
Supporting mobile multimedia applications in MAPGrid

MAPGrid (Mobile APplications on Grids) system enables the delivery of services to mobile users by exploiting heterogenous and intermittently available grid resources. In this paper, we present techniques of cost-effective resource discovery and dynamic resource reprovisioning on grid proxies when context of system environment (e.g. application, network, resource, mobile device) change in infrastructure based wireless networks (e.g. cellular or WLAN). Especially, we focus on how to adapt to dynamic changes of user mobility patterns. We show that the MAPGrid system provides an infrastructure support for enabling and effectively enhancing mobile applications.
Effect of Fat Content and Temperature on Viscosity in Relation to Pumping Requirements of Fluid Milk Products

Abstract Viscosities of commercial samples of skim milk, 1% fat milk, 2% fat milk, whole milk, half and half, and whipping cream were measured in a temperature range of 0 to 30°C by a coaxial viscometer. Viscosity varied exponentially with temperature and linearly with fat content of milk. Viscosity for the fat and temperature range measured varied from 1 to 60 centipoise. Density of these products also was determined by vibrational densitometer. Density ranged from 990 to 1035 kg/m 3 . The following equation was developed for the relationship between viscosity ( μ ), fat (F), and temperature (T): In μ = −8.9 + .1F + 2721.5/T. The equation was utilized to calculate pumping requirements of milk with various fat contents and at different temperatures.
The Effects of Peer-Assisted Literacy Strategies for First-Grade Readers With and Without Additional Mini-Skills Lessons

In this research, we sought to replicate findings of our previous research examining the efficacy of 1st-Grade Peer-Assisted Literacy Strategies (1st-Grade PALS) with children of different achievement levels in naturally constituted general education classrooms. We also examined the impact of adding skills-focused mini-lessons conducted along with 1st-Grade PALS with the 3 lowest-achieving readers in some of these classrooms. First-Grade PALS sessions were conducted for 30-minutes session 3 times a week for 14 weeks. Mini-lessons were also conducted 3 times per week for 15 to 20 minute sessions during the final 6 weeks of 1st-Grade PALS implementation. During 1st-Grade PALS, all students within a class were paired with other students from within the same class (1) to practice phonological awareness, phonological recoding, and reading of connected text built on previously mastered phonological elements, and (2) to make predictions about a book prior to reading it, share the experience of reading a story with a peer, have repeated exposure to text, and summarize the story through verbal retelling. The skills-focused mini-lessons mirrored the content of 1st-Grade PALS and were designed to provide additional instruction and integrated practice of the orthophonemic elements of English text. Results indicate that 1st-Grade PALS, on average, enhanced reading performance of students both in terms of statistical significance and in terms of educational relevance, although not equally for all learner types, closely replicating findings from our previous studies. Results also suggest that there was some benefit to students who participated in the small-group mini-lessons. However, conclusions about the true impact of the mini-lessons are limited because teachers resisted implementing these lessons.
Development and Histologic Characterization of an Animal Model of Antigen-induced Arthritis of the Juvenile Rabbit Temporomandibular Joint

Children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or juvenile chronic arthritis often exhibit temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvement accompanied by pain, dysfunction, and growth abnormalities. Despite the severe functional and developmental consequences of this disease, its pathogenesis remains poorly understood, but important insights may be provided by a suitable animal model of this disease. The purpose of this study was to develop and histologically characterize a juvenile animal model of antigen-induced arthritis of the TMJ. Arthritis was induced with an intra-articular administration of ovalbumin in previously sensitized 10-week-old male New Zealand white rabbits. Sham-treated and untreated rabbits were used as controls. The TMJs were retrieved en bloc at 5, 10, 15, 35, and 55 days post-challenge for histology and matrix histochemistry. Antigen-treated joints demonstrated severe arthritis, including mononuclear cell infiltration, synovial lining and villous hyperplasia, and pannus formation, as early as 5 days after challenge; the arthritis was maintained up to 55 days post-challenge. A decrease in the area of the TMJ disc that stained positively for glycosaminoglycans was observed throughout the experimental period. Loss of collagen staining was primarily localized to sites at the junction of the synovium with bone and fibrocartilage. The histopathologic features of this model of antigen-induced arthritis of the juvenile rabbit TMJ are similar to those observed previously in adult animal models of experimental arthritis and in human rheumatoid arthritis. This animal model will be useful for understanding the pathogenesis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis of the TMJ, and for exploring the mechanisms for aberrant craniofacial growth.
Psychological risk factors for HIV pathogenesis: mediation by the autonomic nervous system

Abstract Background Epidemiologic studies have identified psychological risk factors for specific physical diseases, but the biological mechanisms mediating these relationships remain poorly defined. Methods Social inhibition and autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity were assessed on multiple occasions in 54 gay men with asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Following baseline ANS assessment, plasma HIV-1 viral load and CD4+ T cell levels were monitored for 12–18 months to assess relationships between ANS activity and HIV pathogenesis. Results We confirmed the previously reported relationship between socially inhibited temperament and vulnerability to viral pathology. Plasma viral load set-point was elevated eight-fold in socially inhibited individuals, and these individuals showed poorer virologic and immunologic response to initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Effects were independent of duration of infection, HAART regimen, demographic characteristics, and health-relevant behavior. Neurophysiologic assessments documented elevated ANS activity in socially inhibited individuals, and mediational analyses showed that such differences could account for 64%–92% of the covariance between social inhibition and virologic parameters. Conclusions These data provide the first clinical evidence that differential neural activity mediates relationships between psychological risk factors and infectious disease pathogenesis. Such findings also suggest novel targets for adjunctive therapy in long-term control of HIV-1 disease.
Serum uric acid level and risk for peripheral arterial disease: analysis of data from the multiple risk factor intervention trial

Although several studies report an association between hyperuricemia and coronary artery disease, little is known about the effect of hyperuricemia and gout on the risk of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Data on 283 incident clinical cases of PAD during a randomized controlled trial of multiple cardiovascular risk factor intervention are evaluated. The serum uric acid levels among these individuals are compared with those of individuals who did not develop PAD during the study period. Multivariate logistic regression analyses measure the risk of developing PAD associated with higher levels of serum uric acid after adjusting for the effect of traditional vascular risk factors. Age and smoking are independently associated with development of PAD, with odds ratios of 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.09) and 3.83 (95% CI, 2.49-5.91) per year, respectively. Hyperuricemia (serum uric acid level, >7.0 mg/dL) is an independent risk factor, with an odds ratio of 1.23, but the confidence interval of the estimate is wide (95% CI, 0.98-1.54). In this multivariate model, a history of gout was associated with an odds ratio of 1.33 (95% CI, 1.07-1.66). Serum uric acid level is independently associated with a higher (but statistically nonsignificant) risk of PAD. A history of gouty arthritis is an independent and statistically significant predictor of incidence of PAD even after adjustment for the effect of underlying hyperuricemia.
Solar radiation within an oak—hickory forest: an evaluation of the extinction coefficients for several radiation components during fully-leafed and leafless periods

Global shortwave, photosynthetically active, net and allwave radiation was measured above, and at several levels within an oak—hickory forest with instruments mounted on a moving tram system. Profiles of radiation flux densities were quantified using extinction coefficients based on the Beer—Bouguer law. Data are reported here from periods when the forest was both fully-leafed and leafless. In the fully-leafed forest the solar radiation components are attenuated exponentially in the following manner: PAR > Q∗ = K↓ > Q↓;, where PAR is photosynthetically active radiation, Q∗ is net radiation, K↓ is shortwave radiation and Q↓ is allwave radiation. PAR attenuation is greater than that for the other components because leaves preferentially absorb PAR. This preferential absorption causes the ratio, PAR/K↓, to decrease from 0.49 above the canopy to 0.27 at the forest floor. During the leafless phenoseason, the radiation components are attenuated exponentially as follows: Q∗ > K↓ = PAR > Q↓. K↓ and PAR are attenuated in a similar manner during this phenological phase because no leaves are present to absorb PAR preferentially. The magnitude of the attenuation coefficients for Q∗, K↓ and PAR is much greater during winter leafless period because solar elevation angles are lower and the canopy consists of dark, opaque, woody biomass. Shortwave beam radiation is not attenuated in an exponential manner. Consequently, extinction coefficients for beam radiation, γ(S), were computed separately for the upper canopy and lower canopy. A comparison between measured and modeled γ(S) show periods of reasonable agreement and disagreement. Deviations from theory are attributed to clumping and gaps in the canopy.
A Framework for Supporting Metacognitive Aspects of Online Inquiry Through Software-Based Scaffolding

Major educational policy groups call on learners to engage in inquiry-based activities. With a growing amount of information now available online, there is an increased focus on online inquiry where learners ask research questions; search digital libraries and other information sources; and read, assess, and synthesize that information. Metacognitive skills are important for engaging in complex practices like online inquiry, but those skills are weak in novice learners. In this article, we propose a framework that describes the types of metacognitive problems that learners exhibit during online inquiry and the ways that software can serve a scaffolding function to address those problems and support learners through those metacognitive issues. Specifically, we consider how three categories of metacognition relate to online inquiry—task understanding and planning, monitoring and regulation, and reflection—and the issues learners face within each. Our framework describes different types of scaffolding featur...
Pulsed thermo kinetic (PTK) measurements: Ethylene hydrogenation

Abstract Pulsed thermo kinetic (PTK) measurements have been applied to the study of hydrogen and ethylene adsorption on a nickel-alumina catalyst and of ethylene hydrogenation. A small fraction of the surface is covered by irreversible hydrogen with adsorption heats greater than 12 kcal/mole. There is a distribution of these heats up to 20 kcal/mole at 25 °C but the distribution becomes more uniform with increasing temperature. At 25 °C, ethylene adsorbs on the bare nickel surface to cover 5% of the surface with a species showing a structure of C2H2 and an enthalpy of −5.87 kcal/mole. The same species is deposited at 150 °C, mostly by self-hydrogenation to ethane and to the same extent, followed by the formation of a carbide or polymer. At 250 °C, a parallel reaction results in the formation of methane and a highly hydrogen deficient residue. All measured heats are in close agreement with those calculated from theoretical models. With preadsorbed hydrogen, the same reactions occur but only after the hydrogen has been removed by a much faster reaction with molecular or adsorbed ethylene. Ethylene, pulsed into flowing hydrogen, reacts to ethane with an exothermic heat at 25 °C and an endothermic heat above 25 °C. It is postulated that weakly π-adsorbed ethylene reacts with strongly held hydrogen atoms in the interstices of the (100) plane and that the rate of formation of these adatoms is rate limiting. At high temperature, methane is formed by reaction with more accessible hydrogen.