cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delayed administration of hepatocyte growth factor reduces renal fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a renotropic protein that elicits antifibrogenic activity by preventing the activation of matrix-producing myofibroblast cells in animal models of chronic renal di...
Selection for Body Weight at Eight Weeks of Age 14. Effects of the Sex-Linked Dwarf Gene

Abstract The sex-linked recessive dwarf gene dw was introduced from a broiler strain into lines selected for high (HW) and low (LW) eight-week body weight. Repeated backcrossing of heterozygous males to females from the respective HW and LW lines enabled comparisons between pullets with the Dw and dw alleles in specific genetic backgrounds. The depressive effect of the dw gene on growth was greater in the LW than HW genetic background. Also, the depression was greater for body weight than for skeletal size regardless of line. Dwarf pullets in the LW line consistently matured at older ages than their nondwarf sibs, while in the HW line dwarfs matured about 5 days earlier than their normal sibs in B3 and B4 generations. On a percentage hen-day basis, HW dwarfs produced 3.4% fewer yolks but 4.4% more normal eggs than their nondwarf sibs. Detrimental effects of the dw gene on normal egg and yolk production were evident in the LW line after the F1 generation, suggesting that there may be an optimum body weight for the initiation and efficient production of normal eggs. The data support the hypothesis that dw has a synchronizing effect on ovarian and oviducal functions in populations with excess yolk synthesis and arhythmic ovulation patterns, and a detrimental effect in those populations with optimum ovarian activity. Evidence was obtained to show that the effects of dw on growth and reproduction are largely dictated by specific interactions with the background genotype and the presence of genetic modifiers.
Present evaluation and future potentialities of cardiovascular surgery.

The conditions of the heart and great vessels amenable to surgical treatment are noted. A brief discussion of several of these is given, including the methods of operative management employed. Finally, an attempt is made to survey the lines along which future progress will be made.
(Almost) Never Letting Go: Inference Retention during Text Understanding

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the conditional retention theory and its implications in detail, and shows how conditional retention in a modular processing framework accounts for a wide range of recent experimental data on lexical disambiguation. The chapter presents an argument for the theory that provides a coherent account of the various ways in which different contextual conditions influence facilitation of word meanings throughout the time course of lexical access. The chapter discusses the relationship between these two disambiguation processes, which leads to a more unified theory of language understanding. Conditional retention provides a mechanism by which incorrect lexical decisions can be corrected for supplanting incorrect decisions. Conditional retention also explains the different time courses for facilitation of meanings in a variety of conditions: dominant and subordinate meanings, contextually appropriate and inappropriate meanings, words in isolation, words in biasing contexts, and words in non biasing contexts. The principle of conditional retention also provides a new perspective to view the pragmatic inference decision process.
Adolescent Mental Health and Dating in Young Adulthood

Adolescence is a period of tremendous socioemotional change, when youth develop important relationship skills that they carry with them into adulthood. The mental health of individuals during this ...
Incentive Effects of Eco-tariffs

Barrett [1994a], Baumol & Oates [1988, ch 16], Bhagwati [1993b], Blackhurst & Subramanian [1992] and Subramanian [1992] promote eco-tariffs in a double function. Eco-tariffs should provide an incentive for countries which do not internalise the global externality to do so. Furthermore, if international cooperation to safeguard the global environmental commons still cannot be achieved, eco-tariffs serve to avoid relocation of pollution intensive production from countries who do take protective measures into countries which do not.
Bridge Builders and Cultural Guides

Adults in the community play important roles in reaching across barriers to serve as bridges to young women of color. These adult bridges provide new forms of social capital, ranging from extensive emotional support to access to internships, which could not be acquired through same race, or even cross-race, peer-to-peer relationships. Mandated bridges come in the form of teachers, guidance counselors, and administrators, while embedded bridges appear in the form of host families, parents of friends, and program volunteers. Residents and commuters appear to rely most heavily on mandated bridges, while boarders also discuss important relationships with embedded bridges. Even with significant bridge building efforts from some members of the predominantly white community, barriers remain. Those who are in positions to build bridges toward the young women sometimes fail to do so as a result of academic, economic, geographic, and social stereotypes tied to race.
CLEAR: A Holistic Figure-of-Merit for Electronic, Photonic, Plasmonic and Hybrid Photonic-Plasmonic Compute System Comparison

Here we show the first holistic figure-of-merit taking into account the capacity, energy, area, latency cost and economic resistance factors, enabling a holistic analysis of on-chip technology benchmarking among multiple hierarchy levels.
Is S3 a Viable Osseous Fixation Pathway

Objectives To report the incidence of patients with a third sacral segment (S3) osseous fixation pathway (OFP) that could accommodate a transiliac-transsacral screw. Design Retrospective case series. Setting Regional Level 1 Trauma Center. Patients/participants A total of 250 patients without pelvic trauma from January 2017 to February 2017 were included. Intervention The axial and sagittal reconstruction images of each patient's computed abdomen and pelvis tomography (CT) scans were reviewed. Main outcome measurements Each CT was evaluated for the presence of sacral dysmorphism and whether an S3 OFP that could accommodate an intraosseous transiliac-transsacral screw exists. Results There were 130 of the 250 patients (52%) with sacral dysmorphism. Overall, 38 of the 250 patients (15.2%) had an S3 OFP that could accommodate a 7.0-mm transiliac-transsacral style screw. When narrowed to patients who had an S3 OFP, 38 of 153 patients (24.8%) could accommodate a 7.0-mm transiliac-transsacral screw. Specific to the 38 patients with an adequate S3 OFP, 34 of 38 patients (89.5%) were noted to have sacral dysmorphism. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that 15.2% of patients have an S3 OFP large enough to accommodate an intraosseous implant. Patients who have sacral dysmorphism are more likely to have an adequate S3 OFP. Additional studies are needed to quantify the S3 OFP, understand the bone quality of the S3 segment and accompanying biomechanical implications, and investigate the anatomical concerns associated with S3 screw placement. Level of evidence Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Changes in cerebellar functional connectivity and autonomic regulation in cancer patients treated with the Neuro Emotional Technique for traumatic stress symptoms

A growing number of research studies have implicated the cerebellum in emotional processing and regulation, especially with regard to negative emotional memories. However, there currently are no studies showing functional changes in the cerebellum as a result of treatment for traumatic stress symptoms. The Neuro Emotional Technique (NET) is an intervention designed to help improve symptoms related to traumatic stress using an integrative approach that combines emotional, cognitive, and motor processing, with a particular focus on autonomic nervous system regulation. In this study, we evaluated whether the NET intervention alters functional connectivity in the brain of patients with traumatic stress symptoms associated with a cancer-related event. We hypothesized that the NET intervention would reduce emotional and autonomic reactivity and that this would correlate with connectivity changes between the cerebellum and limbic structures as well as the brain stem. We enrolled patients with a prior cancer diagnosis who experienced distressing cancer-related memories associated with traumatic stress symptoms of at least 6 months in duration. Participants were randomized to either the NET intervention or a waitlist control. To evaluate the primary outcome of neurophysiological effects, all participants received resting-state functional blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) before and after the NET intervention. In addition, autonomic reactivity was measured using heart rate response to the traumatic stimulus. Pre/post comparisons were performed between the NET and control groups. The results demonstrated significant changes in the NET group, as compared to the control group, in the functional connectivity between the cerebellum (including the vermis) and the amygdala, parahippocampus, and brain stem. Likewise, participants receiving the NET intervention had significant reductions in autonomic reactivity based on heart rate response to the traumatic stimulus compared to the control group. This study is an initial step towards establishing a neurological signature of treatment effect for the NET intervention. Specifically, functional connectivity between the cerebellum and the amygdala and prefrontal cortex appear to be associated with a reduction in autonomic reactivity in response to distressing cancer-related memories. This study contributes to the understanding of possible mechanisms by which interventions like NET may help reduce emotional distress in cancer patients who suffer from traumatic stress symptoms.
Intracranial Erdheim-Chester Disease Mimicking Parafalcine Meningioma: Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature.

Background Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare, non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis that typically occurs in middle-aged patients. It is usually characterized by multifocal osteosclerotic lesions of the long-bones, however many cases have extraskeletal involvement. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is common, but isolated CNS involvement at presentation has rarely been reported. Case Description Here we report two cases of dural-based ECD mimicking meningioma on imaging with no other identified sites of disease. Conclusion ECD is a rare disease, with isolated CNS involvement reported only a few times in the literature. The significance of this presentation requires additional study and long-term follow up.
Atraumatic Dislocation of Constrained Total Scapular Endoprosthesis: A Report of Two Cases.

Case: Two patients undergoing constrained endoprosthetic reconstruction following scapulectomy for the treatment of neoplasm sustained atraumatic glenohumeral dissociation. To our knowledge, this complication had not been observed in association with anatomic-orientation constrained designs prior to 2014. Conclusion: Despite the improved stability associated with constrained total scapular endoprosthesis designs, every effort should be made to reconstruct the joint capsule and consideration should be given to augmentation with use of a synthetic sleeve. However, even when these measures are taken, dislocations of the constrained glenohumeral articulation may occur. Treatment of dislocations should be based on patient-specific factors, and nonoperative treatment may be appropriate. In the setting of dislocation associated with constrained liner wear, limited revision may be considered. Reassessment of periprosthetic tissue-balancing and potential augmentation should be considered.
The Development of a Frontier Model

Frontiers associated with European expansion are the most intensively studied examples of colonization. The grand scale on which European colonization occurred between the 15th and the 19th centuries marked a departure from earlier expansion and paralleled the economic revolution that propelled the nation states of Europe into positions of world dominance. Processes that accompanied this expansion reflected the role played by colonization in the capitalist economic milieu of this period. This chapter explains European overseas expansion to isolate those economic and ecological variables associated with capitalist frontier colonization. On the basis of comparative evidence, it should be possible to recognize general processes of change associated with the settlement of colonial regions and construct models of frontier change capable of describing and explaining the development of such areas.
Introduction: Natural Resource Management – Framing Governance Challenges

In 1969, six miles off the coast of Santa Barbara, a blow-out at an offshore oil-drilling platform spewed crude oil into the sea and onto shores. I joined volunteers to tend birds coated in oil. Some survived; thousands died. A few years earlier, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring described a natural world in peril from the chemical potions intended to stamp out malaria, improve crop yields, and, generally, serve mankind. Together – a book and an event – form the foundations of America’s modern environmental policy journey. During four decades, that journey has unfolded in fits and starts, with an accumulating toolkit and an evolving narrative. That narrative began as a series of wake up calls. It developed into a basket of statutes – the National Environmental Policy Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Endangered Species Act, and others. It matured – and debates unfolded.
Research on Miocene Hominoids and Hominid Origins

This brief commentary begins with my graduate work with Elwyn Simons which culminated in the 1965 “Preliminary Revision of the Dryopithecinae,” then about the most comprehensive review of the paleontological record of the great apes (Simons and Pilbeam, 1965). It reflected a time when that fossil record was dominated by teeth and fragmentary jaws, one decent skull, and a handful of postcranial remains. Much has changed since then, both in the record itself and in how it is interpreted, and what follows are reflections on where we are, how we got here, and where we might go next.
Introduction: Rethinking Campus Life

The Introduction, written by the editors, identifies the key areas of new research that the chapters in the book explore. It emphasizes the importance of considering campus life from a broad perspective that includes diverse groups of students and an array of institutions beyond the prestigious northern institutions that historians have traditionally emphasized. It considers briefly how the subsequent chapters add richness to our understanding of campus life among diverse groups of students at multiple and different types of institutions.
Thomas Berry: A New Cosmology and Practical Spirituality

Thomas Berry was an original and prophetic voice for the Earth community. As a gifted speaker, an inspiring writer, and a beloved teacher, he reshaped our thinking about human-Earth relations. Drawing on his broad knowledge of the world religions and his deep feeling for the journey of the universe, he identified “story” as a means of guiding humans into the future. This chapter presents the vision of his new cosmology and its implications for practical spirituality.
Machine learning and structural analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pan-genome identifies genetic signatures of antibiotic resistance

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a serious human pathogen threat exhibiting complex evolution of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Accordingly, the many publicly available datasets describing its AMR characteristics demand disparate data-type analyses. Here, we develop a reference strain-agnostic computational platform that uses machine learning approaches, complemented by both genetic interaction analysis and 3D structural mutation-mapping, to identify signatures of AMR evolution to 13 antibiotics. This platform is applied to 1595 sequenced strains to yield four key results. First, a pan-genome analysis shows that M. tuberculosis is highly conserved with sequenced variation concentrated in PE/PPE/PGRS genes. Second, the platform corroborates 33 genes known to confer resistance and identifies 24 new genetic signatures of AMR. Third, 97 epistatic interactions across 10 resistance classes are revealed. Fourth, detailed structural analysis of these genes yields mechanistic bases for their selection. The platform can be used to study other human pathogens.
Electrostatic Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Human ACE2 Protein Variations Predict Mutable Binding Efficacy

SARS-CoV-2 is a novel pneumonia virus that emerged from bats to crossover into humans in late 2019. As the global pandemic ensues, scientist are working to evaluate the virus and develop a vaccine to counteract the deadly disease that has impacted lives across the entire globe. We present an electrostatic analysis at the structural level that predicts different variations of SARS-CoV-2 in complex with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) variants impact forces involved with interactions between the proteins. Two of six SARS-CoV-2 variations having greater electric forces at pH levels consistent with nasal secretions and significant variations in force across all five variants of ACE2. While five out of six SARS-CoV-2 variations have relatively consistent forces at pH levels associated with normal lung function, and one SARS-CoV-2 variant that has low potential across a wide range of pH. These predictions indicate that variants of SARS-CoV-2 and human ACE2 in certain combinations could potentially play a role in increased binding efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 in vivo.
Characterization of the nonheme iron center of cysteamine dioxygenase and its interaction with substrates

Cysteamine dioxygenase (ADO) has been reported to exhibit two distinct biological functions with a nonheme iron center. It catalyzes oxidation of both cysteamine in sulfur metabolism and N-terminal cysteine-containing proteins or peptides, such as regulator of G protein signaling 5 (RGS5). It thereby preserves oxygen homeostasis in a variety of physiological processes. However, little is known about its catalytic center and how it interacts with these two types of primary substrates in addition to O2. Here, using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), Mossbauer, and UV-visible spectroscopies, we explored the binding mode of cysteamine and RGS5 to human and mouse ADO proteins in their physiologically relevant ferrous form. This characterization revealed that in the presence of nitric oxide as a spin probe and oxygen surrogate, both the small molecule and the peptide substrates coordinate the iron center with their free thiols in a monodentate binding mode, in sharp contrast to binding behaviors observed in other thiol dioxygenases. We observed a substrate-bound B-type dinitrosyl iron center complex in ADO, suggesting the possibility of dioxygen binding to the iron ion in a side-on mode. Moreover, we observed substrate-mediated reduction of the iron center from ferric to the ferrous oxidation state. Subsequent MS analysis indicated corresponding disulfide formation of the substrates, suggesting that the presence of the substrate could reactivate ADO to defend against oxidative stress. The findings of this work contribute to the understanding of the substrate interaction in ADO and fill a gap in our knowledge of the substrate specificity of thiol dioxygenases.
Patient satisfaction survey experience among American otolaryngologists.

Abstract Background Patient Satisfaction (PS) is a commonly used metric in health care settings to assess the quality of care given by physicians. Monitoring physicians in this way may impact physician quality of life. Studies evaluating this impact are not available. This study sought to examine the physician experience of measuring PS among practicing otolaryngologists. Methods Using an online survey platform, a 34-item survey was given to practicing otolaryngologists through email distribution. The survey included questions about physician, practice and patient demographics, as well as inquiries regarding the way in which PS was measured and how it affected physician work and personal life. Data from these questions were reviewed and analyzed. Results 174 otolaryngologists responded to the survey. A majority of physicians' (55.3%) PS scores had been tracked with 89.9% reporting being tracked for a length of at least 1 year. PS scores for individual physicians were noted to be inconsistent and vary significantly between reports. Measuring patient satisfaction led to increased occupational stress, yet most physicians (63.8%) felt the monitoring did not lead to improvements in their practice. Some physicians (36.2%) reported that the collection of patient satisfaction scores had negatively influenced the way they practiced medicine, including the pressure to order superfluous tests or to prescribe unnecessary medications. Conclusion Overall, physicians are negatively affected by the tracking of patient satisfaction scores. Occupational stress caused by the collection of patient satisfaction scores may contribute to physician burnout.
Study of Synch-Rel Machine for HEV/EV Traction Using Super Inductive Electric Steel

This paper presents a new Synch-Rel machine designed with a super-inductive electric steel, and compare with the baseline IPM machine for HEV/EV traction application. The comparisons cover the torque-speed capability, machine size, rotor stress, torque ripple and machine efficiency. The impact of the BH property of electric steel on the Synch-Rel machine performance is also presented.
A Novel Controlled PTEN-Knockout Mouse Model for Prostate Cancer Study.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is associated with advanced age, but how age contributes to prostate carcinogenesis remains unknown. The prostate-specific Pten conditional knockout mouse model closely imitates human PCa initiation and progression. To better understand how age impacts PCa in an experimental model, we have generated a spatially and temporally controlled Pten-null PCa murine model at different ages (aged vs. non-aged) of adult mice. Here, we present a protocol to inject the Cre-expressing adenovirus with luciferin tag, intraductally, into the prostate anterior lobes of Pten-floxed mice; Pten-loss will be triggered post-Cre expression at different ages. In vivo imaging of luciferin signal following viral infection confirmed successful delivery of the virus and Cre activity. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed prostate epithelial-specific expression of Cre recombinase and the loss of Pten and activation of P-Akt, P-S6, and P-4E-BP1. The Cre-expression, Pten ablation, and activated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways were limited to the prostate epithelium. All mice developed prostate epithelium hyperplasia within 4 weeks after Pten ablation and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) within 8 weeks post-Pten ablation. Some PINs had progressed to invasive adenocarcinoma at 8 to 16 weeks post-Pten ablation. Aged mice exhibited significantly accelerated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and increased PCa on-set and progression compared to young mice. The viral infection success rate is ~80%. This model will be beneficial for investigations of cancer-related to aging.
A Sequential Importance Sampling Algorithm for Counting Linear Extensions

In recent decades, a number of profound theorems concerning approximation of hard counting problems have appeared. These include estimation of the permanent, estimating the volume of a convex polyhedron, and counting (approximately) the number of linear extensions of a partially ordered set. All of these results have been achieved using probabilistic sampling methods, specifically Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) techniques. In each case, a rapidly mixing Markov chain is defined that is guaranteed to produce, with high probability, an accurate result after only a polynomial number of operations. Although of polynomial complexity, none of these results lead to a practical computational technique, nor do they claim to. The polynomials are of high degree and a non-trivial amount of computing is required to get even a single sample. Our aim in this article is to present practical Monte Carlo methods for one of these problems, counting linear extensions. Like related work on estimating the coefficients of the reliability polynomial, our technique is based on improving the so-called Knuth counting algorithm by incorporating an importance function into the node selection technique giving a sequential importance sampling (SIS) method. We define and report performance on two importance functions.
A Paradigm for Modern Functional Eclecticism

Theories are used to explain well-defined sets of observations and experimental results and to organize subtheories. The field of psychotherapy and counseling is too underdeveloped for comprehensive theory building. The so-called big theories in the field are not really used as theories in the same way that the fields of physics, chemistry, and biology develop and use theories. Therapy theories (such as psychoanalytic theory and cognitive behaviorism) are more accurately described as orientations or paradigms rather than explanatory theories. The function of an orientation is to define what questions, phenomena, methods are important (and indirectly to define what can be ignored.) But the statement “this is important, this needs to be observed and explained” is not the same as a complete theoretical explanation. Freud’s theory of repression, for example, is not a theory; it is a statement saying “something called repression exists and is important for clinical work, here are some ways to observe its manifestations and some partial explanations.” Scholars have shown that Freud actually offers half a dozen or more different definitions and explanations of repression (Mackinnon & Dukes, 1964; Madison, 1961). Psychoanalysis stands out from other therapeutic orientations not because it offers a satisfactory theoretical explanation of repression but because analysts say such an explanation is necessary. A paradigm or orientation is like a choice of directions to explore, some explorers want to go west, some southwest, some north, and so on. Actual theories are the master maps of numerous explorations in which the similarities and differences between repeated observations of the same terrain are reconciled.
Accelerated Fat Bloom in Chocolate Model Systems: Solid Fat Content and Temperature Fluctuation Frequency

Chocolate model systems were designed with high-melting fat (cocoa butter stearin, CB-S) mixed with low-melting fats (sunflower oil, canola oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil) to give 45, 55, and 65 % solid fat content (SFC). Defatted cocoa powder provided a 50 % particulate level in the model chocolates. The effects of SFC, low-melting fat type and storage temperature fluctuation frequency on bloom whiteness were investigated. Both SFC and storage condition had significant influences on bloom whiteness (p < 0.0001), although the type of low-melting fat did not (p = 0.1223). Increasing the SFC significantly reduced bloom formation, as did more rapid temperature fluctuations.
Effect of d-Alanylation of (Lipo)Teichoic Acids of Staphylococcus aureus on Host Secretory Phospholipase A2 Action before and after Phagocytosis by Human Neutrophils

Invading bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus induce mobilization of professional phagocytes (e.g., neutrophils) and extracellular antibacterial proteins (e.g., group IIA phospholipase A2 (gIIA PLA2)). Accumulation of gIIA PLA2 in inflammatory fluids confers potent extracellular antistaphylococcal activity and at lower concentrations promotes bacterial phospholipid degradation during phagocytosis of S. aureus by human neutrophils. D-alanylation of (lipo) teichoic acids of S. aureus increases bacterial resistance to gIIA PLA2 approximately 100-fold, raising the possibility that the resistance of ingested S. aureus to related gV and gX secretory PLA2 present in human neutrophil granules depends on D-alanylation mediated by the dlt operon. However, we show that isogenic wild-type and dltA S. aureus are equally resistant to gV/X PLA2 during phagocytosis and when exposed to the purified enzymes. The fates of wild-type and dltA S. aureus exposed to serum and human neutrophils differed significantly only when extracellular gIIA PLA2 was also present before phagocytosis. The extreme potency of the gIIA PLA2 toward dltA S. aureus suggests that even small amounts of this extracellular enzyme mobilized early in inflammation could contribute substantially to the overall cytotoxicity of acute inflammatory exudates toward S. aureus when D-alanylation of (lipo)teichoic acids is limiting.
Capture in resonance: Opening a homoclinic orbit through slowly varying coefficients

Capture in sustained resonance is proved to occur for a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations with slowly varying coefficients which model a rolling and pitching reentry vehicle. Capture is proved to occur by showing that the homoclinic orbit opens up for the small parameter ɛ>0. The size of the opening is measured using the Melnikov integral. Since this integral has usually been applied to time periodic perturbations, it is derived for systems with slowly varying coefficients.
Dismantling Knowledge Boundaries at NASA: From Problem Solvers to Solution Seekers

Innovation scholars have long been modeling and arguing about the optimal way to organize for the production of scientific and technological innovation. Until recently, the prevailing consensus among various streams of theoretical and empirical literature has been that innovation does and should take place within the boundaries of the firm. However, recently a new model, usually named “open” or “peer production” innovation, is challenging the permeability itself of these boundaries. According to this model, knowledge work should transcend the traditional professional and knowledge boundaries, and instead be conducted in the “open”, by anyone who chooses to contribute. This study is a longitudinal in depth field study of how R&D professionals permeate their boundaries. In an open innovation experiment at NASA, R&D professionals experimented with posting their strategic R&D challenges on open innovation online platforms and communities. This experiment resulted in an important scientific breakthrough in unprecedented speed. However, challenging the permeability of professionals’ knowledge boundaries, posed a challenge on their professional identity. This paper describes the reactions of these professionals and finds that professional identity refocusing work- the ability to change, reconstruct and re-narrate one’s professional identity-is critical for permeating professional’s knowledge boundaries and shifting the locus of innovation. I discuss the contributions and implications of these findings on organizing for scientific and technological innovation, knowledge boundaries and professional identity.
What Moves Retail Property Returns at the Metropolitan Level

In this article the determinants of metropolitan-level appraisal-based retail property returns are examined by estimating a six-equation model of retail construction starts, retail sales, stock-market returns, commercial mortgage rates, inflation, and the logarithm of stock-market volatility. Residuals from these equations are then used to explain actual movements in retail real estate returns. Our empirical procedure looks at both unadjusted and unsmoothed appraisal-based retail real estate returns. The general finding is that unsmoothed appraisal-based retail real estate returns lag significantly behind market conditions. Furthermore, the results suggest that very little of the variation in metropolitan-level appraisal-based retail real estate returns can be explained by macroeconomic news events.
The Economist as Therapist: Methodological Ramifications of 'Light' Paternalism

We review methodological issues that arise in designing, implementing and evaluating the efficacy of 'light' paternalistic policies. In contrast to traditional 'heavy-handed' approaches to paternalism, light paternalistic policies aim to enhance individual choice without restricting it. Although light paternalism is a 'growth industry' in economics, a number of methodological issues that it raises have not been adequately addressed. The first issue is how a particular pattern of behavior should be judged as a mistake, and, relatedly, how the success of paternalistic policies designed to rectify such mistakes should be evaluated - i.e., the welfare criterion that should be used to judge light paternalistic policies. Second, paternalism, and especially light paternalism, introduces new motives for attempting to understand the psychological processes underlying economic behavior. An enhanced understanding of process can help to explain why people make mistakes in the first place, and, more importantly, provide insights into what types of policies are likely to be effective in correcting the mistakes. Third, there is an acute need for testing different possible policies before implementing them on a large scale, which we argue is best done in the field rather than the lab. Fourth, in addition to methodological issues, there are pragmatic issues concerning who will implement light paternalistic policies, especially when they involve positive expenditures. We discuss how economic interests can be rechanneled to support endeavors consistent with light paternalism.
Otolithic information is required for homing in the mouse

Navigation and the underlying brain signals are influenced by various allothetic and idiothetic cues, depending on environmental conditions and task demands. Visual landmarks typically control navigation in familiar environments but, in the absence of landmarks, self-movement cues are able to guide navigation relatively accurately. These self-movement cues include signals from the vestibular system, and may originate in the semicircular canals or otolith organs. Here, we tested the otolithic contribution to navigation on a food-hoarding task in darkness and in light. The dark test prevented the use of visual cues and thus favored the use of self-movement information, whereas the light test allowed the use of both visual and non-visual cues. In darkness, tilted mice made shorter-duration stops during the outward journey, and made more circuitous homeward journeys than control mice; heading error, trip duration, and peak error were greater for tilted mice than for controls. In light, tilted mice also showed more circuitous homeward trips, but appeared to correct for errors during the journey; heading error, trip duration, and peak error were similar between groups. These results suggest that signals from the otolith organs are necessary for accurate homing performance in mice, with the greatest contribution in non-visual environments.
Constrained Entrepreneurship: An Interdisciplinary Extension of Bounded Rationality

The intention of this paper is to extend critiques of rationality that have been developed across a range of disciplines and within a number of strands of feminism. Initially providing a brief revi...
Forwarding Strategies for Uplink Gaussian Multi-source Multi-relay Network

In this paper, we introduce the multi-source multi- relay channel model. In this model, the transmit signals of all users are received at multiple distinct relays. Each of these transmit signals can be either decoded or amplified at any one or a combination of the relays and then forward to the destination. For both decode-and-forward and amplify-and-forward strategies applied at the relays, we provide schemes to compute their achievable regions respectively. The achievable regions for both strategies are then compared by numerical simulations in both symmetric and asymmetric channel scenarios. Our numerical results show that when the power constraints of the relays are small, we can achieve larger rates by using decode-and-forward. Further, decode-and-forward is strictly optimal for the maximal sum rate since it can achieve the capacity outer bound. When the power constraints of the relays are large, amplify-and-forward outperforms decode-and-forward in general. For decode-and- forward, the optimal rates are achieved by forwarding the signals using the maximal power available at the relays. However, for amplify-and-forward, the power should be carefully adjusted to maximize the achievable rates.
Manganese laser using manganese chloride as lasant

A manganese vapor laser utilizing manganese chloride as a lasant has been observed and investigated. Lasing is attained by means of two consecutive electrical discharges. The maximum laser output is obtained at a vapor pressure of about 3 Torr, a temperature of 680°C, and a time delay between electrical discharges of 150 μsec. The maximum energy density is 1.3 μJ cm−3.
De‐Homogenizing American Individualism: Socializing Hard and Soft Individualism in Manhattan and Queens

Theories of the Western self are often based on a generic individualism based on the American upper-middle-class, and attempts to find sociocentric elements within our midst often constitute the stereotyping of the working class as conformist and women as relational. In speaking about their childrens' self, parents from different social classes in Manhattan and Queens use different images and metaphors. These descriptions are explored here, and it is suggested that three different styles of individualism exist alongside sociocentric socialization practices: hard offensive, hard defensive, and soft offensive. However, the way parents in each community move from one (individualistic) socialization practice to the other (sociocentric) differs greatly.
FDG-PET scans in patients with lymphoma.

Lymphoma comprises a complex set of diseases, including Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin subtypes. An expected goal of management is chronic disease control over decades in most patients with indolent subtypes, and cure is a realistic target for aggressive histologies, including Hodgkin lymphoma. Making methods available to better assess prognosis and to more specifically tailor therapy toward individual subtypes is a priority. Positron emission tomography using the tracer 18fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG-PET) has become a valuable tool in the care of patients with lymphoma; it contributes information on staging and response assessment that has the potential to affect and improve patient care. This imaging modality is also being explored as an early response assessor, potentially allowing early prediction of an individual’s response to a specific therapy. This information ultimately may lead to modifications of treatment to improve efficacy or reduce toxicity. Although FDG-PET offers valuable information, it is important to recognize its limitations as well as areas that require further exploration in order to optimally integrate its use into the clinical management of lymphoma patients.
Fornical lesions and aversively-motivated behavior in the rat

Abstract Rats with fornical, septal, and combined septal and fornical damage were compared with control rats on the acquisition of a one-way avoidance response, the forced extinction of that response, the acquisition of a shock-motivated position habit and the reversal of that habit. The rats with septal lesions were deficient in one-way avoidance acquisition, position-habit acquisition, and position-habit reversal. The rats with fornical or combined septal and fornical lesions were deficient in reversing the position habit. Their performance on the other tasks was not statistically different from that of the septal or control animals.
Testing a distributed snowpack simulation model against spatial observations

Summary A snowpack simulation model was developed for high-resolution spatial prediction of wildlife habitat over large areas (100–1000 km 2 ). The model simulates a single layer water and energy balance, based on the Utah Energy Balance (UEB) model. It is driven by daily precipitation and temperature data, and 28.5-m maps of mean annual precipitation, terrain, vegetation, and geothermal heat flux. Parameters were calibrated against daily snow water equivalent (SWE) data at SNOTEL sites. The model was tested against spatial SWE data collected throughout the landscape, as well as snowpack temperature data, and photographic data. Spatial SWE data were supplied as a set of 40 high-accuracy means for different landscape strata, based on 1058 snow cores. At the time of peak snowpack accumulation in 2002, differences between modeled and measured SWE at the pixel scale were apportioned into three potential components: field sampling error (∼22%), parameter mapping error (∼27%), and actual model functional error (∼51%). Since the present study controlled for sampling and mapping error, clear priorities could be identified for reducing model functional error, including improvement of sub-models for snow interception, and snowpack thermal dynamics. The utility and detectability of improvements along these lines is contingent on controlling and quantifying both sampling and mapping error. The model strikes a unique balance between physical detail and spatial resolution and extent that is well suited for use in wildlife studies.
Electrooptic Devices For Millimeter Waves Using Cooled Ferroelectrics

The complex dielectric constants of two ferroelectric crystals SBU and BSKNN have been determlned for millimeter waves betweeen 55 and 110 GHz as a function of temperature. These measurements used Fabry-Perot fringes produced by crystal surface reflections. Absorption was found to decrease markedly upon cooling for incident waves polarized along the crystal polar axis. Since exploitation of the large millimeter wave electooptic coefficients in these crystals is limited at room temperature by absorption losses, these results indicate that cooled crystals can he used for efficient low-loss electrooptic devices.© (1985) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Juvenile delinquency and justice in contemporary China: a critical review of the literature over 15 years

The study reviews research on juvenile delinquency and justice in China since 1990. The review covers three issues that have been studied in the publications: (1) the nature and scope of China’s juvenile delinquency; (2) individual, group, and institutional factors and their roles in delinquency involvement; and (3) the development of China’s juvenile justice. Because Hong Kong is a special region of China and has a different social, political, and legal system, the study reviews the publications on Hong Kong’s juvenile delinquency and justice in a separate section. It summarizes the findings derived from the review, analyzes and discusses the limitations of the reviewed studies, and provides prospects for future research in the area.
Studies on a HCO3−-stimulated ATPase and carbonic anhydrase system in rat liver lysosomes

Abstract Lysosome-rich fractions were prepared by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation of liver homogenates from rats pretreated with Triton-WR-1339. The lysosome-rich fraction contained 48% of the crude homogenate hexosaminidase applied to the centrifuge tube and its specific activity was 10-fold greater than the original homogenate. A Mg 2+ -requiring ATPase that was stimulated by 20 m m HCO 3 − was associated with the lysosomal-enriched fraction. Its specific activity was 50–65% of that compared with the mitochondrial-rich fractions. The properties of the HCO 3 − -stimulated ATPase from rat liver lysosomes were similar to those previously reported from gastric mucosa, submaxillary gland, and pancreas with respect to substrate specificity, anion stimulators, and inhibitors. Double-reciprocal plots were nonlinear with respect to ATP ( n H = 2.23) and HCO 3 − ( n H = 1.84), and the corresponding K m values were estimated to be 0.33 and 7.25 m m . Carbonic anhydrase activity was also found associated with the lysosomes at activities comparable to those of the mitochondrial-rich fractions. The lysosomal carbonic anhydrase was inhibited 33% by 100–200 μ m acetazolamide, whereas that in mitochondrial fractions was inhibited by 68–71% by 100-μ m levels of the drug. The ATPase and carbonic anhydrase system of rat liver lysosomes represents a possible mechanism for the maintenance of intralysosomal proton gradients.
The membrane morphology of the neuromuscular junction, sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubule system in murine muscular dystrophy studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy.

Abstract ‘Dystrophic’ mice of the 129/ReJ-dy strain have a genetic defect in Schwann cell proliferation and neuromuscular junction formation. The presynaptic membrane specialization associated with vesicle fusion and acetylcholine release, as well as the postsynaptic membrane specializations associated with acetylcholine receptivity, appear normal in these animals when visualized with freeze-fracture techniques. However, there is a reduction in the infolding of the postsynaptic membrane, which forms the secondary synaptic cleft at the motor endplate and is the site of acetylcholinesterase activity. The orthogonal arrays of the non-junctional sarcolemma are found on dystrophic muscles, but at lower than normal densities. These observations are made on muscle fibers in which the membrane molecular organization of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubule systems appear normal. Several possible linkages between the deficit in myelination and the altered synaptic morphology are discussed in the context of neuromuscular interaction.
A clustering algorithm for intrusion detection

In this paper, we introduce a new clustering algorithm, FCC, for intrusion detection based on the concept of fuzzy connectedness. This concept was introduced by Rosenfeld in 1979 and used with success in image segmentation; here we extend this approach to clustering and demonstrate its effectiveness in intrusion detection. Starting with a single or a few seed points in each cluster, all the data points are dynamically assigned to the cluster that has the highest fuzzy connectedness value (strongest connection). With an efficient heuristic algorithm, the time complexity of the clustering process is O(NlogN), where N is the number of data points. The value of fuzzy connectedness is calculated using both the Euclidean distance and the statistical properties of clusters. This unsupervised learning method allows the discovery of clusters of any shape. Application of the method in intrusion detection demonstrates that it can detect not only known intrusion types, but also their variants. Experimental results on the KDD-99 intrusion detection data set show the efficiency and accuracy of this method. A detection rate above 94% and a false alarm rate below 4% are achieved, outperforming major competitors by at least 5%.
Simulated Annealing Type Algorithms for Multivariate Optimization

We study the convergence of a class of discrete-time continuous-state simulated annealing type algorithms for multivariate optimization. The general algorithm that we consider is of the formX k +1 =X k −a k (▽U(X k ) + ξk) +b k W k . HereU(·) is a smooth function on a compact subset of ℝ d , {ξk} is a sequence of ℝ d -valued random variables, {W k } is a sequence of independent standardd-dimensional Gaussian random variables, and {a k }, {b k } are sequences of positive numbers which tend to zero. These algorithms arise by adding decreasing white Gaussian noise to gradient descent, random search, and stochastic approximation algorithms. We show under suitable conditions onU(·), {ξ k }, {a k }, and {b k } thatX k converges in probability to the set of global minima ofU(·). A careful treatment of howX k is restricted to a compact set and its effect on convergence is given.
Anticipatory Grief Reactions in Family Members of Adult Patients

This study investigated the phenomenon of anticipatory grief in family members of adult cancer patients in an acute care setting. Forty-one family members who were coping with all stages of illness...