cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective Gas Sensing With $h$ -BN Capped MoS 2 Heterostructure Thin-Film Transistors

Owing to their ultimate surface-to-volume ratio two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals materials are candidates for flexible gas sensor applications. However, all demonstrated devices had relied on direct exposure of the active 2D channel to gases, which presents problems for their reliability and stability. We demonstrated, for the first time, selective gas sensing with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin films transistors capped with a thin layer of hexagonal boron nitride ( $h$ -BN). The resistance change, $\Delta R/R$ , was used as a sensing parameter to detect chemical vapors. It was found that $h$ -BN dielectric passivation layer does not prevent gas detection via changes in the current in the MoS2 channel. The detection without direct contacting the channel with analyte molecules was achieved with $\Delta R/R$ ratio as high as $10^{\mathrm { {3}}}$ . In addition, we show that the use of $h$ -BN cap layers (thickness $H \sim 10$ nm) improves sensor stability and prevents degradation due to environmental and chemical exposure.
Disambiguating Geographic Names in a Historical Digital Library

Geographic interfaces provide natural, scalable visualizationss for many digital library collections, but the wide range of data in digital libraries presents some particular problems for identifying and disambiguating place names. We describe the toponym-disambiguation system in the Perseus digital library and evaluate its performance. Name categorization varies significantly among different types of documents, but toponym disambiguation performs at a high level of precision and recall with a gazetteer an order of magnitude larger than most other applications.
Teaming and Teaching in ECE: Neoliberal Reforms, Teacher Metaphors, and Identity in Head Start

Noting that surprisingly little researcher attention has been directed toward teaming in early childhood education (ECE), the author conducted parallel case studies of two Head Start teacher teams in a single center. Drawing on interviews, extensive observational notes taken over the course of a school year, and teacher-generated metaphors, the cases are explored in relationship to a range of issues associated with teaming. Situated in self-determination theory and the three-component model of commitment, the cases are used to draw conclusions useful for rethinking approaches to teaming in ECE.
Giving a “Local Habitation” to “Airy Nothing”: Review of the Global Shakespeares Video and Performance Archive

Toward the end of A Midsummer Night's Dream, Theseus, commenting on the lovers' strange tales, describes how a poet's pen can give to “airy nothing” of “forms of things unknown” a “local habitation and a name”, comments that apply well to archival practice in general, and especially to digital archives of ephemeral performances. This article considers just such a project, the open-access Global Shakespeares Video and Performance Archive created by Peter S. Donaldson and Alexander C.Y. Huang, and pays particular attention to how the site deftly situates performances in both global and local contexts.
Le lipome à cellules fusiformes pseudoangiomateux : à propos de six cas

Resume But Le lipome a cellules fusiformes pseudoangiomateux (LCFPA) est une variante rare du lipome a cellules fusiformes. Neuf cas ont ete decrits dans la litterature. Dans cette etude retrospective, nous rapportons six cas de cette variante colliges du 01/01/1987 au 31/12/2009 dans le departement de pathologie de l’institut de Bergonie. Patients et methodes Nous exposons les donnees cliniques et histologiques des differents cas. Une etude histologique standard a ete realisee, suivie d’une etude immunohistochimique (marqueurs etudies : actine muscle lisse [AML], desmine, antigene epithelial de membrane [EMA], proteine S 100, CD34, CD31, MDM2, CDK4). Resultats Tous les patients etaient de sexe masculin (6/6) avec un âge moyen de 52 ans. La taille moyenne etait de 3 cm. Quatre localisations etaient atypiques : index, coude, menton et joue. Discussion Les LCFPA representaient 1,25 % de l’ensemble des lipomes a cellules fusiformes observes sur la meme periode dans le laboratoire. Nous avons observe des aspects histologiques et immunohistochimiques comparables a ceux de la litterature. Conclusion Son diagnostic est aise une fois qu’on y pense, d’autant plus que le marquage intense et diffus des cellules fusiformes par l’anticorps anti-CD34 est tres suggestif du diagnostic.
Obesity and the likelihood of sexual behavioral risk factors for HPV and cervical cancer.

Obesity is associated with higher cervical cancer mortality, but its relationship with sexual behavioral risk factors that predispose women to human papilloma virus (HPV) and cervical cancer is unclear. We used data from 3,329 women participants, aged 20–59 years, of the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, to analyze the relationship between BMI and age at first intercourse, number of sexual partners, condom use during sexual activity, history of sexually transmitted disease (STD), herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) seropositivity, and HPV prevalence. BMI was not associated with the prevalence of HPV. Mildly obese women (BMI 30.0–34.9 kg/m2) were least likely to report a STD history (9% vs. 13% in normal weight) and ≥2 sexual partners in the previous year (8% vs. 13%) while overweight women (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2) were least likely to report ≥10 lifetime partners; among those with multiple partners, BMI was not associated with sexual activity without condoms in the past month. After adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, and education, women with higher BMI were less likely to report sexual behavioral risk factors than normal-weight women; however, odds ratios were only significant for mildly obese women for reporting a STD history (0.74, 95% confidence interval 0.55–0.99) and having ≥2 sexual partners in the last year (0.57, 0.39–0.85). Higher BMI was not associated with HSV-2 seropositivity after adjustment. HPV and sexual behavioral risk factors for HPV and cervical cancer are not more prevalent in obese than normal-weight women and unlikely to account for higher-observed cervical cancer mortality in obese women.
Über die mechanischen Eigenschatten der Muskeln

Uber die viskosen Eigenschaften des ruhenden Skelettmuskels ist bisher nichts bekannt. Die Untersuchung der Energetik glatter und quergestreifter Muskeln hat eine so grose prinzipielle Ubereinstimmung ergeben, das es als unwahrscheinlich gelten mus, das in einer wichtigen Eigenschaft ein wesentlicher Unterschied bestehen soll. Man kann aber ohne Schwierigkeit die bestehenden Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Typen von Muskeln als solche quantitativer Natur betrachten. Man mus dann allerdings die Elastizitat der Skelettmuskeln als eine Eigenschaft betrachten, die nichts mit dem kontraktilen Apparat zu tun hat. Das ist berechtigt, denn sie ist bei verschiedenen Muskeln desselben Tieres sehr verschieden und beruht vermutlich auf der Anwesenheit von Bindegewebe, Sehnen und sonstigen Stutzstrukturen. Man darf erwarten, das die Viskositat des ruhenden Muskels bei Muskeln verschiedener Funktion sehr verschieden ist. Bei Muskeln, die so schnell sind wie die Froschskelettmuskeln, durfte sie sehr klein sein. Bei Dehnungsversuchen, wie sie fur die Tonusmuskeln angewandt wurden, wird daher der schnell vorubergehende Spannungszuwachs durch die Viskositat der kontraktilen Elemente klein sein gegenuber dem Effekt der Sarkoplasmaviskositat. Es durfte daher schwierig sein, bei diesem Typus von Muskeln streng entsprechende Versuche anzustellen. Die Ansicht, die hier vertreten wird, hat den Vorteil, das sie eine einheitliche Betrachtungsweise der verschiedenen Muskeltypen zulast, und durfte zum mindesten als Arbeitshypothese berechtigt sein.
Evidence in support of a virus etiology for bovine leukemia.

Virus-like particles resembling the C-type particles of murine leukemia were detected in tissue biopsies and more frequently in thin sections of pellets following density gradient centrifugation of milk from leukemic cows and cows in a high incidence leukemic herd. These particles had a buoyant density in potassium citrate and sucrose gradients of 1.15 to 1.16 Gm/cc. Fractions in which the particles were found contained both DNA and RNA, with RNA in higher concentration. Virus interference assays on tissue cultures derived from leukemic and leukemia-free cattle yielded equivocal results. Bone marrow cultures were uniformly resistant to challenge with vesicular stomatitis virus. Interferon was identified in the supernatant fluid of two resistant cultures. Immunofluorescence studies with anti-Rauscher virus globulin and a globulin from a leukemic calf suggested possible antigenic similarity when the fluorescent globulins were used to stain tissue cultures derived from leukemic cattle.
Incidence and Predictors of Rehospitalization of Acute Heart Failure Patients

Repeated hospitalization due to acute decompensated heart failure (HF) is a pandemic health problem in Japan. However, it is difficult to predict rehospitalization after discharge for acute decompensated HF. We used a single hospital-based cohort from the Shinken Database 2004-2012, comprising all new patients (n = 19,994) who visited the Cardiovascular Institute Hospital. A total of 282 patients discharged after their first acute HF admission were included in the analysis. The median follow-up period was 908 ± 865 days. Of these patients, rehospitalization due to worsening HF occurred in 55 patients. The cumulative rate of rehospitalization was 17.5% at 1 year, 21.4% at 2 years, and 25.5% at 3 years. Patients with rehospitalization were older than those without rehospitalization. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) was more common in patients with rehospitalization. Average heart rate (HR) tended to be higher in patients with rehospitalization. Loop diuretics were more commonly used at hospital discharge in patients with rehospitalization. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that age ≥ 75 years, DM, HR ≥ 75 bpm at discharge, and use of loop diuretics at discharge were independent predictors for rehospitalization. The number of these independent risk factors could be used to clearly discriminate between the HF rehospitalization low-, middle- and high-risk patients. HF rehospitalization commonly occurred in patients who were discharged after their first acute HF admission. Older age, DM, increased HR, and loop diuretics use at discharge were independently associated with HF rehospitalization. By simply counting these risk factors, we might be able to predict the risk of HF rehospitalization after discharge.
Reel-to-Reel Selective Electroplating of Cu Stabilizer for Multifilamentary Coated Conductors

A continuous, reel-to-reel DC electroplating process has been developed to produce high-quality Cu stabilizer for multifilamentary coated conductors. Due to the large resistivity difference between the silver-coated superconducting filaments and the insulating oxidized grooves between the filaments, selective electroplating was achieved on laser-striated multifilamentary tapes. Every superconducting filament in the tape was homogeneously copper-coated without continuous deposition of copper on the insulating grooves. The multifilamentary tapes are then fully stabilized without significant reduction in critical current and the benefit from filamentization on AC loss is maintained. The high flexibility of electroplating enabled us to produce multifilamentary coated conductors with copper stabilizer thickness from 5 to 30 μm. A 10-m tape was fabricated to demonstrate the scalability of fully-stabilized, low-loss multifilamentary coated conductors. The stabilized 12-filamentary CC tape is able to achieve four-fold AC loss reduction with minimal reduction in its critical current.
Evaluating three stylised interventions

Along with the other panellists in a session of this conference, the author was asked to discuss evaluation designs for three stylised interventions: conditional cash transfers, a transport sector programme, and an anti-corruption commission. This paper records his responses, and elaborates a little on some points, including references to the literature. He begins with some general suggestions on the issues to think about at the outset of any evaluation. He then tries to illustrate these points with reference to the three stylised interventions.
Conformational changes and calcium binding by calretinin and its recombinant fragments containing different sets of EF hand motifs

Four recombinant fragments, representing different sets of EF-hand motifs of rat calretinin (CR) (I-II, I-III, III-VI, IV-VI), were prepared, and their Ca2+ -induced conformational changes were compared with those of full-length recombinant CR. All fragments were able to bind calcium ions as shown by 45Ca2+ overlay method on nitrocellulose and fluorescence measurements. The intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence intensity (FI) of apo-CR reversibly increased about 3-fold upon addition of calcium, indicating a change of conformation. The FI of fragments I-II (Trp 25) and I-III (Trp 25 and 116) increased about 1.4-fold on calcium binding, but that of fragment III-VI (Trp 116) increased 3.5-fold. Calcium titration of CR monitored by Trp fluorescence intensity showed that recombinant CR and some fragments bound Ca2+ with high affinity (Kd below 0.4 microM) and with high cooperativity. An apparent Hill coefficient for Ca2+ -induced fluorescence changes in CR was about 3.7. CR bound to organomercurial-agarose Cys 101 and 266 did not form cystine. The fluorescence intensities of cysteine-linked fluorescent probes 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein and N-(1-pyreneiodoacetamide) were increased approximately 1.3-fold upon calcium binding by CR. These data indicate that CR binds Ca2+ with high affinity and cooperativity and that this binding induces a change of conformation that involves the interaction of different parts of the molecule. Taken together, our results suggest that CR works as an on/off switch within a narrow range of free Ca2+ by interacting with as yet unidentified targets.
Arthropod diversity and allochthonous‐based food webs on tiny oceanic islands

Very small islands, on the order of a few hundred square metres in area, have rarely been the focus of ecological investigations. I sampled nine such islands in the central Exumas, Bahamas for arthropod species abundance and diversity using a combination of pitfall traps, pan traps and sticky traps. Three islands had no terrestrial vegetation, three islands contained only Sesuvium portulacastrum L., a salt-tolerant perennial that had been experimentally introduced 10 years ago, and three islands supported one or two naturally occurring plant species. A relatively diverse arthropod assemblage was discovered, including representatives of 10 different orders of Crustacea and Insecta. Land hermit crabs were the most abundant crustaceans, and dipterans were the most abundant and speciose insects. Two of the most common insects were previously undescribed species. Measures of arthropod species abundance and diversity were not significantly different for vegetated vs. non-vegetated islands. All 10 orders were present on bare islands, and nine of them were present on vegetated islands. Measures of arthropod species abundance and diversity were positively associated with island area, and negatively associated with distance from the nearest large island. Hypothesized food webs consist of several trophic levels and have strong allochthonous inputs. Tiny islands such as these hold insights into early successional processes and the base of insular food webs.
Genomic Structure and Expression Sites of Three Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Genes in One Species☆☆☆★

Abstract In the teleost fish, Haplochromis burtoni, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) peptide has been localized to three distinct regions in the brain. Each GnRH population is associated with expression of a distinct cDNA as previously described. Here we report the complete genomic sequences encoding these three forms and compare their structural organization, putative regulatory elements, and expression patterns in the body. All three genes share a common structure of four exons: the first exon encodes the 5′ untranslated region; the second exon encodes the signal sequence, GnRH decapeptide, and the 5′ end of the GnRH-associated peptide (GAP); the third exon consists entirely of GAP coding sequence; and the fourth exon encodes the 3′ end of GAP and the 3′ untranslated region. Each of the three GnRH genes has been shown previously to have a distinct spatial expression pattern in the brain, and here we use reverse transcription and cDNA amplification to demonstrate that each gene is expressed in the body. The gene encoding the releasing form, {Ser 8 }GnRH, is expressed in the heart, liver, spleen, kidney, and testis, as well as in the preoptic area. The {His 5 Trp 7 Tyr 8 }GnRH gene is expressed in the testis as well as in the midbrain. The {Trp 7 Leu 8 }GnRH gene is expressed in the testis and the terminal nerve area. We examined the 500 bp upstream of exon 1 in all three H. burtoni genes and identified putative binding sites for glucocorticoid receptor, androgen receptor, and progesterone receptor, as well as the transcription factors Ap-1 and Sp-1. The genomic sequence encoding the terminal nerve form of GnRH (i.e., {Trp 7 Leu 8 }GnRH) in H. burtoni is remarkably similar to that encoding the presumed releasing form of GnRH in salmonids, especially in the 3′ intergenic region. Taken together with phylogenetic and mRNA localization data in salmonids, these data suggest that the gene encoding the releasing form of GnRH in salmonids may not yet be described.
Production of pantothenic acid deficiency syndrome in mice with ω-methylpantothenic acid

Abstract It was shown that the survival time, weight gain, and food consumption of male Bagg-strain mice decreased proportionate to the level of supplementary inhibitor analog, ω-methylpantothenic acid. The observed effects depended upon the ratio of inhibitor to pantothenic acid. The critical ratio, termed “interference ratio,” was found to be 100:1. The interference ratio was defined as the ratio of inhibitor to vitamin at which survival time is not increased compared to vitamin-deficient controls. The uncondensed components, pantolactone and β-alanine, had negligible activity compared to pantothenic acid. The symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency were given and explanations advanced for the inhibitory activity of ω-methylpantothenic acid.
Cross-Cultural Health Education: Materials on the World Wide Web

Language differences between health providers and consumers create a central barrier to the delivery of health education. This article presents the results of an analysis of more than 75 bi/multilingual health sites available on the Internet. The review criteria and a summary of the key features of the best sites are presented. Limitations common to most sites are identified. Recommendations and caveats in the use of bilingual health information sites are introduced.
Historical Dictionary of World's Fairs and Expositions, 1851-1988

The fairs, 1851-1988 appendices - Bureau of International Expositions, fair statistics, fair officials, fairs that could not be included, fairs that never were, fairs yet to come.
Healthy aging: health promotion and disease prevention

Successful aging includes the ability to perform functional tasks. This ability to perform functional tasks, or functional ability, is influenced by musculoskeletal and cardiovascular functioning and the presence and severity of symptoms of chronic disease. Empirical evidence indicates that musculoskleletal and cardiovascular functioning and symptoms of chronic disease in later life are strongly related to lifestyle choices involving physical activity and nutritional intake. Previous researchers have demonstrated that increases in physical activity and appropriate changes in nutritional intake can be effective interventions to prevent and treat symptoms of chronic disease and improve musculoskeletal and cardiovascular functioning. As a result of this evidence, several organizations have developed physical activity and nutritional intake recommendations aimed at maintaining or increasing the functional ability of older adults. These physical activity recommendations include engaging in cardiorespiratory, flexibility, strength, and balance training 3 to 5 days per week. Broad nutritional recommendations for older adults include a low-fat, plant-based diet including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, 8 glasses of water per day, and a vitamin and mineral supplement.
Temperature regulation in the common raven of interior Alaska

Abstract 1. 1. Metabolic and thermal responses to ambient air temperatures ranging from +35 to −80°C were measured in common ravens (Corvus corax principalis) acclimatized to summer and winter near Fairbanks, Alaska, U.S.A. 2. 2. Metabolic rates were not significantly different between summer and winter at any of the test temperatures. 3. 3. The resting metabolic rate of ravens acclimatized to summer, measured during the day, in the dark, was 1726 cm3 O2/bird-hr or 8.40 kcal/bird-hr at thermal neutrality. This resting rate was 36% above that predicted by Aschoff & Pohl's (1970) equation for passerines in α time (normal active period). 4. 4. Cloacal and skin temperatures indicated only slightly enhanced thermal capabilities for ravens acclimatized to winter. 5. 5. The cold tolerance of northern common ravens stems not from impressive physiological or insulative adaptations for minimizing heat loss, but from continual high heat production.
Excavation of Tommy Tucker Cave, Lassen County, California

The following is a brief account of the partial excavation of a cave on the east side of Honey Lake Valley, near Wendel in Lassen County, California. Although the materials recovered are not extensive, these notes seem warranted by the fact that this is the only dry cave archaeology done south of Oregon on this extreme western periphery of the Great Basin. Ninety miles to the east, work has been done in Lovelock Cave and Humboldt Cave. Some 150 miles north of our area the University of Oregon, under the direction of L. S. Cressman, has devoted nearly seven years (1935–42) to excavating the dry caves of south-central Oregon. Honey Lake is the remnant of the westernmost arm of extinct Lake Lahontan. Its surface is 3,950 feet above sea level at the present time. The lake is bounded on the northeastern corner by Hot Springs Peak, a mountain of Miocene volcanics. Tommy Tucker Cave, circa 200 feet above the valley floor, is a fissure on a fault line near the foot of this peak.
Effects of desiccation on two life stages of an invasive snail and its native cohabitant

Invasive species are of critical concern as they have the potential to rapidly alter biotic systems around the globe. The upper Mississippi River (UMR) system has been recently invaded by the aquatic snail, Bithynia tentaculata, which spread from the Great Lakes region. In addition to potentially impacting native aquatic snails, B. tentaculata also carries three parasites which kill thousands of migrating waterfowl annually. Although this invader is having detrimental impacts on a number of species in the UMR region, little is known regarding (1) the tolerances of B. tentaculata to abiotic stresses in this area, and (2) how stress thresholds in this species compare to native species across developmental stages. To help fill in these informational gaps, we conducted a series of laboratory experiments aimed at assessing the tolerances of B. tentaculata and a native snail (Physa gyrina) to desiccation at two stages of ontogeny (eggs and adults). Results showed that P. gyrina egg masses were more tolerant to a transient desiccation period (9 h) than B. tentaculata egg masses as evidenced by their higher hatching success. Conversely, adult survival in B. tentaculata was much greater than that of P. gyrina after a longer desiccation period (1 week). Although superior tolerance to drying varies between the developmental stages of each species, B. tentaculata may have an overall advantage due to its ability to endure prolonged drying at maturity. These results suggest that hydrologic fluctuations in the UMR may contribute to reductions in P. gyrina numbers, potentially facilitating B. tentaculata colonization and the spread of waterfowl infections.
Community College Students' Conceptual Understanding of Statistical Measures of Spread

This study investigated the conceptual understanding of measures of spread among community college students in an introductory statistics course. The course is centered around deemphasizing computational skills and focused, rather, on development of conceptual understanding. Open-ended questions were developed to explore and assess students' conceptual understanding of measures of spread. A detailed analysis of the students' responses is presented to reveal the range of students' conceptions of the measures of spread. The analysis of a wide variety of responses provides evidence of the students' ability to organize concepts of spread in a way that is meaningful to them individually. Some common student misconceptions revealed by this study should be examined closely and taken into consideration to promote students' development of understanding of spread.
Experimental Evaluation of Plate-Reinforced Steel Moment-Resisting Connections

Five cover-plate and five flange-plate single-sided steel moment-resisting beam-column assemblies were tested at full scale. Grade 50 steel was used for the W14 × 176 columns, the W30 × 99 beams, and all reinforcing plates. The procedures of FEMA 267A were used to design and detail the connections that included rectangular-, trapezoidal-, and swallowtail-shaped reinforcing plates. Cyclic and near-field loading histories were used to test the connections. None of the ten connections failed in a brittle manner; the strength of each connection degraded slowly due to local buckling of the beam web and flanges. The maximum beam plastic hinge rotations ranged between 2.3 and 3.9% rad. The cover-plate and flange-plate connections performed equally well but neither connection was subjected to large plastic strains at the face of the column. The performance of the tested plate-reinforced connections was best when rectangular reinforcing plates and three-sided fillet welds joining the reinforcing plate to the beam flange were used. Bracing of the beam bottom flange outside the plastic hinge zone to delay lateral-torsional buckling did not produce any significant improvement in connection hysteresis. Increased beam web compactness (smaller height to thickness) delayed the loss of strength and stiffness in the beam-column connection.
Real time implementation of microgrid reconfiguration

Reconfiguration is a control action including topology changes, load/ generation shedding and other measures to redirect power flow to the remaining unaffected loads in a microgrid. In this paper, genetic algorithm (GA) and graph theory based methodologies were used to reconfigure a network, satisfying the operational requirements and priorities of loads. Applications of the GA for reconfiguration were implemented in MATLAB and tested on 8-bus shipboard power system (SPS) and modified CERTS microgrids with consideration of distributed generation and islanding operation. Satisfactory simulations results were obtained for several possible test case scenarios in a real-time and non-real-time case study.
Electron Interaction in Solids. Collective Approach to the Dielectric Constant

A quantum theory of the dielectric constant for solids of both low and high polarizability is developed from first principles. In the latter case, the approach used is collective in that the long-range part of the electron interaction is described by the plasmon field. The conditions under which the local field corrections of Lorentz may be neglected are clearly defined. Both the static and frequency-dependent dielectric constant are derived. It is shown that the interaction between electrons may be described in terms of the dielectric constant of the solid provided the electrons in question form a small minority group which can be isolated from the much larger majority electron group. The theory is applied to a calculation of the frequency-dependent longitudinal conductivity and the optical properties of the solid.
Characterization of femtomole levels of proteins in solution using rapid proteolysis and nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry

A method for the rapid proteolytic digestion of low picomole to low femtomole amounts of proteins in solution using a capillary immobilized protease column is presented. Dilute protein samples are passed through a “μ-digestion” column packed with Poroszyme™ immobilized trypsin for generation of proteolytic fragments in less than 10 min. After digestion, nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (NanoES) is used to generate a peptide map, and peptides of interest are subjected to MS/MS from the same sample. By digesting only 100 fmol of the protein src kinase and 30 fmol of the protein lck kinase with a tryptic μ-digestion column, we obtained sufficient data from NanoES-MS and MS/MS to unambiguously identify both proteins using database searching. This approach was also used to locate a phosphorylation site on lck kinase starting with only 300 fmol of protein. The method was successfully used to identify an E. coli cold shock protein in a fraction collected from a two-dimensional HPLC separation of an E. coli cell lysate. The μ-digestion column was found to be less susceptible to adsorptive losses than solution digests, thus allowing for digestion and enhanced recovery of peptides from even low fmol amounts of protein in solution.
VISCOUS COMPRESSIBLE AND INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN SLENDER CHANNELS

An analytical study is made of viscous flow in slender channels. Similar solutions to the approximate equations of motion, valid for flow at moderate or high Reynolds numbers in slender channels, are found for incompressible two-dimensional and axisymmetric flows and for compressible flows through twodimensional channels with adiabatic walls. A study of compressible flows in convergent-divergent channels yields results regarding the effect of viscosity on the location of the sonic line, on the pressure ratio at the geometric throat and on the discharge coefficient for such channels.
Computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement of the round window niche†

The goal of this study was to clarify the three-dimensional shape of the round window niche and to measure this structure three-dimensionally using the computer-aided reconstruction method we developed. The equipment used in this study included a personal computer (NEC 98-XA), a high-resolution 14-inch color CRT, a digitizer (Hitachi HDG-1111), and a printer. We studied five normal temporal bones obtained from five individuals with negative otologic histories, who had been 5 months and 14, 15, 18, and 59 years old at death. In each case the round window niche was located posteroinferior to the round window. The round window niches had wide openings to the middle ear cavity that became narrower near the aperture; thus, the round window niche seemed to be shaped like a pouch. The maximal diameter of the round window niche was 2.98 +/- 0.23 mm. The shortest distance between the aperture of the round window niche and the margin of the round window was 0.66 +/- 0.16 mm. The volume of the round window niche, on average, was 4.65 +/- 0.67 mm3. The volume of the round window niche was found to be correlated with the area of the round window.
ALK mutations confer differential oncogenic activation and sensitivity to ALK inhibition therapy in neuroblastoma

Genetic studies have established anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), a cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase, as a tractable molecular target in neuroblastoma. We describe comprehensive genomic, biochemical, and computational analyses of ALK mutations across 1,596 diagnostic neuroblastoma samples. ALK tyrosine kinase domain mutations occurred in 8% of samples--at three hot spots and 13 minor sites--and correlated significantly with poorer survival in high- and intermediate-risk neuroblastoma. Biochemical and computational studies distinguished oncogenic (constitutively activating) from nononcogenic mutations and allowed robust computational prediction of their effects. The mutated variants also showed differential in vitro crizotinib sensitivities. Our studies identify ALK genomic status as a clinically important therapeutic stratification tool in neuroblastoma and will allow tailoring of ALK-targeted therapy to specific mutations.
Confirmation of {113} facets on diamond grown by chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Recent observations of {113} facets on diamond films grown epitaxially at high temperatures with a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process have been confirmed. Cylinder growth experiments employing both oxygen-acetylene flames and a DC plasma torch show clear evidence of {113} facetting. These results lend additional support to the hypothesis that an earlier crystal growth theory developed for silicon CVD may also apply to diamond CVD.
The Gardens of Spain is Not a Restaurant

New Zealand Maori Witi Ihimaera's newest novel, Nights in the Gardens of Spain, tells the story of a Pakeha (Caucasian) man (David Munro) and his coming out to his wife, his parents, and his colleagues at university where he is Director of Film Studies. lhimaera's novel is examined in light of Bacon's discussion of the possibility of a cultural rhetoric of the queer movement for liberation (World Englishes, 17(2)). Ihimaera exploits elements of fiction – structure, language use, characterization, tone – in order to counter conventional notions of gayness, Maori-ness, and heterosexuality. The novel is an artistic representation of gay culture that does not fall apart under close scrutiny because it does not narrow or oversimplify what happens. Nights in the Gardens of Spain tells truth about David Munro's life even if it didn't happen.
Segmentation of the sternum from low-dose chest CT images

Segmentation of the sternum in medical images is of clinical significance as it frequently serves as a stable reference to image registration and segmentation of other organs in the chest region. In this paper we present a fully automated algorithm to segment the sternum in low-dose chest CT images (LDCT). The proposed algorithm first locates an axial seed slice and then segments the sternum cross section on the seed slice by matching a rectangle model. Furthermore, it tracks and segments the complete sternum in the cranial and caudal direction respectively through sequential axial slices starting from the seed slice. The cross section on each axial slice is segmented using score functions that are designed to have local maxima at the boundaries of the sternum. Finally, the sternal angle is localized. The algorithm is designed to be specifically robust with respect to cartilage calcifications and to accommodate the high noise levels encountered with LDCT images. Segmentation of 351 cases from public datasets was evaluated visually with only 1 failing to produce a usable segmentation. 87.2% of the 351 images have good segmentation and 12.5% have acceptable segmentation. The sternal body segmentation and the localization of the sternal angle and the vertical extents of the sternum were also evaluated quantitatively for 25 good cases and 25 acceptable cases. The overall weighted mean DC of 0.897 and weighted mean distance error of 2.88 mm demonstrate that the algorithm achieves encouraging performance in both segmenting the sternal body and localizing the sternal angle.
Implications of a large pionic charge radius

Abstract The pion's charge radius is rigorously bounded by the modulus of the time-like charge form factor and the p-wave ππ scattering phase shift. The large radius, suggested by experiment, must be correlated with a large phase shift just above threshold.
Student attitudes toward science and sciencerelated careers: A program designed to promote a stimulating gender-free learning environment

A project designed to foster the full and fair participation of girls in high-school science classes addressed obstacles, both perceived and actual, to equal participation. In order to modify existing classroom techniques and environments, a Teacher Intervention Program was designed. By means of a workshop and periodic personal communications, teachers were sensitized to the importance of a stimulating, gender-free learning environment. In addition, they were presented with a variety of methods and materials which had been shown to encourage girls in science. Twelve teachers, who were selected randomly, taught in diverse communities throughout one Midwestern state. The subjects tested were students in 24 general biology classes taught by the 12 teachers. Although both qualitative and quantitative measures were used during the research, only the quantitative results are discussed in this paper. Using ANOVA's, treatment group by student sex, a comparison of the mean scores was made for all students, as well as for all females and for all males. The results indicated that the experimental group, compared to the control group, had significantly higher mean scores on tests of attitudes toward science, perceptions of science, extracurricular science activities, and interest in a science-related career.
Self-discharge study of LiCoO2 cathode materials

Abstract The time dependence of the open-circuit voltage (OCV) and the capacity loss in Li/Li 1− y CoO 2 half-cells during high temperature aging were measured experimentally, and tentatively simulated with simple kinetics equations involving Li-ion diffusion and a phase transition, respectively. The respective activation energies were determined. The capacity loss was found to have a reversible and irreversible component. The latter is discussed in contest of recent observation of an irreversible hexagonal-to-spine phase transition.
Thyroid cancer in patients with toxic nodular goiter--is the incidence increasing?

Abstract Background There has been a dramatic increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer, but it is unclear if this has occurred in patients with toxic nodular goiter (TNG). Methods TNG was defined as one or more thyroid nodules in combination with a low serum TSH level. Patients who underwent thyroidectomy for TNG were identified from a prospectively maintained database. The rates of incidental thyroid cancer were compared over the intervals 1990 to 1999, 2000 to 2009, and 2010 to 2014. Results There was no significant difference in cancer rate between the 3 time periods. Overall, 7 (4.7%) of the 148 patients had thyroid cancer; similarly, 1 (3.2%) of the 31 patients from 1990 to 1999, 3 (4.2%) of 72 patients from 2000 to 2009, and 3 (6.7%) of the 45 patients from 2010 to 2014 ( P > .05) had thyroid cancer. Conclusions No significant increase in the rate of carcinoma was observed in patients with TNG. As a result, the risk benefit analysis should not change when considering therapeutic options for TNG.
The endothelial nitric oxide synthase −786 T>C polymorphism and the exercise-induced blood pressure and nitric oxide responses among men with elevated blood pressure

Abstract Objective A polymorphism (−786 T>C) in the promoter region of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (eNOS) has important functional characteristics. We examined the influence of eNOS −786 T>C (rs2070744) on the BP and NO response to acute dynamic exercise. Methods Subjects ( n =49, 43.7±1.4yr) had pre- to Stage-1 hypertension (145.6±1.5/85.9±1.1mmHg). Volunteers performed three experiments; a non-exercise control session, and two cycle exercise bouts at 40% (LIGHT) and 60% (MODERATE) of peak oxygen consumption. Subjects wore an ambulatory BP monitor upon leaving the laboratory. NO was measured by chemiluminescence assay before (baseline), during, and after the experiments. eNOS genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme digestion. Repeated measure ANOVA tested if BP and NO differed over time among experiments and by eNOS genotypes ( n =25, TT; n =24, TC/CC). Results Among carriers of the eNOS C 786 allele, systolic BP (SBP) was reduced 5.3±2.4mmHg after MODERATE versus non-exercise control over 9h compared to those with the eNOS T786T genotype ( p p =0.076). The exercise-induced diastolic BP and NO responses were not different from non-exercise control between eNOS genotype ( p >0.05). Conclusion Men who were carriers of the eNOS C 786 allele responded more favorably to the antihypertensive effects of aerobic exercise than men with the eNOS T786T genotype. The eNOS C 786 allele is associated with reduced eNOS gene transcription and promoter activity. Future work is needed to determine how exercise may override genetic predispositions to down regulate eNOS gene activity.
Dissuading Nuclear Adversaries: The Strategic Concept of Dissuasion and the U.S. Nuclear Arsenal

This essay contributes to an understanding of the strategic concept of dissuasion by defining it as the active constraint of rationally beneficial options available to a current or potential geopolitical rival in order to preserve the national interests or goals of the US or its allies. The key military component of dissuasion lies in its link to deterrence, wherein the promise of credible deterrence raises the costs of alternatives to a rival. Dissuasion is further refined through analyses of historical case studies, the current security environment, and future scenarios and by identifying three operational types: global, regional, and tactical
Sequential Changes in Urotensin Immunoreactivity Patterns in the Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Caudal Neurosecretory System in Response to Seawater Challenge

Abstract We have been investigating the possible relationship between the teleost caudal neurosecretory system and osmoregulation, by comparing immunostaining intensities of the caudal neuropeptides, urotensins I (UI) and II (UII), in fish sequentially following transfer to different water salinities. Freshwater trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were transferred from fresh water (FW) to new FW and from FW to 100% seawater (SW). After 2, 10 and 48 hr posterior spinal cords were removed, fixed and double sequentially immunostained. The 2 hr SW urophyses exhibited more UII and less UI intensity than FW ones. Perikarya anterior to the SW urophyses had less UII and more UI intensity. The 10 hr SW spinal cords showed lower intensity of UI and UII in urophyses and higher intensity of both in anterior perikarya than FW spinal cords. The 48 hr spinal cords did not show any difference in intensity for either UI or UII. We conclude that UI and UII are differentially regulated, that urophysial UI release and perikaryal syn...
Does Perfadex affect outcomes in clinical lung transplantation

Background The use of a low-potassium–based preservation solution improves gas exchange in experimental models of lung transplantation. However, its efficacy in reducing the incidence of primary graft dysfunction (PGD) and improving patient outcomes in the clinical setting is controversial. Methods In this study we measured: oxygenation index (OI); International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) PGD grades; extubation times; intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay; 30-day, 90-day and 1-year survival rates; and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS)-free survival. We compared 115 consecutive (2001 to 2004) lung recipients who received allografts preserved with Perfadex, a low-potassium dextran (LPD) solution, and compared the results with the previous 116 consecutive (1999 to 2001) lung recipients who received allografts preserved with modified Euro-Collins (MEC) solution. Recipients were classified as having severe PGD (ISHLT Grade III) if the lowest arterial oxygenation (P) to fraction of inspired oxygen (F) (P/F ratio) within 48 hours post-transplantation was Results Baseline characteristics of the 2 cohorts were similar except for recipient age (LPD 53.5 vs MEC 49.9 years; p = 0.03). There were no differences in donor age, gender, category of transplant, indication for transplant, use of cardiopulmonary bypass or pre-operative pulmonary artery pressures. When gas-exchange parameters were measured upon arrival to the ICU (T0), at 24 hours post-transplant (T24) and at 48 hours post-transplant (T48), the only significant finding was that the incidence of ISHLT Grade III PGD at T24 was lower in the LPD group compared with the MEC group (8% vs 20%, p = 0.03). The incidence of severe PGD at other timepoints was not statistically different (LPD vs MEC: T0, 17% vs 26%; T0 to T48, 25% vs 31%). Both groups had similar extubation rates at 48 hours post-transplant (LPD 64% vs MEC 67%). The 30-day survival (LPD 93% vs MEC 95%), 90-day survival (LPD 89% vs MEC 89%), 1-year patient survival (LPD 80% vs MEC 77%) and 1-year BOS-free survival (LPD 70% vs MEC 74%) were not statistically different. Conclusions Lung preservation with LPD as compared with MEC does not improve early gas exchange or impact 90-day and 1-year mortality. Continued investigation into lung preservation solution composition is necessary to reduce the incidence of PGD.
New model of hyponutrition in weanling rabbit: Short term effects on intestinal growth, morphology, and disaccharidase activities*

Abstract This study was undertaken to define morphological and biochemical characteristics of intestinal growth during short term hyponutrition in weanling rabbits. A new model was sought so that isolated small bowel could be studied in organ culture. Underfed rabbits maintained a stable weight, while matched controls steadily gained weight over a two week period. Serum protein and albumin concentrations remained unchanged in underfed animals, but total intestinal mucosal wet weights were reduced, as were total DNA and protein content per 5 cm segment. The protein/DNA ratio remained unchanged by hyponutrition, suggesting that epithelial cell size was constant; epithelial cell counts confirmed that the jejunal villi were significantly decreased in height. In contrast, specific activities of maltase and sucrase were increased over control values in underfed animals, although total enzyme activity per segment did not change. These data confirm the importance of specific dietary components in the preferential maintenance of intestinal enzyme activities, even during undernutrition. The experiments also demonstrate that a well-defined state of hyponutrition can be established in weanling rabbits by short term underfeeding, and that jejunum from such animals can be maintained in organ culture under defined conditions. This model should prove useful for the in vitro investigation of the effects of underfeeding on intestinal function.
The action of N-terminal acetyltransferases on yeast ribosomal proteins.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to determine the state of N-terminal acetylation of 68 ribosomal proteins from a normal strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and from the ard1-Delta, nat3-Delta, and mak3-Delta mutants (), each lacking a catalytic subunit of three different N-terminal acetyltransferases. A total 30 of the of 68 ribosomal proteins were N-terminal-acetylated, and 24 of these (80%) were NatA substrates, unacetylated in solely the ard1-Delta mutant and having mainly Ac-Ser- termini and a few with Ac-Ala- or Ac-Thr- termini. Only 4 (13%) were NatB substrates, unacetylated in solely the nat3-Delta mutant, and having Ac-Met-Asp- or Ac-Met-Glu- termini. No NatC substrates were uncovered, e.g. unacetylated in solely mak3-Delta mutants, consistent with finding that none of the ribosomal proteins had Ac-Met-Ile-, Ac-Met-Leu-, or Ac-Met-Phe- termini. Interestingly, two new types of the unusual NatD substrates were uncovered, having either Ac-Ser-Asp-Phe- or Ac-Ser-Asp-Ala- termini that were unacetylated in the ard1-Delta mutant, and only partially acetylated in the mak3-Delta mutant and, for one case, also only partially in the nat3-Delta mutant. We suggest that the acetylation of NatD substrates requires not only Ard1p and Nat1p, but also auxiliary factors that are acetylated by the Mak3p and Nat3p N-terminal acetyltransferases.