cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Financial Behavior of Hispanic Americans

The United States is a multicultural country with increasingly high numbers of bankruptcies, credit problems, and low savings and investment rates. In particular, the Hispanic population is one group of ethnic minority consumers whose financial practices may become critical with regard to these increasing financial problemsdue to certain characteristics this group possesses (e.g., low educational attainment). This chapter first reviews relevant research related to Hispanic consumers’ finances. Then this chapter reports findings from an original study of Hispanic college students. Using in-depth interviews, the study explores the role that consumer socialization agents play in influencing Hispanic students’ financial behaviors. The informants for this study indicated that socialization agents play an important role in the acquisition and development of financial skills throughout their lives.
Rehabilitative Maneuvers and Exercise

Habilitation and rehabilitation in pediatric dysphagia considers deficiencies in underlying competencies for swallowing, the developmental skills that comprise mature eating and swallowing function, the motivation to eat and interactive eating pragmatics. This chapter reviews intervention strategies for these deficiencies. Maneuvers and exercise are considered for which there is empirical support that demonstrates treatment efficacy for dysphagia in sucking, drinking, eating solid food and saliva control.
Synthesis and structure of the "linear" tetranuclear cluster [(MoO2S2)2Fe2S2] 4-: Implications for aqueous Mo-Fe-S chemistry

Recent interest in and explorations of the chemistry of Mo, Fe, and S have been stimulated by inter alia the MoFe cofactor of nitrogenase. Although the structure of this cofactor remains unsolved, the aforementioned explorations have led to several novel polynuclear Mo-Fe-S clusters of the so-called linear and cubane types. During the authors explorations of aqueous and enzyme-mediated assembly of Fe-S and Mo-Fe-S clusters, the authors noted the development of a novel absorption spectrum in aqueous mixtures containing salts of Fe(II) and MoO/sub 4-x/S/sub x//sup 2 -/ (x = 2-4) at basic pHs. Subsequent isolation and characterization of this absorbing species showed it to be ((MoO/sub 2/S/sub 2/)/sub 2/Fe/sub 2/S/sub 2/)/sup 4 -/. This cluster represents the first example of a linear tetranuclear Mo-Fe-S cluster, the first discrete, well-characterized species isolated from aqueous reaction of Fe/sup 2 +/ and MoS/sub 4//sup 2 -/, the first direct evidence that Fe/sup 2 +/ accelerates the hydrolyses of MoO/sub 4-x/S/sub x//sup 2 -/ (x = 2-4), and trapping of the products of these hydrolyses.
Clinical Gynecology and Aristotle's Biology

Although Aristotle was an avid researcher into the processes of sexual reproduction many of his statements show that he had limited access to the bodies of women. But the gathering of professional opinions and empirical observations before proceeding with his own theorizing on any subject was central to Aristotle's methodology and it is inconceivable that he would have failed to do this on the topic of women too. In this paper I wish to argue that the Aristotelian corpus as it has been transmitted to us contains a treatise, On Failure to Reproduce, authored by a doctor, whom I shall call Ps.-Aristotle, and that Aristotle's reproductive theories were developed in part as a reaction to this text.
Breathing Carbon Dioxide (4% for 1-Hour) Slows Response Selection, Not Stimulus Encoding:

This experiment sought to determine whether breathing carbon dioxide (CO2), a toxic environmental stressor known to impair reaction time, slows human information processing in the stimulus encoding or response selection stage, or both, and whether this effect is influenced by time-on-task and exposure duration. In a 2 X 2 X 2 X 4 (Gas X Degradation X Compatibility X Time-on-Task) within-participants design, six highly practiced (more than 10,000 trials) healthy young male participants performed a serial choice reaction time (SCRT) task while breathing either 4% CO2 (with 50% O2) or room air (0.03% CO2 and 21% O2) for 60 minutes. Task variables manipulated were stimulus degradation (intact vs. degraded) and stimulus-response compatibility (high vs. low). Data from each 20-min SCRT test were subdivided into 5-min and 2-min intervals to determine the effects of time-on-task (and exposure duration). There were significant increases in SCRT from breathing carbon dioxide (p =.004), degrading the stimulus (p <.0...
Activity in mouse pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus reflects action and outcome in a decision-making task.

Recent studies across several mammalian species have revealed a distributed network of cortical and subcortical brain regions responsible for sensorimotor decision making. Many of these regions hav...
Peter G. Peterson

The business philosophy variously known as the Marketing Concept or the Total Marketing Approach has now been on the American scene for more than a decade. It is only natural that its advocates should look for signs indicating its general adoption by progressive business firms. One proof might exist in the gravitation of corporate leadership into the hands of men whose early business experience was in the marketing arena. Logically, such men should be consumer-oriented rather than production-minded, should be knowledgeable in the area of consumer behavior, and should believe that marketing distinguishes business from other institutions in our society. The career of Peter G. Peterson, President of Bell & Howell, manufacturers of high-quality photographic products, electronic instruments, and business equipment, provides an outstanding case example. Before assuming the broadPETER G er responsibilities of corporate leadership, Mr. Peterson spent ten years performing a variety of marketing jobs. Born in Kearney, Nebraska, in 1926, he was graduated summa cum laude with a B.S. degree from Northwestern University in 1947. His first job was as a market analyst for Market Facts, Inc., Chicago-based research firm. The pattern for his rapid progression through executive positions was set early, for he was appointed Associate Director of the firm in 1949 and Executive Vice President in 1952. Along the way Peterson obtained an M.B.A. degree with honors, granted by the University of Chicago in 1951.
Abstract 627: A Deleterious Mutation in SCARB1 Significantly Alters High-Density Lipoprotein Level, Composition and Biological Function in Humans

The membrane protein Scavenger Receptor Class B, Type 1 (SR-BI), coded by the gene SCARB1, facilitates the selective uptake of cholesteryl esters from HDL in the liver. Its impact on human lipoprotein metabolism however is not fully understood. Our laboratory has recently identified two homozygotes and 16 heterozygotes for a coding mutation in SCARB1 (c.1127C>T, p.Pro376Leu). We assessed the hypothesis that this SCARB1 mutation significantly increases HDL-C and alters HDL composition and biological function. Plasma from subjects homozygous (n=2) or heterozygous (n=8) for the SR-BI Pro376Leu mutation was compared with that of normolipidemic controls. Five major HDL subfractions were isolated from EDTA-treated plasma using isopycnic density gradient ultracentrifugation and their chemical composition was assayed using commercial enzymatic assay kits. Quantification of >160 molecular species of HDL phospho- and sphingolipids was accomplished via a novel LC-ESI/MS/MS based analysis. Cholesterol efflux capacity, measured from THP-1 macrophages, was determined in total HDL. We identified a >2-fold increase in HDL-C in homozygotes and a >1.5-fold increase in heterozygotes compared to controls, owing mainly to an increase in large, light HDL2 particles. The ApoA-I/ApoA-II ratio was increased in a gene-dose dependent fashion. HDL isolated from heterozygotes mediated 13.5% less efflux when compared to particles from control subjects. Analysis of the HDL phosphosphingolipidome revealed a 23% decrease in phosphatidylinositol content between carriers and controls. A gene-dose dependent trend towards diminishment of phosphatidylserine and increased ceramide was noticeable. In conclusion, the SR-BI Pro376Leu significantly increases HDL levels, but potentially reduces the capacity of HDL to mediate cellular cholesterol efflux. This may be due in part to a decrease in minor, negatively charged phospholipid subclasses including PI and PS, which have previously been shown to play a functional role in stimulating cellular cholesterol efflux.
Static stretch increases c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activity and p38 phosphorylation in rat skeletal muscle

Physical exercise and contraction increase c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) activity in rat and human skeletal muscle, and eccentric contractions activate JNK to a greater extent than concentric con...
Normalized Electronegative Species Effects in the Dielectric-Barrier-Discharge Plasma Actuator

Time-resolved and time-averaged net force (electrohydrodynamic force plus viscous drag) are presented for a dielectric-barrier-discharge-based aerodynamic plasma actuator operated in artificial atmospheres composed of nitrogen (N2) with various concentrations of electronegative gasses: 1–20% oxygen (O2) and 0.01–0.34% sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). It is possible to deconvolve and isolate the role of oxygen to the negative-going or forward stroke of the discharge and to the region of parameter space with high E/n: a change in oxygen content by a factor of 20 yields only a 20% increase in force produced when 12 kV AC is applied to the system but yields a 170% increase when the voltage amplitude is increased by less than a factor of 2, to 20 kV applied. It is shown that substituting SF6 for O2 produces a mild net increase in force production that saturates at very low SF6 concentrations (0.1%) and that the increase is limited because of substantial (50%) losses of the momentum to drag even though the momentum i...
Endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic hepatic failure awaiting liver transplant.

BACKGROUND Because of the need for posttransplant immunosuppression, patients with chronic liver failure requiring transplantation must be free of infection to maintain an active status on the transplant list. These patients present significant surgical risks due to coagulopathy. Here, we present our experience with endoscopic sinus surgery for medically refractory sinusitis in this patient population. METHODS We created a prospective case series of seven patients undergoing 10 surgeries. RESULTS All patients were given preoperative blood product infusions. Operative blood loss ranged from 150 to 1500 cc with an average of 495 cc. Two cases had to be stopped before completion because of bleeding obscuring visualization. The two cases with the greatest blood loss were in patients with the most severe liver disease (highest mathematical model for end-stage liver disease scores), lowest albumin, and most extensive sinus disease. All patients were returned to active status on the liver transplant list and four patients have undergone liver transplantation. CONCLUSION Patients with chronic hepatic disease awaiting liver transplant can be treated successfully with endoscopic sinus surgery, but significant perioperative bleeding may not be avoidable. Preoperative use of fresh frozen plasma, platelets, and sometimes albumin are necessary, and postoperative blood products may be required with more significant sinus and liver disease. NovoSeven (recombinant factor Vlla) was used on two occasions in one patient, with maximal correction of the patient's coagulopathy. Patients should be counseled on the possible need for additional procedures to adequately clear disease.
Examples of Malware

The history and main features of several computer viruses and worms are described in this chapter. More examples can be found in Appendix C. Due to the prevalence of rogue software, there are many similar descriptions on the Internet. Notice that most of the examples are from the 1980s and 1990s, because this was the time when new, original, and very destructive malware appeared regularly and caused great alarm and much harm to computer users worldwide.
Cranial Thickness in American Females and Males

To date, numerous studies have examined the range of cranial thickness variation in modern humans. The purpose of this investigation is to present a new method that would be easier to replicate, and to examine sex and age variation in cranial thickness in a white sample. The method consists of excising four cranial segments from the frontal and parietal regions. The sample consists of 165 specimens collected at autopsy and 15 calvarial specimens. An increase in cranial thickness with age was observed. The results suggest that cranial thickness is not sexually dimorphic outside the onset of hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI).
Collating time-series resource data for system-wide job profiling

Through the collection and association of discrete time-series resource metrics and workloads, we can both provide benchmark and intra-job resource collations, along with system-wide job profiling. Traditional RDBMSes are not designed to store and process long-term discrete time-series metrics and the commonly used resolution-reducing round robin databases (RRDB), make poor long-term sources of data for workload analytics. We implemented a system that employs “Big-data” (Hadoop/HBase) and other analytics (R) techniques and tools to store, process, and characterize HPC workloads. Using this system we have collected and processed over a 30 billion time-series metrics from existing short-term high-resolution (15-sec RRDB) sources, profiling over 200 thousand jobs across a wide spectrum of workloads. The system is currently in use at the University of Kentucky for better understanding of individual jobs and system-wide profiling as well as a strategic source of data for resource allocation and future acquisitions.
The rationale for cementless revision total hip replacement with contemporary technology.

SUMMARY Undoubtedly, the number of revisions for failed cemented total hip arthroplasties will increase over time based on current survival statistics. Although contemporary cementing techniques may improve the outcome of some procedures, long-term results of cemented revisions are less than ideal. Poor bone quality with cortical deficiencies and endosteal sclerosis make long-term stability and implant survival less likely with cemented techniques. In the very elderly patient requiring revision, PMMA may provide a simpler option with an adequate short-term result. Using uncemented techniques, the complications associated with the inherent properties of cement can be avoided. Bone grafting is a viable option, with the hope that long-term implant stability can be achieved by biological ingrowth into porous surfaces. Reconstitution of previously attenuated cortical bone is seen after bone grafting in association with a noncemented femoral or acetabular implant, although ingrowth into porous-coated surfaces via allograft bone is unlikely. In general, short- and mid-term results with respect to clinical performance are good or excellent in at least 90% of the cases evaluated. With the increased application of uncemented components to revision situations, attention may shift from „cement“ disease to „polyethylene“ disease. Although not the focus of this article, recent literature with respect to primary uncemented hip and knee arthroplasty supports this contention.4 We believe that proximal canal fill and biologic ingrowth can provide implant stability, avoid proximal stress shielding of the femur, and improve long-term implant survival and clinical success in the revision situation.
An Extensible Software Platform for Cloud-Based Decision Support and Automation in Precision Agriculture

Precision agriculture is a data-driven farming practice that uses intra-and inter-field information to optimize farming operations. The "brain" of precision agriculture is a decision support system (DSS) that acquires data from various sources, analyzes them, and recommends actions to farmers. Recently cloud computing has been used to improve the scalability and reliability of a DSS. Cloud-based DSSs present some major challenges for software design:(1) how can a cloud-based DSS process a diversified profile of intra-and/or inter-field data from various sources? (2) how can a cloud-based DSS accommodate and support the diversity of farming operations? (3) how can a cloud-based DSS automate the entire decision process and control field devices directly? we proposed an extensible cloud-based software platform that integrated 3 novel components to address these questions: (1) a meta-model-based data acquisition and integration module that accepts data in different formats and semantics, (2) an adaptive software architecture supporting on-the-fly re-configuration of decision modules, and (3) software-defined control, a new software design paradigm we proposed for handling control diversity. It enables a DSS to control various field devices through unified software-defined interfaces. We implemented the platform in Agrilaxy, a cloud-based DSS, and deployed it on Amazon Web Services (AWS). An early version of Agrilaxy has been used in a USDA-sponsored project on canopy management for specialty crops.
Transmission Electron Microscopy and Computer-Aided Image Processing for 3D Structural Analysis of Macromolecules

The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) is an electron-based imaging system used to reveal the atomic or molecular details of a specimen. High-energy electrons are used to probe the object in question, resulting in the generation of a two-dimensional (2D) image of the object's three-dimensional (3D) information. The electrons in use, with typical energies of greater than 100 kV, have wavelengths less than a tenth of an Angstrom, theoretically allowing for imaging resolution far below the sub-Angstrom range. However, due to the presence of imperfect imaging conditions such as lens aberrations and sample irradiation, the information transferred from biological specimens via TEM has yet to reach the sub-Angstrom limit.
Indium segregation in N-polar InGaN quantum wells evidenced by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and atom probe tomography

Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) in scanning transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography are used to characterize N-polar InGaN/GaN quantum wells at the nanometer scale. Both techniques first evidence the incorporation of indium in the initial stage of the barrier layer growth and its suppression by the introduction of H2 during the growth of the barrier layer. Accumulation of indium at step edges on the vicinal N-polar surface is also observed by both techniques with an accurate quantification obtained by atom probe tomography (APT) and its 3D reconstruction ability. The use of EDX allows for a very accurate interpretation of the APT results complementing the limitations of both techniques.
Economics of Multi-use and Co-location

Under the right circumstances, multi-use of a marine site through co-location of complementary activities can result in more efficient use of ocean space. We explore the economic dimension of multi-use and co-location, using the general example of an aquaculture operation co-located within an ocean wind farm. Co-locating aquaculture operations and wind farms can produce both public and private benefits (cost savings). The public benefits arise from the fact that an aquaculture operation co-located within the boundaries of a wind farm does not negatively affect the ecosystem services derived from the ocean area it would otherwise have occupied. The private benefits are cost savings that arise from shared permitting, infrastructure, and logistics efforts and systems. The economic value associated with these benefits depends on the scale, location, and nature of the co-located ventures and the natural resources they affect. For locations in open ocean and relatively low-value coastal waters that are candidates for wind farm or aquaculture sites in most countries, the public benefit is likely to be on the order of 500−3,000/year per hectare of area occupied by the aquaculture operation, and the private benefits are likely to be less than $50–100/ton of aquaculture operation output.
A Visual Arts Education pedagogical approach for enhancing quality of life for persons with dementia (innovative practice).

A new and innovative pedagogical approach that administers hands-on visual arts activities to persons with dementia based on the field of Visual Arts Education is reported in this paper. The aims o...
Extracting Interactions from Molecular Pathways

Health and life sciences' research fields make an intensive use of graphical information to represent complex relations between biological entities, called molecular pathways. Interpretation of molecular pathway diagrams requires domain-specific knowledge to remove ambiguity. We propose a fully automatic method that detects entities and extracts their relations from diagrams. It uses image analysis and a domain-specific cognitive model and automatically produces a structured textual version of the content. Results on an annotated dataset show precision of 0.99 and recall of up to 0.85 for the detection of molecular entities and interactions.
Impedance Matching and Reradiation in LPTV Receiver Front-Ends: An Analysis Using Conversion Matrices

Linear periodically time-varying (LPTV) circuits are finding increased prominence in reconfigurable transceiver applications. Impedance matching of such circuits to the antenna impedance is essential for fully on-chip receiver topologies. However, deriving the $S_{11}$ of an LPTV circuit is non-trivial in general. Moreover, reflections at harmonic offsets from input frequencies can also be expected due to the time-varying nature of the circuit. This paper utilizes the conversion matrix-based analysis technique to compute the $S_{11}$ of a general LPTV circuit. Furthermore, it is shown that signal reradiation at harmonic shifts from input frequencies is also obtained as a natural consequence of this analysis. Examples related to mixer-first receivers, switched-capacitor receiver front-ends (with reset), and Filtering-by-Aliasing (FA)-based receivers are considered to verify the analysis. Design guidelines are provided to attain optimal $S_{11}$ in a few such scenarios. Explicit analytical expressions are derived for reradiation in ideal $N$ -path mixer-first receivers and FA-based receivers, while guidelines are provided for proper choice of conversion matrix expressions/sizes in case of numerical computation.
How Best to Manage Facial Synkinesis

Facial synkinesis is a sequela of facial nerve injury that results in involuntary facial movement occurring simultaneously with volitional facial movement. Inability to control facial movement has functional and psychological consequences and can be socially isolating. This review discusses the involved facial nerves and musculature, evaluation of the synkinetic face, and different treatment options. We reviewed the literature for advancements and outcomes in assessment, rehabilitation, and non-surgical and surgical treatments for facial synkinesis while highlighting anatomical correlates and movement patterns of commonly affected facial musculature. Understanding facial muscular anatomy, including the intended vectors of movement, guides appropriate therapeutic intervention and improves outcomes. Chemodenervation and rehabilitation continue to be the main treatment strategy for facial synkinesis. In select cases, other techniques, such as selective neurolysis, selective myectomy, nerve grafting, or free muscle transfer, are also available.
La laparotomia rapida

Durante il corso di specializzazione in chirurgia capita sovente di essere impegnato intere giornate in sala operatoria, con in mano il solito elettrobisturi, gioiosamente intento a carbonizzare qualche globulo rosso di passaggio, mentre il tuo maestro, con aria tracotante, fa sfoggio della sua abilita aprendo con la massima precisione i giusti piani di clivaggio, armato di una banalissima pinza, un aspiratore e il “solito” dito, fingendo poi che sia tu ad operare. Insegnare a incidere i tessuti, fare i nodi, posizionare i divaricatori e suturare l’intestino e parte integrante del linguaggio tecnico della chirurgia generale.
Hindlimb flexion withdrawal evoked by noxious heat in conscious rats: magnitude measurement of stimulus-response function, suppression by morphine and habituation

1. The aim of this study was to develop a quantitative behavioral model of nociception. Electromyographic (EMG) recordings from a hamstring flexor muscle provided a measure of the magnitude of hindlimb withdrawals elicited by brief, graded noxious contact thermal stimuli applied to the hindpaw in conscious rats. 2. The magnitude of limb withdrawals showed a significant, usually linear, increase with stimulus temperature from a threshold of approximately 40 up to 52 degrees C. Stimulus-response functions of withdrawal magnitude versus temperature were reproducible within and across rats. Withdrawal magnitude was much more tightly correlated with stimulus temperature (r2 = 0.76, 0.73) than was withdrawal latency (r2 = 0.57, 0.55). 3. Systemic administration of the opiate analgesic morphine (3.5 mg/kg ip) suppressed withdrawals in a naloxone-reversible manner, such that the slope of the stimulus-response function was significantly reduced without an increase in threshold. 4. Successive withdrawals to repeated, identical noxious heat stimuli decreased in a manner consistent with habituation. The response recovered to the prehabituated level after a 15-min rest period, and subsequently decremented even more quickly. The decrement in withdrawal magnitude was greater at lower stimulus intensities and shorter interstimulus intervals, and transferred to a nearby (7.5 mm) but not distant (2.5 cm) site. Evidence for dishabituation was also obtained. 5. The advantages of this method as an animal model of nociception are presented and discussed in terms of the underlying neural circuitry and its modulation.
From an “outside group” to a catalyst for corporate change: Examining activists’ legitimation strategies

Abstract Activist organizations use issues management when pressuring corporations to alter practices and policies that these groups find problematic. Throughout this process, activists must establish legitimacy for their issue concerns, organizations, and proposed solutions to gain public support for their activities. This study qualitatively analyzes the communication practices of 21 activist organizations to understand the strategies that these unique groups harness as they seek to build legitimacy as part of the issues management process. The findings contribute to a growing body of public relations research on activist communication by introducing a new legitimation strategy that underscores the importance of ongoing issues monitoring for activists and illustrates how activist organizations can co-opt extant narratives to build legitimacy for their existing issue arguments.
Effects of a fragmenting handgun bullet: Considerations for trauma care providers.

Abstract Introduction Expanding or fragmenting bullets have been known to cause extensive injuries since they became available in the late 19th century. Although these bullets are now banned from international warfare, their use by civilians and law enforcement is still legal in the US. In this case report, we describe the complex injuries and subsequent complicated hospital course of a civilian trauma patient who was shot with a newly-designed fragmenting bullet, known as a Radically Invasive Projectile (RIP) bullet. Case report A 22-year-old man presented as a trauma activation after a gunshot wound to his left chest. He subsequently underwent chest tube placement, an emergent thoracotomy, and an exploratory laparotomy. In the operating room, the patient had multiple ballistic fragments lodged within his left thoracic cavity and left upper abdomen. These fragments caused multiple penetrating injuries resulting in an 18 day hospital stay with numerous complications. He underwent 4 emergency operations, 2 separate admissions to the intensive care unit (ICU), and the placement of 4 chest tubes. He was ultimately discharged home in stable condition. Conclusion Expanding or fragmenting bullets are designed to inflict significantly more tissue damage than non-deformable bullets. This type of ammunition is prohibited in international warfare on the basis that it does not serve a military advantage but can result in excessive wounding and unnecessary suffering. There is no such ban for handgun ammunition for domestic use in most countries including the United States. Ammunition manufacturers have recently released a fragmenting bullet that is designed to inflict a maximum amount of tissue damage. In this case report, we described the devestating effects of this bullet on a civilian trauma patient.
Structure and Dynamics of the Methane-Propane van der Waals Complex.

Microwave transitions in the region 7–26 GHz were measured for the methane–propane van der Waals complex. The nearly free internal rotation of methane within the complex gives rise to three states ...
Associations between Socioeconomic Status and Urge Urinary Incontinence: An Analysis of NHANES 2005 to 2016.

Purpose:Urge urinary incontinence significantly impacts quality of life. We investigated the association between urge urinary incontinence and socioeconomic status in a nationally representative ad...
Understanding and Quantifying the Scale-Up Penalty: a Systematic Review of Early Developmental Preventive Interventions with Criminological Outcomes

This article reviews the process of scaling up early developmental preventive interventions with criminological outcomes over the life-course, with a focus on quantifying the scale-up penalty. The scale-up penalty is an empirically based quantification of the amount of attenuation in the effects of interventions as they move from research and demonstration projects to large-scale delivery systems attempting to achieve population-level impacts. A systematic review was conducted, which included rigorous criteria for inclusion of studies, comprehensive search strategies to identify eligible studies, and a detailed protocol for coding key study characteristics and factors related to the scale-up penalty. A total of six studies met the inclusion criteria, originating in two countries (USA and Norway) and covering a 20-year period (1998 to 2017). Studies showed large variability in the scale-up penalty assigned, ranging from 0 to 50%, with one study reporting scale-up penalties from negative to 71%. A wide range of factors were considered in quantifying the scale-up penalty, including implementation context, heterogeneity in target populations, heterogeneity of service providers, and fidelity to the model. The most recent studies were more comprehensive in their consideration of factors influencing the scale-up penalty. It is important for program developers and policymakers to recognize and account for implementation challenges when scaling up early developmental preventive interventions. Further research in this area is needed to help mitigate attenuation of program effects and aid public investments in early developmental preventive interventions.
Direct Payment of Scholarships to Church-Related Colleges

This article discusses a scholarship program designed for the purpose of enticing Arkansas’s best and brightest students to attend Arkansas public and private institutions of higher education. While perhaps well-intentioned, the program suffers from fatal constitutional infirmities. In section “II. The Program,” we discuss the program. Section “III. The Constitution” relates it to the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. We then examine in section “IV. The Cases” several cases as they relate to Titles VI of the Civil Rights Act. Section “V. Title VI and Disparate Impact” offers a proposal to achieve the ends of the program that is not offensive to the Constitution and the disparate impact requirements of Title VI. Section “VI. The Cure” offers a constitutional cure for this malady. In section “VII. Libertarian Philosophy,” we introduce the libertarian philosophy and then discuss in section “VIII. Educational Philosophy” the educational policy implied by this philosophy. We conclude in section “IX. Conclusion.”
Exploring Prefetching, Pre-Execution and Branch Outcome Streaming for In-Memory Database Lookups

Lookup operations for in-memory databases are heavily memory-bound because they often rely on pointer-chasing linked data structure traversals. They are also branch heavy with branches that are hard-to-predict due to random key lookups. In this study, we show that although cache misses are the primary bottleneck for these applications, without a method for eliminating the branch mispredictions, only a small fraction of the performance benefit is achieved through prefetching. We propose the Node Tracker (NT), a novel programmable prefetcher/pre-execution unit that is highly effective in exploiting inter key-lookup parallelism to improve single-thread performance. We extend the NT with branch outcome streaming (BOS) to reduce branch mispredictions and show that NT with BOS can achieve an extra 3x speedup. Finally, we evaluated the NT as a pre-execution unit and show that we can further improve the performance in both single- and multi-threaded execution modes.
Methodological Issues in Specifying Neurotoxic Risk Factors for Developmental Delay: Lead and Cadmium as Prototypes

Publisher Summary This chapter presents definitions and theoretical frameworks of the disciplines of the study of mental retardation and developmental disabilities. The culmination of early chronic exposure to neurotoxins, such as lead and cadmium may result in the behavioral expression of diminished functional capacity of people. The compounding of irreversible neurotoxic insults even with a normal trajectory of aging is likely to have an exponential, not just an additive, effect. The risks caused by high-level neurotoxic exposures (i.e., encephalopathy, coma, and death) are not controversial; determination of the relative plasticity of the central nervous system (CNS) and the reversibility of such gross neural insults is a matter of empirical research on an established risk factor. It may affect the culturally disadvantaged and other more vulnerable groups in society the most. These are man-made risks that are preventable through environmental regulation. They are unique opportunities for prevention of developmental disabilities, which should not be lost.
History of Mastoidectomy: PubMed, Best Matches, Secondary References, and Inaccuracies.

Objective PubMed is the world's largest online collection of biomedical literature citations. A PubMed search (October 11, 2019) using the medical subject heading terms "history" and "mastoidectomy" was conducted. The heading "best matches" listed as first article "A brief history of mastoidectomy," a very relevant free full text. The aim of this study is to validate or not the relevance attributed to this study as the first article listed in best matches. Methodology All the references of the article mentioned before 1860 were checked, further completed with other original sources, and studied again, with particular attention to their extracted quotes. Results Surprisingly, this article contains many inaccuracies, notably concerning Galen, Lucas van Leyden, Pare, Riolan the Younger, Justus von Berger, Jasser, Dezeimeris, Wilde and Toynbee. This was most certainly related to blind trust of some secondary references. Conclusion Never trust secondary references. This article also raises questions on the validity and the relevance of the best matches algorithm in PubMed.
AINTEGUMENTA and AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE6 directly regulate floral homeotic and growth genes in young flowers

Abstract Arabidopsis flower primordia give rise to floral organ primordia in stereotypical positions within four concentric whorls. Floral organ primordia in each whorl undergo distinct developmental programs to become one of four organ types (sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels). The Arabidopsis transcription factors AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) and AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE6 (AIL6) play critical and partially overlapping roles during floral organogenesis. They are required for correct positioning of floral organ initiation, contribute to the specification of floral organ identity, and regulate the growth and morphogenesis of developing floral organs. To gain insight into the molecular means by which ANT and AIL6 contribute to floral organogenesis, we identified the genome-wide binding sites of both ANT and AIL6 in stage 3 flower primordia, the developmental stage at which sepal primordia become visible and class B and C floral homeotic genes are first expressed. AIL6 binds to a subset of ANT sites, suggesting that AIL6 regulates some but not all of the same target genes as ANT. ANT and AIL6 binding sites are associated with genes involved in many biological processes related to meristem and flower organ development. Comparison of genes associated with both ANT and AIL6 ChIP-Seq peaks and those differentially expressed after perturbation of ANT or AIL6 activity identified likely direct targets of ANT and AIL6 regulation. These include the floral homeotic genes APETALA3 (AP3) and AGAMOUS (AG) and four growth regulatory genes: BIG BROTHER (BB), ROTUNDIFOLIA3 (ROT3), ANGUSTIFOLIA3/GRF INTERACTING FACTOR (AN3/GIF1), and XYLOGLUCAN ENDOTRANSGLUCOLSYLASE/HYDROLASE9 (XTH9). One Sentence Summary The transcription factors ANT and AIL6 directly regulate genes involved in different aspects of flower development including genes that specify floral organ identity and those that regulate growth.
Spying from Space: Reconnaissance Satellites and Interstate Disputes:

Despite considerable interest and debate, it has proven surprisingly difficult to demonstrate a systematic link between technological change and patterns of war and peace. At least part of the chal...
Real-time Asset Management and Localization with Machine Learning and Bluetooth Low Energy Tags

Effectively managing assets is crucial for businesses, yet asset management can be expensive, time-consuming, and labor intensive. Improving asset management is extremely desirable to increase efficiency and profitability. Nearly 92% of companies invest in technologies to help manage assets. Technologies such as barcodes and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags have long been used for asset tracking. However, these strategies are not able to precisely localize assets and cannot do so in real-time. Other strategies utilizing triangulation have been attempted using radio parameters such as RSSI and time of flight. However, these strategies are highly sensitive to environmental factors. Also, models made from radio parameters often generalize poorly. In this paper, we develop an improved asset tracking method leveraging Bluetooth, RSSI, and Packet Reception Rate. This approach overcomes many limitations of traditional asset tracking methods and enables assets to be accurately tracked in real-time. By training models specific to a deployment, we drastically reduce our sensitivity to environmental factors and improve accuracy. We demonstrate localization accuracies of 85% to 94% and show that these models can be easily trained. Additionally, the models require very minimal training data (only 30-40 samples per room) in order to achieve localization accuracies.
Homological integration theory

In this chapter we make a measure theoretic study of certain groups of chains, with a boundary operator, which are appropriate for both topological and analytic uses. They yield the standard homology groups with coefficients in Z or Z v or R. They have compactness properties implying the existence of solutions of variational problems. They obey approximation theorems, representation theorems and isoperimetric inequalities of simultaneous geometric and analytic interest.
Blue-Light Regulated Gene Expression

Plants rely heavily on light as an environmental cue. This is in addition to the use of light as an energy source via photosynthesis. The use of light to cue various developmental and/or environment adapting processes is referred to as photomorphogenesis. The occurrence of photomorphogenesis dictates that light is perceived and converted to a biochemical signal capable of eliciting the proper response. The components of the signal transduction mechanisms responsible for photomorphogenesis are poorly understood. We are interested in discerning the mechanism of blue-light regulated changes in gene expression.
Location, location, location: Creating and implementing context-specific interventions

This chapter shifts focus from the identification of empirically supported principles of motivational science to an emphasis on cultivating adaptive motivation in others. Transforming scientific evidence into practical and useful operational strategies that promote motivational growth requires clear recognition of the individual differences in performers and the realization that the suitability of intervention strategies are based, in part, on the context of application. This chapter explores the nature of strategies aligned with specific performance cultures and describes best practices to enhance adaptive motivation in classrooms, the workplace, athletics and the performing arts. This chapter closes with a consideration of which motivational strategies are most useful to promote sound instructional design and to facilitate online learning.
Developmental and Educational Perspectives on Theory Change: To Have and Hold, or To Have and Hone?

Eric Schwitzgebel presents an attractive argument for the use of affective indicators to both assess and extend the 'theory theory' research agenda. A key component of his argument is an account of explanation that can be applied to both children and adults, few of whom possess the attributes and behaviors that warrant being called scientists. The core features of his account include 1) regarding a set of propositions as a theory and 2) subscribing to a theory by accepting and employing this set of propositions to explain events within the theory's domain. We will argue that this account, while potentially helpful for guiding research on the affective content of explanations, requires elaboration because it (1) does not fully characterize what is distinctive and important about theoretical and scientific thinking, (2) raises questions about different kinds of explanations, such as seen in transitions from common-sense explanations to theoretical explanations; (3) favors individual theorizing to the exclusion of socially mediated theorizing, and (4) raises developmental questions about the nature of explanation-seeking and the capacity to apply evidence to evaluate theories.
Pathological Changes in the Heart of the Strain CUX1 Transgenic Mice

CUX1 is a transcriptional repressor gene in the network controlling G1-S phase transition. It represses the expression of the cyclin kinase (CK1) inhibitors p21 and p27. Transgenic mice constitutively expressing CUX1 develop multiorgan damage consequent to aberrant p27 expression in the kidneys (polycystic), testes (diminished spermatogenesis), and liver (fibrosis). These mice also present severe pulmonary inflammation, vasculitis, bronchiolitis, bronchiectasis, and fibrosis. This study relates to the damage induced to the heart consequent to the CUX1 expression. H&E staining of the mice hearts showed extensive myocardial inflammation, interstitial edema, hemorrhages, and increased number of macrophages neutrophils, and lymphocytes. Clusters of myocardial fibers were intensively eosinophilic with nuclear pyknosis and karyolysis suggesting the development of infarctions. A semi-quantitative evaluation of the histopathological damage made by two pathologists unaware of the slides identity, with damage grade...
The Electronics of Radio

This fascinating book provides a stimulating introduction to analog electronics by analysing the design and construction of a radio transceiver. Essential theoretical background is given along with carefully designed laboratory and homework exercises. The author begins with a thorough description of basic electronic components and simple circuits and goes on to describe the key elements of radio electronics, including filters, amplifiers, oscillators, mixers, and antennas. Laboratory exercises lead the reader through the design, construction, and testing of a popular radio transceiver (the NorCal 40A). A diskette containing the widely known circuit simulation software, Puff, is included in the book. This was the first book to deal with elementary electronics in the context of radio. It can be used as a textbook for introductory analog electronics courses, for more advanced undergraduate classes on radio-frequency electronics, and will also be of great interest to electronics hobbyists and radio enthusiasts.
Marine Calcifiers in a High-CO2 Ocean

New results show that the response of marine organisms to ocean acidification varies both within and between species.
Trust in International Cooperation: International Security Institutions, Domestic Politics and American Multilateralism

Trust in International Cooperation challenges conventional wisdoms concerning the part which trust plays in international cooperation and the origins of American multilateralism. Brian C. Rathbun questions rational institutionalist arguments, demonstrating that trust precedes rather than follows the creation of international organizations. Drawing on social psychology, he shows that individuals placed in the same structural circumstances show markedly different propensities to cooperate based on their beliefs about the trustworthiness of others. Linking this finding to political psychology, Rathbun explains why liberals generally pursue a more multilateral foreign policy than conservatives, evident in the Democratic Party's greater support for a genuinely multilateral League of Nations, United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Rathbun argues that the post-World War Two bipartisan consensus on multilateralism is a myth, and differences between the parties are growing continually starker.
Solution of Nonlinear Polarization Boundary Conditions

An efficient algorithm for solving multiple reaction electrochemical polarization equations is presented. The boundary integral formulation for the electric field (Laplace equation) conveniently provides a direct relationship between potential and current at the electrode surfaces, which can then be coupled to the nonlinear polarization boundary conditions. As a consequence, a successful Gauss-Seidel type iteration, incorporating a nonlinear solve at each step, can be developed. Results are presented for the modeling multiple chemical reactions in an electrospray emitter tube.
The Hoosier Apex

This essay examines how the geographic region of southern Indiana queers traditional boundaries of the U.S. South. It looks at the linguistic phenomenon known as “the Hoosier apex” to explore how southern dialects have crossed into regions such as the Midwest, and it traces how southern vernaculars as well as southern sexual cultures have migrated into the heartland over the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first centuries. Using the word “greasy” and the queer icon of Tina Turner as its main reference points for these claims, the argument demonstrates that interregional migrations between the U.S. South and the U.S. Midwest can expand and enrich current theories of queer mobility, migration, and regionalism.