cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale: Modifications That Can Enhance its Use in Future Clinical Trials

The Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS) is widely used in clinical trials of potential treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The cognitive portion of the ADAS (ADAS-Cog) consists of 11 items designed to assess the severity of memory, language, praxis and orientation impairments. The noncognitive portion of the ADAS (ADAS-Non-Cog) consists of 10 clinician rated items assessing the severity of depressive symptoms, psychosis, agitation, attention and tremors. These items are described in previous publications (Mohs et al., 1982; Rosen et al., 1984), and longitudinal data have demonstrated that the cognitive portion of the scale measures progressive cognitive impairment across a broad range of dementia severity (Stern et al., 1994). The ADAS-Cog has been used as the principal measure of cognitive outcome in several multicenter clinical trials of potential treatments for AD, including the trials of tacrine (Farlow et al., 1992; Knapp et al., 1994).
Unconscious cathexis of dream symbols as measured by the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement.

Summary.-This study measured unconscious cathexis and conscious association with dream content, using the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA), with subjects reporting recurring, past-recurring, and nonrecurring dreams. Unconscious cathexis of dream content was noted for recurring dreamers; conscious association with dream content was not. The results suggest that the KTSA is a valuable instrument for the empirical study of unconscious processes and that the contents of recurring dreams are particularly salient in a dreamer's unconscious. This study assessed the value of the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA; Kahn, 1960b) in the empirical study of unconscious processes. The KTSA was used to develop scores that would reflect both unconscious cathexis of dream symbols and conscious identification with dream symbols. These scores were compared for groups of subjects reporting recurring, nonrecurring, and past-recurring dreams. The study assumed, in accordance with the thinking of Freud (1968) and Jung (1968), that cathexis of dream symbols would be greatest in recurring dreams and that conscious identification with dream content would be greatest in past-recurring dreams.
Third Extracellular Loop (EC3)-N Terminus Interaction Is Important for Seven-transmembrane Domain Receptor Function IMPLICATIONS FOR AN ACTIVATION MICROSWITCH REGION

The canonical heptahelical bundle architecture of seven-transmembrane domain (7TM) receptors is intertwined by three intra- and three extracellular loops, whose local conformations are important in receptor signaling. Many 7TM receptors contain a cysteine residue in the third extracellular loop (EC3) and a complementary cysteine residue on the N terminus. The functional role of such EC3-N terminus conserved cysteine pairs remains unclear. This study explores the role of the EC3-N terminus cysteine pairs on receptor conformation and G protein activation by disrupting them in the chemokine receptor CXCR4, while engineering a novel EC3-N terminus cysteine pair into the complement factor 5a receptor (C5aR), a chemo attractant receptor that lacks it. Mutated CXCR4 and C5aRs were expressed in engineered yeast. Mutation of the cysteine pair with the serine pair (C28S/C274S) in constitutively active mutant CXCR4 abrogated the receptor activation, whereas mutation with the aromatic pair (C28F–C274F) or the salt bridge pair (C28R/C274E), respectively, rescued or retained the receptor activation in response to CXCL12. In this context, the cysteine pair (Cys30 and Cys272) engineered into the EC3-N terminus (Ser30 and Ser272) of a novel constitutively active mutant of C5aR restrained the constitutive signaling without affecting the C5a-induced activation. Further mutational studies demonstrated a previously unappreciated role for Ser272 on EC3 of C5aR and its interaction with the N terminus, thus defining a new microswitch region within the C5aR. Similar results were obtained with mutated CXCR4 and C5aRs expressed in COS-7 cells. These studies demonstrate a novel role of the EC3-N terminus cysteine pairs in G protein-coupled receptor activation and signaling.
The managerial accounting component of elementary ccounting

Abstract The purpose of this article is to stimulate discussion of the content and presentation of the managerial component of undergraduate elementary accounting. The first part of this article reports the results of a survey conducted to gather data about the current managerial accounting content of elementary accounting, how it is taught, and modifications in content which are deemed desirable by those teaching the course. The second part describes the changing environment in which organizations function. The authors hope this article will stimulate an evaluation of the managerial/accounting component of the elementary accounting course and result in a more meaningful course for future decision makers.
Machine learning and windowed subsecond event detection on PMU data via Hadoop and the openPDC

The high rate of data samples reported by devices that support PMU functionality forces the use of non-traditional methods in order to attempt realtime anomaly detection. Two methods discussed are offline machine learning and a realtime sliding window procedure. In using machine learning techniques it is possible to assert a classifier algorithm, which to a certain degree of accuracy can flag incoming data for further operation when applied in realtime. The open source project Hadoop provides the storage architecture for large datasets (petabyte scale) as well as the MapReduce computational framework for distributed computing to produce these classifiers. Additionally, a sliding window of realtime data can be used to present a longer data sample window than the device report rate allowing for a heuristic hysteresis approach. The open source openPDC promotes the implementation of the classifier and sliding window in a realtime environment operating on new measurements thirty times a second.
Complete divisibility problems for slowly utilized oracles

Abstract The concept of NP-completeness relative to a slowly utilized oracle is introduced and shown to be useful for providing evidence of intractability of some problems that are not known to be NP-complete. One such problem is to decide if a sparse polynomial has a root in the integers (mod p ) for prime p . Relationships between unrelativized complexity relative to a slowly utilized oracle are also given.
Comparative cardio-inhibitory effects of certain cyclohexanol and cyclohexylamine derivatives

Derivatives of cyclohexanol and cyclohexylamine were screened for cardioplegic effects on intact anesthetized rats and isolated guinea pig hearts. Evaluation of potency was based on the ability of the compounds to depress rat carotid blood pressure, and to produce reversible arrest of the isolated guinea pig heart. trans-2-o-Tolyl-cis-1, 4-cyclohexanediol and trans-2-o-tolyl-trans-1, 5-cyclohexanediol were equally effective and the most active compounds tested in producing a hypotensive response. trans-2(p-Chlorophenyl)-N, N-dimethylcyclohexylamine was the least active and the only compound causing a pressor response. As a group, the cyclohexanol derivatives were more potent hypotensive agents than were the derivatives of cyclohexylamine. Conversely, the cyclohexylamines were more potent cardioplegic agents. The cis and trans isomers of 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-N, N-dimethylcyclo-hexylamine were equally the most active, with trans-2-o-tolyl-cis-l,4-cyclohexanediol the least active of the compounds studied. The minimum effective cardioplegic dose of 1-ethynyl-trans-2-o-tolylcyclohexanol was also the cardiotoxic dose as the heart failed to recover from arrest. Mechanism studies indicate an antagonistic effect between calcium and the negative inotropic action of these compounds.
Random Bulk Properties of Heterogeneous Rectangular Blocks With Lognormal Young's Modulus: Effective Moduli

Markus J. Buehler Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 e-mail: mbuehler@MIT.EDU Random Bulk Properties of Heterogeneous Rectangular Blocks With Lognormal Young’s Modulus: Effective Moduli
Anaphylaxis: lessons from mouse models.

Studies with mouse models demonstrate 2 pathways of systemic anaphylaxis: a classic pathway mediated by IgE, FcɛRI, mast cells, histamine, and platelet-activating factor (PAF) and an alternative pathway mediated by IgG, FcγRIII, macrophages, and PAF. The former pathway requires much less antigen and antibody than the latter. This is modified, however, by IgG antibodies that prevent IgE-mediated anaphylaxis by intercepting antigen before it binds to mast cell–associated IgE. Consequently, IgG antibodies block systemic anaphylaxis induced by small quantities of antigen but mediate systemic anaphylaxis induced by larger quantities. The importance of the alternative pathway in human subjects is unknown, but human IgG, IgG receptors, macrophages, mediators, and mediator receptors have appropriate properties to support this pathway if sufficient IgG and antigen are present. The severity of systemic anaphylaxis is increased by nitric oxide produced by the enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase and by the cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 and decreased by endogenous β-adrenergic stimulation and receptors that contain ITIM that bind tyrosine phosphatases. Anaphylaxis is also suppressed by other receptors and ion channels that function through distinct mechanisms. Unlike systemic anaphylaxis, intestinal anaphylaxis (allergic diarrhea) is almost totally IgE and mast cell dependent and is mediated predominantly by PAF and serotonin. Some potent food allergens, including peanuts and tree nuts, can directly enhance anaphylaxis by stimulating an anaphylactoid response through the innate immune system. Results of these studies suggest novel prophylactic agents, including nonstimulatory anti-IgE mAbs, IL-4 receptor antagonists, PAF antagonists, and agents that cross-link FcɛRI or FcγRIII to an ITIM–containing inhibitory receptor.
Distinguishing between Market Participation and Infrequency of Purchase Models of Butter Demand

Household butter expenditures are modeled by market participation and infrequency-of-purchase specifications. The market participation model assumes that zero expenditures represent either traditional corner solutions or consumers who never use the product, whereas the infrequency-of-purchase model assumes that zero expenditures represent either corner solutions or consumption out of storage. We determine that the infrequency-of-purchase specification is preferred to the market participation model by applying a nonnested test based upon likelihood functions. If household expenditure surveys contained information about participation and frequency of purchase, a likelihood function which contained both models could be written and estimated.
Reverse-engineering of biochemical reaction networks from spatio-temporal correlations of fluorescence fluctuations

Abstract Recent developments of fluorescence labeling and highly advanced microscopy techniques have enabled observations of activities of biosignaling molecules in living cells. The high spatial and temporal resolutions of these video microscopy experiments allow detection of fluorescence fluctuations at the timescales approaching those of enzymatic reactions. Such fluorescence fluctuation patterns may contain information about the complex reaction–diffusion system driving the dynamics of the labeled molecule. Here, we have developed a method of identifying the reaction–diffusion system of fluorescently labeled signaling molecules in the cell, by combining spatio-temporal correlation function analysis of fluctuating fluorescent patterns, stochastic reaction–diffusion simulations, and an iterative system identification technique using a simulated annealing algorithm. In this report, we discuss the validity and usability of spatio-temporal correlation functions in characterizing the reaction–diffusion dynamics of biomolecules, and demonstrate application of our reaction–diffusion system identification method to a simple conceptual model for small GTPase activation.
The development of market orientation: a consideration of institutional influence in China

Purpose – China has followed an unique transition from central planning to a market economy. The purpose of this paper is to examine how China's unique blend of capitalism and socialism has influenced Chinese firms? market orientation. Design/methodology/approach – Broadly speaking this paper's methodological approach can be described as a positivistic epistemology. Findings – The paper provides insights into how Chinese institutions facilitate or hinder firms? market orientation practices through direct effect, externality effect and indirect causal chains. The central theme is that, compared with other countries, China's unaltered political institutions and newly created market institutions have led to unique roles of coercive, normative and mimetic pressures in the diffusion of market orientation among Chinese firms. Especially, regulative institutions? influence on other institutions is more salient in China than in many other countries. Research limitations/implications – A lack of primary data and empirical documentation and a lack of in-depth treatment of some of the key issues are major limitations here. Practical implications – The paper analyses institutional pressures facing firms operating in China and their variation across different types of firms. An understanding of these pressures is essential to devise market-oriented approaches in the country. It also examines different institutional factors (e.g. Chinese professional associations) that influence a firm's capability to implement market-oriented practices. Originality/value – This paper's greatest value stems from the fact that it employs institutional theory as a lens to understand firms? market orientation. The institutions-market orientation nexus is a very important but highly underexamined subject.
Transesophageal echocardiographic diagnosis of eustachian valve endocarditis

A 33-year-old man with a history of intravenous drug abuse was seen with fever, septic pulmonary embolization, and Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Transthoracic echocardiography was nondiagnostic. Transesophageal echocardiography showed a large, pedunculated, and highly mobile vegetation attached to the eustachian valve.
Isolaimium Hamatispiculatum N. Sp. (Nematoda: Isolaimida) From the United States

Isolaimium hamatispiculatum n. sp. is described from the United States (Tennessee). It is differentiated from all other species of Isolaimium by combinations of the following characteristics: length 3.7-4.9 mm, longitudinal striae present only in the lateral quadrants, one or no pre-anal ventral papillae in the male, spicules usually falcate, spicule tip expanded into a hook-like process.
A thermal canister experiment for the Space Shuttle

An experiment will be described which, if successful, will demonstrate the feasibility of using a heat pipe thermal canister to control the temperature of a wide variety of instruments operating in the bay of the NASA Space Shuttle. The experiment will be launched in December 1979 as part of the fourth orbital flight test of the Shuttle. Predictions indicate that the canister can provide an environment controlled to + or - 1 C over the range of 0 C to 30 C for conductively and radiatively coupled instruments with internal power dissipations of approximately 100 to 400 watts. This is the most ambitious thermal control program yet attempted which uses heat pipes as the primary control element. The outcome of this experiment will have far reaching implications for instruments which are operated in the Shuttle bay.
Peripheral vascular endothelial function correlates with exercise capacity in women.

.†Division of Cardiology/Department of Medicine, *Department of Biostatistics, and †the Molecular Cardiology Research Institute,Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USASummaryBackground: Vascular endothelial function has been ob-served to correlate with exercise capacity in predominantlymale populations. Gender-based differences exist in the clini-cal course of coronary artery disease, and previous studies in-dicate that estrogen may influence endothelial function. Theseobservations raise the possibility that the relationship betweenendothelial function and exercise capacity in women may dif-fer from that in men.Hypothesis:This study aimed to determine whether periph-eral vascular endothelial function correlates with exercise ca-pacity in women.Methods: Women who were referred for clinically indicat-ed exercise testing with technetium-99 myocardial perfusionimaging were consecutively recruited. To ensure a populationfree of exercise limitation due to ischemic heart disease, wom-en without myocardial perfusion defects were included foranalysis in this study (n = 105). Endothelial function was as-sessed by brachial artery ultrasound flow-mediated vasodila-tion (FMD). Exercise capacity was defined as the duration ofexercise on a symptom-limited Bruce protocol.Results: Mean FMD was 11.8 ± 0.6%, and median FMDwas 12%. Subjects with an FMD less than the median of 12%had a significantly shorter exercise time than those with FMD≥12% (411 ±17 vs. 482 ±24 s, p = 0.014). There was a signif-icant correlation between FMD and exercise time (r = 0.34,p<0.001). Age and body mass index were additional predic-tors of exercise time; however, the relationship between FMDand exercise time was independent of these variables.Conclusion:Brachial artery FMD correlates with exercisecapacity in women, even in the absence of ischemic heartdisease.Key words: endothelium, exercise capacity, womenIntroductionVascular endothelial dysfunction is present in individualswith atherosclerosis and is a predictor of cardiac events inthese patients.
A physical theory based solely on the first postulate of relativity

Using the first postulate of relativity only, we develop a general theory, termed taiji relativity, which has four-dimensional symmetry and is consistent with experiments. Within this framework, the speed of light is no longer a universal constant. Thus, quantum electrodynamics has only two fundamental constants, ē and J, which are the analogues of e and h. Some new results are implied.
Retardation, quasipotential equations, and relativistic corrections to the deuteron charge operator

Four different methods for handling the retardation of a single meson exchange in the nuclear force have been examined, together with the corresponding contributions to the deuteron charge operator. It is shown that to order ${(\frac{v}{c})}^{2}$ these operators are all part of a single unitarily equivalent family. The Gross quasipotential equation is examined and relativistic corrections to the deuteron charge form factor are shown to be the same as those generated by the author's method, when converted to a common unitary representation. The same result has also been demonstrated for the folded diagram method. The asymmetric terms in Gross's Hamiltonian are shown to take the place of recoil graph contributions to the charge operator. These terms are necessary for Lorentz invariance and the "Gross correction" to the deuteron charge form factor.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Deuteron, $\ensuremath{\rho}$, meson exchange currents, relativistic effects.
Non-dimensional analysis of a physically based rainfall-runoff-erosion model over steep slopes

Abstract A non-dimensional analysis is undertaken to study the rainfall-runoff-erosion process over steep slopes. This analysis leads to a reduction in the number of parameters required for modeling erosion by overland flow. Two important parameters are identified: the dimensionless erodibility σ ∗ denoting the average erodibility over the whole slope, and G which partitions the sediment transport dynamics into detachment, deposition and equilibrium regimes. Analytical solutions are presented for the non-dimensional equations. It is observed that G remains practically time-invariant but has a marked spatial variation along the slope. The dimensionless sediment discharge along the slope shows strong dependence on both σ ∗ and G. Some asymptotic results are also discussed along with practical applications of this work.
Alcohol‐aggression expectancies and dispositional aggression moderate the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol‐related violence

::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::: :::::::::::: Alcohol consumption increases aggression, but only in some drinkers. This study examines how expectancies for alcohol-induced aggression and dispositional aggression moderate the link between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related violence, building on previous studies that have employed limited measures of alcohol-related violence and included few women. A sample of 212 men and women reported their alcohol consumption, alcohol-aggression expectancies, dispositional aggression, and incidents of alcoholrelated aggressive acts. Alcohol-aggression expectancies and quantity of alcohol consumed interacted to predict alcohol-related aggression. Alcohol-aggression expectancies covaried with alcohol-related aggressive acts, particularly in heavier drinkers. Dispositional aggression also correlated with alcohol-related aggression among heavier drinkers. These results help identify that alcohol might increase aggression only among heavy drinkers who expect alcohol to increase aggression or who are dispositionally aggressive. Aggr. Behav. 32:517–527, 2006. r 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Coronary angioplasty in a patient with dextrocardia

This report, concerning the procedures applied to a patient with dextrocardia, describes how such a patient was able to undergo a normal diagnostic catheterization. These data should be added to the limited data on interventional procedures in patients who have this anomaly.
Leukocyte Integrin Mac-1 Promotes Acute Cardiac Allograft Rejection

Background— In allograft rejection, recipient leukocytes and alloantibodies first target donor endothelial cells. Although the leukocyte integrin Mac-1 (αMβ2, CD11b/CD18) facilitates cell–cell interactions among leukocytes and interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells or platelets, its role in allograft survival and vasculopathy is incompletely defined. Methods and Results— This study examined parenchymal rejection and graft arterial disease after total allomismatched cardiac transplantation (BALB/c donor heart and B6 recipients) in wild-type (WT) and Mac-1-deficient (Mac-1−/−) recipients. Recipient Mac-1 deficiency attenuated parenchymal rejection and significantly prolonged cardiac allograft survival from 8.3±1.3 days in WT recipient allografts (n=18) to 13.8±2.3 days in Mac-1−/− recipient allografts (n=6; P<0.0001). Accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages significantly decreased in Mac-1−/− compared with WT recipients. Adoptive transfer of WT but not Mac-1−/− macrophages to Mac-1−/− rec...
Recent developments in the mathematical aspects of boundary layer theory

Abstract This is an expository paper concerning some recent mathematical advances in the study of Prandtl's boundary layer equations. The main topics considered are the rigorous derivation of the equations themselves, the mathematical theory of the associated initial value problem, and the theory of similarity solutions.
Microwave and Millimeter Wave Ferromagnetic Absorption of Nanoferrites

Complex dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability of several commercially available nanoferrites have been studied over a broad microwave and millimeter wave frequency range. Nano-sized barium, strontium, copper, zinc, nickel substituted iron oxide powders with different lattice structures are investigated. A transmission-reflection based in-waveguide technique that employs a vector network analyzer was used to determine the scattering parameters for each sample in two microwave bands (18-40 GHz). A free space quasi-optical spectrometer energized by backward wave oscillators was used to acquire the transmittance spectra in the millimeter wave frequency range (30-120 GHz). Relatively broad and sharp ferromagnetic resonance of hexagonal barium ferrite and strontium ferrite are observed in millimeter wave frequency range. The ferromagnetic resonance peak for nano-sized hexagonal ferrite powder material moves to lower frequencies compared to micro-sized and solid hexagonal ferrites. An X-ray diffraction measurement is performed on these hexagonal ferrites to understand the magnetic behavior and the structure.
Liver alcohol dehydrogenase: evidence for a new cobalt/zinc hybrid.

Summary Two of the four zinc atoms of liver alcohol dehydrogenase have been replaced by cobalt under conditions that gave a fully-active Co2Zn2-hybrid. Substitution occurred at one catalytic and one non-catalytic site as judged by three criteria: i) the spectrum of the hybrid is perturbed by NADH; ii) the fluorescence of NADH bound to the hybrid is 50% quenched due to dipole-dipole interactions between the reduced nicotinamide moiety and cobalt substituted at the active site; iii) titration of the hybrid with 1,10-phenanthroline resulted in a stoichiometric decrease in the absorbance of the hybrid at 650 nm which reached an end-point when the concentration of chelator was half the total cobalt of the hybrid. This spectral change was accompanied by an irreversible loss of approximately half the enzymic activity.
Models of mobility-shift assay of complexes between dimerizing protein and DNA.

The theory of mass transport coupled to macromolecular interactions under chemical kinetic control forms the basis of four different models of the electrophoretic mobility-shift assay of complexes formed between dimerizing proteins and DNA. The theory of mass action was applied to the set of simultaneous dimerization (either simple or ligand-induced) and DNA-binding reactions in order to fix the initial equilibrium composition of mixtures to be assayed. Theoretical mobility-shift patterns were obtained for a range of protein concentrations at constant DNA concentration by numerical solution of the set of simultaneous transport-reaction equations appropriate for each model. In those cases in which dimerization in solution is modeled (including heterodimerization), analysis of the peaks in the patterns provides apparent binding constants, which, when extrapolated to infinite dilution of protein, yield acceptable estimates of equilibrium constants. Those for binding of dimer are products of two or three equilibrium constants, from which the equilibrium binding constant can be extracted, privided that dimerization and, where required, ligand-binding constants are determined by independent physicochemical methods. Dimerization of protein when bound to DNA is distinctive in that extrapolation to infinite dilution of protein is not required.
Thermal stability and flammability of organic polymers

Combustion avec flamme des polymeres organiques. L'inhibition de la combustion des polymeres
Detection of MRP functional activity: Calcein AM but not BCECF AM as a multidrug resistance-related protein (MRP1) substrate

Resistance to anticancer drugs has been attributed to an array of cellular changes. The multidrug resistance-related protein (MRP1) is an efflux pump whose overexpression confers resistance to several classes of drugs, such as the anthracyclines, epipodophyllotoxins, and vinca alkaloids. These drugs are mainstays in cancer therapy. MRP1 overexpression is hypothesized to be a causative agent of clinical treatment failure. Consistently accurate methods for detecting this protein are necessary to further understand its biology and delineate its possible clinical relevance. Flow cytometric analysis of multidrug resistance (MDR) is a valuable method to evaluate both antigen expression and function. Using flow cytometry, we assayed MRP1 functional activity in pediatric leukemic blasts and an array of MDR+ and WT cell lines. We conclude that calcein AM, when used in a retention assay with MRP1-specific modulators, is able to reliably detect MRP functional activity. 2′-7′-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF AM) transport is not indicative of MRP1 overexpression. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:105–113, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Integration of the immune system: a complex adaptive supersystem

Immunity to pathogenic organisms is a complex process involving interacting factors within the immune system including circulating cells, tissues and soluble chemical mediators. Both the efficiency and adaptive responses of the immune system in a dynamic, often hostile, environment are essential for maintaining our health and homeostasis. This paper will present a brief review of one of nature's most elegant, complex adaptive systems.
Loss of chromosome 22 alleles in human sporadic spinal schwannomas

Acoustic neuromas occur either as sporadic solitary tumors in the general population or as inherited bilateral tumors typically in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2. Loss of heterozygosity for markers on the long arm of chromosome 22 has been reported in both instances, and neurofibromatosis type 2 has been genetically linked to a marker on the long arm of this autosome, suggesting that a unique locus on chromosome 22 is implicated in tumorigenesis of both sporadic and inherited acoustic neuromas. To determine whether the locus for neurofibromatosis type 2 might also be responsible for tumorigenesis of those schwannomas distinct from acoustic neuromas in people without neurofibromatosis type 2, we studied the DNA content of three sporadic spinal schwannomas. In all three, we found loss of heterozygosity for at least three markers on the long arm of chromosome 22, indicating a partial or total monosomy 22 in the tumor. Our results suggest that a locus on chromosome 22 is responsible for tumorigenesis in schwann cells regardless of their location in the central nervous system, and that some other mechanism (genetic or nongenetic) might account for the relative high proportion of schwannomas developing from the eighth cranial nerve.
Integration of cytogenetic with recombinational and physical maps of mouse chromosome 16.

To link the cytogenetic map for mouse chromosome 16 (Chr 16) to the more detailed recombinational and physical maps, multiple probes were mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Sixteen large insert clones (YACs, BACs, and PACs) containing markers that have been assigned to the Chr 16 recombinational map were localized to a cytogenetic band or subband by high-resolution FISH. This linkage of the cytogenetic and recombinational maps provides a useful tool for assigning new probe locations and for defining breakpoints in mice with chromosomal rearrangements. A direct application of these probes is demonstrated by identifying mice trisomic for distal Chr 16 using FISH analysis of interphase nuclei.
Glacial age marsh, lafayette park, washington, d.C.

Organic sediments beneath historic Lafayette Park mark the site of a freshwater marsh which bordered the Potomac River when it was 15 meters above its present level. Plant microfossils and ice-rafted boulders indicate a climate much colder than now. The carbon-14 age of more than 45,000 years and palynological studies suggest an early Wisconsin age.
The influence of interfacial adhesion on the piezoelectric response of electroceramic/polymer composites

Abstract The nature of the interfacial adhesion in composites of electroceramics and polymers was found to exert a profound influence on the piezoelectric activity of PZT-polymer composites with 1–3 connectivity and perforated PZT-polymer composites with 3–1 and 3–2 connectivity patterns. Treatment of the electroceramic surface with coupling agents (e.g., organosilanes or organstitanates) apparently improves the interfacial adhesion sufficiently to provide more efficient stress transfer from the polymer to the PZT. The [gbar]h and [dbar]h coefficients of the composites with coupling agents are from 20 to 35% higher than those prepared without coupling agent.
Generation of mouse ES cell lines engineered for the forced induction of transcription factors

Here we report the generation and characterization of 84 mouse ES cell lines with doxycycline-controllable transcription factors (TFs) which, together with the previous 53 lines, cover 7–10% of all TFs encoded in the mouse genome. Global gene expression profiles of all 137 lines after the induction of TFs for 48 hrs can associate each TF with the direction of ES cell differentiation, regulatory pathways, and mouse phenotypes. These cell lines and microarray data provide building blocks for a variety of future biomedical research applications as a community resource.
Using graded response model for the prediction of prostate cancer risk

Disease risk-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have the potential to be used for disease risk prediction. An important feature of these risk-associated SNPs is their weak individual effect but stronger cumulative effect on disease risk. To date, a stable summary estimate of the joint effect of genetic variants on disease risk prediction is not available. In this study, we propose to use the graded response model (GRM), which is based on the item response theory, for estimating the individual risk that is associated with a set of SNPs. We compare the GRM with a recently proposed risk prediction model called cumulative relative risk (CRR). Thirty-three prostate cancer risk-associated SNPs were originally discovered in GWAS by December 2009. These SNPs were used to evaluate the performance of GRM and CRR for predicting prostate cancer risk in three GWAS populations, including populations from Sweden, Johns Hopkins Hospital, and the National Cancer Institute Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility study. Computational results show that the risk prediction estimates of GRM, compared to CRR, are less biased and more stable.
Common intersections of polygons

Abstract An algorithm is given for the detection of a common intersection with respect to a set of vertically convex planar polygons. A serial implementation is given, as well as parallel implementations for the CREW PRAM, hypercube, and mesh computers. Given an input of size n , the algorithm runs in θ ( n log n ) serial time and in θ (log n ) time on a CREW PRAM, θ (log 2 n ) time on a hypercube, and θ(n 1 2 ) time on a mesh, where all parallel machines are configured with n processors.
Nanocrystal arrested precipitation in supercritical carbon dioxide

Fluorocarbon-coated silver, iridium, and platinum nanocrystals ranging in size from 20 to 120 A in diameter are synthesized in supercritical (sc)-CO2 by arrested precipitation from soluble organometallic precursors. The synthesis is performed in a single CO2 phase by reduction with H2 at elevated temperatures ranging from 60 to 100 °C. Precursor degradation and particle nucleation occur in the presence of stabilizing perfluorooctanethiol ligands, which bind to the surface of the metal agglomerates and quench particle growth. The ligands are sufficiently solvated by CO2 to provide a steric barrier to uncontrollable aggregation during synthesis. The particles redisperse in acetone and fluorinated solvents. The dominant mechanism to particle growth is through cluster agglomeration followed by ligand passivation, leading to self-similar size distributions with a standard deviation of ±47%. Additionally, the nanocrystal size is tunable with precursor concentration, with higher precursor loadings resulting in l...
EFFECTS OF FAT TRIM ON THE COMPOSITION OF BEEF RETAIL CUTS – 1. SEPARATE TISSUE COMPONENTS

Thirty beef carcass sides varying in USDA quality and yield grade were fabricated into various steaks and roasts. The retail cuts were assigned serially to the following treatments: (A) raw, trimmed to 0.6 cm external fat; (B) trimmed to 0.6 cm external fat, cooked; (C) trimmed to 0.0 cm external fat, cooked. All cuts were dissected into separable lean, external fat, intermuscular fat, and heavy connective tissue and bone (waste). Regression analyses were used to predict values for the percentage of each dissected entity as influenced by USDA marbling score and yield grade. Dissection data revealed that trimming boneless retail cuts to 0.0 cm before cooking increased percentage separable lean and decreased percentage separable waste and separable fat. It was observed that certain bone-in retail cuts such as arm roasts, blade roasts, and large-end rib roasts had large predicted percentages of intermuscular fat, even if the external fat was trimmed off before cooking.
Peptide Amphiphile Micelles Self-Adjuvant Group A Streptococcal Vaccination

Delivery system design and adjuvant development are crucially important areas of research for improving vaccines. Peptide amphiphile micelles are a class of biomaterials that have the unique potential to function as both vaccine delivery vehicles and self-adjuvants. In this study, peptide amphiphiles comprised of a group A streptococcus B cell antigen (J8) and a dialkyl hydrophobic moiety (diC16) were synthesized and organized into self-assembled micelles, driven by hydrophobic interactions among the alkyl tails. J8-diC16 formed cylindrical micelles with highly α-helical peptide presented on their surfaces. Both the micelle length and secondary structure were shown to be enhanced by annealing. When injected into mice, J8-diC16 micelles induced a strong IgG1 antibody response that was comparable to soluble J8 peptide supplemented with two classical adjuvants. It was discovered that micelle adjuvanticity requires the antigen be a part of the micelle since separation of J8 and the micelle was insufficient to induce an immune response. Additionally, the diC16 tail appears to be non-immunogenic since it does not stimulate a pathogen recognition receptor whose agonist (Pam3Cys) possesses a very similar chemical structure. The research presented in this paper demonstrates the promise peptide amphiphile micelles have in improving the field of vaccine engineering.
Scaling of fracture energy in tensile debonding of viscoelastic films

The work done to separate viscoelastic adherends is often dominated by energy dissipation due to the bulk deformation that accompanies the intrinsic processes of interfacial separation. The inter-relationship between bulk and interfacial deformation processes is studied here by analyzing a one-dimensional model for steady-state crack propagation between a rigid substrate and a thin viscoelastic film when the latter is subjected to tensile loading and the former is fixed. The viscoelastic layer is represented by a standard linear solid and is connected to the rigid substrate via a Dugdale cohesive zone model. The principal result of the analysis is a prediction for the dependence of the total work of fracture on the rate of loading. A threshold crack-tip velocity that governs the onset of dissipation is determined as a function of the film thickness and the interfacial and viscoelastic parameters of the film. Based on the ratio of the crack-tip velocity to the threshold velocity, three velocity regimes are identified where the energy dissipation is low, high, or intermediate. These correspond, respectively, to the overlap of the cohesive zone with the film material that is completely relaxed, is completely unrelaxed, or is in the process of relaxation. An approximate solution for the scaling of fracture energy in these three regimes has been presented. Finally, the relevance of these results to a two-dimensional problem is discussed.
Evaluation technology transfer: Some problems and solutions

Evaluation of technology transfer is an important part of the total transfer process. Sound results require a practical approach, which avoids use of the research model. The evaluation process is often expensive and time consuming. However, good evaluation will improve:motivation,knowledge,decisions, andaccountability. Evaluation must be based on use of reliable data. Technology transfer evaluation data can be classified — based on accuracy — aslow,medium, orhigh order — data. Evaluation problems can be designated — according to origin — as being related tonew information,human elements, orinstitutional structure. In each area, the more common evaluation problems can be solved with careful attention to detail. Technology transfer evaluation can be a complicated, but rewarding process. There is nosingle, correct way for Technology Transfer evaluation, but rather there is a wide variety of techniques which all have merit, depending on local circumstances.
Temperature sensitivity of branched and isoprenoid GDGTs in Arctic lakes

Abstract Understanding the causes and potential ecological and environmental impacts of recent and future temperature changes in the Arctic requires a better understanding of long term climate variability. Amongst the most promising new geochemical tools for sedimentary paleotemperature reconstructions are those based on the glycerol diakyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs). Although a number of studies have recently developed empirical calibrations for the temperature sensitivity of isoprenoid GDGTs (i.e., the TEX 86 index) and the branched GDGTs (i.e., the MBT/CBT index) in mid and low latitude lakes, there is very little data from lakes in the Arctic. Here, we examine the temperature and environmental controls on GDGT abundances in a transect of small lakes ( n = 59) distributed across Baffin Island in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Isoprenoid and branched GDGTs are ubiquitous in these lakes. The temperature control on the isoprenoid GDGT distributions is weak, although there is a significant relationship between the branched GDGT distributions and warm season temperature. Furthermore, published relationships developed between branched GDGTs and mean annual air temperatures in tropical lakes yield reconstructed temperatures from Arctic lakes that are consistent with Arctic summer air temperature. This suggests that empirical calibrations from branched GDGTs in lakes reflect the seasonality of branched GDGT production. For example, at low latitudes there is little seasonality in temperature, and branched GDGT production records air temperatures throughout the year. In the Arctic however, branched GDGTs are likely produced in summer, when the temperatures are warmest, sunlight hours are greatest and ice cover is diminished. Due to the extreme seasonality and short window of Arctic productivity, the use of branched GDGTs for summer paleotemperature reconstructions likely remains robust back through time. However, interpretations of paleotemperatures from branched GDGTs in temperate lakes may require careful consideration about potential changes in the seasonal timing of branched GDGT production.
Potential lithium requirements for fusion power plants

Because future shortages of essential materials could slow the deployment of fusion power reactors, it is important to assess the future availability of these materials. This article reviews the fuel requirements of fusion power plants in current conceptual designs with emphasis on lithium requirements. The first generation fusion reactors using the deuterium-tritium (D-T) fuel cycle are expected to consume lithium (primarily 6Li) in nuclear reactions and in replacement of neutron-damaged blanket materials. The quantity of lithium actually consumed in nuclear reactions or blanket replacement will be a small part of the natural lithium required by fusion power plant concepts that use liquid lithium metal as a moderator, fertile material, and primary coolant Lithium inventories for a 103-GWe generating capacity will require from 400,000 to 1,200,000 metric tons of natural lithium for different power plant designs, which is about 50–160 yr worth of current U.S. lithium production or up to 13 of known U.S. lithium resources. A discussion of lithium requirements and supply suggests that the lithium usage anticipated by the developing fusion power industry may require lithium production well beyond current production growth rates. Present U.S. lithium resources appear sufficient, however, and it is expected that the costs of increasing lithium production would be within acceptable costs for fusion power plants. Careful planning will be required to manage possible problems in obtaining adequate lithium production capacity.
Arsenic Trioxide: An Emerging Therapy for Multiple Myeloma

Arsenic trioxide can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in multiple myeloma (MM) cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition to affecting tumor growth, arsenic trioxide has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis, suggesting that it may have significant potency in the treatment of MM. Based on these observations, the clinical efficacy of arsenic trioxide was evaluated in patients with advanced refractory MM using a fixed-dose intravenous infusion given daily for a maximum of 60 days. Nine patients were evaluable. All nine had extensive prior therapy; seven had two or more high-dose chemotherapy cycles with autologous stem cell support. All nine patients had cytogenetic abnormalities, and six had chromosome 13 deletions. Of the four patients who completed more than 30 days of arsenic trioxide infusion, two had >50% reduction in myeloma paraprotein, one had stable disease, and one progressed. Of the five patients with 50% paraprotein reduction). The regimen was well tolerated except for development of cytopenia, which responded to G-CSF, and a grade III pulmonary complication in one patient. In summary, arsenic trioxide has activity in end-stage, high-risk myeloma and deserves further evaluation in earlier-stage disease.
Modelling error and constitutive relations in simulation of flow and transport

SUMMARY The main theme of this paper is the modelling error associated with the choice of constitutive equations and associated parameter sensitivity. These key concepts arerst discussed in a general way and explored in detail subsequently for threeow application problems which share certain similarities not only in thenite element formulation but also in the nature of the non-linear constitutive laws that are investigated. The specicow problems involve: density drivenow in porous media, the Powell- Eyring model for generalized Newtonianows, and the related Glen'sow type of constitutive relations for glacier modelling. Copyright ? 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Continuing advances in high-speed computing permit more complex non-linear problems to be simulated. Non-linearities can arise in several common ways, perhaps the most important being non-linear couplings such as the advective term inow and transport processes, through various non-linear reaction terms and through non-linearities associated with the applicable constitutive models. The focus of the present work is on mathematical and numerical issues associated with the constitutive model assumptions and the resulting model errors. We also study the sensitivity of models to model parameters.
Insemination and fecundity in the artichoke plume moth, Platyptilia carduidactyla (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae).

Lange (1941) reported that both sexes of the artichoke plume moth, Platyptilia carduidactyla (Riley), were capable of mating several times. Lange et al. (1954) found the mean number of eggs deposited by females in field populations to be 170. It seemed possible that multiple inseminations might increase fecundity of the females, and this study examines the possibility that multiple insemination is related to fecundity in the artichoke plume moth.
Revisiting the sifting integral: an interesting special case

We provide a simple proof of the sifting integral as applied to a special-case discontinuous function of the form f(t)=g(t)+ku(t) and illustrate its application with an example involving a simple passive circuit. This special-case value of the sifting integral is either considered to be ambiguous and meaningless, or is completely avoided in the current educational literature. We hope that our discussion can serve the purpose of highlighting the importance of this property of the sifting integral and its applications in electrical engineering.