cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein name tagging guidelines: lessons learned

Interest in information extraction from the biomedical literature is motivated by the need to speed up the creation of structured databases representing the latest scientific knowledge about specific objects, such as proteins and genes. This paper addresses the issue of a lack of standard definition of the problem of protein name tagging. We describe the lessons learned in developing a set of guidelines and present the first set of inter-coder results, viewed as an upper bound on system performance. Problems coders face include: (a) the ambiguity of names that can refer to either genes or proteins; (b) the difficulty of getting the exact extents of long protein names; and (c) the complexity of the guidelines. These problems have been addressed in two ways: (a) defining the tagging targets as protein named entities used in the literature to describe proteins or protein-associated or -related objects, such as domains, pathways, expression or genes, and (b) using two types of tags, protein tags and long-form tags, with the latter being used to optionally extend the boundaries of the protein tag when the name boundary is difficult to determine. Inter-coder consistency across three annotators on protein tags on 300 MEDLINE abstracts is 0.868 F-measure. The guidelines and annotated datasets, along with automatic tools, are available for research use.
Task Analyzability, Use of New Media, and Effectiveness: A Multi-Site Exploration of Media Richness

The present study explores the central tenet of media richness theory, derived from contingency theory: when 1 information processing capabilities match 2 information processing demands, 3 performance will improve. This article tests whether using communication media that differ 1 in media richness or social presence 2 in conditions of differing task analyzability 3 affects self-reported performance components such as quality of work, effectiveness, productivity, ability to obtain information, decision-making ability, access to others, etc. The article first reviews the theoretical constructs of media richness and social presence, task characteristics, and performance, with particular reference to organizational computer-mediated communication media. It also identifies important but untested assumptions that media richness theory has, to date, made about the forms of the relationships among these variables. The theory assumes that use-performance relationships are nonmonotonic, that is, that the relationship between use and outcomes is positive when a medium's richness "fits" task requirements, and negative when it does not. The theory also assumes that use-performance relationships are symmetric, that is, that the relationship between use and outcomes in different task conditions is similar but opposite for "rich media" and "lean media." Hypotheses test the direction and form of relationships involving use of online databases in several pooled organizations, electronic mail in one organization, voice mail in two organizations, and videoconferencing in one organization, in task conditions varying in analyzability. Results are mixed, depending on analytical method and dataset used, but show modest support for the contingent effect of task condition on the relationship between use of these new media and performance components. Results are stronger for information-lean media than for information-rich media. The results are generally monotonic and asymmetric, thus qualifying prior media richness assumptions. Implications for theory and research include slight support but conceptual qualification of media richness theory, and an improved understanding of new organizational media. Implications for management and practice include a need to appreciate appropriate uses of and opportunities for different communication media in organizational contexts. This paper is written with the assistance of: Paul J. Hart, Ph.D., Computer and Information Systems Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida; Jack Torobin, Ph.D., Delphi Communication Services, Los Angeles, California; Douglas Shook, Ph.D., Communication Sciences, Los Angeles, California; Joyce E. Tyler, M.A., Arthur Andersen, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia; Lynne Svenning, Ph.D., Telecommunications Research Group, Wilmington, Delaware; John Ruchinskas, Ph.D., Telecommunications Research Group, Los Angeles, California, and Arden, Delaware.
A pathological approximately smooth function

We call f smooth if it is smooth at each xCR. The continuity properties of measurable smooth functions have been studied in detail. Neugebauer [3 and 4] showed that such a function f b e l o n g s to Baire class one and that R \ C ( f ) is a nowhere dense countable set, where C ( f ) denotes the set of points at which f is continuous. Evans and Larson [1] have recently shown that R \ C ( f ) can be characterized as a clairseme (scattered) set. If we replace the limit in (1) by an approximate limit, we arrive at the notion of approximate smoothness [4]. (To be precise, we will say t h a t f i s approximately smooth at thepoint xCR if for each e ~ 0 the set {h: ]f(x+h)+f(x-h)-2f(x) t>=ethl} has 0 as a point of dispersion.) Larson [2] has recently shown that measurable approximately smooth functions are in Baire class one. However, R \ C ( f ) need not be countable. Indeed, it may have large measure [4]. A natural question arises as to whether or not the first category, measure zero set R \ A C ( f ) must be countable for a measurable approximately smooth function, where A C ( f ) denotes the set of points at which f is approximately continuous. The purpose of the present paper is to show that R \ A C ( f ) need not be countable.
A new approach to predicting fatigue life behavior under the action of mean stresses

Abstract Modern methods of predicting fatigue life behavior under the action of mean stresses are briefly reviewed. These methods reflect a gradual evolution from the old-fashioned S-N approach to one based on strain cycling and cyclic deformation. This development is here carried further. We show that cyclic response under mean stress is closely correlated with that under zero mean stress and we suggest that life data under mean stress conditions can be described adequately by the Coffin-Manson law. The concept of an “isolongevity” diagram is proposed for fatigue life behavior under mean stresses.
Design-time product line architectures for any-time variability

Most solutions for introducing variability in a software system are singular: they support one particular point in the software life cycle at which variability can be resolved to select a specific instance of the system. The presence of significantly increased and dissimilar levels of variability in today's software systems requires a flexible approach that supports selection of a system instance at any point in the life cycle--from statically at design time to dynamically at run time. This paper introduces our approach to supporting any-time variability, an approach based on the ubiquitous use of a product line architecture as the organizing abstraction throughout the lifetime of a software system. The product line architecture specifies the variabilities in a system, both in terms of space (captured as explicit variation points) and time (captured as explicit versions of architectural elements). A system instance can be selected at any point in time by providing a set of desired features, expressed as name-value pairs, to an automated selector tool. We introduce our overall approach, discuss our representation and tools for expressing and managing variability, and demonstrate their use with three representative examples of any-time variability.
Fetal Renal Function in Unstressed Pregnancies

Previous studies of fetal renal function in animals under surgical stress have produced cinflicting results. Since acute surgical stress may have contributed to some of the previous variability, a chronic sheep preparation has been developed which permtis repeated studies of fetal renal function over several weeks. A hysterotomy was performed during the latter third of pregnancy; catheters were placed in the urinary blader, femoral artery and vein of the fetus, and in the amniiotic sac. Fetal urine was diverted to the outside of the mother for measurements of flow, osmolality and clearance. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was studied utilizing inulin 14C administered by a single rapid injection. Following surgery fetal urine osmolality increased by 2-4 times that observed later in pregnancy when a steady state was established. During surgical stress urine flow was frequently less than 0.03 cm3/min/kg body weight and urine osmolality was > 350 mOsm. The urine osmolality stabilized 3-6 days following surgery at a value markedly hypotonic to plasma (range 65-150 mOsm) and fetal urine flow increased to approximately 0.15 cm3/min/kg—over 1,000 cm3/day in a near-term fetus. Fifteen measurements of GFR in two fetuses gave a value of 1.05±0.04 cm3/min/kg (mean ±SEM). Column chromatography on Sephadex G-10 confirmed that there was no hydrolysis of inulin by fetal tissues. Recovery of approximatelyu 85% of inulin 14C in the fetal urine over a 3-day period suggests that the fetal kidney is the primary means of inulin excretion in vitro. The techniques permitting fetal renal function measurements in unstressed animals will be described.
Colonic intussusception: clinical and radiographic features.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to comprehensively survey all CT-detected ileocolic and colocolic intussusceptions at a cancer institute.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Using the free-text string “intus,” the radiology information database of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center was searched over a 13.5-year period for abdominopelvic CT scan reports. Images were rereviewed by an attending radiologist for the presence of a bowel-within-bowel appearance involving the colon. The reference standard for a lead point was histopathologic examination or, if the tumor was not resected, an identifiable mass persisting on follow-up CT scans. Transient intussusception was defined as intussusception that resolved on follow-up CT scan without surgical removal or as intussusception with an intermittent presence on serial CT scans. Idiopathic intussusception was defined as the absence of mass or mural thickening at CT or surgery.RESULTS. Four hundred sixty-one CT scan reports were retrieved, 138 of which mentioned int...
Coping with Unfavorable Attribute Values in Choice.

This paper examines how decision makers cope when faced with trade-offs between a higher quality alternative and a lower price alternative in situations where both alternatives involve relatively unfavorable versus relatively favorable values for quality. We hypothesize that choices between alternatives defined by unfavorable quality values will generate negative emotion, resulting in emotion-focused coping behavior. Choosing the higher quality alternative (i.e., maximizing the quality attribute in choice) appears to function as a coping mechanism in these situations. These apparently coping-motivated choice effects are found even after methods are implemented to control for more cognitive factors associated with manipulations of quality-attribute value, such as the possibility that unfavorable attribute values are associated with increased attribute ranges and therefore increased relative importance for quality.
Nucleotide sequence of the trpC-trpB intercistronic region from Salmonella typhimurium.

Abstract We have sequenced a DNA segment that contains the Salmonella typhimurium trpC-trpB junction. A series of 11 amino acids predicted from the sequence are identical to the amino-terminal amino acid sequence of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthetase β (Crawford et al. , 1979). Carboxypeptidase A digestion of phosphoribosyl-anthranilate isomerase-indoleglycerolphosphate synthetase identified its carboxy-terminal amino acids allowing us to specify the end of trpC . Nine nucleotides separate the terminator codon of trpC from the initiator codon of trpB . The messenger RNA around the trpB initiation site, as well as around many other prokaryotic ribosome binding sites, has the potential to form stable stem and loop structures. These secondary structures share the property of having most, if not all, of the sequences complementary to the 3′ end of 16 S ribosomal RNA, as well as the initiator codon, included in single-stranded regions.
Variations in effects of monetary policy on stock market returns in the past four decades

Abstract Stock prices are sensitive to monetary policy. However, the sensitivities are not stable over time. A drastic change in monetary policy can alter effects of monetary policy on stock returns. This study finds that stock prices can be affected by current changes, unexpected changes, or near-future changes in the funds/discount rates, due to different policy goals or targets in different periods. Specifically, this study provides empirical evidence that monetary policy influences the stock market in different ways in the 1960s, the 1970s, the Volcker and Greenspan periods.
A skin reactive factor elaborated from a human lymphoblastoid cell line (RPMI 1788)

Abstract The biological characteristics of a soluble factor released from RPMI 1788 human lymphoblastoid cell line are described. The skin reactive factor elicited skin reactions in nonimmunized guinea pigs that were indistinguishable from antigen elicited skin reactions as assessed by macroscopic and microscopic appearance. Histological examination of skin biopsies 18 hr after intradermal injection of the factor indicated substantial numbers of mononuclear cells in the skin lesion. In vitro , the factor was unable to inhibit the migration of normal guinea pig macrophages and was not chemotactic for guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells. Supernatant fluids prepared similarly from other cultures of human lymphoblastoid cells, Raji and 8866, failed to elicit skin reactions either macroscopically or microscopically similar to those observed for the RPMI 1788 lymphoblastoid cell line.
Dose-Response Comparison of RRR-α-Tocopherol and All-Racemic α-Tocopherol on LDL Oxidation

Abstract Much data have accrued in support of the concept that oxidation of LDL is a key early step in atherogenesis. The most consistent data with respect to micronutrient antioxidants and atherosclerosis appear to relate to α-tocopherol (AT), the predominant lipid-soluble antioxidant in LDL. There are scant data on the direct comparison of RRR-AT and all-racemic (rac)-AT on LDL oxidizability. Hence, the aim of the present study was to examine the relative effects of RRR-AT and all-rac-AT on plasma antioxidant levels and LDL oxidation in healthy persons in a dose-response study. The effect of RRR-AT and all-rac-AT at doses of 100, 200, 400, and 800 IU/d on plasma and LDL AT levels and LDL oxidation was tested in a randomized, placebo-controlled study of 79 healthy subjects. Copper-catalyzed oxidation of LDL was monitored by measuring the formation of conjugated dienes and lipid peroxides over an 8-hour time course at baseline and again after 8 weeks. Plasma AT, lipid-standardized AT, and LDL AT levels ro...
Motor-evoked potential changes during hypoxic hypoxia

Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) from forearm muscles were recorded in response to single-shock electrical stimulation of motor cortex of rats (n = 15) under pentobarbital anesthesia and controlled room air ventilation. In addition, electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded for all animals. Following baseline MEP recording in room air (21% O2), animals were subjected to graded hypoxia of either 15.75%, 10.5%, or 5.25% oxygen for 10 minutes, then followed by room air ventilation for 15 minutes. The mean baseline latency, amplitude, and duration of the evoked muscle response were 4.3 +/- 0.4 mseconds, 556 +/- 476 microV, and 9.6 +/- 2.3 mseconds, respectively. At moderate hypoxia (15.75%), the latency was 4.2 +/- 0.5 mseconds and the amplitude and the duration were 530 +/- 356 microV (n = 14), and 9.5 +/- 2.2 mseconds, (n = 14). These values did not deviate significantly from baseline (p > 0.56). Only one animal lost MEPs at the 15.75% hypoxia level. At 10.5% hypoxia, 27% of animals (n = 4) lost MEP within minutes. In the remaining animals (n = 11), there was a trend toward a prolongation of latency and a decrease of both amplitude and duration. All animals lost MEPs under extreme hypoxia (5.25%) within 2 minutes. No change was seen in the EEG recording until the level of extreme hypoxia was reached. The loss of MEPs at this level of hypoxia was concurrent with the loss of EEGs. We conclude that hypoxia effects MEPs in experimental animals.
A Qualitative Approach to Portfolios: The Early Assessment for Exceptional Potential Model.

The purpose of this article is to examine the creation of a portfolio assessment model based on qualitative research principles. Four assumptions provide the scaffolding for working with portfolios...
A criterion for normality in Cn

Abstract A new criterion for normality of a family of holomorphic mappings in several complex variables is proved. Connections with well known results in one complex variable are established.
Negative Cooperativity in the Reduction of Excitonically Interacting B-Hemes of the Cytochrome B6F Complex

Cytochrome b6f and bc1 (bc) complexes, which provide the central charge transfer complex in respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport chains, are symmetric dimeric structures.1 A trans-membrane electron transfer pathway between hemes bp and bn2 exists in each monomer. Based on inter-heme distances this intra-monomer pathway (bp-bn) is preferred over an inter-monomer cross-over pathway between hemes bp1. Cross-over has been reported,3,4 although the branching ratio is not known. Previous studies on ferredoxin-dependent reduction of b6f by NADPH showed only half of the b-heme reduced in thylakoid membranes,5 and biphasic reduction with isolated complex.6 It was inferred that the rapid reduction occurred through intra-monomer electron transfer and that the split circular dichroism spectrum7,8 (node of the CD spectrum in the Soret band coincides with the heme absorbance maximum), implies that the hemes bp and bn interact excitonically in the monomeric unit. Here, monophasic chemical (dithionite) reduction of monomeric b6f complex, characterized by size-exclusion chromatography, proceeds 10-20 times more rapidly than in the dimeric complex. The reduced monomer showed full amplitude of the Soret band split CD spectrum. These measurements are consistent with “half-sites reactivity” observed for b-heme reduction in the yeast bc1 complex,9,10 in which reduction of one monomer is associated with a reduced rate of electron transfer to the second monomer of the bc1 dimer. The mechanism for this negative cooperativity could arise from a larger reorganization energy11 for inter-monomer electron transfer, or constraints imposed by the Rieske protein in the dimer. NIH-GM38323.1Cramer et al. 2011; 2Yamashita et al. 2007; 3Lanciano et al. 2010; 4Swierczek et al. 2010; 5Furbacher et al. 1989; 6Hasan et al., 2011; 7Palmer and Degli-Esposti 1994; 8Schoepp et al. 2000; 9Covian and Trumpower, 2008; 10Castellani et al. 2010; 11Marcus and Sutin 1985.
Inactivation of Salmonella enteritidis on shell eggs by novel N -halamine biocidal compounds

Several newN-halamine compounds have been evaluated as potential replacements for free chlorine as disinfectants for the egg-processing industry. The compounds were tested againstSalmonella enteritidis on the surfaces of egg shells. Test procedure included spraying inoculated egg shells with solutions of several of theN-halamine compounds and free chlorine for comparison, suspending the most stableN-halamine compound in a thin coating of mineral oil on the egg shell and subsequent inoculation, and measuring the rates of diffusion of the compounds and free chlorine through the egg shells. Compounds DBC (1-bromo-3-chloro-2,2,5,5-tetramethylimidazolidin-4-one) and DC (1,3-dichloro-2,2,5,5,-tetramethylimidazolidin-4-one) were significantly more efficacious than free chlorine in inactivatingSalmonella in the spray experiments, while compound MC (1-chloro-2,2,5,5-tetramethylmidazolidin-4-one), in a mineral oil suspension, provided disinfection of the egg shells within 72 h of contact. None of the disinfectant compounds penetrated egg shells at a rate greater than 1 mg/l over a period of 6 h. Compound MC is recommended as a possible replacement for unstable, corrosive-free chlorine as a bactericide for the egg-processing industry.
Misperceptions in stereoscopic displays: a vision science perspective

3d shape and scene layout are often misperceived when viewing stereoscopic displays. For example, viewing from the wrong distance alters an object's perceived size and shape. It is crucial to understand the causes of such misperceptions so one can determine the best approaches for minimizing them. The standard model of misperception is geometric. The retinal images are calculated by projecting from the stereo images to the viewer's eyes. Rays are back-projected from corresponding retinal-image points into space and the ray intersections are determined. The intersections yield the coordinates of the predicted percept. We develop the mathematics of this model. In many cases its predictions are close to what viewers perceive. There are three important cases, however, in which the model fails: 1) when the viewer's head is rotated about a vertical axis relative to the stereo display (yaw rotation); 2) when the head is rotated about a forward axis (roll rotation); 3) when there is a mismatch between the camera convergence and the way in which the stereo images are displayed. In these cases, most rays from corresponding retinal-image points do not intersect, so the standard model cannot provide an estimate for the 3d percept. Nonetheless, viewers in these situations have coherent 3d percepts, so the visual system must use another method to estimate 3d structure. We show that the non-intersecting rays generate vertical disparities in the retinal images that do not arise otherwise. Findings in vision science show that such disparities are crucial signals in the visual system's interpretation of stereo images. We show that a model that incorporates vertical disparities predicts the percepts associated with improper viewing of stereoscopic displays. Improving the model of misperceptions will aid the design and presentation of 3d displays.
Development of a fiber optic REMPI probe for environmental contaminants

On-site determination of volatile organic pollutants in ground water supplies is important for remediation. A simple fiber- optic probe suitable for remote analysis using resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization has been developed and is used to determine the toluene concentration in water samples spiked with gasoline via a head space measurement. An optical fiber transmits a high power laser pulse (266 nm) to the sample, ionizing it, and the subsequent ions are collected with a platinum electrode. Measurements take approximately 1.5 minutes to perform, require no sample preparation, and have been demonstrated over distances of five meters. The limit of detection for toluene in water using this probe is 1.54 plus or minus 0.02 ppb (wt/wt). In addition to the 1 + 1 excitation, the feasibility of a 2 + 2 excitation scheme using 532 nm has been investigated.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantification of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton in human plasma using high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract Zileuton is an orally active, selective inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase, which catalyzes the first step in the conversion of arachadonic acid into leukotrienes. Given the important role of leukotrienes in inflammation and cell signaling, multiple studies have investigated the efficacy of zileuton in the treatment of human disease. Examples of disease targets include asthma, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and more recently, acne, ischemic/reperfusion injury, inflammatory pain, and sickle cell anemia. Zileuton is currently approved for the prophylaxis and chronic treatment of asthma. We report the development and validation of a sensitive and specific liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) assay for the quantification of zileuton in human EDTA plasma. The range of reliable response was 3.05–20,000 ng/mL in human plasma. The calibration curves had a correlation coefficient of r2 > 0.99. The intra-day precision was 3.4–5.3%. The inter-day precision ranged from 4.5% to 7.3% and inter-day accuracy from 100% to 107%. No matrix interferences, ion suppression/enhancement, or carry-over was observed. The assay met all predefined acceptance criteria and was subsequently employed to measure plasma zileuton concentrations in a clinical trial.
Gravitational lensing, time delay, and gamma-ray bursts

The probability distributions of time delay in gravitational lensing by point masses and isolated galaxies (modeled as singular isothermal spheres) are studied. For point lenses (all with the same mass) the probability distribution is broad, and with a peak at delta(t) of about 50 S; for singular isothermal spheres, the probability distribution is a rapidly decreasing function with increasing time delay, with a median delta(t) equals about 1/h month, and its behavior depends sensitively on the luminosity function of galaxies. The present simplified calculation is particularly relevant to the gamma-ray bursts if they are of cosmological origin. The frequency of 'recurrent' bursts due to gravitational lensing by galaxies is probably between 0.05 and 0.4 percent. Gravitational lensing can be used as a test of the cosmological origin of gamma-ray bursts.
RIBONUCLEASE OF BOVINE MILK: SEROLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP TO PANCREATIC RIBONUCLEASE.

Abstract Ribonuclease isolated from bovine milk has been shown to be serologically identical to pancreatic ribonuclease. The presence of ribonuclease in milk was demonstrated directly by a gel-diffusion method. The serological method employed did not detect ribonuclease in bovine serum. Two distinct contaminants were detected in a commercial sample of pancreatic ribonuclease.
Evidence for embryotoxicity of gossypol in mice and chicks with no evidence of mutagenic activity in the ames test

Abstract Effects of gossypol treatment were studied in pregnant mice and chick embryos. Pregnant Balb C mice were treated orally with 60 or 120 mg/kg of gossypol acetic acid on days 6–13 of pregnancy and killed on day 18. The uteri were removed, the number of resorptions and late fetal deaths were recorded, and the fetuses were weighed and assessed for malformations. Fertilized hen eggs were injected with 0.25 mg gossypol/egg at 24, 48, 72, or 96 h of incubation. The embryos were examined at day 9 of incubation. The mutagenic potential of gossypol was determined by the Ames test. Treatment of mice with gossypol produced significant adverse effects on the dam and offspring including decreased pregnancy weight gain of the dam and growth retardation of the offspring. There were increased resorptions and late fetal deaths in mice and high mortality in chick embryos. Exencephalic fetuses were observed in one of four litters exposed to the higher dose of gossypol, micromelia was observed in one of 26 chick embryos treated at 24 h, and gastroschisis was observed in one of 21 chick embryos treated at 72 h. No malformations were observed in the controls. The number of revertants per plate in the gossypol treatment group (100 or 500 mg gossypol/plate) did not differ significantly from that of control. This study provides evidence that gossypol has embryotoxic and possibly teratogenic activity in mouse and chick embryos but no mutagenic activity according to the Ames assay.
Alkylation of (η6-arene) - Ru(II) complexes: Construction of benzylic quaternary carbon centers

Abstract Both endo- and exo-(η6-1,4-dimethyltetrahydroquinoline)Ru(II)Cp·PF6 complexes were found to undergo alkylation at the benzylic position upon treatment with NaH and an electrophile. The resulting benzylic quaternary carbon center was formed by reaction of the electrophile exclusively from the face opposite the CpRu(II) fragment regardless of the stereochemistry present in the starting complex. The stereoisomeric Ru(II) complexes of 1,3-dimethylindoline exhibit similar reactivity.
Crystal growth and structure determinations of potassium hafnates: K2Hf2O5 and K4Hf5O12

Abstract Crystals of K 2 Hf 2 O 5 and K 4 Hf 5 O 12 were grown from molten potassium hydroxide flux. The crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. K 2 Hf 2 O 5 crystallizes in the space group Pnna of the orthorhombic system, with unit cell dimensions of a = 5.780(1) A, b = 10.640(2) A, and c = 8.666(2) A. This compound contains infinite chains of HfO 6 octahedra that form a channel structure. K 4 Hf 5 O 12 crystallizes in the space group P 3 ¯ m 1 of the trigonal system, with unit cell dimensions of a = 5.7877(2) A and c = 10.3693(7) A. This compound possesses a layered structure with six-coordinate Hf in three different coordination environments (trigonal prismatic, distorted octahedral, and regular octahedral).
Method for Self-Administering Methadone by the Heroin Addict*

(1973). Method for Self-Administering Methadone by the Heroin Addict* International Journal of the Addictions: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 435-441.
The influence of employer ridesharing programs on employee mode choice

Employer ridesharing programs and employee mode choice were analyzed using Southern California data. Problems in estimating the costs and benefits of employer ridesharing programs were identified. Surveyed firms used a wide variety of information to estimate employee mode split internally. Virtually all surveyed firms offered free or subsidized parking to some or all of their employees. Few responding firms estimated the cost of providing employee parking accurately, if at all. Despite these significant data limitations, factors influencing firm choice of employer ridesharing program components were identified. The influence of employer ridesharing programs on employee mode choice was modeled using weighted least squares logit regression analysis. Firm size was foung to be the single most important variable identified in the analysis. Larger firms were more likely to offer ridesharing incentives to their empolyees, and to report direct employer benefits from ridesharing. Alternative work hours hindered the formation of ridesharing arrangements in some cases. Relatively few firms promoted ridesharing on a purely voluntary basis. A private market for employer ridesharing services was found to exist, however. Personalized matching assistance may be a critical factor in developing more effective employer ridesharing programs. Parking pricing and supply control measures probably would have a larger impact on employee mode split overall. Parking management faces severe obstacles in implementation, some of which might be overcome through the more extensive provision of ridesharing services, such as personalized matching assistance. to employees at specific employment sites by their employers.
Effects of thyroid hormones on the bypasses of the Antimycin A block in the bc1 complex of rat liver mitochondria

Abstract The effect of thyroid hormones on the electron flow through the bc 1 complex of rat liver mitochondria was studied using two dye bypasses of the Antimycin A block of the bc 1 complex by the method of Alexandre and Lehninger (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 767:120; 1984). Bypass respiration rates with both DCIP (2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol) and TMPD (N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride) were elevated in the hyperthyroid rats and depressed in the hypothyroid groups compared to the euthyroid controls. T3 treatment of hypothyroid rats returned the bypass rates to control levels in 24 hours with the TMPD dye but not for the DCIP. This further demonstrates that different portions of the bc 1 complex respond individually to the thyroid state.
Is fire exclusion in mountain big sagebrush communities prudent? Soil nutrient, plant diversity and arthropod response to burning

Fire has largely been excluded from many mountain big sagebrush communities. Managers are reluctant to reintroduce fire, especially in communities without significant conifer encroachment, because of the decline in sagebrush-associated wildlife. Given this management direction, a better understanding of fire exclusion and burning effects is needed. We compared burned to unburned plots at six sites in Oregon. Soil nutrient availability generally increased with burning. Plant diversity increased with burning in the first post-burn year, but decreased by the third post-burn year. Burning altered the arthropod community, which included doubling the density of arthropods in the first post-burn year. Some arthropod Orders increased and others decreased with burning. For example, Araneae were 1.7- and 1.8-fold less and Hemiptera were 6.6- and 2.1-fold greater in the burn compared with the control in 2008 and 2009. Our results provide evidence that burning can create spatial and temporal heterogeneity in sagebrush communities and thus, it is an important component of the ecosystem. We suggest that management plans for many mountain big sagebrush communities may need to include infrequent burning. At the very least managers should be aware that fire exclusion has some potentially negative effects other than the encroachment of conifers in these communities.
Anakinra as an interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, complicated genetics and molecular impacts- from the point of view of mouse genomics

IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1rn) is a protein that binds to IL-1 receptors (IL-1r1) and inhibits the binding of IL-1α and IL-1β. In recent years, IL-1rn has been implicated to be associated with many human health problems. The effects of treatment of several inflammatory disorders with anakinra, which is an interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist, have also been reported. Both positive and negative effects have been described. In this review, we systematically analyzed the expression, correlation, and regulation of IL-1rn and its 13 partner genes using available gene expression profiles from a variety of tissues in a well known transcriptome database, Genenetwork. The 13 partner genes include IL-1r1, IL-1β, IL-1α, Myd88, Irak1, Irak2, Irak4, Traf6, Tlr4, IL-1rap, Ikbkap, Nfkb1, and Nfkb2. Gene expression profiles are from 10 tissues including spleen, kidney, lung, whole brain, eye, prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, striatum, and nucleus accumbens. Our analysis indicated that the interactions among IL-1rn and its partner are complex and different from tissues to tissues, suggesting a broad spectrum of the effect of IL-1rn on biological and metabolic pathways. Transcripts and protein sequences resulted from different splicing, interaction with genomic background of individuals, and environmental factors affect function of IL-1rn. At present, our knowledge on the function of IL-1rn and its partner in various tissues or organs is very limited. The long term and extended effect of anakinra on human health needs further investigations. In the future, targeted sequences or oligos of Il-1rn might be ideal for therapeutic application with less toxic and more specific in the treatment of specific disease. Detailed study on the molecular function of IL-1rn and its interaction with other genes and environmental factors is essential for development therapeutic application using IL-1rn.
Microbial production of ethylene in desert soils

Abstract Ethylene production was monitored in 12 desert soils. In all but two soils with high organic matter content, C2H4 production was low. Statistical analysis showed a good correlation between organic matter content and C2H4, production. Minimum levels of C2H4 were observed in saline and sodic soils. Addition of l -methionine to soil significantly increased C2H4 formation, indicating its possible role as a precursor for C2H4. Addition of salt to the high C2H4-producing soils suppressed C2H4 production most probably because of a direct effect on C2H4-producing microorganisms through toxic salt levels, high osmotic pressure, increased pH or a combination of these factors. Leaching of four saline soils and subsequent incubation resulted in significant increases in C2H4 in two soils. Ethylene producers, previously inhibited by salinity, were probably reactivated when the salts were removed. A Fusarium isolated from the high C2H4-producing soil, produced the most C2H4 in pure culture followed by isolates belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Curvularia and Rhizopus. A sterilized saline soil produced significant C2H4 when inoculated with spores of Mucor hiemalis or the Fusarium isolate, indicating an originally low population of C2H4-producing organisms in the saline soil. The two high organic matter soils when sterilized and similarly inoculated produced only a fraction of the C2H4 produced in non-sterilized samples, indicating the involvement of a number of species in the production of C2H4 in these soils.
Motion of Level Sets by Mean Curvature. I

We construct a unique weak solution of the nonlinear PDE which asserts each level set evolves in time according to its mean curvature. This weak solution allows us then to define for any compact set ⌈0 a unique generalized motion by mean curvature, existing for all time. We investigate the various geometric properties and pathologies of this evolution.
Prediction of chemical speciation in stabilized/solidified wastes using a general chemical equilibrium model. Part I. Chemical representation of cementitious binders

Abstract Chemical equilibrium models are useful to evaluate stabilized/solidified waste. A general equilibrium model, SOLTEQ, a modified version of MINTEQA2 for S/S, was applied to predict the chemical speciations in the stabilized/solidified waste form. A method was developed to prepare SOLTEQ input data that can chemically represent various stabilized/solidified binders. Taylor’s empirical model was used to describe partitioning of alkali ions. As a result, SOLTEQ could represent chemical speciation in pure binder systems such as ordinary Portland cement and ordinary Portland cement + fly ash. Moreover, SOLTEQ could reasonably describe the effects on the chemical speciation due to variations in water-to-cement, fly ash contents, and hydration times of various binder systems. However, this application of SOLTEQ was not accurate in predicting concentrations of Ca, Si, and SO 4 ions, due to uncertainties in the CSH solubility model and K sp values of cement hydrates at high pH values.
With Literacy and Justice for All: Rethinking the Social in Language and Education.

Edelsky, Carole (2006). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 315 pp + ix. $22.50, paperback, ISBN 0-8058-5508-4. The title and subtitle of Carole Edelsky's new edition of With Literacy and Just...
The macroscopic volume changes of selected polymers subjected to uniform tensile deformation

High density polyethylene (PE) , polycarbonate (PC) , and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) were subjected to uniaxial tensile deformation up to the onset of instability or necking. Simultaneous readings of longitudinal extension and transverse contraction (width and thickness) were obtained continuously during the loading period. From these data, plds of longitudinal versus “average” transverse strain were produced and it was found that the trends were neither constant nor linear over the full strain range employed. Additional plots of per cent volume change versus longitudinal strain indicate that the PMMA and PC show a maximum volume increase of about 0.6% while PE shows a maximum volume decrease on the order of 2.5%. Similar volume decreases have been noted by others and it would appear that structural changes are the most likely cause of this behavior.
Boron-Nitrogen Compounds. XLII The Preparation of 1,3-Dimethyl-2-Trimethylstannyl-Diazaboracyclopentane

Abstract 1,3-Dimethyl-2-chloro-diazaboracyclopentane reacts with trimethylstannyl lithium to yield 1,3-dimethyl-2-trimethylstannyl-diazaboracyclopentane. The compound is not oxygen-sensitive and a boron-tin vibrational mode is tentatively assigned at 760 cm−1.
Quantitative analysis of binding motifs mediating diverse spatial readouts of the Dorsal gradient in the Drosophila embryo.

Dorsal is a sequence-specific transcription factor that is distributed in a broad nuclear gradient across the dorsal–ventral (DV) axis of the early Drosophila embryo. It initiates gastrulation by regulating at least 30–50 target genes in a concentration-dependent fashion. Previous studies identified 18 enhancers that are directly regulated by different concentrations of Dorsal. Here, we employ computational methods to determine the basis for these distinct transcriptional outputs. Orthologous enhancers were identified in a variety of divergent Drosophila species, and their comparison revealed several conserved sequence features responsible for DV patterning. In particular, the quality of Dorsal and Twist recognition sequences correlates with the DV coordinates of gene expression relative to the Dorsal gradient. These findings are entirely consistent with a gradient threshold model for DV patterning, whereby the quality of individual Dorsal binding sites determines in vivo occupancy of target enhancers by the Dorsal gradient. Linked Dorsal and Twist binding sites constitute a conserved composite element in certain “type 2” Dorsal target enhancers, which direct gene expression in ventral regions of the neurogenic ectoderm in response to intermediate levels of the Dorsal gradient. Similar motif arrangements were identified in orthologous loci in the distant mosquito genome, Anopheles gambiae. We discuss how Dorsal and Twist work either additively or synergistically to activate different target enhancers.
A new optical flow estimation method in joint EO/IR video surveillance

Electro-Optical (EO) and Infra-Red (IR) sensors have been jointly deployed in many surveillance systems. In this work we study the special characteristics of optical flow in IR imagery, and introduce an optical flow estimation method using co-registered EO and IR image frames. The basic optical flow calculation is based on the combined local and global (CLG) method (Bruhn, Weickert and Schnorr, 2002), which seeks solutions that simultaneously satisfy a local averaged brightness constancy constraint and a global flow smoothness constraint. While CLG method can be directly applied to IR image frames, the estimated optical flow fields usually manifest high level of random motions caused by thermal noise. Furthermore, IR sensors operating at different wavelengths, e.g. meddle-wave infrared (MWIR) and long-wave infrared (LWIR), may yield inconsistent motions in optical flow estimation. Because of the availability of both EO and IR sensors in many practical scenarios, we propose to estimate optical flow jointly using both EO and IR image frames. This method is able to take advantage of the complementary information offered by these two imaging modalities. The joint optical flow calculation fuses the motion fields from EO and IR images using a cross-regularization mechanism and a non-linear flow fusion model which aligns the estimated motions based on neighbor activities. Experiments performed on the OTCBVS dataset demonstrated that the proposed approach can effectively eliminate many unimportant motions, and significantly reduce erroneous motions, such as sensor noise.
Educational Reform and the Babel (Babble) of Culture: Prospects for the Standards for Foreign Language Learning

Advocacy of foreign language mandates in the U.S. plays out within a socioculturally determined “context of reception,” a volatile background of contradictory voices, both internal and external to organized education. As an example of this assertion, this article discusses implementation of the Standards for Foreign Language Learning (1996) in relation to their historical and political dimensions.1 Drawing upon research studies and theoretical notions from critical discourse analysis (e.g., Lemke, 1995; Luke, 1995) and applied rhetoric (e.g., Allen & Caillouet, 1994; Cheney, 1991), I demonstrate how the extreme decentralization of the American educational system often works to subvert genuine innovation. I also propose “multidiscursive” communication strategies that may enable foreign language advocates to address effectively the diverse identities of our many constituencies.
Variation in Emergency Department Admission Rates in US Children’s Hospitals

OBJECTIVE: To measure the hospital-level variation in admission rates for children receiving treatment of common pediatric illnesses across emergency departments (EDs) in US children’s hospitals. METHODS: We performed a multi-center cross sectional study of children presenting to the EDs of 35 pediatric tertiary-care hospitals participating in the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS). Admission rates were calculated for visits occurring between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2012, associated with 1 of 7 common conditions, and corrected to adjust for hospital-level severity of illness. Conditions were selected systematically based on frequency of visits and admission rates. RESULTS: A total of 1 288 706 ED encounters (13.8% of all encounters) were associated with 1 of the 7 conditions of interest. After adjusting for hospital-level severity, the greatest variation in admission rates was observed for concussion (range 5%–72%), followed by pneumonia (19%–69%), and bronchiolitis (19%–65%). The least variation was found among patients presenting with seizures (7%–37%) and kidney and urinary tract infections (6%–37%). Although variability existed in disease-specific admission rates, certain hospitals had consistently higher, and others consistently lower, admission rates. CONCLUSIONS: We observed greater than threefold variation in severity-adjusted admission rates for common pediatric conditions across US children’s hospitals. Although local practices and hospital-level factors may partly explain this variation, our findings highlight the need for greater focus on the standardization of decisions regarding admission.
Enhanced Channel Estimation and Symbol Detection for High Speed MIMO Underwater Acoustic Communications

This paper focuses on the channel estimation and symbol detection problems in multi-input multi-output (MIMO) underwater acoustic (UWA) communications. To enhance channel estimation performance, a cyclic approach for designing training sequences and an iterative adaptive approach (IAA) for estimating the channel taps are presented. Sparse channel estimates can be obtained. by combining IAA with the Bayesian information criterion (BIC). Moreover, the parametric RELAX algorithm can be used to improve the IAA with BIG estimates further. Regarding symbol detection, a minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) based detection scheme, called RELAX-BLAST, is presented. Both simulated and experimental results are provided to validate the proposed MIMO scheme.