cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ictal-Interictal Continuum: When to Worry About the Continuous Electroencephalography Pattern.

Continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) monitoring is an invaluable tool in the evaluation of encephalopathy and coma in critically ill patients. Marked increases in cEEG monitoring, coinciding with several societal guideline statements in the last decade, have allowed earlier detection and treatment of clearly harmful patterns, including nonconvulsive seizures (NCSz) and nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE). However, it has also unmasked a range of EEG patterns of less clear clinical significance, with some more “malignant” than others given their potential association with increased neuronal stress and secondary brain injury. These patterns lay on a spectrum often referred to as the ictal-interictal continuum (IIC). To date, no definitive guidelines exist for the management of these potentially harmful EEG patterns, thus presenting a clinical dilemma for critical care physicians. Here, we review the various IIC patterns, their associated features, seizure risk, and outcomes and also propose a clinical approach to management based on the available data and expert opinion.
The New Nexus of Foreign Investment, Multinationals, and Global Value Chains

This chapter explains how the traditional nexus between foreign direct investment (FDI) and multinational enterprises (MNEs) has paved the way for the emergence of global value chains (GVCs), and how the new nexus among FDIs-MNEs-GVCs and the resultant internationalization of production, investment, and trade have been transforming global economy in the twenty-first century. This chapter provides the conceptual and theoretical context of the GVC phenomenon, examines methodologies of measuring interconnectedness and interdependence of global production and trade under GVCs, and sheds light on the drivers and directions of GVCs in contemporary world economy.
The Effect of Contingent Fee Caps on the Quality of Legal Services

We use a theoretical model and experimental test to consider the possibility that contingent fees may improve the quality of legal services by allowing clients to screen low-quality attorneys. The model suggests that caps on contingent fees may reduce the average quality of legal representation by allowing low-quality attorneys to remain in the market and decrease client welfare by allowing attorneys to earn rents. Experimental evidence provides support for these predictions, showing that client welfare and screening decrease as caps become more stringent, even if the caps do not prevent screening.
Gray Zones of modern genocide

Gray Zones of Modern Genocide By Megan Dale Lee Dr. Janet Ward, Examination Committee Chair Associate Professor of History University of Nevada, Las Vegas Italian-Jewish chemist and Holocaust survivor Primo Levi wrote in his work The Drowned and the Saved about the "Gray Zone," or holding place for all things difficult to categorize about his experiences in the Nazi camp Auschwitz. Because human tendency is to divide things in a rigid dichotomy, he argued, anything without a set role is brushed aside. I have extended this Gray Zone to include mutually shared situations from modern genocide including: the relationship of race/land to genocide, the "Forced VictimPerpetrator" (victim forced to commit atrocities against his or her own people), and the complex international reaction to genocidal situations on individual and state levels. Understanding some of the common characteristics of the Gray Zones of modern genocide may help scholars and activists to keep the realistic view that genocide is not a confusing anomaly but an unfortunate pattern of human existence that must be understood and combated.
Browning-related oxygen depletion in an oligotrophic lake

ABSTRACTIn recent decades, terrestrial dissolved organic matter (DOM) has increased in many northeastern North American and European lakes and is contributing to long-term browning. We used a long-term dataset (1988–2014) to study the consequences of browning-related decreased water transparency on dissolved oxygen dynamics in 2 small temperate lakes in Pennsylvania, USA, that differ in their dissolved organic carbon concentrations. The oligotrophic (“clearer”) lake has low productivity and historically oxygenated deep waters. The mesotrophic–slightly dystrophic (“browner”) lake also has relatively low productivity but historically anoxic deep waters. We examined whether browning coincided with changes in summer dissolved oxygen dynamics, with a focus on deep-water oxygen depletion. In the clearer lake, we found that minimum oxygen concentrations decreased by ∼4.4 mg L−1 over the 27-year period, and these changes were strongly associated with both decreased water transparency and increased water column st...
Cytology and Organization of Cell Types: Light and Electron Microscopy

Although neurons are cells that conform to fundamental cellular and molecular principles, they are differentiated from other cells in ways that reflect their unique ability to receive, integrate, store, and send information. Signals received from the internal and external environment are processed by neurons, resulting in the generation of a response that can be communicated to other neurons or tissues. In this way, the organism can successfully adapt to rapidly changing events, ensuring its survival. All organisms possess stimulus-response systems that permit them to sense environmental fluctuations. In bacteria, for example, intracellular regulatorymolecules couple the stimulus to the proper response. Multicellular organismsmust communicate information to other cells, some of which may be local, but others are positioned some distance away. Communication may be accomplished by the release of chemical messengers that bind to specific complementary proteins called receptors, located on the surface of other cells. For local communication, diffusion can deliver the messenger to the receptive surface. Messengers such as hormones, secreted by endocrine cells in response to changes in the internal milieu, may have to travel long distances through the bloodstream to reach their targets. This voyage takes time—seconds, hours, or even days—and hormones are, in general, considered slowacting agents, although evidence is emerging for rapid effects of hormones, such as for the steroid hormones estrogen and corticosterone. Because hormones are diluted in the bloodstream, they must be very potent and act at low concentrations to be effective. These properties are sufficient for endocrine functions necessary to keep the organism in a homeostatic state, but more immediate challenges require a rapid coupling of stimulus and response and a faster rate of communication among relevant cells. Rapid communication is achieved exquisitely by the neuron, whose form and function are designed to meet such demands. The rapidity with which neurons can conduct signals (i.e., time is measured in less than 1 ms) is primarily a function of certain basic features common to all neurons: polarization of their form, unique associations with their neighboring neurons, and special properties of their plasma membranes. Information is conveyed within and between neurons in the form of electrical and chemical signals, respectively. Neurons are organized into complex networks, or functional circuits, which translate these signals into the myriad responses that constitute an organism’s behavioral repertoire. Neural circuits develop in a predictable manner, achieving organizational specificity at functional sites From: Neuroscience in Medicine, Edited by: P. M. Conn Humana Press, Totowa, NJ 2008
Beyond (il)liberal elites: thoughts on power and money in Central Asia

Cooley and Heathershaw call for a different understanding of authoritarianism in Central Asia, arguing that the failures of democratic reform across the former Soviet Central Asian republics cannot...
Impact of Radiation on Locoregional Control in Women with Node-Positive Breast Cancer Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Axillary Lymph Node Dissection: Results from ACOSOG Z1071 Clinical Trial

Purpose Use of adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in node-positive breast cancer (BC) is highly variable. In ACOSOG Z1071, RT after NAC was used at the discretion of treating physicians. Herein, we report the impact of RT and pathologic response on locoregional recurrence (LRR) after NAC. Methods and Materials ACOSOG Z1071 enrolled women with cT0-4N1-2 BC treated with NAC from 2009 to 2011. Patients underwent sentinel node surgery and completion axillary lymph node dissection. The RT was at the discretion of the treating physicians. Patient outcomes were analyzed as a function of clinical-pathologic factors and use of RT. Results Of 701 eligible patients, mastectomy was performed in 423 (59.6%) and breast-conserving surgery in 277 (40.4%). After NAC, residual disease was observed in 506 (72.2%), and 195 (27.8%) had a pathologic complete response. Of the patients, 591 (85.3%) received adjuvant RT and 102 (14.7%) did not. Median follow-up was 5.9 years. Forty-three patients (6.1%) experienced LRR, 145 (20.7%) experienced distant metastasis, and 142 (20.4%) died. Patients with pathologic complete response had the best LRR-relapse-free survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.32; 95% confidence interval, 0.12-0.81; P = .016), distant metastasis–free survival (HR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.19-0.52; P Conclusion In the ACOSOG Z1071 trial, in which the use of RT after NAC was at the discretion of the treating physicians, RT was associated with a trend toward decreased LRR. There was no association of RT with overall survival, BC-specific survival, or Disease Specific Survival. Triple-negative BC was associated with higher locoregional relapse rates.
Defect characteristics and analysis of their variability in metal L-PBF additive manufacturing

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) has provided an opportunity for fabricating complex parts. Fabricating these parts without defects is currently a challenge. Therefore, understanding AM defects is fundamental to the structural integrity of load carrying components, failure analysis, and defect-based modeling of mechanical performance. This work investigates defect content of metal AM specimens and correlations between defect characteristics (size, sphericity/circularity, aspect ratio) using 2D and 3D defect characterization techniques. Distributions of defect characteristics based on location throughout AM specimens were analyzed and the variabilities of defect characteristics within these specimens were studied. Laser-Based Power Bed Fusion (L-PBF) specimens manufactured with different metals, different AM machines and built directions, different surface conditions, and different thicknesses were evaluated. Significant variability in defect characteristics based on location, especially in as-built surface specimens was observed. Well-optimized process parameters and post-processing reduced the overall volume fraction of defects, and the specified variabilities, and resulted in a more random dispersion of defects around the specimens. 2D and 3D defect analysis showed similar trends regarding correlations between defect characteristics and provided complementary information about the actual defect content based on their resolution.
“Tell the Truth”: Truth in Music Advertising Post TAM

There are two morals in David Bowie’s famous song, “Ziggy Stardust.” Ziggy was the fictional leader of the Spiders from Mars, a mythical pop-star persona adopted by Bowie during his meteoric ascent to fame in the early 70s. But Ziggy’s imagined relationship with his fans was too intense. As we learn in the last verse of the song, Ziggy meets a tragic end. “When the kids had killed the man,” sighs the narrator of our tale, “I had to break up the band.” This narrator refers to themselves as a member of the band but holds the power to decide whether the remaining members will continue on without Ziggy. The conclusion? It cannot be done. That is our first moral: sometimes, the group does not survive the loss of a member. And our second is that disbanding, even in difficult circumstances, is a choice. Sometimes groups soldier on with one fewer original member. Sometimes they carry on without an original member at all. Bowie famously broke up the Spiders from Mars, the band with which he recorded the hit record bearing their name, on stage at the Hammersmith Odeon in July, 1973. The music industry is full of similar tales of acrimonious splits at the height of success as well as dispirited dissolutions after disappointing downturns. Some transitions turn into legal battles, as former members, managers, producers, and record labels assert the right to use the name of the band as a source signifier for ongoing musical pursuits. This chapter considers in brief how courts in the United States handle trademark disputes over band names. It also analyzes largely forgotten state “Truth in Music” Acts that aim to keep legacy performing groups and their managers honest by requiring them to tour with at least one original recording musician – or identify themselves as tributes, rather than the genuine article. This commitment to “truth” about the origin of these bands seems consistent with the purpose of federal trademark protection to make “actionable the deceptive and misleading use of marks” and “to prevent fraud and deception” in commerce. But two cases recently decided by the Supreme Court of the United States, United States v. Alvarez and Matal v. Tam, suggest that a period of judicial deference to legislative acts preventing lies and protecting trademarks may be at an end. Courts have recently held that longstanding provisions of the Lanham Act violate the free speech clause of the First Amendment. Reconsidering the Truth in Music Acts in light of these cases may help us predict how much of the current trademark regime is likely to be swept away on a rising tide of judicial scrutiny.
An efficient split-step method for distributed-order space-fractional reaction-diffusion equations with time-dependent boundary conditions

Abstract A split-step predictor-corrector method, based on Adams-Moulton formula, is presented for the solution of nonlinear distributed-order space-fractional reaction-diffusion equations with time-dependent boundary conditions. The distributed-order space-fractional equation is first discretized to a multi-term space-fractional equation by applying a quadrature rule. Multi-term space-fractional equation is spatially discretized by matrix transfer technique and a linearly implicit split-step predictor-corrector method is applied for time-stepping to avoid solving nonlinear systems at each time step. The method is shown to be unconditionally stable and second order convergent. Numerical experiments are performed to confirm the stability and second order convergence of the method. The split-step predictor-corrector method is also compared with a second order IMEX predictor-corrector method. The IMEX predictor-corrector method is found to incur oscillatory behavior when implemented on problems with nonsmooth initial conditions or with mismatch between the initial and boundary conditions. Our method, which is an L-stable method, produces reliable and oscillation free results for such problems.
Understanding Coping Mechanisms: An Investigation into the Strategies Students Use to Avoid, Manage, or Alleviate Food Insecurity.

AbstractFood insecurity is a growing concern at universities across the country. Data from a large (n = 6,823) cross-sectional, single-campus survey were analyzed to understand the coping strategie...
"Cultivating an ability to imagine": Ryan Walsh's "Reckonings" and the poetics of toxicity

espanolDurante las casi dos decadas desde que Lawrence Buell definio y disecciono el “discurso toxico” en “Writing for an Endangered World: Literature, Culture, and Environment in the U.S. and Beyond” (2001), la narracion de la experiencia toxica ha recibido una fructifera atencion teorica y literaria. En todo el mundo los ciudadanos han llegado a un acuerdo con el hecho de que vivimos en un planeta envenenado y de que los venenos en nuestro entorno tambien estan dentro de nosotros—los venenos que nuestras actividades industriales arrojan al aire, agua, suelo y comida estan siendo absorbidos (por medio del proceso que Stacy Alaimo describio como “transcorporalidad”) casi imperceptiblemente (“lentamente”, como diria Rob Nixon). La biologa y activista literaria Sandra Steingraber expuso en “Living Downstream: A Scientist’s Personal Investigation of Cancer and the Environment” (1997) que debemos “cultivar la habilidad para imaginar” para apreciar el significado de nuestras vidas post-industriales. En este ensayo me centro en la nueva coleccion de poesia de Ryan Walsh, “Reckonings” (2019), y en el reciente estudio ecocritico de Pramod K. Nayar “Bhopal’s Ecological Gothic: Disaster, Precarity, and the Biopolitical Uncanny” (2017), con el fin de proponer y definir un “poetica de la toxicidad” en evolucion. EnglishFor nearly two decades since Lawrence Buell defined and anatomized “toxic discourse” in “Writing for an Endangered World: Literature, Culture, and Environment in the U.S. and Beyond” (2001), the storying of toxic experience has received fruitful theoretical and literary attention. Throughout the world, citizens have come to terms with the reality that we live on a poisoned planet and the poisons in our environment are also in ourselves—the poisons our industrial activities spew into the air, water, soil, and food are almost imperceptibly (“slowly,” as Rob Nixon would put it) absorbed into all of our bodies (through the process Stacy Alaimo described as “transcorporeality”). Biologist and literary activist Sandra Steingraber stated in “Living Downstream: A Scientist’s Personal Investigation of Cancer and the Environment” (1997) that we must “cultivat[e] an ability to imagine” in order to appreciate the meaning of our post-industrial lives. In this essay, I focus on Ryan Walsh’s new collection of poetry, “Reckonings” (2019), and on Pramod K. Nayar’s recent ecocritical study, “Bhopal’s Ecological Gothic: Disaster, Precarity, and the Biopolitical Uncanny” (2017), in order to propose and define an evolving “poetics of toxicity.”
Comparative analysis of human microglial models for studies of HIV replication and pathogenesis

HIV associated neurocognitive disorders cause significant morbidity and mortality despite the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy. A deeper understanding of fundamental mechanisms underlying HIV infection and pathogenesis in the central nervous system is warranted. Microglia are resident myeloid cells of the brain that are readily infected by HIV and may constitute a CNS reservoir. We evaluated two microglial model cell lines (C20, HMC3) and two sources of primary cell-derived microglia (monocyte-derived microglia [MMG] and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia [iPSC-MG]) as potential model systems for studying HIV-microglia interactions. All four microglial model cells expressed typical myeloid markers with the exception of low or absent CD45 and CD11b expression by C20 and HMC3, and all four expressed the microglia-specific markers P2RY12 and TMEM119. Marked differences were observed upon gene expression profiling, however, indicating that MMG and iPSC-MG cluster closely together with primary human microglial cells, while C20 and HMC3 were similar to each other but very different from primary microglia. Expression of HIV-relevant genes also revealed important differences, with iPSC-MG and MMG expressing relevant genes at levels more closely resembling primary microglia. iPSC-MG and MMG were readily infected with R5-tropic HIV, while C20 and HMC3 lack CD4 and require pseudotyping for infection. Despite many similarities, HIV replication dynamics and HIV-1 particle capture by Siglec-1 differed markedly between the MMG and iPSC-MG. MMG and iPSC-MG appear to be viable microglial models that are susceptible to HIV infection and bear more similarities to authentic microglia than two transformed microglia cell lines. The observed differences in HIV replication and particle capture between MMG and iPSC-MG warrant further study.
Path Planning of Unmanned System using Carrot-chasing Algorithm.

When an unmanned system is launched for a mission-critical task, it is required to follow a predetermined path. It means the unmanned system requires a path following algorithm for the completion of the mission. Since the predetermined path is typically given by a set of data-points, not only the curvature and derivative of the pre-determined path are absent, but also it requires a large size of on-board memory. In this work, we study a simple path following algorithm called Carrot-chasing algorithm that uses a simple controller in the form of a proportional controller to control the movement of an unmanned system.
A two-dimensional mathematical model of a Zn-MnO_2 alkaline cell(1)

A two-dimensional mathematical model based on the macrohomogeneous theory of porous electrodes was developed for a cylindrical Zn-MnO2 alkaline cell. The model was applied to understand the effect of the length of the anode current collector on the cell performance. Results are presented for the continuous discharge at a high rate of 1A and a moderate rate of 0.2A for a AA-sized cell. With a typical length of an anode current collector at about 70%of the cell height, the analysis showed that an increase in the length of the anode current collector would benefit the lower rate of discharge more than the higher rate of discharge.
The Future of Nanoarthroscopy

The future of Nanoarthroscopy will go where we as surgeons take it. This technology has the potential to change how we operate and the types of procedures we can perform. This will be similar to the change from open to arthroscopic procedures. There will be a learning curve, but to give our patients the best results we will strive as a profession to learn and develop new techniques and improve outcomes.
Navigating Illness, Finding Place: Enhancing the Experience of Place for People Living with Chronic Illness

When chronic illness, such as Lyme disease, is viewed through a disability lens, equitable access to public spaces becomes an important area for consideration. Yet chronic illness is often viewed solely through an individualistic, medical model lens. We contribute to this field of study in four consecutive steps using Lyme disease as a case study: (1) we highlight urban design and planning literature to make the case for its relevance to chronic illness; (2) we explore the place-related impacts of living with chronic illness through an analysis of interviews with fourteen individuals living with Lyme disease; (3) we derive a set of design guidelines from our literature review and interviews that serve to support populations living with chronic illness; and (4) we present an interactive mapping prototype that applies our design guidelines to support individuals living with chronic illness in experiencing and navigating public and outdoor spaces.
Patient Characteristics and Clinical Factors Affecting Seroma Volume.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Partial breast irradiation (PBI) has increased in utilization recently, with the postoperative seroma and clips used to guide target volumes. The ideal post-surgical timing to perform computed tomography (CT)-based treatment planning for this technique is unclear. Prior studies have examined change in volume over time from surgery, however, the effect of patient characteristics on seroma volume has not been previously reported. We sought to investigate patient and clinical factors that may contribute to larger post-surgical seromas, and therefore would predict for larger PBI volumes. MATERIALS/METHODS 212 consecutive women with invasive or in situ breast cancer underwent planning CT after breast-conserving surgery at a single institution with four radiation centers during the year 2020. 215 total lumpectomy cavities were contoured per institutional standard. Contoured volume was computed using the treatment planning system. Generalized estimating equation methods were used to analyze the combined data, using treatment center as the cluster effect. Univariate and multivariate analyses (MVA) were performed to evaluate the associations between the seroma volume and patient and clinical factors. RESULTS Distribution among sites were 61 patients (28.4%), 24 patients (11.2%), 57 patients (26.5%), and 73 patients (34.0%). Patient characteristics included median age 61.0 years (range, 30-85) and median BMI 30.1 kg/m² (17.3-53.9). 94% of patients did not receive neoadjuvant hormone therapy, 47.9% did not have hypertension, 93.5% of patients did not have coronary artery disease, 34.4% were treated in prone position, mean interval from surgery to CT simulation was 58.0 days ± 49.1, and mean seroma volume was 43.3 cm3 ± 46.1. Longer interval from surgery was significantly associated with smaller seroma volume, P = 0.0360. Age, BMI, hypertension, position, coronary artery disease, and use of neoadjuvant hormone therapy remained significant on MVA (P < 0.05 for all), and thus were independently associated with seroma volume. Increased age, BMI, and prone position vs. supine were associated with larger mean seroma volume; absence of hypertension, absence of coronary artery disease, and absence of neoadjuvant hormone therapy were associated with decreased seroma volume. Surgical re-excision, oncoplastic reduction, prior breast surgery, receipt of chemotherapy, race, diabetes, smoking status, and presence of clips were not significantly associated. CONCLUSION Increased age, higher BMI, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and prone position were associated with larger seroma volume, and longer interval from surgery to simulation was associated with smaller seroma volume. Especially relevant for patients planned to receive PBI, these data may be used to select patients for which longer time to simulation may result in smaller seroma volumes and therefore smaller PBI target volumes. Larger datasets and prospective evaluation would be ideal to confirm these hypotheses.
Multi-Agent Learning for Iterative Dominance Elimination: Formal Barriers and New Algorithms.

Dominated actions are natural (and perhaps the simplest possible) multi-agent generalizations of sub-optimal actions as in standard single-agent decision making. Thus similar to standard bandit learning, a basic learning question in multi-agent systems is whether agents can learn to efficiently eliminate all dominated actions in an unknown game if they can only observe noisy bandit feedback about the payoff of their played actions. Surprisingly, despite a seemingly simple task, we show a quite negative result; that is, standard no regret algorithms -- including the entire family of Dual Averaging algorithms -- provably take exponentially many rounds to eliminate all dominated actions. Moreover, algorithms with the stronger no swap regret also suffer similar exponential inefficiency. To overcome these barriers, we develop a new algorithm that adjusts Exp3 with Diminishing Historical rewards (termed Exp3-DH); Exp3-DH gradually forgets history at carefully tailored rates. We prove that when all agents run Exp3-DH (a.k.a., self-play in multi-agent learning), all dominated actions can be iteratively eliminated within polynomially many rounds. Our experimental results further demonstrate the efficiency of Exp3-DH, and that state-of-the-art bandit algorithms, even those developed specifically for learning in games, fail to eliminate all dominated actions efficiently.
Towards a Threat Model and Privacy Analysis for V2P in 5G Networks

In recent years, pedestrian and bicyclist fatalities have increased while roadway fatalities have remained relatively consistent. There is an emerging body of research on vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) communication to reduce collision. However, the success of the real-life implementation of such a system is limited. Current technology and network spectrum are insufficient to support the fully functional V2P system. Research suggests that the low latency and high bandwidth of 5G technology would improve vehicle-pedestrian communication. Unfortunately, such systems raise security and privacy concerns. It is important to systematically analyze the security and privacy issues of such systems. This paper discusses the security and privacy issues of vehicle-pedestrian communication in 5G technology and analyzes the threat model of such applications using the STRIDE model. Such a threat model can help researchers and practitioners build secure V2P systems running over 5G networks.
Can Congress Regulate Intrastate Endangered Species Under the Commerce Clause

In Spring 2003, both the 5th Circuit and the D.C. Circuit agreed that Congress has the authority under the Commerce Clause to protect intrastate endangered species on private lands under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), but used completely opposite reasoning to reach the same result. The 5th Circuit in GDF Realty v. Norton rejected the government's argument that the economic impact of the commercial development regulated under the statute was the appropriate focus for whether the statute has a substantial effect on interstate commerce. Instead, the 5th Circuit concluded that intrastate spiders and beetles, which have no economic value, do have substantial impacts on interstate commerce when their impacts are aggregated with the impacts of all other protected species, and that aggregation of all endangered species is appropriate because of the "interdependence of all species." However, in Rancho Viejo v. Norton, the D.C. Circuit adopted the reasoning that the 5th Circuit had explicitly rejected, concluding that the "regulated activity is Rancho Viejo's planned commercial development, not the arroyo toad that it threatens." On July 22, 2003, the D.C. Circuit by a 7-to-2 vote denied Viejo's request for a rehearing en banc. In separate dissenting opinions, Judges Sentelle and Roberts each cited GDF in arguing that Viejo was inconsistent with recent Supreme Court Commerce Clause decisions (Lopez & Morrison) by inappropriately focusing on the commercial development rather than on the toad.While Lopez and Morrison do not directly answer whether GDF or Viejo provide a better Commerce Clause analysis, Viejo's commercial activities approach is arguably both over and under-inclusive. It is potentially over-inclusive because the government arguably could regulate any indirect non-economic activities of a large commercial enterprise even if the non-economic activities have nothing to do with interstate commerce. On the other hand, Viejo's commercial activities approach is arguably under-inclusive because the government could regulate large construction projects or businesses, but not hikers, off-road vehicles or perhaps individual homeowners even though in the aggregate they could cause significant harm to many species.GDF's approach of aggregating all endangered species regardless of their commercial value might seem questionable in light of Lopez and Morrison's emphasis that the Commerce Clause is generally limited to regulating activities that have significant economic impacts on interstate commerce. However, there is a rational basis for Congress's assumption in the ESA that it is necessary to preserve all endangered species because there is a strong interdependency among all species and ecosystems that the loss of any endangered species must be avoided to prevent harm to interstate commerce. Thus, the GDF court correctly concluded that protecting commercially insignificant endangered species is an essential component of a larger regulatory scheme that is valid under the Commerce Clause.
Significance of nucleic acid hybridization to systematics of antinomycetes.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the systematic of actinomycetes, along with the significance of nucleic acid hybridization to it. Systematics progresses through three stages: the description of cultures leading to bases for distinguishing between strains; the development of keys, classification schemes, and a system of nomenclature; and an assessment of evolutionary relationships. Genetic homologies can be determined by use of the various mechanisms for genetic exchange: transduction, transformation, or syncytic recombination. The genetic potential of an organism is encoded in the linear sequence of the nucleotides in its DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These nucleotide sequences determine the sequences of amino acids in structural or enzymic proteins which directly or indirectly constitute the phenotype of the cell. Because the DNA molecule can be manipulated, approaches to microbial classification other than traditional determinative systematic can be developed. The relationships among selected actinomycetes, with special emphases on streptomycetes, nocardiae, and mycobacteria, have been determined, based upon the nucleotide composition of their DNA.
Blast-wave characteristics near Site 300

The blast-wave overpressures propagating in the atmosphere near the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Site 300 have been measured at selected locations to determine whether the Site 300 blast operations will be hindered by the proposed construction of a residential development adjacent to its border.We tested high-explosives (HE) weights ranging from 14 to 545 lb under various weather conditions. Although more tests should be conducted before a definitive statement can be made on the blast propagation near Site 300, we offer the following preliminary interpretation of the results obtained to date. The readings at the closest locations show that the blast-wave overpressures exceed the 126-decibel (dB) level established by LLNL at about 250 lb of HE detonation. The weather conditions do not materially affect the pressure levels at these locations. Insufficient test data exist along the Corral Hollow Road perimeter, making it difficult to reasonably predict HE blast effects along the southern border. Therefore, we recommend that additional measurements be made along this and other boundaries in future tests, to provide more comprehensive data to help determine the blast-wave propagation characteristics in the proposed development areas. Blast-wave focusing may occur in the proposed residential development area under certain weather conditions.more » We recommend that this possibility should be addressed for its potentially adverse impact on the proposed residential area. Because the testing ground controlled by Physics International, Inc. (PI) is adjacent to Site 300, it is important to be aware of PI`s detonation activities. Peak overpressure measurements near PI`s Corral Hollow Road entrance reveal that PI shots over 25 lb HE have exceeded 126 dB, the limit established by LLNL for safe operations.« less
China: A Sleeping Giant of Temporary Trade Barriers?

While tariff rates around the world have decreased during the last five decades, there has been an increase in other instruments of protectionism â in particular, antidumping (AD), countervailing duties (CVD) and global safeguards (SG) - collectively, temporary trade barriers (TTBs). In this paper, we examine Chinaâs use of these TTBs both before and during the 2008-9 crisis in order to identify underlying historical trends and explore potential changes in their use over time. While the flow of new AD investigations increased during the crisis, Chinaâs total stock of imports subject to AD measures decreased in terms of both count and value. Despite this decrease in the stock of imports subject to AD, we find a number of worrying trends. An increase in the flow of AD investigations during the crisis was a reversal of the trend from last five years. Second, prior to the crisis, almost all of Chinaâs AD use was confined to only five Harmonized System (HS) sectors, however, during the crisis, some new AD investigations were in sectors that had never participated in AD earlier. In addition, a large number of Chinaâs AD measures have lasted for longer than five years. At the end of 2009, only 40% of the AD cases imposed five or more years ago have been removed. However, not all news is bad. The size of the ad valorem AD duty has decreased in recent years. Also, through 2009, very few Chinese firms have participated as petitioners with most of them participating only once. We also find several differences in Chinaâs AD use across developed and developing trading partners both before and during the crisis. For instance, not only all of Chinaâs AD measures through 2009 disproportionately targeted developed countries but also the entire increase in AD investigations by new sectors during the crisis years was directed against developed countries.
Mechanisms of Adaptation to Salinity in Cultured Glycophyte Cells

Cultured cells of Nicotiana tabacum var Wisconsin 38 can be adapted to grow in levels of NaCl similar to those tolerated by many halophytes. Adaptation of these cells to high levels of salinity is associated with reduced cell expansion even though turgor is maintained, a result similar to that commonly reported for whole plants exposed to salinity and/or drought. Glycophytic cells adapted to salinity apparently utilize many of the same biochemical and physiological processes to deal with salinity as do halophytes. Na+ and Cl- are the principal solutes contributing to the extensive osmotic adjustment these cells undergo in response to salinity, although organic solutes, particularly proline, accumulate as well. Adapted cells accumulate less Na+ than unadapted cells when grown in comparable levels of NaCl, suggesting that the ability to regulate ion accumulation may be an important component of the salinity tolerance of these cells. The majority of Na+ and Cl- accumulated by the cells is compartmentalized in the vacuole, such that cytosolic levels of these ions remain near 100 mM at external NaCl concentrations of 428 mM. Current research is directed at examining changes in membrane transport properties associated with salinity in order to assess their contribution to the ability of the cells to tolerate salt.
Origins of HIV

Establishing the date when immunodeficiency viruses were transmitted from nonhuman primates to humans should provide a clue to the origin of the AIDS pandemic. In his Perspective, Hillis discusses an important analysis of the molecular divergence of SIV and HIV genes (Korber et al.). This analysis establishes 1931 as the date of origin of the HIV-1 M-group viruses (the principal cause of the AIDS pandemic). Hillis discusses three possible hypotheses of immunodeficiency virus transmission that are consistent with this date.
Cumulative and State-to-State Reaction Probabilities via a Discrete Variable Representation — Absorbing Boundary Condition Green’s Function

This paper reports some significant recent progress in the quest for a direct means of computing rate constants for chemical reactions. For a bimolecular reaction, for example, the rate constant k can be expressed compactly in terms of the cumulative reaction probability 1 (CRP) N(E), $$K(T) = {[2\pi \hbar {Q_r}(T)]^{ - 1}}\int\limits_{ - \infty }^\infty {{e^{ - E/kT}}N(E)} $$ (1.1.a) , which itself is defined as the sum of state-to-state reaction probabilities (the square moduli of S-matrix elements) over all energetically allowed quantum states of reactants (with quantum numbers nr) and products (with quantum numbers np), $$N(E) = \sum\limits_{{n_r},{n_p}} {{{\left| {{S_{{n_{p,}}{n_r}}}(E)} \right|}^2}}$$ (1.1.b) .
The Airplane Information Management System: an integrated real-time flight-deck control system

Honeywell is completing design and will build hardware for the new Boeing 777 integrated Airplane Information Management System (AIMS). AIMS functions have time constraints from hard real-time to non-real-time, and criticality levels from flight critical to nonessential. The challenge is that these functions share time, memory, and input/output (I/O) on a redundant, distributed multiprocessor. An innovative offline scheduling tool and table driven bus protocol control data transfers and Ada process synchronization with verifiable resource allocation, latency control, and performance. >
The use of GC/IR/MS for high-confidence identification of drugs

We describe the use of a combined gas chromatographic/infrared/mass spectrometric system to identify some common, clinically important drugs. Sensitivity for the serially configured combined system is demonstrated to be in the low nanogram range for strong infrared-absorbing compounds. Linearity for cocaine in the infrared detector was shown to have a correlation coefficient of 0.9914. Vapor-phase infrared spectra are shown to be very reproducible, which is important in identifying drugs such as the barbiturates. Finally, the two completely independent principles of infrared and mass spectral detection lend significant confidence to the correct identification of the various drugs from a single injection of sample.
Clinical pharmacology of the new penicillins: I. The importance of serum protein binding in determining antimicrobial activity and concentration in serum

The effect of human serum binding on free and total concentrations and urinary excretion of penicillins G, V, and ampicillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and methicillin achieved after administration in man is reported. In vitro studies comparing minimal inhibitory and bactericidal activity of these penicillins in 100 per cent human serum and trypticase soy broth revealed a close relation of inhibition of antimicrobial action to the extent of binding to serum. Quantitative data were obtained by use of arithmetic linear dilutions, in small steps, rather than the usual twofold dilution method. Extensive binding to serum proteins was demonstrated by equilibrium dialysis and ultrafiltration methods utilizing serum obtained from human volunteers receiving therapeutic doses of each penicillin analogue. Dicloxacillin, cloxacillin, oxacillin, and nafcillin were most highly bound in descending order. Penicillin G and V were intermediate, while methicillin and ampiCillin were least bound. Serum binding appears to be an important determinant of the high serum concentrations achieved with some of the new orally absorbed penicillinase-resistant compounds. The uncritical use of the term “absorption curve” to describe concentrations of drugs which differ in distribution, metabolism, and excretion, after oral administration is deplored since the term implies that serum concentrations are the resultant of efficiency of gastrointestinal absorption alone. Alternate methods to assess absorption are illustrated. The customary twofold dilution broth assay of serum antibacterial activity may be misleading when employed with highly bound antibiotics. It is proposed that reports of studies of serum concentrations achieved with highly bound antimicrobial agents include data not only on total drug levels, but of free as well. This approach permits a more realistic correlation of serum concentration with minimum effective levels determined in the usual broth assays.
Effects of ethanol, MK-801, and chlordiazepoxide on locomotor activity in different rat lines: dissociation of locomotor stimulation from ethanol preference.

Several lines of research have suggested a link between the reward value of a drug and its ability to stimulate locomotion. One goal of the present study was to determine whether ethanol preferentially stimulates locomotor activity in lines of rat that show a preference for ethanol. A secondary goal was to determine the extent to which the benzodiazepine-like and NMDA antagonistic action of ethanol accounted for its effect on locomotor activity. To meet these goals, the effects of varying doses of ethanol (0.125-1.0 g/kg), MK-801 (0.1-0.3 mg/kg), and chlordiazepoxide (0.3-3 mg/kg) on locomotor activity were studied in several lines of rats that had been habituated to the testing procedure. The effect of low doses of ethanol on motor activity in the Alcohol-Preferring (P) and Fawn-Hooded rats, which show a strong ethanol preference, were similar to those of the alcohol-nonpreferring (NP), Flinders Sensitive Line, and Flinders Resistant Line rats. Only the Flinder Resistant Line rats showed a small, but significant increase in locomotor activity after the administration of ethanol. The highest dose of ethanol (1.0 g/kg) produced locomotor depression in all lines except the P and NP lines, which were not tested at this dose. These findings do not support a link between locomotor stimulation by ethanol and ethanol preference. In contrast, all lines exhibited locomotor stimulation after moderate (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) doses of MK-801, but did not exhibit increases in activity following any dose of chlordiazepoxide. These data indicate that the profiles of activity after MK-801 and chlordiazepoxide were distinct from that of ethanol in the various rat lines. Therefore, the effects of ethanol on locomotor activity cannot be accounted for by reference solely to its antagonist-like action at NMDA receptors and/or its agonist-like action at GABA/benzodiazepine receptors.
Clinical Pharmacology of Rasagiline: A Novel, Second-Generation Propargylamine for the Treatment of Parkinson Disease

Rasagiline is a novel second-generation propargylamine that irreversibly and selectively inhibits monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B). For the management of Parkinson disease (PD), rasagiline is efficacious across the span of PD stages ranging from monotherapy in early disease to adjunctive treatment in patients with advancing disease and motor fluctuations. Rasagiline completely and selectively inhibits MAO-B with a potency 5 to 10 times greater than selegiline. Unlike the prototype propargylamine selegiline, which is metabolized to amphetamine derivatives, rasagiline is biotransformed to aminoindan, a non-amphetamine compound. Rasagiline is well tolerated with infrequent cardiovascular or psychiatric side effects, and at the recommended therapeutic dose of up to 1 mg once daily, tyramine restriction is unnecessary. In addition to MAO-B inhibition, the propargylamine chain also confers dose-related antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects, which have been associated with neuroprotection in multiple experimental models. Thus, in addition to symptomatic benefits, rasagiline offers the promise of clinically relevant neuroprotection.
A XERORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF OSTEOCHONDROSIS IN THE METACARPOPHALANGEAL REGION OF TWO FOALS

Using xeroradiographic techniques, both metacarpophalangeal regions of six quarter horse foals were radiographed at 1 day of age and at 2-week intervals until they were 6 weeks old, and then at 4-week intervals until they were 12 months old. Lateromedial and dorsopalmar xeroradiographs of each metacarpophalangeal region were made per examination; dorsomedial-palmarolateral projections of the left metacarpophalangeal joint of foal 6 were also made. The foals were weighed and measured at the withers immediately prior to each examination. Representative xeroradiographs were selected to demonstrate progression of the osteochondrosis (OCH) lesions in two of these foals. Radiographic evidence of osteochondrosis in the metacarpophalangeal region was first detected at 10 weeks and followed through 12 months of age. In one foal the lesions were bilaterally symmetric and involved the dorsoproximal aspect of the sagittal ridge of metacarpal 3; in the other, the left medial proximal sesamoid bone was affected. One of the sagittal ridge lesions progressed to osteochondritis dissecans by 26 weeks; the other sagittal ridge lesion and that of the sesamoid bone healed spontaneously, but residual radiographic evidence of the disease persisted throughout the study in both foals.