cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A unified approach to non-holonomic dynamics

Dynamical problems subject to non-linear non-holonomic constraints are analyzed using the differential variational principles of Jourdain (JVP) and Gauss (GVP). In contrast with linear non-holonomic constraints which arise from passive contact or rolling constraints, non-linear non-holonomic constraints (NNHC) arise in problems where the constraints are actively imposed, such as control or servo-constraints, consideration of some first integrals as kinetic side conditions, or mathematical constraints without regard to their physical realizability. To date, such problems have been treated by various ad hoc and unrelated methods in a fragmented manner, without a unifying idea running through the various methods of approach. In the present paper, it is shown that by applying the JVP to velocity constraints, and the GVP to acceleration constraints, dynamical problems subject to NNHC can be handled in a uniform way. Both the method of constraint embedding (elimination of variations) and constraint adjoining (use of Lagrange multipliers) are used in analyzing the behavior of the dynamical system subject to NNHC.
Birds gone wild: same-sex parenting in albatross

Same-sex behavior in animals fascinates scientists as well as laypeople, partly because of implications about sexual orientation in humans. After all, if animals engage in homosexuality, can it be dismissed as 'unnatural'? A recent paper by Young and colleagues documents long-term female pairs in >30% of Laysan albatross on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. The unrelated females bred successfully, challenging ideas about cooperative breeding, alternative reproductive strategies and perhaps even the evolution of sexual orientation.
Poster: Investigating viewpoint visualizations for click & go navigation

We present an investigation of viewpoint visualizations for “Click & Go” 3D navigation interfaces based on a pre-populated set of viewpoints. These scenarios often occur in 3D navigation systems that are based on sets of photos and possibly an underlying 3D reconstruction. Given these photos (and the 3D reconstruction), how does one most effectively navigate through this environment? Existing systems often employ Click & Go interfaces which allow users to navigate with one click of the mouse or tap of the finger. In this work, we investigate viewpoint visualizations for such Click & Go interfaces, describing a preliminary user study and providing valuable insights into Click & Go and its viewpoint visualizations.
SEARCH FOR RADIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE FOR TERNARY FISSION OF $sup 235$U BY THERMAL NEUTRONS

Upper limits for yields of certain isotopes of argon from fission of $^{235}\mathrm{U}$ by thermal neutrons were determined radiochemically as follows: $^{37}\mathrm{Ar}$, \ensuremath{\le}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$%; $^{39}\mathrm{Ar}$, \ensuremath{\le}4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$%; $^{41}\mathrm{Ar}$, \ensuremath{\le}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$%; $^{42}\mathrm{Ar}$, \ensuremath{\le}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$%. The upper limit for the fission yield of $^{56}\mathrm{Co}$ (daughter of $^{56}\mathrm{Ni}$) was determined as \ensuremath{\le}8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$%. The yields of these isotopes are three to seven orders of magnitude lower than those expected from thermal-neutron-induced ternary fission of $^{235}\mathrm{U}$ as described by Muga.
DETERMINATION OF AN OIL EFFLUENT GUIDELINE FOR INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGES IN THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY: IS 1 PPM REALISTIC AND OBTAINABLE?

ABSTRACT In order to rationally control and issue permits for discharges into the state's waters, it is necessary to have a guideline or standard to compare the discharge to. This paper sets forth criteria for the establishment of a maximum limit of 1 ppm oil in a discharge. The state has the authority to control the effluent quality and is also empowered to prohibit any and all oil discharges. One ppm of oil can be measured and the technology to treat water to that limit does exist. The need for a 1-ppm limit is demonstrated by the deleterious effects that oil has on water quality, marine biota, and water usage.
Secondary key retrieval using an IBM 7090-1301 system

The secondary key retrieval method involves the preparation of secondary storage lists from primary data records. Search requests are satisfied by logical operations on appropriate lists, producing a complete set of addresses of primary records relevant to the request. Experimental results are presented and a comparative analysis is given.
A ban on policy recommendations in epidemiology research papers? Surely, you jest!

Putting the Importance of the Research in Perspective Previous commentators1,2 have ignored the fact that investigators may wish to place the importance of their findings in proper perspective by highlighting the pol? icy implications ofthe research. Such passages are often distinguished with descriptive phrases such as "the results of this groundbreaking study may assist policy makers in...," or, in the event that more urgent action is needed, "these provocative findings raise serious questions about the current policy of .. . ." The jour? nal's prohibition on the inclusion of health policy recommendations in research reports places an unfair burden on researchers whose goal is to be invited to testify on Capitol Hill or to have their findings re? ported in USA Today or The Washington Post. A more insidious problem with the current policy is that it obscures for the reader the difference between those studies that have important policy implications and those that do not. For studies lacking important policy implications, the editorial policy deters investi? gators from highlighting the fact that their research findings have no apparent societal importance. This problem is likely to become more troublesome as the
Prediction of work piece geometry in electrochemical cavity sinking

A computer-implemented model for predicting ECM work piece geometry has been developed and experimentally verified with a commercial ECM machine for cavity sinking in copper and 302-stainless steel with 2N K NO3 electrolyte. Constant tool piece feed rates of 7–10 × 10−4 cm/s, and applied voltages of 11–25 V were used. The model predicts the dependence of work piece geometry on operating conditions and on the electrochemical and physical properties of the metal—electrolyte pair. Comparison of eight equilibrium and six unsteady state experimental cavity profiles in copper showed satisfactory agreement with predictions, as did five equilibrium profiles for cavity sinking in 302-stainless steel.
A predictive probability design for phase II cancer clinical trials

Background Two- or three-stage designs are commonly used in phase II cancer clinical trials. These designs possess good frequentist properties and allow early termination of the trial when the interim data indicate that the experimental regimen is inefficacious. The rigid study design, however, can be difficult to follow exactly because the response has to be evaluated at prespecified fixed number of patients.Purpose Our goal is to develop an efficient and flexible design that possesses desirable statistical properties.Methods A flexible design based on Bayesian predictive probability and the minimax criterion is constructed. A three-dimensional search algorithm is implemented to determine the design parameters.Results The new design controls type I and type II error rates, and allows continuous monitoring of the trial outcome. Consequently, under the null hypothesis when the experimental treatment is not efficacious, the design is more efficient in stopping the trial earlier, which results in a smaller e...
Theoretical foundation of variable moment of inertia models

Abstract A derivation of the VMI model is presented which is general enough to account for its successful application to both deformed and spherical nuclei. A derivation of multiband generalization is also outlined.
War Against Subhumans: Comparisons Between the German War Against the Soviet Union and the American War Against Japan, 1941–1945

(1996). War Against Subhumans: Comparisons Between the German War Against the Soviet Union and the American War Against Japan, 1941–1945. The Historian: Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 557-573.
Challenges in the Pharmacogenomic Annotation of Whole Genomes

Next-generation sequencing technologies have enabled the sequencing of an entire genome for less than $4,000. With access to all the genetic variation in an individual, our task will be to use this information to assess the genetic influences on drug efficacy, toxicity, and dosage.
Temperature, Pressure, and Concentration Dependence of the Osmotic Pressure of Dilute He 3 -He 4 Mixtures

The osmotic pressure of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$-${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ mixtures has been measured at temperatures 0.027-0.65 K, for concentrations up to 10-mole% ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$, and for hydrostatic pressures of 0.26, 10, and 20 atm. The osmotic pressure was measured directly with a sensitive specially designed diaphragm pressure gauge. The temperature and concentration dependence of the osmotic pressure is in fair agreement with the effective interaction theory proposed by Bardeen, Baym, and Pines (BBP). It also agrees with a simple empirical model which avoids the complicated calculations involved in obtaining the thermodynamic properties at finite temperatures from the BBP theory. The model fits the temperature dependence of other thermodynamic properties of solutions. The osmotic pressure at absolute zero at 10 and 20 atm is used to determine the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ effective mass and somewhat speculative values of the BBP quasiparticle interaction $V(k)$ under pressure. The interaction under pressure is found to have a minimum at a nonzero value of $k$, and it may give rise to a "supermobile" transition at comparatively high temperatures.
Simple theory of electronic structure: Clusters to crystals.

A simple scheme based upon a cross between the molecular clusters and the tight-binding theory has been developed to calculate the electronic structure of a large class of systems ranging from molecules to solids. The method is applied to study the variations in the magnetic moments of Fe and Ni forming clusters, bulk, surfaces, thin films, and voids. The results are in good agreement with the state-of-the-art theoretical techniques and available experimental data. The present method has the additional advantage that it can be applied to imperfect systems with equal ease.
Biliary excretion of 14C-dicumarol or its metabolic products in the rat

Abstract Based upon a drop by drop analysis, as selected from a series of experiments, 14 C-dicumarol or a metabolite is excreted in rat bile. It appeared in about 5 min, peaked at 25 min and maintained a plateau for at least an hr and then slowly subsided. This excretion did not affect bile flow. Plasma and liver levels remained high. However, at 60 min the plasma level was about half that of bile. Urine level was about 10% of the bile level. Prothrombin time did not materially change in this experiment.
Effects of dietary cabbage, brussels sprouts, Illicium verum, Schizandra chinensis and alfalfa on the benzo[a]pyrene metabolic system in mouse liver

Abstract Male C57B16 mice were fed on diets containing either 20% cabbage, 20% Brussels sprouts, 20% alfalfa, 5% Schizandra chinensis or 5% Illicium verum (two Chinese medicinal herbs) or on a chow or purified basal diet for 14 days after a 1-wk equilibration period on the basal diet. Liver microsomal fractions were assayed for cytochrome P-450 content, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and epoxide hydrolase (EH). Liver microsome-mediated benzo[a]pyrene (BP) metabolism (with and without an EH inhibitor, 1,2-epoxy-3,3,3-trichloropropane) was analysed by HPLC. Liver weights of the animals fed on Brussels sprouts and I. verum were significantly increased compared with those of the animals fed on basal diets. S. chinensis induced a 3-fold increase in cytochrome P-450 (P chow (1.7-fold) >S. chinensis (1.6-fold) > Brussels sprouts (1.4-fold). Total levels of BP metabolism and phenol II (primarily 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene) formation were closely associated for each dietary treatment. Total BP metabolism was significantly increased (2.1-fold) in the chow-fed group and increased 1.6-fold in the S. chinensis group (P > 0.05). No increase was seen with the other diets. Phenol II formation relative to total metabolites was significantly increased for the S. chinensis and I. verum groups compared to the basal group. Diet-related variations in phenol production relative to total metabolism were eliminated by addition of the EH inhibitor to the incubation media.
Drive for leanness: assessment and relationship to gender, gender role and objectification.

Three components of body image – drive for thinness (DT), drive for muscularity (DM), and drive for leanness (DL) – were assessed in 232 college students. A new measure of DL was developed. Data suggested that the new scale yielded valid and reliable scores. The relationships of gender, gender norm endorsement, and self-objectification to DT, DM, and DL were examined. The surveillance subscale of the OBC Scale was related to DL, DT, and DM in men and to DL and DT in women. Gender norm endorsement, specifically romantic relationships, moderated the relationship of surveillance to DT in women. Gender norm endorsement was directly related to DM and DT in men. DLS appeared to measure a distinct component of body image. Feminine gender role was only related to DT while masculine gender role was related to DL, DT, and DM, raising important questions about the gender differences in body image.
The relationship between the Southern Oscillation Index and tropical cyclone tracks in the eastern North Pacific

Points of origin and downgradation of tropical cyclones in the eastern North Pacific (ENP) east of 160°W are related to the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) during the hurricane season. All ENP tropical storms and hurricanes from 1966 through 1997 were grouped into three SOI-based categories: those occurring during strong El Nino events (mean SOI 0.6), or near zero periods (−0.6 < mean SOI < 0.6). During El Nino storm seasons, ENP tropical cyclones originated approximately 5.7° (617 km) west and downgraded 7.5° (780 km) west of the long-term mean longitudes for the positive SOI group. Near zero group storms also followed more northerly tracks than the negative SOI group storms. However, no significant differences in storm track are evident between the positive SOI and near zero groups, and the track length is not significantly different for any storm group.
Structural evolution of a Mesozoic backarc fold-and-thrust belt in the U.S. Cordillera: New evidence from northern Nevada

Stratigraphic and structural analysis in Blue Mountain and nearby areas of northern Nevada yields new insight into the evolution of the Luning-Fencemaker fold-and-thrust belt, a Mesozoic orogenic belt that formed during tectonic closure of a Triassic backarc basin. Three stratigraphic units are defined in Blue Mountain and correlated with Upper Triassic (Norian) units in nearby areas. These units have a combined structural thickness of >6 km and consist mostly of shale (now slate and phyllite); quartzose sandstone is much less common, and carbonate is rare. Two phases of deformation affected these strata. D 1 deformation is pervasive and was associated with tight to isoclinal folding at various scales, widespread cleavage development under low-grade metamorphic conditions, and reverse faulting. This deformation accommodated a minimum of 55%–75% northwest-southeast shortening, with southeast-directed tectonic transport. D 2 deformation is only locally developed and is manifested by relatively open folds, crenulations, and a spaced cleavage. This phase of deformation accommodated a minor amount of northeast-southwest shortening and was not accompanied by metamorphism. Structures and deformation phases in Blue Mountain can be correlated with those found in nearby areas. The D 1 phase of deformation is pronounced across the entire northern part of the Luning-Fencemaker fold-and-thrust belt and resulted in structural closure of the backarc basin via development of a ductile fold-and-thrust belt in the Jurassic. D 2 is unrelated to development of the fold-and-thrust belt as a structural province and occurred much later, in the middle to Late Cretaceous. The structural evolution of this backarc fold-and-thrust belt appears to be quite simple and did not evidently involve widespread polyphase deformation. Data from Blue Mountain and nearby areas suggest that it is now possible, for the first time, to map out megascopic structures (folds and faults) within the interior of the province.
INVOLUTION OF MOUSE MAMMARY GLANDS DURING WHOLE ORGAN CULTURE OCCURS VIA APOPTOSIS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Apoptosis was measured in mammary glands during whole organ culture, to determine whether regression resulting from hormone withdrawal results in epithelial cell death as in vivo involution. Glands were evaluated for morphology and DNA degradation prior to whole organ culture, after lobulo-alveolar development and 2, 4, or 6 days after hormone withdrawal. The data indicated that mammary regression during whole organ culture mimics in vivo involution and results in part from apoptosis of epithelial tissue.
Healthcare professionals' awareness of cancer support services.

purpose: This study was conducted to provide baseline information about the awareness, attitude, and willingness of oncology healthcare providers (HCPs) to recommend quality-of-life cancer education and support services to their patients. description of study: A brief survey questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 2000 physicians, nurses, and social workers who were active members of their respective oncology associations. results: A total of 1241 questionnaires were returned (62% reply rate), resulting in a final sample of 1180 HCPs (61% response rate). Among HCPs who referred patients to cancer organizations, the American Cancer Society (ACS; 83%), the National Cancer Institute (NCI; 55%), and the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society ([formerly Leukemia Society of America] 42%) ranked at the top. More than 70% of HCPs indicated that they had heard about specific ACS programs and services or the NCI information hotline. Less than 60% of HCPs recommended or thought these same services were helpful to patients. Awareness, referrals, and attitudes toward cancer support services among HCPs were significantly related (P < .001). Qualitative comments qualified quantitative results. clinical implications: Although a surprising number of HCPs were aware of support services, fewer recommended or reported satisfaction with these services. HCPs' referrals and attitudes toward cancer psychosocial support services may be improved by assembling a concise directory of locally available resources, directing this information to HCPs who refer directly to cancer organizations, improving collaboration between agencies, increasing staff support, and targeting particular services in specific areas of the country for program monitoring and development.
Total fatty acid analysis of vegetable oil soapstocks by supercritical fluid extraction/reaction

Soapstock from vegetable oil refining operations is a value-added by-product that finds further industrial use based on its fatty acid content. Since the fatty acid content of soapstock can vary according to its vegetable oil source or method of refining, determination of its total fatty acid (TFA) by an accurate analytical method is of key importance to purchasers of this refinery by-product. Traditionally, the TFA content of soapstock has been determined by the AOCS Official Method G3-53 based on a gravimetric assay. Unfortunately, this gravimetric-based assay requires considerable time and incorporates a considerable quantity of organic solvent per assay. In this study, the authors have applied supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with an enzymatic-based reaction (SFR), in the presence of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), to determine the TFA content of soapstocks. The SFE/SFR sequence was conducted using two commercially available extractors using an in situ supported lipase in the extraction cell to form fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Gas chromatographic (GC) determination of the individual FAME, followed by quantitation based on the calculated sum of all the fatty acids from the GC analysis, allowed a precise determination to be made of the soapstock’s TFA content. The TFA contents of three different soapstocks determined by this method were slightly higher than the values derived from Official Method G3-53. The reported method takes less than one-half of the time of Official Method G3-53 and reduces organic solvent use from 575 mL to under 2 mL of solvent by using SC-CO2.
Motherhood and the hormones of pregnancy modify concentrations of hippocampal neuronal dendritic spines.

Abstract Short-term fluctuations in steroid hormones such as estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) can affect the concentration of hippocampal dendritic spines in adult, cycling nulliparous female rats. Pregnancy is characterized by a significantly longer duration of substantially elevated E2 and P compared to the estrous cycle. Thus, even greater changes than those reported during estrus may be evident. In two experiments, we examined the extent to which reproductive and hormonal state altered the concentration of apical neuronal dendritic spines of the CA1 region of the hippocampus in the following age-matched groups (N's = 7–10/group) of rats: in Exp. 1., CA1 dendritic spine density was examined in nulliparous diestrus (DES), proestrus (PRO), and estrus (ES) females, and late-pregnant (LP) (day 21) and lactating (day 5–6; LACT) females. In Exp. 2, the effects on spine density of a regimen mimicking pregnancy (and that stimulates maternal behavior) were examined, using ovariectomized, no hormone-exposed (OVX-minus) vs. sequential P&E2-treated (OVX + P&E2) groups. For both experiments, brains were removed, Golgi-Cox-stained and the most lateral tertiary branches of the apical dendrite of completely-stained hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons were traced with oil-immersion at ×1600 and dendritic spine density (# spines/10 μ dendritic segment) recorded. In Exp. 1, spine density was increased in LP and LACT females (which were not different) compared to the other virgin groups, including PRO females, who had more spines than DES and ES. In Exp. 2, OVX + P&E2 displayed significantly more dendritic spines per 10 μ than OVX-minus females (and had numbers that were similar to those of LP and LACT from Exp. 1). Pregnancy and its attendant hormonal fluctuations, therefore, may alter hippocampal neurons that regulate some non-pup-directed components of maternal behavior (e.g., nest building) or behaviors that support maternal behavior (e.g., foraging, associative memory).
Analysis of key steps in the catalytic cross-coupling of alkyl electrophiles under Negishi-like conditions.

The use of tpy′ (tpy′ = 4,4′,4″-tri-tert-butyl-terpyridine) as a ligand for nickel allows for the isolation of a Ni(I)–alkyl complex and a Ni(II)–alkyl halide complex, both of which can be used as mechanistic probes of key steps in alkyl cross-coupling reactions.
Phase II study of the antiangiogenesis agent thalidomide in recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

BACKGROUND. Thalidomide has been shown to have antiangiogenic effects in preclinical models as well as a significant antitumor effect in hematologic tumors such as multiple myeloma. The authors performed this Phase II study to determine the activity, toxicity profile, and antiangiogenic effect of thalidomide in patients with locoregionally recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. METHODS. Twenty-one patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with single-agent thalidomide. All patients had received radiation therapy, and most had undergone surgery (95%) and/or chemotherapy (90%). Thalidomide was initiated at 200 mgdaily and increased to a target dose of 1000 mg daily. Patients continued treatment until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or death occurred. RESULTS. All 21 patients eventually developed progressive disease. Median time to progression was 50 days (95% confidence interval, 28-70), with median overall survival time of 194 days (95% lower confidence boundary, 151), similar to the progression and survival times reported for this patient group with other agents. Thalidomide was generally well tolerated, with few patients experiencing Grades 3 to 4 toxicities. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor levels increased in six of seven patients, for whom paired serum samples were available and all of whom had progressive disease. CONCLUSIONS. In this heavily pretreated population of patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, thalidomide does not appear to have single-agent antitumor activity. Further evaluation of the mechanism of action of thalidomide is indicated. Potentially, future evaluations of thalidomide may be performed in combination with other antiangiogenic or cytotoxic agents in patients with earlier stage disease or in patients with minimal residual disease.
Expression pattern of NuIP gene in adult mouse brain

We previously reported the identification of the Nurr1 interacting protein (NuIP) that was demonstrated to modulate the transcriptional activity of Nurr1, the orphan nuclear receptor required for midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation. NuIP was also cloned by others and referred to as a small G protein signaling modulators. The open reading frame of NuIP predicts a protein with an N-terminal RUN domain (RPIP8, UNC-14, and NESCA) and a C-terminal TBC domain (Tre-2, Bub2, and Cdc16) both of which are found in proteins of the GTPase activating protein (GAP) family, involved in the GTPase signaling pathway. To characterize the NuIP gene product, we developed a polyclonal antibody. Since NuIP gene is expressed most abundantly in adult and the level of expression during development is below the detection limit of immunohistochemistry, we now report the expression pattern of NuIP in adult mouse brain compared with the expression pattern of Nurr1 protein. Many regions co-expressed Nurr1 and NuIP including cortex, hippocampus, substantia nigra, and the cerebellum. However, there are also regions that exclusively express NuIP such as striatum, septum, globus pallidus, and the reticular thalamic nucleus. We also find that NuIP protein expresses mainly in NeuN-positive (neuronal nuclei) neurons but can be detected in GFAP-positive (glial fibrillary acidic protein) glial cells in hippocampus. Interestingly, NuIP is expressed in high levels in midbrain dopaminergic neurons including ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic neurons but is not expressed or expressed in low levels in other dopaminergic neurons such as olfactory bulb and hypothalamus. Overall, the expression pattern of NuIP in adult mouse brain suggests that it may be involved in motor activity control in basal ganglia as well as higher central nervous system (CNS) functions such as cognition and memory in cortex and hippocampus.
Universal collapse of stress and wrinkle-to-scar transition in spherically confined crystalline sheets

Imposing curvature on crystalline sheets, such as 2D packings of colloids or proteins, or covalently bonded graphene leads to distinct types of structural instabilities. The first type involves the proliferation of localized defects that disrupt the crystalline order without affecting the imposed shape, whereas the second type consists of elastic modes, such as wrinkles and crumples, which deform the shape and also are common in amorphous polymer sheets. Here, we propose a profound link between these types of patterns, encapsulated in a universal, compression-free stress field, which is determined solely by the macroscale confining conditions. This “stress universality” principle and a few of its immediate consequences are borne out by studying a circular crystalline patch bound to a deformable spherical substrate, in which the two distinct patterns become, respectively, radial chains of dislocations (called “scars”) and radial wrinkles. The simplicity of this set-up allows us to characterize the morphologies and evaluate the energies of both patterns, from which we construct a phase diagram that predicts a wrinkle–scar transition in confined crystalline sheets at a critical value of the substrate stiffness. The construction of a unified theoretical framework that bridges inelastic crystalline defects and elastic deformations opens unique research directions. Beyond the potential use of this concept for finding energy-optimizing packings in curved topographies, the possibility of transforming defects into shape deformations that retain the crystalline structure may be valuable for a broad range of material applications, such as manipulations of graphene’s electronic structure.
The outsider: a history of the goalkeeper

As the book’s motto serve two lines from Shakespeare’s 29th sonnet: ‘in disgrace with fortune and men’s eyes,/I all alone beweep my outcast state’. Then in 351 lively and insightful pages Jonathan ...
A New, Rapid, Interactive Image Analysis Method for Determining Physical Dimensions of Milled Rice Kernels

A method was developed using Image Analysis technology whereby rice kernels may be classified in less than a third of the time required by conventional methods. Image Analysis permits the use of much greater number of kernels, providing a more representative measure of dimension while giving a better estimation of the actual sample variation among kernels. The Image Analysis method was found to compare very favorably with the conventional method using a Gaertner microscope and found to be superior to that using a projecting microscope. The reproducibility of the Image Analysis method was found to be better than ± 10%.
Assessing performance of utilizing organizational modularity to manage supply chains: Evidence in the US manufacturing sector

Abstract Recent competition and customization have motivated manufacturers to institute modular organizations to manage supply chains. Proclaimed as a paradigm shift, organizational modularity manifests agility and flexibility to diversify product offerings, utilize production capacity, and allocate network capital and assets. Whereas studies have conceptualized the impacts of modular organizations, large-scale research that examines modularity's impacts on performance are lacking. The study assesses the impacts of organizational modularity in the US manufacturing sector. A set of hypotheses proposes that higher level of modularity is associated with higher efficiency and profitability. I found modularity to negatively affect product specialization and positively impact capacity utilization, ROI and ROA. The findings help to determine the robustness of utilizing the modularity for complex supply chain coordination.
A general mathematical model for optimizing NC tool path for face milling of flat convex polygonal surfaces

SUMMARY Milling is one of the most widely used metal removal processes. The number of decision parameters involved in the milling operation makes the experimental estimation of tool life equations very dimcult. Optimal metal removal rate has been modelled independently of the cutter path selected for the operation. However, the choosing of the proper cutter path might significantly reduce the total tool travel and therefore also reduce the tool wear due to the reduction in the tool engagement with the job With the widespread application of robotics in industry, robots are also being used to automate the grinding process. Robotized grinding of flat polygonal surfaces is one such application where the tool path is similar to face milling of like surfaces. Thus optimizing the total tool path during NC face milling/robotized grinding remains an important problem A mathematical model representing the total tool path on an N-sided convex polygonal surface has been developed. The stair-case type of tool path has...
A history of schools of marketing thought

Marketing has been practiced since ancient times and has been thought about almost as long. Yet, it is only during the 20th century that marketing ideas evolved into an academic discipline in its own right. Most concepts, issues and problems of marketing thought have coalesced into one of several schools or approaches to understanding marketing. In this article we trace the evolution of 10 schools of marketing thought. At the turn of the 20th century, early in the discipline’s history, the study of functions, commodities, and institutions emerged as complementary modes of thinking about subject matter and became known collectively as the ‘traditional approaches’ to studying marketing; shortly thereafter the interregional trade approach emerged. About mid-century, there was a ‘paradigm shift’ in marketing thought eclipsing the traditional approaches as a number of newer schools developed: marketing management, marketing systems, consumer behavior, macromarketing, exchange, and marketing history. During the...
Bootstrapping device state in managed systems

Autonomic and other system management technologies must ascertain the current state of a managed system comprising interconnected but at times independent and diverse managed entities. When an autonomic manager is introduced into a running system, state bootstrapping is required. One challenge involved in state bootstrapping is balancing the need to have current and detailed state information against the need to minimize loading on the managed system and the element management systems that provide the state information to the autonomic manager. This paper describes an approach providing a trade-off between the rate of state information acquisition and the load being placed on the managed system. The approach enables priority to be given to the acquisition of state information for managed entities that are more likely to require intervention in the managed system.
A Comparison Between Time Domain and Spectral Imaging Systems for Imaging Quantum Dots in Small Living Animals

Purpose: We quantified the performance of time-domain imaging (TDI) and spectral imaging (SI) for fluorescence imaging of quantum dots (QDs) in three distinct imaging instruments: eXplore Optix (TDI, Advanced Research Technologies Inc.), Maestro (SI, CRi Inc.), and IVIS-Spectrum (SI, Caliper Life Sciences Inc.). Procedure: The instruments were compared for their sensitivity in phantoms and living mice, multiplexing capabilities (ability to resolve the signal of one QD type in the presence of another), and the dependence of contrast and spatial resolution as a function of depth. Results: In phantoms, eXplore Optix had an order of magnitude better sensitivity compared to the SI systems, detecting QD concentrations of ~40 pM in vitro. Maestro was the best instrument for multiplexing QDs. Reduction of contrast and resolution as a function of depth was smallest with eXplore Optix for depth of 2–6 mm, while other depths gave comparable results in all systems. Sensitivity experiments in living mice showed that the eXplore Optix and Maestro systems outperformed the IVIS-Spectrum. Conclusion: TDI was found to be an order of magnitude more sensitive than SI at the expense of speed and very limited multiplexing capabilities. For deep tissue QD imaging, TDI is most applicable for depths between 2 and 6 mm, as its contrast and resolution degrade the least at these depths.
Substitution of isoleucine-31 by helical-breaking proline abolishes oxidative stress and neurotoxic properties of Alzheimer’s amyloid β-peptide (1–42)

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain is characterized by excess deposition of the 42-amino acid amyloid β-peptide [Aβ(1–42)]. AD brain is under intense oxidative stress, and we have previously suggested that Aβ(1–42) was associated with this increased oxidative stress. In addition, we previously demonstrated that the single methionine residue of Aβ(1–42), residue 35, was critical for the oxidative stress and neurotoxic properties of this peptide. Others have shown that the C-terminal region of Aβ(1–42) is helical in aqueous micellar solutions, including that part of the protein containing Met35. Importantly, Cu(II)-binding induces α-helicity in Aβ in aqueous solution. Invoking the i + 4 rule of helices, we hypothesized that the carbonyl oxygen of Ile31 would interact with the S atom of Met35 to change the electronic environment of the sulfur such that molecular oxygen could lead to the production of a sulfuramyl free radical on Met35. If this hypothesis is correct, a prediction would be that breaking the helical interaction of Ile31 and Met35 would abrogate the oxidative stress and neurotoxic properties of Aβ(1–42). Accordingly, we investigated Aβ(1–42) in which the Ile31 residue was replaced with the helix-breaking amino acid, proline. The α-helical environment around Met35 was completely abolished as indicated by circular dichroism (CD)-spectroscopy. As a consequence, the aggregation, oxidative stress, Cu(II) reduction, and neurotoxic properties of Aβ(1–42)I31P were completely altered compared to native Aβ(1–42). The results presented here are consistent with the notion that interaction of Ile31 with Met35 may play an important role in the oxidative processes of Met35 contributing to the toxicity of the peptide.
3D Social Saliency from Head-mounted Cameras

A gaze concurrence is a point in 3D where the gaze directions of two or more people intersect. It is a strong indicator of social saliency because the attention of the participating group is focused on that point. In scenes occupied by large groups of people, multiple concurrences may occur and transition over time. In this paper, we present a method to construct a 3D social saliency field and locate multiple gaze concurrences that occur in a social scene from videos taken by head-mounted cameras. We model the gaze as a cone-shaped distribution emanating from the center of the eyes, capturing the variation of eye-in-head motion. We calibrate the parameters of this distribution by exploiting the fixed relationship between the primary gaze ray and the head-mounted camera pose. The resulting gaze model enables us to build a social saliency field in 3D. We estimate the number and 3D locations of the gaze concurrences via provably convergent mode-seeking in the social saliency field. Our algorithm is applied to reconstruct multiple gaze concurrences in several real world scenes and evaluated quantitatively against motion-captured ground truth.
Modified Method for Estimating the Phosphatidyl Choline:Sphingomyelin Ratio in Amniotic Fluid, and Its Use in the Assessment of Fetal Lung Maturity

Phospholipids of amniotic fluid were extracted, separated by thin-layer chromatography, detected with acidified ammonium sulfate, and charred; the phosphatidyl choline and sphingomyelin fractions were quantitated by transmission densitometry. The densities were recorded as integrator trace units. We used commercially available precoated plates and a solvent system to eliminate the interference of phosphatidyl serine. The procedure used for visualization eliminated the irritating and corrosive effects of the 50% sulfuric acid spray used in other methods. Omission of the acetone precipitation step decreased assay time without loss of accuracy. In 117 amniotic fluid samples obtained before delivery of infants who subsequently did not develop respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) the geometric mean density ratio of phosphatidyl choline: sphingomyelin was 3.1, range 1.8 to 8.6. In three pre-delivery amniotic fluid samples, density ratios of less than 1.5 were found. Those infants developed RDS.
Increased mechanical strain imposed on murine lungs during ventilation in vivo depresses airway responsiveness and activation of protein kinase Akt

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) administered to tracheostomized rabbits and ferrets for 4 days or 2 wk suppresses bronchial reactivity in vivo and suppresses airway reactivity in lobes a...
Placing Monitoring Devices in Electric Power Networks Modeled by Block Graphs.

Placing Monitoring Devices in Electric Power Networks Modeled by Block Graphs by David Wayne Atkins The problem of monitoring an electric power system by placing as few measurement devices in the system as possible is closely related to the well known vertex covering and dominating set problems in graph theory. A set S of vertices is defined to be a power dominating set of a graph if every vertex and every edge in the system is monitored by the set S (following a set of rules for power system monitoring). The minimum cardinality of a power dominating set of a graph is its power domination number. In this thesis, we investigate the power domination number of a block graph.
Hydrodynamic and sediment transport modeling of New River Inlet (NC) under the interaction of tides and waves

The interactions between waves, tidal currents, and bathymetry near New River Inlet, NC, USA are investigated to understand the effects on the resulting hydrodynamics and sediment transport. A quasi-3-D nearshore community model, NearCoM-TVD, is used in this integrated observational and modeling study. The model is validated with observations of waves and currents at 30 locations, including in a recently dredged navigation channel and a shallower channel, and on the ebb tidal delta, for a range of flow and offshore wave conditions during May 2012. In the channels, model skills for flow velocity and wave height are high. Near the ebb tidal delta, the model reproduces the observed rapid onshore (offshore) decay of wave heights (current velocities). Model results reveal that this sharp transition coincides with the location of the breaker zone over the ebb tidal delta, which is modulated by semidiurnal tides and by wave intensity. The modulation of wave heights is primarily owing to depth changes rather than direct wave-current interaction. The modeled tidally averaged residual flow patterns show that waves play an important role in generating vortices and landward-directed currents near the inlet entrance. Numerical experiments suggest that these flow patterns are associated with the channel-shoal bathymetry near the inlet, similar to the generation of rip currents. Consistent with other inlet studies, model results suggest that tidal currents drive sediment fluxes in the channels, but that sediment fluxes on the ebb tidal delta are driven primarily by waves.
Less is more: transmammary axillary lymph node evaluation: an initial clinical experience.

Abstract Background Standard axillary node dissection has the potential to cause a significant amount of morbidity. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has considerably decreased this rate of morbidity; however, data recently presented, based on ACOSOG Z-10, suggest that even this less invasive technique can have a lymphedema rate as high as 7%. The transmammary axillary lymph node evaluation procedure (TANE) removes the sentinel node via the breast incision, thus eliminating the axillary incision. This may decrease morbidity, including lymphedema, dyesthesias, pain, and loss of range of motion, and it will also improve cosmetic outcome. Methods This is a prospective observational study to determine if it is feasible to perform both the partial mastectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy via a single incision. All patients were consented for a partial mastectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy. The partial mastectomy was performed in the standard fashion. The sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed via the same incision either before or after the breast specimen was removed. The sentinel lymph node biopsy was then performed in the standard fashion. Results The TANE method was attempted in 44 patients from June 2005 to March 2006 and was successful in 43, for a rate of 97.73%. The mean age of the patients was 57.6 years, with a range of 34 to 82 years. The average tumor size was 1.57 cm, with a range of 0.4 cm to 4.5 cm. The TANE procedure was performed most often in patients with tumors located in the upper outer quadrant (79.54%). There were no perioperative complications. Conclusion Our prospective study showed that this is a feasible procedure for sentinel lymph node biopsy and axillary lymph node dissection. The number of sentinel and axillary nodes obtained was within the standard published norms. Our technical success rate was 97.33%, and we did not have any perioperative complications. In this pilot study, there was the cosmetic benefit of only 1 incision. Future studies will examine if the TANE procedure can objectively decrease morbidity compared to a separate axillary incision.
Fault-Tolerant 2D Fourier Transform with Checksum Encoding

Space-based applications increasingly require more computational power to process large volumes of data and alleviate the downlink bottleneck. In addressing these demands, commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) systems can serve a vital role in achieving performance requirements. However, these technologies are susceptible to radiation effects in the harsh environment of space. In order to effectively exploit high-performance COTS systems in future spacecraft, proper care must be taken with hardware and software architectures and algorithms that avoid or overcome the data errors that can lead to erroneous results. One of the more common kernels in space-based applications is the 2D fast Fourier transform (FFT). Many papers have investigated fault-tolerant FFT, but no algorithm has been devised that would allow for error correction without re-computation from original data. In this paper, we present a new method of applying algorithm-based fault tolerance (ABFT) concepts to the 2D-FFT that will not only allow for error detection but also error correction within memory-constrained systems as well as ensure coherence of the data after the computation. To further improve reliability of this ABFT approach, we propose use of a checksum encoding scheme that addresses issues related to numerical precision and overflow. The performance of the fault-tolerant 2D-FFT will be presented and featured as part of a dependable range Doppler processor, which is a subcomponent of synthetic-aperture radar algorithms. This work is supported by the Dependable Multiprocessor project at Honeywell and the University of Florida, one of the experiments in the Space Technology 8 (ST-8) mission of NASA's New Millennium Program.
The Contributions of Prefrontal Cortex and Executive Control to Deception: Evidence from Activation Likelihood Estimate Meta-analyses

Previous neuroimaging studies have implicated the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nearby brain regions in deception. This is consistent with the hypothesis that lying involves the executive control system. To date, the nature of the contribution of different aspects of executive control to deception, however, remains unclear. In the present study, we utilized an activation likelihood estimate (ALE) method of meta-analysis to quantitatively identify brain regions that are consistently more active for deceptive responses relative to truthful responses across past studies. We then contrasted the results with additional ALE maps generated for 3 different aspects of executive control: working memory, inhibitory control, and task switching. Deception-related regions in dorsolateral PFC and posterior parietal cortex were selectively associated with working memory. Additional deception regions in ventrolateral PFC, anterior insula, and anterior cingulate cortex were associated with multiple aspects of executive control. In contrast, deception-related regions in bilateral inferior parietal lobule were not associated with any of the 3 executive control constructs. Our findings support the notion that executive control processes, particularly working memory, and their associated neural substrates play an integral role in deception. This work provides a foundation for future research on the neurocognitive basis of deception.