cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Analysis on the Secondary Flow in a Rotating Helical Pipe With an Elliptical Cross Section

In the present study, the flow in a rotating helical pipe with an elliptical cross section is considered. The axes of the elliptical cross section are in arbitrary directions. Using the perturbation method, the Navier-Stokes equations in a rotating helical coordinate system are solved. The combined effects of rotation, torsion, and geometry on the characteristics of secondary flow and fluid particle trajectory are discussed, Some new and interesting conclusions are obtained, such as how the number of secondary flow cells and the secondary flow intensity depends on the ratio of the Coroilis force to the centrifugal force. The results show that the increase of torsion has the tendency to transfer the structure of secondary flow into a saddle flow, and that the incline angle a increases or decreases the secondary flow intensity depending on the resultant force between the Corilois force and centrifugal force.
Measurement of Raman Spectra for Tomographic Reconstruction

Raman signal is measured through a tomography set-up with 8 distinct spectrometers allowing for increased spectral resolution. Reconstructed images show good localization and contrast of Raman signal to background for Teflon inclusions within gelatin-based phantoms.
STUDIES ON IMMUNITY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS MUCOSUS (TYPE III) : II. THE INFECTIVITY OF TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS FOR RABBITS.

The observations recorded in this paper on the infectivity of Type III pneumococci for rabbits may be summarized as follows: 1. Of eleven strains of Type III isolated from human sources, ten were found to possess low virulence for rabbits. This was true despite the fact that all the strains tested possessed large capsules and a high degree of virulence for mice. 2. One strain of Type III pneumococcus was rendered highly virulent for rabbits. Since it possessed no other biological property demonstrably different from the other strains, its virulence must reside in some additional property. 3. An initial decrease in the number of circulating organisms following the injection of virulent bacteria is a well known occurrence, and it was observed in rabbits injected with the rabbit virulent strain of Type III. However, the extent of the reduction was in inverse proportion to the degree of virulence of the strain; a fact which makes mechanical explanations of the phenomenon insufficient. 4. The bacteremia produced in rabbits by Type III pneumococci, avirulent for this species, runs a characteristic course. It differs from that produced by non-encapsulated R forms of pneumococci although in both instances survival of the infected animal ensues. This is evidence that the mechanism of resistance against encapsulated and non-encapsulated pneumococci is not identical. 5. Phagocytosis of Type III pneumococci by circulating rabbit leucocytes was not demonstrable by a vital stain technique, whereas under the same conditions the ingestion of non-encapsulated R forms occurred. This is further evidence that the process whereby non-encapsulated pneumococci are disposed of, is insufficient to explain the natural resistance of rabbits to infection with encapsulated Type III pneumococci.
A Case Study Analysis of the Development of Knowledge Schema, Ideational Networks, and Higher Cognitive Operations Among High School Students Who Studied Ecology

Thirteen randomly selected 9th- and 10th-grade students who studied an ecology unit were interviewed, and the tape-recorded narrative data were analyzed for changes in knowledge schema, represented by ideational networks and the development of higher cognitive operations. Flow maps and a checklist of cognitive information processing categories were used as analytical tools. Two end-member respondents (lowest and highest performing students) were selected for an in-depth analysis, and their performance was compared to the mean of the 13 randomly selected students. The high-performing individual evidenced greater gains in use of higher order cognitive categories than the lowest end member, and both end members spanned the range of performance of respondents in the subsample. The data support current theory that the amount and quality of prior knowledge substantially influence gains in new knowledge and are closely linked to a capacity to apply higher order cognitive thought processes in constructing abstract knowledge.
Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the embryos and newly hatched larvae of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Studies were undertaken to evaluate the toxicities of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and five PCB congeners using the Japanese medaka embryo-larval assays. The embryos and newly hatched larvae exposed to TCDD and two non-ortho PCB congeners; 77 and 126, showed a similar type and sequence of lesions. The toxic effects in the cardiovascular system were the first to appear. The typical lesions observed were multifocal hemorrhages, pericardial and yolk sac edema, craniofacial malformation, and inhibition of swim bladder inflation (SBI). The TEFs for PCB 126 and PCB 77 based on the LC50 values calculated from nominal water concentrations were 0.032 and 0.000014, respectively. These values are different from those reported for rainbow trout species, and similar to those for mammalian species. One mono-ortho PCB congener, 105, and two di-ortho PCB congeners, 138 and 153, did not cause any toxic effects on the embryos exposed up to 2000 ng/ml. However, all three PCB congeners (105, 138 and 153) caused an inhibition of swim bladder inflation in the newly hatched larvae. The inhibition of swim bladder inflation was the most sensitive end point measured, and it is suggested that the inhibition of SBI may be mediated by an unknown mechanism with/without an AhR activation.
Optical Opacities As A Tool For Studying High Temperature Equilibria

Quantities characterizing high temperature thermodynamic equilibria such as vapor pressures, enthalpies of formation and thermodynamic activity coefficients have traditionally been determined by classical techniques such as the Knudsen effusion method. Such classical techniques usually suffer from poor accuracy and from interference from other vapor species present with the vapor being measured. By comparing the classical methods with the rather infrequently used optical technique based on opacity measurements, we can demonstrate that this latter technique is largely unaffected by interfering vapor species and that it also possesses a spectroscopic multiplexing advantage that considerably enhances its accuracy over classical techniques. The attainment of these two advantages is illustrated with examples of atomic uranium opacity determinations in the pure uranium system and in the uranium nitride system. In both cases, all the opacities were obtained in the presence of interfering uranium oxide vapor and it was still possible to derive the desired thermodynamic data with excellent accuracy.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A feather from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian) Point Lookout Sandstone, San Juan Basin, northwestern New Mexico

Abstract Fossils of Cretaceous feathers are extremely rare, especially from clastic sediments. Here we report on a partial pennaceous feather collected from the lower Campanian Point Lookout Sandstone of northwestern New Mexico (New Mexico Museum of Natural History locality L-7468). The feather is from a laterally discontinuous shale at the top of the Point Lookout Sandstone, a basal marine shoreline facies deposited during the R-4 regressive cycle. The shale contains cylindrical invertebrate burrows including Ophiomorpha , abundant plant fragments of conifers and angiosperms, and a sparse invertebrate fauna including the inarticulate brachiopod Lingula and the bivalves Caryocorbula and Nucula . The partial pennaceous feather, University of New Mexico (UNM) 14742, is preserved on a bedding plane as either a carbonized trace or an autolithification. The feather is missing the basal barbs and the base of the rachis and calamus. It possesses numerous barbs that are arrayed in symmetrical vanes. The vanes decrease in width toward a rounded tip. Both vanes show gaps that indicate the barbs normally interlocked and so possessed differentiated distal and proximal barbules. Based on this morphology, UNM 14742 is a closed pennaceous feather (Stage IV) and a contour feather and can be referred to Maniraptora, a group that includes true birds and coelurosaur dinosaurs.
Co‐occupation in a day program for adults with developmental disabilities

As meaning is an essential component of occupation, this phenomenological study investigated the meaning behind the activities in a day program for 10 staff members and 10 consumers with moderate to severe developmental disabilities who required assistance to engage in occupation. Methods included interviews with staff members and consumers, and participant observation sessions with consumers. Thematic analysis demonstrated that when the consumers actively engaged in activities and interacted with the staff members in specific ways, both parties found the activities meaningful. The themes were reflective of co‐occupation and the importance of a good person‐environment‐occupation fit.
Frequency tuning of cochlear hair cells by differential splicing of BK channel transcripts.

Hearing sense organs, though somewhat variable among species in cellular organization and disposition, all utilize mechanically sensitive receptor hair cells to accomplish the transduction of acoustic stimuli into electrical activity which informs the brain. The frequency components of complex stimuli are resolved and spatially encoded by the peripheral organ; this tonotopic information is preserved and addressed through several relay nuclei in the pathway to the auditory cortex. Frequency analysis is performed by the peripheral organ using mechanisms which are either extrinsic, or intrinsic, to the hair cell. It is generally agreed that the basilar membrane, upon which hair cells sit, is the major component of the frequency analyser in the mammalian organ of Corti. Sounds of different frequencies maximally displace the basilar membrane at different locations, resulting in differential stimulation among the population of hair cells. The mechanically tuned basilar membrane, boosted by feedback from the outer hair cells, thereby filters the stimulus, so that a given hair cell is exposed to only a narrow range of frequencies. In a number of lower vertebrates, however, the basilar membrane is poorly or not at all tuned and frequency analysis is predominantly the task of the hair cells themselves.
Nonlinear shallow water tropical instability waves on the equatorial β‐plane: Genesis of two distinct types of waves

[1] The nonlinearity of Tropical Instability Waves (TIWs) is studied using shallow-water equations with various mean states from the equatorial Pacific Ocean. In the early linear stage, unstable TIWs, centered near 5°N with a wavelength about 1000 km and a period about one month, dominate the whole domain. However neutral Yanai waves with periods about 15―22 days emerge near the equator when the unstable TIWs grow into fully nonlinear vortices and begin to rotate, which stabilizes the mean states substantially. The strength of these Yanai waves are sensitive to the instability of the initial mean flow. Meanwhile the TIWs centered near 5°N are slowed down and weakened. The external forcing terms are found to be important for them to retain their dominance from 3°N to 7°N and also be able to suppress the late emerging Yanai waves if strong enough.
Learned changes in the complexity of movement organization during multijoint, standing pulls.

This paper tests the hypothesis that the central nervous system (CNS) learns to organize multijoint movements during a multijoint ‘bouncing pull’ task such that, after practice, motion of the anterior-posterior center of mass (CMAP) more closely resembles that of a conservative, one degree of freedom (DF), inverted pendulum model. The task requires standing human subjects to produce precise peak pulling forces on a handle while maintaining balance – goals that can be easily accomplished if movement is organized as in the model. Ten freely standing subjects practiced making brief, bouncing pulls in the horizontal direction to target forces (20–80% of maximum) for 5 days. Pulling force, body kinematic and force plate data were recorded. An eight-segment analysis determined sagittal-plane CM motion. We compared the effects of practice on the regression-based fit between actual and model-simulated CMAP trajectories, and on measures of CMAP phase plane symmetry and parameter constancy that the model predicts. If the CNS learns to organize movements like the inverted pendulum model, then model fit should improve and all other measures should approach zero after practice. The fit between modeled and actual CMAP motion did not improve significantly with practice, except for moderate force pulls. Nor did practice increase phase plane symmetry or parameter constancy. Specifically, practice did not decrease the differences between the pre-impact and rebound positions or speeds of the CMAP, although speed difference increased with pulling force. CMAP at the end of the movement was anterior to its initial position; the anterior shift increased after practice. Differences between the pre-pull and balance-recovery ankle torque (T A) impulses were greater on day 5 and correlated with the anterior shift in CMAP. These results suggest that practice separately influenced the force production and balance recovery phases. A modified model with damping could not explain the observed behaviors. A modified model using the actual time-varying TA profiles improved fit at lower force levels, but did not explain the increased postural shift after practice. We conclude that the CNS does not learn to organize movements like the conservative, inverted pendulum model, but rather learned a more complex form of organization that capitalized on more time-varying controls and more intersegmental dynamics. We hypothesize that at least one additional DF and at least one time-varying parameter will be needed to explain fully how the CNS learns to organize multijoint, bouncing pulls made while standing.
Interfacial Behavior of Anionically Synthesized Amphiphilic Star Block Copolymers Based on Polybutadiene and Poly(ethylene oxide) at the Air/Water Interface

We describe the preparation and the surface properties of monolayers of a new set of (PB-b-PEO)4 amphiphilic four-arm star block copolymers. A divergent anionic polymerization method yielded copolymers with well-defined molecular weights, block volume fractions, and architecture. Initially, tri- and tetracarbanionic initiators were used to initiate the polymerization of butadiene followed by end-capping of living chains with ethylene oxide. The tri- and tetrafunctionalities of the resulting hydroxyl-terminated star polydienes were confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The four-arm star polymeric alcohols were then titrated with diphenylmethylpotassium to yield the analogous potassium alkoxides. The resulting macroinitiators were used to polymerize corona blocks of ethylene oxide. Different samples of well-defined (PB-b-PEO)4 amphiphilic star block copolymers exhibiting narrow molar mass distribution were prepared with poly(ethylene oxide) over a range of volume fractions. Isotherm experiments at the air/water...
Formulas for tune shift and β beat due to perturbations in circular accelerators

Rigorous formulas for nonlinear tune shift and $\ensuremath{\beta}$-function distortion due to perturbations in the focusing forces are presented, which complement the well-known tune-shift formula for quadrupole errors. Using these formulas, the calculation of nonlinear chromaticity given by Takao et al. [Phys. Rev. E 70, 016501 (2004)] can be greatly simplified and extended to higher order. In addition, an expression for the nonlinear chromatic $\ensuremath{\beta}$-function distortion is given.
Measuring salt consumption to guide behavior change in applied settings: a critical review.

Abstract Objective. A critical review of the accuracy of salt consumption measurement can enhance future dietary sodium interventions. Data Source. A review of the measures of salt consumption was conducted with a focus on the measurement that may facilitate behavior modification. Measures were critiqued for factors known to threaten the validity of behavioral measurement in applied settings. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. The review included observational, interventional, and measurement studies that used at least one measure of behavior indicative of salt consumption. Data Extraction. Eighteen articles were retrieved by examining their definitions of salt consumption to ensure a measurement of behavior and a discussion of factors known to influence behavior and its measurement. Data Synthesis. Articles meeting the above criteria were critically reviewed for factors related to a valid measurement of behavior: participant and setting characteristics, measurement definitions, and measurement proce...
The prehistory of the Austronesian-speaking peoples: A view from language

Prior to the European colonial expansions of the past several centuries the Austronesian (AN) language family had the greatest geographical extent of any on earth, including in its territory areas that had never previously been settled. Although predominantly distributed in a tropical or subtropical environment, AN-speaking peoples exhibit a wide range of physical types, material cultures, and types of social and political organization. This paper addresses ways in which linguistic comparison can contribute toward answering such questions as the following: Where was the AN homeland? What was the nature of early AN material culture, social and political organization? What can we infer about early AN pathology? How did early AN speakers view the spirit world? It concludes with a discussion of culture loss, many examples of which can be inferred both from the Pacific and from insular Southeast Asia.
Renal medullary carcinoma: unsuspected diagnosis at stone protocol CT

Renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) is an aggressive neoplasm occurring almost exclusively in adolescents and young adults with sickle cell (SC) hemoglobinopathies, usually sickle cell trait (SCT) or hemoglobin SC disease. The most common presentations are hematuria and flank or abdominal pain. It is a highly malignant tumor, and responses to chemotherapy are rare and transient resulting in a dismal prognosis. A high level of suspicion is necessary when evaluating at risk patients presenting with hematuria or flank pain, as currently it appears that only early diagnosis could potentially alter the outcome of this disease. We report a case of RMC in a young male patient with SCT, who presented to the emergency department with low back pain and microscopic hematuria, clinically mimicking acute obstructing urolithiasis. Our case emphasizes the need to consider alternate diagnoses when evaluating computed tomography scans for acute flank pain.
Some Laws of Nature are Metaphysically Contingent

Laws of nature are puzzling because they have a ‘modal character’—they seem to be ‘necessary-ish’—even though they also seem to be metaphysically contingent. And it is hard to understand how contingent truths could have such a modal character. Scientific essentialism is a doctrine that seems to dissolve this puzzle, by showing that laws of nature are actually metaphysically necessary. I argue that even if the metaphysics of natural kinds and properties offered by scientific essentialism is correct, there are still some metaphysically contingent truths that share the modal character of the laws of nature. I argue that these contingent truths should be considered laws of nature. So even if scientific essentialism is true, at least some laws of nature are metaphysically contingent.
The Use of Large-Scale Budgets for Convective Parameterization

Abstract Synoptic-scale mass and moisture budgets are objectively computed by kinematic techniques and compared to the mass and moisture budgets of a tornado-producing Oklahoma squall line. The rate of consumption of water vapor by the squall line is found to be significantly larger than the synoptic-scale moisture convergence; similarly, the mass processed by the squall line exceeds the synoptic-scale budget. This implies that additional vertical circulations must exist on a scale smaller than synoptic, probably a reflection of organized convective lifting and compensating downdrafts. Consequently, parameterization of mid-latitude organized convection, using synoptic-scale mass or moisture convergence to estimate cloud fluxes, will likely underestimate the amount of convective precipitation, the total vertical mass exchange and, therefore, the magnitudes of the thermodynamic stabilization and vertical momentum exchange as well.
Characterization of stability, aggregation, and equilibrium properties of modified natural products; The case of carboxymethylated chitosans

article i nfo Unstable biopolymer solutions inevitably lead to mis-characterization of macromolecular properties and irreproducible results. Even under stable or quasi-stable conditions, persistent aggregates can hamper reliable characterization, especially using light scattering methods. Various pitfalls in characterizing biopolymers were worked through, including determination of solution stability zones, dissolution kinetics, estimation of fraction of aggregate populations, and the relationship between batch and fractionation methods. Chitosans, polyampholytic biopolymers with isoelectric point around pH=6.0, with varying degrees of carboxymethylation were studied. Instability was determined vs. pH and ionic strength using a high throughput screening method, simultaneous multiple sample light scattering (SMSLS). With stable solution conditions determined, equilibrium batch and multi-detector GPC characterization of molecular weight, intrinsic viscosity, and polyelectrolyte properties was made. Finally, a first attempt at continuous online monitoring of the modification reaction itself was made and compared to FTIR analysis of carboxymethylation on discrete aliquots. Given the range of possible characterization problems, multiple approaches with independent instruments may be required for reliable natural product characterization. Online monitoring of modification reactions may lead to rapid advances in understanding and preparation of natural products.
Aggregation of IgE Receptors in Rat Basophilic Leukemia 2H3 Cells Induces Tyrosine Phosphorylation of the Cytosolic Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase HePTP

Abstract The cDNA encoding the rat equivalent of the human hematopoietic tyrosine phosphatase, also known as leukocyte phosphatase, was isolated from a rat basophilic leukemia mast cell cDNA library. By two-dimensional electrophoresis, the protein expressed in the mast cells was of a size (40 kDa) and pI (6.9) predicted from the deduced amino acid sequence. Thus, although previously shown to be preferentially expressed in T cells and B cells, the phosphatase is also found in mast cells. By immunofluorescence microscopy, rat hematopoietic tyrosine phosphatase localized to discrete, globular compartments within the cytoplasm and was not found either in the nucleus or associated with the cell surface membrane. Aggregation of high affinity IgE receptors in the mast cells induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the phosphatase. The tyrosine phosphorylation was mimicked by stimulation with calcium ionophore A23187 but not by direct activation of protein kinase C. Since phosphorylation of the phosphatase was dramatically reduced when the cells were activated in Ca-free media, it is dependent on a rise in intracellular Ca. These data strongly suggest that hematopoietic tyrosine phosphatase may be involved in the IgE receptor-mediated signaling cascade.
Alveolar Ridge Augmentation With Allograft Stem Cell–Based Matrix and Titanium Mesh

Introduction: When bone surrounding a proposed implant site is deficient in both a vertical and horizontal dimension, bone augmentation procedures using titanium mesh can be used. Although there are multiple reports of titanium mesh use with a variety of graft materials, to our knowledge, this presentation is the first to show use of a stem cell–based titanium mesh augmentation.Case Presentation: After the removal of a failing maxillary subperiosteal implant, significant atrophy of the maxillary alveolus was evident. After bilateral sinus augmentation with an allograft-derived stem cell–based matrix (cellular allograft), four posterior implants were placed. In preparation for future anterior maxillary ridge augmentation, an interim denture supported by the posterior implants and O-ring attachments was fabricated. The anterior titanium mesh-supported cellular allograft was placed and allowed to heal for 4 months, followed by placement of four additional implants. After 4 months of integration, the patient ...
The Performance of Faith-Based Funds

This article examines the performance of faith-based mutual funds for the period 1998 to 2009. It compares the performance of this group of funds with socially responsible funds and with all U.S. equity mutual funds. The article also examines the factors that account for the cross-sectional differences in fund returns.
Herpes simplex type 1:lacZ recombinant viruses. I: Characterization and application to defining the mechanisms of action of known antiherpes agents

Abstract Recombinant viruses with the lac Z gene placed under the control of the HSV-1 ICP4, TK and gD regulatory regions were constructed by recombination into the TK locus of HSV-1. Difficulty in isolating ICP4 and gD recombinant viruses with high level, regulated expression of β-galactosidase was overcome by the use of HSV-1 translational initiation sequences of these genes in place of vector-derived sequences. β-Galactosidase expression displayed the kinetics particular to each viral class. The maximal expression of β-galactosidase from the recombinant viruses within a 22-h period (m.o.i. 5) (relative to the ICP4 virus) was gD(3) > gC(2) > ICP4(1) > TK(0.5). The ICP4 virus produces easily quantifiable levels of β-galactosidase activity for multiplicities of infection from 5 × 10 −4 through 5 over 48 h postinfection. At multiplicities of infection between 2 and 5, ICP4-driven activity was measurable within 2 h postinfection from a monolayer of 3 × 10 4 Vero cells in microtiter wells. Mechanisms of inhibition of several antivirals were probed by using the regulated expression of β-galactosidase from the ICP4 virus as a marker for viral growth. An experimental antiviral (E3925, IC 50 1 μg/ml) and a neutralizing gD MAb (DUP55306, IC 50 0.6 μg/ml) acted prior to immediate early synthesis, consistent with inhibition of viral entry or uncoating. IFN-γ inhibited expression of immediate-early synthesis, while having no effect on viral entry. IC 50 values for E3925 obtained using either the ICP4 or gD viruses at m.o.i. 0.005, were in good agreement with those obtained by standard plaque assays, but were determined in only 1 day, using a microtiter plate format. Thus, these reporter viruses are useful tools for defining the mechanisms of action of antiherpes agents, while quantitatively reproducing the results for IC 50 determinations from standard plaque assays within 24 h in a microtiter plate format.
Value Revelations : Disclosure Is in the Eye of the Beholder

In interpersonal interactions ranging from job interviews to romantic dates, it is common for people to tell each other about what they care about and value. Six experiments explored the general hypothesis that people view their disclosures about what they value as more revealing of themselves than do others. This effect is demonstrated across a variety of contexts, ranging from the brief and anonymous to the more in-depth and social. A source of it is explored in actors' feeling that their most important values are especially important to them. Studies suggest that this feeling involves actors' sense of the intensity with which they hold their values, as opposed to their beliefs about the uniqueness of those values. Studies also show that actors' tendency to view value disclosures as more revealing than do observers is somewhat specific to value disclosures--that is, actors do not view their relatively off-the-cuff responses (Study 4) or their disclosures of their nonvalues (Study 6) as more revealing. Implications of this research for self-other differences and for interpersonal intimacy are discussed.
The impact of kindergarten entrance age policies on the childcare needs of families

The past two decades have seen a rising trend in the minimum entrance age for kindergarten in the U.S. A little-noticed, but potentially large, consequence of raising the minimum entrance age is that it imposes additional childcare costs for families whose children are forced to stay out of school for an additional year. This paper develops a model for parents' kindergarten entrance age decisions and examines the relationship between socio-economic factors and parents' desired entrance age for their child using a nationally representative dataset on kindergartners in the U.S. The estimates from this model are used to simulate the impact of alternate changes in kindergarten entrance age policies on the number and characteristics of children affected by the policy change, and to estimate the additional childcare cost burden from the policy change. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
The life stages of Entomophthora virulenta (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae)

An illustrated scheme of the life cycle of Entomophthora virulenta shows that an alternation of the conidal and resting spore stages is involved. The resting spores are azygospores; chlamydospores are also present.
Inhibition of bacterial DNA synthesis by edeine. Effect on Escherichia coli mutants lacking DNA polymerase I.

Abstract Edeine A is an oligopeptide antibiotic substance which inhibits reversibly DNA synthesis in bacteria. The effect of the antibiotic on DNA synthesis in vitro was investigated. Incorporation of TMP into DNA by plasmolyzed cells and by DNA-membrane complexes from DNA polymerase I deficient Escherichia coli was abolished by edeine A. DNA synthesis catalyzed by soluble polymerases from Pol A1− cells was also inhibited. The antibiotic has no effect on DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase I. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in vitro is directly related to certain structural features of the antibiotic and not to its polycationic nature; the in vitro inhibitor is edeine A1, the biologically active component of edeine A.
Continuous Time Matrix Programming

Abstract Maximinzation of minimization is with respect to partial oredering. Some duality results are presented. A Lagrangian is used to establish the last two results.
Mechanical failure of a St. Jude Medical prosthesis

Abstract The St. Jude Medical (SJM) prosthetic cardiac valve is a low-profile, bileaflet mechanical valve with an excellent record of durability and a low overall complication rate.1–3 Mechanical failure is a rare occurrence with this valve.4 We report a case of mechanical failure of a SJM prosthesis due to leaflet fracture with subsequent embolization.
Verification and Validation in Computational Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer: PTC 61

ASME Codes and Standards created a new Performance Test Code Committee in May of 2004, whose primary focus is on the formalization of an approach to the process for verification and validation in computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer. PTC-61 has as its charter to provide “procedures for quantifying the accuracy of modeling and simulation in computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer.” The committee is initially focusing on an approach based on the concepts and methods of experimental uncertainty analysis. This will leverage the decades of development in the community of experimentalists that resulted in the ASME Standard PTC 19.1 “Test Uncertainty” and the ISO international standard “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement.” This paper provides a brief summary of the status of the PTC-61 effort to develop a standard for V&V.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Using SEM Stereo To Extract Semiconductor Wafer Pattern Topography

In the fully automated semiconductor integrated circuit fabrication facility of the future, individual fabrication processes are expected to be controlled, on-line, by intelligent systems. These systems will adjust process parameters based on a given process specification. The current state of a process will be supplied to these systems in part by intelligent sensors/inspection systems which will observe the product after it has been processed. These systems should be fast, nondestructive, automatic, and be able to work at high resolutions. For monitoring the etching and microlithography processes, a system that can extract integrated circuit pattern (sidewall) topography will be very useful. This paper presents our work on using automatic stereo, with scanning electron microscope (SEM) secondary electron images as input, for extracting integrated circuit pattern topography. In this paper following an introduction to the concept of shape from computer stereo vision, an algorithm that has been developed for this task will be discussed. The parallel implementation of this algorithm on an NCUBE multiprocessor will be discussed next. This will be followed by a presentation of results.© (1987) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evidence for a Singularity of the Three Dimensional, Incompressible Euler Equations

Three-dimensional, incompressible Euler calculations of the interaction of perturbed anti-parallel vortex tubes using a variety of smooth initial profiles in bounded domains with bounded initial vorticity is discussed. It will be shown that trends towards either exponential, non-singular growth of the peak vorticity or power law, singular behavior can be strongly dependent on details of the initial conditions. A numerical method that uses symmetries and additional resolution in the direction and location of maximum coin-pression is used to simulate periodic boundary conditions in all directions. For the initial condition that yields singular type behavior the growth of the peak vorticity roughly obeys (t c − t)−1 and the growth of the strain along the vorticity at this point obeys (t c − t)−γwhere γ ≈ 1.
Rearrangements of Synaptic Connections in Visual Cortex Revealed by Laser Photostimulation

Assessing patterns of synaptic connections in the developing mammalian neocortex has relied primarily on anatomical studies. In a physiological approach described here, the patterns of synaptic connections in slices of developing ferret visual cortex were determined with scanning laser photostimulation. Functional synaptic inputs to pyramidal cells in cortical layers 2 and 3 originating from sites close to the neuronal cell body appeared at least 2 weeks before eye opening, prior to the formation of long-range horizontal connections. Extensive long-range horizontal connections appeared in the next 10 days of development. The number of local connections peaked at the time of eye opening; the number of these connections subsequently declined to the level found in the adult while the specificity of long-distance connections increased. Thus, the relative influence of local connections on the activity of layer 2 and layer 3 neurons declines as the cortex matures while the influence of longer range connections increases substantially.
Norepinephrine uptake in aging adrenergic nerve terminals.

Abstract Norepinephrine (NE) uptake has been studied in the adult (3–6 months) and aging (5 yr) chick iris, in which there is a discrete population of norepinephrine containing nerve terminals. Although total accumulation of 3H-NE in the iris does not change with age, there is a decline in Na+-dependence, temperature-sensitivity, ouabain-and inhibitor-sensitivity of uptake. The results indicate either a loss of active, carrier-mediated NE uptake during aging, or a change in the biochemical and pharmacological characteristics of this uptake. Changes in the composition of the organ and in the sites of accumulation of NE are considered.
Bisphenol ligands in the stereocontrol of transformations catalyzed by titanium and tungsten

Abstract Bisphenol ligands have a rich coordination chemistry in the early transition elements. 1,1′-Bi-2-naphthols are of particular interest because of their continued utility in controlling the stereochemistry of metal catalyzed processes. In several projects in our laboratory, we have endeavored to examine the potential scope and mechanism by which modifications of bisphenolate ligands can influence the stereoselectivity of electrocyclic reactions. In this paper we discuss two of these studies: an examination of stereochemically modified ROMP precatalysts and a study of well characterized binaphtholate titanium chloride Lewis acid catalysts.
Approximate equilibria in markets with indivisible commodities

Abstract This paper presents results on the existence of approximate equilibria in large but finite exchange economies in which all the traders have non-convex consumption sets. As such, the paper gives a natural extension, to the finite economy, of Mas-Colell's results on existence with indivisible commodities and a continuum of agents. It also presents an approximate equilibrium theorem without any assumption of compactness or bounded non-convexity of preferences.
Network-based Collaborative Navigation in GPS-Denied Environment

Global Positioning System (GPS) has been used as a primary source of navigation in land and airborne applications. However, challenging environments cause GPS signal blockage or degradation, and prevent reliable and seamless positioning and navigation using GPS only. Therefore, multi-sensor based navigation systems have been developed to overcome the limitations of GPS by adding some forms of augmentation. The next step towards assured robust navigation is to combine information from multiple ground-users, to further improve the chance of obtaining reliable navigation and positioning information. Collaborative (or cooperative) navigation can improve the individual navigation solution in terms of both accuracy and coverage, and may reduce the system's design cost, as equipping all users with high performance multi-sensor positioning systems is not cost effective. Generally, ‘Collaborative Navigation’ uses inter-nodal range measurements between platforms (users) to strengthen the navigation solution. In the collaborative navigation approach, the inter-nodal distance vectors from the known or more accurate positions to the unknown locations can be established. Therefore, the collaborative navigation technique has the advantage in that errors at the user's position can be compensated by other known (or more accurate) positions of other platforms, and may result in the improvement of the navigation solutions for the entire group of users. In this paper, three statistical network-based collaborative navigation algorithms, the Restricted Least-Squares Solution (RLESS), the Stochastic Constrained Least-Squares Solution (SCLESS) and the Best Linear Minimum Partial Bias Estimation (BLIMPBE) are proposed and compared to the Kalman filter. The proposed statistical collaborative navigation algorithms for network solution show better performance than the Kalman filter.
Phylogenetic analysis and evolution of the genus Juglans ( Juglandaceae ) as determined from nuclear genome RFLPs

RFLPs were studied in 13Juglans species to determine phylogenetic relationships inJuglans. Allele frequency data were used to generate genetic distance matrices and fragment data were used to generate genetic distances based upon shared-fragments and to perform parsimony analysis. Although similar cluster analyses result from analysing allelic and shared-fragment distance, the two types of distance values displayed variable correspondence with each other. Parsimony analysis produced a tree similar to distance data trees, but with additional phylogenetic resolution agreeing with previous systematic studies. All analyses indicate an ancient origin ofJ. regia, previously considered a recently derived species.
Alfvén waves in sunspots

The propagation of Alfven waves in a simple model of a sunspot is considered. The vertical structure near the center of the umbra is modelled realistically, but the horizontal structure is not considered. The full wave equation is solved, without recourse to the WKB approximation. Only wave propagation in the vicinity of the central field line in an axially symmetric spot is examined, and it is assumed that this field line is open. By taking wave reflections into account, we find that the observations of non-thermal motions near the temperature minimum (Beckers, 1976) and in the corona (Beckers and Schneeberger, 1977) are both consistent with an upward-propagating Alfvenic energy flux density of a few times 107 erg cm−2 s−1. This flux density is too small to cool the sunspot, but it is large enough to supply the energy requirements of the transition region and corona above a sunspot. This conclusion depends on the assumptions that the observed motions are indeed Alfvenic with periods near 180 s.
Breast Carcinoma as a Cause of Dysphagia

A case is presented of a 74-year-old woman who had carcinoma of the breast metastatic to the mid-thoracic esophagus 19 years after radical mastectomy. Symptoms of prolonged intermittent dysphagia over a fiveyear period led to esophagoscopy, during which iatrogenic perforation occurred in the mid-esophagus without visualizing obstruction or tumor. Emergency thoracic esophagectomy and esophagogastrostomy with pyloroplasty resulted in a successful outcome. The case represents the longest interval to be reported between removal of a primary tumor and the appearance of a solitary metastasis in the esophagus.
Calibration and characterization of a low-cost wireless sensor for applications in CNC end milling

This paper describes recent research progress at the University of New Hampshire in the area of smart machining systems. Central to creating a smart machining system is the challenge of collecting detailed information about the milling process at the tool tip. This paper discusses the design, static calibration, dynamic characterization, and implementation of a low-cost wireless force sensor for end-milling. The sensor is observed to accurately measure force when most of the cutting power is band-limited below the sensor’s natural frequency. Sensor geometry constrains the milling application to a single tooth cutter; while this constraint is impractical for industrial applications, our sensor is shown to provide useful information in a laboratory setting.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Centuries of Human-Driven Change in Salt Marsh Ecosystems

Salt marshes are among the most abundant, fertile, and accessible coastal habitats on earth, and they provide more ecosystem services to coastal populations than any other environment. Since the Middle Ages, humans have manipulated salt marshes at a grand scale, altering species composition, distribution, and ecosystem function. Here, we review historic and contemporary human activities in marsh ecosystems—exploitation of plant products; conversion to farmland, salt works, and urban land; introduction of non-native species; alteration of coastal hydrology; and metal and nutrient pollution. Unexpectedly, diverse types of impacts can have a similar consequence, turning salt marsh food webs upside down, dramatically increasing top down control. Of the various impacts, invasive species, runaway consumer effects, and sea level rise represent the greatest threats to salt marsh ecosystems. We conclude that the best way to protect salt marshes and the services they provide is through the integrated approach of ecosystem-based management.
Pediatric approach to craniosynostosis.

1. Gregory S. Liptak, MD, MPH* 2. Joseph M. Serletti, MD† 1. 2. *Associate Professor of Pediatrics. 3. 4. †Associate Professor of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY. Asymmetry of the head is a common occurrence in infants and may have a number of etiologies, including positional deformity, simple craniosynostosis, complex craniofacial synostosis, metabolic bone disease, depressed skull fracture, microcephaly due to brain damage, and hydrocephalus. Deformations of the head attributable to prenatal compression usually resolve by the time a child is 2 months of age. However, a number of centers have reported a recent increase in the occurrence of cranial deformations in infants older than 6 months, which is attributed to the current recommendation that children sleep on their backs to avoid sudden infant death syndrome. Synostosis of a single suture may lead to only cosmetic changes, but synostosis of several sutures may be life-threatening and lead to increased intracranial pressure, loss of vision, and severe deformities that affect social interactions. Primary craniosynostosis, which is defined as synostosis without an underlying abnormality of the brain or metabolic defect, occurs in 1 in 2,000 births. Secondary craniosynostosis, such as would be due to cerebral atrophy, is somewhat less common. Figure 1⇓ shows the occurrence of isolated craniosynostosis in a referral center. (“Isolated” in this context means involvement of the sutures only without an identified genetic or chromosomal abnormality such as Apert syndrome.) Involvement of the sagittal suture is the most common form and occurs more frequently in males than in females. Synostosis of a single suture is more common than synostosis of multiple sutures. Figure 1. Occurrence of isolated craniosynostosis in a referral center. Reprinted with permission from Shillito J Jr, Matson DD. Craniosynostosis: a review of 519 surgical patients. Pediatrics. 1968;41:829–853 . Secondary craniosynostosis may be due to a structural cerebral abnormality such as atrophy or hypoplasia and may be related to other conditions such as hyperthyroidism, severe anemia (eg, thalassemia), or a metabolic condition (eg, mucopolysaccharidosis). Primary …
Regionally selective effects of GABA on hypothalamic GABAA receptor mRNA in vitro

We tested whether GABAA receptor (R) subunit mRNA levels are homeostatically influenced by short-term exposure to GABA in two adjacent regions of the posterior hypothalamus. mRNA levels for seven GABAAR subunits and GABA-synthesizing enzyme (GAD) were quantified in the perifornical (PF) and dorsomedial (DM) hypothalamus following superfusion of slices for 90 min with a drug-free medium, GABA uptake blocker with or without GABAAR antagonist, gabazine, or GABAAR agonist with tetrodotoxin. Increasing endogenous GABA decreased mRNAs for all seven GABAAR subunits in the PF, and for three also in the DM, region; gabazine antagonized these effects in the PF region only and increased GAD-65 mRNA. Stimulation of GABAARs in the presence of tetrodotoxin decreased mRNA for one GABAAR subunit (β1). We conclude that, in the PF region where GABA facilitates sleep, increased GABA release may limit GABAAR-mediated inhibition, whereas in the DM region, GABA-induced changes are mainly mediated by non-GABAA receptors.