cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MTOR controls genesis and autophagy of GABAergic interneurons during brain development

Interneuron progenitors in the ganglionic eminence of the ventral telencephalon generate most cortical interneurons during brain development. However, the regulatory mechanism of interneuron progenitors remains poorly understood. Here, we show that MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin [serine/threonine kinase]) regulates proliferation and macroautophagy/autophagy of interneuron progenitors in the developing ventral telencephalon. To investigate the role of MTOR in interneuron progenitors, we conditionally deleted the Mtor gene in mouse interneuron progenitors and their progeny by using Tg(mI56i-cre,EGFP)1Kc/Dlx5/6-Cre-IRES-EGFP and Nkx2-1-Cre drivers. We found that Mtor deletion markedly reduced the number of interneurons in the cerebral cortex. However, relative positioning of cortical interneurons was normal, suggesting that disruption of progenitor self-renewal caused the decreased number of cortical interneurons in the Mtor-deleted brain. Indeed, Mtor-deleted interneuron progenitors showed abnormal proliferation and cell cycle progression. Additionally, we detected a significant activation of autophagy in Mtor-deleted brain. Our findings suggest that MTOR plays a critical role in the regulation of cortical interneuron number and autophagy in the developing brain.
A test of the significance of intermolecular vibrational coupling in isotopic fractionation

Abstract Intermolecular coupling of dipole moments is studied for a model system consisting of two diatomic molecules (AB monomers) arranged co-linearly and which can form non-covalently bound dimers. The dipolar coupling is a function of the bond length in each molecule as well as of the distance between the centers-of-mass of the two molecules. The calculations show that intermolecular coupling of the vibrations results in an isotope-dependent modification of the AB-AB intermolecular potential. This in turn alters the energies of the low-lying bound states of the dimers, producing isotope-dependent changes in the AB-AB dimer partition function. Explicit inclusion of intermolecular vibrational coupling then changes the predicted gas-dimer isotopic fractionation. In addition, a mass dependence in the intermolecular potential can also result in changes in the number of bound dimer states in an equilibrium mixture. This in turn leads to a significant dimer population shift in the model monomer-dimer equilibrium system considered here. The results suggest that intermolecular coupling terms should be considered when probing the origins of isotopic fractionation.
Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1: Implications for Treating Stimulant Drug Addiction

Abstract Full and partial agonists at trace amine-related receptor 1 (TAAR1) have been evaluated in rodent models of stimulant drug use and relapse. Such drugs attenuate the expression of locomotor sensitization to cocaine and methamphetamine and expression of cocaine-induced place preference. These drugs also lessen both cue and drug-priming re-instatement of drug-seeking behavior using both cocaine and methamphetamine. Such studies suggest that agonists of TAAR1 receptors may be effective in preventing relapse in former cocaine and amphetamine addicts. Effects on dopamine neuron firing rate and methamphetamine-elicited increases in extracellular dopamine suggest that the mechanism of action of TAAR1 in modifying effects of stimulant drugs is downstream from dopamine release.
Characterization and imaging of nanostructured materials using tabletop extreme ultraviolet light sources

Using a tabletop coherent extreme ultraviolet source, we extend current nanoscale metrology capabilities with applications spanning from new models of nanoscale transport and materials, to nanoscale device fabrication. We measure the ultrafast dynamics of acoustic waves in materials; by analyzing the material’s response, we can extract elastic properties of films as thin as 11nm. We extend this capability to a spatially resolved imaging modality by using coherent diffractive imaging to image the acoustic waves in nanostructures as they propagate. This will allow for spatially resolved characterization of the elastic properties of non-isotropic materials.
Tropical Dry Forests in Multi-functional Landscapes: Agroforestry Systems for Conservation and Livelihoods

Conservation and restoration of dry tropical forests is a high priority because they are becoming increasingly rare and contain many endemic and economically valuable species. At the same time, humanity’s increasing demand for food and fuel puts pressure on ecosystems around the world. Effective strategies are urgently needed to balance biodiversity conservation and agricultural production. One potential strategy is to increase food production per unit area (yield) on existing farmland, so as to minimize farmland area and to spare land for habitat conservation or restoration. However, achieving a sustainable future for agriculture will involve more than just intensifying production. Instead, it is necessary to take a more holistic view of a problem that encompasses the need for improved soil fertility and health; reduced risk of pests, diseases, and weed outbreaks; improved rural and urban livelihoods; increased climate change resiliency; and opportunities for economic growth. This chapter provides a series of successful experiences in tropical dry regions of Latin America where productive agriculture achieves food security, biodiversity conservation, and climate change resiliency using appropriate agricultural practices that support functioning agroecosystems. The case studies presented here range from traditional homegardens and silvopastures of smallholder farmers to intensive silvopastoral and taungya systems of large landholders in dry regions of Latin America. This chapter ends by exposing the opportunities and challenges of adopting agroforestry systems in Latin America. The conversion of degraded, simplified production systems to diverse, agroecological, resilient systems is challenging, and the scaling-up of these systems will require a combination of scientific and technological innovation, policy, economic, and market incentives tailored to different scales.
Topological Valley Transport of Infrared Plasmons on a Nanoscale in Metagate-tuned Graphene

We propose a electrically tunable plasmonic platform for valleytronics—a mono-layer graphene with its chemical potential controlled by a periodically structured metagate. Topologically protected edge states show reflection-free propagation around sharp corners.
Erotetic Logic and Teaching

How does erotetic logic help us see what is happening in teaching? That is the topic of this chapter. Answering this question will take us into some relatively formal notions of questions and answers, for it is there that the rigor of the approach can be seen most clearly.
Where Have All the Heroes Gone

Let us face it: When we are talking today of the changing role of males in society, we are referring to their diminishing role and their diminishing maleness.
Social Capital and Photography Education in Bamako, Mali

The contemporary art photography movement in Mali dates to the founding of the Bamako Photography Biennale in 1994, while the movement’s efflorescence depends upon local photography schools engendered by this continent-wide exhibition. Elsewhere I have examined the profound effect that Promo-Femme, a school for women photographers, had on diversifying the gender demographic of photographers in Bamako. This paper discusses other important venues for the dissemination of ideas in photography, focusing on institutions such as the formerly Swiss-owned CFP (Cadre de promotion pour la Formation en Photographie), with its emphasis on gender equality in its student demographic and proposed projects; the state-run Conservatoire des arts et metiers multimedia Balla Fasseke Kouyate, with periodic classes and workshops taught by international artists such as Pieter Hugo and Francois Deschamps; and prominent local individuals such as Malick Sidibe, Alioune Bâ, and Siriman Dembele, who have participated in the mobilizing of photographic education. / / This paper will consider the impact of social relations in the flow of photographic knowledge from generation to generation, arguing that social capital is as crucial to art photography as it was to studio photography, although differently manifested. The dissemination of photographic knowledge differs greatly from the secretive passing on of artistic knowledge in precolonial art forms such as smithing or traditional mud-cloth dying. Born of the state’s entrance into capitalist democracy, contemporary art photography participates in the political form that made it possible, cutting across ethnic and class lines to secure and exploit interpersonal relations.
Resting Oxygen Consumption and Heart Failure: Importance of Measurement for Determination of Cardiac Output With the Use of the Fick Principle.

ABSTRACT Background Resting oxygen consumption (VO2) is often estimated and frequently used to guide therapeutic decisions in symptomatic heart failure (HF) patients. The relationship between resting VO2 and symptomatic HF and the accuracy of estimations of VO2 in this population are unknown. Methods and Results We performed a cross-sectional study of HF patients (n = 691) and healthy control subjects (n = 77). VO2 was measured with the use of a metabolic cart, and estimated VO2 was calculated with the use of the Dehmer, LaFarge, and Bergstra formulas and the thermodilution method. The measured and estimated VO2 were compared and the potential impact of estimations determined. In the multivariable model, resting VO2 decreased with increasing New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class in a stepwise fashion (β NYHA functional class IV vs control = −36 mL O2/min; P 25% in 39% (n = 271), 25% (n = 170), 82% (n = 566), and 39% (n = 271) of HF patients when using the Dehmer, LaFarge, Bergstra, and thermodilution-derived estimations of VO2 respectively. Conclusions Resting VO2 decreases with increasing NYHA functional class and is lower than in control subjects. Using estimations of VO2 to calculate CO may introduce clinically important error.
Transient Tritium Transport in a Solid Breeder Blanket

A transient tritium permeation model is developed based on a simplified conceptual DT-fueled fusion reactor design. The major design features in the model are a solid breeder blanket, a low pressure purge gas in the blanket and a high pressure helium primary coolant. Tritium inventory in the breeder is due to diffusive hold-up and solubility effects. Diffusive hold-up is assumed to be the dominant factor in order to separate the solution for the breeder tritium concentration. The model was applied to the STARFIRE-Interim Reference Design, whose system parameters yielded a breeder tritium inventory on the order of grams. The breeder pellets (average radius, 10/sup -3/ cm) reach their steady-state tritium content in approximately 4 hours from startup, assuming continuous full power operation. Both the steady-state breeder tritium concentration and the time to reach that steady-state are proportional to the square of the pellet radius.
A new gap phenomenon for proper holomorphic mappings from B^n into B^N

In this paper (Math. Res. Lett. 13 (2006). No 4, 509-523), the authors established a pseudo-normal form for proper holomoprhic mappings between balls in complex spaces with degenerate rank. This then was used to give a complete characterization for all proper holomorphic maps with geometric rank one, which, in particular, includes the following as an immediate application: Theorem: Any rational holomorphic map from B^n into B^N with $4\le n\le N\le 3n-4$ is equivalent to the D'Angelo map $$F_{\theta}(z',w)=(z',(\cos\theta)w,(\sin\theta)z_1w, ..., (\sin\theta)z_{n-1}w, (\sin\theta)w^2, 0'), 0\le \theta\leq \pi/2.$$ It is a well-known (but also quite trivial) fact that any non-constant rational CR map from a piece of the sphere $\partial {B^n}$ into the sphere $\partial {B^N}$ can be extended as a proper rational holomoprhic map from $B^n$ into $B^N$ ($N\ge n\ge 2$). By using the rationality theorem that the authors established in [HJX05], one sees that the the above theorem (and also the main theorem of the paper) holds in the same way for any non-constant $C^3$-smooth CR map from a piece of $\partial {B^n}$ into $\partial{B^N}$. The paper [Math. Res. Lett. 13 (2006). No 4, 509-523] was first electronically published by Mathematical Research Letters several months ago at its home website: this http URL (The pdf file of the printed journal version can also be downloaded at this http URL).
Responsibility for Killer Robots

Future weapons will make life-or-death decisions without a human in the loop. When such weapons inflict unwarranted harm, no one appears to be responsible. There seems to be a responsibility gap. I first reconstruct the argument for such responsibility gaps to then argue that this argument is not sound. The argument assumes that commanders have no control over whether autonomous weapons inflict harm. I argue against this assumption. Although this investigation concerns a specific case of autonomous weapons systems, I take steps towards vindicating the more general idea that superiors can be morally responsible in virtue of being in command.
Differentiating between smokers and nonsmokers using serum cotinine.

Aim: Our goal is to evaluate implications of cotinine cut points in subgroups of smokers and nonsmokers. Materials & methods: Data were assessed from 13,357 adult participants and collected over a period of 6 years by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2009-2014). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to identify optimal cut points. Rao-Scott χ2 tests measured associations between group characteristics. Results: The optimal serum cotinine cut point adult cigarette smokers was 3.63 ng/ml (sensitivity of 96.7%; specificity of 93.0%). This cut point differed by gender as well as race/ethnicity. Conclusion: There are notable differences in subgroup cut points compared with previous research. Use of gender or race/ethnicity specific cut points is more appropriate when feasible and may help clinician recommendations.
Abstractions and Realizations of Dynamic Networks

This paper establishes the importance of abstractions and realizations of dynamic networks in characterizing the structure and dynamics of systems. Abstractions and realizations generate dynamically equivalent representations of systems with varying degrees of structural detail. We show that dynamic networks exist that contain the same level of detail as state space models, that other dynamic networks exist that contain the same level of detail as transfer functions, and that still other dynamic networks exist that are simultaneously abstractions of state space models and realizations of transfer functions; thus containing intermediate levels of structural detail.
Exophytic Adiposis Dolorosa (Dercum's Disease) of the Thigh: A Case Report.

Adiposis dolorosa or Dercum's disease is a rare lipomatous disorder characterized by painful lipomas. In this article, we report a case of rather large exophytic adiposis dolorosa causing difficulties with ambulation, and our surgical management of the disorder. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a large exophytic adiposis dolorosa of the upper medial thigh causing problems with mobility. This is also the first reported case of the use of a delayed split-thickness skin graft (STSG) after interval use of wound vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) following dermolipectomy. A 77-year-old female presented with a chronic mass on the medial aspect of her right thigh for over 40-50 years. She had noticed a recent rapid increase in size, causing some discomfort and interference with mobility and activities of daily living. The patient underwent an MRI with finding consistent with adiposis dolorosa. She underwent dermolipectomy and reconstruction of the resulting defect with a combination of partial primary closure, wound VAC, and delayed closure using STSG. Dermolipectomy with interval application of a wound VAC combined with delayed reconstruction with STSG is a feasible option for patients with large lesions of the extremity that causes difficulty with mobility and activities of daily living.
Improving econometric prediction by machine learning

We present a Machine Learning (ML) toolbox to predict targeted econometric outcomes improving prediction in two directions: (i) by cross–validated optimal tuning, (ii) by comparing/combining result...
Impact of real-time use of artificial intelligence in improving adenoma detection during colonoscopy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background and study aims With the advent of deep neural networks (DNN) learning, the field of artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly evolving. Recent randomized controlled trials (RCT) have investigated the influence of integrating AI in colonoscopy and its impact on adenoma detection rates (ADRs) and polyp detection rates (PDRs). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to reliably assess if the impact is statistically significant enough to warrant the adoption of AI -assisted colonoscopy (AIAC) in clinical practice. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search of multiple electronic databases and conference proceedings to identify RCTs that compared outcomes between AIAC and conventional colonoscopy (CC). The primary outcome was ADR. The secondary outcomes were PDR and total withdrawal time (WT). Results Six RCTs (comparing AIAC vs CC) with 5058 individuals undergoing average-risk screening colonoscopy were included in the meta-analysis. ADR was significantly higher with AIAC compared to CC (33.7 % versus 22.9 %; odds ratio (OR) 1.76, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.55–2.00; I2 = 28 %). Similarly, PDR was significantly higher with AIAC (45.6 % versus 30.6 %; OR 1.90, 95 %CI, 1.68–2.15, I2 = 0 %). The overall WT was higher for AIAC compared to CC (mean difference [MD] 0.46 (0.00–0.92) minutes, I2 = 94 %). Conclusions There is an increase in adenoma and polyp detection with the utilization of AIAC.
New Localism in the Neoliberal Era: Local District Response to Voluntary Open-School Markets in Ohio:

Local education governance has allowed neighborhood schools to offer community-oriented curricula and activities, and public schools have been operated to serve only residents’ children within the ...
Avoiding Wasteful Competition: The Real Reason to Prohibit Insider Trading

This Article explains why trading based on inside information should be prohibited. The value realized by trading on inside information is unusual in two respects. First, inside information is produced at little or no incremental cost and is nevertheless quite valuable. Second, profits made from trading on inside information come largely at the expense of others. When the value of something exceeds the cost to produce it, a wasteful race to be the first to capture the resulting surplus is likely to ensue. Similarly, resources expended solely to take something of value from others are wasted from an overall social welfare perspective. Thus, both at its source and in its use inside information invites wasteful competition. A law prohibiting insider trading is the best way to avoid this wasteful competition. Previous scholarship misses this obvious conclusion because of its reliance on one of three assumptions. First, wasteful competition is assumed to be a problem that markets can rectify. Second, private ordering solutions are assumed to be available even when market mechanisms fail to address this problem. Third, a wasteful race to acquire and use inside information is viewed as otherwise unavoidable. None of these assumptions is correct. The findings here have immediate policy implications. First, insider trading legislation should be enacted that bans all insider trading and not just trading based on wrongfully acquired information. Second, there is no reason to require proof that a tipper received a personal benefit to prosecute someone for tipping inside information. Third, the possession and not the use of inside information should be enough to trigger a trading prohibition.
Abstract 2898: Rac1 as a driver and therapeutic target in ovarian cancer

Aberrant Rac1 signaling contributes to cancer growth and metastasis, therefore, we investigated the effect of altering Rac1 expression and activity to pinpoint which metastatic processes and tumor microenvironment immune factors are influenced by Rac1 signaling. We have identified that the R- enantiomer of ketorolac, a drug given for pain management, is a Rac1 and Cdc42 selective inhibitor. In a retrospective study, we found that treatment with racemic ketorolac significantly increased the survival probability of ovarian cancer patients. RNA seq analyses of ascites tumor cell samples from ovarian cancer patients in a prospective study receiving racemic ketorolac for clinically indicated use in pain relief, showed significant downregulation of genes involved in endocytosis, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, ER protein processing, TNF and NOD signaling. To further distinguish the activities most directly regulated by Rac1 and important in ovarian cancer, we tested the impact of manipulating the expression of Rac1 in ovarian cancer cells on adhesive and invasive cell behaviors, as well as the impacts of gene expression relative to ketorolac treatment. Using electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS), Rac1 overexpression resulted in increased cell-cell barrier formation and cell adhesion. Whereas, CRISPR-CAS9 mediated knockdown of Rac1 resulted in decreased cell adhesion. Using Matrigel invasion chambers and mesothelial clearance assays, Rac1 overexpression led to increased ovarian cancer cell invasion when compared to parental and Rac1 knockdown cell lines. Furthermore, intraperitoneal growth of ovarian cancer cells overexpression Rac1 relative to parental control lines increased tumor burden in vivo. Conversely, with knockdown of Rac1, tumor burden and omental adhesion was decreased, as quantified using IVIS bioluminescence imaging. RNA seq analyses of tumors manipulated for Rac1 as compared to R-ketorolac will be presented. The composite data indicate that targeting Rac1 in ovarian cancer with R-ketorolac or otherwise has therapeutic benefit in decreasing tumor cell dissemination and metastasis. Citation Format: Melanie Rivera, Martha M. Grimes, Laurie G. Hudson, Angela Wandinger-Ness. Rac1 as a driver and therapeutic target in ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2898.
COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress: The Main, Moderating, Indirect, and Mediating Effects of Social Support

The COVID-19 pandemic has created a variety of stressors, some of which have been linked to intense stress reactions, such as posttraumatic stress (PTS)-like symptoms. However, we have limited knowledge on cumulative effects of pandemic-related stressors on PTS or on variables that may mitigate the effects of these stressors. We aimed to address some of these knowledge gaps by testing three models to examine the interrelationships among pandemic-related stressors, perceived social support, coping flexibility, and pandemic-related PTS. The sample of this cross-sectional correlational study is comprised of 2,291 adults from the United States who completed an online survey between May 22nd , 2020 and July 15th , 2020. Results indicated that greater exposure to secondary stressors, but not COVID-19-related stressors, was associated with increased PTS. After controlling for COVID-19-related and secondary stressors, social support had negative direct and indirect (via coping flexibility) effects on PTS. In addition, social support mediated the effects of COVID-19-related and secondary stressors on PTS. Our findings highlight the complexity of the role of social support in relation to pandemic-related stressors and PTS, and suggest that early interventions that target social support and coping flexibility may help reduce pandemic-related PTS. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Expanding Pharmacy Services to Support Public Health

Pharmacists have had long-standing roles in public health, and the COVID-19 pandemic has broadened and accentuated their efforts in this area. Many pharmacists may be interested to expand pharmacy services to further support public health. While not intending to be exhaustive, this paper suggests potential areas for increased engagement and provides ideas for pharmacists who want develop and implement new initiatives to optimize the health of their patients and communities. The core functions of public health and the natural history of disease are presented as models to identify opportunities for pharmacists’ interventions. A three-step framework with practical strategies and helpful resources is proposed to identify and operationalize new services. Finally, the pharmacist’s role in clinical-community linkages is presented. It is hoped that this paper will stimulate additional ideas and actions in the pharmacy community to support public health.
Magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate cervical spinal cord injury from gunshot wounds from handguns

Background and Purpose Patients presenting with gunshot wounds (GSWs) to the neck are difficult to assess because of their injuries are often severe and they are incompletely evaluated by computed tomography (CT) alone. Our institution treats hundreds of patients with GSWs each year and we present our experience using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of cervical GSWs. Materials and Methods From August 2000 to July 2012, all GSWs to the cervical spine treated at our institution were cataloged. Seventeen patients had 1 or more MRI studies of the cervical spine. Informed consent was obtained before MRI indicating the risks of retained metal fragments in the setting of high magnetic fields. CT scans were obtained before and after MRI to document any possible migration of metal fragments. We documented patients’ neurologic examination results before and after MRI and at follow-up. Results Patients’ age range was 18–56 years (mean 29.8 years). Eleven of 17 patients had retained metal fragments seen on CT scan, including 3 patients with fragments within the spinal canal. No patient experienced a decline in neurologic function after MRI. No migration of retained fragments was observed. Fifteen of 17 patients returned for follow-up examinations, with an average follow-up interval of 39.1 weeks (range, 1.3–202.3 weeks; median, 8 weeks). Conclusion For carefully selected patients, MRI can be an effective tool in assessing GSWs to the neck and it can significantly improve the evaluation and management of this cohort. No patient in our series experienced a complication related to MRI.
Pressure gradient determination by three dimensional Doppler ultrasound (medical haemodynamics)

A three-dimensional formulation was used to quantitate the maximal velocity in a flow jet produced by circulating a Doppler acoustic fluid through a Pasteur pipette in an open recirculating system. The flow jet velocity, as determined from the three-dimensional vector magnitude, was 119.7+or-3.17 cm/s; the actual velocity of 119.6 cm/s was determined with an Aalborg ball flowmeter. Doppler velocities for calculation of pressure using the Bernoulli equation were within 3.9% of actual jet stream velocities. The three-dimensional ultrasound Doppler velocity of a flow jet detemined at the site of the maximal pressure gradient should lead to a more accurate determination of pressure drop through a structure, stenosis, or septal defect using the Bernoulli equation. >
The Use of Sulphur for the Production of Fever in Peripheral Vascular Diseases

Excerpt The artificial induction of fever as a therapeutic measure in peripheral vascular disease has been well demonstrated. Its value rests on an increase in the circulation through the extremiti...
Separable fluorous ionic liquids for the dissolution and saccharification of cellulose

Ionic liquids are an attractive class of solvents for biomass conversion processes. The same properties that make them advantageous—high polarity, water solubility and negligible vapor pressure—hinder their recovery from carbohydrates. We report on the synthesis of seven fluorous imidazolium chloride ionic liquids and on their ability to dissolve cellulose. One of these ionic liquids, 3-methyl-1-(2′,2′,3′,3′,3′-pentafluoropropyl)-imidazolium chloride, dissolves cellulose. We found this fluorous ionic liquid to be suitable for use in cellulose hydrolysis reactions, and we achieved its recovery from glucose.
Bioinspired catalytic nitrile hydration by dithiolato, sulfinato/thiolato, and sulfenato/sulfinato ruthenium complexes

A series of Ru(II) catalysts inspired by the metalloenzyme nitrile hydratase catalyze the hydration of benzonitrile with up to 242 turnovers under neutral conditions with very low catalysts loading. Catalysts with an oxidized sulfur environment are less susceptible to product inhibition increasing the catalytic efficiency at low nitrile : water ratios.
Fatigue failure initiation analysis of wing/fuselage bolt assembly

Abstract This work is concerned with predicting the fatigue failure initiation of a wing/fuselage bolt assembly. Accounted for in the analysis are both the influence of energy dissipation and damage accumulation as the structure is subjected to repeated cyclic loading. Results involving the location and number of cycles to initiate a fatigue crack 10−2 in. are obtained. They agreed both qualitatively and quantitatively with the experimental findings. Also discussed is the influence of pre-torque in the bolt which tends to decrease the number of cycles to fatique crack initiation. Fatigue life may be extended by altering the load path so as to decrease the accumulation of energy near the site of failure initiation. This can be accomplished without major modification of the design. The methodology that makes use of the strain energy density criterion can be used to optimize the fatigue strength of other structural sub-assemblies by appropriate combination of material and geometry for specified load conditions.
Mednet: A Model For Applying Supercomputing Technologies To Medical Biostereometrics

MEDnet, a project sponsored by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications and the University of Illinois, is an advanced computational science and health care telecommunications project. State-of-the-art computational tools and advanced technologies, accessible through MEDnet, can optimize biostereometric data collection, data transfer and the reconstruction of various metrics and images. This national network could also serve as a clearinghouse for biostereometric data, as well as survey hardware and software suitable for academia, industry and health care providers.
Appropriating roles and relations of power in collaborative learning

Using situated social practice theories to investigate classroom interactions highlights the mutually constitutive nature of students’ activity and classroom practices. Combined with examination of the circulation and techniques of power, students’ appropriation of roles and redistribution of power is illuminated. In this case study, a teacher’s hierarchical collaborative learning system spread rights to exercise power differentially among students. Analyses revealed the ways in which students appropriated that structure to construct a more egalitarian system, as well as the inherent tensions and contradictions that accompanied that appropriation. Their reproduction and transformation of roles and power in the collaborative learning system afforded opportunities to engage as active agents; to participate in the construction of knowledge, skills and practices; and to contribute meaningfully to the social and academic life of the classroom. The hope is to contribute to theory and practice in a way that addr...
Bombesin reduces alcohol choice in nutritive expectancy and limited-access procedures

Abstract Bombesin is a bioactive tetradecapeptide found in nerves of the brain and gut and previously shown to inhibit intake of ethanol in forced-choice, one-bottle tests in water-deprived rats. In the present experiments, intraperitoneal bombesin (4–100 μg/kg) reduced selection of alcohol in two-bottle choice tests with water. In an application of the “nutritive expectancy” procedure, weight-reduced rats received access to 4% w/v ethanol and water. Bombesin injection suppressed the intake of ethanol, but not of water, in rats with prior ethanol experience. In an application of the “limited access” procedure, nondeprived rats received access to 6% w/v ethanol and water in nonhome cages during either the light or the dark phase of a 12:12 h lighting cycle. Bombesin injection lowered the intake of ethanol, but not of water, in both phases of the lighting cycle and in both sexes. Water deprivation is not necessary for bombesin to inhibit alcohol intake and this effect cannot be explained by hypodipsia, nonspecific debilitation, or conditioned aversion. Endogenous bombesin-like neuropeptides may specifically reduce choice of alcohol by signaling satiation with ethanol.
Representing Expert Knowledge for Instructional System Design: A Case Study:

This paper describes the process by which an AI knowledge engineering technique was used for performing knowledge acquisition within the context of Instructional System Design. The method is a type of cognitive task analysis in which conceptual graphs are developed using several complementary knowledge acquisition methods. The graphs can be used to explicitly represent a variety of knowledge types including semantic, rule, and implicit knowledge. We outline the process by which we applied the method to represent expert knowledge for instructional design in the domain of engineering mechanics, and describe modifications and lessons learned from the application.
Development and Decline of Memory Functions in Normal, Pathological and Healthy Successful Aging

Many neuroimaging studies of age-related memory decline interpret resultant differences in brain activation patterns in the elderly as reflecting a type of compensatory response or regression to a simpler state of brain organization. Here we review a series of our own studies which lead us to an alternative interpretation, and highlights a couple of potential confounds in the aging literature that may act to increase the variability of results within age groups and across laboratories. From our perspective, level of cognitive functioning achieved by a group of elderly is largely determined by the health of individuals within this group. Individuals with a history of hypertension, for example, are likely to have multiple white matter insults which compromise cognitive functioning, independent of aging processes. The health of the elderly group has not been well-documented in most previous studies and elderly participants are rarely excluded, or placed into a separate group, due to health-related problems. In addition, recent results show that white matter tracts within the frontal and temporal lobes, regions critical for higher cognitive functions, continue to mature well into the 4th decade of life. This suggests that a young age group may not be the best control group for understanding aging effects on the brain since development is ongoing within this age range. Therefore, we have added a middle-age group to our studies in order to better understand normal development across the lifespan as well as effects of pathology on cognitive functioning in the aging brain.
Adaptive resistance to RAF inhibitors in melanoma

The discovery of activating mutations in BRAF at high frequency in cutaneous melanoma opened the door to new treatment options, which have resulted in significantly better patient outcomes. Treatments such as the FDA-approved RAF inhibitor vemurafenib and the more recently approved dabrafenib and trametinib combination therapy are designed to target the ERK1/2 pathway. Initial success in targeting this pathway is evidenced by the high percentage of melanoma patients who undergo tumor remission. However, the beneficial effects of these targeted therapies are usually short-lived due to the development of resistance, which leads to disease progression. As a result, studies have focused on the acquired forms of resistance that develop following continued exposure to therapy. Conversely, far fewer studies have investigated the adaptive forms of resistance, which activate rapidly, promote cell survival, and may underlie the development of acquired resistance by providing melanoma cells the time to develop additional mutations. We provide a detailed review of the known mechanisms of adaptive resistance in melanoma and relate them to similar responses to targeted therapies in other tumor types.
Collagens as organizers of extracellular matrix during morphogenesis

Abstract The composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) varies depending on tissue location and developmental stage. Collagens as the main constituents determine its structure and play a major role in determining its function. Polymers of fibrillar collagens (I,II) form the backbone of many ECMs, whereas many minor collagens regulate or stabilize their structural properties. Changes in the minor collagens introduce subtle modifications in intermolecular interactions, which can modulate the morphology of the ECM and responses of the underlying or embedded cells. The functions of these modulating collagens is now being investigated by a number of biochemical, genetic and molecular approaches.
First Measurements of Rayleigh-Taylor-Induced Magnetic Fields in Laser-Produced Plasmas

The first experimental demonstration of Rayleigh-Taylor-induced magnetic fields due to the Biermann battery effect has been made. Experiments with laser-irradiated plastic foils were performed to investigate these illusive fields using a monoenergetic proton radiography system. Path-integrated $B$ field strength measurements were inferred from radiographs and found to increase from 10 to $100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{T}\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ during the linear growth phase for $120\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ perturbations. Proton fluence modulations were corrected for Coulomb scattering using measured areal density profiles from x-ray radiographs.
Planned ventral hernia following damage control laparotomy in trauma: an added year of recovery but equal long-term outcome

Significantly injured trauma patients commonly require damage control laparotomy (DCL). These patients undergo either primary fascial closure during the index hospitalization or are discharged with a planned ventral hernia. Hospital and long-term outcomes of these patients have not been extensively studied. Patients who underwent DCL for trauma from 2003 to 2012 at a regional Level I trauma center were identified and a comparison was made between those who had primary fascial closure and planned ventral hernia. DCL was performed in 154 patients, 47 % of whom sustained penetrating injuries. The mean age and injury severity score (ISS) were 40 and 25, respectively. Hospital mortality was 19 %. Primary fascial closure was performed in 115 (75 %) of those undergoing DCL during the index hospitalization. Of these, 11 (9 %) had reopening of the fascia. Of the surviving patients, 22 (19 %) never had primary fascial closure and were discharged with a planned ventral hernia. Patients with primary fascial closure and those with planned ventral hernia were similar in age, gender, ISS, and mechanism. Those with planned ventral hernias underwent more subsequent laparotomies (3.0 vs 1.3, p < 0.001), and had more enteric fistulas (18.2 vs 4.3 %, p = 0.041) and intra-abdominal infections (46 vs 15 %, p = 0.007), and had a greater number of hospital days (38 vs 25, p = 0.007) during the index hospitalization. Sixteen (73 %) patients with a planned ventral hernia had definitive reconstruction (mean days = 266). Once definitive abdominal wall closure was achieved, the two groups achieved similar rates of return to work and usual activity (71 vs 70 %, p = NS). Following DCL for trauma, patients with a planned ventral hernia have definitive reconstruction nearly 9 months after the initial injury. Once definitive abdominal wall closure has been achieved; patients with primary fascial closure and those with planned ventral hernia have similar rates of return to usual activity.
Crop discrimination with color infrared photography: A study in Douglas County, Kansas

Abstract This study examines the feasibility of discriminating agricultural crop types with color infrared photography taken in late July in northeastern Kansas. Discrimination is based on the analysis of color measurements from the color infrared photography and automated classification employing a Bayesian decision approach. The color measurements were made with a standard spot-reading color densitometer using coarse resolutions to crudely simulate photography from spacecraft altitudes. Analysis of the three color emulsions of the infrared film, as measured by the densitometer, generally did not enable discrimination of the crop types studied in late July using the present classification technique. Comparison of the present data with other studies and data of both spacecraft and sequential aircraft photography suggest, however, that color may be used as a crop discriminant. Results are modulated by time, locale, and environment, each of which strongly influences percentage accuracy obtainable when discriminating crop types.
PROPERTIES OF PARTIALLY PURIFIED MALATHION CARBOXYESTERASE OF THE TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE.

Abstract The malathion carboxyesterase found in a multiple organophosphate-resistant strain of the spider mite was purified about eightyfold and characterized. It was shown to have hydrolytic activities against malathion (carboxyesteratic as well as phosphoroesteratic), malaoxon, parathion (phosphoroesteratic), and a number of naphthyl and nitrophenyl esters. By comparing it with its counterpart in susceptible mites and using differential inhibition techniques, it was concluded that (1) malathion carboxyesterase and an aliesterase which hydrolysed β -naphthyl benzoate were inseparable, and that (2) malathion- and parathion-phosphatase belonged to a different enzyme group from that of the carboxyesterase of malathion. The additional carboxyesterase of the resistant strain had twenty times as high an affinity to the substrate as that of the susceptible strain, if the Km measures affinity. This enzyme differs from that of susceptible mites in being very sensitive to dilution and dialysis at low concentrations and by being eluted at a different salt concentration from a DEAE-cellulose column.
Distraction Lengthening of Thumb Metacarpal

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of distraction lengthening of the thumb metacarpal without bone grafting in seven patients with traumatic thumb loss. The distraction was stopped after 57 (range, 42 to 91) days, giving a median lengthening of 28 (range, 20-36)mm. It took an average of 155 (range, 118-196) days for bony consolidation to occur. The mean pinch power was 72% of that of the uninjured hand. The two-point discrimination on the pulp of the reconstructed thumb was 10 (range, 8-12)mm. There were no major complications.
Analysis of movements in the AUD/USD exchange rate: comparison of four major models

Four different models are considered in examining the movements in the AUD/USD exchange rate. Based on the value of R 2, the uncovered interest parity model performs best, followed by the purchasing power parity model, the monetary model, and the Mundell–Fleming model. The opposite signs of the relative interest rate in the uncovered interest parity model and the monetary model and the insignificant coefficient of the domestic interest rate in the Mundell–Fleming model suggest that more study is needed to examine the behaviour of exchange rate fluctuations for the Australian dollar.
Hyaline cells in chondroid syringomas: a light-microscopic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study

The origin and significance of hyaline cells (HC) in chondroid syringomas (CS) is unclear. In a review of 20 CS, we found HC in eight cases. These were studied immunohistochemically, using antibodies to cytokeratin, vimentin, carcinoembryonic antigen, epithelial membrane antigen, desmin, muscle-specific actin, S-100 protein, myoglobin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, chromogranin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and neuron-specific enolase. HC gave a positive reaction to cytokeratin, vimentin, S-100 protein, and neuron-specific enolase, but not to the other antibodies. Thioflavin-T stain for amyloid was negative. Ultrastructurally, HC contained intermediate filaments in hap-hazard arrangement without specific structures or densities, and had sparse intracytoplasmic organelles and rare desmosomal attachments. Intermediate forms between epithelial cells and HCs were also identified. Our results suggest that HCs are relatively common in Cs (40%) and are more frequent in CS with solid nests and myxoid stroma (relative frequency 62.5%). Immunohistochemically, HCs of CS have a specific phenotype profile; however, ultrastructurally, HCs of CS are not distinct and are similar to HCs in other organs. These results do not suggest an exclusive myoepithelial origin of HCs; it appears that HCs could derive from any epithelial cell type of sweat glands, probably via a regressive process.
A simplified model for graded-gap heterojunctions

Abstract A simplified method for calculating the energy band profiles of graded-gap heterojunctions, based on the generalized model of Oldham and Milnes, is presented. The profiles are derived by superposing an energy band grading function and the electrostatic potential in the heterojunction. The latter is obtained by using the depletion layer approximation as for conventional p-n homojunctions. The energy band profiles of hypothetical p(GaAs)-n(Al0·4Ga0·6As) heterojunctions are calculated using the simplified method. For small grading layer widths, the results are in good agreement with the generalized model. The barrier lowering factor η as a function of the graded layer width l is calculated for such heterojunctions. It is found, for acceptor and donor densities of 1018 and 1016 cm−3 respectively, that the barrier height is reduced from 0·47 eV to zero as l increases from zero (abrupt case) to ≈300 A. The applications of these analyses to practical heterojunctions are discussed.
Effect of dihydroergotamine on epinephrine response in the hind-limb of dogs.

ConclusionsIn blood flow experiments in the hind-limb of dogs, dihdroergotamine completely blocks the vasoconstrictor action of epinephrine but fails to uniformly block the vasodilator action of epinephrine.
Diffusion of Computer‐based Technologies: getting the best start

ABSTRACT The issues surrounding the diffusion of technology within our public schools are wide‐ranging and as diverse as the student populations which we seek to influence. Designing efficient and effective teacher training for classroom technology applications is, consequently, an important consideration for ‘school reformers.’ This paper addresses, in significant detail, the instructional design process which was utilized for the development and delivery of one successful teacher technology training effort for a medium‐sized school district. Special emphasis was placed on the results of extensive learner analyses throughout the design effort.