cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular steps of G-overhang generation at human telomeres and its function in chromosome end protection.

Telomeric G-overhangs are required for the formation of the protective telomere structure and telomerase action. However, the mechanism controlling G-overhang generation at human telomeres is poorly understood. Here, we show that G-overhangs can undergo cell cycle-regulated changes independent of telomerase activity. G-overhangs at lagging telomeres are lengthened in S phase and then shortened in late S/G2 because of C-strand fill-in, whereas the sizes of G-overhangs at leading telomeres remain stable throughout S phase and are lengthened in G2/M. The final nucleotides at measurable C-strands are precisely defined throughout the cell cycle, indicating that C-strand resection is strictly regulated. We demonstrate that C-strand fill-in is mediated by DNA polymerase α (polα) and controlled by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). Inhibition of CDK1 leads to accumulation of lengthened G-overhangs and induces telomeric DNA damage response. Furthermore, depletion of hStn1 results in elongation of G-overhangs and an increase in telomeric DNA damage. Our results suggest that G-overhang generation at human telomeres is regulated by multiple tightly controlled processes and C-strand fill-in is under the control of polα and CDK1.
MORPHOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS OF TWO MIOCENE ALLIGATORS FROM FLORIDA, WITH A DISCUSSION OF ALLIGATOR BIOGEOGRAPHY

This paper describes cranial and postcranial remains from Alligator olseni White, 1942 and Alligator cf. mefferdi Mook, 1946. An earlier phylogenetic data set has been augmented with new data from these fossils. Although membership in the clade Alligator is generally in accord with previous analyses, neither strict consensus nor Adams consensus trees could resolve placement of all members. Several lines of evidence pertinent to Alligator biogeography are analyzed. Alligator may have dispersed from North America into Asia prior to 15 million years ago, but conclusive evidence is lacking.
A Study of the Mobility of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)-Silicate Interpenetrating Networks with 2H NMR

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/silicate interpenetrating networks (IPNs) have been synthesized in formic acid solutions. The fast gelation times observed in these solutions reduced the phase separation of the polymer, and the 50% by weight PMMA/silicate hybrid showed virtually no evidence of a glass transition (T{sub g}) from thermomechanical data. {sup 2}H NMR showed that the PMMA is extremely mobile in the wet gels, and liquid-like {sup 2}H NMR spectra are observed even after prolonged aging of the samples. A {sup 2}H static NMR lineshape, indicative of the rigid polymer, does not occur until polymer to solvent ratios of approximately 0.2 (weight basis) are attained. Motional narrowing of the {sup 2}H resonances is not observed in the vacuum-dried IPNs below 180 C. In contrast, pure PMMA shows motional narrowing between 150 and 180 C. There was little evidence of isotropic motion of the polymer chains, for low polymer concentrations, up to the highest temperature studied (200 C). The percentage of polymer undergoing isotropic motion increased with polymer content, and as a function of the aging time before solvent stripping.
Preventing non-communicable diseases through structural changes in urban environments

The primary determinants of disease are mainly economic and social, and therefore its remedies must also be economic and social. Medicine and politics cannot and should not be kept apart. Rose1 To achieve [a reduction in overweight and obesity] is perhaps the major public health and societal challenge of the century. Potential strategies include [….] redesign of built environments to promote physical activity, changes in food systems, restrictions on aggressive promotion of unhealthy drinks and foods to children and economic strategies such as taxation. Willet2 Non-communicable diseases (NCDs)—mainly cancers, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases—are the main causes of death and morbidity worldwide.3 NCDs are now annually responsible for more than 35 million deaths in the world with more than 80% of this disease burden occurring in low-income and middle-income countries.4 At the same time, NCDs are highly preventable by means of effective preventive interventions tackling shared behavioural risk factors such as unhealthy diets, harmful use of alcohol, tobacco use and physical inactivity.5 Efforts to prevent NCDs have historically included strategies to target high-risk individuals, which have shown, especially in the case of obesity and diabetes, poor results.6 ,7 To advance the prevention of NCDs, population-wide understanding of these shared risk factors and morbidity remains crucial. The population approach to prevent NCDs, articulated by Rose1 in his article Sick individuals and sick populations, aims at shifting the distribution of its risk factors for the whole population, therefore affecting everyone regardless of their risk. Rose highlighted the need to measure and understand factors related to interpopulation differences in the distribution of risk factors (social phenomena and social determinants or environmental factors), instead of focusing on factors related to interindividual differences within a population (classic behavioural risk factors and genetics). The population …
The impact of tropical recirculation on polar composition

Abstract. We derive the tropical modal age of air from an analysis of the water vapor tape recorder. We combine the observationally derived modal age with mean age of air from CO2 and SF6 to create diagnostics for the independent evaluation of the vertical transport rate and horizontal recirculation into the tropics between 16–32 km. These diagnostics are applied to two Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) chemistry and transport model (CTM) age tracer simulations to give new insights into the tropical transport characteristics of the meteorological fields from the GEOS4-GCM and the GEOS4-DAS. Both simulations are found to have modal ages that are in reasonable agreement with the empirically derived age (i.e., transit times) over the entire altitude range. Both simulations show too little horizontal recirculation into the tropics above 22 km, with the GEOS4-DAS fields having greater recirculation. Using CH4 as a proxy for mean age, comparisons between HALOE and model CH4 in the Antarctic demonstrate how the strength of tropical recirculation affects polar composition in both CTM experiments. Better tropical recirculation tends to improve the CH4 simulation in the Antarctic. However, mean age in the Antarctic lower stratosphere can be compromised by poor representation of tropical ascent, tropical recirculation, or vortex barrier strength. The connection between polar and tropical composition shown in this study demonstrates the importance of diagnosing each of these processes separately in order to verify the adequate representation of the processes contributing to polar composition in models.
The power in a name: diagnostic terminology and diverse experiences

Soon after the disorders of sex development (DSD) terminology was introduced in the 2006 medical consensus statement on the management of intersex traits, intersexuality became an outdated term within medical discourse. Because of the way the DSD terminology was officially introduced by an international medical consortium, it appears individuals with intersex traits are left to engage with it. Interviews with thirty-seven research participants with intersex traits show that DSD terminology is engaged in different ways by those the terminology is meant to describe, with some arguing against it, others supporting it and a few being indifferent to it. Participants also tended to describe self-understandings that might conflict with the intersex identity that was observed in the 1990s. Patterns across participants’ preferred terminology and their relationships with family members and medical providers are also observed.
Modification of Microstructure of Starch Extruded With Selected Lipids

Normal corn starch was extruded with palm, peanut and coconut oils; myristic, stearic and behenic acids and three monoglycerides in a C. W. Brabender single screw laboratory extruder at 140°C barrel temperature, 140rpm screw speed and 22% moisture content. Microstructure of extrudates was studied using a scanning electron mircocope. The pore size distribution, pore volumes and shear strengths of the extrudates were also studied. Addition of lipids resulted in modification of pore size distribution and pore volumes depending on the type of lipid. Complexing lipids gave lower pore volumes, smaller size pores, lower porosities and higher shear strengths of the extrudates. Porosity correlated well with the shear strength values.
Therapeutic targeting of the BAFF/APRIL axis in systemic lupus erythematosus

Introduction: The B-cell activating factor (BAFF) axis comprises two ligands (BAFF and APRIL) and three receptors (BCMA, TACI, BR3). BAFF is a vital B-cell survival factor and overexpression of BAFF in both mice and humans is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The anti-BAFF monoclonal antibody (mAb), belimumab, was recently approved by the US FDA for the treatment of adult SLE patients, and three additional BAFF antagonists (atacicept, blisibimod, tabalumab) are presently being evaluated in SLE Phase-III trials. Areas covered: The general biological properties of the individual elements of the BAFF/APRIL axis are reviewed, with emphasis placed on molecular interactions and the potential relevance of each individual element to SLE. Expert opinion: The success of belimumab, an agent which promotes only modest B-cell depletion, is contrasted with the failure of the anti-CD20 mAb rituximab, an agent which promotes profound B-cell depletion, and multiple arguments are offered to explain this a...
Voice over Packet Architecture for the Next Generation Mobile Networks

The world telecommunications industry caters to both wireline and wireless business. In the present fourth generation (4G) wireless world rapid change is the only constant factor. The biggest paradigm change being the move from circuit switched to packet switched technologies. Voice over packet (VoP) is transforming telephony by rapidly replacing the legacy circuit-switched technology. The VoP technology unites the telephony and data worlds allowing voice, facsimile, and video traffics to be relayed over managed IP networks or corporate intranets around the world. In this paper, various aspects of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) are discussed, including the architecture for the NGMN, challenges, standards and the application areas.
Corrosion Behavior of Parylene-Metal-Parylene Thin Films in Saline

In this paper, we study the corrosion behavior of parylene-metalparylene thin films using accelerated-lifetime soak tests. The samples under test are thin film resistors with a 200 nm layer of Au sandwiched by parylene-C on both sides, fabricated with parylenemetal skin technology. The samples are tested in hot saline both passively and actively, and different failure modes are observed using optical and electron-beam metrologies. Bubbles and delamination are first seen in the samples after 2 days of soaking under passive conditions, and followed by metal corrosion. While under active conditions, either bubbles or parylene breakdowns are observed depending on the thickness of parylene packaging. These results contribute to a better understanding of the failure mechanisms of parylene packaging in body fluids.
Comparison of Historical and Contemporary Forest Structure and Composition on Permanent Plots in Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests

We compared historical (1909-1913) and contemporary (1997-1999) forest struc- ture and composition on 15 permanent plots in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) forests of Arizona and New Mexico. We used the same sampling methods as in the early 1900s and compared stand density, diameter distributions, species composition, and broad age classes from the two periods. Stand density (trees 9.14 cm dbh) significantly (P 0.001) increased on plots from an average of 77.4 trees per plot (s 49.9) at plot establishment in 1909-1913 to 519.1 trees per plot (s 252.3) at remeasurement in 1997-1999. Basal area significantly (P 0.001) increased from 8.0 m 2 per plot (s 3.5) to 28.5 m 2 per plot (s 10.1). Contemporary tree diameter distribution shifted toward smaller size classes as demonstrated by a significant (P 0.001) decrease in quadratic mean diameter from 38.5 cm (s 7.5) in 1909-1913 to 28.6 cm (s 7.1) in 1997-1999. Broad age classes yielded an average of 61.5 (s 49.5) residual live trees classified as "blackjack" ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa 150 years) and 13.3 (s 11.9) "yellow pine" (P. ponderosa 150 years) in 1909-1913. In 1997-1999, 416 live trees (s 229.6) were "blackjack" and 57.2 (s 28.5) trees on average were "yellow pine." Twelve of the 15 plots were not invaded by other tree species (remained pure ponderosa pine type), while composition shifted slightly on three plots toward more shade-tolerant and fire-in- tolerant species. Ninety-one percent of the historically (1909-1913 or older) mapped tree struc- tures (live trees, snags, logs, stumps, etc.) were relocated, which suggested that the forest reconstruction field techniques are reliable within 10%. Dramatic increases in tree densities may represent an increased potential for bark beetle epidemics and stand replacing wildfire over large areas in the Southwest. FOR .S CI. 50(2):162-176.
A light-weight software engineering approach to developing small-scale information systems using .NET 2.0

Applied database management systems (DBMS) courses that require information systems projects present formidable challenges to both students and instructors. Students assume the twin responsibilities of (1) learning major theoretical concepts (e.g. the relational model, data modeling, database design, and standard structured query language (SQL)) while (2) mastering the syntax and semantics of a specific complex technology (e.g. MySQL, Oracle, MSSQL). Dealing with the project problem domain also adds to demands on student time and understanding. Consequently, instructors are increasingly challenged to organize course content, technology instruction, and project resources so that students can complete non-trivial course projects in a reasonable time frame. This tutorial will introduce a light-weight software engineering approach to guiding student project development in an introductory database management systems course. This iterative and incremental approach to database programming projects is predicated on the database application principle of firm separation of logic via the N-tier model and the software engineering tenet of well-specified requirements. Students enrolled in an introductory DBMS course follow this methodology to complete GUI client/server team projects. Database and software engineering skills and understanding developed in this course are then applied to more substantive 2- and 3-tier individual projects in an advanced DBMS course and team projects in a capstone software engineering course.
Coupling of isotropic and directional interactions and its effect on phase separation and self-assembly

The interactions of molecules and particles in solution often involve an interplay between isotropic and highly directional interactions that lead to a mutual coupling of phase separation and self-assembly. This situation arises, for example, in proteins interacting through hydrophobic and charged patch regions on their surface and in nanoparticles with grafted polymer chains, such as DNA. As a minimal model of complex fluids exhibiting this interaction coupling, we investigate spherical particles having an isotropic interaction and a constellation of five attractive patches on the particle's surface. Monte Carlo simulations and mean-field calculations of the phase boundaries of this model depend strongly on the relative strength of the isotropic and patch potentials, where we surprisingly find that analytic mean-field predictions become increasingly accurate as the directional interactions become increasingly predominant. We quantitatively account for this effect by noting that the effective interaction range increases with increasing relative directional to isotropic interaction strength. We also identify thermodynamic transition lines associated with self-assembly, extract the entropy and energy of association, and characterize the resulting cluster properties obtained from simulations using percolation scaling theory and Flory-Stockmayer mean-field theory. We find that the fractal dimension and cluster size distribution are consistent with those of lattice animals, i.e., randomly branched polymers swollen by excluded volume interactions. We also identify a universal functional form for the average molecular weight and a nearly universal functional form for a scaling parameter characterizing the cluster size distribution. Since the formation of branched clusters at equilibrium is a common phenomenon in nature, we detail how our analysis can be used in experimental characterization of such associating fluids.
Kinematics and mechanics of midcostal diaphragm of dog

Boriek, Aladin M., Joseph R. Rodarte, and Theodore A. Wilson. Kinematics and mechanics of midcostal diaphragm of dog.J. Appl. Physiol. 83(4): 1068–1075, 1997.—Radiopaque markers were attached to th...
Diglycolic acid, the toxic metabolite of diethylene glycol, chelates calcium and produces renal mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro

AbstractContext: Diethylene glycol (DEG) has caused many cases of acute kidney injury and deaths worldwide. Diglycolic acid (DGA) is the metabolite responsible for the renal toxicity, but its toxic mechanism remains unclear. Objective: To characterize the mitochondrial dysfunction produced from DGA by examining several mitochondrial processes potentially contributing to renal cell toxicity. Materials and methods: The effect of DGA on mitochondrial membrane potential was examined in normal human proximal tubule (HPT) cells. Isolated rat kidney mitochondria were used to assess the effects of DGA on mitochondrial function, including respiratory parameters (States 3 and 4), electron transport chain complex activities and calcium-induced opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. DGA was compared with ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) to determine calcium chelating ability. DGA cytotoxicity was assessed using lactate dehydrogenase leakage from cultured proximal tubule cells. Results: DGA ...
An Overview of Plasma Processing

An overview is presented of the plasma processing of materials. The principal components of this overview include the definition and classification of plasmas of interest in materials processing, the methods of plasma generation and the basic engineering principles that govern plasma phenomena. Here emphasis is placed on both plasma theory and on the experimental verification of the models. This is followed by a brief description of principal plasma applications, including thermal plasmas used in melting, refining, plasma deposition and plasma synthesis and low pressure plasmas used in synthesis and in the processing of electronic materials. The review is concluded by a brief discussion of future prospects for plasma technology, where the main developments envisioned are in the area of improved coatings, the processing of electronic materials, melting and refining of refractory metals and superalloys and finally the possibility of more widespread use for plasma systems in extractive metallurgy.
BRAIN CONCENTRATION OF RESERPINE-H3 AND ITS METABOLITES IN THE MOUSE.

SummaryA study has been made of the reserpine H3 content of mouse brain following a single intraperitoneal injection. There is a rapid rise in brain content in the first 24 hours and a slow decline in reserpine content thereafter. Trimethoxybenzoic acid and methylreserpate content of the brain increased as the reserpine decreased. The signs of reserpinization lasted for 3 days, while reserpine was present for 5 days.
Intestinal lymphoid polyposis.

A case of familial adenomatous polyposis in association with lymphoid polyposis and incomplete Gardner's syndrome is presented. Immunoglobulins were normal. Examples from the literature are used to show that histologically benign lymphoid intestinal polyposis can accompany lymphomas or leukemias, can precede the appearance of lymphomas or leukemias, can be associated with dysgammaglobulinemia, or can be present as a nonspecific benign entity. Differential diagnosis is discussed.
Syntheses of Imide Derivatives

2-Cis-Δ4-tetrahydrophtyalimidoethyl, phthalimidomethyl, 2-phthalimidoethyl, 2-naphthalimidoethyl acrylates, 2-cis-Δ4-tetrahydrophthalimidoethyl, 2-naphthalimidoethyl and 2-ο-sulfo-benzoimidoethyl methacrylates, N-acrylylphthalimide, N-methacrylyl succinimide, N-methacrylylphthalimide and N-methacrylyl-ο-sulfobenzoimide have been prepared readily by the condensation of acrylyl chloride or methacrylyl chloride with the corresponding imidoalcohol or imide in the presence of triethylamine.2-Phthalimidoethyl methacrylate has been prepared by esterification of methacrylic acid with N- (2-hydroxyethyl) phthalimide in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid as the catalyst.
A New Technology of Vaporized Deposit Process (VDP) forthe Coating of Soft Ferrite Cores

Vaporized Deposit Process(VDP), a new technology for the coating of sofl ferrite cores, is reported in the present paper. A brief introduction is given to the process technology and features of VDP, and a preliminary analysis is made on the advantages and problems of VDP. This new process can also be applied to the surface treatment of rare earth permanent NdFeB, etc.
A Vision of Thriving Systems

An information system (like any system) is an arrangement of interacting and interrelating components. I recount in Chapter 1 Alexander’s revelation of the properties that express the quality of the interaction and interrelating occurring in a system of architectural components. This chapter explores the interaction and interrelating of the information system choice properties mapped to Alexander’s center properties. I investigate the choice property interrelationships themselves and characterize the fundamental interaction as quality features that bespeak of great design in what I propose to call a thriving system.
CHAPTER 30 – Preoperative Localization of Parathyroid Tissue in Primary Hyperparathyroidism

The need for localization studies in patients undergoing reoperative parathyroid surgery is undisputed. This chapter describes an imaging strategy for preoperative localization in patients undergoing reoperation. The noninvasive studies like: (1) ultrasound, (2) Tc-labeled sestimibi/Tc pertechnetate (MIBI) subtraction scintigraphy, (3) computerized tomography (CT), (4) magnetic resonance imaging; (MRI) are performed first. Ultrasound is best for eutopic lesions and near the thyroid gland, whereas CT and MRI are more effective in detecting ectopic parathyroids in the anterior mediastinum and tracheoesophageal groove. MIBI subtraction scintigraphy has emerged as the single most sensitive study for both perithyroidal and ectopic lesions, detecting more than 90% of adenomas and up to 60% of hyperplastic glands in most large series. The sequence of performing the noninvasive studies is not critical because sestamibi scanning and ultrasound are least invasive and expensive. Several reasons account for the improved performance of sestamibi scanning over the previously recommended thallium/technetium scanning. Sestamibi images are acquired at 140 kV, compared to thallium at60 kV, therefore permitting better penetration of overlying soft tissue structures, a factor explaining its better performance in the detection of mediastinal adenomas. In addition, technetium has a shorter half-life compared to thallium. Therefore, it can be given in a larger dose, permitting single-photon emission computed tomography.
MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION INDUCED BY TENSILE STRESS WAVES

It is shown that tensile pulses generated by the reflection of compressive shock waves at a free surface can produce (γ+α′) martensitic transformation in an Fe-32.3 wt pct Ni-.035 wt pct C alloy. The tensile hydrostatic component of the stress interacts with the dilatational strains (0.04) produced by the martensitic transformation resulting in an increase of Ms, the martensitic start temperature. The shock waves were produced by normal impact of a target by a projectile accelerated in a one-stage gas gun. Experiments were conducted at temperatures between −10° and −50°C (Ms = −61°C) at a constant pressure of 1.5 GPa and pulse duration of 0.75 μs; and at variable pulse durations (0.19 – 1.5 μs) at a constant pressure of 1.5 GPa and a temperature of −30°C. Shock-induced inhomogeneities were observed in the recovered specimens. They manifested themselves as long bands with no crystallographic relationship to the structure and provided preferential nucleation regions for martensite. The observed inhomogeneous “stringers” serve as markers for the shock-induced inhomogeneities.
Enhanced representation of soil NO emissions in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 5.0.2

Abstract. Modeling of soil nitric oxide (NO) emissions is highly uncertain and may misrepresent its spatial and temporal distribution. This study builds upon a recently introduced parameterization to improve the timing and spatial distribution of soil NO emission estimates in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. The parameterization considers soil parameters, meteorology, land use, and mineral nitrogen (N) availability to estimate NO emissions. We incorporate daily year-specific fertilizer data from the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) agricultural model to replace the annual generic data of the initial parameterization, and use a 12 km resolution soil biome map over the continental USA. CMAQ modeling for July 2011 shows slight differences in model performance in simulating fine particulate matter and ozone from Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) and Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET) sites and NO2 columns from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite retrievals. We also simulate how the change in soil NO emissions scheme affects the expected O3 response to projected emissions reductions.
Social factor comparisons of noun and verb insertion patterns in Spanish and English bilingual clauses

This paper compares noun and verb insertion in bilingual clauses in a Spanish and English bilingual data corpus collected in northeast Georgia (U.S.A.). Even though Myers-Scotton and Jake (2014) have given grammatical reasons why verbs theoretically can be as easily inserted as nouns, most bilingual data corpora, from many different language contact settings, show that far more nouns than verbs of one language are inserted into clauses of the other language. The northeast Georgia Hispanic community data set examined here is no exception. Analysis of the northeast Georgia data reveal that some social factors are associated with higher EL verb use. Children, who have more English proficiency in general than adults, insert more verbs into bilingual clauses than adults. Female gender, higher socio-economic status, and other than Mexican national origin are also associated with higher EL verb use.
Incidence and Epidemiology of Foot and Ankle Injuries in Elite Collegiate Athletes.

Background:Foot and ankle injuries are increasing in competitive professional and collegiate athletics. Many of these injuries result in considerable missed time from sports and often require surgical intervention. To develop and implement effective practice participation strategies, return-to-play protocols, and injury prevention programs, an understanding of injury trends and epidemiology is vital.Purpose:This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of foot and ankle injuries in elite athletes participating in 37 sports at a single National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) Division 1 institution.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiological study.Methods:We evaluated the injury records of all varsity sports at a single NCAA Division 1 athletics program, including 1076 athletes participating in 37 sports. Detailed injury data were prospectively collected in a secure electronic database over a 2-year period. We reviewed the database for all foot/ankle injuries. Inclusion criteria were any foot/ankle injur...
15.4 A 1024-element scalable optical phased array in 0.18µm SOI CMOS

Self-driving cars, drones, and other autonomous systems rely on a number of sensors such as cameras, radars, and ultrasonic detectors to observe their surrounding environments. Light detection and ranging (lidar), where a laser beam is rapidly steered in space, is among the most accurate sensors and enables creation of high-resolution 3D maps. Existing lidar systems are based on mechanical optical beam steering, and as such, are bulky, expensive, susceptible to mechanical failures, and consume large power.
Morphometry of the female feline urethra.

Abstract Tissues composing the lower urinary tract of the female cat were discribed and analyzed mor-phometrically. Statistical comparisons were made with the female dog using previously obtained canine morphometric data. Despite a superficial similarity, the cat differs from the dog in having a significant component of longitudinally oriented urethral smooth muscle and appreciably less striated urethral sphincter. It is suggested that the cat requires an active mechanism for overcoming continence due to an inherently smaller urethral lumen, compared to the dog. The implication of our morphometric findings is that urethral mechanics are different for the female cat and dog.
Chapter 11 – Emerging Technology for Fiber Optic Data Communication

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is considered one of the most important techniques in advancing the communication bandwidth for the next-generation broadband networks. This chapter in particular focuses on WDM technologies. It also discusses several other emerging technologies for fiber-optic data communication. It is noted that due to the explosive growth of the number of the Internet users and the World Wide Web sites, there has been a significant increase in the demand for the network bandwidth. The backbone of the future Internet, therefore, has to be based on faster data rate such as OC-192 or beyond and must employ some form of optical switching in order to alleviate the bandwidth problem. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) are adopted as the primary transport mechanism for carrying broadband traffic. This chapter essentially describes the architecture of all-optical networks including both broadcast-and-select networks and wavelength routed networks. The device aspects of tunable transmitters and tunable receivers for WDM networks are also discussed in the chapter. Further, the chapter describes the optical amplifiers, which is one of the most important technologies for increasing the distance among data regeneration. Wavelength demultiplexer technologies, wavelength router technologies, and wavelength converters are also briefly summarized in this chapter.
"Η ευθύνη του ιατρού στην ιατρική ομάδα: Ειδικότερα τα όρια ευθύνης χειρουργού και αναισθησιολόγου" ('Doctor's Liability in the Medical Team: Liability of the Surgeon and the Anesthesiologist in Particular')

Greek Abstract: Η μeλέτη παρουσιάζeι eκτeνώς τις αποφάσeις δικαστηρίων σχeτικά μe την eυθύνη χeιρουργού και αναισθησιολόγου eξeτάζοντας τις πeριπτώσeις αναγνώρισης κοινής eυθύνης καθώς και τον τρόπο μe τον οποίο γίνeται η αξιολόγηση της ατομικής eυθύνης του eκάστοτe ιατρού, όταν ο ασθeνής ζημιώνeται από πράξeις μέλους μιας χeιρουργικής ομάδας ιατρών. English Abstract: The paper presents the national case law in liability issues involving a medical team which included a surgeon and his anesthesiologist, in order to delianate the responsbility of each doctor for a patient having suffered harm as a result of a surgery.
The Declarative/Procedural Model: A Neurobiological Model of Language Learning, Knowledge, and Use

Most research on the neurobiology of language focuses on language alone. However, new biological functions commonly make use of previously existing mechanisms. Thus, language likely relies on previously existing neurobiological substrates, whether or not these have become further specialized for language. The declarative/procedural model posits that language learning, storage, and use depend heavily on declarative and procedural memory. After all, most, if not all, of language must be learned, and these are the two most important learning and memory systems in the brain. Crucially, both systems are well-studied at many levels in humans and animals, leading to numerous independent predictions about language. Here, I first present background on the neurobiology of the two systems, then lay out ensuing predictions for language, and finally examine evidence testing these predictions. The evidence suggests that language indeed depends on declarative and procedural memory, moreover in interesting and informative ways that advance our understanding of the neurobiology of language.
Unsupervised Learning of Spatiotemporal Interictal Discharges in Focal Epilepsy.

Background Interictal epileptiform discharges are an important biomarker for localization of focal epilepsy, especially in patients who undergo chronic intracranial monitoring. Manual detection of these pathophysiological events is cumbersome, but is still superior to current rule-based approaches in most automated algorithms. Objective To develop an unsupervised machine-learning algorithm for the improved, automated detection and localization of interictal epileptiform discharges based on spatiotemporal pattern recognition. Methods We decomposed 24 h of intracranial electroencephalography signals into basis functions and activation vectors using non-negative matrix factorization (NNMF). Thresholding the activation vector and the basis function of interest detected interictal epileptiform discharges in time and space (specific electrodes), respectively. We used convolutive NNMF, a refined algorithm, to add a temporal dimension to basis functions. Results The receiver operating characteristics for NNMF-based detection are close to the gold standard of human visual-based detection and superior to currently available alternative automated approaches (93% sensitivity and 97% specificity). The algorithm successfully identified thousands of interictal epileptiform discharges across a full day of neurophysiological recording and accurately summarized their localization into a single map. Adding a temporal window allowed for visualization of the archetypal propagation network of these epileptiform discharges. Conclusion Unsupervised learning offers a powerful approach towards automated identification of recurrent pathological neurophysiological signals, which may have important implications for precise, quantitative, and individualized evaluation of focal epilepsy.
Leaning Towards Infinity. By Sue Woolfe

(1999). Leaning Towards Infinity. By Sue Woolfe. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 106, No. 6, pp. 594-596.
Cyclic Hadamard Difference Sets — Constructions and Applications

A cyclic (v, k, λ) difference set with parameters v = 4t -1, k = 2t - 1, λ = t - 1 is called a cyclic Hadamard difference set. In all known cases, v = 4t-1 is either a prime, a product of twin primes, or one less than a power of 2. When v is a prime (but not a Mersenne prime), all known examples are obtained by the quadratic residue (Legendre sequence) construction or, in addition, when also v = 4 a 2+27, from Hall’s sextic residue construction. When v is a product of twin primes, all known examples arise from the Jacobi symbol (Stanton-Sprott) construction. However, when v = 2 n -1, in addition to the Singer difference set (PN-sequence) construction and (for composite n > 4) the GMW examples, there are several new constructions, all based on the existence of (GF(2 n ). All inequivalent examples of cyclic Hadamard difference sets with v = 2 n - 1 for n ≤ 10 have now been identified, and all belong to known or suspected infinite classes of examples. (There are ten inequivalent examples at n = 10.)
Some Endocrine Aspects of Renal and Extrarenal Erythropoietin in Normoxic and Hypoxic Rats

Hypoxia-independent high levels of immunoreactive erythropoietin (Ep) were measured in salivary gland tissues of adult rats. The presence of Ep in the salivary gland appears to be age-related, the result of accumulation, and under sex steroid control. The salivary gland does not, therefore, appear to be an extrarenal source of Ep. Removal of the salivary gland tissue impairs, but does not alleviate, renal Ep production during hypoxic stress. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) or ovine growth hormone (oGH) were partially able to restore Ep production in hypoxic kidney tissue after either salivary gland ablation or hypophysectomy.
Contact radius and curvature corrections to the nonlocal contact formulation accounting for multi-particle interactions in elastic confined granular systems

Abstract We present contact radius and curvature corrections to the nonlocal contact formulation that account for multi-particle interactions in elastic confined granular systems. The nonlocal contact formulation removes the classical assumption of independent contacts by taking into account the interplay of deformations due to multiple contact forces acting on a single particle. The contact radius correction considers the components of these deformations that contribute to the inter-particle contact area. The curvature correction improves the description of contacting surface profiles by including higher order terms in their Taylor series expansions. To validate the corrected formulation, we restrict attention to rubber spheres under different loading conditions, in the absence of gravitational forces, adhesion or friction. Specifically, we show that the predictions of contact force and radius are in remarkable agreement with finite-element simulations and experimental observations up to levels of deformation at which contact impingement occurs, which was not possible with the original elastic nonlocal contact formulation. Convergence of the curvature corrected formulation is observed at a four-term correction.
Principles of Intentional Mentoring

This essay elucidates four universal principles that have been used in a psychosocial mentoring approach to help mentors and mentees to understand themselves, learn productive reframing, build their personal and family narratives, discover their paths forward, and make decisions that fit who they are, their values, and what they love.
Neural entrainment to missing pulse rhythms

Pulse is the perceptual phenomenon in which an individual perceives a steady beat underlying a complex auditory rhythm, as in music. The neural mechanism by which pulse is computed from a complex rhythm is a topic of current debate. Neural Resonance Theory (NRT) predicts that synchronization itself is the neural mechanism of pulse perception and is supported by studies that demonstrate neural entrainment to complex rhythms. Here we report a behavioral and an EEG study of stimulus rhythms that have no spectral energy at the perceived pulse frequency. A dynamical systems model based on NRT predicts that endogenous oscillation will emerge at the “missing” pulse frequency. We observed 1) strong pulse-frequency steady-state evoked potentials (SS-EPs) to isochronous and missing pulse rhythms, but not to a random control; 2) strong coherence between model-predicted SS-EPs and brain responses for all rhythms; 3) differing pulse-frequency activation topographies for missing pulse rhythms versus isochronous and random controls; and 4) differing frequency-following response (FFR) amplitudes for events in missing pulse rhythms versus isochronous and random rhythms. These observations support the theory that the perception of pulse results from the entrainment of emergent population oscillations to stimulus rhythms.
Impact of parental asthma, prenatal maternal asthma control, and vitamin D status on risk of asthma and recurrent wheeze in 3-year-old children.

Background While familial clustering of asthma is known, few studies have reported on the relative roles of paternal and maternal asthma and the role of maternal asthma control in pregnancy on the risk for asthma in the child. Objective We aimed to investigate the relative roles of paternal asthma, maternal asthma, and maternal asthma control during pregnancy on the risk of asthma or recurrent wheeze in 3-year-old children and how prenatal and cord blood vitamin D status might affect this risk. Methods Data from 806 women, their partners (biologic fathers of the infants), and their children participated in the Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trail (VDAART, clinicaltrials.gov identification number NCT00920621) were used for this cohort analysis. The parental report of physician-diagnosed asthma or recurrent wheeze in offspring was the main outcome. Weibull regression models for interval-censored event times were used to estimate the main variables of interests and additional covariates on the outcome. Results The highest risk was observed among children with both parents being asthmatic relative to non-asthmatic parents (aHR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.35-3.84), and less so if only the mother was asthmatic (aHR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.17-2.40). In the subset of children born to asthmatic mothers, the risk for asthma was higher in those who were born to mothers whose asthma was uncontrolled (aHR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.02-2.54). Children whose mothers had sufficient vitamin D status (25Hydroxyvitamin D ≥ 30 ng/mL) at early and late pregnancy and had cord blood vitamin D sufficiency demonstrated a lower risk of asthma/recurrent wheeze than children who had insufficient cord blood vitamin D status at birth (aHR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.27-0.83). Conclusion and clinical relevance Careful attention to maternal asthma control, monitoring vitamin D status, and correcting insufficiency at early pregnancy and maintaining the sufficiency status throughout pregnancy have potential preventive roles in offspring asthma or recurrent wheeze.
UNIT 23.5 Production of a Heterozygous Mutant Cell Line by Homologous Recombination (Single Knockout)

Formerly unit 9.16, this unit takes a more appropriate place in Chapter 23, and has been updated and revised for this publication. Gene targeting by homologous recombination allows the introduction of specific mutations into any cloned gene. In this unit, the gene of interest is inactivated by interrupting its coding sequence with a positive selectable marker (e.g., neo). Expression of neo is obtained by including the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter in the construct. To enrich for clones in which the target gene has undergone homologous recombination over those in which random integration of the construct has occurred, a negative selectable marker, herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK), is included in the construct outside the region of homology to the target gene. Depending upon the target gene, it may be easier to assemble the construct by adding the neo and TK genes to the cloned target gene or by adding two fragments of the target gene to a plasmid containing the neo and TK genes.
Abstract PR07: Functional analysis of diverse oncogenic driver mutations using an isogenic cell line library identifies novel drug responses and alterations in metabolism

There is an urgent need in oncology to link molecular aberrations in tumors with altered cellular behaviors, such as metabolic derangements, and to identify novel therapeutics for cancer treatment. We have sought to identify synthetic-lethal genetic interactions that cancer cells acquire in the presence of specific mutations. Using engineered isogenic cells, we generated an unbiased and quantitative chemical-genetic interaction map that measures the influence of 51 aberrant cancer genes on 90 drug responses. The dataset strongly predicts drug responses found in cancer cell line collections, indicating that isogenic cells can model more complex cellular contexts. Applied to triple-negative breast cancer, we report clinically actionable interactions with the MYC oncogene including resistance to PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors and an unexpected sensitivity to dasatinib through LYN inhibition in a synthetic-lethal manner. These studies provide new drug and biomarker pairs for clinical investigation. We have also performed global metabolomics analysis in a subset of the isogenic cell lines demonstrating alterations in metabolic pathways that are shared across multiple oncogenes, as well as those that are distinct to specific oncogenic drivers. This scalable approach enables the prediction of drug responses from patient data and can be used to accelerate the development of new genotype-directed therapies. This abstract is also presented as a poster at the Translation of the Cancer Genome conference. Citation Format: Maria M. Martins, Alicia Y. Zhou, Alexandra Corella, Dai Horiuchi, Christina Yau, Taha Rakshandehroo, John D. Gordan, Rebecca S. Levin, Jeff Johnson, John Jascur, Mike Shales, Antonio Sorrentino, Jaime Cheah, Paul A. Clemons, Alykhan Shamji, Stuart Schreiber, Stuart Schreiber, Nevan J. Krogan, Kevan M. Shokat, Kevan M. Shokat, Frank McCormick, Daniel Nomura, Sourav Bandyopadhyay, Andrei Goga. Functional analysis of diverse oncogenic driver mutations using an isogenic cell line library identifies novel drug responses and alterations in metabolism. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Computational and Systems Biology of Cancer; Feb 8-11 2015; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(22 Suppl 2):Abstract nr PR07.
Spiral Flexure Bearing

Flexure bearings are a key technology for many long-life, spacecraft-borne cryogenic refrigerator (cryocooler) designs. The bearing provides frictionless, non-wearing, linear movement and radial support for reciprocating machines. Since the maximum operating stress in the flexure is a controlling factor for the cryocooler operating life, this stress must be determined. The objective of the present work was to estimate the stresses in the flexure bearing under static and dynamic deflections.
Civically minded: the types of knowledge teachers use to adapt a civics curriculum

This study examines teacher knowledge used to teach civic-perspective-taking in elementary settings. To do so, the researcher analyzes teacher knowledge-in-use through the ways three teachers adapt...
Effects of chronic intermittent ethanol exposure during early and late adolescence on anxiety-like behaviors and behavioral flexibility in adulthood.

Abstract Although both humans and laboratory rodents demonstrate cognitive and affective alterations associated with adolescent alcohol exposure, it is still unknown whether the consequences of early initiation of alcohol use differ from those of later binge drinking within the adolescent developmental period. The present study was designed to assess the effects of early and late AIE on (1) anxiety-like behavior under social (modified social interaction test) and non-social test circumstances (modified light/dark box test, elevated plus maze), and (2) behavioral flexibility, indexed via set shifting in males and females. Early-mid adolescent intermittent exposure (early AIE) occurred between postnatal days (P) 25 and 45, whereas late adolescent intermittent exposure (late AIE) was conducted between P45 and P65, with behavioral testing initiated not earlier than 25 days after repeated exposure to ethanol (4.0 g/kg intragastrically, every other day for a total of 11 exposures). Anxiety-like behavior on the EPM was evident in males and females following early AIE, whereas only males demonstrated non-social anxiety on the EPM following late AIE. Social anxiety-like alterations and deficits in behavioral flexibility were evident only in males following early AIE. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate a particular vulnerability of young adolescent males to long-lasting detrimental effects of repeated ethanol and an insensitivity of older adolescent females to the intermittent ethanol exposure paradigm.