cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Furaltadone hydrochloride in treatment of avian vibrionic hepatitis and chronic respiratory disease complex in chickens.

Abstract INTRODUCTION CHRONIC respiratory disease in chickens causes great economic loss through morbidity, mortality, and condemnation of carcasses (Sullivan et al., 1956). Avian vibrionic hepatitis, which affects all ages of chickens (Delaplane et al., 1955; Peckham, 1958), has become increasingly recognized as prevalent since its discovery, and is frequently complicated by coccidiosis. Furaltadone is effective against chronic respiratory disease complex (Gross, 1961; Lott, 1960) and paratyphoid infections (Bierer and Vickers, 1960), and has shown marked in vitro activity against Vibrio fetus (Anonymous, 1957a). Furazolidone is probably the most effective drug available for treatment of avian vibrionic hepatitis (Winterfield et al., 1958). However, it is administered only in the feed because of its low water solubility: 40 mg. per 1. (Anonymous, 1957b). We decided therefore to administer furaltadone hydrochloride in drinking water, because of its solubility * and probable therapeutic range, to test its efficacy against outbreaks of chronic respiratory disease complex and …
The reaction of thioanisole with tetraperoxomolybdate ion in comicelles of Aliquat-336 and cetyl trimethylammonium mesylate

Abstract Addition of sparingly soluble Aliquat-336 (methyl tri- n -octylammonium chloride) to cetyl trimethylammonium mesylate (CTAOMs) in two-fold molar excess generates comicelles, as shown by changes in 1 H and 35 Cl NMR spectra, and conformational changes in Aliquat allow it to enter the comicelles. These comicelles behave similarly to micelles and comicelles of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPyCl) as reaction media for the oxidation of thioanisole (PhSMe) mediated by tetraperoxomolybdate ion (Mo(O 2 ) 4 2− ). Second-order rate constants in terms of local concentrations in the micellar interfacial regions are consistently lower than second-order rate constants in H 2 O- t -BuOH (7:3, v/v) and are slightly lower in micelles and comicelles of CTAOMs than in those of CPyCl. In some conditions sodium “percarbonate” (Na 2 CO 3 , 1.5 H 2 O 2 ) can replace hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), although this system was not examined quantitatively.
Teratogen update: Pseudoephedrine

Pseudoephedrine is contained in decongestants such as the Sudafed line of products. It is an alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist, which causes blood vessel constriction, including the therapeutic effect of reducing airflow resistance in the nasal cavity. Pseudoephedrine is one of the most commonly used medications in pregnancy, with an estimated 25% of women exposed. It has been demonstrated that alpha-adrenergic receptor agonists slow uterine blood flow, but their effects have not been studied in relation to most reproductive outcomes in animals or humans. Two analyses of health maintenance organization pharmacy data identified 9 malformed infants among 902 first-trimester pseudoephedrine exposures, suggesting no association with birth defects overall; however, studies of such data sets often lack sufficient power to identify risks for specific birth defects. The related compounds, epinephrine, ephedrine, and phenylephrine, have been associated with hemorrhages and cardiovascular and limb malformations in animal models. Risk of ventricular septal defects was associated with decongestant use in pregnant women in 1 recent study. The vasoconstrictive effects of these drugs raise the hypothesis that their use in early pregnancy might increase the risk of vascular disruption defects. Case-control studies, which often do have power to identify risks related to specific birth defects, have explored this hypothesis. Decongestant use in the first trimester has been associated with small increases in risks of 3 defects thought to arise, at least in some instances, from vascular disruption-gastroschisis, small intestinal atresia, and hemifacial microsomia. These findings are somewhat consistent in terms of magnitude of effect and suggest that risks are even greater among women also exposed to the vasoconstrictive effects of cigarette smoking. There are, however, limitations to these studies, including the possibilities of inaccurate recall of exposures and confounding by indication. In addition, the majority of decongestant use is in oral form and the question of whether intranasal formulations carry risk has not been adequately addressed.
Aspirin for secondary prevention after stroke of unknown etiology in resource-limited settings: a decision analysis

Background: Seventy-one percent of worldwide stroke mortality and 77.5% of worldwide stroke disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost occur in lowand middle-income countries (LMIC). This disproportionate burden of stroke in LMIC is due to resource limitations in both prevention and treatment. In addition to risk factor modification, aspirin is an inexpensive and effective medication for secondary stroke prevention. However, only 3.8% of patients with prior stroke in low-income countries take antiplatelet agents, compared to 53.1% in high-income countries. One reason for this is that without access to CT to distinguish ischemic stroke (IS) from intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), clinicians must balance presumed risks of aspirin administration in patients with potential ICH against potential benefits of secondary prevention in patients with possible IS. In order to assist clinicians practicing in resource-limited settings, we conducted a decision analysis to determine the impact of administering aspirin as long-term secondary preventive therapy to all patients after stroke when CT is not available to distinguish IS from ICH. Methods: We used a Markov state transition model to evaluate the potential outcomes of two strategies for long-term secondary prevention after stroke of undetermined etiology: administering aspirin to all patients versus not administering aspirin to any patients. Data on the risks and benefits of aspirin use after IS and ICH were obtained from meta-analyses and large series. Sensitivity analyses were performed across the worldwide reported range of the proportion of strokes due to ICH and the 95% confidence intervals of aspirin-associated relative risks in patients with ICH. Findings: For patients with stroke of unknown etiology, long-term aspirinwas the preferred treatment strategy across theworldwide reported range of the proportion of strokes due to ICH. At 34% of strokes due to ICH (the highest proportion reported in a large epidemiologic study), the benefit of aspirin remained beyond the upper bounds of the 95% confidence intervals of aspirin-associated post-ICH relative risks most concerning to clinicians (ICH recurrence risk andmortality risk if ICHrecurs on aspirin). Based on the estimated11,590,204 strokes inLMIC in2010, ourmodel predicts that aspirin therapy for secondary stroke prevention in all patients in these countries could lead to an estimated yearly decrease of 84,492 recurrent strokes and 4,056 stroke-related mortalities. Interpretation: The concern that the risks of aspirin in patients with stroke of unknown etiology could outweigh the benefits is not supported by our model, which predicts that aspirin for secondary prevention after stroke of undetermined etiology could lead to decreased stroke-related mortality and stroke recurrence. In the absence of a clinical trial to test this approach empirically, clinical decisions still require patient-specific assessment of risk and benefit. Funding: None. Abstract #: 01NCD001
Medication take-home as a reinforcer in a methadone maintenance program

Abstract The opportunity to take methadone doses home from the clinic can be used as a reinforcer in contingency management procedures to promote desirable behavior among a population of methadone maintenance clients. This was demonstrated by delivering take-home privileges contingent upon attendance at counseling sessions. Sixteen methadone maintenance clients were selected on the basis of their low attendance rates at individual counseling sessions. During five successive 2-month periods, weekend (2 days) medication take-home privileges were either contingent upon attendance at a weekly counseling session lasting at least 45 min or were given to clients non-contingently. During periods of contingent delivery of the take-home privilege, counseling attendance increased significantly above levels observed during period of non- contigent delivery.
Parental care and EGG size in salamanders: An examination of the safe harbor hypothesis

The safe harbor hypothesis includes the suggestion that parental care causes the embryonic stage to be the safest harbor, and, therefore, egg size will increase in populations with parental care to decrease the duration of subsequent, higher risk stages. Neither the safe habor hypothesis nor r and K theory seem adequate to explain the correlation between egg size and the presence/absence of parental care among salamanders, a group in which there is a further correlation between the larval (hatchling) habitat and egg size/parental care. Pond-breeding salamanders generally have small eggs and lack parental care, and stream-breeding salamanders generally have large eggs and parental care. I argue that the fundamental difference in the food available to hatchling salamanders between lentic (plankton-rich) and lotic (plankton-poor) environments selects for relatively lower parental investment in the lentic environment. From the standpoint of parental fitness, small (more numerous) hatchlings have a greater payoff where the available food is mall and dense (zooplankton in lentic environments), and large hatchlings are selectively advantageous where the food is of large size and less dense (benthic invertebrates in lotic environments). Selection for larger hatchlings in lotic environments results in longer embryonic periods and,ceteris paribus, greater total embryonic mortality. Embryo hiding and guarding have evolved among lotic-breeding salamanders as compensatory mechanisms to reduce the rate of embryonic mortality. In this view, parental care is a consequence of selection for larger egg size and not an umbrella that allows egg size to increase, contrary to the safe harbor hypothesis. The relationship between variance in parental investment and food available to offspring, developed here for salamanders, may be of general significance. YosiakiIto, a critic of r and K theory, independently arrived at a similar conclusion from a broader data base.
A spark chamber-computer system for measurement of proton polarization*

Abstract A system has been developed to analyze proton polarization in the energy range 200–400 MeV. It utilizes the readout from magnetostrictive delay lines on wire spark chambers and an on-line computer. At 200 MeV, the average analyzing power, using 5 cm of carbon as scattering material, is 0.51 ±0.04.
Nuclear FoxO1 inflames insulin resistance

FoxO1 regulates the transcription of genes involved in diabetes, cancer and ageing. In this issue of The EMBO Journal, Olefsky and colleagues report that FoxO1 also causes inflammation by regulating the pro-inflammatory Tlr4 signalling pathway in macrophages. Insulin-mediated activation of Akt inactivates FoxO1 and thereby limits the inflammatory response.
Binding of catechol derivatives to human serum proteins.

Bindung der Katecholamine und deren Analogen durch Proteine der Humansera wurde untersucht. Durch Veranderung in der Alkylseitenkette wird die Bindungsfahigkeit der Katecholaminalogen geschwacht, doch nicht vernichtet. 3-O-methylierte Analogen verlieren ihre Bindungsfahigkeit und ist gegenuber Norepinephrin wirkungslos.
High temperature properties of zircaloy-oxygen alloys

Abstract The effect of oxygen on thermal expansion, elastic moduli, and thermal diffusivity of Zircaloy-4 nuclear reactor fuel cladding was determined for the main purpose of providing baseline data for LOCA evaluation codes. Measurements were made over the temperature range 298 to 1473 K and 0.7 to 28 at% oxygen. Expansion and moduli were measured in the two relevant directions, while diffusivity was measured in the principal heat transfer direction (through the clad). Thermal expansion and elastic moduli both increased with oxygen, while diffusivity decreased. Similar measurements were made on Zircaloy-2, but only to 5 at% oxygen. Differences between the two alloys were within experimental error of the measurements made.
Evolution of nanoscale defects to planar cracks in a brittle solid

Abstract Fracture of a solid is a highly multiscale process that associates atomic scale bond breaking with macroscopic crack propagation, and the process can be dramatically influenced by the presence of defects in materials. In a nanomaterial, defect formation energy decreases with the reduction of material size, and therefore, the role of defects in crack formation and subsequent crack growth in such materials may not be understood from the classical laws of fracture mechanism. In this study, we investigated the crack formation process of a defective (with missing atoms) nanostructured material (NaCl) using a series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. It was demonstrated that simple defects in the form of several missing atoms in the material could develop into a planar crack. Subsequently, MD simulations on failures of nanosized NaCl with pre-defined planar atomistic cracks of two different lengths under prescribed tensile displacement loads were performed. These failure loads were then applied on the equivalent continuum models, separately, to evaluate the associated fracture toughness values using the finite element analysis. For small cracks, the fracture toughness thus obtained is cracksize dependent and the corresponding critical energy release rate is significantly smaller than Griffith’s theoretical value. Explanation for this discrepancy between LEFM and the atomistic model was attempted.
Research Strategies for Motion and Space Sickness

Research is urged for several motion sickness topics now receiving relatively little attention. The role of the area postrema, if any, is not completely resolved. The hypothesis that the cerebral spinal fluid might be a necessary neurochemical conduit should be confirmed or put to rest. It is surprising that the cerebellum, implicated more than 40 years ago, has not been reevaluated for its role in motion sickness in view of the explosion of new data on this structure. The sensory rearrangement theory, known by several names, needs direct experimental verification. One such experiment should determine if vestibular input is an essential element. Data interpretation problems related to rates of adaptation, often a consideration in sensory rearrangement experiments, are explored. The most exciting gains are to be achieved through neuropharmacologic approaches, particularly by exploiting the unique advantages offered by animal models.
Tropomyosin: Does resolution lead to reconciliation?

Abstract New electron microscopic data provide direct evidence in support of the classical steric-blocking model for regulation of actin–myosin interactions by tropomyosin.
Thermal analysis and exergy evaluation of packed bed thermal storage systems

Abstract Thermal energy storage in a packed bed is analyzed for dynamic temperature response during cyclic storage and recovery. A robust system-scale heat transfer model for the packed bed is developed and accounts for wall heat transfer and intra-particle diffusion effects. Based upon the temperature field modeling, recovered and lost exergy are calculated. The analysis shows that, for packed beds, sensible heat storage systems can provide much higher exergy recovery as compared to phase change material (PCM) storage systems under similar high temperature storage conditions. The roles of axial dispersion and wall heat losses are considered.
Retransplantation for recurrent hepatitis C

1. Primary orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for hepatitis C is performed with good results. 2. Re-OLT in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected transplant recipients is performed mostly for indications other than recurrent disease in the short-term after primary OLT. 3. Progressive allograft injury and loss caused by recurrent disease predict an increased need for re-OLT for HCV recurrence in the long term. 4. Outcomes of re-OLT for recurrent hepatitis C are equivalent to results for other indications of re-OLT. 5. Good outcomes are obtained in selected patients when re-OLT is performed early in the course of recurrent disease before transplant recipients become critically ill.
Pilot Study and Review: Physiological Differences in BDNF, a Potential Biomarker in Males and Females with Autistic Disorder.

AIMS There is a need for more biologic research in autistic disorder (AD) to determine if biomarkers exist that would be useful for correlating to symptom severity and/or clinical improvement during treatment. Given the fact that AD is 4 times more common in males than females, gender differences in physiological biomarkers may be present. One potential biomarker that has begun to be studied is brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), a peptide involved in the regulation of neuronal cell survival, differentiation, and plasticity, and possessing an ability to influence neurotransmitter systems by modulating gene expression. This pilot study examined whether serum BDNF differed according to gender in children with AD and whether differences were associated with a behavioral phenotype or severity of illness. STUDY DESIGN Data for this investigation were collected during the participants' baseline visit of an intervention study. Participants were males (n=29) and females (n=7), aged 5 to 12 years diagnosed with AD. Baseline serum BDNF concentration was determined for comparison to clinical ratings using an autism severity measure and the Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Behavior Inventory (PDD-BI). RESULTS BDNF serum concentrations were higher in females (p<0.049). The baseline BDNF value corresponded significantly to hyperactivity in females (p<0.0002) but not in males. BDNF did not correlate with severity of disease in either gender. CONCLUSION Although this is a small study, a better understanding of the central role of BDNF may provide insight into the pathophysiology of the disease and elucidate why gender differences exist in prevalence and behavioral phenotype of AD.
Early and 1-year outcomes of aortic root surgery in patients with Marfan syndrome: A prospective, multicenter, comparative study

Objective To compare the 1-year results after aortic valve-sparing (AVS) or valve-replacing (AVR) aortic root replacement from a prospective, international registry of 316 patients with Marfan syndrome (MFS). Methods Patients underwent AVS (n = 239, 76%) or AVR (n = 77, 24%) aortic root replacement at 19 participating centers from 2005 to 2010. One-year follow-up data were complete for 312 patients (99%), with imaging findings available for 293 (94%). The time-to-events were compared between groups using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models. Results Two patients (0.6%)—1 in each group—died within 30 days. No significant differences were found in early major adverse valve-related events (MAVRE; P = .6). Two AVS patients required early reoperation for coronary artery complications. The 1-year survival rates were similar in the AVR (97%) and AVS (98%) groups; the procedure type was not significantly associated with any valve-related events. At 1 year and beyond, aortic regurgitation of at least moderate severity (≥2+) was present in 16 patients in the AVS group (7%) but in no patients in the AVR group ( P = .02). One AVS patient required late AVR. Conclusions AVS aortic root replacement was not associated with greater 30-day mortality or morbidity rates than AVR root replacement. At 1 year, no differences were found in survival, valve-related morbidity, or MAVRE between the AVS and AVR groups. Of concern, 7% of AVS patients developed grade ≥2+ aortic regurgitation, emphasizing the importance of 5 to 10 years of follow-up to learn the long-term durability of AVS versus AVR root replacement in patients with MFS.
Photoperiod-peptide interactions in the energy intake of Siberian hamsters☆

Abstract Siberian hamsters ( Phodopus sungorous sungorous ) decrease their food intake when exposed to short (“winter-like”) photoperiods. The cause of this naturally-occurring hypophagia is unknown, but it may be due to a heightened sensitivity to the factors that normally terminate food intake in long photoperiods, such as the putative satiety peptides. The purpose of the present investigation was to test whether there would be an enhanced sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of some of these peptides on food intake in short relative to long days. Ad lib-fed, adult female Siberian hamsters were housed in a long photoperiod (LD 14:10) and injected with bombesin, glucagon, cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) and calcitonin (CT). Food intake was monitored 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hr post-injection. Bombesin and glucagon had no effect on food intake in long day-housed hamsters. CCK-8 and CT inhibited food intake; however, CCK-8 did so without any apparent behavioral disruption, while CT produced a marked and prolonged depression of behavior. After 10 weeks of exposure to a short photoperiod (LD 8:16) the hamsters were tested again. The previously ineffective dose of bombesin greatly inhibited food intake following short photoperiod exposure. In addition, an increased inhibition of food intake by CCK-8 was also found. In contrast, glucagon did not decrease food intake and CT still produced its non-specific, behaviorally disruptive effects. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that the effectiveness of a putative satiety peptide can be dependent upon a change in the photoperiod. This heightened responsiveness of short photoperiod-exposed Siberian hamsters to the inhibitory effects of bombesin and cholecystokinin may account for the reduction in food intake that accompanies short day exposure in this species.
The aging behavior of orthorhombic marten site in Ti-6-2-4-6

In Ti-6-2-4-6 alloys, beta transforms to orthorhombic martensite when quenched from a temperature of 1188 or above, X-ray analysis showed that aging at 773 or 873 gradually reduces the degree of orthorhombicity until a hexagonal structure equivalent to alpha, but having the morphological characteristics of the prior martensite, is produced. The orthorhombicity is reduced by solute rejection to beta which forms as particles both homogeneously and heterogeneously within the martensitic structure. The structure at maximum hardness is a fine distribution of Burger’s oriented beta particles in a matrix of martensite of greatly reduced orthorhombicity. Overaging appears to occur as a result of coarsening of the homogeneous beta particles. It is shown that aging at temperatures from 873 to 1083 K results in growth of one particular varient of the beta which is located at the interface between twin related regions composing a martensite lath. This beta along with similarly oriented beta at lath interfaces forms a continuous beta matrix by a gradual growth process. It is shown that this matrix has the identical orientation and shape of the original beta grain prior to quenching. A mechanism is proposed to account for this “memory effect”.
General solutions to the 2D Liouville equation

This paper presents the most general solutions to the two dimensional elliptic and hyperbolic Liouville equations using elementary techniques. It is demonstrated how previously known general solutions are special cases of these most general solutions.
Investigations of a manganese-containing mimic of superoxide dismutase in riboflavin phototoxicity in human cells in vitro

The activity and specificity of a manganese-containing low molecular weight mimic of superoxide dismutase (manganese desferioxamine (Mndf)) were investigated in riboflavin (Rf) photosensitization in solution and cell culture. In addition to the very high superoxide dismutase-like activity of Mndf at micromolar concentrations, photochemical studies in solution indicated that it could quench excited singlet and triplet states at millimolar concentrations. Human erythrocytes, human lymphocytes and a human bladder carcinoma cell line were used to evaluate the potential of Mndf for in vivo use. The efficacy and toxicity of Mndf in the protection against Rf photoxicity varied between the different cell types.
Assessment of lung-cancer mortality reduction from CT Screening

Abstract Background CT screening has been shown to increase lung cancer curability and we now assess the corresponding reduction in lung cancer mortality. Methods Lung-cancer mortality in a cohort of 7995 smokers who underwent CT screening for lung cancer in New York State (NYS) was compared with two unscreened cohorts (CPS-II and CARET). The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of observed to expected lung cancer deaths for NYS was jointly adjusted for age, sex, and smoking history. As more current NYS smokers might have quit as a result of the screening, thus reducing deaths from lung cancer, another analysis was restricted to those participants smoking at entry and still smoking 6 years later. Results The SMR was 64/99.8=0.64 ( P =0.84×10 −4 ) and 28/77.6=0.36 ( P =0.83×10 −10 ), showing a significant reduction in deaths from lung cancer of 36% and 64% for CPS-II and CARET, respectively. Considering participants who were smoking at entry and still smoking 6 years later, the SMR using CPS-II rates was 29/49.1=0.59 ( P =0.001) and using CARET rates it was 21/57.4=0.37 ( P =0.31×10 −7 ). Conclusions CT screening significantly reduces lung-cancer mortality.
Recent advances in the medical management of early HIV disease

The management of patients who have HIV disease, particularly those in early, asymptomatic disease stages, has recently improved. Clinical trials with zidovudine have demonstrated efficacy and greatly reduced toxicity when the drug is used for asymptomatic HIV-infected persons who have fewer than 500 CD4+ cells/mm3. Also, the optimum dose of zidovudine is lower than previously believed, probably in the range of 300–500 mg daily in oral divided doses. The use of antibiotics to prevent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is also of clear value for HIV-infected asymptomatic or symptomatic persons with fewer than 200 CD4+ cells/mm3. While aerosolized pentamidine is the only regimen approved for PCP prophylaxis, oral drugs, such as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or dapsone, also appear effective. Together, these and similar advances argue for the widespread use of voluntary HIV testing to enable optimum medical monitoring and appropriate intervention. These issues and recommendations for laboratory and clinical monitoring are provided in this review.
Shape-preserving univariate cubic and higher-degree L1 splines with function-value-based and multistep minimization principles

We investigate univariate C^2 quintic L"1 splines and C^3 seventh-degree L"1 splines and revisit C^1 cubic L"1 splines. We first investigate these L"1 splines when they are calculated by minimizing integrals of absolute values of expressions involving various levels of derivatives from zeroth derivatives (function values) to fourth derivatives and compare these L"1 splines with conventional ''L"2 splines'' calculated by minimizing analogous integrals involving squares of such expressions. The L"2 splines do not preserve the shape of irregular data well. The quintic and seventh-degree L"1 splines also do not preserve shape well, although they do so better than quintic and seventh-degree L"2 splines. Consistent with previously known results, the cubic L"1 splines do preserve shape well. For both L"1 and L"2 splines, the lower the level of the derivative in the minimization principle, the better the shape preservation is. Function-value-based cubic L"1 splines preserve shape well for all situations tested except the one in which an ''S-curve'' occurs when a flatter representation might be expected. A multi-step procedure for calculating the coefficients of quintic and seventh-degree L"1 splines is proposed. As a basis for this procedure, the function-value-based cubic L"1 spline is calculated. The quintic L"1 spline is calculated by fixing the first derivatives at the nodes to be those of the cubic L"1 spline and calculating the second derivatives at the nodes by minimizing a second-derivative-based quintic L"1 spline functional. The seventh-degree L"1 spline is calculated by fixing the first and second derivatives at the nodes to be those of the quintic L"1 spline and calculating the third derivatives at the nodes by minimizing a second-derivative-based seventh-degree L"1 spline functional. Computational results indicate that C^2 quintic L"1 splines and C^3 seventh-degree L"1 splines calculated in this manner preserve shape well for all situations tested except one in which an ''S-curve'' occurs when a flatter representation might be expected. To ensure that the parameters of cubic and higher-degree L"1 splines depend continuously on the positions of the data, weights that depend on the local interval length need to be used in the integrals in the minimization principles of these splines.
Comparison of radiometric and chemical detection sensitivities for heterodyne and direct detection DIAL

A high repetition rate, wavelength agile CO 2 laser has been developed at the Air Force Research Laboratory for use as a local oscillator in a heterodyne detection receiver. Rapid wavelength selection is required for measurements of airborne chemical vapors using the differential absorption lidar (DIAL) technique. Acousto-optic modulators are used in the local oscillator to tune between different wavelengths at high speeds (greater than 100 Hz) without the need for moving mechanical parts. Other advantages obtained by the use of acousto-optic modulators are laser output power control per wavelength and rugged packaging for field applications. A series of experiments to simultaneously characterize the radiometric and chemical detection sensitivities of heterodyne and direct detection DIAL systems is being performed at Kirtland AFB, NM, and will be described. The wavelength agile local oscillator (WALO) has been incorporated into a heterodyne receiver, with the Laser Airborne Remote Sensing (LARS) system providing the laser transmitter and direct detection receiver. The experiment series is studying radiometric issues, spread spectrum operation, the effects of target-induced speckle, and the influence of atmospheric turbulence for both detection mechanisms. Measurements are being performed over a horizontal path at standoff ranges of 4 to 15 km, using both natural and man-made targets. Comparisons of the heterodyne and direct detection radiometric and chemometric results will be presented, and contrasted with predictions from simulations and models. The results will also be discussed in terms of the implications for fielding operational DIAL systems.
Update on dietary supplements in NHANES

Abstract The National Center for Health Statistics periodically conducts the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey or NHANES to assess the health and nutritional status of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Beginning in 1999 this survey became continuous. Interviewers collect detailed information about use of dietary supplements during the household interview. Unlike in the past, the current survey does not limit the types of supplements respondents can report. Dietary supplements include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, oils, botanicals, enzymes, metabolites, and extracts, to name a few. This paper briefly reviews the types of dietary-supplement information collected during the household interview and staff efforts to build a dietary supplements concentration database, called DUMPS, based on the products reported in the survey. Plans are being made to update the supplement names and concentration information each year the product is reported.
Catabolism of thymidine during the lymphocyte cell cycle

Abstract Concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes degrade thymidine to β-aminoisobutyric acid. Thymidine-catabolizing enzymes are active in the cells during G1, G2 and mitosis, but activity falls to very low levels just prior to the onset of S and remains low throughout the S period. The data suggest that cell pools of thymidine are regulated by degradation.
PatPho: A phonological pattern generator for neural networks

Much of the power of neural network modeling for language use and acquisition derives from a reliance on statistical regularities implicit in the phonological properties of words. Researchers have devised several methods for representing the phonology of words, but these methods are often either unable to represent realistically sized lexicons or inadequate in the ways they represent individual words. In this paper, we present a new phonological pattern generator (PatPho) that allows connectionist modelers to derive accurate phonological representations of the English lexicon. PatPho not only generates phonological patterns that can scale up to realistically sized lexicons, but also accurately and parsimoniously captures the similarity structures of the phonology of monosyllabic and multisyllabic words.
Using organization theory to understand the determinants of effective implementation of worksite health promotion programs

The field of worksite health promotion has moved toward the development and testing of comprehensive programs that target health behaviors with interventions operating at multiple levels of influence. Yet, observational and process evaluation studies indicate that such programs are challenging for worksites to implement effectively. Research has identified several organizational factors that promote or inhibit effective implementation of comprehensive worksite health promotion programs. However, no integrated theory of implementation has emerged from this research. This article describes a theory of the organizational determinants of effective implementation of comprehensive worksite health promotion programs. The model is adapted from theory and research on the implementation of complex innovations in manufacturing, education and health care settings. The article uses the Working Well Trial to illustrate the model's theoretical constructs. Although the article focuses on comprehensive worksite health promotion programs, the conceptual model may also apply to other types of complex health promotion programs. An organization-level theory of the determinants of effective implementation of worksite health promotion programs.
Histopathology of amino acid deficiencies. II. Threonine.

SummaryYoung male rats fed a “synthetic” diet, complete in every respect except for the total lack of threonine, showed marked loss in weight, interruption of somatic growth, atrophy of the testes and accessory structures and alterations in the chromophilic cells of the anterior pituitary. The deficiency effects were reversed by adding the missing amino acid to the diet.
On the complexity and approximation of binary evidence in lifted inference

Lifted inference algorithms exploit symmetries in probabilistic models to speed up inference. They show impressive performance when calculating unconditional probabilities in relational models, but often resort to non-lifted inference when computing conditional probabilities, because the evidence breaks many of the model's symmetries. Recent theoretical results paint a grim picture, showing that conditioning on binary relations is #P-hard, and in the worst case, no lifting can be expected. In this paper, we identify Boolean rank of the evidence as a key parameter in the complexity of conditioning. We contrast the hardness result by showing that conditioning on binary evidence with bounded Boolean rank is efficient. This opens up the possibility of approximating evidence by a low-rank Boolean matrix factorization that maintains the model's symmetries and admits efficient lifted inference.
FUNCTION-RELATED PLASTICITY IN HYPOTHALAMUS

▪ Abstract Physiological activation of the magnocellular hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system induces a coordinated astrocytic withdrawal from between the magnocellular somata and the parallel-projecting dendrites of the supraoptic nucleus. Neural lobe astrocytes release engulfed axons and retract from their usual positions along the basal lamina. Occurring on a minutes-to-hours time scale, these changes are accompanied by increased direct apposition of both somatic and dendritic membrane, the formation of dendritic bundles, the appearance of novel multiple synapses in both the somatic and dendritic zones, and increased neural occupation of the perivascular basal lamina. Reversal, albeit with varying time courses, is achieved by removing the activating stimuli. Additionally, activation results in interneuronal coupling increases that are capable of being modulated synaptically via second messenger–dependent mechanisms. These changes appear to play important roles in control and coordination of oxytocin and...
Analyzing bearing faults in wind turbines: A data-mining approach

Bearings are an essential part of turbine generators and gearboxes. Dynamic and unpredictable stress causes the bearings to wear prematurely, leading to increased turbine maintenance costs, and could lead to sudden, expensive turbine breakdowns. Over temperature impacts the performance of turbine bearings. In this paper, data mining is applied to identify bearing faults in wind turbines. Historical wind turbine data are analyzed to develop prediction models for bearing faults. Such models are generated by neural network algorithms, using data from 24 turbines collected over a period of four months. Models predicting normal behavior are constructed. The performance of the models is validated on different wind turbines with over 97% accuracy. The model error residuals are analyzed using moving average windows to predict the occurrence of over-temperature events. Five over-temperature events are analyzed. The research reported in this paper has led to the prediction of faults 1.5 h before their occurrence.
Suppression of Estrogen Receptor-mediated Transcription and Cell Growth by Interaction with TR2 Orphan Receptor *

The transcriptional activity of the estrogen receptor (ER) is known to be highly modulated by the character and amount of coregulator proteins present in the cells. TR2 orphan receptor (TR2), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily without identified ligands, is found to be expressed in the breast cancer cell lines and to function as a repressor to suppress ER-mediated transcriptional activity. Utilizing an interaction blocker, ER-6 (amino acids 312–340), responsible for TR2 interaction, the suppression of ER by TR2 could be reversed, suggesting that this suppression is conferred by the direct protein-protein interaction. Administration of antisense TR2, resulting in an enhancement of ER transcriptional activity in MCF7 cells, indicates that endogenous TR2 normally suppresses ER-mediated signaling. To gain insights into the molecular mechanism by which TR2 suppresses ER, we found that TR2 could interrupt ER DNA binding via formation of an ER-TR2 heterodimer that disrupted the ER homodimerization. The suppression of ER transcription by TR2 consequently caused the inhibition of estrogen-induced cell growth and G1/S transition in estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells. Taken together in addition to the potential roles in spermatogenesis and neurogenesis, our data provide a novel biological function of TR2 that may exert an important repressor in regulating ER activity in mammary glands.
TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF FITNESS AND SURVIVAL IN THE WOOD THRUSH

Data from a 22-yr study of individually marked Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) in a Delaware forest fragment were analyzed to determine temporal and demographic patterns of nesting success, recruitment of local young into the population (fitness), and adult return rates (survival). Clutch size, number of eggs incubated, and number of eggs hatched were greater in early nests than in late nests. Although no difference existed in the average number of fledglings produced from early and late nests, fledglings from early nests were more likely to be recruited as breeders in the local population. Pairs of yearling (SY) birds produced equal numbers of recruits per nest from early and late nests, whereas pairs of older (≥2-yr-old, ASY) birds produced more recruits from early nests. The probability of fledging at least one young tended to be greater for late nests, and the percentage of eggs that eventually fledged was also greater for late nests. All nests were most likely to fail in the laying stage than du...
Database design in the modern organization: identifying robust structures under changing query patterns and arrival rate conditions

We summarize the problem tackled here in the following way: Given a modern database application environment, how can we identify and select the database structure that provides robust performance across changing query patterns and arrival rate conditions? We demonstrate the importance of investigating the underlying relationships and then utilize this information in formulating robust structures. Our work is pre-theory in the philosophy of science sense. That is, the careful identification and observation of relationships will subsequently be utilized in formulating a testable theory of the development of robust database structures under dynamic query patterns and arrival rates. Our first step in providing a database design or "structure selection" method is to determine potential good performers among different database structures. These potential good performers are selected and analyzed across arrays of query patterns. The next step is to identify database structures that are robust structures, that is good performers across the different types of query patterns and arrival rate levels. The presentation includes illustrations of the determination of actual query pattern processing times and the use of these times within a queuing analysis. In fact, for the database layout analyzed, application of our methods demonstrates the existence of such robust database structures.
A piezoelectrically driven ion diode neutron source for active interrogation

Research and development are being conducted into the production of neutrons from a piezoelectric transformer power source. The neutrons generated by the piezoelectric transformer (PT) may eventually be used for portable active interrogation technologies or gas and oil well diagnostics. The University of Missouri program ties together several independent areas of focus, including ion source development, PT characterization and optimization, and PT-compatible high voltage diagnostics. The neutron source was based on the well known D-D collision interaction, during which free energy and a neutron are released. An ion source is under development that optimizes ion emission current through structural changes in the emission surface characteristics. A PT-based accelerator is under development to evaluate ion beam characteristics and circuit dynamics under resonant operating conditions. A suite of diagnostics are under development to directly and indirectly measure circuit parameters including voltage and current, as well as parameters accessible using optical techniques.
On the Lengths of Factorizations of Elements in an Algebraic Number Ring

Abstract Let D be an integral domain in which each nonzero nonunit can be written as a finite product of irreducible elements from D (such a domain is called atomic). For any positive integer n , let V ( n ) be the set of all integers m for which there exists irreducible elements α 1 , ..., α n , β 1 , ..., β m of D such that α 1 · · · α n = β 1 · · · β m . We then set Φ(n) = | V (n)| . In this paper, we consider this function and its asymptotic behavior for a large class of Dedekind domains including rings of integers of algebraic number fields). In particular we prove the following. THEOREM. Let D be a Dedekind domain with finite class group G such that every ideal class contains at least one prime ideal ; let D ( G ) be the Davenport constant of G ( see [4]), then ,[formula].
Hybrid architectural dynamic thermal management

When an application or external environmental conditions cause a chip's cooling capacity to be exceeded, dynamic thermal management (DTM) dynamically reduces the power density on the chip to maintain safe operating temperatures. The challenge is that even though this reduction in power density reduces heat dissipation and can be used to regulate temperature and reduce the need for expensive thermal packages, reducing power density may come at a cost in execution speed. This paper shows the importance of processor-architecture techniques for DTM, and proposes a new, "hybrid," low-overhead implementation based on combining fetch gating and dynamic voltage scaling (DVS). When thermal stress is low, fetch gating is superior because it exploits instruction-level parallelism (ILP). Once thermal stress becomes severe enough that fetch gating degrades ILP, DVS is engaged instead to take advantage of its greater ability to reduce power density. We show that under a variety of assumptions about DVS implementation, a hybrid policy reduces DTM performance overhead by 25% on average compared to DVS, and is easy to design.
Advances in Magnetic Resonance Neuroimaging

Interest in advanced neuroimaging is growing and is certain to continue; new and faster sequences, better image quality, higher magnetic fields, and improved models of diffusion, perfusion, and functional connectivity are in constant development. The purpose of this article is to highlight recent advances in neuroimaging from two aspects: (1) those advances directly benefited by increases in field strength (increased T1, signal-to-noise ratio, magnetic susceptibility-sensitivity, and chemical shift) and how the increased signal-to-noise ratio can be used to trade off for other advantages and (2) those advances made in response to attempts to try to reduce the inherent artifacts encountered at higher field strengths (eg, reducing specific radiofrequency absorption in tissue and magnetic susceptibility).
Tumor size is associated with malignant potential in renal cell carcinoma cases.

Purpose: We evaluated our experience with renal cortical tumors to determine whether tumor size is associated with malignant histology and/or nuclear grade.Materials and Methods: We identified 2,675 patients treated surgically at our institution for renal cell carcinoma or a benign tumor between 1989 and 2007. Histological subtype and tumor size were obtained from our kidney cancer database and logistic regression analysis was performed.Results: Of the 2,675 tumors 311 (12%) were benign and 2,364 (88%) were renal cell carcinoma. The OR for the association of malignancy with tumor size was 1.16 (95% CI 1.11–1.22, p <0.001), indicating that each 1 cm increase in tumor size was associated with a 16% increase in the odds of malignancy. The incidence of benign tumors decreased from 38% for tumors less than 1 cm to 7% for tumors 7 cm or greater. In patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma each 1 cm increase in tumor size increased the odds of high grade disease (Fuhrman grade 3–4) compared with low grade d...
Edge Effects on Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnakes Basking in Managed Habitat

Abstract Extensive vegetation growth has decreased potential basking sites for an endangered population of Sistrurus catenatus (Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake [EMR]), and habitat management is needed to restore these sites. Practices that decrease canopy cover can unintentionally impact snakes by increasing exposure, thereby raising predation rates. Basking behavior of slow-moving EMRs often involves remaining cryptic or retreating to avoid detection. We observed several aspects of EMR basking behavior—location, exposure, and defensiveness—relative to distance from habitat edge within 100-m2 square plots of cut shrubs to determine whether the habitat alterations modified EMRs use of the landscape as it related to predator avoidance. EMRs basked throughout the entirety of plots and did not vary their level of exposure or defensiveness based on their distance from the edge of plots. Our results suggest that shrub-cutting in up to 10 m × 10 m areas does not alter predator-avoidance behavior in EMRs.