cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Melodrama and the Penitent Woman Tableau in Victorian Culture: From Tennyson to Conrad

This essay investigates an important stock scene of female peril and suffering from Victorian melodrama that I am calling the penitent woman tableau. I argue that this highly iconographic staged moment, where a sexually fallen daughter, fiancee, or wife sinks to her knees in remorse at the sight of the father, lover, or husband she has betrayed, derives its emotional energy and cultural force less from its representation of feminine terror and more from its equivocal portrayal of masculine authority. The penitent woman tableau spotlights a tense moment where violence against a woman could occur but doesn’t; it is a performance of masculine power where the man’s physical force is implicitly available but never literalized. Both visual artists and writers of the Victorian period were drawn to this scene, which I believe fascinated audiences because it spotlights the difficulty of representing masculine mastery in a society increasingly skeptical of physical force as a desirable means of domestic discipline. By examining the penitent woman tableau across several Victorian media and literary genres, including painting, poetry by Alfred Tennyson, and fiction by Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, and Joseph Conrad, I not only attempt to enrich our understanding of the unstable nature of masculine authority within the middle-class mid-Victorian family but also to illuminate the ways in which melodramatic conventions were crucial to the exploration of this urgent social question. Melodrama, often thought of as both feminine and conservative, offers a surprisingly complex depiction of masculinity within the penitent woman tableau.
Ultraviolet Passively Q-Switched Microlasers in Triggered Operation for Detection of Bioaerosols

A passively Q-switched microlaser at 266nm is operated in triggered mode: For repetition rates randomly varying between 10Hz and 1kHz, the output performances (pulse energy and build-up time) exhibit remarkably small variations.
Fast Neutron Energy Spectra in Graphite-Moderated Reactors

As an aid to the interpretation of radiation damage phenomena, calculations are made of the energy spectrum of the fast neutrons in graphite- moderated reactor systems. A detailed study of the effect of scattering symmetry on the slowing down of neutrons from monoenergetic sources in homogeneous systems shows the importance of including a reasonably accurate representation of the scattering symmetry in estimates of fast neutron spectra. The neutron collision density snd the flux density are computed for fission neutrons slowing down in an infinite, homogeneous graphite reactor. The effects of source heterogeneity are examined by applying age theoretical methods to the ORNL Graphite Reactor. The results of the calculations are in agreement with the limited amount of experimental data available. (auth)
Optical Properties of Controllable Self-Assembled Lateral Nanostructures on InN, InAlN, and AlN Thin Films

Utilizing plasma source molecular beam epitaxy (PSMBE), we have grown epitaxial InxAl1-xN films on (0001) sapphire substrates; the indium concentration, x, varied from 0 to 1. The atomic force microscopy of the films reveals characteristic surface patterns of nanometer scale. The feature size distribution is determined by the film composition and thickness. Both absorption and reflection spectra of the films have additional peaks below the fundamental absorption threshold. These peaks cannot be associated with N vacancies or any other known crystal defects and impurities. We attribute the peaks to electron confinement in the hillocks of the lateral structure by the strong electric field of piezoelectric and spontaneous polarization that is characteristic to nitride semiconductor compounds. The calculated values of the electron energy levels are in good agreement with the spectroscopic data; moreover, the electron confinement model explains the observed temperature dependence of the additional peaks. The hillock size control will allow one to control the optical and transport properties of the films.
Management of the child with nasal allergy.

A correct anatomic and etiologic diagnosis should be made before therapy is begun in children with allergic rhinitis. A proper investigation includes a carefully taken history and well-chosen skin tests.Management is planned according to the individual case. Symptomatic treatment often is necessary until environmental control has been established. Hyposensitization should be reserved until found necessary. Only when other measures are not successful should antihistamines be used on a long-term basis.Both the patient and his parents should be educated in the underlying principles of management.
Examining the Impact of Brand Transgressions on Consumers' Perceptions of Celebrity Endorsers

Prior research has extensively explored the impact of celebrities' transgressions on the brands that they endorse. However, little research exists examining the impact of brand transgressions on consumers' perceptions of the celebrities that endorse these products. This research addresses this oversight and finds that transgressions committed by a brand negatively impact consumers' attitudes toward the endorsing celebrity. Moreover, we find this effect is sequentially mediated by perceptions of responsibility and moral reputation. Finally, we identify two response strategies that a celebrity can employ to mitigate the negative effects of the brand's transgression on the celebrity's reputation. However, the effectiveness of these strategies may be dependent upon perceptions of endorser expertise.
Determination of maleic acid( anhydride) in starch by ion chromatography

Objective To develop a new method for the determination of maleic acid( anhydride) in starch based on ion chromatography. Methods Starch was dissolved in water,then centrifuged at 3000 r / min for 30 minutes. Then the solution was filtered through a 0. 22 μm syringe membrane filter and On-Guard RP cleanup column for injection analysis. Mixture of 4. 5 mmol / L sodium carbonate and 1. 4 mmol / L sodium bicarbonate was selected as the elution,IonPac AS22( 250 × 4 mm) as anion analytical column and IonPac AG22 as guard column( 50 × 4 mm) were employed for separation. The sample injection volume was set at 25μl for detection of maleic acid content by ion chromatography at the flow rate of 1. 0 ml / min. Results The calibration curve of maleic acid was linear in the range of 0. 05 mg / L ~ 100 mg / L( r = 0. 9999). The recovery was between 91% ~ 95% with maleic acid level at 10 mg / kg,100 mg / kg and 500 mg / kg. When S / N was 3 and 10,the detection limit was 0. 83 mg / kg,the quantitation limit was 2. 8 mg / kg. Conclusion Ion chromatography method can accurately and quickly determine the content of maleic acid in starch with the advantages of high sensitivity,easy operation and good repeatability.
Diversity, phylogenetic relationships and host associations of Calliobothrium and Symcallio (Cestoda : ‘Tetraphyllidea’) parasitising triakid sharks

The laciniate, relatively large-bodied tetraphyllidean tapeworm genus Calliobothrium van Beneden, 1850 parasitises triakid sharks with all but one species found parasitising sharks of the genus Mustelus Linck, 1790. Historically, species of this genus were thought to exhibit a relaxed degree of host specificity relative to species of their sister genus Symcallio Bernot, Caira, & Pickering, 2015. However, several more recent studies have begun to question this difference and, in particular, the conspecificity of specimens identified as the types species, C. verticillatum (Rudolphi, 1819) van Beneden, 1850, from multiple host species. Our results suggest that diversity in the genus Calliobothrium has been under-reported. To explore this situation, specimens previously identified as C. verticillatum were collected from Mustelus asterias Cloquet, 1819 off the United Kingdom and Mustelus canis (Mitchell, 1815) off Connecticut, USA; these sharks each were found to host distinct species both of which are described here. Mustelus asterias was also confirmed to host Symcallio leuckarti (van Beneden, 1850) Bernot, Caira & Pickering, 2015, which is redescribed. In combination with newly collected material from Mustelus palumbes Smith, 1957 off South Africa and data available from GenBank, molecular phylogenetic analyses based on 28S rDNA data for four of the seven known species of Calliobothrium, including both new species and five of the 11 known species of Symcallio, were conducted. The resulting phylogeny supports the mutual monophyly of the two genera, which are readily distinguished based on whether they exhibit proglottid laciniations, and supports subclades of Symcallio with and without hook accessory pieces. These subclades of Symcallio appear to exhibit an intriguing congruence with two known subclades of their host genus, Mustelus.
Social Graph Publishing with Privacy Guarantees

Online social network graphs provide useful insights on various social phenomena such as information dissemination and epidemiology. Unfortunately, social network providers often refuse to publish their social network graphs due to privacy concerns. Recently, differential privacy has become the widely accepted criteria for privacy preserving data publishing because it provides strongest privacy guarantees for publishing sensitive datasets. Although some work has been done on publishing matrices with differential privacy, they are computationally unpractical as they are not designed to handle large matrices such as the adjacency matrices of OSN graphs. In this paper, we propose a random matrix approach to OSN graph publishing, which achieves storage and computational efficiency by reducing the dimensions of adjacency matrices and achieves differential privacy by adding a small amount of noise. Our key idea is to first project each row of an adjacency matrix into a low dimensional space using random projection, and then perturb the projected matrix with random noise, and finally publish the perturbed and projected matrix. In this paper, we first prove that random projection plus random perturbation preserve differential privacy, and also that the random noise required to achieve differential privacy is small. We then validate the proposed approach and evaluate the utility of the published data for two different applications, namely node clustering and node ranking, using publicly available OSN graphs of Facebook, Live Journal, and Pokec.
Bulldozers or Ships—What’s the Difference?

This paper explains Caterpillar's approach to maintaining leadership position in designing and manufacturing fabricated structures, and highlights some of the technologies that are used to make welded steel components. Caterpillar's customers continue to look for maximum value from our machines and, to meet their increasing expectations, investment in new technology is a necessity. To build lightweight, high quality, long life structural components, Caterpillar uses state-of-the-art design tools, process simulation technologies and the latest manufacturing processes. It is the authors' perception that there are many synergisms between ship construction and the manufacture of earthmoving equipment. This paper debates networking between the two industries for cross-industry technology development and knowledge transfer. This can potentially improve the competitiveness of the United States in the ever-increasing global marketplace.
A targeted RNAi screen identifies factors affecting diverse stages of receptor-mediated transcytosis

Endosome transport by transcytosis is the primary mechanism by which proteins and other large cargo traverse epithelial barriers in normal tissue. Transcytosis is also essential for establishing and maintaining membrane polarity in epithelia and other polarized cells. To identify novel components of this pathway, we conducted a high-throughput RNA interference screen for factors necessary for the bidirectional transcytosis of IgG by the Fcγ receptor FcRn. This screen identified 23 genes whose suppression resulted in a reproducible decrease in FcRn-mediated transcytosis. Pulse-chase kinetic transport assays on four of the top-ranking genes (EXOC2, EXOC7, PARD6B, and LEPROT) revealed distinct effects on the apical and basolateral recycling and transcytotic pathways, demonstrating that these pathways are genetically separable. We also found a strong dependence on PARD6B for apical, but not basolateral, recycling, implicating this cell polarity gene in assembly or maintenance of the apical endosomal system. This dataset yields insights into how vesicular transport is adapted to the specialized functions of differentiated cell types and opens new research avenues into epithelial trafficking.
Mechanical model of orthopaedic drilling for augmented-haptics-based training.

Abstract In this study, augmented-haptic feedback is used to combine a physical object with virtual elements in order to simulate anatomic variability in bone. This requires generating levels of force/torque consistent with clinical bone drilling, which exceed the capabilities of commercially available haptic devices. Accurate total force generation is facilitated by a predictive model of axial force during simulated orthopaedic drilling. This model is informed by kinematic data collected while drilling into synthetic bone samples using an instrumented linkage attached to the orthopaedic drill. Axial force is measured using a force sensor incorporated into the bone fixture. A nonlinear function, relating force to axial position and velocity, was used to fit the data. The normalized root-mean-square error (RMSE) of forces predicted by the model compared to those measured experimentally was 0.11 N across various bones with significant differences in geometry and density. This suggests that a predictive model can be used to capture relevant variations in the thickness and hardness of cortical and cancellous bone. The practical performance of this approach is measured using the Phantom Premium haptic device, with some required customizations.
Indexing the Human-Nature Relationship in Cities

Since the globalization of the world’s economy, there has been a surge in studies ranking international cities by quantitative indices. This paper examines various city indices and identifies the transition from an economy-centric approach towards a sustainability-oriented approach through the lens of those contributing variables used in different indices. The paper then introduces a new Biophilic City Index as a way to examine the human-nature relationship, i.e. biophilia, in cities. It is structured at three different levels: from nature service to ecological integrity to human-nature interaction. This index enriches existing city indices and encourages city planners and policy-makers to make cities more biophilic.
Rapid root responses of seedlings exposed to a postdrought water pulse

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Mediterranean-type climate ecosystems experience significant variability in precipitation within and across years and may be characterized by periods of extreme drought followed by a brief, high-intensity precipitation pulse. Rapid root growth could be a key factor in effective utilization of precipitation pulses, leading to higher rates of seedling establishment. Changes in root growth rate are rarely studied, however, and patterns in seedling root traits are not well explored. We investigated the influence of an extreme postdrought precipitation event on seedlings that occur in southern California coastal sage scrub. METHODS We measured root elongation rate, root tip appearance rate, new leaf appearance rate, and canopy growth rate on 18 mediterranean species from three growth forms. KEY RESULTS Root elongation rate responded more strongly to the precipitation pulse than did root tip appearance rate and either metric of aboveground growth. The majority of species exhibited a significant change in root growth rate within 1 week of the pulse. Responses varied in rapidity and magnitude across species, however, and were not generally predictable based on growth form. CONCLUSIONS While the majority of species exhibited shifts in belowground growth following the pulse, the direction and magnitude of these morphological responses were highly variable within growth form. Understanding the implications of these different response strategies for plant fitness is a crucial next step to forecasting community dynamics within ecosystems characterized by resource pulses.
Superior Hypertension Management in Pediatric Kidney Transplant Patients After Native Nephrectomy.

BACKGROUND Native nephrectomy in pediatric kidney transplant recipients is performed for multiple indications. Posttransplant hypertension requiring medical management is common, and the effect of native nephrectomy on posttransplant hypertension is poorly studied. Our aim is to evaluate the impact of native nephrectomy on posttransplant hypertension. METHODS One hundred thirty-six consecutive pediatric kidney transplant recipients from 2007 to 2012 were studied at a single institution and divided into 2 groups: no nephrectomy and native nephrectomy (unilateral and bilateral nephrectomy). Antihypertensive medication use was evaluated before nephrectomy/transplant, at discharge from transplant and at 1, 3, and 5 years posttransplant. RESULTS In a bivariate analysis, nephrectomy was associated with a significant reduction in the percentage of patients requiring antihypertensive medication at the time of discharge (27.3%) and 1 year posttransplant (10.7%) as compared with patients without nephrectomy (71.7%, and 50%, respectively, P < 0.05). This trend toward reduction in antihypertensive medication in the nephrectomy group as compared with the no nephrectomy group persisted at 3 (18.6% versus 43.2%) and 5 years (19.7% versus 37.5%) posttransplant. Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated that patients without native nephrectomy had higher odds of requiring antihypertensive medication at the time of discharge (3.3) and 1 year (5.2) as compared with patients who underwent native nephrectomy (P = 0.036 and P = 0.013, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Native nephrectomy reduces the odds of needing antihypertensive medication after transplant. The impact of native nephrectomy is crucial to the comprehensive management of pediatric transplant recipients where medication compliance is challenging and lifelong hypertension is known to negatively impact cardiovascular health.
Solution-printable fullerene/TiS2 organic/inorganic hybrids for high-performance flexible n-type thermoelectrics

Solution-printable and flexible thermoelectric materials have attracted great attention because of their scalable processability and great potential for powering flexible electronics, but it is challenging to integrate mechanical flexibility, solution-printability and outstanding thermoelectric properties together. In particular, such an n-type thermoelectric material is highly sought after. In this paper, 2D TiS2 nanosheets were exfoliated from layered polycrystalline powders, and then assembled with C60 nanoparticles, resulting in a new class of flexible n-type thermoelectric materials via a concurrent enhancement in the power factor and a reduction in thermal conductivity. The resultant C60/TiS2 hybrid films show a ZT ∼ 0.3 at 400 K, far superior to the state-of-the-art solution-printable and flexible n-type thermoelectric materials. In particular, such a thermoelectric property rivals that of single-crystal TiS2-based thermoelectric materials, which are expensive, difficult to synthesize, and unsuitable for solution printing. A solution of the C60/TiS2 hybrid was also used as an ink for printing large-area flexible and spatial thermoelectric devices. An outstanding output power of 1.68 W m−2 was generated at a temperature gradient of 20 K. This work paves the way for flexible, solution-printable, high-performance thermoelectric materials for flexible electronics.
Types of Special Infant Formulas Marketed in Korea and Their Indications

Infant formula is classified into standard cow's milk-based and special formulas. This review aimed at summarizing the types of special milk formulas currently sold in Korea, and the appropriate indications for the use of these formulas; lactose free formula, soy-based formula, protein hydrolysate formula, amino acid-based formula, preterm formula, medium chain triglyceride formula, low-phosphorus formula, protein-energy-enriched formula, and formulas for inborn errors of metabolism.
HOW TO TEACH PHYSIOLOGY TO ENGINEERS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents methods to teach physiology to engineers. The primary objective in the undergraduate education of biomedical engineers must be to train engineers. It is important to realize that the engineer's concern with the life sciences is from the point of view of applying methods and principles of his discipline, of his technology, to the systematic solution of biological and medical problems. The chapter presents a two-course sequence, three quarter hours each, that was developed to give the engineering students the basic knowledge in the health sciences, especially physiology, and that they need to pursue more advanced coursework in biomedical engineering and to function effectively in the field. The philosophy of the course is that engineering students can be taught by engineers whatever physiologic principles they need to know to understand the coursework that will train them to be biomedical engineers. The two-course sequence, “ An Engineering Analysis of Physiologic Systems I and II ,” introduces engineering juniors to the human body by treating that body as an engineering system or, more exactly, as a series of interrelated subsystems.
Buffered Probability of Exceedance (bPOE) Ratings for Synthetic Instruments

Credit Rating is an important characteristic of company in financial market. Investors determine the appropriate yields (required return) for the assets such as Bonds and CDO tranches, based on credit rating. Current methodology for measuring credit rating for synthetic instruments is based on probability of exceedance concept. The probability of exceedance has several drawbacks as a measure of risk. The most important is that it does not measure the magnitude of loss in the event of default. Therefore, financial instruments with very different exposures in the event of default may have the same rating. This paper illustrates, how the new measure called Buffered Probability of Exceedance (bPOE) can be used to calculate the credit ratings. The bPOE has exceptional qualitative and quantitative characteristics, compared to the probability of exceedance. bPOE is sensitive to the thickness of the tail of the loss distribution. Therefore, the exposure in the event of default impacts the ratings based on bPOE.
A Arqueologia Histórica da infância nos Estados Unidos

The United States is a relatively young nation, having been established less than 250 years ago, but in this brief time the country has undergone dramatic growth and significant transformation. Children always have been central in American culture, and historical and popular sources acknowledge the power and importance of children in families, communities, and the nation as well as their substantial role in influencing intergenerational change. Archaeological work focusing on children is becoming increasingly common and illustrates how children shaped and reflected values and ideals within families and the nation as a whole. Domestic sites, institutions for children, and mortuary studies are prominent areas of current work and future prospects in the archaeology of childhood in the United States.
Distribution of Bone Ongrowth in Metaphyseal Sleeves for Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrieval Analysis.

BACKGROUND The metaphyseal region of the bone has been recognized by its importance to the overall stability of a revision construct. Porous titanium metaphyseal sleeves to enhance biologic fixation can be used to manage bone loss encountered during revision total knee arthroplasty. While clinical results for metaphyseal sleeves are encouraging, there is little information on the extent to which biologic fixation is achievable with metaphyseal sleeves. We examined retrieved metaphyseal sleeves to determine the amount of bone ongrowth. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied 14 tibial and 11 femoral retrieved metaphyseal sleeves from 16 typical arthroplasty patients. Prerevision radiographs were reviewed for the presence of biologic fixation to the sleeves and the stem canal fill ratio. Bone ongrowth was assessed regionally in the anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral areas of the retrieved implants. RESULTS Bone ongrowth covered on average 14.7 ± 3.4% of the entire porous surface of the tibial sleeves. The lateral and anterior surfaces had a significantly greater proportion (P < .05) of bone ongrowth compared with the posterior and medial surfaces of the tibial components. Bone ongrowth covered on average 21.3 ± 2.6% of the entire porous surface of the femoral sleeves. No differences were found in the proportion of bone ongrowth among the posterior, medial, lateral, and anterior surfaces of the femoral. No significant association was found between the clinical, demographic, or radiographic factors and the pattern or quantity of bone ongrowth. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates that sufficient fixation can be achieved with only limited amounts of bone ongrowth (14.7% in tibial sleeves and 21.3% in femoral sleeves).
Social Comparison and Emotion across Social Networking Sites for Mothers

Contemporary mothers use social networking sites to seek information, compare themselves to other mothers, assess their performance, and express emotions. This content analysis explores and compare...
An Evaluation of an Unstructured and Structured Approach to Increasing Recess Physical Activity

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate an unstructured and a structured program designed to increase physical activity (PA). The unstructured program increased the amount of equipment during recess, whereas the structured program introduced activities to students. METHODS PA was observed using the System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth (SOPLAY) in two school districts in Colorado. Researchers recorded baseline and follow-up observations for sedentary activity, moderate PA, and vigorous PA, as well as for available equipment for the unstructured program. Observations from schools were aggregated for data analyses at the district level. RESULTS For the program increasing equipment, moderate PA and vigorous PA increased, while sedentary behavior decreased. For the structured program, moderate PA and vigorous PA did not increase, whereas sedentary behaviors increased following the program. CONCLUSIONS Other variables are likely influencing student PA during recess, such as teachers' interaction with students or the fidelity of the program. Results indicate that funding and implementing a program aimed at increasing PA will not necessarily accomplish that goal, and additional research should be performed to determine the best practice for increasing PA.
Surgical Techniques in Pediatric Appendectomy

Appendectomy for acute appendicitis remains among the top three most common procedures performed by pediatric surgeons. Over the years, surgical techniques in removing the appendix have advanced, and the scar left behind has become smaller in size. In this chapter, we will discuss the technical details and pros and cons of various approaches to pediatric appendectomy.
Stakeholders' Perceptions and Information Needs Regarding Research Medical Donation.

Abstract Context Research Medical Donation (RMD), which entails collecting human tissue within hours after death, benefits cancer research but data are limited regarding barriers institutions face accruing patients to RMD programs. Objectives The objective of this study was to generate stakeholder perspectives to best inform the complex RMD process, which includes communicating with patients and their proxies and procuring tissue in a timely manner, all the while respecting end-of-life care sensitivities. Methods We explored perceived core needs and challenges of RMD by engaging stakeholders (cancer clinicians, patients, and their caregivers) in eight teleconference focus groups. Breast, pancreatic, and lung cancer clinicians comprised two groups. Each cancer separately had two groups for patients and their caregivers combined. Qualitative analysis of focus group transcripts included identifying and reaching group consensus on transcript themes and establishing agreement on consensus templates to identify primary common and divergent themes. Results A total of 45 people (13 clinicians, 24 patients, eight caregivers) participated in the groups. The themes identified were as follows: 1) clinicians and patients had limited previous knowledge about RMD; 2) RMD was perceived to mainly benefit research; 3) logistical and privacy questions arose; 4) introducing RMD was deemed sensitive, with patient-specific timing; 5) rare and/or virulent cancers appeared associated with willingness to participate in RMD. Conclusion Patients, families, and cancer clinicians have generally low knowledge of RMD but, upon learning about it, deem it valuable for scientific advancement (particularly for rare and virulent cancers), necessary to be carried out with individualized sensitivity to end-of-life issues, and through training programs with involved clinical staff.
Is Endoscopic Remission in Ulcerative Colitis Still Good Enough

Histology is a treatment target for investigational agents. Histologic activity predicts relapses and increased risk of colorectal neoplasia. Recent studies demonstrated that the proportion of patients achieving histologic improvement is low. Research is needed before providers treat to histologic remission.
Supervised segmentation of 3D cultural heritage

The use of 3D models for the documentation and dissemination of cultural and archaeological heritage is widespread today. Nevertheless, to provide useful 3D data, it is important to associate semantic information that can help operators understand the heritage. This study aims at carrying out an optimal, repeatable and reliable segmentation procedure to manage various types of 3D survey data and associate them with heterogeneous information and attributes to characterize and describe a surveyed object. The developed method starts from 2D supervised machine learning segmentation of orthoimages or UV maps and then projects the segmentation results on the 3D data. Three case studies are presented to demonstrate that the proposed approach is effective and with further potential e.g. for restoration and documentation purposes.
Measuring Local Electric Fields and Local Charge Densities at Electrode Surfaces Using Graphene-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (GERS)-Based Stark-Shifts

We report spectroscopic measurements of the local electric fields and local charge densities at electrode surfaces using graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (GERS) based on the Stark-shifts of sur...
Review of high-throughput approaches to search for piezoelectric nitrides

Piezoelectric materials are commonplace in modern devices, and the prevalence of these materials is poised to increase in the years to come. The majority of known piezoelectrics are oxide materials, due in part to the related themes of a legacy of ceramists building off of mineralogical crystallography and the relative simplicity of fabricating oxide specimens. However, diversification beyond oxides offers exciting opportunities to identify and develop new materials perhaps better suited for certain applications. Aluminum nitride (and recently, its Sc-modified derivative) is the only commercially integrated piezoelectric nitride in use today, although this is likely to change in the near future with increased use of high-throughput techniques for materials discovery and development. This review covers modern methods—both computational and experimental—that have been developed to explore chemical space for new materials with targeted characteristics. Here, the authors focus on the application of computational and high-throughput experimental approaches to discovering and optimizing piezoelectric nitride materials. While the focus of this review is on the search for and development of new piezoelectric nitrides, most of the research approaches discussed in this article are both chemistry- and application-agnostic.
The Common Law as Silver Slippers

This essay introduces a collection of Symposium Essays examining Anita Bernstein’s book, The Common Law Inside the Female Body (Cambridge University Press, 2019). The authors engage in one or more of three broad intellectual moves: testing and exploring the limits of the book’s thesis that the common law should be resurrected as a legal strategy to protect women’s rights; applying the concept of condoned self-regard; and questioning the common law from viewpoints of groups historically (and presently) subject to unequal treatment.
Nanoporous gold peel-and-stick biosensors created with etching inkjet maskless lithography for electrochemical pesticide monitoring with microfluidics

Nanoporous gold leaf (NPGL) is an attractive material for flexible electrochemical biosensors due its high and tunable surface area, electrical conductivity, biocompatibility/non-reactive nature, and rich surface chemistry. However, NPGL synthesis and patterning protocols are complex, costly and consequently not suited for flexible electronic fabrication. This work develops a new manufacturing technique coined Etching Inkjet Maskless Lithography (E-IML) to synthesize and pattern NPGL and metal leaf materials (thickness ∼100 nm) for flexible electronics. E-IML utilizes the versatility of an inkjet printer to pattern electrodes for rapid prototyping, even on flexible substrates (polyimide). We demonstrate how NPGL electrodes, with feature and pores sizes down to approximately 25 nm and 5 nm respectively, can be synthesized and patterned from gold/silver leaf material with E-IML and dealloyed (silver removed) via electrochemical etching. Additionally, a pseudo-reference electrode was E-IML patterned from silver leaf and chlorinated with a diluted bleach solution to make a Ag/AgCl electrode for use in 3-electrode electrochemical biosensing with NPGL working and counter electrodes. These 3-electrode electrochemical biosensors were patterned on adhesive polyimide films for use as disposable peel-and-stick tape biosensors or wearable sticker biosensors. In order to demonstrate the utility of the peel-and-stick biosensors, a disposable tape pesticide biosensor and reusable 3D printed flow cell were developed for organophosphate detection in soil samples. Multiple NPGL working electrodes were fabricated on single devices so that that each electrode could be functionalized with distinct concentrations of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Paraoxon (a model organophosphate) sensing results demonstrated a low detection limit (0.53 pM) and high sensitivity (376 nA nM−1). The unique multi-electrode enzyme functionalization protocol allowed for a wider paraoxon sensing range (four orders of magnitude: 1 nM–10 μM) than one electrode alone. The flow cell platform biosensor was also tested in real-world samples (soil slurry) and demonstrated a signal recovery of approximately 93.5% and 91.5% for soil slurry samples spiked with 10 nM and 1 μM paraoxon concentration respectively. Hence these thin-film E-IML NPGL patterning and synthesis techniques could be useful for a wide variety of applications including electrochemical sensors, supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells, energy harvesters, triboelectric nanogenerators, and membranes.
Autoignition characterization of methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol over a wide range of operating conditions in LTC/HCCI

Abstract In this work, the autoignition properties of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, and sec-butanol are studied in HCCI and compared. Experiments were performed, characterizing the sensitivity of these fuels to equivalence ratio, intake temperature, residual fraction, intake pressure, and engine speed. Under all of the low boost pressure operating conditions considered (1.15 bar), the order of reactivity of each fuel from low to high is: isopropanol, sec-butanol, ethanol ≈ n-propanol ≈isobutanol, methanol, n-butanol. n-butanol was less sensitive to changes in intake temperature than the other six fuels at low boost conditions. The required intake temperature to maintain a constant combustion phasing decreased significantly for n-butanol with intake pressure due to emergent intermediate temperature heat release (ITHR). At an intake pressure of 1.95 bar, sec-butanol showed some amount of ITHR which decreased its sensitivity to intake temperature. However, sec-butanol still maintained its high autoignition resistance, unlike n-butanol. Isobutanol did not show any ITHR at this intake temperature, though did show a decrease in intake temperature sensitivity. With the exception of n-butanol, the behavior and sensitivity of each alcohol fuel to the wide array of operating conditions considered were similar, with small differences in autoignition resistance. This means that these six fuels could potentially be blended and used interchangeably with little change to their autoignition characteristics.
The Effects of Leadership Consideration and Structure on Employee Perceptions of Justice and Counterproductive Work Behavior

In this paper, we examine the effects of leadership consideration and structure on two important organizational behavior outcomes: employee perceptions of organizational justice and counterproductive work behavior (CWB). We examine these effects across two studies using multisource data (employees and supervisors in Study 1; employees and coworkers in Study 2). Results reveal that consideration and structure have distinct effects across distributive, procedural, informational, and interpersonal dimensions of justice. Moreover, results suggest that consideration and structure have multiplicative effects on employee CWB. We find the highest levels of CWB among employees of supervisors who exhibit high structure and low consideration. Interestingly, results also suggest that the effects of structure on CWB may be curvilinear (u-shaped) such that moderate levels of structure are associated with the lowest levels of CWB. We discuss implications for future consideration and structure research as well as managerial practice.
The parental role before and after SIDS.

Role confusion is a prominent constituent symptom of Prolonged Grief Disorder in parents after their infants die from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). We interviewed 31 parents of SIDS infants ...
The Role of Scientific Research in Rural Development

It is an intimidating experience for a layman who is not a biologist or even a specialist in agriculture to be addressing agricultural scientists. You represent a very small scientific elite with enormous prestige, a prestige that has been richly earned, for your efforts have averted famine in large areas of the world. Your expertise, however, commits you to continuing responsibilities, for humankind is apparently condemned to an unremitting preoccupation with feeding its growing numbers, at least for the next half century.
B-Type Natriuretic Peptide and the Stressed Heart⁎

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a member of the natriuretic peptide family that has physiologic effects including diuresis, natriuresis, vasodilation, and antifibrotic activity. B-type natriuretic peptide also inhibits the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and lowers endothelin levels ([1][1
Rapid Graphical Method for Estimating the Precision of Direct Microscopic Counting Data: I. Preliminary Evaluation of Technique

A graphical method of estimating the 90, 95, or 99% confidence intervals of direct microscopic counting data is presented. Construction of the graphs is based on the assumption that the normal distribution approximates the Poisson distribution. The method, useful on data obtained from dried films or counting chambers, eliminates time-consuming computation of precision. The minimal number of fields which must be counted to maintain a certain level of precision can be readily determined.
GROWTH AND SPORULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ORGANIC SULFUR-REQUIRING AUXOTROPH OF BACILLUS CEREUS

Lundgren, D. G. (Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y.) and K. F. Bott. Growth and sporulation characteristics of an organic sulfur-requiring auxotroph of Bacillus cereus . J. Bacteriol. 86: 462–472. 1963.—This paper reports investigations of several aspects of growth and sporulation of an organic sulfur-requiring auxotroph of Bacillus cereus ATCC 4342. The wild type and B. cereus T were also studied for comparative purposes. Growth of the mutant on minimal medium plus methionine was normal, but sporulation was completely inhibited. Some reaction involved in vegetative-cell maturity was probably blocked at a point just prior to the “triggering” of sporulation, since abnormally large amounts of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) were formed. Growth of the mutant in the presence of cystine or cysteine was also accompanied by the build-up of large amounts of PHB, but some endospores were formed (approximately 5% by 72 hr). Results of dipicolinic acid (DPA), calcium, and heat-resistance studies revealed that the few spores formed by the auxotrophic mutant when grown on cysteine were somewhat below wild-type strains in their development of heat resistance, and considerably lower in content of Ca and DPA. This was not the case with spores formed in cells grown on cystine; heat resistance compared favorably with wild-type spores, but the Ca and DPA levels were lower. Images
Planetesimal Formation without Thresholds. I: Dissipative Gravitational Instabilities and Particle Stirring by Turbulence

We analyze the gravitational collapse of solids subject to gas drag in a protoplanetary disk. We also study the stirring of solids by turbulent fluctuations to determine the velocity dispersion and thickness of the midplane particle layer. The usual thresholds for determining gravitational instability in disks, Toomre's criterion and/or the Roche density, do not apply. Dissipation of angular momentum allows instability at longer wavelengths, lower densities, and higher velocity dispersions than without drag. Small solids will slowly leak into axisymmetric rings since initial collapse occurs over many orbits. Growth is fastest when particle stopping times are comparable to orbital times. Our analysis of particle stirring by turbulence is consistent with previous results for tightly coupled particles, but is generalized to loose coupling where epicyclic motions contribute to random velocities. A companion paper applies these results to turbulent protoplanetary disks.
Effects of the type of dietary fat at two levels of vitamin E in wistar male rats during development and aging: I. Life span, serum biochemical parameters and pathological changes

This experiment was designed to study in rats the implications of the dietary type of fat at two levels of vitamin E on the life span as well as on several biochemical and anatomopathological age-related changes. For this purpose, six different isoenergetic diets containing 15% coconut oil (SFD), safflower oil (UFD) or a combination of both (CFD) with 2 or 200 mg% of dl-alpha-tocopherol were offered ad libitum to outbred Wistar male rats from weaning to senescence. The results indicated that up to 9--12 months the body weights of rats consuming the CFD or the UFD increased generally faster than those fed the SFD, and that all rats developed moderate degrees of obesity. Age-dependent changes in organ weights (kidneys, testes, spleen, brain, liver and heart) were unaffected by diet. Serum levels of vitamin E generally reflected the corresponding dietary levels, but were also influenced by the type of dietary fat. Serum cholesterol levels were not significantly affected by the type of diet or by age. Only transient hypotriglyceridemic and hypophospholipidemic effects of the UFD were observed and, while the levels of triglycerides decreased with age up to the 18th month followed by an increase at 24 months, the levels of serum phospholipids remained unchanged. Neither diet nor age modified the serum albumin/globulin ratios. While no differences in maximum life span were found between dietary groups, the 50% survival time of rats fed the UFD at high level of vitamin E was significantly longer than in all the other groups. This beneficial effect was related to postponement of the onset and reduction of incidence of malignant neoplasms, but was apparently not related to any particular influence on the incidence or severity of chronic nephropathy which practically developed in all rats. Various neoplastic, degenerative and inflammatory diseases encountered in rats dying during the course of the experiment were tabulated and compared with similar findings reported by others in different strains of rats. Pituitary and adrenocortical adenomas as well as adrenocortical and renal carcinomas were the most frequent tumors found in this study. All the pathological changes provided useful baseline information for the evaluation of data presented in this and subsequent communications of this series of studies.
In the light of logic

I: FOUNDATIONAL PROBLEMS 1. Declining the undecidable: Wrestling with Hilbert's Problems 2. Infinity in Mathematics: Is Cantor necessary? 3. The logic of mathematical discovery vs. the logical structure of mathematics II: FOUNDATIONAL WAYS 4. Foundational Ways 5. Working Foundations III: GODEL 6. Godel's life and work 7. Kurt Godel: conviction and caution 8. Introductory note to Godel's 1993 lecture IV: PROOF THEORY 9. What does logic have to tell us about mathematical proofs? 10. What rests on what? The proof-theoretic analysis of mathematics 11. Godel's Dialectica interpretation and its two-way stretch V: COUNTABLY REDUCIBLE MATHEMATICS 12. Infinity in mathematics: Is Cantor necessary? (Conclusion) 13. Weyl vindicated: Das Kontinuum 70 years later 14. Why a little bit goes a long way: Logical Foundations of scientifically applicable mathematics
Antitrust Excitement in the New Millennium: Microsoft, Mergers, and More

This article responds to the fundamental issues surrounding antitrust regulation in the new millennium as punctuated by Microsoft’s ongoing enforcement battle. As a threshold matter, antitrust law may be old, but it is not outdated. Although the marketplace for competitive frogs has certainly dramatically changed, the need for competition protection has not. To evaluate the future of antitrust enforcement, this article begins with an overview of the law’s development and application, including the cyclical nature of and the economic explanations for antitrust regulation. Part II describes the special challenges facing antitrust law in today’s dynamic marketplace, given the new economy’s features and the competition pressures imposed by mergers and globalization. Building upon an appreciation of both the historical context and the modern dilemmas, Part III presents the Microsoft story, which weaves together the relevant issues underlying antitrust enforcement and highlights the tensions concerning its future. As a backdrop for the Microsoft experience, the article also provides summaries of the AT&T and IBM antitrust investigations, which provide starting similarities under comparable circumstances. Finally, Part IV evaluates the future of antitrust enforcement, in light of the changing political climate and the rapidly evolving, high-tech economy. Part IV concludes that frogs will compete very nicely in the new millennium pond under the current regulatory regime, if this regime is properly applied.