cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Raw Milk Quality on Ultra-High Temperature Processed Milk

Abstract Twenty samples of commercial grade A raw milk were collected and placed in four categories based upon standard plate count. The effect of raw milk quality on keeping quality of ultra-high temperature milk was determined. Categories were 10 4 ,>10 4 , ⩽ 10 5 ,>10 5 , to ⩽ 10 6 , and>10 6 cfu/ml. All samples were heat processed at 149°C for 3s, then stored at 7.1°C. Tests conducted were standard plate count, psychrotrophic count, proteolytic count, Hull test, and trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid test. All samples were tested at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 d. Statistical analyses of raw milk data showed significant differences among categories for both psychrotrophic and proteolytic counts. Also, there were significant differences in the amount of proteolysis that occurred among categories. Both the Hull test and the trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid test indicated that the samples with 4 cfu/ml had significantly less proteolysis than samples with>10 5 to ⩽10 6 cfu/ml. The data also demonstrated a decrease in protease activity after ultra-high temperature.
Irradiance-based cross-calibration of Landsat-5 and Landsat-7 Thematic Mapper sensors

On 2 June 1999 Landsat-5 and Landsat-7 passed over north-central Nebraska collecting Thematic Mapper (TM) data for essentially the same spatial location, with an acquisition time differing by less than 20 min. At the Niobrara Nature Preserve, Nebraska site, two multifilter rotating shadowband radiometers (MFRSRs), a Cimel sunphotometer, a Microtops sunphotometer, and an ASD-FR spectroradiometer were used to take ground-based readings. This dataset offered a unique opportunity to absolutely calibrate both instruments, and also to cross-calibrate TM with Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) the new thematic mapper aboard Landsat-7. ModTran3 radiative transfer code, based on the Nebraska datasets, was calibrated to match observed atmospheric transmittance and diffuse-to-global ratios, employing ground reflectance values, for each individual overpass. Having replicated those conditions, models were then extrapolated to satellite orbits, and exoatmospheric irradiances calculated. Finally, by obtaining actual i...
How Three Young Toddlers Transition From an Infant to a Toddler Child Care Classroom: Exploring the Influence of Peer Relationships, Teacher Expectations, and Changing Social Contexts

Research Findings: Three infants were followed over the course of 9 months from their last semester in their infant classroom through their transition to a toddler classroom at a university-based child care center. Using participant observation, video observation, and teacher interview, we qualitatively constructed and analyzed profiles of each child's experiences to reveal both overall trends and individual differences in the children's transitions. Findings from this study indicate that transitioning from an infant to a toddler classroom presented a unique situation for individual children that influenced their relationships with peers and their ways of behaving in the new environment. Peers’ interactions, teachers’ expectations and interactions, and the impact of the changes in social context were experienced very differently by each child. Practice or Policy: This study reflects the ways in which a university laboratory school environment can support and nurture collaborative research between faculty ...
Choline and physostigmine enhance haloperidol-induced HVA and DOPAC accumulation

Nigrostriatal neurons respond to dopamine receptor blockade by increasing their firing frequency. We observe that the concurrent administration to rats of cholinergic agonists and haloperidol, a dopamine receptor antagonist, produces a synergistic acceleration in striatal dopamine turnover. Doses of choline and physostigmine which, when given alone, have no effect, enhance the haloperidol-induced accumulation of the dopamine metabolites homovanillic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. These results support the hypothesis that the extent to which nigrostriatal neurons are modulated by cholinergic receptor activation depends on their firing frequency.
Energy-based video tracking using joint target density processing with an application to unmanned aerial vehicle surveillance

Successfully tracking targets in a video sequence has many important applications, including unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surveillance. A robust and efficient video tracking algorithm based on the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is presented, which has been proven to be effective in capturing motion information over multiple frames and excellent in velocity selectivity. The CWT converts target trajectories in a spatio-temporal domain into target energy volumes in a wavenumber-frequency domain. By integrating over different motion parameters, three target energy densities are obtained, which then serve as cost functions for estimating target trajectories and sizes. Because of excellent velocity selectivity, the energy-based tracker has the capability of detecting and tracking targets with a particular velocity range. To best handle target interferences among multiple nearby or crossing targets, a novel joint processing technique using expectation-maximization-based Gaussian mixture estimation is developed. A global nearest neighbourhood algorithm is employed to perform data association and maintain continuous kinematic trajectories. In addition to computer simulations, the developed energy-based algorithm is applied to a UAV surveillance application where multiple vehicles move closely to each other on a multi-lane road.
studies in the solvent extraction of some thallium(I) chelates

Abstract Studies of the extraction of thallium(I) from aqueous solution into chloroform or MIBK using 6 reagents have been made. Reagent concentration, pH variation, and the addition of adductforming agents to the organic phase have all been investigated. Association constants and distribution coefficients for several of the better reagents have been determined. Theoretical interpretations have permitted the identification, of participating species and the calculation of equilibrium constants in several cases.
Fractionation in the solar nebula - Condensation of yttrium and the rare earth elements

The condensation of Y and the rare earth elements (REE) from the solar nebula may be controlled by thermodynamic equilibrium between gas and condensed solids. Highly fractionated REE patterns may result if condensates are removed from the gas before condensation is complete. It is found that the fractionation is not a smooth function of REE ionic radius but varies in an extremely irregular pattern. Both Yb and Eu are predicted to be extremely depleted in the early condensate without the requirement of condensation in the divalent state. The model is discussed with respect to a highly fractionated pattern observed by Tanaka and Masuda (1973), in a pink Ca-Al-rich inclusion from the Allende meteorite and can account for the abundances of each REE determined. According to the model this inclusion represents a condensate from a previously fractionated gas rather than from a gas of solar composition. Before the condensation of this inclusion, an earlier condensate was formed and was removed from equilibrium with the gas.
A Super-Resolving Near-Field Electromagnetic Holographic Method

In this work, we study the problem of characterizing electromagnetic radiation from given near-field electromagnetic measurements on an arbitrarily shaped surface. Due to the evanescent waves present in the near-field data the inversion procedure requires special treatment in order to recover a stable physical solution. Our proposed approach to this challenging inverse problem is to seek a sparse decomposition of the fields into elementary electric and/or magnetic dipole on an equivalent source surface. As we show in this paper the incorporation of a sparsity constraint during the inversion process yields impressive stability and accuracy. Additionally the method exhibits a remarkable ability to image and identify point like dipole sources even when spaced closer than a fraction of the wavelength from each other. The proposed inversion procedure is very simple to implement, is easily adaptable to arbitrary surfaces, and is relatively fast even with dense grids. These features make the proposed method suitable for a complete on-the-spot electromagnetic radiation analysis; a capability in which many applications rely on. Proof of concept for this work is established through simple numerical experiments, and from physical measurements taken for a slotted radiating cylinder.
The determination of frying oil quality using a chemosensory system

Chemosensory systems are currently being introduced in the food industries for quality control and process monitoring. This study was conducted to determine the possibility of using a chemosensory system to differentiate among varying intensities of oil rancidity and investigate discrimination between good, marginal and unacceptable frying oils. Fresh, 1-day, 2-day used and discarded frying oils were obtained from a fast food restaurant in each frying cycle for 4 weeks. The oil samples were analysed using a quartz-microbalance-based chemosensory system. The discrimination between good, marginal and unacceptable frying oils with regard to rancidity was examined and the results were compared to their physico-chemical properties such as dielectric constant, peroxide value, and free fatty acid content. The different qualities of frying oils were successfully evaluated and discriminated using the chemosensory system. Good correlations (r from 0.87 to 0.96) were found between changes in physico-chemical properties of oil and the sensor signals.
Correlation of Data from the Strain A Mouse Bioassay with Long-Term Bioassays

Fifty-nine chemicals that had completed National Cancer Institute rat and mouse 2-year carcinogenicity tests were tested in the strain A mouse pulmonary tumor assay. Without knowledge of chemical identity, 53 chemicals were tested in strain A mice in one laboratory and 30 were tested in a second independent laboratory. Strain A tests on 24 of these chemicals were conducted in both laboratories. The strain A results were generally not predictive of the 2-year rat and mouse carcinogenicity test results. Furthermore, there was poor agreement of strain A results between the two laboratories. Although a variety of explanations may be invoked to explain the lack of concordance between the strain A tests and the 2-year rat and mouse tests, no one factor is sufficient to rationalize the poor concordance between strain A and 2-year carcinogenicity bioas-say results.
Sleep loss effects on movement time.

Subjects were tosted on a subject-paced step-tracking task three times every four hours under both of two regimes: one in which they slept for 6:30 hours at night and one in which they remained awake. 12 subjects were tested for two days under each condition, and 8 subjects for three days. Reaction times for correct responses increased following sleep loss to an oxtont inversely related to signal probability. Movement times increased following sleep loss to a much greater extent. It is concluded that movement time is a more sensitive index of performance deterioration due to sleep loss and that movoment time and reaction time represent separate processes.
Clarifying the Concept of Normalization

Purpose: To refine and develop the concept of normalization. While firsthand accounts, clinical observation, and numerous studies suggest that parents of children with chronic conditions often strive to lead a normal family life, the distinguishing characteristics of normalization need to be understood before evaluating the feasibility and consequences. Conceptualizing these efforts as normalization, researchers have identified cognitive and behavioral strategies used by parents to normalize family life. Sources: A total of 33 articles representing 14 studies were selected through computer-assisted searches of the topic from 1966-1997, hand searches of nursing journals from 1970-1997, and analysis of reference lists. Key words in the searches included: adaptation, psychological; chronic disease; disabled persons; family; child; adolescence; parent-child relations; models, psychological; and nursing theory. Articles (N= 19) that applied and expanded the concept comprised the sample used in the analysis. A normalization construct was used. Methods: Attributes for normalization were inductively derived based on the most recent methods for refining and developing concepts, with special attention to how family and illness affect manifestations of normalization. Findings: The attributes identified in 1986 remained relevant, but required revision and expansion to reflect a contemporary understanding of normalization. Unique manifestations of normalization were identified within certain illness and family contexts. Conclusions: Knowledge synthesized from previous studies can enhance how normalization is used in future qualitative and quantitative research and in theory development. Findings indicate the need for researchers to build on the current state of knowledge and continue to further develop the concept. Understanding the findings can also sensitize clinicians to the complex process of normalizing when a child has a chronic condition.
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with an electrically floating sampling interface.

In conventional inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry devices, the sampler and skimmer are grounded. In this work, modest DC voltages (+ 10 to + 50 Vl are applied to either (or both) sampler and skimmer. Alternatively, the skimmer is biased, and the sampler is merely left floating. The latter arrangement improves sensitivity for Co+ by sixfold, provides nearly the same molar sensitivity for CO+, Rh+, and Ho+, and extends the upper end of the linear dynamic range to approximately 100 ppm. These changes to the interface do not affect the background perceptibly. The relationship between applied potential and the potential actually measured on the sampler and skimmer is also discussed.
Programming portable optimized multimedia applications

Multimedia computer architectures can speed-up applications significantly when programmed manually. Optimized programs have been non-portable up to now, because of differences in instruction sets, register lengths, alignment requirements and programming styles. We solve all these problems by using a library of C pre-processor macros called MMM. We implemented three examples from video compression in MMM, and automatically translated them into optimized code for four distinct multimedia processors. Their performance is comparable, and in several cases better, than equivalent examples optimized by the processor vendors.
A test of the cross‐situational consistency of communication apprehension

Although communication apprehension is usually conceptualized as a trait, little research has directly examined its status as a trait. Since the explanatory value of trait conceptualizations is directly determined by their degree of cross‐situational consistency, this study tested the cross‐situational consistency of the most common measure of communication apprehension—the PRCA. Subjects (n = 282) completed the PRCA and then reported how much anxiety they would feel or have felt in 35 situations. Anxiety scores for these situations were factor analyzed to produce two independent classes of situations. The PRCA was found to predict anxiety better in the situational class where persons were less likely to know one another than in the situational class where persons were more likely to know each other. Thus, no evidence of cross‐situational consistency was found.
A mechatronic approach to a virtual laboratory service on internet

In engineering education, concepts taught through lectures are often complemented by practical laboratory experimentation. Students can observe dynamic phenomena that are often difficult to explain by written material in laboratory environment. To offer the hands-on laboratory experience for distant users, virtual environment is necessary. In this paper, we reported and demonstrated an innovative remotely accessible virtual laboratory. Our approach is based on the newly developed software packages. Remote control, network reliability, and safety features are integrated into the experimental hardware and software design. Distance users are able to develop and run controllers on the experiments in the virtual laboratory, and can effectively use the laboratory from anywhere over internet.
Moral status and the fetus: continuation of a dialogue.

There is a problem with the claim by Chervenak and McCullough (2011) that the relationship between physician and fetal patient creates a “dependent moral status” for the fetus. An important feature...
Resistance of lipoproteins from continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients to in vitro oxidation

Patients with end-stage renal failure on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) develop abnormalities in plasma lipoproteins that may contribute to their increased risk for atherosclerosis. The oxidative modification of lipoproteins is considered to play a central role in atherogenesis. This study examines the susceptibility to oxidation in vitro of low- and high-density lipoprotein (LDL and HDL, respectively) obtained from long-term CAPD patients. CAPD LDL was less susceptible to copper-mediated protein derivatization (fluorescence) compared with control LDL CAPD LDL and HDL displayed less copper-promoted conjugated-diene production and lipid peroxide generation, suggesting a greater resistance of CAPD lipoprotein lipids to oxidation. Autooxidation during long-term storage was also much lower in CAPD LDL and HDL. However, when 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (ABAP) was used to initiate oxidation, there was no difference in conjugated-diene generation between CAPD and the control. CAPD LDL contained slightly less oxidizable, polyunsaturated fatty acid, but the vitamin E content of CAPD and control LDL was equivalent. Our findings indicate that lipoproteins from uremic patients undergoing long-term CAPD are more resistant to in vitro oxidation than control lipoproteins.
German Banks and German Growth, 1883–1913: an Empirical View

Almost without exception interpretations of the remarkable growth of the German economy before the First World War stress the role of the German banking system, in general, and that of the universal or Kreditbank, in particular. The most subtle and penetrating view of this question is that developed in Alexander Gerschenkron's essays, “Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective” and “Prerequisites of Modern Industrialization.” According to this view, “backward” countries which experience successful industrializations do so by making institutional “substitutions” which enable them to compensate for or even to turn to their advantage their initial deficiencies of productive factors. The institution which is “substituted” in Germany to perform this function is the Kreditbank. This interpretation places special emphasis on the growth-inducing character of these banks, but is also open to the possibility that an industrialization led by such institutions might have entailed certain costs. In fact, Professor Gerschenkron explicitly invites help in assessing these costs in commenting: “it would be a fruitful undertaking in research to explore and perhaps to measure and compare the difficulties, the strains, and the cost which were involved in the various processes of substitution ….” Thanks to the work of Ekkehard Eistert, who has constructed a reliable set of statistics on the German banking system in this era, it is now possible to attempt such a “fruitful undertaking.” Making use of these data, an econometric model has been constructed to test the hypothesis that the manner in which the Kreditbanken allocated credit contributed to the growth of German non-agricultural output. Our findings strongly suggest that the credit allocation policy of these banks was inhibiting rather than stimulating the German economy in the period for which data are available and that previous interpretations are in need of serious revision. It appears that, in Gerschenkron's terms, the “cost” of bank-led industrialization was far greater than anyone has previously suggested.
Non‐adaptive evolution of genome complexity

Genome complexity is correlated with biological complexity. A recent paper by Michael Lynch proposes that evolution of complex genomic architecture was driven primarily by non-adaptive stochastic forces, rather than by adaptive evolution.1 A general negative relationship between selection efficiency and genome complexity provides a strong support for this hypothesis. The broad capacity of this theory is both its appeal and source for criticism.
Synthesis of O-6-alkylated deoxyguanosine nucleosides

Abstract A general route for synthesis of 6- O -alkyl-2∝deoxyguanosine nucleosides is described. The key step is conversion of the 6- O -TPS derivative 2 to the 6-trimethylamino compound 3 . The trimethylamino group is readily displaced by alcohols in the presence of DBU. Using this route the 6- O -methyl, ethyl and n-butyl 2∝-deoxyguanosine derivatives 5a-c have been prepared in excellent overall yields.
Refined structures of substrate-bound and phosphate-bound thymidylate synthase from Lactobacillus casei.

Abstract Crystal structures of two crystal forms of the complex of Lactobacillus casei (TS) with its substrate dUMP have been solved and refined at 2·55 A resolution. The two crystal forms differ by approximately 50% in the c-axis length. The TS-dUMP complexes are symmetric dimers with dUMP bound equivalently in both active sites. dUMP is non-covalently bound in the same conformation as in ternary complexes of TS with dUMP and cofactor or cofactor analogs. The same hydrogen bonds are made between TS and substrate in the binary and ternary complexes. We have also determined the 2·36 A crystal structure of phosphate-bound L. casei TS. This structure has been refined to an R -factor of 19·3% with highly constrained geometry. Refinement has revealed the locations of all residues in the protein, including the disordered residues 90 to 119, which are part of an insert found only in the L. casei and Staphylococcus aureus transposon Tn4003 TS sequences. The 2·9 A multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR) structure of L. casei TS in a complex with its substrate dUMP has been refined to a crystallographic R-factor of 15·5%. Reducing agents were withheld from crystallization solutions during MIR structure determination to allow heavy-metal labeling of the cysteine residues. Therefore, the active-site cysteine residue in this structure is oxidized and the dUMP is found at half-occupancy in the active site. No significant conformational difference was found between the phosphate-bound and dUMP-bound structures. The TS-dUMP structures were better ordered than the phosphate-bound TS or the oxidized TS-dUMP, particularly Arg23, which is clearly hydrogen-bonded to the phosphate group of dUMP. A large and a small P6122 crystal form are observed for both phosphate-bound and dUMP bound L. casei TS. The small cell forms of the phosphate-bound and dUMP-bound enzyme are isomorphous, whereas the cell constants of the larger cell form change slightly when dUMP is bound (c = 240 A versus c = 243 A). For both liganded and unliganded enzyme, conversion from the small to the large crystal form sometimes occurs spontaneously, and the crystal packing changes at a single interlace. Conversion may be the result of a small change in pH in the mother liquor surrounding the crystal. A single intermolecular contact between symmetry-related Asp287 residues is disrupted on going from the small to the large crystal form.
The carcinogenic effect of 4,4′-methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline) in mice and rats

Abstract As part of a series of bioassays of industrial and environmental chemicals for chronic toxicity or carcinogenicity, 4,4′-methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline) was tested in male and female randombred albino mice and male Charles River CD rats. Preliminary studies established that the maximally tolerated dose of the chemical in the diet was 1000 mg/kg in rats and 2000 mg/kg in mice. The compound, at these dose levels and half the level, was fed to male and female mice, and male rats for 18 months, followed by control diet for another 6 months. In female mice but not in males, a statistically significant incidence of hepatoma at both dose levels was observed. In addition, a higher incidence of tumors was observed in treated animals than in controls as follows: hepatomas and lung adenomatosis in rats, hemangiosarcomas and hemangiomas in mice. Thus, 4,4′-methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline) is definitely carcinogenic in female mice.
Comparison of the Dynamics and Functional Redundancy of the Arabidopsis Dynamin-Related Isoforms DRP1A and DRP1C during Plant Development

Members of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) DYNAMIN-RELATED PROTEIN1 (DRP1) family are required for cytokinesis and cell expansion. Two isoforms, DRP1A and DRP1C, are required for plasma membrane maintenance during stigmatic papillae expansion and pollen development, respectively. It is unknown whether the DRP1s function interchangeably or if they have distinct roles during cell division and expansion. DRP1C was previously shown to form dynamic foci in the cell cortex, which colocalize with part of the clathrin endocytic machinery in plants. DRP1A localizes to the plasma membrane, but its cortical organization and dynamics have not been determined. Using dual color labeling with live cell imaging techniques, we showed that DRP1A also forms discreet dynamic foci in the epidermal cell cortex. Although the foci overlap with those formed by DRP1C and clathrin light chain, there are clear differences in behavior and response to pharmacological inhibitors between DRP1A and DRP1C foci. Possible functional or regulatory differences between DRP1A and DRP1C were supported by the failure of DRP1C to functionally compensate for the absence of DRP1A. Our studies indicated that the DRP1 isoforms function or are regulated differently during cell expansion.
Modeling and analysis of nonlinear damping mechanisms in vibrating systems

A damping mechanism is universally seen in vibrating systems, such as flexible structures and robotic manipulators. However, its nature is still little understood and the modelling technique so far has been primitive. This work, by introducing the Method of Energy Approximation (MEA), provides a unified approach to nonlinear damping modeling and random response analysis of single-d.f. vibrating systems. By the MEA, one can easily find the approximate but closed-form stationary probability density function (i.e. the stationary solution of the Fokker-Planck equation) of any nonlinearly damped vibration subject to white noise excitation. Various results validating the MEA are obtained. The central result of this work is the establishment of an efficient method for the modeling of a nonlinear damping mechanism based upon free response data. It is also found that, among all choices of nonlinear damping models, energy type nonlinear damping models of the form μ (ω20x2 + x22) x(t) play a central role and their relation to all other nonlinear damping models is thoroughly studied.
High-speed label-free detection by spinning-disk micro-interferometry.

Spinning-disk interferometers are a new class of analytic sensors to detect immobilized biomolecules with high speed and high sensitivity. The disks are composed of a large number of surface-normal self-referencing interferometers, analogous to an optical CD, but operating on the principle of microdiffraction quadrature that achieves sensitive linear detection of bound molecules. The surface-normal structures have a small footprint of only 20 μm each, allowing potential integration to over a million interferometric elements per disk. We have fabricated interferometric microstructures on silicon and on dielectric mirror disks to demonstrate the basic principles of the BioCD. We have detected the presence of immobilized anti-mouse IgG and the specific binding of 10 femtomol of mouse IgG at a sampling rate of 100 kilo-samples/s, while also demonstrating negligible non-specific binding. This technique provides a label-free method that could potentially screen hundreds to thousands of proteins per disk.
The Hypothesized Effects of Ability in the Turnover Process

Findings from studies that have investigated the relationship between task-relevant ability and turnover have been inconsistent. A process model is presented that suggests that ability may be related to turnover through the individual's perception of both the ease and desirability of movement. The potential effect of ability on the turnover process and its practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Chimerism and Tolerance Without GVHD or Engraftment Syndrome in HLA-Mismatched Combined Kidney and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

The toxicity of chronic immunosuppressive agents required for organ transplant maintenance has prompted investigators to pursue approaches to induce immune tolerance. We developed an approach using a bioengineered mobilized cellular product enriched for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and tolerogenic graft facilitating cells (FCs) combined with nonmyeloablative conditioning; this approach resulted in engraftment, durable chimerism, and tolerance induction in recipients with highly mismatched related and unrelated donors. Eight recipients of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched kidney and FC/HSC transplants underwent conditioning with fludarabine, 200-centigray total body irradiation, and cyclophosphamide followed by posttransplant immunosuppression with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. Subjects ranged in age from 29 to 56 years. HLA match ranged from five of six loci with related donors to one of six loci with unrelated donors. The absolute neutrophil counts reached a nadir about 1 week after transplant, with recovery by 2 weeks. Multilineage chimerism at 1 month ranged from 6 to 100%. The conditioning was well tolerated, with outpatient management after postoperative day 2. Two subjects exhibited transient chimerism and were maintained on low-dose tacrolimus monotherapy. One subject developed viral sepsis 2 months after transplant and experienced renal artery thrombosis. Five subjects experienced durable chimerism, demonstrated immunocompetence and donor-specific tolerance by in vitro proliferative assays, and were successfully weaned off all immunosuppression 1 year after transplant. None of the recipients produced anti-donor antibody or exhibited engraftment syndrome or graft-versus-host disease. These results suggest that manipulation of a mobilized stem cell graft and nonmyeloablative conditioning represents a safe, practical, and reproducible means of inducing durable chimerism and donor-specific tolerance in solid organ transplant recipients.
Unthinkable Thoughts: Education of Gifted Students

The advent of a new millenium is an appropriate time to consider some “unthinkable thoughts,” those thoughts that make us so uncomfortable that most professionals prefer to ignore them. Yet, if pro...
“Combining” as a compilation technique for VLIW architectures

Combining is a local compiler optimization technique that can enhance the performance of global compaction techniques for VLIW machines. Given two adjacent operations of a certain class that are flow (read-after-write) dependent and that cannot be placed in the same micro-instruction, the combining technique can transform the operations so that the modified operations have no dependence. The transformed operations can be executed in the same micro-instruction, thus allowing the total execution time of the program to be reduced. In this paper, combining a pair of flow-dependent operations into a wide instruction word is suggested as an important compilation technique for VLIW architectures. Combining is particularly effective with software pipelining and loop unrolling since combinable operations can come together with a higher probability when these compilation techniques are used. We implemented combining in our parallelizing compiler for the wide instruction word architecture, which is now being built at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. It is shown that ten percent speedup is obtained on the Stanford integer benchmarks and other sequential-matured C programs, in comparison to compaction techniques that do not use combining. For a class of inner loops, combining can remove the inter-iteration dependencies completely and can improve performance in the same ratio as the loop is unrolled.
Gene-Environment Interaction

With the advent of increasingly accessible technologies for typing genetic variation, studies of gene-environment (G×E) interactions have proliferated in psychological research. Among the aims of such studies are testing developmental hypotheses and models of the etiology of behavioral disorders, defining boundaries of genetic and environmental influences, and identifying individuals most susceptible to risk exposures or most amenable to preventive and therapeutic interventions. This research also coincides with the emergence of unanticipated difficulties in detecting genetic variants of direct association with behavioral traits and disorders, which may be obscured if genetic effects are expressed only in predisposing environments. In this essay we consider these and other rationales for positing G×E interactions, review conceptual models meant to inform G×E interpretations from a psychological perspective, discuss points of common critique to which G×E research is vulnerable, and address the role of the ...
Prospective analysis of radiofrequency versus mechanical debridement of isolated patellar chondral lesions.

Abstract Purpose: Debridment is used to treat Outerbridge grades 2 and 3 lesions in a mechanically aligned and properly tracking patella. It removes fibrillation and provides a stable rim of chondral tissue. Recent basic science reports suggest that radiofrequency probes are superior to mechanical shavers for articular cartilage debridement. The goal of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of debridement of patellar grade 2 and 3 chondral lesions using radiofrequency and mechanical devices. Type of Study: Patients were prospectively randomized into 2 treatment groups. Methods: Consecutive female patients undergoing arthroscopy for symptomatic, isolated patellar cartilage lesions without evidence of instability, malalignment, or patellar tracking dysfunction were prospectively randomized into radiofrequency and mechanical debridement groups based on medical record number. All patients had failed a 6-month course of conservative treatment and had chondral pathology documented by magnetic resonance imaging. Patients were assessed before and after surgery using the Fulkerson-Shea Patellofemoral Joint Evaluation Score. Results: Nineteen patients (mean age, 37.5 years) underwent chondral debridement using a mechanical shaver and 20 patients (mean age, 36.9 years) underwent chondral debridement using a bipolar radiofrequency probe at nonablative energy levels. The mechanical group had a mean preoperative score of 59.2 and the radiofrequency group had a mean preoperative score of 59.6. Postoperative scores at 12-month follow-up were 80.0 for the mechanical group and 87.9 for the radiofrequency group ( P =.0031). At 24 months, the mean score of the mechanical group was 77.5 and the mean of the radiofrequency group was 86.6 ( P =.0006). Conclusions: This study presents clear evidence of superior clinical outcome of debridement of patellar grade 2 and 3 chondral lesions with the use of bipolar radiofrequency versus a mechanical shaver. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 18, No 2 (February), 2002: pp 151–155
Input coupler for ERL injector cavities

A conceptual design of the input coupler for superconducting injector cavities of Cornell/JLab ERL project is presented. The injector cavities are two-cell structures operating at 1300 MHz in CW mode. The coupler has a symmetric design to accommodate requirements for small transverse kick, high RF power delivery to the cavity, and high input coupling value. Therefore it consists of two identical antenna type couplers symmetrically attached to a beam pipe of the cavity. Each coupler delivers 50 kW of CW RF power to the beam. The coupler has a variable coupling. Q/sub ext/ should be varied from 4.6 /spl times/ 10/sup 4/ to 4.1 /spl times/ 10/sup 5/. The symmetric design of the coupler dramatically reduces the transverse kick, a critical requirement for the ERL project. Estimates of the influence of coupler induced fields on beam dynamics are given.
Teaching of Legal and Ethical Standards for Marketing Research

This article discusses the importance of stressing business ethics in marketing courses, and presents a model ethical perspectives exercise to stimulate student thinking on legal, ethical, and community considerations of market research.
The Needs of Hospitalized Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Parent Survey

Objective. This survey assessed the in-hospital needs of patients diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Methods. Parents were recruited to complete a 21-item survey about the needs of their child with an ASD while in the hospital. ASD diagnosis was reported by parents at the time of the survey. The results of the survey were analyzed and evaluated in 3 distinct categories of need. Results. We documented a range of responses associated with ASD-specific needs during hospitalization. Common concerns included child safety and the importance of acknowledging individual communication methods. Conclusions. In a population of children with ASDs, parents report a diverse range of needs while in the hospital. These data support the concept that a pragmatic assessment of individual communication and sensory differences is likely to be essential in the development of an appropriate inpatient care plan.
Prevalence and co-occurrence of addictive behaviors among former alternative high school youth: A longitudinal follow-up study

Background and Aims Recent work has studied addictions using a matrix measure, which taps multiple addictions through single responses for each type. This is the first longitudinal study using a matrix measure. Methods We investigated the use of this approach among former alternative high school youth (average age = 19.8 years at baseline; longitudinal n = 538) at risk for addictions. Lifetime and last 30-day prevalence of one or more of 11 addictions reviewed in other work was the primary focus (i.e., cigarettes, alcohol, hard drugs, shopping, gambling, Internet, love, sex, eating, work, and exercise). These were examined at two time-points one year apart. Latent class and latent transition analyses (LCA and LTA) were conducted in Mplus. Results Prevalence rates were stable across the two time-points. As in the cross-sectional baseline analysis, the 2-class model (addiction class, non-addiction class) fit the data better at follow-up than models with more classes. Item-response or conditional probabiliti...
Automatic Tuning of File Descriptors in P2P File-Sharing Systems

Peer-to-peer file-sharing systems have poor search performance for rare or poorly described files. These files lack a quality or variety of metadata making them hard to match with queries. A server can alleviate this problem by gathering the descriptors used by peers via what we call probe queries, and use these descriptors to improve its own. We consider probe query triggering mechanisms and criteria for selecting a file for which to probe in this work. Experimental results indicate that probe queries are effective in improving search performance.
Demonstration of OKT 6—reactive cells in mycosis fungoides

Infiltrates of five cases of mycosis fungoides (MF) were studied for the presence of cells reactive with a monoclonal antibody, OKT 6, which detects an antigen present on relatively immature thymocytes and Langerhans cells. In situ immunohistochemical staining was used for their demonstration. OKT 6-reactive cells formed a definite component of the dermal infiltrates of all patients examined. In three patients who showed numerous Pautrier microabscesses on routine histologic examination, OKT 6-positive cells were found to form a component of these abscesses. OKT 6-reactive cells have also recently been shown to be present in varying numbers in the dermal infiltrates of large plaque (atrophic) parapsoriasis (LPAP), a condition which may terminate in ME The significance of these findings is discussed.
Clinical application of the natriuretic peptides in heart failure

The natriuretic peptides are a family of peptides each with a 17 amino acid disulphide ring structure, but are genetically distinct with diverse actions in cardiovascular, renal, and endocrine homeostasis. In humans, the family consists of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) of myocardial cell origin, C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is of endothelial origin, and urodilatin (Uro) is thought to be derived from the kidney. Furthermore, natriuretic peptides have also been isolated from a range of other vertebrates. Notably, some were found in snake venoms: Dendroaspis angusticeps natriuretic peptide was detected in the venom of Dendroaspis angusticeps (the green mamba); CNP analogues were also cloned from the venom glands of snakes of the Crotalinae subfamily; Pseudocerastes persicus natriuretic peptide, isolated from the venom of the Iranian snake Pseudocerastes persicus and three natriuretic-like peptides (TNP-a, TNP-b, and TNP-c) isolated from the venom of Oxyuranus microlepidotus . Human recombinant ANP (Carperitide) has been approved for the clinical management of acute decompensated CHF in Japan since 1995, human recombinant BNP (Nesiritide) has been approved for the same clinical indication in the USA since 2001, and human recombinant Uro (Ularitide) is currently undergoing phase III clinical trails in Europe. As biomarkers, both BNP and NT-pro BNP are currently used clinically to aid the diagnosis of CHF, assessing the severity of CHF and risk stratification in patients with coronary artery diseases. In this review, we will attempt to provide an update on important issues regarding natriuretic peptides in CHF.
Sources of Variation in Hospital-Level Infection Rates After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: An Analysis of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Heart Surgery Database.

Background Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are at risk for a variety of infections. Investigators have focused on predictors of these adverse sequelae, but less attention has been focused on characterizing hospital-level variability in these outcomes. Methods Between July 2011 and December 2013, The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database shows 365,686 patients underwent isolated CABG in 1,084 hospitals. Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) were defined as pneumonia, sepsis/septicemia, deep sternal wound infection/mediastinitis, vein harvest/cannulation site infection, or thoracotomy infection. Hospitals were ranked by their HAI rate as low (≤10th percentile), medium (10th to 90th percentile), and high (>90th percentile). Differences in perioperative factors and composite morbidity and mortality end points across these groups were determined using the Wilcoxon rank sum and χ 2 tests. Results HAIs occurred among 3.97% of patients overall, but rates varied across hospital groups (low: 8.41%). Pneumonia (2.98%) was the most common HAI, followed by sepsis/septicemia (0.84%). Patients at high-rate hospitals more often smoked, had diabetes, chronic lung disease, New York Heart Association Functional Classification III to IV, and received blood products ( p p p Conclusions Substantial hospital-level variation exists in postoperative HAIs among patients undergoing CABG, driven predominantly by pneumonia. Given the relatively small absolute differences in comorbidities across hospital groups, our findings suggest factors other than case mix may explain the observed variation in HAI rates.
A new algorithm for retrieving GPS radio occultation total electron content

[1] A new algorithm for retrieving the relative ionospheric satellite-to-satellite total electron content during Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultations is proposed. The algorithm consists of a linear combination of the L1 and L2 excess phase data using precise orbit information of the transmitter and receiver. The combination eliminates the effects of refractive bending and dispersion to first order. Simulations, representative of solar maximum conditions, show that using the “traditional” combination of the L1 and L2 phases, bending and dispersion may cause a systematic residual error of up to 20 TECU. Using only the L1 excess phase, the corresponding maximum residual error is about 7 TECU. The proposed combination results in a residual error due to bending and dispersion less than 0.1 TECU. Uncertainty in satellite orbit determination, as well as an unmodeled residual related to the geomagnetic field, result in a total systematic error of 1–2 TECU.
A randomized algorithm for the approximation of matrices

We introduce a randomized procedure that, given an m × n matrix A and a positive integer k, approximates A with a matrix Z of rank k. The algorithm relies on applying a structured l × m random matrix R to each column of A ,w herel is an integer near to, but greater than, k. The structure of R allows us to apply it to an arbitrary m × 1 vector at a cost proportional to m log(l); the resulting procedure can construct a rank-k approximation Z from the entries of A at a cost proportional to mn log(k) + l 2 (m + n). We prove
Pain in Children and Adolescents with Sickle Cell Disease: A Descriptive Study

In sickle cell disease, vaso-occlusion in the small blood vessels leads to bone or joint pain which is variable in intensity and duration. An essential first step toward the development of specific treatment guidelines for such painful episodes in children and adolescents is the accurate evaluation of pain. The systematic assessment of vaso-occlusive pain is addressed through two separate studies. In the first, 35 pediatric sickle cell disease patients between 5 and 16 years of age were evaluated in an outpatient clinic with the Varni/Thompson Pediatric Pain Questionnaire. In the second, data were gathered over the course of hospitalizations for uncomplicated vaso-occlusive episodes in 17 adolescent patients. Results showed that this pain experience can be quantified, that vaso-occlusive pain spans a broad range of intensity levels, and that there are a number of socioemotional factors associated with the pain experience. Further research to systematically assess the psychometric properties of pain assessment instrument is recommended.