cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical school funding.

Letters from: Although medical schools might appear to be robust enterprises, with aggregate annual expenditures in 1995 of more than $30 billion, the fact is that on average only about 10 to 20% of their annual revenues comes from such secure sources as tuition and fees, endowment earnings and gifts, or (mainly for the public schools) state support. About 20% of their annual revenues comes from the NIH (National Institutes of Health), nearly 35% from fees generated by the faculty physicians' practice of medicine, and another roughly 15% in direct payments from teaching hospital partners. In other words, about 50% of the schools' aggregate revenues is derived from the provision of medical care; these revenues have provided surpluses that have been used by the medical schools as flexible funds for academic investments. In fiscal year 1994, the Association of American Medical Colleges survey indicated that revenues from the faculty physicians' practice alone contributed $2.4 billion to medical schools for support of education and research. Although the majority of the funds were expended for clinical education and research, not all of them were, and the fact that the funds were discretionary is their critically important feature. It is these clinical surpluses that are being wrung out of the health care system by a managed care enterprise that has demonstrated little willingness to contribute to the costs of education and research. And just as the teaching hospitals are threatened by this new environment and require additional stabilization funds, so, too, are the medical schools. The purpose of a new Medical School Fund (K. I. Shine, Editorial, [3 Jan., p. 9][1]) is to replace these clinical revenues and provide the schools with flexible funds for the support of their academic objectives. Some of the new funds would go toward the support of curricular innovation, others to the support of the research infrastructure (or capacity) that enables the medical schools to partner with NIH in sharing the costs of sustaining the world's leading biomedical research enterprise. A good fraction of the funds would undoubtedly go to the support of clinical research, but that should be by choice and not by mandate. The schools must certainly be held accountable for the expenditure of any monies that might be received from a new public fund, but the overriding need of the medical schools at this time of convulsive change is for new monies that are flexible, not earmarked by prescription to overly specific applications. There is an old adage in medical school lore which says that any policy that would gratuitously restrict a previously unrestricted source of funds is bad policy. From this perspective, and with deeper understanding of the schools' historic dependence on flexible clinical revenues to support a broad array of educational and research objectives, one should oppose the suggestion by Shine that funds to be raised from a new all-payer assessment be restricted by policy to support clinical investigation. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.275.5296.9
A profile of General Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero: first president of the International Geodetic Association

The exploits of the multifaceted scientist (engineer-geodesist-metrologist) General Carlos Ibane z e Ibanez de Ibero (1825-1891), Marques de Mulhacen, are recounted. A bibliography of his relevant work is included.
Federal and State Government Roles in Science and Technology

Increased state government participation in the formulation and implementation of national science and technology policies has been proposed in a series of recent reports, most notably the State-Fe...
Some Aspects of the Forced Wave Response of Stratified Coastal Regions

Abstract A two-layer model with an idealized continental shelf and slope bottom topography is utilized to study some properties of the response of stratified coastal regions to meteorological forcing with variations in the alongshore direction. The model is such that the coastline is straight, there are no alongshore variations in the bottom topography, and the parameter λ=δ′R/δ′B is small, i.e., λLt;1, where δ′R is the internal Rossby radius of deformation and δ′B is a scale length of the bottom topography. In that case, the inviscid response to forcing by an alongshore wind stress is composed of uncoupled baroclinic and barotropic components. The baroclinic component consists of forced internal Kelvin waves, with an offshore scale of the order of δ′R (∼15 km) and the barotropic component consists of forced continental shelf waves, with an offshore scale the order of the width L of the continental shelf and slope (L≈100 km). The alongshore scale of the forcing is assumed to be greater than L and the meth...
Timing and scope of emission reductions for airborne particulate matter: a simplified model†

Environmental health policy decisions are characterized by irreversibility and uncertainty of an economic, ecological and biomedical nature. For this reason decision-makers may choose to exercise when possible some discretion over the timing and scope of a policy. Problems of this kind fall within the framework of the theory of irreversible investments as applied to the sunk costs and sunk benefits of environmental regulation. This work is an application of the basic theory to the problem of timing and scope of emissions reductions for airborne particulate matter. Particular attention is given to the representation of health effects in a simplified model of benefit-cost uncertainty. The results describe analytically and illustrate numerically a decision rule for an optimal policy. The exposition is designed primarily for the benefit of quantitative policy analysts in the areas of environmental and health regulation.
Algorithm to assess causality after individual adverse events following immunizations

Assessing individual reports of adverse events following immunizations (AEFI) can be challenging. Most published reviews are based on expert opinions, but the methods and logic used to arrive at these opinions are neither well described nor understood by many health care providers and scientists. We developed a standardized algorithm to assist in collecting and interpreting data, and to help assess causality after individual AEFI. Key questions that should be asked during the assessment of AEFI include: Is the diagnosis of the AEFI correct? Does clinical or laboratory evidence exist that supports possible causes for the AEFI other than the vaccine in the affected individual? Is there a known causal association between the AEFI and the vaccine? Is there strong evidence against a causal association? Is there a specific laboratory test implicating the vaccine in the pathogenesis? An algorithm can assist with addressing these questions in a standardized, transparent manner which can be tracked and reassessed if additional information becomes available. Examples in this document illustrate the process of using the algorithm to determine causality. As new epidemiologic and clinical data become available, the algorithm and guidelines will need to be modified. Feedback from users of the algorithm will be invaluable in this process. We hope that this algorithm approach can assist with educational efforts to improve the collection of key information on AEFI and provide a platform for teaching about causality assessment.
Raman and infrared spectra and theoretical calculations of dipicolinic acid, dinicotinic acid, and their dianions

Abstract The Raman and infrared spectra of dipicolinic acid (DPA) and dinicotinic acid (DNic) and their salts (CaDPA, Na 2 DPA, and CaDNic) have been recorded and the spectra have been assigned. Ab initio and DFT calculations were carried out to predict the structures and vibrational spectra and were compared to the experimental results. Because of extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the crystals of these molecules, the calculated structures and spectra for the individual molecules agree only moderately well with the experimental values. Theoretical calculations were also carried out for DPA dimers and DPA·2H 2 O to better understand the intermolecular interactions. The spectra do show that DPA and its calcium salt, which are present in anthrax spores, can be distinguished from the very similar DNic and CaDNic.
TNF-α and IFN-γ reverse IL-4 inhibition of lymphokine-activated killer cell function

Abstract Recombinant IL-4 inhibits IL-2-induced lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell development of PBMC. We evaluated the effect of various cytokines in reversing IL-4-mediated LAK inhibition. PBMC were cultured in IL-2 (10–1000 u/ml) with or without IL-4 (2–100 u/ml) and tested for cytotoxicity against the NK-sensitive K562 cells and NK-resistant UCLA-SO-M14 cells. Addition of IL-4 at the beginning of culture suppresses LAK activity in a dose-dependent fashion. Addition of IFN-γ or TNF-α partially reverses IL-4-mediated inhibition (30–100%) in a dose-dependent fashion. IFN-γ and TNF-α must be added within the first 24 hr of initiating culture in order to reverse IL-4 inhibition. Furthermore, IFN-γ and TNF-α are most effective at reversing IL-4 inhibition at low concentrations of IL-2 (
THERMODYNAMICS OF AQUEOUS CARBONATE SOLUTIONS INCLUDING MIXTURES OF SODIUM CARBONATE, BICARBONATE AND CHLORIDE

Abstract Recently the authors examined electrochemical-cell data leading to values of the activity coefficient for aqueous sodium bicarbonate. Since that preliminary analysis, new experimental measurements have been published which contribute significantly to the overall thermodynamic understanding of (sodium carbonate + sodium bicarbonate + carbonic acid). In this more extensive examination we consider a wide variety of measurements leading to activity coefficients of Na 2 CO 3 and NaHCO 3 from 273 to 323 K and to relative molar enthalpies and heat capacities at 298.15 K. Tables of thermodynamic quantities at selected temperatures are included.
Review of pyrolysis and combustion products of municipal and industrial wastes

(1983). Review of pyrolysis and combustion products of municipal and industrial wastes. Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering: Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 747-772.
Mobile system considerations for SDRAM interface trends

A variety of interconnect technologies and standards (DIMMs, MCP, POP, stacked-die and 3D-stack) enable a controller IC to communicate with an external SDRAM, or with multiple SDRAMs over a shared interconnect. Low-power requirements have driven mobile controllers to mobile-SDRAM (LPDDR) memory solutions. However, LPDDR configurations do not scale to match the throughput and capacity requirements of mobile processors, or of emerging tablet products that bring new and divergent tradeoffs among memory subsystem metrics. As a result, identifying the memory configuration best suited to a given mobile application becomes quite challenging. This paper highlights considerations in choosing a particular memory configuration for a mobile processor based on capacity, throughput, latency, power, cost and thermal concerns. We distinguish various choices according to interconnect implementation and performance, including power and timing in the IO and interconnect. To do this, we apply a three-part framework: (1) driving questions in the form of a decision tree, (2) a calculator that projects power and timing for mobile IO implementations, and (3) propagated top-down requirements and bottom-up capabilities that distinguish interconnect implementations. Our framework can support abstraction of timing and power for various interconnect configurations, to feed higher-level tools such as CACTI [19]. We anticipate that it can also be used to project mobile system requirements and memory interconnect capabilities into the future, so as to identify any gaps or bottlenecks in memory product roadmaps.
The Crystal Structure of Quartz

The Structure of Quartz (Si${O}_{2}$).---By means of the Lewis theory, a structure has been obtained for quartz which accounts in a satisfactory way for the crystalline form, crystal symmetry, optical rotation, hardness, high melting point, insolubility, and x-ray spectra of the substance. It is in strict accord with the conclusions of W. H. Bragg in regard to the structure. Furthermore, the distance between adjacent silicon and oxygen atoms, calculated from the dimensions of the lattice, as obtained by Bragg, is approximately equal to the sum of their atomic radii, obtained from other crystals.The Arrangement of Atoms and Electrons.---Each silicon atom is surrounded by four pairs of electrons at tetrahedron corners, which act as bonds connecting it to four equidistant oxygen atoms. Each oxygen atom is also surrounded by four tetrahedrally oriented electronpairs, two of which serve as bonds connecting the oxygen to silicon atoms. The crystal is thus not made up of Si${O}_{2}$ units, but is a single molecule, for all of the bonds around each silicon or each oxygen atom are of the same type---the usual type of bond which connects the atoms in a molecule.
The Optimal Bargain between the Elite and the Majority: Party and Managerial Ideologies as Devices to Control Politicians and Managers

We investigate problems that arise in aligning office-seeking politicians with social welfare in situations where society (or the firm) is composed of groups of different sizes with different preferences. Similar alignment issues arise in corporations where management must respond to the demands of multiple constituencies. The problems arise because the agents have a suboptimal incentive to cater to majority preferences in situations with low participation costs and to elite minority preferences in situations with high participation costs. Our paper is mainly devoted to democratic politics, in which there is no group of residual claimants who are aligned to social welfare. In democratic politics, we claim that an efficient elite-majority bargain involves the creation of competing party ideologies that serve to check opportunism by majorities in low participation-cost scenarios and by elites in high participation-cost scenarios, and in doing so align politicians with social welfare. We suggest that in non-profit firms that also lack a residual claimant, an efficient elite-majority bargain involves a parallel creation of managerial ideologies, and that such managerial ideologies may also have utility in the for-profit firm as a supplementary device to foster alignment with firm value.
Metabolic studies with adrenocorticotropin in Cushing's syndrome and in virilism.

THIS report deals with metabolic studies on a patient with Cushing's syndrome and on one with virilism, following the administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Lewis and Wilkins (1) in a somewhat similar study reported the effects of the administration of adrenocorticotropin over a 24-hour period in 1 patient with Cushing's syndrome and in 2 instances of congenital adrenalhyperplasia with virilism: all 3 patients showed an increase in the urinaryexcretion of 17-ketosteroids. The patient with Cushing's syndrome showed also an increase in the urinary excretion of the neutral reducing lipids, arise in the fasting blood sugar level, a fall in the respiratory quotient, apolymorphonuclear leukocytosis, an increase in the excretion of potassiumand a marked reduction in the excretion of sodium. The 2 patients withcongenital adrenal hyperplasia and virilism, on the other hand, showedonly a slight rise in the urinary excretion of the neutral reducing lipids,no increase in the fasting blood sugar level and only...
Identification of a Drosophila 60S ribosomal protein

Abstract We have previously reported the cloning and sequencing of a cDNA from Drosophila (DL43; GenBank Accession # U40226) which predicts a small protein homologous to a ribosomal protein in yeast and rat. In this study we show that a 330 nucleotide transcript encoding the putative ribosomal protein is expressed in Drosophila Kc cells under normal growth conditions (25°C). This :RNA is associated with the translational machinery and is present on polysomes. The DL43 cDNA was transcribed using T7 RNA polymerase and the resulting transcripts translated in a wheat germ extract. SDS/PAGE analysis of the in vitro transcribed and translated DL43 cDNA yields a small protein of approximately 9 kDa. Using two-dimensional gelelectrophoresis we have established that the radiolabeled DL43 protein comigrates with a small basic protein in the 60S ribosomal subunit. The electrophoretic mobilities of the in vitro and in vivo synthesized DL43 proteins are indistinguishable providing support for the identity of this protein.
Characterization of white matter degeneration in elderly subjects by magnetic resonance diffusion and FLAIR imaging correlation.

Abstract Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) techniques have been widely used to evaluate white matter (WM) alterations associated with aging, dementia and cerebral vascular disease. The relationship between FLAIR detected WM lesions (WML) and DTI detected WM integrity changes, however, remains unclear. To investigate this association, voxelwise correlations between 4 Tesla DTI and FLAIR images from elderly subjects were performed by relating WML volume and intensity in FLAIR to fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) in DTI. Significant DTI–FLAIR correlations were found in regions overlapping with the WML of moderate intensities in FLAIR. No significant correlations were detected in periventricular regions where the FLAIR intensities are particularly high. The findings are consistent with a transitional model for WM degeneration from normal WM to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The results show that the correlation between DTI and FLAIR disappears when the FLAIR intensity of WML reaches its maximum at a certain lesion severity, and that the correlations may remerge with reversed signs when the lesion severity is further increased. These results suggest that the different stages of WM degeneration in elderly subjects can be better characterized by regional DTI–FLAIR correlations than single modality alone.
Pulmonary embolization of iodine-125 seeds following prostate implantation

The optimal treatment of prostatic carcinoma limited to the gland remains controversial. Treatment has included implantation of Iodine-125 seeds via both a suprapubic approach and, more recently, a transperineal technique utilizing ultrasound guidance. We recently have noted a heretofore unreported complication with this latter technique, namely, embolization of seeds to the lungs. Review of the chest x-ray films of 31 patients who underwent suprapubic implants showed no evidence of this phenomenon. One of 5 patients undergoing transperineal implant was found to have seeds lodged in the lung. Complications surrounding the various treatments of localized prostate carcinoma are reviewed.
Declining abundance of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) documented by herbarium specimens

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is a native North American forest herb whose roots have been collected for their reputed medicinal properties and exported to international markets for nearly 300 years. Numerous anecdotal reports suggest declining abundance throughout its range, and the species is currently listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. This study examines the putative decline of American ginseng over the last 150 years in 19 US states by using data from herbarium specimens. For successive time intervals, we calculate the numbers of American ginseng specimens in addition to the numbers of specimens of related taxa that are not commercially harvested. The proportions of American ginseng specimens from adjacent time intervals are then examined for significant changes. An additional analysis evaluates the potential for species overrepresentation in the database due to species collection bias. Despite evidence of preferential collection of American ginseng, the proportion of American ginseng specimens declined significantly through time for six northern states. This result is consistent with a long and intense history of harvest, extensive deforestation in northern regions of the United States, and slow regeneration of American ginseng.
The influence of one memory retrieval on a subsequent memory retrieval

Ss produced an instance of a category and following zero or two intervening items produced a second instance of the same category. The second instance was produced more quickly than the initial instance. This finding, in conjunction with other data reported in the paper, indicate that the reduction in latency for the second instance is due mostly to a reduction in the rate with which the category is searched.
Functional connectivity and neurological recovery

Modern theories of brain function emphasize the importance of distributed functional networks and synchronized activity within and between networks in mediating cognitive functions. This view highlights the importance of considering brain-behavior relationships after focsal lesions not only as the result of local structural damage but also as a more widespread alteration of the physiological state of networks connected to the lesion. Recent findings demonstrate coherent activity in large-scale brain networks not only during task performance, but also, surprisingly, at rest in the absence of stimuli, tasks, or overt responses. Moreover, breakdown of coherent activity at rest, even in regions that are structurally intact, correlates with behavioral deficits and with their recovery after injury. This network perspective is fundamental to understand not only healthy brain function, but also the pathophysiology of brain injuries, mechanisms of functional recovery, and the basis for novel interventions for therapy.
Changing a limb muscle growth program into a resorption program

Transgenic Xenopus laevis tadpoles that express a dominant negative form of the thyroid hormone receptor (TRDN) controlled by the cardiac actin muscle promoter (pCar) develop with very little limb muscle. Under the control of the tetracycline system the transgene can be induced at will by adding doxycycline to the rearing water. Pre-existing limb muscle fibers begins to disintegrate within 2 days after up-regulation of the TRDN transgene. The muscle cells do not die even after weeks of transgene exposure when the myofibrils have degenerated completely and the tadpole is nearing death. A microarray analysis after 2 weeks of exposure to the transgene identified 24 muscle genes whose expression was altered in such a way that they might cause the muscle phenotype. These candidate genes are normally activated in growing limb muscle but they are repressed by the TRDN transgene. Several of these genes have been implicated in mammalian myopathies. However, the expression of only one of these genes, calsequestrin, is down-regulated in 1 day and therefore might initiate the degeneration. Calsequestrin is one of several affected genes that encode proteins involved in calcium sequestration, transport and utilization in muscle suggesting that uncontrolled calcium influx into the growing limb muscle fibers causes rhabdomyolysis. Many of the same genes that are down-regulated in the tail at the peak of metamorphic climax just before it is resorbed are suppressed in the transgenic limb muscle in effect turning the limb growth program into a tail resorption program.
Musculoskeletal Concerns in the Young Athlete with Down Syndrome

Children and adolescents with Down syndrome frequently are involved in athletic pursuits. In addition to well-known associated medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism and cardiac anomalies, these individuals also are susceptible to musculoskeletal problems. Patellar instability, hip joint instability, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, bunions, and cervical spine instability have been reported with a significant incidence in this population. Early diagnosis of musculoskeletal problems allows for more effective interventions that preserve function and allow safe participation in sports activities.
Photoemission from mass-selected monodispersed Pt clusters.

We report measurements of the valence- and core-level photoemission spectra of mass-selected, monodispersed Pt clusters. For individual samples consisting of the platinum atom through the six-atom cluster deposited onto a silica substrate, we have followed the development of the individual valence-band electronic structure and the Pt 4{ital f} core-electron binding energy, and conclude that such small metal clusters do not yet exhibit metallic character.
Prevention of Periodontal Diseases in Adults: Strategies for the Future

Gingivitis and periodontitis are the most prevalent periodontal diseases in adults. Gingivitis is characterized by inflammation of the gingiva without loss of connective tissue attachment to the teeth while periodontitis results in loss of attachment and alveolar bone and may lead to tooth loss. Gingivitis is highly prevalent in adults in the United States, and up to 70% of adults have at least mild periodontitis. In only a small proportion of adults (< 15%) does periodontitis progress to severe disease. The etiology of periodontal disease is infection with pathogenic dental plaque bacteria in a susceptible host. Strategies for preventing periodontal diseases therefore may intervene at the level of the initiation of the inflammatory process, or by preventing the progression of bone and attachment loss in periodontitis. Improved mechanical and chemical plaque control as well as improved restorative materials to facilitate plaque removal continue to enhance the patient's ability to control the plaque bacteria. Strategies to target prevention to the patients who need it most include risk factor assessment, new diagnostic methods, and further elucidation of the natural history of periodontal disease. Further study of the etiology and pathophysiology of periodontitis will aid in the prevention of further destruction through targeted use of local and systemic antibiotics and well as drugs to aid in the host response. Ultimately research may yield multivalent vaccines to be used in high-risk patients.
ADJUSTING RESIDUALS IN ESTIMATION OF DISPERSION EFFECTS

Summary This paper studies a method of adjusting the ordinary least squares residuals, when estimating and comparing dispersions, at various levels of factors in a replicated factorial experiment. Using a general dispersion model, theoretical results demonstrate the benefits of the method of adjusting residuals. An illustrative example is included.
Spinal β-endorphin analgesia involves an interaction with local monoaminergic systems

Abstract β-Endorphin administered intrathecally (i.t.) in rats produced a dose-dependent elevation in tail-flick latency. Naltrexone administered i.t. as a pretreatment reversed the spinal antinociceptive action of β-endorphin, suggesting that the opioid interacts directly with spinal opiate receptors. Spinal administration of the α 1 -adrenoceptor antagonist WB-4101 failed to alter the analgesic effects of the opioid, whereas the α 2 -adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine completely blocked β-endorphin-induced elevations intail-flick latency. Thus, there is an apparent specificity for the α 2 -adrenoceptor to mediate the spinal action of β-endorphin. The 5-HT 1 and 5-HT 3 receptor antagonists (spiroxatrine and ICS 205–930, respectively) also reversed the analgesic effects of the opioid, while the 5-HT 2 receptor antagonist ritanserin only partially blocked β-endorphin-induced elevations in tail-flick latency. The present results suggest that β-endorphin produces analgesia at the spinal level via an opiate receptor-mediated interaction with spinal monoaminergic nerve terminals.
Epilepsy in Prader–Willi syndrome: Clinical characteristics and correlation to genotype

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genomic imprinting disease secondary to the loss of a functional paternal copy of 15q11-q13. Unlike its related imprinting disorder, Angelman syndrome, PWS has not been regarded as a risk factor for epilepsy. A retrospective analysis of 92 patients with PWS identified 24 (26%) with seizures. Twenty-two of these (92%) were affected by focal epilepsy and only two (8%) had generalized epilepsy. The most common seizure type was staring spells (67%). Correlation to genotype analysis showed deletions were more common in patients with epilepsy than in patients without epilepsy. The epilepsy syndromes were easy to control with a single antiepileptic drug in most cases. Three patients (11%) had had febrile seizures. These findings suggest that PWS may be a risk factor for epilepsy, which can manifest with focal features. Patients with PWS with a deletion genotype showed a trend toward developing seizures compared with patients with other genotypes in our series, even though this difference did not achieve statistical significance.
Mitochondrial DNA mutations cause resistance to opening of the permeability transition pore.

Abstract The age-related accumulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations has the potential to impair organ function and contribute to disease. In support of this hypothesis, accelerated mitochondrial mutagenesis is pathogenic in the mouse heart, and there is an increase in myocyte apoptosis. The current study sought to identify functional alterations in cell death signaling via mitochondria. Of particular interest is the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, opening of which can initiate cell death, while pore inhibition is protective. Here, we show that mitochondria from transgenic mice that develop mitochondrial DNA mutations have a marked inhibition of calcium-induced pore opening. Temporally, inhibited pore opening coincides with disease. Pore inhibition also correlates with an increase in Bcl-2 protein integrated into the mitochondrial membrane. We hypothesized that pore inhibition was mediated by mitochondrial Bcl-2. To test this hypothesis, we treated isolated mitochondria with Bcl-2 antagonistic peptides (derived from the BH3 domain of Bax or Bid). These peptides released the inhibition to pore opening. The data are consistent with a Bcl-2-mediated inhibition of pore opening. Thus, mitochondrial DNA mutations induce an adaptive–protective response in the heart that inhibits opening of the mitochondrial permeability pore.
Role of cell cytoskeleton in Mo-MuLV env transport and processing: implications in ts1 neuropathology

Treatment of Mo-MuLV-infected cells with cytochalasin B (CB), a microfilament disrupting drug, caused a reduction in virus yield as judged by infectivity assay and reverse transcriptase activity. Pulse-chase experiments with [3H]leucine showed that the env precursor, gPr80env, was inefficiently processed in cells treated with CB. In the presence of monensin, an inhibitor of glycoprotein transport, gPr80env accumulated intracellularly and no gp70 was observed on the cell surface, indicating a complete block in the processing of gPr80env. Pulse-chase studies also showed that gPr80env was not processed in the presence of monensin. SDS-PAGE analysis of TX-100-extracted cell cytoskeletons (TX-insoluble fraction) iodinated and immunoprecipitated with goat anti-gp70 antiserum showed that CB or monensin treatment caused a marked increase of gPr80env in the cytoskeleton-rich fraction. However, the amount of gPr80env associated with the TX-soluble fraction in both CB or monensin-treated and untreated cells labeled with [3H]leucine was about the same. The gPr80env in the TX-100-soluble fraction of the cell was the endoglycosidase H (Endo-H) sensitive mannose-rich form, whereas the cytoskeleton-associated gPr80env was the partially Endo-H-resistant complex carbohydrate form. In the presence of CB or monensin, the complex carbohydrate form of gPr80env accumulated in the cytoskeleton-rich cell fraction. Examination of Mo-MuLV ts1 mutant, which is defective in the processing of env precursor polyprotein, also revealed an accumulation of the complex carbohydrate form of gPr80env in the cytoskeleton-rich fraction and an absence of gp70 on the surface of the cell at the restrictive temperature (39 degrees C). These studies suggest that the cytoskeleton plays a role in the transport and processing of MuLV gPr80env and that oligosaccharide conversion is an important factor in this process. Further, the accumulation of gPr80env on the cytoskeleton of ts1 infected cells at restrictive temperature may play a role in the neurological disorder caused by Mo-MuLV ts1 mutant.
Chemical kinetics of copper oxide reduction with carbon monoxide

Abstract In order to assess the potential for using copper oxide as the oxygen source in chemical looping combustion with coal, a study was undertaken to characterize the reaction rates of copper oxide with carbon monoxide, a major coal partial oxidation product. In the study, CO oxidation experiments were performed in a pressurized thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) with copper II (CuO) and copper I oxide (Cu 2 O). In these experiments, about 25 mg of CuO or Cu 2 O particles having diameters less than 125 μm were placed on the balance pan of the TGA and mixtures of 1.6% CO in N 2 were admitted into the reaction chamber, which was maintained at selected temperatures between 473 and 773 K. The measured thermograms were used to develop a chemical reaction mechanism and associated kinetic parameters to described CO oxidation with copper oxide. The reaction mechanism takes into account CO adsorption at copper sites, CO surface migration, and CO 2 desorption. Calculations employing the mechanism indicate that the overall reaction rate becomes mass transport limited for copper oxide particles larger than 125 μm in diameter, exposed to 100% CO at temperatures above 873 K. The reaction mechanism reveals a reaction order of 0.7 with respect to the CO mole fraction and an overall activation energy of 20 kJ/mol and 25 kJ/mol, respectively, for the reduction of CuO and Cu 2 O to Cu. Calculated results support an earlier hypothesis that under the conditions examined, there are two pathways for CuO reduction to Cu, one cascading (CuO → Cu 2 O → Cu) and the other direct (CuO → Cu). Our results indicate that chemical looping combustion of coal employing CuO as the oxygen carrier will not be limited by chemical reaction rates.
Effects of aerosol optical properties on deep convective clouds and radiative forcing

[1] The aerosol radiative effects (ARE) on the deep convective clouds are investigated by using a spectral-bin cloud-resolving model coupled with a radiation scheme and an explicit land surface model. The sensitivity of cloud properties and the associated radiative forcing to aerosol single-scattering albedo (SSA) are examined. The ARE on cloud properties is pronounced for mid-visible SSA of 0.85. Relative to the case without ARE, the cloud fraction and optical depth decrease by about 18% and 20%, respectively. Ice particle number concentrations, liquid water path, ice water path, and droplet size decrease by more than 15% when the ARE is introduced. The ARE causes a surface cooling of about 0.35 K and significantly high heating rates in the lower troposphere (about 0.6 K day−1 higher at 2 km), both of which lead to a more stable atmosphere and hence weaker convection. The weaker convection explains the less cloudiness, lower cloud optical depth, less LWP and IWP, smaller droplet size, and less precipitation resulting from the ARE. The daytime-mean direct forcing induced by black carbon is about 2.2 W m−2 at the top of atmosphere (TOA) and −17.4 W m−2 at the surface for SSA of 0.85. The semi-direct forcing is positive, about 10 and 11.2 W m−2 at the TOA and surface, respectively. Both the TOA and surface total radiative forcing values are strongly negative for the deep convective clouds, attributed mostly to aerosol indirect forcing. Aerosol direct and semi-direct effects are very sensitive to SSA when aerosol optical depth is high. Because the positive semi-direct forcing compensates the negative direct forcing at the surface, the surface temperature and heat fluxes decrease less significantly with the increase of aerosol absorption (decreasing SSA). The cloud fraction, optical depth, convective strength, and precipitation decrease with the increase of absorption, resulting from a more stable atmosphere due to enhanced surface cooling and atmospheric heating.
The Influence of Ply Waviness with Nonlinear Shear on the Stiffness and Strength Reduction of Composite Laminates

The influence of ply waviness with nonlinear shear material response on the mechanical performance of composite laminates is studied. An analytic model, based on a three-dimensional laminated media analysis, is developed to predict the effective nonlinear laminate behavior associated with ply waviness. An undulating [0] ply in a [90/0/90] sublaminate configuration and undulating [±β] plies in a [90/±β/90] sub laminate configuration are two types of ply waviness considered. An incremental loading strategy is employed wherein piece-wise linear solutions are superimposed to obtain the overall nonlinear stress/strain response of composite laminates with wavy plies. The anal ysis also predicts individual ply stress and strain distributions within the wavy ply con figuration. The maximum stress failure criterion is used to predict ply failure in local re gions within the wavy ply configuration and a progressive failure methodology is adopted to permit local load redistribution. Results are presented that offer ...
Erythrocyte consumption of nitric oxide: competition experiment and model analysis.

It is generally believed that the erythrocyte membrane is highly permeable to nitric oxide (NO). To prevent NO from freely entering and being scavenged by the red blood cell (RBC), it has been suggested that NO consumption is limited by the mass transfer resistance of the diffusion layer adjacent to the erythrocyte membrane. Recently, we (Vaughn et al. (2000). J. Biol. Chem. 275, 2342) presented an experimental technique that overcomes experimental diffusional limitations and showed that RBCs also possess a mechanism to slow nitric oxide uptake. Here, we present a mathematical analysis of this technique by modeling the NO uptake of a single cell. We obtain additional data (n = 33, total) by use of the competition experiment and, through application of the model, show that either the RBC membrane permeability to NO or the intracellular reaction rate between NO and hemoglobin (Hb) is at least 2000-fold lower than previously thought. As a result, RBCs react with NO at a rate three orders of magnitude slower than free oxyHb. This phenomena may play an important role in NO bioavailability.
Development and cross-validation of sequencing-based assays for genotyping common polymorphisms of the CXCL5 gene.

Abstract Background Epithelial neutrophil activating peptide (ENA-78) is encoded by the polymorphic CXCL5 gene and is a recruiter and activator of neutrophils. Furthermore, ENA-78 may be involved in pathological inflammatory processes and variable drug responses. Methods To facilitate future disease–gene and pharmacogenetic investigation of ENA-78, we developed and cross-validated medium- to high-throughput genotyping assays for 2 commonly occurring CXCL5 polymorphisms (rs352046 and rs425535). Furthermore, we compared allele and genotype frequencies in a U.S. population with those of a previously studied European population. Results There was 100% genotype concordance between the 2 methods used (Pyrosequencing® and TaqMan®). Variant allele frequencies for rs352046 were consistent between the U.S. (16%) and European (16%) populations, while the rs425535 variant allele was more than twice as high in the European cohort (38% vs. 16%). There was complete linkage of genotypes at both loci in our population. Conclusions The distribution of variant alleles for the 2 polymorphisms studied should be further evaluated in other populations. In addition, our data highlight the importance of assay validation using multiple platforms.
Convection in a fluid with two phases

The gravitational instability of a horizontal fluid layer with a univariant phase transition is considered. It is found that the layer can be unstable even when the less dense phase lies above the dense phase and can be stable in the opposite case. Applications of the theory to convection with phase transitions in astrophysical and geophysical problems are briefly discussed.
Sources of amino acids for protein synthesis during earlyorganogenesis in the rat. 3. Methionine incorporation

Rat conceptuses at 9.5 days post-conception were cultured for 27 h in whole rat serum. [3H]Methionine, or rat serum proteins containing [3H]methionine, was introduced at 24 or 6 h before the termination of the culture. The total clearance of radioactivity into the embryo and the visceral yolk sac from the two sources was measured; also the extent to which the accumulated radioactivity was acid-insoluble. Similar experiments, but using [3H]leucine, were performed for comparison. The results indicate that free amino acid and protein can both serve as sources of amino acids for incorporation into the embryo and yolk sac, and it is estimated that in vivo over 95 per cent of the methionine (and the leucine) incorporated into these tissues arises from protein captured and digested by the yolk sac. Almost all the leucine accumulated into the conceptus is present as protein, but a larger fraction of the methionine accumulated is found in acid-soluble form. When the amino acids were delivered in the form of plasma proteins, the incorporation of methionine was two to three times more efficient than that of leucine, an observation most readily explained by leucine being provided in excess of requirements. In the light of reports that an adequate concentration of free methionine is important for the normal development of rat embryos in vitro, it is concluded that, although most of the amino acid required by the embryo is supplied as protein, the small fraction supplied as free amino acid may be critical for methionine but probably not for leucine.
Efficiency Wages and International Factor Mobility

This paper incorporates efficiency wages into the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The capital intensive sector pays higher wages than the other sector. One result is that tariffs to attract capital increase welfare by increasing the quality, not quantity, of jobs available. However, there are distributional effects among laborers. Some see an increase in wages, others become unemployed. The paper also investigates policies in the presence of illegal immigration. If immigration cannot be limited, a high wage country is best served by a capital outflow that eliminates the incentive for the labor inflow. Again, there are distributional effects among the workers. [F20]
Complement and the immune response

This past year has seen a major advance in our understanding of how the complement system enhances the adaptive immune response. The use of in vivo models has revealed that direct coupling of C3d to antigen is sufficient to dramatically reduce the amount of antigen required for a secondary response. At least one important requirement for the enhancing effect was determined to be expression of the CD21 (C3d receptor) on B cells.
Links Between Adolescents’ Expected Parental Reactions and Prosocial Behavioral Tendencies: The Mediating Role of Prosocial Values

The purpose of the present study was to examine relations between adolescents’ social cognitions regarding parenting practices and adolescents’ prosocial behavioral tendencies. A mediation model was tested whereby the degree to which adolescents perceived their parents as responding appropriately to their prosocial and antisocial behaviors was hypothesized to predict adolescents’ tendencies toward prosocial behavior indirectly by way of adolescents’ prosocial values. Adolescents (N = 140; M age = 16.76 years, SD = .80; 64% girls; 91% European Americans) completed measures of prosocial values and of the appropriateness with which they expected their parents to react to their prosocial and antisocial behaviors. In addition, teachers and parents rated the adolescents’ tendencies for prosocial behaviors. A structural equation model test showed that the degree to which adolescents expected their parents to respond appropriately to their prosocial behaviors was related positively to their prosocial values, which in turn was positively associated with their tendencies to engage in prosocial behaviors (as reported by parents and teachers). The findings provide evidence for the central role of adolescents’ evaluations and expectancies of parental behaviors and of the role of values in predicting prosocial tendencies. Discussion focuses on the implications for moral socialization theories and on the practical implications of these findings in understanding adolescents’ prosocial development.
Paclitaxel restores radiation-induced apoptosis in a bcl-2-expressing, radiation-resistant lymphoma cell line.

Abstract Purpose: To restore radiation-induced apoptosis in a bcl-2-expressing, radiation-resistant murine lymphoma cell line (LY-ar) by pretreatment with paclitaxel (Taxol). Because this cell line also has high intracellular levels of glutathione (GSH), reportedly due to the bcl-2 expression and involved in the cell's antioxidant functions, paclitaxel treatment was correlated with GSH levels. Methods and Materials: LY-ar cells were pretreated with paclitaxel and then irradiated with 5 Gy. Apoptosis was measured by DNA fragmentation 6 h later. Dose response and time course experiments were performed. Intracellular GSH levels were measured after treatment. Cell survival analysis was performed for various paclitaxel concentrations ± 5 Gy. Results: LY-ar cells pretreated with 0 nM, 10 nM, 25 nM, and 50 nM paclitaxel for 20 h underwent apoptosis at 2%, 15%, 25%, and 22%, respectively. With the addition of 5-Gy irradiation, LY-ar cell apoptosis increased to 4%, 30%, 49%, and 57%. Maximal apoptosis was detected with a paclitaxel pretreatment time of 20 h. Intracellular GSH levels were reduced by nearly 50% with paclitaxel pretreatment. Surviving fractions (SFs) with 0 nM, 10 nM, 25 nM, and 50 nM paclitaxel and 0 Gy were 1.0, 0.50, 0.08, and 0.05, respectively. SFs with 0 nM, 10 nM, 25 nM, and 50 nM paclitaxel and 5 Gy were 0.009, 0.003, 3 × 10 −5 , and 1 × 10 −5 , respectively. Conclusion: Radiation–induced apoptosis in LY-ar cells was restored by pretreatment with paclitaxel. This correlated with lowered levels of intracellular GSH. Cell survival analysis indicated that the combination of Taxol and radiation on cell killing was greater than additive.
Viscosity and inertia in cosmic-ray transport : effects of an average magnetic field

A generalized transport equation is introduced which describes the transport and propagation of cosmic rays in a magnetized, collisionless medium. The equation is valid if the cosmic-ray distribution function is nearly isotropic in momentum, if the ratio of fluid speed to fluid-flow particle speed is small, and if the ratio of collision time to time for change in the macroscopic flow is small. Five independent cosmic-ray viscosity coefficients are found, and the ralationship of this viscosity to particle orbits in a magnetic field is presented.
EFFECTS OF SAMPLE SIZE, ESTIMATION METHODS, AND MODEL SPECIFICATION ON STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING FIT INDEXES

A Monte Carlo simulation study was conducted to investigate the effects on structural equation modeling (SEM) fit indexes of sample size, estimation method, and model specification. Based on a balanced experimental design, samples were generated from a prespecified population covariance matrix and fitted to structural equation models with different degrees of model misspecification. Ten SEM fit indexes were studied. Two primary conclusions were suggested: (a) some fit indexes appear to be noncomparable in terms of the information they provide about model fit for misspecified models and (b) estimation method strongly influenced almost all the fit indexes examined, especially for misspecified models. These 2 issues do not seem to have drawn enough attention from SEM practitioners. Future research should study not only different models vis‐a‐vis model complexity, but a wider range of model specification conditions, including correctly specified models and models specified incorrectly to varying degrees.