cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new model linking elastic properties and ionic conductivity of mixed network former glasses

Glasses are promising candidate materials for all-solid-state electrolytes for rechargeable batteries due to their outstanding mechanical stability, wide electrochemical stability range, and open structure for potentially high conductivity. Mechanical stiffness and ionic conductivity are two key parameters for solid-state electrolytes. In this study, we investigate two mixed-network former glass systems, sodium borosilicate 0.2Na2O + 0.8[xBO1.5 + (1 - x)SiO2] and sodium borogermanate 0.2Na2O + 0.8[xBO1.5 + (1 - x)GeO2] glasses. With mixed-network formers, the structure of the network changes while the network modifier mole fraction is kept constant, i.e., x = 0.2, which allows us to analyze the effect of the network structure on various properties, including ionic conductivity and elastic properties. Besides the non-linear, non-additive mixed glass former effect, we find that the longitudinal, shear and Young's moduli depend on the combined number density of tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated network former elements. These units provide connectivity in three dimensions, which is required for the networks to exhibit restoring forces in response to isotropic and shear deformations. Moreover, the activation energy for modifier cation, Na+, migration is strongly correlated with the bulk modulus, suggesting that the elastic strain energy associated with the passageway dilation for the sodium ions is governed by the bulk modulus of the glass. The detailed analysis provided here gives an estimate for the number of atoms in the vicinity of the migrating cation that are affected by elastic deformation during the activated process. The larger this number and the more compliant the glass network, the lower is the activation energy for the cation jump.
The Power of (Four) Ambiguous Words: Print vs. Aural Endings in David Mamet's OLEANNA

Following volatile hearings of Supreme Court appointee Clarence Thomas' alleged sexual harassment of law professor Anita Hill, David Mamet’s Oleanna caused an uproar at its Cambridge premiere in Ma...
The RadA Recombinase and Paralogs of the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus.

Abstract Repair of DNA double-strand breaks is a critical function shared by organisms in all three domains of life. The majority of mechanistic understanding of this process has come from characterization of bacterial and eukaryotic proteins, while significantly less is known about analogous activities in the third, archaeal domain. Despite the physical resemblance of archaea to bacteria, archaeal proteins involved in break repair are remarkably similar to those used by eukaryotes. Investigating the function of the archaeal version of these proteins is, in many cases, simpler than working with eukaryotic homologs owing to their robust nature and ease of purification. In this chapter, we describe methods for purification and activity analysis for the RadA recombinase and its paralogs from the hyperthermophilic acidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus.
Impact of Health, Fitness, and Physical Activity Courses on the Attitudes and Behaviors of College Students

To analyze the impact of health, fitness, and physical activity courses on attitudes and behaviors of college students the entire accessible population of subjects (n = 286) were surveyed during the first and the last week of regularly scheduled health classes. The results showed different course effects were found for many behaviors and attitudes with 66% of all participants making changes in at least one significant health-related behavior. It was concluded that significant attitude and behavior change can be attained in college students enrolled in health education, fitness, and/or physical activity classes.
The U.S. Department of Energy Carbon Sequestration Research, Development and Demonstration Program

Publisher Summary Low-cost, reliable energy is one of the foundations of the U.S. economy. The United States seeks technology solutions to meet the challenge of global climate change. Toward that end, on February 14, 2002, President Bush announced the National Climate Change Technology Initiative (NCCTI). The NCCTI has developed innovative approaches in accordance with several basic principles, as outlined by the President. The approaches are consistent with the long-term goal of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere; they are measured, flexible, ensure continued economic growth and prosperity, and pursue market-based incentives and spur technological innovation. Carbon sequestration is receiving significant interest within the context of overall U.S. National Strategies for addressing global climate change concerns. The U.S. Department of Energy Carbon Sequestration Research Development and Demonstration Program portfolio covers the entire spectrum carbon sequestration options, as well as research needs for two other energy-related greenhouse gases of concem, methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxides (N 2 O). This chapter provides an overview of the direct capture and reuse portions of the R&D portfolio.
Single Fathers with Custody

As the number of single fathers raising children alone grows, increased demands are placed on mental health practitioners to meet their needs. A significant portion of single fathers with custody f...
Patterns of group splitting within matrilineal kinship groups

1. When social groups of free-ranging rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, undergo fission, they usually divide between genealogies. 2. If a genealogy divides, it is usually between an eldest daughter with her family and the rest of the genealogy. 3. The separation of the eldest daughter from her genealogy is the extreme case of peripheralization of low-ranking females among rhesus monkeys. 4. The founders of new groups that disperse from the former home range are likely to be subordinate individuals in the parent group, as predicted by Christian (1970). 5. The dispersal of families as units is likely to lead to ‘lineal effects’ (Neel and Salzano, 1967) in the genetical substructure of the population.
Quantum Strangeness: Wrestling with Bell's Theorem and the Ultimate Nature of Reality

A physicist's efforts to understand the enigma that is quantum mechanics.Quantum mechanics is one of the glories of our age. The theory lies at the heart of modern society. Quantum mechanics is one of our most valuable forecasters?a ?great predictor.? It has immeasurably altered our conception of the natural world. Its philosophical implications are earthshaking. But quantum mechanics steadfastly refuses to speak of many things; it deals in probabilities rather than giving explicit descriptions. It never explains. Einstein, one of its creators, considered the theory incomplete. Even now, many years after the creation of quantum mechanics, physicists continue to argue about it. Astrophysicist George Greenstein has been both fascinated and confused by quantum mechanics for his entire career. In this book, he describes, engagingly and accessibly, his efforts to understand the enigma that is quantum mechanics. The fastest route to the insight into the ultimate nature of reality revealed by quantum mechanics, Greenstein writes, is through Bell's Theorem, which concerns reality at the quantum level; and Bell's 1964 discovery drives Greenstein's quest. Greenstein recounts a scientific odyssey that begins with Einstein, continues with Bell, and culminates with today's push to develop an industry of quantum machines. Along the way, he discusses spin, entanglement, experimental metaphysics, and quantum teleportation, often with easy-to-grasp analogies. We have known for decades that the world of the quantum was strange, but, Greenstein says, not until John Bell came along did we know just how strange.
Does Prophylactic Administration of TXA Reduce Mean Operative Time and Postoperative Blood Loss in Posterior Approach Lumbar Spinal Fusion Surgery Performed for Degenerative Spinal Disease

STUDY DESIGN This is a level III retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE To investigate association between prophylactic tranexamic acid (TXA) administration before 1 and 2-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion operations and perioperative blood loss (including intraoperative blood loss and postoperative drain output), mean operative time, postoperative transfusion, and postoperative venous thromboembolic events. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA TXA is a systemic antifibrinolytic that competitively inhibits lysine binding sites on plasminogen, reversibly blocking its binding to fibrin and impeding fibrinolysis and clot degradation. TXA's role in routine spinal surgery remains poorly described. Most spinal literature on perioperative TXA administration has considered operations performed for major adult and pediatric spinal deformity. METHODS Two groups, a study group composed of 75 patients who underwent 1 and 2-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion operations for degenerative indications who received TXA before the start of the procedure, and a control group composed of 75 patients who underwent similar surgeries for the same indications and did not receive TXA preoperatively, were retrospectively enrolled. Demographic, laboratory, and surgical data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found between groups with respect to surgery type, home anticoagulation, postoperative anticoagulation, preoperative hemoglobin and hematocrit, estimated intraoperative blood loss, postoperative day 2 drain output, postoperative day 3 drain output, rate of postoperative transfusion, and rate of postoperative thromboembolic events. Statistically significant reductions were noted in the TXA group with regards to postoperative day 1 drain output (P<0.0041), total postoperative drain output (P=0.027), and mean surgical time (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In the present study, perioperative TXA administration was associated with reduced postoperative drain output and surgical time. Further higher-level studies are required to investigate the safety and utility of TXA's routine use in 1 and 2-level posterior lumbar fusion operations performed for degenerative indications.
Interstage monitoring: Yes it makes a difference!

Abstract Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is associated with a substantial interstage mortality between the Stage I neonatal Norwood operation and the Stage II bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis. One of the many endeavors to reduce interstage mortality has been the development of interstage home monitoring programs. We review the efficacy of interstage monitoring programs in general and in particularly at our center and conclude that interstage monitoring does make a difference. All programs, however, are not the same. Further research is needed to ascertain which facets of interstage monitoring truly impact outcomes and restructure monitoring programs as such.
Ice Hockey Player with Transient Hemiparesis

HISTORY A 16 year old female ice hockey player was hit into a wall during a game. No loss of consciousness. She felt dizzy but was initially able to continue playing, however her dizziness persisted and she was sent to the emergency department. En route she developed right-sided neck pain, numbness/tingling and weakness of her right upper and lower extremity, and some blurred vision of her right eye. She had no headache and …
Multiple Hypothesis Testing Approach to Pedestrian INS with Map-Matching

Inertial sensors became wearable/portable with the advances in sensing and computing technologies in the last two decades. Captured motion data can be used to build a pedestrian inertial navigation system (INS); however, time-variant bias and noise characteristics of low-cost sensors cause severe errors in positioning. To overcome the growing errors of so-called dead-reckoning (DR) solution, this research adopts a robust pedestrian INS based on Kalman Filter (KF) with zero-velocity update (ZUPT) aid. Despite accurate traveled distance estimates, obtained trajectories diverge from actual paths because of the heading estimation errors. In the absence of external corrections (e.g., GPS, UWB), map information is commonly employed to eliminate position drift; therefore, INS solution is fed into a higher level map-matching filter for further corrections. Unlike common Particle Filter (PF) map-matching, we implicitly model map by rasterizing the floor plans that reduces the computational burden of PF. Second major usage of the introduced approach, which makes the Bayesian estimation cycle non-recursive by serving as a constant spatial prior in the designed filter, is to generate probabilities for a self-initialization method referred to as the Multiple Hypothesis Testing (MHT). Extracted scores update hypothesis probabilities in a cumulative manner and hypothesis with maximum probability provides the correct initial location and heading. Qualitative and quantitative experimental results show feasible trajectories, and negligible return-to-start and stride errors that validates the success of the proposed approach.
Genetic and molecular characterization of resistance to Heterodera glycines race isolates 1, 3, and 5 in Peking

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, has caused severe damage to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] worldwide since its discovery in 1954. ‘Peking’ is one of the most important sources in breeding SCN resistant soybean cultivars because it is resistant to Races 1, 3, and 5. Genetic information on SCN Races 1, 3, and 5 from Peking is essential to efficiently develop resistant soybean cultivars. Resistance to Race 3 in Peking was found to be controlled by three genes, but little is known on the inheritance of resistance to Races 1 and 5, and whether alleles conditioning resistance to Races 1 and 5 belong to the same linkage group and are allelic to genes giving resistance to Race 3. To determine the genetic bases of resistance to SCN Races 1, 3, and 5, Peking was crossed to the susceptible line ‘Essex’ to generate F1 hybrids. The F2 population and F 2:3 families were advanced from the F1 and evaluated for resistance to SCN Race isolates 1, 3, and 5. Resistance to H. glycines Race isolates 1, 3, and 5 in Peking was found to be conditioned by three genes, one dominant and two recessive (Rhg, rhg, rhg). Peking may share similar sets of resistance loci between Races 1 and 3, but not between Races 3 and 5, or between Races 1 and 5.
Novel Motion Models for Time-Optimal Risk-Aware Motion Planning for Variable-Speed AUVs

In this paper, we develop new motion models for curvature-constrained and variable-speed Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) for time-optimal risk-aware motion planning. AUVs are becoming increasingly useful and cost-effective for a variety of tasks in many underwater applications including surveillance and scientific expeditions. Despite recent advances, the autonomy of AUVs is limited, especially for vehicles that operate in environments with obstacles. In particular, there is limited research for time-optimal risk-aware motion planning. In contrast, there has been significant research for finding the time-optimal paths in environments without obstacles; however, adapting these models to environments with obstacles yields sub-optimal results, since these models force the AUV to operate at extremal speeds at close proximity to obstacles. Specifically, moving at maximum speed increases the risk of collision, while moving at minimum speed dramatically increases travel time. As such, this paper presents new motion models for AUVs that enable the selection of intermediate speeds to provide a better balance between time and risk near obstacles. These models enhance the agility and maneuverability of the AUV and provide motion planners the flexibility to select appropriate speeds and therefore construct time-optimal risk-aware paths. Additionally, the models are simple to compute and are suitable for on-demand real-time computation. The performance of the proposed model is compared against existing models using our recently developed T⋆ algorithm for time-optimal risk-aware motion planning. The results show that our new model yields paths that are shorter in obstacles-rich scenarios with substantially lower risks.
Regulated, reliable, and reputable: Protect patients with uniform standards for stem cell treatments

The promise of cell and gene therapies is being realized as new products emerge to treat diseases once considered intractable. These treatments are emerging amidst reports of patients being injured by unproven "stem cell" interventions. At this juncture, it is vital to be supporting the continued development of promising regenerative medicine products while protecting patients from the risks posed by unproven interventions. Various stakeholders, including governments, patient groups, medical societies, and the media, are committed to this outcome. In this perspective, we draw on our experience gained from partnerships in developing regenerative medicine products to identify technical, organizational, and ethical benchmarks for the responsible delivery of regenerative medicine treatments. These benchmarks may serve as the basis for policy interventions intended to drive the responsible delivery of stem cell and regenerative medicine products. Our particular focus is on a California-based policy, but the suggested benchmarks are broadly applicable to national and international jurisdictions.
Analyzing and Increasing Yield of ZnO Thin-Film Transistors for Large-area Sensing Systems by Preventing Process-Induced Gate Dielectric Breakdown

Thin film transistors (TFT's) on flexible large-area substrates enable large-scale deployment of form-fitting embedded and tactile sensors. However, the combination of insulating substrates (e.g., glass, plastics), long metal traces for distributed sensors and circuits over large areas, plasma processing and packaging/assembly for hybrid (CMOS-TFT) systems makes anomalous breakdown in TFT gate dielectrics a prominent limiter of yield in complex systems. In this work, we use layout modifications, shielding layers, and temporary “shorting bars” to enable high-yield processing and assembly of distributed sensor-acquisition circuits, in which 161 ZnO TFT's are used per sensor (Fig. 1) to implement compressed sensing (i.e., matrix projection). Although this is a large number of TFT's, compressed sensing greatly enhances critical system metrics, e.g., reduces the number of acquisition cycles and physical interfaces to a readout CMOS IC, as demonstrated in a tactile force-sensing system [1].
Geometry Optimization of Porous Electrode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

We report a method to optimize the topology of porous electrodes without a prior assumption of the pattern. We take a two-dimensional NMC-Li cell as an example. The domain of NMC is discretized by a 5×5 mesh and the solid volume fraction is represented by 25 nodal variables. We use a deep-learning-boosted optimization algorithm to find the optimal material distribution that gives the maximum specific energy. The method produces an electrode pattern with 18% higher specific energy than that of a uniform electrode. This generic geometry optimization approach provides a powerful tool for the design and optimization of porous electrodes.
Validity study using factor analyses on the Defining Issues Test-2 in undergraduate populations

Introduction The Defining Issues Test (DIT) aimed to measure one’s moral judgment development in terms of moral reasoning. The Neo-Kohlbergian approach, which is an elaboration of Kohlbergian theory, focuses on the continuous development of postconventional moral reasoning, which constitutes the theoretical basis of the DIT. However, very few studies have directly tested the internal structure of the DIT, which would indicate its construct validity. Objectives Using the DIT-2, a later revision of the DIT, we examined whether a bi-factor model or 3-factor CFA model showed a better model fit. The Neo-Kohlbergian theory of moral judgment development, which constitutes the theoretical basis for the DIT-2, proposes that moral judgment development occurs continuously and that it can be better explained with a soft-stage model. Given these assertions, we assumed that the bi-factor model, which considers the Schema-General Moral Judgment (SGMJ), might be more consistent with Neo-Kohlbergian theory. Methods We analyzed a large dataset collected from undergraduate students. We performed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) via weighted least squares. A 3-factor CFA based on the DIT-2 manual and a bi-factor model were compared for model fit. The three factors in the 3-factor CFA were labeled as moral development schemas in Neo-Kohlbergian theory (i.e., personal interests, maintaining norms, and postconventional schemas). The bi-factor model included the SGMJ in addition to the three factors. Results In general, the bi-factor model showed a better model fit compared with the 3-factor CFA model although both models reported acceptable model fit indices. Conclusion We found that the DIT-2 scale is a valid measure of the internal structure of moral reasoning development using both CFA and bi-factor models. In addition, we conclude that the soft-stage model, posited by the Neo-Kohlbergian approach to moral judgment development, can be better supported with the bi-factor model that was tested in the present study.
Epidemiology of Heifer Mastitis

Until recently, it had been assumed that primigravid heifers were seldom affected by intramammary infections (IMI) at or near parturition. Recent research results now suggest that this assumption is false. A number of studies report a high rate of IMI in heifers at or near parturition.(1-3) Interestingly, the pathogens associated with these IMI's appear to have a regional distribution. A study in the southern United States found a high prevalence of IMI associated with Staphylococcus aureus.(2) Studies in the New England and Southeastern United States detected a high prevalence of IMI associated with coagulase negative staphylococci.(1,3) IMI's associated with Staphylococcus aureus are related to histopathologic lesions in the mammary gland which suggest that these infections may hamper the normal development of the lactating gland.(4) These findings have prompted research to investigate the use of antibiotic therapy to decrease the risk of IMI. This research has found that antibiotics administered prior to calving will decrease the prevalence of peripaturient IMI.(5,6) A question that has not been answered is: Do these infections in heifers, particularly IMI by the minor pathogens, warrant treatment? The objectives of this paper are to report preliminary data describing the incidence of IMI in heifers, the pathogens involved in the infections and the subsequent rates of clinical mastitis in first lactation heifers conditional on the IMI status at freshening.
Importance of Costs in Target Date Fund Selection Using Three Morningstar Ratings

Although target date mutual funds (TDFs) have only been around since the mid-1990s, they are now common vehicles for retirement investing. Sixty percent of US companies now automatically funnel employees’ non-directed retirement funds into TDFs, which account for nearly one-quarter of all savings US workers have in 401(k)s. Helping investors pick among TDFs, Morningstar rates past risk-adjusted performance using a star system and provides forward-looking evaluations of more than 2,500 TDFs using either Analyst Ratings or a newly implemented machine-learning-based Quantitative Ratings. Morningstar assigns Analyst Ratings to a smaller subset of TDFs that tend to have been in existence the longest and have the largest size. We find that TDFs with lower fees have significantly higher star ratings than their higher expense counterparts. No-load TDFs have significantly higher star ratings than their load-charging counterparts. In assessing future fund prospects, TDFs with low expense ratios are favored by both analysts and artificial intelligence. TDFs without load charges have significantly better Quantitative Ratings than their load charging counterparts. TDFs with Quantitative Ratings tend to be smaller, younger, and have poorer prior performance than TDFs with Analyst Ratings. TOPICS:Long-term/retirement investing, mutual funds/passive investing/indexing, information providers/credit ratings Key Findings ▪ Target date funds (TDFs) with low expenses and without load charges have significantly higher Morningstar star ratings of past risk-adjusted performance. These same low-cost funds have higher Morningstar Analyst ratings and Quantitative ratings, which estimate future fund prospects of performance. ▪ Regression results suggest Morningstar’s two forward-looking fund ratings are not perfect substitutes. Analyst ratings weight fund expense and fund age more heavily (both negatively) while the computer-generated Quantitative ratings are more positively influenced by past fund performance. ▪ Morningstar’s star ratings, Analyst ratings, and Quantitative ratings all suggest that retirement investing will result in a larger nest egg when attention is restricted to no-load, low-expense TDFs. Additionally, the ratings suggest investors should favor larger but relatively younger funds.
Errors in visuospatial working memory across space and time.

Visuospatial working memory (VSWM) involves cortical regions along the dorsal visual pathway, which are topographically organized with respect to the visual space. However, it remains unclear how such functional organization may constrain VSWM behavior across space and time. Here, we systematically mapped VSWM performance across the 2-dimensional (2D) space in various retention intervals in human subjects using the memory-guided and visually guided saccade tasks in two experiments. Relative to visually guided saccades, memory-guided saccades showed significant increases in unsystematic errors, or response variability, with increasing target eccentricity (3°–13° of visual angle). Unsystematic errors also increased with increasing delay (1.5–3 s, Experiment 1; 0.5–5 s, Experiment 2), while there was little or no interaction between delay and eccentricity. Continuous bump attractor modeling suggested neurophysiological and functional organization factors in the increasing unsystematic errors in VSWM across space and time. These findings indicate that: (1) VSWM representation may be limited by the functional topology of the visual pathway for the 2D space; (2) Unsystematic errors may reflect accumulated noise from memory maintenance while systematic errors may originate from non-mnemonic processes such as noisy sensorimotor transformation; (3) There may be independent mechanisms supporting the spatial and temporal processing of VSWM.
A Decentralized B&B Algorithm for Motion Planning of Robot Swarms With Temporal Logic Specifications

In this letter, we study the problem of decentralized motion planning of robot swarms under high-level temporal logic specifications with a top-down approach. We use Swarm Signal Temporal Logic (SwarmSTL) to express swarm-level specifications. By encoding SwarmSTL formulas as mixed binary-integer constraints on the swarm features, the motion planning problem is formulated as a mixed-integer quadratic programming (MIQP) problem. We develop a decentralized Branch and Bound (B&B) algorithm with a node decentralization scheme such that the nodes in the B&B tree can be processed in parallel with communication among the agents and the agents can achieve consensus on the solution. Also, several search strategies to accelerate the decentralized B&B algorithm are proposed, and the performance improvements are presented. We evaluate the proposed algorithm using a supply transportation example with different formulas.
Peptide Bond Modification for Metal Coordination: 1. Metal-Binding Properties of Hydroxamate-Based Pseudo-Peptides

Most reports in the literatures focus on metal-peptide complexes utilizing sites on the peptide side chains, i.e. the amino group, imidazole ring, carboxylic acid group, phenol group, etc. In our efforts to developing peptides with high metal-binding affinity and selectivity, we have targeted synthesis of siderophore-like peptides with backbone metal chelation through modification of the peptide amide bond. This would leave the side chains free to interact with receptors while the backbone would be preorganized during metal complexation. In this work we focused on the design, synthesis, and metal-binding properties of a hydroxamate-based pseudo-peptide library.
Reality in Literature

In this paper I am asking whether, and in what sense, we can speak of the reality of works of literature?works to which I shall refer hereafter by the generic term of "poetry." We have before us two problems, both of which need to be treated with circumspection. Therefore, I must treat them in an abstract, purely theoretical way. The problems are of two quite different kinds: one is psycho logical, and the other ontological. But although distinct, they are, nevertheless, inti mately related, as I hope to show towards the end of the paper. In representative art the psychological problem does not seem to present extraordinary difficulties. In poetry, representative painting and sculpture, the object of the work?what the work is about?bears some sort of resemblance to the furniture of the daily world: to men and their actions, to the things they use, and to the ambient medium, artificial and natural, in which they live. For this reason we have to say in the case of poetry and of representative art, that their objects symbolize the same kind of reality as that actually possessed by mental objects. Insofar as this is true, we have no unique problem. A problem arises when the claim to perception is seriously entered. Sometimes our trans actions with poetry convey a heightened feeling of reality, a feeling that the ordinary world does not usually convey. It is an experience difficult to give an account of. It may be a close relative to the mystical experience?I do not know. At its peak, the reader disappears, and all there is, is the "thereness" of the object of the poem. I call the event a revelation, in the etymological meaning of the term: a tearing of the veil, a presentation of intense vividness of what the poem is about. The work before us stands out radiantly, with an effulgence that claims that we have taken a step upwards, into a reality that is usually hidden from us in our daily world. The semi-transparent film that stands between us and the furniture of the world in which we live daily has dissolved. We move up, to yield with anticipation to the increasing radiance that shows itself to us. The claim that the revealed object makes?and I am using my words with some care? cannot be disregarded, however we choose to interpret it. Let me press into use for our purposes a vivid phrase that William James used in his discussion of the sense of reality in a slightly different context: "a man's soul will sweat with con viction" when "his entire faculty of attention is absorbed" by a poem. Its object seems, as he puts it, more "utterly utter" what it is, than at other times. Thus James is one of our witnesses for the fact that poetry can convey on the oc casion of total absorption in it a sense of superior reality. And kindly note that
The Role of Immune Modulation in the Carcinogenesis and Treatment of HPV-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is increasingly identified as a causative agent for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), often in relatively young patients lacking traditional carcinogenic risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol use. A growing body of literature has highlighted the importance of immune impairment in the pathogenesis of HPV-related premalignant and malignant lesions in the uterine cervix and, more recently, the oropharynx. This chapter will summarize current knowledge of the mechanisms that human papillomaviruses have evolved to evade the host immune system in the development of malignancy and will conclude with a discussion on preventive and therapeutic strategies that exploit these immune modulatory mechanisms.
The Role of Surface Heterogeneity in Adsorption

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the various aspects of chemisorption and physical adsorption. The role of surface heterogeneity in chemisorption is still a controversial one; all the data so far analyzed can be explained equally well on the basis of interaction between adsorbed molecules. Physical adsorption, however, represents the scene of a mariage de convenance, because both attractive interaction and heterogeneity are needed to explain the usual isotherm. The Freundlich isotherm, which preceded it, is in general more successful from the empirical standpoint but owing to its lack of a direct derivation from simple principles it is employed rather reluctantly. The Freundlich isotherm has no definite maximum adsorption or saturation value, therefore, when θ approaches a monolayer, the Freundlich equation necessarily breaks down. The whole energy of liquefaction is available, when one isolated molecule is adsorbed on another isolated molecule, and that this energy is unchanged, when the approximately 11 more contacts of the liquid phase are established.
Differences between binding of one-chain and two-chain tissue plasminogen activators to non-cross-linked and cross-linked fibrin clots

Interaction of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) with fibrin plays a key role in regulation of plasminogen activation and clot dissolution. Previous investigations of t-PA-fibrin interaction, using incorporation of t-PA into polymerizing fibrin clots, have suggested that no significant differences exist in the binding of one-chain or two-chain t-PA to non-cross-linked or cross-linked fibrin. In the present study, binding of 125I-labeled and affinity-purified one-chain and two-chain forms of t-PA to preformed non-cross-linked or cross-linked, sonicated suspension of fibrin was investigated. Interaction of one-chain t-PA with cross-linked fibrin involved a single type of binding site with dissociation constant (kd) of 0.58 mumol/L and a stoichiometry (n) of 1.5. Interaction of one-chain t-PA with non-cross-linked fibrin, however, involved two classes of binding sites with dissociation constants of 0.32 and 1.5 mumol/L and corresponding number of binding sites equal to 0.57 and 2.0, respectively. In contrast to the binding of one-chain t-PA to cross-linked fibrin by a limited number of sites, two-chain t-PA appeared to involve a considerably greater number of sites (minimum six) whose dissociation constant was 3.2 mumol/L. Interaction of two-chain t-PA with non-cross-linked fibrin also showed the presence of many binding sites (minimum seven) with approximate dissociation constant of 6.4 mumol/L, as well as a few (n = 0.012) high- affinity sites with a kd of 0.011 mumol/L epsilon-Aminocaproic acid did not completely reverse the binding of either one-chain t-PA or two- chain t-PA to fibrin. The present findings suggest that the fibrin- binding properties of t-PA undergo considerable changes on proteolytic conversion from one-chain to two-chain t-PA, catalyzed under physiologic conditions by plasmin. The cleavage of one-chain t-PA to two-chain t-PA allows to bind to a large number of low-affinity binding sites on fibrin. Cross-linking of fibrin by factor XIIIa results in masking of high-affinity binding sites that are present in non-cross- linked fibrin. We propose that both plasmin and factor XIIIa play an important regulatory role in dissolution of blood clots by modulating t- PA-fibrin interaction.
Ablation of material by front surface spallation

Laser irradiation can be utilized to remove (i.e., ablate) material in a controlled manner by a hydrodynamic process, referred to as front surface spallation. In this process, a thin layer next to a free surface is heated to a level (below vaporization) so rapidly that it cannot undergo thermal expansion during laser heating. This generates a stress pulse, which propagates both inward and toward the free surface, with an initial amplitude that can be calculated using the Gruneisen coefficient. As the pulse reflects from the free surface, a tensile tail can develop of sufficient amplitude, exceeding the material strength, that a layer will be spalled off, taking much of the laser-deposited energy with it. To achieve spallation conditions, the laser wavelength, pul:elength and fluence must be tailored to the absorption depth, Gruneisen coefficient, and spall strength. Hydrodynamic calculations and analytical modeling are presented to explain the process and illustrate conditions under which it should be expected to occur. Under some conditions, front surface spallation can have advantages over ablation by thermal vaporization, where residual temperatures are generally higher.
Everyone Counts: Voting Accessibility

There are approximately 37.5 million disabled Americans of voting age. Current voting technologies have failed to provide Americans with disabilities a voting system that allows them to vote without assistance. Through the use of natural interaction a voting system called Prime III provides a secure and usable voting system for all voters regardless of ability. Prime III was recently tested at the Alabama Institute for the Deaf and Blind in which a number of Americans with various disabilities had the opportunity to vote. Participants were tasked with casting their vote using Prime III. The results of this study showed that Prime III allowed voters who where blind, and/or hearing impaired the ability to cast their vote without any additional assistance. The participants noted that Prime III was easy to use and trusted the system to successfully cast their vote.
Having a Girlfriend Without Knowing It

Abstract This article provides a qualitative analysis of the intimate friendships of 80 adolescent and young adult sexual-minority women who were interviewed as part of an ongoing longitudinal study. Many reported having participated in a same-sex best friendship that they considered as committed, intimate, passionate, and intense as a romantic relationship. These “passionate friendships” typically combined components of the normative heterosexual friendship script with components of the normative romantic relationship script. For example, although passionate friendships rarely involved sexual contact, they frequently involved forms of physical intimacy (such as cuddling and hand-holding) that are usually considered exclusive to romantic relationships. Although such intense friendships are typically interpreted as unrequited love affairs, this misrepresents the unique nature of these bonds. Because such relationships challenge conventional notions about the distinctions between friendship and romance, as ...
Peripheral Inert‐Gas Exchange

The sections in this article are: 1 Basic Principles of Peripheral Tissue Exchange 1.1 Inclusion of Pulmonary Gas Exchange in Tissue Inert-Gas Uptake and Elimination 1.2 Comparison of Multicompartment Models With Actual Data 2 Consideration of Tissue-Blood Diffusion of Inert Gases 2.1 Diffusional Shunts 2.2 Intertissue Diffusion 2.3 Evaluation of Assumptions 3 Application of Inert Gases to Measurement of Organ Perfusion 3.1 Technique 1: Average Organ Blood Flow by Measurement of Prolonged Inert-Gas Uptake 3.2 Technique 2: Blood Flow by Arterial Bolus Injection and Subsequent Tissue Washout Analysis 3.3 Technique 3: Blood Flow by Arterial Bolus Injection and Measurement of Height-Area Ratio of Concentration-Time Curve 3.4 Technique 4: Local Injection of Tracer and Measurement of Blood Flow by Monitoring Subsequent Removal 3.5 Evaluation of Methods for Measuring Tissue Perfusion With Inert Gases 4 Summary
Small-Molecule Library Screening by Docking with PyRx

Virtual molecular screening is used to dock small-molecule libraries to a macromolecule in order to find lead compounds with desired biological function. This in silico method is well known for its application in computer-aided drug design. This chapter describes how to perform small-molecule virtual screening by docking with PyRx, which is open-source software with an intuitive user interface that runs on all major operating systems (Linux, Windows, and Mac OS). Specific steps for using PyRx, as well as considerations for data preparation, docking, and data analysis, are also described.
Outcome of Nonoperative Management of Displaced Oblique Spiral Fractures of the Fifth Metatarsal Shaft

Background:Nonoperative management has been the preferred treatment for displaced oblique spiral fractures of the fifth metatarsal shaft; yet a paucity of literature supports this claim. The purpose of this investigation was to report the incidence and long-term outcome in the largest cohort of these fractures reported to date.Methods:From 2006 through 2010, 2990 patients sustaining closed metatarsal fractures were seen and treated. Displaced, oblique, spiral fractures of the distal shaft of the fifth metatarsal were identified and follow-up was conducted. Only patients who were initially treated with nonoperative management were included. Patients were seen at 6 and 12 weeks, and a minimum 2-year follow-up was conducted. In addition, demographic information was obtained, and the Short Form–12 (SF-12) and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) were administered. Average follow-up was 3.5 years.Results:In all, 142 acute fractures were managed for an incidence of 4.8% of all metatarsal fractures. There were ...
Transient formed visual hallucinations following macular translocation for subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report the occurrence of transient formed visual hallucinations following macular translocation. METHODS: Two case reports. RESULTS: Two white women aged 84 and 83 years with bilateral age-related macular degeneration and unilateral subfoveal choroidal neovascularization underwent macular translocation with punctate retinotomy (limited macular translocation) and chorioscleral infolding in the eye with neovascularization. They complained of formed visual hallucinations which began within 24 hours following macular translocation and ceased 7 and 3 days postoperatively, respectively. Their symptoms occurred in the presence of normal cognition, orientation and insight, were not associated with other psychiatric symptoms, and were characteristic of Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS). CONCLUSION: The temporary deliberate retinal detachment and/or poor vision following macular translocation may be associated with postoperative CBS, and this report extends the spectrum of conditions associated with CBS.
Capturing design assumptions for rational coordination, integration and negotiation in the design process

Abstract Assumptions form the base on which the design is founded. Design starts by taking a concept based on assumptions of what may be wanted and how those needs may be satisfied. Later, this concept is decomposed into sub-problems that, in turn, may be decomposed in smaller sub-problems. This decomposition is based on a set of assumptions of how the sub-problems interact and how they may be solved. In addition, this decomposition requires the participation of multiple actors from multiple disciplines who must coordinate and communicate their assumptions on how to solve the sub-problems. Capturing the assumptions as they are presented, and making them available to the remaining phases of the design process would enhance coordination, integration and negotiation during the process. However, there are some problems with the capture and use of design assumptions. In current practice, certain kinds of vital information—usually unstructured and informal, often having to do with why certain actions are taken (design rationale and intent)—are often lost in large projects. Usually the information that is related to the relationship between the parts of an artifact and the context in which they are designed to work is lost. To solve these problems of capturing design assumptions, this paper recommends the use of the Design-Rationale-Intent Model (DRIM), a model that attaches the design rationale behind an artifact to the hierarchical decomposition of that artifact.
Spontaneous preterm delivery in the type 1 diabetic pregnancy: The role of glycemic control

Objective: To determine the role of glycemic control in spontaneous preterm delivery in type 1 diabetic women. Methods: A secondary analysis of data from women enrolled in the Diabetes in Pregnancy Program prior to 20 weeks was performed. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the association between glycohemoglobin A1 in women with spontaneous preterm delivery (n= 53) and women who delivered at term (n = 200). Maternal demographics and obstetric outcomes were also compared between the groups. Results: Glycohemoglobin A1 levels were higher in the spontaneous preterm delivery group than the term group throughout pregnancy, reaching statistical significance after the first trimester. The last glycohemoglobin A1 prior to delivery was 8.1% in the spontaneous preterm delivery group and 7.4% in the term group (p = 0.002). Using multiple logistic regression, each 1% increase in glycohemoglobin A1 increased the risk of spontaneous preterm delivery by 37%. Conclusion: Poor glycemic control is associated ...
Toward optimal control of solar energy systems

A simple solar system control technique developed under a National Science Foundation grant at Colorado State University, together with several considerations for implementation, is the subject of this paper. One of the objectives is to emphasize that the overriding feature in micro-processor control development is simplicity, both in concept and implementation. In the application being considered, this is tied closely with realistic modelling of the system and its variables. The real question then is a mathematical one, which is the main focus of this paper. The development goals of the controller treated in this paper include cost effectiveness, stability, flexibility, adaptability, and predictability. Although these characteristics are achieved at the expense of additional system hard-ware requirements, the balance appears to be well in favor of the controller treated here.