cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the dependence of the reflection operator on boundary conditions for biharmonic functions

The biharmonic equation arises in areas of continuum mechanics including linear elasticity theory and the Stokes flows, as well as in a radar imaging problem. We discuss the reflection formulas for the biharmonic functions u(x,y)∈R2 subject to different boundary conditions on a real-analytic curve in the plane. The obtained formulas, generalizing the celebrated Schwarz symmetry principle for harmonic functions, have different structures. In particular, in the special case of the boundary, Γ0:={y=0}, reflections are point-to-point when the given on Γ0 conditions are u=∂nu=0, u=Δu=0 or ∂nu=∂nΔu=0, and point to a continuous set when u=∂nΔu=0 or ∂nu=Δu=0 on Γ0.
A brighter past : galaxy luminosity function at high redshifts

Using the conditional luminosity function - the luminosity distribution of galaxies in a dark matter halo as a function of the halo mass - we present an empirical model to describe the redshift evolution of the rest B-band galaxy luminosity function (LF). The model is compared to various estimates of the LF, in rest UV and B bands, out to a redshift of 6, including estimates of LFs of galaxy types separated to red and blue galaxies. Using the observed LFs out to ∼ 5, we present a general constraint on the redshift evolution of the central galaxy-halo mass relation. The increase in the number density of luminous galaxies, at the bright end of the LF, can be explained as due to a brightening of the luminosity of galaxies present in dark matter halo centres, relative to the luminosity of central galaxies in similar mass haloes today. The lack of strong evolution in the faint end of the LF, however, argues against a model involving pure-luminosity evolution at all halo mass scales. The increase in luminosity at the bright end compensates the rapid decline in the number density of massive haloes as the redshift is increased. The decline in group to cluster-mass dark matter haloes out to a redshift of ∼2 is not important as the central galaxy luminosity flattens at halo masses around 10 13 M ○. . At redshifts ∼2-3, however, the density of bright galaxies begins to decrease due to the rapid decline in the number density of dark matter haloes at mass scales around and below 10 13 M ○. . Based on a comparison of our predictions to the measured ultraviolet (UV) LF of galaxies at redshifts ∼3, we estimate the probability distribution of halo masses to host Lyman break galaxies (LBGs). This probability for galaxies brighter than AB-absolute magnitudes of -21, with a number density of ∼5 x 10 -3 h 3 Mpc -3 , peaks at a halo mass of ∼7 x 10 11 h -1 M ○. with a 68 per cent confidence level of (4-21) x 10 11 h -1 M ○. . These estimates are consistent with the mass estimates for LBGs using two-point clustering statistics and recent estimates of halo masses based on spectroscopic observations. For galaxies brighter than AB-absolute magnitudes of -21 at z ∼ 6, the halo mass scale is a factor of ∼2 smaller; the LF predictions at z ∼ 6 are consistent with measured estimates in the literature. Based on the models, we also predict the LF of galaxies at redshifts greater than 6 and also the bias factor of galaxies at redshifts greater than 3; these predictions will soon be tested with observational data. In general, to explain high-redshift LFs, galaxies in dark matter haloes around 10 12 M ○. must increase in luminosity by a factor of ∼4-6 between today and redshift of 6.
Copper-Mediated Difluoromethylation of Aryl and Vinyl Iodides

Selectively fluorinated molecules are important as materials, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals, but their synthesis by simple, mild, laboratory methods is challenging. We report a straightforward method for the cross-coupling of aryl and vinyl iodides with a difluoromethyl group generated from readily available reagents to form difluoromethylarenes and difluoromethyl-substituted alkenes. The reaction of electron-neutral, electron-rich, and sterically hindered aryl and vinyl iodides with the combination of CuI, CsF and TMSCF2H leads to the formation of difluoromethyl-substituted products in high yield with good functional group compatibility. This transformation is surprising, in part, because of the prior observation of the instability of CuCF2H.
Multiple Scales in the Simulation of Ion Channels and Proteins.

Computation of living processes creates great promise for the everyday life of mankind and great challenges for physical scientists. Simulations of molecular dynamics have great appeal to biologist...
Can Axillary Lymph Node Dissection Be Safely Omitted for Early-Stage Breast Cancer Patients with Sentinel Lymph Node Micrometastasis?

This study presents data that we have been anxiously awaiting. It adds to a slowly growing body of evidence that axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) may be omitted in select groups of node-positive patients. Many of us prefer not to perform ALND when only micrometastases are identified in sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs), especially when it often involves returning to the operating room. It is already the standard of care to omit ALND for patients who have SLNs positive only by immunohistochemistry (IHC). There are now tools available, such as the Memorial SloanKettering nomogram, that use tumor size, grade, number of positive SLNs, method of detection, estrogen status, and presence of lymphovascular invasion to determine the risk of finding additional positive axillary nodes if ALND is performed. 1 Numerous studies have demonstrated a worse prognosis associated with axillary micrometastasis. 2‐5 However, these studies are retrospective, and some evaluated ALNDs performed before the era of routine SLN biopsies. What is most interesting about this study is that it prospectively evaluated the omission of ALND for micrometastasis, and it has the longest follow-up available in the literature for such patients. Langer and colleagues demonstrate that patients with tumors of \3 cm with micrometastatic foci 0.2‐2 mm on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain or IHC have no worse 5-year survival than their node-negative counterparts, despite the omission of a completion ALND. The nodepositive patients did not have axillary recurrences or distant metastasis over a follow-up period ranging from 24‐ 106 months. From these data, the authors conclude that ALND may be safely omitted in early stage breast cancer patients with SLN micrometastasis. The conclusion that ALND may be omitted in all early stage patients with micrometastases, including those with high-grade tumors [2 cm and with lymphovascular invasion, is perhaps premature on the basis of their low numbers and short follow-up. The American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z0010 and Z0011 studies will provide more answers with larger numbers and longer follow up. It is interesting to note that the authors found a 5-year disease-free survival advantage in patients who were found to have micrometastatic disease over node-negative patients. Colpaert and colleagues found that the primary tumor was an independent prognostic factor while axillary micrometastasis were not, and they proposed that micrometastatic disease somehow primes the immune system, allowing for a more robust response against further tumor invasion. 6 The 5-year overall survival in the study by Langer and colleagues was equal in both groups. The authors’ rate of finding micrometastasis in 12% of their patients is consistent with the existing literature. 7 However, this yielded only 27 patients, and approximately
Global Probes of the Impact of Baryons on Dark Matter Halos

The halo mass function, dn/dM, predicted by hierarchical clustering models can be measured indirectly using dynamical probes like the distribution of gravitational lens image separations, dn/d??, or halo circular velocities, dn/dvc. These dynamical variables depend on the halo structure as well as the halo mass. Since baryonic physics, particularly cooling, significantly modifies the central density structure of dark matter halos, both observational distributions show a feature corresponding to the mass scale below which the baryons in the halo can cool (i.e., galaxies versus clusters). We use simplified but self-consistent models to show that the structural changes to the halos produced by the cooling baryons explain both distributions. Given a fixed halo mass function, matching the observed image separation distribution or local velocity function depends largely on ?b through its effects on the cooling timescales. These baryonic effects on the halo structure also affect the evolution of the velocity function of galaxies with redshift.
Scale-invariant dynamical fluctuations in jet physics

An interpretation of scale-invariant multiplicity fluctuations inside hadronic jets is presented. It is based on the branching mechanism with the angular ordering of soft partons in sequential branchings. A relationship with fractal distributions is demonstrated. The model takes into account the finiteness of the number of particles produced in jets (finite energy) and leads to a good description of the multifractal fluctuations observed in ${\mboxe^+\mboxe^-}$ processes.
Energy Diagnoses of Nine Infrared Luminous Galaxies Based on 3-4 Micron Spectra

The energy sources of nine infrared luminous galaxies (IRLGs) are diagnosed based on their ground-based 3-4 μm spectra. Both the equivalent width of the 3.3 μm polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission feature and the 3.3 μm PAH to far-infrared luminosity ratio (L3.3/LFIR) are analyzed. Assuming that nuclear compact starburst activity in these sources produces the 3.3 μm PAH emission as strongly as that in starburst galaxies with lower far-infrared luminosities, the following results are found. For six IRLGs, both the observed equivalent widths and the L3.3/LFIR ratios are too small to explain the bulk of their far-infrared luminosities by compact starburst activity, indicating that active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity is a dominant energy source. For the other three IRLGs, while the 3.3 μm PAH equivalent widths are within the range of starburst galaxies, the L3.3/LFIR ratios after correction for screen dust extinction are a factor of ~3 smaller. The uncertainty in the dust extinction correction factor and in the scatter of the intrinsic L3.3/LFIR ratios for starburst galaxies does not allow a determination of the ultimate energy sources for these three IRLGs.
What programmers should know

Basic issues of programming are cast into the form of a series of recommendations concerning what programmers should know.
Looking for integrability on the worldsheet of confining strings

We study restrictions on scattering amplitudes on the worldvolume of branes and strings (such as confining flux tubes in QCD) implied by the target space Poincare symmetry. We focus on exploring the conditions for the string worldsheet theory to be integrable. We prove that for a higher dimensional membrane the scattering amplitudes for the translational Goldstone modes (“branons”) are double soft. At one-loop double softness is generically violated for the string worldsheet scattering as a consequence of collinear singularities. Violation of double softness implies in turn the breakdown of integrability. We prove that if branons are the only gapless degrees of freedom then the worldsheet integrability is compatible with target space Poincare symmetry only if the number of space-time dimensions is equal to D = 26 (a critical bosonic string), and for D = 3. We extend the analysis to include massless worldsheet fermions, resulting from spontaneous breakdown of the target space supersymmetry. We check that the tree-level integrability in this case is in one-to-one correspondence with the existence of a -symmetric Green-Schwarz (GS) action. As a byproduct we show that at the leading order in the derivative expansion an $$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$ superstring without -symmetry in D = 3, 4, 6, 10 dimensions exhibits an accidental enhanced supersymmetry and is equivalent to a -symmetric $$ \mathcal{N}=2 $$ GS superstring.
Sensitivity of the Radial-Velocity Technique in Detecting Outer Planets

The technique of measuring radial velocity (RV) has produced spectacular discoveries of short-period Jovian mass objects around a fraction (5%-10%) of nearby G stars. Although we expect Jovian planets to be located in long-period orbits of decades or longer (if our solar system is any guide), detecting such planets with the RV technique is difficult because of the smaller velocity amplitudes and the limited temporal baseline (5-10 yr) of current searches relative to the expected orbital periods. This paper develops an analytical understanding of the sensitivity of the RV technique in the regime in which the orbital period is larger than the total baseline of the survey. Moreover, we focus on the importance of the orbital phase in this "long-period" regime and develop a least-squares detection technique based on the amplitude and phase of the fitted signal. To illustrate the benefits of this amplitude-phase analysis, we compare it with existing techniques. Previous authors, such as Nelson and Angel in 1998, have explored the sensitivity of an amplitude-only analysis using Monte Carlo simulations. Others have supplemented this by using the slope of the linear component of the fitted sinusoid in addition (e.g., Walker and colleagues in 1995 and Cumming and colleagues in 1999). In this paper, we illustrate the benefits of the least-squares technique over periodogram analysis and demonstrate the superiority of an amplitude-phase technique over previous analyses.
Orthogonality of Jacobi and Laguerre polynomials for general parameters via the Hadamard finite part

Orthogonality of the Jacobi and Laguerre polynomials, P"n^(^@a^,^@b^) and L"n^(^@a^), is established for @a,@b@?C@?Z"-,@a+@b -2,-3,... using the Hadamard finite part of the integral which gives their orthogonality in the classical cases. Riemann-Hilbert problems that these polynomials satisfy are found. The results are formally similar to the ones in the classical case (when @?@a,@?@b>-1).
The Rise of Vertical Specialization Trade

Abstract Manufacturing and vertical specialization (VS) trade, trade in goods that incorporate imported inputs, have grown rapidly since the 1960s. I argue that declining trade costs are an important explanation for these facts. I present a three stage vertical specialization trade model, with raw materials, manufactured parts and final goods sectors. In the simulated model, falling trade costs explain much of the observed growth in overall and VS trade. Manufacturing trade grows twice as fast as overall trade. Raw materials trade was more important in the 1960s when trade costs were high, since their production is more strongly linked to endowments than manufacturing. Therefore, materials will be traded even when trade costs are high. Trade costs have fallen more for manufactured goods over the last 40 years, leading to a rapid expansion of manufactured parts trade relative to materials.
An Algorithm for Large Set Partitioning Problems

An algorithm is presented for the special integer linear program known as the set partitioning problem. This problem has a binary coefficient matrix, binary variables, and unit resources. Furthermore, all of its constraints are equations. In spite of its very special form, the set partitioning problem has many practical interpretations. The algorithm is of the branch and bound type. A special class of finite mappings is enumerated rather than the customary set of binary solution vectors. Linear programming is used to obtain bounds on the minimal costs of the subproblems that arise. Computational results are reported for several large problems.
The jury is still in: Florida's Birth-Related Neurological Injury Compensation Plan after a decade.

Florida's Birth-Related Neurological Injury Compensation Plan (NICA) is the most significant experiment with compensation for medical injury yet under- taken in the United States. As NICA enters its second decade of operation, maintain- ing the scheme's jurisdictional integrity has emerged as a key challenge for policy makers in Florida. We explore the relationship that has emerged between NICA and the tort system as competing avenues for families to obtain compensation for severe birth-related neurological injury. By linking NICA claims data with data on mal- practice claims filed in Florida, we found a lively persistence of "bad baby" litigation despite NICA's implementation. Many families pursued claims in both fora. An explanation for these results can be traced to key features of the plan's design — primarily, the way in which "exclusive" jurisdiction over injuries is determined and the restrictive nature of the compensation criteria used. Our findings may help efforts to consolidate NICA's role in injury compensation and inform future design of alter- native compensation systems.
Exergy analysis of combined cycles: Part 2 - Analysis and optimization of two-pressure steam bottoming cycles

Results of a study for selecting the optimum parameters of a dual-pressure bottoming cycle as a function of the gas turbine exhaust temperature are presented. Realistic constraints reflecting current technological practice are assumed. Exergy analysis is applied to quantify all loss sources in each cycle. Compared to a single pressure at typical exhaust gas temperatures the optimized dual-pressure configuration is found to increase steam cycle work output on the order of 3 percent, principally through the reduction of the heat transfer irreversibility from about 15 to 8 percent of the exhaust gas energy. Measures to further reduce the heat transfer irreversibility such as three-pressure systems or use of multicomponent mixtures can therefore only result in modest additional gains. The results for the efficiency of optimized dual-pressure bottoming cycles are correlated against turbine exit temperature by simple polynomial fits. Sensitivity of the results to variations in the constraint envelope are presented.
MIS technology: a view of the future

Industry tabulations for 1970 indicated there were some 85,000 computer installations in the world, valued in excess of $40 billion. By 1975 these figures are expected to double; in ten years they may be redoubled. The continuing exponential growth in raw computing power prompted Art Buchwald recently to editoralize on "The Great Data Famine" of the 1970's. According to Buchwald's expert source by January 12, 1976" ... every last bit of data in the world will have been fed into a machine and an information famine will follow." To cope with this impending disaster, a crash program is urged in which (1) "no computer can be plugged in more than three hours a day"; (2) the government will spend $50 billion to set up data manufacturing plants and their output will be mixed with soy bean production; and finally (3) a birth control program will be advocated for all computers---provided, "the Vatican's computer gives us its blessing."
Dissociation of Akt1 from its negative regulator JIP1 is mediated through the ASK1–MEK–JNK signal transduction pathway during metabolic oxidative stress a negative feedback loop

We have previously observed that metabolic oxidative stress–induced death domain–associated protein (Daxx) trafficking is mediated by the ASK1–SEK1–JNK1–HIPK1 signal transduction pathway. The relocalized Daxx from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during glucose deprivation participates in a positive regulatory feedback loop by binding to apoptosis signal–regulating kinase (ASK) 1. In this study, we report that Akt1 is involved in a negative regulatory feedback loop during glucose deprivation. Akt1 interacts with c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)–interacting protein (JIP) 1, and Akt1 catalytic activity is inhibited. The JNK2-mediated phosphorylation of JIP1 results in the dissociation of Akt1 from JIP1 and subsequently restores Akt1 enzyme activity. Concomitantly, Akt1 interacts with stress-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (SEK) 1 (also known as MKK4) and inhibits SEK1 activity. Knockdown of SEK1 leads to the inhibition of JNK activation, JIP1–JNK2 binding, and the dissociation of Akt1 from JIP1 during glucose deprivation. Knockdown of JIP1 also leads to the inhibition of JNK activation, whereas the knockdown of Akt1 promotes JNK activation during glucose deprivation. Altogether, our data demonstrate that Akt1 participates in a negative regulatory feedback loop by interacting with the JIP1 scaffold protein.
Accurate Low-mass Stellar Models of KOI-126

The recent discovery of an eclipsing hierarchical triple system with two low-mass stars in a close orbit (KOI-126) by Carter et al. appeared to reinforce the evidence that theoretical stellar evolution models are not able to reproduce the observational mass-radius relation for low-mass stars. We present a set of stellar models for the three stars in the KOI-126 system that show excellent agreement with the observed radii. This agreement appears to be due to the equation of state implemented by our code. A significant dispersion in the observed mass-radius relation for fully convective stars is demonstrated; indicative of the influence of physics currently not incorporated in standard stellar evolution models. We also predict apsidal motion constants for the two M dwarf companions. These values should be observationally determined to within 1% by the end of the Kepler mission.
Decomposing the Intellectuals' Class Power: Conversion of Cultural Capital to Income, Hungary, 1986

G. Konrad et I. Szelenyi ont propose une critique du socialisme d'Etat en developpant une nouvelle theorie des classes sociales. Dans ce cadre ils montrent que les intellectuels interviennent dans les mecanismes de pouvoir de classe. Les AA. presentent une lecture weberienne de l'oeuvre de Bourdieu. Par ce biais ils s'efforcent de specifier empiriquement certains aspects de cette critique. Ils examinent les effets statistiques du capital culturel en ce qui concerne les inegalites de revenu en Hongrie en 1986. Ils affirment que le capital culturel est la variable qui permet le mieux de predire le niveau de revenu
Spherical harmonic analysis of steady photospheric flows

The use of the spherical harmonic functions to analyze the nearly steady flows in the solar photosphere is extended to situations in which B(0) the latitude at disk center, is nonzero and spurious velocities are present. The procedures for extracting the rotation profile and meridional circulation are altered to account for the seasonal tilt of the sun's rotation axis toward and away from the observer. A more robust and accurate method for separating the limb shift and meridional circulation signals is described. The analysis procedures include the ability to mask out areas containing spurious velocities (velocity-like signals that do not represent true flow velocities in the photosphere). The procedures are shown to work well in extracting the various flow components from realistic artificial data with a broad, continuous spectrum for the supergranulation. The presence of this supergranulation signal introduces errors of a few m/s in the measurements of the rotation profile, meridional circulation, and limb shift from a single Doppler image.
Solid-state greenhouse and their implications for icy satellites

The 'solid-state greenhouse effect' model constituted by the subsurface solar heating of translucent, high-albedo materials is presently applied to the study of planetary surfaces, with attention to frost and ice surfaces of the solar system's outer satellites. Temperature is computed as a function of depth for an illustrative range of thermal variables, and it is discovered that the surfaces and interiors of such bodies can be warmer than otherwise suspected. Mechanisms are identified through which the modest alteration of surface properties can substantially change the solid-state greenhouse and force an interior temperature adjustment.
Near-optimal extractors against quantum storage

We show that Trevisan's extractor and its variants [22,19] are secure against bounded quantum storage adversaries. One instantiation gives the first such extractor to achieve an output length Θ(K-b), where K is the source's entropy and b the adversary's storage, together with a poly-logarithmic seed length. Another instantiation achieves a logarithmic key length, with a slightly smaller output length Θ((K-b)/Kγ) for any γ>0. In contrast, the previous best construction [21] could only extract (K/b)1/15 bits.Some of our constructions have the additional advantage that every bit of the output is a function of only a polylogarithmic number of bits from the source, which is crucial for some cryptographic applications.Our argument is based on bounds for a generalization of quantum random access codes, which we call quantum functional access codes. This is crucial as it lets us avoid the local list-decoding algorithm central to the approach in [21], which was the source of the multiplicative overhead.
IODINE-INDUCED TRANSANNULAR COUPLING OF 1,6-CYCLODECADIYNE

Abstract Treatment of 1,6-cyclodecadiyne (1) with one equivalent of iodine in ether leads to regioselective transannular coupling, producing 1,5-diiodo-2,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalene (2) in excellent yield. Solvent-incorporation products are observed in addition to 2 when the reaction is done in benzene, chlorobenzene, or methanol. Bromination of 1 gives analogous products, but the reaction is not as clean.
God's Choice: The Total World of a Fundamentalist Christian School

Is Bethany Baptist Academy God's choice? Ask the fundamentalist Christians who teach there or whose children attend the academy, and their answer will be a yes as unequivocal as their claim that the Bible is God's inerrant, absolute word. Is this truth or arrogance? In "God's Choice," Alan Peshkin offers readers the opportunity to consider this question in depth. Given the outsider's rare chance to observe such a school firsthand, Peshkin spent eighteen months studying Bethany's high school-interviewing students, parents, and educators, living in the home of Bethany Baptist Church members, and participating fully in the church's activities. From this intimate research he has fashioned a rich account of Christian schooling and an informed analysis of a clear alternative to public education.
Programming the logic theory machine

A companion paper has discussed a system, called the Logic Theory Machine (LT), that discovers proofs for theorems in symbolic logic in much the same way as a human does. It manipulates symbols, it tries different methods, and it modifies some of its processes in the light of experience.
Mastectomy and Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy Rates: An Institutional Review

Background. Breast conservation surgery (BCS) followed by radiation is as effective as mastectomy for long-term survival and is considered standard of care for early-stage breast cancer. An increasing number of patients are opting for cancer-side mastectomies (CM) and often contralateral prophylactic mastectomies (CPM). Our study investigates if there are increasing trends in our patient population toward CM and CPM and identifies common factors associated with those electing to have more extensive surgery. Methods. A retrospective analysis was performed on 812 breast cancer surgeries between January 2001 and December 2009 at The George Washington University Breast Care Center. BCS-eligible patients who elected to have BCS were compared with those who chose CM. Patients who underwent CM were compared with patients undergoing CM and CPM. Results. A personal or family history of breast cancer and larger tumor size were positively associated with choosing CM in BCS-eligible patients. A nonstatistically significant trend toward CM was seen in younger patients. Age, family history, fewer children, Caucasian race, and reconstructive surgery were positively associated with choosing CPM. Conclusion. Mastectomy rates at this institution have not shown the recent sharp increase observed by some authors. The association of age, race, family history, and parity with CPM has been corroborated in multiple studies. However, there is disagreement between statistically significant findings among investigators evaluating factors associated with CPM, and there is limited data in the literature characterizing BCS-eligible patients who chose CM. Larger prospective studies are necessary to further evaluate CM and CPM rates.
Ferroelectric plasma sources for NDCX-II and heavy ion drivers

Abstract A barium titanate ferroelectric cylindrical plasma source has been developed, tested and delivered for the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment NDCX-II at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). The plasma source design is based on the successful design of the NDCX-I plasma source. A 7 kV pulse applied across the 3.8 mm-thick ceramic cylinder wall produces a large polarization surface charge density that leads to breakdown and plasma formation. The plasma that fills the NDCX-II drift section upstream of the final-focusing solenoid has a plasma number density exceeding 10 10 cm −3 and an electron temperature of several eV. The operating principle of the ferroelectric plasma source are reviewed and a detailed description of the installation plans is presented. The criteria for plasma sources with larger number density will be given, and concepts will be presented for plasma sources for driver applications. Plasma sources for drivers will need to be highly reliable, and operate at several Hz for millions of shots.
Line and Mean Opacities for Ultracool Dwarfs and Extrasolar Planets

Opacities and chemical abundance data are crucial ingredients of ultracool dwarf and extrasolar giant planet atmosphere models. We report here on the detailed sources of molecular opacity data employed by our group for this application. We also present tables of Rosseland and Planck mean opacities, which are of use in some studies of the atmospheres, interiors, and evolution of planets and brown dwarfs. For the tables presented here we have included the opacities of important atomic and molecular species, including the alkali elements, pressure-induced absorption by hydrogen, and other significant opacity sources, but we neglect opacity from condensates. We report for each species how we have assembled molecular line data from a combination of public databases, laboratory data that is not yet in the public databases, and our own numerical calculations. We combine these opacities with abundances computed from a chemical equilibrium model using recently revised solar abundances to compute mean opacities. The chemical equilibrium calculation accounts for the settling of condensates in a gravitational field and is applicable to ultracool dwarf and extrasolar planetary atmospheres, but not circumstellar disks. We find that the inclusion of alkali atomic opacity substantially increases the mean opacities over those currently in the literature at densities relevant to the atmospheres and interiors of giant planets and brown dwarfs. We provide our opacity tables for public use and discuss their limitations.
Use of Satellite-Based Precipitation Observation in Improving the Parameterization of Canopy Hydrological Processes in Land Surface Models

Precipitation exhibits significant spatial variability at scales much smaller than the typical size of climate model grid cells. Neglecting such subgrid-scale variability in climate models causes unrealistic representation of land–atmosphere flux exchanges. It is especially problematic over densely vegetated land. This paper addresses this issue by incorporating satellite-based precipitation observations into the representation of canopy interception processes in land surface models. Rainfall data derived from passive microwave (PM) observations are used to obtain realistic estimates of 1) conditional mean rain rates, which together with the modeled rain rate are used to estimate the rainfall coverage fraction at each model grid cell in this study, and 2) the probability density function (pdf) of rain rates within the rain-covered areas. Both of these properties significantly impact the land–atmosphere water vapor exchanges. Based on the above information, a statistical–dynamical approach is taken to incorporate the representation of precipitation subgrid variability into canopy interception processes in land surface models. The results reveal that incorporation of precipitation subgrid variability significantly alters the partitioning between runoff and total evapotranspiration as well as the partitioning among the three components of evapotranspiration (i.e., canopy interception loss, ground evaporation, and plant transpiration). This further influences soil water, surface temperature, and surface heat fluxes. It is shown that the choice of the rain-rate pdf within rain-covered areas has an effect on the model simulation of land–atmosphere flux exchanges. This study demonstrates that land surface and climate models can substantially benefit from the fine-resolution remotely sensed rainfall observations.
Neutral Carbon in the Protoplanetary Nebulae CRL 618 and CRL 2688

The 609 μm 3P1→3P0 line of neutral atomic carbon has been detected in the protoplanetary nebulae CRL 618 and CRL 2688. C I appears to be about 7% as abundant as CO in CRL 2688 and 70% as abundant as CO in CRL 618. C I emission arises primarily from the slow component of the wind from these objects. The data presented here indicate that C I gradually becomes more abundant as the star leaves the asymptotic giant branch and that C I is significantly enhanced relative to CO before the star develops a large H II region.
Environment-Induced Decoherence and the Transition from Quantum to Classical

We study dynamics of quantum open systems, paying special attention to these aspects of their evolution which are relevant to the transition from quantum to classical. We begin with a discussion of the conditional dynamics of simple systems. The resulting models are straightforward but suffice to illustrate basic physical ideas behind quantum measurements and decoherence. To discuss decoherence and environment-induced superselection (einselection) in a more general setting, we sketch perturbative as well as exact derivations of several master equations valid for various systems. Using these equations we study einselection employing the general strategy of the predictability sieve. Assumptions that are usually made in the discussion of decoherence are critically reexamined along with the “standard lore” to which they lead. Restoration of quantum-classical correspondence in systems that are classically chaotic is discussed. The dynamical second law - it is shown - can be traced to the same phenomena that allow for the restoration of the correspondence principle in decohering chaotic systems (where it is otherwise lost on a very short time-scale). Quantum error correction is discussed as an example of an anti-decoherence strategy. Implications of decoherence and einselection for the interpretation of quantum theory are briefly pointed out.
DIGITAL ATTITUDE REFERENCE SYSTEM (DARS)

Abstract : A family of digital attitude reference systems (DARS) is developed for three-axis-stabilized, earth-oriented satellites. It includes the complete DARS configuration, which utilizes measurements from a sun sensor in addition to the horizon sensors and gyros in use on conventional analog gyrocompassing-type reference systems (CARS). The complete configuration also utilizes statistically optimal (Kalman) filtering to process these measurements to estimate and compensate for important measurement errors as well as to estimate the spacecraft attitude. Various suboptimal configurations of DARS are also studied. Based on simulation results, the attitude accuracies of the two most promising DARS configurations are approximately 0.03 and 0.04 deg, respectively, and the convergence time of both systems is less than 20 sec. Thus, DARS is shown to fill the important gap between low-accuracy gyrocompassing systems (using horizon sensors and gyros) and high-accuracy systems (requiring star sensors or trackers) by achieving intermediate attitude accuracy at the expense of low-to-medium complexity. (Author)
Finite-time coordination in multiagent systems using sliding mode control approach

Abstract Finite-time stability in dynamical systems theory involves systems whose trajectories converge to an equilibrium state in finite time. In this paper, we use the notion of finite-time stability to apply it to the problem of coordinated motion in multiagent systems. Specifically, we consider a group of agents described by fully actuated Euler–Lagrange dynamics along with a leader agent with an objective to reach and maintain a desired formation characterized by steady-state distances between the neighboring agents in finite time. We use graph theoretic notions to characterize communication topology in the network determined by the information flow directions and captured by the graph Laplacian matrix. Furthermore, using sliding mode control approach, we design decentralized control inputs for individual agents that use only data from the neighboring agents which directly communicate their state information to the current agent in order to drive the current agent to the desired steady state. Sliding mode control is known to drive the system states to the sliding surface in finite time. The key feature of our approach is in the design of non-smooth sliding surfaces such that, while on the sliding surface, the error states converge to the origin in finite time, thus ensuring finite-time coordination among the agents in the network. In addition, we discuss the case of switching communication topologies in multiagent systems. Finally, we show the efficacy of our theoretical results using an example of a multiagent system involving planar double integrator agents.
Does voluntary participation undermine the Coase Theorem

Abstract The Coase Theorem states that costless enforcement of voluntary agreements yields efficient outcomes. We argue that previous treatments fail to recognize the full meaning of ‘voluntary’. It requires a two-stage game: a non-cooperative participation decision, followed by Coaseian bargaining only among those who choose to participate. We illustrate this in a simple public-goods model, and find outcomes ranging from extremely inefficient to fully efficient. However, the efficient equilibrium is not robust to even very small transaction costs. Thus, we cast doubt on Coaseian claims of universal efficiency. Finally, we outline a kind of coercion that restores efficiency.
Temperature of D3-branes off extremality

Abstract We discuss non-extremal rotating D3-branes. We solve the wave equation for scalars in the supergravity background of certain distributions of branes and compute the absorption coefficients. The form of these coefficients is similar to the gray-body factors associated with black-hole scattering. They are given in terms of two different temperature parameters, indicating that fields (open string modes) do not remain in thermal equilibrium as we move off extremality. This should shed some light on the origin of the disagreement between the supergravity and conformal field theory results on the free energy of a system of non-coincident D-branes.
Isolation and purification of Rh(C) antigen

Rh(e) antigen from the human erythrocyte membrane has been isolated. The method of preparation was as follows: Red cell membrane was solubilized using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid followed by sodium chloride. The solubilized components were separated using molecular ultrafilters. The molecular weight class between 20 000 and 30 000 had Rh(e) antigen activity. The Rh(e) antigen was eluted as a single component using isoelectric focusing in a pH gradient of 6 to 8. This Rh(e) antigen inhibits the agglutination of antibody-coated Rh(e) positive cells. This also gives a high titer of antibody when injected into guinea pigs.
Efficient performance evaluation of the generalized Shiryaev-Roberts detection procedure in a multi-cyclic setup

We propose a numerical method to evaluate the performance of the emerging Generalized Shiryaev-Roberts GSR change-point detection procedure in a 'minimax-ish' multi-cyclic setup where the procedure of choice is applied repetitively cyclically, and the change is assumed to take place at an unknown time moment in a distant-future stationary regime. Specifically, the proposed method is based on the integral-equations approach and uses the collocation technique with the basis functions chosen so as to exploit a certain change-of-measure identity and the GSR detection statistic's unique martingale property. As a result, the method's accuracy and robustness improve, as does its efficiency as using the change-of-measure ploy the Average Run Length ARL to false alarm and the Stationary Average Detection Delay STADD are computed simultaneously. We show that the method's rate of convergence is quadratic and supply a tight upper bound on its error. We conclude with a case study and confirm experimentally that the proposed method's accuracy and rate of convergence are robust with respect to three factors: a partition fineness coarse vs. fine, b change magnitude faint vs. contrast, and c the level of the Average Run Length to false alarm low vs. high. Because the method is designed not restricted to a particular data distribution or to a specific value of the GSR detection statistic's head start, this work may help gain greater insight into the characteristics of the GSR procedure and aid a practitioner to design the GSR procedure as needed while fully utilizing its potential. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Mixed Phase of SUSY Gauge Theories from a-Maximization

We study = 1 supersymmetric SU(N) gauge theories with an antisymmetric tensor and F flavors using the recent proposal of a-maximization by Intriligator and Wecht. This theory had previously been studied using the method of ``deconfinement, but such an analysis was not conclusive since anomalous dimensions in the non-perturbative regime could not be calculated. Using a-maximization we show that for a large range of F the theory is at an interacting superconformal fixed point. However, we also find evidence that for a range of F the theory in the IR splits into a free ``magnetic gauge sector and an interacting superconformal sector.
V474 Car: A RARE HALO RS CVn BINARY IN RETROGRADE GALACTIC ORBIT

We report the discovery that the star V474 Car is an extremely active, high velocity halo RS CVn system. The star was originally identified as a possible pre-main-sequence star in Carina, given its enhanced stellar activity, rapid rotation (10.3 days), enhanced Li, and absolute magnitude which places it above the main sequence (MS). However, its extreme radial velocity (264 km s −1 ) suggested that this system was unlike any previously known pre-MS system. Our detailed spectroscopic analysis of echelle spectra taken with the CTIO 4 m finds that V474 Car is both a spectroscopic binary with an orbital period similar to the photometric rotation period and metal-poor ([Fe/H] �− 0.99). The star’s Galactic orbit is extremely eccentric (e � 0.93) with a perigalacticon of only ∼0.3 kpc of the Galactic center—and the eccentricity and smallness of its perigalacticon are surpassed by only ∼0.05% of local F/G-type field stars. The observed characteristics are consistent with V474 Car being a high-velocity, metalpoor, tidally locked, chromospherically active binary, i.e., a halo RS CVn binary, and one of only a few such specimens known.
Structure and Evolution of Nearby Stars with Planets. I. Short-Period Systems

Using the Yale stellar evolution code, we have calculated theoretical models for nearby stars with planetary-mass companions in short-period nearly circular orbits: 51 Pegasi, τ Bootis, υ Andromedae, ρ1 Cancri, and ρ Coronae Borealis. We present tables listing key stellar parameters such as mass, radius, age, and size of the convective envelope as a function of the observable parameters (luminosity, effective temperature, and metallicity), as well as the unknown helium fraction. For each star we construct best models based on recently published spectroscopic data and the present understanding of galactic chemical evolution. We discuss our results in the context of planet formation theory and, in particular, tidal dissipation effects and stellar metallicity enhancements.
Retraction of probabilistic computation and linear time

In this paper, we give an oracle under which BPP is equal to probabilistic linear time, an unusual collapse of a complexity time hierarchy. In addition, we also give oracles where DP2 is contained in probabilistic linear time and where BPP has linear sized circuits, as well as oracles for the negation of these questions. This indicates that these questions will not be solved by techniques that relativize. Finally, we note that probabilistic linear time can not contain both NP and BPP, implying that there are languages solvable by interactive proof systems that can not be solved in probabilistic linear time.
[4+1]-Anionic annulation approach to phenylsulfonyl substituted cyclopentenes

Abstract 2,3-Bis(phenysulfonyl)-1,3-butadiene undergoes a [4+1]-annulation reaction with a variety of soft carbanions to give phenylsulfonyl substituted cyclopentenes in good yield.
Quantum electromechanical systems

Abstract Quantum electromechanical systems are nano-to-micrometer (micron) scale mechanical resonators coupled to electronic devices of comparable dimensions, such that the mechanical resonator behaves in a manifestly quantum manner. We review progress towards realising quantum electromechanical systems, beginning with the phononic quantum of thermal conductance for suspended dielectric wires. We then describe efforts to reach the quantum zero-point displacement uncertainty detection limit for (sub)micron-scale mechanical resonators using the single electron transistor as displacement transducer. A scheme employing the Cooper-pair box as coherent control device to generate and detect quantum superpositions of distinct position states is then described. Finally, we outline several possible schemes to demonstrate various other quantum effects in (sub)micron mechanical resonators, including single phonon detection, quantum squeezed states and quantum tunnelling of mechanical degrees of freedom.
Line-of-Sight Temperature and Species Profiles Determined from Spectral Transmittances

Line-of-sight (LOS) variations of temperature and concentrations of CO and H 2O within a simulated high-pressure e ame are deduced using an inverse analysis. In this work, synthetic spectral transmittances, acquired by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer along a single LOS, represent the experimental data. The theoretical basis of the analysis is that spectral variations in the absorption coefe cient contain information about spatial variations in temperature and species concentrations. The Marquardt ‐ Levenberg method is used to solve for the temperature and species concentrations. Accurate spatial variations of temperature and species concentrations can be recovered when changes in the spectral transmittances caused by noise are smaller than those changes caused by spatial variations in temperature and species concentrations. The recovered centerline temperatures and species concentrations are, respectively, within 5 and 20% of the synthetic values, when the variations in spectral transmittance caused by noise are about the same as that caused by spatial variations in temperature and species concentrations. As temperature increases, a redistribution in the molecular states decreases the spectral absorptances, thereby causing the analysis to become more sensitive to the effects of noise.
Nonuniqueness of infinity ground states

In this paper, we construct a dumbbell domain for which the associated principal ∞-eigenvalue is not simple. This gives a negative answer to the outstanding problem posed in Juutinen et al. (Arch Ration Mech Anal 148(2):89–105, 1999; The infinity Laplacian: examples and observations, 2001). It remains a challenge to determine whether simplicity holds for convex domains.
Adaptive optics for the human eye

Adaptive optics can compensate for aberrations in the cornea and lens of the living eye, providing a microscopic view of the normal and the diseased retina and a novel tool for measuring the limits of human vision. Recent advances promise to make this technology compact, robust, and affordable.