cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of carbon nanotube bioconjugates for biomedical applications

Biomedical applications of carbon nanotubes have attracted much attention in recent years. Here, we summarize our previously developed protocols for functionalization and bioconjugation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) for various biomedical applications including biological imaging; using nanotubes as Raman, photoluminescence and photoacoustic labels; sensing using nanotubes as Raman tags and drug delivery. Sonication of SWNTs in solutions of phospholipid-polyethylene glycol (PL-PEG) is our most commonly used protocol of SWNT functionalization. Compared with other frequently used covalent strategies, our non-covalent functionalization protocol largely retains the intrinsic optical properties of SWNTs, which are useful in various biological imaging and sensing applications. Functionalized SWNTs are conjugated with targeting ligands, including peptides and antibodies for specific cell labeling in vitro or tumor targeting in vivo. Radio labels are introduced for tracking and imaging of SWNTs in real time in vivo. Moreover, SWNTs can be conjugated with small interfering RNA (siRNA) or loaded with chemotherapy drugs for drug delivery. These procedures take various times ranging from 1 to 5 d.
Direct annulation and alkylation of indoles with 2-aminobenzyl alcohols catalyzed by TFA

An efficient method for the annulation of indoles with 2-aminobenzyl alcohols, catalyzed by TFA, to furnish 5,6-fused indoline aminals is reported. This method can be extended to the alkylation of indoles at C3. 2-Aminobenzyl alcohols are used directly without recourse to protection of the aniline nitrogen or activation of the alcohol.
The Effects of Reputation and Ethics on Budgetary Slack

This experimental study tests the effects on budgetary slack of two potential controls for opportunistic self‐interest—reputation and ethics. I manipulate the level of information asymmetry between the subordinate and the superior regarding productive capability and measure the subordinate's reputation and ethical concerns regarding budgetary slack. In this setting, I examine how information asymmetry affects reputation and ethical concerns, and test the effects of these concerns on budgetary slack. Consistent with prior findings, subordinates restrict the slack in their budgets to well below the maximum under a slack‐inducing pay scheme, even after five periods of experience. Budgetary slack is negatively associated with a measure of ethical responsibility from a pre‐experiment personality questionnaire as well as reputation and ethical concerns expressed in an exit questionnaire. Subordinates express lower reputation concerns as information asymmetry regarding productive capability increases, thereby re...
Temperature Limitations of Alkaline Battery Electrodes

The study described here is concerned with possible temperature limitations in Ni-Fe and Ni-Zn aqueous alkaline battery systems in the temperature range -20°C to 120°C. Thermodynamic studies involved the calculation of potential/concentration relationships for concentrated solutions. Kinetic studies have employed potential step and sweep, rotating ring disk and ac impedance methods. The principal temperature limitation of Ni appears to be reduced coulombic efficiency at high temperature as a result of the coevolution of oxygen at a high state of charge. The irreversible component of charging also increases immediately following prolonged discharge of Ni. The temperature limitation of the negative electrode materials, Fe and Zn, are more serious and more complex than those for Ni. In addition to the effects of increased hydrogen evolution, oxidative and reductive dissolution processes may substantially reduce the coulombic efficiency of Fe electrodes at 7>80°C. At r^O°C, charge/discharge kinetics of Fe become limited by the resistance of a residual surface oxide film. Discharge of Zn electrodes also is severely curtailed at reduced temperatures by reduced dissolution current and the premature onset of passivation. Under potentiostatic or high load conditions, zinc electrodes undergo an oscillatory activation/passivation process within a defined region of potential. This potential region increases with increasing temperature.
Edge reconstructions in fractional quantum Hall systems

Two-dimensional electron systems exhibiting the fractional quantum Hall effects are characterized by a quantized Hall conductance and a dissipationless bulk. The transport in these systems occurs only at the edges of the incompressible quantum Hall regions, where gapless excitations are present. We present a microscopic calculation of the edge states in the fractional quantum Hall systems at various filling factors using the extended Hamiltonian theory of the fractional quantum Hall effect. We find that at $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/3,$ the quantum Hall edge undergoes a reconstruction as the background potential softens, whereas the quantum Hall edges at higher filling factors, such as $\ensuremath{\nu}=2/5,3/7,$ are robust against reconstruction. We present the results for the dependence of the edge states on various system parameters such as temperature, functional form and range of electron-electron interactions, and the confining potential. Our results have implications for the tunneling experiments into the edge of a fractional quantum Hall system.
Minimum Expected Distortion in Gaussian Layered Broadcast Coding with Successive Refinement

A transmitter without channel state information (CSI) wishes to send a delay-limited Gaussian source over a slowly fading channel. The source is coded in superimposed layers, with each layer successively refining the description in the previous one. The receiver decodes the layers that are supported by the channel realization and reconstructs the source up to a distortion. In the limit of a continuum of infinite layers, the optimal power distribution that minimizes the expected distortion is given by the solution to a set of linear differential equations in terms of the density of the fading distribution. In the optimal power distribution, as SNR increases, the allocation over the higher layers remains unchanged; rather the extra power is allocated towards the lower layers. On the other hand, as the bandwidth ratio b (channel uses per source symbol) tends to zero, the power distribution that minimizes expected distortion converges to the power distribution that maximizes expected capacity. While expected distortion can be improved by acquiring CSI at the transmitter (CSIT) or by increasing diversity from the realization of independent fading paths, at high SNR the performance benefit from diversity exceeds that from CSIT, especially when b is large.
Abelian categories of modules over a (lax) monoidal functor

Abstract Crane and Yetter (Deformations of (bi)tensor categories, Cahier de Topologie et Geometrie Differentielle Categorique, 1998) introduced a deformation theory for monoidal categories. The related deformation theory for monoidal functors introduced by Yetter (in: E. Getzler, M. Kapranov (Eds.), Higher Category Theory, American Mathematical Society Contemporary Mathematics, Vol. 230, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1998, pp. 117–134.) is a proper generalization of Gerstenhaber's deformation theory for associative algebras (Ann. Math. 78(2) (1963) 267; 79(1) (1964) 59; in: M. Hazewinkel, M. Gerstenhaber (Eds.), Deformation Theory of Algebras and Structure and Applications, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1988, pp. 11–264). In the present paper we solidify the analogy between lax monoidal functors and associative algebras by showing that under suitable conditions, categories of functors with an action of a lax monoidal functor are abelian categories. The deformation complex of a monoidal functor is generalized to an analogue of the Hochschild complex with coefficients in a bimodule, and the deformation complex of a monoidal natural transformation is shown to be a special case. It is shown further that the cohomology of a monoidal functor F with coefficients in an F,F-bimodule is given by right derived functors.
W and Z transverse momentum distributions: resummation in qT-space

We describe an alternative approach to the prediction of W and Z transverse momentum distributions based on an extended version of the DDT formula. The resummation of large logarithms, mandatory at small qT, is performed in qT-space, rather than in the impact parameter b. The leading, next-to-leading and next-to-next-to-leading towers of logarithms are identical in the b-space and qT-space approaches. We argue that these terms are sufficient for W and Z production in the region in which perturbation theory can be trusted. Direct resummation in qT-space provides a unified description of vector boson transverse momentum distributions valid at both large and small qT.
High speed transistor with double base diffusion

A high speed bipolar transistor has been fabricated by using double base diffusion to reduce the base resistance RB. The base resistance forms two important time constants, RBCD, and RBCC(RL/RE) with the emitter diffusion capacitance CD, and collector capacitance CC, dominating the switching delay of the circuits. We demonstrate that the base resistance of a single base diffused device can be reduced by a factor of four by using double base diffusion without affecting its cut-off frequency ft= 7 GHz. The double base diffusion also increases the punchthrough voltage of the device from 3 to 7V.
Smashing the Guitar: An Evolving Neutron Star Bow Shock

The Guitar Nebula is a spectacular example of an Hα bow shock nebula produced by the interaction of a neutron star with its environment. The radio pulsar B2224+65 is traveling at ~800-1600 km s-1 (for a distance of 1-2 kpc), placing it on the high-velocity tail of the pulsar velocity distribution. Here we report time evolution in the shape of the Guitar Nebula, the first such observations for a bow shock nebula, as seen in Hα imaging with the Hubble Space Telescope. The morphology of the nebula provides no evidence for anisotropy in the pulsar wind nor for fluctuations in the pulsar wind luminosity. The nebula shows morphological changes over two epochs spaced by 7 years that imply the existence of significant gradients and inhomogeneities in the ambient interstellar medium. These observations offer astrophysically unique, in situ probes of length scales between 5 × 10-4 and 0.012 pc. Model fitting suggests that the nebula axis—and thus the three-dimensional velocity vector—lies within 20° of the plane of the sky and also jointly constrains the distance to the neutron star and the ambient density.
Structural Investigations of ClC-ec1, a Large Integral Membrane Protein, using Solution-State NMR and Nanodisc Technology

CLC antiporters mediate Cl-/H+ exchange across cell membranes in organisms ranging from bacteria to mammals. This exchange is accomplished through elegant coupling of protein conformational changes to ion binding, unbinding and translocation events. To understand this mechanism, molecular details of the different conformations and the dynamics of their interchange must be known. While X-ray crystallographic structures have provided essential molecular pictures, the details of protein conformational change have remained elusive. To address this issue, we are using solution-state NMR to probe conformational change in ClC-ec1, a well-characterized CLC homolog of known structure. Selective 13C labeling of lysine residues and the N-terminus is achieved by post-translational reductive methylation. 1H-13C HSQC spectra of these samples reveal reversible, substrate-dependent spectral changes that may reflect protein conformational changes (studies in progress). A chronic concern with the use of detergent-solubilized protein is the possible effects of the non-native detergent environment. To address this concern we are also implementing nanodisc technology. Nanodiscs present a promising alternative for studying membrane proteins such as CLCs, offering both a native bilayer environment and a size small enough for solution-state NMR studies. Each disc consists of two amphipathic helices wrapped around a bilayer patch of lipids surrounding the membrane-embedded protein. The protocol for the incorporation of the monomeric, 13C-methylated mutant form of ClC-ec1 was optimized and the samples tested for homogeneity and monodispersity. The 1H-13C HSQC spectra of methylated, monomeric ClC-ec1 in nanodiscs are being investigated, with preliminary results indicating substrate-dependent spectral changes in this system. While further experiments will be needed to determine if these spectral changes represent functionally-relevant conformational changes, these studies demonstrate the potential for using solution-state NMR and nanodisc technology to study ClC-ec1 structure in a native lipid environment.
NEW CHIRAL LIGANDS FOR CATALYTIC ASYMMETRIC TRANSFER HYDROGENATION OF KETONES

Abstract New chiral ligands 3 and 5 have been synthesized. Their Ru(II) complexes are effective catalysts for transfer hydrogenation of both aryl alkyl and dialkyl ketones (with ee's up to 79.5%).
A Dynamic Stochastic Model of Frequency-Dependent Stress Fiber Alignment Induced by Cyclic Stretch

Background Actin stress fibers (SFs) are mechanosensitive structural elements that respond to forces to affect cell morphology, migration, signal transduction and cell function. Cells are internally stressed so that SFs are extended beyond their unloaded lengths, and SFs tend to self-adjust to an equilibrium level of extension. While there is much evidence that cells reorganize their SFs in response to matrix deformations, it is unclear how cells and their SFs determine their specific response to particular spatiotemporal changes in the matrix. Methodology/Principal Findings Bovine aortic endothelial cells were subjected to cyclic uniaxial stretch over a range of frequencies to quantify the rate and extent of stress fiber alignment. At a frequency of 1 Hz, SFs predominantly oriented perpendicular to stretch, while at 0.1 Hz the extent of SF alignment was markedly reduced and at 0.01 Hz there was no alignment at all. The results were interpreted using a simple kinematic model of SF networks in which the dynamic response depended on the rates of matrix stretching, SF turnover, and SF self-adjustment of extension. For these cells, the model predicted a threshold frequency of 0.01 Hz below which SFs no longer respond to matrix stretch, and a saturation frequency of 1 Hz above which no additional SF alignment would occur. The model also accurately described the dependence of SF alignment on matrix stretch magnitude. Conclusions The dynamic stochastic model was capable of describing SF reorganization in response to diverse temporal and spatial patterns of stretch. The model predicted that at high frequencies, SFs preferentially disassembled in the direction of stretch and achieved a new equilibrium by accumulating in the direction of lowest stretch. At low stretch frequencies, SFs self-adjusted to dissipate the effects of matrix stretch. Thus, SF turnover and self-adjustment are each important mechanisms that cells use to maintain mechanical homeostasis.
Thermal conductivity of metal-metal microlaminate composites

Abstract Microlaminate composites consisting of alternate layers of metal-metal, metal-ceramic and ceramic-ceramic exhibit anisotropy in thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity in the direction perpendicular to the laminate plane is significantly lower than in the plane of the laminate. Results of our study on thermal conductivity of Ni−NiCoCrAlY and Ti−CoCrAlY microlaminate composites are presented. A semiquantitative model explaining the thermal conductivity variation in the above systems as a function of number of layers is discussed. An expression correlating the experimental data with the calculated data for the above system is presented.
Testing for Cointegrating Rank Via Model Selection: Evidence From 165 Data Sets

The model selection approach has been proposed as an alternative to the popular tests for cointegration such as the residual-based augmented Dickey–Fuller test and the system-based trace test. Using information criteria, we conduct cointegration tests on 165 data sets used in published studies. The empirical results demonstrate the usefulness of the model selection approach for applied researchers.
Discovery of a Possible Anomalous X-Ray Pulsar in the Small Magellanic Cloud

We report the serendipitous detection of a previously unreported pulsar from the direction of the Small Magellanic Cloud using data from the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. Because of its luminosity (∼1.5x10^(35) ergs s^(-1)), its near lack of variability for more than 20 yr, and its very soft spectrum, we propose that it is an anomalous X-ray pulsar (AXP). Data from the ROSAT PSPC in conjunction with the Chandra data give a period, P, of 5.44 s and a spin-down time, P/P, of 11 kyr. If this is a correct identification, it will be the first extragalactic AXP and the fastest yet discovered.
An adic dynamical system related to the Delannoy numbers

We introduce an adic (Bratteli–Vershik) dynamical system based on a diagram whose path counts from the root are the Delannoy numbers. We identify the ergodic invariant measures, prove total ergodicity for each of them, and initiate the study of the dimension group and other dynamical properties.
A parametric study of light-duty natural gas vehicle competitiveness in the United States through 2050

Abstract We modeled and conducted a parametric analysis of the US light-duty vehicle (LDV) stock to examine the impact of natural gas vehicles (NGVs) as they compete with electric vehicles, hybrids, and conventional powertrains. We find that low natural gas prices and sufficient public refueling infrastructure are the key drivers to NGV adoption when matched with availability of compressed natural gas powertrains from automakers. Due to the time and investment required for the build out of infrastructure and the introduction of vehicles by original equipment manufacturers, home natural gas compressor sales and bi-fuel NGVs serve as bridge technologies through 2030. By 2050, however, NGVs could comprise as much as 20% of annual vehicle sales and 10% of the LDV stock fraction. We also find that NGVs may displace electric vehicles, rather than conventional powertrains, as they both compete for consumers that drive enough miles such that fuel cost savings offset higher purchase costs. Due to this dynamic, NGVs in our LDV stock model offer little to no greenhouse gas emissions reduction as they displace lower emission powertrains. This finding is subject to the uncertainty in efficiency technology progression and the set of powertains and fuels considered.
Numerical Simulations of Buoyancy Instabilities in Galaxy Cluster Plasmas with Cosmic Rays and Anisotropic Thermal Conduction

In clusters of galaxies, the specific entropy of intracluster plasma increases outward. Nevertheless, a number of recent studies have shown that the intracluster medium is subject to buoyancy instabilities due to the effects of cosmic rays and anisotropic thermal conduction. In this paper we present a new numerical algorithm for simulating such instabilities. This numerical method treats the cosmic rays as a fluid, accounts for the diffusion of heat and cosmic rays along magnetic field lines, and enforces the condition that the temperature and cosmic-ray pressure remain positive. We carry out several tests to ensure the accuracy of the code, including the detailed matching of analytic results for the eigenfunctions and growth rates of linear buoyancy stabilities. This numerical scheme will be useful for simulating convection driven by cosmic-ray buoyancy in galaxy cluster plasmas and may also be useful for other applications, including fusion plasmas, the interstellar medium, and supernova remnants.
THE SIGN CHANGES OF FOURIER COEFFICIENTS OF EISENSTEIN SERIES

In this paper we prove a number of theorems that determine the extent to which the signs of the Hecke eigenvalues of an Eisenstein newform determine the newform. We address this problem broadly and provide theorems of both individual and statistical nature. Many of these results are Eisenstein series analogs of well-known theorems for cusp forms. For instance, we determine how often the pth Fourier coefficients of an Eisenstein newform begin with a fixed sequence of signs $$\varepsilon _p = \{\pm 1, 0\}$$ . Moreover, we prove the following variant of the strong multiplicity-one theorem: an Eisenstein newform is uniquely determined by the signs of its Hecke eigenvalues with respect to any set of primes with density greater than $$1/2$$ .
Women as gatekeepers of food consumption: A sociological critique

(1989). Women as gatekeepers of food consumption: A sociological critique. Food and Foodways: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 317-332.
The regio- and stereochemical course of reductive cross-coupling reactions between 1,3-disubstituted allenes and vinylsilanes: Synthesis of (Z)-dienes.

In investigations aimed at exploring the potential of disubstituted allenes in stereoselective synthesis, we report studies that explore the reductive cross-coupling reaction of vinylsilanes with a range of substituted allenes. Regiochemical control is attained by employing allenic alkoxides, where the proximal heteroatom dictates the site-selectivity in a process that proceeds by net formal metallo-[3,3] rearrangement (directed carbometalation/elimination). Stereoselectivity in these reactions is complex, with both the nature of allene substitution and relative stereochemistry of the substrate impacting the stereoselective generation of each alkene of a substituted 1,3-diene.
Power in the market for Medi-Cal services

The California Medicaid Reform Act of 1982 resulted in a shift in power from the supply to the demand side of the Medi-Cal market. We find some evidence that strategic behavior by hospitals in the subsequent period may have countered the erosion of supplier market power. This study conducts an empirical assessment of market power in markets for Medi-Cal services, in the year reforms were first implemented (1983) and six years later. Multihospital chain presence is found to have a positive and statistically significant impact on market power, and to vary by chain ownership type.
Adscape: harvesting and analyzing online display ads

Over the past decade, advertising has emerged as the primary source of revenue for many web sites and apps. In this paper we report a first-of-its-kind study that seeks to broadly understand the features, mechanisms and dynamics of display advertising on the web - i.e., the Adscape. Our study takes the perspective of users who are the targets of display ads shown on web sites. We develop a scalable crawling capability that enables us to gather the details of display ads including creatives and landing pages. Our crawling strategy is focused on maximizing the number of unique ads harvested. Of critical importance to our study is the recognition that a user's profile (i.e., browser profile and cookies) can have a significant impact on which ads are shown. We deploy our crawler over a variety of websites and profiles and this yields over 175K distinct display ads. We find that while targeting is widely used, there remain many instances in which delivered ads do not depend on user profile; further, ads vary more over user profiles than over websites. We also assess the population of advertisers seen and identify over 3.7K distinct entities from a variety of business segments. Finally, we find that when targeting is used, the specific types of ads delivered generally correspond with the details of user profiles, and also on users' patterns of visit.
Low-Cost Packaging of High-Performance Optoelectronic Components

Optoelectronics (o/e) is currently too expensive for wide-spread application. The packaging (or fiber pigtailing) of o/e components may comprise up to 90% of the component's cost for some high performance components. The development of an automated packaging system can greatly lower these packaging costs, enabling a host of new applications in areas of great economic and defense benefit to the US, including optical computer interconnects for advanced computing and ATM switch backplanes, advanced optical networks, and fiber optic gyros, to name just a few potentially high-impact applications.
A Study of the Aryl–Aryl Coupling Reactions of (4‐X‐C6H4)Ph2P˭O

Abstract The Suzuki coupling reactions of (4‐X‐Ph)Ph2P˭O, where X = bromide or triflate, with a series of boronic acids were studied using tetrakis‐(triphenylphosphino) palladium or palladium acetate as the catalyst. The boronic acids utilized were phenyl, p‐tolyl, 3‐methoxy, 4‐methoxy, and 4‐acetyl. Yields of the corresponding biphenyl analogues ranged from 50 to 95%. Palladium acetate provided products free of triphenylphosphine contamination, and required significantly shorter reaction times for complete reaction (2 to 4 hours vs. 12 to 24 hours, respectively) than when tetrakis‐(triphenylphosphino) palladium was used. The methodology was applied to bis(4‐F‐Ph)(4‐OTf‐Ph)P˭O to afford, in excellent yield (99%), a biphenyl‐based AB2 monomer precursor for dendritic and hyperbranched poly(arylene ether phosphine oxide)s.
Hilbert–Schmidt groups as infinite-dimensional Lie groups and their Riemannian geometry

Abstract We describe the exponential map from an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra to an infinite-dimensional group of operators on a Hilbert space. Notions of differential geometry are introduced for these groups. In particular, the Ricci curvature, which is understood as the limit of the Ricci curvature of finite-dimensional groups, is calculated. We show that for some of these groups the Ricci curvature is - ∞ .
Synthetic studies on the trans-chlorocyclopropane dienyne side chain of callipeltoside A.

Enantiomerically enriched trans-chlorocyclopropanemethanol was obtained by lipase kinetic resolution of dichlorocyclopropanemethanol 3, followed by reduction. The sp−sp2 bond of the trans-chlorocyclopropane dienyne side chain of callipeltoside A was constructed via a Stille coupling reaction of 1,1-dibromo-1-alkene 7 and a vinylstannane in a highly dipolar solvent capable of promoting HBr elimination to give internal alkynes.
Two-phase damage models of magma-fracturing

Abstract Damage and fracturing in two-phase and porous flows are relevant for geological process such as magma-fracturing during melt migration, which is associated with the propagation of a pore-generating damage front ahead of high-pressure fluid injection. We therefore examine the propagation of porous flow in a damageable matrix by applying the two-phase theory for compaction and damage proposed by Bercovici et al. (2001a) and Bercovici and Ricard (2003) . The movement of the fluid and the solid is governed by the two-phase flow laws, while damage (void generation and microcracking) is treated by considering the generation of interfacial surface energy by deformational work. Calculations of one-dimensional (1-D) flow of fluid migrating buoyantly through compacting and damageable matrix show that damage is mitigated in steady-state largely because of the loss of the velocity gradient at the fluid front. However, in time-dependent flows, linear stability analysis shows that the propagation velocity of porosity waves is strongly dependent on damage. In the damage-free case porosity waves are dispersive in that wave-speed decreases with wavenumber (inverse wavelength); however with damage the dispersion flattens and beyond a critical damage reverses (the wave speed increases with wavenumber). Since normal dispersive behavior balances breaking in the nonlinear wave case, such reversed dispersion implies that damage has a profound effect in the nonlinear limit by facilitating wave front steepening and higher wave velocities. Nonlinear solitary wave solutions are obtained numerically and show that the transmission of porosity waves induces high stress and damage that can push the damage front forward. With damage the porosity waves sharpen and calculations suggest that they can transform from shape-conserving solitary waves into faster high amplitude waves, which is also predicted by the linear theory. Such pulse-like sharper waves may prove effective at promoting fluid migration through magma-fracturing.
Tourism and hospitality research journals: cross-citations among research communities

Abstract This article explores one facet of the relationship between the academic disciplines of hospitality and tourism. Citation analysis of articles in hospitality and tourism journals confirms previous research that reveals that there is little intermingling of research between the hospitality and tourism fields. More citations occur within disciplines than across disciplines. However, by far the most citations are to sources outside the hospitality and tourism areas entirely. Implications of these results are discussed.
THE PREPARATION OF HINDERED BIPHENYLS VIA THE SUZUKI REACTION

Abstract The preparation of a number of hindered biphenyls is presented in which the arylboronate suffers from both steric crowding and electron withdrawing group deactivation.
Delirium: An Emerging Frontier in the Management of Critically Ill Children

Delirium is a syndrome of acute brain dysfunction that commonly occurs in critically ill adults and most certainly is prevalent in critically ill children all over the world. The dearth of information about the incidence, prevalence, and severity of pediatric delirium stems from the simple fact that there have not been well-validated instruments for routine delirium diagnosis at the bedside. This article reviewed the emerging solutions to this problem, including description of a new pediatric tool called the pCAM-ICU. In adults, delirium is responsible for significant increases in both morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. The advent of new tools for use in critically ill children will allow the epidemiology of this form of acute brain dysfunction to be studied adequately, will allow clinical management algorithms to be developed and implemented following testing, and will present the necessary incorporation of delirium as an outcome measure for future clinical trials in pediatric critical care medicine.
Optimal design of composite wing structures with blended laminates

Abstract In this paper we formulate the problem of wing box design optimization using composite laminates with blending constraints. The use of composite laminates necessitates the inclusion of fiber orientation angle of the layers as well as total thickness of the laminate as design variables in the design optimization problem. The wing box design problem is decomposed into several independent local panel design problems. In general such an approach results in a nonblended solution with no continuity of laminate lay ups across the panels, which may not only increase the lay up cost but may also be structurally unsafe due to discontinuities. The need for a blended solution increases the complexity of the problem many fold. In this paper we impose the blending constraints globally by using a guide based design methodology within the genetic algorithm optimization scheme and compare the results with the published ones. Two different blending schemes – outer and inner blending are presented. The result shows that the optimum design obtained using the current methodology has better continuity of laminate lay ups and also the reported weight of the composite wing box is on the lower side. Finally, a parametric study of the effect of global deflection constraint on the total weight of the optimum design is presented.
Surgical management of invasive carcinoma of the vulva utilizing a lower abdominal midline incision

Abstract An approach to radical vulvectomy and bilateral lymphadenectomy utilizing a lower abdominal midline incision is presented. Nineteen patients were operated on for invasive vulvar carcinoma utilizing this technique, while fifteen patients were operated on with the more traditional transverse incision for groin dissection. When evaluated by intraoperative and postoperative parameters, the two techniques gave roughly identical results. The midline approach can be particularly valuable in those situations where celiotomy is to be performed at the time of radical vulvectomy.
Exclusivity, Contingent Control Rights, and the Design of Internet Portal Alliances

We explore the relationship between exclusivity and state-contingent control rights using a sample of over 100 Internet portal alliance contracts. We find that stronger exclusivity arrangements are associated with more frequent usage of contingent control rights. For both portals and their partners, the more exclusively bound one party is, the more likely its counterparty is to be granted contingent control rights. Additionally, we find that portals' alliance partners are more likely to receive contingent control rights when they are prohibited from doing business with other portals and that contingent control rights are less likely to appear as the industry matures. Our findings are consistent with theoretical explanations that exclusivity provisions and contingent control rights both provide incentives to invest in the face of potential holdup problems and also with the proposition that exclusive arrangements lead firms to seek contingent control rights to avoid lock-in when environmental uncertainty is high. The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Yale University. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.
Two-wavelength photorefractive dynamic optical interconnect.

A novel architecture for a reconfigurable optical routing switch using photorefractive crystals with nondestructive readout is presented. This design reduces the order of complexity from n2 to n for a general two-wavelength n × n holographic interconnection network. The packing capacity of the network is discussed and is calculated to be of the order of 1000 × 1000 for an ideal volume holographic recording material. In practice, we show that the actual value is constrained by the number of gratings that can be multiplexed in a single photorefractive crystal. A 2 × 3 switch is demonstrated by using a Bi12GeO20 crystal with 514-nm writing beams and 633-nm signal (readout) beams.
A facile synthesis of methyl 2-substituted-4-benzoxazolecarboxylates

Methyl 2-substituted-4-benzoxazolecarboxylates were synthesized from methyl 2- amino-3-hydroxybenzoate and the corresponding acid chloride or ortho acetal with pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate as an acid catalyst. Decomposition due to hydration at the 2-position was seen for some compounds during purification.
Rapid screening and combinatorial methods in homogeneous organometallic catalysis

Methods are discussed for rapid screening of soluble and polymer-bound homo- geneous catalysts for activity. A polymer-bound phosphine library is synthesized, and a mod- ular tridentate pincer CNC bis-carbene Pd complex is described. The possibility of C-bound His in metalloenzymes is raised.
Hard Probes in High-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions

Hard QCD processes in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions become increasingly relevant and they can be used as probes of the dense matter formed during the violent scatterings. We will discuss how one can use these hard probes to study the properties of the dense matter and the associated phenomenologies. In particular, we study the effect of jet quenching due to medium-induced energy loss on inclusive particle pT distributions and investigate how one can improve the measurement of parton energy loss in direct photon events.
Supersymmetric gauge model of the electron and its neutrino

A supersymmetric SU(2) x U(1) gauge model for the electromagnetic, weak, and neutral weak interactions of the electron is constructed. After masses are created via spontaneous symmetry breaking, the electron and its neutrino remain massless to lowest order while a heavy electron and an accompanying neutral lepton acquire masses comparable, respectively, to those of the intermediate vector bosons W/sup ..mu..//sub +-/ and Z/sup ..mu../. Lepton number is conserved in a natural way without requireing bosons to carry lepton number. (AIP)
Microlocal branes are constructible sheaves

Let X be a compact real analytic manifold, and let T* X be its cotangent bundle. In a recent paper with Zaslow (J Am Math Soc 22:233–286, 2009), we showed that the dg category Sh c (X) of constructible sheaves on X quasi-embeds into the triangulated envelope F(T* X) of the Fukaya category of T* X. We prove here that the quasi-embedding is in fact a quasi-equivalence. When X is a complex manifold, one may interpret this as a topological analogue of the identification of Lagrangian branes in T* X and regular holonomic $${{\mathcal D}_X}$$ -modules developed by Kapustin (A-branes and noncommutative geometry, arXiv:hep-th/0502212) and Kapustin and Witten (Commun Number Theory Phys 1(1):1–236, 2007) from a physical perspective. As a concrete application, we show that compact connected exact Lagrangians in T* X (with some modest homological assumptions) are equivalent in the Fukaya category to the zero section. In particular, this determines their (complex) cohomology ring and homology class in T* X, and provides a homological bound on their number of intersection points. An independent characterization of compact branes in T* X has recently been obtained by Fukaya et al. (Invent Math 172(1):1–27, 2008).
Semiconductor Particles and Arrays for the Photoelectrochemical Utilization of Solar Energy

The principles of the design of integrated chemical systems based on semiconductor materials for the photoelectrochemical utilization of solar energy to drive useful chemical reactions are described. The use of different support materials, such as Nafion and silica, to prepare particulate systems is discussed. Systems with very small (“Q-”) particles are described. Charging of these particles is proposed as an important factor in the determination of particle energetics (optical band gap and potentials of photogenerated electrons and holes). Semiconductor arrays, with a number of junctions in series to provide higher driving potentials, are discussed, and two systems for the photosplitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen are described.
Hypolipidemic activity of 4‐substituted 1,2‐diacyl‐1,2,4‐triazolidine‐3,5‐diones in rodents

A series of 4-substituted 1,2-diacyl-1,2,4-trlazolldlne-3,5- diones were synthesized and shown to be hypolipidemic in rodents; serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly reduced following Intraperitoneal and oral dosing at 20 mg/kg/day. The hypolipidemic activity of the triazolldine-3,5-diones was improved when Ri was either a phenyl or a butyl group. Tissue lipid levels were reduced in the liver, aorta, and small intestine, while fecal lipids, e.g. cholesterol, were increased after 14 days. Very low density lipid cholesterol levels were reduced but high density lipid cholesterol levels were significantly increased. It appears that the mode of action of the 1,2-dlacyl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-diones is by the inhibition of the de novo rate limiting enzyme for lipid synthesis. Enzyme activities suppressed by the agents included ATP-dependent citrate lyase, HMG CoA reductase, acyl CoA cholesterol acyl transferase, acetyl CoA carboxylase, sn-glycerol-3-phosphate aryl transferase, phosphatidylate phosphohydrolase, and cholesterol-7a-hydroxylase.
Towards a scalable fully-implicit fully-coupled resistive MHD formulation with stabilized FE methods

This paper explores the development of a scalable, nonlinear, fully-implicit stabilized unstructured finite element (FE) capability for 2D incompressible (reduced) resistive MHD. The discussion considers the implementation of a stabilized FE formulation in context of a fully-implicit time integration and direct-to-steady-state solution capability. The nonlinear solver strategy employs Newton-Krylov methods, which are preconditioned using fully-coupled algebraic multilevel preconditioners. These preconditioners are shown to enable a robust, scalable and efficient solution approach for the large-scale sparse linear systems generated by the Newton linearization. Verification results demonstrate the expected order-of-accuracy for the stabilized FE discretization. The approach is tested on a variety of prototype problems, including both low-Lundquist number (e.g., an MHD Faraday conduction pump and a hydromagnetic Rayleigh-Bernard linear stability calculation) and moderately-high Lundquist number (magnetic island coalescence problem) examples. Initial results that explore the scaling of the solution methods are presented on up to 4096 processors for problems with up to 64M unknowns on a CrayXT3/4. Additionally, a large-scale proof-of-capability calculation for 1 billion unknowns for the MHD Faraday pump problem on 24,000 cores is presented.
A priori probability that a qubit–qutrit pair is separable

We extend to arbitrarily coupled pairs of qubits (two-state quantum systems) and qutrits (three-state quantum systems) our earlier study (Slater 2002 Quantum Inf. Process. 1 387), which was concerned with the simplest instance of entangled quantum systems, pairs of qubits. As in that analysis—again on the basis of numerical (quasi-Monte Carlo) integration results, but now in a still higher-dimensional space (35D versus 15D)—we examine a conjecture that the Bures/SD (statistical distinguishability) probability that arbitrarily paired qubits and qutrits are separable (unentangled) has a simple exact value, , where u = 220 × 33 × 5 × 7 and v = 19 × 23 × 29 × 31 × 37 × 41 × 43 (the product of consecutive primes). This is considerably less than the conjectured value of the Bures/SD probability, , in the qubit–qubit case. Both of these conjectures, in turn, rely upon ones to the effect that the SD volumes of separable states assume certain remarkable forms, involving 'primorial' numbers. We also estimate the SD area of the boundary of separable qubit–qutrit states, and provide preliminary calculations of the Bures/SD probability of separability in the general qubit–qubit–qubit and qutrit–qutrit cases.
Germanium Detectors with a Built-In Transverse Drift Field

A new kind of position-sensitive germanium detector based on a novel mode of charge transport is proposed and experimental devices have been fabricated. In these germanium "drift-chambers", position information is obtained by measuring carrier drift times. One-dimensional spatial resolutions of ? 0.5 mm over an active area of ~ 2.5 × 2.5 cm2 have been achieved in one detector for 60 keV photons. The simplicity of such detectors makes them attractive as position-sensitive gamma-ray spectrometers compared to discrete element detectors. The problems and limitations of the present detectors are discussed.
The magnetic topology of solar eruptions

We present an explanation for the well-known observation that complexity of the solar magnetic field is a necessary ingredient for strong activity such as large eruptive flares. Our model starts with the standard picture for the energy buildup—a highly sheared, newly emerged magnetic field near the photospheric neutral line held down by an overlying unsheared field. Previously, we proposed the key new idea that magnetic reconnection between the unsheared field and neighboring flux systems decreases the amount of the overlying field and, thereby, allows the low-lying sheared flux to "break out." In this Letter, we show that a bipolar active region does not have the necessary complexity for this process to occur, but a delta sunspot has the right topology for magnetic breakout. We discuss the implications of these results for observations from SOHO and TRACE.
The Periods of Cataclysmic Variables

The present status of the period studies of cataclysmic variables is briefly reviewed, mainly from the observational point of view. A few comments on individual objects include EM Cyg, Z Cha, WZ Sge and AM CVn.
Expanding Opportunities in a Shrinking World: A Conceptual Model Explicating the Role of Social Networks and Internet-Based Virtual Environments in Social Entrepreneurship

The authors present a parsimonious theoretical model that illustrates how Internet-based virtual environments (such as social networking Web sites) moderate the relationship between social networks and social entrepreneurship. Social networks promote social entrepreneurship by means of (a) technology and knowledge transfer; (b) locating information; (c) generating entrepreneurial opportunities; (d) building entrepreneurial competency; (e) financing innovation; and (f) building effective networks for commercialization of innovations. Internet based virtual environments increase the velocity with which online social networks are formed and operationalized. They, thus, have a moderating effect in the relationship between social networks and social entrepreneurship. The authors also represent three concepts that are core to social networks: density, centrality, and heterogeneity. They posit that all three explain variance in social entrepreneurship and that Internet-based virtual environments moderate each of the relationships these three elements of social networks have with social entrepreneurship.
Scanning Electron Microscopy Cathodoluminescence Studies of Piezoelectric Fields in an InGaN Multiple Quantum Well Light-Emitting Diode

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)-based Cathodoluminescence (CL) experiments were used to study the influence of piezoelectric fields on the optical and electrical properties of a commercial InGaN-based Multiple Quantum Well (MQW) Light Emitting Diode (LED). The existence and direction of a piezoelectric field in the InGaN-based LED was determined with voltage dependent SEM-CL experiments. The CL emission peak showed a blueshift followed by a redshift with increasing reverse bias due to the full compensation of the piezoelectric field. It was determined that the piezoelectric field points in the [000-1] direction and the magnitude was estimated to be approximately 1.0±0.2 MV/cm. SEM-CL carrier generation density variation and electroluminescence experiments were used to confirm the existence of a piezoelectric field in the InGaN-based MQW LED.
The geometry of CO on Ru(001): Evidence for bending vibrations in adsorbed molecules

As a test of the utility of the ESDIAD method (Electron Stimulated Desorption Ion Angular Distributions) in studies of the geometry of adsorbed molecules, the chemisorption of CO on Ru(001) has been examined. Data previously reported using UPS (ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy) and EELS (electron energy loss spectroscopy) have indicated that CO is terminally bonded to the Ru surface through the C atom, with the CO axis perpendicular to the surface. The ESDIAD results for CO confirm this orientation; for all CO coverages in the temperature range 90 K to ~ 350 K, the angular distributions of O+ and CO+ ESD ions are centered about the surface normal. The widths of the ion beams are temperature dependent; for both O+ and CO+, the half widths at half maximum, α, of the ion cones are ~16° at 300 K, and ~12° at 90 K. This temperature dependence, coupled with a simple model calculation, indicates that the dominant factors contributing to the width of the ESD ion beams are the CO surface bending vibrations, i.e., initial state effects. Thus, the data suggest that both the directions and widths of ESDIAD beams are determined largely by the structure and dynamics of the initial adsorbed state.
Exploiting process lifetime distributions for dynamic load balancing

We consider policies for CPU load balancing in networks of workstations. We address the question of whether preemptive migration (migrating active processes) is necessary, or whether remote execution (migrating processes only at the time of birth) is sufficient for load balancing. We show that resolving this issue is strongly tied to understanding the process lifetime distribution. Our measurements indicate that the distribution of lifetimes for a UNIX process is Pareto (heavy-tailed), with a consistent functional form over a variety of workloads. We show how to apply this distribution to derive a preemptive migration policy that requires no hand-tuned parameters. We used a trace-driven simulation to show that our preemptive migration strategy is far more effective than remote execution, even when the memory transfer cost is high.