cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aeromagnetic anomalies and discordant lineations beneath the Niger Delta: Implication for new fracture zones and multiple sea-floor spreading directions in the “meso-Atlantic” Gulf of Guinea cul-de-sac

An aeromagnetic contour map compiled over shallow water and onshore portions of the Nigerian continental margin, shows several elongate, long-wavelength anomaly closures with some alternating polarity, separated by steep gradient, NE lineations. The lineations are interpreted as new fracture zones or extensions of previously mapped ones. The NE trend in the western delta region is concordant with Ee fracture zone trends of the deeper Gulf of Guinea. Aeromagnetic lineations of the SE Niger Delta Basin however, discordantly trend ENE. Their termination against the former, is interpreted as evidence of early sea-floor spreading in a ENE-WSW direction in addition to the well documented NE-SW spreading of the Gulf of Guinea and the rest of the “meso-Atlantic” sea-floor. The geophysical crustal structure indicate the existence of two Early Cretaceous triple junctions beneath the Niger Delta Basin. The two triple-junctions further support the hypothesis that the African continent was a multi-plate system (in the Niger Delta region) during the early opening of the Atlantic.
Graphene-based FET structure: Modeling FET characteristics for an aptamer-based analyte sensor

Graphene is a very promising electronic material that has attracted vast research interests due to its unique electronic properties [1]. In this paper, a graphene-based FET-like aptamer sensor is modelled for the case of an aptamer that binds to a cocaine surrogate. Methylene-blue (MB) is a nanoscale molecule that functions as an electron donor. The graphene in these structures exhibits p-type semiconductor behavior with holes as carriers. The voltage shift caused by electron trapping on the graphene surface is observed and explained by a charge sheet capacitance model. In this work, the graphene-based FET characteristics are modelled to understand the use of this device as a sensor of molecular analytes.
Synthesis of 2-terminal pair networks

NETWORK SYNTHESIS is the art of constructing a network whose behavior is prescribed. Usually, the term behavior refers to some particular response of the network to a particular stimulus. The network illustrated in Figure 1 is assumed to have two pairs of accessible terminals, and a response which may be of interest is E 2 , the open-circuit voltage at terminals 2, when the stimulus is E 1 , the open-circuit voltage at terminals 1. The behavior in this case is the transfer function of the network, defined as the ratio E 2 /E 1 = θ(p), a function of the complex frequency variable p = σ+iω. Generally, the realization of a network function includes a statement of the necessary and sufficient conditions which such function must satisfy, and a procedure for constructing the network.
A system for investigating characteristics that make effective visualizations

We describe SSEA, a System for Studying the Effectiveness of Animations. It was created as a testing environment for studying the effects of various attributes in visualization design on viewer comprehension. Researchers can create a series of animations in SSEA with a design characteristic in mind. SSEA allows these animations to be viewed while recording the viewer's interactions and responses to questions about the underlying algorithm. At the conclusion of running all experiments, the researchers can examine the log files generated, and performe analysis of the responses and timings with respect to the attribute being examined.
Backprojection for GMTI processing

Backprojection has long been applied to SAR image formation. It has equal utility in forming the range-velocity maps for Ground Moving Target Indicator (GMTI) radar processing. In particular, it overcomes the problem of targets migrating through range resolution cells.
Energy-efficient data caching and prefetching for mobile devices based on utility

In mobile computing environments, vital resources like battery power and wireless channel bandwidth impose significant challenges in ubiquitous information access. In this paper, we propose a novel energy and bandwidth efficient data caching mechanism, called GreedyDual Least Utility (GD-LU), that enhances dynamic data availability while maintaining consistency. The proposed utility-based caching mechanism considers several characteristics of mobile distributed systems, such as connection-disconnection, mobility handoff, data update and user request patterns to achieve significant energy savings in mobile devices. We develop an analytical model for energy consumption of mobile devices in a dynamic data environment. Based on the utility function derived from the analytical model, we propose algorithms for cache replacement and passive prefetching of data objects. Our comprehensive simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed caching mechanism achieves more than 10% energy saving and near-optimal performance tradeoff between access latency and energy consumption.
Total synthesis of (−)-martinellic acid

Abstract An enantioselective formal total synthesis of the pyrrolo[3,2- c ]quinoline natural product martinellic acid has been achieved. The key steps involve a Pd-catalyzed aryl amidation reaction of a pyrroglutamate derivative, an intramolecular [3+2] azomethine ylide–alkene cycloaddition and a reductive ring opening reaction.
Global and local processing of incidental information and memory retrieval at 6 months

In five experiments, we examined the role of global and local cues in memory retrieval in infancy. Six-month-old infants were trained at home in a distinctive context (playpen liner) to kick to move a mobile. The liners were yellow and displayed either green stripes, green squares aligned vertically in stripe-like columns, or green squares in a grid pattern. The stripes and columns liners had a similar global configuration but different local components; the columns and grid liners had identical local components but different global configurations. When infants were tested 24 h after training in the presence of context liners that differed from the training context in either global configurations or local features, their memory retrieval was disrupted (Experiments 1 and 2). However, a change from stripes to columns failed to disrupt memory retrieval, even though the reverse change, from columns to stripes, did. Experiments 3, 4, and 5 revealed that this asymmetry was due to the fact that, when discriminative local information is not directly associated with training, a postperceptual strategy enables infants to disregard a mismatch in local information between training and test contexts and to generalize on the basis of a match in global information during the 24-h retention test. Thus, infants encode and remember for substantial periods of time both global configuration information and local component information in the incidental context in which an event occurs and flexibly utilize this information when responding to new events.
Cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase--heavy atom derivatives and low resolution structure.

Abstract The structure of the cytoplasmic form of malate dehydrogenase from pig heart has been determined at low resolution (5 A), using single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The malate dehydrogenase crystals contain the dimeric molecule of molecular weight 72,000 in the asymmetric unit. Phases for the diffraction data were obtained using isomorphous heavy atom methods. Three types of heavy atom compounds were used; they include a mercurial derivative, platinum compounds and the uranyl ion. The diffraction data were collected by diffractometry using a graphite crystal monochromatized X-ray source. The data were measured by using a partial omega scan and correcting for background scattering from a predetermined table. The low-resolution electron density map clearly indicated the molecular envelope. The over-all dimensions of the malate dehydrogenase in terms of some net spheroidal shape is 64 A × 64 A × 45 A. This structure is roughly subdivided into two subunits. Examination of a model of this density indicated that the two subunits are related by approximate 2-fold rotational symmetry.
Direct observation of standing wave formation at surface steps using scanning tunneling spectroscopy.

Using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, we have observed the formation of standing waves by the scattering of surface state electrons at steps and defects on the Au(111) surface. From the periods, peak positions, and intensities of the standing waves, the energy dispersion of the surface states, the scattering phase shifts as a function of energy and crystallographic direction, and coherence lengths could be determined.
Assessment of patient satisfaction: Development and refinement of a service evaluation questionnaire.

A series of seven studies was conducted by the authors and their colleagues to produce an efficient measure of service satisfaction that can easily be related to symptom level, demographic characteristics, and type and extent of service utilization. The resulting measure, the Service Evaluation Questionnaire (SEQ) is a brief, global index that has excellent internal consistency and solid psychometric properties. Data from an extensive SEQ field study can be used as a comparison base for future applications of the two SEQ component scales, the CSQ-8 and the SCL-10. A new hypothesis has emerged from this series of studies that will guide future research: Service recipients may find if difficult to formally express dissatisfaction in the face of significant caring--however ineffectual--when the technical capacity to offer definitive treatment is not yet fully developed and when criteria for evaluating the efficacy of treatment are not yet crystal clear.
Report on EBIS Development at Texas A&M

The general design and operation of a 20 cm EBIS are described. Although good beam transmission and containment are obtained, charge states are limited to low values by the short neutralization time. Improvements to the source, including new containment tube structure, tripling of the containment region, revised cryopumping system, a fully steerable extractor, and time-of-flight change state analysis system, are being carried out.
SFR-113 Ongoing weight loss management with endoscopic gastric plication using the STOMAPHYX™ device: Is it achievable?

1 year follow-up. Data was collected prospectively and all operative complications and re-operations recorded. Results: The median follow-up was 4 years. To date, 77 complications have required re-operation (3.1 %). There were 2 complete slippages (emergency surgery performed). There were 21 partial slippages or pouch dilatations which were treated by band deflation and band re-positioning on elective operating lists. 4 erosions were treated by removal and subsequently replaced in 2 cases. 5 bands were exchanged due to wrong size selection. There were 8 band infections (all removed) and in 7 cases re-banded 6 months later. There were 9 port rotations. Band punctures were seen in 21 cases, 8 of which were related to port damage, 5 caused by tubing punctures and 8 balloon leaks. One band had spontaneously opened and 2 had fractured near the locking mechanism. In all these cases, repair or replacement was performed. 4 re-operations for band mal-positioning were performed in super-obese patients where the band had been fastened around the lesser curve fat. Conclusion: There is an inevitable re-operation rate with gastric banding which will increase with time. This rate is low and all re-operations can be performed either under local anaesthetic or by laparoscopy.
Carcinogen delivery into the pancreatic duct of rabbits by means of hollow fiber capsules.

A technique is described for the delivery of various chemical agents chronically and in small doses directly into the duct of the rabbit pancreas. The feasibility of this technique is based on initial observations that implantation of a catheter delivery system in the pancreatic duct produces minimal interference with normal exocrine or endocrine pancreatic function while chronically delivering an encapsulated agent directly to the target tissues. A catheter permeation system has been designed which can be anchored in the main pancreatic duct of the New Zealand white rabbit without ligating the duct, and which will then continuously expose the ductal cells to chemical carcinogens over a 5- to 30-day period. Catheters have been successfully implanted in 177 rabbits. Examination of 37 control animals up to 182 weeks after implantation showed that, in the absence of ductal obstruction, neither the implantation procedure nor the presence of the catheter itself produced any permanent change in the morphologic structure of the pancreas. Benzo(a)pyrene produced hyperplasia, metaplasia, and adenosis, whereas methylnitrosourethane produced toxic pancreatitis and atrophy. The technique appears to be useful for evaluating the effect of carcinogens or other chemical agents when it is desirable to deliver a compound chronically and in small doses directly into the pancreatic juice.
Ionosphere‐observations at the 1940 eclipse in Brazil

Results obtained from ionosphere-measurements made during the solar eclipse of October 1, 1940, in Brazil are described. The Expedition was sponsored jointly by the National Bureau of Standards and the National Geographic Society. The observations were made at Patos in Parahyba State, about 240 miles inland from the coastal city of Pernambuco. The equipment used was specially built for operation in the field and was self-contained including storage-batteries and a gasoline-engine-driven generator as a source of power. The transmitter-receiver unit was arranged to sweep through a frequency-range from 790 to 14,000 kilocycles in one minute.
Relationship between soil test boron and pea yields in the inland Pacific Northwest.

Critical soil test boron (B) levels and consequent fertilizer recommendations for spring peas have been traditionally based on values developed for alfalfa, sweet clover, and other legumes commonly grown in other regions of the USA. The purpose of this study was to define the relationship between soil test B values and spring pea yields. Seventy‐eight field studies using B were conducted between 1981 and 2001 on Mollisols and Alfisols in northern Idaho and eastern Washington. Soil sampling to the effective rooting depth of 0.6 m for spring peas results in the best relationship between soil test B and spring pea yield; however, samples taken to the depth of 0.3 m result in the same B critical value (0.5 µg/g). Based on these field studies, the data clearly demonstrate that the 0.5 µg/g critical soil test value of B is important for spring pea yield optimization.
Linear operators strongly preserving r-potent matrices over semirings

Abstract We consider the problem of characterizing those linear operators L on the matrices over a semiring such that L ( X ) is idempotent if and only if X is. Complete characterizations are obtained for many semirings, including the nonnegative reals, the nonnegative integers, the two-element Boolean algebra, and the fuzzy scalars.
Isentropic/shock compression and recovery methodology for materials using high-amplitude laser pulses

Abstarct A new method of subjecting samples to high-amplitude laser pulses with durations in the ns range and recovering them for characterization is presented. It is applied to tantalum monocrystals and nanocrystals that are subjected to controlled and prescribed ramp loading configurations, creating a quasi-isentropic loading in the front that is retained up to 40 μm into the specimen. This is enabled by the use of a reservoir into which six laser beams impinge simultaneously, thereby creating plasma in a reservoir, from which the pulse is launched into the metal. This technique enables, with proper wave trapping devices, the recovery of the specimens for subsequent characterization. Successful experiments conducted in the Laboratory for Laser Energetics, U . of Rochester, generated pressure pulses with initial amplitudes ranging from 15 to 110 GPa and initial durations of ∼3 ns. The quasi-isotropic loading minimizes thermal effects at the front surface. The compression history of the recovered samples is measured using velocity interferometry from an Al-coated LiF witness target on the same shot driven by a separate, but equivalent set of laser beams. These experimental measurements are compared with computations using a radiation hydrodynamics code. Recovered samples are investigated using optical, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The laser damage to the surface is characterized.
Coupling between small thin-wire antennas and a biological body

Coupling between the electromagnetic (EM) field of a small thin-wire antenna and an adjacent finite biological body is investigated analytically. Proximity effects of the body on the impedance and radiated power of the antenna are studied; the induced field and dissipated power in the biological body are determined. Radiation fields of the antenna-body system are evaluated.
New Tridactyloidea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Orthoptera: Caelifera)

Two new Tridactyloidea of the families Ripipterygidae and Tridactylidae are described from the Early Miocene (Burdigalian) amber of the Dominican Republic, namely: Archaeoellipes engeli n. gen., n. sp. (Tridactylidae: Tridactylinae) and Mirhipipteryx antillarum n. sp. (Ripipterygidae). These new taxa represent the fi rst record of Tridactyloidea in Dominican amber and the fi rst fossil record of Ripipterygidae, which are otherwise known only from the extant fauna.
Intrinsic Fluorescence of Carboxylate-Terminated Polyamido Amine Dendrimers

The "intrinsic" fluorescence of carboxylate-terminated polyamido amine (PAMAM-CT) dendrimers is studied by two fluorescence techniques—excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) and lifetimes. The EEMs show similar spectral profiles for all dendrimer generations (a broad peak with an excitation and emission maximum of 380 and 440 nm, respectively) and an overall increase in relative fluorescence emission with increasing generation. Three distinct, fairly discrete lifetimes are also recovered. The shortest lifetime (0.2–0.4 ns) is a background signal from the solvent. The two longer lifetimes (1.3–2.5 and 4.2–7.1 ns) are attributed to the dendrimer. There is a general shift to longer lifetimes in τ2 and τ3, with increasing generation (Gn). Both lifetimes nearly double in magnitude, going from G2.5 to G7.5, which is indicative of a specific fluorescent component being in a more protected or constrained microenvironment. These results imply that the dendrimer becomes densely packed with increasing generation. The weak, but detectable, fluorescence is most likely due to an n → π* transition from the amido groups throughout the dendritic structure. Even though the exact nature of PAMAM-CT fluorescence is not fully understood, it is clear that this property shows the unique aspects of the architecture of these dendrimers and can be utilized in their characterization.
The partnership of psychoanalysis and psychiatry in the treatment of psychosis and borderline states: its evolution in North America.

The history of psychiatry is about two hundred years old and that of psychoanalysis more than a hundred, with an important anniversary of the latter in 2011. Freud renewed and humanized psychiatry by enriching its static descriptive method with the new dynamic and interpretive discoveries of psy- choanalysis. Freud's innovations, while developed in Europe, were integrated into psychiatry briefly by the Swiss School but mainly in the United States. Af- ter many years of fruitful collaboration psychiatry and psychoanalysis seemed to part company in the U.S. in the last few decades. However, the tradition of combining psychiatric care with dynamic principles is still considered valid in the treatment of psychoses and severe personality disorders. As we are celebrating two centenaries, the founding of the Interna- tional Psychoanalytic Association in 1910 and of the American Psycho- analytic Association in 1911, it is well to revisit the contribution psy- choanalysis has made to psychiatry, especially in the treatment of psy- chosis, and specifically in America as compared to Europe. The chosen psychotic paradigm is schizophrenia and severe personality disorders even though psychoanalysis has also dealt with bipolar disorder. The chosen focus is treatment, for at the end of the day both psychiatrists and psychoanalysts are judged by the difference their treatments make in the lives of the people they serve. Since the rise of psychiatry about two hundred years ago and of psychoanalysis about one hundred, both
Histologic evaluation of endodontic implants

Two Vitallium endodontic implants were studied, in vivo and after extraction, to determine tissue acceptance of the metal implant and the chemical sealer. Some reaction to the sealer was noted but no, or little, adverse reaction to the implant.
Amphibian acid phosphatase--I. Biochemical characterization of the lysosomal enzyme, acid phosphatase, in tissues of Rana pipiens.

Abstract 1. 1. The basic characteristics of acid phosphatase in amphibian skeletal tissues and plasma are similar to those of mammals. 2. 2. The pH optimum of frog bone acid phosphatase is 4.2, while that of plasma is 4.4; at higher pH levels, enzyme activity rapidly declines. 3. 3. Normal kinetic patterns of acid phosphatase activity occur when substrate and enzyme concentrations, and time and temperature of incubation in enzyme assays are varied. 4. 4. Plasma acid phosphatase is thermolabile, losing 22% of its activity at room temperature (1 hr); half-inactivation occurs at 60°C. In contrast, bone acid phosphatase is thermostable, retaining its original activity from 25 to 80°C. 5. 5. Frog bone acid phosphatase is not particle-bound to heavy components of bone mineral or matrix, and is localized within the lysosomes of skeletal cells. 6. 6. Tissue-specific variations of enzyme activity occur: the specific activity of acid phosphatase in the frog femoral diaphysis is 437-, 2-, 3- and 1.2-fold greater than activities in the plasma, coracoid, femoral epiphysis, and femoral metaphysis, respectively.
System Dynamic Modeling of Vapor Compression Cycles

Vapor Compression cycle Systems (VCSs) are being considered for thermal management aboard modern aircraft where dynamic changes in heat loads are very common. Predicting dynamic behavior of VCSs is critical to design, sizing, and control of aircraft thermal management systems. A novel Lagrangian method to model the dynamic behavior of VCSs has been developed. This approach divides each fluid flow into a large number of elements having fixed mass, but variable volume and position. At discrete time steps, heat transferred to or from each mass element is determined by component models. This paper gives simulation results showing system startup under PID feedback control. Then, from steady state, the system response to an increase in heat load, an increase in sink availability, a decrease in valve throttle and an increase in compressor speed are simulated and the results reported. Results indicate that the Lagrangian method can provide results for a wide range of cases and that VCC systems require extensive control to meet performance objectives.
Effects of diethyltindichloride on amino acid and nucleoside transport in suspended rat thymocytes

Effects of Diethyltindichloride on Amino Acid and Nucleoside Transport in Suspended Rat Thymocytes. MILLER, R. R., HARTUNG, R., AND CORNISH, H. H. (1980). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 55, 564-571. The effects of diethyltindichloride (DETD) on basic biochemical processes of thymus cells were investigated in order to develop an understanding of the mechanism by which dialkyltins act on the thymus of rodents in viva. Accumulation of the nonmetabohzable amino acid cu-aminoisobutyrate (AIB) was markedly inhibited by the dialkyhins in suspended rat thymocytes. The inhibitory effects on AIB influx were apparent after as little as 5 min of thymocyte preincubation with DETD. Low dialkyltin concentrations, which did not inhibit AIB influx in noninsulin-stimulated cells, abolished the insulin-mediated AIB influx. Addition of lipoic acid (reduced) to the incubation medium prevented the inhibi- tory action of DETD on AIB influx. DETD markedly inhibited labeled thymidine incorpora- tion into DNA of suspended rat thymocytes, possibly via inhibition of transmembrane trans- port of this nucleoside precursor. In sharp contrast to its effect on thymidine incorporation, DETD stimulated the incorporation of labeled uridine into RNA.
Clinical impact of delayed graft function for kidney transplantation

Approximately one quarter of cadaver kidneys transplanted in the US fails to function adequately to prevent the need for continued dialysis within the first week after transplantation. Patients who experience delayed graft function (DGF) spend more time in the hospital, are more difficult to manage medically, and often have poorer graft outcomes than those whose grafts function immediately. In the past, DGF has been regarded as a consequence of preservation and reperfusion injuries associated with the storage and transport of cadaver donor kidneys, which rarely are a factor in kidney transplants from living donors. However, it is now clear that DGF is affected by processes in the donor that occur during and after brain death, by immune injuries in the early posttransplant period, and by ischemia and reperfusion injuries. The health and age of the donor tissue also play important roles in the long-term survival of kidneys with DGF. As the transplant community focuses on understanding the limits of donor acceptability, DGF may serve as an important early marker for assessing the effectiveness of interventions to minimize damage to the donor tissue and for improving long-term success. In this report, we review some of the most important factors that are linked to DGF and relate their roles in either causing injury to the kidney or in affecting the degree of damage that results from the injury.
Ovarian follicular recruitment, granulosa cell steroidogenic potential and growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I relationships in suckled beef cows consuming high lipid diets: effects of graded differences in body condition maintained during the puerperium.

Abstract The effects of graded differences in body condition score (BCS) on ovarian follicular development, granulosa cell steroidogenic potential, and growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) relationships were examined during the puerperium in beef cows fed high fat diets. Cows (n = 36) were allocated randomly about 90 d before expected calving to dietary treatments that resulted in BCS of 3 (very thin), 4 (thin), 6 (optimal) and 8 (obese) at parturition. Body weight and BCS were maintained after parturition by adjusting individual intakes of forage throughout the 17-d experiment, and all cows were fed a high lipid supplement (soybean oil; 0.44 kg/500 kg body weight) during this period. Follicular development in BCS 3 and 4 lagged behind that of BCS 6 and 8 throughout most of the study; however, cows in BCS 4 developed numbers of medium and large follicles by day 15 postpartum that were comparable to those of cows in greater BCS. Mean concentrations of total cholesterol (TCH) and total triglycerides (TG) in serum were greater (P
A receptor scaffold mediates stimulus-response coupling in bacterial chemotaxis.

Abstract The mechanism of stimulus–response coupling in bacterial chemotaxis has emerged as a paradigm for understanding general features of intracellular signal transduction both in bacterial and eukaryotic cells. Until recently it was thought that the mechanism involved reversible stochastic interactions between dimeric receptors freely diffusing in the cytoplasmic membrane and several soluble signal transduction proteins within the cytoplasm. Recent results have shown that this view is an oversimplification. The receptors and most of the signal transduction proteins are organized together in a higher ordered structure at one pole of the bacterial cell. The scaffolding network within this structure appears to be composed of C-terminal α-helical extensions of the membrane chemoreceptor proteins held together in a lattice by tandem SH3-like domains. Results suggest that stimuli are detected through the perturbations they induce in scaffolding architecture.
IN VITRO CULTIVATION OF ANAPLASMA MARGINALE IN BOVINE ERYTHROCYTES CO-CULTURED WITH ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

Abstract Primary cultures of Anaplasma marginale infected erythrocytes were used to determine conditions for in vitro cultivation of the rickettsia. The infected erythrocytes that were maintained by regular addition of Glasgow's MEM with fetal calf serum and uninfected erythrocytes showed a 1–5% increase in percent infected erythrocytes on the evaluation of Giemsa stained smears. This increase in parasitemia resulted in up to 70% change in the number of infected erythrocytes. Co-culture of the infected erythrocytes with endothelial cell monolayers allowed for longer maintenance with the parasitemia ranging from 5–13% through four passages over 16 weeks. Examination of cultures using transmission electron microscopy showed initial bodies within the erythrocytes at 10 days after the initial passage of the primary culture. The endothelial cell monolayers in the co-cultures contained multiple initial bodies. We have demonstrated that A. marginale can be grown for a limited number of passages in the co-culture system, which will facilitate the development of a continuous culture of the organism.
On the Explanatory Roles of Natural Selection

Can selection explain why individuals have the traits they do? This question has generated significant controversy. I will argue that the debate encompasses two separable aspects, to detrimental effect: (1) the role of selection in explaining the origin and evolution of biological traits and (2) the implications this may have for explaining why individuals have the traits they do. (1) can be settled on the basis of evolutionary theory while (2) requires additional, extra-scientific assumptions. By making a distinction between traits affected by a single factor and traits affected by multiple factors I show that selection can, under certain conditions, help explain the origin of traits. Resolving the first aspect enables us to critically assess the various incompatible and independent philosophical commitments made within the second aspect of the debate.
Nicotine self-administration

Any research pertaining to smoking or nicotine must demonstrate that its findings relate to changes in smoking or nicotine self-administration in order to be potentially relevant to understanding nicotine dependence or to treating smoking cessation. Nicotine alone, isolated from tobacco smoke, is self-administered by animals and humans. Pharmacological factors such as speed of dosing, dose amount, and pre-treatment with nicotinic antagonists clearly influence onset or rate of nicotine self-administration. However, environmental cues associated with nicotine intake can also substantially influence rate of self-administration and must be considered in the development of any treatment for smoking cessation. The specific acute subjective and behavioral effects of nicotine responsible for maintaining self-administration need to be identified, along with the minimum nicotine dose necessary for these effects. Individual differences in these effects, such as between men and women, also need to be examined. Findings in neuroscience and other areas of research need to be directly related to nicotine self-administration in order to clearly understand how they influence nicotine dependence. Overlooked by researchers is the influence of environmental factors, including social facilitation, on smoking or nicotine self-administration; these factors must be the primary cause of smoking relapse that occurs more than a week or so after a quit attempt. Laboratory-based findings must be extended to the natural environment to determine the degree to which they relate to smoking and nicotine reinforcement among smokers in the community (the population and venue for future treatment efforts).
Cold tolerance and metabolic heat production in male C57BL/6J mice at different times of day

Nine-month-old male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to three-hour cold stress tests (partial restraint at 6 degrees C) at 9:00 a.m. or at 1:00 p.m. Tests were repeated three times at two-week intervals at the same time of day. Body temperature was measured by colonic thermoprobe, and metabolic heat production was measured by indirect calorimetry during each test. All mice showed habituation to repeated cold exposures (an improvement of cold tolerance across tests) due to an increase in metabolic heat production. The levels of metabolic heat production were similar during morning and afternoon testing; however, mice tested in the afternoon had consistently poorer cold tolerance, which indicated increased heat loss. Increased heat loss in mice of similar body weight and presumably similar body composition, suggests that there is less effective cold-induced skin vasoconstriction during the afternoon. We hypothesize that the compromised skin vasomotor response during the afternoon cold exposure results from competing effects of vasodilation due to local autoregulation stimulated by a circadian reduction of cardiac output during the sleep phase, and vasoconstriction due to the cold stress.
Matching statistical object models to real images

ABSTRACT We advocate a task-based approach to measuring and optimizing image quality; that is, optimize imaging systems based on the performance of a particular observer performing a specific task. This type of analysis canrequire numerous images and is, thus, infeasible with real patients. Researchers are forced to employ statisticalmodels from which they can produce as many images as required. We have developed methods to accurately fitstatistical models of continuous objects to real images. The fitted models can be used for hardware optimizationsas well as image-processing optimizations. We have employed a continuous lumpy object model in this researchand found that our method can accurately determine model parameters in simulation.Keywords: Object statistics, image quality, hardware optimization 1. INTRODUCTION Modern imaging systems rely on complicated hardware and sophisticated image-processing methods to produceimages for evaluation by radiologists. Due to the complexity of the imaging chain, there are numerous variablesin both the hardware and software that need to be determined. We and other groups advocate a task-basedapproach to measuring and optimizing image quality, i. e.
Very old DNA.

The verification of DNA sequences obtained from very old tissue sources as indeed ancient is a major point of discussion in the ancient DNA field. Proper controls and the use of the phylogenetic approach are the general methods employed for verification of the ancient DNA. Most studies have reported the recovery of extremely small amounts of nucleic acids which are sheared into rather small fragments. In addition, problems such as 'PCR jumping' can produce spurious sequence information. These observations suggest that random amplification techniques and the development of primers for highly informative but short target regions are essential for the further development of the ancient DNA field.
Three-dimensional laser radar sensor modeling and validation via a Monte Carlo Rayleigh-Sommerfeld wave optics approach

The LADAR simulation tool described in this paper is designed to propagate optical fields from the laser transmitter to the target and back to the receiver. This simulation tool differs from other wave optics simulation codes as they propagate fields using the Fresnel approximation to approximate diffraction between planes in the optical train. The approach taken here involves the use of the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld propagation integral for computing the field at one field plane due to another. The proposed modeling technique can be used to model both 2-D and 3-D data collected with different sensors. The probability of detection is estimated from the modeled data and is compared to that estimated from the measured data. Both the average probability of detection over the whole target and the error variance of the probability of detection are used to compare the modeled and measured data. These experiments show that the model can successfully estimate the performance of the 3-D sensor to within 6.5 percent of its measured value.
Progress in the manufacture of the US-DPC test coil

A superconducting ohmic heating coil is being built by MIT to be tested in early 1990 at the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI). This 2-m-diameter coil will be wound from Nb/sub 3/Sn cable-in-conduit conductor. The coil and conductor are briefly described. Manufacturing procedures and problems encountered in the fabrication of the conductor up to August 1988 are considered. Included are descriptions of wire chrome plating, cable manufacture, and conduit fabrication. >
The first-night effect suppresses the strength of slow-wave activity originating in the visual areas during sleep

Our visual system is plastic and adaptive in response to the stimuli and environments we experience. Although visual adaptation and plasticity have been extensively studied while participants are awake, little is known about what happens while they are asleep. It has been documented that sleep structure as measured by sleep stages using polysomnography is altered specifically in the first sleep session due to exposure to a new sleep environment, known as the first-night effect (FNE). However, the impact of the FNE on spontaneous oscillations in the visual system is poorly understood. How does the FNE affect the visual system during sleep? To address this question, the present study examined whether the FNE modifies the strength of slow-wave activity (SWA, 1–4 Hz)—the dominant spontaneous brain oscillation in slow-wave sleep—in the visual areas. We measured the strength of SWA originating in the visual areas during the first and the second sleep sessions. Magnetoencephalography, polysomnography, and magnetic resonance imaging were used to localize the source of SWA to the visual areas. The visual areas were objectively defined using retinotopic mapping and an automated anatomical parcellation technique. The results showed that the strength of SWA was reduced in the first sleep session in comparison to the second sleep session, especially during slow-wave sleep, in the ventral part of the visual areas. These results suggest that environmental novelty may affect the visual system through suppression of SWA. The impact of the FNE may not be negligible in vision research.
Short-term impact of post-fire salvage logging on regeneration, hazardous fuel accumulation, and understorey development in ponderosa pine forests of the Black Hills, SD, USA

We examined the impacts of post-fire salvage logging on regeneration, fuel accumulation, and understorey vegetation and assessed whether the effects of salvage logging differed between stands burned under moderate and high fire severity following the 2000 Jasper Fire in the Black Hills. In unsalvaged sites, fire-related tree mortality created a large standing pool of available fuel, resulting in a rapid increase in surface fuel loads. After 5 years, fine woody debris (FWD) and coarse woody debris (CWD) increased ~1380% and 980% in unsalvaged sites, resulting in FWD and CWD loads of 13 and 25 Mg ha–1, respectively. In contrast, salvage logging limited the rate of accumulation of FWD to ~110% over the same time period and total accumulation of CWD to 16 Mg ha–1. In moderate-severity sites, regeneration was 75% lower in salvaged sites owing to low seed-tree retention, suggesting a re-evaluation of salvage guidelines during future operations in the Black Hills. The likelihood of timely regeneration in high-severity sites, regardless of salvage treatment, is low. We found no discernible effect of salvage logging on understorey development 5 years after fire. Logging caused neither a reduction in total plant cover nor an increase in the abundance of exotic species.
On the optimization of the initial boundary value problem for a conservation law

Abstract In the present note, the theory of shift differentiability for the Cauchy problem is extended to the case of an initial boundary value problem for a conservation law. This result allows to exhibit an Euler–Lagrange equation to be satisfied by the extrema of integral functionals defined on the solutions of initial boundary value problems of this kind.
The role of self-evaluations in legitimizing social inequality ☆

Abstract This research addresses a long standing puzzle in the social sciences: why are stratified social systems accepted as legitimate (the way things “ought” to be) by those who are advantaged and those who are disadvantaged by them? We build on previous studies of self-evaluations to explain the legitimation of inequality. The research consists of two experiments designed to test the self-evaluation theory of legitimacy. The theory proposes that structural inequality becomes legitimated when individuals’ self-evaluations and the level of resources they receive are congruent. Study 1 examines the impact of structural power on self-evaluations. Results show that participants randomly assigned to advantaged positions in power structures earn more rewards and, as a result, develop higher self-evaluations than those randomly assigned to disadvantaged positions. Study 2 addresses the relationship between self-evaluations and legitimated structural inequality by testing competing hypotheses of legitimacy. The results partially support the self-evaluation theory and partially support competing arguments about legitimacy. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our work and suggestions for future research.
Faculty Publishing Productivity: Comparisons over Time

Concerns about higher education abound, and these include concerns about productivity. The present study extends two previous examinations of faculty publishing productivity covering the years 1991 to 1993 and 1995 to 1997. Both members of ARL and a group of institutions included in ACRL’s data set are included. For both groups there are some increases in mean total numbers of publications, although the rate of increase has decreased since the second time period. Per capita rates of publication demonstrate an even flatter pattern. In recent years, there have been some changes in the dynamics of universities’ faculties; there are more part-time faculty and more faculty who are not on the tenure track. These factors, coupled with the publishing data, point to activities that all academic librarians should be aware of.
Abnormalities in neural processing of emotional stimuli in Williams syndrome vary according to social vs. non-social content.

Abstract Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by the deletion of ∼ 25 genes on chromosome 7q11.23 and is characterized by both hypersociability and increases in specific phobia and anticipatory anxiety regarding non-social entities or circumstances. Alterations in amygdala reactivity and prefrontal regulation consistent with the observed behavioral pattern of social versus non-social abnormalities have been previously demonstrated in individuals with WS ( Meyer-Lindenberg et al., 2005 ). However, in that study, the social stimulus (faces) matching task was more difficult than the non-social scene (IAPS stimuli) matching task, making it impossible to disambiguate the relative contributions of task difficulty and stimulus type (social versus non-social). In the present study, we examined the performance of the same group of participants with WS and normal IQs during a more cognitively demanding task using the same scene stimuli as in the prior study. Confirming previous findings, the results indicated (a) a differential response of prefrontal regions as a function of task difficulty and (b) a persistently increased activation of the amygdala to non-social scenes by individuals with WS regardless of cognitive load. These data provide further evidence of disruption in amygdala-prefrontal circuitry in individuals with WS.
Health related quality of life differs between male and female stone formers.

Purpose: Chronic urolithiasis often results in long-term health complications, frequent clinic visits, multiple interventions and disruptions to patients’ lives. While the most valued treatment end point has been stone-free status, patient health related quality of life should also be considered. Little is known about health related quality of life in stone formers. We characterized the health related quality of life of stone formers at our institution.Materials and Methods: After institutional review board approval all adult stone formers treated at our Metabolic Stone Clinic from 1995 to 2006 were invited to participate. Of these patients 189 (36%) completed the SF-36v2™ Health Survey, a validated, 36-item, generic health and well-being questionnaire addressing physical, social and emotional domains. Comparisons of scores were made with those of U.S. norms and within-sample for demographic and clinical variables. Statistical analyses included independent sample t tests and ANOVA.Results: Compared to hea...
Dislocation dynamics in multiwalled carbon nanotubes at high temperatures.

Dislocation dynamics dictate the mechanical behavior of materials. Dislocations in periodic crystalline materials have been well documented. On the contrary, dislocations in cylindrical carbon nanotubes, particularly in multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), remain almost unexplored. Here we report that a room temperature $\frac{1}{2}⟨0001⟩$ sessile dislocation in a MWCNT becomes highly mobile, as characterized by its glide, climb, and the glide-climb interactions, at temperatures of about $2000\text{ }\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$. The dislocation glide leads to the cross-linking of different shells; dislocation climb creates nanocracks; and the interaction of two $\frac{1}{2}⟨0001⟩$ dislocations creates kinks. We found that dislocation loops act as channels for mass transport. These dislocation dynamics are drastically different from that in conventional periodic crystalline materials due to the cylindrical, highly anisotropic structures of MWCNTs.
Gadolinium gallium garnet liquid phase epitaxy and the physical chemistry of garnet molten solutions

Gadolinium gallium garnet, GGG, growth and dissolution are studied by a liquid phase epitaxy, LPE, technique using a molten solution of x Gd2O3, y Ga2O3, p PbO and b moles B2O3, where p = 83.53 to 96.6 and b = 7.5 to 0. Ratios of x : y range from 3 : 5 (the stoichiometric value) to 3 : 75, while x is varied from 0.309 to 1.875. This GGG system yields garnet over a broad range, including stoichiometric Gd3Ga5O12 and provides an ideal experimental system for testing garnet growth-dissolution and solubility models. Measuring both growth rates, ƒ+, and dissolution rates, ƒ-, allows the accurate determination of liquidus temperatures where ƒ+ = ƒ- = 0. Garnet liquidus data fit an Arrhenius-type temperature-dependent solubility product if these ionic solutions are considered to have only a quarter of their Pb active and to contain gadolinium borate chemical complexes. In other words, high thermodynamic activities exist for Gd and especially for Ga. A simple ionic solution model does not adequately describe these solutions.