cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient down-regulation of cyclin A-associated activity and expression in suspended primary keratinocytes requires p21(Cip1).

When suspended in methylcellulose, primary mouse keratinocytes cease proliferation and differentiate. Suspension also reduces the activity of the cyclin-dependent kinase cdk2, an important cell cycle regulatory enzyme. To determine how suspension modulates these events, we examined its effects on wild-type keratinocytes and keratinocytes nullizygous for the cdk2 inhibitor p21Cip1. After suspension of cycling cells, amounts of cyclin A (a cdk2 partner), cyclin A mRNA, and cyclin A-associated activity decreased much more rapidly in the presence than in the absence of p21Cip1. Neither suspension nor p21Cip1 status affected the stability of cyclin A mRNA. Loss of p21Cip1 reduced the capacity of suspended cells to growth arrest, differentiate, and accumulate p27Kip1 (a second cdk2 inhibitor) and affected the composition of E2F DNA binding complexes. Cyclin A-cdk2 complexes in suspended p21+/+ cells contained p21Cip1 or p27Kip1, whereas most of the cyclin A-cdk2 complexes in p21−/− cells lacked p27Kip1. Ectopic expression of p21Cip1 allowed p21−/− keratinocytes to efficiently down-regulate cyclin A and differentiate when placed in suspension. These findings show that p21Cip1 mediates the effects of suspension on numerous processes in primary keratinocytes including cdk2 activity, cyclin A expression, cell cycle progression, and differentiation.
Hierarchical regulation of the genome: global changes in nucleosome organization potentiate genome response

// Brittany S. Sexton 1,2 , Brooke R. Druliner 1,3 , Daniel L. Vera 1,4 , Denis Avey 1 , Fanxiu Zhu 1 , and Jonathan H. Dennis 1,4,5 1 Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America 2 Current address: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States of America 3 Current address: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America 4 The Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America 5 Institute of Molecular Biophysics, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America Correspondence to: Jonathan H. Dennis, email: // Keywords : nucleosome, chromatin, iSLK.219, KSHV, next generation sequencing, Chromosome Section Received : December 22, 2015 Accepted : December 28, 2015 Published : January 07, 2016 Abstract Nucleosome occupancy is critically important in regulating access to the eukaryotic genome. Few studies in human cells have measured genome-wide nucleosome distributions at high temporal resolution during a response to a common stimulus. We measured nucleosome distributions at high temporal resolution following Kaposi’s-sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) reactivation using our newly developed mTSS-seq technology, which maps nucleosome distribution at the transcription start sites (TSS) of all human genes. Nucleosomes underwent widespread changes in organization 24 hours after KSHV reactivation and returned to their basal nucleosomal architecture 48 hours after KSHV reactivation. The widespread changes consisted of an indiscriminate remodeling event resulting in the loss of nucleosome rotational phasing signals. Additionally, one in six TSSs in the human genome possessed nucleosomes that are translationally remodeled. 72% of the loci with translationally remodeled nucleosomes have nucleosomes that moved to positions encoded by the underlying DNA sequence. Finally we demonstrated that these widespread alterations in nucleosomal architecture potentiated regulatory factor binding. These descriptions of nucleosomal architecture changes provide a new framework for understanding the role of chromatin in the genomic response, and have allowed us to propose a hierarchical model for chromatin-based regulation of genome response.
FREQUENCY STABILITY OF ADJECTIVE TRAIT NAMES

There are two major counts of the frequencies of occurrence of printed words; the Thorndike-Lorge (1944) count (T-L) and the Ku?era-Francis (1967) count (K-F). The T-L source frequently was used in the experimental control of frequency of occurrence in normative words. It is desirable to determine whether the frequencies of normative words have changed in the cime between frequency counts so that it would be possible to judge the effects of shifting usage to the K-F count. A lognormal function describes the frequency-of-occurrence distributions for grammatically selected words (Bowen, 1971a, 1971b) and for unselected worcs (Carroll, 1967). The lognormal model will be applied here to judge the temporal stability of the frequencies of occurrence of trait adjectivcs from a likeableness (L) scale (Anderson, 1968). Method.-The words consist of personality trait adjectives, scaled for L, for which T-L and K-F frequencies are available. The first methodological step was to determine the goodness of fit of a normal distribution to distributions based upon the common logs (@) of the T-L and K-F frequercies of the words. The T-L and K-F frequencies of occurrence were converted to @ units. Adjectives which were classified in the A category of the T-L source, with frequencies between 50 and 99 words per million (w.p.m.), were assigned a value of +, -4.15, for the midpoint of their class interval. Adjectives in .the AA category of T-L, with frequencies of 100+ w.p.m., were assigned the $ value, -4.00, for 100 w.p.m. Unit-normal deviates for cumulative proportions of words were plotted against $ for T-L and for K-F frequencies. The cumulacive proportion of 1.00 was assigned to a normal deviate of 3.70. The lognormal model provides a good fit to the original frequency distribution if there is a linear relationship between the normal deviates and @. The temporal stabiliry of the frequencies of occurrence was measured by subtracting the K-F value of $ from the T-L value of $ for 402 adjectives having frequencies in both counts, averaging the differences, and converting the average difference to an approximate w.p.m. value. Results.-Fig. 1 presents @ ?lotted against the unit-normal deviates for cumulative proportions of words. The Pearson product-moment correlation between @ and the deviates is .94 for T-L data and .99 for K-F data. Equations for the best-fitting linear functions are: Y = 1.41X + 7.29 for K-F dats (N = 402) and Y = 1.58X + 8.41 for T-L dam (N =
Coldstart Control Analysis Using Dynamic Programming

The need to reduce the negative effects of automotive hydrocarbon emissions on human health has drawn attention to the coldstart period of a combustion engine. The coldstart phase consists of the first few minutes of operation of the engine and generates a large percentage of the total cumulative hydrocarbon emissions. The focus of this study is on developing strategies to reduce emissions without adding extra hardware components to the engine. The control strategy was based on Dynamic Programming. The problem of minimizing hydrocarbon emissions was set up in such a way that optimality could be analyzed for different time horizons. The results explain the tradeoffs involved in the coldstart problem. The resulting optimal control strategy can be used to define tracking profiles in a Dynamic Surface Controller developed previously.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Esters of Maleic Anhydride as Both a New and Old Material for Tissue Engineering

Many publications have examined the biodegradable polymer poly(propylene fumerate) (PPF) for use in tissue engineering applications. We have examined a similar crosslinkable polymer system, poly(propylene fumerate)-co-(propylene maleate) (PPFcPM), derived from maleic anhydride (MA) and 1,2-propanediol (PD). Two methods were examined in order to synthesis the copolymer. In the first case, the reaction was carried out at high temperature (250°C) under nitrogen using tosic acid as the catalyst. Only PPF was identified due to the thermal isomerization of the maleate groups to the more stable fumerate group. In the second case, toluene was used as the solvent to azeotropically (85 °C) remove water and drive the acid catalyzed esterification reaction. In the lower temperature case, a small amount of fumerate (<30%) was identified. Both polymer systems had glass transition temperatures (Tg) below room temperature. The PPFcPM copolymer was electrospun and crosslinked in situ to form porous micro- and nano fiber mats. Initial biocompatibility studies have also been preformed.
Amplification of Misorientation of Ge Films on Si (100) During Ion-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy

We have observed significant increases in the misorientation of Ge films on Si (001) grown by ion-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The misorientation between the Ge films and Si substrates was found to be a function of the ion-to-atom flux ratio and growth temperature. The parametric dependence of the misorientation on the growth conditions suggests that defects generated by low energy ion bombardment are responsible for the observed increase in misorientation. The amplification of misorientation produced by concurrent low energy ion bombardment during epitaxial growth was attributed to an increase in the fraction of misfit strain accommodated by threading dislocations.
Common property in the trust game: Experimental evidence from Bulgaria

The extent of human cooperation depends on the institutional arenas wherein people interact. Scholars from the Ostrom school have been particularly interested in how behavior in common property ins...
An In Situ Spectroscopic Study of Prochiral Reactant–Chiral Modifier Interactions on Palladium Catalyst: Case of Alkenoic Acid and Cinchonidine in Various Solvents

In situ attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy has been used to study the adsorption of a model α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid (2-methyl-2-pentenoic acid) and chiral modifier (cinchonidine), as well as their intermolecular interactions, on Pd/Al2O3 in typical polar (methanol) and nonpolar (dichloromethane) solvents. It has been found that the solvent has essentially no effect on cinchonidine adsorption. The carboxylic acid tends to adsorb on surface through bridging bidentate carboxylate in MeOH instead of monomer or dimer species, which is prevalent in the case of CH2Cl2. Moreover, an acid–cinchonidine complex prefers to form in a substrate to modifier ratio of 1:1, regardless of whether it is in the bulk solution or adsorbed on the surface. Thus, direct spectroscopic observation of an important intermediate in this catalytic system has been made.
Abnormal numbers of cytokine producing cells in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis.

OBJECTIVE To examine the constitutive pattern of cytokine production in patients with polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM). METHODS PBMC secreting the type 1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN gamma and the type 2 cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 were monitored by ELIspot assay. RESULTS The frequency of IFN gamma-secreting PBMC was reduced 2-20 fold in patients with PM and DM when compared to normal controls (p < 0.01). This change correlated inversely with disease activity (p < 0.01). PM and DM were also characterized by increased numbers of cells secreting IL-10. Patients with DM had fewer IL-2 (p < 0.03) and more IL-6 (p < 0.006) secreting cells than normal controls or patients with other myopathies. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal patterns of cytokine production characterize patients with PM and DM.
Outing Batson: How the Case of Gay Jurors Reveals the Shortcomings of Modern Voir Dire

Although scholarly attention has been devoted to the argument that Batson v. Kentucky should apply to gay and lesbian jurors, little or no attention has been paid to how these challenges would work in practice. This article is, foremost, a thought experiment about how peremptory challenges would function if Batson were applied to sexual orientation. I examine several scenarios to understand the practical implications of this change and conclude that it would be ineffective at best and socially appalling at worst. My analysis reveals a fundamental problem with the current peremptory system: it fails to take into account the complex nature of social identity and the psychological realities of human interaction and bias. The goal of equal protection, I suggest, would be better served if changes were made to the existing peremptory challenge system, such as reducing the number of challenges allowed and requiring a Batson-style explanation for every peremptory challenge exercised.
Animal Models of Overeating

Obesity has become a major health and economic burden, and the development of new treatments is urgently needed. Initially, such treatments involve use of animal models, and the purpose of this chapter is to describe some of the most useful models, why one might be chosen over another to address a particular question, and any procedural pitfalls. I restrict the discussion to rats and mice, used in the overwhelming majority of preclinical studies, and more specifically to protocols of diet-induced obesity and those that emulate binge eating.
Comparison of Type A and nutrient standard menus for school lunch. III. Nutritive content of menus and acceptability.

The caclulated nutritional value of school lunches for fifth and tenth grade students planned according to the Type A pattern and a nutrient standard (NSM) WEre compared on the basis of meals as planned, served, and eaten. On an "as eaten" basis, menus planned by both methods were low in calories, iron, and thiamin. Although the differences were small, the NSM menus were consistently higher in nutrients, including calories, iron, and thiamin, and lower in percentage of calories coming from fat. The number of schools where the lunches, on the average, furnished less than 60 per cent of the standard for calories, iron, and thiamin was significantly less for NSM than for Type A. Animportant reason for the higher level of nutrients in NSM menus was that a higher ratio of food planned was actually served. In addition, in the case of iron, a higher nutrient: calorie ratio was observed. Food ratings, as determined in the classroom before the meal, correlated positively with food consumption as determined by plate waste analyses. Milk beverages had the highest ratings and consumption, followed by starches, baked goods, sandwiches, and entrees. Salads and vegetables were rated low and consumed least.
Interferon-inducible guanylate-binding proteins at the interface of cell-autonomous immunity and inflammasome activation

Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) are essential components of cell-autonomous immunity. In response to IFN signaling, GBPs are expressed in the cytoplasm of immune and nonimmune cells, where they unleash their antimicrobial activity toward intracellular bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Recent studies have revealed that GBPs are essential for mediating activation of the caspase-1 inflammasome in response to the gram-negative bacteria Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Francisella novicida, Chlamydia muridarum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Legionella pneumophila, Vibrio cholerae, Enterobacter cloacae, and Citrobacter koseri During infection with vacuolar-restricted gram-negative bacteria, GBPs disrupt the vacuolar membrane to ensure liberation of LPS for cytoplasmic detection by caspase-11 and the noncanonical NLRP3 inflammasome. In response to certain cytosolic bacteria, GBPs liberate microbial DNA for activation of the DNA-sensing AIM2 inflammasome. GBPs also promote the recruitment of antimicrobial proteins, including NADPH oxidase subunits and autophagy-associated proteins to the Mycobacterium-containing vacuole to mediate intracellular bacterial killing. Here, we provide an overview on the emerging relationship between GBPs and activation of the inflammasome in innate immunity to microbial pathogens.
Dyspnea in a Hospitalized Patient: Using Simulation to Introduce Interprofessional Collaborative Practice Concepts.

Abstract Introduction Improved team communication is essential in preventing errors in patient care. Based on TeamSTEPPS concepts, we developed this simulation case scenario to engage learners from...
Singly generated planar algebras of small dimension, Part II

Abstract We classified in Bisch and Jones (Duke Math. J. 101 (2000) 41) all spherical C ∗ -planar algebras generated by a non-trivial 2-box subject to the condition that the dimension of N ′∩ M 2 is ⩽12. We showed that they are given by the Fuss–Catalan systems discovered in Bisch and Jones (Invent. Math. 128 (1997) 89) and one exceptional planar algebra. In the present paper, we extend these results and show that there is only one spherical C ∗ -planar algebra generated by a single non-trivial 2-box if the dimension of N ′∩ M 2 is 13. It is given by the standard invariant of the crossed product subfactor R⋊ Z 2 ⊂R⋊D 5 , where D 5 denotes the dihedral group with 10 elements.
Advances in the Understanding and Treatment of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders

This review focuses on advances made in the past 3 years with regards to understanding the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) pathway, the pathophysiological ramifications of genetic lesions in FAO enzymes, and emerging therapies for FAO disorders. FAO has now been recognized to play a key energetic role in pulmonary surfactant synthesis, T-cell differentiation and memory, and the response of the proximal tubule to kidney injury. Patients with FAO disorders may face defects in these cellular systems as they age. Aspirin, statins, and nutritional supplements modulate the rate of FAO under normal conditions and could be risk factors for triggering symptoms in patients with FAO disorders. Patients have been identified with mutations in the ACAD9 and ECHS1 genes, which may represent new FAO disorders. New interventions for long-chain FAODs are in clinical trials. Finally, post-translational modifications that regulate fatty acid oxidation protein activities have been characterized that represent important new therapeutic targets. Recent research has led to a deeper understanding of FAO. New therapeutic avenues are being pursued that may ultimately cause a paradigm shift for patient care.
Introducing DDEC6 atomic population analysis: part 3. Comprehensive method to compute bond orders

Developing a comprehensive method to compute bond orders is a problem that has eluded chemists since Lewis's pioneering work on chemical bonding a century ago. Here, a computationally efficient method solving this problem is introduced and demonstrated for diverse materials including elements from each chemical group and period. The method is applied to non-magnetic, collinear magnetic, and non-collinear magnetic materials with localized or delocalized bonding electrons. Examples studied include the stretched O2 molecule, 26 diatomic molecules, 3d and 5d transition metal solids, periodic materials with 1 to 8748 atoms per unit cell, a biomolecule, a hypercoordinate molecule, an electron deficient molecule, hydrogen bound systems, transition states, Lewis acid–base complexes, aromatic compounds, magnetic systems, ionic materials, dispersion bound systems, nanostructures, and other materials. From near-zero to high-order bonds were studied. Both the bond orders and the sum of bond orders for each atom are accurate across various bonding types: metallic, covalent, polar-covalent, ionic, aromatic, dative, hypercoordinate, electron deficient multi-centered, agostic, and hydrogen bonding. The method yields similar results for correlated wavefunction and density functional theory inputs and for different SZ values of a spin multiplet. The method requires only the electron and spin magnetization density distributions as input and has a computational cost scaling linearly with increasing number of atoms in the unit cell. No prior approach is as general. The method does not apply to electrides, highly time-dependent states, some extremely high-energy excited states, and nuclear reactions.
Maternal Acceptance Moderates Fear Ratings and Avoidance Behavior in Children

Avoidance is a hallmark feature of anxiety disorders, and avoidance-related impairment is often key to meeting diagnostic criteria. In children and adolescents with anxiety disorders, levels of avoidance vary considerably. Using a novel motion-tracking measure of avoidance behavior, we examined whether maternal acceptance, characterized by warm and accepting responses to child feelings and behaviors, moderates the association between fear of spiders and behavioral avoidance of spider stimuli in 103 clinically anxious children. As hypothesized, maternal acceptance significantly moderated children's avoidance behavior. Child's fear of spiders was significantly associated with behavioral avoidance when mothers were low in acceptance, as rated by either mothers or children. When mothers were high in acceptance, as rated by either mothers or children, child self-rated fear of spiders was not significantly associated with child avoidance. These are the first results to empirically demonstrate the moderating role of maternal acceptance in anxious children's avoidance behavior.
Untargeted metabolomics analysis of ischemia–reperfusion-injured hearts ex vivo from sedentary and exercise-trained rats

The effects of exercise on the heart and its resistance to disease are well-documented. Recent studies have identified that exercise-induced resistance to arrhythmia is due to the preservation of mitochondrial membrane potential. To identify novel metabolic changes that occur parallel to these mitochondrial alterations, we performed non-targeted metabolomics analysis on hearts from sedentary and exercise-trained rats challenged with isolated heart ischemia–reperfusion injury (I/R). Eight-week old Sprague–Dawley rats were treadmill trained 5 days/week for 6 weeks (exercise duration and intensity progressively increased to 1 h at 30 m/min up a 10.5% incline, 75–80% VO2max). The recovery of pre-ischemic function for sedentary rat hearts was 28.8 ± 5.4% (N = 12) compared to exercise trained hearts, which recovered 51.9% ± 5.7 (N = 14) (p 10-fold enrichment for ammonia recycling and protein biosynthesis. Subsequent comparison of the sedentary hearts post-I/R and exercise-trained hearts post-I/R further identified significant differences in three metabolites (oleic acid, pantothenic acid, and campesterol) related to pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis (p ≤ 1.24E−05, FDR ≤ 5.07E−4). These studies shed light on novel mechanisms in which exercise-induced cardioprotection occurs in I/R that complement both the mitochondrial stabilization and antioxidant mechanisms recently described. These findings also link protein synthesis and protein degradation (protein quality control mechanisms) with exercise-linked cardioprotection and mitochondrial susceptibility for the first time in cardiac I/R.
The effects of high-intensity interval training on athletic performance measures: a systematic review

Background: Athletic performance consists of attributes including: technique, strength, power, and endurance. There are many training methods designed to optimize athletic performance. High-intensi...
Developing a STEM Identity Among Young Women: A Social Identity Perspective:

We conducted a systematic review of empirical research focused on the experiences of female students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) during middle and high school. Drawing on social identity theory, recent research was synthesized to explore how aspects of the social environment influence STEM identity development. Findings indicate that young women experience challenges to their participation and inclusion when they are in STEM settings. Additionally, we found that perceptions regarding who is part of the ingroup or outgroup of STEM fields can be changed through intervention and educational programs. We conclude with recommendations for theory, research, programs, and policy for STEM identity development among young women, informed by a social identity perspective.
Computation of ARL for Combined Individual Measurement and Moving Range Charts

A numerical procedure is presented for the tabulation of average run lengths (ARLs) of a control chart for individual measurements in combination with a moving range chart based on two consecutive measurements. An exact expression for the ARL is given i..
Homicide and physical assault.

Violent physical assault and the murder of a family member or close friend are traumatic events that can produce posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or other mental health problems. Understanding the scope and effect of violent physical assaults and homicide is relevant to the topic of torture and its consequences in two ways: First, these types of events are elements of the torture experience itself for torture survivors, many of whom have been physically attacked as a part of the torture or have lost a family member or friend who was murdered as part of government-sanctioned political repression. Second, individuals in many nations are at risk of losing a family member or friend to homicide or of becoming victims of violent crimes involving physical assault. Such experiences, regardless of whether they occur before or after a torture experience, might be expected to influence the extent to which torture survivors develop problems or recover from the experience.
The nature of the hemorrhagic disorder accompanying hemolytic transfusion reactions in man.

A hemorrhagic diathesis has been observed in 2 patients who received 500 ml. of incompatible whole blood. In both, hypofibrinogenemia, hypoprothrombinemia and thrombocytopenia were observed and there was no evidence of increased fibrinolytic activity. In one, accelerin activity was reduced and there was transient evidence of a low-titered circulating anticoagulant. The most likely explanation for the observed changes is intravascular coagulation in the recipient, presumably initiated by the thromboplastin-like activity of the hemolyzed red blood cells.
Is Women’s Problematic Pornography Viewing Related to Body Image or Relationship Satisfaction?

Pornography viewing is a growing practice that has been understudied in samples of women. As an answer to calls within the literature, we explored the role of problematic pornography viewing constr...
Cigar smoking prevalence and morbidity among US adults, 2000-2015.

Abstract Cigar smoking causes many of the same health conditions as cigarettes, but less information is available on prevalence of use trends and the disease burden of cigar smoking in the US. To examine these issues, we analyzed cigar use and health condition data from the National Health Interview Survey from 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015, estimating prevalence of use by year and over time. We also estimated the number of, and adjusted disease prevalence ratios for, US adults aged ≥35 years with self-reported history of heart disease, stroke, or cancer attributable to cigar smoking. We found that prevalence of current cigar smoking has remained generally stable at around 2.3% among US adults aged ≥18 years between 2000 and 2015 but has increased among female and non-Hispanic black adults. Former exclusive cigar smokers were more likely to report having had heart conditions (aPR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.03–1.72), stroke (aPR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.57–3.75), and cancer (aPR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.09–1.88) than never cigar smokers. It is estimated that nearly 200,000 cardiovascular conditions and cancer cases among US adults are attributable to former exclusive cigar smoking. This analysis shows that prevalence of current cigar smoking has remained stable among US adults but has increased among certain demographic groups. Former exclusive cigar use is associated with increased prevalence of heart disease, stroke, and cancer, which may result in part from smoking cessation following disease onset.
Fake News, Information Herds, Cascades, and Economic Knowledge:

This article focuses on principles of information aggregation in the presence of false, public reports (fake news). The analysis explores news has been having a public goods feature characterized b...
IMEX and exact sequence discretization of the multi-fluid plasma model

Abstract Multi-fluid plasma models, where an electron fluid is modeled in addition to multiple ion and neutral species as well as the full set of Maxwell's equations, are useful for representing physics beyond the scope of classic MHD. This advantage presents challenges in appropriately dealing with electron dynamics and electromagnetic behavior characterized by the plasma and cyclotron frequencies and the speed of light. For physical systems, such as those near the MHD asymptotic regime, this requirement drastically increases runtimes for explicit time integration even though resolving fast dynamics may not be critical for accuracy. Implicit time integration methods, with efficient solvers, can help to step over fast time-scales that constrain stability, but do not strongly influence accuracy. As an extension, Implicit-explicit (IMEX) schemes provide an additional mechanism to choose which dynamics are evolved using an expensive implicit solve or resolved using a fast explicit solve. In this study, in addition to IMEX methods we also consider a physics compatible exact sequence spatial discretization. This combines nodal bases (H-Grad) for fluid dynamics with a set of vector bases (H-Curl and H-Div) for Maxwell's equations. This discretization allows for multi-fluid plasma modeling without violating Gauss' laws for the electric and magnetic fields. This initial study presents a discussion of the major elements of this formulation and focuses on demonstrating accuracy in the linear wave regime and in the MHD limit for both a visco-resistive and a dispersive ideal MHD problem.
Considering Racial Attitudes and Empathic Concern as Predictors of Prosocial Behaviors Among Emerging Adults

The goal of the current study was to examine the role of racial attitudes, empathic concern, and prosocial behaviors among emerging adults. Research linking racial attitudes to emerging adults’ moral development and prosocial behaviors is limited, and therefore the current study aimed to assess the interrelations among racial attitudes and empathic concern and links to two forms of prosocial behaviors. The sample included 202 young adults (M age = 20.94 years; 76.5% women; 67.5% reported identifying as racially White) who reported on their racial attitudes, empathic concern, and prosocial behaviors at Time 1 and on their tendency to engage in two forms of prosocial behaviors at Time 2. Results demonstrated links between both racial attitudes and empathic concern predicting specific forms of prosocial behaviors over time. Additionally, racial attitudes and empathic concern interacted to predict changes in selfless helping behaviors. The current study has implications for practitioners such that promoting color-conscious racial attitudes and empathic concern simultaneously is important for shaping selfless helping behaviors.
Detecting Juno's ‘Heartbeat’: Communications Support during Critical Events of the Juno Mission

Since launch, radio science has been a key component of the Juno mission to Jupiter. The prime objective of the radio science investigation is to estimate the gravitational field of Jupiter from the Doppler shift on the radio link between the spacecraft and the Earth-based observing antennas of NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN). In addition to estimation of the gravitational field, radio science has provided critical engineering support to the Juno mission. Utilizing high-sensitivity open-loop receivers and real-time signal processing, radio science is able to detect the ‘heartbeat’ of the Juno spacecraft and determine the current state of the spacecraft. The Juno spacecraft utilizes two frequencies for communication with Earth: the telecommunications system X-band link and the radio science Ka-band link. Radio science has provided communications monitoring support for the spacecraft launch in 2011, spacecraft main engine firings (including Deep Space Maneuvers in 2012 and Jupiter Orbit Insertion in 2016), the Earth gravity assist flyby in 2013, and times when the spacecraft was off-Earth point during Jupiter closest approach with a weak signal level. By measuring the signal-to-noise ratio, received carrier frequency, and subcarrier frequency of the X-band downlink signal in real-time, radio science is able to determine the state of the spacecraft in scenarios where the link margin is not sufficient to support telemetry. An off-nominal spacecraft state will change the signal-to-noise level, subcarrier frequency, and spin modulation of the carrier frequency which are detectable in the open-loop receiver of the DSN. With the addition of multiple frequency shift keying (MFSK) ‘tones’ encoding, the subcarrier frequency can be changed onboard the spacecraft for determination of selected events by the flight team. Tones were utilized during main engine firings on Juno, including Jupiter Orbit Insertion (JOI). Tones are decoded in near real-time by the Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) Data Analysis (EDA) system downstream of the DSN open-loop receivers. Robust implementation of hardware, software, and operations planning has ensured successful data collection and real-time status reporting of spacecraft state to the Juno mission. Lessons learned from communicating with Juno in this way while in the harsh environment of Jupiter are documented and discussed in the context of upcoming missions to Jupiter.
The impact of comprehensive air purification on patient duration of stay, discharge outcomes, and health care economics: A retrospective cohort study.

Abstract Background Infectious airborne and surface pathogens constitute a substantial and poorly explored source of patient subclinical illness and infections. With that in mind, a system of advanced air purification technology was designed to destroy the DNA and RNA of all bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This study compares the effects of advanced air purification technology versus high efficiency particulate air filtration with respect to certain metrics of health care economics and resource utilization at a large, community-based, urban hospital. Our hypothesis was that the use of the advanced air purification technology would decrease health care durations of stay, lead to fewer nonhome discharges, and decrease hospital charges. Methods After the installation of advanced air purification technology, 3 resultant air purification “zones” were established: zone C, a control floor with high efficiency particulate air filtration; zone B, a mixed high efficiency particulate air and advanced air purification technology floor; and zone A, a comprehensive advanced air purification technology remediation. This study included nonbariatric surgical patients admitted to any zone between December 2017 and December 2018, with reported case mix index on discharge. We analyzed hospital duration of stays, discharge destination, and hospital charges with adjustment for severity of illness using the case mix index. The likelihood of mortality, health care-associated infection, and readmission for each study zone was examined using logistic regression adjusting for case mix index, age, sex, and source of admission. Results The study included 1,002 patients across the 3 zones, with mean age of 55.8 years (53.7% female), average case mix index of 1.98, and mortality of 1.7%. Compared with zone C, patients in zones A and B demonstrated decreased hospital stays, a greater percentage of home discharges (86.5–87.8% vs 64.7%), and less hospital charges. In addition, logistic regression modeling performed on 999 study patients showed that the likelihood of mortality, hospital-acquired infections, and readmissions did not differ among the 3 zones. A trend toward a lesser incidence of hospital-acquired infections was noted in zones A and B (0.40% and 0.48%, respectively) when compared with zone C (0.63%). Conclusion Patients in the advanced air purification technology zones demonstrated statistically significant improvements in durations of stay, discharge to home, and costs after adjusting for case mix index. In addition, a trend toward fewer hospital-acquired infections in advanced air purification technology zones was noted. These findings suggest that environmental factors may affect key clinical and economic outcomes, supporting further research in this important and largely unexplored area.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Caregiver Version of the Child PTSD Symptom Scale in a Recently Immigrated, Spanish Speaking Population.

Abstract In recent years, there has been a large increase in the number of youth and families emigrating from Central America to the United States to escape extreme violence and crime victimization. As a result, the rate of trauma-exposure and trauma-related distress among this population is alarmingly high and necessitates representation of this population in psychological research, particularly related to trauma symptom measurement. The broad aim of the current study was to examine the psychometric performance of caregiver-reported data on one such instrument intended to measure youth trauma symptoms. Specifically, we sought to document the psychometric performance of the Child PTSD Symptoms Scale (CPSS) with recently immigrated Spanish-Speaking youth and caregivers from Central America by examining the convergent, divergent, and concurrent validity of the caregiver-report form. Overall, the measure showed psychometric promise as it broadly demonstrated adequate concurrent and convergent. Results also suggested that further research is needed to better understand how to reduce the comorbidity that is often depicted in caregiver reports, which can lead to poor discriminant validity. Regardless, current findings suggest the appropriateness of incorporating caregiver reports of youth trauma in Spanish-speaking, recently immigrated youth.
Reduced fertility from better access to contraception may not improve women's health.

Fertility rates have declined dramatically in most countries in Asia and Latin America in the last 50 y, with slower declines in sub-Saharan Africa (1, 2). For example, the total fertility rate (TFR), the number of children a woman would have over her lifetime if she experienced the age-specific fertility rates observed in a given year, fell from around 6.0 or higher to around or below the replacement rate of 2.1 between 1960 and 2019 in all of the nine large Asian and Latin American countries shown in Table 1 (1). In Bangladesh, the focus of this Commentary, the TFR fell from 6.9 in 1970 to 2.0 in 2019, a remarkable decline that few would have thought possible in the 1960s. As seen in Table 1, when fertility began to decline in these countries, usually in the 1970s, it fell at a rapid rate. Many factors contributed to these rapid fertility declines. Couples offset declines in infant and child mortality by having fewer births; access to family planning increased, allowing women to better choose the number and timing of births; rapid social and economic change, including urbanization and increases in women’s education, motivated parents to have fewer children and invest more in the health and education of those children (2). View this table: Table 1. Total fertility rate for selected Asian and Latin American countries, 1960 to 2019 (United Nations Population Division estimates) Now that we are decades away from the early stages of rapid fertility decline in these countries, it is interesting to look at the life trajectories of the women and children who were affected by the introduction of family planning programs. The PNAS paper by Barham et al. (3) allows us to do that, providing an intriguing analysis of the impact of a well-known family planning program in Bangladesh … [↵][1]1Email: davidl{at}umich.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
The zwitterion isomer of orthosilicic acid and its role in neutral pH dimerization from density functional theory.

Using density functional theory, the plausible existence of the zwitterion isomer of orthosilicic acid is proposed to account for some of the properties of silica in water. Explicit hydration and explicit addition of salt are used in modeling the zwitterion and the dimerization reaction. Paths between orthosilicic acid, the zwitterion and the autoionization products are presented. The pK for the formation of the aqueous zwitterion species is calculated to be 7.78 in dilute silica solutions and the activation energy for the dimerization reaction ranges from 59.8 kJ/mol to 70.7 kJ/mol depending on salt concentration.
Do Platforms Have Editorial Rights

Social media today plays a central, albeit vexing and divisive role in our social and political culture. In response to the alleged failures of social media, a vast array of regulatory proposals have been advanced, and in some cases legislatively enacted, that would restrict the ways in which social media platform owners may moderate content on their platforms. These proposals include, among other things, imposing common carrier status on platforms (an approach endorsed by Justice Thomas in a recent separate opinion), requiring viewpoint-neutral content moderation policies, and restricting or conditioning platforms’ Section 230 immunities in various ways. What all of these proposals have in common is that they seek to impose legal restrictions on how social media platforms control the content that they host, refuse to host, display, and prioritize. These proposals are in deep tension with the idea that platforms themselves have First Amendment rights to control what content is available or visible on their platforms—what I call editorial rights. This article considers whether, and to what extent, social media platforms enjoy First Amendment editorial rights, and the implications of those rights for assorted regulatory initiatives. I begin by defining First Amendment editorial rights, and distinguishing between different kinds of editorial rights. I then examine how, and to what extent, the courts have extended editorial rights to new communications technologies. I next turn to the specific question of internet platform editorial rights, concluding that social media platforms should indeed enjoy substantial editorial rights, though probably fewer than prototypical holders of editorial rights such as print newspapers. I conclude by considering whether current regulatory proposals are consistent with these editorial rights.
Common Motifs in KEGG Cancer Pathways

Genes and gene products interact in an integrated and coordinated way to support functions of a living cell. In this research, we analyze these interactions in 17 different types of cancers, focusing on the interactions presented in pathway maps in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes repository. We extracted the gene-to-gene interactions from the pathway maps and integrated them to form a large integrated graph. We then utilized different techniques and filtering criteria to extract and shed lights on the gene-gene interaction patterns. We conclude that the graph motifs we identified in cancer pathways provide insights for cancer biologists to connect dots and generate strong hypotheses so further biological investigations into cancer initiation, progression, and treatment can be conducted effectively.
Glucose Regulation and the RES

Ludwig Aschoff is duly recognized for introduction of a unifying terminology for the confederation of body macrophages—i.e., his reticuloendothelial system. Less well known is that he also drew attention to numerous physiological facets of the RES which impacted on the general metabolic functions of the body and thus he offered an alternate unifying term for the collection of local and wandering histiocytes—the histiocytic metabolic apparatus (Aschoff, 1924). Over the ensuing years the notion of a direct role for macrophages in body metabolism has faded along with the term histiocytic metabolic apparatus. Only in recent years has expanding knowledge of macrophage physiology and especially their secretion of regulatory molecules or monokines with metabolic capabilities, once again drawn attention to metabolic interrelationships which involve the RES.
13. Satellite Measurement of the Earth's Gravity Field

Publisher Summary As with any means of measuring gravity, there must be a perceptible displacement of a mass relative to something else because of gravitational attraction for the mass. In principle, satellite systems for gravimetry can be divided into four categories: (1) displacements of a satellite in orbit relative to tracking stations on the ground; (2) displacements of a satellite and the sea surface with respect to each other; (3) displacements of two satellites with respect to each other; and (4) relative displacements of two masses within a single satellite. Evident primary requirement for satellites determining variations in the gravity field by effects at the satellite—that is, all techniques except radar altimetry—is that the satellite be low enough to be sensitive to the variations. This requirement in turn entails a small eccentricity in the orbit. A countervailing need in classical satellite geodesy is that the satellite be high enough to get reasonably good tracking coverage by ground stations. The typical altitude for such systems is 1000 km. The same condition applies for altimeter satellites in order that their orbits are determined accurately.
Anomerization of glucose 6-phosphate. pH dependence and solvent isotope effects.

Abstract The anomerization of α- d -glucose 6-phosphate has been examined using a spectrophotometric coupled enzyme assay. The pH-rate profile for spontaneous d -glucose 6-phosphate anomerization reveals that the d -glucose 6-phosphate dianion is the species giving rise to the much higher rate of d -glucose 6-phosphate anomerization over that of d -glucose. A deuterium solvent isotope effect of k H 2 O k D 2 O = 1.7 is consistent with the postulated intramolecular general-base catalysis by the phosphate.
High temporal resolution estimators through reduced rank periodograms

The kernel associated with positive estimators including the periodograms is expressed as a linear combination of separable kernels, each defining a smoothed pseudo-Wigner distribution (SPWD). This is achieved by applying the singular value decomposition to the two-dimensional kernel matrix in time and lag variables. The SPWD corresponding to the maximum singular value is considered the rank one kernel estimator that is the closest to the full rank kernel periodogram. Error bounds are derived, and simulations are performed to demonstrate the effect of limiting the decomposition of the kernel matrix to dominant singular values. >
Reconstructing a Simplex: The Component Analysis Problem

In this paper, we shall consider the problem of reconstructing as best as possible an unknown simplex S from two given sets F and G that satisfy FCSCG.