cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Adiabatic Exponent in the Solar Core

We present helioseismic inversions of solar p-mode frequencies obtained by the Michelson Doppler Imager instrument of the Solar Oscillation Investigation project on board SOHO, which indicate a lower central value for the adiabatic exponent Γ1 in the Sun than in current models. We show how the inclusion of relativistic effects in the equation of state removes the discrepancy and allows almost perfect agreement in Γ1 between the models and the Sun. This increases our confidence both in the reliability of the equation-of-state calculation and the determination of solar p-mode frequencies.
Online Adaptive Anomaly Detection for Augmented Network Flows

Traditional network anomaly detection involves developing models that rely on packet inspection. Increasing network speeds and use of encrypted protocols make per-packet inspection unsuited for today's networks. One method of overcoming this obstacle is flow based analysis. Many existing approaches are special purpose, i.e., limited to detecting specific behavior. Also, the data reduction inherent in identifying anomalous flows hinders alert correlation. In this paper we propose a dynamic anomaly detection approach for augmented flows. We sketch network state during flow creation enabling general purpose threat detection. We design and develop a support vector machine based adaptive anomaly detection and correlation mechanism capable of aggregating alerts without a-priori alert classification and evolving models online. We develop a confidence forwarding mechanism identifying a small percentage predictions for additional processing. We show effectiveness of our methods on both enterprise and backbone traces. Experimental results demonstrate the ability to maintain high accuracy without the need for offline training.
Utility of Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis of Pleuropulmonary and Mediastinal Cancers: A Review and Update

Context.— Immunohistochemistry has become an indispensable ancillary tool for the accurate classification of pleuropulmonary and mediastinal neoplasms necessary for therapeutic decisions and predicting prognostic outcome in the era of personalized medicine. Diagnostic accuracy has significantly improved because of the continuous discoveries of tumor-associated biomarkers and the development of effective immunohistochemical panels. Objective.— To increase the accuracy of diagnosis and classify pleuropulmonary neoplasms through immunohistochemistry. Data Sources.— Literature review, authors' research data, and personal practice experience. Conclusions.— This review article has shown that appropriately selecting immunohistochemical panels enables pathologists to effectively diagnose most primary pleuropulmonary neoplasms and differentiate primary lung tumors from a variety of metastatic tumors to the lung. The discovery of new mutation-specific antibodies identifying a subset of specific gene-arranged lung t...
Characterization of stereochemistry and molecular conformation using solid-state NMR tensors.

A solid-state NMR technique is described for establishing stereochemistry using the natural product terrein as a model compound. This method involves comparison of experimental 13C tensor principal values with ab initio computed values for all possible computer-generated stereoisomers. In terrein the relative stereochemistry is confirmed by NMR to be 2R*,3S* with high statistical probability (>99.5%). The proposed approach also simultaneously verifies the molecular conformation of the two hydroxy groups in terrein established by X-ray data. It is sufficient to use only shift tensor values at carbons 2 and 3, the stereocenters, to characterize both the stereochemistry and molecular conformations. The solid-state NMR method appears to be especially useful for determining relative stereochemistry of compounds or their derivatives that are difficult to crystallize.
Distribution of Ti and P in Oceanic Basalts as a Test of Origin

A model is proposed to explain the distribution of titanium and phosphorus in oceanic basalts. This model is based on, the existence of titanium and phosphorus as primary components of specific mineral phases, the use of volumetric considerations to predict the stabilities of these phases and the existence of water as OH− in the mantle. If this model is correct then the distribution of titanium and phosphorus and their ratio may be used to test models for the origin of oceanic basalts. The amount of titanium and/or phosphorus is dependent on (in order of importance) the percent water in the original melt, amount of fractionation of silicate phases, and the depth. The ratio is largely dependent only on depth of partial melting, provided titanium and phosphorus are not depleted in the mantle by partial melting. A χ 2 analysis of the frequency distributions of these elements and their ratio is performed in order to test several models for the origin of basalts. From this analysis it is concluded that partial melting is the primary process for the generation of basalts but the degree of partial melting is relatively small and that the alkalinity of basalts increases with depth of partial melting.
Evidence for a secular variation in the13C/12C ratio of carbon implanted in lunar soils

A curve of delta(C-13) vs delta(N-15) for lunar soils and breccias shows that the previously recorded 30% change in delta(N-15) is associated with a change in delta(C-13). The correlation represents concurrent changes in the isotope ratios of both elements at their source, and does not result from maturation effects or nonselective sample contamination. A computation of the relative production rates of C-13 and N-15 shows that spallation reactions in the sun could produce the observed ratio of the delta(C-13) to delta (N-15) variations.
Management of the thyroid nodule

The approach to the patient with a palpable solitary thyroid nodule remains controversial. In the rare patient with signs and symptoms suggestive of malignancy, the course of action is reasonably established. However, the patient with an asymptomatic solitary thyroid nodule presents a dilemma. The therapeutic alternatives range from suppressive medical therapy with serial examinations to surgical excision; therefore, to obviate unnecessary surgery, several diagnostic techniques and approaches have evolved which attempt to predict the presence of malignancy. A multitude of articles reflects the widespread disagreement among physicians regarding these diagnostic approaches. Thus, many questions still remain as to the proper management of patients with solitary nodules. The issue is further confounded by problems in assimilating and practically applying the results of the various studies, which often differ in their results. In this report, data regarding the prevalence of the solitary thyroid nodule are reviewed, and the clinical significance of the solitary thyroid nodule is discussed. The problem of management is examined in terms of the various diagnostic approaches to the solitary thyroid nodule: history and physical examination, laboratory tests, ultrasonography, thyroid suppressive therapy, scanning techniques, and fine-needle aspiration. The efficacy of each technique is critically evaluated with an emphasis upon the ability to distinguish benign from malignant disease. The overall aim of this report is to establish a reasonable diagnostic approach to the asymptomatic patient with the solitary palpable thyroid nodule, based upon a critical review of the literature.
Two-stage rifting of Zealandia-Australia-Antarctica: Evidence from 40Ar/39Ar thermochronometry of the Sisters shear zone, Stewart Island, New Zealand

The Sisters shear zone is a newly discovered Late Cretaceous detachment fault system exposed for 40 km along the southeast coast of Stewart Island, southernmost New Zealand. Footwall rocks consist of variably deformed ca. 310 and 105 Ma granites that range from undeformed to protomylonite, mylonite, and ultramylonite. The hanging wall includes non-marine conglomerate and brittley deformed granite. K-feldspar thermochronometry of the footwall indicates moderately rapid cooling (20–30 C°/m.y.) due to tectonic denudation over the interval ca. 89–82 Ma. Return to slow cooling at 82 Ma coincides with the age of the oldest seafloor adjacent to the Campbell Plateau and reflects the mechanical transition from continental extension to lithospheric rupture and formation of the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge. Our findings support a two-stage rift model for continental breakup of this part of the Gondwana margin. Stage one (ca. 101–88 Ma) is the northward propagation of continental extension and the Tasman Ridge as recorded in mylonite dredged from the Ross Sea and the Paparoa core complex. Stage two (ca. 89–82 Ma) is extension between the Campbell Plateau and West Antarctica leading to formation of the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge.
Determining the need for mental health services in rural areas

This study examined the need for mental health services as reported by rural consumers in DHHS Region V. It compared social indicator and consumer survey methods of determining need. Data were collected by mailed questionnaires and personal interviews from a probability sample of 3,057 rural residents. The need for mental health services was found to be no greater than that which has been reported for other residential areas. The social indicator method was found to be a poor predictor of need when compared to the consumer survey.
Automated measurement of uptake in cerebellum, liver, and aortic arch in full-body FDG PET/CT scans.

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to develop and validate fully automated methods for uptake measurement of cerebellum, liver, and aortic arch in full-body PET/CT scans. Such measurements are of interest in the context of uptake normalization for quantitative assessment of metabolic activity and/or automated image quality control. Methods: Cerebellum, liver, and aortic arch regions were segmented with different automated approaches. Cerebella were segmented in PET volumes by means of a robust active shape model (ASM) based method. For liver segmentation, a largest possible hyperellipsoid was fitted to the liver in PET scans. The aortic arch was first segmented in CT images of a PET/CT scan by a tubular structure analysis approach, and the segmented result was then mapped to the corresponding PET scan. For each of the segmented structures, the average standardized uptake value (SUV) was calculated. To generate an independent reference standard for method validation, expert image analysts were asked to segment several cross sections of each of the three structures in 134 F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT scans. For each case, the true average SUV was estimated by utilizing statistical models and served as the independent reference standard. Results: For automated aorta and liver SUV measurements, no statistically significant scale or shift differences were observed between automated results and the independent standard. In the case of the cerebellum, the scale and shift were not significantly different, if measured in the same cross sections that were utilized for generating the reference. In contrast, automated results were scaled 5% lower on average although not shifted, if FDG uptake was calculated from the whole segmented cerebellum volume. The estimated reduction in total SUV measurement error ranged between 54.7% and 99.2%, and the reduction was found to be statistically significant for cerebellum and aortic arch. Conclusions: With the proposed methods, the authors have demonstrated that automated SUV uptake measurements in cerebellum, liver, and aortic arch agree with expert-defined independent standards. The proposed methods were found to be accurate and showed less intra- and interobserver variability, compared to manual analysis. The approach provides an alternative to manual uptake quantification, which is time-consuming. Such an approach will be important for application of quantitative PET imaging to large scale clinical trials.
Framing the Genetic Testing Issue: Discourse and Cultural Clashes among Policy Communities

This study examined ways in which the congressional testimony of public policy factions used interpretive frames to lend advantage to their own views of genetic testing. The authors applied semanti...
Stability of Banach Space Properties In The Projective Tensor Product

Abstract unavailable at this time... Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): Primary 46M05, 46B22, 46E40. Quaestiones Mathematicae 21 (2004), 1-7
Responsiveness of a male Mueller's gibbon to his own species-song, that of a lar gibbon, and a synthetic song of similar frequency

The study compared the responsiveness of a captive male Mueller's gibbon to audio recordings of dawn songs of wild-living male Mueller's gibbons and lar gibbons, and to a synthetic song constructed from screech owl vocalizations. Though wild-caught, the subject had not been exposed to songs of his own species for at least 10 years, and in fact, only rarely performed the dawn song himself. Initially, the subject responded vigorously to all three recordings, with no preference being shown for the recording of his own species. However, a very strong preference for Mueller's vocalizations did develop following a period of concentrated and exclusive exposure to Mueller's songs.
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE RELATIVE ACCURACY OF PROBABILISTIC VS. DETERMINISTIC PREDICTIONS AND THE LEVEL OF PREDICTION‐TASK DIFFICULTY*

An experimental paradigm was constructed to assess the impact of prediction-task difficulty on the relative accuracy of probabilistic versus deterministic predictions. The results strongly support the hypothesis that the accuracy of probabilistic versus deterministic predictions is related to the level of difficulty inherent in the prediction task. At low levels of prediction-task difficulty, deterministic predictions were mort accurate than probabilistic predictions; the converse was true at high levels of difficulty.
An Exact Solution of the Fragmentation Equation

The accuracy of the self-similarity assumption employed in the study of the grinding equation is examined in detail. This is made possible by obtaining an exact solution for any homogeneous breakup function, thereby enabling the asymptotic limit as time proceeds to be examined carefully. For the Randolph-Ranjan model of breakup, we have obtained some explicit results and these have been employed to highlight the limitations of current self-similar solutions. In particular, we note that use of a self-similar solution which depends only on the zeroth and first moment of the distribution cannot give any detailed information on the higher moments. Nevertheless, at times very soon after the start of grinding, self-similarity does lead to useful and practical asymptotic results for size distributions, since it appears that higher moments are then of less importance. Thus the reason for the success of similarity is explained and the rate of approach to this condition is given. We have also introduced a new model...
EFFECT OF CERTAIN NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES ON STOMATAL BEHAVIOR

Although a great deal of research has been done on stomata, nevertheless, the facts regarding these important plant structures are still fragmentary and there are differences of opinion as to their fundamental characteristics. In 1895 Blackman (3) demonstrated the importance of stomata in gaseous exchange, although the possible relations of stomata to transpiration had long been recognized. Regarding the regulatory role of stomata in respect to transpiration, differences of opinion exist. That the stomata open and close periodically during twenty-four hours has been established. Various theories have been advanced concerning the mechanism of opening and closure and the cellular changes associated with these. According to some, the changes of starch to sugar and vice versa with consequent changes in osmotic relations are responsible for the opening and closure. Scarth (31), in recent years, has emphasized the importance of changes in the pH of the guard-cell vacuome due to changes in carbon dioxide content of the leaf, the opening and closure of the stomata being dependent directly or otherwise upon the effects of pH on starch-sugar changes or protein hydration, or both. Whatever eventually may be found to be the actual mechanism involved in the opening and closure of stomata, it is clear that the metabolism of the guard cells and the adjacent tissues must also be involved. While much attention has been given to the direct influence of light, of leaf water content, and of chemical reagents and reactions on stomatal behavior, no attention, except for the work of Pleasants (27), has been given to the part played by nutrients on stomatal behavior. There has been some work reported on the effect of nutrient deficiency on the rate of photosynthesis and respiration by Gruzit and Hibbard (11), Briggs (4), Lyon (20, 21), Gregory and Richards (8), and others. Since stomatal behavior through its effects on the loss of water and gaseous exchange may markedly influence plant behavior, a fuller knowledge of the effect of various factors on stomatal behavior is desirable. Of the factors that are of importance, theoretically and practically, that of mineral nutrient supply may be of considerable significance.
The role of ocular pigmentation in protecting against retinal light damage.

Abstract Albino and pigmented rats exposed to similar constant light conditions were compared in terms of their susceptibility to retinal damage. Pigmented rats showed considerable resistance to light damage but, when their pupils were maximally dilated, they damaged only about twice as slowly as albinos. When compared at light intensities that caused equal steady-state rhodopsin bleaches, albino and dilated pigmented rats showed essentially the same rate of light-induced retinal degeneration. These experiments suggest that the inherent susceptibility of the retina to light damage is about the same in albino and pigmented rats and that ocular pigmentation protects against damage primarily by lowering the retinal irradiance.
Sterol composition of bovine retinal rod outer segment membranes and whole retinas

Abstract The sterol composition of bovine retinal rod outer segment membranes and whole retinas was studied by detailed chromatographic analyses. Cholesterol represented at least 98% of the total 3 β -monohydroxy sterols of rod outer segment membranes, accounting for 1.68 ± 0.15% of the dry weight. Whole retinas contained 1.76 ± 0.29% cholesterol by dry weight, representing at least 99% of the total 3β-monohydroxy sterols. Trace amounts of a component having the chromatographic properties of 5α-cholestan-3β-ol were found in rod outer segment membranes and whole retinas. Very small amounts of a component having the chromatographie properties of 5α-cholest-7-en-3β-ol were found in whole retinas, but not in rod outer segment membranes. The molar ratio of cholesterol to rhodopsin in bovine rod outer segment membranes was approximately 4.7. Cholesterol accounted for only 5–7 mol% of total rod outer segment membrane lipids.
Comment on “ultrasonic velocity and viscosity of binary liquid mixtures”

Abstract The isentropic compressibility of an ideal binary solution is discussed from the standpoint of basic thermodynamic relationships. The derived expression clearly shows that ideal solution isentropic compressibility is not a simple mole fraction average of pure component isentropic compressibilities, but rather a fairly complex expression containing isobaric heat capacity and coefficient of thermal expansion terms.
Extending the learning process: using the theory of connectivism to inspire student collaboration

For years, library instruction has taken place in 50-minute class periods in the library. Librarians have traditionally demonstrated various research tools, occasionally provided students with the opportunity for hands-on practice, and then sent them back to their regular classrooms. Due to these time constraints, this method does not always allow for one-on-one instruction or interaction among students in the class. By following the underlying principles advocated in contemporary learning theories, such as connectivism, librarians can work with teaching faculty to provide students with a collaborative learning experience that extends well beyond the library classroom.
Ceremonies and Village Economic Change: A Conceptual Framework and an Application

The effects of ceremonial customs on village economies have received considerable attention from social scientists. This paper proposes a comparative framework for analyzing the impacts of ceremonial exchanges on economic change in village populations. The demand and distributive dimensions of ceremonial exchanges are distinguished. The demand dimension encompasses the aggregate effects of ceremonial exchanges on consumption; the distributive dimension refers to the net impact of the exchanges on the distribution of resources in the village. The probable cross-cultural significance of these dimensions is explained and exemplified with cases drawn from previous literature. A specific application of the framework is illustrated by an analysis of marital exchanges on Kosrae Island, Micronesia. Finally, the wider implications of the framework and the case material are discussed.
Traumatic vasospasm and its relationship to wounds of the lower extremities

Abstract 1. 1. The theory is advanced that some degree of traumatic vasospasm is suffered in all cases of compound fracture or serious wounds of the lower extremities. 2. 2. This theory is based on the supposition that any force sufficient to damage severely the tissues or to fracture heavy bones is sufficient to disturb the blood vessels, directly or indirectly, by damaging the sympathetic nervous system and thus producing arterial spasms of varying degrees. 3. 3. Although the vasospasm passes off in due time, it is postulated that this period of diminished blood supply to the part gives the infecting organisms time to establish themselves. 4. 4. A lumbar sympathetic nerve block, to prevent the interim of diminished blood supply, is advocated as routine in the effective therapeusis of compound fractures and severe wounds of the lower extremities. 5. 5. Several cases of severe compound fracture in which the nerve block was used with highly satisfactory results are described.
Almost Everywhere First-Return Recovery

Summary. We present a new characterization of Lebesgue measurable functions; namely, a function f : [0; 1]! R is measurable if and only if it is rst-return recoverable almost everywhere. This result is established by demonstrating a connection between almost everywhere rst-return recovery and a rst-return process for yielding the integral of a measurable function.
Virtual office hours using a tablet PC: E-lluminating biochemistry in an online environment

The availability of online collaboration software has provided new opportunities for instructors to interact with students outside the classroom. This report describes how Elluminate Live!®, a particular conferencing software package, can be used with a tablet PC to conduct virtual office hours in a biochemistry course. The educational value of engaging students in an online environment, with text messaging, voice-over-internet protocol (VoIP), and application sharing is also discussed. A student perspective is provided to illustrate the advantages of conducting virtual office hours and how the combination of online collaboration software and tablet PC technology can provide an enhanced learning experience.
Teachers’ roles in infants’ play and its changing nature in a dynamic group care context

Abstract Using a qualitative research approach, this article explores teachers’ roles in infants’ play and its changing nature in an infant group care setting. Three infant teachers in a child care center were followed over three months. Observations, interviews, ongoing conversations, emails, and reflective notes were used as data sources. Findings revealed that the teachers took on various roles: observer, play follower/play partner, facilitator, commentator/interpreter, play supporter, play leader, play interrupter, safety/conflict manager, multiple-responder, and multiple-role taker. The nature of the teachers’ roles developed and changed over time in relation to the infants’ rapid growth, group dynamics, and infant–teacher relationships. This study suggests that infant teachers’ practice is complex, changing, and developmental as the group care context is dynamic and multilayered.
Minimax type procedures for nonparametric selection of the “best” population with partially classified data

Consider a sequence x ≡ (x1,…, xn) of n independent observations, in which each observation xi is known to be a realization from either one of ki given populations, chosen among k (≥ ki) populations π1, …, πk Our main objective is to study the problem of the selection of the most reliable population πj at a fixed time ξ, when no assumptions about the k populations are made. Some numerical examples are presented.
Response construction in consumer behavior research

To date, researchers have been relatively unsuccessful in accounting for a substantial proportion of the variance in the measures of consumer behavior that have been investigated. It is posited here that one of the primary reasons for this lack of success is that most studies of consumer behavior use self-reports—answers or responses to research questions—that are often very labile. It is further posited that responses to research questions are not generally revealed (retrieved directly from memory) but rather are constructed at the time a question is asked and answered. Because they are derived from processes that are inherently constructive, self-reports are susceptible to a variety of contaminating influences that collectively constrain the ability of researchers to explain or predict consumer behavior. Several suggestions are offered for addressing response construction processes and their effects.
An enzyme-probe study of motile domains in the subfragment-2 region of myosin☆

Abstract The temperature-dependence of local melting within the subfragment-2 region of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin has been investigated using an enzyme-probe technique. Rate constants of fragmentation of two long subfragment-2 particles (61,000 M r and 53,000 M r per polypeptide chain) and a short subfragment-2 particle (34,000 M r per polypeptide chain) by three different enzymes (α-chymotrypsin, trypsin and papain) have been determined over the temperature range 5 to 40 °C. We followed the time-course of digestion at specific sites at high ( I = 0.50, pH 7.3) and low (physiological, I = 0.15, pH 7.3) ionic strengths by electrophoresis of the digestion products on sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing gels. All rate constants were corrected for the intrinsic temperature-dependence of the enzymes by comparison with model substrates. Normalized rate constant versus temperature profiles for the three enzyme-probes are similar in showing that local melting in long subfragment-2 (61,000 M r ) occurs in two distinct stages as was observed earlier for the intact myosin rod. Over the temperature range 5 to 25 °C a restricted region at M r = 53,000 to 50,000 from the N terminus of the rod (the light meromyosin/heavy meromyosin junction) shows the highest susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage. At temperatures above 25 °C local melting was detected by all three enzymes at several specific sites within the hinge domain ( M r = 53,000 to 34,000). Activation energies for cleavage at the susceptible sites were similar for the three enzyme probes. They suggest that this region of the myosin rod has significantly lower thermal stability than the flanking light meromyosin and short subfragment-2 segments. These results, together with other physico-chemical studies, point to the hinge domain of the myosin cross-bridge as an important functional element in the mechanism of force generation in muscle.
Annotating PDB files with scene information.

We have implemented extensions to the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank (PDB) file format for incorporating scene information such as viewing parameters, additional molecular information (e.g., van der Waals radii and atom colors), and user-defined graphics. These extensions were made in conformance with the PDB standard and provide sufficient information to render the scene in various styles such as space-filling images and ribbon diagrams. For the past 5 years these extensions have been used in the MidasPlus molecular modeling system and have proved both powerful and sufficient for generating complex molecular images. We propose that the extensions to the PDB presented here be adopted by the molecular modeling community for incorporation into visualization programs.
Effects of Digoxin on Systolic Time Intervals of Neonates and Infants

Systolic time intervals were measured in 27 normal newborn infants before and after administration of oral digoxin (30 µg/kg). Systolic intervals were also measured in 10 newborns and infants with congestive heart failure before and after this same 30 µg/kg dose of digoxin, but also after administration of a much larger "digitalizing dose" of 80 µg/kg. Preejection period (PEP) shortened significantly in the normal newborns following the smaller dose. Changes in ejection time (ET) were much less striking and appeared to be transient, lasting less than 8 hours. When small doses of digoxin were given to the babies with congestive failure, PEP again shortened significantly. In general, the larger doses of digoxin produced no further changes in PEP or ET, although there were individual exceptions. The demonstration that maximal inotropic effect, as measured by PEP changes, usually occurred with small doses of digoxin may have significant clinical implications in terms of present concepts of loading doses of di...
Two-Surface Virial Analysis of Alkane Adsorption on Carbopack C with and without Hydrogen Treatment

Abstract Second gas–solid virial coefficients for propane, butane, pentane, and hexane were found for Carbopack C and Carbopack C-HT (Supelco Inc.) within the temperature range of 323 to 471 K using gas–solid chromatography in the Henry's law region of adsorption. Carbopack C and Carbopack C-HT are both graphitized carbon black powders. Treatment of Carbopack C with hydrogen at 1273 K converts it to Carbopack C-HT and is believed to remove certain high energy sites or “hot spots” from the carbon surface. These two surfaces provide appropriate model systems to test a two-surface virial analysis. Surface areas for both powders were calculated using a uniform single-surface model and a two-surface model. Only the two-surface virial model which is based on gas–solid interaction parameters determined by an iterative process and numerical integration gave reasonable areas for the two surfaces: 13.2 and 13.9 m2/g for Carbopack C and Carbopack C-HT, respectively. The percentage of high energy sites on the Carbopack C was found to be 2.6% and for Carbopack C-HT was found to be 1.5%. The gas–solid interaction energy for the high energy sites was found to be 1.80 times greater than the corresponding value for the low energy portion of the surface. In addition, the gas–solid adsorption energies for the four alkane adsorbates were found to have a linear correlation with their boiling points and with the ratio of their critical temperatures divided by the square root of their critical pressures.
Advanced layered personnel armor

Abstract Utilizing shock compression physics considerations and explicit numerical techniques a methodology has been developed to design composite personnel armor by optimizing the role each layer plays during projectile defeat. The initial design consists of a very hard 1st layer to deform and fracture the projectile, an orthotropic 2nd layer to slow down the shock wave propagation in the through thickness direction, whilst allowing rapid propagation in the transverse directions, a 3rd porous layer to absorb the shock wave energy through PV-work, and a 4th layer to provide confinement for the porous medium. Based on the above armor protection concept, composite plates comprising of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) Ceramic, Dyneema ® HB25 and porous polyurethane (PU) foam were constructed to test against baseline armor AISI 4140 steel plate. A hypothetical orthotropic material model closely resembling that of Dyneema HB25 was derived based on fundamental materials relations as well as limited available literature information. Material models for the other materials used in this research were based on existing sources. An integral experiment was conducted to validate this composite armor against numerical simulations. Through this study, the composite armor has been shown experimentally to be more effective in resisting penetration than a steel plate of equivalent (and slightly greater) areal density, and that the material layering sequence is fundamentally correct, while the numerical modeling has provided a general guidance to the behavior of the system. This research was done to explore this kind of approach to armor design to evaluate its merit. We make no claim that this design is ready for field use.
Functional Analyses of Two Alternative Isoforms of the Transcription Factor Pax-5

The Pax-5 gene plays a central role in B cell development, activation, and differentiation. At least four different isoforms have been identified, of which isoform Pax-5a has been extensively studied, while functions for alternative isoforms were previously unknown. Here, using a transient transfection system, we provide evidence that alternative isoform Pax-5d acts as a dominant-negative regulator by suppressing activity of Pax-5a in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, co-expression in the presence of alternative isoform Pax-5e causes an increase in Pax-5a activity. Protein studies on Pax-5e using Western blot analysis revealed that this 19-kDa isoform migrates as a 27-kDa species on SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels, while a mutant Pax-5e form in which a C-terminal cysteine residue has been mutated, runs at the expected 19 kDa. Using both Western blot and immunoprecipitation assays, we further provide evidence that this size discrepancy may be caused by a tight association between Pax-5e and a thioredoxin-like factor. Comparison of various B cell lines as well as resting and lipopolysaccharide-activated mature B lymphocytes shows that increased B cell proliferation correlates with increased levels of Pax-5e/thioredoxin, whereas increased Pax-5d amounts correlate with inhibition of cell growth. Together, our results suggest that during activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, Pax-5a function is modulated by two alternative spliced isoforms: the dominant negative Pax-5d isoform may mediate inhibition of Pax-5a activity in resting B cells, while alternative isoform Pax-5e associated with thioredoxin may increase Pax-5a activity through an unknown (redox) mechanism.
Growth hormone promotes hair cell regeneration in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) inner ear following acoustic trauma.

Background: Previous microarray analysis showed that growth hormone (GH) was significantly upregulated following acoustic trauma in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) ear suggesting that GH may play an important role in the process of auditory hair cell regeneration. Our objective was to examine the effects of exogenous and endogenous GH on zebrafish inner ear epithelia following acoustic trauma. Methodology/Principal Findings: We induced auditory hair cell damage by exposing zebrafish to acoustic overstimulation. Fish were then injected intraperitoneally with either carp GH or buffer, and placed in a recovery tank for either one or two days. Phalloidin-, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-, and TUNEL-labeling were used to examine hair cell densities, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, respectively. Two days post-trauma, saccular hair cell densities in GH-treated fish were similar to that of baseline controls, whereas buffer-injected fish showed significantly reduced densities of hair cell bundles. Cell proliferation was greater and apoptosis reduced in the saccules, lagenae, and utricles of GH-treated fish one day following trauma compared to controls. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to examine the localization of GH mRNA in the zebrafish ear. At one day post-trauma, GH mRNA expression appeared to be localized perinuclearly around erythrocytes in the blood vessels of the inner ear epithelia. In order to examine the effects of endogenous GH on the process of cell proliferation in the ear, a GH antagonist was injected into zebrafish immediately following acoustic trauma, resulting in significantly decreased cell proliferation one day post-trauma in all three zebrafish inner ear end organs. Conclusions/Significance: Our results show that exogenous GH promotes post-trauma auditory hair cell regeneration in the zebrafish ear through stimulating proliferation and suppressing apoptosis, and that endogenous GH signals are present in the zebrafish ear during the process of auditory hair cell regeneration.
Ecology and Biology of the Pacific Walrus, Odobenus Rosmarus Divergens Illiger

AbstractThe distribution, physical development, pelage, dentition, feeding behavior, reproduction, causes of mortality, and population structure of the Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) were studied intermittently from 1952 to 1979. In winter, these animals tend to concentrate in north-central and southeastern Bering Sea, where sea ice conditions are most favorable for them. In summer, they concentrate mainly in northwestern and northeastern Chukchi Sea, along the edge of the ice. Most of the northward migrants are females and young; a large proportion of the adult males remains in the Bering Sea throughout the summer. Pacific walruses show strong sexual dimorphism; adult males are about 18% longer and 45% heavier and tend to have larger, more divergent tusks, as well as thicker, lighter-colored, and less hairy skin than adult females. As in other sexually dimorphic otarioid pinnipeds, males undergo secondary growth, beginning about the time of puberty and ending in full physical maturity about...
Suppression of the order parameter in homogeneous disordered superconductors.

We calculate the first-order correction to the order parameter \ensuremath{\Delta} in a disordered superconductor, using a formalism that treats electron-electron repulsion and order parameter fluctuations on an equal footing. We find that this correction is plagued by the same low-momentum singularities from the screened Coulomb potential as the correction to the transition temperature, and that these singularities are cancelled between terms in both cases. The cancellation of leading-order terms means that we must consider all terms of the same perturbation order in the calculation of \ensuremath{\Delta} and ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ if we are not to obtain qualitatively incorrect results. High momentum and frequency fluctuations then dominate, leading to a suppression of \ensuremath{\Delta} proportional to ${\mathrm{ln}}^{3}$(\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\tau}). We therefore expect that the ratio \ensuremath{\Delta}/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ will be roughly constant, which is confirmed by detailed numerical evaluation. We show the general utility of our formalism in the evaluation of physical quantities in the disordered superconductor. Finally we comment on the appropriateness of the dirty-boson approach in the region where our calculations are applicable.
Inhibition of yeast telomerase action by the telomeric ssDNA-binding protein, Cdc13p

Appropriate control of the chromosome endreplicating enzyme telomerase is crucial for maintaining telomere length and genomic stability. The essential telomeric DNA-binding protein Cdc13p both positively and negatively regulates telomere length in budding yeast. Here we test the effect of purified Cdc13p on telomerase action in vitro. We show that the full-length protein and its DNAbinding domain (DBD) inhibit primer extension by telomerase. This inhibition occurs by competitive blocking of telomerase access to DNA. To further understand the requirements for productive telomerase 3’-end access when Cdc13p or the DBD is bound to a telomerase substrate, we constrained protein binding at various distances from the 3’-end on two sets of increasingly longer oligonucleotides. We find that Cdc13p inhibits the action of telomerase through three distinct biochemical modes, including inhibiting telomerase even when a significant tail is available, representing a novel ‘action at a distance’ inhibitory activity. Thus, while yeast Cdc13p exhibits the same general activity as human POT1, providing an off switch for telomerase when bound near the 3’-end, there are significant mechanistic differences in the ways telomere endbinding proteins inhibit telomerase action.
Choosing versus rejecting: Why some options are both better and worse than others

A previously unobserved pattern of choice behavior is predicted and corroborated. In line with the principle of compatibility, according to which the weighting of inputs is enhanced by their compatibility with output, the positive and negative dimensions of options (their pros and cons) are expected to loom larger when one is choosing and when one is rejecting, respectively. Subjects are presented with pairs of options, one of which—theenriched option—has more positive as well as more negative dimensions than does the other,impoverished, option. Because positive dimensions are weighted more heavily in choosing than in rejecting, and negative dimensions are weighted more heavily in rejecting than in choosing, the enriched option tends to be chosen and rejected relatively more often than the impoverished option. These findings are extended to nonbinary decision problems, and their implications for the rational theory of choice and for everyday decisions are discussed.
Effect of addition of exercise to therapeutic lifestyle changes diet in enabling women and men with coronary heart disease to reach Adult Treatment Panel III low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal without lowering high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

To reduce the risk for coronary heart disease, the Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program has recommended a multifaceted lifestyle approach. 1 The Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) Diet has replaced the former Step 1 and Step 2 diets and consists of 7% saturated fat and 200 mg cholesterol for all subjects. The Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines recommend that if lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is 100 to 129 mg/dl in subjects with coronary heart disease, drug treatment is optional, or if patients are already on drugs, no change in dose is necessary. 1 To determine the additive effect of exercise to a TLC diet, we conducted a structured exercise and stress reduction program in subjects with coronary heart disease who were already following a TLC diet. Our hypotheses were: (1) that exercise and weight loss would result in significant reductions in LDL cholesterol and thus obviate the need to add or increase lipid-lowering medications; (2) that exercise and weight loss would result in reductions in triglyceride levels and thus prevent lowering of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in response to the TLC diet in women and men; and (3) that stress reduction and weight loss would have a beneficial effect on blood pressure.
Calorimetric study of block-copolymers of poly(n-butyl acrylate) and gradient poly(n-butyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate)

Abstract The nanophase separation in diblock and triblock copolymers consisting of immiscible poly(n-butyl acrylate) (block A) and gradient copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and n-butyl acrylate (nBA) (block M/A) were investigated by means of their heat capacity, Cp, as a function of the composition of the blocks M/A and temperature. In all copolymers studied, both blocks are represented by their Cp and glass transition temperature, Tg, as well as the broadening of the transition-temperature range. The low-temperature transition of the blocks A is always close to that of the pure poly(n-butyl acrylate) and is independent of the analyzed compositions of the block copolymer, but broadened asymmetrically relative to the homopolymer due to the small phase size. The higher transition is related to the glass transition of the copolymer block of composition M/A. Besides the asymmetric broadening of the transition due to the phase separation, it decreases in Tg and broadens, in addition, symmetrically with increasing acrylate content. The concentration gradient is not able to introduce a further phase separation with a third glass transition inside the M/A block.
Imaging of 5f densities of states in resonant photoemission measurements.

Medium-resolution spectra (\ensuremath{\Delta}E=0.25 eV) at the 5f Fano resonance in uranium intermetallics are compared to spectra above and below the resonance region to show that the 5f (and 6d) spectral weight obtained from resonant photoemission (RP) compares well to the 5f spectral weight obtained at other photon energies. In well-hybridized systems, the 5f signal from RP gives an excellent representation of the 5f density of states (DOS). In narrow-band and localized systems, a satellite may appear in addition to 5f DOS-like structure, indicative of correlation effects.
Object Lens: a "spreadsheet" for cooperative work

Object Lens allows unsophisticated computer users to create their own cooperative work applications using a set of simple, but powerful, building blocks. By defining and modifying templates for various semistructured objects, users can represent information about people, tasks, products, messages, and many other kinds of information in a form that can be processed intelligently by both people and their computers. By collecting these objects in customizable folders, users can create their own displays which summarize selected information from the objects in table or tree formats. Finally, by creating semiautonomous agents, users can specify rules for automatically processing this information in different ways at different times.The combination of these primitives provides a single consistent interface that integrates facilities for object-oriented databases, hypertext, electronic messaging, and rule-based intelligent agents. To illustrate the power of this combined approach, we describe several simple examples of applications (such as task tracking, intelligent message routing, and database retrieval) that we have developed in this framework.
Transabdominal chorionic villus sampling: A modifiedfreehand ultrasonographically guided technique

A simple modification of the technique of transabdominal chorionic villus sampling is described. This technique uses a short piece of extension tubing between the needle hub and aspirating syringe. The advantages of this technique are discussed.
Generalization to the classroom of principles of behavior modification taught to teachers.

Abstract Twenty teachers were assigned to four conditions: (1) teachers who participated in a laboratory group and received a written manual; (2) teachers who participated only in the laboratory group; (3) teachers who received only a written manual, and (4) teachers who did not receive either source of information. The results indicated that teachers who participated in a laboratory group increased in knowledge compared to Ss who did not participate in a laboratory group. Further, there was a decrease in disruptive behavior only in the classrooms of teachers who had participated in a laboratory group on behavior modification principles.