cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies in febrile seizures. I. Height of body temperature as a measure of the febrile-seizure threshold.

In mice, rats, guinea pigs and kittens and in 51 children with recurrent febrile seizures, the height of the body temperature was the important determinant in the induction or occurrence of seizures with hyperthermia. Both clinically and in animal studies, the body temperature at the onset of the convulsion may be used as a measure of the threshold to febrile seizures. The pattern of the experimental febrile seizure was principally clonic in type. It varied with the height of the temperature and with the age and maturity of the animal. Also, the febrile seizure threshold varied with age and maturity. It was independent of the basal temperature of the body. In rats, the threshold was lowest at 3 to 8 days and highest in the adult animal; a small but significant elevation in threshold was observed at birth. In the newborn guinea pig, the threshold convulsive temperature was equal to that of the 20-day-old rat. The rapidity of rise in body temperature was not a predisposing factor. In animals which convulsed, the susceptibility to febrile seizures was independent of the rate of temperature rise and the severity of the pyrogenic stimulus. A measure of the febrile seizure threshold as demonstrated in this study has been found of value in studies of the mechanism and prevention of seizures with hyperthermia. Its clinical importance is discussed.
Assessment of cell-specific cytotoxic responses of the kidney to selected aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract The present studies were conducted to assess cell-specific cytotoxic responses of the kidney to selected aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) using in vitro culture systems of glomerular mesangial cells and cortical tubular epithelial cells. Primary cultures of glomerular mesangial cells or cortical tubular epithelial cells were treated for 24 hr with naphthalene (NAPH, 0.1–1000 μ m ), 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MNAPH, 0.1–1000 μ m ), benzo[ a ]pyrene (B[ a ]P, 0.3–300 μ m ), pentachlorophenol (PCP, 0.1–1000 μ m ), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD, 0.001–1 n m ) or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF, 0.005–5 n m ). [ 3 H]Thymidine incorporation into DNA, cellular potassium content, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage were used as indices of cytotoxicity. Glomerular mesangial cells exposed to NAPH or 2-MNAPH (0.1–1000 μ m ) exhibited [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation profiles similar to those of the vehicle controls, whereas B[ a ]P at all concentrations and PCP at 1000 μ m decreased [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation in comparison with the controls. TCDD and TCDF increased [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation relative to controls at 0.1 n m and 0.5 n m , respectively. Glomerular mesangial cells treated with NAPH or PCP exhibited decreased cellular potassium content and increased LDH leakage only at the 1000 μ m concentration. In tubular epithelial cells, treatment with NAPH (10 or 1000 μ m ), 2-MNAPH (10 or 1000 μ m ), B[ a ]P (300 μ m ), and PCP (10 or 1000 μ m ) induced concentration-dependent decreases in [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation relative to controls. In contrast, exposure of tubular epithelial cells to TCDD or TCDF did not modulate [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation at any of the concentrations tested. A modest decrease in cellular potassium content and an increase in LDH leakage was observed at the 1000 μ m concentration of PCP in tubular epithelial cells. On the basis of these data, we conclude that renal glomerular mesangial cells and tubular epithelial cells exhibit differential cytotoxic response profiles to AHs.
A new deepwater species of worm‐eel, Scolecenchelys castlei (Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae), from New Zealand and Australia, with comments on S. breviceps and S. macroptera

Abstract A new deepwater species of worm‐eel (Ophichthidae, subfamily Myrophinae), Scolecenchelys castlei, is described from 34 specimens trawled at 425–820 m off the coasts of New Zealand and Australia. It is the deepest capture of any known Scolecenchelys. The new species is distinguished from its closest relative, S. breviceps Gunther, by having more vertebrae and a larger eye, in other body proportions, and in its coloration. The synonymies of S. breviceps and S. macroptera are reviewed.
Bench-scale evaluation of a biofiltration system used to mitigate trichloroethylene contaminated air streams

Abstract Improper disposal practices of the once widely used short-chained chlorinated aliphatics have made them a major component of groundwater contamination. Historically, pump and treat technology has been implemented to remediate and contain such aquifer water. After being pumped to the surface, the water is frequently treated with stripper technology. As a result, there is a high volume, low concentration contaminated air stream to either be directly emitted or treated prior to release in an effort to meet regulatory compliance. This work studied the feasibility of using biofiltration technology to remediate trichloroethylene (TCE) contaminated air streams. Furthermore, work focused on operational schemes that influenced the TCE degradation potential within the system. The bench-scale biofilter system contained 42 l of organic packing material and was inoculated with a propane-oxidizing microbial consortium. Propane, the primary substrate, and TCE were introduced into the biofilter in two distinct modes. Initially, TCE and propane were both continuously added to the biofilter system. The maximum TCE degradation observed under this continuous feeding scheme was 25%. Secondly, the TCE and propane were alternately pulsed or cycled in a step-wise fashion into the biofilter system. Under this operating environment, greater than 98% removal of TCE from the air stream was achieved.
A hypersurface defect relation for a family of meromorphic maps on a generalized p-parabolic manifold

This paper establishes a hypersurface defect relation, that is, P q j=1 (Dj;f) (n+1)=d, for a family of meromorphic maps from a generalized p-parabolic manifold M to the projective space P n , under some weak non-degeneracy assumptions.
Recent patterns of jewish representation in the corporate and social elites

This paper reports on the degree to which a sample of Jewish philan thropists are integrated into the topmost corporate and social circles in the United States. It is part of an ongoing investigation of the way Jewish busi ness leaders and their descendants fit into the predominantly gentile social and power elites. Earlier studies focused on patterns of assimilation into the local upper class in two southern cities and into corporate and social insti tutions of the national upper class (Zweigenhaft, 1978, 1979, 1980). Various analysts of the class and power structure in this country have stressed the predominantly WASPish makeup of the corporate elite. In The Power Elite, C. Wright Mills summarized a body of research on the per sonal characteristics of the top corporate executives of the largest corpora tions, and had this to say about "the top executives of 1950":
THE PREPARATION, PRESERVATION AND SEPARATION OF URANIUM TETRACHLORIDE AND URANYL CHLORIDE IN WATER, ETHANOL AND WATER-ETHANOL SOLVENTS

Abstract The sublimation of UCl4 under argon and nitrogen is discussed. The former gave 99·42 per cent UCl4 which yielded a stable solution free from colloid formation. The sublimation under nitrogen yielded a brownish-red material which had the combustibility and solubilities associated with the nitride but which was shown to be UO2 by X-ray spectrum analysis. Both stabilities of the UCl4 solutions and their analyses for uranium by the use of cupferron are discussed for both water and ethanol solvents. The preparation of pure UO2Cl2·H2O is described, and the stability data for UO2Cl2 solutions in water, ethanol and water-ethanol solvents are presented. The cupferron method of separation of U(IV) and U(VI) was found to be as effective.
908-109 Incremental Prognostic Value of Electrocardiographic Findings when Added to Baseline Clinical Variables in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Risk assessment for patients with acute myocardial infarction is critical in facilitating appropriate therapeutic decision making and resource utilization. Prior investigation of the GUSTO I database has identified 16 baseline clinical variables that independently and accurately predict 3D-day mortality. We investigated the ability of the presenting electrocardiogram (ECG) to increase the predictive capacity of the clinical data, with a particular focus on the significance of ST segment shifts. We examined a 32,812 patient subset of the 41,021 pt enrolled in GUSTO I. Exclusionary criteria included absence of baseline ECG. LBBB, unknown 30-day mortality, l0.1 mV maximum ST elevation, paced or ventricular rhythm. 30-day follow-up was greater than 99.5% complete. Candidate ECG variables included LVH, RVH, ABBB. left anterior and left posterior hemiblock (LAHB, LPHB), prior MI in a distinct anatomic location, maximum ST elevation in anyone lead, sum of ST elevation in all leads, number of leads with ≥0.1 mV ST elevation (NUMLEAD), sum of the absolute ST deviation from baseline in all leads (SUMDEV). Multivariable logistic regression modelling of the ECG data alone showed SUMDEV, Prior MI, NUMLEAD, ABBB and LAHB to provide independent prognostic information. Stepwise addition of the ECG variables to the clinical data indicated independent prognostic information in SUMDEV and ABBB ( × 2 = 184). The predictive value of this information was of similar magnitude to heart rate and MI location and was an order of magnitude larger than that for time to treatment, diabetes mellitus or smoking. Multivariable Stepwise ECG Model ECG Variable Adjusted X 2 * SUMDEV 229 Prior MI 89 NUMLEAD 54 RBBB 50 LAHB 16 * -p l 0.001 for each Conclusions Electrocardiographic variables add important information to baseline clinical and demographic data capable of improving early risk stratification of thrombolytic treated patients with acute myocardial infarction. Appropriate use of this information should improve clinical decision making and resource utilization.
Media Matter: How Newspapers and Television News Cover Campaigns and Influence Voters

How do different media cover politics and affect voters? Are newspapers a boon and television a bane to democratic functioning? While these questions have long been the subject of debate, a variety of methodological hurdles have hampered prior attempts to document media differences and their effects. In this article, I discuss these challenges and offer an approach for overcoming them to the greatest extent possible. I then combine comprehensive media content analyses with an election day exit poll to assess campaign coverage and its effect on voters. I find that television news and newspapers differ substantially in the quantity of coverage but do not drastically differ in terms of content. More important, I find that newspapers, and not television news, play a significant, although potentially limited, role in informing the electorate.
Electrostatic Focusing in Micellar and Microelectrode Kinetic Processes

In this paper we present a detailed characterization of the electrostatic environment of a charged organizate in order to determine the importance of field effects in influencing micellar and microelectrode kinetic processes. The electrostatic potential and associated ion distributions in the vicinity of a charged organizate are determined using a potential approach and, in particular, one based on a (previously reported) generalization of Poisson-Boltzmann theory. The role of organizate size and geometry, and the importance of dielectric saturation, ionic strength and different assumptions on the behavior of the surface potential (boundary conditions) in influencing the potentials and ion distributions are studied. These calculations and the trends observed cast light on the general problem of micellar/micro-electrode catalysis and, as well, lead to a number of specific results: we are able to place a lower bound on the effective size of a „microelectrode” particle, colloidal dispersions of which have been used in the recent hydrogen evolution studies of Gratzel and coworkers, and Henglein. In dieser Veroffentlichung wird eine eingehende Beschreibung der elektrostatischen Umgebung eines „charged organizate” gegeben, um die Einflusse der Feldeffekte auf die Kinetik in mizellaren und mikroelektroden Systemen zu bestimmen. Das elektrostatische Potential und die Ionenverteilung in der Umgebung eines „charged organizate” werden mit einem „potential approach” bestimmt, der auf einer kurzlich veroffentlichten Verallgemeinerung der Poisson-Boltzmann-Theorie beruht. Die Einflusse der Grose und Geometrie des „charged organizate” sowie der dielektrischen Sattigung, Ionenstarke und der verschiedenen Annahmen hinsichtlich des Verhaltens der Oberflachen-potentiale (boundary conditions) auf die Potentiale und Ionenverteilungen werden diskutiert. Diese Berechnungen und die daraus ersichtlichen Trends bringen etwas Licht in das Problem der mizellaren/mikroelektroden Katalyse und fuhren zu einigen besonderen Ergebnissen, z. B. wird die untere Grenze der effektiven Grose einer Mikroelektrode angegeben, wie sie von Henglein sowie von Gratzel und Mitarbeitern kurzlich in Versuchen zur Wasserstoffgewinnung benutzt wurde.
Pattern of myelination and distribution of neuroglial cells along the developing optic system of the rat and rabbit

In order to gather information about the factors influencing myelination and neuroglial cell formation in the central nervous system, the development of myelin and neuroglia was investigated along the length of the optic nerve and tract of rats and rabbits. The results of this study revealed complex developmental patterns for both of these processes. Furthermore, the pattern of myelination for the rat is different from that of the rabbit. Myelination of the rat optic pathway exhibits a general rostro-caudal gradient extending from the eye to the lateral geniculate nucleus, whereas a more homogeneous pattern is present in the rabbit. Myelination along the nerves of both species shows many sharp peaks and troughs, especially in the region of the optic canal. Formation of myelin begins at several different sites along the nerve, with the first fibers appearing on both sides of the optic canal. Another small site of myelination develops just in front of the optic chiasm. Myelination of the entire length of an individual axon is not homogeneous but instead it begins at several discrete sites. The number of glial cells along the nerve and tract also fluctuates sharply but their pattern does not precisely parallel that of myelination. A better correlation is obtained by comparing the distribution of axons being myelinated with that of oligodendroglial cells. The complex patterns and the species differences observed in this study indicate that myelination and neuroglial cell development must be regulated by both neuronal and local factors. The data presented here together with other available information suggest that the vascularization of the nerve and the direct effects of hormones upon glial cells are possible factors that contribute to the local variability.
Perfusion network shift during seizures in medial temporal lobe epilepsy

Background Medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is associated with limbic atrophy involving the hippocampus, peri-hippocampal and extra-temporal structures. While MTLE is related to static structural limbic compromise, it is unknown whether the limbic system undergoes dynamic regional perfusion network alterations during seizures. In this study, we aimed to investigate state specific (i.e. ictal versus interictal) perfusional limbic networks in patients with MTLE.
Coastal Southerlies and Alongshore Surges of the West Coast of North America: Evidence of Mesoscale Topographically Trapped Response to Synoptic Forcing

Abstract One of the most important warm season weather phenomena of the west coast of North America is the temporal transition from northerly to southerly flow within a few hundred kilometers offshore from the coastal mountains. Such wind shifts are often accompanied by cooler temperatures, higher pressure, and a change from nearly cloud-free to low overcast conditions. The more vigorous coastal transitions, termed alongshore surges, are characterized by an abrupt change in wind direction, a sudden increase in wind speed to 15 m s−1 or more, a precipitous temperature drop exceeding 10°C, and a sharp rise in sea-level pressure. This paper presents two detailed case studies of topographically-trapped coastal southerlies: the strong surge event of 15–17 May 1985 and the far weaker case of 3–7 May 1982. It is shown that coastal southerlies and alongshore surges are controlled by the alongshore pressure gradients created by the synoptic scale flow. At low levels and within approximately one Rossby radius of th...
Foliar and fine root nitrate reductase activity in seedlings of four forest tree species in relation to nitrogen availability

Seedlings of red maple, white pine, pitch pine and red pine were fertilized with nutrient solutions containing 4 levels of nitrate or ammonium additions. These levels corresponded to approximately 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 times normal availability of nitrogen in northeastern forests. Nitrate reductase (NR) activity was assayed in roots and leaves. Red maples treated with nitrate showed much higher leaf activities and higher ratios of leaf NR activity to root NR activity than any other species. Ammonium additions to red maple and white pine appeared to inhibit NR activity in leaves. With high nitrate additions, NR activity was induced in roots and leaves of pine species, but activity in roots remained much higher than in leaves.
Reversible elastic deformation of functionalized sp2 carbon at pressures of up to 33 GPa

We show that sp2 carbon bonded to silicon and oxygen can withstand reversible elastic deformation at pressures of up to 33 GPa. These experiments were carried out in a diamond anvil cell. In-situ Raman spectroscopy was employed to record the reversibility of elastic deformation by measuring the movement in the D and G peaks of carbon. Above 33 GPa the material, a silicon oxycarbide, transforms into an unidentified state which is retained upon unloading down to ambient pressure. Thermodynamical analysis suggests that the material could have transformed into a crystalline state at these ultrahigh pressures, driven by mechanical work.
Achieving and Sustaining Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia–Free Time among Intensive Care Units (ICUs): Evidence from the Keystone ICU Quality Improvement Collaborative

Our retrospective analysis of the Michigan Keystone intensive care unit (ICU) collaborative demonstrated that adult ICUs could achieve and sustain a zero rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) for a considerable number of ventilator and calendar months. Moreover, the results highlight the importance of adjustment for ventilator-days before comparing VAP-free time among ICUs.
Endogenous IL-17 contributes to reduced tumor growth and metastasis.

It has been reported that ectopically expressed interleukin-17 (IL-17) in tumor cells suppresses tumor progression through enhanced antitumor immunity in immune competent mice or promote tumor progression through an increase in inflammatory angiogenesis in immune-deficient mice. The role of endogenous IL-17 in tumor immunity remains undefined. Here we showed that tumor growth and lung metastasis were enhanced in IL-17–deficient mice, associated with decreased interferon-γ+ natural killer cells and tumor specific interferon-γ+ T cells in the tumor draining lymph nodes and tumors. Together with the published data showing that in vitro transforming growth factor-β and IL-6–polarized Th17 cells induce tumor regression, our work supports the notion that endogenous IL-17 or/and Th17 cells may play a protective role in tumor immunity.
Effect of a finite quark mass on the deconfinement temperature as calculated in dual QCD.

We calculate, to lowest order, the contribution of quark loops to the finite-temperature vacuum energy density. From this, in the high-temperature approximation, we obtain the dual QCD deconfinement transition temperature as a function of the input quark mass.
Sleep fragmentation exacerbates mechanical hypersensitivity and alters subsequent sleep-wake behavior in a mouse model of musculoskeletal sensitization.

Study objectives Sleep deprivation, or sleep disruption, enhances pain in human subjects. Chronic musculoskeletal pain is prevalent in our society, and constitutes a tremendous public health burden. Although preclinical models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain demonstrate effects on sleep, few studies focus on musculoskeletal pain. We reported elsewhere in this issue of SLEEP that musculoskeletal sensitization alters sleep of mice. In this study we hypothesize that sleep fragmentation during the development of musculoskeletal sensitization will exacerbate subsequent pain responses and alter sleep-wake behavior of mice. Design This is a preclinical study using C57BL/6J mice to determine the effect on behavioral outcomes of sleep fragmentation combined with musculoskeletal sensitization. Methods Musculoskeletal sensitization, a model of chronic muscle pain, was induced using two unilateral injections of acidified saline (pH 4.0) into the gastrocnemius muscle, spaced 5 days apart. Musculoskeletal sensitization manifests as mechanical hypersensitivity determined by von Frey filament testing at the hindpaws. Sleep fragmentation took place during the consecutive 12-h light periods of the 5 days between intramuscular injections. Electroencephalogram (EEG) and body temperature were recorded from some mice at baseline and for 3 weeks after musculoskeletal sensitization. Mechanical hypersensitivity was determined at preinjection baseline and on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after sensitization. Two additional experiments were conducted to determine the independent effects of sleep fragmentation or musculoskeletal sensitization on mechanical hypersensitivity. Results Five days of sleep fragmentation alone did not induce mechanical hypersensitivity, whereas sleep fragmentation combined with musculoskeletal sensitization resulted in prolonged and exacerbated mechanical hypersensitivity. Sleep fragmentation combined with musculoskeletal sensitization had an effect on subsequent sleep of mice as demonstrated by increased numbers of sleep-wake state transitions during the light and dark periods; changes in nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, rapid eye movement sleep, and wakefulness; and altered delta power during NREM sleep. These effects persisted for at least 3 weeks postsensitization. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that sleep fragmentation combined with musculoskeletal sensitization exacerbates the physiological and behavioral responses of mice to musculoskeletal sensitization, including mechanical hypersensitivity and sleep-wake behavior. These data contribute to increasing literature demonstrating bidirectional relationships between sleep and pain. The prevalence and incidence of insufficient sleep and pathologies characterized by chronic musculoskeletal pain are increasing in the United States. These demographic data underscore the need for research focused on insufficient sleep and chronic pain so that the quality of life for the millions of individuals with these conditions may be improved.
Lipid characterization and antioxidant status of the seeds and meals of Camelina sativa and flax

Four different antioxidant activity assays including 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were performed on the methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Camelina seeds (CS), flaxseeds (FS), Camelina meal low fat (CMLF, 9.9% fat), Camelina meal high fat (CMHF, 24.6% fat), and flaxseed meal (FSM, 2.7% fat). In addition, the fatty acid profile, and phenolic, tocopherol, flavonoid, and glucosinolate contents of CS, FS, CMLF, CMHF, and FSM were studied. The major fatty acid was α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3) which was 33.2, 29.4, 30.2, 60.1, and 39.3% in CS, CMLF, CMHF, FS, and FSM, respectively. The methanolic extract of CMLF showed the highest values of ABTS, DPPH and FRAP and the highest content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and glucosinolates. The methanolic and ethylacetate extracts of CMHF showed the highest values for ORAC and α- and γ-tocopherols. The ethylacetate extracts of seeds and meals of Camelina sativa and flax showed lower values for antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids than the methanolic extracts. In general, Camelina and FS meals showed higher antioxidant activities, and phenolic and flavonoid contents than their respective seeds. Practical applications: Camelina sativa seeds (CS) and flaxseeds (FS) are rich sources of omega 3 oils. Their by-products after oil extraction are an attractive source of proteins, lipids, fiber, and natural bioactive compounds such as antioxidants. These by-products may be used to improve nutritional value and prevent lipid oxidation in feed or food systems.
Studies of a sibship with apparent hereditary resistance to the intracellular action of thyroid hormone.

Abstract Further studies are presented on a previously described sibship 1 with a familial syndrome combining deaf mutism, delayed bone maturition, stippled epiphyses, goiter, and high levels of circulating thyroid hormone in the presence of euthyroid clinical state. Seventy-five to 90% of the circulating iodinated compounds were L-thyroxine and L-triiodothyronine by chromatography, ability to bind to thyroxine-binding globulin, L-amino acid oxidase digestion, and precipitation to constant specific activity. The usual basic laboratory tests were normal, and there was no direct evidence of endocrine disease other than that of the thyroid. Although all standard tests of thyroid function, with the exception of the basal metabolic rate (BMR), were typically those of hyperthyroidism, the patients appeared clinically euthyroid. This diagnosis is supported by the normal BMR, serum lipids, cholesterol, tyrosine, enzymes and albumin metabolism, and by normal caloric intake, dentition, and steady growth. Certain tissues appeared to be resistant to thyroid hormone action. We observed delayed bone age, epiphyseal stippling, and low hydroxyproline excretion. Sensorineural deafness, congenital nystagmus, elevated serum carotene, and possibly metachromasia in the cultured skin fibroblasts were also suggestive of hypothyroidism. Endogenous pituitary thyrotropin secretion was not completely suppresed by the high, blood hormone level. Administration of 1 mg/day L-T 4 or 375 μg/day L-T 3 produced some effect on connective tissues. Thyroid gland activity was only partially suppressed with such treatment. Administration of the acetic acid analogue of triiodothyronine had no effect other than thyroid gland suppression, attributed to the liberation of large amounts of iodine. β-Adrenergic blockage and 45 days of propylthiouracil therapy also failed to produce detectable effects. Labeled thyroxine and triiodothyronine studies indicate that these hormones penetrate the liver and other tissues normally or even at an excess rate and are degrated three- to five fold more rapidly than normal. Progressive amelioration of the syndrome has been noted over the past 6–7 yr. The etiology of this syndrome remains unclear. It appears to date to be a congenital. inherited metabolic and possibly transient defect associated with variable degrees of intracellular resistance to the action of thyroid hormone, which has been partially compensated by excess hormone production.
Phosphatidic acids as intermediates in fatty acid absorption

Abstract Following the incubation of intestinal segments from the hamster in either palmitic acid-C 14 or NaH 2 P 32 O 4 , the phospholipid fraction containing the major activity is phosphatidic acids. The incorporation of P 32 into phosphatidic acids in the intestinal wall is increased two- to threefold when fatty acids are included in the incubation mixture. The relationships of the reported findings to the mechanism of fatty acid absorption are discussed.
Linking the von Kries model to Wien's law for the estimation of an illuminant invariant image

Modeling the color variation due to an illuminant change is an important task for many computer vision applications, like color constancy, object recognition, shadow removal and image restoration. The von Kries diagonal model and Wien's law are widely assumed by many algorithms for solving these problems. In this work we combine these two hypotheses and we show that under Wien's law, the parameters of the von Kries model are related to each other through the color temperatures of the illuminants and the spectral sensitivities of the acquisition device. Based on this result, we provide a method for estimating some camera cues that are used to compute the illuminant invariant intrinsic image proposed by Finlayson and others. This is obtained by projecting the log-chromaticities of an input color image onto a vector depending only on the spectral cues of the acquisition device.
From Treason to Homicide: Changing Conceptions of the Law of Petty Treason in Early Modern England

In early modern England the crime of treason was not limited to rebellion against the monarch or state, but also included similar rebellions against domestic authority. Women accused of killing their husbands, servants accused of killing their masters and ecclesiastics accused of killing their superiors could be charged with petty treason. Because those charged with petty treason were tried under the rules of treason, positive defences available to those accused of homicide, such as self-defence and provocation, were not available to suspected petty traitors. Through an examination of both legal writings and court records this article demonstrates how learned and popular understandings of petty treason shifted in early modern England and further indicates how this shift affected the trials of petty traitors in practice. Beginning in the early decades of the seventeenth century, this reconceptualization of domestic treason involved a shift from a view of petty treason as a species of treason to one which c...
Convergent and divergent validity of the Devereux Student Strengths Assessment.

This study assessed the convergent and divergent validity of the Devereux Student Strengths Assessment (DESSA; LeBuffe, Shapiro, & Naglieri, 2008). A total of 227 (n 94 teachers, n 133 parents) raters completed the DESSA, in addition to the Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scales–2 (BERS–2; Epstein, 2004) and/or the Behavior Assessment System for Children–2 (BASC–2; Reynolds & Kamphaus, 2004). All DESSA and BERS–2 subscales and total scales completed by parents and teachers correlated significantly. DESSA subscales and BASC–2 Adaptive Skills subscales correlated significantly for both parent and teacher raters. The divergent validity of the DESSA was explored by correlating the Total Protective Factor scale and subscales with the BASC–2 Behavioral Symptoms Index and clinical subscales. The majority of correlations for the parent ratings were significantly, negatively correlated, with the exception of the Anxiety, Somatization, and Withdrawal subscales. Support for the convergent validity of the DESSA was consistent across raters (e.g., parents; teachers) and measures (e.g., BASC–2; BERS–2). Thus, these findings support the divergent validity of the DESSA.
Children and adolescents with Down syndrome, physical fitness and physical activity

Abstract Children (5–12 years) and adolescents (13–19 years) with Down syndrome (DS) possess a set of health, anatomical, physiological, cognitive, and psycho-social attributes predisposing them to limitations on their physical fitness and physical activity (PA) capacities. The paucity of studies and their conflicting findings prevent a clear understanding and/or substantiation of these limitations. The purpose of this article was to review the measurement, determinants and promotion of physical fitness and PA for youth (i.e., children and adolescents) with DS. The existing body of research indicates that youth with DS: 1) have low cardiovascular and muscular fitness/exercise capacity; 2) demonstrate a greater prevalence of overweight and obesity; 3) a large proportion do not meet the recommended amount of daily aerobic activity; and 4) their PA likely declines through childhood and into adolescence. Future research should focus on: 1) strength testing and training protocols; 2) methodologies to determine PA levels; and 3) practical interventions to increase PA.
Analysis of variability in vertebral morphology and growth ring counts in two Carcharhinid sharks

Inter- and intra-regional variations in vertebrae morphology and growth increment counts (band counts) were analyzed for two carcharhinid shark species, Carcharhinus plumbeus (n = 10) and C. limbatus (n = 11). Five sequential vertebrae were removed from the cervical region, above the branchial chamber and posterior to the chondrocrainium, and thoracic region, below the first dorsal fin. Dorsal-ventral height, medial-lateral breadth, and caudal-cranial length were measured for each sampled vertebra. Results indicate no significant difference in vertebral morphology within a sampled region of the vertebral column. However, a significant difference in vertebral morphology was noted between regions for both shark species, with thoracic vertebrae consistently larger than cervical vertebrae. A sub-set of three vertebrae was taken from each sampled region of each shark for sectioning and counting of growth increments. Analyses of growth increment counts by two readers indicated no significant difference in band counts within and between sampled regions.
National Trends in the Recommendation of Radiotherapy After Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer Before and After the Reporting of a Survival Benefit in March 2009

Abstract Background Three randomized trials demonstrated that postprostatectomy adjuvant radiotherapy improves biochemical disease-free survival for patients with adverse pathologic features, and 1 trial found adjuvant radiotherapy improves overall survival. We sought to determine whether postprostatectomy radiotherapy (PPRT) utilization changed after publication of the survival benefit in March 2009. Patients and Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to identify men diagnosed with prostate cancer from 2004 to 2011 who met criteria for enrollment in the randomized trials (positive margins and/or pT3-4 disease at radical prostatectomy). Joinpoint regression identified inflection points in PPRT utilization. Logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with PPRT recommendation. Results Of 35,361 men, 5104 (14.4%) received a recommendation for PPRT. In joinpoint regression, 2009 was the inflection point in PPRT utilization. In multivariable analysis, PPRT recommendations were more likely after March 2009 than before 15.8% vs. 13.5%, adjusted odds ratio (AOR; 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.16; P = .008), in men with pT3 (vs. pT2, AOR, 2.81; 95% CI, 2.53-3.11; P Conclusion PPRT recommendations increased after the reporting of a survival benefit in March 2009, but absolute utilization rates remain low, suggesting that the oncologic community remains unconvinced that PPRT is needed for most patients with adverse features. Further work is needed to identify patients who might benefit most from PPRT.
Assembly of low-energy protein conformations with heterogeneous fragments

The most successful ab-initio protein structure prediction methods employ fragment-based assembly. This technique is usually implemented in the context of a Metropolis Monte Carlo template. Fragment length is an important consideration, as it controls the complexity of the discretization of the search space and the associated energy surface. This work measures the impact of employing multiple, heterogenous fragment lengths in the context of a multi-stage probabilistic search framework.
Interfaces in nickel aluminide/alumina fibre composites

Metal matrix composites based on the intermetallic alloy Ni3Al and fibres of Al2O3 were fabricated by hot-pressing nickel aluminide powders and alumina fibres. Two matrix alloys were used in this investigation: Ni3Al microalloyed with boron and Ni3Al alloyed with 8 at% chromium and smaller amounts of zirconium and boron. The materials were studied using optical and transmission electron microscopy with particular emphasis placed on the characteristics of the matrix-fibre interface. The base Ni3Al/Al3O3 composite displayed no evidence of chemical reaction at the interface, an intimate bond between matrix and fibre was observed, and the material exhibited 10% ductility at room temperature. Composites with the more complex matrix alloy were brittle, a phenomenon attributed to the formation of zirconia particles at the interface.
In situ studies of magnetron sputtered Al-Cu-Fe-Cr quasicrystalline thin films

Abstract In situ studies have been performed on thin films in the Al rich region of the Al–Cu–Fe–Cr quasicrystalline phase field. Thin films were grown by magnetron sputtering on atomically flat MgO (0 0 1) and Al 2 O 3 (0 0 0 1) and subsequently studied by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. High resolution electron microscopy shows that thin films ( 573 K), the film growth is identified to be island mode. Upon subsequent ultra high vacuum annealing at 583 K, the films transform into a mixture of quasicrystalline and crystalline grains. Further annealing results in grain growth. A hexagonal crystalline phase in the films with a =2.23 nm and c =1.25 nm was identified as an approximant of the decagonal phase. For annealing temperatures above 848 K, the films phase separate into thick quasicrystalline and thin crystalline regions.
Terahertz Conductivity and Hindered Molecular Reorientation of Lithium Salt Doped Succinonitrile in its Plastic Crystal Phase

The terahertz complex permittivity of the molecular plastic crystal succinonitrile (SN) or 1,2 dicyanoethane (N≡C−CH2−CH2−C≡N), doped with the lithium salts LiBF4, LiPF6, LiTFSI, and LiClO4 to form solid-state plastic crystal electrolytes, is measured and compared using temperature-dependent terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). In contrast to the trends at low frequency, SN’s terahertz conductivity decreases slightly when doped with Li-salts. This indicates that at high frequencies the dielectric response is not dominated by ionic charge transport, but instead by relaxational processes which are hindered by the presence of the ionic dopants. Assuming a single Cole-Cole distribution of Debye-like processes dominates the measured spectra, the average relaxation times τ and Arrhenius activation energies E a are extracted for each electrolyte and are shown to increase significantly relative to undoped SN’s τ and E a, indicating the relaxational processes are hindered by the presence of the ionic dopants.
Further studies on the involvement of the circadian system in photoperiodic control of antifreeze protein production in the beetle Dendroides canadensis

Abstract The role of circadian rhythmicity in the photoperiodic time measuring processes regulating antifreeze protein production in the beetle Dendroides canadensis was further investigated. Using “T” experiments larvae were exposed to environmental light cycle periods close to the period length of the endogenous circadian oscillator. The following light cycles were employed: light dark 8 13 , 8 14 , 8 16 , 8 18 and 8 19 corresponding to period lengths of 21, 22, 24, 26 and 27 h. Larvae maintained in cycles equal to or less than 24 h displayed a characteristic short-day response, showing significantly (P The role of photoperiod and temperature in influencing the photoperiodic timing processes were examined with a series of resonance experiments. The first group consisted of a 24, 36, 48, 60 or 72-h light cycle, each with an 8-h photophase at temperatures of 20 or 17°C. Rhythmic increases in antifreeze protein levels at intervals of 24 h occurred under both temperatures. However, the lower temperature displaced the resonance curve in the vertical direction (i.e. increasing % population response) and reduced the difference between peaks and troughs on the resonance curve. Resonance experiments incorporating a 14-h photophase resulted in low antifreeze protein activity under all conditions except a 36-h light cycle in which a 67% induction was observed. Eight hour resonance experiments were also conducted with D. canadensis collected in early spring to determine whether the circadian system participates in the photoperiodic timing processes influencing the spring termination of antifreeze protein production. Positive resonance results were obtained in that only larvae maintained in cycles of 36 and 60 h displayed significantly (P The combined results emphasize the involvement of the circadian system in the photoperiodic control of antifreeze protein production by D. canadensis during the fall and spring. Furthermore, the induction of antifreeze protein production is a function of light cycle and its waveform (photoperiod). Temperature appears to modify the photoperiodic response in some manner involving the photoperiodic time measuring processes. It is concluded that the photoperiodic response of antifreeze protein production by D. canadensis is dependent upon the entrainment of the circadian system by the light cycle.
Management of preterm premature rupture of the membranes then and now—are outcomes different?

Objective: To analyze the success of current management strategies in patients with preterm premature rupture of the membrane (PPROM) by comparing maternal and neonatal outcomes past and present. Methods: Twenty-two cases of PPROM between 24 and 33 weeks of estimated gestational age (EGA) from 1989 to 1991 were analyzed and compared with the same number of patients from 1997 to 1999. Both groups were matched for race, parity, age, EGA at the time of PPROM, and EGA at delivery. Neonatal care also was matched between the two groups to include use of surfactant, antibiotics, and ventilator support. Group 1 received no antibiotics and steroids and received tocolysis only if in preterm labor. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were analyzed using χ2 and one-way analysis of variance. Results: A significant difference was seen in the mean latent period, with group 2 being 12.2 days versus 7.6 days in group 1 (P <0.05). A significant difference did exist in average ventilator days, with group 2 being 3.6 days versus 12 days in group 1. Conclusions: Current management of PPROM demonstrates longer latent periods attributed to the use of prophylactic antibiotics. Antenatal steroids and antibiotics were associated with fewer ventilator days and did not increase infectious morbidity for mothers or babies.
The effect of L-dopa on the concentrations of tryptophan, tyrosine and serotonin in rat brain.

Abstract Intraperitoneal injections of L-dopa (100 and 200 mg/kg) decreased the concentrations of tryptophan, tyrosine and serotonin in rat brain. The maximum effect of L-dopa on the endogenous levels of tryptophan, tyrosine and serotonin occurred one hour after the injection of L-dopa.
The Early Motor Questionnaire (EMQ): A parental report measure of early motor development

Children's early motor skills are critical for development across language, social, and cognitive domains, and warrant close examination. However, examiner-administered motor assessments are time consuming and expensive. Parent-report questionnaires offer an efficient alternative, but validity of parent report is unclear and only few motor questionnaires exist. In this report, we use cross-sectional and longitudinal data to investigate the validity of parent report in comparison to two examiner-administered measures (Mullen Scales of Early Learning, MSEL; Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, PDMS-2), and introduce a new parent-report measure called the Early Motor Questionnaire (EMQ). Results indicate strong correlations between parent report on the EMQ and a child's age, robust concurrent and predictive validity of parent report with both the MSEL and PDMS-2, and good test-retest reliability of parent report on the EMQ. Together, our findings support the conclusion that parents provide dependable accounts of early motor and cognitive development.
Late rectal toxicity on RTOG 94-06: analysis using a mixture Lyman model.

Purpose To estimate the parameters of the Lyman normal-tissue complication probability model using censored time-to-event data for Grade ≥2 late rectal toxicity among patients treated on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 94-06, a dose-escalation trial designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose for three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy of prostate cancer. Methods and Materials The Lyman normal-tissue complication probability model was fitted to data from 1,010 of the 1,084 patients accrued on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 94-06 using an approach that accounts for censored observations. Separate fits were obtained using dose–volume histograms for whole rectum and dose–wall histograms for rectal wall. Results With a median follow-up of 7.2 years, the crude incidence of Grade ≥2 late rectal toxicity was 15% ( n = 148). The parameters of the Lyman model fitted to dose–volume histograms data, with 95% profile-likelihood confidence intervals, were TD 50 = 79.1 Gy (75.3 Gy, 84.3 Gy), m = 0.146 (0.107, 0.225), and n = 0.077 (0.041, 0.156). The fit based on dose–wall histogram data was not significantly different. Patients with cardiovascular disease had a significantly higher incidence of late rectal toxicity ( p = 0.015), corresponding to a dose-modifying factor of 5.3%. No significant association with late rectal toxicity was found for diabetes, hypertension, rectal volume, rectal length, neoadjuvant hormone therapy, or prescribed dose per fraction (1.8 Gy vs. 2 Gy). Conclusions These results, based on a large cohort of patients from a multi-institutional trial, are expected to be widely representative of the ability of the Lyman model to describe the long-term risk of Grade ≥2 late rectal toxicity after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy of prostate cancer.
Predictors of Networking Intensity and Network Quality Among White-Collar Job Seekers:

Networking has been identified as an important predictor of both reemployment and career success. This research examines the extent to which several sociodemographic variables (gender, race, and age) and one personality variable (proactive personality) predict the intensity with which individuals engage in networking and the perceived quality of their networks. Consistent with our expectations, age demonstrates a curvilinear relationship with network diversity, and proactive personality is positively related to networking intensity. No effects are found for gender or race. Implications for research and practice are discussed.