cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pancoast syndrome in a patient with malignant lymphoma

Pancoast syndrome is usually secondary to lung cancer. We report a patient with Pancoast syndrome in whom a biopsy specimen of a cervical mass at first thought to be anaplastic carcinoma was found to stain positively for leukocyte common antigen and negatively for keratin, epithelial membrane antigen, and alpha-fetoprotein. A diagnosis of malignant lymphoma associated with Pancoast syndrome was made, and a salutary response was observed after combination chemotherapy. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of Pancoast syndrome associated with malignant lymphoma. We emphasize the importance of using immunohistochemical stains to define the pathologic condition in difficult cases.
A new mouse cell-surface antigen (Ly-m18) defined by a monoclonal antibody.

Spleen cells from C3H/An mice immunized with spleen cells of C57BL/6-H-2k mice were fused with myeloma cell line NS.1. One established hybrid cell line continuously secreted antibody that recognized a new surface antigen provisionally called Ly-m18. The new alloantigen is expressed on 90 percent of thymus cells, 55 percent of spleen cells, and 45 percent of either lymphnode or bone-marrow cells. It is also expressed on cells derived from brain, kidney, and liver. Fifty percent of either peripheral T or B cells express the Ly-m18 antigen, and some tumor cell lines with T, B, pre-B or stem cell characteristics are Ly-m18 (+). The strain distribution pattern distinguishes Ly-m1 8 antigen from all other murine lymphocyte alloantigens. The typing data of two sets of CXB and AKXL recombinant inbred strains indicate that the Ly-m18 gene is linked to the Ltw-2 locus which has not yet been assigned to a chromosome.
Intra-epithelial palatine nerve endings and their regulation of ciliary activity of frog palate epithelium

1. Direct contact between intra-epithelial nerve endings and ciliated cells was observed in frog (Rana pipiens) palate epithelium. 2. Electrical stimulation of the palatine nerve to the explant or the explant culture induced an increase in ciliary beat frequency in explant and outgrowth cells. 3. Atropine inhibited electrically stimulated ciliary beat frequency increase in the explant and outgrowth cells. 4. Gap junctional intercellular communication appears to be involved in the propagation of stimulated ciliary beat frequency increase from innervated to non-innervated ciliated cells.
The Mi-2/NuRD complex associates with pericentromeric heterochromatin during S phase in rapidly proliferating lymphoid cells

Chromosomal replication results in the duplication not only of DNA sequence but also of the patterns of histone modification, DNA methylation, and nucleoprotein structure that constitute epigenetic information. Pericentromeric heterochromatin in human cells is characterized by unique patterns of histone and DNA modification. Here, we describe association of the Mi-2/NuRD complex with specific segments of pericentromeric heterochromatin consisting of Satellite II/III DNA located on human chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 in some but not all cell types. This association is linked in part to DNA replication and chromatin assembly and may suggest a role in these processes. Mi-2/NuRD accumulation is independent of Polycomb association and is characterized by a unique pattern of histone modification. We propose that Mi-2/NuRD constitutes an enzymatic component of a pathway for assembly and maturation of chromatin utilized by rapidly proliferating lymphoid cells for replication of constitutive heterochromatin.
Native American Family Continuity as Resistance: The Indian Child Welfare Act as Legitimation for an Effective Social Work Practice

• Summary: The author argues that the history of Native-non-Native relations enables us to understand how the enactment and implementation of the Indian Child Welfare Act, passed in 1978 by the United States Congress, is an example of how Indian families have succeeded in persevering despite 350 years of political maltreatment.• Findings: The realities of past wrongs and the pain associated with remembering them are as vivid a memory now as they were then: memory is a key source of self-destructive behavior, as well as of cultural resilience. This explains why, despite Indian poverty and powerlessness, the persistence of anger against non-Indian governments enabled Indian families to cling to their ancestry, and finally, to be vindicated in their resistance by the enactment of the Indian Child Welfare Act.• Applications: The arguments presented reinforce the conclusion that by manipulating culture American society almost succeeded in destroying the Native American. That American society has not succeeded ...
The biochemical diversity of life near and above 100°C in marine environments.

Hyperthermophilic micro-organisms grow at temperatures above 90 °C with a current upper limit of 113 °C. They are a recent discovery in the microbial world and have been isolated mainly from marine geothermal environments, which include both shallow and deep sea hydrothermal vents. By 16S rRNA analyses they are the most slowly evolving of all extant life forms, and all but two of the nearly 20 known genera are classified as Archaea (formerly Archaebacteria). Almost all hyperthermophiles are strict anaerobes. They include species of methanogens, iron-oxidizers and sulphate reducers, but the majority are obligate heterotrophs that depend upon the reduction of elemental sulphur (S°) to hydrogen sulphide for significant growth. The heterotrophs utilize proteinaceous materials as carbon and energy sources, although a few species are also saccharolytic. A scheme for electron flow during the oxidation of carbohydrates and peptides and the reduction of S° has been proposed. Two S°-reducing enzymes have been purified from the cytoplasm of one hyperthermophile (T(opt) 100 °C) that is able to grow either with and without S°. However, the mechanisms by which S° reduction is coupled to energy conservation in this organism and in obligate S°-reducing hyperthermophiles is not known. In the heterotrophs, sugar fermentation is achieved by a novel glycolytic pathway involving unusual ADP-dependent kinases and ATP synthetases, and novel oxidoreductases that are ferredoxin- rather than NAD(P)-linked. Similarly, peptide fermentation involves several unusual ferredoxin-linked oxidoreductases not found in mesophilic organisms. Several of these oxido-reductases contain tungsten, an element that is rarely used in biological systems. Tungsten is present in exceedingly low concentrations in normal sea water, but hydrothermal systems contain much higher tungsten concentrations, more than sufficient to support hyperthermophilic life.
Are Risk-Attitudes Related Across Domains and Response Modes?

This paper examines experimentally the nature of people's risk-attitudes across different payoff domains and response modes. Only simple gambles are examined, entailing just two monetary outcomes. The main issue of interest is to what extent risk-preferences in one domain or response mode predict anything beyond chance about risk-preferences in another domain or mode. Three domains are examined: gain, mixed and loss. The three response modes used are certainty equivalence CE, probability equivalence PE and outcome equivalence OE judgments. In general, weak associations were found among ordinal risk-preferences within-subjects across domains, especially with respect to losses. To make the parametric responses i.e., the CE, PE and OE judgments comparable across domains and subjects, linear as well as utility-based risk-measures were examined. In the gain and loss domains, the linear risk-premia measures exhibited higher CE-PE correlations within domain than the utility-based measures. Using a multitrait-multimethod comparison, the highest correlations were found within domains across response modes. The main findings are 1 strong risk-aversion for gain and mixed gambles, 2 risk-seeking for symmetric loss gambles, although less pronounced, 3 low correlation of risk-preferences within subjects across domains, 4 high convergent validity of response methods within domain, and 5 increased risk-aversion for loss but not gain gambles when using real payoffs.
1H NMR Relaxation Study of Chain Motions and Solid-State Ordering in Stiff, Random Copolymers

Fully-aromatic, thermotropic, liquid crystalline random copolyesters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) and 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (HNA) were studied at elevated temperatures with 1 H NMR. Proton T 1 measurements provide high-frequency characterization of the glass transition. Proton rotating frame relaxation time (T 1p ) measurements near room temperature are sensitive to HBA rotational motions; these motions are expected when there is monomer length-scale chain conformational disorder. In melt-quenched samples, this disorder is spatially homogeneous (i.e., the material solidifies without crystallization). Annealing below the nominal solidification temperature (T,) results only in a slight, uniform lessening of this disorder. For samples annealed above T s , proton T 1ρ measurements show a spatially distinct component in which monomeric rotational motions are suppressed. Spin-diffusion experiments indicate this component has a mean thickness of 10 ± 2 nm. 1 H- 13 C (cross polarization-magic-angle spinning) CP-MAS measurements indicate that these ordered regions are enriched in HBA. The fraction and HNA content of the cocrystallites decrease at higher annealing temperatures. We discuss a new conceptual model of solid ordering in highly sequence-frustrated, stiff HBA/HNA copolyesters that is consistent with these and previously reported data.
Depth penetration limit to optical coherence microscopy in turbid media: the effect of multiply scattered light detection on image contrast and resolution

It is a well established fact that detection of multiply scattered light causes image quality degradation in optical microscopy. In this study experimental and computational methods were employed to examine the effect of multiply scattered light detection on the image contrast, resolution and image penetration depth of optical coherence microscopy (OCM) in turbid media. Dynamic low coherence interferometry (DLCI), a method sensitive to changes in the photon momentum transfer resulting from scattering, was used to study the OCM background light rejection ability in homogeneous turbid media and to determine the optical depths at which single scattered, multiply scattered and diffuse light constitute the dominant components of the measured intensity. OCM resolution measurements performed at various optical depths in scattering media revealed correlation between loss of OCM spatial resolution and spectrum linewidth broadening (DLCI) resulting from detection of multiply scattered light. The data from the resolution measurements was used to determine the dependence of image contrast, resolution and penetration depth on the optical properties of the turbid background and the instrument imaging geometry. In addition, a Monte Carlo model was designed to examine the contribution of background light (light that does not carry any information about the imaged object and multiply scattered while traversing the turbid layer above) to loss of OCM image quality. The results from this study contribute to our understanding of the practical limits to OCM imaging in turbid media.
Computer-aided diagnosis of the solitary pulmonary nodule imaged on CT: 2D, 3D, and contrast enhancement features

The goal of this work is to determine whether malignant solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) can be discriminated form benign lesions based on quantitative features derived form CT images. The goal is to reach an accurate diagnosis quickly and without the need for additional imaging or more invasive tests. CT images were obtained from 54 patients identified as having an SPN. Of these, 24 SPN patients scanned by a spiral volumetric technique before and after the injection of an intravenous contrast agent. Diagnostic truth was determined using either pathology results from biopsy or surgical resection or from radiographic follow-up. All images were acquired using a volumetric CT scan protocol of 90% accuracy, area under ROC of >0.96 and FPF of .28 for TPF = 1.0. When the Logistic Regression classifier was used with 3D and contrast enhancement features, it achieved 92% accuracy, an area under ROC of .969 and a FPF of .063 for TPF = 1.0. When combinations of group features were used, the performance was not as good as individual groups listed above. The best was when enhancement and sphericity were used in a linear discriminant model, which achieved 87.5% accuracy and area under ROC of .820. The combination of contrast enhancement measures with other, morphological descriptors, hold promise for accurate classification of solitary pulmonary nodules imaged on CT. These results are preliminary as they are based on small numbers of cases and may be sensitive to the results of individual cases.
Fatty Acid Profile in Milk from Goats, Capra aegagrus hircus , Exposed to Perchlorate and its Relationship with Perchlorate Residues in Human Milk

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in milk are vital for normal growth and development of infant mammals. Changes in fatty acid composition were observed in milk fat from goats dosed with perchlorate (0.1 and 1 mg/kg body weight/day) for 31 days, but the effect was not persistent. Adaptation may be induced in these goats to compensate for the perchlorate effect. In an analysis of fatty acid composition in human milk samples, a weak negative correlation was observed between perchlorate concentrations and total PUFA in 38 human milk samples.
On predicting constrained associates from long-term memory

Forty Ss gave constrained associates to a conceptual category plus an alphabetic letter (e.g., a musical instrument beginning with “V”). The probability of occurrence of each correct response was predicted from Luce’s choice axiom on the basis of associative norms collected by Battig & Montague (1969). For example, the predicted probability of “violin” being given to “musical instrument starting with V” was calculated as the proportion in the norms of “violin” responses to all responses starting with “V” to the category “musical instrument.” The correlation of the predicted and empirical proportions was. 91.
Historical Seismicity and Seismotectonic Context of the Great 1979 Yapen and 1996 Biak, Irian Jaya Earthquakes

We present relocations of over 220 historical and recent earthquakes in the northwestern part of Irian Jaya, in the context of the large earthquakes of 1979 and 1996. Our results document continuous activity on a 420-km segment of the Sorong Fault, with a possible extension over an additional 330 km to the west. We also show that some level of activity did take place on the New Guinea Trench prior to the 1996 Biak earthquake, and relocate a large (M PAS = 7.4) event on 02 April 1947 to the trench, at 138°E. We speculate that the large earthquake of 26 May 1914 may also have taken place on the New Guinea Trench. We study the pattern of activity following the 1979 Yapen earthquake, which triggered stress release in the Pandaidori Islands, also the location of stress transfer following the 1996 Biak earthquake.
Potent and prolonged melanotropic activities of the α-MSH fragment analog, Ac-[Nle4, D-Phe7]-α-MSH4–9-NH2

Abstract Ac-[Nle 4 , D -Phe 7 ]-α-MSH 4–9 -NH 2 and Ac-[Nle 4 ]-α-MSH 4–9 -NH 2 , fragment analogs of the tridecapeptide, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH, α-melanotropin), were synthesized. The potency and prolonged activity of the analogs were compared to α-MSH in several melanotropin bioassays. The D -Phe-containing hexapeptide was 10 times more active than α-MSH in stimulating melanoma tyrosinase activity. This analog was also 10-fold more potent than α-MSH in the lizard skin bioassay and about 10-fold less active in the frog skin bioassay. The melanotropic activity of Ac-[Nle 4 , D -Phe 7 ]-α-MSH 4–9 -NH 2 was considerably prolonged compared to α-MSH in each of the bioassays. These results demonstrate that the structural requirements for superpotency and prolonged activity of [Nle 4 , D -Phe 7 ]-substituted analogs reside within this hexapeptide sequence.
EXPERIENCE WITH IRDS IN LARGE BIRTHWEIGHT PREMATURES

This study was undertaken to assess the Idiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS) in premature infants whose birth weights exceeded 1820 gms (4 lbs). During the past 3 years 66 (41%) of 160 infants admitted to our Newborn ICU with IRDS weighed more than 1820 gms. Thirty of the 66 were transferred from outlying hospitals. Estimated gestational ages ranged from 34-38 wks with a mean of 35.7. Birth weights ranged from 1820-3856 gms with a mean of 2358 gms. There was a predominance of males. Of the various prenatal conditions assessed, 80% of the 66 mothers were > 20 yrs of age and 67% were multigravid. Twenty percent of the mothers had complications of pregnancy including 4 diabetics, 2 narcotic addicts, and 1 toxemic. Thirty-three percent were delivered by c-section. The severity of IRDS in this group of infants was variable. Half of the infants required oxygen in concentrations > 60%. Assisted ventilation was needed in 87% of those transferred and 47% of those delivered at our hospital. Apgar scores and initial blood gases were not useful in predicting the subsequent need for ventilation assistance. Seven of the 66 infants expired. Pneumothorax and cerebral hemorrhage were encountered in 4 of the 7. It is concluded that IRDS may be severe in a surprising number of large birthweight prematures. It is unclear whether IRDS occurs more frequently at higher altitudes (5000 ft) and is more severe. It is recommended that these infants be evaluated and followed as closely as their smaller-weight counterparts.
Professionalism in Management Education: Is the Emperor Naked in the 1990s?

The article reviews the book “Management Education & Development: Drift or Thrust Into the 21st Century?” by Lyman Porter and Lawrence McKibbin.
Production of Temporally Consistent Gridded Precipitation and Temperature Fields for the Continental United States

Abstract The availability of long-term gridded datasets of precipitation, temperature, and other surface meteorological variables offers the potential for deriving a range of land surface conditions that have not been directly observed. These include, for instance, soil moisture, snow water equivalent, evapotranspiration, runoff, and subsurface moisture transport. However, gridding procedures can themselves introduce artificial trends due to incorporation of stations with different record lengths and locations. Hence, existing gridded datasets are in general not appropriate for estimation of long-term trends. Methods are described here for adjustment of gridded daily precipitation and temperature maxima and minima over the continental United States based on newly available (in electronic form) U.S. Cooperative Observer station data archived at the National Climatic Data Center from the early 1900s on. The intent is to produce gridded meteorological datasets that can be used, in conjunction with hydrologic...
High-dexterity teleoperation in real and virtual environments

Our work in teleoperation highlights its space applications, and related tasks such as remote platform servicing, telescience, and lunar exploration. These tasks are complex, time- consuming, and relatively unstructured. Demands for manual dexterity are often high; the work is fatiguing; and uncertainty, which includes effects of time-delay, is nearly always present. In the face of these problems, we have been working along several technical fronts which include redundant telemanipulator control, multi-camera viewing and real-time graphics simulation, integrated operator interface design, and systems-scale ground laboratory experiments. Our main experimental thrust is end-to-end performance characterization--formal experiment design, task instrumentation for real-time data capture, integrated system demonstrations, and human factors analysis. Collectively, the goal is to quantify operator limitations, component technology requirements, and their interdependencies, all in the context of meaningful tasks with realistically posed system-level operational constraints (lighting, task geometry, time-delay, control & communication bandwidths, viewing & display limitations, etc.). Accompanying technical issues are reduction of operator error, workload, and training, each in itself a significant risk and cost driver for space operations. Toward these ends, we have been emphasizing advanced approaches to teleoperation, in the functional areas of task perception, planning, and control.
Comparison of a paleosol-carbonate isotope record to other records of Pliocene-early Pleistocene climate in the western United States

Paleoecological and paleoenvironmental interpretations of stable isotope composition of pedogenic carbonate collected from the Pliocene-early Pleistocene St. David Formation in southeastern Arizona, United States, correlate with other proxy records of paleoclimate in the western United States. Wetter, and perhaps cooler, conditions between 3.2 and 2.8 Ma are associated with lacustrine highstands at Tulelake and Searles Lake in California. A general trend toward drier conditions in the late Pliocene is also apparent in all records. A protracted arid, monsoonal climate in the early Pleistocene, implied by the soil isotope data from Arizona, is not as readily correlated to other climate records and is perhaps related to uplift in the southern Cordillera. Soil-carbonate isotope data provide relatively continuous paleoclimatic records from fluvial sequences that supplement lacustrine records. Together they provide a framework for interpreting Pliocene climate.
Energy-spread compensation in a solenoid-based secondary radioactive beam apparatus

Methods for reducing the energy spread in low-energy short-lived secondary radioactive nuclear beams produced in a solenoid-based system are examined. In particular, the use of a tapered energy-loss absorber placed off-focus is studied and a first set of in-beam tests reported. In addition, realistic ion-optical ray-tracing time-of-flight calculations for energy-spread compensation are presented for both short-(3 m) and long-(6 m) flight path options. The advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques are discussed.
Improved midterm outcomes for type A (central) pulmonary emboli treated surgically

Objectives We propose a simplified anatomic classification for pulmonary emboli that algorithmically differentiates those who might be best treated with surgical pulmonary embolectomy (type A) from those best treated medically (type B). We hypothesized that patients with type A pulmonary emboli treated with immediate surgical embolectomy demonstrate superior long-term survival compared with patients with type A pulmonary emboli treated medically. Methods Patients admitted between 2002 and 2008 with a diagnosis of pulmonary emboli made based on computed tomographic angiographic imaging (n = 779) were analyzed. Computed tomographic angiographic images were reviewed in a blind fashion, and anatomic classification of emboli was made. Patients with central thrombus, defined by location medial to the lateral mediastinal boundaries (ie, involving the main, primary, or both branch pulmonary arteries), were classified as having type A pulmonary emboli (n = 107), whereas those with peripheral pulmonary emboli located beyond these boundaries were classified as having type B pulmonary emboli (n = 672). Four patients with type A pulmonary emboli treated with catheter embolectomy were excluded from the analysis. Results Of the 103 patients with type A pulmonary emboli, 15 (14%) were treated with immediate surgical pulmonary embolectomy, and 88 (85%) were treated medically. Patients with type A pulmonary emboli treated surgically had similar 30-day mortality compared with those treated medically (13% vs 17%, P = .532). At a mean of 24 ± 18 months' follow-up (range, 1–82 months), survival at 1, 3, and 5 years for patients with type A pulmonary emboli treated surgically was significantly better than that in the patients with type A pulmonary emboli treated medically ( P = .0001). Conclusions For patients with type A pulmonary emboli, immediate surgical intervention appears to offer superior midterm survival compared with medical treatment alone. Although the medical and surgical groups were substantially different and the differences might have affected survival, this simplified classification for pulmonary emboli might help direct optimal treatment strategies.
SU‐FF‐T‐331: Dose to the Body Organs From IMRT and 3D‐CRT Breast Radiotherapy: Prone and Supine

Purpose: The potential carcinogenic effect of low dose scattered radiation has been a recent concern in breast cancerradiotherapy. The widespread use of IMRT has heightened this concern, due to increased monitor units. Method and Materials: An anthropomorphic phantom with customized prone and supine breasts modeled off patient CT scans, was imaged, planned, and treated with 3D conformal and IMRT whole breast plans, in both the prone and supine positions. All plans used a pair of opposed tangent beams. The 3D and IMRT plans used the same field arrangements, but the IMRT plan involved 3.5 times the monitor units. MOSFETs were inserted in various organs throughout the phantom, including both lungs, regions of the heart, the thyroid, and both breasts. They were kept in these locations for all treatments.Results: The dose to the contralateral (CL) breast and thyroid showed little difference between the prone and supine measurements. Prone plans delivered less dose to the lung than supine plans, especially for the part of the lung near the chest wall (3.3% of the prescribed dose, compared to 9.5%). The heart received less dose prone versus supine. IMRT delivered less dose than the 3D plan in all organs measured. Conclusion: For all organs, the dose measured mainly depended on the distance from the field edge. The prone position conveyed better lung and heart sparing because the treatment field was more distant from these organs.IMRT delivered less dose than 3D to the heart,lungs and CL breast. The reduction in scatter dose to these proximal organs outweighed any increase in leakage dose. More measurements and Monte Carlo simulations are necessary to explore the differences in anatomy in the prone and supine positions, and from patient to patient, and to assess the very low dose levels far away from the treatment volume.
Application of EBG substrates to design ultra-thin wideband directional dipoles

The reflection phase characteristic of an EBG surface is studied and optimized to design a wideband, directional, compact dipole antenna. A dipole as thin as one hundredth of the wavelength is achievable. A design example considering a mushroom type 3-dimensional EBG surface is given.
The Project Connect Health Systems Intervention: Linking Sexually Experienced Youth to Sexual and Reproductive Health Care

Abstract Purpose To evaluate a health systems intervention to increase adolescents' receipt of high-quality sexual and reproductive health care services. Methods Quasi experimental design. Twelve high schools in a large public school district were matched into pairs. Within each pair, schools were assigned to condition so that no control school shared a geographic border with an intervention school. Five yearly surveys (T1, T2, …, T5) were administered from 2005 to 2009 (N = 29,823) to students in randomly selected classes in grades 9–12. Community-based providers of high-quality sexual and reproductive health care services were listed on a referral guide for use by school nurses to connect adolescents to care. Results Statistically significant effects were found for intervention school females on three outcomes, relative to controls. Relative to T1, receipt of birth control in the past year was greater at T4 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09–3.15) and T5 (AOR = 2.22; 95% CI, 1.32–3.74). Increases in sexually transmitted disease testing and/or treatment in the past year were greater in T1–T3 (AOR = 1.78; 95% CI, 1.05–3.02), T1–T4 (AOR = 1.73; 95% CI, 1.01–2.97), T1–T5 (AOR = 1.97; 95% CI, 1.17–3.31), and T2–T5 (AOR = 1.76; 95% CI, 1.06–2.91). Increases in ever receiving an HIV test were greater in T1–T4 (AOR = 2.14; 95% CI, 1.08–4.26). Among males, no intervention effects were found. Conclusions A school-based structural intervention can improve female adolescents' receipt of services.
Hepatopulmonary syndrome with progressive hypoxemia as an indication for liver transplantation: case reports and literature review.

In the hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS), a pulmonary vascular complication of liver disease, severe hypoxemia due to pulmonary vascular dilatation can be extremely debilitating. Determining whether patients with advanced liver disease and HPS should be considered for liver transplantation is difficult. We describe three patients with progressive and severe hypoxemia who underwent successful liver transplantation and had resolution of their arterial hypoxemia. In these patients, the progressive pulmonary deterioration accelerated the need and was considered an indication for liver transplantation rather than being considered an absolute or relative contraindication. In addition, we review the literature on 81 pediatrie and adult patients with HPS who underwent liver transplantation and specifically highlight mortality, morbidity, syndrome resolution, and prognostic factors. Posttransplantation mortality (16%) was associated with the severity of hypoxemia (mean arterial oxygen tension [Pao 2 ] in 68 survivors was 54.2 ± 13.2 mm Hg and in 13 nonsurvivors was 44.7 ± 7.7 mm Hg; P 2 of 50 mm Hg or lower had significantly more frequent mortality (30%) in comparison with those with a Pao 2 greater than 50 mm Hg (4%; P
The stress-eating paradox: Multiple daily measurements in adult males and females

Abstract The stress-eating relationship was examined in a prospective study of 158 subjects who completed daily records of stress and eating for 84 days, yielding 16.188 person days of observation. Using both within-subjects and between-subjects analyses, individuals were much more likely to eat less than usual than to eat more than usual in response to stressful daily problems. The likelihood of eating more did not change as severity of stress increased, but the likelihood of eating less increased substantially. There were also clear gender differences. Males had a slight tendency to eat less than to eat more across all levels of stress, except at the highest level, where eating less occurred much more frequently. In females, the tendency to eat less as opposed to eating more emerged at middle levels of stress; at the highest level of stress, females were more than three times more likely to eat less than to eat more. Individual subjects were highly consistent over levels of stress in the direction of ea...
Altered respiratory epithelial cell cytokine production in cystic fibrosis.

Abstract Background: Reports that lung inflammation in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) might precede infection raise the possibility that the excessive inflammatory response in lungs of patients with CF might be directly related to defects in epithelial cell cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator. Objective: We sought to determine the relationship of epithelial cell cytokine production to CF lung disease. Methods: Immunofluorescence and cultures of freshly obtained bronchial epithelial cells and ELISA for IL-10, IL-8, and IL-6 were used to study alterations in epithelial cell cytokine production. Results: Fresh bronchial epithelial cells from healthy control subjects (HCs) secreted 98 ± 20 pg/mL of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 when placed in primary culture in vitro but little or no IL-8 or IL-6. In contrast, fresh epithelial cells from patients with CF did not secrete detectable IL-10 but produced 38 ± 17 pg/mL IL-8 and 40 ± 17 pg/mL IL-6. These data correlated very well with the immunofluorescence data. The correlation between the immunofluorescent staining of fresh bronchial epithelial cells from both the HCs and patients with CF and the concentrations of cytokines in epithelial lining fluid suggests a reciprocal relationship between anti-inflammatory (IL-10) and proinflammatory (IL-6 and IL-8) cytokine production by the epithelial cells in HCs versus patients with CF. Conclusions: Alterations in epithelial cell cytokine production in the lungs of patients with CF may contribute to the excessive local inflammation. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:72-8.)
The effects of humor-induced arousal upon aggressive behavior

Abstract The present experiment attempted to reconcile previous results in the area of humor and aggression. It was hypothesized that humor serves two functions, arousal and attentional shift, with regard to its influence on the relation of prior anger arousal and aggression. As a test of this assumption, subjects in the present experiment were subjected to three forms of humor (high arousing, low arousing, nonhumor) after being angered or treated in a neutral manner by a confederate. In an analysis on subsequent aggression toward the confederate, it was found that female subjects reduced their aggression after exposure to low arousing humor while maintaining aggression at a high level for high arousing stimuli. Male subjects were not influenced by humor exposure. Possible reasons for this sex difference are examined in light of the arousal and attentional shift properties of humorous stimuli.
TRAF2: A Double-Edged Sword?

Ubiquitination is best known for its role in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome, but evidence of the nonproteolytic functions of ubiquitin is also rapidly accumulating. One example of the regulatory, rather than proteolytic, function of ubiquitin is provided by study of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor (TRAF) proteins, which function as ubiquitin ligases to synthesize lysine 63 (K(63))-linked polyubiquitin chains to mediate protein kinase activation through a proteasome-independent mechanism. Some TRAF proteins, such as TRAF2 and TRAF3, have recently been shown to have a positive role in the canonical pathway that activates nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) through IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta), but a negative role in the noncanonical pathway that activates NF-kappaB through IKKalpha. These opposing roles of TRAF proteins may be linked to their ability to synthesize distinct forms of polyubiquitin chains. Indeed, the TRAF2-interacting protein RIP can mediate IKK activation when it is modified by K(63) polyubiquitin chains, but is targeted to degradation by the proteasome when it is K(48)-polyubiquitinted by the NF-kappaB inhibitor A20. Thus, ubiquitin chains are dynamic switches that can influence signaling outputs in dramatically different ways.
Insults and face work in the Bible

Insults play a key role in social interaction in the agonistic culture of the Middle East. This article constructs a social scientific model of social interaction regarding face work and insults and then filters the Gospel of Matthew through that model to highlight the prevalence of insult in the biblical world .
Bounds on K l 3 Decay Parameters

Bounds on the coefficients of the linear and quadratic terms in the scalar and vector form factors for ${K}_{l3}$ decay are obtained in the framework of chiral $\mathrm{SU}(3)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}(3)$ breaking.
Boghossian, Bellarmine, and Bayes

Boghossian suggests two sources for the continuing appeal of this view. The first is a postcolonial unwillingness to criticize cultures as inferior. Here, he notes, Equal Validity is a two-edged sword: "for if the powerful can't criticize the oppressed, because the central epistemological categories are inexorably tied to particular perspectives, it also follows that the oppressed can't criticize the powerful" (130). But in addition to its political appeal, Boghossian observes, Equal Validity has a philosophical appeal?an appeal he aims to show is merely skin-deep. Boghossian concedes that if one thinks hard about fundamental epistemic disagreements?in which two parties draw incompatible conclusions from the same evidence because they accept different justificatory frameworks?Equal Validity can seem a natural and even inevitable conclusion. In such disputes, neither party can justify his own framework without presupposing its correctness. So, if there is a fact of the matter as to which framework is correct, it is hard to see how either party could know it. Faced with an unpalatable choice between skepticism, on the one hand, and the chauvinism of assuming that our own framework is correct just
A two year randomized exercise trial in older women: effects on HDL-cholesterol☆

Most of the research on the level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and physical activity (PA) has been cross-sectional and thus self-selection of the exercisers may occur. In the current research, 229 white postmenopausal women, mean age 57.7 years, were randomized into either a walking or a control group. Of these 229 women, 204 women had blood samples available for lipid determinations. PA was measured subjectively by the Paffenbarger Survey and objectively with activity monitors. At baseline, there were no differences in PA, total HDL-C (HDL-TC), HDL-2C or HDL-3C between the two randomized groups. After two years, the PA of the walking group was significantly higher than the PA of the control group. This increase in PA was not accompanied by changes in any of the lipids or lipoproteins. Examination of the lipid changes in the walking group by compliance status and actual activity changes revealed little difference between groups. These results suggest that it is possible to increase physical activity in older women. However, the long-term effects of the increased activity on HDL-C were not apparent despite an observed strong cross-sectional relationship between PA and HDL-C.
Crystal structure determination and strain analysis of cobalt(III) and copper(II)complexes of hexadentate and tetradentate ligands containing pyridyl arms

Abstract Crystal structures of the novel complexes [Co- (edampda)] BF 4 ·H 2 O (edampda is N,N′ -bis(2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine- N,N ′diacetate) (triclinic, P 1 , a =7.893(3), b =11.415(5), c =12.421(5) A, α=110.42(3)°, β=96.44(3)°, γ=92.10(3)°, V = 1038.8(6), Z =2, D calc =1.61, R =0.039 for 3481 observed reflections) and [Cu( uns -Hpenp)Cl 2 ]ClO 4 ( uns -Hpenp is N,N -bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-l-amino- ethylammonium) (orthorhombic, Pcam , a = 15.220(2), b =7.946(4), c =14.953(5) A, V = 1808.4(8), Z =4, D calc =1.75, R =0.051 for 1459 observed reflections) have been determined. Also, crystal structures of the complexes [Co(tpen)]- (ClO 4 ) 3 (tpen is N,N,N′,N′ -tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)- ethylenediamine) (monoclinic, P 2 1 / c , a =9.748(6), b =18.27(1), c =19.98(1) A, β=115.95(4)°, V = 3199(3), Z =4, D calc =1.62, R =0.101 for 2767 observed reflections), [Co(tppn)](ClO 4 ) 3 (tppn is N,N,N′,N′ -tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)- 1,2-propanediamine) (orthorhombic, P2 1 2 1 2 1 , a =9.849(4), b = 18.49(1), c =18.708(8) A, V =3406(2), Z =4, D calc =1.55, R =0.067 for 2804 observed reflections), and tppn (triclinic, P 1 , a =6.258(3), b = 9.570(4), c =10.629(5) A, α=77.85(4)°, β= 88.82(3)°, γ=74.22(3)°, V =598.3(5), Z =1, D calc =1.22, R =0.049 for 1548 observed reflections) have been determined. The degree of strain in the chelate rings of the cobalt and copper complexes is analyzed via ring angle sum deviations from ideal ring angle sums. The degree of strain in these complexes is compared to the smaller degree of strain in the structurally analogous complexes of [Co(edta)]−, [Co(penten)] 3+ and [Co(l-mepenten)] 3+ (edta is ethylenediamine- N,N,N′,N′ -tetraacetate; penten is N,N,N′,N′ -tetrakis(2-aminoethyl)ethylenediamine; mepenten is N,N,N′,N′ tetrakis(2-aminoethyl) -1,2-diaminopropane). The bond angles of the polypyridyl edampda, tpen and tppn complexes show large ligand-cobalt-ligand (LCoL) angles opposite to, and in the plane of, the ethylenediamine ring and systematically acute LCoL angles in some octahedral faces. The absolute configuration of (−) 589 -[Co(tppn)](ClO 4 )s is identified as ΔΛΔ by analysis of Friedel pairs collected with Cu Kα radiation, and this absolute configuration is correlated to negative Cotton effects for three transitions observed in the circular dichroism spectrum. Finally, the crystal structure of [Cu( uns -Hpenp)Cl 2 ]ClO 4 unambiguously confirms the synthesis of the novel ligand, uns -penp ( uns -penp is N,N -bis(2-pyridyl- methyl)ethylenediamine).
3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine inhibits basal μ-opioid receptor phosphorylation and reverses acute morphine tolerance and dependence in mice

Abstract Phosphorylation of the μ-opioid receptor may play a role in opioid tolerance and dependence. 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) was found to inhibit basal μ-opioid receptor phosphorylation (IC 50 ≤10 μM) either upon acute treatment or after 8 h pre-treatment in HEK293 cells transfected with the μ-opioid receptor. In mice made acutely tolerant to and dependent on morphine, IBMX (30–100 nmol, i.c.v.) significantly attenuated the naloxone-induced withdrawal jumping and partially reversed morphine antinociceptive tolerance. IBMX also blocked changes to μ-opioid receptor signaling associated with chronic morphine treatment, specifically, the inverse agonist effect elicited by naloxone, in which naloxone paradoxically elevated the cAMP levels in cells previously exposed to morphine for ≥12 h. These results suggest a new effect of IBMX in inhibiting basal μ-opioid receptor phosphorylation, and provide additional evidence for the involvement of receptor phosphorylation in the development of opioid tolerance and dependence.
Estimating glomerular number in situ using magnetic resonance imaging and biopsy

Estimating glomerular number in situ using magnetic resonance imaging and biopsy. In the past researchers have used an estimate of one million as the number of glomeruli in each human kidney. However, recent work on excised kidneys has demonstrated a large variation in glomerular number from one person to another (330,000 to 1,400,000) per kidney. Theoretically an in situ estimate of glomerular number could be obtained if renal cortical volume, volume density of glomeruli per cortex [Vv(glom/cortex)] and mean glomerular volume are known. We used a dog model to demonstrate that an accurate estimate of cortical volume could be obtained in situ using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Vv(glom/cortex) and mean glomerular volume were obtained from needle biopsies. An independent and more direct method (the fractionator) was used to validate the estimate of glomerular number obtained using MRI and renal biopsy. On average there was very good agreement between the fractionator method (379,000 ± 40,000) and the MRI/renal biopsy method (376,000 ± 108,000) for the 10 dog kidneys measured; however we found up to a 36% difference between the two methods in an individual kidney. Nonetheless, the estimate from the MRI/renal biopsy method has more precision than the assumption that there are one million glomeruli per human kidney.
Hedgehog signaling regulates the amount of hypaxial muscle development during Xenopus myogenesis

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is proposed to have different roles on differentiation of hypaxial myoblasts of amniotes. Within the somitic environment, Hh signals restrict hypaxial development and promote epaxial muscle formation. On the other hand, in the limb bud, Hh signaling represses hypaxial myoblast differentiation. This poses the question of whether differences in response to Hh signaling are due to variations in local environment or are intrinsic differences between pre- and post-migratory hypaxial myoblasts. We have approached this question by examining the role of Hh signaling on myoblast development in Xenopus laevis, which, due to its unique mode of hypaxial muscle development, allows us to examine myoblast development in vivo in the absence of the limb environment. Cyclopamine and sonic hedgehog (shh) mRNA overexpression were used to inhibit or activate the Hh pathway, respectively. We find that hypaxial myoblasts respond similarly to Hh manipulations regardless of their location, and that this response is the same for epaxial myoblasts. Overexpression of shh mRNA causes a premature differentiation of the dermomyotome, subsequently inhibiting all further growth of the epaxial and hypaxial myotome. Cyclopamine treatment has the opposite effect, causing an increase in dermomyotome and a shift in myoblast fate from epaxial to hypaxial, eventually leading to an excess of hypaxial body wall muscle. Cyclopamine treatment before stage 20 can rescue the effects of shh overexpression, indicating that early Hh signaling plays an essential role in maintaining the balance between epaxial and hypaxial muscle mass. After stage 20, the premature differentiation of the dermomyotome caused by shh overexpression cannot be rescued by cyclopamine, and no further embryonic muscle growth occurs.
Measuring surface-layer fluxes of heat and momentum using optical scintillation

An experiment is described showing that an optical scintillation instrument gives reliable values of heat and momentum fluxes in the surface layer, subject to the usual restrictions of homogeneity and steady state. This instrument measures the turbulence inner scale and refractive-index structure parameter, which are used to obtain the fluxes from Monin-Obukhov similarity relationships. The instrument gives space-averaged values over a propagation path that can range in length from tens to hundreds of meters. The history of the use of optical propagation to estimate fluxes is reviewed.
Noradrenergic input to nociceptive modulatory neurons in the rat rostral ventromedial medulla.

Within the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), there are two classes of putative pain modulation neurons: ON cells and OFF cells, which respectively burst or pause prior to withdrawal reflexes elicited by noxious stimulation. Alpha-adrenergic agonists injected into the RVM produce changes in the latency of spinal nocifensive reflexes and, when iontophoretically applied, alter the firing of RVM ON but not OFF cells. To provide further information about the contribution of norepinephrine to RVM neuron function, we analyzed the distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-ir) appositions upon RVM ON and OFF cells. In the lightly anesthetized rat, seven ON and five OFF cells were identified by changes in their discharge rate in relation to nociceptive withdrawal reflexes and were labeled by intracellular injection of neurobiotin. Sections containing labeled cells were visualized by using avidin conjugated to a Texas Red fluorophore. Tissue with labeled cells was subsequently processed for TH-ir by using a Bodipy fluorophore conjugated secondary antibody. The distribution of the Bodipy-labeled fibers and terminals upon the Texas Red-labeled neurons was mapped using a confocal laser-scanning microscope. All the labeled neurons exhibited close TH-ir appositions. Appositions were of two types: swellings and fibers. Although the numbers and density of appositions varied among the cells, there were no consistent differences that correlated with physiological properties. Thus the overall density of appositions for ON cells (29.0 ± 22.2 × 104 μm2) did not differ significantly from that for OFF cells (25.4 ± 22.2 × 104 μm2). Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-ir) appositions upon ON and OFF cells varied with their location along the dorso-ventral axis with more ventral neurons having a greater density of TH-ir swelling-type appositions. In a separate study, TH-ir and dopamine-β-hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity (DBH-ir) were mapped in the same sections by using confocal microscopy. Nearly 97% of the TH-ir profiles co-localized with DBH-ir. These observations provide evidence that both ON and OFF cells in the RVM are targeted by noradrenergic inputs. J. Comp. Neurol. 377:381–391, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Persisting in the Introductory Economics Course: An Exploration of Gender Differences

In a logistic regression model, males are more likely than females to enroll in a second economics course. The grade in the first course, however, is shown to be a more important predictor of persistence for females.