cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IFAD RESEARCH SERIES 52 Information and communication technologies and rural youth

Despite the importance of rural youth for productivity, growth and development in lower- and middleincome countries, these populations have some of the highest rates of unemployment in the world. Rural youth face particular constraints in terms of labour market participation, including smaller social networks, low literacy rates, less work experience and limited access to capital (Robalino et al, 2013). Youth employment programmes have the potential to address these constraints, but they are often characterized by low enrolment, high dropout and uncertain returns. While the growth of digital technology offers new opportunities to address some of the issues associated with youth employment, research on their impacts is limited and results are mixed. We review existing research on the impact of digital initiatives on youth in the education, agriculture, financial and employment sectors, before proposing several ways forward for using digital technology to improve the impact of these programmes.
The Effect of Player Contact Characteristics on Head Impact Exposure in Youth Football Games

To reduce head impact exposure (HIE) in youth football, further understanding of the context in which head impacts occur and the associated biomechanics is needed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of contact characteristics on HIE during player versus player contact scenarios in youth football. Head impact data and time-synchronized video were collected from 4 youth football games over 2 seasons in which opposing teams were instrumented with the Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) System. Coded contact characteristics included the player's role in the contact, player speed and body position, contact height, type, and direction, and head contact surface. Head accelerations were compared among the contact characteristics using mixed-effects models. Among 72 instrumented athletes, 446 contact scenarios (n = 557 impacts) with visible opposing instrumented players were identified. When at least one player had a recorded impact, players who were struck tended to have higher rotational acceleration than players in striking positions. When both players had a recorded impact, lighter players and taller players experienced higher mean head accelerations compared with heavier players and shorter players. Understanding the factors influencing HIE during contact events in football may help inform methods to reduce head injury risk.
Performing under Pressure: Invasive Hemodynamics to Diagnose and Guide Treatment of LVAD Outflow Graft Stenosis

Introduction Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) outflow graft obstruction (OGO) is difficult to diagnose. We describe 4 consecutive cases of OGO diagnosed with invasive hemodynamics in the cardiac catheterization lab. Case Report Patients 1 (66 male, ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM), HeartMate II), 2 (38 male, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM), HeartMate 3), 3 (20 female, NICM, HVAD), and 4 (66 male, ICM, HeartMate 3) were included. Patients 1, 2, and 4 were admitted with decompensated heart failure. Patient 3 was admitted with stroke-like symptoms. All 4 had concern for LVAD pump malfunction, and Patient 3 initially received catheter-directed thrombolytics via the left ventricle due to initial concern for pump thrombosis. Initial hemodynamics in Patients 1, 2, and 4 showed elevated biventricular filling pressures with low cardiac output. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) in Patients 1, 3, and 4 indicated OGO via kinking, stenosis, and thrombus, respectively. CTA was deferred in Patient 2 due to acute kidney injury. All 4 patients underwent invasive hemodynamic testing for initial, or confirmatory, diagnosis of OGO. Gradients from the proximal to distal outflow graft were measured as 30, 80, 40, and 9 mmHg in patients 1-4, respectively. Next, percutaneous versus surgical treatment was determined by a multi-disciplinary team. Patients 1 and 3 underwent successful deployment of a Viabahn stent, 8 × 79 mm and 9 × 59 mm, respectively, in the outflow graft with post-procedural gradients of 0 mmHg. Patients 2 and 4 underwent surgical correction. Patient 2 was found to have an outflow graft twist 3 cm from the connection and was untwisted with a 120 degree turn. Patient 4 was found to have compression of the outflow graft 6 cm from the connection, resolved with removal of yellow fibrin materials covering around the graft. Summary Invasive hemodynamics can be used to diagnose, and guide treatment of suspected LVAD OGO. There were no significant clinical events on 3-7 months follow-up post-procedure.
The COVID-19 pandemic and weight management: Effective behaviors and pandemic-specific risk factors.

Abstract Background Obesity and comorbid conditions are associated with worse outcomes related to COVID-19. Moreover, social distancing adherence during the COVID-19 pandemic may predict weight gain due to decreased physical activity, increased emotional eating, and social isolation. While early studies suggest that many individuals struggled with weight management during the pandemic, less is known about healthy eating and weight control behaviors among those enrolled in weight loss programs. Methods The present study evaluated weight management efforts among weight loss program participants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants’ (N = 55, 90.9% female, 36% white, Mage = 49.8) demographics and body mass index were collected two months prior to the COVID-19 statewide shutdown. During the lockdown, an online survey assessed health behaviors, coping, COVID-19 experiences (e.g., social distancing, loneliness), and weight gain. Logistic regressions examined demographics, health behaviors, and COVID-19 factors as predictors of weight gain. Results Most participants (58%) reported gaining weight during COVID-19. Weight gain was predicted by challenges with the following health behaviors: physical activity, monitoring food intake, choosing healthy foods, and emotional eating. Loneliness and working remotely significantly related to emotional eating, physical activity, and choosing healthy foods. Conclusions Loneliness and working remotely increased the difficulty of weight management behaviors during COVID-19 among weight loss program participants. However, staying active, planning and tracking food consumption, choosing healthy foods, and reducing emotional eating protected against weight gain. Thus, these factors may be key areas for weight management efforts during the pandemic.
A 256-Element Dual-Beam Polarization-Agile SATCOM Ku -Band Phased-Array With 5-dB/K G/T

This article presents a $16\times 16$ dual-polarized $Ku$ -band (10.7–12.7 GHz) satellite communications (SATCOM) phased-array receiver with simultaneous dual-beam reception capability. The array incorporates 64 16-channel beamformer chips and 256 dual-polarized antennas. A dual-channel low noise amplifier (LNA) is employed on every antenna to lower the system noise figure (NF) and increase the antenna gain-to-noise temperature (G/T). The phased-array is built on a low-cost printed circuit board (PCB), with an antenna spacing of $\lambda $ /2 at 12.2 GHz in an equilateral triangular grid to result in ±70° scan volume, and is capable of receiving two concurrent data-streams with a distinct direction of arrival (DOA) since it employs two 64:1 Wilkinson combiner networks. A transmit band (14–14.5 GHz) filter is also implemented between the LNA and the beamformer chip. The 256-element array has a directivity of 28 dB at mid-band with a G/T of 5 dB/K ( $T_{\mathrm{ ant}}=20$ K), which results in a G/T of 11 dB/K for a 1024-element array. This array is a feasible solution for make-before-break connections and for multi-satellite reception systems, such as simultaneous television (TV) reception and connectivity.
The Association of Prior Intensive Lifestyle Intervention and Diabetes Support and Education with Frailty Prevalence at Long-Term Follow-up in the Action for Health in Diabetes Extension Study.

BACKGROUND Frailty is common in older adults with obesity and diabetes. We compared prevalence of the frailty phenotype between intervention groups in long-term follow-up of Look AHEAD, a randomized trial comparing a multidomain intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) that promoted weight loss and physical activity with a diabetes support and education (DSE) control group in adults with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity. METHODS Participants included 2,979 individuals randomized to ILI or DSE in 2001-04 who completed frailty assessment in Look AHEAD - Extension Wave 1 (2016-2018) at average age of 72.1 ± 6.2 years. Frailty was assessed using a modified frailty phenotype (excluding weight loss) defined as the presence of 3 or more of: weakness, slow gait speed, low physical activity, and exhaustion. Frailty odds by intervention assignment (DSE vs. ILI) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for sex, clinic site, and time since randomization. RESULTS At median follow-up of 14.0 years [IQR: 13.8-14.1], frailty prevalence was 10.9% in ILI compared with 11.6% in DSE (odds ratio for frailty in ILI vs. DSE =0.94, 95% confidence interval = 0.75-1.18, P =0.60). Frailty was more prevalent in participants who were older, female, non-white, of lower socioeconomic status, and at baseline had a higher BMI and waist circumference, longer duration of diabetes, history of CVD, and metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Prior randomization to ILI compared with DSE was not associated with a lower prevalence of frailty after a median follow-up of 14.0 years in adults with diabetes and overweight or obesity.
Comparison of Press Fit Versus Peripherally Cemented Hybrid Glenoid Components in Anatomic Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: Minimum 5-year Follow-up

Abstract Background A common complication of anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA) is aseptic glenoid loosening. Monoblock polyethylene glenoid components with backside ingrowth or on-growth utilize hybrid fixation, with cementation of the peripheral pegs and central ingrowth or on-growth of bone have been designed to decrease glenoid loosening. However, there is a paucity of mid-term data comparing cementation of the peripheral peg holes versus all press-fit implantation for hybrid glenoid constructs. The purpose of this study is to compare the minimum five year clinical and radiographic outcomes of a press fit hybrid glenoid component to a peripherally cemented hybrid glenoid component in aTSA. Methods Between years 2013-2015, we reviewed a total of 169 primary aTSA patients, with follow-up data spanning a minimum of five years, from an international multi-institutional database. There were 61 press-fit and 108 peripherally cemented glenoids. Shoulders were evaluated for outcome measures, which included clinical outcome scores, radiographic outcomes, and complication rates. Results Postoperatively, there were no statistically significant differences in patient satisfaction, shoulder function, pain scoring, the Simple Shoulder Test, the Constant score, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, the University of California–Los Angeles score, nor the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, between the two cohorts. There were no significant differences in adverse events (p=0.791) or revision rates (p=0.592). At final radiographic follow-up there were no significant differences between the two groups with regards to the incidence of radiolucent lines on the glenoid (p=0.210) or humeral side (p=0.282). Conclusion At a minimum of 5-year follow-up, aTSA with a press fit glenoid implant demonstrates no difference in clinical or radiographic outcomes when compared to a glenoid cohort where the peripheral pegs are cemented. Additionally, there is no increased rate of aseptic glenoid loosening or need for revision surgery between the two groups with a lower rate of radiolucency detected compared to prior mid-term data studies. Uncemented press fit glenoid fixation with a cage component appears to be a safe and effective treatment option for patients undergoing primary aTSA at a minimum of 5-year follow-up.
The Challenges of Limiting Exposure to THS in Vulnerable Populations.

Research on active smoking and secondhand smoke exposure has led to policy changes to protect individuals from the adverse health impacts of tobacco smoke. Despite the extensive literature on tobacco, only recently has there been recognition that long-lived tobacco smoke components (known as “thirdhand smoke” or THS) in indoor environments where smoking has taken place may have adverse health consequences. This paper describes THS and addresses the challenges of limiting exposure to THS in vulnerable populations (e.g., nonsmokers and young children). We conducted a limited survey of key stakeholders in the Los Angeles area to better understand approaches to address THS in the real estate and automobile industries. Most respondents indicated concerns about past smoking for property value and reported using various techniques to eliminate THS. We consider examples of other pollutants as case studies, including radon, asbestos, and lead, to help frame policy directions for THS. Based on the information collected from stakeholders and the case studies, we offer policy approaches to managing THS.
Determination of pion intranuclear rescattering rates in nu micro-Ne versus nu micro-D interactions for the atmospheric nu flux.

Intranuclear rescattering rates are determined for low energy pions created within neon nuclei by muon neutrinos with energies between 0.4 and 6.0 GeV. Specifically, charged current ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$-neon and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$-deuteron interactions from two accelerator bubble chamber experiments are ${E}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ weighted to match the shape of the atmospheric neutrino spectrum. The relative populations of final states within the weighted event samples imply rates for pion absorption and pion charge exchange, which expressed as probabilities per final state pion, are 0.22\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 and 0.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08, respectively. Inclusive ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ momenta and production angle distributions from neon are found to be similar to those from deuteron targets; sizable kinematic distortions attributable to inelastic rescattering are absent. However, the fraction of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+} ({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ momenta in neon which are less than 300 MeV/c and backward in the laboratory system slightly exceeds the deuteron fraction, by 0.03\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 (0.11\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10). Our measurements indicate the extent to which pion intranuclear rescattering may distort final states resulting from atmospheric neutrino reactions or from nucleon decays in nuclei having mass number near $A=20$.
Dilatometer Technique for Hot‐Isostatic Pressing

On presente une technique dilatometrique permettant d'obtenir plus de donnees que les methodes conventionnelles a partir de chaque essai de pressage isostatique chaud
Individual and Institutional Contributors to the Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics: 1988–1999

This article identifies the individuals and institutions contributing the research published in the Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics during its first 12 years. Consistent with the trend in many fields, coauthorship has increased during the period. The top individual contributors vary across six-year periods as well as whether measured by appearances or pages. The concentration of publications by the top individuals has decreased over time. Unlike individuals, the top institutions are not sensitive to whether measured by appearances or pages or to whether measured using contemporaneous or current faculty affiliations. The breadth of the journal appears to be growing; contributions by universities outside the United States and by private firms and organizations have risen during the 12 years.
Virtual resources for technical communicators: two studies of writing and reading on the Internet

During the fall, 1993, the Internet was the focus of 170 articles (R. Wright, 1993), yet few technical communicators have documented how an environment that attracts over 6000 new users per month will affect their profession. The paper describes data collected from 39 technical communicators who use the Internet and discusses its effect on their productivity as professionals. In addition, we introduce the development of online multi-user domains (MUDs) where students, professionals, and educators can interact and collaborate in real-time. >
The formation, regression, and differential diagnosis of true infarcts of the placenta.

Abstract In a series of 562 entire placentas, and other specimens of gravid uteri and contents, together with material from autopsies in cases of maternal and fetal deaths, the formation, regression, and differential diagnosis of true infarcts of the placenta were studied. Diagnostic criteria were established which are comparable to those commonly used in general pathology. Accurate diagnosis, often by means of microscopic sections, is a necessity in the determination of the etiology and clinical significance of nodular placental lesions.
Signaling to the microtubule cytoskeleton: An unconventional role for CaMKII

Synaptic plasticity is a hallmark of the nervous system and is thought to be integral to higher brain functions such as learning and memory. Calcium, acting as a second messenger, and the calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase CaMKII are key regulators of neuronal plasticity. Given the importance of the actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton in dendritic spine morphology, composition and plasticity, it is not surprising that many regulators of these cytoskeletal elements are downstream of the CaMKII pathway. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of calcium and CaMKII in the regulation of MTs and cargo unloading during synaptic plasticity.
Informational context as a determinant of what can be learned

Abstract The thesis put forth is that the question of ‘what is learned’ does not fall into the category of scientifically specious problems as Kendlep asserted earlier (1952). Rather, it can be properly addressed if the question is given a unique operational meaning, i.e., by being placed in a proper paradigm to elicit explicit answers. Two experiments in a novel, free-field paradigm are presented to illustrate the argument. Discussion centers on a need for a change in focus in the area of learning from what the organism learns (i.e., response learning or specific connectionism) to how the organism manages to achieve a performance capability. An informational view is put forth to analyze the organism's environment in terms of information available, information assimilated and information used to solve the problem of the moment. The free-field paradigm is proposed as but one of many yet untapped paradigms for studying the problem further.
Chapter 2; Cardiac Conditions

SUMMARY Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the US. The growth of the older population in coming decades will inevitably increase the incidence of age-related cardiac disease. Increasing evidence has shown the prevalence of co-morbid mental health conditions in CVD patients. Specifically, depression and anxiety have been linked with CVD mortality. Due to the risk of psychosocial conditions with cardiac patients, mental health practitioners in health and gerontology need to be well-informed about CVD-related mental health co-morbidity and current research developments. Accordingly, this article provides a systematic review of the clinical evidence about the efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and any potential risk of psychosocial intervention with cardiac patients.
Benchmarking the performance of department stores within an income elasticity of demand perspective

Purpose – The purposes of this study are twofold: first, the authors attempt to confirm the effect of the income elasticity of demand in the retail industry by investigating the performance of department stores; second, the authors measure and benchmark the performance of individual department stores in order to develop strategic insights. Design/methodology/approach – The authors employ data envelopment analysis for measuring and benchmarking the relative performance of department stores by using pertinent variables collected over a five-year period – 2006-2010. Findings – The results confirmed that the luxury department stores were more sensitive to an economic cycle, and all department stores in this study demonstrated higher performance in recent years, except for one discount department store that showed consistently deteriorating performance over the observation period. Research limitations/implications – The limitations of this study include the use of financial data from companies' annual reports,...
Some further observations on the stimulation by monensin of the sodium efflux in barnacle muscle fibers.

Abstract Internal application of 20 μg/ml monensin causes a large rise in the Na efflux into Na-free Li-substituted artificial sea water (ASW). A comparable effect is observed in fibers pretreated with ouabain. External acidification fails to significantly augment the response to monensin of the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux into Li-ASW. Fibers cooled to 0°C fail to respond to monensin, when the pH of Li-ASW is adjusted from 7.8 to 6.0. These results are in keeping with the view that the ion exchange induced by momensin does not necessarily involve Na for Na. The cooling experiments establish that momensin can be stopped from acting when the environmental temperature is 0°C, presumably as the result of membrane conformational changes.
Resuscitation Strategies in Trauma

The Prospective, Observational, Multicenter, Major Trauma Transfusion (PROMMTT) Study: Comparative Effectiveness of a Time-Varying Treatment With Competing RisksJohn B. Holcomb, MD; Deborah J. del Junco, PhD; Erin E. Fox, PhD; Charles E. Wade, PhD; Mitchell J. Cohen, MD; Martin A. Schreiber, MD; Louis H. Alarcon, MD; Yu Bai, MD, PhD; Karen J. Brasel, MD, MPH; Eileen M. Bulger, MD; Bryan A. Cotton, MD, MPH; Nena Matijevic, PhD; Peter Muskat, MD; John G. Myers, MD; Herb A. Phelan, MD, MSCS; Christopher E. White, MD; Jiajie Zhang, PhD; Mohammad H. Rahbar, PhD; for the PROMMTT Study GroupObjective: To relate in-hospital mortality to early transfusion of plasma and/or platelets and to time-varying plasma:red blood cell (RBC) and platelet:RBC ratios.Design: Prospective cohort study documenting the timing of transfusions during active resuscitation and patient outcomes. Data were analyzed using time-dependent proportional hazards models.Setting: Ten US level I trauma centers.Patients: Adult trauma patients surviving for 30 minutes after admission who received a transfusion of at least 1 unit of RBCs within 6 hours of admission (n = 1245, the original study group) and at least 3 total units (of RBCs, plasma, or platelets) within 24 hours (n = 905, the analysis group).Main Outcome Measure: In-hospital mortality.Results: Plasma:RBC and platelet:RBC ratios were not constant during the first 24 hours (P < .001 for both). In a multivariable time-dependent Cox model, increased ratios of plasma:RBCs (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.16-0.58) and platelets:RBCs (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.31-0.98) were independently associated with decreased 6-hour mortality, when hemorrhagic death predominated. In the first 6 hours, patients with ratios less than 1:2 were 3 to 4 times more likely to die than patients with ratios of 1:1 or higher. After 24 hours, plasma and platelet ratios were unassociated with mortality, when competing risks from nonhemorrhagic causes prevailed.Conclusions: Higher plasma and platelet ratios early in resuscitation were associated with decreased mortality in patients who received transfusions of at least 3 units of blood products during the first 24 hours after admission. Among survivors at 24 hours, the subsequent risk of death by day 30 was not associated with plasma or platelet ratios.JAMA Surg. 2013; 148(2):127-136.doi:10.1001/2013.jamasurg.387
A MALARIA VACCINE BASED ON A SPOROZOITE ANTIGEN

Malaria was eliminated from many temperate-zone countries in the 1940s, and in the next decade its prevalence was drastically reduced in several tropical countries. However, in recent years, this infection has undergone a resurgence in most tropical regions. Currently, malaria occurs in over 90 countries, and according to World Health Organization estimates, it causes up to 500 million clinical cases and 2.7 million deaths per year. Plasmodium falciparum is the most prevalent of the four malaria parasites of humans and causes most of the severe and lethal infections affecting young children and nonimmune adults. The P. vivax species also causes . . .
Case Report Long-Term Survival in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome: Case Report and Literature Review

The case reported concerns a 29-year-old man who was seen because of clinical and laboratory features consistent with Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome. While an infant he underwent splenectomy for thrombocytopenia. Evaluation revealed small platelets, abnormal immunoglobulin levels, impaired delayed hypersensitivity, and mildly reduced neutrophil chemotaxis. His response to vaccination with polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine was subnormal. Possible factors accounting for his long-term survival are discussed.
Long-term moderate alcohol consumption does not exacerbate age-related cognitive decline in healthy, community-dwelling older adults.

Recent census data has found that roughly 40% of adults 65 years and older not only consume alcohol but also drink more of it than previous generations. Older drinkers are more vulnerable than younger counterparts to the psychoactive effects of alcohol due to natural biological changes that occur with aging. This study was specifically designed to measure the effect of long-term moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive health in older adult drinkers. An extensive battery of validated tests commonly used in aging and substance use literature was used to measure performance in specific cognitive domains, including working memory and attention. An age (young, old) * alcohol consumption (light, moderate) factorial study design was used to evaluate the main effects of age and alcohol consumption on cognitive performance. The focus of the study was then limited to light and moderate older drinkers, and whether or not long–term moderate alcohol consumption exacerbated age-related cognitive decline. No evidence was found to support the idea that long-term moderate alcohol consumption in older adults exacerbates age-related cognitive decline. Findings were specific to healthy community dwelling social drinkers in older age and they should not be generalized to individuals with other consumption patterns, like heavy drinkers, binge drinkers or ex-drinkers.
Failure of the constrained equilibrium hypothesis in nucleation

The purpose of this investigation is to find whether solutions of the Becker–Doring–Tunitskii coupled differential equations can yield results closely paralleling those found in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of freezing. What is investigated, in particular, is the validity of the constrained equilibrium hypothesis (CEH). It is shown that the MD results cannot be reproduced unless the CEH is violated. A physically plausible reason for the violation is proposed. In addition, methods for determining the size of critical nuclei are examined. It is found that a new criterion for identifying that size, a criterion incorporating the CEH, can be significantly in error. Methods for avoiding the use of the CEH are briefly discussed.
Thinned-skull cortical window technique for in vivo optical coherence tomography imaging.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a biomedical imaging technique with high spatial-temporal resolution. With its minimally invasive approach OCT has been used extensively in ophthalmology, dermatology, and gastroenterology1-3. Using a thinned-skull cortical window (TSCW), we employ spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) modality as a tool to image the cortex in vivo. Commonly, an opened-skull has been used for neuro-imaging as it provides more versatility, however, a TSCW approach is less invasive and is an effective mean for long term imaging in neuropathology studies. Here, we present a method of creating a TSCW in a mouse model for in vivo OCT imaging of the cerebral cortex.
An analysis of interlaminar stresses in active constrained layer damping treatments

This paper presents an analysis of the interlaminar stresses in active constrained layer (ACL) damping treatments. The primary objective of this study is to provide in-depth understanding of the delamination of ACL damping treatment and, to establish guidelines to lower the risk of delamination without sacrificing performance. Two major issues are addressed in this investigation. First, the effects of feedback control schemes on interlaminar stresses are analyzed. The proportional (P) and the derivative (D) control laws are selected for comparison. It is found that for the system under consideration, for similar vibration reduction, the derivative control scheme introduces lower interlaminar stresses than proportional control. Also, the derivative control scheme has lower voltage requirements. Second, the ACL treatment is compared with the purely active configuration (without the viscoelastic layer). In addition to the damping performance and control effort requirement (which have been analyzed and compared by researchers in the past), the interlaminar stresses are now included in the comparison. It is shown that the ACL configuration could have significantly lower interlaminar stresses than the purely active configuration, for similar levels of vibration reduction. Hence, in applications where system durability is a concern, the ACL treatment should be preferred over purely active configuration because it has lower interlaminar stress as-well-as lower axial stresses in the piezoelectric cover sheet.
Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus in the Emergency Room

Summary: Purpose: The study reviewed emergent cases of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) to evaluate causes of diagnostic and management delay and examined frequent diagnostic features suggestive of NCSE. Methods: In a retrospective study, we assessed the clinical presentation of 23 patients with one or more NCSE episodes, their medical history, EEG, and antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment. We also evaluated causes of diagnostic delay in patients referred to the emergency room (ER) in confusional states. Results: There was considerable overlap in clinical features of patients with complex partial SE (CPSE) and generalized nonconvulsive SE (GNSE). Delays in seeking medical attention were common. Diagnosis was significantly delayed in 10 patients. Three cases illustrate the possible markedly different presentations of NCSE. Conclusions: NCSE often goes unrecognized or is mistaken for behavioral or psychiatric disturbance. The pleo-morphic clinical presentation of NCSE indicates that EEG and a therapeutic trial of AEDs afford the best diagnostic measures in acute waxing and waning confusional states associated with agitation, bizarre behavior, staring, increased tone, mutism, or subtle myoclonus.
A valence-fluctuation theory of cuprate superconductivity

Abstract The concepts and formalism of valence-fluctuation theory are applied to an Anderson lattice model of the CuO2 plane. Using a self-consistent variational treatment at the (1/N)1 level, for a finite-U lattice, we find adequate pairing attraction for realistic Hamiltonian parameters. Several unconventional features of the cuprate phenomenology are explained, including the extremely short coherence length, large resistivity, and strong gap anisotropy.
Design of Wireless Mesh Networks under the Additive Interference Model

Wireless mesh networks are emerging as the next important arena for multhiop wireless networking research. Due to several characteristics of these networks, they are amenable to network capacity and resource design in the same manner as more traditional wired networks, with the important difference that wireless interference must be accounted for in design. Studies have already appeared in the literature on such network design. In this paper, we consider this design problem. We mention previous formulations, which address the binary model of interference. We then consider the physical additive interference model, which is the physically more realistic one. So far in literature, the additive nature of interference has been ignored in this context for simplification. We show that existing techniques are not sufficient to address this case, and go on to present a new technique, utilizing blossom inequalities, which can find solutions to this problem. Numerical results show that our approach provides good results in practice.
Microwave irradiation in organophosphorus chemistry. III. Moderate scale synthesis of reagents for olefin formation

Representative phosphonates and phosphonium salts have been prepared on a moderate scale (25–50 g) using a domestic microwave oven. The reactions, conducted in sealed hydrogenation vessels, showed remarkable rate acceleration and excellent yields (>95%) employing this methodology.
Long-term correlates of child sexual abuse: Theory and review of the empirical literature

Since Browne and Finkelhor's (1986) seminal review of the impact of child sexual abuse, there has been a dramatic increase in the child sexual abuse literature. Because of this tremendous growth in the literature, a more current review is warranted. The focus of this paper is a review of the long-term correlates of child sexual abuse published since 1987. Sexually abused subjects report higher levels of general psychological distress and higher rates of both major psychological disorders and personality disorders than nonabused subjects. In addition, child sexual abuse survivors report higher rates of substance abuse, binge eating, somatization, and suicidal behaviors than nonabused subjects. Adult survivors of child sexual abuse report poorer social and interpersonal relationship functioning, greater sexual dissatisfaction, dysfunction and maladjustment including high-risk sexual behavior, and a greater tendency toward revictimization through adult sexual assault and physical partner violence. The long-term correlates of child sexual abuse are conceptualized within a theoretical framework based on a theory of emotional avoidance. Although more recent empirical findings have demonstrated improved designs and methodology, these studies continue to be limited in their generalizability. Recommendations for future research are discussed.
PATTERNS OF CHILD PSYCHIATRY--PROMISE OR FULFILLMENT?

If we were to examine the current problems of maintai ni ng th e mental health of child ren and th e pro blems of prevention and treatment of the emo tional disorders of children, we wou ld di scover a perplexing paradox. On the one hand, the interest in , concern for , and the acceptance of res ponsibili ty by our nation in achieving an environme nt conducive toward mental health for children has brought about changes in our society that sho uld have led to th e positive goal of a healthy child in a healthy community . On the other hand, the increased number of emotionally d isturbed children in our country and th e lack of available services seemingly belie the progress that presumably has been made. It is the intent of th is presentation to explore this parad ox with you, not for the purpose of suggesting apat formula, bu t for the purpose of posing the questions ra ised by this paradox and its implications for those of us in ch ild psychiatry. The steps we have ta ken as a nation during the last fifty years have indicated our positive belief : that th e welfare of our ch ildren must be heeded ; that a ch ild is not simply a miniature or jun ior cit izen, but a cit izen in need of protection, care, an d nurturance; tha t a ch ild ~ a dependent individual who needs an environment of emotional security in orde r eventually to arrive at independence and citizen responsib ility; that we must have services and suppor ts available to
Interactive Image Feature Compilation For Geographic Information Systems

Image processing techniques are described that assist an operator in delineating planimetric features in digital imagery. The techniques are simple, robust and highly efficient, allowing the processing to occur at interactive rates. The operator defines a general path for the feature, for example a road, by moving a cursor along the road. Simultaneously, the computer processes a moving window of pixel data along the direction defined by the operator and produces a centerline for the road. These data are converted into vector form and entered into line sets for subsequent GIS Processing or mapping applications. By combining manual and computer-assisted feature delineation, an efficient, less labor-intensive, more objective feature extraction approach results. An example application of this approach to road mapping in a rural area is presented.
Tensile forces for seismic design of braced frame connections — Experimental results

Abstract Experimental results from seventeen large scale tests on bracing members are presented within the context of tensile force demands on connections during seismic loading. The bracing members are subjected to three cyclic loading histories consistent with expected axial deformation demands during seismic loading in concentrically braced frames. The experiments feature commonly used cross-sections including HSS, Pipe and Wide-flanged beams. The test data suggests that the current approach of designing bracing connections based on the expected yield strength of the brace is somewhat unconservative, since it does not incorporate the effect of strain hardening. This trend is observed across all the cross-section types and loading histories. On average, the current approach underestimates the maximum forces transferred to connections by 9%–11%, depending on the level of deformation expected in the brace. To reduce this unconservatism, an alternate approach, based on the average of the expected yield and ultimate strength is proposed. This approach provides significantly improved estimates of the forces that may be transferred to bracing connections. Limitations of the study and future work are outlined.
HUMAN PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE GRAPHIC DISPLAY SYMBOLOGIES

Nonmilitary subjects learned each of two types of foreground symbol sets (conventional symbols and iconic symbols) and were then shown a series of computer displays containing various symbol configurations. Each subject was required to search for specified foreground symbols under the conditions of high and low density of symbols, restricted and nonrestricted search, and pictorial versus nonpictorial target-symbol presentation. Iconic symbols yielded faster search times than conventional symbols under the condition of nonrestricted search and under the condition of nonpictorial target symbol presentation. These results suggest that iconic symbols are both easier to locate and easier to recall from memory. In addition, regardless of the type of symbology, high-density display increased search times. It was concluded that a system that incorporates both iconic symbols and selective call-up on foreground information would likely result in optimal human performance on search-related tasks.
Survival after recurrence of osteosarcoma: a 20-year experience at a single institution.

Background Approximately one-third of patients with osteosarcoma who have a complete response to their initial treatment can be expected to relapse. It is important to define what host, tumor, or treatment characteristics determine outcome after relapse. We present findings in 59 patients treated at our institution from 1974 to 1996 who have relapsed one or more times after their initial response. Methods Host and tumor characteristics at diagnosis and relapse, therapeutic interventions and survival outcomes were determined from examination of medical records and a follow-up questionnaire. Results Of the 59 patients, 37 initially presented with localized disease of the extremity, 11 with localized non-extremity disease, and 11 with metastatic disease. This report focuses on those with localized disease of the extremity. For these patients, median time from original diagnosis to first recurrence was 14 months. Median survival after first recurrence was 31 months. The median post initial relapse survival was the same for patients whose first relapse occurred before or after 14 months from original diagnosis. Seventeen of 29 patients with systemic metastasis at first recurrence had complete removal of their disease and had a median post-op survival of 2.5 years, while the remaining 12 patients with no surgery, had a median survival of 2 years. Of the 37 patients who presented with primary disease only in the extremities and relapsed: 31 died (2 more than 6 years from first recurrence) and 6 are alive from 6 to 24 years from first recurrence (5 without disease and 1 with disease). Three of the five disease-free survivors had three or more relapses. Conclusion With a long follow-up time, we found 15% of patients with relapsed osteosarcoma who originally presented with localized disease in the extremity are alive with no evidence of disease at 10 years from first recurrence (Kaplan–Meier estimate). Even patients with multiple relapses may have long-term disease-free survival after salvage therapy. Chemotherapy and time to first recurrence were unrelated to survival after relapse in this study. Complete surgical removal of metastatic disease may be important for long-term survival. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006;47:255–259. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Application of Antisense DNA Method for the Study of Molecular Bases of Brain Function and Behavior

The antisense DNA method has been used successfully not onlyin vitro but also within vivo systems to block effectively the expression of specific genes. An increasing number of studies have shown that antisense DNA administered directly into the brain can modify various kinds of behaviors. These findings strongly suggest that the antisense DNA method can be widely used as a powerful tool for the study of the molecular bases of behavior. In addition to traditional methods of behavioral genetics, the antisense DNA method may provide a new approach for the study of the effects of gene in behavioral function. In this article, we review recent studies reportingin vivo effects of antisense DNA on brain function and behavior.
THE ACTION OF SODIUM 4-HYDROXYBUTYRATE ON SPINAL REFLEXES.

Abstract The actions of sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate, γ-aminobutyric acid and meprobamate have been studied in unanaesthetized animals, in local anaesthetic tests, on isolated organ preparations, on convulsions induced by picrotoxin and strychnine, and on monosynaptic (patellar) and polysynaptic (plantar) reflexes of the spinal cord. Sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate induced a sleep-like state with three unusual features: the righting reflex was remarkably persistent, respiration was good throughout and recovery was abrupt. γ-Aminobutyric acid was inactive and meprobamate caused flaccid paralysis with loss of the righting reflex. None of the agents affected the responses of the rat diaphragm either to direct stimulation of the muscle or to indirect stimulation through the phrenic nerve. Only meprobamate reduced the responses of theguinea-pig isolated ileum preparation, showed local anaesthetic action and had an anticonvulsant action. All three compounds were capable, after intravenous or topical application, of blocking plantar reflexes in doses which did not affect the patellar reflex. The spinal animal responded in the same way, to the same dose of sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate, as the decerebrate preparation. Topical application to the motor cortex had no effect on spinal reflexes. We conclude that sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate acts preferentially on the internuncial neurones in the spinal cord but differs from meprobamate in its other actions. The similarity between the actions of sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate and of γ-aminobutyric acid provides furtherevidence in support of the hypothesis that sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate is involved in the γ-aminobutyric acid metabolic pathways.
Compartmentation of NADPH in rat liver.

Abstract Rat liver slices were incubated with specifically 3 H-labeled glucoses and [2- 3 H]sorbitol, and the incorporations of 3 H into fatty acids and cholesterol were determined. Incorporation of 3 H from [1- 3 H]glucose relative to that from [3- 3 H]glucose via NADPH formed in the pentose cycle was similar into fatty acids and cholesterol. This indicates (1) the presence of a common pool of NADPH formed via the pentose cycle, from which is derived the reductive hydrogens for fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis; (2) the absence of a major separate pool of NADPH formed from glucose by microsomal glucose dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.47) catalysis for use in cholesterol synthesis. 3 H from [4- 3 H]glucose and from [2- 3 H]sorbitol was incorporated into cholesterol more than into fatty acids relative to the incorporations of 3 H from [3- 3 H]glucose. Assuming that the 3 H from [4- 3 H]glucose and from [2- 3 H]sorbitol were incorporated via the conversion, catalyzed by malic enzyme, of NADH to NADPH, this indicates the Compartmentation of the NADPH formed via malic enzyme catalysis from that formed via the pentose cycle. Alternatively, NADH provides reductive hydrogens for cholesterol synthesis in greater measure than in fatty acid formation or the stereochemistry of the synthetic processes are such that [A- 3 H]NADPH has greater excess than [B- 3 H]NADPH to cholesterol synthesis relative to fatty acid synthesis.
A Small Bioethical World

This essay discusses four challenges posed to a global bioethics by articles on: divergent national policies on compensation of egg donors for IVF, efforts to advance the development of international guidelines for the management of neonates on the edge of viability, bioethics training workshops in Uganda, a bioethicist’s reflection on a visit to Pakistan. The article then discusses several approaches to developing a global bioethics and how these approaches might meet the four challenges. The essay concludes with discussion of the author’s development of a “navigational approach” to policymaking for “fractious” bioethical policy problems and how this compares to other approaches to developing a global bioethics.
Internet Accessible Hot Cell with Gamma Spectroscopy At the Missouri S&T Nuclear Reactor

Abstract A dual-chambered internet-accessible heavily shielded facility with pneumatic access to the University of Missouri Science and Technology (Missouri S&T) 200 kW Research Nuclear Reactor (MSTR) core has been built and is currently available for irradiation and analysis of samples. The facility allows authorized distance users engaged in collaborative activities with Missouri S&T to remotely manipulate and analyze neutron irradiated samples. The system consists of two shielded compartments, one for multiple sample storage, and the other dedicated exclusively for radiation measurements and spectroscopy. The second chamber has multiple detector ports, with graded shielding, and has the capability to support gamma spectroscopy using radiation detectors such as an HPGe detector. Both these chambers are connected though a rapid pneumatic system with access to the MSTR nuclear reactor core. This new internet-based system complements the MSTR's current bare pneumatic tube (BPT) and cadmium lined pneumatic tube (CPT) facilities. The total transportation time between the core and the hot cell, for samples weighing 10 g, irradiated in the MSTR core, is roughly 3.0 s. This work was funded by the DOE grant number DE-FG07-07ID14852 and expands the capabilities of teaching and research at the MSTR. It allows individuals who do not have on-site access to a nuclear reactor facility to remotely participate in research and educational activities.