cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of 2-aminofluorene by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: more evidence for the association between inflammation and cancer.

Recent investigations have demonstrated the ability of leukocytes to metabolize promutagens or procarcinogens into their genotoxic forms. As a possible explanation for the association between infla...
User environment tracking and problem detection with XALT

This work enhances our understanding of individual users' software needs, then leverages that understanding to help stakeholders conduct business in a more efficient, effective, and systematic way. The product, XALT, builds on work that is already improving the user experience and enhancing support programs for thousands of users on twelve supercomputers across the United States and Europe. XALT will instrument individual jobs on high-end computers to generate a picture of the compilers, libraries, and other software that users need to run their jobs successfully. It will highlight the products our researchers need and do not need, and alert users and support staff to the root causes of software configuration issues as soon as the problems occur. A key objective of this work is generating the information needed to improve efficiency and effectiveness for an extensive community of stakeholders including users, sponsoring institutions, support organizations, and development teams. Efficiency, effectiveness, and responsible stewardship each require a clear picture of users' needs. XALT is an important step in the quest to achieve that clarity.
Phenotypic alteration in retroviral gene expression by leukemia-resistant thymocytes differentiating in leukemia-susceptible recipients

(AKR x NZB)F1 mice possess the dominant genes, Akv-1, Akv-2, Nzv-1a and Nzv-2a, which determine the expression of ecotropic and xenotropic viruses. Nevertheless, their thymic lymphocytes fail to produce these agents, and these mice are resistant to leukemia. We investigated the mechanism of this cell-specific restriction in radiation chimeras. (AKR x NZB)F1 thymocytes that had differentiated in lethally irradiated AKR recipients produced high levels of ecotropic and xenotropic viruses and showed marked amplification of MuLV antigen expression. Polytropic viruses could also be isolated from such thymocytes. These virological changes in chimeric thymocytes were donor- and host-specific and occurred only when (AKR x NZB)F1 bone marrow cells were inoculated into AKR recipients. This inductive capacity of the host environment could be detected in irradiated AKR recipients as early as age 2 months. The phenotypic changes brought about in leukemia-resistant (AKR x NZB)F1 thymocytes by the leukemia-susceptible AKR thymic microenvironment may be the result of a three-component inductive system.
Transition temperature variations in sodium barium niobate and related compositions

Abstract Transition temperature, T c , variations up to 33°C can be induced in the tungsten bronze ferroelectric NaBa 2 Nb 5 O 15 by quenching single crystals from high temperatures. This probably accounts for the differences in the published values of T c . Quenching is believed to cause disorder in the crystal lattice. To further test this hypothesis other ferroelectric tungsten bronze compositions as K x Na 1−x Ba 2 Nb 5 O 15 and Na 1.12 Ba 4.44 Nb 5 O 15 ( T c = 535° C ) with less ordering were studied. The results are consistent with this hypothesis.
Impact of uneven shading and bypass diodes on energy extraction characteristics of solar photovoltaic modules and arrays

Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy is becoming an increasingly important part of the world's renewable energy. In order for effective energy extraction from a solar PV system, this paper investigates I–V and P–V characteristics of solar PV modules and arrays. The paper particularly focuses on I–V and P–V characteristics of PV modules and arrays under uneven shading conditions, and considers both the physics and electrical characteristics of a solar PV system in the model development. The article examines how different bypass diode arrangements could affect maximum power extraction characteristics of a solar PV module or array. It is found in this article that under uneven shading conditions, solar PV cells may perform in very different ways and a solar PV system may exhibit multiple peaks in its P–V characteristics. The study of this article also shows that the arrangement of largely distributed bypass diodes within a PV module could effectively improve efficiency and maximum power point tracking strategies f...
Spatial and Temporal Linearities in Posed and Spontaneous Smiles

Creating facial animations that convey an animator’s intent is a difficult task because animation techniques are necessarily an approximation of the subtle motion of the face. Some animation techniques may result in linearization of the motion of vertices in space (blendshapes, for example), and other, simpler techniques may result in linearization of the motion in time. In this article, we consider the problem of animating smiles and explore how these simplifications in space and time affect the perceived genuineness of smiles. We create realistic animations of spontaneous and posed smiles from high-resolution motion capture data for two computer-generated characters. The motion capture data is processed to linearize the spatial or temporal properties of the original animation. Through perceptual experiments, we evaluate the genuineness of the resulting smiles. Both space and time impact the perceived genuineness. We also investigate the effect of head motion in the perception of smiles and show similar results for the impact of linearization on animations with and without head motion. Our results indicate that spontaneous smiles are more heavily affected by linearizing the spatial and temporal properties than posed smiles. Moreover, the spontaneous smiles were more affected by temporal linearization than spatial linearization. Our results are in accordance with previous research on linearities in facial animation and allow us to conclude that a model of smiles must include a nonlinear model of velocities.
VLSI ARCHITECTURES FOR PATTERN MATCHING

The recognition of patterns is an important task in robot and computer vision. The patterns themselves could be one- or two-dimensional, depending upon the application. Pattern matching is a computationally intensive and time consuming operation. The design of special purpose hardware could speed up the matching task considerably, making real-time responses possible. Advances in parallel processing and VLSI technologies have made it possible to implement inexpensive, efficient and very fast custom designs. Many approaches and solutions have been proposed in the literature for hardware implementations of pattern matching techniques. In this paper, we present a detailed overview of some of the important contributions in the area of hardware algorithms and architectures for pattern matching.
Creating creative teachers: An experimental study

Abstract The following study does not directly involve either the arts or psychotherapy. It does, however, deal with the relationship between creativity and mental health, which is critical for the expressive therapies. The population consisted of teachers i relationships hinted at would probably hold for other groups. Moreover, since much of the work of creative arts therapists (especially in schools or in community mental health centers) involves consultation with teachers, the question of pedagogical potential for change is also an important one. Finally, it is to be hoped that the relationship between creativity and mental health can be more precisely understood through well-designed studies in the expressive therapies themselves, with full recognition of the complexities involved (Rubin, 1981).
Assessing the completeness of the deglacial‐marine stratigraphic record on west Spitsbergen by accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating

The record of Quaternary glaciations of coastal areas is frequently preserved as a raised deglacial-emergence sequence. Detailed radiocarbon dating of foraminifera and marine macrofossils from a representative deglacial sequence on west Spitsbergen document two periods of sedimentation at c. 11,400 BP and at 9500 BP that together span < 500 years. The incompleteness of this record (< 25%), the highly episodic nature of sedimentation, the dominance of local glacial and environmental effects and the presence of allochthonous foraminifera inhibits ascertaining the relation between deglaciation of Svalbard/Barents Sea and changes in thermohaline circulation in the Norwegian Sea. The Late Weichselian and older deglacial sequences on west Spitsbergen have a similar sedimentologic succession. Thus, one possibility is that older raised-marine deglacial sequences on Svalbard and other Arctic areas may represent similar brief intervals, potentially confounding correlations across the Arctic and with well established events (i.e. the Eemian Interglacial) at lower latitudes.
Processing of rat prolactin by rat tissue explants and serum in vitro.

Previous work has shown that enzymes from rat liver or mammary gland can cleave rat (r) PRL to form a two-chain derivative that yields approximately 16- and 7-kilodalton (kDa) fragments upon reduction. Both cleaved rPRL and the purified 16-kDa fragment have maintained biological activity. Thus, cleavage may be of physiological significance. To determine whether rPRL can be cleaved by intact cells, and to evaluate the extent to which rPRL processing is tissue specific and varies with physiological state, rPRL was incubated with slices of different tissues from cycling, midpregnant, or 15-day lactating rats. The molecular mass and relative abundance of rPRL and fragments of the hormone in the medium were determined using reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting with an antiserum to the 16-kDa fragment of rPRL. Parenthetically, the fragment that was previously identified as having a molecular mass of 16 kDa had the same mobility on reducing sodium dodecyl sulfat...
ATP-regulated neuronal catecholamine uptake: a new mechanism.

Uptake of the catecholamines (CA), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) into synaptosomes prepared from rat and bovine brains was potentiated by ATP (from 0.1 to 5.0 mM) in a dose-dependent manner. Other nucleotides, particularly the nonhydrolyzable ATP analogs beta,gamma-imidoadenosine-5'-triphosphate (AMP-PNP) and beta,gamma-methyladenosine-5'-triphosphate (AMP-PCP) also potentiated [3H]DA and [3H]NE uptake. Several endogenous 5'-nucleotide triphosphates (e.g. GTP, UTP and CTP) potentiated [3H]CA uptake, but were less effective than ATP. Among the ATP metabolites, only ADP potentiated uptake whereas AMP and adenosine did not. [3H]Dopamine uptake measured in Krebs bicarbonate buffer had a Km of 2.1 microM and a Vmax of 163.9 pmol/mg prot./min. In presence of ATP, [3H]DA uptake had much higher affinity (Km = 0.56 microM) and larger capacity (Vmax = 333 pmol/mg prot./min) than uptake in absence of added ATP. Furthermore, [3H]DA uptake in presence of ATP had faster rate of uptake, and was independent of temperature while in absence of added ATP it was temperature-dependent. This ATP-dependent [3H]DA uptake was retained by synaptosomal ghosts that were obtained after lysing the striatal synaptosomes and removing their contents of synaptic vesicles and mitochondria. It is proposed that, in addition to the carrier-mediated (neuronal) uptake of CA, there is neuronal uptake that is regulated by ATP and inhibited by cocaine, which may be more relevant for terminating the synaptic action of CA because of its faster rate of uptake and larger capacity.
Novel T-rail electrodes for substrate removed low-voltage high-speed GaAs/AlGaAs electrooptic modulators

A novel traveling-wave electrode utilizing capacitively loaded T-rail elements was developed for low-voltage high-speed substrate-removed GaAs/AlGaAs electrooptic modulators. Electrodes with varying dimensions were fabricated and characterized. Electrode phase velocity, characteristic impedance, loss coefficient, and capacitive loading were extracted from the measured s-parameters up to 40 GHz. Electrode was also simulated using a finite-element solver. The measured and calculated electrode capacitance values were found to be in excellent agreement, showing that the electrode can be precisely designed. Approaches were outlined to provide a group velocity-matched very high-speed modulator electrode suitable for a low drive-voltage substrate-removed GaAs/AlGaAs electro-optic modulator
The Role of Apolipoprotein A-I Helix 10 in Apolipoprotein-mediated Cholesterol Efflux via the ATP-binding Cassette Transporter ABCA1*

Recent studies of Tangier disease have shown that the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)/apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) interaction is critical for high density lipoprotein particle formation, apoA-I integrity, and proper reverse cholesterol transport. However, the specifics of this interaction are unknown. It has been suggested that amphipathic helices of apoA-I bind to a lipid domain created by the ABCA1 transporter. Alternatively, apoA-I may bind directly to ABCA1 itself. To better understand this interaction, we created several truncation mutants of apoA-I and then followed up with more specific point mutants and helix translocation mutants to identify and characterize the locations of apoA-I required for ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux. We found that deletion of residues 221-243 (helix 10) abolished ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux from cultured RAW mouse macrophages treated with 8-bromo-cAMP. Point mutations in helix 10 that affected the helical charge distribution reduced ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux versus the wild type. We noted a strong positive correlation between cholesterol efflux and the lipid binding characteristics of apoA-I when mutations were made in helix 10. However, there was no such correlation for helix translocations in other areas of the protein as long as helix 10 remained intact at the C terminus. From these observations, we propose an alternative model for apolipoprotein-mediated efflux.
Catechols involved in sclerotization of cuticle and egg pods of the grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes, and their interactions with cuticular proteins

N-Acetyldopamine (NADA) is the major catechol in the hemolymph of nymphal and adult grasshoppers, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.), and mainly occurs as an acid-labile conjugate indicated to be a sulfate ester. Its concentration increases in last instar nymphs and peaks during adult cuticle sclerotization. Dopamine (DA), the precursor of NADA and melanic pigments, is about 10 times lower in concentration than NADA, but shows a similar pattern of accumulation. NADA also predominates in cuticle, but its concentration is lowest during the active period of sclerotization, reflecting its role as a precursor for quinonoid tanning agents. Two other catechols, 3,4dihydroxybenzoic acid (DOBA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol (DOPET), also occur in hemolymph and cuticle, and their profiles suggest a role in cuticle stabilization. Solid-state NMR analysis of sclerotized grasshopper cuticle (fifth instar exuviae) estimated the relative abundances of organic components to be 59% protein, 33% chitin, 6% catechols, and 2% lipid. About 99% of the catechols are covalently bound in the cuticle, and therefore are involved in sclerotization of the protein-chitin matrix. To determine the types of catechol covalent interactions in the exocuticle, samples of powdered exuviae were heated in HCl under different hydrolytic conditions to release adducts and cross-linked products. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylketoethanol (DOPKET) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylketoethylamine (arterenone) are the major hydrolysis products in weak and strong acid, respectively, and primarily represent NADA oligomers that apparently serve as cross-links and filler material in sclerotized cuticle. Intermediate amounts of norepinephrine (NE) are released, which represent N-acetylnorepinephrine
Changes of Aquaporins in the Lacrimal Glands of a Rabbit Model of Sjögren’s Syndrome

Aims: To test the hypothesis that the expression of aquaporins (AQPs) 4 and 5 is altered in the lacrimal glands (LG) of rabbits with induced autoimmune dacryoadenitis (IAD).Materials and Methods: LGs were obtained from adult female rabbits with IAD, and age-matched female control rabbits. LGs were processed for laser capture microdissection (LCM), real time RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence for the detection and quantification of protein and mRNAs of AQP4 and AQP5 in whole LGs, and purified acinar cells and duct cells from specific duct segments.Results: In rabbits with IAD, abundances of mRNAs for AQP4 and AQP5 from whole LGs were significantly lower than controls. Levels of mRNA for AQP4 were lower in most duct segments from rabbits with IAD. However, the mRNA abundance for AQP5 was significantly lower in acini from rabbits with IAD, while its abundance was higher in each duct segment. Western blot showed that the expression of AQP4 in LGs from rabbits with IAD was 36% more abundant than norm...
Considering hierarchical models for research on inmate behavior: Predicting misconduct with multilevel data

Penologists recognize that both inmate- and prison-level characteristics are relevant to an understanding of individual inmates' behaviors; yet extant studies have focused only on unilevel models with either individual- or aggregate-level predictors and outcomes. To explore the potential of multilevel modeling for related research, we examine empirical relationships predicting the likelihood of inmate misconduct with individual-level (inmate) variables and aggregate levels of prison population crowding. The framework for the model borrows from both individual- and aggregate-level theories of informal social control. We examine three secondary data sets, using information common to each set. We compare results from hierarchical logistic models with those from stepwise pooled logistic regression models to see whether results differ significantly by method of estimation. The pooled models reveal inconsistency in the significance of inmate predictors (social demographics and criminal histories) across the thr...
Is there an optimum dynamic load balancing scheme

Several dynamic load balancing schemes have been proposed in the literature to solve the hot spot problem in cellular networks. In O. K. Tonguz and E. Yanmaz (2003), a unified theoretical framework for the performance analysis of dynamic load balancing schemes in cellular networks have been developed, and closed-form expressions for the call blocking probability of several existing dynamic load balancing schemes have been derived. However, to the best of our knowledge, an analysis showing which one of these dynamic load balancing schemes is optimum, in terms of the achievable call blocking probability, has not been reported before. In this paper, we explore, for the first time, if a global optimum dynamic load balancing scheme exists, and we examine if and under which conditions the existing dynamic load balancing schemes can achieve optimality.
Patient-physicians' information exchange in outpatient cardiac care: Time for a heart to heart?

Objective Agreement between patients and physicians is an indicator of successful communication. Concordance in domains of communication among patients with heart disease and communication barriers has not been studied.
The influence of variable rates of inbreeding on fitness, environmental responsiveness, and evolutionary potential

We manipulated experimental populations of the housefly (Musca domestica L.) under three inbreeding schemes (fast, slow, and punctuated) to partition out the influences of different means and variances in the rate of inbreeding, per generation, while controlling for the final level of inbreeding as a constant. One treatment used constant fast inbreeding (11% per generation; Ne = 4 for 4 generations), for a comparison to one that was consistently slow (3% per generation; Ne = 16 for 14 generations). The third followed a model for serial founder-flush events. Each founder-flush episode involved a one-generation pulse of fast inbreeding (Ne = 4) followed by two generations of very low (or no) inbreeding, yielding high intergenerational variation (i.e., for an average inbreeding rate of 4% per generation). Allozyme assays showed that we achieved the intended final inbreeding coefficient of about 37%. All inbreeding schemes decreased fitness levels in terms of egg-to-adult viability, development time, and male mating success relative to the outbred control. The consistently fast inbreeding protocol had more pronounced reductions in fitness, relative to the other two inbreeding schemes. In comparison to the fast and punctuated regimes, the consistently slow protocol preserved evolutionary potential (as assayed by the genetic divergence of subpopulations exposed to different environments) in egg-to-adult viability, and (albeit anecdotally) reduced the extinction probabilities, especially in a novel environment. The punctuated treatment did not optimize the potential for purge as predicted, but instead reduced fitness, evolutionary potential, and environmental responsiveness (as measured by genotype-by-environment interactions). This founder-flush treatment also had the highest extinction probabilities. Longer periods of population flush might be necessary to purge effectively in a punctuated scheme. We conclude that the rate of inbreeding, independent from the final level, can have important effects on population fitness, environmental responsiveness, and evolutionary potential.
Smoking Through a Topography Device Diminishes Some of the Acute Rewarding Effects of Smoking.

BACKGROUND Smoking topography (ST) devices are an important methodological tool for quantifying puffing behavior (eg, puff volume, puff velocity) as well as identifying puffing differences across individuals and situations. Available ST devices are designed such that the smoker's mouth and hands have direct contact with the device rather than the cigarette itself. Given the importance of the sensorimotor aspects of cigarette smoking in smoking reward, it is possible that ST devices may interfere with the acute rewarding effects of smoking. Despite the methodological importance of this issue, few studies have directly compared subjective reactions to smoking through a topography device to naturalistic smoking. METHODS Smokers (N = 58; 38% female) smoked their preferred brand of cigarettes one time through a portable topography device and one time naturalistically, in counterbalanced order across two laboratory sessions. Smoking behavior (eg, number of puffs) and subjective effects (eg, urge reduction, affect, smoking satisfaction) were assessed. RESULTS Negative affect reduction was greater in the natural smoking condition relative to the topography condition, but differences were not significant on measures of urge, withdrawal, or positive affect. Self-reported smoking satisfaction, enjoyment of respiratory tract sensations, psychological reward, craving reduction, and other rewarding effects of smoking were also significantly greater in the naturalistic smoking condition. CONCLUSIONS The effects of using a ST device on the smoking experience should be considered when it is used in research as it may diminish some of the rewarding effects of smoking. IMPLICATIONS When considering the inclusion of a smoking topography device in one's research, it is important to know if use of that device will alter the smoker's experience. This study assessed affective and subjective reactions to smoking through a topography device compared to naturalistic smoking. We found that smoking satisfaction, psychological reward, enjoyment of respiratory tract sensations and other rewarding effects were all diminished when smoking through the topography device. The effects of using a smoking topography device on the smoking experience should be considered when it is used in future research.
Discovering information behavior in sense making. II: the social

This article, the second of three, used the methods of ble impacts of several different research views on inforethnography of communication to explore the social ele- mation behavior in relation to other aspects of people’s ments of information behavior in sense making of partici- lives. Part I ( Solomon, 1997a ) provides an overview of pants in the annual work planning of a unit of a public the conceptual foundations, background, and methodolagency. In particular, this article focuses on the role of ogy covering all three parts as well as the time and timing information in the sense making that took place from the point of view of the organization and other social view. Part II, provided in this article, considers the social communication aspects of work life. The organizational by focusing on organizational properties of sense making sense-making analysis considers the instantiation of and the communicative events that support the creation various properties relating to the organization’s strate- of common ground and the development of meaning from gies for survival (identity), history (retrospect), and rela- often widely dispersed facts and points of view. Part III tions with its environment (extraction of cues). Taken together, the instantiation of these properties structures ( Solomon, 1997b ) considers patterns of individual sense and supports what, where, when, why, and how informa- making that influenced the work-planning process as well tion behaviors are employed in sense making. Also con- as a conceptual synthesis of all three parts. The whole sidered is the social role of various communicative of the study is brought together briefly in Solomon ( in events (e.g., meetings, conversations, written mes
Social Entrepreneurship and Social Transformation: An Exploratory Study

This study provides a comparative analysis of seven cases of social entrepreneurship that have been widely recognized as successful. The paper suggests factors associated with successful social entrepreneurship, particularly with social entrepreneurship that leads to significant changes in the social, political and economic contexts for poor and marginalized groups. It generates hypotheses about core innovations, leadership, organization, and scaling up in successful social entrepreneurship. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for the practice of social entrepreneurship, for further research, and for the continued development of support technologies and institutions that will encourage future social entrepreneurship.
Study of Electrothermal Stress Effect on RF Performance of InGaP/GaAs Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor-Based Low-Noise Amplifier

This paper investigates the electrothermal stress- induced performance degradation of a cascode low-noise amplifier (LNA) built using InGaP/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). Changes in device characteristics due to the electrothermal stress were examined experimentally. At the moderate base-emitter voltage, the base current increases and current gain decreases after stress. The SPICE Gummel-Poon (SGP) model parameters were extracted before and after stress and measured device data were used in the Cadence SpectreRF simulation to study the impact of electrothermal stress on the low-noise amplifier performance.
Current Knowledge Among Primary Care Resident Physicians in Using Emergency Contraception

Background Emergency contraception is used after unprotected intercourse in an attempt to prevent an unwanted pregnancy. Emergency contraception has been largely under-utilized in this country. Potential reasons for under-utilization of this form of pregnancy prevention could include lack of patient knowledge, lack of physician knowledge, and reluctance to prescribe based on abortion belief. The purpose of this survey was to determine physician knowledge, opinion, and experience with emergency contraception. Methods Primary care specialty housestaff physicians at the University of Kentucky were surveyed regarding postcoital contraception (40.5% response rate, 81 out of 200). Specialties surveyed included family practice (FP), internal medicine (IM), pediatrics (PD), and obstetrics and gynecology (OG) with their year of training being included. The attending faculty in Obstetrics and Gynecology were also surveyed as a control (69% response rate, 9 out of 13). The scored survey included questions on knowledge and use of emergency contraception. An opinion question whether or not they believed emergency contraception was a form of abortion was asked, but not scored. Results Overall (including attending physicians), 29.6% of responders have prescribed emergency contraception, 7.4% counsel their patients in the availability and proper usage, and 36.2% believe it to be a form of abortion. Specifically, 18.3 % of resident housestaff have prescribed emergency contraception, 5.6% had counseled their patients on use, and 38.0% believe it to be a form of abortion. Believing emergency contraception to be a form of abortion did not appear to effect either prescribing or counseling of emergency contraception. The average score on the survey was significantly different based on specialty of training (p Conclusions We have demonstrated that residents in training have a limited knowledge base regarding emergency contraception. The knowledge and utilization of this form of pregnancy prevention is dependent on specialty, with obstetrics and gynecology residents demonstrating a superior knowledge compared to other specialties. Unfortunately, this knowledge does not appear to increase with year of training suggesting that there is a lack of education during the years of training. We have also demonstrated that believing emergency contraception to be a form of abortion is not a deterrent to prescribing or counseling about this form of treatment. We believe our results demonstrate the need for improved education on postcoital contraception, especially in non-reproductive specialties.
Time-resolved study of polyimide film absorbing layers for laser-induced forward transfer

In this work, we use time-resolved imaging to study the laser-induced formation of a sealed blister on a thin polyimide film absorbing layer which is used to mechanically eject donor material during laser-induced forward transfer.
Repeat Examinations in Introductory Statistics Courses

In order to reduce test anxiety and to encourage the learning of course material, students were given the opportunity to offset a poor lecture examination grade by taking a second, equivalent exam. The repeat exam provided immediate reward for using the initial exam as a study guide. Students who took two or three repeat exams had higher final examination grades than those who took fewer repeats. The repeat exam procedure was well received by all students, helped weaker students to keep up with the course, and was convenient for the instructor to implement.
Examining Agency Theory in Training & Development: Understanding Self-Interest Behaviors in the Organization.

Agency theory has been discussed widely in the business and management literature. However, to date there has been no investigation about its utility and implications for problems in training & development. Whereas organizations are still struggling to develop and implement effective training programs, there is little emphasis on the self-interest behaviors of the trainers and how these motivations may impede the training process. Agency theory can help inform our learning and understanding of possible outcomes in this scenario. Consequently, this article is the first to explore agency theory within the training & development framework and offers propositions for research and practice. Implications for organizational policy and performance outcomes are also discussed.
The Orthodox (Non-Occasionalist) Cartesian Way of Ideas

Malebranche gave up the notion that interaction occurred between mind and body. Like Foucher, numerous Cartesians thought that this interaction was obvious and thus retained it in their expositions of Cartesianism. These philosophers who do not offer occasionalist solutions to Cartesian problems are referred to as orthodox Cartesians, though there is no insistence upon the term, orthodox. As a matter of fact, these philosophers did consider themselves to be orthodox expositors of Cartesianism in contrast to someone like Malebranche who went so far as to assert that he was not a strict Cartesian. However, the orthodox Cartesians could not retain all the principles which seemed to underlie Cartesianism. They retained the strict dualism between mind and matter, and thus could explain interaction only by dispensing with the causal likeness principle. Concurrently, in order to contend that mind could know matter which was utterly different from it, they also had to deny the epistemological likeness principle.
Calculation of the decay H→eēγ

We revisit an earlier calculation of the decay $H\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e\overline{e}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ using the recently reported mass value of the Higgs boson candidate observed in the ATLAS and CMS experiments together with cuts that are appropriate for experimental analyses.
True cementomas (cementoblastomas) associated with a nonvital left maxillary second premolar in an 11-year-old miniature horse

Summary An 11-year-old miniature horse gelding presented for a left maxillary facial swelling and surgical removal of 2 ovoid mineralised masses located near the tooth roots of the left maxillary second and third premolars. Preoperative radiographs were performed to triangulate the location of the calcified masses for removal, and an oral examination revealed that the left maxillary second premolar was nonvital with multiple feed-packed pulp exposures. Both the radiographs and oral examination indicated that the mineralised masses were associated with the nonvital second premolar. Therefore, the tooth was extracted intraorally, and the masses were removed via a maxillary trephine dorsal to the extracted tooth. Both masses were submitted for histopathology, which diagnosed the masses as true cementomas (cementoblastomas) with adenomatous hyperplasia of the surrounding nasal glandular tissue.
Ionizing radiation alters Fas antigen ligand at the cell surface and on exfoliated plasma membrane-derived vesicles: implications for apoptosis and intercellular signaling.

Abstract Albanese, J. and Dainiak, N. Ionizing Radiation Alters Fas Antigen Ligand at the Cell Surface and on Exfoliated Plasma Membrane-Derived Vesicles: Implications for Apoptosis and Intercellular Signaling. Resident proteins that reside on the plasma membrane are continually exfoliated from the cell surface. Exfoliation is a selective, energy-dependent process that mediates intercellular communication. Ionizing radiation modulates the expression of many plasma membrane-bound growth regulators, including the “death” ligand, TNFSF6 (formerly known as FasL, CD95L). Here we report that ionizing radiation induces dose-dependent up-regulation of TNFSF6 on plasma membranes purified from SW620 cells, a TNFSF6-expressing colon cancer cell line. Serum-free medium conditioned by exposed and control cells was collected and exfoliated vesicles were obtained by ultracentrifugation. Western blot analysis of vesicles from unexposed cells and from cells treated with 10 Gy showed increased amounts of TNFSF6 compared to...
Engineering Void Space Enclosed within Resorcin[4]arene-Based Supramolecular Frameworks

A family of hydrogen-bonded supramolecular frameworks based on C-alkylresorcinol[4]arene (RsC) and 4,4′-bipyridine (bpy) type spacers are described in this article. The size and shape of the void space enclosed within these frameworks are engineered by varying the type of solvent (acetonitrile and ethanol), spacer molecules (4,4′-bipyridine (bpy), trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (bpe), 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)acetylene (bpa)), and the conformations and/or type of RsC bowl (boat vs cone or C-methylresorcin[4]arene/RsC1 vs C-propylresorcin[4]arene/RsC3). A change in the solvent system from acetonitrile to ethanol brings about a conformational change with the RsC1 macrocycle and also results in the distinct orientation of spacer molecules around the RsC macrocycle. The predominant feature in all of the frameworks is the O–H···N intermolecular interaction between RsC building blocks and bipyridine-type spacers. The resultant solvent-filled void spaces available within frameworks can be controlled by manipulating t...
Retention of human properties by a xenografted human colonic tumor, GW-77, propagated in unconditioned hamsters.

SummaryThe unlimited serial propagation of a human colonic tumor, GW-77, in unconditioned, adult golden hamsters raises the question of its still possessing “human” properties. Both the direct fluorescent antibody test and its LDH isoenzyme-mobility pattern reveal the human species-specific character of GW-77. The retainment of its original species-identity is consistent with its relatively less malignant, only locally expansive, growth-behavior in various sites of the hamster.
The effect of number of exposures on the risk of heterosexual HIV transmission

Several studies of the heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus have reported no association between transmission and number of exposures. In contrast, this study showed that for a susceptible sex partner, the number of exposures to an infected index case is indeed associated with transmission, but in a nonlinear fashion. Factors that can dilute an association between transmission and number of exposures include measurement error in calculating number of exposures, use of inappropriate statistical models, and failure to account for variations in transmission rates. For example, the practice of anal intercourse and the experience of bleeding during intercourse increase the likelihood of transmission. We also observed that transmission occurred with fewer exposures among couples who did not use condoms compared with couples who did. The number of exposures also affects the independent association between other risk factors and transmission and thus should be considered when analyzing other sources of risk.
Importance of host factors in human salmonellosis caused by multiresistant strains of Salmonella.

Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolates from persons in randomly selected urban and rural counties in the United States were examined along with clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the host. Multiresistant strains, isolated from 66 (12.2%) of 542 persons evaluated, were associated with five of 20 variables in univariate analyses: serotype heidelberg, host of Hispanic origin, host exposure to penicillins within four weeks before stool culture, age greater than or equal to 60 years, and regular antacid use. By multiple linear regression, the first three variables were each significantly associated with infections due to multiresistant Salmonella. One or more of the last three variables, thought to be host factors that may promote disease, were present for persons yielding 38% of multiresistant strains but only 12% of sensitive strains (P less than .001). The relatively large proportion of multiresistant Salmonella among isolates from persons with these risk factors suggests that to cause disease, resistant organisms are more dependent than are sensitive organisms on host characteristics.
Extraction of rotational correlation times from noisy single molecule fluorescence trajectories.

Monitoring single molecule probe rotations is an increasingly common approach to studying dynamics of complex systems, including supercooled liquids. Even with advances in fluorophore design and detector sensitivity, such measurements typically exhibit low signal to noise and signal to background ratios. Here, we simulated and analyzed orthogonally decomposed fluorescence signals of single molecules undergoing rotational diffusion in a manner that mimics experimentally collected data of probes in small molecule supercooled liquids. The effects of noise, background, and trajectory length were explicitly considered, as were the effects of data processing approaches that may limit the impact of noise and background on assessment of environmental dynamics. In many cases, data treatment that attempts to remove noise and background were found to be deleterious. However, for short trajectories below a critical signal to background threshold, a thresholding approach that successfully removed data points associate...
The quantification of cholesterol excretion and degradation in the isotopic steady state in the rat: the influence of dietary cholesterol.

A means of quantifying the two major pathways of cholesterol elimination from the body, bile acid production and neutral sterol excretion, has been devised for use in the intact rat. Utilizing an isotopic "steady state" for blood cholesterol (which has been attained by the subcutaneous implantation of capsules containing cholesterol-4-C14) and the measurement of C14 appearance in the bile acid and sterol fractions of feces, it is possible to measure the amounts of these two excretion products. With this method the increase in bile acid formation following cholesterol feeding has been demonstrated directly; this increase has been shown to be sufficient in magnitude to account for the entire positive balance for neutral sterol which occurs in the cholesterol-fed animal after equilibrium has been attained. Finally, utilizing a double isotopic steady state in animals fed cholesterol-7α-H3 and implanted with cholesterol-4-C14, it has been possible to demonstrate that the major portion of fecal cholesterol of endogenous origin is derived from or is in equilibrium with that of the blood. In these animals the measurement of dietary cholesterol absorption has also been possible.
Electrically Active Deep Levels in ScN

We report the electronic characterization of n-ScN in ScN-Si heterojunctions using Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy of electrically active deep levels. ScN material was grown by plasma assisted physical vapor deposition and by reactive sputtering on commercial p+ Si substrates. Deep level transient spectroscopy of the junction grown by plasma assisted physical vapor deposition shows the presence of an electronic trap with activation energy EC-ET= 0.51 eV. The trap has a higher concentration (1.2–1.6 1013cm−3) closer to the ScN/Si interface. Junctions grown by sputtering also have an electronic trap, situated at about EC-ET= 0.90 eV.
A New Hardware-in-the-Loop Traffic Signal Simulation Framework to Bridge Traffic Signal Research and Practice

In this paper, we present a new hardware-in-the-loop traffic signal simulation framework, which is referred to as HILS-NG. With this proposed framework, pioneering traffic signal control strategies proposed by researchers can be separated from traffic simulation engine while interacting with simulations as independent applications via standard traffic control communication. The advantages of this new framework include the following. First, pioneering traffic signal logic only needs to be programmed once for simulation, and the same code can be deployed to the field with minimal porting efforts. Second, control algorithms are hosted in supplemental hardened single-board computers (SBCs) do not require replacing traffic signal controllers in the field; therefore, the proposed framework will not compromise the existing signal safety protections in signal cabinets, such as phase conflict monitor. We expect that this new framework will greatly facilitate the prototyping and field tests of new traffic signal control strategies for scholars and practitioners. To further demonstrate the potential of this new framework, in the second part of this paper, we utilize an industrial communication standard for traffic signal controllers in North America, i.e., the National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol (NTCIP), to set up real-time communications with a full-scale traffic signal emulator in simulation and then develop and evaluate a set of innovative e signal control strategies. A set of new signal control strategies is also presented to demonstrate how to design control functions and the corresponding NTCIP communication stacks.
Determining the duration of Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) induced susceptibility effect in soybean

Insect herbivores can increase the suitability of host plants for conspecifics by inducing susceptibility. Induced susceptibility can be separated into feeding facilitation, whereby herbivore feeding increases performance of conspecifics regardless of the genotype of the herbivore or plant, and obviation of resistance, whereby feeding by a virulent herbivore increases performance of avirulent conspecifics on resistant plants. Both forms occur between Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and soybean. In natural and agricultural settings, A. glycines populations can colonize plants for brief periods before emigrating or being removed due to predation or insecticides. It is unclear if induced susceptibility lasts beyond the period when A. glycines are present on the plant. We measured the duration of induced susceptibility in the A. glycines-soybean system within a growth chamber by removing inducer populations after 24 h. We used an A. glycines-resistant soybean infested with an inducer population of either virulent, avirulent, or no aphids. Response populations of either virulent or avirulent aphids were added at three post-infestation times (24, 120, 216 h) and their densities measured 11 days after infestation. Feeding facilitation was lost within 24 h of the removal of avirulent inducer populations, and obviation of resistance diminished over time and was completely lost within 216 h of the removal of the virulent inducer populations. We discuss how these results support a hypothesis that virulence in A. glycines is due to effector proteins secreted by feeding aphids. We suggest that the duration of induced susceptibility may impact the durability of A. glycines resistance in soybean.
Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae) — a newly recognized genus in southern Africa

A brief history of the genus Chamaesyce S.F. Gray is outlined and its relationship to Euphorbia L. is discussed. The characteristics distinguishing the genus from Euphorbia are provided. Ten new combinations in Chamaesyce are made for the southern African region.
Jointed pipeline response to tunneling-induced ground deformation1

This paper focuses on the effect of tunneling-induced ground deformation on the response of jointed cast iron and ductile iron pipelines that (i) cross the settlement profile perpendicular to the t...
Defect states in copper indium gallium selenide solar cells from two-wavelength excitation photoluminescence spectroscopy

We use two-wavelength excitation photoluminescence spectroscopy to probe defect states in CIGS thin films. Above-E g excitation is combined with a tunable IR bias light that modulates the population of the defect states. We find that IR illumination in the range of 1400–2000 nm (0.62–0.89 eV) causes a reduction of the PL intensity, the magnitude of which scales linearly with IR power. Further, KF post deposition treatment has only a modest influence on the effect of the IR excitation. Initial data suggest that we have developed an optical characterization tool for band-gap defect states.
An energy-based flight planning system for unmanned traffic management

In this paper, we proposed an energy-based flight planning system for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM). Fuel consumption estimation at the flight planning stage is safety critical in general aviation, because energy-related failures are often life-threatening. However, conservative fuel estimation is not economical and environmentally friendly because carrying unnecessary fuel load burns a lot of extra fuel. The same reasoning holds in UTM. Aviation researchers are actively working on optimizing fuel loading, but such research is lacking in UTM. In this paper, we aim to optimize energy consumption in UTM with a flight planning system. The accuracy and effectiveness of the system is illustrated by experiments and simulations, respectively.