cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The cultural environment: measuring culture with big data

The rise of the Internet, social media, and digitized historical archives has produced a colossal amount of text-based data in recent years. While computer scientists have produced powerful new tools for automated analyses of such “big data,” they lack the theoretical direction necessary to extract meaning from them. Meanwhile, cultural sociologists have produced sophisticated theories of the social origins of meaning, but lack the methodological capacity to explore them beyond micro-levels of analysis. I propose a synthesis of these two fields that adjoins conventional qualitative methods and new techniques for automated analysis of large amounts of text in iterative fashion. First, I explain how automated text extraction methods may be used to map the contours of cultural environments. Second, I discuss the potential of automated text-classification methods to classify different types of culture such as frames, schema, or symbolic boundaries. Finally, I explain how these new tools can be combined with conventional qualitative methods to trace the evolution of such cultural elements over time. While my assessment of the integration of big data and cultural sociology is optimistic, my conclusion highlights several challenges in implementing this agenda. These include a lack of information about the social context in which texts are produced, the construction of reliable coding schemes that can be automated algorithmically, and the relatively high entry costs for cultural sociologists who wish to develop the technical expertise currently necessary to work with big data.
Sports participation and radiographic findings of adolescents treated nonoperatively for displaced clavicle fractures.

Abstract Background There is a relative paucity of high-level evidence that guides the treatment of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures in adolescents. Some use overhead sports or significant shortening as relative indications for surgical treatment, while others rarely consider operative intervention for these patients. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of overhead sports participation and fracture shortening on subjective and objective outcomes after nonoperative treatment of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures in those aged 10–17 years. Methods Using a radiographic database, adolescents with displaced clavicle fractures were identified and contacted over the phone. These subjects were invited to take part in the study in return for compensation. Radiographic measurements of dedicated clavicle films around the time of injury were performed, and a custom survey aimed at elucidating participation in overhead or contact sports was given. The Nottingham Clavicle Score (NCS) and the Constant Shoulder Score were obtained for each patient to provide both subjective and objective outcome data. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software (version 22, IBM) was used to compare radiographic and sports data to the outcome measures. Results Gender, age at the time of fracture, time since fracture, relative and absolute radiographic shortening, and hand dominance were all not significantly correlated with subjective or objective outcomes. Five patients (23%) reported not feeling happy with the appearance of their shoulder at the beach or at the pool. This group had statistically lower NCS results. Eleven of 22 participated in ≥6 months per year of overhead or contact sports; they did not have worse subjective or objective outcomes. Conclusions Fracture shortening and sports participation do not have a significant impact in adolescents on outcomes after displaced midshaft clavicle fracture.
Cultural Approaches to Understanding School Violence

In terms of research on school violence, criminologists have dominated the field; yet, this work has narrowly centered on crime as an indicator of violence. Although cultural sociologists have done noteworthy research on schooling and education, much of the focus has been on academic achievement. Yet, some cultural scholars have analyzed the expressions and practices of school violence, and in this paper, I argue that this approach reveals a rich, complex understanding of aggression and violence that is needed in sociological research on school violence. This includes looking at not only crime and more traditional, physical expression of violence, but also taking seriously verbal, emotion, sexual, or racial forms of violence, in addition to violence that is perpetuated by institutions. This paper reviews some of the more conventional studies on school violence and then looks at how cultural sociologists have begun to broaden this perspective. I use Swidler's ‘cultural toolkit’ as a framework for analyzing school violence, focusing on symbolic violence, cultural scripts, cultural resources and ideology as some of the cultural tools that prove useful to expanding our understanding of schooling and violence.
Enhancement of bacterial infection by homologous gastric mucin.

SummaryHomologous mucin will induce the phenomenon known as enhancement of infection in mice as well as the more routinely used hog gastric mucin.
Auction form preference and inefficiency of asymmetric discriminatory auctions

Abstract We examine the efficiency and revenue properties of an asymmetric discriminatory auction with two bidders and two objects. While inefficient, a discriminatory auction may result in higher expected revenue than the efficient Vickrey auction.
Diazepam Loading for Alcohol Detoxification

Fifty male alcoholic patients were detoxified by means of a modified diazepam loading technique, where diazepam dosing was linked to the degree ofdiazepam-induced intoxication and not to the presence of alcohol withdrawal symptoms. The average period of diazepam loading from onset of alcohol withdrawal was 8.7 ± 2.7 hours. The average amount of diazepam administered was 147 ± 46 mg. There were no diazepam intoxication-or alcohol withdrawal-related complications noted with this method. Orthostatic hypotension, as well as tremor, diaphoresis, tachycardia, and restlessness, were frequently found during alcohol withdrawal.
Feelings and Consumer Decision Making: Extending the Appraisal-Tendency Framework

The target article (Han, Lerner, & Keltner, 2007) presents the Appraisal-Tendency Framework as a basis for predicting the influence of specific emotions on consumer decision making. The 3 thought-provoking commentaries by Shiv (2007); Yates (2007); and Cavanaugh, Bettman, Luce, and Payne (2007) highlighted the need to (a) distinguish different types of emotional inputs; (b) specify constructs and mechanisms more concretely; and (c) extend the framework in new, creative ways. This response integrates the specific comments into overarching themes and addresses them.
CO2 Sequestration in Deep Sedimentary Formations

Carbon dioxide capture and sequestration (CCS) in deep geological formations has recently emerged as an important option for reducing greenhouse emissions. If CCS is implemented on the scale needed to make noticeable reductions in atmospheric CO2, a billion metric tons or more must be sequestered annually—a 250 fold increase over the amount sequestered today. Securing such a large volume will require a solid scientific foundation defining the coupled hydrologic-geochemical-geomechanical processes that govern the long-term fate of CO2 in the subsurface. Also needed are methods to characterize and select sequestration sites, subsurface engineering to optimize performance and cost, approaches to ensure safe operation, monitoring technology, remediation methods, regulatory overview, and an institutional approach for managing long-term liability.
Resonance enhanced three-photon absorption of molecular iodine

Abstract D ← X resonance enhanced three-photon excitation spectrum of iodine was observed by a cw intracavity absorption technique. Vibrational quantum numbers of D ← X transitions are given for every major spectral feature. The corresponding one-photon enhancement from the B state is evident from the one-photon vibrational assignment. The spectroscopic constants for the D state are v 00 = 40 998 cm −1 ω′ 0 = 113 cm −1 and ω′ 0 χ′ 0 = 0.045 cm − .
Nitrite oxidation in the upper water column and oxygen minimum zone of the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean

Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient in the sea and its distribution is controlled by microorganisms. Within the N cycle, nitrite (NO2−) has a central role because its intermediate redox state allows both oxidation and reduction, and so it may be used by several coupled and/or competing microbial processes. In the upper water column and oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) of the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean (ETNP), we investigated aerobic NO2− oxidation, and its relationship to ammonia (NH3) oxidation, using rate measurements, quantification of NO2−-oxidizing bacteria via quantitative PCR (QPCR), and pyrosequencing. 15NO2− oxidation rates typically exhibited two subsurface maxima at six stations sampled: one located below the euphotic zone and beneath NH3 oxidation rate maxima, and another within the OMZ. 15NO2− oxidation rates were highest where dissolved oxygen concentrations were <5 μM, where NO2− accumulated, and when nitrate (NO3−) reductase genes were expressed; they are likely sustained by NO3− reduction at these depths. QPCR and pyrosequencing data were strongly correlated (r2=0.79), and indicated that Nitrospina bacteria numbered up to 9.25% of bacterial communities. Different Nitrospina groups were distributed across different depth ranges, suggesting significant ecological diversity within Nitrospina as a whole. Across the data set, 15NO2− oxidation rates were decoupled from 15NH4+ oxidation rates, but correlated with Nitrospina (r2=0.246, P<0.05) and NO2− concentrations (r2=0.276, P<0.05). Our findings suggest that Nitrospina have a quantitatively important role in NO2− oxidation and N cycling in the ETNP, and provide new insight into their ecology and interactions with other N-cycling processes in this biogeochemically important region of the ocean.
Variability in the assessment of adverse events in a multicenter clinical trial

Abstract Background: Consistent documentation, characterization, and evaluation of adverse events (AEs) are needed during multicenter clinical trials to ensure accuracy of data reported to the US Food and Drug Administration and in the medical literature. Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize variations in the assessment of AEs by clinical trial personnel. Methods: During the annual meeting of personnel from a multicenter, controlled clinical trial of an investigational new drug treatment for opioid dependence, an oral presentation of procedures for AE data collection was given to 25 principal investigators and ancillary study personnel who assessed AEs for the study. A post-test using 3 hypothetical AE cases in which AEs were categorized by type of reaction, relatedness to study drug, severity, action taken, and outcome was completed by study participants. Cases and expected responses were reviewed for content and validity by clinical research pharmacists who were not involved with the study. The level of agreement with expected responses was assessed using McNemar symmetry chi-square tests. Results: Assessments of type of AE, relatedness to study drug, and severity were less frequently aligned with expected responses than were action taken and outcome ( P Conclusions: There was considerable variability in categorization of AEs in an exercise following training for AE data collection. Type of report, relatedness, and severity were found to have more variability in reporting than did action taken or outcome. The results suggest that unless data are gathered to verify reliability of reporting, subcategorization of AE data should be undertaken cautiously. Further research is needed regarding methods for improving consistency in reporting of AEs.
Predicting Collaboration Technology Use: Integrating Technology Adoption and Collaboration Research

The paper presents a model integrating theories from collaboration research (i.e., social presence theory, channel expansion theory, and the task closure model) with a recent theory from technology adoption research (i.e., unified theory of acceptance and use of technology, abbreviated to UTAUT) to explain the adoption and use of collaboration technology. We theorize that collaboration technology characteristics, individual and group characteristics, task characteristics, and situational characteristics are predictors of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions in UTAUT. We further theorize that the UTAUT constructs, in concert with gender, age, and experience, predict intention to use a collaboration technology, which in turn predicts use. We conducted two field studies in Finland among (1) 349 short message service (SMS) users and (2) 447 employees who were potential users of a new collaboration technology in an organization. Our model was supported in both studies. The current work contributes to research by developing and testing a technology-specific model of adoption in the collaboration context.
Reproductive performance of male and female phenotypes in three sex chromosomal genotypes (XX, XY, YY) in the killifish, Oryzias latipes

The present study investigates the juvenile and adult reproductive performance of Japanese killifish, Oryzias latipes, which were successfully sex-reversed by feeding them male or female sex hormones during the fry stage. Sexual maturation of these laboratory grown fish of three known genotypes (XX, SY, YY) occurred earliest in untreated genotypes, next in genotypes treated with male hormone (methyl testosterone) and female hormone (estrone), respectively. The delay in sexual maturation caused by early exogenous, sex-hormone treatment may represent a disturbance in the delicate neural-gonadal axis. However, the degree of response was also strongly influenced by the animal's sex chromosomal genotype. XX fish, normally phenotypic females, were affected more by the male hormone than by the female hormone. XY and YY fish, normally phenotypic males, were delayed more by the female hormone than by the male hormone. This specific sex hormone-sex genotype interaction also influenced adult reproductive performance (sperm or egg production). Differences in the metabolism of male and female sex hormones by the XX, XY, and YY fish are probably responsible for these interesting findings.
Glory Out of Reflected Failure: The examination of how rivalry affects sport fans

• Qualitatively investigated rivalry in United States intercollegiate athletics in direct and indirect competitive settings.• Identified socialization, in-group bias, sense of satisfaction, and out...
Industrial location, air pollution control and meteorological variability: a dynamic optimization approach†☆

Abstract This paper deals with the short-term, intra-annual control of air pollution, accounting for the variability of meteorological conditions. The concept of a dynamic transfer matrix is presented, and various planning models are developed, which yield optimal abatement sequences in combination with other decisions related to fuel consumption, production levels and location of the polluting sources. This methodology is illustrated by numerical applications to the Haifa area, where the emphasis is set on its two major polluters, the Power Plant and the Refineries, and the variability of the meteorological conditions is accounted for on a monthly basis.
A Comparison of CMIP3 Simulations of Precipitation over North America with Observations: Daily Statistics and Circulation Features Accompanying Extreme Events

AbstractClimate model simulations of daily precipitation statistics from the third phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) were evaluated against precipitation observations from North America over the period 1979–99. The evaluation revealed that the models underestimate the intensity of heavy and extreme precipitation along the Pacific coast, southeastern United States, and southern Mexico, and these biases are robust among the models. The models also overestimate the intensity of light precipitation events over much of North America, resulting in fairly realistic mean precipitation in many places. In contrast, heavy precipitation is simulated realistically over northern and eastern Canada, as is the seasonal cycle of heavy precipitation over a majority of North America. An evaluation of the simulated atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics associated with extreme precipitation events was also conducted using the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR). The models were found to captur...
Coagulation, Protease-Activated Receptors, and Viral Myocarditis

The coagulation protease cascade plays an essential role in hemostasis. In addition, a clot contributes to host defense by limiting the spread of pathogens. Coagulation proteases induce intracellular signaling by cleavage of cell surface receptors called protease-activated receptors (PARs). These receptors allow cells to sense changes in the extracellular environment, such as infection. Viruses activate the coagulation cascade by inducing tissue factor expression and by disrupting the endothelium. Virus infection of the heart can cause myocarditis, cardiac remodeling, and heart failure. A recent study using a mouse model have shown that tissue factor, thrombin, and PAR-1 signaling all positively regulate the innate immune during viral myocarditis. In contrast, PAR-2 signaling was found to inhibit interferon-β expression and the innate immune response. These observations suggest that anticoagulants may impair the innate immune response to viral infection and that inhibition of PAR-2 may be a new strategy to reduce viral myocarditis.
A human cognition framework for information visualization

Abstract We present a human cognition framework for information visualization. This framework emphasizes how top-down cognitive processing enables the induction of insight, reasoning, and understanding, which are key goals of the visual analytics community. Specifically, we present a set of six leverage points that can be exploited by visualization designers in order to measurably influence certain aspects of human cognition: (1) exogenous attention; (2) endogenous attention; (3) chunking; (4) reasoning with mental models; (5) analogical reasoning; and (6) implicit learning.
CRF-CRF1 receptor system in the central and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala differentially mediates excessive eating of palatable food.

Highly palatable foods and dieting are major contributing factors for the development of compulsive eating in obesity and eating disorders. We previously demonstrated that intermittent access to palatable food results in corticotropin-releasing factor-1 (CRF1) receptor antagonist-reversible behaviors, which include excessive palatable food intake, hypophagia of regular chow, and anxiety-like behavior. However, the brain areas mediating these effects are still unknown. Male Wistar rats were either fed chow continuously for 7 days/week (Chow/Chow group), or fed chow intermittently 5 days/week, followed by a sucrose, palatable diet 2 days/week (Chow/Palatable group). Following chronic diet alternation, the effects of microinfusing the CRF1 receptor antagonist R121919 (0, 0.5, 1.5 μg/side) in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BlA), or the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) were evaluated on excessive intake of the palatable diet, chow hypophagia, and anxiety-like behavior. Furthermore, CRF immunostaining was evaluated in the brain of diet cycled rats. Intra-CeA R121919 blocked both excessive palatable food intake and anxiety-like behavior in Chow/Palatable rats, without affecting chow hypophagia. Conversely, intra-BlA R121919 reduced the chow hypophagia in Chow/Palatable rats, without affecting excessive palatable food intake or anxiety-like behavior. Intra-BNST treatment had no effect. The treatments did not modify the behavior of Chow/Chow rats. Immunohistochemistry revealed an increased number of CRF-positive cells in CeA—but not in BlA or BNST—of Chow/Palatable rats, during both withdrawal and renewed access to the palatable diet, compared with controls. These results provide functional evidence that the CRF–CRF1 receptor system in CeA and BlA has a differential role in mediating maladaptive behaviors resulting from palatable diet cycling.
Detecting false data injection in smart grid in-network aggregation

The core of the smart grid relies on the ability of transmitting realtime metering data and control commands efficiently and reliably. Secure in-network data aggregation approaches have been introduced to fulfill the goal in smart grid neighborhood area networks (NANs) by aggregating the data on-the-fly via intermediate meters. To protect users' privacy from being learnt from the fine-grained consumption data by the utilities or other third-party services, homomorphic encryption schemes have been adopted. Hence, intermediate smart meters participate in the aggregation without seeing any individual reading, nor intermediate or final aggregation results. However, the malleable property of homomorphic encryption operations makes it difficult to identify misbehaving meters from which false data can be injected through accidental errors or malicious attacks. In this paper, we propose an efficient anomaly detection scheme based on dynamic grouping and data re-encryption, which is compatible with existing secure in-network aggregation schemes, to detect falsified data injected by malfunctioning and malicious meters.
Reflective interconnection networks

Abstract In this paper, a class of single-sided multiprocessor multistage interconnection networks (MINs), which we call ‘reflective’ networks, is proposed. A common characteristic of reflective networks is that as requests pass through the network, at some point they are reflected back to the same side rather than passed to the opposite side as in double-sided multistage interconnection networks. This leads to a logarithmic delay between processors and memory which is often much less than in double-sided MINs, many routes through the networks which provides for increased performance and significant fault tolerance, and good physical properties for scalability. Here, reflective networks are analyzed and various routes through the network characterized. Their performance is compared to existing networks using simulation under circuit-switched and packet-switched modes of operation. Both fault-free performance and performance in the presence of faults are presented. We prove that there are a very large number of routes available in general, and often many short routes. There are disjoint routes which can be used very effectively to avoid faulty parts of the network.
Scaling analysis of electron transport through metal-semiconducting carbon nanotube interfaces: Evolution from the molecular limit to the bulk limit

We present a scaling analysis of electronic and transport properties of metal-semiconducting carbon nanotube interfaces as a function of the nanotube length within the coherent transport regime, which takes fully into account atomic-scale electronic structure and three-dimensional electrostatics of the metal-nanotube interface using a real-space Green's function based self-consistent tight-binding theory. As the first example, we examine devices formed by attaching finite-size single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) to both high- and low-work function metallic electrodes through the dangling bonds at the end, where the length of the SWNT molecule varies from the molecular limit to the bulk limit and the strength of metal-SWNT coupling varies from the strong coupling to the weak coupling limit. We analyze the nature of Schottky barrier formation at the metal-nanotube interface by examining the electrostatics, the band lineup and the conductance of the metal-SWNT molecule-metal junction as a function of the SWNT molecule length and metal-SWNT coupling strength. We show that the confined cylindrical geometry and the atomistic nature of electronic processes across the metal-SWNT interface leads to a different physical picture of band alignment from that of the planar metal-semiconductor interface. We analyze the temperature and length dependence of the conductance of the SWNT junctions, which shows a transition from tunneling- to thermal activation-dominated transport with increasing nanotube length. The temperature dependence of the conductance is much weaker than that of the planar metal-semiconductor interface due to the finite number of conduction channels within the SWNT junctions. We find that the current-voltage characteristics of the metal-SWNT molecule-metal junctions are sensitive to models of the potential response to the applied source/drain bias voltages. Our analysis applies in general to devices based on quasi-one-dimensional nanostructures including molecules, carbon nanotubes, and semiconductor nanowires.
The Effect of Prosthetic Radial Head Geometry on the Distribution and Magnitude of Radiocapitellar Joint Contact Pressures

Purpose To determine if radiocapitellar contact pressures would be elevated with nonanatomical (circular) prostheses over those mimicking native anatomy and if such pressures would be related to the depth and contour of the articular dish and to the pattern of prosthetic articulation against the lateral trochlear ridge. Methods Three commercially available circular radial head designs were compared with an anatomical radial head and 2 modified anatomical prototype radial head designs in 10 cadaveric specimens. Each prosthesis and specimen combination was loaded in neutral rotation and maximal extension with a custom testing apparatus while measuring contact areas and pressures using thin-film pressure sensors. Results Anatomical radial head prototype 2 had similar radiocapitellar contact areas and mean pressures as the native radial head; all other designs showed significant decreases in contact area and increased mean pressures. Peak contact pressures were also measured and were significantly elevated with all prostheses tested. Anatomical designs are statistically more likely to mimic normal contact with the lateral trochlear ridge and its adjacent sulcus than circular prostheses. They are also significantly less likely to have contact pressures above the 5 MPa threshold that is thought to be harmful to cartilage. The depth of the articular dish had a significant effect on contact area and pressure. Conclusions Commercially available radial head prostheses demonstrated reduced radiocapitellar contact areas and elevated contact pressures during compressive loading. These were significantly greater with symmetrical circular prostheses than with asymmetrical elliptical designs. The prosthesis that best mimicked native contact behavior was the anatomical radial head prototype 2 owing to its design for articulating with the capitellum, the lateral trochlear ridge, and the sulcus between. Clinical relevance Because radial head prostheses have the potential to cause capitellar erosion or arthritic change, those with lower contact pressures may lead to fewer such complications.
A system for the documentation of cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract.

One of the characteristics of good medical care is accurate recording of findings. Reasons for the careful and full documentation of oral cancer are reviewed. The components of adequacy are verbal description, mensuration, diagram, photography, and, when indicated, radiography. Details of each of these steps are presented, with emphasis on the value of simple line diagrams, upon which extent of tumor is indicated by a standardized method. It is recommended that national organizations concerned with head and neck oncology consider adoption of a uniform method of diagramming the extent of oral tumors.
Financial Strain and Health of Unmarried Older People

In a study of 1,782 older unmarried persons, we found no evidence that financial strain contributed to poor health. We examined the effect of financial strain on physical health over time and the degree to which vulnerability to financial strain was linked to health.
Quantitative drop analysis. XII. The determination of ultrafilterable calcium of blood

A procedure is described for the ultrafiltration of 0,1 ml of blood serum or plasma for determination of the ultrafilterable fraction of the blood calcium. The procedure has been checked by the tests commonly used for this purpose, and yields results whose validity is about that of the usual macro determinations.
Low-Frequency Oscillations of Cortical Oxidative Metabolism in Waking and Sleep

To study the changes in cortical oxidative metabolism and blood volume during behavioral state transitions, we employed reflectance spectrophotometry of the cortical cytochrome c oxidase (cyt aa3) redox state and blood volume in unanesthetized cats implanted with bilateral cortical windows and EEG electrodes. Continuous oscillations in the redox state and blood volume (∼9/min) were observed during waking and sleep. These primarily metabolic oscillations of relatively high amplitude were usually synchronous in homotopic cortical areas, and persisted during barbiturate-induced electrocortical silence. Their mean amplitude and frequency did not vary across different behavioral/EEG states, although the mean levels of cyt aa3 oxidation and blood volume during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep significantly exceeded those during waking and slow-wave sleep. These data suggest the existence of a spontaneously oscillating metabolic phenomenon in cortex that is not directly related to neuroelectric activity. A superim...
Standardization or restandardization: The case for “Standard” Spoken Tamil

The Tamil language has had its current standard written form since the 13th century; but because of increasing diglossia, spoken Tamil dialects have now diverged so radically from earlier norms, including the written standard (LT, or Literary Tamil) that no spoken dialect, regional or social, can function as the koine or lingua franca. Because LT is never used for authentic informal oral communication between live speakers, there has always been a need for some sort of spoken “standard” koine for inter-dialect communication. Aside from interpersonal communication, one hears this inter-dialect koine most clearly in the so-called “social”film, which arose out of its antecedent, the popular or “social” drama. Conversational portions of novels and short stories also exhibit spoken forms, though not always as clearly “phonetic” as a phonetician might expect. The goal of this paper is to examine the concept of “language standardization” as it has been applied to other languages, focusing on the role of literacy and writing in this process; then to present evidence for, as well as the sources of, koinaeization of "Standard Spoken Tamil"; and then to determine whether SST is in fact an emergent standard, given the challenges of literacy and writing. (Standardization, Tamil, diglossia, linguae francae, koines)
Predicting the effects of in-car interface use on driver performance

While researchers have made great strides in evaluating and comparing user interfaces using computational models and frameworks, their work has focused almost exclusively on interfaces that serve as the only or primary task for the user. This paper presents an approach of evaluating and comparing interfaces that users interact with as secondary tasks while executing a more critical primary task. The approach centers on the integration of two computational behavioral models, one for the primary task and another for the secondary task. The resulting integrated model can then execute both tasks together and generate a priori predictions about the effects of one task on the other. The paper focuses in particular on the domain of driving and the comparison of four dialing interfaces for in-car cellular phones. Using the ACT-R cognitive architecture (Anderson & Lebiere, 1998) as a computational framework, behavioral models for each possible dialing interface were integrated with an existing model of driver behavior (Salvucci, Boer & Liu, in press). The integrated model predicted that two different manual-dialing interfaces would have significant effects on driver steering performance while two different voice-dialing interfaces would have no significant effect on performance. An empirical study conducted with human drivers in a driving simulator showed that while model and human performance differed with respect to overall magnitudes, the model correctly predicted the overall pattern of effects for human drivers. These results suggest that the integration of computational behavioral models provides a useful, practical method for predicting the effects of secondary-task interface use on primary-task performance.
Mothers' Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy: Effects on Spatial-Visual Reasoning in 14-Year-Old Children

Fourteen-year-old adolescents' behavior on a spatial-visual reasoning task was associated with self-report of their mothers' alcohol consumption during pregnancy, 15 years earlier The task was arranged so that it was possible to evaluate the examinees' tendency to respond rapidly and less accurately, or slowly and more accurately The greater the mother's reported drinking, the faster and less accurately the adolescent responded The decrement in visual-spatial reasoning related to alcohol appears to be linked to a tendency toward impulsive responding
Towards public health decision support: a systematic review of bidirectional communication approaches.

Objective To summarize the literature describing computer-based interventions aimed at improving bidirectional communication between clinical and public health. Materials and Methods A systematic review of English articles using MEDLINE and Google Scholar. Search terms included public health, epidemiology, electronic health records, decision support, expert systems, and decision-making. Only articles that described the communication of information regarding emerging health threats from public health agencies to clinicians or provider organizations were included. Each article was independently reviewed by two authors. Results Ten peer-reviewed articles highlight a nascent but promising area of research and practice related to alerting clinicians about emerging threats. Current literature suggests that additional research and development in bidirectional communication infrastructure should focus on defining a coherent architecture, improving interoperability, establishing clear governance, and creating usable systems that will effectively deliver targeted, specific information to clinicians in support of patient and population decision-making. Conclusions Increasingly available clinical information systems make it possible to deliver timely, relevant knowledge to frontline clinicians in support of population health. Future work should focus on developing a flexible, interoperable infrastructure for bidirectional communications capable of integrating public health knowledge into clinical systems and workflows.
Thermodynamic properties calculation for MgO–SiO2 liquids using both empirical and first-principles molecular simulations

Both classical molecular dynamics simulations and first-principles molecular simulations were carried out to investigate the thermodynamic properties of MgO–SiO2 melts at 4000 K and 0 GPa. After equilibrating both the mini-sized and large-sized systems using classical molecular dynamics simulations, several properties and structures were calculated and compared. Consistencies were found between results from mini-sized systems and those from large-sized systems. The first-principles molecular dynamics simulations were continued for 6 ps from several independent configurations output from the mini-sized systems. The enthalpy of mixing was calculated, and results were compared with those from empirical molecular simulations. We found that first-principles simulation modified the thermodynamic properties of silicate melts, and led to positive enthalpy of mixing at high SiO2 concentrations and negative ones at low SiO2 concentrations. Regressing data using the Margules equation led to results consistent with available references.
Ischemic preconditioning reduces neurologic injury in a rat model of spinal cord ischemia.

Background. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an endogenous cellular protective mechanism whereby brief, noninjurious periods of ischemia render a tissue more resistant to a subsequent, more prolonged ischemic insult. We hypothesized that IPC of the spinal cord would reduce neurologic injury after experimental aortic occlusion in rats and that this improved neurologic benefit could be induced acutely after a short reperfusion interval separating the IPC and the ischemic insult. Methods. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats under general anesthesia were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The IPC group (n 5 20) had 3 minutes of aortic occlusion to induce spinal cord ischemia 30 minutes of reperfusion, and 12 minutes of ischemia, whereas the controls (n 5 20) had only 12 minutes of ischemia. Neurologic function was evaluated 24 and 48 hours later. Some animals from these groups were perfusion-fixed for hematoxylin and eosin staining of the spinal cord for histologic evaluation. Results. Survival was significantly better at 48 hours in the IPC group. Sensory and motor neurologic function were significantly different between groups at 24 and 48 hours. Histologic evaluation at 48 hours showed severe neurologic damage in rats with poor neurologic test scores. Conclusions. Ischemic preconditioning reduces neurologic injury and improves survival in a rat model of spinal cord ischemia. The protective benefit of IPC is acutely invoked after a 30-minute reperfusion interval between the preconditioning and the ischemic event. (Ann Thorac Surg 1999;68:874 ‐ 80) © 1999 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons
Culture's Consequences for Leadership Behavior National Values in Action

Relationships between work-related values held by managers from 39 diverse national cultures and their leadership practices as assessed by subordinates were examined. Power distance was significantly and negatively associated with leader communication, delegation, approachability, and team building; uncertainty avoidance was significantly associated with more leader control, but less delegation and approachability.
A model for the growth dynamics of economic organizations

We apply methods and concepts of statistical physics to the study of economic organizations. We identify robust, universal, characteristics of the time evolution of economic organizations. Speci/cally, we /nd the existence of scalinglaws describingthe g of the size of these org anizations. We study a model assuminga complex evolvinginternal structure of an org anization that is able to reproduce many of the empirical /ndings. c 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Singleton to sandwich chunking into buslets for better system development

With the rising cost of developing increasingly complex software intensive systems, improved strategies to join together legacy systems are desirable. Connecting black boxes not easily customized by the integrator requires architectural innovation and new integration practices. Middleware software solutions turn disparate hardware systems into system of systems service oriented architecture but there still needs to be a common underlying service with a consistent data structure to the overall system. This paper proposes an innovative approach to transposing software subsystems into the dominant flow down system engineering process used in many large programs today, specifically; large legacy bound architectures The paper suggest this can be accomplished by creating a hybrid architecture pattern from two established software patterns, singleton and sandwich, which would allow users to phase in service availability long before dominant system engineering processes are completed.
Potential colonization of newly available tree-species habitat under climate change: An analysis for five eastern US species

We used a combination of two models, DISTRIB and SHIFT, to estimate potential migration of five tree species into suitable habitat due to climate change over the next 100 years. These species, currently confined to the eastern half of the United States and not extending into Canada, are Diospyros virginiana (persimmon), Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum), Oxydendrum arboreum (sourwood), Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), and Quercus falcata var. falcata (southern red oak). DISTRIB uses a statistical approach to assess potential suitable habitat under equilibrium of 2 × CO2. SHIFT uses a cellular automata approach to estimate migration and is driven primarily by the abundance of the species near the boundary, forest density inside and outside of the boundary, and distance between cells. For each cell outside the current boundary, SHIFT creates an estimate of the probability that each unoccupied target cell will become colonized over 100 years. By evaluating the probability of colonization within the potential ‘new’ suitable habitat, we can estimate the proportion of new habitat that might be colonized within a century. This proportion is low (<15%) for all five species, suggesting that there is a serious lag between the potential movement of suitable habitat and the potential for the species to migrate into the new habitat. However, humans could hasten the migration of certain species by physically moving the propagules, especially for certain rare species that are unable to move sufficiently through fragmented landscapes, or even more common species, e.g., beech, that have lost many of their animal dispersers.
Stereochemical structure-property relationships in polynorbornene from simulation

Single-chain Monte Carlo simulations of polynorbornene were carried out for three stereochemical isomers. These simulations employed custom force field parameters derived from ab initio and semi-empirical quantum calculations. The scaling of intrinsic viscosity with molecular weight was determined from these simulations. An unusually large variation in this scaling was obtained, which is attributed to the large degree of steric hindrance inherent in this form of polynorbornene that retains the bicyclo-heptane ring in the backbone. The same scaling was measured for three commercial samples of this polymer produced using three different catalysts. The simulation and experimental results were consistent and the former were used to estimate the stereochemical configuration of the commercial samples. The simulation results for a stereoregular isomer of polynorbornene were also consistent with previous RIS model results. These structure-property relationships extracted from the simulations are potentially useful in the commercialization of polynorbornene for interlayer dielectric applications in electronic packaging.
Movement Societies and Digital Protest: Fan Activism and Other Nonpolitical Protest Online*

Sociologists of culture studying “fan activism” have noted an apparent increase in its volume, which they attribute to the growing use of the Internet to register fan claims. However, scholars have yet to measure the extent of contemporary fan activism, account for why fan discontent has been expressed through protest, or precisely specify the role of the Internet in this expansion. We argue that these questions can be addressed by drawing on a growing body of work by social movement scholars on “movement societies,” and more particularly on a nascent thread of this approach we develop that theorizes the appropriation of protest practices for causes outside the purview of traditional social movements. Theorizing that the Internet, as a new media, is positioned to accelerate the diffusion of protest practices, we develop and test hypotheses about the use of movement practices for fan activism and other nonpolitical claims online using data on claims made in quasi-random samples of online petitions, boycott...
The phenogenetics of hair mutants in the house mouse: Opossum and Ragged *†

1. The development and morphology of the semi-dominant mutations Ragged and Opossum are compared. The results of the present study support evidence of previous linkage studies which suggest that Ragged (Ra) and Opossum (Raop) are alleles.2. Examination of embryos from 18-day-old first parity matings of + + × Raop + reveals that there is no deficiency of Raop + embryos. However, in Ra + × Raop + and Raop + × Raop + matings some Raop + embryos die in utero in addition to the pre-natal death of the RaRaop and RaopRaop embryos.3. In all matings of Ragged and Opossum, there is a high frequency of oedematous Raop + embryos. In + + × Raop + matings, the frequency of oedema increases with increased age of the embryos.4. Although the pattern of hair follicle formation is the same in both the mutant and normal embryos, follicles begin initiation later in the mutant embryos. The delay in follicle initiation is increased in the following order: Ra +, Raop + (non-oedemic), RaRa and Raop + (oedemic).5. Heterozygous Opossum and Ra + mice have a full complement of pelage follicle primordia, but some follicles fail to differentiate. The differentiating follicles pass through the same developmental stages and require the same time for development as follicles in + + mice.6. Heterozygous Ragged and Raop + mice have a full complement of tylotrichs, whereas the concentration of awls is variable. In Ra + mice there is a reduction in zigzags, and Raop + mice usually lack zigzags. No auchenes are observed in the mutant mice.7. Hair growth is asynchronous in Ra + and Raop + mice, with the exception of the first pelage coat. The quiescent phase of the hair growth cycle is short or even missing.8. The degree of Ra and Raop gene activity is in the following order of increased severity: Ra +, Raop + (semi-lethal), RaRa (semi-lethal), RaRaop (lethal) and RaopRaop (lethal).
Chiral Molecular Glass: Synthesis and Characterization of Enantiomerically Pure Thiophene‐Based [7]Helicene

Synthesis of thiophene-based [7]helicenes, which are functionalized for both design of organic chiral glasses with strong chiroptical properties and for further homologation to higher [n]helicenes, is reported. The key synthetic transformations are kinetic resolution of the intermediate diketone and the annelation step forming the center benzene ring by means of an intramolecular McMurry reaction. Based upon X-ray crystallographic determinations of the absolute configurations for (+)-enantiomers of the diketone and the [7]helicene, stereochemical correlation between the (R) axial chirality of the diketone and the (M) helical chirality of the [7]helicene is established. One such enantiopure trimethylsilyl-substituted [7]helicene possesses enchanced chiroptical properties and forms a chiral molecular glass.
Species Composition and Distribution of Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Parasitoids in Northern Idaho

Abstract Economically damaging infestations of Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor Say (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) have been reported in northern Idaho and damage from the pest has been increasing in this region for the last 12 years. Despite the seriousness of this pest, there is no published information on the natural enemy community associated with Hessian fly in northern Idaho. Studies were conducted in 1998 and 1999 to determine the abundance, distribution, and species composition of Hessian fly parasitoids in northern Idaho. Surveys of commercial wheat fields were conducted in eight counties, and samplings were done in spring wheat trials established near Lewiston, Bonners Ferry, Genesee and Greencreek. Seven species of hymenopterous parasitoids of Hessian fly are reported from Idaho for the first time. Parasitoids were collected from flies in all eight counties. Of the species found, Platygaster hiemalis (Forbes) (Platygastridae) was the most numerous, and Homoporus destructor Say (Pteromalidae) and Ped...