cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Comfort Kits to Optimize Adult Cancer Pain Management

Abstract Background Pain is one of the most feared of all symptoms for the cancer patient. Some studies estimate that up to 90% of all cancer patients experience pain. Advances in pharmaceuticals and expert provider knowledge have improved pain management overall for the patient with cancer; however, complementary therapies can synergize medications to provide optimal pain relief while decreasing the side effect profile. Despite this, nurses may have limited access to such resources. Many therapies can be administered directly by the bedside/chairside nurse with minimal training and the nurse can then teach the patient and family how to use the selected complementary therapy after leaving the hospital or clinic. Objectives The oncology nurse will be able to identify several easy-to-implement complementary therapies that can supplement pharmacologic pain management for cancer patients. Methods As a quality project, comfort kits, containing such items as handheld massagers, guided imagery audiotapes, and aromatherapy essential oils, were distributed for use with patients through unit-based pain resource nurses. Analysis More than 500 comfort kit items were tracked by the pain clinical nurse specialist during the comfort kit trial, both by medical record review and by follow-up phone calls to patients. During the comfort kit trial, average pain intensity decreased by 2.25 points on a 0-10 scale in the 24-hour period after use of the item from the comfort kit. Patients also had an overall decrease in the use of pharmacologic pain interventions and an increase in ambulation in the 24-hour period after implementation. Conclusions Comfort kits allow nurses easy access to inexpensive tools to supplement pharmaceutical pain management. Optimizing nonpharmacologic pain management can increase patient and nurse satisfaction, improve overall pain management, and decrease untoward side effects.
Impact of Advanced Vehicle Technologies on Energy Consumption for the City of Detroit Using Transportation System Simulations

In developing a transportation system model, the energy impact of the model is extremely important for sustainability and validation. One approach to evaluating the energy impact is to consider the amount of fuel consumed by transportation in the model for different scenarios and technologies. Argonne National Laboratory has collaborated with the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG) and the Detroit Department of Transportation to develop and validate a transportation system model for Southeast Michigan, focusing on the city of Detroit. The objective of this paper is to analyze the vehicle energy consumption in the Detroit Transportation System model. The focus is on evaluating the SEMCOG road network drive cycles as performed with current and future vehicle technologies.
Efficient Design of Diffractive THz Lenses for Aberration Rectified Focusing via Modified Binary Search Algorithm

We experimentally demonstrate thin, error tolerant, and aberration corrected 3D printed diffractive 1D and 2D THz lenses for focusing THz beams with NA > 0.25 and an average efficiency greater than 75% (for all cases). Our work has relevance to THz lens design, and in general, THz imaging systems.
Applying a holistic cybersecurity framework for global IT organizations

Examined are the three core themes: the role of education in cybersecurity, the role of technology in cybersecurity, and the role of policy in cybersecurity. These topics are essential for organiza...
Control of irritable bowel syndrome with polyamine analogs: a structure-activity study.

The evaluation of a group of polyamine analogs as agents to ameliorate diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome is described. Each compound was assessed when administered subcutaneously in a psychological stress-induced model of irritable bowel syndrome in rodents for its ability to reduce stool output in a dose-dependent manner. The spermine pharmacophore is shown to be an excellent platform from which to construct compounds to treat irritable bowel syndrome. The activity of the compounds is very dependent on both the nature of the terminal alkyl groups and the geometry of the methylene spacers separating the nitrogens. In addition to the subcutaneous studies, several compounds, N1,N11-diethylnorspermine, N1,N12-diethylspermine, N1,N12-diisopropylspermine, N1,N14-diethylhomospermine, N,N`-bis[5-(ethylamino)pentyl]-1,4-butanediamine, N,N`-bis[2-(4-piperidinyl)ethyl]-1,4-diaminobutane, and N,N`-bis[3-(ethylamino)propyl]-trans-1,4-cyclohexanediamine, were subsequently evaluated for oral efficacy. The remarkable activity of N,N`-bis[3-(ethylamino)propyl]-trans-1,4-cyclohexanediamine underscores the need to explore this framework further as a pharmacophore for the construction of other analogues to relieve the symptoms of diarrhea-predominant IBS.
Carcinoid (Neuroendocrine) Tumors

The nomenclature of carcinoid tumors in general and of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors in particular has undergone periodic changes reflecting changing concepts of their origin, histologic spectrum, natural history, and embryologic derivation.1 It is certain that at the time of this writing not all that there is to know about these tumors is known, and therefore, the nomenclature is bound to undergo additional changes in the future.
Abstract 1750: Inducing therapeutic lymphangiogenesis for potentiating cancer immunotherapy in melanoma

Tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis is well known to promote metastasis and to correlate with poor prognosis in melanoma and other cancers, yet its functional roles in antitumor immunity had remained largely unexplored. In a recent study, we investigated the role of the vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C)—the main driver of lymphangiogenesis—in regulating antitumor immune response. We showed that in the B16 F10 injectable melanoma model, VEGF-C inhibition prevented T cells from infiltrating the tumor and reduced the efficacy of immunotherapies. Here, we sought to extend this concept to exploit the immunologic benefits of VEGF-C for therapeutic applications. We engineered a VEGF-C variant with an extracellular matrix-binding domain (MB-VEGF-C) allowing retention into the microenvironment after intratumoral injection. MB-VEGF-C induced increased lymphatic vasculature in tumors without reducing tumor growth rate. In an autochthonous melanoma model with reduced immune infiltrates, MB-VEGF-C intratumoral injections promoted the infiltration of cross-presenting DCs, as well as CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Crucially, in these tumors that are normally unresponsive to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), we could restore the responsiveness to ICB by delivering MB-VEGF-C together with immune adjuvants. Taken together, our findings suggest that VEGF-C and tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis, albeit promoting metastasis, can also be exploited to promote a T cell-inflamed microenvironment and to subsequently potentiate immunotherapies. Citation Format: Lambert Potin, Lea Maillat, Priscilla S. Briquez, Jeffrey A. Hubbell, Melody A. Swartz. Inducing therapeutic lymphangiogenesis for potentiating cancer immunotherapy in melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1750.
Optical Pressure on a Structured Surface

We experimentally demonstrate for the first time that the optical pressure on a nanostructured surface can exceed that on a planar mirror by virtue of exploiting the third dimension and an asymmetric plasmon wave resonance. © 2019 The Author(s)
Dynamics of Baire-2 functions on the interval

Abstract Let I = [ 0 , 1 ] , with b B 2 the set of bounded Baire-2 self-maps of I. The set b B 2 is closely related to the collection of measurable functions, as g : I → I is measurable if and only if g = f a.e., for some f ∈ b B 2 . For f ∈ b B 2 , let ω ( x , f ) be the ω-limit set generated by x ∈ I , and take Λ ( f ) = ∪ x ∈ I ω ( x , f ) to be the set of ω-limit points of f. There exists T a residual subset of b B 2 such that for any f ∈ T , the following hold: 1. For any x ∈ I , the ω-limit set ω ( x , f ) is a Cantor set. 2. For any e > 0 , there exists a natural number M such that f m ( I ) ⊂ B e ( Λ ( f ) ) , whenever m > M . 3. The Hausdorff dimension dim H ⁡ Λ ( f ) ‾ = 0 . 4. There exists R , a residual subset of [ 0 , 1 ] , with the property that ω f : R → K given by x ⟼ ω ( x , f ) is continuous. 5. The n-fold iterate f n is an element of b B 2 , for all natural numbers n. 6. The function f is non-chaotic in the senses of Devaney and Li-Yorke.
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF BLANKING PROCESS

ABSTRACTBlanking process can be simulated on computer and it will aid in die , punch design andpress selection. Further effect of punch wear on fracture height and bur height in blankcan be ascertained by simulation. This paper demonstrates the blanking process bysimulation using ABAQUS v 6.4. For a 2mm mild steel sheet the simulation shows thatfor the punch force of 240 kN the crack starts at 30% punch penetration depth andpunch force suddenly drops to value of 70kN and remains steady till the blanking iscomplete. In the elastic plastic range the experimental and simulation results agree wellwith rising punch force up to the point of creation of crack, however there is slightdiscrepancy in the down fall of force with depth of penetration of punch. With increaseof the thickness of sheet the crack height is reduced and blank quality is improved.
Efficacy of Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has been associated with poor clinical outcomes. Catheter ablation has been shown to be an effective way to limit recurrence of AF and reduce stroke and mortality in patients with normal ventricular function and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Efficacy of catheter ablation in patients with HFpEF is less clear. We sought to evaluate clinical outcomes in the HFpEF population with ablation plus medical therapy as compared to medical therapy alone. Methods We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort review of 180 patients from 2007 to 2017. Inclusion criteria were patients who had a hospitalization with HFpEF and AF as hospital problems, EF≥50% and age ≥40. The ablation group includes all AF patients who underwent ablation and met inclusion criteria. The medical therapy cohort also met all the inclusion criteria and excluded patients with any ablations. Medical therapy included rate control, rhythm control or both. The primary outcome was AF at 1 year. Secondary outcomes were hospital admissions, stroke, and all-cause mortality. Results Out of 180 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 85 underwent catheter ablation and 95 were managed medically. More men underwent ablation vs. medical therapy (62.5% vs. 25.3%, p Conclusion In patients with HFpEF and AF, catheter ablation along with medical therapy is an effective method of rhythm control and resulted in fewer strokes than medical management alone.
Dyadic quality of life among heterosexual and sexual minority breast cancer survivors and their caregivers

The number of informal caregivers to cancer survivors is increasing, and limited information is available about caregivers to sexual minority breast cancer survivors. The purpose of this study was to assess dyadic quality of life among sexual minority cancer survivors and their caregivers compared with heterosexual cancer survivors and their caregivers. We recruited 167 survivors of non-metastatic breast cancer of different sexual orientations and their caregivers, who were surveyed via telephone after obtaining consent. We used inverse propensity score weighting to account for differences by sexual orientation in age and length of the survivor-caregiver relationship, and simultaneous equation models consistent with the needs for analyzing dyadic data. About 6–7 years after diagnosis, survivors and caregivers reported quality of life scores consistent with population norms, and there were no differences by survivors’ sexual orientation. With few exceptions, caregivers’ and survivors’ quality of life influenced one another directly, and these effects were stronger among sexual minority dyads than heterosexual dyads. Because of the strength of sexual minority, survivors’ and their caregivers’ mutual influence on each other’s quality of life, interventions, and clinical care for sexual minority breast cancer survivors should consider their caregivers.
Collective excitations in 2D atomic layers: Recent perspectives

The strong advantage of two-dimensional (2D) materials is that they exhibit interesting physical properties down to the single unit layer (typically less than 1 nm). Such emergent properties are highly dependent on thickness and can be tunable via external parameters such as electric field, pressure, and/or chemical treatment. In addition, most 2D materials have hexagonal crystal structures; thus, it is possible to stack with other 2D materials to enrich the properties. This tunability and compatibility makes 2D materials and their heterostructures promising candidates for optoelectronic devices.
Contrasting language attitudes: The case of Spanish in Basel

Two concurrent discourses on the presence of non-national languages such as Spanish and its speakers circulate in Switzerland’s public sphere: one that conceives this presence positively and another that considers it negatively. Following a multimodal discursive-interactive approach, in this study I seek to determine which of these discourses is reproduced in the individual, private accounts of five Swiss nationals. My results show that these individuals echo both of the readily available dominant discourses, meaning that they construct contrasting attitudes related to said presence, regardless of whether these attitudes are deployed as part of their own set of beliefs or that of other Swiss nationals like them. These results build on prior research that shows that the private attitudes of individuals are often strongly affected by various elements of the situational context (e.g., dominant discourses, the immediate surroundings, etc.) and, as a consequence of this, variable by nature. More generally, my results demonstrate the need to reframe how certain aspects of prominent social topics such as the presence of migrants and their languages are treated by authorities and in public media outlets.
A Simple Way to Demonstrate Fluorescent Image by Employing a Conventional Microscope and Transparent Colored Acrylic Pieces.

In this study, we describe a method to employ a conventional compound light microscope, usually available in laboratories, to obtain fluorescence. In particular, two pieces of colored acrylic plastic were utilized to assist the microscope in filter performance. We also attempted to examine the applicability of the setup by staining onion cells with highlighter ink. This activity is intended to serve as an experiment for life sciences courses using physics-based methods in a biological context. This setup has the advantages of ease of use and low cost.
Effects of a teacher training program to promote physically active play among preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders.

Wellness Enhancing Physical Activity for Young Children (WE PLAY) is an intervention intended to promote physical activity (PA) among typically-developing preschool children in child care settings. It was adapted for use by teachers who educate children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). This study used a multiple baseline design across participants to evaluate the impact of WE PLAY-Autism on teachers' PA facilitating behaviors and on the PA levels of children with ASD. Visual analysis and effect size estimates indicated that two of the three teachers increased their PA facilitating behavior, although this was insufficient to demonstrate a functional relation. Children's (n = 5) PA was measured daily during school hours using accelerometry. Visual analysis, which was further supported by effect size calculations, indicated higher average levels of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) among preschoolers with ASD in the intervention phase (Tau-UA vs. B = 0.53, p < .001, Hedges' g = 0.99, 95% CI [0.56, 1.43]) and post-training phase (Tau-UA vs. B = 0.55, p < .001, Hedges' g = 1.17, 95% CI [0.73, 1.60]) in comparison to the baseline phase. WE PLAY-Autism is an intervention deserving of further investigation given its meaningful impact on the MVPA of preschoolers with ASD paired with its potential for broad implementation in preschools.
Efficacy of Closed Incision Negative Pressure Wound Therapy on Abdominal Donor Site After Free Flap Breast Reconstruction.

Introduction Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has been used to treat acute and chronic wounds in a variety of scenarios. Specifically, in autologous breast reconstruction, studies investigating the use of closed incision NPWT (ciNPWT) in breast surgery are lacking. Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the use of ciNPWT at the abdominal donor site following deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction. Materials and methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted over a 15-month period including patients who underwent abdominally based microsurgical breast reconstruction. Patients were divided into 2 groups: (1) a control group that underwent standard abdominal donor site closure and (2) an experimental group that underwent standard abdominal donor site closure plus ciNPWT. Groups were compared in terms of demographic characteristics, perioperative variables, and abdominal donor site complications. Results A total of 42 patients were identified. Of these, 18 were included in the control group and 24 in the ciNPWT group. No cases of seroma, abdominal bulge, or abdominal hernia were reported. Wound dehiscence developed in 2 patients (11.1%) in the control group and in 3 patients (12.5%) in the experimental group (P = 1.000). One patient (5.6%) in the control group had an infection of the donor site compared with none in the ciNPWT group (P = .429). Interestingly, 3 patients developed hyperpigmentation where the ciNPWT plastic drape was placed. Conclusions The use of ciNPWT on the abdominal donor site following DIEP flap breast reconstruction did not lower the incidence of wound dehiscence and wound infection. Different approaches are needed to decrease the incidence of donor site complications in abdominally based postmastectomy breast reconstruction.
Development and Implementation of the Military Treatment Facility Engagement Committee (MTFEC) to Support Pragmatic Clinical Trials in the Military Health System.

Introduction Within the population of military service members and veterans, chronic pain is highly prevalent, often complex, and frequently related to traumatic experiences that are more likely to occur to members of this demographic, such as individuals with traumatic brain injury or limb loss. In September 2017, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Defense (DOD), and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Pain Management Collaboratory (PMC) was formed as a significant and innovative inter-government agency partnership to support a multicomponent research initiative focusing on nonpharmacological approaches for pain management addressing the needs of service members, their dependents, and veterans. Methods A Pain Management Collaboratory Coordinating Center (PMC3) was also established to facilitate collective learning across 11 individually funded pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs) designed to optimize the impact of the PMC as an integrated whole. Although the DOD and VA health care systems are ideal sites for the enactment of PCTs, executing these trials within the local context of DOD military treatment facilities (MTFs) can present unique challenges. The Military Treatment Facility Engagement Committee (MTFEC) was created to support the efforts of the PMC3 in its role as a national resource for development and refinement of innovative tools, best practices, and other resources in the conduct of high impact PCTs. Results The MTFEC is composed of experts from each service who bring experiences in executing clinical pain management trials that can enhance the planning and execution of the PCTs. It provides expertise and leadership in the execution of research studies at within MTFs and within the DOD health care system, with guidance from PMC3 Directors and in collaboration with NIH, DOD, and VA program and scientific officers. Discussion/conclusion Considering the importance of enacting large-scale, pragmatic studies to implement effective strategies in clinical practice for chronic pain management, the MTFEC has begun to actualize its purpose by identifying potential barriers and challenges to study implementation and exploring how the PMC can support and aid in the execution of PCTs by applying similar approaches to stakeholder and subject matter engagement for their research.
Introduction: Re-stating the Standard of Practice for Death Penalty Counsel: The Supplementary Guidelines for the Mitigation Function of Defense Teams in Death Penalty Cases

As the Anglo-American legal world has understood for centuries, if a criminal justice system that includes capital punishment is to be a just one it must at the least insure that the defendant receives truly effective defense representation. Since modern American capital punishment systems were reconfigured in 1976, they have seen a strong consensus coalesce around the elements of such representation. That consensus was embodied in guidelines issued by the American Bar Association (“ABA”) in 1989 and 2003 after extended consultation with practitioners and professional groups, and the courts have repeatedly recognized those guidelines as articulating the standard of care that capital defense counsel are to follow. A central—indeed, arguably the central—duty of counsel in a
Veritism and the goal of inquiry

Elgin has offered us a powerful articulation of an epistemology that does not, contra veritism, have a concern for truth at its core. I contend that the case for Elgin’s alternative epistemological picture trades upon a faulty conception of what a veritistic epistemological outlook involves. In particular, I argue that the right conception of veritism—one that is fundamentally informed by the intellectual virtues—has none of the problematic consequences that Elgin claims. Relatedly, I maintain that we can account for the core role of objectual understanding in inquiry without thereby giving up on truth as the fundamental epistemic good (and even while granting that such understanding might well involve some false beliefs on the part of the subject).
Measuring structural xenophobia: US State immigration policy climates over ten years

Abstract There is an increasing need to understand the structural drivers of immigrant health inequities, including xenophobic and racist policies at the state level in the United States. Databases aggregate state policies related to immigration and research using single year indices examines state policy and immigrant health. Yet none of these sources use a theoretically informed social determinants of immigrant health approach to consider state environments longitudinally, include both exclusionary and inclusionary policies, and are relevant to immigrants from any region of the world or ethnic group. Using an established social determinants of immigrant health framework, a measure of structural xenophobia was created using fourteen policies across five domains: access to public health benefits, higher education, labor and employment, driver's licenses and identification, and immigration enforcement over a ten-year period (2009–2019). To create the Immigration Policy Climate (IPC) index, we used data from state legislatures as well as policy databases from foundations, advocacy organizations, and scholarly articles. We identified and coded 714 US state policies across the 50 US States and the District of Columbia from 2009 to 2019. We calculated annual IPC index scores (range: 12 – 12) as a continuous measure (negative scores: exclusionary; positive scores: inclusionary). Results show that the US has an exclusionary immigration policy climate at the state-level (mean IPC score of −2.5). From 2009 to 2019, two-thirds of state-level immigration policies are exclusionary towards immigrants. About 75% of states experienced a 4-point change or less on the IPC index, and no state changed from largely exclusive to largely inclusive. By aggregating comprehensive, detailed data and a measure of state-level immigration policies over time, the IPC index provides population health researchers with rigorous evidence with which to assess structural xenophobia and an opportunity for longitudinal research on health inequities and immigrant health.
Techno-economic analysis of roll-to-roll production of perovskite modules using radiation thermal processes

Abstract Perovskite solar technology can produce economically viable photovoltaic devices due to low cost of materials and scalable manufacturing. Solution phase deposition of all active layers lends itself to roll-to-roll fabrication methods which are well-established and have production rates of several hundred square meters per minute. In this techno-economic analysis, the opportunity to scale at this production throughput is considered with manufacturing rates exceeding one gigawatt per year in a single plant. Intense pulsed light is used for the post deposition process to minimize costs associated with the footprint, equipment, and operation. The analysis is limited to the operation of a roll-to-roll manufacturing facility producing a perovskite solar film that can be incorporated into photovoltaic modules. Costs associated with materials, labor, and equipment are considered along with utilities determined from the fundamental engineering calculations. The results show that at very large-scale operations of several gigawatts, the costs to produce the solar films range between $0.04 and $0.10 per watt.
Benign Vascular Tumors

Benign vascular lesions in the adult liver include cavernous hemangiomas, capillary hemangiomas, anastomosing hemangiomas, and lymphangiomas. In addition, non-neoplastic lesions can mimic vascular tumors, including hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and peliosis hepatis. The clinical findings, morphology, and differential of these tumors are discussed and illustrated.
Memory Assignment for Multiprocessor Caches through Grey Coloring

The achieved performance of multiprocessors is heavily dependent on the performance of their caches. Cache performance is severely degraded when data tiles used by a program conflict in the caches. This paper explores techniques for improving multiprocessor performance by improving cache utilization. Specifically, we investigate the problem of statically assigning data tiles to memory in a way that minimizes the impact of collisions in multiprocessor caches. We define the problem precisely and present an efficient procedure for finding solutions to it. The procedure incorporates a new technique, grey coloring, that reduces the maximum number of conflicts in any cache in the system by distributing cache misses evenly among processors.
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in the Americas

The hantaviruses of the Americas are being recognized as a numerous and growing group of rodent-borne viruses that cause a disease called hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). The American viruses all belong to the genus Hantavirus of the family Bunyaviridae. There are recent general reviews of hantaviruses and their molecular genetics, but this chapter emphasizes some of the recent findings in the Americas. Only two hantaviruses were known in the Americas before 1993: Prospect Hill virus from the meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus and Seoul virus from the Old World rodent Rattus norvegicus. In 1993 an epidemic of unexplained adult respiratory distress syndrome in the southwestern U.S. was serologically linked to hantaviruses. The most commonly used serological tests are the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test and more recently the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hantavirus vaccine development faces some formidable tasks. There is no animal model of HPS or hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) to measure attenuation or to study possible immunopathological interactions with vaccines. The diversity of the rodent taxon (Muridae and subfamily Sigmodontinae) suggests that there will be variation in the epidemiology and clinical presentation of HPS according to the individual causative virus, although to date the syndrome has been recognizable as HPS, and the epidemiology can be largely understood by patterns of rodent-human interactions.
Effect of Grain Size on Dynamic Scratch Response in Alumina

The machining and wear of ceramics and ceramic components are obviously influenced by abrasive damage. One parameter that can affect the abrasion process is the grain size of the ceramic material. To investigate this, single-grit pendulum scratch testing was used to investigate the dynamic scratch response in three 99.9% aluminas that each had a tight size distribution about mean grain sizes of 2, 15, or 25 m, respectively. The scratch speeds generated had an order of magnitude of ~ 1 m/s and the maximum scratch depths were several tens of micrometers. Tangential and normal scratch forces were monitored during each test and interpreted in conjunction with postmortem SEM and profilometry results. It was observed that both plastic deformation and brittle fracture participated in the scratching process and the relative activity of each was dependent on depth of penetration. At a specific depth of penetration, the material removal of alumina prevailingly relies on the generation and interaction of oblique radial and lateral cracks. Chip formation is greatly enhanced when the created cracks interact and that interaction itself depends on grain size. Larger grain size gives rise to larger lateral cracks, more severe fracture at the groove's bottom, and larger amplitude ofmore » scratch force oscillation. Lastly, the cutting pressure and the scratch hardness of alumina exhibit sensitivity to both grain size and the groove depth.« less
Head Model for Impact

A human head model has been developed primarily for use in evaluation of impact attenuation properties of football helmets, but is also applicable in automobile impact safety tests. Using firm silicon rubber molds made from impressions of cadaver bones, a skull and mandible were each cast in one piece using a self-skinning urethane foam that hardens into cross section geometry similar to the human bone. A rubber gel material is used to simulate the brain. The skull and attached mandible are overlayed with repairable silicon rubber skin having puncture and sliding-over-bone characteristics similar to human skin. At present, the model has a rudimentary solid silicon rubber neck, through the center of which runs a flexible steel cable attached at the foramen magnum. The cable is used to attach the head to a carriage or anthropometric dummy and can be adjusted in tension to give various degrees of flexibility. Response of the head is determined by a triaxial accelerometer mounted in a cavity in the skull that is located at the head c.g. and is conveniently accessible from beneath the mandible. Static load-deflection tests and impacts have been conducted on both the model and several cadavers. Results show that the response of the model falls into the cadaver range so that injury indexes can be applied directly to the model. The model is rugged, repeatable, and practical to use in situations where either protection is worn on the head or a frangible headform is desired.
Zero-value physical quantities

To state an important fact about the photon, physicists use such expressions as (1) “the photon has zero (null, vanishing) mass” and (2) “the photon is (a) massless (particle)” interchangeably. Both (1) and (2) express the fact that the photon has no non-zero mass. However, statements (1) and (2) disagree about a further fact: (1) attributes to the photon the property of zero-masshood whereas (2) denies that the photon has any mass at all. But is there really a difference between saying that something has zero mass (charge, spin, etc.) and saying that it has no mass (charge, spin, etc.)? Does the distinction cut any physical or philosophical ice? I argue that the answer to these questions is yes. Put briefly, the claim of this paper is that some zero-value physical quantities are not mere “privations”, “absences” or “holes in being”. They are respectable properties in the same sense in which their non-zero partners are. This, I will show, has implications for the debate between two rival views of the nature of property, dispositionalism and categoricalism.
Hybrid FE/BI modeling of commensurate and non-commensurate 3D doubly periodic structures

By applying appropriate periodicity conditions, the computational domain of infinite periodic structures can be reduced down to a single unit cell. Fully three-dimensional modeling can be achieved by using hybrid finite element (FE)/boundary integral (BI) methods. Both of these methods are based on FE modeling employing tetrahedral meshes and a spectral domain Floquet mode expansion of the BI fields. We propose a hybrid FE/BI method employing distorted triangular prismatic elements for volume tesselation and a mixed potential integral equation (MPIE) formulation in the spatial domain for mesh truncation. The triangular prismatic elements provide for full geometrical adaptability in the plane of the triangles and structured meshing along the depth of the cell, For the evaluation of the spatial periodic Green's function the Ewald acceleration technique is applied.
Guaranteeing anonymity when sharing medical data, the Datafly System

We present a computer program named Datafly that maintains anonymity in medical data by automatically generalizing, substituting, and removing information as appropriate without losing many of the details found within the data. Decisions are made at the field and record level at the time of database access, so the approach can be used on the fly in role-based security within an institution, and in batch mode for exporting data from an institution. Often organizations release and receive medical data with all explicit identifiers, such as name, address and phone number, removed in the incorrect belief that patient confidentiality is maintained because the resulting data look anonymous; however, we show the remaining data can often be used to re-identify individuals by linking or matching the data to other databases or by looking at unique characteristics found in the fields and records of the database itself. When these less apparent aspects are taken into account, each released record can be made to ambiguously map to many possible people, providing a level of anonymity determined by the user.
Asymmetries in Knowledge Dissemination from the Industrial Triad to Asia

Abstract This paper examines the asymmetric effect of R&D spillovers from Europe, Japan, and North America to nine Asian economies through trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), and information technology (IT). Due to the existence of tacit knowledge, the absorptive capacity of recipient countries plays an important role in knowledge transfer. Our empirical results indicate that knowledge dissemination from Japan via trade is associated with higher absorptive capacity. Meanwhile, positive spillover effects from Europe via FDI and from North America via IT occur when the Asian countries have high absorptive capacity.
Deep Hubble Space Telescope Galaxy and Pair Counts as Tests of Merger History

We consider the use of counts of faint galaxy pairs as tests of the role of merging in galaxy evolution, using both simulations and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data in comparison with models incorporating a range in the evolution of merger rate. Artificial data, including simulation of the surface-brightness selection effects implicit in HST imagery, indicate that simple pairing statistics are robust enough for this test. However, the differences between pair fractions for various plausible scenarios of merger-rate evolution are small enough to be easily hidden by statistical errors or environmental differences. With a Poisson-based algorithm, we identify pairs with physical distances between components 60 h-1 kpc. Deep HST WFPC2 images of the field around the radio galaxy 53W002 at z = 2.4 in F814W (I) and F606W (V) show that 12%?20% (~10 pairs) of galaxies at mI 24 or mV 24.6 are paired. This supports a mild enhancement of pair fraction toward high redshifts (1?2), as concluded in other recent studies of faint galaxy pairs. The magnitude limits eliminate most possible members of the grouping associated with 53W002 itself. We compare the counts of galaxies and galaxy pairs in the 53W002 field and other recent studies to a detailed model incorporating overall traditional galaxy spectral evolution and various merger rates, in conjunction with our previous evaluation of the local merger rate. The data support evolution of the merger rate, such that the comoving density of merging systems varies as (1 + z)?, with 0 ? ? ? 2. This is consistent with the constraint ? < 3, beyond which local elliptical galaxies (E/S0 types) are overproduced from merging, and includes the case ? ? 2 required by our model to support the merger hypothesis, whereby almost all elliptical galaxies are merger remnants. The ? ? 2 case also expects a large fraction of early galaxies undergoing merging. Therefore, we support the merger-rate evolution required to support the merger hypothesis and the expectation that early merging is important in the overall evolution of galaxies. Assuming merger remnants to be elliptical galaxies subsequently undergoing passive evolution, our model can reproduce at once counts of faint galaxies and galaxy pairs, as well as the present-day luminosity function of ellipticals, for the Hubble constant H0 ? 50 km s-1 Mpc-1 and a cosmological constant ? = 0. These lines of evidence do not appear to offer compelling arguments for more exotic cosmologies or star formation histories. A preliminary study shows the fraction of paired galaxies in the 53W002 field to be much larger than that in the Hubble Deep Field (5%?6% at most in the HDF), suggesting physical field-to-field fluctuations in pair statistics. Further progress to constrain merging history requires not only larger samples, preferably coupled to at least partial redshift information, but better indications as to which faint objects in multiple systems should be considered as independent galaxies and which are parts of single dynamical units.
Biochemical and Biophysical Properties of Hyphomicrobium Bacteriophage Hyφ30

Abstract Hyphomicrobium bacteriophage Hy30 and its nucleic acid were studied to determine some of their biochemical and biophysical properties. The molecular weight of the phage is 55.4 × 106, and its buoyant density is 1.508 g/ml. The nucleic acid of Hy30 is linear, double-stranded DNA with a molecular weight of 29.7 × 106. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA was 62% as determined from its melting temperature and buoyant density.
Factor for dielectric strength reduction due to fibrous contaminants in XLPE

We investigate the effect on breakdown strength reduction by employing several kinds of fiber, in which each effect is classified in prebreakdown by partial discharge detection and electroluminescence measurement. In the same size fiber, breakdown strength decreases in the order: solid synthetic fiber>cotton fiber>hollow synthetic fiber>copper fiber. The partial discharge behavior is clearly different between hollow fiber and copper fiber. The electrical tree characteristics are also discussed.
Pain Management in Liver Transplantation

Liver transplantation is a complex surgical procedure requiring comprehensive and intensive multidisciplinary involvement in the perioperative period. Over the years there has been significant evolution of the surgical technique and the perioperative management that resulted in improved outcomes. The anesthesiologist and intensivist play a crucial role throughout the perioperative period and adequate analgesic delivery is of outmost importance during this period. Providing adequate pain control may prove to be challenging and there are unique considerations in patients undergoing liver transplantations. In addition to relieving mental suffering associated with pain, appropriate pain control is essential to prevent the profound physiologic consequences of inadequate analgesia. This chapter aims to address and discuss in detail the analgesic issues in liver transplantation and liver resection.
A development-specific histone H3 localizes to the developing macronucleus of Euplotes.

During the process of macronuclear development, the ciliate Euplotes crassus undergoes extensive programmed DNA rearrangement. Previous studies have identified a gene, H3(P), that is expressed only during sexual reproduction and is predicted to encode a variant histone H3 protein. In the current study, an antiserum to the H3(P) protein has been generated. The antiserum has been used to demonstrate that H3(P) is maximally expressed during the polytene chromosome stage of macronuclear development. Moreover, H3(P) is localized to the developing macronucleus, but not other nuclei present within the cell. Additional studies indicate that at least one additional variant histone is also present within the developing macronucleus. The results indicate that there are significant changes in nucleosome composition within the developing macronucleus, and provide additional support for the notion that changes in chromatin structure play a role in the DNA rearrangement processes of macronuclear development. genesis 26:179-188, 2000.
Academic and environmental effects of small group arrangements in classrooms for students with autism and other developmental disabilities

The use of small group instructional formats with children who have autism and developmental disabilities has received mixed results in the research literature (Reid & Favell, 1984). The purpose of the two studies reported herein was to address this controversy by comparing the performance of students in one-to-one instruction to those transitioned to small groups for a variety of teachers, students, settings, and under different training circumstances. In the first study, 41 students, ranging in age from 5 to 21 years old, from six classrooms, participated; and 25 students from six classrooms participated in the second study. Measures of environmental effects included academic gains via pre- and posttests, on-task and self-stimulatory behavior levels, correct responding, and frequencies of teacher behaviors during both one-to-one and small group formats. Results of both experiments indicated that students were able to successfully transition to small group formats across several curriculum areas including language, math, readiness, and shopping. Further, experienced teachers and administrators were able to train a second group of staff to use the small group procedures effectively. The successful application for this number of students and teachers within natural learning environments is unprecedented and provides important documentation for both the utility and practicality of small group instruction with students who have developmental disabilities.
Do children understand the basic relationship between speech and writing? The mow-motorcycle test.

School children who have not yet attained moderate reading fluency were tested for their awareness of a fundamental relationship between our writing system and speech: that the sounds of speech are represented in writing. Children were shown a long and short word written on a card (e.g., mow and motorcycle), and asked which word corresponded to a spoken word (e.g., mow). The word choices were grossly different in length, so that a non-reader could perform perfectly if the relationship between written and spoken length was understood. Children were also asked about their basis for responding.Most inner-city kindergarteners in a reasonably representative sample did not perform well on this test. A majority of suburban kindergarteners and inner city first and second graders performed well, but many did not. Controls suggested that failure on this test cannot be attributed to the specific form of presentation of the materials or to misunderstanding of the question being asked.
Targeted morphoproteomic profiling of Ewing's sarcoma treated with insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) inhibitors: response/resistance signatures.

Background Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) targeted therapies have resulted in responses in a small number of patients with advanced metastatic Ewing's sarcoma. We performed morphoproteomic profiling to better understand response/resistance mechanisms of Ewing's sarcoma to IGF1R inhibitor-based therapy.
Organometallic Precursors for III-V Semiconductors

Organometallic molecules containing covalently linked gallium and arsenic or indium and phosphorus have been synthesized and characterized spectroscopically and by X-ray diffraction. These precursors can be transformed into the corresponding III-V materials in a chemical reaction proceeding at ambient temperature. The compound semiconductors prepared in this way are obtained as amorphous powders. During the reaction, quantum size effects may be observed by UV-VIS spectroscopy as the particles grow.
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with t(1;18)(p36;q22)

An 8-year-old white boy with a T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) developed chromosomal abnormalities t(1;18)(p36;q22) and del (6)(q21) at the first bone marrow relapse. Rearrangements of the chromosome region 1p36 have been reported previously in adults with T-ALL.
Effects of starvation and refeeding on erythropoiesis in mice

Erythropoiesis has been studied in the mouse following acute starvation and refeeding. Starvation produced a depression of erythropoiesis in both spleen and bone marrow. Refeeding, however, resulted in marked erythropoiesis in the spleen and relatively little erythropoiesis in the marrow. It is suggested that the spleen may be the primary organ in the mouse for the reestablishment of erythropoietic homeostasis.
Genetic analysis of the human type-1 angiotensin II receptor.

Angiotensin II is a potent pressor hormone and a primary regulator of aldosterone secretion. It acts through at least two types of receptors termed AT1 and AT2. We analyzed cDNA and genomic clones encoding the human angiotensin II type-1 receptor, AT1. The human AT1 gene was mapped to chromosome 3q by polymerase chain reaction analysis of DNA from a panel of human-hamster somatic cell hybrids. The predicted amino acid sequence is 95% identical to the corresponding rat and bovine receptors and 25% and 22% identical, respectively, to the receptors encoded by the RTA and MAS genes. Characterization of several human cDNA clones demonstrated the existence of two alternate 5'-untranslated regions (UTRs) that contain a common initial sequence but differ by the presence or absence of an insertion of 84 base pairs. In the genomic sequence, the coding sequences are contained in a single exon, with an intron occurring in the 5'-UTR at the position of insertion of the 84-base pair sequence. The exons encoding the alt...