cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disintegration of a Turbulent Water Jet

General equations for the continuous length and initial drop size of turbulent jets of water discharged from smooth pile exits and orifices were developed by dimensional analysis. Experimental results using photographic technique confirmed the validity of these equations and showed that the jet length is related directly to Weber number for fully developed turbulent flow. Comparison with laminar flow equations indicate that Weber's equation can be modified to describe the breakup distance of a turbulent jet, but that the use of eddy viscosity instead of molecular viscosity is incorrect. Mean equivalent initial drop size, expressed as a fraction of pipe exit or orifice diameter, increases with increasing Weber and Reynolds numbers. For the same Weber or Reynolds number, an increase in pipe exit diameter and an accompanying decrease in velocity results in a decrease in the ratio of mean equivalent initial drop size to pipe diameter. This suggests that turbulence intensity has an influence on the value of the ratio. Frequency, amplitude, and length of waves on the surface of the continuous jet were measured. Amplitude and wave length increase with distance from the pipe exit, whereas wave frequency decreases. Initial disturbance of the jet is predominantly due to fluid turbulence and surface tension forces.
Flight Exhaustion Studies on the Blow Fly Phaenicia sericata Using C14-labeled Sucrose

Temperature determines the metabolic rate of flies during flight. But, if there were incomplete metabolism at low temperatures, the true effect of temperature on fuel utilization could not be shown. To determine the extent of carbohydrate depletion during flight to exhaustion at several temperatures, I investigated the disappearance of C14-labeled sucrose in the sheep blow fly, Phaenicia sericata (Meigen).
The Mind's Lie: Games-Based Learning for Critical Thinking

Cognitive bias is a highly relevant problem for analysts. The intelligence community has recently addressed these biases through initiatives to more effectively train analysts using a games-based approach. This paper presents quantitative data analysis and anecdotal evidence across multiple venues substantiating a tabletop game approach to cognitive bias training for working intelligence analysts. Overall, the study found a substantial increase in bias identification across four biases (confirmation bias, representativeness bias, projection bias, and bias blind spot) after employing a games-based approach to training, but a reduction in bias identification for anchoring bias and fundamental attribution error. Analytic conclusions in this paper regarding the approach to the cognitive bias question, pedagogical strategies for training, the efficacy of games-based learning, the effectiveness of "The Mind's Lie" as a viable training tool, and the performance of all these strategies between different groups are presented to inform future interdisciplinary work at the intersection of pedagogy, intelligence analysis, and psychology.
Influence of the Thoracic Epidural Block Combined with Chinese Herb on IL-12 GM-CSF in the Asthmatic Rats

Objective:To observe the changes of GM-CSF concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)and IL-12 concentration in serum of asthmatic rat after the rats were given the thoracic epidural block combined with Chinese herb.Methods:40 cases of healthy SD rat(20 male and 20 female) were randomized divided into five groups,i.e.blank group(A group),asthma group(B group),Chinese herb(C group),epidural block(D group),Chinese herb combined with epidural block(E group).B,C,D and E group were used to make asthmatic model.D and E group were used to make epidural block model homogenously.Chinese herb were given to C and E group,Bupivicaine was given from the path of epidural block to D and E group.ELISA method was applied to detect IL-12 concentration of the serum and GM-CSF concentration of the BALF.Results:B group compared with A group,IL-12 concentration of serum showed lower obviously and GM-CSF concentration of the BALF showed higher obviously.The C and D group compared with the B group,decreasing the concentration of the BALF and increasing the concentration of the serum.There was no significant difference between the E group and the A group.Conclusion: Chinese herb combined with epidural block can constrict the decreasing of the IL-12 concentration in the serum and the increasing of the GM-CSF concentration in the BALF.
Detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium by the real-time PCR method

Objective The present study aims to establish a real-time PCR method for the detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium. Methods Specific primers and the corresponding Taqman probes were designed according to the conserved sequences recorded in GenBank. Results Using the designed primers and probes , positive results were obtained from the samples of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium . Non-specific detection of other DNA samples , such as Schistosoma japonicum, Toxoplasma gondii, Entamoeba histolytica, Trichinella spiralis and Trichomonas vaginalis was not observed. The sensitivity of this method is 10～102 copies / μl. Conclusion The established method is specific and sensitive for the detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium. This method could be used in the rapid detection of drinking water and clinical samples.
Defending Cyber-Physical Attacks on Oil Pipeline Systems: A Game-Theoretic Approach

The security of critical infrastructures such as oil and gas cyber-physical systems is a significant concern in today's world where malicious activities are frequent like never before. On one side we have cyber criminals who compromise cyber infrastructure to control physical processes; we also have physical criminals who attack the physical infrastructure motivated to destroy the target or to steal oil from pipelines. Unfortunately, due to limited resources and physical dispersion, it is impossible for the system administrator to protect each target all the time. In this research paper, we tackle the problem of cyber and physical attacks on oil pipeline infrastructure by proposing a Stackelberg Security Game of three players: system administrator as a leader, cyber and physical attackers as followers. The novelty of this paper is that we have formulated a real world problem of oil stealing using a game theoretic approach. The game has two different types of targets attacked by two distinct types of adversaries with different motives and who can coordinate to maximize their rewards. The solution to this game assists the system administrator of the oil pipeline cyber-physical system to allocate the cyber security controls for the cyber targets and to assign patrol teams to the pipeline regions efficiently. This paper provides a theoretical framework for formulating and solving the above problem.
The Association of Race/Ethnicity and Patch Test Results: North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 1998-2006.

BACKGROUND The North American Contact Dermatitis Group patch tests patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to a broad series of screening allergens and publishes periodic reports. We have previously reported on the association of race and ethnicity with the rates of positive responses to standard patch test allergens. This report extends those observations. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to report the North American Contact Dermatitis Group patch testing results from January 1, 1998, to December 31, 2006, comparing the frequency of positive reactions between white and black subjects. METHODS AND MATERIALS Standardized patch testing with 45 allergens was used at 13 centers in North America. χ analysis of results in black subjects as compared with whites was examined. RESULTS A total of 19,457 patients were tested; 92.9% (17,803) were white and 7.1% (1,360) were black. The final diagnoses of ACD (whites, 45.9%; blacks, 43.6%) and irritant contact dermatitis (13.0%/13.3%) were similar in the 2 groups. The diagnosis of atopic dermatitis was less common in the white patients (8.9%) as compared with the black patients (13.3%). Positive patch test reactions rates were similar for most allergens. However, statistically, blacks reacted more frequently to p-phenylenediamine (7.0% vs 4.4%, P < 0.001), bacitracin (11.6% vs 8.3%, P = 0.0004), as well as specific rubber accelerators mercaptobenzothiazole (2.7% vs 1.8%), thiuram (6.2% vs 4.3%), and mercapto mix (1.9% vs 0.8%, P < 0.001). Whites had an increase in positive reactions to fragrances (12.12% vs 6.77%, P < 0.0001), formaldehyde (9.25% vs 5.45%, P < 0.0001), and some formaldehyde releaser preservatives used in personal care products and textile resins (9.80% vs 6.18%, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS There were statistically different rates of positive patch test reactions to specific allergens between black and white patients suspected of having ACD. The etiology of these differences is unclear but probably relates to culturally determined exposure patterns rather than genetic differences.
KOMMERELL DIVERTICULUM ACROSS THE AGES: DESTINED FOR DILATION?

Background: A Kommerell Diverticulum (KD) is the dilated proximal portion of an aberrant subclavian artery as a consequence of abnormal embryonic vascular development. Concern has arisen for aneurysmal KD dilation, dissection and rupture, with a trend toward invasive prophylactic intervention. This
Habermas and the Challenges to Human Rights

This chapter follows the previous one in search for a satisfactory philosophical answer to the challenges to human rights. That is why it turns to Jurgen Habermas, another major figure from another philosophical perspective—critical theory. Although his view of human rights is complex as it appears in different works and from different sources, this chapter starts by trying to understand his discourse theory which founds his system of rights. Such a system fits into a constitutional democracy, which secures both private and popular autonomy, and provides the means to exercise those rights. From there, the chapter moves to the relationship between the latter and the international human rights, as it appears that Habermas also talks about them, especially when he addresses the constitutionalization of international law. Once these two sources of his understanding of human rights are identified, they are then confronted to the theoretical challenge to human rights as imperialist ideology and to the practical one of perceiving their implementation through humanitarian intervention as a neocolonialism.
The risk factors of venous thromboembolism in massively transfused patients.

Abstract Background Massive transfusion protocols (MTPs) are necessary for hemodynamically unstable trauma patients with active bleeding. Thrombotic events have been associated with blood transfusion; however, the risk factors for the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in trauma patients receiving MTP are unknown. Methods A retrospective review was conducted by reviewing the electronic medical records of all trauma patients admitted to a Level I trauma center who received MTP from 2011 to 2016. Data were collected on patient demographics, mechanism of injury, injury severity scores, quantity of blood products transfused during MTP activation, incidence of VTE, intensive care unit length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, and ventilator days. The primary outcome was VTE. Results Of the 59 patients who had MTP activated, 15 (25.4%) developed a VTE during their hospital admission. Patients who developed VTE were compared with those who did not. Age (40 y versus 35 y, P = 0.59), sex (60% versus 73% male, P = 0.52), and mechanism of injury (47% versus 59% blunt, P = 0.40) were similar. Intensive care unit LOS, hospital LOS, and ventilator days were longer in the patients who were diagnosed with a VTE. Multivariable analysis revealed an increase in the odds for developing a VTE with increasing packed red blood cell transfusion (adjusted odds ratio = 2.61, P = 0.03). Conclusions The risk for VTE in trauma patients requiring massive transfusion is proportional to the number of packed red blood cells transfused. Liberal screening protocols and maintenance of a high index of suspicion for VTE in these high-risk patients is justified.
Psychometric properties of the PROMIS short form measures in a U.S. cohort of 961 patients with chronic hepatitis C prescribed direct acting antiviral therapy.

BACKGROUND To better understand symptoms experienced by patients infected with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV), valid and reliable patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures are needed. AIM To assess the reliability and validity of 10 patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) measures and the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6) in a large national sample of patients with HCV. METHODS Pre-treatment data from 961 patients with HCV starting direct acting antiviral therapy at 11 U.S. liver centers were analyzed. Internal reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient; frequency distributions were examined for floor and ceiling effects; structural validity was investigated via item-response-theory models; convergent validity was evaluated using correlations with theoretically-similar items from the HCV-PRO and memorial symptom assessment scale (MSAS); and known-groups validity was investigated by observing PRO differences by liver disease status and number of comorbidities. RESULTS The HIT-6 and the majority of the PROMIS measures yielded excellent reliability (alphas ≥ 0.87). Ceiling effects were infrequent ( < 4%), while 30%-59% of patients reported no symptoms (floor effects). The data supported structural validity of the HIT-6 and most PROMIS measures. The PROMIS measures showed moderate to strong correlations with theoretically-similar items from the HCV-PRO and MSAS (0.39-0.77). Trends were observed between worse PRO scores and advanced cirrhosis and greater number of comorbidities, lending support for known-groups validity. CONCLUSIONS The psychometric properties of the HIT-6 and PROMIS measures performed satisfactorily in this large cohort of patients with HCV starting direct acting antiviral therapy. Opportunities exist for further refinement of these PROs. Evaluation of performance over time and in under-represented subgroups is needed.
Highly strained [6]cycloparaphenylene: crystallization of an unsolvated polymorph and the first mono- and dianions.

An X-ray diffraction study of [6]cycloparaphenylene (1), crystallized under solvent-free conditions, revealed a unique solid state structure with tight packing of individual molecules that minimizes empty internal space. The controlled chemical reduction of this highly strained nanohoop with Group 1 metals resulted in the first isolation and structural characterization of its mono- and dianions, allowing for the evaluation of core transformations for the series ranging from 10 to 11− and 12−.
Manipulating the p53 Gene in the Mouse: Organismal Functions of a Prototype Tumor Suppressor

The early discoveries elucidating p53 function were based on cell culture experiments. Most of our fundamental knowledge of the role of p53 in cell signaling, stress response, cell cycle control, and apoptosis are a result of these in vitro studies (Giaccia and Kastan, 1998; Ko and Prives, 1996; Levine, 1997; Vogelstein et al., 2000). However, a greater depth of understanding was facilitated by the advent first of transgenic mouse methodologies and then by embryonic stem (ES) cell-based genetic manipulations. The sequencing of the mouse genome (www.ensembl.org and www.myscience.appliedbiosystems.com) has greatly simplified and accelerated the generation of null alleles. Methods have been developed to generate single nucleotide substitutions in the germline of mice, and importantly, to generate somatic mutations in genes to study somatic inactivation as occurs in most human cancers. The availability of whole genome analysis at the RNA expression level (arrays) and at the genomic level (array CGH) provides another level of analysis that is sure to provide insights into the molecular changes that lead to the initiation, progression, and maintenance of the tumor phenotype.
Adjoint-based sensitivity and ignition threshold mapping in a turbulent mixing layer

Successful ignition in non-premixed turbulent flows remains a fundamental challenge in combustion systems. Current design strategies typically rely on iterative testing to map the spatial distribut...
Canada's Approach to Eradicating Workplace Sexual Harassment: The Canadian Supreme Court's Janzen v. Platy Enterprises Ltd. and Its Relationship to the United States Supreme Court's Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@lmu.edu. Recommended Citation
GABAergic Interneurons of the Striatum

Most neurons of the striatum, approximately 95% in rodents, consist of GABAergic spiny projection neurons that form the major inputs and the only outputs of the nucleus. The remainder comprises several types of GABAergic interneurons that have been classified on the basis of electrophysiological properties, the expression of various calcium-binding proteins, neuropeptides or enzymes, and/or synaptic connectivity. These classification schemes have this far resulted in the identification of 10 major classes of GABAergic interneurons: a parvalbumin-expressing fast-spiking interneuron, a calretinin-expressing interneuron, two different neuropeptide Y–expressing interneurons, four subtypes of tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing interneurons, a fast-adapting interneuron, and a recurrent interneuron. This chapter will review the current state of knowledge of the anatomy and neurophysiology of striatal GABAergic interneurons, as well as their interactions with striatal cholinergic interneurons, spiny projection neurons, and cortical and thalamic afferents. The physiological properties of some of the GABAergic interneurons and their newly discovered interconnections suggest a heretofore-unknown complexity, diversity, and specialization of striatal GABAergic interneuronal function.
From Church to Laboratory to National Park

We offer here a presentation of conceptual and empirical refinements of Barker’s work on manning of behavior settings. The laboratory research followed an ecological, social systems approach in creating different conditions of manning and measuring their effects. Different manning levels produced differences in the subjective experiences of group members, but not in group performance or in patterns of verbal interaction. The manning levels to which they were previously exposed affected group members’ judgments of personnel requirements. Subsequent conceptual work has focused on behavior settings in which staff members provide services to clients. Effects of staffing and population levels on both types of setting occupants are considered in terms of McGrath’s stress model. Adaptive mechanisms designed to avoid problems of client overpopulation in service behavior settings are also discussed. Illustrations of research on these problems are provided by recent work in Yosemite National Park.
On the effective properties of polycrystals with intergranular cracks

Abstract The effective properties, elastic and conductive, of a polycrystalline material with intergranular cracks are considered. The specifics of intergranular cracking are that crack locations are restricted to intergranular boundaries. This necessitates re-examination of the usual homogenization schemes (where crack locations are unrestricted). The model developed here addresses this issue.
The MPA Core Course in Information Technology: What Should Be Taught? Why?

Although several articles have surveyed the coverage of information technology in Master of Public Administration (MPA) courses, there has been little substantive discussion of what should be cover...
Outcomes of revision arthroplasty for shoulder periprosthetic joint infection: a three-stage revision protocol.

Background This study evaluated outcomes after treatment of shoulder periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) with a 3-stage revision protocol consisting of (1) debridement, explantation, and cement spacer placement, followed by parenteral antibiotics; (2) open biopsy and debridement; and (3) reimplantation if cultures were negative. We hypothesized this protocol would eradicate persistent infection while producing excellent functional and subjective outcomes, and there would be no difference in these parameters for patients with shoulder PJI compared with patients with revision for aseptic indications. Methods We retrospectively analyzed a prospectively collected revision shoulder arthroplasty cohort to identify shoulder PJI patients treated with a 3-stage protocol. Demographics, culture data, range of motion, and patient-reported outcomes were collected. Outcomes for patients with shoulder PJI and revision to RTSA were compared with patients revised to RTSA for noninfectious indications. Significance was defined as P Results There were 28 cases of shoulder PJI in 27 patients (age, 66.4 ± 11.2 years,); of these, 21 shoulders were revised to RTSA, and 7 shoulders were revised to hemiarthroplasty. There was no recurrent infection at a mean 32-month follow-up. One year after surgery, mean forward flexion was 110° ± 41° and abduction was 106° ± 42°. Mean final American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons subjective score was 66.5 ± 23.3. The 21 shoulders with PJI revised to RTSA had no differences for functional and subjective outcomes compared with revised patients without shoulder PJI. Conclusions A 3-stage revision protocol for shoulder PJI reliably eradicated infection. Patients with PJI revised to RTSA can have similar outcomes as patients with noninfectious revision to RTSA.
Recommendations for increasing research on co-occurring serious mental illness and gambling problems

Psychiatric disorders frequently co-occur with gambling disorder. Although community and clinical samples show frequent co-occurrence between gambling and psychotic disorders, relatively little res...
Addressing Reproductive Health in Hospitalized Adolescents—A Missed Opportunity

Abstract Purpose Adolescents are at high risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and pregnancy. Since many adolescents have poor access to preventive care, hospitalizations present a critical opportunity to address adolescents' reproductive health. The purpose of this study was to assess provision of reproductive health services within a hospital setting. Methods Retrospective study of a consecutive sample of adolescent patients aged 13 years and older hospitalized on the hospitalist service at a large academic pediatric tertiary care center. Measures included sexual history documentation, pregnancy and STI testing, Human papillomavirus immunization status and administration, and provision of contraception. Results Only 55% of 150 patients had sexual history documentation, and of those, 47% endorsed sexual activity. Associations with increased likelihood of sexual history documentation included female patients (67% vs. 36%, p Conclusions Results demonstrate a substantial missed opportunity to provide reproductive health services to hospitalized adolescents. Providers in hospital settings should optimize the opportunity to screen for sexual activity and reproductive health needs, provide indicated services, and offer education regarding reproductive health to hospitalized adolescents.
Ecological divergence in sympatry causes gene misregulation in hybrids

Abstract Ecological speciation occurs when reproductive isolation evolves as a byproduct of adaptive divergence between populations. However, it is unknown whether divergent ecological selection on gene regulation can directly cause reproductive isolation. Selection favoring regulatory divergence between species could result in gene misregulation in F1 hybrids and ultimately lower hybrid fitness. We combined 58 resequenced genomes with 124 transcriptomes to test this hypothesis in a young, sympatric radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes endemic to San Salvador Island, Bahamas, which consists of a dietary generalist and two novel trophic specialists – a molluscivore and a scale-eater. We found more differential gene expression between closely related sympatric specialists than between allopatric generalist populations separated by 1000 km. Intriguingly, 9.6% of genes that were differentially expressed between sympatric species were also misregulated in their F1 hybrids. Consistent with divergent ecological selection causing misregulation, a subset of these genes were in highly differentiated genomic regions and enriched for functions important for trophic specialization, including head, muscle, and brain development. These regions also included genes that showed evidence of hard selective sweeps and were significantly associated with oral jaw length – the most rapidly diversifying skeletal trait in this radiation. Our results indicate that divergent ecological selection in sympatry can cause hybrid gene misregulation which may act as a primary reproductive barrier between nascent species. Significance It is unknown whether the same genes that regulate ecological traits can simultaneously contribute to reproductive barriers between species. We measured gene expression in two trophic specialist species of Cyprinodon pupfishes that rapidly diverged from a generalist ancestor. We found genes differentially expressed between species that also showed extreme expression levels in their hybrid offspring. Many of these genes showed signs of selection and have putative effects on the development of traits that are important for ecological specialization. This suggests that genetic variants contributing to adaptive trait divergence between parental species negatively interact to cause hybrid gene misregulation, potentially producing unfit hybrids. Such loci may be important barriers to gene flow during the early stages of speciation, even in sympatry.
An Evaluation of Smoking Cessation-Related Activities by Pharmacists

Abstract Objectives To (1) describe the types of smoking cessation intervention activities performed by community pharmacists and (2) assess the perceived barriers to this type of intervention. Design Confidential mail questionnaire. Setting and Participants 541 community pharmacists in North Carolina and 946 community pharmacists in Texas. Results North Carolina and Texas differ with respect to the sale of cigarettes at the practice site, with North Carolina pharmacies being more likely to sell tobacco products. Overall, 555 (92.5%) respondents reported that they do not routinely ask new patients if they smoke or use tobacco products. Pharmacists described themselves as knowledgeable about smoking cessation therapies, and 42% of respondents had attended an educational program on smoking cessation. A total of 230 (39.5%) reported consistently counseling individual patients about smoking cessation treatment strategies on at least a weekly basis. Exploratory factor analysis identified four dimensions of barriers that inhibit pharmacists from engaging in smoking cessation-related activities: (1) pharmacist interpersonal characteristics, (2) practice site considerations, (3) patient characteristics, and (4) financial concerns. Conclusion Pharmacists have an opportunity to identify health risks and counsel patients about disease·preventing lifestyle changes. These findings suggest that although pharmacists believe they are qualified to perform smoking cessation interventions, they do not routinely identify smokers and they perceive several barriers to participating in such activities. Pharmacists should investigate increased involvement in smoking cessation activities for the benefit of their patients and for the potential professional and economic rewards.
Can Clinical Predictive Models Identify Patients Who Should Not Receive TAVR? A Systematic Review

: One third of high- and prohibitive-risk TAVR patients remain severely symptomatic or die 1 year after treatment. There is interest in identifying individuals for whom this procedure is futile and...
Secure Merge with O(n log log n) Secure Operations

Data-oblivious algorithms are a key component of many secure computation protocols. In this work, we show that advances in secure multiparty shuffling algorithms can be used to increase the efficiency of several key cryptographic tools. The key observation is that many secure computation protocols rely heavily on secure shuffles. The best data-oblivious shuffling algorithms require O(n log n), operations, but in the two-party or multiparty setting, secure shuffling can be achieved with only O(n) communication. Leveraging the efficiency of secure multiparty shuffling, we give novel, information-theoretic algorithms that improve the efficiency of securely sorting sparse lists, secure stable compaction, and securely merging two sorted lists. Securely sorting private lists is a key component of many larger secure computation protocols. The best data-oblivious sorting algorithms for sorting a list of n elements require O(n log n) comparisons. Using black-box access to a linear-communication secure shuffle, we give a secure algorithm for sorting a list of length n with t ≪ n nonzero elements with communication O(t log² n + n), which beats the best oblivious algorithms when the number of nonzero elements, t, satisfies t < n/log² n. Secure compaction is the problem of removing dummy elements from a list, and is essentially equivalent to sorting on 1-bit keys. The best oblivious compaction algorithms run in O(n)-time, but they are unstable, i.e., the order of the remaining elements is not preserved. Using black-box access to a linear-communication secure shuffle, we give an information-theoretic stable compaction algorithm with only O(n) communication. Our main result is a novel secure merge protocol. The best previous algorithms for securely merging two sorted lists into a sorted whole required O(n log n) secure operations. Using black-box access to an O(n)-communication secure shuffle, we give the first multi-party secure merge algorithm that requires only O(n log log n) communication. Our algorithm takes as input n secret-shared values, and outputs a secret-sharing of the sorted list. All our algorithms are generic, i.e., they can be implemented using generic secure computations techniques and make black-box access to a secure shuffle. Our techniques extend naturally to the multiparty situation (with a constant number of parties) as well as to handle malicious adversaries without changing the asymptotic efficiency. These algorithm have applications to securely computing database joins and order statistics on private data as well as multiparty Oblivious RAM protocols.
Toward Distributed Control for Reconfigurable Robust Microgrids

Microgrids have been seen as a good solution to providing power to forward-deployed military forces. However, compatibility, robustness and stability of current solutions are often questionable. To overcome some of these problems, we first propose a theoretically-sound modeling method which defines common microgrid component interfaces using power and rate of change of power. Using this modeling approach, we propose a multi-layered distributed control: the higher control layer participates in dynamic power management that ensures acceptable voltage, while the lower layer stabilizes frequency by regulating the dynamics to the power determined by the higher layer. Numerical and hardware tests are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed control.
Emerging roles of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has become a growing public health problem worldwide, yet its pathophysiology remains unclear. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) have unique morphology and function, and play a critical role in liver homeostasis. Emerging literature implicates LSEC in many pathological processes in the liver, including metabolic dysregulation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and carcinogenesis. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge of the role of LSEC in each of the progressive phases of NASH pathophysiology (steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma). We discuss processes that have important roles in NASH progression including the detrimental transformation of LSEC called "capillarization", production of inflammatory and profibrogenic mediators by LSEC as well as LSEC-mediated angiogenesis. The current review has a special emphasis on LSEC adhesion molecules, and their key role in the inflammatory response in NASH. Moreover, we discuss the pathogenic role of extracellular vesicles and their bioactive cargos in liver intercellular communication, inflammation, and fibrosis. Finally, we highlight LSEC-adhesion molecules and derived bioactive product as potential therapeutic targets for human NASH.
The power of a checklist: Decrease in emergency department epistaxis transfers after clinical care pathway implementation.

Abstract Background Annually, epistaxis costs US hospitals over $100 million dollars. Many patients visit emergency departments (ED) with variable treatment, thus providing opportunity for improvement. Objective To implement an epistaxis clinical care pathway (CCP) in the ED, and analyze its effects on treatment and ED transfers. Methods An interdisciplinary team developed the CCP to be implemented at a tertiary hospital system with 11 satellite EDs. The analysis included matched eight-month periods prior to pathway implementation and after pathway implementation. Subjects included patients with ICD-10 code diagnosis of epistaxis. Patients under 18 years old, recent surgery or trauma, or bleeding disorders were excluded. There were 309 patients from the pre-implementation cohort, 53 of which were transferred and 37 met inclusion criteria; 322 from the post-implementation cohort, 37 of which were transferred, and 15 met inclusion criteria. Outcome measures included epistaxis intervention by ED providers and otolaryngologists before and after pathway implementation. Results CCP implementation resulted in a 61% reduction in patient transfers (p Conclusions Prior to CCP implementation, ED treatment of epistaxis varied significantly. CCP resulted in standardized treatment and significant reduction in transfers. A CCP checklist is an effective way to standardize care and prevent unnecessary hospital transfers.
Thermal tolerance of cyprinids along an urban-rural gradient: Plasticity, repeatability and effects of swimming and temperature shock.

Abstract Urbanization changes the thermal profile of streams in much the same way that climate change is predicted to with higher temperatures, more varied flow and rapid temperature pulses with precipitation events. Whether exceptional tolerance to these altered thermal conditions is a pre-requisite for a fish species to inhabit urban streams or if urbanization has changed the thermal physiology of those fish species that persist in urban streams is unknown, but could help predict the outcome of future climate disruption. To test whether residence in urban streams is associated with altered thermal tolerance, we compared thermal tolerance (CTMax) and phenotypic plasticity of thermal tolerance (ΔCTMax/Δ acclimation temperature) in five populations of an urban-tolerant cyprinid, the blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus), from multiple watersheds along an urban/rural gradient. Thermal tolerance of these stream fish was tested while swimming at 10 cm*s−1 but also in static water and after thermal shocks of 4°–6 °C simulating precipitation events. To test whether blacknose dace as a species has unusual thermal tolerance or thermal plasticity, we also compared two blacknose dace populations with two co-resident, co-familiars (creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) and rosyside dace (Clinostomus funduloides), that don't persist in urban streams at three different acclimation temperatures. Thermal tolerance of blacknose dace, as measured by a critical thermal maximum test (CTMax), was independent of size and activity level, i.e. individuals had identical thermal tolerance whether swimming or resting and CTMax was significantly repeatable across two levels of activity. Although there was some variance among populations, blacknose dace from streams of varied urbanization generally exhibited comparable thermal tolerances, ability to acclimate to different temperatures and were unaffected by thermal shocks. Rosyside dace had significantly lower thermal tolerance than the other two species but plasticity of thermal tolerance was uniform across the three cyprinid species. Our conclusions are that exceptional thermal tolerance or ability to thermally acclimate are not pre-requisite characters for a given cyprinid species to survive in urban streams, nor has thermal tolerance undergone directional selection in this urban environment.
Practical Consideration for Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus in Liver Transplantation Recipients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Previous studies have shown that infection-related cytokine increase of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) can cause suppression of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzymes.1 SARS-CoV-2 infection has been associated with increased cytokine levels which may suggest suppression of CYP3A4 enzymes and downstream interaction with CYP-mediated drug metabolism including calcineurin inhibitors.
Older Adults with Mental Disorders: What Factors Distinguish Those Who Present to Emergency Departments for Mental Health Reasons from Those Who Do Not?

Objective To identify among older adults with mental disorders factors associated with those who present to emergency departments (EDs) for mental health reasons versus those who do not. Methods The authors conducted a secondary, cross-sectional analysis of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), which comprises a representative sample of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population. Of the MEPS participants ages 66 and older on December 31 of the survey years 2000–2005, the analysis sample (2,757) included the 177 persons with at least one mental health ED visit and the 2,580 persons with mental disorders without such a visit. The three categories of the Andersen behavioral model for healthcare services utilization—predisposing, enabling, and need factors—were used as the theoretical framework for the independent variables. Results Logistic regression analysis indicated that four need factors (adjustment disorder [OR: 3.42], psychosis [OR: 2.68], fair perceived physical health status [OR: 2.24], and anxiety disorder [OR: 1.85]) and two predisposing characteristics (widowed and living alone [OR: 1.68] and female [OR: 1.56]) were significantly associated with older adults with mental disorders who present to an ED for mental health reasons. Good perceived mental health status (OR: 0.55) was protective against presenting to an ED. Conclusion EDs that serve populations with higher proportions of older persons that are women, widowed and living alone, with adjustment disorder, psychosis, anxiety disorders, or fair perceived physical health should expect to have a greater likelihood of older persons visiting the ED for mental health reasons.
A text and its commentaries: Toward a reception history of “Genre in three traditions” (Hyon, 1996)

Reception histories are retrospectives; they look back at publications and ask who has cited them, how often, when, where and why. This paper takes an influential 1996 paper on genre analysis and examines how it has played out intertextually over the 15 years or so since its publication. The main sources used have been Google Scholar and the Web of Science. The quantitative results show that it has been primarily, but not exclusively, cited in ESP publications. The more qualitative aspect of this investigation reveals that its value for most later commentators lies in its review-article potential to act as an interpretive frame for subsequent work. The paper ends with a discussion of whether today we should accept just �three traditions� for genre analysis and its pedagogical applications or look further afield.
The GABAB receptor as a target for antidepressant drug action

Preclinical and clinical data suggest that a modification in GABAB receptor expression and function may contribute to the symptoms of major depression and the response to antidepressants. This includes laboratory animal experiments demonstrating that antidepressants modify brain GABAB receptor expression and function and that GABAB receptor antagonists display antidepressant potential in animal models of this condition. Clinical and post-mortem studies reveal changes in GABAergic transmission associated with depression as well as depression-related changes in GABAB subunit expression that are localized to the cortical depression network. Detailed in this review are the preclinical and clinical data implicating a role for the GABAB receptor system in mediating symptoms of this disorder and its possible involvement in the response to antidepressants. Particular emphasis is placed on clinical and post-mortem studies, including previously unpublished work demonstrating regionally-selective modifications in GABAB receptor subunit expression in brain samples obtained from depressed subjects. Together with the earlier preclinical studies, these new data point to a role for the GABAB system in major depression and support the antidepressant potential of GABAB receptor antagonists.
Chapter 1 The physiology of sleep

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the physiology of sleep. First and foremost, sleep is a brain process. Sleep is often described as a reversible state in which an individual has little or no response to environmental stimuli. Regardless of whether sleep is conceptualized as a process or as a state, it is multidimensional—that is, sleep is not just one process (or state); there are different kinds of sleep. Each type of sleep has its own regulatory mechanisms and presumably different functions. For example, selective deprivation of one type of sleep leads to preferential recovery of that type of sleep when sleep is permitted. The different types of sleep can be thought of as different overall organizational states of the nervous system, some involving increased brain activity and some involving decreased brain activity. There are three basic mechanisms coordinating and governing sleep and wakefulness: (1) autonomic nervous system balance, (2) homeostatic sleep drive, and (3) circadian rhythms. These mechanisms maintain sleep and wakefulness in a dynamic balance.
Rotary molecular motors.

Abstract The F‐, V‐, and A‐adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) represent a family of evolutionarily related ion pumps found in every living cell. They either function to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at the expense of an ion gradient or they act as primary ion pumps establishing transmembrane ion motive force at the expense of ATP hydrolysis. The A‐, F‐, and V‐ATPases are rotary motor enzymes. Synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP taking place in the three catalytic sites of the membrane extrinsic domain is coupled to ion translocation across the single ion channel in the membrane‐bound domain via rotation of a central part of the complex with respect to a static portion of the enzyme. This chapter reviews recent progress in the structure determination of several members of the family of F‐, A‐, and V‐ATPases and our current understanding of the rotary mechanism of energy coupling.
INDUCTION OF YEASTLIKE DEVELOPMENT IN MUCOR BY CARBON DIOXIDE

Bartnicki-Garcia, S. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N. J.) and Walter J. Nickerson. Induction of yeastlike development in Mucor by carbon dioxide. J. Bacteriol. 84:829-840. 1962-Vegetative development of Mucor rouxii may follow either one of two patterns of morphogenesis (mold-yeast dimorphism), depending on the atmosphere of incubation. Under air or N(2), a filamentous (moldlike) growth developed, commonly followed by fragmentation of hyphae into spherical cells (arthrospores). Introduction of CO(2) into an anaerobic atmosphere induced development of spherical, budding yeastlike cells. Anaerobically, a pCO(2) of 0.3 atm or higher produced a purely yeastlike development. Presence of oxygen annulled the effect of CO(2) On germination, spores gave rise directly to either type of vegetative development, depending on the atmosphere of incubation. Induction of yeastlike development by CO(2) occurred in five strains of M. rouxii, and in most species of Mucor tested. M. subtilissimus, however, did not require CO(2); it developed in the yeastlike form under anaerobic conditions. Strains of Rhizopus grew under CO(2), but developed only filamentous mycelium. Members of other genera of Mucorales were unable to grow under an atmosphere of CO(2).
The surprising power of epidemic communication

The focus of this position paper is on the most appropriate form of middleware to offer in support of distributed system management, control, information sharing and multicast communication. Our premise is that technology has been deficient in all of these areas. If recent advances can be transitioned into general practice, this could enable a new generation of better distributed systems, with value in settings ranging from such “critical infrastructure” areas as air traffic control and control of the restructured electric power grid to emerging areas, such as large-scale sensor networks, data mining and data fusion. The middleware domain of interest to us has witnessed some three decades of debate between distributed computing systems with strong properties (such as virtual synchrony, fault-tolerance, security, or guaranteed consistency) and those with weak properties (typified by web browsers, but extending into the broader area of web services and network applications built from remote procedure call and using timeout for failure detection). It seems fair to say that neither has been completely satisfactory, and commercial platforms have yet to include either kind of technology in a standard, widely available form. Systems with stronger guarantees would be preferable to systems with weaker guarantees if the two categories were comparable in other dimensions (including performance, ease of use, programming support, configuration and management, runtime control, complexity of runtime environment, etc). However, the two classes differ in most of these respects, hence the question is more subtle. Systems offering stronger guarantees are very often slow, scale poorly, and require complex infrastructure. They have rarely been supported to the same degree as other technologies by commercial vendors. Programming tools are inferior or completely lacking, and integration with commercial platforms is poor.
Models for Reconstructing Temperature and Ice Volume from Oxygen Isotope Data

Oxygen isotope ratios in ocean sediments are the primary evidence used to deduce the progression of climate changes during the Ice Ages (1). The major effect controlling the isotope ratios iubelieved to be preferential deposit of the lighter isotope, 16O, onto ice sheets. It then follows that the 18O/16O ratio provides a measure of global ice volume. However, to reconstruct a time sequence of ice volume change, the preferential deposit of 16O onto ice sheets must be estimated quantitatively and its flow through the ice sheets must be accounted for. With this goal in mind, we have constructed two models which can be used together to estimate the isotopic composition of the oceans, given a time series of global temperature and glacial ice volume. In this way—“climate” as input to the models, isotope “data” as output—we can evaluate various interpretations of the actual data in terms of climate changes.