cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a modified factor analysis/multiple regression model to apportion suspended particulate matter in a complex urban airshed

Abstract A modified factor analysis/multiple regression (FA/MR) receptor-oriented source apportionment model has been developed which permits application of FA/MR statistical methods when some of the tracers are not unique to an individual source type. The new method uses factor and regression analyses to apportion non-unique tracer ambient concentrations in situations where there are unique tracers for all sources contributing to the non-unique tracer except one, and ascribes the residual concentration to that source. This value is then used as the source tracer in the final FA/MR apportionment model for ambient paniculate matter. In addition, factor analyses results are complemented with examination of regression residuals in order to optimize the number of identifiable sources. The new method has been applied to identify and apportion the sources of inhalable particulate matter (IPM; D 50 15 μm ), Pb and Fe at a site in Newark, NJ. The model indicated that sulfate/secondary aerosol contributed an average of 25.8 μ −3 (48%) to IPM concentrations, followed by soil resuspension (8.2 μ −3 or 15%), paint spraying/paint pigment (6.7/gmm −3 or 13%), fuel oil burning/space heating (4.3 μ −3 or 8 %), industrial emissions (3.6 μm −3 or 7 %) and motor vehicle exhaust (2.7 μ −3 or 15 %). Contributions to ambient Pb concentrations were: motor vehicle exhaust (0.16μm −3 or 36%), soil resuspension (0.10μm −3 or 24%), fuel oil burning/space heating (0.08μm −3 or 18%), industrial emissions (0.07 μ −3 or 17 %), paint spraying/paint pigment (0.036 μm −3 or 9 %) and zinc related sources (0.022 μ −3 or 5 %). Contributions to ambient Fe concentrations were: soil resuspension (0.43μ −3 or 51%), paint spraying/paint pigment (0.28 μm −3 or 33 %) and industrial emissions (0.15 μ −3 or 18 %). The models were validated by comparing partial source profiles calculated from modeling results with the corresponding published source emissions composition.
Ultrastructure of sensory receptors on the antennae of Scolytus multistriatus (Marsh.).

The antennae of Scolytus multistriatus were examined with light and scanning and transmitting-electron microscopy to determine the distributions, types and structures of sense organs. Four types of sensilla were found: (1) sensilla chaetica, a singly-innervated receptor; (2) sensilla basiconica, Type A, a short, thin-walled, multiple-innervated receptor; (3) sensilla basiconica, Type B, a long, thin-walled multiple-innervated receptor; and (4) sensilla trichodea, short, thick-walled, multiple-innervated receptors. The positioning of dendrite(s) with regard to pore tubules is elaborated. Evidence for lack of sensory axon fusion is presented.
Changes in attitudes towards war and violence after September 11, 2001.

Two inter-related studies examined the effect of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on attitudes towards war and violence. A three-wave between-subjects analysis revealed that attitudes towards war became more positive after September 11, 2001 and remained high over a year afterwards. Self-reported trait physical aggression also rose after September 11. Attitudes towards penal code violence (PCV) became more positive immediately after September 11, but were somewhat reduced a year afterward. A two-wave within subjects study revealed that war attitudes became even more positive at 2 months post-September 11. Attitudes towards PCV became less positive during this time period, but only for women. Other aggression-related attitudes were not affected in either study. These studies demonstrate that a large-scale event can change attitudes, but those attitudes must be directly relevant to the event. Aggr. Behav. 33:1–12, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss; Inc.
Single-cell screening of cytosolic [Ca 2+ ] reveals cell-selective action by the Alzheimer’s Aβ peptide ion channel

Interaction of the Alzheimer’s Aβ peptides with the plasma membrane of cells in culture results in chronic increases in cytosolic [Ca2+]. Such increases can cause a variety of secondary effects leading to impaired cell growth or cell degeneration. In this investigation, we made a comprehensive study of the changes in cytosolic [Ca2+] in single PC12 cells and human neurons stressed by continuous exposure to a medium containing Aβ42 for several days. The differential timing and magnitude of the Aβ42-induced increase in [Ca2+] reveal subpopulations of cells with differential sensitivity to Aβ42. These results suggest that the effect produced by Aβ on the level of cytosolic [Ca2+] depends on the type of cell being monitored. Moreover, the results obtained of using potent inhibitors of Aβ cation channels such as Zn2+ and the small peptide NA7 add further proof to the suggestion that the long-term increases in cytosolic [Ca2+] in cells stressed by continuous exposure to Aβ is the result of Aβ ion channel activity.
ACCEL, a program for data acquisition☆

Abstract ACCEL is a computer program for data acquisition and experimental control used at the University of Toledo's Heavy Ion Accelerator facility, THIA. ACCEL is written in Pascal and runs on an IBM PC in conjunction with a Keithley Series 500 Data Acquisition System for data collection in beam-foil studies of the lifetimes of excited atomic states. In addition to photon counting, foil positioning and wavelength scanning may be programmed. Collected data are displayed graphically, printed as collected, and stored on disk for later analysis. The program allows flexible control and is designed to allow new functions to be added easily.
Optical constants of minerals and rocks

Lorentz line parameters (and estimates of their standard deviations) have been empirically derived from measured reflectance data for muscovite mica, an anorthosite, a diopsidic pyroxenite, an almandite-pyrope garnet, and a soda lime glass. These parameters provide a useful starting point for computer calculations requiring optical constants as a function of frequency and are therefore given here. A novel method of fitting the reflectance data by least squares is described in detail, as is the statistical procedure for estimating the standard deviations of the parameters found.
The Effect of Pasteurization upon the Vitamin C Content of Milk

Summary There is no significant destruction of vitamin C in milk by the Electropure (electrical conductivity) or StamVik (flash contact) methods of pasteurization when all-aluminum equipment is used. This is probably due to: (a) a very short heating time, (b) methods of heating, (c) protection from atmospheric oxidation during heating, and (d) a minimum exposure to metals which catalyse oxidation. The finding is based upon two series of animal assays of the raw and pasteurized milk and also upon titration of the vitamin by means of 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol. Pasteurization of milk from the same tank either on a laboratory scale or in a commercial vat at 143−5° for 30min. resulted in a significant destruction of vitamin C. The importance of conserving the natural vitamin C content of milk during pasteurization has been indicated.
Homing of hematopoietic cells to the bone marrow.

Homing is the phenomenon whereby transplanted hematopoietic cells are able to travel to and engraft or establish residence in the bone marrow. Various chemomkines and receptors are involved in the homing of hematopoietic stem cells. [1, 2] This paper outlines the classic homing protocol used in hematopoietic stem cell studies. In general this involves isolating the cell population whose homing needs to be investigated, staining this population with a dye of interest and injecting these cells into the blood stream of a recipient animal. The recipient animal is then sacrificed at a pre-determined time after injection and the bone marrow evaluated for the percentage or absolute number of cells which are positive for the dye of interest. In one of the most common experimental schemes, the homing efficiency of hematopoietic cells from two genetically distinct animals (a wild type animal and the corresponding knock-out) is compared. This article describes the hematopoietic cell homing protocol in the framework of such as experiment.
Visual Localization Ability Influences Cross-Modal Bias

The ability of a visual signal to influence the localization of an auditory target (i.e., "cross-modal bias") was examined as a function of the spatial disparity between the two stimuli and their absolute locations in space. Three experimental issues were examined: (a) the effect of a spatially disparate visual stimulus on auditory localization judgments; (b) how the ability to localize visual, auditory, and spatially aligned multisensory (visual - auditory) targets is related to cross-modal bias, and (c) the relationship between the magnitude of cross-modal bias and the perception that the two stimuli are spatially "unified" (i.e., originate from the same location). Whereas variability in localization of auditory targets was large and fairly uniform for all tested locations, variability in localizing visual or spatially aligned multisensory targets was much smaller, and increased with increasing distance from the midline. This trend proved to be strongly correlated with biasing effectiveness, for although visual–auditory bias was unexpectedly large in all conditions tested, it decreased progressively (as localization variability increased) with increasing distance from the midline. Thus, central visual stimuli had a substantially greater biasing effect on auditory target localization than did more peripheral visual stimuli. It was also apparent that cross-modal bias decreased as the degree of visual–auditory disparity increased. Consequently, the greatest visual–auditory biases were obtained with small disparities at central locations. In all cases, the magnitude of these biases covaried with judgments of spatial unity. The results suggest that functional properties of the visual system play the predominant role in determining these visual–auditory interactions and that cross-modal biases can be substantially greater than previously noted.
Practical relay networks: a generalization of hybrid-ARQ

Wireless networks contain an inherent distributed spatial diversity that can be exploited by the use of relaying. Relay networks take advantage of the broadcast-oriented nature of radio and require node-based, rather than link-based protocols. Prior work on relay networks has studied performance limits either with unrealistic assumptions, complicated protocols, or only a single relay. In this paper, a practical approach to networks comprising multiple relays operating over orthogonal time slots is proposed based on a generalization of hybrid-automatic repeat request (ARQ). In contrast with conventional hybrid-ARQ, retransmitted packets do not need to come from the original source radio but could instead be sent by relays that overhear the transmission. An information theoretic framework is exposed that establishes the performance limits of such systems in a block fading environment, and numerical results are presented for some representative topologies and protocols. The results indicate a significant improvement in the energy-latency tradeoff when compared with conventional multihop protocols implemented as a cascade of point-to-point links.
Holy Wednesday: A Nahua Drama from Early Colonial Mexico

Identified only in 1986, the Nahuatl Holy Week play is the earliest known dramatic script in any Native American language. In Holy Wednesday, Louise Burkhart presents side-by-side English translations of the Nahuatl play and its Spanish source. An accompanying commentary analyzes the differences between the two versions to reveal how the native author altered the Spanish text to fit his own aesthetic sensibility and the broader discursive universe of the Nahua church. A richly detailed introduction places both works and their creators within the cultural and political contexts of late sixteenth-century Mexico and Spain.
Impurity-induced polaritons in a one-dimensional chain

A detailed analytical study of an impurity-induced polariton band arising inside a spectral gap between lower and upper polariton branches is presented. Using the microcanonical method, we calculate the density of states and the localization length of the impurity polaritons. Analytical results are compared with numerical simulations, and excellent agreement is found.
A paracrine signaling role for serotonin in rat taste buds: expression and localization of serotonin receptor subtypes.

Recent advances in peripheral taste physiology now suggest that the classic linear view of information processing within the taste bud is inadequate and that paracrine processing, although undemons...
Secretion Genes as Determinants of Bacillus anthracis Chain Length

ABSTRACT Bacillus anthracis grows in chains of rod-shaped cells, a trait that contributes to its escape from phagocytic clearance in host tissues. Using a genetic approach to search for determinants of B. anthracis chain length, we identified mutants with insertional lesions in secA2 . All isolated secA2 mutants exhibited an exaggerated chain length, whereas the dimensions of individual cells were not changed. Complementation studies revealed that slaP (S-layer assembly protein), a gene immediately downstream of secA2 on the B. anthracis chromosome, is also a determinant of chain length. Both secA2 and slaP are required for the efficient secretion of Sap and EA1 (Eag), the two S-layer proteins of B. anthracis, but not for the secretion of S-layer-associated proteins or of other secreted products. S-layer assembly via secA2 and slaP contributes to the proper positioning of BslO, the S-layer-associated protein, and murein hydrolase, which cleaves septal peptidoglycan to separate chains of bacilli. SlaP was found to be both soluble in the bacterial cytoplasm and associated with the membrane. The purification of soluble SlaP from B. anthracis-cleared lysates did not reveal a specific ligand, and the membrane association of SlaP was not dependent on SecA2, Sap, or EA1. We propose that SecA2 and SlaP promote the efficient secretion of S-layer proteins by modifying the general secretory pathway of B. anthracis to transport large amounts of Sap and EA1.
Measurement of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity with a centrifugal analyzer.

We describe two improved methods for determination of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. One method is an"enzyme-linked" procedure in which an excess of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase is used to produce two moles of NADPH for each mole of glucose-6-phosphate oxidized. In the other method 2,3-diphosphoglycerate is used to inhibit the variable contribution of endogenous 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in erythrocyte lysates. These assays require 100 µl of blood and are performed on a centrifugal analyzer in a final reaction volume of 410 µl at 37 °C. NADPH formation is monitored at 340 nm. Hemoglobin is measured as oxyhemoglobin in the same reaction mixture used to determine enzyme activity by changing the wavelength to 550 nm. Results are expressed as international units of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity per gram of hemoglobin. The coefficient of correlation between "enzyme-linked" assay and "standard" assay was .992, the slope of the regression line was 1.07, and the intercept was at -0.76. When results of the "enzyme-linked" assay were compared to those of the "nonlinked" assay with added 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, the slope of the regression line was .994, the intercept 0.109, and the correlation coefficient .994.
Emerging immunotherapy strategies in breast cancer

Although immunogenicity is typically associated with renal cell carcinomas and melanoma, there are several compelling reasons why immune-based therapies should be explored in breast cancer. First, breast cancers express multiple putative tumor-associated antigens, such as HER-2 and MUC-1, which have been the successful focus of vaccine development over the past decade, translating into tumor-specific immune responses and, in some cases, clinical benefit. Second, passive immune strategies with anti-HER-2 antibodies, such as trastuzumab and pertuzumab, have led to survival benefits in breast cancer. Finally, the successes observed with novel immunotherapeutic strategies, such as immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive T-cell therapies in other malignancies, combined with a growing body of literature that supports an interplay between solid tumors and the immune system, indicate that these strategies have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of breast cancer.
Giant bronchogenic cyst masquerading as tension pneumothorax radiographic and CT findings

Pulmonary bronchogenic cysts with tracheobronchial communication may occasionally mimic tension pneumothorax leading to unnecessary thoracostomy. We describe such a case to emphasize that cautious identification of the direction of displacement of the collapsed lung tissue on chest radiograph or computed tomography (CT) may help in differentiating these two diseases. Tension pneumothorax should lead to centripetal compression of the ipsilateral lung toward the hilum while giant bronchogenic cysts result in centrifugal displacement of the adjacent lung away from the hilum.
Reexamining Theories of Adult Learning and Adult Development through the Lenses of Public Pedagogy.

The authors examine the modernist underpinnings of traditional adult learning and development theories and evaluate elements of those theories through more contemporary lenses. Drawing on recent li...
Functional Luteinizing Hormone/Chorionic Gonadotropin Receptors in Human Adrenal Cortical H295R Cells

Previous studies have suggested that activation of normal human adrenal and adrenal tumor luteinizing hormone (LH)/chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) receptors results in an increased secretion of steroid hormones. Since it is not feasible to test this suggestion on normal human adrenal cells, we used human adrenal cortical carcinoma H295R cells, which are similar in some respects to normal adrenal cortical cells. These cells contained LH/hCG receptor transcripts and receptor protein that can bind 125 I-hCG in a hormone-specific manner. Culturing the cells with highly purified hCG resulted in a time- and dose-dependent significant increase in dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) secretion as compared with the controls. The DHEAS response was hormone as well as steroid specific. Since hCG treatment did not increase DHEA secretion, we suspected that the hCG might increase DHEA sulfotransferase (ST). Consistent with this possibility, hCG treatment increased steady-state DHEA-ST mRNA levels. The hCG effects require its receptors, as inhibition of their synthesis by treatment with antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) made from the LH/hCG receptor sequence resulted in loss of DHEA-ST and DHEAS responses. The findings that 1) hCG treatment increased cAMP levels and activated protein kinase A (PKA), 2) 8-bromo cAMP mimicked hCG, and 3) blocking PKA activation prevented hCG as well as 8-bromo cAMP from increasing both DHEA-ST mRNA and DHEAS levels suggested that cAMP/PKA signaling was involved in the hCG actions. In conclusion, H295R cells contain LH/hCG receptors, which are coupled to increasing DHEAS secretion through upregulating the ST enzyme mRNA level. This action is mediated by the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. These findings support the concept that adrenal function in normal and pathological conditions could be influenced by LH and hCG. adrenal, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, human chorionic gonadotropin, luteinizing hormone, steroid hormones
Part-set cuing inhibition in category-instance and reason generation

Two experiments are reported in which the existence of part-set cuing inhibition was confirmed with tasks that involved the generation of items from general knowledge. In Experiment 1, larger part-set inhibition effects were observed in a task of category-instance generation than in an episodic task of category-instance cued recall. In Experiment 2, the number of reasons generated concerning a hypothesis was reduced through the presentation of example reasons. The presence of the example reasons did not affect likelihood judgments concerning the issue; however, judgments were higher for one of two issues when pro rather than con reasons were generated.
Membrane Electroconformational Changes: Progress in Theoretical Modelling of Electroporation and of Protein Protrusion Alteration

Unambiguous, non-thermal effects of electric fields on biological cells have been reported by many investigators for moderate and strong fields (10 to 10 4 volt/cm; shorter exposure times for larger fields). This includes electroporation, which is believed due to transient and long lived pores in cell membranes. In order to develop theoretical models for such phenomena, we note that electrical interactions with cells are generally expected because of the heterogeneity of cells with respect to two basic parameters, electrical conductivity and electrical permittivity. This heterogeneity is particularly striking for the membrane/aqueous electrolyte interfaces, and leads to the general possibility of membrane forces. Possible responses to such forces include overall cell deformation, membrane indentations and membrane perforations (pores). Differential forces on the membrane and on membrane proteins are also possible, and include the possibility of altering protein protrusion from the membrane. To alter living cells, such changes must alter biochemical processes, e.g. transmembrane chemical fluxes. Here we describe progress in developing a quantitative theory of electroporation phenomena, and also a new possibility: changes in protrusion of membrane proteins. In the case of electroporation we emphasize predictions of measurable quantities, viz. the transmembrane voltage, U(t), and molecular transport, Ns, which is the total number of molecules of a given size and charge which cross a membrane due to a particular pulse. Modelling of both artificial planar bilayer membranes and cell membranes is possible. The artificial membranes are much simpler, and have therefore been the focus of initial theories. In the case of macromolecule protrusion, changes in protrusion could lead to alteration of binding site accessibility, and thereby provide a “signaling” possibility. Finally, by using “signal-to-(background + noise) ratio” (S/B+N) criteria, thresholds for electric field effects can be estimated. Electroporation has a large (S/B+N), while protein protrusion changes and other electroconformational change phenomena may involve much smaller values. By using the approximate criterion (S/B + N) ≈ 1, the smallest exposure for which an effect is expected can be estimated.
Image compression using hybrid neural networks combining the auto-associative multi-layer perceptron and the self-organizing feature map

A new image compression technique is presented using hybrid neural networks that combine two different learning networks, the auto-associative multi-layer perceptron (AMLP) and the self-organizing feature map (SOFM). The neural networks simultaneously perform dimensionality reduction with the AMLP and categorization with the SOFM to compress image data. Two hybrid neural networks forming parallel and serial architectures are examined through theoretical analysis and computer simulation. The parallel structure network reduces the dimensionality of input pattern vectors by mapping them to different hidden layers of the AMLP selected by winner-take-all units of the SOFM. The serial structure network categorizes the input pattern vectors into several classes representing prototype vectors. Both the serial and parallel structures are combinations of the AMLP and SOFM networks. These hybrid neural networks achieve clear performance improvement with respect to decoded picture quality and compression ratios, compared to existing image compression techniques. >
Colloidal crystal growth monitored by Bragg diffraction interference fringes

We monitored the crystal growth kinetics of crystallization of a shear melted crystalline colloidal array (CCA). The fcc CCA heterogeneously nucleates at the flow cell wall surface. We examined the evolution of the (1 1 1) Bragg diffraction peak, and, for the first time, quantitatively monitored growth by measuring the temporal evolution of the Bragg diffraction interference fringes. Modeling of the evolution of the fringe patterns exposes the time dependence of the increasing crystal thickness. The initial diffusion-driven linear growth is followed by ripening-driven growth. Between 80 and 90 microM NaCl concentrations the fcc crystals first linearly grow at rates between 1.9 and 4.2 microm/s until they contact homogeneously nucleated crystals in the bulk. At lower salt concentrations interference fringes are not visible because the strong electrostatic interactions between particles result in high activation barriers, preventing defect annealing and leading to a lower crystal quality. The fcc crystals melt to a liquid phase at >90 microM NaCl concentrations. Increasing NaCl concentrations slow the fcc CCA growth rate consistent with the expectation of the classical Wilson-Frenkel growth theory. The final thickness of wall-nucleated CCA, that is determined by the competition between growth of heterogeneously and homogenously nucleated CCA, increases with higher NaCl concentrations.
The Effect of Language of Instruction on Reasoning in Bilingual Children.

The effect of language of instruction on verbal reasoning of balanced bilingual children was investigated. Subjects were 36 sixth-grade French-English bilinguals who were receiving primary instruction in either French or English. Eight types of verbal analogies were created by varying the language of the analogy stem (French or English), the language of the analogy solution (French or English), and level of difficulty (easy or hard). The primary analysis was conducted through ANOVA with program type as between-subjects variable and item types as repeated measures factors. The results showed a significant interaction between language of instruction and language of presentation. In addition, there were different language effects for the two groups. The introduction of the noninstructional language (French) had a significant effect on the mean response time of the English Language Program Group at both levels of difficulty. The French Language Program Group showed a more complex pattern of results: there was a statistically significant advantage for the All-English items as compared with the All-French items on the easy analogies but a trend towards poorer performance upon introduction of English on the hard analogies. These results are discussed in terms of the differences between the two groups of subjects and the effect of academic experience on language-related thought processes and fluency. The distinction between contextualized and decontextualized language is also discussed.
Biscarbyne Cluster by Alkyne Cleavage: A General Reaction

We describe a general synthesis and preliminary physical and chemical properties of biscarbyne clusters prepared by a conceptually most simple route, the direct cleavage of alkynes.
Epitaxial Design of a Direct Optically Controlled GaAs/AlGaAs-Based Heterostructure Lateral Superjunction Power Device for Fast Repetitive Switching

We outlined the epitaxial design methodology for a novel compound-semiconductor-based optically controlled power device for fast repetitive switching frequency. The proposed structure features gallium arsenide (GaAs/AlGaAs) lateral heterostructure with charge-balancing superjunction layers to make the breakdown voltage of the device independent of doping of the photo-absorbing GaAs active layer and linearly dependent on the lateral length. This structure also features parallel plate like p-n junction, which reduces local electric-field crowding and supports higher reverse bias during off-state. We show that the use of lattice-matched wider bandgap AlGaAs helps to achieve superjunction charge balancing without having any effect on switching performance of the device. We also show that the particular processing methodology (ion implantation over zinc diffusion) helps in improving the breakdown-voltage capability of the device
Latissimus dorsi and teres major transfer to rotator cuff for Erb's palsy.

During a 20-year period the authors operated on 56 patients with Erb's palsy to create active external rotation of the shoulder. Thirty-five patients had a follow-up period longer than 2 years (average 5 years), which allowed comparison with preoperative motion and strength. Preoperative passive external rotation averaged 5°, whereas active abduction averaged 74°. Preoperative external rotation strength was less than grade 2, whereas preoperative abduction strength was grade 2 or 3 in 33 of the 35 patients. Postoperative active external rotation averaged 31° with only two recurrent internal rotation contractures. Postoperative active abduction averaged 120°. Postoperative strength in external rotation increased in 29 of the 35 patients, with abduction strength increasing one or more grades in 13 of the 35 patients. Four complications occurred. Three patients continued to lose external rotation and required further surgical procedures, and a fourth had a superficial infection. This procedure compares well with the classic transfers to the proximal humerus in that it provides active external rotation in most cases and in some increases shoulder abduction strength.
Structure-function relationship of working memory activity with hippocampal and prefrontal cortex volumes.

A rapidly increasing number of studies are quantifying the system-level network architecture of the human brain based on structural-to-structural and functional-to-functional relationships. However, a largely unexplored area is the nature and existence of “cross-modal” structural–functional relationships, in which, for example, the volume (or other morphological property) of one brain region is related to the functional response to a given task either in that same brain region, or another brain region. The present study investigated whether the gray matter volume of a selected group of structures (superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri, thalamus, and hippocampus) was correlated with the fMRI response to a working memory task, within a mask of regions previously identified as involved with working memory. The subjects included individuals with schizophrenia, their siblings, and healthy controls (n = 154 total). Using rigorous permutation testing to define the null distribution, we found that the volume of the superior and middle frontal gyri was correlated with working memory activity within clusters in the intraparietal sulcus (i.e., dorsal parietal cortex) and that the volume of the hippocampus was correlated with working memory activity within clusters in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and left inferior frontal gyrus. However, we did not find evidence that the identified structure–function relationships differed between subject groups. These results show that long-distance structural–functional relationships exist within the human brain. The study of such cross-modal relationships represents an additional approach for studying systems-level interregional brain networks.
In defence of Romberg's test.

As a retired neurologist, I read with great interest Michael O’Brien’s paper on the use and abuse of physical signs in neurology. I agree entirely with his emphasis on the history as the most important part of a neurological assessment; however, I felt I must write a short note in defence of an old stalwart, Romberg’s test. I have always emphasised over the years, particularly to students, the need to accumulate information about the patient before the formal examination. This includes such things as their behaviour in the waiting room and office, whether they were accompanied on their visit or not, their general appearance and their mobility around the office, including a good walk up and down the hall fully clothed, with modifications as needed such as heel-toe walking, standing on one or other leg, walking backwards and Romberg’s test. It is my experience that many patients with a disorder of proprioception are unaware that their balance is worse with the eyes closed. They take a bath not a shower, they do not go out at night and they sleep with some form of night light. This component of the overall evaluation I think helps in our ability to hopefully have a fairly firm diagnosis, or at worst, a small list of alternative diagnoses, before proceeding to the formal neurological examination, which can include, as needed, more sophisticated testing of the sensory nervous system. I would urge that we keep Romberg’s test as part of our clinical repertoire.
GRICE'S RAZOR

Abstract: Grice's Razor is a principle of parsimony that states a preference for linguistic explanations in terms of conversational implicature, over explanations in terms of semantic context dependence. Here I propose a Gricean theory of knowledge attributions, and contend on the basis of Grice's Razor that it is superior to contextualism about “knows.”
Herpesvirus saimiri MicroRNAs Preferentially Target Host Cell Cycle Regulators.

ABSTRACT In latently infected marmoset T cells, Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) expresses six microRNAs (known as miR-HSURs [H. saimiri U-rich RNAs]). The viral miR-HSURs are processed from chimeric primary transcripts, each containing a noncoding U-rich RNA (HSUR) and a pre-miRNA hairpin. To uncover the functions of miR-HSURs, we identified mRNA targets in infected cells using high-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by cross-linking immunoprecipitation (HITS-CLIP). HITS-CLIP revealed hundreds of robust Argonaute (Ago) binding sites mediated by miR-HSURs that map to the host genome but few in the HVS genome. Gene ontology analysis showed that several pathways regulating the cell cycle are enriched among cellular targets of miR-HSURs. Interestingly, miR-HSUR4-3p represses expression of the p300 transcriptional coactivator by binding the open reading frame of its mRNA. miR-HSUR5-3p directly regulates BiP, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized chaperone facilitating maturation of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and the antiviral response. miR-HSUR5-3p also robustly downregulates WEE1, a key negative regulator of cell cycle progression, leading to reduced phosphorylation of its substrate, cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk1). Consistently, inhibition of miR-HSUR5-3p in HVS-infected cells decreases their proliferation. Together, our results shed light on the roles of viral miRNAs in cellular transformation and viral latency. IMPORTANCE Viruses express miRNAs during various stages of infection, suggesting that viral miRNAs play critical roles in the viral life cycle. Compared to protein-coding genes, the functions of viral miRNAs are not well understood. This is because it has been challenging to identify their mRNA targets. Here, we focused on the functions of the recently discovered HVS miRNAs, called miR-HSURs. HVS is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus that causes acute T-cell lymphomas and leukemias in New World primates and transforms human T cells. A better understanding of HVS biology will help advance our knowledge of virus-induced oncogenesis. Because numerous cellular miRNAs play crucial roles in cancer, viral miRNAs from the highly oncogenic HVS might also be important for transformation. Here, we found that the miR-HSURs preferentially modulate expression of host cell cycle regulators, as well as antiviral response factors. Our work provides further insight into the functions of herpesviral miRNAs in virus-induced oncogenesis and latency.
A librarian's guide to dark horse comics

(1998). A librarian's guide to dark horse comics. Serials Review: Vol. 24, No. 3-4, pp. 76-93.
Lie Algebras and Algebraic Subgroups

This chapter establishes the Lie algebra technique for the structure and representation theory of algebraic groups. Section 1 contains only special field-theoretical preparations. Section 2 develops the connections between the algebraic subgroups of an algebraic group G and the sub Lie algebras of L(G) fully, under the assumption that the base field be of characteristic 0. This assumption is retained in Section 3, which is devoted to reducing, as far as is possible in general, the representation theory of an algebraic group to that of its Lie algebra.
Nuclear Export of Mammalian PERIOD Proteins

The timing of mammalian circadian rhythm is determined by interlocking negative and positive transcriptional feedback loops that govern the cyclic expression of both clock regulators and output genes. In mammals, nuclear localization of the circadian regulators PER1–3 is controlled by multiple mechanisms, including multimerization with PER and CRY proteins. In addition, nuclear entry of mammalian PER1 (mPER1) can be regulated by a phosphorylation-dependent masking of its nuclear localization signal. Here we present evidence suggesting that nuclear localization of PER proteins is a dynamic process determined by both nuclear import and previously unrecognized nuclear export pathways. Examination of the subcellular localization of a series of truncated mPER1 proteins demonstrated that cytoplasmic localization is mediated by an 11-amino acid region with homology to leucine-rich nuclear export signals (NESs). Similar sequences were identified in mPER2 and mPER3 as well as in several insect PER proteins. The putative NESs from mPER1 and mPER2 were able to direct cytoplasmic accumulation when fused to a heterologous protein. Mutations in conserved NES residues and the nuclear export inhibitor leptomycin B each blocked the function of the NES. Full-length mPER1 was also exported from microinjected Xenopus laevis oocyte nuclei in an NES-dependent manner. The presence of a functional NES in mPER1 and mPER2 as well as related sequences in a variety of other PER proteins suggests that nuclear export may be a conserved and important feature of circadian regulators.
Four molecular pathways of T cell adhesion to endothelial cells: Roles of LFA-1, VCAM-1, and ELAM-1 and changes in pathway hierarchy under different activation conditions

T cell adhesion to endothelium is critical to lymphocyte recirculation and influx into sites of inflammation. We have systematically analyzed the role of four receptor/ligand interactions that mediate adhesion of peripheral human CD4+ T cells to cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC): T cell LFA-1 binding to ICAM-1 and an alternative ligand ("ICAM-X"), T cell VLA-4 binding to VCAM-1, and T cell binding to ELAM-1. Contributions of these four pathways depend on the activation state of both the T cell and HUVEC, and the differentiation state of the T cell. ELAM-1 plays a significant role in mediating adhesion of resting CD4+ T cells to activated HUVEC. LFA-1 adhesion dominates with PMA-activated T cells but the strength and predominant LFA-1 ligand is determined by the activation state of the HUVEC; while ICAM-1 is the dominant ligand on IL-1-induced HUVEC, "ICAM-X" dominates binding to uninduced HUVEC. Adhesion via VLA-4 depends on induction of its ligand VCAM-1 on activated HUVEC; PMA activation of T cells augments VLA-4-mediated adhesion, both in the model of T/HUVEC binding and in a simplified model of T cell adhesion to VCAM-1-transfected L cells. Unlike LFA-1 and VLA-4, ELAM-1-mediated adhesion is not increased by T cell activation. Differential expression of adhesion molecules on CD4+ T cell subsets understood to be naive and memory cells also regulates T/HUVEC adhesion. Naive T cell adhesion to HUVEC is mediated predominantly by LFA-1 with little or no involvement of the VLA-4 and ELAM-1 pathways. In contrast, memory T cells bind better to HUVEC and utilize all four pathways. These studies demonstrate that there are at least four molecular pathways mediating T/HUVEC adhesion and that the dominance/hierarchy of these pathways varies dramatically with the activation state of the interacting cells and the differentiation state of the T cell.
Weak solutions and local energy estimates

We introduce a class of quasilinear parabolic equations with the principal part in divergence form, that are either degenerate or singular due to the vanishing of the gradient |Du| of their solutions.
Mesozoic Spherule/Impact Ejecta Layers

The Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T), or Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg), boundary impact ejecta layer; the Late Cretaceous Manson crater ejecta layer; the Late Triassic spherule/ejecta layer; and a possible impact ejecta layer at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary are discussed in this chapter (Table 5.1). As previously mentioned, the K-T boundary ejecta layer is the most studied and best known distal impact ejecta layer. The Manson structure is a buried impact crater located in Iowa, USA, which at one time was thought to be the, or a, source crater for the K-T boundary layer. Distal impact ejecta from this structure have been found in South Dakota and Nebraska. An impact spherule layer containing shocked quartz has been found in Late Triassic deposits in southwestern England. Some researchers have reported finding evidence for an impact ejecta layer at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, but others do not find the evidence convincing.
Euclid’s Elements

The trivium, consisting of grammar, logic, and rhetoric, was added to the quadrivium to form the seven arts of the medieval curriculum. The quadrivium consists of the mathemata or subjects of study that go back at least to Archytas of Taras, one of the last of the Pythagoreans. Of course, the word mathematics no longer means all learning, as it once did. Of the seven liberal arts, the original four that were deemed worthy of study were the mathemata called arithmetica, harmonica, geometria, and astrologia. Today the quadrivium is usually listed as arithmetic, music, geometry and astronomy. This is somewhat misleading and especially so for Americans who don’t realize that the subjects they call arithmetic and theory of numbers go by the opposite names in the rest of the world. An American student would better understand the content of the quadrivium if it were listed as theory of numbers, mathematical theory of music, geometry, and mathematical astronomy.
The dataflow model: a practical approach to balancing correctness, latency, and cost in massive-scale, unbounded, out-of-order data processing

Unbounded, unordered, global-scale datasets are increasingly common in day-to-day business (e.g. Web logs, mobile usage statistics, and sensor networks). At the same time, consumers of these datasets have evolved sophisticated requirements, such as event-time ordering and windowing by features of the data themselves, in addition to an insatiable hunger for faster answers. Meanwhile, practicality dictates that one can never fully optimize along all dimensions of correctness, latency, and cost for these types of input. As a result, data processing practitioners are left with the quandary of how to reconcile the tensions between these seemingly competing propositions, often resulting in disparate implementations and systems.We propose that a fundamental shift of approach is necessary to deal with these evolved requirements in modern data processing. We as a field must stop trying to groom unbounded datasets into finite pools of information that eventually become complete, and instead live and breathe under the assumption that we will never know if or when we have seen all of our data, only that new data will arrive, old data may be retracted, and the only way to make this problem tractable is via principled abstractions that allow the practitioner the choice of appropriate tradeoffs along the axes of interest: correctness, latency, and cost.In this paper, we present one such approach, the Dataflow Model, along with a detailed examination of the semantics it enables, an overview of the core principles that guided its design, and a validation of the model itself via the real-world experiences that led to its development.
MY APPROACH to elevated cholesterol in women.

When we see a female patient with elevated cholesterol, our approach is to begin with application of guideline-based therapy. The 2013 ACC/AHA blood cholesterol guidelines provide the framework for the management of cholesterol for men and women. First and foremost is emphasis on therapeutic lifestyle changes, which incorporate healthy diet and exercise habits. This is particularly important for women of childbearing age in whom medications may not be an option depending on pregnancy considerations. After therapeutic lifestyle changes have been incorporated, reassessment of cholesterol will help to determine if medications are needed. The guidelines detail for whom to consider lipid-lowering therapy, specifically statins, and the recommendations are based on randomized controlled trial data in support of LDL lowering. In the guidelines, there are 4 groups of individuals identified as “statin-benefit” groups. They are: (1) those with known atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), (2) those with LDL Z190 mg/dL, (3) diabetics, and (4) those considered high-risk based on an elevated ASCVD risk score
An Examination of the Prior Use of E-Learning Within an Extended Technology Acceptance Model and the Factors That Influence the Behavioral Intention of Users to Use M-Learning

The purpose of this empirical study was to test specific factors of behavioral intention to use m-learning in a community college setting using a modified technology acceptance model and antecedent...
Optimal resource allocation for containing epidemics on time-varying networks

This paper studies the Susceptible-Infected- Susceptible (SIS) epidemic model on time-varying interaction graphs in contrast to the majority of other works which only consider static graphs. After presenting the mean-field model and characterizing its stability properties, we formulate and solve an optimal resource allocation problem. More specifically, we first assume that a cost can be paid to reduce the amount of interactions certain nodes can have with others (e.g., by imposing travel restrictions between certain cities). Then, given a budget, we are interested in optimally allocating the budget to best combat the undesired epidemic. We show how this problem can be equivalently formulated as a geometric program and solved in polynomial time. Simulations illustrate our results.
Ordering a sacred terrain: Melodic pathways of Himalayan flute pilgrimage

A partir de l'exemple des pelerinages musicaux dans la vallee de Katmandu pendant le mois saint Gunlā des bouddhistes newar, l'A. examine le pouvoir de la pratique musicale dans la construction du lieu du point de vue des praticiens. Il soutient que le pelerinage musical - la musique comme une riviere - peut eclairer, d'une maniere que d'autres pelerinages ne peuvent pas, le mārg bouddhiste et son pouvoir dans l'assignation d'un ordre a un terrain sacre. L'espace physique est deconstruit et reconfigure en faveur d'un terrain mental qui est modele par le programme musical du pelerinage : un ordre memorise au cours de l'annee et qui fonde le sens du lieu de la vallee de Katmandu. Par ailleurs, un modele dynamique de la mise en ordre de l'espace peut permettre d'expliquer les changements dans la configuration sacree de la vallee a travers les siecles.