cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and control of nonlinear harmonic coupling for pulsed jet injection

This paper describes an approach to periodic reference tracking in a fundamental pulsed jet injection experimental study. The objective is to match the jet's temporal velocity profile to a periodic reference for purposes of studying the mixing dynamics between the jet and surrounding fluid. The challenge lies in controlling the highly nonlinear and poorly understood dynamics associated with the jet velocity. Although the actuator maintains good authority over the jet velocity, the nonlinear jet dynamics creates a high degree of coupling among neighboring harmonics that depends on the forcing level. We approach the problem by demodulating the jet velocity measurement at harmonic frequencies represented in the desired waveform into baseband components. In a neighborhood of a desired operating point, an empirical relationship is developed by perturbing the baseband components and measuring their effect on neighboring harmonics. We demonstrate that this relationship can be reasonably modeled as a linear MIMO gain for nearby operating points. This knowledge is exploited to create a stabilizing feedback control that asymptotically drives the jet velocity to its reference.
CD72-deficient mice reveal nonredundant roles of CD72 in B cell development and activation.

Abstract CD72, a B cell surface protein of the C-type lectin superfamily, recruits the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 through its ITIM motif(s). Using CD72-deficient ( CD72 −/− ) mice, we demonstrate that CD72 is a nonredundant regulator of B cell development. In the bone marrow of CD72 −/− mice, there was a reduction in the number of mature recirculating B cells and an accumulation of pre-B cells. In the periphery of CD72 −/− mice, there were fewer mature B-2 cells and more B-1 cells. In addition, CD72 is a negative regulator of B cell activation, as CD72 −/− B cells were hyperproliferative in response to various stimuli and showed enhanced kinetics in their intracellular Ca 2+ response following IgM cross-linking.
Low-Dose Carbon Monoxide Does Not Reduce Vasoconstriction in Isolated Rat Lungs

Recent studies have demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a pulmonary vasodilator when inhaled in low concentrations. Due to the physicochemical similarities between NO and carbon monoxide (CO), it was speculated that low concentrations of CO would have similar effects in the isolated rat lung. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of CO (200 and 1000 ppm) in modulating hypoxia- and angiotensin II (AII)-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction, using isolated salt-perfused lungs of normotensive (CON) or pulmonary hypertensive male rats. Pulmonary hypertensive rats (ALT), induced by simulated altitude exposure (4572 m; 430 mm Hg for 32-48 days), were studied to determine the actions of low-dose CO in a remodeled pulmonary vascular bed. Right ventricular hypertrophy and polycythemia were evident in the ALT rats, suggesting that simulated altitude exposure induced pulmonary hypertension and consequent pulmonary vascular remodeling. CO did not significantly affect pulmonary vascular responses to...
Nurses in resident evaluation. A qualitative study of the participants' perspectives.

This study complemented a large psychometric study using nurses to assess medical residents' humanistic behavior. It was designed to identify how nurses and residents defined humanistic qualities and behaviors and what factors affected their views of residents 'performance and evaluation. The study also illustrates how qualitative methods were used to complement quantitative psychometric data and thereby yield a more complete assessment of the value of a new performance evaluation form. The results indicated that nurses' definitions of humanistic behavior often differed from residents', tending to reflect a broader perspective on the physician's role and responsibility in patient care. Nurses and residents disagreed about whether nurses were qualified to evaluate residents'humanistic behavior and about what nurses actually observed on the wards. Professional respect was an issuefor both nurses and residents. The discussion section identifies some implications for resident training and nurse-resident relat...
How Difficult is it to Read Marketing Related Journals

The Fog Index was used to compute readability scores for 10 journals over a 20-year time period. A master's degree is required to easily read and understand the journals analyzed. Journals have not become easier to read despite complaints that articles in the journals are difficult to read and comprehend.
Un nouvel outil pour l'expression génique

Resume La comprehension des mecanismes qui regulent l'expression differentielle des genes est essentielle a la connaissance des processus biologiques. Le differential display , qui permet l'etude directe de cette expression, devrait devenir un precieux outil.
Pear Aroma: Relation of Instrumental and Sensory Techniquesa

SUMMARY The aroma intensities of pear essences correlate well with the intensities of their absorptions at 263-267 mμ. This absorption is due to esters of 2,4-decadienoie acid which have been identified as character impact compounds of Bartlett pear aroma. Essences concentrated by reflux or bubble-plate columns suffered aroma loss and/or degradation. Flash vaporization techniques did not degrade aroma, and the resulting concentrates could be rediluted without apparent change.
Predicting rural practice using different definitions to classify medical school applicants as having a rural upbringing.

: Purpose: This study determines the relationship between a medical school applicant’s rural background and the likelihood of rural practice using different definitions of rural background. Methods: Cohort study of 599 physicians who entered the University of Virginia School of Medicine in 1990-1995 and graduated in 1994-1999. The “rurality” of the applicants’ backgrounds was assessed by coding applicants’ high school, college, and permanent addresses using 4 definitions of rural. In addition, most physicians responded to a survey question “Did you grow up in a rural area?” The same 4 definitions of rural were used to assess the rurality of practice locations. Logistic regression models were used to predict the simultaneous effect of different definitions of rural background, gender, and applicants’ career preference at matriculation on the probability of practicing in rural areas. Findings: In univariate analyses, the high school, college, and permanent addresses were all predictive of rural practice using 1 or more definitions of rural. In the multivariate analysis, only the “grew up rural” self-description was predictive of rural practice location using 3 of the definitions of rural. In a secondary analysis, the grew up rural self-description and applicants’ career preferences at matriculation were predictors of rural practice. Conclusions: Readily available addresses were predictive of rural practice. In a multivariate analysis, physicians’ self-description about having grown up in a rural area was the best predictor of rural practice. Recruiting more applicants who match this definition of rural background should increase the number of rural physicians.
Don't Forget Long-Term Fundamental Research in Energy

Achieving a fundamental understanding of the phenomena that will underpin both global stewardship and future technologies in energy calls for a thoughtful balance between large-scale immediate solutions using existing technology and the fundamental research needed to provide better solutions in the 50-year period.
Increased hematopoietic stem cell mobilization in aged mice

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are located in the bone marrow in close association with a highly organized 3-dimensional structure formed by stroma cells, referred to as the niche. Mobilization of HSPCs from bone marrow to peripheral blood in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) requires de-adhesion of HSPCs from the niche. The influence of aging of HSPCs on cell-stroma interactions has not been determined in detail. Using a mouse model of G-CSF–induced mobilization, we demonstrated that the ability to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells is approximately 5-fold greater in aged mice. Competitive mobilization experiments confirmed that enhanced mobilization ability was intrinsic to the stem cell. Enhanced mobilization efficiency of primitive hematopoietic cells from aged mice correlated with reduced adhesion of hematopoietic progenitor cells to stroma and with elevated levels of GTP-bound Cdc42. These results might indicate that stroma–stem cell interactions are dynamic over a lifetime and result in physiologically relevant changes in the biology of primitive hematopoietic cells with age.
In a Land Far, Far Away: Assessing Children's Best Interests in International Relocation Cases

International relocations alter the analyses of best-interest factors normally considered in domestic relocation cases and introduce additional factors. The foreign nation's laws, judicial practices, customs, educational system, and political status create a climate that can be favorable or hostile to the child's best interests, to the left-behind parent's rights of access, and to the intentions of the court that issues the original custody orders. This context requires custody evaluators to give heightened scrutiny to the reasons for the proposed move. A critical focus, more significant than in domestic relocations, is how the moving parent will co-parent and support the child's relationship with the left-behind parent. Experts who fail to adjust their procedures and analyses to the unique aspects of international relocation compromise the quality and helpfulness of their work to the court and to the parties.
Using wearable activity type detection to improve physical activity energy expenditure estimation

Accurate, real-time measurement of energy expended during everyday activities would enable development of novel health monitoring and wellness technologies. A technique using three miniature wearable accelerometers is presented that improves upon state-of-the-art energy expenditure (EE) estimation. On a dataset acquired from 24 subjects performing gym and household activities, we demonstrate how knowledge of activity type, which can be automatically inferred from the accelerometer data, can improve EE estimates by more than 15% when compared to the best estimates from other methods.
Judicial Beginnings: The Supreme Court in the 1790s

There has long been a tendency to mark the beginning of the Supreme Court's history with the appointment of John Marshall as chief justice in 1801. But as the volumes of The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789–1800 have exhibited, the first decade of the Court's life deserves significant attention. In the 1790s the Court asserted its autonomy, played an important role in setting the federal-state balance, and, prior to Marbury v. Madison, exercised the authority of judicial review. The justices who sat on the Court in its first decade essentially shared the views of the two presidents who appointed them, George Washington and John Adams, but made it clear that the judiciary did not exist to serve either the executive or the legislature.
Interlaboratory comparison of soybean protein and oil determinations

Iowa State University coordinated an interlaboratory comparison study of Kjeldahl protein and ether oil extraction methods. Blind duplicates of 10 clean, single-variety soybean samples were sent to 30 laboratories grouped in 3 categories of 10 each in public (government and university), commercial and processor facilities. Five of the commercial laboratories were AOCS-certified. Standard deviations among laboratory means across all samples were 3.87 and 1.82 percentage points (dry basis) for protein and oil, respectively (0.48 and 0.27, respectively, for the AOCS-certified laboratories). The average differences between blind duplicates of a sample were 0.71 percentage points for protein and 0.87 percentage points for oil (0.28 and 0.45, respectively, for the certified laboratories). Average standard deviations across laboratories on an individual sample were 2.37 and 1.71 percentage points for protein and oil, respectively (1.87 and 0.99, respectively, for the certified laboratories.
On a lunar bi-fortnightly tide in the atmosphere

By studying the latitude anomalies of the eastern Pacific anticyclone and the subtropical high-pressure belt, the author shows that corresponding to the equatorward component of the tide-producing force of the Moon there is a similar variation in the parameters mentioned above.
Quantitative analysis of acetaldehyde in whole blood from human and various animals by gas chromatography

Abstract Acetaldehyde present in the blood of bull, chicken, hamster, horse, human, monkey, pig, rabbit, rat and sheep, was quantitatively analyzed by a newly developed gas chromatographic method. Acetaldehyde in a blood sample was reacted with cysteamine to give 2-methylthiazolidine, which was extracted with dichloromethane and subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography with a fused-silica capillary column and a nitrogen–phosphorus detector. The quantities of acetaldehyde found in blood ranged from 2.04 μmol/ml (hamster) to 14.8 μmol/ml (pig). The quantity of acetaldehyde recovered from human blood was 6.17 μmol/ml.
Maneuvering and control of a synergistically propelled ichthyoid

The Synergistically Propelled Ichthyoid [SPI] is a novel submersible propelled by the combined jet and tail action of a fluttering fluid-conveying pipe. A model for an SPI’s motion in a general planar frame is presented which includes a time-variable conveyed fluid velocity. Simulations using this model show that the tail of the SPI may be used as an effective control surface by leveraging the tail’s ability to “vector” its fluid jet as well as turn the oncoming external fluid like a fish. Methods used to effect rapid turns and simultaneous control of orientation and jet speed are also demonstrated.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Aspirin Resistance in healthy drug-naive men versus women (from the Heredity and Phenotype Intervention Heart Study).

This study was designed to determine the factors that contribute to interindividual variation in the antiplatelet effects of aspirin. We measured platelet response to aspirin in 745 (400 men and 345 women) drug-naive asymptomatic subjects of the Heredity and Phenotype Intervention (HAPI) Heart Study. Whole blood platelet aggregometry was performed to assess response to arachidonic acid, adenosine diphosphate, and collagen at baseline and after 14 days of aspirin 81 mg/day. There was wide interindividual variation in platelet aggregation in response to aspirin, with no clear biological threshold to define aspirin resistance. Variation in platelet function before and after aspirin was heritable. Women exhibited greater platelet aggregability in response to adenosine diphosphate and collagen at baseline and after aspirin administration. The degree to which aspirin inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation was also significantly less in women compared with men (mean ± SD percent inhibition of collagen-induced [1 μg/ml] platelet aggregation 49.9 ± 30.9 vs 57.5 ± 42.5 in women and men, respectively, p = 0.005). Using a cutoff <70% inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation, 21% of the total population demonstrated aspirin resistance, which occurred in 30% of women and 16% of men (p = 0.0002). Aspirin-resistant subjects were older, had significantly higher total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, lower hematocrit, and higher platelet count compared with aspirin-sensitive subjects. In conclusion, in this study group, platelet function is heritable. There is wide interindividual variation in platelet response to aspirin as defined by whole blood platelet aggregometry, with women having lower mean percent inhibition of platelet aggregation and greater prevalence of aspirin resistance than men.
A message-passing algorithm for spectrum access in cognitive radio relay networks

This work addresses the spectrum access problem in cognitive radio relay networks. In our setup, primary users allow secondary users access to the channel (spectrum) as long as they agree to relay primary users' data in addition to their own. We desire to maximize the network usage by determining the best configuration of matching between primary users and secondary users. This problem can be formulated in a form similar to maximum weighted matching. Given this formulation, we develop an algorithm for this problem using affinity propagation that is fully distributed. We test its performance and demonstrate convergence.
Dislocation emission at junctions between Σ=3 grain boundaries in gold thin films

Abstract The interaction of dislocations with grain boundary junctions plays an important role during plastic deformation and stress relaxation in polycrystalline thin films. In the present work, arrays of secondary grain boundary dislocations (SGBDs) and their behavior at junctions between orthogonal Σ=3{111} and Σ=3{112} grain boundaries in Au thin films have been studied using room temperature and in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Through diffraction contrast experiments, we find that these dislocations have Burgers vectors of the type a/ 6 112 . In situ TEM experiments conducted at elevated temperature show that the arrays of SGBDs on {111} twin planes originate in the {112} boundaries where they accommodate a small rotational misorientation from the exact coincident-site-lattice (CSL) orientation. We propose that the discontinuous distribution of SGBDs in the {112} boundary produces a climb stress that drives the dislocation motion. As the dislocations in the grain boundary increase their separation, the climb stress and the misorientation between grains is reduced. To test the plausibility of this explanation, we consider the balance between the reduction in energy due to motion in response to the climb stress and the increase in energy due to the lengthening of dislocation line on the {111} twin plane.
Distinguishing age-related from disease-related glomerulosclerosis on kidney biopsy: the Aging Kidney Anatomy study

Background Global glomerulosclerosis is characteristic of chronic kidney disease and also occurs with normal aging. Our goal was to determine the upper limit of normal for number of globally sclerotic glomeruli. Methods Core-needle biopsies of the renal cortex were obtained at the time of living kidney transplantation at three centers between 1998 and 2011. The number of globally sclerotic glomeruli was averaged across two biopsy sections. Quantile regression was used to estimate the 95th percentile for globally sclerotic glomeruli as the upper reference limit. There were 2052 donors (mean age 43 years, 41% male, 10% hypertensive), with a mean (SD) of 16.0 (9.7) glomeruli and 0.47 (0.99) globally sclerotic glomeruli on biopsy; only 2.6% had >5% fibrosis. Results In a multivariable model excluding hypertensive donors, independent predictors of the number of globally sclerotic glomeruli were age, total number of glomeruli and cortex area. A simplified model was used to estimate the 95th percentile for number of globally sclerotic glomeruli by total number of glomeruli and age. For a biopsy section with 17-32 total glomeruli, the 95th percentile ranged from 1 for a 20-year old to 5.5 for a 70-year old donor. Hypertensive donors were more likely to have an abnormal number of globally sclerotic glomeruli (OR = 1.79, P = 0.035). Conclusions We have derived the 95% reference limit for number of globally sclerotic glomeruli in ostensibly healthy individuals accounting for age and the biopsy characteristics. Numbers of globally sclerotic glomeruli in a kidney biopsy that exceed these thresholds suggest chronic pathological injury in excess of that expected with normal aging.
Pretreatment prostate specific antigen doubling times: use in patients before radical prostatectomy.

AbstractPurpose: We determined whether pre-radical prostatectomy prostate specific antigen (PSA) doubling time could predict pathological stage at radical prostatectomy or PSA failure postoperatively. We also sought to compare PSA doubling times from men with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy to a group treated with radiation therapy.Materials and Methods: Detailed followup was available for 150 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy from January 1993 to August 1995. PSA doubling time was calculated for all patients with 3 or more pre-radical prostatectomy PSA levels using linear regression. We assessed the association between PSA doubling time and PSA failure, pathologic stage at radical prostatectomy, final PSA before treatment and Gleason score. We compared our PSA doubling time values and distribution to a published series of patients with prostate cancer who had undergone radiation therapy.Results: A total of 56 patients had 3 or more P...
Differential Effects of TBC1D15 and Mammalian Vps39 on Rab7 Activation State, Lysosomal Morphology, and Growth Factor Dependence

The small GTPase Rab7 promotes fusion events between late endosomes and lysosomes. Rab7 activity is regulated by extrinsic signals, most likely via effects on its guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) or GTPase-activating protein (GAP). Based on their homology to the yeast proteins that regulate the Ypt7 GTP binding state, TBC1D15, and mammalian Vps39 (mVps39) have been suggested to function as the Rab7 GAP and GEF, respectively. We developed an effector pull-down assay to test this model. TBC1D15 functioned as a Rab7 GAP in cells, reducing Rab7 binding to its effector protein RILP, fragmenting the lysosome, and conferring resistance to growth factor withdrawal-induced cell death. In a cellular context, TBC1D15 GAP activity was selective for Rab7. TBC1D15 overexpression did not inhibit transferrin internalization or recycling, Rab7-independent processes that require Rab4, Rab5, and Rab11 activation. TBC1D15 was thus renamed Rab7-GAP. Contrary to expectations for a Rab7 GEF, mVps39 induced lysosomal clustering without increasing Rab7 GTP binding. Moreover, a dominant-negative mVps39 mutant fragmented the lysosome and promoted growth factor independence without decreasing Rab7-GTP levels. These findings suggest that a protein other than mVps39 serves as the Rab7 GEF. In summary, although only TBC1D15/Rab7-GAP altered Rab7-GTP levels, both Rab7-GAP and mVps39 regulate lysosomal morphology and play a role in maintaining growth factor dependence.
Lack of General Correlation between Interstitial Fluid Pressure and Oxygen Partial Pressure in Solid Tumors

Several studies have shown a decrease in blood perfusion and oxygen partial pressure (pO2), and an increase in interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) with increasing tumor size. However, it is not evident if the elevated IFP is a key parameter responsible for the poor perfusion and oxygenation of solid tumors. To this end, IFP and pO2 were measured in nine human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice at a fixed tumor size (approximately 250 mm3). IFP and pO2 were also measured as a function of tumor volume in one human colon adenocarcinoma (LS174T) and in one human glioblastoma (HGL-9). In LS174T tumors IFP did not vary with size (P < .07); however, median pO2 decreased from approximately 35 mm Hg in 100-mm3 tumors to approximately 15 mm Hg in tumors of approximately 500 mm3 (P < 0.001). In HGL-9 tumors an inverse correlation between IFP and pO2 was found; IFP increased (P < 0.001) and pO2 decreased (P < 0.001) with increasing tumor size. At a fixed tumor size of 250 mm3 no correlation was found between mean IFP and median pO2 (P < 0.5) or between the mean IFP and the hypoxic fraction (pO2 < 2.5 mm Hg) (P < 0.7) in the nine tumors studied. The absence of a general relationship between IFP and pO2 could result in part from differences in vascular resistance between tumors. For example, a high geometric resistance to blood flow on the arterial side will lead to a low IFP and blood flow, whereas an elevation of the venous resistance will reduce blood flow and increase IFP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Transmodality and temporality in design interactions

Abstract In this paper I explore the “multimodal communication” framework by developing the concept of transmodality. I examine how features of language and embodied action in product design interactions over time consequentially influence the shape of subsequent communicative actions in particular ways, which in turn cumulatively affect the emergence of a design. I show how talk and embodied action themselves constitute through their very properties a central mechanism by which ideas are transformed into designed, real-world objects. Using data collected during an ethnographic study of a design studio in Sweden, I focus on how particular features of a designed object are rendered “transduced” calques of corresponding features of the design interactions that themselves traverse modalities (from, for instance, verbal descriptors like “soft” to particular gesture forms) and ontologies (from debatable topics to fixed material features of an object). Over the course of several interactions in the studio, spanning a number of days, particular gesture forms are repeatedly and consistently linked to particular concepts, which in turn are translated into hand sketches and computer drawings, which are then used to create a prototype ready for show. As I demonstrate, the process of creation is constituted by a generative contrapuntal elaboration between the emerging interactions and the emerging design.
Structural and Thermodynamic Approach to Peptide Immunogenicity

In the conventional paradigm of humoral immunity, B cells recognize their cognate antigen target in its native form. However, it is well known that relatively unstable peptides bearing only partial structural resemblance to the native protein can trigger antibodies recognizing higher-order structures found in the native protein. On the basis of sound thermodynamic principles, this work reveals that stability of immunogenic proteinlike motifs is a critical parameter rationalizing the diverse humoral immune responses induced by different linear peptide epitopes. In this paradigm, peptides with a minimal amount of stability (ΔGX 0 kcal/mol) trigger antibodies recognizing full protein but not peptide, and unstable peptides (ΔGX>8 kcal/mol) fail to generate antibodies against either peptide or protein. Immunization experiments involving peptides derived from the autoantigen histidyl-tRNA synthetase verify that selected peptides with varying relative stabilities predicted by molecular dynamics simulations induce antibody responses consistent with this theory. Collectively, these studies provide insight pertinent to the structural basis of immunogenicity and, at the same time, validate this form of thermodynamic and molecular modeling as an approach to probe the development/evolution of humoral immune responses.
Reactions of (1‐nitroethenyl)sulfonylbenzene, a nitroethene derivative geminally substituted by a second W‐group

Nitroaldol reaction of phenylsulfonylnitromethane with formaldehyde affords a mixture of 2,4-dinitro-2,4-bis(phenylsulfonyl)butan-1-ol and 2,4-dinitro-2,4- bis(phenylsulfonyl)pentane-1,5-diol. Treatment of this mixture with base followed by reacidification affords 1,1'-[(1,3-dinitro-1,3-propanediyl)bis(sulfonyl)]bis(benzene) as a mixture of (R*, R*) and (R*, S*)-diastereomers from which the (R*, S*)-diastereomer can be obtained pure. The intermediate in the nitroaldol reaction is (1-nitroethenyl)sulfonylbenzene and, if dienes are present, additional products are also obtained. If either (E)-2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene or 1-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene are present, typical Diels-Alder adducts are obtained with the major isomers explainable by assuming a transition state in which the nitro group is endo. If furan is present, its formal conjugate addition product, 2-[2-nitro-2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]furan, is formed. If cyclooctatetraene is present, it first dimerizes and then affords isomeric Diels-Alder cycloadducts of the dimer. Semiempirical calculations comparing the LUMO energies of (1-nitroethenyl)sulfonylbenzene to the corresponding trans-1,2 isomer are presented to explain relative reactivity of 1,1- and 1,2-disubstituted dienophiles. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The molar ratio of σ73 to core polymerase in the obligate intracellular bacterium, Rickettsia prowazekii

In the obligate intracellular parasitic bacterium, Rickettsia prowazekii, the molar ratio of sigma 73 to core RNA polymerase, that is, the degree of saturation of the core polymerase by the catalytically active sigma factor, was very low. This ratio was determined from the radioactivity in rickettsial RNA polymerase immunoprecipitated from crude extracts of infected L929 cells in which the parasite was exponentially growing. If we assume that, as is true for the sigma subunit, in R. prowazekii and Escherichia coli the beta', and beta subunits of the RNA polymerase have similar methionine and cysteine contents (the radiolabelled amino acids), the molar ratio of sigma 73 to core polymerase in R. prowazekii would be 0.1. This is in striking contrast to E. coli where the ratio is typically 0.4. It remains to be established whether this low sigma saturation results in a limitation of active RNA polymerase in R. prowazekii and contributes to its slow growth.
Photostimulation of turkey eggs accelerates hatching times without affecting hatchability, liver or heart growth, or glycogen content

The objective of the current study was to determine the effects of incubating turkey eggs in the presence of incandescent light on hatching times, as well as liver and heart growth and function of the hatched poult. In each of two independent trials, 180 commercial turkey eggs were incubated either in a 12-h incandescent light:dark schedule or continuous darkness throughout the incubation period (n = 360). Hatching time was observed at 8-h intervals following 25 d of incubation. Hatchability was calculated as a percentage of total eggs set, and was also calculated as a percentage of fertilized eggs. Poult weights, blood glucose, liver weights, and heart weights were measured at hatch. Liver and heart glycogen concentrations were analyzed, and comparisons were made of light-treated hatchlings and controls exposed to continuous darkness. The photostimulation of eggs accelerated hatching times (P < or = 0.01) without affecting hatchability or poult weight at hatching. Neither organ weights nor organ glycogen contents of photostimulated poults differed significantly from controls incubated in the dark. Results of this experiment indicate that the incubation length of turkey eggs may be shortened by photostimulation of eggs during the incubation period without significantly affecting embryonic survival, liver or heart growth, or glycogen content.
Chapter 13 Wald, likelihood ratio, and Lagrange multiplier tests in econometrics

Publisher Summary The use of increasingly complex statistical models has led to heavy reliance on maximum likelihood methods for both estimation and testing. In such a setting, only asymptotic properties can be expected for estimators or tests. Often there are asymptotically equivalent procedures that differ substantially in computational difficulty and finite sample performance. In a maximum likelihood framework, the Wald, Likelihood Ratio, and Lagrange Multiplier (LM) tests are a natural trio. They all share the property of being asymptotically locally the most powerful invariant tests, and in fact all are asymptotically equivalent. However, in practice, there are substantial differences in the way the tests look at particular models. Frequently when one is very complex, another will be much simpler. Furthermore, this formulation guides the intuition as to what is testable and how best to formulate a model to test it. In terms of forming diagnostic tests, the LM test is frequently computationally convenient as many of the test statistics are already available from the estimation of the null. The application of these tests principles and particularly the LM principle to a wide range of econometric problems is a natural development of the field, and it is a development that is proceeding at a very rapid pace.
A Novel P53-Related Activity in a Colon Adenocarcinoma Cell Line With Mutant P53

METHOD. CAT reporters with different p53 binding sites including E2-70Shay CAT, WAF1-TK-CAT and mdm2-TK-CAT were received from: M. Tarunina (M. Curie Res. Institute) and R. Kondratov (Univ. of Illinois, Chicago) respectively. p53 mutants R175H and R248W in pCMV-neo-Bam vector were received from C.J. Di Como (Columbia University). Caco-2 cells were obtained and transfected as described earlier (1). Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays (EMSAs) were performed as described in (1).
Global Distributive Justice: Why Political Philosophy Needs Political Science

The philosophical literature on global distributive justice has become both more substantive and more rigorous in recent years. This article surveys some recent positions within that literature and notes that the differences between them often involve different views about the empirical facts underlying global wealth and poverty. This suggests that some headway might be gained in arguments about global justice by a greater engagement between political philosophy and empirical political science.
Scheduling Task Graphs on Heterogeneous Multiprocessors with Reconfigurable Hardware

We address the problem of scheduling applications represented as directed acyclic task graphs (DAGs) onto architectures with reconfigurable processing cores. We introduce the Mutually Exclusive Processor Groups reconfiguration model, a novel reconfiguration model that captures many different modes of reconfiguration. Additionally, we propose the Heterogeneous Earliest Finish Time with Mutually Exclusive Processor Groups (HEFT-MEG) scheduling heuristic using the Mutually Exclusive Processor Groups reconfiguration model. HEFT-MEG schedules reconfigurations using a novel back-tracking algorithm to evaluate how different reconfiguration decisions affect previously scheduled tasks. HEFT-MEG's goal when choosing configurations is to choose the most efficient configuration for different application phases. In simulation, HEFT-MEG generates higher quality schedules than those generated by the hardware-software co-scheduler proposed by Mei, et al. [21] and HEFT [31] using a single configuration.
Sleeping Beauty transposon for efficient gene delivery.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the sleeping beauty transposon for efficient gene delivery. The core use of the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon in zebrafish has been previously published. The advantages of using SB over DNA injection methods include a higher rate of transgenesis, single-copy integrations with reproducible and long-term Mendelian expression of the transgene cassette, an increase in the total number of chromosomes modified within a particular founder animal strain, and an enzymatically precise engineering of the resulting host chromosome. SB is a potent and reliable gene transfer and expression method for zebrafish. SB is used as a two-component system in zebrafish embryos: a transposon DNA vector and transposase-encoding mRNA. The transposon consists of DNA cargo of choice flanked by palindromic sequences of inverted and direct repeats (IR/DRs). The transposase is delivered as synthetic mRNA, and the embryo's potent early translational machinery processes the mRNA into the active transposase enzyme. Transposon vectors are injected along with transposase mRNA to achieve germline integration. The transposon DNA (8.3 ng/μl) and transposase mRNA (100 ng/μl) are mixed together on ice in an eppendorf tube just prior to injection. Combined with the capacity of the zebrafish model to accommodate forward genetic mutagenesis screens, the pu.1 transgenic lines described in the chapter can be very useful in identifying genes that influence myeloid-erythroid and lymphoid/progenitor cell development as well as the differentiation of other myeloid cell types, including granulocyte and monocyte/macrophage lineages.
Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Masses with Full-Field Digital Mammography

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The authors developed and evaluated a method of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) for mass detection with full-field digital mammography (FFDM). Materials and Methods The new CAD method for FFDM employs adaptive, nonlinear multiscale processing and hybrid classification methods. The major strategies are ( a ) to “standardize” the mammographic image before it is input to the analysis modules, ( b ) to adapt the segmentation of suspicious regions adapt to accommodate different characteristics of masses and mammograms, and ( c ) to use combined “hard” and “soft” decision making in discriminating between mass and normal tissue regions. Two data sets of diagnostic FFDM mammograms were used. The training data set includes 36 normal and 24 abnormal mammograms (34 masses), and the testing data set includes 24 normal and 10 abnormal mammograms (10 masses). The tumors in this diagnostic database were more subtle and difficult to detect than those in screening databases the authors have used before. Results With the limited database and a partial optimization, a sensitivity of 91% was obtained in training, with a false-positive rate of 3.21 per image. At this trained operating point of the CAD system, six of 10 subtle masses were detected in testing. Conclusion The CAD algorithms developed in screen-film mammography can be modified for FFDM. More data analysis and system optimization and evaluation will be needed before CAD can be integrated efficiently into the performance of FFDM.
Accessory limb production by nerve-induced cell proliferation.

The deviation of large limb nerves to a more proximal skin wound yielded a high proportion of accessory limb respones in different age groups of Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotls). In some instances the deviated nerve was positioned on skin previously grafted from an animal of different age and pigmentation from that of the host. Grafts were found not to be a necessary prerequiste for accessory limb induction, but the presence of wound epithelium was required. The rule of distal morphogenesis was expressed in reference to the level at which the nerve was cut, not in reference to the wound site where the accessory actually developed. The upper arm proved to be a more favorable site for accessory limb production than the flank or the leg under the conditions of the present experiments, in which little or no damage was done to the underlying muscles. The orientation of the accessory limb was extremely varied despite the uniformity of the surgical procedure.
Allen Ivey Pioneer in Counseling Theory and Practice, and Crusader for Multiculturalism and Social Justice

This article reviews the groundbreaking work of Dr. Allen Ivey through a personal interview and conversations with Mary Bradford Ivey, including a number of colleagues and former students. Allen's enormous contribution to the counseling profession spans nearly four decades. Although best known for microcounseling skills, which is widely taught in counseling programs, Allen considers developmental counseling and therapy one of his more important contributions. Allen has been a champion in promoting the application of multicultural awareness, knowledge, and skills in the preparation of counselors. He has had a remarkable career, authoring more than 40 books and 200 articles, chapters, and monographs. More important, he has followed the principles of honor, respect, social justice, and equality that make him one of the giants in multicultural counseling.
Model Curriculum for Alcohol and Drug Abuse Training and Experience During the Adult Psychiatry Residency

This article presents a training curriculum in substance abuse that can be incorporated within an existing psychiatry residency training program. This set of training experiences is currently in place in the psychiatry residency program at the University of Minnesota. It includes a series of basic psychopathology lectures; focused lectures on the interview of the chemically dependent patient; a full-time, core clinical rotation in alcohol and drug abuse; a didactic graduate seminar. a longitudinal outpatient management experience; advanced electives; research opportunities; resident presentations and teaching experience; and the possibility of a chemical dependency fellowship program.
Triton torus and Neptune aurora

Triton is shown to be the dominant source of plasma for L equal to or greater than 7 in the magnetosphere of Neptune. Triton maintains a neutral hydrogen torus of average density comparable to a greater than that of the Titan torus at Saturn. The Triton torus may be detectable in H Lyman-alpha emissions. However, the energy source from plasma outward transport and mass loading in the Triton torus is insufficient to explain the Neptune aurora. It is proposed that Neptune's aurora is driven mainly by a solar wind interaction.
Effect of temperature on the buoyant density of bacterial and viral DNA in CsCl solutions in the ultracentrifuge

The effect of temperature on the buoyant density of CsDNA in CsCl at equilibrium in the ultracentrifuge has been measured between 5 and 60°C. The temperature coefficients of the byoyant density for three DNA's of varying guanine-cytosine (G-C) contents were, within experimental error, +4.2 ± 0.3 × 10−4 g./ml.°C. This coefficient may be used to normalize results obtained between 5 and 60°C. to 25°C. The results are explained in terms of a loss of water from the hydrated CsDNA complex. It is estimated that about one-third per cent of the water preferentially hydrated by the DNA is liberated per degree elevation in temperature. Significant errors in buoyant density determinations are made if the thermal expansion coefficient of CsCl solutions is ignored.
Does Emerging Adulthood Theory Apply Across Social Classes? National Data on a Persistent Question:

The theory of emerging adulthood has been criticized as not applying across social classes. This article presents data from a national survey of 18- to 25-year-olds in order to test this critique. ...
Min And Max Exponential Extreme Interval Values And Statistics

The extreme interval values and statistics (expected value, median, mode, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation) for the smallest (min) and largest (max) values of exponentially distributed variables with parameter ? = 1 are examined for different observation (sample) sizes. An extreme interval value is defined as a numerical bound where a specified percentage ? of the data is less than . A procedure for finding the extreme interval values when ? > 0, an analysis of the extreme interval values and statistics, and an application of this research are provided.
Abstract 469: Air Pollution Promotes CD36-Dependent Accumulation of Oxidized Lipids

BACKGROUND: The adverse effect of air pollution on cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis has long been proposed. We previously reported that exposure to fine particular matter <2.5 microns (PM2.5) increased oxidized lipids in the lung and atherosclerotic plaque burden in the aorta. However, it is currently unclear how signals emanating from the lung contribute to systemic and vascular effects given the fact that the vast majority of PM2.5 particles do not cross the lung barrier. Methods and Results: Using an in vivo whole body exposure system, ApoE-/- mice were exposed to filter air (FA) or concentrated PM2.5 for 6 months. Exposure to PM2.5 increased expression of CD36, a scavenger receptor responsible for oxidized lipid uptake, on macrophages. In addition, CD36-dependent phagocytosis was also enhanced in macrophages isolated from ApoE-/- mice exposed to PM2.5. There were increased CD36-expressing macrophages in the plaque of PM2.5-exposed ApoE-/- mice. In line with that, inhalation of PM2.5 increased 7-ketocholesterol, the dominant form of oxidized lipids, in thoracic aorta of ApoE-/- mice. Exposure to PM2.5 promoted the formation of foam cell as demonstrated by increased lipid droplets formation inside macrophages after incubation with oxLDL, while knockdown of CD36 by siRNA could at least partially block this effect. Consistently, macrophages isolated from CD36-/- mice were less sensitive to oxLDL-induced form cell formation, compared to wild-type macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: Air pollution accelerates atherosclerosis through promoting CD36-dependent accumulation of oxidized lipids. Our data suggest a role for CD36 in lipid dysregulation and foam cell formation in atherosclerosis.
Contributions of Aversive Experiences to Robbery and Homicide: A Demographic Analysis

One of the most fundamental problems confronted in modern societies is the expression and control of violence. Within the past century, acts of violence have produced approximately one hundred million deaths (Elliott, 1972). The destructive capacity of violence has grown so rapidly in the past 80 years that modern weapons are capable of destroying every living creature on earth. In the pursuit of understanding the causes of violence, we need to distinguish between collective acts of violence (e.g., riots and warfare) and individual acts of violence (e.g., criminal acts such as murder and robbery). The factors which precipitate violent acts among groups (collective violence) are not necessarily the same as the factors which stimulate violence between individuals. As with collective violence, individual acts of violence are a r:iajor problem for modern societies. Over the past 80 years, the annual frequency of individual acts of violence have increased in many modern industrialized societies (cf. Turner, Fenn, & Cole, 1981). For example, the annual frequency of violent crime in the United States has risen sharply in the past 20 years by 300% for homicide and 1000% for robbery (Uniform Crime Reports 1960–1979).