cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental demonstration of a high-dimension Quasi-Passive Reconfigurable (QPAR) node

Quasi-PAssive Reconfigurable (QPAR) devices can provide flexible power/wavelength distribution in next generation optical access networks. We experimentally demonstrate and analyze a high-dimension QPAR with one wavelength, four power levels and four output ports.
The Pottery from the Village of Capernaum and the Chronology of Galilean Synagogues

AbstractIn the early 20th century, the first remains of monumental ancient synagogue buildings dating to the rabbinic period came to light in archaeological excavations. Soon thereafter, scholars established a typology of these buildings in which types were defined on the basis of stylistic considerations and dated to different periods. However, the ongoing discovery and excavation of ancient synagogue buildings—dozens more than were known when the typology was created—indicate that all three types are roughly contemporary, dating from the 4th to 6th centuries. By examining the chronology of local Galilean ceramic types based on published assemblages from the village of Capernaum, this paper calls into question the claimed date of ca. 300 CE or earlier for the recently-discovered synagogue at Wadi Hamam.
Cyanobacterial symbiont biosynthesis of chlorinated metabolites from Dysidea herbacea (Porifera)

The tropical marine spongeDysidea herbacea contains large numbers of a symbiotic filamentous cyanobacterium identified on the basis of a detailed ultrastructural study asOscillatoria spongeliae. We report the flow-cytometric separation of the symbiont from the sponge cells, and demonstrate by chemical analyses that a unique group of polychlorinated compounds isolated from the whole sponge tissue is limited to the cyanobacterial filaments, whereas the accompanying sesquiterpenoids are found only in the sponge cells. This is the first demonstration that secondary metabolites ascribed to a sponge are localized in prokaryotic symbiont cells.
Biological and immunological studies of lipid-containing neurophysin of rat and reaggregated lipid complex.

Abstract Biological and immunological properties of crude neurophysin, lipid-containing neurophysin and delipidated neurophysin protein mixture isolated from rat pituitary glands have been investigated. Rat uterotonic, avian vasodepressor and rat pressor assays indicate that crude neurophysin and lipid-containing neurophysin also contained 10 −5 to 10 −6 M neurohypophyseal hormones, with a 15–20-fold higher level of oxytocin as compared to vasopressin. Delipidated neurophysin had barely detectable hormonal levels. Electrolyte excretion studies also seem to indicate higher oxytocin levels in lipid-containing neurophysin. Lipid-containing neurophysin also contained biologically active adrenocorticotrophin (8 ng/μg protein) and immunologically active adrenocorticotrophin-like material (20 ng/μg protein). Excess immunoassayable adrenocorticotrophin-like material is converted to biologically active adrenocorticotrophin by trypsin treatment. Lipids isolated from rat pituitary were reaggregated in vitro with purified rat neurophysin-II to yield a neurophysin lipid complex. The amount of uptake of [2- 14 C(U) tyrosine]oxytocin by rat neurophysin-II or its neurophysin lipid complex was the same based on radioactivity. The specific avian vasodepressor activity of the oxytocin bound to the rat neurophysin-II lipid complex was enhanced approximately 3-fold.
A 45-GHz SiGe HBT amplifier at greater than 25 % efficiency and 30 mW output power

An efficient power amplifier (PA) is demonstrated in a 0.12-µm silicon germanium (SiGe) BiCMOS process at 45 GHz. The amplifier is a single stage common-emitter amplifier (CE). The voltage handling capability of the amplifier is extended by a low impedance biasing network. The amplifier achieves a peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 25 % at an output power of 13 dBm in linear operation and 31% in class B mode at an output power of 13.3 dBm. The maximum saturated output power P sat is 14.8 dBm, at which the circuit consumes 77 mW. The chip occupies an area of 0.27 mm2 including pads.
Recruitment for complementary/alternative medicine trials: who participates after breast cancer.

Background: Despite the popularity and widespread practice of complementary/alternative medicine (CAM), researchers may face problems accruing patients to randomized clinical trials, considered the gold standard of biomedical research. Strict exclusion criteria and barriers to participation may limit accrual. Inadequate numbers of subjects decrease the ability of studies to detect an effect that exists and generalize their findings. This article describes the recruitment experience of a CAM trial, details reasons for non-participation and contrasts participants and non-participants on demographic, clinical, and treatment-related variables. Methods: Women who were Houston area residents and spoke English, had primary breast cancer (excluding Stage IV), and were 1 to 30 months posttreatment with no steroids, tamoxifen, substance abuse, psychiatric or heart disease, or immune deficiency were eligible. The enrollment process involved three contacts (i.e. introductory letter and brochure, telephone calls, and reminder post cards). Potential participants were told that the study would require blood samples (30cc) to assess immune function; psychosocial measures to assess emotional well-being, quality-of-life, social support, and coping strategies; and possible assignment to six weekly support or imagery sessions. Factors influencing recruitment and reasons for non-participation were assessed by stratified analysis and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Of 158 eligible participants, 30% (N=47) consented to participate. Primary reasons for non-participation included work/childcare (33.3%), transportation/travel (30.6%), and lack of interest (24.3%). Participants were more likely to be 40–54 years of age versus younger or older, divorced/separated, and able to pay some/all medical expenses. Divorced or separated women appeared to be more likely to participate, regardless of financial status. Conclusion: Researchers must assess the impact of exclusion criteria on accrual and recognize the special needs of their target population. Although age, marital status, and pay status were the strongest predictors of participation, these factors are not amenable to intervention. Based on this study, researchers might boost accrual by providing interventions available during the day and evening to accommodate working women, child care services, transportation, or reimbursement for travel costs.
Study of Cd-free buffer layers using Inx(OH,S)y on CIGS solar cells

Abstract The alternative buffer layer material In x (OH,S) y was deposited on Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) thin films by chemical-bath-deposition (CBD). The impurities in In x (OH,S) y buffer layers and their atomic concentration were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) analyses. In addition, AES was used to depth profile the samples. The band-gap energy of the deposited In x (OH,S) y was determined from optical absorption data. Both the dark- and photo-current-voltage ( I – V ) characteristics of the CIGS solar cells with In x (OH,S) y buffer layers were measured, and the results were compared to the CIGS cells deposited with CBD CdS buffer layers.
Wall friction in annular-dispersed two-phase flow

Modeling of wall-liquid film friction in annular and annular-dispersed two-phase flow regimes, and its effect on the performance of two-fluid models are addressed. It is shown that calculation of the wall friction based on the frictional pressure gradient, found from the widely applied empirical correlations for two-phase frictional pressure drop, can lead to significant underprediction of the liquid film thickness, and can result in the prediction of unphysical hydrodynamic characteristics for the film. In contrast a method which models wall-liquid film friction by applying the shear stress-shearing strain relation based on the film velocity profile is shown to adequately predict the liquid film hydrodynamic characteristics.
Nucleon elastic scattering from 40Ca between 11 and 48 MeV

Abstract Differential cross sections for the elastic scattering of neutrons from 40Ca have been measured in the 19–26 MeV region. The neutron elastic scattering data, previous neutron measurements and additional proton elastic scattering data are analyzed using three different approaches to the optical model potential: Woods-Saxon parameterization, model independent analysis and microscopic calculations. The difference between the phenomenological neutron and proton real potentials is studied in terms of Coulomb effects, nuclear polarization and charge symmetry breaking in the nuclear mean field.
Disruption management for resource-constrained project scheduling

In this paper, we study the problem of how to react when an ongoing project is disrupted. The focus is on the resource-constrained project scheduling problem with finish–start precedence constraints. We begin by proposing a classification scheme for the different types of disruptions and then define the constraints and objectives that comprise what we call the recovery problem. The goal is to get back on track as soon as possible at minimum cost, where cost is now a function of the deviation from the original schedule. The problem is formulated as an integer linear program and solved with a hybrid mixed-inter programming/constraint programming procedure that exploits a number of special features in the constraints. The new model is significantly different from the original one due to the fact that a different set of feasibility conditions and performance requirements must be considered during the recovery process. The complexity of several special cases is analysed. To test the hybrid procedure, 554 20-activity instances were solved and the results compared with those obtained with CPLEX. Computational experiments were also conducted to determine the effects of different factors related to the recovery process.
THE ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS OF AFRICAN‐AMERICAN AND WHITE ADOLESCENTS

Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we analyze African-American and white respondents' reports of the nature of their romantic experiences. We explore...
Semi-Empirical Nonlinear Site Amplification from NGA-West2 Data and Simulations:

We analyze NGA-West2 data and simulations to develop a site amplification model that captures ground motion scaling with VS30 and soil nonlinear effects. We parameterize nonlinearity as the gradien...
Preliminary emission characteristic measurements for a $300k FIR FEL

Abstract If the free-electron laser is to move from the category of “national facility” to the designation of a “laboratory instrument” it must meet several conditions, including a reduction in cost. For the far infrared, an FEL can be constructed for a component cost of approximately $300 000 including the accelerator. Such a device has been assembled, using a 1 1/2 cell RF cavity gun for the accelerator and a staggered-array wiggler consisting of permeable pole pieces in the field of a superconducting solenoid. Spontaneous emission measurements have been performed, and laser gain has been observed. Measurements have been in good agreement with theory.
A Strategy for Protecting Circulating Seawater Systems from Oil Spills1

ABSTRACT A strategy is described for establishing a simple, inexpensive monitoring program for determining approximate levels of petroleum hydrocarbons in ambient water collected near intake structures of circulating seawater systems. The ambient water is obtained from the depth of intake using a submersible pump, which delivers the sample stream to a dockside partitioning chamber that provides instantaneous grab samples for analysis. A common hand-operated fluorometer equipped for measuring the oil content of a fluid was standardized using a locally-obtained No. 2 marine diesel fuel; oil concentrations in water samples were quantified as Marine Diesel Equivalents (MDE) in parts-per-billion. Surveys conducted along the central Oregon coast following the March 1999 beaching of the drifting freighter New Carissa off Alsea Bay were conducted in that bay, and in Yaquina Bay about 20 km to the north. No evidence of oil contamination from the beached ship was found. The highest MDE levels occurred within the es...
Texture development in polycrystalline thin films

The distribution of crystallographic orientations of the grains in a polycrystalline film can evolve through a number of kinetic processes. Orientation evolution can occur before, during and after coalescence of islands to form a continuous film, during thickening of a film, and during post-deposition annealing. The energetic constraints leading to texture selection include surface and interface energy minimization, as well as strain-energy minimization. The final texture of a film depends on which texture-selection mechanisms and driving forces dominate, and is different for different films, substrates, and deposition conditions.
Transduction gain in light adaptation of rod photoreceptors.

Nikonov et al. 2000 recently reported a study of light adaptation in salamander rod photoreceptors. Analysis of their experimental data has led these investigators to conclude that elevation of the level of activated cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE*) by background light, with a resulting decrease in the effective lifetime of cGMP, is the primary mechanism responsible for noncompressive desensitization of the flash response. They further conclude that this desensitization involves little if any reduction in signal amplification within the early, activating reactions of the transduction cascade. One aim of the present Letter is to note the primary dependence of background desensitization on a process, termed “gain” reduction below, that is distinct from PDE* elevation (reduced cGMP lifetime). A second aim is to point out that the Nikonov et al. 2000 data leave open the possibility that the desensitization depends strongly on reduced amplification within the chain of activating reactions.
Axonemal positioning and orientation in three‐dimensional space for primary cilia: What is known, what is assumed, and what needs clarification

Two positional characteristics of the ciliary axoneme – its location on the plasma membrane as it emerges from the cell, and its orientation in three-dimensional space – are known to be critical for optimal function of actively motile cilia (including nodal cilia), as well as for modified cilia associated with special senses. However, these positional characteristics have not been analyzed to any significant extent for primary cilia. This review briefly summarizes the history of knowledge of these two positional characteristics across a wide spectrum of cilia, emphasizing their importance for proper function. Then the review focuses what is known about these same positional characteristics for primary cilia in all major tissue types where they have been reported. The review emphasizes major areas that would be productive for future research for understanding how positioning and 3-D orientation of primary cilia may be related to their hypothesized signaling roles within different cellular populations.
Crispness and Crunchiness of Selected Low Moisture Foods

Etude des correlations entre les resultats obtenus par methode acoustique, par mesure de force/deformation et par analyse sensorielle pour 5 produits a 3 degres differents d'humidite
Structure of human dual-specificity phosphatase 27 at 2.38 Å resolution

There are over 100 genes in the human genome that encode protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and approximately 60 of these are classified as dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs). Although many dual-specificity phosphatases are still not well characterized, novel functions have been discovered for some of them that have led to new insights into a variety of biological processes and the molecular basis for certain diseases. Indeed, as the functions of DUSPs continue to be elucidated, a growing number of them are emerging as potential therapeutic targets for diseases such as cancer, diabetes and inflammatory disorders. Here, the overexpression, purification and structure determination of DUSP27 at 2.38 A resolution are presented.
Temporal and spatial (down profile) variability of unsaturated soil hydraulic properties determined from a combination of repeated field experiments and inverse modeling

Abstract An in situ method for estimating parameters necessary for characterizing unsaturated flow in porous media has been applied to 37 individual data sets from the same study site (a sand dune on the edge of a wetland). The measured field data include beginning and ending soil moisture profiles, and continuous records of net surface flux (infiltration/evaporation) and pressure head at the base of the profile. For each study period, the initial profile was used along with the upper and lower boundary conditions to simulate flow and storage changes in the profile from a form of the Richard's equation. Following each model run, the parameters in van Genuchten's characteristic equations were adjusted using the Levenberg–Marquardt procedure. Parameter adjustment and forward modeling continued until a minimum was reached in the difference between measured and simulated moisture profiles. An analysis of the resulting (optimized) parameter estimates indicated that repeated experiments, using the same method, resulted in a very consistent set of parameter values, particularly when parameters were estimated for individual soil layers rather than for the profile as a whole. Statistical analyses of the estimated parameter values indicated that most of the parameters have small coefficients of variability and the mean values are consistent with those generally considered to be valid for uniform sand. The optimization procedure also produced reasonable (and unique) values of saturated moisture content for a buried clayey layer within the otherwise homogeneous deposit of dune sand.
Light and temperature distribution in laser irradiated tissue: the influence of anisotropic scattering and refractive index.

The rigorous method of discrete ordinates was used to evaluate the effects of anisotropic scattering and optical discontinuity at the boundaries on light and temperature distribution in tissue. The influence of optical parameters of tissue on its thermal response was examined by using a finite element solution of the heat conduction equation. Calculations were performed for wide ranges of scattering albedo, the anisotropy factor, as well as interface reflectivities. This study shows that the presence of an optical discontinuity due to an air–tissue interface forces the maximum peak intensity to move from subsurface to the surface for tissue with high scattering albedo, which leads to a higher fluence rate in the near surface region. Temperature field calculations show a higher subsurface temperature for a highly scattering medium during tissue coagulation. Neglecting the anisotropic properties of tissue as well as the optical discontinuity at the boundaries would result in considerable error in the calculated temperature rises. Additionally the accuracy of the photon diffusion theory for predicting light and temperature distribution near the tissue surface is examined.
Radar range profile analysis with natural frame time-frequency representation

Range profiles generated by a high range resolution radar have been used for non-cooperative target identification, especially in cases when radar range-Doppler image cannot be generated due to various reasons. Since a range profile is inherently a transient phenomenon, underlying features may not be identified in the time domain or frequency domain alone.However, the joint time-frequency analysis may provide a localized time-frequency information for identifying significant features of targets. A basis set, which is natural to the signal and called the natural frame, can be derived from the signal's energy distribution in the joint time-frequency domain. In this paper, the natural frame decomposition is used for best representing radar range profiles, a time-frequency ridge detector is applied for finding the natural frame set, which can be used as the target features for classification.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Writing Research Reports

The findings of nursing research are of little value unless they are communicated to other nurses and other health professionals. Therefore, writing the research report is an essential component of the research process. This article gives a general guide for the organization and presentation of a research report. For specific rules on style and format, the reader is referred to style manuals and to guides for authors for specific journals.
China's pilot low-carbon city initiative: A comparative assessment of national goals and local plans

Abstract In the past decade, China's unprecedented urbanization has paralleled a 250% growth in primary energy demand and urban areas have emerged as the crux of energy and CO2 emissions reduction in China. In recognition of cities’ importance in mitigating future energy and CO2 emissions growth, the Chinese government launched a demonstration program of 5 low-carbon pilot provinces and 8 pilot cities in 2010 to promote low-carbon urban development. As one of the first national programs to promote low-carbon urban development, the recent plans and policies adopted by these 8 pilot low-carbon cities can shed light on if and how low-carbon cities can shape China's future energy and emission trajectories. This paper reviews the historical development and context for low-carbon urban development in China and then presents an ex-ante comparative assessment of the low-carbon development plans and supporting measures formulated for each of China's 8 pilot low-carbon cities. We find that while the 8 pilot cities have made progress in establishing low-carbon plans, key barriers such as a lack of explicit definition for low-carbon city, complexity and confusion resulting from several parallel programs, and insufficient supporting policies and market-based instruments may hinder urban development that is truly low carbon.
Cobalamin Inhibition of HIV-1 Integrase and Integration of HIV-1 DNA into Cellular DNA

Abstract Our prior studies showed that certain cobalamins inhibit productive HIV-1 infection of primary cultures of blood lymphocytes and monocytes. We demonstrate here that this antiviral activity may be mediated by an inhibition of HIV-1 integrase, an enzyme required for productive infection. Purified recombinant HIV-1 integrase activity was inhibited in vitro by hydroxocobalamin (OH-Cbl), methylcobalamin (Me-Cbl), adenosylcobalamin (Ado-Cbl), and dicyanocobinamide (CN 2 -Cbi) with IC 50 values of approximately 17, 17, 17, and 4 μM, respectively. The agents inhibited HIV-1 infection of cultured monocytes (IC 50 values for OH-Cbl, Me-Cbl, Ado-Cbl, and CN 2 -Cbi of 6, 7, 4, and 1 μM, respectively) and of cultured lymphocytes (IC 50 values of 60, 50, 60, and 11 μM, respectively). Experiments using cultured monocytes or lymphocytes demonstrated that OH-Cbl inhibited integration of HIV-1 DNA into cellular DNA. Thus, cobalamins and cobinamides represent novel inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase. These or related agents may be useful as anti-viral treatments that target HIV-1 integrase.
Shaded Display of Digital Maps

Improved techniques of surface interpolation, clipping, and hidden-surface elimination help solve some problems in generating perspective views of digital terrain data.
Chest tube removal: end-inspiration or end-expiration?

BackgroundRecurrent pneumothorax is the most significant complication after discontinuation of thoracostomy tubes. The primary objective of the present study was to determine which method of tube removal, at the end of inspiration or at the end of expiration, is associated with a lesser risk of deve
Error Budget for a Calibration Demonstration System for the Reflected Solar Instrument for the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory

A goal of the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) mission is to observe highaccuracy, long-term climate change trends over decadal time scales. The key to such a goal is to improving the accuracy of SI traceable absolute calibration across infrared and reflected solar wavelengths allowing climate change to be separated from the limit of natural variability. The advances required to reach on-orbit absolute accuracy to allow climate change observations to survive data gaps exist at NIST in the laboratory, but still need demonstration that the advances can move successfully from to NASA and/or instrument vendor capabilities for spaceborne instruments. The current work describes the radiometric calibration error budget for the Solar, Lunar for Absolute Reflectance Imaging Spectroradiometer (SOLARIS) which is the calibration demonstration system (CDS) for the reflected solar portion of CLARREO. The goal of the CDS is to allow the testing and evaluation of calibration approaches, alternate design and/or implementation approaches and components for the CLARREO mission. SOLARIS also provides a test-bed for detector technologies, non-linearity determination and uncertainties, and application of future technology developments and suggested spacecraft instrument design modifications. The resulting SI-traceable error budget for reflectance retrieval using solar irradiance as a reference and methods for laboratory-based, absolute calibration suitable for climatequality data collections is given. Key components in the error budget are geometry differences between the solar and earth views, knowledge of attenuator behavior when viewing the sun, and sensor behavior such as detector linearity and noise behavior. Methods for demonstrating this error budget are also presented.
An empirical study on the influence of pattern roles on change-proneness

Identifying change-prone sections of code can help managers plan and allocate maintenance effort. Design patterns have been used to study change-proneness and are widely believed to support certain kinds of changes, while inhibiting others. Recently, several studies have analyzed recorded changes to classes playing design pattern roles and find that the patterns "folklore" offers a reasonable explanation for the reality: certain pattern roles do seem to be less change-prone than others. We push this analysis on two fronts: first, we deploy W. Pree's metapatterns, which group patterns purely by structure (rather than intent), and argue that metapatterns are a simpler model to explain recent findings by Di Penta et al. (2008). Second, we study the effect of the size of the classes playing the design pattern and metapattern roles. We find that size explains more of the variance in change-proneness than either design pattern or metapattern roles. We also find that both design pattern and metapattern roles were strong determinants of size. We conclude, therefore, that size appears to be a stronger determinant of change-proneness than either design pattern or metapattern roles, and observed differences in change-proneness between roles might be due to differences in the sizes of the classes playing those roles. The size of a class can be found much more quickly, easily and accurately than its pattern-roles. Thus, while identifying design pattern roles may be important for other reasons, as far as identifying change-prone classes, sheer size might be a better indicator.
Training for Retirement Counseling in a Master, of Arts in Social Gerontology Curriculum

Abstract This article presents a conceptual framework for training students in a Master of Arts in Social Gerontology curriculum for retirement counseling. Preparing such practitioners represents an effort to address the specific needs of the current cohort of retirees and the lack of available professionals trained to address them. A rationale for including retirement planning in the social gerontology curriculum, training social gerontologists in retirement counseling, potential effects for the aged population counseled by these professionals, and the results for social gerontologists of their expanded job description are discussed.
On a class of finite step iterative methods (Conjugate directions) for the solution of an operator equation arising in electromagnetics

A class of finite step iterative methods for the solution of linear operator equations is presented. Specifically, the basic principles of the method of conjugate directions are developed. Gaussian elimination and the method of conjugate gradients are then presented as two special cases. With an arbitrary initial guess, the method of conjugate gradient always converges to the solution in at most N iterations, where N is the number of independent eigenvalues for the operator in the finite dimensional space in which the problem is being solved. The conjugate gradient method requires much less storage ( \sim 5N ) than the conventional matrix methods ( \sim N^{2} ) in the solution of problems of higher complexity. Also, after each iteration the quality of the solution is known in the conjugate gradient method. The conjugate gradient method is also superior to the spectral iterative method as the latter does not always converge and it doubles the complexity of a given problem, unnecessarily. Four versions of the conjugate gradient method are presented in detail, and numerical results for a thin wire scatterer are given to illustrate various properties of each version.
MUSICAL STRUCTURE FACILITATES VERBAL LEARNING IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

THERE IS GROWING EVIDENCE that the temporal patterns in music and rhythm can be a mediating stimulus to enhance cognitive function.We investigated here whether a musical template would influence verbal learning and memory performance in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The patients were randomly divided into two groups, hearing either a spoken or musical (sung) presentation of Rey9s Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT). Patients in the music condition showed significantly better word order memory than patients in the spoken condition. The evidence suggests that music enhances word order memory in patients with MS.We discuss the possible neurobiological underpinning of this result.
Mismatch repair in human nuclear extracts: effects of internal DNA-hairpin structures between mismatches and excision-initiation nicks on mismatch correction and mismatch-provoked excision.

DNA mismatch repair (MMR) couples recognition of base mispairs by MSH2·MSH6 heterodimers to initiation, hundreds of nucleotides away, of nascent strand 3′-5′ or 5′-3′ excision through the mispair. Mismatch-recognition complexes have been hypothesized to move along DNA to excision-initiation signals, in eukaryotes, perhaps ends of nascent DNA, or to remain at mismatches and search through space for initiation signals. Subsequent MMR excision, whether simple processive digestion of the targeted strand or tracking of an excision complex, remains poorly understood. In human cell-free extracts, we analyzed correction of a mismatch in a 2.2-kilobase pair (kbp) circular plasmid containing a pre-existing excision-initiation nick for initiation, and measured MMR excision (in the absence of exogenous dNTPs) at specific locations. Excision specificities were ∼100:1 for nicked versus continuous strands, 80:1 for mismatched versus homoduplex DNA, and 30:1 for shorter (0.3-kbp) versus longer (1.9-kbp) nick-mispair paths. To test models for recognition-excision coupling and excision progress, we inserted potential blockades, 20-bp hairpins, into nick-mispair paths, using a novel technique to first generate gapped plasmid. Continuous strand longer-path hairpins did not affect mismatch correction, but shorter-path hairpins reduced correction 4-fold, and both together eliminated it. Shorter-path hairpins had little effect on initiation of (3′-5′) excision, measured 30–60 nucleotides 5′ to the nick, but blocked subsequent progress of excision to the mismatch; longer-path hairpins blocked the (lower level) 5′-3′ excision to the mismatch. Thus, (a) MMR excision protein(s) cannot move past DNA hairpins. Hairpins at both ends of substrate-derived 0.5-kbp DNA fragments did not prevent ATP-induced dissociation of mismatch-bound human MSH2·MSH6, so recognition complexes at mismatches might provoke excision at nicks beyond hairpins, or loosely sliding MSH2·MSH6 dimers might move to the nicks.
Workload-Aware Histograms for Remote Applications

Recently several database-based applications have emerged that are remote from data sources and need accurate histograms for query cardinality estimation. Traditional approaches for constructing histograms require complete access to data and are I/O and network intensive, and therefore no longer apply to these applications. Recent approaches use queries and their feedback to construct and maintain "workload aware" histograms. However, these approaches either employ heuristics, thereby providing no guarantees on the overall histogram accuracy, or rely on detailed query feedbacks, thus making them too expensive to use. In this paper, we propose a novel, incremental method for constructing histograms that uses minimum feedback and guarantees minimum overall residual error. Experiments on real, high dimensional data shows 30-40% higher estimation accuracy over currently known heuristic approaches, which translates to significant performance improvement of remote applications.
Multiprocessing aspects of the PowerPC 601

The authors describe the multiprocessing capabilities of the PowerPC architecture and the first implementation of that architecture, the 601 microprocessor. The architected multiprocessing (MP) facilities of PowerPC are presented, and the 601 microarchitecture and system interface are discussed in the context of multiprocessing support. It is pointed out that the PowerPC architecture and the 601 seek to advance the state of the art for multiprocessing by providing a building block that addresses full MP functionality and MP performance in a way that has little risk for the system designer and with performance features heretofore unavailable in the microprocessor marketplace. >
First Time Rounding Experiences for Nonclinicians: The Cleveland Clinic Experience

Clinical rounds serve several key objectives in academic medical centers: providing a forum for patient communication, clinical decision making, and teaching. Nonclinical colleagues ordinarily do not have the opportunity to round, and the idea of implementing a rounding program that includes nonclinical colleagues has received little attention to date. Reasoning that a rounding program with nonclinicians could enhance (1) understanding of the organization's clinical mission, (2) appreciation of caregivers' roles, and (3) engagement, the authors created such a program. From 2010 to 2013, 51 nonclinicians within the Cleveland Clinic Education Institute participated; 14 submitted written reflections, and 27 responded to a survey about their experience. Overall, 12 themes emerged that suggest an enhanced familiarity with the institution and increased engagement and alignment with its mission. Notably, the results align with a long-standing focus on organizational engagement and an observed increase in mean engagement scores since the program was implemented.
Improvement in the quantum efficiency of silicon photodetectors at near IR wavelengths by edge illumination.

The concept of illuminating a silicon photodetector along an edge to increase the light propagation path through the depletion region and thus to increase quantum efficiency at near IR wavelengths is introduced. Quantum efficiency measurements using both a GaAlAs laser and a He–Ne laser are included. These measurements show an improvement in quantum efficiency at λ = 0.83 μm for edge illumination over normal incidence of 75% for a photodiode and of 142% for a MOS capacitor photosensor.
HOW MANY EUROPES? THE EUROPEAN UNION, EASTWARD ENLARGEMENT AND UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT

Eastward enlargement of the European Union (EU) is rarely discussed in terms of the organizational and ideological condition of the existing Union. In this paper the debate over eastern enlargement is related directly to a shift within the EU from a dual focus on global economic competitiveness and the compensation of lagging regions to an increasingly singular focus on European competitive- ness. Seen in this light, the goal of a single Europe with relatively similar levels of development everywhere is being replaced by an emerging threefold division of the continent into a 'core' Europe (itself increasingly differentiated across policy areas), a 'peripheral' Europe of potential eastern members perpetually on the road to full membership, and an 'external' Europe excluded from membership but open to use by businesses from the core. This geographical taxonomy rests on the growing reliance of the EU on a neo-liberal economic ideology that sees uneven development within Europe as helping the global competitiveness of the EU as a whole, using the model of the United States as its inspiration.
Increase in Abundance of Signal Crayfish May be Due to Decline in Predators

ABSTRACT The signal crayfish (Pacifisticus leniusculus) was captured coincidental to a burbot (Lota lota maculosa) investigation in the Kootenai River, Idaho, USA. Totals of 1,308 signal crayfish and 324 burbot were captured from 1994 through 2006. The signal crayfish was absent in the by-catch from 1994 through 1998, after which its numbers increased consistently to 404 individuals during winter of 2005–2006. During and prior to this time, the burbot population was diminishing from a high catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) of 0.054 individuals/net-day in 1996 to 0.007 individuals/net-day in 2006. Regression analysis of CPUE of signal crayfish and CPUE of burbot suggested that the increase in signal crayfish abundance may have been influenced by the decline in burbot (r2 = 0.55; P = 0.05). a predator.
Capacity Building from the Inside Out: Development and Evaluation of a CITI Ethics Certification Training Module for American Indian and Alaska Native Community Researchers

Current human subject research training modules fail to capture ethically relevant cultural aspects of research involving American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) community members. Applying a Community Engaged Research (CEnR) approach, we adapted the Collaborative IRB Training Initiative training module “assessing risk and benefits.” In a two-arm randomized controlled trial, followed by debriefing interviews, we evaluated module acceptability and ***understandability (test scores) among 40 reservation-based community members. Participants who took the adapted module, compared to those who took the standard module, reported higher scores on relevance of the material overall satisfaction, module quiz scores, and a trend toward higher self-efficacy. Implications of the efficacy of this approach for enhancing ethics training and community participation in research within AI/AN and other cultural populations within and outside the United States are discussed.
Quantitative dose–response curves from subcellular lipid multilayer microarrays

The dose-dependent bioactivity of small molecules on cells is a crucial factor in drug discovery and personalized medicine. Although small-molecule microarrays are a promising platform for miniaturized screening, it has been a challenge to use them to obtain quantitative dose–response curves in vitro, especially for lipophilic compounds. Here we establish a small-molecule microarray assay capable of controlling the dosage of small lipophilic molecules delivered to cells by varying the sub-cellular volumes of surface supported lipid micro- and nanostructure arrays fabricated with nanointaglio. Features with sub-cellular lateral dimensions were found necessary to obtain normal cell adhesion with HeLa cells. The volumes of the lipophilic drug-containing nanostructures were determined using a fluorescence microscope calibrated by atomic-force microscopy. We used the surface supported lipid volume information to obtain EC-50 values for the response of HeLa cells to three FDA-approved lipophilic anticancer drugs, docetaxel, imiquimod and triethylenemelamine, which were found to be significantly different from neat lipid controls. No significant toxicity was observed on the control cells surrounding the drug/lipid patterns, indicating lack of interference or leakage from the arrays. Comparison of the microarray data to dose–response curves for the same drugs delivered liposomally from solution revealed quantitative differences in the efficacy values, which we explain in terms of cell-adhesion playing a more important role in the surface-based assay. The assay should be scalable to a density of at least 10 000 dose response curves on the area of a standard microtiter plate.
Optimal procrastinating voltage scheduling for hard real-time systems

This paper presents an optimal procrastinating voltage scheduling (OP-DVS) for hard real-time systems using stochastic workload information. Algorithms are presented for both single-task and multi-task workloads. Offline calculations provide real-time guarantees for worst-case execution, and online scheduling reclaims slack time and schedules tasks accordingly. The OP-DVS algorithm is provably optimal in terms of energy minimization with no deadline misses. Simulation results show up to 30% energy savings for single-task workloads and 74% for multi-task workloads compared to using a constant worst-case execution voltage. The complexity of the algorithm for multi-task workloads is linear to the number of tasks involved.
Motives and Communibiology's Texts: Whose Motives+

The motive analysis included in Nelson's (2004) textual critique of the writings regarding communibiology is examined and found erroneous. It is suggested that the claim that traditional genre theories are contradicted by this analysis is not justified. The motives for communibiological texts alleged by Nelson are seen as preempted by the (conscious or nonconscious) motives of the critic.
Acoustic duct liner optimization using finite elements

Determination of a mathematical model which may be used for obtaining optimum acoustic liners in aeroengine ducts was the goal of this study. Starting with a baseline finite element model which consumed too much computer time to permit optimum liner evaluation for realistic ducts and source frequencies, a survey was conducted of candidate methods for reducing computational effort. A highly effective boundary exclusive decomposition method was developed which enables L-U decomposition of a major partition of the global matrix to be performed once only. Timing experiments using the technique in duct liner optimization show a reduction of between one and two orders of magnitude in the central processor unit (CPU) time of the baseline model.
The Importance of Multicultural Variation in Planning College Student Health Programs

Multicultural college student populations are becoming the norm on many campuses across the nation. Detecting multicultural variation in students'health beliefs, behaviors, andpreferred method of receiving health education information permits efficient program targeting. Results from a recent survey of students attending a large midwestern university are described. The survey results are stratified by students' race and ethnicity. Results indicate statistically significant variation exists among fourmulticultural student subgroups on topics such as student health knowledge of alcohol and drugs, HIV/AIDS and STDs, condom purchasing, and preferred media modefor receiving health information. Implications for college students, health education program planners, and policymakers are discussed.
Impingement Heat Transfer, Part II: Effect of Streamwise Pressure Gradient

This is Part II of a two-part paper on jet-impingement heat transfer. The effect of streamwise pressure gradient on jet-impingement heat transfer is investigated. In realistic configurations, impingement arrays do not always impinge in channels that have parallel walls. Converging channels create positive pressure gradient, and diverging channels create adverse pressure gradient. In this study, the effect of nonparallel walls on jet-impingement heat transfer is investigated. Firstly for impingement arrays with jet-to-jet streamwise and spanwise spacing of fourhole diameters and eight-hole diameters and then for the linearly stretched arrays discussed in Part I. Two jet Reynolds numbers are studied for all cases for Re =6 × × 10 3 , and 10 3 . Also, the jet height-to-diameter ratio is increased from 1 to 5 to generate the adverse pressure gradient and decreased from 5 to 1 to generate the positive pressure gradient. Results show that the effect of streamwise pressure gradient alters the flow distribution causing significant variations in heat-transfer distributions. Accelerating flow causes streamwise jet stretching, whereas decelerating flow causes spanwise jet stretching. The results for converging and diverging channels are compared with results for parallel plate channels with different spacing to compare the effect of the streamwise pressure gradient.
A comprehensive calibration scheme for a 14-b 50 MSPS pipeline ADC for multi-mode wireless receivers

Nonidealities of the analog circuitry that degrade the performance of pipeline analog to digital converters stem from different sources. Linear, nonlinear and memory errors in switched capacitor amplifier, nonlinearities in internal DAC, and errors in internal ADC all limit the achievable accuracy in a pipeline ADC. Although many calibration techniques have been proposed recently that tackle one or two of these errors, the need for a calibration engine that addresses them all is still remained. Such a comprehensive calibration engine is the key factor to achieve high resolution high speed pipeline converter. This paper proposes a new approach to compensate for higher order nonlinearities and combines that with existing techniques to correct for other types of errors (i.e. linear gain error, memory effect and DAC noise). A 14-bit 50 Msps pipeline ADC equipped with this comprehensive calibration engine is presented.
SD3: A Scalable Approach to Dynamic Data-Dependence Profiling

As multicore processors are deployed in mainstream computing, the need for software tools to help parallelize programs is increasing dramatically. Data-dependence profiling is an important technique to exploit parallelism in programs. More specifically, manual or automatic parallelization can use the outcomes of data-dependence profiling to guide where to parallelize in a program. However, state-of-the-art data-dependence profiling techniques are not scalable as they suffer from two major issues when profiling large and long-running applications: (1) runtime overhead and (2) memory overhead. Existing data-dependence profilers are either unable to profile large-scale applications or only report very limited information. In this paper, we propose a scalable approach to data-dependence profiling that addresses both runtime and memory overhead in a single framework. Our technique, called SD3, reduces the runtime overhead by parallelizing the dependence profiling step itself. To reduce the memory overhead, we compress memory accesses that exhibit stride patterns and compute data dependences directly in a compressed format. We demonstrate that SD3 reduces the runtime overhead when profiling SPEC 2006 by a factor of 4.1X and 9.7X on eight cores and 32 cores, respectively. For the memory overhead, we successfully profile SPEC 2006 with the reference input, while the previous approaches fail even with the train input. In some cases, we observe more than a 20X improvement in memory consumption and a 16X speedup in profiling time when 32 cores are used.