cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating secondary inorganic aerosols in three dimensions

Abstract. The spatial distribution of aerosols and their chemical composition dictates whether aerosols have a cooling or a warming effect on the climate system. Hence, properly modeling the three-dimensional distribution of aerosols is a crucial step for coherent climate simulations. Since surface measurement networks only give 2-D data, and most satellites supply integrated column information, it is thus important to integrate aircraft measurements in climate model evaluations. In this study, the vertical distribution of secondary inorganic aerosol (i.e., sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate) is evaluated against a collection of 14 AMS flight campaigns and surface measurements from 2000 to 2010 in the USA and Europe. GISS ModelE2 is used with multiple aerosol microphysics (MATRIX, OMA) and thermodynamic (ISORROPIA II, EQSAM) configurations. Our results show that the MATRIX microphysical scheme improves the model performance for sulfate, but that there is a systematic underestimation of ammonium and nitrate over the USA and Europe in all model configurations. In terms of gaseous precursors, nitric acid concentrations are largely underestimated at the surface while overestimated in the higher levels of the model. Heterogeneous reactions on dust surfaces are an important sink for nitric acid, even high in the troposphere. At high altitudes, nitrate formation is calculated to be ammonia limited. The underestimation of ammonium and nitrate in polluted regions is most likely caused by a too simplified treatment of the NH3 ∕ NH4+ partitioning which affects the HNO3 ∕ NO3− partitioning.
LVOT VTI OUTPERFORMS EJECTION FRACTION AND DOPPLER-DERIVED CARDIAC OUTPUT FOR PREDICTING OUTCOMES IN A SELECT ADVANCED HEART FAILURE COHORT

Left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral (LVOT VTI) correlates with stroke volume, reflecting cardiac pump systolic function. In heart failure patients with reduced LVOT VTI, extremely low LVOT VTI was hypothesized to predict increased mortality and need for left ventricular assist
ASHP's development of patient-education programs

On February 14 and 15, 1996, FDA sponsored a public meeting and workshop to elicit recommendations on providing written educational material that patients would find useful (see April 1, 1996, AJHP, page 712). To learn more about systems that generate patient information, particularly information that is drug specific, FDA invited companies that produce these systems to explain their approaches. Representatives from ASHP, USP, Medical Economics, Medi-Span, and First DataBank provided meeting attendees with overviews of their products. ASHP Senior Vice President Mary Jo Reilly presented the ASHP products Medication Teaching Manual and MedTeach and explained the Society's history of encouraging pharmacists to provide patients with useful information.
Fragile X Mutations and Epilepsy

A posiible link between predisposition for epilepsy and mutations in the fragile X mental retardation-1 gene (FMR) was investigated in the Neuropediatric Department, Behandlungszentrum Vogtareuth; and Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Munchen, Germany.
Electronic properties of double-walled carbon nanotube

In this paper, a new method of investigating the electronic properties of double-walled carbon nanotube is introduced. The method is based on dealing with it as two concentric single-walled carbon nanotubes. The results confirm that double-walled carbon nanotubes can be classified as semi metallic, from the electronic conductivity point of view, regardless the electronic type of the two concentric tubes.
High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Peripheral-Blood Stem-Cell Transplantation for Relapsed Metastatic Germ Cell Tumors: The Indiana University Experience

PurposePatients with relapsed metastatic germ cell tumor (GCT) can be cured with second-line and even third-line regimens. We report survival outcomes of patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and peripheral-blood stem-cell transplantation (PBSCT) at Indiana University between 2004 and 2014.Patients and MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of 364 consecutive patients with GCT who progressed after cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy and were subsequently treated with HDCT and PBSCT. Three hundred forty-one patients received two consecutive courses of HDCT consisting of 700 mg/m2 carboplatin and 750 mg/m2 etoposide, each for 3 consecutive days, and each followed by PBSCT. Twenty-three patients received only a single course of HDCT because of progressive disease or toxicity. Cox proportional hazards models were used to test predictors of disease progression.ResultsThe median age was 32 years (range, 17 to 70 years). With a median follow-up of 3.3 years, the 2-year progression-free s...
Smoking correlates with increased cytoskeletal protein-related coding region mutations in the lung and head and neck datasets of the cancer genome atlas.

Cancer from smoking tobacco is considered dependent on mutagens, but significant molecular aspects of smoking-specific, cancer development remain unknown. We defined sets of coding regions for oncoproteins, tumor suppressor proteins, and cytoskeletal-related proteins that were compared between nonsmokers and smokers, for mutation occurrences, in the lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC), bladder carcinoma (BLCA), and pancreatic adenocarcinoma ( PAAD) datasets from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA). We uncovered significant differences in overall mutation rates, and in mutation rates in cytoskeletal protein-related coding regions (CPCRs, including extracellular matrix protein coding regions), between nonsmokers and smokers in LUAD and HNSC (P < 0.001), raising the question of whether the CPCR mutation differences lead to different clinical courses for nonsmoker and smoker cancers. Another important question inspired by these results is, whether high smoker cancer mutation rates would facilitate genotoxicity or neoantigen-based therapies. No significant, mutation-based differences were found in the BLCA or PAAD datasets, between nonsmokers and smokers. However, a significant difference was uncovered for the average number of overall cancer mutations, in LUAD, for persons who stopped smoking more than 15 years ago, compared with more recent smokers (P < 0.032).
Reprocessed, Bias-Corrected CMORPH Global High-Resolution Precipitation Estimates from 1998

AbstractThe Climate Prediction Center (CPC) morphing technique (CMORPH) satellite precipitation estimates are reprocessed and bias corrected on an 8 km × 8 km grid over the globe (60°S–60°N) and in a 30-min temporal resolution for an 18-yr period from January 1998 to the present to form a climate data record (CDR) of high-resolution global precipitation analysis. First, the purely satellite-based CMORPH precipitation estimates (raw CMORPH) are reprocessed. The integration algorithm is fixed and the input level 2 passive microwave (PMW) retrievals of instantaneous precipitation rates are from identical versions throughout the entire data period. Bias correction is then performed for the raw CMORPH through probability density function (PDF) matching against the CPC daily gauge analysis over land and through adjustment against the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) pentad merged analysis of precipitation over ocean. The reprocessed, bias-corrected CMORPH exhibits improved performance in represen...
Calculations of the Neutron Emission Spectra from Materials Bombarded with 14-MeV Neutrons

Neutron emission spectra from targets bombarded by 14-MeV neutrons have been calculated using three nuclear models. The elements studied included aluminum, iron, copper, nickel, and niobium and wer...
Subgroup analysis with semiparametric models toward precision medicine

In analyzing clinical trials, one important objective is to classify the patients into treatment-favorable and nonfavorable subgroups. Existing parametric methods are not robust, and the commonly used classification rules ignore the fact that the implications of treatment-favorable and nonfavorable subgroups can be different. To address these issues, we propose a semiparametric model, incorporating both our knowledge and uncertainty about the true model. The Wald statistics is used to test the existence of subgroups, while the Neyman-Pearson rule to classify each subject. Asymptotic properties are derived, simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the performance of the method, and then method is used to analyze a real-world trial data.
PMU-Trojan: on exploiting power management side channel for information leakage

Hardware Trojans are malicious, undesired, intentional modifications introduced in an Integrated Circuit (IC) which can be leveraged by a knowledgeable adversary to compromise the security of the IC. Trojans might be designed to modify the functionality of an IC, access sensitive information or even disable or destroy a system. In this paper, we propose PMU-Trojan, a hardware Trojan for leaking confidential information, such as, cryptographic secret key covertly to an adversary. For information leakage by hardware Trojan, we exploit a backdoor created by Power Management Unit (PMU) in Multi Processor System on Chip (MPSoC). PMU is a system block responsible for initiating voltage and the frequency changes to facilitate flexible power management and energy efficiency. It transmits voltage level change request to power supply. In this paper we leverage this facility as an information side-channel to leak information to power-supply co-tenants. While the proposed approach is general and can be applied for any kind of secret information leakage, for the purpose of illustration, in this study, we focus on leaking Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) key. We demonstrate the working principle of this system in Linux environment where a co-tenant thread monitors the voltage level and receives side-channel information from a thread affected by the Trojan. This scheme also defeats Differential Power Analysis (DPA) based Trojan detection due to low information bit rate spread over long duration by a Trojan unit dissipating power at mere pico-Watts level.
Unilateral cervical plexus block for prosthetic laryngoplasty in the standing horse.

BACKGROUND Locoregional anaesthetic techniques can facilitate certain surgeries being performed under standing procedural sedation. The second and third spinal cervical nerves (C2, C3) are part of the cervical plexus and provide sensory innervation to the peri-laryngeal structures in people; block of these nerves might permit laryngeal lateralisation surgery in horses. OBJECTIVES To describe the anatomical basis for an ultrasound-guided cervical plexus block in horses. To compare this block with conventional local anaesthetic tissue infiltration in horses undergoing standing prosthetic laryngoplasty. STUDY DESIGN Cadaveric study followed by a double-blinded prospective clinical trial. METHODS A fresh equine cadaver was dissected to characterise the distribution of C2 and C3 to the perilaryngeal structures on the left side. A second cadaver was utilised to correlate ultrasound images with the previously identified structures; a tissue marker was injected to confirm the feasibility of an ultrasound-guided approach to the cervical plexus. In the clinical study, horses were assigned to two groups, CP (n = 17; cervical plexus block) and INF (n = 17; conventional tissue infiltration). Data collection and analyses included time to completion of surgical procedure, sedation time, surgical field conditions and surgeon's perception of block quality. RESULTS We confirmed that C2 and C3 provided innervation to the perilaryngeal structures. The nerve root of C2 was identified ultrasonographically located between the longus capitis and the cleidomastoideus muscles, caudal to the parotid gland. The CP group was deemed to provide better (P<0.0002) surgical conditions with no differences in the other variables measured. MAIN LIMITATIONS Further studies with larger numbers of horses may be necessary to detect smaller differences in surgical procedure completion time based on the improved surgical filed conditions. CONCLUSIONS For standing unilateral laryngeal surgery, a cervical plexus block is a viable alternative to tissue infiltration and it improves the surgical field conditions.
Evaluation of a flipped classroom approach to learning introductory epidemiology

Although the flipped classroom model has been widely adopted in medical education, reports on its use in graduate-level public health programs are limited. This study describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of a flipped classroom redesign of an introductory epidemiology course and compares it to a traditional model. One hundred fifty Masters-level students enrolled in an introductory epidemiology course with a traditional format (in-person lecture and discussion section, at-home assignment; 2015, N = 72) and a flipped classroom format (at-home lecture, in-person discussion section and assignment; 2016, N = 78). Using mixed methods, we compared student characteristics, examination scores, and end-of-course evaluations of the 2016 flipped classroom format and the 2015 traditional format. Data on the flipped classroom format, including pre- and post-course surveys, open-ended questions, self-reports of section leader teaching practices, and classroom observations, were evaluated. There were no statistically significant differences in examination scores or students’ assessment of the course between 2015 (traditional) and 2016 (flipped). In 2016, 57.1% (36) of respondents to the end-of-course evaluation found watching video lectures at home to have a positive impact on their time management. Open-ended survey responses indicated a number of strengths of the flipped classroom approach, including the freedom to watch pre-recorded lectures at any time and the ability of section leaders to clarify targeted concepts. Suggestions for improvement focused on ways to increase regular interaction with lecturers. There was no significant difference in students’ performance on quantitative assessments comparing the traditional format to the flipped classroom format. The flipped format did allow for greater flexibility and applied learning opportunities at home and during discussion sections.
Athletic training continuing education needs assessment: pilot study.

Abstract Continuing education for certified athletic trainers is both required and essential. The purpose of this study was to determine the need, including solutions and priorities, for continuing education for athletic trainers in various employment settings. Focus group sessions were conducted during the Spring 1992 District 4 meeting of the National Athletic Trainers Association. Representatives for each of the following employment settings were selected from the preregistration list and invited to participate: high school (7 participated), college/university (8), corporate/industrial (6), professional (3), and clinical (8). Data were compiled from written lists and audio cassette recordings of group discussions. Focus group participants across all employment settings felt that their primary continuing education needs were not being addressed at district meetings. Less traditional topics (eg, ergonomics, budgeting, public relations, and functional capacity evaluations) were identified as the more essential education needs. Focus group opinions varied somewhat regarding specific topics and methods of presentation. Recommendations included a more thematic approach to topics and presentations and ample opportunities for work or discussions in small groups. Results of the focus groups could impact the professional preparation of athletic trainers.
Invasive fungal infections in children: advances and perspectives

Invasive fungal infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised children. The past two decades have seen a dramatic increase in both number and overall relevance of invasive fungal infections in the hospital. At the same time, however, improved microbiological and imaging techniques together with an increased awareness have shifted the diagnosis of fungal infections from the autopsy theatre to the bedside. Major advances have been made in the definition of fungal diseases, the algorithms of antifungal interventions, the design and implementation of clinical trials and the development of standardized in vitro susceptibility testing. Most importantly, however, an array of new antifungal agents has entered the clinical arena and has made antifungal therapy more safe, more effective, but also more complicated. This article reviews some unique features of invasive fungal infections in infants and children and provides an update on the pharmacology of antifungal therapeutics in the pediatric population.
Cardiac Tamponade: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Cardiac tamponade is a clinical syndrome that results from an increased intrapericardial pressure and leads to impaired cardiocirculatory function. The spectrum of cardiac tamponade is relatively wide, ranging from an asymptomatic elevation of intrapericardial pressure recognized during objective evaluation, to extreme hemodynamic compromise in the form of severe hypotension or electromechanical dissociation, and many variations between these extremes. This article discusses the causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of cardiac tamponade.
Is there a need to change the American diet

Phytochemicals are substances found in edible fruits and vegetables, and other foods such as grains and legumes. They have the potential for decreasing chronic degenerative disease risks and thus are of interest. The other parts of this symposium have reviewed the fundamental science, mechanisms of action and effects of dietary fiber, the isothiocyanates, polyphenols, flavonoids, monoterpenes, and organosulfides. Now we turn to more practical questions about phytochemicals in the American diet. First, what should the scientific base be for evaluating the evidence? Second, what are the recommendations of expert groups today on these various phytochemicals? Third, are these recommendations being met? Fourth, is it time for Americans to consider changes in the amount or types of phytochemicals they eat to reduce risks for cancer or other chronic degenerative diseases? Finally, if it is time to implement such changes, how should this be done?
DEVES: Interactive Signal Analytics for Drug Safety

Drug-drug interaction related adverse events (DIAE) signals are a major public health issue. Drug safety analysts must sift through thousands of adverse event reports submitted daily to U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to discover unexpected DIAE signals, which if addressed can lead to life-saving actions. To facilitate the DIAE discovery from these massive data sets, we design several technological innovations that together are integrated into an interactive visual analytics system called DEVES 1. First, our state- of-the-art DIAE mining algorithm efficiently infers potential DIAE signals from these reports, and then ranks them based on their significance score. For interpretability of these inferred DIAE signals, domain knowledge of adverse events and already known drug interactions is extracted from external authoritative data sources and then seamlessly integrated with the inferred signal set. Guided by this augmented signal model, DEVES supports advanced signal analytics - empowering the analyst to interact with linked visualizations offering complementary perspectives into the signal set and its supporting evidence in the form of reports. Our demonstration showcases the technological innovations of DEVES using real-world FDA datasets, demonstrating that DEVES effectively supports the core regulatory tasks from signal screening, signal prioritization to signal validation.
Female Institutional Misconduct: A Test of Deprivation, Importation, and Gendered Importation Theories:

Although deprivation and importation theories are frequently offered as explanations of institutional misconduct, there have been few studies that have tested either approach on women in prison. Mo...
The Integrated Resource Room for Visually Impaired Children.

The resource room program conducted by the Montgomery County (Maryland) Public Schools is designed to provide visually impaired children enrolled in regular classrooms with individual instruction i...
Current management of Cushing's disease.

Cushing's disease (CD) is caused by a pituitary tumour that secretes adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) autonomously, leading to excess cortisol secretion from the adrenal glands. The condition is associated with increased morbidity and mortality that can be mitigated by treatments that result in sustained endocrine remission. Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery (TSS) remains the mainstay of treatment for CD but requires considerable neurosurgical expertise and experience in order to optimize patient outcomes. Up to 90% of patients with microadenomas (tumour below 1 cm in largest diameter) and 65% of patients with macroadenomas (tumour at or above 1 cm in greatest diameter) achieve endocrine remission after TSS by an experienced surgeon. Patients who are not in remission postoperatively or those who relapse may benefit from undergoing a second pituitary operation. Alternatively, radiation therapy to the sella with interim medical therapy, or bilateral adrenalectomy, can be effective as definitive treatments of CD. Medical therapy is currently adjunctive in most patients with CD and is generally prescribed to patients who are about to receive radiation therapy and will be awaiting its salutary effects to occur. Available treatment options include steroidogenesis inhibitors, centrally acting agents and glucocorticoid receptor antagonists. Several novel agents are in clinical trials and may eventually constitute additional treatment options for this serious condition.
Noninfectious Autoimmune Scleritis: Recognition, Systemic Associations, and Therapy

The aim of this review is to provide the information necessary for recognizing scleritis in rheumatology patients, recognize associated systemic diseases in scleritis patients referred to rheumatology, and choose the best conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) or biologic therapy, based on the most recent data. Scleritis is most often associated with systemic conditions, particularly autoimmune conditions. Rheumatologists should be most vigilant about rheumatoid arthritis and ANCA-associated vasculitis. A recent systemic association has been found with IgG4-related disease as well. Most of the therapeutic decisions are based on observational data. Most recently, there is increasing evidence of the role of rituximab for refractory disease. Scleritis is a severe inflammatory ocular condition that leads to complications including vision loss. It can precede a systemic autoimmune disease diagnosis, especially in the case of vasculitis. Prompt recognition and adequate therapy are needed in order to avoid serious ocular complications. There is an unmet need for (1) head-to-heat trials on csDMARDs and biologic drugs for the treatment of idiopathic scleritis and (2) randomized controlled trials on the treatment of refractory cases.
Medicolegal training in radiology; an overlooked component of the non-interpretive skills curriculum.

Abstract Objective Radiologists comprise approximately 3.6% of US physicians while ranked 6th–8th in medicolegal claims. Studies suggest that by the age of 60, about half of all radiologists will be sued at least once. Given this likelihood, it is surprising how little attention is paid to teaching of medicolegal issues. It is hypothesized that most trainees emerge from residency with only a vague notion of the medicolegal issues inherent in radiology. Methods All of the radiology attendings, trainees and alumni in our tertiary care teaching hospital were surveyed via an electronic questionnaire. Respondents were surveyed on overall knowledge of job-related medicolegal issues and willingness to receive additional education. The survey also included two real life medicolegal scenarios and the radiologists were asked to choose the most likely outcome. Results A questionnaire was sent to total of 359 trainees, attendings and alumni. There were 168 responses, constituting a 46.7% response rate, F:M 48:112. Only 41% of the respondents were aware that by the age of 60, half of them would be involved in at least one lawsuit. All knew the most common causes of malpractice claims; however, one-fourth were not aware of available medicolegal resources offered by radiological organizations; 85% of the respondents expressed willingness to attend medicolegal CME courses. All residents surveyed believed that medicolegal lectures should be included in their didactics. Conclusion There is a dearth of knowledge among radiologists on job-related medicolegal topics. This survey suggests that incorporating additional medicolegal topics into the non-interpretive skills curriculum of residents and medicolegal CME for graduates would be well received.
Children’s Spontaneous Gestures Reflect Verbal Understanding of the Day/Night Cycle

Understanding the day/night cycle requires integrating observations of the sky (an Earth-based perspective) with scientific models of the solar system (a space-based perspective). Yet children often fail to make the right connections and resort to non-scientific intuitions - for example, the Sun moving up and down - to explain what they observe. The present research explored whether children's gestures indicate their conceptual integration of Earth- and space-based perspectives. We coded the spontaneous gestures of 85 third-grade children in U.S. public schools (M age = 8.87 years) as they verbally explained the overall cause of the day/night cycle, the cause of sunrise, and the cause of sunset after receiving science instruction as part of a prior study. We focused on two kinds of gestures: those reflecting the Sun's motion across the sky and those reflecting the Earth's axial rotation. We found that participants were more likely to produce Earth rotation gestures for a topic they explained more accurately (the overall cause of the day/night cycle), whereas Sun motion gestures were more common for topics they explained less accurately (the causes of sunrise and sunset). Further, participants who produced rotation gestures tended to provide more accurate verbal explanations of the overall cause. We discuss how gestures could be used to measure - and possibly improve - children's conceptual understanding and why sunrise and sunset may be particularly difficult topics to learn.
Costing the implementation of public health interventions in resource-limited settings: a conceptual framework.

Failing to account for the resources required to successfully implement public health interventions can lead to an underestimation of costs and budget impact, optimistic cost-effectiveness estimates, and ultimately a disconnect between published evidence and public health decision-making. We developed a conceptual framework for assessing implementation costs. We illustrate the use of this framework with case studies involving interventions for tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS in resource-limited settings. Costs of implementing public health interventions may be conceptualized as occurring across three phases: design, initiation, and maintenance. In the design phase, activities include developing intervention components and establishing necessary infrastructure (e.g., technology, standard operating procedures). Initiation phase activities include training, initiation of supply chains and quality assurance procedures, and installation of equipment. Implementation costs in the maintenance phase include ongoing technical support, monitoring and evaluation, and troubleshooting unexpected obstacles. Within each phase, implementation costs can be incurred at the site of delivery (“site-specific” costs) or more centrally (“above-service” or “central” costs). For interventions evaluated in the context of research studies, implementation costs should be classified as programmatic, research-related, or shared research/program costs. Purely research-related costs are often excluded from analysis of programmatic implementation. In evaluating public health interventions in resource-limited settings, accounting for implementation costs enables more realistic estimates of budget impact and cost-effectiveness and provides important insights into program feasibility, scale-up, and sustainability. Assessment of implementation costs should be planned prospectively and performed in a standardized manner to ensure generalizability.
Investigation of Mass Transfer and Sorption in CO2/Brine/Rock Systems via In Situ FT-IR

CO2 geological storage in deep saline formations is considered a promising method to mitigate anthropogenic CO2 emissions and, thereby, minimize changes to the Earth’s atmosphere. A fundamental und...
Long-term Health of Offspring of Women With Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) presents as a constellation of clinical manifestations that can be varied among patients; however, the hormonal derangement associated with PCOS is uniformly characterized by excess androgens and abnormal insulin activity. The alteration in the normal hormonal milieu in these patients and subsequently during their pregnancies is theorized to alter the normal development of the fetus. This in utero exposure and its relationship with behavioral development, metabolic disease, and reproductive outcomes in male and female offspring of mothers with PCOS are under investigation and remains controversial.
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 modifies the cellular reaction to cisplatin through interactions with NADPH oxidase 4

G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), in addition to their role in modulating signal transduction mechanisms associated with activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), can also interact with many non-GPCR proteins to mediate cellular responses to chemotherapeutics. The rationale for this study is based on the presumption that GRK2 modulates the responses of cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic cisplatin. In this report, we show that GRK2 modulates the responses of cancer cells to cisplatin. Cervical cancer HeLa cells stably transfected with GRK2 shRNA, to decrease GRK2 protein expression, show increased sensitivity to cisplatin. Of interest, these cells also show increased accumulation of NADPH, associating with decreased NADP buildup, at low concentrations of cisplatin tested. These changes in NADPH and NADP levels are also observed in the breast cancer MDA MB 231 cells, which has lower endogenous GRK2 protein expression levels, but not BT549, a breast cancer cell line with higher GRK2 protein expression. This effect of NADPH accumulation may be associated with a decrease in NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) protein expression, which is found to correlate with GRK2 protein expression in cancer cells-a relationship which mimics that observed in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, like in cardiomyocytes, GRK2 and NOX4 interact to form complexes in cancer cells. Collectively, these results suggest that GRK2 interacts with NOX4 to modify cisplatin sensitivity in cancer cells and may also factor into the success of cisplatin-based regimens.
Evaluating the Viability of Neurocognition as a Transdiagnostic Construct Using Both Latent Variable Models and Network Analysis

The relational structure of psychological symptoms and disorders is of crucial importance to mechanistic and causal research. Methodologically, factor analytic approaches (latent variable modeling) and network analyses are two dominant approaches. Amidst some debate about their relative merits, use of both methods simultaneously in the same data set has rarely been reported in child or adolescent psychopathology. A second issue is that the nosological structure can be enriched by inclusion of transdiagnostic constructs, such as neurocognition (e.g., executive functions and other processes). These cut across traditional diagnostic boundaries and are rarely included even though they can help map the mechanistic architecture of psychopathology. Using a sample enriched for ADHD (n = 498 youth ages 6 to 17 years; M = 10.8 years, SD = 2.3 years, 55% male), both approaches were used in two ways: (a) to model symptom structure and (b) to model seven neurocognitive domains hypothesized as important transdiagnostic features in ADHD and associated disorders. The structure of psychopathology domains was similar across statistical approaches with internalizing, externalizing, and neurocognitive performance clusters. Neurocognition remained a distinct domain according to both methods, showing small to moderate associations with internalizing and externalizing domains in latent variable models and high connectivity in network analyses. Overall, the latent variable and network approaches yielded more convergent than discriminant findings, suggesting that both may be complementary tools for evaluating the utility of transdiagnostic constructs for psychopathology research.
Immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infections.

T cell responses probably play important roles in the control of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but they have been relatively understudied. Data now suggest that the majority of infected individuals develop robust and long-lasting T cell immunity, which has implications for the durability of immunity and future vaccine approaches.
Millimeter-Wave Channel-Sounder Performance Verification Using Vector Network Analyzer in a Controlled RF Channel

A new comparison-to-reference performance verification technique compares an ${E}$ -band channel-sounder (CS) and reference vector network analyzer (VNA) measurements of the same controlled, static channel. This new technique reduces the number of inaccurate assumptions that exist in other methods providing a stronger verification of the CS hardware and processing performance. This technique compares the CS and VNA-derived channel metrics from these measurements. Using mechanical switches, we established a controlled, static RF channel. The VNA has a comprehensive uncertainty analysis that propagates systematic and random uncertainties through to the power delay profiles. The method is suitable for millimeter-wave CS hardware with removable antennas.
Hydralazine augmented ultrasound hyperthermia for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

This study investigates the use of hydralazine to enhance ultrasound hyperthermia for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by minimizing flow-mediated heat loss from the tumor. Murine HCC tumors were treated with a continuous mode ultrasound with or without an intravenous administration of hydralazine (5 mg/kg). Tumor blood flow and blood vessels were evaluated by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) imaging and histology, respectively. Hydralazine markedly enhanced ultrasound hyperthermia through the disruption of tumor blood flow in HCC. Ultrasound treatment with hydralazine significantly reduced peak enhancement (PE), perfusion index (PI), and area under the curve (AUC) of the CEUS time-intensity curves by 91.9 ± 0.9%, 95.7 ± 0.7%, and 96.6 ± 0.5%, compared to 71.4 ± 1.9%, 84.7 ± 1.1%, and 85.6 ± 0.7% respectively without hydralazine. Tumor temperature measurements showed that the cumulative thermal dose delivered by ultrasound treatment with hydralazine (170.8 ± 11.8 min) was significantly higher than that without hydralazine (137.7 ± 10.7 min). Histological assessment of the ultrasound-treated tumors showed that hydralazine injection formed larger hemorrhagic pools and increased tumor vessel dilation consistent with CEUS observations illustrating the augmentation of hyperthermic effects by hydralazine. In conclusion, we demonstrated that ultrasound hyperthermia can be enhanced significantly by hydralazine in murine HCC tumors by modulating tumor blood flow. Future studies demonstrating the safety of the combined use of ultrasound and hydralazine would enable the clinical translation of the proposed technique.
Discrete Time Optimal Trajectory Generation and Transversality Condition with Free Final Time

A discrete time, optimal trajectory planning scheme for position trajectory generation of a vehicle is given here, considering the mission duration as a free variable. The vehicle is actuated in three rotational degrees of freedom and one translational degree of freedom. This model is applicable to vehicles that have a body-fixed thrust vector direction for translational motion control, including fixed-wing and rotorcraft unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) and spacecraft. The lightweight scheme proposed here generates the trajectory in inertial coordinates, and is intended for real time, on-the-go applications. The unspecified terminal time can be considered as an additional design parameter. This is done by deriving the optimality conditions in a discrete time setting, which results in the discrete transversality condition. The trajectory starts from an initial position and reaches a desired final position in an unspecified final time that ensures the cost on state and control is optimized. The trajectory generated by this scheme can be considered as the desired trajectory for a tracking control scheme. Numerical simulation results validate the performance of this trajectory generation scheme used in conjunction with a nonlinear tracking control scheme.
Influenza Vaccination Among Adults with Cardiovascular Disease in the United States: Results from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2018-2019.

Influenza causes significant morbidity and mortality among adults with cardiovascular disease (CVD). In nationally representative surveys of 101,210 individuals with CVD conducted in 2018 and 2019, the self-reported rate of vaccination was only 50%, with significant disparities by race and education. We advocate that cardiologists not only routinely emphasize vaccination but capitalize on the opportunity to vaccinate patients at office visits to improve overall rates of vaccination and their associated racial disparities.
Experimental investigation of reinforced concrete masonry shear walls with C-shaped masonry units boundary elements

Abstract There is a global drive to promote and optimize the design of high performance buildings at low cost and minimum environmental impact. Although reinforced masonry construction is known for its better fire protection, structural durability, and construction cost reduction, its use is hindered by a lack of understanding of its resistance to earthquake loads. This research aims to quantify the effect of influential parameters on the seismic performance of Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls (RMSW) with masonry boundary elements (MBEs). A new system/configuration for RMSW with C-shaped masonry units has been proposed. A new experimental test setup was designed and built to capture the response of the lower panel of RMSW in a 12-storey building subjected to quasi-static loading protocol. Test results showed that the proposed system could provide the lateral strength and ductility required to resist earthquake events and that the average measured compressive strain was almost four times the limit specified in CSA S304-14. The results also showed that single out-of-plane support at the loading beam level was inadequate, leading to out-of-plane failure. When additional out-of-supports were provided, the failure mode changed to web crushing and buckling of vertical web reinforcement.
Probing the multimodal fungiform papilla: complex peripheral nerve endings of chorda tympani taste and mechanosensitive fibers before and after Hedgehog pathway inhibition.

The fungiform papilla (FP) is a gustatory and somatosensory structure incorporating chorda tympani (CT) nerve fibers that innervate taste buds (TB) and also contain somatosensory endings for touch and temperature. Hedgehog (HH) pathway inhibition eliminates TB, but CT innervation remains in the FP. Importantly, after HH inhibition, CT neurophysiological responses to taste stimuli are eliminated, but tactile responses remain. To examine CT fibers that respond to tactile stimuli in the absence of TB, we used Phox2b-Cre; Rosa26LSL-TdTomato reporter mice to selectively label CT fibers with TdTomato. Normally CT fibers project in a compact bundle directly into TB, but after HH pathway inhibition, CT fibers reorganize and expand just under the FP epithelium where TB were. This widened expanse of CT fibers coexpresses Synapsin-1, β-tubulin, S100, and neurofilaments. Further, GAP43 expression in these fibers suggests they are actively remodeling. Interestingly, CT fibers have complex terminals within the apical FP epithelium and in perigemmal locations in the FP apex. These extragemmal fibers remain after HH pathway inhibition. To identify tactile end organs in FP, we used a K20 antibody to label Merkel cells. In control mice, K20 was expressed in TB cells and at the base of epithelial ridges outside of FP. After HH pathway inhibition, K20 + cells remained in epithelial ridges but were eliminated in the apical FP without TB. These data suggest that the complex, extragemmal nerve endings within and disbursed under the apical FP are the mechanosensitive nerve endings of the CT that remain after HH pathway inhibition.
The Neurophysiology of Concussion

The following report reviews our current understanding of the neurobiological response to concussion which is often referred to as mild traumatic brain injury. The historical accomplishments to reveal the brain's response to this injury are discussed along with the neurochemical and metabolic cascade that results in an energy crisis. The massive ionic flux induced by cerebral concussion is discussed as it pertains to primarily potassium and calcium. The ensuing metabolic demands placed on cells exposed to this ionic flux is discussed as it relates to an injury-induced diaschisis. As this cascade produces neuronal dysfunction and corresponding deficits, it also results in a state of vulnerability to secondary insults and long-term neurological problems. While experimental studies are the primary focus of this report, relevant human observations are discussed and put into context. It is now clear that cerebral concussion is not a benign event. It carries with it neuroscientific consequences that result in symptoms and an increase in risk for many other challenges to the central nervous system.
La Revolución Americana y la Haitiana en el hemisferio Americano, 1776-1804

The following article discusses the revolutions that between 1776 and 1804 experienced the Atlantic world, noting how these movements developed concepts such as democracy, equality and political participation. It also examines the influence of the Enlightenment in these revolutions, especially in Haiti, where freedom was considered a fundamental right, thus becoming the political and social event more meaningful for the Caribbean during this time, and influencing the Latin American liberation processes.
Effect of biologically active peptides on adipose tissue

The sections in this article are: 1 Pancreatic Peptides 2 Neurohypophyseal Peptides 3 Adenohypophyseal Peptides 4 Peptides Derived from Plasma Globulins—Plasma Kinins
Enabling Copyright Consumers

When is it acceptable for a company to help consumers engage in fair use of copyrighted works? One might think that the answer would be: “always.” After all, a fair use is a privileged use, which copyright grants to consumers of copyrighted works. Consumers have the right, for example, to make personal copies of their CDs. If that is the case, then shouldn’t a company be entitled to help consumers make copies of CDs? Similarly, consumers have the right to make copies of television broadcasts for later viewing. Shouldn’t a company be entitled to help consumers do this in the most efficient way possible? Shouldn’t such a company, in fact, be lauded for making this process more efficient? In fact, courts quite frequently hold companies liable for helping consumers engage in activities that would be fair or non-infringing uses if un-
The ecology of learning-by-building: bridging design science and natural history of knowledge

A growing stream of research in Information Systems – Organizational Studies is focusing on Design Sciences, not only because a deep understanding of design processes is perceived as fundamental in order to enhance artifacts quality, but also because design activity is more and more understood as a powerful opportunity to create new knowledge But what are the relationships between design as a pragmatic, problem-solving activity, and design as a learning activity? Moreover, what are the relationships between design as a learning activity, and "proper" scientific research? Even more importantly, under what conditions does successful learning-by-building more probably take place? Natural sciences, and Konrad Lorenz in particular, have given important contributions to answer these questions This paper seeks to demonstrate how eco-evolutionary thought, which has been quite overlooked in our disciplinary field so far, could be useful to build an effective, multi-disciplinary, epistemologically sound basis to Design Sciences.
Health of Community-Dwelling Adults With Mobility Limitations in the United States: Incidence of Secondary Health Conditions. Part II

Abstract Rasch EK, Magder L, Hochberg MC, Magaziner J, Altman BM. Health of community-dwelling adults with mobility limitations in the United States: incidence of secondary health conditions. Part II. Objective To compare incident health conditions that occurred over a 2-year period in nationally representative groups of adults with mobility, nonmobility, and no limitations. Design Data were collected prospectively from a probability subsample of households that represent the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population. Setting Five rounds of household interviews were conducted over 2 years. Participants Data were analyzed on the same respondents from the 1996−1997 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) and the 1995 National Health Interview Survey Disability Supplement. Respondents were categorized into 3 groups for analysis; those with mobility limitations, nonmobility limitations, and no limitations. The analytic sample included 12,302 MEPS adults (≥18y). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Number, types, and 2-year incidence of self-reported health conditions compared across groups. Results The mean number of incident conditions (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) over the 2-year period was greatest in adults with mobility limitations (mean, 4.7; 95% CI, 4.4−4.9) compared with those with nonmobility limitations (mean, 3.9; 95% CI, 3.7−4.2) or no limitations (mean, 2.6; 95% CI, 2.5−2.7). Incident conditions affected most major body systems. Conclusions Because secondary conditions are potentially preventable, determining factors that influence their occurrence is an important public health issue requiring specific action.
The Scope of Numeracy after Five Years

The purpose of this editorial is to provide an efficient way for readers and potential authors to see (a) what type of papers are published in this journal and (b) what subjects are appropriate. The editorial consists mainly of about a dozen pages of tables including live links to the papers’ access/abstract pages to facilitate easy browsing. In the first table, the 85 papers that have been published in the journal’s first five years are classified into: review papers; research papers; case studies; essays; book reviews; columns; and editorials about the journal. In the second table, the papers are inventoried into overlapping sets on: assessment; QL and writing; the construct of QL; focused QL courses and curricula; QL across the curriculum; QL centers; algebra and calculus education; statistics education; intersections with science and engineering; intersections with social sciences; financial numeracy; health numeracy; math anxiety; and cognition. Browsing these links confirms what we said in the first editorial: the scope of Numeracy is huge.