cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluctuating hydrodynamics of multi-species reactive mixtures

We formulate and study computationally the fluctuating compressible Navier-Stokes equations for reactive multi-species fluid mixtures. We contrast two different expressions for the covariance of the stochastic chemical production rate in the Langevin formulation of stochastic chemistry, and compare both of them to predictions of the chemical master equation for homogeneous well-mixed systems close to and far from thermodynamic equilibrium. We develop a numerical scheme for inhomogeneous reactive flows, based on our previous methods for non-reactive mixtures [Balakrishnan , Phys. Rev. E 89, 013017 (2014)]. We study the suppression of non-equilibrium long-ranged correlations of concentration fluctuations by chemical reactions, as well as the enhancement of pattern formation by spontaneous fluctuations. Good agreement with available theory demonstrates that the formulation is robust and a useful tool in the study of fluctuations in reactive multi-species fluids. At the same time, several problems with Langevin formulations of stochastic chemistry are identified, suggesting that future work should examine combining Langevin and master equation descriptions of hydrodynamic and chemical fluctuations.
Stimulation of prolactin release in vivo by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) through direct action on the ectopic rat pituitary.

Hypophysectomized female rats which had received renal grafts of anterior pituitary (AP) were sampled by heart puncture under pentobarbital (PB) anesthesia. Serum prolactin in sequential samples from each rat was measured by radioim-munoassay to determine the effect of exogenous TRH and median eminence (ME) lesions on prolac-tin release fromectopic AP. A pretreatment sample was taken from each rat 45 min after PB injection after which either TRH (0.3–0.6 µig) or isotonic saline was injected iv, and samples were taken at 10 and 30 min post-treatment. TRH caused a significantly greater increase in prolactin at 10 min than did saline. Serum prolactin at 30 min post-treatment always tended to be higher after TRH than after saline, but this difference was not statistically significant in allexperiments. I order to determine whether the effect of TRH might be mediated by the hypothalamus, the experiments were repeated in rats in which ME lesions had been placed 7 days previously. Compared with rats subjected to...
Equations depicting the operation of the D-C motor

A method of developing mathematical systems of straight lines or simple curves to represent the performance of the ordinary d-c motor is presented. The study deals with both shunt and series motors. The developed motor equation enables an engineer to use such curves as references in his thinking when applying a motor to a particular situation.
Effects of type of ionophore and carrier on in vitro ruminal dry matter disappearance, gas production, and fermentation end products of a concentrate substrate

Abstract Effects of ionophore type and carrier on in vitro ruminal digestion and fermentation patterns of a concentrate substrate were evaluated at various incubation times. Treatments were: control (no ionophore); lasalocid sodium commercial premix (Bov); lasalocid sodium mycelium cake (LasBio); laidlomycin sodium salt (LaidNa); laidlomycin propionate commercial premix (LaidPro); monensin sodium salt (Mon); and monensin sodium commercial premix (Rum). The Bov, LasBio, Mon, and Rum treatments supplied 4 μg of ionophore/mL of culture volume, whereas the LaidNa and LaidPro treatments supplied 1.33 μg of ionophore/mL. Total gas and methane production did not differ among treatments at any of the incubation times (P>0.09). Similarly, in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) was not affected by treatment (P>0.28) at 6, 18, and 24 h of incubation; however, IVDMD (P=0.03) was greater for ionophores than for the control at 12 h of incubation. Molar proportions of acetate (P vs . laidlomycin; P vs . monensin; P vs . lasalocid or laidlomycin; P
A reply to “Critiquing circumcision: in search of a new paradigm for conceptualizing genital modification”

This is a reply to:Androus, Zachary T. 2013. “Critiquing circumcision: in search of a new paradigm for conceptualizing genital modification.” Global Discourse. 3 (2): 266–280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23269995.2013.813282
Maintenance of Cardiovascular Risk Goals in Veterans With Diabetes After Discharge from a Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Clinic

The authors evaluated maintenance of achieved cardiovascular risk control after discharge from a pharmacist-coordinated cardiovascular risk reduction clinic. Using data from 2001 to 2004 divided by financial quarters (ie, 3-month periods), the authors performed survival analysis of diabetic patients who had attained at least one cardiovascular risk goal in the clinic. Mean times to failure were 7.1±0.21 quarters for hemoglobin A1c, 7.6±0.29 quarters for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and 2.5±0.24 quarters for systolic blood pressure (SBP). Body mass index predicted glycemic control failure (hazard ratio [HR], 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.15; P=.02), insulin use predicted LDL-C control failure (HR, 3.08; 95% CI, 1.15–8.22; P=.03), and baseline SBP predicted SBP control failure (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01–1.03; P=.0003). The authors found good durability of effect for most cardiovascular risk targets. Worse control at entry predicted failure after successful attainment of a cardiovascular goal. More sustained attention or booster interventions for patients with worse control at entry may be necessary.
Homologue concentrations of chlorobornanes in selected samples from the Bering/Chukchi Sea

Abstract An electron capture negative ion mass spectrometric method for quantitative determination of chlorobornanes was tested on selected samples from an arctic marine food chain. The method provided sufficient sensitivity to detect residues down to 0.3 ppb. Detailed area counts at prescribed mass scans were collected and processed for two selected samples, a fish and a neuston sample. Total chlorobornane concentrations were, 1.6 ng/g for the neuston and 12.8 ng/g for the pollack. Chlorine homologue class (Cl 6 to Cl 10 ) concentrations for each sample were determined. Relative homologue amounts linked the neuston to an atmospheric input since it had highest concentrations of Cl 6 , which is more prevalent in air, while the fish had a higher relative levels of Cl 8 and Cl 9&10 homologues indicative of the tendency for these more lipophilic homologues to concentrate in fish lipids.
Id Proteins Regulate Capillary Repair and Perivascular Cell Proliferation following Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) results in microvascular damage that if not normally repaired, may lead to fibrosis. The Id1 and 3 proteins have a critical role in promoting angiogenesis during development, tumor growth and wound repair by functioning as dominant negative regulators of bHLH transcription factors. The goal of this study was to determine if Id proteins regulate microvascular repair and remodeling and if increased Id1 expression results in decreased capillary loss following AKI. The effect of changes in Id expression in vivo was examined using Id1−/−, Id3RFP/+ (Id1/Id3 KO) and Tek (Tie2)-rtTA, TRE-lacz/TRE Id1 (TRE Id1) mice with doxycycline inducible endothelial Id1 and β-galactosidase expression. Id1 and 3 were co-localized in endothelial cells in normal adult kidneys and protein levels were increased at day 3 following ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and contralateral nephrectomy. Id1/Id3 KO mice had decreased baseline capillary density and pericyte coverage and increased tubular damage following IRI but decreased interstitial cell proliferation and fibrosis compared with WT littermates. No compensatory increase in kidney size occurred in KO mice resulting in increased creatinine compared with WT and TRE Id1 mice. TRE Id1 mice had no capillary rarefaction within 1 week following IRI in comparison with WT littermates. TRE Id1 mice had increased proliferation of PDGFRβ positive interstitial cells and medullary collagen deposition and developed capillary rarefaction and albuminuria at later time points. These differences were associated with increased Angiopoietin 1 (Ang1) and decreased Ang2 expression in TRE Id1 mice. Examination of gene expression in microvascular cells isolated from WT, Id1/Id3 KO and TRE Id1 mice showed increased Ang1 and αSMA in Id1 overexpressing cells and decreased pericyte markers in cells from KO mice. These results suggest that increased Id levels following AKI result in microvascular remodeling associated with increased fibrosis.
Information transmission with a multifinger tactual display.

In this work, the tactual information transmission capabilities of a tactual display designed to provide stimulation along a continuum from kinesthetic movements to cutaneous vibrations are assessed. The display is capable of delivering arbitrary waveforms to three digits (thumb, index, and middle finger) within an amplitude range from absolute detection threshold to about 50 dB sensation level and a frequency range from dc to above 300 Hz. Stimulus sets were designed at each of three signal durations (125, 250, and 500 msec) by combining salient attributes, such as frequency (further divided into low, middle, and high regions), amplitude, direction of motion, and finger location. Estimated static information transfer (IT) was 6.5 bits at 500 mseC., 6.4 bits at 250 mseC., and 5.6 bits at 125 msec. Estimates of IT rate were derived from identification experiments in which the subject’s task was to identify the middle stimulus in a sequence of three stimuli randomly selected from a given stimulus set. On the basis of the extrapolations from these IT measurements to continuous streams, the IT rate was estimated to be about 12 bits/seC., which is roughly the same as that achieved by Tadoma users in tactual speech communication.
Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: The effects of montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is very common in both patients with asthma and those who are otherwise thought to be normal. The intensity of exercise as well as the type of exercise is important in producing symptoms. This may make some types of exercise such as swimming more suitable and extended running more difficult for patients with this condition. A better understanding of EIB will allow the physician to direct the patient towards a type of exercise and medications that can result in a more active lifestyle without the same concern for resulting symptoms. This is especially important for schoolchildren who are usually enrolled in physical education classes and elite athletes who may desire to participate in competitive sports. Fortunately several medications (short- and long-acting beta(2)-agonists, cromolyn, nedocromil, inhaled corticosteroids, and more recently leukotriene modifiers) have been shown to be effective in preventing or attenuating the effects of exercise in many patients. In addition, inhaled beta(2)-agonists have been shown to quickly reverse the airway obstruction that develops in patients and continue to be the reliever medications of choice. Inhaled corticosteroids are increasingly being recommended as regular therapy now that the role of inflammation and airway injury has been identified in EIB. With the discovery that there is a release of mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes from cells in the airway following exercise with resulting airway obstruction in susceptible individuals, interest has turned to attenuating their effects with mediator antagonists especially those that block the effects of leukotrienes. Studies with an oral leukotriene antagonist, montelukast, have shown beneficial effects in adults and children aged as young as 6 years with EIB. These effects can be demonstrated as soon as two hours and as long as 24 hours after administration without a demonstrated loss of a protective effect after months of treatment. The studies leading up to and resulting in an approval of montelukast for EIB for patients aged 15 years and older are reviewed in this paper.
Relationship between exercise dependence symptoms and personality

Despite the increased interest in exercise dependence, there is limited research examining the personality characteristics of exercise dependent individuals. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between personality and primary exercise dependence symptoms. Participants were 390 university students who completed multidimensional assessments of personality, exercise dependence, and exercise behavior. To examine the predictive relationship of personality for exercise dependence symptoms hierarchical regressions with forced block entry were undertaken. In Block 1, exercise dependence was regressed on exercise behavior. In Block 2, the personality subscales (neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness) were entered into the regression. It was found that extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness predicted exercise dependence symptoms. Further examining the relationship between personality and exercise dependence symptoms may aid in identifying at-risk individuals.
Evaluation of pectus excavatum with repeated CT scans.

The use of a single CT scan to evaluate the severity of pectus excavatum has been popular since its inception. However, there is no objective data to address the evolution of the deformity. Using repeated CT scans taken an average of 1 year and 3 months apart, eight childred with pectus excavatum were prospectively followed. The initial pectus indices ranged from 3.6 to 6.8 (mean 5.4±1.3) and the follow-up indices, from 3.5 to 6.7 (mean 5.3±1.0). No progress of pectus excavatum was found during the study period. Our routine five axial chest CT sections also helped to specify a pectus index based on the central section taken through the deepest part of the deformity, and provided useful information for further conservative or surgical management.
Characteristics of antimicrobial studies registered in the USA through ClinicalTrials.Gov

Increasing rates of antimicrobial-resistant infections and the dwindling pipeline of new agents necessitate judicious, evidence-based antimicrobial prescribing. Clinical trials represent a vital resource for establishing evidence of safety and efficacy, which are crucial to guiding antimicrobial treatment decisions. The objective of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the characteristics of antimicrobial research studies registered in ClinicalTrials.gov. Primary outcome measures, funding sources, inclusion criteria and the reporting of study results were evaluated for 16 055 antimicrobial studies registered in ClinicalTrials.gov as of mid 2012. Interventional studies accounted for 93% of registered antimicrobial studies. Clinical trials of drugs (82%) and biologics (9%) were most common. Antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal studies accounted for 43%, 41% and 16% of drug trials, respectively. Among interventional drug trials, 73% featured randomised allocation to study arms and 71% included measures of safety and/or efficacy as primary endpoints. Children were eligible for enrolment in 26% of studies. Among the studies, 60% were sponsored primarily by non-profit organisations, 30% by industry and 10% by the federal government. Only 7% of studies reported results; however, 71% of these were sponsored primarily by industry. Antimicrobial studies commonly incorporated elements of high-quality trial design, including randomisation and safety/efficacy endpoints. Publication of study results and updating of ClinicalTrials.gov should be encouraged for all studies, with particular attention paid to research sponsored by non-profit organisations and governmental agencies. Leveraging the application of these data to guide the careful selection of antimicrobial agents will be essential to preserve their utility for years to come.
Problem behavior in boys with fragile X syndrome.

This study examines problem behavior over time in 59 boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS), aged 4-12 years, using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Approximately 49% of the boys scored within the borderline or clinical range on total problem behavior, while 56-57% scored in the borderline or clinical range on the attention and thought problems subscales, and 26% scored in this range on the social problems subscale. With a mean of 2.5 assessments per child, behavior problems were stable during the 3-year period of study. Total problem behavior was higher for children who displayed autistic behavior, were rated as low in adaptability, had mothers with higher maternal education levels, and were on medication. Mothers with more education also rated their children as having more attention, thought, and total problems. Children taking medication differed from boys who were not taking medication on social problems, but not on attention and thought problems. Low adaptability and more autistic characteristics predicted thought problems.
Derivation and analysis of viscoelastic properties in human liver: impact of frequency on fibrosis and steatosis staging

Commercially-available shear wave imaging systems measure group shear wave speed (SWS) and often report stiffness parameters applying purely elastic material models. Soft tissues, however, are viscoelastic, and higher-order material models are necessary to characterize the dispersion associated with broadband shear waves. In this paper, we describe a robust, model-based algorithm and use a linear dispersion model to perform shear wave dispersion analysis in traditionally difficult-to-image subjects. In a cohort of 135 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients, we compare the performance of group SWS with dispersion analysis-derived phase velocity c(200 Hz) and dispersion slope dc/df parameters to stage hepatic fibrosis and steatosis. Area under the ROC curve (AUROC) analysis demonstrates correlation between all parameters [group SWS, c(200 Hz), and, to a lesser extent dc/df ] and fibrosis stage, whereas no correlation was observed between steatosis stage and any of the material parameters. Interestingly, optimal AUROC threshold SWS values separating advanced liver fibrosis (≥F3) from mild-to-moderate fibrosis (≤F2) were shown to be frequency-dependent, and to increase from 1.8 to 3.3 m/s over the 0 to 400 Hz shear wave frequency range.
Flux balance analysis of primary metabolism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Photosynthetic organisms convert atmospheric carbon dioxide into numerous metabolites along the pathways to make new biomass. Aquatic photosynthetic organisms, which fix almost half of global inorganic carbon, have great potential: as a carbon dioxide fixation method, for the economical production of chemicals, or as a source for lipids and starch which can then be converted to biofuels. To harness this potential through metabolic engineering and to maximize production, a more thorough understanding of photosynthetic metabolism must first be achieved. A model algal species, C. reinhardtii, was chosen and the metabolic network reconstructed. Intracellular fluxes were then calculated using flux balance analysis (FBA). The metabolic network of primary metabolism for a green alga, C. reinhardtii, was reconstructed using genomic and biochemical information. The reconstructed network accounts for the intracellular localization of enzymes to three compartments and includes 484 metabolic reactions and 458 intracellular metabolites. Based on BLAST searches, one newly annotated enzyme (fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase) was added to the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii database. FBA was used to predict metabolic fluxes under three growth conditions, autotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic growth. Biomass yields ranged from 28.9 g per mole C for autotrophic growth to 15 g per mole C for heterotrophic growth. The flux balance analysis model of central and intermediary metabolism in C. reinhardtii is the first such model for algae and the first model to include three metabolically active compartments. In addition to providing estimates of intracellular fluxes, metabolic reconstruction and modelling efforts also provide a comprehensive method for annotation of genome databases. As a result of our reconstruction, one new enzyme was annotated in the database and several others were found to be missing; implying new pathways or non-conserved enzymes. The use of FBA to estimate intracellular fluxes also provides flux values that can be used as a starting point for rational engineering of C. reinhardtii. From these initial estimates, it is clear that aerobic heterotrophic growth on acetate has a low yield on carbon, while mixotrophically and autotrophically grown cells are significantly more carbon efficient.
Thymic and Postthymic Regulation of Diabetogenic CD8 T Cell Development in TCR Transgenic Nonobese Diabetic (NOD) Mice

Natural development of diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice requires both CD4 and CD8 T cells. Transgenic NOD mice carrying αβ TCR genes from a class I MHC (Kd)-restricted, pancreatic β cell Ag-specific T cell clone develop diabetes significantly faster than nontransgenic NOD mice. In these TCR transgenic mice, a large fraction of T cells express both transgene derived and endogenous TCR β chains. Only T cells expressing two TCR showed reactivity to the islet Ag. Development of diabetogenic T cells is inhibited in mice with no endogenous TCR expression due to the SCID mutation. These results demonstrate that the expression of two TCRs is necessary for the autoreactive diabetogenic T cells to escape thymic negative selection in the NOD mouse. Further analysis with MHC congenic NOD mice revealed that diabetes development in the class I MHC-restricted islet Ag-specific TCR transgenic mice is still dependent on the presence of the homozygosity of the NOD MHC class II I-Ag7.
The Role of Communications, Socio-Psychological, and Personality Factors in the Maintenance of Crew Coordination

The influence of group dynamics on the capability of aircraft crew members to make full use of the resources available on the flight deck in order to maintain flight safety is discussed. Instances of crewmembers withholding altimeter or heading information from the captain are cited as examples of domineering attitudes from command pilots and overconscientiousness on the parts of copilots, who may refuse to relay information forcefully enough or to take control of the aircraft in the case of pilot incapacitation. NASA studies of crew performance in controlled, simulator settings, concentrating on communication, decision making, crew interaction, and integration showed that efficient communication reduced errors. Acknowledgements served to encourage correct communication. The best crew performance is suggested to occur with personnel who are capable of both goal and group orientation. Finally, one bad effect of computer controlled flight is cited to be the tendency of the flight crew to think that someone else is taking care of difficulties in threatening situations.
Adaptive and Innate Immune Reactions Regulating Mast Cell Activation: from Receptor-mediated Signaling to Responses

In this article, we have described studies that have demonstrated that mast cells can be activated as a consequence of adaptive and innate immune reactions and that these responses can be modified by ligands for other receptors expressed on the surface of mast cells. These various stimuli differentially activate multiple signaling pathways within the mast cells required for the generation and/or release of inflammatory mediators. Thus, the composition of the suite of mediators released and the physiologic ramifications of these responses are dependent on the stimuli and the microenvironment in which the mast cells are activated. Knowledge of the different signaling molecules used by cell surface receptors may allow selective pharmacologic targeting such that inhibiting the adverse effects of mast cell activation can be achieved without influencing the beneficial effects of mast cell activation. The exact interconnections between the signaling pathways initiated by the surface receptors described in this article remain to be completely worked out; thus, this remains a topic for future investigation.
A simple built-in self test for dual ported SRAMs

This paper presents a discussion on a simple memory Built-In Self Test (BIST) design for dual ported SRAM that concurrently applies a modified March test to both ports of an embedded SRAM. It begins by outlining the role of embedded dual ported SRAM in today's ASICs., briefly discusses how commercial memory test tools deal with dual ported SRAMs and the difficulties to realistically cover the complex coupling faults which are suspected to expose memory errors at the system level. Subsequently this paper examines the MARCH test for modification to enable the development of a simple BIST architecture that can be designed for concurrent testing of both ports with minimum extra cost.
The scientist's infosphere

The importance of national defense in the US required the development of tailor made computing and communication systems. The military coined the term infosphere to refer to the collection of remote instruments, appliances, computing tools, and people made accessible by these systems from a person's working environment, such as the cockpit of a plane or the bridge of a ship. Because military personnel are often mobile, they must use remote instruments and computing programs and they must collaborate with people at distant sites. It is concluded that within a decade, most scientists' infospheres will reside on portable computing devices. The infosphere will allow the scientist to access and control home appliances, office devices, laboratory instruments, and computing tools and to communicate with colleagues everywhere. Communication bandwidths may vary as the scientist moves from place to place, but the infosphere will increasingly free the scientist from the constraints of physical location. This freedom will change the ways in which scientific research is carried out, science is taught, and scientific results are disseminated.
Induction of Protective Immunity in Rabbits by Coadministration of Inactivated Pasteurella multocida Toxin and Potassium Thiocyanate Extract

Pasteurella multocida is a bacterial pathogen that causes rhinitis (snuffles), pneumonia, otitis media, septicemia, metritis, and death in domestic rabbits. Currently, there are no effective vaccines to prevent infection by this organism. Subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization with either exotoxin or thiocyanate extracts of P. multocida induces partial protection in rabbits. Since disease begins at mucosal sites, induction of local immunity may be important in preventing systemic disease. Little is known concerning the efficacy of intranasal (i.n.) administration of these antigens in inducing protective mucosal immunity to P. multocida in rabbits. The purpose of this study was twofold: (i) to investigate the effectiveness of vaccination with purified P. multocida toxin (PMT) and a potassium thiocyanate extract of P. multocida (CN) in combination and (ii) to evaluate the efficacy of administration of these antigens i.n. versus s.c. Forty-eight rabbits were randomly divided into eight different treatment groups. Rabbits received either one or both antigens by either s.c. or i.n. administration. Following vaccination, each group received an i.n. challenge of P. multocida. Rabbits vaccinated with both antigens i.n. or s.c. had a 100% survival rate, few or no bacteria in the liver and lungs, high serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibody titers, and significant numbers of IgG antibody-secreting cells (ASC) in the spleen and tracheobronchial lymph node. Rabbits vaccinated i.n. had significant nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage IgA antibody levels. Rabbits vaccinated with only one antigen, either PMT or CN, had lower antibody titers, moderate to severe liver and lung infections, and fewer ASC compared to rabbits receiving both antigens. Rabbits in the control groups had moderate to severe liver and lung infections. This study indicates that i.n. immunization with both PMT and CN induces an effective response against homologous P. multocida challenge.
The Palomar Transient Factory

Astrophysics is transforming from a data-starved to a data-swamped discipline, fundamentally changing the nature of scientific inquiry and discovery. New technologies are enabling the detection, transmission, and storage of data of hitherto unimaginable quantity and quality across the electromagnetic, gravity and particle spectra. The observational data obtained during this decade alone will supersede everything accumulated over the preceding four thousand years of astronomy. Currently there are 4 large-scale photometric and spectroscopic surveys underway, each generating and/or utilizing hundreds of terabytes of data per year. Some will focus on the static universe while others will greatly expand our knowledge of transient phenomena. Maximizing the science from these programs requires integrating the processing pipeline with high-performance computing resources. These are coupled to large astrophysics databases while making use of machine learning algorithms with near real-time turnaround. Here we present an overview of one of these programs, the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF). We will cover the processing and discovery pipeline we developed at LBNL and NERSC for it and several of the great discoveries made during the 4 years of observations with PTF.
Civil Society, NGOs, and the Holy Spirit in Mozambique

The concept of “civil society” has been used by major donors in the world of international development to justify the rechanneling of aid resources away from public sector services to nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in an era of structural adjustment. Mozambique provides an especially valuable case study of the civil society experiment in Africa, given its dramatic conversion from state-centered development to civil society and free markets over the last decade. The rapid retreat of the state in the lives of ordinary Mozambicans during this period quickly cleared a space for the emergence of an “independent” civil society that has been quickly filled by two social currents: international NGOs and Pentecostal-influenced churches. This article argues that the NGO presence has intensified already growing social inequality by channeling resources primarily to elites, while the church movements have thrived in poor communities outside the foreign aid world. The enormous popularity of the churches reveals ...
Psychopharmacology: Special considerations

The impact of psychotropic medications on the course of illness varies depending on premorbid functioning. The effect on relapse rate of low-dosage maintenance needs to be examined in the hopes of minimizing its side effects.
The influence of thermal properties on the glass transition temperature in styrene/divinylbenzene network–diluent systems

The depression of glass transition temperature in polystyrene and styrene/divinylbenzene networks, by the addition of ethylbenzene, ethyl acetate, and m-diethylbenzene, respectively, has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The predictive quality of the Couchman–Karasz treatment for the composition dependence of Tg in compatible systems was found to provide excellent agreement with experimental results for the depression of Tg by ethylbenzene, provided certain modifications were made. Qualitatively, the theory predicts that for a given diluent, the depression of Tg is particularly sensitive to the incremental change in heat capacity of the pure polymer or network. The behavior of ethylbenzene provided good quantitative agreement with the theory, provided that the incremental change in heat capacity of the diluent at its Tg was approximated by ΔCp = constant/T and that the incremental change in heat capacity of the network at Tg represents only those units capable of thermal activation. The anomalous behavior observed on plasticization by ethyl acetate and m-diethylbenzene could in part be explained by a reduction in solvent quality or syneresis of diluent in the highly crosslinked samples.
Piecewise smooth solutions to the nonlinear output regulation PDE

The solution to the nonlinear output regulation problem requires one to solve a first order PDE, known as the Francis-Byrnes-Isidori (FBI) equations. In this paper we propose a method to compute approximate solutions to the FBI equations when the zero dynamics of the plant are hyperbolic and the exosystem is two-dimensional. Our method relies on the periodic nature of two-dimensional analytic center manifolds.
Stress Cardiomyopathy Caused by Diving: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Abstract Background Stress cardiomyopathy is characterized by transient myocardial dysfunction that mimics a myocardial infarction in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease. The onset is frequently triggered by an acute illness or intense physical or emotional stress. Case Report We describe the case of a 47-year-old woman who was brought to the emergency department with acute onset shortness of breath while scuba diving. She was found to have acute pulmonary edema radiographically. Her troponins were noted to be positive. Initial echocardiogram showed basal hypokinesis with hyperkinesis of apex. She was treated with noninvasive ventilation and intravenous diuretic therapy and her symptoms significantly improved. She subsequently underwent cardiac catheterization which revealed nonobstructive coronary artery disease. An exercise stress echocardiogram was performed 2 days later that revealed resolution of the wall motion abnormality and no ischemia at high levels of exercise. A diagnosis of reverse stress (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy was made based on Mayo Clinic Diagnostic criteria. ​Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? This case brings to light the risk of stress cardiomyopathy in divers. The diagnosis should be considered in patients presenting with acute pulmonary edema during diving.
Arctic Prospects: Problems and Opportunities

The preceding chapters have clearly demonstrated that the Arctic will be of growing importance to the United States over the next two decades. Issues of national security, resource development, science, and environmental protection have infused new groups into Arctic affairs and increased the activities and concerns of those traditionally involved. A prerequisite for improved relations among Arctic-rim countries is knowledge and understanding of each nation’s resource development and strategic objectives in the Arctic. Cooperation in any region is more likely to take place when nations and other constituencies are convinced that benefits can be derived from working with, or at least not against, one another. This chapter summarizes the existing problems and highlights the opportunities for greater cooperation between countries and among competing interest groups.
A Theory of Saying Reports

I will sketch a semantics of saying reports within the expression theory of meaning I have developed and its extension to indexicals. After summarizing my general theory, I apply it to indexical descriptions like the cat, ideo-reflexive descriptions like the idea of grass or the thought that grass is green, and auto-reflexive descriptions like the word ‘grass’ or the sentence ‘grass is green.’ I argue that ideo-reflexive and auto-reflexive descriptions express specific indexical concepts with presentational determinants. Saying reports are classified as locutionary or illocutionary, and the latter as opaque or transparent. On the semantics I sketch, the locutionary reports are auto-reflexive and the illocutionary are ideo-reflexive. I explain how this theory differs from the familiar views of Frege and Davidson. The final section reviews the limited extent to which pragmatic factors determine the truth conditions of saying reports, and the large variety of non-literal uses. What people mean when they use a saying report commonly differs from what they say. Most if not all of the common forms of implicature can be observed. I argue that Carston’s “pragmatic intrusion” theory and Cappelen & Lepore’s “speech act pluralism” are unfounded.
The Water Island Archaeological Project: archaeology and history in the eastern Caribbean

In 1998 extensive investigations were undertaken on Water Island, US Virgin Islands, by a research team from the Southeast Archeological Center, National Park Service. The US government is relinquishing ownership of the island, an action that would affect cultural resources. Earlier surveys had located a number of sites, including the remains of three 18th- and l9th-century plantations, historic wells, prehistoric shell middens and an extensive World War II fortification complex (Wild & Anderson 1992; Knight 2001; Anderson et al . in preparation). Water Island, located off St Thomas, encompasses about one square mile, and is characterized by steep rocky slopes, a pronounced central ridgeline and a highly indented coastline with numerous bays and beaches (FIGURE 1). Fresh water comes from rainfall, and in small brackish ponds. Vegetation ranges from dry tropical thorn scrub to mangrove/salt ponds.
Methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic toxicity prevented owing to the neuroprotective effects of salicylic acid.

Abstract Aims Methamphetamine (Schedule-II drug, U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration) is one of the most abused illicit drug following cocaine, marijuana, and heroin in the USA. There are numerous health impairments and substantial economic burden caused by methamphetamine abuse. Salicylic acid, potent anti-inflammatory drug and a known neuroprotectant has shown to protect against toxicity-induced by other dopaminergic neurotoxins. Hence, in this study we investigated the neuroprotective effects of salicylic acid against methamphetamine-induced toxicity in mice. Main methods The current study investigated the effects of sodium salicylate and/or methamphetamine on oxidative stress, monoamine oxidase, mitochondrial complex I & IV activities using spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods. Behavioral analysis evaluated the effect on movement disorders-induced by methamphetamine. Monoaminergic neurotransmitter levels were evaluated using high pressure liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection. Key findings Methamphetamine caused significant generation of reactive oxygen species and decreased complex-I activity leading to dopamine depletion. Striatal dopamine depletion led to significant behavioral changes associated with movement disorders. Sodium salicylate (50 & 100 mg/kg) significantly scavenged reactive oxygen species, blocked mitochondrial dysfunction and exhibited neuroprotection against methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. In addition, sodium salicylate significantly blocked methamphetamine-induced behavioral changes related to movement abnormalities. Significance One of the leading causative theories in nigral degeneration associated with movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease is exposure to stimulants, drugs of abuse, insecticide and pesticides. These neurotoxic substances can induce dopaminergic neuronal insult by oxidative stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. Salicylic acid due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects could provide neuroprotection against the stimulants or drugs of abuse.
Safe Handling of West Nile Virus in the Insectary

Working with West Nile virus (WNV) in the insectary requires specific facilities and protocols to prevent laboratory-acquired infection. Here, we review case reports of individuals infected with members of the Flaviviridae while performing biomedical research in traditional laboratories and insectaries. We highlight the most common transmission route and summarize recommendations for facilities and protocols designed to prevent laboratory-acquired infections.
Compliance in young hypertensive patients.

The problem of patient compliance is grossly underestimated but of great practical importance. Those who care for children and adolescents with hypertension can learn much from the studies of compliance in general pediatric patients as well as adult hypertensive patients. Many treatment and environmental changes can be made to facilitate compliance.
Disseminated Mucormycosis with Renal Involvement

A case of fatal disseminated mucormycosis causing bilateral renal artery thrombosis, parenchymal and collecting system invasion and destruction, and extrinsic perirenal and proximal ureteral compression is presented. In addition to acute renal failure meningoencephalitis, cerebral hemorrhagic infarction and septic enterocolitis were contributing causes of death.
Identity, Social Status, and Emotion

Publisher Summary Identity theory has its roots in the structural symbolic interaction framework, which both acknowledges and attends to the fact that identities operate in culturally defined positions within the social structure. Role identities are defined by the cultural meanings and expectations associated with role positions, and social identities are defined by the cultural meanings and expectations associated with groups and socially defined categories. One of the differences among social positions is the amount of resources the position controls and hence the amount of status accorded to the occupant. This chapter examines the effects of social status on the emotional impacts of the lack of identity verification. Status, conceptualized as a symbolic marker indicating who has control of resources, is hypothesized to have two effects. Status and resources help persons verify their identities, and at the same time, help to buffer the consequences of a lack of verification. Data from the spousal identity of 286 newly married couples are examined and generally support these hypotheses. The implication of these findings for existing theory and future research are discussed.
The Evolution and Advancement of Health Communication Inquiry

This chapter examines the current state of health communication research, reviews the development of this area of inquiry, and suggests fruitful directions for advancing health communication inquiry in light of the communication revolution developing within the modern health care system. Particular attention is paid to the important role of information in health care and health promotion, power inequities within the health care system, and biases in health communication research. Rich opportunities for conducting health communication research that can increase public health literacy, enhance health information quality, improve health message design and delivery, and generally promote public health are suggested.
Optimal Marching of Autonomous Networked Robots

The recent advances in sensors, actuators, robots, and mobile wireless communication technologies have acceleratedinterest in autonomous networked robots (ANRs), where theindividual robots coordinate among themselves to complete atask, e.g., to explore or monitor a Field of Interest (FoI). Byteamwork, which is especially important in complex tasks, ANRsystem expresses much more capacity than traditional staticsensor networks. Existing work focuses on improving the coverageperformance of a group of ANRs within a single FoI. In thisresearch, we consider a group of ANRs that are instructed toexplore a number of FoIs. After they complete a task at currentFoI, they move to the next one, which may be far away fromcurrent one and the shape can also vary dramatically. Ourresearch focuses on how to efficiently enable such transition. TheANRs must be able to redeploy themselves to desired positionsin the new FoI based on distributed algorithms. Besides, to avoidunexpected event breaks network's integrity, the ANRs shouldpreserve their local connectivities as much as they can andorganize themselves as a whole network without any isolatednodes during the transition. Furthermore, considering energyconsumption, such relocation algorithm should work at the costof reasonable total moving distance. We study this problemand call it optimal marching of autonomous networked robots. The proposed algorithms guarantee global connectivity, andpreserve local connectivities as much as possible at negligiblecost of moving distance. Additionally, ANRs can automaticallyadjust their deployment density in the new FoI based on therequirements of various tasks or regions.
It takes a village: promoting parent and family education on healthy lifestyles for Minnesota secondary students.

BACKGROUND This study examines school strategies to educate parents over time about physical activity and nutrition and how those strategies are related to adolescent health behaviors. METHODS Data from the Minnesota School Health Profiles Lead Health Education Teacher survey (2008-2012) and the Minnesota Student Survey (MSS, 2013) included provisions for parent education about physical activity and nutrition and student physical activity and dietary intake behaviors. Analyses were performed using SAS, version 9.3. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to examine changes over time in school policies. Adjusted linear regression models examined cross-sectional association between school policies (2012) and school-level mean student outcomes (2013). RESULTS Parent education about physical activity and nutrition was constant over time, with the exception of a decrease in physical activity education in schools with low minority enrollment. There was a positive relationship between schools offering physical activity education for parents and the number of days a student meets physical activity and water consumption recommendations. There was no relationship between strategies for nutrition education and dietary intake. CONCLUSIONS School providing strategies for parent engagement around student physical activity and nutrition may increase parent engagement overall and improve adolescent and school-related outcomes.
Feature Selection Guided Auto-Encoder

Recently the auto-encoder and its variants have demonstrated their promising results in extracting effective features. Specifically, its basic idea of encouraging the output to be as similar as input, ensures the learned representation could faithfully reconstruct the input data. However, one problem arises that not all hidden units are useful to compress the discriminative information while lots of units mainly contribute to represent the task-irrelevant patterns. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm, Feature Selection Guided Auto-Encoder, which is a unified generative model that integrates feature selection and auto-encoder together. To this end, our proposed algorithm can distinguish the task-relevant units from the task-irrelevant ones to obtain most effective features for future classification tasks. Our model not only performs feature selection on learned high-level features, but also dynamically endows the auto-encoder to produce more discriminative units. Experiments on several benchmarks demonstrate our method's superiority over state-of-the-art approaches.
(α-Diimine)nickel Complexes That Contain Menthyl Substituents: Synthesis, Conformational Behavior, and Olefin Polymerization Catalysis

We describe the synthesis and coordination chemistry of the (1R,2S,5R)-menthyl-substituted N,N′-diaryl-α-diimine ligands N,N′-(2-Men-4-Me-Ph)2-BIAN (L1, Men = menthyl, BIAN = bis(imino)acenaphthene) and N,N′-(2-Men-4,6-Me2-Ph)2-BIAN (L2), the conformational properties of these ligands and their metal complexes, and the ethylene and 1-hexene polymerization behavior of the corresponding (α-diimine)Ni complexes. Free ligands L1 and L2 and square-planar (L1)PdCl2 and (L1,2)Ni(acac)+ complexes exhibit a preference for the syn conformation, in which the two menthyl units are located on the same side of the N═CC═N plane, while tetrahedral (L1,2)MX2 (MX2 = ZnCl2, NiBr2) complexes exhibit a preference for the anti conformation, in which the menthyl units are located on opposite sides of the N═CC═N plane. Both the anti and the syn conformers of [(L2)Ni(acac)][B(C6F5)4] can be activated by Et2AlCl to generate highly active ethylene polymerization catalysts (activity (2.5–6.6) × 106 g of PE/((mol of Ni) h) at 15 psi ...