cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quality of life in childhood migraines: clinical impact and comparison to other chronic illnesses.

Objective. Despite the high prevalence of headaches in youths, quality of life (QOL) has not been well examined. We examined QOL in a clinical sample of children with headaches and compared it with children with other chronic diseases. Methods. A survey study was conducted of 572 consecutive patients (mean age, 11.4 ± 3.6 years) who presented with headaches to a children’s headache center. Children and parents completed the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Version 4.0 and a standardized headache assessment. Results were compared with established norms for healthy and chronically ill children. Results. Most patients (99%) had a clinical diagnosis of migraine: 85% met the International Headache Society migraine criteria, and 40% had chronic daily headaches. Total Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Version 4.0 score was lower for the entire group (73.1 ± 14.4) compared with healthy norms (83.0 ± 14.8) and lowest for children with chronic daily headaches (70.5 ± 15.5). The impact on QOL of children with migraine was similar to that of children with arthritis and cancer. Conclusions. QOL of children with headaches is significantly affected by their health condition. The impact of headaches on QOL is similar to that found for other chronic illness conditions, with impairments in school and emotional functioning being the most prominent.
Temperature-Aging Tests on Class-A-Insulated Fractional-Horsepower Motor Stators

Temperature-aging data are presented on class-A-insulated fractional-horsepower motor stators, determined at 200, 160, and 135 degrees centigrade. Of particular interest is the relative aging time to failure at the different temperatures and the resultant temperature-aging curve. This curve shows a slope of 10 to 15 degrees centigrade increase in temperature to halve the aging time to failure in the temperature range covered, 135 to 200 degrees centigrade.
Power grid analysis using random walks

This paper presents a class of power grid analyzers based on a random-walk technique. A generic algorithm is first demonstrated for dc analysis, with linear runtime and the desirable property of localizing computation. Next, by combining this generic analyzer with a divide-and-conquer strategy, a single-level hierarchical method is built and extended to multilevel and "virtual-layer" hierarchy. Experimental results show that these algorithms not only achieve speedups over the generic random-walk method, but also are more robust in solving various types of industrial circuits. Finally, capacitors and inductors are incorporated into the framework, and it is shown that transient analysis can be carried out efficiently. For example, dc analysis of a 71 K-node power grid with C4 pads takes 4.16 s; a 348 K-node wire-bond dc power grid is solved in 93.64 s; transient analysis of a 642 K-node power grid takes 2.1 s per timestep.
Influence of the Icelandic Low latitude on the frequency of Greenland tip jet events: Implications for Irminger Sea convection

[1] The occurrence of Greenland tip jet events has been reported as the dominant factor controlling the formation of intermediate water in the Irminger Sea. It has been suggested that the frequency of these events is correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. To examine this process in more detail, we separate the North Atlantic Oscillation into Icelandic Low and Azores High components and carry out a regression fit of the frequency of tip jet events between 1961 and 2005. Our findings suggest that the frequency of Greenland tip jet events is highly dependent on the latitude of the Icelandic Low and the 2-year time-lagged February Icelandic Low latitude, with R 2 = 0.48. We find that the winds near the southern tip of Greenland are predominately westerly during years when the Iceland Low is located above 63N latitude. These conditions also correspond to colder air temperatures in the Labrador and Irminger Seas, implying larger oceanic heat losses due to the Greenland tip jet events and hence stronger convective overturning in the Irminger Sea.
Localized Structural Health Monitoring Using Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents a localized information processing approach for long-term, online structural health monitoring (SHM) using wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Based on the embedded AR-ARX method, each sensor independently calculates a statistical damage-sensitive coefficient using the measured acceleration data during each monitoring period. A nonlinear programming formulation is developed to identify damage presence, localize damage position, and quantify damage severity from the damage-sensitive coefficients in the whole sensing field. By limiting each sensor to exchange information among its neighboring sensors only, a localized near-optimal algorithm is proposed to reduce communication costs, thus alleviating the channel interference and prolonging the network lifetime. Simulation results on a steel frame structure prove the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
The effects of space charge, dopants, and strain fields on surfaces and grain boundaries in YBCO compounds

Statistical thermodynamical and kinetically-limited models are applied to study the origin and evolution of space charges and band-bending effects at low-angle [001] tilt grain boundaries in YBa2Cu3O7 and the effects of Ca doping upon them. Atomistic simulations, using shell models of interatomic forces, are used to calculate the energetics of various relevant point defects. The intrinsic space charge profiles at ideal surfaces are calculated for two limits of oxygen contents, i.e. YBa2Cu3O6 and YBa2Cu3O7. At one limit, O6, the system is an insulator, while at O7 it is a metal. This is analogous to the intrinsic and doping cases of semiconductors. The site selections for doping calcium and creating holes are also investigated by calculating the heat of solution. In a continuum treatment, the volume of formation of doping calcium at Y-sites is computed. It is then applied to study the segregation of calcium ions to grain boundaries in the Y-123 compound. The influences of the segregation of calcium ions on space charge profiles are finally studied to provide one guide for understanding the improvement of transport properties by doping calcium at grain boundaries in the Y-123 compound.
Face Model Fitting on Low Resolution Images

Active Appearance Models (AAMs) represent the shape and appearance of an object via two low-dimensional subspaces, one for shape and one for appearance. AAMs for facial images are currently receiving considerable attention from the vision community. However, most existing work focuses on fitting AAMs to high-quality facial images. For many applications, effectively fitting an AAM to low-resolution facial images is of critical importance. This paper addresses this challenge from two aspects. On the modeling side, we propose an iterative AAM enhancement scheme, which not only results in increased fitting speed, but also improves the fitting robustness. For fitting AAMs to low-resolution images, we build a multi-resolution AAM and show that the best fitting performance is obtained when the model resolution is slightly higher than the facial image resolution. Experimental results using both indoor video and outdoor surveillance video are presented.
Advances in the design of ITK inhibitors.

Introduction: ITK is a member of the Tec family of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases that plays a central role in T-cell signaling. Its inhibition is seen as an attractive approach to the treatment of immune-mediated disorders. Insight into the function of ITK has emerged from studies on ITK-deficient mice, which exhibit defects in T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling and immune responses to pathogens. Although knockout studies provide an important contribution to the understanding of ITK inhibition, they have limitations in predicting the viability of small-molecule ITK inhibitors as therapeutic agents. Areas covered: Since the original publication of the structural information on the ITK enzyme, there have been a number of reports disclosing the discovery of ITK inhibitors from various chemical scaffolds. The authors present and describe the approaches followed by the various research groups in the field. An assessment of the various chemical tools available to the scientific community is also discussed, ...
Incidental teaching of language in the preschool.

"Incidental teaching" denotes a process whereby language skills of labelling and describing are learned in naturally occurring adult-child interactions. In the present study, 15-min daily samples of the spontaneous speech of 11 children were recorded during free play over eight months of preschool. After incidental teaching of compound sentences, increases in unprompted use of compound sentences were seen for all the children, first directed to teachers, and then to children, in accordance with who attended to the children's requests for play materials. The incidental teaching procedure also stimulated spontaneous variety in speech, and appears to have general applicability to child learning settings.
Restoration of oocyte maturational competency during the nonbreeding season with follicle-stimulating hormone stimulation in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis).

The in vitro maturation potential of oocytes retrieved during the nonbreeding season with or without prior in vivo low-dose FSH stimulation was studied in adult squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis). Additionally, the adequacy of various protein supplements in media used for oocyte maturation was investigated. Ovaries were removed from animals in the nonbreeding season (n = 9) with or without prior treatment with a low dose (1 mg) of FSH for four days before ovariectomy. Minimal estradiol elevation was observed in serum even with stimulation. For oocyte collection, ovaries were placed in warmed 21 mM HEPES-buffered Ham's F-10. Oocytes from unstimulated ovaries were retrieved and cultured (47 of 62 recovered) in bicarbonate-buffered Ham's F-10 medium containing 0.5% BSA as protein supplement. Negligible maturation was observed at 48 h (3 of 47; 6% ), and no fertilization was seen after insemination. Immature oocytes from animals stimulated with a low dose of FSH were cultured (69 of 94 recovered). With prior FSH stimulation, oocytes placed in 0.5% BSA medium matured (13 of 24; 54%) and fertilized (7 of 21; 33%) in marked contrast to oocytes from the nonstimulated monkeys. Additionally, 20% monkey serum and 20% human follicular fluid were studied as alternative protein supplements for the FSH-pretreated oocytes; these produced similar maturation rates (10 of 22, 45%; 10 of 23, 43%, respectively) and fertilization rates (8 of 21, 38%; 6 of 21, 29%, respectively). In some cases, 2 pronuclei were observed at 16 h and 4 cells were observed at 40 h. Of those activated, 63% showed cleavage ranging from 2 to 8 cells by 96 h. The results of this study in the squirrel monkey indicated that during the nonbreeding season, maturational competency was lost but could be restored by in vivo stimulation with a low dose of FSH. Additionally, the findings show that Ham's F-10 supplemented with either 0.5% BSA, 20% monkey serum, or 20% human follicular fluid will support maturation of squirrel monkey oocytes in vitro once competency has been achieved.
Robust reprojection methods for the resolution of the Gibbs phenomenon

Abstract The classical Gibbs phenomenon exhibited by global Fourier projections and interpolants can be resolved in smooth regions by reprojecting in a truncated Gegenbauer series, achieving high resolution recovery of the function up to the point of discontinuity. Unfortunately, due to the poor conditioning of the Gegenbauer polynomials, the method suffers both from numerical round-off error and the Runge phenomenon. In some cases the method fails to converge. Following the work in [D. Gottlieb, C.W. Shu, Atti Conv. Lincei 147 (1998) 39–48], a more general framework for reprojection methods is introduced here. From this insight we propose an additional requirement on the reprojection basis which ameliorates the limitations of the Gegenbauer reconstruction. The new robust Gibbs complementary basis yields a reliable exponentially accurate resolution of the Gibbs phenomenon up to the discontinuities.
Interplay between brain-derived neurotrophic factor and signal transduction modulators in the regulation of the effects of exercise on synaptic-plasticity

This study was designed to identify molecular mechanisms by which exercise affects synaptic-plasticity in the hippocampus, a brain area whose function, learning and memory, depends on this capability. We have focused on the central role that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may play in mediating the effects of exercise on synaptic-plasticity. In fact, this impact of exercise is exemplified by our finding that BDNF regulates the mRNA levels of two end products important for neural function, i.e. cAMP-response-element binding (CREB) protein and synapsin I. CREB and synapsin I have the ability to modify neuronal function by regulating gene-transcription and affecting synaptic transmission, respectively. Furthermore, we show that BDNF is capable of concurrently increasing the mRNA levels of both itself and its tyrosine kinaseB (TrkB) receptor, suggesting that exercise may employ a feedback loop to augment the effects of BDNF on synaptic-plasticity. The use of a novel microbead injection method in our blocking experiments and Taqman reverse transcription polymerase reaction (RT-PCR) for RNA quantification, have enabled us to evaluate the contribution of different pathways to the exercise-induced increases in the mRNA levels of BDNF, TrkB, CREB, and synapsin I. We found that although BDNF mediates exercise-induced hippocampal plasticity, additional molecules, i.e. the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, calcium/calmodulin protein kinase II and the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, modulate its effects. Since these molecules have a well-described association to BDNF action, our results illustrate a basic mechanism through which exercise may promote synaptic-plasticity in the adult brain.
Respective Answers to Coordinated Questions

That is, the ATB identity condition would require that Where denote the same location for the two gap sites in the conjoined predication. However, Munn argues that such examples do not in fact violate the identity condition. He instead concludes that such cases should be analyzed as functional readings along the lines of Chierchia (1993), for whom pair-list readings are a variety of functional reading. The schematic semantics for (1a) in this analysis is as shown in (2):
Mutation-order divergence by sexual selection: diversification of sexual signals in similar environments as a first step in speciation.

The origin of species remains a central question, and recent research focuses on the role of ecological differences in promoting speciation. Ecological differences create opportunities for divergent selection (i.e. ‘ecological’ speciation), a Darwinian hypothesis that hardly requires justification. In contrast, ‘mutation-order’ speciation proposes that, instead of adapting to different environments, populations find different ways to adapt to similar environments, implying that speciation does not require ecological differences. This distinction is critical as it provides an alternative hypothesis to the prevailing view that ecological differences drive speciation. Speciation by sexual selection lies at the centre of debates about the importance of ecological differences in promoting speciation; here, we present verbal and mathematical models of mutation-order divergence by sexual selection. We develop three general cases and provide a two-locus population genetic model for each. Results indicate that alternative secondary sexual traits can fix in populations that initially experience similar natural and sexual selection and that divergent traits and preferences can remain stable in the face of low gene flow. This stable divergence can facilitate subsequent divergence that completes or reinforces speciation. We argue that a mutation-order process could explain widespread diversity in secondary sexual traits among closely related, allopatric species.
Modeling Creativity For The Multinational Firm

Much has been written about the proliferation of the modern multinational corporation (MNC) as a primary driver of globalization [Bhagwati, 2004; Rugman and Verbeke 2004; Wolf. 2004]. A common theme shared by all MNCs expanding into foreign markets is the notion of how best to manage the knowledge assets of the firm from all perspectives in order to achieve maximum performance while concomitantly increasing the ability of the firm to innovate while expanding. This paper examines the processes of idea creation within multinational corporations in parallel with the role that information and communication technology (ICT) plays as a driver of that innovation.
The isolation of an immortalized and tumorigenic cell line from p21WAF1 null mouse bladders.

Given a role for the deregulation of p21 WAF1 in the progression of bladder tumors, we examined the growth of cultured urothelial cells from wild-type and p21WAF1 null bladders. Bladders were excised, minced from euthanized p21 WAF1 and wild-type mice, treated overnight with dispase, and then placed into flasks coated with collagen type I in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium with 10% fetal calf serum. After an overnight incubation, the media was replaced with a serumfree media and a portion of explants were treated with 12-O-tetrade-canoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on day 7 and continued for either 4 or 9 wk. The urothelial origin of any surviving epithelial cells was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using uroplakin II-specific primers, and the expression of the cell cycle-related proteins, p16INK4 and p19ARF, was examined by semiquantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting. Isolated wild-type and serially passaged p21WAF1 null epithelial-like cells were then injected subcutaneously into nude mice. We found that phorbol ester treatment at two different concentrations significantly significantly enhanced uroepithelial colony formation from isolated wild-type mouse bladder tissue. On the other hand, significantly fewer urothelial colonies were derived from p21WAF1 null bladder cells treated with phorbol ester. Although there was apparent senescence and cell death of epithelial foci and stromal cells in phorbol ester-treated and-untreated p21WAF1 null cultures, after 3 mo there was an apparent subpopulation of epitheloid cells that overgrew each flask. There was a significant decrease in the number of these serially passaged cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle when compared with initial explant wild-type or p21 WAF1 null cells. This subpopulation of epitheloid cells expressed the mouse uroplakin II gene, indicating a urothelial phenotype, but did also a high level of expression of the p53 protein and a significant decrease in the expression of the p19ARF transcript in both p21WAF1 null bladder and p21WAF1 null cells. These p21WAF1 null cells could be easily passaged and when injected subcutaneously into nude mice, large tumors developed. Therefore, it appears that a subpopulation of urothelial cells from the p21WAF1 null bladder can develop a tumorigenic phenotype in vitro.
A Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Simulation of the 10–11 June 1994 Coastally Trapped Wind Reversal

Abstract During the summer months, the California coast is under the influence of persistent northwesterly flow. Several times each summer, this regime is disrupted by coastally trapped wind reversals (CTWR) in which the northwesterly flow is replaced by southerlies in a narrow zone along the coast. Controversy exists as to the physical mechanisms responsible for initiation and maintenance of CTWRs. While it is clear that coastal terrain is important in creating the trapped response, the precise role played by terrain is unclear. In the present study, these issues are investigated using a nonhydrostatic mesoscale model to simulate the 10–11 June 1994 CTWR event. The results show that the model successfully reproduces many of the observed features of this event, including anomalous vertical structure involving the relatively shallow boundary layer with a warm, nearly neutral layer above; the northward propagation of southerly flow in advance of a tongue of coastal stratus/fog; and a substantial reduction i...
The Core Extrusion Schema-Revised: Hiding Oneself Predicts Severity of Social Interaction Anxiety.

Cognitive behavioral models of social anxiety disorder (SAD) suggest that fear of negative evaluation is a core fear or vulnerability for SAD. However, why negative evaluation is feared is not full...
All-optical-switching demonstration using two-photon absorption and the Zeno effect

Low-contrast all-optical Zeno switching has been demonstrated in a Si${}_{3}$N${}_{4}$ microdisk resonator coupled to warm atomic vapor. The device is based on the suppression of the resonant microcavity field buildup due to nondegenerate two-photon absorption. This experiment used one beam in a resonator and one in free space due to limitations related to device physics. These results suggest that a similar scheme with both beams resonant in the cavity would correspond to input power levels below 150 nW.
An Efficient Approach to Fault Identification in Urban Water Networks Using Multi-Level Sensing

The objective of this work is to develop an efficient and practical sensor placement method for the failure detection and localization in water networks. We formulate the problem as the minimum test cover problem (MTC) with the objective of selecting the minimum number of sensors required to uniquely identify and localize pipe failure events. First, we summarize a single-level sensing model and discuss an efficient fast greedy approach for solving the MTC problem. Simulation results on benchmark test networks demonstrate the efficacy of the fast greedy algorithm. Second, we develop a multi-level sensing model that captures additional physical features of the disturbance event, such as the time lapsed between the occurrence of disturbance and its detection by the sensor. Our sensor placement approach using MTC extends to the multi-level sensing model and an improved identification performance is obtained via reduced number of sensors (in comparison to single-level sensing model). In particular, we investigate the bi-level sensing model to illustrate the efficacy of employing multi-level sensors for the identification of failure events. Finally, we suggest extensions of our approach for the deployment of heterogeneous sensors in water networks by exploring the trade-off between cost and performance (measured in terms of the identification score of pipe/link failures).
Change within permanence: time and the bivalent logic of economic analysis

The logic of economic inquiry requires two distinct research programs. One program treats economic life in terms of invariant formal categories across time and place. The other program treats the continual generation of novelty and turbulence through time and human interaction. These programs are not commensurable: one cannot be reduced to the other. The former program must be conveyed by a theory of equilibrium; the latter program requires a process-based theory of emergent phenomena. Roy Weintraub articulated a neo-Walrasian research program in his General Equilibrium Analysis, and here I sketch a complementary neo-Mengerian program. In presenting this sketch, I also explain that needless analytical confusion and antagonism can result from a failure to recognize that economic analysis requires two distinct research programs. As a historical side-bar, Carl Menger probably recognized this situation, as evidenced by his correspondence with Leon Walras.
Inner-Loop Control of Momentum Devices

Implicit in a discussion of how to command the devices in momentum control system is the assumption that the devices faithfully track those commands. And yet, momentum devices exhibit several significant nonlinearities and can experience significant disturbances and errors. For this reason, momentum devices almost always include “inner loops” applying feedback control to the quantities of interest to ensure that those commands are tracked.
Instrumental escape as a function of UCS intensity, UCS reduction, and type of instructions

A key-tapping escape response was conditioned using 115, 95, or 65 db sound intensity for 90 trials. When given explicit instructions Ss were told that faster key tapping led to faster sound reduction. When given implicit instructions Ss were told only that key tapping was necessary when the sound was on. Response speed was faster with explicit rather than implicit instructions, and significantly faster at 115 db intensity as compared to 95 or 65 db intensities. The 95 db and 65 db groups did not differ significantly in performance. Further, a reduction in the magnitude of reward from complete reduction to only 20 db reduction for half of the Ss, after trial 45, produced no reliable change in performance.
Application of SEM API on PWQ Wafer SEM Review

Process Window Qualification (PWQ) is a good and well-established method to find systematic defects with high sensitivity and to qualify new masks and OPC revisions. The PWQ methodology is utilized to provide an extensive defectivity characterization to determine the absolute best conditions for focus and dose. This is achieved by taking into account the defectivity in the whole die and capturing all potential systematic defects. [1] This in turn had driven to more and more SEM review on this kind of PWQ wafer in wafer foundry. Manual SEM review of this PWQ wafer is time consuming and spending a lot of man power. In this paper, a new method of reviewing the PWQ wafer with API method and how it helps to resolve the current manual SEM review limitations is introduced.
Theory of the Normal State of Cuprate Superconductors

We propose a framework for the theory of the "normal" metallic state of the CuO 2 planes of high T c superconductors. This state is closely analogous to the known state of the one-dimensional Hubbard model, with spin excitations which can be thought of as chargeless ( Z = 0) Fermions occupying the interior of the conventional Fermi surface, and charged excitations which have zero energy near the spanning vectors 2 k F of that Fermi surface. The electron spectrum is the composite spectrum of two of these excitations, and can be fitted to angle-resolved photoemission data. When we do so we can calculate or estimate many properties of the normal state in excellent agreement with experiment, and show that the pair susceptibility is anomalously large and temperature-dependent, explaining the high T c and the specific heat behavior.
Blunt Pediatric Pancreatic Trauma: An Update

Blunt pediatric pancreatic trauma is a relatively uncommon problem, and historically has been difficult to manage in a protocolized fashion due to low patient volumes and a heterogeneity of injury severity. Symptoms can be subtle and insidious, and laboratory investigations and imaging studies can be misleading and even normal initially, often leading to a delay in diagnosis. More recently, the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma has standardized injury severity into formal grades, which has made treating and studying pancreatic trauma more manageable. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, clinical presentation, imaging, and management of pediatric pancreatic trauma, with a special in-depth emphasis on the most controversial area of management, patients with transection/major ductal injury. Complications and their management are also touched upon.
The effect of chloride and orthophosphate on the release of iron from a cast iron pipe section

“Colored water” resulting from suspended iron particles is a common drinking water consumer complaint which is largely impacted by water chemistry. A bench scale study, performed on a 90-year-old corroded cast-iron pipe section removed from a drinking water distribution system, was used to evaluate the effects of orthophosphate and chloride on iron release, color and turbidity. Experiments showed that an increase in chloride concentration of 100 mg/L significantly increased the concentration of iron released from the pipe section while the presence of orthophosphate at 3 mg/L decreased iron release. Chloride increased and orthophosphate decreased the water color and turbidity caused by the release of iron, but there was not a linear relationship with respect to the concentration of iron released. The control of chloride and orthophosphate concentrations is important in controlling the problem of colored water.
Results of decortication in chronic empyema with special reference of paragonimiasis.

During a recent 6 year period, we managed chronic empyema by decortication, either alone or in combination with thoracoplasty, in 58 patients: In 16 patients, the empyema was a complication of Paragonimus westermani infestation (PWI), in 20, tuberculosis (TB), and in 22, of varied origins. There were no operative deaths, and satisfactory or good results were obtained in 55 patients (94.8%). We believe that the result in a patient in whom thoracoplasty is required should be called satisfactory, not good. Only 55% of the TB group achieved a good result, compared with 89% of the other patients. Of the 10 patients who required a thoracoplasty, seven were in the TB group. Empyema complicating TB is associated with a higher incidence of fistula formation and is more difficult to treat than other empyemas. The empyema associated with PWI develops more slowly, tends to form fewer fistulas, and eventuates in a good result more often than empyema associated with TB. Two of our three poor results stemmed from failure to do a thoracoplasty when the lung did not expand. We recommend thoracoplasty when the lung does not expand well at operation; it should be done at the time of decortication to avoid the necessity for a second major procedure. Chronic empyema is a common complication of paragonimiasis in Korea and by inference in other parts of the world where PWI is endemic. As international travel increases, some patients with PWI and complicating empyema may be seen in the United States. American thoracic surgeons should be aware of this disease, its treatment and its chest complications.
Experimental and computational investigation of soot production from a premixed compression ignition engine using a load extension injection

Low temperature, highly premixed compression ignition strategies have proven to produce high efficiency and low soot emissions, but struggle to reach high loads within normal operating constraints....
Domestic Behaviour: Family and Kinship

The brotherhoods illustrated but one manner in which persons of African descent, both slaves and freedmen, could find cohesion and unity of purpose, and could act collectively in the social and economic environment of slavery which has generally been held to stifle, suppress, and even eradicate such traits. Those ethnic, communal, and kindred dimensions which often provided the underpinning for a brotherhood’s activities and functions were to find their greatest expression in domestic behaviour. Over the last two decades reappraisal of all aspects of the African diaspora has occurred at a time when that interest shown by individual scholars in the history of the family has emerged as a full-blown field of historical study with its own journals and even with subdivisions of study within this broader rubric. Econometricians, scholars of ideas and values, and anthropologists interested by behavioural patterns and social interaction, have found in family history data adequate to their specific needs. Both trends are apparent in the appearance of Herbert G. Gutman’s The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750–1925 (1976), which followed hard on the heels of John Blassingame’s The Slave Community (1972), Robert Fogel and Stanley Engerman’s Time on the Cross (1974), and Eugene Genovese’s Roll, Jordan; Roll (1974).
Beauty is in the belief of the beholder: cognitive influences on the neural response to facial attractiveness

Judgments of facial attractiveness are central to decision-making in various domains, but little is known about the extent to which they are malleable. In this study, we used EEG/ERP methods to examine two novel influences on neural and subjective responses to facial attractiveness: an observer's expectation and repetition. In each trial of our task, participants viewed either an ordinary or attractive face. To alter expectations, the faces were preceded by a peer-rating that ostensibly reflected the overall attractiveness value assigned to that face by other individuals. To examine the impact of repetition, trials were presented twice throughout the experimental session. Results showed that participants' expectations about a person's attractiveness level powerfully altered both the neural response (i.e. the late positive potential; LPP) and self-reported attractiveness ratings. Intriguingly, repetition enhanced both the LPP and self-reported attractiveness as well. Exploratory analyses further suggested that both observer expectation and repetition modulated early neural responses (i.e. the early posterior negativity; EPN) elicited by facial attractiveness. Collectively, these results highlight novel influences on a core social judgment that underlies individuals' affective lives.
Characterization of Brush Seal Permeability

A basis for the study of flow through a brush seal is established by applying the fundamentals of porous media fluid mechanics. Permeability, the measure of a medium’s ability to transmit flow, is one of the most important factors needed to characterize a brush seal’s ability to reduce leakage. Previous studies have indicated that the performance of a brush seal is highly dependent on operating conditions. By investigating how the permeability is affected by the operating conditions (pressure ratio specifically), further understanding of the performance of this type of seal is developed. Experimental data in the literature was used in tandem with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results in order to characterize how the permeability of a single-stage brush seal changes as the pressure ratio changes. For each value of pressure ratio, the permeability of the CFD model was adjusted until the leakage calculated from the model matched experimentally measured values. The physical mechanisms behind the observed variations in permeability are discussed. Explanations are proposed based on flutter and deformation of the bristles and how these phenomena can affect the internal tortuosity of the bristle pack. As pressure across the bristles increases, it is expected that they will bend under the backing plate to align with the flow direction in the clearance region, but the increase in pressure will also act to compress the bristle pack in the flow direction, decreasing the spacing between bristles and reducing their ability to move relative to each other, thereby reducing the effective permeability of the bristle pack. By demonstrating the dependence of permeability on operating conditions, it is shown that the common assumption of constant permeability coefficients can often result in an insufficient model. Assumptions regarding the model of a bristle pack as an isotropic porous media are discussed, and the validity and utility of this model are assessed. This paper provides important insight into what a reasonable value of permeability of a typical brush seal is, and how that value may change as a function of operating conditions.© 2016 ASME
Phosphorylation of ARF2 Relieves Its Repression of Transcription of the K+ Transporter Gene HAK5 in Response to Low Potassium Stress

Potassium (K+) plays crucial roles in plant growth and development. In natural environments, K+ availability in soils is relatively low and fluctuating. Transcriptional regulation of K+ transporter genes is one of the most important mechanisms in the plant's response to K+ deficiency. In this study, we demonstrated that the transcription factor ARF2 (Auxin Response Factor 2) modulates the expression of the K+ transporter gene HAK5 (High Affinity K+ transporter 5) in Arabidopsis thaliana The arf2 mutant plants showed a tolerant phenotype similar to the HAK5-overexpressing lines on low-K+ medium, whose primary root lengths were longer than those of wild-type plants. High-affinity K+ uptake was significantly increased in these plants. ARF2-overexpressing lines and the hak5 mutant were both sensitive to low-K+ stress. Disruption of HAK5 in the arf2 mutant abolished the low-K+-tolerant phenotype of arf2 As a transcriptional repressor, ARF2 directly bound to the HAK5 promoter and repressed HAK5 expression under K+ sufficient conditions. ARF2 can be phosphorylated after low-K+ treatment, which abolished its DNA binding activity to the HAK5 promoter and relieved the inhibition on HAK5 transcription. Therefore, HAK5 transcript could be induced, and HAK5-mediated high-affinity K+ uptake was enhanced under K+ deficient conditions. The presented results demonstrate that ARF2 plays important roles in the response to external K+ supply in Arabidopsis and regulates HAK5 transcription accordingly.
Evolution Acceptance Among Undergraduates in the South

Over the last two decades, studies and opinion polls have sought to quantify and qualify acceptance of the facts and theory of evolution by Americans in the public and at schools and universities. These studies and polls typically examine associations between evolution acceptance and factors such as age, religiosity, or education experience. Fewer studies have considered how evolution acceptance is associated with types of variables such as personal interests, behaviors, and decision-making. This chapter reviews research on populations of undergraduates attending large public universities in the southeastern and southwestern United States. I consider how exposure to the theory and facts of evolution during K-12 and undergraduate schooling is associated with undergraduate students’ interests, behaviors, and decision-making about social issues that have a scientific basis.
A Novel Plasmodium falciparum Microneme Protein Interacts with Host Band 3 during Red Cell Invasion.

Clinical manifestation of Plasmodium falciparum malaria is directly linked to the blood stage of the parasite life cycle. At the blood stage, circulating merozoites invade red blood cells (RBCs) through multiple receptor-ligand interactions that mediate a complex series of events in a period of approximately one minute. Certain strains of P. falciparum favor an invasion mechanism that depends on sialic acid residues on the host RBC surface, while other strains favor a sialic acid-independent mechanism to invade RBCs. Two putative non-glycosylated extracellular regions of human RBC band 3 termed, 5ABC and 6A, function as an invasion receptor binding the 42 kDa C-terminal processing product of P. falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP1 42 ) and its 19-kDa secondary processing product (MSP1 19 ) by a sialic acid-independent mechanism. Earlier, we reported screening of a P. falciparum cDNA library in a yeast two-hybrid system, which led to the identification of P. falciparum merozoite surface protein 9 (MSP9) as another parasite surface protein that interacts with the 5ABC receptor region of band 3. MSP9 formed a co-ligand complex with MSP1 42 and/or MSP1 19 in their native forms. Here, we present identification of a novel P. falciparum microneme protein from the previous cDNA library screen. Primary sequence analysis of a positive clone in the library screen revealed a cDNA fragment in the correct open reading frame of a novel P. falciparum gene of 1,221 bps, encoding a hypothetical protein of 406 amino acids. Further sequence analysis predicted it is a membrane protein transversing the lipid bilayer multiple times. Anti-peptide antibody raised against a predicted non-membrane domain recognized a single band at ~49 kDa (calculated mass, 46.9 kDa) from the P. falciparum protein extract by Western blotting. Protein co-localization studies that employed established markers for the merozoite surface, rhoptries, and micronemes by an indirect immunofluorescence assay suggested that the ~49 kDa protein was expressed in micronemes at trophozoite/schizont stages. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that the 49 kDa protein is indeed localized primarily to micronemes in the merozoites. Based on our characterization, we have tentatively named this novel protein as microneme-associated membrane antigen 1 (MAMA1). Functional studies demonstrate that the MAMA1 antibody blocked RBC invasion by P. falciparum (3D7 strain) in vitro , in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, MAMA1 presumably embedded in small vesicles present in the parasite protein extract bound to intact human RBCs, and the MAMA1-RBC binding was neuraminidase and trypsin resistant, but chymotrypsin sensitive. Native MAMA1 bound specifically to the 5ABC peptide of band 3 in our solution binding assay. Together, these results suggest that the novel microneme protein MAMA1 interacts with host band 3 and facilitates merozoite entry during RBC invasion.
Soda Metasomatism in the East-Shasta Copper-Zinc District, Northern California

In this paper albitic volcanic, intrusive, and tuffaceous sedimentary rocks ranging from mafic to felsic in composition and from Middle Devonian to Late Jurassic in age are described. Most of the rocks contain albite as the only feldspar and fall into the petrographic classification of keratophyre and quartz keratophyre. Spilite, meta-andesite, metadacite, metabasalt, albite diabase, meta-quartz diorite, and albite granite are other petrographic types. Virtually all the rocks retain their primary structures and textures although they contain abundant chlorite, fine-grained white mica, actinolite, and other minerals of secondary origin. Fresh augite coexists with albite in a few specimens Albite of demonstrably secondary origin occurs as partial replacement of plagioclase, and as veinlets, amygdule fillings and overgrowths. It is concluded from the abundance and widespread distribution of demonstrably secondary albite that virtually all the albite in the rocks of the area is secondary, formed principally if not entirely by soda metasomatism during a Late Jurassic orogeny. The albitizing agents are believed to have been hot aqueous ftuids derived from one or any combination of three possible sources: (1) resurgent sea water, (2) a subjacent pluton of trondhjemite, and/or (3) hydrous minerals undergoing metamorphism to less hydrous types.
Maize Centromeres and Knobs (neocentromeres)

In most species, the only chromosomal domains that interact with the cytoskeleton are the centromeres. However in maize there are two motile domains: the centromeres and knobs/neocentromeres. Intensive research has been conducted on both domains. The intent of this review is to provide a broad overall perspective on centromere and knob structure, to compare and contrast their behavior, and to summarize current interpretations of their evolutionary past.
Behavior of flexural gravity waves on ice shelves: Application to the Ross Ice Shelf

Ocean waves continuously impact floating ice shelves and affect their stress regime. Low-frequency, long-period (75-400 s), ocean waves are able to reach ice-shelf cavities from distant sources and excite flexural gravity waves that represent coupled motion in the water of the cavity and the ice covering above. Analytic treatment of simplified geometric configuration and three-dimensional numerical simulations of these flexural gravity waves applied to the Ross Ice Shelf show that propagation and ice-shelf flexural stresses are strongly controlled by the geometry of the system, bathymetry of the ice-shelf cavity, and ice-shelf cavity thickness. The derived dispersion relationships, group and phase velocities of these waves can be used to infer poorly constrained characteristics of ice shelves from field observations. The results of numerical simulations show that the flexural gravity waves propagate as beams. The orientation of these beams is determined by the direction of the open ocean waves incident on the ice-shelf front. The higher frequency ocean waves cause larger flexural stresses, while lower frequency waves can propagate farther away from the ice-shelf front and cause flexural stresses in the vicinity of the grounding line.
Risk-averse sensor planning using distributed policy gradient

This paper considers a risk-averse approach to planning the motion of mobile sensor networks in order to maximize the information they collect in uncertain environments. Recent models of risk shape the tails of the probability distributions of the decision variables, controlling in this way the occurrence of rare but important events. In this paper, we formulate the sensor planning problem as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) and propose a distributed risk-averse policy gradient method to obtain optimal policies for the team of sensors. These policies avoid extremely low reward and high risk events. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed distributed risk-averse method.
Perinatal high fat diet increases inhibition of dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus neurons regulating gastric functions.

Background Previous studies suggest an increased inhibition of dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurons following exposure to a perinatal high fat diet (PNHFD); the underlying neural mechanisms, however, remain unknown. This study assessed the effects of PNHFD on inhibitory synaptic inputs to DMV neurons and the vagally dependent control of gastric tone and motility. Methods Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were made from DMV neurons in thin brainstem slices from Sprague-Dawley rats fed either a control diet or HFD (14 or 60% kcal from fat, respectively) from embryonic day 13 onwards; gastric tone and motility were recorded in in vivo anesthetized rats. Key results The non-selective GABAA antagonist, BIC (10 μmol L-1 ), induced comparable inward currents in PNHFD and control DMV neurons, but a larger current in PNHFD neurons at higher concentrations (50 μmol L-1 ). Differences were not apparent in neuronal responses to the phasic GABAA antagonist, gabazine (GBZ), the extrasynaptic GABAA agonist, THIP, the GABA transport blocker, nipecotic acid, or the gliotoxin, fluoroacetate, suggesting that PNHFD altered inhibitory transmission but not GABAA receptor density or function, GABA uptake or glial modulation of synaptic strength. Similarly, the increase in gastric motility and tone following brainstem microinjection of low doses of BIC (1-10 pmoles) and GBZ (0.01-0.1 pmoles) were unchanged in PNHFD rats while higher doses of BIC (25 pmoles) induced a significantly larger increase in gastric tone compared to control. Conclusions and inferences These studies suggest that exposure to PNHFD increases the tonic inhibition of DMV neurons, possibly contributing to dysregulated vagal control of gastric functions.
Ideological Concerns in the Operationalization of Homophobia, Part II: The Need for Interpretive Sensitivity with Conservatively Religious Persons:

Building on the first article in this series (Rosik, 2007), the present study provided empirical analyses to determine the degree to which the relationship between conservative religion and homopho...