cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The worst case analysis of strong knapsack facets

In this paper we identify strong facet defining inequalities for the master knapsack polytope. Our computational experiments for small master knapsack problems show that 1 / k-facets for small values of k ($$k\le 4$$k≤4) are strong facets for the knapsack polytope. We show that this finding is robust by proving that the removal of these facets from the master knapsack polytope significantly weakens the resulting relaxation in the worst case. We show that the 1 / k-facets for $$k = 1$$k=1 are the strongest in that their removal from the master knapsack polytope weakens the relaxation by a factor of 3 / 2 in the worst case. We then show that the 1 / k-facets with $$k = 3$$k=3 or 4 are the next strongest. We also show that the strength of the 1 / k-facets weakens as k grows and that the 1 / k-facets with k even are stronger than the 1 / k-facets with k odd.
Editorial: A New Era for Translation Review

(1995). Editorial: A New Era for Translation Review. Translation Review: Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 1-1.
The Opportunities and Controversies of Reversible Computing

Industry's inability to reduce logic gates' energy consumption is slowing growth in an important part of the worldwide economy. Some scientists argue that alternative approaches could greatly reduce energy consumption. These approaches entail myriad technical and political issues.
Isolation of nematode DNA from 100 g of soil using Fe 3 O 4 super paramagnetic nanoparticles

An economical method for extracting nematode DNA from 100 g of soil was developed to facilitate nematode detection and quantification, and tested using the Northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla . The method utilised enzymatic laundry detergent lysis, Fe 3 O 4 super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) capture, and polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) purification. Resultant DNA from this SPION capture method was approximately 100-fold less but of similar quality to DNA obtained from a standard phenol procedure and a commercial DNA extraction kit. An addition of 10 mg of nanoparticles to the extraction lysate was identified to maximise DNA yield while minimising co-capture of contaminants. The detection limit of the SPION capture method was approximately 100 nematodes (100 g soil) −1 . The SPION capture method extracted nematode DNA from mineral soils but requires further optimisation for extraction from high organic matter ( i.e. , ‘muck’) soils. The benefits of this method compared to alternative techniques are discussed.
Analytical Solution of the Tracer Model

Our model for tracer kinetics in an n-compartment system is the set of first order linear differential equations $$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {\dot x(t) = Ax(t) + b(t),\;t \geq 0,} \\ {x(0) = x_0 } \\ \end{array} $$ (10.1) where x(t) is the n×l state vector for the amounts of tracer in the compartments, b(t) is the n×l driving vector of tracer inputs, and A is an n×n compartmental matrix of constant fractional transfer coefficients.
Psychosocial Considerations in Sickle Cell Disease (SCD): The Transition from Adolescence to Young Adulthood

Sickle cell disease (SCD) occurs in 1 of every 400 to 500 African American births. Despite its prevalence, there has been a relative dearth of attention paid to SCD in the psychological literature. African American SCD adolescents and young adults, individuals at an already vulnerable developmental stage, are at increased risk for psychological distress and psychosocial impairments (e.g., depression and low self-esteem, poor social and academic/vocational functioning). Such difficulties often result in problematic adherence to medical regimens, and thus represent a potentially serious clinical and public health problem that merits the attention of psychologists working in medical settings. This article (1) reviews the psychosocial needs peculiar to SCD patients transitioning from adolescence to young adulthood; (2) applies a culturally informed stress-coping-adjustment framework to assess and address the psychological status, psychosocial functioning, and disease outcomes of these individuals; and (3) describes a culturally and developmentally sensitive, psychoeducational group intervention.
Making It Meaning Full: Postmodern Public Administration and Symbolic Interactionism

Ten years ago Charles Fox and Hugh Miller (1995) published Postmodern Public Administration, which made a strong case for a discourse model of public administration and policy-making. Around the same time other books on discourse appeared, which helped create the sense that a discourse movement was underway within the discipline of public administration. This paper argues that if this movement truly is to effect a “sea change” within the discipline, then it is important to conduct empirical research informed by interpretive methods that investigates how meanings are produced and disseminated, how meanings are collectively established in actual policy and administrative situations, and how norms are introduced, negotiated, shared, and applied to policy and administrative situations. What is needed, then, is a broad, theoretical perspective that is compatible with Fox and Miller's discourse theory, but which also can serve to guide scholars' efforts to conduct empirical research into policy and administrati...
Rapid Anxiety and Depression Diagnosis in Young Children Enabled by Wearable Sensors and Machine Learning

This paper presents a new approach for diagnosing anxiety and depression in young children. Currently, diagnosis requires hours of structured clinical interviews and standardized questionnaires spread over days or weeks. We propose the use of a 90-second fear induction task during which time participant motion is monitoring using a commercially available wearable sensor. Machine learning and data extracted from the most clinically feasible 20-second phase of the task are used to predict diagnosis in a sample of children with and without an internalizing diagnosis. We examine the performance of a variety of feature sets and modeling approaches to identify the best performing logistic regression that provides a diagnostic accuracy of 80%. This accuracy is comparable to existing diagnostic techniques, but at a small fraction of the time and cost currently required. These results point toward the future use of this approach in a clinical setting for diagnosing children with internalizing disorders.
Deep Domain Adaptation

Learning with limited labeled data is always a challenge in AI problems, and one of promising ways is transferring well-established source domain knowledge to the target domain, i.e., domain adaptation. Recent researches on transfer learning exploit deep structures for discriminative feature representation to tackle cross-domain disparity. However, few of them are able to joint feature learning and knowledge transfer in a unified deep framework. In this chapter, we develop three novel deep domain adaptation approaches for knowledge transfer. First, we propose a Deep Low-Rank Coding framework (DLRC) for transfer learning. The core idea of DLRC is to jointly learn a deep structure of feature representation and transfer knowledge via an iterative structured low-rank constraint, which aims to deal with the mismatch between source and target domains layer by layer. Second, we propose a novel Deep Transfer Low-rank Coding (DTLC) framework to uncover more shared knowledge across source and target in a multi-layer manner. Specifically, we extend traditional low-rank coding with one dictionary to multi-layer dictionaries by jointly building multiple latent common dictionaries shared by two domains. Third, we propose a novel deep model called “Deep Adaptive Exemplar AutoEncoder”, where we build a spectral bisection tree to generate source-target data compositions as the training pairs fed to autoencoders, and impose a low-rank coding regularizer to ensure the transferability of the learned hidden layer.
The U.S. Electricity Market Twenty Years after Restructuring: A Review Experience in the State of Delaware

Abstract Electricity industry restructuring in the United States, which began in the 1990s, was aimed at enhancing market competitiveness and lead to efficient resource allocation and cost reduction. The state of Delaware was one of the earliest adopters of restructuring and has gained more than 20 years of experience. The retail customers in a restructured market had greater opportunities to choose between electricity generators. However, this research compares electricity prices and finds that restructured states have higher electricity rates than non-restructured states. A better understanding of the welfare and satisfaction of electricity customers in the context of restructuring is needed.
Net secretion of furosemide is subject to indomethacin inhibition, as observed in Caco-2 monolayers and excised rat jejunum.

Purpose. To determine if intestinal secretion occurs for the poorly bioavailable diuretic, furosemide.
Unusually Lewis basic pro-azaphosphatranes

The title compounds of the type P(RNCH2CH2)3N (1, R = H; 2, R = Me; 3, R = CHz2Ph) display the unexpected basicity trend 1 < 2 < 3 with respect to protonation which forms the azaphosphatranes (4, R = H; 5, R = Me; 6, R = CH2Ph). The unusual basicity order 1 < 2 < 3 is also supported by the trend in 1JPSe values obtained for SeP(RNCH2CH2)3N (8, R = H; 9, R = CH2Ph; 10, R = Me). Deprotonation of 4 is shown to produce a variety of deprotonated derivatives which were trapped by alkylation with MeI. A favored rationale for the unusual weakness of 4 as a protonic acid (pKa in DMSO, 29.6) is an unusual stability of the axial three-center four-electron bond signalled by the unusually high field 31P chemical shift of this cation (—42 ppm). Ungewohnlich Lewis-basische Pro-azaphosphatrane Die Titelverbindungen des Typs P(RNCH2CH2)3N (1, R = H; 2, R = Me; 3, R = CH2Ph) zeigen den unerwarteten Basizitatsgang 1 < 2 < 3 in bezug zur Protonierung, wobei die Azaphosphatrane (4, R = H; 5, R = Me; 6, R = CH2Ph) gebildet werden. Die ungewohnliche Basizitatsreihe 1 < 2 < 3 wird auch bekraftigt durch den Gang der 1JPSe-Werte von SeP(RNCH2CH2)3N (8, R = H; 9, R = CH2Ph; 10, R = Me). Deprotonierung von 4 ergibt eine Anzahl von deprotonierten Derivaten, die durch Alkylierung mit Mel abgefangen werden konnen. Eine gute Erklarung fur die unerwartete Weichheit von 4 als protonierte Saure (pKa in DMSO, 29,6) ist die ungewohnliche Stabilitat der axialen Dreizentren-Vierelektronen-Bindung, die durch die ungewohnliche 31P-Hochfeldverschiebung fur dieses Kation (—42 ppm) angezeigt wird.
The Mexican revolution’s wake: the making of a political system, 1920–1929

Can postrevolutionary Mexico be better understood from its alleged geographical and political margins? How did a decade of factional struggle give way to the seeming paradox of an “institutionalize...
A unified approach to evaluating precipitation frequency estimates with uncertainty quantification: Application to Florida and California watersheds

Abstract Although a variety of climate datasets are now available, including observational and model products, there remains a pressing need for the development of a unified, automated and application-focused approach for evaluating and comparing climate extremes within and across these datasets. Precipitation frequency (PF) estimates for extreme precipitation events are useful decision-relevant quantities among water managers. Our objective and quantitative framework for computing PF estimates of any duration uses known techniques in a novel combination. Our framework consists of three steps: (1) use of a regionalization-based statistical method for precipitation frequency estimation at observed sites; this involves hierarchical clustering (here we used Ward’s method) for delineating homogeneous regions, and regional frequency analysis using L-moments; (2) use of kriging for spatial mapping because of its advantages over other conventional interpolation methods; (3) use of z-scores accounts for estimation uncertainties when comparing PF estimates between datasets. The 24-h PF estimates in the Kissimmee-Southern Florida watershed (flat topography) and the Sacramento-San Joaquin watershed (complex topography) demonstrate the applicability of this approach in regions of any geographical complexity. Our results are shown to be reasonably calibrated using the probability integral transform (PIT) histogram of the best fitted distribution. Our results are compared with that of the NOAA Atlas 14 reports and show that for most of the stations the two estimates are statistically indistinguishable; and, the confidence intervals of our estimates are narrower than those of the NOAA estimates. Our approach is applicable to a variety of datasets and provides a baseline for assessing performance of climate models in historical simulations – a necessary first step towards analyzing future projections.
Social Services and Visiting/Returning to Japan

Despite the great majority of them being fluent in English, albeit in a lesser extent among those in Australia, participants expressed their strong desire to have a support group for LGBT diasporas from Japan. This chapter examines some of the services and events they wish a support group could offer, including an immigration-related service, an LGBT emergency shelter, and social events. On the other hand, while showing a strong interest for participating in a support group for LGBT immigrants from Japan, the great majority of the participants stated that they would not return to Japan even if legal protection of human rights among LGBT individuals were guaranteed in Japan. Through their narratives, this chapter comparatively examines some of the major problems LGBT individuals are facing in contemporary Japanese society.
The Effect of a Toothbrush Handle Design in Combating Microbial Contamination.

OBJECTIVES This study aims to assess the difference in microbial contamination of a toothbrush with a smooth handle versus a toothbrush with a grooved handle design. METHODS Twenty-six volunteers were randomized into two groups. The first group used a smooth handle toothbrush for two months, followed by a grooved handle toothbrush for two months. The second group had the order reversed. Following the two-month use, the toothbrushes were submitted for microbial analysis. Effect size, as well as Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to calculate the differences between total colony count, bacterial DNA, and endotoxin levels from the two toothbrush handle types. RESULTS There was no significant difference in colony count between the smooth (mean 580 CFU/mL, SD 1,684 CFU/mL) and grooved (mean 19,059 CFU/mL, SD 80,972 CFU/mL) handles (p = 0.12). Total DNA count was significantly less (p = 0.01) on the smooth handle (mean 68,038 RFU/mL, SD 81,659) compared to the grooved handle (mean 209,312 RFU/mL, SD 257,169 RFU/mL). Endotoxin levels were significantly less (p = 0.01) on the smooth handle (mean 0.16 EU/mL, SD 0.30 EU/mL) compared to the grooved handle (mean 0.43 EU/mL, SD 0.49 EU/mL). CONCLUSIONS The smooth handle toothbrush had significantly less bacterial contamination compared to the grooved handle toothbrush, as measured by total DNA count and endotoxin levels.
Manifestations of Sex and Gender on Web-Based Platforms

Analyzing the content of the written comments posted on RateMyProfessors.com, this chapter assesses how faculty sex/gender shapes student evaluations of college faculty, and the implications that arise from the patterns.
Multi-modal Stochastic Resonance to Enhance Astronaut Perceptual Performance: Experimental Design

Astronauts on future deep space exploration missions will need to maintain excellent performance to ensure safety and mission success. To enhance neurocognitive and task performance, stochastic resonance (SR) may be used to enhance “information transfer” to the brain across multiple sensory modalities, reducing the cognitive workload associated with complex tasks. SR is achieved when white noise is added to a perceptual channel (e.g., auditory, vestibular, visual, etc.), and resonates with the underlying primary signal. Our overarching study seeks to examine SR in the context of improved perceptual thresholds; specifically, we hypothesize humans can perceive smaller magnitude stimuli with the addition of SR white noise. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to experimental design aimed at reducing the time necessary for accurate and precise perceptual threshold measurement. In the two-interval task used for this study, the subject must indicate which of the two intervals they thought the stimulus occurred in (stimulus detection). A stimulus detection task has been chosen to avoid biases in the subject's decision criteria. Each two interval sequence is called a trial; by collecting binary (correct, not correct) data on a given subject (at a given SR noise level) over a series of trials, a threshold can be estimated by fitting a psychometric curve. Measurement of thresholds can be exhausting for subjects, especially if many thresholds are measured in quick succession. Therefore, to avoid fatigue confounding performance it is important that the number of trials, and thus time, are minimized. To this effect, we use computational methods to simulate threshold measurement. The simulations seek to show how many trials are necessary for a threshold measurement accurate and precise enough to discern the presence of SR. With such simulations, we have developed an experimental design that is likely to identify SR if it exists while minimizing the number of trials required.
Arrhythmia Classification using Deep Learning and Machine Learning with Features Extracted from Waveform-based Signal Processing

Arrhythmia is a serious cardiovascular disease, and early diagnosis of arrhythmia is critical. In this study, we present a waveform-based signal processing (WBSP) method to produce state-of-the-art performance in arrhythmia classification. When performing WBSP, we first filtered ECG signals, searched local minima, and removed baseline wandering. Subsequently, we fit the processed ECG signals with Gaussians and extracted the parameters. Afterwards, we exploited the products of WBSP to accomplish arrhythmia classification with our proposed machine learning-based and deep learning-based classifiers. We utilized MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database to validate WBSP. Our best classifier achieved 98.8% accuracy. Moreover, it reached 96.3% sensitivity in class V and 98.6% sensitivity in class Q, which both share one of the best among the related works. In addition, our machine learning-based classifier accomplished identifying four waveform components essential for automated arrhythmia classification: the similarity of QRS complex to a Gaussian curve, the sharpness of the QRS complex, the duration of and the area enclosed by P-wave.Clinical relevance— Early diagnosis and automated classification of arrhythmia is clinically essential.
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ Colonization Inside Citrus Plant and Huanglongbing Disease Development

‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas), the causal agent of citrus huanglongbing (HLB), colonizes inside the phloem and is naturally transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). Here, we inve...
Can Captured ISIS Fighters Be Prosecuted for Genocide in an International Tribunal

The International Criminal Court can exercise jurisdiction over parties for genocide, but it likely cannot do so in connection with the genocide committed by ISIS. There are only a limited number of options available, and thus far, none seems workable. The short-term result is that we are not likely to see the international community formally bring ISIS and its members to book for their crimes any time soon in the ICC. Nonetheless, there is hope that a recent U.N.-initiated investigation might lead to a prosecution by Iraq. If Iraq does so, the resolution spawning that prosecution “may be looked back on as a major milestone in the path toward justice for the countless victims of ISIS in Iraq.”
NASA Telesuit: Designing a Spacesuit Layer for Information Displays with Augmented Reality Environments

The 2020 NASA SUITS (Spacesuit User Interface Technologies for Students) Challenge asked student finalists to develop a user interface for a head-mounted display (HMD) in an AR device to assist astronauts with specific tasks by providing vital information and instructions. The KSU Team was composed of an interdisciplinary group of students and mentors. In order to address the mission's tasks and enhance astronaut performance, the team designed and developed a wearable research device. Using Human-Centered Design (HCD), areas of improvement were investigated and synthesized into a design that focused on the user. The process employed: historic/current research, analysis of current events, qualitative interviews with key personnel, analysis of current biometric type garments, industry contact, and mentor feedback. This study provides insight to help guide designers and manufactures to develop adequate gear that centers around the wearer and not only meets astronauts’ unique needs, but actively assists them on their mission.
Machado de Assis: Epitaph of a Small Winner (Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas)

While talking about Bras Cubas one cannot divorce oneself from the significant style of the novel and its allegiance to being what John Barth once called the “proto-post-modern” novel. In 1866, Machado wrote that his ideal for the Brazilian novel was “the literary novel, a novel that combines the study of the human passions with poetry’s delicate and original touches.” The novel he wrote was altogether different from what was being written at the time and what he was writing as well. This chapter explores Machado’s impassioned influence not only on Latin American letters but on world letters as well and how his novel was really the progenitor for the Latin American Boom.
Pyrethroid bioaccumulation in field-collected insecticide-resistant Hyalella azteca

Wild-type Hyalella azteca are highly sensitive to pyrethroid insecticides and typically do not survive exposure; however, pyrethroid bioaccumulation by insecticide-resistant H. azteca is an important potential risk factor for the transfer of pyrethroids to higher trophic species in aquatic systems. In the current study, four populations of pyrethroid-resistant H. azteca with corresponding sediment samples were sampled throughout the year, and nine-current use pyrethroids (tefluthrin, fenpropathrin, bifenthrin, cyhalothrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, esfenvalerate and deltamethrin) were measured. Bifenthrin was detected in every pyrethroid-resistant H. azteca tissue sample, up to 813 ng/g lipid, while cyhalothrin and permethrin were detected in fewer (18 and 28%, respectively) samples. Concurrent sampling of the sediment showed total pyrethroid concentrations exceeding toxic unit thresholds for non-resistant H. azteca survival, and confirmed the ubiquitous presence of bifenthrin at each site and sampling event. Bifenthrin concentrations in H. azteca tended to be higher in samples collected in winter months, and seasonal factors, such as temperature and rainfall, may have contributed to the noted differences in bioaccumulation. Finally, the bifenthrin and permethrin biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) for pyrethroid-resistant H. azteca were similar to the BSAF values for less sensitive invertebrates, and therefore the development of resistance may enable an additional pathway for trophic transfer of pyrethroids in species that would otherwise be too sensitive to survive the exposure.
Effect of uncompensable heat from the wildland firefighter helmet

Heat accumulation from wearing personal protective equipment can result in the development of heat-related illnesses. This study aimed to investigate factors of heat stress with and without a US standard issue wildland firefighter helmet. Ten male subjects finished a 90-min exercise protocol in a heat chamber (35°C and 30% relative humidity), with standard issue meta-aramid shirt and pants and a cotton t-shirt, and either with or without a wildland firefighter helmet. A randomised crossover design was implemented, with a minimum 2-week washout period. Heart rate, physiologic strain index, perceived head heat, head heat and skin blood flow of the head and neck were measured. At the conclusion of the 90-min trial, heart rate, physiological strain index, core temperature, rating of perceived exertion and perceived head heat showed a main effect of time (P < 0.05). Perceived head heat and head heat exhibited a main effect of trial (P < 0.05). The change in physiologic strain was positively correlated with the change in skin blood flow of the head (r = 0.72, P = 0.02). These data suggest that the current wildland firefighter helmet contributes to heat accumulation. The design of the wildland firefighter helmet lacks ventilation, which, from these data, may result in metabolic alterations and perceived discomfort.
The biocompatibility of titanium cardiovascular devices seeded with autologous blood-derived endothelial progenitor cells: EPC-seeded antithrombotic Ti implants.

Implantable and extracorporeal cardiovascular devices are commonly made from titanium (Ti) (e.g. Ti-coated Nitinol stents and mechanical circulatory assist devices). Endothelializing the blood-contacting Ti surfaces of these devices would provide them with an antithrombogenic coating that mimics the native lining of blood vessels and the heart. We evaluated the viability and adherence of peripheral blood-derived porcine endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), seeded onto thin Ti layers on glass slides under static conditions and after exposure to fluid shear stresses. EPCs attached and grew to confluence on Ti in serum-free medium, without preadsorption of proteins. After attachment to Ti for 15 min, less than 5% of the cells detached at a shear stress of 100 dyne / cm2. Confluent monolayers of EPCs on smooth Ti surfaces (Rq of 10 nm), exposed to 15 or 100 dyne / cm2 for 48 h, aligned and elongated in the direction of flow and produced nitric oxide dependent on the level of shear stress. EPC-coated Ti surfaces had dramatically reduced platelet adhesion when compared to uncoated Ti surfaces. These results indicate that peripheral blood-derived EPCs adhere and function normally on Ti surfaces. Therefore EPCs may be used to seed cardiovascular devices prior to implantation to ameliorate platelet activation and thrombus formation.
The influence of continuous improvement practices on learning: An empirical study

A look at whether continuous improvement practices directly affect organizational improvement, or whether their impact is mediated by learning, which then leads to improved performance.
Comparison of the nucleic acid contents in various tissues of mice: Lymph nodes and thymus of non-leukemic and leukemic Ak mice, and livers of normal C3H mice

Abstract 1. 1. The concentration of the DNA was not altered significantly in the malignant cells (lymph nodal and thymic) of either the spontaneous or transmitted leukemic variety as compared to the corresponding cells of non-leukemic Ak mice. 2. 2. There is significantly more PNA in the thymic cells of the spontaneous and transmitted leukemic Ak mice than there is in the corresponding cells of the non-leukemic Ak mice. 3. 3. In the spontaneous leukemic Ak group, the PNA values are greater for the thymic cells than they are for the nodal cells, while the DNA concentrations did not vary in the cells of the corresponding tissues. 4. 4. In the non-leukemic and the transmitted leukemic Ak groups, the PNA content of the lymph nodal cells is greater than that of the thymic cells, while the DNA concentrations did not vary in the cells of the corresponding tissues. 5. 5. When cell fragments are being prepared by centrifugal fractionation for a study of the distribution of nucleic acids (such as the studies of Schneider [11,12]), the investigator must be absolutely positive that there is no enzymatic hydrolysis or degradation of the nucleoprotein before it is extracted. Otherwise, the quantity and distribution can not be considered as representative. 6. 6. The reproducibility of the extraction procedure used in this paper is extremely good (92–98 per cent). However, when the perchloric acid extraction procedure is used, all of the so-called “washes” must be monitored for pentose activity.
Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, US Intervention, and Hegemony

Introduction: from East-West to North-South: US intervention in the 'new world order' 1. From 'straight power concepts' to 'persuasion' in US foreign policy 2. Political operations in US foreign policy 3. The Philippines: 'molded in the image of American democracy' 4. Chile: ironing out a 'Fluke' of the political system 5. Nicaragua: from low-intensity warfare to low-intensity democracy 6. Haiti: the 'practically insolvable problem' of establishing consensual domination 7. Conclusions: the future of polyarchy and global society.
Dietary Protein Deficiency and Mycobacterium Bovis BCG Affect Interleukin-2 Activity in Experimental Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Inbred strain 2 guinea pigs were vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis BCG or were left unvaccinated. They were maintained for 6 weeks on defined, isocaloric diets containing either 30% (control animals) or 10% (animals receiving low protein) ovalbumin as the sole protein source. Animals were challenged by the respiratory route with a low dose of virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv and killed 4 weeks later. Protein-malnourished animals were not protected by previous vaccination with BCG. Lymphocytes isolated from various tissues were tested in vitro for proliferative responses to mitogen (concanavalin A) and antigen (purified protein derivative [PPD]), production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), and response to exogenous recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2). Protein-malnourished guinea pigs responded only weakly to PPD skin tests, and their blood and lymph node lymphocytes exhibited impaired proliferation when cultured with PPD in vitro. IL-2 levels were consistently low in cultures of stimulated blood and spleen lymphocytes from protein-deprived animals. BCG vaccination of nutritionally normal guinea pigs, on the other hand, induced significantly more IL-2 production by PPD- and concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes. The addition of exogenous mouse rIL-2 (40 and 80 U/ml) in vitro to PPD-stimulated blood and lymph node cells from nonvaccinated, protein-deprived guinea pigs resulted in no improvement of the proliferative response. Previous vaccination of malnourished guinea pigs did not consistently enhance the response of PPD-stimulated lymphocytes to added rIL-2. Dietary protein deficiency and BCG vaccination appear to modulate antigen-driven cellular immunity in animals with tuberculosis by altering the production of, and the response to, IL-2 by PPD-stimulated lymphocytes.
Production, Distribution, and J. S. Mill

J. S. Mill's role as a transitional figure between classical and egalitarian liberalism can be partly explained by developments in his often unappreciated economic views. Specifically, I argue that Mill's separation of economic production and distribution had an important effect on his political theory. Mill made two distinctions between economic production and the distribution of wealth. I argue that these separations helped lead Mill to abandon the wages-fund doctrine and adopt a more favorable view of organized labor. I also show how Mill's developments impacted later philosophers, economists, and historians. Understanding the relationship between Mill's political theory and economic theory does not only matter for Mill scholarship, however. Contemporary philosophers often ignore the economic views of their predecessors. I argue that paying insufficient attention to historical political philosophers' economic ideas obscures significant motivations for their political views.
Sex pheromones of noctuid moths: factors influencing antennal responsiveness in males of Trichoplusia ni.

Abstract A procedure was developed for recording electroantennograms (EAG's) from pheromone-stimulated antennae of males of Trichoplusia ni . Experimental evidence indicated that the EAG was a true measure of male olfactory response. Antennae recovered from sensory adaptation to the sex pheromone within 30 to 60 sec after exposure. Variations in age, light intensity, and time of day did not affect antennal responsiveness to sex pheromone, although the same variables had an effect on the behavioural responsiveness of intact male moths.
Intentional explanations and radical theories of education

In this paper I argue that Marxist studies of schools have overlooked the power of intentional explanations to explain schooling practices and policies. This oversight is at least in part due to many radical analyses failing to distinguish between explaining the acquisition and persistence of beliefs and determining the social consequences that follow from acting on beliefs. I further contend that radical researchers examining schooling practices must develop a more rigorous and refined conception of capitalist class interests.
Determination of transmural location of onset of activation from cardiac surface electrograms

Methods of estimating depth of origin of ventricular activation from cardiac surface electrograms were evaluated in experiments on eight dogs. The ventricles were paced via multielectrode needle arrays placed transmurally in from four to six locations in the wall of the left ventricle. A multiplexed data-recording system was used to simultaneously record from 64 unipolar cardiac surface electrodes during pacing at each multielectrode needle site. The four indexes evaluated were the maximum and average gradients of activation isochrones around the site of earliest epicardial activation, the QRS area at the site of earliest epicardial activation, the interval between the QRS onset computed from all 64 epicardial surface electrograms, and the time of the minimum dV/dt in the electrogram displaying the earliest epicardial activation time (t(ee)-t(rmso) interval). Correlation coefficients between depth of stimulation and average and maximum gradients of isochrones, QRS area at the site of earliest epicardial activation, and t(ee)-t(rmso) interval were 0.985 or higher. These methods, particularly those involving gradients of isochrones, should be useful for evaluating electromaps of patients undergoing surgery for ablation of tachyarrhythmias.
Characteristics of volatile fatty acids in stored dairy manure before and after anaerobic digestion

Volatile fatty acids (VFA) are among the most abundant volatile organic compounds in dairy manure and are associated with odour nuisance. This paper presents research results of VFA production during a three-month storage of dairy manure from four different sources: a dairy barn (raw), the inlet of an anaerobic digester (influent), the digester outlet (effluent), and the effluent after solid separation (effluent SS). Manure from each source was studied in two lab-scale reactors that were continuously ventilated with fresh air in the manure headspace to simulate manure storage conditions. Two manure samples were taken weekly in the top and bottom manure layers from each reactor for VFA analysis. Five VFA (formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and 2-methylbutyric acid) were identified in all reactors using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The dominant VFA was formic acid for the influent and acetic acid for the other three manure sources. The overall average concentrations of the five VFA were 1963 ± 685 (mean ± standard deviation), 14,175 ± 4825, 286 ± 98, and 169 ± 80 mg l −1 for the raw, influent, effluent, and effluent SS, respectively. The “pre-consumer” organic wastes mixed with dairy manure in the influent significantly increased the total VFA concentrations and the proportion of individual VFA. Concentrations of VFA demonstrated highly temporal and spatial variations. Anaerobic digestion significantly reduced formation of VFA in the effluent and effluent SS. However, the complexity of VFA characteristics made it difficult to reliably model and predict the concentrations and compositions of VFA in dairy manure.
Assessing a GCM's Suitability for Making Seasonal Predictions

Abstract This study investigates the predictability of seasonal mean circulation anomalies associated purely with the influence of anomalous sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Within this framework, seasonal mean atmospheric anomalies on a case by case basis are understood to consist of a potentially predictable boundary-forced component and an unpredictable naturally varying component. The predictive capability of an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) for seasonal timescales should therefore be assessed in terms of the average skill over many cases, since it is only then that the boundary-forced predictable signal in observations can be identified. To illustrate, experiments for 1982–1993 using two versions of an AGCM are presented. The models, referred to here as MRF8 and MRF9, differ in the parameterization of a single process. Each model is run nine times for the 12 years using different initial conditions but identical observed global SSTS. The nine-member ensemble mean anomalies for each sea...
Vsx-2, a gene encoding a paired-type homeodomain, is expressed in the retina, hindbrain, and spinal cord during goldfish embryogenesis

Vsx-2 encodes a paired-type homeodomain and is the goldfish ortholog of the murine Chx10 gene. During development, Vsx-2 is expressed at high levels in goldfish and zebrafish retina. In addition to the retina, in situ hybridization studies using whole mount and cryosection embryos demonstrate that Vsx-2 is also expressed in subsets of neurons in the hindbrain and in the spinal cord. Expression begins approximately at the metencephalon-myelencephalon border and continues in a restricted lateral zone along the rostral-caudal axis of the spinal cord. These observations suggest a potential requirement for Vsx-2 in the specification and/or the maintenance of neurons in specific CNS regions during embryogenesis. Also discussed are other transcription factors which may act combinatorially with Vsx-2 to regulate neuronal differentiation.
Prostate specific antigen gene regulation by androgen receptor

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease that is synthesized by both normal and malignant epithelial cells of the human prostate. PSA expressed by malignant cells, however, are released into the serum at an increased level, which can be detected to diagnose and monitor prostate cancer. Moreover, increases in serum PSA following local and systemic treatments are highly correlated with tumor recurrence and progression, and this association has further established PSA as a clinically important biomarker. The expression of PSA is mainly induced by androgens and regulated by the androgen receptor (AR) at the transcriptional level. Extensive research on the regulation of PSA gene expression has provided significant information about the function of AR, which is a crucial transcription factor involved in all phases of prostate cancer. Still, the molecular mechanism(s) by which the transcription of the PSA gene escapes regulation in advanced prostate cancer has yet to be clearly defined. Accumulating evidence suggests that a number of processes including androgen-independent activation of AR are involved. Lacking an effective treatment, advanced prostate cancer is almost invariably fatal, which highlights the importance of elucidating mechanisms of tumor progression. Insights into AR activity at the PSA gene could be extended to transcriptional regulation of other AR target genes, which may be crucial in discerning prostate cancer progression. Ultimately, our improved understanding of AR-regulated PSA expression could aid in developing viable therapies in treating and/or preventing advanced prostate cancer.
Entrepreneurship and economic growth

Entrepreneurs who focus on innovation in their products, their production techniques, and their markets play a key role in economic growth. The direction of their activity is guided by their goals: wealth, power, and prestige. Current institutions, shaped by history and government are critical in determining where entrepreneurs will find it most promising to direct their efforts, sometimes, but not always, benefiting the general welfare. One goal of good policy, therefore, is redesign of institutions so as to attract entrepreneurial activity to beneficial directions. Copyright © 2008 Strategic Management Society.
A six sigma tolerancing approach for the design of an efficient closed-loop supply chain network

Rapid technological developments and the growing desire of customers to acquire latest technology has led to a new environmental problem waste, comprising of both end-of-life products and used products that are disposed prematurely. As a result, both consumer and government concerns for the environment are driving many original equipment manufacturers (OEM) to engage in additional series of activities stemming from the reverse supply chain. The combination of forward/traditional supply chain and reverse supply chain forms the closed-loop supply chain. Contrary to a traditional/forward supply chain, a closed-loop supply chain involves more variability. In this paper, we explore the use of Motorolas Six Sigma methodology to achieve better synchronization in a closed-loop supply chain network by tailoring the individual processes in a way that maximizes the overall delivery performance. A numerical example is considered to illustrate the approach. Key words : Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network, Six Sigma Tolerancing
Successful Implementation of Six Sigma to Schedule Student Staffing for Circulation Service Desks

In fall of 2011 the University at Buffalo Libraries circulation department undertook Six Sigma training for the purpose of overhauling its student scheduling process. The department was able to mitigate significant staffing budgetary reductions and resource reallocations and to overcome the unique challenges of scheduling student labor for a significant portion of service desk hours. This article discusses why the Six Sigma project was undertaken as well as the Six Sigma process steps and the measurement and formalization a of significant procedural change to the circulation department's student scheduling process that resulted in a highly successful outcome.
Bilateral Pneumothorax After Percutaneous Transthoracic Needle Biopsy: Evidence for Incomplete Pleural Fusion

Although the pleural cavities are anatomically separate in humans, we describe bilateral pneumothoraces that occurred after percutaneous needle biopsy of the lung. In some individuals, there may be communication between the pleural spaces; it is important for those performing interventional procedures to be aware of this uncommon anatomic variant.
Labor-Management Cooperation and Customer Satisfaction

The satisfaction that a customer has with the construction product and construction services provided by a contractor has a direct influence on the customer's willingness to select that contractor for future work. Labor and management working together have the opportunity to influence customer satisfaction. Activities at the contractor/craft worker level, the contractor/local union level, and the contractor association/local union level have the greatest potential to influence customer satisfaction. A precisely defined plan incorporating labor-management activities targeted at specific satisfaction factors will have the greatest likelihood of creating high customer satisfaction.
Signatures of surrogate mines using noise radar

A noise radar is a radar that transmits band limited electromagnetic noise. The radar system cross correlates the received signals with a delayed version of the transmitted signal. The correlation value as a function of the delay time is proportional to the impulse response of the target. The long integration times and the use of coaxial cable as a delay line makes such a radar inherently appropriate for very short range (less than 3 meters) slow moving or stationary targets. This means that such a radar is particularly suited to the land mine detection role. We will discuss the development of such a radar at the Ohio State University, and we will demonstrate the system using data for buried underground targets, including the OSU surrogate mine field. Time domain and frequency domain characteristics of the targets will be discussed with application to buried target classification.
Breast MR Imaging with High Spectral and Spatial Resolutions: Preliminary Experience

The authors evaluated magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with high spectral and spatial resolutions (HSSR) of water and fat in breasts of healthy volunteers (n = 6) and women with suspicious lesions (n = 6). Fat suppression, edge delineation, and image texture were improved on MR images derived from HSSR data compared with those on conventional MR images. HSSR MR imaging data acquired before and after contrast medium injection showed spectrally inhomogeneous changes in the water resonances in small voxels that were not detectable with conventional MR imaging.
Characterization of FlipIDAM as a SERT-selective SPECT imaging agent☆

Abstract Introduction Biological evaluation of [ 125 I]FlipIDAM (2-((2-((dimethylamino)methyl)-4-iodophenyl)thio)phenyl)methanol ([ 125 I]4), a new single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radioligand for imaging the serotonin transporter (SERT) which displayed improved in vivo kinetics for mapping SERT binding sites in the brain. Methods In vitro binding studies of [ 125 I]4 were performed with membrane homogenates of LLC-PK1 cells stably transfected and overexpressing one of the monoamine transporter (SERT, DAT or NET) and rat cortical homogenates. Biodistribution and ex vivo autoradiography studies were carried out in rats. In vivo competition experiments were evaluated to determine the SERT selectivity of [ 125 I]4 vs. [ 125 I]IDAM ([ 125 I]1). Results In vitro binding studies of 4 showed excellent binding affinity (K i,SERT =0.90±0.05nM) and excellent selectivity over the other monoamine transporters (100 fold and >4000 fold for NET and DAT respectively). Scatchard analysis of saturation binding of [ 125 I]4 to rat cortical homogenates gave a K d value of 0.5±0.09nM and a B max value of 801.4±58.08fmol/mg protein. The biodistribution study showed rapid high brain uptake (3.09±0.11% dose/organ at 2min) and a good target to non-target ratio (hypothalamus to cerebellum) at 30min (2.62) compared to [ 125 I]1 (2.19). Ex vivo autoradiography showed that FlipIDAM localizes in accordance with SERT distribution patterns in the brain. In vivo and ex vivo competition experiments with specific and non-specific SERT compounds also showed that [ 125 I]4 binds specifically to SERT rich regions. Conclusions The biological evaluation of [ 125 I]4 demonstrates that [ 123 I]4 would be a good candidate for SPECT imaging of SERT.
The Future of Testing Is Now

What will testing be like in the 21st century? Rudman points out that given the past developmental cycles for major test series, what is happening now will likely have major impact on tests in the year 2000. He points attention to forces, both internal and external to the testing Industry, that are affecting the future of testing.