cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comment: Response to “Children’s Rights and Parents’ Virtues”

William Ruddick has five theses: (1) “Liberty-rights (are) inappropriate for children”, for children are unavoidably dependent upon “adult assistance.” (2) Even if children had such rights, “liberty-rights without supportive claim rights are of no use to children” and are “dangerous and exploitative.” (3) Children do have “the (claim-) right to become an adult” which, with a proper theory of child development, implies “the (claim-) right to have an adequate parent.” (4) The government should play the role of “mother’s helper” though assistance requires minimum standards so that “parental aid could be withheld from socially eccentric parents whose goals and ways of family life were socially deviant.” (5) What is needed are not rights (not even claim-rights?), but virtues—specifically, attentiveness, patience, self-love, forethought, and flexibiity.
The New Jersey Plan and the Structure of the American Union

The scholarly consensus says that of the constitutional plans which received consideration at the Federal Convention in 1787, the plan introduced by the Virginia delegation (the so-called “Virginia Plan”) exerted the greatest influence on the final document. The opposite judgment has befallen the plan for reform introduced by the New Jersey delegation in mid-June—the so-called New Jersey Plan. Citing the nationalists’ tirades against it, its purportedly backward-looking provisions, and the delegates’ ultimate vote to table it on June 19, scholars have all but relegated the New Jersey Plan to the ash heap of history. This article challenges the cutting-room floor narrative surrounding the New Jersey Plan. It demonstrates that, notwithstanding the June 19 vote, the New Jersey Plan’s core tenets went on to shape the fundamental structure of the American union as memorialized in the Constitution to a much greater degree than scholars have recognized. Its influence on the Constitution breaks down into three primary components, analyzed respectively in Parts I, II, and III. First, introduction of the New Jersey Plan effectuated a shift in the proposed constitutional order whereby the “national” government envisaged by the Virginia Plan became a “federal” one that preserved the sovereignties of the several states. Second, provisions from the New Jersey Plan that the delegates later reincorporated into the Constitution, deserve primary credit for constitutionalizing judicial review of legislation. Finally, the New Jersey Plan significantly influenced the Committee of Detail’s determination to replace the government with unenumerated police powers proposed by the Virginia Plan, with a government of defined powers. In short, arguably the Constitution’s most distinctive structural features came from the New Jersey Plan and not the Virginia Plan. Yet the New Jersey Plan’s influence on the American constitutional order did not terminate with the signing of the Constitution in September 1787. Concluding remarks show that during the ratification debates and in the decade or so after ratification, early Americans placed enduring constructions on the Constitution that reflected the core principles underlying the New Jersey Plan, even where the Constitution’s text counseled a contrary result.
Determination of camera location from 2D to 3D line and point correspondences

A novel method for the determination of camera location from 2-D to 3-D line or point correspondences is presented. Using this method, the computation of the rotation matrix and the translation vector of the camera are separable. First, the rotation matrix is found by a linear algorithm using eight or more line correspondences, or by a nonlinear algorithm using three of more line correspondences, where the line correspondences are either given or derived from point correspondences. Then, the translation vector can be obtained by solving a set of linear equations based on three or more line correspondences, or two or more point correspondences. Eight 2-D-to-3-D line or point correspondences or six 2-D-to-3-D point correspondences are needed for the linear approach; three 2-D-to-3-D line or point correspondences for the nonlinear approach. Good results can be obtained in the presence of noise if more than the minimum required number of correspondences are used. >
Targeting MCL1 and BCL2 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

e19509 Background: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common form of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. About 60% of DLBCL cases are curable with R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubici...
AT1-AA (Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Agonistic Autoantibody) Blockade Prevents Preeclamptic Symptoms in Placental Ischemic Rats.

Women with preeclampsia produce AT1-AA (agonistic autoantibodies to the angiotensin II type 1 receptor), which stimulate reactive oxygen species, inflammatory factors, and hypertensive mechanisms (ET [endothelin] and sFlt-1 [soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1]) in rodent models of preeclampsia. The placental ischemic reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) rat model of preeclampsia exhibits many of these features. In this study, we examined the maternal outcomes of AT1-AA inhibition (‵n7AAc′) in RUPP rats. Blood pressure was higher in RUPP rats versus normal pregnant (NP) rats (123±2 versus 99±2 mm Hg, P P P P P =0.05 versus RUPP). Plasma nitrate and nitrite were decreased (14±1 versus 20±1 µMNO 3 , P P 3 ; 4311±1 pg/mL). PPET-1 (preproendothelin-1) expression increased 4-fold in RUPP versus NP rats which were prevented with ‵n7AAc′. Importantly, placental cytolytic natural killer cells were elevated in RUPP versus NP rats (8±2% versus 2±2% gated, P P
Best social and organizational practices of successful science gateways and cyberinfrastructure projects

Abstract The majority of research on science gateways has focused on technological tools. However, the teams behind the tools also play a critical role in determining whether science gateways are successful. This article reports 12 social and organizational practices of successful science gateways and cyberinfrastructure (CI) projects that emerged out of an analysis of 98 interviews with domain scientists, computational technologists, and supercomputing/research center administrators across the US and some in EU. Social practices include seeking multidisciplinary expertise, setting shared goals, using common language, having bridging liaisons, establishing productive routines, and meeting face-to-face. Organizational practices include demonstrating altruistic leadership, having clear roles, engaging user feedback, raising sustainable funding, growing organizational capacity, and maintaining personnel continuity. By asking a series of simple questions for reflection, science gateway teams can generate strategies to increase their likelihood of successful outcomes.
N-Polar GaN HEMTs Exhibiting Record Breakdown Voltage Over 2000 V and Low Dynamic On-Resistance

Nitrogen polar (N-Polar) GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMT) targeting high-voltage switching applications were fabricated on epi-layers grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on sapphire substrates. Devices demonstrated a combination of high breakdown voltage and low dynamic ON-resistance. Breakdown voltages of over 2000 V were observed on transistors with ${L}_{G}=\text {1}\,\,\mu \text{m}$ , ${L}_{{\text {GS}}}=1\,\,\mu \text{m}$ , and ${L}_{{\text {GD}}}=28\,\,\mu \text{m}$ . These devices had a drain current density of ~ 575 mA/mm at ${V}_{{\text {GS}}}=1$ V, and the specific ON-resistance (active-area) was $ {4}~\text {m}\Omega \cdot \text {cm}^{2}~(10~\Omega \cdot \text {mm}$ ). Dynamic ON-resistance ( ${R}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ ) was characterized $\text {5}~\mu \text{s}$ after the device was turned ON, with up to 575-V OFF-state stress. At ${V}_{{\text {DS}}, {Q}} = \text {575}$ V, the dynamic ${R}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ was ~1.4 times the static ${R}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ (40% increase). These transistors showed an ultra-low dynamic ${R}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ of ~5% when measured at 450-V stress. As one of the first demonstrations of N-Polar GaN HEMTs for power switching applications, the devices discussed in this letter achieve excellent ${V}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle BR}}$ and dynamic ${R}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ performance comparable to (and in most cases better than) the state-of-the-art Ga-Polar GaN HEMTs reported in the literature.
Baryon Conservation (Experiments)

The organizers of this conference were perhaps subconsciously aware that the discussion of proton stability started at about the same time as the concept of the neutrino, 50 years ago. During most of the half century since Weyl, Stuckelberg and Wigner first postulated proton stability, nearly everybody believed in it as an absolute truth.1
The Watts New Collection: Columns by the SEI’s Watts Humphrey

Abstract : Since June 1998, Watts Humphrey has taken readers on a process-improvement journey, step by step, in his column "Watts New." The column has explored the problem of setting impossible dates for project completion, planning as a team using TSP, the importance of removing software defects, applying discipline to software development, approaching managers about a process improvement effort, and making a persuasive case for implementing it. After 11 years, Watts is taking a well deserved retirement from writing the quarterly column. But you can still enjoy vintage Watts New columns, including all of the above topics, or in the Watts New Collection.
WAVELETS IN MULTI-STEP-AHEAD FORECASTING

Abstract This paper investigates the possibility of obtaining long-into-the-future reliable forecasts of observed nonlinear cyclical phenomena. Unsmoothed monthly sunspot numbers that are characteristically cyclical with nonlinear dynamics as well as their wavelet-transformed and wavelet-denoised series are forecasted through October 2008. The objective is to determine whether modelling wavelet-conversions of a series provides reasonable forecasts. Two computational techniques –neural networks and genetic programming –are used to model the dynamics of the series. Statistical comparison of their ex post forecasts is then used to identify the data set and computational technique to use under the circumstances.
Undiscovered public knowledge: a ten-year update

Two literatures or sets of articles are complementary if, considered together, they can reveal useful information of scientific interest not apparent in either of the two sets alone. Of particular interest are complementary literatures that are also mutually isolated and noninteractive (they do not cite each other and are not co-cited). In that case, the intriguing possibility arises that the information gained by combining them is novel. During the past decade, we have identified seven examples of complementary noninteractive structures in the biomedical literature. Each structure led to a novel, plausible, and testable hypothesis that, in several cases, was subsequently corroborated by medical researchers through clinical or laboratory investigation. We have also developed, tested, and described a systematic, computer-aided approach to finding and identifying complementary noninteractive literatures.
Protein and Breast Milk

I think it is reasonable to assume that early hominin infants, like those of modern hunter-gatherers, would have depended on breast milk for sustenance during the critical first year following birth, and very likely for some considerable time beyond (Kennedy 2005; Sellen 2007). If high-quality protein was the “nutrient among nutrients” underwriting the astounding encephalization that we see in our Plio-Pleistocene ancestors, one would expect that importance to be resoundingly reflected in the composition of human breast milk. This is patently not the case, however (Robson 2004; Sellen 2007). In fact, human breast milk is one the lowest-protein milks in the mammalian world, right along with the milks of the great apes and many other primates (Amen-Ra 2007:1149; Bell 1928; Ben Shaul 1962; Darragh and Moughan 1998; Davis et al. 1994; Goedhart and Bindels 1994; Hambraeus 1994; Hinde 1986; Jelliffe and Jelliffe 1978; Jenness 1985, 1986; Jenness and Sloan 1970; Lonnerdal 2003; Malacarne et al. 2002; McCullagh and Widdowson 1970; Milligan 2007; Milligan and Bazinet 2008; Milligan and Oftedal 2007; Milligan et al. 2008; Oftedal 1981, 1984; Oftedal and Iverson 1995; Patino and Borda 1997; Power 2006; Power et al. 2002; Schmidt-Nielsen 1986; Siewert 2003:173). For example, according to Davis et al. (1994:1126):
Development and clinical validation of circulating tumor cell (CTC) biomarkers in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) for the OMNIVORE clinical trial.

4579Background: New therapeutic strategies and biomarkers of treatment resistance are needed for metastatic ccRCC patients (pts) progressing on Nivolumab (Nivo). The upcoming OMNIVORE phase II clin...
Single cell transcriptomic analysis of the adult mouse pituitary reveals a novel multi-hormone cell cluster and physiologic demand-induced lineage plasticity

The anterior pituitary gland drives a set of highly conserved physiologic processes in mammalian species. These hormonally-controlled processes are central to somatic growth, pubertal transformation, fertility, lactation, and metabolism. Current models, based on targeted immuno-histochemical and mRNA analyses, suggest that each of the seven hormones synthesized by the pituitary is produced by a specific and exclusive cell lineage. However, emerging evidence suggests a more complex model in which critical aspects of hormone specificity and plasticity of pituitary cells remain undefined. Here we have applied massively parallel single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), in conjunction with a set of orthogonal imaging studies, to systematically map the cellular composition of adult male and female mouse pituitaries at single-cell resolution and in the setting of major physiologic demands. These analyses reveal sex-specific cellular diversity associated with normal pituitary homeostasis, and identify an array of specific hormone enriched cell-types and a series of non-hormone producing interstitial and supporting cell lineages. Unexpectedly, scRNA-seq further uncovers the presence of a major cell cluster that is characterized by a unique multi-hormone gene expression profile. The detection of dynamic shifts in cellular representations and transcriptome profiles within a number of these clusters in response to well-defined physiologic demands suggests their corresponding roles in cellular plasticity. These studies point to an unanticipated complexity and plasticity in pituitary cellular composition that may serve to expand upon current models and concepts of pituitary hormone gene expression.
Bell on Trial: The Struggle for Sound after Savonarola

In June 1498, the Florentine government publicly punished and exiled the Piagnona, the lone bell of the church of San Marco, for its role in defending Girolamo Savonarola during the April siege that led to the preacher's execution. Drawing on new evidence, this essay offers the most complete account of this still poorly understood chapter in Renaissance history, examining its complex and conflicting motives. At the same time, the punishment of the Piagnona, and struggle for its return, affords uncommon insight into the culture's deepest structures of thinking about what bells were, and who had the legal authority to adjudicate their fate.
CHITNIS, Shilpa: Texas/USA

Shilpa Chitnis is Professor of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics at UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, Texas. Dr. Chitnis received her medical degree from Grant Medical College in Bombay, India. She completed her PhD in Pharmacology and Residency in Neurology from Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana. She completed a Fellowship in Movement Disorders from Louisiana State University (LSU) Medical Center in New Orleans, LA.
The Lump and the Ledger: Material Coincidence at Little-to-No Cost

This paper aims to make headway on two related issues—one methodological, the other substantive. The former concerns cost–benefit analyses when applied to metaphysical theory choice. The latter concerns material coincidence, i.e., multiple objects occupying the same space at the same time, such as the statue and the clay from which it’s made. The issues are entwined as many reject coincidence on the grounds that it’s costly. I argue this judgment is unjustified. More generally, I set out and defend a framework for the use of cost–benefit analyses in metaphysics. The framework employs a fourfold division of pretheoretical costs and benefits (inconsistency or consistency with common sense), and theoretical costs and benefits (loss or gain of theoretical virtues such as simplicity). Yet these do not hold equal weight. Instead I argue that the appeal to theoretical benefits is illegitimate if the theory in question cannot first account for the relevant evidence or data, including, crucially, certain bits of pretheoretical or common knowledge. This is crucial because I not only argue that material coincidence is consistent with common sense, against what is widely believed, but that coincidence may even be a feature or implication of the common sense view. Put together, the result is that accepting an anti-coincidence theory for its putative theoretical virtues at the expense of common sense is an improper usage of the cost–benefit methodology. I instead conclude that material coincidence should be accepted with equanimity—which, after all, is free.
THE PROPERTIES OF SOME SiC ELECTROLUMINESCENT DIODES

The characteristics of silicon carbide electroluminescent junctions have been examined. From the properties of the light output, the lamps can be divided into two types which exhibit differences in the speed of response, dependence of the luminescent efficiency on temperature and linearity of the light output with junction current. These differences can be explained by the presence of an impurity most probably tungsten which acts as a trapping centre and also a centre for non-radiative recombination. From the temperature variation of the rise time of the light output and the luminescent efficiency, the activation energy of this centre is found to be ~0.20 eV.
Evaluation of Non-Volatile Memory Based Last Level Cache Given Modern Use Case Behavior

To confront the memory wall and keep up with the demands of changing use cases, Non-Volatile Memories (NVMs) have begun to be considered as a replacement for SRAM in the Last Level Cache (LLC). Recent work has shown that the small cell size of NVMs like Spin- Torque Transfer RAM (STTRAM) and Resistive RAM (RRAM) allows designers to build significantly denser LLCs than those with SRAM-based cells. In some cases, this allows for storing up to 10× more data on-chip than before. As the working set size of use cases increases with the advent of statistical inference (e.g., machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI)), more capacity close to the processor is necessary to keep up with the demand for performance and low power. Despite the growing potential of NVM-based LLCs, there are still fundamental problems that need to be addressed. First, the research community is lacking a methodology for consistently modeling these devices, which leads to apples-to-oranges comparisons across NVM-based LLCs. Second, NVMs exhibit a key operational difference with SRAM: read and write asymmetry. The effects of this asymmetry on use case performance and power are mostly unknown with prior art relying only on total read and write counts and on limited sets of use cases. In this work we present two novel contributions: (1) a set of heuristics for modeling emerging NVM-based LLCs, and (2) a workload characterization framework that learns how architecture-agnostic features, like entropy and working set size, affect the performance and power of a NVM-based LLC system for different use cases. In addition, with this work we release our NVM cell models and make them publicly available online. Using our NVM-based LLC models we show that NVM-based LLC energy use is up to an order of magnitude less than that of an SRAM-based LLC while ED2p is generally on par. From our workload characterization framework, we show that for the AI use cases, energy and speedup are 99% correlated with write entropy, 90% write footprint, and unique write footprint while negligibly correlated with total read and write footprint.
The Fear of Being Bullied on the School Bus: Perceptions, Correlations, and Sex Differences

The goals of this study were to determine whether children who took the bus to school on a regular basis felt safest during the commute to school, in school, or on the commute home from school, and to identify the factors that correlate with fear of being bullied on the bus. A sample of 610 students (296 boys, 313 girls; mean age = 11.25 years, SD = 0.51) was surveyed during the fall semester of their first year of middle school (sixth grade). Students indicated that they felt safer in school than they did on the commute to or from school, which nearly always occurred by bus. Sex differences were investigation and found to be small in number and magnitude. These differences were limited to slightly more girls than boys reporting feeling safer in school, slightly more boys than girls reporting feeling safer on the commute home from school, and a modestly stronger association between bullying victimization and fear of being bullied on the school bus in boys than in girls, although the effect was significant in both sexes. There were no significant differences between boys and girls in their overall level of fear of bullying on the bus. A full sample regression analysis revealed significant correlations between the risk factors of bullying victimization and depression, and a child’s fear of being bullied on the bus, suggesting that such fears are related to past victimization and current feelings of sadness, loneliness, and reduced energy.
Occlusal Considerations for Esthetic Rehabilitation

Dental esthetics and occlusal function need to work harmoniously together for long-term success. Patients that present to the office seeking treatment to enhance their smiles are most likely unaware of the underlying issues that have contributed to their compromised esthetics. If treatment is solely focused on restoring these teeth, problems can ensue, as the root cause is not being addressed.
Transforming Undergraduate Student Perceptions of Dementia through Music and Filmmaking.

BACKGROUND With nearly 6 million people with dementia (PWD) in the United States, there is a critical need to build an interprofessional dementia workforce. Among the novel approaches to expanding a new workforce, music and the arts show promise for engaging students and trainees. To understand how and why the arts affect attitudes about and engagement with PWD, we examined a service-learning general education undergraduate course centering on music, filmmaking, and dementia. METHODS The undergraduate course curriculum brought students to meet with PWD in dementia care settings, build personalized music playlists, coproduce short films about PWD, and write reflective essays. Two researchers independently completed inductive thematic analysis of the films, essays, and course evaluations. Differences were reconciled by consensus. RESULTS A total of 52 students from three classes completed the course; 24 (46%) were majoring in health sciences. Three key themes emerged: (1) Music helps students connect with people living with dementia in meaningful ways; (2) filmmaking offers students the opportunity to share unique, person-centered stories about dementia and music that empower the voices of PWD; and (3) reflective writing enables students to process new experiences and lessons learned. Unexpectedly, 29 students (56%) reported continued engagement with PWD in their careers, families, and communities after course completion. CONCLUSION This study identifies reproducible ways in which undergraduate arts courses thematically focused on dementia not only transform student perceptions about dementia but change the ways in which those students choose to engage with PWD following course completion. Arts and music departments may represent an untapped resource for building a geriatrics workforce. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1083-1089, 2020.
Caregiver and patient distress in young adults with new cancer diagnoses.

e24165Background: A cancer diagnosis is stressful for both patients and caregivers, and there may be interdependence of mental health. Integration of caregivers into support for AYAO patients may i...
Individual differences in white matter of the uncinate fasciculus and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus: possible early biomarkers for callous-unemotional behaviors in young children with disruptive behavior problems.

Background Callous-unemotional (CU) behaviors are important for identifying severe patterns of conduct problems (CP). One major fiber tract implicated in the development of CP is the uncinate fasciculus (UF), which connects amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). The goals of the current study were to (a) explore differences in the white matter microstructure in the UF and other major fiber tracks between young typically developing (TD) children and those with a disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) and (b) explore, within the DBD group, whether individual differences in these white matter tracts relate to co-occurring CP and CU behaviors. Methods Participants included 198 young children (69% boys, Mage = 5.66 years; 80% Latinx; 48.5% TD). CU behaviors and CP were measured via a combination of teacher/parent ratings. Non-invasive diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) was used to measure fractional anisotropy (FA), an indirect indicator of white matter properties. Results Relative to TD children, children in the DBD group had reduced FA on four out of the five fiber tracks we examined (except for cingulum and right ILF), even after accounting for whole brain FA, sex, movement, parental income, and IQ. Within the DBD group, no associations were found between CP and reduced white matter integrity across any of the fiber tracks examined. However, we found that even after accounting for CP, ADHD symptomology, and a host of covariates (whole brain FA, sex, movement, parental income, and IQ), CU behaviors were independently related to reduced FA in bilateral UF and left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) in the DBD group, but this was not the case for TD children. Conclusions Alterations in the white matter microstructure within bilateral UF and left IFOF may be biomarkers of CU behaviors, even in very young children.
Structure of HIV-1 Vpr in complex with the human nucleotide excision repair protein hHR23A.

HIV-1 Vpr is a prototypic member of a large family of structurally related lentiviral virulence factors that antagonize various aspects of innate antiviral immunity. It subverts host cell DNA repair and protein degradation machineries by binding and inhibiting specific post-replication repair enzymes, linking them via the DCAF1 substrate adaptor to the Cullin 4 RING E3 ligase (CRL4DCAF1). HIV-1 Vpr also binds to the multi-domain protein hHR23A, which interacts with the nucleotide excision repair protein XPC and shuttles ubiquitinated proteins to the proteasome. Here, we report the atomic resolution structure of Vpr in complex with the C-terminal half of hHR23A, containing the XPC-binding (XPCB) and ubiquitin-associated (UBA2) domains. The XPCB and UBA2 domains bind to different sides of Vpr’s 3-helix-bundle structure, with UBA2 interacting with the α2 and α3 helices of Vpr, while the XPCB domain contacts the opposite side of Vpr’s α3 helix. The structure as well as biochemical results reveal that hHR23A and DCAF1 use overlapping binding surfaces on Vpr, even though the two proteins exhibit entirely different three-dimensional structures. Our findings show that Vpr independently targets hHR23A- and DCAF1- dependent pathways and highlight HIV-1 Vpr as a versatile module that interferes with DNA repair and protein degradation pathways. Vpr is a HIV-1 accessory virulence factor that also interacts with the human DNA repair protein hHR23A. Here, the authors present the structure of Vpr in complex with the C-terminal half of hHR23A comprising the XPC-binding and ubiquitin-associated domains, which reveals that hHR23A interacts with the DCAF1-binding and not the substrate-binding Vpr surface and further illustrates how Vpr acts as a versatile structural adapter that targets diverse DNA repair pathways.
Variable selection in nonlinear function-on-scalar regression

We develop a new method for variable selection in a nonlinear additive function-on-scalar regression (FOSR) model. Existing methods for variable selection in FOSR have focused on the linear effects of scalar predictors, which can be a restrictive assumption in the presence of multiple continuously measured covariates. We propose a computationally efficient approach for variable selection in existing linear FOSR using functional principal component scores of the functional response and extend this framework to a nonlinear additive function-on-scalar model. The proposed method provides a unified and flexible framework for variable selection in FOSR, allowing nonlinear effects of the covariates. Numerical analysis using simulation study illustrates the advantages of the proposed method over existing variable selection methods in FOSR even when the underlying covariate effects are all linear. The proposed procedure is demonstrated on accelerometer data from the 2003-2004 cohorts of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in understanding the association between diurnal patterns of physical activity and demographic, lifestyle, and health characteristics of the participants.
Assessing splenic enlargement on CT by unidimensional measurement changes in patients with colorectal liver metastases

Purpose The aim of this study was to assess splenic volume and to correlate unidimensional measurements with reference volumetric changes in chemotherapy-treated patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases.
Modeling the Design Process

As indicated earlier (Sect. 0.5), the process of designing is modeled as that of enlarging and enriching the database which represents the artifact being designed. Given the design requirements specified by a set of axioms \(\alpha ,\beta , \ldots ,\gamma ,\) the statement
Platelets, Leukocytes and Atherosclerosis: Possible Links between n-3 Fatty Acids and Protection from Atherosclerosis

The development of an atheromatous plaque in an artery is a complex process requiring interactions of the vascular wall not only with plasma factors such as lipoproteins but also with multiple cellular elements, the most relevant being platelets and leukocytes.1 The endothelial lining of an artery normally displays multiple antithrombotic mechanisms that promote blood flow and inhibit clot formation (Tab. I). In contrast, loss of, or damage to endothelium promotes local thrombus formation, leukocyte accumulation, and release of mitogenic factors into the arterial wall. More subtle injury to endothelium (see below) can also promote thrombosis.2 Endothelial damage and a proliferative response to this injury are frequently involved in the initial stages of atherosclerotic plaque formation, associated with changes in normal antithrombotic properties of the vascular endothelium to favor a “prothrombotic” state. Thus, atherosclerotic plaque formation is promoted by local activation of hemostatic and inflammatory responses at the blood vessel wall.
Disassembly line design with uncertainty

As the average lifecycle of consumer products continues to decrease, discarded products fill up available landfill space with hazardous and/or valuable materials. Since the demand for new solutions to economically deal with such outdated products begun to rise, the disassembly line has emerged as a viable solution to this problem. Although prior research in this subject area has been effective in optimizing the usage and arrangement of resources in the disassembly line, very little effort has been focused on uncertainty management in disassembly line balancing. This paper addresses this problem. A fuzzy coloured Petri net model is proposed to characterize the impact of uncertain factors on disassembly. A heuristic algorithm is then developed to form a balanced disassembly line while considering the uncertainties involved (e.g., human factors and product condition).
Response of blood coagulation parameters to elevated endogenous 17β-estradiol levels induced by human menopausal gonadotropins☆

Abstract To elucidate the relationship between estrogen and thrombosis, we studied blood coagulation parameters in women whose ovaries were stimulated with human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG). Daily hMG administration over 1 to 2 weeks in seven anovulatory women increased plasma 17β-estradiol levels fivefold over the pretreatment value. Of the coagulation parameters, the fibrinogen level increased significantly from an initial value of 248 ± 11.7 mg/dl (mean ± SEM) to 353 ± 32.2 mg/dl after hMG treatment (P
Managerial Ethics: Managing the Psychology of Morality

Preface. M. Schminke, M. Priesemuth, Management and Ethics: Revisiting Distant Neighbors. Part 1. Ethics from the Top Down. R. Cropanzano, F.O. Walumbwa, Moral Leadership: A Short Primer on Competing Perspectives. R. Chun, Organizational Virtue, CSR, and Performance. D. Rupp, C.A. Williams, R.V. Aguilera, Increasing Corporate Social Responsibility Through Stakeholder Value Internalization (and the Catalyzing Effect of New Governance): An Application of Organizational Justice, Self-Determination, and Social Influence Theories. M.S. Mitchell, N.F. Palmer, The Managerial Relevance of Ethical Efficacy. Part 2. Unethical Behavior: Causes, Consequences, and Comebacks. D. De Cremer, On the Psychology of Preventing and Dealing with Ethical Failures: A Behavioral Ethics Approach. E.E. Umphress, J.T. Campbell, J.B. Bingham, Paved with Good Intentions: Unethical Behavior Conducted to Benefit the Organization, Coworkers, and Customers. R.L. Hess, Failures, Losses, and Fairness: The Customer's Perspective. L.K. Trevino, G.R. Weaver, Advances in Research on Punishment in Organizations: Descriptive and Normative Perspectives. Part 3. New Theoretical Perspectives. R. Folger, R. Cropanzano, Social Hierarchies and the Evolution of Moral Emotions. M.E. Price, Free Riders as a Blind Spot of Equity Theory: An Evolutionary Correction. D.M. Mayer, From Proscriptions to Prescriptions: A Call for Including Prosocial Behavior in Behavioral Ethics. M. Schminke, A. Vestal, J. Caldwell, A Review and Assessment of Ethical Decision Making Models: Is a Garbage Can Approach the Answer?
Computation and human experience

From the Publisher: This book offers a critical reconstruction of the fundamental ideas and methods of artificial intelligence research. Through close attention to the metaphors of AI and their consequences for the field's patterns of success and failure, it argues for a reorientation of the field away from thought in the head and toward activity in the world. By considering computational ideas in a philosophical framework, the author eases critical dialogue between technology and the humanities and social sciences. AI can benefit from new understandings of human nature, and in return, it offers a powerful mode of investigation into the practicalities and consequences of physical realization.
(4R)‐(+)‐tert‐Butyldimethylsiloxy‐2‐Cyclopenten‐1‐one

(4R)-(+)-tert-Butyldimethylsiloxy-2-Cyclopenten-1-one reactant: 23 g (162 mmol) of (1R,4S)-(+)-4-hydroxy-2-cyclopentenyl acetate solvent: petroleum ether intermediate: (4R)-(+)-acetoxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one intermediate: 7.7 g (78 mmol) of (4R)-(+)-hydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one product: (4R)-(+)-tert-butyldimethylsiloxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one Keywords: acetal (and thioacetal) formation; enzymatic reactions; hydrolysis, esters and lactones; oxidation, CHOH CO; stereoselective reactions, enantioselective; buffer solutions, 0.05 M phosphate; dichloromethane (methylene chloride); triethylamine; 4-dimethylaminopyridine, poison; pyridinium chlorochromate
Noble gases and stable isotopes in a shallow aquifer in southern Michigan: Implications for noble gas paleotemperature reconstructions for cool climates

[1] Noble gas data from the Glacial Drift, the shallowest aquifer in southern Michigan confirm findings by Ma et al. (2004) that modern noble gas temperatures (NGTs) are systematically below the current mean annual air temperature (MAAT) which, in turn, is similar to the ground temperature of these recharge waters. By tracking noble gas concentrations as well as stable isotope ratios through an autumn, winter, spring and into summer, we show that although water in this aquifer is modern, noble gases do not track the atmosphere on a short time scale. Specifically, excess 3He and 4He indicate that the gas environment at the water table is integrating conditions over years or decades rather than weeks or months. Our results are interpreted using various NGT interpretational models and possible mechanisms for the production of low apparent NGTs are discussed.
The Effect of Constraint Due to Out-of-Plane Stress Field on Fracture of Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel--An Experimental and Numerical Study

Recent research on crack-tip constraint on fracture, including the effect of in-plane biaxial stress fields, has led to a two-parameter elastic K-T and elasto-plastic J-Q approach to correlate fracture toughness. These approaches predict a significant influence of biaxial stress state on fracture toughness. In the case of reactor pressure vessels undergoing pressurized thermal shock (PTS), significant stresses induced parallel to the crack front (out-of-plane stresses) offer additional constraint at the crack tip. In order to evaluate the effect of this out-of-plane stress field on fracture of reactor pressure vessel steels, a unique method for testing a cruciform-type double-edge notch, DEN(T), specimen loaded in biaxial tension was developed. Three-dimensional finite-element analyses were conducted to design the specimen configuration. Details of the experimental and analytical results and the significance of the crack-tip constraint, due to biaxial stress state involving out-of-plane stresses, on the fracture toughness in the transition region are presented.
Design Considerations for Very High Frequency dc-dc Converters

This document describes several aspects relating to the design of dc-dc converters operating at frequencies in the VHF range (30–300 MHz). Design considerations are treated in the context of a dc-dc converter operating at a switching frequency of 100 MHz. Gate drive, rectifier and control designs are explored in detail, and experimental measurements of the complete converter are presented that verify the design approach. The gate drive, a self-oscillating multi-resonant circuit, dramatically reduces the gating power while ensuring fast on-off transitions of the semiconductor switch. The rectifier is a resonant topology that absorbs diode parasitic capacitance and is designed to appear resistive at the switching frequency. The small sizes of the energy storage elements (inductors and capacitors) in this circuit permit rapid start-up and shut-down and a correspondingly high control bandwidth. These characteristics are exploited in a high bandwidth hysteretic control scheme that modulates the converter on and off at frequencies as high as 200 kHz.
The structure and function of the pars tuberalis of the vertebrate adenohypophysis

Abstract The precise function of the pars tuberalis (PT) of the vertebrate adenohypophysis is yet to be determined. Atwell (1938) reviewed the literature of the time concerning this structure and concluded that the PT “remains an enigma.” Despite many recent comprehensive and comparative accounts of the pituitary gland, the PT still receives quite cursory treatment in most of these studies. This is a direct consequence of how little investigative attention the PT has received on its own. In the past, it was considered only peripherally and noted fleetingly in studies of other portions of the adenohypophysis. Recent findings, however, have shed additional light upon the structure of the PT and have provided new information about this part of the pituitary gland which was once considered a non-functional lobe. The structure and function of the PT will be examined in this review with respect to many of these recent observations.
Continuously Variable Electro-Optic Filter

A PLZT electrooptic filter is being used to control the intensity of light transmitted to a video camera from samples undergoing pulsed electron beam thermal testing. This electron beam test system is part of a materials development program for fusion energy applications. During the testing, sample surface temperatures may reach 3000°C and the intense light from these pulses is potentially damaging to the camera. The use of a variable density electrooptic filter prevents this damage and provides improved image quality during rapid changes of surface temperature.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A rapid DNA isolation procedure for the identification of Campylobacter jejuni by the polymerase chain reaction

We have developed an efficient process for rapidly isolating campylobacter DNA using mechanical disruption combined with the guanidine-based reagent DNAzol. Template DNA was isolated by this method from cultures of Campylobacter jejuni resistant to lysis by boiling or enzymes and identified following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using primers specific for the hippuricase gene. Direct detection of campylobacters in poultry-processing samples by PCR is demonstrated in chicken carcass rinses spiked with lysis-resistant C. jejuni. Our results indicate that this method of DNA isolation may be ideal for direct PCR detection of pathogenic bacteria in complex samples of widely varied origin, especially when the target organisms are difficult to lyse by other means.
The Frontal Air-Sea Interaction Experiment (FASINEX). II - Experimental plan

The Frontal Air-Sea Interaction Experiment (FASINEX) is a study of the response of the upper ocean to atmospheric forcing in the vicinity of an oceanic front in the subtropical convergence zone southwest of Bermuda, the response of the lower atmosphere in that vicinity to the oceanic front, and the associated two-way interaction between ocean and atmosphere. FASINEX is planned for the winter and spring of 1985-1986 with an intensive period in February and March 1986 in the vicinity of 27 deg N, 70 deg W, where sea-surface temperature fronts are climatologically common. Measurements will be made from buoys, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft. A previous article gave a brief history of FASINEX and presented its scientific goals. This article describes the FASINEX experimental plan.
Receptor/Transporter-independent Targeting of Functional Peptides across the Plasma Membrane

Targeting of peptides, proteins, and other functional cargo into living cells is contingent upon efficient transport across the plasma membrane barrier. We have harnessed the signal sequence hydrophobic region (SSHR) to deliver functional cargoes to cultured cells and to experimental animals. We now report evidence that two chirally distinct forms of SSHR composed of all l or all d amino acids showed similar membrane-translocating activity as assessed by confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and direct fluorescence measurement. An attached nuclear localization sequence ferried by the SSHR enantiomers displayed similar intracellular function by inhibiting inducible nuclear import of transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B and suppressing nuclear factor kappa B-dependent gene expression of cytokines. A nuclear localization sequence comprised of a positively charged cluster of amino acids was rapidly translocated by SSHR enantiomers to the interior of unilamellar phospholipid vesicles. These findings indicate that the SSHR translocates functional peptides directly through the plasma membrane phospholipid bilayer without involving chirally specific receptor/transporter mechanisms. This mechanism of SSHR translocation is suitable for facile delivery of biologically active peptides for cell-based and animal-based functional proteomic studies.
Geomechanics of hydraulic fracturing microseismicity: Part 2. Stress state determination

We investigate the hydraulic fracturing process by analysis of the associated microseismicity. In part 1, we recognized double-couple and hybrid microseismic events and their fault plane orientations. Critical stress (instability) and stress inversion techniques were used to assess fracture activation conditions. In part 2, we apply results from the tensile source model to investigate how activated faults relate to the stress state and geologic setting. We assess potential mechanisms for induced microseismicity including leakoff and diffuse pressurized fracture network flow, stress shadowing adjacent to large parent hydraulic fractures, and crack tip stress perturbations. Data are from the Mississippian Barnett Shale, Texas, and include microseismic events from sequential pumping stages in two adjacent horizontal wells that were recorded in two downhole monitor wells, as well as operations, wellbore-derived stress, and natural fracture data. Results point to activation of inclined faults whose orientation is dominantly northeast–southwest and vertical north–south faults. The activation stress states for a range of modeling scenarios show stress rotation, decreased mean stress, and increased deviatoric stress. This stress state cannot be explained by sidewall leakoff in the stress shadow region adjacent to hydrofractures, but is consistent with hybrid and shear activation obliquely ahead of pressurized fractures. Information about hydrofracture evolution and operationally related dynamic stress change is obscured by geomechanical heterogeneity that is likely geologic in nature. The most compelling observation is that the most highly misoriented microseismic faults occur in the same vicinity as a carbonate-dominated submarine fan feature that was previously expected to act as a minor fracture barrier.
Seasonal Patterns in Human A (H5N1) Virus Infection: Analysis of Global Cases

Background Human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) have high mortality. Despite abundant data on seasonal patterns in influenza epidemics, it is unknown whether similar patterns exist for human HPAI H5N1 cases worldwide. Such knowledge could help decrease avian-to-human transmission through increased prevention and control activities during peak periods. Methods We performed a systematic search of published human HPAI H5N1 cases to date, collecting month, year, country, season, hemisphere, and climate data. We used negative binomial regression to predict changes in case incidence as a function of season. To investigate hemisphere as a potential moderator, we used AIC and the likelihood-ratio test to compare the season-only model to nested models including a main effect or interaction with hemisphere. Finally, we visually assessed replication of seasonal patterns across climate groups based on the Koppen-Geiger climate classification. Findings We identified 617 human cases (611 with complete seasonal data) occurring in 15 countries in Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Case occurrence was much higher in winter (n = 285, p = 0.03) than summer (n = 64), and the winter peak occurred across diverse climate groups. There was no significant interaction between hemisphere and season. Interpretation Across diverse climates, HPAI H5N1 virus infection in humans increases significantly in winter. This is consistent with increased poultry outbreaks and HPAI H5N1 virus transmission during cold and dry conditions. Prioritizing prevention and control activities among poultry and focusing public health messaging to reduce poultry exposures during winter months may help to reduce zoonotic transmission of HPAI H5N1 virus in resource-limited settings.