cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimizing knockdown of gene expression using the TriFECTa™ Dicer-substrate RNAi reagent system

Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. (IDT) has developed a library of predesigned Dicer-substrate RNA duplexes. These potent RNA interference (RNAi) reagents are available in a kit (TriFECTa) that includes three specific RNA duplexes for target-gene knockdown plus three optimized control duplexes, which can be used to optimize transfection efficiency and other aspects of RNAi experiments.
Simple models of fluid flow at the core surface derived from geomagnetic field models

The fluid flow at the core surface is determined for a given model of temporal magnetic field variation, assuming steady flow and adopting the frozen-flux approximation. Evidence is presented for ageostrophic flow in the form of flow across the geographical equator. A simple pattern of the large-scale toroidal part of the flow is found. The pattern is nearly symmetric about the equator. Changes in the flow pattern are obtained from flow maps covering 5-year intervals beginning in 1915.
The wisdom of the body; a contemporary view.

I know that most men, including those at ease with the problems of the greatest complexity, can seldom accept even the simplest and most obvious truth if it be such as would oblige them to admit the falsity of conclusions which they have delighted in explaining to colleagues, which they have proudly taught to others, and which they have woven, thread by thread, into the fabric of their lives. L. Tolstoy
Differential gene expression profiling of large and small retinal ganglion cells

Different sub-populations of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) vary in their sensitivity to pathological conditions such as retinal ischemia, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of such groups will likely reveal molecular determinants of differential sensitivity to stress. However, gene expression profiling of primary neuronal sub-populations represent a challenge due to the cellular heterogeneity of retinal tissue. In this manuscript, we report the use of a fluorescent neural tracer to specifically label and selectively isolate RGCs with different soma sizes by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for the purpose of differential gene expression profiling. We identified 145 genes that were more active in the large RGCs and 312 genes in the small RGCs. Differential data were validated by quantitative RT-PCR, several corresponding proteins were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Functional characterization revealed differential activity of genes implicated in synaptic transmission, neurotransmitter secretion, axon guidance, chemotaxis, ion transport and tolerance to stress. An in silico reconstruction of cellular networks suggested that differences in pathway activity between the two sub-populations of RGCs are controlled by networks interconnected by SP-1, Erk2 (MAPK1), Egr1, Egr2 and, potentially, regulated via transcription factors C/EBPbeta, HSF1, STAT1- and c-Myc. The results show that FACS-aided purification of retrogradely labeled cells can be effectively utilized for transcriptional profiling of adult retinal neurons.
Interaction of pressure perturbations with premixed flames

Abstract A numerical study is described to investigate the response of premixed flames to externally imposed pressure perturbations. The complete set of unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes equations for a multicomponent chemically reacting fluid flow are solved. Chemical reactions for methane-air flames are described using a detailed set of finite rate reactions kinetics. First a burner stabilized steady premixed flame is numerically simulated. These results are then compared with experimental results. We next study the response of this flame to a variety of pressure waves originating in the hot equilibrium products and traveling towards the premixed flame. The entire spectrum of frequency is investigated but emphasis is laid on pressure waves that have characteristic length scales of the order of the typical diffusion length scale. It is shown that the flame responds to pressure perturbations by relocating itself at a new location, and that the structure of the transmitted waves and reflected waves is significantly different from that of the incident wave. The response of the flame is studied using the profiles of the heat release rate per unit volume, and the location is determined by the location of the maximum of the intermediate species. We then show a case where such flame could undergo extinction under the influence of continuous pressure perturbations.
Petticoats and White Feathers: Gender Conformity, Race, the Progressive Peace Movement, and the Debate Over War, 1895-1919

Mustering Support for War: Gender, Culture, and Language "To Re-educate the World": The Origins and Ideology of the Progressive Peace Movement The Progressive Peace Movement's March Toward Military Preparedness Doing "Our Plain Duty": The Congressional Debate and the Pacifist Voice "Women's Ways in War": The Feminist Pacifism of the New York City Woman's Peace Party Conclusion Selected Bibliography Index
A Successful Model for a Comprehensive Patient Flow Management Center at an Academic Health System

This article reports on an innovative approach to managing patient flow at a multicampus academic health system, integrating multiple services into a single, centralized Patient Flow Management Center that manages supply and demand for inpatient services across the system. Control of bed management was centralized across 3 campuses and key services were integrated, including bed management, case management, environmental services, patient transport, ambulance and helicopter dispatch, and transfer center. A single technology platform was introduced, as was providing round-the-clock patient placement by critical care nurses, and adding medical directors. Daily bed meetings with nurse managers and charge nurses drive action plans. This article reports immediate improvements in the first year of operations in emergency department walkouts, emergency department boarding, ambulance diversion, growth in transfer volume, reduction in lost transfers, reduction in time to bed assignment, and bed turnover time. The authors believe theirs is the first institution to integrate services and centralize bed management so comprehensively.
Calcium-dependent release of norepinephrine from permeabilized PC12 cells is inhibited by ∼48 and ∼112 kDa fragments of botulinum neurotoxin type E

Permeabilized PC12 cells exhibit a Ca(2+)-stimulated norepinephrine secretory pathway which is sensitive to botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A, B and E [Lomneth R., Martin T.F.J. and DasGupta B. R. (1991) J. Neurochem. 57: 1413-1421]. Two novel amino terminal fragments of the 150 kDa neurotoxin serotype E (approximately 112 and 48 kDa), produced by digestion with pepsin, were tested in permeabilized PC12 cells. The intracellular inhibitory activity of the approximately 112 kDa amino terminal fragment, like that of the 150 kDa neurotoxin, was progressively enhanced after trypsinization and dithiothreitol reduction. The approximately 50 kDa C-terminal half of the heavy chain therefore does not contribute to the enhancement of inhibitory activity. The approximately 48 kDa amino terminal light chain-like fragment completely inhibited release of norepinephrine, with an IC50 = 500 pM (more potent than the light chain isolated after digestion with trypsin) not requiring reduction with dithiothreitol. These results clarify the molecular basis of activation of neurotoxin by trypsin and dithiothreitol.
Surface Temperature Trend for the Northern Hemisphere-Updated

The surface temperature curve for the Northern Hemisphere was extended to include the years 1969 through 1973 following the same procedure used by H. C. Willett, J. M. Mitchell, Jr., and C. H. Reitan. The analysis showed a slight warming of 0.02°C between the periods 1965–1969 and 1970–1973, and a significant decrease in the number of negative temperature changes at individual stations (indicating a decrease in the total area experiencing temperature decrease).
Achievable rates for intermittent multi-access communication

We formulate a model for intermittent multi-access communication for two users that captures the bursty transmission of the codeword symbols for each user and the possible asynchronism between the receiver and the transmitters as well as between the transmitters themselves. By making different assumptions for the intermittent process, we specialize the system to a random access system with or without collisions. For each model, we characterize the performance of the system in terms of achievable rate regions. The intermittency of the system comes with a significant cost in our achievable schemes.
Leaving Careers in IT: Gender Differences in Retention

The low prevalence of women in the information technology (IT) workforce has received considerable attention in recent years. The focus of much of this discussion concerns how women can be recruited into careers in IT by making careers more attractive and accessible to women. The size of the IT workforce depends on retention as well as recruitment. The focus of this study is on retention, examining factors related to retention and how retention varies by gender. Data for the study come from the Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT) compiled by Science Resources Statistics (SRS), National Science Foundation (NSF). We find that retention varies by gender and that a sizeable proportion of IT-trained women who are not working in IT jobs leave the labor force rather than take positions in other occupations. We also find that marriage and family play different roles for women and men in affecting retention.
The embedded figures test: internal structure and development of a short form

Abstract Although the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) has a long history of use as a measure of cognitive style, its internal factorial structure in normal adults has received little attention. Factor analysis of the 12 EFT items in a sample of 151 undergraduates yielded two intercorrelated factors: an inspection time factor related to the number of distracting lines present and a color continuity factor involving breaking perceptual continuity created by color to find the simple form. A short form which retains six items (Items 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, and 11) tapping primarily into both factors was developed and cross-validated. The short form, which eliminates the two most difficult items and reduces administration time by about 67%, yielded internal consistencies comparable to those for the original EFT in both samples (alpha = 0.78 to 0.86), with scores highly predictive of the original EFT (r > 0.91).
Dealing with parking issues on an urban campus: The case of UC Berkeley

Many transportation planning studies focus on mode-of-transportation as a static variable, not accounting for a range of user decisions such as miles traveled or (if driving) the duration of time between departure and arrival. Existing research into parking decisions investigates factors that determine or underlie mode choice decisions (Shoup and Willson, 1992; Vaca and Kuzmyak, 2005; Willson and Shoup, 1990). However, these studies do not address specific interventions tied to less driving and to projected reductions in greenhouse gas GHG emissions, This study looks at dynamic variables to see how parking price reforms, traveler information systems and incentives affect an increase in the use of public transit and non-motorized modes among the faculty and staff at UC Berkeley. Through a stated preference survey this study assessed the participants’ responsiveness to changes in pricing and information to reveal how a campus population can (1) search less for parking, (2) drive fewer days per week and (3) switch modes entirely. The University is one of the largest regional employers in the San Francisco Bay Area, generating consistently close to 50,000 daily trips to the campus (Riggs, 2009; Wilmot, 2012). Data from transportation surveys and geographic information systems (GIS) technology showed the percent of faculty or staff within walkable distance or bikeable distance (36%), or in areas that are transit accessible (48%). Regression analysis also indicates that social factors and incentives can have a strong pull on driving behavior. This means that focusing on such transportation demand management programs can result in fewer vehicle miles traveled and greenhouse gas emissions along with a more equitable and accessible campus environs. It also justifies the need for campus to systematically document and benchmark commuting behavior.
Measures of Noncompactness and Fixed Points of Random Operations.

Abstract : The purpose of this paper is to consider some measures of noncompactness and their application to fixed point theorems for random operators. In a subsequent paper we will consider applications of these results to random operator equations. This paper is not the first to consider measures of noncompactness in probabilistic analysis. We refer to the book of Constantin and Istratescu for results on measures of noncompactness and probabilistic metric spaces. Section 2 gives some basic definitions of measures of noncompactness, and lists their properties. Section 3 is devoted to applications of measures of noncompactness to fixed point theorems for random operators. Keywords include: Operators (Mathematics), Probability, Noncompactness.
Vortex pinning and lock-in effect in a layered superconductor with large in-plane anisotropy.

We use ac susceptibility to study the vortex pinning force anisotropy and the magnetic lock-in effect in the organic superconductor (TMTSF${)}_{2}$${\mathrm{ClO}}_{4}$, which is believed to have an in-plane anisotropy of ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathit{b}\mathit{a}}$\ensuremath{\sim}10 and a maximum out-of-plane anisotropy ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathit{c}\mathit{a}}$\ensuremath{\sim}100. Our measurements show only weak effects of the in-plane anisotropy. The pinning force for Josephson vortices (parallel to the conducting planes) is nearly independent of their orientation, except for a small but narrow peak (full width at half maximum \ensuremath{\simeq}6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}) when the vortices are parallel to the TMTSF stacks (a axis). The pinning force initially decreases as the vortices unlock from the layers, contrary to the behavior previously observed in the organic superconductor (BEDT-TTF${)}_{2}$Cu(SCN${)}_{2}$. The lock-in threshold field is only weakly dependent on the initial angle of the Josephson vortices in the ab plane.
An adaptive-optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope for imaging murine retinal microstructure

In vivo retinal imaging is an outstanding tool to observe biological processes unfold in real-time. The ability to image microstructure in vivo can greatly enhance our understanding of function in retinal microanatomy under normal conditions and in disease. Transgenic mice are frequently used for mouse models of retinal diseases. However, commercially available retinal imaging instruments lack the optical resolution and spectral flexibility necessary to visualize detail comprehensively. We developed an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AO-SLO) specifically for mouse eyes. Our SLO is a sensor-less adaptive optics system (no Shack Hartmann sensor) that employs a stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm to modulate a deformable mirror, ultimately aiming to correct wavefront aberrations by optimizing confocal image sharpness. The resulting resolution allows detailed observation of retinal microstructure. The AO-SLO can resolve retinal microglia and their moving processes, demonstrating that microglia processes are highly motile, constantly probing their immediate environment. Similarly, retinal ganglion cells are imaged along with their axons and sprouting dendrites. Retinal blood vessels are imaged both using evans blue fluorescence and backscattering contrast.
Relative importance of contingency variables for advanced manufacturing technology

The academic literature on manufacturing technology was reviewed to identify key contingency variables that can moderate the influence of advanced manufacturing technologies on manufacturing perfor...
A Traditional Turkish Fermented Cereal Food: Tarhana

Tarhana has a long history. According to historical records, it was first produced by Turkish people in Middle Asia and afterwards it spread out to different parts of the world. It is a fermented cereal-based food and can be simply defined as a mixture of yoghurt, cereal flours, yeast, different vegetables, herbs, and spices. After the mixing process, tarhana dough is fermented for 1 to 5 days and immediately dried. Both lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast fermentations occur simultaneously during tarhana production. Therefore, tarhana has sour and acidic taste with yeast flavour as well. It is sun-dried at the home-made level or oven-dried of the commercial level. Several types of tarhana can be classified depending upon processing method or raw materials used. Low moisture (6–10%), low pH (3.5–5.0), and components (organic acids, bacteriosin, etc.) formed in fermentation have bacteriostatic effect on pathogens and spoilage microorganisms during long term storage (1–2 years) and enhance shelf life. Sinc...
Azasteroids and heart adenosine triphosphatase

Abstract Azasteroids, some known to be active, others to be inactive as inotropic and antishock agents, were tested as inhibitors of a metal-stimulated heart ATPase. In every instance the biologically active azasteroids inhibited catalysis just as did ouabain and the erythrophleum alkaloids. Biologically inactive azasteroids had no effect upon the enzyme. The in vitro enzyme system appears to hold promise as a preliminary assay method for inotropic activity. The relationship of azasteroid action in vivo to that of the cardiac glycosides and to the transport enzyme has been discussed.
Variance reduction by truncated multimodal importance sampling

Abstract This paper presents an importance sampling method for system reliability analyses of structures with failure domains defined by linear or appropriately linearized surfaces. Truncated simulation as a new technique is suggested. It provides an advantage of locating all samples in the failure domain and thus increasing computation efficiency. The variance of the estimator is evaluated by an analytically derived upper bound. It is compared with that of the conventional Monte Carlo method by a variance change factor for conservative estimation of the increase in accuracy and efficiency. The upper bound of variance can be used for a priori determination of the required sample size, given an acceptable maximum error associated with a confidence level. Various application examples of both series and parallel systems are included for illustration.
Identification of α1-adrenoceptor subtypes in rat renal proximal tubules

Although the existence of α1-adrenoceptor subtypes has been suggested in the kidney, their characterization in the proximal tubules has not been reported. This study was undertaken to characterize the α1-adrenoceptor subtypes in the renal proximal tubules. [3H]Prazosin bound to proximal tubules with a KD of 106 ± 17 pM and a Bmax of 152 ± 9 fmol/mg protein. Pretreatment of the tubules with chloroethylclonidine, 100 μM, reduced the Bmax of [3H]prazosin binding by about 50%, indicating the presence of the α1B-adrenoceptor subtype. Competition studies performed with the α-adrenoceptor antagonists, WB 4101, (+)-niguldipine, 5-methylurapidil and phentolamine were shallow and could be distinguished into a high affinity (α1A) and a low affinity site (α1B) with an approximately equal distribution of both receptors subtypes. These observations clearly demonstrate the existence of α1A- and α1B-adrenoceptor subtypes in the renal proximal tubules.
A novel nucleoside analog, 1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-3-ethynyl-[1,2,4]triazole (ETAR), exhibits efficacy against a broad range of flaviviruses in vitro

Antiviral therapies are urgently needed to control emerging flaviviruses such as dengue, West Nile, and yellow fever. Ribavirin (RBV) has shown activity against flaviviruses in cultured cells, but efficacy in animal models has generally been poor. In a preliminary screen of novel, synthetic 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-azole analogs, two compounds, 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-3-ethynyl-[1,2,4]triazole (ETAR) and 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-4-ethynyl-[1,3]imidazole (IM18), significantly reduced the replication of dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) in cultured Vero cells. In the current study we demonstrated that the effective concentration 50 (EC(50)) of ETAR for DENV-2 is substantially lower than both IM18 and RBV. Moreover, ETAR reduced the replication of five additional flaviviruses, including DENV serotypes 1, 3 and 4, Langat virus and Modoc virus, > or =1000-fold relative to untreated controls. Addition of exogenous guanosine to DENV-2 infected cells negated the antiviral effects of both RBV and ETAR, indicating that GTP depletion is a major mechanism of action for both drugs. ETAR represents a promising drug candidate for the treatment of flavivirus infections.
Accurate tangential velocities for solid fluid coupling

We propose a novel method for obtaining more accurate tangential velocities for solid fluid coupling. Our method works for both rigid and deformable objects as well as both volumetric objects and thin shells. The fluid can be either one phase such as smoke or two phase such as water with a free surface. The coupling between the solid and the fluid can either be one-way with kinematic solids or fully two-way coupled. The only previous scheme that was general enough to handle both two-way coupling and thin shells required a mass lumping strategy that did not allow for freely flowing tangential velocities. Similar to that previous work, our method prevents leaking of fluid across a thin shell, however unlike that work our method does not couple the tangential velocities in any fashion, allowing for the proper slip independently on each side of the body. Moreover, since it accurately and directly treats the tangential velocity, it does not rely on grid refinement to obtain a reasonable solution. Therefore, it gives a highly improved result on coarse meshes.
Diffusion profiles of boron implanted into plasma-etched silicon surfaces

The diffusion of low-dose boron implanted into plasma-etched silicon surfaces is studied. The thermally grown oxide film on the silicon surface was plasma-etched in a CHF/sub 3//CO/sub 2/ plasma. The samples were successively implanted and activated with boron and arsenic to form n/sup +/-p-n junctions to obtain a range of surface doping profiles and junction depths. The chemical and electrically active dopant concentrations were measured using secondary ion-mass spectrometry (SIMS) and spreadings resistance profiling (SRP). The silicon surface damage was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was observed that the diffusion profiles of boron were significantly affected when implanted into plasma-etched silicon surfaces. The samples with oxide films etched in a wet chemical etchant provided the control for evaluating the effect of the plasma etching process. These results suggest that the damage created during the plasma etching process may have caused changes in the boron diffusion profiles. >
Sulindac-induced anaphylaxis

This communication describes the first known report of sulindac-induced anaphylaxis. A 17-year-old patient who ingested a single tablet of sulindac developed pruritis, hives, and dyspnea. Blood pressure was not detectable. The patient was treated with epinephrine, a corticosteroid, and an antihistamine. Recovery was complete. The ability of this class of drugs to produce dangerous reactions is discussed.
Support and Guidance from Families, Friends, and Teachers in Latino Early Adolescents' Math Pathways:

This longitudinal study linked concepts of familism and social capital to investigate emotional support and educational guidance from parents, siblings, friends, and teachers in predicting Latino early adolescents' math grades during their transition from elementary school to junior high. Thirty-one Latino youth were interviewed twice and their school transcripts analyzed. Youth reported that parents and siblings provided the most support and guidance across these years, followed by friends, and to a lesser extent, teachers, who primarily helped with homework. However, only families' support, guidance, and income predicted math grades. Implications for research, policy, and practice highlight immigrant Latino families with modest schooling as resources and how Latino youth draw resources from families, friends, and schools.
Assessment of flow forces on large wood in rivers

[1] Large wood (LW) exerts an important influence on the geomorphology and ecology of streams and rivers. The magnitudes of flow forces on LW are needed to support stream management activities and are typically computed using time mean lift and drag coefficients determined in laboratory flumes using small, smooth cylinders. Herein we report measurements of forces on LW of varying complexity (simple cylinder, branching, and complex root wad) and surface (bark) roughness made in an outdoor grassed channel under steady and unsteady flows. LW orientation relative to the primary flow direction and LW relative submergence were varied. Drag and lift coefficients for cylindrical (unbranched) LW followed patterns reported by others for metal cylinders in wind tunnels. Drag coefficients for cylindrical (unbranched) LW, corrected for blockage effects, ranged from −0.05 to 1.29, and lift coefficients ranged from −0.88 to 0.52, varying systematically with LW position relative to the channel bed and incident flow direction. Measured drag coefficients for the noncylindrical LW, corrected for blockage effects, ranged from 0.22 to 6.27, while lift coefficients varied from −3.65 to 30.84. Systematic relationships between the relative submergence and orientation of branching LW and the drag and lift coefficients were not observed, but coefficients were greatest for LW with few branches and converged on smaller values typical of blunt bodies as LW complexity increased. For both simple and complex LW, maximum lift and drag forces during the rising limb of unsteady flows were about 2–3 times greater than steady flow temporal mean values.
Analysis of a naturally occurring K99+ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain that fails to produce K99.

Abstract A spontaneously occurring field isolate of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli that was genotypically K99+ but phenotypically K99- was analyzed for the reason that it did not express K99. The defect, which was cis active, was located within an area 5' to the first gene required for K99 biogenesis and was the result of the deletion of a single base pair.
The Interaction of Stimulus Area and Intensity as Cues in the Perception of Distance

(1953). The Interaction of Stimulus Area and Intensity as Cues in the Perception of Distance. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 167-183.
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SORICINE ENAMEL: PIGMENTATION VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION IN MOLARS OF BLARINA BREVICAUDA

Soricine shrews are typified by the presence of reddish pigment in their tooth enamel. This coloration is caused by iron and is thought to make the enamel more resistant to wear. Ten specimens of Blarina brevicauda were examined for percentage iron concentration using a scanning electron microscope in conjunction with an energydispersive spectrometer. Substantial iron variation was found between individual molar cusps and between different tooth positions. Specifically, the cusps associated with crushing and grinding, as opposed to shearing, had more iron incorporated into their enamel. In addition, the enlarged m1 exhibits higher iron density than the more-posterior teeth. These results suggest that increased iron density is expressed on teeth, and parts of teeth, that are subject to greatest stresses and are most prone to fracture and excessive wear.
Forgiveness and Atonement

Christians frequently request God's forgiveness and have their Lord's assurance that if they refuse to forgive they will not be forgiven (Matt. 6:15). Forgiveness is thus integral to Christian moral existence even if life presents few opportunities to forgive those who have genuinely wronged us. This infrequency of opportunity is neither regrettable nor surprising. Sane persons after all do not wish to be routinely wronged so as to be able to forgive regularly. But perhaps the infrequency with which we forgive others helps to explain why we are mystified by the nature of forgiveness.
Transportation challenges for urban students with disabilities: Parent perspectives

This qualitative study explored parent perspectives of the transportation difficulties students with disabilities experienced getting to and around school. Participants were parents of predominantly African American and Latino/a high school youth with disabilities from low income neighborhoods. Content analysis of 14 meetings with 5 to 12 parents sponsored by the school district revealed five primary themes concerning transportation: the role of aides, exclusion from school programming, scheduling problems, equipment problems, and physical safety issues. Findings are discussed in regard to students' social and emotional experiences at school. Implications for school policy include improving the integration of transportation within inclusion best practice models. Incorporating parent perspectives can help school administrators and staff enrich the quality of inclusive, socially just education for students with disabilities.
Performance of Walleye Progeny from Missouri River Tributaries in South Dakota

Abstract Genetic evaluation of three runs of walleyes Stizostedion vitreum from the Grand, Moreau, and Cheyenne rivers, South Dakota, previously indicated that the groups were genetically similar. However, certain morphometric traits were determined to be significantly different. Consequently, we conducted performance evaluations to determine if any group was better suited for culturing. In April 1995 and 1996, eggs from walleye broodstock were collected at each of the three tributaries and transported to a hatchery. Grand River walleyes produced the highest percent hatch (67.3% in 1995 and 1996), compared with Cheyenne River (56.8% in 1995, 44.0% in 1996) and Moreau River (43.4% in 1995, 50.4% in 1996) walleyes. Fry were extensively reared on natural foods for about a month. Fingerlings were harvested in June, and subgroups were stocked into replicate aquaria connected to a water-recirculating system. All groups converted to pelleted food by 11 d postharvest in both years. Survival at 31 d postharvest va...
How Patriotic Is the Patriot Act? Freedom Versus Security in the Age of Terrorism and From Empire to Community: A New Approach to International Relations

How Patriotic Is the Patriot Act? Freedom Versus Security in the Age of Terrorism. By Amitai Etzioni. New York: Routledge, 2004. 224p. $26.00.From Empire to Community: A New Approach to International Relations. By Amitai Etzioni. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. 272p. $29.95.In How Patriotic Is the Patriot Act? Amitai Etzioni analyzes the United States response to the attacks of September 11, 2001, from the perspective of “responsive” or “new” communitarianism. New communitarianism, according to the author, can be distinguished from authoritarian communitarianism because it seeks a balance between freedom and security or social order (pp. 3–4). According to Etzioni, during the 1960s and 1970s, America “overcorrected” for forms of authoritarian government, such as racial segregation or J. Edgar Hoover's Federal Bureau of Investigation. As a result, the country experienced “excessive individualism” and “moral anomie.” With what he considers to have been an overemphasis on individual rights, certain policies, such as the possibility of a quarantine in the face of bioterrorism or highly communicable disease, have been “stigmatized” as being “beyond the pale” of reasonable discussion (pp. 87–89). By noting, for example, that the United States has allowed for quarantines at earlier junctures in its history and that a quarantine could be set up on a vacation island, he is clearly trying to rehabilitate the quarantine as a policy option. But this is just one policy among many that are emerging post–September 11 in the United States that are correcting the balance between liberty and security, for Etzioni. That is, he understands policies such as the USA Patriot Act, US VISIT (U.S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indication Technology program), CAPPS II (a proposed measure to update the current Computer Assisted Passenger Pre-Screening System (CAPPS) airline security program that was subsequently killed in the summer of 2004 because of its burden on civil liberties), national identification cards, and various biometric and facial recognition technologies to be relocating a balance between freedom and security that was apparently lost in the 1960s and 1970s.
Acoustooptical deflections in thin films

Acoustooptical guided-wave interaction in thin films is proposed as a mechanism for optical deflectors and antennas. The general characteristic of these devices is outlined here via the perturbation calculation of a sample case, namely the colinear interaction of the two guided waves.
Sequential Prefetch Cache Sizing for Maximal Hit Rate

We propose a prefetch cache sizing module for use with any sequential prefetching scheme and evaluate its impact on the hit rate. Disk array caches perform sequential prefetching by loading data contiguous to I/O request data into the array cache. If the I/O workload has sequential locality, then data prefetched in response to sequential accesses in the workload will receive hits. Different schemes prefetch different data, so the prefetch cache size requirement varies. Moreover, the proportion of sequential and random requests in the workload and their interleaving pattern affects the size requirement. If the cache is too small, then prefetched data would get evicted from the cache before a request for the data arrives, thus lowering the hit rate. If the cache is too large, then valuable cache space is wasted. We present a simple sizing module that can be added to any prefetching scheme to ensure that the prefetch cache size is adequately matched to the requirement of the prefetching scheme on a dynamic workload comprising multiple streams. We analytically compute the maximal hit rate achievable by popular prefetching schemes and through simulations, show that our sizing module maintains the prefetch cache at a size that nearly achieves this maximal hit rate.
Novel Insights into the Basis for Escherichia coli Superoxide Dismutase's Metal Ion Specificity from Mn-Substituted FeSOD and Its Very High Em†

Fe and Mn are both entrained to the same chemical reaction in apparently superimposable superoxide dismutase (SOD) proteins. However, neither Fe-substituted MnSOD nor Mn-substituted FeSOD is active. We have proposed that the two SOD proteins must apply very different redox tuning to their respective metal ions and that tuning appropriate for one metal ion results in a reduction potential (Em) for the other metal ion that is either too low (Fe) or too high (Mn) [Vance and Miller (1998) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 461−467]. We have demonstrated that this is true for Fe-substituted MnSOD from Escherichia coli and that this metal ion−protein combination retains the ability to reduce but not oxidize superoxide. We now demonstrate that the corollary is also true: Mn-substituted FeSOD [Mn(Fe)SOD] has a very high Em. Specifically, we have measured the Em of E. coli MnSOD to be 290 mV vs NHE. We have generated Mn(Fe)SOD and find that Mn is bound in an environment similar to that of the native (Mn)SOD protein. However,...
Timing of Birth and Estimation of Age of Juvenile Myotis septentrionalis and Myotis lucifugus in West-Central Indiana

Patterns of growth and development provide information critical for documenting population demographics. Herein we document the reproductive biology for and provide equations that accurately predict the ages of 2 widely sympatric species of bats from central Indiana—the northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis) and the little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus). Young of M. septentrionalis were born synchronously (within a 6-day period) and within a narrow size range (mean length of forearm ¼ 12.78 mm, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] ¼ 6 0.52 mm; mass ¼ 1.91 g, 95% CI ¼ 6 0.11 g). Young of M. lucifugus were born during a 42-day period and within a narrow size range (mean length of forearm ¼ 14.26 mm, 95% CI ¼ 6 0.23 mm; mean body mass ¼ 2.19 g, 95% CI ¼ 6 0.08 g). Young of M. septentrionalis were born significantly smaller (t ¼ 4.52, d.f. ¼ 137, P , 0.001) and lighter (t ¼ 2.57, d.f. ¼ 137, P , 0.05) than were young of M. lucifugus .W e developed species-specific equations that made it possible to estimate the age of both species of bat to within 1 day. These results indicate that similar-sized and closely related bats grow at comparable rates and provide the 1st detailed information about reproductive biology of M. septentrionalis.
Tay-Sachs disease-causing mutations and neutral polymorphisms in the Hex A gene

Tay-Sachs disease is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting the central nervous system. The disorder results from mutations in the gene encoding the alpha-subunit of beta-hexosaminidase A, a lysosomal enzyme composed of alpha and beta polypeptides. Seventy-eight mutations in the Hex A gene have been described and include 65 single base substitutions, one large and 10 small deletions, and two small insertions. Because these mutations cripple the catalytic activity of beta-hexosaminidase to varying degrees, Tay-Sachs disease displays clinical heterogeneity. Forty-five of the single base substitutions cause missense mutations; 39 of these are disease causing, three are benign but cause a change in phenotype, and three are neutral polymorphisms. Six nonsense mutations and 14 splice site lesions result from single base substitutions, and all but one of the splice site lesions cause a severe form of Tay-Sachs disease. Eight frameshift mutations arise from six deletion- and two insertion-type lesions. One of these insertions, consisting of four bases within exon 11, is found in 80% of the carriers of Tay-Sachs disease from the Ashkenazi Jewish population, an ethnic group that has a 10-fold higher gene frequency for a severe form of the disorder than the general population. A very large deletion, 7.5 kilobases, including all of exon 1 and portions of DNA upstream and downstream from that exon, is the major mutation found in Tay-Sachs disease carriers from the French Canadian population, a geographic isolate displaying an elevated carrier frequency. Most of the other mutations are confined to single pedigrees. Identification of these mutations has permitted more accurate carrier information, prenatal diagnosis, and disease prognosis. In conjunction with a precise tertiary structure of the enzyme, these mutations could be used to gain insight into the structure-function relationships of the lysosomal enzyme.
TanDEM-X Pol-InSAR Inversion for Mangrove Canopy Height Estimation

This paper presents mangrove canopy height estimations using single- and dual-pol TanDEM-X (TDX) data by means of Pol-InSAR techniques. Using the TDX data for forest applications, the penetration capability of X-band into the volume and the polarimetric diversity of interferometric coherence can create false effects that could sometimes lead to biased three-dimensional (3-D) forest parameter estimation. Moreover, in the case of single-pol TDX acquisition (i.e., one independent complex interferometric coherence), it is not possible to perform the inversion without external topographic information due to the underdetermined problem for Pol-InSAR inversion. To solve these problems, the ground phase in the Pol-InSAR model has been estimated directly from TDX interferograms with an assumption that the underlying topography (i.e., water surface level) over mangroves is flat and negligible. With the estimated ground phase that represents water-level elevation in mangroves, the Pol-InSAR inversion from the single- and dual-pol TDX data did not rely on an external DTM data set. The inversion results were validated against airborne lidar measurements in Campeche, Mexico, and in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique. The single- and dual-pol inversion results showed a successful inversion performance with a high correlation coefficient (0.851–0.919) and with low RMSEs (1.069–1.727 m). The entire inversion performance quality over mangroves at X-band could reach to 10% height estimation accuracy. In addition to Pol-InSAR inversion results, the location of phase center was checked and assessed. The results showed a surprisingly deep location of phase centers from top mangrove canopy (5–7 m, up to 12.36 m) with a similarity at HH and VV polarization.
Cognitive regulation of craving in alcohol-dependent and social drinkers.

Background Helping alcohol dependent individuals to cope with, or regulate, cue-induced craving using cognitive strategies is a therapeutic goal of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for alcohol dependence. An assumption that underlies this approach is that alcohol dependence is associated with deficits in such cognitive regulation abilities. To date, however, the ability to utilize such strategies for regulation of craving has never been tested in a laboratory setting.
Long-term performance of photovoltaic modules at different tilt angles and orientations

In the present study, the performance of mono-crystalline silicon type PV modules has been investigated theoretically at different tilt angles and orientations. The annual performance was predicted using a Fortran computer subprogram constructed based on the analysis and connected to TRNSYS simulation program. The subprogram was experimentally verified at different meteorological conditions and design parameters in a previous study by the authors based on the meteorological conditions of Cairo (Egypt). It is found that the optimum value of yearly maximum output energy (i.e. yearly output energy at maximum power point) can be obtained from PV modules oriented facing south with a tilt angle in the range of 20/spl deg/ to 30/spl deg/. Besides, the yearly maximum output energy of the PV modules mounted at different tilt angles and orientations is obtained as a fraction of its optimum value at optimum tilt angle and orientation.
Cigarette Advertisements in Magazines: Evidence for a Differential Focus on Women's and Youth Magazines:

Cigarette advertisements in eight popular magazines from 1960 to 1985 were exam ined. The magazines were selected to represent different market segments, particularly women and youth. Across all eight magazines, the average num ber of cigarette ads per issue increased substantially following the 1971 television ban on cigarette ads. More over, beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s, proportionately more ads were placed in women's and youth-oriented magazines than in magazines which targeted other population segments. These data suggest that the tobacco industry may have responded to decreases in the number of smokers and the per capita consumption of cigarettes with an enterprising attempt to recruit new smokers—particularly young people and women.
Influence of ceramic and stainless steel brackets on the notching of archwires during clinical treatment.

SUMMARY The surface topography of 100 clinically used archwires of stainless steel, beta-, or nickel-titanium were investigated that had contacted either ceramic or stainless steel brackets. One group consisted of two sets: 60 wires with no treatment records accessed to bias analyses, and 40 wires for which extensive clinical records were available, half of which were used with ceramic or stainless steel brackets. A control group consisted of two sets: 30 unused wires comprised of five round and rectangular wires of each alloy, and four wires that were ligated and immediately removed from patients’ mouths. After ultrasonic cleaning, each wire was inspected under an optical and/or a scanning electron microscope. Notches were categorized with regard to frequency, patterns, and severity, and mapped as a function of wire aspect (lingual, facial, and occlusal/gingival) and anatomical regions (molar, premolar, canine, and incisor). From these data the average severity of notch patterns and a notching index were derived. Although no recognizable defect patterns were observed in the control group, seven basic patterns were recognized for each wire cross-sectional shape in the clinically used wires. These wires appeared most damaged on their lingual aspect and least damaged on their facial aspect. With regard to anatomical regions, notching was prevalent in the anterior regions and sparse in the molar regions. The notch activity and the severity were nearly three times greater from ceramic brackets than from stainless steel brackets. Over one-third of all notches documented in ceramic bracket cases had severity numbers of 3 and penetrated at least one-quarter of each wire’s dimension, However, over two-thirds of all notches documented in stainless steel bracket cases had severity numbers of 1. From these tabulations a theory of notch formation was proposed in which vertical movement from tooth or wire during mastication caused fretting wear, and horizontal movement during orthodontic procedures such as space closure, tipping, or bodily movement caused sliding wear.
Advance Directives: Role of Nurse Practitioners

Advance directives are documents that guide end of life decisions. Although advance directives are a fairly recent phenomenon in health care, they are grounded in both legal and ethical principles. Studies show few people have completed advance directives. Persons do not tend to complete advance directives for various reasons. Lack of knowledge has been identified, as well as belief that physicians should initiate the discussion and that the topic is appropriate only for the elderly or those in poor health. Many nurse practitioners practice in primary care settings, which are ideal for discussions about advance directives. Nurse practitioners possess the opportunities and skills to discuss advance directives with their patients.
Depletion of Reduced Glutathione Enhances Motor Neuron Degeneration in vitro and in vivo

The mechanism of selective and age-dependent motor neuron degeneration in human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has not been defined and the role of glutathione (GSH) in association with motor neuron death remains largely unknown. A motor neuron-like cell culture system and a transgenic mouse model were used to study the effect of cellular GSH alteration on motor neuron cell death. Exposure of NSC34 motor neuron-like cells to Ethacrynic Acid (EA) or L-Buthionine Sulfoximine (BSO) dramatically reduced the cellular GSH levels, and was accompanied by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) measured by the DCF fluorescent oxidation assay. In addition, GSH depletion enhanced oxidative stress markers, AP-1 transcriptional activation, c-Jun, c-Fos and HO-1 expression in NSC34 cells analyzed by a luciferase reporter, western blotting and quantitative PCR assays respectively. Furthermore, depletion of GSH decreased mitochondrial function, facilitated apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) translocation, cytochrome c release, and caspase 3 activation, and consequently led to motor neuron-like cell apoptosis. In an ALS-like transgenic mouse model overexpressing mutant G93A-SOD1 gene, we showed that the reduction of GSH in the spinal cord and motor neuron cells is correlated with AIF translocation, caspase 3 activation, and motor neuron degeneration during ALS-like disease onset and progression. Taken together, the in vitro and in vivo data presented in the current report demonstrated that decreased GSH promotes multiple apoptotic pathways contributing, at least partially, to motor neuron degeneration in ALS.