cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistence of country trade: the failure of towns to develop in Southside Virginia during the eighteenth centry

Country trade, the local retail and service trade that operated through country stores rather than towns, villages, and hamlets, prevailed in Southside Virginia throughout the eighteeth century. The focal points of this trade were plantatons, coiurthouses, and ferry sites. The persistence of country trade occurred because an urban system failed to develop in this region of the southern Virginia Piedmont. There was no urban sytem because of the dominance of the export staple tobacco, which did not create any because of the dominance of the export staple tobacco, which did not create any significant regional tertiary or manufacturing activity. The tobacco marketing system continued the old frontier-mercantile trade structure composed of entrepot and decentralized backcountry points. Central place theory, with its assumptions of a closed settlement system and a hierarchical structure of places, has little application in this region of interregional trade and decentralized places, and only the early stages of Vance's long-distance trade model are applicable to the Southside experience. There is, however, a strong conformity with Earle and Hoffman's staple theorye of settlement and economic developoment. It is suggested that country trate and its contexts should not de overlooked when considering settlement and trate in early America, especially in the American South.
Effect of Intravenous Metoprolol or Intravenous Metoprolol plus Glucagon on Dobutamine‐Induced Myocardial Ischemia

Study Objective. To determine the effect of metoprolol on dobutamine stress testing with technetium-99m sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography imaging and ST-segment monitoring, and to assess the impact of intravenous glucagon on metoprolol's effects. Design. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting. Community hospital. Patients. Twenty-two patients with known reversible perfusion defects. Intervention. Patients underwent dobutamine stress tests per standard protocol. Before dobutamine was begun, no therapy was given during the first visit, and patients were randomized on subsequent visits to receive metoprolol or metoprolol plus glucagon 1 mg. Metoprolol was dosed to achieve a resting predobutamine heart rate below 65 beats/minute or a total intravenous dose of 20 mg. Measurements and Main Results. Metoprolol reduced maximum heart rate 31%, summed stress scores 29%, and summed difference scores 43% versus control. Metoprolol plus glucagon also reduced the maximum heart rate 29% versus control. Summed stress and summed difference scores were not significantly reduced, although they were 18% and 30% lower, respectively, than control. No significant differences were found in any parameter between metoprolol and metoprolol-glucagon. Conclusion. During dobutamine stress testing, metoprolol attenuates or eliminates evidence of myocardial ischemia. Glucagon 1 mg, although somewhat effective, does not correct this effect to the extent that it can be administered clinically.
Radiofluorination of diaryliodonium tosylates under aqueous-organic and cryptand-free conditions

Positron emission tomography (PET) has growing importance as a molecular imaging technique in clinical research and drug development. Methods for producing PET radiotracers utilizing cyclotron-produced [18F]fluoride ion (t1/2 = 109.7 min) without the need for complete removal of irradiated target [18O]water and addition of cryptand are keenly sought for practical convenience and efficiency. Several structurally diverse diaryliodonium tosylates, XArI+Ar′Y TsO− (X = H or p-MeO), were investigated in a microfluidic apparatus for their reactivity towards radiofluorination with high specific activity (no-carrier-added) [18F]fluoride ion in mixtures of DMF and irradiated target [18O]water in the absence of cryptand. Salts bearing a para or ortho electron-withdrawing group Y (e.g., Y = p-CN) reacted rapidly (∼3 min) to give the expected major [18F]fluoroarene product, [18F]FArY, in useful moderate radiochemical yields even when the solvent had an [18O]water content up to 28%. Salts bearing electron-withdrawing groups in meta position (e.g., Y = m-NO2), or an electron-donating substituent (Y = p-OMe), gave low radiochemical yields under the same conditions.
A Short History of the B-Cell-Associated Surface Molecule CD40.

This perspective traces developments using monoclonal antibody technology that led to the discovery of CD40, a receptor that on B cells mediates “T cell help” and on dendritic cells helps to program CD8 T cell responses. I discuss some things that we got right during the path of discovery and some things we missed. Immunotherapies that block or stimulate the CD40 pathway hold great promise for treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancers.
Schöpf, Maclure, Werner, and the Earliest Work on American Geology

Schopf produced the first substantial report on the geology of North America, a work that has long suffered unjustified oblivion. In at least one feature this treatise is superior to that of Maclure (the"Father of American Geology")— Schopf attempted interpretation whereas Maclure did not. The suggestion is here offered that MacLure, who adopted Werner9s classification of the stratigraphic succession, was simply shying away from Wernerian interpretation because he did not like the looks of it.
An appraisal of rheological models as applied to polymer melt flow

An attempt is made at giving an appraisal of some representative rheological models of both differential and integral type, using the standard rheological measurements of six polymer melts. Experimental data obtained were the steady shear viscosity and the first normal stress difference by means of aWeissenberg rheogoniometer over the range of shear rates: 10−2 ~ 10 sec−1, and by means of aHan slit/capillary rheometer over the range of shear rates: 10 ~ 103 sec−1. Also measured by means of theWeissenberg rheogoniometer were the dynamic viscosity and dynamic elastic modulus over the range of frequencies: 0.3 × 10−2 ~ 3 × 102 sec−1. Rheological models chosen for an appraisal are theSpriggs 4-constant model, theMeister model, and theBogue model. It is found that the capability of the three models considered is about the same in their prediction of the rheological behavior of polymer melts in simple shearing flow. It is pointed out however that, due to the ensuing mathematical complexities, the usefulness of these models is limited to the study of flow problems associated with simple flow situations. Therefore, in analysing the complex flow situations often encountered with various polymer processings, the authors suggest use of the empirical models of the power-law type for both the viscosity and normal stress functions.
UNIVERSAL PROPERTIES OF U(1) GAUGE THEORIES

Abstract The previously known analogies between four-dimensional compact U(1) lattice gauge theories and the two-dimensional planar model are extended to a number of other results. We show that the monopoles in the gauge theory renormalize the coupling constant α by an amount proportional to the susceptibility of the monopole gas. Confinement occurs when this susceptibility diverges. We argue that α is analogous to the critical exponent η of the planar model, and that the transition occurs at a universal critical value α c . We also define an analogue of the superfluid density for the gauge theory, in terms of the dependence of the free energy on the boundary conditions, and show that it is universally related to α. Finally, we show that the same physics emerges from a continuum U(1) theory with real magnetic monopoles.
Resonances of buried targets

The Method of Moments is utilized to compute the complex resonant frequencies and modal currents of perfectly conducting wires and bodies of revolution buried in a lossy, dispersive half space. To make such an analysis tractable computationally, the half-space Green's function is computed via the method of complex images, with appropriate modifications made to account for the complex frequencies characteristic of resonant modes. Results are presented for wires and bodies of revolution buried in lossy soil using frequency-dependent measured parameters for the complex permittivity, and we demonstrate that the resonant frequencies generally vary with target depth.
The photochemistry of riboflavin--V. The photodegradation of isoalloxazines in alcoholic solvents.

Abstract— Riboflavin and other N-10 substituted isoalloxazines have been irradiated anaerobically in alcohols and alcohol-water mixtures. Deuterium substitution was used in several different ways to determine the hydrogen kinetic isotope effect. Riboflavin and 10-(3′-hydroxypropyl)-isoalloxazine were photobleached in 2-propanol, 2-propanol-0-d, 2-propanol-2-d, t-butyl alcohol, and t-butyl alcohol-0-d. No isotope effect significantly different from 1.0 was found for any of the nondeuterated to deuterated solvent comparisons. When the anaerobic irradiation of 10-(3′-hydroxypropyl-3′,3′-d2)-isoalloxazine and 10-(3′-hydroxypropyl)-isoalloxazine in either 2-propanol or t-butyl alcohol were compared, kinetic isotope effect ratios for H to D of 2.8 were obtained. Thin layer chromatography in conjunction with color return at 445 nm during oxidation showed that lumichrome and formylmethylflavin, which are irreversible photodegradation products, were formed from the photoreaction in alcohols. The photochemistry of isoalloxazines in alcohols, while somewhat different from the aqueous photochemistry, does not involve a primary photoreduction with the solvent, and photo degradation still dominates. This was an unexpected result and it illustrates the unusual photochemical behavior of isoalloxazines. The anaerobic irradiation of riboflavin in 2-propanol-water mixtures showed that the efficiency of photodegradation is linked to the physical properties of the solvent.
Nitrogen Metabolism of Detached Corn Leaves in Darkness and in Light.

When corn seedlings absorb large amounts of ammonium nitrogen from complete nutrient solutions high in ammonium, soluble nitrogen compounds accumulate in the tissues of shoot and root but the true protein remains relatively constant (15). Ammonia does not accumulate rapidly in tissues of the corn plant until asparagine, glutamine, a-amino nitrogen and peptides have reached relatively high values. In order to determine the role of these compounds in protein catabolism, the changes in nitrogen composition of detached leaves maintained in darkness and in intermittent light and darkness were studied and the results are reported here. Yarwood (20) has recently reviewed the subject of detached leaf culture. Similar studies have been made on leaves of rhubarb (14), barley (21), Kikuyu grass (17, 18), and sudan grass (18), and oats (17) cultured in continuous darkness, and tobacco (12) and runner bean leaves (2) in light and darkness. The results show in general that protein hydrolysis begins soon after the leaf is detached and that amino nitrogen, and either or both of the amides, glutamine and asparagine, accumulate. Whether this loss of protein on detachment of the leaf is due to lack of supply of some external factor or hormone or to some internal factor has been the object of speculation (1, 16, 13). Materials and methods
Mechanism for the Role of Magnesia in the Sintering of Alumina Containing Small Amounts of a liquid Phase

Microstructural morphology in A1203 containing trace amounts (∼0.25 vol%) of a silicate-based amorphous phase was studied, as a finction of MgO additions, using transmission electron microscopy. Incipient abnormal grains develop during hot-pressing of undoped Al2O3 powder and are characterized by a large aspect ratio (>3) and long basal plane {0001} facets. The facets are completely wet by a thin (∼3 nm) amorphous phase in contrast with grain ends, which appear to be devoid of an amorphous phase. The shape of the grains is believed to result from differences in mobility between clean (i.e., unwet) grain boundaries and intergranular films which are liquid at the firing temperature. Doping with trace additions of MgO (Mg/A1=250 ppm) results in smaller, more uniform grain structures. Many grains in the MgO doped material exhibit all the features of the incipient abnormal grains in the undoped material, with the exception of the large aspect ratio. It is concluded that the role of MgO in such a system is a grain-growth inhibitor and a microstructural stabilizer. It is proposed that the additive operates by reducing the mobility difference between clean (unwet) boundaries and grain boundaries wetted by thin amorphous films. It is believed the additive accomplishes this primarily by reducing the mobility of the clean grain boundaries via a solid-solution pinning mechanism.
An on-orbit experiment for dynamics and control of large structures

Attention is given to the definition of the on-orbit dynamic testing that is currently being planned for the flight of a large solar array test article, the Solar Array Flight Experiment (SAFE 1), which consists of a coilable longeron mast that deploys a large solar array blanket. Also discussed is the design of an additional experiment employing this structure in conjunction with a two- or three-axis gimbal system, in order to demonstrate control techniques applicable to such large structures. SAFE 1 experiment objectives, hardware, software, and the experimental operations foreseen are discussed.
Cardiorenal Syndrome Clinical Trial End Points

Cardiorenal syndrome is a focus of interest in heart failure because of the substantial associated morbidity and mortality. Recent clinical trials of novel heart failure therapies targeting the interdependence of cardiac and renal dysfunction have failed to show significant benefits with respect to many end points. The heterogeneity of this patient population and the lack of standardized clinical trial end points complicate forward progress. This article reviews the end points evaluated in key clinical trials of cardiorenal syndrome and synthesizes recent discussions about the appropriateness of end points for future trials.
Feeding preferences and colonization abilities of three aphid vectors (Homoptera: Aphididae) of peanut mottle virus on selected host plants.

In laboratory feeding preference tests using peanuts, soybeans, cowpeas, chinese cabbage, and sorghum, Aphis craccivora (Koch) (the cowpea aphid), Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (the green peach aphid), and Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (the corn leaf aphid), all showed a preference for settling onto a host, regardless of the host species used, compared with wandering at random in the feeding arena and not feeding on any host plant. A. craccivora showed the greatest propensity to wander in the feeding arena, while R. maidis had the greatest tendency to settle and feed on the leaf disks. When offered combinations of two host plants, M. persicae preferred chinese cabbage in four comparisons and soybean in two, A. craccivora preferred soybean in two comparisons and chinese cabbage in two comparisons, and R. maidis preferred chinese cabbage in four comparisons and sorghum in three. Chinese cabbage, soybeans, cowpeas, and sorghum were preferred by the three aphid species over peanuts. Based on feeding preferences in this series of tests it is impossible to separate the relative abilities of the three aphids species to serve as vectors of peanut mottle virus (PMV) in peanuts. The three aphid species reproduced well on the plants on which they were reared. Only A. craccivora was able to reproduce on either peanuts or soybeans in caged reproduction tests.
Is the K factor in the Drell-Yan process necessary?☆

Abstract A simple scale violating quark parton model incorporating only power suppressed correction to scaling is shown to describe simultaneously the deep inelastic lepton scattering, and the Drell-Yan lepton pair production data without the need for the K-factor. In contrast an additional large higher order correction to scaling through the K-factor is considered essential in quantum chromodynamics to explain the Drell-Yan data.
A FORWARD LOOKING, SINGULAR PERTURBATION APPROACH TO PRICING OPTIONS UNDER MARKET UNCERTAINTY AND TRADING NOISE

In this article we examine the pricing of options when trading noise and uncertainty in the options markets invalidates the assumption that the price of the option depends solely on the price of the underlying security (or any set of underlying state variables). We show that the introduction of trading noise in the options market affects the call-put parity relationship, and can also contribute to generate implied volatility skews.
Design and development of conformal smart spiral antenna

bandwidths to receive and br transmit signals over a wide frequency range. In this paper a smartskin conformal antenna is designed which consists of a thin tunable dielectric sheet, interdigitaltransducer and notch filter and a chiral absorber.INTRODUCTIONSpiral antennas are being used since the early sixties as both transmit and receive antennas inradar, direction finding, navigation, electronic countermeasures and satellite communications. Theplanar cavity-loaded spiral antenna is most widely used for EW applications and radar warningreceivers. The cavity is usually bulky with microwave absorbing materials. The conventional wideband spiral antenna design includes styrofoam and honey comb absorber. For a 2- 1 8 GHz, the
Ozone Uptake During Inspiratory Flow in a Model of the Larynx, Trachea and Primary Bronchial Bifurcation.

Abstract Three-dimensional simulations of the transport and uptake of a reactive gas such as O 3 were compared between an idealized model of the larynx, trachea, and first bifurcation and a second “control” model in which the larynx was replaced by an equivalent, cylindrical, tube segment. The Navier–Stokes equations, Spalart–Allmaras turbulence equation, and convection–diffusion equation were implemented at conditions reflecting inhalation into an adult human lung. Simulation results were used to analyze axial velocity, turbulent viscosity, local fractional uptake, and regional uptake. Axial velocity data revealed a strong laryngeal jet with a reattachment point in the proximal trachea. Turbulent viscosity data indicated that jet turbulence occurred only at high Reynolds numbers and was attenuated by the first bifurcation. Local fractional uptake data affirmed hotspots previously reported at the first carina, and suggested additional hotspots at the glottal constriction and jet reattachment point in the proximal trachea. These laryngeal effects strongly depended on inlet Reynolds number, with maximal effects (approaching 15%) occurring at maximal inlet flow rates. While the increase in the regional uptake caused by the larynx subsided by the end of the model, the effect of the larynx on cumulative uptake persisted further downstream. These results suggest that with prolonged exposure to a reactive gas, entire regions of the larynx and proximal trachea could show signs of tissue injury.
Effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on myocardial contractile and diastolic function in patients with heart failure.

Atrial natriuretic peptide alters left ventricular performance in patients with heart failure. To assess the direct effects of this hormone on myocardial function, its actions were compared with those of the pure vasodilator nitroprusside in 10 patients with heart failure. Simultaneous left ventricular micromanometer pressure and radionuclide volume were obtained during a baseline period, during nitroprusside infusion, during a second baseline period and during atrial natriuretic peptide infusion. The baseline end-systolic pressure-volume relation was generated in nine patients from pressure-volume loops obtained during the two baseline periods and during afterload reduction with nitroprusside. Mean arterial pressure decreased with atrial natriuretic peptide (89 ± 3 to 80 ± 2 mm Hg, p < 0.05) and by a greater amount with nitroprusside (90 ± 4 to 73 ± 3 mm Hg, p < 0.05). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure also decreased with atrial natriuretic peptide (24 ± 2 to 16 ± 3 mm Hg, p < 0.05) and by a greater amount with nitroprusside (24 ± 2 to 13 ± 3 mm Hg, p < 0.05). Cardiac index increased during infusion of each agent from 2.0 ± 0.2 to 2.4 ± 0.2 liters/min per m2(p < 0.01). Heart rate increased slightly with nitroprusside but did not change with atrial natriuretic peptide. Peak positive first derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt), ejection fraction and stroke work index were unchanged by either agent. The relation between end-systolic pressure and volume during atrial natriuretic peptide infusion was shifted slightly leftward from the baseline value in four patients, slightly rightward in four and not at all in one patient, indicating no consistent inotropic effect. Both agents shortened the time constant of isovolumetric relaxation calculated by the logarithmic method, but only nitroprusside shortened the time constant calculated by the derivative method. Peak filling rate was unchanged from baseline with either agent. Atrial natriuretic peptide did not shift the end-diastolic pressure-volume point away from the relation constructed from baseline and nitroprusside points. It is concluded that atrial natriuretic peptide has no direct effect on myocardial contractile or diastolic function in patients with heart failure.
Fatigue deformation of microsized metallic glasses

Metallic glasses typically exhibit high strength and a high elastic limit but suffer from poor fatigue resistance. This work demonstrates that 1.6 micron diameter Zr-based metallic glass samples subjected to compressive fatigue cycling did not fail after 40 × 10^6 cycles. The fatigue endurance limit was shown to increase to more than 110% of bulk yield strength under compression–compression and up to 90% under bending; those of the same material with macroscopic dimensions are typically at 50% of bulk yield strength.
Essence and Modality

object x may have a property F either by exemplifying F or by being determined by F. Mally's idea is that every group of properties determines an abstract object, but that such an abstract object need not exemplify the properties which determine it. For example, the properties goldenness and mountainhood determine an abstract object which exemplifies neither of these two properties. The intuition here is that the properties determining an abstract object are part of its nature and govern the conception of that object. Indeed, for Mally, there is nothing more to the nature of an abstract object than the properties by which it is to be conceived. In what follows, we shall say that an abstract object encodes property F instead of saying that F determines x. Since encoding is a way of having a property, it constitutes a kind of predication. That is why we introduce 'xF' as an atomic mode of predication, to express the fact that x encodes F. We rigorously distinguish this from the traditional form of predication, namely, that x exemplifies F ('Fx'). (More generally, we read 'F'xl ... xn' as xl ... xn exemplify or stand in the relation F".) For example, on this view, Sherlock Holmes encodes the properties of being a detective, living in London, etc. These are the properties by which we conceive of him, and thus are part of his nature, but on the present view, he does not exemplify these properties. He exemplifies, by contrast, properties like being fictional, being admired by modern criminologists, etc., as well as a variety of properties that things have in virtue of being abstract (more on this below). In general, fictional objects will be said to encode the properties attributed to them in their respective stories. To take another class of examples, mathematical objects will encode the mathematical properties attributed to them in their respective theories. By contrast, they exemplify properties like being abstract, not having mass, not having a texture, being conceived by Euler, etc. Note that by thinking of encoding as a second mode of predication, predication in ordinary language becomes ambiguous relative to a logic that distinguishes xF and Fx. The principal axiom for abstract objects, described in more detail below, is a comprehension principle that asserts the conditions under which abstract objects exist and encode properties: for any expressible condition 4 that is satisfiable (in Tarski's sense) by properties F, there exists an abstract object that encodes exactly the properties F satisfying (. Consider, then, the second-order, modal language that can be formed with Fnl ... xn and xF1 as a basis, and where the other logical notions are (not), -+ (if-then), V (every), and D (necessarily). Identity is not primitive in this language, but will instead be defined below for both objects and relations. The language is further enhanced with Mind, Vol. 115 . 459 . July2006 ? Zalta 2006 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.121 on Wed, 05 Jul 2017 18:02:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Lymphomatous meningitis of the burkitt type presenting with multiple cranial neuropathies

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe diplopia as the initial manifestation of the Burkitt lymphoma. DESIGN: Observational case report. METHODS: Retrospective chart review. RESULTS: A 53-year-old human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive man presented with a severe headache associated with binocular diplopia. Flow cytometric analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid demonstrated a monoclonal B-lymphoid cell population consistent with the Burkitt lymphoma. CONCLUSION: Ophthalmologists should be aware that diplopia may be the presenting manifestation of Burkitt lymphoma in an immunocompromised patient.
Slow Conformational Dynamics in the Hamster Prion Protein

Although the mechanism of the conformational conversion from the cellular (PrPC) to the scrapie (PrPSc) form of animal prion proteins has yet to be elucidated, evidence is accumulating that may provide insight into the conversion process at atomic resolution. Here we show critical aspects of the slow fluctuation dynamics of the recombinant hamster prion protein, rPrP(90−231), based on NMR relaxation analysis using Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) experiments, and compare them in detail with results from high-pressure NMR. Residues exhibiting slow fluctuations on the time scale of microseconds to milliseconds are mainly localized on helices B and C (172−193 and 200−227), which include locally disordered regions in an intermediate conformer, PrP*, identified previously by high-pressure NMR [Kuwata, K., et al., (2002) Biochemistry 41, 12277−12283]. Moreover, chemical shift differences between two putative exchanging conformers obtained by the CPMG relaxation analysis and the linear component of the pressure-...
Nocturnal activity and sleep assessment

Abstract Sleep occupies approximately one third of our lives yet its modern study has largely been restricted to the use of the polygraph and to self-report via sleep logs. Actigraphy is a method for obtaining objective behavioral samples of nocturnal as well as diurnal activity. Activity is continuously measured and recorded in memory at user specified intervals, usually 1 minute, 24-hours a day for days and weeks if desired. This review concentrates on studies validating actigraphy for sleep assessment and briefly addresses applications to DSM-IV sleep disorders. Sleep onset is a continuous rather than discrete event. A five phase Sleep-Onset Spectrum is discussed and actigraphy is validated within this context.
Idiopathic scrotal edema

An eight-year experience consisting of 30 cases of idiopathic scrotal edema has been analyzed. The condition is characterized by a minimally painful scrotal swelling produced by subcutaneous edema. A normal testis and cord enable one to differentiate it from some other causes of scrotal swelling such as torsion of the testis and epididymo-orchitis. A connection with trauma, periurethral disease, or streptococcal disease appears unlikely. A localized allergic phenomenon, perhaps a local form of angioneurotic edema appears to be the most likely etiologic factor.
Sensitivity analysis of a new model of carcinogenesis

A new simulation model of carcinogenesis is described which, in addition to the features of a standard clonal two-stage model (loss of both copies of a tumor suppressor gene by point mutations, cell division and cell death), includes a quantitative description of mitotic recombination, DNA repair, and cell to cell interactions in all stages. The model is implemented as a discrete event process. The results of a sensitivity analysis of the model are presented. The most sensitive parameters were found to be: the number of normal cells at risk, and the division rate, death rate and DNA repair efficiency for the intermediate stage cells. Accurate information about these parameters is important for a quantitative understanding of carcinogenesis. The sensitivity of the model to the number of normal cells indicates the importance of understanding the nature of the cells at risk, for example, stem cells vs. differentiated cells. The model can be used to assess the importance of chromosomal damage such as mitotic recombination and epigenetic mechanisms such as hyperplasia and cytotoxicity in the onset of malignant tumors.
Comparison of Geological and Engineering Parameters of Marine Sediments

Abstract : Various tests are conducted on sediment cores taken from the Gulf of Mexico in order to determine possible correlations between fast survey techniques and time-consuming laboratory tests.
Fiber-optic chlorine probe based on fluorescence decay of N-(6-methoxyquinolyl)acetoethyl ester.

Abstract A fiber-optic probe for measuring chlorine in aqueous solution is evaluated. The probe uses a microporous gas-permeable membrane to trap a small volume of aqueous internal solution made of N -(6-methoxyquinolyl)acetoethyl ester (MQAE) in front of a fiber-optic assembly. The working principle of this probe is based on a combination of fluorescence quenching and redox reaction of MQAE by chloride ion and chlorine, respectively. While the magnitude of total fluorescence decay is independent of the sample concentration, the initial rate of decrease in fluorescence intensity is linearly proportional to the chlorine concentration over the range from 8.4 to 418 μ M . Once the probe is exposed to a chlorine sample, the probe tip must be refilled with a fresh aliquot of the internal solution before the next measurement. In this mode, the probe displays excellent reproducibility; the relative standard deviation of the initial rate of fluorescence decay ( n = 3) is only 1 percent. This probe can also be used for the measurement of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in aqueous solution. The response properties are identical to those of the chlorine probe.
Consistent crudeness principles in design and forensic decision making

Abstract Formal decision making involves the generation of alternatives that meet the constraints and objectives, followed by a comparison between the alternatives with respect to decision criteria. The process is systematic and hierarchical, proceeding from broad decisions to ones of great specificity. At each level in the hierarchy comparisons among alternatives are made, and a question arises concerning whether the analytical and information efforts are much the same for each of the competing alternatives. This problem is the concern of this paper where the evenhandedness is dealt with by principles of crudeness. Four principles are developed, and the application of these to professional decision problems in design and forensics are considered. The measures of crudeness are developed as quality statements about the variables, information and modeling of the-alternatives. The mathematical aspects are in terms of fuzzy sets theory and fuzzy entropy.
Generalized Computations of the Gray Body Shape Factor for Thermal Radiation from a Rectangular U-Channel

Gray body shape factors are computed for radiation exchange between the interior of rectangular fin structures and a nonreflecting ambient. The shape factors are derived from an equivalent thermal circuit using emissivity-dependent resistance elements between each black body potential and corresponding radiosity node. Geometric-shape-factor-dependent resistance elements connect interacting radiosities. Several curves are plotted to aid the heat sink designer to assess the radiative heat transfer for n variety of heat sink dimensions and emissivities. These results show that gross errors exist in some of the previously published data and prediction methods in common usage throughout the electronics industry.
Translocation of surface antigen genes to a unique telomeric expression site in Pneumocystis carinii.

The surface of Pneumocystis carinii sp. f. carinii contains an antigen known as major surface glycoprotein (MSG), which is encoded by about 100 heterogeneous genes. Expression of MSG genes is not well understood. Previous work identified a sequence termed UCS, which is present at the beginning of nearly all MSG mRNAs, and which is likely to be involved in regulation of MSG gene transcription. Here we show that the UCS was present in one copy per haploid genome, but that different MSG genes were linked to the unique UCS locus in different members of a P. c. carinii population, predicting that individual organisms transcribe a limited number of MSG genes. This prediction was supported by indirect immunofluorescence observations. Comparison of three different populations of P. c. carinii showed that each contained a different set of MSG genes linked to the UCS, suggesting that UCS–MSG junctions are formed by recombination during population growth. Both the UCS and MSG genes were shown to be located at the ends of chromosomes, suggesting that the mechanism for UCS–MSG recombination is reciprocal exchange.
An Iron Enhancer Element in the FTN-1 Gene Directs Iron-dependent Expression in Caenorhabditis elegans Intestine *

Ferritin is a ubiquitous protein that sequesters iron and protects cells from iron toxicity. Caenorhabditis elegans express two ferritins, FTN-1 and FTN-2, which are transcriptionally regulated by iron. To identify the cis-acting sequences and proteins required for iron-dependent regulation of ftn-1 and ftn-2 expression, we generated transcriptional GFP reporters corresponding to 5 ′-upstream sequences of the ftn-1 and ftn-2 genes. We identified a conserved 63-bp sequence, the iron-dependent element (IDE), that is required for iron-dependent regulation of a ftn-1 GFP reporter in intestine. The IDE contains two GATA-binding motifs and three octameric direct repeats. Site-directed mutagenesis of the GATA sequences, singly or in combination, reduces ftn-1 GFP reporter expression in the intestine. In vitro DNA mobility shift assays show that the intestine-specific GATA protein ELT-2 binds to both GATA sequences. Inhibition of ELT-2 function by RNA interference blocks ftn-1 GFP reporter expression in vivo. Insertion of the IDE into the promoter region of a heterologous reporter activates iron-dependent transcription in intestine. These data demonstrate that the activation of ftn-1 and ftn-2 transcription by iron requires ELT-2 and that the IDE functions as an iron-dependent enhancer in intestine.
Do students mandated to intervention for campus alcohol-related violations drink more than nonmandated students?

It is often assumed that "mandated students" (i.e., those who violate campus alcohol policies and are mandated to receive an alcohol intervention) drink more than students from the general population. To test this assumption empirically, we compared alcohol-use levels of a sample of students mandated for alcohol violations (n = 435) with a representative sample of nonmandated students from the same university (n = 1,876). As expected, mandated students were more likely to be male, younger, first-year students, and living in on-campus dorms, and they reported poorer academic performance (i.e., grade point averages). With respect to alcohol use, after controlling for demographic differences, they reported more drinks per week than those in the general university sample but they did not report drinking heavily more frequently than nonmandated students. Within the mandated student sample, there was considerable variability in drinking level; that is, the frequency of heavy drinking covered the full range from never to 10+ times in the past month, and there was a larger standard deviation for drinks per week among mandated students than among those in the general sample. These results challenge the assumption that mandated students drink heavily more often but do provide empirical support for the assumption that students who violate alcohol policies drink at higher quantities, justifying the need for an alcohol use reduction intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Decomposition theorems for the torus projective plane and Klein bottle

Abstract We show that every polyhedral map on the torus is the union of two face-disjoint subcomplexes that are annuli. Furthermore the two annuli can be chosen such that all vertices of the polyhedral map lie in one annulus. Similar decomposition theorems are proved for the Klein bottle and projective plane. As a corollary, we prove that the polyhedral maps on these surfaces are isomorphic to maps obtained by making identifications on the boundary complexes of 3-dimensional polytopes.
Comparison of Surgical Outcomes between Phacocanaloplasty and Phacotrabeculectomy at 12 Months' Follow-up: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

Purpose:To compare operative outcomes of patients after phacocanaloplasty and phacotrabeculectomy through 12 months’ follow-up.Design:Retrospective, nonrandomized, comparative case series.Materials and Methods:We included 36 eyes of 36 patients with open-angle glaucoma who underwent combined phacoem
Impact of donor-specific antibodies in reconstructive transplantation.

For many devastating injuries and tissue defects where conventional reconstruction is not possible, reconstructive transplantation such as hand and face transplantation has become a viable alternative. This novel approach allows for improved restoration of appearance, anatomy and function not feasible by other available treatment options. However, clinical management of these injuries prior to transplantation frequently requires multiple blood transfusion or skin grafts resulting in the formation of alloantibodies (anti-HLA IgG Abs) and a high degree of sensitization. The role of donor-specific antibodies (DSA) and mechanisms of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in reconstructive transplantation are still largely unknown. Thus there is an imminent need to develop a better understanding of the mechanisms related to DSA and AMR after reconstructive transplantation. In this review, we will define the role of DSA and mechanisms of AMR in reconstructive transplantation and compare them to established measures ...
The Adeno-Associated Virus Type 5 Small Rep Proteins Expressed via Internal Translation Initiation Are Functional

Although precluded from using splicing to produce multiple small Rep proteins, adeno-associated virus type 5 (AAV5) generates a Rep40-like protein by alternative translation initiation at an internal AUG. A defined region upstream of the internal AUG was both required and sufficient to program internal initiation within AAV5 and may act similarly in heterologous contexts. The internally initiated AAV5 Rep40-like protein was functional and had helicase activity similar to that of AAV2 Rep40. Surprisingly, both the AAV5 Rep40-like protein and Rep52 were able to be translated from the AAV5 upstream P7-generated RNAs; however, the relative level of small to large Rep proteins was reduced compared to that of the wild type. A P19 mutant AAV5 infectious clone generated near-wild-type levels of the double-stranded monomer replicative form (mRF) replicative intermediate but reduced levels of virus, consistent with the previously defined role of Rep40-like proteins in genome encapsidation. Levels of mutant virus were dramatically reduced upon amplification.
Surface effects on dislocation dissociation in thin foils

Abstract The equilibrium width of a dislocation dissociated into two partials lying parallel to the surfaces of a thin foil has been computed for free and rigid surface boundary conditions and the case where only the screw components of the partials interact. These conditions approximate the situation in transmission electron microscopy specimens with and without a thin surface layer having a shear modulus much greater than the matrix. The results indicate that the equilibrium spacing between partials decreases to zero on approaching a free surface, but increases to a value equal to twice the equilibrium spacing at the foil centre as a rigid surface is approached. The equilibrium spacing as a function of depth is symmetrical about the foil centre. Surface effects of both kinds can be neglected in calculating the equilibrium spacing at the foil centre providing , where p is the foil thickness, b A and b B are the Burgers vectors of the partials, γ is the stacking-fault energy and μ is the shear modulus of ...
Wall-Motion Based Analysis of Global and Regional Left Atrial Mechanics

Atrial fibrillation is an increasingly prevalent cardiovascular disease; changes in atrial structure and function induced by atrial fibrillation and its treatments are often spatially heterogeneous. However, spatial heterogeneity of function is difficult to assess with standard imaging techniques. This paper describes a method to assess global and regional mechanical function by combining cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and finite-element surface fitting. We used this fitted surface to derive measures of left atrial volume, regional motion, and spatial heterogeneity of motion in 23 subjects, including healthy volunteers and atrial fibrillation patients. We fit the surfaces using a Newton optimization scheme in under 1 min on a standard laptop, with a root mean square error of 2.3±0.5 mm, less than 9% of the mean fitted radius, and an inter-operator variability of less than 10%. Fitted surfaces showed clear definition of the phases of left atrial motion (filling, passive emptying, active contraction) in both volume-time and regional radius-time curves. Averaged surfaces of healthy volunteers and atrial fibrillation patients provided evidence of substantial regional variation in both amount and timing of regional motion, indicating spatial heterogeneity of function, even in healthy adults.
Social neuroscience and theory of mind.

Background: The role of theory of mind (ToM) in autism spectrum disorders and other communication impairments has been an active area of research in the last 30 y
Kyphoscoliosis improvement while treating a patient for adhesive capsulitis using the active therapeutic movement version 2.

Abstract Objective This article presents a case report illustrating an improvement in the curvature of idiopathic scoliosis as a secondary benefit from treatment of adhesive capsulitis with an active therapeutic movement (ATM) device. Clinical Features The patient was a 55-year-old schoolteacher who was referred to physical therapy for adhesive capsulitis. It was determined that part of the patient's limited shoulder range of motion was due to her significant kyphoscoliosis posture, which resulted in decreased mobility of her thoracic spine. Intervention and Outcome The patient was treated with an ATM device as a means to help mobilize her thoracic spine. The patient completed several weeks of therapy, which consisted of using the ATM exclusively. The patient gained near-normal range of motion in both arms and had improvement in her kyphoscoliosis posture. Conclusion A nonsurgical treatment was a useful intervention for some of the physical and psychosocial aspects that this patient with kyphoscoliosis encountered.
Contributions of Dietary Carbohydrate and Ethanol to Alterations in Liver Glycogen Levels and Glycolytic Activity

Hepatic glycogen levels are decreased in rats as a consequence of chronic ethanol consumption. In earlier studies ethanol (36% of total calories consumed) replaced carbohydrate in the ethanol-containing diet, thus leading to the possibility that the decreases in liver glycogen were a result of limited dietary carbohydrate. In the present study, rats were administered ethanol in low-carbohydrate (LC) or high-carbohydrate (HC) diets to determine if lowered dietary carbohydrate contributes to the decrease in glycogen levels associated with ethanol consumption. The glycogen content of isolated hepatocytes was not different between rats fed LC or HC in control or ethanol-containing diets. Lactate and pyruvate were measured to determine the effects of dietary carbohydrate and ethanol on glycolytic activity, and were not significantly altered by changes in the levels of dietary carbohydrate. However, ethanol-containing diets resulted in decreased concentrations of hepatic glycogen, lactate, and pyruvate as compared with controls in both LC and HC diets. These observations demonstrate that decreases in glycogen content and lactate + pyruvate concentrations are due to chronic ethanol consumption rather than a carbohydrate deficiency, when carbohydrate is maintained above 10% of total calories.
Adaptive data compression

Data compression techniques are classified into four categories which describe the effect a compression method has on the form of the signal transmitted. Each category is defined and examples of techniques in each category are given. Compression methods which have received previous investigation, such as the geometric aperture methods, as well as techniques which have not received much attention, such as Fourier filter, optimum discrete filter, and variable sampling rate compression, are described. Results of computer simulations with real data are presented for each method in terms of rms and peak errors versus compression ratio. It is shown that, in general, the geometric aperture techniques give results comparable to or better than the more "exotic" methods and are more economical to implement at the present state-of-the-art. In addition, the aperture compression methods provide bounded peak error which is not readily obtainable with other methods. A general system design is given for a stored-logic data compression system with adaptive buffer control to prevent loss of data and to provide efficient transmission of multiplexed channels with compressed data. An adaptive buffer design is described which is shown to be practical, based on computer simulations with five different types of representative data.
Pulmonary reactions to inhaled cotton dust: An animal model for byssinosis☆

Abstract Groups of guinea pigs were exposed to respirable particles of cotton dust obtained from opening and carding rooms of a textile mill. The bulk cotton dust was resuspended with a modified sonic sifter. Exposures were conducted 6 hr/day at concentrations varying between 16 and 25 mg/m 3 . The particle size for these exposures varied around a 3 μm aerodynamic equivalent diameter. In animals exposed for 5 days, a pulmonary effect began to develop 3 hr after the start of exposure on the first day and was maximal 18 hr postexposure. The pulmonary effect faded during the ensuing weekdays as daily exposures continued. In one group exposed for 6 weeks, 5 days/week, the pulmonary effect was apparent on each Monday and faded during the week. The pulmonary response can best be characterized as a reflex restriction of breathing from stimulation of vagal nerve endings, resulting in rapid shallow breathing. This effect was exaggerated upon challenge of the animals with air containing 10% CO 2 . In humans this pattern of rapid shallow breathing is associated with symptoms of shortness of breath, dyspnea, breathlessness, and fatigue upon exertion. Such symptoms are characteristic of those reported by workers exposed to cotton dust. This animal model is proposed for further evaluation of the possible relationship between the acute responses to cotton dust and the development of a chronic response.