cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Silicon growth at low temperatures: SiH4-HCl-H2 system

Abstract The kinetics of silicon growth at low temperatures (below 1000°C) are derived based on the ad-molecules S i H 2 and S i Cl 2 . The growth kinetics are shown to describe the growth rate very well at the low temperatures and to be applicable to higher temperatures. The quantitative results obtained clearly show how the growth rate is affected by HCl in terms of the growth due to S i H 2 , that due to S i Cl 2 and the etching by HCl. The results also show that the equilibrium conversion of S i H 2 to S i Cl 2 determines the extent to which each of the three components contributes to the overall growth rate. This equilibrium conversion increases with decreasing temperature, resulting in a reduction of the growth rate. A “volcano” curve based on heat of adsorption is proposed as a means of explaining the suitability of a gas species as the ad-species mainly responsible for the growth and screening the candidates for the ad-species.
Comparison of dried blood spot to venous methods for hemoglobin A1c, glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and C-reactive protein.

Abstract Background Compared to venipuncture, dried blood spots (DBS) can be collected by non-phlebotomists in non-clinical settings, is relatively inexpensive, more easily transported and stored conveniently. Disadvantages of DBS include difficult assay development and validation. This study compared DBS to venous methods for hemoglobin A1c, glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Methods DBS collection and venipuncture were performed on 401 participants. The DBS were collected on Whatman 903 protein saver card. For analysis, 3.2 mm blood punches were placed into a 96-well microtiter plate for elution and then analyzed. Results The Pearson squared correlation coefficients were high for hemoglobin A1c (0.92), CRP (0.84) and glucose (0.81) and low for total cholesterol (0.34) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (0.30). Sensitivity (> 82%) and specificity (> 90%) were high for CRP, glucose and hemoglobin A1c at selected clinical cut-points. Low sensitivity ( 87%) were seen for total and HDL cholesterol. Conclusions The hemoglobin A1c, glucose and CRP correlated well between DBS and venous methods (r 2 > 0.80), but there was a poor correlation for total and HDL cholesterol (r 2
Who's wooing whom II? An experimental investigation of date‐initiation and expectancy violation

Several recent studies focused on first date expectations and enactment. These studies indicate that men evaluate female‐initiated first dates in more sexual ways than do females. Results from these studies indicate, however, that participants report less intimacy on such dates. This study uses expectancy violation theory to investigate these apparently conflicting results. Participants evaluated either a male or female target person following a date initiation. Evaluations of targets' specific sexual expectations for the date are consistent with the notion that males may enter female‐initiated first dates with heightened sexual expectations. Results also indicate that participants evaluated date initiators as more sociable, more liberal, and less physically attractive than the person being asked.
A quantitative procedure for classifying descriptions of interpersonal behavior.

The present report describes a procedure of setting up category systems in which the classes are defined by a group of Ss, rather than by E. The procedure has the advantage over intuitively derived systems, of supplying a measure of the reliability of category definition. Essentially, the procedure consists of separating descriptions of interpersonal behavior according to similarity of meaning by a modification of an associative overlap measure and classifying the overlap measures into categories by a clustering technique.
Forensic culture as epistemic culture: The sociology of forensic science

This paper explores whether we can interpret the notion of 'forensic culture' as something akin to what Knorr-Cetina called an 'epistemic culture'. Can we speak of a 'forensic culture', and, if so, how is it similar to, or different from, other epistemic cultures that exist in what is conventionally called 'science'? This question has important policy implications given the National Academy Science's (NAS) recent identification of 'culture' as one of the problems at the root of what it identified as 'serious deficiencies' in U.S. forensic science and 'scientific culture' as an antidote to those problems. Finding the NAS's characterisation of 'scientific culture' overly general and naive, this paper offers a preliminary exploration of what might be called a 'forensic culture'. Specifically, the paper explores the way in which few of the empirical findings accumulated by sociologists of science about research science seem to apply to forensic science. Instead, forensic science seems to have developed a distinct culture for which a sociological analysis will require new explanatory tools. Faithful sociological analysis of 'forensic culture' will be a necessary prerequisite for the kind of culture change prescribed by external reformist bodies like the NAS.
Genetic transfer of nitrogenase-hydrogenase activity in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.

THE transfer of nitrogen fixation (nif) genes to bacterial mutants defective in this capacity (nif−) by transduction1 and conjugation2 was first observed in 1971 with Klebsiella pneumoniae. The investigations cited and the subsequent demonstration3 that nif genes can be transferred from K. pneumoniae to Escherichia coli have been widely regarded as harbingers of the molecular biology of the nitrogen fixation process. We now report a new system of interest in this connection, namely, the transfer of nif genes in the non-sulphur purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Genetic transfer in this organism is mediated by a filterable vector of small size and unknown nature, the “gene transfer agent” (GTA), discovered by Marrs4.
Computer applications in U.S. law enforcement

Abstract The article is based partially on findings of a completed study assessing the status and impact of computer applications in U.S. law enforcement. Inasmuch as the applications have been most significant in the police, command, control, and communications (PCCC) area, the article focuses on the PCCC technologies of nine-one-one, computer-aided dispatch, automatic vehicle monitoring, mobile digital communications, and management information systems. In particular, the article reviews the nature of these PCCC applications, especially in terms of the police functions they are intended to impact and the objectives they are intended to achieve; assesses the current status and actual impact of these applications; and outlines areas where further considerations are required.
Gender, Acculturation and Alcohol Use among Latina/o Adolescents: A Multi-Ethnic Comparison

This is the first study to examine the relationship between acculturation and alcohol use by gender and ethnicity using a nationally representative sample of Hispanic and non-Hispanic white adolescents. Specifically, we use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to explore alcohol use and binge drinking for a sample that includes 6792 non-Hispanic whites, 910 Mexican Americans, 290 Cuban Americans, and 336 Puerto Ricans. Bivariate results reveal significant gender differences in alcohol use among first generation Mexican American, first generation Puerto Rican, and second generation Cuban American adolescents. In addition, these results indicate binge drinking differs significantly by gender among first generation Mexican American, first generation Cuban American, third plus generation Puerto Rican, and third plus generation non-Hispanic white adolescents. Multivariate logistic regression reveals that gender also moderates the effect of acculturation as well as ethnicity on alcohol use and abuse. Among both males and females, first generation immigrants are significantly less likely than third plus generation immigrants to use alcohol and binge drink while selective acculturation significantly reduces the odds of both behaviors. However, the effects of immigrant generation and selective acculturation on binge drinking are larger for females. Further, the trajectories that alcohol use and binge drinking follow with acculturation differ significantly by gender and ethnicity. These results reaffirm the need to further develop theoretical models and intervention strategies that are both gender-specific and culturally-specific, targeting high risk groups in particular in these efforts.
Aggregation Behavior of Brachymeria lasus (Walker) in the Laboratory

Adult Brachymeria lasus preferentially select conditioned hollow styrofoam cubes over unconditioned cubes when choosing overnight aggregation sites. Conditioning is induced by a chemical(s) produced by adult conspecifics.
Performance modeling and automatic ghost zone optimization for iterative stencil loops on GPUs

Iterative stencil loops (ISLs) are used in many applications and tiling is a well-known technique to localize their computation. When ISLs are tiled across a parallel architecture, there are usually halo regions that need to be updated and exchanged among different processing elements (PEs). In addition, synchronization is often used to signal the completion of halo exchanges. Both communication and synchronization may incur significant overhead on parallel architectures with shared memory. This is especially true in the case of graphics processors (GPUs), which do not preserve the state of the per-core L1 storage across global synchronizations. To reduce these overheads, ghost zones can be created to replicate stencil operations, reducing communication and synchronization costs at the expense of redundantly computing some values on multiple PEs. However, the selection of the optimal ghost zone size depends on the characteristics of both the architecture and the application, and it has only been studied for message-passing systems in a grid environment. To automate this process on shared memory systems, we establish a performance model using NVIDIA's Tesla architecture as a case study and propose a framework that uses the performance model to automatically select the ghost zone size that performs best and generate appropriate code. The modeling is validated by four diverse ISL applications, for which the predicted ghost zone configurations are able to achieve a speedup no less than 98% of the optimal speedup.
Habitat Use by Sonoran Desert Tortoises

The distribution of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) spans a wide range of biotic and abiotic conditions in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, with physical and behavioral differences distinguishing tortoises inhabiting the Mojave Desert from those inhabiting the Sonoran Desert. Relative to tortoise populations in the Mojave Desert, populations in the Sonoran Desert have not been well-studied. To assess how habitat use of desert tortoises in the Sonoran Desert was influenced by topography, vegetation, geomorphology, and soil, we surveyed 40 randomly located 3-ha sites for presence of adult tortoises within a site-occupancy framework. We modeled both occupancy and detection probability as a function of environmental features, and compared those results with a logistic regression model that assumed detection probability was equal to 1. Results from both approaches agreed, suggesting that habitat selection of tortoises in the Sonoran Desert was influenced primarily by topographic and geomorphologic features rather than by vegetation. Specifically, tortoises were more likely to occupy sites that were steep (we detected tortoises on 29% of sites with mean slope 15°) and predominantly east-facing (53% of sites with 20% facing E), and less likely to occupy north-facing slopes (100% of sites with 60% facing N). Our results contrast with patterns of habitat use in the Mojave Desert where tortoises primarily occupy valley bottoms. Habitat use of tortoises in Sonoran and Mojave Desert populations differ considerably, contributing to the mounting body of evidence suggesting that these geographically distinct populations may represent separate species.
Mono- and bi-dentate nitrato and cationic 4-ethoxypyridine N-oxide complexes with metal nitrates

Abstract Synthetic and characterization studies of 4-ethoxypyridine N-oxide (EPNO) complexes with Co II , Ni II , Cu II and Zn II nitrates are reported. The following structural assignments were made on the basis of spectral, magnetic and conductance studies: [M(EPNO) 2 (O 2 NO) 2 ] (M = Co, Ni, Zn), essentially O h symmetry with coordinated bidentate nitrato groups; [Cu(EPNO) 2 (ONO 2 ) 2 ], essentially planar symmetry; [Co(EPNO) 3 (ONO 2 ) 2 ], involves penta-coordinated Co II ; the last two complexes have been coordinated monodentate nitrato groups; [M(EPNO) 6 ](NO 3 ) 2 (M = Co, Ni), distorted O h symmetry; [Cu(EPNO) 4 ](NO 3 ) 2 , essentially planar symmetry. Mono- and bi-dentate nitrato groups, as well as ionic NO 3 − , are easily distinguishable from the IR spectra of the new complexes. A C s symmetry was assigned to the coordinated monodentate nitrato group, and a C 2ν symmetry to the bidentate nitrato group.
The Cultural Psychology of Suffering: The Many Meanings of Health in Orissa, India (and Elsewhere)

Abstract In this article, I honor Jerome Bruner's meaning-centered and person-centered approach to the study of cultural psychology by describing aspects of the cultural psychology of suffering in and around a Hindu temple town in Orissa, India. I also outline the “big three” explanations of illness (biomedical, interpersonal, and moral) on a worldwide scale and recount some of the many meanings associated with the word health, as in the English language survey question “How would you rate your overall health?” [cultural psychology; explanations of illness; meanings of health; Orissa, India]
MANT-substituted guanine nucleotides: a novel class of potent adenylyl cyclase inhibitors.

Abstract Mammals express nine membranous adenylyl cyclase (AC) isoforms (AC1-AC9), but the precise functions of AC isoforms are still incompletely understood. This situation is at least partially due to the paucity of potent and isoenzyme-specific AC inhibitors. The original aim of our research was to develop a fluorescence assay for the stimulatory G-protein of AC, G s . 2′(3′)- O -( N -methylanthraniloyl)-(MANT)-substituted nucleotides are fluorescent and were previously used for the fluorescence analysis of purified G i /G o -proteins. We studied the effects of MANT-guanosine 5′-[γ-thio]triphosphate (MANT-GTPγS) and MANT-guanosine 5′-[β,γ-imido]triphosphate (MANT-GppNHp) on Gα s - and Gα i -mediated signaling. MANT-GTPγS and MANT-GppNHp had lower affinities for Gα s and Gα i than GTPγS and GppNHp. In contrast to guanosine 5′-[β-thio]diphosphate, MANT-GTPγS noncompetitively inhibited GTPγS-stimulated AC in Gα s -expressing Sf9 insect cell membranes. AC inhibition by MANT-GTPγS and MANT-GppNHp was not due to Gα s inhibition since it was also observed in Gα s -deficient S49 cyc − lymphoma cell membranes. Mn 2+ blocked Gα i -mediated AC inhibition by GTPγS and GppNHp in S49 cyc − membranes but not AC inhibition by MANT-GTPγS and MANT-GppNHp. MANT-GTPγS and MANT-GppNHp competitively inhibited forskolin/Mn 2+ -stimulated AC in S49 cyc − membranes with K i values of 53 nM and 160 nM, respectively. Taken together, MANT-substituted guanine nucleotides constitute a novel class of potent competitive AC inhibitors. The availability of potent fluorescent AC inhibitors will help us study the kinetics of AC/nucleotide interactions as well as function, trafficking and localization of AC isoenzymes in intact cells. In future studies, we will examine the specificity of MANT-nucleotides for AC isoenzymes.
Simplified approach to silaanthrones and disilaanthracenes

Abstract An improved synthesis of bis( o -chlorophenyl)methylsilane is reported from reaction of a mixture of o -BrC 6 H 4 Cl and MeSiHCl 2 with Mg shavings in THF. The diarylsilanes, ( o -ClC 6 H 4 ) 2 SiMeR (R = H, Me) could be converted to diGrignard reagents with Mg prepared by the Rieke method but not from commercial Mg (shavings or mesh). The diorganometallic reagents generated from ( o -XC 6 H 4 ) 2 SiMeR (R = H, Me) are used to prepare disilaanthracenes or silaanthrones. A new spiro derivative, bis(dimethyl- o,o ′-diphenylsilyl)spirosilane, is obtained on addition of HSiCl 3 to the diGrignard reagent generated from ( o -ClC 6 H 4 ) 2 SiMe 2 . When gaseous CO 2 is added to the dilithio reagent formed from ( o -BrC 6 H 4 ) 2 SiMe 2 , silaanthrone is produced which provides a new route to the silanthracene framework. Aspects of this new ring closure route are described.
Depicting Femininity: Conflicting Messages in a “Tween” Magazine

Femininity is learned from a myriad of social agents and institutions. An avid consumer of media, today’s pre-adolescent girl, or “tween,” is inundated with messages about how to be a socially acce...
A versatile metal-halide vapor chemistry for the epitaxial growth of metallic, insulating and semiconducting films

Abstract A metal-chloride-based chemistry that bypasses many traditional pitfalls present in the epitaxy of refractory-metal-containing films is described. Methods of dealing with the corrosive chloride-based chemistry in a Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) chamber are detailed. The present state of refractory metal oxide thin film heteroepitaxy is presented along with an explanation of the deposition chemistry involved. To demonstrate the chemical diversity of this technology, oxidation-limited conditions in a vacuum environment are used to grow single crystal epitaxial films of; lithium niobate (LiNbO3), a wide bandgap ferroelectric; lithium niobite (LiNbO2), a semiconducting lithium-metal-oxide; and epitaxial metals niobium and iron. Additionally, the chemistry can easily be applied to other chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer epitaxial growth methods. The novel LiNbO2 thin films are confirmed to have a 2.0 eV bandgap, and several are found to have unusually high p-type conductivities of up to 2500 S/cm.
Glutamate Receptor 1 Phosphorylation at Serine 831 and 845 Modulates Seizure Susceptibility and Hippocampal Hyperexcitability after Early Life Seizures

Neonatal seizures can lead to later life epilepsy and neurobehavioral deficits, and there are no treatments to prevent these sequelae. We showed previously that hypoxia-induced seizures in a neonatal rat model induce rapid phosphorylation of serine-831 (S831) and Serine 845 (S845) sites of the AMPA receptor GluR1 subunit and later neuronal hyperexcitability and epilepsy, suggesting that seizure-induced posttranslational modifications may represent a novel therapeutic target. To unambiguously assess the contribution of these sites, we examined seizure susceptibility in wild-type mice versus transgenic knock-in mice with deficits in GluR1 S831 and S845 phosphorylation [GluR1 double-phosphomutant (GluR1 DPM) mice]. Phosphorylation of the GluR1 S831 and S845 sites was significantly increased in the hippocampus and cortex after a single episode of pentyleneterazol-induced seizures in postnatal day 7 (P7) wild-type mouse pups and that transgenic knock-in mice have a higher threshold and longer latencies to seizures. Like the rat, hypoxic seizures in P9 C57BL/6N wild-type mice resulted in transient increases in GluR1 S831 and GluR1 S845 phosphorylation in cortex and were associated with enhanced seizure susceptibility to later-life kainic-acid-induced seizures. In contrast, later-life seizure susceptibility after hypoxia-induced seizures was attenuated in GluR1 DPM mice, supporting a role for posttranslational modifications in seizure-induced network excitability. Finally, human hippocampal samples from neonatal seizure autopsy cases also showed an increase in GluR1 S831 and S845, supporting the validation of this potential therapeutic target in human tissue.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase polymorphism: a valuable tool to study tumor origin.

Genetic electrophoretic variants of G - 6 - PD were studied in tumor tissue from heterozygous Negro women to determine whether their malignancies were of unicellular or multicellular origin. Adenocarcinoma of the breast appeared to be multicellular in origin in two cases while a single case of Bowen's disease of the vulva was of apparent unicellular origin. These findings and others from the literature indicate that the G-6-PD polymorphism is a valuable tool to evaluate the unicellular versus multicellular origin of human tumors.
Predicting vegetative inoculum performance to maximize phytase production in solid-state fermentation using response surface methodology

Microbial phytase is used to reduce the environmental loading of phosphorus from animal production facilities. The limiting factors in the use of this enzyme in animal feeds can be overcome by solid-state fermentation (SSF), which is a promising technology for commercial enzyme production with lower production costs. Inoculum quality and the influence of inoculum quality on phytase production are important factors which need in-depth investigation before scaling-up of high-yielding fermentation process. A full factorial experimental design for 240 h with sampling at every 24 h was used to determine the effects of the treatments, inoculum age (plate and liquid culture), media composition and the duration of SSF on the production of fungal biomass and phytase in SSF systems using Aspergillus niger. The optimal treatment combination for maximal phytase production was determined by statistically comparing all treatments at each sampling time. Both 7- and 14-day plate cultures and M1 + medium composition with 72-h-old liquid inoculum treatments resulted in optimal phytase production at 144 h of SSF, which was the shortest duration observed for maximal phytase production. This resulted in maximal phytase production with a mean of 884 +/- 121 U/g substrate, while the maximal phytase production observed at 216 h of SSF (mean phytase activity of 1,008 +/- 121 U/g substrate), with the same treatment combinations, was not statistically significant from that at 144 h of SSF. Phytase production was strongly growth-associated with younger inocula. The significant treatment variables, age of liquid inoculum and the duration of SSF, were used to predict the system response for phytase production using response surface methodology. From the response surface model, the optimal response of the experiment was predicted and the reliability of the prediction was checked with the verification experiment.
Nondecomposable conjoint measurement for bisymmetric structures

Abstract This paper discusses two “nondecomposable” conjoint measurement representations for an asymmetric binary relation ≻ on a product set A × X , namely ( a , x ) ≻ ( b , y ) iff f 1 ( a ) + g 1 ( a ) g 2 ( x ) > f 1 ( b ) + g 1 ( b ) g 2 ( y ), and ( a , x ) ≻ ( b , y ) iff f 1 ( a ) + f 2 ( x ) + g 1 ( a ) g 2 ( x ) > f 1 ( b ) + f 2 ( y ) + g 1 ( b ) g 2 ( y ). Difficulties in developing axioms for ≻ on A × X which imply these representations in a general formulation have led to their examination from the standpoint of bisymmetric structures based on applications of a binary operation to A × X . Depending on context, the binary operation may refer to concatenation, extensive or intensive averaging, gambles based on an uncertain chance event, or to some other interpretable process. Independence axioms which are necessary and sufficient for the special representations within the context of bisymmetric structures are presented.
Structural changes in t-RNA from changes in the Raman scattering intensities.

Laser Raman spectra of a mixture of yeast t-RNA's are examined as a function of temperature and after total alkaline hydrolysis to mononucleotides; the data are interpreted on the basis of extensive preliminary studies previously reported from this laboratory on the Raman spectral properties of numerous synthetic model compounds. Since the Raman intensities observed are extremely sensitive to conformational changes in the nucleic acid, much useful structural information can be obtained.
Immediate functional and immediate non-functional loaded implants were both deemed to be clinically successful 2 to 60 months after placement

Abstract Original Article Degidi M, Piattelli A. Immediate functional and non-functional loading of dental implants: a 2-to 60-month follow-up study of 646 titanium implants. J Periodontol 2003;74(2):225–41. Level of Evidence 4 Purpose To present a clinical evaluation of implants subjected to immediate functional and immediate non-functional loading Source of Funding Industry: Apollonia e Fama Implants, Prato, Italy Biohorizons, Birmingham, Alabama Friadent, Mannheim, Germany Lifecore Biomedical, Chaska, Minnesota Nobel Biocare, Goeteborg, Sweden Type of Study/Design Cohort study
Perturbation pressure at the base of cumulus clouds in low shear

Abstract We examine the pressure fields wound the cloud-base updraft of three cumulus clouds observed in environments with low vertical shear of the horizontal wind near cloud base. These fields are compared to the corresponding pressure fields beneath convective clouds embedded in moderate to large shear. All of the pressure fields are derived from aircraft measurements taken during the 1981 Cooperative Convective Experiment, CCOPE. The pressure fields associated with these low-shear clouds are weaker than those for the clouds in higher shear. Furthermore, the low-shear fields are not consistently dominated by the dynamic pressure created by the interaction of the cloud-base updraft with the vertical shear of the horizontal wind. The weaker dynamic pressure is due to the smaller size and intensity of the cloud-base updraft as well as the smaller vertical shear of the horizontal wind. The reduction of the dynamic Pressure allows buoyancy effects on the pressure field to become more apparent.
Issues in the Assessment of Language and Reading Disorders in Learning Disabled Children

The procedures currently used in the identification of children with specific learning disabilities rely heavily on the measurement of a discrepancy between expected potential and actual achievement. The accurate assessment of language and reading disorders is extremely important to the overall identification process. This paper explores several issues which effect the accurate assessment of language and reading disorders and, thus, of discrepancy. These issues are: the overall adequacy of available assessment instruments, the appropriateness of available instruments for use with specific groups of youngsters, and the interpretation and utilization of assessment data in the decision-making process. Specific emphasis is placed on the assessment of language and reading disorders in the culturally different learning disabled population.
A Bernstein—Chernoff deviation inequality, and geometric properties of random families of operators

In this paper we first describe a new deviation inequality for sums of independent random variables which uses the precise constants appearing in the tails of their distributions, and can reflect in full their concentration properties. In the proof we make use of Chernoff's bounds. We then apply this inequality to prove a global diameter reduction theorem for abstract families of linear operators endowed with a probability measure satisfying some condition. Next we give a local diameter reduction theorem for abstract families of linear operators. We discuss some examples and give one more global result in the reverse direction, and extensions.
Characterization of RecA1332 in vivo and in vitro. A role for alpha-helix E as a liaison between the subunit-subunit interface and the DNA and ATP binding domains of RecA protein.

Background: The RecA protein of Escherichia coli is essential for homologous recombination and induction of the SOS response. RecA has three cysteines located at positions 90, 116 and 129. Chemical modification of these residues abolishes ATP hydrolysis and repressor cleavage, and causes a reduction in the DNA strand exchange and DNA strand annealing activities. Several mutants at each of these positions were isolated and partially characterized. One of these, recA1332, replaces cysteine 129 with methionine. Although this is a relatively conservative mutation based on hydrophobicity, recA1332 was completely defective for DNA repair but the purified protein was active for ATPase in vitro. Results: In vivo, strains containing this mutant allele were shown to be defective when assayed for all RecA-dependent activities. In vitro, RecA1332 protein possessed DNA-dependent ATP hydrolysis activity that showed an increased sensitivity to inhibition by monovalent cations, and whose kcat was reduced 3- to 12-fold. In addition, RecA1332 was unable to use oligodeoxyribonulceotides as ssDNA cofactors in the ATPase reaction. RecA1332 showed altered binding to single- and double-stranded DNA and, although it was able to perform DNA strand exchange, it was slowed in its ability to both form joint molecule intermediates and to convert these species to product. Conclusions: Our results are consistent with a defect in intermolecular interactions between RecA monomers. We propose that α-helix E (which includes C129M) is a liaison that connects the subunit–subunit interactions to DNA and ATP binding, thereby creating filament stability and cooperativity.
Chromosomes and evolution of the ground squirrel, Spermophilus richardsonii

Chromosomes were analyzed from two geographically isolated populations of Spermophilus richardsonii. The diploid chromosome number was 36 in S. r. richardonii (Montana population) and 34 in S. r. elegans (Wyoming-Colorado population). The richardsonii Karyotype differed from elegans by the presence of two pairs of acrocentric autosomes whereas the elegans Karyotype lacked acrocentric autosomes and had an extra pair of submetacentrics. A chromosomal polymorphism, produced by centric fusion, probably existed in the more primitive richardsonii population. After ancestral stock of the elegans population became geographically isolated, both populations of S. richardsonii evolved independently and developed different karyotypes derived from the original polymorphism. Although the karyotypes have evolved to a stage found in valid species, the populations may not have been separated long enough to attain reproductive isolation.
Comparison of bone loss during normal lactation with estrogen deficiency osteopenia and immobilization osteopenia in the rat

Background Substantial changes in mineral and skeletal metabolism occur during pregnancy and lactation. The purpose of this study was to compare three contrasting osteopenic states in the rat: (1) physiological (lactation), (2) endocrine-deficiency (ovariectomy), and (3) lack of mechanical usage (immobilization). Methods One group of female rats went through a pregnancy and 21 days of lactation (LAC). Another group was ovariectomized (OVX) for 6 weeks, and another group had one hind limb immobilized (IMM) for 6 weeks. Bone mineral density was determined by photon absorptiometry, and changes in cancellous and cortical bone were determined by backscattered electron imaging (BSE), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), structural morphometry, and fluorochrome-based histomorphometry. Results The LAC group gained the most weight but had the least bone mineral density and metaphyseal bone mass. The OVX and IMM groups also had less bone mass than controls (CONT). Changes in cancellous bone structure occurred in all groups, but the IMM group had a more uniform distribution of metaphyseal bone loss. Longitudinal bone growth was greater in the IMM and OVX groups but less in the LAC group. Cancellous bone formation rates were greater in the OVX and LAC groups. Cortical bone width was less in the LAC, IMM, and OVX groups. Periosteal bone formation was greater in the OVX group but less in the LAC group. Conclusions Considerable osteopenic changes occur in cancellous and cortical bone during the first reproductive cycle in the rat. The osteopenia of lactation is somewhat similar to that observed after ovariectomy, likely because both are hypoestrogenic conditions. Because this bone loss occurs during a normal physiological event, these data suggest that before the first reproductive cycle, the female rat has a skeletal mass in excess of that needed for normal mechanical usage. Anat. Rec. 251:265–274, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Using Simulation to Create Manufacturing Control Expert Knowledge in Sawmills

Abstract This article presents a framework for generating knowledge using computer simulation for problems that are constrained by expert availability and knowledge acquisition. The methodology is developed in the context of sawmill industry. A range of sawmill manufacturing configurations are modeled and analyzed under different operating conditions. The simulation results are used to develop relationships among operating variables and system constraints. Simulation experiments are then used to identify and evaluate solution strategies for handling the constraints. The result is a simulation model with an embedded knowledge base for decision support in sawmill management.
Potential Application of TRAP (Targeted Region Amplified Polymorphism) Markers for Mapping and Tagging Disease Resistance Traits in Common Bean

Genetic resistance is an important component of integrated strategies used to control problematic diseases in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Molecular linkage maps have been used to identify, tag, and map disease resistance genes and QTL in common bean, leading to improved breeding strategies and implementation of marker-assisted selection. Most widely used marker types, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), for linkage mapping in bean are located randomly throughout the genome and associate with particular traits by chance. We sought to determine the potential application of a new marker system, TRAP, which uses expressed sequence information and a bioinformatics approach to generate polymorphic markers around targeted candidate gene sequences. TRAP markers were amplified by fixed primers designed against sequenced expressed sequence tag (EST) associated with disease resistance in the Compositae Genomics database or against sequenced resistance gene analog (RGA) from common bean. Seventeen of 85 TRAP markers located in the BAT 93/Jalo EEP558 core mapping population mapped in the vicinity of R genes. Six of 21 TRAP markers generated in the Dorado/XAN 176 mapping population were linked with newly identified QTL, two conditioning resistance to ashy stem blight (14% and 16% of the phenotypic variation explained, R 2 ), and one each conferring resistance to Bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV) (15%) and common bacterial blight (30%). The TRAP marker system has potential for mapping regions of the common bean genome linked with disease resistance.
Determination of film-coated tablet parameters by near-infrared spectroscopy

Near-infrared (near-IR) spectroscopy was used in the determination of three parameters of theophylline tablets film-coated with ethylcellulose. Spectra of individual intact tablets were collected on two near-IR spectrometers: a grating-based spectrometer, and an acousto-optic tunable filter spectrometer. Calibrations were developed for the prediction of the time to 50% dissolution (t50%) of theophylline for tablets of varying coat thickness, for the determination of the thickness of the ethylcellulose coat applied, and for the prediction of the hardness of coated tablets. Principal component analysis was performed on the spectra prior to calibration development. The standard errors of calibration (SEC) and prediction (SEP) for determination of dissolution rates were 2.8 and 6.6 min, respectively. The SEC for the coating thickness calibration was 0.0002 inches, with an SEP of 0.00024 inches, and the SEC and SEP for the determination of tablet hardness were 0.54 and 0.62 kilopons, respectively.
Evolution of race: a synthesis of social and biological concepts.

The concept of race has been researched and reviewed for its definition, causes, and effects by Fortney (1977), Osborne (1971), Klass and Hellman (1971), and Coon et al. (1950). However, a synthesis of these concepts and development of a framework for systematic research are much needed for studying the concept of race. My purpose is to present the biological and social concepts of race, their evolutionary processes, and a synthesized evolutionary process. Humans tend to order and classify everything around them, and so, of course, we may expect them to classify human beings as well. One of the ways of classifying peoples of the world is by their so-called race. Racial differentiation can be traced back to at least 3000 B.C., as evidenced in Egyptian artistic representations of black people. We also have pictures of white people on the walls of Western European caves that are as much as 20,000 years older (Coon, 1962). How many kinds of people there were in the world was not really known until after the voyages "tore the veil" from the Americas, the Pacific Islands, and Australia. Even then, the problem of classifying races remained and it has not been settled to this day (Coon, 1962).
Early versus late bedtimes phase shift the human dim light melatonin rhythm despite a fixed morning lights on time

Short sleep/dark durations are common in modern society. In a within subjects counterbalanced design, we compared the effect of 7-19 nights with a late bedtime (01:00) versus 7-19 nights with an early bedtime (22:00) on the human dim light melatonin rhythm. All ten healthy subjects experienced lights on time at 07:00 and at least 5 min of outdoor light between 07:00 and 08:00. We found that despite the morning light exposure, the melatonin rhythm following the late bedtime nights was delayed by approximately 0.6 h (P<0.05), as compared to after the early bedtime nights. These results suggest that when people truncate their sleep by delaying their bedtime they also significantly phase delay their circadian rhythms and/or when people advance their bedtime their circadian rhythms advance.
449 SENSITIZATION TO PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) EFFECT IN KIDNEY AFTER GROWTH HORMONE (GH) REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN GH DEFICIENT CHILDREN

GH has been shown to sensitize the adrenal glands to ACTH, probably by increasing the activity of the mitochondrial 11-hydroxylase. In kidney cell culture, stimulation of 1α -hydroxylase, another mitochondrial enzyme, could be induced by GH. We are presenting the long term effect (6 months) of GH replacement (0.1u/k IM three times per week) on 25 (OH) Vit D and 1,25 (OH)2Vit D levels in 12 GH-deficient children (table). The acute responsiveness (3h) of the same metabolites to the PTH administration (250u IV) was also evaluated before and after GH therapy in three children. There was not significant increase of 1,25 (OH)2D3 before GH. However, 6 months after GH therapy the PTH administration induced a 3-fold increase in the 1,25 (OH)2D3 levels, suggesting that GH exerts its effect predominantly in the kidney mitochondria by increasing the sensitivity of the 1α -hydroxylase to PTH.
Comparison of binding of thyroid hormone analogues to hepatic organic anion binding proteins

Dv protein and ligandin are two hepatic cytosolic proteins which bind organic anions, including endogenous thyroid hormones. Binding studies were performed using the ANS displacement technique to compare the binding of a variety of thyroid hormone analogues to purified organic anion binder and ligandin. Inhibition of ANS binding by these compounds was competitive. Both proteins bound L- and D-thyroxine with comparable affinity (Kd 30–45 μM), whereas ligandin boudn 3′,3′,5-triiodo-L-thyronine, 3′,3′,5-triiodo-L-thyronine and most analogues with greater affinity. Nevertheless, the order of ligand affinities for both binders was highly correlated, suggesting that the nature of the binding site on both proteins is similar. The binding affinities of these organic anion binders are 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than an hepatic cytosolic thyroid binder reported by others, suggesting that ligandin and organic anion binder may not be important in intracellular thyroid hormone transfer.
Antibiotic prophylaxis for patients with acute leukemia

Chemotherapy directed at acute leukemia (AL) causes predictable periods of neutropenia during which patients are at significant risk for bacterial infection and subsequent infection-related death. In an effort to diminish this risk, several studies have assessed the utility of prophylactic antibiotics during the neutropenic period. While prophylactic antibiotics have been associated with a decrease in the incidence of fever and bacterial infection, no placebo-controlled randomized trial has found a decrease in mortality. In addition, delayed adverse consequences associated with prophylaxis have emerged including increases in both colonization and infection with antimicrobial-resistant and unusual pathogens like quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli. To determine who would benefit most from prophylaxis, the immediate benefits including reduction in fever and infection must be balanced with the potential for emergence of resistant pathogens in this population.
The Influence of Oil Viscosity and Thickness on the Steam Drive

A correlation of steam drive efficiency, based on model studies, predicts that it will fall as the viscosity of the crude at steam temperature increases. Sensitivity to viscosity results from the overlay of steam, which also mitigates the influence of reservoir thickness. High efficiency, expected of frontal displacement, is realized in the recovery of high-gravity crudes.
Bayesian estimation applied to effective heat transfer coefficients in a packed bed

Abstract We present a Bayesian estimation framework for the analysis of data from ill-controlled experiments and apply it to the determination of model parameters for heat transfer in a packed bed. The Bayesian method is a statistical procedure that allows the systematic incorporation and proper weighting of experimental data, prior knowledge of model and parameters, and probabilistic models of sources of experimental error. The interplay of these elements determines the best model parameter estimates. Furthermore, because of its probabilistic structure, the method also characterizes uncertainty of the estimates in a natural way. For our heat transfer problem, standard estimation techniques were not adequate because they did not account for several important error sources. Our analysis explicitly accounts for three major experimental difficulties: (i) standard measurement error of thermocouples, (ii) uncertainty in thermocouple (probe) positions, an error which is sensitive to temperature gradients, and (iii) an uncontrolled inlet temperature profile. This third error source introduces correlations between errors at different probes, and is modeled by solving a partial differential equation with a stochastic boundary condition. The results of this study show the benefits of the Bayesian method in obtaining best parameter estimates with narrow confidence regions. The methodology is quite general and can be applied to the systematic solution of difficult estimation problems in many fields, when sources of uncertainty can be identified and modeled.
Flume experiments on wind induced flow in static water bodies in the presence of protruding vegetation

Abstract The problem of wind-induced flow in inland waters is drawing significant research attention given its relevance to a plethora of applications in wetlands including treatment designs, pollution reduction, and biogeochemical cycling. The present work addresses the role of wind induced turbulence and waves within an otherwise static water body in the presence of rigid and flexible emergent vegetation through flume experimentation and time series analysis. Because no prior example of Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) experiments involving air–water and flexible oscillating components have been found in the literature, a spectral analysis framework is needed and proposed here to guide the analysis involving noise, wave and turbulence separation. The experiments reveal that wave and turbulence effects are simultaneously produced at the air–water interface and the nature of their coexistence is found to vary with different flow parameters including water level, mean wind speed, vegetation density and its flexibility. For deep water levels, signature of fine-scaled inertial turbulence is found at deeper layers of the water system. The wave action appears stronger close to the air–water interface and damped by the turbulence deeper inside the water system. As expected, wave action is found to be dominated in a certain frequency range driven by the wind forcing, while it is also diffused to lower frequencies by means of (wind-induced) oscillations in vegetation. Regarding the mean water velocity, existence of a counter-current flow and its switching to fully forward flow in the direction of the wind under certain combinations of flow parameters were studied. The relative importance of wave and turbulence to the overall energy, degree of anisotropy in the turbulent energy components, and turbulent momentum transport at different depths from the air–water interface and flow combinations were then quantified. The flume experiments reported here differ from previous laboratory studies in the related literature involving vegetation in the sense that the wave forcing is only present on the water surface contrary to a full-body excitation by tidal wave simulators and thus important in advancing the knowledge regarding a wider range of water resource problems.
Originality Detection Software in a Graduate Policy Course: A Mixed-Methods Evaluation of Plagiarism.

The authors used a mixed-methods approach to evaluate the use of Turnitin originality detection software in a graduate social work course. Qualitative analysis of student responses revealed positive and negative spent completing assignments, and the tone of the class. Quantitative analysis of students' originality scores indicated a short-term reduction in student plagiarism, although the full level of decline was not maintained in the long term. Implications for originality issues in social work education and social work practice are presented.
Physics of a ballistic missile defense - The chemical laser boost-phase defense

The basic physics involved in proposals to use a chemical laser based on satellites for a boost‐phase defense are investigated. After a brief consideration of simple physical conditions for the defense, a calculation of an equation for the number of satellites needed for the defense is made along with some typical values of this for possible future conditions for the defense. Basic energy and power requirements for the defense are determined. A summary is made of probable minimum conditions that must be achieved for laser power, targeting accuracy, numbers of satellites, and total sources of power needed.
The multi-channel reaction of CH3S+3O2: Thermochemistry and kinetic barriers

Abstract We review the experimental and computational chemistry literature on the CH 3 S·+O 2 reaction system and use computational chemistry to further evaluate a number of reaction paths and barriers along with the enthalpies of formation for stable intermediates. Enthalpies of formation for products and radical intermediates are computed by isodesmic work reactions at the CBS-QB3 level of theory. Barriers for important reaction paths from B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2p), CCSD(T)/6-311G(d,p)//MP2/6-31G(d,p), B3P86/6-311G(2d,2p)//B3P86/6-31G(d), B3PW91/6-311++G(3df,2p), G3MP2, and CBS-QB3 are compared. Results are shown to depend on the calculation levels and basis set. Enthalpy values from the G3MP2 and CBS-QB3 composite methods are recommended for these carbon–sulfur–oxygen systems, when feasible. The well depth for the CH 3 S·+ 3 O 2 reaction to CH 3 SOO· adduct is found to be 9.7 kcal/mol. One low barrier outlet channel, CH 3 SOO·→CH 2 S+HO 2 , is found to have 9.9 (or 13.1) kcal/mol activation energy, relative to the stabilized CH 3 SOO adduct at G3MP2 (or CBS-QB3) levels; but has a tight transition state structure relative to reverse reaction.