cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Daily bingeing on sugar repeatedly releases dopamine in the accumbens shell.

Most drugs of abuse increase dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and do so every time as a pharmacological response. Palatable food also releases accumbens-shell DA, but in naive rats the effect can wane during a long meal and disappears with repetition. Under select dietary circumstances, sugar can have effects similar to a drug of abuse. Rats show signs of DA sensitization and opioid dependence when given intermittent access to sucrose, such as alterations in DA and mu-opioid receptors, cross-sensitization with amphetamine and alcohol, and behavioral and neurochemical signs of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. The present experiment asks whether sucrose-dependent rats release DA each time they binge. We also predict that acetylcholine (ACh), which rises as the end of a meal, will be delayed in rats with intermittent access to sucrose. To create dependency, the experimental group (Daily Intermittent Sucrose) was maintained on a diet of 12-h food deprivation that extended 4 h into the dark, followed by 12-h access to a 10% sucrose solution and chow, daily, for 21 days. As the main result, these rats gradually increased their sucrose intake from 37 to 112 ml per day (from 13 to 20 ml in the first hour of access), and repeatedly increased extracellular DA to 130% of baseline as measured in the NAc shell by microdialysis during the first hour of sucrose access on day 1, day 2 and day 21. Three control groups failed to show a significant increase in extracellular DA on day 21: Sucrose only for 1 h on days 1 and 21 (Sucrose Twice), ad libitum access to sucrose and chow (Daily Ad libitum Sucrose), and intermittent chow instead of sucrose (Daily Intermittent Chow). Acetylcholine measured at the same time as DA, increased significantly toward the end and after each test meal in all groups. In the Daily Intermittent Sucrose group, the highest ACh levels (133%) occurred during the first sample after the sucrose meal ended. In summary, sucrose-dependent animals have a delayed ACh satiation response, drink more sucrose, and release more DA than sucrose- or binge-experienced, but non-dependent animals. These results suggest another neurochemical similarity between intermittent bingeing on sucrose and drugs of abuse: both can repeatedly increase extracellular DA in the NAc shell.
New roles for community developers in rural growth communities

Abstract Community development in rural areas has long addressed the problem of declining communities, depressed economies, and unorganized populations. The recent growth of rural communities and economies will drastically alter the role that community developers play. Based on the survey responses of 533 new migrants to five different types of California rural communities, data is presented that illustrates the new types of issues which community developers will need to address. It is argued that the major role of community developers will be to coordinate and facilitate organizations in rural areas rather than to provide assistance to individuals.
On the ground state and infrared divergences of Goldstone bosons in two dimensions

Abstract We study the O(N) invariant Goldstone field theory in two dimensions where rigorous theorems forbid the occurrence of spontaneous symmetry breaking. We argue that for computation of the ground state energy at weak coupling it is still the standard Goldstone perturbation expansion that is applicable. This happens due to cancellation of infrared divergences and we demonstrate this fact explicitly at the two-loop level.
Application of recursive convolution to transient simulation of interconnects using a hybrid phase-pole macromodel

A hybrid phase-pole macromodel (HPPM), which explicitly includes phase shifts (time delays) in addition to the system poles, was recently developed for modeling interconnects. In this paper, the HPPM is applied to the transient simulation of interconnects. First, the time-domain source waveform is expanded in terms of triangular expansion functions. Knowledge of the triangle impulse response (TIR) for an interconnect, which is represented in the form of an HPPM, then allows for the time domain simulation of the interconnect. A recursive convolution algorithm is adopted to carry out the required convolutions efficiently in the transient simulator. Combining this transient simulator with an HPPM extractor yields a transient interconnect signal analysis tool.
Characters as Guides to Meaning

Characters in children's books can help to guide readers through stories, contributing to deepened understandings of plot and themes. The authors discuss why characters become vivid and lasting in readers' minds, the ways in which students are often asked to think about characters in classroom literature study, and how students' understanding of characters develops as they develop as readers. In addition, the authors contend that teachers can provide instructional support to nurture deeper insights on character—and ultimately on the entire text. To illustrate, the authors describe how one first-grade teacher supported her students' literary meaning making as they followed dynamic characters through a complex text. The teacher's strategies included helping children to identify and collect character traits, introducing realia to increase understanding of the story world, allowing students to reenact critical story events, helping children thread meanings across chapters, and inviting personal responses through journal writing. Through these strategies, children were able to use the characters as guides to meaning. The authors include a list of character-rich books for classroom discussion.
How to create a mentoring program

Mentoring the Next Generation of Nonpro.t Leaders: A Practical Guide for Managers, by Ken Williams. Washington, D.C.: AED Center for Leadership Development, Academy for Educational Development, 2005. 36 pp., $15.00 paper or available online (http://newvoices.aed.org/MentoringNext Generation.pdf).
Cooperation in an Objective Conflict of Interest? Testing Two Psychological Approaches

This article investigates psychological factors that might cause actors to pursue more cooperative policies in the midst of an international conflict. Two theoretical areas are considered: the effect of intergroup contact and the effect of individual-difference variables on cooperative policy preferences Experimental methodology involving small-group processes is used in conjunction with an international conflict simulation The study finds that intergroup contact did not affect policy preferences, either at the level of the decision-making group or at the level of the individual Intergroup contact did, however, favorably alter images of the outgroup The individual-difference variables produced a model that is effective at predicting policy preferences.
Serum IgE in dermatitis and dermatosis: an analysis of 497 cases.

Serum IgE values from 497 patients with various forms of dermatitis, dermatosis, and tinea pedis were analyzed statistically and compared with values from 95 normal controls. The median and geometric mean values were significantly elevated (except in acne without atopy, lichen planus, and tinea pedis), even after exclusion of patients with a history of atopy or of cutaneous reaction to food or drugs. Serum IgE levels and atopic dermatitis have a close correlation. A modest positive correlation (p approximately equal to .05) appeared between the log serum IgE level and peripheral blood absolute eosinophil count in 80 cases of atopic dermatitis. A unique group of adult nonatopic patients had acquired generalized dermatitis and markedly elevated serum IgE levels (greater than 12,000 ng/ml). Our results suggest that, in most common dermatologic disorders, elevated serum IgE is a secondary phenomenon rather than a primary causative factor.
Spatial demand for National Battlefield Parks.

Abstract A spatial demand model is developed to examine some of the factors contributing to the popularity of battlefields as tourism destinations. Specified in a mixed cross-section time-series format, the model is applied to a pooled data set of annual visits to 19 national battlefield parks in the years 1990, 1993, and 1996. In general, the results of an empirical test of the model indicate that a battlefield's spatial market potential, its vintage, and the number of casualties that occurred there contribute to its popularity. The aggregate model indicates, however, that proximity to other battlefields depresses visitation and that the parks appear to be competing with one another.
Reply to “Comment on ‘Phase diagram of MgO from density-functional theory and molecular- dynamics simulations’ ”

In answer to a Comment by Belonoshko [Phys. Rev. B 63, 096101 (2001)], we show that the B1-liquid melting curve of MgO obtained using two-phase simulations is in good agreement with the published one obtained using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation in conjunction with separate single phase calculations of liquid and solid.
A Distributed Stealthy Coordination Mechanism for Worm Synchronization

Once a critical mass of nodes is infected by a worm it becomes very difficult to stop the worm from infecting a large fraction of vulnerable nodes. Therefore, the focus of strategies for worm defense has been to detect the worm before it reaches that critical mass. In this paper we present a novel distributed coordination technique for worm propagation and synchronization that can persist under the radar of detection mechanisms long enough to achieve critical mass for a full fledged attack. We discuss the stealthy worm propagation and synchronization approach exploiting a P2P file-sharing network.
Tetrapod Burrows From the Triassic Of Antarctica

Abstract Two new tetrapod trace fossil records from the Triassic of Antarctica are described. The first is a giant terminal chamber collected from the lower Fremouw Formation (Lower Triassic) at Wahl Glacier (Beardmore Glacier region, central Transantarctic Mountains). Comparison to South African burrows known to contain the cynodont Thrinaxodon liorhinus, suggests that the Antarctic fossil was created by a tetrapod of similar size. The second set of tetrapod burrow casts was collected from Member ‘A’ of the Lashly Formation (lower Middle Triassic) and, if correctly interpreted, represent the first evidence of tetrapods from the Middle Triassic of Victoria Land. Our findings demonstrate that tetrapods were present in Victoria Land during the Middle Triassic, despite not being recovered as body fossils until the Upper Triassic in that region. Comparison to morphologically similar South African trace fossils suggests that procolophonids might have produced the Antarctic burrows, but this attribution is nece...
Buy prices in online auctions: irrationality on the internet?

Abstract Buy prices are puzzling: it makes sense for a seller at auction to set a minimum bidding level (i.e., a reserve price), surely, but a maximum? We explore the use of maximum bidding levels (buy prices) in online auctions and provide a rational explanation for this seemingly irrational auction mechanism. We show that augmenting an English auction with a buy price can improve the seller’s profits by partially insuring (and therefore increasing the expected payment from) some risk-averse bidders. Perhaps more surprising is that the English auction augmented with a buy price can also be superior even to the first-price sealed-bid and Dutch auctions when bidders are risk averse.
A 2.3mW Baseband Impulse-UWB Transceiver Front-End in CMOS

A highly integrated, flexible, baseband impulse-UWB transceiver front-end has been implemented in a standard 0.13mum CMOS process with power consumption of 1.8mW (RX) and 0.5mW (TX) at 10 Mpulses/s with a 1.1V supply. This transceiver targets a sensor network application and comprises a 1-bit, 1.92 GSample/s A/D conversion, 50Omega input matching with 0dB-42dB variable gain, control logic, 60MHz oscillator, and a pulse transmitter. Pulse transmission and reception are demonstrated
Market access, supplier access, and Africa's manufactured exports: A firm level analysis

Abstract In a large cross-country sample of manufacturing establishments drawn from 188 cities, average exports per establishments are smaller for African firms than for businesses in other regions. Based on the estimation of firm level exporting equations, we show that this is mainly because, on average, African firms face more adverse economic geography and operate in poorer institutional settings. One part of the effect of geography operates through Africa's lower ‘foreign market access’: African firms are located further away from wealthier or denser potential export markets. A second occurs through the region's lower ‘supplier access’: African firms face steeper input prices, partly because of their physical distance from cheaper foreign suppliers, and partly because domestic substitutes for importable inputs are more expensive. Africa's poorer institutions reduce its manufactured exports directly, as well as indirectly, by lowering foreign market access and supplier access. Both geography and instit...
Forelimb Muscle Representations and Output Properties of Motor Areas in the Mesial Wall of Rhesus Macaques

In this study, forelimb organizations and output properties of the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the dorsal cingulate motor area (CMAd) were assessed and compared with primary motor cortex (M1). Stimulus-triggered averages of electromyographic activity from 24 muscles of the forelimb were computed from layer V sites of 2 rhesus monkeys performing a reach-to-grasp task. No clear segregation of the forelimb representation of proximal and distal muscles was found in SMA. In CMAd, sites producing poststimulus effects in proximal muscles tended to be located caudal to distal muscle sites, although the number of effects was limited. For both SMA and CMAd, facilitation effects were more prevalent in distal than in proximal muscles. At an intensity of 60 microA, the mean latencies of M1 facilitation effects were 8 and 12.1 ms shorter and the magnitudes approximately 10 times greater than those from SMA and CMAd. Our results show that corticospinal neurons in SMA and CMAd provide relatively weak input to spinal motoneurons compared with the robust effects from M1. However, a small number of facilitation effects from SMA and CMAd had latencies as short as the shortest ones from M1 suggesting a minimum linkage to motoneurons as direct as that from M1.
DC Characteristics of Nanometer-Gatelength GaAS Mesfets

High-resolution electron-beam lithography has been used to fabricate GaAs MESFETs with gate-lengths ranging from 1 μm down to 30 nm. Devices were fabricated on two MESFET epitaxial layers; one with undoped GaAs-buffer layer while the other had a p - -GaAs-buffer layer. The DC characteristics including transconductance, output conductance, threshold voltage, and subthreshold current of these devices have been measured. Devices on both epitaxial layers exhibited significant short-channel effects. A negative threshold voltage shift and an increase in the subthreshold current were observed. These effects become prominent as the device aspect ratio (gate length/channel thickness) falls below 5. It is shown however that the effects were considerably suppressed in the layer with p - -GaAs buffer due to better confinement of electrons in the channel.
HSV-sr39TK positron emission tomography and suicide gene elimination of human hematopoietic stem cells and their progeny in humanized mice

Engineering immunity against cancer by the adoptive transfer of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) modified to express antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptors generates a continual supply of effector T cells, potentially providing superior anticancer efficacy compared with the infusion of terminally differentiated T cells. Here, we demonstrate the in vivo generation of functional effector T cells from CD34-enriched human peripheral blood stem cells modified with a lentiviral vector designed for clinical use encoding a TCR recognizing the cancer/testes antigen NY-ESO-1, coexpressing the PET/suicide gene sr39TK. Ex vivo analysis of T cells showed antigen- and HLA-restricted effector function against melanoma. Robust engraftment of gene-modified human cells was demonstrated with PET reporter imaging in hematopoietic niches such as femurs, humeri, vertebrae, and the thymus. Safety was demonstrated by the in vivo ablation of PET signal, NY-ESO-1-TCR-bearing cells, and integrated lentiviral vector genomes upon treatment with ganciclovir, but not with vehicle control. Our study provides support for the efficacy and safety of gene-modified HSCs as a therapeutic modality for engineered cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Res; 74(18); 5173-83. ©2014 AACR.
Hydroperiod and seasonal effects on fish decomposition in an oligotrophic Everglades marsh

Abstract In the Everglades, the majority of fish detrital inputs occur during the dry season, when water-level drawdown reduces aquatic habitat. While these mortality events are highly seasonal, the remineralization and recycling of fish detrital nutrients may represent an important stimulus to the ecosystem in the following wet season. The goal of this study was to quantify the rate of detrital fish decomposition during three periods of the year to determine seasonal variations in decomposition patterns in this ecosystem. A multiple regression analysis showed that hydroperiod and water depth both played a role in determining fish decomposition rates within this ecosystem. Decomposition rates ranged from a low of 13% day−1 in December 2000 to a high of 50% day−1 in April 2001, the height of the dry season. Phosphorus analysis showed that Gambusia holbrooki, the dominant small fish species in the Everglades, contains 7.169 ± 1.46 mg P g−1 wet fish weight. Based on the observed decomposition rates and the a...
Assuring network service with bandwidth and integrity based fairness

During an Internet distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack, attackers pose as a superpower overloading bandwidth and services that otherwise would have been lightly used by genuine users. These legitimate users send few packets and occasionally back-off and fail while competing for resources. The Internet architecture provides only modest support for verifying the true origin of a packet or intention of a sender. This makes identification and filtering of attack traffic difficult. DDoS attacks could be limited greatly if there were a way to fairly distribute the resources among the parties despite limited origin integrity. In our work, we propose two methods for achieving fairness despite no or partial implementation for integrity verification. Adaptive Selective Verification (ASV) provides legitimate clients service despite large but bounded attack rates without any integrity infrastructure. ASV can be implemented, without the cooperation of the core routers, by slight modification of the client and server applications. The other system is Integrity Based Queuing (IBQ). In this work, we expect that integrity will not be perfect, but observe that even an imperfect implementation can improve the effectiveness of queuing when parities with better a integrity level are incentivized. ASV and IBQ together create a mechanism for incentives, infrastructure and independence for network service assurance. ASV is shown to be efficient in terms of bandwidth consumption using network simulations. It differs from previously-investigated adaptive mechanisms for bandwidth based payment by requiring very limited state on server. Our study of IBQ includes proof of direct relationship of integrity to service, a network simulation for comparative study, simulation with real attack traffic and security analysis. Our network assurance architecture provides a synergistic approach for defending against DDoS attacks. With moderate infrastructure support, IBQ can be an architecture to provide graded source validation on the Internet. Clients that do not have the support from the ISP, use their spare bandwidth with ASV for service.
Controlling Abalone Shell Architecture with Temperature

Biomimetics is a growing field, and abalone shells have become a recently studied topic because of their amazing strength properties. Their shell is composed of calcium carbonate, and it is formed by the mollusk in a unique structure of interlocking tablets called nacre, also known as mother of pearl. There has been much interest in the interactions between tablets, but there are also structural growth lines that occur between layers of nacre that have been unnoticed by other researchers. With these additional non-nacre layers, the material’s strength is increased. We show how abalones can be cultured with changes in temperature to adjust shell and nacre growth. Then, they are tested using nanoindentation for qualitative mechanical data. In all, we aim to utilize the abalone nacre architecture based on these composite layers for improved strength applications such as protective armor.
Effect of endurance training on leucine metabolism in perfused rat skeletal muscle.

An isolated single rat hindlimb muscle preparation was used to examine the influence of exercise training on leucine metabolism during steady-state conditions at rest and during isometric contractions. Treadmill training increased the activity of citrate synthase in the hindlimb muscle by 40-45%. Leucine oxidation, measured as the rate of alpha-decarboxylation, was not different between trained (2.28 +/- 0.15 nmol.min-1.g-1, n = 9) and control (2.57 +/- 0.20, n = 9) muscle at rest. In addition, successive 40-min contraction periods at 15 and 45 tetani/min induced similar increases (50 and 100%, respectively) in leucine oxidation in both groups. However, trained muscle maintained a greater tension output (P less than 0.05) during contractions and exhibited a greater oxygen consumption (VO2) (P less than 0.05) during 45 tetani/min. Thus the rate of leucine oxidation, relative to VO2, was less (P less than 0.05) in the trained group. This response was probably related to differences in intracellular factors modulating branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting step in leucine oxidation. Although our observed rates of muscle leucine alpha-decarboxylation can reasonably account for the rates of whole-body leucine alpha-decarboxylation of nontrained individuals found during steady-state tracer studies in vivo, this is less reasonably the case for the trained group. This suggests that a greater rate of leucine oxidation by nonmuscle tissues (e.g., liver) may occur in trained compared with nontrained individuals.
Femtosecond Harmonic Laser Photoemission: Physics and Chemistry

High harmonic generation, one of the main focal points of this conference, provides an exceptional experimental capability through its application in photoelectron spectroscopy. The high harmonics produced when an intense femtosecond laser pulse is focussed into a puff of rare gas represents, at present the only widely tunable laboratory source of radiation available. Additionally, with the added benefit of the femtosecond nature of the harmonic pulses, time resolved experiments can be carried out. Excite-probe experiments, in which electrons are excited into normally empty states of the system under investigation, and then probed with photoelctron spectrsocopy, provide the means to follow the dynamic evolution of those electrons with exceptional time resolution. A wide variety of studies of this nature have been described in a recent review1.
Ignition of a Thermonuclear Detonation Wave in the Focus of Two Magnetically Insulated Transmission Lines

The ultimate goal of controlled nuclear fusion by inertial confinement is a low- yield, high-gain thermonuclear microexplosion assembly, with the low yield required for the confinement of the microexplosion in a cavity of manageable size, and the high gain demanded for an efficient release of thermonuclear energy. In thermonuclear microexplosions a high gain can be achieved with a thermonuclear detonation wave ignited from a “hot spot.” In the absence of a magnetic field this requires the precompression of the fusion fuel to ∼ 10 3 times solid density, with the hot spot created in the center of the precompressed fuel by a convergent shock wave [1] or, as in the fast ignitor concept [2], by a pulsed ultraintense laser beam. In the presence of a strong magnetic field the range of the charged fusion products is replaced by their Larmor radius, which can be much smaller, making possible a propagating thermonuclear burn in small assemblies even at less than solid densities. In general though, much more energy is needed here for ignition, in particular for magnetized target fusion, except for configurations where the magnetized fusion target is used to trigger a much larger thermonuclear microexplosion [3]. A different idea is to ignite a thermonuclear detonation wave in a lowtemperature, high-density shear flow stabilized fast zpinch, with the hot spot for ignition created by a pulsed laser beam [4]. But even there the overall gain is limited mainly because this concept requires the magnetic plasma confinement along the entire pinch discharge channel.
Piezoelectric energy harvester for public roadway: On-site installation and evaluation

Abstract This paper presents the development of a novel piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) to harness the great amount of energy wasted by the vehicles on public roadways was described. The PEH is designed to convert the deformation energy induced by moving vehicle from pavement into electrical energy. The prototype harvester consists of PZT piezoceramic disks sealed in a protective package is developed. Six prototype PEHs were fabricated and installed in real pavement to evaluate the feasibility of this application. The electric productivity of the installed harvesters was evaluated by measuring the output voltage and current generated under real traffic. Instant and average power outputs are calculated from the measured waveforms of output voltage and current. The analysis of the testing results shows that the electrical productivity of the energy harvesters are highly relevant to the axle configuration and magnitude of passing vehicles.
Reconstitution of the Nuclear Transport of the MAP Kinase ERK2

The nuclear-cytoplasmic distribution of ERK2 is regulated in response to various stimuli and changes in cell context. Furthermore, the nuclear flux of ERK2 occurs by several energy- and carrier-dependent and -independent mechanisms. ERK2 has been shown to translocate into and out of the nucleus by facilitated diffusion through the nuclear pore, interacting directly with proteins within the nuclear pore complex, as well as by karyopherin-mediated transport. Nuclear export has been suggested to be CRM1- and MEK1/2-dependent. Here, we describe a general nuclear import assay of wild-type ERK2 that can be employed to identify different mechanisms governing nuclear entry of the protein kinase, adapted to evaluate ERK2 mutants that impair nuclear entry to dissect energy- and carrier-dependent and -independent mechanisms, and extended to characterize export mechanisms.
Snap-Gauge Band versus Penile Rigidity in Impotence Assessment

AbstractWe examined the ability of the Snap-Gauge⁎⁎Dacomed, Minneapolis, Minnesota. band to differentiate rigid from nonrigid erections in men complaining of impotence. A total of 80 patients was measured by a Snap-Gauge band and via technician assessment of erectile rigidity while undergoing nocturnal penile tumescence testing. The Snap-Gauge band correctly diagnosed 77.5 per cent of the patients with a sensitivity of 70 per cent and specificity of 80 per cent. The Snap-Gauge band is inexpensive compared to sleep laboratory testing and it is relatively reliable. We conclude that the Snap-Gauge band has a role in impotence assessment and it can function as a screening device in evaluation of this problem.
Differential effect of basolateral and apical adenosine on AVP-stimulated cAMP formation in primary culture of IMCD

It has been recently established that adenosine interferes with the ability of arginine vasopressin (AVP) to generate adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) in inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells in culture. The aim of the current study was to determine whether this interaction of adenosine with AVP is mediated by adenosine from the basolateral (B) and/or the apical (A) surface of the tubule cell. Cells from rat IMCD were grown to confluence in monolayers on porous filters. Adenosine (5 x 10(-8)-10(-4) M) applied to the B or A surface of the cell had no detectable effect on basal cAMP formation. AVP, 10(-9)-10(-6) M, increased cAMP formation from both B and A surfaces of the cell. When AVP was applied to the B surface, 10(-6) M adenosine inhibited AVP-stimulated cAMP formation from the B side only, whereas adenosine at 10(-4) M inhibited cAMP formation from both B and A sides. The inhibitory effect of adenosine was reproduced with N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) from both B and A surfaces. 5'-(...
Mechanistic Modeling and Analysis of the Mammalian Unfolded Protein Response

Cells monitor protein folding by an inbuilt quality-control system in which incorrectly or misfolded folded proteins are tagged for degradation or sent back through a refolding cycle. However, continued accumulation of incorrectly folded proteins triggers the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), which attempts to re-establish folding homeostasis or commits the cell to apoptosis. In this study, we developed a family of mechanistic models of the mammalian UPR system. An ensemble of models parameters was estimated by minimizing the difference between simulations and experimental measurements using multiobjective optimization. The ensemble of model parameters was validated using cross-validation. Analysis of the model ensemble suggested the three branches of UPR fired simultaneously. However, the importance of each brach was ranked ordered in time; PERK and IRE1 were more important early, while ATF6 was important later in the response. The activity of all three branches as coordinated by the molecular chaperone BiP. Model analysis suggested that BiP feedback was critical to the overall robustness of the system. Removal of any one branch of BiP feedback, destabilized the other branches. On the other hand, removal of all nodes of BiP feedback increased the overall robustness of the system. Thus, while BiP feedback is crucial to allowing the cell to adapt to small perturbations, it also makes the system fragile and susceptible to manipulation.
Decisions in the face of known risks: Ostracism increases risky decision-making

Abstract Ostracism (being excluded and ignored) can have a negative effect on basic, fundamental needs as well as on higher-order cognitive processes. Decision-making is one such cognitive process that is composed of both unconscious (Type I) and deliberative (Type II) processes. The present studies utilized multiple assessments of the effect of ostracism on Type I and Type II risky decision-making. In two studies, we manipulated ostracism using different paradigms (i.e., Cyberball and Atimia) and then participants completed multiple behavioral measures of risky decision-making. Results indicated ostracism, compared to inclusion, increased risky decision-making on the Iowa Gambling Task and Game of Dice Task, but not the Balloon Analogue Risk Task. These results indicate ostracism likely affects risky decision-making processes.
Fitting of Software Error and Reliability Models to Field Failure Data

The quantitative prediction and measurement of software reliability is of vital importance in the development of high quality cost effective software. Many software reliability models have been postulated in the literature [11], however few have been applied to field data. A model based upon the assumption that the failure rate of the software is proportional to the number of residual software errors leads to a constant failure rate and an exponential reliability function, [1]. The model contains two constants: the proportionality constant K and the initial (total) number of errors ET.
FDA Total Diet Study: Dietary Intakes of Lead and Other Chemicals

AbstractThe history of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) Total Diet Study (TDS) is described, together with some details on how it currently functions to monitor levels of lead and other chemicals in the US diet. Along with the history and structure of the TDS, a brief description of our recent effort to combine TDS lead data with data from the USDA food consumption database in a user-friendly report-generating computer program will be presented. This system will help us to produce lead exposure updates almost immediately when new analytical results are added to the TDS database.
"Pheno"menal value for human health.

One of the greatest challenges of the biomedical enterprise is to link human genetic variation with phenotypic traits at a population scale. Such efforts have myriad benefits, including the illumination of basic human biology, the early identification of preventable and treatable illnesses, and the identification and validation of new therapeutic targets, thus enabling the promise of precision medicine to improve human health. On page 1549 of this issue ( 1 ), Dewey et al. report findings from their effort to couple whole-exome sequencing (WES) with longitudinal electronic health record (EHR) phenotype data in more than 50,000 individuals (DiscovEHR). They identified hundreds of individuals with rare “putative loss-offunction” (pLoF) gene variants linked to novel phenotypes. On page 1550 of this issue, Abul-Husn et al. ( 2 ) report on a companion study that identified many participants with familial hypercholesterolemia who had not been diagnosed or treated. These results demonstrate the enormous potential of this approach for promoting scientific biomedical discovery and influencing the practice of clinical medicine.
Control of a thermal fluid heat exchanger with actuator dynamics

In this paper we consider the problems of modeling and control of counter-flow heat exchangers when one includes actuator dynamics as part of the model. Most models of heat exchangers assume zero axial conduction which is known to cause numerical problems and impacts control design. This paper extends earlier work where we now include full-flux terms and allow for actuator dynamics. Motivation for this paper comes from problems of design and control of vapor compression systems where the vapor compression cycle includes two heat exchangers, a compressor and an expansion valve. The control inputs to the condenser (heat exchanger one) are outputs of the the compressor and inputs to the evaporator (heat exchanger two) are outputs to the expansion valve. Thus, the dynamics of the compressor, motors and expansion valve are important when designing controllers for the heat exchangers. We focus on a simple heat exchanger model which includes actuator dynamics and use this model to evaluate the impact of including full-flux terms on controller design. We establish that as the axial conduction terms approach zero, one obtains convergence to the hyperbolic model with no axial conduction. In the case where the flux terms are dropped and the flow is zero, the resulting (degenerate) ODE control system is no longer stabailizble. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the theoretical results.
Retinoinvasive Uveal Melanoma: Report of 2 Cases and Review of the Literature.

Purpose: To describe the clinical history and histopathologic findings of 2 cases of retinoinvasive uveal melanoma. Methods:
Life In The Street

IN A POEM WRITTEN IN EPISTOLARY FORM TO HIS FRIEND FLORUS, Horace launches a litany of excuses for why he is a lousy correspondent. Among his reasons is the difficulty of life in Rome and the strain exacted by its streets: And anyhow, how do you think I can write poems in Rome, amidst so many cares and so many responsibilities? One man asks me to be his sponsor, another to leave behind all my duties and to hear what he's written: this one's lying sick on the Quirinal, that one's on the furthest part of the Aventine, and yet I've got to pay a visit to both. The distance is hardly convenient. “True, but the roads are clear, so there's nothing to stop you from thinking en route.” Sure. First, a builder in a rage rushes by with mules and workmen; then a huge crane hoists a beam and a boulder; and then comes a funeral procession, jostling its way along with lumbering wagons; a mad dog scampers by this way, a muddy pig that: now go and think carefully on some melodious verse! For our investigation of street life, at least two things are fascinating about Horace's portrait of urban life. First, the skeptical voice he embeds in his poem sees Roman streets in much the same way that plenty of scholarship on Roman cities has: they are relatively empty; they primarily offer a means of movement; and, when they are broad, few impediments or distractions will be present. Second, Horace's response confirms what we know intuitively even as we look at relatively desolate streets on archaeological sites – namely, that there was much and many that got in the way. But who and what were present, and what pursuits they engaged in, can contrast markedly with what we normally experience in cities of the modern West. There is, of course, construction equipment – a timeless complaint, it seems – but also beasts of burden, people carrying materials, funerals lumbering along and aloud, and even loose animals. The scene depicts very little “normal” traffic: people like the poet trying to get from place to place.
GSK-3 as a novel prognostic indicator in leukemia

While leukemias represent a diverse set of diseases with malignant cells derived from myeloid or lymphoid origin, a common feature is the dysregulation of signal transduction pathways that influence leukemogeneisis, promote drug resistance, and favor leukemia stem cells. Mutations in PI3K, PTEN, RAS, or other upstream regulators can activate the AKT kinase which has central roles in supporting cell proliferation and survival. A major target of AKT is Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 (GSK3). GSK3 has two isoforms (alpha and beta) that were studied as regulators of metabolism but emerged as central players in cancer in the early 1990s. GSK3 is unique in that the isoforms are constitutively active. Active GSK3 promotes destruction of oncogenic proteins such as beta Catenin, c-MYC, and MCL-1 and thus has tumor suppressor properties. In AML, inactivation of GSK3 is associated with poor overall survival. Interestingly in some leukemias GSK3 targets a tumor suppressor and thus the kinases can act as tumor promoters in those instances. An example is GSK3 targeting p27Kip1 in AML with MLL translocation. This review will cover the role of GSK3 in various leukemias both as tumor suppressor and tumor promoter. We will also briefly cover current state of GSK3 inhibitors for leukemia therapy.
Ionic liquid structure, dynamics, and electrosorption in carbon electrodes with bimodal pores and heterogeneous surfaces

Abstract We investigate the aggregation, diffusion, and resulting electrochemical behavior of ionic liquids inside carbon electrodes with complex pore architectures and surface chemistries. Carbide-derived carbons (CDCs) with bimodal porosities and defunctionalized or oxidized electrode surfaces served as model electrode materials. Our goal was to obtain a fundamental understanding of room-temperature ionic liquid ion orientation, mobility, and electrosorption behavior. Neat 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide confined in CDCs was studied using an integrated experimental and modeling approach, consisting of quasielastic neutron scattering, small-angle neutron scattering, X-ray pair distribution function analysis, and electrochemical measurements, which were combined with molecular dynamics simulations. Our analysis shows that surface oxygen groups increase the diffusion of confined electrolytes. Consequently, the ions become more than twice as mobile in oxygen-rich pores. Although greater self-diffusion of ions translates into higher electrochemical mobilities in oxidized pores, bulk-like behavior of ions dominates in the larger mesopores and increases the overall capacitance in defunctionalized pores. Experimental results highlight strong confinement and surface effects of carbon electrodes on electrolyte behavior, and molecular dynamics simulations yield insight into diffusion and capacitance differences in specific pore regions. We demonstrate the significance of surface defects on electrosorption dynamics of complex electrolytes in hierarchical pore architectures of supercapacitor electrodes.
Neural Control of the Gastrointestinal System

Abstract In communication between the central nervous system (CNS), autonomic nervous system (ANS), and the enteric nervous system (ENS), sensory afferent fibers relay information pertaining to varying conditions, while efferent fibers stimulate effectors to modulate functions such as secretion and motility. Local feedback loops regulated by the ENS and long loops involving the CNS facilitate fine tuning of gastrointestinal function.
B Lymphocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis and the Effects of Anti-TNF-α Agents on B Lymphocytes: A Review of the Literature

Abstract Purpose The aim of this article was to review published research related to B lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis, their role in the pathogenesis of the disease, the effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors on B lymphocytes, the risk for infection, and responses to vaccines. Methods A PubMed search was conducted to review recent advances related to B lymphocytes and the effects of anti–TNF-α on B lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Findings B lymphocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, we summarize the major mechanisms by which B lymphocytes play a pathologic role in the development and propagation of the disease, as B lymphocytes are recruited to the synovial fluid, where they contribute to local inflammation through the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators (cytokines, chemokines, micro-RNAs) and present antigens to T cells. We discuss the effects of TNF-α, either direct or indirect, on B lymphocytes expressing receptors for this cytokine. We also show that total B-cell numbers have been reported to be reduced in the blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis versus healthy controls, but are significantly increased up to normal levels in patients undergoing anti–TNF-α therapy. As for B-cell subsets, controversial results have been reported, with studies showing decreased frequencies of total memory B cells (and memory subsets) and others showing no differences in patients versus healthy controls. Studies investigating the effects of anti–TNF-α therapy have also given controversial results, with therapy found to increase (or not) the frequency of memory B lymphocytes, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis versus healthy controls. Those highly variable results could have been due to differences in patient characteristics and limited numbers of subjects. Finally, we summarize the effects of blocking TNF-α with anti–TNF-α agents on possible infections that patients with rheumatoid arthritis may contract, as well as on responses to vaccination. Implications B lymphocytes play a significant role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, and B cell–depletion therapy has a major effect on the course of the disease. The advances in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis include the development of targeted therapies. Anti–TNF-α therapies are widely used despite potentially serious adverse events. The data on the effects of anti–TNF-α therapies on B lymphocytes are limited and conflicting. There is a need for larger studies to better understand the effects of newly discovered therapies on the different cells of the immune system.
Stability of coupled human and stand-up paddle board

This study investigates the rider stability on a stand-up paddle board (SUP) based on board dimensions, rider body parameters, and skill level using a buoyant body dynamics approach. For this study, the system of a rider standing on an SUP is modeled as a planar motion of a rectangular cross-sectional buoyant body with an added mass attached at a fixed height. A stability map is developed to visualize stability regions for various system parameters. The result shows that eigenvalue contours are in good agreement with qualitative terms, such as beginner and professional. A new approach of describing rider skill level is proposed. Wave tank experiments are conducted to verify the analytic equations. Analytical results of the rectangular board show the same trend as the experimental results from a real SUP product.
Surgical Management of Cysts and Papillomas of the Nose and Sinuses

Nasal dermoid cysts, encephaloceles, and gliomas are thought to be developmentally related errors in the closure of the anterior neuropore through a persistent anterior cranial and dural defect. Dermoid cysts are the most common congenital midline nasal lesion and contain dermal appendages. Intracranial extension of dermoid cysts may be suggested by a bifid crista galli and enlargement of the foramen cecum on CT but should be confirmed with MRI. The ideal surgical approach for a dermoid cyst is debatable but should allow for repair of CSF leak and cribriform defects as well as acceptable scar formation and nasal reconstruction if necessary. Nasal gliomas are comprised of normal brain tissue that has persisted through an anterior cranial defect. Sinonasal encephaloceles can be further divided into nasofrontal, nasoethmoidal, and naso-orbital types depending on their site of herniation. A combined intracranial/extracranial approach is necessary to address an encephalocele, and this can be done as a single-staged procedure. Congenital nasolacrimal duct cysts can often be treated with conservative management, but respiratory distress or infection may require urgent probing and marsupialization.
Structures and Dynamics of Social Networks: Selection, Influence, and Self-Organization.

Studies the social structures and dynamics of human networks: how peers at the micro level and physical environments at the macro level interact with the individual preferences and attributes and shape social dynamics.
SHOULD KNOWLEDGE OF MANAGEMENT BE ORGANIZED AS THEORIES OR AS METHODS

Abstract The philosophy of science has traditionally assumed that knowledge should be organized in the form of theories. From theories propositions can be deduced that can be tested in experiments. Most propositions deduced from theories take the form of if-then statements. For example, if variable A increases, what happens to variable B, assuming that all other variables are held constant? However, an alternative way of organizing knowledge, in the form of producer-product relationships, was proposed by the philosopher E.A. Singer, Jr. and advocated by two of his students, C. West Churchman and Russell L. Ackoff. Whether to structure knowledge in the form of theories or methods is related to the question of whether there is a fundamental difference between the natural and the social sciences. As opposed to Karl Popper’s doctrine of the unity of method, this paper argues that structuring knowledge in the form of methods is appropriate in applied fields, particularly in management where a large part of the task is to achieve agreement among a group of knowing subjects on an appropriate set of actions.