cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deaths of clients in methadone treatment in Texas: 1994–2002

This study analyzes causes of deaths of 766 patients who died while in methadone treatment in Texas between 1994 and 2002. Compared with deaths in the general population of Texas, deaths of clients in methadone treatment were 4.6 times more likely to be from a drug overdose, 3.4 times more likely to be from liver disease, 1.7 times more likely to be from a respiratory disease, 1.5 times more likely to be from a homicide and 1.4 times more likely to be from AIDS, but less likely to be from suicide, motor vehicle accidents, cardiovascular diseases or cancer. Of the clients, 20% died of liver disease, 18% of cardiovascular disease and 14% of drug overdose. An older cohort had been in treatment longer, had more take-homes, were on higher doses and tended to die of chronic diseases. A younger cohort tended to die from traumas, including drug overdose. Time in treatment was 43.3 months; mean daily dose was 77.3 mg; number of days/month dosed in the clinic was 13.9. Given these rates, the scope of services should include on-site treatment for other medical conditions and staff should be educated about and counsel about the risk of death for new patients.
Introducing the R2D2 Model: Online Learning for the Diverse Learners of This World

The R2D2 method—read, reflect, display, and do—is a new model for designing and delivering distance education, and in particular, online learning. Such a model is especially important to address the diverse preferences of online learners of varied generations and varied Internet familiarity. Four quadrants can be utilized separately or as part of a problem‐solving process: the first component primarily relates to methods to help learners acquire knowledge through online readings, virtual explorations, and listening to online lectures and podcasts. As such, it addresses verbal and auditory learners. The second component of the model focuses on reflective activities such as online blogs, reflective writing tasks, self‐check examinations, and electronic portfolios. In the third quadrant, visual representations of the content are highlighted with techniques such as virtual tours, timelines, animations, and concept maps. Fourth, the model emphasizes what learners can do with the content in hands‐on activities ...
Fan-shaped staurolite in the Bolton syncline, eastern Connecticut: evidence for porphyroblast rotation during growth

Fan-shaped polycrystalline staurolite porphyroblasts, 3–4 cm in length and 0.5 cm in width, occur together with centimetre-sized euhedral prismatic staurolite porphyroblasts in pelitic schists of the Littleton Formation on the western overturned limb of the Bolton syncline in eastern Connecticut. The fans consist of intergrown planar splays of [001] elongated prisms, which are crudely radial from a single apex. The apical angles of the radial groupings range up to 70°. The orientations of the individual staurolite prisms are related by a rigid rotation about an axis perpendicular to the fan plane. The zone axes [001] always lie in the plane of the fan. Although the angle between the [100] zone axes of the individual prisms is uniform in each fan, it ranges from +30° to −30° in different fans. Internally, the fans display: (i) remnants of a passively captured Si foliation defined by disc-shaped quartz blebs (type 1 inclusions) and layers of very fine carbonaceous material and tabular ilmenite platelets; (ii) bent staurolite blades and undulose extinction along low-angle (010) subgrain boundaries near the apex of the fans; (iii) wedge-shaped dilatational zones containing equigranular inclusion-free quartz, mica and staurolite, and (iv) growth-related quartz inclusion trails roughly perpendicular to a crystal face (type 2 inclusions). The Si inclusion trails are typically perpendicular to the fan surface, radiate parallel to the blades, and show little to no curvature except at the very edge of the fans where they abruptly curve through nearly 90° into parallelism with an external Se foliation. Careful examination of the three-dimensional geometry of fans based on U-stage measurements, serial sections and two-circle optical goniometric measurements permits a detailed reconstruction of their sequential development. The origin of a fan involves limited intracrystalline deformation and brittle crack dilation, spalling, rotation, and growth of small marginal fragments and of new staurolite along wedge-shaped zones along the Si inclusion surfaces. Fans preferentially develop in porphyroblasts in which Si is subparallel to the 010 cleavage. These internal features reflect the rotation and deformation of a brittle porphyroblast relative to syn-growth shear stresses.
Medical consequences of alcohol consumption--United States, 1992.

There is plenty of evidence in the alcohol literature that chronic excessive use of alcohol poses a threat to every organ system in the body. At the same time, there is a growing consensus that drinking in moderation protects against cardiovascular disease. This study was based on the most recent national household survey of the United States general population on drinking practices, alcohol use disorders, and their associated disabilities. The prevalences of major alcohol-related diseases were examined across different categories of drinking status. Excess morbidity caused by heavy intake of alcohol was also studied. Results were generally in agreement with the popular belief that light or moderate drinking is beneficial relative to abstention, particularly that moderate alcohol consumption confers a beneficial cardiovascular effect. Our findings also pointed toward the injurious effect of heavy alcohol use. However, results on benefits of drinking must be interpreted with caution.
Updated US Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Recommendations for Postexposure Prophylaxis

This report updates US Public Health Service recommendations for the management of healthcare personnel (HCP) who experience occupational exposure to blood and/or other body fluids that might contain human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although the principles of exposure management remain unchanged, recommended HIV postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimens and the duration of HIV follow-up testing for exposed personnel have been updated. This report emphasizes the importance of primary prevention strategies, the prompt reporting and management of occupational exposures, adherence to recommended HIV PEP regimens when indicated for an exposure, expert consultation in management of exposures, follow-up of exposed HCP to improve adherence to PEP, and careful monitoring for adverse events related to treatment, as well as for virologic, immunologic, and serologic signs of infection. To ensure timely postexposure management and administration of HIV PEP, clinicians should consider occupational exposures as urgent medical concerns, and institutions should take steps to ensure that staff are aware of both the importance of and the institutional mechanisms available for reporting and seeking care for such exposures. The following is a summary of recommendations: (1) PEP is recommended when occupational exposures to HIV occur; (2) the HIV status of the exposure source patient should be determined, if possible, to guide need for HIV PEP; (3) PEP medication regimens should be started as soon as possible after occupational exposure to HIV, and they should be continued for a 4-week duration; (4) new recommendation-PEP medication regimens should contain 3 (or more) antiretroviral drugs (listed in Appendix A ) for all occupational exposures to HIV; (5) expert consultation is recommended for any occupational exposures to HIV and at a minimum for situations described in Box 1 ; (6) close follow-up for exposed personnel ( Box 2 ) should be provided that includes counseling, baseline and follow-up HIV testing, and monitoring for drug toxicity; follow-up appointments should begin within 72 hours of an HIV exposure; and (7) new recommendation-if a newer fourth-generation combination HIV p24 antigen-HIV antibody test is utilized for follow-up HIV testing of exposed HCP, HIV testing may be concluded 4 months after exposure ( Box 2 ); if a newer testing platform is not available, follow-up HIV testing is typically concluded 6 months after an HIV exposure.
Seasonal Asymmetry of the Low- and Middle-Latitude QBO Circulation Anomaly

Abstract It is usually assumed that the circulation anomaly induced directly by the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in the equatorial zonal wind is, approximately, a seasonally independent, two-cell structure symmetric about the equator and confined to the Tropics. It is shown here using a simple two-dimensional model that although the two-cell structure exists at equinox, at solstice the summer cell disappears and the winter cell is greatly strengthened (about three times stronger than at equinox) and expanded. Strong cross-equatorial flow is induced near the shear zone where the QBO winds are easterly. This result may explain why the observed anomalies in trace gases are small in the summer hemisphere and it also reduces the need for a modulation of the planetary wave fluxes at low and middle latitudes in order to explain the modulation of the circulation there. At low latitudes, the shape of the isopleths of a modeled tracer closely resemble those observed in both easterly and westerly phases of the Q...
Cell lineage transport: a mechanism for molecular gradient formation

Gradient formation is a fundamental patterning mechanism during embryo development, commonly related to secreted proteins that move along an existing field of cells. Here, we mathematically address the feasibility of gradients of mRNAs and non-secreted proteins. We show that these gradients can arise in growing tissues whereby cells dilute and transport their molecular content as they divide and grow, a mechanism we termed ‘cell lineage transport.’ We provide an experimental test by unveiling a distal-to-proximal gradient of Hoxd13 in the vertebrate developing limb bud driven by cell lineage transport, corroborating our model. Our study indicates that gradients of non-secreted molecules exhibit a power-law profile and can arise for a wide range of biologically relevant parameter values. Dilution and nonlinear growth confer robustness to the spatial gradient under changes in the cell cycle period, but at the expense of sensitivity in the timing of gradient formation. We expect that gradient formation driven by cell lineage transport will provide future insights into understanding the coordination between growth and patterning during embryonic development. Molecular Systems Biology 17 October 2006; doi:10.1038/msb4100098 Subject Categories: simulation and data analysis; development
On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society

The twentieth century, with its bloody world wars, revolutions, and genocides accounting for hundreds of millions dead, would seem to prove that human beings are incredibly vicious predators and that killing is as natural as eating. But Lieutenant Colonel Dave Grossman, a psychologist and U.S. Army Ranger, demonstrates this is not the case. The good news, according to Grossman - drawing on dozens of interviews, first-person reports, and historic studies of combat, ranging from Frederick the Great's battles in the eighteenth century through Vietnam - is that the vast majority of soldiers are loath to kill. In World War II, for instance, only 15 to 25 percent of combat infantry were willing to fire their rifles. The provocative news is that modern armies, using Pavlovian and operant conditioning, have learned how to overcome this reluctance. In Korea about 50 percent of combat infantry were willing to shoot, and in Vietnam the figure rose to over 90 percent. The bad news is that by conditioning soldiers to overcome their instinctive loathing of killing, we have drastically increased post-combat stress - witness the devastated psychological state of our Vietnam vets as compared with those from earlier wars. And the truly terrible news is that contemporary civilian society, particularly the media, replicates the army's conditioning techniques and - according to Grossman's controversial thesis - is responsible for our rising rates of murder and violence, particularly among the young. In the explosive last section of the book, he argues that high-body-count movies, television violence (both news and entertainment), and interactive point-and-shoot video games are dangerously similar to thetraining programs that dehumanize the enemy, desensitize soldiers to the psychological ramifications of killing, and make pulling the trigger an automatic response.
Computer Simulation of Inductively Coupled Plasma Discharge for Spectrochemical Analysis. II. Comparison of Temperature and Velocity Profiles, and Particle Decomposition for Inductively Coupled Plasma Discharges in Argon and Nitrogen:

Using a recently developed numerical procedure for the solution of energy and magnetic flux density equations for inductively coupled plasma (ICP) discharges with diatomic gases, we made a theoretical comparison of ICP discharges in argon and nitrogen with the objective of evaluating their relative spectrochemical usefulness. Nitrogen discharges operating at powers between 3 and 7 kW and argon discharges of powers between 0.6 and 6 kW are investigated for a three-concentric gas flow arrangement now popular in spectrochemical analysis. Although the argon discharge temperatures are higher and the linear velocity of the central gas stream lower, nitrogen provides a more effective discharge for decomposition of Al2O3 particles. Two-dimensional temperature distributions, velocity profiles, and power loss relationships are described.
Primary Sezary Syndrome Commonly Involves Skin Without Epidermotropism

Sezary syndrome (SS) is a T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder involving the blood, skin and lymph nodes associated with erythroderma. Other cutaneous manifestations of SS include palmoplantar keratoderma, ectropion, and alopecia. Two clinical patterns of SS can be defined: “secondary” SS arising from systemic spread of long-standing mycosis fungoides (MF) and “primary” SS with a much shorter prodromal phase characterized by pruritus, xerosis and scaling culminating in erythroderma. Most previous studies examining the histological features of SS have not distinguished between these two different clinical patterns, and have emphasized that the histological features of SS mostly resemble those of typical MF, including epidermotropism and/or band-like superficial dermal lymphoid infiltrates. In this study, we have concentrated on the histological findings of primary SS and correlated them with the clinical and hematologic parameters at the time of skin biopsy. We note that dermal perivascular lymphoid infiltrates predominate in a majority of primary SS cases, raising the differential diagnosis of benign dermatoses, rather than resembling the classical pattern of MF. This impression is further complicated by commonly observed epidermal changes such as spongiosis, acanthosis and parakeratosis that are likely secondary to tumor-associated pruritus and secondary lichenification.
Achieving stricter correctness requirements in multilevel secure databases

The concurrency control protocol that has been implemented in the commercially available Trusted Oracle multilevel secure database management system (DBMS) generates histories that are level-wise serializable. Level-wise serializability suffers from the inconsistent retrieval problems which may seriously harm database integrity. The authors show that it is possible to meet stricter correctness criteria using Trusted Oracle, provided knowledge of the update transactions that will be executed in the system is available. They perform a static analysis of the read- and write-sets of these transactions and, based on this analysis, control the order of submission of the transactions to the scheduler in such a way that the resultant history ensures higher correctness level. The exact order chosen depends on the level of consistency desired. The goal is achieved without modifying the Trusted Oracle concurrency control algorithm in any way. >
Effects of Y and Zr Dopants on Grain Boundary Structure in Creep Resistant Polycrystalline Alumina

Dopants Y and Zr at 100 ppm levels in high purity, micron grain-size polycrystalline alumina are mainly segregated to the alumina grain boundaries and strongly reduce high temperature creep. Information about this segregation has come from high resolution STEM composition mapping experiments. Information about local structural surroundings of the dopant atoms has come from EXAFS experiments, and information about local bonding of the dopant atoms has come from XANES experiments. Structural models for dopant grain boundary segregation provide a context for these experimental results and for effects of dopant incorporation on grain boundary mediated transport. Recent experimental and theoretical results are discussed in this paper.
Nursing Home Culture Change: Legal Apprehensions and Opportunities

There continue to be serious deficiencies in the quality of life available to many nursing home residents in the United States. One significant response to this undesirable situation is the nursing home "Culture Change" movement, which attempts to improve the nursing home environment-and consequently residents' quality of life-by making facilities less institutional and more homelike. One of the impediments often interfering with the adoption and implementation of culture change in specific facilities is apprehension by staff, administrators, and governing boards about potential legal liability and regulatory exposure if residents suffer injuries that might arguably be attributed to facility conditions or policies that were inspired and encouraged by the culture change movement. This article addresses and responds to the provider liability and regulatory apprehensions that impede the progress of culture change in nursing homes, using proposed new dietary services standards as an example.
Morphology and tectonics of the Andaman Forearc, northeastern Indian Ocean

SUMMARY The Andaman Sea has developed as the result of highly oblique subduction at the western Sunda Trench, leading to partitioning of convergence into trench-perpendicular and trench-parallel components and the formation of a northward-moving sliver plate to accommodate the trench parallel motion. The Andaman forearc contains structures resulting from both components of motion. The main elements of the forearc are the accretionary prism and outerarc ridge, a series of forearc basins and major N–S faults. The accretionary prism is an imbricate stack of fault slices and folds consisting of ophiolites and sediments scrapped off the subducting Indian Plate. The western, outer slope of the accretionary prism is very steep, rising to depths of 1500–2000 m within a distance of 30 km. There is a difference in the short wavelength morphology between the western and eastern portions of the accretionary prism. The outer portion consists of a series of faulted anticlines and synclines with amplitudes of a few 100 to ∼1000 m and widths of 5–15 km resulting from ongoing deformation of the sediments. The inner portion is smoother with lower slopes and forms a strong backstop. The width of the deforming portion of the accretionary prism narrows from 80 to 100 km in the south to about 40 km between 10 ◦ N and 11 ◦ 30 � N. It remains at about 40 km to ∼14 ◦ 40 � N. North of there, the inner trench wall becomes a single steep slope up to the Myanmar shelf. The eastern edge of the outerarc ridge is fault bounded and, north of the Nicobar Islands, a forearc basin is located immediately to the east. A deep gravity low with very steep gradients lies directly over the forearc basin. The West Andaman Fault (WAF) and/or the Seulimeum strand of the Sumatra Fault System form the boundary between the Burma and Sunda plates south of the Andaman spreading centre. The WAF is the most prominent morphologic feature of the Andaman Sea and divides the sea into a shallow forearc and a deeper backarc region. The Diligent Fault runs through the forearc basin east of Little Andaman Island. Although it has the general appearance of a normal fault, multichannel seismic data show that it is a compressional feature that probably resulted from deformation of the hanging wall of the Eastern Margin Fault. This could occur if the forearc basins were formed by subduction erosion of the underlying crust rather than by east–west extension.
Adolescent Sexuality and Positive Well-Being: A Group-Norms Approach

The link between adolescent sexual activity and psychological well-being is a controversial issue in developmental psychology. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between three aspects of teenage sexuality (genital sexual experience, age of sexual onset, and number of sex partners) and positive well-being (hedonic, eudaimonic, and overall) in a sample of 475 high school seniors (48% female; 89% White) from a single school district in a rural upstate New York community. Based on a group-norms perspective, we expected higher well-being in adolescents whose sexual behaviors followed group-normative patterns. As expected, sexually experienced and on-time (at age 16) students reported higher well-being than sexually inexperienced or late-onset (17 or older) students. Contrary to expectations, a high number of sex partners and an early sexual onset (15 or younger) were not related to lower well-being. Early-onset girls reported higher levels of well-being than normative-onset peers. Findings are discussed in relationship to theoretical perspectives and past empirical findings of teenage sexuality as a developmental asset versus risk.
Treatment Of Chronic Prostatitis Lowers Serum Prostate Specific Antigen

Purpose: We evaluated men with documented chronic prostatitis and elevated serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) to determine whether treatment with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs lowers serum PSA.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 95 men who presented with serum PSA greater than 4 ng./ml. and were subsequently diagnosed with chronic prostatitis with greater than 10 white blood cells per high power field in expressed prostatic excretions. Patients meeting these criteria were treated with a 4-week course of antibiotics and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. In all patients followup PSA was determined within 2 months of treatment.Results: Mean PSA decreased 36.4% from 8.48 ng./ml. before to 5.39 after treatment (p <0.001). In 44 patients (46.3%) serum PSA decreased to below 4 ng./ml. (mean 2.48) and these patients no longer had an indication for biopsy. In the remaining 51 patients serum PSA remained elevated at greater than 4 ng./ml. and they underwent double se...
Short-term effects of a progestational contraceptive drug on food intake, resting energy expenditure, and body weight in young women.

Background: Studies showed that hormonal fluctuations that occur over the human menstrual cycle affect energy intake and expenditure. However, little is known about the possible effects on body weight regulation that may arise when these cyclic changes are suppressed with hormonal contraceptives. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine how a progestational contraceptive drug (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate) affects food intake, resting energy expenditure (REE), and body weight in young women. Design: Twenty normal-weight women were tested in a singleblind, placebo-controlled experiment. Body weight, REE, and 3-d food intake (food provided) were measured in the follicular and luteal phases of 2 menstrual cycles before a single injection of depot medroxyprogesterone or saline solution was administered. Measurements were also taken 4 times after injection: in the luteal and follicular phases of 2 cycles in the placebo group and 2 wk apart (to mimic timing of the menstrual phases) in the drug group. Results: Before injection, the phase of the menstrual cycle affected both energy intake and REE. The study participants consumed more energy (4.3%; P = 0.02) and expended more energy at rest (4.3%; P = 0.0002) in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase. Comparison of pre- and postinjection means showed that treatment with the contraceptive drug had no significant effects on energy intake, REE, or body weight. Conclusions: This study showed that, although phases of the menstrual cycle affected energy intake and REE, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate did not alter energy intake or expenditure or cause weight gain in young women. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:19‐26.
Docking by Structural Similarity at Protein-Protein Interfaces

Rapid accumulation of the experimental data on protein-protein complexes drives the paradigm shift in protein docking from ‘traditional,’ template free approaches to template based techniques. Homology docking algorithms are based on sequence similarity between target and template complexes and can account for up to 20% of known protein-protein interactions. When the highly homologous templates for the target complex are not available, but the structure of the target monomers is known, docking by local structural alignment may provide an adequate solution, as a complement to the traditional template-free docking, which is notoriously sensitive to structural inaccuracies. Such an algorithm was developed based on structural comparison of monomers to known co-crystallized interfaces. A library of templates was compiled, consisting of 11,932 interfacial fragments, extracted from the asymmetric and biological units in PDB. The structural alignment was performed by TM-align program. The results were optimal with the interfaces defined by 12A distance cutoff. The benchmarking of the procedure was performed on the DOCKGROUND docking benchmark sets: 99 unbound complexes and the extended set of 372 bound complexes. The models were ranked by TMscore. Higher-accuracy models (i-RMSD < 5A) were found in top 10 predictions for 25 % (unbound set) and 33 % (extended bound set) of targets. Importantly, most of the successfully predicted complexes were in addition to those predicted by template-free docking (by GRAMM-X). Compared with the full structure alignment, the partial structure alignment succeeded in a significant number of targets on which the full alignment failed. The method was also tested on previous CAPRI targets. The results indicate that the partial structure alignment provides a much needed addition to the docking arsenal, with the combined structural alignment and template free docking success rate significantly surpassing that of the template free docking alone.
Team-Based Care and Quality: A Move Toward Evidence-Based Policy.

By 2030, >40% of the U.S. population will suffer from some form of cardiovascular disease (CVD), according to analyses from the American Heart Association, and both direct and indirect costs associated with the care of patients with CVD will increase substantially [(1)][1]. With such a high burden
Volumetric backprojection

Volumetric energy backprojection captures the effects of myriad physical processes including global illumination and reconstruction. We present a method to perform efficient volumetric backprojection in software. We develop a new method for global illumination based on iterated volumetric backprojection. We demonstrate how computed tomography and visible light reconstruction can be implemented using volumetric backprojection. Our new form of opaque reconstruction is insensitive to shading and includes the partial volume effect. Finally, we suggest small modifications to volume rendering hardware which permits efficient, scalable volumetric backprojection.
Deconstructing the Snake: The Relative Roles of Perception, Cognition, and Emotion on Threat Detection

Previous research has documented a propensity for rapid detection of various threats like snakes and spiders in human adults, children, and even infants. The current research presents a controlled, systematic investigation of the mechanisms by which humans quickly detect threat. In 3 experiments, we examine the unique and interacting roles of low-level perceptual cues, cognitive factors such as threatening labels, and emotional state to rapid threat detection. Across studies, low-level perceptual features of snakes-namely, curvilinear shapes-consistently elicited rapid detection. Using threatening labels (Experiment 2) facilitated detection marginally more, and a fearful emotional induction (Experiment 3) facilitated detection even further. Collectively the results offer a more complete picture of the mechanisms by which humans quickly perceive threat, suggesting that rapid threat detection can result from several individual and interacting factors, including perceptual, cognitive, and emotional.
Engineered Calcium-Precipitable Restriction Enzyme

We have developed a simple system for tagging and purifying proteins. Recent experiments have demonstrated that RTX (Repeat in Toxin) motifs from the adenylate cyclase toxin gene (CyaA) of B. pertussis undergo a conformational change upon binding calcium, resulting in precipitation of fused proteins and making this method a viable alternative for bioseparation. We have designed an iGEM Biobrick comprised of an RTX tag that can be easily fused to any protein of interest. In this paper, we detail the process of creating an RTX tagged version of the restriction enzyme EcoRI and describe a method for expression and purification of the functional enzyme.
Coherent population trapping as a magnetic-field diagnostic for hydrogen plasmas

Coherent population trapping (CPT) is theoretically examined as a magnetic-field diagnostic for high-\ensuremath{\beta} hydrogen plasma. Time-dependent quantum mechanical Bloch equations, which describe the evolution of the 2$s$ and 3$p$ level populations of the hydrogen atom under CPT conditions, were solved numerically. When the frequency difference of two copropagating lasers equals the energy difference between the atoms' levels subject to the local magnetic field, a discernable CPT dark line in the H\ensuremath{\alpha} emission is predicted, enabling the possibility of noninvasive, localized magnetic-field measurements. The effects of fine and hyperfine level structure, Doppler broadening, plasma-generated electric fields, and degree-of-hydrogen ionization are included in the model. A shift in dark-line position of 15$%$ of the linewidth is predicted to be caused by contributions from the entire H\ensuremath{\alpha} manifold. The laser-induced H\ensuremath{\alpha} fluorescence is estimated to be an order of magnitude stronger than the background H\ensuremath{\alpha} emission.
Generation and evolution of vortical structures in bluff body wakes

A direct numerical simulation has been used to study the generation and evolution of streamwise vortices in the near wake of a circular cylinder at a Reynolds number of 300. It is found that new streamwise vortices are generated due to the stretching induced by the spanwise vortices of streamwise vorticity associated with the older streamwise vortices. Furthermore, even though the spanwise vortices develop significant spanwise distortions due to the action of the streamwise vortices, entrainment of vorticity from the core of the spanwise vortices into the so called 'braid' region is not observed. The evolution of the spanwise vortices is also followed in detail and this provides further insight into the interaction of the various vortical structures in the near wake. (Author)
Characteristics and Economic Consequences of Jump Bids in Combinatorial Auctions

Jump bidding, which refers to bidding above the minimum necessary, is a robust behavior that has been observed in a variety of ascending auctions in the field as well as the laboratory. However, the phenomenon has yet to be studied in combinatorial auctions, which are a type of multiobject auction that allows bidders to bid on a set of objects. Such auctions have been found to be beneficial when objects exhibit synergy, e.g., are complementary. In this paper, we explore jump bidding behavior in combinatorial auctions as a function of design choices of the mechanism. In particular, we examine the effects of price revelation schemes on the nature and extent of jump bidding. Furthermore, we study the effects of jump bidding on the economic performance of the auctions. To conduct our study, first, we develop hypotheses using auction theories and behavioral theories of how people use reference prices as anchors, and second, we conduct a laboratory experiment to test our hypotheses and examine bidder behavior. ...
An improved reliability sensitivity estimation of important sampling and its variance analysis

Aimed at the reliability sensitivity analysis,a kind of improved important sampling method was put forward.It was analogous with the reliability sensitivity analysis method of the traditional important sampling,the being mentioned method needs to find out firstly the most probable invalidation point in the invalidation region to construct the density function of important sampling.It is evident that after finding out the most probable invalidation point,the relevant reliability target can be found out promptly.Utilizing the property of the invalidation region in the standard normality space was locating outside the super-globe,which takes the coordinates origin as the globe centre and the reliability index as the radius;the improved method needs to calculate only the functional function-values of the important sampling specimen points outside the super-globe,yet the traditional method was achieving the estimations of reliability sensitivity by means of calculating the functional function-values of all the important sampling specimen points,therefore the improved method would possess more higher computing efficiency.The calculation formulae for the variance and variation coefficient of the reliability sensibility estimation value in the improved method of the single and multiple mode series systems were derived.Through the calculational example,the efficiency of the improved method was compared with that of the traditional method.The result of computational example showed that under the condition of identical variances of sensitivity estimation values the number of computation times needed for the functional function of the improved method was less than that of the traditional method.
The Road to Integrated Design Process of Net-Zero Energy Solar House

An integrated design process encourages holistic collaboration of the design team to optimize solutions in an iterative development of a building design. This chapter discusses the design process of a net-zero energy solar-powered house developed for the 2013 solar decathlon competition to promote high-performance design while using traditional passive strategies. The University of North Carolina Charlotte (UNC Charlotte) entry tries to effectively integrate building systems’ components to minimize energy consumption while optimizing comfort. To that end, each component delivers multiple functions.
Rubber Compounding : Chemistry and Applications, Second Edition

Rubber Compounding: Chemistry and Applications describes the production, processing, and characteristics of a wide range of materials utilized in the modern tire and rubber industry, from natural to butyl rubber, carbon black, silica, silanes, and beyond. Containing contributions from leading specialists in the field, the text investigates the chem
Delirium and mental health history as predictors of aggression in individuals with dementia in inpatient settings.

ABSTRACTObjectives: Aggressive behaviors by patients with dementia present risk to health care workers and patients. An information processing model, developed to study aggressive behaviors among children, was applied to study aggression among older hospital patients with dementia. Hypotheses were that delirium and mental health or depression history, would relate to increased risk of aggressive behaviors.Method: Electronic medical records were sampled for one year (n = 5008) and screened using the EMERSE search engine and hand review for dementia (n = 505) and aggressive behavior in individuals with dementia (n = 121). Records were reviewed for mental health history and presence of delirium.Results: Regression analyses found interaction effects representing delirium and mental health or depression history associated with greater risk of aggressive behavior. Significant main effects were found for both dementia and mental health or depression history. Of the lowest risk group, 12% of patients exhibited ag...
Acute Calcific Tendinitis of the Index Finger in a Child

Background: Calcific tendinitis is characterized by calcium hydroxyapatite crystal deposition within tendons and is a common cause of musculoskeletal pain in adults. Its clinical manifestations may be acute, chronic, or asymptomatic. Acute calcific tendinitis is self-resolving condition that is rarely reported in the pediatric population and may be overlooked for more common processes, leading to unnecessary treatment. Methods: A chart reivew was performed of a single case of acute calcific tendonitis of the index finger in a child. Results: We describe a case of calcific tendinitis of the index finger in a 9-year-old boy who was referred to us for a second opinion after surgical exploration of an acutely inflamed digit was recommended based on his initial presentation. The calcifications and symptoms resolved over time without operative management. Conclusions: Although rare in children, acute calcific tendinitis can present similar to an infection. However, appropriate managment is non-operative as the ...
Postsecondary Students With Disabilities: Predictors of Adaptation to College:

This study examined the relationship between acceptance of disability, perceived stigma of students on a college campus and adaptation to college for students with disabilities. One hundred forty-f...
Comorbid Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Muscle-Specific Kinase (MuSK) Myasthenia Gravis: A Case Report and Literature Review

BACKGROUND HIV infections with concomitant immunologically-mediated disorders have been frequently described but there has been little research on the association between HIV and myasthenia gravis. MuSK myasthenia gravis coexisting with HIV is an even a rarer entity and can occur as a part of immune restoration disease. We report the case of a patient with asymptomatic HIV infection who presented with new-onset MuSK myasthenia gravis. CASE REPORT A 44-year-old African-American woman with HIV since 2004 and on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) presented to the ED with complains of double vision and difficulty swallowing for 2 weeks. The patient was intermittently on HAART therapy. On examination, she had bilateral ptosis, weak orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi, along with mild lateral gaze palsy of the left eye. Her CD4 count was 383 and the viral load was undetectable. An MRI of the brain produced normal results and a CT chest did not show thymus enlargement. Due to worsening symptoms and high suspicion for myasthenia gravis, she was started on IVIG at 0.4 mg/kg/day for 5 days, and her symptoms markedly improved. She was found to have strongly positive MuSK antibody and negative Ach receptor antibody. Repetitive nerve stimulation showed a 13% decrease in the right median nerve, which confirmed the diagnosis. She was subsequently discharged to home on pyridostigmine. Azathioprine was added at clinic follow-up. The patient continues to improve. CONCLUSIONS As the use of antiretroviral therapy increases, immune reconstitution syndromes have become more common. Rare associations like HIV and MuSK myasthenia gravis are being increasingly reported. The use of immunosuppressants in the treatment of these conditions should be carefully evaluated.
A Brief Historiography of Leibniz Studies

E. J. Aiton, who published his important and immensely informative biography of Leibniz in 1976, followed in the footsteps of Russell, Rescher, and others and concluded that Leibniz’s mature philosophy was virtually in place by 1686 when the Discourse was published:71 That Leibniz himself regarded the Discourse on metaphysics as marking a decisive stage in the development of his philosophy is shown by his remark to Thomas Burnett in a letter of May 1697, that he was only satisfied with the philosophical ideas he had held from about 1685. Although many of the ideas had been germinating from his university days and are to be found in earlier works — for example, the subject-predicated logic in De arte combinatoria, the idea of harmony in the Confession of nature against atheists,the principle of sufficient reason in the letter to Wedderkopf, substantial forms in the letter to Thomasius and the idea of the best in a note written after his meeting with Spinoza — the Discourse on metaphysics is the first of Leibniz’s writings to bind them together in a coherent system.72
A Critical Analysis of the Scientific and Commercial Rationales for the De Novo Synthesis of Horsepox Virus

This article evaluates the scientific and commercial rationales for the synthesis of horsepox virus. I find that the claimed benefits of using horsepox virus as a smallpox vaccine rest on a weak scientific foundation and an even weaker business case that this project will lead to a licensed medical countermeasure. The combination of questionable benefits and known risks of this dual use research raises serious questions about the wisdom of undertaking research that could be used to recreate variola virus. This analysis also raises important questions about the propriety of a private company sponsoring such dual use research without appropriate oversight and highlights an important gap in United States dual use research regulations.
Aviation Noise and Cardiovascular Health in the United States: a Review of the Evidence and Recommendations for Research Direction.

In the USA, there is mounting pressure on aviation operators and regulators to address concerns about community impacts of aircraft noise given increasing evidence of adverse health impacts, continuing community complaints, availability of cost-effective programs to reduce exposures to aircraft noise, and more stringent international policies. In the USA, regulation of civil aviation noise is the responsibility of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), which requires a “significant body of scientific support,” particularly applicable to the USA, to inform health-based policy and regulatory decisions. However, there have been very few studies investigating the relationship between noise and health in the USA and limited studies across the globe characterizing the effects of aviation noise specifically on cardiovascular health. This review focuses on recent findings on the relationship between aircraft noise and cardiovascular outcomes and directions for future research. Epidemiological studies generally report statistically significant associations between aircraft noise and adverse cardiovascular outcomes, although with limited evidence within the USA. Sleep disturbance, associated with nighttime noise, has been shown to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease given associations with inflammatory markers and metabolic changes. Given numerous cardiovascular markers, the most appropriate choices depend on the ultimate objectives of the individual studies. Given the state of the literature, future research should leverage emerging tools to estimate aviation, railway, and road traffic noise and apply noise estimates to a range of epidemiological study designs and endpoints to inform causal interpretation and help determine potential intervention strategies.
X-ray Diffraction Studies of Mixtures of n -Hexadecanol and n -Octadecanol

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of X-ray diffraction studies of mixtures of n-hexadecanol and n-octadecanol. The pure starting materials such as n-hexadecanol, n-octadecanol, and mixtures of the two containing 90 and 50% hexadecanol were examined at various temperatures by X-ray diffraction to obtain data on the X-ray patterns of the various polymorphic forms of mixtures of these compounds. The study was undertaken to determine the feasibility of using X-ray diffraction methods to estimate the composition of commercial long-chain alcohols. However, these alcohols are much purer than commercial products, and the results, as they relate to commercial mixtures, should still be valid. The use of X-ray diffraction for determination of the various compounds present in commercial long-chain alcohols does not appear very promising. For relatively pure mixtures of hexadecanol and octadecanol, the composition might be estimated roughly from the 001 spacing of one of the polymorphic forms. The β phase does not appear in these mixtures, but in the relatively pure n-hexadecanol and n-octadecanol, it appears immediately along with the sub-α on inversion of the α phase and does not increase noticeably in abundance at room temperature over a 2-week period.
Annotated bibliography and index

This bibliography is offered as a research resource to the reader. Many of the works listed here went through many editions, some of which were more important than others for different reasons. I felt it necessary to trace the publishing and editing history of those whose change and development are of interest to the student of the history of technology.
Neuronal Network Involvement in Stimulation Therapies for CNS Disorders

Abstract Many stimulation techniques are being used to treat central nervous system (CNS) disorders, ranging from whole-brain stimulation, such as electroshock, to highly localized stimulation sites, such as acupuncture. Experimental approaches using stimulant drugs and light stimulation have been utilized in animals ( Chapters 4 and 32 Chapter 4 Chapter 32 ) but have not yet been utilized therapeutically in patients. These CNS disorders include chronic pain syndromes, mood disorders, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and epilepsy, as well as many other disorders, with variable degrees of success. Neuronal networks that mediate these CNS disorders are being investigated most recently using brain-imaging techniques, and this information is utilized in certain specific stimulation therapies for targeting the site of stimulation, such as in patients with Parkinson's disease. The mechanisms that account for the successful use of these techniques are not well understood, but modification of the function of the neuronal network that mediates the disorder is strongly implicated in these therapeutic effects, involving disruption of the function or competition with the network. Major mechanisms of network modification include directly inhibiting the network via stimulation within the network as well as “rewiring” damaged networks, activating dormant networks, and stimulating the formation of new networks to restore function. Another proposed important mechanism for stimulation therapies is competition of the network activated by the stimulation process with the CNS disorder network for specific nuclei that are a part of both networks. These nuclei include conditional multireceptive regions (CMR) that are activated by both networks. Further research is needed to determine the nature of the mechanisms that are involved in the application of each form of stimulation therapy to each CNS disorder that is affected by that therapy.
Immunological membrane markers of Hodgkin's cells.

Reed-Sternberg and other Hodgkin’s giant cells derived from involved spleens and lymph nodes of patients with Hodgkin’s disease were examined for surface markers of T and B cells and macrophages. Attachment and phagocytosis of untreated (E) or sensitized (EA and EAC) sheep red blood cells and yeast by Reed-Sternberg cells did not occur. IgG frequently detected at the membrane of Reed-Sternberg cells was partially removed by incubation and washing at 37 °C. Fluorescence with a specific anti-T cell serum was not seen on Reed-Sternberg and other Hodgkin’s giant cells. These studies indicate that Reed-Sternberg and other Hodgkin’s giant cells lack most detectable normal human lymphoid cell markers, but do exhibit membrane bound immunoglobulin possibly of exogenous origin.