cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further observations on the metabolism of vitamin B12 in human pregnancy.

Abstract The vitamin B 12 level, B 12 binding capacity, and transaminase content in the serum, and the glutathione content of the erythrocytes of fetal and maternal blood were determined and compared to those of a series of nonpregnant subjects. It was found that the maternal levels of these substances were lower than those from fetal sources and in nonpregnant individuals. The only exception was the data on B 12 binding substance, in which the relationship was reversed.
Chemical Biology Approaches to Study Protein Cysteine Sulfenylation

Although cysteine is present at a low percentage in proteins, it is considered a critical amino acid with numerous biological functions. Due to its highly reactive thiol side chain (RSH), cysteine is susceptible to various posttranslational modifications, which regulate protein structure and function.1-4 In biological redox systems, cysteine can be oxidized to sulfenic acid (RSOH) by reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) such as peroxynitrite (ONOO−). This reversible modification has emerged as central reaction pathway in biological redox systems. Owing to its intrinsic reactivity, sulfenic acid can undergo numerous chemical transformations (Figure 1). For example, when another protein thiol is in close proximity to sulfenic acid, these two species can react to form a disulfide bridge, an important modification that regulates protein folding, oligomerization, and other cysteine modifications (such as S-glutathionylation). Nitrogen nucleophiles present in small molecules or the polypeptide backbone can also react with sulfenic acid to form a sulfenamide (RSNR2). A prototypical example of sulfenamide formation has been demonstrated in the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Indeed, x-ray crystallographic and cellular studies demonstrate that oxidation of active site cysteine of PTP1B to sulfenic acid is followed by conversion to an intramolecular cyclic sulfenamide, which can protect the phosphatase from irreversible oxidation.5 In the absence of proximal thiols or other nucleophiles, the sulfenic acid modification can be stabilized or, under oxidative stress conditions, be further oxidized to the largely irreversible sulfinic (−SO2H) or sulfonic acid (−SO3H). With such diverse reactivity, the level of protein sulfenic acid modifications not only serves as a biomarker of redox signaling in biological systems, but also has significant implications for probing pathologies associated with oxidative stress, such as cancer6 and cardiovascular disease7. Figure 1 Sulfenic acid is at the center of redox cysteine modifications. A cysteine thiol can be reversibly oxidized by reactive oxygen or nitrogen species (Ox) to form sulfenic acid, which may be stabilized by the protein microenvironment or react with adjacent ... Owing to its biological importance, intensive efforts have been focused on detection of protein sulfenylation in cellular systems.8 In this mini review, we discuss methods for detecting protein sulfenylation, with particular emphasis on chemoselective bioorthogonal reaction-based probes as well as application of these reagents to study redox-mediated growth factor signal transduction.
The anisotropy of the upper critical field of the Chevrel-phase compound Cu1.8Mo6S8

The anisotropy of the upper critical field has been measured on deoxygenated single crystals of the Chevrel-phase Cu1.8Mo6S8. Data were taken with the applied magnetic field pointing in various directions in the hexagonal\((2\overline 1 0)\) and (001) planes. The data reflect the low-temperature, triclinic symmetry of the crystal structure. At each of a series of field values, oscillations in the superconducting transition temperature were observed. Since theHc2 versusT curve is linear in the field region probed, the shape of the anisotropy inTcat constantH is the same as the anisotropy of the upper critical fieldHc2 at constantT. Oscillations with pseudo-threefold symmetry have been observed for the first time in the (001) plane. The data are fitted with an expansion of spherical harmonics with triclinic symmetry.
Human analog tests of the sixth stage of object permanence

Two adult cats were tested on multiple invisible displacement. A dowel was established as a secondary reinforcer and hidden in a manner similar to that used to assess the culmination of sensorimotor intelligence in human infants. Three other cats were tested on single invisible displacement, a simpler version of the task. For human infants, this task is used to assess the beginning of mental representation in the sixth and last stage of sensorimotor intelligence. The cats' searches on these tasks were consistent with representation of an unsensed object and fully developed sensorimotor intelligence.
Approximate formula for radiofrequency current drive efficiency with magnetic trapping

A functional form is presented for the efficiency of current drive in toroidal geometry with waves at frequencies below the electron cyclotron frequency. By fitting constants in order to duplicate numerical results for the efficiency, an accurate function is obtained which will be useful for computer calculations of current drive.
Application of the Rheovibron to inorganic glass problems I. The mixed alkali effect loss spectrum

Abstract A mechanical spectrometer with four decade frequency range has been used to characterize the isothermal mechanical loss spectrum of a mixed alkali silicate glass. The half width of the mechanical loss spectrum is very much greater than that for electrical relaxation at the same temperature despite the fact that both relaxations are due to alkali ion motion. It is suggested that the difference, which is also present in single alkali glasses is primarily a consequence of the fact that the mechanical relaxation is by nature a secondary relaxation (probably one of a sequence of broad secondary relaxations) while the electrical relaxation is a primary relaxation insofar as it is the process producing the largest of all changes of electrical modulus.
The Graduate Teacher Programme: just the job?

The article begins by examining the context in which the Graduate Teacher Programme (GTP) developed, particularly the trend towards locating more Initial Teacher Training (ITT) in schools, and the promotion of employment-based routes as an alternative to full-time courses such as the Postgraduate Certificate of Education (PGCE). The response of schools to the GTP and other employment-based routes has, to date, hardly been researched at all. This research project, although smallscale, presents some clear and important perspectives from schools. The findings suggest that most schools are not interested in taking full responsibility for training their own teachers. The GTP is supported as a suitable option where a flexible, individually-tailored scheme is needed, e.g. for someone who already has substantial teaching experience, but it is not seen as an appropriate model for training large numbers of beginning teachers.
Piecewise zero-curvature energy eigenfunctions in one dimension

We discuss the general mathematical condition in one-dimensional time-independent quantum mechanics for an energy eigenfunction to have zero curvature over an extended region of space and still be valid. This condition and its solution are not often discussed as part of quantum mechanics texts at any level, yet have interesting consequences for experimental, pedagogical and theoretical investigations of systems with piecewise-constant potential energy functions. We present the solutions for several standard cases in which zero-curvature energy eigenfunctions are allowed as bound states, scattering states and threshold states. These states are of interest to supersymmetric quantum mechanics and the procedures we outline can be used to 'design' quantum wells for studies of wave packet dynamics.
The association of Epstein-Barr virus with smooth-muscle tumors occurring after organ transplantation.

Background Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has been associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, some lymphomas, and lymphoproliferative disease after organ transplantation. Many lymphoproliferative tumors that occur after transplantation are clonal, a property that classifies them as neoplastic. Clonality can be determined by analysis of the extrachromosomal circular DNA episomes produced by EBV infection. Methods We describe three young children in whom smooth-muscle tumors developed 18 months to 5 years after liver transplantation with immunosuppression. We examined the tumors by microscopy and with immunohistochemical studies and molecular genetic analyses of the EBV DNA. Results The tumors were composed of spindle cells with smooth-muscle features and resembled those described in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Immunohistochemical analysis was negative for EBV latent membrane protein and EBV receptor (CD21), but positive for EBV nuclear antigen 2. In situ hybridization revealed nuclear EB...
Strontium-90 in the ‘Mixed Layer’ of the Atlantic Ocean

OCEANOGRAPHY and marine geochemistry have only relatively recently been able to take advantage of isotopic tracer techniques; unfortunately, the conceptual framework devised for isotope studies in biochemistry and physiology is not readily applicable to systems of very large spatial extension.
PHP19: USING FINANCIAL RATIOS TO COMPARE PHARMACY SPENDING IN THE DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS

OBJECTIVE: To understand how pharmacy spending varies across the VA Medical Centers in the United States. Pharmacy costs continue to rise. From 1990 to 1994 pharmacy expenditures were reported to be 6% of the total Veteran's Health Association (VHA) budget. In 1995 and 1996 it was 7%. In 1997 it was 8% and in 1998 it was 9%. Then in 1999 it went to 11%. Future projections are for a continued increase in budget spending. METHODS: Ratios of yearly Pharmacy to Medical Center expenditures were compared. These ratios were ranked and compared with geographical location. The years of 1997 and 1998 were studied. RESULTS: The majority of the highest ratios were located in the Midwest, Soutwest, and Southern regions of the United States. CONCLUSIONS: Financial ratios can demonstrate variations in expenditures and identify areas that may require further inquiry.
The Breakup of a Meteorite Parent Body and the Delivery of Meteorites to Earth

Whether many of the 10,000 meteorites collected in the Antarctic are unlike those failing elsewhere is contentious. The Antarctic H chondrites, one of the major classes of stony meteorites, include a number of individuals with higher induced thermoluminescence peak temperatures than observed among non-Antarctic H chondrites. The proportion of such individuals decreases with the mean terrestrial age of the meteorites at the various ice fields. These H chondrites have cosmic-ray exposure ages of about 8 million years, experienced little cosmic-ray shielding, and suffered rapid postmetamorphic cooling. Breakup of the H chondrite parent body, 8 million years ago, may have produced two types of material with different size distributions and thermal histories. The smaller objects reached Earth more rapidly through more rapid orbital evolution.
Corporate values as multi‐level, multi‐domain antecedents of leader behaviors

Purpose – This paper seeks to argue that leadership is a purposive process, which is value‐transcendent, and to suggest that organizations, and leadership systems within organizations, are governed as much by beliefs as by rationality and outcomes.Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a model which incorporates three sets of value‐anchored antecedents as predictors of leader behavior is presented: work values including the Protestant work ethic and work involvement, leadership values including corporate stewardship, accountability and spiritual values including trust, humility, stewardship and community.Findings – The paper is consistent with research that supports the role values play as personal and organizational phenomena as well as research that indicates that values and beliefs are instrumental determinants of organizational culture.Originality/value – By including spiritual values as a domain of corporate values and predictors of leader behavior, the author is expanding existing value ty...
MEDICAL CLEARANCE OF PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS

Patients with primarily psychiatric complaints commonly present to emergency departments. The challenges to emergency medicine physicians are to distinguish functional from organic disease and to address any underlying medical comorbidities. The key elements of this medical "clearance" evaluation of psychiatric patients are discussed. The tremendous importance of the history and physical examination are highlighted, as is judicious use of laboratory and radiographic testing. Toxicology testing is specifically addressed.
Ambient salinity and the daily variation of circulating prolactin in the gulf killifishFundulus grandis

Abstract Gulf killifish were maintained in either 3‰ or 35‰ commercial sea salts on a LD 12:12 photoperiod regime and sampled by heart puncture at one of 6 different times of day. Maximum titers of circulating prolactin occurred at the same time of day (8h after light onset) in fish acclimated to either 3‰ or 35‰. Fish acclimated to 3‰ had an additional increase in serum prolactin (8h after light offset) not noted in 35‰ acclimated fish.
Morbidity and Mortality Associated with Brachial Vein Thrombosis

We have noted a significant incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) and mortality associated with upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT). Since there is an association between site of lower extremity DVT (LEDVT) and PE, we hypothesized that there might also be a correlation between site of UEDVT and PE with associated mortality. To further elucidate this hypotheses, we analyzed the mortality and incidence of PE diagnosed with subclavian/axillary/internal jugular vein thrombosis during an 11-year period at our institution and compared the data to those of patients diagnosed with brachial DVT. We studied 598 patients diagnosed with acute internal jugular, subclavian, axillary, or brachial DVT by duplex scanning. The patients were divided into three groups based on the most proximal location of the thrombus: group I, UEDVT involving the subclavian or axillary veins (n = 467); group II, isolated internal jugular DVT (n = 80); group III, brachial DVT alone (n = 52). Mortality rates at 2 months were 29%, 25%, and 21% for each group, respectively. The number of patients diagnosed with PE by ventilation/perfusion scans in groups I, II, and III, respectively, were 5%, 6.25% and 11.5% (p = 0.13). Furthermore, stratification by risk factors failed to demonstrate factors associated with increased 2-month mortality. Contrary to the initial hypothesis of a relationship between the site of thrombosis and the incidence of PE and mortality, these data demonstrated no statistical differences in mortality or incidence of PE among the groups studied. Additionally, these data suggest that brachial vein thrombosis is a disease process related to comparable associated mortality and morbidity similar to other forms of UEDVT. Based on these data, we suggest that UEDVT may be thought of as a marker for the severity of systemic illness of the patient rather than just as a cause of venous thromboembolism.
Presidency Overview [Presidents Column]

As I said in an earlier column, the one constant in our lives is change. And our Society continues to demonstrate a high degree of adaptation and flexibility to remain relevant with a competitive advantage. The past year has been an exciting and wonderful experience for me and it has been an honor to serve as your Society president. It has been a year of extraordinary challenges not the least of which has been a dramatically disrupted world economy with a breakdown of the financial markets. This has resulted in a significant increase in unemployment together with numerous corporate failures and bankruptcies. We are fortunate that our industry is highly innovative and involved with products that are substantially in high demand.
Molybdenum cofactor negative mutants of Escherichia coli use citrate anaerobically

Anaerobically, Escherichia coli cannot grow using either glycerol or citrate as sole carbon and energy source. However, it has been reported that a mixture of glycerol and citrate will support growth. We have found that wild-type strains of E. coli K-12 do not grow on glycerol plus citrate anaerobically. However, growth eventually occurs due to the frequent appearance of mutants. We found that such Cit+ mutants were defective in anaerobic respiration with nitrate or trimethylamine-N-oxide and were chlorate resistant (i.e. molybdenum cofactor deficient). Conversely, well characterized mutants in any of chlA, B, D, E, G and N were also able to use citrate anaerobically. No anaerobic growth differences between wild type and chl mutants were observed either with fermentable sugars or with glycerol plus fumarate or glycerol plus tartrate. Citrate lyase was induced anaerobically by citrate and repressed by glucose in both wild type strains and chl mutants. Furthermore, levels of citrate lyase, fumarate reductase, malate dehydrogenase, fumarase and alcohol dehydrogenase were similar in both types of strains under anaerobic conditions. It is conceivable that a functioning molybdenum cofactor prevents use of citrate by keeping citrate lyase in the inactive form.
Unstable flow in layered soils: A review

Release of water from the soil in the process of internal drainage, and its continued downward movement through the vadose zone, constitute the main mechanism of groundwater recharge. Water released from the soil generally contains solutes, and these are conveyed to the groundwater via the same pathways as the drained water. Knowledge of those pathways is essential in any attempt to minimize the likelihood of groundwater pollution. Solutes generally interact with the medium in which they reside or travel, and the spatial and temporal pattern of their movement influences the nature and extent of their interactions. For many years, the assumption had prevailed that flow in the vadose zone is a steady-state, uniform process. Hence the vadose zone can serve to filter, attenuate, as well as degrade, potential pollutants. Recently, however, the existence of preferred pathways has come to light. Such pathways might connect the soil's upper zone directly to the water-table, thus bypassing the greater volume of the vadose zone and evading its filtering mechanisms. Groundwater recharge models that ignore the possibility of such spurts of contamination may be highly misleading. Preferred flow path may be cracks, animal burrows, or decayed root channels. Less easily discernible are transient and random paths associated with the phenomenon of ‘unstable flow’, which is most likely to occur in layered soils during infiltration. The wetting front, instead of remaining horizontal and advancing continuously from one layer to the next, may begin (particularly in transition from a fine-textured to a coarse-textured layer) to form bulges, called ‘fingers’, which propagate downwards and may become, in effect, vertical pipes. At present we are aware only of the occasional occurrence and potential importance of such phenomena, but as yet have neither the systematic empirical data, nor a proven comprehensive theoretical framework, by which to assess where, when, and according to what pattern, they are likely to occur.
Unidentified neuroglia potentials during propagated seizures in neocortex

Cortical surface and intracellular recording of silent cells (neuroglia) was carried out in the pericruciate cortex of cats during propagated seizures produced by repetitive stimulation of the surface of the opposite homotopic neocortex. The membrane characteristics of these cells were similar to neuroglial cells studied in leech, amphibian, and rat optic nerves, tissue culture, and mammalian cerebral cortex. By varying the parameters of transcallosal stimulation, it was possible to obtain either minor or major propagated seizures. All cells with resting membrane potentials (RMP) greater than 30 mv recorded during minor propagated seizures exhibited a depolarizing response (5–14 mv) during the seizure episode followed by a postictal hyperpolarizing response (1–9 mv) and a slow return to the original resting level. The peak amplitude of the depolarizing response was proportional to the cell's RMP and the amplitude of the seizure waves in the EEG. During major propagated seizures, an augmentation of the depolarizing response to 16–30 mv and the hyperpolarizing response to 10–15 mv was noted. A membrane conductance change during these events was not observed. During major propagated seizures, an increase in [K+]o over the resting [K+]o was calculated to be 10 meq/liter. However, the level of [K+]o reached in the extracellular clefts was probably much higher than this calculated value for reasons which are discussed. A model for seizure propagation is presented. The postictal hyperpolarization most likely represents the effect of a K+-sensitive electrogenic pump in the glial membrane.
Finite element simulation of elastohydrodynamic lubrication of soft biological tissues

In the serosal cavities (e.g. pleural, pericardial) soft tissues slide against each other, lubricated by thin fluid. We used rotational devices to study the tribology of such tissues, which appear to exhibit mixed and hydrodynamic lubrication. To explore mechanism, we modeled the interaction of fluid and soft material in 3D using a simple cylindrical geometry with an uneven solid-fluid interface in rotation. Deformation of the solid, frictional force, and fluid thickness are presented as a function of applied rotational velocity, applied normal load and material properties. The results suggest that the deformation caused by hydrodynamic pressure leads to load-supporting behavior.
Free radicals produced in a nitrosofluorene-unsaturated lipid reaction.

We report here the first demonstration that the carcinogen 2-nitrosofluorene reacts directly with lipid molecules containing carbon-carbon double bonds to yield free radicals which appear to be the nitroxyl free radical of the carcinogen covalently bound to the lipid.
Fresnelab: sparse representations of digital holograms

Digital holography plays an increasingly important role for biomedical imaging; it has particularly low invasiveness and allows quantitatively characterizing both amplitude and phase of propagating wave fronts. Fresnelets have been introduced as both a conceptual and practical tool to reconstruct digital holograms, simulate the propagation of monochromatic waves, or compress digital holograms. Propagating wavefronts that have a sparse representation in a traditional wavelet basis in their originating plane have a similarly sparse representation in propagation-distance-dependent Fresnelet bases. Although several applications have been reported, no implementation has been made widely available. Here we describe a Matlab-based Fresnelets toolbox that provides a set of user-friendly functions to implement the Fresnelet transform.
Therapy of Malignant Tumor with 6.3 MeV Fast Neutrons

Results of 30-year experience of using 6.3 MeV fast neutrons for cancer patients have been presented. The use of neutron therapy resulted in improved long-term clinical outcomes in cancer patients. Neutron therapy used alone and in combination with photon therapy for radioresistant malignant tumors resulted in higher overall and recurrence-free survival rates compared to the conventional photon therapy.
High Fundamental Spatial Frequencies and Edges have Different Perceptual Consequences in the ‘Group/End-to-End’ Movement Phenomenon

A subject viewing two alternating frames, each containing, say, three vertical stripes in a horizontal row, displaced laterally by one cycle in one frame with respect to the others, perceives either the three stripes moving left-right-left in unison (group movement) or one stripe moving from one end of the display to the other and the two overlapping stripes stationary (end-to-end movement). At suitable temporal parameters of presentation (frame duration, interstimulus interval) the perception of the display is bistable. Experiments have shown that the relative strengths of these alternative movement sensations depend upon the fundamental spatial frequency of the display and upon stimulus waveform. Square-wave stimuli, which have energy at high spatial frequencies, had effects opposite to those produced by increases in fundamental spatial frequency. Amblyopes differed from normal viewers only in the perception of the square-wave stimuli.
OPEN REDUCTION AND INTERNAL FIXATION OF TYPE II INTRA-ARTICULAR CALCANEUS FRACTURES

Open reduction and internal fixation of 23 type II calcaneus fractures in 21 patients was performed using a standard extended lateral approach. Average follow-up was 26 months (range, 12–47 months). The Creighton-Nebraska Health Foundation Assessment Score for Fractures of the Calcaneus was used to evaluate fractures. The average score was 91.4 (range, 80–100), which represented an excellent result. A series of 10 type II fractures treated with closed methods was also evaluated using the same evaluation methods. The average score was 70 (range, 60–84), which represented a fair result. There was a clear statistically significant superiority with type II calcaneus fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation (P < 0.0001). We recommend type I calcaneus fractures (nondisplaced) be treated with closed methods, and type II calcaneus fractures (displaced) be treated with open reduction and internal fixation.
Background Noise Measurements at the Sea Horizon

The design of passive infrared detection systems requires a knowledge of the sea-horizon background noise. The horizontal wave-number distribution of noise from the sky immediately above and the sea immediately below the horizon was measured during 1956 and 1957. The measurements, which are discussed in this paper, included the range of wave numbers from 7.1 to 91 cycles/rad. The results are graphed in terms of the one-dimensional angular Wiener spectrum of the background noise as a function of the horizontal wave number and show that both the sky and sea noise spectra are inversely proportional to the 1.7 power of the wave number in the region from 14 to 91 cycles/rad. A brief discussion of the analyzing equipment is also included.
Simplified Solid State Transformer modeling for Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS)

The Solid State Transformer will be an essential component in the smart grid and it would have made much more impact. This paper proposed a simplified model that is suitable for simulations in RTDS and it is also suitable for general power system studies. While most of the fast dynamics of SST is ignored, all the main control functionalities are kept in this model. The simplified model is tested and verified by comparing with a detail full switching model and cycle-by-cycle average model built in MATLAB and PLECS.
Characterization of the Pharmacophore Properties of Novel Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs)

Selective estrogen receptor (ER) down-regulators (SERDs) reduce ERα protein levels as well as block ER activity and therefore are promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of hormone refractory breast cancer. Starting with the triarylethylene acrylic acid SERD 4, we have investigated how alterations in both the ligand core structure and the appended acrylic acid substituent affect SERD activity. The new ligands were based on high affinity, symmetrical cyclofenil or bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane core systems, and in these, the position of the carboxyl group was extended from the ligand core, either retaining the vinylic linkage of the substituent or replacing it with an ether linkage. Although most structural variants showed binding affinities for ERα and ERβ higher than that of 4, only the compounds preserving the acrylic acid side chain retained SERD activity, although they could possess varying core structures. Hence, the acrylic acid moiety of the ligand is crucial for SERD-like blockade of ER activities.
Satisfaction with Life and Psychosocial Factors among Underserved Minorities with Type 2 Diabetes

The objective of this study was to examine the association between biomedical markers of disease management and psychosocial constructs, while also assessing the correlates and predictors of variability for satisfaction with life (SWL) among African American and Hispanic participants with type 2 diabetes. Data were collected from 142 participants during their first visit within a collaborative care program. Pearson product moment correlations, a multiple linear regression, and a one-way analysis of variance were used to examine the research questions. Researchers found psychological distress, social support, and spirituality accounted for twice the amount of variance in SWL for African American participants compared to Hispanic participants. Social support was the strongest predictor of SWL for African American participants, while psychological distress was the strongest predictor of SWL for Hispanic participants. Social support moderated the relationship between psychological distress and SWL for Hispanic participants, but not African American participants. Spirituality did not moderate the relationship for either ethnic group. One significant relationship was noted for BMI and somatization; otherwise, no significant relationships were documented between psychosocial-spiritual and biomedical constructs, which may relate to limited variability in HbA1c. Clinicians and researchers who work with underserved minority patients with uncontrolled diabetes may see improvement in patients’ SWL when screening, treating, and/or studying psychological distress, interpersonal strain, and existential struggles. It is important for practitioners and researchers to consider ethnic group differences in their work since some dissimilarity existed.
On the micromechanics of composites containing spherical inclusions

Exact solutions for the stress distribution inside a spherical inclusion embedded in an other-wise homogeneous matrix are obtained. Such expressions provide a framework for discussing the load carrying capacity of rubber inclusions and the effect of interfacial bonding on the toughness of such filled systems. Parametric studies of the influence of constituent stiffness ratios on the resultant stress patterns in the inclusion and matrix have been conducted. Results indicate that chemical bonding between the particle and matrix is not necessary for soft inclusions, but is essential for rigid inclusions.
Low affinity inhibition of opioid receptor binding by FMRFamide

The ability of the molluscan neuropeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide) to inhibit the binding of opioid-receptor radioligands to mammalian neural tissue was examined. Rabbit brain membrane preparations were exposed to tritiated dihydromorphine and ethylketocyclazocine in the presence of various concentrations of FMRFamide. FMRFamide inhibited the specific binding of both ligands in a dose-related manner, suggesting that the neuropeptide can inhibit binding to at least two subtypes of opioid receptors (mu and kappa). These data are consistent with the recent proposal that FMRFamide, or the immunoreactive FMRFamide-like material in mammalian brain, spinal cord, and gastrointestinal tract, can act as an endogenous opioid antagonist. However, the low binding affinity of FMRFamide might suggest an alternative mechanism for FMRFamide antagonism of opioid action in vivo.
Pollination of the eastern dwarf mistletoe.

Flowering and pollination of Arceuthobiumpusillum Peck growing on Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P. were studied in 1978–1980 in Carlton County, MN. Staminate flowers opened in April and abscission was c...
The Moderating Effect of Travel Experience in a Destination on the Relationship Between the Destination Image and the Intention to Revisit

This article is the first outcome of a two-part study examining American college students' perceptions of South Korea as a travel destination. The study, as a whole, verifies whether students' destination image formation is affected differently by their travel experience in a destination. In other words, this article investigates whether students' travel experience during college reinforces their image formation in a destination and affects their future travel decision making and choices. A total of 770 valid questionnaires were collected from 4-year educational institutions in the United States through an online survey. Factor analysis and hierarchical multiple regression were used to determine the moderating effect of travel experience to a destination on the relationship between the destination image and the intention to revisit. The results of this study showed that the travel experience reinforced individuals' image of a destination collectively and positively affected the intention to revisit; howev...
Molecular-dynamics simulations of nonequilibrium heat and momentum transport in very dilute gases.

Molecular-dynamics simulations were used to study the heat and momentum transport phenomena in very dilute gases flowing through a two-dimensional channel. Aside from pronounced slips in velocity and temperature at the wall, Navier-Stokes equations seem to be valid up to the maximum Knudsen number (Kn), 0.27, studied. It is further shown that the viscosity of a very dilute gas decreases monotonically with the decreasing density. For Kn less than \ensuremath{\sim}0.05, the slip coefficient, 1.16, calculated from the simulation is in good agreement with theoretical results, ranging from 1.134 to 1.230. However, at higher Kn, the slip coefficient is predicted to depend on the Knudsen number.
Hypersensitivity to procarbazine (Matulane®) manifested by fever and pleuropulmonary reaction

Three cases of hypersensitivity to oral procarbazine (Matulane®) are described. All occurred during 4-drug combination chemotherapy of Hodgkin's disease. Two reactions primarily involved the skin. The third patient manifested recurrent fever, pulmonary infiltration, pleural effusion, and eosinophilia ultimately demonstrated to be secondary to procarbazine on controlled challenge. The pertinent literature is reviewed.
Necrotizing fasciitis in the setting of marine injury.

Dr. John Jesus:Today’s case is that of a 26-year-old righthand-dominant healthy patient who sustained a small puncture wound to the hand while disposing of a dead catfish at work. He presented to the Emergency Department (ED) approximately 12 h after his initial injury with significant malaise, chills, and rapidly increasing swelling in the affected hand. The patient reported puncturing the dorsal aspect of his right middle finger with one of the pectoral spines of a catfish at approximately 8:30 in the morning. He attempted to clean the wound by expressing blood from it and washing the wound with warm soapy water. He then went about his day, largely ignoring a seemingly innocuous wound. Shortly before presentation, the patient began to notice increasing pain, erythema, and swelling of the affected finger, quickly tracking up the finger to include the majority of the dorsum of his right hand (Figure 1). Dr. Richard Wolfe: Can you describe the initial appearance of the patient? Dr. Jesus: Upon arrival in the ED the patient was relatively comfortable, initially refusing pain medication. His right middle finger appeared edematous, with mild erythema that was subtle; the puncture wound itself was 3 mm in length, clean, closed, without drainage or visible foreign body. His initial vital signs were: temperature 38.6 C, heart rate 118 beats/min, blood pressure 179/ 93 mm Hg, respiratory rate 18 breaths/min, and an oxygen saturation of 99% on room air. Dr. Carrie Tibbles: Does the patient have any significant past medical history?
Macrophage-mediated modulation of hepatic function in multiple-system failure

Hepatic insufficiency associated with the multiple-system organ-failure (MSOF) syndrome is a frequent sequellae of sepsis and severe trauma. Although its etiology is poorly understood, there is a growing literature suggesting that it may be mediated in part by secretory products of cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage including Kupffer cells. Several investigators have reported in vitro macrophage/Kupffer cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward target cells following appropriate stimulation. In addition, in vivo hepatocyte toxicity has been documented following activation of the reticuloendothelial system. The role of several secretory products including active oxygen intermediates, neutral proteases, and interleukin 1 in this cell-mediated model of hepatocellular modulation is reviewed.
Thin-Layer Chromatographic Separation of Optical, Geometrical, and Structural Isomers

A number of different silica gels and binders were evaluated in the development of a ..beta..-cyclodextrin bonded TLC phase with the capability to separate enantiomeric compounds. Planar chromatographic conditions were optimized for the separation of nine racemic mixtures, three diastereomeric mixtures, and six structural isomers. Mobile phases and elution behavior of all solutes were analogous to the related LC technique indicating the two methods are sufficiently compatible to be used in conjuction with one another. This should provide one with much greater flexibility in the field of isomeric separations. 12 references, 2 figures, 2 tables.
Natural contact and stigma towards schizophrenia in African Americans: is perceived dangerousness a threat or challenge response?

article i nfo This research extends our understanding of the relationship of social contact theory to stigma in a sample of mainly African American college students. In Phase 1, 75 participants with high levels of contact reported significantly lower negative affect and less social distance toward the mentally ill as compared to 89 participants with low contact. Despite this, the high contact group attributed significantly higher levels of dangerousness to the mentally ill. Thus while social contact was associated with reductions in some dimensions of stigma, it was associated with higher levels of self-reported perceived dangerousness. These results were obtained while controlling for social desirability bias in the self-report measures of stigma. The results from Phase 1 of this study may indicate fundamental differences between incidental social contact and that which occurs in an assistive context. In Phase 2, a subset of convenience from the high contact group (n=27) and the low contact group (n=38) were compared on cardiovascular reactivity measures while imagining social interactions with people labeled with schizophrenia. Post hoc testing revealed that when participants from the high contact group imagined interacting with people labeled as schizophrenic they exhibited significant decreases in total peripheral resistance (TPR), the challenge pattern, compared to their reactions when they imagined interacting with unstigmatized people. This finding suggests the higher dangerousness ratings of the mentally ill sometimes found in African American samples may be related to factors other than direct threat.
Challenges and solutions to mining Earth science data

Data Mining has an enormous potential as a processing tool for Earth Science data. It provides a solution for extracting information from massive amounts of data. However, designing a data mining system for earth science applications is complex and challenging. The two key issues that need to be addressed in the design are (1) variability of data sets and (2) operations for extracting information. Data sets not only come in different formats, types and structures; they are also typically in different states of processing such as raw data, calibrated data, validated data, derived data or interpreted data. The mining system must be designed to be flexible to handle these variations in data sets. The operations needed in the mining system vary for different application areas within earth science. Operations could range from general-purpose operations such as image processing techniques or statistical analysis to highly specialized data set-specific science algorithms. The mining system should be extensible in its ability to process new data sets and add new operations without too much effort. The ADaM (Algorithm Development and Mining) system, developed at the Information Technology and Systems Center at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, is one such mining system designed with these capabilities. The system provides knowledge discovery, content-based searching and data mining capabilities for data values, as well as for metadata. It contains over 100 different operations, which can be performed on the input data stream.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The superdense plasma sheet: Plasmaspheric origin, solar wind origin, or ionospheric origin?

A few times per month, the density of the plasma sheet is several times higher than its usual density. Such superdense plasma sheet intervals are observed both in the midtail region and at geosynchronous orbit. Typically at geosynchronous orbit, a superdense plasma sheet occurs on the first day of a geomagnetic storm and lasts about 12–18 hours. The occurrences of superdense plasma sheets are found to be related to a distinct pattern of Kp: Kp rising after it has been low for an extended period. The occurrences are also associated with high-density solar wind. Three sources for the material of the superdense plasma sheet are explored: (1) the outer plasmasphere, which is stripped away and drawn into the dayside neutral line when Kp increases, wherein it joins the lobe and eventually joins the plasma sheet; (2) high-density solar-wind, which may have its entry into the plasma sheet controlled by the solar-wind magnetic field; and (3) ionospheric outflow, which is known to be Kp dependent. The occurrence of a superdense plasma sheet has several consequences: it adds to the intensity of the ring current, it may alter the dynamics of the magnetotail and the nature of substorms, and it may provide an enhanced source population for storm-time energetic particles.
Effect of lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor on endothelial and connective tissue cell growth and function.

Abstract In an approach to understand the immune basis of human vascular and fibrotic disorders, the effects of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor α (rTNF) and lymphotoxin (rLT) on the in vitro growth and function of vascular and connective tissue cells were studied. Both rTNF and rLT stimulated fibroblast growth and protein, fibronectin, and collagen synthesis in dose-dependent fashion. In contrast, endothelial cell (EC) growth was inhibited by both cytokines; true EC cytotoxicity was seen at high concentrations (≥500 μ/ml). Addition of recombinant interferon-γ markedly enhanced EC cytotoxicity while the growth factor β-transforming growth factor reversed EC growth inhibition. Both rTNF and rLT stimulated factor VIII-Ag synthesis by EC. These contrasting effects of rTNF and rLT on fibroblast and endothelial cell growth and function in vitro are intriguing because they are the same contrasting effects observed in vivo in connective tissue and vascular disorders, raising the possibility of a role for these cytokines in these disorders. Study of the in vitro and in vivo mechanisms of these diverse effects may contribute to the understanding of certain human disorders characterized by endothelial injury and fibroblast activation leading to fibrosis.
The National Co-ordination of EU Policy: The Domestic Level. Edited by Hussein Kassim, B. Guy Peters, and Vincent Wright. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 269p. $72.00.

In recent years, scholars of the European Union (EU) have looked increasingly at the impact—administrative, institutional, legal, societal—of European integration on the member states. Some of this earlier literature on “Europeanization” viewed the Brussels–member state relationship in a rather static, one-way, top-down dimension. For this reason, the editors of The National Co-ordination of EU Policy take pains to eschew Europeanization as an organizing concept. But perhaps the editors doth protest too much. The National Co-ordination of EU Policy , in fact, fits nicely in the current literature on Europeanization, which views the Brussels–member state relationship in more dynamic terms. Indeed, the book provides a welcome and valuable addition by examining the domestic coordination processes through which “governments arrive at the position that they defend in EU decision making” (p. 235).
Conceptual and operational definition of system complexity in the domain of Wireless Internet via Mobile Technology

Acceptance of new information technologies by their intended users endures as an important issue for researchers and practitioners of information systems. Research has shown that the complexity of technology is an important factor influencing user acceptance, but few studies have been done in conjunction with Wireless Internet via Mobile Technology (WIMT). This study defines and explores four aspects of the System Complexity construct in the WIMT domain (Efficiency of Data Transfer, System Functionality, Interface Design and Capacity of Mobile Devices). A measurement instrument is developed and validated for this construct. Implications for theory and practice are discussed with suggestions for future research in this area.
Seemingly unrelated regression on the autoregressive (Ar(p)) singular equation system

This paper studies the estimation of seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) of singular equation systems with an autoregressive error process (AR(p)) for each equation.Parameter estimates of the autoregressive singular equation system are not generally invariant to the equation deleted. Under the model specification restriction on the autoregressive parameters, the invariance property is preserved, and this paper shows that a single equation generalized least squares (GLS) estimation for a general autoregressive error process is equivalent to the SURGLS estimation of the AR(p) singular equation system.
Moral Responsibility and the Problem of Induced Pro-Attitudes

The problem of induced pro-attitudes is simply this: why is action which ultimately issues from pro-attitudes such as desires, volitions, and goals, induced by techniques such as direct manipulation of the brain, hypnosis, or “value engineering,” frequently regarded as action for which its agent cannot be held morally responsible? The problem is of interest for several reasons. Ferdinand Schoeman, for instance, believes that the problem poses a resolvable but challenging predicament for compatibilists: if agents can be held morally responsible for actions that are causally determined, then why should actions that result from induced pro-attitudes be regarded as paradigmatically unfree actions for which agents cannot be held morally accountable? Robert Kane exploits the problem to launch a libertarian attack on compatibilists. He says that a covert non-constraining controller controls the will of another agent by arranging “circumstances beforehand so that the agent wants and desires, and hence chooses and tries, only what the controller intends.” Kane claims that compatibilist accounts of freedom cannot distinguish between cases in which an agent behaves freely and those in which an agent falls prey to the covert non-constraining control of some other party.
Management Principles of the Critically Ill Obstetric Patient

Pregnant women constitute a small percentage of admissions to the intensive care units in most institutions. However, given the profound physiologic changes of pregnancy, these women present a challenge for most practitioners. Pregnancy physiology is discussed in the context of the various interventions described below. This chapter will review basic interventions in the ICU to help the clinician manage this unique population.