cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applied History and Social Science

Among the various facets of the new public history movement, applied history holds particular interest for social science historians. Public history generally involves the effort to use historical work for nonacademic audiences; it thus embraces historical museum work, aspects of archive preservation, and media presentations for general audiences. All these are admirable goals, not of course novel, but receiving new and explicit attention in a variety of recent programs, and in the Public History Association. Applied history, though part of public history in its broadest sense, has a more specific mission (one must note that some of the presentation training programs in public history are labeled “applied,” a terminological confusion that one hopes can be remedied). Applied historians seek directly to integrate certain kinds of historical research with the process of policy research, in both public and private sectors. Applied historians do this research themselves, most typically on a contract basis from academic sanctuaries but potentially as policy researchers independent of a direct academic base. They are also involved in training graduate students in this research mode, and in several cases have also mounted undergraduate courses or programs in the genre.
Social CEOs: The effects of CEOs’ communication styles and parasocial interaction on social networking sites

As one of the first empirical analyses focusing on corporate executive officers’ (CEOs) communication style on social media and its impacts, the study aims to advance the theoretical understanding of CEO sociability and the mechanism underneath its effects on the broader public relations outcome of organization–public relationship and public advocacy. Through a quantitative survey with 332 social media users who have followed corporate CEOs on social media, this study illuminated how CEOs’ responsive and assertive communications induce the CEOs’ followers to perceive the corporate leaders as amicable role models and caring friends, which in turn improve their trust of, satisfaction with, and advocacy for the company. Hence, the findings highlight the pivotal role of CEOs as chief engagement officer in developing meaningful interpersonal interactions and relationships with today’s digital savvy publics.
264 MINIMAL MODEL TO DETERMINE FIRST-PASS HEPATIC EXTRACTION OF CHOLATE IN HUMANS

Purpose To mathematically model clearance curves of cholate administered intravenously (13C) and orally (2H) to patients with chronic hepatitis C (HALT-C cohort). Background First-pass hepatic extraction of cholate can be measured in humans after simultaneous oral and intravenous administration of dual isotopes. Cholate escaping hepatic extraction enters the systemic circulation and is defined by cholate shunt. In 286 patients with fibrotic stages of chronic hepatitis C, cholate shunt correlated with cirrhosis on liver biopsy, varices on endoscopy, splenomegaly on ultrasonography, platelet count, and biochemical markers of disease severity. However, the method of measuring cholate shunt required multiple samples of blood (n=14) collected over 3 hours. Methods 20 mg of 24-13C cholic acid was dissolved in NaHCO3, mixed with 5 ml 25% human albumin and injected through an intravenous catheter over 2 min. 40 mg of 2,2,4,4-2H cholic acid was dissolved in water and taken orally. Blood was drawn at baseline and 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150 and 180 minutes post-dose. The cholates were isolated by extraction from serum with Sep-Pak C18 cartridge, acidification, ether extraction, methylation, TMS derivatization, and capillary GC/MS isotope ratiometry. Cholate shunt was calculated as AUCoral/AUCiv × Doseiv/Doseoral × 100%. Results Deconvolutional analysis was performed on the 14-point intravenous and oral clearance curves to obtain the minimal amount of points and time period required to regenerate the full curves. We compared models ranging from 2 to 7 time points spanning time periods from 5 to 180 minutes. The optimum model was 5 time points bracketing inflection points in the clearance curves and encompassing a time period of 90 min. This analysis indicates that cholate shunt may be accurately determined from 5 samples of blood obtained at 5, 20, 45, 60 and 90 minutes post dose. The accuracy of the 5-point “minimal model” in measurement of cholate shunt was 98.1 ± 1.4% of that calculated using all 14 time points. Conclusion The 5-point model accurately defines cholate shunt. The reduced number of samples and decreased time period of sampling greatly improve the applicability of measuring cholate shunt in humans.
Crinoid Ancestry Without Blastozoans

At present, a debate in the paleontologic literature focuses on whether or not the immediate ancestry of the Crinoidea lies in an unidentified member of the Blastozoa, which includes eocrinoids and an assemblage known variously as the “cystoids”. Those proposing to derive crinoids from within the blastozoans have recently argued for homologies in the construction of the oral region of certain derived taxa from both groups. An opposing viewpoint, outlined here, finds evidence that aside from plesiomorphies, proposed similarities are superficial and homoplastic. We suggest these superficialities represent convergent adaptive strategies. Earliest crinoids express ambulacral traits unlike any blastozoan but that are expressed in the only other pentaradial echinoderms with a known record early enough to be considered in the context of crinoid origins, edrioasteroids and edrioasteroid-like stem echinoderms.
Intangible Assets and Nonfinancial Information

Aseismic shift has occurred in recent decades regarding how organizations create value and achieve sustained competitive advantage (R. S. Kaplan & Norton, 2001, 2004a, 2004b, 2007; Low & Sies-field, 1998). Organizations increasingly outperform competitors through the strategic ownership, management, and growth of intangible assets, such as people; processes and systems; environmental, social, and governance policies; stakeholder relationships; reputations; patents; brand names; and other intellectual property, rather than through the ownership and management of industrial era physical assets like buildings, machinery, and property (DiPiazza et al., 2006; Lev, 2004, 2005, 2012b; Rassart & Miller, 2013).
The Potential of Radiomic-Based Phenotyping in Precision Medicine: A Review

Importance Advances in genomics have led to the recognition that tumors are populated by distinct genotypic subgroups that drive tumor development and progression. The spatial and temporal heterogeneity of solid tumors has been a critical barrier to the development of precision medicine approaches because the standard approach to tumor sampling, often invasive needle biopsy, is unable to fully capture the spatial state of the tumor. Image-based phenotyping, which represents quantification of the tumor phenotype through medical imaging, is a promising development for precision medicine. Observations Medical imaging can provide a comprehensive macroscopic picture of the tumor phenotype and its environment that is ideally suited to quantifying the development of the tumor phenotype before, during, and after treatment. As a noninvasive technique, medical imaging can be performed at low risk and inconvenience to the patient. The semantic features approach to tumor phenotyping, accomplished by visual assessment of radiologists, is compared with a computational radiomics approach that relies on automated processing of imaging assays. Together, these approaches capture important information for diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive purposes. Conclusions and Relevance Although imaging technology is already embedded in clinical practice for diagnosis, staging, treatment planning, and response assessment, the transition of these computational methods to the clinic has been surprisingly slow. This review outlines the promise of these novel technologies for precision medicine and the obstacles to clinical application.
New Mechanism for the Reduction of Vanadyl Acetylacetonate to Vanadium Acetylacetonate for Room Temperature Flow Batteries.

In this study, a new mechanism for the reduction of vanadyl acetylacetonate, VO(acac)2, to vanadium acetylacetonate, V(acac)3, is introduced. V(acac)3 has been studied for use in redox flow batteries for some time, however contamination by moisture leads to the formation of VO(acac)2. In previous work, once this transformation occurs, it is no longer reversible because there is a requirement of extreme low potentials for the reduction to occur. Here, we propose that with the presence of excess acetylacetone (Hacac) and free protons (H+) the reduction can take place between 2.25 and 1.5 V vs Na/Na+ via a one-electron transfer reduction. This reduction can take place in situ during discharge in a novel hybrid Na-based flow battery (HNFB) with a molten Na-Cs alloy as the anode. The in-situ recovery of V(acac)3 during discharge is shown to allow the Coulombic efficiency of the HNFB to be ~100% with little or no capacity decay over cycles. In addition, utilizing two-electron transfer redox reactions, i.e., V3+/V4+ and V2+/V3+ redox couples, per V ion to increase the energy density of flow batteries becomes possible due to the in-situ recovery of V(acac)3 during discharge. The concept of in-situ recovery of material can lead to more advances in maintaining the cycle life of redox flow batteries in the future.
The Idea of Cultural Evolution in Schiller’s Aesthetic Education

(1959). The Idea of Cultural Evolution in Schiller’s Aesthetic Education. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 39-49.
Automated robot-assisted surgical skill evaluation: Predictive analytics approach.

Background Surgical skill assessment has predominantly been a subjective task. Recently, technological advances such as robot-assisted surgery have created great opportunities for objective surgical evaluation. In this paper, we introduce a predictive framework for objective skill assessment based on movement trajectory data. Our aim is to build a classification framework to automatically evaluate the performance of surgeons with different levels of expertise. Methods Eight global movement features are extracted from movement trajectory data captured by a da Vinci robot for surgeons with two levels of expertise – novice and expert. Three classification methods – k-nearest neighbours, logistic regression and support vector machines – are applied. Results The result shows that the proposed framework can classify surgeons' expertise as novice or expert with an accuracy of 82.3% for knot tying and 89.9% for a suturing task. Conclusion This study demonstrates and evaluates the ability of machine learning methods to automatically classify expert and novice surgeons using global movement features.
Abstract 11906: Heart Failure Admissions to General Medicine Services are Associated With Increased 30-day Readmission Rate

Introduction: Hospitalists are increasingly caring for patients with heart failure (HF) at a time when there is need to identify modifiable factors associated with 30-day readmission rates. Hypothe...
Relating individual differences in bilingual language experiences to executive attention

While bilinguals differ from monolinguals in brain structure and function, the extent to which these differences impact non-linguistic cognitive abilities remains debated. The current set of experi...
Prescreening of Hospitality School Graduates: A Study of Hospitality Recruiter Decision Strategies:

To identify the decision making strategies and factors hospitality recruiters utilize when making prescreening decisions, the Hospitality Recruiting Questionnaire (HRQ) was administered to a sample...
Materials Challenges for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems

The U.S. Department of Energy is sponsoring the Generation IV Initiative in the United States for the purposes of developing future-generation nuclear energy systems. Six systems have been selected...
Does Activation of the TAL1 Gene Occur in a Majority of Patients With T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia? A Pediatric Oncology Group Study

Almost 25% of patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) have tumor-specific rearrangements of the TAL1 gene. Although TAL1 expression has not been observed in normal lymphocytes, TAL1 gene products are readily detected in leukemic cells that harbor a rearranged TAL1 allele. Hence, it has been proposed that ectopic expression of TAL1 promotes the development of T-ALL. In this report, we show that TAL1 is expressed in the leukemic cells of most patients with T-ALL, including many that do not display an apparent TAL1 gene alteration. A polymorphic dinucleotide repeat in the transcribed sequences of TAL1 was used to determine the allele specificity of TAL1 transcription in primary T-ALL cells. Monoallelic expression of TAL1 was observed in the leukemic cells of all patients (8 of 8) bearing a TAL1 gene rearrangement. In the leukemic cells of patients without detectable TAL1 rearrangements, TAL1 transcription occurred in either a monoallelic (3 of 7 patients) or a biallelic (4 of 7 patients) fashion. Thus, TAL1 activation in these patients may result from subtle alterations in cis-acting regulatory sequences (affecting expression of a single TAL1 allele) or changes in trans-acting factors that control TAL1 transcription (affecting expression of both TAL1 alleles).
Pragmatics: Prototyping Multimedia Applications

MICE is a multimedia development environment for the rapid prototyping of multimedia applications. The traditional “waterfall” software life cycle model is depicted in Figure 1.
CERVICAL CANCER INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY IN NEW MEXICO'S HISPANICS, AMERICAN INDIANS, AND NON-HISPANIC WHITES

High rates of cervical cancer were reported in New Mexico in the early 1970s, with especially high rates for minority women. We examined data collected from 1970 to 1987 for invasive cervical cancer and cervical carcinoma in situ for New Mexico's Hispanic, American Indian, and non-Hispanic white women to determine whether changes had occurred in cervical cancer rates since earlier reports. To further characterize the epidemiology of cervical cancer in New Mexico, we reviewed state vital statistics for cervical cancer deaths occurring between 1958 and 1987. From 1970 to 1987, the incidence for invasive cervical cancer among Hispanic (18.9 per 100,000 person-years) and American Indian women (22.0 per 100,000 person-years) was about double that for non-Hispanic white women (10.3 per 100,000). The incidence in each ethnic group decreased over time for both invasive cancer and carcinoma in situ when the data were examined by 2 time periods (1970 to 1978 and 1979 to 1987). These decreases were most dramatic for invasive cervical cancer. Cervical cancer-related death rates for Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites also decreased from 1958 to 1987. Although our data reflect declines in cervical cancer rates during the study period, further rate decreases, especially for minority women, remain an important public health goal in New Mexico.
Neighborhood Differences in Alternative Tobacco Product Availability and Advertising in New York City: Implications for Health Disparities.

Introduction Alternative tobacco products (ATPs), such as cigars, smokeless tobacco, and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), have a strong presence in the US retail environment amid declining cigarette consumption. This study documented the promotion of ATPs in tobacco retailers in New York City and examined associations with neighborhood demographics. Methods Data on product availability and advertising were collected from a stratified, random sample of tobacco retailers in 2017 (n = 796). Multilevel models estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) for each outcome by neighborhood racial/ethnic composition and median household income. Results Nearly half (49.8%) of retailers carried 99-cent cigarillos, but availability was significantly greater in neighborhoods in the highest (vs. lowest) quartile for the percentage of Black residents [68.2%, aPR: 1.59 (1.19, 2.11)] and in the lowest (vs. highest) income quartile [67.3%, aPR: 1.56 (1.04, 2.35)]. Conversely, retailers in neighborhoods with the highest percentage of White residents were significantly more likely to carry ENDS [66.4%, aPR: 1.71 (1.11, 2.62)]. Advertisements for ENDS were less common in neighborhoods in the highest (vs. lowest) quartiles for the percentage of Black and Hispanic residents [20.3%, aPR: 0.64 (0.41, 0.99); 22.9%, aPR: 0.62 (0.40, 0.98)]. Conclusions The marketing of inexpensive, combusted tobacco products disproportionately saturates low-income, minority communities, while potentially lower risk, noncombusted products are more accessible in largely White and higher income neighborhoods. This pattern may exacerbate tobacco-related inequities. Public health policies should prioritize reducing the appeal and affordability of the most harmful tobacco products to help reduce health disparities. Implications Although cigarette promotion at the point-of-sale is well documented in the literature, questions remain about the ways in which alternative tobacco products (ATPs) are marketed in communities. Importantly, these products fall on a continuum of harm, with combusted tobacco overwhelmingly responsible for tobacco-related death and disease. We found that retailers in minority and low-income communities were more likely to carry and advertise inexpensive ATPs such as cigarillos, while potentially less risky, noncombusted products such as smokeless tobacco and e-cigarettes were more accessible in higher income and predominantly White neighborhoods. Policies aligned with product risk may help reduce health disparities.
Confidentiality Discussions and Private Time With a Health-Care Provider for Youth, United States, 2016

Abstract Purpose The objective of the study was to define factors associated with adolescent and young adult (AYA) experiences with private time and having discussed confidentiality and the impact of these experiences on improving delivery of clinical preventive services. Methods In 2016, a nationally representative sample of 1,918 US AYAs (13- to 26-year-olds) was surveyed. Survey questionnaire domains were based on prior research and Fishers' information-motivation-behavior skills conceptual model. Data were weighted to represent US households with AYA and analyzed to identify factors independently associated with ever experiencing private time and discussions of confidentiality with a regular health-care provider (HCP). We examined the association of these experiences on AYA attitudes about health care. Results Fifty-five percent of female and 49% of male AYA reported ever having had private time with an HCP and 55% of female and 44% of male AYA had spoken to an HCP about confidentiality. Independent predictors of having experienced private time and confidentiality included older age, race, higher household income, gender of the provider, amount of years with the provider, and involvement in risk behaviors. AYA who had experienced private time and confidentiality discussions had more positive attitudes about their providers, were more willing and comfortable discussing sensitive topics, and thought that these discussions should happen at younger ages. Conclusions Although confidentiality and private time are important to AYA, many are not experiencing these components of care. Providing private time and discussions of confidentiality can improve the delivery of health care for young people by enhancing positive youth attitudes about preventive care.
What makes a cookstove usable? Trials of a usability testing protocol in Uganda, Guatemala, and the United States

Abstract Improved cookstoves, which are designed to address the health and environmental damage caused by inefficient biomass cooking and heating, are generally engineered to prioritize technical emissions and efficiency improvements over practical user cooking needs. As a result, improved stoves are often only used alongside traditional technologies, or are rejected by cooks entirely, and may fall short in efforts to address health and environmental problems even if they are technically capable of doing so. A testing protocol for cookstove usability was developed by the authors to help stove designers and implementers evaluate user needs for a given stove technology and cooking culture, and balance them with technical design criteria more effectively. The protocol is based on established usability practices and includes ethnographic testing methods to increase validity in cross-cultural testing applications. This paper discusses evaluative trials of the protocol in 10 rural and urban households and 2 institutional kitchens near Lira, Uganda, 4 rural households in Antigua, Guatemala, and 11 stove designs in a US laboratory, as well as preliminary results from a usability study on 20 rural households near Gulu, Uganda by an international NGO. These trials, along with feedback from test administrators in Uganda and Guatemala, demonstrated that the protocol is a viable tool for increasing the understanding of cookstove usability, though more work is needed to improve its validity and connect the results to effective stove design and selection decisions, as well as health and environmental impact. As a result of this research, various improvements were made to the protocol, and opportunities for further validation, expansion, and improvement were identified. In addition, methods used by the protocol elicited related data from participants regarding their attitudes towards improved cookstoves and the relative importance of reducing air pollution and fuel use in the larger context of their lives. Finally, this research highlights the value of an interdisciplinary approach, in this case based in anthropology and engineering, to increase the accessibility of user input in international development more broadly.
Challenges with Clinical Endpoints—Bioequivalence

Demonstration of bioequivalence can be helpful in a variety of situations, including regulatory assessment of generic drug formulations and determining equivalent drug dosing. Finding a universally standard method of measuring topical bioequivalence has eluded dermatology to date. This paper offers the reader selected examples of advances and creative insights into clinical endpoints and attempts at topical bioequivalence, giving a historical understanding of the current state of bioequivalence with a view towards the future.
Development of Advanced Instrumentation for Transient Testing

A fuel safety research program centered on in-pile transient testing experiments is being developed to support assessment and qualification of advanced nuclear fuel systems using the recently resta...
Psychological and Financial Distress Management in Adults With Acute Leukemia.

Abstract Objectives To review and summarize psychological and financial distress in adults with acute leukemia and provide evidence-based methods that nurses can apply to alleviate distress experienced by patients. Data Sources Oncology and palliative care literature published over the past decade. Conclusion Current evidence supports the efficacy of psychosocial interventions to improve psychological well-being and reduce distress for adults undergoing treatment for leukemia. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses play a critical role, not only in identifying patients who are experiencing impaired psychological well-being and high levels of distress, but also in providing prompt support to these patients.
Mode Instability in coiled fiber amplifiers

Results of numerical simulations of transverse mode instability (TMI) in Ytterbium-doped coiled large mode area step index fiber amplifiers are presented and discussed. The TMI thresholds for counter-pumped amplifiers were found to be significantly greater than for co-pumped amplifiers. A greater dependence of the TMI threshold on amplifier length was observed in the counter-pumped case than in the co-pumped case. Furthermore the onset of TMI was found to be localized in a specific critical position along the amplifier in the co-pumped case. In this configuration, amplifiers could be pushed slightly beyond the TMI threshold and still produce stable output due to bend loss filtering of the higher order modes. The TMI thresholds were found to have exhibit a non-monotonic behavior with respect to coiling diameter and only weakly dependent on core launch misalignment. Power stripped from the core into the cladding was in some cases found to interfere with the signal within the core leading to small power fluctuations that appear unrelated to the TMI process. In some co-pumped cases the beam was distorted at the amplifier output only during a small window within the overall simulated time period. This indicates that all of the different components of the broadened frequency spectrum are coherent. At this time, the physical explanation for this effect is unknown.
Mass Surveillance in the Age of COVID-19

Epidemiological surveillance programs such as digital contact tracing have been touted as a silver bullet that will free the American public from the strictures of social distancing, enabling a return to school, work, and socializing. This Article assesses whether and under what circumstances the United States ought to embrace such programs. Part I analyzes the constitutionality of programs like digital contact tracing, arguing that the Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches and seizures may well regulate the use of location data for epidemiological purposes, but that the legislative and executive branches have significant latitude to develop these programs within the broad constraints of the ``special needs'' doctrine elaborated by the courts in parallel circumstances. Part II cautions that the absence of a firm warrant requirement for digital contact tracing should not serve as a green light for unregulated and mass digital location tracking. In light of substantial risks to privacy, policy makers must ask hard questions about efficacy and the comparative advantages of location tracking versus more traditional means of controlling epidemic contagions, take seriously threats to privacy, tailor programs parsimoniously, establish clear metrics for determining success, and set clear plans for decommissioning surveillance programs.
BRAIN WHITE MATTER ALTERATIONS IN STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY AND CONNECTIVITY FOLLOWING A SPORTS-RELATED CONCUSSION: EVALUATION OF THE POTENTIAL AMELIORATING EFFECT OF A JUGULAR VEIN COMPRESSION COLLAR DEVICE:

Background:Sports-related concussion is a significant public health problem which may result in exacerbated or prolonged neurologic deficits. A neck collar device has been developed to apply mild j...
Marjorie Maxine Nelson, 1909-1962: An Appreciation

The untimely death of Marjorie Maxine Nelson in November 1962 just short of her 53rd birthday came as a profound shock to her many friends and colleagues. A biochemist, she was recognized internationally for her many significant contributions to the fields of nutrition, vitamin-hormone interrelationships, reproductive physiology, and teratology. Always ready to share information, her advice was sought by both the experienced and the novice researcher. Visitors to her laboratory were frequent and many.
Facial nerve outcomes following gamma knife radiosurgery for subtotally resected vestibular schwannomas: Early versus delayed timing of therapy

Abstract Objectives Initially treating vestibular schwannomas (VSs) with subtotal resection (STR) followed by Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for progression of tumor residual is a strategy that balances maximal tumor resection with preservation of neurological function. The effect of timing of GKRS for residual and recurrent VSs remains poorly defined. We developed a simple and practical treatment algorithm for the timing of GKRS after STR of VSs and reviewed our follow-up results to determine outcomes between patients treated with early vs. late GKRS. Patients and methods Patients that underwent STR between 1999 and 2017 for a VS at Tufts Medical Center were identified and included in the study cohort. Patients who received GKRS ≤ 12 months after STR were included in the early intervention group. Patients who received GKRS > 12 months after STR or did not have tumor progression on follow-up thus not requiring GKRS were included in the observation/delayed intervention group. Results STR of VSs was performed on 23 patients. Mean patient age at the time of STR was 53.0 years (range: 20–86.2). The mean follow-up was 4.2 years (range: 1 month-15.5 years). Patients most frequently presented with hearing loss. There were 5 patients (21.7 %) in the early intervention group and 18 (78.3 %) patients in the observation/delayed intervention group. Ten of 23 patients (43.5 %) required GKRS. Thirteen (56.5 %) did not receive GKRS. None of the patients in the early intervention group or the observation/delayed intervention group had changes in House-Brackmann (HB) Grade either after GKRS or at the end of the study period. Conclusions GKRS of residual or recurrent tumor is safe following STR of VS and appears to carry a low risk of worsening facial nerve function when performed for progressive tumor growth.
An anti-perfringolysin O monoclonal antibody cross-reactive with streptolysin O protects against streptococcal toxic shock syndrome

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus; GAS) causes a variety of infections that include life-threatening, severe invasive GAS infections, such as streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS), with > 30% mortality rate, despite effective antibiotics and treatment options. STSS clinical isolates highly express streptolysin O (SLO), a member of a large family of pore-forming toxins called cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs). SLO is an important toxic factor for GAS and may be an effective therapeutic target for the treatment of STSS. Our aim was to identify a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that reacts with SLO and has therapeutic potential for STSS treatment. We focused on mAbs that had originally been established as neutralizing reagents to perfringolysin O (PFO), another member of the CDC family, as some cross-reactivity with SLO had been reported. Here, we confirmed cross-reactivity of an anti-PFO mAb named HS1 with SLO. In vitro analysis revealed that HS1 mAb sufficiently prevented human neutrophils from being killed by STSS clinical isolates. Furthermore, prophylactic and therapeutic injection of HS1 mAb into C57BL/6 mice significantly improved the survival rate following lethal infection with an STSS clinical isolate. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of HS1 mAb for STSS treatment.
Evidence of Differing Market Responses to Beating Targets Through Tax Expense Decreases

Prior research finds little substantial discount for managing earnings to beat analysts' consensus forecasts, but at the earnings announcement date a minority of firms disclose balance sheet data needed to estimate abnormal accruals. We consider whether the market reward for beating the forecast is smaller when firms use tax expense decreases, which are visible at the earnings announcement date. When firms beat analysts' forecasts by decreasing their tax expense relative to the third-quarter rate, the market discounts the reward by an economically significant amount: approximately 48 percent. We document the lower persistence of current-year tax changes for those firms that decrease tax expense to beat the target. We conclude that the market infers nonpersistent managed earnings from the visibility of the tax decrease to beat the forecast.
Locator Placement Optimization for Minimum Part Positioning Error During Machining Operation Using Genetic Algorithm

Fixture design is one of the main factors which affect the final product quality. Proper design of fixture plays an important role in ensuring the required tolerance of the product. Proper placement of locators is one of the prominent factors in fixture design. Locators are elastic: they deform under clamping and machining forces causing rigid body displacement of the workpiece which in turn affects the part quality. In this article, a 3-2-1 type of fixturing system having elastic locators around a considerably rigid rectangular workpiece is considered. A genetic algorithm is proposed, which uses a fitness function that evaluates the positioning error of the workpiece under external forces and torque. Among several variables, 12 variables, which define the placement of locators, are chosen to be optimized while minimizing the positioning error of the workpiece at the point of action of machining force. The proposed algorithm optimizes the 12 interlinked variables, within the specified region, for machining force and torque at a single point. However, when the cutting tool moves to any other point on the workpiece, it is observed that either the workpiece loses its contact with any one of the locators or the positioning error increases by a large value. To overcome this issue, the proposed algorithm is further modified for placement optimization to cater for multi-point machining, and the isostatism of the workpiece is ensured by checking the magnitude and direction of displacement (of what?) at each point of workpiece-locator contact. Finally, the original and modified GA algorithms are explained through a case study where the single point optimized placement shows loss of contact when machining force is applied at other points. The placement optimized from the modified algorithm shows that the isostatism of the workpiece remains intact while all four positioning errors are converged towards the same value. The results obtained from the proposed and modified algorithm are verified using ANSYS simulation.
Using Taxes to Meet an Emission Target

A sizeable number of papers beginning with Roberts and Spence (1976) have studied the use of price floors and ceilings (or “collars”) to manage prices in tradable permit markets. In contrast, economists have only recently begun examining polices to manage quantities under a pollution tax. Importantly, it can be difficult to know how to evaluate these policies, as papers dating back to Pizer (2002) suggest welfare is maximized by not focusing on quantities in the first place. In this paper, we propose an objective function to evaluate these alternative “carbon tax policies to meet an emission target.” The objective function includes a discrete jump in marginal emission consequences at the target, where the discontinuity can be interpreted as a true benefit measure or a necessary political constraint. We parameterize these emission consequences using recent legislative proposals, coupling this function with mitigation cost estimates to define the complete objective. This objective identifies the first-best tax policy design, one that requires relatively complex adjustments to mimic a tradable permit system. Turning to simpler, practical rules, we find that such rules achieve much of the difference in expected net benefits between an ordinary, exogenous tax and the first-best tax policy design. However, the ranking among simple rules depends on the interpretation of the higher, above-target emission penalty as a political constraint or a true benefit measure. We find that making these views explicit could facilitate billions of dollars per year in welfare gains. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Radiographic Imaging in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Claims Analysis.

Background Progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is highly variable, with some patients progressing rapidly to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Abdominal imaging is an important modality for verifying diagnosis in patients at risk for rapidly progressing ADPKD, targeting them for early treatment that could slow onset of ESRD. Published literature is limited on the real-world abdominal imaging utilization patterns in ADPKD. Methods A retrospective healthcare administrative claims analysis examining abdominal imaging scans occurring from January 1, 2014, through June 30, 2017, was conducted using the IBM MarketScan® commercial and Medicare supplemental databases. Patients in the United States who were at least 18 years old and had at least 1 inpatient claim or 2 outpatient claims (with different dates of service) with an ADPKD diagnosis code, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM codes 753.12 [polycystic kidney, unspecified type] and 753.13 [polycystic kidney, autosomal dominant] and/or Tenth Revision (ICD-10-CM codes Q61.2 [polycystic kidney, adult type] and Q61.3 [polycystic kidney, unspecified]) were included. Results Of the 4637 patients with ADPKD (mean age, 51.2 years [SD = 15.52]), 59% had ≥1 abdominal imaging scan. Of these patients, 46% had ≥1 computed tomography (CT) scan, 25% had ≥1 ultrasound, 10% had ≥1 magnetic resonance imaging scan. Among the 1754 patients (38%) with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage information, CT imaging was more frequent in later stages (31% stage 1 versus 68% stage 5). The proportion of patients undergoing at least 1 CT or MRI scan increased with disease severity (37% in stage 1, 42% in stage 2, 48% in stage 3, 56% in stage 4, and 71% in stage 5). Conclusion Results of this analysis support the need for further investigation into abdominal imaging utilization in managing patients with ADPKD. Future research could clarify barriers and increase access to imaging, which has the potential to inform risk stratification, help patients delay dialysis or transplantation associated with ESRD, and help health systems avoid the costs associated with ESRD.
Mental Health, Behavior Change Skills, and Eating Behaviors in Postpartum Women:

Excessive postpartum weight retention conveys risks for future metabolic diseases. Eating behaviors influence postpartum weight retention; however, the modifiable predictors of eating behaviors remain unclear. Using data from a three-arm, randomized controlled trial, the purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal associations of mental health (e.g., depressive symptoms) and behavior change skills (e.g., self-efficacy) with eating behaviors (i.e., compensatory restraint, routine restraint, emotional eating, and external eating) among women (N = 424) over 18-months postpartum. Results revealed that depressive symptoms, perceived stress, healthy eating self-efficacy, overeating self-efficacy, self-weighing, and problem-solving confidence were associated with one or more of the examined eating behaviors. Furthermore, depressive symptoms moderated the association between healthy eating self-efficacy and routine restraint. Perceived stress moderated the associations between healthy eating/overeating self-efficacy and emotional eating. The findings suggest that mental health and behavior change skills may serve as targets for interventions designed to improve postpartum women's eating behaviors.Clinical trials registry:ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT01331564.
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant for sickle cell disease: The why, who, and what.

Abstract Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants (allo-HSCTs) from matched-related donors (MRDs), mismatched-related donors (MMRDs), and matched-unrelated donors (MUDs) are increasingly being used to treat sickle cell disease (SCD) in both pediatric and adult patients. The overall results have been extremely encouraging, especially if a MRD is available and the transplant being performed before the age of 13. Although there is a general consensus that patients with high-risk SCD, even in adults and irrespective of donor characteristics, should be offered allo-HSCT, the debates on optimal patient selection and timing of transplant have yet to be resolved. Unlike patients with hematologic malignancies, there are also a number of clinical issues that require to be addressed in patients with SCD undergoing allo-HSCT. In this review, we will discuss the reasons allo-HSCT should be offered more widely to patients with SCD, the challenges facing physicians in patient selection and timing of transplant, and the awareness of and solutions to prevent the complications that are unique or more common in SCD undergoing allo-HSCT.
Gas-lift enhanced natural circulation of alkali and heavy liquid metals for passive cooling of nuclear reactors

Abstract Gas-lift enhanced natural circulation of alkali and heavy liquid metals is a desirable option for passive cooling of advanced large, small, and micro nuclear reactors, accelerator driven systems, thermal solar plants, and experimental facilities and test loops. The injected inert gas into the riser or the chimney above the reactor core needs to be in the bubbly flow regime for best performance. Gas-heavy liquid metals flow maps are developed based on a well-established theoretical knowledge and the reported experimental data for various test loops. In addition, a thermal-hydraulics model for enhanced natural circulation of heavy liquid metals is developed and validated using the reported experimental data for LBE-N2 and LBE-Ar flow loops. The developed and validated thermal-hydraulics model and two-phase flow maps are used to parametrically investigate natural circulation enhancement of liquid sodium, molten lead, and liquid LBE in a representative loop with Ar gas injection. For enhanced natural circulation of alkali and heavy liquids metals of Na, Pb and LBE, the determined average gas void fraction in the bubbly flow regime is
Using quantitative reconstitution to investigate multi-component condensates.

Many biomolecular condensates are thought to form via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of multivalent macromolecules. For those that form through this mechanism, our understanding has benefitted significantly from biochemical reconstitutions of key components and activities. Reconstitutions of RNA-based condensates to date have mostly been based on relatively simple collections of molecules. However, proteomics and sequencing data indicate that natural RNA-based condensates are enriched in hundreds to thousands of different components, and genetic data suggest multiple interactions can contribute to condensate formation to varying degrees. In this perspective we describe recent progress in understanding RNA-based condensates through different levels of biochemical reconstitutions, as a means to bridge the gap between simple in vitro reconstitution and cellular analyses. Complex reconstitutions provide insight into the formation, regulation, and functions of multi-component condensates. We focus on two RNA-protein condensate case studies: stress granules and RNA processing bodies (P bodies), and examine the evidence for cooperative interactions among multiple components promoting LLPS. An important concept emerging from these studies is that composition and stoichiometry regulate biochemical activities within condensates. Based on the lessons learned from stress granules and P bodies we discuss forward-looking approaches to understand the thermodynamic relationships between condensate components, with the goal of developing predictive models of composition and material properties, and their effects on biochemical activities. We anticipate that quantitative reconstitutions will facilitate understanding of the complex thermodynamics and functions of diverse RNA-protein condensates.
Brain Cancers in Genetic Syndromes.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although genetic conditions that cause primary central nervous system tumors are rare, their pathophysiology influences both treatment and surveillance. This article reviews the most frequently occurring genetic conditions associated with brain cancers and highlights the most recent therapeutic approaches in the treatment of Lynch syndrome (and other disorders of the mismatch repair system), neurofibromatosis 1, and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in molecular diagnostics have considerably improved the ability to diagnose genetic conditions in people with primary brain tumors. The common application of next-generation sequencing analyses of tissue increases the frequency with which clinicians are forced to address the possibility of an underlying genetic condition based on tissue molecular findings. Clinicians must be aware of the clinical presentation of genetic conditions predisposing to brain tumors in order to discern which patients are appropriate for germline genetic testing. Advances in therapeutics for specific genetic variants are increasingly available, and accurately diagnosing an underlying genetic condition may directly impact patient outcomes.
In0.69Al0.31As0.41Sb0.59/In0.27Ga0.73Sb double-heterojunction bipolar transistors with InAs0.66Sb0.34 contact layers

Abstract : Presented are the first DC and RF results for a double heterojunction bipolar transistor, at a 6.2A lattice constant, incorporating InAs(sub 0.66) Sb(sub 0.34). These devices show excellent performance with a high collector current density of 1.9 10(exp 5) A sq cm, high breakdown voltage over 2.5 V, high short-circuit current gain cutoff frequency of 59 GHz, and maximum frequency of oscillation of 34 GHz.
Fast algorithms for reconstruction of sparse signals from cauchy random projections

Recent work on dimensionality reduction using Cauchy random projections has emerged for applications where l 1 distance preservation is preferred. An original sparse signal b ∊ Rn is multiplied by a Cauchy random matrix R ∊ Rn×k (k≪n), resulting in a projected vector c ∊ Rk. Two approaches for fast recover of b from the Cauchy vector c are proposed. The two algorithms are based on a regularized coordinate-descent Myriad regression using both l 0 and convex relaxation as sparsity inducing terms. The key element is to start, in the first iteration, by finding the optimal estimate value for each coordinate, and selectively updating only the coordinates with rapid descent in subsequent iterations. For the particular case of the l 0 regularized approach, an approximation function for the l 0 -norm is given due to it is non-differentiable norm [1]. Performance comparisons of the proposed approaches to the original regularized coordinate-descent method are included.
Subunit interactions of lobster hemocyanin: II. Temperature-jump kinetic studies

Abstract The temperature-jump method of Czerlinski and Eigen has been employed to study the rapid reversible interaction between 17S and 25S units of hemocyanin from Maine lobsters, Homarus americanus , using light scattering as a detector. There are three distinct time ranges in which the light scattering has been found to change. During the heating period (15–35 μsec RC /2) there is always a rapid increase of scattering which follows the time course of the temperature shift, and this has been demonstrated to be a nonspecific physical effect occurring with reduced amplitude even for buffer solutions. For the reacting hemocyanin system, there is a characteristic chemical decay at 10 ° in the range of 100–145 μsec. There is also a much smaller and slower concentration-dependent decay phenomenon, in the range of 4.5–7.5 msec, which may possibly also occur in hemocyanin solutions which do not undergo the reversible 17S–25S interaction. The rate constants estimated from the faster relaxation times are approximately consistent with equilibrium constants determined by ultracentrifugation.
Reconciling People and Place in Housing and Community Development Policy

In housing and community development theory, scholars have long debated tensions between place-based policies and those that focus on fostering mobility. In practice, this is a false dichotomy and this essay explores ways in which place-based policies change the calculus of mobility, while mobility policies deeply shape both the communities people seek and those they leave behind.
Number theory in the spirit of Ramanujan

Introduction Congruences for $p(n)$ and $\tau(n)$ Sums of squares and sums of triangular numbers Eisenstein series The connection between hypergeometric functions and theta functions Applications of the primary theorem of Chapter 5 The Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction Bibliography Index.