cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination and Temperature Effects of Lidocaine (Lignocaine) Hydrochloride, Epinephrine, Methylparaben, 2,6-Dimethylaniline, and p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid in USP Lidocaine Injection by Ion-Pair Reversed-Phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography

USP Lidocaine injection was assayed using ion-pair high pressure liquid chromatography with an octylsilane (RP-8) reversed-phase column packing and a mobile phase consisting of D-10-camphorsulfonic acid/methanol/acetic acid/water. The effect of temperature was investigated to determine the optimum temperature for separating the drug components and their degradation products. Lidocaine (lignocaine) hydrochloride, epinephrine, methylparaben, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were separated at 50 degrees C. 2,6-Dimethylaniline was separated from lidocaine at 15 degrees C. An aliquot of the sample was injected directly into the liquid chromatograph, and after separation the compounds were quantitated by their spectrophotometric response at 254 nm (lidocaine) or 280 nm (lidocaine plus epinephrine).
Neonatal heart regeneration: mounting support and need for technical standards.

Regenerating the adult heart is by many standards the holy grail of modern cardiovascular medicine. As a result, this field has been fraught with innumerable conflicts and controversies. Everything from the rate of cardiomyocyte turnover and regulators of cardiomyocyte proliferation in the adult
Hydration Potential of Lysozyme: Protein Dehydration Using a Single Microparticle Technique

For biological molecules in aqueous solution, the hydration pressure as a function of distance from the molecular surface represents a very short-range repulsive pressure that limits atom-atom contact, opposing the attractive van der Waals pressure. Whereas the separation distance for molecules that easily arrange into ordered arrays (e.g., lipids, DNA, collagen fibers) can be determined from x-ray diffraction, many globular proteins are not as easily structured. Using a new micropipette technique, spherical, glassified protein microbeads can be made that allow determination of protein hydration as a function of the water activity (aw) in a surrounding medium (decanol). By adjusting aw of the dehydration medium, the final protein concentration of the solid microbead is controlled, and ranges from 700 to 1150 mg/mL. By controlling aw (and thus the osmotic pressure) around lysozyme, the repulsive pressure was determined as a function of distance between each globular, ellipsoid protein. For separation distances, d, between 2.5 and 9 A, the repulsive decay length was 1.7 A and the pressure extrapolated to d = 0 was 2.2 × 108 N/m2, indicating that the hydration pressure for lysozyme is similar to other biological interfaces such as phospholipid bilayers.
Stimulation of Jupiter's Radio Emission by Io

Variations in the decameter radio signals from Jupiter are known to be associated with one of the planet's five satellites. It is now suggested that Io travels in the analogue of the inner Van Allen radiation belt surrounding Jupiter, giving rise to a plasma wake which streams ahead of it by about 130,000 km and stimulates the radio emission from the Jovian atmosphere.
Pumping lemmas for the control language hierarchy

We investigate a progression of grammatically defined language families, thecontrol language hierarchy. This hierarchy has been studied recently from the perspective of providing a linguistic framework for natural language syntax. We exhibit a progression of pumping lemmas, one for each family in the hierarchy, thereby showing that the hierarchy is strictly separable.
Theoretical Study of 9-β-d-Erythrofuranosyladenine and Corresponding Carbocyclic Analogues. Evidence for a Base-Activated Conformational Lock

The conformational surfaces of three nucleoside analogues have been investigated computationally, where an adenine is attached to a diol of tetrahydrofuran, a diol of cyclopentane, and a diol of cy...
High Performance Segmentation of Spontaneous Speech Using Part of Speech and Trigger Word Information

We describe and experimentally evaluate an efficient method for automatically determining small clause boundaries in spontaneous speech. Our method applies an artificial neural network to information about part of speech and trigger words.We find that with a limited amount of data (less than 2500 words for the training set), a small sliding context window (+/-3 tokens) and only two hidden units, the neural net performs extremely well on this task: less than 5% error rate and F-score (combined precision and recall) of over .85 on unseen data.These results prove to be better than those reported earlier using different approaches.
Postnatal sonographic spectrum of prenatally detected abdominal and pelvic cysts.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the sonographic findings of a spectrum of neonatal abdominal and pelvic cystic lesions. CONCLUSION. Neonatal abdominal and pelvic cystic lesions can arise from many organs, and they have a broad differential diagnosis. Distinctive sonographic findings may be present and can help establish the correct cause and guide proper management.
Metastatic disease in patients with newly diagnosed malignant melanoma

In patients with stage I Clark's level III and IV malignant melanoma (MM), recurrence rates of 30-60% can be expected after resection of the primary lesion. If metastatic disease could be detected early and treated in such patients, survival might be prolonged. Ninety patients (37 males and 53 females) with newly diagnosed, resected stage I cutaneous MM, levels III and IV, were evaluated for metastatic disease at diagnosis using a physical examination; CBC; SMA 18; chest films; brain computed tomography (CT) scan; and radioisotope liver, spleen, and bone scans. Forty-four patients had level III and 46 had level IV melanomas ranging in thickness from 0.65 to 4.5 mm. None of these 90 patients was found to have metastatic disease. Such tests are not useful and can be replaced by a history and physical examination with substantially improved cost effectiveness.
Glycopeptides from ovalbumin: the structure of the peptide chains.

Abstract Ovalbumin was hydrolyzed with papain and carboxypeptidase, and the carbohydrate-containing fragments were isolated as three glycopeptides. The carbohydrate composition of each glycopeptide was identical with that of ovalbumin. The studies of these glycopeptides indicate that the amino acid sequence near to the carbohydrate unit is -glu-lys-tyr-asp (carbohydrate)-.
Burnout cross section of 159Dy

Abstract The burnout cross section for 159 Dy for thermal neutrons has been determined to be 8 ± 2 kilobarns. Competing techniques involving direct intensity measurements of the 58 keV line of 159 Dy, and a relative measurement of the intensities of the 58 keV and the 82 keV line of 166 Dy were used to arrive at this value.
Cognitive Aging and the Processing of Hazard Information and Disaster Warnings

Older adults, aged 65+ , are a rapidly growing segment of the world population. To adequately inform all members of the public, hazard researchers and practitioners must be aware of the information processing capabilities and limitations of this increasingly large group. This paper illustrates how documented age-related normative changes in perception, attention, memory, text comprehension, and decision making can affect the processing of hazard information within the context of the Protective Action Decision Model. For the stages of the model that are heavily reliant on the information processing capabilities of the message recipient, current cognitive aging findings are reviewed and potential elder-friendly information design solutions are suggested for general hazard information and warnings.
On the classification of differential equations having orthogonal polynomial solutions — II

Suppose ϕm(x) is a polynomial of degree in that satisfies the differential equation $$\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{2n} {b_i } (x)y^{(i)} (x) = \lambda _m y(x), m = 0, 1, 2, ...$$ (1) where n is some fixed integer ≧1. We show that, under certain conditions, there exists anorthogonalizing weight distribution for {ϕm,(x)} that simultaneously satis]ies n distributionaldifferential equations of orders 1, 3, 5, ... (2n−1). In particular, this weight ″ must satisfy $$nb_{2n} (x)\Lambda ' + (nb_{2n}^\prime (x) - b_{2n - 1} (x))\Lambda = 0$$ in the distributional sense. As a corollary to this result, we get part of H. L. Krall's 1938classification theorem which gives necessary and sufficient conditions on the existenee of anOPS of solutions to (1) in terms of the moments and the coefficients of bi(x). To illustrate the theory, we consider all of the known OPS's to (1).In particular, new light is shed upon the problem of finding a real weight distribution for the Bessel polynomials.
Internal biliary stenting during orthotopic liver transplantation: anastomotic complications, post-transplant biliary interventions, and survival

Background Biliary complications are a leading source of surgical morbidity following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Methods We examined how prophylactic internal biliary stent placement during OLT affected post-transplant morbidity and mortality in a single-center retrospective cohort study of 513 recipients (2006–2012). Recipient and donor covariates were collected. Biliary complications included major and minor anastomotic leaks, strictures, or stenoses. Multivariate regression models were created to estimate how operative biliary stents affected outcomes. Results About 87.3% (n = 448) of recipients had a duct-to-duct biliary anastomosis, and 43.1% (n = 221) had biliary stents placed. The biliary complication rate was <15% at five yr, and 44.8% (n = 230) overall. Stenting was not protective from anastomotic biliary complications (p = 0.06). Stenting was associated with a 74% higher adjusted risk of needing multiple endoscopic retrograde cholangiographies (ERCs; odds ratio [OR] 1.74, p = 0.011), and trended toward a lower adjusted risk for repetitive percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTCs; OR 0.56, p = 0.063). Stenting had no effect on the cumulative freedom from biliary complications (p = 0.94). Biliary complications were associated with mortality (HR 1.86, p = 0.014) and was unaffected by stenting (aHR = 0.72, p = 0.246). Conclusions Biliary stenting during OLT does not deter biliary complications and is associated with higher risk of multiple invasive biliary interventions, particularly ERCs. Surgeons should evaluate the utility of biliary stents at OLT within this context.
Determination of porphyrins in physiological samples

Abstract There has been voluminous literature on the separation and analysis of different porphyrins, such as metalloporphyrins, biological, geological porphyrins and the porphyrin derivatives. The determination of these porphyrins is useful and significant in diagnosis of diseases, the study of deposition of sediments and the geology of environment. The present review reports the recent developments in the determination of porphyrins in physiological specimens by liquid chromatography.
Enzymatic hydration of cis-9, 10-epoxyoctadecanoic acid by cell-free extracts of germinating flax rust uredospores.

Abstract Gas chromatographic analysis of the fatty acids from flax rust ( Melampsora lini ) uredospores ( Frear, 1960 ; Tulloch and Ledingham, 1962 ) has shown that cis -9 , 10-epoxyoctadecanoic acid is the major fatty acid constituent. The flax rust uredospore lipids have also been shown to be rapidly metabolized upon the initiation of germination ( Frear, 1960 ). The present report describes the results of experiments which indicate that the initial step in the metabolism of cis -9 , 10-epoxyoctadecanoic acid by germinating flax rust uredospores after hydrolysis of triglycerides is an enzymatic hydration with resulting inversion of configuration to form threo -9,10- dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid .
Parameter Tuning for Search-Based Test-Data Generation Revisited: Support for Previous Results

Although search-based test-data generators, like EvoSuite, efficiently and automatically create effective JUnit test suites for Java classes, these tools are often difficult to configure. Prior work by Arcuri and Fraser revealed that the tuning of EvoSuite with response surface methodology (RSM) yielded a configuration of the test data generator that did not outperform the default configuration. Following the experimental design and protocol described by Arcuri and Fraser, this paper presents the results of a study that lends further support to prior results: like RSM, the EvoSuite configuration identified by the well-known Sequential Parameter Optimization Toolbox (SPOT) failed to significantly outperform the default settings. Although this result is negative, it furnishes further empirical evidence of the challenge associated with tuning a complex search-based test data generator. Moreover, the outcomes of the presented experiments also suggests that EvoSuite's default parameters have been set by experts in the field and are thus suitable for use in future experimental studies and industrial testing efforts.
A Nonperturbative Solution of $D=1$ String Theory

Abstract We derive a nonperturbative solution of D = 1 string theory, based on a double scaling limit of the one dimensional random matrix model. We derive an exact expression for the partition function in terms of the string coupling constant. The weak coupling expansion suffers from infrared divergences, which we attribute to massless tadpoles. The continuum limit seems to be well defined, however, in a strong coupling expansion. This could correspond to a different stable nonperturbative vacuum.
Resident duty hours: a survey of internal medicine program directors.

INTRODUCTION In 2011, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) implemented new Common Program Requirements to regulate duty hours of resident physicians, with three goals: improved patient safety, quality of resident education and quality of life for trainees. We sought to assess Internal Medicine program director (IMPD) perceptions of the 2011 Common Program Requirements in July 2012, one year following implementation of the new standards.
Comparative biochemistry of the primates— III. Imidazole metabolites in the blood and urine

Abstract 1. 1. Blood and urine specimens from 22 species of primates were electrochromatographed for imidazoles. 2. 2. Histidine was the only such compound found in the blood. 3. 3. The urinary patterns contained both histidine and/or histidine metabolites with qualitative and quantitative variations between species. 4. 4. The significance of these differences remains to be determined.
A physical picture of atomic motions within the Dickerson DNA dodecamer in solution derived from joint ensemble refinement against NMR and large-angle X-ray scattering data.

The structure and dynamics of the Dickerson DNA dodecamer [5‘d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2] in solution have been investigated by joint simulated annealing refinement against NMR and large-angle X-ray scattering data (extending from 0.25 to 3 A-1). The NMR data comprise an extensive set of hetero- and homonuclear residual dipolar coupling and 31P chemical shift anisotropy restraints in two alignment media, supplemented by NOE and 3J coupling data. The NMR and X-ray scattering data cannot be fully ascribed to a single structure representation, indicating the presence of anisotropic motions that impact the experimental observables in different ways. Refinement with ensemble sizes (Ne) of ≥2 to represent the atomic motions reconciles all the experimental data within measurement error. Cross validation against both the dipolar coupling and X-ray scattering data suggests that the optimal ensemble size required to account for the current data is 4. The resulting ensembles permit one to obtain a detailed view of the conforma...
Influence of hormones (growth, ACTH, thyrotrophic and cortisone) upon complement level in rabbits.

Summary and ConclusionsCortisone administration combined with administration of antigen in small doses intravenously causes significant and substantial decrease in circulating complement. Cortisone alone produces a hardly discernible effect. ACTH with or without simultaneous antigen administration has no apparent depressant action on complement. Growth hormone administered with or without simultaneous immunization produces a striking rise in the complement level. Evidence is presented suggesting that this may be due to the presence of contaminating thyrotrophs activity.
Passive avoidance performance of mice fed marginally or severely zinc deficient diets during post-embryonic brain development

Abstract Swiss-Webster outbred mice were fed marginally or severely zinc deficient diets (9 or 2 ppm zinc) from day 16 gestation to day 15 postnatal. Control mice were fed a 100 ppm diet either ad lib or in amounts equal to the diet intake of deprived mice (pair fed controls). Male and female offspring were tested at 70 days of age in a one-trial passive avoidance task with a 30 min train-test interval. Both marginally and severely zinc deprived offspring (but not pair fed controls) had shorter avoidance latencies than offspring of ad lib fed zinc replete controls. Zinc deprived offspring did not differ from control mice when either baseline or “stressed” (exposure to novel environment) plasma corticosterone levels were quantitated. Further, zinc staining patterns of the hippocampus (Timm-sulfide stain) were not altered in the nutritionally deprived offspring. Thus marginal dietary zinc deficiency during development can lead to impaired passive avoidance performance in adult mice. This behavioral effect is not associated with altered pituitary-adrenocortical activity or with a permanent reduction in hippocampal zinc staining. This result has significant implications for the influence of zinc deprivation in utero and in the neonatal animal on adult behavior characteristics.
Photophysical Study of Blue, Green, and Orange-Red Light-Emitting Carbazoles(1)

Simple synthetic procedures have been developed to prepare suitably substituted stable carbazoles B1−B3, G1−G3, and R1−R3. These compounds emit blue, green, and orange-red light, respectively, and show a red-shifted emission in the solid state relative to that in solution. The extent of the shift is highly dependent on the nature and the positions of the substituents. A red-shift as high as 120 nm can be achieved by a suitable substitution, especially by N-substitution of carbazole. The presence of a carbaldehyde or malononitrile group on the carbazole moiety is found to quench fluorescence severely in solution and in the solid state, as indicated by low fluorescence quantum yields of B1 (ϕF ∼0.03), B3 (ϕF ∼0.04), and G1−G3 (ϕF ∼0.04−0.15). However, the effect is not the same for the fluorescence lifetime (τF ∼1−5.69 ns). The rate constants of radiative and nonradiative deactivation of B1−R3 have been found to be in the range of 6.40 × 106 to 9.50 × 108 and 1.38 × 108 to 9.84 × 108, respectively. Lowering...
Usefulness of a Low CHADS2 or CHA2DS2-VASc Score to Predict Normal Diagnostic Testing in Emergency Department Patients With an Acute Exacerbation of Previously Diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation

International guidelines do not specify what testing should be performed during emergency department (ED) evaluations for patients presenting with an exacerbation of previously diagnosed atrial fibrillation (AF). We hypothesized that low CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores predict normal routine diagnostic testing in these patients. We conducted an analysis within a prospective observational cohort study at a university-affiliated hospital. We included patients with previously diagnosed AF and who presented to the ED primarily for an AF-related complaint. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores and abnormal results for blood counts, electrolytes, cardiac markers, thyroid function, and chest x-rays. We included 216 patients in this analysis. The odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for each point increase in CHADS2 for abnormal blood counts, electrolytes, troponin I, brain natriuretic peptide, thyroid function, and chest x-ray were 1.28 (0.99 to 1.65), 1.48 (1.19 to 1.84), 1.42 (1.10 to 1.82), 1.66 (1.15 to 2.41), 0.95 (0.70 to 1.29), and 1.17 (0.94 to 1.44), respectively. The corresponding odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for each point increase in CHA2DS2-VASc were 1.17 (0.96 to 1.42), 1.27 (1.09 to 1.49), 1.30 (1.07 to 1.57), 1.57 (1.18 to 2.10), 0.98 (0.79 to 1.22), and 1.14 (0.97 to 1.33), respectively. Among ED patients with established AF who underwent evaluation for acutely symptomatic AF, nearly 3/4 of routine diagnostic tests return to normal. In conclusion, patients with CHADS2 or CHA2DS2-VASc score of 0 have the lowest likelihood of abnormal studies and may represent an easily identifiable group of patients who need fewer ED tests.
Maximising resveratrol and piceid contents in UV and ultrasound treated peanuts

Abstract The effects of varying doses of UV and ultrasound (US) treatments on the concentrations of resveratrol, piceid and total stilbenes, and sensory overall acceptance of peanuts were evaluated using response surface methodology. UV and US treatments resulted in increased (α
New aneurysm clip appliers for "key-hole" neurosurgery

A new set of aneurysm clip appliers has been developed to overcome many of the obstacles to safe clipping of complex intracranial aneurysms. The applier set consists of six units, each one delivering clips at a different specified angle to the applier shaft. These appliers have been independently tested on over 250 aneurysm operations and found to be of great utility.
Individual variation in behavioral change following role playing.

In a study of the effect of role playing on cigarette smoking 44 adult male Ss pretended to be either the patient or doctor in a conference over a physical check-up The “patient” was informed he had lung cancer and had to decide whether to undergo an operation on five-day follow-ups 9 Ss reported reduced smoking by 8 cigarettes or more per day; 7 Ss (including 3 of the original 9) showed similar reductions after 4 months. All Ss who reduced smoking were internally oriented on the I/E scale. Verbalized intentions were not related to reductions in smoking levels. Situational anxiety predicted verbal intentions but not behavioral change.
Relativistic crystal-field radial integrals for rare-earth ions

The purpose of this paper is to indicate the importance of using relativistic self-consistent-field wave functions for the calculation of crystal-field radial integrals. In relativistic calculations the wave functions corresponding to j = l ± 1/2 are different and give different radial integrals. In order to facilitate comparison with nonrelativistic results it is convenient to apply the effective-operator technique in crystal-field calculations as has been done for a long time in hyperfine-structure analysis. In this paper, general formulas are given for the relativistic effective-field Hamiltonian with the corresponding radial integrals. Theoretical values of radial integrals calculated with both relativistic Hartree-Fock and Hartree-Fock-Slater type wave functions are given for Gd3+ and Er3+
Perturbation of mitochondrial structure and function plays a central role in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin-induced apoptosis.

Certain pore-forming bacterial toxins, including the leukotoxin (Ltx) produced by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, induce apoptosis in susceptible target cells. Although binding to the target cell surface represents the first step in the initiation of this process, the downstream events leading to toxin-induced apoptotic cell death have not been identified. Perturbation of mitochondrial function has been shown to have a major role in regulating progression of apoptosis initiated by exposure to numerous stimuli. Using Ltx as a model, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether induction of apoptosis by pore-forming toxins follows a similar paradigm. After exposure to Ltx, Epstein-Barr virus transformed B cells (JY cell line) exhibited the classical morphological features of apoptosis including decreased cell size, plasma membrane blebbing, selective alterations in plasma membrane permeability and condensation of nuclear DNA. The morphologic changes were accompanied by swelling of the mitochondria, a decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Psi(m)), hyperproduction of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and release of cytochrome c from the intermembrane space. Subsequently, we detected activation of the c ysteine asp artate-specific prote ases (caspases)-3 and -9, cleavage of the nuclear DNA repair enzyme, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. These results indicate that perturbation of mitochondrial structure and function, in concert with activation of specific caspases, initiate the effector phase of Ltx-induced apoptosis.
Portrait of a Stem Cell

There is great enthusiasm for the potential use of stem cells in treating tissue degenerative disorders, but little is known about the intrinsic molecular programs defining self-renewal and differentiation. New data sets produced by transcriptional profiling of purified stem cell populations begin to establish the nature of "stemness."
Responsive Evaluation: A Personal Reaction.

Abstract In examining the Responsive Model, a design for program evaluation, I have approached it, not from the point of view of the evaluation theorist, which I am not, but from the point of view of a faculty member in a health sciences institution who has some responsibility for the evaluation of school programs. My comments and reactions are based not only on Dr. Stake's presentation here, but upon other published and unpublished materials of his. My summary of responsive and pre-ordinate evaluation designs which follow are drawn freely from his work.
A To-Do List for the New CEO of the Federal Health Insurance Marketplace

the program will expand to an additional 45 social workers, chaplains, nurses, and physicians. Major health systemsare also takingup the challenge. The Mayo Clinic has created amedical notedocumentingadvancedcare planning discussions between physicians and patients; these will be included in electronicmedical records and accessible to clinicians across clinic settings beginningnext year, said Cory Ingram, MD, medical director of palliative care at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester,Minnesota.Also, theMayoClinic is exploringusing telemedicine tobringpalliative care expertise into rural areas or to members of theMayo Clinic Care Network, as needed. “Palliative care is not esoteric,” Ingram said. “It can take a central role in the health caredelivery systemconcurrentwithhighly sophisticated, technologically advanced care, andMayo is committed to that across our system.” InTexas,BaylorHealthCareSystemhas achieved advanced certification in palliative care from the Joint Commission for medical centers inDallasandFortWorthand eventually plans to develop interdisciplinary palliative care teams at all of its hospitals. Two outpatient palliative care clinics haveopened inDallasandPlano,andthesystem is offering 9 hours of training in palliative medicine to hospitalists—the start of a targeted effort to educate specialists in the discipline. “We are trying to extend palliative care across the continuum of care, just like the IOM report recommends,” sa id Robert Fine, MD, Baylor’s clinical director for palliative care. He said the report provides much-needed support for these efforts. “Now, I can go to the hospital president and say ‘Hey, it’s not just Bob Fine talking about what we need to do: it’s the IOM.’”
The Effect of Crosslisting on Corporate Governance: A Review of the International Evidence

Manuscript Type: Review Research Question: This review essay examines the mechanisms by which crosslisting of a firm’s shares on a foreign stock exchange and its subsequent exposure to an international capital market can induce changes in corporate governance. We also review reasons why a firm might elect to use crosslisting to improve investor perception of the quality of its governance. Research Findings/Results: After a review of the existing literature, we conclude that there is substantial support for legal bonding in the decision to crosslist, with lesser evidence consistent with reputational bonding. We also conclude that firm growth opportunities and the need for external capital are critical factors in a decision to crosslist. Theoretical Implications: This study synthesizes the extensive empirical work done on crosslisting and consequent changes in corporate governance structures. It also highlights a number of areas that require further research including more direct testing of governance changes following crosslisting, the effect of crosslisting on corporate equity ownership structures, and the investment/new securities issuance behavior of firms subsequent to crosslisting. This research will help to chart the path of future academic study by scholars of international corporate governance. Practical Implications: This review of the empirical evidence will contribute to the identification of a set of best practices that can lead to improved governance for firms worldwide. Furthermore, the discussion of what remains unexamined by governance researchers will help to shape the contours of future policy and legislative debate.
Tetrahymena Thermophila Mutants Defective in the Developmentally Programmed Maturation and Maintenance of the Rdna Minichromosome

The abundant rDNA minichromosome of Tetrahymena thermophila is generated by a series of developmentally controlled processing steps, termed rDNA maturation, during the formation of the new macronucleus in conjugating cells. rDNA maturation involves excision of a region encoding the single copy rRNA gene (rDNA) from its germline location, rearrangement of the rDNA into a palindromic minichromosome, de novo telomere addition, and amplification to approximately 10(4) copies. The rDNA is maintained at this high level in vegetatively growing cells. Using a previously developed genetic scheme for studying rDNA maturation and maintenance, we report the isolation of a new class of mutants defective for rDNA maturation. Several new rDNA maintenance mutants were also obtained. The maturation mutant, rmm10, is severely defective for the production of both monomeric and palindromic rDNA in the developing macronucleus. The mm10 mutation is recessive-lethal and cis-acting. None of the previously identified DNA sequence elements that control rDNA maturation or maintenance is mutated in rmm10. Therefore, additional cis-acting sequence elements must be required for rDNA maturation. Based on our current understanding of rDNA maturation processes, we suggest that the rmm10 mutation affects rDNA excision rather than subsequent rDNA amplification/replication.
Collective Validation in Multi-Actor Task Groups: The Effects Of Status Differentiation

Berger and his colleagues argue that collective validation (i.e., group members' corroboration of deferential behavior) is an important source of legitimacy in informal task groups. This invites the question “What causes collective validation?” Drawing from Simmel and Blau in particular, I develop an explanation of collective validation that conceives of actors as embedded in a structure of multiple status relations, and I introduce the concept of “systemic status differentiation.” Results from a laboratory study partially support the prediction that the likelihood of collective validation is related directly to the amount of systemic status differentiation. An alternative network-analytic model of status relations predicts collective validation most accurately. In addition, a time-series analysis reveals that status differentiation affects beliefs about the appropriateness of power and prestige relations through its effect on collective validation behavior. I offer suggestions for future theoretical and ...
Preventing Low Birthweight: 25 years, prenatal risk, and the failure to reinvent prenatal care

In 2010, Preventing Low Birthweight celebrated it 25th anniversary. The report, one of the most influential policy statements ever issued regarding obstetric health care delivery, linked prenatal care to a reduction in low birthweight (LBW). Medicaid coverage for prenatal care services was subsequently expanded and resulted in increased prenatal care utilization. However, the rate of LBW failed to decrease. This well-intentioned expansion of prenatal care services did not change the structure of prenatal care. A single, standardized prenatal care model, largely ineffective in the prevention of LBW, was expanded to a heterogeneous group of patients with a variety of medical and psychosocial risk factors. Reinventing prenatal care as a flexible model, with content, frequency, and timing tailored to maternal and fetal risk, may improve adverse birth outcomes. Risk-appropriate prenatal care may improve the effectiveness of prenatal care for high-risk patients and the efficiency of prenatal care delivery for low-risk patients.
Embolization itself stimulates thrombus propagation in pulmonary embolism.

The role of active thrombosis in the pathophysiology of pulmonary embolism is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that venous thrombi significantly increase their thrombotic activity once they emboli...
Chapter 10: The Constitutionality of the Sentencing Guidelines

A survey of case law and decisions related to then-recent implementation of the Sentencing Guidelines to criminal cases in Federal Court.
Demographics and Faculty Time Allocation of Music Education Professors in the United States

The purpose of this study was to construct a demographic and time allocation profile of the typical music education faculty member in the United States. Participant institutions (n = 220) were sele...
Messages versus messengers in distributed programming

Messengers are autonomous objects, each capable of navigating through the underlying network and performing various tasks at each node. Messenger applications are written using navigational commands rather than the send/receive primitives of conventional message-passing approaches. In this paper we contrast the two programming styles. The navigational style generally results in a smaller semantic gap between abstract algorithm descriptions and their actual implementations, which makes programs easier to construct, understand, and maintain. Other advantages of the navigational programming style include the ability to compute in unknown or dynamically changing network topologies.
Coupling Delayed Breeding with Short‐distance Dispersal in Cooperatively Breeding Birds

Short-distance dispersal in cooperatively breeding birds is demonstrated and a new model describes how it could be causally related to delayed breeding. Nonbreeders are hypothesized to wait for specific, adjacent territories of high quality. Strong, predictable differences in territory quality select for extended natal philopatry in comparison with species whose young disperse upon maturity. A nonbreeder's ability to discriminate territory quality, and competitive advantages of age and proximity in obtaining nearby breeding positions, are necessary conditions of this model. Direct benefits to both males (potential for inheritance of a breeding position on the natal territory) and females (priority to nearby territories of high quality) result from philopatry. This model differs from most others by emphasizing potential direct benefits of delayed dispersal, rather than assuming constraints, such as habitat saturation. Short-distance dispersal is widespread in other bird and mammal social systems characterized by natal philopatry and delayed breeding, suggesting a general application of this model.
An Intense Small-Scale Wintertime Vortex in the Midwest United States

Abstract An intense small-scale low pressure system that moved across portions of the midwest United States is examined. The system produced a continuous band of significant snowfall, typically only 50 km wide but extending over 1500 km in length. The system traveled across the Iowa Department of Transportation surface mesonetwork, allowing high-resolution surface analyses that show a closed circulation and intense pressure gradients around the mesolow, comparable to those occurring in warm season MCS events. Radar and satellite images also revealed the small-scale low-level circulation, which apparently was confined below about 800 mb. Although the strong vorticity advection aloft and baroclinicity at lower levels present in this system are typical of baroclinic cyclones, the unusually small scale and short lifetime of the surface system are more reminiscent of polar lows. Mesoscale simulations of the system using the Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model ...
TRANSMISSION OF PRESSURES ACROSS THE ELBOW JOINT.

To ascertain the pathway (s) along which forces are conducted from the hand to the humerus in the human cadaver specially designed pressure sensitive transducers were introduced into the radio-capitular and ulnar-trochlear components of the elbow joint. A constant force was applied to the hand, and changes in electrical resistance and hence pressure across the elbow joint where recorded. It was observed that 57% of the force applied crossed the radio-capitular joint while 43% crossed the ulnar-trochlear joint. The pathway of this force transmission is discussed with particular reference to the involvement of the interosseous membrane.
Biomechanics of fundamental frequency regulation: Constitutive modeling of the vocal fold lamina propria

AbstractAccurate characterization of biomechanical characteristics of the vocal fold is critical for understanding the regulation of vocal fundamental frequency (F0), which depends on the active control of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles as well as the passive biomechanical response of the vocal fold lamina propria. Specifically, the tissue stress-strain response and viscoelastic properties under cyclic tensile deformation are relevant, when the vocal folds are subjected to length and tension changes due to posturing. This paper describes a constitutive modeling approach quantifying the relationship between vocal fold stress and strain (or stretch), and establishes predictions of F0 with the string model of phonation based on the constitutive parameters. Results indicated that transient and time-dependent changes in F0, including global declinations in declarative sentences, as well as local F0 overshoots and undershoots, can be partially attributed to the time-dependent viscoplastic response of the vocal...
Model reduction, optimal prediction, and the Mori-Zwanzig representation of Markov chains

Model reduction methods from diverse fields—including control, statistical mechanics and economics—aimed at systems that can be represented by Markov chains, are discussed in terms of their general properties and common features. These methods include decomposability, optimal prediction techniques, and Mori-Zwanzig representations. Our objective in this paper is to present a survey of and highlight connections between the approaches pursued in different fields, and demonstrate application of the methods on a set of well-known examples.
Effects of visible light On Al/AlOx single-electron transistors

We study the effects of visible light illumination on the behavior of Al/AlOx single-electron transistors (SETs) with different island size and geometry using semiconducting and insulating substrates at low temperatures (0.3 −4.2 K). Experimental data show several effects on the SET conductance caused by the light illumination.
The effect of sulfinpyrazone on the disposition of pseudoracemic phenprocoumon in humans

The effect of sulfinpyrazone on the pharmacokinetics and disposition of the enantiomers of pseudoracemic phenprocoumon was assessed by analyzing serial plasma, urine, and fecal samples for parent drug and metabolites by GC/MS. Essentially all of the administered dose could be accounted for either as parent drug, known metabolites, or their conjugates. Phenprocoumon and the 7-hydroxymetabolite represented the major materials recovered. All drug-related materials excreted into the urine were extensively conjugated. Sulfinpyrazone treatment did not affect the hypoprothrombinemia produced by phenprocoumon nor did it significantly alter the plasma elimination kinetics of the individual (R)- and (S)-enantiomers. However, an apparent increased free fraction of both enantiomers in plasma and inhibition of 7-hydroxylation of (S)-phenprocoumon were observed in the presence of sulfinpyrazone. The results of this study are contrasted with those of a previous study on the interaction between sulfinpyrazone and the structurally similar coumarin anticoagulant warfarin.
Critical gastrointestinal bleed due to secondary aortoenteric fistula

Secondary aortoenteric fistula (SAEF) is a rare yet lethal cause of gastrointestinal bleeding and occurs as a complication of an abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Clinical presentation may vary from herald bleeding to overt sepsis and requires high index of suspicion and clinical judgment to establish diagnosis. Initial diagnostic tests may include computerized tomography scan and esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Each test has variable sensitivity and specificity. Maintaining the hemodynamic status, control of bleeding, removal of the infected graft, and infection control may improve clinical outcomes. This review entails the updated literature on diagnosis and management of SAEF. A literature search was conducted for articles published in English, on PubMed and Scopus using the following search terms: secondary, aortoenteric, aorto-enteric, aortoduodenal, aorto-duodenal, aortoesophageal, and aorto-esophageal. A combination of MeSH terms and Boolean operators were used to device search strategy. In addition, a bibliography of clinically relevant articles was searched to find additional articles (Appendix A). The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive update on the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of SAEF.
Subcritical Problems in Spherical Geometry

The results of high-order PN calculations for the one-speed albedo and Milne problems in spherical geometry are presented. The computations were performed by the transfer matrix approach. The analy...
Developmental Science and Preventive Interventions for Children at Environmental Risk

The current status of preventive intervention programs for young children at environmental risk designed to reduce the school readiness gap is examined in the context of developmental science. A review of program effectiveness suggests that future progress may depend upon committing to a specific developmental approach consistent with the knowledge base of developmental science and establishing a generally agreed upon and unambiguous framework, set of goals, and associated mechanisms. The Developmental Systems Approach is suggested as one model that is consistent with developmental and existing intervention science, supporting an emphasis on program continuity, relationships, and comprehensiveness. A long-term plan for community-based systems development is presented.
Intravascular Endothelial Proliferations in Children

Six children who had benign cutaneous vascular lesions characterized by papillary or solid proliferation of the endothelial cells were seen in a 16-year period. In five of them, the lesions had the histologic features of the entity originally described by Masson and recently reported by Clearkin and Enzinger as intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia. In one of the five, the lesion appeared in the pure form within large vascular spaces, whereas in the remaining four it appeared as a very limited focal change in a hematoma. The authors agree with others that this lesion represents a peculiar variant of an organizing thrombus. The histologic features of the lesion in the sixth patient were compatible with the so-called "intravenous atypical vascular proliferation," another pseudomalignant vascular disorder recently described by Rosai and Akerman.
Delusions of Parasitosis: A Review

Patients who are erroneously convinced that they harbor dermatologic parasites present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the practitioner. Delusions of parasitosis can exist as an isolated psychosis or as part of a much more complicated medical and/or psychiatric illness. To diagnose these patients, physicians must be familiar with the patterns of presentation usually seen in patients with delusions of parasitosis and must be confident that other psychiatric and/or medical conditions that could be causing the symptoms--including true parasitosis--have been ruled out. Clinical signs, such as the presence of cutaneous lesions on exposed and accessible parts of the body (wounds self-inflicted in efforts to extricate parasites with needles, knives, or fingernails), and behavioral signs, such as the collection of bottles and jars purported to contain samples of the parasites, are characteristic. These patients can be rigid, antagonistic, distant, and demanding; they may write long letters to physicians describing their parasites in detail, enclosing drawings or samples. Psychotherapy, with or without confrontational denial, has a reported efficacy of approximately 10%; placebo therapy is usually not recommended. The recent application of a new neuroleptic agent, pimozide, to the treatment of this disorder is controversial and a new neuroleptic agent, pimozide, to the treatment of this disorder is controversial and needs further study. Guidelines for an appropriate approach to patients with delusions of parasitosis include the necessity of identifying medical or psychiatric disease, if present, and of listening carefully to the patient's history.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Use of Water Quality Models in Management Decision Making

The use of water quality models in three management contexts is described: screening, planning, and design. Screening models are illustrated by describing a methodology applicable to large areas of land and another applied to a large number of chemicals. The application of models in a planning context is illustrated by a local planning agency9s use in developing nonpoint source control strategies and by the federal government9s use in assessing potential exposure to a pesticide. Development of design criteria is illustrated by summarizing the long history of model use to develop effluent limits in the Holston River basin (Tennessee).
Sero-epidemiology surveillance of leptospirosis in hunan province in 2007

【Objectives】To explore the leptospirosis dominant serogroups and serovars and their distribution in Hunan province, so as to provide the scientific evidences for preventing and controlling leptospirosis. 【Methods】 According to the implement scheme of leptospirosis surveillance in 2007 in Hunan province, we carried on seroepi-demiology investigation with leptospirosis for healthy people in six surveillance areas. MAT method was adopted to detect the sera antibody, and the data was statisiticsed by SPSS 13.0 software. 【Results】The positive rate of the health people of 616 sera samples was 61.04%. The male positive rate was 62.27%, and the female positive rate was 56.63%, the difference was not significant (P0.05). The positive rate in each age group was 43.01% (10～19), 57.78% (20～29), 60.76% (30～39), 67.59% (40～49), 69.23% (50～ ), respectively, and it had significant difference (P 0.05) among them. The positive rates were 52.53% (Ningxiang), 62.50% (Xiangtan), 55.00%(Shuangfeng), 73.79% (Yuanjiang), 70.00% (Liuyang), 51.00% (Liling), respectively, and it had significant difference (P 0.05) among them. The positive rate of each serovar was 30.19% (lai), 27.27% (ballum),23.70% (ausstralis), 12.50% (autumnalis), 8.77% (linhai), 6.17% (canicola), 5.36% (hebdomadis), 4.38% (cingshui), 3.41% (pomona), 1.30% (wolffi) re- spectively, and it had significant difference (P 0.05) among them. 【Conclusions】The serovars of leptospirosis pri- mary were Icte, Autu, Grip in Hunan province, and the infection rate were significant difference among surveillance areas, serotypes ,genders and age groups.