cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reimagining writing program web sites as pedagogical tools

Abstract I argue that conversations about the pedagogical applications of web sites and HTML should be extended to include applications of these technologies on the programmatic level. I specifically examine the experience of the Rutgers writing program and the reconception of the writing program web site through a student-centered, content-driven, collaboratively constructed model in terms of Cynthia Selfe’s (1999) notion of critical technological literacy.
Black holes at future colliders

Abstract One of the most dramatic consequences of low-scale (∼1 TeV) quantum gravity is copious production of mini black holes at future accelerators. Hawking radiation of these black holes is constrained mainly to our (3+1)-dimensional world and results in rich phenomenology. We discuss a sensitive probe of the dimensionality of extra space, as well as an exciting possibility of finding new physics in the decays of black holes.
Interval approach to braneworld gravity

Gravity in five-dimensional braneworld backgrounds may exhibit extra scalar degrees of freedom with problematic features, including kinetic ghosts and strong coupling behavior. Analysis of such effects is hampered by the standard heuristic approaches to braneworld gravity, which use the equations of motion as the starting point, supplemented by orbifold projections and junction conditions. Here we develop the interval approach to braneworld gravity, which begins with an action principle. This shows how to implement general covariance, despite allowing metric fluctuations that do not vanish on the boundaries. We reproduce simple ${\mathbf{Z}}_{\mathbf{2}}$ orbifolds of gravity, even though in this approach we never perform a ${\mathbf{Z}}_{\mathbf{2}}$ projection. We introduce a family of ``straight gauges'', which are bulk coordinate systems in which both branes appear as straight slices in a single coordinate patch. Straight gauges are extremely useful for analyzing metric fluctuations in braneworld models. By explicit gauge-fixing, we show that a general $\mathrm{Ad}{\mathrm{S}}_{5}/\mathrm{Ad}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ setup with two branes has at most a radion, but no physical ``brane-bending'' modes.
Linkage map of the human major histocompatibility complex including the tumor necrosis factor genes

The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and beta gene pair has been linked in the human major histocompatibility complex to HLA-B, HLA-C, and, tentatively, HLA-E and HLA-A on one side and to the class III complement/steroid 21-hydroxylase gene cluster on the other by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The TNF genes are located 200 kilobases (kb) centromeric of HLA-B and about 350 kb telomeric of the class III cluster. Together with previous data on the linkage and structures of the class II and class III regions, a restriction map of the entire human major histocompatibility complex of about 3500 kb has been prepared.
Nanosecond-resolved biological x-ray microscopy with a compact laser system

Nanosecond flash x-ray microscopy of living biological specimens is demonstrated with subcellular spatial resolution. Single shot images, produced by a compact laser- plasma x-ray source optimized for maximum image contrast, are captured before radiation processes can affect the specimen.
Absence of competitive interactions among axon terminals of regenerating motor neurons.

Competition among axon terminals is usually considered to contribute to the formation of patterned synaptic connections. During axonal regeneration of motor neurons in the cockroach, leg muscles initially become innervated by appropriate and inappropriate motor neurons. All axon terminals from inappropriate neurons eventually are eliminated, resulting in the reformation of the original innervation pattern. Destruction of an identified motor neuron by the intracellular injection of pronase did not prevent the eilimenation of inappropriate axon terminals in the muscle normally innervated by that motor neuron. Therefore, competition does not play a role in the reinnervation of the leg muscles. This indicates a major role for specific cell-cell recognition.
Single-sex education: positive effects.

In their Education Forum “The pseudoscience of single-sex schooling” (23 September, p. [1706][1]), D. F. Halpern et al. correctly point out the challenges inherent in assessing the causal effects of single-sex schooling: Because in most contexts, students (or their families) choose between
Impression Formation in Cyberspace: Online Expectations and Offline Experiences in Text-based Virtual Communities

How do people in cyberspace picture one another? More specifically, how do individuals engaged in text-based computer-mediated communication (CMC), with its paucity of visual and auditory cues, form impressions of those with whom they interact? And how do expectations formed online compare with offline experiences? Researchers have begun to answer these questions, drawing primarily on theories of stereotyping. This paper uses prototype theory and related models to extend previous research and to account for discrepancies between online image and offline reality. It draws on interviews with individuals who first met others online and subsequently moved to face-to-face interaction; it also utilizes comparisons between text-based impressions formed online and photographs displayed on web pages.
Comments on exciton fission and electron spin resonance in tetracene single crystals

Abstract The spin polarization and emissive character of the magnetic resonance spectrum of mobile triplet excitons in tetracene single crystals observed by Yarmus, Rosenthal, and Chopp are interpreted in terms of selective population of the Zeeman sublevels by singlet exciton fission. In addition, the selective population of the triplet sublevel by direct singlet-triplet absorption is calculated. The differences to be expected in the EPR spectrum for these two methods of exciton generation are discussed.
Probabilistic Destruction of Common-pool Resources: Experimental Evidence

Using experimental methods to test a game theoretic model of destruction in a common pool resource environment, this paper investigates whether the possibility of destruction will significantly alter choice behavior in the resulting game. When there is a nonnegligible probability of destruction at the subgame perfect equilibrium, the common pool resource is in every case destroyed and, in most cases, rather quickly. Even when there is a second subgame perfect equilibrium that is completely safe and yields near optimal rents, subjects do not stabilize at this equilibrium. The consequence of this destruction is in every case a significant loss in rents. Copyright 1992 by Royal Economic Society.
Intensity of antiplatelet therapy in patients with acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary intervention: the promise of prasugrel?

Platelet activation and aggregation play key roles in the management of ischemic complications of acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary intervention. Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and the thienopyridine clopidogrel has become the standard of care for prevention of such complications. Prasugrel, a novel thienopyridine antiplatelet agent, has been demonstrated to have favorable pharmacologic properties, including rapid onset and potent and consistent inhibition of platelet aggregation. When compared directly against clopidogrel in the Trial to Assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing Platelet Inhibition with Prasugrel—Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 38 (TRITON-TIMI 38), prasugrel resulted in significant reductions in ischemic events including myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis, but with more bleeding.
Onshore ice pile-up: a comparison between experiments and simulations

Abstract Recently computer models have been used to simulate the Arctic pressure ridging process. The results of these simulations have led to revised estimates of the energy dissipated in pressure ridging. This is important in large-scale ice ocean modeling, where the internal strength of the ice pack depends on the energy expended in pressure ridging. However, there has been no experimental data available to establish the accuracy of the simulations. This lack of data is due to the difficulty of modeling the pressure ridging process in the laboratory and of measuring ridge formation in the field. In this work the results of computer simulations of the closely related process of ice pile-up on an inclined ramp are directly compared with the results of a similar series of physical experiments conducted in an ice basin. In the experiments and simulations an inclined ramp is pushed against a long, stationary strip of intact, floating ice. The forces exerted on the ramp, the total energy expended, and the increase in the potential energy of the ice piled on the ramp are measured.
An attainable region approach for production planning of multiproduct processes

A novel approach is presented for the solution of production planning problems for multiproduct processes. A mixed-integer programming (MIP) scheduling model is analyzed off-line to obtain a convex approximation of feasible production levels and a convex underestimation of total production cost as a function of production levels. The two approximating functions are expressed via linear inequalities that involve only planning variables yet provide all the relevant scheduling information necessary to solve the planning problem with high quality. A rolling horizon algorithm is also presented for generation (if necessary) of detailed schedules. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Transesterification activity of lipases immobilized in a phyllosilicate sol-gel matrix.

Lipases from Pseudomonas cepacia (P.c.) and Thermomyces lanuginosa (T.l.) were immobilized in a phyllosilicate sol-gel matrix and studied for their ability to catalyze the alcoholysis of fats and oils to simple alkyl esters. At 50 °C and 48 h reaction immobilized T.l. lipase gave higher alkyl ester yields (70 to 100%) from fats and oils regardless of chain length or degree of unsaturation of the acyl groups in the triacylglycerols than did immobilized P.c. lipase (20–90%), which preferred unsaturated oils. Both immobilized lipases catalyzed ester formation (80–90%) from greases containing a range of free fatty acids (2.6 to 36%). Molecular sieves had no effect on ester yields in the immobilized T.l. lipase-catalyzed alcoholysis of greases but did improve yields (5–10%) in the immobilized P.c. lipase-catalyzed reactions.
In numero studies in a cell renewal system. Periodically adjusted cell renewal process.

Abstract Previous studies have emphasized the simple birth and death stochastic process with constant “rates” λ and μ as an appropriate mathematical model for describing the kinetics of the parenchymal cell renewal system in cirrhosis of the liver in rats. In connection with current experimental studies of artificially induced cirrhosis in rats it has been found necessary to extend the model to cover the experimental situation in which the birth and death parameters, λ and μ respectively, must be allowed to reflect the intermittent administration of cirrhosis-producing toxic substances. For these studies a new model, referred to as the Periodically Adjusted Cell Renewal Process is introduced here. This model bears a close relation to Kendall's Generalized Birth and Death Process with periodic birth and death rate functions and leads to a convenient Monte Carlo procedure of use in in numero studies for the generation of sample curves of such processes. Two such ensembles of curves corresponding to a special example are reported and discussed. Values for the required parameters of the stochastic model and for the associated Monte Carlo procedure carried out on the IBM 7094 of the Harvard Computing Center were obtained by estimation from experimental data consisting of counts of [3H]thymidine labeled, DNA-synthesizing hepatocytes, assayed by radioautography. It is pointed out that the stochastic approach adopted here for the mathematical interpretation of the kinetics of cellular proliferation in the experimentally produced cirrhotic process of rats reflects the morphological irregularities produced by this process and extends the customary deterministic approach, allowing as it does random irregularities about the central tendency. Finally, the usefulness of such simulation methods in designing, conducting and interpreting experiments in this and analogous problems in cell kinetics is discussed.
Effect of Metals on Supercritical Water Gasification of Cellulose and Lignin

We gasified cellulose and lignin in supercritical water, using quartz reactors, and quantified the catalytic effect of metals by adding them to these reactors in different forms. We used nickel, iron, copper, zinc, and zirconium wires, ruthenium powder, and Raney nickel slurry. The presence of metals was more likely to increase gas yields to a measurable extent when the catalyst surface area/biomass weight ratio was at least 15 mm2/mg (5.0 wt % biomass loading in our experiments). Nickel and copper typically provided higher gas yields at 5.0 wt % loading, and nickel provided the highest H2 yields at 1.0 wt % loading. SCWG at 500 °C with nickel at 240 mm2/mg generated 16 mmol/g of H2 from cellulose. CH4 yields were not strongly influenced by the presence of metals. With nickel wires in the reactor, gas with about 40−50% of the energy content in the original biomass was produced from cellulose and lignin. All of the metals tested except copper produced H2 from water when exposed to SCWG conditions with no b...
Nemertea inhabiting the Haploops (Amphipoda) community of the northern Øresund with special reference to the biology of Nipponnemertes pulcher (Hoplonemertea)

The densities of nemerteans and associated fauna on a soft-bottom sampling station (27–30 m deep) in the Oresund were determined from 47 cores (each 135 cm2 in cross-section; 20 + cm deep) collected from September to December 1989; these data were compared with 14 cores taken from the same location in December 1982. Nine species of nemerteans were identified from cores and dredge samples: Palaeonemertea — Callinera-like sp.; Heteronemertea — Cerebratulus fuscus, C. marginatus, Lineus bilineatus, Micrura fasciolata, M. purpurea; Hoplonemertea — Amphiporus bioculatus, A. dissimulans, Nipponnemertes pulcher. Mean numbers of heteronemerteans were 32 and 10 m−2 in 1982 and 1989, respectively, and hoplonemerteans were 90 and 71 m−2 , respectively. Only one palaeonemertean was collected during both years. Mean densities of the dominant species, N. pulcher, were similar for the two years, 74 and 68 m−2. The dominant groups of macrofauna (n m−2) in 1989 were ostracods (1028), amphipods (618), polychaetes (514), and ophiuroids (449). Amphipods (>90% Haploops spp.) and polychaetes (at least 30 spp.) are the major potential prey for hoplonemerteans and heteronemerteans, respectively. Laboratory feeding experiments with N. pulcher revealed that it consumed amphipods (Haploops tenuis and H. tubicola) at a rate of 2.6 worm−1 d−1 during the first 12 hours, but after 36 hours and beyond the rate was maintained at approximately 0.2 worm−1 d−1. Beyond 12 hours this nemertean showed a tendancy to only partially evacuate its prey. It was demonstrated experimentally that N. pulcher has a supply of toxin capable of killing six amphipods in approximately one hour. Limited tests showed that N. pulcher fed on the cumacean Diastylis tumida, but not on the amphipod Maera loveni or the ostracod Philomedes globosus, and that Amphiporus dissimulans readily attacked Haploops spp., but not Maera or Philomedes. Although the results of laboratory experiments are tentative, they do suggest that suctorial hoplonemerteans can exert a potentially significant effect on benthic communities. Employing seven species of polychaetes as prey for Cerebratulus fuscus and Micrura fasciolata, only the latter responded positively to one of them, Glycera alba. The hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus violently rejected N. pulcher in all feeding trials.
Lead-induced decrements in waiting behavior: involvement of D2-like dopamine receptors.

Abstract Some behavioral changes produced by chronic postweaning lead (Pb) exposure have been linked to mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system alterations. This study sought to determine the role of DA systems in Pb-induced changes in a fixed ratio (FR) waiting-for-reward paradigm. Rats exposed chronically from weaning to 0, 50, or 150 ppm Pb acetate drinking solutions earned free reinforcers for waiting after completion of an FR, with increasing time between successive free reinforcers. Responses during the waiting period reset the FR requirement. Once performance stabilized, the effects of acute IP administration of the D 1 agonist SKF82958, the D 2 agonist quinpirole, the D 1 antagonist SCH23390, and the D 2 antagonist eticlopride were determined. Pb itself increased FR response rates and decreased mean waiting time, a pattern of behavior that increased the number of earned reinforcers, but doubled the number of responses/reinforcer. None of the DA compounds mimicked Pb effects when administered to controls. Only DA agonists altered waiting behavior and responses per reinforcer. Quinpirole, in particular, appeared to reverse Pb effects on the FR wait baseline by increasing waiting time and decreasing FR resets to control levels. These findings point to a particular role for D 2 DA function in Pb’s detrimental effects on waiting.
Beyond QTL cloning.

Natural selection sculpts phenotypes to enable adaptation to local conditions. Biologists have long been interested in the phenotypic and molecular response to selection, but we still know little about the genetic basis of adaptation. With continuing improvements in molecular technologies, we now have the tools to investigate the genes that underlie ecologically important traits. Assessing the geographic distribution of allelic variation at these loci can point to the agents of selection, if different alleles are advantageous in contrasting environmental conditions [1]–[3]. In theory, predictable patterns of clinal variation in allele frequencies can arise from divergent selection across environmental gradients [1], although demographic factors may complicate identification of adaptive changes [4], [5].
Clinically Accessible Cell Signaling: Second Messengers in Sepsis and Trauma

Inflammatory mediators of trauma and sepsis transduce cellular events through cell surface receptors initiating intricate membrane and cytosolic reaction cascades that funnel through surprisingly few checkpoints in order to provoke a cellular response. As critical care surgeons, we can explore these cell signaling systems. The purpose of this article is to delineate the six known second messenger pathways relevant to surgical sepsis and trauma. Our comprehension of these signaling systems may offer us an opportunity to blunt post-traumatic cellular injury and promote a constructive response.
Economics of screening in the detection of organics in ground water

Abstract Rajagopal, R., 1990. Economics of screening in the detection of organics in ground water. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems , 9: 261–272. Screening may be defined as the use of efficient test procedures to determine and/or to quantify the presence or absence of contaminants in samples. In support of screening, many commercial laboratories offer price-breaks when analysis for only a few compounds are sought instead of a standard scan (such as those required under a governmental regulatory program). Screening is a step-wise or a decision tree approach to sampling and analysis. For a fixed number of compounds in a screen, a model to maximize the total expected number of positive determinations (detections) of organic compounds in ground water samples is developed and evaluated. This model is tested with extensive data on organic measurements obtained from ground-water samples at hazardous waste sites. The economic viability of the model is evaluated within the context of price-breaks in analytical services offered by commercial laboratories. For a set of price-breaks assumptions, screening is shown to be far superior in the detection of pesticide, acid, and base neutral compounds than in the detection of volatile organic compounds in ground water at hazardous waste sites. By incorporating relevant QA/QC costs, it is further shown that screening is a cost-effective alternative for all groups of organic compounds. A few promising avenues for further research are also outlined.
Atomic Layer Deposition Functionalized Composite SOFC Cathode La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3-δ -Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9: Enhanced Long-Term Stability

We report that the long-term stability of a conventional mixed oxide-ion and electron conducting solid oxide fuel cell cathode, La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3−δ-Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9 (LSCF-GDC) composite, can be markedly improved by functionalizing its surfaces with a conformal layer of nanoscale ZrO2 films through atomic layer deposition (ALD). Over a >1100 h testing at 800 °C, the overcoated LSCF-GDC cathode exhibited respective polarization and ohmic area-specific-resistances 3 and 1.5 times lower than the pristine sample, whereas the pristine LSCF-GDC cathode degraded at a rate 4 times faster than the overcoated one. The multifunctionality of porosity, mixed conductivity, and suppressed Sr-enrichment enabled by the nanoscaled ALD-ZrO2 overcoats are attributed to the performance retention observed for the overcoated cathode.
“Escape” of aldosterone production in patients with left ventricular dysfunction treated with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor: Implications for therapy

Despite the findings in randomized trials of a significant effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in reducing morbidity and mortality of patients with symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction, the morbidity and mortality of these patients remains relatively high. One potential strategy to further improve morbidity and mortality in these patients is blockade of aldosterone. Many clinicians have assumed that ACE inhibitors would block both angiotensin II and aldosterone. However, there are data to suggest that aldosterone production may “escape” despite the use of an ACE inhibitor. An escape of aldosterone production has several important consequences, including: sodium retention, potassium and magnesium loss, myocardial collagen production, ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial norepinephrine release, endothelial dysfunction, and a decrease in serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Due to the potential importance of these mechanisms, the finding that there is a significant correlation between aldosterone production and mortality in patients with heart failure, as well as evidence that an aldosterone antagonist, spironolactone, when administered to patients with heart failure treated with conventional therapy including an ACE inhibitor results in increased diuresis and symptomatic improvement, an international prospective multicenter study has been organized, the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES Pilot Study), to evaluate the safety of blocking the effects of aldosterone in patients with heart failure treated with an ACE inhibitor.
Development of identified glia that ensheathe axons in Hirudo medicinalis.

Interaction between neurons and glia may contribute to the formation of characteristic nerve bundles formed by axon elongation along stereotypic pathways. This study reports the temporal and spatial distribution of identified ensheathing glia during embryonic development in the leech. The development of connective glia was followed (1) using an immnohistochemical probe (monoclonal antibody Lan3–13), which recognized connective glia, and (2) using electron microscopy. Embryonic glia were initially located in the medial region of the lateral connectives and contained intermediate filaments. Glia cells continued to develop throughout embryogenesis; the number and size of glial processes increased, and they ensheathed smaller bundles of axons. The glial cell recognized by Lan3–13 first appeared after axons had already begun to form the connectives. This suggests that these particular glial cells may not function in the initial guidance of axons along stereotypic pathways. However, another cell that contained small bundles of intermediate filaments and glycogen granules was present at early stages of connective formation. These cells may be undifferentiated or transient glia, which could contribute to the formation of characteristic nerve bundles.
Cerebral Blood Flow, Brain pH, and Oxidative Metabolism in the Cat During Severe Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia

The effects of severe hypoglycemia on brain pH, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and other physiologic and metabolic parameters were studied in 26 cats subjected to insulin hypoglycemia. Two groups were utilized to compare the effects of anesthesia. The halothane group was composed of 14 animals and the barbiturate group contained 12 animals. Insulin was administered by both the intravenous and intramuscular routes until there was a severe electroencephalographic (EEG) change or until 6 h had elapsed. The cerebral responses to hypoglycemia demonstrated the following: CBF was unaffected by severe hypoglycemia in normotensive animals with or without EEG changes; brain pH was essentially constant in all groups regardless of glucose levels, CBF, or EEG; and the EEG abnormalities corresponded closely to brain glucose levels. Cerebral adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine levels were lowest in the animals with isoelectric EEGs. We conclude that CBF and brain pH in the normotensive cat under general anesthesia ar...
Ion-Based Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (SAFT2) to Represent Aqueous Single-Salt Solutions at Temperatures and Pressures up to 473.15 K and 1000 bar

Ion-based SAFT2 is used to represent the properties of aqueous single-salt solutions in the temperature, pressure, and concentration ranges of 298.15−473.15 K, 1.013−1000 bar, and 0−6 mol/kgH2O in ionic strength, respectively. The short-range interaction between cation and anion is needed to capture the effect of pressure on the properties of electrolyte solutions. A new set of parameters at 298.15 K for five cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and seven anions (Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-, HCO3-, SO42-, CO32-) is obtained from the fitting of the experimental mean ionic activity coefficients and liquid densities of 26 aqueous single-salt solutions. An additional set of ion-specific coefficients used in the temperature-dependent parameter expressions for five cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and five anions (Cl-, Br-, HCO3-, SO42-, CO32-) is obtained from the fitting of the experimental mean ionic activity coefficients and liquid densities of 15 aqueous single-salt solutions at low pressures and temperatures up to...
Experiments in book indexing by computer

Abstract The most challenging task in preparing an index to a book is to select all and only those terms that are related to the text and are useful for reference purposes. While a knowledgeable human can make the selection on an intuitive basis, automatic indexing requires a precise operational criterion for defining and selecting good and useful index terms. Two principles of selection are proposed: specification and selection of useful terms, and specification and exclusion of useless terms. Because of the nebulous nature and meaning of “good index terms”, and the difficulties involved in devising machine algorithms for their selection, this research in automatic indexing is based on the principle of excluding useless terms. Even so, fully automatic indexing was not achieved in this study. Single words proved to be of little value as index terms. Multiple word terms were generated by the computer, but no algorithm could successfully eliminate the useless phrases. Final selection had to be made by the experimenter. A comprehensive and useful book index was achieved by using machine-aided rather than fully automated indexing techniques.
TECHNOLOGIST-PATIENT RELATIONSHIPS.

(1965). The Lab: Technologist-Patient Relationships. Hospital Topics: Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 75-77.
Nd and Sr isotope chronostratigraphy of Colorado Plateau lithosphere: implications for magmatic and tectonic underplating of the continental crust

Nd-Sr isotopes and major and trace element abundances were measured in lower and upper crustal xenoliths carried in Tertiary minettes and kimberlitic diatremes of the Colorado Plateau. The objective was to establish the vertical distribution of mantle extraction ages for an undisturbed Precambrian crustal province characterized by normal thickness and low cratonic heat flow, and to thereby evaluate the importance of magmatic or tectonic underplating in crustal growth. Mid-Proterozoic-age (1.7–2.0 Ga) material is found at all levels of the crust. Although mafic granulites and amphibolites have major and trace element compositions compatible with an origin as magmatically underplated material, Nd model ages do not indicate that there has been significant mantle contribution to the lower crust by igneous processes (such as magmatic underplating) since the main crust-forming event ca. 1.85 Ga ago. The meta-igneous lower crustal xenoliths have relatively radiogenic Nd isotopic compositions and unradiogenic Sr compositions. There is little variability in Nd model ages in spite of large variability in Sm/Nd. High and variable Sm/Nd ratios were therefore established early in the history of the protolith, during igneous or metamorphic processes coincident with or shortly after extraction from the mantle. Metapelitic xenoliths, tectonically emplaced into the lower crust, have the same Proterozoic model ages as meta-igneous parts of the lower crust. These paragneisses are probably arc-associated sediments that were underthrust during terrane accretion in the Proterozoic. The isotopic data indicate that eclogite xenoliths are likely to represent Proterozoic lithosphere rather than subducted Mesozoic MORB, as previously proposed. A number of the eclogite xenoliths have experienced a metasomatic event which introduced LREE, SiO2 and Na2O and shifted the Nd and Sr isotopic compositions. The least-altered eclogite xenoliths have major and trace element and radiogenic Nd isotopic compositions similar to those of other Proterozoic mafic, lower crustal xenoliths. A more plausible protolith for the eclogites is Proterozoic lithosphere that was metamorphosed to eclogite facies conditions either during Precambrian continental assembly or in more recent times.
Shipibo Food Categorization and Preference: Relationships Between Indigenous and Western Dietary Concepts

States Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare Publication No. (NIH) 77-1068. Messer, E. 1978 Zapotec Plant Knowledge: Classification, Uses, and Communication About Plants in Mitla, Oaxaca, Mexico. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 10, Part 2. Mintz, S. 1979 Time, Sugar, and Sweetness. Marxist Perspectives 2(4):56-73. Parsons, E. C. 1936 Mitla, Town of the Souls. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Stevens, S. S. 1969 Se sory Scales of Taste Intensity. Perceptio and Psychophysics 6(5):302308.
The Relationships among In‐Channel Sediment Storage, Pool Depth, and Summer Survival of Juvenile Salmonids in Oregon Coast Range Streams

Abstract The influence of channel aggradation on water availability and salmonid survival was investigated during the summer dry season in two Oregon Coast Range streams. Deep pools and a deformable streambed of coarse gravel were present in highly aggraded stream reaches. However, these thick, highly porous alluvial deposits caused surface flow to become intermittent, which stranded fish in drying channels. In gravel-bed reaches with thinner alluvial deposits, pool depth was limited by the underlying bedrock, but pools were sustained by hyporheic flow throughout the summer dry season. In these moderately aggraded reaches, pool depth and area decreased throughout the summer, resulting in severe crowding of fish trapped in pools formed over small patches of exposed bedrock and isolated by dry, gravel-bed riffles. Bedrock-dominated stream reaches had slightly smaller pools but were most likely to contain continuous surface flow throughout the summer dry season; these reaches exhibited the smallest decreases...
Developing a prototype job evaluation expert system: a compensation management application

Compensation is a complex issue with broad ramifications for both employer and employee. The pivotal point in the establishment of a compensation system is job evaluation. An expert system, a rapidly emerging decision making technology, is applied to the job evaluation area. Various approaches to job evaluation are discussed. Recently published computer-assisted methods for job evaluation are reviewed. The complete process of designing and developing a Job Evaluation Expert System (JEES) and its limitations are discussed. Benefits offered by JEES are identified and future research opportunities are highlighted.
Single-cell variability in growing Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell populations measured with automated flow cytometry

Cell cultures normally are heterogeneous due to factors such as the cell cycle, inhomogeneous cell microenvironments, and genetic differences. However, distributions of cell properties usually are not taken into account in the characterization of a culture when only population averaged values are measured. In this study, the cell size, green fluorescence protein (Gfp) content, and viability after automated staining with propidium iodide (PI) are monitored at the single-cell level in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures growing in a batch bioreactor using an automated flow injection flow cytometer system. To demonstrate the wealth of information that can be obtained with this system, three cultures containing three different plasmids are compared. The first plasmid is a centromeric plasmid expressing under the control of a TEF2 promoter the S65T mutant form of Gfp. The other two plasmids are 2 microm plasmids and express the FM2 mutant of Gfp under the control of either the TEF1 or the TEF2 promoter. The automated sampling, cell preparation, and analysis permitted frequent quantification of the culture characteristics. The time course of the data representing not only population average values but also their variability, provides a detailed and reproducible "fingerprint" of the culture dynamics. The data demonstrate that small changes in the genetic make up of the recombinant system can result in large changes in the culture Gfp production and viability. Thus, the developed instrumentation is valuable for rapidly testing promoter strength, plasmid stability, cell viability, and culture variability.
Open boundary value problems in ocean dynamics by finite elements

Abstract This paper presents recent results of application of the finite element models to wave overtopping and wave run-up problems in ocean dynamics. Open boundaries are prescribed as natural boundary condition obtained from the continuity equation of the Galerkin finite element formulation. The numerical results are, in general, reasonably good agreements with the histrical field data.
Changes in soft-tissue profile following extraction and complete denture treatment.

Abstract A longitudinal cephalometric radiographic investigation was designed to study the changes occurring in the soft-tissue profile of the lips in twelve subjects following extraction of all remaining teeth and complete denture therapy. Eight soft-tissue points on the contour of the upper and lower lips were selected for measuring the changes at four phases of the study. Measurements were made from these points perpendicular to two planes of reference—the optic plane and the vertical PNS plane. 1.The cephalometric technique used for measuring and analyzing the changes in the soft-tissue contour of the lips utilized direct measurements from the soft-tissue points perpendicular to two reference planes. This technique was found to be simple, accurate, and appropriate for this purpose. 2.Following extraction of the teeth there was a dramatic change in the contour of the lips. This was due to the loss of support by the teeth and reduction of rest face height. 3.The complete maxillary and mandibular dentures provided adequate support for the contour of the upper lip approximating the pre-extraction contour. 4.Measurements for the lower lip showed significant changes in the contour, at the four phases, with the teeth in occlusion and in rest position. These changes were closely associated with the changes occurring in face height. 5.After twelve months of wearing complete dentures, there occurred a gradual reduction in both vertical and horizontal dimensions of the contour of the lips due to the positional changes of the dentures over the supporting tissues.
Building treatments for urban flood inundation models and implications for predictive skill and modeling efficiency

Abstract Urban areas are vulnerable to major flood damages due to the density of economic and social assets, and there is increasing interest in localized flood intensity predictions to implement flood risk reduction measures. A number of models have been proposed for unsteady flood flows through urban landscapes, but the data needs and complexity are varied and it is not clear that the benefits of added complexity are justified by improved predictive skill. In this study we compare four methods to model unsteady, multi-dimensional flow through urban areas: building resistance (BR), building block (BB), building hole (BH) and building porosity (BP). Each method is applied to the Baldwin Hills, CA urban dam break scenario which offers excellent data for model parameterization, validation and overall performance assessment including observations of flood extent, stream flow, and scour path. Results show that all four methods are capable of high predictive skill for flood extent and stream flow using unique unstructured meshes tailored to exploit the strengths of each approach. However, localized velocities prove more difficult to predict and are sensitive to the building method even in the limit of a very fine grid ( ca. 1.5 m resolution). In addition, only those methods that account for building geometries (BB, BH and BP) capture building-scale variability in the velocity field. Tradeoffs between predictive skill, execution time, and set-up time are identified suggesting that the best method for a particular application will depend on available data, computing resources, time constraints, and the specific modeling objectives.
Kinship systems and inverse semigroups

Inverse semigroups are introduced as a model for kinship structures. It is shown that semigroups are implied by the traditional anthropological law of uniform descent, and that inverses are suggested by the principle of reciprocity. A separation into a ‘surface’ and a ‘deep’ level of analysis was induced by viewing a kinship system as a partition on an underlying inverse semigroup. Some Omaha‐type kinship systems are decomposed into direct and semidirect products. Additional assumptions are made to deiive a theoretical similarity measure, which is then compared with a judged similarity task on Tenejapan Indians. The results of this preliminary experiment seem to be encouraging.
Electron-beam ionizing radiation stress effects on mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.) antioxidant constituents before and during postharvest storage.

The effect of electron-beam ionizing radiation stress and storage on mango fruit antioxidant compounds was evaluated in a dose range of 1−3.1 kGy. Phenolic high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profiles were not affected right after the irradiation process; however, an increase in flavonol constituents was observed after 18 days in storage (3.1 kGy). Total phenolics by the Folin Ciocalteu method and antioxidant capacity (ORAC) were not affected, while reduced ascorbic acid decreased ∼50−54% during storage (≥1.5 kGy). No major changes in carotenoid HPLC profiles indicated a delay in ripening of irradiated mangoes (1−3.1 kGy) compared to nonirradiated fruits. However, irradiation dose ≥1.5 kGy induced flesh pitting due to localized tissue death. A summary of the potential roles of reactive oxygen species generated by the irradiation stress on different antioxidant constituents of mango fruits is presented. Keywords: Ionizing radiation; Mangifera indica L.; phenolic compounds; carotenoids; ascorbic a...
What Does a Typical Stepfamily Look Like

This column presents issues that affect families undergoing separation, divorce, and remari7age, includingsingleparent and stepfamilies. If you have specific areas or questions that you would like discussed in this column, please write to: James H. Bray, Department of Family Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 5510 Greenbriar, Houston, TX 77005, or call (713) 798-7751.
Myoblast fusion in Drosophila

The body wall musculature of a Drosophila larva is composed of an intricate pattern of 30 segmentally repeated muscle fibers in each abdominal hemisegment. Each muscle fiber has unique spatial and behavioral characteristics that include its location, orientation, epidermal attachment, size and pattern of innervation. Many, if not all, of these properties are dictated by founder cells, which determine the muscle pattern and seed the fusion process. Myofibers are then derived from fusion between a specific founder cell and several fusion competent myoblasts (FCMs) fusing with as few as 3-5 FCMs in the small muscles on the most ventral side of the embryo and as many as 30 FCMs in the larger muscles on the dorsal side of the embryo. The focus of the present review is the formation of the larval muscles in the developing embryo, summarizing the major issues and players in this process. We have attempted to emphasize experimentally-validated details of the mechanism of myoblast fusion and distinguish these from the theoretically possible details that have not yet been confirmed experimentally. We also direct the interested reader to other recent reviews that discuss myoblast fusion in Drosophila, each with their own perspective on the process [1-4]. With apologies, we use gene nomenclature as specified by Flybase (http://flybase.org) but provide Table 1 with alternative names and references.
Cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-benefit analysis, and beyond: Evolving models for the scientist-manager-practitioner.

Models are described for measuring cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit in clinical research and for optimizing cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit in clinical practice. Three applications are provided of a model advocated by the author, cost procedure process outcome analysis. Traditional research often examines the degree to which treatment procedures are implemented and the extent to which those procedures affect biopsycho-social processes that may yield outcomes (procedure process outcome analysis). To these analyses we can add data on treatment costs for a complete model, that is, cost procedure -* process -* outcome. This model can be analyzed to find the least expensive way to achieve goal outcomes or the most effective way to deliver services within budget constraints.
Theory of Electronic Transport in Disordered Binary Alloys: Coherent-Potential Approximation

The coherent-potential approximation (CPA) for single-particle properties of electrons in a disordered alloy ${A}_{x}{B}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ (Soven and others) is extended to complex admittances. The one-electron Kubo formula is used. The CPA is viewed as a single-site decoupling of the averaged multiple-scattering expansion. It properly gives the exact formulas in the limits of weak scattering (Edwards) and of dilute alloys (Langer). For any $x$ and any random-potential strength, CPA satisfies a number of physical conditions, including energy and particle-number conservation. The CPA equations are exactly soluble for a single-band model with short-ranged random scatterers. The vertex corrections are related to the response of local densities to a given disturbance. For the electrical conductivity $\ensuremath{\sigma}$, they vanish. Variation of $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ with the randompotential strength is studied numerically. A low-mobility region appears well before the band splits. In the split-band limit, CPA yields a reasonable finite $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ in the host band, but it fails in the impurity band.
THE FORCE-VELOCITY PROPERTIES OF A CRUSTACEAN MUSCLE DURING LENGTHENING

Muscle force during active lengthening was characterized for scaphognathite levator muscle L2B from the crab Carcinus maenas. The muscle was tetanically stimulated and, during the peak of the contraction, stretched at constant velocity. The total strain was approximately 4 %, the strain rates ranged from 0.03 to 1.6 muscle lengths s-1 (L s-1), and the temperature was 15 degreesC. Force increased throughout stretch. During low-velocity stretch, up to approximately 0.3 L s-1, force rose during isovelocity stretch along an approximately exponential trajectory. The asymptotic force approached during the stretch increased and the time constant of the response decreased with increasing strain rate. With stretch at 0.6 L s-1 and greater, the force increased to a distinct yield point, reached after a strain of approximately 1 %, after which force continued to increase but with a slope approximately one-quarter as great as that before yield. Because force changes continuously during constant-velocity lengthening, the adequate descriptor for the force-velocity relationship in a lengthening crab muscle is not a two-dimensional force-velocity curve, but rather a three-dimensional force-velocity-time or force-velocity-strain surface. Stimulating muscle L2B at 20 Hz or 50 Hz gives a smoothly fused tetanic contraction in which muscle activation is only partial and the plateau force reached is less than that at the optimum stimulus frequency of approximately 100 Hz. The force-velocity relationships of a partially activated muscle are not simply those of a fully activated one scaled down in proportion to the reduction in the maximum isometric force. At low stretch velocities, the asymptotic force approached is larger in proportion to the pre-stretch isometric tension, and the time constant of the force increase is greater, in partially activated than in fully activated muscles. At high stretch velocities, the force at yield relative to the pre-stretch force, and the relative values of the slopes of the force increase before and after yield, are all greater in partially activated than in fully activated muscles, while the strain at yield is smaller.
Toxicity of direct nonthermal plasma treatment of living tissue

Non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge plasma applied directly on living tissues has various applications in skin sterilization, wound treatment, and treatment of malignant tissues. Non-thermal plasma has been shown to sterilize intact tissue without visible or microscopic damage, and our goal was to identify the boundaries of intact and wounded skin toxicity after DBD plasma treatment. Safe doses of plasma treatment of intact and wounded pig skin were determined. The earliest signs of intact skin damage occur at 0.50 W/cm2. DBD plasma treatment is now being evaluated as a safe method for tissue sterilization of living tissue.
Schottky Diode Characteristics of CVD—Grown β —SiC Epitaxial Films on (n11) Silicon Substrates ( n= 1,3,4,5,6 ).

Schottky barrier contacts have been made on CVD—grown β - SiC on Si substrates, and their C—V and I—V characteristics are measured. Dependence of the Schottky characteristics on Si substrate orientation ((n11),(n=1,3,4,5,6), and (100)) is examined. The Schottky diodes of the β-SiC films on Si (611), Si(411), and Si (111) show excellent characteristics compared with the conventional Schottky diodes using Si(100) substrates. That is, reverse leakage currents are small, ideality factors are close to unity, and barrier heights are larger.