cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ALGEBRA OF INCLUSIVE FITNESS.

is couched in terms of genes identical by descent (i. b. d.). The coefficient r (Wright's coefficient of relationship) measures the expected fraction of genes i.b.d. in each recipient as viewed from the donor when neither individual is inbred. An altruist suffers a cost in fitness c while donating a total benefit b, which is distributed evenly among the recipients. A recipient experiences its share of the benefit as an increment to its fitness. The total benefit to a recipient is the sum of the increments received. As Hamilton fully realized, (1) is an approximation that is valid only when selection is weak enough that gene frequency change per generation is small and the genotype frequencies conform sufficiently well to Hardy-Weinberg proportions.
Numerical Study of Compressible Viscous MHD Equations with a Bi-Temperature Model for Supersonic Blunt Body Flows

In recent years, the possibility of supersonic drag reduction by imposing a magnetic field on a slightly ionized plasma has received a great deal of attention. Some of the results reported in the Russian literature indicate that the shock structure in a slightly ionized gas (plasma) is significantly weaker than that in nonionized gases at the same temperature. For example, the shock standoff distance of a sphere moving at supersonic speed in a slightly ionized air heated to plasma temperature is considerably larger than in a nonionized air heated to the same temperature. Furthermore, the shock front is highly diffused, sometimes to the point of being scarcely visible besides lacking sharp boundary normally observed in photographs obtained under such conditions in nonionized gases. These concepts and others for shock wave modification/dissipation in supersonic flow are currently being investigated by the U.S. Air Force under the AJAX program. One of the concepts of interest is the effect of large magnetic field (approximately 2 Tesla or more) on supersonic tlowfield about blunt bodies to evaluate the possibility of shock wave dissipation/elimination. This paper evaluates this concept by numerical simulation. In this paper, the effect of magnetic field on the weakly ionized flow is studied for a blunt body moving at hypersonic speeds using the compressible viscous MHD equations with a bi-temperature model. Two-dimensional MHD equations in generalized coordinates with and without a bi-temperature model are solved using a modified Runge-Kutta time integration scheme with second-order accurate spatial discretization. A symmetric Davis-Yee Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) flux limiter is employed to damp the oscillations in the shock regions. Numerical results indicate the feasibility of
The Politics of Judicial Review in Russia, 1989–2010

Once a constitutional court has been established, there is no guarantee that it will be used. Such a court can become a powerful political actor when its opinion is sought increasingly by politicians to resolve political disputes, particularly those dealing with the distribution of power in the government (when one branch of the government challenges the authority of another to act). From the early Russian experience with judicial review as well as the experience of numerous other countries around the world, it is evident that constitutional courts are not always able to navigate successfully in the political realm.
Use of Xanthates in Synthetic Carbohydrate Chemistry: Thionocarbonate, Chlorothioformate, Dithiocarbonate, Trithiocarbonate, and S-(Methylthio)carbonyl Derivatives

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the hydroxyl groups of carbohydrates and discusses the use of xanthates in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry. The hydroxyl groups of carbohydrates react readily with sodium hydroxide and carbon disulfide to form O-(sodium thiolthiocarbonyl) derivatives, which are commonly referred to as xanthates. Further reaction of the sodium xanthate with oxidizing agents or with alkyl halides affords dithiobis(thioformate) or O-(alkylthio)thiocarbonyl derivatives respectively. While the overall conversion from hydroxyl group to the latter derivatives is generally good, a nearly quantitative conversion is realized when dimethyl sulfoxide is included in the reaction media. Dithiobis (thioformates) are useful intermediates for the preparation of carbohydrate thionocarbonate, chlorothioformate, and thio derivatives.
Editorial: Guidewire Trauma: A Key Component of Post-ERCP Pancreatitis That Is Best Controlled by the Endoscopist.

Editorial: Guidewire Trauma: A Key Component of Post-ERCP Pancreatitis That Is Best Controlled by the Endoscopist
Computational study for reliability improvement of a circuit board

An electronic device consists of electronic components attached on a circuit board. Reliability of such a device is limited to fatigue properties of the components as well as of the board. Printed circuit board (PCB) consists of conducting traces and vertical interconnect access (via) out of copper embedded in a composite material. Usually the composite material is fiber reinforced laminate out of glass fibers and polyimid matrix. Different reasons play a role by choosing the components of the laminate for the board, one of them is its structural strength and fatigue properties. An improvement of board’s lifetime can be proposed by using computational mechanics. In this work we present the theory and computation of a simplified one layer circuit board conducting electrical signals along its copper via, producing heat that leads to thermal stresses. Such stresses are high enough to perform a plastic deformation. Although the plastic deformation is small, subsequent use of the electronic device causes accumulating plastic deformation, which ends the lifetime effected by a fatigue failure in the copper via. Computer simulations provide a convenient method for understanding the nature of this phenomenon as well as predicting the lifetime. We present a coupled and monolithic way for solving the multiphysics problem of this electro-thermo-mechanical system, numerically, by using finite element method in space and finite difference method in time.
Unobservable Monte Carlo planning for nonprehensile rearrangement tasks

In this work, we present an anytime planner for creating open-loop trajectories that solve rearrangement planning problems under uncertainty using nonprehensile manipulation. We first extend the Monte Carlo Tree Search algorithm to the unobservable domain. We then propose two default policies that allow us to quickly determine the potential to achieve the goal while accounting for the contact that is critical to rearrangement planning. The first policy uses a learned model generated from a set of user demonstrations. This model can be quickly queried for a sequence of actions that attempts to create contact with objects and achieve the goal. The second policy uses a heuristically guided planner in a subspace of the full state space. Using these goal informed policies, we are able to find initial solutions to the problem quickly, then continuously refine the solutions as time allows. We demonstrate our algorithm on a 7 degree-of-freedom manipulator moving objects on a table.
Design and Full-scale Test for Cup-type Steel Tubular Tower of UHV Transmission Line in Heavy Icing Area

The ZB1 cup-type steel tubular tower is firstly used for the single-circuit UHV transmission line in heavy icing area.Except for the ground supports,the steel tubulars are applied in the whole tower.The used tubular steel is Q345 and the plug-in boards and forging flanges are used for connection.Through the monographic study on the tower optimization,node structure,tower ’s Eiffel effect and bending moment at the member end,the design of ZB1 cup-type steel tubular tower is improved.The full-scale test verifies the reliability in design and manufacture of cup-type steel tubular tower for UHV lines in heavy icing area.The research results of this paper can be widely applied in UHV transmission line projects.
Brief Report: Social Functioning Predicts Externalizing Problem Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Individuals with ASD often display externalizing behaviors, which have been associated with lower quality of life in adulthood. Social difficulties have been hypothesized to underlie externalizing problems among individuals with ASD (Klin and Volkmar in Asperger Syndrome, 340–366, 2000), but this has never been tested empirically. We examined whether socialization abilities predicted externalizing problems assessed by parent report in a group of 29 individuals with ASD (age range 7–16 years) and 29 TD individuals matched for IQ, age, and gender. Socialization scores accounted for 50% of the variance in externalizing behaviors among individuals with ASD, but not in TD children. These findings have implications for intervention, and suggest that targeting social difficulties might provide a better means to addressing externalizing problems.
Konstruktionen mit Kategorien

Bei Kategorien besteht die Dualisierung im Prozess “Umkehrung aller Pfeile”. Eine genaue Beschreibung dieses Prozesses wird auf axiomatischer Grundlage in diesem und auf mengentheoretischer Grundlage im nachsten Abschnitt gegeben. In diesem Abschnitt wird daher eine Kategorie nicht mit Hilfe von Mengen (von Objekten, von Pfeilen) und Abbildungen (Quelle, Ziel, Komposition), sondern mit Hilfe von Axiomen wie in § 1.1 beschrieben.
Practical Aspects of Pediatric Vision Screening

Appropriate vision screening is one of the most important factors in pediatric eye health care. Pediatricians and family practitioners need guidelines regarding frequency of vision screening, equip...
Tetramethylpiperidine N-Oxyl (TEMPO), Phthalimide N-Oxyl (PINO), and Related N-Oxyl Species: Electrochemical Properties and Their Use in Electrocatalytic Reactions.

N-Oxyl compounds represent a diverse group of reagents that find widespread use as catalysts for the selective oxidation of organic molecules in both laboratory and industrial applications. While turnover of N-oxyl catalysts in oxidation reactions may be accomplished with a variety of stoichiometric oxidants, N-oxyl reagents have also been extensively used as catalysts under electrochemical conditions in the absence of chemical oxidants. Several classes of N-oxyl compounds undergo facile redox reactions at electrode surfaces, enabling them to mediate a wide range of electrosynthetic reactions. Electrochemical studies also provide insights into the structural properties and mechanisms of chemical and electrochemical catalysis by N-oxyl compounds. This review provides a comprehensive survey of the electrochemical properties and electrocatalytic applications of aminoxyls, imidoxyls, and related reagents, of which the two prototypical and widely used examples are 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine N-oxyl (TEMPO) a...
Culturally Responsive Curriculum and Pedagogy in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

This study explores culturally responsive curriculum and pedagogy in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). In particular, it examines the ways in which teachers and administrators view curriculum and pedagogy within the multiple and overlapping cultural contexts that the CNMI inhabits. By using an open-ended questionnaire, onsite interviews, and an exhaustive recruitment strategy, the study afforded every middle and high school social studies teacher in the CNMI an opportunity to participate in this study. The findings reveal a wide range of attention to cultural responsiveness, and numerous successes and challenges within middle and high schools.
In Vitro Neurophysiology

In vitro studies of neuronal function involve preparing thin slices of living brain for experimental study. Brain slice methods have been applied to most regions of the brain, however the anatomy of the hippocampus has favored that tissue. Brain slices are maintained in a life-support chamber from which electrophysiological stimulation and recordings (intra-/extracellular) can be made under visual guidance, often in conjunction with the application of drugs, the manipulation of ACSF composition, optical recordings, visualization of fluorescing markers, and subsequent histology. The advantages of in vitro approaches are in the surgical simplification of the tissue and the degree of experimental control and experimental access the methodology provides. Limitations of in vitro methods include limited viability, altered phenotype, and isolation from activating and modulating influences. It is anticipated that in vitro approaches will be increasingly used for the detailed study of elements in brain networks identified by functional imaging, in conjunction with optical imaging, and to study the effects of molecular neurobiological manipulations.
A review of dietary and microbial connections to depression, anxiety, and stress

Objective: Pre-clinical evidence suggests that the gastrointestinal microbiota contributes to mood and behavior disorders. Among humans, diet quality and patterns, which also impact the gastrointes...
The Patterson Map of Tl-Based Superconductor by the Maximum Entropy Method

The Patterson map of a thallium based superconductor, TIBaSrCaCuO (1212 and 1223 phase), was calculated by the maximum entropy method (MEM). The resulting MEM Patterson map is of high quality and much superior compared to the map obtained by conventional direct Fourier synthesis. It was proposed that the MEM Patterson map was suitable to obtain the structural model for the Rietveld method in the thallium based superconductor.
Analyzing the effect of earthquakes on OpenStreetMap contribution patterns and tweeting activities

Natural disasters, such as wildfires, earthquakes, landslides, or floods, lead to an increase in topical information shared on social media and in increased mapping activities in volunteered geogra...
Cancer Associated Fibroblasts: Naughty Neighbors That Drive Ovarian Cancer Progression.

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, and patient prognosis has not improved significantly over the last several decades. In order to improve therapeutic approaches and patient outcomes, there is a critical need for focused research towards better understanding of the disease. Recent findings have revealed that the tumor microenvironment plays an essential role in promoting cancer progression and metastasis. The tumor microenvironment consists of cancer cells and several different types of normal cells recruited and reprogrammed by the cancer cells to produce factors beneficial to tumor growth and spread. These normal cells present within the tumor, along with the various extracellular matrix proteins and secreted factors, constitute the tumor stroma and can compose 10–60% of the tumor volume. Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major constituent of the tumor microenvironment, and play a critical role in promoting many aspects of tumor function. This review will describe the various hypotheses about the origin of CAFs, their major functions in the tumor microenvironment in ovarian cancer, and will discuss the potential of targeting CAFs as a possible therapeutic approach.
Personality Development and Temperament

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by J.S. Kagan, volume 16, pp. 11287–11290, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Inferior Vena Cava Filters—Current Role and Controversies

Inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs) remain an indispensable part of an interventionalist's toolbox. Increased recognition of filter-related complications, largely from off-label use and casual approach to filter retrieval, has led to tremendous uncertainty surrounding their use. More stringent regulations on their use and development of newer and safer anticoagulants are gradually changing their role in the management of venous thromboembolism. Herein, the authors review the current role of IVCFs, indications for their use and retrieval, as well as filter-related complications.
Monoclonal Gammopathy with Secondary Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome

Monoclonal gammopathy is a clonal plasma cell disorder associated with an increased risk of progression to lymphoproliferative malignancy. In children, monoclonal and oligoclonal gammopathies are rare, and their clinical relevance unrecognized. Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare endotheliopathy associated with dysregulated activation of complement, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. We present a case of aHUS that we hypothesize was triggered by monoclonal gammopathy in a child several years after cardiac transplantation. An 11 year old African-American girl with sickle trait was transferred to our cardiac center with a two week history of epigastic pain, emesis, microcytic anemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and development of renal failure requiring dialysis. She had undergone cardiac transplantation at 7 months of age for dilated cardiomyopathy of unknown etiology and had recovered from acute cardiac rejection requiring ECMO at age 5 years. She had previously experienced at least two episodes of acute kidney injury requiring dialysis with full recovery of function reported. Renal biopsy revealed a severe collapsing glomerulopathy and a thrombotic microangiopathy. Upon transfer to our institution, her labs were notable for microcytic anemia, normal platelet count, haptoglobin, and LDH. A week later, she developed aHUS diagnosed by hemoglobin 9.5 gm/dL, haptoglobin Monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS) is rare in children, but may be more common in transplant recipients, especially after cardiac transplants in infants when thymectomy is performed. MGUS associated with secondary aHUS has been rarely reported in adults. The mechanism for aHUS was demonstrated in one case to result from affinity of the paraprotein to a binding site on complement factor H, with subsequent loss of factor H cofactor activity to inhibit alternative complement activation. We hypothesize that immune dysregulation from fluctuating levels of paraproteins during inflammation in our patient with monoclonal gammopathy resulted in recurrent, intermittent episodes of aHUS. We speculate that this was responsible for the patient's collapsing glomerulopathy and dialysis-dependent chronic renal failure. This case highlights the importance of considering monoclonal gammopathy in pediatric patients who develop recurrent kidney failure or atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in the setting of immune dysregulation. The merit of treating the monoclonal gammopathy with Bortezumib and Rituximab is currently under consideration. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Predicting Stability Constants for Terbium(III) Complexes with Dipicolinic Acid and 4-Substituted Dipicolinic Acid Analogues using Density Functional Theory.

The relative stability constants of Tb(III) complexes exhibiting binding to a series of 4-substituted analogues of dipicolinic acid (2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid) (DPA) were calculated using densi...
A Neurobiological Model of Alcohol Marketing Effects on Underage Drinking.

Objective:Although an association between exposure to alcohol advertising and underage drinking is well documented, the underlying neurobiological contributions to this association remain largely u...
Breaking Bad: When Being Disadvantaged Incentivizes (Seemingly) Risky Behavior

We investigate how variation in initial conditions, which assign individuals into advantaged or disadvantaged positions, alters behavior. We illustrate the problem within a labor market context and consider the impact of accumulated debt on wage selectivity. Using a two-period model, we show that debt exerts a non-monotonic effect on wage selectivity, with agents assigned low and high levels of debt being significantly more likely to reject an initial wage offer than agents with moderate debt. This prediction is supported by our experiment, which finds a statistically significant dip in wage selectivity for subjects assigned moderate levels of debt.
α1-Adrenergic receptors increase glucose oxidation under normal and ischemic conditions in adult mouse cardiomyocytes.

The role of catecholamine receptors in cardiac energy metabolism is unknown. α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-ARs) have been identified to play a role in whole body metabolism but its role in cardiac en...
28-day thawed plasma maintains α 2 -antiplasmin levels and inhibits tPA-induced fibrinolysis

Introduction Evidence supports the use of plasma-first resuscitation in the treatment of trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC). While thawed plasma (TP) has logistical benefits, the ability of plasma proteins to attenuate fibrinolysis and correct TIC remain unknown. We hypothesize that TP retains the ability to inhibit tissue plasminogen activator(tPA)-induced fibrinolysis at 28-day storage. Methods Healthy volunteers underwent blood draws followed by 50% dilution of whole blood (WB) with TP at 28-, 21-, 14-, 7-, 5-, and, 0-day storage, normal saline (NS), and WB control. Samples underwent citrated tPA-challenge (75 ng/ml) thromboelastography (TEG). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and α2 -antiplasmin (α2 -AP) concentrations in thawed or stored plasma were determined. Results In the presence of tPA, 28-day TP inhibited tPA-induced coagulopathy as effectively as WB. 28-day TP had a similar R-time, MA, and fibrinolysis (P > 0·05 for all) compared to WB, while angle was enhanced (P = 0·02) compared to WB. Significant correlations were present between storage time and clot strength (P = 0·04) and storage time and fibrinolysis (P = 0·0029). Active PAI-1 levels in thawed plasma were 1·10 ± 0·54 ng/mL while total PAI-1 levels were 4·79 ± 1·41 ng/mL. There was no difference of α2 -AP levels in FFP (40·45 ± 3·5 μg/mL) compared to plasma thawed for 14 (36·78 ± 5·39 μg/mL, P = 0·65) or 28 days (45·16 ± 5·61 μg/mL, P = 0·51). Discussion Thawed plasma retained the ability to inhibit tPA-induced fibrinolysis over 28-day storage at 1-4°C. α2 -AP levels were maintained in plasma thawed for 28 days and FFP. These in vitro results suggest consideration should be made to increasing the storage life of TP.
The Voice Cultivation Process: How Team Members Can Help Upward Voice Live on to Implementation:

The upward voicing of ideas is vital to organizational performance. Yet power differences between voicers and those with authority may result in valuable ideas being overlooked. In this ethnographi...
A telephone-based surgical transitional care program with improved patient satisfaction scores and fiscal neutrality.

Abstract Background Limited data exist regarding the downstream effects of surgical transitional care programs. We explored the impact of such programs on patient satisfaction and fiscal metrics. Methods A telephone-based surgical transitional care program enrolled patients undergoing complex abdominal surgery between 2015 to 2017. A matched cohort undergoing similar procedures between 2010 to 2015 were used as controls. Press Ganey scores were used to reflect patient satisfaction. Hospital costs, reimbursements, and margins were analyzed for index hospitalizations and readmissions within 90 days of surgery. Results There were 607 patients in the control group and 608 in the transitional care program; survey response rates were 37% and 35%, respectively. Transitional care patients rated their understanding of personal responsibilities in post-discharge care higher than controls (59% vs 69%, P = .02). Transitional care patients felt they received better educational materials about their condition or treatment (55% vs 68%, P Conclusion The use of this dedicated abdominal surgery transitional care program is associated with improved Press Ganey patient education and global rating scores. The cost to support this program did not adversely affect the hospital margin when considering all factors. These data support broader investment in patient centered initiatives that may significantly enhance patient experience.
Review of Koletnik & Frœliger (2019): Translation and Language Teaching: Continuing the Dialogue

This article reviews Translation and Language Teaching: Continuing the Dialogue 9781527534629
Mutations in the Hemagglutinin Stalk Domain Do Not Permit Escape from a Protective, Stalk-Based Vaccine-Induced Immune Response in the Mouse Model

Current seasonal influenza virus vaccines target regions of the hemagglutinin (HA) head domain that undergo constant antigenic change, forcing the painstaking annual reformulation of vaccines. The development of broadly protective or universal influenza virus vaccines that induce cross-reactive, protective immune responses could circumvent the need to reformulate current seasonal vaccines. Many of these vaccine candidates target the HA stalk domain, which displays epitopes conserved within and across influenza virus subtypes, including those with pandemic potential. While HA head-mediated antigenic drift is well understood, the potential for antigenic drift in the stalk domain is understudied. Using a panel of HA stalk-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), we applied selection pressure to the stalk domain of A/Netherlands/602/2009 (pdmH1N1) to determine fitness and phenotypes of escape mutant viruses (EMVs). We found that HA stalk MAbs with lower cross-reactivity caused single HA stalk escape mutations, whereas MAbs with broader cross-reactivity forced multiple mutations in the HA. Each escape mutant virus greatly decreased mAb neutralizing activity, but escape mutations did not always ablate MAb binding or Fc-Fc receptor-based effector functions. Escape mutant viruses were not attenuated in vitro but showed attenuation in an in vivo mouse model. Importantly, mice vaccinated with a chimeric HA universal vaccine candidate were protected from lethal challenge with EMVs despite these challenge viruses containing escape mutations in the stalk domain. Our study indicates that while the HA stalk domain can mutate under strong MAb selection pressure, mutant viruses may have attenuated phenotypes and do not evade a polyclonal, stalk-based vaccine-induced response.IMPORTANCE Broadly protective or universal influenza virus vaccines target viral epitopes that appear to be conserved. However, it is unclear whether the virus will be able to escape once immunological pressure is applied to these epitopes through vaccination of large proportions of the population. Studies that investigate the fitness and antigenic characteristics of viruses that escape immunological pressure on these conserved epitopes are therefore urgently needed.
Education Research: Positive effect of scheduled faculty modeling on clerkship student bedside skills exposure and learning

Objective: To evaluate the effect of scheduled bedside skills modeling for third-year medical students on their neurology clerkship. Methods: During the 2012–2014 academic years, 56 third-year medical students participated in a curricular pilot program involving a scheduled bedside skills modeling experience during the first week of their neurology clerkship, whereas 131 students underwent the typical rotation. The experience consisted of observing a faculty member conduct a comprehensive encounter on a new outpatient. To promote active learning, students were provided an observation guide to document questions and observations. An anonymous survey was conducted at the end of each clerkship block assessing student exposure to bedside skills modeling. Using qualitative thematic analysis, observation guide statements were transcribed and coded into emergent learning themes. Results: A total of 57.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 43.3%–71.5%) of students in the modeling group reported observing both a comprehensive history and neurologic examination vs 37.5% (95% CI 28.2%–46.8%) in the nonmodeling groups ( p = 0.023). A total of 253 observation statements were transcribed and coded from the observation guides. The most common learning themes included (1) strategies for performing a neurologic examination, (2) techniques for eliciting a neurologic history, and (3) importance of detail and thoroughness of the history and examination. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that there was a significant increase in structured observation by students of neurologic bedside skills with the inclusion of a scheduled modeling experience, and we provide a qualitative description of the most common learning themes associated with this experience.
A mental health professional survey of cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of opioid use disorder.

Objective The objective of this survey was to obtain mental health professional perspectives on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment. Methods Respondents (N = 84) rated components of CBT for their efficacy in OUD treatment. Ratings were reported for the overall sample, by degree completed, and by clinicians versus nonclinicians. Respondents also ranked additional therapeutic strategies that might enhance the efficacy of CBT for OUD. Results Respondents rated treatment alliance/rapport, coping skills, and motivational interviewing as the most effective CBT components for OUD. Forms and worksheets were rated as the least effective component. The most beneficial additions to CBT for OUD would be mindfulness, peer support, and medication adherence strategies. Finally, the survey responses suggested that addressing co-morbid mental health disorders and life stressors may be important within CBT treatment for OUD.
Imaging of type I procollagen biosynthesis in cells reveals biogenesis in highly organized bodies; Collagenosomes.

Abstract Mechanistic aspects of type I procollagen biosynthesis in cells are poorly understood. To provide more insight into this process we designed a system to directly image type I procollagen biogenesis by co-expression of fluorescently labeled full size procollagen α1(I) and one α2(I) polypeptides. High resolution images show that collagen α1(I) and α2(I) polypeptides are produced in coordination in discrete structures on the ER membrane, which we termed the collagenosomes. Collagenosomes are disk shaped bodies, 0.5–1 μM in diameter and 200–400 nm thick, in the core of which folding of procollagen takes place. Collagenosomes are intimately associated with the ER membrane and their formation requires intact translational machinery, suggesting that they are the sites of nascent procollagen biogenesis. Collagenosomes show little co-localization with the COPII transport vesicles, which export type I procollagen from the ER, suggesting that these two structures are distinct. LARP6 is the protein which regulates translation of type I collagen mRNAs. The characteristic organization of collagenosomes depends on binding of LARP6 to collagen mRNAs. Without LARP6 regulation, collagenosomes are poorly organized and the folding of α1(I) and α2(I) polypeptides into procollagen in their cores is diminished. This indicates that formation of collagenosomes is dependent on regulated translation of collagen mRNAs. In live cells the size, number and shape of collagenosomes show little change within several hours, suggesting that they are stable structures of type I procollagen biogenesis. This is the first report of structural organization of type I collagen biogenesis in collagenosomes, while the fluorescent reporter system based on simultaneous imaging of both type I collagen polypeptides will enable the detailed elucidation of their structure and function.
High-resolution variable-density 3D cones coronary MRA.

Purpose To improve the spatial/temporal resolution of whole-heart coronary MR angiography by developing a variable-density (VD) 3D cones acquisition suitable for image reconstruction with parallel imaging and compressed sensing techniques. Methods A VD 3D cones trajectory design incorporates both radial and spiral trajectory undersampling techniques to achieve higher resolution. This design is used to generate a VD 3D cones trajectory with 0.8 mm/66 ms isotropic spatial/temporal resolution, using a similar number of readouts as our previous fully sampled cones trajectory (1.2 mm/100 ms). Scans of volunteers and patients are performed to evaluate the performance of the VD trajectory, using non-Cartesian L1-ESPIRiT for high-resolution image reconstruction. Results With gridding reconstruction, the high-resolution scans experience an expected drop in signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios, but with L1-ESPIRiT, the apparent noise is substantially reduced. Compared with 1.2 mm images, in each volunteer, the L1-ESPIRiT 0.8 mm images exhibit higher vessel sharpness values in the right and left anterior descending arteries. Conclusion Coronary MR angiography with isotropic submillimeter spatial resolution and high temporal resolution can be performed with VD 3D cones to improve the depiction of coronary arteries. Magn Reson Med 74:614–621, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Motivation on Young Children's Object Recall and Strategy Use.

ABSTRACTThe study was designed to examine the effects of motivation on young children's recall for object names and early-emerging mnemonic activities. Seventy-two 4-year-old children were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 instructional conditions: incidental, intentional, or motivational. Each child was shown 10 small toy objects and provided a 90 s study period prior to recall. The children's mnemonic behaviors were videotaped for subsequent coding. The children in the incidental condition were instructed to simply look at the toys while children in the intentional and motivational condition were given explicit instructions to remember. The motivational group was also told that they could keep whichever toys they remembered. A recognition memory task was employed to examine the extent to which the stimuli were encoded during the study period. The children's recall memory did not vary as a function of instructional condition. Children's use of singular versus multiple strategies was calculated, along with a we...
Diffuse Ionized Medium Panel Discussion

The following is a transcript of a 90 minute discussion that took place among tertulia participants at the end of the first day. The conversations centered around the origin and nature of wide-spread warm and hot ionized gas in the MilkyWay.
Trade Secret Subject Matter

Not all secrets held by a business can be legally protected as trade secrets. Yet the boundaries of trade-secret-protectable subject matter have never been well explained. Limitations are implicitly recognized by courts, but the principles upon which these limitations are based are largely unarticulated. A key limitation is that a trade secret must have "independent economic value," but this phrase has been left undefined.This article articulates the scope of trade secret subject matter. Independent economic value is defined in a way that is in accord with the the decisions of the courts and the bedrock concepts of trade secret law as elucidated by the leading authorities. That definition is then set within an analytical framework. The resulting framework allows courts to make thorough, well-reasoned, and transparent decisions about what prospectively qualifies as protectable subject matter under trade secret law, and what doesn't.
Variability in tannin content, chemistry and activity in a diverse group of tannin containing sorghum cultivars†

Background Tannins are large polyphenolic polymers and are known to bind proteins, limiting their digestibility, but are also excellent antioxidants. Numerous studies investigating the functional properties of sorghum tannin have been conducted by comparing grain samples from different sorghum lines without considering the other intrinsic characteristics of the grain. The purpose of this study was to remove the confounding intrinsic factors present in the endosperm so the effect of the tannins could be evaluated utilizing a unique decortication/reconstitution procedure. Results The tannin content of the 14 cultivars tested ranged from 2.3 to 67.2 catechin equivalents. The bran fractions were studied for their impact on protein binding and antioxidant capacity. Protein digestibility by pepsin ranged from 8% to 58% at the highest tannin level addition. Protein binding ranged from 3.11 to 16.33 g blue bovine serum albumin kg−1 bran. Antioxidant capacity ranged from 81.33 to 1122.54 µmol Trolox equivalents g−1 bran. High-performance size-exclusion chromatography detailed molecular size distributions of the tannin polymers and relationship to tannin functionality. conclusion The tannin content and composition play a significant role in determining tannin functionality. These differences will allow for selections of high-tannin sorghums with consideration of the biological activities of the tannins.
Key Elements Supporting Goal Attainment for Transition-Age Young Adults: A Case Study Illustration From Project TEAM

Abstract Project TEAM empowers trainees with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) to identify and respond to environmental barriers and includes an individualized component in which tr...
Bone, Body Weight, and Weight Reduction: What Are the Concerns?

Of the U.S. population, 65% is either overweight or obese, and weight loss is recommended to reduce co-morbid conditions. However, bone mobilization and loss may also occur with weight loss. The risk for bone loss depends on initial body weight, age, gender, physical activity, and conditions of dieting such as the extent of energy restriction and specific levels of nutrient intake. Older populations are more prone to bone loss with weight loss; in women, this is due at least in part to a reduced dietary Ca intake and/or efficiency of absorption. Potential hormonal mechanisms regulating bone loss during weight loss are discussed, including decreases in estrogen, leptin, glucagon-like peptide-2, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1, or an increase in cortisol. In contrast, the rise in adiponectin and ghrelin with weight reduction should not be detrimental to bone. Combining energy restriction with exercise does not necessarily prevent bone loss, but may attenuate loss as was shown with additional Ca intake or osteoporosis medications. Future controlled weight loss trials should be designed to further address mechanisms influencing the density and quality of bone sites vulnerable to fracture, in the prevention of osteoporosis.
Paleovalley morphology and fluvial system evolution of Eocene-Oligocene sediments ("auriferous gravels"), northern Sierra Nevada, California: Implications for climate, tectonics, and topography

In the northern Sierra Nevada, California, Eocene–Oligocene fluvial sediments (the “auriferous gravels”) rest unconformably in well-defined basement-incised paleovalleys, providing a record of paleolandscape geomorphology and drainage system evolution. Paleovalley surface mapping shows that local topography and bedrock lithology controlled the location of broad, terraced paleovalley segments, which formed in the central and eastern metamorphic bedrock belts and subsequently became areas of significant fluvial deposition. High-gradient, high-energy deposits are present near the edges of these areas, suggesting that tributaries and outlets resided in steeper, narrow paleovalleys. Multiple strath terraces are common in broad paleovalleys, indicating that incision events occurred both before deposition and during paleovalley widening, followed by periods of aggradation. Broad paleovalley deposits contain predominantly braided stream facies deposited in an energetically variable system. Multiple upward-fining cycles, bounded by erosional surfaces, are composed of alternating coarse-grained channel-belt and fine-grained floodplain packages. An overall upward-fining succession suggests that the locus of fluvial deposition shifted and depositional energy waned over time as the system backfilled successive broad paleovalleys. Paleochannel slope estimates of 0.004–0.055 were obtained based on average grain sizes of coarse channel fills. Anomalously thick (up to 11 m), laterally continuous (1–3 km) floodplain units, containing kaolinite-rich clay and Oxisol intervals, record high fine-grained sediment supply, driven by high rates of chemical weathering in the warm Eocene climate. Based on sedimentary characteristics, combined with floral and detrital zircon data, braided stream deposition within the basin occurred from the late early Eocene through late Eocene, and aggradation primarily occurred in broad, lower-gradient reaches behind a major bedrock knickpoint, created in the late Mesozoic–early Cenozoic, possibly due to asymmetric batholith unroofing. The diachronous, localized nature of paleovalley incision and braided stream aggradation within the northern Sierra Nevada invalidates previous estimates of the timing and amount of range uplift based on paleochannel reconstructions and gradients. Both internal and external drivers influenced the evolution of the fluvial system through (1) the pattern of basin filling, as the locus of deposition migrated east to west, (2) the warm Eocene climate, which increased chemical weathering and contributed a high sediment supply, and (3) changes in base level due to eustasy and/or Laramide tectonism. This record of Laramide tectonics in the Sierra Nevada and Basin and Range is important for the timing of Sierra Nevada uplift, for tectonic reconstructions of western North America, and for studies of landscape evolution in tectonically active orogens.
A Dynamic Model of Magneto-Active Elastomer Actuation of the Waterbomb Base

Of special interest in the growing field of origami engineering is self-folding, wherein a material is able to fold itself in response to an applied field. In order to simulate the effect of active materials on an origami-inspired design, a dynamic model is needed. Ideally, the model would be an aid in determining how much active material is needed and where it should be placed to actuate the model to the desired position. A dynamic model of the origami waterbomb base, a well-known and foundational origami structure, is developed using Adams, a commercial dynamics software package. Creases are approximated as torsion springs with stiffness and damping. The stiffness of an origami crease is calculated, and the dynamic model is verified using the bistability of the waterbomb. An approximation of the torque produced by magneto-active elastomers (MAE) is calculated and is used to simulate MAE-actuated self-folding of the waterbomb.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Duplication of the terminal ileum

Summary A case of duplication of the terminal ileum in the newborn infant has been presented. This patient developed the classical picture with a mass, intestinal obstruction, and bleeding. A successful small bowel resection was performed on the fourth day of life. The child subsequently developed a “blind loop” of proximal ileum due to the side-to-side anastomosis and four years later this was successfully resected and an end-to-end anastomosis performed.
CORRELATES OF HIV-RISK BEHAVIORS AMONG PRISON INMATES: IMPLICATIONS FOR TAILORED AIDS PREVENTION PROGRAMMING

AIDS was first identified among prison inmates in 1983. In 2001, the rate of confirmed cases of HIV infection was four times greater among federal and state prison inmates than in the general population. This study used extensive interviews to assess Illinois prison inmates’ sexual and drug-use practices, their knowledge about HIV riskreduction techniques, and their beliefs regarding their own HIV-risk status and their ability to avoid HIV infection. Respondents were classified into risk groups based on their sexual and drug-use behaviors prior to incarceration. Compared to those in the low-risk group, respondents in the high-risk group were more likely to have used or sold drugs and to have lower self-efficacy and perceived-risk scores. Respondents in the moderate-risk group were more likely than those in the low-risk group to be young, to have sold drugs, and to have lower self-efficacy scores. The implications of these differences for HIV-prevention programs tailored by risk profile are discussed.
Basal forebrain cell loss following fimbria/fornix transection

Abstract Following fimbria/fornix transection, cells in the medial septum appear to undergo retrograde degeneration as shown by Nissl and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) staining. Recent studies immunocytochemical techniques have also demonstrated loss of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and nerve growth factor receptor (NGFr) labeling of neurons in this region. Whether the apparent loss of ChAT- and NGFr-positive neurons is the result of the actual death of these neurons, or is instead a loss of ChAT enzyme or NGFr expression below levels detectable by immunocytochemical methods, remains an unresolved issue. In order to address this question, rhodamine-labeled fluorescent latex microspheres were injected into the hippocampus where they were retrogradely transported to the cell bodies of the medial septum. Five days later these animals received either unilateral or bilateral fimbria/fornix lesions and were allowed to survive an additional 4 weeks. Compared to unlesioned control animals, unilaterally lesioned animals showed a 91% loss of fluorescently labeled cells and bilaterally lesioned animals showed a 93% loss. The inability to detect the fluorescent microspheres in the medial septum suggests that the majority of medial septal cells die after fimbria/fornix transection. ChAT and NGFr immunohistochemical staining were also performed. Cells stained for ChAT were reduced in number by 92% in animals with unilateral lesions and by 75% in animals with bilateral lesions, while NGFr-stained cells were reduced in number by 75% in animals with unilateral lesions and by 68% in animals with bilateral lesions. Of note, several cells were double-labeled for both fluorescent microspheres and either ChAT or NGFr after both unilateral or bilateral lesions, suggesting that not all hippocampally projecting cholinergic cells of the medial septum die after fimbria/fornix transection. Issues concerning cell dysfunction and death are discussed.
A model of inflation targeting in an open economy

This paper develops a model of inflation targeting in a small open economy under floating exchange rates. The central bank follows a simple Taylor rule to achieve a target inflation rate, and the inflation process itself is determined by an expectations augmented Phillips curve mechanism. The behaviour of the exchange rate is governed by uncovered interest parity as a benchmark case, and both exchange rate expectations and inflationary expectations are assumed to be held with perfect foresight. Finally, the level of output in the economy varies gradually in response to excess demand in the goods sector. The paper analyses the effects of two shocks, a reduction in the central bank's target inflation rate and a sudden increase in aggregate demand. The effects of these shocks in a large country engaged in inflation targeting on the outside world follow from these results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analyses Supporting FAA Decisions Made During the Development of Supplemental GPS Avonics Requirements

During 1992, members of the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) Navigation Satellite Operational Implementation Team (SOIT) developed the requirements for Technical Standard Order (TSO) C-129, which describes capabilities of GPS avionics to be used as a supplemental means of navigation for en route through nonprecision approach phases of flight. During the writing of TSO C-129, the SOIT requested that analyses of certain issues be performed, including the effect of certain types of altimeter aiding on receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) availability, and the risk of continuing flight in the event of an unpredicted loss of RAIM after an aircraft crosses the final approach fix (FAF) of a nonprecision approach. This paper summarizes technical analyses used in the development of these requirements. The results showed that altimeter aiding significantly improved RAIM availability, and that the risk of continuing an approach in case of an unpredicted loss of RAIM under certain conditions was acceptable. Operational and technical considerations, including the results of these analyses, led the SOIT to require certain capabilities of GPS avionics to be covered under TSO C-129