cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reviews of Science for Science Librarians: Eating Small Pelagic Fish vs. Using Them to Produce Fishmeal and Fish Oil for Aquaculture and Livestock Feed: A Controversy of Interest to Librarians Serving the Marine and Food Sciences

Millions of tons of increasingly scarce small pelagic fish that could be directly consumed as inexpensive high-quality protein have been diverted to rendering plants for fish oil and fishmeal to sustain the aquaculture of expensive fish in more prosperous countries. Critics argue that this imperils the food security of the poor people in developing countries off whose coasts the fish are often caught. However, others assert that the actual demand for these small fish for the dinner table is slight and that plant or by-product-based pellets are increasingly substituting for all or part of the fish feed. The latter trend may allow for closely monitored catches of small pelagics during the transition to sustain continuing growth and high levels of employment in aquaculture.
Sexual promiscuity & self-control: A behavior genetic explanation to an evolutionary question

Abstract Within separate academic disciplines there exist two consistent findings that have emerged. Behavior geneticists, on one hand, continue to uncover moderate to high heritability estimates for virtually every human trait measurable. Evolutionary psychologists, on the other hand, have thoroughly documented species-wide universality in various human traits, suggesting that natural (or sexual) selection may have directly favored such outcomes. The goal of the current study, then, is to explore ways in which these lines of inquiry can be united via the use of behavior genetic methodologies coupled with evolutionary thought. Additionally, we attempt to unite our findings in a framework that can both account for the existence of heritable individual differences, while also understanding the importance of species-wide characteristics.
OUTPATIENT MANAGEMENT OF WARFARIN THERAPY : COMPARISON OF COMPUTER-PREDICTED DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT TO SKILLED PROFESSIONAL CARE

In a prospective, randomized clinical trial, we compared the accuracy of warfarin dosage-adjustments predictions using a computer program to the skill of an experienced anticoagulation nurse-specialist. The computer program predicts the steady state warfarin dose by applying Bayesian forecasting techniques to a mathematical model of the dynamic pharmacologic response to warfarin. Fifty patients who were receiving chronic warfarin therapy and who required a dosage adjustment because their prothrombin time was greater than or equal to 2 s away from their target prothrombin time were enrolled. The baseline characteristics of each group were similar, including the mean of the absolute value of the differences between initial prothrombin times and corresponding target prothrombin times. After a new a new warfarin dose was predicted, the prothrombin time was measured at least 7 days after dosage adjustment. Overall, the results in each group were comparable. There was no significant difference between groups and the mean of the absolute value of the differences between final prothrombin times and target prothrombin times, nor was there a difference in the proportion of patients who had a final prothrombin time within 2 s of the target prothrombin time. We conclude that the accuracy of warfarin dosage adjustments made using computer modeling is comparable to the skill of an anticoagulation nurse-specialist.
A suspension of the Hénon map by periodic orbits

Abstract We create polynomial differential equations for a suspension of the Henon map embedded in R 3 . By globalizing the local tangent vectors to suspended periodic orbits of the Henon map, we are able to find approximate autonomous differential equations for that geometric suspension. Using as few as two suspended periodic orbits, we can generate a robust three dimensional attractor whose Poincare map has very nearly the dynamics of the original Henon map on the attractor.
Dynamic Moduli and Damping Ratios in Fiber-Reinforced Composites:

Measurements of elastic moduli and damping ratios are reported for glass fiber reinforced, unidirectional composite beams when they are vibrated over a frequency range of 5.0-10,000 Hz.The elastic ...
TEACHING MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY AND AIDS: SOME IDEAS AND OBJECTIVES

Several reasons are presented in the following article for introducing the pandemic of AIDS into a university course on medical sociology. The article then presents a series of four objectives in order to focus teaching. These four objectives are: 1) to demonstrate the interrelation between the biological and the social in health and disease processes; 2) to discuss the U.S. medical system and the continuing crisis in which that health system is embroiled in light of the AIDS epidemic; 3) to discuss AIDS in particular, as well as health in general, in a Third World context; and 4) to increase awareness of AIDS, to demythologize AIDS, and to increase awareness concerning preventative steps which students can take to protect themselves and those they love from the risk of HIV-1 infection. A bibliography is provided in order to assist in the course readings and course background research.
A study of localized collapse of a beam-column

Abstract Most structural components collapse in a highly localized mode. Information about the abruptness of the collapse and the stiffness of the collapsed structural component can be of vital interest from a design point of view. A column resting on an elastic-plastic spring foundation is chosen as a representative model, and the analysis is carried out by the finite element method. The objective here is to gain an insight into the mechanics of localized failure, to devise a strategy by which to predict the onset of localized collapse, and to trace the transition from the pre-collapse to post-collapse stages of behaviour. It was found that localization of deformation takes place past the limit point of the nonlocalized response, and that it can be dynamic or gradual under controlled end-shortening. Material softening tends to accentuate the localization.
‘I'm Just Shy’: Using Structured Computer-Mediated Communication to Disrupt Masculine Discursive Norms

In the context of a class is of pre-service, undergraduate educational technology, primary and secondary majors, the author explores feminist theories and post-structuralist theories regarding gender dichotomies to better comprehend how young women have internalized cultural biases informing them that computers are masculine artifacts. The issues are addressed in both in-class discussion and online forums. Because discursive norms tend to favour masculine voices, the author used Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) to disrupt assumptions regarding public/private discourse by intentionally structuring these spaces to limit aggressive rhetorical attacks (i.e. flaming) that young men are more apt to use than young women. The results so far have proved encouraging. The author elaborates on these successes by comparing differences from female and male contributions to a post-class, open-ended (qualitative/ethnographic) survey.
Effect of a change in the carrier concentration and disorder on the superconducting transition temperature of the La2-xSrxCu1-yNiyO4 system

Abstract Electrical resistivity and magnetization measurements have been carried out on the La2−xSrxCu1−yNiyO4 system with 0.05≤x≤0.25 and 0≤y≤0.08. The superconducting transition temperature (Tc) as well as the Sr composition range at which superconductivity occurs both show a progressive decrease with increasing Ni content or disorder (y). Above a critical Ni concentration or disorder (yc) a complete suppression of superconductivity is found in the entire range of Sr (hole) concentration. The ϱ(T) and ξ(T) data indicate that weak disorder (y
Rapid neural circuit switching mediated by synaptic plasticity during neural morphallactic regeneration

The aquatic oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus (Lumbriculidae), undergoes a rapid regenerative transformation of its neural circuits following body fragmentation. This type of nervous system plasticity, called neural morphallaxis, involves the remodeling of the giant fiber pathways that mediate rapid head and tail withdrawal behaviors. Extra- and intracellular electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that changes in cellular properties and synaptic connections underlie neurobehavioral plasticity during morphallaxis. Sensory-to-giant interneuron connections, undetectable prior to body injury, emerged within hours of segment amputation. The appearance of functional synaptic transmission was followed by interneuron activation, coupling of giant fiber spiking to motor outputs and overt segmental shortening. The onset of morphallactic plasticity varied along the body axis and emerged more rapidly in segments closer to regions of sensory field overlap between the two giant fiber pathways. The medial and lateral giant fibers were simultaneously activated during a transient phase of network remodeling. Thus, synaptic plasticity at sensory-to-giant interneuron connections mediates escape circuit morphallaxis in this regenerating annelid worm. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2012
Systemic injections of gastro-intestinal peptides alter behavior in rats

Abstract Twenty-four male albino rats were given daily intraperitoneal injections of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), motilin, human gastrin I (1–17) or the diluent control vehicle at a dose of 100 μg/kg for four consecutive days and food intake, water intake, body weight, and running wheel activity were determined every 24 hours. Animals injected with motilin or human gastrin I (1–17) exhibited decreased food intake relative to those injected with VIP or diluent, which did not differ from each other, although food intake increased reliably over days. The mean water consumption followed the same pattern as that of food intake. As expected from the above results, VIP produced weight gains as compared with rats injected with motilin or gastrin but not reliably more than after diluent. A reliable effect of trials for weight gain was the greatest on day three. Running wheel activity was not affected by injections of human gastrin I (1–17), motilin, or diluent but was reliably decreased by VIP. No significant differences existed across days. Although the results indicate that GI peptides may affect behavior when injected systemically and that like other peptides they have multiple effects, caution is urged in the interpretation of behavioral results at this time.
Behavioral adaptation of the troglobitic amphipod crustacean Crangonyx antennatus to stream habitats

The troglobitic amphipod crustacean Crangonyx antennatus populates two distinct habitats in southern Appalachian caves, mud-bottom pools and gravel-bottom streams. An investigation was conducted to determine if stream populations possess behavioral adaptations to lotic conditions. Observations on the thigmotactic behavior of C. antennatus were made seasonally in six Lee Co., Virginia caves, three containing pool habitats and three with stream habitats. Stream-dwelling amphipods were found to exhibit more cryptic behavior than those inhabiting pools under natural conditions and when disturbed. Artificial stream experiments indicate that stream-dwelling C. antennatus are better adapted behaviorally to lotic conditions than pool-dwelling amphipods.
Quantitation of pathways of ethanol metabolism

A method has been developed for estimating the sum of the contributions to ethanol oxidation by the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) and catalase in the intact liver cell. It depends upon a comparison of the fate of the R hydrogen of ethanol and the hydrogen bound to carbon-2 of sorbitol under identical conditions. Limitations of the approach, particularly as regards isotopic effects, are defined. Under the condition of incubation of liver slices from rat and monkey at a concentration of ethanol of 3 mg/ml and from rat at 1 mg/ml, alcohol dehydrogenase catalysis is concluded to account, on the average, for 89% or more of the initial metabolism of ethanol. As by-products of this study, the stereospecificity of the sorbitol dehydrogenase-catalyzed reaction is shown to be of the A type in the rat, and evidence is obtained for the irreversibility of sorbitol oxidation in the intact liver cell.
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors of Muscles and Nerves

: There are fetal and adult subtypes of muscle nicotinic receptors (AChRs), whose structures and functional roles are reasonably well known. Mutations of their subunits cause congenital myasthenic syndromes. An autoimmune response to them causes myasthenia gravis (MG). The main immunogenic region (MIR) on muscle AChRs accounts for many aspects of the pathological mechanisms by which the autoimmune response impairs neuromuscular transmission. There are many other AChR subtypes, each defined by a different combination of subunits, some of which are transiently expressed in muscle during development, others of which are expressed in keratinocytes, vascular and bronchial epithelia, and other nonneuronal cells, as well as in a wide variety of neurons. Their varied structures and functional roles are much less well known. Mutations in subunits of some of these AChRs have thus far been associated with rare forms of epilepsy and dysautonomia, but other genetic diseases associated with them probably remain to be discovered. Autoimmune responses to some of these subunits are associated with rare dysautonomias and a skin disease. The pathological mechanisms by which these autoimmune responses impair function are much less well known than in the case of MG. AChRs may provide useful drug targets in several neurological diseases. By far, the biggest direct medical impact of AChRs is addiction to tobacco, which is mediated by nicotine acting on a variety of neuronal AChRs.
Screwworm flies: seasonal occurrence in central Tamaulipas, Mexico, 1973-74.

A series of 13 traps was operated in central Tamaulipas, Mexico, to monitor the population of Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) through a complete season. Adult screwworm flies were captured in all but 3 weeks. Peak captures occurred during the 10-week period, Aug. 17 to Oct. 24; lowest captures occurred in April, May, and June.
6.4: Image Scaling at Rational Ratios for High‐Resolution LCD Monitors

We propose a new scaling technology, called “Expansion Scaling with Complementary Outlining on Rule-based Trace (ESCORT),” which expands the digital video image at rational ratios. ESCORT has been developed with targeting the computer screen images and gives superior legibility at the expansion ratios less than two whose ratios are required in high-resolution LCDs.
Behavioral correlates of renal damage and cardiac changes

The locomotor activity (determined by open-field test) and analgesic response (measured by tail-flick latency) of rats were evaluated during exposure to novel stimuli and again after exposure to shock. The effects of shock stress on hearts and kidneys were evaluated. This study has found that the more active an animal is when exposed to a novel stimuli the more likely it is to develop renal damage or cardiac changes after shock. Shock stress was found to produce changes in locomotor activity and analgesic state, but shock did not correlate as well with cardiac changes as did the animal's response to novel stimuli. A novel system of evaluating renal damage, which correlated to behavioral changes and organ damage, is described.
Completeness of Gaussian orbital and geminal basis sets for linear molecules in L2 and in the first and second Sobolev spaces

Completeness theorems for Gaussian orbital and geminal basis sets of axial symmetry are proved in the space L2 of square integrable functions and in the first and second Sobolev spaces H1 and H2. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 68: 357–384, 1998
The Who, What, Why, and How of High Performance Computing in the Cloud

Cloud computing is emerging as an alternative to supercomputers for some of the high-performance computing (HPC) applications that do not require a fully dedicated machine. With cloud as an additional deployment option, HPC users are faced with the challenges of dealing with highly heterogeneous resources, where the variability spans across a wide range of processor configurations, interconnections, virtualization environments, and pricing rates and models. In this paper, we take a holistic viewpoint to answer the question - why and who should choose cloud for HPC, for what applications, and how should cloud be used for HPC? To this end, we perform a comprehensive performance evaluation and analysis of a set of benchmarks and complex HPC applications on a range of platforms, varying from supercomputers to clouds. Further, we demonstrate HPC performance improvements in cloud using alternative lightweight virtualization mechanisms - thin VMs and OS-level containers, and hyper visor- and application-level CPU affinity. Next, we analyze the economic aspects and business models for HPC in clouds. We believe that is an important area that has not been sufficiently addressed by past research. Overall results indicate that current public clouds are cost-effective only at small scale for the chosen HPC applications, when considered in isolation, but can complement supercomputers using business models such as cloud burst and application-aware mapping.
Analysis of thermomechanical interactions and properties of ceramic breeder blankets

Analysis of the thermomechanical interactions of fusion blanket materials and physical elements, particularly those involving particle bed design concepts, have been performed. The results show that the stress caused by the high thermal expansion of the blanket particle bed material is not excessive enough to be of concern for the structural material. However, its magnitude could lead to ceramic particle breakage if the bed behaves like a solid material. Furthermore, the calculations show that the clad deflection caused by this stress could lead to a possible separation between the bed and clad, which would add an unfavorable thermal resistance to the region and increase local temperature. A comparison between the estimated stress extrapolated from the experimental data and the analytical results shows that the thermomechanical performance of the pebble bed approaches that of solid materials.
Information Effects in Contingent Markets

Information "bias" in contingent markets is poorly understood. In this paper, testable hypotheses concerning beneficial contingent market information effects are developed conceptually. Perspective information and relative expenditure information were expected to increase comprehension and increase bids. Provision cost information was expected to counteract free-riding behavior and also increase bids. Hypothesis tests using experimental markets suggested that each information type induced small, statistically insignificant bid increases. However, the combined effect of the three information types induced a desirable, statistically significant increase in bids. This result supports the contention that not all contingent market information effects are "biases."
Mate preferences of female mottled sculpins, Cottus bairdi

Experimental manipulation of breeding site quality did not alter the mate preference of female mottled sculpins (Cottus bairdi). Females of this species appear to choose mates on the basis of male size. By choosing a larger male, a female increases the probability that some of her eggs will hatch because large males are unlikely to abandon their nest sites.
STORAGE OF BLOOD FOR MEASUREMENT OF PH, PO2, PCO2.

Abstract When samples of blood arc stored on ice (0 to 4°), there is no significant change in pH for the first 3 h. Similarly, measurements of PO2 and PCO2 arc not significantly changed after a storage period of 8 h.
Theory of the magnetization and exchange-enhanced susceptibility of alloys. II. Zero-temperature magnetization and susceptibility in the presence of moments.

A theoretical treatment of the zero-temperature exchange-enhanced susceptibility of paramagnetic substitutionally disordered alloys within the random-phase approximation was presented in the preceding paper (I of this series). In the present paper that treatment is extended so as to allow the calculation of the local susceptibility in the presence of moments and/or large applied magnetic fields and the calculation of the spontaneous and induced local magnetization. The cluster treatment presented here is the first cluster theory to treat quantitatively the effect of moment formation on the local susceptibility. Moreover, the techniques presented here are computationally feasible even for the study of concentrated alloys and yield results for the size of local moments as a function of their local environment. Interpolation schemes which allow one to calculate easily the magnetization and local susceptibility associated with any magnetic cluster configuration also are presented. The use of the formalism presented is illustrated by applying it to the calculation of the magnetization and susceptibility of different configurations of Ni atoms embedded in Pd and in exchange-enhanced effective media.
Effect of Daily Minimum Temperature on Photosynthesis in Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L.) in Autumn and Winter

Most coniferous trees are capable of photosynthesis throughout the year, but low temperatures and frozen soil limit winter photosynthesis in many regions. In eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L.) in central Massachusetts, U.S.A., midday light saturated photosynthesis (Pmax) in autumn was limited by subfreezing temperatures during the previous one to two nights. In autumn, minimum air temperature (Tm,n) during the previous 24 h had a strong effect on midday Pmax only if Tmn, was below -2?C. Pmax averaged about 5 ,umol m-2 s-~ after Tmin near -2?C, but fell to about 1 ,umol m-2 s-l after a Tni of -8?C. Maximum measured Pmax in winter was about 2.5 uxmol m-2 s-1 after a Tmin of 7?C in mid-March, and Pmax in winter was more strongly related to average Tmin during the previous week than to the Tmin just prior to measurement. However, no major mid-winter thaws, with several successive above-freezing minimum temperatures, occurred during this study. A model of annual carbon exchange for the hemlock forest showed that daily ecosystem carbon exchange in December through March was very sensitive to variation between -5 and 2?C in average daily Tmn during the past 2 d. Fewer autumn frosts and prolonged winter thaws could increase annual photosynthesis and carbon storage in eastern hemlock forests in the northeastern United States.
Teaching the topics: Character, rhetoric, and liberal education

I would like to begin concretely, and the measure of my success in this paper will be the reader's assent to the rhetorical need for me to work in just some such manner as I've chosen. Consider how, at first glance (and for some time thereafter), Wayne Booth impresses one not so much as a single Booth than as a complex field of Booths: teacher, dean, member of university and national seminars-colloquiacommittees uncountable, MLA President, visiting lecturer, author of works on fiction, criticism, film, education, irony, rhetoric, ethics, religion, teaching . .1 In a recent address Booth calls himself a rhetorician, and in his most recent book a generalist (a closer look reveals to the initiate that for Booth these mean the same thing), but a set of questions will have occurred to the thoughtful Booth reader long before: is there a center to this widening (or at least fluctuating) gyre, is there some doctrine, activity, character, that pulls these pursuits together? Is calling oneself a generalist only an unsuccessful dodge of the more obviously demeaning label "dilettante" (however brilliant this dilettantism may be)? Or is there a unified field theory to account for these many Wayne Booths? Such a unified center does exist, I believe, though my aim in this paper is certainly not hagiographical. No, I am interested in arguing that Booth's version of rhetorical generalism is relevant to understanding-Booth, to be sure; in my view the "essential Booth"-but more importantly to understanding the very enterprise of rhetoric itself, as a dynamic, changing basis for liberal education-an education precisely to a specific, coherent, intellectual and moral character.2 Booth has never been content with whatever ethical order or identity he may have managed for himself (as real life author or act-er) over forty-odd years of multiform activity. Explicitly in most of his writings, more or less implicitly in the rest, Booth has not only written about rhetorical
Corporate Vulnerabilities in India and Banks' Loan Performance

The financial performance of India's corporate sector has been under pressure since the Global Financial Crisis. Balance-sheet data on a large cross-section of Indian non-financial corporates show that the growth in their leverage over the last 15 years has been associated with a notable increase in the vulnerabilities of firms carrying high interest payment burdens.Gauged by the debt carried by the most vulnerable component of firms, the Indian corporate sector’s vulnerability to severe systemic shocks has increased to levels not seen since 2001.Progress on the macroeconomic front, together with improved credit appraisals and stricter impairment standards on the bank side, will be critical to help India's banks resume their role as economic growth drivers.
Tactile discrimination and cortical unit activity after lesions in the dorsal spinal cord of rat

Abstract Bilateral lesions in either dorsal columns or dorsal lateral columns of albino rats produced only a mild, transient deficit on a discrimination between rostrally and caudally directed strokes on the flanks. The proportion of single units in somatosensory cortical area I that were driven by gentle mechanical stimuli was not reliably reduced by either lesion.
Classroom Note: Calculation of Weights in Finite Difference Formulas

The classical techniques for determining weights in finite difference formulas were either computationally slow or very limited in their scope (e.g., specialized recursions for centered and staggered approximations, for Adams--Bashforth-, Adams--Moulton-, and BDF-formulas for ODEs, etc.). Two recent algorithms overcome these problems. For equispaced grids, such weights can be found very conveniently with a two-line algorithm when using a symbolic language such as Mathematica (reducing to one line in the case of explicit approximations). For arbitrarily spaced grids, we describe a computationally very inexpensive numerical algorithm.
Federal funding and the local political culture: The decision to access COPS grants in a time of federalism

This study explored the behavior of police administrators in the face of the pro-federalism environment of 2009. Using an institutional theory framework, specifically coercive isomorphism, this res...
Modeling aqueous alteration of CM carbonaceous chondrites

Results from an inorganic geochemical modeling study support a scenario in which low- temperature aqueous alteration of an anhydrous CM asteroidal parent body and melt water from H20 and CO;! ices produces the altered assemblage observed in CM carbonaceous chondrites (chrysotile, greenalite, tochilinite, cronstedtite and minor calcite and magnetite). We consider a range of possible precursor mineral assemblages, varying with respect to the Fe-oxidation state of the initial anhydrous phases. The aqueous solutions produced by this alteration are generally strongly basic and reducing and a large quantity of H2, and possible CH4, gas can be released during aqueous alteration.
Photofraction of a 5 cm × 2 cm BGO Scintillator

The photofraction of a 5.1 cmn × 2.0 cm bismuth germanate (BGO) scintillator was measured over a ?-ray energy range of 0.2 to 6.1 MeV. Several methods, used to minimize the effect of "room scattering" on the measurement, are discussed. These include a ?-? coincidence technique, a s-? Coincidence technique, and the use of sources calibrated with a standard 7.6 cm × 7.6 cm sodium iodide (NaI) scintillator.
Perithecium formation by Ceratocystis fimbriata in response to nitrogen and calcium.

In an earlier study a synthetic medium, the A-N medium, developed empirically with maltose (18.02 g/liter) as the carbohydrate, mineral salts, thiamine, and a mixture of asparagine and calcium nitrate (furnishing 4 and 4, respectively, of a total of 636 mg N/liter), was shown to support perithecial formation by Ceratocystis fimbriata Ell. & Halst. as abundantly as malt extract agar, a poorly defined "natural" medium (5). The response to a mixture of nitrogen sources was unexpected because nitrate as the sole N source resulted in a starvation type of colony, and asparagine as the sole N source resulted in a starvation type of colony, and asparagine as the sole N source resulted in a vegetative colony. The present study, to clarify the reason for this response, was briefly reported earlier (6). The materials, methods, and the fungus isolate, referred to herein as the Minnesota isolate, were the same as used previously (5). Although this isolate had been identified as Ceratocystis variospora (Davids.) Moreau, additional studies indicated that it should be referred to the species C. fimbriata because C. variospora was not valid (7), a conclusion supported by Webster and Butler (10). An additional isolate of C. fimbriata, L-35, isolated from mallet-wound canker on almond (8) is referred to herein as the California isolate. One possible explanation for the response to the A-N medium was that the fungus was utilizing nitrate nitrogen when organic nitrogen was available. To test this, the Minnesota isolate was grown in the A-N medium without agar and shaken on a reciprocal shaker. The dry weight of mycelium, pH of the medium, and the residual asparagine, nitrate, and carbohydrate (maltose and glucose) were determined at intervals. The pH of the medium increased to 7.5 from the initial 4.8 during the period of active growth, but fell to 3.3 to 3.8 after growth ceased. Nitrate determinations by the diphenylamine test (9)
Implementing a Computer-Assisted Cooperative Learning Model for Introductory Psychology:

This article describes the process involved in creating a computer-assisted course in introductory psychology. Brief overviews of facilities and hardware acquisition, software development, and research and development issues provide a skeletal guide for instructors thinking about computer-assisted instruction for their own classes. A guiding educational model was central to successful implementation of this project.
Trends of brominated diphenyl ethers in fresh and archived Great Lakes fish (1979-2005)

Abstract While few environmental measurements of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) were completed prior to the mid-1990s, analysis of appropriately archived samples might enable the determination of contaminant trends back to the introduction of these chemicals. In this paper, we first investigate the stability of BDEs in archived frozen and extracted fish samples, and then characterize trends of these chemicals in rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in each of the Great Lakes between 1979 and 2005. We focus on the four most common congeners (BDE-47, 100, 99 and 153) and use a change-point analysis to detect shifts in trends. Analyses of archived fish samples yielded precise BDE concentration measurements with only small losses (0.8% per year in frozen fish tissues, 2.2% per year in refrigerated extracts). Trends in fish from all Great Lakes showed large increases in BDE concentrations that started in the early to mid-1980s with fairly consistent doubling times (generally 2–4 years except in Lake Erie smelt where levels increased very slowly), though concentrations and trends show differences by congener, fish species and lake. The most recent data show that accumulation rates are slowing, and concentrations of penta- and hexa-congeners in trout from Lakes Ontario and Michigan and smelt from Lake Ontario started to decrease in the mid-1990s. Trends in smelt and trout are evolving somewhat differently, and trout concentrations in the five lakes are now ranked as Michigan > Superior = Ontario > Huron = Erie, and smelt concentrations as Michigan > Ontario > Huron > Superior > Erie. The analysis of properly archived samples permits the reconstruction of historical trends, congener distributions, biomagnification and other information that can aid the understanding and management of these contaminants.
Effects of neurotensin on midbrain dopamine neuronal activity

The effects of acute intracerebroventricular administration of the tridecapeptide, neurotensin, and a pseudopeptide analog of neurotensin-(8-13) were compared to the effects of haloperidol and clozapine on the spontaneous activity of dopamine cells in both the ventral tegmental area (A10) and the substantia nigra compacta (A9). Unlike the typical antipsychotic haloperidol, which causes a non-selective increase in both A9 and A10 cell activity, both neurotensin and a neurotensin analog, H-Lys (CH2NH)Lys-Pro-Tyr-lle-Leu-OH, in like manner to clozapine, at low doses selectively increase the number of spontaneously active A10 dopamine cells. These data provide the first in vivo evidence that acute administration of neurotensin can produce changes in spontaneous activity of midbrain dopamine cells similar to the atypical antipsychotic, clozapine.
Lost in Transition: Palliative Care After Hospitalization (S713)

medicine (IM) residency programs at East Carolina University (ECU). Method. Based on the results of the informal assessment of need from the residents and faculty, educational materials were developed. These included discussion of advance care planning, MOST (POLST) form, FIVE WISHES, healthcare power of attorney, and living will. A 2-hour education and discussion session was given to all in-training FM and IM residents at ECU. Preand post-tests were administered to measure their medical knowledge as well as attitudes toward advance care planning. Result. A total of 70 pre-test and 53 post-test scores were analyzed. Overall knowledge improved with the educational sessions (74.9% vs 90.5% correctly answered preand post-test, respectively). Also, the residents’ own attitudes toward advance care planning changed, favoring less aggressive care at the end-of-life (EOL). Conclusion. Educational sessions significantly impacted residents’ knowledge and attitude about advance care planning and EOL care. Implications for Research, Policy, or Practice. Time and training are significant factors in residents’ ability to discuss these issues with patients. More targeted educational opportunities and longer follow up are needed and need to be standardized in medical training. A standardized medical training for medical students and residents may be beneficial.
Dynamic medication adherence modeling in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a Markov microsimulation methods application.

Abstract Background Real-world patients’ medication adherence is lower than that of clinical trial patients. Hence, the effectiveness of medications in routine practice may differ. Objectives The study objective was to compare the outcomes of an adherence-naive versus a dynamic adherence modeling framework using the case of statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Methods Statin adherence was categorized into three state-transition groups on the basis of an epidemiological cohort study. Yearly adherence transitions were incorporated into a Markov microsimulation using TreeAge software. Tracker variables were used to store adherence transitions, which were used to adjust probabilities of CV events over the patient’s lifetime. Microsimulation loops “random walks” estimated the average accrued quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and CV events. For each 1,000-patient microsimulations, 10,000 outer loops were performed to reflect second-order uncertainty. Results The adherence-naive model estimated 0.14 CV events avoided per person, whereas the dynamic adherence model estimated 0.08 CV events avoided per person. Using the adherence-naive model, we found that statin therapy resulted in 0.40 QALYs gained over the lifetime horizon on average per person while the dynamic adherence model estimated 0.22 incremental QALYs gained. Subgroup analysis revealed that maintaining high adherence in year 2 resulted in 0.23 incremental QALYs gained as compared with 0.16 incremental QALYs gained when adherence dropped to the lowest level. Conclusions A dynamic adherence Markov microsimulation model reveals risk reduction and effectiveness that are lower than with an adherence-naive model, and reflective of real-world practice. Such a model may highlight the value of improving or maintaining good adherence.
On the electronic spectroscopy of the iso-polyhalomethanes

Abstract The iso-polyhalomethanes are important reactive intermediates, displaying intense near-UV absorption bands that have been assigned to the S 0 → S 3 transition on the basis of Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) calculations. In this work, theory and multi-dimensional Franck–Condon (FC) analysis are used to model the electronic spectra of selected iso-polyhalomethanes. The S 0 → S 3 transition approximately corresponds to a π–π ∗ transition on the halocarbocation subunit, which induces significant geometry changes. The calculated multimode FC profiles capture features of the experimental spectra of the matrix-isolated species, and are compared with the results of previous Resonance Raman studies of the isomers in solution.
Evidence for two distinct mechanisms of resistance in the rat to reinfection with Fasciola hepatica

Abstract Doy T. G. and Hughes D. L. 1982. Evidence for two distinct mechanisms of resistance in the rat to reinfection with Fasciola hepatica . International Journal for Parasitology 12 : 357–361. Congenitally athymic nude (rnu/rnu) and heterozygous hairy (rnu/ + ) rats were found to be equally highly resistant to oral reinfection with Fasciola hepatica . Accompanying the development of this resistance was a marked increase in intestinal eosinophil numbers. The sensitised rnu/ + rats showed a similar marked resistance to intraperitoneal challenge with newly excysted juvenile (NEJ) flukes. This was much less effective in the rnu/rnu rats, although there was some evidence of reduced numbers and stunting of parasites. Serum from infected rnu/rnu rats, unlike that from the infected rnu/+ rats, failed to induce the adherence of eosinophils to NEJ flukes in vitro . Flukes recovered from rnu/rnu rats were in general considerably larger than comparable flukes from their rnu/ + counterparts. There thus appears to be two distinct mechanisms of resistance to reinfection with F. hepatica operating in the rat. The first a T -independent system effective at the gut wall and the second, effective after penetration of the gut and requiring a T -dependent response for full expression. If eosinophils are involved in protection they can apparently function in the gut wall in the absence of an adherence promoting antibody in the serum.
The writing of an assembler in the programming language course

Computer Science students at CSI undertake a project to write a BAL assembler as part of the Programming Language course. In this paper we describe an approach which allows the students not only to complete the writing of the assembler but also to execute the object code they generate. An evaluation of the success of the project will be included.
Foraging tempo in two woodland and species

Abstract Running speeds of Myrmica punctiventris and Aphaenogaster rudis workers were measured, and a good correspondence between laboratory and field behaviour was obtained. In the laboratory, foraging tempo and foraging efficiency were calculated for two colony sizes and five patterns of prey availability. Running speeds were strongly dependent on colony size for both species; when retrieving prey, foragers from large colonies ran significantly faster than those from small colonies. In addition, ants searching for prey ran more slowly than those returning to the nest with prey. Efficiency, measured as the propensity to return to the nest in a straight line, was most strongly a function of distance from the nest. Finally, no relationship between an ant's speed and its efficiency of return was found.
Zawan and tares in the Bible

Farmers in Jordan and Syria refer to two weeds in wheat fields as zawan in Arabic. These are Cephalaria syriaca (L.) Schrad. (Dipsacaceae) and Lolium temulentum L (Poaceae). The Greek word zizanion in the parable in Matthew 13 is translated variously as tares, darnel, and weed. According to the biblical text, tares must have a life cycle like wheat and easily contaminate wheat seed. To better understand which plant is zawan, field and threshing sites in Jordan and Syria were surveyed. Four grain fields and four threshing sites had Cephalaria, one field and one threshing site had Lolium. Early botanical explorers noted C. syriaca as a weed in wheat in Syria. There are few records of C. syriaca as contaminants of grain caches at archeological sites while L. temulentum is common.
Innovating Radio News: Effects of Background Music Complexity on Processing and Enjoyment

In one experiment, listeners hear radio news delivered by a male or female anchor with either no background music or with music of differing complexity. Memory for and enjoyment of the news are assessed. Findings suggest that adding a simple beat makes the news more memorable and enjoyable, whereas highly complex music hinders both message processing and enjoyment. Anchor voice determines the results for moderate complexity. A second experiment further explores anchor voice and message processing and, together, the two experiments suggest that both pitch and number of auditory structural features should be considered when enhancing radio news with music.
A convenient NMR method for in situ observation of aerobically cultured cells

Abstract We observed P31-NMR signals of intracellular phosphorylated metabolites, i.e. ATP, NAD(H) and UDPG, in the aerobically cultured cells of AJ13375 (a derivative of E. coli K-12) without a cell culture circulating system, which needs much more cells. Each NMR spectrum of 40 ml cell-culture was obtained with a 25 mm Φ sample tube mini-fermenter equipped with a pH electrode and three supply routes for O 2 gas, aqueous ammonia and glucose. Spectra were measured at 15-min intervals. When glucose in the culture medium was consumed, P31-NMR signals of ATP disappeared first and then those of ADP decreased to below the limit of detection. The intracellular concentration of ATP was estimated to be ∼7 mM.
Flip Chip Metallurgies for Lead-Free Solders

The most commonly used lead-free solders contain large amounts of tin, which makes them incompatible with the conventional Cu-based underbump metallization (UBM) schemes. The tin in the solder reacts with the copper layer of the UBM, depleting the UBM of copper and causing loss of adhesion and a weak interface. Use of new under bump metallization schemes with Ni or CuNi alloys as the solderable layer were investigated in this study. Instead of Cr, a Tibased adhesion layer was used to decrease the amount of stress in the CuNi layer. Flip chip solder joints were made in which three Sn-Bi-Ag based lead-free solders were reflowed to several UBM pads of different compositions. The resulting interfacial microstructures were examined by SEM/EDX analysis of cross-sectioned samples. The joints were also mechanically tested in fatigue and shear to assess the quality and reliability of the interface.
Dynamic performance of child seating systems

In a previous study, an extensive study of the dynamic performance of child seatting systems indicated that little protection was provided under circumstances other than panic braking. This study was performed with impact test conditions of 30 mph frontal and 20 mph lateral and rear barrier impacts with seating systems meeting the requirements of FMVSS 213. Additionally, the performance of prototype seats developed under contract with the Department of Transportation under similar test conditions will be presented to compare the protective qualities available with seats of current design and those that could become available in the future. The performance of the child seats will be evaluated using two criteria, motion limits and acceleration limits. It is believed that the performance of child seats can be determined without the extensive test equipment and facilities required for adult seating and restraint systems.
Understanding cheap talk and the emergence of trust in global software engineering: An evolutionary game theory perspective

While studying global software engineering teams, we found that informal non-work related conversations are positively associated with trust. We sought to investigate this phenomenon more carefully. To this end, we employed evolutionary game theory. In that literature, the kind of non-work related conversations we observed are referred to as “cheap talk”. We modified the original Stag-hunt game, and have it “play” repeatedly by a fixed population. Doing so, we are able to demonstrate how cheap talk in remote collaborations over the Internet is powerful enough to facilitate the emergence of trust and improve the probability of collaboration. We elaborate on the conditions for success and discuss both theoretical and practical implications of our findings for collaboration.
Tracking the recovery of visuospatial attention deficits in mild traumatic brain injury.

The goal of the current investigation was to probe the deficits in the alerting, orienting and executive components of visuospatial attention in individuals who have recently suffered a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and to assess the rate and degree of recovery for each of these components over a month post-injury. A group design was employed to assess and compare the performance of participants (12 males, 8 females; mean age: 21 ± 1.74 years) identified with mTBI relative to control subjects matched for gender, age, height, weight and activity level. Participants performed the attentional network test, designed to isolate the constituents of attention into alerting, orienting and executive components. Reaction times (RTs) and response accuracy were the main dependent variables. The results showed that the orienting and executive components were significantly affected by mTBI immediately after the injury, whereas the alerting component was not. Furthermore, participants with mTBI recovered from the deficits in the orienting component of attention within a week of their injury, whereas the deficits in the executive component remained throughout the month post-injury. In addition, the RT cost to generate accurate compared with inaccurate responses was significantly larger in participants with mTBI than in controls, and this difference was maintained throughout the 1 month testing period. These findings indicate that the regions of the brain associated with the orienting and executive components of visuospatial attention may be most susceptible to neural damage resulting from mTBI. Moreover, the lack of recovery in the executive component indicates that the degree and time course for recovery may be regionally specific.