cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory of mind and Darwin’s legacy

We do not have an adequate theory of consciousness. Both dualism and materialism are mistaken because they deny consciousness is part of the physical world. False claims include (i) behaviorism, (ii) computationalism, (iii) epiphenomenalism, (iv) the readiness potential, (v) subjectivity, and (vi) materialism. Ontological subjectivity does not preclude epistemic objectivity. Observer relative phenomena are created by consciousness, but consciousness is not itself observer relative. Consciousness consists of feeling, sentience, or awareness with (i) qualitativeness, (ii) ontological subjectivity, (iii) unified conscious field, (iv) intentionality, and (v) intentional causation. All conscious states are caused by lower level neurobiological processes in the brain, and they are realized in the brain as higher level features. Efforts to get a detailed scientific account of how brain processes cause consciousness are disappointing. The Darwinian revolution gave us a new form of explanation; two levels were substituted: a causal level, where we specify the mechanism by which the phenotype functions, and a functional level, where we specify the selectional advantage that the phenotype provides. Sociobiology attempted to explain general features of human society, ethics, etc. It failed. For the incest taboo, it confuses inhibition with prohibition. It did not explain the moral force of the taboo. To explain the function of consciousness we cannot ask, “What would be subtracted if we subtracted consciousness but left everything else the same?” We cannot leave everything else the same because consciousness is necessary for higher functions of human and animal life. The unified conscious field gives the organism vastly increased power.
Efficient and Accurate Fragmentation Methods

ConspectusThree novel fragmentation methods that are available in the electronic structure program GAMESS (general atomic and molecular electronic structure system) are discussed in this Account. The fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method can be combined with any electronic structure method to perform accurate calculations on large molecular species with no reliance on capping atoms or empirical parameters. The FMO method is highly scalable and can take advantage of massively parallel computer systems. For example, the method has been shown to scale nearly linearly on up to 131 000 processor cores for calculations on large water clusters. There have been many applications of the FMO method to large molecular clusters, to biomolecules (e.g., proteins), and to materials that are used as heterogeneous catalysts.The effective fragment potential (EFP) method is a model potential approach that is fully derived from first principles and has no empirically fitted parameters. Consequently, an EFP can be generated...
Quasielastic light scattering by biopolymers. Conformation of chromatin multimers

Abstract Chicken erythrocyte chromatin was partially digested with micrococcal nuclease and separated into multimeric subunit fractions by gel permeation chromatography. The fractions were characterized by their Svedberg constant, diffusion coefficient, circular dichroism, and electrophoresis pattern of the extracted DNA. The molecular weight dependence of the sedimentation coefficient was found to be S20,w = .011 × M.554. The molecular weight dependence of rmf f o is best represented in the Kirkwood theory by either a helical superstructure or a flexible coil with attractive interactions between nucleosome units. The dimer calculations of f f o suggest that the core particles are separated by spacer regions which contribute up to ∼20% of the frictional properties of the molecule.
Prolonged PR intervals were associated with increased risk for atrial fibrillation, pacemaker implantation, and mortality

Source Citation Cheng S, Keyes MJ, Larson MG, et al. Long-term outcomes in individuals with prolonged PR interval or first-degree atrioventricular block. JAMA. 2009;301:2571-7. 19549974
The identification of neotrypsinogens in samples of bovine trypsinogen

Isoelectric focusing of commercial samples of bovine trypsinogen detected a component with a lower isoelectric pH than that of trypsinogen. The isoelectric pH was 8.75 compared to 9.3 for trypsinogen, and the amount of the component varied from 16 to 41% of the total protein. The protein (24,000 Da) was converted to fragments of 13,800 and 10,500 Da on reduction with dithioerythritol, showing that the component was a modified form of trypsinogen containing a cleaved peptide bond. The cleavage site was established from the study of four polypeptide fragments which were isolated from the fully reduced and S-carboxymethylated trypsinogen. The molecular weights, amino acid compositions, and amino-terminal sequences of these fragments identified a cleavage of Lys 131-Ser 132, namely from a Ser-neotrypsinogen, or at Arg 105-Val 106, from a Val-neotrypsinogen. Val-neotrypsinogen was the more abundant of the two and was approximately 71% of the total neotrypsinogen in the trypsinogen sample. Both neotrypsinogens were converted to active trypsin molecules in high yields, showing that the zymogens closely resembled the conformation of intact trypsinogen. Presumably, the neotrypsinogens were produced during the isolation of the zymogen when pancreatic tissue was partly autolyzed and active trypsin was present.
Identifying injection drug users at risk of nonfatal overdose.

Objectives: Drug overdose is the second leading cause of accidental deaths among U.S. adults aged 15‐64 years. Emergency physicians have a unique opportunity to provide overdose prevention interventions, because habitual drug users are in frequent need of medical care. The authors evaluated associations between individual-level risk factors and experiencing an overdose in the past six months to determine which characteristics and behaviors may be most predictive of overdose. Methods: The authors used data from a sample of street-recruited habitual drug users who participated in face-to-face interviews about overdose from November 2001 to February 2004. This analysis was restricted to 772 respondents who had been injecting for at least one year and who had injected heroin within the past two months. Results: A total of 16.6% of participants had overdosed in the past six months. Characteristics and behaviors that were independently associated with an increased risk of a recent overdose were having had a prior overdose (odds ratio [OR], 28.58; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 14.10 to 57.96), using cocaine/crack in the past six months (OR, 2.07; 95% CI = 1.25 to 3.45), using alcohol in the past six months (OR, 1.90; 95% CI = 1.01 to 3.57), experiencing serious withdrawal symptoms in the past two months (OR, 2.70; 95% CI = 1.58 to 4.61), and younger age. Conclusions: Drug users who have previously experienced a nonfataloverdose are at very high risk of experiencing future overdoses. Further longitudinal studies are needed to identify robust predictors of overdose risk over time in habitual drug users, but these data suggest that drug users who have overdosed warrant aggressive prevention efforts such as agonist maintenance treatment or provision of take-home naloxone. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2007; 14:616‐623 a 2007 by the Society for Academic Emergency
Fusarium crown and root rot of tomatoes in the UK

Fusarium crown and root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici was found in the UK in 1988 and 1989 mainly in rockwool-grown tomato crops. Up to 14% of plants were affected in individual crops. In experiments, leaf and stem symptoms did not appear until the time of first fruit harvest even when the plants were inoculated at planting, first flowers or fruit set. Conidial inoculum at 106 spores/plant applied at seed sowing killed 70–83% of tomato seedlings, whereas similar levels of inoculum applied to young plants caused root and basal stem decay, and eventually death but only after fruit harvest began. Disease incidence and symptom severity increased with inoculum concentration. Experimentally, the disease was more severe in peat- or compost-grown plants than in rockwool. Disease spread was only a few centimetres in 50 days in experimental rockwool-grown plants. All tomato cultivars tested were highly susceptible. Prochloraz-Mn was highly effective against the pathogen in vitro and controlled the disease in the glasshouse, but only when applied preventively. Non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum isolates and Trichoderma harzianum also reduced FCRR disease levels.
Uncoating of Clathrin-Coated Vesicles in Presynaptic Terminals: Roles for Hsc70 and Auxilin

We have examined the roles of Hsc70 and auxilin in the uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) during neuronal endocytosis. We identified two peptides that inhibit the ability of Hsc70 and auxilin to uncoat CCVs in vitro. When injected into nerve terminals, these peptides inhibited both synaptic transmission and CCV uncoating. Mutation of a conserved HPD motif within the J domain of auxilin prevented binding to Hsc70 in vitro and injecting this mutant protein inhibited CCV uncoating in vivo, demonstrating that the interaction of auxilin with Hsc70 is critical for CCV uncoating. These studies establish that auxilin and Hsc70 participate in synaptic vesicle recycling in neurons and that an interaction between these proteins is required for CCV uncoating.
Efficient methods for identification of Volterra filter models

Abstract A major drawback of the truncated Volterra series or ‘Volterra filter’ for system identification is the large number of parameters required by the standard filter structure. The corresponding estimation problem requires the solution of a large system of simultaneous linear equations. Two methods for simplifying the estimation problem are discussed in this paper. First, a Kronecker product structure for the Volterra filter is reviewed. In this approach the inverse of the large correlation matrix is expressed as a Kronecker product of small matrices. Second, parallel decomposition of the Volterra filter based on uncorrelated, symmetric inputs is introduced. Here the Volterra filter is decomposed into a parallel combination of smaller orthogonal ‘subfilters’. It is shown that each subfilter is much smaller than the full Volterra filter and hence the parallel decomposition offers many advantages for estimating the Volterra kernels. Simulations illustrate application of the parallel structure with random and pseudorandom excitations. Input conditions that guarantee the existence of a unique estimate are also reviewed.
Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope Observations of H2 Emission from HH 2

The Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope spectrum of HH 2 shows Lyman band emission below 1200 A, and it reveals H2 bands in the quasi-continuum at longer wavelengths. The H2 emission could arise either from Lyα fluorescence (as in other HH objects) or from collisional excitation by hot electrons. The fluorescence hypothesis encounters some difficulty in explaining the lack of individual strong features, while the collisional hypothesis must explain the mixing of hot electrons into the molecular gas before photoionization or collisions with H atoms dissociate the molecules. The spectrum also provides a stringent upper limit to the O VI flux. The upper limit appears to conflict badly with the predictions of bow-shock models that match the observed line widths of HH 2A' and HH 2H.
Improving Fuel Cell Industry by Constructing Metrological Traceability

Due to the reality of ninety five percent dependency of energy-importing, the diversification of kinds and sources of fuel like crude oil is making crucial and environmental issues in Taiwan. Efficient and zero emission fuel cell is a promising power source and expected to play a major role in the future energy supply. According to the fuel cell roadmap of the Bureau of Energy, Taiwan Ministry of Economic Affairs, and the projected annual output will reach NTD 13,000 million in 2020, thus, a recognized specification and traceable metrology is necessary to maintain the product quality and trade equity once the market is emerged. In this paper, we review the current status of fuel cell development and standards in Taiwan and then propose a solid fuel cell metrology which can be traced to international standards.
Social integration, social support and mortality in the US National Health Interview Survey.

BackgroundSocial relationship quantity and quality are associated with mortality, but it is unclear whether each relationship dimension is equally important for longevity and whether these associations are sensitive to baseline health status.MethodsThis study examined the individual and joint associ
No compelling evidence that sibutramine prolongs life in rodents despite providing a dose-dependent reduction in body weight

No compelling evidence that sibutramine prolongs life in rodents despite providing a dose-dependent reduction in body weight
A block-diagrammatic approach to metabolic control analysis

Abstract 1. 1. We have presented a block-diagrammatic approach for control analysis of metabolic pathways. In this approach the control structure of a metabolic pathway is represented by a block diagram which is drawn in a heuristic fashion from the reaction pattern of the pathway. 2. 2. By simplifying the block diagram in a systematic manner, the flux control coefficients of the enzymes are readily evaluated in terms of their elasticity coefficients and velocities. 3. 3. The following metabolic pathways are examined here: (a) a linear pathway in the absence of feedback and feedforward regulation, (b) a linear pathway in which the first enzyme is inhibited by the last variable metabolite, (c) a linear pathway with multiple feedback loops, (d) a branched pathway, and (e) a parallel pathway containing isoenzymes.
Inside the U.S. Supreme Court: The Reliability of the Justices' Conference Records

Judicial scholars are making increased use of data from the justices' personal papers. In the face of comments by justices questioning the reliability of this information and, perhaps, skepticism among judicial scholars about the reliability of some justices' records, it is important to explore the reliability of data drawn from their papers. To do so, we examine the conference records for the 1967 and 1968 terms of the Supreme Court. For these years, the papers of four justices, Earl Warren, William Douglas, William Brennan, and Thurgood Marshall, are available at the Library of Congress. We found that their records are substantially accurate and reliable. A logit model of conference recording error finds that mistakes are not simply random noise, but can be explained as a function of case complexity, the length of joint service with the voting justices, tentative conference positions, and Court consensus.
Psychophysiological predictors of attentional dysfunction in children with congenital heart defects.

Cardiac responses to non-signal stimuli and to signal stimuli in a vigilance task were examined in children born with congenital heart defects (CHD), and in normal and attention deficit disordered (ADD) subjects. Overall task performance was lower in subjects with heart defects and in the ADD group. Cardiac measures revealed that normal children displayed significantly larger heart rate deceleration to the target stimuli than did either of the clinical groups. Moreover, although no group differences were observed in the cardiac response to non-signal auditory stimuli, exaggerated heart rate deceleration was observed to vibrotactile stimuli in both the clinical groups. Regression analyses revealed that the magnitude of the cardiac response to somatosensory stimuli was predictive of task performance (both within and between subject groups), with larger responses associated with higher error rates and lower perceptual sensitivity. Results were suggestive of a predictive relationship between somatosensory reactivity and neuropsychological maturation.
The Importance of Being Cis: Evolution of Orthologous Fish and Mammalian Enhancer Activity

Conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) in vertebrate genomes often act as developmental enhancers, but a critical issue is how well orthologous CNE sequences retain the same activity in their respective species, a characteristic important for generalization of model organism studies. To quantify how well CNE enhancer activity has been preserved, we compared the anatomy-specific activities of 41 zebra fish CNEs in zebra fish embryos with the activities of orthologous human CNEs in mouse embryos. We found that 13/41 (∼30%) of the orthologous CNE pairs exhibit conserved positive activity in zebra fish and mouse. Conserved positive activity is only weakly associated with either sequence conservation or the absence of bases undergoing accelerated evolution. A stronger effect is that disparate activity is associated with transcription factor binding site divergence. To distinguish the contributions of cis- versus trans-regulatory changes, we analyzed 13 CNEs in a three-way experimental comparison: human CNE tested in zebra fish, human CNE tested in mouse, and orthologous zebra fish CNE tested in zebra fish. Both cis- and trans-changes affect a significant fraction of CNEs, although human and zebra fish sequences exhibit disparate activity in zebra fish (indicating cis regulatory changes) twice as often as human sequences show disparate activity when tested in mouse and zebra fish (indicating trans regulatory changes). In all four cases where the zebra fish and human CNE display a similar expression pattern in zebra fish, the human CNE also displays a similar expression pattern in mouse. This suggests that the endogenous enhancer activity of ∼30% of human CNEs can be determined from experiments in zebra fish alone, and to identify these CNEs, both the zebra fish and the human sequences should be tested.
Delivering Stem Cells to the Heart on Biological Sutures: Effects on Regional Mechanical Function

Heart failure (HF) affects over 5 million people in the US alone,1 costs society over $10B per year in medical care costs,2 and is the single most common hospital discharge diagnosis.3 Despite our advances in many areas of cardiovascular disease, we have made little progress in treating HF,4 largely due to the fact that few treatments actually aim to treat myocardial infarction (MI), which is the underlying cause of most cases of HF. Once a patient exhibits HF, their long-term survival is in jeopardy, exhibiting less than 50% probability of survival 5 years after diagnosis.4Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Giving to others during national tragedy: The effects of altruistic and egoistic motivations on long-term giving

The debate over altruistic and egoistic motivations for helping has a long history and evidence supports both motives. Immediate and sustained helping following the September 11 attacks on the United States were examined. The three most commonly reported helping behaviors were donating money, praying, and donating blood. Six reported motivations for giving emerged: to relieve one’s own distress, to relieve the other’s distress, to show patriotism, to show civic responsibility, the desire for support in a similar situation, and knowing someone involved. Less giving was reported after 1 year than immediately following the event. The only motivation related to sustained giving was giving to relieve the other’s distress. Results are discussed using two theories of helping.
"Museum of the Mind": An Inquiry Into the Titling of Artworks

This article begins by posing the question of whether titles of artworks are important for the viewer and/of the artist. A series of examples illustrates some ways in which titles structure artwork meaning and shows how titles function as implicit messages for the viewer. Inquiry into the artist's perspective on titling is provided by examining material from research interviews with three contemporary artists. It is proposed that certain formulations about language can be integrated with a phenomenological notion of an "aesthetic space" to conceptualize how titles work. Werner and Kaplan's (1963/1983) concept of dynamic schematizing activity and Black's (1962, 1979) interaction theory of metaphor provide a way of seeing title-artwork relations and the meaning-formation potential of titles. The conceptualization of an aesthetic space in which titles function as messages about artworks draws on Schutz's (1962) concept of provinces of meaning and on Jakobson's (1960) notion of the speech event.
Wait-Free Primitives for Initializing Bayesian Network Structure Learning on Multicore Processors

Structure learning is a key problem in using Bayesian networks for data mining tasks but its computation complexity increases dramatically with the number of features in the dataset. Thus, it is computationally intractable to extend structure learning to large networks without using a scalable parallel approach. This work explores computation primitives to parallelize the first phase of Cheng et al.'s (Artificial Intelligence, 137(1-2):43-90, 2002) Bayesian network structure learning algorithm. The proposed primitives are highly suitable for multithreading architectures. Firstly, we propose a waitfree table construction primitive for building potential tables from the training data in parallel. Notably, this primitive allows multiple cores to update a potential table simultaneously without appealing to any lock operation, allowing all cores to be fully utilized. Secondly, the marginalization primitive is proposed to enable efficient statistics tests to be performed on all pairs of variables in the learning algorithm. These primitives are quantitatively evaluated on a 32-core platform and the experiment results show 23:5× speedup compared to a single thread implementation.
Common multiple dsRNAs are present in populations of the fungus Discula destructiva originating from widely separated geographic locations.

DsRNAs were detected in 85/108 isolates of Discula destructiva, the cause of dogwood anthracnose, collected in South Carolina, Idaho, and Alabama. The eastern isolates contained a greater diversity of dsRNA than did Idaho isolates, but most isolates, irrespective of state of origin, contained two small bands (ca. 1.5–2.5 kb) with sequence homology indicated by Northern hybridization. Differences in the banding patterns suggest that genetic diversity of dsRNA in D. destructiva is generated rapidly and that D. destructiva can be simultaneously infected by multiple dsRNA viruses.
Australian Indigenous Philosophy

In his article "Australian Indigenous Philosophy" Stephen Muecke discusses the fact that neither Australian philosophy nor Indigenous Australian philosophy exists as a field of study. Settler Australians have imported their philosophical traditions and have left it up to other disciplines to undertake the translation work of knowledge in the long-lived Indigenous traditions. Here, anthropology, history, and cultural studies have taken up the challenge. Muecke revisits his 2004 book Ancient and Modern: Time, Culture and Indigenous Philosophy in order to refine some of his arguments about philosophical practice and the damaging periodization into "ancient" and "modern" cultures in colonial societies like Australia. Stephen Muecke, "Australian Indigenous Philosophy" page 2 of 7 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 13.2 (2011): Thematic Issue About Indigenous Literature. Ed. Angeline O'Neill and Albert Braz
Influence of interfacial microcracks on the elastic properties of composites

A model is established to quantify the influence of interfacial microcracks on the elastic properties of a particulate composite using a combination of theoretical and finite element analysis. A unique way to construct physical models which could accommodate both crack size and crack density is proposed. Based on energy principles, the influence of a dilute concentration of interfacial microcracks is first studied. The case of a finite concentration of microcracks is solved subsequently by combining the dilute concentration solutions and the differential scheme. Both cases agreed well with existing composite theories for the limiting condition of complete decohesion. The final model predicts the effective elastic properties as functions of both crack size and microcrack density.
Presynaptic suppression of excitatory postsynaptic potentials in rat ventral horn neurons by muscarinic agonists.

Abstract In addition to depolarizing the ventral horn cells including antidromically identified motoneurons in thin transverse neonatal rat spinal cord slice preparations, exogenously applied acetylcholine (ACh) suppressed the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) either occurring spontaneously or elicited by stimulation of dorsal rootlets. A reduction of EPSPs could still be detected when the ACh-induced depolarization was nullified by hyperpolarizing current. Atropine but not d -tubocurarine effectively antagonized the depolarization and synaptic depression caused by ACh. While depressing the EPSPs, ACh had no appreciable effect on membrane depolarizations elicited by glutamate. Methacholine mimicked the depolarizing and synaptic depressant effects of ACh. The results suggest that muscarinic agonists inhibit synaptic transmission of ventral horn neurons including motoneurons by a presynaptic mechanism in reducing the output of excitatory transmitters.
Ripple transport in ‘transport-optimized’ stellarators

Etude du transport dans des stellarators optimises aux faibles frequences de collision, par une methode numerique de resolution de l'equation de Fokker-Planck
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ploidy Enhances the Cytological Prediction of Recurrent Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

AbstractPurpose: We determined whether deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ploidy analysis by image analysis cytometry enhances the cytological diagnosis of recurrent transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was performed during a 5-year period to evaluate the cytological diagnosis and DNA ploidy analysis of 469 patients with previously diagnosed superficial transitional cell carcinoma. Cytological and DNA ploidy analysis was performed on 1,034 urine and bladder wash specimens, and the patients were monitored with cystoscopy and biopsies as clinically indicated. Cytology results were classified as normal, atypical, dysplastic or cancerous, and DNA ploidy was defined as normal if the diploid index was 1.2 or less, the S phase - G2M fraction was less than 21% or if there were 3% or less hyperploid cells, or abnormal if there was an increased S phase - G2M fraction, an aneuploid peak on the histogram or tetraploidy or hyperploidy was present.Results: The majority of pat...
Russian Missions to the Orthodox East: Antonin Kapustin (1817–1894) and his World

This article investigates the Russian Orthodox presence and activities in Christianity’s sacred historical center of the Holy Land from the 1840s, when Russia expanded its consular activities in Palestine and began its first spiritual missions to this region, through the end of the nineteenth century. The article particularly centers on the active leadership of Archimandrite Antonin (Kapustin), who served as the leader of the Russian Ecclesiastical mission in Jerusalem from 1865 to 1894. A prodigious scholar of the Orthodox East, Antonin resourcefully developed a respected Russian presence in Palestine, raised substantial funds for the assistance of Russian pilgrims and for the accumulation of properties throughout the Holy Land, and continued his intensive studies and publications on the region’s history, archeology, and human geography. Frary illustrates how the archimandrite in these pursuits exhibited an impressive ability for flexible and sensitive adaptation to a non-Russian, non-Orthodox environment that was revealed in his own scholarly work and in his successes in constructing new regional centers of Orthodoxy in Palestine.
Pyrrolysine analogues as substrates for pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase

In certain methanogenic archaea a new amino acid, pyrrolysine (Pyl), is inserted at in-frame UAG codons in the mRNAs of some methyltransferases. Pyl is directly acylated onto a suppressor tRNAPyl by pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS). Due to the lack of a readily available Pyl source, we looked for structural analogues that could be aminoacylated by PylRS onto tRNAPyl. We report here the in vitro aminoacylation of tRNAPyl by PylRS with two Pyl analogues: N-e-d-prolyl-l-lysine (d-prolyl-lysine) and N-e-cyclopentyloxycarbonyl-l-lysine (Cyc). Escherichia coli, transformed with the tRNAPyl and PylRS genes, suppressed a lacZ amber mutant dependent on the presence of d-prolyl-lysine or Cyc in the medium, implying that the E. coli translation machinery is able to use Cyc-tRNAPyl and d-prolyl-lysine-tRNAPyl as substrates during protein synthesis. Furthermore, the formation of active β-galactosidase shows that a specialized mRNA motif is not essential for stop-codon recoding, unlike for selenocysteine incorporation.
The Wisconsin Hydrocephalus Survey: shunt-dependent hydrocephalus management style among members of the American Society of Pediatric Neurosurgeons

This survey sought to evaluate differences in the understanding and management of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus among the senior North American Pediatric Neurosurgery membership.
Interstitial growth and remodeling of biological tissues: Tissue composition as state variables

Growth and remodeling of biological tissues involves mass exchanges between soluble building blocks in the tissue's interstitial fluid and the various constituents of cells and the extracellular matrix. As the content of these various constituents evolves with growth, associated material properties, such as the elastic modulus of the extracellular matrix, may similarly evolve. Therefore, growth theories may be formulated by accounting for the evolution of tissue composition over time in response to various biological and mechanical triggers. This approach has been the foundation of classical bone remodeling theories that successfully describe Wolff's law by establishing a dependence between Young's modulus and bone apparent density and by formulating a constitutive relation between bone mass supply and the state of strain. The goal of this study is to demonstrate that adding tissue composition as state variables in the constitutive relations governing the stress-strain response and the mass supply represents a very general and straightforward method to model interstitial growth and remodeling in a wide variety of biological tissues. The foundation for this approach is rooted in the framework of mixture theory, which models the tissue as a mixture of multiple solid and fluid constituents. A further generalization is to allow each solid constituent in a constrained solid mixture to have its own reference (stress-free) configuration. Several illustrations are provided, ranging from bone remodeling to cartilage tissue engineering and cervical remodeling during pregnancy.
Using contextual effects to derive psychophysical scales

This paper presents a functional measurement analysis of Parducci’s range-frequency theory. The theory provides a basis for (1)finding context-invariant psychophysical scales, (2)establishing the validity of rating scales, and (3) explaining contextual effects in judgment. In an experimental illustration, Ss judged the magnitude of numerals in nine different distributions. All data were used to obtain the psychophysical function for numerals and also to test the model. The large contextual effects were consistent with the model. Quantitative tests of fit supported the equal-interval assumption of the category scale. The psychophysical function appeared nearly linear but with a significant negative acceleration. The data were shown to be qualitatively inconsistent with generalizations of Helson’s theory of adaptation level and Johnson’s correlation-regression theory. They supported Parducci’s range-frequency theory and illustrated how it could be used to factor out contextual effects from effects of stimulus magnitude. Extensions of the range-frequency approach are also discussed.
Transferred correlation learning: An incremental scheme for neural network ensembles

Transfer learning is a new learning paradigm, in which, besides the training data for the targeted learning task, data that are related to the task (often under a different distribution) are also employed to help train a better learner. For example, out-dated data can be used as such related data. In this paper, we propose a new transfer learning framework for training neural network (NN) ensembles. The framework has two key features: 1) it uses the well-known negative correlation learning to train an ensemble of diverse neural networks from the related data, fully discovering the knowledge in the data; and 2) a penalized incremental learning scheme is used to adapt the neural networks obtained from negative correlation learning to the training data for the targeted learning task. The adaptation is guided by reference neural networks that measure the relatedness between the training and the related data. Experiments on benchmark data sets show that our framework can achieve classification accuracy competitive to existing ensemble transfer learning methods such as TrAdaBoost [1] and TrBagg [2]. We discuss some characteristics of our framework observed in the experiment and the scenarios under which the framework may have superior performance.
Mitochondrial mechanism of oxidative stress and systemic hypertension in hyperhomocysteinemia

Formation of homocysteine (Hcy) is the constitutive process of gene methylation. Hcy is primarily synthesized by de-methylation of methionine, in which s-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) is converted to s-adenosyl-homocysteine (SAH) by methyltransferase (MT). SAH is then hydrolyzed to Hcy and adenosine by SAH-hydrolase (SAHH). The accumulation of Hcy leads to increased cellular oxidative stress in which mitochondrial thioredoxin, and peroxiredoxin are decreased and NADH oxidase activity is increased. In this process, Ca2+-dependent mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase (mtNOS) and calpain are induced which lead to cytoskeletal de-arrangement and cellular remodeling. This process generates peroxinitrite and nitrotyrosine in contractile proteins which causes vascular dysfunction. Chronic exposure to Hcy instigates endothelial and vascular dysfunction and increases vascular resistance causing systemic hypertension. To compensate, the heart increases its load which creates adverse cardiac remodeling in which the elastin/collagen ratio is reduced, causing cardiac stiffness and diastolic heart failure in hyperhomocysteinemia.
Minimum-Risk Training of Approximate CRF-Based NLP Systems

Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) are a popular formalism for structured prediction in NLP. It is well known how to train CRFs with certain topologies that admit exact inference, such as linear-chain CRFs. Some NLP phenomena, however, suggest CRFs with more complex topologies. Should such models be used, considering that they make exact inference intractable? Stoyanov et al. (2011) recently argued for training parameters to minimize the task-specific loss of whatever approximate inference and decoding methods will be used at test time. We apply their method to three NLP problems, showing that (i) using more complex CRFs leads to improved performance, and that (ii) minimum-risk training learns more accurate models.
Modified-CS-residual for recursive reconstruction of highly undersampled functional MRI sequences

In this work, we study the application of compressive sensing (CS) based approaches for blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast functional MR imaging (fMRI). In particular, we show, via exhaustive experiments on actual MR scanner data for brain fMRI, that our recently proposed approach for recursive reconstruction of sparse signal sequences, modified-CS-residual, outperforms other existing CS based approaches. Modified-CS-residual exploits the fact that the sparsity pattern of brain fMRI sequences and their signal values change slowly over time. It provides a fast, yet accurate, reconstruction approach that is able to accurately track the changes of the active pixels, while using only about 30% measurements per frame. Significantly improved performance over existing work is shown in terms of practically relevant metrics such as active pixel time courses, activation maps and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.
Synaptotagmin II peptide-bead conjugate for botulinum toxin enrichment and detection in microchannels.

Abstract This paper reports an enrichment platform for botulinum neurotoxin type B (BoNT/B) that has been realized through the fusion of bioconjugation chemistry and microfluidics. Micrometer-sized magnetic beads were conjugated to a 22mer synthetic peptide derived from the synaptotagmin II (Syt II) neuronal protein that is specific for BoNT/B binding. Exposure to BoNT/B in buffer, whole milk and fruit juices resulted in toxin capture, which was confirmed using immunofluorescence. Peptide-modified beads were integrated into arrayed, polymeric microfluidic channels, and all assay steps, from capture to detection, were performed directly in the microchannels, thereby simplifying assay utility and increasing throughput relative to existing detection methodologies. Our sensitive microscale approach required only 7 μL of intentionally adulterated sample without any pre-processing (i.e. dilution, centrifugation, filtering), and with a “hands-on” time of only 1 h to detect 16.6 pg of BoNT/B in whole milk.
Voluntary action expands perceived duration of its sensory consequence

When we look at a clock with a hand showing seconds, the hand sometimes appears to stay longer at its first-seen position than at the following positions, evoking an illusion of chronostasis. This illusory extension of perceived duration has been shown to be coupled to saccadic eye movement and it has been suggested to serve as a mechanism of maintaining spatial stability across the saccade. Here, we examined the effects of three kinds of voluntary movements on the illusion of chonostasis: key press, voice command, and saccadic eye movement. We found that the illusion can occur with all three kinds of voluntary movements if such movements start the clock immediately. When a delay is introduced between the voluntary movement and the start of the clock, the delay itself is overestimated. These results indicate that the illusion of chronostasis is not specific to saccadic eye movement, and may therefore involve a more general mechanism of how voluntary action influences time perception.
Next-Generation Optical Access Networks

The main bandwidth bottleneck in today's networks is in the access segment. To address that bottleneck, broadband fiber access technologies such as passive optical networks (PONs) are an indispensable solution. The industry has selected time-division multiplexing (TDM) for current PON deployments. To satisfy future bandwidth demands, however, next-generation PON systems are being investigated to provide even higher performance. In this paper, we first review current TDM-PONs; we designate them as generation C. Next, we review next-generation PON systems, which we categorize into C+1 and C+2 generations. We expect C+1 systems to provide economic near-term bandwidth upgrade by overlaying new services on current TDM-PONs. For the long term, C+2 systems will provide more dramatic system improvement using wavelength division multiplexing technologies. Some C+2 architectures require new infrastructures and/or equipment, whereas others employ a more evolutionary approach. We also review key enabling components and technologies for C+1 and C+2 generations and point out important topics for future research.
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty restenosis: Potential prevention with laser balloon angioplasty

Restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty may result primarily from the combination of a thrombogenic surface and local flow separation produced by disruption of the arterial wall and lumen. Elastic recoil and, perhaps, cellular proliferation further contribute to luminal compromise after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Laser balloon angioplasty, performed during the final inflation of an otherwise conventional balloon angioplasty procedure, uses the coagulative properties of Nd:YAG laser radiation to weld together disrupted tissue elements thermally, to reduce elastic recoil and to destroy viable arterial tissue. Studies in human postmortem atheromatous arteries and in animal models in vivo indicate that laser balloon angioplasty, by creating a lumen that approximates the size and smooth cylindrical shape of the balloon, should be effective in the treatment of important causes of restenosis.
Results of the VISA SASE FEL experiment at 840 nm

VISA (Visible to Infrared SASE Amplifier) is a high-gain self-amplified spontaneous emission FEL, which achieved saturation at 840 nm within a single-pass 4-m undulator. A gain length shorter than 18 cm has been obtained, yielding the gain of 2 ×108 at saturation. The FEL performance, including spectral, angular, and statistical properties of SASE radiation, has been characterized for different electron beam conditions. The results are compared to 3-D SASE FEL theory and start-to-end numerical simulations of the entire injector, transport, and FEL system. Detailed agreement between simulations and experimental results is obtained over the wide range of the electron beam parameters.© 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and Monocyte Adherence in Arteries Exposed to Altered Shear Stress

Abstract Local shear stresses generated by blood flow exert direct mechanical effects on adhesion of circulating leukocytes to vascular endothelium, but their effects on expression of endothelial-l...
Soil hydraulic properties for moisture redistribution in a large-scale heterogeneous landscape

Abstract Guidelines of effective soil hydraulic parameters were developed to be applicable in simulating average infiltration and subsequent moisture redistribution over a large-scale heterogeneous field. Average large-scale infiltration and redistribution in heterogeneous soils were quantified through multiple simulations of local-scale processes. The effective hydraulic parameters were derived to simulate the average amount of infiltrating water, and to capture the subsequent surface soil moisture redistribution averaged over the large heterogeneous landscape. The results demonstrated that the effective hydraulic parameters typically exhibited a step change from infiltration to redistribution, with the size of the step change being related to the degree of hydraulic parameter heterogeneity and the correlations among the hydraulic parameters. However, the effective hydraulic parameters did not change significantly over time for the moisture redistribution. It was further demonstrated that the size of the...
An Automated Technique of Communications Protocol Validation

An interaction between two communicating processes can be defined in terms of a protocol or set of rules governing the exchange of messages between them. For any given protocol, it is a significant problem to determine whether or not errors can occur when the processes interact. In this paper, we describe an implementation of a recent theory of Zafiropulo, which defines protocols in terms of the interaction between two directed graphs, and uses set theory and predicate logic to determine all error conditions that can arise. The overall structure of the theory is used, but the determination of the error conditions is based on a graphical representation of the interaction, and particular emphasis is placed on the state of the channel between the two processes. The technique is currently limited to the validation of two-process protocols in which the processes return to an initial state after a finite number Of interaction steps. The implementation demonstrates that a completely automated procedure can be defined which finds a significant class of errors in communications protocols.
Flow distribution control in meso scale via electrohydrodynamic conduction pumping

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) conduction pumping technology offers an innovative way to control flow distribution in multi-scale environments. In EHD conduction, the interaction between a strong electrical field and dissociated electrolyte species generates a net body force and therefore a net flow in a dielectric fluid. EHD conduction pumps have simple designs with no moving parts, low power consumption, and the ability to operate in microgravity. These pumps perform better at smaller scales and have been proven effective for heat transfer enhancement, with possible applications in electronics cooling both terrestrially and in space. Flow distribution control using EHD conduction pumps was previously examined only in macro scale. This study experimentally and numerically examines isothermal liquid flow distribution control among 1mm in diameter parallel tubes utilizing EHD conduction pumps in meso-scale. The working fluid is Novec 7600 Engineering Fluid operated at ambient conditions.
Freud’s Shibboleth: Psychoanalysis

Freud’s story begins at the Institute of Ernest Brucke, professor of physiology at the University of Vienna.2 In Brucke’s laboratory, Freud spent 6 years, 1876–1882. There, in addition to being introduced to reductionistic physiology and publishing a few neurological papers, he first met Josef Breuer. He also studied with the phenomenologist, Franz Brentano, and translated some of his works. Freud received the MD in 1881. The years 1882–1893 became his period of clinical training. He published a single experimental study, the effects of cocaine on muscular strength in 1885. He prescribed the drug for his patients, took it frequently himself, and introduced it to his medical colleagues until one of them died of it through the deleterious effect of the cocaine on a preexisting medical condition. But in all this, Freud never mastered the methodology of the experimental laboratory.
Questions for a Reluctant Jurisprudence of Alterity

Much has changed in the ten years since I argued for Levinasian alternatives to the law and economics movement in one of the first articles on Levinas to appear in a US law review.1 Levinas scholarship has expanded considerably, especially with respect to the practical applications of his purposefully impractical philosophy. Despite his well-known aversion to the subject, Levinas’ political philosophy now receives considerable attention.2 This seems inevitable given his status as one of the great thinkers of Judaism in an age in which Zionism plays such an enigmatic role in global affairs. Our desperation for a light to pierce the ethical fog of modernity and its imperialist wars also makes Levinas’ unyielding challenge to violence a welcome beacon. And as this volume, the spirited conference that gave rise to it, and Desmond Manderson’s Proximity, Levinas, and the Soul of Law demonstrate, Levinas now also provides inspiration for many legal theorists.3
Impacts of Urban Water Conservation Strategies on Energy, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Health: Southern California as a Case Study.

Objectives. To determine how urban water conservation strategies in California cities can affect water and energy conservation efforts, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and benefit public health.Methods. We expanded upon our 2014 health impact assessment of California's urban water conservation strategies by comparing the status quo to 2 options with the greatest potential impact on the interrelated issues of water and energy in California: (1) banning landscape irrigation and (2) expanding alternative water sources (e.g., desalination, recycled water).Results. Among the water conservation strategies evaluated, expanded use of recycled water stood out as the water conservation strategy with potential to reduce water use, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions, with relatively small negative impacts for the public’s health.Conclusions. Although the suitability of recycled water for urban uses depends on local climate, geography, current infrastructure, and finances, analyses similar to that presented her...