cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of hypercapnia on aconitine-induced atrial fibrillation and on ventricular fibrillation caused by focal cooling of the rapidly beating ventricles of the dog.

Abstract The inhibition of ectopic impulse formation by carbon dioxide has gained practical importance with the advent of refrigeration and hypothermia anesthesia. Ventricular fibrillation is one of the commoner hazards of this procedure and its seriousness cannot be overemphasized. It has been stated recently that the danger of experimental ventricular fibrillation could be markedly decreased when the cooled animals inhaled a mixture of 5 to 10 per cent carbon dioxide with oxygen. Similar results have been obtained clinically. 4,9,10 The study reported in this paper is concerned with the effect of inhalation of carbon dioxide on atrial fibrillation caused by aconitine and on ventricular fibrillation elicited by focal cooling of a rapid heart. Previous experiments have shown that focal cooling of the rapidly beating ventricles leads to ventricular fibrillation. 14
Design, Synthesis, and Anticancer Properties of 4,4‘-Dihydroxybenzophenone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone and Analogues

4,4‘-Dihydroxybenzophenone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (A-007) has recently completed a phase I clinical trial in advanced cancer with minimal toxicity, and impressive objective responses were noted. A-007 possesses three moieties that appear to have an influence on its anticancer activities: diphenylmethane, hydrazone, and dinitrophenyl. The goals of this study were to modify A-007's chemical moieties with the ultimate goal of maximizing its anticancer activity through increased planarity and introduction of functional groups. Thirty-five phenylhydrazone analogues of A-007 were synthesized and evaluated in vitro in a human primary cancer explant assay. Anticancer activities for selected analogues were also assayed for activity vs established human/murine cell lines. One-hundred-eighty-six fresh human solid tumors were used to screen for anticancer activity. Selected analogues were assayed for therapeutic indices (vs GM-CFC from bone marrow) in preparation for preclinical studies. Several polyaryl phenylh...
Frustrative nonreinforcement of operant responding: Magnitude of reinforcement and response force effects

Intermittent nonreinforcement between two successive reinforcement schedule components was shown to facilitate the performance of rats in the second component. The strength of the effect appeared to be directly related to the magnitude of reinforcement but unaffected by, a threefold increase in the operating force of the response lever.
Staying Smart on Statins

Over the past decade, medical management of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis has advanced dramatically. Treatment efficacy has improved by combining antiplatelet agents, lipid-lowering therapies, and targeted lifestyle modifications. Recently, the indications for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) surgery in patients with high-grade asymptomatic stenosis have been called into question. Now, Heyer and colleagues offer a potential answer. They investigate whether preoperative statin treatment is associated with a lower incidence of neurological and cognitive injury after CEA. The authors used detailed neuropsychometric testing to evaluate cognitive function. The assessment tool has been validated in prior studies. A total of 324 asymptomatic carotid stenosis patients underwent CEA surgery and completed the entire battery of tests. Pre- and postoperative results were compared and translated to z scores. The data revealed that patients taking statins had a lower incidence of clinical stroke ( P = 0.02). In a multivariate regression model, statin use was significantly associated with decreased odds of cognitive dysfunction (odds ratio 0.51, 95% confidence interval 0.27 to 0.96, P = 0.04). The authors controlled for variables that had been previously determined to affect neurocognitive outcome. In clinical practice, a gross neurological examination is typically used to determine the periprocedural efficacy of CEA surgery. As patient outcome metrics become increasingly important, so too do the assessment tools used to evaluate them. This study uses a detailed neuropsychometric battery of tests to reveal an association between statin use and improved neurocognitive outcome in a large cohort of asymptomatic CEA patients. The documented statin treatment effect might not have been demonstrated through traditional outcome measures. The results of this study raise two important questions. First, could statin administration decrease the incidence of neurocognitive decline after CEA in routine clinical practice? Second, are current clinical outcome assessments appropriate and sufficient to determine the indications and utility of CEA surgery? E. J. Heyer et al ., Statins reduce neurologic injury in asymptomatic carotid endarterectomy patients. Stroke 44 , 1150–1152 (2013). [[Full Text]][1] [1]: http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/44/4/1150.long
In situ characterization of thermal conductivities of irradiated solids by using ion beam heating and infrared imaging

Abstract We propose a method to characterize thermal properties of ion irradiated materials. This method uses an ion beam as a heating source to create a hot spot on sample surface. Infrared imaging is used as a surface temperature mapping tool to record hot zone spreading. Since ion energy, ion flux, and ion penetration depth can be precisely controlled, the beam heating data is highly reliable and repeatable. Using a high speed infrared camera to capture lateral spreading of the hot zone, thermal diffusivity can be readily extracted. The proposed method has advantages in studying radiation induced thermal property changes, for which radiation damage can be introduced by using an irradiating beam over a relatively large beam spot and beam heating can be introduced by using a focused testing beam over a relatively small beam spot. These two beams can be switched without breaking vacuum. Thus thermal conductivity changes can be characterized in situ with ion irradiation. The feasibility of the technique is demonstrated on a single crystal quartz substrate.
Synthesis of a confined class of chiral organic catalysts via bulk imprinting of silica

A general method for synthesizing proline-amide catalysts as isolated entities within a hydrophobic and confined environment is achieved via bulk imprinting of chiral secondary amines in microporous silica.
Study of supported bilayer lipid membranes for use in chemo-electric energy conversion via active proton transport

Bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) have been studied extensively due to functional and structural similarities to cell membranes, fostering research to understand ion-channel protein functions, measure bilayer mechanical properties, and identify self-assembly mechanisms. BLMs have traditionally been formed across single pores in substrates such as PTFE (Teflon). The incorporation of ion-channel proteins into the lipid bilayer enables the selective transfer of ions and fluid through the BLM. Processes of this nature have led to the measurement of ion current flowing across the lipid membrane and have been used to develop sensors that signal the presence of a particular reactant (glucose, urea, penicillin), improve drug recognition in cells, and develop materials capable of creating chemical energy from light. Recent research at Virginia Tech has shown that the incorporation of proton transporters in a supported BLM formed across an array of pores can convert chemical energy available in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into electricity. Experimental results from this work show that the system-named Biocell-is capable of developing 2μW/cm 2 of membrane area with 15μl of ATPase. 1 Efforts to increase the power output and conversion efficiency of this process while moving toward a packaged device present a unique engineering problem. The bilayer, as host to the active proton transporters, must therefore be formed evenly across a porous substrate, remain stable and yet fluid-like for protein interaction, and exhibit a large seal resistance. This article presents the ongoing work to characterize the Biocell using impedance analysis. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is used to study the effect of adding ATPase proteins to POPS:POPE bilayer lipid membranes and correlate structural changes evident in the impedance data to the energy-conversion capability of various partial and whole Biocell assemblies. The specific membrane resistance of a pure BLM drops from 40 - 120k0 .cm 2 to only a few hundred Ω .cm 2 upon reconstitution of ATPase proteins. Power characterization indicates that ATP hydrolysis may result in charging of the silver-silver chloride electrodes.
Stress and Material Property Estimation in the Intervertebral Disc From MRI-Based Finite Strains

The ability to estimate stresses and material properties within the intervertebral disc (IVD) has potential to provide a greater level of understanding and insight in the study of disc degeneration as well as the development of effective intervention strategies. By integrating non-invasive MRI-based imaging methods with computational modeling, a more complete mechanical characterization of the IVD may be achieved, thereby eliminating the need to disturb the tissue or potentially alter the structure destructively.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Evidence for actinomycin D inhibition of transcription of carotenoid loci in Neurospora.

Neurospora crassa produit constitutivement un faible taux de carotenoides. Celui-ci peut etre eleve dix fois par photoinduction. Nous avons trouve que l'actinomycine D inhibe cette synthese photoinduite des carotenoides probablement au niveau de la transcription des proteinse carotenogenes.
Semiconduction and photoconduction activation energies of the retinals.

-The semiconduction and photoconduction currents through 1-ml thick sandwich cells of all-trans-, 13-cis-, 11-cis-retinal-, and 13-cis-retinal-m-nitroaniline-hydrogen chloride were measured as a function of the temperature in both the crystalline and melted states. From the slopes of graphs of the log of the current against 1000/TGK, the activation energies for semiconduction and photoconduction were calculated using the conductivity equations for the band model. The results of the average semiconduction activation energy measurements fell into two categories: The first group has activation energies between 1.9 and 2.4 eV and includes crystalline all-trans-, 13-cis-,9cis-retinal, and both crystalline and melted 13-cis-retinal-m-nitroanaline hydrogen chloride; the second group has activation energies between 3.1 and 3.6 eV and includes crystalline 11-cis-retinal samples shorted. The average photoconduction activation energy for crysalline 13-cis- and 11-cis-retinal, being 0.25 and 0.24 eV respectively, were essentially identical within experimental error, whereas the same parameter for 13-cis-retinal-m-nitroaniline hydrogen chloride was considerably lower at 0.15 eV. All-trans-retinal was not measurably photoconductive and 9-cis-retinal was only slightly photoconductive.
A new focal adhesion protein that interacts with integrin-linked kinase and regulates cell adhesion and spreading.

Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a multidomain focal adhesion (FA) protein that functions as an important regulator of integrin-mediated processes. We report here the identification and characterization of a new calponin homology (CH) domain-containing ILK-binding protein (CH-ILKBP). CH-ILKBP is widely expressed and highly conserved among different organisms from nematodes to human. CH-ILKBP interacts with ILK in vitro and in vivo, and the ILK COOH-terminal domain and the CH-ILKBP CH2 domain mediate the interaction. CH-ILKBP, ILK, and PINCH, a FA protein that binds the NH2-terminal domain of ILK, form a complex in cells. Using multiple approaches (epitope-tagged CH-ILKBP, monoclonal anti–CH-ILKBP antibodies, and green fluorescent protein–CH-ILKBP), we demonstrate that CH-ILKBP localizes to FAs and associates with the cytoskeleton. Deletion of the ILK-binding CH2 domain abolished the ability of CH-ILKBP to localize to FAs. Furthermore, the CH2 domain alone is sufficient for FA targeting, and a point mutation that inhibits the ILK-binding impaired the FA localization of CH-ILKBP. Thus, the CH2 domain, through its interaction with ILK, mediates the FA localization of CH-ILKBP. Finally, we show that overexpression of the ILK-binding CH2 fragment or the ILK-binding defective point mutant inhibited cell adhesion and spreading. These findings reveal a novel CH-ILKBP–ILK–PINCH complex and provide important evidence for a crucial role of this complex in the regulation of cell adhesion and cytoskeleton organization.
Frequency dependent attenuation of GPR data as a tool for material property characterization: A review and new developments

Variations in the spectrum of a ground-penetrating radar signal record characteristics of the material through which the signal has propagated. One measure of this rich source of information is frequency dependent attenuation. These data can help measure variations in clay fraction, the total volumetric water content, or identify the location of groundwater contaminants.
Non-Newtonian Fermentation Systems

(1986). Non-Newtonian Fermentation Systems. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 133-184.
Do Dimorphic Fungi More Easily Escape Host Defenses and Treatment

To answer the title question I will use as my model the endemic dimorphic pathogen Coccidioides immitis. Selected aspects of the interaction of C. immitis, its morphogenetic forms and its products with the host will be reviewed. The host interacts with the propagule and with the parasitic form, a total of three entities: arthoconidia of the mycelial form, the spherules and endospores of the parasitic form.
Quark-matter diagnostics

We suggest that a phase transition between ordinary hadronic matter and quark matter is detectable in heavy-ion collisions by observing lepton-pair production spectra. Pair production rates are estimated on the basis of a ''fireball model'' of nuclear collisions. The presence of quark matter in the initial fireball should be revealed by an enhancement of the lepton-pair production rate at invariant masses between 200 and 600 MeV. Observation of lepton pairs within this mass interval is expected to serve as a sensitive diagnostic tool for probing the properties of bulk hadronic matter at high temperatures and compressions.
Physical stress testing of insulin suspensions and solutions

Insulin pen–cartridge devices have evolved in order to increase patient compliance and convenience of use in a portable, multiple dosage device. With the advent of a portable insulin containing device, stability considerations have evolved from standard chemical indicators to include the effects of temperature and agitation on physical characteristics. To address these issues, two automated physical stress tests were developed based on market research data and input from regulatory authorities to understand the effect of thermomechanical stress on the product. First, the temperature cycling and resuspension test (TCRT) includes temperature cycling (25–37 °C) combined with agitation. The high temperature and extreme agitation test (HTEAT) includes continuous high temperature (37 °C) exposure combined with 4 h daily agitation. The total stress exposure is a function of the temperature, agitation, and time. The tests range from moderate stress (TCRT) to considerable stress (HTEAT) determined from the number of cartridge inversions and average daily temperature. Physical stress testing of both insulin suspensions and solution formulations in cartridges were performed and interpreted with respect to multiple endpoints. For suspensions, prolonged exposure to extreme stress caused the protein to form agglomerates, either in the suspension or adhered to the cartridge walls. In contrast, protein solutions subjected to the same extreme stress conditions did not exhibit any visually detectable change. Visual changes in the product under physical stress conditions can increase dose-potency result variability as well as exhibit acid-insoluble aggregates.
Outcomes of Stay Strong, Stay Healthy in Community Settings

Loss of muscle strength, flexibility, and balance are strong predictors of falls in the elderly. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of a 10-week, strength-based exercise program delivered by Extension professionals. METHODS: Matched pair t tests were used to compare differences in five measures of fitness collected from 808 participants (mean age = 65.4 years) at the start and finish of the exercise program. RESULTS: Following programming, participants significantly improved strength, flexibility, and balance. DISCUSSION: Results indicate that an evidence-based program can be translated into a community Extension program that is able to improve the fitness level of seniors. Language: en
Efficiency factors and radiation characteristics of spherical scatterers in an absorbing medium

The radiative properties of bubbles or particles embedded in an absorbing medium are investigated. We aim first to determine the conditions under which absorption by the surrounding medium must be accounted for in the calculation of the efficiency factors by comparing results from Mie theory and the far-field and near-field approximations. Then, we relate these approximations for a single particle to the effective radiation characteristics required for solving the radiative transfer in an ensemble of scatterers embedded in an absorbing medium. The results indicate that the efficiency factors for a spherical particle can differ significantly from one model to another, in particular for large particle size parameter and matrix absorption index. Moreover, the effective scattering coefficient should be expressed based on the far-field approximation. Also, the choice of the absorption efficiency factor depends on the model used for estimating the effective absorption coefficient. However, for small void fractions, absorption by the matrix dominates, and models for the absorption coefficient and efficiency factor are unimportant. Finally, for bubbles in water, the conventional Mie theory can be used between 0.2 and 200 μm except at some wavelengths at which absorption by water must be accounted for.
Three-dimensional electromagnetic nonlinear inversion in layered media by a hybrid diagonal tensor approximation: Stabilized biconjugate gradient fast Fourier transform method

This paper presents an efficient three-dimensional nonlinear electromagnetic inversion method in a multilayered medium for radar applications where the object size is comparable to the wavelength. In the first step of this two-step inversion algorithm, the diagonal tensor approximation is used in the Born iterative method. The solution of this approximate inversion is used as an initial guess for the second step in which further inversion is carried out using a distorted Born iterative method. Since the aim of the second step is to improve the accuracy of the inversion, a full-wave solver, the stabilized biconjugate-gradient fast Fourier transform algorithm, is used for forward modelling. The conjugate-gradient method is applied at each inversion iteration to minimize the functional cost. The usage of an iterative solver based on the FFT algorithm and the developed recursive matrix method combined with an interpolation technique to evaluate the layered medium Green's functions rapidly, makes this method h...
A Logarithmic Binary Decision Diagram-Based Method for Multistate System Analysis

Multistate systems (MSS) are systems in which both the systems, and/or their components may exhibit multiple performance levels or states. MSS can model complex behaviors such as shared loads, performance degradation, imperfect fault coverage, standby redundancy, and limited repair resources. The non-binary state property of MSS, and their components makes the analysis of MSS challenging. In this paper, we propose efficient logarithmically-encoded binary decision diagram (LBDD)-based methods for analysing MSS. The application and advantages of the proposed LBDD-based approaches, as compared to the existing binary decision diagram-based approaches, are demonstrated through the analyses of practical MSS examples, and a set of benchmark examples.
Reiter's syndrome followingshigella flexneri 2a

Shigella flexneri 2a was isolated from a patient with Reiter's syndrome (RS) following a family outbreak of traveler's diarrhea. Among 3 members at risk, only the patient was positive for HLA-B27. Data from 3 similar families support the hypothesis that susceptibility to RS is genetically transmitted. It is urged that every effort be made to culture and subtype Shigella and other enteric pathogens in RS following diarrhea. Concurrently, the patient had hepatitis, interpreted as a parallel enteric infection.
Web‐based tutor for interactive design of connections in steel buildings

There are a large number of connection types in steel structures. This is an area where students cannot get enough in the classroom. Design of each steel connection type is unique. At the same, there are similarities in designs of various connection types. These two factors plus the open-ended nature of the design can make the learning of so many different types of connections both challenging and tedious. While a number of tools are available to help teach design of connections there is no interactive online tool for teaching and learning of design of connections in steel structures. In this article a novel interactive approach and a Java applet, called Connection Tutor, is presented for design of a variety of connections in steel structures. Connection Tutor is intended to be used as a user-friendly supplement in teaching design of connections in steel structures. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 20: 568–577, 2012
Integrating Time Into Family Business Research: Using Random Coefficient Modeling to Examine Temporal Influences on Family Firm Ambidexterity

Organizational ambidexterity refers to a firm’s ability to pursue both exploitation and exploration orientations. Despite research that suggests ambidexterity is a critical phenomenon in family fir...
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND CURRENT CONTROVERSIES IN THE SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION

The sociology of religion is experiencing a period of substantial organizational and intellectual growth. Recent theoretical and empirical papers on the sociology of religion appearing in top journals in sociology have generated both interest and controversy. We begin with a selective overview of research on religious beliefs and commitments. Second, we investigate the influence of religion on politics, the family, health and well-being, and on free space and social capital. Finally, we review rational choice theories in the sociology of religion and the controversies surrounding applications of these perspectives.
Specific inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative stress suppresses inflammation and improves cardiac function in a rat pneumonia-related sepsis model

Using a mitochondria-targeted vitamin E (Mito-Vit-E) in a rat pneumonia-related sepsis model, we examined the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in sepsis-mediated myocardial inflammation and subsequent cardiac contractile dysfunction. Sepsis was produced in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats via intratracheal injection of S. pneumonia (4 × 10(6) colony formation units per rat). A single dose of Mito-Vit-E, vitamin E, or control vehicle, at 21.5 μmol/kg, was administered 30 min postinoculation. Blood was collected, and heart tissue was harvested at various time points. Mito-Vit-E in vivo distribution was confirmed by mass spectrometry. In cardiac mitochondria, Mito-Vit-E improved total antioxidant capacity and suppressed H(2)O(2) generation, whereas vitamin E offered little effect. In cytosol, both antioxidants decreased H(2)O(2) levels, but only vitamin E strengthened antioxidant capacity. Mito-Vit-E protected mitochondrial structure and function in the heart during sepsis, demonstrated by reduction in lipid and protein oxidation, preservation of mitochondrial membrane integrity, and recovery of respiratory function. While both Mito-Vit-E and vitamin E suppressed sepsis-induced peripheral and myocardial production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6), Mito-Vit-E exhibited significantly higher efficacy (P < 0.05). Stronger anti-inflammatory action of Mito-Vit-E was further shown by its near-complete inhibition of sepsis-induced myeloperoxidase accumulation in myocardium, suggesting its effect on neutrophil infiltration. Echocardiography analysis indicated that Mito-Vit-E ameliorated cardiac contractility of sepsis animals, shown by improved fractional shortening and ejection fraction. Together, our data suggest that targeted scavenging of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species protects mitochondrial function, attenuates tissue-level inflammation, and improves whole organ activities in the heart during sepsis.
Fine Structure of the Hydrogen Atom. III

The third paper of this series provides a theoretical basis for analysis of precision measurements of the fine structure of hydrogen and deuterium. It supplements the Bechert-Meixner treatment of a hydrogen atom by allowing for the presence of a magnetic field, as well as radiative corrections. The theory of hyperfine structure is somewhat extended. Stark effects due to motional and other electric fields are calculated. Possible radiative and nonradiative corrections to the shape and location of resonance peaks are discussed. Effects due to the finite size of the deuteron are also considered.
Stories or Science? Facts, Frames, and Policy Attitudes

How much do factual information and other kinds of frames affect policy attitudes? And whose attitudes are most malleable? I address these questions via two original survey experiments about the es...
Information gathering in diagnostic problem solving as a function of number of alternative solutions

Three groups of 12 Ss each were given 6 successive problems with 8, 16, or 32 possible solutions from which they were to determine the unique solution by getting information concerning as few elements of a pattern of 8 binary elements as possible. All groups then did 2 problems with 32 possible answers. Number of information getting moves and time to solution were an increasing linear function of number of possible solutions. There were no differences among groups with respect to type of information getting move selected or in transfer to the last two problems.
The growth plate.

The growth plate is an organ composed of cartilage, bone, and fibrous parts whose activities are synchronized to provide for longitudinal growth in the typical long bone. The morphology, function, and metabolism of the growth plate and its component parts are discussed in detail in this article.
A Genetic Approach to Mapping Coding Region Determinants of mRNA Instability in Yeast

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a method for mapping coding region sequences in yeast genes that promote rapid messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) decay. The approach exploits the link between the function of such sequence elements and their translation, as well as the dependence of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay on the activity of the UPF1 gene product. The new mapping procedure offers certain advantages over the chimeric gene approach in that it causes minimal perturbations to overall mRNA structure, because constructs differ from the wild-type transcript by only 1 to 3 nt. The procedure does not, however, delimit the instability element (IE) and requires further deletion analyses to map the 5' and 3' boundaries of a localized element. A potential difficulty with nonsense codon mapping is its inability to distinguish different instability elements in a gene containing multiple destabilizing sequences. Because of the translational dependency of the mapping protocol, only those elements whose destabilizing activities require ongoing translation may be characterized. Based on the observations, it is concluded that the new methodology should be most informative when used as a first step in mapping coding region IE(s) within a previously unstudied gene. Subsequent deletion and/or mutational analysis could then facilitate IE characterization.
Liquid perfluoropolyether electrolytes with enhanced ionic conductivity for lithium battery applications

We prepared nonflammable liquid polymer electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries by mixing ethoxylated perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs) with LiN(SO2CF3)2 salt. Interestingly, we identified the presence of chain coupling in the PFPE polymers and their functionalized derivatives, resulting in a mixture of PFPEs with varying molecular weights. The distribution of molecular weights, along with PFPE's multiple functionalities, allows systematic manipulation of structure to enhance electrochemical and physical properties. Furthermore, the electrolytes exhibited a wide thermal stability window (5% degradation temperature >180 °C). Despite substantial increases in viscosity upon loading the PFPEs with lithium salt, the conductivity (σ ≈ 5 × 10−5 S cm−1 at 28 °C) of the novel electrolytes was about an order of magnitude higher than that of our previously reported PFPE electrolytes. Ethoxylated derivatives of PFPE electrolytes exhibit elevated conductivity compared to non-ethoxylated derivatives, demonstrating our capability to enhance the conductive properties of the PFPE platform by attaching various functional groups to the polymer backbone.
HORMONAL REGULATION OF UTERINE CONTRACTILITY: THE ROLE OF THE ADENYLATE CYCLASE SYSTEM

Abstract Oxytocin was effective both in inhibiting isoproterenol-induced uterine relaxation and cAMP generation in uteri from rats which were either in the castrate state or which had received estrogen, progesterone or both steroids after castration. By contrast oxytocin was ineffective in mid-pregnancy. Examination of the consequences of cAMP generation showed that protein kinase activity in the 20,000 g supernatant was activated as a consequence of cAMP generation due to isoproterenol. However, total measured kinase activity fell and could be recovered by Triton X-100 extraction. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the microsomal pellet resulted in identification of protein kinase activity associated with the ribosomes, the cell membrane and the sarcoplasmic vesicles. Careful examination of the enzyme activity demonstrated great differences from the cytoplasmic enzyme, making it difficult to estimate the role of protein kinase translocation in cAMP action.
Skeletal muscle contractile properties in a novel murine model for limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2i.

Comprehensive assessments of muscle contractile function have, until now, never been performed in an animal model for any dystroglycanopathy. This study suggests that skeletal muscle contractile pr...
Interrogating the Modernity vs. Tradition Contrast: Whose Science and Technology for Whose Social Progress?

Western feminist philosophies of science have pursued two critical directions in reevaluating the familiar contrast of modern with traditional societies. They have argued that women have made important contributions to pre-modern empirical knowledge of nature and social relations, and they have identified how modern ideals of scientific rationality, objectivity, and good method are shaped by a familiar stereotype of manliness. Yet there is a third strategy which is worth pursuing: interrogating the way gender stereotypes constitute the very project of the contrast between modernity and tradition.
A relative weights comparison of trauma-related shame and guilt as predictors of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity among US veterans and military members

Objectives Veterans and military service members have increased risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and consequent problems with health, psychosocial functioning, and quality of life. In this population and others, shame and guilt have emerged as contributors to PTSD, but there is a considerable need for research that precisely demonstrates how shame and guilt are associated with PTSD. This study examined whether a) trauma-related shame predicts PTSD severity beyond the effects of trauma-related guilt and b) shame accounts for a greater proportion of variance in PTSD symptoms than guilt. Design We collected cross-sectional self-report data on measures of PTSD symptom severity based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria, trauma-related shame, and trauma-related guilt via online survey. Method Participants included 61 US veterans and active duty service members. Hierarchical multiple regression and relative weights analysis were used to test hypotheses. Results In step 1 of regression analysis, guilt was significantly associated with PTSD. However, when shame was added to the model, the effect of guilt became non-significant, and only shame significant predicted PTSD. Results from relative weights analysis indicated that both shame and guilt predicted PTSD, jointly accounting for 46% of the variance in PTSD. Compared to guilt, trauma-related shame accounted for significantly more explained variance in PTSD. Conclusions This study provided evidence that among US veterans and service members, trauma-related shame and guilt differ in their association with PTSD and that trauma-related shame, in particular, is associated with the severity of PTSD. Practitioner points Trauma-related shame and guilt explained almost half of the observed variance in PTSD symptom severity among this sample of US military veterans and service members. Trauma-related shame and guilt each made a unique contribution to PTSD severity after accounting for the similarity between these two emotions; however, shame was particularly associated with increased PTSD severity. These results highlight the importance of assessing and addressing trauma-related shame and guilt in PTSD treatment among military populations. We suggest that emotion- and compassion-focused techniques may be particularly relevant for addressing trauma-related shame and guilt. Limitations of the study Cross-sectional data does not allow for determination of causal relationships. Although sufficiently powered, the sample size is small. The present sample self-selected to participate in a study about stress and emotions.
Exposure to Marijuana Marketing After Legalization of Retail Sales: Oregonians' Experiences, 2015-2016.

Objectives. To assess exposure to marijuana advertising in Oregon after the start of retail marijuana sales in October 2015.Methods. We conducted a repeated cross-sectional online survey of 4001 Oregon adults aged 18 years and older in November 2015 and April–May 2016. We assessed subgroup differences by using the Pearson χ2 test.Results. More than half of adults (54.8%) statewide reported seeing marijuana advertising in the past month. These adults reported that they most frequently saw storefront (74.5%), streetside (66.5%), and billboard (55.8%) advertising. Exposure did not significantly differ by participant’s age or marijuana use but was higher among those living in counties with retail sales (56.5%) than in counties without (32.5%).Conclusions. Most adults reported exposure to marijuana advertising following the start of retail marijuana sales in Oregon. People who do not use marijuana and those aged 18 to 24 years were as exposed to advertising as other groups.Public Health Implications. Advertisi...
Debt market illiquidity and correlated default risk

Abstract We empirically test the theoretical prediction of the impact of debt market liquidity on correlated default risk. Confirming the theory, our results indicate that the lower debt market liquidity, leads to an economically significant increase in the correlated default risk. Also consistent with theory, we show that this effect is more pronounced for short-term debt.
Head movement and allomorphy in children's negative questions

English-speaking preschoolers occasionally produce negative questions with a "doubled" auxiliary (e.g. Why did you didn't know? ). These 2AuxQs apparently involve a failure to raise [ NEG n't ] to C (cf. Why didn't you know? ). I analyze 2AuxQs as the product of two independent errors: a planning error (raising T-to-C without raising Neg-to-T first) and an allomorphy error (overgeneralization of n't) . The planning error results from lack of practice: serial head-movement is relatively uncommon in English, and true Neg-to-T-to-C may be rarer than appearances suggest. In e.g. Why don't we play, ok? , - n't is not interpreted within TP - and strikingly, 2AuxQs are unattested here.
Chapter 8 – Iterative Methods

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a few iterative methods based on relaxation. The iterative methods have more modest storage requirements than direct methods and are also faster, depending on the iterative method and the problem. They usually also have better vectorization and parallelization properties. The Jacobi method is sometimes known as the method of simultaneous displacements. For the Jacobi method, the order in which the equations are processed is immaterial, although storage considerations make some orderings preferable. However, for the Gauss–Seidel method, each different ordering of the equations actually corresponds to a different iterative process. As the Jacobi and Gauss–Seidel method give a new iterate by averaging current values at neighboring points, they were known historically as relaxation methods. Even when the Jacobi and Gauss–Seidel methods are convergent, the rate of convergence is so slow as to preclude their usefulness. For certain iterative methods such as Jacobi's method, a potentially attractive alternative is to allow the processors to proceed asynchronously, without any synchronization.
Structure and function of the endocrine cell types of the islets.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the structure and function of the endocrine cell types of the islets. The islet cells are apparently interposed between and around the network of capillaries. Three cell types in the human islet can be identified with electron microscopy based upon ultrastructural differences in their secretory granules: (1) beta granules, which are round or rectangular with a crystalline structure; (2) alpha granules, which are round with a central dense core; and (3) delta granules, which are round, less dense than alpha granules and have an amorphous appearance. Electron microscopic autoradiographic studies accomplished on beta cells maintained in vitro indicated that radioactive-labeled tyrosine and leucine are first incorporated into the endoplasmic reticulum, then into the Golgi complex, and finally into beta granules. Recent electron microscopic autoradiographic studies indicate that the translocation of pro-insulin to the Golgi complex and the subsequent transport of the newly formed beta granules from the Golgi complex are energy dependent, requiring ATP. Studies on isolated islets of diabetics may be feasible, as normal human islets have been isolated by the collagenase technique and maintained in vitro in one instance.
Simulation with Bounds

There is a well known law of nature, attributed to someone named Murphy, that is often cited in jest to explain unfortunate events. By this law, the most pessimistic predictions of the future always come to pass. Although this law may appear to have some validity at times, due to human psychology, fortunately our world is not exclusively governed by it2.
Control Synergies for Rapid Stabilization and Enlarged Region of Attraction for a Model of Hopping.

Inspired by biological control synergies, wherein fixed groups of muscles are activated in a coordinated fashion to perform tasks in a stable way, we present an analogous control approach for the stabilization of legged robots and apply it to a model of running. Our approach is based on the step-to-step notion of stability, also known as orbital stability, using an orbital control Lyapunov function. We map both the robot state at a suitably chosen Poincare section (an instant in the locomotion cycle such as the mid-flight phase) and control actions (e.g., foot placement angle, thrust force, braking force) at the current step, to the robot state at the Poincare section at the next step. This map is used to find the control action that leads to a steady state (nominal) gait. Next, we define a quadratic Lyapunov function at the Poincare section. For a range of initial conditions, we find control actions that would minimize an energy metric while ensuring that the Lyapunov function decays exponentially fast between successive steps. For the model of running, we find that the optimization reveals three distinct control synergies depending on the initial conditions: (1) foot placement angle is used when total energy is the same as that of the steady state (nominal) gait; (2) foot placement angle and thrust force are used when total energy is less than the nominal; and (3) foot placement angle and braking force are used when total energy is more than the nominal.
Reconceptualizing Compulsory Copyright Licenses

United States copyright law generally assumes that by providing property entitlements in creative works, the free market will balance between two competing priorities: incentivizing creators to produce works and ensuring the public has adequate access to this content. But the Copyright Act also outlines several detailed compulsory licensing schemes requiring the owners of certain copyright interests, musical works in particular, to license to anyone at government-set prices. Consistent with broader property theory concepts, scholars tend to treat compulsory copyright licenses as liability rules used only to address market failures caused by transaction costs. This Article questions that account, arguing that compulsory licensing also plays an important and underexplored role in furthering copyright’s specific policy agenda. A close analysis of the music regulatory regime and its history shows that its primary function has been to recalibrate the balance between creators’ financial incentives and public access to expressive works in situations where free market licensing would yield problematic outcomes. Unlike liability rules designed only to address transaction costs, for which regulators generally try to mimic market rates using market proxies, the compulsory music licensing regime traditionally used rate-setting criteria oriented around copyright policy. Applying these criteria, regulators often chose low royalty rates explicitly designed to allow access-expanding music dissemination technologies—from the player piano to digital radio—to flourish. In recent years, however, policymakers have begun to lose sight of this access-encouraging role. A series of legislative changes, including the recent Music Modernization Act, has made the compulsory music licensing regime increasingly inconsistent and ill equipped to handle new forms of music dissemination. Policymakers now seem to view compulsory licensing as justified only in the face of transaction-cost-based market failures and have begun privileging market mimicking over copyright policy when choosing royalty rates. This shift has yielded increasingly high royalty rates, which have made it more difficult for new disseminators, such as streaming services, to facilitate access to music. This Article argues that the shift away from policy-focused compulsory licensing prevents the regime from maintaining balance in the copyright system, a problem that is especially apparent in the experience of the burgeoning music streaming industry. In particular, a copyright-policy-based approach is necessary to prevent the malleability (and manipulability) of market-mimicking rate-setting standards from yielding royalty rates that are unworkable for streaming services. Although the Music Modernization Act has pushed the existing regime even farther away from its original role by implementing a market-focused rate-setting standard, this Article suggests ways that regulators could still further copyright policy goals in future rate-setting proceedings.
Self-healing hardware systems: A review

Abstract Self-healing is increasingly becoming a promising approach to designing reliable digital systems, and it refers to the ability of a system to detect faults or failures and fix them through healing or repairing. Digital systems with architecture for self-healing are expected to compensate faults. However, there are a few research challenges that need to be overcome before self-healing becomes a mainstream approach. For example, current self-healing techniques face challenges such as scalability, reliability, area overhead, and mapping. This paper explains the self-healing concept and investigates the self-healing approaches related to digital design in the literature. It gives a general overview of the topic and explains levels of abstraction at which self-healing can be used: hardware level, application level, and system level. The paper presents multiple related works at each level of abstraction. In the faulted phase, different types of faults and fault detection methods are described. For the evaluation of a self-healing technique, this paper presents the parameters which can be used to evaluate a self-healing method. These parameters are redundancy rate, the maximum ratio of repair, self-healing time consumption, reliability, and area overhead. The paper also presents a comparison between previous works of self-healing in terms of evaluation techniques. Implementations using VHDL and ISE Xilinx Vertex-5 for self-healing on Embryonic Hardware (EmHW) and Network-on-Chip (NoC) are also presented. The simulation results show the contribution of self-healing to improve system reliability and mean time to failure.
Spin-dependent quantum optics in a quantum dot molecule

A pair of tunnel-coupled quantum dots has advantages over single dots in tunability and spin coherence, but far less work has been done to measure and understand the quantum optics of this system. In particular, the two-electron singlet-triplet system with one electron in each dot generates an eight-level system in which two-level and four-level double-\ensuremath{\Lambda} systems are coupled only through the hyperfine interaction and other spin relaxation processes. We first measure the emission spectrum under resonant driving with a continuous-wave laser and then perform time-correlated Hanbury Brown-Twiss (HBT) and Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interferometric measurements to examine nonclassical photon properties of spin-flip Raman emission and resonance fluorescence. The shapes of second-order correlation functions $[{g}^{(2)}(\ensuremath{\tau})]$ from HBT are strikingly different between resonance fluorescence and spin-flip Raman emission, reflecting the spin dynamics of the singlet-triplet system. In addition, our two-photon HOM measurements demonstrate a high raw visibility of 0.96, with a coherence time exceeding the radiative lifetime.