cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vast DOF Wet Shape Memory Alloy Actuators Using Matrix Manifold and Valve System

A system is presented for allowing a large number of fast and powerful actuators to be placed within a compact volume. Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) wires on the order of 0.25 mm in diameter are embedded within a large array of compliant, fluid-filled vessels on the order of 1 mm in diameter. The SMA wires are contracted using resistive heating. However, the fluid flowing through these vessels allows the SMA wires to be rapidly cooled by convection without adding too much weight to the system. Thus the power to weight ratio is still higher than conventional actuators (i.e. greater than 1kW/kg) while the speed of response is significantly higher (greater than 1 Hz) than is normally achievable with dry SMA actuators. By arranging these wet SMA actuators in a two-dimensional matrix, the electric current and fluid flow can be controlled by one-dimensional manifolds of electric switches and fluidic valves located at either end. For a system with N2 actuators, only 2N switches and valves are required, thus making the system easily scalable to a vast number of actuators. This paper presents the design and experimental analysis of a prototype for this system, which contains 16 actuators in a volume measuring only 100 mm × 100 mm × 200 mm. Tendon cables can be attached to each actuator to distribute the actuation to the various extremities of a robot or machine. Each actuator is capable of up to 8 mm linear stroke, generating a force on the order of 10 N. The force can be increased by using a thicker SMA wire or by connecting multiple actuators to a tendon cable in parallel. Even though the actuators are located physically in parallel, they can be connected to a tendon cable in a mechanically serial configuration in order to increase the total stroke by up to 8 times. Although the matrix manifold and valve (MMV) system allows only a subset of the actuators to be addressed simultaneously, this system would be ideal for robots or machines where the number of actuators required is large but only a fraction are needed at any given time.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Cluster headache and the nervus intermedius.

SYNOPSIS The nervus intermedius (NI) appears to be the main conduit of cluster headache (CH). Parasympatheticimpulses via the NI account for the associated symptoms of ipsilateral tearing and redness of the eye,congestion of the nose and rhinorrhea. Vasodilatory stimuli to the internal carotid artery may result inpartial Horner's syndrome and set off a cascade of events causing pain, similar to the changes in theexternal carotid arterial tree during migraine. The pain of CH may also be carried by afferent impulsesaccompanying motor fibers of the deep facial muscles.The central nervous system (CNS) mechanisms responsible for the circannual recurrence of CH may beexcitatory with parasympathetic impulses channeled through the NI. Conversely, inhibitory CNSmechanisms may be invoked to explain long remissions, if CH were to be due to hypersensitivity of the NIas caused by the subtle injury of a cross compressing blood vessel.
Double-stranded RNA-induced Inducible Nitric-oxide Synthase Expression and Interleukin-1 Release by Murine Macrophages Requires NF-κB Activation

The effects of double-stranded RNA (synthetic polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid; poly(I-C)) on macrophage expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), production of nitric oxide, and release of interleukin-1 (IL-1) were investigated. Individually, poly(I-C), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulate nitrite production and iNOS expression by RAW 264.7 cells. In combination, the effects of poly(I-C) + IFN-γ are additive, while poly(I-C) does not further potentiate LPS-induced nitrite production. These results suggest that poly(I-C) and LPS may stimulate iNOS expression by similar signaling pathways, which may be independent of pathways activated by IFN-γ. LPS-induced iNOS expression is associated with the activation of NF-κB. We show that inhibition of NF-κB by pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate prevents poly(I-C) + IFN-γ-, poly(I-C) + LPS-, and LPS-induced iNOS expression, nitrite production and IκB degradation by RAW 264.7 cells. The effects of poly(I-C) on iNOS expression appear to be cell-type specific. Poly(I-C), alone or in combination with IFN-γ, does not stimulate, nor does poly(I-C) potentiate, IL-1-induced nitrite production by rat insulinoma RINm5F cells. In addition, we show that the combination of poly(I-C) + IFN-γ stimulates iNOS expression, nitrite production, IκB degradation, and the release of IL-1 by primary mouse macrophages, and these effects are prevented by pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate. These findings indicate that double-stranded RNA, in the presence of IFN-γ, is a potent activator of macrophages, stimulating iNOS expression, nitrite production, and IL-1 release by a mechanism which requires the activation of NF-κB.
Colored, see-through perovskite solar cells employing an optical cavity

Multi-functional solar cells that can create semitransparency or desired colors have recently garnered much attention due to their potential in incorporating aesthetic functionalities into building envelopes, such as windows, facades, and walls, allowing large surfaces of the buildings to be utilized for light-harvesting. Here, we present optical microcavity-embedded decorative perovskite solar cells producing distinctive transmissive colors. Any individual semitransparent colors can be created by strong interference effects in the microcavity system, which are easily tuned by changing the thickness of the optical spacer layer of the microcavity. Our colored cell devices show a power conversion efficiency of up to ∼4% with high internal quantum efficiency that is attributed to greatly minimized charge carrier recombination. This approach could bring us one step closer towards energy-saving ultra-thin color display devices and power generating panels for building decoration.
Synthesis and structural characterization of [SiMe 2 (C 5 H 4 ) 2 ][(C 5 Me 5 ) Zr(μ-S)] 2 . a dinuclear zirconocenophane complex with a skewed dimethylsilyl-bridged bis(cyclopentadienyl) ligand

The reaction of [SiMe2(C5H4)2][(C5Me5)ZrMe2]2 with H2S at 110°C proceeds with the formation of [SiMe2(C5H4)2][(C5Me5)Zr(μ-S)]2]2. The molecular structure of this dinuclear zirconocenophane compound features a non-planar four-membered Zr2(μ-S)2 2 ring with two symmetrically-bridging sulfido groups. The bridging dimethylsilyl-bridged bis(cyclopentadienyl) ligand adopts a skewed orientation to accommodate the long Zr ... Zr separation of 3.611(1) A. This compound crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group P1 with refined lattice parameters ofa = 10.905(1) A,b = 10.939(2) A,c = 14.621(2) A,α = 106.32(1)°,β = 91.25(1)°,γ = 111.25(1)°,V = 1545.1(8) A3, ρcalc. = 1.512g/cm3,Z=2. Full-matrix refinement converged with final discrepancy indices of R(F o = 0.045 andR(F o) = 0.079 with GOF= 1.60 for 4403 data withF o > 3σ(F o).
An anion stimulated particulate ATP phosphohydrolase (ATPase) from bakers' yeast.

Abstract A magnesium-dependent ATPase activity associated with a particulate fraction of bakers' yeast was investigated. This enzyme was markedly stimulated by various salts of bicarbonate and chloride ions. The stimulation seemed to be dependent upon the anion moieties rather than the cation moieties of the salts. The possible role of this ATPase in anion transports is discussed.
Bis- and tris(2-seleno-1-methylimidazolyl)hydroborato complexes, {[BseMe]ZnX}2(X=Cl, I), [BseMe]2Zn and [TseMe]Re(CO)3: structural evidence that the [BseMe] ligand is not merely a "heavier" version of the sulfur counterpart, [BmMe].

New bidentate and tridentate ligands that feature selenium donors, namely the bis- and tris(2-seleno-1-methylimidazolyl)hydroborato ligands [BseMe] and [TseMe], have been constructed via the reaction of MBH4 (M = Na, K) with 1-methylimidazole-2-selone. Comparison of the structure of {[BseMe]ZnI}2 with its sulfur counterpart, [BmMe]ZnI, demonstrates that the seleno ligand exhibits a greater tendency than the mercapto ligand to bridge two metal centers, while comparison of [TseMe]Re(CO)3 and [TseMes]Re(CO)3 indicates that the [TseMe] ligand is more electron donating and less sterically demanding than the [TseMes] ligand.
Managing Occupational Risks in the Dental Office: HIV and the Dental Professional

Ways to prevent occupational exposure to HIV, risk of transmission and measures to prevent infection after exposure are explored. Despite universal precautions, work behavior modifications and technological advances, health care workers continue to experience occupational exposures to HIV and other bloodborne pathogens. Although the risk for infection is low when compared with other bloodborne pathogens, 39 documented cases of HIV seroconversion have been recorded. Recent attention has focused on secondary prevention of HIV infection through post-exposure chemoprophylaxis.
Mangrove understorey absence: a consequence of evolution?

Recent communications in this Journal (Corlett 1986, Janzen 1985, and Lugo 1986) require some clarification and a search for a more tractable hypothesis to explain the common absence of a mangrove understorey. For ad hoc discussion purposes we define a mangrove understorey species as a plant species that reaches maturity and reproduces beneath the closed canopy of those species classified by Tomlinson (1986) as the 'strict or true mangroves'. Independently and parsimoniously, we define the strict or true mangrove habitat as any coastal habitat that is tidally-influenced and has persistently saline and anaerobic sediments, and which is further delimited by the absence of strong wave action, growth-inhibiting cold temperatures, and severe aridity. Finally, we impose the restriction that the true mangrove vegetation is mature in a successional context, and that the true mangrove habitat is undisturbed. The first point is that although there are a relatively large number of reports of mangrove understorey species, none of them meet our criteria. For example, Corlett (1986) discusses several-mangrove understorey species in Singapore and southern Malaysia but also implies that the habitats may be disturbed or successional in nature. Also, Wells (1982) cites a number of 'mangrove' species,
Estimate of wind stressed sea level excitation of the Earth's annual wobble

Summary. This article estimates the contribution to the Earth's annual wobble caused by the wind stressed non-isostatic sea level variations in the oceans. Since there is a lack of data on these sea level changes, an analytic approach is taken. An ocean basin is assumed to be bounded by two meridians of longitude and two parallels of latitude, and is symmetric about the equator. A simple zonal wind stress profile based on observed data represents the seasonal changes in each hemisphere with a simple annual cosine variation. The one layer barotropic ocean has a frictionally controlled boundary layer giving rise to a western boundary current. From the equations of motion a stream function and vorticity equation are developed. The ocean is assumed to be always in adjustment to the wind stress forcing so that the steady state solution yields the velocity and height fields. Model parameters are adjusted so that these sea level changes correspond to estimates of nonisostatic sea level changes. The expression for the annual height field changes caused by the wind stress forcing is substituted into the equations governing the wobble excitation. From the resulting expression it is seen that for an ocean basin and wind regime symmetric about the equator, the contributions to the excitation of wobble from the northern and southern oceans add, while the contributions to the length of day cancel. The pole of excitation for the resultant of all oceans moves along an ellipse of eccentricity unity (line segment), aligned nearly along the Greenwich meridian, with semi-major axes of 19 cm, and is farthest from the pole of reference along 11° E longitude in mid-February. This indicates that the major contribution to the sea level excitation comes from the set up in the western Pacific. The positive annual frequency vector is calculated to be (1.2–0.8i)×10−8 rad. Comparisons with the results of Wilson & Haubrich (1976a) show that this wind stressed sea level excitation of wobble is of the phase and probable magnitude to significantly reduce the discrepancy between the astronomically observed excitation and the calculated geophysical excitations due to air mass redistribution, continental water storage and mountain torque.
Self-similar collapse in air

We show that filaments generated in air exhibit circular symmetry indicative of self-similar collapse.
An Investigation on the Effects of Using Interactive Digital Video in a Physics Classroom on Student Learning and Attitudes

Interactive digital video provides students with control of computer visualization techniques and allows them to collect, analyze, and model two-dimensional motion data. Activities that use these tech- niques were developed for students to investigate the concept of frames of reference in various real-life situations. This investigation examines the effect on student learning and attitudes of using these materi- als in an introductory college physics course. The study measured students' computer attitudes and found improvement in students' feelings of comfort in using computers after completion of the activities. We found students' prior computer experience did not influence their perceptions of the activities. The major- ity of participants perceived discussion and the computer visualization techniques as being very effective in helping them learn. Students' understanding of the physics concepts were assessed and the participants' scores were compared with nonparticipants' scores. Although analysis of variance statistical procedures re- vealed no significant differences between the two groups, the results of this study indicate that sophisti- cated instructional video software can be perceived as easy to use and effective by students who are novices and experts in using computers. Thus, interactive digital video tools and activities have the potential to provide physics teachers with the latest technology to bring the active process of learning physics to their classroom. J Res Sci Teach 34: 467-489, 1997.
Dynamics of change in multiethnic societies: An archaeological perspective from colonial North America

This Perspective presents an overview of the archaeology of pluralistic colonies (approximately late 1500s–1800s) in North America. It complements the other special feature papers in this issue on ancient societies in Mesoamerica, the Near East, the Armenian Highlands, Peru, and China by presenting another body of literature for examining the dynamics of change in multiethnic societies from a different time and place. In synthesizing archaeological investigations of mercantile, plantation, and missionary colonies, this Perspective shows how this research is relevant to the study of pluralism in both historic and ancient societies in three ways. (i) It enhances our understanding of interethnic relationships that took place in complex societies with imposing political hierarchies and labor structures. (ii) It helps us to refine the methods used by archaeologists to define and analyze multiethnic communities that were spatially delimited by ethnic neighborhoods. Finally, (iii) it presents more than a half century of experimentation with various models (e.g., acculturation, creolization, ethnogenesis, and hybridity) that have been used to study the dynamics of culture change in multiethnic societies.
Cataract Surgery Complications in Nonagenarians

Purpose To investigate whether nonagenarians relative to octogenarians are at increased risk of ocular complications from cataract surgery in the US Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Design A retrospective cohort study. Participants A total of 554 nonagenarians and 11 407 octogenarians who received cataract surgery in the VHA. Methods Nonagenarians and octogenarians who received 1 cataract surgery without a second surgery within 90 days between October 1, 2005, and September 30, 2007, were identified using the National Patient Care Database (NPCD). Data collected include demographics, preoperative systemic and ocular comorbidities, intraoperative complications, and 90-day postoperative complications. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of complications in nonagenarians using octogenarians as a reference group was calculated using logistic regression modeling. Main Outcome Measures Intraoperative and postoperative ocular complications within 90 days of cataract surgery in nonagenarians versus octogenarians. Results The most common systemic comorbidity for both age groups was diabetes mellitus (DM), and the most common ocular comorbidity for both age groups was age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Octogenarians had a higher prevalence of most systemic comorbidities, and nonagenarians had a higher prevalence of most ocular comorbidities. The most common intraoperative and postoperative complications for both age groups were vitreous loss or posterior capsular tear and posterior capsular opacification. The risk of having any intraoperative or postoperative complication was 13.5% for octogenarians and 13.4% for nonagenarians ( P = 0.9001). The OR of having any intraoperative or postoperative complication in nonagenarians with octogenarians as a reference group was 0.94 (95% confidence interval, 0.73–1.22). Conclusions Nonagenarians relative to octogenarians are not at increased risk of ocular complications from cataract surgery in the VHA. Further studies are needed to evaluate other outcome parameters, such as visual function and quality of life, in nonagenarians undergoing cataract surgery. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
The Aquatic Budding Bacterium Blastobacter denitrificans Is a Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiont of Aeschynomene indica

Blastobacter spp. are freshwater bacteria that form rosette structures by cellular attachment to a common base. Comparative analyses of ribosomal 16S rRNA gene and internally transcribed spacer region sequences indicated that B. denitrificans is a member of the alpha-subdivision of Proteobacteria. Among the alpha-Proteobacteria, B. denitrificans was related to a cluster of genera, including Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Afipia felis, Nitrobacter hamburgensis, and Bradyrhizobium spp. Although the precise phylogenetic relationships among these genera could not be established with a high degree of confidence, the sequences of B. denitrificans and several bradyrhizobial isolates from nodules of Aeschynomene indica were almost identical. Bradyrhizobia are bacteria that form nitrogen-fixing symbioses with legumes, including soybeans (Glycine max) and members of the genus Aeschynomene. From symbiotic infectiveness tests we demonstrated that the type strain for B. denitrificans, IFAM 1005, was capable of forming an effective nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with A. indica. Not only do these results reveal a previously unknown ecological adaptation of a relatively obscure aquatic bacterium, but they also demonstrate how evidence gathered from molecular systematic analyses can sometimes provide clues for predicting ecological behavior.
On the Importance of Naming: Gender, Race, and the Writing of Policy History

Twenty years ago, just as the study of policy was emerging out of the morass of political history, historians of women rediscovered the state. What I will name the policy turn challenged a kind of intellectual separate sphere in which women's history addressed home, family, and intimate life and left to other historians everything else. The policy turn shifted attention from Carroll Smith Rosenberg's “Female World of Love and Ritual” without losing the self-activity and focus on female difference that investigations of women on their own terms had supplied. It answered the “Politics and Culture” debate of 1980, which revolved around the efficacy of domesticity as an arena for power with a resounding move toward the public, political realm—namely, to social politics. The Reaganite assault on the New Deal order and accompanying New Right attack on women's rights intensified investigation into the origins and growth of a welfare state whose strength seemed precarious and whose history was up for grabs—a welfare state that blurred the separation of private and public and constructed, even as it reinforced, unequal social locations.
dMaximalCliques: A Distributed Algorithm for Enumerating All Maximal Cliques and Maximal Clique Distribution

Clique detection and analysis is one of the fundamental problems in graph theory. However, as the size of graphs increases (e.g., those of social networks), it becomes difficult to conduct such analysis using existing sequential algorithms due to the computation and memory limitation. In this paper, we present a distributed algorithm, dMaximalCliques, which can obtain clique information from million-node graphs within a few minutes on an 80-node computer cluster. dMaximalCliques is a distributed algorithm for share-nothing systems, such as racks of clusters. We use very large scale real and synthetic graphs in the experimental studies to prove the efficiency of the algorithm. In addition, we propose to use the distribution of the size of maximal cliques in a graph (Maximal Clique Distribution) as a new measure for measuring the structural properties of a graph and for distinguishing different types of graphs. Meanwhile, we find that this distribution can be well fitted by lognormal distribution.
Estimating Evapotranspiration from Fields With and Without Tile Drainage using Remote Sensing

Subsurface (tile) drainage on agricultural land with poor natural drainage allows timelier field operation and contributes to improved crop yields. Considerable uncertainty exists regarding the impact of the tiles on the water balance at the field scale, including impacts on crop consumptive water use. The objectives of this study are to estimate and compare the water use from a field with and without tile drainage for four days during the growing season in order to determine its impact on evapotranspiration. Suitable models and algorithms applied to high resolution (30 m) satellite imagery provide a cost effective and time efficient method to obtain evapotranspiration estimations from bare soil and vegetation. METRIC (Mapping Evapotranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration) is a model utilizing satellite imagery that can be used to estimate water use with high resolution (30 m) over a large area, thereby enabling the evaluation of the water consumption on a field-by-field basis. This is advantageous because of the ability to compare crop consumptive use from fields with and without tile drainage. The normalized difference in ET rates between the two subfields estimated using METRIC was 10% or less. This is less than eddy covariance measurements from the same field that found normalized differences between the field with and without tiles of 18%.
Discontinuous feedback control of a planar rigid body with an unactuated degree of freedom

We study the problem of controlling a specific mechanical system consisting of a rigid base body with an unactuated internal degree of freedom. The key assumptions are that the translational and rotational motion of the base body can be completely controlled by external forces and moments, while the internal degree of freedom is unactuated. It was shown in our previous work (1998) that although the system is not asymptotically stabilizable to a given configuration using a time-invariant continuous feedback, it is strongly accessible and small-time locally controllable at any equilibrium. We construct a time-invariant discontinuous feedback law to control the system to the desired configuration with exponential convergence rates. A simulation example is included to demonstrate the results.
Weight loss and wrestling training: effects on nutrition, growth, maturation, body composition, and strength

Roemmich, James N., and Wayne E. Sinning. Weight loss and wrestling training: effects on nutrition, growth, maturation, body composition, and strength. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(6): 1751–1759, 1997.—Ado...
The diastolic filling of the left ventricle

In the intact heart, the determinants of myocardial function are closely interrelated. Alterations in enddiastolic volume indirectly influence afterload and inotropism, whereas alterations in systolic function indirectly affect diastolic filling. The direct determinants of diastolic left ventricular filling include capacitance blood volume, diastolic filling time, atrial contraction, ventricular geometry and the passive visco-elastic properties of the myocardium. Diastolic mural inertia is insignificant. Simultaneous relaxation and filling occur during the early rapid-filling phase, but this period is brief compared to the remainder of diastole. Therefore, at physiological heart rates, systolic relaxation has a relatively minor influence on filling. Diastolic filling appears to be a completely passive phenomenon. The relationship between diastolic mural force and fiber length is determined principally by the elastic properties of the muscle and by viscous properties during dynamic filling. The compliance of the myocardium significantly influences the degree of diastolic mural deformation, end-diastolic fiber length, and therefore systolic function. The geometry of diastolic filling is determined by the anisotropic characteristics of the left ventricular wall. The stiffer major axis circumference increases less than the minor axis circumference during filling, and chamber eccentricity decreases linearly as end-diastolic volume increases. Under normal conditions, right ventricular pressure and volume have minimal effects on left ventricular filling. However, increased diastolic right ventricular pressure can alter the geometry of the left ventricle and influence filling significantly. Thus diastolic filling of the intact left ventricle represents the complex interaction of multiple physiological variables.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF COBAMIDE COENZYMES IN CLOSTRIDIUM TETANOMORPHUM

Abstract Toohey, J. I. (University of California, Berkeley), and H. A. Barker. Factors affecting the formation of cobamide coenzymes in Clostridium tetanomorphum. J. Bacteriol. 87:504–509. 1964.—Tests were carried out to determine the optimal culture conditions for the production of cobamide coenzymes in Clostridium tetanomorphum strain H1. A method is described for carrying out coenzyme determinations on the cells from 10-ml cultures of the bacterium. In a basal medium containing magnesium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, manganese sulfate, sodium molybdate, calcium chloride, and potassium phosphate, the optimal concentration of monosodium glutamate was 0.1 m and of yeast extract was 3 g per liter. Addition of glucose at a concentration of 0.05 m was found to double the yield of cells and to increase tenfold the specific coenzyme yield. Addition of cobaltous chloride (2 × 10−5m) also increased coenzyme production. Addition of benzimidazole caused an apparent increase in coenzyme production by causing the synthesis of the highly active benzimidazole analogue. Addition of methionine (5 × 10−6m) appeared to inhibit coenzyme production.
Reduction of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis colonization and invasion by an alfalfa diet during molt in Leghorn hens

The standard method for molting to stimulate multiple egg-laying cycles in laying hens is feed deprivation. However, the physiological changes within hens caused by feed deprivation increase susceptibility of the hens to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) infection. In an effort to develop an alternative method to induce molting without increasing susceptibility to SE, an alfalfa diet was compared with the standard molting method for the level of ovary regression and SE colonization. Hens over 50 wk of age were divided into 3 treatment groups (12 hens/group): nonmolting by normal feeding (NM), molting by feed deprivation (M), and molting by alfalfa diet (A). Individual hens on all treatments were challenged orally with 10(5) cfu of SE on the fourth day after feed changes and were analyzed for ovary weight and SE colonization or invasion in crop contents, cecal contents, liver, spleen, and ovary on the ninth day. In 3 of the 4 trials, there was a significant decrease in SE colonization of the crop between the alfalfa diet (A) and the feed deprived molt (M). In most of the 4 trials, there was a significant reduction in SE infected organs in birds fed the alfalfa diet (A) compared with birds undergoing feed deprived molt (M). Most of the trials showed no significant difference in overall SE between A and NM. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that an alfalfa diet has the potential to be used as an alternative method for forced molting, without increasing the incidence of SE in eggs and internal organs.
Distributed Intrusion Detection System in a Multi-Layer Network Architecture of Smart Grids

The advent of the smart grid promises to usher in an era that will bring intelligence, efficiency, and optimality to the power grid. Most of these changes will occur as an Internet-like communications network is superimposed on top of the current power grid using wireless mesh network technologies with the 802.15.4, 802.11, and WiMAX standards. Each of these will expose the power grid to cybersecurity threats. In order to address this issue, this work proposes a distributed intrusion detection system for smart grids (SGDIDS) by developing and deploying an intelligent module, the analyzing module (AM), in multiple layers of the smart grid. Multiple AMs will be embedded at each level of the smart grid-the home area networks (HANs), neighborhood area networks (NANs), and wide area networks (WANs)-where they will use the support vector machine (SVM) and artificial immune system (AIS) to detect and classify malicious data and possible cyberattacks. AMs at each level are trained using data that is relevant to their level and will also be able to communicate in order to improve detection. Simulation results demonstrate that this is a promising methodology for supporting the optimal communication routing and improving system security through the identification of malicious network traffic.
Atypical modulation of distant functional connectivity by cognitive state in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

We examined whether modulation of functional connectivity by cognitive state differed between pre-adolescent children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and age and IQ-matched control children. Children underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during two states, a resting state followed by a sustained attention task. A voxel-wise method was used to characterize functional connectivity at two levels, local (within a voxel's 14 mm neighborhood) and distant (outside of the voxel's 14 mm neighborhood to the rest of the brain) and regions exhibiting Group × State interaction were identified for both types of connectivity maps. Distant functional connectivity of regions in the left frontal lobe (dorsolateral [BA 11, 10]; supplementary motor area extending into dorsal anterior cingulate [BA 32/8]; and premotor [BA 6, 8, 9]), right parietal lobe (paracentral lobule [BA 6]; angular gyrus [BA 39/40]), and left posterior middle temporal cortex (BA 19/39) showed a Group × State interaction such that relative to the resting state, connectivity reduced (i.e., became focal) in control children but increased (i.e., became diffuse) in ASD children during the task state. Higher state-related increase in distant connectivity of left frontal and right angular gyrus predicted worse inattention in ASD children. Two graph theory measures (global efficiency and modularity) were also sensitive to Group × State differences, with the magnitude of state-related change predicting inattention in the ASD children. Our results indicate that as ASD children transition from an unconstrained to a sustained attentional state, functional connectivity of frontal and parietal regions with the rest of the brain becomes more widespread in a manner that may be maladaptive as it was associated with attention problems in everyday life.
Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment of Craniomaxillofacial Anomalies

So many advances in health care are built on the evolution of technology. In the case of fetal medicine, technology has availed an entirely new patient. Advances in prenatal imaging allow us to see and diagnose disease not previously appreciated. Armed with this information, clinicians can better plan for the delivery of the neonate such that any identified anomalies are optimally managed, and the impact on the neonate's health minimized. The oral and maxillofacial surgeon can be a key member in this team by offering expertise in the management of craniomaxillofacial anomalies including congenital tumors, facial clefts, craniosynostosis, micrognathia, and other congenital abnormalities. The techniques for perinatal care of the patient with craniofacial abnormalities continue to evolve as the technology improves. The review of the cases presented at the University of Pittsburgh Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment Team during the past 6 years has shown many opportunities for craniomaxillofacial prenatal evaluation. We describe our recent experience and some of the more common abnormalities with their management considerations that may be encountered by the oral and maxillofacial surgeon on the fetal diagnosis and treatment team.
Error correction on 64/66 bit encoded links

The IEEE 802.3ae task force adopted a 64b/66b encoding scheme for 10 Gb Ethernet, where each 64-bit word is scrambled using a self-synchronous scrambler with polynomial x58+x39+1. Because of its acceptable run length and low overhead, the 64b/66b encoding is also a candidate encoding scheme for high speed inter-shelf, chip-to-chip, and backplane interconnections. While scrambling facilitates data synchronization, a self-synchronous scrambler has the disadvantage of duplicating errors, i.e. every transmission error results, after descrambling, in two or more additional errors. There is, however, no provision in the IEEE 802.3ae for single or multiple error correction of 64b/66b encoded links. We propose a fast and efficient error-correction scheme that can be used in conjunction with the 64b/66b encoding in products where intra-board or inter-shelf interconnections of high speed elements are required. The proposed algorithm takes into account the duplication of errors through computing the position of such errors, and generating a syndrome table accordingly. The algorithm also accounts for errors which cross the codeword boundaries entering into the next codeword (carry over errors). The proposed algorithm is 64-bit aligned, compatible with the structure of 10 GbE specified in the IEEE 802.3. Moreover, the algorithm is general; it is applicable to M-bit encoded links, where M is any arbitrary number of bits in an encoded codeword, and the self-synchronous scrambler could be of any polynomial. We specify the functional blocks of the algorithm including error control blocks at the transmitter and receiver, the buffer structure to store the code words, the CRC computation algorithm, a syndrome table, and a comparator to compare the calculated syndrome with the syndrome table in order to detect and correct single bit errors. We also perform a simulation with exhaustive test vectors (all possible errors) to demonstrate that the algorithm detects and corrects all single-bit errors on a 64/66 bit encoded links
A Group Sequential Method for one Standard Control and more than one Experimental Treatment

Many group-sequential test procedures have been proposed to meet the ethical need for interim analyses. All of these papers, however, focus their discussion on the situation where there are only one standard control and one experimental treatment. In this paper, we consider a trial with one standard control, but with more than one experimental treatment. We have developed a group-sequential test procedure to accommodate any finite number of experimental treatments. To facilitate the practical application of the proposed test procedure, on the basis of Monte Carlo simulation, we have derived the critical values of α-levels equal to 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 for the number of experimental treatments ranging from 2 to 4 and the number of multiple group sequential analysis ranging from 1 to 10. Comparing with a single non-sequential analysis that has a reasonable power (say, 0.80), we have demonstrated that the application of the proposed test procedure may substantially reduce the required sample size without seriously sacrificing the original power.
Role of estrogen in the cerebral control of puberty in female rats.

The role of estrogen feedback on the hypothalamus in the control of the onset of puberty was studied in female Long-Evans rats. Twenty-six or 30-gauge tubes containing crystalline estradiol benzoate (EB) at their tips were implanted chronically (left in situ) or acutely (removed after 48 hr) in the brains of immature (26-day) or adult females. In each experiment cholesterol implants were used as controls. All chronic EB implants in the median eminence region severely inhibited uterine and ovarian development in the immature rats, but 30-gauge implants in adults produced a significant reduction only of uterine weight. Implants elsewhere did not affect ovaries or uteri at any age. Chronic EB implantation at 26 days (26- and 30- gauge implants) advanced vaginal opening by one week and disrupted vaginal cycling regardlessregardless of location (hypothalamus, midbrain, cortex), suggesting systemic release of the steroid. Acute EB implantation advanced vaginal opening only when implants were in the anterior hyp...
Management of Metastatic Bladder Cancer

Despite local therapy with curative intent, a substantial proportion of patients with invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder develop distant metastases during the course of their illness. Furthermore, a subset of patients presents with advanced disease at the time of initial diagnosis. Once the cancer is metastatic, the majority of patients succumb to their disease. As a result, intense efforts over the past two decades have focused on the development of active chemotherapeutic regimens for this disease.
Gene Expression Differences Between Offspring of Long-Lived Individuals and Controls in Candidate Longevity Regions: Evidence for PAPSS2 as a Longevity Gene

Although there is compelling evidence for a genetic contribution to longevity, identification of specific genes that robustly associate with longevity has been a challenge. In order to identify longevity-enhancing genes, we measured differential gene expression between offspring of long-lived Amish (older than 90 years; cases, n = 128) and spouses of these offspring (controls, n = 121) and correlated differentially expressed transcripts with locations of longevity-associated variants detected in a prior genome-wide association study (GWAS) of survival to age 90. Expression of one of these transcripts, 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 2 (PAPSS2), was significantly higher in offspring versus controls (4×10(-4)) and this association was replicated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. PAPSS2, a sulfation enzyme located on chromosome 10, is ~80kb upstream of the PAPSS2 transcription start site. We found evidence of cis-expression for the originally reported GWAS SNP and PAPSS2 Monogenic conditions linked to PAPSS2 include andrenocortical androgen excess resulting in premature pubarche and skeletal dysplasias, both of which have premature aging features. In summary, these findings provide novel evidence for PAPSS2 as a longevity locus and illustrate the value of harnessing multiple "-omic" approaches to identify longevity candidates.
Taking food fights online: Analysis of Chipotle’s attempt to cultivate conversation with The Scarecrow video

Abstract This study examines Chipotle’s use of The Scarecrow , an animated YouTube video, to initiate conversation about food sustainability issues. Results illustrate publics were highly engaged in conversation with one another, even though the organization did not directly engage with publics or employ principles of dialogic communication. We highlight the importance of network approaches to studying online interaction between stakeholder groups for public relations scholars interested in dialogical theory frameworks.
Measurement of vocal function.

Objective measurement of vocal function, e.g., acoustical analysis, is emerging as a necessity in clinical practice. Voice data assist in determining the diagnosis and prognosis of many voice disorder patients and provide documentation of the vocal quality before, during, and after treatment.
Serum Response Factor and Co-Factors, Roles in Cardiac Development

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights how serum response factor regulates target genes during the elaboration of the embryonic cardiovascular system. Recent conditional knockout studies support an obligatory role for serum response factor in cardiogenesis, which has also led to the discovery of hundreds of serum response factor-dependent coding gene targets and many noncoding microRNAs. Serum response factor cofactors that appear during cardiogenesis are scrutinized for their ability to form combinatorial complexes that activate and repress serum response factor–dependent cardiovascular restricted gene programs. It spotlights a novel regulatory mechanism whereby specific phosphorylation of a single amino acid residue regulates serum response factor–dependent myogenic gene activity during muscle differentiation.
Issues for the next generation

Since humans returned to the Moon, we went from being an outpost on a barren rock orbiting Earth to being a nascent civilization on the Moon and Mars, with outposts on dozens of asteroids, outer planets and their moons. We went from a population of under a dozen to one approaching 300,000 extraterrestials. But our impact is larger than what one may expect of that many people. A city on Earth of that population is considered small, perhaps peripheral to the main avenues of power and influence. The 300,000 people who are today distributed throughout large sectors of the Solar System are all prime movers. Each of us has significant responsibilities. We oversee an infrastructure that is vast and very wealthy.
Behavior Analysis, Darwinian Evolutionary Processes, and the Diversity of Human Behavior

The resemblance among behavioral evolution, cultural evolution, and genetic evolution emerges in the light of a general concept of evolutionary process. Every evolutionary process consists of three elements: variation, recurrence, and selection. Evolutionarily significant variation occurs among substitutable variants within a pool. Differences in environmental effects among variants produce differences in recurrence, and those differences feed back to affect the composition of the pool of variants. The three evolutionary processes may be nested: cultural evolution within genetic evolution, and behavioral evolution within cultural evolution. A complete understanding of human behavior requires proximate and ultimate explanations in all three processes.
Enoxaparin-induced hepatotoxicity: an under-recognised complication of enoxaparin therapy.

Low-molecular-weight heparins including enoxaparin are commonly used for anticoagulation as prophylaxis and treatment for deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Prescribers of enoxaparin monitor for common side effects, such as bleeding and thrombocytopenia, but hepatotoxicity, a less common and under-reported adverse effect, may be overlooked. This report describes a case of enoxaparin-induced hepatotoxicity in a 57-year-old man who was started on the drug for a DVT. Within 3 days of taking enoxaparin, elevated transaminases were noted, and the drug was discontinued after 6 days. Similar to other published reports, the patient9s transaminases peaked 1 day after discontinuation of the drug and then trended down to normal over 32 days.
Development and validation of a prediction model for patients discharged to post–acute care after colorectal cancer surgery

Background As payment shifts toward bundled reimbursement, decreasing unnecessary inpatient care may provide cost savings. This study examines the association between discharge status, hospital duration of stay, and cost for colorectal operation patients without complications and uses risk factors to predict the need for post–acute care. Methods We used the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System and the California Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases to identify all patients who underwent operative resection for colorectal cancer in 2009–2010 and were discharged to home or post–acute care. Patients with complications were excluded. Duration of stay and inpatient costs were calculated. Risk factors associated with discharge to post–acute care were identified using multivariable logistic regression and were incorporated into a model to predict discharge status. Results A total of 5.4% of 23,942 patients were discharged to a post–acute care facility. Duration of sty was 2 days greater and $3,823 more costly for patients discharged to post–acute care. Significant risk factors included age, number of comorbidities, emergency admission, open operation, admission in the previous year, and a new ostomy. A scoring system using these factors accurately predicted discharge to post–acute care. Conclusion Admissions after colorectal operations were greater and more costly for patients discharged to post–acute care even without operative complications. Risk factors can predict the need for post–acute care early in the postoperative course, thereby potentially facilitating early discharge planning.
The role of parotid gland irradiation in the development of severe hyposalivation (xerostomia) after intensity-modulated radiation therapy for head and neck cancer: Temporal patterns, risk factors, and testing the QUANTEC guidelines

Abstract Background The aims of this study were to investigate temporal patterns and potential risk factors for severe hyposalivation (xerostomia) after intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for head and neck cancer (HNC), and to test the two QUANTEC (Quantitative Analysis of Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic) guidelines. Patients and methods Sixty-three patients treated at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center between 2006 and 2015, who had a minimum of three stimulated whole mouth saliva flow measurements (WMSFM) at a median follow-up time of 11 (range: 3–24) months were included. Xerostomia was defined as WMSFM ≤25% compared to relative pre-radiotherapy. Patients were stratified into three follow-up groups: 1: U test), and relative risks (RRs) assessed for the two QUANTEC guidelines. Results The incidence of xerostomia was 27%, 14% and 17% at follow-up time points 1, 2 and 3, respectively. At contra , Dmean ipsi ) was higher among patients with xerostomia (Dmean contra : 25 Gy vs. 15 Gy; Dmean ipsi : 44 Gy vs. 25 Gy). Patients with xerostomia had higher pre-RT WMSFM (3.5 g vs. 2.4 g), and had been treated more frequently with additional chemotherapy (93% vs. 63%; all 4 variables: p contra among patients with xerostomia was higher compared to patients without (26 Gy vs. 20 Gy). The RR as specified by the one- and two-gland QUANTEC guideline was 2.3 and 1.4 for patients with Conclusion Xerostomia following IMRT peaks within six months post-radiotherapy and fades with time. Limiting the mean dose to both parotid glands (ipsilateral