cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of genotoxic effects of mammalian germ cell mutagens.

Germ cell mutagens are among the most important chemicals for which chemopreventive agents should be sought and mechanistically defined. These mutagens may include environmental chemicals as well as drugs. In this investigation, the literature was reviewed for substances antimutagenic (or anticlastogenic) to compounds identified as mutagens in at least two germ cell studies. A complete matrix of test results was prepared to identify commonly tested pairs of germ cell mutagens and antimutagens. The categories of antimutagens most tested included vitamins, fatty acids, thiols, tannins and other phenolics. The most frequently studied mutagens were benzo[a]pyrene, cyclophosphamide, mitomycin C, and bleomycin. Based on the availability of the most relevant data, the analysis presented here focused on in vivo tests, specifically on bone marrow cytogenetics. The results indicated that antimutagens commonly found in the diet or endogenously in the body effectively antagonized the cytogenetic damage induced in the bone marrow by most of the germ cell mutagens studied to date. Bone marrow micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assays, which detect systemically active mutagens, may be predictive of similar mitigating effects in germ cells. Test results from antimutagenicity studies in germ cells, though limited, were comparable to the results from studies in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test.
SU‐FF‐T‐434: Neutron and Photon Fluence Distributions and Ambient Dose Equivalents for 250 MeV Proton Interactions in Tissue Using Geant4 Monte Carlo Code

Purpose: To simulate interaction of 250 MeV protons in tissues using GEANT4 (version 4.8.3) Monte Carlo code that utilizes electromagnetic and hadronic interactions to determine the energy and angular distributions of generatedneutron and photon and calculate H*(10) ambient dose equivalent for shielding purposes. Materials and Methods: A cylindrical phantom (length=42 cm, radius=21 cm, ICRU 4‐element soft tissue) was placed in vacuum. A spherical scoring geometry surrounding the phantom with radius = 100 cm was implemented. The energy of generatedneutron, and photon crossing this geometry was counted in 9 theta bins (twenty degree each). The physics list consisted of electromagnetic; elastic; inelastic for proton,neutron and heavy ions. Common to all were standard electromagnetic for gamma, electron and positron; low‐energy parameterized electromagnetic for proton and ions; low‐energy parameterized nuclear elastic (G4LElastic) for proton and ions; and low energy parameterized inelastic for ions and binary cascade nuclear inelastic for proton. The elastic and inelastic processes for neutrons with energy higher than 4 eV (G4NeutronHPorLEModel) and lower than 4 eV (G4NeutronHPThermalScattering Data available in library G4NDL3.1) were used for computation. The ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), was calculated as a product of particle fluence, Φ, with the fluence to dose equivalent conversion factor available in the ICRP 74 report (1996). Results: The total number of generated particles per incident proton was 0.208 for neutron and 0.57 for photon. The neutron fluence (energy < 5 MeV) per proton was dominant in forward compared to lateral and backward directions. No substantial directional preferences were observed for photon fluence. H*(10) from neutron are in the forward (59%), backward (6.3%) and lateral directions (34.7%). H*(10) from photon was 7.2% to that from neutron.Conclusions:Monte Carlo simulations thus provided an improved understanding of the directional dependence of neutron and photon spectral fluences and dose equivalents.
Mach 5 to 7 RBCC Propulsion System Testing at NASA-LeRC HTF

A series of Mach 5 to 7 freejet tests of a Rocket Based Combined Cycle (RBCC) engine were cnducted at the NASA Lewis Research Center (LERC) Hypersonic Tunnel Facility (HTF). This paper describes the configuration and operation of the HTF and the RBCC engine during these tests. A number of facility support systems are described which were added or modified to enhance the HTF test capability for conducting this experiment. The unfueled aerodynamic perfor- mance of the RBCC engine flowpath is also presented and compared to sub-scale test results previously obtained in the NASA LERC I x I Supersonic Wind Tunnel (SWT) and to Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis results. This test program demonstrated a successful configuration of the HTF for facility starting and operation with a generic RBCC type engine and an increased range of facility operating conditions. The ability of sub-scale testing and CFD analysis to predict flowpath performance was also shown. The HTF is a freejet, blowdown propulsion test facility that can simulate up to Mach 7 flight conditions with true air composition. Mach 5, 6, and 7 facility nozzles are available, each with an exit diameter of 42 in. This combination of clean air, large scale, and Mach 7 capabilities is unique to the HTF. This RBCC engine study is the first engine test program conducted at the HTF since 1974.
Direct observations of seasonal exchange through the Bab el Mandab Strait

The exchange flow between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden-Indian Ocean through the Bab el Mandab Strait was measured continuously for 10 months, June 1995–March 1996. ADCP and temperature-salinity chain moorings allow an unprecedented look at the magnitude and seasonal evolution of the inflow layer from the Gulf of Aden, and the high salinity outflow layer from the Red Sea. The timing, structure, and evolution of the summer season mid-depth intrusion of cold, low salinity water into the Red Sea from the Gulf of Aden is measured for the complete intrusion cycle of 1995. We unexpectedly find the deep outflow still strong in June 1995, with speeds of 0.6 m/sec and transport of 0.4 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m³/sec). From July to mid–September, the deep outflow persists but is attenuated to speeds of 0.2 m/sec and transport of 0.05 Sv. The dominant summer feature, the cold low salinity intermediate layer intrusion, persists for 3 months, occupies 70% of the water column in the Strait and carries approximately 1.7 × 1012 m³ of cold nutrient-rich water into the Red Sea. The winter regime begins in mid-September, is fully developed by early November, and continues to the end of our first observation interval in March 1996. Speeds in the lower layer are 0.8–1.0 m/sec and 0.4–0.6 m/sec in the upper layer. At maximum exchange in mid-February, outflow transport reaches 0.7 Sv. Ubiquitous oscillations in current and salinity at synoptic and intraseasonal periods appear closely related to fluctuations in the along-channel wind forcing and perhaps to coastally-trapped waves.
Comparison of the influence of rostral and caudal raphe neurons on the adrenal secretion of catecholamines and on the release of adrenocorticotropin in the cat.

Abstract Neuroendocrine and autonomic responses were assessed in chloralose-anesthetized cats after chemical stimulation of medial brain-stem regions, including those that influence nociceptive input to the medullary or spinal dorsal horn. Microinjections of l -glutamate (0.5 M, 160 nl) were directed at the following rostral and caudal raphe nuclei: the periaqueductal gray (PAG), the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), the raphe magnus (RM), and the raphe obscurus/raphe pallidus (Ro/Rpa). Activation of DR neurons evoked a significant increase in the adrenal secretion of epinephrine (+ 2.6 ± 1.1 ng/min, P
Demonstrative clinical teamwork in the treatment of conversion hysteria.

The authors, a psychoanalyst and a psychiatric social worker, have collaborated in a study of three cases of conversion hysteria, picked in a random sampling of admissions at a neuropsychiatric hospital. Four distinct types of psychotherapy were employed: narcosynthesis, hypnotherapy, active analysis, and case-work therapy. An effort was made to have the patients re-experience the feelings which had been associated with various traumatic experiences they had hitherto repressed. It was believed that with proper understanding of the drives of the individual and of the repressions and frustrations which curbed these drives, and that by the employment of special techniques of unraveling conflicts, a deflection and minimizing of symptoms, serving as a lightning rod upon which the patient could discharge many of his childishly immature emotions, could be made. Deflecting a symptom from a point that would be a handicap from a socio-economic viewpoint to a point where it could be diminished and, possibly, eventually dissipated, was attempted. A follow-up was made after the patients had left the hospital setting to determine their adjustment. All of the cases reported were in the naive, uncritical, immature types of the pithiatic make-up. Without sacrificing the advantage of brevity, the techniques employed enabled more rapid uncovering and resolution of the deeper problems without overlooking the importance of transference. The authors believe there is sufficient warrant to investigate the methods employed and are of the opinion that as a technique in rational therapy, it offers great promise.
Habitat structure and plant community composition in a northern Everglades wetland landscape

The structure ofa priori-defined aquatic habitats was compared within the Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, which comprises the northern remnant of the Everglades ecosystem. Total plant biomass, canopy height, water depth, and the relative abundance (percent cover) of plant species in adjacent sloughs (including alligator holes), wet prairies, and sawgrass stands were compared over a 30-month period. These habitats formed a mosaic of aquatic habitats of differing structure and plant community composition. Slough and alligator hole habitats were in deeper water with little or no canopy, and habitat structure was provided almost entirely by submersed bladderwort (Utricularia) and floating water lily (Nymphaea). Sawgrass stands were present in shallower water and had a well-developed canopy that was generated almost entirely byCladium. Wet prairies were intermediate in water depth and canopy stature, with emergent sedges (i.e.,Eleocharis, Rhynchospora) providing most habitat structure. Differences among adjacent habitats accounted for most of the observed variation in habitat structure and plant relative abundance, whereas differences among widely-separated areas in the Refuge (i.e., landscape-level differences) accounted for little of the observed variation. In contrast, water depth varied considerably among sampling areas, likely reflecting hydrologic gradients that occur across the Refuge landscape. Similarly, although differences among sampling months were minimal for most habitat features examined, most of the variation observed in water depth was accounted for by sampling month, as would be expected in a seasonally dynamic wetland such as the Everglades. Discriminant function analyses using plant relative abundance data, habitat structure data, or both sets of data combined correctly classified most sites with respect toa priori-defined habitat type, despite similarities in plant community composition in sloughs and wet prairies. Overall, it appears that sloughs, wet prairies, and sawgrass stands are distinct with respect to habitat structure and plant community composition and that differences among these habitats are persistent across the Refuge landscape.
MORE “GRAPHIC GRAMMAR”

Author's summary.— Further examples of graphic grammar in support of the theory that it is easier for the average (visual-minded) student to grasp visual explanations: a “pattern” for learning certain tenses of many French irregular verbs, and a graphic method for finding the present subjunctive.
Frustrative nonrelief in instrumental escape conditioning

The generality of the frustration effect in an aversive stimulus conditioning procedure was examined by training and testing 40 rats in a double cold-waterway escape conditioning apparatus. Experimental and control procedures analogous to appetitive conditioning experiments (e.g., Amsel & Roussel, 1952; Wagner. 1959) indicated that frustrative nonrelief (i.e., reinforcement omission) in the first goal tank yielded significant increments in swimming speed in the second waterway, and that these increments in performance were dependent upon initial training with continuous relief (i.e., reinforcement) in the first goal tank. Extensions of the generality of the frustration effect are discussed.
Shell colour variation in Littorina saxatilis Olivi (Prosobranchia: Littorinidae): a multi‐factor approach

The marine snail Littorina saxatilis is highly polymorphic for shell colour. It lives in the heterogeneous intertidal zone, where there are sharp transitions in a number of abiotic factors that may influence the relative fitness of morphs. We investigated the hypothesis of selected variation by relating the colour distribution to five factors (wave exposure, substratum, shore level, sex, snail age), and to interactions between them. We compared patterns from geographical areas in Sweden, Iceland and Russia. Cryptic morphs (tessellated and different dark colours) generally dominated (80–98%) while conspicuous morphs (white, yellow, red and banded) were less common (2–20%). The colour frequencies were often related to wave exposure, substratum and shore level. Frequencies rarely varied with age and never with sex. In order to test the assumption that the different colours are genetically determined we cross-bred snails from Iceland in the laboratory. Both the presence of bands and the ground colours of the shell were inherited, and we have tentative support for a one-locus two-allele model for banding. Our results support a model of selected inherited colour variation, involving a number of different selective agents, the importance of which may vary between populations on local and geographical scales.
Leadership in Group Practice: Using Past and Current Knowledge to Move Toward the Future

The Association for Specialists in Group Work is an organization whose primary focus is upon conducting groups. As the main outlet for scholarly work of ASGW, The Journal for Specialists in Group W...
On the protonation of oxo-and hydroxo-groups of the goethite (α-FeOOH) surface : A FTIR spectroscopic investigation of surface O-H stretching vibrations

Abstract The O–H stretching region of goethite particles evaporated at different levels of acidity was investigated by Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR)-Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy. Two-dimensional IR Correlation Spectroscopy was used to identify correlations between different sets of discrete surface OH stretches and a Multivariate Curve Resolution analysis was used to resolve the predominant spectral components. Two dominant groups of hydroxyls were identified on the basis of their differences in proton affinity. Group I hydroxyls appear as two 3698/3541 and 3660/3490 cm−1 band pairs. Group II hydroxyls are manifested through the 3648 and 3578 cm−1 bands at greater levels of surface proton loading. There is consequently no correlation between O–H stretching frequencies and proton affinity. Groups I and II were assigned to mostly singly- (–OH) and doubly- (μ-OH) coordinated hydroxyls, respectively. Stretches arising from triply-coordinated (μ3-OH) are proposed to be embedded within the dominant O–H band of bulk goethite. The possibility that these sites contribute to Group I and II hydroxyls should, however, not be entirely dismissed without further investigations. A reexamination of Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD)-FTIR data of one goethite sample evaporated from alkaline conditions [Boily J.-F., Szanyi J., Felmy A. R. (2006) A combined FTIR and TPD study on the bulk and surface dehydroxylation and decarbonation of synthetic goethite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70, 3613–3624] provided further constraints to this band assignment by providing clues to the network of surface hydrogen bonds. Important cooperative effects between hydrogen-bonded surface hydroxyls are suggested to play a crucial role on the variations of the position and intensity of discrete O–H stretching bands as a function of protonation level and temperature.
The role of standards in healthcare automation (Extended abstract)

The creation of an integrated healthcare information infrastructure depends on all parties involved; consumers, healthcare professionals, researchers, and insurers, having systems, tools, and information that are complete, correct, secure and interoperable. The basis for achieving this rests with the availability of healthcare information standards that are complete, implementable, testable, and that contribute to interoperability. In this paper we have identified the role of standards in integrating such a heathcare enterprise, with emphasis on electronic health records, semantic interoperability, simulation, medical device integration, supply chain management, bioimaging, and pharmaceutical production. We need to ensure that these standards are complete and testable by providing the necessary conformance tests, interoperability tools and techniques.
Technoshamanism: Spiritual healing in the rave subculture

(1999). Technoshamanism: Spiritual healing in the rave subculture. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 53-77.
Differential Expression of Brain Cannabinoid Receptors between Repeatedly Stressed Males and Females may Play a Role in Age and Gender-Related Difference in Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications from Animal Studies

Inconsistent gender differences in the outcome of TBI have been reported. The mechanism is unknown. In a recent male animal study, repeated stress followed by TBI had synergistic effects on brain gene expression and caused greater behavioral deficits. Because females are more likely to develop anxiety after stress and because anxiety is mediated by cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), there is a need to compare CB1 and CB2 expression in stressed males and females. CB1 and CB2 mRNA expression was determined in the amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus of adolescent male and female rats after 3 days of repeated tail-shock stress using qPCR. Prefrontal cortex CB1 and CB2 protein levels were determined using Western blot techniques. Both gender and stress had significant effects on brain CB1 mRNA expression levels. Overall, females showed significantly higher CB1 and CB2 mRNA levels in all brain regions than males (p<0.01). Repeated stress reduced CB1 mRNA levels in the amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (p<0.01, each). A gender x stress interaction was found in CB1 mRNA level in the hippocampus (P<0.05), hypothalamus (p<0.01) and prefrontal cortex (p<0.01). Within sex one-way ANOVA analysis showed decreased CB1 mRNA in the hippocampus, hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex of stressed females (p<0.01, each) but increased CB1 mRNA levels in the hypothalamus of stressed males (p<01). There was a gender and stress interaction in prefrontal CB1 receptor protein levels (p<0.05) which were decreased in stressed females only (p<0.05). Prefrontal CB2 protein levels were decreased in both male and female animals after repeated stress (P<0.05, each). Conclusion: High basal levels of cannabinoid receptor expression in young naive females could protect against TBI damage whereas stress-induced cannabinoid receptor deficits could predict a poor outcome of TBI in repeatedly stressed females. Further animal studies could help evaluate this possibility.
Effect of carbon monoxide exposure on blood fibrinolytic activity in rabbits

Abstract One of two groups of rabbits were exposed to carbon monoxide (CO, 50 ppm by volume) for 24 hr continuously for 8 weeks, whereas the second breathed ambient air. Percentage oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), percentage hemoglobin (g/100 ml), and percentage carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) were monitored in both groups. The mean percentage carboxyhemoglobin increased up to 30.91% at the end of the eighth week. Tests of fibrinolysis were monitored and showed acceleration of the whole-blood clot lysis, euglobulin lysis, and increase in whole-blood clotting time. A fibrin plate test confirmed the increased lysis, and serum fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products were elevated in the CO-exposed animals. No changes were observed in the same tests in the rabbits exposed to ambient air.
Effect of core–mantle and tidal torques on Mercury’s spin axis orientation

Abstract The rotational evolution of Mercury’s mantle plus crust and its core under conservative and dissipative torques is important for understanding the planet’s spin state. Dissipation results from tidal torques and viscous, magnetic, and topographic torques contributed by interactions between the liquid core and solid mantle. For a spherically symmetric core–mantle boundary (CMB), the system goes to an equilibrium state wherein the spin axes of the mantle and core are fixed in the frame precessing with the orbit, and in which the mantle and core are differentially rotating. This equilibrium exhibits a mantle spin axis that is offset from the Cassini state by larger amounts for weaker core–mantle coupling for all three dissipative core–mantle coupling mechanisms, and the spin axis of the core is separated farther from that of the mantle, leading to larger differential rotation. Relatively strong core–mantle coupling is necessary to bring the mantle spin axis to a position within the uncertainty in its observed position, which is close to the Cassini state defined for a completely solid Mercury. Strong core–mantle coupling means that Mercury’s response is closer to that of a solid planet. Measured or inferred values of parameters in all three core–mantle coupling mechanisms for a spherically symmetric CMB appear not to accomplish this requirement. For a hydrostatic ellipsoidal CMB, pressure coupling dominates the dissipative effects on the mantle and core positions, and dissipation with pressure coupling brings the mantle spin solidly to the Cassini state. The core spin goes to a position displaced from that of the mantle by about 3.55 arcmin nearly in the plane containing the Cassini state. The core spin lags the precessing plane containing the Cassini state by an increasing angle as the core viscosity is increased. With the maximum viscosity considered of ν ∼ 15.0 cm 2 / s if the coupling is by the circulation through an Ekman boundary layer or ν ∼ 8.75 × 10 5 cm 2 / s for purely viscous coupling, the core spin lags the precessing Cassini plane by 23 arcsec, whereas the mantle spin lags by only 0.055 arcsec. Larger, non-hydrostatic values of the CMB ellipticity also result in the mantle spin at the Cassini state, but the core spin is moved closer to the mantle spin. Current measurement uncertainties preclude using the mantle offset to constrain the internal core viscosity.
Categorization and normalization of vowels by 3-year-old children.

A two-alternative, forced-choice procedure was used in two experiments to test 3-year-old children’s categorization of natural vowel tokens produced by several talkers. An appropriate pointing response (right or left) was visually reinforced with one of two television displays. In Experiment 1, the stimuli were isolated tokens of /a/ and /i/ produced by a male adult, a female adult, a male child, and a female child. In Experiment 2, the stimuli were isolated tokens of /ae/ and /∧/ produced by the same talkers. In both experiments, 3-year-olds spontaneously generalized their pointing responses from the male adult vowel tokens to the corresponding vowels produced by the other talkers. Children reinforced for an arbitrary grouping of the two vowel categories persisted in categorizing on the basis of vowel quality. Results from both experiments demonstrate the presence of perceptual constancy for vowel tokens across talkers. In particular, the results from Experiment 2 provide evidence for normalization of isolated, quasi-steady-state vowel tokens because the formant values for tokens of /∧/ produced by the woman and the two children were closer to the formant frequencies of the male adult’s /ae/ than to the male adult’s /∧/.
Oligomerization of Isocyanates by Cyclic Sulfonium Zwitterions

The cyclic sulfonium zwitterions (I) are very effective catalysts for the cyclotrimerization of isocyanates. Under certain conditions (high concentration of isocyanate in the reaction system or high reaction temperature) cyclic sulfonium zwitterions act as anionic initiators. This behavior is due to the reaction of the isocyanate with stabilizing molecules of water of cyclic sulfonium zwitterions followed by rapid polymerization of the initiator. This phenomenon can be easily utilized in the one-step preparation of stable NCO-terminated oligomers of difunctional isocyanates.
Interaction of cytosol DNA-binding proteins with adenine-rich polynucleotides

Summary In liver cytoplasm there are two small molecular weight DNA-binding proteins (20,000–30,000 daltons) which show high affinity for adenine-rich polynucleotides.
Plasmodium gallinaceum: Chicken erythrocyte survival as determined by sodium radiochromate51 and di-isopropylfluorophosphate32 labeling

Abstract The chromium-51 and di-isopropylfluorophosphate-32 labeling techniques were used to evaluate erythrocyte survival in healthy and Plasmodium gallinaceum -infected chickens. Analysis of the data obtained from noninfected chickens indicated that the chicken erythrocyte has a life span of about 34 days, that there is no physiological random destruction of chicken erythrocytes, and that 51 Cr elutes from chicken erythrocytes in the absence of disease at a fairly constant rate of about 2.5%/day. A comparison of curves of 51 Cr and DF 32 P disappearance from the circulations of Plasmodium gallinaceum -infected chickens indicated that the chromium elution rate increased greatly as the infection progressed. The amount of 51 Cr eluted from the erythrocytes of infected animals was sufficiently great that it must be assumed that the infection brought about increased elution from nonparasitized erythrocytes. Because of the effects of the infection upon elution of 51 Cr from erythrocytes it is suggested that DF 32 P is the better label for studies of erythrocyte destruction in malaria and that 51 Cr is not a suitable label for evaluating erythrocyte destruction in malaria except in studies of short duration.
Phase-Variable Expression Of The 145-Kda Surface Protein Of Brazilian Purpuric Fever Case-Clone Strains Of Haemophilus Influenzae Biogroup Aegyptius

Clonally related strains of Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius have recently been associated with Brazilian purpuric fever (BPF). Antibodies to a 145-kDa minor outer membrane protein (P145) are bactericidal and protect against experimental bacteremia. To determine if P145 is conserved among case-clone strains, case-clone strains were screened for P145 expression. Assays of a large number of colonies of each strain using colony immunoblot revealed colonies reactive with anti-P145 sera in all 17 case-clone strains. P145 was expressed at a low frequency (0.08%-2.2% of colonies) in 14 strains and at a high frequency (> 98%) in 3 strains. Expression of P145 by reactive colonies was confirmed by SDS-PAGE. Also, anti-P145-nonreactive variant colonies of P145-expressing strains were detected in 0.4%-1.5% of colonies. These findings indicate P145 is conserved among BPF case-clone strains and is subject to phase-variable expression.
A computer based compendium for selected instrumental methods

Abstract A computer-based system has been designed to provide the users of analytical instrumentation with current information. This method of electronic publication offers major advantages in speeding the flow of information to laboratory personnel. The system will soon be available on a commercial microcomputer such as the Apple or IBM personal computer.
DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES AND THE ECONOMICS OF ELECTRONIC INFORMATION: PART 2

The Federal Depository Library Program has assured broad public access to important government publications. When print media were the norm for access to convenient and reliable information, deposit of print publications met the public need well. However, as the norm for convenient and reliable access shifts toward electronic information products, the print depository may become inadequate as an information resource: fewer people will be willing to use the print items, seeking instead the power and speed of electronic access. If print deposits decline, the public purpose in supporting widespread access to a range of information of value to our democratic processes may suffer.
Investigating Electromagnetic Field, Nanoparticle Design, and Treatment Volume for Magnetic Nanoparticle Thermal Therapy

Magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) based thermal therapies are currently approved in Europe and poised for clinical translation in the US. The main benefits include the ability to focally and repeatedly treat tissues, including cancers, with a minimally-invasive platform. Nevertheless, a more complete understanding and control of MNP heating is necessary to effectively translate the approach to treat different sizes and geometries of cancer (See Figure 1). The present work discusses contrasts in heating between superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic nanoparticles (sMNP and fMNP), electromagnetic field-dependant MNP response, scaling of MNP volumetric heating, and the ability of theory to predict this behavior.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
CALCULATION OF STANDARDIZED, NONCENTERED FACTOR SCORES: AN ALTERNATIVE TO CONVENTIONAL FACTOR SCORES

Conventional methods for computing factor scores yield factor scores with a mean of zero on each factor. This precludes meaningful comparisons of mean differences across factors. An algorithm for computing scores that are standardized but do not have means of zero is proposed and illustrated.
THE RATE OF RESPIRATION IN ERYTHROCYTES.—II. THE RATE IN MATURE RABBIT ERYTHROCYTES

1. Orthochromatic rabbit erythrocytes suspended in saline consume oxygen at the minimum rate of 8.44 mm.3/grm./hr., and reticulocytes at the rate of 250 mm.3/grm./hr. 2. In a sample of blood drawn from a normal rabbit, in which the reticulocyte concentration is 0·5 per cent., nearly 90 per cent. of the observed respiration of the red cells is due to the orthochromatic erythrocytes. 3. With the progress of anaemia (by haemorrhage) more oxygen is consumed by the red cells than can be accounted for on the basis that the two rates of respiration given above remain constant.
A Rapidly Changing Military Balance: A National Security Perspective on Richard Bush's Untying the Knot

Untying the Knot represents a brave effort to untangle one of the most complex national security challenges confronting the United States in the current security environment. The paramount status of the Taiwan issue, which constitutes the most dangerous flashpoint in the world today, has been somewhat obscured by the global war on terrorism and the nuclear overtones of crises involving Iran, North Korea, and South Asia. Nevertheless, the Taiwan issue is unique among these security challenges in that a crisis involving the island represents a wholly plausible scenario for major war between two nuclear-armed great powers. The truly devastating consequences of such a conflict, not only for the belligerents but for global security as a whole, underline the fundamental importance of this book. As one of the nation’s foremost experts on the Taiwan quandary, Bush demonstrates encyclopedic knowledge concerning both the origins of the dispute and, in particular, the fast moving pace of developments during the past decade. Scholars and national security practitioners will find that this new tome serves as an invaluable reference on narrow but important aspects of the Taiwan problem, ranging from security dimensions of Taipei’s evolving trade policy with the mainland (“avoiding haste” to “active opening”) to the sensitive issue of passports. Bush’s analyses regarding broader issues that are vital to any understanding of the Taiwan issue, such as Chinese nationalism and the nature of Taiwan’s exceedingly complex political landscape, represent superb surveys of available scholarship and are quite insightful. These insights sometimes reflect Bush’s extensive personal involvement in the issues under discussion. Bush describes, for example, the surprise of Taiwan Foreign Minister Eugene Chien mere hours after the announcement of the major constitution referendum initiative by Taiwan president Chen Shui-bian (p. 223). Bush also analyzes a variety of interesting PRC discussions. For instance, the intricate treatment of PRC scholar Su Ge’s important Chinese-
‘If I could really say that and get away with it!’ Accountability and ambivalence in American parents' sexuality lessons in the age of abstinence

Based on in-depth interviews with 64 American parents of teenagers, I examine how parents navigate the complex landscape of abstinence, personal responsibility, and sexual well-being in their sexuality lessons to their children. Reflecting the dominance of the abstinence-only discourse, many parents expressed a sense of accountability to promote abstinence in their sexuality lessons to their children. At the same time, parents doubt that their children will remain abstinent until marriage. My analysis suggests that abstinence is appealing to parents less for its moral message than its promise of psychological, physical, and financial well-being. That is, despite their ambivalence, many parents promote abstinence because they hope it will keep their children safe and safeguard their futures.
Networking with Secrecy Constraints

Wireless networks are susceptible to anonymous monitoring of transmissions by adversaries who can infer valuable information about data flows in the network. It is therefore necessary to design network protocols that maintain secrecy of routes from eavesdroppers. In this work, we present a mathematical formulation of route secrecy when eavesdroppers observe transmission epochs of nodes. We consider networks where the nodes use receiver directed signaling schemes and each node has a strict delay constraint for relaying packets. We propose a scheduling technique to provide complete secrecy of routes, and based on that, characterize achievable rate regions for two-hop data routes under the given constraints. Furthermore, we extend the results when an additional constraint on packet loss is imposed
Influence of a low sodium diet on the renal response to amino acid infusions in humans.

Influence of a low sodium diet on the renal response to amino acid infusions in humans. In experimental animals, a high protein diet has been shown to accelerate end-stage renal disease by inducing glomerular hyperperfusion. In this study, we found that intravenous administration of amino acid, used as one component of parenteral nutrition, to normal volunteers resulted in a significant increase in renal blood flow (from 517 ± 29 to 754 ± 60 ml/min) and glomerular filtration rate (from 106 ± 6 to 165 ± 12 ml/min) without altering systemic blood pressure, renal excretion of electrolytes, plasma renin activity, or plasma aldosterone concentration, and excretory rates of prostaglandins E 2 were increased (from 665 ± 61 to 1,034 ± 153 pg/min). These amino acid-induced renal hemodynamic effects were abolished when the volunteers received a low sodium diet (20 mEq/day) for three days before the amino acid infusions. However, the hemodynamic effects were restored when the subjects receiving low sodium diets were pretreated with captopril. Under these conditions, amino acid infusions increased renal blood flow (from 388 ± 11 to 597 ± 27 ml/min) and glomerular filtration rate (from 80 ± 4 to 118 ± 9 ml/min). Reduction of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin in volunteers receiving a normal sodium intake was also capable of significantly decreasing the amino acid effects on renal hemodynamics. The results indicate that the renal hemodynamic effects of amino acid infusion are strongly influenced by angiotensin II and prostaglandin formation.
The case of the radioactive pillow.

A married couple pursuing their Ph.D. degrees at Columbia University were involved in a case of radioactive contamination. A bed pillow was found in their apartment that was contaminated with 32 P. This paper describes the investigation of this case and the findings.
All-in-one virtualized laboratory (abstract only)

Laboratory-based courses--the corner stone of Computer Science programs in our community college--have been difficult to manage due to the shortage of lab space, available equipment, and basic infrastructures. This has meant that for the past few years, we have not been able to offer certain courses that allow students administrative privileges in order to complete their assignments, such as Web Server Administration course. We wanted to be able to offer a number of courses requiring various systems, levels of functionality, and networking set up in one laboratory. We researched and experimented with different virtualized systems. Specifically, we looked at the use of VMs in CS courses and laboratories. Through use of virtualization technology we implemented multiple VMs (one for each course) on each computer in a laboratory. Each VM was set up for specific course requirement; hence, multiple courses were offered simultaneously in one laboratory. In designing the laboratory, we were also careful not to adversely affect the security of college's computer network. Therefore, the virtualized laboratory was separated from the college's computer network. This approach not only provided the capabilities that we were looking for, but can also be used in future to provide easier access to students, even from outside the school network.
Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and graft-versus-host disease: A case study

Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation is an acceptable treatment option for children with hematologic malignancies that are refractory to traditional treatments. Reports in the literature suggest that acute graft-verus-host disease (aGVHD), a common complication of peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. aGVHD, a complex immunologic response, is reported in allogeneic transplants in which there is antigen presentation and activation of the donor T cell. The release of cytokines from the activated lymphocytes results in host cell death. This article reports on a 3-year-old child with a hematologic malignancy who, upon relapse, had received an identically matched allogeneic stem cell transplant from a sibling. Prophylaxis against aGVHD included several immunosuppressive agents. The dosage and serum levels of mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus were carefully monitored; however, the aGVHD progressed to include the liver and gut. As the child continued to deteriorate the aggressive treatment against aGVHD continued without success. A review of this case of aGVHD will provide nurses a knowledge base that is necessary to provide optimal care to the patient and family members alike.
Semiconductor-Based Linear Intensity Modulator with Spur Free Dynamic Range of 105 dB.Hz2/3

A 105 dB.Hz2/3 spur free dynamic range (SFDR) is achieved from a semiconductor-based intensity modulator. This has been realized by introducing an injection-locked passively mode-locked laser into one of the arms of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
What do you think?: a case study of benefit, expectation, and interaction in a large online critique community

Critique is an indispensible part of creative work and many online communities have formed for this shared purpose. As design choices within the communities can impact the effectiveness of the critiques produced, it is important to study these communities and offer guidance for decisions. In this paper, we report the results of a case study exploring one large online community dedicated to critique in the domain of digital photography. We analyzed a large corpus of interaction data to understand the benefit of participation, the response dynamics, factors predicting critique ratings, and patterns of reciprocal interaction. Interviews with users were also conducted to uncover motives for participation and expectations of the critiques within the community. The results and insights gained from this work were distilled into recommendations for improving the design of systems that support community-based critique of creative artifacts.
Hypermutable Haemophilus influenzae with mutations in mutS are found in cystic fibrosis sputum

Hypermutable bacterial pathogens exist at surprisingly high prevalence and benefit bacterial populations by promoting adaptation to selective environments, including resistance to antibiotics. Five hundred Haemophilus influenzae isolates were screened for an increased frequency of mutation to resistance to rifampicin, nalidixic acid and spectinomycin: of the 14 hypermutable isolates identified, 12 were isolated from cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum. Analysis by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR and ribotyping identified eight distinct genetic fingerprints. The hypermutable phenotype of seven of the eight unique isolates was associated with polymorphisms in conserved sites of mutS. Four of the mutant mutS alleles were cloned and failed to complement the mutator phenotype of a mutS : : TSTE mutant of H. influenzae strain Rd KW20. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the hypermutators identified one β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant (BLNAR) isolate with two isolates producing β-lactamase. Six isolates from the same patient with CF, with the same genetic fingerprint, were clonal by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). In this clone, there was an evolution to higher MIC values for the antibiotics administered to the patient during the period in which the strains were isolated. Hypermutable H. influenzae with mutations in mutS are prevalent, particularly in the CF lung environment, and may be selected for and maintained by antibiotic pressure.
DOES DESIGN RATIONALE ENHANCE CREATIVITY

Creativity and rationale are often viewed as two contrasting facets in software design. A lack in recognizing the facilitative relationship between creativity and rationale not only underestimates the benefits designers can obtain from rationale practices, but also confines the approaches that support creativity in software design. Our exploratory study provides empirical evidence of the positive correlation between rationale and creativity. Furthermore, we found that the feasibility of design alternatives and the comprehensiveness of tradeoff evaluation are critical to enhancing novelty, persuasiveness, and insightfulness. We also discuss future directions to further understand how these properties, or rationale quality in general, affects design creativity.
Verne Grant and Louisiana Irises: Is there anything new under the sun?

Summary The impact of Verne Grant's 1981 edition of Plant Speciation reverberates as strongly today as it did 22 yr ago. His insights into the field of plant evolutionary biology continue to inform current and future research programmes. For example, Grant's work pointed the way for those who have argued that the consequences of natural hybridization are of primary importance in the evolution of many plant and animal species complexes. It is thus now widely accepted that numerous, important outcomes are afforded by crosses between divergent lineages. In the present paper we highlight some of the concepts that appear in Grant's seminal work. We address these in the context of their application by Grant to a plant species complex that we have studied for 15 yr, the Louisiana Irises. We consider Grant's inferences in light of new data and our own conclusions. In the main, we find ourselves supporting Grant's conceptual framework.
Strong convergence rate of principle of averaging for jump-diffusion processes

We study jump-diffusion processes with two well-separated time scales. It is proved that the rate of strong convergence to the averaged effective dynamics is of order O(ɛ1/2), where ɛ ≪ 1 is the parameter measuring the disparity of the time scales in the system. The convergence rate is shown to be optimal through examples. The result sheds light on the designing of efficient numerical methods for multiscale stochastic dynamics.
Large-Scale Simulations of Diffusion-Limited n-Species Annihilation

We present results from computer simulations for diffusion-limited n-species annihilation, ${A}_{i}{+A}_{j}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ $(i,j=1,2,\dots{},n;i\ensuremath{\ne}j),$ on the line, for lattices comprising of up to ${2}^{28}$ sites, and where the process proceeds to completion (no further reactions possible), involving up to ${10}^{15}$ time steps. These enormous simulations are made possible by the renormalized reaction-cell method. Our results suggest that the concentration decay exponent for n species is $\ensuremath{\alpha}(n)=(n\ensuremath{-}1)/2n$ instead of $(2n\ensuremath{-}3)/(4n\ensuremath{-}4),$ as previously believed, and are in agreement with recent theoretical arguments of Deloubri\`ere et al. We also propose an expression for $\ensuremath{\Delta},$ the correction-to-scaling exponent for the concentration decay, defined by $c(t)\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}}{(A+Bt}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Delta}}).$
Downregulation of the vasopressin type 2 receptor after vasopressin-induced internalization: involvement of a lysosomal degradation pathway.

Vasopressin (VP) increases urinary concentration by signaling through the vasopressin receptor (V2R) in collecting duct principal cells. After downregulation, V2R reappears at the cell surface via ...
Simulation and optimization of binary full-adder cells in rapid single flux quantum logic

The authors consider the design of a binary carry full-adder cell using the logic gates and buffers belonging to the rapid single-flux-quantum (RSFQ) logic family. They have taken advantage of the unique properties of RSFQ pulse logic to realize two designs: one using two logic gates and a toggle flip-flop in two stages of logic, the other using two logic gates in one stage of logic. They have determined the parameter margins of the two full-adder cells and optimized them to obtain critical margins approaching +or-30%. Simulations of the full-adder cells have revealed critical delays and maximum clock frequencies of 58 ps and 17 GHz and 33 ps and 30 GHz, respectively. >
Direct Photoaffinity Labeling of Individual Cytosolic Domains of Adenylyl Cyclase by [32P]2′-deoxy-3′-AMP and [α-32P]5′-ATP

The susceptibility of purines to form a covalent attachment with proteins upon exposure to UV irradiation was applied to adenylyl cyclase by use of [32P]2'-d-3'-AMP, a dead-end inhibitor that binds to the post-transition configuration of the enzyme. [32P]2'-d-3'-AMP was synthesized enzymatically. It and [alpha-32P]5'-ATP were used for direct photocross-linking to individually expressed cytosolic domains of adenylyl cyclase. Both the C1 domain of the type V isozyme (VC1) and the C2 domain of the type II isozyme (IIC2) were labeled, whether alone or combined, upon photolysis of [32P]2'-d-3'-AMP in the presence of acetone. Labeling of VC1 and IIC2 was greatly enhanced in the presence of PPi, was almost completely suppressed by 50 microM 2',5'-dideoxy-3'-ATP, the most potent reported P-site inhibitor of adenylyl cyclases, but was partially suppressed by 1 mM 3'-IMP, a ligand that does not inhibit the enzyme via the P-site. Neither 3':5'-cAMP nor 5'-ATP had a major effect on labeling by [32P]2'-d-3'-AMP. Direct cross-linking of VC1 with [alpha-32P]5'-ATP was substantially suppressed by 2', 5'-dideoxy-3'-ATP and partially suppressed by 2'-d-3'-AMP, whereas cross-linking of IIC2 was less affected by the 3'-triphosphate. The data imply that either cytosolic domain can interact directly with either substrate or P-site ligand and that subunit interaction modifies the susceptibility of each domain to UV-induced covalent modification by either [alpha-32P]5'-ATP or [32P]2'-d-3'-AMP.