cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elevated serum triglycerides are independently associated with persistent organ failure in acute pancreatitis.

Elevated Serum Triglycerides are Independently Associated With Persistent Organ Failure in Acute Pancreatitis
1-Oxoniaadamantane (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 27/2008)

The cover picture shows the preparation of 1-oxoniaadamantane by several different pathways under superacidic conditions. The structure of the intriguing bridgehead oxonium ion was characterized by NMR spectroscopy, DFT calculations and X-ray crystallography as a CB11Cl16H6 counteranion salt. The cation is a missing member of the diamondoid 1-heteroadamantane series. Details are discussed in the Short Communication by G. K. S. Prakash, G. A. Olah et al. on p. 4555 ff.
Do α-acyloxy and α-alkoxycarbonyloxy radicals fragment to form acyl and alkoxycarbonyl radicals?

The generation of α-acyloxy and α-alkoxycarbonyloxy radicals under reductive conditions in fragmentable probe experiments does not provide unequivocal evidence for the fragmentation of such radicals to give ketones and acyl or alkoxycarbonyl radicals. Instead, standard reduction predominates, even at low tin hydride concentrations. Some ketone product is formed in the α-acyloxy substrate at low concentrations, but it is unclear whether this product arises through a slow radical fragmentation process or an inefficient, chain-breaking oxidative process.
Correspondence between some life-span, stage theory developmental sequences of stages and levels

Good comparisons of development sequences have been made in the past. The model of hierarchical complexity is one developmental sequence which has often been compared to other developmental sequences including: Piaget & Inhelder (1969); Fischer & Bidell (1998); Colby and Kohlberg’s ( 1987a, 1987b) 9 point stages and moral maturity scores (mms) of moral judgment. However, Colby and Kohlberg’s 13 point scale has never been assessed in making comparisons to other scales. The current paper constructed a comparison table of all five models, including Colby and Kohlberg’s 13 point scale, which together cover the developmental stages of an entire life-span. Adjustments had to be made to the 9 point and 13 point scales. The formula, ohc = 3 + 2 * (Stage of Colby & Kohlberg’s), was introduced to demonstrate the relationship between the orders of hierarchical complexity and Kohlberg’s stages of development.
Field Measures of Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Mortality Caused by Cry34/35Ab1 Proteins Expressed in Maize Event 59122 and Implications for Trait Durability

Maize, Zea mays L., has been transformed to express the Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis strain PS149B1. These two proteins act together as a binary insecticidal protein that is effective against corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) species. The design of the resistance management plan to preserve the long-term durability of this trait largely depends on the level of rootworm mortality induced by Cry34/35Ab1 corn rootworm-protected maize (frequently referred to as “dose” in this context). Here, we report on studies that showed Cry34/35Ab1-expressing maize event 59122 caused 99.1 to 99.98% mortality of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, larvae, after adjusting adult emergence numbers for density-dependent mortality. In two of three studies, there was a short delay in time to 50% adult emergence from 59122 maize plots compared with control plots, although emergence was completed at approximately the same time from both types of maize. These data support an expectation that alleles conferring resistance to the Cry34/35Ab1 proteins in western corn rootworm will be functionally nearly completely to completely recessive on 59122 maize and that there is unlikely to be assortative mating of Cry34/35Ab1-resistant and susceptible rootworms. When incorporated into simulation models of rootworm adaptation to transgenic maize, these findings suggest that a 20% refuge is likely to be highly effective at prolonging the durability of 59122 maize.
Associations Between Anxiety Sensitivity, Negative Affect, and Smoking During a Self-Guided Smoking Cessation Attempt.

Introduction Anxiety sensitivity (AS), defined as the extent to which individuals believe anxiety and internal sensations have harmful consequences, is associated with the maintenance and relapse of smoking. Yet, little is known about how AS interplays with negative affect during the quit process in terms of smoking behavior. To address this gap, the current study examined the dynamic interplay between AS, negative affect, and smoking lapse behavior during the course of a self-guided (unaided) quit attempt. Methods Fifty-four participants (33.3% female; M age = 34.6, SD = 13.8) completed ecological momentary assessment procedures, reporting on negative affect and smoking status via a handheld computer device, three times per day for the initial 14 days of the self-guided cessation attempt. Results As expected, a significant interaction was observed, such that participants characterized by high levels of AS were at a higher risk of smoking on days when negative affect was high (relative to low). Results also revealed a significant interaction between AS and daily smoking lapse behavior in terms of daily change in negative affect. Participants characterized by high levels of AS reported significant increases in same-day negative affect on days when they endorsed smoking relative to days they endorsed abstinence. Conclusions This study provides novel information about the nature of AS, negative affect, and smoking behavior during a quit attempt. Results suggest there is a need for specialized intervention strategies to enhance smoking outcome among this high-risk group that will meet their unique "affective needs." Implications The current study underscores the importance of developing specialized smoking cessation interventions for smokers with emotional vulnerabilities.
Effects of Variety and Fertilizers on Number of Grains/Cob of Maize in Asaba Area of Delta State

This study carried out in the Teaching and Research Farm of Delta state University, Asaba Campus from March 2008 to June, 2010 to evaluate the effects of variety, organic manure and inorganic fertilizer on number of grain/cob of maize. The experiment was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times in a factorial layout. Four different rates of poultry manure, cattle dung and NPK 20:10:10 fertilizer were applied to three different maize varieties sown at 75cm x 15 cm and evaluated for number of grains/cob. The result obtained indicated that hybrid variety, 9022-13, which had 5090, was superior. Also, plants that received inorganic fertilizer were outstanding in number of grains/cob with values of 441.5 in 2008 and 506.0 in 2009 followed by the plants received poultry manure (444.0 in 2008 and 468.0 in 2009). Based on the rates of application of manure/inorganic fertilizer, plants that received 450kgha-1 of NPK 20:10:10 fertilizer were outstanding in numbers of grains/cob of maize with values of 532.8 in 2008 and 570.8 in 2009. The results of interaction showed that variety, manure type and rates of application were significantly (p<0.05) different. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that (i) Hybrid variety 9022-13 should be grown in Asaba area. (ii) NPK 20: 10:10 mineral fertilizers should be applied at the rate of 450kgha-1 to enhance maize yield.
Biological Constraints on Host-Range Expansion by the Wood-Boring Beetle Phoracantha semipunctata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

The eucalyptus longhorned borer, Phoracantha semipunctata F., is a cosmopolitan pest of Eucalyptus. The developing larvae damage trees by boring through the outer bark and along the cambium layer. Although the borer has become established in many parts of the world where it has encountered novel host-plant species, it has restricted its attacks to Eucalyptus and a few closely related species. The goal of this study was to investigate the behavioral and ecological barriers to host-range expansion by P. semipunctata. In laboratory experiments, gravid female P. semipunctata showed a low propensity to oviposit on logs of nine novel host species even though they had been deprived of their natural oviposition hosts. Survivorship of neonate larvae artificially introduced into logs of some novel host species was similar to that of larvae in Eucalyptus logs. However, larval development time in these novel hosts was greatly prolonged and adult body size was reduced. These findings suggest that oviposition behaviors of the adult beetles could restrict the host range of P. semipunctata to Eucalyptus species, and that oviposition preferences correspond well with performance of the larvae.
Suhrawardi’s Ontology : From “Essence-Existence” To “Light” (A Suhrawardian Reply to Sadrian Critiques)

Abstrak : Pemilahan antara esensi (mahiyyah) dan eksistensi (wujud) telah menjadi persoalan yang cukup menyita perhatian para filsuf, paling tidak sejak al-Farabi dan ibn Sina. Pemilahan tersebut menjadi starting point dalam mereinterpretasi realitas hakiki, mana yang objektif dan yang hanya subjektif, serta masalah fundamentalitas antara eksistensi dan esensi dalam ranah ontologi dan epistemologi yang sebelumnya tidak tereksplorasi secara spesifik. Suhrawardi termasuk salah seorang filsuf Muslim yang mencoba memberikan interpretasi berbeda dan kritik terhadap filsuf sebelumnya (khususnya Ibn Sina) dalam masalah pemilahan tersebut. Walaupun ia mengamini ibn Sina dalam hal adanya pemilahan antara eksistensi dan esensi, namun ia memiliki pandangan sendiri dalam menyimpulkan bahwa realitas hakiki (objektif ) melampaui eksistensi dan esensi. Ia merumuskan gagasannya tersebut dalam teori tentang cahaya. Tulisan ini mencoba untuk mengetengahkan pandangan Suhrawardi tentang realitas hakiki yang ia uraikan dalam teori cahaya. Selanjutnya dibahas pula disini kritik yang dilontarkan oleh filsafat Sadrian terhadapnya dan jawaban para penganut filsafat Suhrawardian terhadap kritik tersebut. Kata kunci : Esensi , Quiditas (mahiyyah) , Eksistensi (wujūd) , Fundamentalitas/Primasi , Konsep mental (respektivalitas) . Abstract : The distinction between essence (mahiyyah) and existence (wuj ūd) has been a consuming problem among philosophers, at least since al-Farabi and ibn Sina. It has become the starting point in reinterpretation of reality, whether objective or merely subjective, the problem of fundamentality (principal) and respectivality (mental conception) in the realms of ontology and epistemology which never been discussed specifically before. Suhrawardi is one of philosophers who tries to provide different interpretation and even critiques toward previous philosophers (especially ibn Sina) in this regard. Even though he supports ibn Sina’s point of view that there is distinction between essence and existence, but he also has his own conclusion in this case whichis formulated in his theory of “light”. This article tries to present the ideas of Suhrawardi on “essence and existence” and the theory of light. Here will be discussed also some critiques from Sadrian school and the answers to those critiques by Suhrawardian philosophers. Keywords : Essence, Quiddity (mahiyyah), Existence (wujūd), Fundamentality/Primacy, Respectivality (mental concept) .
Mössbauer, magnetic, and electronic-structure studies of YFe 12-x Mo x compounds

M\"ossbauer spectra, magnetization measurements, and self-consistent spin-polarized electronic structures of ${\mathrm{YFe}}_{12\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Mo}}_{\mathit{x}}$, where x=0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0, are reported. The ternary compounds ${\mathrm{YFe}}_{12\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Mo}}_{\mathit{x}}$ have the crystalline tetragonal ${\mathrm{ThMn}}_{12}$ structure. Analyses of the M\"ossbauer spectra show that Mo atoms occupy the 8i Fe sites of the ${\mathrm{ThMn}}_{12}$ structure, in agreement with previous observations. Room-temperature magnetic and M\"ossbauer measurements show that the compounds with x\ensuremath{\le}2.0 are ferromagnetic and with x\ensuremath{\ge}3.0 are paramagnetic. Measurements at 25 K show that all the samples are magnetically ordered. The magnetic hyperfine field is found to decrease with increasing Mo concentration, which is in qualitative agreement with the calculated magnetic moments. The calculated magnetization decreases less rapidly with increasing x than the experimental data. In general the data suggest that with increasing Mo concentration there is an increase of antiferromagnetic coupling among the Fe moments, which leads to cluster-glass or spin-glass-like phenomena. The measured isomer shift relative to \ensuremath{\alpha}-iron is found to decrease linearly with x.
The Tachycardia-Bradycardia Syndrome

The tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome (paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, flutter, or tachycardia followed by sinoatrial block or sinus arrest resulting in Stokes-Adams attacks) is an important clinical entity that requires familiarity by the clinician. Pathologic studies and physiologic mechanisms as revealed in the electrocardiogram indicate multiple disturbances in the conduction system of the heart (sinus node, atria, and atrioventricular junctional tissues). The electrocardiogram establishes the diagnosis. Pacemaker implantation with supplementary drugs has provided a satisfactory means of therapy. With proper treatment the prognosis of patients with the tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome has improved to the extent that the primary determinant of mortality is no longer the arrhythmia, but the underlying cardiac and/or systemic pathology.
Completion of Population of and Quality Assurance on the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options Catalog.

An Evaluation and Screening team supporting the Fuel Cycle Technologies Program Office of the United States Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy is conducting an evaluation and screening of a comprehensive set of fuel cycle options. These options have been assigned to one of 40 evaluation groups, each of which has a representative fuel cycle option [Todosow 2013]. A Fuel Cycle Data Package System Datasheet has been prepared for each representative fuel cycle option to ensure that the technical information used in the evaluation is high-quality and traceable [Kim, et al., 2013]. The information contained in the Fuel Cycle Data Packages has been entered into the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options Catalog at Sandia National Laboratories so that it is accessible by the evaluation and screening team and other interested parties. In addition, an independent team at Savannah River National Laboratory has verified that the information has been entered into the catalog correctly. This report documents that the 40 representative fuel cycle options have been entered into the Catalog, and that the data entered into the catalog for the 40 representative options has been entered correctly.
Nationalism reframed: Nationhood and the national question in the Soviet Union and its successor states: an institutionalist account

The Soviet Union has collapsed, but the contradictory legacy of its unique accommodation to ethnonational heterogeneity lives on. That accommodation pivoted on institutionalized multinationality . The Soviet Union was a multinational state not only in ethnodemographic terms – not only in terms of the extraordinary ethnic heterogeneity of its population – but, more fundamentally, in institutional terms. The Soviet state not only passively tolerated but actively institutionalized the existence of multiple nations and nationalities as fundamental constituents of the state and its citizenry. It established nationhood and nationality as fundamental social categories sharply distinct from the overarching categories of statehood and citizenship. In so doing, it prepared the way for its own demise. For the institutional crystallizations of nationhood and nationality were by no means empty forms or legal fictions, although this was how they were viewed by most Sovietologists. Institutionalized definitions of nationhood, I argue in this chapter, not only played a major role in the disintegration of the Soviet state, but continue to shape and structure the national question in the incipient successor states. The chapter is in two parts. The first part discusses the dual legacy inherited by the successor states from the Soviet encounter with the national question. It focuses on the two very different modes in which nationhood and nationality were institutionalized in the Soviet Union – territorial and political on the one hand, ethnocultural and personal on the other hand.
THE INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION: THE FIRST 100 YEARS—AND BEYOND

This overview traces the institutional development of social work education through its first century of existence, covering antecedents, early training schools, disparate philosophies, and repeated expansion. The discussion focuses on factors that have shaped the development of social work education, among them external funding, the career goals of students, and various internal tensions resulting from conflicting visions.
Energy Metabolism in the Vertebrate Retina

The fundamental need for efficient and well-controlled energy metabolism in living organisms is ubiquitous. However, vertebrate retinas have many fascinating adaptations that give them the ability to regulate energy production and anabolic activity to meet a unique set of metabolic demands.
WWLLN lightning and satellite microwave radiometrics at 37 to 183 GHz: Thunderstorms in the broad tropics

We investigate lightning strokes and deep convection through the examination of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) and passive microwave radiometer data. Microwave channels at 37 to 183.3 GHz are provided by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellite F16. The present study compares WWLLN stroke rates and minimum radiometer brightness temperatures (Tbs) for two northern and southern hemisphere summers (2009-2011) in the broad tropics (35° S to 35° N). To identify deep convection, we use lightning data and Tbs derived from all channels and differences in the Tbs (ΔTbs) of the three water vapor channels near 183.3 GHz. We find that stroke probabilities increase with increasing Tb depressions for all frequencies examined. Moreover, we apply methods that use the 183.3 GHz channels to pinpoint deep convection associated with lightning. High lightning stroke probabilities are found over land regions for both intense and relatively weak convective systems, although the TMI 85 GHz results should be used with caution as they are affected by a 7-km gap between the conical scans. Over the ocean, lightning is associated mostly with larger Tb depressions. Generally, our results support the noninductive thundercloud charging mechanism, but do not rule out the inductive mechanism during the mature stages of storms. Lastly, we present a case study in which lightning stroke rates are used to reconstruct microwave radiometer Tbs.
Pa2G4 is a novel Six1 co-factor that is required for neural crest and otic development

Mutations in SIX1 and in its co-factor, EYA1, underlie Branchiootorenal Spectrum disorder (BOS), which is characterized by variable branchial arch, otic and kidney malformations. However, mutations in these two genes are identified in only half of patients. We screened for other potential co-factors, and herein characterize one of them, Pa2G4 (aka Ebp1/Plfap). In human embryonic kidney cells, Pa2G4 binds to Six1 and interferes with the Six1-Eya1 complex. In Xenopus embryos, knock-down of Pa2G4 leads to down-regulation of neural border zone, neural crest and cranial placode genes, and concomitant expansion of neural plate genes. Gain-of-function leads to a broader neural border zone, expanded neural crest and altered cranial placode domains. In loss-of-function assays, the later developing otocyst is reduced in size, which impacts gene expression. In contrast, the size of the otocyst in gain-of-function assays is not changed but the expression domains of several otocyst genes are reduced. Together these findings establish an interaction between Pa2G4 and Six1, and demonstrate that it has an important role in the development of tissues affected in BOS. Thereby, we suggest that pa2g4 is a potential candidate gene for BOS.
The PIG-A Gene Is Hypermutable in Lymphoid Neoplasms.

In neoplasms, the presence of chromosomal abnormalities and point mutations is suggestive of genomic instability, but could also be a consequence of selection. While genomic instability may increase the chances that a malignant population acquires adaptive mutations, extremely high mutation rates may not be compatible with cell survival. To investigate the role of genomic instability in lymphoid neoplasms, we have applied a new method for the quantification of the human mutation rate, using the PIG-A gene as a sentinel. PIG-A is essential for the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) and is mutated in blood cells of patients with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria. A broad range of mutations can produce the GPI (−) phenotype, and because PIG-A is on the X-chromosome, the effect of a single mutation is detectable. Since a host of proteins require GPI for attachment to the cell surface, rare mutants are readily detected by flow cytometry. We have previously shown that PIG-A mutations arise spontaneously in normal donors, and we determined that the mutation rate in normal B cell lines ranges from 2 to 29 per 10 7 cell divisions. Here we analyzed cell lines derived from: a transformed low grade lymphoma harboring a t(14;18) translocation; a mantle cell lymphoma harboring a t(11;14) translocation; a marginal zone lymphoma; and T cell ALL. Cells were first stained with an antibody specific for CD59 (a representative GPI-linked protein) and pre-existing GPI (−) cells were eliminated from the population by flow cytometric sorting, by gating on the upper 50th percentile of the distribution curve. The collected GPI (+) cells were then returned to culture and the number of cell divisions ( d ) determined by cell counts. After 3–4 weeks, the frequency ( f ) of new mutants arising in culture was determined by flow cytometric analysis of a large number of cells (median 2.3 x 10 6 ). Cells were stained simultaneously with antibodies specific for at least 3 GPI-linked proteins (e.g. CD48, CD52, CD55, and CD59) as well as a transmembrane protein (e.g. HLA-DR or CD45) to identify live cells. FLAER and proaerolysin-- which bind to GPI-- were used to confirm the phenotype. The frequency of mutants was determined by the number of GPI(−) cells divided by the number of GPI(+) cells analyzed, and the mutation rate (μ) was calculated with the formula μ = f ÷ d . We demonstrated a high mutation rate in 3 out of the 4 cells lines: 1750 x 10 −7 (transformed lymphoma), 335 x 10 −7 (mantle cell lymphoma), 112 x 10 −7 (T cell ALL). Of note, the mutation rate was normal (4 x 10 −7 ) in the marginal zone lymphoma—consistent with this being an indolent neoplasm. These data support the hypothesis that an elevated mutation rate is part and parcel of aggressive neoplasms and demonstrate that a 2-log elevation in this parameter is compatible with cell survival. With this model, it may be possible to predict the development of mutations that confer chemotherapy drug resistance.
Treatment of advanced glioma with an energy restricted ketogenic diet: Case report and literature summary.

e13047 Background: We initiated a pilot study to evaluate an energy restricted ketogenic diet (ERKD) as treatment for patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) whose brain tumor had progressed wi...
The Journey of Leishmania Parasites within the Digestive Tract of Phlebotomine Sand Flies

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania parasites and transmitted exclusively by the bite of infected phlebotomine sand flies. In humans, leishmaniasis results in a spectrum of clinical manifestations in which the parasite, sand fly vector and host immune system act in concert to etermine the outcome of disease. Sand flies are the driving force in the spread of leishmaniasis and prevalence of a Leishmania species is entirely governed by the availability of competent vectors. This lends itself to the question “what is a competent vector?” The vectorial competence of sand flies for a particular Leishmania species is complex and multi-factorial. Though extrinsic factors such as geographical distribution of the flies and their feeding preferences can limit the spread of a parasite species, vector competence is mainly determined by factors intrinsic to the fly, some of a general nature and others highly specific, that challenge the successful completion of the Leishmania life cycle within the digestive tract of the fly. Apart from the subgenus Vianna, termed peripylarian Leishmania, whose development includes a stage in the hindgut, all other species of Leishmania that produce disease in mammalian hosts are suprapylarian and confine their development to the midgut and foregut of the sand fly (1).
Depletion of Pax7+ satellite cells does not affect diaphragm adaptations to running in young or aged mice.

Key points Satellite cell depletion does not affect diaphragm adaptations to voluntary wheel running in young or aged mice. Satellite cell depletion early in life (4 months of age) has minimal effect on diaphragm phenotype by old age (24 months). Prolonged satellite cell depletion in the diaphragm does not result in excessive extracellular matrix accumulation, in contrast to what has been reported in hind limb muscles. Up-regulation of Pax3 mRNA+ cells after satellite cell depletion in young and aged mice suggests that Pax3+ cells may compensate for a loss of Pax7+ satellite cells in the diaphragm. Future investigations should focus on the role of Pax3+ cells in the diaphragm during adaptation to exercise and ageing. Abstract Satellite cell contribution to unstressed diaphragm is higher compared to hind limb muscles, which is probably attributable to constant activation of this muscle to drive ventilation. Whether satellite cell depletion negatively impacts diaphragm quantitative and qualitative characteristics under stressed conditions in young and aged mice is unknown. We therefore challenged the diaphragm with prolonged running activity in the presence and absence of Pax7+ satellite cells in young and aged mice using an inducible Pax7CreER-R26RDTA model. Mice were vehicle (Veh, satellite cell-replete) or tamoxifen (Tam, satellite cell-depleted) treated at 4 months of age and were then allowed to run voluntarily at 6 months (young) and 22 months (aged). Age-matched, cage-dwelling, Veh- and Tam-treated mice without wheel access served as activity controls. Diaphragm muscles were analysed from young (8 months) and aged (24 months) mice. Satellite cell depletion did not alter diaphragm mean fibre cross-sectional area, fibre type distribution or extracellular matrix content in young or aged mice, regardless of running activity. Resting in vivo diaphragm function was also unaffected by satellite cell depletion. Myonuclear density was maintained in young satellite cell-depleted mice regardless of running, although it was modestly reduced in aged sedentary (–7%) and running (–19%) mice without satellite cells (P < 0.05). Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we detected higher Pax3 mRNA+ cell density in both young and aged satellite cell-depleted diaphragm muscle (P < 0.05), which may compensate for the loss of Pax7+ satellite cells.
Recent advancements on range ambiguity characterization and mitigation for the NASA D3R

The NASA dual-frequency, dual-polarization, Doppler radar (D3R) is a weather radar operating at 13.91 GHz (Ku-band) and 35.56 GHz (Ka-band). The operational range of the D3R is 40 km, this relatively short operating range, along with the high sensitivity of D3R, are susceptible to increased observation of range ambiguous echoes, also referred to as “second-trip echoes”. In this work, by leveraging a staggered pulse repetition period and random transmitted phase codes, two methods are developed to detect and dealias the second trip contamination for the operational use with the D3R. Using these methods, the overlapping echoes are separated, and unambiguous range of the D3R is increased. Weather signals are simulated and used to quantitatively characterize the performance of moment estimator over a wide range of realistic weather scenarios. The D3R's Ku-band observations are presented to demonstrate the performance of algorithm with and without overlapping echoes from different ranges.
What Do I Call Us? The Investment Model of Commitment Processes and Changes in Relationship Categorization:

The investment model of commitment has been used to understand relationship maintenance and dissolution across a variety of populations and relationship types. The current study used data from the ...
Scheduling multithreaded applications onto heterogeneous composite cores architecture

Composite Cores Architecture (CCA), a class of dynamic heterogeneous architectures, enables the system to construct the right core at run-time for each application by composing cores together to build larger core or decomposing a large core into multiple smaller cores. While this architecture provides more flexibility for the running application to find the best run-time settings to maximize energy-efficiency, due to interdependence of various tuning parameters such as the type of the core, run-time voltage and frequency and the number of threads, it makes it more challenging for scheduling. Past research mainly addressed the scheduling problem in composite cores architecture by looking at one or two of these tuning parameters. However, as we will show in this paper, it is important to concurrently optimize and fine-tune these parameters to harness the power of heterogeneity in this emerging class of architecture. In addition, most previous work on CCA mainly studied traditional single threaded CPU applications. In this work, we investigate the scheduling challenges for multithreaded applications in CCA. First, through methodical investigation of power and performance results, we characterize various multithreaded applications on a CCA which can be composed into few big or many little cores and demonstrate how the interplay among various application, system, and architecture level parameters affect the performance and energy-efficiency. Furthermore, based on characterization results, a highly accurate regression-based model for energy-efficiency prediction is developed to guide the scheduling decision. Using the predictive model, we developed a scheduling scheme for effective mapping of multithreaded applications onto CCA. The results show that the proposed scheduling scheme on average achieves close to 94% efficiency as compared to the Oracle scheduling.
Mechanisms and Evolution of Spacing in Animals

Animals of the same species are rarely distributed randomly. Each individual’s movements are influenced by those of its neighbors, with the result that any population exhibits a characteristic pattern of individuals’ locations and activities in space.1 In this chapter, we discuss in turn three approaches to understanding individuals’ spatial relationships: quantitative specification of patterns of spacing; analysis of the behavioral mechanisms that control spacing; and identification of the effects of natural selection on the evolution of spacing. This division separates discussion of the proximate controls of spacing, in our initial sections, from consideration of the ultimate controls, with which we conclude.
Quantification of Protein-Ligand Interactions by Laser Electrospray Mass Spectrometry

Laser electrospray mass spectrometry (LEMS) measurement of the dissociation constant (Kd) for hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and N,N′,N″-triacetylchitotriose (NAG3) revealed an apparent Kd value of 313.2 ± 25.9 μM for the ligand titration method. Similar measurements for N,N′,N″,N″’-tetraacetylchitotetraose (NAG4) revealed an apparent Kd of 249.3 ± 13.6 μM. An electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) experiment determined a Kd value of 9.8 ± 0.6 μM. In a second LEMS approach, a calibrated measurement was used to determine a Kd value of 6.8 ± 1.5 μM for NAG3. The capture efficiency of LEMS was measured to be 3.6 ± 1.8% and is defined as the fraction of LEMS sample detected after merging with the ESI plume. When the dilution is factored into the ligand titration measurement, the adjusted Kd value was 11.3 μM for NAG3 and 9.0 μM for NAG4. The calibration method for measuring Kd developed in this study can be applied to solutions containing unknown analyte concentrations.
Relevant Subsequence Detection with Sparse Dictionary Learning

Sparse Dictionary Learning has recently become popular for discovering latent components that can be used to reconstruct elements in a dataset. Analysis of sequence data could also benefit from this type of decomposition, but sequence datasets are not natively accepted by the Sparse Dictionary Learning model. A strategy for making sequence data more manageable is to extract all subsequences of a fixed length from the original sequence dataset. This subsequence representation can then be input to a Sparse Dictionary Learner. This strategy can be problematic because self-similar patterns within sequences are over-represented. In this work, we propose an alternative for applying Sparse Dictionary Learning to sequence datasets. We call this alternative Relevant Subsequence Dictionary Learning (RS-DL). Our method involves constructing separate dictionaries for each sequence in a dataset from shared sets of relevant subsequence patterns. Through experiments, we show that decompositions of sequence data induced by our RS-DL model can be effective both for discovering repeated patterns meaningful to humans and for extracting features useful for sequence classification.
Metabolic and Antioxidant Adaptation to Exercise: Role of Redox Signaling

The contraction-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in oxidative stress to skeletal muscle for the past few decades. As research advances more evidence has revealed a more complete role of ROS under both physiological and pathological conditions. The current chapter will review the role of redox sensitive signaling pathways in conferring exercise-induced major physiological and cellular adaptations in skeletal muscle, focusing on mitochondrial function and antioxidant defense systems. Several redox signaling pathways that have direct impact on these adaptations, especially the functional roles, mechanisms of action and crosstalk of the nuclear factor (NF) κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) will be highlighted.
Immunological Tolerance by Antigen-Induced Apoptosis of Mature T Lymphocytes

Although the immune system has evolved to mount defensive lymphocyte activation responses to pathogens, it has long been known that antigen can specifically abrogate an immune response.1 This form of acquired immunological tolerance can occur in adult animals and in certain circumstances has been shown to involve T lymphocytes. We have found conditions under which antigen causes the programmed death of mature T lymphocytes. We first determined that susceptibility of T lymphocytes to programmed death results from the exposure to growth lymphokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2) followed by cell cycle progression. Susceptible T lymphocytes can then be triggered to die by T cell receptor (TCR) engagement. We have found that this mechanism leads to T cell death when T cells are exposed to large concentrations of antigen under fully activating conditions. Our results suggest that the induction of death by antigen is a feedback regulatory process that controls the intensity of immune responses involving T lymphocytes. We have called this mechanism “propriocidal regulation” and propose that it represents one means by which antigen-induces tolerance. We have recently shown that autoreactive T lymphocytes are susceptible to death by the propriocidal mechanism. This allowed us to use antigen to delete pathogenic T lymphocytes resulting in clinical and pathological amelioration of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in mice. In this review we shall describe the results mentioned above, which are contained in several recent publications,1,3,4,6,12 that support the concept that antigen-induced apoptosis of mature T lymphocytes is a potent form of immunological tolerance.
Vitamin d toxicity complicating the treatment of senile, postmenopausal, and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: Four case reports and a critical commentary on the use of vitamin D in these disorders

Hypervitaminosis D developed in four patients with osteoporosis or osteomalacia. All patients were given pharmacologic doses of vitamin D, had reduced baseline levels of renal function, and became hypercalcemic with acute renal failure. Measured 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH D) levels were elevated in three patients; levels were not determined in a fourth patient who became normocalcemic when vitamin D therapy was discontinued. Published data on the use of vitamin D for prophylaxis or treatment of any form of osteoporosis fail to document benefits superior to those of calcium alone or calcium with estrogens and fluoride. Data on the use of 25-OH D show no greater benefit than for vitamin D. The use of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-OH2 D) plus calcium may be superior to the use of calcium alone in some forms of osteoporosis. Vitamin D toxicity is associated with enhanced resorption of bone in some patients. Morbidity included extended hospitalization, dialysis, and chronic renal failure. Pharmacologic doses of vitamin D cannot be recommended for any form of osteoporosis.
Integrating Palliative Care into the Ongoing Care of Children with CNS Tumors

Despite advances in the field of neuro-oncology, children with brain tumors continue to experience high rates of morbidity and mortality and a substantial symptom burden, necessitating the integration of palliative care principles and practices throughout their illness trajectory. As a high-risk disease group, these patients experience a high number of hospital deaths, and there is often only a short interval between the initial palliative care consultation and death. The early introduction of palliative care for these patients is essential, and a broad-based approach that does not exclusively rely on consult-based palliative care services can help optimize the integration of palliative care into the continuum of care for pediatric neuro-oncology patients.
Public Library Use of Geographic Information Systems in the United States

Public libraries are a source of information and resources for the local community, they also play a role in the use of technologies such as geographic information systems (GIS) in that regard. GIS...
Disseminated Blastomycosis in a Teenager Presenting with Pleural Effusion and Splenomegaly.

Abstract Background Blastomycosis is caused by a fungus endemic to states and providences bordering the Lawrence Rivers and the Great Lakes. It can lead to significant pathology in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. This case report describes disseminated blastomycosis in an otherwise healthy 16-year-old patient. Case Report A 16-year-old male presented with a chief complaint of flank pain. In the Emergency Department he described additional symptoms of emesis, cough, and weight loss. His vitals were appropriate; however, he had absent lung sounds in the left lower lung field, splenomegaly, a left thigh abscess, and lower-extremity edema. Imaging studies showed a left pleural effusion, mediastinal shift to the right, splenomegaly, a left psoas abscess, and undifferentiated bony involvement of L1 transverse process and the left 12th rib. Abscess cultures grew Blastomyces dermatitides. He was treated with amphotericin B, demonstrated clinical improvement, and was discharged on itraconazole. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? The case fatality rate of blastomycosis is estimated at between 4.3% and 6.4%. Patients with solid organ transplant and associated immune suppression had a mortality of 33–38%. Given the nonspecific nature of this condition, a high level of suspicion is required for diagnosis, and early diagnosis is essential, as end organ damage in disseminated disease can include high-severity illness, including acute respiratory distress syndrome and central nervous system dysfunction. If any patient presents with symptomatology involving both skin and pulmonary systems, blastomycosis must be entertained as a possible diagnosis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment will significantly improve morbidity and mortality.
Abstract P282: Sub-Optimal Sleep Duration is Independently Associated With Morbid Obesity in the United States

Introduction: Extremes of sleep duration and morbid obesity are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). There are only a few studies that have examined the relationship between t...
The mitochondrial transcription machinery genes are upregulated in acute myeloid leukemia and associated with poor clinical outcome.

Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by rapid growth of abnormal blasts that overcrowd normal hematopoiesis. Defective mitochondrial biogenesis has been implicated in AML, which we believe is partly due to the deregulation of the mitochondrial transcription machinery (MTM) genes influencing the expression of mitochondrial genes. Here, we aim to characterize MTM gene upregulation in AML. Methods Molecular and clinical patient data were retrieved from several public AML datasets. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to compare overall survival between patients, while Mann-Whitney U's non-parametric and Fisher's exact test were used for comparing continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Results The MTM genes TFB1M, TFB2M, TFAM, and POLRMT were upregulated in patients with AML compared with healthy donors. Upregulation of one or more of these genes was associated with higher percentage of peripheral blood blasts (P = 0.002), normal cytogenetic status (P = 0.027) and NPM1 mutations (P = 0.009). Additionally, patients with high expression of MTM genes (Z ≥ 1) had shorter median overall survival compared with low MTM gene expression (Z < 1) (months: 11.8 vs 24.1, P = 0.027; multivariate survival analysis Cox Proportional Hazards model, HR: 1.82 (1.22-2.70); p-value: 0.003). Conclusion The mitochondrial transcriptional machinery is upregulated and associated with worse clinical outcome in patients with AML and may present a viable therapeutic target.
Degradation of glyphosate and bioavailability of phosphorus derived from glyphosate in a soil-water system.

Abstract Glyphosate, the most commonly used herbicide in the world, can be degraded into more toxic and persistent products such as aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) or non-toxic products such as sarcosine and glycine. In this study, we used liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and electrospray ionization (ESI) source Q Extractive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (ESI-Orbitrap MS) to identify glyphosate degradation products and combined with sequential extraction and stable isotopes to investigate the degradation of glyphosate and transformation of phosphorous (P) product in a soil-water system. The LC-MS and ESI-Orbitrap MS results showed that glycine formed during the early stage but was rapidly utilized by soil microorganisms. AMPA started to accumulate at the late stage and was found to be 3–6 times more resistant than glyphosate against degradation; while no sarcosine was formed. The 18O labeling and phosphate oxygen isotope results allowed a clear distinction of the fraction of inorganic P (Pi) derived from glyphosate, about half of which was then rapidly taken up and recycled by soil microorganisms. Our results provide the first evidence of the preferential utilization of glyphosate-derived Pi by microorganisms in the soil-water system. The rapid cycling of Pi derived from this disregarded source has important implications on nutrient management as well as water quality.
The Dilemma of Cultural Responsiveness and Professionalization: Listening Closer to Immigrant Teachers who Teach Children of Recent Immigrants:

Background/ContextMany scholars in the fields of teacher education, multicultural education, and bilingual education have argued that children of recent immigrants are best served in classrooms tha...
Análisis sobre el grado de conocimiento del funcionamiento básico del sistema de capitalización individual (AFP) que tienen los alumnos de último año pertenecientes a tres universidades tradicionales de la Región de Valparaíso

La mas reciente investigacion sobre el actual Sistema de Pensiones en Chile fue en marzo de 2015, efectuada por la Comision Asesora Presidencial sobre el Sistema de Pensiones, indicaron que los problemas son la baja compensacion economica, el modelo de planificacion de inversion deficiente o su mal distribucion y la desinformacion de los cotizantes. En el marco de esta nueva investigacion, el objetivo es identificar el nivel de conocimiento que poseen los estudiantes del ultimo ano de universidad respecto de los principales componentes del Sistema de Pensiones. Corresponde a un estudio cuantitativo del tipo descriptivo, el cual se llevara a cabo con la aplicacion de una encuesta a los estudiantes y una entrevista a un experto en el tema. Los resultados indicaron que en materia del sistema de capitalizacion individual existe un desconocimiento con respecto a la tematica, a medida que las carreras se alejan del area de economia, mayor es el desconocimiento general del sistema. Observando una falta evidente de comprension sobre los sistemas de proteccion social y del sistema de pensiones en particular.
Steric Interactions Impact Vibronic and Vibrational Coherences in Perylenediimide Cyclophanes.

Designing molecular systems that exploit vibronic coherence to improve light harvesting efficiencies relies on understanding how interchromophoric interactions, such as van der Waals forces and dip...
Evaluation of consensus scoring methods for AutoDock Vina, smina and idock

We investigated the application of consensus scoring using the freely available and open source structure-based virtual screening docking programs AutoDock Vina, smina and idock. These individual programs and several simple consensus scoring methods were tested for their ability to identify hits against 20 DUD-E benchmark targets using the AUC and EF1 metrics. We found that all of the consensus scoring methods, however normalized, fared worse, on average, than simply using the output from a single program, smina. Additionally, the effect of a significant increase in the run time of all three programs was tested to find if a longer run time yielded improved results. Our results indicated that a longer run time than the default had little impact on the performance of these three programs or on consensus scoring methods based on their output. Thus, we have found that using the smina program alone at default settings is the best approach for researchers that do not have access to a suite of commercial docking software packages.