cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Women, the Family, and the Fate of the Nation in American Anti-Catholic Narratives, 1830-1860

In august 1849 new York city police arrested Maria Monk for picking the pockets of her paramour. Newspapers in both Boston and New York reported that the arrest occurred near her "den," a euphemism for a brothel, in the Five Points district of New York.1 In the minds and eyes of cultured middle-class men and women the Five Points was a despicable area of poor brothels, detestable crime, vermin, and disease best avoided by all respectable women. No virtuous family could survive within this "veritable sink of iniquitous pleasures."2 The degraded reputation of the area also permeated the popular literature of the day. Upon arriving in the Five Points, Peter Precise, the fictional hero in Ned Buntline's 1848 novel, The Mysteries and Miseries of New York, exclaimed: "Oh God! Can this be a Christian city?"3 The arrest of a prostitute in the Five Points district, therefore, did not typically arouse much interest or surprise. Maria Monk, however, was a special case.4 Monk had captured the minds and imaginations of Americans in 1836, when, with the aid of Protestant ministers in New York, she published her autobiography, Awful Disclosures of the Hotel-Dieu Nunnery} In her book Monk shocked the country by disclosing the terrible ordeals she had suffered among the nuns and priests in the Hotel-Dieu Nunnery in Montreal,
Effects of Total Dose Irradiation on the Gate-Voltage Dependence of the $\hbox{1}/f$ Noise of nMOS and pMOS Transistors

We have found that the room-temperature 1/f-noise gate-voltage and frequency dependences of pMOS transistors are affected significantly by moisture exposure and total dose irradiation. The voltage noise power spectral density S Vd is proportional to (V g - V t)-s, where Vt is the threshold voltage, V g is the gate voltage, and s is a measure of the gate-voltage dependence. For the pMOS devices, preirradiation s ranges from 0.4 to 0.9, and the frequency exponent ? = -?lnS Vd/?lnf is greater than unity. Postirradiation, gate-voltage, and frequency dependences change significantly, with s >> 1 and ? much closer to unity. For nMOS devices, preirradiation s ? 1.6 and ? ? 1, with little change after irradiation. We attribute these observed changes in pMOS noise to changes in the trap density and energy distribution D t(E f) of these devices. Before irradiation, D t(E f) increases toward the valence band edge, but after irradiation, the distribution is typically more uniform. Moreover, for some moisture-exposed devices, S Vd ? ~ (V g - V t)-3 after irradiation, indicating a D t(E f) that increases toward midgap. We conclude that irradiation and/or moisture exposure can greatly affect the defect energy distributions for these devices and that the observed nMOS and pMOS noise can be described by a simple trapping model with an energy-dependent trap distribution.
Capacity and Random-Coding Error Exponent for Public Fingerprinting Game

Capacity and random-coding error exponent formulas are derived for a public fingerprinting (traitor tracing) game. The original media copy is available to the encoder, but not to the decoder. We derive the random-coding error exponent for a stacked binning scheme. The exponent is strictly positive at all rates below capacity. The converse part of the capacity proof is based on the Gel'fand-Pinsker technique.
Direct Measurement of Quantum Confinement Effects at Metal to Quantum-Well Nanocontacts

Model metal-semiconductor nanostructure Schottky nanocontacts were made on cleaved heterostructures containing GaAs quantum wells (QWs) of varying width and were locally probed by ballistic electron emission microscopy. The local Schottky barrier was found to increase by $\ensuremath{\sim}0.140\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$ as the QW width was systematically decreased from 15 to 1 nm, due mostly to a large ($\ensuremath{\sim}0.200\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$) quantum-confinement increase to the QW conduction band. The measured barrier increase over the full 1 to 15 nm QW range was quantitatively explained when local ``interface pinning'' and image force lowering effects are also considered.
Simulating the effects of a beaver dam on regional groundwater flow through a wetland

Abstract Study Focus This research examines a wetland environment before and after the construction of a beaver dam to determine the hydrologic impacts on regional groundwater flow and quantify changes to the capture zone of a wetland pond. Increased hydraulic head behind a newly built beaver dam can cause shifts in the capture zone of a wetland pond. Changes in groundwater flux, and the extent of both the capture and discharge zones of this wetland were examined with the use of a groundwater flow model, created using MODFLOW. New hydrological insights for the region The construction of a beaver dam resulted in minimal changes to regional groundwater flow paths at this site, which is attributed to a clay unit underlying the peat, disconnecting this wetland from regional groundwater flow. However, groundwater discharge from the wetland pond increased by 90%. Simulating a scenario with the numerical model in which the wetland is connected to regional groundwater flow results in a much larger impact on flow paths. In the absence of the clay layer, the simulated construction of a beaver dam causes a 70% increase in groundwater discharge from the wetland pond and increases the surface area of both the capture zone and the discharge zone by 30% and 80%, respectively.
Antinociception after nicotine administration into the mesopontine tegmentum of rats: evidence for muscarinic actions

The ability of nicotine to induce antinociception after subcortical administration was investigated in the rat. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted unilaterally with guide cannulas aimed at the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of the mesopontine tegmentum. After 1 week, nicotine was injected in 0.5 microliter of 0.2 M pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. Antinociception was assessed using the 52 degrees C hot-plate test and the tail-flick method; for the most part, the results in the hot-plate test parallelled those in the tail-flick test. Nicotine inhibited nociceptive responses at a median effective antinociceptive dose (A5O) of 1.6 nmol in the hot-plate test and 3.4 nmol in the tail-flick test. Mecamylamine, 0.8 nmol coadministered with nicotine, antagonized nicotine antinociception as evidenced by 5- to 8-fold increases in the nicotine A5O. Nicotine antinociception was also antagonized by coadministrations of either 0.8 nmol of (-)-scopolamine or 0.4 nmol of the M1 antagonist pirenzepine by over 12-fold in the hot-plate test and 5-fold in the tail-flick test. The M2 antagonist methoctramine had antinociceptive effects of its own when injected into the mesopontine tegmentum at a dose of 0.1 nmol; when coinjected with nicotine, the effects of the methoctramine-nicotine combination appeared to be additive. One hour preinjection into the mesopontine tegmentum with 13.5 nmol of (-)-vesamicol, an agent which interferes with acetylcholine storage and/or release, markedly inhibited nicotine antinociception; only a 24% antinociceptive response could be elicited by nicotine in the hot-plate test whereas the nicotine A5O was increased 3-fold in the tail-flick test. Pretreatment with the inactive isomer (+)-vesamicol had no effect. In other experiments, mesopontine tegmental injection of (+)-cis-dioxolane, a high affinity muscarinic cholinergic agonist, elicited strong antinociceptive responses which were potently antagonized by coadministration with 0.5 nmol of pirenzepine but not by 0.8 nmol of mecamylamine. The data indicate that nicotine-induced antinociception may depend upon intact neurotransmission at M1 sites in addition to nicotinic sites within the mesopontine tegmentum.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF SIX NEW URANYL SELENATE AND SELENITE COMPOUNDS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH URANYL MINERAL STRUCTURES

Three uranyl selenates, one mixed uranyl selenate-selenite, and two uranyl selenite compounds have been synthesized using mild hydrothermal techniques. The structure of each has been determined using single-crystal diffraction data collected with Mo K αX-ray radiation and an APEX CCD-based detector. The isotypic compounds ( 1 ) Cs 2 Ni 3 (H 2 O) 4 [(UO 2 ) 8 (SeO 4 ) 4 O 8 ] and ( 2 ) Cs 2 Co 3 (H 2 O) 4 [(UO 2 ) 8 (SeO 4 ) 4 O 8 ] are monoclinic, space group C 2/ c , with cell parameters of a 8.755(3), b 14.228(5), c 17.927(8) A, β103.739(3)° and a 8.744(2), b 14.380(4), c 17.901(5) A, β103.654(3)°, respectively. The structure of ( 3 ) Cs 2 (H 2 O) 4 [(UO 2 ) 4 (SeO 4 ) 2 O 2 (OH) 2 ] is triclinic, space group P 1 with cell parameters a 8.6877(4), b 8.7164(4), c 8.9589(8) A, α95.964(10), β99.155(10), and γ117.318(10)°. The mixed selenate-selenite phase ( 4 ) Cs 2 (H 2 O) 5 [(UO 2 ) 7 (SeO 4 ) 2 (SeO 3 ) 2 O 4 ]. H 2 O is monoclinic, space group P 2 1 /m, with cell parameters a 9.1381(3), b 15.0098(5), c 15.1732(5) A, β91.171(10)°. The compound ( 5 ) Li 2 (H 2 O) 6 [(UO 2 ) 3 (SeO 3 ) 2 O 2 ] is monoclinic, with cell parameters P 2 1 / c , a 7.5213(9), b 7.0071(9), c 17.3282(19) A, β98.834(2)°. ( 6 ) Cs 2 (H 2 O) 2 [(UO 2 ) 4 (SeO 3 ) 5 ] is monoclinic, P 2 1 / n , with cell parameters a 10.913(3), b 12.427(3), c 18.448(4) A, β90.393(3)°. Compounds 1 , 2 , and 3 contain sheets of uranyl pentagonal bipyramids and selenate tetrahedra with the zippeite-type topology. Compound 4 is a unique mixed selenate-selenite compound that contains sheets that are topologically intermediate between the zippeite-type and phosphuranylite-type topologies. Compound 5 contains a uranyl selenite sheet based on the phosphuranylite anion-topology, as found in the minerals marthozite and guilleminite. Compound 6 contains a novel sheet consisting of uranyl pentagonal and hexagonal bipyramids, as well as SeO 3 pyramids.
Conceptual basis for multi-route intake dose modeling using an energy expenditure approach.

This paper provides the conceptual basis for a modeling logic that is currently being developed in the National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for use in intake dose assessments involving substances that can enter the body via multiple routes of exposure. NERL is simultaneously developing a consolidated human activity database that will provide much of the data needed to parameterize equations used to implement the logic. EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) is, in part, using the logic in its on-going review of the carbon monoxide national ambient air quality standard.
Searching for serial refreshing in working memory: Using response times to track the content of the focus of attention over time

One popular idea is that, to support the maintenance of a set of elements over brief periods of time, the focus of attention rotates among the different elements, thereby serially refreshing the content of working memory (WM). In the research reported here, probe letters were presented between to-be-remembered letters, and response times to these probes were used to infer the status of the different items in WM. If the focus of attention cycles from one item to the next, its content should be different at different points in time, and this should be reflected in a change in the response time patterns over time. Across a set of four experiments, we demonstrated a striking pattern of invariance in the response time patterns over time, suggesting either that the content of the focus of attention did not change over time or that response times cannot be used to infer the content of the focus of attention. We discuss how this pattern constrains models of WM, attention, and human information processing.
Considerations about Education of Medical Graduate Students for Master Degree

Education of medical graduate student for master degree plays an increasingly important role in cultivation of health care resources.The educational system for graduate student in medicine in China remains to be improved.to meet the goal of producing a large number of qualified physicians.Personality,manner,innovation ability,clinical training should be emphasized in the whole process of training.
Recent progress of research on medicinal mushrooms, foods, and other herbal products used in traditional Chinese medicine.

This article will review selected herbal products used in traditional Chinese medicine, including medicinal mushrooms ( bā xī mo gū; Agaricus blazei, yun zhī; Coriolus versicolor, ling zhī; Ganoderma lucidum, xiāng xun; shiitake, Lentinus edodes, niu zhāng zhī; Taiwanofungus camphoratus), Cordyceps ( dōng chong xia cǎo), pomegranate ( shi liu; Granati Fructus), green tea ( lǜ cha; Theae Folium Non Fermentatum), garlic ( da suan; Allii Sativi Bulbus), turmeric ( jiāng huang; Curcumae Longae Rhizoma), and Artemisiae Annuae Herba ( qīng hāo; sweet wormwood). Many of the discussed herbal products have gained popularity in their uses as dietary supplements for health benefits. The review will focus on the active constituents of the herbs and their bioactivities, with emphasis on the most recent progress in research for the period of 2003 to 2011.
‘Equus’ and the Mature Shaffer

Five Finger Exercise and The Royal Hunt of the Sun signalled the arrival on the scene of a new, innovative voice in the theatre; Equus confirmed it. Shaffer’s Equus transmutes an appalling case of animal mutilation into a universal paradigm concerning the eternal struggle between individual rights and communal demands. At the same time, the playwright continues to clarify the underlying subject of all his serious dramas: man’s unending search for a dependable god who can lend order to the universe.
Comparative analysis of anterior and posterior contrast injection approaches for shoulder MR arthrograms in adolescents.

There is no consensus in the literature concerning the optimal approach for performing a fluoroscopically guided shoulder arthrogram injection in a pediatric population. To compare adequacy of capsular injection and radiation doses between fluoroscopically guided anterior and posterior glenohumeral joint contrast injections in adolescents. We evaluated imaging in 67 adolescents (39 boys, 28 girls; mean age 16.0 years; range 11.7–19.1 years) who underwent an anterior approach glenohumeral contrast injection with subsequent MR imaging, and 67 age- and gender-matched subjects (39 boys, 28 girls; mean age 16.0 years; range 11.1–19.2 years) who underwent a posterior approach injection during the period June 2010 to September 2015. Two pediatric radiologists independently evaluated all MR shoulder arthrograms to assess adequacy of capsular distention and degree of contrast extravasation. We recorded total fluoroscopic time, dose–area product (DAP) and cumulative air kerma (CAK). There were no significant differences in age, gender, height, weight or body mass index between the populations (P-values > 0.6). The amount of contrast extravasation between the groups was not significantly different (P = 0.27). Three anterior injections (4.5%) and one posterior (1.5%) were suboptimal (P = 0.62). Fluoroscopy time was not different: 1.1 min anterior and 1.3 min posterior (P = 0.14). There was a significant difference in CAK (0.7 mGy anterior and 1.1 mGy posterior; P = 0.007) and DAP (5.3 μGym2 anterior and 9.4 μGym2 posterior; P = 0.008). Inter-rater agreement was excellent (Cohen kappa >0.81). Both techniques were technically successful. There was no difference in the fluoroscopy time for either approach. The radiation dose was higher with the posterior approach but this is of questionable clinical significance.
Analysis of Incomplete Data from Longitudinal and Mixed Longitudinal Studies

SUMMARY An attempt has been made in this paper to outline methods of analysis which may be applied to incomplete longitudinal data. A specific example dealing with the estimation of a mean vector has served as the vehicle of comparison of two methods of analysis: (a) a mixed longitudinal analysis due originally to Rao and Rao (1966) and (b) a cross-sectional type of analysis. The mixed longitudinal model has been framed within the context of a more general model proposed by Kleinbaum (1973). By simplifying the model in a special case to the usual univariate linear model, the methods described may be carried out on conventional linear model computer programs. Limitations of the method of analysis are discussed.
Potential therapies for muscular dystrophy

A successful stem cell therapy for muscular dystrophy requires a readily available source of stem cells that can be expanded in sufficient numbers, can be delivered systemically to multiple muscles including deep muscles and can engraft in muscle fibers capable of replacing dystrophin expression robustly while also repopulating the satellite cell niche to provide long-lasting and continuous regeneration to the muscle. Despite the tremendous capacity of satellite cells to endogenously regenerate the skeletal muscle, intramuscular transplantation of myoblasts has been very difficult due to poor survival, migration and engraftment of donor satellite cells/myoblasts in the muscle. Recent reports by several groups have shown that freshly harvested satellite cells showed better engraftment when transplanted directly in the muscle as compared to cultured myogenic cells or myoblasts. The limitation of this approach is that satellite cells constitute only 2-5% of all the myonuclei in the muscle, and thus sufficient numbers of satellite cells to achieve the desired engraftment cannot be obtained from muscles without prior expansion.
Optimization of two-dimensional collector doping profiles for submicron BiCMOS technologies

The authors demonstrate that the optimal 2-D collector doping profile for BiCMOS technologies is a strong function of the intended circuit application of the BJT (bipolar junction transistor). The 2-D collector doping profile in this study was tailored by selectively implanting the collector (SIC) into only the intrinsic region of the BJT. A controlled comparison between SIC and conventional collector implant devices was made by keeping BV/sub CEO/ and beta invariant. It is concluded that selectively implanting the collector into the intrinsic area is advantageous for low-current, but detrimental for high-current gates. >
The Detrimental Effects of Big-Time College Sports on Black Student-Athletes’ Academic Success

The pressures of big-time college sports coupled with NCAA academic legislation set up a system of inequality among student-athletes to achieve academic success. Blackman (2008) emphasized that NCAA academic legislation was racist in nature. Several researchers determined that Black student-athletes are underprepared for college but are recruited for athletic ability. Black student-athletes are often isolated from the rest of campus, especially with stereotypes others have about their motives, academic ability, or skin color. The purpose of this study was to examine GPA, time-to-degree, and demographic characteristics of student-athletes at Division I institutions, comparing Black and White student-athletes in order to examine disparities and the detrimental effects of the system on Black athletes. Through the lens of Critical Race Theory, results indicated that Black athletes are disadvantaged prior to enrollment and struggle to graduate on time.
Offline penalty price determination method for transmission thermal constraint relaxations

Abstract This paper proposes an offline penalty price determination process for transmission thermal constraint relaxations. System operators utilize various market models, which are highly complex due to operating requirements as well as physical restrictions of assets, to manage electric energy markets while ensuring a reliable supply of electric power. System operators enable constraint relaxations in market models by allowing certain constraints to be relaxed for penalty prices. Constraint relaxation practices help system operators to cope with model infeasibility, obtain possible gains in market surplus, and cap shadow prices. A proper selection of penalty prices is imperative due to the influence that penalty prices have on generation scheduling and market settlement; however, current industry practices do not consider the true cost of the relaxations. This work introduces a systematic methodology to capture the cost of relaxations considering probabilistic weather conditions and associated conductor degradation risk. The numerical analysis evaluates the effectiveness of the proposed method on an electric energy market; the results show that exercising transmission thermal constraint relaxations with a proper selection of penalty prices can provide net benefits to market participants.
Removing Tax Barriers to Competitive Currencies

Competitive market forces can improve the means of payment in the same way that market forces improve virtually all goods and services. Furthermore, the overall historical record highlights the importance of preserving citizens’ ability to use whichever form of money they choose. The current tax treatment of alternative currencies creates a major barrier to the common use of alternative currencies. The tax system impedes the practical use of alternative currencies in four related ways: (1) The capital gains tax; (2) The investment income tax; (3) Information reporting requirements; and (4) Backup withholding. Congress should eliminate tax and other legal impediments to the development of alternative currencies. Alternative currencies can better meet the needs of some consumers and businesses, and also place a significant constraint on the ability of the federal government to devalue the national currency, distort economic decision-making, and harm economic growth.
Preparing Public School Teachers for Client Transition

At this point, it is undoubtedly clear to readers of this book that there currently exists a commitment to a technology for placing handicapped individuals in community-based settings rather than residential institutions (see Part II of this volume). As this occurs, the obvious result is that there will be more such individuals involved in using community facilities, such as shopping and business establishments, recreation centers, and, especially for children and adolescents, public school education facilities. A vital factor for ensuring successful school placements is proper preparation and training of teachers. This chapter will discuss a variety of issues and procedures relating to the training and preparation of teachers for the transition of severely handicapped clients into their classrooms. Preparation should include training in basic behavioral teaching methods, methods for providing individualized instruction in groups, and methods for integrating severely handicapped clients into less restrictive environments. Effective techniques for understanding and controlling special learning characteristics, programming curricula, and promoting generalization will also be presented.
Prognostic Significance of Molecular Markers and Targeted Regimens in the Management of Acute Myeloid Leukemia

The diagnosis, staging, and treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has evolved based on identification of important genetic alterations and drugs to target those genes. Cytogenetic abnormalities play a major role in managing AML. Achieving minimal residual disease is an increasingly important milestone. Four new targeted therapies are now available for the treatment of AML.
IT Investment and Firm Risk: The Risk Paradox?

Measuring the impact of information technology (IT) investment on firm performance is a long standing issue among both information systems (IS) and researchers in other disciplines. Most research to date on the impact of IT spending on firm performance has focused on the returns that IT investments can provide to firms. Initial studies showed no impact of IT investment and more recent studies have shown an abnormally positive influence. Given the mixed results to date an open question is what is the impact of IT investment on firm performance? Economics has shown a tradeoff between returns and risk, yet most studies to date have not measured risk. Using firm-level IT spending data this research-in-process paper shows that higher levels of IT spending increase the volatility of firm cash flows and earnings, as financial theory suggests, but also reduces the impact of this volatility on in the financial markets.
Thermoforming plastic in lead shield construction

Abstract Radiation treatments using low energy X-rays or electrons frequently require a final field defining shield to be placed on the patient’s skin. A custom made lead cut-out is used to provide a close fit to a particular patient’s surface contours. We have developed a procedure which utilizes POLYFORM thermoplastic to obtain a negative mold of the patient instead of the traditional plaster bandage or dental impression gel. The Polyform is softened in warm water, molded carefully over the patient’s surface, and is removed when “set” or hardened, usually within five minutes. Then lead sheet cut-outs can be formed within this negative. For shielding cut-outs requiring thicker lead sheet, a positive is made from dental stone using this Polyform negative. We have found this procedure to be neat, fast and comfortable for both patient and the dosimetrist.
Chiral Gauge Field Theory in Two Dimensions

Chiral gauge field theory in two space-time dimensions, and in particular, the study of the anomalies which arise in such theories, has been the basis for a number of interesting results in recent years. These results are summarized for Abelian gauge field theory and analogous results are presented for non-Abelian field theory.
Abstract 3296: SMMART: Serial measurements of molecular and architectural responses to therapy

SMMART is a precision medicine research program focused on understanding the evolution of actionable biology and mechanisms of resistance in human tumors during therapy. This is accomplished through in depth functional, ‘omic and multiscale image analysis of longitudinal samples acquired during treatment. Here we present a case report detailing the insights that can be gained from the comparative analysis of pre- and post-treatment biopsy specimens in a late-stage metastatic breast cancer patient. To understand the molecular evolution of cancer, we interrogated genomics with targeted and whole exome sequencing, transcriptomics with RNA and gene-fusion sequencing, and proteomics with reverse phase protein arrays. To understand cellular organization and architectural changes, we employed multi-scale imaging tools, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic immunofluorescence, immune cell profiling with cyclic immunohistochemistry, and traditional pathological assessment. During the course of treatment, we monitored patient response to therapy with clinical imaging, circulating tumor DNA sequencing and cancer protein assessment. Individual assays revealed key aspects of how this individual9s cancer evolved under therapeutic pressure. For example, mutational profiling revealed the patterns of clonal evolution and the acquisition of new genetic driver events. 2D and 3D SEM showed changes in ECM organization, macropinocytosis, mitochondrion size, number and density and number and organization of filopodia-like protrusions. We used a 30-color cyclic immunofluorescence analysis to identify differences in cancer cell proliferation and differentiation state, as well as the composition and organization of infiltrating immune cells. In addition, integrative analyses of multiple data types provided insight into the evolution of actionable biology within this patient9s disease. This included changes in the suitability of the patient for immune checkpoint inhibitors as well as specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The comprehensive molecular and architectural characterization of an individual patient9s cancer at multiple time points provides biologically novel and clinically relevant insight into the ways in which cancers become resistant to treatment. Citation Format: Brett Johnson, Jamie Keck, Max Morris, Kiara Siex, Annette Kolodzie, Swapnil Parmar, Jessica Riesterer, Koei Chin, Summer Gibbs, Laura Heiser, Paul Spellman, Kyle Ellrott, Ozgun Babur, Emek Demir, Adam Margolin, Jeremy Goecks, Lisa Coussens, Raymond Bergan, Joe Gray. SMMART: Serial measurements of molecular and architectural responses to therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3296.
Stem cell–derived tissue-associated regulatory T cells suppress the activity of pathogenic cells in autoimmune diabetes

The autoantigen-specific Tregs from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), i.e., PSC-Tregs, have the ability to suppress autoimmunity. PSC-Tregs can be programmed to be tissue associated and to infiltrate into local inflamed tissues to suppress autoimmune responses after adoptive transfer. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which the autoantigen-specific PSC-Tregs suppress the autoimmune response remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we generated functional autoantigen-specific Tregs from the induced PSC (iPSCs), i.e., iPSC-Tregs, and investigated the underlying mechanisms of autoimmunity suppression by these Tregs in a type 1 diabetes (T1D) murine model. A double-Tg mouse model of T1D was established in F1 mice, in which the first generation of RIP-mOVA Tg mice that were crossed with OT-I T cell receptor (TCR) Tg mice was challenged with vaccinia viruses expressing OVA (VACV-OVA). We show that adoptive transfer of OVA-specific iPSC-Tregs greatly suppressed autoimmunity in the animal model and prevented the insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells from destruction. Further, we demonstrate that the adoptive transfer significantly reduced the expression of ICAM-1 in the diabetic pancreas and inhibited the migration of pathogenic CD8+ T cells and the production of the proinflammatory IFN-γ in the pancreas. These results indicate that the stem cell-derived tissue-associated Tregs can robustly accumulate in the diabetic pancreas, and, through downregulating the expression of ICAM-1 in the local inflamed tissues and inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ, suppress the migration and activity of the pathogenic immune cells that cause T1D.
Rotaxane Probes for the Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide by 129 Xe HyperCEST NMR Spectroscopy.

The development of sensitive and chemically selective MRI contrast agents is imperative for the early detection and diagnosis of many diseases. Conventional responsive contrast agents used in 1 H MRI are impaired by the high abundance of protons in the body. 129 Xe hyperCEST NMR/MRI comprises a highly sensitive complement to traditional 1 H MRI because of its ability to report specific chemical environments. To date, the scope of responsive 129 Xe NMR contrast agents lacks breadth in the specific detection of small molecules, which are often important markers of disease. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a rotaxane-based 129 Xe hyperCEST NMR contrast agent that can be turned on in response to H2 O2 , which is upregulated in several disease states. Added H2 O2 was detected by 129 Xe hyperCEST NMR spectroscopy in the low micromolar range, as well as H2 O2 produced by HEK 293T cells activated with tumor necrosis factor.
The Role of Humility in Working with Families Across International Contexts

Family involvement work is often in danger of assuming that the parent does not know much. The researcher, practitioner, teacher, administrator, public health advocate, psychologist, graduate assistant, policy-maker, counselor, and in-home visitor too often position themselves as the expert, the one who knows best how families should live and what they need. Using examples from Namibia, Germany, India, and across the United States and Australia, this chapter illustrates the importance of approaching families with humility rather than a desire to fix and change. In the context of family engagement, being humble means listening carefully enough to the community to hear what they want even if it is not what we expect, desire, or think is best. Humility is about being sure of one thing: that the insider’s view of the world is the most important part of data collection in any research situation. This chapter argues that any program that begins with a deficit of respect, knowledge, and input from parents and communities is doomed to fail because disparity is rooted in discriminatory, historical, systemic policies and practices and so cannot be eradicated by fixing parents or communities. Toward humility, this chapter offers ideas and that respects families’ strengths, goals, and desires for their children.
Thermographic characterization of thin liquid film formation and evaporation in microchannels

The science of transport in microchannels has greatly benefited applications ranging from micro-mixing, chemical synthesis and biological analysis to compact and efficient energy devices. One of the most critical and intricate phenomena in this field of science is the dynamics of thin liquid film formation during the flow of liquid and gas/vapor mixtures. These films can form in microseconds and be less than a micrometer thick, while dominating thermal transport in phase-change processes. Here, we report the captured details of these phenomena using a new measurement technique with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions of 20 μm and 100 μs, respectively. Thin films with thicknesses ranging from 1 to 20 μm forming around elongated bubbles over a capillary number range of 0.025 to 0.1 are characterized. The measurements suggest that these films thermally develop and evaporate at timescales in the order of 1–10 ms, two orders of magnitude longer than their formation timescale. The formation, reflow and evaporation of the liquid film constitute a complex dynamic involving variations of the film thickness over the periphery of a rectangular channel, leading to a thicker liquid film feeding (through lateral capillary wicking) a much thinner rapidly evaporating film. As a result, the thinner film dictates the rate of surface heat transfer while the thicker film determines the duration of thin film evaporation. A modified Bretherton model provides the best fit to the experimental results.
Synthesis and photophysical properties of steroid-linked porphyrin-fullerene hybrids.

The photophysical properties of porphyrin-linked fullerene hybrids have generated significant interest, and a number of these hybrids synthesized by this group and others have been extensively characterized with respect to energy and charge-transfer processes that take place upon photoexcitation. Present studies of steroid-linked dyads demonstrate the extent to which through-bond effects operate in these systems.
Consent as Cross-Cultural Communication: Navigating Consent in a Multicultural World

Sexual consent is navigated in many different ways. The experience of sexuality is tightly bound to a cultural experience. This includes the way people communicate (or do not) about sex and sexuality in their lives. When discussing consent to sex within North America, people encounter many different cultures at a time: the culture of college, a culture of hegemonic masculinity, rape culture, a culture of feminist informed dialogue, a culture of varying degrees of sex-negativity or erotophobia, etc. When sexuality professionals educate about consent, they are embarking on cross cultural work. Encouraging an enthusiastic, verbal consent policy risks being culturally incompetent based on how people have been shown to communicate their sexual consent in the research. In this article, I will discuss the conceptualizations of sexual consent in the sexual science research literature and examine them alongside models and theories of cross-cultural communication. This comparison makes evident the cultural context of sexual consent and the need for more culturally aware education around consent communication.
Re-examining "Never Letting the Sun Rise or Set on a Bowel Obstruction" in the Era of Acute Care Surgery.

Small bowel obstruction (SBO) no longer mandates urgent surgical evaluation raising the question of the role of operating room (OR) access on SBO outcomes. Data from our 2015 survey on emergency general surgery (EGS) practices, including queries on OR availability and surgical staffing, were anonymously linked to adult SBO patient data from 17 Statewide Inpatient Databases (SIDs). Univariate and multivariable associations between OR access and timing of operation, complications, length of stay (LOS), and in-hospital mortality were measured. Of 32,422 SBO patients, 83% were treated non-operatively. Operative patients were older (median 66 vs 65 years), had more comorbidities (53% vs 46% with ≥ 3), and experienced more systemic complications (36% vs 23%), higher mortality (2.8% vs 1.4%), and longer LOS (median 10 vs 4 days). Patients had lower odds of operation if treated at hospitals lacking processes to tier urgent cases (aOR 0.90, 95% CI [0.83–0.99]) and defer elective cases (aOR 0.87 [0.80–0.94]). Patients had higher odds of operation if treated at hospitals with surgeons sometimes (aOR 1.14 [1.04–1.26]) or rarely/never (aOR 1.16 [1.06–1.26]) covering EGS at more than one location compared to always. Odds of systemic complication (OR 2.0 [1.6–2.4]), operative complication (OR 1.5 [1.2–1.8]), and mortality were increased for very late versus early operation (OR 2.6 [1.7–4.0]). Although few patients with SBO require emergency surgery, we identified EGS structures and processes that are important for providing timely and appropriate intervention for patients whose SBO remains unresolved and requires surgery.
Persistent Intrinsic Functional Network Connectivity Alterations in Middle-Aged and Older Women With Remitted Depression.

Background In younger adults, residual alterations in functional neural networks persist during remitted depression. However, there are fewer data for midlife and older adults at risk of recurrence. Such residual network alterations may contribute to vulnerability to recurrence. This study examined intrinsic network functional connectivity in midlife and older women with remitted depression. Methods A total of 69 women (24 with a history of depression, 45 with no psychiatric history) over 50 years of age completed 3T fMRI with resting-state acquisition. Participants with remitted depression met DSM-IV-TR criteria for an episode in the last 10 years but not the prior year. Whole-brain seed-to-voxel resting-state functional connectivity analyses examined the default mode network (DMN), executive control network (ECN), and salience network (SN), plus bilateral hippocampal seeds. All analyses were adjusted for age and used cluster-level correction for multiple comparisons with FDR < 0.05 and a height threshold of p < 0.001, uncorrected. Results Women with a history of depression exhibited decreased functional connectivity between the SN (right insula seed) and ECN regions, specifically the left superior frontal gyrus. They also exhibited increased functional connectivity between the left hippocampus and the left postcentral gyrus. We did not observe any group differences in functional connectivity for DMN or ECN seeds. Conclusions Remitted depression in women is associated with connectivity differences between the SN and ECN and between the hippocampus and the postcentral gyrus, a region involved in interoception. Further work is needed to determine whether these findings are related to functional alterations or are predictive of recurrence.
"Ready SIM Go": An Adapted Simulation "Service Line" for Patients and Caregivers.

SUMMARY STATEMENT Changing healthcare systems and efforts to decrease medical costs have resulted in many more patients and caregivers (PCs) needing to manage life-sustaining therapies on their own. Given the potential for underpreparedness to result in increased morbidity and mortality, developing safe and efficient homecare training methods for PCs is essential. Medical simulation with PCs is an underused tool, which has the potential to decrease anxiety and increase preparedness through opportunities for repeated practice of medical procedures within a safe, controlled environment. This article describes the development of a hospital-based simulation service line for PCs, leveraging lessons learned from training for 250 patients and 450 caregivers in 14 different departments and subspecialties, and explains adaptations of standard simulation methods necessary for safe and effective use of simulation with this unique population. Process blueprint, examples of specific programs, as well as feedback from participants and clinicians are included.
Developing Global Competencies through International Teaching: Using Critical Cosmopolitan Theory to Compare Case Studies of Two Study Abroad Programs.

For students to become global citizens they need globally competent teachers. The purpose of this article is to describe and compare the development of global competencies in teacher candidates who participated in international teaching-focused study abroad programs. The article is framed by Critical Cosmopolitan Theory (Byker, 2013), which offers a lens for the development of global competencies through the fusion of critical consciousness (Freire, 1970) and cosmopolitanism (Appiah, 2010). In the field of teacher education, study abroad experiences can help enhance teacher candidates’ commitment to culturally responsive teaching practices (Gay, 2002) and intercultural awareness (Hammer, Bennett, & Wiseman, 2003). The article reports on two case studies of study abroad programs for U.S. teacher candidates. One case study focuses on a study abroad program in China (n=13) and the other case study focuses on a study abroad program in South Africa (n=22). The article compares the teacher candidates’ perceptions of their study abroad experiences in relationship to the development of global competencies.
Pressure based MRI-compatible muscle fascicle length and joint angle estimation

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides critical information about the neurophysiology of the central nervous systems (CNS), posing clinical significance for the understanding of neuropathologies and advancement of rehabilitation. Typical fMRI study designs include subjects performing designed motor tasks within specific time frames, in which fMRI data are then analyzed by assuming that observed functional brain activations correspond to the designed tasks. Therefore, developing MRI-compatible sensors that enable real-time monitoring of subjects’ task performances would allow for highly accurate fMRI studies. While several MRI-compatible sensors have been developed, none have demonstrated the ability to measure individual muscle fascicle length during fMRI, which could help uncover the complexities of the peripheral and central nervous systems. Furthermore, previous MRI-compatible sensors have been focused on biologically intact populations, limiting accessibility to populations such as those who have undergone amputation. We propose a lightweight, low-cost, skin impedance-insensitive pressure-based muscular motion sensor (pMMS) that provides reliable estimates of muscle fascicle length and joint angle. The muscular motions are captured through measured pressure changes in an air pocket wrapped around the muscle of interest, corresponding to its muscular motion. The muscle fascicle length and joint angle are then estimated from the measured pressure changes based on the proposed muscle-skin-sensor interaction dynamics. Furthermore, we explore an integration method of multiple pMMS systems to expand the sensor capacity of estimating muscle fascicle length and joint angle. Ultrasound imaging paired with joint encoder measurements are utilized to assess pMMS estimation accuracy of muscle fascicle length in the tibialis anterior (TA) and ankle joint angle, respectively, of five biologically intact subjects. We found that a single pMMS sufficiently provides robust and accurate estimations of TA muscle fascicle length and ankle joint angle during dorsiflexion at various speeds and amplitudes. Further, differential pressure readings from two pMMSs, in which each pMMS were proximally and distally placed, were able to mitigate errors due to perturbations, expanding pMMS capacity for muscle fascicle length and ankle joint angle estimation during the full range of plantar flexion and dorsiflexion. Our results from this study demonstrate the feasibility of the pMMS system to further be incorporated in fMRI settings for real-time monitoring of subjects’ task performances, allowing sophisticated fMRI study designs.
Cost-Benefit Implication of Gene Expression Profiling and Adjuvant Therapy in Stage IIIA Melanoma.

Background Indiscriminate use of adjuvant therapy in stage IIIA melanoma is controversial. We sought to model the clinical impact and cost of implementing a gene expression profile (GEP) test to guide adjuvant therapy. Study design A Markov decision-analysis model was created to represent resected stage IIIA melanoma with 3 treatment options: observation (OBS), adjuvant pembrolizumab for all patients (ALL), and selective adjuvant therapy (SEL). In the SEL option, only high-risk patients based on GEP stratification were treated with pembrolizumab. Cost of adjuvant therapy was normalized to reflect Medicare reimbursement schedules. The primary outcome was cost per mortality avoided at 10 years. Results Model projections for 10-year overall survival were 68% for OBS, 73% for SEL, and 76% for ALL. The estimated incremental cost-per-mortality-avoided (compared to OBS) was $2.1 million for SEL and $2.4 million for ALL. These translate to costs of $583.0K and $697.1K per life-year for the SEL and ALL strategies, respectively. Conclusions Routine adjuvant pembrolizumab for stage IIIA melanoma is costly, and risk-stratification by GEP only marginally improves the value of therapy.
It's More Complicated

Lifespan developmental psychology extends from birth to old age. I describe my research career from studies of newborns through childhood and adolescence to adulthood. I also include reflections fr...
Mechanical Properties of Lithium Metal for Next Generation Batteries

Recent technological innovations such as electrified vehicles and personal electronics have enabled by meaningful advances in lithium ion batteries. Due to long term investment in battery materials and manufacturing, this technology has improved at a relatively steady 8% per year (in terms of specific energy, Wh/kg) since introduction in 1991. To increase the rate of electrified vehicle adoption, revolutionary improvements in battery technology are needed beyond what is currently available. Currently, three chemistries comprise the next generation battery direction; solid-state (SS), lithium-sulfur and lithium-air. All of these chemistries would benefit from the use of lithium metal anodes as one of the primary means of improving energy density. A SS separator of comparable dimensions as a conventional polyolefin separator could lead to ~100% improvement in cell energy density by enabling metallic lithium anodes [1]. Despite the considerable interest and dependence on lithium anodes in future generation batteries, its mechanical properties are poorly understood. The successful integration of pure lithium metal anodes will require understanding and predicting its mechanical behavior under static and cycling conditions. Recently our group investigated the elastic, plastic and creep behavior or lithium metal [2]. This presentation will extend the scope from our previous study emphasizing general property characterization to more battery specific mechanical environments, specifically aspect ratio and strain speed. Modern lithium ion battery electrodes having large surface area to volume ratios yielding low aspect ratios which are very different than traditional mechanical testing (i.e. 2 to 4). Additionally there is growing interest in fast charge/discharge, resulting in relatively short periods of mechanical compression, again different from traditional strain speeds (i.e. 1x10-3 sec-1). The impact of aspect ratio and strain rate on lithium's mechanical properties will be shown. REFERENCES [1] Albertus, P. et al. Nature Energy, 3 (2018) 16-21. [2] Masias, A. et al. J. Mat. Sci., 54(3) (2018), 2585-2600.