cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using a Cross-Generational Approach

Academics from multiple disciplines including history, sociology, law, and psychology have studied the World War II experiences of the Japanese Americans. Psychologists, interested in furthering our understanding of traumatic stress and coping, have focused primarily on those who directly experienced the internment. However, it is only through an analysis of trauma over an extended period of time across generations that we can truly understand the internment’s full impact. The findings from the Sansei Research Project presented in this book represent a first step toward such an analysis. In examining the impact of the World War II incarceration on the Sansei children of Japanese Americans who were interned, the project uses a cross-generational research approach. More specifically, the research attempts to define how the Sansei’s attitudes and experiences have been shaped by their parents’ incarceration, taking a nonpathological approach to describe the internment’s broadest effects.
Asia in western and world history : a guide for teaching

This book offers an overview of the legal, political, and broad intergovernmental environment in which relations between local and state units of government take place, the historical roots of the conflict among them, and an analysis of contemporary problems concerning local authority, local revenues, state interventions and takeovers, and the restructuring of local governments. The author pays special attention to local governmental autonomy and the goals and activities of local officials as they seek to secure resources, fend off regulations and interventions, and fight for survival as independent units. He looks at the intergovernmental struggle from the bottom up, but in the process examines a variety of political activities at the state level and the development and effects of several state policies. Berman finds considerable reason to be concerned about the viability and future of meaningful local government.
“Where the Knots of Narrative Are Tied and Untied”: The Dialogic Production of Gendered Development Spaces in North India

Abstract Participatory research with a Rajasthani (India) drinking water supply project indicates that women's participation has generated an ongoing struggle inside the implementing nongovernmental organization (NGO) and in villages. A Bakhtinian analysis of the project's women's participation program can illuminate the micropolitics of dialogic struggles surrounding women's participation and its related spaces. Bakhtin's concepts of utterance, dialogic process, and chronotope offer geographers a framework for analyzing the constant, simultaneous production of meaning and space. A Bakhtinian analysis of NGO fieldworkers' speech accesses the micropolitics within social relations, which construct gendered spaces. Gendered participatory approaches need reevaluation because dialogues about women's participation extend the scope of that participation beyond what is intended by development policymakers and practitioners. As part of their work, fieldworkers simultaneously are influenced by and contribute to shi...
Simulation of Polarization Curves for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 at a Rotating Ring Disk Electrode

A cylindrical two-dimensional model based on the Nernst–Planck equations, the Navier–Stokes equation, and the continuity equation is used to simulate the oxygen reduction reaction in 0.5 M H2SO4 at a rotating ring disk electrode. Concentration distributions and a potential profile are obtained as a function of the axial and radial distances from the center of the electrode surface. Polarization curves are simulated to interpret experimental results by studying various reaction mechanisms, i.e., the four-electron-transfer reduction of oxygen, the two-electron-transfer reduction of oxygen, a combination of the above two reactions, mechanisms with reduction of peroxide to water, and/or the heterogeneous chemical decomposition of peroxide. Special attention is devoted to the effect of peroxide.
Embryonic neurons transplanted to regions of targeted photolytic cell death in adult mouse somatosensory cortex re-form specific callosal projections

In the neocortex, the effectiveness of potential transplantation therapy for diseases involving neuronal loss may depend upon whether donor neurons can reestablish the precise long-distance projections that form the basis of sensory, motor, and cognitive function. During corticogenesis, the formation of these connections is affected by tropic factors, extracellular matrix, structural pathways, and developmental cell death. Previous studies demonstrated that embryonic neurons and multipotent neural precursors transplanted into neocortex or mice undergoing photolytically induced, synchronous, apoptotic neuronal degeneration selectively migrate into these regions, where they differentiate into pyramidal neurons and accept afferent synaptic input. The experiments presented here assess whether embryonic neurons transplanted into regions of somatosensory cortex undergoing targeted cell death differentiate further and develop long-distance axons and whether this outgrowth is target specific. Neocortical neurons from Gestational Day 17 mouse embryos were dissociated, prelabeled with fluorescent nanospheres and a lipophilic dye (DiI or PKH), and transplanted into adult mouse primary somatosensory cortex (S1) undergoing apoptotic degeneration of callosal projection neurons. Donor neurons selectively migrated into and differentiated within regions of targeted neuronal death in lamina II/III over a 2-week period, in agreement with our prior studies. To detect possible projections made by donor neurons 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 weeks following transplantation, the retrogradely transported dye fluorogold (FG) was stereotaxically injected into contralateral S1, ipsilateral secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), or ipsilateral thalamus. Ten weeks following transplantation, 21 +/- 5% of the labeled donor neurons were labeled by FG injections into contralateral S1, demonstrating that donor neurons sent projections to the distant area, the original target of host neurons undergoing photolytically induced cell death. No donor neurons were labeled with FG injections into ipsilateral S2 or thalamus, nearby targets of other subpopulations of neurons in S1. These data indicate that in the adult neocortex: (1) transplanted immature neurons are capable of extending long-distance projections between hemispheres through the mature white matter of the corpus callosum and (2) these projections are formed with specificity to replace projections by neurons undergoing synchronous degeneration. These experiments provide an experimental system with which to test factors affecting such outgrowth and connectivity. Taken together, these results suggest that the reconstruction and repair of cortical circuitry responsible for sensory, motor, or cognitive function may be possible in the mature neocortex, if donor neurons or precursor cells are provided with the correct combination of local and distant signals within an appropriately permissive host environment.
Hydrogeomorphic and Compositional Variation Among Red Maple (Acer rubrum) Wetlands in Southeastern Massachusetts

Abstract Sixteen Acer rubrum (red maple)-dominated wetlands in three hydrogeomorphic settings (depressional, riverine, seepage slope) were sampled in southeastern Massachusetts. Quantitative data of vegetation from five strata were compared with soil-chemistry measurements using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) to determine if hydrogeomorphic (HGM) setting was related to species composition. Although all sampled wetlands were dominated or co-dominated by red maple, DCA-differentiated stands according to HGM setting, i.e., riverine flood-plain wetlands separated from depressional (kettle) wetlands and slope wetlands on the DCA ordination. Further, species richness was lowest in depressional wetlands and highest in riverine wetlands, reflecting differences in soil chemistry and soil type, ultimately determined by hydrogeomorphic setting. Depressional swamps overwhelmingly dominated by red maple and those with Chamaecyparis thyoides (Atlantic white cedar [AWC]) were very similar in understory composit...
Transient thermal analysis and quench detection characteristics of the ITER TF and CS coils

The toroidal field (TF) and the central solenoid (CS) coils of ITER experience a variety of transient heating loads. During normal operation, the conductor in the TF coil experiences nuclear heating, whose magnitude is a function of the plasma operating conditions. In addition, the TF coils experience minor heating due to AC losses and the friction between the support plates. The heating in the CS coil is mainly due to AC losses which is significant during plasma start-up and shut-down. Due to the pulsed operation, and because of the long length of the flow paths (/spl sim/800 meters), steady state conditions are not established during a single pulse. In order to determine the operating margins, time dependent analyses of both the TF and the CS coils are performed under various heating conditions and over many cycles. Quench detection methods based on flow measurements at the inlet and outlet of the flow paths have to distinguish between "normal" and quench related flows. Extensive analyses of the flow signals under different operating and quench conditions show that, with the proper differencing the signal due to quench can be extracted. >
Representation and Generation of Non-Gaussian Wide-Sense Stationary Random Processes With Arbitrary PSDs and a Class of PDFs

A new method for representing and generating realizations of a wide-sense stationary non-Gaussian random process is described. The representation allows one to independently specify the power spectral density and the first-order probability density function of the random process. The only proviso is that the probability density function must be symmetric and infinitely divisible. The method proposed models the sinusoidal component frequencies as random variables, a key departure from the usual representation a of wide-sense stationary random process by the spectral theorem. Ergodicity in the mean and autocorrelation is also proven, under certain conditions. An example is given to illustrate its application to the K distribution, which is important in many physical modeling problems in radar and sonar.
The graphical evaluation of explanatory variables in proportional hazard regression models

SUMMARY A graphical technique for assessing explanatory variables in Cox's proportional hazards regression model is examined. The method arises from consideration of the cumulative hazard transformation and the partial likelihood score function, and consists of permuting the observed rank statistic to account for the effects of explanatory variables fitted to the model. An example is provided.
Increasing CO2 from subambient to elevated concentrations increases grassland respiration per unit of net carbon fixation

Respiration (carbon efflux) by terrestrial ecosystems is a major component of the global carbon (C) cycle, but the response of C efflux to atmospheric CO2 enrichment remains uncertain. Respiration may respond directly to an increase in the availability of C substrates at high CO2, but also may be affected indirectly by a CO2-mediated alteration in the amount by which respiration changes per unit of change in temperature or C uptake (sensitivity of respiration to temperature or C uptake). We measured CO2 fluxes continuously during the final 2 years of a 4-year experiment on C3/C4 grassland that was exposed to a 200‐560lmolmol � 1 CO2 gradient. Flux measurements were used to determine whether CO2 treatment affected nighttime respiration rates and the response of ecosystem respiration to seasonal changes in net C uptake and air temperature. Increasing CO2 from subambient to elevated concentrations stimulated grassland respiration at night by increasing the net amount of C fixed during daylight and by increasing either the sensitivity of C efflux to daily changes in C fixation or the respiration rate in the absence of C uptake (basal ecosystem respiration rate). These latter two changes contributed to a 30‐47% increase in the ratio of nighttime respiration to daytime net C influx as CO2 increased from subamient to elevated concentrations. Daily changes in net C uptake were highly correlated with variation in temperature, meaning that the shared contribution of C uptake and temperature in explaining variance in respiration rates was large. Statistically controlling for collinearity between temperature and C uptake reduced the effect of a given change in C influx on respiration. Conversely, CO2 treatment did not affect the response of grassland respiration to seasonal variation in temperature. Elevating CO2 concentration increased grassland respiration rates by increasing both net C input and respiration per unit of C input. A better understanding of how C efflux varies with substrate supply thus may be required to accurately assess the C balance of terrestrial ecosystems.
Genetic analysis of rice domestication syndrome with the wild annual species, Oryza nivara

With a small and sequenced genome, rice provides an excellent system for studying the genetics of cereal domestication. We conducted a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of key domestication traits using an F2 population derived from a cross between the cultivated rice, Oryza sativa, and the annual wild species, O. nivara. We found that the QTL of large phenotypic effects were targeted by domestication selection for effective harvest and planting, including a reduction in seed shattering and seed dormancy and the synchronization of seed maturation. Selection for higher yield was probably responsible for the fixation of mutations at a cluster of QTL on chromosome 7 and a few other chromosomal locations that could have substantially improved plant architecture and panicle structure, resulting in fewer erect tillers and longer and more highly branched panicles in cultivated rice. In comparison with the wild perennial species, O. rufipogon, rice domestication from O. nivara would have involved QTL with a greater degree of chromosomal co-localization and required little genetic change associated with life history or mating system transitions. The genetic analyses of domestication traits with both wild relatives will open opportunities for the improvement of rice cultivars utilizing natural germplasm.
Using Sentence and Picture Clues to Solve Verbal Insight Problems

ABSTRACT Pictures and sentences, designed to be equivalent in information content, were compared as clues for solving verbal insight problems. Solving insight problems may require creative thinking because a novel approach is required for their solution. A 2 (test condition: informed, uninformed) × 3 (clue type: picture, sentence, unrelated) between and within-subjects design was used. Participants (N = 144) completed, in order: an information acquisition task, verbal insight problems, a free recall task, and a questionnaire. This methodology extended prior research by comparing picture and sentence clues in the same experiment. There was no reliable difference in solution rates for problems associated with picture clues versus sentence clues. Problems associated with sentence clues were solved more quickly. Recall rates were higher for picture clues. One explanation consistent with these findings is that sentence clues, which have similar surface features to the problems, are used automatically to predis...
Conformational changes in the selectivity filter of the open-state KcsA channel: an energy minimization study.

Potassium channels switch between closed and open conformations and selectively conduct K+ ions. There are at least two gates. The TM2 bundle at the intracellular site is the primary gate of KcsA, and rearrangements at the selectivity filter (SF) act as the second gate. The SF blocks ion flow via an inactivation process similar to C-type inactivation of voltage-gated K+ channels. We recently generated the open-state conformation of the KcsA channel. We found no major, possibly inactivating, structural changes in the SF associated with this massive inner-pore rearrangement, which suggests that the gates might act independently. Here we energy-minimize the open state of wild-type and mutant KcsA, validating in silico structures of energy-minimized SFs by comparison with crystallographic structures, and use these data to gain insight into how mutation, ion depletion, and K+ to Na+ substitution influence SF conformation. Both E71 or D80 protonations/mutations and the presence/absence of protein-buried water molecule(s) modify the H-bonding network stabilizing the P-loops, spawning numerous SF conformations. We find that the inactivated state corresponds to conformations with a partially unoccupied or an entirely empty SF. These structures, involving modifications in all four P-loops, are stabilized by H-bonds between amide H and carbonyl O atoms from adjacent P-loops, which block ion passage. The inner portions of the P-loops are more rigid than the outer parts. Changes are localized to the outer binding sites, with innermost site S4 persisting in the inactivated state. Strong binding by Na+ locally contracts the SF around Na+, releasing ligands that do not participate in Na+ coordination, and occluding the permeation pathway. K+ selectivity primarily appears to arise from the inability of the SF to completely dehydrate Na+ ions due to basic structural differences between liquid water and the “quasi-liquid” SF matrix.
Crack deflection in tungsten carbide based laminates

Abstract Laminate materials were manufactured by alternating WC–6%Co layers with equal thickness layers of one of the following compositions: WC–16%Co, WC–16%Ni, Co, a W–Ni–Fe alloy, and Ni. One composition used WC–6%Ni in place of WC–6%Co, layered with the W–Ni–Fe alloy. Flexure specimens, consisting of nine alternating layers, were fabricated with either WC–6%Co or WC–6%Ni on the tensile surface of the specimen. The ability of these composites to deflect or arrest cracks was investigated in four point bending. Two of the compositions, WC–6%Co/W–Ni–Fe and WC–6%Co/Ni, exhibited the ability to fail non-catastrophically, showing inelastic work of fracture as high as 34,400 J/m 2 .
The Effects of Video Game Experience and Active Stereoscopy on Performance in Combat Identification Tasks

ObjectiveWe investigated the effects of active stereoscopic simulation-based training and individual differences in video game experience on multiple indices of combat identification (CID) performa...
Pentecostal Healing Prayer in an Age of Evidence-Based Medicine

Although testimonies of divine healing figure prominently in pentecostal missions, pentecostals are frequently reluctant to subject testimonials to empirical investigation. In an age of evidence-ba...
Bit level processor arrays: current architectures and a design and programming tool

The authors review bit-level processor arrays and the common characteristics that make them ideal for VLSI and high-speed computations. Emphasis is on arrays that have been implemented rather than proposed architectures. The essential features shared by these arrays, and those that differentiate them are characterized and used to develop a taxonomy for bit-level processor arrays. The authors also discuss programming tools, with an emphasis on RAB, a large program used to map a class of algorithms written in C onto bit-level processor arrays. The basic components and extensions to RAB are discussed. Directions of current research and design of bit-level processor array architectures and their programming environments are also briefly discussed. >
Pain Assessment and Ethnicity

Abstract [Todd KH: Pain assessment and ethnicity. Ann Emerg Med April 1996;27:421-423.]
Adaptive Coarse-Graining Framework to Model Non-Equilibrium Dynamic Behavior of Biopolymers

In this paper, an adaptive framework to model and simulate the non-equilibrium dynamic behavior of complex macro-biomolecular systems such as RNAs, DNAs, and proteins is presented. It is demonstrated that given the coupling and nonlinearity of biopolymers, it is expected that factors such as geometric and dynamic boundary conditions, as well as the applied forces will greatly affect the system's dynamic behavior. Consequently, static (time-invariant) coarse-grained models are not always able to fully sample the conformational space of the molecule. In the adaptive multiscale strategy presented here, some degrees of freedom of the system (internal coordinates) have their definitions/meanings adjusted “on-the-fly” at different instants and different locations of the system based on the values of knowledge-base (derived empirically), math-based (derived from strictly mathematical relations), and/or physics-based (derived directly from physical laws) metrics. This paper investigates the appropriate metrics to steer the model transitions during the simulation. Within each model transition towards the lower or higher fidelity system's model (which may be viewed as the instantaneous application or release of system's internal constraints), the generalized momentum of the system must be conserved to arrive at the physically meaningful post-transition system's states. It is also demonstrated that within the transitions to the finer-scale models, some issues arise which are associated with the proper amount and place of the energy within the system. Given the central role that multibody dynamics plays in the presented framework, a suite of Generalized Divide-and-Conquer Algorithms-based approaches is employed to this end, since these methods offer a good combination of computational efficiency and modular structure. The computational complexity of the algorithm is O(n) and O(logn) in serial and parallel implementations, respectively, where denotes the number of degrees of freedom of the system.
Identifying the Stable Polymorph Early in the Drug Discovery–Development Process

The thermodynamically most stable polymorph under ambient conditions is almost without exception the most desirable crystalline form for development by a pharmaceutical company. It is, therefore, beneficial to discover and to characterize this polymorph at the earliest possible stage of development. A screen for discovering the stable polymorph of a pharmaceutical compound early in the drug discovery-development process is developed and described. In this screen, a small amount of compound is suspended in a diverse group of solvents for two weeks in an effort to crystallize the most stable polymorph. The solubility of the compound in each solvent utilized in the stable polymorph screen is also simultaneously determined using a simple gravimetric method. Ritonavir and an early development candidate (Pfizer compound A) are used as model compounds to demonstrate the utility of the screen for finding the stable polymorph early in the drug discovery-development process.
Evaluation of a Truthful Revelation Auction in the Context of Energy Markets with Nonconcave Benefits

We describe a Vickrey-Clarke-Groves auction for supply and demand bidding in the face of market power and nonconcave benefits in which bidders are motivated to bid truthfully, and evaluate its use for power and gas pipeline capacity auctions. The auction efficiently allocate resources if firms maximize profit. Simulations, including an application to the PJM power market, illustrate the procedure. However, the auction has several undesirable properties. It risks being revenue deficient, can be gamed by cooperating suppliers and consumers, and is subject to the information revelation and bid-taker cheating concerns that make single item Vickrey auctions rare.
Comparing risks and benefits of colorectal cancer screening in elderly patients.

Background & Aims: In patients with limited life expectancy, the risks of colorectal cancer screening may outweigh the benefits. The aim of this study was to quantify risks and benefits of different screening strategies in elderly patients with varying life expectancies. Methods: We examined risks and benefits of screening in patients aged 70–94 years with differing health status using 3 strategies: annual fecal occult blood tests, flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, or colonoscopy every 10 years. We compared the number needed to screen to prevent one cancer-related death and the number needed to encounter one screening-related complication for different strategies. Results: The potential benefit from screening varied widely with age, life expectancy, and screening modality. One cancer-related death would be prevented by screening 42 healthy men aged 70–74 years with colonoscopy, 178 healthy women aged 70–74 years with fecal occult blood tests, 431 women aged 75–79 years in poor health with colonoscopy, or 945 men aged 80–84 years in average health with fecal occult blood tests. Colonoscopy screening had the greatest benefit but the highest risk of complications. The potential for screening-related complications was greater than estimated benefit in some population subgroups aged 70 years and older. At all ages and life expectancies, the potential reduction in mortality from screening outweighed the risk of colonoscopy-related death. Conclusions: The potential benefits and risks of screening vary in elderly patients of different life expectancies. For any individual patient, the potential for harm from screening must be weighed against the likelihood of benefit, especially with shorter life expectancy.
Surgical Management of Nasolacrunal Duct Obstruction in Patients with Wegener's Granutomatosis

The treatment of symptomatic nasolacrimal duct obstruction in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis is controversial. Dacryocystorhinostomy has been effective in patients with long-standing quiescent disease but has been complicated by the formation of nasal-cutaneous fistulas in others. Dacryocystectomy may be an alternative if epiphora is absent. The authors report 13 lacrimal bypass surgeries in 9 patients with Wegener's granulomatosis; there were 10 operations with adequate follow-up and 6 surgical successes. Failure was related to a history of dacryopyocele, localized disease activity in the nose and upper airway, extensive periorbital disease, the use of nonmaintenance therapy to contain disease activity, and prior surgical failure. The authors' experience suggests that dacryocystorhinostomy is therapeutically viable in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis; intervention is optimal when the disease is quiescent without medication and is probably reasonable if activity is controlled with maintenance therapy. Anticytoplasmic antibody titers are useful to guide the timing of elective surgery.
The relationship between medication noncompliance and cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia

Abstract Background : The relatively high rate of medication noncompliance in patients with schizophrenia may be in part the result of cognitive impairments frequently associated with the disorder. Objective : The purpose of this study was to determine whether baseline performance on specific neurocognitive tests predicts a patient's level of medication compliance. The question of whether improvement on these same tests after 3 months of antipsychotic treatment would correlate with medication compliance was also examined in this study. Descriptive Correlational Design : Patients' medication compliance (on a percentage basis) was correlated with their baseline and 3-month posttreatment scores on four neurocognitive tests. Results : A statistically significant relationship exists between medication compliance and patients' performance on tests of attention and immediate visual recall. Conclusion : The results of this study support the implementation of interventions that ameliorate specific neurocognitive deficits that, in turn, may facilitate improved medication compliance.
The artery of Adamkiewicz: More interesting than practical?

From the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Memorial Hermann Heart and Vascular Institute, Houston, Tex. Disclosures: Author has nothing to disclose with regard to commercial support. Received for publication Aug 8, 2015; revisions received Aug 8, 2015; accepted for publication Aug 10, 2015; available ahead of print Sept 10, 2015. Address for reprints: Anthony L. Estrera, MD, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6400 Fannin St, Suite 2850, Houston, TX 77030 (E-mail: Anthony.L.Estrera@uth.tmc.edu). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016;151:129-30 0022-5223/$36.00 Copyright 2016 by The American Association for Thoracic Surgery http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.08.028
Abstract 169: The Role Of Clinical Prediction Factors On Anticoagulant Selection In Atrial Fibrillation

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) often benefits from the use of anticoagulants for prevention of stroke or systemic embolism. While novel oral anticoagulants have emerged as possible alternatives to warfarin, it is unknown how treatment selection is determined in practice with clinical guidelines still evolving. This study examined whether and to what extent anticoagulant selection has been driven by clinical predictions of stroke risk (treatment benefit) and bleeding risk (treatment harm) in real-world practice in the US. Methods: A nationwide database of commercial and Medicare Part D supplement claims from 2009-2011 was used to extract a cohort of non-valvular AF patients who were newly-initiating therapy after dabigatran availability in Oct 2010. Patients were excluded if they had claims associated with a reversible AF condition. Risk scores of ischemic stroke (CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc) and bleeding (ATRIA) were used to examine associations with either warfarin or dabigatran use, calculated via claims in the outpatient pharmaceutical, inpatient medical, outpatient, and provider claims files. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were also measured as covariates, including concomitant diseases and medications. Multivariable log-binomial regression models assessed the association between each risk score and anticoagulant use, adjusting for the measured covariates. C-statistics were also used to examine the variation in treatment selection explained by inclusion of the risk scores. Results: In total, 37,401 patients were identified with 31% initiating dabigatran. New users of dabigatran were more likely to be younger, male, and have comorbidities. Patients at intermediate stroke risk (CHADS2 or CHA2DS2-VASc =1) were equally likely to receive warfarin and dabigatran (RR, 95% CI: 0.98, 0.93-1.02), while selection for warfarin was significantly associated with high ischemic stroke risk (CHADS2 or CHA2DS2-VASc ≥2) (RR, 95% CI: 0.87, 0.83-0.92). New users of dabigatran were significantly less likely to have high bleeding risk (ATRIA≥5) versus warfarin (RR, 95%: 0.70, 0.66-0.74). The c-statistic of the base model, which included the other measured covariates, was only marginally increased with the addition of any of the risk scores. Conclusions: Despite controlling for other patient characteristics, bleeding risk was strongly associated with the selection of a specific anticoagulant. However, the extent of selection explained by predictions of treatment harm was minimal. Providers appear to base anticoagulant selection on factors other than predictions of treatment benefit, which has implications for studying the anticoagulants’ comparative effectiveness.
Lived Challenges to Ethical Social Work Practice in Criminal Justice Settings

Ethical social work practice within criminal justice settings is fraught with challenges. Through individual interviews in a qualitative study exploring social work practice in diverse criminal justice settings in the northwestern United States, a subsample of 9 social workers described the difficulties they experience adhering to social work's professional code of ethics. They identify 2 primary areas of divergence, conflicting responsibilities and opposing interests, and identify the ways they respond to these challenges and the rationale behind their decisions. The discussion section explores avenues for strengthening social workers’ abilities to be a vital and ethical presence in criminal justice settings.
Closing the residency training gap.

My attendance at the 2010 ASHP Midyear Clinical Meeting and the Pharmacy Practice Model Summit in November 2010 and dialogue with colleagues have made clear to me that the future direction of pharmacists’ work in health systems will largely be driven by impending changes in health care financing,
Agricultural Development Is Economic Development: Kentucky State Parks Local Food Purchasing Case Study

First paragraph: In April 2004 I was appointed director of food service for the Kentucky (KY) State Park system and charged with improving its 21 restaurant operations — qualitatively, physically, and financially. Kentucky's state park system is one of the largest in the nation, especially in its number of food service operations. The operations included 17 full-service resort park restaurants scattered widely across the state in primarily rural areas, as well as three state employee cafeterias located in Frankfort and the cafe at the KY Artisan Center in Berea....
Tolerance to Organic Nitrates in Ischemic Heart Disease

The development of tolerance to organic nitrates in patients with ischemic heart disease is reviewed, with particular interest in alterations to both the hemodynamic and antiischemic effects over time. The article primarily focuses on how tolerance is defined, what biochemical mechanisms are involved when this condition occurs, which agents have been associated with the development of tolerance, and what can be done to prevent or reverse the condition in patients taking nitrates for ischemic heart disease. From a historical perspective, tolerance to organic nitrates has been a recognized phenomenon since the last century. The role that blood-level determinations and nitroglycerin pharmacokinetics have in the development of tolerance is discussed, and an extensive overview of currently marketed organic nitrate preparations and a few others available only through approved investigational protocols is presented. The role of cross-tolerance is discussed as is the role that nitrate-free intervals play in partially or completely reversing the effects of tolerance during chronic nitrate therapy. Additionally, a discussion of which specific nitrate formulation are least likely to have tolerance associated with their use is included, such as short-acting nitrate formulations with the exception of the intravenous dosage form. Finally, buccal nitroglycerin is presented as another new formulation that appears to be associated with minimal tolerance in studies already completed.
Cytological Effects Induced by EMS,NaN_3 and ~(60)Co γ-ray on Sesame Seed

In order to illuminate the cytological effects of physical and chemical mutagens on the root-tip cells of the M1 generation of sesame,mitotic index,rates of chromosome aberration and micronuclei of sesame seeds derived from three varieties,which were mutated by EMS,NaN3 and60Co γ-rays,were observed by light microscope.The results showed that the low concentration of EMS(5 g/L) and NaN3(2 mmol/L),interestingly,both had a pair of opposite effects on the mitosis of tip cells,just depending on the varieties.As concentration(or dosages) and treatment time of the mutagens increasing,the mitotic index of root tip cells decreased.Furthermore,the EMS,NaN3 and 60Co γ-rays induced the chromosomal and nuclear aberration,such as single micronucleus,double micronucleus,chromosome fragment,draggling chromosome,chromosome bridges,chromosome clump,and so on.The experimental result indicated that three sesame varieties had different sensitivity to different mutagens.Yuzhi 11 and ms86-1 were more sensitive to the high-concentration EMS(15 g/L) than Sanhuang sesame;compared with the two other varieties,ms86-1 had better sensitivity to the low-concentration NaN3(2 mmol/L);60Co γ-rays exhibited the best effective role in mutating ms86-1,followed by Sanhuang sesame and Yuzhi 11.
Rule based strategies for image interpretation

We present an interpretation system which utilizes world knowledge in the form of simple object hypothesis rules, and more complex interpretation strategies attached to object and scene schemata, to reduce the ambiguities in image measurements. These rules involve sets of partially redundant features each of which defines an area of feature space which represents a "vote" for an object. Convergent evidence from multiple interpretation strategies is organized by top-down control mechanisms in the context of a partial interpretation. One such strategy extends a kernel interpretation derived through the selection of object exemplars, which represent the most reliable image specific hypotheses of a general object class, resulting in the extension of partial interpretations from islands of reliability.
Regret minimization algorithms for single-controller zero-sum stochastic games

Two-player single-controller zero-sum stochastic games are a class of zero-sum dynamic games with Markovian state dynamics, where only one player controls the state transitions. Design of optimal strategies for such games with large state and action spaces relies on computationally demanding dynamic programming. Linear programming can also be used, but the number of constraints equals the number of states. This paper presents a class of simple suboptimal strategies that can be constructed by playing a certain repeated static game where neither player observes the specific mixed strategies used by the other player at each round. We quantify the suboptimality of the resulting strategies and show that, when the two players honestly follow the prescribed protocol, each player can exploit the regularity or predictability of the moves of the other player, and thus speed up convergence to the minimax value.
9.14 Reciprocal Relations between Riparian Vegetation, Fluvial Landforms, and Channel Processes

Patterns of riparian vegetation are strongly influenced by hydrology and fluvial processes. However, valley form and processes (rates of runoff and erosion and deposition), channel planform, and cross-sectional form and slope are influenced by the presence, physiognomy, structure, distribution, and abundance of vegetation, as well. The interrelationships between geology, valley and channel form, fluvial processes, and riparian vegetation along streams and rivers have been the topics of a tremendous body of research over the past several decades. Theory development in the fields of geomorphology and riparian plant ecology and application to river management have proceeded slowly, with riparian plant ecologists appreciating the role of channel processes in structuring plant communities only in the past several decades and geomorphologists continuing to view plants principally in terms of their physical and structural effects on hydraulics, erosion, and sediment transport and deposition. In this chapter, advances in our understanding of the reciprocal relationships between riparian vegetation and fluvial forms and processes over the past several decades are highlighted. First, an overview is presented of how riparian plant ecologists organize the complex and diverse vegetation that occurs along rivers and across their floodplains. An application of these organization schemes to geomorphologic work examining the reciprocal relationships between plants, fluvial processes, and channel form is provided. The effects of vegetation on channel form and process are then addressed. The chapter concludes with an overview of the reciprocal influences of fluvial processes and characteristics of riparian vegetation in determining patterns at scales from genetic (evolutionary selective pressures) to landscapes.
Incidental brown adipose tissue in bone marrow biopsy.

![Figure][1] Bone marrow core biopsy performed in a 74-year-old man with untreated lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma showed persistent lymphoma and a large area of loosely aggregated adipose cells containing multiple cytoplasmic vacuoles, suggestive of brown adipocytes (panels A and B; hematoxylin
Identificación de enfermedad cardiaca coronaria en individuos asintomáticos con diabetes mellitus: Tamizar o no tamizar

La enfermedad de la arterias coronarias (EAC) es muy prevalente en pacientes con diabetes mellitus (DM), y continua siendo la principal causa de muerte en estos pacientes. Desafortunadamente, muchos diabeticos pueden carecer de sintomas de alerta en la presencia de isquemia miocardica, por lo cual el diagnostico de EAC puede ocurrir de manera tardia. Estudios observacionales han sugerido que la prevalencia de isquemia miocardica puede ser alta en diabeticos asintomaticos (10 al 62% segun la serie) y la mortalidad es mayor en esos pacientes. Por esto, el uso de pruebas para deteccion de EAC en el paciente diabetico asintomatico parece atractivo y es recomendado en ciertas circunstancias. Sin embargo, no fue si no hasta hace poco que dos estudios investigaron el verdadero rol de estas pruebas de manera aleatorizada. En conjunto, 2,023 pacientes diabeticos asintomaticos fueron aleatorizados a recibir o no una prueba para deteccion de EAC y fueron seguidos en promedio por 4.4 ±1.4 anos. Al final de seguimiento, ambos estudios mostraron menos eventos cardiovasculares de los esperados, y el uso de pruebas para deteccion de EAC no redujo la tasa de eventos cardiovasculares comparado al no uso de estas pruebas. Los resultados de estos ensayos clinicos no soportan actualmente el uso de estas pruebas en el paciente diabetico asintomatico. Sin embargo, estos estudios tienen limitaciones importantes, y posibles hipotesis para explicar los resultados que son discutidas en el articulo
Microvessel integrin expression during focal cerebral ischemia

Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA:O) initiates reactive changes in the downstream microvasculature, which represent responses to ischemia and a preparation for tissue repair. Changes in microvessel integrity and permeability [1, 2], presentation of adhesion receptors for leukocytes [3, 4], activation of platelets and expression of their fibrin(ogen) receptor [3, >5], loss of basal lamina integrity [6, 7], simultaneous alteration in cell-matrix adhesion receptors [8, 9], and changes in astrocyte ultrastructure [10, 11] occur rapidly following MCA:O. These processes all involve alterations in integrin receptor expression. Integrins are ail heterodimeric transmembrane glycoproteins which participate in vascular development, tissue and vascular structural integrity, and intercellular communication [12–14]. Integrin receptors mediate cell-matrix interactions which appear essential for brain tissue structure and function. In resting brain tissue integrin expression is constitutive or inducible under conditions of focal ischemia and inflammation.
Fault diagnosis system of rotating machines using Hidden Markov Model (HMM)

In the industry, maintenance costs can be reduced by early detection and diagnosis. It can also improve the overall equipment efficiency of the machine system. To diagnose the problem is required a diagnosis system with a particular method. The Hidden Markov Model (HMM) method is used because it can determine the parameters that are hidden from the observable parameters. Then, The specified parameters can be used for further analysis. This study, an error diagnostic system was applied on a rotating machinery using the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) analysis based on error recognition. The expected results are improving efficiency of equipment, diagnose faults on industrial machinery so that the maintenance costs can be reduced.
T7 Polymerase Expression of Guide RNAs in vivo Allows Exportable CRISPR-Cas9 Editing in Multiple Yeast Hosts

Efficient guide RNA expression often limits CRISPR-Cas9 implementation in new hosts. To address this limitation in fungal systems, we demonstrate the utility of a T7 polymerase system to effectively express sgRNAs. Initially, we developed a methodology in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a modified version of the T7 P266L mutant polymerase with an SV40 nuclear localization signal to allow guide RNA expression immediately downstream of a T7 promoter. To improve targeting efficiency, guide RNA design was found to be tolerant to three mismatches or up to three additional bases appended to the 5′ end. The addition of three guanines to a T7-based guide RNA improved guide RNA expression 80-fold and achieved transcriptional output similar to the strong Pol III snr52 promoter. Resulting gene editing and dCas9-guided gene regulation with a T7-based guide RNA was on par with the commonly used snr52 system in S. cerevisiae. Finally, 96% and 60% genome editing efficiencies were achieved in Kluyveromyces lactis and Yarr...
Elephant in the Room: Why Spirituality and Religion Matter for Public Health

This chapter introduces the book Why Religion and Spirituality Matter for Public Health: Evidence, Implications, and Resources. More than 3000 empirical studies 100 systematic reviews have been published on relations of religion and/or spirituality (R/S) with health, but R/S factors remain neglected in public health teaching and research. R.S reflects ultimate concern that taps deep motivations, and R/S typically encourages stewardship of health, so its health-relevance is unsurprising from a behavioral motivation perspective. R/S engagement also commonly fosters social support and access to distinctive methods of coping with stress, elements of a “generic model” of how R/S influences health. Predominantly favorable relations suggest that R/S might be a fundamental cause of health, but R/S factors also sometimes correlate unfavorably with risk factors or poorer health. Part I of this volume contains 14 chapters that review evidence on R/S-health relations from the perspectives of major subfields of public health that include social factors, nutrition, infectious diseases, environmental health, maternal/child health, health policy and management, public health education and promotion, mental health, and clinical practice. Part II contains two chapters that address implications for public health practice, emphasizing community-based health promotion, health policy advocacy, and healthcare systems and management. The eight chapters in Part III offer resources for public health educators, including narratives of how R/S-health relations have been taught in schools of public health at universities that include Emory, Harvard, University of California at Berkeley, Boston University, University of Michigan, Drexel University, and University of Illinois at Chicago. A concluding chapter offers international perspectives.
Fabrication of porous chitin membrane using ionic liquid and subsequent characterization and modelling studies.

Abstract The application of green chemistry principles for the processing of biopolymers is a steadily increasing field of research. Chitin membranes were successfully prepared by using the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][OAc]) as solvent media. The resulting materials were thoroughly characterized, revealing that freeze drying produced membranes that were highly porous. The drying methods and the concentration of chitin used defined many of the membrane properties, such as mechanical strength, porosity, and water absorbency. From these data, an empirical model was generated which could be used to correlate the different membrane properties. The model could be used to predict the properties of the chitin membrane made with different wt% of chitin-IL solutions, and the predicted values aligned with the experimental results. This allowed for prediction of the properties of the chitin membrane (e.g., tensile strength) and gives the ability to tune the properties of the biomaterial. The methods and structures described here provide a starting point for the design and fabrication of a family of polysaccharide-based sustainable materials with potentially broad applicability.