cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Reconstructive Process in Sentence Memory.

This report examines the role of reconstructive processes in the recall of simple sentences. As both recall and normal speech production are constructive activities, any characteristic patterns identified in speech production should influence the constructions produced in recall. Two characteristic patterns were specified: a preference for active over passive sentences, and a tendency to begin a sentence with the most salient noun contained in the semantic situation being communicated. Evidence was obtained for the operation of both biases. Recent sentence-memory hypotheses concentrate on the form in which information is stored, and none of these is consistent with the obtained results. In order to evaluate alternative storage hypotheses, the memorial processes that operate on the memory structure must be specified.
Knowledge management in software design: a tool and a trial

The paper describes experiences in applying a knowledge management tool, called CODE, to the major knowledge management problems in the design of a large commercial software system. There is explanation of how the design of such a product was documented as a CODE knowledge base by using CODE to carefully analyse all the important concepts and terms in direct consultation with the developers. CODE could be described variously as a ‘design knowledge capture tool’, a ‘conceptual design assistant’, or a ‘knowledge management system for technical documentation’. Its knowledge base and its highly interactive interface combine ideas from frame-based knowledge representation systems, object-oriented systems and hypertext systems. CODE is intended to augment and eventually replace conventional word-processing and graphical tools for the capture, editing and documentation of such knowledge. Hence it facilitates constructing definitions or descriptions of all the main concepts in a system, validating these so that the system designers are in agreement, and retrieving and graphically displaying such knowledge in various formats. CODE has been used in a wide variety of knowledge management situations, but here the focus is on its use in software engineering design.
Measuring moisture diffusivity of potato and carrot (core and cortex) during convective hot air and isothermal drying

Moisture transfer during drying of hygroscopic non-porous materials (potato, carrot core and carrot cortex) was investigated. Drying curves and temperature profiles were obtained from cylindrical samples (0.7 and 1.4 diameter) under convective hot air drying (40, 50, 60, and 70 °C and 1.5 and 3 m/s air velocity). The effective moisture diffusivity of these materials were in the range of reported values. Temperature dependence of the effective moisture diffusivity was found to follow the Arrhenius relationship. However, the prediction of moisture loss failed to follow experimental drying curves. Temperature profiles during convective hot air drying showed temperature gradients, which explains the discrepancy between experimental data and model predictions. Therefore, an isothermal drying apparatus that combines microwave energy and convective hot air was used to quantify the drying kinetics. Using effective moisture diffusivity experimentally determined under isothermal conditions, Fickian model was found to accurately predict moisture loss during isothermal drying.
Medical therapy for female sexual dysfunction

Abstract Sexual dysfunction is an extremely common problem in the gynecologic patient population, affecting over 40% of women. There is little consensus, however, as to the appropriate treatment of women with sexual dysfunction. This review will evaluate the epidemiology and etiology of sexual dysfunction including menopause, aging, hormone deficiency, and vascular insufficiency. It will then evaluate some potential medical therapies for female sexual dysfunction in terms of their risks and benefits. It will specifically address the use of estrogen and androgen supplementation, dehydroepiandrosterone, tibolone, and sildenafil. All of these therapies have shown some benefit in select patient populations. However, large-scale, randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trials remain to be done to establish the true long-term efficacy and side effects of these interventions.
A naturalistic study of ambulatory asthma severity and reported avoidant coping styles

Objective: To examine how the use of dispositional avoidant coping traits prospectively predicts ambulatory asthma severity in daily life.Methods: An ecological momentary assessment (EMA) design en...
During the Respiratory Burst, Do Phagocytes Need Proton Channels or Potassium Channels, or Both?

The NADPH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase enzyme complex, a crucial component of innate immunity, produces superoxide anion (O2-), which is a precursor to many reactive oxygen species. NADPH oxidase produces O2- by transferring electrons from intracellular NADPH across the membrane to extracellular (or phagosomal) oxygen and is thus electrogenic. It is widely believed that electroneutrality is preserved by proton flux through voltage-gated proton channels. A series of recent papers have challenged several key aspects of this view of the "respiratory burst." The most recent study solidifies the proposal that O2- and other reactive oxygen species produced by phagocytes are not toxic to microbes under physiological conditions. Further, an essential role for high-conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ (maxi-K+) channels in microbe killing is proposed. Finally, the results cast doubt on the widely held view that H+ efflux through voltage-gated proton channels (i) is the main mechanism of charge compensation, and (ii) is essential to continuous O2- production by the NADPH oxidase. My analysis of the new data and of a large body of data in the literature indicates that the proposed role of maxi-K+ channels in the respiratory burst is not yet credibly established. H+ efflux through proton channels thus remains the most viable mechanism for charge compensation and continuous O2- production. The important question of the toxicity of reactive oxygen species in phagocytes and in other cells, which has long been simply taken for granted, is a widespread assumption that deserves critical study.
A Thousand Blunders: The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway and Northern British Columbia

Illustration and Figures Preface Abbreviations 1. Introduction: 'A Tragedy Rather than Otherwise' 2. 'In a Hole': Entry into British Columbia, 1902-12 3. 'Banging Right through on a Straight Line': Construction 4. 'Too Good or Too Fat for the Job': Labour Relations 5. 'A Frail Little City': Prince Rupert 6. 'A Hold-up Business': Acquisition of Indian Lands 7. 'In the Hollow of the Corporation's Hand': Prince George 8. 'For Pure Spite': Hazelton District 9. 'Grand Trafficker of Promises': Operations, 1914-19 10. Conclusion: 'The Tenderloin and the Hook' Notes Select Bibliography Index
Breakup of viscous liquid sheets subjected to symmetric and asymmetric gas flow

A study of the breakup of planar viscous liquid sheets subjected to gas flow on both sides was conducted. A linear spatial stability analysis was used to determine the instability wave characteristics. The analysis included the effects of liquid properties such as viscosity, density, and surface tension; the gas was treated as inviscid. Dispersion relations were obtained relating the wave growth rates to the frequency and other flow variables. The wave characteristics were determined by numerical solution of the governing dispersion relations for a wide range of operating conditions. In all cases, the gas velocity was found to be destabilizing; increases in the liquid density, viscosity, and surface tension were all found to have stabilizing effects. When the liquid sheet was exposed to unequal gas velocities, the wave propagation characteristics were found to be altered from the case of equal gas velocities.
High school coaches perceptions of physicians' role in the assessment and management of sports-related concussive injury.

Sports concussions are an increasingly recognized common type of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) that affect athletes of all ages. The need for an increased involvement of trained physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of concussion has become more obvious as the pathophysiology and long-term sequelae of sports concussion are better understood. To date, there has been great variability in the athletic community about the recognition of symptoms, diagnosis, management, and physician role in concussion care. An awareness assessment survey administered to 96 high school coaches in a large metropolitan city demonstrated that 37.5% of responders refer their concussed players to an emergency department after the incident, only 39.5% of responders have a physician available to evaluate their players after a concussion, 71.6% of those who had a physician available sent their players to a sports medicine physician, and none of the responders had their player’s concussion evaluated by a neurologist. Interestingly, 71.8% of responders stated that their players returned to the team with “return to play” guidelines from their physician. This survey has highlighted two important areas where the medical community can better serve the athletic community. Because a concussion is a sport-inflicted injury to the nervous system, it is optimally evaluated and managed by a clinician with relevant training in both clinical neuroscience and sports medicine. Furthermore, all physicians who see patients suffering concussion should be educated in the current recommendations from the Consensus Statement on Concussion and provide return to play instructions that outline a graduated return to play, allowing the athlete to return to the field safely.
Redescription of Hexapanopeus lobipes and Its Reassignment to Milnepanopeus n. gen. (Decapoda: Brachyura: Panopeidae)

Milnepanopeus n. gen. is proposed to accommodate the western Atlantic brachyuran crab, Hexapanopeus lobipes. Characters of the carapace, sternal groove, carpus of the ambulatory pereiopods, and male first gonopod define this presently monospecific genus. Recent molecular analyses support removal of H. lobipes from Hexapanopeus, and segregate this genus as a distinct lineage of Panopeidae Ortmann, 1893. The species is redescribed as Milnepanopeus lobipes, n. comb., on the basis of the holotype and supplementary material from deep banks in the Gulf of Mexico. Variations in morphology are addressed along with morphological comparisons to related genera of the family.
Compositional variation of muscovite as a function of metamorphic grade and assemblage in metapelites from N.W. Maine

Chemical data are presented for 49 muscovites from high and low Al specimens collected form N.W. Maine at metamorphic grades ranging from the upper staurolite to the upper sillimanite zone. Data also are presented for two muscovite from St. Paul Island, two muscovites+three paragonites from Gassetts, Vermont, and one muscovite from an adamellite in N. W. Maine. These data given further information on the effects of P, T, and bulk composition on muscovite composition. Specifically, temperature clearly influences the Na/Na+K ratio of muscovite in limiting assemblages but may not have much effect on the phengite content. Increase in pressure clearly does cause an increase in phengite content. Bulk composition (assemblage) has a very great effect on both Na/Na+K ratio and phengite content so that attempts to use either of these factors to monitor metamorphic grade should generally be done in the context of a limiting assemblage.
An intronic structure enabled by a long-distance interaction serves as a novel target for splicing correction in spinal muscular atrophy

Here, we report a long-distance interaction (LDI) as a critical regulator of alternative splicing of Survival Motor Neuron 2 (SMN2) exon 7, skipping of which is linked to spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a leading genetic disease of children and infants. We show that this LDI is linked to a unique intra-intronic structure that we term internal stem through LDI-1 (ISTL1). We used site-specific mutations and Selective 2′-Hydroxyl Acylation analyzed by Primer Extension to confirm the formation and functional significance of ISTL1. We demonstrate that the inhibitory effect of ISTL1 is independent of hnRNP A1/A2B1 and PTB1 previously implicated in SMN2 exon 7 splicing. We show that an antisense oligonucleotide-mediated sequestration of the 3′ strand of ISTL1 fully corrects SMN2 exon 7 splicing and restores high levels of SMN and Gemin2, a SMN-interacting protein, in SMA patient cells. Our results also reveal that the 3′ strand of ISTL1 and upstream sequences constitute an inhibitory region that we term intronic splicing silencer N2 (ISS-N2). This is the first report to demonstrate a critical role of a structure-associated LDI in splicing regulation of an essential gene linked to a genetic disease. Our findings expand the repertoire of potential targets for an antisense oligonucleotide-mediated therapy of SMA.
Idiopathic anaphylaxis in children.

Background Idiopathic anaphylaxis is a disease where no identifiable antigen or disease initiates an anaphylactoid reaction. Unlike classic IgE antibody-mediated anaphylaxis, severe idiopathic anaphylaxis is treatable with corticosteroids. To date, only 22 pediatric cases from one referral center have been reported. Objective To describe the characteristics of children with idiopathic anaphylaxis. Methods A retrospective review of medical records for children presenting to the pediatric allergy clinic with the diagnosis of idiopathic anaphylaxis was performed. Results The review identified eight children with idiopathic anaphylaxis. All eight patients had a cutaneous finding of either urticaria, angioedema, or generalized flushing. Six of the eight patients were noted to have wheezing or angioedema of the airway causing respiratory difficulties. Diarrhea was noted among six patients. Many of the children clearly had life threatening events. Response to appropriate therapy was generally good. Conclusions Pediatric idiopathic anaphylaxis can present at any age. It may be that many pediatric cases are assumed to be anaphylaxis due to some unknown antigen, and the correct diagnosis is never appreciated. It is important to recognize this disease in children so that it may be appropriately treated, because its specific therapeutic regimen has been shown to prevent the potentially fatal consequences of this disease.
Spatial distribution of declining urban maples

Abstract Patterns of distribution and change for Norway, sugar, and silver maple trees with scorch, chlorosis, small dead limb, and large dead limb symptoms were analyzed with statistical techniques, using data collected between 1975 and 1977 in Syracuse, NY. Increases in symptom severity and numbers of trees affected indicate a general increase in maple decline of the population over the 3-year-period. Nearest neighbor analysis procedure showed that symptomatic trees occur in non-random spatial patterns. Trees with scorch and dead branch symptoms were distributed in a linear pattern while trees with chlorosis were grouped in a concentrated circular pattern. There was little evidence for spread of decline from symptomatic to healthy trees. No change in the degree of aggregation of symptomatic trees was observed over the three years of observation. Scorch of Norway maple leaves was the only symptom that could be associated with an agent that spreads from tree to tree but the overall level of scorch in the population remained relatively constant.
Daredevil: indoor location using sound

A variety of techniques have been used by prior work on the problem of smartphone location. In this paper, we propose a novel approach using sound source localization (SSL) with microphone arrays to determine where in a room a smartphone is located. In our system called Daredevil, smartphones emit sound at particular times and frequencies, which are received by microphone arrays. Using SSL that we modified for our purposes, we can calculate the angle between the center of each microphone array and the phone, and thereby triangulate the phone's position. In this early work, we demonstrate the feasibility of our approach and present initial results. Daredevil can locate smartphones in a room with an average precision of 3.19 feet. We identify a number of challenges in realizing the system in large deployments, and we hope this work will benefit researchers who pursue such techniques.
Tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoles in different CNS regions following acute morphine

Abstract Morphine induces naloxone-reversible increases of tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoles in rat cerebral hemisphere, thalamus and cerebellum, but does not do so in striatum, hypothalamus, hippocampus and brain stem. Morphine also induces a rise in spinal cord 5-HIAA which is antagonized by naloxone, but there is no parallel change in tryptophan. Increases in brain 5-hydroxyindoles may be related to greater availability of tryptophan, but the elevation in spinal cord 5-HIAA appears to be unrelated to precursor availability.
Geometrical field enhancement on micropatterned nanodiamond film for electron emissions

We report a technique to uniformly micropattern nanodiamond films using reactive ion etch (RIE) process and thereby study the effect of the geometrical field enhancement for electron emissions in vacuum. Nanodiamond films with grain size as small as 5–10 nm were deposited by employing a growth-rate control technique with a process of CH4/H2/N2 microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD). The nanodiamond film was micropatterned to yield lateral 6-finger, 4-finger, and edge emitters using a single-mask process employing the RIE. The as-deposited nanodiamond film, the 6-fingered emitter, and the edge-shaped lateral emitter were tested for vacuum field emission and their characteristics compared. The effect of the geometrical field enhancement offered by the micropatterned finger-like emitter structures over the edge emitters and the as-deposited nanodiamond film was established experimentally. SIMION 7.0i simulation software was subsequently used to model the lateral emitter geometries and study their equipotentials and electric field distributions to corroborate the geometrical field enhancement offered by the fingered emitters. D 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.
DETERMINANTS OF HEMATOPORPHYRIN‐CATALYZED PHOTOSENSITIZATION

Using murine leukemia L1210 cells in culture, determinants of photosensitization by hemato-porphyrin were examined. Cells incubated for 10 min with a commercial preparation of hematopor-phyrin rapidly accumulated protoporphyrin and vinyl-hydroxyethyldeuteroporphyrin present as impurities. The resulting photosensitization appears to be mainly derived from the latter product.
Angiotensin II and Thirst: Therapeutic Considerations

Angiotensin II is the effector peptide of the renin-angiotensin system and is involved in a wide range of physiologic functions that relate to volume control. In this regard, angiotensin II maintains and regulates salt and water balance, is critically involved in cardiovascular function, and governs thirst. When present in excess, angiotensin II can pathologically influence each of these functions. The role of angiotensin II in controlling sodium balance, in both renal insufficiency states and congestive heart failure, is clearly recognized. Alternatively, it is poorly appreciated that angiotensin II plays an important role in both normal and pathologic thirst states. The latter is a potential problem in both end-stage renal disease and congestive heart failure. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists (AT1-RAs) have both been shown to reduce abnormal thirst drive. Whether an ACE inhibitor or an AT1-RA lessens thirst drive to any significant degree relates to its capacity to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Head-to-head comparisons of ACE inhibitors and AT1-RAs, as to their effect on thirst drive, have not been undertaken in a systematic fashion; thus, until otherwise established, the effect of these compounds on thirst should be viewed as a class effect, albeit one that is likely to be dose-dependent. (c)2001 CHF, Inc.
Overview of two enabling technologies which can change our world: Millimeter/THz silicon RFICs, and RF MEMS (and SOT/SOS) tunable networks

This invited talk will present two different technologies which have the potential to increase the data rate and lower the energy-per-bit in communication systems: Millimeter-wave/THz silicon RFICs and RF MEMS tunable networks. The mm-wave silicon RFIC technology is also applicable to a wide range of miniature sensors, such as low power radars and imaging systems, operating at 100 GHz and above. It is seen that these technologies are enabling a whole new set of systems deemed impossible a few years ago, and are now available at low cost. The application areas of these two technologies will have a far reaching effect on our communication and sensor infrastructure.
Efficient Formation of Multicompartment Hydrogels by Stepwise Self-Assembly of Thermoresponsive ABC Triblock Terpolymers

The gelation behavior of a poly(ethylene-alt-propylene)-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PON) triblock terpolymer and a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (NON) triblock copolymer was studied by rheology over the concentration range 1–5 wt %. In comparison to the NON copolymer, gelation of the PON terpolymer was achieved at a much lower concentration, with a much sharper sol–gel transition. This is due to a stepwise gelation of PON terpolymers involving micellization at room temperature and gelation at elevated temperatures. The separation of micellization and gelation leads to the formation of a two-compartment network as observed by cryoTEM. The results highlight the intricate and tunable nanostructures and new properties accessible from ABC terpolymer hydrogels.
Detection of thiyl radical adducts formed during hydroxyl radical- and peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation of thiols--a high resolution ESR spin-trapping study at Q-band (35 GHz).

Thiyl radicals (RS.) formed during peroxynitrite- or hydroxyl radical-dependent oxidation of thiols, i.e., glutathione (GSH) and L-cysteine (CySH) were trapped with 5,5'-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) and analyzed by X-band and Q-band electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. At X-band, the ESR parameters of DMPO-glutathionyl radical adduct (DMPO/.SG) and DMPO-hydroxyl radical adduct (DMPO/.OH) are nearly similar in aqueous solutions and as a result, except for the lowfield spectral line, the remaining spectral lines of DMPO/ .SG virtually over-lap with those of the DMPO/.OH adduct. In contrast, at Q-band, most of the spectral lines due to the DMPO/.SG were separated from the DMPO/ .OH. Inclusion of a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimic completely abolished the formation of the DMPO/.OH adduct and not the DMPO/.SG adduct during ONOO(-)-mediated oxidation of GSH and DMPO. In the presence of formate, the DMPO/.SG spectrum was replaced by the DMPO/.CO2- spectrum which was monitored by Q-band ESR spectroscopy. Thus, spin-trapping at Q-band provides unambiguous proof for the glutathionyl radical-dependent oxidation of formate by peroxynitrite. High resolution Q-band ESR spectra of DMPO/.Scys were also obtained. Biological applications of the Q-band spin-trapping technique to detect thiyl radicals in cellular systems are discussed.
Competitive O–H and C–H oxidative addition of CH3OH to rhodium(II) porphyrins

Rhodium(II) porphyrins react with CH3OH in benzene by alternate mechanisms that give H–CH2OH and H–OCH3 bond activation in different methanol concentration regimes which is a rare example of transition metal reactivity with methanol.
Head movement during sudden base translations as a measure of risks for falls in the elderly.

Abstract Objective . To determine whether head movement in response to a sudden platform translation differs between healthy young subjects and healthy elderly with and without, bipedal sensory loss. Design . A cross-sectional study with four-way comparison on subject grouping and three test conditions. Background . Head movement has been used as a measure of balance in the elderly during voluntary movements. Studies during involuntary movement, however, are limited. Moreover, it is not clear how head movement during involuntary activities relates to postural balance and susceptibility to falls. Methods . Head movement during a sudden base translation was measured in three subject groups: 9 healthy young, 10 healthy elderly adults and 10 elderly adults with vibratory sensation loss under the feet. The surface compliance of the supporting base, the direction of the base translation and the visual condition were all varied. Results . There were significant differences among the three groups in head range of excursion (5°, 9°, 13° for the young, elderly, and elderly with severe vibratory sensation loss, respectively), onset time (120, 150, 180 ms), and the time from peak to peak (38, 29, 25 ms). A backward base movement increased the head movement more than a forward base movement. Conclusion . During sudden base translation balance tasks, head movement is significantly increased in the elderly, especially in those elderly adults who are susceptible to falls. The results suggest that an increased head movement in the elderly might be an indication of increased risks for falls. Relevance Head movement during involuntary activities can be used as a measure of risks for falls in the elderly.
Cross-series adaptation using song and string.

The acoustic-auditory feature “risetime” has been claimed to underlie both the phoneticaffricate-fricative distinction and the nonphoneticplucked-string/bowed-string distinction. We used the perceptual adaptation technique to determine whether the risetime differences of the [d3a]-[3a] distinction would therefore be registered by the same mechanism that mediates risetime differences for the plucked-bowed distinction. Two continua were used, one of digitally modified natural speech and one of synthetic violin sounds, in which the risetime was varied across each set of tokens from 0 msec to 80 msec in steps of 10 msec. The speech was sung and the violin notes were synthesized with the same fundamental frequency, 294 Hz. Adaptation of the category boundaries was observed only when speech adaptors were tested with the speech continuum and when violin adaptors were tested with the violin continuum. When crossseries tests were performed (violin adaptors tested with the speech series, and speech adaptors tested with the violin series), no effect of adaptation was observed. This finding indicates that these speech and violin sounds, despite obvious acoustic similarities, do not share the same feature detectors.
Probabilistic Seismic Performance of Rocking-Foundation and Hinging-Column Bridges

Many engineers are hesitant to specify rocking foundations for ordinary bridges because of the unsubstantiated notion that rocking bridges are more susceptible to instability than conventional fixe...
Effects of Theophylline on Respiratory Drive in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Effects of theophylline administration on the respiratory drive were studied in seven patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). End tidal CO2 (PetCO2), minute ventilation (Ve), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide output (VCO2), serum theophylline level (STL), ventilatory response (VeR), and mouth occlusion pressure response (OPR) to rise in PetCO2 on rebreathing were measured before and at 2-hour intervals after oral administration of 5 mg/kg anydrous theophylline or placebo. Mouth occlusion pressure response and VeR showed c significant increase after theophylline but not after placebo. Significant positive correlation between changes (delta) in STL and OPR (delta OPR = 0.025 + 0.8 delta STL; SEE = 1; r = 0.4; P < 0.005) and between STL and VeR (VeR = 0.82 + 0.055 STL +/- SEE = 0.7; r = 0.46; P < 0.01) and an inverse correlation between delta STL and delta PetCO2 (delta PetCO2 = 13.8 - 0.59 delta STL; SEE = 9.1; r = 0.61; P < 0.001) were noted. There was no correlation between the indices of respiratory drive and FEV1, Ve, VO2, or VCO2. It is concluded that theophylline increases respiratory drive in clinically employed doses independently of its bronchodilator or metabolic effects.
Receiver function study of the crustal structure of Northeast China: Seismic evidence for a mantle upwelling beneath the eastern flank of the Songliao Basin and the Changbaishan region ∗

Northeast China is a unique place to study intra-plate volcanism. We analyzed P-wave receiver function data recorded by 111 permanent broadband seismic stations in Northeast China. The results show that the crustal thickness varies from 27.9 km beneath the eastern flank of the Songliao Basin to 40.7 km beneath the Great Xing’an Range region. The large depth variations of the Moho can be largely but not completely explained by surface topography. The residual Moho depth calculated based on the Airy’s isostasy model indicates that the Moho is dynamically uplifted by <3 km beneath the eastern flank of the Songliao Basin and the Changbaishan region. We suggest that a mantle upwelling, which has been proposed by several recent seismic studies, might have caused the uplift.
Sulfate-Binding Protein from Salmonella typhimurium: Physical Properties

This protein binds sulfate strongly and is implicated in sulfate transport in Salmonella typhimurium. It has a molecular weight of 32,000 and an axial ratio of 4:1. Crystals are elongate prisms up to 0.5 millimeter. X-ray diffraction photographs give discrete crystalline reflections to a spacing of at least 2 angstroms. The unit cell is orthorhombic P212121, with four molecules per unit cell of 40.8 by 47.5 by 136 angstroms. This is consistent with a highly asymmetric molecule such as the prolate ellipsoid suggested by the other physical measurements. Addition of sulfate had minimum effects on the physical properties as measured by light absorption, optical rotary dispersion, circular dichroism, fluorescence and its depolarization, nuclear magnetic resonance, and sedimentation velocity.
Selectivity Effect of Cesium on Clay Size Weathered Mica; Transmission Electron Microscopy Studies

The use of electron diffraction contrast to detect local concentrations of interlayer cations in mica-vermiculites was examined. Cs and Mg, because of their contrasting atomic scattering amplitudes for electrons, were chosen as exchange ions for Ca. Cs was absorbed to the near exclusion of Mg by the clays from the three soils and by weathered clay-size muscovite and phlogopite. The presence of Cs in addition to the other interlayer cations, K and Ca, caused bending and perhaps splitting of the mica-verrmculite layers. Extinction bend contours were common in Cs-treatea specimens but not those Ca-treated. After freeze-drying of specimens of Cs-Ca Nason clay, differential destruction by the electron beam of the central core in clay-size vermiculite containing hydrated Ca ions may indicate the edge location of Cs.
Synthesis and light gas separations in cross-linked gemini room temperature ionic liquid polymer membranes

Cross-linkable gemini room temperature ionic liquids (GRTILs) were synthesized and photo-cross-linked into thin films. The resultant polymer membranes were tested for their permeabilities to CO2, N2, CH4 and H2. Permeabilities for each gas were found to be much lower when compared to previously reported poly(RTIL) membranes, mainly as a result of highly restricted diffusion. Separation factors were similar to previously studied poly(RTIL) membranes. CH4 and N2 fluxes were small enough to consider these membranes as “barrier” films to the transport of those gases. Poly(GRTILs) may have use in applications where flow of those gases is not desirable.
Early age creep and stress relaxation of concrete containing blended cements

The main objective is to investigate key properties that influence the stress development in concrete at early ages and the effect of using blended cements. Mineral additives and amount by weight of total binder used in the blended cements are fly ash (25%), ground granulated blast furnace slag (25%), and silica fume (10%). The properties investigated include tensile creep, elastic modulus, split tensile strength, and autogenous shrinkage. The relaxation modulus used for stress prediction was obtained from the creep data fitted using a log-power creep function. These findings show that tensile creep and stress relaxation are important properties of Portland cement concrete. These properties however are reduced in concretes containing blended cements. Blended cements affect the early age strength and elastic modulus moderately but significantly alter the autogenous deformation. Water/cement ratio (w/c), type and dosage of mineral additives were found to influence the magnitude of autogenous deformation. This deformation was found to be significant in low water-cement ratio concretes and should be included in early age stress calculations.
Enclosure Acoustics Modeling and Control Utilizing a Passive and Active Structural Tailoring

The subject of this paper is the redesign a flat panel to couple less effectively to acoustic enclosures, and improve transmission loss between the enclosures. First presented is a brief background of the theory of acoustic noise in reverberant enclosures. Finite dimensional acoustic and structural models are linked producing a fully coupled linear control design model. These developments are then specifically applied to a 3D acoustic chamber consisting of two separated 4ft times 4ft times 8ft enclosures. Passive redesign of the structure for minimal coupling and several mass mimicking active noise controllers were investigated. A decentralized MIMO controller was designed and simulated to mimic the effect of additional mass. These models and designs are currently being validated on an experimental test bed. Future efforts will examine additional control design strategies including modal clustering, passification by optimal blending of sensors and actuators, and the use of locally reacting sources on the plate surface to target acoustic structure coupling directly
Does truncation always result in an under-determined problem? An SVD study

In a single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) study, the projections may be truncated due to the relatively small detector size. The truncation problem is severe in a transmission study especially when a fan-beam collimator is used. It is commonly believed that truncated projections always result in an under-determined reconstruction problem and cause artifacts in the reconstruction. In fact, when the projections are truncated, an exact image can be reconstructed under certain circumstances such as that the image is band-limited and the sinogram is continuously measured. We use the singular value decomposition (SVD) to analyze the imaging system. It is demonstrated that the reconstruction with truncated projections is not always an under-determined problem. However, a fully determined problem can be ill-conditioned, which is characterized by its condition number. One should try to reduce the condition number as much as possible. In practice if we have a situation where truncation is not avoidable, we recommend the following: (1) increase the number of views while acquiring data, (2) decrease the sampling interval on the detector, (3) increase the pixel size of the image, sacrificing resolution for smaller condition number, (4) use constrains such as supports, non-negativity, smoothness, and so on, and (5) use a good projection model with accurate image basis functions to reduce aliasing artifacts.
A mediastinal window approach to aortopexy

Between 1989 and 1994 six infants underwent aortopexy for symptomatic tracheomalacia via an anterior mediastinal window. This approach avoids a thoracotomy by using a small transverse incision over the second and third intercostal spaces followed by subchondral excision of these costal cartilages to expose the mediastinum. All patients had stridor and significant respiratory difficulty preoperatively; all experienced significant improvement in symptoms after aortopexy. There were no significant complications attributable to the procedure. The authors recommend this approach for aortopexy.
Functional Analysis of the CD4+ T-Cell Response to Epstein-Barr Virus: T-Cell-Mediated Activation of Resting B Cells and Induction of Viral BZLF1 Expression

In contrast to the major role played by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell responses in immunosurveillance, recent studies have offered the apparently paradoxical suggestion that development of EBV-driven human B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders and tumors in SCID/hu mice is dependent on the presence of T cells, in particular CD4+ T cells. This study presents a functional analysis of the CD4+ T-cell response to EBV and shows that while CD4+ T cells may be cytotoxic, they also express Th2 cytokines and CD40 ligand (gp39) and possess B-cell helper function. We show that EBV-specific CD4+ T cells can provide non-HLA-restricted help for activation of resting B cells via a gp39-CD40-dependent pathway and are able to induce expression of BZLF1, a viral lytic cycle transactivator in latently infected resting B cells, ultimately resulting in rapid outgrowth of transformed B-cell colonies. These results support the proposal that CD4+ T cells may play a key role in reactivation of latent EBV infection and may thus contribute to the pathogenesis of EBV-driven lymphoproliferative disorders.
Cue Integration: A Common Framework for Social Cognition and Physical Perception

Scientists examining how people understand other minds have long thought that this task must be something like how people perceive the physical world. This comparison has proven to be deeply genera...
Reliability of AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors: an overview

This paper provides an overview of issues related to the reliability of the increasingly popular and important AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT), which has been used widely in very-high speed applications such as cellular phones and microwave systems. Topics covered include: (1) typical HBT post-burn-in characteristics, (2) physical mechanisms contributing to the HBT long-term current gain drift, (3) models for predicting the HBT mean time to failure (MTTF), and (4) non-typical HBT post-burn-in behavior and its physical insight.
Decisions, Decisions! How Judgment Policy Studies Can Integrate Macro and Micro Domains in Management Research

An effective bridge for spanning the macro—micro divide in management studies requires strong disciplinary foundations on each side of the chasm, along with the versatility to address a range of management issues. This will likely involve simultaneous multilevel, multiparty action—response research. The authors argue that judgment policy studies are especially suited to developing the interactive multilevel context theories that are necessary to narrow the divide across multiple areas of management research. Literally millions of organization members go through judgment processes every day, on many topics, and their choices critically affect individual, group, and organizational success. The authors provide examples—using the literatures on trust, diversity climate, workplace romance, and strategy implementation—to demonstrate how judgment policy analysis methods can help narrow the macro—micro divide in each area. The authors also briefly discuss available techniques for analyzing individuals’ judgment p...
Physical Therapy Information: Could It Reduce Hospital 30-Day Readmissions?

The voice of physical therapy is absent in the assessment of hospital Medicare readmission risk. Physical therapy functional assessments are involved in decisions to discharge to home or to inpatient rehabilitation, but physical therapy findings are missing for gauging readmission risk. Thirty-day readmissions are a vital factor in hospital reimbursement.1 Does omitting physical therapy information make a difference? What does physical therapy information offer to readmission risk assessment? Physical therapy provides a unique information-bearing relationship in the hospital setting.2 It involves hands-on, personal treatment often delivered by the same individual or team, which is an increasingly rare component in fragmented, technology-driven health care delivery. This often daily, personal care provides an anchoring bond in the setting of rapid, frequently remote, medical care. Physical therapy can offer a healing relationship in the context of acute loss as patients seek to restore function and self-esteem. Because this treatment involves the same small team of physical therapists, some patients will share their personal concerns regarding their efforts to adjust to their losses and related uncertainty. This shared information and …
Endometrial and cervical polyps in 22 baboons (Papio sp.), 5 cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and one marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

Background Endometrial and cervical polyps are masses of endometrium or cervical epithelium that bulge into the uterine or cervical lumen. The physiopathology and contributing factors of endometrial polyps development are still unknown.
On testing for absence of rights in access control models

The well-known access control model formalized by M.H. Harrison, W.C. Ruzzo, and J.D. Ullman (HRU) (1976), does not allow testing for absence of access rights in its commands. R.S. Sandhu's Typed Access Matrix (TAM) model (1992), which introduces strong typing into the HRU model, continues this tradition. P.E. Ammann R.S. Sandhu (1992), have proposed an extension of TAM called augmented TAM (ATAM), which allows testing for absence of rights. The motivation for ATAM is to express policies for dynamic separation of duties based on transaction control expressions. The authors study the question of whether or not testing for absence of access rights adds fundamental expressive power. They show that TAM and ATAM are formally equivalent in their expressive power. However, their construction indicates that while testing for absence of rights is theoretically unnecessary, such testing appears to be practically beneficial. >
Developmental basis for telencephalon expansion in waterfowl: enlargement prior to neurogenesis

Some altricial and some precocial species of birds have evolved enlarged telencephalons compared with other birds. Previous work has shown that finches and parakeets, two species that hatch in an immature (i.e. altricial) state, enlarged their telencephalon by delaying telencephalic neurogenesis. To determine whether species that hatch in a relatively mature (i.e. precocial) state also enlarged their telencephalon by delaying telencephalic neurogenesis, we examined brain development in geese, ducks, turkeys and chickens, which are all precocial. Whereas the telencephalon occupies less than 55 per cent of the brain in chickens and turkeys, it occupies more than 65 per cent in ducks and geese. To determine how these species differences in adult brain region proportions arise during development, we examined brain maturation (i.e. neurogenesis timing) and estimated telencephalon, tectum and medulla volumes from serial Nissl-stained sections in the four species. We found that incubation time predicts the timing of neurogenesis in all major brain regions and that the telencephalon is proportionally larger in ducks and geese before telencephalic neurogenesis begins. These findings demonstrate that the expansion of the telencephalon in ducks and geese is achieved by altering development prior to neurogenesis onset. Thus, precocial and altricial species evolved different developmental strategies to expand their telencephalon.
Analysis of the Fine Structure of the Repair of Anti−benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-DNA Adducts in Mammalian Cells by Laser-Induced Strand Cleavage

Abstract The repair of DNA adducts formed by reaction of anti−benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (7-hydroxyl and epoxide oxygen trans) [BaPDE] with DNA in the multiple copy dihydrofolate reductase (DHER) gene of the B11 Chinese hamster ovary cell line was investigated by restriction enzyme digestion, alkaline agarose gel electrophoresis, and probing for the presence of specific full length restriction fragments with 32P-riboprobes. Cleavage of fragments that contained BaPDE-DNA adducts was carried out photochemically with 355 nm light from a Nd: YAG laser. Exposure of KpnI restricted DNA modified to various extents with BaPDE to a laser intensity of 40 mW for 5 to 10 minutes resulted in quantitative cleavage of fragments containing BaPDE adducts, with minimal cleavage of unmodified fragments. In cells treated with 2.5 μM BaPDE very little repair was observed in a 14 kb fragment at the 5' end of the DHFR gene over a 24 hour period for both the transcribed and nontranscribed strands. This photochemical cl...
Studies on quantitative physiology of Trichoderma reesei with two‐stage continuous culture for cellulose production

By employing a two-stage continuous-culture system, some of the more important physiological parameters involved in cellulose biosynthesis have been evaluated with an ultimate objective of designing an optimally controlled cellulose process. The two-stage continuous-culture system was run for a period of 1350 hr with Trichoderma reesei strain MCG-77. The temperature and pH were controlled at 32°C and pH 4.5 for the first stage (growth) and 28°C and pH 3.5 for the second stage (enzyme production). Lactose was the only carbon source for the both stages. The ratio of specific uptake rate of carbon to that of nitrogen, Q(C)/Q(N), that supported good cell growth ranged from 11 to 15, and the ratio for maximum specific enzyme productivity ranged from 5 to 13. The maintenance coefficients determined for oxygen, MO, and for carbon source, MC, are 0.85 mmol O2/g biomass/hr and 0.14 mmol hexose/g biomass/hr, respectively. The yield constants determined are: YX/O = 32.3 g biomass/mol O2, YX/C = 1.1 g biomass/g C or YX/C = 0.44 g biomass/g hexose, YX/N = 12.5 g biomass/g nitrogen for the cell growth stage, and YX/N = 16.6 g biomass/g nitrogen for the enzyme production stage. Enzyme was produced only in the second stage. Volumetric and specific enzyme productivities obtained were 90 IU/liter/hr and 8 IU/g biomass/hr, respectively. The maximum specific enzyme productivity observed was 14.8 IU/g biomass/hr. The optimal dilution rate in the second stage that corresponded to the maximum enzyme productivity was 0.026 ∼ 0.028 hr−1, and the specific growth rate in the second stage that supported maximum specific enzyme productivity was equal to or slightly less than zero.
Dynamic model based robust tracking control of a differentially steered wheeled mobile robot

The expansion of wheeled mobile robot usage to applications with high loads and speeds requires reliable tracking control that is robust to the disturbances emanating from external loads and the wheel-ground contact. The motion of such robots can be accurately described with a dynamic model that includes both the external forces and a complex tire model. However, control design from the full dynamic model is not practical due to its complexity and nonanalytic form. In this paper, we derive a simplified dynamic model which is adequate for control design and treat the remaining terms as model uncertainty. Then, the uncertainty is analyzed and a robust control algorithm is designed. The performance and robustness is proven through computer simulation.