cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperfine Structure in the Band Spectrum of the Mercury Hydride HgH

The structure of the spectrum of the mercury hydride has been reinvestigated with a more powerful experimental arrangement. In 1931 a complex structure due to different isotopes of mercury was discovered (Part I) and a closer study with improved apparatus led in 1935 to the establishment of a new band spectroscopic effect of the so-called nuclear isotope shift (Part II), the correlation of which with the corresponding atomic effect was explained by Bohr. Certain differences in structure between lines belonging to different branches seemed to be detectable, and these differences were subjected in this paper (Part III) to a careful study. In the bands of the system $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ a new (fifth) component was found on the short wave-length side for $P$ and $R$ band lines (Fig. 1). This component is gradually merging with the fourth for higher rotational energies. In the $Q$ lines a corresponding component is overlapped with the fourth for lower rotational energies and causes for higher rotational energies a deviation of the measured position of the fourth component toward too small separations. Careful measurements of separation reveal that the fifth component in $P$ and $R$ lines should be correlated to the mercury isotope 199 (Fig. 2). Since the intensity of this component is equal only to 9 percent of the total intensity of the group of components, the fifth component does not represent the whole contribution of 16.45 percent of the isotope 199. It is concluded therefore that the lines emitted by the molecules containing the isotope 199 must be split at least into two components. Thus a first proof of the existence of a hyperfine structure in band spectra is obtained. The approximate structures of groups of components corresponding to the odd isotopes 199 and 201 are obtained by subtracting the intensities corresponding to even isotopes from the intensity curves found by measuring the intensity distribution for the whole group of components (Fig. 3, a, b and c). No satisfactory explanation of the structures obtained could be found. The results of the measurements of the separation of components corresponding to even isotopes deviate from the expected ones (normal rotational isotope effect) and the deviation (difference of 27 percent in slope) cannot be explained by any known cause. An additional strong anomaly of a different kind is found for higher rotational energies in the bands of the system $^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{I}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ (Fig. 4).
Anabolic steroid abuse among teenage girls: An illusory problem?

Abstract Background Recent media reports have portrayed an alarming increase in apparent anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) use among American teenage girls; Congress even held hearings on the subject in June 2005. We questioned whether AAS use among teenage girls was as widespread as claimed. Methods We reviewed four large national surveys and many smaller surveys examining the prevalence of AAS use among teenage girls. Virtually all of these surveys used anonymous questionnaires. We asked particularly whether the language of survey questions might generate false-positive responses among girls who misinterpreted the term “steroid.” We also reviewed data from other countries, together with results from the only recent study (to our knowledge) in which investigators personally interviewed female AAS users. Results The surveys produced remarkably disparate findings, with the lifetime prevalence of AAS use estimated as high as 7.3% among ninth-grade girls in one study, but only 0.1% among teenage girls in several others. Upon examining the surveys reporting an elevated prevalence, it appeared that most used questions that failed to distinguish between anabolic steroids, corticosteroids, and over-the-counter supplements that respondents might confuse with “steroids.” Other features in the phrasing of certain questions also seemed likely to further bias results in favor of false-positive responses. Conclusions Many anonymous surveys, using imprecise questions, appear to have greatly overestimated the lifetime prevalence of AAS use among teenage girls; the true lifetime prevalence may well be as low as 0.1%. Future studies can test this impression by using a carefully phrased question regarding AAS use.
Epitaxial layer enhancement of n-well guard rings for CMOS circuits

n-well guard rings have long been used for isolating potential electron injectors to avoid latch-up of CMOS circuits. Such guard rings are shown to be orders of magnitude more efficient for CMOS fabricated in an epitaxial layer (epi-CMOS) than for bulk (non-epi) CMOS. The maximum escape probability in epi-CMOS measures 3.9E-06 while for bulk CMOS it is 1.8E-02.
Desorption of porcine parvovirus from aluminum hydroxide adjuvant with subsequent viral immunoassay or hemagglutination assay.

Cell culture fluids containing porcine parvovirus were adjuvanted with varying concentrations of aluminum hydroxide gel. Adsorption of virus and total protein to adjuvant was proportional to adjuvant concentration. Desorption of virus and protein from the adjuvant in substantial, reproducible quantities was achieved by washing adjuvanted preparations with 1.2 M potassium phosphate, followed by dialysis and concentration of wash fluids. Sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of unadjuvanted viral fluids, supernatants of adjuvanted mixtures, and desorptive washings of the corresponding adjuvant pellets revealed no qualitative differences in protein banding patterns. Desorbed virus was quantitated by a hemagglutination assay, or by an enzymelinked immunoassay employing a monoclonal anti-porcine parvovirus antibody. Virus desorption and subsequent assays permitted in vitro estimation of virus content in adjuvanted porcine parvovirus preparations. This approach may be useful in estimating the antigen content of inactivated aluminum hydroxide adjuvanted veterinary vaccines and reducing the extent of required in vivo testing.
Clinical Application of Modest Hypothermia after Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract There is widespread interest in the use of hypothermia in the treatment of CNS injury. While there is considerable experience in the use of cooling for a variety of brain pathologies, limited data exist after spinal cord injury. In the past few years, technological advances in the induction and maintenance of cooling have been achieved and can potentially allow for a more accurate evaluation of this form of treatment. We report a series of 14 patients with an average age of 39.4 years (range, 16–62 years) with acute, complete (AIS A) cervical spinal cord injuries who underwent a protocol using an intravascular cooling catheter to achieve modest (33°C) systemic hypothermia. There was an excellent correlation between intravascular and intrathecal cerebrospinal fluid temperature. The average time between injury and induction of hypothermia was 9.17 ± 2.24 h (mean ± SEM); the time to target temperature was 2.72 ± 0.42 h; the duration of cooling at target temperature was 47.6 ± 3.1 h; the average tota...
Changes in urethral resistance after surgery for stress urinary incontinence.

Seventy women with stress urinary incontinence underwent simultaneous voidingurethrocystometry using microtip transducers and an 8-channel recorder, before and three to twelve months after either the modified Bureh (4870) or the modified Pereyra (2270) retropubic urethropexy. Increase in urethral resistance (p < 0.005) was more marked following the Pereyra procedure (0.042 ± 0.039 to 0.07 ± 0.061) and 30 percent experienced postoperative voiding difficulties, compared with the Bureh procedure (0.035 ± 0.029 to 0.055 ± 0.03) where 20 percent experienced postoperative voiding difficulties. Of those patients who voided without a detrusor contraction prior to surgery (3570), in 50 percent a detrusor contraction component developed to their voiding mechanism postoperatively (p < 0.05) and overcame the increased urethral resistance with no postoperative voiding difficulties. In the remaining 50 percent a detrusor contraction failed to develop during postoperative voiding and 90 percent of them demonstrated reduced flow rates and increased use of Valsalva maneuver, and needed prolonged postoperative bladder drainage prior to resumption of spontaneous voiding (p < 0.005). Inability to develop a detrusor contraction during voiding in face of increased urethral resistance promoted by the incontinence surgery provided a suitable explanation for post surgery voiding difficulties in 20 to 30 percent of patients.
Attribute Sampling: A Belief‐Function Approach to Statistical Audit Evidence

The Dempster‐Shafer belief function framework has been used to model the aggregation of audit evidence based on subjectively assessed beliefs. This paper shows how statistical evidence obtained by means of attribute sampling may be represented as belief functions, so that it can be incorporated into such models. In particular, the article shows: (1) how to determine the sample size in attribute sampling to obtain a desired level of belief that the true attribute occurrence rate of the population lies in a given interval; (2) what level of belief is obtained for a specified interval, given the sample result. As intuitively expected, we find that the sample size increases as the desired level of belief in the interval increases. In evaluating the sample results, our findings are again intuitively appealing. For example, provided the sample occurrence rate falls in the interval B for a given number of occurrences of the attribute, we find that the belief in B, Bel(B), increases as the sample size increases. ...
Supported platinum/tin complexes as catalysts for hydroformylation of 1-hexene in supercritical carbon dioxide

Abstract Platinum–phosphine complexes anchored on silica and on mesoporous MCM-41 supports were synthesized. Hydroformylation of 1-hexene was performed at 100 °C in supercritical carbon dioxide (pressure=2700 psi) using these supported platinum catalysts with SnCl2 · 2H2O (Sn:Pt=3.5:1) as co-catalyst. No hydrogenation was observed and high regioselectivity to heptanal was obtained.
An algorithm for calculating probabilities for the F distribution (including the chi square, t, and normal distributions as special cases)

A number of numerical methods exist for computing prob­ abilities associated with variables that have F distributions. Most of these procedures depend on approximations and yield rather poor accuracy when the degrees of freedom associated with either the numerator (n.) or denominator (n 2 ) are small. The approach presented here is to combine an approximation (paulson, 1942) which is sufficiently accurate for a large number of situations with a computation algorithm based on the incom­ plete Beta distribution. The incomplete Beta distribution is simply related to the F distribution and can be evaluated exactly by means of a recurrence relationship (Abramowitz & Stegun, 1964). Since the chi-square and t distributions are special cases of the F distribution, probabilities associated with these distri­ butions are easily calculated from slight modifications of the same recurrence formula. A FORTRAN function subroutine is provided to compute these statistical probabilities with a known degree of accuracy. Also included is the option of calculating probabilities for variables with standard normal distributions (mean = 0 and variance = 1.0). Method. The exact right-hand tail F distribution probabili­ ties are calculated by a recurrence relationship unless the approx­ imate formula yields a relative error rate' of less than .5% for probabilities greater than .01. The chi-square distribution is related to the F distribution (F =x 2 In has F distribution with n, =degrees of freedom and n2 =00)and it is, therefore, easy to calculate chi-square probabil­ ities from a' procedure that computes F distribution probabili­ ties. Probabilities associated with the t distribution can be similarly calculated from the F distribution (F = t 2 has the F distribution with n, = 1 and n2 = degrees of freedom). Normal distribution probabilities are necessary for the computational algorithm and are also included as a separate option. The cal­ culated normal probabilities have absolute error rates never exceeding 108
The generation of rules for intelligent help based on task analysis

Users need a certain level of skill or knowledge in order to be successful in the performance of human computer interaction. Many software systems have been designed to assist in using an interface. These packages are not only expensive but restricted to specific applications, i.e., they provide help in the environment for which they were created. This paper deals with the design and development of a training tool, the Generic Rule Based Training System (GETS), which provided the proper connection with an application system, helps the user in the utilization of the interface. As input, the training system requires a User Action Notation (UAN) description of the steps to be performed in order to accomplish a given task. The descriptions are translated into rules and transferred to an expert system tool which supplies information on the user's state, including, among others, completed tasks, remaining steps to complete a task and recommendations for future steps. The system's abilities are demonstrated by its implementation on the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope's graphical interface.
Identification of enterically transmitted hepatitis virus particles by solid phase immune electron microscopy.

Small ‘featureless’ viruses (< 50 nm) are difficult to identify by routine immune electron microscopy techniques, particularly when they are mixed with debris from stool or cell culture extracts. A combination of conventional immune electron microscopy (IBM) and solid phase IBM (SPIBM) methodologies was used to identify hepatitis A virus (HAV) in stool and cell culture extracts and non-A non-B hepatitis (hepatitis B) in stool extracts. Compared with conventional IBM, the modified SPIBM method resulted in a significant increase in the number of particles observed. Several small aggregates, each containing 2–20 particles, were observed scattered randomly within most grid squares. Similar results were seen with stool extracts from hepatitis B (HBV) infections. The SPIBM method is a simple, highly sensitive specific assay that facilitates rapid identification of enteric hepatitis viruses. Several experiments were done to characterize the effects of altered physical environment within the assay and to evaluate potential modifications.
Characterization of a new continuous cell line from the flood water mosquito, Aedes vexans.

A new cell line, UM-AVE1, was established from embryos of the mosquito Aedes vexans. Banding patterns for the isozymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), and esterases were compared with those of larval Aedes vexans tissues as well as those of four other mosquito cell lines and one moth cell line. Karyotype analyses confirmed that the dipteran cell lines were not contaminated with lepidopteran cells, because in all mosquito lines the modal number of chromosomes was 6 (=2n) or 7. Isozyme electrophoresis established a specific profile for each cell line. Two isozymes present in UM-AVE1 (LDH, IDH) were not detected in larvae; this could be a reflection of the different stages used for cell line isolation and enzyme analysis, or lability of sample preparations. It is significant that extracts from UM-AVE1 cells and Aedes vexans larvae had an identical double band for XDH, while all other cell lines examined exhibited only a single band.
The Parallel Worm Tracker: a platform for measuring average speed and drug-induced paralysis in nematodes

Background Caenorhabditis elegans locomotion is a simple behavior that has been widely used to dissect genetic components of behavior, synaptic transmission, and muscle function. Many of the paradigms that have been created to study C. elegans locomotion rely on qualitative experimenter observation. Here we report the implementation of an automated tracking system developed to quantify the locomotion of multiple individual worms in parallel.
Economic Well-being and Cohabitation: Another Nonmetro Disadvantage?

Our study examines residential variability in the prevalence of cohabiting households, the extent to which children are present, characteristics of the household head, and multiple indicators of economic well-being. Despite a lower prevalence of cohabiting households in nonmetropolitan compared to other areas, a larger proportion contain children. For all measures considered, economic well-being is lowest for cohabiting households with children in nonmetropolitan areas, and compared to their metro counterparts a larger proportion receive all forms of public assistance. The higher likelihood of poverty among nonmetropolitan cohabiting households with children is not explained by the characteristics of the household heads in multivariate models predicting household poverty. Cohabitation clearly has different family and economic implications in nonmetropolitan than in other residential areas.
Brain mediators of predictive cue effects on perceived pain

Information about upcoming pain strongly influences pain experience in experimental and clinical settings, but little is known about the brain mechanisms that link expectation and experience. To identify the pathways by which informational cues influence perception, analyses must jointly consider both the effects of cues on brain responses and the relationship between brain responses and changes in reported experience. Our task and analysis strategy were designed to test these relationships. Auditory cues elicited expectations for barely painful or highly painful thermal stimulation, and we assessed how cues influenced human subjects' pain reports and brain responses to matched levels of noxious heat using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We used multilevel mediation analysis to identify brain regions that (1) are modulated by predictive cues, (2) predict trial-to-trial variations in pain reports, and (3) formally mediate the relationship between cues and reported pain. Cues influenced heat-evoked responses in most canonical pain-processing regions, including both medial and lateral pain pathways. Effects on several regions correlated with pretask expectations, suggesting that expectancy plays a prominent role. A subset of pain-processing regions, including anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, and thalamus, formally mediated cue effects on pain. Effects on these regions were in turn mediated by cue-evoked anticipatory activity in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and ventral striatum, areas not previously directly implicated in nociception. These results suggest that activity in pain-processing regions reflects a combination of nociceptive input and top-down information related to expectations, and that anticipatory processes in OFC and striatum may play a key role in modulating pain processing.
The Rab6-regulated KIF1C kinesin motor domain contributes to Golgi organization

Most kinesins transport cargoes bound to their C-termini and use N-terminal motor domains to move along microtubules. We report here a novel function for KIF1C: it transports Rab6A-vesicles and can influence Golgi complex organization. These activities correlate with KIF1C's capacity to bind the Golgi protein Rab6A directly, both via its motor domain and C-terminus. Rab6A binding to the motor domain inhibits microtubule interaction in vitro and in cells, decreasing the amount of motile KIF1C. KIF1C depletion slows protein delivery to the cell surface, interferes with vesicle motility, and triggers Golgi fragmentation. KIF1C can protect Golgi membranes from fragmentation in cells lacking an intact microtubule network. Rescue of fragmentation requires sequences that enable KIF1C to bind Rab6A at both ends, but not KIF1C motor function. Rab6A binding to KIF1C's motor domain represents an entirely new mode of regulation for a kinesin motor, and likely has important consequences for KIF1C's cellular functions.
Voltammetric and scanning electrochemical microscopic studies of the adsorption kinetics and self-assembly of n-alkanethiol monolayers on gold

The adsorption kinetics and self-assembly of hexadecyl mercaptan on gold have been investigated by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), chronoamperometry, and cyclic voltammetry. The developed methodology allows one to evaluate the surface coverage and the average size of the defects in the monolayer film from the effective rate constant of electron transfer. Two kinetic regimes of self-assembly were identified: a rapid initial adsorption of hexadecyl mercaptan onto a clean gold surface from 5 mM solution (more than 90% coverage obtained in 1 to 5 min), and a slower subsequent annealing of a thiol monolayer resulting in a more compact film. Typically, a long-chain-length thiol-treated gold surface acts as an electronically insulating surface after about 1 h. The SECM images of partially covered gold surfaces were always featureless, suggesting that the defects in the film were smaller than 0.5 μm for any exposure time ≥ 1 min.
The Price of Pipe Organs: An Eighteenth and Twentieth Century Comparison

'phe research presented here compares pipe organ prices in the first half of the eighteenth century with those of the 1980's. The thesis is that over the last 250 years pipe organs have increased in price beyond what would be expected from general price inflation alone. Constraints on the research included: 1) difficulty in establishing an appropriate standard for comparing organ prices two centuries apart; 2) changes in pipe organ technology which make absolute comparisons between instruments of the two eras difficult; and (3) the absence of a pipe organ industry in Colonial America, precluding an analysis of American prices in that era. All eighteenth century prices, therefore, are from Germany. Two general types of pipe organs are built. Mechanical action (tracker) organs have direct linkage by levers between the keys and valves (or pallets) that admit air into the pipes. Modern organs may have mechanical action or some form of electrically activated actions. The most accurate comparison of eighteenth and twentieth century organ prices would be limited to mechanical action organs. Technological changes in the instrument, however, can be neither denied nor ignored. The price comparisons that follow, therefore, will examine all types of pipe organs.
Statistical Approach to Estimating Truck Traffic Speed and Its Application to Emission Inventory Modeling

Heavy-duty diesel trucks are a significant source of carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, and particulate matter emissions. The construction of accurate emission inventories of these trucks requires a proper characterization of their speed because emission rates vary substantially by speed. However, data regarding truck speed have been very limited to date. This paper presents a statistical method for estimating truck traffic speed that takes advantage of the existing traffic monitoring systems. With traffic data from these systems examined, it was found that truck traffic speed can be effectively estimated on the basis of the knowledge of the overall traffic speed alone. The relationships between the two variables are shown to be very strong, with the coefficient of determination of the regression equations being .98 or higher. All regression coefficients are found to be statistically significant at the 5% alpha level. In addition, the validation results of the estimated truck traffic speed show a good es...
Effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation on cFos expression in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons in female rats.

N-Methyl-D,L-aspartic acid (NMA), an agonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) excitatory amino acid receptors, stimulates the secretion of LH by increasing the release of LHRH. During proestrus, LHRH neurons express cFos in association with the LH surge. To determine the involvement of NMDA receptors in the activation of LHRH neurons on proestrus, we treated animals with an NMDA receptor blocker, MK-801. Treatment with MK-801 (0.3 mg/kg, sc) at 1130 h blocked both the LH and PRL surges and cFos expression in LHRH neurons. These data suggest that NMDA receptors are involved in the regulation of LHRH neuronal activation during the LH surge. We then determined whether NMA treatment could restore LH secretion and cFos expression in LHRH neurons in animals whose endogenous proestrous LH surges were blocked with pentobarbital. In the pentobarbital-blocked rats, NMA failed to induce cFos expression in LHRH neurons and increase LH secretion, but it did result in an increase in PRL secretion. To determine if NMA tre...
The Influence of Metropolitan Spatial Structure on Commuting Time

The monocentric city ultimately becomes inefficient as urban growth continues because of increasing congestion close to the CBD. Although the exhaustion of CBD agglomeration economies is another major reason for the breakdown of monocentricity, these congestion costs are sufficient grounds alone for the emergence of the policentric metropolitan region. Theoretical models of the policentric city usualIy imply shorter commuting times because of the assumption that households in choosing residential locations cluster around employment subcenters to minimize commuting trips. However, in a world of multiple economic sectors that are not uniformly dispersed, heterogeneous labor, and residential neighborhood differentiation, workers may commute across metropolitan areas so that average trip times could become longer rather than shorter. Which of these outcomes is more prevslent is an empirical question that has not received much attention. Apart from the number of major employment centers, commuting times are also influenced by city size and metropolitan density. However, at the level of descriptive analysis the relationship between city size, population density, and travel time is not clear-cut. For example, Table 1 shows these data for the 19 urbanized areas with population densities greater than 3500 persons per square mile and for the 20 largest urbanized areas (7 of the cities are members of both groups). New York is an outlier with the longest average commute (32.3 minutes) combined with a very low value for vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per capita, suggesting severe congestion. The eight
Characterization of hippocampal norepinephrine release as measured by microdialysis perfusion: Pharmacological and behavioral studies

The release of endogenous norepinephrine in hippocampus was studied in freely moving rats with microdialysis perfusion. Using a loop-style dialysis probe, the basal amount of norepinephrine collected in 15-min fractions averaged 12 pg/25 microliters. Correcting for recovery (21%), the concentration of norepinephrine in the extracellular fluid of hippocampus under resting conditions was estimated to be approximately 14 nM. The alpha 2 adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (5.0 mg/kg, i.p.) increased norepinephrine efflux to 230% of basal levels. Clonidine (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.), an alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist, decreased norepinephrine efflux to 56% of baseline. Addition of the reuptake blocker desipramine (1.0 microM) to the perfusate had no significant effect on norepinephrine efflux. However, increasing the K+ concentration of the perfusate to 30 mM increased norepinephrine efflux to 196% of baseline, and this effect was increased nearly two-fold by the addition of desipramine to the perfusate (364% of baseline). Restraint stress and intermittent tailshock increased norepinephrine efflux to 213% and 234% of baseline, respectively. The results suggest that microdialysis is a useful way to study norepinephrine release in hippocampus and they permit several conclusions to be drawn. First, the data obtained with systemic administration of alpha 2 adrenoceptor drugs emphasize the fact that a variety of regulatory mechanisms exist that may affect transmitter levels in the extracellular fluid. Second, the ratio of extracellular to intracellular norepinephrine in hippocampal tissue is considerably higher than that reported for dopamine in striatum. Coupled with the small effect of norepinephrine uptake blockade, this suggests that nerve terminal density is an important factor in determining the concentration of catecholamines in the extracellular fluid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Estrogen and androgen receptors in the liver of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

Abstract Estrogen receptors (ER) and androgen receptors (AR) were evaluated in the hepatic cytosol from cynomolgus macaques to determine if there were differences associated with gender and endogenous hormone secretion. Saturable, high affinity binding ( K d = 0.2−0.8 nM ) was demonstrated for both ER and AR from either male or female monkeys. Displacement of tritiated estradiol from the ER was estrogen specific (including ethinyl estradiol). Both androgens and the synthetic progestins (levonorgestrel and norethindrone) displaced tritiated mibolerone from the AR. Both 8S and 4S molecular forms of ER and AR were demonstrated on 5–20% sucrose density gradients. The ER levels were higher in females in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (40.5 ± 1.9 fmol/mg protein) than levels in males (26.4 ± 4.8 fmol/mg protein; P P P
Laser tomography for diagnostics in reacting flows

The laser tomography technique has been developed for simultaneous measurement of temperature and species concentration in reacting flows. Laser tomography is a multiangular absorption technique which involves making absorption measurements along M parallel rays at N equally spaced angles. These MxN measurements are then used to reconstruct the spatially resolved two-dimensional property field. Results of a simulation study are presented for a methane/air diffusion flame. Two techniques, a two-line ratio and a spectral line profile technique, have been used to obtain the temperature and OH concentration fields. Results indicate that concentration and temperature fields can be reconstructed with a resolution of better than 1%. Sensitivity of the technique to the choice of particular spectral lines, and the effect of large temperature gradients are also discussed.
Flat panel 3D display for unmanned ground vehicles

A flat panel stereoscopic display has been developed and tested for application in unmanned ground systems. The flat panel display has a footprint that is only slightly thicker than the same size LCD display and has been installed in the lid of a TALON OCU. The approach uses stacked LCD displays and produces live stereo video with passive polarized glasses but no spatial or temporal multiplexing. The analog display, which is available in sizes from 6.4" diagonal to 17" diagonal, produces 640 × 480 stereo imagery. A comparison of soldiers' performance using 3D vs. 2D using live stereo video will be given. A description of the display will be given along with discussion of the testing.
The generation effect: A reflection of cognitive effort?

In incidental learning tasks, subjects generated words from anagrams or incomplete sentences, verified that the words solved the anagrams or fit in the sentences, or evaluated which rule had been used to construct the word from the anagram or sentence. Latencies in responding to a tone during these trials were used as a measure of cognitive effort. The results indicated that, in comparison to verification, the relatively effortless generation of words benefited memory, but the effortful decisions about the rules did not. Clearly, cognitive effort does not always announce better memory.
Just a little “froth”: Tracing Greenspan's ideology

Abstract Although not receiving the attention it deserves, Greenspan's rhetorical rationalization of the extraordinary developments in the housing market contributed significantly to its unsustainable expansion between 2002 and 2006. His rhetorical campaign served to justify his regulatory inaction, much like the language masking the stock market bubble of the 1920s. Informed by this historical pattern, this paper offers a rhetorical analysis of the housing market developments as represented in Alan Greenspan's last speech on the housing market in September 2005, near the peak of the housing market euphoria, as the Fed's outgoing chairman. Although Greenspan explicitly recognized many signs of the bubble, his ideology prevented him from making necessary inferences regarding the true extent and potential ramifications of the bubble burst for the broader economy.
Brainstem origins for cortical ‘what’ and ‘where’ pathways in the auditory system

We have developed a data-driven conceptual framework that links two areas of science: the source-filter model of acoustics and cortical sensory processing streams. The source-filter model describes the mechanics behind speech production: the identity of the speaker is carried largely in the vocal cord source and the message is shaped by the ever-changing filters of the vocal tract. Sensory processing streams, popularly called 'what' and 'where' pathways, are well established in the visual system as a neural scheme for separately carrying different facets of visual objects, namely their identity and their position/motion, to the cortex. A similar functional organization has been postulated in the auditory system. Both speaker identity and the spoken message, which are simultaneously conveyed in the acoustic structure of speech, can be disentangled into discrete brainstem response components. We argue that these two response classes are early manifestations of auditory 'what' and 'where' streams in the cortex. This brainstem link forges a new understanding of the relationship between the acoustics of speech and cortical processing streams, unites two hitherto separate areas in science, and provides a model for future investigations of auditory function.
Wafer-Scale Growth of Silicon Microwire Arrays for Photovoltaics and Solar Fuel Generation

Silicon microwire arrays have recently demonstrated their potential for low-cost, high-efficiency photovoltaics and photoelectrochemical fuel generation. A remaining challenge to making this technology commercially viable is scaling up of microwire-array growth. We discuss here a technique for vapor–liquid–solid growth of microwire arrays on the scale of six-inch wafers using a cold-wall radio-frequency heated chemical vapor deposition furnace, enabling fairly uniform growth over large areas with rapid cycle time and improved run-to-run reproducibility. We have also developed a technique to embed these large-area wire arrays in polymer and to peel them intact from the growth substrate, which could enable lightweight, flexible solar cells with efficiencies as high as multicrystalline Si solar cells. We characterize these large-area microwire arrays using scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy to assess their structure and fidelity, and we test their energy-conversion properties using a methyl viologen (MV $^{2+/+}$ ) liquid junction contact in a photoelectrochemical cell. Initial photoelectrochemical conversion efficiencies suggest that the material quality of these microwire arrays is similar to smaller (∼1 cm $^2$ ) wire arrays that we have grown in the past, indicating that this technique is a viable way to scale up microwire-array devices.
A currency transactions tax, why and how

The crises and defections that afflicted the European Monetary System in 1992-93 are convincing recent demonstrations that adjustable pegs are not viable. At the same time, experience since 1971 has not fulfilled the more extreme claims of the advocates of floating rates. Transactions taxes are an innocuous way to throw some sand in the wheels of super-efficient financial markets and create room for differences in domestic interest rates, thus enabling national monetary policies to respond to domestic macroeconomic needs.
Daya Bay Reactor Antineutrino Experiment

Abstract With 217 days of data-taking, using six antineutrino detectors deployed in three experimental halls near the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant complex, the Daya Bay experiment has obtainted sin 2 2θ 13 = 0.090 −0.009 +0.008 from the rate and energy spectra analysis under the three-neutrino framework. In addition, the value of effective mass-squared difference |Δ m ee 2 | = (2.59 +0.19 -0.20 ) × 10−3 eV 2 is directly measured through ν e disappearance channel for the first time, which is ee −0.20 consistent with the |Δ m 2 μμ | measured by muon neutrino disappearance channel.
Effect of filler and void content on mechanical properties of pultruded composite materials under shear loading

This paper presents the results of an analytical investigation aimed at examining the mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced polymer matrix materials containing nonhomogeneous constituents such as fine clay fillers under shear loading. Analytical formulae that account for the presence of inhomogeneities in the matrix materials were developed for estimating the extensional and in-plane shear moduli and Poisson's ratio. The analytical results were compared with the properties obtained from experiments. For the experiments, the pultruded composites containing clay fillers and voids as well as glass fiber and vinylester resin were selected, analyzed, and tested under shear loading. The effects of presence of constituents on the mechanical properties of matrix materials were also investigated based on the obtained volume fraction of their constituents. POLYM. COMPOS., 26:181–192, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Antinuclear factors in childhood rheumatic diseases

A study of antinuclear factors in childhood disease revealed positive tests in 15 of 16children with systemic lupus erythematosus, 19 of 85 with rheumatoid arthritis, and 8 of 34 with ulcerative colitis. The occurrence of antinuclear factors is probably not significantly influenced by the age of the patient, although the data sugget that the young rheumatoid child may be more likely to form these than are older rheumatoid children or adolescents. Antinuclear factors were found more commonly in females than in males, suggesting a definite influence of sex on the capacity to form them.
A performance measure for software reuse projects

The efficient development of software has become a critical factor to the success of many organizations. Significant competitive advantage can be realized by reducing the time to complete software development, while maintaining or improving quality levels. Project management activities, including the measurement of performance at the level of the project, can help the organization to both control projects and learn from experience. Traditionally, the productivity of a software development project has been measured as the complexity of code produced per unit of labor involved. An increasing number of organizations, however, are adopting the practice of software reuse, and under such conditions, such a traditional measure of productivity does not fully capture all the relevant elements of the reuse-driven development environment. This research develops a new performance measure that considers four major components of performance: productivity associated with development of new code, productivity associated with the reuse of previously written code, quality of the reuse decision, and relative value of reuse to the company. To illustrate the feasibility of the measure, a real-world productivity assessment is presented for an example company, and related implementation issues are discussed.
Frustrated electronic phase separation and high-temperature superconductors

Abstract There is a strong tendency for dilute holes in an antiferromagnet to phase separate. (This is a generic feature of doping into a commensurate correlated insulating state.) We review the general and model-specific theoretical arguments that support this conclusion for neutral holes. In the presence of long-range Coulomb interactions, there is frustrated phase separation leading to large-amplitude, low-energy fluctuations in the hole density at intermediate length scales, provided the dielectric constant is sufficiently large. We describe extensive experimental evidence showing that such “clumping” of the holes is an important feature of the cuprate superconductors. We also summarize theoretical results which suggest that frustrated phase separation may account for the anomalous properties of the normal state and give rise to high-temperature superconductivity.
Solution of inverse problems in population balances. II: Particle break-up

Abstract A mathematical and computational procedure called the inverse problem is developed to extract quantitative information from transient particle size distribution measurements The population balance framework describes the evolution of these transient size distributions. This paper describes an inverse problem for the determination of the size specific breakage rates and daugher drop distributions from transient size distribution measurements when these distributions evolve to a “self-preserving” or similarity distribution. The experimental time scaled with respect to the timescale of breakage is used as the similarity variable. A test for the existence of similarity is developed. This test uses only the available transient size distribution data. The result of this test is also used to determine breakage rate information The determination of the daughter drop distribution is an ill-posed problem. The ill-posedness is overcome by using the property that the distribution is a monotone function. Analysis shows that the asymptotic behavior of the daughter drop distribution can be determined from the experimental similarity distribution. Incorporating this additional information into the solution strategy has resulted in significantly improved solutions of the inverse problem. The optimum solution is chosen such that the similarity distribution predicted using this solution has error of the same order of magnitude as the error in the experimental similarity distribution. Several examples of the inverse problem are outlined
Formulation selection of aliphatic aromatic biodegradable polyester film exposed to UV/solar radiation

Aliphatic aromatic copolyester films, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) or PBAT, are susceptible to photodegradation, leading to main chain scission and crosslinking. The presence of crosslinked structures not only decreased the mechanical properties of the film due to embrittlement, but also hindered the biodegradation process by limiting access of water and microorganisms to the polymer chains. This has limited the use of PBAT for outdoor applications, such as mulch films. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimal concentrations of carbon black (CB) and the chain breaking antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) for the design of mulch films that can prevent the formation of crosslinked structures from recombination of free radicals. An overlaid contour plot of suitable concentrations of CB and BHT for the formulation of mulch film for crop production in Michigan or regions with similar solar radiation was established using selection criteria of light transmission of less than 20%, final tensile strength of at least 6.35 MPa, maximum gel fraction of 0.30, and positive number average molecular weight reduction sensitivity in the early stage of degradation.
Pulpal response to prolonged dentinal exposure to sodium hypochlorite.

Aim The aim of this study was to examine the effect of undiluted NaOCl on vital pulp tissue when applied to freshly cut dentine. Methodology Class V cavities were prepared to a depth of 2 mm in 20 teeth in four Beagle dogs. The cavities on one side of each dog were irrigated continuously for 5 min with 5.25% NaOCl, whilst the cavities on the opposite side in each dog were irrigated with saline for the same length of time. Prior to filling each cavity with Cavit, they were again rinsed with saline and gently dried with an air stream. The dogs were sacrificed to allow for investigation of pulpal conditions under the cavities after periods of 24 h, 1 week, and 4 weeks. Histological preparations were made and stained with H & E for evaluation of the pulp subjacent to each cavity. The tissues were examined for presence of inflammatory cells and categorized as (i) no inflammation, (ii) mild, (iii) moderate, and (iv) severe inflammation. Results The six teeth in the 24 h observation group all showed mild inflammation, both in the NaOCl and the saline groups. After 1 week and 4 weeks, the pulps from all the teeth were free of inflammatory cells. Conclusion Under the conditions of this experiment, the use of NaOCl in a freshly cut cavity in an intact tooth of a dog, with exposed dentinal tubules, does not appear to cause additional pulpal damage to that caused by the physical contact in cutting tooth structure.
Sigmatropic reactions of the aziridinyl semiquinone species. Why aziridinyl benzoquinones are metabolically more stable than aziridinyl indoloquinones.

Described herein is the chemistry of aziridinyl semiquinone species, which are formed upon one-electron metabolic reduction of aziridinyl quinone antitumor agents. The semiquinone species undergo a type of electrocyclic reaction known as a 1,5-sigmatropic shift of hydrogen. This reaction converts the aziridinyl group to both ethylamino and amino groups resulting in a loss of cytotoxicity. Since the radical anion conjugate base does not undergo ring opening as fast as the semiquinone, it was possible to determine the semiquinone pKa values by plotting the percent sigmatropic products versus pH. Aziridinyl quinones based on benzoquinones, such as DZQ and AZQ, possess semiquinone pKa values below neutrality. In contrast, an indole-based aziridinyl quinone possesses a semiquinone pKa value of 9.3. Single electron reduction of DZQ and AZQ by NADPH: cytochrome P-450 reductase at physiological pH therefore affords the radical anion without any sigmatropic rearrangement products. In contrast, the same reduction ...
Statistical properties of many-particle spectra

Abstract Many-particle eigenvalue densities, generated by k -body interactions in asymptotically large spectroscopic spaces, are studied in terms of the density moments of a Gaussian orthogonal ensemble of such interactions. It is shown that the densities approach Gaussian as particle number increases; the rate of approach is determined, as is the rate of departure from the semicircular form which obtains in the few-particle limit, as well as the low-moment representation for intermediate cases. By considering the variances of the moments it is shown that a convergence in probability of the individual densities to the ensemble-averaged density, first demonstrated by Grenander for the fewparticle limit, is valid in general. In part as a preliminary to a study of the density and spectrum fluctuations, explicit forms are derived for the covariances of low-order moments for arbitrary particle number and of moments of general order in the few-particle and many-particle limits. In the limiting cases the ensemble eigenvalue densities are exhibited in terms of a set of statistically uncorrelated Chebyshev or Hermitepolynomial excitations of the ensemble-averaged densities. Some explicit results for GOE fluctuations are given.