cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of maternal obesity and gestational weight gain on early and mid‐pregnancy lipid profiles

Objective The impact of maternal overweight/obesity and excessive weight gain on maternal serum lipids in the first and second trimester of pregnancy was evaluated. Methods Prospective data were collected for 225 women. Maternal serum lipids and fatty acids were measured at <13 weeks and between 24 and 28 weeks. Analyses were stratified by normal weight versus overweight/obese status and excessive versus nonexcessive weight gain. Results Overweight/obese women had higher baseline cholesterol (161.3 ± 29.6 vs. 149.4 ± 26.8 mg/dl, P < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein LDL (80.0 ± 19.9 vs. 72.9 ± 18.8 mg/dl, P < 0.01), and triglycerides (81.7 ± 47.2 vs. 69.7 ± 40.3 mg/dl, P = 0.05) when compared to normal weight women, whereas high-density lipoprotein (43.6 ± 10.4 vs. 47.6 ± 11.5 mg/dl, P < 0.01) was lower. However, cholesterol and LDL increased at a higher weekly rate in normal weight women, resulting in higher total cholesterol in normal weight women (184.1 ± 28.1 vs. 176.0 ± 32.1 mg/dl, P = 0.05) at 24–28 weeks. The rate of change in lipid profiles in either group was not affected by excessive weight gain. Overweight/obese women had higher levels of arachidonic acid at both time points. Conclusions Overweight/obese women have significantly more atherogenic lipid profiles than normal weight women during the period of early pregnancy, delineating one physiologic pathway between that could explain differences in pregnancy outcomes normal weight and overweight/obese women.
American Power: Mary Parker Follett and Michel Foucault

Classical pragmatism, despite its recognized concern for questions of freedom and democracy, has little to say directly about questions of power. Some commentators have found Dewey’s notion of habit to be a resource for taking up issues of power while others have argued that pragmatism does not provide a sufficiently critical tool to challenge systematic oppression. Still others have proposed to shore up pragmatism by using resources found in post-structuralism, particularly in the work of Foucault. This paper begins with this suggestion, but argues that while Foucault offers a useful starting point his conception of power fails—at least in an American context characterized by the experience of pluralism. I then argue that the pragmatist tradition, through the work of Mary P. Follett (1868-1933) has the theoretical resources to generate a conception of power that begins with the experience of pluralism.
Health Education for Corporations: Efforts toward a Professional Preparation Program

(1981). Health Education for Corporations: Efforts toward a Professional Preparation Program. Health Education: Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 4-6.
Wake-Survey Technique for Iced Swept-Wing Aerodynamics

I T IS well known that the presence of ice on aerodynamic surfaces can significantly impact the performance of an aircraft [1]. A considerable amount of effort has been spent gaining an understanding of the aerodynamic impact of ice accretion on airfoils [2,3], but the aerodynamics of iced swept wings have received relatively little attention. Previous research on swept-wing icing has demonstrated the complexity of both the aerodynamics and flowfields of swept wings with ice [4–6]. The complex and three-dimensional nature of the flow suggests that standard techniques such as force balance measurements can only provide a limited understanding of the aerodynamics. For example, force balance measurements do not provide any information regarding the spanwise distribution of the loads or the magnitude of the different components of drag. This information can be obtainedwith the use of awake-survey technique, and the goal of this Technical Note is to demonstrate how a wakesurvey technique can be used to better understand the aerodynamics of a swept wing with a leading-edge ice accretion. Wake-survey measurements using a five-hole probe (5HP) or similar device can provide total lift and drag, as well as the spanwise distributions of these quantities; and the drag can be decomposed into profile and induced drag components. Measurements by Brune [7] in thewake of a straight NACA0016,with an aspect ratio of six, showed that, at α 8.2 deg, the profile and induced drag accounted for 46 and 54% of the total drag, respectively. Hackett and Sugavanam [8] used a 5HP to measure the drag of a car and a stalled straight wing. For the stalledwing, they showed that profile drag accounted for 80% of the total drag, whereas induced or vortex drag made up the remainder. Kusunose [9] and Crowder et al. [10] both used wake surveys to study the spanwise distributions of lift, profile drag, and induced drag on complex models of aircraft representative of commercial airliners. The theory behind the wake-survey technique is derived from a standard control volume analysis for flow in the test section. In their most basic form, the equations from the control volume analysis are not practical experimentally because they require measurements on the tunnel sidewalls and over the entire downstream plane [7]. Based on the work of Betz [11] and Maskell [12], it is possible to derive expressions for lift and drag that only require measurements within the viscous wake, and it is possible to decompose drag into profile and induced drag components based on their unique influence on the flowfield. The wake integrals used in this work are given as follows:
Induction of apoptosis due to lowering the level of eukaryotic initiation factor 2-associated protein, p67, from mammalian cells by antisense approach.

Abstract p67, a cellular glycoprotein, protects eIF2α from phosphorylation by inhibitory kinases such as double-stranded RNA dependent eIF2 kinase, PKR, and heme-controlled repressor and thus promotes protein synthesis in mammalian cells. To investigate whether p67 is essential for the survival of mammalian cells, the basal level of p67 was lowered from rat tumor hepatoma cells using antisense approach. The antisense p67 RNA specifically lowered the levels of p67 message and the protein from these cells. As a result, the level of eIF2α phosphorylation increased significantly, the overall rate of protein synthesis decreased, and the rate of DNA synthesis also decreased in mammalian cells with low levels of p67 as compared to that seen in control cells. In addition, the majority of the cells with low levels of p67 are arrested at the G 1 phase of the cell cycle and die with apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest that appropriate levels of p67 is required for normal growth of mammalian cells.
Metallothionein metabolism in the liver and kidney of the streptozotocin-diabetic rat.

Abstract 1. 1. Elevated levels of metallothionein (MT)-I and -II were identified in the liver and kidney of insulin-deficient diabetic rats. 2. 2. The relative rate of MT synthesis and the turnover of cytoplasmic MT were both accelerated in the liver of diabetic rats. 3. 3. The rate of synthesis of MT, but not its cytoplasmic turnover, was increased in diabetic kidney. 4. 4. Maximal relative rates of MT synthesis in liver and kidney were first observed at 4 and 10 days, respectively, after inducing the diabetic condition. 5. 5. The altered metabolism of hepatic MT in diabetic rats was attributed primarily to disturbances in endocrine status, while the altered metabolism of renal MT was largely due to accumulation of excessive dietary copper in the kidney.
Cerebrospinal fluid formation and absorption and transport of iodide and sulfate from the spinal subarachnoid space.

Abstract Numerous studies have demonstrated transport mechanisms within the cerebral ventricles which regulate the concentration of solutes within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in vivo. Furthermore, studies of choroid plexus transport in vitro indicate that ependymal cells play a major role in these active regulatory mechanisms. Unfortunately, less attention has been given to the possibility that such mechanisms may exist in extraventricular compartments such as the spinal subarachnoid space (SSS). Ventriculo-lumbar, ventriculo-cisternal and cisternal-lumbar perfusions were performed in anesthetized cats to study bulk formation and absorption of spinal subarachnoid fluid (SSF), and the clearance of radioiodide and sulfate from the SSS. The results obtained are summarised in Table 4. Finally, the results indicate that non-ependymal tissues or cells are capable of actively transporting iodide from the SSF to blood. The probable locus of this transport mechanism and its relation to the “sink” hypothesis are discussed.
Carotid Artery Stents for Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury

The authors analyzed a prospective database of patients with blunt carotid artery injuries to determine if carotid stenting is a safe and effective treatment. Patients with certain injury patterns underwent angiography to screen for blunt CAI in patients with certain injury patterns. Anticoagulation therapy was instituted in those without contraindications. If a pseudoaneurysm persisted at 7 to 10 days, the patient was a candidate for stent placement Blunt carotid pseudoaneurysms occurred in 46 patients, and 23 underwent carotid stent placement. The complication rate was 21% and included strokes and subclavian dissection. The occlusion rate was 45%. Patients treated with antithrombotic agents had an occlusion rate of 5%. No asymptomatic patient treated with antithrombotic therapy had a stroke. The authors recommend antithrombotic therapy for blunt CAI and that more study be done on the use of intraluminal stents.
Dynamic adaptation to available resources for parallel computing in an autonomous network of workstations

Networks of workstations (NOWs), which are generally composed of autonomous compute elements networked together, are an attractive parallel computing platform since they offer high performance at low cost. The autonomous nature of the environment, however, often results in inefficient utilization due to load imbalances caused by three primary factors: 1) unequal load (compute or communication) assignment to equally-powerful compute nodes, 2) unequal resources at compute nodes, and 3) multiprogramming. These load imbalances result in idle waiting time on cooperating processes that need to synchronize or communicate data. Additional waiting time may result due to local scheduling decisions in a multiprogrammed environment. In this paper, we present a combined approach of compile-time analysis, run-time load distribution, and operating system scheduler cooperation for improved utilization of available resources in an autonomous NOW. The techniques we propose allow efficient resource utilization by taking into consideration all three causes of load imbalance in addition to locality of access in the process of load distribution. The resulting adaptive load distribution and cooperative scheduling system allows applications to take advantage of parallel resources when available by providing better performance than when the loaded resources are not used at all.
Mixed and Complex Mixed Migration during Armed Conflict: Multidimensional Empirical Evidence from Nepal

Historically, legal, policy, and academic communities largely ascribed to a dichotomy between forced and voluntary migration, creating a black and white vision that was convenient for legal and policy purposes. More recently, discussions have begun addressing the possibility of mixed migration, acknowledging that there is likely a wide continuum between forced and voluntary, and most migrants likely move with some amount of compulsion and some volition, even during armed conflict. While the mixed migration hypothesis is well-received, empirical evidence is disparate and somewhat blunt at this point. In this article, I contribute a direct theoretical and causal pathway discussion of mixed migration. I also propose the complex mixed migration hypothesis, which argues that not only do non-conflict related factors influence migration during conflict, but they do so differently than during periods of relative peace. I empirically test both hypotheses in the context of the recent armed conflict in Nepal. Using detailed survey data and event history models, results provide strong evidence for both mixed migration and complex mixed migration during conflict hypotheses. These hypotheses and evidence suggest that armed conflict might have substantial impacts on long-term population growth and change, with significant relevance in both academic and policy spheres.
Estrogens protect against hydrogen peroxide and arachidonic acid induced DNA damage.

Abstract The ability of estrogens to protect against DNA damage induced by either hydrogen peroxide or arachidonic acid alone or in combination with Cu 2+ was investigated. DNA strand breaks were determined by conversion of double stranded supercoiled OX-174 RFI DNA to double stranded open circular DNA and linear single stranded DNA. Estradiol-17β significantly decreased the formation of single and double strand breaks in DNA induced by H 2 O 2 alone or with Cu 2+ . Equilin (an equine estrogen) was more effective than estradiol-17β at the doses tested. Arachidonic acid in the presence of Cu 2+ caused the formation of high levels of linear DNA which was protected by estrogen with equilen being more effective. These studies suggest that estrogens through this protective effect on DNA damage might contribute to cardioprotection.
Acute high altitude stress and enzyme activities in the rat adrenal medulla.

Activities of specific adrenal enzymes participating in catecholamine synthesis in rats exposed to an altitude of 14,110 feet for 1, 3, 7 and 14 days were determined. Levels of tyrosine hydroxylase were significantly increased after 1, 3 and 7 days of exposure, but approached control levels after 14 days. Dopamine-β-hydroxylase levels were elevated even after 14 days of exposure. Phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase activities were increased after 3 and 7 days but not after 14 days of exposure. These findings indicate an increase in catecholamine turnover during the initial stages of high altitude exposure. (Endocrinology 91: 1447, 1972)
Rapid fluctuations in flow and water-column properties in Asan Bay, Guam: implications for selective resilience of coral reefs in warming seas

Hydrodynamics and water-column properties were investigated off west-central Guam from July 2007 through January 2008. Rapid fluctuations, on time scales of 10s of min, in currents, temperature, salinity, and acoustic backscatter were observed to occur on sub-diurnal frequencies along more than 2 km of the fore reef but not at the reef crest. During periods characterized by higher sea-surface temperatures (SSTs), weaker wind forcing, smaller ocean surface waves, and greater thermal stratification, rapid decreases in temperature and concurrent rapid increases in salinity and acoustic backscatter coincided with onshore-directed near-bed currents and offshore-directed near-surface currents. During the study, these cool-water events, on average, lasted 2.3 h and decreased the water temperature 0.57 °C, increased the salinity 0.25 PSU, and were two orders of magnitude more prevalent during the summer season than the winter. During the summer season when the average satellite-derived SST anomaly was +0.63 °C, these cooling events, on average, lowered the temperature 1.14 °C along the fore reef but only 0.11 °C along the reef crest. The rapid shifts appear to be the result of internal tidal bores pumping cooler, more saline, higher-backscatter oceanic water from depths >50 m over cross-shore distances of 100 s of m into the warmer, less saline waters at depths of 20 m and shallower. Such internal bores appear to have the potential to buffer shallow coral reefs from predicted increases in SSTs by bringing cool, offshore water to shallow coral environments. These cooling internal bores may also provide additional benefits to offset stress such as supplying food to thermally stressed corals, reducing stress due to ultraviolet radiation and/or low salinity, and delivering coral larvae from deeper reefs not impacted by surface thermal stress. Thus, the presence of internal bores might be an important factor locally in the resilience of select coral reefs facing increased thermal stress.
Survey of Motion Planning Literature in the Presence of Uncertainty: Considerations for UAV Guidance

This paper provides a survey of motion planning techniques under uncertainty with a focus on their application to autonomous guidance of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The paper first describes the primary sources of uncertainty arising in UAV guidance and then describes relevant practical techniques that have been reported in the literature. The paper makes a point of distinguishing between contributions from the field of robotics and artificial intelligence, and the field of dynamical systems and controls. Mutual and individual contributions for these fields are highlighted providing a roadmap for tackling the UAV guidance problem.
Transvaginal ultrasonography in ovarian cancer screening: current perspectives

Transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) is an integral part of all major ovarian cancer screening trials. TVS is accurate in detecting abnormalities in ovarian volume and morphology, but is less reliable in differentiating benign from malignant ovarian tumors. When used as the only screening test, TVS is sensitive, but has a low positive predictive value. Therefore, serum biomarkers and tumor morphology indexing are used together with TVS to identify ovarian tumors at high risk for malignancy. This allows preoperative triage of high-risk cases to major cancer centers for therapy while decreasing unnecessary surgery for benign disease. Ovarian cancer screening has been associated with a decrease in stage at detection in most trials, thereby allowing treatment to be initiated when the disease is most curable.
An empirical comparison of focal and ad libitum scoring with commentary on instantaneous scans, all occurrence and one-zero techniques

Abstract An empirical comparison of ad libitum and focal-animal scoring of agonistic behaviour in rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta , indicated that, although frequencies were underestimated by ad libitum scoring, many ordinal relationships were preserved. Ad libitum scoring missed silent and brief responses and underestimated the participation of younger individuals. Relatively more chasing and less slapping were detected, but both techniques indicated a greater frequency of non-contact forms of aggression, and more slapping than biting in contact aggression. Ad libitum scoring, however, failed to detect the tentative and ambiguous nature of many agonistic interactions engaged in by adult males. An evaluation of alternative methodologies concludes that appropriate uses can be found for all. Ad libitum data can be used for directionality and pilot work. All occurrence scans provide frequency data in special cases but otherwise may approximate ad libitum scoring. Instantaneous scans must take into account mean state durations and one-zero scoring may be the method of choice when acts are clustered and the goal is to predict the probability of at least one such act in a given unit of time.
Computer Simulation of a DPPC Phospholipid Bilayer: Structural Changes as a Function of Molecular Surface Area

A series of molecular dynamics computer simulations have been carried out on fully hydrated liquid crystalline dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers at constant surface areas corresponding to 59.3, 62.9, 65.5, or 68.1 A2/lipid, the range of values suggested by different experiments in different laboratories. Simulated quantities are compared with those from NMR (deuterium order parameters and contribution of molecular tilt to the order parameter), X-ray scattering (D-spacings and detailed density profiles), and partial molar volumes. The results strongly support the value of 62.9 A2/DPPC recently proposed by Nagle et al. (Biophys. J. 1996, 70, 1419) and demonstrate the feasibility of a combined experimental, and simulation-based approach for determining membrane structure.
Pharmacokinetics of intracellular zidovudine and its phosphorylated anabolites in the absence and presence of stavudine using an in vitro human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) model

Abstract Both zidovudine (ZDV) and stavudine (D4T) must be intracellularly converted to their respective active triphosphate anabolites (ZDV-TP and D4T-TP). It is hypothesized that the combination of ZDV and D4T may lead to altered formation of phosphorylated anabolites for either drug. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of D4T on intracellular ZDV phosphorylation. Human PBMCs were incubated with [3H]ZDV in the presence and absence of D4T. Cells were harvested at several time points over 12 h to determine area under the intracellular concentration versus time curve (AUC) of ZDV and its phosphorylated anabolites. Radiolabled ZDV and anabolites were quantified using HPLC and LS. The AUC for ZDV-TP was 0.53 and 0.52 pmol·h/106 PBMC in the absence and presence of D4T, respectively. The AUC for ZDV monophosphate was 157.45 and 172.44 pmol·h/106 PBMC pre and post D4T. D4T does not appear to affect the formation of intracellular ZDV phosphates in human PBMCs under the conditions studied.
The design process of expert systems development: some concerns

Abstract: A discussion is presented of why some expert systems that organizations have developed are not successful. The concept of design process plays a very significant role at the outset of the expert system development process. This concept has not been the subject of much debate and attention in expert systems development. From the author's point of view, one of the main issues is how the designer (knowledge engineer) thinks about the design process. In general, the designer's process is influenced by the knowledge engineer's conception. This paper endeavors to disclose some of the main factors related to the knowledge engineer's conception of the design process and an attempt is made to put forward a conceptual model of the expert system design process. This conceptual model is an initial step towards a successful implementation of expert system projects.
INFANT REARING ATTITUDES OF ADOLESCENT MOTHERS

Teenage ( 21 yrs.) mothers (N=8), and multiparous nonadolescent (>21 yrs.) mothers (N= 24). Mothers were consecutively selected over a four month period if they met specified criterion. A structured interview was conducted in the mothers' homes at two weeks and three months postpartum. Few adolescent mothers were married(9%). Of the unmarried mothers, most (81%) felt that the baby's father was involved in the child's care. Compared to the other two groups, adolescent mothers had different attitudes about discipline (p<.05), breast feeding (p<.05), and feeding in general (p/,.05). They expressed greater insecurity (p<.01) about their role as mother and were less likely to use health professionals for advice (p<.025). Similarities to the other groups were also seen. Adolescent mothers and their infants provide physicians with a special pediatric family. The pediatrician can better facilitate the adjustment of the adolescent mother and her infant by recognizing and addressing her unique attitudes and concerns. Prevention and intervention around illness could also be facilitated.
Ayer's analysis of negation

MR. AYER in a recent paper' has contributed enormously to the removal of confusions still besetting the subject of negation, but despite the acuteness of his arguments and distinctions there are, I believe, two crucial points where they collapse. I have in mind (1) his supposition that negative truths typically derive from incompatibilities, and (2) his treatment of incompatibility itself, which in an earlier paper2 I regarded as something belonging to the nature of things, and which he treats as simply semantic. Aside from these two points, however, I can scarcely express my admiration for the precision of Ayer's thought, so what follows is no -general criticism of his position, but only of his treatment of those two things. Mr. Ayer's Thesis. Ayer argues persuasively that the interesting difference between two such expressions as "blue" and "not blue" is merely one of degree, and not, as it is easy to suppose, an absolute difference in the nature of things between the positive versus the negative. Indeed, as he amply shows, a vast number of statements can be classified as either posi-
Trauma in the pregnant patient

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Trauma is the leading overall cause of death in the age group under 40 years of age in the United States. Women of reproductive age are considered the population at greatest risk of trauma. A Medline search for recent articles highlighting anesthetic, obstetric and surgical considerations for pregnant trauma victims was performed, and current guidelines (recommendations) are discussed in this review article. RECENT FINDINGS: Trauma in pregnancy is currently a leading cause of non-pregnancy-related maternal death, and maternal death remains the most common cause of fetal demise. The most common etiologies of trauma in pregnancy include transportation accidents, falls, violent assaults, and burn injuries. Head and neck injuries and hemorrhagic shock account for most maternal deaths secondary to trauma. SUMMARY: Pregnancy must always be suspected in any female trauma patient of childbearing age. The pregnant trauma victim presents a unique spectrum of challenges to the healthcare team. Expeditious maternal resuscitation is the most effective method of fetal resuscitation. Adequate management of pregnant trauma victims requires the anesthesiologist to consider and understand the unique changes in anatomy and physiology that take place during pregnancy. Language: en
Thumb by Metacarpal Extension Osteotomy: Rationale and Efficacy for Eaton Stage I Disease

This article describes the rationale and results of a "biomechanical" strategy to restore trapeziometacarpal (TM) stability when symptomatic Eaton Stage I disease exists. Though the author has performed TM arthroscopy, synovectomy, and capsular shrinkage for such cases in 10 patients, the author has been dissatisfied with the outcomes, particularly pain relief. The author currently relies exclusively on extension osteotomy as treatment for this subset of patients. Thumb metacarpal extension osteotomy remains an effective treatment alternative for the hypermobile TM joint consistent with Eaton Stage I disease. This procedure alters forces, shifts load away from the volar compartment, and further engages the dorsoradial ligament. Clinical outcomes are favorable, and no bridges are burned should arthritic changes develop in the future.
Changes in Teacher Stress through Participation in Pre-Referral Intervention Teams.

Teachers today face high stress that can compromise their well-being, longevity in the profession, and the quality of their interactions with students. Pre-referral interventions, which address individual student difficulties before consideration for special education, may help buffer teacher stress through student interventions and team support. Yet, little is known about how teacher stress changes across pre-referral interventions. This study followed 33 elementary education teachers prospectively through their participation in a pre-referral intervention team (PIT) program. Hierarchical linear modeling indicated that, across the pre-referral process, teachers felt less distress related to referred students' needs, termed “dyadic stress.” Teachers' dyadic stress was partially accounted for by student progress on referral concerns. Teachers' experience of PIT support was also linked to reductions in stress and lower dyadic stress after pre-referral interventions were implemented. The findings have implications for how school practitioners consult with teachers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The PegaSys System: pictures as formal documentation of large programs

PegsSys is an experimental system in which a user formally describes how a program is put together by means of a hierarchically structured collection of pictures, called formal dependency diagrams (FDDs). Icons in an FDD denote a wide range of data and control dependencies among the relatively coarse-grained entities contained in large programs. Dependencies considered atomic with respect to one level in a hierarchy can be decomposed into a number of dependencies at a lower level. Each dependency can be a predefined primitive of the FDD language or it can be defined by a PegaSys user in terms of the primitives.A PegsSys user is given the illusion that logical formulas do not exist, even though PegaSys reasons about them internally. This involves (1) checking whether an FDD is meaningful syntactically, (2) determining whether hierarchical refinements of an FDD are methodologically sound, and (3) deciding whether an FDD hierarchy is logically consistent with the program that it is intended to describe. The techniques used to provide these capabilities are discussed along with the logical properties that enable PegaSys to maintain the user illusion.
Divergence of the Green's Function Series for Rearrangement Collisions

The convergence of the Born series for rearrangement collisions is investigated in a potential model. For a certain class of potentials it is shown that the iterated series for the full two particle Green's function, $({{\mathrm{k}}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{'}}{{\mathrm{k}}_{2}}^{\ensuremath{'}}|G(E)|{\mathrm{k}}_{1}{\mathrm{k}}_{2})$, in terms of either the free-particle Green's function, the initial state Green's function, or the final state Green's function, diverges for some continuous range of the variables ${\mathbf{k}}_{1}$, ${\mathbf{k}}_{2}$, ${\mathbf{k}}_{1}$\ensuremath{'}, and ${\mathbf{k}}_{2}$\ensuremath{'} independent of the energy, $E$, of the incident particle. It is suggested that the usual Born series, which is an integral over this Green's function series, therefore, also diverges for rearrangement collisions independent of the incident energy.
Police Responses to Restraining Orders in Domestic Violence Incidents: Identifying the Custody-Threshold Thesis

The present analysis examines the extent to which police officers arrest domestic violence offenders who violate restraining orders. The study develops a theoretical framework, referred to as the custody-threshold thesis, that considers the decision to arrest to be a function of the officers' goals to satisfy one of several purposes of custody. Findings from logistic regression modeling show that restraining-order violations in domestic violence incidents have the greatest impact on arrest probability when risk of injury to the victim is low, but that as risk increases, the predictive strength of restraining-order violations diminishes. Findings support the custody-threshold thesis, suggesting important policy implications, which are identified and discussed.
Cortisol regulates secretion and pituitary content of the two gonadotropins differentially in female rats: effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist.

To determine if LH and FSH respond to cortisol exposure the same way in females as they do in males, metestrous females were implanted with cholesterol or cortisol (F) subcutaneously, and either ovariectomized or left intact 4 days later. Tail vein injections of 1000 ng of GnRH in saline, or saline alone, were given 4.5, 23.5, or 47.5 h after the time of ovariectomy. Animals were killed 30 min after the injections at 5, 24, and 48 h after surgery. F attenuated the postovariectomy increase in serum LH at 48 h. F also suppressed GnRH-stimulated LH release 24 and 48 h after surgery in ovariectomized animals and in intact animals at 48 h. Pituitary content of LH was increased moderately by F at 5 h. These effects of F are similar to those seen in males. In contrast to LH, F increased serum FSH in intact females and suppressed levels in ovariectomized animals at 24 and 48 h, while inducing a remarkable increase in pituitary FSH content at all three times. These divergent effects of F on serum FSH (suppression ...
Different styles of eschatology : Derrida's take on Levinas' political messianism

Dossier de la revue «Research in phenomenology» (XXVIII, 1998, pp. 3-159) consacre a E. Levinas, comprenant les articles suivants: 1) Differents styles d'eschatologie: l'engagement de Derrida envers le messianisme politique de Levinas (R. Bernasconi); 2) Adieu a Emmanuel Levinas (J. Derrida); 3) Au nom de la philosophie (J. Llewelyn); 4) Des images fatidiques (A. lingis); 5) La chose: Lacan et Levinas (S. Critchley); 6) Levinas et l'impossible possibilite: penser l'ethique avec Rosenzweig et Heidegger apres la Shoah (T. Chanter); 7) La methode de Levinas (A. Peperzak); 8) La sincerite et la fin de la theodicee: remarques sur Levinas et Kant (P. Davies); 9) Levinas et l'elementaire (J. Sallis)
Negative luminescence from MWIR HgCdTe/Si devices

The negative luminescence (NL) of a midwave-infrared (MWIR) HgCdTe photodiode λco = 5.3 µm at 295 K) was investigated using both a modulated, self-referencing, optical technique and an electrical modulation technique. The internal negative luminescence efficiencies measured using optical modulation were 88% throughout the 3–5 µm spectral region, and nearly independent of temperature in the 240–300 K range. This corresponds to an apparent temperature reduction of 53 K at room temperature and 35 K at 240 K when a saturation reverse bias is applied. Efficiencies measured by the electrical modulation technique were consistent with the measured internal efficiencies and the measured reflectivity of the device. The reflectance and emission spectra measured with an FTIR spectrometer were modelled using empirical HgCdTe absorption formulas. The reverse saturation current density of 1.3 A/cm2 is lower than any reported previously in the literature for an NL device with cut-off wavelength beyond 4 µm.
Simulation of turbulence using conditional sampling techniques

l. INTRODUCTION A knowledge of turbulence interaction with man-made structures such as wind turbines, airplanes, submarines, buildings, bridges and power lines is essential for predicting the structures' behavior and to provide necessary design criteria. Since it is virtually impossible to provide measured records of turbulence for all possible conditions methods to simulate turbulence under various conditions have been developed[I-3]. Fichtl et at.[1] provide excellent coverage of current turbulence simulation concepts and references. The method developed in this paper involves the use of the autocorrelation function and the conditional probability distribution of velocity (given preceding observations) to simulate a time sequence of wind velocities. The majority of previously developed techniques--which have required more steps--have used the spectrum of turbulence for simulating velocity histories. For the special case of the longitudinal component of atmospheric turbulence, a simple simulation program was developed that is sufficiently short to be programmed on many available band.held calculators. The simulation assumes that the turbulence is normally distributed and has the classical negative exponential autocorrelation. This negative exponential autocorrelation function dictates that if sample points separated by time T have a correlation value of p(¢), then the correlation between points separated by time nr is (pff))n. A specific simulation program flow chart is included in this paper. It should he noted that the general method does not depend on the assumptions of normality nor on the assumption of a negative exponential autocorrelation, and can be used to simulate histories with other, more complex, autocorrelation structures and with other density functions.
Studies in Blood Composition of Animals Under Pathological Conditions III. Feeding Hens With Corn Smut (Ustilago Zeae).

Abstract Corn smut is found from the Atlantic to the Pacific wherever corn is cultivated, also in other parts of the world. It has been held by many that corn smut is injurious to cattle. In some kinds of smut a small amount of ergotin is found. Prof. Kedsie (cited by Pammel4) was, however, unable to find any poisonous alkaloids in corn smut. A number of investigators have demonstrated experimentally that corn smut is not injurious to cattle even when fed in large quantities over a long period of time. On the other hand, Hutyra and Marek2 mention that in birds feeding corn smut produces gout. Since ears infested with corn smut are often fed to hens and since in this country the occurrence of gout in hens is quite frequent, it seemed of importance to test Hutyra and Marek’s statement by direct experiment. It was believed that it might also . . .
Preventing Falls in the Elderly: The Role of the Pharmacist

Falls are a common and often devastating occurrence for the elderly in home and institutional settings. The physical, psychological, and economic consequences of falls are significant. Elderly patients at highest fall risk usually have a number of predisposing conditions contributing to that risk. Medications are frequently associative factors in falls in the elderly. The overall number of medications prescribed is often as important as the choice of drug in determining potential for falls. The medications most often implicated in falls are antipsychotics, sedative-hypnotics, antidepressants, type I antiarrhythmics, anticonvulsants, narcotics, and other medications with significant anticholinergic side effects. The literature regarding medications and fall risk is conflicting and difficult to interpret and apply. Confounding variables contributing to this ambiguity include pharmacokinetic factors, range of doses administered, coexisting medical problems, differences in patient care settings, study duratio...
High doses of dextromethorphan, an NMDA antagonist, produce effects similar to classic hallucinogens

Rationale Although reports of dextromethorphan (DXM) abuse have increased recently, few studies have examined the effects of high doses of DXM.
Self-immolation: Socioeconomic, cultural and psychiatric patterns

Abstract Introduction Self-immolation remains a significant contemporary problem. Its epidemiology and causes, and the intervention strategies these suggest vary significantly between higher- and lower-income countries. We summarize what is known about suicide by self-immolation in terms of its demographic and psychiatric risk factors, causes, local patterns and means employed, and points of possible intervention. Methods We reviewed the literature for all published papers on self-immolation between 1973 and 2010. Epidemiologic and psychiatric risk factors and aspects of method, locale and timing of self-immolation were compared between higher- and lower-income countries. Results In higher-income countries self-immolation tends to be rare and the majority of self-immolation patients are male. In lower-income countries, the incidence of self-immolation is much higher, and the majority of patients are female. Self-immolation was more frequently associated with a history of mental illness or substance abuse history in higher-income countries than in lower-income countries. Conclusion Reports in the literature of self-immolation divide most informatively into two groups according to the higher- or lower-income of the societies affected. This classification is not arbitrary, as it correlates with other measures of development, and the epidemiologic patterns revealed show distinct differences, suggesting differing causes and intervention strategies. Analytical studies are needed to distinguish associations from underlying causes and identify efficient points of intervention.
Particle radiation therapy. Current status and future potential

Radiation therapy with "heavy" particles offers potential biological and physical advantages compared to irradiation with low LET photons. Clinical studies are in progress with proton beams, which have dosimetric advantages, and fast neutron beams, which have potential biologic advantages. Clinical studies with negative pi mesons and heavy nuclei, which have combined dosimetric and biologic advantages are about to start.
Coincidences of maps into homogeneous spaces

Let f,g:X→M be maps between two closed connected orientable n-manifolds where M=G/K is the homogeneous space of left cosets of a compact connected Lie group G by a finite subgroup K. In this note, we obtain a simple formula for the Lefschetz coincidence number L(f,g) in terms of topological degree, generalizing some previously known formulas for fixed points. Our approach, by means of Nielsen root theory, also allows us to give a simpler and more geometric proof of the fact that all coincidence classes of f and g have coincidence index of the same sign.
Generating potential for the nut metric in general relativity

Abstract It is shown that the Newtonian potential that generates the static Schwarschild and Reissner-Nordstrom metrics also generates the NUT space metric from the class of Papapetrou stationary fields.
Application of 3D geometric tensors for segmenting cylindrical tree structures from volumetric datasets

Many diagnostic problems involve the assessment of vascular structures or bronchial trees depicted in volumetric datasets, but previous algorithms for segmenting cylindrical structures are not sufficiently robust for them to be widely applied clinically. Local geometric information that is of importance in segmentation consists of voxel values and their first and second derivatives. First derivatives can be generalized to the gradient and more generally the structure tensor, while the second derivatives can be represented by Hessian matrices. It is desirable to exploit both kinds of information, at the same time, in any voxel classification process, but few segmentation algorithms have attempted to do this. This project compares segmentation based on the structure tensor to that based on the Hessian matrix, and attempts to determine whether some combination of the two can demonstrate better performance than either individually. To compare performance in a situation where a gold standard exists, the methods were tested on simulated tree structures. We generated 3D tree structures with varying amounts of added noise, and processed them with algorithms based on the structure tensor, the Hessian matrix, and a combination of the two. We applied an orientation-sensitive filter to smooth the tensor fields. The results suggest that the structure tensor by itself is more effective in detecting cylindrical structures than the Hessian tensor, and the combined tensor is better than either of the other tensors.
Diffusion driven grain boundary migration

Abstract If the grain boundary diffusion coefficient of the two species in a binary alloy differ, diffusion driven grain boundary motion should lead to predictable surface relief and shape changes. This leads to predictions and equations which would allow the determination of the separate diffusion coefficient of each species as well as the chemical diffusion coefficient for the boundary, Db. For a thick sample the stress gradients built up by differences in the fluxes of the two species can lead to a reduced apparent Db, especially if the solute boundary diffusion coefficient, D′2, is appreciably greater than that of the solvent. D′1. For Zn diffusion into Fe it appears that D′Fe ⪢ D′Zn. The stress built up will also slow the boundary motion.
Evolutionary Operations (EVOP)

EVolutionary OPerations (EVOP) is a manufacturing operation system, the goals of which are to produce an acceptable product at minimum cost; and to secure information from the process which will lead to optimum operation. The EVOP system involves making very small changes in process variables by statistical design. A photographic processor is used as an example, the variables being machine speed and developer temperature.
CD154 (CD40L) Induces Human Endothelial Cell Chemokine Production and Migration of Leukocyte Subsets

Abstract CD154–CD40 interactions play key roles in humoral and cellular immune responses. With regard to the latter, ligation of CD40 on endothelial cells upregulates important intercellular adhesion molecules. Activated endothelial cells also regulate leukocyte trafficking into inflammatory sites by secreting chemokines. In this study we asked whether CD154 mediated signals induce human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to secrete neutrophil or peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) chemoattractants. HUVEC were cocultured with CD154 + Jurkat D1.1 cells in the presence or in the absence of anti-CD154 mAb or control mAb. Additionally, HUVEC were cocultured with control CD154 − Jurkat B2.7 cells. Supernatants were harvested after 24 h and chemotaxis assays performed. Supernatants derived from Jurkat cells did not induce either neutrophil or PBMC chemotaxis. Resting endothelial cells produce at baseline some neutrophil and PBMC chemoattractants. However, there was significantly enhanced neutrophil and PBMC chemoattractant activity in supernatants derived from CD154 stimulated HUVEC. The enhanced leukocyte migration was specifically inhibited by anti-CD154 mAb. Anti-chemokine mAbs were used to identify specific chemokines mediating the enhanced leukocyte chemotaxis activity in CD154 stimulated HUVEC supernatants. There was complete or near complete inhibition of enhanced neutrophil and PBMC migration by anti-IL-8 and anti-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) mAbs, respectively. Anti-RANTES mAb partially blocked the enhanced PBMC migration, whereas anti-macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) mAb had no effect. Utilizing specific ELISAs, we confirmed that CD40 ligation induces HUVEC to secrete IL-8, MCP-1, and RANTES, but not MIP-1α. Finally, we present evidence that the effects of CD154–CD40 interactions on HUVEC chemokine production are independent of IL-1β production. These findings demonstrate that CD154–CD40 interactions induce endothelial cells to produce specific neutrophil and mononuclear cell chemoattractants.
Trajectories of Achievement within Race/Ethnicity: "Catching Up" in Achievement across Time.

ABSTRACT The achievement gap has long been the focus of educational research, policy, and intervention. The authors took a new approach to examining the achievement gap by examining achievement trajectories within each racial group. To identify these trajectories they used the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Cohort, which is a nationally representative sample of students in kindergarten through Grade 5. In the analyses, the authors found heterogeneity within each racial group in mathematics and reading achievement, suggesting that there are in fact achievement gaps within each race/ethnicity group. The authors also found that there are groups that catch up to the highest achieving groups by Grade 5, suggesting a positive impact of schooling on particular subgroups of children. The authors discuss the various trajectories that have been found in each racial group and the implications this has for future research on the achievement gap.
Serum Uric Acid and Hypertension in Adults: A Paradoxical Relationship in Type 1 Diabetes

Adults with type 1 diabetes have lower serum uric acid levels compared with nondiabetic adults. Little is known about the relationship between serum uric acid and blood pressure in type 1 diabetes and whether it differs from the positive relationship found in nondiabetic adults. The authors assessed the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships over 6 years between serum uric acid and blood pressure in adults with (35±9 years [n=393]) and without (38±9 years [n=685]) type 1 diabetes in the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes study. In nondiabetic adults, serum uric acid was associated with systolic blood pressure in multivariable models adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors. In adults with type 1 diabetes, a negative association was observed between serum uric acid and systolic blood pressure after multivariable adjustments. A positive association was observed between serum uric acid and systolic blood pressure in nondiabetic adults. In contrast, an inverse relationship was demonstrated after multivariable adjustments in type 1 diabetes.