cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Ethanol on the Cerebellum: Advances and Prospects

Alcohol abuse causes cerebellar dysfunction and cerebellar ataxia is a common feature in alcoholics. Alcohol exposure during development also impacts the cerebellum. Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) show many symptoms associated specifically with cerebellar deficits. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms are unclear. This special issue discusses the most recent advances in the study of mechanisms underlying alcoholinduced cerebellar deficits. The alteration in GABAA receptor-dependent neurotransmission is a potential mechanism for ethanol-induced cerebellar dysfunction. Recent advances indicate ethanol-induced increases in GABA release are not only in Purkinje cells (PCs), but also in molecular layer interneurons and granule cells. Ethanol is shown to disrupt the molecular events at the mossy fiber - granule cell - Golgi cell (MGG) synaptic site and granule cell parallel fibers - PCs (GPP) synaptic site, which may be responsible for ethanol-induced cerebellar ataxia. Aging and ethanol may affect the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) of PC dendrites and cause dendritic regression. Ethanol withdrawal causes mitochondrial damage and aberrant gene modifications in the cerebellum. The interaction between these events may result in neuronal degeneration, thereby contributing to motoric deficit. Ethanol activates doublestranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR) and PKR activation is involved ethanolinduced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity in the developing cerebellum. Ethanol alters the development of cerebellar circuitry following the loss of PCs, which could result in modifications of the structure and function of other brain regions that receive cerebellar inputs. Lastly, choline, an essential nutrient is evaluated for its potential protection against ethanol-induced cerebellar damages. Choline is shown to ameliorate ethanol-induced cerebellar dysfunction when given before ethanol exposure.
Phase ratio determination in an ion-exchange column having pores partially accessible to proteins

A method is suggested for determination of the hold-up volume and the phase ratio of a protein on a strong anion-exchange chromatographic column, which is based on mercury porosimetry and size-exclusion calibration with polymer samples.
Enteral Stents for Malignant Gastric Outlet Obstruction

Malignant gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) is a commonly encountered entity, defined as the inability of the stomach to empty because of mechanical obstruction at the level of either the stomach or the proximal small bowel. In this article, current literature on GOO is reviewed with a focus on enteral stents to include symptoms and diagnosis, stent and nonstent treatment, types of enteral stents, indications and contraindications to stent placement, and technical and clinical success rates. In comparison with gastrojejunostomy, enteral stent placement is better suited for patients with a shorter life expectancy and/or those who are poor surgical candidates.
Nutrient uptake by tupelo gum and bald cypress from saturated or unsaturated soil

Seedlings of tupelo gum (Nyssa aquatica L.) and bald cypress (Taxodium distichum L. Rich.) were grown in pots containing a sphagnum moss-peat soil mix. Plants approximately 20 to 25 cm tall were subjected to three moisture treatments, saturated-aerated, saturated, and unsaturated soil; and three nitrogen fertilization treatments, control (no N added), urea (a reduced N source), and nitrate (an oxidized N source).
Computationally efficient image restoration and super-resolution algorithns for real-time implementation

Computational complexity is a major impediment to the real- time implementation of image restoration and super- resolution algorithms. Although powerful restoration algorithms have been developed within the last few years utilizing sophisticated mathematical machinery (based on statistical optimization and convex set theory), these algorithms are typically iterative in nature and require enough number of iterations to be executed to achieve desired resolution gains in order to meaningfully perform detection and recognition tasks in practice. Additionally, recent technological breakthroughs have facilitated novel sensor designs (focal plane arrays, for instance) that make it possible to capture mega-pixel imagery data at video frame rates. A major challenge in the processing of these large format images is to complete the execution of the image processing steps within the frame capture times and to keep up with the output rate of the sensor so that all data captured by the sensor can be efficiently utilized. Consequently, development of novel methods that facilitate real-time implementation of image restoration and super- resolution algorithms is of significant practical interest and will be the primary focus of this paper. The key to designing computationally efficient processing schemes lies in strategically introducing appropriate pre-processing and post-processing steps together with the super-resolution iterations in order to tailor optimized overall processing sequences for imagery data of specific formats. Three distinct methods for tailoring a pre-processing filter and integrating it with the super-resolution processing steps will be outlined in this paper. These methods consist of a Region-of-Interest (ROI) extraction scheme, a background- detail separation procedure, and a scene-derived information extraction step for implementing a set-theoretic restoration of the image that is less demanding in computation compared to the super-resolution iterations. A quantitative evaluation of the performance of these algorithms for restoring and super-resolving tactical imagery data, including in particular PMMW images, will also be presented.
Are Low- and Middle-Income Countries Repeating Mistakes Made by High-Income Countries in the Control of HIV for Men who have Sex with Men?

Men who have sex with men (MSM) have been represented disproportionately in the HIV epidemic in high income countries since the first HIV/AIDS cases were reported in MSM in 1981. Among all vulnerable HIV populations, MSM account for the preponderance of prevalent AIDS cases in Western Europe [1,2]. Similarly, the largest numbers of persons with newly diagnosed HIV infections (range 45%–65%) are MSM in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand [3–7]. In contrast, in many low- and middle-income country (LMICs) HIV epidemics were driven by injection drug use (IDU), heterosexual sex, and/or contaminated blood collection and transfusion [8,9]. In recent years, rapid increases in the HIV epidemic among MSM have been observed LMICs in Asia [10], Africa [11], South America [12] and Eastern Europe and Central Asia [13]. For example, MSM account for nearly one third of prevalent AIDS cases in Thailand [14] and Brazil [15], and 30% –75% of estimated new HIV infections in various parts of Laos and China [16,17]. A small number of epidemiologic studies have also shown high incidence (6.8/100 person-years) among MSM in Kenya and South Africa [18] and high HIV prevalence (4–23%) in Ukraine [19], though MSM comprise a small proportion of the total HIV cases in Africa, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, perhaps due, in part, to stigmatization and underreporting. As the HIV/AIDS epidemic enters its 4th decade post-recognition, many LMICs are repeating the mistakes made by high income countries in HIV control targeting MSM. A series of questions arise continually: Are MSM epidemics in LMICs driven by imported cases from high income countries? Have LMICs missed the window of opportunity to control the HIV epidemic among MSM? What experiences from the prevention and care for HIV among MSM populations have been learned from high income countries that could be applicable to the burgeoning MSM epidemic in LMICs?
An exact methodology for scheduling in a 3D design space

Abstract: This paper describes an exact solution methodology, implemented in Rensselaer's Voyager design space exploration system, for solving the scheduling problem in a 3-dimensional (3D) design space: the usual 2D design space (which trades off area and schedule length), plus a third dimension representing clock length. Unlike design space exploration methodologies which rely on bounds or estimates, this methodology is guaranteed to find the globally optimal solution to the 3D scheduling problem. Furthermore, this methodology efficiently prunes the search space, eliminating provably inferior design points through: a careful selection of candidate clock lengths; and tight bounds on the number of functional units of each type or on the schedule length.
Pricing and Advertising

Explores pricing and advertising in respect to how formal methods of research and analysis can help the pricing decision. Shows that available technique of data collection and analysis, although having limitations, can be of great help in making executive decisions.
Long-term outcome following radical prostatectomy for Gleason 8-10 prostatic adenocarcinoma.

Compared to low-grade disease, high-grade prostate cancers exhibit a higher rate of disease progression. As a result, there has been a trend to treat high-risk disease with methods other than surgery. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the long-term survival following radical prostatectomy (RRP) for non-metastatic Gleason 8–10 prostate adenocarcinoma (CaP). All patients 75 years or less with Gleason 8–10 CaP that underwent RRP were identified from the SEER 18 database. Patients with metastatic disease, those who underwent other modalities of treatment, or with more than one primary cancer, were excluded. Data were analyzed for demographics, stage at presentation, treatment modality, and overall survival and cancer-specific survival. A total of 30,379 men met inclusion criteria. Mean age was 62.5 years and 82.5 % of patients were white. A total of 52.8 % of patients had T2 disease, and 73.1 % had node-negative disease, 80.2 % of patients underwent pelvic lymph node dissection, and 12.9 % underwent adjuvant radiation therapy. Overall survival for the entire cohort was 92.8, 78.6, 59.5, 38.6, and 20.0 % for 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 years, respectively. Cancer-specific survival was 96.4, 89.5, 82.0, 72.9, and 68.8 % for 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 years, respectively. Although historically underutilized in patients with poorly differentiated disease, radical prostatectomy provides excellent long-term survival and should be offered to healthy patients.
GROSS COMPOSITION, SENSORY EVALUATION, AND COLD STORAGE STABILITY OF UNDERUTILIZED DEEP SEA PACIFIC RATTAIL FISH, Coryphaenoides acrolepis

Pacific rattail (grenadier) fish (Coryphaenoides acrolepis), relatively abundant underutilized deep sea fish off the coast of California, were retrieved and analyzed for gross composition, sensory attributes, consumer acceptance, and storage stability characteristics. Representative fillet samples analyzed contained an average of 14.1% protein, 1% ash, low lipid (0.5%), and relatively high moisture (84.2%). While differing in sensory attributes and slightly in gross composition from commercially frozen Icelandic cod (Gadus morhua), a fish with similar taxonomy and demonstrated consumer acceptance, Pacific rattails were “liked moderately” by sensory judges and compared favorably with cod in both preference and hedonic tests. Their iced cold storage stability over a 20-day period was judged to be excellent. Overall decreased iodine values (i.e., lipid oxidation) and increased hypoxanthine (i.e., nucleotide degradation) content were measured during storage. No evidence of proteolysis was found for up to 15 days of cold storage by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, significant changes in sensory attributes, odor, texture, moisture were not noted until after 15 days storage and acceptance dropped only slightly and not significantly even after 20 days.
Child growth as a community-surveillance indicator.

Growth monitoring has unique potential for the ability to correct malnutrition and other health problems at an early age. Monitoring must be a 2-stage process of screening and intervention. Field studies of individuals and communities need to be conducted in order to determine technological and program problems casual factors and epidemiology of the problems. Growth monitoring objectives include education early detection womens participation and promotion of community awareness and organization. Workers must decide the priorities of program policy -- including questions of individual growth monitoring vs. monitoring of a population. Pilot programs tend to be more successful than mass implementation because they are more flexible and more open to learning. Field studies that are locally appropriate need to be conducted. These should survey and test the following areas: community situation analysis; objective and priority planning; community intervention; management of primary health care; political administration and public support; locally relevant training of personnel; and self-evaluation of the program. The individual and community-based approaches should be synthesized into 1 cohesive program. Eventually the sequence of events within any growth monitoring program should be screening of babies analysis of casual factors definition of controls and implementation of the most cost effective controls.
Prolegomena to an aesthetic

Abstract The subject of concern is the basic informational “givens” or constraints in perceptual processing. The means of study is by perceptual illusions such as the figural aftereffect and the Gibson adaptation phenomenon. Interpretations are given in terms of neural holography using factual data as logical bounds.
Effect of Ultrasonic Radiation on Some Physical Characteristics of Broiler Breast Muscle and Cooked Meat

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effect of ultrasonic radiation on the muscle fibers of broiler breast muscle and the objective texture of the cooked meat. Seventy commercially processed broiler carcasses were subjected to either a 15-min water control or ultrasonic bath (40 kHz at 2,400-W power input). Carcasses were then bagged and placed in a 2 C cooling chamber until 2-h post-mortem (PM) at which time both pectoralis major muscles were excised and weighed. At 24 h PM the muscles were heated for 30 min at 85 C, then cooled for 30 min. The meat and the resulting fluids lost during heating were weighed; two 1.27-cm wide strips were removed from each breast, and analyzed for shear values. Samples for histological evaluation were taken at both 2 and 24 h PM and showed no treatment differences. The effect of ultrasonic radiation on carcass temperature was analyzed; untreated carcasses were found to be 3 C lower than treated carcasses. There were no treatment differences in fluids lost, but shear values of the ultrasound-treated meat were significantly less (P
Repair of bicuspid aortic valve with severe regurgitation

To improve the success rate and reproducibility of bicuspid aortic valves, we apply a systematic segmental approach to their repair. A segmental analysis of the morphology is followed by corresponding pathology specific corrections of each morphological abnormality contributing to regurgitation.
The developmental cytology of the nuptial pad in the red-spotted newt.

Abstract The ultrastructure of developing, mature and regressing nuptial pads has been examined and interpreted in the red-spotted newt. The development of the pad begins with a thickening of the dermis. Mitotic activity then increases the cell layers of the epidermis from about four to approximately eight. Simultaneously, keratinocytic synthetic activity shifts to produce more tonofilaments and fewer mucous granules. In the upper cell layers, the shift is followed by an increase in cytoplasmic volume with bundles of tonofilaments accumulating on the anterior side of each cell, displacing the nucleus posteriorly. After this rearrangement, the enlarged cells become grouped into ascending columns that tilt posteriorly from the basal epidermal layer at an angle of about 45°. Also the flattened cells of the monolayered stratum corneum become superficially roughened and with successive molts are replaced by orderly rows of cornified conical structures possessing cusps that are directed posteriorly. Each cone then lies at the top of one of the germinative columns. In rudimentary pads induced on female newts, the epidermis attains a height of only five or six layers and columns are not evident, but other developmental features of the male are present. During regression, mitosis is slowed and the developmental sequence is reversed.
A Model for Predicting Synoptic Weather Types Based on Model Output Statistics

Abstract An objective classification model was developed that can automatically predict synoptic weather types in southern California. Stepwise discriminant analysis was used to match the National Meteorological Center's Limited-area Fine Mesh (LFM) Model Output Statistics to subjectively classified weather types or patterns. The five classified weather types range from hot, dry, windy Santa Ana days to cool, rainy, cloudy days caused by a synoptic low. Discriminant function equations were developed for predicting each weather type 12 and 24 h in advance by screening 80 potential predictors consisting of forecasts at 500, 700 and 850 mb from the LFM model. Model output at nine grid points was used because that information adequately describes the meteorological patterns over southern California. Using independent LFM model forecasts valid 12 and 24 h in advance, the objective classification model predicted the probability of the days being in each of the five weather types, then the type with the highest ...
A comparison of Lewis and Fischer rat strains on autoshaping (sign-tracking), discrimination reversal learning and negative automaintenance

Abstract Lewis (LEW) and Fischer (F344) rat strains differ on a number of physiological characteristics, such as hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity, as well as on behavioral tasks, including those that measure impulsivity and drug reward. Since autoshaping, the phenomenon where animals approach and contact reward-paired conditioned stimuli, has been linked to HPA axis functioning, impulsivity and drug taking, the present study compared LEW and F344 rats on the rate of acquisition and performance of the autoshaping response. Rats were trained on an autoshaping procedure where insertions of one retractable lever (CS + ) were paired response-independently with food, while insertions of another lever (CS − ) were not paired with food. LEW rats acquired the autoshaping response more rapidly and also performed the autoshaping response at a higher rate than F344 rats. No differences between the strains were observed when rats were trained on a discrimination reversal where the CS + and CS − levers were reversed or during a negative automaintenance phase where CS + lever contacts cancelled food delivery. Potential physiological mechanisms that might mediate the present results, including strain differences in HPA axis and monoamine neurotransmitter activity, are discussed. The finding that LEW (as compared to F344 rats) more readily acquire autoshaping and perform more responses is consistent with research indicating that LEW rats behave more impulsively and more readily self-administer drugs of abuse.
Should We Do Cardiac Stress Tests in Asymptomatic Renal Transplant Candidates

Abstract Background There is controversy regarding the best method and benefit of cardiac evaluation of asymptomatic renal transplant candidates. The positive predictive value of ischemia on a noninvasive stress test was ∼5%–10% in Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initative (KDOQI), American Society of Transplantation (AST), and Lisbon guidelines. We compared prediction of cardiac events with the use of simple transthoracic echocardiography versus a noninvasive stress test in asymptomatic candidates. Methods We selected asymptomatic patients with good functional capacity who would be recommended a cardiac stress test by both KDOQI and AST guidelines, we excluding those with a history of cardiovascular disease. Group A (n = 124) underwent only echocardiography, and group B (n = 41) underwent echocardiography and noninvasive stress test. We measured the incidences of cardiac events and cardiac death within 3 years after transplantation. Results The mean age of group A was 39 ± 7 and group B 40 ± 5 years. Diabetic patients among groups A and B were 8.8% (11/124) and 9.7% (4/41), respectively. The mean duration of dialysis was 2.9 ± 5 years. Only 4 group B patients showed a positive result on the noninvasive stress test, but they had no obstructive disease on coronary angiograms. The incidences of ischemic heart disease after transplantation of groups A and B were 4% (5/124) and 4.8% (2/41), respectively ( P = .88). There was no death due to cardiac events in either group. Conclusions In this study, simple echocardiography showed an ability similar to stress test to predict ischemic heart disease in asymptomatic renal transplant candidates with good functional capacity, relatively younger age, lower prevalence of diabetes, and shorter duration of dialysis.
Angel Investor Sophistication: Increasing Application of Pre-Revenue Venture Valuation Methodologies

There was a time when angel investors committed funds for market research and later, when the Internet boom hit, entire deals with entrepreneurs were sketched out on cocktail napkins. This relationship started to fall apart with down-rounds, dilution, changes to board representation, a general lack of appreciation regarding the early-risk assumption, and a number of other factors. However, over time, they both realized they needed each other, and what the angels developed was a greater understanding of the investment process. Angel investors, becoming more sophisticated, began to adopt some of the strategies and valuation methodologies employed by the venture capital community. Though varied, these methodologies often serve as the framework for the pre-money valuation negotiations for a pre-revenue venture. Research suggests that today’s angel is focused on return on investment, investment timelines, dilution, and other assessment factors that were historically reserved for the venture capital community.
Induction of Instability in Water-in-Oil-in-Water Double Emulsions by Freeze−Thaw Cycling

Individual water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) double-emulsion globules loaded with fluorescently labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) were optically monitored within cylindrical capillaries during freeze−thaw cycling. Coalescence of internal aqueous droplets (W1) and external aqueous phase (W2), termed external coalescence, was not observed before or during freezing of the oil phase (O). On the other hand, this instability mechanism was readily promoted during thawing. This realization confirms the previously suggested potential of W1/O/W2 double emulsions to trigger release upon oil thawing1 and demonstrates that it is a direct result of globule breakage through external coalescence. The presented results also identified a threshold in the relative W1 droplet size above which instability occurred, while smaller droplets remained unperturbed and therefore indicate that optimization of the delivery can be achieved by tuning the size of W1 droplets. In addition, we propose a possible explanation for the occ...
Case report 751

We present an unusual case of spindle cell lipoma of the foot which produced marked bone erosion. Spindle cell lipoma was initially described in the mid-1970s as having the characteristics of a lipoma with partial or total replacement of mature fat by collagen-forming spindle cells. This lesion is most commonly found in the subcutaneous tissue of the posterior neck and shoulder in men between 45 and 65 years of age.
Ethnic differences in physical performance in older Americans: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994).

Background and aims: Impaired physical performance in older adults has been shown to vary by ethnic groups. The objective of this study is to examine ethnic differences in physical performance in older Americans. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using a sample of 4456 non-institutionalized Americans aged 60 and above (2712 non-Hispanic Whites, 861 non-Hispanic Blacks and 883 Mexican Americans) from a large national representative survey (The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) conducted in 1988–1994). Measurements included socio-demographic variables; self-reported physician diagnosed medical conditions, body mass index (BMI) and physical performance examination (tandem stand balance, timed chair stand, and timed 8-foot walk). Results: Of 4456 study participants, 60.9% (n=2712) subjects were non-Hispanic white, 19.3% (n=861) were non-Hispanic black, and 19.8% (n=883) were Mexican American. About 35% (n=1573) of subjects could not hold the tandem balance test for 10 seconds. Older age, diabetes, stroke and arthritis were significantly associated with decreased performance on the balance test. Older age, female gender, being Mexican American or non-Hispanic black, hip fracture and high BMI were significantly associated with decreased performance on 8- foot walking test, while older age, female gender, being non-Hispanic black, low education, stroke, cancer, arthritis and high BMI were significantly associated with decreased performance on the chair stand test. Conclusions: With some ethnic variation, older age, female gender, being non-Hispanic black, being Mexican American, low education, high BMI, diabetes, stroke, cancer and arthritis were associated with decreased physical performance in elderly Americans.
Immune-mediated injury to basement membranes in mice immunized with murine laminin.

Abstract Mice immunized with laminin isolated from mouse EHS sarcoma developed immunemediated pathological changes in the basement membranes of the kidneys and lungs, and in the subendothelial basement membranes of arteries in the kidney. Subendothelial and mesangial dense deposits were seen in the renal glomerulus. Thickening and splitting of both the glomerular basement membrane and the alveolar basement membrane occurred in mice immunized with laminin. Granular dense structures were present in the lamina densa of subendothelial basement membranes of renal arteries. Staining for in vivo-bound mouse IgG was observed primarily along the glomerular basement membrane and in the mesangium by the indirect peroxidase technique. Mouse IgG was also detected in the adventital connective tissue of renal arteries and was present focally along tubular basement membranes. No circulating antibody was detectable using either Western immunoblotting or microELISA techniques.
Hypertension--a treatable component of the cardiometabolic syndrome: challenges for the primary care physician.

Patients with the cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) have an adverse cardiovascular risk factor profile, placing them at increased risk of stroke, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although no specific treatments for CMS are available per se, prompt recognition and treatment of the individual components of the condition can prevent or delay the development of comorbidities. Primary care physicians are ideally positioned to identify patients with CMS and implement early intervention strategies. Hypertension contributes to many complications of CMS, and rigorous blood pressure control will help to delay or prevent endorgan vascular damage. Achieving blood pressure control to current guideline standards should be eagerly sought in the majority of patients through a combination of lifestyle modifications and appropriate pharmacologic therapy. Antihypertensive drug choice should be personalized, taking into account the CMS determinants present and any compelling indications for specific agents. As an initial approach, a thiazide diuretic is suitable for most cases of uncomplicated hypertension, although many patients will require additional antihypertensives from other classes to achieve their blood pressure goal. It is predicted that, due to the increase in unhealthy lifestyles, the prevalence of CMS will rise in the coming years. Therefore, by meeting the challenge of attaining and maintaining blood pressure control in patients with CMS, primary care physicians have the unique opportunity to markedly improve the health of the nation.
Review of recent studies and issues regarding the P300-based complex trial protocol for detection of concealed information

In this review, the evolution of new P300-based protocols for detection of concealed information is summarized. The P300-based complex trial protocol (CTP) is described as one such countermeasure (CM)-resistant protocol. Recent lapses in diagnostic accuracy (from 90% to 75%) with CTPs applied to mock crime protocols are summarized, as well as recent enhancements to the CTP which have restored accuracy. These enhancements include 1) use of performance feedback during testing, 2) use of other ERP components such as N200 in diagnosis, 3) use of auxiliary tests, including the autobiographical implicit association test, as leading to restored diagnostic accuracy, and 4) a study of the mechanisms underlying CMs. A novel, doubly efficient version of the CTP involving presentation of two probes in one trial is described as a new way to improve accuracy to levels above 90% in mock crime situations. Finally, a thorough analysis of the legal issues surrounding use of the CTP in U.S. is given.
Impatiens pterocaulis sp. nov. (Balsaminaceae) from Guangxi, China

Impatiens pterocaulis S. X. Yu et L. R. Zhang, a new species of the Balsaminaceae from Yancha, Longlin, Guangxi Region, is described and illustrated. This species is similar to I. wilsonii in having nearly white flowers, 4 lateral sepals and a racememos inflorescence, but differs by having winged stems, very short-spurred lower sepal, yellowish flowers and an acuminate dorsal petal apex. Pollen characters and leaf epidermal micro-characters of these two species were studied, and the results support that the two species should be kept separate. The genus Impatiens L. belongs to the family Balsaminaceae, which contains two currently recognized genera; the small Hydrocera and the prolific Impatiens, of which the latter contains about 850 species (Grey-Wilson 1980, Fischer 2004). The genus Impatiens was first described by Linnaeus (1753), and is primarily an Old World genus, distributed throughout much of tropical Africa, India, southwest Asia, southern China and Japan. A few species reach the north temperate zone of Europe, Russia and China as well as North America (Grey-Wilson 1980).
The Adeno-Associated Virus Rep78 Protein Is Covalently Linked to Viral DNA in a Preformed Virion

Resolution of the covalently closed terminus of adeno-associated Virus (AAV) DNA is mediated by viral replication protein Rep78 or Rep68. In vitro studies with purified Rep proteins indicate that concurrent with this resolution is a covalent attachment of one of the proteins to the 5' end of the viral genome. The in vivo existence and fate of the covalently associated Rep protein during the virus life cycle has not yet been elucidated. In this report, we use immunoprecipitation analyses to demonstrate that the Rep78 protein is covalently attached to viral DNA in a preformed virion. The attached Rep78 is susceptible to antibody binding and protease digestion, and the DNA linkage is susceptible to nuclease digestion, therefore Rep78 is probably located on the outside of the particle. Rep proteins are also attached to double-stranded replicative-form monomer (RFM) DNA in extracts from AAV and adenovirus coinfected cells. Rep protein attachment to RFM and encapsidated AAV DNA suggest that the covalent complex is an intermediate in virus assembly. These observations are similar to those noted by others for the autonomous parvoviruses and provide additional insights into parvovirus assembly.
The Bayou High School Blues.

This case study challenges aspiring school leaders to analyze data and develop school improvement objectives, strategies for sharing data, and strategies for change. Candidates must analyze the dat...
SILICA-SCALED CHRYSOPHYTES FROM ECUADOR

Treinta crisofitas escamosas, obtenidos de 60 cuerpos de agua en Ecuador, fueron observados mediante microscopia electronica. Los taxones comprenden 27 Synuraceae (19 Mallomonas spp., siete Synura spp., y una especie de Chrysodidymus) y tres Chrysophyceae (dos Paraphysomonas spp. y una especie de Spiniferomonas). Todas son nuevos informes para Ecuador y un taxon (Mallomonas lychenensis f. ecuadorensis) se describe como nuevo. El numero de taxones por muestra vario de ninguno a diez
Antenna length and polarization response of antenna-coupled MOM diode infrared detectors

Abstract This work focuses on the fabrication and response of dipole antenna-coupled metal–oxide–metal diode detectors to long-wave infrared radiation. The detectors are fabricated using a single electron beam lithography step and a shadow evaporation technique. The detector’s characteristics are presented, which include response as a function of incident infrared power and polarization angle. In addition, the effect of dipole antenna length on detection characteristics for 10.6 μm radiation has been measured to determine resonant lengths. The response of the detector shows a first resonance at a dipole length of 3.1 μm, a second resonance at 9.3 μm, and third at 15.5 μm. The zeros intermediate to the resonances are also evident.
Secure MIMO Communications Under Quantized Channel Feedback in the Presence of Jamming

We consider the problem of secure communications in a MIMO setting in the presence of an adversarial jammer equipped with nj transmit antennas and an eavesdropper equipped with ne receive antennas. A multiantenna transmitter, equipped with nt antennas, desires to secretly communicate a message to a multiantenna receiver equipped with nr antennas. We propose a transmission method based on artificial noise and linear precoding and a two-stage receiver method employing beamforming. Under this strategy, we first characterize the achievable secrecy rates of communication and prove that the achievable secure degrees-of-freedom (SDoF) is given by ds=nr-nj in the perfect channel state information (CSI) case. Second, we consider quantized CSI feedback using Grassmannian quantization of a function of the direct channel matrix and derive sufficient conditions for the quantization bit rate scaling as a function of transmit power for maintaining the achievable SDoF ds with perfect CSI and for having asymptotically zero secrecy rate loss due to quantization. Numerical simulations are also provided to support the theory.
Economic consequences of geomagnetic storms (a summary)

The effects of the March 13, 1989, geomagnetic storm, which revealed significant vulnerabilities of electric power systems to this natural widespread phenomenon, are described. This vulnerability appears to be increasing during the 1990s. The economic consequences to the nation of this vulnerability are significant, on the order of several billion dollars for each major outage. It is suggested that the US government can play an important role in reducing the vulnerability of electric power systems to solar storms by installing an early warning satellite and cooperating with industry in a comprehensive research program. The Department of Energy can fill gaps in the research and provide for continuity of research during periods of reduced solar activity when industrial research tends to wane. >
Bone turnover matters: the raloxifene treatment paradox of dramatic decreases in vertebral fractures without commensurate increases in bone density.

The summum bonum of osteoporosis treatment is the prevention of new fractures. In vitro studies have shown that 60 ‐ 80% of the compressive strength of bone is caused by its mineral content. (1) Correspondingly, observational studies show that baseline bone mineral density (BMD) measurements at multiple skeletal sites can predict various types of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. (2) In general, a decrease in BMD of 1.0 SD increases the risk of future fractures by ;2.0-fold. The observational data from epidemiological studies have been confirmed by results of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) showing that antiresorptive agents both increase BMD and decrease vertebral frac
The protein-folding problem: the native fold determines packing, but does packing determine the native fold?

Abstract A globular protein adopts its native three-dimensional structure spontaneously under physiological conditions. This structure is specified by a stereochemical code embedded within the amino acid sequence of that protein. Elucidation of this code is a major, unsolved challenge, known as the protein-folding problem. A critical aspect of the code is thought to involve molecular packing. Globular proteins have high packing densities, a consequence of the fact that residue side chains within the molecular interior fit together with an exquisite complementarity, like pieces of a three-dimensional jigsaw puzzle [Richards, F. M. (1977) Annu. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 6, 151]. Such packing interactions are widely viewed as the principal determinant of the native structure. To test this view, we analyzed proteins of known structure for the presence of preferred interactions, reasoning that if side-chain complementarity is an important source of structural specificity, then sets of residues that interact favorably should be apparent. Our analysis leads to the surprising conclusion that high packing densities--so characteristic of globular proteins--are readily attainable among clusters of the naturally occurring hydrophobic amino acid residues. It is anticipated that this realization will simplify approaches to the protein-folding problem.
Contact angle hysteresis on rough hydrophobic surfaces

In this short note, we report a quantitative investigation of the hysteresis of the Cassie and Wenzel drops on a given rough surface. The Cassie drop shows much less hysteresis compared to a Wenzel drop and is therefore preferred in applications involving moving droplets. The experimental measurements are compared with the various theoretical models for the apparent contact angles and recommendations are made.
Primary bidirectional superior cavopulmonary shunt in infants between 1 and 4 months of age

The performance of a primary bidirectional superior cavopulmonary shunt procedure in early infancy is attractive because it minimizes the number of operations needed before a Fontan procedure, avoids ventricular volume overload and its sequelae, and eliminates pulmonary artery distortion. However, concerns over elevated or labile pulmonary vascular resistance have limited its use in the first few months of life. Nine patients aged 1 to 4 months (5 patients,
Charge-carrier transport and recombination in heteroepitaxial CdTe

We analyze charge-carrier dynamics using time-resolved spectroscopy and varying epitaxial CdTe thickness in undoped heteroepitaxial CdTe/ZnTe/Si. By employing one-photon and nonlinear two-photon excitation, we assess surface, interface, and bulk recombination. Two-photon excitation with a focused laser beam enables characterization of recombination velocity at the buried epilayer/substrate interface, 17.5 μm from the sample surface. Measurements with a focused two-photon excitation beam also indicate a fast diffusion component, from which we estimate an electron mobility of 650 cm2 (Vs)−1 and diffusion coefficient D of 17 cm2 s−1. We find limiting recombination at the epitaxial film surface (surface recombination velocity Ssurface = (2.8 ± 0.3) × 105 cm s−1) and at the heteroepitaxial interface (interface recombination velocity Sinterface = (4.8 ± 0.5) × 105 cm s−1). The results demonstrate that reducing surface and interface recombination velocity is critical for photovoltaic solar cells and electronic d...
Can oligopsony power be measured? The case of U.S. old newspapers market

Abstract This paper uses an index analogous to Lerner-index in the input market to derive a price–cost margin that measures input exploitation by few large buyers. This paper identifies oligopsony characteristics associated with the old newspaper (ONP) input market for recycled-content newsprint manufacture and then examines the impacts of market performances on ONP input prices. The wastepaper recycling market, in particular, ONP has not been successful in utilizing the ONP generated. The existence of high sunk costs for entry to the market, along with the small numbers of buyers in the old newspapers market, were the reasons to believe that the waste paper industry had oligopsony elements among paper recycling mills. The regional oligopsony/oligopoly indices were derived and the impact of these market powers on ONP input prices were examined for period 1972–1995. The findings of this study were: oligopsony elements were present to certain degrees among the recycled-content newsprint manufacturers; and the oligopsony market power enabled these mills to exert a larger price–cost margin on ONP input market.
Impaired drug metabolism in experimental cirrhosis in the rat.

Abstract Cirrhosis was produced in the rat by chronic administration of phenobarbital and carbon tetrachloride for 10 weeks. The metabolism of three substrates, aminopyrine. hexobarbital and propranolol, has been investigated in a 9000 g supernatant fraction of liver homogenate and in intact hepatocytes in cirrhotic livers and compared to appropriate phenobarbital-treated controls. In the 9000 g supernatant preparation, the maximal velocity of metabolism for each substrate and the cytochrome P450 concentration were reduced significantly in cirrhotic livers, while total protein and DNA concentration remained unchanged. In intact hepatocytes, the Vmaxfor each substrate was reduced, while the apparent Km remained unchanged. In both in vitro systems, the metabolism of propranolol and of hexobarbital was influenced by cirrhosis to a greater extent than that of aminopyrine. It is concluded that the carbon tetrachloride-phenobarbital model of cirrhosis in the rat is a suitable model in which to study the effects of chronic liver disease on drug disposition.
Beyond hearing: Where the real-world and online support meet.

A random sample survey of an online self-help group for people with hearing loss was conducted. Two factors predicted active participation in the group: a lack of real-world social support and being comparatively effective (having less disability, coping more effectively, and using real-world professional services). More active participation in the group was associated with more benefits from the group and stronger reports of community orientation. The authors also found evidence that integration of online and real-world support (if it existed) benefited participants. That is, if supportive family and friends in the real world shared the online group with participants, participants reported above average benefits, whereas if supportive family and friends were uninvolved in the online group, participants reported below average benefits. One of the best parts of Beyond Hearing is talking to the few friends I have on the list who I know off list .... That opinion was offered to us by a member of an Internet support group for people with hearing loss. If the statement seems incongruous, it is probably because today’s dominant narrative about social support on the Internet focuses on its value when real-world support is unavailable (see Davison, Pennebaker, & Dickerson, 2000; Galegher, Sproull, & Kiesler, 1998; McKenna & Bargh, 1998; Mickelson, 1997). In this article, we draw on theory from the field of social network analysis to explore the role of Internet support versus real-world support. We use empirical evidence from a random sample survey and follow-up survey of an online discussion group for people with hearing loss. We show that although compensatory online support is associated with benefits in this group, leveraged online support—a mixing of real world and online support—is associated with even more benefits.
Property Tax Limitations and Local Fiscal Conditions: The Impact of Proposition 2½ in Massachusetts

Abstract In Massachusetts, Proposition 2½ limits local property taxes to 2.5% of assessed value (the “levy ceiling”) and restricts the current limit on property tax revenue (the “levy limit”) to an annual growth rate of 2.5%. Town residents can vote to override the 2.5% increase in the levy limit, but not if it exceeds the 2.5% levy ceiling. An override results in a permanent increase in the city or town's levy limit. We look at the role that Proposition 2½ has played in the fiscal conditions of towns in Massachusetts. To do so, we develop a model of Proposition 2½ override activity and local fiscal condition. We estimate the model using panel data on Proposition 2½ override attempts since the mid-1980's as well as other town-level socioeconomic and fiscal information. Using a fixed effects estimator, we find that passing a reasonably sized override can significantly strengthen local fiscal condition, both in the short-run and long-run. Further, previous override attempts increase the likelihood of current override activity. The recent economic downturn has resulted in difficult times for local governments. Cuts in state aid have a disproportionate impact on poorer towns. These towns have been less able to attempt and to pass overrides and hence they have not been able to reap the benefits that this has for their fiscal condition. They are faced with reducing expenditures (e.g. teacher layoffs) or passing overrides to increase revenues. We find that worsening fiscal conditions lead to more overrides so we expect to see more override activity in the near future.
Relationship of Milk Secretion to Hypocalcemia in the Dairy Cow

Abstract After parturition, alternate periods of milking for 4 days and nonmilking for 3 days produced marked changes in plasma concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, chloride, and parathyroid hormone in Jersey cows. A 3- to 4-day period of hypocalcemia, increased parathyroid hormone concentrations, hypophosphatemia, and hypermagnesemia was associated with initiation of each milking period. These measurements did not return to normal until 6 to 7 days after initiation of milking. An “overshoot” of the calcium and phosphate concentrations after this adaptive period occurred in many of the cows. There was little difference in the time sequence of the hypocalcemic period that was associated closely with parturition and initiation of milk secretion in the cow and of hypocalcemic periods that could be induced by the alternate periods of milking. A “lag time” in the calcium homeostatic mechanisms of the cows was present, and for the calcium demand placed on the cows in these experiments the “lag time” was 5 to 7 days. This “lag time” appears to be important in development of parturient hypocalcemia of dairy cows.
Total Aminoacyl-Transfer RNA Pool Is Greater in Liver Than Muscle in Rabbits

Transfer RNA (tRNA)-charged amino acids are direct precursors of protein synthesis. Therefore, the amount and profile of amino acids in the aminoacyl-tRNA pool may be closely related to the rate of protein synthesis in the tissue. This study was designed to compare the aminoacyl-tRNA pools in liver and muscle, 2 distinct tissues with different rates of protein synthesis. Liver and muscle samples were taken from 6 rabbits and aminoacyl-tRNA was isolated with sequential acid-phenol:chloroform extraction, followed by total RNA and tRNA purification. Amino acids in the aminoacyl-tRNA pool were measured by HPLC after deacylation. Liver contained 3.4 times more tRNA than muscle (585 +/- 120 vs. 132 +/- 11 microg of tRNA/g of tissue; P < 0.001). Overall tRNA charging was also greater in liver (14.22 +/- 4.42 nmol of amino acids/mg of tRNA) than in muscle (7.00 +/- 1.76 nmol of amino acids/mg of tRNA) (P < 0.05). The greater availability and charging efficiency of tRNA in liver as compared with muscle may influence the extent to which amino acid precursor availability regulates protein synthesis in these 2 tissues.