cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
σB-Dependent and σB-Independent Mechanisms Contribute to Transcription of Listeria monocytogenes Cold Stress Genes during Cold Shock and Cold Growth

The role of the stress response regulator sigma(B) (encoded by sigB) in directing the expression of selected putative and confirmed cold response genes was evaluated using Listeria monocytogenes 10403S and an isogenic DeltasigB mutant, which were either cold shocked at 4 degrees C in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth for up to 30 min or grown at 4 degrees C in BHI for 12 days. Transcript levels of the housekeeping genes rpoB and gap, the sigma(B)-dependent genes opuCA and bsh, and the cold stress genes ltrC, oppA, and fri were measured using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Transcriptional start sites for ltrC, oppA, and fri were determined using rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR. Centrifugation was found to rapidly induce sigma(B)-dependent transcription, which necessitated the use of centrifugation-independent protocols to evaluate the contributions of sigma(B) to transcription during cold shock. Our data confirmed that transcription of the cold stress genes ltrC and fri is at least partially sigma(B) dependent and experimentally identified a sigma(B)-dependent ltrC promoter. In addition, our data indicate that (i) while sigma(B) activity is induced during 30 min of cold shock, this cold shock does not induce the transcription of sigma(B)-dependent or -independent cold shock genes; (ii) sigma(B) is not required for L. monocytogenes growth at 4 degrees C in BHI; and (iii) transcription of the putative cold stress genes opuCA, fri, and oppA is sigma(B) independent during growth at 4 degrees C, while both bsh and ltrC show growth phase and sigma(B)-dependent transcription during growth at 4 degrees C. We conclude that sigma(B)-dependent and sigma(B)-independent mechanisms contribute to the ability of L. monocytogenes to survive and grow at low temperatures.
Diet composition affects the rate and N:P ratio of fish excretion

SUMMARY 1. Nutrient recycling by fish can be an important part of nutrient cycles in both freshwater and marine ecosystems. As a result, understanding the mechanisms that influence excretion elemental ratios of fish is of great importance to a complete understanding of aquatic nutrient cycles. As fish consume a wide range of diets that differ in elemental composition, stoichiometric theory can inform predictions about dietary effects on excretion ratios. 2. We conducted a meta-analysis to test the effects of diet elemental composition on consumption and nutrient excretion by fish. We examined the relationship between consumption rate and diet N : P across all laboratory studies and calculated effect sizes for each excretion metric to test for significant effects. 3. Consumption rate of N, but not P, was significantly negatively affected by diet N : P. Effect sizes of diet elemental composition on consumption-specific excretion N, P and N : P in laboratory studies were all significantly different from 0, but effect size for raw excretion N : P was not significantly different from zero in laboratory or field surveys. 4. Our results highlight the importance of having a mechanistic understanding of the drivers of consumer excretion rates and ratios. We suggest that more research is needed on how consumption and assimilation efficiency vary with N : P and in natural ecosystems in order to further understand mechanistic processes in consumer-driven nutrient recycling.
Modeling circadian oscillations with interlocking positive and negative feedback loops.

Both positive and negative feedback loops of transcriptional regulation have been proposed to be important for the generation of circadian rhythms. To test the sufficiency of the proposed mechanisms, two differential equation-based models were constructed to describe the Neurospora crassa and Drosophila melanogaster circadian oscillators. In the model of the Neurospora oscillator, FRQ suppresses frq transcription by binding to a complex of the transcriptional activators WC-1 and WC-2, thus yielding negative feedback. FRQ also activates synthesis of WC-1, which in turn activates frq transcription, yielding positive feedback. In the model of the Drosophila oscillator, PER and TIM are represented by a “lumped” variable, “PER.” PER suppresses its own transcription by binding to the transcriptional regulator dCLOCK, thus yielding negative feedback. PER also binds to dCLOCK to de-repress dclock , and dCLOCK in turn activates per transcription, yielding positive feedback. Both models displayed circadian oscillations that were robust to parameter variations and to noise and that entrained to simulated light/dark cycles. Circadian oscillations were only obtained if time delays were included to represent processes not modeled in detail (e.g., transcription and translation). In both models, oscillations were preserved when positive feedback was removed.
Tourniquet-induced tibial nerve palsy complicating anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

In this case report, an unremarkable anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is complicated by a tourniquet-induced tibial nerve palsy. The case underscores the necessity of being aware of the potential for complications associated with tourniquets, despite following recommended guidelines of tourniquet time and pressure.
Propagation and focusing of Bessel–Gauss, generalized Bessel–Gauss, and modified Bessel–Gauss beams

The propagation of Bessel-Gauss, generalized Bessel-Gauss, and modified Bessel-Gauss beams, for which the exact form of the optical fields is known, is analyzed according to the approximate theory developed previously by the authors [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 17, 1021 (2000)]. Approximations are developed for the fields themselves that are highly accurate and yet are simple in their form and physical description. A set of simple equations is developed, which directly give the parameters describing an image beam following passage through a perfect lens of focal length f, starting with any of the above-mentioned object beams. Ray propagation for these types of beams is described, and it is specifically noted that the intensity maxima do not follow straight paths, while the auxiliary F(rho, z) function in fact does follow straight paths.
Leaders' Perceptions and Nuclear Proliferation: A Political Psychology Approach to Proliferation

Contributing to an emerging scholarship emphasizing ideational approaches for understanding nuclear proliferation, this work offers a new analytical framework focusing on leaders' perceptions about the international system and how their “perceived strategic context” may influence the decision of “going nuclear.” Rather than being an inevitable occurrence driven by abstract systemic factors, like the security dilemma, this actor-specific, ideational approach offers a narrative depicting the fundamental role played by policy makers' perceptions about the international environment in which their proliferation decisions are made. Utilizing operational code analysis, leaders' unique perceived strategic contexts are identified and expectant strategies for self and other analyzed by using the theory of moves sequential game construct. Initial testing of the framework is performed by examining the debated nuclear proliferation cases of South Africa and India. The results highlight the important role of individuals' views concerning the strategic environment they inhabit when weighing proliferation decisions.
Facile Preparation of a Butane-2,3-Dione Monoketal

Abstract Butane-2,3-dione and 2,2-dimethyl-propane-1,3-diol react, under the influence of an acidic ion exchange catalyst, to produce the monoketal in high yield.
Lifetime risk for development of atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study.

Background— Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac dysrhythmia and a source of considerable morbidity and mortality, but lifetime risk for AF has not been estimated. Methods and Results— We included all participants in the Framingham Heart Study who were free of AF at index ages of 40 years and older. We estimated lifetime risks for AF (including atrial flutter) to age 95 years, with death free of AF as a competing event. We followed 3999 men and 4726 women from 1968 to 1999 (176 166 person-years); 936 participants had development of AF and 2621 died without prior AF. At age 40 years, lifetime risks for AF were 26.0% (95% CI, 24.0% to 27.0%) for men and 23.0% (21.0% to 24.0%) for women. Lifetime risks did not change substantially with increasing index age despite decreasing remaining years of life because AF incidence rose rapidly with advancing age. At age 80 years, lifetime risks for AF were 22.7% (20.1% to 24.1%) in men and 21.6% (19.3% to 22.7%) in women. In further analyses, counting only those who had development of AF without prior or concurrent congestive heart failure or myocardial infarction, lifetime risks for AF were approximately 16%. Conclusions— Lifetime risks for development of AF are 1 in 4 for men and women 40 years of age and older. Lifetime risks for AF are high (1 in 6), even in the absence of antecedent congestive heart failure or myocardial infarction. These substantial lifetime risks underscore the major public health burden posed by AF and the need for further investigation into predisposing conditions, preventive strategies, and more effective therapies.
Towards accurate simulation of fringe field effects

Abstract In this paper, we study various fringe field effects. Previously, we showed the large impact that fringe fields can have on certain lattice scenarios of the proposed Neutrino Factory. Besides the linear design of the lattice, the effects depend strongly on the details of the field fall off. Various scenarios are compared. Furthermore, in the absence of detailed information, we study the effects for the LHC, a case where the fringe fields are known, and try to draw some conclusions for Neutrino Factory lattices.
An empirical test of the relationship between isolation and disengagement of elderly persons.

Summmy.-While the constructs of isolation and disengagement of elderly persons from society are not new, they are generally cons~dered as independent and competing views. In this research was studied the relationship berween isolation and disengagement of 365 urban elderly persons, using measures developed for survey resealrch applications. The findings suggesc isolation does occur among elderly persons but that the concomitant disengagement is voluntary rather than involuntary. The notions of isolation and disengagement as related to elderly persons have been around for some 25 years. To date, however, they have generally been considered as competing constructs rather than related views. Furcher, measurement has varied widely among researchers and has not been conducive co survey research. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship berween isolation and dsengagement using measures designed for survey research. Isolation of elderly persons is a state in which social concacts are minimal. It is distinct from loneliness which is a psychological state (Revenson & Johnson, 1984). Also, it is not the same thing as living alone. An individual may choose to live alone to maintain more control over his own life and may still be socially integrated. Certainly shared living would, by definition, create less isolation. That is, an elderly person living with others must have some contacts. A person living alone may or may noc have contaccs. Isolation can be both voluntary and involuntary, depending upon the individual and his situation.
A Sodium Rodizonate Lead Testing Kit for Home Use-Valid for Paint and Soil Samples?

Background: The presence of lead in consumer products has become an important health issue. Lead Check™ is a home test kit promoted to detect lead on any surface at government action levels with 96.6% accuracy. Validation of this kit's sensitivity and specificity is necessary because false negatives may give the user a false sense of security, while false positives may result in unnecessary concern. Methods: Aliquots of paint and soil samples submitted to a county health department were collected. Lead Check kits were used to analyze these samples in accordance with manufacturer's instructions. Each sample was tested with three reagent swabs; one stored at 56°C (room temperature), and one swab each stored at 22°C (cold) and 92°C (hot) for 24 hours. Results were compared to quantitative results obtained from the health department's lead testing laboratory. Results: The sensitivity of the swabs for testing lead in paint was 91.7% for all three temperatures with a specificity of 88.9% (22°C), 77.8% (56°C), a...
Evidence-based Medicine: Searching Literature and Databases for Clinical Evidence (Search Tools)

1. Gary M. Onady, MD, PhD* 2. Marc A. Raslich, MD* 1. *Medicine-Pediatrics Program, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio Questions are common in clinical medicine. A report studying the needs of residents for medical information found that two new questions arose for every three patients seen. (1) The answers are available. A study by Covell and associates reported that 83% of questions generated in the office setting had answers available in the medical literature. (2) Unfortunately, these studies also showed that clinicians pursued solutions to only 30% to 35% of the problems, with most coming from print resources immediately available in the office. Textbooks are the traditional resource used currently, but the information contained in them often is obsolete. A recent review confirmed that the most frequent source of information is texts. (3) The next most common resource is talking with a colleague; only one report of 19 included studies revealed electronic databases as the primary resource. The potential for finding answers in the evidence-based paradigm never has been greater in this era of personal computers and Internet resources. A recent report showed that residents and faculty at a children’s hospital frequently pursued answers to clinical problems. (4) After a 10-minute intervention and some guidance in finding efficient Internet resources, the participating physicians were more likely to use electronic resources to answer their questions, which was particularly beneficial because the search took only 8 minutes for the intervention group versus 19 minutes for the control group. Practicing physicians may not realize the potential for enhancing an evidence-based practice using literature resources. (5) Frequently, we encounter relevant clinical questions for which answers are available by accessing effective resources. Physicians need to learn how to access this information. Although the primary goal of this article is to provide information for getting started on a search, we also hope to convey the ease of conducting an Internet-based search. (6) These techniques not …
A Chart for Analyzing Transmission-Line Filters from Input Impedance Characteristics

Filter calculations become difficult when network elements consist of transmission-line sections, since transcendental equations are involved. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the application of familiar impedance methods and Smith chart techniques which simplify many of these calculations. A chart is developed by means of which the most important characteristics of a filter may be read directly from a conventional input impedance curve plotted on a Smith chart. The principles involved in these methods are equally valid for all lossless filters consisting of identical and symmetrical sections, but are particularly well-suited for use with transmission-line circuits.
Approximate reachability analysis of timed automata

A promising approach to formal verification of real-time systems is to use timed automata to model systems, and then to check whether certain "unsafe" states are reachable. Although theoretically appealing, this approach has significant practical problems because it requires expensive computation of reachable states. Fortunately computing a superset of reachable states is sometimes much cheaper. Replacing the set of reachable states with its superset is a conservative approximation, in the sense that it can occasionally cause a correct system to be declared incorrect, but can never cause an incorrect system to be declared correct. We propose two algorithms for computing a superset of reachable states of a timed automaton. Both algorithms involve only manipulation of Boolean functions, which are used to represent both sets of discrete state components and timing information. The algorithms offer different trade-offs between accuracy of approximation and efficiency of computation. Initial experimental results show that they are competitive with the best published results, but that further improvements are necessary to scale up to realistic systems.
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON PATIENTS WITH INFANTILE HYPOTHYROIDISM AFTER THE THIRD GRADE

Our first 26 hypothyroid patients to complete the third grade were tested for IQ, school achievement, and various neuropsychologic functions. Their results were compared to those of 44 age and sex matched classmates. Their rates of progress and difficulties in school were compared to those of 36 siblings. Because it has been iterated in the literature that patients with infantile hypothyroidism, even with normal IQs, have school learning problems, the correlation of IQ with school achievement test scores was analyzed for the patients analyzed for the patients and their classmates. All testing was conducted during the summer vacation. The patients repeated fewer grades by the end of 3 grades than had their siblings. The same percentage of patients and siblings required special help at school such as tutoring, use of resource room, or special education classes. No significant difference in test results or correlation of IQ and achievement scores was found comparing patients and appropriate controls. The mean and SEM for IQ of the patients and of their classmates were 109.2 ± 2.1 v 110.9 ± 1.8. The Peabody Achievement Test scores expressed as grade achieved minus grade placement were: math 1.4 ± .08 v 1.3 ± .06, reading recognition 1.5 ± .07 v 1.4 ± .06, reading comprehension 1.4 ± .07 v 1.5 ± .05, spelling 1.4 ± .07 v 1.4 ± .07, general information 1.3 ± .06 v 1.4 ± .05. The examiners were unaware of the identity of the subjects. Unless a patient or mother mentioned previous testing in the study, the reliability of the examiners in identifying the patients was no greater than chance.
Microstegium vimineum Invasion Changes Soil Chemistry and Microarthropod Communities in Cumberland Plateau Forests

Abstract Microstegium vimineum (Japanese Stiltgrass) is an exotic shade-tolerant C4 grass that invades open and forested habitats throughout the southeastern United States. Studies suggest that invasive plants can alter ecosystem biogeochemistry by changing soil chemistry and biota. The objective of our study was to determine if M. vimineum invasion induces soil chemical changes that alter litter microarthropod communities in acidic, nutrient-poor upland forests of the Cumberland Plateau. In a greenhouse experiment comparing forest soil in tubs seeded with M. vimineum to those left unseeded over 1 year, we found that after 6 months, soil pH under M. vimineum was significantly higher than that in the unseeded tubs. We compared A-horizon chemistry, litter nutrients, and microarthropod community diversity in 3 forested sites with and without M. vimineum. We found higher pH, phosphorus (P), and base cations, and lower aluminum (Al) in soil under dense M. vimineum growth compared to soil under surrounding unin...
Energy-efficient and high-performance instruction fetch using a block-aware ISA

The front-end in superscalar processors must deliver high application performance in an energy-effective manner. Impediments such as multi-cycle instruction accesses, instruction-cache misses, and mispredictions reduce performance by 48% and increase energy consumption by 21%. This paper presents a block-aware instruction set architecture (BLISS) that defines basic block descriptors in addition to the actual instructions in a program. BLISS allows for a decoupled front-end that reduces the time and energy spent on misspeculated instructions. It also allows for accurate instruction prefetching and energy efficient instruction access. A BLISS-based front-end leads to 14% IPC, 16% total energy, and 83% energy-delay-squared product improvements for wide-issue processors.
Analysis of the electrical coupling of root cells: implications for ion transport and the existence of an osmotic pump

An equivalent circuit was developed to model the radial electrical coupling between root cells. The results of several experiments were analysed using the circuit to determine whether the electrogenic pumps of the inner cortical cells were active. This analysis indicated that, while in some roots electrogenic pumps appear to be active in all cortical layers, they may be inactive in the inner cortical cells in some cases. The circuit was used to show that, in spite of intercellular symplasmic coupling, if the inner cortical cells have inactive electrogenic pumps, their membrane potentials can be significantly less negative than those of the epidermal cells. The radial difference in membrane potential may in part account for observations that the uptake of ions occurs primarily on the root periphery. This implication is developed in an appendix to show that an osmotic water pump may exist in roots to allow them to extract water from soil at a lower water potential. It is hypothesized that, as a result of a radial difference in membrane potential, there is an efflux of solutes from the inner cortical cells as the symplastic solution moves inward. As a result, the water potential of the root interior is elevated with respect to its exterior.
Evaluation of a capillary gas chromatographic impurity test procedure for 4-hexylaniline.

A capillary gas chromatographic test procedure for the detection and quantitation of impurities in the bulk intermediate, 4-hexylaniline, is evaluated and found to be accurate and precise. 4-Hexylaniline is dissolved in methanol and chromatographed isothermally at a temperature of 195°C on a 60-m × 0.32-mm 85% polyethylene glycol‐15% dimethylsilicone blend (DX-4) film column. A flame ionization detector is used, and the impurities in the parent compound are estimated from peak areas on a percent basis compared with the area of the parent peak in the chromatogram. Response factors are determined for the known impurities. Validation of this test method includes a recovery study of known impurity spiked samples fortified in the range of 0.1‐1% (w/w). A repeatability study is performed, consisting of the analysis of two different synthetic batch lots of 4-hexylaniline analyzed over three experimental run days using two chromatographic columns of d i fferent manufacturing lots. These data and other aspects of this test procedure are discussed.
Predictors of smoking severity in patients with schizophrenia and alcohol use disorders.

The goal of the present study was to identify predictors of smoking severity in patients with schizophrenia and co-occurring alcohol use disorders (AUD). Our hypothesis was that negative symptoms of schizophrenia, severity of depression, male gender, drinking severity, and recreational drug use were associated with increased smoking. Clinical data, including demographic variables, alcohol and substance use severity, psychiatric medications, severity of depression, positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia were analyzed in a cohort of 90 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and AUD. Eighty-eight percent of participants were smokers, they smoked an average of 15 cigarettes/day. Zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression analyses demonstrated that alcohol use severity, gender, and severity of negative symptoms were not predictive of the number of cigarettes smoked. Smoking severity was positively related to Caucasian race, psychosis severity (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS] general score), and medications (conventional antipsychotics). Subjects who used recreational drugs smoked less. In summary, severe, treatment resistant schizophrenia, and conventional antipsychotic treatment is associated with heavy smoking in patients with schizophrenia and AUD regardless of gender or alcohol use. (Am J Addict 2011;00:1–6)
Medical Implications of Elder Abuse and Neglect

Recognition of elder abuse and neglect among health care professionals has been a relatively recent phenomenon. Each year, millions of elderly persons suffer as the result of abuse and neglect. Their quality of life is severely jeopardized in the form of worsened functional status and progressive dependency, poorly rated self-health, feelings of helplessness, and from the vicious cycle of social isolation, stress and further psychologic decline. Other medical implications of abuse and neglect include higher health systems use in the form of frequent ER visits, higher hospitalization, and higher nursing home placement; most importantly, it is an independent predictor for higher mortality. Physicians are well situated in detecting and reporting suspected cases and taking care of the frail elders who are victims of abuse and neglect, but there are barriers on the individual level, and there is a broader need for system change. Through education, training, and reinforcement, there are strategies to get health care professionals more involved and provide effective management protocols and guidelines for us to advocate for our patients in the current epidemic of elder abuse and neglect.
De la lectura como práctica histórica en América Latina: la primera época colonial y el siglo XIX

El articulo propone una reconstruccion teorico-historica del lugar de la lectura y los lectores en dos momentos de la historia de la cultura latinoamericana. Proyecta, entonces, a partir de los casos mexicano y del Cono Sur algunas proposiciones generalizables para la determinacion de dos macromomentos (el colonizador y el decimononico) en el estudio historico de la lectura en America Latina. Se destacan, por una parte, las relaciones entre Iglesia, Estado y lectores; y por otra, las relaciones entre estos ultimos y los textos. En ambos casos lo que se negocia y disputa socialmente son las formas de autoridad y legitimidad relativa de cada uno de los actores involucrados en la determinacion del sentido, funcion y destino de los textos culturales. Sostengo, ademas, que estas relaciones son no solo un aspecto mas sino una parte fundamental de las formas de existencia y produccion de la literatura en el continente.
Experience of World Vision Ethiopia Micronutrient Program in promoting the production of vitamin A-rich foods.

Deficiencies of micronutrients are major health problems in Ethiopia. According to a national survey conducted by the former Ethiopian Nutrition Institute in 1985, the prevalence of Bitot's spots e...
A new species of crane fly, Pedicia ( Pedicia ) goldsworthyi (Diptera: Pediciidae), from eastern North America

A new species of crane fly, Pedicia (Pedicia) goldsworthyi, is described from eastern North America. The range of this species is extensive, from Maine to North Carolina, and broadly overlaps with the ranges of the four other regional species of Pedicia (Pedicia) Latreille. A key to males of the eastern North America species of Pedicia (Pedicia) that includes this new species is presented.
Vesicles as Vehicles for Virulence

Parasites have long been known to influence host responses to infection through the secretion of virulence factors. Extracellular vesicles are emerging as important mediators of these manipulations, and a new study by Szempruch et al. suggests they could play a crucial role in host responses to African trypanosome infections.
Household migration as a livelihood adaptation in response to a natural disaster: Nicaragua and Hurricane Mitch

This study uses data drawn from the Nicaragua Living Standards and Measurement Study Survey to examine international livelihood migrations from Nicaragua in the years surrounding the rapid-onset Hurricane Mitch event of 1998. The likelihood of an international livelihood migration occurring between the years 1996 and 2001 is modeled utilizing discrete-time event history analysis. While findings indicate no influence of Hurricane Mitch on likelihood of livelihood migration, the Mitch event is associated with increased migrant selectivity according to past household migration experience for migrations to Costa Rica, suggesting these migrations to be livelihood adaptations of those with high capability in the form of access to migrant social networks. In addition, the Mitch event is found to be associated with decreased likelihood of migration by small business owners. This finding is interpreted as reflecting business owning households choosing to forego sending migrants to instead have ‘all hands on deck’ to assist with business operations.
Observations on culture in vitro of normal and dystrophic muscle tissue.

Summary1) The changes in protein nitrogen and DNA contents of normal chick wing muscle tissue and of tissue from chick with muscular dystrophy were compared after culture in roller tubes. 2) No significant differences in the 2 parameters were found for normal and dystrophic tissue when grown in a medium containing 5% embryo extract. 3) When grown in 2.5% embryo extract the cultures from donors of an age of 2 weeks and older showed a statistically significant difference. Protein nitrogen of the cultures from dystrophic muscle decreased during the 7-14 day culture period, whereas no comparable decrease was observed in cultures of normal tisue. Changes in the DNA content did not indicate definite differences. 4) Differences between several parameters determined in normal and dystrophic human muscle tissue cultures were found to be highly inconsistent or of no apparent relevance for the pathological state of the tissue.
Precipitating Antibodies in Cattle Infested by Psoroptes Ovis (Acarina: Psoroptidae)

Precipitating antibodies, as demonstrated by agar-gel diffusion tests, were found in the sera of 23 of 38 Psoroptes ovis -infested cattle when tested against a P. ovis extract and in the sera of 9 of 17 cattle when tested against a P. cuniculi extract. Sera from 5 of 54 P. ovis -uninfested cattle reacted to the P. ovis extract and 3 of 22 reacted to the P. cuniculi extract. Analysis of the P. ovis and the P. cuniculi extracts indicates that they share common antigens. The reaction between the sera of mite-infested cattle and the above antigens is a specific antigenantibody reaction. Extracts of Hypoderma bovis, Otobius megnini, Haematopinus eurysternus, Demodex bovis , cattle tissue, and cattle blood were made and tested with some of the above sera. Only the H. bovis extract gave a specific reaction with the serum of a grub-infested calf. Reactions with the O. megnini and blood extracts were considered nonspecific.
Localism and Related Values Among Negroes in a Southern Rural Community

changing social system as one which does not coIntain enough by way of promised satisfaction in return for adherence to the new norms, and so seems to reject the emergent system in preference for the more traditional form of social organization. The ready group, by contrast, has good reason to see the emergent system as containing promises of even more of the relatively advantaged positions which they have come to enjoy, and hence they seem to welcome, or at least, to refuse to impede, the development of the new system. We are suggesting, in short, that it is not a difference between mental health and mental sickness; or between integration and anomie. Rather, since there is some degree of option between a traditional and a new system and since the balance of responsibility and reward strikes each group as different, one seeks to retain the old, and the other seeks to institute the new. Yet the metaphor in which we have put this difference carries in its vocabulary too much of the actors' subjective definitions of the situations. For it seems clear, from the materials on selfperception and self-image, relative to various others, that ordinary measures of subjective definitions do not indicate as much difference in the self-images as one would expect from the sharp differences in attitudes toward the new ideas. By contrast, the objective indices of difference in such things as income, occupation, education, and the like, do, correspond far more closely with the differences in attitudes. Could it be, then, that the actors here are responding to the pressures of the system upon them in ways unknown to them consciously and unverbalizable by them, and hence not as easily discoverable from a codification of their views of life as from a straightforward analysis of their positions in the social order? Could it also be, then, that, if the inequalities in position and life chances between the hard core and the others were to be reduced over time, the differences between their attitudes toward the Negroes and desegregation would be correspondingly reduced, again in ways unknown to and unperceived by them, and perhaps in spite of their verbalizations to the contrary? Some such destratification and equalization seem to be strongly indicated by our findings.
Toroidal delocalization of a single electron through circularly-arrayed benzophenone chromophores in hexakis(4-benzoylphenyl)benzene

Abstract Molecules incorporating with multiple electro-active chromophores are actively sought owing to their potential to serve as energy- and charge-transport materials in the area of photovoltaics and energy storage devices. Herein we demonstrate that a hexaphenylbenzene derivative with six circularly-arrayed electroactive chromophores exhibits effective (toroidal) electronic coupling amongst the six benzophenone moieties. The hexaphenylbenzene-based monobenzoyl ppbBP and hexabenzoyl HBP afford the stabilization of triplet exciton by 4–5 kcal/mol, as compared to parent benzophenone, due to the formation of intramolecular exciplexes with the hexaphenylbenzene propeller. The HBP anion radical, generated by photoinduced electron transfer from a hindered tertiary amine, showed the presence of an intense charge-resonance transition, which was absent in the model compounds (such as ppbBP anion radical). The charge-resonance transition in HBP − evidences delocalization of an electron by hopping over six identical circularly-arrayed benzophenone moieties, which is highly reminiscent of the hole delocalization observed earlier in a number of hexaarylbenzene cation radicals.
Monitoring on the Health Quality of Curing Meat Products in the Catering Business of Jiangxi Province

Objective To control the health quality of curing meat products in the catering business of Jiangxi province and provide a scientific basis for the hygienic supervision of these products.Method Applying the national methods GB/T 5009.44—2003 for "the health standards of meat and meat products,GB/T 5009.37—2003 for "the health standards of edible vegetable oils",and GB/T 5009.33—2003 for "the Determination of nitrate and nitrite in foods" to analyze and determine the health quality of curing meat products.Results The qualified rate of 32.8% for 150 bulk samples and 62.5% for prepacked samples.Conclusion The qualified rate of curing meat products in catering business was low and the health supervision and management should be enhanced.
Bacterial Menigitis and Deafness

Dexamethasone (.15 mg/kg/bwt q 6 hr for 4 days) was considered beneficial in the treatment of infants and children with bacterial meningitis, particularly in preventing deafness, in two double blind, placebo-controlled trials involving 200 patients treated in the Dept of Pediatrics, University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
Increasing the usability of climate science in political decision-making

As climate-science graduate students at the University of Washington, we had the opportunity to engage in a political process focused on implementing legislation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Washington State. Our insights gained from this rare, first-hand, experience may be particularly relevant to other climate scientists. We argue that inflexible research goals within the United States climate-science community limit the relevance of the knowledge our community creates. The mismatch between climate-science research and the information needs of policy makers, while widely acknowledged in certain domains, has yet to be fully appreciated within many earth science disciplines. Broadening the climate-science training of graduate students to include education on the uses of climate information outside of academic settings would both inform and motivate new research directions, and engender validation of non-traditional research within disciplinary cultures.
CD56- extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type presenting as skin ulcers in a white man.

Extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTL) rarely presents in the skin, with a relative frequency of less than 1% among primary cutaneous lymphomas.1 It is most prevalent among Asian and South American natives.2 Plaques or tumors located on the trunk are the most common presentation.3 The prognosis is grave with a median survival time of 15 months from the time of diagnosis.4 We present a case of CD56− ENKTL manifesting as 2 ulcers on the extremities of a white man.
Acetylcholinesterase Activity in the Regenerating Forelimb of the Adult Newt, Triturus

This paper continues the analysis of the role of acetylcholine in the important influence which the nerve exerts on regeneration of a body part in amphibians (reviewed by Singer, 1952, 1959 a ). Without the nerve, regeneration does not occur. In previous studies it was shown first of all that classical blocking agents of acetylcholine activity—atropine sulphate, procaine hydrochloride, and tetraethylammonium hydroxide—suppress regeneration and delay its resumption for a significant time (Singer, Davis, & Scheuing, 1960). In a second work which assayed the content of acetylcholine in the developing regenerate, the substance was found in abundance within the growth at all stages of its development (Singer, 1959 c ). Indeed, during the early formative phases of growth, when development is most dependent upon the nerve, the amount of acetylcholine within the regenerate rose substantially above that of the non-regenerating limb and declined only later during the time of histogenesis.
Innovation and Taxation at Start-Up Firms

This Article considers capital-constrained start-up firms and conventional income tax breaks meant to encourage innovation. Some argue that these tax breaks provide benefits to encourage innovation that are more certain and earlier in time compared to other possible government policies, such as patent protection. But start-up firms generally cannot use income tax breaks currently, because such firms are not profitable for years after their founding. Instead, investment in income tax planning reduces the funds available to a capital-constrained start-up firm for business investment. This reduces the time a firm has to reach its next stage of success, such as securing external financing. To explore the experience of capital-constrained start-up firms and tax breaks for innovation, we provide and illustrate a model based on empirical data. We show that, depending on factors including endowment and cash burn rate, a start-up firm would rationally choose not to invest even modest amounts in tax planning. Our model suggests that conventionally designed tax policies are unlikely to achieve the goal of encouraging innovation at start-up firms, particularly in the earliest stages of such firms’ existence.
Bioimaging In Vivo to Discern the Evolution of Late Effects Temporally and Spatially

tool for measuring regional radiation-induced normal tissue changes, independent of radiation volumes. Several functional imaging tools (e.g., single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT], positron emission tomography [PET], and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]), have been used to monitor radiation-induced injury in a variety of different tissues, including the lung, heart, brain, liver, and salivary glands. the degree/extent of changes in regional imaging may be associated with changes in global organ function (e.g., clinical symptoms) at various time points.
EM fields comparison between planar vs. solenoidal μMS coil designs for nerve stimulation

Micro-magnetic stimulation (μMS) is an emerging neurostimulation technology that promises to revolutionize the therapeutic stimulation of the human nervous system. μMS uses sub-millimeter sized coils that can be implemented in the central nervous system to elicit neuronal activation using magnetically induced electric currents. By their microscopic size, μMS coils can be acutely implanted in deep brain structures to deliver therapeutic stimulation with effects analogous to those achieved by state-of-the-art deep brain stimulation (DBS). However, μMS technology has inherent advantages that make it particularly appealing for clinical applications. Specifically, μMS induces a focal electric current in the tissue, limiting the extent of activation to a few hundred microns. We recently demonstrated the feasibility of using μMS to elicit neuronal activation in vitro [1], as well as the possibility of activating neuronal circuitry on the system level in rodents [2]. As μMS is a novel technology, its mechanism(s) of nerve activation, induced field characteristics, and optimum topological features are yet to be explored. In this regard, numerical simulations play a crucially important role, because they provide an insight into spatial distribution of induced electric fields, which in turn, dictate the dynamics of nerve stimulation. Here we report results of numerical simulations to predict the nerve-stimulation performance of different μMS geometries.
A versatile inductive-link three-phase converter topology

This paper presents a new single-stage three-phase converter topology, which is originated from a non-inverting buck-boost converter. The proposed topology is capable of both stepping up and down the input voltage, which can be dc or ac, to provide the desired three-phase instantaneous output voltage. In this converter, a small inductor that forms the link exchanges power entirely or partially between the source and load. The proposed converter can function in buck, boost, and buck-boost modes of operation. A combination of these modes of operation are also feasible. Compared to three-phase inverting buck-boost converters, the proposed converter features lower current stress over semiconductor devices and lower link inductor current. These advantages improve the efficiency, reduce the total cost, and increase the power-density of the system. In order to further enhance the overall efficiency of the system and minimize the current/voltage stress over all utilized semiconductor devices, a small capacitor is placed in parallel with the link inductor to realize soft-switching operation in the proposed configuration. The proposed circuit topology prevents reverse recovery issues and eliminates losses corresponding to body diodes of power switching devices via utilizing power switches in conjunction with external fast recovery diodes. In power electronics, electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise sometimes causes misgating-on or -off, which can damage the circuit. The proposed configuration is immune from short-circuit of input/output terminals and open circuit of the link inductor caused by misgating. These features make the proposed converter even more attractive for high voltage and high frequency applications. Another merit of this converter is that galvanic isolation can be provided by adding a lightweight single-phase high frequency transformer (HFT) to the link, which again contributes to higher power density. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed converter and its performance are verified through simulation and experimental results in this paper.
Accuracy of 8 intraocular lens calculation formulas in relation to anterior chamber depth in patients with normal axial lengths.

Purpose To determine the effect of anterior chamber depth (ACD) on the accuracy of 8 intraocular lens calculation formulas in patients with normal axial lengths (ALs). Setting Baylor College of Medicine, Alkek Eye center, Houston, Texas, USA. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Patients having cataract surgery with ALs between 22.0 mm and 25.0 mm were divided into 3 groups based on their preoperative ACD measurement. The mean prediction errors, mean absolute errors (MAEs), and median absolute errors for each group were calculated. Results For the ACD of 3.0 mm or less group and the ACD of 3.5 mm or more group, the Barrett Universal II, Holladay 2, Haigis, and Olsen ray-tracing formulas had mean prediction error values that were not significantly different from zero. For the ACD of 3.01 to 3.49 mm group, all formulas had mean prediction error values that were not significantly different from zero. For the ACD of 3.0 mm or less group, the Barrett Universal II formula had a smaller median absolute error than the Haigis, Hoffer Q, and Olsen optical low-coherence reflectometry (OLCR) (Lenstar) formulas and a smaller MAE than the Hoffer Q, Hill-RBF, and Olsen OLCR (P Conclusion In eyes with normal ALs, taking preoperative ACD values into consideration might improve refractive outcomes.
Production Practice During Language Learning Improves Comprehension

Language learners often spend more time comprehending than producing a new language. However, memory research suggests reasons to suspect that production practice might provide a stronger learning experience than comprehension practice. We tested the benefits of production during language learning and the degree to which this learning transfers to comprehension skill. We taught participants an artificial language containing multiple linguistic dependencies. Participants were randomly assigned to either a production- or a comprehension-learning condition, with conditions designed to balance attention demands and other known production-comprehension differences. After training, production-learning participants outperformed comprehension-learning participants on vocabulary comprehension and on comprehension tests of grammatical dependencies, even when we controlled for individual differences in vocabulary learning. This result shows that producing a language during learning can improve subsequent comprehension, which has implications for theories of memory and learning, language representations, and educational practices.
Nonlinear Stresses and Relative Displacements of the Superconducting Filaments and Stabilizer in A Large Aluminum Composite Conductor

The behavior of a round 0.085-m, 300-kA reinforced, aluminum-stabilized (99.999% Al) cryogenic conductor [2] was analyzed using the finite element method. Such conductors are used in massive superconductive energy storage or fusion magnets and have to sustain large electromagnetic forces. These forces generate a triaxial state of stress and corresponding strain in the filaments, matrix, and structural reinforcements along with relative mutual displacements and deformations of the various components of the conductor and its boundaries. The conductor is subjected to the most severe loading conditions existing in a 2.5-T energy storage magnet. Special consideration was given to the stresses and the displacements of the superconductors inside the soft high-purity aluminum and to the degree of support that the confined matrix would provide to the superconductors. The boundary stresses between the matrix and the shell and between the shell and the supports were also analyzed. Electrical resistivity contours in the stabilizers were computed from the three principal strains in the plane and along the length of the conductor.