cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enantioselective Synthesis and in Vivo Evaluation of Regioisomeric Analogues of the Antimalarial Arterolane

We describe the first systematic study of antimalarial 1,2,4-trioxolanes bearing a substitution pattern regioisomeric to that of arterolane. Conformational analysis suggested that trans-3″-substituted trioxolanes would exhibit Fe(II) reactivity and antiparasitic activity similar to that achieved with canonical cis-4″ substitution. The chiral 3″ analogues were prepared as single stereoisomers and evaluated alongside their 4″ congeners against cultured malaria parasites and in a murine malaria model. As predicted, the trans-3″ analogues exhibited in vitro antiplasmodial activity remarkably similar to that of their cis-4″ comparators. In contrast, efficacy in the Plasmodium berghei mouse model differed dramatically for some of the congeneric pairs. The best of the novel 3″ analogues (e.g., 12i) outperformed arterolane itself, producing cures in mice after a single oral exposure. Overall, this study suggests new avenues for modulating Fe(II) reactivity and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of...
Yoga for Schizophrenia: a Review of Efficacy and Neurobiology

Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric illness requiring multimodal treatments. Besides pharmacotherapy, several adjunct treatments have been recommended, including yoga. We review recent findings speaking to yoga’s efficacy and towards gaining a better understanding of why yoga may affect positive change, evidence on putative neurobiological mechanisms. Recent research with schizophrenia patients suggests that yoga may lead to improvements in symptoms, cognition, and functioning. These changes may occur through a variety of mechanisms including yoga-induced changes in neural plasticity, the neural mechanisms supporting internal mentation, oxytocin release, BDNF, and other factors. We review reports of possible mechanisms through which yoga is believed to impact response in schizophrenia. Our current review cannot provide a conclusive statement on the use of yoga as a standard treatment for schizophrenia; however, the available evidence suggests that yoga may positively impact aspects of the illness in patients with schizophrenia. Further research with adequately powered randomized controlled trials is essential.
Incorporating Student Design in an HPLC Lab Activity Promotes Student Metacognition and Argumentation

The techniques learned in a laboratory translate into strong critical thinking aptitudes as well as adeptness in complex problem-solving within research. Typically, these laboratory skills are not acquired until a budding scientist enters graduate school since many undergraduate laboratories are more procedural than investigative. Therefore, the module in discussion was designed to aid students in developing competence toward thinking like a scientist. Through utilization of an inquiry-based approach, a laboratory involving high performance liquid chromatography was transformed into a blended online learning experiment. While students were provided in-class time to interact with their peers and the instructor and TA, the majority of the work and development was done outside of class. All background information and protocols were provided outside of the lab via an online course management system including the PowerPoint videos that students used to prepare for the experiment. The students used those materi...
How Beckett Has Modified Modernism: From Beckett to Blanchot and Bataille

Asking ‘How Beckett has modified modernism’ presupposes a definition of modernism and agency facing a critical consensus. Unlike the ‘historical’ avant-gardes, modernism as a category was applied retroactively to a preceding corpus. One often hears that modernism culminated in 1922, which situates Beckett as a belated ‘late modernist’. I would suggest a longer periodicity for modernism and see it continue after 1950. It would be represented by writers like Beckett and Coetzee and by theoreticians like Adorno, Greenberg, Bataille, Derrida, or Deleuze. Such a ‘late-late’ modernism will retroactively impact our current definitions of ‘high modernism’. Beckett contributed to this ongoing re-evaluation by transforming a few Proustian and Joycean premises. This essay focuses on Joyce’s later work and analyses how Beckett took over from Joyce a concept of the ‘posthuman’ that he deployed in The Unnamable. It requires to be interpreted with the help of the theories of the philosophers quoted above.
When learning goes beyond statistics: Infants represent visual sequences in terms of chunks

Much research has documented infants' sensitivity to statistical regularities in auditory and visual inputs, however the manner in which infants process and represent statistically defined information remains unclear. Two types of models have been proposed to account for this sensitivity: statistical models, which posit that learners represent statistical relations between elements in the input; and chunking models, which posit that learners represent statistically-coherent units of information from the input. Here, we evaluated the fit of these two types of models to behavioral data that we obtained from 8-month-old infants across four visual sequence-learning experiments. Experiments examined infants' representations of two types of structures about which statistical and chunking models make contrasting predictions: illusory sequences (Experiment 1) and embedded sequences (Experiments 2-4). In all four experiments, infants discriminated between high probability sequences and low probability part-sequences, providing strong evidence of learning. Critically, infants also discriminated between high probability sequences and statistically-matched sequences (illusory sequences in Experiment 1, embedded sequences in Experiments 2-3), suggesting that infants learned coherent chunks of elements. Experiment 4 examined the temporal nature of chunking, and demonstrated that the fate of embedded chunks depends on amount of exposure. These studies contribute important new data on infants' visual statistical learning ability, and suggest that the representations that result from infants' visual statistical learning are best captured by chunking models.
Assessing the utility of preoperative serum thyroglobulin in differentiated thyroid cancer: a retrospective cohort study

Serum thyroglobulin (TG) is used to monitor for recurrence or progression of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). The role of preoperative TG measurement is more ambiguous, yet still being used in some centers. We aimed to determine whether preoperative TG correlates with disease stage or metastatic burden. A retrospective review of patients with TG measured before thyroidectomy was conducted. Data collected included demographics, preoperative TG, pathology, and cancer stage. Associations between preoperative TG levels and size of largest malignant nodule, thyroid gland size, stage of cancer, and presence of metastasis using Wilcoxon rank sum tests and Spearman correlations were performed. Receiver operator curve (ROC) was generated for metastasis status. Of 598 patients, we excluded those with positive TG antibodies (n = 176); 422 patients were included in the final analysis. Median age was 55 years and 76% were female. Of 78% with malignancy, papillary thyroid cancer was the most frequent (92%). 18% had TG levels >500 ng/mL and 29% <45 ng/mL. 4% had distant metastasis and 18% had lymph node metastasis. Median follow-up was 52 months. Significant positive correlations between preoperative TG and thyroid size (rho 0.49, p < 0.001), and malignant nodule size (rho 0.27, p < 0.001). Using a cut-off of 500 ng/mL, sensitivity to detect metastasis was 10.3% (95% CI 2.5–18.2), specificity 90.0% (95% CI 86.0–93.9). The area under curve for ROC (0.46, 95% CI 0.38–0.54) indicated poor diagnostic ability for metastasis. Although preoperative TG correlated significantly with the size of the gland and T stage, there was no correlation with metastasis. Preoperative TG is of limited utility in today’s value-based healthcare environment.
Markers of Renal Function in Older Adults Completing a Higher Protein Obesity Intervention and One Year Later: Findings from the MEASUR-UP Trial.

Increases in rates of obesity in the older population are hastening the development of chronic illnesses, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, obesity reduction in older adults is besought with concerns about the long-term benefit/risk, especially regarding loss of muscle mass and its impact on function. Higher protein intakes have been advocated to help offset the tendency for loss of muscle during weight reduction but this raises concerns about possible negative effects on older kidneys. We assessed markers of renal function in venous blood samples collected during a six-month randomized controlled weight loss trial of higher protein intake in obese (n = 67; BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) older (≥60 years) adults with physical frailty and age-normal renal status (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] ≥ 45); the Control diet (0.8 g protein/kg body weight/day; n = 21) was compared to a protein-enhanced (1.2 g/g protein/kg body weight/day with 30 g protein/meal; n = 41; Protein) diet. Results showed no group effect of the Protein treatment on markers of renal function (estimated GFR, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine), either upon intervention completion or one year later. Our findings align with literature support for the benefits of higher protein in the diets of older individuals during obesity reduction and help to confirm the safety of moderate increases in protein intake during weight loss in this population.
Early Intervention for the Prevention of Conduct Disorder: Research Issues in Early Identification, Implementation, and Interpretation of Treatment Outcome:

Conduct disorder typically develops in a context of multiple determinants. Parent and child characteristics, the dynamics of the interaction between the parent and child, and how that interaction i...
Introduction to Databases

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concept of database based on relational, object-oriented, and object-relational models, which represent significant advances in database technologies. Database federation issues are also introduced. A database is a collection of structured, interrelated information units. Database systems are used at all levels of management, research, and production to provide uniform access to and control of consistent information. This chapter reviews the concepts of structures, constraints, and operations of the relational database model along with an informal presentation of the major structured query language (SQL) server. The SQL language consists of a set of primitives for defining, accessing, and managing data stored in a relational database. A federated database system is a collection of autonomous, heterogeneous, and cooperative component database systems. The goal is to share and exchange information by cooperating with other components in the federation without compromising the autonomy of each component database system. The issues related to the sharing and exchange of information among federated database systems is considered in three different phases: namely, the information discovery phase, the semantic heterogeneity resolution phase, and the system-level interconnection phase.
Of Mice and Minis

Our basic understanding of synaptic neurobiology has undergone major shifts over the past decade. These revisions in this basic field, in combination with the application of advanced techniques in electrophysiology and molecular biology, have had a great impact on the study of the synaptic basis of alcohol-related brain disorders (intoxication, tolerance, dependence, withdrawal hyperexcitability, prenatal alcohol effects and neurotoxicity). One of the more definitive shifts is relative to the original Meyer-Overton derived work. Previously many investigators focused upon lipid effects and related intra-neuronal signaling processes (i.e. effects of ethanol on spike generation, conduction and repolarization mechanisms) (Chin and Goldstein, 1977; Hunt, 1985). Since the demonstration of specific effects of ethanol on distinct synaptic receptors, there has been a refocusing of work on the effects of ethanol on inter-neuronal signaling processes. Most investigators today agree the involvement of synaptic receptors in alcohol-related disorders is paramount and likely a major site of ethanol action on neural systems.
Application of the oxa-di-π-methane photoisomerization in the rearrangement of carbocycles possessing bridgehead unsaturation

Abstract Studies directed toward an application of the oxa-di-pi-methane (ODPM) photoisomerization to convert a bicyclo[4.4.1]undecene (1) to a bicyclo[5.3.1]undecene (3) are described. This transformation, which is equivalent to a 1,2-acyl shift, could find utility in the synthesis of bioactive natural products possessing bridgehead unsaturation.
Outcome of Arthroscopically Assisted Lower Trapezius Transfer to Reconstruct Massive Irreparable Posterior-Superior Rotator Cuff Tears

Background The purpose of this study is to report the outcome of arthroscopically assisted lower trapezius transfer to reconstruct irreparable posterior-superior rotator cuff tear. Methods Forty-one consecutive patients with irreparable posterior-superior rotator cuff tears who underwent an arthroscopically assisted transfer of the lower trapezius transfer were included in this study. The patients’ average age was 52 years (range 37-71), and average follow-up was 14 months (range 6-19 months). Nineteen patients had true pseudoparalysis preoperatively, whereas 66% had a prior failed rotator cuff repair. Outcome measures included visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, range of motion, Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV), and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score. Results Thirty-seven (90%) patients had significant improvement of all outcome scores: VAS, SSV, and DASH. The presence of a subscapularis tear did not affect the outcome. However, 3 patients who had preoperative rotator cuff arthropathy changes of the shoulder had persistent pain and limited range of motion of the shoulder after surgery, and 2 of them underwent reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Two additional patients had a traumatic rupture of the transfer as a result of fall (at 5 and 8 months postop). One underwent revision arthroscopic repair and did well after surgery, and the other had good pain relief but recurrent weakness and limited range of motion, and elected not to have a revision surgery. Conclusions Arthroscopic-assisted lower trapezius transfer may lead to a good outcome in patients with massive irreparable posterior-superior rotator cuff tears, including patients with pseudoparalysis. The presence of an associated reparable subscapularis tear did not affect the outcome.
Fundamental Insights into Deactivation by Leaching during Rhenium-Catalyzed Deoxydehydration

Deoxydehydration, a transformation that selectively converts diols into olefins in a single catalytic step, has great potential for biomass upgrading because it removes oxygen, and the obtained dou...
Biofilm and Cell Adhesion Strength on Dental Implant Surfaces via the Laser Spallation Technique

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study is to quantify the adhesion strength differential between an oral bacterial biofilm and an osteoblast-like cell monolayer to a dental implant-simulant surface and develop a metric that quantifies the biocompatible efficacy of implant surfaces. Methods High-amplitude short-duration stress waves generated by laser pulse absorption are used to spall bacteria and cells from titanium substrates. By carefully controlling laser fluence and calibration of laser fluence with applied stress, the adhesion difference between dental carry Streptococcus mutans biofilms and MG 63 osteoblast-like cell monolayers on smooth and rough titanium substrates is obtained. The Adhesion Index consists of a ratio of cell adhesion strength to biofilm adhesion strength obtaining a nondimensionalized parameter for biocompatibility assessments. Results Adhesion strength of 145±42 MPa is measured for MG 63 on smooth titanium, which increases to 288±24 MPa on roughened titanium. Adhesion strength for S. mutans on smooth titanium is 315±9 MPa and remained relatively constant at 332±9 MPa on roughened titanium. The Adhesion Index for smooth titanium is 0.46±0.12 which increased to 0.87±0.05 on roughened titanium. Significance The laser spallation technique provides a platform to examine the tradeoffs of adhesion modulators on both biofilm and cell adhesion. This tradeoff is characterized by the Adhesion Index, which is proposed to aid biocompatibility screening and could result in improved implantation outcomes. The Adhesion Index is implemented to determine surface factors that promote favorable adhesion of cells greater than biofilms. Here, an Adhesion Index >> 1 suggests favorable biocompatibility. Graphical Abstract Highlights Biofilm and cell monolayer adhesion are measured via the laser spallation technique Smooth and roughened dental implant-mimicking titanium surfaces are investigated Surface roughness increases cell adhesion but does not alter the adhesion of biofilms An Adhesion Index is developed to directly quantify the adhesive competition between bacteria and cells on an implant surface
Religion and Spirituality, Meaning, and Faith in American Psychiatry From the 19th to the 21st Century

Since the beginning of American psychiatry, we have discovered and rediscovered connections among religion, spirituality, meaning, and mental health. In the 19th century, religion was an embedded attribute of moral therapy, the framework for treatment in mental institutions. During the decades in the 20th century when psychoanalysis was ascendant in the profession, some psychiatrists collaborated with the emerging field of pastoral care. As biological psychiatry has come to dominate the profession, though, pastoral care providers and some psychiatric researchers have identified gaps in the human interactions that characterize ideal and meaningful encounters with patients. This article examines how religion has been mobilized in American psychiatry over the centuries within institutional settings, but also looks at a broad consideration of faith in psychiatrists' clinical interventions, how that has affected their interactions with religious ideas and people, and where they have found meaning and purpose in mental health care.
Anisotropic band structure of TiS3 nanoribbon revealed by polarized photocurrent spectroscopy

A re-discovered member of the layered material family, Titanium Trisulfide (TiS3), has attracted intense research interest recently for the possibility of realizing an exciton insulator in the monolayer limit. However, due to their quasi-one-dimensional nature, thin TiS3 flakes are typically in the form of nanoribbons that are challenging to characterize by optical absorption spectra, due to their small cross section. Here, we employ a sensitive photocurrent spectroscopy technique to probe the absorption of a thin TiS3 nanoribbon in a field-effect transistor configuration. We have found a significant modification of the band structure of the thin TiS3 nanoribbon, compared to its bulk counterpart. In addition, the polarization-dependent photocurrent spectra of thin TiS3 nanoribbons exhibit greatly enhanced anisotropy compared to that of a thick TiS3 device. The atomically thin TiS3 flake, thus, not only provides an exciting platform for investigating many-body physics but also enables anisotropic quantum optoelectronics.
Population scale nucleic acid delivery to Caenorhabditis elegans via electroporation

ABSTRACT The free-living nematode C.elegans remains one of the most robust and flexible genetic systems for inter-rogating the complexities of animal biology. Targeted genetic manipulations, such as RNA interference (RNAi), CRISPR/Cas9- or array-based transgenesis, all depend on initial delivery of nucleic acids. Delivery of dsRNA by feeding can be effective, but expression in E. coli is not conducive to experiments intended to remain sterile or with defined microbial communities. Soaking-based delivery requires prolonged exposure of animals to high material concentrations without a food source and is of limited throughput. Last, microinjection of individual animals can precisely deliver materials to animals’ germlines, but is limited by the need to target and inject each animal one-by-one. Thus, we sought to address some of these challenges in nucleic acid delivery by developing a population-scale delivery method. We demonstrate efficient electroporation-mediated delivery of dsRNA throughout the worm and effective RNAi-based silencing, including in the germline. Finally, we show that guide RNA delivered by electroporation can be utilized by transgenic Cas9 expressing worms for population-scale genetic targeting. Together, these methods expand the scale and scope of genetic methodologies that can be applied to the C.elegans system.
Interference-Enhanced Optical Magnetism in High-Index Resonators

In this paper we show that optical magnetism in high-index resonators can be enhanced by adding a highly reflective back mirror and this effect can be used to enable low-pump power ultrafast nonlinear optics as well as efficient directional surface plasmon wave couplers. Our results indicate that the interference-enhanced magnetism of high-index resonators offers the potential for applications in various linear and nonlinear photonic devices.
Association of Systemic Inflammatory Factors with Progression to Advanced Age-related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss in the elderly. The role of systemic inflammation in AMD remains unclear specifically in patients with intermediate AMD (iAMD). We sought to determine whether systemic inflammation was associated with future iAMD progression.Methods Combinations of 27 circulating inflammatory markers including complement factors, cytokines, chemokines, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were evaluated in iAMD patients recruited into a Colorado AMD registry. Systemic inflammatory markers were combined using principal component analysis. Risk factors for AMD progression were evaluated using Cox regression models.Results This study included 99 subjects with iAMD, 21 of which progressed to advanced AMD. Two principal components (PCs) were identified that contributed to the risk of progression to advanced AMD, after adjusting for age and bilateral reticular pseudodrusen. The strongest associated PC was explained largely by the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα and the anti-inflammatory IL1ra antagonist of IL1. The additional PC was largely explained by IL6, IL8, C3 and factor D in the positive direction and CRP, MCP1, factor B and factor I in the negative direction.Conclusion When evaluated through multivariate analyses, combinations of biomarkers distinguished patients who did and did not progress to future advanced AMD. Increased risk could result from different combinations of analyte levels indicating a complex relationship rather than a simple increase in a few markers. This suggests that studying systemic inflammation in iAMD can provide insights into early pathologic events and potentially identify patients at highest risk for the development of severe AMD.
indelPost: harmonizing ambiguities in simple and complex indel alignments.

Summary Small insertions and deletions (indels) in nucleotide sequence may be represented differently between mapping algorithms and variant callers, or in the flanking sequence context. Representational ambiguity is especially profound for complex indels, complicating comparisons between multiple mappings and call sets. Complex indels may additionally suffer from incomplete allele representation, potentially leading to critical misannotation of variant effect. We present indelPost, a Python library that harmonizes these ambiguities for simple and complex indels via realignment and read-based phasing. We demonstrate that indelPost enables accurate analysis of ambiguous data and can derive the correct complex indel alleles from the simple indel predictions provided by standard small variant detectors, with improved performance over a specialized tool for complex indel analysis. Availability indelPost is freely available at: https://github.com/stjude/indelPost. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Surgical Management of Lisfranc Injuries and Variants in the Athlete

Injuries to the tarsometatarsal joint (Lisfranc injuries) are an important and common injury in the athlete. Vigilant evaluation and diagnosis are critical to assure good outcomes. In general, surgical management is indicated in cases where instability is confirmed or strongly suspected. The focus of this chapter is on surgical management and rehabilitation techniques for Lisfranc injuries in the athletic population.
Traits of Writing, Traits of Art

TRAITS OF WRITING, TRAITS OF ART By Michelle Ciancarelli Becker M.A.E A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art Education at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2006. Major Director: Pamela Taylor Ph.D., Department Chair Department of Art Education A study was conducted of Introductory Art students to find if the six traits of writing as written by Spandel/Stiggins (1997) would have influence over a narrative painting when combined with the six traits of painting. Inconclusive findings were reported. Data difference between the treated and untreated class was less than one point. More research needs to be conducted to study transfer of knowledge from verbal to visual as well as from one curriculum to another with both curriculums teaching same material.
BORREGO MOUNTAIN EARTHQUAKE OF APRIL 8, 1968

The strongest earthquake (M6.5) to strike California in more than 15 years hit the western edge of the Imperial Valley near Borrego Mountain at 6:29 p.m. (PST) April 8, 1968. The location of the shock in a largely undeveloped area was apparently responsible for the generally light structural damage and absence of serious injury. However, a joint California Institute of Technology—U.S. Geological Survey team observed a number of ground effects that have important engineering implications. Tectonic ruptures along a 20-mile segment of the Coyote Creek fault were especially significant because of the unusual width and complexity of the fractured zone. The locations of individual fractures could have been closely predicted over no more than half their extent. Ground effects characteristics of Modified-Mercalli intensities of VIII-IX were observed at distances of up to 30 miles from the ruptured fault and, as such, roughly matched those indicated for the epicentral area. It is inferred that intensity was governed as much by ground conditions as proximity to the epicenter.
High energy insertion cathodes

Vanadium oxides have shown promising electrochemical properties as rechargeable Li/sup +/ insertion cathodes. The Li/VO/sub x/ systems have a high theoretical specific energy and a high open circuit voltage. In this paper initial results on Li/sup +/ insertion in two types of VO/sub x/ cathodes are presented: V/sub 6/O/sub 13/ composites and V/sub 2/O/sub 5/ xerogels. Both materials can be readily processed in the form suitable for large scale industrial fabrication. With future applications in mind, the aim of the present paper is to assess the relationship between the morphology and the structure of the active material on one hand and the specific energy and power on the other. >
Lieb-Robinson bounds for classical anharmonic lattice systems

We prove locality estimates, in the form of Lieb-Robinson bounds, for classical oscillator systems defined on a lattice. Our results hold for the harmonic system and a variety of anharmonic perturbations with long range interactions. The anharmonic estimates are applicable to a special class of observables, the Weyl functions, and the bounds which follow are not only independent of the volume but also the initial condition.
Ureidoglycolate Synthetase of Streptococcus allantoicus II. Properties of the Enzyme and Reaction Equilibrium

Gaudy, Elizabeth T. (University of Illinois, Urbana), and R. S. Wolfe. Ureidoglycolate synthetase of Streptococcus allantoicus . II. Properties of the enzyme and reaction equilibrium. J. Bacteriol. 90: 1531–1536. 1965.—The properties of ureidoglycolate synthetase from Streptococcus allantoicus grown on allantoin were studied, by use of the purified enzyme preparation and crystalline sodium ureidoglycolate. Ureidoglycolate synthetase activity was maximal over the p H range of 8.4 to 8.8. No cofactors were required for the reaction. Enzyme activity was inhibited by p -chloromercuribenzoate at relatively high concentrations, by Hg ++ or Zn ++ ions, and to a lesser extent by several other metal cations. The maximal velocity for the purified ureidoglycolate synthetase, determined graphically from a Lineweaver-Burk plot, was 220 μmoles of glyoxylate formed per min per mg of protein. The substrate concentration required for half-maximal velocity was 3.3 × 10 −2 m. The equilibrium constant for the synthesis of ureidoglycolate was determined in a series of reaction mixtures covering a wide range of initial concentrations of reactants. The position of the equilibrium was not affected by a change in p H or by the presence of enzyme. The equilibrium constant for the reaction in the direction of synthesis was 7.6, corresponding to a negative free energy change of 1,230 cal per mole.
Effect of local arterial hypotension on cat intestinal capillary permeability.

Abstract The effects of local arterial hypotension on lymph flow, lymphatic protein flux, and capillary permeability were analyzed in an isolated vascularly perfused cat ileum preparation. Reductions in perfusion pressure to 30–40 mmHg (60 min) resulted in a lowering of lymph flow and an increase in the lymph to plasma protein concentration ratio. Release of the partial arterial occlusion caused lymph flow and lymph to plasma protein concentration ratio to increase above their control values. Venous outflow pressure was then increased in 10 mmHg increments to 30 mmHg. The capillary osmotic reflection coefficient was estimated from the relationship between lymph to plasma protein concentration ratio and lymph flow. Values of the osmotic reflection coefficient for total proteins and individual protein fractions were significantly lower than control values. The results of this study indicate that 1 hr of regional ischemia significantly increases the permeability of intestinal capillaries. The increased capillary permeability accounts, at least in part, for the enhanced capillary filtration and interstitial fluid accumulation which occurs in the posthypotensive small intestine.
Real-time detection of protein trafficking with high-throughput flow cytometry (HTFC) and fluorogen-activating protein (FAP) base biosensor.

We combined fluorogen-activating protein (FAP) technology with high-throughput flow cytometry to detect real-time protein trafficking to and from the plasma membrane in living cells. The hybrid platform allows drug discovery for trafficking receptors, such as G protein–coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, and ion channels, which were previously not suitable for high-throughput screening by flow cytometry. The system has been validated using the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) system and extended to other GPCRs. When a chemical library containing ∼1200 off-patent drugs was screened against cells expressing FAP-tagged β2AR, all known β2AR active ligands in the library were successfully identified, together with a few compounds that were later confirmed to regulate receptor internalization in a nontraditional manner. The unexpected discovery of new ligands by this approach indicates the potential of using this protocol for GPCR de-orphanization. In addition, screens of multiplexed targets promise improved efficiency with minor protocol modification. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 67:9.43.1-9.43.11. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: high-throughput flow cytometer; fluorogen-activating protein; G protein–coupled receptor; receptor trafficking; live-cell assay
Revalidation of the Volatile Organic Analyzer Following a Major On-Orbit Maintenance Activity

The Volatile Organic Analyzer (VOA) contributes to the assessment of air quality aboard the International Space Station (ISS) by identifying and quantifying target airborne volatile organic contaminants in the module air. This on-orbit contaminant monitoring capability becomes particularly important during an air quality degradation event such as a system leak. During several ISS air quality degradations, the VOA has generated near real-time data that was used to make decisions or to better understand the contingency. The VOA was operational from January 2002 through June 2003, during which time it was validated by comparing VOA data to simultaneously acquired grab sample containers (GSCs). In January 2003, one of the two analytical channels of the VOA was shutdown because of a component failure, but a redundant channel continued to supply the necessary analytical data. In June 2003, the sole remaining channel was deactivated. Initial assessments of the channel shutdowns pointed to failed fuses or heaters, but neither was considered repairable on orbit. In 2005, it was determined that failed fuses could be replaced on orbit and the crew conducted a diagnostic procedure to identify the failed component. The crew discovered that both channels incurred failed fuses, which lead to a subsequent on orbit maintenance activity and return of the VOA to operational status in December 2005. The VOA has been providing data on the ISS atmosphere since its reactivation in 2005 and this paper will present the VOA data collected during 2006. Special emphasis will be placed upon the revalidation of the repaired VOA using GSCs as well as a summary of the diagnostic and repair procedures.
ZrSiOx/IGZO heterojunctions band offsets determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract We measured the valence band offset of sputtered ZrSiOx (bandgap 5.9 eV) on InGaZnO4 (IGZO) using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the bandgaps of these materials using either absorption or reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy. This enabled us to additionally derive the conduction band offsets. We examined the effect of venting the samples prior to dielectric deposition on the band offsets compared to keeping them in vacuum. The ZrSiOx/IGZO system has a staggered, type II alignment, with a valence band offset of −0.12 eV ± 0.04 eV for samples in which all the layers were kept in vacuum or −0.05 eV for samples exposed to atmosphere prior to the measurement. The conduction band offset for ZrSiOx/IGZO was derived as 2.86 eV for the vacuum samples from the measured bandgap of the IGZO (3.16 eV) and 2.93 eV for vented samples. The small valence band offsets in this system are consistent with past reports that ZrO2/IGZO has essentially no valence band offset.
The effect of lidocaine on postoperative jejunal motility in normal horses.

Objective— To measure the effect of lidocaine on the duration of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) and Phases I, II, and III of the MMC, spiking activity of the jejunum, and number of Phase III events when administered postoperatively to normal horses. Study Design— Nonrandomized cross-over design. Methods— Horses were anesthetized and via flank laparotomy 4 silver–silver chloride bipolar electrodes were sutured to the proximal jejunum. Electrical activity was recorded for 6 hours during 3 recording sessions beginning 24, 48, and 72 hours postoperatively. Saline (0.9% NaCl) solution was administered for 3 hours followed by lidocaine administration for 3 hours (1.3 mg/kg bolus intravenously [IV], 0.05 mg/kg/min IV constant rate infusion). Results— Duration of MMC was unchanged during lidocaine administration (77 minutes—saline versus 105 minutes—lidocaine, P=.16). Durations of Phase I and II were unchanged during lidocaine administration (P=.19 and .056, respectively). Phase III was shorter during lidocaine administration (P=.002). Spiking activity was unchanged at all time periods during lidocaine administration (24 hours—P=.10; 48 hours—P=.95; and 72 hours—P=.12). The number of Phase III events was unchanged over all time periods during lidocaine administration (P=.053). Conclusions— Duration of MMC, spiking activity, and number of Phase III events was unchanged during lidocaine administration. Clinical Relevance— Use of lidocaine as a prokinetic agent cannot be supported by this study in normal horses; however, results may differ in clinically affected horses.
[3H]U-69593 labels a subtype of kappa opiate receptor with characteristics different from that labeled by [3H]ethylketocyclazocine.

Abstract [3H]U-69593 is an opiate agonist that has been reported to bind in vitro with high affinity and selectivity to the kappa receptor subtype. The studies reported here were designed to determine the optimal conditions for labeling kappa receptors with [3H]U-69593 and to further characterize the binding site. The effects of temperature and NaCl on [3H]U-69593 binding were of particular interest because previous studies reported that [3H]ethylketocyclazocine ([3H]EKC) and [3H]bremazocine binding to kappa receptors was optimal at 4° C in the presence of NaCl. Those conditions were not found to be optimal for [3H]U-69593 binding. Although the pharmacological specificity and Bmax of [3H]U-69593 binding was similar at room temperature and at 4° C, the binding affinity was approximately three times lower at 4° C than at room temperature. In addition, NaCl had an effect on [3H]U-69593 binding that was opposite that on [3H]EKC binding at 4° C (100 nM DAGO and 100 nM DADLE were included in all [3H]EKC assays to prevent binding to mu and delta receptors), i.e. NaCl decreased, rather than increased, [3H]U-69593 binding at 4° C. These differences between [3H]U-69593 and [3H]EKC binding at 4° C were accentuated by a vast difference in the density of the binding sites (Bmax ≈ 12 fmol/mg protein for [3H]U-69593 vs ≈ 375 fmol/mg protein for [3H]EKC at 4° C in the presence of NaCl) and suggested that [3H]U-69593 might bind selectively to a kappa receptor subtype. This concept was supported by competition experiments. In particular, the site labeled by [3H]EKC at 4° C was found to be relatively insensitive (compared to [3H]U-69593 and [3H]EKC binding at room temperature) to the kappa agonist U-50488H, a close analog to U-69593. Based on these findings, we propose that [3H]U-69593 (and U-50488H) labels a kappa receptor subtype which differs from that labeled by [3H]EKC at 4° C.
Methods for estimating end of life electronics exports from North America

The growing demand from developing countries for used electronics, combined with higher recycling fees and wages for electronics disassembly in North America as compared to in developing countries, drives the export of some end of life (EOL) electronics to developing countries. Some exported EOL electronics are reused or recycled formally in factories. Concerns have been raised regarding harm to the health and safety of workers, community members and the local environment in communities engaged in informal recycling of other EOL electronics due to the toxic content of some electronic components, which can be exposed during materials recovery.
Characterization of Thymidine Kinase Encoded by Channel Catfish Virus

Abstract The thymidine kinase (TK) encoded by channel catfish virus (CCV) was demonstrated to be biochemically distinguishable from the TK of the host cell line, channel catfish ovary (CCO), as well as from TKs encoded by other herpesviruses. Extracts of CCO cells and of TK-negative CCO cells infected with CCV were assayed for differences in inhibition by deoxynucleosides, in feedback inhibition mediated by thymidine triphosphate (dTTP), and in phosphate donor specificity. Results indicated that, compared with CCO-encoded TK, CCV-encoded TK was more inhibited by deoxypurines and showed less dTTP-mediated feedback inhibition. The CCV-TK was unique among herpesvirus TKs in its inability to utilize CTP as a phosphate donor.
Control problems in solar domestic hot water systems

Abstract The settings on the controller for a solar domestic hot water system can have major impact on the “ratings” obtained from a 1-day test or simulation. The settings become more critical as the effectiveness of any freeze protection heat exchanger decreases. This paper develops equations for optimal controller settings that will maximize the simulated performance. The practice of using solar radiation that is constant over hourly periods in both experimental- and simulation-based rating procedures is shown to cause problems. Recommendations are made for controller settings that yield a “fair” rating comparison.
Surgical implantation of avulsed lumbosacral ventral roots promotes restoration of bladder morphology in rats

Injuries to the cauda equina and conus medullaris of the spinal cord commonly result in paraplegia, sensory deficits, neuropathic pain, as well as bladder, bowel, and reproductive dysfunctions. In a recently developed lower motoneuron model for cauda equina injury and repair, we have demonstrated that an acute surgical implantation of avulsed lumbosacral ventral roots into the conus medullaris is neuroprotective, promotes regeneration of efferent spinal cord axons into the implanted roots, and may result in functional reinnervation of the lower urinary tract. Here, we investigated the effects of a bilateral lumbosacral ventral root avulsion (VRA) injury and re-implantation on the morphology of the rat bladder at twelve weeks post-operatively. We demonstrated a VRA-induced overall thinning of the bladder wall, which exhibited reduced thickness of both the lamina propria and smooth muscle. In contrast, the bladder epithelium markedly increased its thickness in the injured series. Quantitative immunohistochemical studies showed a selective increase in CGRP immunoreactivity in the lamina propria after the VRA injury. Interestingly, the injury-induced changes in bladder wall morphology were ameliorated by an acute implantation of the lesioned roots into the conus medullaris. Specifically, bladders of the implanted group showed a partial restoration of the thickness of the lamina propria and epithelium as well as a return of CGRP immunoreactivity to baseline levels in the lamina propria. Our results support the notion that surgical implantation of severed ventral roots into the spinal cord may promote the recovery of a normal morphological phenotype in peripheral end organs.
Channel Detecting Jamming Attacks against Jump-Stay Based Channel Hopping Rendezvous Algorithms for Cognitive Radio Networks

Recently many channel hopping algorithms have been studied to guarantee rendezvous for Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs). These algorithms propose rendezvous methods without using common control channels (CCCs) to avoid the limitations such as single point of failure, low scalability, and jamming attacks. In particular, the Jump-Stay based channel hopping rendezvous (JSR) algorithms provide guaranteed rendezvous for CRNs with no time synchronization or CCCs (i.e., blind rendezvous). However, the JSR algorithms are still vulnerable to Channel Detecting Jamming Attacks (CDJAs) in which the jammer can estimate the channel hopping sequences within the first jump-pattern. The jammer can compute the entire JSR channel hopping sequence and thus reduce the rendezvous success rate from 100% to less than 20% and 10% using one and two listening channels respectively. To mitigate this problem, we revisit both the Random rendezvous scheme and the Role-based Channel Rendezvous (RCR) scheme extended from role- based rendezvous algorithms to increase the probability of the rendezvous against the CDJAs. We also compare the JSR algorithm to both the Random and RCR algorithms and show the Random and RCR vastly outperform the JSR algorithm when there are security concerns about a channel detecting jammer. Especially, the effectiveness of CDJA is negligible for the Random and RCR schemes but their expected time to rendezvous (TTR) is close to the JSR's expected TTR.
The occurrence of antibodies in rabbit anti-pneumococcus antisera directed against calcium dependent and independent determinants.

Two type specific acidic polysaccharides from Pneumococci (type III and type VIII) have been used to prepare immuno-adsorbents. The polysaccharides were coupled to Sepharose 4B via a 1,6 hexanediamine spacer and used to isolate two populations of type specific antibodies from rabbit anti-pneumococcus antisera. One population requires calcium to affect interaction with the homologous polysaccharide, while the other population has no such requirement. The isolated antibodies are of the lgG class and are fully active in precipitin assays.
A nonstandard finite difference scheme for a PDE modeling combustion with nonlinear advection and diffusion

We construct a discrete model for a particular PDE having nonlinear advection, diffusion, and reaction. The use of the author's nonstandard finite difference methods form the basis for this construction. We demonstrate that the solutions to the scheme satisfy positivity and boundedness conditions. Further, an explicit functional relation between the time and space step-sizes is obtained. A discussion is given as to how these results can be generalized to a broad class of PDE's having these same structural properties.
A large-format focal plane array for rapid THz computed tomography

We present a large-format focal plane array sensor for THz imaging. Each pixel of the sensor array consists of an 85μm×92μm lithographically fabricated wideband dual-slot antenna, monolithically integrated with an ultra-fast diode tuned for the 0.6-1.2 THz band. The small antenna footprint enables a densely packed THz imaging array. Concurrently, optimum impedance matching was implemented for maximum pixel sensitivity, enabling real-time image acquisition. The video rate response time (25 Hz) achieved by the THz focal plane array sensor enables, for the first time, the practical realization of THz computed tomography. Cross-sectional images of representative objects were captured in less than 2 minutes for tomography reconstruction. We demonstrate sub-millimeter image resolution as well as unique quantitative and qualitative information about the test samples in the THz band.
Protamine induced arterial hypoxaemia: the relationship to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

Protamine administration may induce arterial hypoxaemia in dogs and humans. However, the responsible mechanism has not been established. Protamine, as it is a pulmonary vasoactive substance, may interfere with normal hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPVj and cause arterial hypoxaemia. This possibility was tested in dogs utilizing a one tung hypoxic model. One lung hypoxic ventilation decreased pulmonary blood flow in the hypoxic lung from 1022 ± 96 ml*min-1 (mean ± SEM) to 846 ± 39 ml*min-1(p < 0.05) while increasing blood flow from 833 ± 85 ml*min-1to 1109 ± 101 ml*min-1 (p < 0.05) in the normoxic lung, resulting in 24 per cent effective diversion of blood flow. Protamine infusion, after heparinization, markedly elevated pulmonary vascular resistance in both lungs but preferentially in the normoxic lung (102 ± 27 per cent increase in normoxic lung, 60 ± 6.4 per cent increase in hypoxic lung) and significantly reversed the pulmonary blood flow shift induced by one lung hypoxic ventilation (effective diversion of blood flow was reduced to four per cent). Concurrently, arterial PO2 further decreased. Our results demonstrate that protamine interferes with effectiveness of pre-existing HPV and suggest that this mechanism, at least in part, may be responsible for arterial hypoxaemia observed after protamine infusion. The marked generalized pulmonary vasoconstriction with protamine appears to be the direct force that interferes with pre-existing auto-regulatory HPV. In addition to the well known haemodynamic effects of protamine, protamine infusion may also cause arterial hypoxaemia in those patients in whom HPV plays a significant role in maintaining arterial oxygenation.