cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Impact of the 2011 ACGME Resident Duty Hour Regulations on Surgical Residency Programs: The Program Director Perspective

Background The 2011 ACGME regulations required substantial changes to the structure of general surgery residency programs, due primarily to the 16-hour in-house rule for PGY1 residents. However, the scope of changes that programs have undertaken to meet these requirements, and the educational impact of those changes, are poorly understood. Study Design We performed in-depth qualitative interviews with general surgery program directors. Twenty program directors participated in the study; interviews were conducted until adequate thematic saturation was achieved. Participants were recruited from a stratified random sampling of residency programs in the United States to ensure a representative cohort. Interviews focused on changes in call schedule, interns' educational requirements, development, and satisfaction. Results Most programs used a month-long night float (NF) rotation (14 of 20 [75%]). A minority of programs (5 of 20 [25%]) used a weekly rotating schedule, in which interns worked 5 to 6 nights in a month. Multiple programs (65%) had an NF in place before 2011; these programs made changes to and expanded their existing schedule to accommodate the new regulations. Commonly cited challenges to instituting NF included weekend coverage (60%) and providing adequate days off during day-to-night transition. Interns spent as much as 3 months of the year on NF. Only 5 programs made explicit changes to teaching schedules or developed a curriculum for residents on NF. Seventy-five percent of programs excused interns, explicitly or implicitly, from didactic teaching when on NF. Common themes noted by program directors included delayed maturation of trainees, interns being isolated from the team culture, and a conflict between the professional behaviors of "following the rules" and "doing what is right."
Ultra-thin SOI MOSFETs at high temperature

Integrated circuits operating at elevated temperatures are of interest in several applications such as automotive, well logging, aircraft, and spacecraft. Conventional silicon integrated circuits usually cease to function at approximately 250/spl deg/C because of excessive junction leakage currents. Source-drain junction areas in the MOSFETs fabricated in SOI are much smaller than those in bulk Si MOSFETs. In addition, the total volume of Si in SOI devices is also very small, which can reduce the diffusion currents across the junction especially at high temperatures. Hence, in principle, smaller leakage currents can be achieved at high temperatures if bulk Si quality source-drain junctions are made in SOI MOSFETs employing ultra-thin Si films. The possibility of lower leakage currents makes SOI MOSFETs attractive for operation at elevated temperatures beyond the operating temperatures of bulk Si MOSFETs. Several studies of SOI devices at elevated temperatures are found in the published literature. Speculations on extending the operating temperature to higher values (/spl sim/500/spl deg/C) with improved performance by extremely thinning the SOI film (30 nm) have also been made in the literature. This present study of fully depleted NMOS devices fabricated in thin (23.5, 63.5 and 91.5 nm) SIMOX Si films was taken up to verify the high temperature advantages of thinning the SOI film. >
ACSL1, AGPAT6, FABP3, LPIN1, and SLC27A6 are the most abundant isoforms in bovine mammary tissue and their expression is affected by stage of lactation

The lactating bovine mammary gland is a formidable triacylglycerol-synthesizing machine and, as such, represents an ideal model for studying putative functions of distinct isoforms of solute carrier family 27 transporters [(SLC27A) 1, 2, 3, 5, 6], long chain acyl-CoA synthetases [(ACSL) 1, 3, 4, 5, 6], fatty acid binding proteins [(FABP) 1, 3, 4, 5, 6], 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferases [(AGPAT) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], and lipins [(LPIN) 1, 2, 3]. The relative percentage of mRNA abundance and fold-changes in the expression of isoforms in mammary tissue from 6 cows each at -15, 15, 60, and 240 d relative to parturition were analyzed using quantitative PCR. Transcripts of FABP isoforms were most abundant, accounting for 78% of the 28 genes measured, and SLC27A isoforms were least abundant (< 0.5% of genes measured). mRNA of AGPAT, ACSL, and LPIN accounted for approximately 12, 7, or approximately 2%, respectively, of all genes measured. The mRNA abundance at 60 d postpartum for FABP3, ACSL1, AGPAT6, and LPIN1 was 80-, 7-, 15-, and 20-fold greater relative to -15 d. Transcripts of these isoforms constituted the most abundant within each specific gene family. SLC27A2, SLC27A5, and SLC27A6 had peak expression at 240, 240, or 15 d relative to parturition, respectively. Results suggest that SLC27A6, ACSL1, FABP3, AGPAT6, and LPIN1 coordinately regulate the channeling of fatty acids toward copious milk fat synthesis in bovine mammary.
Policy Schedule Advisor for Performance Management

Policies are being increasingly used as a means of implementing autonomic computing features in IT systems. Since these policies consume system resources, the performance of a policy-based system may be hampered if resource intensive policies are scheduled at the same time when other policies and applications are being executed. However, with applications being accessed by users globally across time zones, and fast changing business needs, it is increasingly difficult to identify and maintain suitable schedules for these policies. In this paper we propose a framework to address the above aspect of the policy-based autonomic computing - the problem of determining when to schedule a given policy such that its impact on system performance is minimized, and then giving appropriate feedback. This feedback is aimed at assisting the policy maker in defining or redefining the policy schedule so that it can be executed more efficiently. In this framework, we make use of the underlying log data (i.e. resource utilization data) of a managed resource in order to determine an appropriate policy schedule. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach using DB2 as a managed resource and policies for data management
On Discriminating between GCM Forcing Configurations Using Bayesian Reconstructions of Late-Holocene Temperatures

AbstractSeveral climate modeling groups have recently generated ensembles of last-millennium climate simulations under different forcing scenarios. These experiments represent an ideal opportunity to establish the baseline feasibility of using proxy-based reconstructions of late-Holocene climate as out-of-calibration tests of the fidelity of the general circulation models used to project future climate. This paper develops a formal statistical model for assessing the agreement between members of an ensemble of climate simulations and the ensemble of possible climate histories produced from a hierarchical Bayesian climate reconstruction. As the internal variabilities of the simulated and reconstructed climate are decoupled from one another, the comparison is between the two latent, or unobserved, forced responses. Comparisons of the spatial average of a 600-yr high northern latitude temperature reconstruction to suites of last-millennium climate simulations from the GISS-E2 and CSIRO models, respectively, ...
Comparison of Various Columns for the High-Speed HPLC Analysis of Drugs of Forensic Interest

Abstract A comparison of the use of various commercially available columns for the high-speed reverse-phase ion-pair high performance liquid chromatographic separation of drugs of forensic interest is discussed. The columns include a Partisil 5 ODS-3 RAC, a Partisil 5 C8 RAC, a Radial Pak microBondapak C18 cartridge, a Perkin-Elmer HS/5 C18 and a Perkin-Elmer HS/3 C18. The mobile phases employed contain water, acetonitrile, phosphoric acid, and sodium hydroxide, with or without hexylamine. When a mobile phase without an amine modifier is employed, retention times were at least halved, except with a HS/3 C18 column, over those obtained with conventional columns. Basic drugs did not elute when the above mobile phase is used with a HS/3 C18 column. In addition, the selectivities of the other high speed columns were similar. Further reductions in retention times and different selectivities were obtained when an amine modifier is utilized. Column performance parameters such as n, V and v are presented for the ...
Pedestrian Access to Transit: Model of Walk Trips and Their Design and Urban Form Determinants Around Bay Area Rapid Transit Stations:

Walking links practically every trip taken, yet it has not been maximized as a primary mode of transportation, and the characteristics of walk trips are little understood. The Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system has been used for primary analysis of characteristics of pedestrian access to transit. A travel survey of individual riders was used to develop a disaggregate discrete choice logit model of walk access to BART stations. Characteristics with the highest probability of choosing walking over another mode are distance, availability of a car, and gender. Linear regression analysis of aggregate station area characteristics was developed; density, the number of parking spaces at the station, and income and education of the residents were identified as key factors in the decision to walk. When the logit and regression models were combined into a single model, there was a clear shift toward individual characteristics over aggregate station area characteristics that determines access-mode choice. Among phy...
Even 2 × 2 Submatrices of a Random Zero-One Matrix

Consider an m×n zero-one matrix A. An s×t submatrix of A is said to be even if the sum of its entries is even. In this paper, we focus on the case m=n and s=t=2. The maximum number M(n) of even 2×2 submatrices of A is clearly ** and corresponds to the matrix A having, e.g., all ones (or zeros). A more interesting question, motivated by Turan numbers and Hadamard matrices, is that of the minimum number m(n) of such matrices. It has recently been shown that ** for some constant B. In this paper we show that if the matrix A=An is considered to be induced by an infinite zero one matrix obtained at random, then ** where En denotes the number of even 2×2 submatrices of An. Results such as these provide us with specific information about the tightness of the concentration of En around its expected value of **.
ROLLER-COMPACTED CONCRETE MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE WITH GYRATORY COMPACTOR

Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) pavements are durable and can be built rapidly and economically. In previous research, the gyratory compactor has proved to be a reliable instrument and overcome the drawbacks of other methods used to mold laboratory and field samples. Work is under way by different organizations in Canada, Japan, and the United States to improve mix design procedures for RCC. One procedure widely used for RCC pavements was developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. This research investigated improving mixture proportioning of RCC by using a gyratory compactor. Previous research suggested that the gyratory compactor could be used effectively to produce RCC test samples for both compressive and splitting tensile strength. An RCC mix design procedure using the gyratory compactor can benefit many transportation agencies because it provides a reliable way to evaluate the strength and density of RCC mix designs. Results for several RCC mixtures compacted to different densities are presented,...
Shear localization in transformation-induced faulting: first-order similarities to brittle shear failure

Abstract Transformation-induced faulting, a leading candidate for the mechanism of deep-focus earthquakes, leads to catastrophic shear failure in laboratory specimens by the growth and coalescence of microscopic Mode I “anticracks”, or packets of denser, microcrystalline transformed material. We have studied this phenomenon in Mg 2 GeO 4 olivine undergoing a polymorphic phase transformation to its denser spinel phase at 2.7 GPa and 1200 K under applied stress in order to better understand the details of anticrack growth and coalescence which leads to localized shear zones and macroscopic failure. Here, we report observations that address the early stages of shear localization. Preserved in one experiment of this series are microstructures typical of anticrack nucleation and growth as well as those involved in the self-organization of these features during the shear localization process. We have analyzed SEM and optical images of individual anticrack reaction interfaces and coalesced structures from this experiment and another experiment conducted under similar conditions but with a different strain history. We have isolated the reaction boundaries in these images and have performed fractal analysis of these boundary lines. We find that the fractal dimension of isolated, uncoalesced anticrack structures is consistently higher than that of structures formed from coalescence and coarsening of fine-grained reaction products. This result is consistent with the varying effects of stress and thermal feedback at these interfaces and also represents an interesting parallel with the fractal nature of brittle cracks and fault surfaces. We also measured the length of the long axis of uncoalesced anticrack structures found in the experiment arrested at failure, and find a roughly log-normal distribution of sizes, very similar to the distribution of microcrack lengths reported in experiments involving brittle shear failure. Microcracks and microanticracks both also commonly nucleate on grain boundaries, intracrystalline flaws, and phase boundaries. Shear zones (faults) formed by either of these mechanisms also regularly form at ∼30° to maximum compression. From this set of observations, we conclude that the general phenomenon of shear failure creates similar features in both systems (perhaps in any system which generates a shear instability), despite the major differences in the detailed microphysics. Because of the detailed and unambiguous measurements that are possible with images of transformation-induced faulting experiments, further studies of this faulting mechanism may provide new insights into brittle failure and shear localization processes.
Distributed People and Distributed Information Vigilant Decision-Making in Virtual Teams

The theoretical framework of vigilant interaction theory is used to examine information exchange and decision-making quality in virtual teams. Groups completed a hidden profile task in one of three geographic dispersion conditions: all members colocated, isolated, or mixed with two colocated and two isolated members. Vigilant interaction—discussion of task information, attention to other group members’ information, discussion of positive and negative attributes of the alternatives, and systematic information processing—predicted decision quality. Explicit reminders of information differences predicted pooling of unique information. No evidence was found for difficulties in interaction and task performance due to subgroup faultline dynamics; instead vigilant interaction was highest in groups with mixed distributions, suggesting they exerted compensatory effort. Exploratory analyses suggested that temporal vigilance was lowest in completely distributed groups. Implications for new dimensions of the vigilant...
Active Suspensions Based on Fast Load Levelers

SUMMARY A class of active suspensions is presented which provides near optimum isolation of base motion as well as zero static deflection for force disturbances using a simple type of feedback. The load leveling effect is rapid with the system stabilized using isolated mass velocity feedback both for a semi-active damper and for the load leveler. The system can be made energy conservative and fail safe since the system reverts to a reasonable passive isolator if the load leveling effect and even if the active damping effect is switched off. The system could be incorporated in automotive vehicles with some extension of the feedback control to account for several aspects of body motion.
An alternative model for the psychiatric clerkship.

Summary Clinical clerkships in psychiatry are traditionally based on in-patient services and thus limit student exposure in the main to seriously ill psychiatric patients. Such clerkships have been criticized as having questionable relevance to the primary care careers which are increasingly selected by medical students. The present paper describes a clerkship in which half the students are taught on a traditional in-patient service while half go to a special medical-psychiatric unit. In the latter situation, medical and psychiatric patients are housed together and consultation-liaison experiences play a prominent part in the students' experience. Some comparative data are presented which suggest that the two clerkship experiences are equally satisfactory to the students. It is concluded that a psychiatric clerkship utilizing settings and experiences which are close in character to primary care is educationally feasible.
This new house: Building knowledge through online learning

The purpose of this study was to understand from baccalaureate-degree nursing students the experience of virtual learning in nursing and to understand how online education enhanced and detracted from learning. Three in-depth, focus-group interviews were conducted with a total of 27 baccalaureate nursing students. Hermeneutic phenomenology was employed to analyze the narrative data. Seven themes were identified from the data. The first theme was "making the framework": (1) providing flexibility; (2) enabling students through observing, guiding, and modeling; (3) faculty as facilitators; and (4) questioning as method. The second theme was "building incredible dialogue": (1) having great discussions, (2) sharing ideas/knowledge, and (3) not being inhibited. The third theme was "critical thinking--the 3-D effect": (1) sitting with the words, (2) using references/research, (3) seeing a variety of perspectives, (4) critiquing self and others, and (5) using selective language. The fourth theme was "personal and professional growth": (1) being connected, (2) feeling valued and respected, and (3) having intimate relationships. The fifth theme, representing the outcomes for online courses, was "more comprehensive learning": (1) deeper understanding and (2) better retention of knowledge. The sixth theme was "being overwhelmed", and the seventh theme was "being frustrated". As a result of this study, an understanding of the phenomenon of online learning was developed. The findings provide direction for future development of the pedagogy of distance learning.
Prenatal diagnosis of cystinosis utilizing chorionic villus sampling

The prenatal diagnosis of cystinosis is currently based on the increased amount of free-cystine present in amniotic fluid cells. Amniocyte cultures must be grown for at least 2 weeks to obtain sufficient cells for such measurements. Thus, the diagnosis cannot be made until close to 20 weeks gestational age by this method. We report a case in which chorionic villi were used for direct cystine measurement resulting in the in utero diagnosis of cystinosis at 9 weeks gestational age. The diagnosis was confirmed by the study of cultured chorionic villus cells, and of the 10-week abortus.
5′-(2-Nitrophenylalkanoyl)-2′-deoxy-5-fluorouridines as potential prodrugs of FUDR for reductive activation ☆

Four 5'-(2-nitrophenylalkanoyl)-2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridines (1a-d) were designed and synthesized as potential prodrugs of FUDR for reductive activation. Two methyl groups were introduced alpha to the ester carbonyl to increase both the rate of cyclization activation and the stability of the conjugates towards serum esterases. Chemical reduction of the nitro group into an amino leads to cyclization and release of the active FUDR. Kinetic analysis of the cyclization activation process indicates that the two methyl groups alpha to the ester carbonyl restrict the rotational freedom of ground state molecule and promote the cyclization reaction. However, the two methyl groups also were found to render the conjugates as poor substrates of E. coli B nitroreductase. Conjugate 1c, without the two methyl groups, was reduced by E. coli B nitroreductase (t(1/2)=8 h) to give two products, a N-hydroxyl lactam and the drug FUDR, suggesting that the enzymatic reduction and subsequent cyclization activation proceeded through the hydroxylamine intermediate. These results indicate that cyclization activation will occur once the nitro group is reduced either to an amino or to a hydroxylamino group. The fact that the amino intermediates cyclized easily to release the incorporated drug FUDR suggests the feasibility of using peptide-linked acyl 2-aminophenylalkanoic acid esters as potential prodrugs for proteolytic activation.
Software engineering and undergraduate computing curricula

Most graduates of baccalaureate computing programs (at least in the United States) take jobs in the computing profession immediately upon graduation. These jobs generally involve software development or maintenance activities, and therefore demand certain software engineering skills and knowledge.It appears, however, that typical undergraduate computing programs are at present inadequately preparing their students in the area of software engineering. This was in evidence at the 1991 International Conference on Software Engineering, in comments made at plenary sessions and in a special workshop on directions in software engineering education. It is also evidenced by recent attempts to encourage development of software engineering programs at the undergraduate level, separate from those in computer science or computer engineering.The purpose of this panel is to explore the following question: “What software engineering knowledge and skills should be required in a typical baccalaureate computing program, assuming the program is preparing its graduates for immediate entry into the computing profession?” In addressing this question, the panel will consider the recent report of the ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Curriculum Task Force, proposed software engineering curricula for undergraduates, and accreditation criteria.
Acetyl coenzyme A synthase: new insights into one of Nature’s bioorganometallic catalysts

The Ni-Fe-S proteins carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (COdH) and acetyl coenzyme A synthase (ACS) are enzymes crucial to the global carbon cycle, as they interconvert C1 entities, CO2, CO, and CH3equivalent, via redox reactions that allow certain archae and eubacteria to grow autotrophically, fixing CO2 via the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway for their anabolic metabolism [1]. The ancestry of the organisms may be traced to the time of the origin of life, with these enzymes representing Nature’s earliest catalysts [2]. The redox reactions promoted by COdH and ACS, Eqs. 1 and 2, are reminiscent of the industrial water-gas shift and Monsanto acetic acid synthesis reactions, respectively, that may serve to connect the biological and organometallic communities while expanding the bioorganometallic paradigm beyond B12 chemistry [3]: COþH2O CO2 þ 2Hþ þ 2e ð1Þ
On strong independence of allocative efficiency from distribution in the theory of public goods

Abstract We extend Bergstrom and Cornes (1983) to show that for strong independence of efficient allocations from distribution in a public goods economy, the utility functions of all consumers must identically be of the form: A ( Y ) X i , where Y and X i are respectively the quantities of public good and private good for consumer i , and A ( ⋅ ) is some arbitrary function. This implies that for an economy with heterogeneous consumer preferences, it is impossible to ensure that any redistribution of private goods will remain efficient, especially for boundary Pareto optima.
A personal view of the physics of high pressure studies of solids

I will discuss some background and motivation for studies of high pressure properties of solids. My description will reflect my personal view as a theorist who feels strongly that condensed matter physics is a very important field of science and that high pressure studies have contributed greatly to this field.
Clinical Trial Awareness Among Racial/Ethnic Minorities in HINTS 2007: Sociodemographic, Attitudinal, and Knowledge Correlates

The purpose of this study was (1) to examine the association of race/ethnicity on clinical trial awareness, controlling for several sociodemographic, attitudinal, and knowledge variables, and (2) to inform future communication campaigns to increase clinical trial awareness and participation. Secondary analysis was conducted among 6,754 Hispanic, Black, and White adult respondents to the National Cancer Institute's 2007 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). The dependent variable was awareness of clinical trials. Logistic regression was used to examine possible correlates of clinical trial awareness including sociodemographics, trust of sources of health information, beliefs about safety of health information, family/personal history of cancer, health seeking information, and awareness of three health agencies. Compared with Whites, Blacks and Hispanics were significantly less likely to have heard of a clinical trial. Other significant correlates of clinical trial awareness included education, income, belief that health information is safely guarded, family history of cancer, awareness of the Centers for Disease control, trust of health information from the Internet and charitable organizations, and distrust of health information from religious institutions. Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less aware of clinical trials. Campaigns that exploit unique beliefs and delivery channels for racial/ethnic subgroups should be considered.
Managing Across Generations in the 21st Century Important Lessons from the Ivory Trenches

The baby boomers, who now dominate the provision of higher education, have watched Generation Y or the echo boomers begin to mature and develop within the university system. Experiences with this cohort have given university faculty and managers insights about important generational differences and similarities that may help them operate more effectively in the 21st century. Five of the most essential insights are summarized in this article: only your parents love you unconditionally, being tough depends on who is in the room at the time, understanding the ability-performance nexus, finding passion in your work, and managing multiple roles/multiple selves.
Workflow comparison of DR- and screen-film-dedicated chest systems

In a medical center performing an average of 50 upright chest examinations per day, a digital radiography dedicated chest device (General Electric) was compared to a conventional screen-film dedicated chest unit (Picker), in terms of workflow, technologist productivity, and overall speed-of-service from examination ordering to interpretation available. An assessment of ease-of-use and workflow of each device was collected via a technologist opinion survey. Productivity was measured as the rate of patient throughput from normalized timing studies. Measurements were made throughout a typical workday and workweek covering periods of constant as well as spurious activity.
Optical fiber voltage sensors for broad temperature ranges

We describe the development of an optical fiber ac voltage sensor for aircraft and spacecraft applications. Among the most difficult specifications to meet for this application is a temperature stability of +/- 1 percent from -65 C to +125 C. This stability requires a careful selection of materials, components, and optical configuration with further compensation using an optical-fiber temperature sensor located near the sensing element. The sensor is a polarimetric design, based on the linear electro-optic effect in bulk Bi4Ge3O12. The temperature sensor is also polarimetric, based on the temperature dependence of the birefringence of bulk SiO2. The temperature sensor output is used to automatically adjust the calibration of the instrument.
The Mediation of Redemption in Schleiermacher's Glaubenslehre

: In §24 of the Glaubenslehre, Friedrich Schleiermacher conceives of a ‘provisional antithesis’ between Protestantism – which ‘makes the individual's relation to the Church dependent on his relation to Christ’– and Catholicism – which ‘makes the individual's relation to Christ dependent on his relation to the Church’. This antithesis has been criticized for defining a Protestantism that is inconsistent with the (Protestant) theology of redemption presented elsewhere in the Glaubenslehre. This article seeks to refute this criticism, arguing that while Schleiermacher acknowledges the roles of both Christ and the church in redemption, he ultimately gives theological priority to the former.
Localized orbitals for polyatomic systems (I)

Adams and Gilbert independently derived a rigorous generalization of the Hartree-Fock equation which enables one to obtain localized orbitals in any polyatomic system with closed shells or which may be represented by a single Slater determinant. This generalization is approximately valid in any polyatomic system which one may approximate by a single Slater determinant. Kunz transformed the Adams-Gilbert equation into another form and analyzed the equation in powers of overlap. We re-examine the Adams-Gilbert equation and transform it into a considerably simple form by use of a non Hermitian localization operator. Development in powers of the overlap yields equations identical to those found by Kunz. However our equations are valid in the more general case where the orbitals localized about a given site are non orthogonal. We also develop several perturbation iteration solutions of the Adams-Gilbert equation. Adams und Gilbert haben unabhangig voneinander eine strenge Verallgemeinerung der Hartree-Fock-Gleichung abgeleitet, die es erlaubt, lokalisierte Bahnen in mehratomaren Systemen mit abgeschlossenen Schalen oder Systemen, die durch eine einzige Slaterdeterminante dargestellt werden konnen, zu erhalten. Diese Verallgemeinerung bleibt naherungsweise fur alle mehratomaren Systeme gultig, die durch eine einzige Slaterdeterminante approximiert werden konnen. Kunz hat die Adams-Gilbert-Gleichung in eine andere Form transformiert und die Gleichung in Potenzen der interatomaren uberlappung analysiert. Wir haben die Adams-Gilbert-Gleichung erneut untersucht und sie mittels nichthermitescher Lokalisierungsoperatoren in eine betrachtlich einfachere Form gebracht. Die Entwicklung der Gleichung nach Potenzen der uberlappung ergibt Gleichungen, die mit den von Kunz erhaltenen identisch sind. Jedoch bleiben unsere Gleichungen in dem allgemeineren Fall gultig, das die Bahnen um einen gegebenen Platz nicht orthogonal sind. Einige Storungs-Iterationslosungen der Adams-Gilbert-Gleichung werden ebenfalls entwickelt.
Supraspinal control of Renshaw cells

Abstract The purpose of this study is to identify supraspinal structures which affect excitability of this inhibitory interneuron. Intact cats, under either barbiturate or chloralose anesthesia with gallamine triethiodide for complete neuromuscular paralysis, were used. While monitoring antidromically driven Renshaw cells with extracellular microelectrodes, supraspinal structures were stimulated using the stereotaxic technique. The Renshaw cell discharge could be attenuated and even completely blocked by preceding weak central stimulation by conditioning testing of certain brain-stem and thalamic areas. The sensitivity of this important segmental inhibitory interneuron of the alpha motor system to supraspinal influences introduces an additional regulatory system that must be considered in a formulation of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the various clinical syndromes.
Comments from the Trenches: Proposed Changes to the DSM-V Classification of Pathological Gambling

The proposed DSM-V changes related to the pathological gambling diagnosis hold far-reaching implications, yet these modifications have been met with little public attention. This letter addresses the three changes proposed including the diagnosis’ reclassification alongside other addictive behaviors, the lowering of the pathological gambling threshold to the endorsement of 4 symptoms, and the removal of the “illegal acts” criterion. Support for the initial change is well documented, but there is evidence to suggest that the latter two changes should be reconsidered.
High Resolution Time Difference of Arrival Using Timestamps for Localization in 802.11b/g Wireless Networks

Localization of mobile devices is an area of much interest in both the commercial, and government sectors. One particular method of localization uses time-difference of arrival (TDoA) measurements from multiple receivers. This can be done using shared timestamps indicating the time of arrival (ToA) among distributed receivers. High resolution timestamps are particularly important to ensure reasonable spatial resolution of the localization method. This paper presents a method to obtain high-resolution time-of-arrival stamps for 802.11b frames based on matched filtering and time-averaged power. This method can be extended to the higher data rates used by 802.11g.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Engineering Secure Systems

Construction of highly trustworthy systems is quite challengiwng and requires experienced leaders who can guide development teams through technical, political, and bureaucratic hurdles. Today's systems must be designed so that their security claims remain valid from inception through retirement. Hence, security engineering must start at the earliest stages of development, when wise choices can have a major impact on system trustworthiness and vulnerabilities are relatively inexpensive to fix. This guest editors' introduction notes the apparent scarcity of large projects incorporating rigorous security engineering and enumerates topics for further investigation, such as compositionality, formal modeling and verification, RAS and resiliency, economic factors, user acceptability and usability, and extensibility.
Attitudes toward physical discipline as a function of disciplinary history and self-labeling as physically abused

To examine the relation between childhood experience with punitive discipline, perceptions of a punitive childhood history, and adult attitudes regarding appropriate discipline, a total of 1359 university undergraduates completed a screening questionnaire to assess their childhood disciplinary histories and their perceptions of that history. A sample of 207 of the screened participants who reported a diverse range of childhood disciplinary histories participated in a second test session to assess attitudes regarding appropriate discipline. Among persons with severely punitive histories, those who did not label themselves as abused were less likely to classify events as physically abusive than those who labeled themselves abused. Persons with less severe punishment histories were comparable to those with severely punitive histories who also labeled themselves abused. Additionally, persons who had experienced a specific form of physical discipline as a child were less likely to label that form of discipline abusive. However, this effect of experience did not obtain among subjects who described a history of discipline-produced injury. Implications of these patterns for the intergenerational transmission of abuse are discussed.
An analysis of qualitative music therapy research Reports1987–2006: Doctoral studies

Abstract This article is a comprehensive analysis of qualitative music therapy research studies undertaken for doctoral degrees and written in English. The review focuses on six areas: demographic information, report attributes, topic and focus, research methods and procedures, research findings, and evaluations of methodological information. Conclusions of the research include the judgment that the predominance of studies are methodologically sound although more attention can be paid to areas such as selection criteria, reflexivity, the evolution of the study, the choice of evaluation standards and procedures, illustrating data analysis, and acknowledging the presence and influence of dual relationships.
Contamination profiles of heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkylphenols in sediment and oyster collected from marsh/estuarine Savannah GA, USA.

Inorganic compounds from natural and anthropogenic sources continuously enter the aquatic ecosystem where they pose a serious threat because of their toxicity, long time persistence, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification in the food chain (Papagiannis et al., 2004). Increased industrialization and agricultural activities contribute to their elevated levels in natural waters (Wahlberg et al., 2001). Aquatic animals accumulate large quantities of these xenobiotics, and the accumulation depends up on the intake and elimination from their body (Karadede et al., 2004). Among different aquatic organisms; clams, oysters and mussels, accumulate large quantities of heavy metals due to their habitat and feeding nature. Inorganic compounds such as heavy metals are shown to have a multitude of toxic effects such as acute syndrome and neurotoxic effects (that ultimately cause disease in brain, kidney, skin cancer, etc.). Organochlorine compounds (OCs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) such as hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), chlordane compounds (CHLs), DDT and its derivatives, as well as hexachlorobenzene (HCB) have been detected in sediments and sediment-dwelling organisms from several countries (Tanabe et al., 1982; Haynes et al., 2000; Guruge and Tanabe, 2001; Loganathan et al., 2001; Senthil Kumar et al., 1999, 2001; Fillmann et al., 2002; Menone et al., 2007; Sajwan et al., 2007). Despite a 1970s ban on use of PCBs and DDTs in the USA, these compounds are ubiquitous and persistent in various environmental media and biota. Organochlorines have been reported to cause a variety of adverse effects including hormone dependent cancers, compromised reproductive fitness, and abnormal reproductive system development in wildlife and humans (Giesy and Kannan, 1998), thus they remain a cause for significant concern. Therefore, monitoring of fish and shellfish in an aquatic environment serves as an important indicator of the water quality in a given ecosystem (Fairey et al., 1997). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of common environmental contaminants. PAHs originate from anthropogenic sources such as waste incineration, coal gasification, accidental oil spills, as well as natural processes such as fossil fuel and wood combustion (Asikainen et al., 2002; Law et al., 2002; Koh et al., 2004; The objective of BASELINE is to publish short communications on different aspects of pollution of the marine environment. Only those papers which clearly identify the quality of the data will be considered for publication. Contributors to Baseline should refer to ‘Baseline—The New Format and Content’ (Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42, 703–704).
Cancer risk assessment and prevention: where do we stand?

This paper reviews selected aspects of progress and setbacks in cancer risk assessment and prevention during the four decades since the founding in 1947 of the Institute of Environmental Medicine a...
Qualitative and quantitative differences among dyslexic, normal, and nondyslexic poor readers

This study tested the hypothesis that when a stringent criterion of normal IQ is applied in the selection of dyslexic readers, and when dyslexics, nondyslexic poor readers, and normal readers are matched on reading comprehension — rather than word reading — significant differences among these groups can be demonstrated. Two groups of poor readers from primary grades, one with normal IQ (dyslexics) and the other with below-average IQ (nonspecific reading disabled, NSRD) were matched for reading comprehension with a group of younger normal readers. The dyslexic group was found to be inferior to the other two groups in tests of decoding and spelling. The dyslexic readers were more context-dependent for word recognition than the other two groups. The NSRD group did not differ from the normal readers in these aspects but had the worst performance on a test of inferential comprehension. It was concluded that dyslexics differ from normal readers and low-IQ poor readers in word and nonword reading skills and context-dependency for reading. A group of six adult dyslexics were also found to be deficient in decoding skills. A lack of unanimity in the use of certain terminology, a substantial age difference between low-IQ poor readers and normals, and the difference in the criteria used for matching the different groups could be factors that can explain the disagreements seen between the findings of the present study and those reported by some other studies. Potential problems associated with reading-age matched experimental design are discussed.
Why does Amphibian Chytrid (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) not occur everywhere? An exploratory study in Missouri ponds.

The amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is a globally emerging pathogen that has caused widespread amphibian population declines, extirpations, and extinctions. However, Bd does not occur in all apparently suitable amphibian populations, even within regions where it is widespread, and it is often unclear why Bd occurs in some habitats but not others. In this study, we rigorously surveyed the amphibian and invertebrate biodiversity of 29 ponds in Missouri, screened resident amphibian larvae (Rana (Lithobates) sp.) for Bd infection, and characterized the aquatic physiochemical environment of each pond (temperature pH, conductivity, nitrogen, phosphorus, and chlorophyll-a). Our goal was to generate hypotheses toward answering the question, “Why does Bd not occur in all apparently suitable habitats?” Bd occurred in assayed amphibians in 11 of the 29 ponds in our study area (38% of ponds). We found no significant relationship between any single biotic or abiotic variable and presence of Bd. However, multivariate analyses (nonmetric multidimensional scaling and permutational tests of dispersion) revealed that ponds in which Bd occurred were a restricted subset of all ponds in terms of amphibian community structure, macroinvertebrate community structure, and pond physiochemistry. In other words, Bd ponds from 6 different conservation areas were more similar to each other than would be expected based on chance. The results of a structural equation model suggest that patterns in the occurrence of Bd among ponds are primarily attributable to variation in macroinvertebrate community structure. When combined with recent results showing that Bd can infect invertebrates as well as amphibians, we suggest that additional research should focus on the role played by non-amphibian biota in determining the presence, prevalence, and pathogenicity of Bd in amphibian populations.
Psychic Death: Behavioral Types and Physiological Parallels:

Reports of the psychic death phenomenon are reviewed and grouped into three distinct categories on the basis of the quality of behavior antecedent to the death. Deaths following markedly excited behavior, such as fear, grief, and exultation, were placed in the first category. Apathetic, withdrawn and depressed behavior were the death-precursors included in the second category. The third category was characterized by calm acceptance behavior prior to the death. In addition to the presentation of a behavioral typology, parallels between the latter and several hypothesized physiological explanations of psychic death were presented.
Palpitations, Arrhythmias, and Awareness of Cardiac Activity

Somatic and visceral symptoms have a surprisingly weak relationship to objective measures of tissue pathology. This is exemplified by the poor correlation found between palpitations and cardiac arrhythmias. Many factors other than extent of disease influence symptomatic distress, and since symptoms are such a crucial feature of illness and of medical practice, much more investigation of these nonbiomedical influences is needed. Although experimental laboratory paradigms facilitate such investigation, there are problems involved in generalizing from laboratory findings to the reporting of the symptoms of disease in daily life. In studying the awareness of cardiac arrhythmias and of resting heartbeat, we have found that the palpitations of patients who somatize more and have more health-related anxiety and more psychiatric distress are significantly less likely to be related to demonstrable cardiac arrhythmias than are the palpitations of other patients. The accurate awareness of arrhythmias, however, is not associated with the accurate awareness of resting heartbeat. Even more surprising, a relatively large proportion of heart transplant recipients are accurately aware of their resting heartbeat. This work poses more questions than it answers. In so doing, it underscores some of the technical difficulties of conducting research in this area and shows how little is known about symptom perception, processing, and reporting.
The effects of diapause, development, and injury on the incorporation of radioactive glycine into the blood proteins of the Cecropia silkworm

Abstract Glycine-1-14C, injected into the haemocoele of diapausing pupae and developing adults of the Cecropia silkworm, is incorporated into the proteins of the blood. The rate of incorporation parallels previously described rates of oxygen consumption (Schneiderman and Williams, 1953) under a variety of conditions. Amino-acid incorporation into blood proteins is thus representative of the endergonic processes occurring in the insect. The incorporation of amino acids can be added to the list of metabolic processes which proceed at depressed rates during diapause, but which accelerate temporarily in response to injury. The pro-thoracic gland hormone, in causing the termination of diapause in Cecropia, evokes metabolic changes which are as yet indistinguishable from those elicited by injury. The accelerated respiration following injury is probably due primarily to a general acceleration of energy-requiring maintenance processes which are normally suppressed during diapause, rather than to energy invested in the morphogenetic work of wound repair.
Analysis of the effects of chitosan on inflammation, angiogenesis, fibroplasia, and collagen deposition in polyvinyl alcohol sponge implants in rat wounds.

Chitosan is a large molecular weight, positively charged polysaccharide extracted and purified from the chitin of crab shells. This compound has been shown to have hemostatic activity and has been suggested for use as a topical agent in tissue repair. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of chitosan on the wound healing response to a standardized injury in the rat. The polyvinyl alcohol sponge implant model was used as a means to deliver either chitosan or its vehicle to a standardized subcutaneous wound on the backs of Sprague-Dawley rats. On days 8 and 14, the chitosan-treated implants contained primarily polymorphonuclear leukocytes compared with the vehicle controls which contained mainly macrophages, fibroblasts, collagen, and new blood vessels. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis for hydroxy-l-proline deposited in the sponge implants showed significantly lower amounts on both days 8 and 14 in the chitosan treatment group. These histologic and biochemical studies suggest that chitosan modulates wound healing by first reducing the influx of activated tissue macrophages, which in turn reduces the subsequent events of angiogenesis, fibroplasia, and connective tissue deposition.
Multiple collisions in classical projectile-surface scattering

Abstract A theoretical model of projectile-surface scattering which includes multiple collisions is developed using classical mechanical expressions for the single scattering of atomic-like particles from a many-body target. Explicit calculations are compared with two examples of recently measured experimental data: (i) 200 eV Na + ions reflected from Cu(001), and (ii) rare gas atoms in the eV energy range scattering from molten metals. We show that the classical equations for the scattering probability describe the observed intensities quite well when multiple scattering with several target atoms is included.