cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequential assembly of the septal cell envelope prior to V snapping in Corynebacterium glutamicum

Members of the Corynebacterineae, including Corynebacterium and Mycobacterium, have an atypical cell envelope characterized by an additional mycomembrane outside of the peptidoglycan layer. How this multilayered cell envelope is assembled remains unclear. Here, we tracked the assembly dynamics of different envelope layers in Corynebacterium glutamicum and Mycobacterium smegmatis by using metabolic labeling and found that the septal cell envelope is assembled sequentially in both species. Additionally, we demonstrate that in C. glutamicum, the peripheral peptidoglycan layer at the septal junction remains contiguous throughout septation, forming a diffusion barrier for the fluid mycomembrane. This diffusion barrier is resolved through perforations in the peripheral peptidoglycan, thus leading to the confluency of the mycomembrane before daughter cell separation (V snapping). Furthermore, the same junctional peptidoglycan also serves as a mechanical link holding the daughter cells together and undergoes mechanical fracture during V snapping. Finally, we show that normal V snapping in C. glutamicum depends on complete assembly of the septal cell envelope.
Cobalt Criticality and Availability in the Wake of Increased Electric Vehicle Demand: A Short-Term Scenario Analysis

Understanding cobalt criticality and availability is necessary as lithium-ion battery demand, particularly for electric vehicles, is projected to increase exponentially throughout the next decade. With these increases in demand, supply concentration and mining limitations could have a significant impact on cobalt-dependent firms, sectors, and emerging technologies. Increased recycling, cobalt refining capability, and possible substitution away from cobalt in high demand sectors form the basis of modeling scenarios; these scenarios are created to identify the implications of changes in the cobalt supply-demand balance to 2030. Based on these, cobalt faces a tight but not impossible short-term market, where recycling and additional cobalt sources should be pursued and will become increasingly important out to and past 2030.
Covariation of sexual dichromatism and plumage colours in lekking and non-lekking birds: A comparative analysis

The extreme polygyny expressed by male lekking birds leads to the expectation that sexual dimorphism should be greater in lekkers than related non-lekkers. However, evidence for this association is weak, and many lekkers are actually monomorphic in size and plumage. To better understand the kinds of plumages associated with lekking, I characterized plumage variation for combinations of sexual dichromatism and colourfulness-and-conspicuousness (COCO) among lekking and related non-lekking birds. Compared in this way, the plumages of lekkers and non-lekkers differ dramatically for both sexes. Correlations between sexual dichromatism and COCO for phylogenetically independent contrasts are significant for male lekkers (positive) and female non-lekkers (negative), but not for female lekkers or male non-lekkers. Moreover, the total number of character–state combinations, and multivariate measures of variability, are greater in non-lekkers than lekkers.The characteristic plumages of lekkers (‘duller monochromatic’, ‘brighter dichromatic’ and intermediate between these extremes) comprise just a subset of those observed among non-lekkers, and exclude extremely ‘dull dichromatic’ and extremely ‘bright monochromatic’ plumages. I suggest that predation, and foraging behaviours compatible with lekking, may restrict plumage variation among lekkers. Thus ecological rather than overt sexual characteristics may explain monomorphism in birds under intense mate competition, as well as the paradox of strong female mate preferences on leks, where males appear to contribute only sperm to female reproductive efforts.
GEMINI: a variational Bayesian approach to identify genetic interactions from combinatorial CRISPR screens

Systems for CRISPR-based combinatorial perturbation of two or more genes are emerging as powerful tools for uncovering genetic interactions. However, systematic identification of these relationships is complicated by sample, reagent, and biological variability. We develop a variational Bayes approach (GEMINI) that jointly analyzes all samples and reagents to identify genetic interactions in pairwise knockout screens. The improved accuracy and scalability of GEMINI enables the systematic analysis of combinatorial CRISPR knockout screens, regardless of design and dimension. GEMINI is available as an open source R package on GitHub at https://github.com/sellerslab/gemini .
Pediatric neurosurgeons' views regarding prenatal surgery for myelomeningocele and the management of hydrocephalus: a national survey.

OBJECTIVE The Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS) compared prenatal with postnatal surgery for myelomeningocele (MMC). The present study sought to determine how MOMS influenced the clinical recommendations of pediatric neurosurgeons, how surgeons' risk tolerance affected their views, how their views compare to those of their colleagues in other specialties, and how their management of hydrocephalus compares to the guidelines used in the MOMS trial. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was sent to all 154 pediatric neurosurgeons in the American Society of Pediatric Neurosurgeons. The effect of surgeons' risk tolerance on opinions and counseling of prenatal closure was determined by using ordered logistic regression. RESULTS Compared to postnatal closure, 71% of responding pediatric neurosurgeons viewed prenatal closure as either "very favorable" or "somewhat favorable," and 51% reported being more likely to recommend prenatal surgery in light of MOMS. Compared to pediatric surgeons, neonatologists, and maternal-fetal medicine specialists, pediatric neurosurgeons viewed prenatal MMC repair less favorably (p < 0.001). Responders who believed the surgical risks were high were less likely to view prenatal surgery favorably and were also less likely to recommend prenatal surgery (p < 0.001). The management of hydrocephalus was variable, with 60% of responders using endoscopic third ventriculostomy in addition to ventriculoperitoneal shunts. CONCLUSIONS The majority of pediatric neurosurgeons have a favorable view of prenatal surgery for MMC following MOMS, although less so than in other specialties. The reported acceptability of surgical risks was strongly predictive of prenatal counseling. Variation in the management of hydrocephalus may impact outcomes following prenatal closure.
Arab Nationalist Constitutions of 1958 in the Context of the Cold War: the cases of the Egyptian-Syrian United Arab Republic, the Iraqi-Jordanian Arab Union, and the Republic of Iraq

Unlike many works on constitutions, this article focuses on non-legal aspects of the framing of Arab constitutions. This emphasis on the social and political in lieu of purely legal aspects of cons...
Influence of density and porosity size and shape on fatigue and fracture toughness of high strength FL4405 P/M steel

Density and sintering temperature effects were investigated with FL4405 low alloy P/M high strength steel. Monotonic tensile stress-strain, plane strain fracture toughness and fatigue behavior of smooth, notched and cracked specimens were investigated under both constant and variable amplitude loading. Two density levels, 7.0 and 7.4 g/cm{sup 3} and two sintering temperatures, 1120 and 1315 C, were evaluated. The increased density resulted in smaller pore size and pore volume and the increased sintering temperature resulted in greater pore roundness. All final fracture surfaces were brittle at the macro level while containing ductile dimples at the micro level. Fatigue surfaces contained cleavage only, ductile dimples only or mixed cleavage and ductile dimple morphology with no striations nor beachmarks. Increasing the density resulted in significant higher tensile strength, elastic modulus, ductility, fracture toughness and fatigue resistance. Increasing the sintering temperature, and hence increasing pore roundness, resulted in additional enhancement of these properties. However, this increase was not as significant as that of the density increase.
Abstract WP72: Low kV Computed Tomography Cerebral Angiogram Using Third-Generation Reconstruction Algorithm Provides Significantly Improved Image Quality With Lower Contrast and Radiation Exposure

Introduction/Aim: We aimed to determine if CTA imaging using third generation reconstruction algorithm and lower contrast dose-low kVp technique (LD-CTA) was comparable to regular contrast dose CTA...
Exploring Effects of Self-Evaluative and Motivational Schema in Appearance on Advertising Effectiveness in Fashion Ads:

Thin-idealized models are mainly promoted in fashion ads, supporting “thinness sells.” Based on the self-schema theory, this study investigated how self-evaluative and motivational schema in appear...
Prospective randomized trial of email and/or telephone reminders to enhance vaginal dilator compliance in patients undergoing brachytherapy for gynecologic malignancies.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate whether email survey +/- telephone reminder versus no intervention would facilitate compliance with vaginal dilator use in women undergoing brachytherapy for gynecologic malignancies and to assess changes in vaginal canal (VC) length between the groups. Methods and materials A 72 patients were enrolled onto a three-arm single-institution randomized prospective clinical trial and stratified by whether they received external beam radiation treatment in addition to brachytherapy and by total radiation dose to the VC. Patients were subsequently randomized to one of three groups: email survey alone, email survey + telephone reminder, or no intervention. Change in VC length over time was measured for each patient. Results The median follow-up time was 17.3 months. There were no differences in patient-reported compliance between the 3 groups. Vaginal dilator compliance fell over the course of the study period and was 33% at 24 months. Baseline VC length and radiation dose were found to be the most important predictors of VC shortening over time. When accounting for baseline length, radiation dose, and follow-up time, type of intervention did not impact changes in VC length from baseline (p = 0.20). Conclusions Our study is the first to show the importance of baseline VC length as it relates to VC shortening following brachytherapy for gynecologic cancers and highlights the difficulties in improving VC compliance among this patient population. Further study is required to improve the incidence of late effects in this group.
Maximizing Orbital Angular Momentum Exhibited by Fundamental Modes of Silicon Strip Waveguides

We maximize the orbital angular momentum of fundamental silicon waveguide modes by optimizing the cross-section. The maximum computed values for SiO2 and air cladding are 0.36 and 0.52 h/2π per photon, respectively, at 1550 nm wavelength.
Financing mental health services at Child Advocacy Centers for victims of child sexual abuse and their families

Abstract Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a significant public health concern and is associated with a multitude of negative health outcomes. A substantial body of research has shown that experiences of CSA increase risk for short-term and long-term negative sequelae across psychological, behavioral, physical, and biological domains. Mental health treatments have been effective at decreasing children's mental health symptomology after CSA and preventing future negative outcomes. Child Advocacy Centers (CACs) are a common entry point for children following disclosure of CSA and are intended to streamline services, promote collaboration, and increase accessibility of mental health services. CACs rely on the blending and braiding of multiple funding sources to provide mental health services. Yet, traditional funding mechanisms are insufficient to meet the mental health needs of this population. Specific barriers related to the current funding system and the community context of mental health service provision are discussed. The CAC model provides a unique opportunity to increase access to mental health services through innovative funding mechanisms. Recommendations for strengthening the CAC model through policy research and advocacy are provided.
Drug Therapy for Acute Pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis (AP) remains a disease with significant morbidity and mortality, and the reported incidence is increasing. Despite a significant amount of research over the last few decades with greater understanding of the pathophysiology of AP, there are still no specific drugs available. Therefore, the current treatment is limited to supportive care such as fluid, nutrition, and treatment of complications. In this review, we discuss potential novel targeted pharmacologic approaches that may offer promise in the treatment of AP such as anti-secretory agents, protease inhibitors, probiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-oxidants, and anti-TNF-α agents. While many drugs were reported to have efficacy in animal experiments, human studies have been largely disappointing. Better understanding of AP pathophysiology likely will facilitate future therapies in AP.
Insomnia in alcohol dependent subjects is associated with greater psychosocial problem severity.

Abstract Introduction Although psychosocial problems are commonly associated with both alcohol misuse and insomnia, very little is known about the combined effects of insomnia and current alcohol dependence on the severity of psychosocial problems. The present study evaluates whether the co-occurrence of insomnia and alcohol dependence is associated with greater psychosocial problem severity. Methods Alcohol dependent individuals (N = 123) were evaluated prior to participation in a placebo-controlled medication trial. The Short Index of Problems (SIP), Addiction Severity Index (ASI), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and Time Line Follow Back (TLFB), were used to assess psychosocial, employment, and legal problems; insomnia symptoms; and alcohol consumption, respectively. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the relations between insomnia and psychosocial problems. Results Subjects' mean age was 44 years (SD = 10.3), 83% were male, and their SIP sub-scale scores approximated the median for normative data. A quarter of subjects reported no insomnia; 29% reported mild insomnia; and 45% reported moderate-severe insomnia. The insomnia groups did not differ on alcohol consumption measures. The ISI total score was associated with the SIP total scale score (β = 0.23, p = 0.008). Subjects with moderate–severe insomnia had significantly higher scores on the SIP total score, and on the social and impulse control sub-scales, and more ASI employment problems and conflicts with their spouses than others on the ASI. Conclusion In treatment-seeking alcohol dependent subjects, insomnia may increase alcohol-related adverse psychosocial consequences. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the relations between insomnia and psychosocial problems in these subjects.
Laser-Excited Fluorescence Techniques in Air Pollution Monitoring

The subject of “Fluorescence Techniques in Air Pollution Monitoring” is far too broad for comprehensive treatment in this chapter. There exist at least two general review articles dealing with various aspects of fluorescence detection of atmospheric pollutants.(1,2) Remote detection of atmospheric gases and pollutants has received much attention.(2–7) In addition, a method which combines absorption and backscattering, called “differential absorption backscattering,” has been considered and applied recently to measure atmospheric NO2 concentrations.(8,9) Techniques involving chemilumines-cence measurement have also been widely applied to problems in air pollutant monitoring, as discussed in Chap. 6.
Exotic Seas: Liquid Alkanes on Titan’s Surface

Saturn’s giant moon Titan is unique among moons in our Solar System. As JPL’s Karl Mitchell shows us, it is the only one to have a dense atmosphere, the second thickest among the solid bodies in the Solar System. Its opaque Nitrogen-Methane blanket, although much colder than those of the atmosphere-laden rocky planets of Earth, Venus and Mars, is nonetheless imbued with clouds of liquid ethane whose rains fill rivers and seas of methane/ethane brews.
Spine development in Brachionus quadridentatus from an Australian billabong: genetic variation and induction by Asplanchna

Fertilized resting eggs of Australian Brachionus quadridentatus hatched 2–3 days after hydration into females with or, more frequently, without posterior lateral spines. These females then produced clones with short-spined or long-spined phenotypes. Asplanchna girodi induced females from two short-spined clones and one long-spined clone to produce daughters with significantly longer posterior lateral spines. In all clones, there were significant differences in spine development among offspring of mothers within Asplanchna and control treatments. The range of phenotypes reported in one short-spined clone is observed in the billabong and includes much of the variation described for the species, with mehleni (long-spined) phenotypes occurring with Asplanchna. In B. quadridentatus, the ecological significance of long-spined, basic phenotypes, and of the spine-development response to Asplanchna, is unclear. In laboratory cultures, females of all clones were attached to the substratum or water surface, and were safe from Asplanchna; in nature, females are epiphytic and probably rarely susceptible to Asplanchna. Most (96%) resting eggs produced in cultures and kept under culture conditions hatched after a 7-day latent period. This raises questions regarding natural conditions which might prevent hatching and allow accumulation of resting eggs in a sediment egg bank. Hatching of resting eggs in nature may be enhanced in sediments which dry and then become flooded after rains.
Origin of the avian neural crest.

Neural crest cells are derived from a population of multipotent stem cells within the neural tube. They emerge shortly after neural tube closure, migrate extensively in the embryo and localize in numerous sites, where they differentiate into neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, cartilage and bone of the face, melanocytes and various other cell types. This review summarizes recent experiments from our laboratory delineating the origin and lineage of avian neural crest cells. Neural crest cells arise from the ectoderm, which also gives rise to presumptive epidermal, placodal and neural tube cells. Fate mapping experiments have demonstrated that the neural crest arises at the juncture between presumptive epidermis and the neural plate. Inductive interactions between these two early tissues can generate neural crest cells, suggesting that signals travel through the epidermis to generate neural crest cells prior to neural tube closure. Injection of lineage tracer into individual cells reveals that a single neural fold can form all ectodermal derivatives (i.e., epidermis, neural tube, neural crest). Even after neural tube closure, neuroepithelial cells have the capacity to form multiple neural crest and neural tube derivatives, including both dorsal and ventral phenotypes, suggesting that neural tube and neural crest cells share a common precursor. Further evidence that neural crest and neural tube cells are intimately related comes from experiments in which the cranial neural folds are ablated. The remaining neural tube cells have the capacity to regulate, at least for a limited time, to compensate for missing neural crest cells. These experiments suggest that the early neuroepithelium has no clear segregation with respect to the neural tube or neural crest. With time, dorsalizing and ventralizing signals may cause neural tube cells to acquire specific cell fates.
Glacial‐to‐Interglacial Changes of the Ocean Circulation and Eolian Sediment Transport

Glacial-to-interglacial climate transitions are characterized by distinct basin-wide sediment accumulation patterns that can reveal accompanying ocean circulation changes that occur during these transitions. A combination of an ocean global circulation model (OGCM) and a large-scale 3-D sediment transport model is used to model the global ocean thermohaline conveyor (THC) and distribution of the sedimentation rates for different time periods. Two different OGCM numerical mixing schemes are used to test the sensitivity of the sedimentation pattern to changes in model parameterizations of the thermohaline circulation, and especially the mixing technique. A sediment transport model is employed to identify glacial-to-interglacial changes of the deep-ocean currents. This model is suitable to identify the regions of the world ocean that are most responsive to the strong changes in glacial and interglacial circulation patterns and therefore are suitable for comparison of the computer simulations and geologic record. Two different eolian dust sources were prescribed at the sea surface: (1) A spatially homogeneous inorganic atmospheric dust source is used to depict sedimentation patterns that result only from the circulation changes. (2) A realistic present-day eolian dust pattern was specified in order to assess a more realistic sedimentation pattern. The results show that the modeled THC changes are traceable in the sediment accumulation patterns. These simulations indicate that the changes in sediment deposition rates are often associated with the changes in inter-basin water exchange, enabling verification of the simulated deep circulation using the geologic record.
Nucleus accumbens dopamine and rate of responding: Neurochemical and behavioral studies

It has been suggested that accumbens dopamine (DA) is involved in the process of enabling organisms to expend energy in various situations, including foraging, maze running, and leverpressing. Although accumbens DA depletions impair stimulant self-administration, the effects of these depletions on various food-reinforced operant schedules are highly variable. Accumbens DA depletions have little or no effect on total response output in rats responding on the simplest schedule of food reinforcement (i.e., the fixed ratio 1). In addition, it has been shown clearly that the effects of accumbens DA depletions do not resemble the effects of extinction or prefeeding to reduce food motivation. Over the last several years, our laboratory has investigated the effects of accumbens DA depletions on several schedules, including fixed ratio 1, variable interval 30 sec, fixed interval 30 sec, progressive ratio, and fixed ratio 4, 5, 16, and 64. These schedules generate very different rates of responding, ranging from 300 to 3,000 responses per 30 min. Regression analyses of all these studies indicates a significant linear relation between control rates of responding and the degree of suppression of responding produced by accumbens DA depletions. Schedules that generate relatively low response rates, such as fixed ratio 1 or variable interval 30 sec, are little affected by accumbens DA depletions, yet schedules that generate high response rates (e.g., fixed ratio 64) are severely disrupted. Prefeeding shows different patterns of suppression as a function of response rate. Microanalysis of the temporal characteristics of lever-pressing has shown that accumbens DA depletions produce a response slowing, as measured by the interresponse time; extinction and prefeeding produce a different pattern of effects. These results indicate that accumbens DA depletions do not blunt the reinforcing effects of food, but do suppress responding in a rate-dependent manner. In addition, microdialysis studies have shown that accumbens DA release is positively correlated with leverpressing response rate. Accumbens DA appears to be involved in energy expenditure, behavioral activation, or maintenance of high local rates of responding, which are functions that represent an area of overlap between motor and motivational processes.
Fault tolerance via diversity against design faults (tutorial session): design principles and reliability assessment

Research results indicate that (as usual in software engineering) these question can only be answered with reference to each specific application context and that diversity is no “silver bullet”. But diversity is an attractive option, made more interesting by current trends like the preference for COTS items, and it is important for practitioners to go beyond the summary opinions and misunderstanding that surround it.This tutorial is designed for people involved in system design, acceptance or certification, especially in companies with high dependability requirements or plans to improve on current levels to move into more demanding markets. It is also appropriate for researchers in software engineering wishing to obtain an up-to-date view of knowledge in this area.This tutorial describes:the motivations behind the use of software fault tolerance, and thus the circumstances in which it should be considered as a possible choice;what design schemes one may adopt, and which issues a designer needs to be aware of, for effective application. We present both examples of industrial use and explanations of the important design choices and trade-offs. In this part, we cover the widely published solutions of N-version programming and recovery blocks, but also describe the various options available to a designer, and interesting specific solutions adopted in the railway and aviation industry, and scheme for applications to safety systems. We discuss the factors that may decide the scheme to be adopted and the design of adjudication between conflicting results; “what one should really believe” about the effectiveness of software fault tolerance in improving reliability, beyond the controversy and the misunderstandings surrounding it. We give a picture, assembled from more than 10 years of research, of what evidence has really been produced for and against software diversity. We explain the weaknesses of the extreme opinions voiced for and against software fault tolerance, and discuss the criteria that should affect practical decisions about using it, about how to improve its effectiveness by appropriate decisions in developing alternate versions of software components, and about its value for system acceptance.
Reaching the Overlooked Student in Physical Education

This article describes the use of live action role-playing, or “LARPing,” as a non-traditional activity that has the potential to reach students who are not interested in traditional physical education.
K-Ar ages of Tahiti and Moorea, Society Islands, and implications for the hot-spot model

Fifty-eight new K-Ar age determinations from Tahiti and Moorea indicate that these islands were volcanically active during the past 2 m.y. The ages from Tahiti are clearly younger than the more westward island, Moorea. This age pattern, along with existing data for other Society Islands, demonstrates a migration of volcanism from northwest to southeast for this island chain. The alignment and progression of volcanism for the Society Islands are consistent with the suggested movement of the Pacific plate over a hot spot; however, the rates of rotation implied by age data for the Society Islands and other Pacific island chains are greater than rates indicated by other estimates. This discrepancy may result from hot-spot movement in a direction opposite to the plate motion.
Advanced imaging of the cervical spine and spinal cord in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: age-matched, double-cohort, controlled study

Abstract Purpose The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a common genetic syndrome with a wide spectrum of abnormalities. We have previously described multiple anomalies of the upper cervical spine in this disorder. The objective of this study was to use advanced imaging to further define the morphology of the cervical spine and spinal cord in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, with a comparison to age-matched controls. Methods A total of 32 patients with a 22q11.2 deletion underwent advanced imaging (computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging; CT/MRI) of the cervical spine. In 27 patients, space available for the cord (SAC); the sagittal diameter of the vertebral body, spinal canal, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and spinal cord; and the cross sectional area of the spinal canal, CSF, and spinal cord were measured at each cervical level and compared to 29 age-matched controls. Statistical analysis was performed and potential implications were hypothesized. Results In 22q11.2 patients, advanced imaging identified 40 ...
Modeling vertical oxygen and carbon flux during stratified spring and summer conditions on the continental shelf, Middle Atlantic Bight, eastern U.S.A.

The Shelf Edge Exchange Processes II (SEEP-II) program was designed to examine the potential for export of organic carbon from the continental shelf to the deeper ocean. In the Middle Atlantic Bight of the east coast, U.S.A., a “cold pool” of relict winter water is isolated by the development of a strong seasonal thermocline on the shelf. Oxygen concentrations were monitored in and above the cold pool from March 1988 to May 1989, with electrodes moored at 19 and 38 m at a 42-m station off the Delmarva Peninsula, eastern U.S.A. An oxygen-flux simulation model was constructed to describe long-term changes in oxygen concentration and saturation. The model utilized biological rate and biomass measurements obtained at the mooring location during cruises. Vertical eddy diffusion was constrained by comparison with the redistribution of chlorofluorocarbons and heat after stratification, and by sensitivity analyses. Model predictions of the average daily change in oxygen concentration and saturation at 38 m were in good agreement with average changes recorded by moored oxygen sensors, when biological generation of oxygen was approximately equal to the thermotrophic consumption. Strong, but transient, fluctuations concentration and saturation were clearly associated with specific advective events, and had little lasting impact on the overall long-term trends. Consequently, model parameters derived from intermittent, cruise-based observations yielded satisfactory predictions of long-term trends. A carbon budget was constructed for the stratified summer period from data that largely overlapped with those used for the oxygen model. The continental shelf ecosystem operates in approximate balance during the summer, with a potential export of no more than 4% of primary production.
Organogenesis in cell cultures of leafy spurge (Euphorbiaceae) accessions from Europe and North America

Plants were regenerated from leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) cell suspensions obtained from stem callus. A North Dakota accession was highly regenerable, but two accessions from Oregon and Austria formed only a few plantlets. Organogenesis occurred in media without growth regulators, under fluorescent lights (30 to 90 μE m−2 s−1, 14 h photoperiod). Organogenesis was greatest in larger size clumps subcultured during maximum cell growth into media containing a reduced:oxidized nitrogen ratio of 33:67. Roots formed first and some clumps produced shoots. Organogenic suspension cultures also were initiated from hypocotyl and root segments of germinated seedlings, directly in liquid medium. Plantlets of the North Dakota accession formed in vitro adapted to greenhouse conditions. They were phenotypically similar to the parent plants.
Confronting the Social Determinants of Health — Obesity, Neglect, and Inequity

sion to file a report in this case was based on three considerations: concerns that the severity and trajectory of the girls’ medi cal problems portended lifethreatening and potentially irreversible end-organ disease with lifelong sequelae; the hope that CPS involvement might bolster medical adherence by providing support services; and the dearth of other reasonable options for engaging the family in appropriate care. As the obesity epidemic un
Intercalative reaction of a cobalt(III) cage complex, Co(sep) 3+ , with magadiite, a layered sodium silicate

The cationic metal cage complex (1,3,6,8,10,13,16,19-octaazabicyclo[6.6.6]cicosane)cobalt(III), Co(sep)3+ has been investigated as a potential pillaring reagent for Na+-magadiite (Na1.7Si14O27.9(OH)1.9 · 7.6 H2O) a synthetic layered sodium silicate. Reaction of Na+-magadiite with aqueous solutions of Co(sep)Cl3 at 25°C resulted in the binding of Co(sep)3+ cations to the external crystalline surface of the layered silicate. In contrast, an intercalated product exhibiting a 17.6 A basal spacing was generated by reaction at 100°C.29Si MAS NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy indicate that Co(sep)3+ intercalated reaction products retain the magadiite layer structure. Moreover, scanning electron micrographs of the reaction products showed retention of the original particle morphology, suggesting a topotactic intercalation. However, during intercalation, some of the Co(sep)3+ was found to undergo an unusual demetalation reaction leaving a combination of Co(II) and Co(sep)3+ between the layers. Nitrogen surface area analysis showed that only a small amount of microporous surface existed in the Co(sep)3+ intercalated derivative, suggesting that most of the interlayer space is ‘stuffed’ with cobalt species.
Analysis of the hydroxyl radical vibration rotation spectrum between 3900 Å and 11500 Å

Abstract The visible and near infrared spectrum of the vibration-rotation bands of the hydroxyl radical in its ground state has been analyzed. Wave numbers and identifications for lines in twenty-six bands are presented. Energy level schemes for the 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th vibrational levels are given, along with molecular constants. The results agree well with night-sky studies. Several unidentified features of the emission are reported.
Attempts at Treatment of Hemorrhagic Diathesis by Injections of Snake Venom

In 1930 the author attempted to produce a Shwartzman phenomenon (local hemorrhagic necrosis following local and intravenous injections of bacterial toxic filtrates with fungus extracts). These efforts were unsuccessful. In the hope that previous local injections of a vascular poison might render the reaction site more sensitive to hypothetical toxic substances in fungus cultures, snake venom was employed. This again proved unsuccessful. Later, in collaboration with Dr. Harry Sobotka,1 the author showed that if 14 days to one month were allowed to elapse between the time of injecting of rabbits with snake venom and the elicitation of a Shwartzman phenomenon, a large number of the animals became refractory to the latter. Since no circulating antibodies could be demonstrated to explain the refractory state, and since antivenin had no effect on the course of the Shwartzman phenomenon, the induced refractory state was thought to be due to some change in the vessel walls which made them resistant to toxic filtr...
Measurement of atmospheric ammonia at a dairy using differential optical absorption spectroscopy in the mid-ultraviolet

Abstract Ammonia is the most abundant basic gas in the atmosphere, and after N2 and N2O is the most abundant nitrogen-containing specie (Seinfeld and Pandis, 1998. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: from air pollution to climate changes. Wiley, New York). Typical concentrations of ammonia in the boundary layer range from www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends98/chapter2.pdf ). Dairy farms constitute a large fraction of the livestock inventory. Current estimates of ammonia emissions to the atmosphere are characterized by a high degree of uncertainty, and so it is very important to obtain better estimates of ammonia emissions. We are working at the Washington State University research dairy to quantify ammonia emissions and investigate the effects of various mitigation strategies on those emissions. We describe here a new instrument utilizing the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique to measure ammonia in the mid-ultraviolet with a detectability limit of about 1 ppb. DOAS avoids many of the problems that have thwarted past ammonia concentration measurements. Initial results show concentrations in the barn/concrete yard areas in the tens of parts per million range, over the slurry lagoons of hundreds of parts per billion to low parts per million, and low parts per million levels after initial slurry applications onto pastureland. Future papers will report on emission fluxes from the various parts of the dairy and the results of mitigation strategies; we show here initial data results. For a recent review of ammonia volatilization from dairy farms, see Bussink and Oenema (Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 51(1998) 19).
Credibility in Context: An Analysis of Feature Distributions in Twitter

Twitter is a major forum for rapid dissemination of user-provided content in real time. As such, a large proportion of the information it contains is not particularly relevant to many users and in fact is perceived as unwanted 'noise' by many. There has been increased research interest in predicting whether tweets are relevant, newsworthy or credible, using a variety of models and methods. In this paper, we focus on an analysis that highlights the utility of the individual features in Twitter such as hash tags, retweets and mentions for predicting credibility. We first describe a context-based evaluation of the utility of a set of features for predicting manually provided credibility assessments on a corpus of microblog tweets. This is followed by an evaluation of the distribution/presence of each feature across 8 diverse crawls of tweet data. Last, an analysis of feature distribution across dyadic pairs of tweets and retweet chains of various lengths is described. Our results show that the best indicators of credibility include URLs, mentions, retweets and tweet length and that features occur more prominently in data describing emergency and unrest situations.
GABAA-R α4 Subunits are Required for the Low Dose Locomotor Stimulatory Effect of Alphaxalone, But Not for Several Other Behavioral Responses to Alphaxalone, Etomidate or Propofol

γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAA-Rs) are considered to be the primary molecular targets of injectable anesthetics such as propofol, etomidate and the neurosteriod, alphaxalone. A number of studies have sought to understand the specific GABAA-R subtypes involved in the mechanism of action of these three drugs. Here, we investigated the role of α4-subunit containing GABAA-Rs in the neurobehavioral responses to these drugs. Drug responses in α4 subunit knockout (KO) mice were compared to wild type (WT) littermate controls. While etomidate and propofol are currently used as injectable anesthetics, alphaxalone belongs to the class of neurosteroid drugs having anesthetic effects. Low dose effects of etomidate and alphaxalone were studied using an open field assay. The moderate and high dose effects of all three anesthetics were measured using the rotarod and loss of righting reflex assays, respectively. The locomotor stimulatory effect of alphaxalone was reduced significantly in α4 KO mice compared to WT controls. Neither the low dose sedating effect of etomidate, nor the moderate/high dose effect of any of the drugs differed between genotypes. These results suggest that α4 subunit-containing GABAA-Rs are required for the low dose, locomotor stimulatory effect of alphaxalone but are not required for the sedating effect of etomidate or the moderate/high dose effects of etomidate, propofol or alphaxalone on motor ataxia and loss of righting reflex.
Two-body effects and deuteron photodisintegration with polarized and unpolarized gamma rays

Employing the two-body charge effects owing to $\ensuremath{\pi}$ exchange and the current effects owing to $\ensuremath{\pi}$-, $\ensuremath{\rho}$-, and $\ensuremath{\omega}$-exchange processes, the angular distribution, asymmetry function, and polarization of nucleons from the $^{2}\mathrm{H}{(\ensuremath{\gamma},n)}^{1}\mathrm{H}$ reaction are investigated. The cross section and polarization parameters are reported for the Paris, Yale, super-soft-core B, and Hamada-Johnston potentials. The changes in the parameters owing to exchange effects are found to be nearly the same for all the potentials, and all the potentials are found to reproduce the low energy angular distribution data provided a suitable normalization factor is chosen.[NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{2}\mathrm{H}{(\ensuremath{\gamma},n)}^{1}\mathrm{H}$. Two-body exchange effects, total and differential cross section, polarization, asymmetry function with realistic nucleon-nucleon interactions.]
Anaerobic function of CNS white matter declines with age.

The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is generally believed to be completely dependent on the presence of oxygen (O2) to maintain energy levels necessary for excitability. However, previous studies on CNS white matter (WM) have shown that a large subset of CNS-myelinated axons of mice aged 4 to 6 weeks remains excitable in the absence of O2. We investigated whether this surprising WM tolerance to anoxia varied with age. Acutely isolated mouse optic nerve (MON), a purely myelinated WM tract, was studied electrophysiologically. Excitability in the MONs from 1-month-, 4-month-, and 8-month-old mice was assessed quantitatively as the area under the supramaximal compound action potential (CAP). Anoxia-resistant WM function declined with age. After 60 minutes of anoxia, ∼23% of the CAP remained in 1-month-old mice, 8% in 4-month-old mice, and ∼0 in the 8-month-old group. Our results indicated that although some CNS axons function anaerobically in young adult animals, they lose this ability in later adultho...
Chemical and Mineralogical Characterizations of Pb in a Contaminated Soil: Reactions with Synthetic Apatite

Previous studies have shown that the interactions of apatite with dissolved Pb are caused by the dissolution of apatite grains concomitant with the precipitation of lead orthophosphates (pyromorphites). The present study extends this work by examining the interactions of selected Pb minerals and a Pb-contaminated soil with apatite. Specimen-grade PbO and PbCO3 were reacted separately with hydroxylapatite (HA) in controlled pH reactors. Hydroxypyromorphite (HP) formed at the expense of HA, PbO, and PbCO3 after a reaction period of 2 days, causing significant decreases in aqueous Pb concentrations. The extent of reaction was pH dependent, with more HP formation at pH 5 than at pH 6 or pH 7. Equilibrium modeling with MINEQL+ indicated the stoichiometric conversion of the native Pb solids to HP at all pH values examined in laboratory experiments. In companion experiments, particle size and density separation techniques were used to obtain Pb-enriched fractions from a contaminated soil. These were identified a...
Adolescent autonomy and minors' legal rights: Contraception and abortion

Abstract During adolescence, as dependent children are growing into autonomous adults, difficult policy decisions have to be made about children's rights. Should children (minors) have the right to make important decisions without parental consent or knowledge? Part of the answer is fundamentally tied to developmental issues: At what age are adolescents competent enough or autonomous enough to make their own decisions? This paper selectively reviews the literature on the development of adolescent autonomy and explores its implications for family planning policy—in particular, for minors' rights to contraceptive and abortion services.
A k–ε turbulence model based on the scales of vertical shear and stem wakes valid for emergent and submerged vegetated flows

Flow and transport through aquatic vegetation is characterized by a wide range of length scales: water depth (), plant height (), stem diameter (), the inverse of the plant frontal area per unit volume () and the scale(s) over which varies. Turbulence is generated both at the scale(s) of the mean vertical shear, set in part by , and at the scale(s) of the stem wakes, set by . While turbulence from each of these sources is dissipated through the energy cascade, some shear-scale turbulence bypasses the lower wavenumbers as shear-scale eddies do work against the form drag of the plant stems, converting shear-scale turbulence into wake-scale turbulence. We have developed a – model that accounts for all of these energy pathways. The model is calibrated against laboratory data from beds of rigid cylinders under emergent and submerged conditions and validated against an independent data set from submerged rigid cylinders and a laboratory data set from a canopy of live vegetation. The new model outperforms existing – models, none of which include the scale, both in the emergent rigid cylinder case, where existing – models break down entirely, and in the submerged rigid cylinder and live plant cases, where existing – models fail to predict the strong dependence of turbulent kinetic energy on . The new model is limited to canopies dense enough that dispersive fluxes are negligible.
Evolution of senescence: Alzheimer's disease and evolution

The genetic basis of Alzheimer's disease is becoming clear; it appears to fit the postulates of the two main theories of the evolution of senescence, with both polymorphic alleles and rare mutations involved.
Value of a Developmental Perspective in Teaching the Psychology of Women.

A developmental psychology approach to teaching the psychology of women course in order to deal with conservative attitudes toward women's roles is suggested. Examples of discussion topics, exam questions, and exercises are provided. Special emphasis is placed on students using a "life review" of their gender-role socialization (i.e., examining past experiences to help them resolve, reorganize, and reintegrate the course content).
Frameshift detection in prokaryotic genomic sequences

We have developed a new method for frameshift detection, a combination of ab initio and alignment-based algorithms, that can serve as a useful tool for sequencing quality control in the next generation sequencing. We evaluated the method's accuracy on test sets of annotated genomic sequences with artificial frameshifts in protein coding regions. These tests have shown that the new method performs comparably to the earlier developed FrameD. On the sets of sequences produced by 454 pyrosequencing with sequence errors recovered by Sanger re-sequencing the accuracy of the method was shown to hold at the same level.
Backward Raman amplification in the gas of rubidium dimers

We experimentally and theoretically study Raman scattering in rubidium (Rb) dimers. We observe the optical lines resulting from Raman scattering and demonstrate Raman amplification in the backward direction. A theoretical model has been developed to explain experimental the results.