cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling and simulation of titanium dioxide nanoparticle synthesis with finite-rate sintering in planar jets

Numerical simulations of titanium dioxide nanoparticle synthesis in planar, non-premixed diffusion flames are performed. Titania is produced by the oxidation of titanium tetrachloride using a methane–air flame. The flow field is obtained using the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations. The methane–air flame and oxidation of titanium tetrachloride are modeled via one-step reactions. Evolution of the particle field is obtained via a nodal method which accounts for nucleation, condensation, coagulation, and coalescence with finite-rate sintering. The modeling of finite-rate sintering is accomplished via the use of uniform primary-particle size distribution. Simulations are performed at two different jet-to-co-flow velocity ratios as well as with finite-rate and instantaneous sintering models. In doing so we elucidate the effect of fluid mixing and finite-rate sintering on the particle field. Results show that highly agglomerated particles are found on the periphery of the eddies, where the collisions leading to nanoparticle coagulation occur faster than nanoparticle coalescence.
Primary Laryngeal Lymphoma

Primary laryngeal lymphoma is a very rare entity, with fewer than 50 cases reported in the English literature in the past 60 years. Close scrutiny of some of these case reports reveals that the larynx was not always the only site of involvement, thereby diminishing the total number of patients with primary laryngeal lymphoma to fewer than 35. The authors report a series of six patients, who were seen and evaluated at the Mayo Clinic between 1952 and 1995, with stage IAE non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the larynx. Three patients had large-cell lymphomas according to the REAL (Revised European-American Lymphoid) classification. The other three had a small lymphocytic lymphoma, follicular small cleaved lymphoma, and follicular mixed lymphoma. All patients received radiation therapy alone as initial therapy for their disease and all patients had a complete remission to initial therapy. Four patients subsequently relapsed and the histology at relapse was the same as the initial histology in all four patients. Five patients have died, three of lymphoma, with a median survival of 67 months (range, 40 to 228 months). In view of the heterogeneity of histologies in this group of lymphomas, the variability in duration of response, and the significant number of patients who died of their disease, it is more likely that primary laryngeal lymphoma is an unusual presentation of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma than a separate disease entity. Despite the small number of patients in this study, the data would suggest that patients are best treated according to the histology of the lymphoma, rather than the limited stage and location of the disease.
Efficacy of postal communication with patients who have cryopreserved pre-embryos.

Abstract Objective: To compare the characteristics of patients who did and did not respond to a request for information regarding their cryopreserved pre-embryos. Design: Mail survey. Setting: Academic-assisted reproductive technology program. Patient(s): One hundred thirty-six patients with cryopreserved pre-embryos. Intervention(s): Patients were surveyed by first-class mail regarding their plans for their cryopreserved pre-embryos and their interest in embryo donation. Main Outcome Measure(s): Age, number of stored pre-embryos, and duration of storage of responders and nonresponders at 6 weeks after mailing. Result(s): Eighty-three patients (62%) did not respond to the survey. Compared with responders, nonresponders were significantly older at the time of embryo cryopreservation, had fewer pre-embryos cryopreserved, and had the pre-embryos cryopreserved for a longer duration. Five responders (9%) expressed an interest in embryo donation. Three patients requested disposal of pre-embryos. Sixteen surveys (12%) were returned as undeliverable. As a group, these patients had the fewest pre-embryos cryopreserved and had the longest duration of storage. Conclusion(s): A disturbing number of patients with cryopreserved pre-embryos ignored efforts by our program to maintain contact. Older patients with few cryopreserved pre-embryos may require special attention to avoid abandonment.
An intervention to improve the timing of vancomycin levels.

Objectives Blood samples for vancomycin levels are often drawn too early, leading to potential misinterpretation of results. However, only a few studies describe interventions to reduce mistimed vancomycin levels. Methods We implemented an information technology (IT)–based intervention that provided educational instructions to nurses and determined the percentage of levels drawn too early for 27 months before (n = 6,291) and 14 months after (n = 3,608) the intervention. In addition, we conducted nurse interviews (n = 40) and dataset analysis to assess the root causes of mistimed levels. Results The percentage of vancomycin timing errors decreased from 39% (2,438/6,291) to 32% (1,137/3,608), though in a time series analysis this decrease was not statistically significant ( P = .64). Four common causes of mistimed levels were found: (1) unclear provider orders, (2) scheduling levels to be drawn with morning laboratory tests, (3) lack of communication between providers, and (4) failure to adjust the blood draw in relation to the previous dose. Conclusions A real-time, IT-based intervention that links the timing of levels with medication administration might have a more substantial impact.
Relative changes of cerebral arterial and venous blood volumes during increased cerebral blood flow: implications for BOLD fMRI.

Measurement of cerebral arterial and venous blood volumes during increased cerebral blood flow can provide important information regarding hemodynamic regulation under normal, pathological, and neuronally active conditions. In particular, the change in venous blood volume induced by neural activity is one critical component of the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal because BOLD contrast is dependent only on venous blood, not arterial blood. Thus, relative venous and arterial blood volume (rCBV) and cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in a-chlorolase-anesthetized rats under hypercapnia were measured by novel diffusion-weighted 19 F NMR following an i.v. administration of intravascular tracer, perfluorocarbons, and continuous arterial spin labeling methods, respectively. The relationship between rCBF and total rCBV during hypercapnia was rCBV(total) 5 rCBF 0.40 , which is consistent with previous PET measurement in monkeys. This relationship can be linearized in a CBF range of 50 ‐130 ml/100 g/min as DrCBV(total)/ DrCBF 5 0.31 where DrCBV and DrCBF represent rCBV and rCBF changes. The average arterial volume fraction was 0.25 at a basal condition with CBF of ;60 ml/100 g/min and increased up to 0.4 during hypercapnia. The change in venous rCBV was 2-fold smaller than that of total rCBV (DrCBV(vein)/DrCBF 5 0.15), while the arterial rCBV change was 2.5 times larger than that of total rCBV (DrCBV(artery)/DrCBF 5 0.79). These NMR results were confirmed by vessel diameter measurements with in vivo videomicroscopy. The absolute venous blood volume change contributes up to 36% of the total blood volume change during hypercapnia. Our findings provide a quantitative physiological model of BOLD contrast. Magn Reson Med 45:791‐ 800, 2001.
Change propagations in the maintenance of kernel-based software with a study on Linux

As a software system evolves to accommodate new features and repair bugs, changes are needed. Software components are interdependent, changes made to one component can require changes to be propagated to other components. Change propagation brings potential challenges for software maintenance. In this paper, we divide change propagations into four categories in kernel-based software. Different categories of change propagation have different effects on kernel maintenance. We use product version history to mine change propagations rules and apply the categorization to Linux operating system. Our study provides a framework for measuring, evaluating, and predicting change propagations in kernel-based software, which includes most operating systems, database management systems, game systems, and software product lines.
Real-Time Onboard Global Nonlinear Aerodynamic Modeling from Flight Data

Flight test and modeling techniques were developed to accurately identify global nonlinear aerodynamic models onboard an aircraft. The techniques were developed and demonstrated during piloted flight testing of an Aermacchi MB-326M Impala jet aircraft. Advanced piloting techniques and nonlinear modeling techniques based on fuzzy logic and multivariate orthogonal function methods were implemented with efficient onboard calculations and flight operations to achieve real-time maneuver monitoring and analysis, and near-real-time global nonlinear aerodynamic modeling and prediction validation testing in flight. Results demonstrated that global nonlinear aerodynamic models for a large portion of the flight envelope were identified rapidly and accurately using piloted flight test maneuvers during a single flight, with the final identified and validated models available before the aircraft landed.
Starting to Write Items: Practical Considerations

The preceding chapters described features of test items from a theoretical perspective. These discussions included a variety of topics, from a comprehensive description of a test item to various analyses involving requisite characteristics and conditions for good test items. The information in these chapters provides a foundation of knowledge necessary if one is to construct items that will contribute to sound measurement.
The gastrointestinal tract "tastes" nutrients: evidence from the intestinal taste aversion paradigm.

To develop and use a behavioral paradigm for assessments of what nutrient properties are detected by intestinal chemoreceptors, we combined features of the “electronic esophagus” preparation (Eliza...
Formation of Cubic Ll2 Phases from Al3Ti and Al3 Zr by Transition Metal Substitutions for Al

Alloys of (AlxM1−x)3Ti where M is V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Nb, W, Fe + Ga or Fe + Ga + Mn were fabricated to form the Ll2 cubic phase, tested for ductility, and characterized by lattice parameter, microstructure, quantitative phase analysis, and phase composition. The elements V, Co, Nb, W, Fe + Ga and Fe + Ga + Mn are hereby newly found Ll2 formers in Al3Ti. Both X-ray diffraction and microprobe analysis were used to identify the phases, their volume fractions and compositions. The amount of ternary addition found in the Ll2 cubic phase varied between 4 and 12 atomic percent. This amount of ternary addition decreased as the atomic radius of the elemental addition increased. Pettifor's Mendeleev number was a useful guide in the selection of elements to form the Ll2 phase but did not correlate strongly with the amount of the ternary addition. For the DO23 phase of Al3Zr, the elements V, Mn, and Co were added to the list of Ni, Cu, Fe, and Cr as elements known to form the Ll2 phase. Little if any ductility was observed in these cubic Ll2 phases which readily cleaved with transgranular failure. To achieve ductility and toughness, more than transformation of these compositions from a lower to a higher symmetry crystal structure will be required.
Testing the effects of nutrient deficiencies on behavioral performance.

The association between specific nutrient deficiencies and poor performance on behavioral tests has been documented for several nutrients. The determination of causality, however, remains elusive. This paper presents the essential criteria for a valid test of causality. Findings from experimental studies in which a nutritional treatment was randomly allocated can be summarized in a statistical statement about the probability that the nutrient treatment caused the behavioral response. Criteria for assessing the internal validity of these studies are examined in terms of whether alleviation of a nutrient deficiency did or did not produce a detectable behavioral response
Toward Motor: Intuitive Interaction Primitives for Touchless Interfaces

To design intuitive, interactive systems in various domains, such as health, entertainment, or smart cities, researchers are exploring touchless interaction. Touchless systems allow individuals to interact without any input device-using freehand gestures in midair. Gesture-elicitation studies focus on generating user-defined interface controls to design touchless systems. Interface controls, however, are composed of primary units called interaction primitives-which remain little explored. For example, what touchless primitives are motor-intuitive and can unconsciously use our pre-existing sensorimotor knowledge (such as visual perception or motor skills)? Drawing on the disciplines of cognitive science and motor behavior, my research aims to understand the perceptual and motor factors in touchless interaction with 2D user interfaces (2D UIs). I then aim to apply this knowledge to design a set of touchless interface controls for large displays.
Evaluation of three methods of obturation using the obtura II system

The purpose of this study was to compare the amount of apical leakage resulting from the use of the Obtura II device in three different manners. Lateral condensation was also evaluated. Maxillary single rooted teeth were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 was filled with a standard lateral condensation technique. Group 2 was filled with the Obtura II device in a single increment. Group 3 was filled with the Obtura II device in 4-5 mm. increments followed by vertical compaction. Group 4 was filled with the Obtura II device after fitting a standardized master gutta-percha point. Statistical analysis did not show any significant difference between any of the groups. However, great individual variance was observed in all groups. Group 3 (Obtura II with vertical compaction ) showed the least variability and most consistent results.
Kunz, T. H., M. B. Fenton (eds.) 2003. Bat Ecology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 779 pp. ISBN 0-226-46206-4, price (hardbound), $55.00

T. H Kunz, M. B. Fenton.(eds.) 2003. Bat Ecology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 779 pp. ISBN 0-226-46206-4, price (hardbound), $55.00. In 1982, Kunz (1982) provided a seminal review of bat ecology. Several books on bat biology, both edited and single-authored, have been published since that time. The newest contribution is Bat Ecology , coedited by Kunz and Fenton. At nearly 800 pages, it dwarfs the 1982 volume and offers a more diverse inquiry into the lives of bats. Bat Ecology is an attractive, well-edited book whose authorship overlaps somewhat with the 1982 volume, but which also includes contributions from authors more recent to the field. The book is split into 3 parts: “Life History and Social Biology,” “Functional Ecology,” and “Macroecology,” each containing 5 chapters that are integrated using within-chapter cross-references, making the book user friendly. Most chapters are reviews, although some do include previously unpublished information and data. I enjoyed this book immensely, especially its heuristic value in outlining future research needs. Generally, authors cite literature appropriate to their chapters, although some are more comprehensive than others. To keep the length of this review reasonable, I have opted to examine particular chapters, rather than providing a cursory assessment of all 15. However, I found all chapters to be compelling contributions to our understanding of bat biology. Chapter 1, “Ecology of Cavity and Foliage Roosting Bats,” is a thorough review of the literature, richly informative and deep in coverage. The many photographs of habitat types and bat roost sites as well as the comprehensive tables of comparative data provide valuable information to those studying bat roosting ecology. The chapter mixes broader theoretical concerns …
[A case-control study on risk factors that associated with severe hand-foot-mouth disease in Shanghai].

Objective To explore the factors associated with severe hand-food-mouth disease (HFMD) case in Shanghai.Methods A total of 105 severe HFMD cases diagnosed from May to July,2011 in Shanghai were enrolled as case group while another 210 mild HFMD cases were randomly selected as control group in the same period.All subject' s parents or babysitters were asked to fill in the questionnaire in which including demography,ways of babysitting,behavior and the like.All HFMD cases were diagnosed by both clinical symptom and nuclear acid testing.Data was processed by EpiData (V3.0) and analyzed by SPSS (V17.0).Results Factors as age,gender,Diaspora pattern,migrant,size of house,numbers of family member,numbers of children,frequency of seeing doctor,dishware that sharing with babysitter,food chewed by babysitter,dirty hand,EV71 virus type and diagnosis on HFMD in the fist visit to hospital were found associated with severe HFMD by univariate analysis.Results through multivariate logistic regression showed that factors including:being the only male kid,more than 3 children in the family,dirty hands,unable to be diagnosed as HFMD in the first visit to the hospital,visiting doctor during the past 6 months for 2 and 3 times etc.could be kept in the model with statistical threshold of 0.05.Adjusted ORs and confidence intervals of them were 2.431 ( 1.317-4.487),2.661 (1.332-5.315),3.403 ( 1.871-6.191 ),6.607 (3.011-14.500),2.431 ( 1.111-5.321 ),2.628 ( 1.137-6.071 ) respectively.Being Infected by EV71 was also found a very important risk factor compared with CoxA16 or other enteroviruses,and its adjusted OR was 5.614 (2.409-13.082).Conclusion It was necessary to implement molecular diagnosis for identifying the virus type of HFMD,together with improvement on the capacity of clinical diagnosis in order to diagnose the HFMD cases earlier.More attention should be paid to these HFMD cases with EV71 infection as well as prompting frequent visits to hospitals on those families with more children. Key words: Hand-foot-mouth disease; Severe case; Risk factor; Case-control study
Placental transport of threonine and its utilization in the normal and growth-restricted fetus

Placental transport and fetoplacental utilization of threonine (Thr) were compared at 130 +/- 1 days gestational age between seven control ewes (C) and six ewes in which intrauterine growth restric...
Geschlechterforschung und Politikdidaktik

Seit der ersten Rede einer Frau, Marie Juchacz, in einem deutschen Parlament im Jahre 1919 hat sich hinsichtlich der politischen Reprasentanz von Frauen in der Politik viel getan: Der Frauenanteil im Deutschen Bundestag liegt nach der Bundestagswahl 2009 bei 32,8 %, mit Angela Merkel wurde im Jahr 2000 eine Frau zur Bundesvorsitzenden einer Volkspartei und im Jahr 2004 zur Bundeskanzlerin gewahlt, in zwei Bundeslandern konnten Frauen das Amt der Ministerprasidentin erringen und Frauen sind mittlerweile als Ministerinnen auch in traditionell mannliche Domanen, wie das Justiz- oder Arbeitsministerium, vorgedrungen. Oberflachlich betrachtet, konnte man meinen, die Frage nach einer gleichberechtigten Partizipation von Frauen in der Politik sei nicht mehr von Relevanz oder werde sich zumindest in den nachsten Jahren erubrigen. Ausgangspunkt dieses Beitrages ist, dass dies mitnichten der Fall ist. Vielmehr wird hier begrundet, warum die Ermutigung von Frauen fur die Politik Aufgabe der politischen Bildung sein sollte. Dazu wird zunachst der Status Quo zu Frauen und Politik zusammengestellt. Im zweiten Schritt wird gefragt, ob es heute noch geschlechtstypische Zumutungen fur Frauen auf dem Weg in die Politik bzw. in der Politik gibt. Die Fragen, wie Frauen in die Politik gekommen sind und sich dort durchsetzen konnten, schliesen sich an. Auf dieser Grundlage wird die fachdidaktische Problematik reflektiert, ob es Aufgabe der Politischen Bildung sein kann, insbesondere Schulerinnen zu politischem Engagement zu ermutigen. Der Forschungsstand zum Bestehen geschlechtstypischer Interessen, geschlechtstypischer Fachkulturen sowie geschlechtstypischer Lernbedurfnisse schafft schlieslich die Basis fur die Frage, wie Gender im Politikunterricht thematisiert werden kann.
Summary and Conclusion: A View from the Bridge

Research usually starts with a problem. This study went one better with a set of problems a continent wide. By almost any standard the people in sub-Saharan Africa are among the poorest in the world. About 80 percent of countries with high population growth rates, low income, low literacy, and low life expectancy are in sub-Saharan Africa with a total population of approximately 819 million. Based on the 2009 World Development Indicators of the World Bank, GDP per capita in sub-Saharan Africa is US$624. Although thirty years ago, half the developing world lived in extreme poverty; today it is a quarter. While this is a vast improvement, it should be remembered that extreme poverty is currently defined as living on US$1.25 a day or less (World Bank, 2010). Sub-Saharan Africa has not enjoyed the upswing of other developing regions, notably East Asia. The period from the1980s to the turn of the century is a good example of Africa’s growing poverty. The number of Africans living on less than a dollar a day grew from 288 million in 1980 to 516 million in 2001 (UNECA, 2005). In other words, sub-Saharan Africans have experienced the lowest levels of satisfaction of basic needs including food, shelter, and education. This predicament explains the challenges of achieving higher levels of human existence.
Tectonics: Tales of Himalayan topography

The Himalaya grow as India and Eurasia collide. Analyses of deformation during the 2015 Gorkha earthquake suggest that slip on small-scale splay faults, as well as motion during the interseismic period, help to create Earth's highest mountains.
Overhaul: Input-Driven Access Control for Better Privacy on Traditional Operating Systems

The prevailing security model for OSes focuses on isolating users from each other, however, the changing computing landscape has led to the extension of traditional access control models for single-user devices. Modern OSes for mobile devices such as iOS and Android have taken the opportunity provided by these new platforms to introduce permission systems in which users can manage access to sensitive resources during application installation or runtime. One drawback of similar efforts on desktop environments is that applications must be rewritten with this security model in mind, which hinders traditional OSes from enjoying the benefits of user-driven access control. We present a novel architecture for retrofitting a dynamic, input-driven access control model into traditional OSes. In this model, access to privacy-sensitive resources is mediated based on the temporal proximity of user interactions to access requests, and requests are communicated back to the user via visual alerts. We present a prototype implementation and demonstrate how input-driven access control can be realized for resources such as the microphone, camera, clipboard, and screen contents. Our approach is transparent to applications and users, and incurs no discernible performance overhead.
Hepatitis C Antibody Testing in a Commercially Insured Population, 2005–2014

Introduction In the U.S., the burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and associated sequelae is substantial. HCV prevalence is highest among those born in 1945–1965 (Birth Cohort). Newly diagnosed infections are increasing in younger people concurrent with rising opioid/heroin use. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) and U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2013) recommend HCV testing for at-risk individuals and one-time testing for the Birth Cohort. This study describes national trends in HCV antibody testing from 2005 to 2014. Methods Using commercial and Medicare supplemental insurance claims data, people were identified who were continuously enrolled for ≥2 years during the 10-year study period, without prior HCV diagnosis (N=190,926,299). Current Procedural Terminology codes identified 3,382,267 unique antibody tests. Temporal trends in annual testing were evaluated using the Cochran–Armitage test, and primary ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes used at the time of testing were described. Data were analyzed in 2015 and 2016. Results Testing was highest among those aged 18–29 and 30–39 years, increasing by 123% (1.66% to 3.71%) and 108% (1.99% to 4.13%), respectively ( p p Conclusions Although the increased HCV antibody testing observed among the Birth Cohort from 2011 to 2014 likely reflects early adoption of updated national testing recommendations, overall testing remains low in this commercially insured population, indicating a clear need for improvement.
Slope and Line of Best Fit: A Transfer of Knowledge Case Study.

This paper brings together research on slope from mathematics education and research on line of best fit from statistics education by considering what knowledge of slope students transfer to a novel task involving determining the placement of an informal line of best fit. This study focuses on two students who transitioned from placing inaccurate to accurate lines of best fit during a task-based interview. The analysis focuses on describing shifts in slope reasoning that accompanied the change to accurately placed lines, and investigates factors that may have influenced the shift in reasoning. The results have implications for the teaching of both slope and the line of best fit.
Toward a better understanding of crowdfunding, openness and the consequences for innovation

Abstract Crowdfunding is now a commonly used tool for innovating entrepreneurs, yet many unresolved questions surrounding crowdfunding’s effect on innovation remain. Often, crowdfunding backers play an active role in the innovation conversation. Thus, crowdfunding can be viewed as one form of open search (actively seeking out ideas from outsiders). Beyond open search, backers also generate word of mouth awareness for the crowdfunded product. Crowdfunding backers can be thought of as the earliest possible adopters, who may be even more valuable than traditional early adopting consumers. In this study, data pertaining to crowdfunded products from the Kickstarter platform is coupled with survey data from the respective innovating entrepreneurs to better understand the effects of elements of crowdfunding on the subsequent market success of the crowdfunded product as well as the innovation focus of the crowdfunding organization. Results indicate that the amount of funding raised during a crowdfunding campaign does not significantly impact the later market performance of the crowdfunded product, while the number of backers attracted to the campaign does. Open search depth (drawing intensely from external sources) enhances product market performance, while open search breadth (drawing from many external sources) induces a radical innovation focus. Interestingly, adverse effects from over-relying on external knowledge sources are not observed. The small size of the crowdfunding organizations in this study is seen as a boundary condition to previous findings of inverse U-shaped performance effects. Finally, the portion of product development complete when crowdfunding impacts the entrepreneurs’ subsequent focus on radical innovation.
Students dance longitudinal standing waves

A demonstration is presented that involves students dancing longitudinal standing waves. The resulting kinaesthetic experience and visualization both contribute towards an understanding of the natural modes of vibrations in open and closed pipes. A video of this fun classroom activity is provided (http://mjtruiz.com/ped/dance/).
The spatial structure of the oncoming solar wind at Earth and the shortcomings of a solar-wind monitor at L1

Abstract The mesoscale (RE to 100's of RE) magnetic field structure of the solar wind as it approaches Earth is visualized in a Y-Z (GSE) plane upstream of the Earth. The visualization is created with a modified Voronoi diagram generated to represent some of the statistical properties of the solar wind: (1) the Parker-spiral average alignment of the solar-wind magnetic flux tubes, (2) the observed variation in the orientation of the individual flux tubes about the Parker-spiral direction, and (3) the observed variability of the diameters of individual flux tubes. The flux-tube structure, the magnetic-field vector structure, and the motional-electric-field structure of the oncoming solar wind is visualized and discussed. For instance, variations in the clock angle of the solar-wind magnetic field are associated with variations in the orientations of the passing magnetic flux tubes. Using this visualization, two-spacecraft transverse-to-radial correlations of solar-wind magnetic field are discussed, as is a case of two spacecraft on two sides of the Earth seeing an extended period of very different solar-wind properties. The solar-wind visualization is also used to discuss and quantify some shortcomings of using a single solar-wind monitor at L1 to determine the temporal properties of the solar wind that will hit the Earth: those shortcomings are (1) the aberration of the solar wind, (2) the directional variability of the solar-wind velocity vector, and (3) the orbit of the monitor about the L1 point.
Anti-EGFR and Anti-VEGF Agents in First-Line Therapy for Advanced Colorectal Cancer

Outcomes for metastatic colorectal cancer have improved progressively with the incorporation of new drugs into standard treatment regimens. Most recently, targeted therapies against VEGF and EGFR have improved upon the prior standard for first-line therapy with FOLFOX or FOLFIRI. As attempts to combine anti-VEGF and anti-EGFR drugs have been unsuccessful, it is necessary to choose between them when beginning first-line therapy. This review summarizes the existing literature to best inform this decision. To date, three head-to-head trials have compared anti-EGFR and anti-VEGF therapy in RAS wild-type patients: PEAK, FIRE-3, and CALGB/SWOG 80405. PEAK and FIRE-3 suggested a survival advantage for anti-EGFR therapy over anti-VEGF therapy, though CALGB/SWOG 80405 did not. Results have emerged recently to suggest that tumors arising from the right colon are resistant to anti-EGFR therapy, and that any advantage of anti-EGFR therapy over anti-VEGF therapy may be limited to left-sided tumors.
Community Intervention and the Use of Multidisciplinary Knowledge

The modern history of community approaches to human problems began in the 1890s, with the origins of settlement houses, juvenile courts, and child guidance clinics (Levine & Levine, 1970). Since the 1960s, community approaches have also been an important part of the behavioral literature (Nietzel, Winett, MacDonald, & Davidson, 1977; O’Donnell, 1977). Despite this lengthy history and extensive current use, there is little consensus on a definition of a community orientation and on how it differs from an individual one. Indeed, Goodstein and Sandler (1978) cited the lack of a definition as the most critical problem for the field of community psychology. In this amorphic condition, so many services have been called community services that the development of a viable model to guide applications has been hindered.
On Negative Probabilities and Path Integrals

This principle of superposition is basic to wave behaviors and the analysis of harmonic systems. For individuals, measured behaviors may provide specific values at given times, but cumulatively, all individuals generally fall on a normalized distribution of values. Feynman challenged researchers to think beyond the conventional use of positive probabilities. This approach has not been used in statistics or epidemiology. Nevertheless, it has immediate implications to applied research interventions with positive and negative health conditions and behaviors, especially within the context of Wright’s path coefficients. Behavioral trajectories are impacted by coupled systems such that negative probability “accounting adjustments” might apply for events and non-events.
Sugar Esters from Nicotiana Species as Potential Insecticides Against the Sweetpotato Whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Eight Nicotiana species and three species accessions were grown and their sugar esters were isolated. Nicotiana trigonophylla, N. palmeri, and N. glutinosa gave the highest sugar ester yields. Sugar ester isolates were bioassayed at concentrations from 1.0 to 0.05 mg/ml against nymphs of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). The highest mortalities were observed with isolates from N. gossei and N. langsdorffii. As the sugar ester isolate from N. gossei contained both sucrose esters and glucose esters, these were bioassayed separately and both caused high mortality. The isolates of three N. glutinosa accessions varied in sucrose ester and labdane terpenoid content; labdane fractions were less toxic than sucrose ester fractions. Nicotiana glutinosa 24, N. langsdorffii, and N. trigonophylla, in addition to N. gossei, showed good potential as sources of biorational insecticide against whitefly.
Conspicuous Philanthropy: A Response

In his Article, Professor Drennan notes that naming rights often have significant value. Therefore, he reasons that, when charitable contributions are made, the value of such naming rights should be subtracted from the amount of the contribution. Only the excess should be a tax-deductible contribution, and the burden should be on the donor to show that such an excess exists. To make this proposal work, there must be a way to determine (1) which categories of naming rights might be significant benefits; and (2) how such benefits can be valued. As to the first, Professor Drennan has given us some examples of some rights that are clearly significant, and some rights that are clearly not. However, there are a lot of rights in between that should be addressed. As to the second, in the noncommercial context, valuation is impossible. Therefore, donors will fail to meet their burden, and their contributions will be nondeductible. To solve this problem, as Professor Drennan suggests, donors and donees will agree at the outset on the value of the naming rights. However, such agreed valuations will also serve as liquidated damages, making it easier for donees to renege. As a result, donors will probably limit the duration of their naming rights in the first place. This result would be a step forward.
Listeria monocytogenes Response to Propionate Is Differentially Modulated by Anaerobicity

Propionate is a common food preservative and one of the major fermentation acids in the intestines. Therefore, exposure to propionate is frequent for foodborne pathogens and likely takes place under suboxic conditions. However, it is not clear whether the absence of oxygen affects how pathogens respond to propionate. Here, we investigated how propionate exposure affects Listeria monocytogenes growth and virulence factor production under aerobic or anaerobic conditions and showed that oxygen indeed plays a key role in modulating L. monocytogenes response to propionate. Under aerobic conditions, propionate supplementations had no effect on planktonic growth but resulted in decreased adherent growth. Under anaerobic conditions, propionate supplementations resulted in a pH-dependent inhibition of planktonic growth and increased adherent growth. Cultures grown with propionate accumulated higher levels of acetoin under aerobic conditions but lower levels of ethanol under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Metabolic perturbations by propionate were also evident by the increase in straight chain fatty acids. Finally, propionate supplementations resulted in increased listeriolyin O (LLO) production under anaerobic conditions but decreased LLO production under aerobic conditions. These results demonstrate for the first time that the presence or absence of oxygen plays a critical role in shaping L. monocytogenes responses to propionate.
Population and Labor Force Aging, Effect on Socio-Economic Development in Brazil, Russia, India and China

China and India have experienced rapid, economic, and gross domestic product (GDP) growth. After the economic disruption of the breakup of the Soviet system, Russia and many countries in Eastern Europe, are now manifesting rapid economic growth. As well, the current economic growth in India and China is related to the massive size of their labor forces. In Russia, Eastern Europe, and Brazil, economic growth is stimulated by either large natural resource reserves and/or large pools of technically trained workers and researchers. We examine sociodemographic and health conditions in Brazil, Russia, India, and China and the potential effects of population and labor force aging on growth.
Visual Spatio-Temporal Programming with a 3D Region Connection Calculus

The ability to perform qualitative spatial reasoning over a collection of 3D objects would be useful for a variety of problem domains, including biomedical analyses, geographic information systems, and mechanical modeling. In addition to the logical consistency checking that would be required for such a system, clearly there would be a need for a graphical interface that would allow the user to view and manipulate the objects and the corresponding spatial relationships. Additionally, consideration should be given to representing how those spatial relations can change over time. Herein we present a visual programming environment that facilitates spatio-temporal representation of and reasoning over a collection of 3D objects. This system effectively allows the user to create visual "programs", utilizing a region connection calculus to identify and enforce the spatial constraints that logically must hold between the objects over a series of abstract time periods. Keywords-qualitative spatial reasoning; constraint logic programming; region connection calculus
Some Problems Connected with the Laplacian

The Laplacian is in many respects of a more classical nature than many of the differential operators to be discussed in Chapters 10 and 11. One of the basic problems is to find the eigenfunctions u(x) of the equation ∇ 2 u + λu = 0 in a region Ω of n-dimensional space with the boundary condition w(x) = 0 on the boundary ∂Ω. For n = 2 that is the classical problem of a vibrating membrane. More generally, for both n = 2 and n = 3 the eigenfunctions and the variational methods that determine them are useful in problems of vibration, heat flow, electromagnetic fields, and hydrodynamic stability. That is the main subject of this chapter.
1D Structures — Field Confinement Approach

The allure of studying 1D structures in physics is very appealing to most people. Textbooks on elementary quantum mechanics are filled with model calculations done on 1D systems because of their relative simplicity. The possibilities of studying ‘real’ 1D systems is therefore intriguing. The possibility is held out that the simple theories can be tested directly. In addition to this numerous physical properties are dependent on the dimensionality of the system being studied and 1D is the limiting case for transport studies.
Optimal control theory enables homonuclear decoupling without Bloch–Siegert shifts in NMR spectroscopy

The Bloch–Siegert shift is a phenomenon in NMR spectroscopy and atomic physics in which the observed resonance frequency is changed by the presence of an off-resonance applied field. In NMR, it occurs especially in the context of homonuclear decoupling. Here we develop a practical method for homonuclear decoupling that avoids inducing Bloch–Siegert shifts. This approach enables accurate observation of the resonance frequencies of decoupled nuclear spins. We apply this method to increase the resolution of the HNCA experiment. We also observe a doubling in sensitivity for a 30 kDa protein. We demonstrate the use of band-selective Cβ decoupling to produce amino acid-specific line shapes, which are valuable for assigning resonances to the protein sequence. Finally, we assign the backbone of a 30 kDa protein, Human Carbonic Anhydrase II, using only HNCA experiments acquired with band-selective decoupling schemes, and instrument time of one week. Bloch–Siegert shifts prevent the accurate observation of resonance frequencies in NMR experiments. Here the authors present a method for homonuclear decoupling that avoids inducing Bloch–Siegert shifts and improves the sensitivity and resolution of HNCA experiments.
The color of law: the forgotten history of how our government segregated America

Richard Rothstein makes a convincing case for how federal, state, and local laws and policies, distinct from actions of private citizens and organizations, enabled the creation and perpetuation of ...
Bilateral chest wall mesenchymal hamartomas treated with sclerotherapy and cryoablation

Abstract Mesenchymal hamartoma of the chest wall is a rare disorder, traditionally treated with mutilating radical excision. We report a case of an infant with bilateral mesenchymal hamartomas (MH) complicated with aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) features. We subsequently describe a novel technique combining sclerotherapy and cryoablation to achieve non-operative tumor burden reduction in an effort to minimize disfigurement making the MH amenable to less morbid resection. A 3.5-month-old male presented with bilateral, complex, mixed cystic and solid, chest wall masses consistent with a chest wall mesenchymal hamartoma. Under ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance, the aneurysmal bone cyst components were aspirated and contrast studies performed to exclude venous drainage. Doxycycline sclerotherapy was performed using dwelling volumes approximately 50–60% of the estimated cyst cavity size. Repeat sclerotherapy was performed on days 85, 147, 229 and 267, with interval imaging guiding timing and location of therapy. The ABC components responded well to sclerotherapy with significant size decrease of the cystic components. Overall lesion size decreased significantly, with new bone formation noted in response to treatment. The first treatment of computer tomographic (CT)-guided cryoablation was then performed on day 329 to attempt further reduce the size of the solid components. Multiple cryoablation probes were advanced into the mass under CT fluoroscopy. Deep components were treated initially with a series of freeze/thaw cycles. Cryoprobes were then retracted to treat the more superficial portions of the lesion. CT guided cryoablation was repeated on day 601.
Benedict XVI’s “Troubled” call for religious dialogue: the Regensburg lecture

Employing Jerome S. Bruner’s reenvisioned version of Kenneth Burke’s pentad, we scrutinize Pope Benedict XVI’s Regensburg Lecture. Our analysis reveals that the lecture breached canonical expectati...
UNLOCKING DISLOCATION SECRETS

What happens to the metal of a paper clip when you bend it? Tackling that seemingly simple question depends on knowing how change on the atomic scale relates to change at the mesoscopic scale (of around 10-6 m) and upwards. Molecular dynamics simulations are used in this work. A new, multidisciplinary analysis provides a quantitative case-study of how complicated phenomena at the atomic level are transformed into the dislocations that allow metals to deform.
Self-uncertainty and group identification: A meta-analysis:

A key prediction of uncertainty-identity theory is that under conditions of high self-uncertainty, people will identify more strongly with their group. This has been supported by numerous studies. ...
Learning in Community for STEM Undergraduates: Connecting a Learning Sciences and a Learning Humanities Approach in Higher Education

Previous research demonstrates that social and interpersonal factors, more than academic preparation, affect decisions by under-represented students to stay in or to leave STEM fields. Yet, much of...
L2 Spanish morphosyntactic development through collaborative writing: An analysis of mood production, text length and syntactic complexity:

This study discusses the impact of interactionist output-oriented approaches, specifically, the effects of collaborative text reconstruction on subjunctive recognition and production in the written...
Toward a Usable Narrative

If Bolivar has been pulled in different directions, his figure each time partially erased as his interpreters go though and around him to produce their particular iteration, we need a usable narrative against which to begin to make sense of how he has been deployed in critical discourse. The choice of beginnings and endings for constructing such a narrative is not an innocent one, but in the interest of providing an account of the most important spaces to which his interpreters go, always elaborating them anew, let us start with his family origins, racial descent, and early life, not because that is where we ourselves are starting or others have always, but rather because it is a space of representation just as all other elements of his life are, his biography worked and reworked on the national and hemispheric stages.
Predicting Operative Outcomes in Patients with Liver Disease: Albumin-Bilirubin Score vs Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Sodium Score.

Background The albumin-bilirubin score (ALBI) has recently been shown to have increased accuracy in predicting post-hepatectomy liver failure and mortality compared with the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD). However, the use of ALBI as a predictor of postoperative mortality for other surgical procedures has not been analyzed. The aim of this study was to measure the predictive power of ALBI compared with MELD-sodium (MELD-Na) across a wide range of surgical procedures. Study Design Patients undergoing cardiac, pulmonary, esophageal, gastric, gallbladder, pancreatic, splenic, appendix, colorectal, adrenal, renal, hernia, and aortic operations were identified in the 2015-2018 American College of Surgeons NSQIP database. Patients with missing laboratory data were excluded. Univariable analysis and receiver operator characteristic curves were performed for 30-day mortality and morbidity. Areas under the curves were calculated to validate and compare the predictive abilities of ALBI and MELD-Na. Results Of 258,658 patients, the distribution of ALBI grades 1, 2, 3 were 51%, 42%, and 7%, respectively. Median MELD-Na was 7.50 (interquartile range 6.43 to 9.43). Overall 30-day mortality rate was 2.7% and overall morbidity was 28.6%. Increasing ALBI grade was significantly associated with mortality (ALBI grade 2: odds ratio [OR] 5.24; p Conclusions ALBI score predicts mortality and morbidity across a wide spectrum of surgical procedures. When compared with MELD-Na, ALBI more accurately predicts outcomes in patients undergoing pulmonary, elective colorectal, and adrenal operations.
Library support for emergency management during the time of natural disasters: Through the lens of public library Twitter data

Abstract The public libraries in the Carolinas engaged with their communities using Twitter throughout the phases of Hurricane Florence in 2018. A total of 161 libraries in Carolinas were examined. The framework of crisis informatics, content analysis, and network analysis were applied to 738 Twitter posts from 17 libraries, which had Twitter presence, to understand interaction details between the libraries and communities that they serve. Findings include that the libraries shared a mixture of both disaster- and non-disaster-related information via their Twitter pages. The disaster-related tweets were mostly shared in the During (291 out of 349) and After (56 out of 349) phases. The number of general library-related tweets in the During phase dropped drastically compared to those in the Before or After phases. The libraries were also retweeting disaster-related tweets from various governmental agencies and NGOs to the community members in their social network. These findings indicate that the libraries switched their roles from a general services institution to an emergency information hub as the threat from the hurricane began affecting the communities. The knowledge gained from our study could be used to improve community resilience by further illuminating the role of public libraries as public infrastructures that host and facilitate the development of social capital during and after disaster events by becoming information and communication hubs.