cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extracellular vesicles in the hematopoietic microenvironment

Self-renewal and differentiation are defining characteristics of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, and their balanced regulation is central to lifelong function of both blood and immune systems. In addition to cell-intrinsic programs, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions are subject to extrinsic cues from within the bone marrow microenvironment and systemically. Yet, many of the paracrine and endocrine mediators that shape hematopoietic function remain to be discovered. Extracellular vesicles serve as evolutionarily conserved, constitutive regulators of cell and tissue homeostasis, with several recent reports supporting a role for extracellular vesicles in the regulation of hematopoiesis. We review the physiological and pathophysiological effects that extracellular vesicles have on bone marrow compartmental function while highlighting progress in understanding vesicle biogenesis, cargo incorporation, differential uptake, and downstream effects of vesicle internalization. This review also touches on the role of extracellular vesicles in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate regulation and recent advances in therapeutic and diagnostic applications of extracellular vesicles in hematologic disorders.
Rural-metropolitan disparities in ovarian cancer survival: a statewide population-based study

Abstract Purpose To investigate rural-metropolitan disparities in ovarian cancer survival, we assessed ovarian cancer mortality and differences in prognostic factors by rural-metropolitan residence. Methods The Utah Population Database was used to identify ovarian cancer cases diagnosed between 1997 and 2012. Residential location information at the time of cancer diagnosis was used to stratify rural-metropolitan residence. All-cause death and ovarian cancer death risks were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression models. Results Among 1661 patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer, 11.8% were living in rural counties of Utah. Although ovarian cancer patients residing in rural counties had different characteristics compared with metropolitan residents, we did not observe an association between rural residence and risk of all-cause nor ovarian cancer–specific death after adjusting for confounders. However, among rural residents, ovarian cancer mortality risk was very high in older age at diagnosis and for mucinous carcinoma, and low in overweight at baseline. Conclusions Rural residence was not significantly associated with the risk of ovarian cancer death. Nevertheless, patients residing in rural-metropolitan areas had different factors affecting the risk of all-cause mortality and cancer-specific death. Further research is needed to quantify how mortality risk can differ by residential location accounting for degree of health care access and lifestyle-related factors.
The Development Impact of Higher Education in Nigeria

Education in Nigeria is more of a public enterprise that has witnessed government complete and dynamic intervention and active participation (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1981). It is the view of the formulated education policy in Nigeria to use education as a vehicle in achieving national development. Education being an instrument of change, in Nigeria education policy has been a product of evolution through series of historical developments. Improving the education is not only a goal in itself for a better quality of life but also its positive impact on the economic development of a country is far-reaching. The provision of education is a key element of a policy to promote broad-based economic growth. The main asset of the poor is clearly their labour and education improves the productivity and earnings of workers. Education is considered a major remedy for many problems faced by developing countries. For example, high fertility rates are adding to population pressures in several countries. From a global perspective, economic and social development is increasingly driven by the advancement and application of knowledge. Education, in general, and higher education in particular, are fundamental to the construction of a knowledge economy and society in all nations (World Bank, 1999). Yet the potential of higher education systems in developing countries to fulfil this responsibility is frequently thwarted by long-standing problems of finance, efficiency, equity, quality and governance. As a result, developing economies cannot be said to be reaping the benefits of a knowledge economy. It, therefore, become imperative with the aid of the Earnings Model developed by Mincer (1974) which is founded on the Theory of Investment in Human Capital, as well as the model by Moretti (2002) for social returns to education, to assess the development impact of higher education in Nigeria with a view to establishing the link between Nigeria’s higher educational system and her economic growth, as well as explicating how Nigeria can participate in the global knowledge economy. The result also reveals that a well educated labour force possessed a positive and significant impact on economic growth through factor accumulation and on the evolution of total factor productivity. Also, the amount of government expenditure on education significantly influences output per worker growth.
Pain in the Battlefield Injured

Military conflicts, by their nature, inflict enormous physical, mental, and emotional scars on the combatants. The injuries range from multi-trauma combat injuries to noncombat-related overuse injuries and accidents. This chapter will review the injury patterns and the current state of treatment for these conditions.
Design and Manufacturing Process Management in a Network of Distributed Suppliers

In this paper, we presented the basic structure of an XML-based scalable enterprise system called Manufacturing Integration and Design Automation System (MIDAS) to support collaboration among a network of suppliers engaged in the design and manufacturing of prototype parts. MIDAS provides a new paradigm where design and manufacturing processes can be represented and integrated within each vendor and with other venders working together to build a prototype. The framework is developed based on Java and XML to provide the efficient and secure interchange of data among the vendors involved in designing and building a prototype. While the quantity of parts is one aspect of the problem, scalability also includes the ability of a system to adapt to a changing environment, including new products, processes, technology, markets, and business partners. The key issues are (1) how to achieve the appropriate representation of process model, (2) how to model various constraints in design and manufacturing and to use them in order to find the best-of-practice process, and (3) how to maintain interdependencies within the network of vendors.
Sixty-cm submersion of Venice discovered thanks to Canaletto's paintings

Relative sea level (RSL) rise is a crucial issue for the safeguard of Venice and its historical buildings. The phenomenon over the last three centuries has been investigated by using a proxy of mean sea level: the height of the algae front on palaces. This indicator was accurately drawn by Canaletto and his pupils in their `photographic' paintings made with an optical camera obscura. The positions of the fronts in the 18th century and the present were compared. The RSL rise is due to a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors, both local and global, which affected the land subsidence. An analysis was performed to establish the long-term trend and distinguish between natural and local man contributions. A prudent scenario for the future would suggest a rate between 1.9 ± 0.4 mm yr−1 and 2.3 ± 0.4 mm yr−1.
Coleridge and the Strategy of Genius

ABSTRACTWhile Coleridge’s 1817 Biographia Literaria has gained a reputation as a perplexing mix of disparate elements, this essay argues that analysis of Coleridge’s construction of genius in the t...
Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair (TEVAR): New Horizons

Thoracic aortic aneurysm repair utilizing endovascular approaches has been in clinical existence for close to two decades and has quickly become the preferred treatment for anatomically suitable candidates. The modern vascular surgeon must, therefore, be familiar with new and changing treatment modalities for this formidable disease.
Incidence and Long-term Outcomes of Patients Requiring Early Reoperation After HIPEC.

Abstract Background Cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) remains a formidable operation associated with considerable morbidity. It is unclear how often these patients require reoperation for postoperative complications and if the need for reoperations leads to worse long-term outcomes. Methods The Peritoneal Surface Malignancy Database at a single center was retrospectively queried. Out of 149 entries, 141 HIPECs performed between 2012 and 2018 met inclusion criteria. Patients were categorized based on early reoperation ( Results There were 15 reoperations after 141 HIPECs (10.6%). Median duration between HIPEC and reoperation was 18 d. Indications for reoperation included intra-abdominal infection (n = 5), bowel obstruction (n = 4), wound infection (n = 3), bleeding (n = 2), and evisceration (n = 1). There were no identified patient- or tumor-related risk factors for reoperation. Reoperations were associated with longer hospital length of stay (19 versus 9 d, P = 0.005) and 30-d readmissions (46.7% versus 12.8%, P = 0.003). There was no significant difference in 3-year recurrence-free survival, but there was a significant association between reoperation and 3-year overall survival (38.0% versus 71.9%, P = 0.03). Conclusions Complications requiring reoperation after HIPEC lead to increased short-term morbidity, longer hospital length of stay, and most importantly, reduced overall survival. Further studies investigating interventions to decrease complications and reduce reoperation rates are needed to improve outcomes after HIPEC.
The Role of the Corporate Tax

Existing corporate taxes distort many aspects of firm behavior. To the extent that the corporate tax rate is lower than personal tax rates, taxes favor corporate activity, and favor retaining earnings rather than paying earnings out to employees and investors. Multinationals can even avoid these taxes by shifting income into tax havens. Given the ease with which multinationals can evade tax, the existing income tax structure faces major pressures, as reflected in average statutory corporate tax rates halving in recent decades. The Element speculates on alternative tax structures that will avoid these problems.
Travel modeling under emerging communications and mobility technologies: Part II (long-term view)

Abstract In recent years, one has witnessed rapid advances in telecommunications and mobility technologies. These include breakthroughs in information and communications technologies (ICT) on the one hand, and connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) on the other. I will review and track the evolution of these advances. Most importantly, I wish to map out the corresponding implications for travel modeling-and-simulation. The discussions were carried out in two chapters. In contrast to the Part-I chapter which focuses on the short-term view, the current Part-II chapter is much more speculative, as I dive into the unknowns of the future. The unknowns pertain particularly to the alternate future scenarios and how stakeholders respond under them, representing the most tenuous aspect of analysis. Aimed at stimulating more thoughtful discussions, I include “visioning,” which includes not only exploring where modeling-and-simulation is heading, but also guiding where we should be going.
Childhood Maltreatment and Risky Substance Use Behaviors: The Mediating Roles of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms & Callous Unemotional Traits.

Background: A robust relationship has been established between childhood maltreatment and risky substance use. Posttraumatic stress symptoms and callous-unemotional (CU) traits, both of which can b...
Drug effects on the liver. An updated tabular compilation of drugs and drug-related hepatic diseases.

Generic and chemical names of drugs and the possible adverse effects of these drugs on the human liver are tabulated. Most drugs compiled in these tables have been approved by the Federal Drug Administration. They are currently available in the United States, and they are listed in the 1983Physicians' Desk Reference. Some important investigational drugs are listed also. The tables include: (1) generic names of drugs that have caused a characteristic morphologic change, such as granulomatous hepatitis; (2) morphologic diagnoses that have been documented after administration of each drug; and (3) references that can be matched to each drug and to its effects on the liver.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Hypertension Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control in the United States, 2013 to 2018.

We evaluated the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension (defined as a systolic blood pressure [BP]) ≥140 mm Hg, diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg, or a self-reported use of an antihyper...
A matter of time: Gender, time constraint, and risk taking among the chess elite

Abstract Using a sample of elite chess games, the present paper examines how time constraint affects risk taking. Under time constraint, the greatest average risk taking is observed when women play against men, compared with all other game compositions, inclusive of when men play against men or against women.
Multi-Target Ambiguity Functions

Certain applications in narrow-band radar require that the windowed Fourier transform, or Weyl-Heisenberg wavelet expansion of a signal be computed. Under narrowband assumptions, and in general for real applications it is necessary that the window signal have finite second time and frequency moments, but Balian’s theorem shows that in this case the windowed basis is never a frame. This paper describes an approximation method which will allow stable calculation to be applied in this situation, even though the signals which must be used never give rise to frames. Using density properties of certain sets in an appropriate function space, it is seen that the set of frames and the set of certain ‘nice’ signals can each approximate elements of the other, to within an arbitrary degree of accuracy. This yields a method for studying radar problems, as well as a method for constructing signals which ought to be good for radar applications.
Secretion and Turnover of Very Low Density Lipoprotein Triacylglycerols in Rats Fed Chronically Diets Rich in Glucose and Fructose

Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) were isolated from serum after intravenous injection of rats with 1-14C-palmitic acid. These lipoproteins were in turn injected into tail veins of rats which had been fed ad libitum for 21 days on fat-free diets in which the source of carbohydrates was glucose or fructose. Groups of rats were killed at intervals up to 10 minutes after injection and the rates of decline of serum triacylglycerol (TG) and of serum VLDL-TG specific radioactivity were measured. The half-lives of VLDL-TG turnover were very short (approximately 1 minute in both groups) compared to those described previously for rats fed conventional diets or for fasted animals, but the higher plasma TG concentrations in fructose-fed rats were as reported elsewhere. From this information and the serum VLDL-TG concentrations in the two dietary groups, it was possible to estimate the rate of VLDL secretion from the liver which was found to be 75% greater in the fructose-fed rats. No differences were found in the total lipoprotein lipase activity in acetone powders of white adipose tissue from other rats fed fructose and glucose.
The nature of water in sound human enamel. A preliminary study.

Abstract The water protons in ground enamel as measured by wide line nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and as indicated by chemical analysis, in conjunction with high temperature thermogravimetric analysis, are of three types. The water lost by 100 °C and exchangeable with D 2 O, is from 0.6 to 1 per cent. It was freely tumbling (i.e. unbound). That water formerly called “bound” water ( Little, Cueto and Rowley , 1962) and associated with the Ca:P ratio, is removable by 900 °C; it is a “caged” but a freely tumbling fraction equal to 0.8 moles of water. Of the same type is water, equivalent to 2 moles, removable only between 900 and 1300 °C. Since the NMR line widths indicated only H 2 O and no H 3 O + or OH − , it is speculated that enamel apatite and synthetic apatites may not be a hydroxy- but a hydro-apatite.
An improved neural network approach to the traveling salesman problem

To find the global minimum of an NP-complete problem within a reasonable computational time is extremely difficult. The traveling salesman problem, in addition to being NP-complete, has a complicated solution set in terms of optimizing an energy function. A novel neural network that removes ambiguities in the solution set and eliminates local minima is described. This network obtains the global minimum at a small increase in computational time when compared to the Hopfield network. Salient features of this improved network are presented. >
Global ocean surface velocities from drifters: Mean, variance, El Niño–Southern Oscillation response, and seasonal cycle

[1] Global near-surface currents are calculated from satellite-tracked drogued drifter velocities on a 0.5° × 0.5° latitude-longitude grid using a new methodology. Data used at each grid point lie within a centered bin of set area with a shape defined by the variance ellipse of current fluctuations within that bin. The time-mean current, its annual harmonic, semiannual harmonic, correlation with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), spatial gradients, and residuals are estimated along with formal error bars for each component. The time-mean field resolves the major surface current systems of the world. The magnitude of the variance reveals enhanced eddy kinetic energy in the western boundary current systems, in equatorial regions, and along the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, as well as three large “eddy deserts,” two in the Pacific and one in the Atlantic. The SOI component is largest in the western and central tropical Pacific, but can also be seen in the Indian Ocean. Seasonal variations reveal details such as the gyre-scale shifts in the convergence centers of the subtropical gyres, and the seasonal evolution of tropical currents and eddies in the western tropical Pacific Ocean. The results of this study are available as a monthly climatology.
EVIDENCE OF LYSOGENY IN DERIVATIVES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Abstract Frampton, E. W. (The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston), and B. R. Brinkley. Evidence of lysogeny in derivatives of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 90:446–452. 1965.—Exposure of cultures of several thymine-requiring derivatives of Escherichia coli strain 15 to radiation [X rays or ultraviolet (UV)] resulted in an increased synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) as measured by the incorporation of radioactive uridine. In addition to radiation, mitomycin C (5 or 25 μg/ml) or growth in the absence of thymine also stimulated RNA synthesis in cultures in which the bulk of RNA synthesis was terminated by a shift-down in growth conditions. RNA purified from X-irradiated bacteria was resolved on columns of methylated serum albumin and yielded an elution profile which appeared similar to RNA synthesized by phage-infected bacteria. Electron microscopic examination of cultures induced to lyse by exposure to UV radiation, or by growth in the presence of 5-bromouracil before exposure to radiation (X rays or UV), showed the presence of mostly incomplete phage particles.
Archean Geodynamics and the Thermal Evolution of Earth

Possible geodynamic regimes that may have prevailed in the Archean are investigated by back-tracking the thermal history of Earth from the present-day conditions. If the temporal evolution of plate-tectonic convection is modulated by strong depleted lithosphere created at mid-ocean ridges, more sluggish plate tectonics is predicted when the mantle was hotter, contrary to commonly believed, more rapid tectonics in the past. This notion of sluggish plate tectonics can simultaneously satisfy geochemical constraints on the abundance of heat-producing elements and petrological constraints on the degree of secular cooling, in the framework of simple whole-mantle convection. The geological record of supercontinents back to ∼2.7 Ga is shown to be broadly consistent with the accelerating plate motion as predicted by the new model. Furthermore, the very fact of repeated continental aggregation indicates that thicker depleted lithosphere in the past needs to move more slowly to become negatively buoyant by thermal contraction and also needs to be strong enough to support resulting thermal boundary layer. The concept of many small plates covering Archean ocean basins is thus physically implausible. As a consequence of reduced heat flux in the past, mantle plumes are expected to have been weaker in the Archean. The chemical evolution of Earth's mantle may have been encumbered by sluggish plate tectonics and weak mantle plumes, maintaining its compositional heterogeneity at various spatial scales to the present day. Internal heat production probably played an important role in controlling plate dynamics in the early Archean, for which a different mode of mantle convection is suggested.
Applying knowledge management strategies to economic development in sub-Saharan Africa

Sustainability looks to achieve best outcomes for human and natural environments both now and in the indefinite future. It relates to the continuity of economic, social, institutional and environmental aspects of human society, as well as the non-human environment. This paper examines economic development as one aspect of sustainability, with a focus on knowledge management as an economic development strategy. Using Grey’s categories of knowledge management, the authors address sustainable economic development in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. Production capability is no longer completely dependent on capital and equipment; information and knowledge assets are increasingly important. In this information economy, success comes from harnessing the information and knowledge of a community. Such “indigenous knowledge,” local and often tacit, exists in every community, every region and every country. This knowledge is useful in identifying new entrepreneurial opportunities, as well as for sustaining and advancing local businesses. Sub-Saharan Africa provides an excellent case study. No other region of the world is in more dire need of development. The 700 million people in this area face tremendous challenges, including the world’s highest incidence of HIV/AIDS, deep poverty, unemployment, political instability, and a host of related problems. Key factors for using knowledge management as an economic development strategy in the region will include ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) literacy; uncovering and developing local intellectual assets; capturing tacit knowledge; internal and external knowledge sharing; and managing political, social and technological barriers. Other specific recommendations include promoting ICT literacy through training programs; leveraging internet and email technologies for community building; investing financial resources in R & D; and developing metrics for outcome assessment. Keywords: Knowledge management, economic development, sub-Saharan Africa.
The Relevance of Thomas Aquinas’ Moral Philosophy for Business Management

Philosophical ethics plays a key role in business ethics. Ethical theories provide normative frameworks which help business actors take more informed and rigorous moral decisions. There are three major ethical theories that prevail in business ethics today: utilitarianism, ethics of duty and ethics of rights. Each one has its distinctive weaknesses and strengths. Since none of these theories provides a flawless account of moral right and wrong, this article aims to bring into the picture the moral philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, the most prominent philosopher of the Middle Ages. Although Aquinas' ethics is hardly mentioned in business ethics literature, it remains to be seen whether his moral philosophy may be relevant in business management and ethical decision making in business. In particular, the article examines whether Aquinas' philosophical ethics escapes the intrinsic limitations of utilitarianism and ethics of duty.
The application of simulation experiments to fusion materials development

One of the major problems in the development of structural alloys for use in magnetic fusion reactors (MFRs) is the lack of suitable materials testing facilities. This is because operating fusion r...
"Sex ratio" meiotic drive in Drosophila testacea.

We document the occurrence of "sex ratio" meiotic drive in natural populations of Drosophila testacea. "Sex ratio" males sire greater than 95% female offspring. Genetic analysis reveals that this effect is due to a meiotically driven X chromosome, as in other species of Drosophila in which "sex ratio" has been found. In contrast to other drosophilids, the "sex ratio" and standard chromosomes of D. testacea do not differ in gene arrangement, implying that the effect may be due to a single genetic factor in this species. In all likelihood, the "sex ratio" condition has evolved independently in D. testacea and in the Drosophila obscura species group, as the loci responsible for the effect occur on different chromosomal elements. An important ecological consequence of "sex ratio" is that natural populations of D. testacea exhibit a strong female bias. Because D. testacea mates, oviposits, and feeds as adults and larvae on mushrooms, this species provides an excellent opportunity to study the selective factors in nature that prevent "sex ratio" chromosomes from increasing to fixation and causing the extinction of the species.
The Long-Term Impact of Incarceration During the Teens and 20s on the Wages and Employment of Men

This article examines the long-term impact of incarceration during the teens and 20s on labor market outcomes and its causal pathways via education and job experience. Using the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this article finds that incarceration in youth correctional institutions significantly reduces wages and the total number of weeks worked per year at age 39 or 40 while incarceration during the 20s only lowers wages. Further, this study finds that incarceration in youth correctional institutions lowers education and job experience at age 39 or 40 while incarceration in the 20s only significantly depresses job experience.
Civic government or market-based governance? The limits of privatization for rural local governments.

Thomas Lyson argued that civic markets were possible and could have positive impacts on rural development. Increasingly local governments are being forced into market-based governance regimes of privatization, decentralization and free trade. This article explores the impacts of these trends on rural local governments in the US. These market trends can erode civic foundations, but recent data show local governments are balancing markets with civic concerns and giving increased attention to citizen interests in the service delivery process.
EPR Study of Copper-Exchanged Zeolites: Effects of Correlated g- and A-Strain, Si/Al Ratio, and Parent Zeolite

A series of copper-exchanged zeolites with varying Si/Al ratios were investigated using EPR spectroscopy. EPR spectra were recorded for hydrated and dehydrated Cu-ZSM5 (Si/Al = 16, 28, 44, and 144), CuY (Si/Al = 2, 48), Cu-mordenite (Si/Al = 5, 15, 46), and Cu-Beta (Si/Al = 18). EPR parameters were obtained by a previously described linear least-squares fitting procedure that was modified to incorporate coaxial, rhombic g- and A-tensors and to include correlated g- and A- strain. The EPR spectra for all of the hydrated copper-exchanged zeolites exhibited similar spectral features and similar EPR parameters suggesting that the zeolite surroundings have little effect on the electronic environment of the hydrated copper complexes in the different zeolites. The EPR spectra for the dehydrated copper-exchanged zeolites, such as Cu-ZSM5, CuY, and Cu-mordenite, contained overlapping spectral features that were more difficult to analyze. In particular, the EPR spectra of dehydrated Cu-mordenite and CuY suggested t...
Geometric properties and comparative biomechanics of Homo floresiensis mandibles

The hypodigm of Homo floresiensis from the cave of Liang Bua on Flores Island in the archipelago of Indonesia includes two mandibles (LB1/2 and LB6/1). The morphology of their symphyses and corpora has been described as sharing similarities with both australopiths and early Homo despite their Late Pleistocene age. Although detailed morphological comparisons of these mandibles with those of modern and fossil hominin taxa have been made, a functional analysis in the context of masticatory biomechanics has yet to be performed. Utilizing data on cortical bone geometry from computed tomography scans, we compare the mechanical attributes of the LB1 and LB6 mandibles with samples of modern Homo, Pan, Pongo, and Gorilla, as well as fossil samples of Paranthropus robustus, Australopithecus africanus and South African early Homo. Structural stiffness measures were derived from the geometric data to provide relative measures of mandibular corpus strength under hypothesized masticatory loading regimes. These mechanical variables were evaluated relative to bone area, mandibular length and estimates of body size to assess their functional affinities and to test the hypothesis that the Liang Bua mandibles can be described as scaled-down variants of either early hominins or modern humans. Relative to modern hominoids, the H. floresiensis material appears to be relatively strong in terms of rigidity in torsion and transverse bending, but is relatively weak under parasagittal bending. Thus, they are 'robust' relative to modern humans (and comparable with australopiths) under some loads but not others. Neither LB1 nor LB6 can be described simply as 'miniaturized' versions of modern human jaws since mandible length is more or less equivalent in Homo sapiens and H. floresiensis. The mechanical attributes of the Liang Bua mandibles are consistent with previous inferences that masticatory loads were reduced relative to australopiths but remained elevated relative to modern Homo.
Clinical decision rule for knee radiographs

The objective of this study was to develop a decision rule for ordering x-rays in knee injuries. Phase I was a retrospective chart review of 201 consecutive patients receiving knee radiographs in the emergency department in a 10-month period. Logistic regression was performed on 11 clinical indicators to develop a clinical decision rule. Phase II was a prospective validation study on 133 consecutive patients with knee injuries. All patients received radiographs to validate the decision rule. Sensitivity, specificity, and misclassification rate were calculated. Logistic regression analysis found that a fall or blunt trauma mechanism yielded a logistic regression sensitivity of 92%, specificity of 57%, with a false-negative rate of 0.9%. The addition of inability to ambulate and age (younger than 12 or older than 50 years of age) yielded a sensitivity of 92% with a specificity of 63%. The prospective study found the combination of fall or blunt trauma with either inability to ambulate or age (younger than 12 to older than 50 years of age) was 100% sensitive, with a specificity of 79%. The misclassification rate was 20%. Using this decision rule, the number of x-rays taken could have been reduced by 78%. A larger multicenter validation study of this knee radiograph decision rule is needed before widespread clinical usage.
Galois objects with normal bases for free Hopf algebras of prime degree

Suppose R is a commutative ring and H a commutative/cocommutative Hopf algebra which is a free R module of prime rank. The set of isomorphism classes of R algebras which are Galois H objects forms an abelian group (see Chase and Sweedler [a]). In this paper we show that when H is an algebra over a special subring of the p-adic integers containing a full set of (p 1)st roots of unity, then the subring consisting of those Galois objects which are isomorphic to H as H* module (H* = Hom,(H, R)) is isomorphic to UE~(R)/[U~(R)]~, where the notation U,(R) means units of R congruent to 1 modx and 5 is a (p 1)st root of an element b of R which will be seen to characterize the Hopf algebra H. The paper is organised as follows. We briefly review notation related to Hopf algebras, integrals, and Galois objects in Section 0. In Section 1 we present the description of Hopf algebras of order p given by Tate and Oort in their paper “Group Schemes of Prime Order” [S]. Such a Hopf algebra H is associated with a pair of constants a, b. In fact Hz R[x]/<x” ax) and H* x R[x]/( xp bx), where ab = wI, (some unit of R). In Section 2 we describe the H* module structure of H and the H* module structure of a Galois H object S, and we state what it means for S to have a normal basis (S z H as H* module). In Section 3 we assume R contains a (p l)st root of 6. We show RZ/pZ c H from which it follows that S contains a “Kummer order” C, modp S, with S, = R and SiS, = Si+i.
Waiver and Juvenile Justice Reform: Widening the Punitive Net:

The incidence of violent juvenile offending and the publicity sur rounding it have prompted some legislatures to review and revise their statutory provisions for waiver. This paper examines the recent statutes that have been enacted, the procedures stipulated, and their implications. Particular attention is focused on the politicalization of juvenile crime, the politics of fear, and the evolution of juvenile justice philosophy from a rehabilitative to a punishment perspective. The restructuring of the waiver process in the juvenile justice system is one of a series of "quick-fixes" that provides the illusion of effectively addressing juvenile crime and prevent ing its occurrence.
Electronic cigarettes in smoking cessation

Background: Tobacco use is the most prevalent preventable cause of death in the United States, accounting for approximately 20% of all deaths each year. Despite available treatment options, many smokers still experience multiple failed quit attempts indicating a need for development of novel therapies. When the electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) was introduced to the United States' market in 2007, patients began to discuss its possible use as the newest form of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Methods: A PubMed search was performed for the following terms: “Electronic cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and smoking cessation”. A manual search of references from articles found was performed to identify additional relevant articles. Results: Most evidence surrounding use of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation is found in self-reports and user surveys. One study looking at short-term effects of e-cigarettes on desire to smoke found a decreased desire in subjects inhaling from both nicotine-containing and placebo e-c...
Against Technologization: Young People's New Media Discourse as Creative Cultural Practice

Educators, businesspeople, and journalists–all of them adults–seem very preoccupied nowadays with young people's supposed lack of “good” communication, leading to evaluation of their communication “skills” against standards of appropriateness and usefulness shaped by the needs of the market rather than everyday social and relational needs of communicators. This technologization of communication comes to a head in commentary (read: complaints) about young people's new media discourse, where concerns about “literacy,”“employability,” and “social order” are refracted through adults' often-conflicted feelings about technology. Whether young people are being lauded as ‘wired whizzes' or pilloried as ‘techno-slaves,’ invariably overlooked is the situated, meaningful, and creative nature of their communicative practices–precisely what the papers in this special issue demonstrate.
Prevention of Retrovirus-Induced Aberrant Cytokine Secretion, Excessive Lipid Peroxidation, and Tissue Vitamin E Deficiency by T Cell Receptor Peptide Treatments in C57BL/6 Mice

To test whether T cell receptor (TCR) peptide treatment can prevent immune dysfunction, excessive lipid peroxidation, and malnutrition caused by retrovirus infection, female C57BL/6 mice were infected with LP-BM5 retrovirus. Infection with retrovirus inhibited lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine release T helper 1 cells, stimulated cytokine secretion by T helper 2 cells, induced abnormal hepatic and cardiac lipid profiles, and produced excessive tissue lipid peroxidation with hepatic and cardiac vitamin E deficiency. Two weeks after infection, TCR peptides Vbeta5.2, Vbeta8.1, Vbeta8.1 + Vbeta5.2, Vbeta8.1(N), and Vbeta8.1 were injected to the mice at dose of 200 microg/mouse. Vbeta8.1 and Vbeta5.2 treatments largely maintained lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 and IFN-gamma release, and prevented excessive IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha secretion. Concomitantly, these treatments normalized hepatic and cardiac lipid profiles, reduced tissue lipid peroxidation, and thereby significantly maintained vitamin E in the liver and heart. Vbeta8.1 segments treatment did not prevent the immune dysfunction, abnormal lipid profile and lipid peroxidation, and vitamin E deficiency caused by the retrovirus infection. In conclusion, injection of intact TCR peptides during murine retrovirus infection largely prevented immune dysfunction by blocking the excessive stimulation of a T cell subset caused by retroviral superantigens. It also ameliorated malnutrition status by normalizing lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, and vitamin E deficiency. T cell immune dysfunction and its prevention by TCR peptide treatment is important in the therapy of vitamin E deficiency induced by retrovirus infection.
CATABOLISM AND EXCRETION OF THE ANTITHYROID SUBSTANCE, DIACETYL-2,6-DIIODOHYDROQUINONE.

Abstract The metabolism of the antithyroid compound, diacetyl-2,6-diiodohydroquinone, and its related iodoquinones and iodohydroquinones was studied in rats by means of 131 I-labeled derivatives. Chromatography, radioautography, and enzyme studies of the excreted products indicated that the major portion of injected diacety 12, 6-diiodohydroquinone is deacetylated to form free diiodohydroquinone which is conjugated with glucuronic or sulfuric acid and excreted via the urine. Deiodination of diacetyl-2,6-diiodohydroquinone does occur as a catabolic step since free iodide ion was observed. However, the deiodination does not yield monoiodohydroquinone or its excretion forms. This fact suggests the simultaneous removal of two atoms of iodine from a given molecule. Toxicity studies of the various derivatives were also conducted.
Decreased oxygen consumption after catecholamine-induced glycolysis in the alligator

Anaerobic glycolysis was stimulated by forcing alligators to work to exhaustion, or by injecting them with epinephrine or norepinephrine. In all three groups, plasma lactate increased to above 20 mM. In the work group, oxygen consumption increased three-fold. In the catecholamine experiments, oxygen consumption dropped almost to zero immediately and stayed at zero from 45 min to over 2 hr. Gradually oxygen consumption resumed, finally exceeding the control value, but only by 50%. It was concluded that catecholamine-induced glycolysis produced phosphate-bond energy greatly in excess of immediate need, and that this energy was stored until it was used by the tissue. No oxygen was used until the store was depleted.
Angular dependence of exchange coupling in ferromagnet/antiferromagnet bilayers

Angular dependence of the exchange coupling in a NiFe/CoO bilayer film has been measured. Different angular dependence and symmetry have been observed for the exchange field ${H}_{E}$ and the coercivity ${H}_{C}.$ The values of ${H}_{E}$ and ${H}_{C}$ are due to unidirectional and uniaxial components of the magnetic anisotropy energy, in which the odd and the even terms lead to ${H}_{E}$ and ${H}_{C},$ respectively. The proposed free energy accounts for the experimental results.
Effectiveness of energy finite element analysis applied to submerged undersea vehicle noise prediction

Traditionally, solving structural-acoustics problems has posed significant computational challenges at very high wavenumbers because of the mesh refinement required. As such, instead of resolving each wavelength, the fundamental goal in Energy Finite Element Analysis (EFEA) is to average the energy over many wavelengths. The envelope of average energy behaves as a slowly varying exponential, which is much easier to solve numerically. EFEA thus computes the average energy over a region which can be used to determine undersea vehicle self- and radiated noise in much the same way as conventional FEA modeling but the size of the mesh does not suffer the same restrictions. In this talk, self-noise model predictions for a representative undersea vehicle are discussed to demonstrate the effectiveness of EFEA. This model includes an explicitly modeled acoustic domain to allow radiated energy to propagate in the acoustic medium and possibly reenter the vehicle structure. Results are validated with dense FEA models and the post-processing algorithms used for this purpose are discussed.
The AFP-675 Far Ultraviolet Cameras experiment - Observations of the far-UV space environment

The NRL's Far UV Cameras experiment flew aboard the Shuttle Orbiter on STS-39, in 1991: obtaining 105-200 nm measurements of the upper atmosphere, astronomical targets, and the Shuttle environment. Attention is presently given to observations of O2 density vs altitude in the nighttime atmosphere, the nocturnal ionosphere, Space Shuttle FUV glow, and photometry for both the stars and diffuse sources of 12 star fields at high and low galactic latitudes. The first FUV observations of the extended region of reflection nebulosity in Scorpius are included.
Continuity of change: the dynamic of beliefs, values, and the aging experience.

Abstract Objective To assess the nature of beliefs and values among older adults with a focus on changes in worldview over time. Method Eighteen participants (aged 62 to 85) were assigned to three age-stratified 90-minute focus groups. Each group of six addressed questions on the nature of their beliefs and values, and factors influencing these beliefs and values over time. Transcripts were coded using open, axial, and selective coding. Results Emergent themes included continuity of beliefs over time, a paradoxical change in beliefs demonstrated by an increased appreciation of life, focus on others, and general equanimity and acceptance evidenced by an emphasis on being nonjudgmental and expressing a reduced fear of death. Discussion Findings support a paradigmatic shift in worldview in old age heavily influenced by personal experiences. Though fundamental components of worldview remain remarkably stable, the expression of these elements is modified as individuals grow older.
Use of the weight efficacy lifestyle questionnaire with African American women: validation and extension of previous findings

While the Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire (WEL) shows promise as a measure of self-efficacy for eating control, there is a lack of research examining the psychometric properties of this measure with ethnic minorities. The current study examined the WEL with a sample of 144 overweight and obese African American females. Analyses indicated similar self-efficacy levels compared to predominantly Caucasian samples. Supporting the validity of the WEL, participants undergoing obesity treatment demonstrated modest improvement in WEL scores, while standard care participants showed no changes in self-efficacy over time. Factor analysis indicated a four-factor structure rather than the five factors previously found. The four-factor structure accounted for 61.85% of the variance. Results indicate the WEL may be a valid measure of self-efficacy for overweight and obese African American women, although researchers should be mindful of the variation in scale properties when using the WEL with this population.
Formation and properties of a thrombin generated factor IX inhibitor

Abstract The digestion of purified bovine Factor IX with purified thrombin at various concentrations removed peptide material from only the COOH-terminal end of the single chain molecule. The peptide was obtained in two forms, differing in carbohydrate concentration. Limited digestion with thrombin reduced the molecular mass of Factor IX by about 8,000 daltons. This smaller molecule, called Factor IXβ, was purified and found to be an inhibitor when added to a suitable mixture of purified Factor Xa and purified prethrombin 1 in 25% sodium citrate solution. It was also an inhibitor of thrombin formation in a system consisting of purified prothrombin complex, phospholipid, purified Factor V and calcium ions. With the ultracentrifuge, Factor IXβ sedimented as a single component and S o 20,w = 3.68 − 0.064X as compared with S o 20,w = 3.8 − 0.024X for Factor IX. Factor IXβ developed classical Factor IXa activity in the presence of Factor XIa and calcium ions.
Timeseer: detecting interesting distributions in multiple time series data

Widespread interest in features and trends in time series has generated a need for interactive tools that support discovering unusual events in time series. In this paper, we introduce an application (TimeSeer) for guiding interactive exploration through high-dimensional data. Our application is designed to handle the types of doubly-multivariate data series by working directly on noteworthy features such as density, skewness, shape, outliers, and texture.
Canada's constitutional crisis the uncertain development of Alberta's energy resources

Abstract As one of the largest energy producers in the west, Canada suddenly faces two political crises. Premier Trudeau aims to transfer half of the equity of the multinationals that dominate Canadian oil and natural gas to the new state-owned company Petrocan. Many of the foreign multinationals are consequently winding down their development programmes. The other crisis is the constitutional conflict that challenges the ability of the provinces to set prices and encourage foreign investment. This conflict may stall further development of energy investment and place the constitutional impasse in the lap of the UK Parliament, if it is not resolved this year.