cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Salt tolerance engineering - which are the essential mechanisms?

High soil salinity poses a problem to many agriculturally useable areas in the world and it can be expected that this problem becomes more severe due, mainly, to the need of keeping even marginal land under cultivation and as a consequence of irrigation in arid areas. These facts make it timely that the mechanisms are studied through which salt-tolerant plants can be productive under conditions under which glycophytic crop plants cannot grow. In our work over several years, we have attempted to find and describe mechanisms that have been suggested by physiological studies in the past. Once genes are identified which seem to control such mechanisms, we transfer them into salt-sensitive plants and study whether stress protection, even marginal, can be documented. From such work, and from the work of several other groups, we can deduce that a large number of genes are involved in plant stress tolerance and these fall into five groups that may define five mechanisms. These are (1) the synthesis of osmolytes, likely for osmotic adjustment, (2) the synthesis of enzymes and compounds which enhance the capacity of cells for scavenging of radical oxygen species, (3) the control over potassium uptake in the presence of high amounts of external sodium, (4) control over water uptake (rather, the avoidance of water loss in the presence of sodium), and (5) the acceleration of developmental processes that lead to flowering and seed formation. We will discuss what is known about these mechanisms.
Impact on open source software performance: A view from social structure

Open source software (OSS) has drawn increasing attention from both practitioners and researchers in recent years. However, few empirical studies have investigated the interaction process of OSS teams during OSS development. This research has two primary objectives. The first is to study the social structure of OSS teams. The second is to investigate the factors impacting the social structure of OSS teams as well as the effects of the social structure on OSS performance. Based on the social structure and social network theory, and group-related theories, this paper first presented a general research framework, then discussed research methodology, and finally describes a two-phase study plan. By exploring the relationships between group characteristics, social network, and OSS performance, the study contributes to the enhancement of knowledge on OSS development from the social structure perspective.
Osmoregulatory Modulation of Thermal Sweating in Humans: Reflex Effects of Drinking

To gain better insight into the interaction between thermoregulation and osmoregulation, we examined the thermal sweating response to drinking in cell-dehydrated humans. Cell dehydration (CDH) was induced by infusion of a 3% NaCl solution, at 1.2 ml/kg, for 2 h; infusion of a 0.9% NaCl solution in a separate experiment served as a control (euhydrated condition, EH). After infusion, subjects were heated by immersion of the lower legs in 42 degrees C water at an ambient temperature of 28 degrees C for 90 min. Subjects drank 4.3 ml/kg of H2O (approximately 38 degrees C) at 60 min of heating. The 3% NaCl infusion increased plasma osmolality by 13.6 +/- 0.8 mosmol/kgH2O and plasma arginine vasopressin concentration ([AVP]) by 3.3 +/- 0.7 pg/ml. Neither variable was altered with 0.9% NaCl infusion. Before drinking, esophageal temperature (Tes) had increased by 0.91 +/- 0.08 degrees C in CDH and by 0.40 +/- 0.11 degrees C in EH. Local chest sweating rate (SRch) had increased by 0.67 +/- 0.08 and 0.63 +/- 0.07 mg.min-1.cm-2 in CDH and EH, respectively. Thus the change in SRch per unit rise in Tes was much lower in CDH than in EH. Drinking immediately increased SRch and reduced Tes in CDH, with a reduction in plasma [AVP] and thirst rating. Drinking did not change thermoregulatory and osmoregulatory responses in EH. These results suggest that the act of drinking itself eliminates, at least partially, an osmotic inhibitory input to the thermoregulatory center, as well as osmotic AVP secretion and thirst.
Popular Opinion on Homosexuality: The Shared Moral Language of Opposing Views

Those on one side of a hostile political debate may feel that their opponents “just speak a different language.” I argue that proponents of deeply conflicting opinions may have more in common than they think. I use textual analysis of arguments for and against gay parenting to demonstrate that the opponents–both pro and con–structure their arguments using the same basic set of concepts: family, rights, and prejudice. I argue that people's statements of opinion can be understood as more than manifestations of individual psychology. Rather, people's one-sided arguments are rhetorical attempts to leverage powerful basic ideas of right and wrong as support. Debates, therefore, become battles of competing claims to ownership of basic concepts of good and bad. The basic concepts are beyond debate; the struggle takes place over appropriating them for one's side. In a debate, therefore, those on opposite sides of an issue often “talk right past each other”; those on one side cannot deny the significance of the basic concepts claimed by their opponents, so they generally ignore their opponents’models and instead keep repeating their own.
The Nuclear Spin of Sodium

The alternation of intensities in absorption in the band spectrum of sodium was investigated for the purpose of determining the spin of the sodium nucleus. Measurements were confined to the (0,2) band in the $^{1}\ensuremath{\Pi}\ensuremath{\leftarrow}^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ transition, which alone is reasonably free from overlapping bands. Relative absorption coefficients for the $Q$ branch lines, with $J=48$ to $J=73$ inclusive, were calculated. These yielded an average value for the alternation of intensities of 1.71, the average being obtained from 5 different plates. These results agree best with the theoretical alternation ratio of 1.67 corresponding to a nuclear spin of $\frac{3}{2}$.
The complete electromagnetic field of a half-wave dipole in a dissipative medium

The electromagnetic field of a dipole antenna immersed in a homogeneous isotropic dissipative medium is studied theoretically and experimentally. Expressions are obtained for the electric and magnetic fields both near and far in terms of currents and admittances that are more accurate than in conventional formulations. The elliptically polarized field near a half-wave dipole is evaluated theoretically and compared with experimental measurements over a wide range of values of attenuation.
Reasoning to Obligation

If, as Kant says, “the will is practical reason”, we should think of willing as a mode of reasoning, and its activity represented in movement from evaluative premises to intention by way of a validity‐securing principle of inference. Such a view of willing takes motive and rational choice out of empirical psychology, thereby eliminating grounds for many familiar objections to Kant's account of morally good action. The categorical imperative provides the fundamental principle of valid practical inference; however, for good willing, we also require correct premises. These come from specifications of the two obligatory ends – our own perfection and the happiness of others. Interpreting good willing as good reasoning not only fits well with Kant's metaphysics of free action, it also offers a sound method for reasoning to and about individual as well as role‐dependent moral obligations.
Impaired metabolic response to recombinant insulin-like growth factor-1 in dialysis patients.

Impaired metabolic response to recombinant insulin-like growth factor 1 in dialysis patients. The acute metabolic effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 (rhIGF-1) were studied after an overnight fast in six maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients, six chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and six normal subjects. Each subject received a subcutaneous injection of rhIGF-1, 50 or 100 µg/kg body wt, given in random order on two occasions separated by 7 to 21 days. After the rhIGF-1 injection, plasma insulin, C-peptide, Cortisol, amino acids and glucose decreased. The magnitude of the decrease was greater with the larger rhIGF-1 dose. The fall in plasma insulin, C-peptide and many amino acid concentrations was less and the decrease in glucose was similar in the MHD and CAPD patients as compared to normals. With 50 µg rhIGF-1/kg, plasma insulin and C-peptide decreased more quickly and often to a greater magnitude in normal individuals. With 100 µg rhIGF-1/kg, the decrease in plasma insulin, C-peptide and amino acids in the MHD and CAPD patients was almost as frequent as in the normal subjects, but the magnitude of the fall was often significantly less. This impaired response occurred in both MHD and CAPD patients even though, with the 100 µg rhIGF-1/kg dose, their plasma IGF-1 was significantly higher than in normals during most of the first four hours after injection. These results provide the first in vivo evidence for resistance to the metabolic effects of rhIGF-1 in patients with advanced renal failure.
Late-onset Haemophilus Influenzae endophthalmitis in an immunized child after Baerveldt implant

Endophthalmitis after a glaucoma drainage implant is uncommon. In a case series of drainage implant-associated endophthalmitis, tube exposure was present in all cases.(1) Among the organisms cultured from these eyes was Haemophilus influenzae. After the introduction of the H. influenzae type b vaccine, infections related to this bacterium dramatically decreased in children. We report a case of late-onset H. influenzae endophthalmitis in an immunized child after bilateral glaucoma drainage implants without evidence of conjunctival erosion or wound dehiscence.
Identity and Healing in Three Navajo Religious Traditions: Sa'ah Naagháí Bik'eh Hózho

In this article, we elucidate how the Navajo synthetic principle sa'ah naaghai bik'eh hozh [symbol: see text] (SNBH) is understood, demonstrated, and elaborated in three different Navajo healing traditions. We conducted interviews with Navajo healers and their patients affiliated with Traditional Navajo religion, the Native American Church, and Pentecostal Christianity. Their narratives provide access to cultural themes of identity and healing that invoke elements of SNBH. SNBH specifies that the conditions for health and well-being are harmony within and connection to the physical/spiritual world. Specifically, each religious healing tradition encourages affective engagement, proper family relations, an understanding of one's cultural and spiritual histories, and the use of kinship terms to establish affective bonds with one's family and with the spiritual world. People's relationships within this common behavioral environment are integral to their self-orientations, to their identities as Navajos, and to the therapeutic process. The disruption and restoration of these relationships constitute an important affective dimension in Navajo distress and healing.
Dying Badly: Violent Death and Religious Change among the Tohono O'Odham:

The present work elaborates on the distinction between “good” and “bad” death as conceptualized by the Tohono O'odham (Papago) of southern Arizona.1 Violent mortality rates are correlated and analyzed along side ethnographic description. The recent history (c. 1950 to the present) of death and dying among the O'odham of the Sells Reservation reveals a troubling trend of violent mortality among young adult males. This trend has led to a new religious ideology of death and ritual practice based upon the concept of “good” as opposed to “bad” death. This new ideology and ritual practice is objectified in the construction of roadside death-memorials.
Instrumentation for cosmetic surgery.

Abstract Dermatologists have always been concerned with aesthetics, especially as it relates to the skin and body contours. The role of the dermatologist has involved primarily medical treatments of surface aesthetic defects, such as the development and refinement of skin care products, collagen and silicone (for implantation), and chemoexfoliation agents. During the past few decades, surgical techniques have become more widely used for the correction of aesthetic defects, and dermatologists have contributed to the development of such techniques. This chapter will review instrumentation used in cosmetic surgery procedures, including hair transplantation and scalp reduction, liposuction and lipoinjection, and dermabrasion. A discussion of the carbon dioxide, argon, and other types of lasers is beyond the scope of this chapter. A complete review of instruments routinely used for cosmetic surgery, including their proper care and maintenance, appears elsewhere. 1
Identification of specific residues involved in substrate discrimination in two plant O-methyltransferases.

Among the large number of plant O-methyltransferases that are involved in secondary metabolism, only a few have been enzymatically characterized, and little information is available on the structure of their substrate binding site and the mechanism which determines their substrate specificity and methylation regiospecificity. We have previously reported the isolation of two O-methyltransferases, S-adenosyl-l-methionine:(iso)eugenol O-methyltransferase (IEMT) and S-adenosyl-l-methionine:caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) from Clarkia breweri, an annual plant from California. While IEMT and COMT (which methylate eugenol/isoeugenol and caffeic acid/5-hydroxyferulic acid, respectively) share 83% identity at the amino acid level, they have distinct substrate specificity and methylation regiospecificity. We report here that seven amino acids play a critical role in discriminating between eugenol/isoeugenol and caffeic acid/5-hydroxyferulic acid. When these amino acids in IEMT were replaced by the corresponding residues of COMT, the hybrid protein showed activity only with caffeic acid/5-hydroxyferulic acid. Conversely, when these amino acids in COMT were replaced by corresponding IEMT residues, the hybrid protein had activity only with eugenol/isoeugenol. These results provide strong evidence that O-methyltransferase substrate preference could be determined by a few amino acid residues and that new OMTs with different substrate specificity could begin to evolve from an existing OMT by mutation of a few amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis confirms that C. breweri IEMT evolved recently from COMT.
Molecular basis for thymidine modulation of the efficacy and toxicity of alkylating agents

The antitumor activity of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) in mice previously was shown to be markedly enhanced by co-administration of thymidine. We have examined the cellular mechanisms underlying the augmentation effect of thymidine. It was found that thymidine did not increase the cytotoxicity of BCNU for B16/F10 melanoma or L1210 leukemia cells in vitro. Instead, thymidine appeared to augment the activity of tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cells in tumor-bearing mice, which specifically rejected a secondary challenge with the B16/F10 tumor. Thus, development of an antitumor immune response is facilitated by thymidine in BCNU-induced immunosuppressed mice. These preclinical studies suggested that combination therapy with alkylating agents and thymidine may be a more efficacious and less toxic anticancer therapy. The potential efficacy of the sequential administration of dacarbazine (DTIC), BCNU, and thymidine in patients with advanced malignant melanoma was investigated. As predicted from animal studies, sequential administration of DTIC, BCNU, and thymidine is a relatively nontoxic therapy for metastatic melanoma. This treatment induced durable responses in up to 35% of patients, and hence is superior to many commonly used toxic combination chemotherapies. The mechanism of action, although not well characterized, is thought to be mediated through protection of the cellular immune process, as well as organ function, from alkylating agent toxicity through modulation of DNA repair enzymes such as O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase in normal tissue. Thus, thymidine is a biomodulator, which not only protects patients from hematologic, pulmonary, and hepatic toxicities associated with DTIC and BCNU chemotherapy, but also potentiates therapeutic efficacy.
Thiostrepton inhibits stable 70S ribosome binding and ribosome-dependent GTPase activation of elongation factor G and elongation factor 4

Thiostrepton, a macrocyclic thiopeptide antibiotic, inhibits prokaryotic translation by interfering with the function of elongation factor G (EF-G). Here, we have used 70S ribosome binding and GTP hydrolysis assays to study the effects of thiostrepton on EF-G and a newly described translation factor, elongation factor 4 (EF4). In the presence of thiostrepton, ribosome-dependent GTP hydrolysis is inhibited for both EF-G and EF4, with IC(50) values equivalent to the 70S ribosome concentration (0.15 µM). Further studies indicate the mode of thiostrepton inhibition is to abrogate the stable binding of EF-G and EF4 to the 70S ribosome. In support of this model, an EF-G truncation variant that does not possess domains IV and V was shown to possess ribosome-dependent GTP hydrolysis activity that was not affected by the presence of thiostrepton (>100 µM). Lastly, chemical footprinting was employed to examine the nature of ribosome interaction and tRNA movements associated with EF4. In the presence of non-hydrolyzable GTP, EF4 showed chemical protections similar to EF-G and stabilized a ratcheted state of the 70S ribosome. These data support the model that thiostrepton inhibits stable GTPase binding to 70S ribosomal complexes, and a model for the first step of EF4-catalyzed reverse-translocation is presented.
Extracting bottom information from towed-array reverberation data. Part II: Extraction procedure and modelling methodology

Abstract Reverberation data were gathered on the NATO Research Vessel Alliance, using the SACLANTCEN/NURC towed arrays, during the Rapid Response Exercises (1996–1998) and the Boundary Characterization experiments (2000–2004). Most of the sites were in the Mediterranean, but there were shallow-water sites on the east and west Atlantic continental shelves. A companion paper discusses the data gathering, polar-plot displays, and at-sea rapid environmental assessment of the reverberation and scattering features. This paper describes our efforts to use reverberation data from beam time series without prominent scattering features to extract estimates of bottom loss and scattering strength. The emphasis of this paper is on the procedure for extraction of the geoacoustic properties of the seafloor and on the modelling methodology used for the model-data comparisons. Towed-array beam patterns are included in the modelling, so polar plots of model-data differences can be used to provide a crude scattering map of the area. A manual inversion procedure was used at sea during the experiments for extracting bottom properties; the results compared reasonably well with post-trial measurements and estimates using an automated version of the extraction procedure. [Work supported in part by the US Office of Naval Research, DRDC Atlantic, and NATO SACLANTCEN/NURC].
Confined Animal Production and Groundwater Protection

Our national screening model considers agricultural practices, hydrologic vulnerability, and groundwater use to identify areas that might need in-depth study to determine whether agricultural manure use contributes to groundwater quality problems. Economic efficiency dictates that, at the margin, the benefits of reducing manure nitrogen loadings to groundwater should be at least as great as the costs. However, efficiency on a national scale is complicated by the variability of costs and benefits across groundwater basins. National mandates are unlikely to be efficient, except as minimal protection. Case-by-case approaches can provide efficient additional protection as needed, but they have substantial information requirements. The high cost of site-specific data on water use, values, and hydrologic settings demands that the cases examined be selected with care. We focus on the threat of manure to groundwater use for three reasons. First, manure nutrient loadings might be on the rise because of ongoing structural changes in animal production. Second, prevention in some cases is the most economic response to threats or incidents of contamination. Replacement costs for the provision of bottled water or other alternatives are often higher than the cost of preserving existing groundwater resources. Third, the 1996 Federal Improvement and Reform Act (FAIR) authorizes $1.3 billion for environmental and conservation improvements, at least half of which must go to animal production. FAIR also mandates that the spending maximize environmental benefits per dollar. Clearly, groundwater protection is a candidate for such spending.
Placement of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Using Two Different Techniques

The purpose of this study was to determine if the adaptation of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) would differ when placed into simulated root canals of varying length when using two different placement and condensation methods. Hand condensation was compared to ultrasonic condensation. Eighty polyethylene tubes were divided into four groups of 20 tubes each. The tubes in the four groups were prepared to receive 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-mm lengths of MTA respectively. Each group of 20 tubes was subdivided; 10 samples of each length had MTA placed and condensed by the hand method and the other 10 by the ultrasonic method. After condensation the samples were evaluated with a light microscope and radiographs for the degree of adaptation of the MTA to the tube walls and for the presence of voids within the MTA material itself. The results demonstrated an 80% agreement for findings between the light microscopy and radiographic evaluation. Hand condensation resulted in better adaptation to the tube walls and less voids than the ultrasonic method. There was no significant difference in the results for any of the four lengths of MTA placed by the hand method (p > 0.9). At this time hand condensation should be considered the preferred method for placement of MTA.
Nonenzymatic reduction of tetrachloro-1, 4-benzoquinone by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate in an aqueous system.

Abstract NADPH was shown to reduce tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (TCBQ) to tetrachloro-1,4-benzene diol which was identified on the basis of cochromatography with synthetic standard in a reverse phase HPLC system, electronic absorption spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Conversely, NADPH was shown to undergo TCBQ-dependent oxidation as evidenced by uv spectroscopic analysis. ESR spectroscopy demonstrated that NADPH-dependent reduction of TCBQ proceeds through the intermediacy of a semiquinone radical intermediate. In addition, molecular mechanics and molecular orbital calculations were carried out on TCBQ to obtain partial atomic charges and the results suggest that the first electron transfer from the reduced nicotinamide moiety to TCBQ occurs at a carbonyl carbon. Kinetic analysis indicated that the rate of NADPH oxidation is first order with respect to [TCBQ], second order with respect to [NADPH], and an Arrhenius plot yielded an activation energy of 26 kJ · mol −1 for the rate limiting step. Mechanisms are proposed which are consistent with these results.
1053-1 A Multimedia Workstation for Real-time Review of Full Size Angiographic and Echocardiographic Image Sequences

To fully implement a readily accessible imaging network for cardiovascular studies in a busy clinical environment, we have developed a review station for clinical use which can decompress, zoom, and display full resolution (640 × 480) JPEG-encoded cardiac angiograms and echocardiograms (colorflow Doppler and 2-D) in real-time (30 frames/sec). These review stations are networked to a digital image archival system and can be installed in multiple locations within a medical center. The review stations consist of a DEC 3000/600 AXP workstation with a DEC J300 Sight and Sound multimedia board. An entire exam can be compressed to less than 10 Mbytes. A graphical user interface (GUI) developed using OSF/Motif 1.2 enables a clinical user to simultaneously display and control several image sequences. A sequence can be retrieved in under three seconds and displayed dynamically in forward or reverse directions with instantaneous speed control. Utilizing a commercial relational database (Sybase), the GUI organizes image sequences for a patient by image modality, location, time, and view. A schematic representation of cardiac anatomy derived from the clinical reporting system allows a user to view specific angiographic image sequences by selecting appropriate objects in the graphic display. In situations where moderate reduction in image quality is acceptable, these review stations, using compressed image sequences, provide rapid access to a larger number of cases than would be otherwise possible. This approach allows image sequences to be more readily distributed over a network so they can be viewed by several workstations simultaneously. Realtime image decompression provides a practical and clinically acceptable way of maintaining ready access to large amounts of clinical cardiac images using existing technology.
Conformation of Formacetal and 3‘-Thioformacetal Nucleotide Linkers and Stability of Their Antisense RNA·DNA Hybrid Duplexes†

This study focuses on the characterization of the stability and conformation of the antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides, d[CGCGTT x TTGCGC] [x = phosphodiester (-O-P(O)2-O-), formacetal (FMA, -O-CH2-O-), or 3'-thioformacetal linkage (TFMA, -S-CH2-O-)], in DNA.DNA and RNA.DNA duplexes (designated DI-III and RI-III, respectively). NMR analysis of two RNA.DNA hybrid duplexes containing a single FMA (the RII duplex) or 3'-TFMA (the RIII duplex) modification has been carried out. The conformations of these duplexes are compared with that of the unmodified hybrid duplex RI and with those of the DI-III duplexes. These analyses and comparisons indicate that the residue containing a 3'-FMA linker has a preference for the C2'-endo sugar pucker and adopts a canonical backbone conformation. In contrast, the residue containing a 3'-TFMA linker has a much increased preference for the C3'-endo sugar pucker and adopts different backbone conformations in the DNA.DNA and RNA.DNA duplexes. UV and NMR melting studies of the six duplexes demonstrate that the DNA.DNA duplexes are more stable than the corresponding RNA.DNA hybrid duplexes and that both FMA and 3'-TFMA destabilize the duplex. The 3'-TFMA modified duplex is less stable than the FMA duplex in the context of DNA.DNA recognition and is slightly more stable than the FMA hybrid duplex in the context of RNA.DNA recognition. These results suggest a correlation between the conformational preference of backbone modifications and the stability of antisense duplexes. The implications of these studies for optimized incorporation of FMA and 3'-TFMA linkers into oligonucleotides and for better design of antisense oligonucleotide analogs are discussed.
Salmon Snagging Controversy: New York's Salmon River

Abstract The results of a study to evaluate the impact of proposed changes in Pacific salmon snagging regulations on the Salmon River in New York suggest that banning current legal snagging techniques will have few impacts on the local economy or angler participation. The greater controversy surrounds the prevalence of illegal and/or unethical foulhooking activities and the related angler attitudes and beliefs that support such activities.
Beam propagation in periodic quadratic-index waveguides.

Several techniques are described for studying the propagation of off-axis polynomial Gaussian beams in media having straight axes and periodic z variations of the quadratic refraction and loss coefficients. For some periodic variations, exact analytical solutions of the paraxial equations are possible, and for sufficiently slow variations, WKB solutions can always be obtained. All results are expressed in conventional beam matrix form.
Personality and EEG beta in older adults with alcoholic relatives.

Research indicates that biological relatives of alcoholics are more likely to develop alcoholism than individuals without alcoholic relatives. Most research on these groups had focused on individuals who were relatively young (i.e., under 30 years old). In the present study, we evaluated middle-aged and elderly nonalcoholic men and women who did and did not have alcoholic biological relatives to assess factors that might be involved in a later, rather than an earlier, onset of alcoholism. Psychological characteristics were assessed using the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire. Biological characteristics were assessed using quantitative measures of the spontaneous electroencephalogram. The psychological measures did not distinguish the groups, but biological measures did. The results indicated that nonalcoholic individuals with alcoholic relatives showed elevated beta as compared with sex- and age-matched control subjects. Factors that might have mediated these findings are discussed, as are the implications of these outcomes.
The development of a pollen dispersal system

Abstract A pollen dispersal system for rapidly establishing known populations of pollen grains on growth media for in vitro studies is described. The system consists of a mixing chamber where the pollen grains are suspended in an air stream and a dispersal chamber where the pollen grains are directed to the growth media surface. Pollen from corn plants was used in testing the system. The density and distribution of pollen on the media surface can be adjusted to obtain maximum germination by changing the quantity of pollen applied and the velocity of the air stream, respectively. The system allows the simultaneous inoculation of six Petri plates with pollen.
Therapeutic Programming for Students with Severe Handicaps

Therapeutic methods that use facilitation and inhibition to alter dysfunctional patterns of movement were implemented in children with multiple handicaps within educational settings. Desired movement patterns such as reach and manipulation skills were performed by students throughout the classroom day and across a variety of contextual uses. Data collected on several students indicated that more normal patterns of movement were attained at more rapid rates where students were provided the opportunity to practice the desired movement more frequently. Successful contextual programming depends on accurate and consistent implementation of therapeutic methods by all individuals who come in contact with a student. The therapist must identify the targeted movement pattern, determine appropriate intervention procedures, and train others to implement the procedures accurately. While such an approach shows promise as a means of developing function movement patterns with severely handicapped children, the increased opportunities to practice appropriate movement enhance the effectiveness of direct therapy but do not necessarily replace required individual intervention.
Advertise with Confidence: Evaluating Advertising Assessment in Light of Business Best Practices

Academic libraries are facing increasing pressure to prove their value in the face of outdated public perceptions, financial challenges, and competition from other information providers. They are investing time, energy, and money to advertise their resources and services in a variety of ways. Despite these efforts, few libraries know whether these investments are meeting their objectives. Academic libraries should follow the advertising assessment practices used by businesses today to assess the cost, interaction, and outcomes of their advertising to determine its effectiveness. These guidelines provide necessary structure that will benefit library advertising efforts and marketing as a whole.
Late chest wall toxicity after MammoSite breast brachytherapy.

Abstract Purpose Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) with the MammoSite ® breast brachytherapy (MBB) system is being investigated as an alternative to whole breast radiation in breast conservation therapy (BCT) at multiple centers worldwide. The newness of MBB means a complete understanding of long-term toxicity, particularly involving the chest wall, has yet to be completely articulated. We report the first pathologic rib fractures associated with MBB and dosimetric analysis of the original treatment plans. Methods and Materials As part of ongoing quality assurance, we reviewed the records of 129 sequential patients who underwent MBB for breast cancer and identified those who subsequently had clinically significant and radiographically documented rib fracture(s) involving the ipsilateral chest wall. Equivalent tolerance doses yielding a 5% and 50% risk of rib toxicity within 5 years from treatment with 10 fractions (as with MBB) were previously calculated using the linear quadratic equation based on 2 Gy per fraction treatments delivered to one-third of the rib volume (TD5/5 = 37 Gy; TD50/5 = 44 Gy). The original radiation therapy plans were evaluated vis-a-vis the plane films or PET/CT images documenting the osseous abnormalities and presenting complaints to find the specific fractured ribs. The specific effected ribs were contoured on the planning CT in “bone windows” using the Nucletron MicroSelectron-classic V2 (Nucletron B.V., Veenendaal, The Netherlands) for this analysis and the original patient treatments. With these datasets, we determined the dose–volume characteristics of the effected ribs including maximal dose encompassing the entire rib on one CT slice, V 20Gy , V 30Gy , V 37Gy , V 44Gy , D 50 , D 25 , and D 5 (the mean dose to 50%, 25%, and 5% of the rib). Results Between May 2002 and August 2007, three of 105 patients with a minimum of 6-months follow-up who underwent adjuvant APBI by MBB were found to have a total of five treatment-related rib fractures. The average dose–volume characteristics from the original plans were as follows: D 50 = 22.1 Gy, D 25 = 32.2 Gy, D 5 = 41.6 Gy, max dose to 1 cc = 34.8, D max (to 0.1 cc) = 45.6 Gy, V 20 Gy = 57.4%, V 30 Gy = 30.8%, V 37 Gy = 15.9%, V 44 Gy = 6.6%, and max dose through rib = 35.8 Gy. Two patients sustained two rib fractures and 1 patient had a single rib fracture. Four of five fractures occurred in postmenopausal patients and two of five fractures occurred in a patient with a history of osteoporosis and exposure to adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusions Fractures occurred in ribs with V 37 Gy and V 44 Gy each well below 33%. As long-term toxicity data accrue from APBI series, the traditional models for estimating the biologic equivalent dose may benefit from refinements that specifically address the unique radiobiologic and physical properties intrinsic to high-dose-rate brachytherapy for breast conservation therapy.
Prognostic importance of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients undergoing dobutamine stress testing

Methods Three hundred sixty-two (362) participants, aged 64 ± 12 years (55% men) underwent DCMR for determination of inducible ischemia, and then were followed for 6 ± 2 (range 0.5 to 11.5) years to assess the post-DCMR occurrence of MI or cardiac death assessed by researchers blinded to the results of DCMR. Using previously established criteria, LVH was defined as > 96 g/m2 in men and > 77 g/m2 in women.
The Hausdorff Paradox for general group actions

Abstract A well-known criterion for the amenability of a locally compact group (or more generally a group action) is applied to demonstrate that analogues of the familiar “Hausdorff Paradox” exist if and only if the group (group action) is nonamenable. Moreover, related and stronger formulations are conjectured and discussed.
East Pacific Rise Crest: A Near-Bottom Geophysical Profile

A deep-towed magnetometer profile made across the East Pacific Rise crest shows many anomalies with about 1000-gamma amplitudes and 500-meter wavelengths and has larger amplitude changes corresponding to magnetic field reversals. This profile across contacts between normal and reversely magnetized crustal blocks is interpreted to place an upper limit of 4700 years on the time required for field reversals and an upper limit of 280 meters on the width of the intrusion center at the rise crest. This intrusion center may occasionally shift several kilometers laterally with respect to the rise axis. The magnetometer records are compatible with the hypothesis that the magnetic field has undergone many fluctuations of short period and small intensity in the past 2 million years. Sediment accumulation increases from less than 2 meters at the rise crest axis to about 20 meters at the western end and 10 meters at the eastern end of the profile. This increase in accutmiulation appears to be the result of ocean-floor spreading.
Morphological and phonological sources of split ergative agreement

Abstract A prevalent assumption is that alternations between distinct paradigms of verbal agreement directly reflect the grammatical functions and/or case of the arguments with which the verb agrees. This proves to be too simplistic a view of case and agreement, as shown by the various case/agreement mismatches attested cross-linguistically, and by evidence that morphological and phonological factors can sometimes influence the alternation between distinct agreement paradigms. This result suggests that the phenomena known as “ergativity” in case systems and in agreement systems, respectively, may sometimes be distinct, with a possible source of ergativity in agreement being post-syntactic morphological and phonological factors. I present evidence from several languages with unusual “split” ergative agreement systems, in which the factor conditioning the split arises only in the morphological structure. Although these systems would be exceedingly problematic to generate by means of case assignment in the syntax, I show that they follow quite straightforwardly from an Optimality Theoretic approach to morphology in which lexical insertion and the ordering of affixes and clitics are achieved in parallel through a single optimization.
An Experimental Evaluation of Peer versus Professional Educators of a Bystander Program for the Prevention of Sexual and Dating Violence among College Students

Some argue that bystander intervention programs for sexual violence (SV) and dating violence (DV) prevention should be facilitated by peer educators. However, there is no evidence that peer educators are more effective than professionals at delivering program material. This study experimentally evaluated a bystander prevention program; half of participants were assigned to peer educators and half to professionals. Multilevel modeling showed that peer educators had a significantly better effect at reducing some SV- and DV-supportive attitudes and at increasing bystander efficacy. There were no differences in educators’ effectiveness at reducing other SV- and DV-related attitudes or at increasing bystander behaviors.
Algal-Available Particulate Phosphorus in the Great Lakes Basin

For the purpose of comparing the relative availability of particulate phosphorus (P) from various sources to the Great Lakes, algal-available P was determined on suspended solids and bottom sediments from tributaries, wastewater suspended solids, lake bottom sediments, and eroding bluff solids from the region. Physicochemical and bioassay methods were used to estimate the rate and extent of available P release from particulates. Considering all types of particulates examined, ultimately available P ranged from nil to approximately 70 percent of total phosphorus (Total-P) content. During algal bioassays, changes in levels of base-extractable inorganic P (R-NaOH-P) in tributary suspended solids were nearly equivalent to the amounts of P used by algae during bioassays. For the tributary solids, ultimately available P averaged approximately 90 percent of R-NAOH-P. Consistent differences were found in amounts of available P among particles from different sources. Sources of particle-bound P ranked in order of decreasing availability were: wastewater solids, lake bottom sediments, tributary solids, and eroding bluff solids. Differences in available P release rates also existed among the different types of particles. Wastewater solids displayed the largest first-order release rates, eroding bluff samples and tributary-suspended solid samples that were high in apatite showed essentially no available P release, while other tributary suspended solids displayed intermediate release rates.
An adiabatic-bend Franck-Condon model for final rotational distributions in the H + H2O and H + D2O reactions

Abstract We report H 2 and OH rotational distributions for the H + H 2 O reaction, and HD and OD rotational distributions for the H + D 2 O reaction, using a model based on the adiabatic-bend theory of the reaction dynamics together with a Franck-Condon model to obtain the rotational distributions. A realistic, six-degree-of-freedom potential is used to describe the four-atom reaction, and the bending eigenstates are accurately calculated using a direct-product basis of spherical harmonics for the two diatomic fragments.
High temperature corrosion issues in energy-related systems

The large majority of electric power that is generated world-wide involves heat engines of one kind or another. The significant exceptions are hydroelectric generation; wind; and photovoltaics. The thermal sources for the heat engines include: fossil fuels, nuclear fission, biomass, geothermal sources, and solar radiation. There has been a progressive move to higher overall cycle efficiencies for at least one hundred years, and in the case of fossil fuels this has accelerated recently in part because of concerns about greenhouse gas emissions, notably CO2. For a heat engine, the overall efficiency is closely related to the difference between the highest temperature in the cycle and the lowest temperature. In most cases, this has resulted in an increase in the high temperature, and this in turn has led to increasing demands on the materials of construction used in the high temperature end of the systems. One of the issues is the chemical degradation because of reactions between the materials of construction and the environments to which they are exposed: this is high temperature corrosion. This paper will describe the issues for a range of current heat engines.
Pathology of tendons and ligaments

Structure and function While tendons and ligaments are regarded by most anatomists as bands of dense connective tissue that have great tensile strength, the unique substructural organization of these skeletal attachments is not usually emphasized. Tendons may be thought of as the continuation of the connective tissue harness system of a muscle organ through which the pull of muscle contraction is exerted on a bone organ (lever ann) at the tendon insertion line. Since the tendon insertion line is on the far side of a joint (fulcrum point) from the site of muscle attachment, muscle contraction produces movement. Tendons have a better developed structural organization than ligaments. The important thing in both tendon and ligament repair is that repair of these attachments is by granulation tissue that matures to form sear tissue, and while the scar tissue may heal and remodel, the scar tissue never restores the original substructural organization of the attachment. Tendons are composed of bundles of collagen fibers which are in turn made up of smaller collage fibrils of Type I collagen which are embedded in a ground substance containing proteoglycans and glycoproteins. By the time of skeletal maturity most of the collagen fibrils have acquired a bimodal distribution for fibril diameter having peak diameters of about 50 nm and abound 150-200 nm.1 Larger fibrils provide tensile strength while the smaller fibrils provide elasticity. While the fibrils are oriented along the long axis of the tendon, there is a high degree of cross-linldng among adjacent fibrils. The wave pattern seen in longitudinal histologic sections of tendon fibers is due to a zig-zag fibrillar arrangement resembling a flattened helix. This feature permits the collagen fibers of the tendon to be stretched by 3% without causing structural damage. 2 Following this initial elastic phase is a stiff visco-elastic phase of tendon elongation during which
Growth, sporulation and pH tolerance of Furculomyces boomerangus and Austrosmittium biforme in axenic culture.

Growth, sporulation, and pH tolerance of the insect gut fungi, Furculomyces boomerangus and Austrosmittium biforme (Trichomycetes, Harpellales, Legeriomycetaceae), were studied in axenic culture. Biomass and trichospore production were consider- ably higher in shaken cultures after eight days than in stationary flasks. In stationary cultures, the pH of the filtrates remained acidic, but shaken cultures be- came alkaline during growth. Biomass varied at dif- ferent pH values. Furculomyces boomerangus grew best at pH 5.0, while Austrosmittium biforme did so at pH 6.5. Both endobionts produced minimum biomass at pH 4.0. Higher numbers of viable trichospores were produced in shaken cultures than in stationary cul- tures. Total trichospore production was highest be- tween pH 6.5 and 8.0, but viable trichospores were most abundant at pH 8.5. No viable trichospores were recorded at pH 4.0. The study indicates that both F boomerangus and A. biforme are pH tolerant and can grow under different cultural regimes in vi- tro.
Method for Measuring the Ratio of In-Vehicle to Near-Vehicle Exposure Concentrations of Airborne Fine Particles:

Human exposure to fine particulate matter of less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter is causally linked to cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. In-vehicle exposure may account for 10% to 20% of daily average exposure. However, exposure models are typically based on areawide air quality data that poorly predict in-vehicle concentration. A practical method is demonstrated for conducting field measurements to quantify the ratio of in-vehicle to outside vehicle concentration (I/O) for a wide range of conditions that affect intravehicle variability in exposure concentration. A field data collection study design is developed on the basis of sources of intravehicle variability in I/O that include ventilation air source, window status, fan setting, air-conditioning (AC) use, vehicle speed, road type, travel direction, and time of day. Three replicates of measurements were made for 16 combinations of these factors on 110 mi of roads comprising eight one-way routes between typical commuter origin-destinatio...
CO2 Metabolism in Corn Roots. I. Kinetics of Carboxylation and Decarboxylation

The kinetics of (14)CO(2) carboxylation and decarboxylation in corn root tips were determined to ascertain the sequence of product formation and subsequent utilization, and to obtain further evidence to predict the enzymes mediating the carboxylation and decarboxylations. The carboxylation data indicated that the first product was oxaloacetate followed by malate and aspartate. Malate was the first stable product which could be detected. Decarboxylation data indicated that a large fraction of the (14)CO(2) release and turnover of (14)C was accountable for by a decrease in malate: however, essentially all labeled amino acids turned over rapidly and at a greater rate than organic acids. The data generally support the hypothesis that CO(2) fixation in corn root tips is via P-enolpyruvate carboxylase and malic dehydrogenase and that subsequent malate metabolism is for the most part by direct decarboxylation, possibly by the malic enzyme.