cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Arkangel”: Postscript on Families of Control

This chapter analyzes “Arkangel,” the second episode of the fourth series of the British anthology series Black Mirror (2011–). The episode, set in a fictional dystopian future, imagines the intersection of surveillance, technology, and parenting in a world where a parent can opt-in to omnipresent real-time monitoring of their child's respiration, heart rate, bloodstream (including screening for illicit substances), and view a live video feed of what a child sees at any given moment—all without the child's knowledge or consent. As the name suggests, Black Mirror works rhetorically to encourage some degree of self-reflection around our emerging dependence on social-surveillance technology. This chapter develops the concept of Surveiller-Parenting—a network of surveillance norms, practices, and technologies which encourages parents to place their children under intense surveillance—to understand emerging trends in parenting today and “Arkangel.” In this chapter, I argue that “Arkangel” expresses contemporary anxieties about fragmentary and disparate techniques of surveillance by constructing a future of intensified networks of control which link the families, schools, and corporations under the logic of late capitalism.
A path toward cobalt-free lithium-ion cathodes

Abstract The necessity of developing low-cobalt cathode oxides for lithium-ion batteries is increasingly apparent. The most popular strategy followed thus far in addressing this issue has been the development of LiNiO2-like, Ni-rich, layered LiMO2 (M = Ni, Mn, Co; NMC) oxides with low Mn and Co contents, e.g., NMC-811. However, safety, cycle-life, and even cost could remain critical barriers to the success of such cathode materials. Herein an alternative to LiNiO2-based, low-cobalt cathodes is suggested based on modifications to the prototypical cobalt-free, layered oxide, LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2.
Identifying aspiration among infants in neonatal intensive care units through occupational therapy feeding evaluations

Importance: When a neonate’s sucking, swallowing, and breathing are disorganized, oropharyngeal aspiration often occurs and results in illness, developmental problems, and even death. Occupational therapists who work in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) need to identify neonates who are at risk for aspirating so they can provide appropriate treatment. Objective: To ascertain whether client factors and performance skills of infants ages 0–6 mo during occupational therapy feeding evaluations are related to results of videofluoroscopic swallowing studies (VFSSs). Design: Retrospective chart reviews. Setting: 187-bed NICU in a nonprofit teaching hospital. Participants: A purposive sample of 334 infants ages 0–6 mo, ≥33 wk gestational age at birth, admitted to a Level II, III, or IV NICU as defined by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Outcomes and Measures: Neonates were administered a feeding evaluation by an occupational therapist and a VFSS by a speech-language pathologist, which yielded information about client factors and performance skills. Results: Signs and symptoms of aspiration on the evaluations were significantly associated with VFSS results. Of 310 patients, 79 had silent aspiration. Of 55 infants who demonstrated no aspiration symptoms during the feeding evaluation, 45% demonstrated aspiration symptoms on the VFSS, and 55% aspirated on the VFSS but demonstrated no symptoms of aspiration. Conclusions and Relevance: Aspiration among infants occurs inconsistently and depends on client factors, contexts, and environments. Occupational therapists are encouraged to assess an infant’s feeding over several sessions to obtain a more accurate picture of the infant’s feeding status. What This Article Adds: This study provides information that helps occupational therapists identify infants at risk for aspiration and make optimal recommendations regarding safe feeding practices and appropriate referrals for a VFSS. Making appropriate referrals for VFSS is also important in preventing unnecessary exposure to radiation for preterm infants.
S4oC: A Self-optimizing, Self-adapting Secure System-on-Chip Design Framework to Tackle Unknown Threats -- A Network Theoretic, Learning Approach

We propose a framework for the design and optimization of a secure self-optimizing, self-adapting system-on-chip (S4oC) architecture. The goal is to minimize the impact of attacks such as hardware Trojan and side-channel, by making real-time adjustments. S4oC learns to reconfigure itself, subject to various security measures and attacks, some of which possibly unknown at design time. Furthermore, the data types and patterns of the target applications, environmental conditions, and sources of variations are incorporated. S4oC is a manycore system, modeled as a four-layer graph, representing the model of computation (MoCp), model of connection (MoCn), model of memory (MoM) and model of storage (MoS), with a large number of elements including heterogeneous reconfigurable processing elements in MoCp, and memory elements in the MoM layer. Security driven community detection, and neural networks are utilized for application task clustering, and distributed reinforcement learning (RL) for task mapping.
A study of electricity savings from energy star appliances using household survey data

Abstract Energy Star (ES) appliances are required to provide the same features and performance as their unlabeled counterparts, but do so with increased efficiency. However, the expected energy savings from such labeling may not be as great as expected. This paper contributes to previous research on ES labeling by examining household behavior and electricity consumption. Using two different household surveys on energy use, we provide a first attempt to estimate the impact of ES appliance ownership on actual household electricity usage. The results show a significant effect for ES refrigerators reducing electricity use, while the analysis for ES televisions suggests an increase in electricity usage by LCD TV owners. The findings highlight the need for more research on household energy consumption and the efficacy of the ES appliance program.
Simplifying Communication Overlap in OpenSHMEM Through Integrated User-Level Thread Scheduling

Overlap of communication with computation is a key optimization for high performance computing (HPC) applications. In this paper, we explore the usage of user-level threading to enable productive and efficient communication overlap and pipelining. We extend OpenSHMEM with integrated user-level thread scheduling, enabling applications to leverage fine-grain threading as an alternative to non-blocking communication. Our solution introduces communication-aware thread scheduling that utilizes the communication state of threads to minimize context switching overheads. We identify several patterns common to multi-threaded OpenSHMEM applications, leverage user-level threads to increase overlap of communication and computation, and explore the impact of different thread scheduling policies. Results indicate that user-level threading can enable blocking communication to meet the performance of highly-optimized, non-blocking, single-threaded codes with significantly lower application-level complexity. In one case, we observe a 28.7% performance improvement for the Smith-Waterman DNA sequence alignment benchmark.
Speaking Back to Academic Colonial Gatekeeping: The Significance of Intercultural Performance Studies Works in Promoting Marginalized Knowledges and Identities

Despite the “critical” turn in the intercultural communication field, dominant scholarship produced in the field still relies on White/Western frameworks, resulting to the dismissal of marginalized...
The Political Costs of Abusing Human Rights: International Cooperation in Extraordinary Rendition:

From 2001 to 2005, over a quarter of all countries in the world cooperated in a secret rendition network that enabled the transfer of CIA terrorist suspects to secret detention sites. While governm...
Hotspots of invasive plant abundance are geographically distinct from hotspots of establishment

Proactively addressing future impacts of invasive plants depends critically on modeling invasive plant abundance. Yet, the vast majority of spatial models of invasion risk focus on occurrence alone. Expanding spatial analyses to consider not only potential for establishment, but also potential for high abundance is an important next step in ecological modeling. We assembled spatial reports of occurrence and abundance across the coterminous United States for 70 terrestrial invasive plants. Using records of occurrence, we used maximum entropy to model suitable climate and land cover conditions for each species’ potential range (‘establishment range’). Combining abundance information into high, medium, and low ranks, we used ordinal regression to model suitable conditions for high potential abundance of each species (‘abundance range’). We compared establishment versus abundance ranges to assess overlap for individual species as well as geographic hotspots of invasion risk. Across all species, the abundance range encompassed a mean of only 16% of the establishment range. Hotspots where many species’ ranges overlapped were consistent for establishment and abundance ranges in 47% of land area. But, modeling establishment alone missed many abundance hotspots, particularly in western U.S. ecoregions. Expanding ecological modeling to focus on invasive plant abundance provides a considerably different view of geographic invasion risk. Our results suggest that spatial models using occurrence data alone are likely to overestimate areas of high impact in their assessment of ‘invasion risk’. Considering abundance in spatial models of invasion risk is a critical next step for more targeted monitoring and management.
Characteristics of the Dual Board-Certified Sleep Otolaryngology Workforce.

OBJECTIVE Sleep medicine is a multidisciplinary field that includes otolaryngology. After 2011, sleep medicine board eligibility required completion of a dedicated sleep medicine fellowship. The objective of our study is to describe the characteristics and geographic distribution of the dual board-certified sleep otolaryngology workforce and to assess the impact of the 2011 change. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of sleep-certified otolaryngologists registered with the American Board of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery in 2019 was performed to characterize the sleep otolaryngology workforce. County and regional analysis of provider density was conducted by comparing provider characteristics with county-level data from the United States Census Bureau. RESULTS There were 275 active dual board-certified sleep otolaryngologists, or approximately 1 for every 1.12 million Americans. 77.8% were in private practice and 2.9% had American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology membership. Eighty-eight percent were male, with females more likely than males to be in an academic setting (36.4% for females compared to 20.2% for males; P = .045). The South Atlantic and South Central regions had the highest number of sleep board-certified otolaryngologists per capita. Before 2011, an average of 75.7 otolaryngologists took the sleep board exam per 2-year cycle, compared to 14.3 otolaryngologists after 2011 (P = .029). CONCLUSION There are few dual board-certified sleep otolaryngologists across the country, which may affect care for patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Increased resident exposure and otolaryngology training in sleep medicine can strengthen the otolaryngology contribution to the multidisciplinary care of these patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E2712-E2717, 2021.
Health Crises and the Limited Role of Contract Law

The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020-21 has focused our attention on contract law’s response when unanticipated circumstances make performance impractical or frustrated or performance would cause harm to the public. The pandemic has disrupted contracts between landlord and tenant, employer and employee, universities and students, to name a few, but has contract law provided a clear path to determine who must bear the risk of loss of such events? The purpose of this essay is to suggest that current contract law’s many and varied, sometimes even contradictory, rules and principles relevant to shaping a response to a health crisis can offer only limited guidance to courts and lawyers in the challenging cases. Further, contract law’s uncertainty in these cases reinforces the more general perspective that judicial decisions in contract cases (and more generally) often depend, not on doctrine, but on a pragmatic analyses of the facts, policies and equities. Although this taste of realism is not a revelation, in fact, there may be no better example of the limits of contract law, as administered by courts, than its response to contract disputes during a public health crisis. Part I of this essay inventories the plethora of contract law issues raised when a health crisis makes performance problematic and when no federal or state regulation is in place to resolve the dispute. Part II assesses what such circumstances reveal about the nature of contract law: First, contract law’s set of responses reinforce legal theorists who have long argued that, at least in hard cases, contract law is subjective and uncertain. Second, contract law’s main contribution in such cases is to identify the questions that should be asked and to provide a roadmap to follow. Part III, the Conclusion, offers a word about post-pandemic contract law.
Introduction of Electronic Combinatorial Auction to a Food Manufacturer

Food manufactures often face difficult purchasing decisions when multiple business constraints and several bidding options affect them. The objective of the buying organization is to ensure corn sweeteners are purchased so as to minimize the total operational cost. To do so, the purchasing department compared the conventional method of a sealed-bid auction to, first, a reverse auction with single-item bids and, then, to a reverse auction with bundled bids. The senior author—as director of corporate purchasing—researched, proposed and executed the combinatorial auction to source corn sweeteners for a large, processed-meat manufacturer who uses large quantities of four corn sweeteners at its eight processing plants located across the United States. Two buying techniques were — electronic reverse auctions and combinatorial reverse electronic auctions. First, we present the difficulties of using a reverse combinatorial auction and describe the method used to obtain the least cost combination of bids that satisfies buyer’s RFQ. Second, we show the progression of the bidding rounds and estimate the savings from this combinatorial auction as compared to what the company did with either a manual or a reverse single item auction. Finally, we address the diminishing marginal returns of repeated usage of CeRA, and describe how this food company advanced from the auction setting to a riskmanagement-based procurement process.
Towards dynamic simulation of a whole cell model

Whole-cell models (WCMs) aim to integrate the sum of our knowledge about the mechanistic processes of an organism that are inherently multi-scale and dynamic. Such comprehensive models would enable us to address many challenging questions, such as understanding interactions and coupling between pathways, examining system properties, and identifying gaps in our biological knowledge. WCMs integrate a diverse array of intracellular pathways through an equally diverse assortment of computational methods. Among these methods, stochastic simulation helps implement the most detailed model. However, it is also the most time consuming to execute. Furthermore, WCMs involve some of the largest known biochemical reaction networks. To speed up the simulation and accelerate the development of such a model, we present a parallel implementation of stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA) and its application to a whole cell reaction network.
Appropriate Use Criteria for the Use of Nuclear Medicine in Musculoskeletal Infection Imaging

Appropriate use criteria (AUC) are statements that contain indications describing when and how often an intervention should be performed under the optimal combination of scientific evidence, clinical judgment, and patient values while avoiding unnecessary provisions of services. Society of Nuclear
Lax-Oleinik-type formulas and efficient algorithms for certain high-dimensional optimal control problems

We provide analytical solutions to certain optimal control problems whose running cost depends on the state variable and with constraints on the control. We also provide Lax-Oleinik-type representation formulas for the corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi partial differential equations with state-dependent Hamiltonians. Additionally, we present efficient, grid-free numerical solvers based on our representation formulas, which are shown, in some cases, to scale linearly with the state dimension, and thus, to overcome the curse of dimensionality. Using existing optimization methods and the min-plus technique, we extend our numerical solvers to address more general classes of convex and nonconvex initial costs. As a result, our numerical methods have the potential to serve as a building block for solving broader classes of high-dimensional optimal control problems in real-time.
A Review of Radiographic Techniques Related to Pathology

This “pocket guide” of radiographic techniques is intended for radiology technicians who are not directly supervised by a radiologist. The title suggests that it might also be of use to pathologists doing postmortem X-ray examinations. It is, in fact, an abbreviated dictionary of medical diagnoses. Each definition is followed by a list of radiographic projections recommended to illustrate that specific disease or lesion.
Dark slope streaks on Mars: Are aqueous processes involved?

[1] Concentrations of dark slope streaks occur in the equatorial latitudes of Mars, mostly where magmatic-driven activity dominates the geologic record. Although originally ascribed to wet debris flows, all the most recent published hypotheses concerning these features focus on processes which disturb a brighter dusty mantle to expose a darker substrate. These mechanisms invoke dry mass wasting or eolian processes, excluding a role for water. In light of the geographic, geologic, and morphologic considerations, and the new information provided from the Mars Orbital Camera and the Mars Orbital Data Altimeter, we reexamine fluvial processes as a viable explanation for some of the dark slope streaks. In our opinion, two contrasting processes for the formation of dark slope streaks, dust avalanching and spring discharge, represent endpoints on a continuum of progenitors. It may be that some of these features result from dry mass wasting or eolian processes, some from fluvial processes, and some from a mechanism(s) not yet conceived. A spring discharge origin for the formation of the dark slope streaks has profound implications, including Mars having limited, but currently active, fluvial processes acting upon its surface, as well as near-surface aquifers.
A diazo compound for the photochemical labeling of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase.

Abstract The [14C]diazoacetate ester of 3-hydroxymethylpyridine (I) has been synthesized and exchanged enzymically with DPN+ to form the 3-diazoacetoxymethyl analogue of DPN+ (II). This analogue binds to yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (and to several other dehydrogenases) with association constants comparable to those of the coenzyme; on photolysis, the diazo group is decomposed, with concomitant covalent attachment of radioactive label to the protein. Hydrolysis of the labeled protein, followed by ion exchange chromatography, resulted in the isolation of a number of radioactive materials, among which carboxymethylcysteine has been identified. The limitations of this method of labeling proteins near a particular binding site are discussed.
Sisyphean evolution in Darwin's finches.

The trajectory of speciation involves geographic isolation of ancestral populations followed by divergence by natural selection, genetic drift or sexual selection. Once started, the process may experience fits and starts, as sometimes diverging populations intermittently reconnect. In theory populations might cycle between stages of differentiation and never attain species status, a process we refer to as Sisyphean evolution. We argue that the six putative ground finch species (genus Geospiza) of the Galapagos Islands represent a dramatic example of Sisyphean evolution that has been confused with the standard model of speciation. The dynamic environment of the Galapagos, closely spaced islands, and frequent dispersal and introgression have prevented the completion of the speciation process. We suggest that morphological clusters represent locally adapted ecomorphs, which might mimic, and have been confused with, species, but these ecomorphs do not form separate gene pools and are ephemeral in space and time. Thus the pattern of morphological, behavioural and genetic variation supports recognition of a single species of Geospiza, which we suggest should be recognized as Darwin's ground finch (Geospiza magnirostris). We argue that instead of providing an icon of insular speciation and adaptive radiation, which is featured in nearly every textbook on evolutionary biology, Darwin's ground finch represents a potentially more interesting phenomenon, one of transient morphs trapped in an unpredictable cycle of Sisyphean evolution. Instead of revealing details of the origin of species, the mechanisms underlying the transient occurrence of ecomorphs provide one of the best illustrations of the antagonistic effects of natural selection and introgression.
Strain aging and breakaway strain amplitude of damping in NiAl and NiAlZr

Extruded NiAl and NiAlZr alloys often show discontinuous yielding on strain aging in compression at room temperature. Two sets of experiments were conducted to understand the reasons for this yield-point behavior. First, strain-aging experiments were carried out on NiAl alloys containing O to 0.1 at. % Zr. The specimens were all deformed in compression at room temperature at a nominal initial strain rate of 1.1 × 10−4S−1, and the effect of annealing at 700 and 1200 K on the stress-strain curves and the yield strength was studied after an initial prestrain. While annealing at 700 and 1200 K consistently reduced the yield strength of both NiAl and NiAlZr, the effects were quite different. In the case of NiAl, annealing at 1200 K did not result in discontinuous yielding, whereas it generally resulted in a sharp yield point for the Zr containing alloys. Second, the PUCOT (piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique) was used to measure the dynamic Young modulus, breakaway strain amplitude, and damping for the alloys. Only small differences were observed in the values of Young's modulus, but the breakaway strain was at least a factor of 2 to 3 lower for NiAl than for NiAlZr. The experimentally determined values of damping were used in the Granato-Lucke model to estimate the binding energy for NiAl. While the binding energy values were found to be in agreement with the calculated values of dislocation kink nucleation and migration energies in this material, to within an order of magnitude, other effects, such as dislocation pinning by quenched-in vacancies, cannot be ruled out. The observations made in this study suggest that the yield-point behavior in NiAl may be due to several factors, such as difficulties in double kink nucleation, and single kink migration, as well as dislocation-vacancy interactions; whereas, the yield-point behavior in the Zr-alloyed material is due at least in part to dislocation-solute interaction.
Nonfouling Polymer Brushes via Surface-Initiated, Two-Component Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

A significant challenge in the field of biomaterials is the nonspecific adsorption of proteins. It has been suggested that overall neutral materials composed of mixed charge components present protein-resistant properties. This work describes the development of a novel nonfouling polymer brush formed from a surface-initiated, two-component atom transfer radical polymerization. The polymer brushes are composed of varying mixtures of positively and negatively charged monomers depending on the polymerization conditions. The polymer brushes were characterized by both atomic force microscopy and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis to determine the thickness and composition, respectively. The nonspecific adsorption of fibrinogen, lysozyme, and bovine serum albumin was measured using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. It was found that when the polymer brush surface coating was formed as a statistical copolymer from the two charged components, it had nonfouling properties for all three probe proteins.
A Comprehensive Spatial-Temporal Channel Propagation Model for the Ultra-Wideband Spectrum 2-8 GHz

Despite the potential for high-speed communications, stringent regulatory mandates on Ultra-Wideband (UWB) emission have limited its commercial success. By combining resolvable UWB multipath from different directions, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems can drastically improve link robustness or range. In fact, a plethora of algorithms and coding schemes already exist for UWB-MIMO systems, however these papers use simplistic channel models in simulation and testing. While the temporal characteristics of the UWB channel have been well documented, surprisingly there currently exists but a handful of spatial-temporal models to our knowledge, and only two for bandwidths in excess of 500 MHz. This paper proposes a comprehensive spatial-temporal model for the frequency spectrum 2-8 GHz, featuring many novel parameters. In order to extract the parameters, we conduct an extensive measurement campaign using a vector network analyzer coupled to a virtual circular antenna array. The campaign includes 160 experiments up to a non line-of-sight range of 35 meters in four buildings with construction material varying from sheetrock to steel.
Can we conquer pain

Pain can be an adaptive sensation, an early warning to protect the body from tissue injury. By the introduction of hypersensitivity to normally innocuous stimuli, pain may also aid in repair after tissue damage. Pain can also be maladaptive, reflecting pathological function of the nervous system. Multiple molecular and cellular mechanisms operate alone and in combination within the peripheral and central nervous systems to produce the different forms of pain. Elucidation of these mechanisms is key to the development of treatments that specifically target underlying causes rather than just symptoms. This new approach promises to revolutionize pain diagnosis and management.
In Vivo Elemental Partition Analysis Using Fast Neutrons: A Tool for Testing the Efficacy of New Clinical Interventions

The nutritional status of patients can be evaluated by monitoring changes in body composition, including depletion of protein and muscle; distribution of adipose tissue; and changes in hydration status, and bone or cell mass. Fast neutron activation (for N and P) and neutron inelastic scattering (for C and O) are used to assess in vivo elements characteristic of specific body compartments. Nonbone phosphorus for muscle is measured by the 31P(n,alpha)28Al reaction, and nitrogen for protein via the (n,2n) fast neutron reaction. The carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) ratio is used to measure distribution of fat and lean tissue in the body and to monitor small changes in lean mass and its quality. In addition to evaluating the efficacy of new treatments, the method is used to study the mechanisms of depletion of lean tissue with aging.
VENTILATION AND OXYGENATION INDUCE ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE GENE EXPRESSION IN THE LUNGS OF FETAL LAMBS. • 1943

With ventilation and oxygenation at birth, a dramatic decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and increase in pulmonary blood flow (PBF) occurs in the first minutes of life which continues more gradually over the next hours. Nitric oxide (NO) mediates these gradual changes because they are blocked by the administration of NO synthesis inhibitors. In the vasculature, NO is produced from L-arginine by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). To determine how ventilation, oxygenation, and the resulting increase in PBF affect eNOS gene and protein expression, near-term fetal lambs (138-140 days' gestation) were ventilated in utero with a hypoxic gas (without changing fetal arterial blood gases) or with 100% O2. Vascular pressures and left PBF were measured. After 8 hrs of ventilation, the lungs were harvested. Total RNA and protein were prepared. RNase protection assays, Western blotting, and in situ hybridization were performed. Lungs from unventilated fetal lambs were controls. Hypoxic gas ventilation (N=3) increased PBF from 3.8±3.4 to 9.4±9.0 ml/min/kg and decreased PVR from 33.8±34.7 to 18.5±22.7 mm Hg/ml/min/kg. 100% O2 ventilation (N=4) increased PBF from 6.8±7.9 to 78.3±29.4 ml/min/kg and decreased PVR from 32.2±43.6 to 0.7±0.3 mm Hg/ml/min/kg. Hypoxic gas ventilation only slightly increased eNOS expression; 100% O2 ventilation increased eNOS gene expression 3-fold without changing protein levels. To define whether these changes in gene expression were due to changes in oxygenation or to the increase in pulmonary blood flow and the resulting increase in shear stress, fetal pulmonary artery endothelial cells were exposed to 1, 21 and 95% oxygen (for 8-24 hrs) or to 25 dynes/cm2 of shear stress (for 8 hrs). 95% oxygen increased eNOS gene expression 3-fold, while shear stress increased it by 20-fold. Increased oxygenation and increased pulmonary blood flow with increased shear stress rapidly induce eNOS gene expression and contribute to pulmonary vasodilation after birth.
A catadioptric coronagraph design

A design for a solar coronagraph substantially free from chromatic image defects is presented. This design features a Mangin mirror used as both a color correcting element and a collimating lens to achieve accurate achromatic performance with good imaging properties. A computer evaluation is also presented.
Isolation and characterization of gene 5 protein of filamentous bacterial viruses.

Abstract The product of gene 5 of filamentous bacteriophages is required for synthesis of the single-stranded progeny DNA. When extracts made from Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophages fd or M13 are chromatographed on single-stranded DNA/cellulose, a DNA-binding protein can be eluted which has a molecular weight of about 10,000 daltons and is made in at least 100,000 copies per cell. This protein is altered in amber mutant 5-H3 and temperature-sensitive mutant 5-HS1 of phage M13, which identifies it as the gene 5 product (Henry & Pratt, 1969). As judged by sucrose-gradient sedimentation at 4 °C, the pure protein binds tightly and co-operatively to single-stranded, but not to double-stranded, DNA's; at saturation, one protein monomer is bound per every 4 DNA nucleotides. This selective DNA-binding enables the gene 5 protein to denature double-stranded DNA's rapidly at physiological temperatures. In these respects, the gene 5 protein resembles the T4 bacteriophage gene 32 protein described previously, a protein which is required for both the replication and recombination of T4 bacteriophage DNA. However, electron microscopy reveals that the structure of the gene 5 protein complex with single-stranded DNA is quite different: whereas gene 32 protein forces the DNA into an extended linear conformation, the gene 5 protein coalesces two protein-covered DNA stands into a helical, rodlike structure. For this and other reasons, these two “DNA unwinding” proteins could have quite different roles in the replication process.
Two-generator semigroups of binary relations☆

Abstract We study upper bounds on the size of the semigroups generated two randomly chosen n × n Boolean matrices having exactly N one entries. In general, as N n increases the semigroups tend to be smaller. If N is unrestricted, or is a function which is at least [ ((2 + ϵ)n 3 log n) 1 2 ] the probability tends to one that the size of the semigroup is exactly 3. If N is a function which is at least [(r + 1 + ϵ)n log n] the probability tends to one that the size of the semigroup will be no more than 2 ( (n−1) r )+1 − 1 . However, if N is any function w(n) such that w(n) n 2 → 0 and w(n) > n, the average size of the resulting semigroups will be at least (2 n 2 4 ) + o(n 2 ) . This phenomenon is caused by some semigroups of extremely large size. It is thought that w(n) > n and w(n) n 2 → 0 hold for those matrices usually encountered in sociology and psychology.
Playing by the Rules: Instruction and Acculturation in Role-Playing Games

The open-ended, informal, and socially negotiated nature of role-playing games creates a distinct learning challenge for newcomers to the hobby. The explicit rules of the game provide only an incomplete framework for structuring the actions of players, and the expectations and mores of a given group will add other, unspoken rules that discourage or reward certain patterns of behavior. Through a combination of casual instruction, mimesis, and situated learning, new players become acculturated to the ways of both role-playing games in general and specific games in particular. Online resources can facilitate this process, by placing individuals in contact with a wider network of fellow hobbyists, but the limited channel of communication available online also restricts the social cues that could otherwise contribute to learning.
Toxicologic and Cancerogenic Evaluation of Chemicals Used in the Graphic Arts Industries

(1976). Toxicologic and Cancerogenic Evaluation of Chemicals Used in the Graphic Arts Industries. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 359-390.
Computationally Efficient Imprecise Uncertainty Propagation in Engineering Design and Decision Making

Modeling uncertainty through probabilistic representation in engineering design is common and important to decision making that considers risk. However, representations of uncertainty often ignore elements of “imprecision” that may limit the robustness of decisions. Further, current approaches that incorporate imprecision suffer from computational expense and relatively high solution error. This work presents the Computationally Efficient Imprecise Uncertainty Propagation (CEIUP) method which draws on existing approaches for propagation of imprecision and integrates sparse grid numerical integration to provide computational efficiency and low solution error for uncertainty propagation. The first part of the paper details the methodology and demonstrates improvements in both computational efficiency and solution accuracy as compared to the Optimized Parameter Sampling (OPS) approach for a set of numerical case studies. The second half of the paper is focused on estimation of non-dominated design parameter spaces using decision policies of Interval Dominance and Maximality Criterion in the context of set-based sequential design-decision making. A gear box design problem is presented and compared with OPS, demonstrating that CEIUP provides improved estimates of the non-dominated parameter range for satisfactory performance with faster solution times. Parameter estimates obtained for different risk attitudes are presented and analyzed from the perspective of Choice Theory leading to questions for future research. The paper concludes with an overview of design problem scenarios in which CEIUP is the preferred method and offers opportunities for extending the method.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
FT-IRAS of adsorbed alkoxides: 1-propoxide on Cu(111)

Abstract Fourier-transform infrared reflection absorption spectra (FT-IRAS) have been obtained for 1-propoxide and a set of deuterated 1-propoxides at saturation coverages on the Cu(111) surface. These stable species are formed by the reaction of 1-propanol with the preoxidized Cu(111) surface. At elevated temperatures the propoxides undergo β-hydride elimination and desorb as propanals. Temperature programmed reaction (TPR) spectra for the decomposition process reveal both a primary isotope effect and secondary isotope effects. The FT-IRAS spectra have been compared to the reflection infrared spectra of self-assembled monolayers containing long alkyl chains. The spectra show evidence for both crystalline-like packing and conformational disorder in the adlayer. This suggests the presence of both ordered and disordered domains of the alkoxides on the Cu(111) surface.
The reconstruction of small nasal defects

The repair of small or superficial nasal wounds has not received as much attention in the plastic surgery literature as the reconstruction of large or complex defects, and yet managing patients with these problems can be extremely challenging. A strategy for repair can be successfully developed based on the size and location of the defect and the patient in whom it arises. Judicious use of primary closure, skin grafts, and local flaps can yield satisfactory and gratifying results.
The effect of inhalant anesthetic and body temperature on peri-anesthetic serum concentrations of transdermally administered fentanyl in dogs

Abstract Objectives To determine whether moderate hypothermia during anesthesia significantly affects the serum concentration of transdermally delivered fentanyl and whether halothane or isoflurane affect these concentrations. Study Design Randomized cross-over experimental trial. Animals Six mature, healthy Beagles (three males, three females) weighing 10.6 ± 0.43 kg. Methods A 50-µg hour −1 fentanyl patch was applied 36 hours prior to anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced at time 0 ( t = 0). Each dog received four treatments: isoflurane + normothermia (ISO-NORM), isoflurane + hypothermia (ISO-HYPO), halothane + normothermia (HAL-NORM), and halothane + hypothermia (HAL-HYPO). Dogs were intubated and maintained at 1.5 times MAC. Animals in the hypothermia treatments were cooled to 35 °C during anesthesia. Serum fentanyl analysis was performed at −36, −24, −12, 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 18, and 26 hours. Direct arterial blood pressures and arterial blood gases were monitored. Results The mean body temperatures (±SEM) during the anesthetic period for the four treatments were: ISO-NORM = 37.7 ± 0.07 °C, ISO-HYPO = 35.8 ± 0.1 °C, HAL-NORM = 37.7 ± 0.06 °C, and HAL-HYPO = 35.8 ± 0.13 °C. The mean (±SEM) serum fentanyl concentrations (SFC) for both hypothermia treatments were significantly lower than baseline concentrations at t = 1 hour and persisted for the duration of anesthesia for the ISO-HYPO treatment but only from t = 1 to 2 hours for the HAL-HYPO treatment. Serum fentanyl concentrations returned to baseline within one hour of the end of anesthesia, regardless of body temperature. There were no significant differences between treatments for systolic or diastolic blood pressure but mean blood pressures were higher during normothermia versus hypothermia during the last hour of anesthesia. Conclusions and clinical relevance Hypothermia during inhalation anesthesia produced a significant reduction in SFC using transdermal administration and was more protracted with isoflurane than halothane anesthesia. While significant reductions in SFC occurred, the SFC were still within the range believed to confer analgesia.
Disruption of Raf-1/heat shock protein 90 complex and Raf signaling by dexamethasone in mast cells.

Antigen stimulation of mast cells via the IgE receptor, FceRI, results in the recruitment of the cytosolic tyrosine kinase, Syk, and the activation of various signaling cascades. One of these, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK2) cascade, is inhibited by low concentrations of the immunosuppressant drug, dexamethasone, probably at a step prior to the activation of Raf-1 (Rider, L. G., Hirasawa, N., Santini, F., and Beaven, M. A. (1996) J. Immunol. 157, 2374–2380). We now show that treatment of cultured RBL-2H3 mast cells with nanomolar concentrations of dexamethasone causes dissociation of the Raf-1·heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) complex. Raf-1 bereft of this protein fails to associate with the membrane or Ras in antigen-stimulated cells. Upstream events such as the Syk-dependent phosphorylation of Shc, the engagement of Shc with the adapter protein, Grb2, and the activation of Ras itself are unaffected. Interestingly, the counterpart of Raf-1 in the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) cascade, MEKK-1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase), is similarly associated with Hsp90, and this association as well as the activation of MEKK-1 are disrupted by dexamethasone treatment. Disruption of the ERK and JNK cascades at the level of Raf-1 and MEKK-1 could account for the inhibitory action of dexamethasone on the generation of inflammatory mediators in stimulated mast cells.
Sketch for a Phenomenology of Dreaming

Dreaming as lived experience qualifies as intentional life, despite its strangeness. Yet the dream-phenomena themselves receive little direct clarification consistent with Edmund Husserl's major work on conscious intentionality. With fundamental accomplishments of Husserlian phenomenology in play, how could a study of these neglected appearances begin? First it is necessary to describe the essential relevant Husserlian concepts. From Husserl's descriptions in his phenomenological psychology, his analysis of internal time-consciousness, and his theory of wholes and parts in Logical Investigations, the sense of intentionality as a streaming indivisible nexus, a double continuity of inseparable wholeness, becomes evident. Immersed in this self-awareness, we do not find it difficult to access dream-appearances and account for their connection in intentional life. A claim can be made for their presentational objectivity as well as for their "gnomonic" subjectivity. A systematic sketch of their typology or fundamental structure is thus possible without reducing dream-intentionality to something other than itself. Hence, a Husserlian sense of conscious lived experience is first presented. Dream evidence is then considered, despite possible bewilderment, in order to provide a clue to an extended sense of both subjectivity and objectivity. Lines toward a development of dream typicality are thereby indicated.
Lipid metabolism in pregnancy. VIII. Effects of dietary fat versus carbohydrate on lipoprotein and hepatic lipids and tissue triglyceride lipases.

Abstract We have asked, is hypertriglyceridemia in the fed state in pregnancy due to intolerance to exogenous fat, accumulation of endogenous triglycerides, or accumulation of remnants of d
Introducing Forensic Nursing Concepts within an Interprofessional Unexpected and Nonnatural End-of-Life Simulation

Abstract This article describes an innovative approach in which basic forensic nursing science concepts were introduced into a patient scenario that culminated in a sudden, unexpected, and nonnatural death. The simulated clinical experience required senior baccalaureate and acute care and family nurse practitioner students to interact with members of an actual forensic team. The outcomes of the exercise revealed opportunities worth exploring with regard to current nursing education strategies and showed that well-planned simulation exercises can address the competencies necessary for fulfilling nursing and legal responsibilities.
Molecular studies on protein conformations at polymer/liquid interfaces using sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy

Abstract Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy has been applied to examine the molecular structures of proteins adsorbed at various interfaces, especially polymer/protein solution interfaces in situ. A thin film model was adopted to interpret interfacial protein SFG spectra. A polarization mapping method was developed that can help to analyze complicated protein SFG spectra more reliably, from which more structural information of various interfacial proteins can be deduced. SFG signals in different frequency ranges, including C–H, N–H, O–H stretching and amide I ranges, can be collected from proteins at interfaces. Different proteins, including bovine serum albumin, ubiquitin, fibrinogen, factor XII, and some selectively or randomly deuterated proteins, have been examined in SFG studies. Our research shows that proteins can have different conformations at various interfaces, and also that time-dependent structural changes of proteins after adsorption can be varied. SFG can be developed into a powerful and unique technique to elucidate interfacial protein structures at the molecular level in situ after continued success in the application of SFG to examine interfacial protein structures.
The natural history of autonomous gonadal function, adrenarche, and central puberty in gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty.

Gonadotropin-independent precocity (GIP) is a syndrome marked by precocious pubertal development in the absence of pubertal levels of gonadotropins. To investigate the discrete patterns of central nervous system, gonadal, adrenal, and skeletal maturation in this syndrome, we conducted longitudinal studies spanning up to 10 yr in two such affected individuals. A cross-sectional analysis of adrenal androgen secretion was performed in nine additional patients to assess further the time course of adrenarche in GIP. Serial evaluations revealed progression of secondary sexual characteristics, statural growth, and skeletal maturation, all consistent with ongoing exposure to pubertal gonadal steroid levels. On the other hand, adrenarche (n = 11) and spontaneous and GnRH-stimulated gonadotropin secretion (n = 2) progressed in chronological age-appropriate manners despite long term pubertal levels of gonadal sex steroid secretion. After the development of central puberty, as documented by the appearance of pulsatil...
The pulmonary arterial pressure

Abstract Measurements of the systemic and pulmonary arterial pressure in a reptile (turtle), mammal (dog), and bird (chicken) were used as a basis for a study of the comparative physiology of the lesser circuit. Data on the ventral aortic (pulmonary) pressure in the fish were available in the literature. In all these the pulmonary arterial pressure was low, ranging around 25 10 mm. of mercury. However, the systemic arterial pressure varies markedly from class to class. In the fish, the systemic pressure is lower than that in the gill arteries. In the turtle, the systolic pressures are equal in both circuits, but the systemic diastolic is higher than the pulmonic diastolic pressure; therefore, the mean systemic pressure is also higher. In the homeotherms, the systemic pressure is much higher than in the pulmonary circuit. The pulmonary arterial pressure remains low in the higher vertebrates, probably as a result of factors which act to increase the rate of exchange of blood gases with those of the environment. These include: (a) the enormous pulmonary vascular bed, (b) the absence of tissue support of the pulmonary capillaries which are exposed over nearly their entire surface to the environment, resulting in (c) the great distensibility of the capillaries permitting little increment in pressure with greatly increased volume. An increased pressure in such a capillary would produce a transudate and result in disturbed respiratory function. The complete division of the primitive ventricle into two chambers resulted not only in the separation of arterial from venous blood, but also provided conditions in which the systemic pressure could be raised without directly affecting the pulmonary blood pressure and blood flow.