cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Tailored Intervention for PAP Adherence: The SCIP-PA Trial.

Objective/Background: Positive airway pressure (PAP) is highly efficacious treatment but nonadherence is prevalent with little improvement over the last 15 years. Tailored interventions show promise for promoting adherence to other treatments. The study objective was to examine feasibility and acceptability of a tailored intervention to promote PAP adherence. Participants: The convenience sample met inclusion criteria: newly diagnosed OSA; treatment-naive; ≥ 18 years. Exclusion criteria: previous obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) diagnosis and treatment; new psychiatric diagnosis; use of oxygen/bilevel PAP; secondary sleep disorder. Adults (n = 118) were randomized to tailored intervention (TI; n = 61) or usual care (UC; n = 57); application of a priori exclusion criteria resulted in 30 participants per assignment who were middle-aged (51.3 ± 11.1 years) adults (70% male) with severe OSA (apnea hypopnea index [AHI], 35.9 ± 25.2). Methods: Randomized, double-blind, single-site pilot controlled trial. A multiph...
Dissolved oxygen, stream temperature, and fish habitat response to environmental water purchases.

Abstract Environmental water purchases are increasingly used for ecological protection. In Nevada's Walker Basin (western USA), environmental water purchases augment streamflow in the Walker River and increase lake elevation of terminal Walker Lake. However, water quality impairments like elevated stream temperatures and low dissolved oxygen concentrations also limit ecosystems and species, including federally-threatened Lahontan cutthroat trout. In this paper, we prioritize water volumes and locations that most enhance water quality for riverine habitat from potential environmental water rights purchases. We monitored and modeled streamflows, stream temperatures, and dissolved oxygen concentrations using River Modeling System, an hourly, physically-based hydrodynamic and water quality model. Modeled environmental water purchases ranged from average daily increases of 0.11–1.41 cubic meters per second (m3/s) during 2014 and 2015, two critically dry years. Results suggest that water purchases consistently cooled maximum daily stream temperatures and warmed nightly minimum temperatures. This prevented extremely low dissolved oxygen concentrations below 5.0 mg/L, but increased the duration of moderate conditions between 5.5 and 6.0 mg/L. Small water purchases less than approximately 0.71 m3/s per day had little benefit for Walker River habitat. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were affected by upstream environmental conditions, where suitable upstream water quality improved downstream conditions and vice versa. Overall, this study showed that critically dry water years degrade environmental water quality and habitat, but environmental water purchases of at least 0.71 m3/s were promising for river restoration.
Psychodynamic and Neuroscientific Perspectives on Motherhood: An Introduction to the Section

ABSTRACTPsychoanalytic perspectives on parenting and child development have been well articulated in the literature. With advances in neuroimaging methods, recent interest has focused on the neural circuits that may support caregiving in human subjects. In this issue, we consider the value of psychodynamic and neuroscientific perspectives as they pertain to the complex but critical transition to motherhood, and the value of this interdisciplinary approach to probing parental reflective functioning and pathways to the intergenerational transmission of trauma.
Formation of (HCOO–)(H2SO4) Anion Clusters: Violation of Gas-Phase Acidity Predictions

Sulfuric acid is commonly known to be a strong acid and, by all counts, should readily donate its proton to formate, which has much higher proton affinity. This conventional wisdom is challenged in this work, where temperature-dependent negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical studies demonstrate the existence of the (HCOO–)(H2SO4) pair at an energy slightly below the conventional (HCOOH)(HSO4–) structure. Analysis of quantum-mechanical calculations indicates that a large proton affinity difference (∼36 kcal/mol), favoring proton transfer to formate, is offset by the gain in intermolecular interaction energy between HCOO– and H2SO4 through the electron delocalization and formation of two strong hydrogen bonds. However, this stabilization comes with a severe entropic penalty, requiring the two species in the precise alignment. As a result, the population of (HCOO–)(H2SO4) drops significantly at higher temperatures, rendering (HCOOH)(HSO4–) to be the dominant species. This phenomenon is consi...
GreenChip: A Tool for Evaluating Holistic Sustainability of Modern Computing Systems

Abstract There is mounting evidence that manufacturing energy and environmental costs are a growing factor in the overall energy footprint of computing systems. The quantification of these impacts requires the evaluation of both the manufacturing and use phase energy/environmental costs of major integrated circuit (IC) components, including processing units, memory, and storage. In particular, expansions of memory and cache can potentially increase manufacturing costs beyond what can be recovered through use phase advantages for reasonable usage patterns. With this holistic view of sustainability in mind, we provide evaluations of the environmental impacts of memory and cache options for Parsec and SPEC multi-program workloads. Using indifference point analysis, we determine which architectural decisions are the most sustainable in the context of these workloads for various usage scenarios. Through a form of break even analysis, we show the impact of upgrading to a new technology node. Our analysis of current processor trends indicates that upgrading may require upwards of 10 years of service time to break even, and that designing systems with smaller cache and main memory sizes may provide an overall positive environmental trend without dramatically reducing performance.
Genetic Testing, Individual Rights, and the Common Good

Jesus, when asked by a lawyer, “what should I do to inherit eternal life?,” advises him to observe the two great commandments of the law, “Love the Lord your God... and love your neighbor as yourself.” The lawyer, hoping to get the last word, challenges Jesus: “And who is my neighbor?” Jesus responds with the memorable parable of the good Samaritan: a stranger, despised as enemy and heretic, gives succor at cost to himself to a beaten and robbed Jewish traveller [Luke 10: 25–38]. That parable is a narrative answer to one of the persistent questions in the long history of debates over duty to others. Who is the other to whom I owe a duty? The answers given in popular morals are various: your own kin, those of your faith, your color, your race, your country. In philosophical ethics the answers are more sophisticated but equally various: all rational beings, future beings, those in special need, those with whom you contract or to whom you make promises.
Dynamics Analysis and Simulation of a Miniature Reconfigurable Robot

This paper discusses dynamics analysis and simulation of a miniature reconfigurable robot for indoor surveillance. The robot keeps spherical shape for overall protection during falling and transforms to a two-wheel mobile robot after landing. Due to the mass center of the robot is near to the wheel axis, the mobile performance is undesirable, and thus a retractable tail is mounted on the robot to improve the performance. In this paper, dynamics equations of the robot based on Lagrangian function are deduced, and discussions about dynamics analysis of the robot with and without the tail are also presented. Both simulations and experiments prove positive influence of the tail on the robot performance.
Wastewater Treatment and the Urban Aquatic Environment

Populated areas ranging from rural-residential communities to urban centers all require reliable access to a supply of freshwater that is used for many residential and industrial purposes, treated to remove many contaminants and then returned to aquatic ecosystems directly or indirectly as effluent. Urban wastewater effluent reaches aquatic ecosystems from both point sources and nonpoint sources. Point sources include discrete conveyances (e.g., treated sewage effluent drained through pipes), typically derived from domestic or industrial infrastructure. Nonpoint sources originate from numerous and diffuse locations such as stormwater runoff, leaking pipes, or improperly functioning septic systems. Wastewaters derived from urban areas contribute a diverse array of pollutants to aquatic ecosystems including personal care products and pharmaceuticals (Bruchet et al. 2002), natural and synthetic hormones (Jackson and Sutton 2008; Hijosa-Valsero et al. 2010; Weyrauch et al. 2010), fire retardants (Lawrence and LaFontaine 2010), plasticizers (Semard et al. 2008), and property maintenance chemicals (Lawrence and LaFontaine 2010). Industrial facilities can produce comparatively large volumes of wastewater that often contain sewage and potentially toxic pollutants such as solvents, heavy metals, or organochlorines (Morace 2006). Aquatic ecosystems receiving wastewater effluent can experience increased nutrient and microbial concentrations, and changes in hydrology wastewater effluent are a substantial proportion of the flow (Carey and Migliaccio 2009). As urban populations increase in size and in their demand for water, the volume of wastewater effluent they produce may pose significant risks to aquatic ecosystems and the services they provide (Daigger 2009; Van Drecht et al. 2009; Pasqualino et al. 2010).
Gravity, Inertia, and Quantum Vacuum Zero Point Fields

Over the past several years Haisch, Rueda, and others have made the claim that the origin of inertial reaction forces can be explained as the interaction of electrically charged elementary particles with the vacuum electromagnetic zero-point field expected on the basis of quantum field theory. After pointing out that this claim, in light of the fact that the inertial masses of the hadrons reside in the electrically chargeless, photon-like gluons that bind their constituent quarks, is untenable, the question of the role of quantum zero-point fields generally in the origin of inertia is explored. It is shown that, although non-gravitational zero-point fields might be the cause of the gravitational properties of normal matter, the action of non-gravitational zero-point fields cannot be the cause of inertial reaction forces. The gravitational origin of inertial reaction forces is then briefly revisited. Recent claims critical of the gravitational origin of inertial reaction forces by Haisch and his collaborators are then shown to be without merit.
Unravelling the impacts of precipitation, temperature and land-cover change for extreme drought over the North American High Plains

Abstract. Drought is a natural disaster that may become more common in the future under climate change. It involves changes to temperature, precipitation, and/or land cover, but the relative contributions of each of these factors to overall drought severity is not clear. Here we apply a high-resolution integrated hydrologic model of the High Plains to explore the individual importance of each of these factors and the feedbacks between them. The model was constructed using ParFlow-CLM, which represents surface and subsurface processes in detail with physically based equations. Numerical experiments were run to perturb vegetation, precipitation and temperature separately and in combination. Results show that decreased precipitation caused larger anomalies in evapotranspiration, soil moisture, stream flow and water table levels than did increased temperature or disturbed land cover. However, these factors are not linearly additive when applied in combination; some effects of multi-factor runs came from interactions between temperature, precipitation and land cover. Spatial scale was important in characterizing impacts, as unpredictable and nonlinear impacts at small scales aggregate to predictable, linear large scale behaviour.
Analysis of multiple cosmogenic nuclides constrains Laurentide Ice Sheet history and process on Mt. Mansfield, Vermont's highest peak

Abstract Constraining glacial history and process on Mt Mansfield, the highest peak in Vermont (1339 m a.s.l.), provides insight into how the Laurentide Ice Sheet shaped the underlying landscape, when latest Pleistocene ice retreated, and how upland and lowland glacial histories relate. Here, we quantify in situ cosmogenic 10Be in 20 bedrock and boulder surfaces, as well as in situ cosmogenic 14C in three of those surfaces, to assess subglacial erosion and exposure history. Isotopic concentrations indicate that Mt. Mansfield's lower elevations (∼400–1200 m a.s.l.) were deeply eroded by at least several meters during the last glaciation and then deglaciated rapidly; 10Be ages across this elevation span are indistinguishable and average 13.9 ± 0.6 ka (n = 15), suggesting that 800 m of ice thinning occurred within at most about a millennium. Conversely, the higher elevations (>1200 m a.s.l.) preserve a more complex geomorphic history. Mt. Mansfield's summit surfaces contain 10Be from previous periods of exposure, indicating that the mountaintop landscapes were likely preserved beneath cold-based, weakly-erosive glacial ice. Exposure ages from the shorter-lived isotope, 14C, are younger (9.7 and 11.7 ka), suggesting that Mt. Mansfield's summit was covered until the early Holocene, perhaps by snowfields, ice carapaces, and/or till. Our findings, in context of previous work, suggest that thinning Laurentide ice flowed through the valleys for at most hundreds of years following deglaciation of the uplands, but that the summit remained shielded by ice or sediment for millennia after the valleys became ice-free.
Vacuum erection devices

Vacuum devices, the least familiar treatment for impotence, have only recently attracted attention and been the subject of serious scientific inquiry. A vacuum draws blood into the penis under enough pressure to cause rigidity. The vacuum constriction device (VCD) uses a constricting ring or band about the base of the penis to keep blood trapped after the vacuum has been relieved. The vacuum entrapment (VE) device applies a continuous vacuum to the penis through a silicone sheath that is worn during intercourse. These devices cause penile rigidity in almost all men and appear to be quite safe. Published reports of long-term use of the VCD are few, but all indicate a high degree of patient and partner acceptance and satisfaction.
Electrical and structural characteristics of aged RF GaN HEMTs and irradiated high-power GaN HEMTs with protons and heavy ions

Leading GaN HEMT manufacturers have reported excellent RF power characteristics and encouraging reliability. However, long-term reliability in the space environment still remains a major concern due to a number of defects and traps as well as unknown degradation mechanisms. Thus, careful study of reliability and radiation effects of GaN HEMTs should be performed before GaN HEMT technology based solid state power amplifiers (SSPAs) are successfully deployed in space satellite systems. We studied both RF GaN HEMTs fabricated per our design and commercial high-power GaN HEMTs, both grown on SiC substrates. Our RF devices had a nominal Ni-Au Schottky gate length of 0.25 μm, a total gate width of 6 × 150 μm periphery, and a field plate, while high-power devices had a Ni-Au Schottky gate length of 0.4 μm, a total gate width of 10 × 350 μm periphery, and a field plate. First, DC and RF characteristics of RF devices were compared before and after they were aged under different conditions (DC and temperature). Focused-ion-beam was employed to prepare TEM cross sections from degraded devices for defect analysis using a high-resolution TEM. Also, we performed strain analysis on pristine and degraded devices using TEM-based techniques. Second, DC characteristics of high-power devices were compared before and after they were irradiated with protons and heavy ions. Some of devices were exposed while they were unbiased, DC biased, and DC and RF biased.
Contentious baselining: The politics of “pre-drilling” environmental measures in shale gas territory:

Ignorance about baseline conditions can be advantageous to companies that are suspected of causing environmental harm, because it allows them to claim that perhaps the degradation was a pre-existin...
Life after breast cancer: 'Being' a young African American survivor.

Objective: In the United States, 26,534 young women (≤45 years) were diagnosed with breast cancer in 2017. Young African American (AA) women have higher incidence and mortality rates than Whites an...
A Mutation in MTM1 Causes X-Linked Myotubular Myopathy in Boykin Spaniels

The purpose of this study was to report the findings of clinical and genetic evaluation of a 3-month old male Boykin spaniel (the proband) that presented with progressive weakness. The puppy underwent a physical and neurological examination, serum biochemistry and complete blood cell count, electrophysiological testing, muscle biopsy and whole genome sequencing. Clinical evaluation revealed generalized neuromuscular weakness with tetraparesis and difficulty holding the head up and a dropped jaw. There was diffuse spontaneous activity on electromyography, most severe in the cervical musculature. Nerve conduction studies were normal, the findings were interpreted as consistent with a myopathy. Skeletal muscle was grossly abnormal on biopsy and there were necklace fibers and abnormal triad structure localization on histopathology, consistent with myotubular myopathy. Whole genome sequencing revealed a premature stop codon in exon 13 of MTM1 (ChrX: 118,903,496 C > T, c.1467C>T, p.Arg512X). The puppy was humanely euthanized at 5 months of age. The puppy's dam was heterozygous for the variant, and 3 male puppies from a subsequent litter all of which died by 2 weeks of age were hemizygous for the variant. This naturally occurring mutation in Boykin spaniels causes a severe form of X-linked myotubular myopathy, comparable to the human counterpart.
Contemporary use of prescription medications for neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction

OBJECTIVES First-line treatment for patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) is anticholinergic or beta-3 agonist medication. The addition of a secondary medication in patients with NDO may avoid progression to third- and fourth-line therapies. We aim to identify patterns of medication use for patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) using a national database. METHODS The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) database was queried for a sample of ambulatory patient visits from 2003 to 2015. Outpatient visits were included for all patients aged 18 years or older diagnosed with NLUTD. Dual therapy was defined as prescription of two anticholinergics or one anticholinergic + beta-3 agonist on the same visit. Visits in which medications were prescribed were analyzed with descriptive statistics. RESULTS Out of a weighted sample of 5 391 680 patient visits with a primary diagnosis of NLUTD, 1 602 705 (30%) were prescribed medical therapy. Of included patients prescribed NDO medications, the majority were white (80%), located in the Northeast (71%), and of a mean age of 51 ± 3. Of these patients, at least 93% of patients were prescribed anticholinergics, and 37% were prescribed dual therapy. Patients 65 years and older were more likely to initiate a new NDO medication at their visit (43%) than patients under 65 (7%). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to analyze the use of medical therapy for NLUTD in a large outpatient setting. Further prospective evaluation of patient satisfaction and efficacy of both single anticholinergic medication and dual therapy is needed.
Proteomic Profiling of the Human Dentin Identifies Age-Related Differences in the Composition and Solubility of the Matrisome

Aging is the conjunction of progressive physiological changes that occur in living organisms over time. A fundamental component of organs and tissues that undergoes functional and structural modifications with age is the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM is a dynamic assembly of proteins that regulates cellular functions and participates in tissue organization and remodeling. The ECM of teeth is no different but lacks turnover capability. Dentin, the bulk of the tooth, endures modifications throughout a lifespan. As of now, the composition of the dentin ECM and how it changes with age is unknown. To address, we used proteomics to profile the dentin ECM of young and older adult human teeth. We report the identification of 341 unique ECM proteins and define the matrisome of young and old dentin as composed of 125 and 112 proteins, respectively. Our study identified over 100 ECM proteins that have not previously been associated with the dentin. Importantly, it also reveals changes to both protein solubility and matrisome composition as a function of age. Our study is a first step towards the discovery of biomarkers of the aging tooth and the development of strategies to maintain or regenerate a healthy dentition in our aging population.
Training the component steps of an extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) cannulation outside the clinical setting

Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) cannulation can be a stressful procedure because a fast cannulation is vital for the patient's survival. Therefore, it is important to train the steps of cannulation outside the clinical setting. A relatively low budget, easy to use model, was developed to train the most important steps of an ECMO cannulation. Following this, it was evaluated by experts and target group participants. They all completed a questionnaire regarding their experience and opinions on the ECMO model on general aspects and the training of the component steps, rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Twenty-one participants completed the questionnaire. The features and steps of the model were rated with a mean of 3.9 on average. The haptics of the landscape scored least, with a mean of 3.6, although the haptics of the vessels scored highest with 4.0. The rating of the component steps showed that only 'opening of the vessels' was scored significantly different between the expertise levels (means experts: 4.0, target group: 3.4, p = 0.032). This low budget model is considered to be a valid tool to train the component steps of the ECMO cannulation, which could reduce the learning curve in the a stressful clinical setting. Level of evidence: II prospective comparative study.
Projective splitting with forward steps

This work is concerned with the classical problem of finding a zero of a sum of maximal monotone operators. For the projective splitting framework recently proposed by Combettes and Eckstein, we show how to replace the fundamental subproblem calculation using a backward step with one based on two forward steps. The resulting algorithms have the same kind of coordination procedure and can be implemented in the same block-iterative and highly flexible manner, but may perform backward steps on some operators and forward steps on others. Prior algorithms in the projective splitting family have used only backward steps. Forward steps can be used for any Lipschitz-continuous operators provided the stepsize is bounded by the inverse of the Lipschitz constant. If the Lipschitz constant is unknown, a simple backtracking linesearch procedure may be used. For affine operators, the stepsize can be chosen adaptively without knowledge of the Lipschitz constant and without any additional forward steps. We close the paper by empirically studying the performance of several kinds of splitting algorithms on a large-scale rare feature selection problem.
Hospital Annual Delivery Volume and Presence of Graduate Medical Education Influence Mode of Delivery after Stillbirth.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the statewide experience in mode of delivery for pregnancies complicated by stillbirth by annual delivery volume and presence of graduate medical education programs. METHODS This is a descriptive study of all stillbirths without known congenital anomalies or aneuploidy born in our state from July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2019. Stillbirths were ascertained by the State Reproductive Health Monitoring System, a population-based surveillance system. Stillbirths were identified by the State Reproductive Health Monitoring System from medical facilities and fetal death certificates; trained staff abstracted records. All of the stillbirths with a gestational age of >20 weeks or a birth weight of >500 g if birth weight was unknown and without congenital anomalies or aneuploidy were eligible for this study. RESULTS There were 861 stillbirths from July 2015 through June 2019, 75 (8.7%) of which were delivered by cesarean section. Low-volume hospitals ( 1000 deliveries; 13.4% vs 5.5%; P < 0.0001). Before adjusting for maternal characteristics, stillbirths delivered at high-volume hospitals had a 59% lower risk of delivery by cesarean section compared with those delivered at low-volume hospitals (relative risk [RR] 0.41, 95% confidence interval 0.20-0.86, P = 0.02). The cesarean cohort had a higher proportion of Black mothers (44% vs 31.3%, P = 0.025), greater parity (P < 0.0001), and greater gravidity (P < 0.0001) compared with the vaginal group. The gestational age at delivery for stillbirths delivered by cesarean was much higher compared with those who were delivered vaginally (34.8 weeks vs 28.6 weeks; P < 0.0001). The RR of the cesarean delivery of a stillbirth at teaching institutions compared with nonteaching institutions was significantly reduced (RR 0.45, 95% confidence interval 0.28-0.73, P = 0.0011). CONCLUSIONS Annual hospital delivery volumes and residency teaching programs in obstetrics influence the mode of delivery in the management of stillbirth. Advancing gestational age, Black race, and parity are associated with an increased risk of cesarean delivery after stillbirth.
Loss of wild type KRAS in KRASMUT lung adenocarcinoma is associated with cancer mortality and confers sensitivity to FASN inhibitors

Abstract Objectives Wild type RAS (RASWT) suppresses the function of oncogenic RAS mutants (RASMUT) in laboratory models. Loss of RASWT, which we termed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for any RAS (LAR) or LAKR in the context of KRAS (LOH at KRAS), is found in patients with RASMUT cancers. However, the incidence and prognostic significance of LAR has not been studied in modern patient cohorts. LAR or LAKR in RASMUT cancers is attractive as a potential biomarker for targeted therapy. Materials and methods We evaluated for associations between LAKR and cancer mortality in patients with KRASMUT lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). We also evaluated for associations between LAKR and the metabolic state of cancer cell lines, given that KRAS has been shown to regulate fatty acid synthesis. In line with this, we investigated fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibitors as potential therapies for KRASMUT LAKR, including combination strategies involving clinical KRASG12C and FASN inhibitors. Results 24 % of patients with KRASMUT LUAD showed LAKR. KRASMUT LAKR cases had a median survival of 16 vs. 30 months in KRASMUT non-LAKR (p = 0.017) and LAKR was independently associated with death in this cohort (p = 0.011). We also found that KRASMUT LUAD cell lines with LAKR contained elevated levels of FASN and fatty acids relative to non-LAKR cell lines. KRASMUT LUAD cells with LAKR showed higher sensitivity to treatment with FASN inhibitors than those without. FASN inhibitors such as TVB-3664 showed synergistic effects with the KRASG12C inhibitor MRTX849 in LUAD cells with KRASG12C and LAKR, including an in vivo trial using a xenograft model. Conclusions LAKR in KRASMUT cancers may represent an independent negative prognostic factor for patients with KRASMUT LUAD. It also predicts for response to treatment with FASN inhibitors. Prospective testing of combination therapies including KRASG12C and FASN inhibitors in patients with KRASG12C LAKR is warranted.
The safety and efficacy of day-case total joint arthroplasty.

Introduction The popularity of day-case arthroplasty has been fuelled by focus on its cost effectiveness for the healthcare system. Safety concerns still remain. The aim of this review was to compa...
Labor demand shocks and earnings and employment differentials: Evidence from the U.S. shale oil & gas boom

Abstract In this paper, we show that labor market shocks that overwhelmingly directly impacted specific workers (male workers and workers with a high school education) in a specific industry (oil and gas sector) can have meaningful effects on employment and earnings differentials within sectors not directly impacted by the productivity shock. Empirical estimates suggest that college/high school earnings differentials decreased by 3.0% in the non-mining sectors, while male/female earnings differentials increased by 2.6% in the non-mining sectors. Results highlight the importance of considering differential effects of technology shocks by education and gender in studying earnings inequality.
Leadership Effectiveness of Collegiate Aviation Program Leaders: A Four-frame Analysis

The purpose of this study was to examine the perceived leadership effectiveness of aviation program leaders at higher education institutions utilizing the four leadership frames of Drs. Lee Bolman and Terrence Deal. A frame is a tactic which allows an individual to gain a perspective on a given situation. The four frames of Bolman and Deal are the structural, human resources, political, and symbolic frames. An anonymous online survey, developed using the Leadership Orientation Instrument of Bolman and Deal, was sent electronically to aviation faculty and staff followers at University Aviation Association higher education institutions. Five-point Likert scales were used by aviation faculty and staff to assess the perceived leadership effectiveness of aviation program leaders. A one-way ANOVA was conducted comparing the perceived leadership effectiveness scores based on the four leadership frames. No significant difference was found in perceived leadership effectiveness based on the primary leadership frame, F(3,90) = 1.08, p > .05. An additional one-way ANOVA was run comparing the perceived leadership effectiveness scores of the four frame groups (no frames, single frame, paired frames, and multiple frames). A significant difference was found in perceived leadership effectiveness based on the number of frames utilized, F(3,222) = 101.93, p < .05. Post-hoc tests revealed that aviation program leaders scored higher in perceived leadership effectiveness if they subscribed to the paired frames or multiple frames approaches.
Controls of mass recovery rates in single-well injection-withdrawal tracer tests with a single-porosity, heterogeneous conceptualization

[1] A single-well injection-withdrawal (SWIW) test is evaluated as a tool to assess a single-porosity conceptualization for a transport system. We have shown that there are cases in which matrix diffusion cannot be proven definitively from the results of SWIW tests owing to uncertainties of aquifer properties. Drift during the resting phase of the test can carry a plume to areas where the flux is lower during the withdrawal phase, leading to decreased mass recovery rates. Results of sensitivity studies on multiple, stochastically generated, heterogeneous transmissivity fields indicate that variance in transmissivity has a strong effect on drift and consequently mass recovery rates. In addition to impacting drift directly, the regional gradient has the potential to influence mass recovery rates by interfering with the pumping-induced fluxes toward the well during withdrawal. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is used to evaluate whether simulated data using a single-porosity conceptualization with plume drift significantly differ from SWIW tracer test data from a fractured dolomite unit at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Given the uncertainty in the variance of transmissivity, it is unlikely that a single-porosity conceptualization can match the field data. Matrix diffusion is a likely explanation for the observed gradual mass recovery rates.
Conversational implicature, communicative intentions, and content

At the core of the Gricean account of conversational implicature is a certain assumption concerning the phenomenon that its proponents hope to explain and predict – namely, that conversational implicatures are, essentially, cases of speaker meaning. Heck (2006), however, has argued that once we appreciate a distinctive kind of indeterminacy characteristic of particularized implicatures, we must reject this assumption. Heck's observation is that there are cases where it is clear a speaker has conversationally implicated something by her utterance, but where there is no particular proposition – other than what the speaker said – that we can plausibly take the speaker to have meant, or intended to communicate. I argue that although Heck's observation is ultimately not in conflict with the core Gricean assumption, it is in tension with the widely held thesis that the things we mean and implicate are propositions. I sketch an alternative account of the things we mean and implicate – one that that accommodates ...
The Effects of Storage and Preservation Technologies on the Quality of Fish Products: A Review

The aim of this review is to give an overview of the main techniques used and the subsequent quality changes of fish from the harvest to the plate. Fish is often considered to be a difficult culinary object due to the fact that it is easily spoiled, prone to oxidation and developing off-flavors due to wrong handling. The preservation of the sensory and nutritional quality of fish is significantly influenced by several parameters. In this review, commonly used storage and preserving methods applied for fish will be presented and their effects on the general quality aspects will be highlighted. It is important to adapt the processing to the special requirements that a product, prone to bacterial spoilage and oxidation, as fish has. However, if storage techniques are combined and applied in an innovative way, products with a high-quality, good sensory properties and a beneficial nutritional value will be achieved.
Ischemic Tolerance in an In Vivo Model of Glutamate “Preconditioning”

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Badawi, Y., Pal, R., Hui, D., Michaelis, E. K. and Shi, H. (2015), Ischemic tolerance in an in vivo model of glutamate preconditioning. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 93: 623–632. doi:10.1002/jnr.23517, which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.23517. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.
The Nascent Industry of Electric Vehicles

An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that operates solely using electricity and can plug into the power grid to recharge. This connectivity with the grid poses a unique set of challenges, as the new EV charging infrastructure must be compatible with the existing power infrastructure and the grid must be able to support the growing fleet of EVs. Of particular interest to operations researchers are an assortment of pricing and planning problems, many of which are still ill-defined due to the youth of today's EV industry and the uncertainties that accompany it. In this article, the needs of the growing EV industry are addressed, and some of the key issues that will be faced over the next several years are identified. Keywords: electric vehicles; charging infrastructure; charging stations; vehicle-to-grid; smart grid; battery swapping
3-Way BIB designs∗

Abstract The concept of 3-way BI B designs is introduced. It is shown that the existence of a certain group difference set implies the existence of such designs. In particular it is proved that if v ≡ 3(mod 4) and v is a prime power then these designs can be constructed.
The simulation of diurnal surface thermal contrast in sea ice and tundra terrain

A simple surface climate simulator has the capacity to model the thermal contrast produced by stratification, variable sea ice or active layer thickness and albedo in the environment of the Alaskan North Slope. These simulations form the background for modeling the probable effects of terrain modifications produced by Arctic construction. This strategy should allow investigators to estimate the most appropriate times for the discrimination of specific targets using thermal imagery as a prospecting medium and facilitate the interpretation of existing imagery. Lastly, the scheme allows investigators of surface modification effects to select probable subsets of processes for field evaluation by examining the sensitivity of the thermal response to variations of the input properties over their anticipated ranges in conjunction with estimates of the local meteorological environment. This sequence can also be used to test the physical validity of process arguments used in the interpretation of thermal contrast in reconnaissance imagery.
The Impact of Macular Disease on Pedestrian Detection: A Driving Simulator Evaluation

We describe the design of a driving simulator study to determine the effect of central visual field loss (due to macular disease) on pedestrian detection when driving. Pilot data suggest that a scotoma (blind area) in the central visual field can impair driving by increasing response time to hazardous circumstances.
Endothelial ATP-sensitive potassium channels mediate coronary microvascular dilation to hyperosmolarity

Coronary arterial occlusion has been shown to increase osmolarity in the myocardial interstitium. Intracoronary injection of hyperosmolar solutions reduces coronary vascular resistance. However, the response of coronary microvessels to an abluminal increase in osmolarity is unclear, and the underlying mechanism for its vasomotor regulation has not been elucidated. In this regard, porcine coronary arterioles (81 +/- 2 microns) were isolated, cannulated, and pressurized for in vitro study. Hyperosmolarity (300-345 mosM) was produced by adding D-glucose or D-sucrose to the extravascular solution. After the arterioles developed a stable vascular tone, a graded vasodilation was observed when glucose or sucrose was incrementally administered. This hyperosmotic vasodilation was abolished after endothelial removal. Intraluminal administration of KCl (80 mM) or the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP)-channel inhibitor glibenclamide (1 microM) to the intact vessels significantly attenuated the hyperosmotic vasodilation. Inhibition of inward rectifier potassium channels by a low concentration of BaCl2 (10 microM) did not affect vasodilation. However, a high concentration of BaCl2 (100 microM), which has been reported to inhibit KATP channels, attenuated the hyperosmotic vasodilation. Iberiotoxin (100 nM), a calcium-activated potassium (KCa)-channel inhibitor had no effect on hyperosmolarity-induced vasodilation. Inhibition of the synthesis of endothelial nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and arachidonic acid metabolites from cytochrome P-450 had no effect on hyperosmotic vasodilation. Furthermore, inhibition of vascular smooth muscle KATP channels and the large- and small-conductance KCa channels by extraluminal administration of glibenclamide, iberiotoxin, and apamin, respectively, did not alter vasodilation in response to hyperosmolarity. These results indicate that dilation of coronary arterioles in response to hyperosmotic stimulation requires an intact endothelium. However, the response is independent of the release of nitric oxide, prostaglandins, or cytochrome P-450-related endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor and is not a result of activation of KATP and KCa channels in vascular smooth muscle. It is suggested that the opening of KATP channels in vascular endothelium and subsequent hyperpolarization of that cell type mediate coronary microvascular dilation in response to hyperosmolarity.
CROP SALT TOLERANCE–CURRENT ASSESSMENT

An extensive literature review of all available salt tolerance data was undertaken to evaluate the current status of our knowledge of the salt tolerance of agricultural crops. In general, crops tolerate salinity up to a threshold level above which yields decrease approximately linearly as salt concentrations increase. Our best estimate of the threshold salinity level and yield decrease per unit salinity increase is presented for a large number of agricultural crops. The methods of measuring appropriate salinity and plant parameters to obtain meaningful salt tolerance data and the many plant, soil, water, and environmental factors influencing the plant's ability to tolerate salt are examined.
Rotor Time Constant Estimation for the Vector Controlled Induction Motor Drive Based on MARS Scheme

In this paper, Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) is presented for the rotor time constant estimation for induction motor based on the regulation of instantaneous reactive power. The estimated rotor time constant is used as feedback for calculating the slip speed in an indirect vector control system. This method avoids using pure integration and stator resistance in the reference model. Moreover, the steady state of the reactive power eliminates the derivative terms in the adjustable model. The structure of estimator is very simple and the technique is robust to variations of motor parameters. Simulation results are presented the robustness and accuracy of the proposed schemes and show that good tracking capability and fast responses have been achieved.
Altered thermal hyperaemia in human skin by prior desensitization of neurokinin-1 receptors.

The neuropeptides substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide are believed to be involved in the axon reflex-mediated component of cutaneous thermal hyperaemia, but no studies have specifically addressed this issue. The purpose of this study was to determine whether neurokinin-1 receptors, which preferentially bind SP, contribute to the axon reflex component of cutaneous thermal hyperaemia. Nine subjects were equipped with four microdialysis fibres, and each fibre received one of the following four treatments: (1) lactated Ringer's solution (control); (2) 10 mml-NAME to inhibit nitric oxide synthase; (3) 10 μm SP; or (4) 10 μm SP + 10 mml-NAME. Skin blood flow was monitored via laser-Doppler flowmetry, and local skin temperature was controlled using local heating devices. Sites 3 and 4 were perfused with 10 μm SP for 15 min at a rate of 4 μl min−1, and the ensuing vasodilatation was allowed to return to baseline. Following SP-induced vasodilatation, all skin sites were locally heated from a baseline temperature of 33°C to 42°C at a rate of 0.5°C every 5 s. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated as skin blood flow/mean arterial pressure and normalized to the maximal value (%CVCmax) via 28 mm nitroprusside and local heating to 43°C. The initial peak did not differ between control (79 ± 3%CVCmax) and SP-only sites (79 ± 2%CVCmax). The initial peaks at the l-NAME (43 ± 3%CVCmax) and SP +l-NAME sites (53 ± 3%CVCmax) were significantly reduced compared with both the control and the SP-only sites (P < 0.001 for both), and l-NAME sites were attenuated compared with SP +l-NAME sites (P < 0.01). There was no observable nadir response at sites pretreated with SP. Compared with control sites (57 ± 4%CVCmax), the nadirs at the l-NAME (14 ± 2%CVCmax) and the SP +l-NAME sites (31 ± 5%CVCmax) were significantly reduced (P < 0.01 for all conditions). l-NAME significantly reduced the nadir compared with SP +l-NAME (P < 0.01). Plateau CVC values did not differ between control (86 ± 3%CVCmax) and SP sites (91 ± 1%CVCmax). At l-NAME (36 ± 4%CVCmax) and SP +l-NAME sites (56 ± 6%CVCmax), plateau CVC was significantly reduced compared with control and SP-only sites (P < 0.01 for all conditions). The plateau at l-NAME sites was significantly reduced compared with SP +l-NAME sites (P < 0.01). These data suggest that neurokinin-1 receptors contribute to both the axon reflex component and the secondary plateau phase of cutaneous thermal hyperaemia.
Tolerance to the cataleptic effect of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists in pigeons: cross-tolerance between PCP-like compounds and competitive NMDA antagonists.

The effects of chronic administration of phencyclidine (PCP) or CGS 19755 (cis-4-phosphonomethyl-2-piperidine-carboxylic acid) on the cataleptic effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists were studied in pigeons. PCP, a channel blocker of the NMDA receptor complex, or CGS 19755, a competitive NMDA antagonist, was administered i.m. to separate groups of pigeons each day. Tolerance developed to the cataleptic effects in both PCP- and CGS 19755-treated pigeons. PCP tolerance was characterized initially by 5-fold rightward shift and, with an increased chronic PCP dose, a complete downward shift of the PCP dose-effect curve. CGS 19755 tolerance was indicated by a 10-fold rightward shift of its dose-cataleptic effect curve. Cross-tolerance was obtained from PCP to other PCP-like compounds including dizocilpine (MK 801), ketamine, dextrorphan, 1-(2-thienyl)-cyclohexyl-piperidine and [(+)-SKF 10047] [(+)-N-allyl-normetazocine] as well as to the competitive NMDA antagonist, CGS 19755. Cross-tolerance also developed from CGS 19755 to another competitive NMDA antagonist, CGP 40116 [D-(E)-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid] as well as to PCP-like compounds. The pharmacological selectivity of tolerance was evident because there was equal sensitivity to etomidate or pentobarbital in tolerant and nontolerant pigeons. The symmetric cross-tolerance between PCP-like compounds and competitive NMDA antagonists suggests the cataleptic effects of the two classes of NMDA antagonists are probably mediated via a similar mechanism of inhibition of neurotransmission at the NMDA excitatory synapse.
Predicting pattern transfer distortions during EUV mask fabrication

The stringent requirements placed on sub-100 nm feature lithography require the development of a low distortion mask. The distortions due to the fabrication process of extreme ultraviolet lithography masks have been predicted using finite element methods. The investigation included the simulation of the mask blank fabrication, pattern transfer and mounting. Film stress gradient effects for the multilayer stack, absorber layer and resist layer were also evaluated, considering both in-plane and out-of-plane distortions. To assist in optimizing the final substrate and pattern dimensions, a number of different substrate formats and materials were considered. To determine the effects of pattern density, different types of patterns were modeled, including uniform coverage, a 'half-and-half' pattern and an orthotropic feature pattern. Reticle placement errors were less than 2 nm at the mask level (0.5 nm at the wafer level) for nearly all cases studied.