cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reaction Time and Glance Behavior of Visually Distracted Drivers to an Imminent Forward Collision as a Function of Training, Auditory Warning, and Gender

Abstract Forward Collision Warning (FCW) systems are intended to alert drivers to an imminent forward collision threat to reduce the frequency and severity of rear-end collisions and mitigate injury and property damage for occupants of both vehicles. This between-subjects driving simulator study examined the effects of three variables – FCW system training, auditory warning type, and gender – on a visually distracted driver's response to an unexpected, imminent, forward collision threat. First, only half of the participants were provided with a brief description of the FCW system. Second, four different auditory warning conditions were compared: no-auditory warning (baseline), average-urgency warning, highest-urgency warning, and an auditory icon car horn. Drivers who received FCW system training had faster reaction times and 68% fewer collisions than drivers who did not receive training. While the highest-urgency warning produced the fastest initial glance to the forward scene, it was the car horn warning that produced robust reaction time, glance behavior, and collision benefits. Unexpectedly, 34.7% of distracted drivers glanced back to the center console display, following their initial forward glance, prior to braking. This unanticipated behavior resulted in longer reaction times, shorter minimum time-to-collision, and a 63.7% increase in collisions as compared with drivers who did not glance back to the console display. Results suggest that even brief system training can aid interaction with an FCW system and glance behavior, reaction times can improve with an auditory icon car horn as the auditory warning, and that uninterrupted forward attention upon detection of a collision threat is imperative for an effective collision avoidance response.
Conjunction of ideal and reality of human's comprehensive development:The changes from "Unit Person" to "Community Person"

To achieve human's comprehensive development is a ideal goal of Marxism,and also an essential requirement of socialist construction.How to organically combine the human's development grandiose goals with the specific targets in the realistic stage of socialism has become a major task which the party's leadership should face in the process of socialist modernization construction.The changes from "unit person" to "community person" provide the necessary social conditions and realistic basis for the conjunction of ideal and reality of human's comprehensive development,and will necessarily enrich the theories and practices of the scientific outlook on development.
The surgeon's problem with breast cancer screening programs

Any decision to biopsy a breast on the basis of findings discovered in a screening program must carefully consider the expertise of the clinical examination, the technical quality of the mammograms, and the skill and experience of the radiologist reading them. A positive clinical examination with or without mammographic confirmation is indication for biopsy. However, the surgeon must sometimes be governed solely by the report of the radiologist. On the basis of competent mammographic interpretation, patients without clinical evidence of disease face at least a 25% chance of having cancer. The area of concern must be carefully localized preoperatively and the specimen radiographed, particularly if it contains calcifications. This requires a clear understanding of the problem and complete cooperation between the surgeon, the radiologist, and the pathologist.
Biophysical Tools for Cellular and Subcellular Mechanical Actuation of Cell Signaling

The ability to spatially control cell signaling can help resolve fundamental biological questions. Optogenetic and chemical dimerization techniques along with fluorescent biosensors to report cell signaling activities have enabled researchers to both visualize and perturb biochemistry in living cells. A number of approaches based on mechanical actuation using force-field gradients have emerged as complementary technologies to manipulate cell signaling in real time. This review covers several technologies, including optical, magnetic, and acoustic control of cell signaling and behavior and highlights some studies that have led to novel insights. I will also discuss some future direction on repurposing mechanosensitive channel for mechanical actuation of spatial cell signaling.
DIFFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY EVALUATION OF MCF-7 AND MDA-MB-231 HUMAN BREAST CANCER CELLS EXPOSED TO TAMOXIFEN ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH ESTRADIOL

The comparative cytotoxic effects of Tamoxifen (TAM) alone or with Estradiol (ES) were studied in estrogen receptor alpha positive (ERα+) MCF#7 and estrogen receptor alpha negative (ERα#) MDA#MB#231 human breast cancer cell lines in vitro using cell proliferation, viability, and clonability assays. The cells were incubated with 5 or 7.5.g/mL TAM with or without 0.5.g/mL ES and treate d for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours for cell multiplication and viability. For cloning, the cells were treated similarly, but studied at 96 and 120 hours. In general, MCF#7 cells compar ed to MDA#MB#231 cells were more sensitive to TAM treatment as evident from cell replication, viability, and clonability. As expected, 7.5.g/mL was more toxic i n both cell lines, but more noticeable in ERα+ MCF#7 cells 48 hours post treatment. Estrad iol treatment, in general improved the cell multiplication and viability in both cell lines. Although TAM treatments suppressed cloning ability significantly in both cell lines, the effect was less pronounced in MDA#MB#231. The ES and TAM combination treatment further inhibited colony formation. In conclusion, the two cell lines demonstrated differential sensitivity to TAM with or without ES as revealed from cell proliferation and clonability studies.
Mercury Concentrations in Feathers of Adult and Nestling Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) from Coastal and Freshwater Environments of Florida

We determined mercury (Hg) concentrations in feathers of osprey (Pandion haliaetus), both nestlings (n = 95) and adults (n = 110), across peninsular Florida and the Florida Keys during February–August 2014. Feathers plucked from nestlings, aged 3–7 weeks, contained Hg concentrations that ranged from 0.338 to 45.79 mg/kg and averaged 6.92 ± 7.58 mg/kg (mean ± 1SD). Feathers shed from adults contained significantly higher concentrations ranging from 0.375 to 93.65 mg/kg, with an average of 17.8 ± 16.1 mg/kg. These levels were in the upper range of previously reported feather Hg concentrations of osprey and clearly show that Florida continues to have Hg hotspots that are elevated compared with many other regions. While these concentrations did not exceed levels previously reported in osprey from heavily Hg contaminated areas that showed no evidence of reproductive impairments, we cannot rule out potential individual-level effects to highly exposed nestlings after fledging. Mercury concentrations in nestlings were highest in coastal habitats of Collier and Monroe counties, where ongoing declines in osprey populations also have been documented.
In vitro characterization and in vivo ultrasound molecular imaging of nucleolin-targeted microbubbles

Nucleolin (NCL) plays an important role in tumor vascular development. An increased endothelial expression level of NCL has been related to cancer aggressiveness and prognosis and has been detected clinically in advanced tumors. Here, with a peptide targeted to NCL (F3 peptide), we created an NCL-targeted microbubble (MB) and compared the performance of F3-conjugated MBs with non-targeted (NT) MBs both in vitro and in vivo. In an in vitro study, F3-conjugated MBs bound 433 times more than NT MBs to an NCL-expressing cell line, while pretreating cells with 0.5 mM free F3 peptide reduced the binding of F3-conjugated MBs by 84%, n = 4, p < 0.001. We then set out to create a method to extract both the tumor wash-in and wash-out kinetics and tumor accumulation following a single injection of targeted MBs. In order to accomplish this, a series of ultrasound frames (a clip) was recorded at the time of injection and subsequent time points. Each pixel within this clip was analyzed for the minimum intensity projection (MinIP) and average intensity projection (AvgIP). We found that the MinIP robustly demonstrates enhanced accumulation of F3-conjugated MBs over the range of tumor diameters evaluated here (2–8 mm), and the difference between the AvgIP and the MinIP quantifies inflow and kinetics. The inflow and clearance were similar for unbound F3-conjugated MBs, control (non-targeted) and scrambled control agents. Targeted agent accumulation was confirmed by a high amplitude pulse and by a two-dimensional Fourier Transform technique. In summary, F3-conjugated MBs provide a new imaging agent for ultrasound molecular imaging of cancer vasculature, and we have validated metrics to assess performance using low mechanical index strategies that have potential for use in human molecular imaging studies.
The evolution of clinical gait analysis. Part II kinematics.

Kinematics is treated as a single topic in this manuscript and the emphasis is on early history, just as it was in Part I, Electromyography. Needless to say, neither kinematics nor electromyography, nor kinetics and energy (the latter to be included in Part III) are stand-alone components of clinical gait analysis. The only reason for this selective format is that it lessens my task to be able to write about one subject at a time. One of the consequences of this arbitrary separation is that some contributors, who have enriched more than one portion of clinical gait analysis, are highlighted only in the area in which they have contributed the most. I began with Kinesiological Electromyography in Part I because the earliest stirrings of the dream of clinical gait analysis were expressed in the development of KEMG (kinesiological electromyography). The early investigators realized that very little could be said about the dynamic action of muscles without KEMG. Next, in chronological order, came kinematics. I have been an active participant and eyewitness, and take full responsibility for attempting to write an early history at a time when most of the contributors are still alive. Ordinarily, history is written much later, in order to fully grasp the significance of individual contributions in the tapestry of the whole. As stated in Part I, Electromyography, the emphasis has been placed on the early history. The application of motion analysis to sports medicine, and sports medicine functional analysis, is covered only lightly here, and this should not be interpreted as minimizing its importance. The literature on this subject is now quite voluminous and it would not be possible to cover it adequately in this manuscript. Later historical writings may differ significantly and will hopefully give more recognition to pioneers in later generations: those physicians, engineers, physical therapists and kinesiologists who are lifting the level of clinical gait analysis and directing their energies in expanding clinical directions. It is hoped that this manuscript will prompt additional manuscripts, as well as letters to the editor of Gait and Posture on the content of this review paper. © 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Organic and aqueous synthesis of EC-DG for tumor glycolytic activity assessment

1838 Objectives: The aim was to evaluate 99mTc-ethylenedicysteine-glucosamine (EC-DG) for assessment of tumor growth. Methods: EC-DG was synthesized by either organic reaction or water reaction. In organic reaction, both NH and SH groups of EC were protected with carbamate and benzyl, followed by conjugation to glucosamine acetate in the presence of carbodiimide (DCC). The protecting groups were de-protected by sodium and liquid ammonia. In water reaction, EC was directly conjugated to glucosamine in the presence of sulfo-N-hydroxysuccnimide and water soluble carbodiimide (EDAC). Proton- and C-13 NMR and elemental analysis of EC-DG were performed. EC-DG was then labeled with 99mTc- and 188Re in the presence of tin (II). In vitro thymidine incorporation and cell cycle assays of cold EC-DG and Re-EC-DG were conducted using lymphoma, lung and breast cancer cells. Biodistribution of 99mTc-EC-DG in breast bearing rats (0.5-4 hrs, 20 μCi/rat, iv) was used to estimate radiation absorbed dose. Rabbits inoculated with VX-2 cells were imaged with 99mTc-EC-DG. For therapeutic assessment studies, scintigraphic imaging studies with 99mTc-EC-DG in mammary tumor-bearing rats were conducted at various days after treatment with paclitaxel and cisplatin. To investigate mRNA expression, apoptosis and cell cycle changes in tumor, immunohistochemical assays and flow cytometry analysis were performed. Results: NMR (H-1 and C-13) and elemental analysis confirm the structure of EC-DG. No marked differences in radiolabeling efficiency (HPLC and radio-TLC) were observed between organic and aqueous synthesis of EC-DG. In vitro proliferation assays indicated that cell nuclei activity could be assessed by 99mTc- and 188Re-EC-DG. Cold Re-EC-DG showed significant tumoricidal activity compared to normal B-lymphocyte activity at the dose >0.17 μmol. Biodistribution studies showed that tumor-to-nontumor count density ratios were increased as a function of time. Scintigraphy of the tumor-bearing rabbits demonstrated the tumor could be clearly visualized. Immunohistochemical staining indicated reduced expression of bFGF and increased apoptosis and cell cycle changes after paclitaxel and cisplatin treatment. Conclusions: EC-DG could be synthesized by either aqueous or organic reactions. 99mTc- and 188Re-EC-DG could assess cell nuclei activity, and may be used for evaluation of tumor proliferation as well as therapeutic tumor response.
Social and Financial Performance of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs)

In this study, I explore the relationship between the social and financial performance of microfinance institutions (MFIs) by adopting a diversified concept of social performance in the microfinanc...
A machine learning approach for determining the validity of traceability links

Traceability Link Recovery (TLR) is a fundamental software maintenance task in which links are established between related software artifacts of different types (e.g., source code, documentation, requirements specifications, etc.) within a system. Existing approaches to TLR often require a human to analyze a long list of potential links and distinguish valid links from invalid ones. Here we present an approach which bypasses this intermediate step and automatically classifies links as valid or invalid using a machine learning approach and features such as text retrieval (TR) rankings and query quality (QQ) metrics. We performed an evaluation on recovering traceability links in three software systems and the results show the potential of our approach, which achieved 95% accuracy on average using both types of features.
Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Among Females After Vaccine Introduction-National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 2003-2014.

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was recommended in 2006 for routine vaccination of US females aged 11-12 years. Most vaccine used through 2014 was quadrivalent vaccine (4vHPV), which prevents HPV-6, -11, -16, and -18 infection. To evaluate vaccine impact, we measured HPV prevalence in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods We analyzed HPV DNA types detected in self-collected cervicovaginal specimens and demographic, sexual behavior, and self-reported vaccination data from females 14-34 years old. We estimated HPV prevalence in the prevaccine (2003-2006) and vaccine eras (2007-2010 and 2011-2014). Results Among 14- to 19-year-olds, 4vHPV-type prevalence decreased from 11.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.1%-14.4%) in 2003-2006 to 3.3% (95% CI, 1.9%-5.8%) in 2011-2014, when ≥1-dose coverage was 55%. Among 20- to 24-year-olds, prevalence decreased from 18.5% (95% CI, 14.9%-22.8%) in 2003-2006 to 7.2% (95% CI, 4.7%-11.1%) in 2011-2014, when ≥1-dose coverage was 43%. Compared to 2003-2006, 4vHPV prevalence in sexually active 14- to 24-year-olds in 2011-2014 decreased 89% among those vaccinated and 34% among those unvaccinated. Vaccine effectiveness was 83%. Conclusions Within 8 years of vaccine introduction, 4vHPV-type prevalence decreased 71% among 14- to 19-year-olds and 61% among 20- to 24-year-olds. Estimated vaccine effectiveness was high. The decrease in 4vHPV-type prevalence among unvaccinated females suggests herd protection.
Co-Expression Network Approach Reveals Functional Similarities Among Diseases Affecting Human Skeletal Muscle

Diseases affecting skeletal muscle exhibit considerable heterogeneity in intensity, etiology, phenotypic manifestation and gene expression. Systems biology approaches using network theory, allows for a holistic understanding of functional similarities amongst diseases. Here we propose a co-expression based, network theoretic approach to extract functional similarities from 20 heterogeneous diseases comprising of dystrophinopathies, inflammatory myopathies, neuromuscular and muscle metabolic diseases. Utilizing this framework we identified seven closely associated disease clusters with 20 disease pairs exhibiting significant correlation (p<0.05). Mapping the diseases onto a human protein-protein interaction network enabled the inference of a common program of regulation underlying more than half the muscle diseases considered here and referred to as the “protein signature”. Enrichment analysis of 17 protein modules identified as part of this signature revealed a statistically non-random dysregulation of muscle bioenergetic pathways and calcium homeostasis. Further, analysis of mechanistic similarities of less explored significant disease associations (such as between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and cerebral palsy (CP)) using a proposed “functional module” framework revealed adaptation of the calcium signaling machinery. Integrating drug-gene information into the quantitative framework highlighted the presence of therapeutic opportunities through drug repurposing for diseases affecting the skeletal muscle.
Bacterial Polysaccharides for Use in Food and Agriculture

Polysaccharides secreted by bacteria provide a new range of polymers with interesting functionality for use by the food and agricultural industries. One application involves mass production, purification and sale of such polymers as additives. Recent research on potential new additives will be illustrated by discussions of the gelation mechanism of gellan gum, a broad spectrum gelling agent, and early studies on the production, purification and application of cyclosophorans, a new family of cyclic polysaccharides with potential use as encapsulating agents. A second area of research involves developing and optimizing natural functional properties of bacterial polysaccharides. In the food industry this involves developing self-textured fermentation based foods. Early research in this area will be illustrated by studies on polysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria and Acetobacter. In the agricultural area the biological and possible ecological importance of the extracellular polysaccharides produced by the soil bacterial species of Rhizobium and Agrobacterium will be discussed.
Hepatic Ablation: Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Metastases

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the fi fth most common cause of cancer in the world and its incidence is increasing worldwide because of the dissemination of Hepatitis B and C infection [ 1–6 ]. Approximately 5–15% of cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma meet the criteria for surgical resection [ 5, 7–11 ]. Patients with cirrhosis are at the highest risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma and should be monitored with imaging every 6 months [ 12 ]. The mortality of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma that is not treated is essentially 100%. The liver is the primary and solitary site of metastatic disease in many malignancies including colorectal cancer, neuroendocrine malignancies, and ocular melanoma with approximately 50,000 cases of hepatic metastases from 145,000 new cases of colorectal cancer diagnosed each year [ 13, 14 ]. Unfortunately, because most hepatic metastases are in unresectable locations or in patients with poor hepatic reserve, curative resection is only possible in 20% of patients at the time of presentation in the case of metastatic colorectal carcinoma[15–19].
Application of natural fatty acids as asphaltenes solvents with inhibition and dispersion effects: A mechanistic study

Abstract Asphaltenes precipitation, flocculation, and deposition may cause severe damages to reservoirs, wells, and production facilities. Asphaltenes precipitation may occur during all production stages, e.g., primary depletion, acidizing jobs, and the injection of rich gas or carbon dioxide. The organic deposition removal is considered a costly workover job with the current oil prices. The solvents that are usually used are toluene and xylene, which are considered carcinogenic and toxic chemicals. Also, the use of a dispersant to inhibit the organic deposition can be expensive, as it is required for the life of the well. The objective of the present study is to propose new types of chemicals that can be primarily used as asphaltenes solvents while they can exhibit asphaltenes inhibition and dispersion effects as well. The efficiencies of these natural fatty acids were compared with the effectiveness of the combination of nonylphenol formaldehyde resin as a synthetic dispersant and toluene, in terms of the inhibition of asphaltenes precipitation as well as dissolving and dispersion of deposited asphaltenes. A Kuwaiti crude oil sample was used in this study with an API of approximately 38° and asphaltenes content of 2 wt%, yet showing severe asphaltenes precipitation problem during production stage. The effects of the tested chemicals on the behavior of crude oil and its asphaltenes content were evaluated using infra-red spectroscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. The results of this study show that the natural fatty acids can inhibit asphaltenes precipitation and disperse aggregates of asphaltenes. Asphaltenes size distribution was decreased from 10 μ m in the neat sample to 1–2 μ m in the treated solutions. Moreover, the asphaltenes precipitation onset point was delayed after the model oil was treated with these fatty acids. The primary advantages of these fatty acids when used as solvents are their high flash points, green nature, and abilities to inhibit asphaltenes precipitation and disperse asphaltenes aggregates. The main working mechanisms for these chemicals were determined to be acid-base reactions and steric hindrance through aliphatic side chains. Despite of their lower efficiencies compared to nonylphenol formaldehyde resin when used solely in the treatment, since these chemicals are naturally occurred, environmentally friendly, and cost effective, they would be proper substitutions for the commercial dispersants.
Macroalgae size refuge from herbivory promotes alternative stable states on coral reefs

Coral reef systems can undergo rapid transitions from coral-dominated to macroalgae-dominated states following disturbances, and models indicate that these may sometimes represent shifts between alternative stable states. While several mechanisms may lead to alternate stable states on coral reefs, only a few have been investigated theoretically. We explore a model that illustrates that reduced vulnerability of macroalgae to herbivory as macroalgae grow and mature could be an important mechanism: when macroalgae are palatable to herbivores as juveniles, but resistant as adults, coral-dominated and algae-dominated states are bistable across a wide range of parameter space. We compare two approaches to global sensitivity analysis to rank the relative importance of the model parameters in determining the presence and magnitude of alternative stable states, and find that the two most influential parameters are the death rate of coral and the rate of maturation of algae out of the vulnerable stage. The Random Forest approach for global sensitivity analysis, recently adopted by ecologists, provides a more efficient method for ranking the relative importance of parameters than a variance-based approach that has been used frequently by computer scientists and engineers. Our results suggest that managing reefs to reduce chronic stressors that cause coral mortality and/or enhance the growth rates of algae can help prevent reefs from becoming locked in a macroalgae-dominated state.
Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Hypertensive Emergency/Hypertensive Crisis/Refractory Hypertension

Hypertension (HTN) is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (including stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation). HTN affects almost one-third (29.1%) of all Americans, a number expected to climb as the population ages. These rapid and worrisome elevations in blood pressure account for many visits to emergency departments and urgent treatment in primary care settings. Patients with hypertensive crises may be asymptomatic or may present with encephalopathy, chest pain, heart failure, headache, epistaxis, and several other clinical disorders. The approach to treating these patients varies widely throughout the world, primarily because of the lack of quality clinical trial data that guides the treatment of this fairly large population of patients with hypertensive crises.
Refractive Surgery Survey 2004.

To determine the refractive surgery (RS) preferences of ophthalmologists worldwide, questionnaires were sent to 8897 members of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. A total of 1053 questionnaires were returned by the deadline. The practice distribution included 29.5% cataract surgeons, 48.8% comprehensive ophthalmologists, 11.6% RS specialists, 5.1% cornea and external disease specialists, 1.9% glaucoma specialists, 1.1% retina specialists, and
PRISM: Person Reidentification via Structured Matching

Person reidentification (re-id), an emerging problem in visual surveillance, deals with maintaining the identities of individuals while they traverse various locations surveilled by a camera network. Motivated by real-world scenarios, we propose a method that seeks to simultaneously identify who among a group of individuals viewed in one view are present/absent in the other. From a visual perspective, re-id is challenging due to significant changes in visual appearance of individuals in cameras with different pose, illumination, and calibration. Globally, the challenge arises from the need to maintain structurally consistent matches among all the individual entities across different camera views. We propose person re-id via structured matching (PRISM), an SM method to jointly account for these challenges. We view the global problem as a weighted graph matching problem and estimate edge weights by learning to predict them based on the co-occurrences of visual patterns in the training examples. These co-occurrence-based scores in turn account for appearance changes by inferring likely and unlikely visual co-occurrences appearing in training instances. We implement PRISM on single-shot and multishot scenarios. PRISM uniformly outperforms state of the art in terms of matching rate while being robust and computationally efficient.
Simulation of fluid/gel phase equilibrium in lipid vesicles

Simulation of single component dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) coarse-grained DRY-MARTINI lipid vesicles of diameter 10 nm (1350 lipids), 20 nm (5100 lipids) and 40 nm (17 600 lipids) is performed using statistical temperature molecular dynamics (STMD), to study finite size effects upon the order–disorder gel/fluid transition. STMD obtains enhanced sampling using a generalized ensemble, obtaining a flat energy distribution between upper and lower cutoffs, with little computational cost over canonical molecular dynamics. A single STMD trajectory of moderate length is sufficient to sample 20+ transition events, without trapping in the gel phase, and obtain well averaged properties. Phase transitions are analyzed via the energy-dependence of the statistical temperature, TS(U). The transition temperature decreases with decreasing diameter, in agreement with experiment, and the transition changes from first order to borderline first-second order. The size- and layer-dependence of the structure of both stable phases, and of the pathway of the phase transition, are determined. It is argued that the finite size effects are primarily caused by the disruption of the gel packing by curvature. Inhomogeneous states with faceted gel patches connected by unusual fluid seams are observed at high curvature, with visually different structure in the inner and outer layers due to the different curvatures. Thus a simple physical picture describes phase transitions in nanoscale finite systems far from the thermodynamic limit.
Evaluation of Model Fit in Structural Equation Models with Ordinal Missing Data: An Examination of the D2 Method

In many applied situations, the questionnaire items in measurement instruments do not approximate continuous, normally distributed variables but instead are ordinal. Properties of these instruments...
A randomized, placebo-controlled trial using a novel PAP delivery platform to treat patients with OSA and comorbid PTSD.

Positive airway pressure (PAP) adherence is poor in comorbid OSA/PTSD. SensAwake™ (SA) is a wake-sensing PAP algorithm that lowers pressure when wake is detected. We compared auto-PAP (aPAP) with and without SA for comorbid OSA/PTSD. Prospective, randomized crossover study comparing aPAP to aPAP + SA. We enrolled patients with OSA/PTSD who were PAP naive. Four weeks after randomization, the patients were crossed over to the alternate treatment group, with final follow-up at eight weeks. Sleep questionnaires (ESS, ISI, FSS, and FOSQ-10) were assessed at baseline and follow-up. We enrolled 85 patients with OSA/PTSD. aPAP reduced AHI to < 5/h in both groups. Our primary endpoint, average hours of aPAP adherence (total) after 4 weeks, was significantly increased in the SA group in our intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis (s = 1.13 (95% CI 0.16–2.1); p = 0.02), after adjustment for ESS differences at baseline. After adjustment for ESS, SA (ITT analysis) also showed significant improvement in percentage of nights used for ≥ 4 h (s = 14.9 (95% CI 1.02–28.9); p = 0.04). There were trends toward an increase in percentage nights used total (s = 17.4 (95% CI − 0.1 to 34.9); p = 0.05), average hours of aPAP adherence (nights used) (s = 1.04 (95% CI − 0.07 to 2.1); p = 0.07), and regular use (OR = 7.5 (95% CI 0.9–64.7); p = 0.07) after adjustment for ESS at baseline. After adjustment for ESS and days to cross over, SA by actual assignment did not show any effect on adherence variables. The ESS, ISI, FSS, and FOSQ-10 all showed significant improvements with PAP, but there were no differences in the magnitude of improvement in any score between groups. Adherence to aPAP may be improved with the addition of SA and deserves further study. SA is as effective as standard aPAP for normalizing the AHI and improving sleep-related symptoms. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02549508 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02549508?term=NCT02549508&rank=1 “Comparison Study Using APAP With and Without SensAwake in Patients With OSA and PTSD”.
Multimodal Analgesia and Discharge Opioid Requirements in Burn Patients

Analgesia in burn patients is challenging given the complexity of burn pain and prolonged need beyond hospital admission. Given the risks of opioids, the impact of multimodal analgesia postdischarge needs to be further elucidated in this population. This retrospective, single-center cohort study evaluated adult burn patients who were consecutively admitted to the burn service with at least 10% total body surface area burned and subsequently followed in the burn clinic between February 2015 and September 2018. Subjects were separated into two cohorts based on discharge pain regimens: multimodal and nonmultimodal. The primary outcome was the change in opioid requirements (measured in oral morphine equivalents) between discharge and first follow-up interval. Secondary outcomes included the classes of multimodal agents utilized and a comparison of opioid requirements between the last 24 hours of admission and discharge. A total of 152 patients were included for analysis, 76 in the multimodal cohort and 76 in the nonmultimodal cohort. The multimodal cohort was noted to have increased total body surface area burned and prolonged number of days spent in the intensive care unit at baseline; however, the multimodal cohort exhibited a more significant decrease in opioid requirements from discharge to first follow-up interval when compared with the nonmultimodal cohort (106.6 vs 75.4 mg, P = .039).
Contributions of Anthropometrics and Lifestyle to Blood Pressure in Japanese University Students : Investigation by Annual Health Screening

Background : High blood pressure (BP) is a healthcare problem in young persons. There are racial differences in anthropometrics, dietary habit and lifestyle relating to BP. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between anthropometrics, lifestyle and BP obtained in the Japanese university students. Materials and Methods : Participants were recruited in annual health screening including questionnaire, measurements of BP and anthropometrics calculating body mass index (BMI). Totally, 14,280 students (10,273 males and 4,007 females) were eligible. Multiple regression analyses were applied to predict contributors to high BP. Results : BMI was the most powerful contributor to high BP in many subgroups divided by gender and graduation (p < 0.001). In lifestyle, contribution of lack of exercise to high BPs was observed in the undergraduates. Smoking drinking and breakfast skipping had no significant impact on high BP. However, smoking and drinking permeated and exercise habit declined after graduation. Prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg / m2) and hypertension ( ≥ 140 / 90 mmHg) increased in subgroups with advanced age (p < 0.001). Conclusion: BMI was found to be the most powerful contributor to high BPs. Health literacy to modify lifestyle is important to prevent hypertension for university students who are exposed to social trends of unhealthy lifestyle.
SELF-SHIELDING OF SOFT X-RAYS IN TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA PROGENITORS

There are insufficient super-soft (~0.1 keV) X-ray sources in either spiral or elliptical galaxies to account for the rate of explosion of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) in either the single-degenerate or the double-degenerate scenarios. We quantify the amount of circumstellar matter that would be required to suppress the soft X-ray flux by yielding a column density in excess of 1023 cm–2. We summarize evidence that appropriate quantities of matter are extant in SNe Ia and in recurrent novae that may be supernova precursors. The obscuring matter is likely to have a large, but not complete, covering factor and to be substantially non-spherically symmetric. Assuming that much of the absorbed X-ray flux is re-radiated as blackbody radiation in the UV, we estimate that 100 sources might be detectable in the Galaxy Evolution Explorer All-sky Survey.
The Duty to Advise the Lorax: Environmental Advocacy and the Risk of Reform

Lawyers have an ethical duty to advise their clients on moral, economic, social, and political matters. When applied to the changing field of environmental law, this abstract notion becomes provocative. Lawyers should advise their environmental advocacy clients of the possibility that their efforts to apply statutes or rules might initially succeed, but subsequent legislative reactions might defund, reform, or repeal the laws the client’s case relied upon. As a client’s sophistication decreases, or as the risk of adverse reactions to the client’s environmental advocacy increases, the lawyer’s duty to advise the client of these risks can shift from discretionary to mandatory. Accordingly, to fulfill their duty as advisor, and to protect their clients from harm, lawyers should be sure to assess their clients’ sophistication, objectives, risk tolerance, and advocacy tone. In addition, to prepare for the potential reactions of third parties, lawyers may also need to advise their clients to obtain further assistance from other professionals. While clients will ultimately choose their goals, the failure to ask hard questions could mean that the lawyer fails to obtain informed consent and, in some cases, could even constitute misconduct.
Hydrogen Bonding and C-H---O Interactions In 3-(3-Aminophthalimido)-Phthalic Acid Dihydrate

The title compound, C16H10N2O6·2H2O, crystallized in the centrosymmetric triclinic space group P\overline 1 with one organic mol­ecule and two water mol­ecules as the asymmetric unit. Eight intermolecular hydrogen bonds have donor⋯acceptor distances in the range 2.602 (2)–3.289 (2) A, with angles in the range 137 (2)–177 (2)°. These generate a three-dimensional hydrogen-bond network. There is a single intramolecular hydrogen bond. There are six significant intermolecular C—H⋯O interactions with H⋯O distances in the range 2.39–2.74 A, and C—H⋯O angles in the range 131–157°.
The Impact of Digital Text

This chapter discusses reading on screen and in print, as the emergence of digital age has transformed our reading and attention. Digital reading reshapes the concept of reading with the use of various forms of social media that are full of acronyms and emoticons or emoji. Advantages and disadvantages of reading on screen and in print are reviewed. The effects of digitally-mediated text on information processing and reading comprehension are also discussed. Although reading online has merits, such as convenience, low cost, and easy accessibility, readers are likely to scan through an F-shaped gaze pattern. The use of digital media may have a significant influence on brain networks due to the brain’s adaptability and accommodating abilities. Digital text that includes more images and visual aids than hardcopy text may lead to more balanced brain functions. This may have implications for reduced script relativity in the future.
Alumni survey of a combined doctor of pharmacy/graduate certificate in aging studies program.

Abstract Introduction The Certificate in Aging Studies at Virginia Commonwealth University allows students to study gerontology while completing their doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) or graduate pharmaceutical sciences degree concurrently. The objective of the study was to evaluate alumni satisfaction with the Certificate in Aging Studies program, its application, and its perceived usefulness. Methods Alumni of the program (n = 49) were emailed an anonymous electronic survey about their perceptions of the program. The survey was emailed three times. Responses to eight multiple choice questions were summarized using descriptive statistics. Two free response questions were qualitatively analyzed for themes by two investigators. Results The response rate to the survey was 59.2% (n = 29). Most respondents practice in hospital settings (24.1%) and did not undertake additional postgraduate clinical training (44.8%) or earn additional geriatric certifications (69%). The majority (65.5%) reported using the dual program in their career and would recommend the Certificate in Aging Studies to others (96.6%). Most (59%) alumni indicated that the best part of the program was the interprofessional interaction, and 69% suggested no further areas of improvement for the program. Conclusions A PharmD-Gerontology dual program is one way to enhance the workforce to care for the growing older population. This partnership approach should be considered by schools of pharmacy that also offer degree programs in gerontology.
Automatic sentence structure annotation for spoken language processing

Increasing amounts of easily available electronic data are precipitating a need for automatic processing that can aid humans in digesting large amounts of data. Speech and video are becoming an increasingly significant portion of on-line information, from news and television broadcasts, to oral histories, on-line lectures, or user generated content. Automatic processing of audio and video sources requires automatic speech recognition (ASR) in order to provide transcripts. Typical ASR generates only words, without punctuation, capitalization, or further structure. Many techniques available from natural language processing therefore suffer when applied to speech recognition output, because they assume the presence of reliable punctuation and structure. In addition, errors from automatic transcription also degrade the performance of downstream processing such as machine translation, name detection, or information retrieval. We develop approaches for automatically annotating structure in speech, including sentence and sub-sentence segmentation, and then turn towards optimizing ASR and annotation for downstream applications. The impact of annotation is explored at the sentence and sub-sentence level. We describe our general approach for predicting sentence segmentation and dealing with uncertainty in ASR. A new ASR system combination approach is described that improves ASR more than any previously proposed methods. The impact of automatic segmentation in machine translation is also evaluated, and we find that optimizing segmentation directly for translation improves translation quality, performing as well (or better than) using reference segmentation. Turning to sub-sentence annotation, we describe approaches for supervised comma detection and unsupervised learning of prosodic structure. The utility of automatic commas is then assessed in the context of information extraction and machine translation. Including commas in information extraction tasks significantly improves performance, especially when punctuation precision and recall are optimized directly for entity and relation extraction. We then also propose approaches for improving translation reordering models with cues from commas and sentence structure.
Using self-advocacy to meet life's challenges

Self-advocacy has always been a part of my life as long as I can remember. When I was too young to speak up for myself, I had two parents who would speak up for me. The first act of advocacy on the part of my parents was with medical experts and pediatricians. As a toddler, my parents noticed I was experiencing developmental delays and took me to a variety of doctors to determine the cause. One well meaning doctor told my parents frankly “If you want to save yourself a lot of heartache you need to place Edmond in an institution where he can be cared for, because he will become nothing more than a vegetable when he reaches adulthood”. Their response was quick and immediate; we will raise our son at our home. This decision and their continued advocacy enabled me to live a full and rich life; a life that was denied to many others in similar circumstances.
“They Say”: Ida B. Wells and the Reconstruction of Race

(2008). “They Say”: Ida B. Wells and the Reconstruction of Race. History: Reviews of New Books: Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 135-136.
Detecting “real” population changes with American Community Survey data: The implicit assumption of treating between-year differences as “trends”

Abstract BACKGROUND: The American Community Survey (ACS) in the United States (US) collects detailed demographic information on the US population. Pressures to use year-to-year population estimates to analyze “trends” (i.e., between-year differences on the characteristics of interest) have motivated the need to explore how single- or multi-year estimates can be used to investigate changes in US population over time. OBJECTIVE: The specific aim of this manuscript is to provide empirical evidence that between-year differences in population characteristics have difference levels of uncertainty around point-estimates. METHODS: Six ACS Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) single year files from 2005 through 2010 are used to empirically show the heterogeneity of uncertainty in “between-year differences” on level of education, for a birth cohort born between 1960 and 1970 of non-Latino-whites and Mexican Latinos/as. RESULTS: The data show the precision of the education estimate decreases as the specificity of the population increases. For example, Mexican’s 99% confidence intervals have wider and more time-varying bandwidths than non-Latino-whites. CONCLUSIONS: Inferring meaningful population change requires the challengeable assumption that between-year differences are not the product of data artifacts. Harvesting reputable ACS data demands further research before between-year differences can be treated as “real change.”
Position-Taking as Democratic Representation

A fundamental question in the study of American government concerns the extent to which our democracy is representative. Students have explored whether governmental decision-makers respond to the preferences of their constituents. Most studies have asked whether the content of laws that are enacted reﬂects public preferences. I argue that beyond policy responsiveness, representation takes place through position-taking by elected representatives. Position-taking is a form of public posturing that can convey information about constituent opinion to other decision-makers. I outline a simple formal logic for legislative position-taking. I then show that a correlation between public opinion and bill sponsorship, net of a legislator’s preferences, implies that less well-informed elites can learn about public opinion by observing position-taking. Original evidence on state-level opinion and bill sponsorship is used to demonstrate the eﬀect of public opinion on position-taking. The evidence indicates that public opinion is given voice in governmental decision-making and that elites who want to learn about public opinion can do so by observing symbolic position-taking by members of the House.
Radiofrequency Ablation of Atrial Flutter: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Two Anatomic Approaches

Atrial flutter often results from a macroreentrant circuit that uses anatomic structures within the right atrium as its borders. RF ablation at the site of an obligatory isthmus can eliminate the atrial flutter circuit. The aim of this study was to compare two approaches to atrial flutter ablation: the septal (septal aspect of the tricuspid valve annulus to coronary sinus ostium and Eustachian ridge) approach versus the posterior (inferior vena cava to tricuspid valve annulus) approach. Twenty patients were randomized to either the "septal" or "posterior" approach. Entrainment mapping and/or confirmation of bidirectional isthmus conduction at baseline were performed in those patients in atrial flutter and normal sinus rhythm, respectively. RF ablation was performed with standard catheters and techniques. Crossover was permitted after two lines of RF lesions. Endpoints included acute success rates and fluoroscopy times. There was no statistically significant difference in the success rate between the two approaches using intention-to-treat analysis. Fluoroscopy times in the septal versus posterior approaches were 58.4 +/- 30.3 versus 70.8 +/- 31.1 minutes, respectively (P = 0.7). There was more frequent crossover in patients assigned to the septal approach and the one major complication, atrioventricular block, also occurred using this approach. There was no statistically significant difference in the success rate or fluoroscopy times between the septal and posterior approaches to atrial flutter ablation. However, given the risk of atrioventricular block with the septal approach, the posterior approach should be the preferred initial choice.