cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production and Characterization of Polymeric Lignin Degradation Intermediates from Two Different Streptomyces spp.

Previous investigations have identified a quantitatively major intermediate of lignin degradation by Streptomyces viridosporus. The intermediate, a modified lignin polymer, acid-precipitable polymeric lignin (APPL), is released as a water-soluble catabolite and has been recovered in amounts equivalent to 30% of the lignin originally present in a corn stover lignocellulose substrate after degradation by this actinomycete. In the present work, APPLs were collected at various time intervals from cultures of two highly ligninolytic Streptomyces sp. strains, S. viridosporus T7A and S. badius 252, growing on corn stover lignocellulose. APPL production was measured over time, and the chemistry of APPLs produced by each organism after different time intervals was compared. Chemical characterizations included assays for lignin, carbohydrate, and ash contents, molecular weight distributions by gel permeation chromatography, and chemical degradation analyses by permanganate oxidation, acidolysis, and alkaline ester hydrolysis. Differences between the organisms were observed in the cultural conditions required for APPL production and in the time courses of APPL accumulation. S. viridosporus produced APPL in solid-state fermentation over a 6- to 8-week incubation period, whereas S. badius produced as much or more APPL, but only in liquid culture and over a 7- to 8-day incubation period. The chemistry of the APPLs produced also differed. S. viridosporus APPL was more lignin-like than that of S. badius and was slowly modified further over time, although no change in molecular weight distribution over time was observed. In contrast, S. badius APPL was less lignin-like and increased substantially in average molecular weight over time. Results indicated that differing mechanisms of lignin metabolism may exist in these two Streptomyces sp. strains. S. viridosporus APPL probably originates from the heart of the lignin and is released largely as the result of β-ether cleavage and other oxidative reactions. S. badius APPL probably originates in the same manner; however, after release as a water-soluble catabolite, lower-molecular-weight intermediates of lignin degradation are repolymerized with APPL in a reaction catalyzed by an extracellular phenol oxidase. The chemical analyses and the presence of extracellular phenol oxidase in S. badius, but not in S. viridosporus, support this conclusion.
Taking the Concept to the Limit: Uncultivable Bacteria and Astrobiology

Cultivating microbes is enough of a challenge when one knows they are there: the microbial world is rife with examples of bugs that are clearly growing in nature, yet seem to be uncultivable despite our best efforts. While many of these clearly cultivable “uncultivables” defy our efforts, as a group these microbes may provide some valuable clues and lessons for those who would venture into the world of the search for extraterrestrial life. That is to say, careful consideration of how one might recognize and/or cultivate ET organisms might yield some insights into the more realistic question of how to find and cultivate life in earthly habitats – after all, our ability to cultivate microbes that we can clearly see are capable of growth has been disappointing to say the least. Thus, an open-minded approach to why our own earthly efforts have yielded such limited success might well be used to formulate a strategy for the cultivation of ET life, and perhaps more importantly, to improve our efforts to cultivate life from our own planet. And incidentally, should we be so fortunate as to ever obtain uncontaminated extraterrestrial samples, we will be ready!
Symbolic Predictive Analysis for Concurrent Programs

Predictive analysis aims at detecting concurrency errors during runtime by monitoring a concrete execution trace of a concurrent program. In recent years, various models based on happens-before causality relations have been proposed for predictive analysis to improve the interleaving coverage while ensuring the absence of false alarms. However, these models are based on only the observed events, and typically do not utilize source code. Furthermore, the enumerative algorithms they use for verifying safety properties in the predicted execution traces often suffer from the interleaving explosion problem. In this paper, we introduce a new symbolic causal model based on source code and the observed events, and propose a symbolic algorithm to check whether a safety property holds in all feasible permutations of events in the given execution trace. Rather than explicitly enumerating the interleavings, our algorithm conducts the verification using a novel encoding of the causal model and symbolic reasoning with a satisfiability modulo theory (SMT) solver. Our algorithm has a larger interleaving coverage than known causal models in the literature. We also propose a method to symbolically bound the number of context switches allowed in an interleaving, to further improve the scalability of the algorithm.
GreenWare: greening cloud-scale data centers to maximize the use of renewable energy

To reduce the negative environmental implications (e.g., CO 2 emission and global warming) caused by the rapidly increasing energy consumption, many Internet service operators have started taking various initiatives to operate their cloud-scale data centers with renewable energy. Unfortunately, due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources such as wind turbines and solar panels, currently renewable energy is often more expensive than brown energy that is produced with conventional fossil-based fuel. As a result, utilizing renewable energy may impose a considerable pressure on the sometimes stringent operation budgets of Internet service operators. Therefore, two key questions faced by many cloud-service operators are 1) how to dynamically distribute service requests among data centers in different geographical locations, based on the local weather conditions, to maximize the use of renewable energy, and 2) how to do that within their allowed operation budgets.In this paper, we propose GreenWare, a novel middleware system that conducts dynamic request dispatching to maximize the percentage of renewable energy used to power a network of distributed data centers, subject to the desired cost budget of the Internet service operator. Our solution first explicitly models the intermittent generation of renewable energy, e.g., wind power and solar power, with respect to varying weather conditions in the geographical location of each data center. We then formulate the core objective of GreenWare as a constrained optimization problem and propose an efficient request dispatching algorithm based on linear-fractional programming (LFP). We evaluate GreenWare with real-world weather, electricity price, and workload traces. Our experimental results show that GreenWare can significantly increase the use of renewable energy in cloud-scale data centers without violating the desired cost budget, despite the intermittent supplies of renewable energy in different locations and time-varying electricity prices and workloads.
Ribonucleic acid codons and protein synthesis. 13. RNA codon recognition by deacylated tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA.

Abstract The attachment of deacylated tRNA and [ 14 C]Phe-tRNA to ribosomes in response to poly U was studied. The extent of binding of tRNA Phe to ribosomes is approximately equal to that of [ 14 C]Phe-tRNA. Transfer RNA dilutes the binding of [ 14 C]Phe-tRNA as predicted from the ratio of tRNA to aminoacyl-tRNA, suggesting that tRNA Phe and [ 14 C]Phe-tRNA have approximately equal affinities for ribosomal binding sites. Under the conditions studied, tRNA and [ 14 C]Phe-tRNA are released from poly U-ribosome complexes at relatively slow rates. The synthesis of phenylalanyl-puromycin peptides was detected at 0.02, but not 0.01 m -Mg 2+ . At 0.01 m -Mg 2+ , tRNA inhibits AUG-dependent binding of N -formyl-[ 3 H]Met-tRNA to ribosomes and the formation of N -formyl-[ 3 H]methionyl uromycin. These data show that the rate of codon recognition of initiator and other codons by aminoacyl-tRNA at two or more ribosomal sites may be affected by the ratio of tRNA to aminoacyl-tRNA.
How Electoral Systems Can Influence Policy Innovation

This paper argues that in certain areas of policy, electoral systems can influence policy innovation (how early countries will adopt certain policies). Electoral systems influence the number of parties that win representation and thereby influence the diversity of perspectives included in the policymaking process. It is argued here that this diversity facilitates elite and public consideration of new issues and ideas, and consequently, it leads to earlier debate and action on these issues and ideas. This dynamic is particularly relevant to controversial issues and ideas that major parties may be hesitant to address and that minor parties may be more incentivized to promote. In this paper, two issues/ideas are considered: extending rights to same-sex couples and making material sacrifices to protect the environment. I show that countries with more proportional electoral systems tend to act earlier to protect the environment and that they tend to be early adopters of civil union legislation. These results are also supported by World Values Survey data showing public preference patterns that support these policy outcomes.
Random Diophantine Equations

Consider hypersurfaces of fixed degree d in a fixed projective space Pn over ℚ. We present a conjecture about the fraction of these that have rational points, and present evidence for the conjecture, including a proof that a positive fraction of the hypersurfaces have points over every completion of ℚ, provided that n, d ≥ 2 and (n, d) ≠ (2, 2). Generalizations to number fields are discussed. One of our proofs uses a result of Colliot-Thelene, proved in an appendix, that there is no Brauer-Manin obstruction to the Hasse principle for smooth complete intersections of dimension ≥ 3 in projective space over number fields. Colliot-Thelene’s proof, in turn, uses a consequence of the Weak Lefschetz Theorem proved in an appendix by Katz.
An ascending HNN extension of a free group inside SL_2 ℂ

We give an example of a subgroup of SL_2 ℂ which is a strictly ascending HNN extension of a non-abelian finitely generated free group F. In particular, we exhibit a free group F in SL_2 ℂ of rank 6 which is conjugate to a proper subgroup of itself. This answers positively a question of Drutu and Sapir (2005). The main ingredient in our construction is a specific finite volume (non-compact) hyperbolic 3-manifold M which is a surface bundle over the circle. In particular, most of F comes from the fundamental group of a surface fiber. A key feature of M is that there is an element of π1(M) in SL_2 ℂ with an eigenvalue which is the square root of a rational integer. We also use the Bass-Serre tree of a field with a discrete valuation to show that the group F we construct is actually free.
Blocker state dependence and trapping in hyperpolarization-activated cation channels: evidence for an intracellular activation gate.

Hyperpolarization-activated cation currents (Ih) are key determinants of repetitive electrical activity in heart and nerve cells. The bradycardic agent ZD7288 is a selective blocker of these currents. We studied the mechanism for ZD7288 blockade of cloned Ih channels in excised inside-out patches. ZD7288 blockade of the mammalian mHCN1 channel appeared to require opening of the channel, but strong hyperpolarization disfavored blockade. The steepness of this voltage-dependent effect (an apparent valence of ∼4) makes it unlikely to arise solely from a direct effect of voltage on blocker binding. Instead, it probably indicates a differential affinity of the blocker for different channel conformations. Similar properties were seen for ZD7288 blockade of the sea urchin homologue of Ih channels (SPIH), but some of the blockade was irreversible. To explore the molecular basis for the difference in reversibility, we constructed chimeric channels from mHCN1 and SPIH and localized the structural determinant for the reversibility to three residues in the S6 region likely to line the pore. Using a triple point mutant in S6, we also revealed the trapping of ZD7288 by the closing of the channel. Overall, the observations led us to hypothesize that the residues responsible for ZD7288 block of Ih channels are located in the pore lining, and are guarded by an intracellular activation gate of the channel.
High mass resolution tissue imaging at atmospheric pressure using laserspray ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract Laserspray ionization inlet (LSII) is a new ionization method in which a laser is used to ablate a matrix similar to atmospheric pressure (AP) matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization, but with LSII, ionization occurs in a heated inlet linking AP and the vacuum of the mass analyzer. LSII produces multiply charged analyte ions similar to electrospray ionization. Here we use LSII to image tissue sections at AP with a mass resolution of 100,000 (50%, FWHH, m/z 200) and
Love and Money: Queers, Class, and Cultural Production

As a sea change in US sexual politics hastens the incorporation of lesbians and gays into all aspects of institutional and commercial life, it may prove difficult to locate the residue of desire fo...
Infrared-far-infrared dichroic dielectric mirror

Abstract The infrared and far infrared properties of a Ge-ZnS multilayer dielectric infared mirror on Si are reported. The mirror's absorption is shown to be low for wavelengths greater than 50 μm.
Fortran Can it be Structured-Should it be?

There is no doubt about it, structured programming (SP) is making waves. Wherever one goes within the computing community people are asking what it is and how they can use it. And the answers they are receiving are sometimes very different. This inability to pin down a precise definition has caused the original concept of SP to become widely distorted. For example, a recent advertisement described SP as "a means of improving the quality of the code, improving project control, reducing the debugging phase of the project, forcing good software documentation as an integral part of the system design, and making programs less sensitive to turnover of project personnel." 1 Thus portrayed as a panacea for the entire programming process, it is not surprising that in a recent week-long seminar given by Dr. Dijkstra, he refused to use the term at all.
Scalping of a newborn: Complication during cesarean section

Abstract A term newborn was transferred to our institution following emergency cesarean section with a severe scalping laceration. Bedside repair of the injury was successful with good results. Most recent follow-up reveals no functional deficits. This report discusses a repair technique, as well as a review of the literature regarding risk factors, prevention, classification, and potential adverse effects of fetal injury during cesarean delivery.
High-Pressure Raman Study of Anthracene

Pressure-induced Raman shifts and line broadening in crystalline anthracene have been studied up to 3.1 GPa at ambient temperature. The use of nitrogen as a hydrostatic pressure medium eliminated pressure-induced defect fluorescence that had previously restricted high-pressure Raman studies of anthracene. Mode Gruneisen parameters have been determined for six phonons and nine vibrons, and some evidence for a previously suggested phase transition at 2.4 ± 0.2 GPa is observed in the line width data. The calibrated pressure-induced spectral shifts and line width changes also can be utilized as a gauge of the pressure and temperature profile of a laser-induced shock front (Hambir, S. A.; Franken, J.; Hare, D. E.; Chronister, E. L.; Baer, B. J.; Dlott, D. D. J. Appl. Phys. 1997, 81, 2157).
The Challenges to Long-Term Care: A Personal Account

The challenges to long-term care come from many directions. In this article, the focus is on the changing nature of expectations and experiences of aging in three generations of a middle class family. This personal account details the way in which these generational expectations have changed, and what the long-term care system provides. Continuing care communities provide a setting for the older generation, but changing economic circumstances raise questions about how society will provide adequate long-term care for the next cohort of elders.
Generation of auditory brain stem responses (ABRs). III. Effects of lesions of the superior olive, lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus on the ABR in guinea pig

Auditory brain stem potentials were recorded between the skull (vertex) and a non-cephalic reference in guinea pig before and after making discrete lesions of the auditory pathway in the pons and midbrain. Lesions of the superior olivary complex were accompanied by attenuation of P3 and N3 to contralateral input. Lesions of the lateral lemniscus were accompanied by attenuation of N3 to contralateral input. Lesions of the lateral portion of the pons adjacent to the lateral superior olivary nucleus were accompanied by attenuation of P4 to ipsilateral input. Lesions of the inferior colliculus were without effect on the ABR. These data are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that each component of the ABR arises from a focal region of the brain stem auditory pathway.
The present status and anticipated progress in the field of insulating materials

Insulating Materials have become increasingly the subject of serious study within recent years. Seven books1?7 and at least ten full-scale reviews8?17 on insulating materials have appeared within the last 10 years. These do not include a monthly trade paper, Insulation, dedicated wholly to the subject,18 or the annual Digest of the Literature on Dielectrics, published by the Conference on Insulation of the National Research Council.19
Observations on angina pectoris during drug treatment of hypertension.

Antihypertensive drug treatment is capable of aggravating angina pectoris in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease. The complication appears to be due to different hemodynamic mechanisms. Angina pectoris caused by hydralazine may result not only from a reduction in aortic perfusion pressure but also from increases in cardiac output and pulse rate which the drug produces. Coronary insufficiency, after the administration of hexamethonium, is usually associated with severe hypotension and results primarily from a reduction in aortic perfusion pressure. Hexamethonium was not found to prevent the anginal effects of hydralazine. Intravenous hydralazine is a sensitive test for coronary insufficiency but is not without untoward reactions.
Global O VI line emission from the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant and direct kinematic measurement of the associated shock

A far-ultraviolet spectrophotometric emission-line mapping of the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant is presented. These are results from the first flight of the rocket-borne, High Resolution Emission Line Spectrometer. The spatial distribution of the emission is that of a limb-brightened shell, and similar to soft X-ray maps. The emission-line profiles, which are broader than the instrument resolution, were consistent with uniformly expanding shell models. Best-fit values give a radial expansion velocity to the emissive region of 185(+/-19) km/s and a reddening-corrected average surface brightness of 8.8(+/-3.6) x 10 exp -6 ergs/sq cm s sr in the doublet. Comparison of the observed brightness with predictions of both radiative and nonradiative shock models provides constraints for the global blast wave ram pressure as well as a "covering factor" of the intermediate velocity shock.
Emergent semantics from game-induced folksonomies

We describe the GiveALink Slider, an experimental social tagging game designed with the purpose of generating meaningful and useful annotations to improve upon the drawbacks of existing folksonomies. Knowledge, in the form of reliable annotations, is validated and accumulated through the implicit interactions among multiple players. In this paper we explore the hypothesis that such a game can improve both the quality and quantity of social annotation data. Our evaluation of game-induced annotations shows that games may improve on the semantic structure of existing folksonomies from several perspectives, including searchability, novelty, and coherence. Games can therefore play a valuable role in the collection of helpful annotations, by leveraging human power and specific game design features.
Olfactory identification in young relatives at risk for schizophrenia

Objective: Olfactory identification deficits (OIDs) are seen in schizophrenia, but it is unclear whether they are state- or trait-related. Methods: We examined the prevalence of OIDs, as assessed by the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), and their correlations with prodromal symptoms in young relatives at risk for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (HR-S). Results: UPSIT scores were lower in HR- S than in healthy controls, but were non-significant after covarying the effects of age, gender and IQ. OID deficits in HR-S were correlated, after covarying out the effects of age and IQ, with prodromal disorganisation. Conclusion: The potential value of OID deficits as markers of psychopathological vulnerability in young relatives at risk for schizophrenia deserves further investigation.
Urban Governance and the Control of Infrastructure

Many cities have used special-purpose authorities, commissions, and quasi-public corporations to build and manage infrastructure projects. This article uses the Philadelphia region to illustrate an important reason why government officials resort to quasi-independent bodies to manage infrastructure investments—namely, because powerful economic and political interests outside the city increasingly seek to control the development of urban centers. As metropolitan regions become the economic units competing at the global scale, interest groups beyond the city’s boundaries act to ensure that the city’s future development serves regional interests. One important way to do this is to exert influence over the infrastructure investments that make capital productive. This case study shows how quasi-governmental forms of organization have served as the vehicles for outsiders to influence the development of greater Philadelphia’s core city.
Predicting search time in visually cluttered scenes using the fuzzy logic approach

The mean search time of observers searching for targets in visual scenes with clutter is computed using the fuzzy logic approach (FLA). The FLA is presented as a robust method for the computation of search times and/or probabilities of detection for treated vehicles. The Mamdani/Assilian and Sugeno models have been investigated and are compared. The Search_2 dataset from TNO is used to build and validate the fuzzy logic approach for target detection modeling. The input parameters are: local luminance, range, aspect, width, and wavelet edge points, and the single output is search time. The Mamdani/Assilian model gave predicted mean search times for data not used in the training set that had a 0.957 correlation to the field search times. The data set is reduced using a clustering method, then modeled using the FLA, and results are compared to experiment.
Jitter Characterization for Optical Data Link Regenerators

Abstract The design of optical fiber data communication systems requires very low error rates (
Coronary Circulation in Dog's Heart

A study of the capillary structure in the myocardium of the dog reveals three divergent types which can be distinguished on the basis of the presence or absence of sphincter muscle cells located in a position comparable to that occupied by the media of the larger vessels. The true capillary is completely wanting in muscular elements; the precapillary contains one or more muscle cells at the segmental area of attachment with the parent vessel; and the metarteriole contains one or more muscle cells located at irregular intervals along the vessel.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VANADIUM-SUBSTITUTED MESOPOROUS MOLECULAR SIEVES

First-row transition metal containing silicalite zeolites are important oxidation catalysts. Special attention has been devoted to develop new systems with an uniform pore size distribution which would allow large molecules to reach the active sites inside the structure. In the present paper, a series of vanadium-containing mesoporous molecular sieves of the MCM-41 type have been synthesized, systematically varying the pore size and metal loading. The uniform mesoporous structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and physisorption. To obtain information on the local structure of incorporated vanadium, a series of vanadium model compounds with well-defined local symmetry were characterized, together with V−MCM-41, by UV Raman, DR UV−visible, 51V solid-state NMR, and X-ray absorption spectroscopies. The UV−visible absorption edge energy may be correlated with the domain size (local symmetry) represented by the average bond length. On the basis of this principle and NMR and XANES results, it is deduced that...
Technological Success of Clinical Registered Dietitians: The Influence of Technostress on Productivity

Methods: In a crossover design with 2-week washouts, healthy women (n1⁄427, 43.0 10.6 y) were randomized to receive 500 mg calcium from calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate each for 3 weeks. Participants completed daily diaries of stool frequency, gastrointestinal symptoms and compliance, and completed the Bristol Stool Scale (Type 1 to 7) with each bowel movement. Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS), a scale from 1 (no discomfort at all) to 7 (very severe discomfort), were administered to participants at baseline and during interventions. Means were compared using ANOVA (a 1⁄4 0.05).
Cracked Shaft Damage Identification via Symmetry Breaking Active Magnetic Bearing Control and Interrogation

A new vibration-based damage identification methodology for cracked rotor systems with periodically time-varying dynamics is developed and demonstrated on a shaft-disk system. This approach is based Floquet theory and utilizes measured changes in the system natural frequencies to estimate the severity and location of shaft structural cracks during operation. The damage identification is enhanced through the use of an Active Magnetic Bearing with adjustable support stiffness and acceleration feedback. Here, a novel symmetry-breaking closed-loop control is employed during the iterative damage identification process to enrich the data set by removing the Eigen degeneracy of the symmetric shaft structure. This approach enables full damage identification from a single sensor and hence without requiring measured modeshape information. The dynamical model of system is built based on the Lagrange principle and the assumed mode method while the crack model is based on fracture mechanics. The method is synthesized via harmonic balance and numerical examples for a shaft/disk system demonstrate the effectiveness in detecting both location and severity of the structural damage.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Experimental study of coaxial nozzle exhaust noise

Experimental results are presented for static acoustic model tests of various geometrical configurations of coaxial nozzles operating over a range of flow conditions. The geometrical configurations consisted of nozzles with coplanar and non-coplanar exit planes and various exhaust area ratios. Primary and secondary nozzle flows were varied independently over a range of nozzle pressure ratios from 1.4 to 3.0 and gas temperatures from 280 to 1100 K. Acoustic data are presented for the conventional mode of coaxial nozzle operation as well as for the inverted velocity profile mode. Comparisons are presented to show the effect of configuration and flow changes on the acoustic characteristics of the nozzles.
Analysis of the effects of different resampling techniques for optical coherence tomography

Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) uses interferometry and spatially coherent, polychromatic light to acquire cross-sectional images of scattering media such as biological tissue. Phase-sensitive derivatives of FD-OCT, such as spectral domain phase microscopy (SDPM), can perform quantitative phase imaging of cellular dynamics with sub-Angstrom sensitivity. FD-OCT and SDPM images are generated by taking the Fourier Transform of the raw spectral interferogram; the accuracy of the reconstruction depends on the choice of processing algorithms used, system noise, calibration and quantization errors. To decrease the processing time, the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm can be applied when the data are evenly sampled in wavenumber. Unfortunately, most OCT systems are designed for constant wavelength sampling, not constant wavenumber sampling. While there is general agreement on the qualitative superiority of some resampling methods over others, to the best of our knowledge there has been no study that compares these methods for OCT phase data. We examine the effects of various resampling techniques on simulated phase and amplitude OCT data. Given the trend towards high-speed imaging with OCT, the choice of resampling methods is critical, as one need balance processing time and image accuracy - not merely quality - when analyzing medical image data.
Hydrolysis of tert-butyl and phenyl ferrocenyldichlorogermanes: Characterization of Di-tert-butyldiferrocenyldigermoxanediol and 1,3,5-triphenyl-1,3,5-triferrocenylcyclotrigermoxane

The hydrolysis of ferrocenyl-tert-butyldichlorogermane (Fc(t-Bu)GeCl2, 1a, Fc = (η5-C5H5)Fe(η5-C5H4)) resulted in the formation of the digermoxanediol [Fc(t-Bu)(HO)Ge]2O (2), which in the solid sta...
Atomization of superheated water jets at low ambient pressures.

Atomization characteristics of superheated water jets from basic orifices at low Weber numbers
ADvances in radar forward and inverse scattering models of subsurface and subcanopy soil moisture and their role for the AirMOSS mission

The Airborne Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface (AirMOSS) is one of the five Earth Venture-1 missions selected in May 2010, and seeks to improve the estimates of the north American net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) through high-resolution observations of root zone soil moisture (RZSM). To obtain estimates of RZSM and assess its heterogeneities, AirMOSS will fly a P-band (430 MHz) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) over 2500 km2 areas within nine major biomes of north America. Retrieval of RZSM in the presence of substantial vegetation requires the construction of accurate radar scattering models that account for diverse vegetation conditions as well as subsurface inhomogeneities. In this paper we provide a summary of recent advances in this area, emphasizing several coherent and incoherent models of scattering from multilayered inhomogeneous rough surfaces, as well as strategies for using these forward models in retrieval algorithms.
Mapping of the Culann–Tohil region of Io from Galileo imaging data

Abstract We have used Galileo spacecraft data to produce a geomorphologic map of the Culann–Tohil region of Io's antijovian hemisphere. This region includes a newly discovered shield volcano, Tsũi Goab Tholus and a neighboring bright flow field, Tsũi Goab Fluctus, the active Culann Patera and the enigmatic Tohil Mons-Radegast Patera–Tohil Patera complex. Analysis of Voyager global color and Galileo Solid-State Imaging (SSI) high-resolution, regional (50–330 m/pixel), and global color (1.4 km/pixel) images, along with available Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) data, suggests that 16 distinct geologic units can be defined and characterized in this region, including 5 types of diffuse deposits. Tsũi Goab Fluctus is the center of a low-temperature hotspot detected by NIMS late during the Galileo mission, and could represent the best case for active effusive sulfur volcanism detected by Galileo. The Culann volcanic center has produced a range of explosive and effusive deposits, including an outer yellowish ring of enhanced sulfur dioxide (SO2), an inner red ring of SO2 with short-chain sulfur (S3–S4) contaminants, and two irregular green diffuse deposits (one in Tohil Patera) apparently produced by the interaction of dark, silicate lava flows with sulfurous contaminants ballistically-emplaced from Culann's eruption plume(s). Fresh and red-mantled dark lava flows west of the Culann vent can be contrasted with unusual red–brown flows east of the vent. These red–brown flows have a distinct color that is suggestive of a compositional difference, although whether this is due to surface alteration or distinct lava compositions cannot be determined. The main massif of Tohil Mons is covered with ridges and grooves, defining a unit of tectonically disrupted crustal materials. Tohil Mons also contains a younger unit of mottled crustal materials that were displaced by mass wasting processes. Neighboring Radegast Patera contains a NIMS hotspot and a young lava lake of dark silicate flows, whereas the southwest portion of Tohil Patera contains white flow-like units, perhaps consisting of ‘ponds’ of effusively emplaced SO2. From 0°–15° S the hummocky bright plains unit away from volcanic centers contains scarps, grooves, pits, graben, and channel-like features, some of which have been modified by erosion. Although the most active volcanic centers appear to be found in structural lows (as indicated by mapping of scarps), DEMs derived from stereo images show that, with the exception of Tohil Mons, there is less than 1 km of relief in the Culann–Tohil region. There is no discernable correlation between centers of active volcanism and topography.
Animal Models of Varicella Zoster Virus Infection

Primary infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV) results in varicella (chickenpox) followed by the establishment of latency in sensory ganglia. Declining T cell immunity due to aging or immune suppressive treatments can lead to VZV reactivation and the development of herpes zoster (HZ, shingles). HZ is often associated with significant morbidity and occasionally mortality in elderly and immune compromised patients. There are currently two FDA-approved vaccines for the prevention of VZV: Varivax® (for varicella) and Zostavax® (for HZ). Both vaccines contain the live-attenuated Oka strain of VZV. Although highly immunogenic, a two-dose regimen is required to achieve a 99% seroconversion rate. Zostavax vaccination reduces the incidence of HZ by 51% within a 3-year period, but a significant reduction in vaccine-induced immunity is observed within the first year after vaccination. Developing more efficacious vaccines and therapeutics requires a better understanding of the host response to VZV. These studies have been hampered by the scarcity of animal models that recapitulate all aspects of VZV infections in humans. In this review, we describe different animal models of VZV infection as well as an alternative animal model that leverages the infection of Old World macaques with the highly related simian varicella virus (SVV) and discuss their contributions to our understanding of pathogenesis and immunity during VZV infection.
The effect of temperature on biochemical and molecular properties of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase.

The gene products of the two major alleles of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-F and ADH-S) have been subjected to kinetic and biochemical analyses over a range of temperatures. Although temperature was found to have a significant effect on both kinetic and biochemical properties ofDrosophila ADH, no significant differential effect was observed between the major ADH allozymes. The results are discussed within the context of the selective maintenance ofAdh polymorphism in natural populations.
Knowing One's Place: National Language and the Idea of the Local in Eastern Indonesia

If "identity" is not a given but an ongoing construction, under historically specific circumstances, then "local identity" is likewise not to be taken for granted. Local identity is not established by the mere facts of proximity. Concomitantly, being "out-of-the-way," in Anna Tsing's (1993) phrase, is not an objective fact of spatial location, nor is the experience of marginality necessarily and fully determined by the assumptions of those who inhabit the centers of power.' As debates about borders, economies, and even American states' rights make evident, one component of locality, the appropriate scale of reference, is itself a relative and a contested matter. Moreover, the historical record contains enough hidden pretenders to thrones, back-country claims to occult powers, and sheer provincialism to show that people have a fair capacity for strong alternative views, perhaps even self-deception, about their own importance and agency in the world. For example, when officials (by turns Portuguese, Dutch, and Indonesian) encountered the scattered settlements of Sumba, Roti, Timor, and other parts of eastern Indonesia, they did so as representatives of their respective political and cultural "centers," facing the subordinated "margins" of their domains. But the inhabitants of many of these settlements often saw themselves as "insiders," their apparent poverty actually a subtle proof of their superior ancestral authority. In their view, the brazen forcefulness of the intruders marked them as illegitimate outsiders (J. Fox 1982a; Traube 1986). On the larger stage of postcolonial nationalism, as Partha Chatterjee (1993) notes, "the local" is often portrayed in contrast to metropolitan powers as fragmentary, subjugated, resistant-but also as a reserve of unique spiritual virtues. To "imagine" a "community" (Anderson 1983a), then, would entail a process of imagining its components as well. Thus, to the extent that a "center" defines itself and its authority by defining the "margins," we should be attentive to the assumptions that underlie our own concepts of "the local," and their possible complicity with the "center's" claims to legitimacy. To the extent that people
ANOTHER VIEW OF THE SIXTEEN‐MILLION‐HOUR QUESTION

What and how we teach reflect personal views of our responsibilities in libera! education, and thus clarity about objectives is crucial to significant debate about teaching strategies. Learning liberal arts disciplines is the basic purpose of a curricular view of liberal education. With this view, our most significant teaching decisions concern the content of our discipline, and debate about teaching methods is relatively unimportant. Another and more comprehensive view considers not only disciplinary content but also development of cognitive styles and socio-psychological attributes that help the student continue to learn and contribute in a complex world. Teaching methods are matters of great importance with this view.
Oxandrolone therapy in patients with Turnersyndrome

Long-term, low-dosage androgen treatment of patients with Turner syndrome results in more rapid growth and significantly greater adult height than in control patients who receive only estrogen for pubertal development. Seventeen patients treated with oxandrolone for one year and ten treated for two years had significantly greater growth velocities during than before treatment. Mean adult height of 25 patients treated with oxandrolone, fluoxymesterone, or both was significantly taller than the height of adult patients with Turner syndrome treated with estrogen only. Excessive skeletal maturation was not generally observed.
Computation of heat transfer in rotating two-pass square channels by a second-moment closure model

Abstract A multiblock numerical method has been employed for the calculation of three-dimensional flow and heat transfer in rotating two-pass square channels with smooth walls. The finite-analytic method solves Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations in conjunction with a near-wall second-order Reynolds stress (second-moment) closure model and a two-layer k–e isotropic eddy viscosity model. Comparison of second-moment and two-layer calculations with experimental data clearly demonstrate that the secondary flows in rotating two-pass channels have been strongly influenced by the Reynolds stress anisotropy resulting from the Coriolis and centrifugal buoyancy forces as well as the 180° wall curvatures. The near-wall second-moment closure model provides accurate heat transfer predictions which agree well with measured data.
Feature-based machining system using STEP

Discrete part manufacturing flows from a design phase in which product information is defined to a manufacturing phase in which the processes are planned and executed. Process planning typically culminates with the generation of numerical control (NC) programs for specific equipment, such as machining centers or turning centers. These NC programs are written in the dialects of the various equipment vendors, for the specific mechanical configuration of the target machine. As a result, porting programs between machines is difficult. Worse, NC programs contain little if any of the product design information. The lack of this information at run time limits any adaptive control that could direct the process so that final parts more closely conform to the original design. The authors have developed a prototype machining system in which product and process data replaces NC programs at run time. In this system, information models built in the EXPRESS information modeling language are used for all types of data, and data files are all in STEP Part 21 format; each Part 21 file is understandable by making reference to one of the EXPRESS models. The EXPRESS schemas of tool models proposed to ISO is used. An EXPRESS schema for ALPS (A Language for Process Specification, developed by NIST) is used for process planning. Ad hoc EXPRESS schemas are used for machining options, setup descriptions, shop and workstation operations, and tool usage rules. The system has been demonstrated on a three-axis machining center.
‘Race’, slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean thought: the question of the Haratin in Morocco

Certain tenets are shared in North Africa that articulate Maghribi Mediterranean patterns of conceptualisation of power relations in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya — one Islam, one nation (al‐maghrib al‐'arabi), one culture, one language, and a silence. This culture of silence — the refusal to engage in discussions on slavery and racial attitudes — is the subject of this article. Internally, in the name of hegemony ‐Arab‐Islamic hegemony in North Africa — this issue is concealed and, externally, Mediterranean slavery has been largely ignored by historians. It should be noted that we find a similar silence along the northern shoreline of the Mediterranean. Jacques Heers, a specialist in European history wrote, in his study of slavery in medieval Europe, that this silence reflects an embarrassment felt collectively throughout the centuries. The North Africans must have felt a similar embarrassment in questioning interpretations of Islam and its ethics when confronting the matter of slavery.
THE INFLUENCE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE ON THE ENVIRONMENT

This paper builds an econometric model that attempts to explain the effect of global trade on the environment from data provided by the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) at Purdue University. We estimated stable parameters for econometric models to forecast the impact of doubling carbon dioxide (2 × CO2) levels in the atmosphere. Robustness is checked against the Specific Factor Model in trade theory. The overall and zonal predictions for the lower and higher latitudes and the Northern and Southern Hemispheres are compared with the norms. The estimates of the model are also used as inputs into several computable general equilibrium (CGE) models to explore regional welfare impacts by climate change scenarios. The model’s prediction comes within range of the norms and therefore, should be an important addition to the stock of pedagogic tools explaining the relationship between trade and the environment.
The Morphology of Electroless Ni Deposition on a Colloidal Pd(II) Catalyst

The surface morphology of a surface-bound colloidal Pd(II) catalyst and its effect on the particle sizes with the largest particles reaching approximately 50 nm in diameter. Catalyst surface coverages as low as 20% are found to be sufficient to initiate complete and homogeneous metallization. The distribution of particle sizes for the electroless metal deposit, found to be a function of plating time, is broad with the maximum Ni particle size exceeding 120 nm. Results indicate controlling the size of the bound catalyst is the principal determining factor in controlling the particle size of the electroless deposit. Modification of the surface by depleting the concentration of surface functional groups capable of binding catalyst is used to shift the size distribution of bound catalyst to smaller values. A resulting three-to fourfold reduction in the particle size of the electroless deposit is demonstrated.
Numerical simulation of free-surface thermally influenced flows for nonhomogeneous fluids

A finite-difference technique is presented to simulate the behavior of natural water bodies under the influence of pollutants and temperature differences. The mathematical model, which has been discretized, is the closed system obtained by combining the Navier-Stokes equations, the heat transfer equation, the diffusion equations, and an equation relating the fluid density to both the chemical concentration and the temperature. The numerical method is based on the marker-and-cell method, which has been extended to consider the volume expansion due to heat transfer and the density variations.
Auditory Discrimination of Voiceless Fricatives in Children

Auditory discrimination of the voiceless fricatives/θ f ∫ s/was studied in 200 subjects between the ages of four and six and a half years. In the test task the subject was asked to remember one of ...
Coulometric Titration of Thiocyanate, Mercaptoacetic Acid, and β-Mercaptopropionic Acid with Electrogenerated Hypobromite

Abstract Several sulfur containing ligands have been determined by coulometric titration using biamperometric end point detection. Satisfactory results were obtained for the direct determination of thiocyanate, mercaptoacetic acid and β-mercaptopropionic acid. Silver has been determined by an indirect method involving the determination of excess precipitant.
Threshold energy for the displacement of atoms in graphite

The energy required to displace a carbon atom from its normal lattice site has been determined directly by detection of the lattice vacancies resulting from the displacement process. Annealed natural crystals of graphite containing less than 10−10 vacancies per carbon atom were irradiated at room temperature with electrons of selected energies in the range from 100 to 500keV. Examination of crystals irradiated with electrons of energies less than 150keV showed that these irradiations produced no vacancies; whereas, examination of crystals irradiated with electrons of energies exceeding 160keV revealed a production of vacancies. From these observations it may be concluded that the threshold energy for displacement in graphite is approximately 33eV.
Alcoholism: Controlled Drinking and Incentives for Abstinence

A demonstration of abstinence and controlled drinking in 4 alcoholics indicates that excessive drinking can be moderated by reinforcement contingencies. Ss could earn money each time that they abstained or stopped drinking after a priming dose for one day. The magnitude of reinforcement required for maintaining abstinence or moderation was a function of the priming dose of alcohol and the delay of reinforcement. This result suggests that controlled drinking might be maintained if the reinforcers dispensed to the alcoholic were made contingent on moderate drinking.