cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
45 GHz silicon MESFETs on a 0.15 µm SOI CMOS process

Fully integrated MESFETs have been shown to work on multiple commercial silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) CMOS processes without changing a step in the process flow [1–3]. The unique features of the MESFET including depletion mode operation, breakdown voltages in excess of 50 V, and easy to adjust, but well controlled threshold voltages have given the designers a cost-free way to achieve certain circuit design solutions that were previously cost inefficient or difficult to implement on their respective processes [2,4]. Until now, silicon MESFET based circuit applications were limited in very high frequency applications due to either the technology they were designed on and/or key layout rules that affected the gate length, L g , of the MESFETs but not the MOSFETs. The highest SOI MESFET f T reported was ∼10 GHz which was associated with an L g = 0.4 µm on a 0.35 µm SOI CMOS process [1,2]. The devices presented in this abstract were designed on a 0.15 µm process and represent the most aggressive scaling yet for SOI MESFETS. Devices with f T ≫ 45 GHz and L g = 0.15 µm were achieved.
Analysis on high-speed face-milling of 7075-T6 aluminum using carbide and diamond cutters

This research is concerned with the analytical and experimental study on the high-speed face milling of 7075-T6 aluminum alloys with a single insert fly-cutter. The results are analyzed in terms of cutting forces, chip morphology, and surface integrity of the workpiece machined with carbide and diamond inserts. It is shown that a high cutting speed leads to a high chip flow angle, very low thrust forces and a high shear angle, while producing a thinner chip. Chip morphology studies indicate that shear localization can occur at higher feeds even for 7075-T6, which is known to produce continuous chips. The resultant compressive residual stresses are shown for the variation of cutting parameters and cutting tool material. The analysis of the high-speed cutting process mechanics is presented, based on the calculation results using extended oblique machining theory and finite element simulation.
‘You need a support. When you don’t have that . . . chocolate looks real good’. Barriers to and facilitators of behavioural changes among participants of a Healthy Living Program

BACKGROUND Health behavioural change is complex, especially for underserved patients who have higher rates of obesity and physical inactivity. Behavioural change interventions that show high efficacy in clinical trials may be difficult to disseminate and may not be effective in the office. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify factors that facilitate or hinder behavioural change among past participants of a healthy lifestyle intervention in an urban underserved health centre. METHODS Between March and October 2011, we conducted five focus group sessions with a total of 23 past participants. The focus group transcripts were analysed with a framework approach using the Social Ecological Model as a coding structure. RESULTS We found four interconnected levels of social contexts: individual, interpersonal, programmatic and community levels. Themes of social support and the importance of relationships for making and maintaining behavioural changes were found at all levels. CONCLUSION Social support and relatedness were key facilitators of healthy lifestyle changes and influenced individual motivation and perseverance. Harnessing the power of social support and motivation may be a way for future behavioural change interventions to bridge the gap between efficacy and effectiveness.
A phenomenologically based computer model to predict soot and NOx emission in a direct injection diesel engine

A phenomenological model based on the multi- oxygen-rich and nitrogen-rich streams, has been pro- zone method is described. The model requires a relatively posed as a means of reducing soot emission (2). low amount of central processing unit (CPU) time and Unfortunately, reducing both particulate soot and memory for each run and, consequently, is useful for par- NOx simultaneously from a diesel engine's exhaust ameter studies. The flame morphology predicted by the poses a difficult dilemma. The conditions of model is compared to that recently uncovered in exper- increased O2 concentration and the accompanying imental studies. As a demonstration of its utility, the high temperatures that will reduce particulate emis- model is used to study the effect of the oxygen content in sions are the same conditions that increase NO x pro- intake air on the emission of particulate matter (PM) and duction in the CIDI engine. NOx from a direct injection diesel engine. A parametric The current paper describes a numerical method study reveals that while oxygen-enriched intake air is for analysing the combustion process in a CIDI useful for reducing PM, the reduction comes with a large engine. A phenomenological-based multizone model increase in NO x emission. The PM-NO x trade-off curve has been developed, and is described in the current for the oxygenated intake air is worse than that for the paper, to simulate the transfer and thermodynamic baseline air case. processes in a diesel engine fuel jet. The multizone model used to simulate these processes is based on empirical correlations to predict the processes of fuel
A synthetic A tail rescues yeast nuclear accumulation of a ribozyme-terminated transcript

To investigate the role of 3' end formation in yeast mRNA export, we replaced the mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation signal with a self-cleaving hammerhead ribozyme element. The resulting RNA is unadenylated and accumulates near its site of synthesis. Nonetheless, a significant fraction of this RNA reaches the cytoplasm. Nuclear accumulation was relieved by insertion of a stretch of DNA-encoded adenosine residues immediately upstream of the ribozyme element (a synthetic A tail). This indicates that a 3' stretch of adenosines can promote export, independently of cleavage and polyadenylation. We further show that a synthetic A tail-containing RNA is unaffected in 3' end formation mutant strains, in which a normally cleaved and polyadenylated RNA accumulates within nuclei. Our results support a model in which a polyA tail contributes to efficient mRNA progression away from the gene, most likely through the action of the yeast polyA-tail binding protein Pab1p.
The Social Production of Heritage through Cross‐media Interaction: Making Place for Place‐making

The living relationship between intangible and tangible forms of heritage, as well as natural and cultural heritage, is a situated one, always in place. Information and communications technology (ICT) is opening up new ways of experiencing and thinking about heritage by allowing for cross‐media interaction. By combining different media and technologies, cross‐media interaction supports the social production of heritage and creates ‘infrastructures’ that act as places of cultural production and lasting values at the service of a living heritage practice.
A Conceptual Framework For The Indirect Method Of Reporting Net Cash Flow From Operating Activities

This paper describes the fundamental concept of the reconciliation behind the indirect method of the statement of cash flows. A conceptual framework is presented to demonstrate how accrual- and cash-basis accounting methods relate to each other and to illustrate the concept of reconciling these two accounting methods. The conceptual framework recognizes additional categories of effects defined in the Accounting Standards Codification 230-10-45-28 and International Accounting Standards 7.18 (Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 95) in regard to the indirect method, which makes the concept of reconciliation between the accrual- and cash-basis more thorough and complete. The paper provides an approach to teaching the concept of the reconciliation of accrual- and cash-based accounting methods.
Physical Activity and Cognition in Older Adults with Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is prevalent and produces a significant clinical and economic burden. It is well established that cognitive dysfunction is common in HF and leads to adverse clinical outcomes. The exact etiology of these deficits remains unclear, though there is growing evidence for an important role of structural/functional brain changes and comorbid conditions. One likely contributor that has received limited attention is reduced levels of physical activity. It is well established that physical activity is neuroprotective in non-HF populations, including individuals with other forms of cardiovascular disease, and it can be postulated that a similar benefit would be found in persons with HF. There is limited, but encouraging, evidence to suggest increased levels of physical activity are associated with better cognitive outcomes, and additional work to further elucidate the benefits of this modifiable risk factor is warranted.
Regulation of Student Athletes' Social Media Use: A Guide to Avoiding NCAA Sanctions and Related Litigation

This article discusses the many issues with social media use by collegiate student athletes. Many student athletes have endured consequences from the NCAA for what they put on social media sites. The universities the student athletes play for also face ramifications as a result of not monitoring student athletes' social media use. This paper discusses what universities can and can not do to prevent punishment from the NCAA for student athletes' use of social media while not infringing on the First Amendment rights of those athletes.
1558 Pharmacists Interventions in a Childrens Hospital - What can they tell us? Do They Prevent Harm?

Background Clinical Pharmacists review prescriptions for safe and economic use. Prescribing for children involves increased complexity and errors have potentially more serious consequences. Method Paediatric pharmacists’ interventions logs were entered into a database and analysed. A harm category using the National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (MERP) algorithm (1) and type of intervention was assigned to each. Some interventions records were assigned more than one type e.g. renal impairment and wrong frequency. Results Of the 500 records, 489 interventions prevented harm as seen in the table below (category A-D). Interventions were not captured before administration on 260 (52%) occasions, 113 of thee were via the parenteral route. Wrong dose was cause for intervention in 41.8% prescriptions (115 dose too high, 94 underdose) and incorrect frequency in 67 (13.4%). There were 18 interventions involving wrong calculation, decimal point or unit of mass errors. Formulation issues were the cause of 38 (7.6%) interventions which 7/38 also involved cost savings. Altered drug handling e.g renal impairment, prematurity was involved in 105 (21%) interventions. Ambiguous prescribing or legalities led to 58 (11.6%) interventions. There were 35 (7%) unintentional errors as a result of incorrect or incomplete drug history taking on admission. Conclusions Paediatric prescribing errors reaching and harming paediatric patients can be reduced as a result of timely intervention by pharmacists. Reference http://www.nccmerp.org/pdf/algorColor2001–06–12.pdf.
Normative Data for the Maryland CNC Test

Background: The Maryland consonant-vowel nucleus-consonant (CNC) Test is routinely used in Veterans Administration medical centers, yet there is a paucity of published normative data for this test. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide information on the means and distribution of word-recognition scores on the Maryland CNC Test as a function of degree of hearing loss for a veteran population. Research Design: A retrospective, descriptive design was conducted. Study Sample: The sample consisted of records from veterans who had Compensation and Pension (C&P) examinations at a Veterans Administration medical center (N = 1,760 ears). Data Collection and Analysis: Audiometric records of veterans who had C&P examinations during a 10 yr period were reviewed, and the pure-tone averages (PTA4) at four frequencies (1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 Hz) were documented. The maximum word-recognition score (PBmax) was determined from the performance-intensity functions obtained using the Maryland CNC Test. Correlations were made between PBmax and PTA4. Results: A wide range of word-recognition scores were obtained at all levels of PTA4 for this population. In addition, a strong negative correlation between the PBmax and the PTA4 was observed, indicating that as PTA4 increased, PBmax decreased. Word-recognition scores decreased significantly as hearing loss increased beyond a mild hearing loss. Although threshold was influenced by age, no statistically significant relationship was found between word-recognition score and the age of the participants. Conclusions: Results from this study provide normative data in table and figure format to assist audiologists in interpreting patient results on the Maryland CNC test for a veteran population. These results provide a quantitative method for audiologists to use to interpret word-recognition scores based on pure-tone hearing loss.
The Triple Point of Oxygen In Sealed Transportable Cells.

The triple points of oxygen samples sealed in miniature pressure cells were investigated by means of adiabatic calorimetry. The triple point of a 99.999 percent pure commercial oxygen sample was found to be 0.940 mK higher than that of an "ultra-pure" sample prepared by thermal decomposition of potassium permanganate (KMnO4). The higher value is attributed principally to argon impurity in the commercial oxygen. The results of eight sets of observations using six thermometers, calibrated on the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 as maintained at the National Bureau of Standards, and two sealed cells of the ultra-pure oxygen show a range of 0.178 mK. The capsule-type platinum resistance thermometers that have been used are shown to have outstanding stability and the multiple calibrations made on them at the National Bureau of Standards extending over six years are shown to be consistent to within 0.15 mK at 54.361 K. The results of measurements on an internationally circulated sealed cell of commercial oxygen show its temperature to be 0.581 mK higher than those of the ultra-pure oxygen.
Pareutypella gen. nov. for two long-ostiolate pyrenomycetes from Taiwan.

Pareutypella is described as a new genus with two species P. sulcata and P. nematoceras. They have elongated ostioles, allantoid ascospores, sessile asci that detach at maturity from the ascogenous system, and hyphomycetous anamorphs with holoblastic conidi? ogenesis. The taxonomic affinities of these fungi are discussed.
Work Habits of Students in Traditional and Online Sections of an Introductory Physics Course: A Case Study.

The study compares the work habits of two student groups in an introductory physics course, one in traditional and one in online sections. Both groups shared the same online materials and online homework, as well as the same discussion boards and examinations, but one group in addition had traditional lectures. The groups were compared with respect to amount and frequency of access to different online course resources. It was found that with few exceptions, both groups exhibited very similar work habits. Students in the online sections more frequently accessed content pages and more frequently contributed to course discussions. It was also found that regular access of the materials throughout the week, rather than only on homework deadline nights, is a predictor of success on examinations, and that this indicator is more reliable for students in the online sections. Overall, though, the effect of traditional lectures is minimal.
Common Terns Raise Young from Successive Broods

On signale pour la premiere fois l'elevage des jeunes de couvees successives par un couple de Sterna hirundo au cours d'une saison de reproduction; ce phenomene est discute dans ses relations avec l'incubation par le mâle et la femelle, le taux d'alimentation et la predation
Using (and Mis-Using?) Slavery

Today, we hear ‘slavery’ diagnosed everywhere: ‘modern slavery,’ ‘modern day slavery’, ‘modern forms of slavery’, and ‘contemporary forms of slavery’ are some of the terms. Uses of the term no longer arise from celebratory invocations of the 19th century legal prohibition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade in Africans and of chattel slavery by the United Kingdom, the United States, and other European powers. Instead, the dominant contemporary use of ‘slavery’ is said to reflect the emergence of ‘new’ forms of exploitation which are similar to, yet different from, the slavery of the past. This paper will explore how the uses and misuses of ‘slavery’. The issues addressed include: (1) What are the origins of and reasons for the contemporary resurgence in the use of the term? (2) What goals are sought or achieved by ‘slavery’s’ use in the public sphere? (3) Identification of some of the contexts and mechanisms of use of the term. (4) Exploration of who benefits, and who loses, from the contemporary use. (5) How the use of ‘slavery’ can work. In exploring those issues, the paper addresses ‘slavery’ as a legal definition which may be in the process of evolution into a term which captures any form of shock-inducing contemporary exploitation; and ‘slavery’ as a tool of anti-trafficking and anti-exploitation activists.
Frequency-Selective Limiters Utilizing Contiguous-Channel Double Multiplexer Topology

A frequency-selective limiter that uses a linear-phase, contiguous-channel double multiplexer topology and RF-power-dependent coupling structures is shown in this paper. Frequency-selective limiting is achieved without the use of magnetic materials, nonreciprocal components, or parametric circuits. An L-band prototype with six contiguous 50-MHz-bandwidth channels was fabricated. Under measured low-power excitation, the limiter has a flat, composite passband with a 300-MHz-bandwidth and 1.6–1.9 dB insertion loss. The measured group delay is 16 ± 0.7 ns across the passband and does not have peaks at channel crossover frequencies. Limiting by 11.4 dB to over 22 dB occurs independently in any channel that experiences high-power excitation without disturbing adjacent channel bands. The measured limiting threshold is tunable from 16 to 33 dBm and can be designed to be tunable over other power ranges easily.
Innovative Approaches to Fisheries Education and Outreach

Fisheries pedagogy frequently uses outdated instructional models, even though newer approaches, such as multimodal and active instruction, may result in better educational outcomes. We discuss a variety of innovative instructional approaches for fisheries classes, including multimodal learning via music videos, student karaoke videos, and active learning via video observations of naturally behaving animals. Questionnaire responses from both undergraduate and graduate classes indicated that the various multimodal and active learning approaches generally improved students' attitudes toward class and studying; however, their impact on learning and retention is unknown. We also explore additional aspects of student-centered learning including e-portfolios, digital storytelling, and interactive, web-linked lab notebooks. Finally, viewing fisheries education in a broad sense, we describe experiences with a web-based information platform, www.troutnut.com, that serves as a stream ecology outreach site for both t...
Life cycle assessment of heated apron pavement system operations

Abstract Heated pavement systems (HPS) offer an attractive alternative to the cumbersome process of removing ice and snow from airport pavements using traditional snow removal systems. Although snow and ice removing efficiency and economic benefits of HPS have been assessed by previous studies, their environmental impact is not well known. Airport facilities offering public or private services need to evaluate the energy consumption and global warming potential of different types of snow and ice removal systems. Energy usage and emissions from the operations of hydronic heated pavement system using geothermal energy (HHPS-G), hydronic HPS using natural gas furnace (HHPS-NG), electrically heated pavement system (EHPS), and traditional snow and ice removal system (TSRS) are estimated and compared in this study using a hybrid life cycle assessment (LCA). Based on the system models assessed in this study, HPS application in the apron area seems to be a viable option from an energy or environmental perspective to achieve ice/snow free pavement surfaces without using mechanical or chemical methods. TSRS methods typically require more energy and they produce more greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to HPS during the operation phase, under the conditions and assumptions considered in this study. Also, HPS operations require less energy and have less GHG emissions during a snow event with a smaller snowfall rate and a larger snow duration.
Development and Characterization of a PU-PMMA Transparent Interpenetrating Polymer Networks ( t -IPNs)

This paper presents our on-going efforts on development and characterization of transparent Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (t-IPNs) with polyurethane (PU) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as constituents. The resulting molecular composite is a fully cross-linked IPN with PU as the tough phase and PMMA as the stiff phase. By varying the volume fraction of the stiff and tough phases, t-IPNs with PMMA/PU content in the range of 90%/10% to 70%/30% have been prepared. Reaction kinetics and process parameters are carefully controlled to avoid phase separation to achieve optical transparency in the resulting IPN. Tensile tests show that a significant failure strain enhancement can be achieved but with a loss of stiffness relative to PMMA. Preliminary fracture tests show that an optimum PMMA/PU ratio in the IPN can produce enhancement in fracture toughness relative to PMMA.
Phase II Study of Thymglobulin, Cyclosporin, and G-CSF for the Initial Treatment of Aplastic Anemia and Low Risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome.

Standard therapy of aplastic anemia (AA) involves the use of equine anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) in combination with cyclosporine. Hematological responses occur in 40% to 50% of patients treated with ATG alone. The addition of cyclosporine to ATG has improved response and survival; response rates have been up to 65%, and the 5-year survival rate in the responding patients has been over 80%. Several lines of observation have also implicated an autoimmune mechanism in at least a subset of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) whose disease process may overlap AA. The rationale for treating refractory or relapsing patients with ATG from a different animal has been the lower risk of potentially life-threatening allergic reactions. In a recent study, most patients who received rabbit ATG (Thymoglobulin) after unsuccessful treatment with ATG became transfusion independent (Di bonna E, Br J Haematol, 1999). Another study has reported high responses to Thymoglobulin in patients with relapsed AA (Scheinberg P, Br J Haematol, 2006). We are conducting a clinical trial of Thymoglobulin in combination with cyclosporin and GCSF in the first line therapy of patients with AA or low-risk MDS. Patients receive Thymoglobulin 3.5 or 2.5 (if they were 55 years or older) mg/kg/day IV for 4 days, methyl prednisone 1 mg/kg/day IV for 4 days followed by a tapering dose of oral prednisone, cyclosporine 5 mg/kg orally, and G-CSF 5 μg/kg daily for up to 3 months at the discretion of the treating physician. All patients receive prophylactic broad-spectrum antibiotics. We have enrolled 13 patients in the study including 7 patients with AA and 6 patients with MDS. The median age for AA patients was 61 years (range 45 – 73 years), and for MDS patients 60 years (range, 41 – 71 years). The median absolute neutrophil count (ANC) for AA patients was 0.74 × 109/L (range, 0.1 – 1.0 × 109/L) and for MDS patients 2.0 × 109/L (range, 1.1 – 8.1 × 109/L). The median Hgb for AA patients was 6.9 g/dL (range, 3.9 – 7.9 g/dL) and for MDS patients 8.1 g/dL (range 6.4 – 10.7 g/dL). The median platelet count for AA patients was 8 × 109/L (range, 0 – 153 × 109/L) and for MDS patients 10 × 109/L (range, 6 – 16 × 109/L). Flow cytometry for a PNH clone was negative in all patients. Seven patients (4 AA, 3 MDS) were positive for HLA-DR15. So far, 6 patients with AA have responded including 3 CRs, 2 PRs and 1 HI. One patient with MDS had a PR. Toxicity has been acceptable with no grade 3 or 4 side effects. Other side effects (grade 1 and 2) included infusion-related reactions, hypomagnesemia, elevation of serum creatinine, and hyperbilirubinemia. We conclude that Thymoglobulin can be administered safely in combination with cyclosporin and GCSF to treat patients with untreated AA and MDS.
Chapter 16 – Genetic Algorithms for Optimum Design

The basic concept of genetic algorithms is presented and discussed. Definitions of terms used in the algorithm, such as population of designs, a generation, a chromosome (a design point) and a gene (a design component), are given and explained. Genetic algorithms solve an unconstrained optimization of minimizing a function f ( x ). Constrained optimization problems are treated by using the penalty function approach. Fitness function for the problem, which can be the cost function for the unconstrained problem or the penalty function for the constrained problem, is defined. Representation of a design point by the binary string is explained and illustrated. Each iteration of the genetic algorithm requires three basic steps: reproduction/selection, crossover and mutation. The roulette wheel procedure for selection of designs to carry over into the next generation from the current generation is explained and a step-by-step algorithm is given. Then the genetic algorithm for the sequencing-type problems (traveling salesman problem) is presented. That algorithm is applied to two example problems to determine the best sequence for insertion of bolts to join two plates.
Single Agent Herding of n-Agents: A Switched Systems Approach

Abstract In this paper, we develop a robust controller to accomplish a herding task, i.e., using a directly controllable agent to influence the states of target agents which are not directly controllable. This paper employs constructive control design strategies and switched systems analysis to control a herding agent in a way that regulates fleeing target agents to a goal location. Lyapunov-based analysis is used to guarantee exponential regulation of the target agents. Preliminary simulation results are included to illustrate the performance of the developed controller.
Efeitos discursivos da forma de apresentação dos nomes próprios na referenciação

This article has the objective of demonstrating the importance of the use of proper names in the process of referential construction in the text, in special how the manner of presentation of these names (full name, only first name, only last name, nickname, etc.) can promote different and relevant discursive effects to the referential (re)categorization and to the construction of meaning on the text. For this purpose, this work assumes the perspective of the Referenciation theory of Textual Linguistics of socio-cognitive-interactionist base line, but with a different view about the proper name, based on Bassetto (2015), considering that it can assume, besides the designative function, also the attributive function, and, consequently, it can promote important discursive effects to the text.
Book Review: Stefan Ecks (2014), Eating Drugs: Psychopharmaceutical Pluralism in India

Stefan Ecks (2014), Eating Drugs: Psychopharmaceutical Pluralism in India. New York, NY: New York University Press. 223 pp., $75 (Hardcover), ISBN: 978-0814724767.
Solution NMR Studies of Anesthetic Interactions with Ion Channels.

Abstract NMR spectroscopy is one of the major tools to provide atomic resolution protein structural information. It has been used to elucidate the molecular details of interactions between anesthetics and ion channels, to identify anesthetic binding sites, and to characterize channel dynamics and changes introduced by anesthetics. In this chapter, we present solution NMR methods essential for investigating interactions between ion channels and general anesthetics, including both volatile and intravenous anesthetics. Case studies are provided with a focus on pentameric ligand-gated ion channels and the voltage-gated sodium channel NaChBac.
Injectable trace minerals (selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese) alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress during an aflatoxin challenge in lactating multiparous Holstein cows

ABSTRACT Trace minerals are vital in the antioxidant response during oxidative stress; however, limited research is available on the effects of trace mineral supplementation during an aflatoxin (AF) challenge. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of 2 subcutaneous injections of 15 mg/mL of Cu, 5 mg/mL of Se, 60 mg/mL of Zn, and 10 mg/mL of Mn (Multimin 90, Multimin North America, Fort Collins, CO) given at 1 mL/90.7 kg of average body weight in response to an AF challenge. Fifty-eight Holstein cows [body weight (mean ± SD) = 734 ± 6 0kg; days in milk = 191 ± 93] were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a randomized complete block design. The experimental period (63 d) was divided into an adaptation phase (d 1–56) and a measurement phase (d 57–63). From d 57 to 59, cows received an AF challenge that consisted of 100 μg of aflatoxin B1/kg of dietary dry matter intake (DMI) administered orally via balling gun. Treatments were saline injection and no AF challenge (NEG), saline injection and AF challenge (POS), and trace mineral injection and AF challenge (MM). Injections were performed subcutaneously on d 1 and 29. Milk was sampled 3 times daily from d 56 to 63, blood was sampled on d 0, 56, 60, and 63, and liver samples were taken on d 0 and 60. Two treatment orthogonal contrasts [CONT1 (NEG vs. POS) and CONT2 (POS vs. MM)] were made. Cows in NEG had lower AF excretion in milk and greater 3.5% fat-corrected milk (32.1 ± 1.37 kg/d) compared with cows in POS (28.6 ± 1.43 kg/d). Feed efficiencies (3.5% fat-corrected milk/DMI, energy-corrected milk/DMI, and milk/DMI) were greater for cows in NEG (1.42 ± 0.07, 1.46 ± 0.07, and 1.45 ± 0.07, respectively) than cows in POS (1.16 ± 0.08, 1.18 ± 0.08, and 1.22 ± 0.07, respectively). Cows in POS had greater milk urea nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen than cows in MM. Liver concentrations of Se and Fe were greater for cows in MM compared with cows in POS. Cows in MM tended to have greater plasma glutathione peroxidase activity compared with cows in POS. An upregulation of liver GPX1 was observed for cows in POS compared with cows in MM. In conclusion, subcutaneous injection of trace minerals maintained an adequate antioxidant response when an AF challenge was present.
Effect of vitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on intestinal transport of phosphate.

Vitamin D plays an important role in the regulation of phosphate (Pi) metabolism. The fact that vitamin D exerts parallel effects on calcium and phosphate in its main target organs (intestine, bone and kidney) has created some difficulty in separating the effects of the vitamin on the cellular transport of these ions. There is now increasing evidence that vitamin D stimulates a phosphate transport mechanism in intestine quite independent of the calcium transport system (l,2). Two facts have eased the recognition of the unique effect of vitamin D on intestinal phosphate absorption. First, maximal stimulation of phosphate absorption occurs in the jejunum (3,4) while the duodenum is known as site of the maximal response of calcium absorption to vitamin D. Second, higher rates of transmural phosphate transport can be maintained in the virtual absence of extracellular calcium, i.e. phosphate does not require a simultaneous movement of calcium in order, to be transported across the gut wall (1,2).
Social-Emotional Development Assessment

Increased research over the past two decades on young children’s social–emotional problems and competencies and psychopathology have led to improvements in the versatility and quality of assessment techniques to evaluate children’s social–emotional development. Recent advances in child assessment techniques are outlined as are the difficulties involved in assessing young children’s development. The advantages and drawbacks of various types of assessments, including questionnaires, interviews, and observational paradigms, are discussed. Finally, gaps remaining in the field of child assessment and future directions for research are noted.
Regulation of immune responses by inhibitory receptors

Biological responses, including those occurring during immune responses, must be controlled by signals that turn them on, as well as signals that turn them off. In addition, fine-tuning can be achieved through signals that amplify or downmodulate responses. The complexity in signal transduction pathways that regulate these responses is daunting. Even terminal responses, such as degranulation by effector cells in the immune system, do not follow a simple one-way signaling pathway. The required initial protein tyrosine phosphorylation events are rapidly reversed by dephosphorylation, and the depleted calcium stores are replenished. Unless the effector cell undergoes programmed cell death after activation, it returns to a basal state of activation from where it can be activated again. Negative regulation of effector cell function is sometimes very tight, such that cellular activation is prevented altogether. This type of inhibitory control is an essential feature of natural killer (NK) cells. Unlike cytotoxic T cells that kill target cells upon a recognition event mediated by their antigen-specific receptors, NK cells are triggered to kill target cells by interactions between activating NK receptors and ligands that are expressed fairly ubiquitously on target cells. The specificity in target cell recognition is achieved primarily by inhibitory receptors specific for MHC class I molecules.
Family, Kinship, and Sympathy in Nineteenth-Century American Literature: Love American style: The Wide, Wide World

Most sentimental novels end in marriage, which is to say that they, by and large, conclude with an affirmation of the heroine's ability to make a contract. Although one might reasonably argue that she has no other choice than to marry, the fact is that the marital contract stands as the apotheosis of her sentimental journey, the culmination of her ability to establish loving bonds based on choice. Through this contract, she asserts her belief in the traditional reproduction of the biological family which will, she hopes, avoid the pain and disaster of the consanguineous family from which she comes. My reading of the relation between sentimental fictions and slave narratives continues and concludes by considering Susan Warner's best-selling The Wide, Wide World . The chapter explores how Warner's novel, in contrast to the sentimental fictions examined thus far, presents a different and considerably less sanguine view of contract than we've seen up to this point; one which registers, to a degree surpassed, perhaps, only by slave narratives and Melville's Pierre , the disciplinary, psychic, and institutional restraints upon the heroine's ability to make choices, whether the context be adoption or marriage. Unlike Gerty, Ellen doesn't come to the contractual table in possession of herself, because that self always belongs to someone else, whether that someone is her mother, John Humphreys, God, or the multitude of characters who are constantly claiming ownership of her.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formation and growth during the supercritical pyrolysis of 1-octene

Abstract To better understand the roles of larger 1-alkenes in reactions leading to the production of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and solids in the supercritical pre-combustion environments of future-high-speed-aircraft fuels, supercritical pyrolysis experiments have been conducted with the model fuel 1-octene, a representative 1-alkene product of supercritical n-alkane-fuel pyrolysis. The 1-octene pyrolysis experiments are performed in an isothermal, silica-lined stainless-steel flow reactor at 94.6 atm, 133 s, and ten temperatures in the range 440–535 °C. Straight-chain aliphatics—particularly n-alkanes, 1-alkenes, and 2-alkenes—are the highest-yield products at all temperatures. At temperatures ≤500 °C, high yields of the C8 product 2-octene and the C16 product 6-hexadecene evidence 1-octene's facile formation of the resonance-stabilized alkylallylic radical 1-octen-3-yl, whose resonance structure 2-octen-1-yl not only abstracts H to produce 2-octene but also reacts with 1-octene to produce, with high selectivity, 6-hexadecene—establishing that, at low temperatures, a long-chain alkene with an interior C C double bond can result from alkylallyl-radical addition to a 1-alkene. Gas-chromatographic analyses of 1-octene's aromatic products show that one- and two-ring aromatics are produced at temperatures ≥ 475 °C. High-pressure-liquid-chromatographic analyses reveal the identities of 180 three- to nine-ring PAH products—178 of which have never before been identified as pyrolysis products of a large 1-alkene and all of which are produced from supercritical n-decane pyrolysis as well. As in the case for n-decane, the high levels of methyl-substituted PAH in the 1-octene products provide a ready source for resonance-stabilized arylmethyl radicals and (after reaction with ethylene) phenalenyl-type radicals. Reactions of these arylmethyl and phenalenyl-type radicals with C2 C4 1-alkenes lead to the sequential PAH growth that accounts for 1-octene's production of PAH as large as nine rings at temperatures as low as 500 °C and the dramatic increases in the PAH-product yields as temperature approaches 535°C, 1-octene's temperature of incipient solids formation.
Polyoxometalate hybrid catalyst for detection and photodecomposition of mustard gas surrogate vapors

Abstract The polyoxometalate hybrid (POM-h) nanorods were synthesized and tested as reactive adsorbents of the vapors of mustard gas surrogates, and in particular against 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) and ethylethyl sulfide (EES). They were found to promote the photo-oxidation of the surrogates’ vapors to sulfoxide under ambient conditions and in the absence of an additional oxidation agent. The structural and morphological analysis by SEM, TEM, XRD, and BET showed that the non-porous bright-yellow powder consists of nanorods with diameter of 50–100 nm and length of around 1 μm, stacked together by forming star-like nanostructured aggregates. The FTIR, XRD, thermal analysis, and EDX mapping revealed that the obtained material consists of the Keggin-type cobalt containing heteropolytungstate polyoxometalate phase (K5CoW12O40·20H2O) and potassium persulfate. The estimated indirect band gap was in the blue region of the visible light. The decomposition/detoxification of CEES and EES vapors by POM-h occurred through various and complex photo-catalytic and photo-oxidative pathways. The degradation of the surrogates’ toxic vapors to non-toxic molecules was linked to the elevated surface photo-reactivity and the ability of the nanorods to form hydroxyl radicals. The latter ones were responsible for the cleavage of S C bonds and further photo-oxidation of the formed fragments to ethanol, formaldehyde and acetic acid. A fast and gradual color change of the nanomaterial upon exposure to surrogate vapors or droplets could be used in sensing/detecting the presence of toxic species.
Reduction in Gaps in High CD4 Count and Viral Suppression Between Transgender and Cisgender Persons Living With HIV in New York City, 2007-2016.

Objectives. To compare trends in HIV outcomes for cisgender and transgender persons living with HIV (PLWH) in New York City.Methods. We used HIV surveillance data for the analysis. We based CD4 cou...
Cytokine Modulation with Immune γ-Globulin in Peripheral Blood of Normal Children and Its Implications in Kawasaki Disease Treatment

Intravenous immune γ-globulin (IVIG) is used successfully in the treatment of Kawasaki disease, with dose-dependent rapid resolution of symptoms such as fever and irritability and a decrease in ESR, WBCs, and platelets. The mode of action of IVIG in reducing this inflammatory response is not clearly understood. Recently anticytokine antibodies in IVIG have been demonstrated. Serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines have been shown to be elevated in patients with Kawasaki disease. The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is involved in the de novo production of acute-phase proteins by hepatocytes and cause thrombocytosis and fever in response to tissue injury. Patients receiving parenteral recombinant human IL-6 have dose-dependently experienced fever, malaise, chills, and acute-phase reaction. With high IL-6 concentrations, central nervous system toxicity has also been reported and IL-6 has been thought to mediate endothelial damage. We evaluated the response of stimulated blood cells of 12 normal children to IVIG in the release of the cytokines IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R). The levels of cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α (but not sIL-6R) in peripheral blood induced by stimulation with LPS were markedly reduced (P < 0.008) within 3 hr when incubated with IVIG compared to without IVIG. Thus we demonstrated that cells of normal children respond to IVIG in vitro by reducing cytokines such as IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-6 without affecting the level of receptor sIL-6R during an acute inflammatory response. We also found significantly higher IL-6 levels in children with Kawasaki disease compared to children with blood culture-negative febrile illnesses. In five children with Kawasaki disease we measured serum IL-6 before and after IVIG and assessed the clinical response to IVIG therapy. Therapy with IVIG was followed by a rapid resolution of symptoms in Kawasaki disease, with a significant decrease in serum IL-6. The attenuation of proinflammatory cytokine responses, especially IL-6, following infusions of IVIG may play an integral role in the rapid resolution of symptoms and decrease in the acute-phase proteins in children with Kawasaki disease. Cells of normal children were found to respond to the IVIG in a manner similar to that of the Kawasaki children.
Implementation of the Neonatal Sepsis Calculator in Early-Onset Sepsis and Maternal Chorioamnionitis.

Background Utilization of the neonatal sepsis calculator published by Kaiser Permanente is rapidly increasing. This freely available online tool can be used in assessment of early-onset sepsis (EOS) in newborns 34 weeks' gestation or more based on maternal risk factors and neonatal examination. However, many hospitals lack standard guidelines for its use, leading to provider discomfort with practice change. Purpose The goal of this project was to study the antibiotic use rate for EOS at a level III neonatal intensive care unit and create standardized guidelines and staff education for using the sepsis calculator. Our ultimate goal was to decrease antibiotic use for EOS in newborns 34 weeks' gestation or more. Methods A standard quality improvement Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) model was utilized with a plan to study the problem, implement the intervention, and test again for improvement. The primary outcome of interest was a decrease in the use of antibiotics for EOS in neonates 34 weeks' gestation or more. Results Over a 4-month period, prior to sepsis calculator implementation, antibiotic use for suspected EOS was 11% and blood culture was done on 14.8% of live births. After implementation of the sepsis calculator and completion of the PDSA cycle, sepsis calculator use was greater than 95%, antibiotic use dropped significantly to 5% (P = .00069), and blood culture use dropped to 7.6% (P = .00046). Implications for practice Staff education and systematic intervention using a PDSA model can significantly impact patient care, decreasing the administration of antibiotics to infants at risk for sepsis. Implications for research Future research is needed to decrease antibiotic use in premature infants less than 34 weeks' gestation with similar risk factors and clinical features.Video Abstract available at https://journals.na.lww.com/advancesinneonatalcare/Pages/videogallery.aspx?videoId=34&autoPlay=true.
Molecular biology and genetics of neurodegenerative diseases caused by prions.

Publisher Summary Recent progress in the studies of scrapie in animals as well as of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) in humans argue that investigations of prion biology lie at the intersection of cell biology, genetics, and virology. Brain extracts from animals or humans dying of prion diseases frequently transmit disease to inoculated animals after a prolonged incubation period. Familial CJD and GSS are not only transmissible but are also genetic disorders. Individuals at risk can often be identified decades in advance of the central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, yet no effective therapy exists to prevent these lethal disorders. Four disorders of animals are also caused by prions. Scrapie in sheep and goats is the most well studied of the prion diseases. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME), and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in captive mule deer and elk are all thought to result from the ingestion of prion-infected animal tissues. BSE threatens the beef industry of Great Britain and possibly other countries; production of pharmaceuticals involving cattle is also of concern. The control of sheep scrapie in many countries is a persistent and vexing problem. More than 30,000 cattle have died of BSE in Great Britain since 1986. Many investigators contend that BSE, often referred to as “mad cow disease,” resulted from the feeding of dietary protein supplements derived from rendered scrapie-infected sheep offal to cattle, a practice banned since 1988.
Clinician Perspectives on Overscreening for Cancer in Older Adults With Limited Life Expectancy

Background/objectives Guidelines recommend against routine screening for breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers in older adults with less than 10 years of life expectancy. However, clinicians often continue to recommend cancer screening for these patients. We examined primary care clinicians' perspectives regarding overscreening, as defined by limited life expectancy. Design Semistructured, in-depth individual interviews. Setting Twenty-one academic and nonacademic primary care clinics in Maryland. Participants Thirty primary care clinicians from internal medicine, family medicine, medicine/pediatrics, and geriatric medicine. Measurements Interviews explored whether the clinicians believed that overscreening for breast, colorectal, or prostate cancers existed in older adults and their views on using life expectancy to decide on stopping routine screening. Audio recordings of the interviews were transcribed verbatim. Two investigators independently coded all transcripts using qualitative content analysis. Results Most clinicians were physicians (24/30) and women (16/30). Content analysis generated three major themes. (1) Many, but not all, clinicians perceived overscreening in older adults as a problem. (2) There was controversy around using limited life expectancy to define overscreening due to concerns that the guidelines did not capture potential nonmortality benefits of screening; that population-based screening data could not be easily applied to individuals; that this approach failed to account for patient choice; and that life expectancy predictions were inaccurate. (3) Some clinicians worried that using life expectancy to define overscreening may inadvertently introduce bias and lead to unintended harms. Conclusions Several clinicians disagreed with guideline frameworks of using limited life expectancy to guide cancer screening cessation. Some disagreement stems from inadequate knowledge about the benefits and harms of cancer screening and indicates a need for education or decision support. Other reasons for disagreement highlight the need to refine the current recommended cancer screening approaches and identify strategies to avoid unintended consequences, such as introducing bias or exacerbating existing disparities. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1462-1468, 2020.