cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overcoming Local Search Through Alliances and Mobility

Recent research suggests that, due to organizational and relational constraints, firms are limited contextually--both geographically and technologically--in their search for new knowledge. But distant contexts may offer ideas and insights that can be extremely useful to innovation through knowledge recombination. So how can firms reach beyond their existing contexts in their search for new knowledge? In this paper, we suggest that two mechanisms--alliances and the mobility of inventors--can serve as bridges to distant contexts and, thus, enable firms to overcome the constraints of contextually localized search.Through the analysis of patent citation patterns in the semiconductor industry, we first demonstrate both the geographic and technological localization of knowledge. We then explore if the formation of alliances and mobility of active inventors facilitate interfirm knowledge flows across contexts. We find that mobility is associated with interfirm knowledge flows regardless of geographic proximity and, in fact, the usefulness of alliances and mobility increases with technological distance. These findings suggest that firms can employ knowledge acquisition mechanisms to fill in the holes of their existing technological and geographic context.
Characterization of the Mouse Brain Proteome Using Global Proteomic Analysis Complemented with Cysteinyl-Peptide Enrichment

We report a global proteomic approach for analyzing brain tissue and for the first time a comprehensive characterization of the whole mouse brain proteome. Preparation of the whole brain sample incorporated a highly efficient cysteinyl-peptide enrichment (CPE) technique to complement a global enzymatic digestion method. Both the global and the cysteinyl-enriched peptide samples were analyzed by SCX fractionation coupled with reversed phase LC-MS/MS analysis. A total of 48,328 different peptides were confidently identified (>98% confidence level), covering 7792 nonredundant proteins ( approximately 34% of the predicted mouse proteome). A total of 1564 and 1859 proteins were identified exclusively from the cysteinyl-peptide and the global peptide samples, respectively, corresponding to 25% and 31% improvements in proteome coverage compared to analysis of only the global peptide or cysteinyl-peptide samples. The identified proteins provide a broad representation of the mouse proteome with little bias evident due to protein pI, molecular weight, and/or cellular localization. Approximately 26% of the identified proteins with gene ontology (GO) annotations were membrane proteins, with 1447 proteins predicted to have transmembrane domains, and many of the membrane proteins were found to be involved in transport and cell signaling. The MS/MS spectrum count information for the identified proteins was used to provide a measure of relative protein abundances. The mouse brain peptide/protein database generated from this study represents the most comprehensive proteome coverage for the mammalian brain to date, and the basis for future quantitative brain proteomic studies using mouse models. The proteomic approach presented here may have broad applications for rapid proteomic analyses of various mouse models of human brain diseases.
Applying to US Institutions

Students from China choose to study in the United States for a quality college experience, as well as a prestigious degree. While the wide variety of US colleges and universities and the assortment of majors that they offer is enticing, it may also be overwhelming to those not familiar with the country’s system.
The Dual Contracts and Expansion of the Subways

The need for additional subways to service New York City was evident within weeks of the opening of the IRT in 1904. The path to the next phase of rapid transit expansion was long delayed by the opposition of August Belmont and the IRT, and by shifting political and financial conditions. Ultimately, the great expansion known as the “Dual Contracts” was adopted and implemented, while at the same time breaking the IRT’s monopoly over the system.
Promoter-enhancer looping at the PPARγ2 locus during adipogenic differentiation requires the Prmt5 methyltransferase

PPARγ2 is a critical lineage-determining transcription factor that is essential for adipogenic differentiation. Here we report characterization of the three-dimensional structure of the PPARγ2 locus after the onset of adipogenic differentiation and the mechanisms by which it forms. We identified a differentiation-dependent loop between the PPARγ2 promoter and an enhancer sequence 10 kb upstream that forms at the onset of PPARγ2 expression. The arginine methyltransferase Prmt5 was required for loop formation, and overexpression of Prmt5 resulted in premature loop formation and earlier onset of PPARγ2 expression. Kinetic studies of regulatory factor interactions at the PPARγ2 promoter and enhancer revealed enhanced interaction of Prmt5 with the promoter that preceded stable association of Prmt5 with enhancer sequences. Prmt5 knockdown prevented binding of both MED1, a subunit of Mediator complex that facilitates enhancer-promoter interactions, and Brg1, the ATPase of the mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzyme required for PPARγ2 activation and adipogenic differentiation. The data indicate a dynamic association of Prmt5 with the regulatory sequences of the PPARγ2 gene that facilitates differentiation-dependent, three-dimensional organization of the locus. In addition, other differentiation-specific, long-range chromatin interactions showed Prmt5-dependence, indicating a more general role for Prmt5 in mediating higher-order chromatin connections in differentiating adipocytes.
Conventional risk factors and cardiovascular outcomes of patients with inflammatory bowel disease with confirmed coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND Inflammation is increasingly being recognized as an important factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and outcome of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The purpose of this study was to compare conventional risk factors and PCI outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and non-IBD controls with angiographically proven coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS We performed a historical cohort study of patients with IBD who were diagnosed with CAD by cardiac catheterization between January 2004 and June 2010. Four non-IBD controls with CAD were matched to each IBD case. Framingham risk score and corresponding 10-year coronary heart disease risk were calculated for all the patients. Outcomes were obtained using a prospectively maintained Institutional Interventional Catheterization Database. RESULTS One hundred thirty-one patients with IBD (54 Crohn's disease, 77 ulcerative colitis) with CAD and 524 matched non-IBD controls with CAD were included. Patients with IBD were younger (65.3 ± 10.0 versus 67.8 ± 11.0 yr, P = 0.016), had lower prevalence of active tobacco use (10.7% versus 18.7%, P = 0.03), and had lower body mass index (28.0 ± 5.1 versus 29.4 ± 6.4, P = 0.026) compared with controls. Patients with IBD had lower rates of severe left anterior descending artery disease (56% versus 73%, P < 0.0002) and multivessel CAD (71% versus 79%, P = 0.05). There was no difference in post-PCI major adverse cardiovascular outcomes (defined as all-cause death, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular events, and target lesion revascularization). CONCLUSIONS Patients with IBD are diagnosed with CAD at a younger age as compared with non-IBD patients, are less likely to be active smokers and have lower body mass index. Post-PCI outcomes in patients with IBD with CAD are similar to non-IBD controls with CAD.
Summary of recent observations on the molecular biology of RNA tumor viruses and attempts at application to human leukemia.

RNA tumor viruses apparently replicate through a DNA intermediate (provirus), a reaction catalyzed by the polymerase of these viruses, the so-called “reverse transcriptase.” The viral genomic RNA is large (about 70S) and contains large tracts of poly A. These viruses can be induced by some halogenated pyrimidines from some non-producer cells. The induction of these viruses can be blocked by 3′-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin) but only at a very specific time (12 to 18 hours after induction). The mechanism of this block in induction may be due to interference with normal processing of the viral RNA after its transcription from proviral DNA, perhaps by blocking poly A formation. A reverse transcriptase is present in cytoplasmic particulate fractions from some patients with acute leukemia. This enzyme is very similar to the reverse transcriptase of viruses and may be viral in origin. Some criteria for its detection and features which distinguish it from major DNA polymerases of cells are reviewed. Some rationales and approaches for inhibition of viral replication are discussed.
Distinct Alteration in Brain Endothelin A and B Receptor Characteristics Following Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

Manipulation of the central endothelin (ET) system via either ET A antagonists or ET B agonists following experimental cerebral ischemia has been shown to be beneficial in previous experimental studies. In order to further explore the involvement of these receptors in cerebral ischemia, we determined changes in binding affinity (K d ) and density (B max ) of ET A and ET B receptors in the rat brain at 24 h and 1 week following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Rats subject to MCAO exhibited significant neurological and motor function deficit as well as large infarct volumes (126.41±40.12 and 152.82±21.67 mm 3 on days 1 and 7, respectively). B max increased (P d decrease d (P A receptors in the infarcted right cerebral hemisphere compared to sham 24 h post MCAO. However, after 7 days of MCAO, B max of ET A receptors was similar, while K d in the infarcted hemisphere increased (P B receptors were not altered 24 h post MCAO. However, 7days following MCAO, there was a significant decrease (P d values and an increase (P max values for ET B receptors in the ischemic cerebral hemisphere. The initial increase in ET A receptors is damaging and may be aggravating cerebral ischemia due to its vasoconstrictive actions. On the other hand, since ET B receptors have been shown to enhance brain angiogenesis, it is possible that an increase in binding characteristics of these receptors is part of a natural defense mechanism to repair the ischemic brain.
Comparison of speech-evoked V tone-evoked P300 response : Implications for predicting outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury

The P300 response is a cognitive event-related potential recorded over the scalp. The tone-evoked P300 response has been used to predict outcomes of patients with brain injury. However, it may lead to false predictions because some normal people have a very small tone-evoked P300 response. It is hypothesized that speech may generate a more robust P300 response than tones. A voice-generator prototype was designed for this study. The rare speech signal was the word "mommy" in a female voice. The common signal was a 1000-Hz tone. Twenty-two normal adults (11 males, 11 females; age range, 18-60 yr) were tested for both speech-evoked and tone-evoked P300 responses. Speech-evoked P300 responses had significantly larger amplitudes (mean, 12.1 microV) than the tone-evoked responses (mean, 5.9 microV; P < 0.0001). Six subjects with brain injury were also tested using the same protocol: two subjects with severe brain injury showed no response to either stimulus. Both died within 1 wk after the testing. Although two subjects with moderate brain injury could not complete the testing because of agitated behavior, two other subjects with mild traumatic brain injury showed a larger speech-evoked than tone-evoked P300 response. The speech-evoked P300 response may be promising in predicting outcomes of patients with brain injury.
TISSUE EXPANSION IN THE UPPER EXTREMITIES

In this article, the authors demonstrate current concepts of soft-tissue reconstruction using tissue expansion principles. History, pathophysiology, and biomechanics of tissue expansion are reviewed. Anatomic areas of expander use in the upper extremity have been delineated, as well as new concepts of nerve and arterial elongation using intraoperative expansion techniques. The authors outline their current technique of upper extremity tissue expansion in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative settings, allowing the reader to appreciate the technique of tissue expansion and its role in soft-tissue reconstruction of the upper extremity.
Aorta-coronary artery saphenous vein bypass grafts. Isolated and combined with other procedures.

The results in 578 patients who underwent a saphenous vein bypass graft operation (isolated SVBG) or a SVBG combined with other procedures (combined SVBG) from 1969 through 1972 were analyzed. The operative mortality rate was low (3 per cent) for isolated SVBG but increased considerably for combined SVBG. The late mortality rate was also low (4 per cent) for isolated SVBG and also increased markedly for combined SVBG. The operative mortality rate did not change in the group undergoing left ventricular aneurysmectomy or mitral valve surgery for postinfarction mitral insufficiency, whether or not SVBG was used; however, late results were better in both groups when SVBG was performed. Among all groups, patients with postinfarction mitral insufficiency or rheumatic mitral incompetence associated with coronary artery disease had the poorest outcome. Despite the operative and late deaths, patients undergoing SVBG with aortic valve replacement showed excellent results in the group of survivors.
Biological Systems through the Informational Lens

Abstract Computation is often seen as information processing. Many biological systems may be investigated in terms of information storage, signaling, and data processing networks. Much of this data processing activity is embodied in structural transformations in spatial scales ranging from the molecular to cellular networks. The biomedical sciences make use of an increasingly powerful arsenal of tools and technologies for obtaining structural data as well as details of mass transport and the chemical and electrical signals that underlie these fundamental biological processes. For example, new staining techniques combined with computer-based electron microscope tomography, permit the clear imaging of chromatin filaments in the cell nucleus and filament networks in the cytoplasmic and extracellular space via the electron microscope. The application of tomographic reconstruction software developed at the National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research (NCMIR) enables detailed 3D reconstructions of the relevant biological structures and processes. In order to deal with fundamental issues related to information processing in biological systems, new data processing methods as well as advances in chemically sensitive probes and imaging technology must be applied across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. One class of increasingly useful tools for modeling biological systems, evaluating imaging technologies and characterizing the fidelity of digital processing has its roots in theoretical investigations in statistical mechanics, which arise from the concepts of information and entropy. We review how concepts of information and entropy may give new perspectives on the flow of information within biological systems, as well as our instrumentation and computer processing.
Ore Deposits in Ophiolites

Perhaps one of the most significant aspects of the new theories regarding the origin of ophiolites is the resurgence of interest (1972–1975) by mining companies in exploration for stratabound ore bodies within superficially worked out prehistoric and historic mines in copper-rich massive sulfide zones because of recognition of the geologic setting and localization of these deposits within ophiolite belts (Sillitoe, 1972; Holmes, et al., 1975; Huston, 1975). The fact that these massive sulfide deposits are stratabound within the pillow lava sections of the ophiolite sequence indicates that they probably formed within the ocean basins and that they are related to volcanogenic processes at spreading centers (Sillitoe, 1972, 1973; Duke and Hutchinson, 1974; Spooner et al., 1974). Differentiation of mafic and ultramafic magmas deep within the spreading centers also concentrate chromite and minor sulfides and these processes are equally important to the formation of ore deposits within the oceanic crust. There are, of course, other massive sulfide deposits formed in geologic environments quite distinct from those deposits occurring in ophiolites. The discussion to follow is concerned only with those massive sulfide deposits from the volcanic parts of ophiolites.
Surgical Management of Advanced and Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Multidisciplinary Approach.

The past decade has seen a rapid proliferation in the number and types of systemic therapies available for renal cell carcinoma. However, surgery remains an integral component of the therapeutic armamentarium for advanced and metastatic kidney cancer. Cytoreductive surgery followed by adjuvant cytokine-based immunotherapy (predominantly high dose interleukin 2) has largely given way to systemic targeted therapies. Metastasectomy also has a role in carefully selected patients. Additionally, neoadjuvant systemic therapy may increase the feasibility of resecting the primary tumor, which may be beneficial for patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Several prospective trials examining the role of adjuvant therapy are underway. Lastly, the first immune checkpoint inhibitor was approved for metastatic renal cell carcinoma in 2015, providing a new treatment mechanism and new opportunities for combining systemic therapy with surgery. This review discusses current and historical literature regarding the surgical management of patients with advanced and metastatic renal cell carcinoma and explores approaches for optimizing patient selection.
High‐Throughput Methods to Detect Long Non‐Coding RNAs

Increasing evidence suggests that the numbers of long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are more than those of protein‐coding genes in various organisms. Although the detection methods for lncRNAs are being increasingly established, there are advantages and disadvantages that exist for each method. In this opinion article, I highlight the differences between microarrays and RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) for the detection of lncRNAs. Compared to RNA‐seq, microarrays are limited to the known sequences. However, the detection method as well as data analysis workflow is more established, which makes it easier to analyze the data for bench scientists without extensive knowledge about computer programming. In order to highlight the usage of microarrays over RNA‐seq for the detection of lncRNAs, we are organizing a special issue for High‐Throughput called “Microarrays in Non‐Coding RNAs Profiling”, which will include the specific usages of microarrays for lncRNAs.
Recent Developments: Decoupling Marriage & Procreation: A Feminist Argument for Same-Sex Marriage

The quickly arriving reality of same-sex marriage is a move forward for all couples who marry, including opposite-sex and transgender couples. This piece examines the way that same-sex marriage will improve these other marriages. In particular, I argue that the “essential aspects” of marriage remain sex and reproduction—domains associated with the wife in a traditional marriage in a way that serves to denigrate women. Although the long-existing link between procreation and marriage has begun to fade, it will not be until same-sex marriage is fully legalized that opposite-sex marriage can fundamentally change. Therefore, both feminists and advocates of same-sex marriage should work together to continue to make marriage relevant for the modern day. INTRODUCTION 308 I. IMPLICATIONS OF THE MARRIAGE-PROCREATION COUPLING 309 II. THE SLOWLY SHIFTING VIEWS OF PROCREATION AND MARRIAGE IN FAMILY LAW 313 A. Annulment 314 B. Assisted Reproductive Technology 318 C. Adoption 323 D. Same-Sex Marriage 327 1. Starting with Sex: Lawrence as a Foundation 328 2. California’s Same-Sex Marriage Cases 329 3. Same-Sex Marriage Litigation from Other Jurisdictions 333 III. HOW SAME-SEX MARRIAGE CAN RE-DEFINE ALL MARRIAGE 334 A. Application of Annulment Law to Same-Sex Marriages 335 B. Same-Sex Marriage Litigation and the Separation of Procreation from Marriage 337 CONCLUSION 337 † The author received a BA from University of Kentucky in 2009 and a JD from the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law in 2012. She would like to thank Erin Everett for her excellent editorial assistance on this piece. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ALSGAARD (DO NOT DELETE) 6/22/2012 3:50 PM 308 BERKELEY JOURNAL OF GENDER, LAW & JUSTICE
Joint Modeling of Heterogeneous Sensing Data for Depression Assessment via Multi-task Learning

Depression is a common mood disorder that causes severe medical problems and interferes negatively with daily life. Identifying human behavior patterns that are predictive or indicative of depressive disorder is important. Clinical diagnosis of depression relies on costly clinician assessment using survey instruments which may not objectively reflect the fluctuation of daily behavior. Self-administered surveys, such as the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) commonly used to monitor depression, may show disparities from clinical decision. Smartphones provide easy access to many behavioral parameters, and Fitbit wrist bands are becoming another important tool to assess variables such as heart rates and sleep efficiency that are complementary to smartphone sensors. However, data used to identify depression indicators have been limited to a single platform either iPhone, or Android, or Fitbit alone due to the variation in their methods of data collection. The present work represents a large-scale effort to collect and integrate data from mobile phones, wearable devices, and self reports in depression analysis by designing a new machine learning approach. This approach constructs sparse mappings from sensing variables collected by various tools to two separate targets: self-reported QIDS scores and clinical assessment of depression severity. We propose a so-called heterogeneous multi-task feature learning method that jointly builds inference models for related tasks but of different types including classification and regression tasks. The proposed method was evaluated using data collected from 103 college students and could predict the QIDS score with an R2 reaching 0.44 and depression severity with an F1-score as high as 0.77. By imposing appropriate regularizers, our approach identified strong depression indicators such as time staying at home and total time asleep.
Learning Geography in the Absence of Sight

Sight is the most comprehensive of the senses when dealing with the geospatial domain. Not only does sight reach well beyond the radii of other human senses and other body parts, but, since geography has a long tradition of representing its data and its findings in forms tailored to visual representation, it is indeed difficult to think of doing geography without sight. Usually, when one thinks of a geographic representation, one thinks of maps, images, tables, graphs, charts, sketches, photographs, videos, and, now, immersive or desktop virtual environments. Some of these representations are available in hardcopy; others are projected on a screen (including computer screens). As more and more geospatial problems have been pursued with the help of computers and electronic representational forms, such as geographic information systems (GIS), the emphasis on visualization for the representational modality has become even more obvious.
Monoclonal and anti-idiotypic antibodies and the elucidation of receptor structure.

While the major potential of monoclonal and anti-idiotypic antibodies in receptor research is yet to be realized, substantial progress has clearly been made on many fronts. It is expected that antireceptor antibodies will become the primary reagents in receptor studies. Monoclonal and anti-idiotypic antibodies will allow investigators to utilize standardized reagents of remarkable specificity in a diverse range of biochemical and physical research.
Retinal Degeneration and Cholesterol Deficiency

Abstract Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is a recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in the gene (DHCR7) that encodes the enzyme sterol-Δ7-reductase. Such mutations lead to inefficient conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol. As a result, affected individuals exhibit abnormally low levels of cholesterol and excessive levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol in all bodily tissues and fluids, in addition to multiple dysmorphologies and cognitive and neurologic impairments, including visual deficits, failure to thrive, and premature death. A rat model of this hereditary disease has been developed, which exhibits progressive retinal degeneration and diminished scotopic and photopic visual function. Dietary cholesterol supplementation partially prevents the electrophysiologic visual deficits but not the histologic degeneration. Recent findings suggest that formation of oxysterol by-products derived from 7-dehydrocholesterol, rather than simply the lack of sufficient levels of cholesterol or abnormal levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol per se, may underlie some, if not many, of the observed pathologic features in the human disease as well as in the animal model. This suggests that blocking the formation of such oxysterols, for example, by suitable application of antioxidants, in combination with exogenous cholesterol administration, may provide an improved therapeutic intervention for this disease.
A Tale of Two Women: The Claims for Asylum of Fauziya Kassindja, Who Fled FGC, and Rody Alvarado, a Survivor of Partner (Domestic) Abuse

In 1996, in a widely celebrated precedent decision, the Board of Immigration Appeals (Board or BIA), granted asylum to Fauziya Kassindja, a young woman from Togo who fled to the U.S. to escape the imminent prospect of female genital cutting (FGC). The decision, Matter of Kasinga, was notable for being the first published decision to recognize that an asylum claim could be based on gender-related persecution; it was also notable in applying and interpreting the controversial “social group” ground of the Refugee Convention. Later that same year, Rody Alvarado, a Guatemalan woman, sought asylum in the United States after suffering more than a decade of brutal and unrelenting violence at the hands of her husband. Applying the precedent in Kasinga, an immigration judge granted Rody Alvarado asylum, reasoning that although the form of persecution was different, the rationale was the same – namely that women harmed because of their gender could establish a claim on the basis of the “social group ground” and could meet the refugee definition. The U.S. government appealed the grant of asylum, arguing it was improper, and three years later – in 1999 – the Board of Immigration Appeals reversed the grant of asylum to Rody Alvarado. It would be another ten years until her case was finally resolved, and she was granted asylum. This paper examines the very different treatment of claims based on FGC, and those based on domestic violence in the United States. It describes the legal terrain and implications underlying both decisions, but also goes beyond the legal analysis to examine how these cases have been misunderstood, and frequently pulled into the orbit of the long-standing debate between universality of human rights and cultural relativism.
Humanistic and Positive Psychology Factors as Predictors of Mexican American Adolescents’ Vocational Outcome Expectations

One-hundred thirty-one Mexican American adolescents provided perceptions of presence of meaning in life, search for meaning in life, hope, family importance, subjective happiness, and vocational ou...
Pale (Clear) Cell Acanthoma of the Palate

Clear cell acanthoma (CCA), also known as pale cell acanthoma, represents a rare benign epidermal tumor with strong predilection for the lower extremities of middle-aged individuals and no frank gender preference. The etiology of CCA is poorly understood, although a localized psoriasiform reaction is favored. Herein, we report on the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features, and HPV status of an apparent example of oral CCA. A 58-year-old female presented with a well-circumscribed, asymptomatic, exophytic, sessile and erythematous nodule of the right hard palate, measuring 0.7 cm in greatest dimension. Microscopically, the lesion featured parakeratosis and acanthosis with neutrophilic microabscesses and broad elongated rete pegs. In areas, spinous epithelial cells exhibited pale or clear cytoplasm without nuclear pleomorphism, mitoses or cytologic atypia. The supporting connective tissue revealed mild chronic inflammation with few scattered neutrophils and numerous capillary vessels. PAS histochemical stain with and without diastase disclosed the presence of cytoplasmic glycogen in the pale cells. The majority of glycogen-rich epithelial cells stained strongly for EMA and were negative for D2-40. Ki-67 immunostaining was confined only to the basal cell layer of the epithelium. A diagnosis of CCA was rendered. The lesion was negative for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, as assessed by HPV-DNA PCR using the MY09/11 primers for the L1 conserved region, thus HPV infection does not appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of oral CCA. In conclusion, we report an intraoral example of CCA in order to raise awareness about this entity.
Abstract P152: Forkhead Box Subclass O Transcription Factors Differentially Regulate Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Expression in Smooth Muscle

Nitric oxide (NO) stimulates soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) activity leading to elevated cyclic guanosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cGMP) and vascular smooth muscle relaxation. Downregulation of sGC ex...
Management of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Florida Peanut Production

Nematodes, non-segmented roundworms, can cause serious yield suppression in peanut production. This 10-page fact sheet written by Zane J. Grabau and Donald W. Dickson and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Entomology and Nematology explains how to recognize a potential nematode problem in a peanut production, confirm it with an expert, and choose the best management tools to control the problem. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1199
Chimbuko: A Workflow-Level Scalable Performance Trace Analysis Tool

Because of the limits input/output systems currently impose on high-performance computing systems, a new generation of workflows that include online data reduction and analysis is emerging. Diagnosing their performance requires sophisticated performance analysis capabilities due to the complexity of execution patterns and underlying hardware, and no tool could handle the voluminous performance trace data needed to detect potential problems. This work introduces Chimbuko, a performance analysis framework that provides real-time, distributed, in situ anomaly detection. Data volumes are reduced for human-level processing without losing necessary details. Chimbuko supports online performance monitoring via a visualization module that presents the overall workflow anomaly distribution, call stacks, and timelines. Chimbuko also supports the capture and reduction of performance provenance. To the best of our knowledge, Chimbuko is the first online, distributed, and scalable workflow-level performance trace analysis framework, and we demonstrate the tool's usefulness on Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Summit system.
Opening the “Black Box” of Federal Illegal Reentry Sentencing: A Non-Participant Observational Analysis of Sentencing Constraints and Judicial Discretion

Judicial discretion in sentencing has historically produced disparities in criminal sentencing outcomes. In an effort to address disparity at the federal level, in 1984, the U.S. Congress passed legislation that led to the creation of the U.S. Sentencing Commission and subsequently the adoption of federal sentencing guidelines. Studies show that even among similarly situated defendants (in terms of offense score and criminal history category) disparities have persisted regardless of the sentencing guidelines. An understudied source of disparity is the combined and interactive role of judges, prosecutors, and defense attorneys in the application of the guidelines and the statutory framework that informs sentencing. The current study examines sentencing for the federal offense of illegal reentry of removed aliens (8 U.S. Code §1326) in one division of a U.S. District Court. This study reports data from direct non-participant observation of sentencing hearings and publicly available court records. Findings reveal sources of sentencing disparity among similarly situated cases that are not readily illuminated by the yearly quantitative data provided by the U.S. Sentencing Commission. The findings suggest that disparity in the sentencing of similarly situated illegal reentry defendants is influenced by differential judicial interpretation of and use of the tools made available to them in the sentencing guidelines and the statutory sentencing authority.
Comprehensive Review of Topical Analgesics for Chronic Pain.

Topical analgesics are a non-opioid option for the treatment of chronic pain conditions including neuropathic pain, musculoskeletal pain, and osteoarthritis. There are many topical medications available; however their efficacy is variable. This article reviews the various topical analgesics, their mechanisms of action, and their efficacy. Studies have found topical NSAIDs are useful in treating acute musculoskeletal pain syndromes (strains and sprains) and show some efficacy in treating hand and knee osteoarthritis (Derry et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5:CD008609, 2017). Topical capsaicin 8% has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia, painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and HIV-neuropathy (Derry et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD007393, 2017). Topical lidocaine has been widely studied and found to reduce pain in patients with postherpetic neuralgia (Knezevic et al. Pain Manag 7:537–58, 2017). Although many other topical analgesics are available, there is limited data to support the efficacy of other agents. Topical analgesics are a relatively benign treatment for chronic pain conditions including neuropathic pain, musculoskeletal, and myofascial pain. There is evidence to support the use of topical NSAIDs, high concentration topical capsaicin, and topical lidocaine for various painful conditions.
Power and Privilege: Reshaping the Opportunity Structure for Equitable Leadership in Statistics and Data Science

Innovation in statistics and data science requires the equitable elevation of diverse perspectives. In this chapter, I explore the mechanisms by which the tightly woven interplay between power and privilege serves as an impediment to and catalyst for progressively reshaping the opportunity structure for leadership in our field.
High-Resolution Soil-Moisture Maps Over Landslide Regions in Northern California Grassland Derived From SAR Backscattering Coefficients

Slow-moving landslides are destabilized by accumulated precipitation and consequent soil moisture. Yet, the continuous high-resolution soil-moisture measurements needed to aid the understanding of landslide processes are generally absent in steep terrain. Here, we produce soil-moisture time-series maps for a seasonally active grassland landslide in the northern California coast ranges, USA, using backscattering coefficients from NASA's uninhabited aerial vehicle synthetic aperture radar at 6-m resolution. A physically based radar scattering model is used to retrieve the near-surface (5-cm depth) soil moisture for the landslide. Both forward modeling (backscattering estimation) and the retrieval (soil-moisture validation) show good agreement. The root-mean-square errors (RMSE) for vertical transmit vertical receive ( VV ) and horizontal transmit horizontal receive ( HH ) polarizations in forward model comparison are 1.93 dB and 1.88 dB, respectively. The soil-moisture retrieval shows unbiased RMSE of 0.054 m3/m3. Our successful retrieval benefits from the surface and double-bounce scattering, which is common in grasslands. The retrieved maps show saturated wetness conditions within the active landslide boundaries. We also performed sensitivity tests for incidence angle and found that the retrieval is weakly dependent on the angle, especially while using copolarized HH and VV together. Using the two copolarized inputs, the retrieval is also not sensitive to the change of orientation angles of grass cylinders. The physical model inversion presented here can be generally applied for soil-moisture retrieval in areas with the same vegetation cover types in California.
Fistula between a patent omphalomesenteric duct and a ruptured omphalocele sac in a neonate

Abstract This case report serves to document a rare case of a neonate who presented to the NICU with a patent omphalomesenteric duct (OMD) connected to the top of a ruptured omphalocele sac. Initial evaluation of the neonate in-utero led to the diagnosis of gastroschisis due to the presence of free-floating intestines on ultrasound. However, a ruptured omphalocele sac was discovered grossly upon delivery. Additionally, intestines were found in the midline of the abdomen, a common characteristic of omphaloceles. Therefore, the diagnosis was modified from gastroschisis to ruptured omphalocele. Further gross examination revealed a patent omphalomesenteric duct forming a fistula to the top of the ruptured omphalocele sac. After the appropriate workup and necessary procedures, the neonate had only one bowel movement over 2.5 weeks and was intolerant of food, raising suspicion for an intestinal atresia. Evaluation revealed a type 1 intestinal atresia distal to the patent OMD and omphalocele sac. The atresia was initially masked by bowel inflammation in the neonate at birth. Resection of the atretic bowel led to appropriate bowel movements and increased food intake. The neonate was eventually discharged in good health.
Chromatin alterations in the aging lung change progenitor cell activity

The lung contains multiple progenitor cell types that respond to damage, but how their responses are choreographed and why they decline with age is poorly understood. We report that histone H3 lysine 9 di-methylation (K9me2), mediated by histone methyltransferase G9a, regulates the dynamics of lung epithelial progenitor cells, and this regulation deteriorates with age. In aged mouse lungs, K9me2 loss coincided with lower frequency and activity of alveolar type 2 (AT2) cell progenitors. In contrast, K9me2 loss resulted in increased frequency and activity of multipotent progenitor cells with bronchiolar and alveolar potential (BASCs) and bronchiolar progenitors. K9me2 depletion in young mice through deletion or inhibition of G9a decreased AT2 progenitor activity and impaired alveolar injury regeneration. Conversely, K9me2 depletion increased chromatin accessibility of bronchiolar cell genes, increased BASC frequency and accelerated bronchiolar repair. K9me2 depletion also resulted in increased bronchiolar cell expression of the SARS-CoV2 receptor Ace2 in aged lungs. These data point to K9me2 and G9a as a critical regulator of the balance of lung progenitor cell regenerative responses and prevention of susceptibility to age-related lung diseases. These findings indicate that epigenetic regulation coordinates progenitor cell populations to expedite regeneration in the most efficient manner and disruption of this regulation presents significant challenges to lung health.
Searching for a "Brain Signature" of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Event-Related Potentials and the Quest for Biomarkers of Cognition.

SUMMARY This review summarizes main applications of event-related potentials (ERPs) to the study of cognitive processes in persons with neurodevelopmental disorders, for whom traditional behavioral assessments may not be suitable. A brief introduction to the ERPs is followed by a review of empirical studies using passive ERP paradigms to address three main questions: characterizing individual differences, predicting risk for poor developmental outcomes, and documenting treatment effects in persons with neurodevelopmental disorders. Evidence across studies reveals feasibility of ERP methodology in a wide range of clinical populations and notes consistently stronger brain-behavior associations involving ERP measures of higher-order cognition compared with sensory-perceptual processes. The final section describes the current limitations of ERP methodology that need to be addressed before it could be used as a clinical tool and highlights the needed steps toward translating ERPs from group-level research applications to individually interpretable clinical use.
Teaching Students to Solve Subtraction Problems Online via the Virtual-Representational-Abstract Instructional Sequence

Research exists on mathematical interventions to support elementary students experiencing mathematical difficulties, yet little examines the provision of such interventions within an online learnin...
Efficient Multi-Robot Inspection of Row Crops via Kernel Estimation and Region-Based Task Allocation

Modern agriculture relies on accurate and timely data. Currently, most of this data is gathered using remote sensing, which uses a combination of satellite and aerial imagery. However, ground robots are needed to fill in the gaps for finer ground-level data and the execution of physical tasks such as sample collection. The scales at which crops are produced preclude the inspection of each and every plant, thus requiring the selection of a smaller number of inspection targets. In this paper, we solve this multi-robot inspection problem using a novel task allocation algorithm. The algorithm derives its utility function from a model based on Gaussian process machine learning with a kernel that is learned from previous data. The algorithm also considers the physical limitations of moving within crop rows by dividing the plot into geodesic Voronoi regions based on robot locations. Simulation studies are performed to validate the method.
Identification of Uniaxial Crystals

The properties of uniaxial crystals discussed in this chapter are of two kinds, optical and crystallographic. Chief among the optical properties used in identification in immersion mounts are those related to refractive index, optic sign, and color. In thin section, the most useful optical properties are relief, birefringence, and optic sign. Crystallographic properties that are most useful include those related to crystal habit, cleavage, and twinning.
Prehypertension in Adolescents: Risk and Progression

In 2004, the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents recommended a new designation of prehypertension for children with mildly elevated blood pressure (BP). This description was intended to help identify children most at risk for the development of persistent hypertension for whom targeted prevention programs would be most beneficial and was based largely on expert opinions and epidemiologic normal values. This review summarizes the knowledge that has been gained regarding the epidemiology and risk associated with prehypertension in adolescents since its inception and highlights future challenges in understanding and preventing the development of hypertensive disease in this population.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a 42-kDa Protein Phosphatase of Leishmania chagasi*

Using rabbit serum raised against a potent T cell-stimulating antigen fraction of Leishmania chagasi promastigotes, we have cloned and expressed the Leishmania type 2C serine/threonine protein phosphatase, LcPP2C. LcPP2C was shown to be present as a 42-kDa protein in both the infective promastigote and tissue amastigote stages of L. chagasi and Leishmania amazonensis. DNA hybridization studies established the close conservation of LcPP2C among eight of eight geographically diverse species of Leishmania which cause a spectrum of human diseases. To support the relationship between LcPP2C and mammalian type 2C protein phosphatases observed through predicted amino acid sequence comparisons, we expressed enzymatically active rLcPP2C in Escherichia coli. We demonstrated that purified rLcPP2C readily dephosphorylated [32P]casein, an activity dependent on Mg2+ and insensitive to okadaic acid. In agreement with studies of rat liver PP2C, activity was maintained when Mg+2 was replaced with Mn+2 but not with Ca2+. As these parameters are characteristic of the eukaryotic type 2C serine/threonine protein phosphatases, LcPP2C can be classified as a member of this protein family. We further showed that of the four major classes of eukaryotic serine/threonine protein phosphatases, PP2C-and PP1-like activities, are readily detectable in Leishmania.
Use of Air-Liquid Two-Phase Flow in Hydrophobic Microfluidic Channels for Disposable Flow Cytometers

This paper describes a disposable flow cytometer that uses an air-liquid two-phase microfluidic system to produce a focused high-speed liquid sample stream of particles and cells. The susceptibility of thin liquid columns to instabilities may suggest that focusing of sample liquids with streams of air would be difficult. The design of channel geometry, control of flow rates, and use of appropriate surface chemistries on the channel walls, however, enabled the generation of thin (15–100 μm) and partially bounded sample streams that were stable and suitable for rapid cell analysis. Using an inverted epi-fluorescence microscope with a photo-multiplier tube, we demonstrated that the system is capable of counting the number of beads and C2C12 myoblast cells. The effects of different flow rates and surface chemistries of the channel walls on the air-liquid two-phase flows were characterized using optical and confocal microscopy. Use of air instead of liquids as a sheath fluid eliminates the need for large sheath liquid reservoirs, and reduces the volume and weight requirements. The low manufacturing cost and high volumetric efficiency make the air-sheath flow cytometer attractive for use as a stand-alone device or as an integrated component of bio-artificial hybrid microsystems.
Integrated Logistics: Approximation Algorithms Combining Facility Location and Network Design

We initiate a study of the approximability of integrated logistics problems that combine elements of facility location and the associated transport network design.In the simplest version, we are given a graph G = (V,E) with metric edge costs c, a set of potential facilities F ? V with nonnegative facility opening costs ?, a set of clients D ? V (each with unit demand), and a positive integer u (cable capacity). We wish to open facilities and construct a network of cables, such that every client is served by some open facility and all cable capacities are obeyed. The objective is to minimize the sum of facility opening and cable installation costs. With only one zero-cost facility and infinite u, this is the Steiner tree problem, while with unit capacity cables this is the Uncapacitated Facility Location problem. We give a (?ST +?UFL)-approximation algorithm for this problem, where ?P denotes any approximation ratio for problem P.For an extension when the facilities don't have costs but no more than p facilities may be opened, we provide a bicriteria approximation algorithm that has total cost at most ?p-MEDIAN+2 times the minimum but opens up to 2p facilities.Finally, for the general version with k different types of cables, we extend the techniques of [Guha, Meyerson, Munagala, STOC 2001] to provide an O(k) approximation.
The Concept of Time in Psychology: A Resource Book and Annotated Bibliography

Preface Introduction PreScientific Accounts of Time Early Scientific Accounts of Time in Psychology (1860-1910) Premodern Scientific Accounts of Time in Psychology (1911-1949) Modern Scientific Accounts of Time in Psychology (1950-1999) Bibliography of Time Studies in Psychology (1980-1999) Indexes