cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetics of Childhood Disorders: XVI. Angelman Syndrome: A Failure to Process

The contribution to human diseases of the genetic mechanism called imprinting has been discovered only during the past decade. Imprinting is not consistent with our previous understanding of how genes are expressed. Prior belief was that each gene in a cell had 2 alleles, one on the maternal and the other on the paternal chromosome. When a gene was turned on, both alleles were transcribed equally and functional protein was produced from both chromosomes. For the majority of genes, this is exactly what happens. However, when there is genetic imprinting, just 1 of the 2 alleles is expressed, while the other is silenced or "imprinted." Whether the allele is transcribed or not depends on whether it lies on the chromosome derived from the father or that derived from the mother. Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes are 2 illnesses that exemplify this mechanism. The molecular basis for Prader-Willi was discussed in the last column. The molecular basis for Angelman will serve as the focus for the present column. I will reviewthe clinical symptoms before turning to a discussion of the genetic basis for the disorder. Individualswith Angelman syndrome (AS) have severe motor and intellectual retardation. They are often hypotonic at birth, developepilepsysoon thereafter,and rarelydevelopspeech.They have unusual facies characterized by a large mandible and an open-mouthed expression. Additional featuresinclude an abnormal gait and puppet-like movements of their limbs. They are often described as "happy" children because of their frequent smiles and laughter. Several additional features include a facility for protruding their tongues, abnormal skin pigmentation, and a characteristicabnormal EEG dischargepattern. Approximately 10 years ago, high-resolution cytogenetic studies of patients with Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes were performed. The initial studies suggested that the same chromosomal band was deleted in both disorders (l5q11.2). The deletions appeared indistinguishable by cytogenetic or
A neural network for detection of signals in communication

An architecture of densely connected compact neural networks is presented for the maximum-likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) of signals in digital communications. The combinatorial minimization of the detection cost Is performed through the optimization of a concave Lyapunov function associated with the network, and truly paralleled operations can be achieved via the collective computational behaviors. In addition, the MLSE performance can be improved by a paralleled annealing technique which has been developed for obtaining optimal or near-optimal solutions in high-speed, real-time applications. Given a sequence of length n, the network of complexity and throughput rate are O(L) and n/T/sub c/, respectively, where L is the number of symbols the inference spans and T/sub c/ is the convergence time. The hardware architecture as well as network models, neuron models, and methods of feeding the input to the network are addressed in terms of the probability of error. Through the simulations, it is demonstrated that the proposed compact neural network approach is an efficient method of realizing the MLSE receiver.
Core Histones of the Amitochondriate Protist, Giardia lamblia

Genes coding for the core histones H2a, H2b, H3, and H4 of Giardia lamblia were sequenced. A conserved organism- and gene-specific element, GRGCGCAGATTTVGG, was found upstream of the coding region in all core histone genes. The derived amino acid sequences of all four histones were similar to their homologs in other eukaryotes, although they were among the most divergent members of this protein family. Comparative protein structure modeling combined with energy evaluation of the resulting models indicated that the G. lamblia core histones individually and together can assume the same three-dimensional structures that were established by X-ray crystallography for Xenopus laevis histones and the nucleosome core particle. Since G. lamblia represents one of the earliest-diverging eukaryotes in many different molecular trees, the structure of its histones is potentially of relevance to understanding histone evolution. The G. lamblia proteins do not represent an intermediate stage between archaeal and eukaryotic histones.
Using history invariants to verify observers

This paper contributes a technique that expands the set of object invariants that one can reason about in modular verification. The technique uses history invariants, two-state invariants that describe the evolution of data values. The technique enables a flexible new way to specify and verify variations of the observer pattern, including iterators. The paper details history invariants and the new kind of object invariants, and proves a soundness theorem.
Quantum computing and quantum complexity theory

There is strong evidence that computers based upon the principles of quantum physics represent an inherently new and more powerful model of computation. Such computers violate the modern form of the Church-Turing thesis (which lies at the foundations of computer science). This thesis can be informally summarized as follows: all physical implementations of computing devices can be described by the same abstract model of computation-the probabilistic Turing Machine or the equivalent random access machine. In this paper, we will describe two formal models for quantum computers: quantum circuits and quantum Turing Machines, introduced by Deutsch [1985].
Immediate Pain Response Does Not Predict Long-Term Outcome of CT-Guided Cervical Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Imaging-guided cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections have been shown to decrease verbal numerical pain scores and improve functionality (Roland Morris Disability Index). These injections are often administered in combination with local anesthetic. The purpose of this study was to determine if the immediate postprocedure VNPS predicts the long-term effectiveness of the injection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A quality assurance data base review of 247 patient records was used to document the VNPS and RMDI of patients undergoing a single CT-guided CTESI. Pain scores were recorded before the procedure, immediately after the procedure, at 2 weeks, and at 2 months. The RMDI was recorded before the procedure, at 2 weeks, and at 2 months. Spearman rank correlation analysis and logistic regression models were used to determine if the immediate postprocedure or 2-week VNPS correlated with or predicted the longer-term VNPS and RMDI as measured at 2 weeks and 2 months. RESULTS: There was not a strong correlation between the pain score obtained immediately after the procedure and the 2-month outcome of the VNPS or RMDI. The pain scores at 2 weeks did correlate with the 2-month outcomes. The 2-week VNPS also was a significant predictor of patients who would achieve a >50% improvement in VNPS or RMDI at 2 months. CONCLUSIONS: Pain scores obtained immediately after completion of a single CT-guided CTESI do not predict the long-term effectiveness of this procedure. However, patient response at 2 weeks does correlate with the long-term effectiveness of these injections as measured by the VNPS and the RMDI.
Pilot trial of FK 506 in the management of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome

Seven patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome were treated with FK 506 monotherapy. Four patients were children with focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis (FSGS). Three of these had evldence for chronic progressive renal disease consisting of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy on pretreatment renal biopsies. Two patients had also failed cyclosporin A (CsA), two cyclophosphamide, and one chlorambucil prior to treatment with FK 506. Three patients were adults wlth mesangial proliferative. membranoproliferative, and membranous glomerulonephritis. Three patterns of response were noted: (1) a reduction in proteinuria to normal levels, (2) partial response (50% reduction) or; (3) no improvement. All patients except one experienced at least a 50% reduction in protein excretion at some time during FK 506 therapy. Two of the children and one adult reduced protein excretion to essentially normal values. One patient had no sustained reduction In Droteln excretion and is considered to be a treatment fallure, although her protein excretion was approximately 50% of pretreatment values intermittently. The drug was generally well tolerated. The most common side-effect was nephrotoxlclty, whlch was reversible. These encouraging results suggest that FK 506 monotherapy may be effective in controlling the proteinuria of somc patlents with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome The use of this drug may extend our understanding of the role of T lymphocytes and cytokines in the pathogenesls of glomerulonephritis. Further study of this agent In a larger population of patlents is warranted. © 1993 European Dialysis and Transplant Assoiation-European Renal Association.
Management of thoracic aortic graft infections

Abstract Background . We reviewed our experience managing patients with thoracic aortic graft infections to evaluate their clinical characteristics and outcomes of treatment. Methods . Records of 20 consecutive patients with thoracic aortic graft infections managed over a 7 year period were retrospectively reviewed. Current follow-up status was obtained for all survivors. Results . Nineteen patients (95%) underwent surgical treatment. Graft excision and in situ replacement were performed using Dacron grafts (10/19, 53%) or cryopreserved homografts (5/19, 26%). Three pseudoaneurysms were managed by debridement and primary repair. Although 30 day postoperative survival was 89% (17/19), in-hospital mortality occurred in 8 patients (42%). Infected thoracoabdominal aortic grafts were universally fatal. Of 6 patients with infected composite valve grafts, both patients who received new composite valve grafts died and all 4 who received homografts survived ( p = 0.067). Conclusions . Infections involving thoracic aortic grafts continue to carry a high mortality rate, especially in patients with polymicrobial infections, thoracoabdominal aortic graft infections, and composite valve graft infections. Use of homografts in the latter situation may improve outcome.
An Elementary Condition for Non-norm Elements for QAM and HEX Signals

Cyclic division algebra (CDA) has recently become a major technique to construct space-time block codes with nonvanishing determinant (NVD). One of the key steps in this technique is the determination of non-norm elements and a sufficient condition for the determination has been given by Kiran and Rajan lately based on algebraic number theory. In this paper, based on Kiran and Rajan's condition, we present a more elementary condition for non-norm elements when signals are QAM, i.e., in Z[i], or HEX, i.e., Z[j], which is easier to check. With this elementary condition, non-norm elements with smaller absolute values than the existing ones can be found.
A Rigorous Justification of the Point B Method for Determination of Monolayer Capacity from a Type II Adsorption Isotherm

A mathematical justification of the Point B method, based in a new, simple, two-layered isotherm is given. The sharp decrease. of surface affinity near Point B is simulated mathe­ matically using the new isotherm. A parameter c which is closely related to the constant c of a BET isotherm is found to characterize the distinctness of the layered structure of an adsorbed phase. Excluding the last two types, the empirical BDDT classification of adsorp­ tion isotherms is explained in terms of the distinctness of layered structures. The suspicion that moO:olayer capacity as determined by a BET plot is not reliable unless the isotherm has a distinctive Point B is supported mathematically and explained physically. Rather than providing a qualitative description over a wide range of fractional coverage, as does the BET model, the present isotherm is intended to give a quantitative description over a small neighborhood of Point B in the hope of improving monolayer capacity measurement. The number of parameters in the isotherm can .be increased systematically to account for new physical effects. A rigorous justification of the present model is constructed by means of a cluster series for a classical system of interacting particles in an external field. In the thermodynamics of a bulk system the physical laws can be expressed as mathematical relations among per-unit-volume quantities. The volume V serves only as a scaling parameter which can be eliminated from physical equations. It is natural to accept this "law of similarity" to be also applicable to surface systems with the total surface area, S, playing the role of a scaling parameter. In contrast to volume measurement the area measurement is not always straight­ forward because the adsorbents in adsorption chambers are frequently powders of unknown shapes. This difficulty of measurement and its fundamental role for correlating experimental data compel surface scientists to devise numerous methods of area· measurement. 1> Among various methods the most successful and popular one has been the BET linear plot 2> using equilibrium adsorption isotherms. To understand the principle behind this method it is expedient to imagine the surface to be flat. Suppose the surface can be covered with a single layer (monolayer) of adsorbate, suppose also that the total number of adatoms (adsorbed atoms) in the filled layer, the so-called monolayer capacity, can be counted, then
Supply chain agent decision aid system (SCADAS)

Supply chain decisions are improved with access to global information. However, supply chain partners are frequently hesitant to provide full access to all the information within an enterprise. A mechanism to make decisions based on global information without complete access to that information is required for improved supply chain decision making. Mobile agents can support this requirement and these are the programs that can be initiated on a single host and then migrate from host to host over a network. At each host, a process can be spawned which will provide a "black-box" view into that host's information. This provides access to necessary information, while maintaining privacy for company sensitive information. This paper will discuss mobile agents and how they are useful in designing and managing the supply chain. The Supply Chain Agent Decision Aid System (SCADAS) is presented as tool to provide the flexibility of mobile agents while protecting company sensitive information.
CIRCADIAN RHYTHM IN GROWTH AND DEATH OF ANABAENA FLOS‐AQUAE (CYANOBACTERIA)

Circadian periodicity in cell division and death was investigated in the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae (Lyngb.) Breb in a phosphorus (P)-limited, N2-fixing chemostat culture. When entrained under 12:12 h LD cycles, not only cell division but also cell death showed a clear circadian rhythm in this filamentous cyanobacterium. The rhythm persisted under continuous light and was temperature compensated. Circadian rhythm was clearly observed in the steady-state cell number and instantaneous growth rate, μ(t), which reached a maximum at about 2 h before sunset and a minimum at about 2 h before sunrise. The number of dead cells and the instantaneous death rate γ(t) also showed a circadian periodicity; the peak of γ(t) occurred approximately 8 h before that of μ(t). Therefore, cell growth and death in A. flos-aquae appear to be under the control of circadian clocks, and thus it seems that their death is programmed cell death.
Integration of inhomogeneous cosmological spacetimes in the BSSN formalism

Cosmologists have begun using fully relativistic models to understand the effects of inhomogeneous matter distribution on the evolution of the Universe.
A behavioral economic measure of demand for alcohol predicts brief intervention outcomes.

Considerable basic and clinical research supports a behavioral economic conceptualization of alcohol and drug dependence. One behavioral economic approach to assess motivation for a drug is the use of demand curves, or quantitative representations of drug consumption and drugreinforced responding across a range of prices. This study used a hypothetical alcohol purchase task to generate demand curves, and examined whether the resulting demand curve parameters predicted drinking outcomes following a brief intervention. Participants were 51 college student drinkers (67% female; 94% Caucasian; drinks/week: M = 24.57, S.D. = 8.77) who completed a brief alcohol intervention. Consistent with predictions, a number of demand curve indices significantly predicted post-intervention alcohol use and frequency of heavy drinking episodes, even after controlling for baseline drinking and other pertinent covariates. Most prominently, Omax (i.e., maximum alcohol expenditure) and breakpoint (i.e., sensitivity of consumption to increasing price) predicted greater drinking at 6-month post-intervention follow-up. These results indicate that a behavioral economic measure of alcohol demand may have utility in characterizing the malleability of alcohol consumption. Moreover, these results support the utility of translating experimental assays of reinforcement into clinical research. © 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
SOM of space borne precipitation radar rain profiles on global scale

The Precipitation Radar (PR) from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) produces high resolution vertical profiles of precipitation. Extensive information about the type of storm is contained in its vertical structure. This paper develops classification methodology precipitation radar profiles using self organizing maps. Reflectivity observation of vertical rain profile on global scale obtained from TRMM PR is classified with Self-Organizing Maps. The methodology is demonstrated by computing a SOM for a month of TRMM radar data around the globe. A sample application of the methodology is provided to study the difference between east and west Pacific Ocean.
FTY720 Shows Promising In vitro and In vivo Preclinical Activity by Downmodulating Cyclin D1 and Phospho-Akt in Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Purpose: Despite the progress that has been made in the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), all patients invariably relapse with the currently available therapies. Because of the absence of curative therapy for MCL, we explored FTY720 as a novel agent against MCL. Experimental Design: The cytotoxic effect of FTY720 in primary MCL tumor cells and cell lines were evaluated in vitro . The effects of FTY720 on caspase activation, generation of reactive oxygen species, and modulation of Cyclin D1 and Akt, which are implied in the pathogenesis of MCL, were investigated. The in vivo efficacy of FTY720 was evaluated in a Jeko-severe combined immunodeficient xenograft model of human MCL. Results: FTY720 mediated time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity in primary MCL tumor cells and MCL cell lines in vitro . FTY720-induced cytotoxicity occured independent of caspase activation but dependent on the generation of ROS in MCL. In addition, FTY720 treatment resulted in the time-dependent downmodulation of Cyclin D1 and accumulation of cells in G 0 -G 1 and G 2 -M phases of the cell cycle with concomitant decrease in S-phase entry. Furthermore, concentrations of FTY720 that induced cytotoxicity led to decreased phospho-Akt in primary MCL cells and cell lines. Most importantly, the in vivo therapeutic activity of FTY720 was shown in severe combined immunodeficient mice engrafted with the Jeko MCL cell line. Conclusions: These results provide the first evidence for a potential use of FTY720 in targeting key pathways that are operable in the pathogenesis of MCL and warrant further investigation of FTY720 in clinical trials to treat patients with MCL. Clin Cancer Res; 16(12); 3182–92. ©2010 AACR.
Comparing Estimates of Wind Turbine Fatigue Loads using Time-Domain and Spectral Methods

Fatigue analysis for wind turbines is typically carried out in the time domain, using cycle counting techniques such as ASTM's Rainflow Cycle-Counting Algorithm. As an alternative, earlier workers investigated the feasibility of estimating wind turbine fatigue loads using spectral techniques such as Dirlik's method to estimate stress range probability distributions that are based on spectral moments of the load in question. The present paper re-examines this approach with a particular view to assessing its limitations and advantages in the context of modern, large-scale wind turbines and design methods. These relative advantages are considered in terms of accuracy, statistical reliability, and efficiency of calculation. Field data on loads from a utility-scale 1.5 MW turbine near Lamar, Colorado in the Colorado Green Wind Farm are analyzed here as a representative example. The results show that valuable and reliable information about tower loads can be obtained very efficiently. By contrast, the limitatio...
Anterior segment fluorescein angiography of the normal feline eye using a dSLR camera adaptor

Purpose To describe anterior segment fluorescein angiography (ASFA) of the normal canine eye using two different sedation/anesthetic protocols and a digital single lens-reflex (dSLR) camera adaptor. Methods Dogs free of ocular and systemic disease were used for this study. Dogs received maropitant citrate (1.0 mg/kg SQ) and diphenhydramine (2.0 mg/kg SQ) 20 min prior to butorphanol [n = 6] (0.2 mg/kg IV) or propofol [n = 6] (4 mg/kg IV bolus, 0.2 mg/kg/min CRI). Standard color and red-free images were obtained prior to administration of 10% sodium fluorescein (20 mg/kg IV). Image acquisition was performed using a dSLR camera (Canon 7D), dSLR camera adaptor, camera lens (Canon EF-S 60 mm f/2.8 macro), and an accessory flash (Canon 580EXII). Imaging occurred at a rate of 1/s immediately following bolus for a total of 30 s, then at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 min. Results Twelve dogs with a combined mean age of 5.1 years and various iris colors were imaged. Arterial, capillary, and venous phases were identified and time sequences recorded. Visibility of the vascular pattern was inversely related to iris pigmentation. Complete masking of blood flow was noted with heavily pigmented irises. Vessel leakage was noted in some eyes. Proper patient positioning and restricted ocular movements were critical in acquiring quality images. No adverse events were noted. Conclusion This study demonstrated that quality high resolution ASFA images were obtainable using a novel dSLR camera adaptor. ASFA of the normal canine eye is limited to irises, which are moderately to poorly pigmented. Use of general anesthesia produced higher quality images and is recommended for ASFA in the dog.
Risk factors and management of deep venous thrombosis in children following post-surgical hypopituitarism in craniopharyngioma†

Post-operative hypopituitarism following craniopharyngioma (CP) surgery is treated by replacement of various hormones. The risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) following CP surgery and initiation of hormones has not been well studied and recognized. We present three patients with DVT who had family history of DVT and procoagulant risk factors such as inherited thrombophilia and elevated Von Willebrand factor levels due to treatment with desmopressin. We discuss the individualized management of anticoagulation and the dilemma of starting estrogen and progesterone replacement therapy in them. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;57:175–177. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Differentiation in the Cellular Slime Mold

I have been asked to speak about the cellular slime mold as a model system for analyzing the biochemical basis of differentiation. It is a model system by two reasonable and useful definitions. If one usually thinks of differentiation or morphogenesis as something properly experienced only by organisms at least as complicated as a sea urchin, then the lowly slime mold is only a model, which exhibits behavior closely resembling differentiation. In this context, I shall describe many characteristics of the slime mold which are amazingly similar to, and undoubtedly the ancestor of, differentiation in higher organisms. Of course, if one is a firm believer in evolution and comparative biochemistry, he may consider slime mold behavior quite respectable enough to include in his definition of differentiation. In that event, when we study the slime mold we are not looking hopefully at a model system: we are looking at the real thing!
Comparison of military and civilian reporting rates for smallpox vaccine adverse events

Introduction US smallpox vaccination (SMA) started most recently in December 2002. Military and civilian personnel report adverse events (AEs) to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), a surveillance system that relies on spontaneous reports. Although reported rates of probable myo/pericarditis after SMA in the literature are similar between military personnel and civilian healthcare workers, some civilian AE reporting rates after SMA appeared higher than those in the military. Objective Determine if SMA-associated reporting rates are different in civilians than in the military, considering age, sex, seriousness, and expectedness of the AE, as well as self-reporting. Methods Numerators were SMA reports in VAERS from 12/12/02 to 3/1/04. Limitations of VAERS include underreporting and lack of diagnostic confirmation. Denominators were number of military and civilian vaccinees. Results Reporting rates stratified by age and sex of serious and non-serious AEs were significantly higher in civilian than military personnel ages <55 years (rate ratios 4–27). These rate ratios decreased with increasing age. Conclusions Reporting rates in VAERS differed significantly and substantially in civilians compared to military personnel <55 years of age. Differences in stimulated passive surveillance systems, and AE reporting practices, including the ‘threshold’ for reporting most likely explain these findings. These results suggest that in the case of smallpox vaccine AEs, there may be systematic differences in reporting completeness between the civilian and military sectors, and that passive surveillance data should be interpreted with caution. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of tai chi exercise on posturography, gait, physical function and quality of life in postmenopausal women with osteopaenia: a randomized clinical study

Objective: To evaluate the effects of tai chi exercise on risk factors for falls in postmenopausal women with osteopaenia through measurements of balance, gait, physical function and quality of life.Design: A randomized, controlled, single-blinded, 24-week trial with stratification by age and bone mass.Setting: General community.Participants: Sixty-one independently living elderly females aged 65 years and older with low bone mass.Interventions: Subjects were recruited and randomly assigned to 24 weeks of tai chi (60 minutes/session, three sessions/week, n = 30) or a control group (n = 31).Outcome measures: Computerized dynamic posturography, gait, ‘timed up and go’, five-chair sit-to-stand and quality of life assessed at baseline, 12 and 24 weeks.Results: After 24 weeks, subjects in the tai chi group demonstrated an increase in stride width (P = 0.05) and improvement in general health (P = 0.008), vitality (P = 0.02) and bodily pain (P = 0.03) compared with those in the control group. There was no signif...
The Emerging Complexity of the Vertebrate Cilium: New Functional Roles for an Ancient Organelle

Cilia and flagella are found on the surface of a strikingly diverse range of cell types. These intriguing organelles, with their unique and highly adapted protein transport machinery, have been studied extensively in the context of cellular locomotion, sexual reproduction, or fluid propulsion. However, recent studies are beginning to show that in vertebrates particularly, cilia have been recruited to perform additional developmental and homeostatic roles. Here, we review advances in deciphering the functional components of cilia, and we explore emerging trends that implicate ciliary proteins in signal transduction and morphogenetic pathways.
Air-stable, unoxidized, hydrocarbon-dispersible boron nanoparticles

Here we describe a simple method to produce boron nanoparticles with control over surface chemistry and dispersiblity in different solvents, with potential applications ranging from high energy density fuels to neutron capture therapy. The methodology should be adaptable to many hard materials; indeed, we have produced hydrocarbon-dispersible silicon nanoparticles using a procedure similar to that described below. The method, based on high-energy milling, with subsequent sedimentation to separate aggregates, produces gram quantities of nanoparticles in a narrow distribution of particle sizes centered around 50 nm, and should be readily scalable to industrial scale production.
Mining temporal specifications for error detection

Specifications are necessary in order to find software bugs using program verification tools. This paper presents a novel automatic specification mining algorithm that uses information about error handling to learn temporal safety rules. Our algorithm is based on the observation that programs often make mistakes along exceptional control-flow paths, even when they behave correctly on normal execution paths. We show that this focus improves the effectiveness of the miner for discovering specifications beneficial for bug finding. We present quantitative results comparing our technique to four existing miners. We highlight assumptions made by various miners that are not always born out in practice. Additionally, we apply our algorithm to existing Java programs and analyze its ability to learn specifications that find bugs in those programs. In our experiments, we find filtering candidate specifications to be more important than ranking them. We find 430 bugs in 1 million lines of code. Notably, we find 250 more bugs using per-program specifications learned by our algorithm than with generic specifications that apply to all programs.
The Application of Holland's Vocational Model to the Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Women.

Abstract To pattern recent research on the Men's form of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB), six scales were developed for the Women's form that mapped the vocational model of Holland's interest theory. The scales were free of item overlap, and within each scale, the items intercorrelated highly positive and represented a wide range of popularity. Concurrent validity for the scales consisted of rank order mean scores for 91 female groups, primarily occupational samples used in construction of the occupational scales on the SVIB. The groups were arranged in a meaningful and common sense order on each of the six scales. These data were consistent with the correlations of the Holland-based scales with the basic interest scales and occupational scales now in existence.
Clinical kinetics of 1, 4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis [(2-[(2-hydroxyethyl) amino] ethyl] amino ]-9, 10-anthracenedione.

The clinical kinetics of 1,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis[[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]-9,10-anthracenedione dihydrochloride (DHAQ) are reported. DHAQ, 1 to 3 mg/m2, was administered as an intravenous bolus to six patients with metastatic cancer. Plasma clearance of the drug followed a biphasic pattern with a harmonic mean initial half-life (t½) of 13.7 min and a terminal t½ of 37.4 hr. Recovery of unchanged drug in the urine was 6.8% at 24 hr and 7.3% at 72 hr, while the corresponding recovery of total radioactivity was 9.4% and 11.3%. Apparent volume of distribution of DHAQ was about 13.8 ±2.9 l/kg. Total clearance was 238.7 ml/kg/hr, twice the creatinine clearance. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 31, 312–316; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.39
Quantitative analysis of the thermal damping of coherent axion oscillations

Unruh and Wald have recently discussed a new mechanism for damping coherent axion oscillations, ``thermal damping,'' which occurs due to the temperature dependence of the axion mass and neutrino viscosity. We investigate the effect quantitatively and find that the present energy density in axions can be written as ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{a}$=${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{a0}$/(1+${J}_{\mathrm{UW})}$, where ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{a0}$ is what the axion energy density would be in the absence of the thermal-damping effect and ${J}_{\mathrm{UW}}$ is an integral whose integrand depends upon (${\mathrm{dm}}_{a}$/dT${)}^{2}$. As a function of ${f}_{\mathrm{PQ}(\mathrm{\ensuremath{\equiv}}}$Peccei-Quinn symmetry-breaking scale) ${J}_{\mathrm{UW}}$ achieves its maximum value for ${f}_{\mathrm{PQ}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\simeq}}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{12}}$ GeV; unless the axion mass turn-on is very sudden, \ensuremath{\Vert}(T/${m}_{a}$)(${\mathrm{dm}}_{a}$/dT)\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\gg}1, ${J}_{\mathrm{UW}}$ is \ensuremath{\ll}1, implying that this damping mechanism is not significant.
Corporate Actors, Corporate Crimes and Time-Inconsistent Preferences

This article examines criminal misconduct by corporations and their agents. It allows for the possibility that corporate agents systematically mispredict their future willpower — their ability to withstand the transient pull of immediate gratification. The article shows that even relatively small mispredictions about their willpower can lead agents to engage in repeated misconduct, notwithstanding a long-term preference to obey the law — “time-inconsistent (TI) misconduct.” As a result, in most criminal law scenarios, the optimal sanctions for corporate actors with perfect self-control will under-deter TI actors. But the article also shows that, to the extent that the immediate costs of committing a crime are sufficiently high, a TI actor may repeatedly procrastinate following through with misconduct that, from a long-term perspective, made economic sense — i.e., the expected benefits exceeded the expected sanctions. In scenarios involving this sort of “time-inconsistent obedience,” the standard optimal sanctions will under-deter. The TI misconduct theory allows for a more intuitive explanation of repeated violations of securities, banking, and environmental laws by corporations and their agents. The theory also predicts that corporate governance problems will be more severe, to the extent that gatekeepers and regulators exhibit TI preferences, and as the immediate costs of acquiring information increases. This article was the subject of a symposium, in which Miriam Baer, Adam Candeub, Daniel Medwed, Richard Painter, and Robert Prentice contributed Comments.
2,2,2‐Trifluoroacetaldehyde Hydrate

[421-53-4] C2H3F3O2 (MW 116.04) InChI = 1S/C2H3F3O2/c3-2(4,5)1(6)7/h1,6-7H InChIKey = VGJWVEYTYIBXIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N (used as a trifluoromethyl acetaldehyde precursor and a trifluoromethide (CF3−) source) Alternate Names: fluoral hydrate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1,1-ethanediol; trifluoroacetaldehyde hydrate; trifluoroethanal hydrate. Physical Data: mp 68–70 °C, bp 105–106 °C (760 Torr). d20 1.582 g cm−3. Solubility: soluble in H2O, ethanol, ether, and most organic solvents. Form Supplied in: colorless liquid, 75 wt% in water. Purification: commercial trifluoroacetaldehyde hydrate (75 wt% in water) is purified by distillation over phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) to generate anhydrous trifluoroacetaldehyde, which can react with a stoichiometric amount of water to give pure monohydrate form.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation. Recommended to be stored under anhydrous conditions in a tightly closed container. An established testicular toxicant.2 Use in a well-ventilated fume hood. Preparative Methods: the title compound was originally prepared in 26% yield by addition of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) to lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) ether solution.3 The yield can be improved to 78% by an inverse addition sequence, that is, adding LiAlH4 to TFA (eq 1).4 (1) An alternative preparative method is to reduce trifluoroacetic acid ethyl ester with sodium borohydride (eq 2).5 Crude trifluoroacetaldehyde hydrate, a 60 wt% aqueous solution, can be obtained in 58% yield, which can be further dehydrated to trifluoroacetaldehyde monohydrate through conventional procedures. (2) Trifluoroacetaldehyde hydrate can also be achieved in good to excellent yields via the reaction between DMF and CF3H in the presence of strong bases (eq 3).6 (3) The title compound can be obtained in 77% conversion (19F NMR) through the reduction of phenyl trifluoromethyl sulfone by magnesium metal in the presence of mercury(II) chloride and strong Lewis acids such as BF3·OEt2 (eq 4).7 (4)
Corrigendum to: "Risk factors and outcomes associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation during acute respiratory distress syndrome" [J Crit Care 2015;30(5):994-997].

a Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hospital Medicine, Umass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA b Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA c Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA d Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA e Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, The Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
Optimization of capillary flow through open-microchannel and open-micropillar arrays

We report semi-analytical models for capillary flow across surfaces covered by an array of open micropillars or open microchannels that incorporate first-order gravitational effects as well as the reduction of permeability due to meniscus curvature. We experimentally validate our models by measuring the vertical rise of a column of liquid across a series of vertical microstructured surfaces with varying characteristic dimensions, using Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. The data show that arrays of open microchannels deliver higher flow rates than comparable arrays of micropillars in most practical configurations. Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrate a flow maximum for open microchannels with respect to channel width that closely agrees with our analytical predictions. In addition, as an application example of the microstructures used in this study, we report electrospray emission from the edge of a chip covered by a microstructured surface that transports the liquid from a reservoir to the emission sites; the supply-limited regime of the current-voltage characteristics of these devices is in agreement with the literature on electrospray droplet emission.
CCG Syntactic Reordering Models for Phrase-based Machine Translation

Statistical phrase-based machine translation requires no linguistic information beyond word-aligned parallel corpora (Zens et al., 2002; Koehn et al., 2003). Unfortunately, this linguistic agnosticism often produces ungrammatical translations. Syntax, or sentence structure, could provide guidance to phrase-based systems, but the "non-constituent" word strings that phrase-based decoders manipulate complicate the use of most recursive syntactic tools. We address these issues by using Combinatory Categorial Grammar, or CCG, (Steedman, 2000), which has a much more flexible notion of constituency, thereby providing more labels for putative non-constituent multiword translation phrases. Using CCG parse charts, we train a syntactic analogue of a lexicalized reordering model by labelling phrase table entries with multiword labels and demonstrate significant improvements in translating between Urdu and English, two language pairs with divergent sentence structure.
Cemetery Preservation and Beautification of Death: Investigations of Unmarked Early to Mid-Nineteenth-Century Burial Grounds in Central Kentucky

Urban and rural contexts can provide a challenge to researchers investigating nineteenth-century burial grounds. Within these localities, plots often were reused, and changing land-use patterns and absence of historic records resulted in many being lost to history. Through the investigation of the Old Frankfort (neighborhood burial ground for the enslaved, freed African Americans, and poor to lower middle class), Eastern State Hospital (residents interred on the hospital’s property), and Kentucky Horse Park (rural family and enslaved burial ground) burial grounds, patterns of commingling documented in the archaeological record are explored. It is concluded that to varying degrees the socioeconomic status (SES) of, and structural violence to, those interred within urban burial grounds, along with nineteenth-century attitudes toward the dead and the degree of connectedness of the dead with the living, contributed to the commingling of remains within each burial ground.
Opting Out: Why Women Really Quit Careers and Head Home

In her 2007 book, Opting Out: Why Women Really Quit Careers and Head Home, Pamela Stone considers the “return to the home” phenomenon that has been a common theme of media representations of mother...
Historic zooarchaeology: Some methodological considerations

The methods and techniques used in quantitative faunal analysis are commonly misunderstood. This article attempts to clarify some of the advantages and limitations of commonly used zooarchaeological techniques including the calculation of the number of species present, the Minimum Number of Individuals, and the relative dietary contributions of different animal species.
An Illustrative Analysis of the Words in Guanzhong Dialect in Stories to Warn Men

Yayan in Zhou and Qin dynasties,Tongyu in Western Han dynasty and Mandarin Chinese in Sui and Tang dynasties took the phonetics,vocabulary and grammar in the Guanzhong area where the capital city was seated as the standard.And Yayan,Tongyu and Mandarin Chinese were the then lingua franca.Guanzhong dialect was the quasi-standard language of the most brilliant dynasties in Chinese history such as Zhou,Qin,Han and Tang.Hence many classic books in ancient China were written in Guanzhong dialect.Therefore,there remained plenty of phonetics,vocabulary and grammar of Guanzhong dialect in the Chinese classic literature.Stories to Warn Men of the Ming dynasty was no exception.An interpretative analysis is made of the words of Guanzhong dialect in Stories to Warn Men so as to reveal the inherited features of Guanzhong dialect in the passing-down of ancient Chinese.
Central Nervous System Tumor Markers

Tumors of the human central nervous system (CNS) can be divided into two large groups: primary and metastatic. Although primary CNS tumors are less common than metastatic tumors, primary tumors are seen at a rate of about 10,000–15,000 per year or 0.5–2/100,000 population. This is a higher incidence than is seen in Hodgkin’s disease. Primary CNS tumors are also the most common solid tumors of childhood (Jellinger, 1978; Posner et al., 1979). Although a large number of systems for the classification of primary CNS neoplasia has been generated during the last century, primary intracranial tumors are now categorized using one of a small number of systems. The most common primary CNS tumors of adults are of glial origin, including astrocytomas, glioblastomas, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. Other tumors are of questioned origin. Included here are medulloblastoma, a tumor of childhood, and hemangioblastoma, a tumor classically described as being of blood vessel origin; that concept is, however, now under scrutiny. Several types of meningiomas develop from the tissues covering the brain, the leptomeninges. The adenohypophysis is the source of four types of pituitary adenomas; some of these benign tumors secrete pituitary hormones. A discussion of CNS tumor morphology and classification is outside the limits of this review and if the reader wishes a comprehensive treatment if this subject, he is referred to Burger and Vogel (1976) and Russell and Rubinstein (1977).
Chemokine and Chemokine Receptor Profiles in Metastatic Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

Aim To characterize the chemokine pattern in metastatic salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). Materials and methods Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to compare chemokine and chemokine receptor gene expression in two SACC cell lines: SACC-83 and SACC-LM (lung metastasis). Chemokines and receptor genes were then screened and their expression pattern characterized in human tissue samples of non-recurrent SACC and recurrent SACC with perineural invasion. Results Expression of chemokine receptors C5AR1, CCR1, CCR3, CCR6, CCR7, CCR9, CCR10, CXCR4, CXCR6, CXCR7, CCRL1 and CCRL2 were higher in SACC-83 compared to SACC-LM. CCRL1, CCBP2, CMKLR1, XCR1 and CXCR2 and 6 chemokine genes (CCL13, CCL27, CXCL14, CMTM1, CMTM2, CKLF) were more highly expressed in tissues of patients without tumor recurrence/perineural invasion compared to those with tumor recurrence. CCRL1 (receptor), CCL27, CMTM1, CMTM2, and CKLF (chemokine) genes were more highly expressed in SACC-83 and human tissues of patients without tumor recurrence/perineural invasion. Conclusion CCRL1, CCL27, CMTM1, CMTM2 and CKLF may play important roles in the development of tumor metastases in SACC.
Studies in the Marxian Philosophy

In the early 1930s Marcuse began an in-depth study of Hegel and wrote a series of articles on Hegelian and Marxian dialectics while preparing a dissertation under Heidegger on Hegel’s Ontology and the Theory of Historicity.1 Marcuse never really explained why he involved himself in such intensive work on Hegel — a project that would be at the centre of his philosophical inquiries, in different contexts, for the next decade. Perhaps Marcuse thought that Hegel’s dynamic and historical ontology provided a corrective to Heidegger’s more static and ahistorical ontology, which was not really able to conceptualize movement and change.2 Since Hegel was a great philosopher in the classical tradition of German Idealism — in whom Heidegger was also interested — Marcuse was able to do his post-doctorate work on Hegel while working with Heidegger.3 Moreover, Hegel was an important source of Marx’s theory, and Marcuse could thus continue work on his appropriation of Marxism through deepening his grasp of Hegel’s philosophy and dialectical method.4 The result of his study of Hegel was a version of Hegelian Marxism that would be a characteristic feature of Marcuse’s own work.
Gigging on the World Stage: Bossa Nova and Afrobeat after De-reification

Abstract: By focusing on the musical styles known as bossa nova and afrobeat, I ask: Given that globalisation/capitalism promotes exchange, borrowing, and imitation, can we make sense of ‘authenticity’? Can we speak of an authentically Brazilian or Nigerian music? If today ‘authenticity’ makes little sense, why is talk about ‘authenticity’ so pervasive? If we expose ‘authenticity’ as reification, do we still need this term? What, then, may ‘authenticity’ mean? How can we restrict powerful musical cultures without limiting localities to replicating the past? How can cultures take up each others’ vitality without losing their particularity? Can we imagine a world stage inviting all music? I explore the astonishing but mostly uncharted flows between and within musical traditions. At the same time, I seek to ground those flows in locales. Moving somewhat against the grain of contemporary social theory, I retrieve the need for ‘reification’ and ‘authenticity’. If we value a diverse world, we may wish to balance capitalism’s dominant flows with the desire to situate music-making in specific locales.
ISIS and Recruitment: How Do Demographics Play a Role?

This thesis seeks to parse foreign fighters, individuals who travel abroad from their country of origin or residence to join armed non-state actors in conflict, 1 by demographics to analyze whether these characteristics play a role in why they join ISIS. Gender, geographical location, religious history, age, socioeconomic status, and education level are all examined to better understand how ISIS recruits from each group. It is found that individuals in each demographic group have diverse reasons for joining that ISIS exploits to be able to draw as many fighters as possible. Counter strategies should look at the underlying reasons that cause these individuals to join and minimize the distribution and interactions of recruiters and possible recruits.