cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tulathromycin assay validation and tissue residues after single and multiple subcutaneous injections in domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus).

Clothier, K. A., Leavens, T., Griffith, R. W., Wetzlich, S. E., Baynes, R. E., Riviere, J. E., Tell, L. A. Tulathromycin assay validation and tissue residues after single and multiple subcutaneous injections in domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus). J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 113–120. Tulathromycin is a macrolide antimicrobial labeled for treatment of bacterial pneumonia in cattle and swine. The purpose of the present research was to evaluate tissue concentrations of tulathromycin in the caprine species. A tandem mass spectrometry regulatory analytical method that detects the common fragment of tulathromycin in cattle and swine was validated with goat tissues. The method was used to study tulathromycin depletion in goat tissues (liver, kidney, muscle, fat, injection site, and lung) over time. In two different studies, six juvenile and 25 market-age goats received a single injection of 2.5 mg/kg of tulathromycin subcutaneously; in a third study, 18 juvenile goats were treated with 2.5, 7.5, or 12.5 mg/kg tulathromycin weekly with three subcutaneous injections. Mean tulathromycin tissue concentrations were highest at injection site samples in all studies and all doses. Lung tissue concentrations were greatest at day 5 in market-age goats while in the multi-dose animals concentrations demonstrated dose-dependent increases. Concentrations were below limit of quantification in injection site and lung by day 18 and in liver, kidney, muscle, and fat at all time points. This study demonstrated that tissue levels in goats are very similar to those seen in swine and cattle.
The electronic structure of non-dilute alloys

Recent developments in the multiple scattering theory of disordered substitutional alloys are reviewed. In view of experimental advances in alloy spectroscopy, the approaches involving the most realistic single particle Hamiltonians are emphasized. Specifically, we focus on the application of the average t-matrix approximation to the muffin tin model of the alloy. It is shown that the electronic structures of α phase CuZn and paramagnetic CuNi alloys can be characterized in terms of their respective complex energy bands. The interpretations of several experiments, bearing on the real as well as the imaginary parts of the complex bands, are discussed.
Photovoltaic model and converter topology considerations for MPPT purposes

Abstract In this paper a few variations of the single diode photovoltaic (PV) model are developed by removing the series and/or parallel resistors. The models are expected to yield similar results due to the large parallel resistance and small series resistance. Nonetheless, the IV and power curves are compared. The models are then compared in the context of different converter systems. If the behavior is similar, then one may be justified in analyzing Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) systems by using a simpler PV model than that normally used. In particular the single diode model with no resistors allows the current (or voltage) to be explicitly defined in terms of the voltage (or current), whereas the model using two resistors does not. The different converter topologies were also compared for each model to see if the dynamic behavior of the PV system depended on the converter used. For the most part the results were fairly consistent regardless of the PV model, PV module, or converter used. For example, low voltages on the IV curve yielded non-constant steady state behavior for all system configurations. However, there were some inconsistencies which could be worth further consideration, as they may affect the design of the MPPT algorithm.
Portable linear accelerator to radiograph use in a bridge drainage pump

Many freeways in California have storm water pumping plants located near a bridge structure to dewater depressed sections of the freeway. The Ravenswood Slough Pumping Plant is located near the Dumbarton Bridge, which links southerm Alameda County on the east to San Mateo County on the west (an 8,600 foot long structure, which carries over 50,000 vehicles daily). This pumping plant is the largest State-maintained pumping facility and drains all storm water into the San Francisco Bay for the City of Menlo Park.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Self-consistent measurement of the adsorption of He on Cu, CO2, Ar, and Ne

The chemical potentials as a function of He coverage have been determined from He adsorption isotherms measured at 1.72 K for the following thick substrates: Ne, Ar, and CO{sub 2}-plated Cu, and bare Cu. The adsorption isotherm data were analyzed self-consistently using the modified Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method for low coverages and the Frenkel-Halsey-Hill vapor pressure relation at high coverages. The analysis establishes the surface area, chemical potential constant, {Lambda} = {minus}{mu}d{sup 3}, and capacity increases and heats of adsorption of the first and second monolayers of He for each adsorbent. The measured chemical potentials follow the expected inverse-cube law for coverages greater than 2.5 layers, but differ substantially for smaller coverages. They use results of the isotherm analysis to interpret measurements of third sound velocities, and to make precision measurements of the He inert (nonsuperfluid) layer coverages on these substrates.
Carbon dioxide insufflation during ERCP for reduction of postprocedure pain: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial

Background Abdominal pain after ERCP is common, and although it is frequently nonspecific and self-limited, it may provoke concern for complications and thus distress both patients and physicians. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) insufflation during ERCP may reduce abdominal distension in comparison to insufflation of air, resulting in less pain. Objective To compare the incidence and severity of post-ERCP pain in patients receiving CO 2 versus air insufflation during ERCP. Design Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Setting University medical center. Patients This study involved consecutive patients presenting for ERCP, excluding those with significant preprocedure pain or obstructive lung disease. Intervention Randomization to insufflation with air or CO 2 ; all other care was identical. Main Outcome Measurements Pre-ERCP and post-ERCP pain and nausea were assessed by using a 0 to 10 visual analogue scale. Patient waist circumferences were measured before and after procedures. Results One hundred patients (82 outpatients, 51 women, mean age 54.4 years, 50 randomized to CO 2 ) completed the study. The CO 2 and air groups were similar in regard to demographics, indication for ERCP, and procedure duration. The mean pain score 1 hour post-ERCP was higher with air than with CO 2 insufflation (1.9 vs 0.7, P = .01). Similarly, the incidence of any pain at 1 hour post-ERCP was higher with air than with CO 2 (48% vs 28%, P = .04). The mean increase in waist circumference was greater with air than with CO 2 (2.1 cm vs 0.3 cm, P = .003). Adverse events were infrequent and did not differ by group. No serious cardiopulmonary complications occurred. Limitations Single-center, selected patient population. Conclusion Insufflation of CO 2 during ERCP reduces postprocedure pain and abdominal distension in comparison to insufflation of air. The use of CO 2 in deeply sedated, prone patients appears to be safe.
Exact analysis of the Schmitt trigger oscillator

An exact analysis of the operation of the Schmitt trigger oscillator is presented and compared with previous methods of analysis. The analysis includes an exact closed-form expression for the oscillator period.
A novel anther-expressed adh-homologous gene in Lycopersicon esculentum.

Two novel tandemly-oriented open reading frames (ORFs) with homology to alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) were isolated from tomato. The predicted amino acid composition for each of the two tandem adh genes indicates the presence of 22 and 21, respectively, of 22 amino acids conserved in ADH proteins from plants and animals. However, comparison to known plant adh genes reveals a significantly lower similarity indicating that they belong to a novel class of ADHs. According to mapping data, the adh-homologous ORFs do not represent either of the previously studied adh1 or adh2 genes of tomato. The tandem genes, termed adh3a and adh3b, mapped to a distal region of the long arm of chromosome 4, unlike adh1, which maps closer to the centromere. Adh3a and adh3b have over 90% similarity to each other at the nucleotide and putative peptide levels. The adh3a gene has ten exons and nine introns with the transcription initiation site 57 bp upstream of the translation start. A putative TATA box and polyadenylation site have been identified. Adh3a is transcribed and, according to cDNA sequence analysis, fully processed in the late stages of anther development. According to transformation analysis, tissue-specific regulatory elements reside within the -448 to +724 region. The termination codon of adh3a is separated from the putative adh3b translation start site by 789 bp of intervening sequence. The 5′ untranscribed sequences of each gene contain a stretch of 68 bp with 78% similarity. Within this stretch are sequences which are homologous to sequences found in anaerobically-induced or pollenexpressed genes from various plant species.
Assessment of choroidal thickness and volume during the water drinking test by swept-source optical coherence tomography.

Objective To evaluate changes in peripapillary and macular choroidal thickness and volume after the water-drinking test (WDT) using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS OCT). Design Prospective, cross-sectional, observational study. Participants Fifty-six eyes of 28 healthy volunteers. Methods Participants underwent a 3-dimensional optic disc and macula scanning protocol with a prototype SS OCT (Topcon, Inc., Tokyo, Japan) at baseline and 15, 30, 45, and 120 minutes after the start of the WDT. The WDT consisted of drinking 1000 ml of water within 5 minutes. Objective measurements of the choroid were obtained with automated segmentation of the choroidal boundaries. Main Outcome Measures Choroidal thickness and volume. Results Mean age±standard deviation of participants was 35.6±9.1 years. Intraocular pressure (IOP) increased from 14.9±2.7 mmHg at baseline to a peak of 16.8±3.0 mmHg 15 minutes after the WDT ( P 3 , respectively, at the optic disc and 217.4±43.6 μm and 7.83±1.55 mm 3 , respectively, at the macula. After the WDT, peripapillary and macular choroidal thickness increased by a maximum of 5.7% ( P P P P P = 0.27) or macular ( P = 0.09) choroidal thickness. Conclusions Using automated segmentation of SS OCT measurements, significant increases in choroidal thickness and volume are observed after the WDT in healthy subjects. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
New explicit and implicit «improved Euler» methods for the integration of ordinary differential equations

Abstract The new improved Euler methods given here offer several advantages for the solution of ordinary differential equations. The explicit form is of second-order global accuracy but requires only one derivative evaluation per step. It is therefore more efficient than either simple Euler or Runge—Kutta two. This new method is conditionally stable, provides an estimate of local accuracy for error control, is well-suited to global extrapolation and is applicable to real-time problems. Potential important applications also include optimization, continuation problems and parameter estimation. The implicit form is unconditionally stable, offering second-order global accuracy with a stability which is in between backward Euler and the trapezoidal rule. This method should be valuable for stiff problems, and in particular it should serve as an improvement to the well-known Crank—Nicolson method for partial differential equations.
On-line sentence interpretation in Spanish–English bilinguals: What does it mean to be “in between”?

The present study investigates the real-time costs of sentence processing in early Spanish–English bilinguals. Our results indicate that bilinguals use an amalgam (a combination of L1 and L2 strategies) of monolingual strategies in choosing the agent of a sentence. The reaction time (RT) data, however, reveal a slightly larger language specific component than the choice data. That is, bilinguals appear to fall more “in between” the two monolingual groups in their choice profiles than in their RT profiles. This implies that early bilinguals may be paying a language-specific processing cost in order to maintain an “in between” profile. The nature of the bilingual/monolingual dichotomy and its implications for the study of bilingual language processing are discussed.
On the economics of rapid-transit operations

Abstract This paper develops and estimates a new cost function for rapid-rail properties in the United States and Canada. Its advantage over previously developed cost models lies in its being an approximation to an arbitrary cost function, and thus not subject to the restrictions inherent in other models. The characterization of the industry that emerges from this work differs in important respects from that previously reported. An application to BART is also discussed.
Clinical characteristics of children and young adults with co-occurring autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy

The association between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and epilepsy has been described for decades, and yet we still lack the full understanding of this relationship both clinically and at the pathophysiologic level. This review evaluates the available data in the literature pertaining to the clinical characteristics of patients with autism spectrum disorder who develop epilepsy and, conversely, patients with epilepsy who develop autism spectrum disorder. Many studies demonstrate an increased risk of epilepsy in individuals with ASD, but rates vary widely. This variability is likely secondary to the different study methods employed, including the study population and definitions of the disorders. Established risk factors for an increased risk of epilepsy in patients with ASD include intellectual disability and female gender. There is some evidence of an increased risk of epilepsy associated with other factors such as ASD etiology (syndromic), severity of autistic features, developmental regression, and family history. No one epilepsy syndrome or seizure type has been associated, although focal or localization-related seizures are often reported. The age at seizure onset can vary from infancy to adulthood with some evidence of a bimodal age distribution. The severity and intractability of epilepsy in populations with ASD have not been well studied, and there is very little investigation of the role that epilepsy plays in the autism behavioral phenotype. There is evidence of abnormal EEGs (especially epileptiform abnormalities) in children with ASD even in the absence of clinical seizures, but very little is known about this phenomenon and what it means. The development of autism spectrum disorder in patients with epilepsy is less well studied, but there is evidence that the ASD risk is greater in those with epilepsy than in the general population. One of the risk factors is intellectual disability, and there is some evidence that the presence of a particular seizure type, infantile spasms, may increase risk, but some of the data are conflicting. We believe that one of the reasons that so little is known about this phenomenon is the lack of cross talk between researchers and clinicians alike in the two fields. We conclude that large systematic studies that employ strict ascertainment of samples using standardized definitions of both disorders, validated data collection tools, and appropriate longitudinal follow-up are needed to better shed light on certain clinical aspects of the comorbidity of ASD and epilepsy. Ideally, we could provide the optimal diagnostic and treatment services to these patients in a multidisciplinary setting with both epilepsy and neurobehavioral specialists. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Autism and Epilepsy".
Direct and Indirect Roles for Values in Science

Although many philosophers have employed the distinction between “direct” and “indirect” roles for values in science, I argue that it merits further clarification. The distinction can be formulated in several ways: as a logical point, as a distinction between epistemic attitudes, or as a clarification of different consequences associated with accepting scientific claims. Moreover, it can serve either as part of a normative ideal or as a tool for policing how values influence science. While various formulations of the distinction may (with further clarification) contribute to a normative ideal, they have limited effectiveness for regulating how values influence science.
Breastfeeding Attitudes Among Couples Planning Exclusive Breastfeeding or Mixed Feeding

Abstract Objectives: The goals of the study were to describe maternal and paternal attitudes toward breastfeeding among couples planning exclusive breastfeeding and those planning mixed feeding and to compare maternal predictions of paternal attitudes with actual paternal attitudes. Methods: Expectant parents with the intention to breastfeed were recruited from outpatient clinics. During the third trimester of pregnancy, mothers and fathers independently completed a demographic questionnaire and a breastfeeding attitude survey. In addition, mothers were asked to predict fathers' attitudes. Results: Seventy-one subjects completed all study requirements: 56 planned to exclusively breastfeed, and 15 planned to mix feed. The majority of subjects were white, educated beyond high school, and married. Expectant parents planning to exclusively breastfeed were significantly more likely to report higher paternal age (p=0.019), higher maternal age (p=0.006), and higher maternal education (p=0.023) than those plannin...
Bioactivity of Resveratrol

ABSTRACT: Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene) is a natural polyphenolic phytochemical with a variety of bioactivities associated with health promotion. Resveratrol is readily absorbed with the other absorbable digestion products of its main human dietary sources (peanuts, peanut butter, grapes, and red wine). The polyphenolic structure of resveratrol confers antioxidant activity and may reduce oxidant-induced apoptosis and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. Resveratrol may be responsible, in part, for the correlation between increased wine consumption and decreased risk of coronary heart disease. The cardioprotective activity of resveratrol is associated with the inhibition of platelet aggregation and LDL oxidation and the promotion of artery vasorelaxation. As a chemoprevention agent, resveratrol has been shown to inhibit tumor initiation, promotion, and progression, as well as inhibit the growth of cancerous cells through increased apoptosis and/or cell cycle blockage. Inflammatory processes are associated in the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases including heart disease and cancer. Resveratrol has been shown to reduce inflammation via inhibition of prostaglandin production, cyclooxygenase-2 activity, and nuclear factor-кB activity. In addition, the estrogenic activity of resveratrol may help prevent post-menopausal bone loss. Modulation of cellular signal transduction pathways (such as mitogen-activated protein kinases) may explain, in part, the diverse bioactivities associated with resveratrol. Scientific information summarized in this review supports the many potential health benefits of resveratrol; however, further understanding of the bioavailability, metabolism, and cellular effects of resveratrol is necessary.
Studies on the growth of epitaxial bismuth-substituted iron garnet on gadolinium gallium garnet single crystals by pulsed laser deposition

Abstract In this paper, we present extensive investigations of the growth of bismuth-substituted iron garnet Bi 3 Fe 5 O 12 (BIG) on (0 0 1)-, (1 1 1)- and (1 1 0)-oriented gadolinium gallium garnet Gd 3 Ga 5 O 12 (GGG) and doped GGG (SGGG, S*GGG) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The growth has been studied by the use of in-situ reflecting high-energy electron diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. We found 3D island growth to be the dominant growth mode for the BIG films. Additionally, we present a special technique to create very large BIG growth islands. This method involves the use of a metallic bismuth iron ablation target and partially shielding the substrate during deposition. The growth islands have a characteristic geometry depending on the cut of the substrate. We could explain their shapes by the assumption that growing BIG tends to form {1 1 0} facets.
Good Conduct Rules for High School Athletes—Are They Effective?

Abstract Good conduct rules govern the behavior of students involved in athletics and other school activities which take place away from school as well as at school.
A Survey of Transfer Students at Four-Year Institutions Serving a California Community College

The students who transfer from a community college to four-year institutions constitute one source of information for evaluating a community college's transfer services. The authordescribes a survey directed at students from one California community college who transferred to four-year institutions. The 85 students who responded to the survey reported high levels of satisfaction with their academic preparation at the community college. Nevertheless, they also reported the need for more reliable information from both instructional and counseling faculty about the transfer process. The author reports demographic data gathered from the students, their ratings of orientation and adjustment experiences at the four-year institutions to which they transferred, and their academic standings at both two- and four-year institutions.
The isentropic compressibilities of aqueous solutions of some alkali halides at 298.15 K

Abstract The density and sound velocity in aqueous solutions of a number of alkali halides have been measured at a series of concentrations at 298.15 K. The results have been fitted to equations expressing the density and isentropic compressibility of the solutions as a function of the concentration. The apparent molar volume and compressibility of each solute at infinite dilution have also been determined.
Factors associated with grades in intermediate accounting

Abstract This study develops two models related to predicting students' grades in the first Intermediate Accounting course. The first model predicts variations in student scores on the initial exam in Intermediate Accounting I. Cumulative grade point averages, a students' major, whether or not the course was being repeated, exposure to introductory accounting principles at a junior college, and the grade obtained in the accounting principles course are used to predict the first test grade. Application of the model to students in a subsequent semester results in the correct prediction of approximately 41% of the specific grades obtained on the initial exam. A second regression model predicts variations in the final grades achieved in Intermediate Accounting I. The results of this model indicate that the student's initial Intermediate I test score, his or her grade point average, major, and where the introductory accounting course was taken, are significantly associated with the final grade achieved in Intermediate Accounting I. Application of the second model to a subsequent semester results in the correct prediction of approximately 66% of the specific final grades achieved in the course. Only 2% of the predicted grades are incorrect by more than one letter grade.
Dietary Menhaden Oil Enhances Mitomycin C Antitumor Activity Toward Human Mammary Carcinoma MX-1

In the present study, we investigated the effects of high levels of dietary fish oil on the growth of MX-1 human mammary carcinoma and its response to mitomycin C (MC) treatment in athymic mice. We found that high levels of dietary fish oil (20% menhaden oil+5% corn oil, w/w) compared to a control diet (5% corn oil, w/w) not only lowered the tumor growth rate, but also increased the tumor response to MC treatment. We also found that high levels of dietary fish oil significantly increased the activities of tumor xanthine oxidase and DT-diaphorase, which are proposed to be involved in the bioreductive activation of MC. Since menhaden oil is highly unsaturated, its intake caused a significant increase in the degree of fatty acid unsaturation in tumor membrane phospholipids. This alteration in tumor membrane phospholipids made the tumor more susceptible to oxidative stress, as indicated by the increased levels of both endogenous lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation after feeding the host animals the menhaden oil diet. In addition, the tumor antioxidant enzyme activities, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPOx), and glutathione S-transferase peroxidase (GSTPx), were all significantly enhanced by feeding a diet high in fish oil. MC treatment caused further increases in tumor lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, as well as in the activities of CAT, SOD, GPOx, and GSTPx, suggesting that MC causes oxidative stress in this tumor model which is exacerbated by feeding a diet high in menhaden oil. Thus, feeding a diet rich in menhaden oil decreased the growth of human mammary carcinoma MX-1, increased its responsiveness to MC, and increased its susceptibility to endogenous and MC-induced oxidative stress, and increased the tumor activities of two enzymes proposed to be involved in the bioactivation of MC, that is, DT-diaphorase and xanthine oxidase. These findings support a role of these two enzymes in the bioactivating of MC and indicate that the type of dietary fat may be important in tumor response to therapy.
Building a Sense of Community for Text-Based Computer-Mediated Communication Courses

Building a strong sense of community in text-based computer-mediated communication courses can be a challenge to instructors. This article presents how a sound practical approach called STEP is implemented into one text-based fully online course and one hybrid course at a university in the northeastern region of the United States. Students' perceptions on connectedness and learning are measured toward the sense of community. The effectiveness of the systematic approach with a variety of strategies in building a sense of community in both fully online and hybrid courses has been confirmed in this study. Discussion and conclusion of building the sense of community for text-based computer-mediated communication courses are included.
Repellency and toxicity of 2‐acetylpyridinethio‐semicarbazones and related chemicals to wild birds

Abstract Twenty‐five chemicals active as, or related to, 2‐acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones were investigated for their repellency and toxicity to red‐winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and toxicity to starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Two chemicals (1‐azetidinecarbothioic acid (1‐(2‐pyridinyl)ethylidene)hydrazide and 1‐pyrrolidinecarbothioic acid (1‐(2‐pyridinyl)ethylidene)hydrazide) were about twice as repellent to redwings and from 1/2 to 1/3 as toxic as methiocarb, the most effective bird repellent currently registered in the United States. The repellency of a third chemical, methyl (1‐(2‐pyridinyl)ethylidene)hydrazinecarbodithioate, was similar to that of methiocarb but it was almost 100 times less toxic to redwings than methiocarb and was 20 to 50 times less toxic than related thiosemicarbazones. Twenty‐two other chemicals were not effective repellents or toxicants for redwings or toxicants for starlings.
Airborne measurements of atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols during ACE-Asia

[1] Airborne levels of carbonaceous aerosols were measured using the Twin Otter aircraft during the Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE)-Asia. Particles were collected using a newly developed honeycomb denuder sampler and organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and carbonate (CC) carbon levels determined using a thermal–optical carbon analyzer. During some flights, atmospheric layers could be identified as marine boundary, pollution dominated, or mineral dust dominated. Angstrom exponent (a) values, calculated based on data from an onboard three-wavelength nephelometer, were used to discern the nature of some individual layers. Values of a for individual layers ranged from 0.2 to 2, corresponding to dust- and pollution-dominated layers, respectively. OC and EC concentrations below 3 km ranged from 0.58 to 29 μg C m−3 and from 0.20 to 1.8 μg C m−3, respectively. In general, for a given type of atmospheric layer, higher levels of total carbon (TC) were observed during ACE-Asia than those observed during ACE-2, Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing Observational Experiment (TARFOX) and Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX). Mixed layers of dust and pollution were found on some occasions. CC was detected in samples taken from layers in which a = 1.6, indicating that significant amounts of dust can be present even though a > 0.2. A linear regression of light absorption coefficient σap (Mm−1) versus EC concentration had an r2 of only 0.50, indicating that parameters other than the mass of EC significantly affected the value of σap. The mass absorption coefficient Eabs (m2 g−1) varied by as much as a factor of 8 between sampling events, and the average value of 11 m2 g−1 (±5.0) agrees well with previous published values.
Comparison of broiler tissues for oxidative changes after cooking and refrigerated storage.

Broiler parts were cooked in water as: split breast without bone, leg without bone, skin, liver, and depot fat. Cooked tissues from one side of the birds were analyzed for initial thiobarbituric acid (TBA) numbers while tissues from the other side were ground and analyzed after 5 days storage at 4°C. The greatest increases in TBA numbers were found in liver and breast meat followed by leg meat, skin and depot fat. The oxidation rate during storage was positively correlated with protein, water, phospholipids and nonheme iron content and negatively correlated with total lipids or neutral lipids. Major constituents might affect the tissue stability by influencing the physical or environmental conditions for oxidation process.
CNS transplants make the connection

Abstract Fetal spinal cord transplants support the development of target reaching and coordinated postural adjustments after neonatal cervical spinal cord injury Dierner, P.S. and Bregman, B.S. (1998) J. Neurosci. 18, 763–778 Regeneration of adult axons in white matter tracts of the central nervous system Davies, S.J.A. et al. (1997) Nature 390, 680–683 Repair of adult rat corticospinal tract by transplants of olfactory ensheathing cells Li, Y. et al. (1997) Science 277, 2000–2002
Reactions of Nitrate Salts with Ammonia in Supercritical Water

Reactions involving nitrate salts and ammonia were investigated in supercritical water at temperatures from 450 to 530 C and pressures near 300 bar. Reaction products included nitrite, nitrogen gas, and nitrous oxide. Observed reaction rates and product distributions provided evidence for a free-radical reaction mechanism with NO{sub 2}, NO, and NH{sub 2}{center_dot} as the primary reactive species at supercritical conditions. In the proposed elementary mechanism, the rate-limiting reaction step was determined to be the hydrolysis of MNO{sub 3} species, which resulted in the formation of nitric acid and subsequently NO{sub 2}. A simple second-order reaction model was used to represent the data. In developing an empirical kinetic model, nitrate and nitrate were lumped as an NO{sub x}{sup {minus}} reactant. Empirical kinetic parameters were developed for four MNO{sub x}/NH{sub 3} reacting systems, assuming first orders in both NH{sub 3} and NO{sub x}{sup {minus}}. Observed MNO{sub x}/NH{sub 3} reaction rates and mechanisms suggest immediately a practical significance of these reactions for nitrogen control strategies in supercritical water oxidation processes.
Future of Clinical Trials for Pulmonary Hypertension

> “It is better to lose the battle and win the war.” > > —Sun Tzu (circa 6th century BCE Chinese General and military strategist) In 1995, the first successful randomized controlled trial (RCT) for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) led to the approval of the pulmonary vasodilator epoprostenol.1 Under the assumption that PAH was a disease of inappropriate pulmonary vasoconstriction, testing a drug that had vasodilator properties seemed reasonable. The 6-minute walk test was the primary end point in the trial because it was in keeping with the Food and Drug Administration precedent that an outcome assessment in a patient with cardiopulmonary disease needs to reflect how the patient feels, functions, or survives. Article see p 2985 There are now 7 vasodilator therapies for PAH, all approved because they improved exercise capacity for 3 to 4 months.2 Whether they affect long-term survival remains a valid question.3 Recently, a sobering report from a highly respected referral center in France noted that the current 3-year survival for patients with pulmonary hypertension managed with state-of-the-art multiple drug therapy was only 58%, marginally better than in 1980s when there were no treatments at all.4 In addition, it appears that these drugs do not protect patients from developing severe pulmonary vascular disease.5,6 Our knowledge of the pathobiology of PAH today is quite different from what it was 20 years ago. Scientific studies have demonstrated that cellular proliferation, inflammation, and thrombosis are the dominant underlying pathobiological processes and that chronic pulmonary vasoconstriction appears to play a relatively minor role.7 It is therefore understandable why the RCT by Kawut et al8 in this issue of Circulation chose to study the safety and efficacy of simvastatin and/or aspirin, therapies directed at normalizing endothelial cell function and platelet activation, as a treatment for …
SmB6: Kondo insulator or exotic metal?

High pressure resistivity and Hall effect measurements on Sm${\mathrm{B}}_{6}$ show that the activation gap \ensuremath{\Delta} vanishes discontinuously between 45 and 53 kbar, yielding at high pressures a mass-enhanced Fermi liquid phase. The low temperature transport is dominated by extended states in the gap with unusual superunitarity scattering properties, and a carrier density which grows almost exponentially with reduced \ensuremath{\Delta}, saturating below 45 kbar near 0.15 electron per unit cell. Our results are inconsistent with hybridization gap models and suggest a striking parallel to Mott-Hubbard insulators.
Primary Ewing sarcoma invading the heart: resection and reconstruction.

These modalities, however, are used in the treatment of lesions that are smaller than the one described in the present patient. Before modern endoscopic instrumentation, limited local resection in the form of a polypectomy or enucleation was the accepted or even favored method of treatment. Approaches to a limited resection have classically been through a thoracotomy. 2 Recently, thoracoscopic removal has also been described in the treatment of these lesions with the simultaneous use of a flexible endoscope. This obviously is possible only if the lesion is small enough for this type of resection. Esophagectomy has rarely been described in the treatment of this lesion, but this is because, in general, the majority of cavernous hemangiomas of the esophagus reported are on the order of 2 to 3 cm. 3 The hemangioma described in this report was giant, and concerns of malignancy and potential hemorrhage warranted an esophagectomy.
Transanal endoscopic microsurgical repair of iatrogenic recto-urethral fistula.

Background: Recto-urethral fistula formation following radical prostatectomy is an uncommon but potentially devastating event. Traditional surgery for such fi stulae is technically demanding, jeopardizes continence and usually necessitates a diverting colostomy. We present the case of an iatrogenic f stula treated by a transanal endoscopic microsurgical approach, without recourse to a stoma. Method: A 71-year-old man had recently undergone a radical prostatectomy, complicated by significant intra-operative haemorrhage. He subsequently developed a recto-urethral fistula, confi rmed clinically and endoscopically. Due to his bleeding diathesis, he was considered for, and underwent, a transanal endoscopic microsurgical (TEMS) repair. Conclusion: TEMS is a safe and reliable minimally-invasive surgical technique for the treatment of this difficult condition
Glycogen deposition in squamous metaplastic epithelium of the rat uterus.

SummaryIn the epithelial metaplasia of the rat uterus that occurred following vit. A deficiency, glycogen was observed in the stratified epithelium. An earlier report showed that the normal uterine epithelium of the rat uterus contains no glycogen.
High resolution determination of nanomolar concentrations of dissolved reactive phosphate in ocean surface waters using long path liquid waveguide capillary cells (LWCC) and spectrometric detection

In the last decade, long path length, low volume, liquid waveguide capillary cells (LWCC) in conjunction with conventional nutrient auto-analyzers have been applied to determinations of nanomolar levels of phosphate, nitrate, and nitrite in oligotrophic waters. This article reports a high resolution, real-time, continuous method for nanomolar dissolved reactive phosphate measurements in ocean surface waters with data logging every 30 seconds for up to 16 consecutive hours. Surface seawater is pumped continuously from a shipboard underway tow-fish unit to a helium gas-segmented, continuous-flow, nutrient auto-analyzer modified with a 250 cm LWCC. To circumvent baseline instability due to reagents, a parallel channel with deionized water (DI) and reagents is run and later subtracted from the sample absorbances. The detection limit is 0.8 nmol/L. The precision (as relative standard deviation) at 5 nmol/L phosphate is 6.1% (n = 5) and 0.8% (n = 5) at 50 nmol/L. We also report an optimized method for discrete samples using a 200 cm LWCC. To minimize any background phosphate concentration in low nutrient seawater used as wash water solution, we use DI water, but increase sample and wash times to achieve plateau-shaped peaks after the transient wash/sample mixing period. The detection limit is 0.5 nmol/L. The precision at 10 nmol/L phosphate is 1.8% (n = 8) and 0.9% (n = 9) at 60 nmol/L. The two systems have successfully been deployed on the U.S. GEOTRACES 2010 cruise, transecting the upwelling area northwest of Africa and the highly stratified, oligotrophic, subtropical North Atlantic gyre.
Availability of apolipoprotein CII in relation to the maximal removal capacity for an infused triglyceride emulsion in man.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the transfer to triglyceride-rich particles of apolipoprotein CII is a quantitative determinant of triglyceride removal. An emulsion of triglyceride, Intralipid, which resembles chylomicrons in particle size but does not contain apolipoprotein, was infused at a constant rate for 1 hr in ten subjects with plasma triglyceride levels ranging from 40 to 636 mg/dl. During the infusion, samples were taken for measurement of particulate triglyceride by nephelometry and quantification of apolipoprotein content by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of reisolated particles. The maximal removal capacity for Intralipid-triglyceride, calculated as the infusion rate minus the linear increase in plasma Intralipid-triglyceride, was inversely related to the basal plasma triglyceride level. The apolipoproteins bound to Intralipid were apo CI, CII, and CIII. Apo A and apo E were not detected. The CII CIII ratio was higher in larger triglyceride-rich particles (Intralipid) than in smaller ones (VLDL and HDL). The CII CIII ratio in VLDL isolated before infusion was higher than in VLDL isolated 2 min after starting infusion. The amount of apolipoprotein CII bound to infused Intralipid increased in parallel to the increase in triglyceride level, with a constant CII TG ratio between 2 and 60 min. The maximal removal capacity for infused Intralipid-triglyceride was not quantitatively related to the CII binding, expressed as CII TG . It is concluded that (1) the transfer of apolipoprotein CII from HDL, and also from VLDL, to large triglyceriderich emulsion particles entering the circulation occurs within minutes; (2) the availability of apolipoprotein CII for binding to continuously entering Intralipid particles is unlimited during 1 hr; (3) the amount of apolipoprotein CII bound does not control the rate of Intralipid-triglyceride removal from the plasma.
Stem cell biology, hormone/matrix synergies and liver differentiation.

Extracellular matrix, in conjunction with hormones and growth factors, plays a profound role in regulating gene expression in liver and in all tissues. The availability of matrix components for liver cells in culture is having a major impact on our ability to study every aspect of gene expression. Its significance has been particularly profound in permitting cultures with partial restoration of transcription rates of tissue-specific mRNAs. However, the matrix reagents available to date are not so potent as the forms known to be present uniquely in the liver. Thus, there is a great need to purify and characterize these tissue-specific matrix components (e.g. heparin-PG) to enable the eventual production of them for general use by investigators. The use of matrix reagents and the eventual use of cultures of liver stem cells will begin a new era in the understanding of liver differentiation.
Alum flocculation and bioflocculation of activated sludge for vacuum filtration

This study investigated the relationship between sludge loading rate, COD-to-nitrogen ratio of influent waste, and maximum difference in specific resistance as a result of chemical conditioning (DeltaZ). It also related DeltaZ to sludge carbohydrate content, protein content, and surface charge. This research also explored the necessity of chemical conditioning when an activated sludge exhibits excellent bioflocculation characteristics.
GOES program status

Two successful launches of NOAA's Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) provide continuous images and atmosphere soundings from positions over the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. GOES-8, launched April 13, 1994 and GOES-9, launched on May 23, 1995 are the first three axis stabilized meteorological satellites ever placed in orbit. Their unique capabilities have provided over two years of opportunities for observing the atmosphere with 1 km resolution visible and 4 and 8 km infrared channels at 3.9, 6.7, 10.7, and 12.0 micrometers. In addition, the 19- channel atmospheric sounders provide soundings throughout the atmosphere over vast portions of the two oceans. This paper describes the status of current GOES satellites and provides a look into the future for coming spacecraft and instruments.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characterization of a Novel Melanocortin Receptor-Containing Node in the SNS Outflow Circuitry to Brown Adipose Tissue Involved in Thermogenesis

The melanocortins (MC) can affect interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) thermogenesis via its sympathetic nervous system (SNS) innervation. We chose a site of high MC4-receptor (MC4-R) mRNA co-localization with SNS outflow neurons to IBAT, the subzona incerta (subZI) to test whether IBAT thermogenesis could be increased or decreased. We first performed immunohistochemical characterization of the subZI and found neurons and/or fibers in this area positive for melanin concentrating hormone, oxytocin, arginine vasopressin, agouti-related protein and alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone. Functional characterization of the subZI was tested via site-specific microinjections. The MC3/4-R agonist, melanotan II [MTII (0.025, 0.05 and 0.075nmol)], and specific MC4-R agonist (cyclo [s-Ala-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Glu]-NH2; 0.024nmol) both significantly increased IBAT temperature (T(IBAT)) and pretreatment with the MC4R antagonist, HS024 (0.072nmol) blocked the MC4-R agonist-induced increased T(IBAT) in conscious, freely-moving Siberian hamsters. Injection of the MC4-R antagonist alone significantly decreased T(IBAT) up to 3h post injection. Collectively, these results highlight the identification of a brain area that possesses high concentrations of MC4-R mRNA and SNS outflow neurons to IBAT that has not been previously reported to be involved in the control of T(IBAT). These results add to previously identified neural nodes that are components of the central circuits controlling thermogenesis.
Emotions and Change in Spiritual Care

How does spiritual care help people change? What role do emotions play? Intercultural spiritual care helps people change their ‘lived theology/orienting system’—an emotionally-charged constellation of values, beliefs, and habitual ways of coping with stress. A case study based on the novel Affliction by Russell Banks and a film by the same title illustrates how trauma-related feelings of fear and shame pull together a lived theology for the protagonist, Wade Whitehouse, shaped by intersecting social systems of classism, sexism, and racism. His story illustrates the challenges of spiritually integrative spiritual care focused on emotionally charged lived theologies.
THE FED HUMAN NEONATE-A SUCKLING KETOSIS?

Rats demonstrate a marked suckling ketosis (total ketones-2.5 mM). We have found evidence suggesting that the capacity for ketogenesis is deficient in fasted human newborns. Therefore, it was of interest to see whether human infants also show an improvement in ketogenic capacity and become ketotic with feeding. The levels of free fatty acids (FFA), b-OH-butyrate (BOB), and acetoacetate (AcAc) In 24 term AGA newborns fasted for the first 8 hrs after birth were compared with levels seen in 14 infants examined at 18 hr of age, 4 hr after a first feed, and 11 infants studied at 36 hr of age, 4 hr after their 4th-6th feed.
Chemical carcinogen induction of DNA-repair synthesis in human peripheral blood monocytes

Abstract Fresh ex vivo vultures of normal human peripheral blood monocytes, which are nonreplicative and known to possess cytochrome P-450 associated mixed- function oxidase activity, were used to assay DNA-excision repair manifested as augmented [3H]thymidine (dThd) incorporation following treatment in culture with diverse mutagenic carcinogens. Untreated monocyte cultures established from pools of 3–6 normal donors incorporated a low level of cytoplasmic [3H]dThd throughout a majority of the cells during an 18-h incubation. This background incorporation into whole cells was 80–90% inhibited by hydroxyurea (HU) at concentrations greater than 5 mM. Dose-related increases in the cumulative 18-h [3H]dThd incorporation in monocytes were observed following treatment with UV, N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), mitomycin C (MMC), N-acetoxy-acetylaminofluorene (NA-AAF), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN). The presence of HU during chemical treatment and throughout this 18 h of incubation with [3H]dThd did not influence the dose—response curves obtained with UV, MMS, NA-AAF and BaP but it increased the input dose of MNNG, MMC, DMN and AFB1 required to give peak repair incorporation. When HU was added to cultures following MNNG damage no interference with repair response was observed. HU apparently influences the extent of DNA damage by direct reactivity with these chemicals or their endogenously generated metabolites rather than inhibiting DNA-repair processes. These results provide evidence that monocytes are enzymatically proficient in base and nucleotide excision pathways and have endogenous capacity to metabolize BaP, AFB1 and DMN to DNA-damaging metabolites. As such, the monocyte is a potentially useful human cell type for detecting genotoxic chemicals and studying individuality in chemical-bioloigical interactions.