cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reading Strategies for the Business Foreign Language Class.

ABSTRECT Explicit instruction in reading comprehension has not been an important element of the Business Foreign Language course. This paper argues that teaching students how to read newspapers and magazines in the target language can prepare them to make an important contribution to their future employers. Current principles of reading pedagogy are examined, including pre-reading activities, schema theory, the importance of background knowledge, and post-reading activities. Concrete examples are provided of how those ideas can be applied in the Business Foreign Language classroom.
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Alternative Reinforcement Materials for Bridge Superstructures Considering Cost and Maintenance Uncertainties

A life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) was conducted on prestressed concrete bridge superstructures using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars and strands. Traditional reinforcement materials of uncoated steel with cathodic protection and epoxy-coated steel were also considered for comparison. A series of deterministic LCCAs were first conducted to identify a range of expected cost outcomes for different bridge spans and traffic volumes. Then, a probabilistic LCCA was conducted on selected structures that included activity timing and cost random variables. It was found that although more expensive initially, the use of CFRP reinforcement has the potential to achieve significant reductions in life-cycle cost, having a 95% probability to be the least expensive alternative beginning at year 23–77 after initial construction, depending on the bridge case considered. In terms of life-cycle cost, the most effective use of CFRP reinforcement was found to be for an AASHTO beam bridge in a high traffic volume area.
Caisson: a hardware description language for secure information flow

Information flow is an important security property that must be incorporated from the ground up, including at hardware design time, to provide a formal basis for a system's root of trust. We incorporate insights and techniques from designing information-flow secure programming languages to provide a new perspective on designing secure hardware. We describe a new hardware description language, Caisson, that combines domain-specific abstractions common to hardware design with insights from type-based techniques used in secure programming languages. The proper combination of these elements allows for an expressive, provably-secure HDL that operates at a familiar level of abstraction to the target audience of the language, hardware architects.We have implemented a compiler for Caisson that translates designs into Verilog and then synthesizes the designs using existing tools. As an example of Caisson's usefulness we have addressed an open problem in secure hardware by creating the first-ever provably information-flow secure processor with micro-architectural features including pipelining and cache. We synthesize the secure processor and empirically compare it in terms of chip area, power consumption, and clock frequency with both a standard (insecure) commercial processor and also a processor augmented at the gate level to dynamically track information flow. Our processor is competitive with the insecure processor and significantly better than dynamic tracking.
Translation of VHDL for logic synthesis

Abstract Logic synthesis can be achieved from the majority of VHDL, but some constructs have to be restricted. The techniques used in the TransGATE system to synthesize VHDL are explained. These ideas will be useful for those who wish to understand the process of designing hardware from VHDL models. It should be noted that the semantic completeness of VHDL extends only to constrain simulation tools and not to synthesis. Thus, techniques for hardware implementation described here will not necessarily be the same as other synthesis tools use. The main consideration for users of synthesis tools is to develop the design using a synchronous design methodology since there is no capability as yet for asynchronous circuit synthesis. With this restriction, synthesis can be used in the design of combinational logic processes, registered logic processes or finite state machines.
Anonymous sources: where do adult β cells come from?

We have long known that type 1 diabetes results from the autoimmune destruction of β cells. More recently, a consensus has developed that the most common form of diabetes, type 2 diabetes, results from the failure of β cells to compensate for increased insulin demand, which is associated with the increased calorie intake and decreased exercise that characterizes our modern life. Many factors may contribute to β cell failure in type 2 diabetes, but the total number of β cells, i.e., β cell mass, is clearly one important contributor. At autopsy, β cell mass varies substantially among young nondiabetic adults in the population, to a degree that exceeds the variation in height, weight, or BMI (1). Furthermore, β cell mass is greater in settings of increased insulin demand, such as pregnancy (2, 3) and obesity (4–8), suggesting some plasticity in the size of our β cell pool. Most importantly, all studies to date have demonstrated that patients with type 2 diabetes have reduced β cell mass, despite their increased insulin demand (4–9). It seems fairly obvious, therefore, that to understand the pathogenesis of diabetes and develop better therapies, we need to understand what controls the size of our pool of β cells, how much capacity we have as adults to generate new β cells, and where those β cells come from.
Depletion of REF/Aly alters gene expression and reduces RNA polymerase II occupancy

Pre-mRNA processing is mechanistically linked to transcription with RNA pol II serving as a platform to recruit RNA processing factors to nascent transcripts. The TREX complex member, REF/Aly, has been suggested to play roles in transcription and nuclear RNA stability in addition to its more broadly characterized role in mRNA export. We employed RNA-seq to identify a subset of transcripts with decreased expression in both nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions upon REF/Aly knockdown, which implies that REF/Aly affects their expression upstream of its role in mRNA export. Transcription inhibition experiments and metabolic labeling assays argue that REF/Aly does not affect stability of selected candidate transcripts. Instead, ChIP assays and nuclear run-on analysis reveal that REF/Aly depletion diminishes the transcription of these candidate genes. Furthermore, we determined that REF/Aly binds directly to candidate transcripts, supporting a direct effect of REF/Aly on candidate gene transcription. Taken together, our data suggest that the importance of REF/Aly is not limited to RNA export, but that REF/Aly is also critical for gene expression at the level of transcription. Our data are consistent with the model that REF/Aly is involved in linking splicing with transcription efficiency.
OPTIMAL MISTUNING: AN ANALYSIS OF FLUTTER BOUNDARIES IN TURBOMACHINES

A general framework is presented for analyzing and optimizing stability increases due to mistuning. The framework given is model independent and is based primarily on symmetry arguments. Difficult practical issues are transformed to tractable mathematical questions. It is shown that mistuning analysis reduces to a block circular matrix eigenvalue/vector problem which can be solved efficiently even for large problems. Similarly, the optimization becomes a standard linear constraint quadratic programming problem and can be solved numerically. Since the methods given are model independent, they can be applied to various models and allow the researcher to easily conclude which models accurately capture mistuning, and which do not. A simple quasi-steady model for flutter in a cascade is used to illustrate and validate results in this paper.
Studies of extreme-ultraviolet emission from Rydberg series of H 2 by electron impact

Electron excitation cross sections have been measured for the following two Rydberg series of H_2: ^1Σ_u^+ 1sσnpσ (B, B′, and B", states with principal quantum numbers n=2, 3, and 4, respectively) and ^1Π_u 1sσnpπ (C, D, and D′ states with principal quantum numbers n=2, 3, and 4, respectively) over the energy range from threshold to 350 eV. The cross sections for these six states account for all (>99%) of the vacuum-ultraviolet emission (78-170 nm) of the singlet states of H_2. The estimated total direct-excitation cross sections for these six states at 100 eV in decreasing value are (4.02±0.60)×10^(−17) cm^2 for B^1Σ_u^+ (3.86±0.60)×10^(−17) cm^2 for C^1Π_u, (0.76±0.11)×10^(−17) cm^2 for D^1Π_u, (0.76±0.11)×10^(−17) cm^2 for B' ^1Σ_u^+, (0.30±0.06)×10^(−17) cm^2 for D′^1Π_u, and (0.23±0.05)×10^(−17) cm^2 for B"^1Σ_u^+ and, additionally, (0.43±0.10)×10^(−17) cm^2 for E,F^1Σ_g^+ which populates the B^1Σ_u^+ state through radiative cascade transitions. We estimate the predissociation (autoionization is weak) and emission yields of the vibrational levels of the D, D′, and B" states whose band systems exhibit strong "breaking off in emission" for wavelengths below 85 nm. Furthermore, we report the first direct measurement of the dissociative excitation cross section for production of Lyman-β of (8.9±3.0)×10^(−19) cm^2 at 100 eV. In particular, it is shown that the high-lying Rydberg states (n=3 and 4) make a substantial contribution to the observed emission below 110 nm while above 110 nm the Lyman bands (B^1Σ_u^+→X^1Σ_g^+) and Werner bands (C^1Π_u→X^1Σ_g^+), the first members of the Rydberg series, dominate the spectrum. As a result of these measurements and spectroscopic models the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum from H_2 by electron impact can serve as an intensity calibration standard from 80 to 170 nm.
A molecular and ultrastructural description of Spathidiopsis buddenbrocki and the phylogenetic position of the family Placidae (Ciliophora).

Spathidiopsis and Placus are the only two genera within the family Placidae. The family has been placed in the class Prostomatea and order Prorodontida because its members have somatic monokinetids with a radial transverse ribbon, a straight non-overlapping postciliary ribbon, and anteriorly directed non-overlapping kinetodesmal fibril, an apical cytostome lacking specialized oral cilia, a brosse, and toxicysts. To confirm the stability of this placement, ultrastructural morphology and small subunit rRNA gene sequences of Spathidiopsis socialis, Spathidiopsis buddenbrocki, and Placus striatus were determined. These data were combined with information from other ciliates, and phylogenetic trees were generated using maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony methods. The analyses confirmed the family Placidae to be a monophyletic group in the Prostomatea with the Placidae a sister group to a Cryptocaryon + Coleps + Prorodon clade.
Initial development of an evidence base for personalized medicine’s translation to clinical practice and health policy

A major challenge to adoption of personalized medicine approaches, such as pharmacogenomics, is that data to address many critical questions relevant to clinical application, economics, policy and regulation are typically unavailable or widely dispersed. The evidence base we tentatively call Evaluation Data for Assessing Personalized Medicine Translation (EDAPT) would generate the foundation for a database of information. This article begins with a description of the rationale and conceptual framework for this effort.
Altered Self-Experience and Goal Setting in Severe Mental Illness

Goal setting is an essential part of psychiatric rehabilitation. Clinicians strive to maximize consumers’ participate in treatment decisions, including setting goals for treatment. Many psychiatric disabilities include alterations in a typical “open” dialogical self-experience that include cacophonous, monological, or barren self-experiences. Alterations to self-experience may affect the ability to formulate authentic and meaningful goals, and these perturbations may vary depending on the type of self-experience. The authors analyzed interviews regarding goals for treatment to explore themes emerging within self-experience types. Themes indicate people with differing self-experiences differ in how they form goals and the barriers they face in this process.
Cognitive Behavioral Techniques in the Management of Pain

The purpose of the present chapter is to examine the utility of a variety of cognitive behavioral treatments designed to enhance tolerance for painful stimuli. The chapter is organized into three main sections. First, before describing the specific coping strategies employed, a brief overview of the phenomenon of pain will be provided. Such an overview underscores the complexity and intractability of this universal experience, and reveals the bases for the traditional therapeutic modalities employed to ameliorate pain.
Anderson Localization for Schrödinger Operators on ℤ with Strongly Mixing Potentials

In this paper we show that for a.e. x∈[ 0,2 π) the operators defined on \(\) as $$$$ and with Dirichlet condition ψ− 1= 0, have pure point spectrum in \(\) with exponentially decaying eigenfunctions where δ > 0 and \(\) are small. As it is a simple consequence of known techniques that for small λ one has [− 2 +δ, 2−δ]⊂ spectrum (H(x)) for a.e.x∈[ 0, 2 π), we thus established Anderson localization on the spectrum up to the edges and the center. More general potentials than cosine can be treated, but only those energies with nonzero spectral density are allowed. Finally, we prove the same result for operators on the whole line ℤ with potential \(\), where A:?2→?2 is a hyperbolic toral automorphism, F∈C1(?2), ∫F= 0, and λ small. The basis for our analysis is an asymptotic formula for the Lyapunov exponent for λ→ 0 by Figotin–Pastur, and generalized by Chulaevski–Spencer. We combine this asymptotic expansion with certain martingale large deviation estimates in order to apply the methods developed by Bourgain and Goldstein in the quasi-periodic case.
We must teach more effectively: here are four ways to get started

Research on how people learn shows that teaching using active learning is more effective than just lecturing. We outline four concrete ways instructors can begin to apply active learning in their teaching: backward instruction design; expecting students to learn more than facts; posing "messy" problems for students to solve; and expecting students to talk, write, and collaborate. Each tactic is supported with references demonstrating its efficacy and advice and links to resources for getting started with active learning.
Mitochondrial calcium content in isolated perfused heart: effects of inotropic stimulation

We tested the hypothesis that in the intact heart, mitochondrial metabolism is activated by mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake during increased work. We measured left ventricular pressure (LVP), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, and mitochondrial and A band elemental content by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) in Langendorff-perfused hamster hearts under control conditions, after isoproterenol (10(-6) M) stimulation, and after increasing perfusion pressure from 60 to 100 mmHg. Hearts were rapidly frozen, then EPMA was performed on cryosections cut from the surface of the frozen hearts; PDH activity was measured from the same area. Isoproterenol and elevated perfusion pressure increased LVP by 185 +/- 21 and 58 +/- 14%, respectively, versus controls. PDH activity increased from 10.4 +/- 1.5 (mean +/- SE) nmol.min-1. mg protein-1 (controls) to 21.6 +/- 3.5 (isoproterenol) and 18.5 +/- 3.2 nmol.min-1.mg protein-1 (increased perfusion pressure). There was no significant change in mitochondrial Ca1 in response to isoproterenol [1.2 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SE) mmol/kg dry wt] or increased perfusion pressure (1.1 +/- 0.1) versus controls (1.0 +/- 0.1). These results suggest that, in the intact heart, mechanisms other than mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake may contribute to PDH activation and increased cardiac work.
Relationship Satisfaction and Coparenting over the Transition to Parenthood: Depression, Division of Labor, and Child Temperament as Moderators

The transition to parenthood is a uniquely important time in the human experience. New parents must reorganize their patterns of behavior and respective roles in order to include and care for a new child. Parents’ ability to navigate this process has great implications for child adjustment and healthy development. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the association of relationship satisfaction over the transition to parenthood and early coparenting interactions. The archival data utilized were collected as part of a longitudinal study of first time parents funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) in 2011. This study assessed three dimensions of coparenting, cooperation, warmth, and verbal sparring, which were coded during videotaped family sessions at 3 months postpartum. Relationship satisfaction was measured during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy and at 1 month postpartum. Depression, division of labor in the household, and child temperament have also been associated with relationship satisfaction and coparenting. The ability of these factors to act as moderators impacting the strength of the association between relationship satisfaction and coparenting for first time parents was assessed. Findings indicated that father variables, such as father relationship satisfaction and father depression were important factors in the development of coparenting. Father depression interacted with father relationship satisfaction to predict all three coparenting variables. For fathers without depressive symptoms, relationship satisfaction significantly predicted coparenting; however, this was not the case for the fathers with depressive symptoms. Results suggest that if a father is depressed satisfaction in his relationship may not prevent the development of poor coparenting. Mother violated expectations for the division of labor positively predicted mother relationship satisfaction and difficult child temperament negatively predicted father relationship satisfaction as expected. These variables were not found to impact the strength of the association between father or mother relationship satisfaction and coparenting. The family systems and clinical implications of these findings were discussed and future directions for research were identified.
Inverse and optimal drive problems in elasticity imaging of soft tissues

In elasticity imaging a surface deformation is applied to the object and the resulting induced strains in the interior of the object are measured using ultrasound. Two important problems are considered: (1) the inverse problem of determining the elasticity from the measured strains and the equations of equilibrium; and (2) the optimal drive problem of applying the optimum surface deformation that enables one to solve (1). The method of finite differences is used to solve (1) for a given piston configuration. The condition number of the matrix representing the resulting linear system of equations (Ax=b) is used as a criterion to solve (2). It appears from the authors' simulations that this is a sufficient condition to enable reconstruction of the elasticity from strain measurements. >
Evaluating the over-time prognostic performance of biomarkers for cancer prognoses using time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve

Nan Hu has completed his Ph.D. in 2010 from Department of Biostatistics at the University of Washington, School of Public Health. He is now an Assistant Professor of Medicine at the University of Utah, and an investigator at Huntsman Cancer Institute. He has published more than 10 papers in reputed Statistics journals and Medical journals and served as Statistics reviewers for Statistic Sinica and several medical journals. Evaluating the over-time prognostic performance of biomarkers for cancer prognoses using time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve
Physiological Measurement in the Organizational Sciences: A Review and Recommendations for Future Use

We review recent literature in the organizational sciences that uses some form of physiological measurement. We organize our review in terms of the underlying constructs that physiological measures were intended to assess. The majority of such constructs represents stress, health, or arousal, although these constructs are often studied in an attempt to understand a diverse set of other phenomena. The majority of the studies we discuss use peripheral measures of the autonomic nervous system or biological indicators of various physiological subsystems, such as the cardiovascular, metabolic, or immunological. Advances in instrumentation and biological assaying methods have made the use of physiological measures more feasible, and in some cases, affordable for researchers without specialized training in physiology. The significant challenges we discuss mostly concern issues of sampling and timing, as well as the careful selection of physiological indicators to fit the theoretical demands of the research.
Does Regionalism Detract from Local Democracy? The Impact of Government Scale on Participation

As described in Chap. 1, there are three objectives or dimensions that a regional governing system should accomplish. These are to provide services in a cost-efficient manner, enhance or at least not detract from the quality of life of all residents, and provide a political framework whereby policy issues can be effectively addressed. Chapter 8 dealt with the first two governing dimensions. This chapter is an analysis of the effect of regional governing systems on the political dimension. To assess the impact of centralized governing systems on the political element, I use citizen participation as a proxy as indicated in Table 1.1 and discussed in Chap. 1. I analyze the effect of fragmented governing systems on citizen participation. I also consider the effect of government scale on preserving a sense of community, which is an important element in fostering citizen participation.
Association of Sleep Quality on Memory-Related Executive Functions in Middle Age.

Objectives Sleep quality affects memory and executive function in older adults, but little is known about its effects in midlife. If it affects cognition in midlife, it may be a modifiable factor for later-life functioning. Methods We examined the association between sleep quality and cognition in 1220 middle-aged male twins (age 51-60 years) from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. We interviewed participants with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and tested them for episodic memory as well as executive functions of inhibitory and interference control, updating in working memory, and set shifting. Interference control was assessed during episodic memory, inhibitory control during working memory, and non-memory conditions and set shifting during working memory and non-memory conditions. Results After adjusting for covariates and correcting for multiple comparisons, sleep quality was positively associated with updating in working memory, set shifting in the context of working memory, and better visual-spatial (but not verbal) episodic memory, and at trend level, with interference control in the context of episodic memory. Conclusions Sleep quality was associated with visual-spatial recall and possible resistance to proactive/retroactive interference. It was also associated with updating in working memory and with set shifting, but only when working memory demands were relatively high. Thus, effects of sleep quality on midlife cognition appear to be at the intersection of executive function and memory processes. Subtle deficits in these age-susceptible cognitive functions may indicate increased risk for decline in cognitive abilities later in life that might be reduced by improved midlife sleep quality. (JINS, 2018, 24, 67-76).
Internal Migration of the Foreign-Born: Population Concentration or Dispersion?

Recent analyses of the 1990 census migration data have pointed to the different demographic effects of internal migration and immigration. States and metropolitan areas either have large population gains through immigration or internal migration, but rarely both, leading to what has been labeled as an increasing demographic ‘balkanization’ of the U.S. population. This paper explores the proposition that the internal migration of the foreign-born (pre-1985 arrivals) is likely to reinforce the demographic effects of immigration. Analysis is based on the five-percent Public Use Microdata file of the U.S. Census, with the demographic effects evaluated at both the state and metropolitan area levels. Distinctions were also made between nineteen separate national origin groups, increasing the detail of the analysis. Despite high internal migration rates and large net migration, there was little change in the overall distribution and concentration of the foreign-born population between 1985 and 1990. More important, however, distinctions were found across the national origin groups. While secondary migration leads to dispersion among some groups, other groups were becoming increasingly concentrated, suggesting that demographic balkanization of the American population is more variable than the literature would suggest.
Empirical Profiles of Alcohol and Marijuana Use, Drugged Driving, and Risk Perceptions.

Objective:The present study sought to inform models of risk for drugged driving through empirically identifying patterns of marijuana use, alcohol use, and related driving behaviors. perceived dangerousness and consequences of drugged driving were evaluated as putative influences on risk patterns.Method:We used latent profile analysis of survey responses from 897 college students to identify patterns of substance use and drugged driving. We tested the hypotheses that low perceived danger and low perceived likelihood of negative consequences of drugged driving would identify individuals with higher-risk patterns.Results:Findings from the latent profile analysis indicated that a fourprofile model provided the best model fit. Low-level engagers had low rates of substance use and drugged driving. Alcohol-centric engagers had higher rates of alcohol use but low rates of marijuana/simultaneous use and low rates of driving after substance use. Concurrent engagers had higher rates of marijuana and alcohol use, si...
Cost Effectiveness of a Shingles Vaccine Booster for Currently Vaccinated Adults in the U.S.

Introduction The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends a single dose of the live attenuated herpes zoster vaccine in people aged ≥60 years. Because vaccine-induced protection decreases to zero after 10 years, many vaccinated people will soon be subject to an increased risk of the disease. The study objective was to determine the cost effectiveness of a herpes zoster vaccine booster and its optimal timing among immunocompetent adults first vaccinated at aged ≥60 years. Methods A Markov model was built to follow vaccinated individuals for a lifetime. From the societal perspective, costs and quality-adjusted life years were compared between no booster versus booster options. A booster was given any time between 1 and 20 years after the first dose, and for those who had the first dose at different ages: 60, 70, and 80 years. Because people entered the model already vaccinated, costs and side effects of the first dose were not included. The booster was assumed to have the same efficacy and waning rate as the initial vaccination. Model inputs were based on published literature. A cost effectiveness threshold of $100,000/quality-adjusted life year was used. The analysis was conducted in 2016. Results Cost effectiveness of a booster varied by age and time since vaccination. The booster cost 5 years after the initial dose, but was most cost effective at around 10 years. The finding was robust to wide variations in model inputs. Conclusions Under current assumptions, a booster dose of herpes zoster vaccine would be cost effective for all vaccinated people 10 years after initial vaccination.
Association of Electronic Health Record Use With Quality of Care and Outcomes in Heart Failure: An Analysis of Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure.

BackgroundAdoption of electronic health record (EHR) systems has increased significantly across the nation. Whether EHR use has translated into improved quality of care and outcomes in heart failur...
Definitive treatment of Hirschsprung's disease in the newborn with a one-stage procedure.

Background The purpose of this study was to review our experience and early follow-up with 15 one-stage pull-through procedures performed at the time of diagnosis in neonates and infants with Hirschsprung's disease. Methods Historic chart review of all patients with the new diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease seen at the C.S. Mott Children's Hospital at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, between June 1989 and June 1992 was performed. Progress notes, operative and anesthetic records, pathology reports, and outpatient follow-up notes were used for data collection. Results Operative technique included a modified endorectal pull-through after determining the presence of ganglion cells by frozen section. No colostomies were performed before or after operation. Three patients had affected family members. All infants were born at term. Operation was performed within 24 hours of diagnosis and as early as 48 hours of age. Twelve patients had standard rectosigmoid disease, two had total colonic disease, and another had long-segment disease. Bowel function returned within 4 days of operation, and feeding was instituted by postoperative day 6 in all patients. All of the patients with rectosigmoid disease are doing well. Patients with long-segment or total colonic disease had more problems but are currently at home and doing well. Morbidity included two postoperative bowel obstructions and three patients with postoperative enterocolitis. Conclusions A single definitive operation may be used to treat Hirschsprung's disease diagnosed in the newborn. Long-term follow-up in these patients is required.
Benedict, Ruth (1887–1948)

A US cultural anthropologist Ruth Fulton Benedict is best known for two books, the 1934 Patterns of Culture and the 1946 The Chrysanthemum and the Sword . Each contributes importantly to the central premises of ‘culture and personality’ studies in US anthropology. Both books demonstrate the close connection between descriptive intensity and ethnographic reliability. Both, too, treat the theories and methods of a science in terms of their significance for ensuring human rights in any society. A foremost anthropologist, Benedict also wrote for a general audience, addressing the Great Depression, racism, and the rise of Fascism and Nazism in the 1930s.
Parallel computation methods for large-scale nonlinear CSM

Publisher Summary In this chapter, a parallel explicit dynamic finite element code, “ParaAble”, is used for the three-dimensional analysis of penetration and blast loading events. The analysis of structures undergoing complex inelastic responses to load—such as those resulting from explosive detonations or high-speed impact—are challenging mechanics problems, which can typically require significant computational resources. The analyses presented in the chapter involve large models (up to several million elements) and different types of material models with varying levels of complexity and computational expense. The parallel computational strategy includes an overlapping computation/message passing algorithm and a material-weighting mesh partitioning scheme. These procedures are implemented into a parallel finite element code, “ParaAble”, and then it is used for several large-scale applications.
About the Appreciation of the Dance

I am going to talk about problems about the appreciation of dance. These problems are problems I think for one who is concerned to view a dance as a work of art and to appreciate what is being viewed. I don’t think they are insurmountable problems but I do think they pose genuine difficulties in the appreciation and evaluation of dance and I think these difficulties are then difficulties in forming aesthetic judgments about dance and difficulties in forming any kind of sensible aesthetic evaluation of the whole process. The first thing I think I want to say is that though many people are inclined to say that dance is a language that’s really an unfortunate way of thinking. If you think of dance as a language then you may be inclined to approach it to attempt to appreciate it in the way one appreciates a language to attempt to understand it in the way that one understands a language and that just cannot be. It is not a language. I will go on to suggest to you that it may well be thought of I don’t know how strictly but it can certainly sensibly be modeled in terms of a symbolic system. But not every symbolic system is a language. I can give you a simple example. All of you can use road maps I trust in one way or another. In order to use a road map you have to read a symbolic system: red lines black lines distances and the like. Again you can understand the use of code flags and the like. In all these cases one is dealing with symbolic systems but not with a language. Now I’ll have to be a bit more technical and I’ll use some technical terms to explain more precisely to you why dance is not a language and what kind of symbolic system it can be thought of how it can be modeled in terms of symbolic systems. But don’t be worried by the technical terminology because I’ll explain it. I do like to put things precisely and then to slop around a bit afterwards. So long as I have said it precisely I don’t mind the sloppiness.
Meadowcroft Rockshelter — Retrospect 1977: Part 1:

Meadowcroft Rockshelter is a deeply stratified multicomponent site in Washington County, southwestern Pennsylvania. The eleven well defined stratigraphic units identified at the site span at least 16,000, and perhaps 19,000 years of intermittent occupation by groups representing all of the major cultural stages/periods now recognized in northeastern North America. Throughout the extant sequence, the site served as a locus for hunting, collecting and food processing activities which involved the seasonal exploitation of the immediately adjacent Cross Creek valley and contiguous uplands. Presently, Meadowcroft Rockshelter represents the earliest well dated evidence of man in the New World as well as the longest occupational sequence in the Western Hemisphere.
Association Between Exposure of Ipratropium and Salmeterol and Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: A Matched Case-control Study.

Abstract Purpose Ipratropium and salmeterol were found to stimulate oligodendrocyte differentiation in a high-throughput drug screening assay; thus, they may play a role in the risk reduction of multiple sclerosis (MS). So far, they have not been examined in any clinical data. This study aims at investigating the association between ipratropium and salmeterol and reduced diagnosis of MS with the use of real-world clinical data. Methods We conducted a 1:10 matched case–control study that compared the exposure of ipratropium and salmeterol between patients with MS and control patients over the past 2 years, using the MS Flowsheet Registry of OSF HealthCare Saint Francis Medical Center. Cases were matched to control patients, based on service year/quarter, age, sex, race, and payer type. The relationship was examined with a Poisson regression model and a generalized structural equation model. Findings The sample in our analysis included 217 patients with MS and 2164 matched control patients. The mean (SD) age for both patients with MS and control patients was 41 (11.8) years with a range of 18 to 75 years. The MS group had consistently less prescriptions of ipratropium and salmeterol than the control group in the past 1, 2, and 3 years before the index date. Our multivariable analysis found that the control group had 3.2 more prescriptions (95% CI, 1.4–7.1; P = 0.006) of either ipratropium or salmeterol in the past 2 years than the MS group, even if controlling for other confounders. In the generalized structural equation model, we found that use of ipratropium and salmeterol was significantly associated with reduced diagnosis of MS (P = 0.036), whereas smokers and people with family history of MS were more likely to have a diagnosis of MS (P Implications The observed association between ipratropium and salmeterol use and reduced diagnosis of MS indicates that they might potentially serve as agents in the treatment of MS.
Molecular basis for interactions between an acyl carrier protein and a ketosynthase.

Fatty acid synthases are dynamic ensembles of enzymes that can biosynthesize long hydrocarbon chains efficiently. Here we visualize the interaction between the Escherichia coli acyl carrier protein (AcpP) and β-ketoacyl-ACP-synthase I (FabB) using X-ray crystallography, NMR, and molecular dynamics simulations. We leveraged this structural information to alter lipid profiles in vivo and provide a molecular basis for how protein–protein interactions can regulate the fatty acid profile in E. coli. A combination of crosslinking, X-ray crystallography, NMR, and mutagenesis provide a detailed visualization of the interactions between an acyl carrier protein and β-ketoacyl-ACP-synthase I in the Escherchia coli fatty acid synthase complex.
FDG PET Positive Cardiac Amyloidosis

Background Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) is routinely utilized to diagnose cardiac sarcoidosis, but may be positive in other cardiac conditions that result in myocardial inflammation. ATTR cardiac amyloidosis, an infiltrative disease that causes atrial arrhythmias and heart failure, is not typically thought to present with an inflammatory process. However, we observed four cases in which 18F-flurodeoxyglycose (FDG) PET scan findings were suspicious for cardiac sarcoidosis, but right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy (RV EMB) pathology specimens revealed ATTR wild-type (ATTRwt) cardiac amyloidosis. Methods Retrospective chart review was performed on patients with a positive cardiac FDG PET scan who also had a concomitant diagnosis of ATTR cardiac amyloidosis at Mayo Clinic Rochester between January 1, 2000 and March 24, 2019. Results Four patients with clinical presentation suggestive of cardiac sarcoidosis had positive FDG PET scans but were found to have biopsy-proven ATTRwt cardiac amyloidosis. All four patients were male with an average age of 71 years (62, 75). Two patients presented with ventricular arrhythmias and had transthoracic echocardiograms that were not suggestive of cardiac amyloidosis. FDG PET scans of these two patients revealed myocardial FDG uptake, similar to what can be seen in cardiac sarcoidosis. Both patients underwent RV EMB, with pathology specimens and mass spectrometry revealing ATTRwt cardiac amyloidosis. One of these two patients had a positive nuclear 99mTechnetium-pyrophosphate (PYP) scan (H/Cl ratio 1.9) and the other had a negative PYP scan (H/CL 1.2). The third patient, with a history of biopsy proven pulmonary sarcoidosis, presented with atrial fibrillation and conduction abnormalities. FDG PET scan revealed myocardial perfusion defects and patchy FDG uptake, but RV EMB revealed ATTRwt cardiac amyloidosis. Nuclear PYP was positive (H/Cl ratio of 1.8). The fourth patient presented with intermittent high grade AV block and underwent pacemaker implantation. He later developed frequent monomorphic premature ventricular contractions. Cardiac FDG PET scan illustrated FDG uptake, but the concurrent CT trunk did not illustrate any FDG uptake suspicious for extra-cardiac sarcoidosis. RV EMB was consistent with ATTRwt cardiac amyloidosis, but PYP was negative. Discussion These findings suggest that inflammation could play a role in ATTR cardiac amyloidosis. We have previously seen inflammatory changes of lymphohistiocytic infiltration around areas of amyloid protein deposition on biopsy specimens in ATTR cardiac amyloidosis. The role of therapy targeted at stabilizing transthyretin versus immunosuppressive agents in this subgroup remains unclear.
Determining the Nature of Optical Forces with the Photon-Drag Effect

The photovoltage generated in metal films conflicts with the prevailing intuitive model of light-metal momentum exchange, establishing the need for a new microscopic model of radiation pressure, and newly revealing the distribution of optical forces.
Biologically-Relevant Trends in Springtime Temperatures Across the United States

National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF) [DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383]; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments (RISA) program [NA17OAR4310288]; Climate Assessment for the Southwest program at the University of Arizona
Review: In critically ill adults, diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive tests for detecting elevated ICP varies.

Source Citation Fernando SM, Tran A, Cheng W, et al. Diagnosis of elevated intracranial pressure in critically ill adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2019;366:l4225. 31340932
A Stopping Power Formula for Helium Ions

The empirical ratio of He to H stopping powers from Ziegler, Biersack, and Littmark [1] is compared with the Brandt-Kitagawa theory [2], trying various choices for the screening length ˄ and the fractional number of electrons on the projectile ion q. The best agreement is obtained when ˄ = and q = 1 - exp[-vr/(Z1v0)] are chosen for hydrogenic helium ion. The stopping power ratios are furthermore corrected because the stopping power is not simply proportional to \(Z_1^2\) as assumed in Ziegler’s scaling. A formula, which interpolates between a Lindhard-Scharff-like formula at low velocities and the Bethe-Bloch expression of high velocities, is used to make this correction.
Visual exploratory behavior and its development

Abstract Visual exploratory behavior refers to actively gathering visual information through coordinated eye, head, and body movements—looking around with a purpose. In this article, I compare the study of visual exploration using stationary, screen-based tasks vs mobile, naturalistic tasks. In doing so, I discuss how ecological validity depends on variations in three factors: visual characteristics of stimuli, the opportunity for participants to interact with their surroundings, and participants’ ability to move their bodies. In particular, the long-standing reliance on stationary, screen tasks has precluded progress in understanding the last factor—how anatomical, biomechanical, and physiological aspects of the body influence where observers look. I argue that each factor is vital to revealing the flexibility, adaptiveness, and efficiency of everyday visual exploration.
Understory vegetation response to mountain pine beetle disturbance in northern Colorado lodgepole pine forests

Understory plants are an important element of forests, having a considerable influence on ecosystem functioning and canopy-tree development following disturbance. Recent bark beetle outbreaks across western North American forests have caused extensive canopy mortality, creating new growing conditions that provide the opportunity for changes within the intact understory. Over a five-year period following peak mountain pine beetle (MPB) activity across lodgepole pine-dominated forests in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, we measured the changes in plant diversity, cover, and dominance by lifeform and quantified tree regeneration rates. Average species richness and diversity increased, but overall plant cover did not change. Graminoids appeared to benefit the most, increasing in average cover, richness, and relative dominance. The rise in graminoid dominance was largely at the expense of shrubs, which showed little ability to benefit from overstory mortality within the first years following attack. Most plant responses were positively related to the total tree basal area lost since the peak of the outbreak, suggesting that increased resource availability following tree death may benefit understory plants. However, a negative relationship between several understory variables and tree sapling density provides evidence that understory plants compete with saplings for the newly available resources. Tree seedling density nearly doubled over the duration of the study, indicating a strong regeneration pulse. Among species, lodgepole pine displayed the greatest tree seedling establishment. This is one of the first studies to use repeated measurements to describe this often-overlooked component of forest change associated with MPB disturbance.
Assessing support alternatives for longwall gateroads subject to changing stress

Abstract Longwall gateroad entries are subject to changing horizontal and vertical stress induced by redistribution of loads around the extracted panel. The stress changes can result in significant deformation of the entries that may include roof sag, rib dilation, and floor heave. Mine operators install different types of supports to control the ground response and maintain safe access and ventilation of the longwall face. This paper describes recent research aimed at quantifying the effect of longwall-induced stress changes on ground stability and using the information to assess support alternatives. The research included monitoring of ground and support interaction at several operating longwall mines in the U.S., analysis and calibration of numerical models that adequately represent the bedded rock mass, and observation of the support systems and their response to changes in stress. The models were then used to investigate the impact of geology and stress conditions on ground deformation and support response for various depths of cover and geologic scenarios. The research results were summarized in two regression equations that can be used to estimate the likely roof deformation and height of roof yield due to longwall-induced stress changes. This information is then used to assess the ability of support systems to maintain the stability of the roof. The application of the method is demonstrated with a retrospective analysis of the support performance at an operating longwall mine that experienced a headgate roof fall. The method is shown to produce realistic estimates of gateroad entry stability and support performance, allowing alternative support systems to be assessed during the design and planning stage of longwall operations.