cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Bundle Algorithm Approach for the Aircraft Schedule Recovery Problem During Hub Closures

A bundle algorithm is presented to solve a multicommodity network model for determining a recoveryplan for a single carrier with multiple fleets following a hub closure. The algorithm is shown to provide feasible near-optimal solutions much more quickly than can be obtained using a standard commercial mixed-integer programming code (CPLEX). In this application, a bundle method is used to solve a Lagrangian relaxation of the integer programming formulation. The full algorithm includes heuristic techniques for finding feasible solutions from the solutions to the relaxed problems. Extensive computations were performed using data from Continental Airlines. The results show that the proposed approach provides faster times to optimality in some cases and always obtains feasible, near-optimal solutions for larger problems much more quickly than can be found using CPLEX. In addition, while a standard commercial code will provide only one solution, this approach provides multiple high-quality solutions.
LSC 2013 abstract - Early sources of IL-13 in house dust mite-induced neonatal allergic airways disease

Innate immunity is important in neonatal immune defence. Innate lymphoid cells have been identified in the lung, and due to their ability to produce interlukin (IL)-13 they have been shown to be both necessary and sufficient in the induction of allergic airway inflammation. We aimed to investigate the source of IL-13 in a house dust mite (HDM)-induced neonatal model of allergic airways disease. Intranasal HDM was administered intermittently from day 3 of life for 2 weeks. Mice were culled at 1 and 2 weeks of age and flow cytometry used to assess cell populations in the lung. HDM-exposed neonatal mice show increased lung inflammation at weeks 1 and 2 and an associated increase in IL-13. IL-13+ innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) were significantly elevated in the lungs of HDM-exposed neonatal mice 1 week after allergen exposure compared to controls, however IL-13+ CD4+ T cells were more prevalent. IL-13+ CD4+ T cells were observed in non-allergic neonatal mice, with this population decreasing with age. Conversely, IL-13+ ILCs increased with age in non-allergic neonatal mice. In order to assess the relative contribution of IL-13+ CD4+ T cells and IL-13+ ILCs in disease development, neonatal SCID mice were administered HDM from day 3 of life for 2 weeks. In contrast to immunocompetent mice, HDM-exposed SCID mice did not develop airway hyperresponsiveness. Collectively, these data suggest an early Th2-skew in the lung during the early postnatal period which is critical for the development of neonatal allergic airways disease.
Thrombocytopenia in the Intensive Care Unit

Study objective To determine the prevalence of thrombocytopenia in an ICU and assess which factors were associated with thrombocytopenia. Design A review of the medical records of patients admitted during 3 separate months during 1 academic year. Patients must have survived at least 12 h in the ICU. Setting A medical ICU at a university hospital. Patients General medicine patients admitted to the ICU. Interventions All medical records were reviewed. During the ICU stay, daily medications, events, and platelet count were noted. All patients were followed up until death or hospital discharge. In 22 patients, including 18 who had thrombocytopenia, bone marrow aspirates were performed. Measurements and results One hundred sixty-two admissions were evaluated. Thirty-eight (23 percent) had platelet counts less than 100,000/mm 3 at least once, and 17 (10 percent) patients had platelet counts less than 50,000/mm 3 . Several factors were associated with thrombocytopenia; however, only sepsis, use of antineoplastic chemotherapy, elevated creatinine level, or elevated bilirubin value were independent risk factors for severe thrombocytopenia. In only one patient were the bone marrow findings different from those expected by the clinical presentation. Thrombocytopenia was associated with longer hospital stay (p Conclusion Thrombocytopenia is a common occurrence in the ICU, usually due to the underlying disease, and is associated with an increased mortality.
Labor allocation in paid crowdsourcing: experimental evidence on positioning, nudges and prices

This paper reports the results of a natural field experiment where workers from a paid crowdsourcing environment selfselect into tasks and are presumed to have limited attention. In our experiment, workers labeled any of six pictures from a 2 × 3 grid of thumbnail images. In the absence of any incentives, workers exhibit a strong default bias and tend to select images from the top-left ("focal") position; the bottomright ("non-focal") position, was the least preferred. We attempted to overcome this bias and increase the rate at which workers selected the least preferred task, by using a combination of monetary and non-monetary incentives. We also varied the saliency of these incentives by placing them in either the focal or non-focal position. Although both incentive types caused workers to re-allocate their labor, monetary incentives were more effective. Most interestingly, both incentive types worked better when they were placed in the focal position and made more salient. In fact, salient non-monetary incentives worked about as well as non-salient monetary ones. Our evidence suggests that user interface and cognitive biases play an important role in online labor markets and that salience can be used by employers as a kind of "incentive multiplier".
Role of Ingested Amino Acids and Protein in the Promotion of Resistance Exercise–Induced Muscle Protein Anabolism

The goal of this critical review is to comprehensively assess the evidence for the molecular, physiologic, and phenotypic skeletal muscle responses to resistance exercise (RE) combined with the nutritional intervention of protein and/or amino acid (AA) ingestion in young adults. We gathered the literature regarding the translational response in human skeletal muscle to acute exposure to RE and protein/AA supplements and the literature describing the phenotypic skeletal muscle adaptation to RE and nutritional interventions. Supplementation of protein/AAs with RE exhibited clear protein dose-dependent effects on translational regulation (protein synthesis) through mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, which was most apparent through increases in p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) phosphorylation, compared with postexercise recovery in the fasted or carbohydrate-fed state. These acute findings were critically tested via long-term exposure to RE training (RET) and protein/AA supplementation, and it was determined that a diminishing protein/AA supplement effect occurs over a prolonged exposure stimulus after exercise training. Furthermore, we found that protein/AA supplements, combined with RET, produced a positive, albeit minor, effect on the promotion of lean mass growth (when assessed in >20 participants/treatment); a negligible effect on muscle mass; and a negligible to no additional effect on strength. A potential concern we discovered was that the majority of the exercise training studies were underpowered in their ability to discern effects of protein/AA supplementation. Regardless, even when using optimal methodology and large sample sizes, it is clear that the effect size for protein/AA supplementation is low and likely limited to a subset of individuals because the individual variability is high. With regard to nutritional intakes, total protein intake per day, rather than protein timing or quality, appears to be more of a factor on this effect during long-term exercise interventions. There were no differences in strength or mass/muscle mass on RET outcomes between protein types when a leucine threshold (>2 g/dose) was reached. Future research with larger sample sizes and more homogeneity in design is necessary to understand the underlying adaptations and to better evaluate the individual variability in the muscle-adaptive response to protein/AA supplementation during RET.
Paediatric triage in South Africa : where are we? : update

The outcome for paediatric cardiac arrest remains dismal, hence the critical need for healthcare staff to recognise the early signs of cardiovascular compromise and use timely interventions to halt further deterioration in children presenting at emergency units. This forms the basis of triage.
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Printed Circuit Board Laminates

Printed circuit boards must meet stringent requirements imposed by elevated temperature processes required for mixed-solder and/or Pb-free assembly. To meet these requirements, laminate manufacturers offer a variety of resin formulations, reactive additives, and glass styles designed to impart specific properties. Both the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and the glass transition temperature (Tg) have received considerable attention with respect to design of high-temperature laminates. CTE mismatch between the copper and the laminate within a PCB results in stress upon the copper that may manifest itself as opens within vias, at the interfaces between internal lands and plated-through hole barrels, as well as open traces. Since the CTE of resin materials below the Tg is typically on the order of 5X lower than the CTE above Tg, a typical laminate design strategy is to produce a resin that exhibits a high Tg without adversely impacting other properties. Numerous factors affect the ultimate Tg of the r...
The focusing Manakov system with nonzero boundary conditions

The initial value problem for the focusing Manakov system with nonzero boundary conditions at infinity is solved by developing an appropriate inverse scattering transform. The analyticity properties of the Jost eigenfunctions are investigated, and precise conditions on the potential that guarantee such analyticity are provided. The analyticity properties of the scattering coefficients are also established rigorously, and auxiliary eigenfunctions needed to complete the bases of analytic eigenfunctions are derived. The behavior of the eigenfunctions and scattering coefficients at the branch points is discussed, as are the symmetries of the analytic eigenfunctions and scattering coeffiecients. These symmetries are used to obtain a rigorous characterization of the discrete spectrum and to rigorously derive the symmetries of the associated norming constants. The asymptotic behavior of the Jost eigenfunctions is derived systematically. A general formulation of the inverse scattering problem as a Riemann–Hilbert problem is presented. Explicit relations among all reflection coefficients are given, and all entries of the scattering matrix are determined in the case of reflectionless solutions. New soliton solutions are explicitly constructed and discussed. These solutions, which have no analogue in the scalar case, are comprised of dark-bright soliton pairs as in the defocusing case. Finally, a consistent framework is formulated for obtaining reflectionless solutions corresponding to any number of simple zeros of the analytic scattering coefficients, leading to any combination of bright and dark-bright soliton solutions.
Morphine metabolism in man: effect of aspirin.

Morphine metabolism was studied in 12 normal subjects. Six were studied before and while receiving aspirin, 0.6 gm every 6 hours, and 6 were studied before and while receiving aspirin, 1.2 gm every 6 hours. The study was performed to determine whether aspirin decreases the conjugation of morphine with glucuronide. When aspirin and morphine were given together, plasma levels of free morphine were lowered slightly; after the high dosage of aspirin, the plasma levels of conjugated morphine were slightly higher than control. The urinary excretion of conjugated morphine was decreased by aspirin. Total radioactivity excreted in the urine was similar in all studies. These findings can best be explained by changes in renal clearance of free and conjugated morphine. The clearance of free morphine (organic calion system) tends to be either unchanged or increased by aspirin while the clearance of conjugated morphine (organic anion system) is decreased. These changes appear to be sufficient to explain the changes in plasma and urinary ffee and conjugated morphine levels. Aspirin, at these dosage levels, therefore, does not decrease the conjugation of morphine with glucuronide and does not affect N-demethylation.
An Empirical Validation of the Randomized Response Technique

Qualitative, quantitative, and ratio estimate randomized response models were tested in comparison with a conventional interview technique in the measurement of a sensitive issue with known true va...
Effect of hypothermia on ventricular fibrillary threshold.

SummaryDirect quantitative measurements of both basic ventricular threshold and ventricular fibrillary threshold were made in dogs prior to and during progressive immersion hypothermia. No change in basic ventricular threshold was observed as rectal temperature fell from 38°C to 22°C. At the same time, ventricular fibrillary threshold showed a 5-fold decrease. Neither maintenance of a normal serum pH during cooling nor prolonged cold exposure prior to the hypothermic episode altered the decrease in ventricular fibrillary threshold.
Simulation of Oscillations in Lake Pontchartrain Induced by Hurricane Katrina

A numerical study is conducted to simulate the oscillations in Lake Pontchartrain induced by Hurricane Katrina. The physical mechanisms of the wind-induced oscillation in Lake Pontchartrain are modeled by the depth-averaged, non-linear shallow-water equations. Finite-volume method (FVM) is used in the model with the model results verified by the extensive field data compiled by IPET. The present model is further applied to investigate the oscillations in Lake Pontchartrain induced by two synthetic hurricanes scenarios within the time-span of 00:00 UTC August 29 to 00:00 UTC August 30, 2005. Scenario 1: Hurricane Katrina tracks on its original route under the condition if the dikes in several drainage canals are not breached. Scenario 2: Hurricane Katrina tracks on its original route with reduced forward speeds. It is found that much more severe damages in metro New Orleans and neighboring parishes could be expected if Hurricane Katrina passes through the regions nearby the east shore of Lake Pontchartrain with reduced forward speeds.
Educational Tools: Thinking Outside the Box

The understanding, study, and use of educational tools and their application to the education of adults in professional fields are increasingly important. In this review, we have compiled a description of educational tools on the basis of the teaching and learning setting: the classroom, simulation center, hospital or clinic, and independent learning space. When available, examples of tools used in nephrology are provided. We emphasize that time should be taken to consider the goals of the educational activity and the type of learners and use the most appropriate tools needed to meet the goals. Constant reassessment of tools is important to discover innovation and reforms that improve teaching and learning.
Contexts of Family–School Partnerships: A Synthesis

Years of evidence supporting the benefits of family involvement have forged a consensus among researchers, educators, and policy-makers that parent involvement is a crucial force in children’s development, learning, and success at school and in life. Central in the discussion of family–school partnerships is the assumption that a single context is not the sole, or isolated, contributor to a child’s development, but, most importantly, it is the interrelationships among contexts that play a decisive role in human development. The more supportive links among settings, the greater the potential for healthy development. This commentary addresses the focal assumption inherent in the bioecological approach, and underscores the multidimensionality of relationships between school and home environments which is the prominent, common running theme through the chapters in this volume. Using the integrative framework of the bioecological model three broad dimensions are discussed: (a) developmental considerations and personal competencies; (b) roles in home–school partnerships; and (c) contextual perspectives. The work presented in this volume highlights the fact that a viable and valuable research agenda in the area of home–school partnerships can be methodologically robust and successfully address the complexities inherent in this line of inquiry. In addition to the current contextual considerations, in this era of rapidly evolving demands for technological awareness and use, integrating new contextual dimensions, such as the use of technology and media, seems as a vital next step in the investigation of factors affecting family–school partnerships.
On the Children's Emotional Experience and Release in Painting

For the children of junior classes,the significance of painting lies in the fact that the painting is the experience and release of their emotions and it is an important way to cognize the world around them.
Do the Kinds of Achievement Errors Made by Students Diagnosed With ADHD Vary as a Function of Their Reading Ability

A large body of research has documented the relationship between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and reading difficulties in children; however, there have been no studies to date that have examined errors made by students with ADHD and reading difficulties. The present study sought to determine whether the kinds of achievement errors made by students diagnosed with ADHD vary as a function of their reading ability. The participants in this study were 91 students in the ADHD clinical validity standardization sample of the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement–Third Edition (KTEA-3), as well as a control group of 63 students selected from the larger standardization sample. Students with ADHD and reading difficulties demonstrated a statistically significant greater amount of errors across tests of academic achievement. Findings from the study are discussed within the context of past research, as well as implications for the field of school psychology and practitioners.
Tax Expenditure Limitations (TELs) and State Expenditure Structure in the USA

This paper analyzes the impact of TELs on different types of state expenditures. This study provides comparison analysis of different types of TELs on state level and aims to evaluate the effect of TEL policy on state expenditure structures. Using panel data analysis, this work finds that states with Tax Expenditure Limitations (TELs) - in addition to financial factors- are associated with higher level of state expenditures for corrections and lower levels of state expenditures for police, parks, natural resources, and highway expenditures. Looking at 50 states from 2006 to 2011, this relationship is both statistically and substantively significant.
Comprehension Models of Audiovisual Discourse Processing

Comprehension is integral to enjoyment of media narratives, yet our understanding of how viewers create the situation models that underlie comprehension is limited. This study utilizes two models of comprehension that had previously been tested with factual texts/videos to predict viewers' recall of entertainment media. Across five television/film clips, the landscape model explained at least 29% of the variance in recall. A dual coding version that assumed separate verbal and visual representations of the story significantly improved the model fit in four of the clips, accounting for an additional 15–29% of the variance. The dimensions of the event-indexing model (time, space, protagonist, causality, and intentionality) significantly moderated the relationship between the dual coding model and participant recall in all clips.
Spatial prediction of flood-susceptible areas using frequency ratio and maximum entropy models

Modelling the flood in watersheds and reducing the damages caused by this natural disaster is one of the primary objectives of watershed management. This study aims to investigate the application o...
A Hardware-Efficient Scalable Spike Sorting Neural Signal Processor Module for Implantable High-Channel-Count Brain Machine Interfaces

Next-generation brain machine interfaces demand a high-channel-count neural recording system to wirelessly monitor activities of thousands of neurons. A hardware efficient neural signal processor (NSP) is greatly desirable to ease the data bandwidth bottleneck for a fully implantable wireless neural recording system. This paper demonstrates a complete multichannel spike sorting NSP module that incorporates all of the necessary spike detector, feature extractor, and spike classifier blocks. To meet high-channel-count and implantability demands, each block was designed to be highly hardware efficient and scalable while sharing resources efficiently among multiple channels. To process multiple channels in parallel, scalability analysis was performed, and the utilization of each block was optimized according to its input data statistics and the power, area and/or speed of each block. Based on this analysis, a prototype 32-channel spike sorting NSP scalable module was designed and tested on an FPGA using synthesized datasets over a wide range of signal to noise ratios. The design was mapped to 130 nm CMOS to achieve 0.75 μW power and 0.023 mm2 area consumptions per channel based on post synthesis simulation results, which permits scalability of digital processing to 690 channels on a 4×4 mm2 electrode array.
Clinically significant cancer rates in incidentally discovered thyroid nodules by routine imaging.

Abstract Background With widespread use of diagnostic imaging modalities, incidental thyroid nodules are frequently identified in patients for unrelated reasons. If underlying thyroid cancer risk in such patients is significant, further evaluation becomes imperative. This study evaluates the malignancy rate of incidentally discovered compared to clinically apparent thyroid nodules in surgical patients. Methods A retrospective review of prospectively collected data of 809 patients who underwent thyroidectomy at a tertiary referral center was performed. The association between incidental discovery of thyroid nodules, malignancy rates, and clinicopathologic characteristics was assessed. Results Of 809 patients, 12% ( n = 98) had incidental thyroid nodules, where malignancy was found in 65 (66%) of these patients. The overall rate of malignancy identified incidentally by routine imaging was 14% (65/466). Most common imaging modalities leading to detection were ultrasound (32%), computed tomography (29%), and magnetic resonance imaging (23%). Of patients with incidental thyroid nodules harboring malignancy, follicular variant papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) (48%), classical variant PTC (18%), tall cell variant PTC (12%), and diffuse sclerosing variant PTC (12%) were most commonly found. Patients with malignant incidental thyroid nodules had more lymphovascular invasion and positive lymph nodes compared to nonincidental malignant thyroid nodules (53% versus 41% and 47% versus 33%, P Conclusions Incidentally discovered thyroid nodules by imaging represent an important group of surgical patients with clinically significant rates of underlying malignancy. Patients with incidentally discovered thyroid nodules by imaging should undergo appropriate evaluation and counseling for further surgical treatment.
Hot Weather Fuel Requirements of 1975-1980 Model Year Cars

The response of late model year vehicles to front-end fuel volatility was measured in a consumer survey carried out in Houston, Texas in the summer of 1980. About 190 customers were given gasoline of varying front-end volatility on a weekly basis. Responses to these changes in volatility were measured by weekly telephone interviews with each customer.
Pulmonary Safety and Tolerability of Inhaled Levodopa (CVT-301) Administered to Patients with Parkinson's Disease.

Abstract Background: CVT-301, an inhaled levodopa (LD) formulation, is under development for relief of OFF periods in Parkinson's disease (PD). Previously, we reported that CVT-301 improved OFF symptoms relative to placebo. In this study, we evaluate pulmonary function in patients treated with a single dose of CVT-301 or placebo for 3 hours, or received multiple doses/day for 4 weeks. Methods: As part of two phase 2 studies, pulmonary safety and tolerability of CVT-301 were evaluated in PD patients experiencing motor fluctuations (≥2 hours OFF/day), Hoehn and Yahr stage 1–3, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity ratio ≥75% of predicted (in ON state). In study A, patients received single doses of oral carbidopa/LD and each of the following via the inhaled route: placebo and 25 and 50 mg LD fine particle dose (FPD) CVT-301. In study B, patients received up to 3 inhaled doses/day of 35 mg (weeks 1–2) and 50 mg LD FPD CVT-301 (weeks 3–4) versus placebo. Assessments included spirometry...
Age-Associated Decline in Thymic B Cell Expression of Aire and Aire-Dependent Self-Antigens.

Summary Although autoimmune disorders are a significant source of morbidity and mortality in older individuals, the mechanisms governing age-associated increases in susceptibility remain incompletely understood. Central T cell tolerance is mediated through presentation of self-antigens by cells constituting the thymic microenvironment, including epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and B cells. Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and B cells express distinct cohorts of self-antigens, including tissue-restricted self-antigens (TRAs), such that developing T cells are tolerized to antigens from peripheral tissues. We find that expression of the TRA transcriptional regulator Aire, as well as Aire-dependent genes, declines with age in thymic B cells in mice and humans and that cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic mechanisms contribute to the diminished capacity of peripheral B cells to express Aire within the thymus. Our findings indicate that aging may diminish the ability of thymic B cells to tolerize T cells, revealing a potential mechanistic link between aging and autoimmunity.
Preperitoneal Open Repair of Groin Hernias Using Prosthetic Reinforcement

Open preperitoneal mesh repairs of groin hernias place non-absorbable mesh through an abdominal incision in a plane outside the peritoneal cavity, between the peritoneum and the anterior abdominal wall. The ‘classical’ preperitoneal repairs were developed just prior to the laparoscopic era as a way of dealing with difficult recurrent groin hernias with extensive scarring and tissue loss. Newer open preperitoneal techniques are being advocated for primary inguinal hernia repair, devised in the expectation of reducing the incidence of long-term post-operative discomfort that is possibly related to the presence of mesh in the inguinal canal. This chapter reviews the history and development of the classical approach and describes the newer small incision techniques with their reported results. While it remains to be seen whether or not these newer methods prove their usefulness in everyday general surgical practice, the classical operations remain a useful technique even in the laparoscopic era and should have a place in the toolkit of every surgeon who declares an interest in hernia surgery.
MRI Endorectal Coil

Endorectal coil MRI has recently shown promise of improving the accuracy of imaging in the staging of bladder cancer. Specifically, endorectal coil MRI has demonstrated the ability to image at the submucosal and muscle layers, by overcoming limitations of insufficient spatial resolution and poor signal-to-noise that previously hindered its ability to differentiate individual layers of the bladder wall. This chapter reviews the evolution of MR-imaging techniques in bladder cancer staging over the past decade, leading to the most recently published work on endorectal coil MRI. Topics will include high resolution T2-weighted imaging, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, endorectal coil principles and technique, and submucosal linear enhancement, all of which have contributed to the recently improved ability of MRIs to accurately assess the relationship of bladder neoplasm to the bladder wall.
DemonicSalmon: Monitoring mental health and social interactions of college students using smartphones

Abstract Mental health problems are a leading cause of disease burden and disability worldwide. Social anxiety and depression are highly prevalent among college students. The current methods for detecting symptoms are based on client self-report via questionnaires and interviews in traditional clinical settings, but self-report is subject to recall bias and visiting a clinic requires a high level of motivation. Assessment methods that use both actively and passively collected data hold promise for detecting and monitoring social anxiety and depression symptoms as individuals go about their daily lives. The present study, named DemonicSalmon, investigates how social anxiety and depression symptoms manifest in the daily life of 72 students over a two-week study period. Results show a number of significant correlations between the automatic objective sensor data from smartphones and indicators of mental health. The collected data enhances understanding of how students’ social anxiety, depression and affect levels are associated with their mobility, activity levels, and communication patterns. The DemonicSalmon dataset has been made publicly available on the web to enhance collaborations in this important area of research.
Thermal conductivity of sintered copper samples prepared using 3D printing-compatible polymer composite filaments

Abstract Metal-filled polymers containing micro-powders of highly conductive metals can serve as a starting material to fabricate complex metal structures using economic filament extrusion-based 3D printing and molding methods. We report our measurements of the thermal conductivity of copper samples prepared using these methods before and after a thermal treatment process. Sintering the samples at 980 ℃ leads to an order of magnitude improvement in thermal conductivity when compared with as-printed or as-molded samples. Thermal conductivity values of approximately 30 W/mK are achieved using commercially available polymer-copper composite filaments with a copper volume fraction of 0.4. Over-sintering the samples at 1080 ℃ further enhances the thermal conductivity by more than two folds, but it leads to uncontrolled shrinkage of the samples. The measured thermal conductivities show a modest decrease with increasing temperatures due to increased electron-phonon scattering rates. The experimental data agree well with the thermal conductivity models previously reported for sintered porous metal samples. The measured electrical conductivity, Young’s modulus and yield strength of the present sintered samples are also reported.
Judith Fox, Bracelet Honeymyrtle

(1996). Judith Fox, Bracelet Honeymyrtle. Current Issues in Criminal Justice: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 394-394.
Glycoproteome Analysis of Human Serum and Brain Tissue

Abstract Protein glycosylation represents one of the most common and heterogeneous post-translational modifications (PTMs) in human biology. Herein, an approach for the enrichment of glycopeptides using multi-lectin weak affinity chromatography (M-LWAC), followed by fractionation of the enriched material, and multi-mode fragmentation LC/MS is described. Two fragmentation methods, high-energy collision induced dissociation (HCD) and electron transfer dissociation (EThcD), were independently analyzed. While each fragmentation method provided similar glycopeptide coverage, there was some dependence on the glycoform identity. From these data a total of 7,503 unique glycopeptides belonging to 666 glycoproteins from the combined tissue types, human serum and brain, were identified. Of these, 617 glycopeptides (192 proteins) were found in both tissues; 2,006 glycopeptides (48 proteins) were unique to serum, and 4,880 glycopeptides (426 proteins) were unique to brain tissue. From 379 unique glycoforms, 1,420 unique sites of glycosylation were identified, with an average of four glycans per site. Glycan occurrences were significantly different between tissue types: serum showed greater glycan diversity whereas brain tissue showed a greater abundance of the high mannose family. Glycosylation co-occurrence rates were determined, which enabled us to infer differences in underlying biosynthetic pathways.
Light at night exacerbates metabolic dysfunction in a polygenic mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract Aims Electric lighting is beneficial to modern society; however, it is becoming apparent that light at night (LAN) is not without biological consequences. Several studies have reported negative effects of LAN on health and behavior in humans and nonhuman animals. Exposure of non-diabetic mice to dim LAN impairs glucose tolerance, whereas a return to dark nights (LD) reverses this impairment. We predicted that exposure to LAN would exacerbate the metabolic abnormalities in TALLYHO/JngJ (TH) mice, a polygenic model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and methods We exposed 7-week old male TH mice to either LD or LAN for 8–10 weeks in two separate experiments. After 8 weeks of light treatment, we conducted intraperitoneal glucose tolerance testing (ipGTT) followed by intraperitoneal insulin tolerance testing (ipITT). In Experiment 1, all mice were returned to LD for 4 weeks, and ipITT was repeated. Key findings The major results of this study are i) LAN exposure for 8 weeks exacerbates glucose intolerance and insulin resistance ii) the effects of LAN on insulin resistance are reversed upon return to LD, iii) LAN exposure results in a greater increase in body weight compared to LD exposure, iv) LAN increases the incidence of mice developing overt T2DM, and v) LAN exposure decreases survival of mice with T2DM. Significance In conclusion, LAN exacerbated metabolic abnormalities in a polygenic mouse model of T2DM, and these effects were reversed upon return to dark nights. The applicability of these findings to humans with T2DM needs to be determined.
Conformation of B-DNA containing O6-ethyl-G-C base pairs stabilized by minor groove binding drugs : molecular structure of d(CGC[e6G]AATTCGCG complexed with Hoechst 33258 or Hoechst 33342

Abstract O6-ethyl-G (e6G) is an important DNA lesion, caused by the exposure of cells to alkylating agents such as N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. A strong correlation exists between persistence of e6G lesion and subsequent carcinogenic conversion. We have determined the three-dimensional structure of a DNA molecule incorporating the e6G lesion by X-ray crystallography. The DNA dodecamer d(CGC[e6G]AATTCGCG), complexed to minor groove binding drugs Hoechst 33258 or Hoechst 33342, has been crystallized in the space group P212121, isomorphous to other related dodecamer DNA crystals. In addition, the native dodecamer d(CGCGAATTCGCG) was crystallized with Hoechst 33342. All three new structures were solved by the molecular replacement method and refined by the constrained least squares procedure to R-factors of approximately 16% at approximately 2.0 A resolution. In the structure of three Hoechst drug-dodecamer complexes in addition to the one published earlier [Teng et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res., 16, 2671-2690], the Hoechst molecule lies squarely at the central AATT site with the ends approaching the G4-C21 and the G16-C9 base pairs, consistent with other spectroscopic data, but not with another crystal structure reported [Pjura et al. (1987) J. Mol. Biol., 197, 257-271]. The two independent e6G-C base pairs in the DNA duplex adopt different base pairing schemes. The e6G4-C21 base pair has a configuration similar to a normal Watson-Crick base pair, except with bifurcated hydrogen bonds between e6G4 and C21, and the ethyl group is in the proximal orientation. In contrast, the e6G16-C9 base pair adopts a wobble configuration and the ethyl group is in the distal orientation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Technical note: Preparation and purification of atmospherically relevant α -hydroxynitrate esters of monoterpenes

Abstract. Organic nitrate esters are key products of terpene oxidation in the atmosphere. We report here the preparation and purification of nine nitrate esters derived from ( + )-3-carene, limonene, α -pinene, β -pinene and perillic alcohol. The availability of these compounds will enable detailed investigations into the structure–reactivity relationships of aerosol formation and processing and will allow individual investigations into aqueous-phase reactions of organic nitrate esters.
Automatic Identification of Individual Drugs in Death Certificates.

BACKGROUND Establishing trends of drug overdoses requires the identification of individual drugs in death certificates, not supported by coding with the International Classification of Diseases. However, identifying drug mentions from the literal portion of death certificates remains challenging due to the variability of drug names. OBJECTIVES To automatically identify individual drugs in death certificates. METHODS We use RxNorm to collect variants for drug names (generic names, synonyms, brand names) and we algorithmically generate common misspellings. We use this automatically compiled list to identify drug mentions from 703,106 death certificates and compare the performance of our automated approach to that of a manually curated list of drug names. RESULTS Our automated approach shows a slight loss in recall (4.3%) compared to the manual approach (for individual drugs), due in part to acronyms. CONCLUSIONS Maintenance of a manually curated list of drugs is not sustainable and our approach offers a viable alternative.
Topomeric aza/thia cryptands: synthesis and theoretical aspects of in/out isomerism using n-alkyl bridging

A series of heterobicyclic aza/thia-lactams and cryptands incorporating changes in n-alkyl bridging length have been synthesized, characterized, chelated to heavy metals and computationally assessed. Spectroscopic analysis of aza/thia-lactams L1 and L3 revealed multiple conformational isomers, due to rotameric perturbations associated with the amide bond. Correlation spectroscopy on amine cryptands L2 and L4 supported the presence of intrinsic topological chirality, resulting from a preferred orientation of the amine lone pairs in solution. The unique magnetic environments observed in 1H NMR were attributed to the electron density inside the crypt, which adopt a nephroidal-epicycloid structure with two nitrogen atoms representing the cusps. The major conformational and constitutional isomers for L2 and L4 present in solution were determined to be the in/in pair of enantiomers (R,R and S,S) and confirmed through computational analysis. Application of ligands L1–L4 as heavy metal chelates was addressed using Pb(II), Hg(II), Cd(II) and Ag(I) through NMR spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy.
Vortex bending in a tilted YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ crystal

Magnetization-vector measurements were made on a ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ crystal, initially cooled to 4.2 K in an external field ${\mathbf{H}}_{e}$ parallel to the $c$ axis. With ${\mathbf{H}}_{e}$ fixed, the crystal was then tilted, such that the angle \ensuremath{\theta} between the $c$ axis and ${\mathbf{H}}_{e}$ was gradually raised to 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and lowered back to zero. Our results reveal that all the vortex flux remains parallel to the $c$ axis until the tilt angle \ensuremath{\theta} reaches a threshold value (close to 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for ${H}_{e}l~500\mathrm{Oe}).$ As \ensuremath{\theta} exceeds this value, the vortex flux in the $\mathrm{ab}$ plane rises rapidly from zero, and it appears to derive solely from a bending of the vortices initially directed along $c.$ This whole process is fairly consistent with theoretical predictions, and it is found to be essentially reversible with the cycling of \ensuremath{\theta} at low ${H}_{e}.$ The hysteresis that develops at higher ${H}_{e}$ rises and approaches the conventional hysteresis measured along $\mathrm{ab}$ after zero-field cooling. Comparison is also made with a cross-flux experiment, which is seen to be only superficially equivalent to the crystal-tilt experiment.
JShrink: in-depth investigation into debloating modern Java applications

Modern software is bloated. Demand for new functionality has led developers to include more and more features, many of which become unneeded or unused as software evolves. This phenomenon, known as software bloat, results in software consuming more resources than it otherwise needs to. How to effectively and automatically debloat software is a long-standing problem in software engineering. Various debloating techniques have been proposed since the late 1990s. However, many of these techniques are built upon pure static analysis and have yet to be extended and evaluated in the context of modern Java applications where dynamic language features are prevalent. To this end, we develop an end-to-end bytecode debloating framework called JShrink. It augments traditional static reachability analysis with dynamic profiling and type dependency analysis and renovates existing bytecode transformations to account for new language features in modern Java. We highlight several nuanced technical challenges that must be handled properly and examine behavior preservation of debloated software via regression testing. We find that (1) JShrink is able to debloat our real-world Java benchmark suite by up to 47% (14% on average); (2) accounting for dynamic language features is indeed crucial to ensure behavior preservation---reducing 98% of test failures incurred by a purely static equivalent, Jax, and 84% for ProGuard; and (3) compared with purely dynamic approaches, integrating static analysis with dynamic profiling makes the debloated software more robust to unseen test executions---in 22 out of 26 projects, the debloated software ran successfully under new tests.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of COVID-19 Symptoms among U.S. Adults with Allergies.

Background: This study sought to evaluate COVID-19 associated physical and mental health symptoms among adults with allergies compared to the general U.S. adult population. Methods: Data for these analyses were obtained from the publicly available COVID-19 Household Impact Survey, which provides national and regional statistics about physical health, mental health, economic security, and social dynamics among U.S. adults (ages 18 and older). Data from 20–26 April 2020; 4–10 May 2020; and 30 May–8 June 2020 were included. Our primary outcomes for this analysis were physical and mental health symptoms experienced in the last seven days. The primary predictor was participants’ self-report of a physician diagnosis of an allergy. Results/Discussion: This study included 10,760 participants, of whom 44% self-reported having allergies. Adults with allergies were more likely to report physical symptoms compared to adults without allergies including fever (aOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.44–1.99), cough (aOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.60–2.26), shortness of breath (aOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.71–2.43), and loss of taste or sense of smell (aOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.58–2.28). Adults with allergies were more likely to report feeling nervous (cOR 1.34, 95% CI 1.13, 1.60), depressed (cOR 1.32, 95% CI 1.11–1.57), lonely (cOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.04–1.47), hopeless (cOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.21–1.72), or having physical reactions when thinking about COVID-19 pandemic (cOR 2.01, 95% CI 1.44–2.82), compared to those without allergies. During the COVID-19 pandemic, adults with allergies are more likely to report physical and mental health symptoms compared to individuals without allergies. These findings have important implications for diagnostic and treatment challenges for allergy physicians.
Witnessing domestic violence versus exposure to domestic violence: implications for assessing male adolescents adjudicated for sex offenses

This is an exploratory study on a sample of male adolescents adjudicated for sex offenses (N = 129) previously examined in a predictive validity study (please see Rasmussen 2017, for details of the...
Dural arteriovenous fistulas: An introduction and historical perspective

Abstract Originally described by Rizzoli in 1873, dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs), originally referred to as dural arteriovenous malformations, are “live pieces of dura” with arteriovenous shunting within the dural leaflets. Venous outflow either remains within the dura into a venous sinus or exits the dura into a cortical vein, the cardinal factor dictating natural history/hemorrhage risk. This was best originally highlighted by Houser and colleagues at the Mayo clinic in 1972. dAVFs were originally classified by Rene Djindjian in 1978 into four types, later modified into a five-type classification scheme by Djindjian’s pupil, Jean-Jacques Merland, and Christophe Cognard. Many incorrectly refer to a “Borden classification” that was intended to link Djindjian’s cranial scheme to spinal fistulae. This chapter provides an overview of the textbook with highlighted key tenets in diagnosis and treatment.
Bridging the Gap in Graduate Medical Education: A Longitudinal Pediatric Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning Health Curriculum.

Abstract Objective Despite known health disparities, there is limited training in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning (LGBTQ) health, particularly in pediatric graduate medical education (GME). We aimed to develop a longitudinal LGBTQ curriculum for a pediatrics residency program tailored to the needs and interests of our trainees. Methods We developed a year-long curriculum based on a formal needs assessment and evaluated changes in provider knowledge, comfort, and self-reported clinical impact through pre- and postsurveys. Results The needs assessment was completed by 78 out of 110 providers (70.9% response rate); 60 (54.5%) and 70 (63.6%) completed the pre- and postcurriculum surveys, respectively. Postcurriculum implementation, there was an increase in mean comfort level asking about sexual orientation (4.1–4.5, P Conclusions There is a need to incorporate formal LGBTQ health training in GME. Our curriculum improved provider knowledge, comfort, self-reported clinical practice, and faculty preparedness to teach this material. It can serve as a framework for other pediatric programs to develop their own curricula.
Impact of high-speed rail on the operational capacity of conventional rail in China

Abstract Although many studies have evaluated the impact of high-speed rail (HSR) development on transportation connectivity and accessibility, it remains unclear to what extent the introduction of HSR may influence the operational capacities of freight and conventional passenger rail services. This paper addresses this question by examining the spatial and temporal variations of transport capacities of different rail systems. In addition, the interaction effects of different rail systems were investigated using a structural equation model. The results reveal that the spatial and temporal evolution of operational capacity varies significantly among freight, conventional passenger, and high-speed passenger rail systems. Moreover, HSR was found to have a substitutional effect on conventional passenger rail, although the effects vary spatially in different corridors. Furthermore, the operational capacity of conventional passenger rail is negatively associated with that of freight rail, which confirms that a service cut in conventional passenger rail contributes to an increase in the capacity of freight rail. The analysis also demonstrates that HSR promotes the expansion of freight rail capacity through its substitutional effect on conventional passenger rail. These findings provide important implications for transportation planners to optimize operational plans, in order to improve the performance of various rail services.
The Genomics and Cell Biology of Host-Beneficial Intracellular Infections

Microbes gain access to eukaryotic cells as food for bacteria-grazing protists, for host protection by microbe-killing immune cells, or for microbial benefit when pathogens enter host cells to repl...