cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hemoglobin Is Expressed by Alveolar Epithelial Cells

Hemoglobin gene expression in non-erythroid cells has been previously reported in activated macrophages from adult mice and lens cells, and recent studies indicate that alveolar epithelial cells can be derived from hematopoietic stem cells. Our laboratory has now produced strong evidence that hemoglobin is expressed by alveolar type II (ATII) cells and Clara cells, the primary producers of pulmonary surfactant. ATII cells are also closely involved in innate immunity within the lung and are stem cells that differentiate into alveolar type I cells. Reverse transcriptase-PCR was used to measure the expression of transcripts from the α- and β-globin gene clusters in several human and rodent pulmonary epithelial cells. Surprisingly, the two major globin mRNAs characteristic of adult erythroid precursor cells were clearly expressed in human A549 and H441 cell lines, mouse MLE-15 cells, and primary ATII cells isolated from normal rat and mouse lungs. DNA sequencing verified that these PCR products were indeed the result of specific amplification of globin gene cDNAs. These alveolar epithelial cells also expressed the corresponding hemoglobin protein subunits as determined by Western blotting, and tandem mass spectrometry sequencing was used to verify the presence of both α- and β-globin polypeptides in rat primary ATII cells. The function of hemoglobin expression by cells of the pulmonary epithelium will be determined by future studies, but this novel finding could potentially have important implications for the physiology and pathology of the lung.
Capital requirements, screening and interlinked sharecropping and credit contracts

This paper provides one more rationale for interlinking credit and tenancy contracts in the context of production loans. In an environment characterized by a heterogeneous labor pool and imperfect information, landlords will have an incentive to avail themselves of screening devices. By linking tenancy and credit contracts a screening device can be implemented. The equilibrium set of contracts is characterized by a variety of interest rates, some of which might be below the market interest rate; the interest rate-principal schedule is downward sloping, with higher ability tenants choosing larger principals at lower interest rates.
CEREBELLAR DEVELOPMENT IN THE RAT AFTER EARLY POSTNATAL DAMAGE BY METHYLAZOXY-METHANOL: DNA, RNA AND PROTEIN DURING RECOVERY

—Total cerebellar DNA, RNA, protein and wet weight were determined for normal cerebellum and for cerebellum damaged early in postnatal development by the neurotoxic action of the drug methylazoxymethanol (MAM) acetate. Injections of a 10 mg/kg dose of the drug were given on postnatal days 1, 2, 3 and 4 as a means of inducing a transient insult to the proliferating stem cell population of the external granular layer. Cerebellar DNA and other quantitative measures were reduced to 50 per cent of normal at day 7. Growth in the MAM-treated cerebellum was relatively more rapid than in normals so that the eventual deficit in the adult was 80 per cent of normal. We concluded that early postnatal transient injury of the developing cerebellum is followed by a regenerative phase of repair but that quantitatively significant mitosis in the injured cerebellum ceases normally at about post-natal day 17. The conditions evaluated in this investigation may serve as a model for other types of injury induced by drugs, irradiation, viruses or nutritional factors.
Race and gender differences in the association of dieting and gains in BMI among young adults.

FIELD, ALISON E., PARUL ANEJA, S. BRYN AUSTIN, LYDIA A. SHRIER, CARL DE MOOR, AND PENNY GORDON-LARSEN. Race and gender differences in the association of dieting and gains in BMI among young adults. Obesity. 2007;15:456–464. Objective: To assess the relationship between dieting and subsequent weight change and whether the association varies by gender or race/ethnicity. Research Methods and Procedures: Male (n 4100) and female (n 4302) participants in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health who provided information on weight and height at baseline and two follow-up assessments and were not missing information on weight control strategies or race were studied. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess whether dieting to lose or maintain weight at Wave I or II predicted BMI (kg/m 2 ) change between adolescence and young adulthood (Wave II to III). Analyses were stratified by gender and took sampling weights and clustering into account. Results: At Wave I, the mean age of the participants was 14.9 years. Approximately 29.3% of female participants and 9.8% of male participants reported dieting in Wave I or II. Fewer African Americans than whites (6.2% vs. 10.0% and 25.5% vs. 31.2%, p 0.007 and p 0.02, among males and females, respectively) reported dieting. Between Waves II and III, participants gained on average 3.3 kg/m 2 . Independent of BMI gain during adolescence (Waves I to II), female participants who dieted to lose or maintain weight during adolescence made larger gains in BMI during the 5 years between Waves II and III (mean additional gain, 0.39 kg/m 2 ; 95% confidence interval, 0.08 to 0.71) than their nondieting peers. The association was not significant among the male participants. The association was largest among African-American female participants. Discussion: The results suggest that not only is dieting to lose weight ineffective, it is actually associated with greater weight gain, particularly among female adolescents. Female African-American dieters made the largest BMI gains.
Greenland Ice Sheet: High-Elevation Balance and Peripheral Thinning

Aircraft laser-altimeter surveys over northern Greenland in 1994 and 1999 have been coupled with previously reported data from southern Greenland to analyze the recent mass-balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Above 2000 meters elevation, the ice sheet is in balance on average but has some regions of local thickening or thinning. Thinning predominates at lower elevations, with rates exceeding 1 meter per year close to the coast. Interpolation of our results between flight lines indicates a net loss of about 51 cubic kilometers of ice per year from the entire ice sheet, sufficient to raise sea level by 0.13 millimeter per year-approximately 7% of the observed rise.
Partial memoization of concurrency and communication

Memoization is a well-known optimization technique used to eliminate redundant calls for pure functions. If a call to a function f with argument v yields result r, a subsequent call to f with v can be immediately reduced to r without the need to re-evaluate f's body. Understanding memoization in the presence of concurrency and communication is significantly more challenging. For example, if f communicates with other threads, it is not sufficient to simply record its input/output behavior; we must also track inter-thread dependencies induced by these communication actions. Subsequent calls to f can be elided only if we can identify an interleaving of actions from these call-sites that lead to states in which these dependencies are satisfied. Similar issues arise if f spawns additional threads. In this paper, we consider the memoization problem for a higher-order concurrent language whose threads may communicate through synchronous message-based communication. To avoid the need to perform unbounded state space search that may be necessary to determine if all communication dependencies manifest in an earlier call can be satisfied in a later one, we introduce a weaker notion of memoization called partial memoization that gives implementations the freedom to avoid performing some part, if not all, of a previously memoized call. To validate the effectiveness of our ideas, we consider the benefits of memoization for reducing the overhead of recomputation for streaming, server-based, and transactional applications executed on a multi-core machine. We show that on a variety of workloads, memoization can lead to substantial performance improvements without incurring high memory costs.
Distributed constraint satisfaction, restricted recombination, and genetic protocols

In this paper, we present four genetic protocols for solving randomly generated distributed constraint satisfaction problems. These genetic protocols are based on an evolutionary paradigm known as a society of hill-climbers (SoHC) and are thus referred to as genetic SoHCs (GSoHCs). The difference between the SoHC and the GSoHCs is that each of the GSoHCs use a distributed restricted recombination operator. We compare the SoHC and GSoHC protocols on a test suite of 400 randomly generated distributed constraint satisfaction problems (DisCSPs) that are composed of asymmetric constraints (referred to as DisACSPs). In a second experiment, we compare the best performing GSoHC and the SoHC on an additional 1100 randomly generated DisACSPs in order to compare their performances across the phase transition. Our results show that all of the GSoHCs dramatically outperform the SoHC protocol even at the phase transition where, on average, the most difficult DisACSPs reside.
Making a difference: a role for the responsible international statistician?

This presidential address explores how statisticians can exploit their skills and expertise effectively to ensure that development strategies are pro poor and pro equity. Many papers in statistical journals have addressed the work of national official statisticians but few have examined the work of statisticians in international, supranational or bilateral agencies. This paper attempts to redress this imbalance by highlighting some of the dilemmas facing international statisticians. It aims to raise consciousness of the role of statisticians employed in an international context, to explain some of the constraints under which they work, to address principles which ought to govern the activities of statisticians generally and to evaluate the relevance of such principles to international statisticians in particular.
Intrathoracic adenopathy associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

The role of computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis was evaluated retrospectively in 25 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients (19 had AIDS). In all cases, the diagnosis of tuberculosis was established by mycobacterial culture and/or histologic evaluation. The most characteristic CT finding was the presence of low-density mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes in 16 of 19 (84 percent) patients with AIDS and four of six (67 percent) HIV-seropositive patients without AIDS. Marked enhancement of the periphery of nodes was identified in five cases, all in patients with documented AIDS. In most cases, lymphadenopathy proved to be massive, presenting as extensive, heterogenous soft-tissue lesions, presumably the result of coalescence of groups of matted nodes. We conclude that low-density mediastinal and/or hilar lymph nodes on CT, while not pathognomonic, is sufficiently characteristic for tuberculosis to warrant empiric antituberculosis therapy pending results of cultures.
Toxoplasma gondii: purification of trophozoites propagated in cell culture.

Abstract A new procedure is described for the purification of trophozoites from the virulent RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii propagated in baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cell cultures. The culture medium containing host cell debris and trophozoites was filtered through glass-wool filtering fiber, which removed most host cell material. The filtrate containing trophozoites was centrifuged, and the trophozoite pellet was resuspended and washed in phosphate-buffered saline. An average of about 75% of the original number of trophozoites was recovered. No loss of trophozoite viability was observed as determined by the rate of host cell culture monolayer destruction. The amount of host cell material contamination in the final trophozoite fraction was negligible as determined by measuring radioactivity in the trophozoite fraction after cofiltration with noninfected host cell material which had been prelabeled with radioactive precursors.
A note on the units of membrane permeability to water.

In the usual experimental technique, the membrane permeability to water in the units of cm/sec is not measured directly. The quantity which is usually obtained may be considered to be a measure of a coefficient of penetrability having the dimensions time/length. The purpose of this paper is to show that by introducing the bulk modulus of water, an expression is obtained from which it is possible to calculate the water permeability in the units of cm/sec from the values in conventional units.
Effect of Gastric Dysrhythmias on Postcibal Motor Activity of the Stomach

The effect of electrical dysrhythmias on the mechanical activity of the fed stomach was investigated in 5 conscious dogs implanted with Ag-AgCl electrodes and strain gauge force transducers. Each dog was fed 1 can of ALPO® and electromechanical activities of the stomach were recorded for the next 120 min. The results show that intraarterial boluses of met-enkephalin (75 μg/kg), PGE2 (36 μg/kg), and epinephrine (36 μg/kg) induced episodes of antral dysrhythmias whereas saline (1 cc) did not. The postcibal antrat motility index for the test period was not altered following saline injection, but it was reduced by 61%, 70%, and 81% following the administration of met-enkephalin, epinephrine, and PGE2, respectively (p<0.01 vs. baseline period). During periods of normal electrical rhythm, PGE2 and epinephrine significantly reduced the antral motility index (2.07±0.93 and 3.24±0.79, respectively) vs. saline (7.92±0.44) (p<0.05 for both drugs) whereas met-enkephalin (4.98±0.56) did not. In contrast, during episodes of dysrhythmia, met-enkephalin significantly depressed antral motility (1.70±0.74) (p<0.05 vs. periods with normal electrical rhythm) whereas neither epinephrine nor PGE2 caused a further reduction in antral motility from what was seen during periods of normal electrical rhythm (1.84±0.72 and 1.34±0.37, respectively). We thus conclude that intraarterial administration of met-enkephalin, PGE2, or epinephrine induce gastric dysrhythmias postcibally and depress antral contractile activity. The relaxatory effect of met-enkephalin on antral contractions is primarily due to its dysrhythmic effect whereas PGE2 and epinephrine inhibit antral motility even when the electrical rhythm is undisturbed.
From Carper's patterns of knowing to ways of being: An ontological philosophical shift in nursing

Carper's 1978 article in the premiere issue of Advances in Nursing Science encouraged nurses to consider four fundamental patterns of knowing. Through illustrations from literature and the performing arts, the authors address Carper's patterns of knowing in the context of an emerging philosophical shift. First, they critique the major strengths and limitations of the article. Next, they explore an emerging philosophical shift in nursing from Carper's epistemological focus to ontological reflections on ways of being. Finally, they discuss the significance of the emerging philosophical shift and the ways of being for the science-art of nursing.
Introduction to the special issue on pedagogies of mathematical music theory

A discipline defines itself by its pedagogy. In established fields, standard curricula provide a basis of shared knowledge, organize, classify, and categorize that knowledge, and tell the story of ...
Does conversion of a laparoscopic colectomy adversely affect patient outcome

Conversion during laparoscopic colectomy varies in frequency according to the surgeon’s experience and case selection. However, there remains concern that conversion is associated with increased morbidity and higher hospital costs. From January 1999 to August 2002, 430 laparoscopic colectomies were performed by two surgeons, with 51 (12 percent) cases converted to open surgery. Converted cases were matched for operation and age to 51 open cases performed mostly by other colorectal surgeons from our department. Data collected included gender, American Society of Anesthesiology score, operative indication, resection type, operative stage at conversion, in-hospital complications, direct hospital costs, unexpected readmission within 30 days, and mortality. There were no significant differences between the groups for age (converted, 55 ± 19; open, 62 ± 16), male:female ratio (converted, 17:34; open, 23:28), or American Society of Anesthesiology score distribution. Indications for surgery were neoplasia (converted, 16; open, 31); diverticular disease (converted, 21; open, 13); Crohn’s disease (converted, 12; open, 5); and other disease (converted, 2; open, 2). Operative times were similar (converted, 150 ± 56 minutes; open, 132 ± 48 minutes). Conversions occurred before defining the major vascular pedicle/ureter (50 percent), in relation to intracorporeal vascular ligation (15 percent), or during bowel transection or presacral dissection (35 percent). Specific indications for conversion were technical (41 percent), followed by adhesions (33 percent), phlegmon or abscess (23 percent), bleeding (6 percent), and failure to identify the ureter (6 percent). Median hospital stay was five days for both groups. In-hospital complications (converted 11.6 percent; open 8 percent), 30-day readmission rate (converted 13 percent vs. open 8 percent), and direct costs were similar between groups. There were no mortalities. Conversion of a laparoscopic colectomy does not result in inappropriately prolonged operative times, increased morbidity or length of stay, increased direct costs, or unexpected readmissions compared with similarly complex laparotomies. A policy of commencing most cases suitable for a laparoscopic approach laparoscopically offers patients the benefits of a laparoscopic colectomy without adversely affecting perioperative risks.
Laparoscopic revision of common channel length for chronic diarrhea and malnutrition complicating distal gastric bypass

A 60-year-old woman who had undergone distal Rouxen-Y gastric bypass at our institution 9 years earlier presented after an 8-year absence with chronic diarrhea that had been disturbing her quality of life for the year before presentation. Her prebypass body mass index had been 65 kg/m 2 . She had received a 150-cm common channel constructed at the bypass. Her present weight was about 81 kg. She was having 3– 4 watery bowel movements daily. She had used antidiarrheal agents, tried avoiding lactose, had undergone repeated colonoscopies, and had been treated with antibiotics by her primary care physician; all to no avail. Her laboratory workup revealed consistently and progressively low serum albumin (3.0 g/dL) and prealbumin (15 g/dL). We therefore discussed with her the option of elongating her common channel as a treatment of her malnutrition and diarrhea. At surgery (see Video), the pneumoperitoneum was created using the Veress needle technique and a Visiport was used to access the peritoneal cavity at the supraumbilical region. Two additional 5-mm ports were placed in the right and left flank, respectively. The jejunojejunostomy was identified, and the alimentary, biliopancreatic, and common channels were identified. Adhesions to the mesentery around the jejunojejunostomy were dissected, and a tunnel was created behind the biliopancreatic limb for placement of the laparoscopic linear stapler, used to transect the limb off the anastomosis. A new jejunojejunostomy was then created, using the linear stapler technique, 50 cm proximal to the previous anastomosis. A gastrostomy tube was placed in the bypassed stomach for enteral nutrition. Results Postoperatively, she experienced recurrent fever, and an abdominal computed tomography scan done on the fourth postoperative day revealed an abscess around the gastrostomy. This was aspirated under computed tomography guidance. She subsequently did well and was discharged home on the seventh postoperative day to complete her course of antibiotics. The gastrostomy tube was removed 8 weeks after surgery. At 6 months postoperatively, she was without diarrhea, and her serum albumin and prealbumin had returned to the normal ranges.
On fundamental kinetic equations for chemical reactions and processes

After a brief review of various levels of kinetic modeling the chemical transformations occurring in the conversion of hydrocarbon mixtures are written in terms of elementary steps and their kinetics developed at the level of transition state theory. The single event approach for the entropy term and the Evans–Polanyi relation for the energetics drastically reduce the number of independent parameters to be determined from the experimental data. The requirements on the feedstock definition and the set of equations for the process simulation are also discussed. Catalyst deactivation by coke formation can be dealt with along the same lines.
Achieving Congruence in Tavistock Groups: Empirical Findings and Implications for Group Therapy.

La cohesion du groupe est a la psychotherapie de groupe ce que la relation therapeutique est a la psychotherapie de Rogers. Le groupe de type Tavistock est un «laboratoire» utile pour l'etude de l'«accestance» de groupe, composante de la cohesion. En effet dans ce style de groupe le leader s'abstient volontairement de diriger au sens traditionnel, et le vide de commandement creant tension et frustration, oblige le groupe a se conduire lui-meme. Les individus les plus actifs a combler les besoins de leadership et d'affection sont les plus valorises
The effect of postoperative passive motion on rotator cuff healing in a rat model.

Rotator cuff tears are a common clinical problem that can cause pain and limit shoulder function. In addition, the ability of rotator cuff tendons to heal back to bone following injury is limited. Recurrent tears after repair of the torn insertion site are common and have been found to occur in 20% to 90% of cases1-3. Because of the high rate of repair failure, much research has been focused on strategies to improve rotator cuff healing following surgical repair. A rat model of rotator cuff injury and repair has been used extensively in our laboratory and others4-17. Previous studies involving this model have shown that while long periods of immobilization improved the mechanical properties of the repaired insertion site18, even short periods of immobilization increased shoulder stiffness and decreased shoulder range of motion, although transiently11. Clinically, there is a history of immobilization following rotator cuff repair surgery. Several studies have demonstrated only a transient increase in shoulder stiffness in association with postoperative immobilization19-21. Shortly after the publication of those studies, immobilization as a postoperative treatment fell out of popularity, largely because of the emergence of studies in the flexor tendon repair literature illustrating the detrimental effects of immobilization on range of motion in the hand22-24. However, there was little, if any, fundamental research to support a relationship between flexor tendon repair and rotator cuff tendon repair. To address the detrimental effects of immobilization on flexor tendons, passive motion has become the standard of care25,26. In both humans and a dog model, passive motion has been found to significantly decrease the formation of adhesions and thereby decrease finger joint stiffness and improve range of motion following flexor tendon repair23,27-29. Unlike passive motion in the hand, the effect of passive motion in the shoulder has been largely unstudied. A small number of clinical studies have investigated the effect of passive motion following rotator cuff repair. Those studies were performed in the absence of shoulder immobilization, and the results were inconclusive30,31. In addition, the effect of passive motion has not been examined in a controlled animal model of tendon-to-bone healing following rotator cuff repair in the shoulder. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the effect of daily passive motion of the shoulder during a short immobilization period following supraspinatus injury and repair in a rat model. We hypothesized that (1) initially, daily passive motion would result in improved passive shoulder joint mechanics in comparison with those after injury and repair with continuous immobilization alone and (2) after four weeks of remobilization, there would be no differences in passive joint mechanics, insertion site mechanical properties, or collagen organization.
Defining the phenotype of schizophrenia: cognitive dysmetria and its neural mechanisms

All research on schizophrenia depends on selecting the correct phenotype to define the sample to be studied. Definition of the phenotype is complicated by the fact that there are no objective markers for the disorder. Further, the symptoms are diverse, leading some to propose that the disorder is heterogeneous and not a single disorder or syndrome. This article explores an alternative possibility. It proposes that schizophrenia may be a single disorder linked by a common pathophysiology (a neurodevelopmental mechanism), which leads to a misconnection syndrome of neural circuitry. Evidence for disruption in a specific circuit is explored: the cortical-thalamic-cerebellar-cortical circuit (CCTCC). It is suggested that a disruption in this circuit leads to an impairment in synchrony, or the smooth coordination of mental processes. When synchrony is impaired, the patient suffers from a cognitive dysmetria, and the impairment in this basic cognitive process defines the phenotype of schizophrenia and produces its diversity of symptoms.
Age-related pharmacokinetics of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol following intravenous bolus daunorubicin administration in the rat

Age-related differences in pharmacokinetics may be important in determining altered anthracycline cardiotoxicity in the senescent rat and also in older humans. This study examined the effect of aging on daunorubicin pharmacokinetics in the Fischer 344 rat. Daunorubicin 7.5 mg/kg was administered i.v. to 6-and 24-month-old male Fischer 344 rats and plasma and tissue sampling was performed over 168 h for assay of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography. Systemic clearance of daunorubicin was decreased in older compared to younger animals (56±4 versus 202±17 ml min-1 kg-1; P<0.05). In addition, the area under the plasma daunorubicinol concentration/time curve was significantly increased in older rats. In the heart, the area under the concentration/time curve was significantly increased in senescence both in the case of daunorubicin (201±12 versus 86±4 μg h g-1; P<0.05) and daunorubicinol (1347±118 versus 182±4 μg h g-1; P<0.05). Furthermore, the peak mean concentrations of daunorubicin were increased in older compared to younger rats both in plasma (1078±82 versus 663±66 ng ml-1; P<0.05) and in heart (27±1 versus 10±1 μg g-1; P<0.05). This also was true for daunorubicinol in plasma (284±39 versus 168±27 ng ml-1; P<0.05) and in myocardium (8.6±0.6 versus 2.4±0.2 μg g-1; P<0.05). Following daunorubicin injection, the ratio of daunorubicinol to daunorubicin concentrations in tissues increased with time, particularly in plasma and heart in senescent rats. Thus, there are significant age-related changes in daunorubicin and daunorubicinol kinetics in the rat that could alter susceptibility to acute systemic toxicity and to chronic cardiotoxicity.
A Negotiated Landscape: The Transformation of San Francisco's Waterfront since 1950

In his book, A Negotiated Landscape, Jasper Rubin uncovers unrealized plans and clearly articulates the negotiations between planners and developers, the city of San Francisco and the state of Cali...
Generation and characterization of phase and amplitude shaped femtosecond mid-IR pulses

A germanium acousto-optic modulator was recently reported (Shim et al., Optics Letters, 31, 838, 2006) that is capable of generating phase and amplitude shaped femtosecond pulses directly in the mid-infrared. In this paper, the design, implementation and performance of this novel mid-IR shaper is described in detail as is the sub-50 fs optical parametric amplifier that provides large bandwidth for generation of complex pulse shapes. These details include the acoustic power and wavelength dependence of the deflection efficiency, the phase stability of the shaper, the synchronization of electronics, and a study on how the mid-IR bandwidth of the optical parametric amplifier depends on its optical configuration. With these details quantified, the accuracy of the device is tested by creating a series of shaped pulses that are characterized by cross-correlation with well-known mid-IR reference pulses and by simulations. Test waveforms include optimally compressed, phase-chirped and amplitude-modulated mid-IR pulses. The shaped pulses are of sufficient quality that they will enable new experiments in 2D IR spectroscopy and in the coherent control of vibrations in ground electronic states.
Analysis of the Sharp Resonance Control Synchronization for Dual Motors Exciting Nonlinear System Based on Sliding Mode

Aiming at the control synchronization problem of the dual exciting motors in nonlinear vibrating system, based on the phase-difference state space equations, to establish the nonlinear sliding mode controller for the control synchronization of dual exciting motors. The results of the numerical simulation indicate that the control synchronization by sliding mode control strategy can effectively reduce the synchronization error which caused by the performance difference of motors etc., under system sharp resonance conditions (resonant frequency ratio z=0.95~1.05).
Effect of Lactobacillus helveticus and Propionibacterium freudenrichii ssp. shermanii combinations on propensity for split defect in Swiss cheese.

Abstract One of the least controlled defects in Swiss cheese is development of splits that appear during refrigerated storage after cheese is removed from the warm room. Such fissures, or cracks, in the body of the cheese can be as short as 1cm, or long enough to span a 90-kg block. A 2×2×2 factorial experiment was used to determine the effect of different Lactobacillus helveticus / Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii starter culture combinations on the occurrence of split defect in Swiss cheese. Eights vats of cheese were made in summer and eight in winter. Each 90-kg block of cheese was cut into twenty-four 4-kg blocks and graded based on the presence of splits. Only small variations were found in the composition of cheeses made during the same season. There were no correlations between moisture, pH, fat, protein, calcium, lactose contents, D/L lactate ratio, or protein degradation that could be used to predict splits after 90 d of storage. However, cheese made in the summer had 2% higher moisture content and a greater prevalence of splits. There was a sixfold increase in amount of downgraded cheese between the best and worst culture combinations used during cheese manufacture. After 90-d storage, 14 to 90% of cheese had splits in the summer, and 1 to 6% in the winter. Split formation increased with time from 60 to 120 d of storage and extent of split formation was influenced by both the lactobacilli and propionibacteria cultures used.
C'est la guerre? Or Can Cognition and Verbal Behavior Co-exist in Second Language Learning*

A LITTLE more than ten years ago, in September 1959, I completed teaching the applied linguistics course for French, Spanish, and German secondary school teachers at the Foreign Language Summer Institute held at Colgate University. This institute was one of the first three or four summer language institutes in 1959 established under the provisions of the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of 1958. During the decade that followed, thousands of secondary school teachers in hundreds of NDEA institutes in the United States and abroad were indoctrinated in audio-
Current deformation rates and extrusion of the northwestern Okhotsk plate, northeast Russia

[1] Northeast Asia is a region of broad deformation resulting from the convergence of the Eurasian (EU) and North American (NA) plates. Part of this convergence has been suggested to be relieved by the extrusion and deformation of the Okhotsk plate (OK). Three models for the deformation of the seismically active northwestern corner of the Okhotsk plate, based on different modes of deformation partitioning, are calculated and compared to observations from GPS, seismicity, and geology. The results suggest that this region is being extruded southeastward and deforming internally by a mixture of pure contraction, “smooth” extrusion, and “rigid” extrusion. Calculated extrusion rates are ∼3–5.5 mm/yr, comparable to estimates from geologic data, and internal deformation rates are ∼3.0 × 10−9 yr −1. Internal deformation may be only partially accommodated by seismicity, but the short time span of seismic data leaves this subject to large uncertainty.
A review of multiphase flow through chokes

Three comprehensive mechanistic models (Ashford and Pierce, 1974; Sachdeva et al., 1986; Perkins, 1990) dealing with multiphase flow through chokes have been studied. Their common purpose is to determine the flow through a choke under both critical and subcritical flow. Except for their initial assumptions, these three models are basically the same and all are based on the energy equation. Performance of the model developed by Perkins (1990) was the best in a comparison test against a database of 1239 points. The other two models deviated up to 40 percent when compared to the Perkins model for large values of choke to pipe size ratios. A very important application of these models is in prediction of the pressure either upstream or downstream of the choke, given the flow rate through the choke and the known pressure. Pressure predictions against the flow direction (i.e., upstream of the choke) were found to be in very good agreement with measurements. Not more than 13 percent average absolute error and 17 percent standard deviation were observed. Similar errors were reported for the downstream pressure predictions for data in the subcritical flow regime. However, downstream pressure predictions for data in the critical flow regime gave large errors, up to 40 percent, which were expected.
Evaluation of the patient with cardiac palpitations

Summary The information that is essential for the optimal management of the patient presenting with a chief complaint of palpitations is as follows: u • The type of arrhythmia associated with the palpitations (i.e., supraventricular, junctional or ventricular) • The presence or absence of heart disease • Associated symptoms (shortness of breath, chest pain, presyncope or syncope) • Frequency and impact on quality of life With this information, we can choose appropriate tests, the proper therapies and the need for consultation with those more skilled and knowledgeable about invasive procedures in a reasoned sequence. This basic knowledge is not difficult or costly to achieve. If we keep a minimal data base on our patients we might find that our knowledge about arrhythmias, their risk and the most effective therapy would be rapidly developed.
The effects of intralaboratory modifications to media composition and cell source on the expression of pharmaceutically relevant transporters and metabolizing genes in the Caco‐2 cell line

ABSTRACT Expression and function of drug transporters and drug‐metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) in the gastrointestinal tract are critical attributes of intestinal physiology that influence the absorption of orally administered compounds. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of media composition and cell source on mRNA expression and function of pharmaceutically relevant drug transporters and DMEs from two different sources of Caco‐2 cells. Briefly, cells were cultured in either minimum essential medium alpha or Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. Total RNA was isolated from each experimental group, and mRNA expression was evaluated using quantitative reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction arrays. Principal component analysis was used to analyze results, which indicated variable transporter and metabolic expression attributable to differences in media composition and cell source. In addition, transport properties of paracellular markers and proton‐dependent oligopeptide transporter‐mediated substrates across Caco‐2 cell monolayers were assessed. Transport experiments demonstrated significant differences in both paracellular and transcellular permeation resultant from differences in media composition and cell source. These studies support previous findings that media composition and cell source may significantly impact expressional and functional characteristics of Caco‐2 cells. Standardization of culture‐related methodology may reduce variability associated with Caco‐2 cells, enabling more meaningful intralaboratory and interlaboratory data comparisons. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 101:3962–3978, 2012
Optimal placement of sensors and interception resource assessment for the protection of regional infrastructure from covert attack

This paper considers two specific aspects for the problem of protection of regional infrastructure from covert attack. The first aspect considered is the optimal placement of sensors whose goal is to detect vehicles on the transportation network that pose a potential threat to regional infrastructure. These sensors generate both true alarms and false alarms that both need response from an interception team. The second aspect of our problem is related to the sizing of the interception team and on the placement of these resources on the network. A mathematical programming model is developed for the optimal placement of sensors. This model contains a master and a sub-problem; a Bender’s decomposition approach is used for solving the master problem whereas the sub-problem is solved by recognizing that it has the integrality property. For the interception team aspect, a p-median with server unavailability model is developed for determining locations for units, whereas the Hypercube queuing model is used for determining the performance of these units in responding to both true and false alarms generated from sensors. A demonstrative case analysis is offered for the region of Lancaster-Palmdale, CA.
Incremental reductions of positive charge within the S4 region of a voltage-gated K+ channel result in corresponding decreases in gating charge.

Abstract The S4 region of voltage-dependent ion channels is involved in the voltage-sensing mechanism of channel activation. Previous studies in fast inactivating channels have used non-steady-state measurements and thus have not allowed the quantitative assessment of activation parameters. Using site-directed mutagenesis and voltage-clamp recordings in a noninactivating channel (RCK1), we demonstrate that stepwise reductions of positive charge within the S4 region correlate with a progressive decrease in the channel's overall gating valence. In addition to testing for electrostatic behavior of individual charged residues, our study was designed to probe non-electrostatic influences on charge movement. We provide evidence that individual charged residues behave differentially in response to the electric field, so that purely electrostatic influences cannot fully account for the gating movement of certain charges.
The Rockefeller Foundation and the post-WW2 transnational ecology of science policy: from solitary splendor in the inter-war era to a "me too" agenda in the 1950s.

Since the end of the Cold War in 1989 transnational science policy1 has ceased to be largely about the transatlantic world, as transpacific world connections become ever more important (Wang, 2009, 2010). With this in mind, I have written this paper in order to reflect upon the experience of the Rockefeller Foundation, a key player in transnational science policy making during the inter-war era,2 which failed to adapt to the new ecology of transnational science policy that developed after the Second World War, eventually opting out of it altogether. The hope is that by considering this story, fresh light may be thrown on some of the issues confronting today’s science policy makers in the face of globalization. The Rockefeller Foundation3 enjoyed a position of solitary splendor in the inter-war era as a major transnational operator, which sponsored scientific research in over 20 European countries, in addition to supporting selected institutions in the USA and China (Schneider, 2002). At that time the Foundation filled a vacuum created by an isolationist US foreign policy and the financial bankruptcy of many European governments due to inflation and the reverberations of the post-WW1 settlement (Maier, 1975, 1987; Manela, 2007). The Foundation’s impact stemmed not only from its careful selection of promising individuals and institutions, but also from its decision to invest in targeted research areas,
Differential electrophysiological effects of 3-PPP and its enantiomers on dopamine autoreceptors and postsynaptic receptors

The activities of substantia nigra pars compacta dopamine and globus pallidus neurons have been examined following the systemic administration of ( +/- )-3-PPP and the enantiomers of 3-PPP to investigate the relative effects of these putative dopamine agonists on dopamine autoreceptors and postsynaptic dopamine receptors. ( +/- )-3-PPP inhibited the firing rates of 7 out of 10 dopamine cells completely (ED50 = 0.18 +/- 0.06 mg/kg) but caused no consistent or significant alterations in the firing rates of globus pallidus neurons, exhibiting an apparent selectivity for the dopamine D-2 autoreceptors. However, (+)-3-PPP effectively inhibited the activity of all dopamine neurons studied (ED50 = 0.09 +/- 0.03 mg/kg) and, like d-amphetamine, apomorphine and other dopamine agonists, significantly stimulated pallidal activity. (-)-3-PPP was less effective at inhibiting dopamine cell activity; it had no effect on firing rates of pallidal cells when given alone, but it reversed the pallidal rate increases induced by (+)-3-PPP and also blocked the rate increases induced by systemically administered apomorphine. The results show that (-)-3-PPP, given systemically, acts as a partial agonist in the substantia nigra pars compacta and as an antagonist on postsynaptic dopamine receptors. These effects of (-)-3-PPP appear to account for the apparent dopamine autoreceptor selectivity demonstrated by racemic 3-PPP and further indicate that the autoreceptors and postsynaptic dopamine receptors may be differentially affected by a drug with mixed agonist/antagonist properties. These conclusions are consistent with those obtained from other techniques and support the idea that the effects of dopamine agonists on the activity of dopamine neurons and globus pallidus cells can provide an indication of the relative selectivity of these drugs for pre- or postsynaptic dopamine receptors.
An electron-microscopic study of friction and wear

Abstract The coefficients of friction of electroplated nickel, copper and chromium against steel spheres were measured. The tracks made by the spheres on the electrodeposited surfaces were examined electron-microscopically. It was found that the observed damage due to broken welds varied as the calculated ratio of the welded to the contact area. The plating conditons, mechanical properties, normal loads and surface roughnesses did not significantly affect the friction coefficients. On the basis of the electron-microscopic observations, a relationship between wear and surface roughness and work hardening was formulated.
Developing a low-cost parallel processor system for real time microcomputer applications

The authors detail their development, using available hardware and software technology, of a parallel processing environment for Furman University. Developmental stages included the design, construction, and testing of a 2708/2716/2758 EPROM programmer/reader, the design of general-purpose, microprocessor-driven "slave" computers (interfaceable in a variety of networks with a "master" computer, the departmental Apple II), the design of flexible operating systems within the slave computers, and the construction of slave computers for use in a variety of applications.
The Effect of Hydrochloric, Sulfuric, Phosphoric, and Nitric Acids in Diets for Broiler Chicks1

Abstract To determine the effect of various acids in the diet of chicks, several levels of HNO3, HCl, H2 SO4, and H3 PO4 were fed to mixed sex Indian River broiler chicks. The birds accepted the diets containing up to 0.27M HNO3 (16,500 p.p.m. nitrate) without a significant weight loss; higher levels of nitric acid created reduced weight gain, severe death loss, diarrhea, and evidence of dehydration. The birds responded well to 0.1 M levels of the other three acids, but 0.2 M levels reduced the gain/feed value and weight gain. It may be concluded that up to 0.1 M levels of HCl, HNO3, H2 SO4, and H3 PO4 can be added to a corn-soybean meal type of diet with no apparent detrimental effect to the broiler-type chick.
‘Only by the sword’: British counter‐insurgency in Iraq, 1920

(1991). ‘Only by the sword’: British counter‐insurgency in Iraq, 1920. Small Wars & Insurgencies: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 323-363.
Cortical responses to speech sounds and their formants in normal infants: maturational sequence and spatiotemporal analysis.

Abstract Cortical auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) to the synthesized syllables |da| and |ta| and to the isolated 3 formants of |da| were obtained from 32 normal infants studied at monthly intervals from birth through 3 months and at 6 months of age. A bilateral array of 16 electrodes referenced to the mid-occiput permitted a topographic analysis of the cortical AEPs at selected latencies. A differential maturational sequence was seen: a predominantly negative cortical AEP wave form became positive, first over the frontocentral region (around term), and then over the temporal region (at 1–2 months). The timing of these electrophysiological changes coincides with a differential anatomical maturational sequence in the auditory cortex, as myelination and synaptogenesis are more advanced in primary than secondary auditory areas at term. All infants in this study followed this developmental sequence. However, there was no systematic effect of the center frequency of the formant stimuli on the maturational level of their respective cortical AEPs, suggesting a relative maturational equivalence in those regions of auditory cortex responding to stimuli across the frequency range present in human speech. In term infants, an initial midline positivity and bitemporal negativities were asynchronous in their peak and offset latencies, suggesting independent generators for each of these components. In infants from 3 to 6 months of age, cortical AEP wave forms consisted of 2 initial positive peaks followed by a negative peak. While the wave forms were similar over midline and lateral scalp, spatiotemporal analysis revealed differences in the latency of onset, duration and in the spatial extent of these components, again suggesting that 2 bilateral, temporally overlapping generators contribute to the cortical AEP. No systematic topographic difference was observed in the cortical AEPs elicited by each of the 3 formants, which differed in center frequencies.