cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Twist penetration in single-layer smectic A discs of colloidal virus particles

de Gennes first pointed out, in the 1970s, the geometric analogy between the layers of a smectic liquid crystal and the phase structure of the wave function of a superconductor. He showed that a layered structure expels twist deformations just as a superconductor expels a magnetic field, with twist penetrating only at the edges of a layer. We calculate how twist penetrates the edge of a small circular disc of a single isolated smectic A layer composed of chiral fd virus particles subjected to a depletion interaction. We find that under certain conditions small discs with a twisted edge are at least metastable, relative to large discs and other possible structures. We see samples in which such small discs appear to be stable for long periods of time.
Solar related waves in the Venusian atmosphere from the cloud tops to 100 km

A quasi-linear diagnostic model using observed solar-related temperatures and a specified solar mean circulation and surface structure to find the solar-related circulation above the clouds of Venus is presented. Despite the greater dependence of model-derived, solar-related circulation on the mean flow than is the case for terrestrial tides, as well as the uncertainty concerning this mean flow, significant conclusions are drawn for the solar-related circulation and thermal structure of Venus. An anomalously large response is found in the polar regions, due to the model's requirement of a process such as dissipation which will act as a major sink for momentum. Dissipation is specified in the model as Rayleigh friction with an unknown free parameter coefficient. In view of this, dissipation is either very efficient by terrestrial standards and accompanied by small solar-related circulation, or similar to that of earth and possessed of a circulation large enough to have an impact on the mean circulation.
Evolution: A tale of feathers

Alan Brush enjoys a compelling narrative on the discoveries that have illuminated the complexities and evolution of plumage.
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus Presenting as Asymmetric Posterior Blepharitis

Purpose To describe the ophthalmic findings of patients with discoid lupus erythematosus. Method We describe two women who originally were thought to have asymmetric posterior blepharitis; however, the involved eyelid also had an erythematous, scaly cutaneous lesion. Result In both patients, histology and immunofluorescence studies performed on cutaneous biopsy specimens established the diagnosis of discoid lupus erythematosus. Conclusions It is important to diagnose discoid lupus of the eyelids because misdiagnosis can delay treatment and thus lead to deformities of the eyelid margin. Misdiagnosis can also lead to a complicated full-thickness eyelid biopsy and delay the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Lithium and chlorpromazine in psychotic inpatients

A sample of recently hospitalized psychotic patients was assigned to treatment with lithium or chlorpromazine in a double-blind drug trial. Several diagnostic systems were used to characterize the patients. No relationship was found, regardless of criterion system used, between diagnosis and differences in drug effectiveness; specifically, the presence of "schizophrenic" symptoms did not predict a poor response to lithium. Among patients with physical overactivity, those treated with lithium terminated earlier and had poorer outcome than those treated with chlorpromazine. In patients who were not overactive, the two drugs were equally effective, and chronically psychotic patients had poorer outcomes regardless of drug. Lithium may be an effective treatment for acutely psychotic patients who are not overactive. The use of a lithium trial as a diagnostic tool may be unwarranted.
Questions concerning fear of success and its conceptual relatives

Several measures of fear of success have been constructed, yet little attempt has been made to study the relations between them. Moreover, it is not clear that most of the measures can be differentiated from measures of fear of failure. Few fear of success researchers have worried about the relationship between their work and the large body of literature dealing with achievement motivation and fear of failure. Arguments about behavioral correlates of achievement-related anxieties should acknowledge the possibility that some people are both successful and anxious, and that they suffer on dimensions other than performance (e.g., psychosomatic illness). Two general forms of success anxiety — cultural and neurotic — have been discussed; both seem to require more intensive study than has been devoted to either one so far.
Sequence of a phosphorylation site in nucleolar protein B23

The sites of phosphorylation in protein B23, a silver-staining preribosomal ribonucleoprotein particle protein, were analyzed by tryptic peptide mapping. Three 32P peptides were found using in vitro labeling of nucleoli. An additional unlabeled phosphopeptide was identified by amino acid analysis. The sequence of the latter was Asp-Thr(P)-Pro-Ala-Lys. These results suggest that protein B23 contains one class of site labeled rapidly in vitro and another type of site phosphorylated only in vivo.
Cognitive self-statements in depression: Development of an automatic thoughts questionnaire

A 30-item questionnaire was devised to measure the frequency of occurrence of automatic negative thoughts (negative self-statements)associated with depression. Male and female undergraduates were asked to recall dysphoric experiences and to report associated cognitions. One hundred representative cognitions were selected and administered to a second sample, along with the MMPI D scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. Thirty items discriminating between criterion groups of psychometrically depressed and nondepressed subjects were identified. The resultant 30-item automatic thoughts questionnaire (ATQ-30)was cross-validated and found to significantly discriminate psychometrically depressed from nondepressed criterion groups. No differences were found between males and females on the measure. Factor analysis indicated a four-factor solution, with a large first factor reflecting Personal Maladjustment, a second factor indicative of Negative Self-Concept and Negative Expectations, and two lesser factors. The ATQ-30 may provide a means of testing basic theory relating cognitive content to behavioral and affective processes and assessing change in cognitions associated with experimental manipulation or psychotherapeutic intervention.
The rights and responsibilities implied by academic freedom

Abstract Academics enjoy freedom from retaliation for their statements that goes beyond the freedom accorded to other members of society. Academics are also often called upon to act as advisors, either to society as a whole or to public and private sector clients. This sets up a tension between freedom to speak and an obligation to speak responsibly. The problem can be acute in the field of individual differences, for findings related to individual differences touch upon the relations among different racial/ethnic groups, between genders, and have implications for educational and personnel policies. Examples are given of situations in which, in the author’s opinion, academics have abused their roles as expert advisors by speaking irresponsibly. At issue is not whether or not the person speaking reached a correct conclusion, but whether or not the evidence and reasoning about the evidence met reasonable standards for careful inquiry and analysis. Formal actions by governments or by university administration are seldom the answer. Standards enforced by professional societies are less problematical, but are far from complete solutions. The best way to handle the problem is to encourage open discussion of the issues involved, both between established academics and between faculty and students.
The Specificity of Marxist Sociology in Gramsci's Theory

This paper analyzes the relationship between sociology and Marxism and attempts to delineate the fundamental components of sociology within the framework of Marxist theory as presented in the voluminous writings of Gramsci. After reviewing Gramsci's systematic critique of positivist sociology and that brand of Marxism which accepts any positivist canon of analysis, the paper focuses on certain Gramscian concepts hermeneutically useful for a macro-sociology of social structures. Of great importance is the concept of catharsis, that is the development of a given fundamental social group from a mere economic to an hegemonic entity, entailing a process of transformation of the structure of a given historical bloc and the nature and functions of intellectuals in the organization of the ideological, juridical, and political superstructure. The paper concludes that Gramsci's sociology contains specific sociohistorical criteria very useful in understanding how dominant hegemonic systems disintegrate and new ones are formed.
Administrative Simplicity: An Important Component of Health Care Delivery

Administrative simplicity is an often overlooked but important component in optimizing health care delivery. The current administrative structures of most US (and international) academic medical centers have multiple, often independent parts that must negotiate and come to agreement on any new changes. Such negotiations can lead to compromised change and delayed implementations. A noncomplex administrative structure offers many advantages and can make it possible to be better at becoming better. In a simplified, integrated structure, strategic goals and cultural changes can be more easily executed across the organization. Such institutions are potentially better structured to achieve the alignment of values and priorities and to move forward once decisions are made. The authors encourage medical leaders to consider administrative simplicity when opportunities arise to reevaluate health care governance structures.
GRB7 protein over-expression and clinical outcome in breast cancer

The growth factor receptor-bound protein-7 gene (GRB7) encodes a multi-domain signal transduction molecule. The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical significance of GRB7 protein expression in human breast cancer. Western blotting analysis of protein extracts from 563 annotated frozen breast tumors was performed. Expression status of GRB7 and HER-2 was correlated with clinical covariates and outcomes. Cox proportional hazards were used to identify factors associated with breast cancer-free interval. The median follow-up was 71 months. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant (two-sided). A discrepancy between HER-2 and GRB7 protein over-expression was observed. GRB7 protein over-expression was associated with negative estrogen and progesterone receptor status, higher tumor grade, larger primary tumor size, (more) axillary lymph node involvement, higher clinical stage, and shortened breast cancer-free interval. HER-2 protein over-expression was associated only with higher tumor grade. Multi-variate analysis revealed that GRB7 protein over-expression was an independent adverse prognostic factor for breast cancer-free interval (hazard ratio 1.69, 95% confidence interval 1.07–2.67; P = 0.024). The same was true of the subset of patients who did not receive any adjuvant systemic therapy (hazard ratio 1.68, 95% confidence interval 1.16–2.31; P = 0.0055). Using FISH analysis, 32/32 (100%; 95% CI 89–100%) tumors which over-expressed both HER-2 and GRB7 proteins and 1/35 (3%; 95% CI 0–15%) tumors with HER-2 but no GRB7 protein over-expression with Western blotting analysis demonstrated HER-2 gene amplification. GRB7 protein over-expression is an independent adverse prognostic factor in human breast cancer.
The Role of Intraocular Gases and Air in Scleral Buckling Surgery

(1995). The Role of Intraocular Gases and Air in Scleral Buckling Surgery. Seminars in Ophthalmology: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 74-78.
Cytological aspects of pineal development in rats and hamsters.

Evidence has been accumulating which supports the hypothesis that through phylogenetic evolution, the mammalian pinealocyte has evolved from the pineal photoreceptor-cell which is characteristic of certain lower vertebrates. In the present study, developing pineal glands in fetal rats and hamsters were studied at light and electron microscopic levels to determine whether or not the ontogenetic development of pineal cells affords clues to their phylogenetic origin. Pineal development in fetal rats occurs during the last eight days of gestation (14–22) and in fetal hamsters, during the last five days of gestation (11–16). The pineal gland exhibits many similarities in the two species as it develops from a tubular evagination of the diencephalic roof into a compact cellular mass. Different cellular types could not be readily distinguished in fetal material from either species. In both animals, as long as lumina persist, cells bordering on these lumina exhibit surface modifications reminiscent of developing photoreceptor-cells, i.e., an “ellipsoid-like” apical cytoplasmic bulge which often contains one or two centrioles and bears a ciliary derivative exhibiting a 9 + 0 tubular configuration. As pineal tissue proliferates, the lumina and cilium-like structures disappear. The findings, when considered with phylogenetic studies, strengthen the hypothesis that the mammalian pineal gland contains cells derived from the photoreceptor-cell line.
Hypophagia, hypodipsia and hypoactivity following dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions☆

Abstract Bilateral electrolytic lesions in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei (DMNL) of the weanling male rat resulted in hypophagia and hypodipsia, reduced ponderal and linear growth, reduced spontaneous activity, normal carcass fat and increased carcass protein. Previous data in DMNL rats show normal plasma growth hormone, insulin, glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels. In the present study, thyroid and testes weights were normal and the reduced metabolic rate is likely due to the profound hypophagia. This makes it unlikely that the poor growth in these animals is due to neuroendocrine disturbances. Rather, it appears to be the result of hypocaloric food intake. Whether the latter is due to a motor failure or a motivational deficit is not established by the present data. The DMN area responsible for the above syndrome is either a primary activity center or a thoroughfare for pathways from other such centers located else-where in the hypothalamus.
Getting back to equal: The influence of insurance status on racial disparities in the treatment of African American men with high-risk prostate cancer

Abstract Objectives Treating high-risk prostate cancer (CaP) with definitive therapy improves survival. We evaluated whether having health insurance reduces racial disparities in the use of definitive therapy for high-risk CaP. Materials and methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program was used to identify 70,006 men with localized high-risk CaP (prostate-specific antigen level >20 ng/ml or Gleason score 8–10 or stage>cT3a) diagnosed from 2007 to 2010. We used multivariable logistic regression to analyze the 64,277 patients with complete data to determine the factors associated with receipt of definitive therapy. Results Compared with white men, African American (AA) men were significantly less likely to receive definitive treatment (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.56–0.64; P P interaction = 0.01) such that insurance coverage was associated with a reduction in racial disparity between AA and white patients regarding receipt of definitive therapy. Specifically, the AOR for definitive treatment for AA vs. white was 0.38 (95% CI: 0.27–0.54, P P Conclusions AA men with high-risk CaP were significantly less likely to receive potentially life-saving definitive treatment when compared with white men. Having health insurance was associated with a reduction in this racial treatment disparity, suggesting that expansion of health insurance coverage may help reduce racial disparities in the management of aggressive cancers.
PCOLCE2 Encodes a Functional Procollagen C-Proteinase Enhancer (PCPE2) That Is a Collagen-binding Protein Differing in Distribution of Expression and Post-translational Modification from the Previously Described PCPE1

The procollagen COOH-terminal proteinase enhancer (PCPE) is a glycoprotein that binds the COOH-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen and potentiates its cleavage by procollagen C-proteinases, such as bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1). Recently, sequencing of a human expressed sequence tag, which maps near the primary open angle glaucoma region on chromosome 3q21, showed it to encode a novel protein with only 43% identity with PCPE but with a similar domain structure. Here we show this novel protein to be a functional procollagen COOH-terminal proteinase enhancer with activity comparable with that of PCPE and thus propose the designations PCPE2 and PCPE1, respectively. PCPE2 is shown to have a much more limited distribution of expression than does PCPE1, with strong expression primarily in nonossified cartilage in developing tissues and at high levels in the adult heart. PCPE2 is shown to be a glycoprotein that differs markedly in the nature of its glycosylation from that of PCPE1. PCPE2 is also shown to have markedly stronger affinity for heparin than PCPE1, which may account for higher affinities for cell layers. Unexpectedly, both PCPE1 and PCPE2 were found to be collagen-binding proteins, capable of binding at multiple sites on the triple helical portions of fibrillar collagens and also capable of competing for such binding with procollagen C-proteinases. The latter observations may provide insights into the ways PCPEs affect the kinetics of the C-proteinase reaction and into the physical interactions that occur between procollagen C-proteinases and their substrates.
Improving Outcome in Patients With Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 4

Several factors influence treatment outcomes among patients with chronic hepatitis C. A trend is growing to adapt an individualized treatment approach to optimize treatment outcomes among chronic hepatitis C patients. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype is an important factor that determines treatment outcomes among patients with chronic hepatitis C. HCV has six genotypes, and genotype 4 (G4) accounts for 20% of all global HCV infections. Patients with G4 are underrepresented in clinical trials involving patients with chronic hepatitis C because most patients infected with G4 are in Egypt, Africa, and Middle Eastern countries. Therefore, there is little information about the predictors of response to standard treatment among chronic hepatitis C patients with HCV G4. Initial evidence suggested that patients with G4 HCV are as difficult to treat as patients with G1; however, recent evidence suggests that the response rates to treatment among patients with G4 may be better than those with G1 but not those with G2 or G3. This review discusses the clinical data among patients with G4 and assesses the impact of an individualized approach on improved treatment outcomes in these patients.
A Patient with Short Stature with Normal Growth Hormone Provocative Tests and Low Physiological 24 hr Growth Hormone Concentration

We report a patient with short stature with normal GH provocative tests and low physiological 24 hour GH concentration. After starting GH treatment, growth velocity increased similarly to that seen in patients with a severe type of growth hormone deficiency. This is the first precise case report of a patient with typical neurosecretory dysfunction without any other complications.
Gestures in Language Development by GULLBERG, MARIANNE, & KEES DE BOT

The article reviews the book "Gestures in Language Development," by Marianne Gullberg and Kees de Bot.
Incidence and localization of ectopic parathyroid adenomas in previously unexplored patients.

Background Parathyroidectomy has a success rate of >95 % for cure of primary hyperparathyroidism. In about 6–16 % of cases, one or more hyperfunctioning parathyroid gland(s) are found in an ectopic location. Accurate preoperative imaging can aid in detecting these ectopically located glands and allow a focused surgical approach with an even higher success rate. The objective of this study was to assess the utility of ultrasonography (US) and technetium-99m-sestamibi (MIBI) scans in locating ectopic parathyroid glands in previously unexplored patients who presented with primary hyperparathyroidism.
Impairment in motor learning of somatostatin null mutant mice

Somatostatin was first identified as a hypothalamic factor which inhibits the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary (somatotropin release inhibitory factor, SRIF). Both SRIF and its receptors were subsequently found widely distributed within and outside the nervous system, in the adult as well as in the developing organism. Reflecting this wide distribution, somatostatin has been implicated regulating a diverse array of biological processes. These include body growth, homeostasis, sensory perception, autonomous functions, rate of intestinal absorption, behavior, including cognition and memory, and developmental processes. We produced null mutant mice lacking somatostatin through targeted mutagenesis. The mutant mice are healthy, fertile, and superficially indistinguishable from their heterozygous and wildtype littermates. A 'first round' phenotype screen revealed that mice lacking somatostatin have elevated plasma growth hormone levels, despite normal body size, and have elevated basal plasma corticosterone levels. In order to uncover subtle and unexpected differences, we carried out a systematic behavioral phenotype screen which identified a significant impairment in motor learning revealed when increased demands were made on motor coordination. Motor coordination and motor learning require an intact cerebellum. While somatostatin is virtually absent from the adult cerebellum, the ligand and its receptor(s) are transiently expressed at high levels in the developing cerebellum. This result suggests the functional significance of transient expression of SRIF and its receptors in the development of the cerebellum.
A thermodynamic equation relating equilibrium vapor‐liquid compositions and enthalpy differences in isobaric multicomponent systems

A rigorous and simple thermodynamic equation relating equilibrium vapor-liquid compositions and the phase enthalpy differences for a binary, isobaric system is extended to multicomponent systems. An analysis is made to indicate the potential applications of computing the latent heat of vaporization directly from the isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrum data and testing the consistency of phase composition and enthalpy data.
Methyl hypofluorite in the synthesis of 16-methoxyestradiol stereoisomers

Abstract The unusual chemistry of methyl hypofluorite provides a previously unexplored route for functionalizing the 16-position of estradiol. Three isomers of 16-methoxyestradiol were prepared via two synthetic routes, each using methyl hypofluorite. The estrogen receptor binding affinity of these compounds was determined to evaluate their potential as positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging agents targeting estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Radiolabeled methyl hypofluorite ([ 11 C]CH 3 OF) would allow the rapid preparation of novel carbon-11 PET imaging agents. The 17-trimethylsilyl enol ethers of 3-benzyloxy and 3-trifloxyestrone were prepared as substrates to react with methyl hypofluorite. Conditions for the reaction of methyl hypofluorite with simple substrates were optimized to provide reasonable reaction yields with the steroidal substrates. Following introduction of the methoxy substituent at the 16-position, reduction and deprotection conditions were manipulated to yield the various methoxyestradiol isomers. Two-dimensional NMR techniques (HMQC and HMQC-TOCSY) were instrumental in the characterization of the methoxyestradiol isomers. NOESY experiments confirmed the stereochemistry of the 16- and 17-positions. 16α-Methoxyestradiol-17β and 16β-methoxyestradiol-17β, each with the preferred β orientation for the 17-alcohol, were determined to have relative binding affinities of 1.5% and 2.3%, respectively. The stereoisomer with the unfavored α orientation at the 17-position, 16α-methoxyestradiol-17α, exhibited only a 0.5% relative binding affinity for the estrogen receptor. The biological evaluation of these compounds was not pursued further because of their low binding affinities.
Selective distribution of the NMDA-R1 glutamate receptor in astrocytes and presynaptic axon terminals in the nucleus locus coeruleus of the rat brain: an immunoelectron microscopic study.

The regional and cellular distribution of the different classes of excitatory amino acid receptors with respect to the noradrenergic neurons of the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) are unknown. We therefore combined immunoperoxidase labeling for the R1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor with immunogold-silver localization of the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), in single sections through the rat LC to determine the subcellular localization of this glutamate receptor subtype with respect to the noradrenergic neurons. At the light microscopic level, there was light to moderate labeling for the NMDA-R1-like (li) receptor in the caudal pole of the LC and dense labeling in the dorsolateral aspect of the LC adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncle. In the rostral pole of the LC which is enriched with noradrenergic dendrites, significant overlap between both immunoreactivities could be observed. At the ultrastructural level, immunoperoxidase labeling for NMDA-R1 was selectively distributed in astrocytic processes and within presynaptic axon terminals but was rarely seen in catecholamine-containing somata or dendrites. Peroxidase labeling for NMDA-R1, however, was occasionally observed in dendrites in the rostral pole of the LC. Most of these dendrites lacked detectable levels of TH, although TH immunoreactivity was apparent in the neuropil. Dendrites containing NMDA-R1-li immunoreactivity often received asymmetric (excitatory-type) contacts from unlabeled terminals. NMDA-R1-li-immunoreactive axon terminals usually contained small clear, as well as large dense-core vesicles and were often apposed to unlabeled dendrites, axon terminals and/or glial processes. These results provide the first ultrastructural evidence that NMDA-R1-li immunoreactivity is selectively distributed within astrocytic processes and presynaptic axon terminals within the LC. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Partitioning of cations between coexisting single-and multi-site phases: A reply with incidental corrections

Abstract Although the use of chemical potentials in treating species on sites within a single phase is formally correct, the use of potential differences or of other kinds of potentials may prove operationally more useful in the long run. The one site-two site model of Grover and Orville (1969) provides a reasonable explanation for existing Mg-Fe 2+ distribution data for coexisting ortho-and Ca-clinopyroxenes and, in the face of abundant evidence for intracrystalline partitioning in orthopyroxene, is preferred over a one-site model. The relations derived by Grover and Orville are correct, although several can be simplified.
Some formal aspects of the Lamb shift problem

Abstract Renormalization theory for bound states in the Furry picture is developed and formal expressions for level shifts are derived. The justification of the scattering approximation for the fourth order Lamb shift, originally shown by Kroll and Mills, is confirmed by a more compact formal treatment.
Structural determinants of the psychosocial work environment: introducing technology in the work stress framework.

Abstract To extend current models of psychosocial work stress research into organizational structure, technology is introduced. An exploratory model is developed combining research from ergonomics, epidemiology, and organizational science. It is hypothesized that technology influences a worker's health by structuring the job, and the relationship between the job and a worker's health is mediated by attitudes at work. To test the model, data are used from a 1978 NIOSH survey of postal workers sorting mail (N= 4903). Path analysis shows technology is indirectly associated with job satisfaction and psychosomatic symptoms by how it structured the job. A machine-paced technological system of work is associated with greater job demands, less control in the job, and less co-worker support but not with supervisor support. The implications of this model for prevention strategies at the workplace are discussed suggesting that influencing supervisor support is the most effective way to affect a person's job satisfac...
THE THEORY OF THE DAO AND TAIJI: A CHINESE MODEL OF THE MIND

I. Is There a Model of the Mind in Ancient China? The Greek adage “Know thyself” typifies humanity’s will to selfintrospection. In reflexive explorations of the self, humans became aware of the necessity to inquire into the nature and function of the mind and its thinking process. In the West since ancient times, there have appeared different models of the mind: the metaphysical, mathematical, semiotic, psychoanalytic, biophysical, neurophysical, digital, and cognitive, etc. These models display an interesting array of ideas about the mind. They range from a miniature plumbing system with reservoirs of memory, reason, and imagination in medieval common sense, a complex totality of functions in the spatiotemporal processing of knowledge-generating activities in eighteenth-century philosophical discourses, a telephone exchange with “wires” connecting the “exchange” in the brain to “subscribers” at the nerve ends in modern times, to a complicated information processing machine like the computer in the present age of information technology. In ancient China, a self-conscious concern with the human mind started, according to D. C. Lau, in the fourth century BCE, when Chinese thinkers discovered the complexities of the thinking process and became fascinated by them. 1 But the human organ responsible for thinking in ancient China was believed to be the heart rather than the brain. Mencius, one of the thinkers who started the initial inquiries into the human mind, articulates a remark that was taken to be a definitive conception: “Xin zhi guan ze si (The function of the heart/mind is to think).” 2 This conception prevailed until the coming of modern science from the West. Although Mencius proposed a fairly detailed model for the relationship between the human heart and the universe including the human body, he did not construct a model for the human mind itself. Given this condition, we may wonder: Is there a model of the mind in traditional Chinese intellectual thought? And if there is one, how does it relate to Western models of the mind?
Does vasectomy explain the difference in tubal sterilization rates between black and white women

Objective To examine whether the observed difference in tubal sterilization rates between black and white women is dependent on racial/ethnic differences in vasectomy rates. Design Secondary analysis of national, cross-sectional survey. Setting 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Patient(s) Women 15 to 44 years old with a current partner who were able to provide information about their partner's vasectomy status. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) The primary outcome was tubal sterilization. Among women with a current partner who had not undergone vasectomy, a multivariable logistic regression model was used to estimate the effects of race/ethnicity on tubal sterilization after adjusting for potential confounders. Result(s) Of the 3,391 women in the sample, 14% of white women had a current partner who had undergone vasectomy compared with 5% of Hispanic women and 4% of black women. Among the 3,064 women whose partners had not undergone vasectomy, black women were more likely to undergo tubal sterilization (odds ratio: 1.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 2.2) on the basis of adjusted multivariable analysis. Conclusion(s) After controlling for partner vasectomy status, black women were still more likely to undergo tubal sterilization than white women.
Pre-arousal aversive clitoral sensitivity during sexual relations: exploratory research consisting of the first case report and correlates from an anonymous survey

As illustrated by the case reported here, pre-arousal aversive clitoral sensitivity (PACS) is characterized by a sensation that is too strong to be pleasant prior to physiological sexual arousal but that becomes intensely pleasurable after sexual arousal is achieved. Using a self-administered computerized questionnaire, participants with PACS (18.5% of the 763 participants) turned in scores that were significantly more problematic on sexual satisfaction, sexual communication, depression and 5-item PACS scales than the majority of participants. Those with PACS were more likely to avoid sex, less likely to reach orgasm with their partners and less likely to have ever reached orgasm in response to manual stimulation of their genitals or cunnilingus. This is the first case report and the first research report on PACS. More research will be required to determine: (1) incidence and etiology of PACS, (2) whether to classify PACS as an abnormality or a variant of normal and (3) the most effective ways to help tho...
Modeling of clusters in a strong 248-nm laser field by a three-dimensional relativistic molecular dynamic model.

A relativistic time-dependent three-dimensional particle simulation model has been developed to study the interaction of intense ultrashort KrF (248 nm) laser pulses with small Xe clusters. The trajectories of the electrons and ions are treated classically according to the relativistic equation of motion. The model has been applied to a different regime of ultrahigh intensities extending to 10{sup 21} W/cm{sup 2}. In particular, the behavior of the interaction with the clusters from intensities of {approx}10{sup 15} W/cm{sup 2} to intensities sufficient for a transition to the so-called 'collective oscillation model' has been explored. At peak intensities below 10{sup 20} W/cm{sup 2}, all electrons are removed from the cluster and form a plasma. It is found that the 'collective oscillation model' commences at intensities in excess of 10{sup 20} W/cm{sup 2}, the range that can be reached in stable relativistic channels. At these high intensities, the magnetic field has a profound effect on the shape and trajectory of the electron cloud. Specifically, the electrons are accelerated to relativistic velocities with energies exceeding 1 MeV in the direction of laser propagation and the magnetic field distorts the shape of the electron cloud to give the form of a pancake.
Thiamin (vitamin B1) effects on lead intoxication and deposition of lead in tissues: Therapeutic potential

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of thiamin on lead (Pb) poisoning in cattle. Fifteen Holstein male calves were divided into three groups: Group I served as controls, Group II calves were dosed orally with 5 mg Pb acetate/day/kg of body wt, and Group III calves were dosed similarly with Pb and with 100 mg/day/calf of thiamin hydrochloride, subcutaneously. Calves were treated daily for 20 days. None of the control or Pb plus thiamin-treated calves showed clinical signs of poisoning and no deaths occurred. However, four of five Pb-treated calves showed signs of Pb poisoning and two died during the study. Tissues from both groups receiving Pb contained significantly higher ( p
EFFECTS OF EXAM STRESS ON MOOD, CORTISOL, AND IMMUNE FUNCTIONING : INFLUENCES OF NEUROTICISM AND SMOKER-NON-SMOKER STATUS

Abstract In a number of studies, neuroticism, depression and stress have been reported to be positively correlated with each other, with serum cortisol concentration and with smoking. The same factors are inversely related to measures of immune system functioning. The present study assessed in smokers and non-smokers the effects of the presumed stress of final examinations on moods, cortisol and immune system functioning. Subjects were college students selected because they reported feeling reliable high degrees of stress during examinations. Immune system functioning (natural killer cell cytotoxic activity [NKCA], and ConA and PHA lymphocyte proliferation), serum cortisol concentration and mood were assessed in 19 smokers and 23 non-smokers. The findings indicate that exam stress was associated with large increases in reported tension and slightly increased symptoms of depression. Further, T lymphocyte proliferation in response to ConA, but not to PHA, was suppressed during the exam period, while changes in NKCA during exams were associated with an interaction of smoker status and neuroticism. There was also a neuroticism by stress interaction for negative mood assessed by the Profile of Mood States such that those individuals who scored high on measures of neuroticism were higher in negative affect at baseline and postexam periods, but not during the exam period. Smokers had higher serum cortisol concentrations than non-smokers across conditions and scored higher in Beck Depression Inventory-assessed symptoms of depression. Cortisol did not vary as a function of stress and was not correlated with changes in immune functioning, with depression or with negative moods. Serum cortisol and beta-endorphin concentrations were not associated with immune functioning or habitual nicotine intake (plasma nicotine and cotinine concentrations). Among smokers, exam stress did not result in elevated plasma nicotine, cotinine or caffeine concentrations.
Uranium Deposits in Channel Curves of Salt Wash Sandstone Member of Morrison Formation (Late Jurassic), Utah: ABSTRACT

The Salt Wash Member of the Morrison Formation in southeastern Utah is characterized by fluvial sandstone in distinct paleochannels. The deposits are part of a large delta-fan with an apex in the vicinity of the western Grand Canyon. The exhumed channel fills, which excellently expose directional sedimentary structures, were deposited by streams of slight to moderate sinuosity, with occasional sharp bends. Such curves were loci of more conspicuous entrapment and burial of carbonaceous material. Later these areas became highly reducing environments where uranium ores precipitated from ground water percolating through permeable interconnecting channels. Major uranium deposits are more likely to occur in areas where such conditions existed. To determine areas with strong randomness of paleocurrent directions, the vector summation method was applied to the analysis of 2,638 paleocurrent measurements. Because this method is a sensitive measure of dispersion, it was possible to outline areas displaying high and low vector strength values. Areas of high scatter commonly yield low values and polymodal distribution, and areas with low scatter are characterized by high values and unimodal distribution. Thus, areas of high channel sinuosity were successfully outlined. Major known uranium deposits occur most commonly in areas of low vector strength values. Such areas were compared with those containing known ore deposits and those considered favorable for future discoveries, and the results support the conclusion. Although the ve tor method has been used in many paleocurrent studies, this is the first time it has been applied in conjunction with other geologic criteria to delineate and select areas favorable for uranium exploration in sandstone deposits. The results show an important relationship among low paleocurrent vector strength values, carbonaceous material, channel curves, and uranium occurrences in the sandstone channels. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1696------------
Stimulation of excitable tissue with time varying magnetic fields

The induced eddy-current waveform that causes stimulation of excitable tissue is proportional to the derivative of the current in the excitation coil; this in turn depends on the damping coefficient (D) in the discharge circuit. The induced current waveform is polyphasic when D is less than 1.0; it is biphasic when D is equal to or greater than 1.0. The duration of the induced current pulse is an important factor in determining the threshold current for stimulation. The relationship between these factors is presented. >
Blue and blue/green laser diodes and LED-based display devices

Abstract We describe the performance of pn junction MQW diode lasers and LEDs which are grown on both p-type and n-type GaAs substrates. Efforts to minimize dislocations by lattice matching the II–VI region to the GaAs substrate in some cases resulted in obtaining dislocation densities below 105 cm-2. We have obtained pulsed high power, high quantum efficiency laser emission up to room temperature conditions, and continuous operation at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Efficient LED and display devices operate in the blue (490–494 nm) at room temperature.
Transabdominal near-infrared fetal brain oximetry

The feasibility of transabdominal near-infrared spectroscopy for detecting and quantifying fetal hypoxia in utero is demonstrated in a pregnant ewe model.
A Walsh system for polar coordinates

Abstract We introduce a bounded orthonormal system on the unit disc which is an analogue of the Walsh-Paley system. We prove that this system satisfies much better convergence and uniqueness properties than the double Walsh-Paley system satisfies on the unit square.
Creating connected open space in Florida: The influence on human use for recreation

This exploratory study examined the Florida Communities Trust (FCT) open space acquisition program for its ability to connect recreational open spaces and the influence this connectivity had on public use for physical activity. The methods included an examination of all FCT proposals submitted from 2001 to 2006 (n = 617) and a survey (n = 45) of Lafayette Heritage Trail park users in Tallahassee, Florida. Lafayette Heritage Trail is an FCT-funded park serving as a vital link in a local open space system. The analysis revealed that, although there are relatively few questions in the FCT application instrument pertaining to connectivity, it has been relatively successful in extending and connecting open space. The analysis also revealed that patrons of Lafayette Heritage Trail were not only aware of the park's connectivity but also attributed it to their increased use of the space.
Development of X- and Y-cell retinogeniculate terminations in kittens

The cat retinogeniculocortical pathways are organized chiefly into two parallel independent neuronal streams, one involving X-cells of the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus, and the other, Y-cells. Development of the Y-cell pathway is more seriously affected by visual deprivation than is the X-cell pathway and we reasoned that some insight into the underlying mechanisms of these effects could be gained from studies of normal development. We therefore injected horseradish peroxidase into physiologically identified X- and Y-cell retinogeniculate axons to examine the postnatal development of their terminations in kittens. As we report here, at 3-4 weeks of age, most optic tract axons can be identified physiologically as members of the X- or Y-cell class. X-cell terminal fields in lamina A or A1 are wider at 3-4 weeks than they are in adults, while Y-cell terminal fields are narrower than in adults. During the second and third postnatal months, X-cell terminal arbors progressively contract while Y-cell arbors expand so that, by 12 weeks of age, the adult pattern is seen. These data, and the results of our earlier study of the effects of monocular lid suture on these terminal arbors, suggest that enlargement of Y-cell terminations in geniculate lamina A or A1 during development may be accompanied by competitive pruning of X-cell terminations within these same laminae.
Enhanced transduction of dendritic cells by FcγRI-targeted adenovirus vectors

Background The high affinity Fcγ receptor I (FcγRI; aka CD64) is expressed by dendritic cells (DC) and antigens targeted to this receptor elicit enhanced immune responses. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that targeting an adenoviral (Ad) vector to FcγRI would lead to enhanced transduction of DC and an improved immune response to vector-encoded antigens. Methods A bispecific adaptor molecule consisting of a trimeric adenovirus fiber-binding moiety fused to a single-chain antibody specific for human FcγRI was generated. Transduction of cultured cells, including human DC, by the FcγRI-targeted Ad was then evaluated using reporter genes (GFP, luciferase). Immunophenotypic and functional characteristics of vector-transduced DC were also measured by flow cytometry, cytokine ELISA and mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR); antigen-specific stimulation of autologous CD8+ T cells was evaluated using vectors encoding cytomegalovirus (CMV) pp65. Results FcγRI-targeted Ad transduced primary DC with 10–15-fold greater efficiency than unmodified Ad or Ad vectors complexed to an adaptor protein that targeted an irrelevant receptor. However, FcγRI-targeting had no effect of Ad-induced activation of DC, as measured by cytokine release or expression of cell surface activation markers. Finally, FcγRI-targeting of vectors encoding CMV pp65 resulted in an increase in the activation of antigen-specific autologous human CD8+ T cells. Conclusions FcγRI-targeting significantly enhances the efficiency of Ad vector-mediated gene transfer in primary human DC, and results in an improved immune response to a vector-encoded antigen. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Influence of Surface Properties on Uptake of Oil into Complex Coacervate Microcapsules

A range of surfactants with different hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) values was selected to investigate the influence of interfacial properties on the uptake of oil droplets into complex coacervate microcapsules. The well characterized gelatin/acacia complex coacervate system was used in this study and the encapsulation of squalane, and oleic acid was investigated. The surfactants investigated were Span 85, Span 80, Span 40, egg yolk lecithin, and Tween 80. Combinations of surfactants were utilized to obtain intermediate HLB values. The percentage oil encapsulated was determined gravimetrically, based on the initial concentration and the amount extracted from the microcapsules. The aqueous interfacial tension values of the oils and oil/surfactant systems were measured using the Wilhelmy plate method. The interfacial properties were correlated to the percentage oil uptake by the coacervate phase. The relative hydrophobicity/lipophilicity of the oil influenced its uptake by complex coacervate droplets. The presence of surfactant affected oil uptake, depending on the HLB value of the surfactant or surfactant mixture. Uptake of squalane by the gelatin/acacia coacervates was found to be optimized by the addition of surfactants with HLB values in the range 2.5-6. The percentage uptake of oil decreased rapidly for systems prepared containing surfactants with HLB values outside this range. No correlation was observed between oil uptake by the coacervate phase and the interfacial tension of the oil and oil/surfactant systems with double-distilled deionized water.