cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reducing Alcohol Risk in Adjudicated Male College Students: Further Validation of a Group Motivational Enhancement Intervention

This study examined the effectiveness of a single-session group motivational enhancement alcohol intervention on adjudicated male college students. Over two sequential academic years, 230 students sanctioned by the university for alcohol-related infractions attended a 60- to 75-minute group intervention. The intervention consisted of a timeline followback, social norms education, decisional balance for behavioral change, blood alcohol content (BAC) information, expectancy challenge, and generation of behavioral goals. Participants were followed weekly for three months and showed reductions in drinking (29%) and alcohol-related consequences (32%) at three-month follow-up. The intervention was successful in reducing drinking for both first-year students and upperclassmen, with reductions appearing to be a function of the intervention and not the citation itself. Furthermore, a post hoc control condition revealed that those participants randomly assigned to the intervention group condition reduced drinking (19%) and alcohol-related consequences (44%) more than participants in the control condition over one month. These results provide continued evidence of the effectiveness of group motivational enhancement interventions with adjudicated male college students.
Functional outcomes in patients with mucosal ulcerative colitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis by the double stapling technique: is there a relation to tissue type?

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate any differences in functional outcome in patients with mucosal ulcerative colitis after restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis with use of the double stapling technique relative to the type of tissue in the stapled doughnut. METHODS: Between September 1988 and June 1997, the pathology of all patients with mucosal ulcerative colitis who underwent ileal pouch-anal anastomosis with use of the double stapling technique were reviewed. Information was obtained regarding the tissue types in the distal tissue rings (doughnuts) obtained from the stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. The level of anastomosis was classified according to the type of tissue in the distal doughnut: Group I—patients in whom the anal transitional zone was removed and the distal doughnut included squamous epithelium or transitional epithelium and Group II—patients in whom the anal transitional zone was preserved because the distal doughnut revealed only columnar epithelium. Functional outcomes were assessed and compared by detailed questionnaires mailed to all patients at least one year after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis surgery. RESULTS: Distal doughnuts were obtained from the stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in 222 patients with mucosal ulcerative colitis. Follow-up data at a mean of 38 (range, 12–132) months were obtained in 138 (62.2 percent) patients, including 72 males, with a mean age of 46.9 (range, 13–79) years. Group I consisted of 40 patients (29 percent; 35 (25.4 percent) who had squamous epithelium and 5 (3.6 percent) who had transitional epithelium in the distal tissue rings). Group II consisted of 98 patients (71 percent) with columnar epithelium in the distal tissue rings. Age at diagnosis and operation, duration of disease, length of follow-up, and stage of pouch surgery were similar in the two groups. Incontinence scores, frequency of bowel movement, use of a protective pad, discrimination between gas and stool, use of antidiarrheals, life-style alteration, and patient satisfaction showed similar functional results between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The tissue type in the stapler distal doughnut did not greatly influence functional outcome. Failure to identify a relationship may attest to the variable height and composition of the anal transitional zone.
Third Generation FLIR Simulation at NVESD

Third generation FLIR sensors, comprised of 2-D focal plane arrays with LWIR/MWIR detection capability, are to be fielded in the near future and are expected to play an important role in future Army sensor applications. NVESD has an effort underway to produce a simulation package that will bring Third Generation FLIR sensor performance to training and wargaming applications. This simulation product provides a wide variety of targets and backgrounds, both rural and urban, for different seasons, times of day, and atmospheric conditions and is built on the existing NVESD LWIR simulation package and is named NVEOsim. A sensor effects package, which is part of the simulation, uses standard NVTherm sensor decks to accurately simulate the noise, diffraction, resolution, and other design features of individual sensors.
Theory of X-Ray Diffraction by a Distorted Crystal

Based on the quantum theory of X-ray diffraction by a perfect crystal (M. Ashkin and M. Kuriyama, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 21 (1966) 1549), a diffraction theory for a distorted crystal has been developed. The scattering amplitude for the case of a single Bragg reflection has been obtained in terms of a lattice sum including the displacement of each atom. A basic assumption for this formulation is that there is no overlap of the electron wave functions of the displaced atoms. The existing basic assumption in the dynamical theory for a distorted crystal, that the local distortion in the crystal must change very slowly so that the local wave field can be described by the dynamical theory for a perfect crystal, has been successfully avoided in the present formulation. A criticism is also made of the so-called “Fourier” expansion of polarizability or electron distribution in the distorted crystal, which has been important for the dynamical theory.
Split-belt treadmill training poststroke: a case study.

Background/Purpose Even after rehabilitation, many individuals with stroke have residual gait deviations and limitations in functional walking. Applying the principles of motor adaptation through a split-belt treadmill walking paradigm can lead to short-term improvements in step length asymmetry after stroke. The focus of this case study was to determine whether it is possible to capitalize on these improvements for long-term gain.
Chiral recognition phenomena probed by steady-state luminescence measurements: Stern-Volmer analysis of chiral discriminatory behavior.

The chiral recognition phenomenon observed in enantioselective excited-state energy transfer processes currently requires the use of chiroptical spectroscopic techniques to probe the magnitude and sense of the discriminatory interactions. The use of chiroptical spectroscopic techniques limits the study of chiral recognition to those molecular species with strong absorption or emission dissymmetry factors. This study presents the theoretical and experimental methodology to determine the magnitude of chiral discriminatory interactions with unpolarized, steady-state luminescence measurements. Based on bimolecular luminescence quenching kinetics for a system containing chiral molecules, the Stern-Volmer equation is derived and contains a chiral discriminatory term for a system containing a chiral but racemic luminophore and an enantiomerically resolved quencher species. The utility of this methodology is confirmed by examining the enantioselective excited-state quenching between several Ln(dpa)(3)(3-) complexes (where Ln = Eu(3+), Tb(3+), or Dy(3+) and dpa = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate) acting as the energy donor and either racemic or enantiomerically resolved [Co(dach)(3)](3+) (where dach = trans-1R,2R (or 1S,2S)-diaminocyclohexane) acting as the energy acceptor in an aqueous solution. The results of this study confirm the utility of unpolarized, steady-state luminescence measurements as a probe of chiral discriminatory behavior.
Atomic Heat of Sodium Metal from 0.4 to 2°K

The atomic heat of sodium metal was measured from 0.4 to 2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K using the magnetic refrigerator calorimeter. The experimental data is given by $C=1.32T+0.485{T}^{3}$ millijoule/mole-\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. No anomaly is observed in this temperature range. The experimental value of the electronic specific heat and the Pauli spin paramagnetism measured by Schumacher and Slichter are used for comparison with the electronic band theory of sodium and with those modifications introduced by electron-electron and lattice-electron interactions.
In Vitro Reconstitution of Functional Hepadnavirus Reverse Transcriptase with Cellular Chaperone Proteins

Initiation of reverse transcription in hepadnaviruses (hepatitis B viruses) depends on the specific binding of an RNA signal (the packaging signal, epsilon) on the pregenomic RNA template by the viral reverse transcriptase (RT) and is primed by the RT itself (protein priming). We have previously shown that the RT-epsilon interaction and protein priming require the cellular heat shock protein, Hsp90. However, additional host factors required for these reactions remained to be identified. We now report that five cellular chaperone proteins, all known cofactors of Hsp90, were sufficient to reconstitute a duck hepatitis B virus RT active in epsilon binding and protein priming in vitro. Four proteins, Hsp90, Hsp70, Hsp40, and Hop, were required for reconstitution of RT activity, and the fifth protein, p23, further enhanced the kinetics of reconstitution. RT activation by the chaperone proteins is a dynamic process dependent on ATP hydrolysis and the Hsp90 ATPase activity. Thus, our results have defined a minimal complement of host factors necessary and sufficient for RT activation. Furthermore, this defined in vitro reconstitution system has now paved the way for future biochemical and structural studies to elucidate the mechanisms of RT activation and chaperone functions.
Growth of Nickel Oxide Single Crystals and Bicrystals via hemical Vapor Transport

A chemical vapor transport (CVT) method was successfully used to grow NiO single crystals and bicrystals heteroepitaxially on single-crystal MgO substrates. The most favorable growth conditions were obtained at 1400 K using 250 torr (∼3.33 × 104 Pa) of HCl(g) as the transport agent. Average growth rates greater than 100 μm/h were easily achieved under these conditions. The CVT-grown NiO single crystals and bicrystals usually displayed highly reflective facets along the growth direction that suggest high mechanical quality. The grain boundaries in the bicrystals were observed to be perpendicular to the (001) growth surface. The epitaxial NiO crystals were easily separated from the MgO substrate by dissolving away the latter in 85% H3PO4 at 190°C. The crystallinity and purity of the deposits were checked using these free-standing NiO crystals. The concentration of cation impurities and the Cl content in the CVT-grown crystals were investigated by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass-spectrometric analysis and neutron activation analysis, respectively. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy of a Σ13 (510) boundary revealed a structure at the atomic scale that provided no evidence for segregated phases.
Diamond cubic Sn-rich nanocrystals: synthesis, microstructure and optical properties

Diamond cubic Sn-rich nanocrystals were fabricated with radii less than 20 nm by post-growth annealing at T=750 °C of SnxGe1-x alloys grown on Ge(001) by molecular beam epitaxy. The crystal phase of the Sn-rich nanocrystals was determined to be diamond cubic from Fourier transform analysis of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images. Optical transmittance of these SnxGe1-x/Ge (001) films demonstrated changes in optical absorption that can be attributed to absorption from the nanocrystals. The energy bandgap was measured to be 0.45 eV for nanocrystals arrays in Ge with a mean diameter of 32 nm.
The effect of maternal progesterone on brain monoamine oxidase activity of neonatal rats

Abstract Monoamine oxidase activity was measured in the brains and uteri of neonatal rats exposed to pre- and/or postnatal progesterone. Daily doses of progesterone were injected subcutaneously into pregnant females on gestational days 8–17 and postpartum days 2–6. On postpartum day 1, half of the pups of each litter were crossfostered to a female in the opposite experimental condition. Pups were sacrificed on postpartum days 1, 3 and 7, and whole brain type A and B MAO activity was determined by a radioisotope assay utilizing14C-labelled 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and phenylethylamine (PEA), respectively. Postnatal progesterone elevated both types of MAO activity in the brains of both sexes by day 7. Deamination of both substrates was highest in those animals receiving both pre- and postnatal progesterone. No sex differences in MAO activity were obtained for either control or progesterone-treated rat pups. Uterine MAO activity was not affected by maternal progesterone administration. Progesterone levels measured in blood plasma of 7-day-old animals were significantly higher in those animals receiving postnatal progesterone. These results support the observation that progesterone elevates brain MAO activity in vivo, and that progesterone administered to a lactating female elevates MAO activity in her suckling young. Implications for possible behavioral consequences of MAO alterations are discussed.
Reduced Field Spread of Potato Leafroll Virus in Potatoes Transformed with the Potato Leafroll Virus Coat Protein Gene

Russet Burbank potato was transformed with plant expression vectors containing the potato leafroll luteovirus (PLRV) coat protein (CP) gene. Transgenic potato lines contained a gene expression cassette with two copies of a PLRV CP gene in which the nucleotide sequence was modified to improve expression of the gene. In addition, the two copies of the PLRV CP gene were each driven by a different promoter. Field test screening for PLRV resistance identified 15 lines which showed moderate resistance to PLRV infection and virus titer build-up and a longer incubation period for systemic infection. By conducting field resistance assays during a period when the vector of PLRV was not present, it was possible to test whether the observed resistance was sufficient to restrict aphid transmission of PLRV in a field test. Two years of field testing demonstrated that PLRV-spread from an infected plant to adjacent healthy plants of the same line was severely restricted in nearly all the transgenic lines in the field. These lines have useful resistance to PLRV and could aid in managing PLRV disease in Russet Burbank potato.
Standby power reduction techniques for ultra-low power processors

Standby power can dominate the power budgets of battery-operated ultra-low power processors, and reducing standby power is the key challenge for further power reduction. State-of-the-art ultra low voltage sensors consume hundreds of nW in wake mode and 100 pW or less in standby mode. Therefore, applying known circuit techniques for further standby power reduction is very challenging. In this paper, we extend known standby power reduction techniques for use in ultra-low power processors. In particular, we propose structures that enable the use of super cut-off voltages throughout the design with minimal power overhead. Different strategies for power gated logic blocks and memory cells are investigated.
Verbal Aggression: Understanding the Psychological Antecedents and Social Consequences

The articles contained in this special issue focus on verbal aggression. The studies delve into the trait and state antecedents to aggressive language use as well as its interpersonal consequences. This prologue tracks trends in research on verbal aggression and related concepts over the past 60 years. The trend curves indicate a recent surge in studies on verbal aggressing. To explain the results across the five empirical studies that follow, two parallel and sometimes opposing processes are considered. The selfish emotions of the individualistic affect system drive verbal aggression and assault. In contrast, the prosocial emotions of the cooperative affect system drive verbal collaboration and comforting. Avoidance is characterized as a half-step between aggression and collaboration. The processes combine to predict attitudes and behaviors across the range of conflict situations examined in this special issue: individual, relational, communal, and societal.
Peer review to ensure quality in forensic mental health publication

Peer reviewers have been called the gatekeepers of science. For journal publications in forensic psychiatry, as well as other disciplines, the purposes of peer review are to assist in the selection of manuscripts to publish, improve the quality of manuscripts before their publication, and promote the fairness of the process. In this article, we examine, in particular, characteristics of high-quality peer reviewers, selection of peer reviewers, recruitment and retention of peer reviewers, desired quality of peer-reviewer ratings, and the value of peer review. We conclude with specific, albeit largely untested, recommendations for improvements in peer review of forensic mental health publications.
SPECT bone scanning of the spine

Radionuclide bone scanning is a well accepted method for uncovering a variety of bony lesions including abnormalities of vertebral bodies that may be causing spinal pain. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is especially useful in such an evaluation because it allows for precise localization of a lesion to the vertebral body, disc space, or vertebral arch. This anatomic distinction is necessary in order to accurately diagnose the underlying condition detected by the bone scan. Most bony abnormalities result in focal areas of abnormal tracer activity but do not affect all components of a vertebra with equal frequency nor have a random pattern of involvement. Vertebral diseases tend to conform to predictable patterns that can be more readily identified by SPECT than planar imaging. Metastatic tumors commonly involve the posterior portion of the vertebral body, often in combination with a pedicle. Extensive abnormalities involving the vertebral body and vertebral arch, but sparing the pedicles, are usually benign as are lesions isolated to articular facets and lamina or disc space. Postoperative patients have additional potential problems including pseudarthrosis and complications following use of internal fixation devices including pedicle screws. Nuclear medicine physicians must speak the language of their referring physicians who are anatomically oriented and used to the exquisite morphologic detail of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). SPECT allows for greater anatomic information compared with planar imaging as well as straightforward comparison with other tomographic-based studies such as CT and MRI.
Marriage, Marital History, and Black – White Wealth Differentials Among Older Women

This study investigated the impact of union history and marital transitions on wealth inequality between older Black and White women (N = 7,026). Cohort data from the Health and Retirement Study show large and increasing Black – White differences in wealth. Marital and relationship histories are associated with the wealth accumulation process among older women. Women who married and stay married accumulated levels of wealth that exceeded those of other women with disrupted family lives. The marriage – wealth nexus is sensitive to a woman's position in the wealth distribution. Quantile regression results revealed that racial differences in total wealth holdings between Black and White women exist throughout the wealth distribution, whereas the relationship between current union history and wealth differentials is significant at the lower tail and middle of the distribution. Decomposition analyses highlighted the nontrivial role of racial disparities in marital histories in accounting for the racial wealth gap. As members of the baby boom generation enter their retirement years, it will be more important than ever to monitor the wealth accumulation process among older single and racial/ethnic minority women.
The formation of a double layer leading to the critical velocity phenomenon

The formation of a double layer is proposed as the mechanism which produces the critical velocity phenomenon. This hypothesis is examined qualitatively, and it is found that the double layer can be a very efficient mechanism for transferring the kinetic energy of the neutral gas into the kinetic energy of electrons which, in turn, will ionize the neutral gas if the critical velocity has been reached or exceeded.
Human pharmacology of a performance‐enhancing dietary supplement under resting and exercise conditions

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Performance-enhancing dietary supplements have not been clinically tested for safety or efficacy. • In clinical trials performed under resting conditions, performance-enhancing supplements raise blood pressure and affect glucose homeostasis. • The effect of exercise on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of stimulant herbals is unknown. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Supplement-induced effects on blood pressure and glucose levels are not ameliorated by exercise. • Exercise does not affect the kinetics of stimulant ingredients, caffeine and synephrine. • Performance-enhancing supplement use modestly improves exercise tolerance. AIMS Dietary supplements (DS) promoted to enhance athletic performance often contain herbal sympathomimetics such as Citrus aurantium (synephrine) and caffeine. We aimed to characterize the pharmacology of a performance-enhancing DS in the setting of exercise. METHODS Ten healthy adults (three women) aged 20–31 years participated in a three-arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Subjects ingested one dose of DS (Ripped Fuel Extreme Cut® with 21 mg synephrine and 304 mg caffeine by analysis) under resting conditions and 1 h prior to moderately intense exercise (30 min on cycle ergometer at 75–80% HRmax), with a placebo (PLC)/exercise control. Plasma synephrine and caffeine concentrations were measured over 12 h, and vital signs, serum electrolytes, oxygen consumption and perceived exercise exertion were monitored. RESULTS No significant adverse events occurred. Synephrine and caffeine pharmacokinetics were unaffected by exercise. Post-exercise diastolic blood pressure was higher after DS (peak mean 71.7 ± 8.7 mmHg) than PLC (63.0 ± 4.9 mmHg) (p = 0.007). There were no substantial treatment-related differences in post-exercise HR, systolic blood pressure, or temperature. Postprandial plasma glucose increased to 121.0 ± 31.6 mg dl−1 with DS and exercise vs. 103.7 ± 25.5 mg dl−1 with PLC and exercise (P = 0.004). No treatment differences in exercise-related oxygen consumption, serum lactate, or insulin were observed. Exercise was rated less difficult with DS than PLC (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Blood pressure and plasma glucose increased post-exercise with DS use, which could be detrimental in some people. Exercise was perceived as less strenuous after DS, presumably due to the stimulant effects of caffeine.
Luminous supersoft X-ray sources as progenitors of type Ia supernovae

In some luminous supersoft X-ray sources, hydrogen accretes onto the surface of a white dwarf at rates more-or-less compatible with steady nuclear burning. The white dwarfs in these systems therefore have a good chance to grow in mass. Here we review what is known about the rate of Type Ia supernovae that may be associated with SSSs. Observable consequences of the conjecture that SSSs can be progenitors of Type Ia supernovae are also discussed.
Soil organic matter stratification ratio as an indicator of soil quality

Soil quality is a concept based on the premise that management can deteriorate, stabilize, or improve soil ecosystem functions. It is hypothesized that the degree of stratification of soil organic C and N pools with soil depth, expressed as a ratio, could indicate soil quality or soil ecosystem functioning, because surface organic matter is essential to erosion control, water infiltration, and conservation of nutrients. Stratification ratios allow a wide diversity of soils to be compared on the same assessment scale because of an internal normalization procedure that accounts for inherent soil differences. Stratification ratios of soil organic C were 1.1, 1.2 and 1.9 under conventional tillage (CT) and 3.4, 2.0 and 2.1 under no tillage (NT) in Georgia, Texas, and Alberta/British Columbia, respectively. The difference in stratification ratio between conventional and NT within an environment was inversely proportional to the standing stock of soil organic C to a depth of 15‐20 cm across environments. Greater stratification of soil C and N pools with the adoption of conservation tillage under inherently low soil organic matter conditions (i.e., warmer climatic regime or coarse-textured soil) suggests that standing stock of soil organic matter alone is a poor indication of soil quality. Stratification of biologically active soil C and N pools (i.e., soil microbial biomass and potential activity) were equally or more sensitive to tillage, cropping intensity, and soil textural variables than stratification of total C and N. High stratification ratios of soil C and N pools could be good indicators of dynamic soil quality, independent of soil type and climatic regime, because ratios >2 would be uncommon under degraded conditions. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
POLYGYNY AND WOMEN'S HEALTH IN RURAL MALI

Women's social networks and social power are increasingly seen as important factors modulating their health in sub-Saharan Africa. Polygyny, a common marital structure in many societies, mediates important intra-household relationships by requiring both competition and cooperation among co-wives. Using mixed methods, semi-structured questionnaires were administered to 298 women aged 15 to 84 living in the Kolondieba region of rural Mali in 1999, and supplemented by detailed interviews with 40 women. Three categories of outcome were explored: illness experience, therapeutic itinerary, and social support received. Quantitative data were analyzed using regression analysis and qualitative data using a grounded theory approach. In quantitative analyses, controlling for age and household wealth index, senior wives were less likely to be escorted to a healer by their husbands during illness than were junior wives or monogamous women. Polygynous women were also less likely to obtain a treatment for which there was a monetary fee. Fewer than one third of polygynous women reported the assistance of a co-wife during illness in any given task. In qualitative analyses, women further related varied mechanisms through which polygyny impacted their health trajectories. These ranged from strongly supportive relationships, to jealousy because of unequal health or fertility, bias in emotional and material support provided by husbands, and accusations of wrong-doing and witchcraft. This study highlights the need for more prospective mixed methods analyses to further clarify the impact of polygyny on women's health-related experiences and behaviors in sub-Saharan Africa.
Comparison of neurotization versus nerve repair in an animal model of chronically denervated muscle.

Purpose Reinnervation of chronically denervated muscle is clinically unpredictable and poorly understood. Current operative strategies include either direct nerve repair, nerve grafting, nerve transfer, or neurotization. The goal of this study is to compare muscle recovery using microneural repair versus neurotization in a rat model of chronic denervation. Methods Fifty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats had surgical denervation of the tibialis anterior muscle by transecting the common peroneal nerve. After 0, 8, 12, or 22 weeks of denervation, animals were assigned to either a direct repair or a neurotization cohort. An additional 7 animals were used for a sham cohort, and 7 of the 58 were used as controls. After a 12-week recovery period, animals had contractile strength and EMG testing of the tibialis anterior muscle. Peak force and characteristics were compared to the unoperated, contralateral limb. Tibialis anterior muscles were then harvested for mass and histologic evaluation. Results Sixty-two animals completed testing. Denervated controls demonstrated a significant decrease in muscle mass, contractile strength, and peak motor nerve conduction amplitude compared to sham animals. In all groups, chronicity of denervation adversely affected functional recovery. On average, repair animals performed better than neurotization animals with respect to muscle mass, contractile strength, and peak motor amplitude. Differences in contractile force, however, were significant only at the 0 week denervation group (94% ± 30 vs 50% ± 20, repair vs neurotization). Neurotized muscles processed for histologic analysis demonstrated acetylcholinesterase activity at the nerve-muscle interface, confirming the formation of motor end plates de novo . Conclusions We demonstrated that neurotization is capable of reinnervating de novo end plates in chronically denervated muscle. Our data do not support the hypothesis that direct muscle neurotization is superior to nerve repair for functional restoration of chronically denervated muscle. However, as the duration of denervation increases, the difference between outcomes of the neurotization and repair group narrows, suggesting that neurotization may offer a viable surgical alternative in the setting of prolonged denervation.
Topographic Steering of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Abstract An analytic model of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is presented in which information contained in a hydrographic section is propagated along characteristics. The characteristics are obtained by assuming that potential vorticity is uniform on density surfaces: they lie between the f/H contours found in a homogeneous ocean and the f contours found in a strongly stratified ocean. Solutions describe an inviscid, adiabatic circulation in which fluid parcels negotiate a variable bottom topography while conserving density and conserving potential vorticity. A family of solutions are obtained for a realistic spherical geometry including coastlines and major topographic features. In the limit of weak bottom currents, the ACC transports 160 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) of fluid around Antarctica, with circumpolar flow in the upper three kilometers and abyssal gyres bounded by the bottom topography. In the limit of large bottom currents, the ACC exhibits increased sensitivity to the topograph; streamlines...
High-Temperature Deformation of Yba2Cu307-8 With Ag Additions

The steady‐state flow stress of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7‐δ containing 15 to 30 vol.% Ag has been measured in air at nearly constant compressive strain rates between 5 x 10 ‐6 and 1 x 10 ‐4 s ‐1 from 830 to 900°C. Addition of Ag dramatically decreases the flow stress compared to that of the pure superconductor, but the stress exponents and the activation energy for deformation remain unchanged.
Colonization of soybeans by species of Fusarium.

Isolation from parts of soybean plants and residues collected in fields in Iowa demonstrated major differences in Fusarium spp. colonization. Fusarium oxysporum was the dominant Fusarium in the lower stems and roots, and F. roseum in the upper stems, pods, and seeds. Fusarium tricinctum infrequently occurred in pods and seeds of mature plants or residue, whereas F. solani was isolated from about 5% of stem and root residues but rarely from live or mature plants. Fusarium oxysporum frequently and F. roseum rarely saprophytically colonized dead plant parts: however, parts previously occupied by other fungi were seldom invaded.
Analysis of Aspect Ratio and Winglet Height of a Box Wing Design

The optimization of a possible medium range box wing commercial airliner is presented in three stages. Preliminary research is used to determine various parameters for a potential box wing model, and a baseline model is designed in Autodesk Inventor, based upon the cantilever Airbus A330-200, an aircraft of a similar role. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software used in this project is Dassault Systemes SolidWorks, which is validated through comparing the NACA 0009 airfoil lift and drag polars with published results. The first stage of optimization is performed on the airfoil shape, with 8 different designs being tested against the cantilever model. The lift to drag ratios of each model are calculated at cruise conditions, Mach 0.85 and 11,000 meters altitude. The most efficient model with the highest lift to drag ratio is then taken to the second stage of optimization, winglet height, where 7 different winglet heights are tested on the model: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% of the span. The most efficient model out of the different winglet heights is then tested with 7 different aspect ratios: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35%. The expectation of the three stages of optimization is to provide a box wing model that performs significantly better than the original base line model, and also has an improved lift to drag ratio when compared to the cantilever model.
The Reproductive Performance of the Laboratory Mouse Maternal Age, Litter Size and Sex Ratios.

SummaryWhen a large group of CF1 female mice are followed individually for their reproductive performance, it becomes evident that the first litter size is the smallest and the size gets progressively larger at least to the 4th litter. Among the 13,508 normal offspring examined, following continuous mating procedures, 52.8% were males and 47.2% were females. The number of abnormal mice found in otherwise untreated females of the CF1 strain is never high (2.29% to 3.26%), but it does increase with successive litters from the 1st to the 4th. Among the other (“not normal”) mice there were dead and/or stunted fetuses, some were eaten at birth by the mother for reasons unknown, some had persistent amnions, and others had anomalies, primarily of the central nervous system. Virgin mice becoming pregnant for the 1st time, whether young (3-5) months or older (7-9 months) do not have as many implantation sites as do the multipara females of 7-9 months. The average litter size is greatest among the multipara mice, m...
Abstract 227: Patient and Provider Generated Appropriateness Ratings for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging: Agreement With Published Criteria

Background: Appropriate use criteria (AUC) for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) help doctors decide which patients may benefit from MPI. The AUC development process does not include patients. Ordering providers are included, but their opinions on AUC have not been more broadly studied. We conducted an anonymous survey of patients and providers on the appropriateness of MPI in various settings. We hypothesize that both groups will overestimate the appropriateness of MPI compared to AUC. Methods: We administered our survey to patients in primary care clinics, cardiology clinics, and nuclear medicine laboratories at our academic medical center and affiliated Veterans Affairs medical center. Participating providers were physicians, nurse practioners, and physician assistants within primary care, cardiology, and hospital medicine. The primary outcome was a comparison of patient and provider appropriateness ratings as compared to published AUC. Respondents used the same methodology as used to develop the AUC; five clinical scenarios were rated on a 1 (inappropriate) to 9 (appropriate) scale. Scenarios were based on common MPI indications and included appropriate, inappropriate, and uncertain examples (symptomatic with prior revascularization, symptomatic with low risk of heart disease, asymptomatic with low risk of heart disease, symptomatic with intermediate risk of heart disease, and asymptomatic with prior revascularization). We used subgroup analyses and logistic regression models for both groups to investigate associations between ratings and respondent characteristics. Results: The survey was completed by 449 respondents, 338 patients and 111 providers between June and August 2014. Patient sampling was distributed between cardiology clinic (32.2%), primary care clinic (36.0%), and nuclear medicine (31.9%) laboratory. Providers were cardiology (35.1%), primary care (37.7%), hospital medicine (22.8%), and other (4.4%); 86.8% physicians. Of the five scenarios, the patient and provider ratings differed from AUC for three. In two cases, the patient generated rating was higher than the provider or published rating (5 versus 3.5 and 3, p<0.0001; 5 versus 2 and 1, p<0.0001). In the third case, the provider generated rating was lower than both the patient and published rating (2 versus 6 and 6, p<0.0001). Subgroup comparisons and logistic regression did not reveal any significant correlations between ratings and respondent characteristics. Conclusion: In some clinical scenarios, patients and healthcare providers have differences of opinion about the appropriateness of nuclear MPI as compared to published AUC. Patients tended to overvalue MPI while healthcare providers undervalued one of the published AUC ratings. Evidence of differences in opinion raise the question as to what role patients should play in future iterations of AUC.
Incorporating Jewish Texts with REBT in the Treatment of Clinical Anger

Although there are some major philosophical differences between the underpinnings of REBT and religion, REBT has still been used effectively with religious clients (DiGiuseppe et al. in A practitioner’s guide to rational-emotive behavior therapy, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014). To date, most of the literature on using REBT with religious clients has focused on Christians and Christianity (e.g. Johnson in Cognit Behav Pract 8(1):39–47, 2002; Nielsen in Cognit Behav Pract 8(1):34–39, 2002; Ellis in Prof Psychol Res Pract 31(1):29–33, 2000; amongst others), with less attention given to other religions. This paper provides examples for the therapeutic use of Jewish texts from Biblical and Rabbinic literature to help religious Jewish clients who present with clinical anger. The texts are used to highlight and accompany disputations and other REBT therapeutic techniques. Before offering the disputes and the techniques, a brief history of REBT and religion is presented, followed by general ethical guidelines for treating religious clients. A review of different Jewish denominations and a background to Biblical and Rabbinic sources are described as well.
Acute West Nile Virus Meningoencephalitis Diagnosed Via Metagenomic Deep Sequencing of Cerebrospinal Fluid in a Renal Transplant Patient

Solid organ transplant patients are vulnerable to suffering neurologic complications from a wide array of viral infections and can be sentinels in the population who are first to get serious complications from emerging infections like the recent waves of arboviruses, including West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus, Zika virus, and Dengue virus. The diverse and rapidly changing landscape of possible causes of viral encephalitis poses great challenges for traditional candidate-based infectious disease diagnostics that already fail to identify a causative pathogen in approximately 50% of encephalitis cases. We present the case of a 14-year-old girl on immunosuppression for a renal transplant who presented with acute meningoencephalitis. Traditional diagnostics failed to identify an etiology. RNA extracted from her cerebrospinal fluid was subjected to unbiased metagenomic deep sequencing, enhanced with the use of a Cas9-based technique for host depletion. This analysis identified West Nile virus (WNV). Convalescent serum serologies subsequently confirmed WNV seroconversion. These results support a clear clinical role for metagenomic deep sequencing in the setting of suspected viral encephalitis, especially in the context of the high-risk transplant patient population.
Microstructural Effects on the Spall Properties of 5083 Aluminum: Equal-Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) Plus Cold Rolling

5083 Aluminum alloy is a light weight and strain-hardened material used in high strain-rate applications such as those experienced under shock loading. Symmetric real-time (in-situ) and end-state (recovery) plate impact experiments were conducted to study the spall response and the effects of microstructure on the spall properties of both 5083-H321 and 5083-ECAE + 30 % cold-rolled (CR) aluminum alloys shock loaded to approximately 1.46 GPa (0.2 km/s) and 2.96 GPa (0.4 km/s). The results show that mechanically processing the 5083-H321 aluminum by ECAE, followed by subsequent rolling significantly increases the Hugoniot Elastic Limit (HEL) by 78 %. However, this significant increase in HEL was at the expense of spall strength. The spall strength of the 5083-ECAE + 30 % CR aluminum dropped by 37 % and 23 % when compared to their 5083-H321 aluminum counterpart at shock stresses of approximately 1.46 GPa (0.2 km/s) and 2.96 GPa (0.4 km/s) respectively. This reduction in spall strength is attributed to the re-alignment of the manganese (Mn)-rich inter-metallic second phase particles during mechanical processing (i.e., ECAE and subsequent cold rolling) which are consequently more conducive to spallation.
The role of neuropsychological testing and evaluation: when to refer

This article examines neuropsychological deficits associated with several medical disorders (HIV infection, sickle cell disease, diabetes, and Turner syndrome), psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, conduct disorder, mood disorder, and substance abuse disorder), and traumatic brain injury, especially as a consequence of child and relationship abuse. The literature reviewed includes attention to developmental and sociocultural considerations (gender, ethnicity, interpersonal violence, family function). A brief overview of changes in neuropsychological practice is provided. The focus of the article is on the use of neuropsychological evaluation as a first step in rehabilitation for adolescents with neuropsychological deficits. A complex clinical case evaluated with the Ackerman-Banks Neuropsychological Rehabilitation Battery is included to demonstrate the way in which identification of neuropsychological strengths and weaknesses can be used to develop treatment recommendations.
Status and distribution of American White Pelican nesting colonies in Wyoming: an update

Historically, one American White Pelican nesting area was known in Wyoming. In 1986 White Pelicans nested at four locations consisting of four different colonies and approximately 949 active nests. Nesting success was probably adequate for population stability at Pathfinder Reservoir from 1984 through 1986 and at Yellowstone Lake in 1984 and 1985, but insufficient there in 1986. White Pelican colonies at Bamforth and Cooper lakes most likely failed because of predation. With the exception of the Yellowstone Lake colony, the future of White Pelican nesting colonies in Wyoming is uncertain. Current threats are human disturbance of nesting birds, predation, and loss of habitat, including breeding areas and foraging sites.
Investigating the Scaling Behavior of Multidomain Proteins under Force using Single Molecule and Ensemble Force-Clamp Spectroscopy

A large number of proteins operating under force in vivo are segregated into multidomains, and integrate the unfolding of some of these domains into their mechanical response. Due to the vectorial nature of the force, these proteins are best studied with force spectroscopy techniques. Here we combine single molecule magnetic tweezers with a new technique capable of measuring protein hydrogels using constant force protocols. For our studies we engineer constructs with the B1 domain of protein L, a model alpha-beta protein from Peptostreptococcus magnus. Using magnetic tweezers and HaloTag covalent attachment, we measure the unfolding and refolding of protein L in various force and solutions regimes. At single molecule level, domain unfolding is measured as step-increments in end-to-end length. The measured extensions and unfolding rates as a function of force allow us to estimate the energy barrier between the folded and unfolded states to ∼12 kT and validate the of the use worm-like chain model to describe the step size as a function of force, as previously reported by J. Valle-Orero et al, BBRC 460 (2015). Crosslinking multidomain protein L constructs engineered with eight repeats results in protein hydrogels, which are a few mm long and experience mN forces while extending several microns. We find that hydrogels based on protein L show at constant force a non-exponential smooth response to force and the presence of chemical denaturants or osmolytes have a significant effect on their elasticity. We propose a 3D model to explain the measured behavior of these protein hydrogels which is based on the free energy of a single protein domain under force and which assumes a random orientation and placement of the molecules inside the gel. This model reproduces qualitatively the measured force-clamp response of protein hydrogels and is the first step toward understanding the transition from the probabilistic response of single molecules to the deterministic response that characterizes the functioning of tissues and organs.
Residual renal function: a paradigm shift

Residual renal function (RRF) in patients undergoing dialysis treatments is currently viewed as glomerular filtrate that has escaped tubular reabsorption. RRF has been quantified as a clearance of urea or creatinine, or urea + creatinine. A major paradigm shift has followed the recognition that a substantial number of organic anion retention solutes (possible "uremic toxins") are protein-bound and therefore are not readily filtered. These protein-bound aryl compounds are secreted by renal tubular organic anion transporters (OATs). This has led to the recognition that RRF in dialysis patients probably represents not only unreabsorbed glomerular filtrate but also a contribution of renal tubular transporters that secrete organic anions. Tubular secretion of hippurate, indoxyl sulfate, and p-cresol sulfate, protein-bound organic anions retained in the plasma of end-stage renal disease patients, can be quantified and used to evaluate the integrity of a function dependent on active solute transport. Here we propose a shift away from the exclusive "glomerulocentric" view of RRF as unreabsorbed glomerular filtrate and of the progression of renal disease as progressive glomerular loss. We expand the definition of RRF to include the combined renal and tubule functions remaining after a disease begins to destroy nephrons and proceeds to anuria. We propose renewed application of the first principles of renal physiology, articulated in the last century by Homer Smith, to the understanding and monitoring of RRF and progression of renal injury in patients during the sometimes long course of and at the end stage of chronic renal disease.
Forest offsets partner climate-change mitigation with conservation

Are forest offsets an effective way to address climate change, and do they provide other benefits? In some climate-change mitigation policies, industries and individuals can purchase offsets that compensate for their greenhouse-gas emissions by reducing emissions elsewhere. However, offsets may undermine mitigation efforts, by potentially giving carbon credits for emissions reductions that would have occurred even without the offset program in place. We evaluate California's forest offset program – the first-ever legally enforceable “compliance” offset program for existing forests – to determine whether offsets (1) provide additional emissions reductions that would not have occurred without the program (called “additionality”) and (2) yield other benefits. We found that California's forest offset program, comprising a small portion of the state's mitigation portfolio, does not inhibit overall emissions reductions. Further, the program advances stringent “additionality” of emissions reductions through multiple mechanisms. Finally, mitigation through forest offsets can yield a suite of important co-benefits. Lessons from California's experience with forest offsets can help to inform other offset programs that are increasingly being developed around the world.