cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pain in the Neck: Are We Potentially at Risk?

Clinical symptoms of the patient with Eagle syndrome (ES) are usually very subtle and often confusing even for the most seasoned clinicians. This confusion may lead to a vast number of misdiagnoses. When an elongated styloid process becomes symptomatic, usually the symptoms are varied for each individual, due to the complex nature of the head and neck region. It is essential that a diagnosis of ES be included when evaluating many head and neck conditions. Some cases might require further extensive examination, since ES presents with various heterogeneous symptoms, making it extremely challenging to diagnose. Recently, a case was reported of a sudden death due to ES, a mechanical irritation of the carotid sinus initiated by an elongated styloid process that led to an acute cardiovascular failure. These types of incidences are rare, but very concerning. An elongated styloid process, found frequently in panoramic radiographs, may be a significant and coincidental finding that could possibly be related to many systemic conditions. Therefore, due to calcification of the styloid process, medical attention including a workup would be warranted. A digital panoramic radiograph, readily available in many dental offices, is sufficient to confirm a diagnosis of ES. In rare cases, surgical intervention may become necessary. A cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), which reconstructs a three-dimensional image, can accurately measure the length of the elongated styloid process and assess the severity of the condition. Clinicians, who examine and provide care for the patient with pain in the head and neck region, must become aware of this entity when suspected symptoms are present. J Med Cases. 2017;8(8):237-240 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc2848w
Compounds from Host Fruit Odor Attractive to Adult Plum Curculios (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Three release rates of each of 30 compounds identified as components of the odor of unripe host plum or apple fruit were evaluated in field tests in 1999 for attractiveness to adult plum curculios, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst). Compounds were introduced into polyethylene vials and assayed in association with boll weevil traps placed beneath infested apple trees in Ohio and Massachusetts. Results confirmed previously reported attractiveness of limonene and ethyl isovalerate to this insect. In addition, at least six other compounds showed good evidence of attractiveness (benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, decanal, E-2-hexenal, geranyl propionate and hexyl acetate), and five other compounds appeared worthy of further evaluation for attractiveness (2-hexanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, phenylacetaldehyde and 2-propanol). Degree of attractiveness of compounds varied according to release rate.
The Challenge of Psychology in the Development of Cohen’s System of Philosophy and the Marburg School Project

Psychology was to be the capstone of Hermann Cohen’s never-completed System of Philosophy [1902 – 1912], encompassing his planned fourth volume and culminating his earlier critical studies of the transcendental logic of the natural sciences, ethics, and aesthetics. In opposition to empirical psychology, Cohen’s psychology was intended as a study of “the macrocosm of humanity in the microcosm of the cultural human.” It would reveal “the illusion of a closed unity of consciousness” even as it established a new “open” definition of the unity of humanity in relation to the future. As such, psychology depended on the critical work of his earlier volumes to avoid false definitions of substance in the natural sciences and of subjectivity in the ethical sciences and law. Psychology was the pivotal field for the most vexing problem of Cohen’s Marburg School, the relation of philosophy and science, and provides a lens for viewing the broader historical division of the natural sciences and humanities. The recent discovery of Ernst Cassirer’s notebooks from Cohen’s 1899 lectures on psychology allow us both to date Cohen’s planned psychology from the beginning of his late philosophy and to develop a clearer understanding of its reception.
Editor’s Comments to Root-Bernstein

Abnormal immune regulation was noted in the nascent years of immunology. Anaphylaxis (1902), the Arthus reaction (1903), and serum sickness (1906) were regarded as “allergy”, or altered reactivity, and auto-antibodies, e.g., antibodies directed at autologous tissue, was first shown as clinically relevant in 1904 by Donath and Landsteiner. They demonstrated that a rare hemolytic anemia, paroxsymal cold hemoglobinuria, was caused by an auto-antibody that binds to erythrocytes at low body temperatures and initiates complement-mediated lysis upon warming. These early successes of immunopathology were followed by what has been called the “Dark Ages of Autoimmunity”, where, following the first decade of this century, little progress (or attention) was made in this area of investigation for 40 years. The pendulum swing from a biological to a chemical orientation was reversed in the 1960’s, when observations in the diverse areas of tissue transplantation, tolerance, immunodeficiency and immunopathology demanded a more biological orientation. Root-Bernstein offers a lucid up-date of this complex area and suggests a novel theory to coordinate the diverse characteristics of the autoimmune problem that strikes at the very notion of the Self in complex animals. The conceptual issues however date to the intellectual infrastructure of immunology as first formulated by the early immunologists.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) refers to a set of symptoms that develop following exposure to an unusually severe stressor or event. The present paper reviews the diagnosis of PTSD in children as well as the prevalence, persistence, and developmental course of PTSD in community samples. Next, factors that are related to the emergence of PTSD in children are discussed, including demographic factors, exposure to the event, aspects of the recovery environment, and pre-existing psychological functioning. The assessment of PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents is also described.
High-level psychophysical tuning curves: forward masking in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners.

Forward-masked psychophysical tuning curves (PTCs) were obtained for 1000-Hz probe tones at multiple probe levels from one ear of 26 normal-hearing listeners and from 24 ears of 21 hearing-impaired...
Severe childhood trauma and clinical and neurocognitive features in schizotypal personality disorder.

Objective Literature suggests that childhood trauma increases vulnerability for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, including schizotypal personality disorder (SPD). Yet, it remains unexplored whether childhood trauma predicts symptom load and the level of neurocognitive functioning in SPD. Method We included 225 individuals with SPD and 127 healthy controls. Childhood trauma was evaluated using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and schizotypal traits were assessed using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. Standard neurocognitive assessments covered six cognitive domains. Results All types of reported childhood trauma were significantly associated with SPD, in a linear fashion. Severe sexual abuse showed the greatest magnitude of association with higher cognitive-perceptual load (e.g., ideas of reference, odd belief or magical thinking); severe emotional neglect was associated with interpersonal scores (e.g., excessive social anxiety, constricted affect) within the SPD group. SPD individuals who reported severe trauma showed worse cognitive functioning (i.e., working memory, verbal/visual learning and memory, as well as verbal fluency). Conclusions Particular severe childhood trauma types were associated with higher cognitive-perceptual and interpersonal symptoms in SPD, along with worse cognitive functioning. These findings highlight the need for clinicians to enquire about childhood trauma in SPD patients, since unaddressed early adverse experiences may carry long-term negative consequences.
The Association between Industry Payments and Brand-Name Prescriptions in Otolaryngologists:

ObjectiveTo associate pharmaceutical industry payments to brand-name prescriptions by otolaryngologists.Study DesignRetrospective cross-sectional analysis.SettingOpen Payments Database and the Medi...
Stripping traditionally productive Calcisols for tandir oven manufacturing in Diyarbakır, a semi-arid region in SE Turkey

There is a close connection between human history and different purposes for which land is used, and various purposes can lead to the loss of productive agricultural lands. The increasing population in recent decades has particularly increased the pressure on agricultural lands. Despite the large number of land/soil misuse studies conducted during this period, land/soil loss is a continuing process. We thus seek to highlight the land/soil loss caused by the use of soil materials for the construction of tandir ovens in Diyarbakir region. The use of traditional tandir ovens is particularly widespread in eastern and northeastern rural Anatolia of Turkey, for baking bread. Because the soil material used in the production of this oven does not have any production standards, tandir oven producers extract their material from the nearest available lands that are mostly productive. Consequently, this study was conducted by collecting samples from soil materials used in the production of tandir ovens to determine their agricultural productivity. Satellite imagery from different dates was also used to detect the effects of inappropriate soil extraction. A number of interviews were conducted to obtain information on the type of soils extracted for production. Laboratory analyses of samples collected from the extracted areas revealed that soils’ utilized for oven production physical and chemical properties, as well as their land characteristics (flatness, depth, and stoniness), were appropriate for crop production. Consequently, these results point to accelerated future soil degradation which will threat regions food production.
Ethanol as a Renewable Building Block for Fuels and Chemicals

Three factors, (i) the ethanol “blend wall”, which limits its market as a transportation fuel, (ii) advances in production efficiency, and (iii) feedstock diversification, could lead to excess etha...
Ultrasound imaging with three dimensional full-wave nonlinear acoustic simulations. Part 2: sources of image degradation in intercostal imaging

Fullwave simulations are applied to an intercostal imaging scenario to determine the sources of fundamental and harmonic image degradation with respect to aberration and reverberation. These simulations are based on Part I of this two part paper, which established the Fullwave simulation methods to generate realistic ultrasound images based directly on the first principles of wave propagation in the human body. The ultasound images are generated based on the first principles of propagation and reflection and they describe interplay between distributed aberration and reverberation clutter. Three imaging scenarios that would not be realizable in vivo are investigated in silico. First, the ribs were completely removed and replaced with fat. Then, the ribs were maintained in their anatomically correct configuration to yield a reference image. Finally the ribs were placed closer together in elevation. The propagation based B-mode images show that of these three scenarios the second, anatomically correct configuration, has the best contrast-to-noise ratio. This is due to two competing effects. First the ribs effectively apodize the fundamental and harmonic beams by 3-5 dB. This effect alone would predict an improvement in image quality. However, the B-mode image quality, measured by the contrast-to-noise ratio degrades by 8%. To explain these changes, it is shown that a second effect, multiple reverberation, must be taken into account. A point spread function analysis shows that when the ribs are placed closer together they generate significantly more reverberation clutter (by 2.4 to 2.9 dB), degrading the image quality even though the beamplot has lower sidelobes. In this intercostal imaging scenario the effects of the ribs on beam shape and reverberation are therefore in competition in terms of image quality and there is an optimal acoustic window that balances them out.
Negative Piezoelectric-Based Electric-Field-Actuated Mode-Switchable Multilayer Ferroelectric FBARs for Selective Control of Harmonic Resonances Without Degrading K eff ²

Mode-switchable ferroelectric thin-film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs) are presented. Such resonators operate based on a dynamic nonuniform effective piezoelectricity in composite multilayer ferroelectrics with large electrostriction coefficients, like barium strontium titanate (BST). Harmonic resonance modes ( $\textit {nf}_{o}$ ) of a multilayer ferroelectric bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonator can be selectively excited with an electromechanical coupling coefficient ( ${K}_{\mathrm {eff}}^{{{2}}}$ ) equal to the fundament mode, which is contrary to the trend ${K}_{\mathrm {eff}}^{{{2}}}\propto {1}/{n}^{{{2}}}$ exhibited by conventional piezoelectric BAW resonators. Such a device can selectively be set to resonate at its different resonance harmonics by generating a pattern of nonuniform piezoelectric coefficient proportional to the stress field of each mode with an application of a proper set of dc control voltages applied across the ferroelectric layers. Such a resonator allows for the design of a new class of band-switching filters. As an experimental validation, a mode-switchable FBAR and a band-switching ladder-type filter based on a bilayer ferroelectric BST structure are designed and fabricated for the first time. The bilayer BST FBARs not only can be switched ON or OFF but also by choosing different bias configurations, two resonance modes at 2 and 3.6 GHz can be selectively excited having ${K}_{\mathrm {eff}}^{{{2}}}$ of 8% and 7%, respectively.
Diagnosis and treatment of Noonan syndrome

Noonan syndrome(NS) is a congenital genetic disease characterized by distinctive facial features, short stature, chest deformity, congenital heart disease, and other comorbidities.This article reviewed the research history of NS, the clinical manifestations and their relationship with genotype, the diagnosis and treatment. Key words: Noonan syndrome; Distinctive facial features; Short stature; Congenital heart disease; Genotype
Study of highly porous polymers for H2 fuel storage using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy

Abstract Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) was applied to study the porosity of four highly porous polymers: Amberlite XAD 4, Amberlite XAD 16, Haysep S and Hypersol-Macronet MN 200, all of which have been evaluated for H 2 fuel storage. PALS revealed two types of pores, with average sizes around 2.0 A and 6.0 A. It was also determined that the smaller pores have a larger adsorption potential, while the larger pores constitute most of the fractional free volume. At low temperature (77 K), large pores trap most H 2 molecules in the condensed gas state, rather than adsorb H 2 molecules on their internal wall, as characterized by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. In addition, it was found that 1) the fractional free volume ( f v ) of large pores, 2) the uniformity of large pores, and 3) the relative percentage of small pores are all key factors in storing H 2 molecules at a low temperature. Ultimately, the PALS technique, one of the most powerful tools in characterizing micropores at the A scale, can provide more informational ( e.g. pore size, number, distribution) and accurate ( e.g. fractional free volume rather than specific surface area) knowledge on the porosity of materials potentially used for H 2 fuel storage in the future.
A GPS-enabled portable air pollution sensor and web-mapping technologies for field-based learning in health geography

Geographic technologies and perspectives are important for understanding health issues because places and locations influence human health and diseases. Despite the increasing use of a geographic i...
The Policy Polarization of Party Activists in the United States

This article investigates how a key stratum of the partisan elite—party activists—have been positioned across time and policy issues. We examine the extent to which activists have polarized symmetr...
Note from incoming co-editors

This year marks the 30th anniversary of the Journal of the Learning Sciences. In three decades, the journal has established itself as one of the premier venues for sharing research on learning and ...
What does it take to get in the BSE business

Practitioners have the resources to increase the reproductive efficiency of a herd by being familiar with the causes of reproductive failure and how to prevent them. One important step in reducing the incidence of reproductive related problems in 50% of the breeding herd, the herd sire(s), is to recommend the utilization of only those bulls that have passed a breeding soundness evaluation prior to entry into the herd.
Soviet Air Force theory, 1918-1945

1. Early Concepts, 1900-1928 2. Expansion, 1928-1937 3. Small Wars, 1936-1940 4. The Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945 Conclusion
New Distributional Records of Invasive Coleoptera Found in Connecticut and Other Eastern States: Agrilus cyanescens (Ratzeburg) (Buprestidae), Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli), and Pyrrhalta Viburni (Paykull) (Chrysomelidae)

Abstract. Three invasive species of Coleoptera—the honeysuckle borer, Agrilus cyanescens (Ratzeburg); the lily leaf beetle, Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli); and the viburnum leaf beetle, Pyrrhalta viburni (Paykull)—have become increasingly common in Connecticut and other northeastern states during the past decade. To determine their current distribution in Connecticut, I sampled in all eight counties mainly between 2006 and 2010. The European buprestid, A. cyanescens, was found at 44 new sites scattered throughout each county of Connecticut. Based upon museum specimens not previously examined, A. cyanescens has been in Connecticut since at least 1957. Two adults were reared from an unidentified Lonicera sp., which apparently is the first host to be documented in North America. The Eurasian chrysomelid, Lilioceris lilii, occurred in all of the counties of Connecticut, being collected at 64 new sites. In addition to infesting Asiatic lilies, Lilium spp., in gardens, adults of this beetle also ate the foliage of ...
An Examination of the Association between Observed and Self-Reported Culturally Proficient Teaching Practices.

A critical next step in advancing our understanding of teacher practices that can equitably engage and support learning in diverse classrooms is determining the effectiveness of culturally responsive interventions. Yet, quantitative measurement indicators of the effectiveness of culturally responsive teaching interventions are scarce. Most research relies exclusively on self-reports, with limited attention to issues of social desirability, and few studies observe teacher practices. Data come from 142 K-8 teachers in six schools who were assessed via the Assessing School Settings: Interactions of Students and Teachers (ASSIST), an externally-conducted observation, and who also provided self-report data of cultural responsiveness. Analyses indicated that teachers self-reported higher rates of culturally responsive teaching strategies than were observed on the ASSIST. There were, however, significant associations between observations and teachers’ ratings of self-efficacy. Findings suggest a need for additional research to develop and validate efficient, multi-informant approaches for assessing cultural responsiveness in the classroom.
PC12 Cells as a Model for Studies of Regulated Secretion in Neuronal and Endocrine Cells

Pheochromocytoma-derived cell lines such as PC12 cells maintain a differentiated neuroendocrine phenotype and have been widely used as a convenient model system for a wide variety of cell biological studies on neurotrophin action, monoamine biogenesis, protein trafficking, and secretory vesicle dynamics. This chapter reviews a number of methods that are useful for studies of the regulated dense core vesicle secretory pathway. This includes protocols for maintaining cells and preserving their phenotype. A variety of assays are discussed for monitoring secretion in intact or permeable cells and in transfected cells. Specific methods for immunocytochemical studies in permeable cells are discussed. Finally, protocols for high-efficiency PC12 cell transfections and the isolation of stably transfected cell lines are provided.
Aviation Data Integration System

During the analysis of flight data and safety reports done in ASAP and FOQA programs, airline personnel are not able to access relevant aviation data for a variety of reasons. We have developed the Aviation Data Integration System (ADIS), a software system that provides integrated heterogeneous data to support safety analysis. Types of data available in ADIS include weather, D-ATIS, RVR, radar data, and Jeppesen charts, and flight data. We developed three versions of ADIS to support airlines. The first version has been developed to support ASAP teams. A second version supports FOQA teams, and it integrates aviation data with flight data while keeping identification information inaccessible. Finally, we developed a prototype that demonstrates the integration of aviation data into flight data analysis programs. The initial feedback from airlines is that ADIS is very useful in FOQA and ASAP analysis.
A Drop in Suicides around Major National Holidays

To study the fluctuation of suicides around the holidays, we examined 188,047 U.S. suicides from 1973 to 1979. Correcting for the effects of extraneous variables, such as seasons and days of the week, we found that suicides dropped by an annual average of -102.5 in the period surrounding the holidays. One set of holidays (Memorial Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas) was associated with an unusually low risk of suicide before, during, and after the holiday. Another set of holidays (New Year's Day, July 4th, and Labor Day) was associated with a low risk of suicide before the holiday and a high risk just afterwards. Almost all demographic groups experienced a low risk of suicide around the holidays: whites, blacks, males, females, retired persons, and persons of working age. Only white teenagers deviated from this pattern. Thus, the evidence does not support the widespread popular assumption that holidays are a risk factor in suicide.
Fatal anaphylaxis in the United States 1999-2010: temporal patterns and demographic associations

Background Anaphylaxis-related deaths in the United States have not been well characterized in recent years. Objectives We sought to define epidemiologic features and time trends of fatal anaphylaxis in the United States from 1999 to 2010. Methods Anaphylaxis-related deaths were identified by using the 10th clinical modification of the International Classification of Diseases system diagnostic codes on death certificates from the US National Mortality Database. Rates were calculated by using census population estimates. Results There were a total of 2458 anaphylaxis-related deaths in the United States from 1999 to 2010. Medications were the most common cause (58.8%), followed by "unspecified" (19.3%), venom (15.2%), and food (6.7%). There was a significant increase in fatal drug-induced anaphylaxis over 12 years: from 0.27 (95% CI, 0.23-0.30) per million in 1999 to 2001 to 0.51 (95% CI, 0.47-0.56) per million in 2008 to 2010 ( P P P P P Conclusion There are strong and disparate associations between race and specific classes of anaphylaxis-related mortality in the United States. The increase in medication-related deaths caused by anaphylaxis likely relates to increased medication and radiocontrast use, enhanced diagnosis, and coding changes.
Video microscopy to quantitate the inhomogeneous equilibrium strain within articular cartilage during confined compression.

The objectives of this study were to develop a method to quantitate the displacement and strain fields within articular cartilage during equilibrium confined compression, and to use the method to determine the variation of the equilibrium confined compression modulus with depth from the articular surface in bovine cartilage. The method made use of fluorescently labeled chondrocyte nuclei as intrinsic fiducial markers. Articular cartilage was harvested from the patellofemoral groove of adult bovines and trimmed to rectangular blocks 5 mm long, 0.76 mm wide, and 500 μm deep with the articular surface intact. Test specimens were stained with the DNA binding dye Hoechst 33258, placed in a custom confined compression chamber, and viewed with an epifluorescence microscope equipped for video image acquisition. Image processing was used to localize fluorescing chondrocyte nuclei in uncompressed and compressed (∼ 17%) speciments, allowing determination of the intratissue displacement profile. Strain was determined as the slope of linear regression fits of the displacement data in four sequential 125-μm-thick layers. Equilibrium strains varied 6.1-fold from the articular surface through 500 μm of cartilage depth, with the greatest compressive strain in the superficial 125-μm layer and the least compressive strain in the two deepest 125-μm layers. Thus, the four successive 125-μm layers have moduli that are 0.44 (superficial), 1.07, 2.39, and 2.67 (deep), times the apparent modulus for a 500 μm thick cartilage sample assumed to be homogeneous.
High accuracy magnetic measurements with the ASQ-81 scalar magnetometer

The Texas Instruments' ASQ-81 scalar magnetometer provides high-resolution total field magnetic measurements. It uses an optically pumped metastable helium gas detector that has a range of 23000 to 75000 gammas (1 gamma=1 nT) and a 0.016 gamma peak-to-peak noise level. The authors first discuss the theory of operation for the ASQ-81 helium, optically pumped, controlled-oscillator type scalar magnetometer. Following this discussion, the measurement error induced by high sampling rates for a controlled oscillator magnetometer is quantized. A scheme for making frequency measurements that are free of this induced error by synchronizing the measurements with the modulation frequency of the controlled oscillator is presented. The authors describe the circuitry and techniques required to reduce the measurement error to less than the instrument noise level. >
Sea Lamprey Larvae in Lentic Environments

Abstract Surveys were conducted at 29 locations in the Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, and Lake Huron drainages to determine if larval sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, inhabit lentic waters. A direct-current shocker and a dredge were used to take samples near the mouths of streams that produce sea lampreys. In the Great Lakes proper, 26 larvae were taken from 10 of the 22 areas that were surveyed. In small lakes tributary to the Great Lakes, 113 larvae were taken from 3 of the 7 lakes studied. Nearly all larvae were collected within 1/4 mile of the mouth of a stream containing larvae, usually from silty-sand substrate in areas protected from severe wave action. Aquatic vegetation and bottom-dwelling animals were usually present at locations where larvae were collected.
Continuous focusing of moving objects using image defocus

A Depth-from-Defocus method named STM was presented recently for stationary objects. Here we extend STM for continuous focusing of moving objects. The method is named Continuous STM or CSTM. Focusing is done by moving the lens with respect to the image detector. Two variations of CSTM - CSTM1 and CSTM2 - are presented. CSTM1 is a straight forward extension of STM described in. It involves calibration of the camera for a number (about 6 in our implementation) of discrete lens positions. In CSTM2 the camera is calibrated only for one lens position. The calibration data corresponding to other lens positions are obtained by transforming the data of the one lens position for which the camera is calibrated. In the experimental results presented here, the focusing error in lens position was about 2.25% for CSTM1 and about 3% for CSTM2.
COMPUTER-MEDIATED NEGOTIATED INTERACTION AND LEXICAL ACQUISITION

This paper reports a paired-groups experimental study, which tests the Interaction Hypothesis in a computer-mediated communicative environment. Pairs of intermediate-level nonnative speakers of English (n = 24) interacted with one another in a synchronous mode over a local area network while attempting to jointly complete jigsaw and decision-making tasks that were seeded with largely unknown target lexical items. The data suggest that learners often engage in negotiated interaction when presented with unknown lexical items during the course of task completion. Results also show that previously unknown lexical items that were negotiated were retained significantly better as measured by immediate and delayed recognition (receptive) and object labeling (productive) posttests than those items where preemptive input alone was provided and where target items were not engaged. The results are interpreted as being supportive for the interactionist perspective on SLA, especially the importance of attention, as they provide evidence of a more direct link between negotiated interaction and acquisition.I would like to thank the following people for their input and interaction with various aspects of this work: Roby Ariew, Sue Gass, Greta Gorsuch, Jun Liu, and Mary Wildner-Bassett. I would also like to thank the five anonymous SSLA reviewers whose insightful comments certainly helped strengthen this article. Finally, I would like to thank the participants in the study, to whom I am greatly indebted.
Synthesis Of Ceramic Powders From Laser-Heated Gas Phase Reactants

A process has been developed by which ideal ceramic powders are synthesized from CO2 laser heated gas phase reactants. Silicon nitride and silicon powders are formed from mixtures of silane and ammonia or silane gases respectively. The resulting powders are spherical, nearly equal diameter, small particle size, high purity and loosely agglomerated. In addition to achieving these ideal characteristics for powder densification processes, the synethesis process is extremely efficient from the criteria of materials utilization and energy consumption per unit mass of powder. The process has been analyzed and modelled; powders have been characterized extensively.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mechanisms of Spatial Attention Control in Frontal and Parietal Cortex

Theories of spatial attentional control have been largely based upon studies of patients suffering from visuospatial neglect, resulting from circumscribed lesions of frontal and posterior parietal cortex. In the intact brain, the control of spatial attention has been related to a distributed frontoparietal attention network. Little is known about the nature of the control mechanisms exerted by this network. Here, we used a novel region-of-interest approach to relate activations of the attention network to recently described topographic areas in frontal cortex [frontal eye field (FEF), PreCC/IFS (precentral cortex/inferior frontal sulcus)] and parietal cortex [intraparietal sulcus areas (IPS1-IPS5) and an area in the superior parietal lobule (SPL1)] to examine their spatial attention signals. We found that attention signals in most topographic areas were spatially specific, with stronger responses when attention was directed to the contralateral than to the ipsilateral visual field. Importantly, two hemispheric asymmetries were found. First, a region in only right, but not left SPL1 carried spatial attention signals. Second, left FEF and left posterior parietal cortex (IPS1/2) generated stronger contralateral biasing signals than their counterparts in the right hemisphere. These findings are the first to characterize spatial attention signals in topographic frontal and parietal cortex and provide a neural basis in support of an interhemispheric competition account of spatial attentional control.
Calcium transient activity in cultured murine neural crest cells is regulated at the IP3 receptor

Abstract In a previous study we have shown that cultured neural crest cells exhibit spontaneous calcium transients and that these events are required for neurogenesis. In this study, we examine the mechanism that generates these calcium transients. Extracellular Ca2+ modulates calcium transient activity. Lanthanum (La3+), a general calcium channel antagonist and zero extracellular Ca2+, reduces the percentage of cells exhibiting calcium transients (26.2 and 40.5%, respectively) and decreases calcium spiking frequency (4.5 to 1.0 and 2.5 to 1.0 spikes/30 min, respectively). Intracellular calcium stores also contribute to the generation of calcium transients. Depleting the calcium stores of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) reduces the percentage of active cells (15.7%) and calcium spiking frequency (2.8 to 1.5 spikes/30 min). Ryanodine (100 μM), which blocks calcium release regulated by the ryanodine receptor (RyR), had no effect on calcium transient activity. Blocking inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (IP3R)-dependent calcium release, with elevated extracellular Mg2+ (20 mM), abolished calcium transient activity. Mg2+ did not block caffeine-sensitive calcium release (RyR-dependent) or voltage dependent calcium channels. Mg2+ also suppressed thimerosal-induced calcium oscillations (IP3R-dependent). Small increases in the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), increases the percentage of active cells and the calcium spiking frequency, while larger increases in [Ca2+]i block the transients. Reducing intracellular IP3 levels reduces the percentage of active cells and the calcium spiking frequency. We conclude that the mechanism for generating spontaneous calcium transients in cultured neural crest cells fits the model for IP3R-dependent calcium excitability of the ER.
REGULATION OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY BY NATURAL KILLER CELLS

Natural killer (NK) cells are well recognized as cytolytic effector cells of the innate immune system. In the past several years, the structure and function of NK cell receptors for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and other ligands have been the subject of extensive studies. These studies have focused largely on the mechanisms of target cell recognition for lysis. Another aspect of NK cell function that seems to be underappreciated is their role in immune regulation. Since NK cells produce a number of immunologically relevant cytokines, it has been suggested that these cells may modulate the development of the adaptive immune response. But, is it the only mechanism by which NK cells interact with cells involved in the induction of antigen-specific responses? This article reviews some older and more recent studies and attempts to place NK cells in the context of potent immune regulators of T cell responses.
Patterned wafer inspection using spatial filtering for the cluster environment

Automated-process tool clusters are becoming increasingly prevalent in advanced semiconductor manufacturing plants, necessitating integrated inspection of patterned semiconductor wafers for defects and particulates. Integrated inspection tools must be small, sensitive, inexpensive, and fast in order to be compatible with the cluster environment. We show that intensity spatial filtering, with some refinements, can provide the required sensitivity and speed in a small, inexpensive package. By using dark-field illumination and a nonrectangular azimuthal orientation (e.g., 45°) to the primarily rectangular pattern, we show that the strongest diffraction from the pattern can be made to bypass the optical system entirely. This technique alleviates stringent scatter and antireflection requirements on the optics, and it permits the use of off-the-shelf components.
The effect of gonadal and adrenal steroid therapy on skeletal health in adolescents and young women with anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by subnormal estrogen and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels. We sought to determine whether the combination of DHEA + estrogen/progestin is superior to placebo in preserving skeletal health over 18 months in AN. Females with AN, aged 13 to 27 years, were recruited for participation in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Ninety-four subjects were randomized, of whom 80 completed baseline assessments and received either study drug (oral micronized DHEA 50 mg + 20 µg ethinyl estradiol/0.1 mg levonorgestrel combined oral contraceptive pill [COC] daily; n = 43) or placebo (n = 37). Serial measurements of areal bone mineral density (aBMD), bone turnover markers, and serum hormone concentrations were obtained. Sixty subjects completed the 18-month trial. Spinal and whole-body aBMD z scores were preserved in the DHEA + COC group, but decreased in the placebo group (comparing trends, P = .008 and P = .001, respectively). Bone turnover markers initially declined in subjects receiving DHEA + COC and then returned to baseline. No differences in body composition, adverse effects of therapy, or alterations in biochemical safety parameters were observed. Combined therapy with DHEA + COC appears to be safe and effective for preventing bone loss in young women with AN, whereas placebo led to decreases in aBMD. Dehydroepiandrosterone + COC may be safely used to preserve bone mass as efforts to reverse the nutritional, psychological, and other hormonal components of AN are implemented.
Monte carlo study of liquid water with two- and three-body ab initio potentials

An ab initio three-body potential (called cc) is presented, discussed, and applied. Using the ab initio two-body potential of Matsuoka-Clementi-Yoshimine (1975) and the CC potential, we have carried out Metropolis-Monte Carlo simulation at 298 K for an (N, V, T) ensemble with N = 64, 125, and 343 water molecules. Improvements, relative to the use of only the two-body potential, have been obtained for the g(O–O), g(O–H), g(H–H), g(N) correlation functions, for the X-ray and neutron beam scattering intensities, and for the enthalpy.
A Timoshenko-beam-on-Pasternak-foundation analogy for cylindrical shells

Abstract A Timoshenko-beam-on-Pasternak-foundation model is developed for the analysis of thin elastic cylindrical shells. This model aims to bridge the gap between the Love–Kirchhoff theory and the approximate beam-on-elastic-foundation model of Vlasov (“long-wave” model), which accounts for only longitudinal stretching and circumferential bending. The new model improves on the assumptions of the “long-wave” model by accounting for the effects of two additional actions, namely, in-plane shearing and twist. The model is used to derive “explicit” design formulae for (1) the fundamental natural frequencies for vibration of a uniform cylindrical shell having six sets of end restraints, and (2) the circumferential modenumbers associated with the fundamental mode. A comprehensive comparative study of the predictions of both models against available results in the literature and results obtained by the finite-element method has shown that the proposed model significantly extends the limits of the validity of the “long-wave” model.
On the horizon: digital imaging and CE week in New York

– This conference report aims to review the events that took place at consumer electronics (CE) Week in New York in June that included a one-day symposium on digital imaging. The author shares his impressions and provides ideas for library applications. , – Original conference report with author impressions. , – Conference report discussion. , – Everything in this report is original and is based on the impressions of the author.
Time of neuron origin in preoptic and septal areas of the mouse: an autoradiographic study.

Times of neuron origin were determined for septal and preoptic nuclei of adult mice given a single injection of H3-thymidine at some stage of development. In the septal area, the sequence of neuron origin for its constituent nuclei roughly follows phylogenetic trends. Mediolateral and lateromedial gradients in septal and preoptic areas, respectively, seem to be opposites but are both “outside-in,” as is a rostrocaudal septal gradient when viewed sagittally. An “inside-out” gradient characterizes the olfactory tubercle and possibly the periventricular proptic region. These findings strengthen the impression that cells of nuclear areas undergo final division in an “outside-in” sequence; those of layered structures arise “inside-out.” A dorsoventral gradient in periventricular preoptic region parallels that in hypothalamus. The significance of these gradients is unknown, but they often presage corresponding gradients in nuclear differentiation, as in the preoptic area. Cell birthdates for nucleus accumbens resemble those in the striatum more than in the septum, where the nucleus is usually catalogued. To help resolve the issue of whether the preoptic area is telencephalic or diencephalic, it was compared with neighboring regions. No conclusions were reached, since similarities exist in both directions. The validity of a telodiencephalic boundary based on cytoarchitectonics. circuitry, or function is considered; such separation of the forebrain, except for topographical convenience, appears unwarranted.
An Empirical test of the Validity of Rokeach's Opinionation Scale

(1968). An Empirical test of the Validity of Rokeach's Opinionation Scale. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 47-52.
Noise levels of routine non-occupational activities

Although a number of studies have measured noise levels associated with infrequent, high-intensity non-occupational activities, few data are available on noise levels associated with routine, daily activities. In the current study, 31 construction workers wore datalogging noise dosimeters and simultaneously completed activity logs. These noise and activity data were combined to estimate the exposure levels associated with routine non-occupational activities. Only a small fraction of 128,466 one-minute interval Leq noise levels exceeded 80 dBA, and the majority of one-minute levels were below 70 dBA. The primary contributor to non-occupational noise exposure was travelling in a car or bus, and time at home was associated with the lowest exposure. Twenty-four hour Leq levels (Leq(24)) were also computed for workdays and non-workdays. The percentage of 89 Leq(24) levels above 80 dBA was higher for workdays than for non-workdays, and the mean Leq(24) level for workdays was significantly different from non-wor...
The First North Americans: An Archaeological Journey. By Brian Fagan. (London, England: Thames & Hudson, 2011. Pp. 272. $34.95.)

This volume is the author's latest contribution to our knowledge and understanding of North American prehistory. Brian Fagan brings a lifetime of field, classroom, and writing experience to the top...
Fanon, Freud and the psychological origins of colonial oppression

I use Freud’s theory of the Oedipus complex to illuminate Fanon’s diagnosis of the widespread breakdown of intersubjective relations in the colonial Antilles. I argue that the Oedipus complex is a system of symbolization that constitutes the subject as a unified self. The colonial context, however, makes this unification impossible. Fanon claims that what he calls the phobogenic object allows the subject to constitute itself in opposition to the world by directing the super-ego’s aggression outward at this phobogenic object. However, once the Antillean child, who has previously considered itself non-black and has been structured by a black phobogenic object, “discovers” that it is itself black through contact with the white man, the direction of the super-ego is reversed and the super-ego attacks the black ego, which it understands as phobogenic. The result is the endemic condition of a feeling of inferiority among the colonial population. The only way out of this problem is a widespread reorganization of the process of social symbolization through revolutionary violence, in which the subject is stripped bare of its symbolic commitments and starts to reconstruct itself anew, reconstituting the colonial master as the phobogenic object instead.
Test Vector Generation for Post-Silicon Delay Testing Using SAT-Based Decision Problems

Debugging and speed-binning a fabricated design requires a pattern-dependent timing model to generate patterns, which static timing analysis is incapable of providing. To address these issues, we propose a timing analysis tool that integrates a pattern-dependent delay model into its analysis. Our approach solves for the delay by using the concept of circuit unrolling and formulation of timing questions as decision problems for input into a satisfiability (SAT) solver. We generate a critical path and input vectors that stimulate it, taking into account pattern-dependent effects such as data-dependent gate delays and multiple-inputs switching. The effectiveness and validity of the proposed methodology is illustrated through experiments on various benchmark circuits and comparisons directly with SPICE.
An alkali rendering process for lard and other animal fats

An alkali rendering process for the production of edible animal fats has been described. Laboratory and semi-plant scale experiments indicate that high quality edible lard and beef fat may be produced in a semi-continuous process. Alkali rendered pork and beef fats are suitable for compounding into high quality domestic and commercial shorteners.
Cortical stimulation and speech timing: a preliminary observation.

Abstract Audio recordings of the speech of seven patients receiving cortical stimulation during epilepsy surgery were acoustically analyzed, and duration measurements of the sound /s/ under stimulation and nonstimulation conditions were compared. It was found that in the dominant hemisphere, stimulation tended to significantly increase the duration of /s/; but not all stimulation sites were comparably affected. Stimulation of frontal lobe locations was also observed to more frequently result in durational increases than when temporal or parietal sites were stimulated. However, for sites affected, the actual magnitude of durational increase was comparable among the three lobes.