cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short-time Radiative Processes in Exploding Metal Foil Plasmas

Spacially and temporally resolved spectra are described from explosions of Al foil strips in Ar at 100 and 700 Torr. Spectra were obtained photographically with a time resolution of 0.3 μs using a rotating mirror streaking camera. Measurements were made at 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 mm above the foil surface with a spacial resolution of 0.1 mm. The early appearance of Ar ion lines for explosions in Ar at 100 Torr implies initial current conduction following foil vaporization via dielectric breakdown of the Ar. At 700 Torr, the complete absence of radiation from Ar ion lines suggests that gas-phase current conduction begins by dielectric breakdown of the metal vapor. The short duration of Ar ion radiation in any observation zone at 100 Torr coupled with the first appearance of radiation from metallic species during the period of decaying Ar intensity implies that the metal vapor is collisionally excited and ionized as it passes through the Ar current sheath. From the results of these studies, a dual channel, photoelectric, gated integration procedure was used to obtain greater analysis line/background ratios. A two- to four- fold increase in line/background ratios is obtained when radiation from 15 mm above the foil is integrated during the interval from 25 to 125 μs after foil vaporization.
Nanotechnology goals and challenges for electronic applications

Si metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) scaling trends are presented along with a description of today's 0.13-/spl mu/m generation transistors. Some of the foreseen limits to future scaling include increased subthreshold leakage, increased gate oxide leakage, increased transistor parameter variability and interconnect density and performance. Basic device and circuit requirements for electronic logic and memory products are described. These requirements need to be kept in mind when evaluating nanotechnology options such as carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (FETs), nanowire FETs, single electron transistors and molecular devices as possible future replacements for Si MOSFETs.
Remote RF powering system for wireless MEMS strain sensors

A reliable remote radio frequency (RF) powering system is developed for industrial wireless microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) strain-sensing applications. The prototype system is insensitive to mechanical rotation and produces a stable DC voltage of 2.8 V with a 2-mA current supply capability from a 50-MHz RF power source with a power conversion efficiency of 11%. An improved efficiency can be expected with an optimized power transmitter design. The CMOS power converter electronics are fabricated in a 1.5-/spl mu/m CMOS process occupying an area of approximately 1 /spl times/1 mm. The achieved DC power is adequate for supplying a high-performance wireless MEMS strain-sensing system.
Power measurement for high performance computing: State of the art

Power utilization is a primary concern for high performance computing (HPC). Understanding it through physical measurements provides the critical first step to developing effective control techniques, yet obtaining power measurements remains an ad hoc process. In this paper, we survey popular measurement methods for HPC in terms of their measurement domains. We point out that the measurement process is slowly being standardized, and the real challenge lies in the real-time analysis of massive power data.
DEMOGRAPHY OF TWO ENDEMIC FOREST-FLOOR MAMMALS OF SOUTHEASTERN ALASKAN TEMPERATE RAIN FOREST

We studied demography of the Keen’s mouse (Peromyscus keenimacrorhinus) and the Wrangell Island red-backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi wrangeli) in the Alexander Archipelago during 1998–2000 because of concerns over population viability from extensive clear-cut logging of temperate rain forest in the region. We trapped 1-ha grids and assessment lines with live traps during spring and autumn to compare populations among gap-phase oldgrowth, multicohort old-growth, peatland mixed-conifer, and thinned young-growth (23-year-old) forests. Generally, gap-phase old growth and peatland mixed conifer supported the highest and lowest populations of voles, respectively. One notable exception was during autumn 1998, when vole population levels were highest and density was higher (P , 0.02) in young growth than gap-phase old growth. Mean body mass, minimum summer and overwinter survival, age and sex composition, and percentage reproductive females did not differ among habitats. For Keen’s mouse, density was highest in 1998; overall, populations were highest in young growth and lowest in peatland mixed conifer. Mean body mass and minimum summer and overwinter survival did not differ among habitats, but fewer reproductive females were recorded in multicohort than in gap-phase old growth, peatland mixed conifer, or young growth. Our results suggest that C. gapperi populations in southeastern Alaska are not as sensitive to canopy removal as has been indicated elsewhere in western coniferous forests and that P. keeni populations in southeastern Alaska flourish in a variety of habitats. If the results of our study can be generalized across southeastern Alaska, peatland mixed conifer likely contributes little to breeding populations of C. gapperi and thus is unlikely to mitigate any effects of broad-scale clear-cut logging of old-growth forests.
The National Accounts as a Tool for Policy and Analysis; Past, Present and Future

National accounts figures, like economic growth and government balance, play an important role in economic decision-making and analysis. National accounts statistics have made the size, composition and developement of national economies and their major components. As a consequence, they can be monitored, analysed and used for decision making. Despite this world wide use, national accounts concepts and statistics are often misunderstood and misused. The purpose of this book is to reduce illiteracy in national accunting by clarifying what is measured by official national accounts statistics, what is measured and how it is used and misused. Attention is paid to the history of the national accounts, the current framework (guidelines and compilation practice), the use of the national accounts for various purposes and the future of the national accounts.
A SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY OF MOISTURE STRESS GRADIENTS IN THE WESTERN GREAT LAKES REGION

Surface pressure distributions and 500 millibar flow patterns are identified for summer season days with a moisture stress gradient across the western Great Lakes region that may be related to the location of the prairie-forest ecotone. Results indicate that days with moisture stress gradients are a characteristic feature of the summer climate in the area and that these days are associated with unique, nonrandom groupings of mid-tropospheric flow patterns. SW-NE and W-E stress gradients, those that appear to contribute most to defining and reinforcing the location of the ecotone, occur most frequently, and the modal 500-mb flow direction for these transect groups, an azimuth of 290°, is the same as the mode for the entire population of summer season flow directions. We conclude that the modal mid-tropospheric circulation of the summer season plays a significant role in determining the surface weather conditions that regulate the most common moisture stress patterns within the western Great Lakes region.
What Drives Corporate Inversions? International Evidence

Using hand-collected data on 691 corporate inversions from 11 home countries into 45 host destinations in 1996-2013, we document that corporations invert to destinations with lower tax rates and similar governance standards. Indeed, passage of bilateral double taxation treaties (DTTs), which provide tax incentives for inversions, and bilateral tax information exchange agreements (TIEAs), which improve transparency of tax havens, leads to an increase in corporate inversions. Further, shareholders support tax-driven inversions but shun inversions into weakly governed countries: A 1% point lower tax rate in the host destination (vis-a-vis the home country) is associated with a 0.6% drop in effective tax rates and a 0.4% increase in firm value, respectively. Institutional ownership only increases when firms invert into well-governed tax havens. Our findings suggest that corporate inversions, despite their negative publicity, are typically in shareholders’ interest.
Central American Pezizales. I. A New Genus of the Sarcoscyphaceae

the author and his students in Central America in the periods June-July, 1962 and August-November, 1964. Among these specimens were four collections of a new cup-fungus from the Province of Guanacaste in Costa Rica. Although this fungus is clearly a member of the tribe Sarcoscypheae of the family Sarcoscyphaceae, it does not seem to belong in any known genus of that family. Unlike other members of the tribe it grows on bare soil. This paper describes the fungus as a new species of a new, monotypic genus, and discusses its relationship with other members of the family.
Study of Heat Transfer in a Thermal Barrier Coatings System Using the Dual Phase Lag Model Based on Mean Value Finite Volume Method

This study presents a more realistic approach to evaluate in-service performance of thin layers of materials such as thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) typically found in hot sections of air, land and sea based gas turbine engines. The results of this study can also be used to analyze thermal damage to biological tissues caused by lasers in the treatment of certain diseases. The governing differential equation for the DPL model, which is second order in time and space, is reduced to a system of first order equations by the introduction of an intermediate function. The system of equations is solved numerically using a new numerical scheme codenamed the Mean Value Finite Volume Method (MVFVM). The numerical method yields minimal numerical dissipation and dispersion errors and captures discontinuities in solution domains very well. The study further showed that for thin film structures subject to short time durations, the DPL model is a better model for heat transfer as it is suitable for both microscopic and macroscopic systems.© 2013 ASME
A Technical Book: Financial Reports for Colleges and Universities

(1936). A Technical Book: Financial Reports for Colleges and Universities. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 55-56.
Effect of pH on H2O2 production in the radiolysis of water.

The yields of hydrogen peroxide have been measured in the radiolysis of aqueous solutions of acrylamide, bromide, nitrate, and air in the pH range of 1−13. Hydrogen peroxide is the main stable oxidizing species formed in the radiolysis of water, and its long-term yield is found to be very sensitive to the system used in the measurements. Experiments with γ-irradiation combined with model calculations show that the primary yields of hydrogen peroxide are nearly independent of pH in the range of 2−12. Slightly higher primary yields are suggested at very low pH in particular when O2 is present, while the yields seem to decrease at very high pH. Irradiations were performed with 5 MeV H ions, 5 MeV He ions, and 10 MeV C ions to evaluate the intratrack and homogeneous kinetic contributions to H2O2 formation with different ions. Many of the trends in hydrogen peroxide yields with pH observed with γ-irradiations are observed with irradiation by the heavy ions. The lower yields of radicals in the homogeneous phase...
Appendix B: A Prolog Reasoner

The following code is for a reasoner in Prolog that implements the Amazon ItemSearch service assertions and the Web crawling logic described in Chap. 8. The reasoner produces the total number of possible queries the Web crawler has to try against the Web service given the service specifications. A sample output is provided.
Exchange-Only Dynamical Decoupling in the 3-Qubit Decoherence Free Subsystem

The Uhrig dynamical decoupling sequence achieves high-order decoupling of a single system qubit from its dephasing bath through the use of bang-bang Pauli pulses at appropriately timed intervals. High-order decoupling of single and multiple qubit systems from baths causing both dephasing and relaxation can also be achieved through the nested application of Uhrig sequences, again using single-qubit Pauli pulses. For the three-qubit decoherence free subsystem (DFS) and related subsystem encodings, Pauli pulses are not naturally available operations; instead, exchange interactions provide all required encoded operations. Here we demonstrate that exchange interactions alone can achieve high-order decoupling against general noise in the three-qubit DFS. We present decoupling sequences for a three-qubit DFS coupled to classical and quantum baths and evaluate the performance of the sequences through numerical simulations.
Effect of the American Heart Association 2007 Guidelines on the Practice of Dental Prophylaxis for the Prevention of Infective Endocarditis in Olmsted County, Minnesota

Abstract Objective To determine the adherence of dental providers to the 2007 American Heart Association (AHA) infective endocarditis prevention guidelines regarding antibiotic drug administration before invasive dental procedures. Patients and Methods The study included all adults (≥18 years old) with a moderate-risk (MR) or high-risk (HR) cardiac condition who received dental care at participating dental offices from January 1, 2005, through June 1, 2015, in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Data collected included the date and type of dental procedure performed and receipt of antibiotic prophylaxis (AP). Results A total of 1351 patients underwent 8854 dental visits at participating dental offices during the study period; 1236 patients had an MR cardiac condition and 115 had an HR condition. The percentage of visits in which antibiotic drugs were used for indicated dental procedures in the MR group declined from 64.6% before to 8.6% after publication of the 2007 AHA guidelines ( P P =.02). Conclusion In this historical cohort in Olmsted County there was a statistically significant reduction in AP in the MR group before invasive dental procedures. In addition, there was an unanticipated significant reduction in AP in the HR group after publication of the 2007 AHA guidelines. These findings can be used to provide feedback and education to medical and dental professionals who are involved in decision making regarding the use of dental prophylaxis for their patients.
Searching for management approaches to reduce HAI transmission (SMART): a study protocol

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) impact patients’ lives through prolonged hospitalization, morbidity, and death, resulting in significant costs to both health systems and society. Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are two of the most preventable HAIs. As a result, these HAIs have been the focus of significant efforts to identify evidence-based clinical strategies to reduce infection rates. The Comprehensive Unit-based Safety Program (CUSP) provides a formal model for translating CLABSI-reduction evidence into practice. Yet, a national demonstration project found organizations experienced variable levels of success using CUSP to reduce CLABSIs. In addition, in Fiscal year 2019, Medicare will expand use of CLABSI and CAUTI metrics beyond ICUs to the entire hospital for reimbursement purposes. As a result, hospitals need guidance about how to successfully translate HAI-reduction efforts such as CUSP to non-ICU settings (clinical practice), and how to shape context (management practice)—including culture and management strategies—to proactively support clinical teams. Using a mixed-methods approach to evaluate the contribution of management factors to successful HAI-reduction efforts, our study aims to: (1) Develop valid and reliable measures of structural management practices associated with the recommended CLABSI Management Strategies for use as a survey (HAI Management Practice Guideline Survey) to support HAI-reduction efforts in both medical/surgical units and ICUs; (2) Develop, validate, and then deploy the HAI Management Practice Guideline Survey, first across Ohio hospitals, then nationwide, to determine the positive predictive value of the measurement instrument as it relates to CLABSI- and CAUTI-prevention; and (3) Integrate findings into a Management Practices Toolkit for HAI reduction that includes an organization-specific data dashboard for monitoring progress and an implementation program for toolkit use, and disseminate that Toolkit nationwide. Providing hospitals with the tools they need to successfully measure management structures that support clinical care provides a powerful approach that can be leveraged to reduce the incidence of HAIs experienced by patients. This study is critical to providing the information necessary to successfully “make health care safer” by providing guidance on how contextual factors within a healthcare setting can improve patient safety across hospitals.
Female Combatants in Conflict and Peace: Challenging Gender in Violence and Post-Conflict Reintegration

Female Combatants in Conflict and Peace: Challenging Gender in Violence and Post-Conflict Reintegration, edited by Seema Shekhawat, provides a rich look at the expectations and experiences of women...
Quality of life among boys with adrenoleukodystrophy following hematopoietic stem cell transplant.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is the only accepted treatment capable of halting the progression of X-linked cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CALD). While survival and neurological outcome...
Accurate Supervised and Semi-Supervised Machine Reading for Long Documents

We introduce a hierarchical architecture for machine reading capable of extracting precise information from long documents. The model divides the document into small, overlapping windows and encodes all windows in parallel with an RNN. It then attends over these window encodings, reducing them to a single encoding, which is decoded into an answer using a sequence decoder. This hierarchical approach allows the model to scale to longer documents without increasing the number of sequential steps. In a supervised setting, our model achieves state of the art accuracy of 76.8 on the WikiReading dataset. We also evaluate the model in a semi-supervised setting by downsampling the WikiReading training set to create increasingly smaller amounts of supervision, while leaving the full unlabeled document corpus to train a sequence autoencoder on document windows. We evaluate models that can reuse autoencoder states and outputs without fine-tuning their weights, allowing for more efficient training and inference.
Marketing Food and Beverages to Youth Through Sports.

Abstract Food and beverage marketing has been identified as a major driver of obesity yet sports sponsorship remains common practice and represents millions of dollars in advertising expenditures. Research shows that food and beverage products associated with sports (e.g., MM although athletes may promote physical activity, they simultaneously encourage consumption of unhealthy products that can lead to negative health outcomes. We argue that more athletes and sports organizations should stop promoting unhealthy foods and beverages and work with health experts to encourage healthy eating habits among youth.
Patient-derived xenograft model for uterine leiomyoma by sub-renal capsule grafting

Uterine leiomyoma (UL) or fibroid is a benign smooth muscle tumor of the myometrium with a lifetime incidence of approximately 70%. ULs often require medical intervention due to severe symptoms such as heavy menstrual bleeding and abdominal pain. Although the most common and effective management of ULs is surgical removal, the invasive surgical procedure imposes physical and psychological burdens on the patients. Moreover, the economic burden of UL on health care system is enormous due to the high cost of surgeries. Thus, therapeutic options with long-term efficacy to replace surgical management are urgently needed. For the development of such medical options, reliable preclinical research models are imperative. Ex vivo culture of UL cells has been the primary research model for decades. However, recent studies demonstrated that primary cell culture is not a suitable model for UL research, as primary cultures of ULs mostly consist of non-tumor fibroblasts. Here we describe the protocol for patient-derived xenograft of UL, which faithfully replicates the phenotypes of human UL in situ.
Geographically Localized Medicine House-Staff Teams and Patient Satisfaction

Background:Geographically localized care teams may demonstrate improved communication between team members and patients, potentially enhancing coordination of care. However, the impact of geographi...
Evaluation of enrollee satisfaction with Iowa's Dental Wellness Plan for the Medicaid expansion population

BACKGROUND Dental coverage for Iowa's Medicaid expansion population is provided through the Dental Wellness Plan (DWP), implemented in May 2014. The plan targets healthy behavior incentives via an earned benefits structure, whereby additional services are covered if enrollees return every 6-12 months for routine dental visits. This study examines enrollee satisfaction with the DWP. METHODS We surveyed a random sample of DWP enrollees 1 year after program implementation about their experiences. Survey items covered dental plan satisfaction, self-rated measures of health, and knowledge and attitudes toward the earned benefits approach. RESULTS Dental plan satisfaction was rated as low by 38 percent of respondents (n = 416), moderate by 25 percent (n = 276), and high by 37 percent (n = 402). A majority of respondents (66 percent) did not know about the earned benefits structure. Regression analysis indicated that respondents most likely to have low plan satisfaction were those who felt it was difficult to earn benefits (OR 3.66, P < 0.001) and those who were unable to find (OR 3.17, P < 0.001), or did not try to find (OR 3.51, P < 0.001), a regular dentist in the plan. CONCLUSIONS Satisfaction with a new model of dental insurance was influenced by whether enrollees had a regular source of care and their perceived ability to return for regular checkups in order to earn covered benefits.
Identifying Dominant Group Communication Strategies: A Phenomenological Study

Through this study I attempt to extend cocultural theory toward a dominant group theory. I offer an exploratory account of the many ways dominant group members have responded to the concerns of coc...
Traumatic intratendinous flexor digitorum profundus rupture: A case report

Intratendinous ruptures of a flexor digitorum profundus tendon are rare in patients who do not have rheumatoid arthritis. A case of a patient with no history of autoimmune disease who suffered a traumatic rupture of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon to the ring finger in the mid-palm is reported.
Neuroanesthesia and Coexisting Cardiac Problems: Acquired

The neurosurgical disorders may often coexist with various acquired diseases of the cardiovascular system, mainly due to a close pathophysiological interplay between the brain and heart. The cardiovascular disturbances such as hypotension, hypertension, dysrhythmias, neurogenic stunned myocardium, neurogenic pulmonary edema, etc. may occur secondary to the neurosurgical disorders such as raptured subarachnoid aneurysm, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and large intracranial tumors with raised intracranial pressure. The neurosurgical procedures also may be complicated by the occurrence of sudden life-threatening cardiac events such as severe hypotension, cardiac ischemia, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest, and venous air embolism. Neuro-therapeutic interventions such as measures to treat raised intracranial pressure, induced hypertension, and controlled hypotension may produce cardiac instability. So, the management of patients with concomitant cardiac and neurologic pathology requires treatment that at times may be contradictory in goals. As a result, patients with pre-existing or acquired cardiac disease undergoing major neurosurgical procedures are prone to hemodynamic instability that may impair both cerebral blood flow autoregulation and cardiac function. This may result in secondary brain injury, which is in turn associated with an increased risk of death and poor neurological outcomes. Thus, the anesthetic and the intensive care unit management of neurosurgical patients with coexisting cardiovascular disorders is challenging and warrants a thorough understanding of the pathophysiologic states of these patients.
Sarcoidosis deaths in the United States: 1999-2016.

Abstract Background It has been over a decade since a comprehensive study has been published that has examined sarcoidosis deaths at the national level. The purpose of this study was to analyze sarcoidosis as the underlying cause of death using current national death certificate data. Results from this project can be used to evaluate and compare trends of sarcoidosis reported deaths across the U.S. Methods Mortality data from 1999 to 2016 were provided by the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) with sarcoidosis (ICD-D86.X) as the underlying cause of death from all resident death certificates filed in the 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC). Data were analyzed using CDC WONDER, a web-based public health database and analysis tool. Queries were used to generate number of deaths, along with unadjusted and age-adjusted death rates with 95% confidence intervals and standard errors for groups including year, census region, gender, age group, race/ethnicity and state. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to test the significance of trends in race and gender-specific rates for the 1999–2016 study period. Results From 1999 to 2016, there were a total of 16,665 sarcoidosis reported deaths in the U.S. The overall age-adjusted mortality rate increased from 2.1 (deaths per 1,000,000) in 1999 to 3.1 in 2002, but then remained relatively stable thereafter until the end of the study period. Female deaths increased 32.0% (from 2.5 to 3.3 per 1,000,000), while male deaths increased 73.3% (from 1.5 to 2.6 deaths per 1,000,000). The highest age-adjusted death rates were among black females (17.0 deaths per 1,000,000), and black males (12.4 deaths per 1,000,000). At the regional level, the southern U.S. had the highest overall mean age-adjusted mortality rate (3.7 deaths per 1,000,000), while black females in the Midwest (18.7 per 1,000,000) had the highest race-specific reported death rate. Discussion The detected increase in the total number of deaths and age-adjusted rates of sarcoidosis deaths in the U.S. is a serious health concern. Factors that contribute to sarcoidosis deaths remain uncertain and more epidemiological research studies are needed to compliment current bench science to explore and examine factors that contribute to this multifactorial, chronic disease.
Bach's extraordinary temperament: our Rosetta Stone-2

Johann Sebastian Bach's 1722 title-page for Das wohltemperirte Clavier contains a hand-drawn schematic of his expected keyboard temperament, deciphered in 2004 by Bradley Lehman. This article presents historical and theoretical analysis of this temperament, and its implications for further study. Approximately half the pieces in the WTC directly demonstrate salient and unique features of this temperament, showing how deeply Bach understood this intonational resource, and how he allowed his musical themes and working methods to be catalysed by its presence. With Bach's musically colourful and all-purpose solution installed on a keyboard, all tonal music is lively and clear, without any of the typical harmonic problems encountered in other contemporary unequal temperaments. The intonation affects other areas of performance practice as well, especially in Affekt and phrasing, as it suggests the specific melodic/ harmonic tensions Bach expected and deployed in his art. An inspection of Bach's earliest music reveals that he already knew this temperament (or something similarly efficacious) at the beginning of his career. He and his sons never necessarily abandoned this in favour of equal temperament during its rise in their culture.
Monetary substitution of loans, earnings, and need-based aid in postsecondary education: The impact of Pell Grant eligibility

Abstract By applying a regression discontinuity design to national data of students at four-year colleges, this study identifies the average substitution effects of exogenously received increases of grant aid on hours of paid labor, earnings, and borrowing while in college. Results confirm students substitute grant aid for both paid labor and borrowing. An average increase of $1100 in grant aid reduces weekly job hours by 1.5–2 h per week for women, corresponding to a decline in annual earnings of $850, and reduces borrowing by an average of $300–$400 dollars among all students. We find limited evidence of grant aid's impact on academic outcomes.
Price Differentiation in Segmented Waiting-Line Systems

In a segmented waiting-line system, customers are segmented into two groups: those who are willing to wait for service and those who are willing to pay a premium to avoid a long wait. The use of waiting line segmentation has been shown to result in increased profit for the company or organization, increased employment, less waiting for customers, and increased customer satisfaction. In a segmented waiting-line system, deciding upon a price to charge customers in the “premium” waiting line is still something more of an art than a science and the amount of the premium will vary widely from one industry/ organization to another. This paper addresses the potential problems and pitfalls in, and makes some recommendations toward, determining the size of the premium that will result in optimal efficiency for a segmented waiting-line system.
The clearance and biodistribution of magnetic composite nanoparticles in healthy and osteoarthritic rat knees

Intra-articular injections are the most direct route for administering osteoarthritis (OA) therapies, yet how drug carriers distribute within the joint remains understudied. To this end, we developed a magnetic composite nanoparticle that can be tracked with fluorescence in vivo via an in vivo imaging system (IVIS), and quantified ex vivo via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Using this particle, the effects of age and OA pathogenesis on particle clearance and distribution were evaluated in the medial meniscus transection model of OA (5-, 10-, and 15-month old male Lewis rats). At 9 weeks after meniscus transection, composite nanoparticles were injected and joint clearance was assessed via IVIS. At 2 weeks after injection, animals were euthanized and particle distribution was quantified ex vivo via EPR spectroscopy. IVIS and EPR spectroscopy data indicate a predominant amount of particles remained in the joint after 14 days. EPR spectroscopy data suggests particles cleared more slowly from OA knees than from the contralateral control, with particles clearing more slowly from 15-month old rats than from 5- and 10-month old rats. This study demonstrates the importance of including both age and OA as factors when evaluating nanoparticles for intra-articular drug delivery.
Autonomous Security Mechanisms for High-Performance Computing Systems: Review and Analysis

High-performance computing (HPC) has played an increasingly important role in the fields of research, commerce, and national security. Though HPC systems may inherit security issues from general-purpose computers, simply retrofitting traditional security mechanisms for HPC systems is inappropriate or ineffective. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the design and architecture of HPC systems, and analyze the potential threats and vulnerabilities in HPC systems. We also analyze how to use defense mechanisms from the aspects of implementation, methodology, application, and performance for autonomous cyber defense in HPC systems. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of autonomous security mechanisms for HPC security and sheds light on applying security defense mechanisms to HPC systems.
How the Age Distribution of a Human Population is Determined

This analysis of age distribution will be restncted to closed populations of human females; restricted to closed populations because to condsider the effects of migration would be unduly eomphcated; restncted to human populations because the author is a demographer rather than a biologist; and restricted to females because differences in age composition and in age at parenthood between the sexes make a combined treatment awkward. If data were equally availa. ble, a completely similar analysis could be made for males, with only one ma)’or reservation: The special effects of war mortality on males of military age would require special analysis.
Evaluation of Agricultural Byproducts and Cover Crops as Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation Carbon Sources for Managing a Soilborne Disease Complex in High Tunnel Tomatoes

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is a viable option for disease management in tomato production and reduces damage due to a soilborne disease complex consisting of Pyrenochaeta lycopersici, Colletotrichum coccodes, Verticillium dahliae, and Meloidogyne spp. There are plentiful options for ASD carbon sources using byproducts of Midwestern United States agriculture or cover crops, yet these carbon sources have not been evaluated for use in Midwestern settings. Low (10.1 Mg/ha) and high (20.2 Mg/ha) rates of corn gluten meal, distillers dried grains, soybean meal, wheat bran, and dry sweet whey were evaluated as ASD carbon sources in growth chamber and greenhouse bioassays. Cover crops including buckwheat, cowpea, crimson clover, mustard, oilseed radish, sorghum-sudangrass, white clover, and winter rye were evaluated in similar bioassays with one amendment rate (20.2 Mg/ha). Reducing conditions developed in soils regardless of carbon source or rate. Use of high rates of corn gluten meal, distillers dried grains, soybean meal, and wheat bran led to the lowest levels of root rot severity compared to non-treated controls. The higher rate of any byproduct carbon source was always more effective than the lower rate in reducing root rot severity. Use of both rates of soybean meal or corn gluten meal and the high rate of distillers dried grains or dry sweet whey led to significant increases in dry root and shoot biomass compared to controls. For cover crops, ASD with crimson clover, sorghum-sudangrass, white clover, or winter rye amendments reduced root rot severity relative to the aerobic control, but not relative to the anaerobic control. Use of cover crops did not significantly impact plant biomass. A subset of three ASD carbon sources (distillers dried grains, soybean meal, and wheat middlings (midds), all 20.2 Mg/ha) were evaluated in five on-farm ASD trials in high tunnels. Soil temperatures were low during the application period, limiting treatment efficacy. Reducing conditions developed in all soils during ASD treatment, and a moderate but significant reduction in root rot severity was observed following ASD with the soybean meal or wheat midds compared to ASD with distillers dried grains. Tomato yield was not significantly affected by ASD treatment.
Nanosecond-Pulsed Discharge in Liquid Nitrogen

The application of strong electric fields in water and organic liquids has been studied for many years, because of its importance in electrical transmission processes and its practical applications in biology, chemistry, and electrochemistry. More recently, liquid-phase electrical discharges have been investigated, and are being developed. Recent advances in pulsed power technology permitted application of much faster voltage rise times (including the subnanosecond range) and revealed that plasma-like phenomena can, in fact, occur in fluid phase quasi-homogeneously without any bubbles and voids. Very sharp rise times leads to overvoltage and development of a non-thermal discharge (direct ionization of liquid phase) before fluid moves forming bubbles or gas voids. Here we present experimental results on generation and characterization of the nanosecond-pulsed discharge directly in liquid nitrogen using 10 ns 120 kV FID pulsed power supply.
"Residents as Teachers" Workshops Designed by Surgery Residents for Surgery Residents.

ABSTRACT Background A core tenet of medical education is the expectation that senior residents will teach junior residents and medical students. However, many general surgery residency programs lack a formalized curriculum to equip trainees with necessary teaching skills. We evaluated the impact of resident-led residents-as-teachers (RAT) workshops (RATW) and assessed adaptability from in-person to virtual delivery. We hypothesized these courses would improve trainees’ confidence in their roles as resident-teachers. Methods Pre-COVID-19, an in-person workshop for residents (PGY1-5) was conducted over two days. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a virtual RATW for incoming interns (PGY1) was conducted during intern boot camp. Topic fidelity was preserved between the two RATWs. Resident-educators were responsible for content and delivery; the program director and associate program directors served as facilitators only. Surveys were used to evaluate residents’ confidence in four core topics. A Wilcoxon test was used to compare quantitative data. Results There was significant improvement in confidence in all areas following RATW attendance, except for "Teaching in the OR". In sub-analysis, there was a significant improvement in this category among incoming interns post-RATW (P Conclusions A resident-designed and resident-led RAT curriculum in general surgery effectively improves residents’ confidence in teaching and is well received by residents. We recommend the implementation of a RAT curriculum in general surgery residency and intern boot camp. The RATW was well adapted to distance-learning format.
Law, Marriage, and Society in the Later Middle Ages: Arguments about Marriage in Five Courts

1. The background rules and institutions 2. Lying witnesses and social reality: four English marriage cases in the high middle ages 3. Statistics - the court of York, 1300-1500 4. Story patterns in the court of York in the fourteenth century 5. Story patterns in the court of York in the fifteenth century 6. Ely 7. Paris 8. Cambrai - the courts and the numbers 9. Cambrai and Brussels - the content of the sentences 10. Divorce a mensa et thoro and salvo iure thori (separation) 11. Social practice, formal rule, and the medieval canon law of incest 12. Broader comparisons: English and Franco-Belgian marriage cases in the later middle ages and a glimpse at the rest of western Europe Epilogue and conclusion.
Basic Sources for Undergraduate Librarians

The author provides a list of print and on-line guides useful to librarians who want to begin to tap the Internet's vast potential for undergraduates.
Assessing Bioecological Influences

Within ecologically based approaches to human development the environment is viewed as a multidimensional and structurally organized system, with person and environment contributions functionally linked and probabilistic in nature. Bronfenbrenner's PPCT (process × person × context × time) theory is used as a conceptual framework to illustrate the implications of an ecological perspective, both for understanding and studying development. Within this framework five major issues are reviewed in this chapter: (1) the structure of the human ecosystem, which encompasses the micro-, meso-, exo- and macrosystems as well as the bioecological and subjective environments; (2) major methodological implications of an ecological perspective for studying development, such as the need to study children in real world situations and to consider both environment and experience; (3) how linkages between the bioecological dimensions of process, person, context and time both structure and moderate ecosystem influences upon development; (4) statistical and measurement issues when integrating across process, person, context and temporal influences, such the need to utilize cost-efficient ecological assessments; (5) applications of the linked PPCT dimensions to the design and implementation of intervention strategies to promote development. Keywords: age moderation; bioecological theory; context; cost-efficient research; cumulative risk; differential reactivity; ecological validity; environment; exosystem; experience; interpretability of findings; intervention; macrosystem; mesosystem; microsystem; moderation by context or child characteristics; person; process; proximal processes; research feasibility; social address; structuring by context or child characteristics; time; time changes
Purification, characterization, and transcriptional analyses of RNA polymerases from Rhodobacter sphaeroides cells grown chemoheterotrophically and photoheterotrophically.

Abstract RNA polymerase was purified from Rhodobacter sphaeroides cells grown both chemoheterotrophically and photoheterotrophically. Both preparations of polymerase were comprised of five major subunits designated: beta' (160,000 Da), beta (150,000 Da), sigma (93,000 Da), alpha (41,000 Da), and a 35,000-Da protein, designated epsilon. All five subunits of the polymerase isolated from photoheterotrophically grown cells were found to be serologically related to the major subunits (beta', beta, sigma, and alpha) of the RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli; however, only four of the subunits of the RNA polymerase isolated from chemoheterotrophically grown cells were serologically related to the four major E. coli RNA polymerase subunits. The enzyme isolated from photoheterotrophically grown cells had a lower specific activity and was considerably less stable than the enzyme isolated from chemoheterotrophically grown cells. However, RNA synthesis by both enzyme preparations was dependent upon the presence of DNA template and MgCl2, and the RNA synthetic activity was inhibited by rifampicin. The transcriptional activities of both samples of polymerase were studied using different DNA templates, and the sizes of the run-off products compared to expected values obtained from analysis of mRNA's produced in vivo. These results are discussed in light of DNA sequences expected to contain promoter-like regions as determined from in vivo studies.
Temperature Shift Experiments Suggest That Metabolic Impairment and Enhanced Rates of Photorespiration Decrease Organic Acid Levels in Soybean Leaflets Exposed to Supra-Optimal Growth Temperatures

Elevated growth temperatures are known to affect foliar organic acid concentrations in various plant species. In the current study, citrate, malate, malonate, fumarate and succinate decreased 40 to 80% in soybean leaflets when plants were grown continuously in controlled environment chambers at 36/28 compared to 28/20 °C. Temperature effects on the above mentioned organic acids were partially reversed three days after plants were transferred among optimal and supra-optimal growth temperatures. In addition, CO2 enrichment increased foliar malate, malonate and fumarate concentrations in the supra-optimal temperature treatment, thereby mitigating effects of high temperature on respiratory metabolism. Glycerate, which functions in the photorespiratory pathway, decreased in response to CO2 enrichment at both growth temperatures. The above findings suggested that diminished levels of organic acids in soybean leaflets upon exposure to high growth temperatures were attributable to metabolic impairment and to changes of photorespiratory flux. Leaf development rates differed among temperature and CO2 treatments, which affected foliar organic acid levels. Additionally, we report that large decreases of foliar organic acids in response to elevated growth temperatures were observed in legume species.
Structure and Mechanism of the Insulin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

Publisher Summary This chapter sheds light on the structure and mechanism of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). The actions of insulin hormone are mediated by the insulin receptor, a member of the RTK family of cell surface receptors. A key mechanism by which the insulin receptor and other tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases regulate catalytic activity is through reversible positioning of their activation loops. The activation loop of the insulin receptor, with three autophosphorylation sites (Tyr1158, Tyr1162, and Tyr1163), begins with the protein kinase-conserved 1150DFG motif and ends with tyrosine kinase-conserved Pro1172. Phosphotyrosine recruitment sites in RTKs usually reside in polypeptide segments that are N-terminal to the kinase domain (juxtamembrane region), or C-terminal to the kinase domain, or in the kinase insert region. These polypeptide segments are typically unstructured and can easily adopt an extended conformation, which is required for phosphorylation, and, upon phosphorylation, for binding to Src homology-2 (SH2) domains and phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domains. The insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins are a family of four to six adaptor molecules that possess N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) and PTB domains, followed by more than 900 residues containing multiple sites of tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation. A crystal structure of protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTP1B, with a phosphorylated peptide representing the insulin-receptor kinase (IRK) domain activation loop reveals that a phosphotyrosine (pTyr1163) following the substrate phosphotyrosine (pTyr1162) is a specificity determinant. Because several other RTKs, which do not appear to be targets of PTP1B in vivo, contain tandem phosphotyrosines in their activation loops, other specificity determinants must exist.
New linear PMR technology: a new RF parameter for standardisation

Recently published results concerning linearised RE amplifiers have indicated that wide band noise, resulting from the linearisation processes involved and spanning several adjacent channels, may exist. As standards and systems using linear technology are increasingly introduced into new mobile radio systems, the impact of this type of interference must be investigated. Extensive simulation work has been conducted and this paper presents the results on interference probability for a range of wide band noise levels. The level of interference is measured in terms of the area coverage loss. Based on this, a level of 10 dB below the adjacent channel splatter is recommended as a realistic level for wide band noise in future linear radio based PMR systems. >
Optimal User-Centered Knowledge Organization and Classification Systems: Using Non-reflected Gray Codes

Existing library classification systems, such as the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system and the Library of Congress Classification system, are generally considered effective at bringing similar documents together. For example, the DDC system is widely used to classify books in libraries and increasingly is being used for online applications, such as browsing Online Public Access Catalogues (OPACs) and Cooperative Online Resource Catalogs (CORCs), and will probably see increasing use in digital libraries. Based on theoretical considerations, a classification system consistent with the Gray code provides an optimal organizing principle for documents; it can be used to classify knowledge, as can the classification systems commonly used in both paper and digital libraries. What is the relationship between a theoretically optimal Gray code-based classification system and the existing classification systems? We suggest that the non-reflected Gray code provides a basis for ordering documents that is more consistent with existing classification systems than is the more frequently discussed reflected Gray code. This provides both a theoretical basis for existing techniques and a standard by which document organizing systems in digital libraries may be compared, evaluated and improved.