cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of Pb(Zr 0.54 Ti 0.46 )O 3 thin films on (100)Si using textured YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−σ and yttria-stabil ized zirconia buffer layers by laser physical vapor deposition technique

We have fabricated high-quality textured Pb(Zr0.54Ti0.46)O3 (PZT) thin films on (00l)Si with interposing textured YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) buffer layers using pulsed laser deposition (KrF excimer laser, λ, = 248 nm, τ = 20 nanosecs). The YBCO layer provides a seed for PZT growth and can also act as an electrode for the PZT films, whereas YSZ provides a diffusion barrier as well as a seed for the growth of YBCO films on (001)Si. These heterostructures were characterized using x-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Rutherford backscattering techniques. The YSZ films were deposited in oxygen ambient (∼9 × 10−4 Torr) at 775°C on (001)Si substrate having YSZ // Si texture. The YBCO thin films were deposited in-situ in oxygen ambient (200 mTorr) at 650°C. The temperature and oxygen ambient for the PZT deposition were optimized to be 530°C and 0.4-0.6 Torr, respectively. The laser fluence to deposit this multilayer structure was 2.5-5.0 J/cm2. The textured perovskite PZT films showed a dielectric constant of 800-1000, a saturation polarization of 37.81 µC/cm2, remnant polarization of 24.38 µC/cm2 and a coercive field of 125 kV/cm. The effects of processing parameters on microstructure and ferroelectric properties of PZT films and device implications of these structures are discussed.
Electron–optical observations of ordered FeNi in the Estherville meteorite

Electron optical studies of the ordered FeNi (taenite) phase in the Estherville meteorite are reported. A thin section of the meteorite containing a large area of continuous anisotropic taenite was studied by crossed polar reflected light microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis, transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry. Results reveal the presence of preferentially ion-etched regions of clear taenite corresponding to single crystals, with superlattice reflections in the fundamental FeNi reciprocal lattice arising from long-range ordering. The presence of antiphase domain boundaries within the regions also confirms the presence of ordering. It is thus proposed that clear taenite in the Estherville meteorite contains regions of ordered FeNi phase in a disordered gamma-phase matrix.
Minisized Automobiles and Roadside Appurtenances

The effectiveness of roadside safety appurtenances under impact with minisized automobiles is investigated. The vast majority of existing roadside hardware have been qualified under guidelines which have not considered vehicles in this light weight range. Since the numbers of these minisized vehicles are increasing dramatically with this trend expected to continue, the potential problem areas are significant. They are shown to include excessive occupant-vehicle interior velocities and ridedown accelerations along with vehicle dynamic instabilities. It is demonstrated that minicars are much more susceptible than full-sized automobiles to these unstable modes of behavior when subjected to eccentic impact loading. The prospects for improving existing highway appurtenances and developing new families of these devices to more effectively meet new FHWA guidelines are examined. Considerations of cost, site dimensions, variation in vehicle size, shape, and weight, and their individual effects on crash cushion performance and design are discussed.
Apparatus for Demonstrating Self-Excited Vibrations in Fluid Flow

This paper describes an experimental apparatus that demonstrates some examples of self-excited vibrations in fluid mechanics. Such vibrations become unstable without an external perturbation but are characterized by an initially stable system with steady flow. The system extracts from the flow and exhibits increasing amplitude of vibration. Two experiments are described, one dependent on area change in ducted flow and the other dependent on the change in flow direction in a double pendulum. Mathematical analyses are developed which establish the stability criteria for the self-excitation observed.
Fairness and the Main Management Theories of the Twentieth Century: A Historical Review, 1900–1965

Although not always termed “organizational justice,” the fairness of organizations has been a consistent concern of management thinkers. A review of the 1900–1965 time period indicates that management theorists primarily conceptualized organizational justice in utilitarian terms, although each theory emphasized distributive and procedural justice to different degrees. There is clearly a need for contemporary scholars to consider non-economic rationales for organizational justice, but the willingness of earlier scholars to make utilitarian arguments about organizational justice and productive efficiency helped legitimize the idea of fairness in organizations as an arbiter of value. Further, each theory tempered absolute managerial autonomy with some inherent check thereon. Researchers interested in organizational justice should therefore take a historical perspective in considering how management theory includes consideration of justice-related concerns.
1α, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol and cyclosporine suppress induction and promote resolution of psoriasis in human skin grafts transplanted on to SCID mice

Accumulating evidence has emphasized the importance of immunocompetent cells in determining the psoriatic phenotype. We have investigated the effect of 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, the naturally occurring active form of vitamin D 3 , cyclosporine A, and interleukin-10 on the phenotype of human psoriatic skin xenotransplants. First, psoriatic skin transplants were injected with either 1α,25-dihydroxy- cholecalciferol, cyclosporine A, or interleukin-10. Second, we determined the ability of autologous lymphocytes, activated in vitro using staphylococcal enterotoxin B and interleukin-2 and then exposed to either 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or cyclosporine A, to induce psoriatic lesions if they were injected into the dermis of uninvolved skin grafts. We found that injections into transplanted psoriatic plaques of either 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or cyclosporine A, but not interleukin-10, resulted in a consistent reduction in the clinical and histologic score of psoriasis with remission towards uninvolved psoriatic skin. Injection of activated immunocytes into symptomless psoriatic skin grafts, changed the grafts towards plaque-type psoriasis with silvery scale, parakeratosis, elongated rete pegs, acanthosis, and dermal angiogenic reaction. In contrast, if activated immunocytes were exposed to 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or cyclosporine A prior to injection, only minimal changes occurred. It was determined that neither staphylococcal enterotoxin B and interleukin-2 activation by itself, nor the drugs investigated, changed the CD4/CD8 ratio of activated (CD25 +) cells. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that psoriasis may be induced by activated T lymphocytes, and indicate that novel immunomodulatory drugs can serve to inhibit the pathogenetic ability of immunocytes in psoriasis.
Systematics of J/ψ production in nuclear collisions

Abstract We present a comprehensive QCD-based model for the xf and nuclear dependences of heavy quarkonium production in photon-, hadron-, and nuclear-induced collisions. The calculated xf dependence reflects both leading-twist QCD fusion subprocesses and higher-twist intrinsic heavy-quark components of the hadron wavefunction. A-dependent effects due to final-state absorption, interactions with comovers, shadowing of parton distributions, and intrinsic heavy-quark components are identified. The model is compared with data for J/ψ,ψ1 and ϒ production in pion,proton, and nucleus-nucleus collisions.
Distribution of Alewives in Southeastern Lake Ontario in Autumn and Winter: A Clue to Winter Mortalities

Abstract Alewives Alosa pseudoharengus in the Great Lakes are thought to avoid extreme cold in winter by moving to deep water where the temperature is usually highest because of inverse thermal stratification. Information collected in Lake Ontario during autumn and winter 1981–1984 with an echo sounder and bottom and midwater trawls indicated that many alewives remained at depths above 110 m, regardless of water temperature. Alewives in the Great Lakes that did not descend to greater depths would be exposed to potentially lethal temperatures during cold winters.
Characterization of a monochromatic, 128x64 resolution PLED for military instrumentation applications

A characterization was performed on a monochrome, low-information content polymeric light emitting diode (PLED) display to determine the effects of ruggedization for military display applications. A summary of the environmental, mechanical, and optical characterization results show that a unique direct bonding method and night vision imaging system (NVIS) filter material can be used to ruggedize commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) PLED displays to operate in demanding military environments. Significant enhancements to a COTS PLED device are discussed in terms of impact resistance, enhanced sunlight readability, and compatibility with night vision operations.
Seasonality of fish catch rates and species composition from the hard bottom trap fishery in the Middle Atlantic Bight (US east coast)

Abstract Fish community composition on natural hard bottom reef areas off the cots of Maryland and northern Virginia was investigated by examining the species composition and seasonality of catch of the most frequently caught species from the black sea bass (Centropristis striata) trap fishery. Hard bottom areas were sampled with wooden fish traps from April to early December 1987. Mean catch per trap and total length were determined for the most commonly caught species. Black sea bass comprised over 96% of the catch overall. The other abundant species were: spotted hake (Urophycis regia), tautog (Tautoga onitis), red hake (Urophycis chuss), conger eel (Conger oceanicus), scup (Stenotomus chrysops), and ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus). The catches of each species fluctuated through time, apparently as a result of seasonal migration patterns. Most species appeared to migrate inshore in the spring and offshore in the autumn. Ocean pout had not previously been reported to occur south of Delaware and was most abundant during the time of the coldest temperatures. The fish community on hard bottom areas in the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) had not been adequately described previously owing to the limitation of trawl nets sampling rough bottom. The hard bottom reef fish community differs considerably from that reported from South Atlantic Bight reef areas as well as from smooth bottom areas on the MAB continental shelf. The present study also provides data to compare with future studies on fish communities inhabiting artificial reefs.
Parametric excitation of Alfven waves.

Parametric resonance excitation of Alfven waves by small LF modulation of DC magnetic field imposed on ideal MHD plasma
Standoff detection and imaging of explosives using CARS

We demonstrate real-time standoff detection and imaging of trace explosives using collinear, backscattered Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS). We present identification in milliseconds and provide hyperspectral images of nanograms of explosives from meters away.
Cell-specific conditional deletion of Pten in the uterus results in differential phenotypes

Objective Endometrial cancer (EMC) is the most common gynecological malignancy. The etiology and the cell types that are conducive to EMC are not completely understood, provoking further studies. Our objective was to determine whether deletion of Pten specifically in the uterine stroma and myometrium induces cancer or manifests different phenotypes.
The Experience of Four Individuals with Paraplegia Enrolled in an Outpatient Interdisciplinary Sexuality Program

Spinal cord injury has a significant impact on an individual’s physical, emotional, as well as sexual functioning. Four consecutive males with spinal cord injury were referred to the outpatient spinal cord injury sexuality program at an urban Veterans Affairs Medical Center and seen by an interdisciplinary team comprised of a nurse, physician and psychologist. They felt that their questions had been answered and their emotional well-being had been appropriately addressed in a respectful environment and effective process. Results suggest that availability of continued access to counseling regarding sexually related issues is very important and that patients can benefit from an interdisciplinary approach in addressing functional and emotional needs.
The Corrections of Papyrus Bodmer II and Early Textual Transmission

publication of Papyrus Bodmer II (P66) in I956, an unusual silence has fallen over this manuscript. The reasons for this are not hard to find. In the first place, one could say that by I960 the results were in (in spite of the fact that the photographic facsimiles did not appear until 1962). Although the particular results of various collations were sometimes contradictory 1), the general results were the same: P66 presented a "mixed" text-this is so whether in the sense of a mixed "texttype", or, as J. N. BIRDSALL better suggested, in the sense of a "mixture of good and bad, of primitive and recensional" readings 2). This conclusion indicated rather decisively that in p66, in spite of its antiquity, one had no royal road either to the reconstruction of the original text of John, or to the discovery of the evolution of "texttypes". It is but another tool which may be used to seek the "best" text on the principles of "reasoned eclecticism" 3). A second reason for the prevailing silence is perhaps due to the publication in I96I of the extremely valuable and contemporary Papyrus Bodmer XV (P75). Here at last, in contrast to P66 (and P45 as well), one has an ancient text which is in a very real sense an ancestor of Codex Vaticanus 4).
Automatic detection of dimension errors in spreadsheets

We present a reasoning system for inferring dimension information in spreadsheets. This system can be used to check the consistency of spreadsheet formulas and thus is able to detect errors in spreadsheets. Our approach is based on three static analysis components. First, the spatial structure of the spreadsheet is analyzed to infer a labeling relationship among cells. Second, cells that are used as labels are lexically analyzed and mapped to potential dimensions. Finally, dimension information is propagated through spreadsheet formulas. An important aspect of the rule system defining dimension inference is that it works bi-directionally, that is, not only ''downstream'' from referenced arguments to the current cell, but also ''upstream'' in the reverse direction. This flexibility makes the system robust and turns out to be particularly useful in cases when the initial dimension information that can be inferred from headers is incomplete or ambiguous. We have implemented a prototype system as an add-in to Excel. In an evaluation of this implementation we were able to detect dimension errors in almost 50% of the investigated spreadsheets, which shows (i) that the system works reliably in practice and (ii) that dimension information can be well exploited to uncover errors in spreadsheets.
Dynamic Modeling, Parameter Estimation and Control of a Leg Prosthesis Test Robot

Abstract Robotic testing can facilitate the development of new concepts, designs and control systems for prosthetic limbs. Human subject test clearances, safety and the lack of repeatability associated with human trials can be reduced or eliminated with automated testing, and test modalities are possible which are dangerous or inconvenient to attempt with patients. This paper describes the development, modeling, parameter estimation and control of a robot capable of reproducing two degree-of-freedom hip motion in the sagittal plane. Hip vertical displacement and thigh angle motion profiles are applied to a transfemoral prosthesis attached to the robot. A treadmill is used as walking surface. Aside from tracking hip motion trajectories, the control system can be used to regulate the contact force between the treadmill and the prosthesis. The paper summarizes the overall development process, with emphasis on the generation of a dynamic model that can be used to design closed-loop motion and force control algorithms.
Large signal analysis of the multicavity klystron

The techniques developed to study large signal effects in the two-cavity klystron have been extended to determine performance of the multicavity tube. Bunching is computed as a function of excitation phase and amplitude at various gaps, tunnel lengths, beam diameter and density. Results of efficiency calculations taking into account velocity distribution within the bunch are discussed.
Characterization of highly antimicrobial-resistant clinical pneumococcal isolates recovered in a Chinese hospital during 2009–2010

Ninety-one consecutive pneumococcal isolates (primarily from sputum), recovered in Chongqing Southwest Hospital during a 12 month period in 2009-2010 from individuals of all ages with suspected cases of pneumococcal disease, were subjected to PCR-serotyping, Quellung reaction serotyping, antimicrobial-susceptibility testing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Although 20 different serotypes were observed, most isolates (69, 75.8 %) were of serotypes included in the pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV13), including 33 of the 46 (71.7 %) isolates recovered from individuals less than 5 years of age. The prevalent serotypes were 19F (34 %), 19A (9.9 %), 6B (9.9 %), 23F (7.7 %), 14 (6.6 %) and 6A (4.4 %). PCR-determined serotypes were in agreement with Quellung testing, with the exception of two serotype 33C isolates. Most or all isolates within each PCV13 serotype were represented by one genotype, with the globally disseminated MLST sequence types (STs) ST271, ST320, ST90 and ST81 each accounting for the highly resistant isolates within serotypes 19F, 19A, 6B and 23F, respectively. Sixty-six (72.5 %) isolates were resistant to combinations of β-lactam antibiotics (BLAs). A total of 63 of these 66 (95.5 %) BLA-resistant isolates were of serotypes included in PCV13; however, 3 serogroup 15 isolates were also BLA-resistant. Most isolates (88/91 = 96.7 %) were resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin. The majority of isolates were also resistant to tetracycline (76, 84 %) and to cotrimoxazole (67, 74 %). This work revealed that the majority of antimicrobial-resistant isolates (50/91 = 54.9 %) recovered in this Chinese hospital were represented by four global clones. Serotypes for these as well as more obscure strains were readily determined by using PCR.
Clinical and Histologic Features of 26 Canine Peripheral Giant Cell Granulomas (Formerly Giant Cell Epulis)

Clinical and histologic features of 26 cases of canine peripheral giant cell granuloma (formerly giant cell epulis) are reported. Two main histologic categories were evident: (1) "classic" peripheral giant cell granuloma, characterized by variable numbers of multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) admixed with densely cellular mononuclear spindle-shaped cells in variable amounts of collagenous matrix, and (2) the "collision" peripheral giant cell granuloma, with features of both a peripheral giant cell granuloma and a fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin. In the 16 dogs for which the outcome was known, 2 peripheral giant cell granulomas recurred after excision. No age or sex predilection was evident; however, lesions were more common in maxillary than in mandibular gingiva. In contrast to cats, peripheral giant cell granulomas in dogs behave like fibromatous epulides of periodontal ligament origin and seldom recur after excision. Positive staining with TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) of the MNGCs and a fraction of the mononuclear cell population is consistent with osteoclastic origin.
Thiazides IV: Comparison of Dissolution with Bioavailability of Chlorothiazide Tablets

Based on the initial dissolution rate profiles in water, a slow-dissolving, an intermediate-dissolving, and a fast-dissolving chlorothiazide 250-mg tablet were selected for the bioavailability and bioequivalence study. In addition, two marketed 500-mg chlorothiazide tablets were studied. The three 250-mg tablets were bioequivalent, as were the two 500-mg tablets. Therefore, the dissolution test conditions were modified to associate in vitro dissolution with in vivo performance of the product. Based on these results, it was concluded that a dissolution of 75% in 60 min by paddle method at 75 rpm in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer can be used as a quality assurance test for 250- and 500-mg chlorothiazide tablets.
A Phosphohexomutase from the Archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus Is Covalently Modified by Phosphorylation on Serine

A phosphoserine-containing peptide was identified from tryptic digests from Sulfolobus solfataricus P1 by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Its amino acid sequence closely matched that bracketing Ser-309 in the predicted protein product of open reading frame sso0207, a putative phosphohexomutase, in the genome of S. solfataricus P2. Open reading frame sso0207 was cloned, and its protein product expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein proved capable of interconverting mannose 1-phosphate and mannose 6-phosphate, as well as glucose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate, in vitro. It displayed no catalytic activity toward glucosamine 6-phosphate or N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate. Models constructed using the X-ray crystal structure of a homologous phosphohexomutase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa predicted that Ser-309 of the archaeal protein lies within the substrate binding site. The presence of a phosphoryl group at this location would be expected to electrostatically interfere with the binding of negatively charged phosphohexose substrates, thus attenuating the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. Using site-directed mutagenesis, Ser-309 was substituted by aspartic acid to mimic the presence of a phosphoryl group. The Vmax of the mutationally altered protein was only 4% that of the unmodified form. Substitution of Ser-309 with larger, but uncharged, amino acids, including threonine, also decreased catalytic efficiency, but to a lesser extent—three- to fivefold. We therefore predict that phosphorylation of the enzyme in vivo serves to regulate its catalytic activity.
Cooperative Survey Research

The rise of the Internet has radically altered survey research by changing how we think about sampling, driving down the cost of interviewing, and creating new ways of asking questions. This technology has also opened the way to a new style of cooperatively organized survey research. Projects such as the Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES) and the Cooperative Campaign Analysis Project (CCAP) involve collaborations of dozens of research teams that can collect very large samples and many smaller surveys tailored to the research questions of particular teams. This review examines the organization and key findings of these projects as well as their sampling methodology and its validity. Of particular importance, this article offers a direct comparison of the CCES with actual election results and the American National Election Studies (ANES), showing that the new survey approach yields highly accurate results that replicate the correlation structure of the ANES.
Reproductive biology of female shovelnose sturgeon in the upper Wabash River, Indiana

Summary Shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus are commercially important, supporting a viable roe fishery throughout much of the Mississippi River drainage. We examined the reproductive attributes of stage-5 female shovelnose sturgeon captured from the upper Wabash River, Indiana, from March to June 2004. Shovelnose sturgeon were collected using boat electrofishing and experimental gill nets, measured for fork length (FL) and wet weight, and sexed externally if possible. Size- and age-at-maturity, absolute and relative fecundity, relative egg size, and gonadosomatic index (GSI) were determined for 49 female shovelnose sturgeon (range, 601- to 858-mm FL). Female shovelnose sturgeon reached sexual maturity at approximately 600 mm and age-at-maturity ranged from ages 6 to 12 (median age = 9). Relative fecundity ranged from 11 220 to 23 956 eggs kg−1 (mean = 18 156 eggs kg−1). Absolute fecundity ranged from 14 294 to 65 490 eggs female−1 (mean = 30 397 eggs female−1) and was positively related to FL (r2 = 0.76) and wet weight (r2 = 0.82). The number of eggs g−1 of ovary weight ranged from 72 to 170 (mean = 98 eggs g−1) and was negatively correlated with GSI. GSI values ranged from 9.4 to 27.2 (mean = 19.3) and were positively correlated to FL (r2 = 0.18). Our results increase our understanding of shovelnose sturgeon reproductive biology and recruitment dynamics and provide input for models to evaluate the effects of harvest on this species.
Crowdsourcing ISP characterization to the network edge

Evaluating and characterizing Internet Service Providers (ISPs) is critical to subscribers shopping for alternative ISPs, companies providing reliable Internet services, and governments surveying the coverage of broadband services to its citizens. Ideally, ISP characterization should be done at scale, continuously, and from end users. While there has been significant progress toward this end, current approaches exhibit apparently unavoidable tradeoffs between coverage, continuous monitoring and capturing user-perceived performance.In this paper, we argue that network-intensive applications running on end systems avoid these tradeoffs, thereby offering an ideal platform for ISP characterization. Based on data collected from 500,000 peer-to-peer BitTorrent users across 3,150 networks, together with the reported results from the U.K. Ofcom/SamKnows studies, we show the feasibility of this approach to characterize the service that subscribers can expect from a particular ISP. We discuss remaining research challenges and design requirements for a solution that enables efficient and accurate ISP characterization at an Internet scale.
Max Weber and the Ethos of Politics beyond Calculation

According to the prevailing interpretation of “Politics as a Vocation,” the Weberian political leader is willing to leave morality behind and make hard-headed consequentialist calculations about political means. I argue that the Weberian political leader is more accurately described as someone who keeps calculation in its place—both in terms of assessing the consequences of pursuing certain means and, more fundamentally, in terms of a basic framework for viewing responsibility and the world. Indeed, inappropriate substitutions of “calculative” thinking for a broader, more responsive thoughtfulness about the world mark Weber's three paradigms of irresponsible political leadership: the morally absolutist politician, the bureaucratic politician, and the power politician. Further, foregrounding Weber's effort to corral calculation reveals that uncompromising ethical stands in politics need not amount to naivete or reckless disregard for the consequences, and that morality has a continuing claim on his ideal leader.
Effective Versions of the Chain Decomposition Theorem

Because of the central role Dilworth’s decomposition theorem plays in the structure theory of (partially) ordered sets, it is important to consider it from a computational point of view. The theorem is proved in two steps. The first step is to prove the result for finite ordered sets. Dilworth’s original proof in [1] of the finite result is constructive, but the notion of computational complexity is not addressed. In 1956, Fulkerson [2] gave a network flow proof of Dilworth’s theorem. This proof allows the calculation of a Dilworth decomposition using any of the fast network flow algorithms. In particular, a decomposition can be calculated in O(n 3) time using the network flow algorithms in [3] or [8].
THE QUESTION OF ACCOUNTABILITY IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE From Jackson to Contemporary Grassroots Ecosystem Management

Grassroots ecosystem management (GREM), and the reinventing government movement, more generally, suggest that the American polity is on the verge of redefining a broadly acceptable system of democratic accountability. The problem is: What does an effective system of accountability look like in a world of decentralized governance, shared power, collaborative decision processes, results-oriented management, and broad civic participation? This article examines how the theory of accountability has been reconfigured to fit the new paradigm for governance and places accountability in historical context to gain perspective for contemporary discussions of bureaucracy in a democracy. It finds that the conceptualization of democratic accountability varies dramatically over time. The Jacksonian, Progressives/New Deal, public-interest-egalitarian, neoconservative efficiency, and GREM models are all distinct conceptualizations of accountability. Each emphasizes different institutions and locates the authority for acco...
L-Cysteine supplementation as an adjuvant therapy for type-2 diabetes

Diabetes remains a major public health issue. According to the American Diabetes Association, 23.5 million, or 10.7% of people in the USA aged 20 years and older, have diabetes. Type-2 diabetes is ...
Radiochemotherapy for invasive carcinoma of the bladder.

In the past decade there have been substantial improvements in the treatment of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Patients now experience less short- and long-term morbidity from radical surgery, radical radiotherapy, or a combination of the two techniques [1]. In addition to these technical advances, new investigative tools are now available such as DNA flow cytometry and cell surface markers. In the near future evaluation of somatic point mutations in important tumor suppressor genes in the tumors of individual patients will be possible. However, while these latter factors may well lead to an improved understanding of the histogenesis and heterogeneity of invasive bladder tumors, they have not as yet been shown to be useful in predicting the success or failure of any of the commonly utilized treatment modalities [2].
Editors Introduction: Utopias and the Politics of Dispossession

The survival of the global capitalist order depends upon its ability to convince people who are disempowered and dispossessed by this system that there is no alternative. Thus, utopias are defined as impossible and nonexistent. Yet Erik Olin Wrights Real Utopias project upends this dominant logic and highlights actually existing alternatives to capitalism that have been essential to the very survival of many. The deepening global financial crisis heightens the urgency that these real utopias become more widely known and practiced.
Immunologic Hepatic Injury

A report on immunologic hepatic injury must deal with an attempt to select a few from a bewildering array of observations on man and experimental animals. The selection today concentrates on man and is flavored by the subjective opinion of the reviewers. This presentation will, to save time, not give specific credit to investigators. Many of the important contributions come from Germans who are in this audience, particularly Drs. Berg, Meyer zum Buschenfelde, Warnatz and Vorlander.
Photochemical generation of strong one-electron reductants via light-induced electron transfer with reversible donors followed by cross reaction with sacrificial donors.

This work illustrates a modified approach for employing photoinduced electron transfer reactions coupled to secondary irreversible electron transfer processes for the generation of strongly reducing equivalents in solution. Through irradiation of [Ru(LL)3]2+ (LL= diimine ligands) with tritolylamine (TTA) as quencher and various alkyl amines as sacrificial electron donors, yields in excess of 50% can be achieved for generation of reductants with E0(2+/1+) values between −1.0 and −1.2 V vs NHE. The key to the system is the fact that the TTA cation radical, formed in high yield in reaction with the photoexcited [Ru(LL)3]2+ complex, reacts irreversibly with various sacrificial electron donating amines that are kinetically unable to directly react with the photoexcited complex. The electron transfer between the TTA+ and the sacrificial amine is an energetically uphill process. Kinetic analysis of these parallel competing reactions, consisting of bimolecular and pseudo first-order reactions, allows determinatio...
Categorical Climate Forecasts through Optimal Combination of Multiple GCM Ensembles

Summary A Bayesian methodology is used to assess the information content of categorical, probabilistic forecasts of seasonal-mean precipitation derived from General Circulation Model (GCM) forecast ensembles. A “prior” forecast given by climatological probabilities of each category is combined with categorical probabilistic forecasts derived from several GCM ensembles to develop posterior categorical probabilities. The combination algorithm assigns a weight to each particular model forecast and to the climatological forecast. Several improvements are described, that produce more robust results when many models are combined together.
Treatment of hydrocephalus in patients with meningomyelocele or encephalocele: a recent series.

Meningomyelocele/encephalocele with associated ventriculomegaly can be treated as a single-stage procedure (i.e., both lesions treated simultaneous) or as two-stage procedures (i.e., each lesion treated at a separate time). A delay in closure of the meningomyelocele/encephalocele is associated with a higher incidence of ventriculitis/ventricular shunt infection-particularly when closure is performed more than 36 h after birth. In these situations, closure followed by surveillance cultures, appropriate antibiotics, ventricular drainage, and then delayed ventricular shunting seems more reasonable.
Seasonal Distribution, Sex Ratios, and Mating of Female Noctuid Moths in Blacklight Trapping Studies

Moths of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) ; the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie) ; the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) ; the yellowstriped armyworm, Prodenia ornithogalli Guenee, and the alfalfa looper, Autographa californica (Speyer), were collected from traps equipped with blacklight lamps in Home Gardens, and Riverside, California, in 1964–65 and studied to determine possible correlations between seasonal abundance, mating of females, sex ratios of the collections, and seasonal temperature. The abundance of the species varied between the 2 areas, both in total yearly catch and in the size of catches within a given trapping period. Mating appeared to be related more to the total density than to sex ratios during a trapping period. The yearly mating of each species was quite similar in the 2 areas, and the time of night at which the moths were trapped appeared to have little effect on the number of matings per female. Populations were generally higher during the summer months.
Topical menthol increases cutaneous blood flow

Menthol, the active ingredient in several topically applied analgesics, activates transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) receptors on sensory nerves and on the vasculature inducing a cooling sensation on the skin. Ilex paraguariensis is also a common ingredient in topical analgesics that has potential vasoactive properties and may alter the mechanisms of action of menthol. We sought to characterize the microvascular effects of topical menthol and ilex application and to determine the mechanism(s) through which these compounds may independently and combined alter cutaneous blood flow. We hypothesized that menthol would induce vasoconstriction and that ilex would not alter skin blood flow (SkBF). Three separate protocols were conducted to examine menthol and ilex-mediated changes in SkBF. In protocol 1, placebo, 4% menthol, 0.7% ilex, and combination menthol+ilex gels were applied separately to the skin and red cell flux was continuously measured utilizing laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI). In protocol 2, seven concentrations of menthol gel (0.04%, 0.4%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 7%, 8%) were applied to the skin to model the dose-response curve. In protocol 3, placebo, menthol, ilex, and menthol+ilex gels were applied to skin under local thermal control (34°C) both with and without sensory nerve blockage (topical lidocaine 4%). Post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) and local heating (42°C) protocols were conducted to determine the relative contribution of endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs)/sensory nerves and nitric oxide (NO), respectively. Red cell flux was normalized to mean arterial pressure expressed as cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC: flux·mmHg(-1)) in all protocols. Topical menthol application increased SkBF compared to placebo (3.41±0.33 vs 1.1±0.19CVC: p<0.001). During the dose-response, SkBF increased with increasing doses of menthol (main effect, p<0.05) with an ED50 of 1.0%. Similarly, SkBF was increased after menthol application during PORH (3.62±0.29 vs. 2.50±0.21flux·mmHg(-1); p<0.001), but not local heating (2.98±0.24 vs 2.86±0.32flux·mmHg(-1); p=0.44). Concurrent sensory nerve inhibition attenuated menthol-mediated vasodilation at thermoneutral baseline (1.29±0.19flux·mmHg(-1); p<0.001) and during PORH (2.79±0.28flux·mmHg(-1); p<0.001), but not during local heating (3.45±0.21flux·mmHg(-1); p=0.1). Topically applied menthol, but not ilex, dose-dependently increases blood flow in the cutaneous microvasculature. This increase in blood flow is mediated, in-part by sensory nerves and EDHFs.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Biomolecular Recognition

Molecular imprinting of polymers is a concept for the synthetic formation of structurally organized materials providing binding sites with molecular selectivity. Compared to biological receptors, these polymeric recognition systems have the advantage of superior chemical and mechanical stability with potential applications in areas such as biomimetic catalysis and engineering, biomedical analysis, sensor technology, or the food industry. In particular, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) providing selectivity for biorelated molecules are gaining substantial importance. In this context, a self-assembly approach for the synthesis of imprinted polymers against the flavonol quercetin is presented, which is exemplary for the biologically relevant group of flavonoid compounds. The creation of synthetic selective recognition sites for this biomolecule is demonstrated by comparing the separation capabilities of imprinted and nonimprinted polymer particles for several structurally related molecules via high-performance liquid chromatography experiments. The developed quercetin-MIP enables selective extraction of quercetin even from complex mixtures, demonstrating the potential for designing biomimetic recognition materials with improved selectivity for biomolecules with tunable functionality at a nanoscale.
Das Modell „JobClub“ – wie funktionieren verschiedene JobClubs?

Sie lernen drei unterschiedliche JobClub-Modelle mit ihren wichtigsten Prinzipien kennen. Das Kapitel zeigt auf, fur wen sich welcher JobClub eignet und worauf man achten muss, wenn man selbst einen JobClub grunden mochte.
Activity-Based Profiling Reveals a Regulatory Link between Oxidative Stress and Protein Arginine Phosphorylation

Protein arginine phosphorylation is a recently discovered modification that affects multiple cellular pathways in Gram-positive bacteria. In particular, the phosphorylation of arginine residues by McsB is critical for regulating the cellular stress response. Given that the highly efficient protein arginine phosphatase YwlE prevents arginine phosphorylation under non-stress conditions, we hypothesized that this enzyme negatively regulates arginine phosphorylation and acts as a sensor of cell stress. To evaluate this hypothesis, we developed the first suite of highly potent and specific SO3-amidine-based YwlE inhibitors. With these protein arginine phosphatase-specific probes, we demonstrated that YwlE activity is suppressed by oxidative stress, which consequently increases arginine phosphorylation, thereby inducing the expression of stress-response genes, which is critical for bacterial virulence. Overall, we predict that these novel chemical tools will be widely used to study the regulation of protein arginine phosphorylation in multiple organisms.
New perspective of host microRNAs in the control of PRRSV infection

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most important diseases in pigs, leading to significant economic losses in swine industry worldwide. PRRS virus (PRRSV) is an enveloped positive single-stranded RNA virus, which mainly infects cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs and have emerged as important regulators of virus-host cell interactions. In the past several years, scientists have been trying to understand the interaction between host miRNAs and PRRSV infection. This review describes the mechanism of host miRNAs modulating the infection and replication of PRRSV, the approaches of delivering miRNAs into hosts, and the transcriptom of host cells during PRRSV infection. miRNAs including miR-181, miR-23, miR-30c, and miR-24-3p are reported to play important roles in PRRSV infection and replication, and in modulating host antiviral responses, while others, for example miR-204, miR-221, miR-219, need more explorations. Importantly, combining with the reverse genetic technique and current miRNAs delivery approaches such as pcDNA, recombinant lentivirus, and exosomes, we propose that miRNAs contribute to and could be used as one of potent factors in controlling PRRSV infection.
MAP3K1-related gonadal dysgenesis: Six new cases and review of the literature

Investigation of disorders of sex development (DSD) has resulted in the discovery of multiple sex-determining genes. MAP3K1 encodes a signal transduction regulator in the sex determination pathway and is emerging as one of the more common genes responsible for 46,XY DSD presenting as complete or partial gonadal dysgenesis. Clinical assessment, endocrine evaluation, and genetic analysis were performed in six individuals from four unrelated families with 46,XY DSD. All six individuals were found to have likely pathogenic MAP3K1 variants. Three of these individuals presented with complete gonadal dysgenesis, characterized by bilateral streak gonads with typical internal and external female genitalia, while the other three presented with partial gonadal dysgenesis, characterized by incomplete testicular development, resulting in clitoral hypertrophy with otherwise typical female external genitalia. Testing for MAP3K1 variants should be considered in patients with 46,XY complete or partial gonadal dysgenesis, particularly in families with multiple members affected with 46,XY DSD. Identification of a MAP3K1 variant should prompt an evaluation for DSD in female siblings of the proband.
Review: Women Architects in India: Histories of Practice in Mumbai and Delhi, by Mary N. Woods

Mary N. Woods Women Architects in India: Histories of Practice in Mumbai and Delhi London: Routledge, 2017, 236 pp., 115 illus. $155 (cloth), ISBN 9781472475305 In 1936, Perin Jamshetji Mistri (1913–89) was the first woman in India to graduate with a degree in architecture. She went on to work as an architect in her father's office, which, with her inclusion, if not earlier, became a family practice. Eight decades later, female students constitute the majority in many Indian schools of architecture, yet there is still no history of the practice of architecture by women in India. Female Indian architects lack the national and international visibility of their male counterparts, some of whom, such as the eminent architects Charles Correa (1930–2015) and Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi (b. 1927), have achieved global prominence. Recently, women architects across the world have begun to receive attention, but only three (two in partnership with male colleagues) have received the Pritzker Prize, the so-called Nobel Prize of Architecture, awarded annually since 1979. With her edited volume Gender and the Built Environment in India , Madhavi Desai has been a pioneer in drawing attention to the role of women architects and builders in India.1 Yet much work remains to be done. It is no coincidence that two books now aim to fill this lacuna in our knowledge: Mary N. Woods's Women Architects in India and Desai's Women Architects and Modernism in India .2 These books are the result of a project originally undertaken jointly by these two scholars. Later, after parting ways, they shared the research they had gathered together. It is Woods's timely book that is the subject of this review, and it constitutes, as she declares, “the first history of how women architects made a modern India” (3). In Women Architects in India , Woods contests the dominant global historical narrative on women architects, patrons, and clients, which privileges European women and women of European descent. Thus, she makes …
Perceived Deception or Perceived Relevance? The Role of Self-Regulatory Focus in Processing Negative Online Reviews

To the best of our knowledge, there is no existing study to address how consumers perceive negative online reviews in terms of deception and relevance. Based on the theory of self-regulatory focus (Higges, 2002) and persuasion knowledge model (Friestad & Wright, 1999), we suggest that self-regulatory focus delineating two important consumption goals (i.e., promotion focus and prevention focus) may differently influence consumer perception of negative online reviews. Therefore, the purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to explore how self-regulatory focus as an individual characteristic impacts perceived deception and perceived relevance; and (2) to investigate how consumer perceptions lead to the persuasiveness of negative online reviews.
Backdoor Suppression in Neural Networks using Input Fuzzing and Majority Voting

While inference is needed at the edge, training is typically done at the cloud. Therefore, data necessary for training a model, as well as the trained model, have to be transmitted back and forth between the edge and the cloud training infrastructure. This creates significant security issues, including the inclusion of a backdoor sent to the user without the user’s knowledge. This article presents an approach where a trained model can still operate as expected, irrespective of the presence of such a backdoor.—Theocharis Theocharides, University of Cyprus —Muhammad Shafique, Technische Universitat Wien