cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sampling, denoising and compression of matrices by coherent matrix organization

Abstract The need to organize and analyze real-valued matrices arises in various settings – notably, in data analysis (where matrices are multivariate data sets) and in numerical analysis (where matrices represent linear operators). We provide a formal framework for matrix organization and subsequent analysis. A matrix is organized by providing two metrics – one on the column set and one on the row set. An organization is coherent if matrix entries can be predicted from close-by entries, or formally, if the matrix is mixed Holder in the two metrics. Coherent matrix organization becomes computationally feasible and theoretically tractable by focusing on special metrics, induced by hierarchical partition trees on the row and column sets. Finding an organization then reduces to performing simultaneous row–column hierarchical metric vector quantization of the matrix. Building on an orthogonal “Haar” transform for matrix space induced by a partition tree pair, we characterize the mixed-Holder matrix class in terms of tensor product wavelet coefficient decay and calculate its n-width. We also provide procedures for constructing coherent organizations and show how to quantitatively compare candidate organizations for a given matrix. We use the Haar transform to provide optimal sampling, approximation and compression algorithms for coherently organized matrices, proving that they can be substantially subsampled. When a matrix is noisy and cannot be organized so as to achieve a specified mixed-Holder smoothness, we show that under an easy to check condition of Besov-space type, it can be decomposed as a sum of a coherent matrix, with the specified mixed-Holder smoothness, and a noisy or incoherent matrix with few nonzero entries.
The rebirth of Catholic collective action in Central America: A new model of church-based political participation

We analyze a new effort at collective political mobilization, sponsored by the Catholic Church in Central America following the demobilization of church-linked liberationist movements since the early 1990s. The current effort strives to re-project social Catholicism into the public arena by drawing on traditional Catholic structures, the cultural legacy of liberationist Catholicism, and a model of democratic organizing promoted by the PICO National Network in the United States. Drawing primarily on ethnographic and interview data, we explain the initial success of the effort in the light of the literature on resource mobilization, mobilizing structures, and the cultural dynamics of social movements, then assess the ongoing and future challenges that PICO-Central America is likely to face. We argue that despite PICO’s challenges in Central America, the movement represents a rebirth of Catholic activism in the region and holds significant promise as one element in the consolidation of democratic politics in...
Delineation of Self‐Care and Associated Concepts

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to delineate five concepts that are often used synonymously in the nursing and related literature: self-care, self-management, self-monitoring, symptom management, and self-efficacy for self-care. Method: Concepts were delineated based on a review of literature, identification of relationships, and examination of commonalities and differences. Findings: More commonalities than differences exist among self-care, self-management, and self-monitoring. Symptom management extends beyond the self-care concepts to include healthcare provider activities. Self-efficacy can mediate or moderate the four other concepts. Relationships among the concepts are depicted in a model. Conclusions: A clearer understanding of the overlap, differences, and relationships among the five concepts can provide clarity, direction and specificity to nurse researchers, policy makers, and clinicians in addressing their goals for health delivery. Clinical Relevance: Concept clarity enables nurses to use evidence that targets specific interventions to individualize care toward achieving the most relevant goals.
Interventional radiology for paediatric trauma

Paediatric interventional radiology plays a cornerstone role in the management of paediatric trauma. In the acute setting, interventional radiology techniques allow minimally invasive control of haemorrhage or re-establishment of blood flow. Percutaneous stenting and drainage can allow disruptions in urinary or biliary systems to heal without the need for further surgery. Interventional radiology techniques also have a significant role in treating delayed complications of trauma, including embolization of arterial pseudoaneurysms and pulmonary embolism prophylaxis in individuals immobilized due to the trauma or its operative treatment.
The Superorganic: Science or Metaphysics?,

ALMOST a century ago, E. B. Tylor in the opening chapter of his classic work Primitive Culture (1871), argued for the creation of a naturalistic and autonomous science of culture. During the intervening years a number of other writers-more or less echoing Tylor's plea-have attempted to set forth the case for the superorganic view of culture (e.g., Durkheim 1938; Kroeber 1917; Murdock 1932; Lowie 1936; White 1949); which in turn has provoked a variety of rebuttals from the opposing camp (e.g., Sapir 1917; Goldenweiser 1917; Spiro 1951; Bidney 1953, among others). Indeed, few theoretical issues in anthropology have been perennially debated with quite the fervor that has been generated by this one. By now the whole topic has received such a thorough working over that it would appear there is scarcely anything left to be said on the matter. In reviewing some of the literature of this logomachy, however, I have been struck by how large a portion of it has been couched in metaphysical terms: theoretical discussions dealing with the concept of culture have usually ended up as discussions about the ontological status of culture. A great deal of effort and philosophic ingenuity has gone into the exploration of such questions as: Is culture real or just an abstraction from reality? If real, then what is the nature of its reality and where does this reality have its locus? If an abstraction, then how can we speak of it as influencing the behavior of individuals? and so forth. While all of these may be important questions in certain realms of philosophic discourse, as practicing anthropologists we need not await the resolution of ontological issues before getting down to the scientific business of the discipline, which I take to be to provide the best explanations we can of how cultural systems have come to be as they are and how they work. We can, in other words, separate methodological and epistemological questions from ontological ones. In fact, if it were not possible to make such a logical separation, and indeed if such a distinction had not been made long ago, the various scientific disciplines would still be branches of metaphysical philosophy. As Goldstein has aptly pointed out (1957:1077):
Delinquent peer affiliation as an etiological moderator of childhood delinquency.

BACKGROUND: Prior research has indicated that affiliation with delinquent peers activates genetic influences on delinquency during adolescence. However, because other studies have indicated that the socializing effects of delinquent peers vary dramatically across childhood and adolescence, it is unclear whether delinquent peer affiliation (DPA) also moderates genetic influences on delinquency during childhood.MethodThe current study sought to evaluate whether and how DPA moderated the etiology of delinquency in a sample of 726 child twins from the Michigan State University Twin Registry (MSUTR). RESULTS: The results robustly supported etiological moderation of childhood delinquency by DPA. However, this effect was observed for shared environmental, rather than genetic, influences. Shared environmental influences on delinquency were found to be several-fold larger in those with higher levels of DPA as compared to those with lower levels. This pattern of results persisted even when controlling for the overlap between delinquency and DPA. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings bolster prior work in suggesting that, during childhood, the association between DPA and delinquency is largely (although not solely) attributable to the effects of socialization as compared to selection. They also suggest that the process of etiological moderation is not specific to genetic influences. Latent environmental influences are also amenable to moderation by measured environmental factors. Language: en
Traditional Birth Attendance (TBA) in a health system: what are the roles, benefits and challenges: A case study of incorporated TBA in Timor-Leste

One current strategy to overcome the issue of shortage of qualified health workers has focused on the use of community health workers in the developing countries to deliver health care services specifically to the most vulnerable communities in the rural areas. Timor-Leste is the one of the world’s newest developing countries that has incorporated the traditional birth attendance in its health system through a family health promoter initiative in response to reproductive and child health, hence to improve primary health care delivery and increase number of healthcare workforce. The study utilized a non-systematic review of the literature using key words such as community health workers, traditional birth attendants, reproductive health, child health and health outcomes. A case study from Timor-Leste was also used. Traditional birth attendants have performed wide variety of tasks including outreach and case finding, health and patient education, referrals, home visits and care management. Evidence indicated that there were, to varying degrees, positive associations between traditional birth attendance training and maternity care. Traditional birth attendance training was found to be associated with significant increases in attributes such as knowledge, attitude, behavior, advice for antenatal care, and pregnancy outcomes. However, some challenges faced by traditional birth attendants’ role in encouraging women to go to health center for preventive services would be the compliance and refusal of the referral. The implementation case study from Timor-Leste shows that integrating traditional birth attendance into a national healthcare system through Family Health Promoter program has been programmatic effective. It is recommended that the implementation should consider regular communication between health staff and community leaders in recruiting members of family health promoters, and the use of supportive supervision tools to identify weaknesses in the management of this initiative. In Timor-Leste, incorporating traditional birth attendance through family health promoter program has played crucial roles in delivering and increasing access to reproductive health services by women in rural communities of the nation. Whilst it requires a long-term commitment and good partnership, the current reduction in maternal mortality ratio in Timor-Leste is encouraging and serves to illustrate how this initiative aims to improve primary health care delivery and increase number of healthcare workforce.
Researching in Classrooms: Getting beyond “What Works”:

The dominant approach to research in learning disabilities utilizes experimental and quasi-experimental designs to identify the most effective instructional strategies for students with learning di...
Characterization of ventricular assist device-mediated sensitization in the bridge-to-heart-transplantation patient.

Objective Ventricular assist devices (VADs) are associated with increased anti–human leukocyte antigen antibody production. The purpose of this study is to characterize differences in sensitization patterns in patients receiving axial flow, implantable VADs versus pulsatile, paracorporeal biventricular assist devices (BIVADs) as bridges to transplantation. Methods The study is a retrospective review of 68 patients who were bridged to transplantation with either a VAD or a BIVAD, as described, from January 2007 to June 2010, at a university medical center. Results Five of 15 (33.3%) VAD patients became sensitized during treatment, compared with 30 of 53 (56.6%) BIVAD patients, P = .15. Multivariable analysis comparing BIVAD with VAD, while controlling for previous cardiac surgery, pregnancy, and packed red blood cell transfusion produced an odds ratio of 2.99, P = .14. Of sensitized patients, all 5 (100%) of the VAD patients had pre-existing antibodies before VAD placement, compared with 9 of 30 (30.0%) BIVAD patients, P = .006. Maximum cumulative mean fluorescence intensities for BIVAD were 46,259 ± 66,349 versus 42,540 ± 12,840 for VAD, P = .90. Time to maximum antibody expression was shorter for the VAD group (34 ± 28 days vs 5.8 ± 9 days, P = .04). Conclusions Device type was not a factor in patient sensitization after implantation. However, VAD patients required pre-existing sensitization before implantation to produce antibodies during their treatment interval, whereas more than two thirds of BIVAD patients developed de novo antibodies. These data suggest that the mechanism of sensitization between VAD and BIVAD patients may differ, and further mechanistic studies into the impact of device types on patient sensitization are warranted.
The unintended effects of prisoner reentry policy and the marginalization of urban communities

Despite the stated purpose of the Prisoner Reentry Industry, to effectively manage formerly incarcerated individuals’ transition back into the community, there is evidence to suggest that its policies may be counterproductive to this process. Drawing on personal experiences as a mentor to a formerly incarcerated African-American woman, this essay seeks to provide examples of how policy gridlock can impede the transition of individuals from prison, into the community, and how this contributes to the economic and social affliction of urban communities.
A CONVERSATION WITH CLAUDE M. STEELE: Stereotype Threat and Black Achievement

Henry Louis Gates, Jr.: Claude, what exactly is “stereotype threat”? And why does it matter for the intellectual performance of Black youth at school?Claude M. Steele: Stereotype threat is a very simple experience that everybody has, I believe, a couple times a day. It refers to being in a situation or doing something for which a negative stereotype about one of your identities—your age, your race, your gender—is relevant to you. You know then that you could be seen and treated in terms of that stereotype. And if you care about what you're doing, the prospect of being judged and treated this way can be upsetting, distracting, and can interfere with your functioning in the situation.
Determination of Hepatitis C Virus–Infected, Monocyte Lineage Reservoirs in Individuals With or Without HIV Coinfection

Because previous reports found an association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection and progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, we investigated whether HIV and HCV may reciprocally influence viral replication in monocyte lineage cells in vivo. Using a novel technique called simultaneous ultrasensitive subpopulation staining/hybridization in situ (SUSHI), we rapidly and unequivocally identified HCV reservoirs in peripheral blood from HCV-infected individuals with and without HIV coinfection. We found that HCV infects both CD14(+), CD16(+)(+) monocytic cells and CD14(+)(+), CD16(+)(+) monocytic cells but not CD14(+)(+), CD16- cells in individuals infected with HCV with or without HIV coinfection. To address these HCV tropism differences, we found that the HCV receptor CD81 is highly expressed on CD14(+), CD16(+)(+) and CD14(+)(+), CD16(+)(+) cells but not on monocytes (CD14(+)(+), CD16-). These findings have important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of HCV infection, mother-to-child transmission of HCV, and possible virus-virus interactions in HCV-HIV coinfected individuals.
Use of Coupled Multielectrode Arrays to Elucidate the pH Dependence of Copper Pitting in Potable Water

Natural pitting was investigated using coupled multielectrode arrays (CMEAs) constructed from flush mounted, close-packed UNS C11000 copper wires exposed in chlorinated and aerated Edwards synthetic drinking waters (ESDWs) [J. C. Rushing and M. Edwards, Corros. Sci., 46, 3069 (2004)]. Tests were conducted in ESDWs with pH adjusted from 6 to 10 and containing 5 ppm C1 2 . The CMEA method detected the formation of persistent anodes (pitting) in pH ≥ 7 synthetic waters compared to switchable anodes at pH 6 (uniform corrosion). Local maximum and minimum open-circuit potentials (OCPs) were analyzed before, during, and after pitting events and were compared to pitting (E pit ) and repassivation (E rp ) potentials. Natural pitting was found to occur on a small percentage of electrodes once the OCP rose above E rp determined in upward/downward scans. Pits stopped growing once the OCP dropped below E rp . Pitting factors, determined as a function of pH, increased with pH from 7 to 9. However, a further increase in pH to 10 reduced pitting, which could not be determined from other test methods. This drop in pitting factor could be ascertained from arrays but not from a comparison of OCPs to pitting potentials seen in upward scans. The cathodic capacity of adjacent cathodic sites as a function of water chemistry and the nature of the cathodic sites were factored into this analysis.
The Destabilizing Effect of the Ground on Kelvin-Helmholtz Waves in the Atmosphere

Abstract The simple Kelvin-Helmholtz model for shear zones in the atmosphere is modified, by introducing a solid boundary below to account for the effect of the ground. The new characteristics of neutral and unstable waves that can exist in such configuration are analyzed for various values of wind velocity, depth of the bottom layer, and Brunt-Vaisala frequency. It is shown that the presence of the ground considerably destabilizes waves with long horizontal wavelengths. In particular, long wavelengths are always unstable, so that no neutral stability boundary exists. Furthermore, the solid lower boundary introduces an infinite number of neutral modes, all of which correspond to evanescent waves in the top layer. Finally, the model with the ground is used to calculate the characteristics of the most unstable waves that would be generated for some well-documented observed cases and the calculated values are found to be in reasonable agreement with observations.
Effects of Growth History and Exogenous Thyroxine on Size and Age at Metamorphosis in the Toad Bufo americanus

By using food rations and thyroxine supplements, I manipulated the growth and differentiation of tadpoles of the toad Bufo americanus to test the hypothesis that the plasticity in metamorphic timing can be lost. A significant food effect indicated that tadpoles that grew rapidly during the middle period of the experiment metamorphosed earlier than slow-growing tadpoles. The changes in growth induced early and late in this experiment did not influence metamorphic timing. There was a significant thyroxine effect: all tadpoles treated with thyroxine metamorphosed early. All thyroxine-treated tadpoles metamorphosed at the same time, indicating that differentiation at the time of thyroxine supplementation was independent of growth rate. A food-by-thyroxine interaction provided evidence that the growth rate/differentiation antagonism may have been active at least during the middle of the experiment. This suggests that the growth rate/differentiation antagonism is decoupled or overridden during later stages of larval development. This result implies limits to metamorphic plasticity and is consistent with a fixed-rate model of amphibian metamorphosis.
Nonleptonic decays of charmed mesons: Implications for e + e - annihilation

Using a generalization of the $|\ensuremath{\Delta}I|=\frac{1}{2}$ rule, we analyze the nonleptonic weak decays of pseudoscalar charmed mesons. We call attention to the likelihood that the dominant decays will be into many-body channels. Special attention is devoted to the properties of charmed final states just above charm threshold in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation. The questions of charged multiplicity, copious kaon production, and energy carried by neutrals are explored.
Histopathologic Evaluation of Vascular Findings in the Cochlea in Patients With Presbycusis

Importance Age-related changes in cochlear vessel wall thickness in human temporal bones have not been described previously. Objectives To compare thickness of the spiral modiolar artery and strial capillaries and to investigate strial atrophy and vessel loss in temporal bones with and without presbycusis. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective case-control study examined the autopsy reports of 1024 patients in the temporal bone collection at the University of Minnesota. Inclusion criteria consisted of being 60 years or older with sensorineural hearing loss and progression of hearing loss with age (presbycusis group). Age-matched controls had no record of hearing loss. All patients underwent pure-tone audiometry. Exclusion criteria included a history of otologic disease, ototoxic drug use, head or acoustic trauma, or systemic disease. Data were collected from October 1, 2013, to October 1, 2014. Main Outcomes and Measures Vessel wall thickness in the modiolar artery and strial vessels, the strial area, and number of strial vessels were measured under light microscopy. Results Among the 1024 autopsy reports examined, 11 patients (19 temporal bones) with presbycusis (7 men and 4 women; age range, 67-88 years; mean [SD] age, 78 [7] years]) and 15 controls (24 temporal bones) (7 men and 8 women; age range, 67-94 years; mean [SD] age, 79 [8] years) met the inclusion criteria. Compared with the control group, the presbycusis group had significantly increased mean (SD) thickness of vessel walls in the modiolar arteries (6.73 [2.39] vs 5.55 [0.86] μm; P = .02) and the strial capillaries in the lower basal (1.57 [0.21] vs 1.39 [0.15] μm; P = .005), upper basal (1.62 [0.28] vs 1.40 [0.13] μm; P P P = .01), and apical (1.70 [0.36] vs 1.47 [0.21] μm; P = .04) turns of the cochlea. Compared with the control group, the presbycusis group had significant loss of strial area in the lower basal (6614 [1559] vs 8790 [1893] μm 2 ; P = .002), upper basal (6387 [2211] vs 9105 [2700] μm 2 ; P 2 ; P = .003), upper middle, (5583 [1742] vs 7206 [2258] μm 2 ; P = .02), and apical (4286 [1604] vs 6535 [2454] μm 2 ; P 2 ; P = .01); and in the number of vessels in the lower basal (1.00 [0.78] vs 1.94 [0.93]; P = .008) and lower middle (1.00 [0.78] vs 1.94 [0.93]; P = .04) turns of the cochlea. Conclusions and Relevance The histopathologic findings of increased thickness of the vascular walls of the modiolar arteries and stria vascularis, increased strial atrophy, and decreased number of strial vessels may have led to decreased cochlear microcirculation. Deficiency in the circulation and perfusion of the cochlea may be a factor in presbycusis.
PP12.4 – 2816: Status dystonicus: Is it a gut feeling?

Objective Status dystonicus (SD) is a life-threatening movement disorder. We report nine severely disabled children with SD and gut motility problems managed by the paediatric neurology and gastroenterology teams at the Sheffield Children's Hospital U.K. Methods Retrospective case notes review of nine children admitted with SD at our tertiary paediatric centre looking at underlying neurological diagnoses, age of onset of dystonia, concomitant anti-dystonia medication, intrathecal baclofen pump with rate of daily infusion, anti-reflux medication, gastroenterological investigations, use of enteral feeding (oral, gastrostomy and jejunal feeds) and parental nutrition (PN). Results Nine children, mean age 8.43 years (range 5 months to 15.2 years) presented with SD. Pain, pallor, sweating and spasms were precipitated by enteral feeding. All had multiple, independently observed time points where stopping feeds resulted in resolution of symptoms and recommencement of enteral feeds even at 5 ml per hour lead to the return of dystonic spasms and pain. All showed no evidence of reflux disease on pH impedance studies and gastroscopy and did not show peptic oesophagitis on oesophageal biopsies. All nine had jejunal feeding tubes (jejunal extensions to the PEG) with confirmed tip position in the first loop of the jejunum or close to the duodenojejunal flexure by fluoroscopic placement. Barium studies and plain films ruled out intestinal obstruction or sub-acute obstruction. Five of nine patients with severe feed induced pain and dystonia were treated with PN (3 long term and 2 short term). There was objective evidence of substantial pain resolution in all five. Conclusion Children with SD can be at risk of enteral feed induced abdominal pain and small bowel (foregut) dysmotility with some needing PN. The severity of the neurological condition seems to correlate with the severity of gastrointestinal problems raising the need for an ethical frame work and greater understanding of neuro-gastroenterological relationship.
An Analysis of Individual Decision Making Behavior Using a Laboratory Setting

This article presents an analysis of individual decision making behavior using a laboratory setting. The author states that one's aspiration level is determined by one's history of successes and fa...
Enoxaparin-Induced Liver Injury: Case Report and Review of the Literature and FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)

Anticoagulants are a well known cause of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). We recently encountered a 45-year-old male who developed DILI during treatment with enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), for dural venous thrombosis. The man received enoxaparin 80 mg subcutaneously, twice daily. After 4 days, the patient was asymptomatic but he developed liver aminotransferase elevations: AST 340 U/L and ALT 579 U/L. Investigation revealed an R ratio of 19.9 by day 5 and a Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method score of 10, giving a high probable likelihood that enoxaparin was the cause of hepatic injury. Enoxaparin was discontinued on day 7, and 1 week later AST and ALT had decreased to 61 and 273 U/L, respectively. This case prompted a literature search and a review of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database for the range of hepatic adverse events (HAEs) associated with this class. A MEDLINE/PubMed search was conducted using DILI terms and cross-referenced with the anticoagulant classes. A Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request was also made to identify adverse events (AEs) associated with enoxaparin in FAERS. Case type, severity of outcome, and demographic information were analyzed. Five publications have reported DILI with enoxaparin. Trial data found elevations in ALT >3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) for unfractionated heparins (UFH) and LMWH in 8 and 4–13 % of subjects, respectively. However, liver injury in all cases was mild, self-limited, and asymptomatic. Our FOIA request yielded 8336 adverse events related to enoxaparin over a 14-year period (Jan 2000–Sept 2014). Specific HAEs were found in 4 % of reports, but all were described with other serious adverse events. The reported outcomes of hospitalization (75 %), death (17 %), and life-threatening medical events (5 %) were likely due to other related serious adverse events such as hemorrhage (28 %) and thrombocytopenia (11 %). We conclude that LMWH-related liver injury is uncommon and reversible. The mechanism of liver injury is not known, although an idiosyncratic effect is postulated. Although the FAERS database lists hepatic injury in 4 % of all enoxaparin-related AEs, it appears that serious outcomes are related to non-hepatic events.
Qualitative Changes in the Third Serum Component

In work begun about three years ago for the purpose of testing the application of certain physico-chemical laws to hemolytic serum, a number of apparently paradoxical results were observed.1 In attempting to determine the cause of these seeming paradoxes, the discovery was made that direct analytical methods are not applicable to many quantitative serum determinations.2 The application of quantitative methods is one of the most fundamental problems in any field of biological chemistry. It is the first problem that should be solved, before quantitative work is begun in that field. Failure to solve this problem may lead to experimental error and to erroneous conclusions. Work was therefore undertaken
Abstract 418: Cellular mechanisms underlying the evasion of detachment-induced cell death in inflammatory breast cancer cells

Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC) is a rare and aggressive form of breast cancer that results from cancerous epithelial cells that invade and block the lymphatic vessels. Because the cancerous cells have already migrated from the epithelium into the lymphatic system, these cells are inherently metastatic and have the ability to survive in the absence of attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Non-cancerous epithelial cells require ECM attachment for normal cell signaling and survival, however IBC cells are able to persist without ECM attachment in the lymphatic vessels. Here we demonstrate that both the SUM149 and the ErbB2-overexpressing SUM190 cell lines derived from primary IBC tumors have acquired mechanisms to aid in their survival in detached environments. Using an in vitro model of ECM detachment, we reveal that detached IBC cells exhibit a dramatic evasion of anoikis (detachment-induced apoptosis). In the SUM149 cells, this evasion of anoikis seems to be mediated by the MAPK pathway as inhibition of this pathway with UO126 abrogates the inhibition of detachment-induced caspase activation. However, the evasion of anoikis in SUM190 cells is unaffected by U0126 treatment and is instead mediated by the PI(3)K pathway. Furthermore, when compared to the SUM149 cells, the SUM190 cells are much more effective at inhibiting anoikis. Interestingly, SUM190 cells exhibit a complete inhibition of the ECM-detachment-induced increase in pro-caspase-3, a mechanism that may explain the more efficient anoikis inhibition in these cells. Additionally, both the SUM149 cells and the SUM190 cells are able to overcome detachment-induced metabolic stress. This is demonstrated through the ability of both the SUM149 and SUM190 cells to maintain ATP levels upon detachment. However, while western blotting clearly demonstrates detachment-induced PI(3)K activation in both cell lines, we have discovered that this upregulation is necessary for metabolic rescue only in the SUM149 cell line. Neither the MAPK nor PI(3)K pathway is involved in the maintenance of ATP following ECM detachment, suggesting that these cells may utilize an alternative signaling pathway to maintain ATP levels. These results show that IBC cells have the capacity to alter both apoptotic and metabolic pathways to survive in detached environments. Further elucidation of these mechanisms may reveal new chemotherapeutic targets that permit the specific elimination of detached IBC cells within the lymphatic system. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 418. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-418
The Extraction of Vascular Plasminogen Activator from Human Cadavers and a Description of Some of Its Properties

Plasminogen activator was found to diffuse rapidly in large quantities into a warmed buffered saline solution retained in the vascular tree of the lower extremity of the human cadaver. The extractions, carried out 4 to 23 hours after death, yielded an average of 14.5 CTA (Committee on Thrombolytic Agents) units per ml. activator solution, with a total average yield of 9,621 units per leg. Correlations of activator yield with age, cause of death, and time elapsed after death before extraction were not observed. The activator, which is not sedimented by centrifligation at 100,000 × g., converts human plasminogen into plasmin at the zero-order reaction. It is rather stabile in the cold after ammonium sulfate factionation.
Production of Phytoalexins in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Seed Elicited by Selected Microorganisms

Under favorable conditions, the peanut plant demonstrates appreciable resistance to fungal invasion by producing and accumulating phytoalexins, antimicrobial stilbenoids. This mechanism for resistance is little understood, yet it is crucial for breeding and genetically modifying peanut plants to develop new cultivars with fungal resistance. The dynamics of phytoalexin production in peanut seeds and embryos challenged by selected important fungi and bacteria was investigated. Different biotic agents selectively elicited production of major peanut stilbenoids, resveratrol, arachidin-1, arachidin-3, and SB-1. Aspergillis species, compared to other biotic agents, were more potent elicitors of stilbenoids. Embryos demonstrated significantly higher production of stilbenoids compared to cotyledons and may serve as a convenient source of genetic material in isolating genes for peanut plant defense enhancement.
Comparative Experimental Study on the Disintegrating Effect of the Tunable Dye Laser and Ultrasound on Stones of Various Composition

Most ureteral stones are amenable to extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) therapy which as a non-invasive or, in conjunction with ureteral manipulation, a minimally-invasive procedure has become the treatment of first choice. Large, impacted stones which can not be manipulated are an indication for disintegration using direct-contact energy sources. For the past two years, we have been using a 2.5-Fr. wire ultrasound probe in conjunction with 10.5-Fr. and 12.5-Fr. rigid ureteroscopes (Storz). This enabled us to break up all stones, with few exceptions, where electrohydraulic energy became necessary. The potential danger of this procedure includes ureteral damage from the ureteroscopy and the probe. The most innovative method of breaking up ureteral stones is the tunable dye laser (Candela) which was introduced in September, 1986 at our institution as an investigational device. The 250- Laser fiber can be guided to the stone using small-caliber flexible ureteroscopes or steerable flexible ureterorenoscopes.
Transverse Vaginal Septum

Transverse vaginal septa are a rare type of mullerian anomaly that results from failed fusion or canalization of the vaginal plate and the caudal end of the mullerian ducts. Septa are most commonly imperforate and manifest as primary amenorrhea, abdominal pain, and hematocolpos in adolescence. Perforate septa have a more variable presentation, usually associated with the foreshortened vagina and can present in adolescence or young adulthood. Proper diagnosis is made with clinical exam and imaging, usually Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Surgical management is highly dependent on the thickness and location of the septum and includes vaginal and abdominoperineal procedures. The patients’ age, developmental level, and ability to perform postoperative dilation should be considered when exploring surgical options, since prolonged dilation is often indicated in the postoperative period. Long-term complications include vaginal stenosis and re-obstruction, which may require repeat surgery. The risk of endometriosis increases with imperforate septa that are located higher in the vagina. There is limited data available on reproductive outcomes, but vaginal births have been reported.
Perceptual category mapping between English and Korean obstruents in non-CV positions: Prosodic location effects in second language identification skills

Abstract This study examines the degree to which mapping patterns between native language (L1) and second language (L2) categories for one prosodic context will generalize to other prosodic contexts, and how position-specific neutralization in the L1 influences the category mappings. Forty L1-Korean learners of English listened to English nonsense words consisting of /p b t d f v θ ð/ and /ɑ/, with the consonants appearing in pre-stressed intervocalic, post-stressed intervocalic, or coda context, and were asked to identify the consonant with both Korean and English labeling and to give gradient evaluations of the goodness of each label to the stimuli. Results show that the mapping patterns differ extensively from those found previously with the same subjects for consonants in initial, onset context. The mapping patterns for the intervocalic context also differed by position with respect to stress location. Coda consonants elicited poor goodness-of-fit and noisier mapping patterns for all segments, suggesting that an L1 coda neutralization process put all L2-English sounds in codas as “new” sounds under the Speech Learning Model (SLM) framework ( Flege, 1995 ). Taken together, the results indicate that consonant learning needs to be evaluated in terms of position-by-position variants, rather than just being a general property of the overall consonant systems.
The role of next generation sequencing in infection prevention in human parainfluenza virus 3 infections in immunocompromised patients.

Abstract Background Respiratory viral infections are a significant problem in patients with hematologic malignancies. We report a cluster of HPIV 3 infections in our myeloma patients, and describe the utility of next generation sequencing (NGS) to identify transmission linkages which can assist in infection prevention. Objectives To evaluate the utility of NGS to track respiratory viral infection outbreaks and delineate between community acquired and nosocomial infections in our cancer units. Study design Retrospective chart review conducted at a single site. All patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma who developed symptoms suggestive of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) or lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) along with a respiratory viral panel (RVP) test positive for HPIV 3 between April 1, 2016, to June 30, 2016, were included. Sequencing was performed on the Illumina MiSeq™. To gain understanding regarding community strains of HPIV 3 during the same season, we also performed NGS on HPIV3 strains isolated from pediatric cases. Results We saw a cluster of 13 cases of HPIV3 infections in the myeloma unit. Using standard epidemiologic criteria, 3 cases were considered community acquired, 7 cases developed infection during treatment in the cancer infusion center, while an additional 3 developed infections during hospital stay. Seven patients required hospitalization for a median duration of 20 days. NGS enabled sensitive discrimination of the relatedness of the isolates obtained during the outbreak and provided evidence for source of transmission. Two hospital onset infections could be tracked to an index case; the genome sequences of HPIV 3 strains from these 3 patients only differed by a single nucleotide. Conclusions NGS offers a significantly higher discriminatory value as an epidemiologic tool, and can be used to gather real-time information and identification of transmission linkages to assist in infection prevention in immunocompromised patients.
Surgical Treatment of Arrhythmias

Current nonpharmacologic treatments for cardiac arrhythmias include catheter ablation, placement of pacemakers or cardioversion/defibrillator devices, and surgery. These modalities can cure most supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Although the indications for surgical intervention have narrowed, surgery remains an important treatment option, especially for the most common of all arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation.
Building Zr-based metallic glass part on Ti-6Al-4V substrate by laser-foil-printing additive manufacturing

Abstract Through using Zr intermediate layers, Zr65.7Ti3.3Al3.7Ni11.7Cu15.6 metallic glass (MG) parts are successfully built on Ti-6Al-4V substrates by laser-foil-printing (LFP) additive manufacturing technology in which MG foils are laser welded layer-by-layer onto the substrate. The printed MG part is free of porosity, cracking and crystallization; additionally, its glass transition temperature, crystallization temperature, micro-hardness, and tensile strength are very similar to the original MG material. The Zr intermediate layers are aimed at preventing direct interaction between the first layer of MG foil and the Ti substrate; otherwise, the welded MG foils would peel off from the substrate due to the formation of hard and brittle intermetallic compounds. With the use of Zr intermediate layers, the bonding strength between the printed MG part and the Ti substrate can reach 758 MPa owing to the formation of α-Zr phase.
Imaging of Oxygen Distribution in the Surface and Deep Areas of the Kidney

We have demonstrated previously that imaging of oxygen distribution based on the quenching of phosphorescence is a highly useful tool for investigating oxygen delivery in tissues at the microvascular level. The kidney offers an interesting model for the study of oxygen delivery because it receives a disproportionate amount of the cardiac output relative to its contribution to body weight. Moreover, unlike other tissues, the microvascular bed contains both afferent and efferent arterioles within its rich vascular network in order to control precisely the filtration pressure within the glomerulus. Blood flow in the kidney is markedly heterogeneous, i.e., greater in cortical regions than in medullary ones, and it can be redistributed dependent upon the volume state of the animal. Consequently, the metabolic requirements of the cortical and medullary areas may be markedly different in accordance with the capacity for sodium retention. Finally, this organ is an oxygen sensing tissue that is linked to the production of the glycoprotein hormone, erythropoietin, during hypoxia. For these reasons, we have initiated a series of experiments designed to evaluate the oxygen distribution within the kidney. In particular, we were interested in the potential effects of endothelin (ET-1), since it has been reported to produce marked reductions of renal blood flow (Badr et al., 1989) and it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute renal ischemic injury (Kon et al., 1989). Using both images of oxygen distribution and kinetic measurements of oxygen pressures in the microvasculature of the kidney, these preliminary data suggest that low doses of ET-1 rapidly and markedly decrease renal oxygen pressures.
Student perceptions of academic advising in an RN-to-BSN program.

BACKGROUND This study evaluated academic advisement from the perspectives of RN-to-BSN students in relation to the advisement elements of function, style, and outcome. METHOD Using multistage sampling, data were collected from 323 students enrolled in either a beginning, mid-way, or final course in the RN-to-BSN curriculum. RESULTS All aspects of advisor style were perceived to have been employed and important. None of the outcomes were perceived to have been achieved nor important. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between students from ADN and Diploma educational backgrounds in relation to their perceptions of the importance of advisement functions and outcomes. Students rated their perceptions in accordance with andragogical learning principles that stressed the importance of individuality. The researcher developed Academic Advisement Questionnaires have content validity and reliability for internal consistency at 0.94 by Cronbach's coefficient alpha. CONCLUSION Advisement in RN-to-BSN educational programs can positively influence student retention rates by providing advisement that is conducive to the needs and values of adult learner students.
Chalk Up Some Calculator Activities for Rational Numbers.

Would you like to get students thinking and talking about fractions? Sounds difficult? It's not. The activities that follow are ways that the calculator can be used to create interest in the study of fractions. Activities like "Name Change" and a t44-in-a-Line" can provide an opportunity to build ideas and practice skills. In "Name Change," students like to use their estimating skills to guess which fractions do not belong and then check their guesses with a calculator. In "4-in-a-Line," students form fractions and match them with decimal names. The ease of verifying their choices with a calculator makes this an enjoyable game. Both activities help students build estimation skills and generate a feel for fractional numbers. Another activity that develops estimation skills is "Tag It." This activity is a good one to put on the chalkboard after a textbook lesson on comparison of fractions. A well-structured calculator activity will result in students doing a lot of mathematics in a short time and increasing their enjoyment of the work. A good example is "Who's in the Middle?" In this game students compare dozens of fractions and still ask for more. Many textbook topics can be enhanced with calculator activities. "Etc., Etc." illustrates how the cal-
Products in cohomology

In this section we define the cup product in group cohomology and show some of its properties. The existence of the tensor product operation permits a host of variations on the classical definition. The remarkable thing is that they are all the same. We begin with a basic result on the tensor product of complexes.
Severe sleep disordered breathing in head and neck cancer survivor.

A middle-aged man with history of squamous cell cancer of the base of the tongue, who was treated with chemoradiation and neck dissection 5 years ago, presented with loud snoring, gasping arousals at night and excessive daytime sleepiness with an Epworth Sleepiness Score of 15. He denied any diurnal respiratory symptoms. Routine follow-up since completion of cancer treatment revealed no evidence of disease recurrence and stable mild supraglottic oedema on laryngoscopic evaluation. Physical examination revealed a body mass index of 28.9 kg/m2, Mallampati II airway, firmness on the right side of his neck secondary to prior radiation therapy, no stridor and clear lung fields. A split-night diagnostic-titration study was performed and revealed severe obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) with an oxygen saturation nadir of 50% (figure 1). Despite …
Imaging of Occult Spinal Dysraphism

Imaging of occult spinal dysraphism (OSD) has evolved significantly over the recent years. The preferred imaging modality of choice for most, if not all, lesions is MRI. In this chapter, we review imaging of five clinically relevant OSDs: low conus medullaris, dermal sinus tract, lipomyelomeningocele, neurenteric cyst, and split cord malformation. In each section, we take the opportunity to explore related topics. In the first section, the topics of nondiagnostic imaging in tethered cord syndrome, incidental fatty fila, and evaluation of the sacral dimple are discussed. The next section, on dermal sinus tracts, includes a discussion about related diagnoses, including the newer diagnostic entity of limited dorsal myeloschisis (LMD) and the more historical meningocele manque (MM). A third section discusses the imaging characteristics of lipomyelomeningocele, with a subsection on related diagnoses such as meningocele and myelocele. After discussions about neurenteric cysts (NECs) and split cord malformations (SCMs), we discuss future directions for imaging of OSD.
Topology Evaluation and Comparison for Isolated Multilevel DC/DC Converter for Power Cell in Solid State Transformer

In this paper, the primary side phase leg topology for a multilevel DC/DC converter is explored for a power cell in solid state transformer (SST) that converts medium-voltage (MV) AC input to low-voltage (LV) or medium voltage DC output. To take the high voltage DC bus provided by the multilevel AC/DC front end, two different topologies for the isolated DC/DC stage are thoroughly investigated based on the LLC resonant circuit operation. The key performance such as soft switching conditions and requirements for the two topologies with different modulation schemes are analytically compared. The design procedure for the selected topology is presented and experimental performance evaluation was done on a 15-kW isolated DC/DC converter at various operating conditions.
Extensive Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Adenocarcinoma in Young Age Group

Adenocarcinoma of the lung is a subtype of non-small cell lung cancer which contributes to 40% of all lung cancers...