cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Firm Location on Equity Issuance

In this paper, I use location as a proxy for the ability of a firm to issue equity. Numerous studies indicate that investors are better able to obtain information on nearby companies. I posit that costs in generating information will be higher for rural firms with few investors in their proximity, than for urban firms with many nearby investors. As predicted, I find that rural firms are less likely to conduct seasoned equity offerings than firms located in urban areas. Furthermore, I find that when a rural firm issues equity, it uses a lower-quality underwriter than otherwise similar urban firms. Why and when firms issue equity is a central corporate finance question that is not well understood. Myers and Majluf (1984) observe that information asymmetries between managers and outside investors can make it expensive to raise funds through equity offerings and may lead some financially constrained firms to forgo valuable projects rather than sell stock. Myers (1984) takes this observation further and develops a pecking order theory of capital structure. In this theory, firms issue equity only as a last resort, and capital structure is determined in large part by the firms’ ability to finance internally. While pecking order theory as a main theory of security issuance is appealing, many stylized facts are not consistent with the theory. In fact, Fama and French (2005) conclude that “the pecking order, as the stand-alone model of capital structure proposed by Myers (1984), is dead” (p. 551). The current literature has not reached a consensus as to whether information asymmetry is a main driver of equity issues. It could be that factors other than information asymmetry may be more important determinants of equity issue decisions. While there have been many studies of the pecking order theory, less research has examined the fundamental insight underlying the pecking order theory: that information asymmetries may affect equity issuance. The measure of information asymmetry that I use in this paper is the firm’s location. This is an entirely different approach from other studies. I believe that location is a variable that is particularly well suited for seeing whether or not information asymmetry affects equity issuance. Severalstudiesdemonstratethatinvestorsearnhigherreturnsoninvestmentsinlocalcompanies thanoninvestmentsinmoredistantcompanies.Putanotherway,beinglocatedfarfromacompany may put an investor at an information disadvantage that is clearly measurable in returns. Other studies show that security analysts who are located closer to a company produce more accurate earningsforecaststhananalystswhoarelocatedatagreaterdistance(Malloy,2005;Bae,Stulz,and
The use of modeling to teach empathy to nursing students.

Various combinations of modeling, labeling, and rehearsal (videotaped) were used to teach empathy to four experimental groups; a fifth group served as a no-treatment control. The subjects were 56 junior and senior baccalaureate nursing students, all of whom were women. A repeated-measures design was employed, with posttesting immediately following treatment and 3 weeks later. Learning was measured by means of a written test (Empathy Test) and an interview that was evaluated using the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory and the Carkhuff Empathy Scale. The treatment was effective for junior students but not for senior students, and only the groups receiving the rehearsal conditioning performed better than the control group. There was also an interaction between treatment and time, with juniors improving on the second posttesting. A secondary hypothesis about correlations between the instruments was partially confirmed, thus lending support to their construct validity. The Carkhuff scale was correlated with itself for both testings, with the Barrett-Lennard inventory for both testings, and with the Empathy Test on the second testing.
Mineral Fiber Content of Lung Tissue in Patients with Environmental Exposures: Household Contacts vs. Building Occupants

Analysis of tissue mineral fiber content in patients with environmental exposures has seldom been reported in the past. Our studies of six household contacts of asbestos workers indicate that these individuals often have pulmonary asbestos concentrations similar to some occupationally exposed individuals. In contrast, our studies of four occupants of buildings with asbestos-containing materials indicate that these individuals often have pulmonary asbestos burdens indistinguishable from the general nonoccupationally exposed population. However, one such building occupant exposed for many years and who later developed pleural mesothelioma was studied in detail, and it was concluded that her exposure as a teacher's aide in a school building containing acoustical plaster was the likely cause of her mesothelioma.
Deacetylation of the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Latency-Associated Transcript (LAT) Enhancer and a Decrease in LAT Abundance Precede an Increase in ICP0 Transcriptional Permissiveness at Early Times Postexplant

Only the latency-associated transcript (LAT) of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genome is transcribed during latency, while the lytic genes are suppressed, possibly by LAT antisense mechanisms and/or chromatin modifications. In the present study, latently infected dorsal root ganglia were explanted to assess both relative levels of LAT and histone H3 (K9, K14) acetylation of the LAT locus and ICP0 promoter at early times postexplant. We observed that a decrease in both LAT enhancer histone H3 (K9, K14) acetylation and LAT RNA abundance occurs prior to an increase in acetylation, or transcriptional permissiveness, at the ICP0 promoter.
MARC holdings implementation: a long-term process with long-term advantages

As libraries migrate to new integrated library management systems, MARC holdings implementation often becomes an option or a requirement. The implementation of MARC holdings can be a long-term process but there are long-term advantages to using the standard. Penn State University Libraries implemented MARC holdings for serials in conjunction with their migration to a new library management system and the need to manage and display holdings information for a multi-campus library system. The implementation of MARC holdings coupled with a system implementation can be challenging for all staff. Short-term and long-term goals for holdings display and management need to be developed.
Recurrent intra-articular osteoid osteoma of the hip after radiofrequency ablation: a case report and review of the literature

We present a case of a 53-year-old woman with recurrent intra-articular osteoid osteoma of the hip 6 months after initial treatment with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. En bloc surgical excision of the osteoid osteoma and prophylactic internal fixation for impending stress fracture was performed. The patient is pain free, has returned to normal function and there is no sign of recurrence at the one-year follow-up. Intraarticular osteoid osteoma, present a diagnostic challenge and often they are misdiagnosed. Minimally invasive ablation techniques can fail in significant percentage and then surgical excision with histological confirmation remains the definitive treatment of choice.
Toward a tactile language for human-robot interaction: two studies of tacton learning and performance.

Objective:Two experiments were performed to investigate the feasibility for robot-to-human communication of a tactile language using a lexicon of standardized tactons (tactile icons) within a sentence.Background:Improvements in autonomous systems technology and a growing demand within military operations are spurring interest in communication via vibrotactile displays. Tactile communication may become an important element of human–robot interaction (HRI), but it requires the development of messaging capabilities approaching the communication power of the speech and visual signals used in the military.Method:In Experiment 1 (N = 38), we trained participants to identify sets of directional, dynamic, and static tactons and tested performance and workload following training. In Experiment 2 (N = 76), we introduced an extended training procedure and tested participants’ ability to correctly identify two-tacton phrases. We also investigated the impact of multitasking on performance and workload. Individual diff...
Formulation of a Pasteurized Restructured Beef Product

Restructured beef products (18 – 20% fat) were formulated and pasteurized to provide storage stability at 4.4°C. An optimal formulation was determined with a full factorial experiment having 4 levels of whey and rennet-treated sodium caseinate blend and 3 levels of texturized soy protein. Response surfaces for product yield, fat retention and bind strength were calculated utilizing regression procedures. Maximum product yield of 92% was predicted by the optimization and subsequently achieved. An observed fat retention of 92% was lower than the predicted value. Over 16 wk of storage at 4.4°C, no aerobic or anaerobic bacterial growth was observed and TBA values remained very low.
Shanghai or Charlotte

The decisions of whether and how to outsource to low cost countries (LCCs) are often very troubling and complex. The popular business press is full of success stories and sometimes shrill stories of failure and jobs lost to other countries. Managers need to cut through the noise and understand how to approach these issues from both strategic and tactical perspectives. By tracing the experiences of four manufacturing companies, introduce a framework for the outsourcing decision process - examining corporate strategy, operations strategy, total landed cost, and risk. Throughout, we illustrate the framework with examples. We conclude with some brief comments on the distinction between low cost country (LCC) and domestic sourcing.
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT ACROSS CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE

Language Development Across Childhood and Adolescence. Ruth A. Berman (Ed.). Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2004. Pp. xiv + 308. $102.00 cloth.This volume is the third in the Trends in language acquisition research series by the International Association for the Study of Child Language. It focuses on first language (L1) development in school-age children and adolescents, including both normal and impaired learners. The introductory chapter by Nippold lays out broad questions of later language development—namely (a) what develops (figurative language, low frequency syntactic structures, metalinguistic awareness, etc.) and (b) what drives development (education and literacy, new cognitive abilities, etc.). The 10 chapters that follow describe work in a variety of languages: English, French, Hebrew, Spanish, and Swedish.
The Aggie Blue Bikes Program: Implications of Leisure Involvement toward Bicycle Commuting:

This study was conducted at a campus recreation department through the Aggie Blue Bikes (ABB) program. The purpose of this study was to determine changes in bicycle commuting involvement level in a...
Party and Committee in Distributive Politics: Evidence from Defense Spending

Recent studies of the domestic distribution of military procurement expenditures and representation on congressional defense committees support the traditional committee-centered distributive theory of congressional policymaking in a manner consistent with the assumption that Congress is organized to produce gains from exchange among legislators with diverse interests via intercommittee logrolling. This paper compares the committee-centered distributive theory to a party-centered distributive theory. Analysis of a multiequation model using pooled time-series data on the distribution of military procurement expenditures and defense committee representation among states from 1963 to 1989 supports a party-centered version of the distributive theory.
Pleistocene Corals of the Florida Keys: Architects of Imposing Reefs—Why?

Abstract Five asymmetrical, discontinuous, stratigraphically successive Pleistocene reef tracts rim the windward platform margin off the Florida Keys. Built of large head corals, the reefs are imposing in relief (∼30 m high by 1 km wide), as measured from seismic profiles. Well dated to marine oxygen isotope substages 5c, 5b, and 5a, corals at depth are inferred to date to the Stage 6/5 transition. The size of these reefs attests to late Pleistocene conditions that repeatedly induced vigorous and sustained coral growth. In contrast, the setting today, linked to Florida Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, is generally deemed marginal for reef accretion. Incursion onto the reef tract of waters that contain seasonally inconsistent temperature, salinity, turbidity, and nutrient content impedes coral growth. Fluctuating sea level and consequent settings controlled deposition. The primary dynamic was position of eustatic zeniths relative to regional topographic elevations. Sea level during the past 150 ka reached a max...
Chavicol formation in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum): cleavage of an esterified C9 hydroxyl group with NAD(P)H-dependent reduction

Propenyl- and allyl-phenols, such as methylchavicol, p-anol and eugenol, have gained importance as flavoring agents and also as putative precursors in the biosynthesis of 9,9′-deoxygenated lignans, many of which have potential medicinal applications. In spite of several decades of investigation, however, the complete biosynthetic pathway to a propenyl/allylphenol had not yet been reported. We have subjected a Thai basil variety accumulating relatively large amounts of the simplest volatile allylphenol, methylchavicol, to in vivo administration of radiolabeled precursors and assays of protein preparations in vitro. Through these experiments, the biosynthesis of chavicol was shown to occur via the phenylpropanoid pathway to p-coumaryl alcohol. Various possibilities leading to deoxygenation of the latter were examined, including reduction of the side-chain double bond to form p-dihydrocoumaryl alcohol, followed by dehydration to afford chavicol, as well as formation of p-methoxycinnamyl alcohol, with further side-chain modification to afford methylchavicol. A third possibility studied was activation of the side-chain alcohol of p-coumaryl alcohol, e.g.via esterification, to form a more facile leaving group via reductive elimination. The latter was shown to be the case using p-coumaryl esters as potential substrates for a NAD(P)H-dependent reductase to afford chavicol, which is then O-methylated to afford methylchavicol.
Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy in the United States.

Food allergy is an important public health problem that affects approximately 5 percent of children and 4 percent of adults and may be increasing in prevalence. Despite the risk of severe allergic reactions and even death, there is no current treatment for food allergy: the disease can only be managed by allergen avoidance or treatment of symptoms. The diagnosis and management of food allergy may vary from one clinical practice setting to another, and patients frequently confuse non-allergic food reactions, such as food intolerance, with food allergies. In response to these concerns, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID, part of the US National Institutes of Health), working with 34 professional organizations, federal agencies, and patient advocacy groups, led the development of clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy. These guidelines are intended for use by a wide variety of healthcare professionals. Topics addressed include the epidemiology, natural history, diagnosis, and management of food allergy, as well as the management of severe symptoms and anaphylaxis. The guidelines were published in December 2010, but Dr. Matthew J. Fenton, from the NIAID, will provide a summary of the guidelines and the methods used to draft them.
StorNet: Integrated Dynamic Storage and Network Resource Provisioning and Management for Automated Data Transfers

StorNet is a joint project of Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) to research, design, and develop an integrated end-to-end resource provisioning and management framework for high-performance data transfers. The StorNet framework leverages heterogeneous network protocols and storage types in a federated computing environment to provide the capability of predictable, efficient delivery of high-bandwidth data transfers for data intensive applications. The framework incorporates functional modules to perform such data transfers through storage and network bandwidth co-scheduling, storage and network resource provisioning, and performance monitoring, and is based on LBNL's BeStMan/SRM, BNL's TeraPaths, and ESNet's OSCARS systems.
THE NON-REDUCTIONIST'S TROUBLES WITH SUPERVENIENCE

Most physicalists today believe that mental properties can be neurologically realized in many different ways. If some brand of functionalism is correct, then an internal event realizes a mental property in virtue of playing the right functional role, and not because of its intrinsic physical features. This allows that events that differ in neural type might realize the same mental property, the only constraint being that each of these event can play the functional role definitive of that mental property. The belief in multiple realizability is one of the main reasons for the popularity of non-reductive physicalism. If mental states are multiply realizable at the neural level, then they are also multiply realizable, and to a far greater degree, at more basic levels of physical structure ‐ e.g., the molecular, atomic, and subatomic levels. Of course, the properties of the physical sciences are also multiply realizable; the property of being a carbon atom, for instance, is multiply realizable with respect to subatomic features. However, the problem with mental properties is that they, unlike chemical properties, are thought to be multiply realizable with respect to the entire range of features mentioned by the physical sciences. That is, for any mental property M, and for any event of physical type P, it is possible that M is realized by an event of some physical type other than P. If so, and if this possibility is nomological as well as metaphysical, then mental properties are irreduciblein the sense that (NR1) there are no nomologically true biconditionals connecting mental properties with physical properties (i.e., properties of the physical sciences). Given that property-identity requires biconditionals that are (at least) nomologically true, it would also follow that
Effects of a Single Lyric Analysis Intervention on Withdrawal and Craving With Inpatients on a Detoxification Unit: A Cluster-Randomized Effectiveness Study.

ABSTRACTBackground: For patients hospitalized on inpatient detoxification units, reducing negative symptoms such as withdrawal and craving is a key treatment area. Although lyric analysis is a commonly utilized music therapy intervention for clients in substance abuse rehabilitation, there is a lack of randomized controlled music therapy studies systematically investigating how lyric analysis interventions can affect patients on a detoxification unit. Objective: The purpose of this cluster-randomized effectiveness study was to measure the effects of single-session group lyric analysis interventions on withdrawal and craving with patients on a detoxification unit. A secondary purpose of this study was to determine if relationships existed between treatment effects and participants’ familiarity with the song. Methods: Participants (N = 144) were cluster-randomized to experimental (posttest only) or wait-list control (pretest only) conditions to provide treatment to all participants in an inclusive single-se...
Past, Present, and Future of Pharmacologic Therapy in Obesity

Medications for obesity management can be divided into 4 groups: antidepressants (naltrexone/bupropion), stimulants (phentermine, phendimetrazine, diethylpropion, phentermine/topiramate), fat blockers (orlistat), and diabetes medications (liraglutide). Each group has specific therapeutic effects, adverse effects, and costs. Two medications are indicated for long-term use in obesity: lorcaserin and orlistat. Other available medications are for short-term use. High cost makes many of these medications inaccessible for underserved and poor patients. Because of misuse potential, many obesity medications are also classified as controlled substances. There are no medications currently approved for use in pregnant or lactating women.
Justice, Non-Human Animals, and the Methodology of Political Philosophy

One important trend in political philosophy is to hold that non-human animals don't directly place demands of justice on us. Another important trend is to give considerations of justice normative priority in our general normative theorising about social/political institutions. This situation is problematic, given the actual ethical standing of non-human animals. Either we need a theory of justice that gives facts about non-human animals a non-derivative explanatory role in the determination of facts about what justice involves, or else we should be wary of the default normative priority that considerations of justice have in much of contemporary political philosophy. This discussion brings out important general methodological points tied to the role of concept and word choice in normative theorising about our social/political institutions. These methodological points, I argue, matter for a range of discussions in contemporary political philosophy, including those about global justice.
On thermodynamic separation efficiency: Adsorption processes

A simplified thermodynamic analysis of adsorption processes in temperature swing adsorption (TSA) and pressure swing adsorption (PSA) modes as a function of adsorbate concentration and the adsorbent–adsorbate interaction strength is presented in this article. The thermodynamic separation efficiency of a TSA process is optimal at dilute feed conditions, and becomes more thermodynamically efficient with increasing adsorbate affinity even though the energy of separation increases. The adsorption process is spontaneous, and for a strong isotherm, the energy required to reverse the adsorption is nearly independent of the adsorbate concentration as adsorbate loading in nearly-saturated materials is essentially constant with feed concentration. PSA units are efficient thermodynamically and the efficiency increases with the concentration of the desired adsorbate. This thermodynamic treatment has implications for separation processes that address carbon emissions. TSA systems operate more efficiently (thermodynamically) in the “air capture” case because they apply work to the concentrated product rather than the dilute feed. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3699–3705, 2016
Determining Probability Upper Bounds for NEO Close Approaches

Collision probability analysis is accomplished by combining covariances and physical object dimensions at the point of closest approach. The resulting covariance ellipsoid and hardbody are projected into the plane perpendicular to relative velocity. Collision potential is determined from the object footprint on the projected covariance ellipse. This paper shows how to calculate the upper bounds of probability by determining the worst possible covariance parameters and orientation. These methods can be used as a simple pre-filter or to determine worstcase scenarios when the actual covariances are not known.
Virological Investigation of Enteroviruses From Healthy Children in the Border Areas of Yunnan Province,2010

Objective To virological investigate the healthy children under 15 years old who came from the border areas with Myanmar in Yunnan province in 2010.Methods The stool samples of the children aged under 15 years who came from the border areas were collected(one child collected one stool).Virus isolation and sequencing were conducted for the 400 samples.Results Altogether,21 non-polio viruses(NPVs) were detected with an isolation rate of 5.3%(21/400).All the 21 strains were HEV-B viruses,no HEV-A,HEV-C,HEV-D and polioviruses was detected.Conclusion HEV-B viruses were the primary enteroviruses among the healthy children in the border areas with Myanmar in Yunnan province in 2010.
Effects of intimate partner violence, PTSD, and alcohol use on cigarette smoking in a nationally representative sample

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Separate literatures indicate that intimate partner violence (IPV), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and alcohol use are independently associated with increased risk for cigarette smoking. No previous studies have examined the co-occurrence of these problems on smoking quantity and potential gender-specific relationships. This study will address this gap in the literature. METHODS: Data from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) were examined. Variables were assessed during the past year. Individuals (N = 25,604) who reported being married, dating, or involved in a romantic relationship were included. RESULTS: Among men, PTSD and alcohol use were associated with more cigarettes smoked per day. Among women, PTSD, alcohol use, and IPV victimization were associated with more cigarettes smoked per day. Women who experienced IPV victimization smoked approximately three additional cigarettes per day. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: IPV victimization, PTSD, and alcohol use were associated with cigarettes smoked among women, while IPV experiences were not associated with smoking risk among men. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: These findings represent an important contribution to the existing literature in that it elucidates the compounding relationship between a common and complex comorbidity and cigarette smoking. FINDINGS indicate a critical need to implement routine smoking screening and intervention in venues where intimate partner violence is commonly encountered, such as advocacy and substance use treatment settings. (Am J Addict 2016;XX:1-8).© 2016 American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry. Language: en
Resection of a recurrent cervical internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm after failed endovascular therapy

BACKGROUND Recurrence of a cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) pseudoaneurysm initially treated by endovascular means is rare. We report an instance where a patient returned with a recurrent, enlarging cervical ICA pseudoaneursym, 15 years after initial complete, endovascular occlusion of the ICA. CASE DESCRIPTION Patient is a 64-year-old male with a history of a right cervical ICA pseudoaneurysm diagnosed 15 years ago after a car accident. At the time, he received endovascular occlusion of his right ICA. Recent serial imaging demonstrated progressive enlargement of his pseudoaneurysm, up to 6 cm × 5 cm × 5.5 cm, without evidence of internal flow or extravasation. Due to dysphagia and hoarseness, resection of the pseudoaneurysm was recommended. Dissection occurred down to the lesion, where its borders were skeletonized. Its stump at the proximal ICA was mobilized and clamped; the lesion was incised and the existing thrombus, as well as the coil mass, was removed. The distal ICA appeared completely scarred with no retrograde filling. There were branches from the external carotid artery that appeared to supply the pseudoaneurysm. The scarred remnant of the distal ICA was sutured and the stump at the proximal ICA was ligated. Once hemostasis was obtained, closure occurred via anatomical layers. Postoperatively, the patient woke up well; at discharge, he exhibited no respiratory distress or dysphagia. At 5 months follow-up, a computed tomography angiography of the neck revealed no evidence for a residual pseudoaneurysm. He continues on lifelong aspirin. CONCLUSION Recurrence of a cervical ICA pseudoaneursym is rare. We caution that such a clinical scenario is possible, even 15 years after endovascular occlusion of the ICA. Branches from the external carotid artery may feed the pseudoaneursym and cause recurrence. This mechanism has not been reported. Perhaps longer clinical follow-up is necessary, especially if endovascular therapy is the initial treatment option.
The Lapidus procedure as salvage after failed surgical treatment of hallux valgus. Surgical technique.

BACKGROUND Recurrent hallux valgus is a relatively common, yet challenging, condition for both the patient and the surgeon. The literature on the treatment of recurrent hallux valgus is sparse. The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively the functional outcome and patient satisfaction following the Lapidus procedure for the treatment of recurrent hallux valgus deformity. METHODS Twenty-four patients with a total of twenty-six symptomatic recurrences of hallux valgus after previous procedures for treatment of the deformity were included in the study. Exclusion criteria included prior fusion procedures on the foot or ankle, a previous Keller or Mayo procedure, insulin dependent diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, or peripheral neuropathy. A visual analog pain scale and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Hallux Metatarsophalangeal-Interphalangeal Scale were administered preoperatively, at six months postoperatively, and yearly thereafter. Weight-bearing radiographs were also made preoperatively; at six weeks, three months, six months, and one year postoperatively; and yearly thereafter. Patient satisfaction was assessed at the latest follow-up evaluation. RESULTS At twenty-four months, the mean score according to the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Hallux Metatarsophalangeal-Interphalangeal Scale had increased from 47.6 to 87.9 points, the mean score according to the visual analog pain scale had improved from 6.2 to 1.4, the mean hallux valgus angle had improved from 37.1 degrees to 17.1 degrees, and the mean intermetatarsal angle had improved from 18 degrees to 8.6 degrees. The patients were very satisfied after 77% of the twenty-six procedures, satisfied after 4%, and somewhat satisfied after 19%; no patient was dissatisfied. There were no cases of hallux varus. Complications included three nonunions, all of which occurred in smokers, and two superficial wound infections. CONCLUSIONS In appropriately selected patients, the Lapidus procedure is a reliable and effective operation after failed surgical treatment of hallux valgus.
Modeling of the energy spectrum of the CdTe/Hg1-xCdxTe/CdTe quantum well by varying the band offset, well width, and composition x

Currently, CdTe/CdxHg1-xTe/CdTe heterostructures attract particular interest and are very promising for developing the next-generation terahertz radiation detectors. However, properties of such structures have not yet been studied in sufficient detail. The energy spectrum and wave functions of the CdTe/CdxHg1-xTe/CdTe heterostructure were theoretically modeled for various well widths, the valence band offset, and composition x in the range 0<x<0.16. Characteristic features of the behavior of energy levels of two-dimensional electrons in such structures were studied with respect to x variation. A criterion for determining the number of electronic levels below the conduction band bottom, applicable to compositions 0<x<0.16 was obtained. The time of two-dimensional electron relaxation by longitudinal optical phonons was calculated.
Indoctrination and the Need for a Cause

The war against the Soviet Union was described by the leaders of the Third Reich as a ‘Weltanschauungskrieg’, that is, a war of ideologies. In seeking the causes for the barbarisation of German troops on the Eastern Front it is therefore essential to examine the role played by political indoctrination among the combat elements of the army during the war. To what extent did National Socialist ideology motivate the individual soldier both in fighting the Red Army and in carrying out acts of brutality against POWs, partisans and civilians? Was there an essential difference between the war in the East and other fronts or other wars? In short, was this also an ideological, almost religious war from the point of view of the individuals at the front, and can this be seen as one of the major factors contributing to its ferocity and brutality?
Off-normal incidence simulations of metamaterials using FDTD: Research Articles

A method is described for applying FDTD simulation to electromagnetic metamaterial slabs with off-normal incident plane wave radiation. Issues of incommensurate spatial periods and interpolation of irregularly spaced data are discussed. Validity of the method is tested on a dielectric slab with known analytical solutions and the method is used to analyse split ring resonators of current interest. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The confusion continues: results from an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma survey on massive transfusion practices among United States trauma centers

BACKGROUND Massive transfusion practices have undergone several recent developments. We sought to examine institutional practices guiding hemostatic resuscitation in the setting of massive hemorrhage. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A 37-question online survey was sent to American Association for the Surgery of Trauma members. RESULTS A total of 191 surgeons from 125 institutions completed the survey. Level I and II centers composed 70 and 18% of responding sites, respectively. A total of 123 institutions have a massive transfusion protocol (MTP); 54% report having an MTP for less than 5 years. The number of coolers and units of red blood cells, plasma, and platelets are highly variable. Tranexamic acid is part of the MTP at 64% of centers; 26% continue to use recombinant activated Factor VII. MTP activation occurs more than five times per month at 32% of centers. MTPs are utilized for nontrauma patients in 82% of institutions. Point-of-care prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, and partial thromboplastin time testing is utilized in 37% of institutions. Only 9% routinely utilize thromboelastography or rotational thromboelastometry (TEG/ROTEM) within their MTP. Just 7% use a validated scoring system to guide MTP activation. The incorporation of TEG/ROTEM into the MTP is associated with the use of a scoring system in regression analysis (p = 0.024). CONCLUSION Most institutions regularly activate recently implemented MTPs for trauma and nontrauma indications; however, few use validated scoring systems for MTP activation. MTP content is highly variable. Few institutions use TEG, while most have incorporated tranexamic acid into their protocol. The lack of consistent practices underscores the need for outcome-based studies to guide transfusion practices.
Use of Topical Insulin to Treat Refractory Neurotrophic Corneal Ulcers.

Purpose:To report the clinical course of 6 patients with refractory neurotrophic corneal ulcers that were treated with topical insulin drops.Methods:Retrospective chart review of patients who had neurotrophic corneal ulcers or epithelial defects refractory to standard medical and surgical treatment.
Isolation of Type I and Type II Pericytes from Mouse Skeletal Muscles

Pericytes are perivascular multipotent cells that show heterogeneity in different organs or even within the same tissue. In skeletal muscles, there are at least two pericyte subpopulations (called type I and type II), which express different molecular markers and have distinct differentiation capabilities. Using NG2-DsRed and Nestin-GFP double-transgenic mice, type I (NG2-DsRed+Nestin-GFP-) and type II (NG2-DsRed+Nestin-GFP+) pericytes have been successfully isolated. However, the availability of these double-transgenic mice prevents the widespread use of this purification method. This work describes an alternative protocol that allows for the easy and simultaneous isolation of type I and type II pericytes from skeletal muscles. This protocol utilizes the fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) technique and targets PDGFRβ, rather than NG2, together with the Nestin-GFP signal. Following isolation, type I and type II pericytes show distinct morphologies. In addition, type I and type II pericytes isolated with this new method, like those isolated from the double-transgenic mice, are adipogenic and myogenic, respectively. These results suggest that this protocol can be used to isolate pericyte subpopulations from skeletal muscles and possibly from other tissues.
Sensitivity analysis on the effective stiffness properties of 3-D orthotropic honeycomb cores

The present study investigates the influences of representative volume element RVE mesh and material parameters, here cell wall elastic moduli, on the effective stiffness properties of thre...
Particle growth in an isoprene-rich forest: Influences of urban, wildfire, and biogenic air masses

Abstract Growth of freshly nucleated particles is an important source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and has been studied within a variety of environments around the world. However, there remains uncertainty regarding the sources of the precursor gases leading to particle growth, particularly in isoprene-rich forests. In this study, particle growth events were observed from the 14 total events (31% of days) during summer measurements (June 24 – August 2, 2014) at the Program for Research on Oxidants PHotochemistry, Emissions, and Transport (PROPHET) tower within the forested University of Michigan Biological Station located in northern Michigan. Growth events were observed within long-range transported air masses from urban areas, air masses impacted by wildfires, as well as stagnant, forested/regional air masses. Growth events observed during urban-influenced air masses were prevalent, with presumably high oxidant levels, and began midday during periods of high solar radiation. This suggests that increased oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) likely contributed to the highest observed particle growth in this study (8 ± 2 nm h−1). Growth events during wildfire-influenced air masses were observed primarily at night and had slower growth rates (3 ± 1 nm h−1). These events were likely influenced by increased SO2, O3, and NO2 transported within the smoke plumes, suggesting a role of NO3 oxidation in the production of semi-volatile compounds. Forested/regional air mass growth events likely occurred due to the oxidation of regionally emitted BVOCs, including isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes, which facilitated multiday growth events also with slower rates (3 ± 2 nm h−1). Intense sulfur, carbon, and oxygen signals in individual particles down to 20 nm, analyzed by transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDX), suggest that H2SO4 and secondary organic aerosol contributed to particle growth. Overall, aerosol growth was frequently observed in a range of air masses (urban, wildfire, forested) and oxidant conditions (day vs. night), with rates ranging from 0.8 to 10.2 nm h−1.
The Place of Wife Battering in considering Divorce

Legitimacy of divorce on the grounds of wife battering was evaluated. An examination of interpersonal elements necessary for full marital intimacy was considered and the degree to which they must b...
Careful with Those Priors: A Note on Bayesian Estimation in Two-Parameter Logistic Item Response Theory Models

ABSTRACTThis study examined the use of Bayesian analysis methods for the estimation of item parameters in a two-parameter logistic item response theory model. Using simulated data under various design conditions with both informative and non-informative priors, the parameter recovery of Bayesian analysis methods were examined. Overall results showed that the Bayesian estimates obtained with both informative and non-informative priors exhibited varying levels of bias ranging in most cases from moderate to severe bias. Results are discussed in light of these findings and recommendations concerning the use of priors in empirical research are provided.
AC Stark Effect Observed in a Microwave-Millimeter/Submillimeter Wave Double-Resonance Experiment.

Microwave–millimeter/submillimeter wave double-resonance spectroscopy has been developed with the use of technology typically employed in chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy and ...
Adjuvant Chemotherapy of High-Risk Postmenopausal Breast Cancer

As a public health concern postmenopausal breast cancer threatens survival more frequently than premenopausal breast cancer since it is almost twice as frequent in incidence [5, 80]. The last three decades have seen major advances in sytemic treatment of breast cancer. Nevertheless, the precise role of combination chemotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery or radiotherapy for postmenopausal women with early stage (i.e., localized) disease is still being defined [18, 53]. For more than a decade, many trials, controlled, randomized, and uncontrolled, have indicated its major impact on premenopausal patient survival. Yet for premenopausal patients adjuvant chemotherapy has only recently (1985) been accepted as “standard” treatment [52] by some leading cancer centers. Chemotherapy should work as well in postmenopausal women since the earliest studies of combination chemotherapy [19, 43] demonstrated similar regression rates of advanced or recurrent breast cancer independent of menstrual status. However, many studies of adjuvant chemotherapy in postmenopausal patients have shown only minimal positive effects on survival.
Biomimetic Glycoside Hydrolysis by a Microgel Templated with a Competitive Glycosidase Inhibitor

The impressive catalytic turnover and selectivity of biological catalysts instigated a tremendous effort to understand the source of this catalytic proficiency. In this regard, the synthesis and evaluation of biomimetic catalysts is a very valuable approach to gain insights into the enzymatic mechanisms of action. In addition, anticipated key interactions of the enzymatic turnover can be implemented into enzyme mimics to probe their contributions to the overall catalytic efficiency separately. In this context, we synthesized biomimetic microgels in the presence of an experimentally identified competitive glycosidase inhibitor and evaluated the resulting macromolecular catalysts for proficiency during glycoside hydrolyses. The stepwise-built microgels utilize a synergy of interactions including metal complex catalysis in a hydrophobic microgel matrix, cross-linking, and shape recognition for a glyconoamidine model of the transition state of the enzymatically catalyzed glycoside hydrolyses. The resulting mi...
The Interactive Trauma Scale: a web-based measure for children with autism

This study examined the feasibility, acceptability, and psychometric characteristics of a web-based touchscreen app prototype designed to assess self-reported trauma exposure and symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The prototype was piloted with 20 clinically referred children previously diagnosed with ASD and having various known trauma exposures. User satisfaction and reported ease of use was high. The measure was sensitive to reports of teasing and bullying, endorsed by 75% and 70% of participants, respectively. Validity was assessed via comparisons with the UCLA Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index and analysis of participants' trauma exposures and symptoms. Clinical implications are discussed including issues of trauma screening, diagnosis, and treatment planning for traumatized youth with ASD.
National trends in cerebral bypass surgery in the United States, 2002–2014

OBJECTIVECerebral bypass procedures are microsurgical techniques to augment or restore cerebral blood flow when treating a number of brain vascular diseases including moyamoya disease, occlusive vascular disease, and cerebral aneurysms. With advances in endovascular therapy and evolving evidence-based guidelines, it has been suggested that cerebral bypass procedures are in a state of decline. Here, the authors characterize the national trends in cerebral bypass surgery in the United States from 2002 to 2014.METHODSUsing the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample, the authors extracted for analysis the data on all adult patients who had undergone cerebral bypass as indicated by ICD-9-CM procedure code 34.28. Indications for bypass procedures, patient demographics, healthcare costs, and regional variations are described. Results were stratified by indication for cerebral bypass including moyamoya disease, occlusive vascular disease, and cerebral aneurysms. Predictors of inpatient complications and death were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression analysis.RESULTSFrom 2002 to 2014, there was an increase in the annual number of cerebral bypass surgeries performed in the United States. This increase reflected a growth in the number of cerebral bypass procedures performed for adult moyamoya disease, whereas cases performed for occlusive vascular disease or cerebral aneurysms declined. Inpatient complication rates for cerebral bypass performed for moyamoya disease, vascular occlusive disease, and cerebral aneurysm were 13.2%, 25.1%, and 56.3%, respectively. Rates of iatrogenic stroke ranged from 3.8% to 20.4%, and mortality rates were 0.3%, 1.4%, and 7.8% for moyamoya disease, occlusive vascular disease, and cerebral aneurysms, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression confirmed that cerebral bypass for vascular occlusive disease or cerebral aneurysm is a statistically significant predictor of inpatient complications and death. Mean healthcare costs of cerebral bypass remained unchanged from 2002 to 20014 and varied with treatment indication: moyamoya disease $38,406 ± $483, vascular occlusive disease $46,618 ± $774, and aneurysm $111,753 ± $2381.CONCLUSIONSThe number of cerebral bypass surgeries performed for adult revascularization has increased in the United States from 2002 to 2014. Rising rates of surgical bypass reflect a greater proportion of surgeries performed for moyamoya disease, whereas bypasses performed for vascular occlusive disease and aneurysms are decreasing. Despite evolving indications, cerebral bypass remains an important surgical tool in the modern endovascular era and may be increasing in use. Stagnant complication rates highlight the need for continued interest in advancing available bypass techniques or technologies to improve patient outcomes.
HTLV-1 Tax-1 interacts with SNX27 to regulate cellular localization of the HTLV-1 receptor molecule, GLUT1

An estimated 10–20 million people worldwide are infected with human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), with endemic areas of infection in Japan, Australia, the Caribbean, and Africa. HTLV-1 is the causative agent of adult T cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1 associated myopathy/tropic spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1 expresses several regulatory and accessory genes that function at different stages of the virus life cycle. The regulatory gene Tax-1 is required for efficient virus replication, as it drives transcription of viral gene products, and has also been demonstrated to play a key role in the pathogenesis of the virus. Several studies have identified a PDZ binding motif (PBM) at the carboxyl terminus of Tax-1 and demonstrated the importance of this domain for HTLV-1 induced cellular transformation. Using a mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach we identified sorting nexin 27 (SNX27) as a novel interacting partner of Tax-1. Further, we demonstrated that their interaction is mediated by the Tax-1 PBM and SNX27 PDZ domains. SNX27 has been shown to promote the plasma membrane localization of glucose transport 1 (GLUT1), one of the receptor molecules of the HTLV-1 virus, and the receptor molecule required for HTLV-1 fusion and entry. We postulated that Tax-1 alters GLUT1 localization via its interaction with SNX27. We demonstrate that over expression of Tax-1 in cells causes a reduction of GLUT1 on the plasma membrane. Furthermore, we show that knockdown of SNX27 results in increased virion release and decreased HTLV-1 infectivity. Collectively, we demonstrate the first known mechanism by which HTLV-1 regulates a receptor molecule post-infection.
Cellular Legendrian contact homology for surfaces, part III

This paper is a continuation of [D. Rutherford and M. Sullivan, Cellular computation of Legendrian contact homology for surfaces, Part II, to appear in Internat. J. Math.]. We construct by-hand Leg...