cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maximum opening and closing forces exerted by diverse skeletal types.

OZET Toplam 44 olan iskeletsel hypodivergent ve hyperdiverg&nt kisilerde maksimum isirma gucunu bulmak icin gnathadinametreden ve maksimum agiz acma kuvvetini tespit etmek icin de ozel bir aygittan yararlanildi. Elde edilen sonuclar, elektronik beyinle cozumlendi. Bu suretle cinsiyet goz onune alinmadan agiz acma gucunde, sag ve sol isirma guclerinin ortalamasi ve standard deviasyonlari saptandi. Ayni islem cinsiyet dikkate alinarak tekrarlandi. Bundan sonra bahsedilen bu degiskenler arasinda bir farkm bulunup bulunmadigini saptamak icin de manalilik testi «test of significance« uygulandi. Son olarak yas ve olculen degerler arasinda bir iliskinin bulunup bulunmadigi «dogrusal korelasyon» analizi ile tespit edildi. Arastirmada elde edilen sonuclar: 1 â€” Her iki iskeletsel tipte maksimum sag ve sol isirma gucu arasinda bir fark yoktur. 2 â€” Her iki iskeletsel grupta maksimum agiz acma ve kapama kuvvetleri arasinda pozitif bir oranti vardir. 3 â€” skeletsel divergent tipli kisilerin agiz acma ve kapama gucleri arasinda belirli farklar mevcuttur. 4 â€” Erkekler, kadinlara nazaran, agiz acma ve kapamada 0,05 <P <0,10 sinirlari icinde [Borderline significance) bir fark gostermektedirler. Summary and Conclusions An appliance was constructed to measure the maximum opening force, whereas, a gnathodynamometier was utilized to record maximum closing force of 44 subjects. The collected data was analyzed by computer regardless of sex, to determine both the mean and the standard deviation of the opening forces, and the average right and left side closing forces. The data was also computed for the above mentioned variables to find out the mean and the standard deviation for both sexes. The student's t test was utilized to determine if there were any significant differences in the before mentioned variables. A linear correlation analysis was made using data of age and measured forces to see if a relationship existed. The following conclusions were obtained from this investigation. 1) Right side and left side for each skeletal type did not show any important difference. 2) Each skeletal type exhibited significant positive correlation between maximum opening and closing forces. 3) Skeletal open and closed bite subjects did present significant diffrences in measuring the maximum opening and closing forces. 4) Maximum biting and opening forces tend to greater in males than females, but the results ware only of bordeline significance.
The Relationship Between FAFSA Filing and Persistence Among First-Year Community College Students:

In 2007-2008, approximately 42% of community college students who were eligible to receive Pell grant funding did not file the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). Using data from the ...
Predictors of metastatic disease in men with biochemical failure following radical prostatectomy.

ABSTRACT Purpose: We determined clinical and pathological predictors of positive bone scans and computerized tomography (CT) in patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP). Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients treated with RP at West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California-Los Angeles Medical Center was performed to identify men with biochemical recurrence. All postoperative bone scans and pelvic CT following recurrence and prior to the initiation of hormone ablation therapy were reviewed. Preoperative clinical variables, pathological findings, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) at postoperative imaging and postoperative PSA doubling time were compared between patients with positive and negative imaging study results. Results: A total of 128 patients with biochemical recurrence after RP who had postoperative pelvic CT or bone scans available were identified. A total of 97 bone scans were obtained, of which 11 (11%) were positive, and 71 CT scans were obtained, of which 5 (7%) were positive. Men with PSA doubling time less than 6 months were at increased risk of a positive bone scan (26% vs 3%) or positive CT (24% vs 0%) relative to men with longer PSA doubling time. In men with PSA doubling time less than 6 months the risk of a positive study highly depended on PSA at the time of imaging. In men with PSA less than 10 ng/ml the incidence of a positive study was 0% for pelvic CT and 11% for bone scan. In men with PSA greater than 10 ng/ml the risk of a positive study was 57% for pelvic CT and 46% for bone scan. In men with PSA doubling time greater than 6 months no clear relationship to PSA was seen, although the number of patients with a positive study was extremely low (positive bone scans 3% and positive CT 0%). However, none of the 6 imaging studies performed in men with PSA doubling times greater than 6 months and a markedly elevated PSA of 20 to 90 ng/ml was positive. Conclusions: The risk of detecting metastatic disease by bone scan or pelvic CT in men with biochemical recurrence following RP with PSA doubling time greater than 6 months is low despite marked PSA increases up to 90 ng/ml. In men with PSA doubling time less than 6 months the risk of detecting metastatic disease markedly increases when PSA is greater than 10 ng/ml. These results have important implications for the timing of imaging in patients with biochemical recurrence following RP.
Modification of monoclonal antimyosin antibody: Enhanced specificity of localization and scintigraphic visualization in acute experimental myocardial infarction

Abstract Positively charged polymers have been shown to interact nonselectively with cells in vitro by means of an electrostatic binding to a negatively charged cell surface. We reasoned that, if a net negative charge could be introduced onto an antibody molecule, some of the nonspecific antibody interactions with cells could be avoided without affecting the function of the antibody combining site. An important result would be improved target-to-background ratios should such antibodies be used as in vivo imaging agents. To test this hypothesis, we first reacted bifunctional chelators such as diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid with cationic polylysine polymers to permit radiolabeling with 111 In, then redered the polymer completely anionic by reacting the residual epsilon amino groups with succinic anhydride. These modified polymers were then covalently linked either to monoclonal antimyosin antibody or to its Fab fragment by means of a water soluble carbodiimide. The immunoreactivity of the antibody-polymer conjugates was not significantly diminished. 111 In-labeled antimyosin Fab modified with succinylated polylysine permitted visualization of experimental myocardial infarcts as early as 30 min after intravenous injection. An inverse exponential relationship was observed between the distribution of 201 Tl and that of polymer-modified antimyosin Fab. 111 In-labeled succinylated polymer administered by itself did not localize in the infarct. These observations suggest that anionically modified antibodies may enhance the specificity of antibody imaging.
An 18-kDa Domain of a Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked NAD:Arginine ADP-Ribosyltransferase Possesses NAD Glycohydrolase Activity

Transfection of NMU (rat mammary adenocarcinoma) cells with NAD:arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase cDNAs from Yac-1 murine lymphoma cells or rabbit muscle increased NAD glycohydrolase and ADP-ribosyltransferase activities. The ADP-ribosyltransferase activity was released from transformed NMU cells by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and hence glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored, whereas the NAD glycohydrolase (NADase) activity remained cell-associated. By gel permeation chromatography, the size of the PI-PLC-released transferase was ∼40 kDa and that of the detergent-solubilized NADase was ∼100 kDa. Using polyclonal antibodies against rabbit muscle transferase on Western blots, ∼18- and ∼30-kDa band were visualized among proteins from the NADase fractions and 38–40-kDa bands with protein from the transferase fractions. Incubation of blots with [32P]NAD led to the incorporation of radioactivity into the immunoreactive transferase bands of 38 kDa and the immunoreactive NADase band of ∼18 kDa. These data suggest that proteolysis of ADP-ribosyltransferase synthesized in transformed NMU cells might result in the formation of aggregates of an 18-kDa NAD glycohydrolase. A fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase linked to the amino terminus of Yac-1 transferase, from which the amino-terminal 121 amino acids had been deleted (GST-Yac-1-δ121), exhibited NADase, but not transferase, activity. The size of the recombinant fusion protein was similar to that of the proteolytic fragment seen in NMU cells transformed with transferase cDNA. These results are compatible with the conclusion that the NAD glycohydrolase activity was generated in NMU cells by proteolysis of ADP-ribosyltransferase, with release of a carboxyl-terminal fragment that possesses glycohydrolase but not transferase activity, i.e. the carboxyl-terminal portion of the transferase can exist as a catalytically active NADase.
Exploring alternative approaches to computational fluid dynamics

This paper discusses advances in two areas which may have the potential to impact future simulation capabilities through advanced algorithms. This includes spectral multigrid (MG) solvers for high-order accurate spatial discretizations and efficient MG solvers for kinetic-based schemes. Preliminiary evidence is given illustrating the promise of these approaches for application to engineering simulations.
Dose dependence of intratumoral perivascular distribution of monoclonal antibodies

Intravenously delivered antibodies have been previously found to distribute in a perivascular fashion in a variety of tumor types and despite targeting a range of different antigens. Properties of both the antibody and the targeted antigen, such as the administered dose, binding affinity, and antigen metabolic half-life, are predicted to influence the observed perivascular distribution. Here, the effect of antibody dose on the perivascular distribution is determined using an unbiased image analysis approach to quantify the microscopic distribution of the antibody around thousands of blood vessels per tumor. This method allows the quantitative determination of the localization of blood vessels, extravasated antibody, and tumor antigen following the administration of antibody doses covering two orders of magnitude in the dose range commonly utilized in preclinical studies. A mathematical model of antibody extravasation, diffusion, binding, and endocytosis in a Krogh cylinder geometry with parameters directly measured or taken from the literature is quantitatively consistent with the experimentally determined profiles. A previously reported scaling analysis is employed to extend these results to any tumor model in which the antigen density and turnover rate are known, allowing facile quantitative prediction of the minimum antibody dose required for complete tumor saturation.
The Internal Tensile Strength of a Borosilicate Glass Determined from Laser Shock Experiments and Computational Analysis

It is of interest to determine the internal tensile strength of glass because it is used in material models to understand and design transparent armor. It is difficult to determine this strength because surface conditions limit the ability to apply large tensile stresses needed to cause internally located crack initiation. This article presents a novel approach to estimate the internal tensile strength of glass using a combination of laser shock experiments and computational analysis. Laser shock produces a unique loading condition that causes maximum tension to occur in the interior of the glass without destroying the target. Several laser shock experiments were performed on a plate of borosilicate glass at varying levels of peak pressure. In one experiment, damage was produced only in the interior of the plate (there was no damage on either the front or rear surfaces). This experiment was singled out for analysis because surface flaws did not influence the internal crack initiation event. Computational analysis indicated that the internal tensile strength of this borosilicate glass is approximately 1.2 GPa. The computed results produced damage only in the interior of the glass plate, similar to experimental observation. A similar failure stress was obtained using the Griffith criterion.
Observation of the triplet exciton in EuS-coated single-walled nanotubes.

Excitons are created when a carbon nanotube absorbs photons. However, the triplet exciton is usually optically inactive, preventing its direct observation, lowering photocurrent efficiency and making optical injection of spin-polarized carriers impossible. Optical excitation of the triplet exciton has now been achieved.
On the adaptive solution of space-time inverse problems with the adjoint method

Abstract Adaptivity in space and time is ubiquitous in modern numerical simulations. The large number of unknowns associated with today's typical inverse problem may run in the millions, or more. To capture small scale phenomena in regions of interest, adaptive mesh and temporal step refinements are required, since uniform refinements quickly make the problem computationally intractable. To date, there is still a considerable gap between the state–of–the–art techniques used in direct (forward) simulations, and those employed in the solution of inverse problems, which have traditionally relied on fixed meshes and time steps. This paper describes a framework for building a space-time consistent adjoint discretization for a general discrete forward problem, in the context of adaptive mesh, adaptive time step models. The discretize–then–di_erentiate approach to optimization is a very attractive approach in practice, because the adjoint model code may be generated using automatic di_erentiation (AD). However, several challenges are introduced when using an adaptive forward solver. First, one may have consistency problems with the adjoint of the forward numerical scheme. Similarly, intergrid transfer operators may reduce the accuracy of the discrete adjoint sensitivities. The optimization algorithm may need to be specifically tailored to handle variations in the state and gradient vector sizes. This work shows that several of these potential issues can be avoided when using the Runge–Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method, an excellent candidate method for h=p-adaptive parallel simulations. Selective application of automatic di_erentiation on individual numerical algorithms may simplify considerably the adjoint code development. A numerical data assimilation example illustrates the e_ectiveness of the primal/dual RK–DG methods when used in inverse simulations.
Longitudinal Measures of Serum Albumin and Prealbumin Concentrations in Incident Dialysis Patients: The Comprehensive Dialysis Study

Objective Serum albumin and prealbumin concentrations are strongly associated with the risk of death in dialysis patients. Our study examined the association among demographic characteristics, body composition, comorbidities, dialysis modality and access, inflammation, and longitudinal measures of albumin and prealbumin concentrations in incident dialysis patients. Design, Setting, Subjects, and Outcome Measures The Comprehensive Dialysis Study is a prospective cohort study of incident dialysis patients; in this report, we examined the data from 266 Nutrition substudy participants who donated serum. The independent variables of interest were baseline age, sex, race, Quetelet's (body mass) index, dialysis modality and access, diabetes, heart failure, atherosclerotic vascular disease, serum creatinine level, and longitudinal measures of C-reactive protein. The outcomes of interest (dependent variables) were longitudinal measures of albumin and prealbumin concentrations, recorded at study entry and thereafter every 3 months for 1 year. Results In multivariable mixed linear models, female sex, peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis with a catheter, and higher C-reactive protein concentrations were associated with lower serum albumin concentrations, and serum albumin concentrations increased slightly over the year. In comparison, prealbumin concentrations did not significantly change over time; female sex, lower body mass index, diabetes, atherosclerotic vascular disease, and higher C-reactive protein concentrations were associated with lower prealbumin concentrations. Serum creatinine had a curvilinear relation with serum albumin and prealbumin. Conclusions Serum albumin level increases early in the course of dialysis, whereas prealbumin level does not, and the predictors of serum concentrations differ at any given time. Further understanding of the mechanisms underlying differences between albumin and prealbumin kinetics in dialysis patients may lead to an improved approach to the management of protein–energy wasting.
Price-Based Unit Commitment With Wind Power Utilization Constraints

This paper proposes an optimal bidding strategy for independent power producers (IPPs) in the deregulated electricity market. The IPPs are assumed to be price takers, whose objectives are to maximize their profits considering price and wind power output uncertainties, while ensuring high wind power utilization. The problem is formulated as a two-stage stochastic price-based unit commitment problem with chance constraints to ensure wind power utilization. In our model, the first stage decision includes unit commitment and quantity of electricity submitted to the day-ahead market. The second stage decision includes generation dispatch, actual usage of wind power, and amount of energy imbalance between the day-ahead and real-time markets. The chance constraint is applied to ensure a certain percentage of wind power utilization so as to comply with renewable energy utilization regulations. Finally, a sample average approximation (SAA) approach is applied to solve the problem, and the computational results are reported for the proposed SAA algorithm showing the sensitivity of the total profit as the requirement of wind power utilization changes.
Emergency angioplasty in acute anterior myocardial infarction.

Abstract Ninety-three patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction were treated with emergency percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). All were found to have a high-grade obstruction in the left anterior descending (LAD) vessel or the bypass graft to this vessel; 64 patients had a total occlusion. A completely successful PTCA, defined as a residual lesion of ≤50%, was achieved in 73 (78%) patients. A partially successful PTCA, with a residual lesion of 51% to 99%, was achieved in 12 (13%) patients. PTCA was unsuccessful in eight (9%) patients. Hospital mortality was 14%. Three parameters viewed separately each predicted hospital mortality: presence of shock, a proximal location of the LAD vessel occlusion, and the residual stenosis after PTCA. Reocclusion was found in only 11% of patients but 34% had evidence of restenosis on restudy.
Temporal gene induction patterns in sheepshead minnows exposed to 17β-estradiol

Gene arrays provide a powerful method to examine changes in gene expression in fish due to chemical exposures in the environment. In this study, we expanded an existing gene array for sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) (SHM) and used it to examine temporal changes in gene expression for male SHM exposed to 100 ng 17β-estradiol (E2)/L for five time points between 0 and 48 hr. We found that in addition to the induction of genes involved in oocyte development (vitellogenin [VTG], zona radiata [ZRP]), other genes involved in metabolism and the inflammatory response are also affected. We identified five patterns of temporal induction in genes whose expression was modified due to E2 exposure. We validated the gene array data for the expression of VTG 1, VTG 2, ZRP 2 and ZRP 3 and found that with low levels of exogenous E2 (100 ng E2/L) exposure, ZRP expression precedes VTG expression. However, at higher concentrations of E2 (500 ng E2/L), the difference in temporal expression appears to be lost. Exposure to high levels of environmental contaminants may affect the normal ordered expression of genes required for reproduction. Gene expression profiling using arrays promises to be a valuable tool in the field of environmental toxicology. As more genes are identified for species used in toxicological testing, researchers will be better able to predict adverse effects to chemical exposures and to understand the relationships between changes in gene expression and changes in phenotype. J. Exp. Zool. 305A:707–719, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
External perforation of the esophagus

Abstract A case of external esophageal perforation treated conservatively is reported with a brief review of the literature.
Synapse Loss in Dementias

Synaptic transmission is essential for nervous system function, and its dysfunction is a known major contributing factor to Alzheimer's-type dementia. Antigen-specific immunochemical methods are able to characterize synapse loss in dementia through the quantification of various synaptic proteins involved in the synaptic cycle. These immunochemical methods applied to the study of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain specimens have correlated synaptic loss with particularly toxic forms of amyloid-beta protein and have also established synapse loss as the best correlate of dementia severity. A significant but comparatively circumscribed amount of literature describes synaptic decline in other forms of dementia. Ischemic vascular dementia (IVD) is quite heterogeneous, and synapse loss in IVD seems to be variable among IVD subtypes, probably reflecting its variable neuropathologic correlates. Loss of synaptic protein has been identified in vascular dementia of the Binswanger type and Spatz-Lindenberg's disease. Here we demonstrate a significant loss of synaptophysin density within the temporal lobe of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients.
Antecedents and determinants of information technology habit

IT researchers have recently distinguished habits from prior behavior frequency. We expanded this research by examining habit's antecedents and investigating the simultaneous effect of habit and prior IT use on continued IT use. We found that the research model was relatively robust over four specific use activities of one software application. Indeed, prior IT use, satisfaction, and importance significantly influenced IT habits. Also, while prior IT use predicted continued IT use in the combined data set, habit only predicted continued IT use for activities with higher habit levels. Practical implications are discussed.
The relationship between emotionality and dominance in the hooded rat.

Summary Hooded rodents were tested in an emotionality condition and two competitive “dominance” conditions. It was found that stable rankings of subjects within the test groups could be established for each of the three conditions. Significant negative correlations were also found between a subject's “emotionality” ranking in a group and his ranking in the group in relation to either condition of competitive dominance, while a significant positive correlation was found between a subject's ranking in both of the competitive dominance conditions. These data are taken as evidence for a debilitating effect of high emotionality on one's success in competition.
Effect of Fat, Protein, and Methionine Concentrations on Egg Size and Production in Early Matured Brown-Egg-Type Pullets

Abstract Attempts to increase egg size and egg production through dietary manipulation of early-matured pullets were attempted. In the present study, 720 pullets were assigned to one of six treatments. Age to first egg was induced early (138.8 days) in the pullets on five of the six treatments; the remaining pullets were conventionally reared and began to lay at 152.4 days of age. The conventionally reared pullets (C-17) and one of the early-matured treatments (E-17) was given a typical 17% protein layer diet. Diets with increased concentrations of methionine, methionine and fat, protein, and protein and fat were given to the remaining early-matured pullets. Egg production, feed efficiency, mortality, and egg size were recorded from 18 to 66 wk of age. There were no significant differences in the hen-housed percentage production or in percentage mortality among the six treatments. Hen-day percentage production (HDP) was significantly depressed in E-17. Increasing the percentage of methionine in the diet of early matured pullets improved HDP to equal that observed for C-17. No additional improvement in HDP was observed by increasing fat, protein, or protein and fat. Pullets on E-17 required more feed to produce a dozen eggs than those on C-17. Improvements in efficiency of early matured pullets to equal that of C-17 were observed for the other treatments. Pullets on E-17 produced significantly fewer large eggs than pullets on C-17. Dietary manipulation of early matured pullets was without effect on egg size distribution.
Asymmetries in visual search for conjunctive targets

Asymmetry is demonstrated between conjunctive targets in visual search with no detectable asymmetries between the individual features that compose these targets. Experiment 1 demonstrated this phenomenon for targets composed of color and shape. Experiment 2 and 4 demonstrate this asymmetry for targets composed of size and orientation and for targets composed of contrast level and orientation, respectively. Experiment 3 demonstrates that search rate of individual features cannot predict search rate for conjunctive targets. These results demonstrate the need for 2 levels of representations: one of features and one of conjunction of features. A model related to the modified feature integration theory is proposed to account for these results. The proposed model and other models of visual search are discussed.
Topology optimization of flow domains using the lattice Boltzmann method

We consider the optimal design of two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) flow domains using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) as an approximation of Navier-Stokes (NS) flows. The problem is solved by a topology optimization approach varying the effective porosity of a fictitious material. The boundaries of the flow domain are represented by potentially discontinuous material distributions. NS flows are traditionally approximated by finite element and finite volume methods. These schemes, while well established as high-fidelity simulation tools using body-fitted meshes, are effected in their accuracy and robustness when regular meshes with zero-velocity constraints along the surface and in the interior of obstacles are used, as is common in topology optimization. Therefore, we study the potential of the LBM for approximating low Mach number incompressible viscous flows for topology optimization. In the LBM the geometry of flow domains is defined in a discontinuous manner, similar to the approach used in material-based topology optimization. In addition, this non-traditional discretization method features parallel scalability and allows for high-resolution, regular fluid meshes. In this paper, we show how the variation of the porosity can be used in conjunction with the LBM for the optimal design of fluid domains, making the LBM an interesting alternative to NS solvers for topology optimization problems. The potential of our topology optimization approach will be illustrated by 2D and 3D numerical examples.
Cell cycle agents and cyclophosphamide in the treatment of diffuse histiocytic lymphoma

Abstract A regimen consisting of two three-day courses of large doses of methotrexate with leukovorin rescue, followed by cytosine arabinoside infusion, given during days 1 and 7, and on day 15, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and predinisone with a time interval of 18–24 hr between vincristine and cyclophosphamide was tested. A total of 6 such cycles were used in 9 patients with histiocytic lymphoma who had not received prior chemotherapy. All nine responded, with a complete remission in 8. Prolonged disease-free survival of 48 or more months were seen in 3 of the complete responders. The efficacy of the cell-cycle agents, methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside was demonstrated since they were used as the initial phase of therapy, during which time a 78% response rate was observed.
MRE-Binding Transcription Factor-1: Weak Zinc-Binding Finger Domains 5 and 6 Modulate the Structure, Affinity, and Specificity of the Metal-Response Element Complex†

MRE-binding transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) contains six Cys2-His2 zinc finger sequences, and it has been suggested that the zinc finger domain itself may function as a zinc sensor in zinc-activated expression of metallothioneins (MTs). Previous work has shown that a subset (≈3−4) of the zinc fingers in MTF-zf play a structural role in folding and high-affinity metal-response element (MREd) binding, while one or more other fingers have properties consistent with a metalloregulatory role (weak zinc binding affinity in the absence of DNA). We show here that zinc fingers 5 and 6 correspond to the weak zinc-binding fingers in MTF-zf. Limited trypsinolysis of a Zn6-MTF-zf:MREd complex gives rise to a highly protease-resistant core fragment corresponding to amino acids 137−260 or N-terminal zinc fingers 1−4 of MTF-zf. Characterization of a collection of broken-finger (His → Asn) and missing-finger mutants of MTF-zf reveals that deletion of zinc fingers 5 and 6 to create MTF-zf14 attenuates MREd binding affinity ...
CHIRAL SEPARATIONS USING ULTRAFILTRATION WITH A STEREOSELECTIVE BINDING AGENT

Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of using ultrafiltration with a stereospecific binding agent in free solution to separate chiral molecules. The objective of this study was to develop an improved understanding of the key factors that determine the effectiveness of this type of chiral separation. Experiments were performed using a model system of bovine serum albumin as a stereospecific binding agent for the amino acid tryptophan. Batch ultrafiltration data showed strong stereospecific binding of L-tryptophan with a selectivity of 11 at low amino acid concentrations. Actual separations were performed using a constant volume diafiltration system to wash the less strongly bound isomer through the membrane. The diafiltration process avoids problems associated with the accumulation of retained species during filtration and makes it possible to achieve higher purification factors. The L-tryptophan was recovered in the retentate with final purity greater than 90% at 60% yield. Model calculations ...
The importance of information dissemination in the prevention of occupational cancer.

It is assumed that prevention of occupational cancer depends upon dissemination of research findings, resulting in changes in work processes and reduction of occupational exposures to carcinogens. ...
Dehydrated Poultry Waste as a Feed for Milking Cows and Growing Sheep

Abstract Dehydrated feces from caged layers were fed to milking cows to provide 23% of total dietary protein and 11% of total dry matter intake and to fattening sheep to provide 61 or 90% of total dietary protein and 25 or 50% of feed intake. Cows fed these dehydrated feces produced more milk than those fed inadequate protein and produced equal amount to those fed usual protein supplements. Sheep fed rations containing 25 or 50% dehydrated feces gained .16 and .15 kg/day which was significantly less than those fed a control corn-corn cob-soybean meal ration (.21 kg/day). Carcass grade of those fed 25% feces was equal to that of control lambs. When the dehydrated feces cost $20/908 kg, then feed cost per unit gain was similar to that of control lambs. Results indicate the feasibility of using relatively large amounts of dehydrated caged layer feces as a nitrogen and energy source for cows and lambs.
Mathematics of pulsed vocalizations with application to killer whale biphonation

Formulas for the spectra of pulsed vocalizations for both the continuous and discrete cases are rigorously derived from basic formulas for Fourier analysis, a topic discussed qualitatively in Watkins’ classic paper on “the harmonic interval” [“The harmonic interval: Fact or artifact in spectral analysis of pulse trains,” in Marine Bioacoustics 2, edited by W. N. Tavogla (Pergamon, New York, 1967), pp. 15–43]. These formulas are summarized in a table for easy reference, along with most of the corresponding graphs. The case of a “pulse tone” is shown to involve multiplication of two temporal wave forms, corresponding to convolution in the frequency domain. This operation is discussed in detail and shown to be equivalent to a simpler approach using a trigonometric formula giving sum and difference frequencies. The presence of a dc component in the temporal wave form, which implies physically that there is a net positive pressure at the source, is discussed, and examples of the corresponding spectra are calculated and shown graphically. These have application to biphonation (two source signals) observed for some killer whale calls and implications for a source mechanism. A MATLAB program for synthesis of a similar signal is discussed and made available online.
The contribution of I-Abm12 to the production of autoantibodies to dsDNA.

The development of IgG autoantibodies to dsDNA in NZBxNZW Fl (NZB/W) and NZBxSWR Fl (SNF1) mice have been linked to specific alleles of MHC class II genes contributed by the NZW and SWR parents respectively. Recently, our laboratory has shown that the introduction of the bml2 mutation into NZB mice (NZB.H-2bm12) results in mice which are phenotypically similar to NZB/W Fl mice and, in particular, develop IgG anti-dsDNA antibodies. A variety of immune abnormalities have been described in autoimmune NZB (H-2d) mice. It is, however, unclear at present, whether all these abnormalities are due to the influence or effect of a single set of linked genes or due to multiple genes. It was reasoned that NZB.H-2bml2 mice provide a unique opportunity to examine this issue. Specifically, we bred a series of five different Fl colonies of mice: (a) NZB.H-2bml2/b Fl;(b) NZB.H-2bml2/d Fl;(c) NZB-H-2b/d Fl;(d) NZB-H-2bm12xB6.C-H-2bm12 Fl (NZB/B6.H-2bm12 Fl);and (e) NZBxB6.C-H-2bm12 Fl (NZB/B6.H-2d/bm12 Fl) mice. All groups ...
Full-Scale VOC Emissions from Green And Food Waste Windrow Composting

In this study, we studied the field-scale non-methane non-ethane organic carbon (NMNEOC) emissions resulting from source separated green and food waste composting. The study was conducted at the Modesto Composting Facility operated by the City of Modesto. Samples were collected with USEPA isolation flux chambers for 59 days and analyzed according to the AQMD Method 25.3. Emission factors were determined to be 1.4 g/kg-dw and 2.2 g/kg-dw for green and food waste composting, respectively. Furthermore, so called “chimney effect” on emissions was demonstrated. The emissions were determined to be up to 15.9 times higher on the ridge top compared to the sides of the windrows.
HPLC separation of metyrosine enantiomers as methyl esters derivatized with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate

Abstract Enantiomeric resolution of racemic metyrosine as methyl esters was investigated following the formation of diastereomeric thioureas with 2, 3, 4, 6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate (TAGIT). Baseline separation (Rs>1.5) was achieved for the derivatized enantiomers on an octadecylsilane column under isocratic conditions using a mobile phase consisting of 35:65 v/v acetonitrile-distilled water containing 0.1% triethylamine pH 4.0 (adjusted with trifluoroacetic acid) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL and detection at 250 nm. Retention times, peak resolution, and separation factors were tabulated and a possible mechanism of separation is discussed.
Reported Dog Bites: Are Owned and Stray Dogs Different?

AbstractBite reports for 1985 from the city of Dallas, Texas, were analyzed for different aspects of the dog-bite event, including characteristics of the dogs, victims, wounds, and attack settings. Most commonly, bites were inflicted by owned, male dogs that bit victims who were male, 20 years of age or younger, and acquainted with but not living in the same household as the dog. Attacks frequently occurred in the late spring to early summer and in the late afternoon. These characteristics are similar to typical bite events in large urban settings reported by others (e.g., Beck and Jones 1985; Beck, Loring, and Lockwood 1975). Further analysis of 1,724 bite reports showed that owned dogs were more dangerous than strays: compared to strays, owned dogs delivered significantly more bites, were larger, bit more victims on the head or neck, and delivered more bites resulting in wounds needing treatment, often at an emergency room. That victims are more likely to report only severe bites from owned dogs is prop...
Stress-Induced Norepinephrine Release in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus and Pituitary-Adrenocortical and Sympathoadrenal Activity: In Vivo Microdialysis Studies

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous system are major effector systems that serve to maintain homeostasis during exposure to stressors. In the past decade, interest in neurochemical regulation and in pathways controlling activation of the HPA axis has focused on catecholamines, which are present in high concentrations in specific brain areas--especially in the hypothalamus. The work described in this review has concentrated on the application of in vivo microdialysis in rat brain regions such as the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, the central nucleus of the amygdala (ACE), the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and the posterolateral hypothalamus in order to examine aspects of catecholaminergic function and relationships between altered catecholaminergic function and the HPA axis and sympathoadrenal system activation in stress. Exposure of animals to immobilization (IMMO) markedly and rapidly increases rates of synthesis, release, and metabolism of norepinephrine (NE) in all the brain areas mentioned above and supports previous suggestions that in the PVN NE stimulates release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). The role of NE in the ACE and the BNST and most other areas possessing noradrenergic innervation remains unclear. Studies involving lower brainstem hemisections show that noradrenergic terminals in the PVN are derived mainly from medullary catecholaminergic groups rather than from the locus ceruleus, which is the main source of NE in the brain. Moreover, the medullary catecholaminergic groups contribute substantially to IMMO-induced noradrenergic activation in the PVN. Data obtained from adrenalectomized rats, with or without glucocorticoid replacement, and from hypercortisolemic rats suggest that glucocorticoids feedback to inhibit CRH release in the PVN, via attenuation of noradrenergic activation. Results from rats exposed to different stressors have indicated substantial differences among stressors in eliciting PVN noradrenergic responses as well as of responses of the HPA, sympathoneural, and adrenomedullary systems. Finally, involvement of other areas that participate in the regulation of the HPA axis such as the ACE, the BNST, and the hippocampus and the importance of stress-induced changes in expression of immediate early genes such as c-fos are discussed.
Involvement of Notch-1 signaling in bone marrow stroma-mediated de novo drug resistance of myeloma and other malignant lymphoid cell lines

The bone marrow (BM) microenvironment plays a critical role in malignant cell growth, patient survival, and response to chemotherapy in hematologic malignancies. However, mechanisms associated with this environmental influence remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of Notch family proteins in myeloma and other malignant lymphoid cell line growth and response to chemotherapeutic drugs. All 8 tested cell lines expressed Notch-3 and Notch-4; 7 cell lines expressed Notch-1; and 6 expressed Notch-2 proteins. Interaction with BM stroma (BMS) activated Notch signaling in tumor cells. However, activation of only Notch-1, but not Notch-2, resulted in protection of tumor cells from melphalan- and mitoxantrone-induced apoptosis. This protection was associated with up-regulation of p21(WAF/Cip) and growth inhibition of cells. Overexpression of Notch-1 in Notch-1(-) U266 myeloma cells up-regulated p21 and resulted in protection from drug-induced apoptosis. Thus, this is a first report demonstrating that Notch-1 signaling may be a primary mechanism mediating the BMS influence on hematologic malignant cell growth and survival.
Mitochondria give cells a tan.

The discovery of melanogenin [1], a small molecule that induces pigmentation in melanocytes, has led to identification of a mitochondrial protein as target. The finding is relevant therapeutically, and argues for how chemical biology can be used to elucidate organelle-specific functions.
Simultaneous control of effective atomic number and electron density in non-burning tokamak plasmas

The control of plasma density profiles is one of the most fundamental problems in fusion reactors. During reactor operation, the density profiles of hydrogen ions and heavier impurity ions must be precisely regulated, and while the uncontrolled open-loop behavior of these profiles is stable in non-burning plasmas, the system response time may be very slow. In this work, a controller is sought to improve the response of ion density profiles in a non-burning plasma and to track reference profiles for the electron density and effective atomic number, a set of coupled variables that are directly dependent on the hydrogen and impurity ion density profiles. A one-dimensional approximation of the transport equation for ion densities is represented in cylindrical coordinates by a partial differential equation (PDE). To control the density profiles, the PDE is discretized in space using a finite difference method and a backstepping design is applied to obtain a discrete transformation from the original system into an asymptotically stable target system. Numerical simulations of the resulting control law show that density profiles can be successfully controlled with just one step of backstepping. Tracking of electron density and effective atomic number profiles is then simulated by first transforming the profiles into corresponding ion density profiles for use by the backstepping controller. Simulations show the successful tracking of reference profiles.
Expression of Recombinant Inhibitor-2 in E. coli and Its Utilization for the Affinity Chromatography of Protein Phosphatase-1

The coding sequence for rabbit muscle protein phosphatase inhibitor-2 was inserted into the pET3a expression vector. This vector allowed the expression of recombinant inhibitor-2 at levels of ca. 1.5% of the soluble protein. A simple procedure allowed the purification of inhibitor-2 from Escherichia coli lysates. This involved heat-treatment, followed by chromatography on Blue-Sepharose and Q-Sepharose. Recombinant inhibitor-2 inhibited rabbit muscle protein phosphatase-1 with a potency similar to that reported for the wild type protein. The recombinant protein was coupled to CH-Sepharose and this support was found to bind the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase-1 with high efficiency. A procedure for a single-step affinity purification of recombinant ppase-1 from E. coli lysates was shown to be feasible.
Blood Cells Need Glia, Too: A New Role for the Nervous System in the Bone Marrow Niche

Regulation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) dormancy by specific cell types in the hematopoietic niche remains poorly understood. Yamazaki et al. (2011) now report that nerve-associated nonmyelinating Schwann cells activate TGF-β to maintain dormant HSCs, suggesting that glia are novel players in the bone marrow niche.
Increased eating in rats deprived of running.

Abstract Daily food intake in rats was temporarily reduced by the introduction of an activity wheel and temporarily increased by the subsequent removal of the wheel. When this outcome is coupled with the positive relation between food deprivation and running—and food deprivation is seen as a loss of eating rather than as a physiological state—there is the suggestion that the total behavior output of the organism may be regulated as such. Specifically, when the rat is deprived of a behavior that recurrently comprises a large part of its total daily activity, an increase may occur in some other behavior.
Termination of unwanted pregnancy in a llama with cloprostenol and subsequent pregnancy: a case report.

Abstract A 5-yr-old female llama was presented by its owner for an elective abortion. The llama was accidentally bred to an unknown, and possibly related, male about 2.5 mo prior to presentation. The pregnancy was first confirmed by ultrasonography then cloprostenol (150 μg im) was administered once. Cloprostenol, an analogue of prostaglandin F2α, was chosen in preference to natural PGF2α due to reported adverse reactions in llamas to this abortifacient. Blood serum progesterone levels decreased rapidly from 5.7 to
Electron microscopy of small iron wires

Abstract A description is given of the techniques for producing electron-transparent specimens from small iron wires in the transverse direction. Included is a discussion of all pertinent operations of sectioning, grinding, shaping, and final polishing. Some typical results are also illustrated.
Rational selection of gold nanorod geometry for label-free plasmonic biosensors.

We present the development of an analytical model that can be used for the rational design of a biosensor based on shifts in the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of individual gold nanoparticles. The model relates the peak wavelength of light scattered by an individual plasmonic nanoparticle to the number of bound analyte molecules and provides an analytical formulation that predicts relevant figures-of-merit of the sensor such as the molecular detection limit (MDL) and dynamic range as a function of nanoparticle geometry and detection system parameters. The model calculates LSPR shifts for individual molecules bound by a nanorod, so that the MDL is defined as the smallest number of bound molecules that is measurable by the system, and the dynamic range is defined as the maximum number of molecules that can be detected by a single nanorod. This model is useful because it will allow a priori design of an LSPR sensor with figures-of-merit that can be optimized for the target analyte. This model was us...
Power-sensitive multithreaded architecture

The power consumption of microprocessors is becoming increasingly important in design decisions, not only in mobile processors, but also now in high-performance processors. Power-conscious design must therefore go beyond technology and low-level design, but also change the way modern processors are architected. A multithreading processor is attractive in the context of low-power or power-constrained devices for many of the same reasons that enable its high throughput. Primarily, it supplies extra parallelism via multiple threads, allowing the processor to rely much less heavily on speculation. We show that a simultaneous multithreading processor utilizes up to 22% less energy per instruction than a single-threaded architecture. We also explore other power optimizations that are particular to multithreaded architectures, either because they are unavailable to or unreasonable for single-thread architectures.
The thermal decomposition of peroxyacetic nitric anhydride (PAN) and peroxymethacrylic nitric anhydride (MPAN)

The rate coefficients of thermal decomposition of peroxyacetic nitric anhydride (PAN) and peroxymethacrylic nitric anhydride (MPAN) were measured over the temperature range 302–323 K. The resulting Arrhenius expressions were k = 1017.4±0.4 exp(−28.5 ± 0.5/RT) for PAN, and k = 1016.2±0.7 exp(−26.8 ± 1.0/RT) for MPAN, where the activation energy is in Kcal/mol. These results are in good agreement with previous studies of PAN and other PAN-type compounds, and imply that energies of RC(O)OONO2 bonds are relatively independent of the nature of R.