cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pressure Vessel Embrittlement Predictions Based on a Composite Model of Copper Precipitation and Point Defect Clustering

A theoretical model is used to investigate the relative importance of point defect clusters (PDC) and copper-rich precipitates CRP) in reactor pressure vessel (RPV) embrittlement and to examine the influence of a broad range of irradiation and material parameters on predicted yield strength changes. The results indicate that there are temperature and displacement rate regimes wherein either CRP or PDC can dominate the material's response to irradiation, with both interstitial and vacancy type defects contributing to the PDC component. The different dependencies of the CRP and PDC on temperature and displacement rate indicate that simple data extrapolations could lead to poor predictions of RPV embrittlement. It is significant that the yield strength changes predicted by the composite PDC/CRP model exhibit very little dependence on displacement rate below about 10 - 9 dpa/s. If this result is confirmed, concerns about accelerated displacement rates in power reactor surveillance programs should be minimized. The sensitivity of the model to microstructural parameters highlights the need for more detailed microstructural characterization of RPV steels.
Relationship of the env genes and the endonuclease domain of the pol genes of simian foamy virus type 1 and human foamy virus.

Abstract We have molecularly cloned and sequenced a portion of the simian foamy virus type 1 (SFV-1); open reading frames representing the endonuclease domain of the polymerase (pol) and the envelope (env) genes were identified by comparison with the human foamy virus (HFV). Unlike the HFV genomic organization, the SFV-1 pol gene overlaps the env gene; thus, the open reading frames reported for HFV between pol and env is not present in SFV-1. Comparisons of predicted amino acid sequences of HFV and SFV-1 reveal that the endonuclease domains of the pol genes are about 84% related. The region predicted to encode the SFV-1 extracellular env domain is 569 codons; SFV-1 and HFV have 64% amino acid similarity in this env domain. The predicted hydrophobic transmembrane env proteins of both HFV and SFV-1 show about 73% similarity. A total of 16 potential glycosylation sites are found in SFV-1 env, and 15 are found in HFV; 11 are shared. SFV-1 has 25 cysteine residues, and HFV has 23 residues; all 23 cysteine residues of HFV are conserved in SFV-1. This sequence analysis reveals that the human and simian foamy viruses are highly related.
Large enhancement of fluorescence from CdSe/ZnS quantum dots induced by resonant coupling to spatially controlled surface plasmons

Nanoengineered fluorescent response is reported in semiconductor core-shell (CdSe/ZnS) quantum dots in proximity to the surface plasmon field of periodic silver nanoparticle arrays. Tuning the surface plasmon resonance to the quantum dot exciton emission band results in an /spl sim/50-fold enhancement of the fluorescence.
Stress Effects on the Hippocampus: A Critical Review.

Uncontrollable stress has been recognized to influence the hippocampus at various levels of analysis. Behaviorally, human and animal studies have found that stress generally impairs various hippocampal-dependent memory tasks. Neurally, animal studies have revealed that stress alters ensuing synaptic plasticity and firing properties of hippocampal neurons. Structurally, human and animal studies have shown that stress changes neuronal morphology, suppresses neuronal proliferation, and reduces hippocampal volume. Since the inception of stress research nearly 80 years ago, much focus has been on the varying levels of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis neuroendocrine hormones, namely glucocorticoids, as mediators of the myriad stress effects on the hippocampus and as contributing factors to stress-associated psychopathologies such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, reports of glucocorticoid-produced alterations in hippocampal functioning vary widely across studies. This review provides a brief history of stress research, examines how the glucocorticoid hypothesis emerged and guides contemporary stress research, and considers alternative approaches to understanding the mechanisms underlying stress effects on hippocampal functioning.
Altered patterns of protein phosphorylation in articular chondrocytes treated with interleukin-1 or synovial cytokines.

Cultures of lapine articular chondrocytes were exposed to purified, human, recombinant interleukin-1 α or partially purified preparations of lapine, synovial, cytokines in the presence of [32P]orthophosphate. After 30 min incubation, phosphoproteins were extracted from the cells, separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and visualized autoradiographically. Analysis of the autoradiograms revealed that interleukin-1 and the synovial factors produced marked changes in the pattern of protein phosphorylation. The synovial cytokines induced many of the same changes as interleukin-1, as well as a number of unique changes. This finding is consistent with the notion that, in addition to interleukin-1, synoviocytes secrete other cytokines which modulate the metabolism of chondrocytes. These data support the idea that signal transduction in chondrocytes responding to interleukin-1 involves the activation of one or more protein kinases.
Differential scanning calorimetry of water buffalo and cow milk fat in mozzarella cheese

The thermal profiles of the fat in mozzarella cheeses made from cow milk (CM) and water buffalo milk (WBM) were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC curves of mozzarella cheese made from WBM were distinguishable from those of CM. The curves resembled those of the corresponding milk fats and could be divided into low-, medium-, and high-temperature melting regions. The valley in the curve between the low- and medium-temperature melting regions was at 10.8°C in WBM cheese and below 10°C in CM cheese. In the WBM cheese, the area of the low-melting region was larger than the area of the medium-temperature melting region, but the two areas were equal in the CM cheeses. Mixtures of the two cheeses exhibited temperature and area values between those of the pure cheeses. Milk-fat mixtures showed similar behavior. The contrasting DSC melting profiles provide a way of distinguishing between the two mozzarella cheese types and for detecting mixtures of the two fats in mozzarella cheese.
Phagocytosis by blood cells in healthy and diseased caterpillars III. Some observations concerning virus inclusion bodies

Abstract Histological and cytological changes in the blood after infection with a granulosis virus were studied in larvae of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta . These changes were compared with the effects of injections of virus capsules and with the changes known to accompany phagocytosis by blood cells in this species. All observations support the hypothesis that virus capsules in the hemocytes of granulosis-diseased larvae are phagocytized, and they indicate that the capsules were treated by the blood cells as inert particles. In armyworms diseased with nuclear polyhedrosis, a substantial percentage of hemocytes (up to 20% of total circulating cells) phagocytized polyhedra after they had appeared in the hemolymph. Other blood cells (up to 20% of total circulating cells) developed the disease in their nuclei.
Why we should ban human cloning.

In February the U.S. Senate voted 54 to 42 against bringing an anticloning bill directly to the floor for a vote.1 During the debate, more than 16 scientific and medical organizations, including the American Society of Reproductive Medicine and the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, and 27 Nobel prize–winning scientists, agreed that there should be a moratorium on the creation of a human being by somatic nuclear transplants. What the groups objected to was legislation that went beyond this prohibition to include cloning human cells, genes, and tissues. An alternative proposal was introduced by Senator Edward M. Kennedy . . .
Two-dimensional electron gas in a strong magnetic field

Abstract The RPA dielectric function is obtained under the De Haas-Van Alphen conditions. By using a sum rule, an explicit formula for the oscillating effective g factor is derived. The density and frequency dependences of the cyclotron effective mass and relaxation time of the electrons in Si inversion layers are also evaluated and compared with the recent data of Wagner, Kennedy, McCombe, and Tsui.
Meso-exchange in metallo-octaethylporphyrins

Abstract Electrophilic deuteriation and tritiation of porphyrins and metalloporphyrins can be accomplished using simple pyridinium salts in hot Pyridine; the tritiation procedure allows relative exchange rates for metallo-octaethylporphyrins to be accurately assessed.
Adenosine 3':5' cyclic monophosphate and myeloid leukemic cell proliferation in vitro.

In order to elucidate the possible role of adenosine 3′:5′ cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) in the modulation of proliferation of human leukemic myeloblasts, we have determined cAMP levels of samples from patients with leukemia before and after in vitro suspension culture, in the presence and absence of leucocyte conditioned medium (LCM). cAMP levels correlated with the magnitude of increase of cell numbers after culture with LCM (rank-order correlation coefficient (rs) = 0.57, P < 0.05) and with tritiated thymidine (3H TdR) incorporation during culture (rs) = 0.68, P < 0.01). Additions of the phosphodiesterase resistant analogue 8-bromo cAMP to cultures caused modest increases of 3H TdR incorporation of 8 of 9 acute myeloid leukemia samples after 72h with LCM. Stimulation was optimal at 10−7 M but in the absence of LCM occurred less often and required higher concentrations (10−5 M). Inhibition was noted at concentrations of 10−4 M and greater. Cells cultured in the presence of LCM had lower levels of cAMP (P < 0.01) particularly at points with maximal stimulation of 3H TdR incorporation (P < 0.01). These differences between paired points (with and without LCM) were small and no immediate effect of LCM upon cAMP levels, after 1 and 2-h incubations, was noted. These data suggest that cAMP promotes initiation of leukemic cell proliferation in vitro.
Bicarbonate kinetics in Indian males.

Measurement of rates ofin vivo substrate oxidation such as that of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids, are based on tracer (14C or13C) data, and often depend on the isotopic content of expired CO2. The recovery of tracer-labelled CO2 generated from the oxidation of13C labelled substrates may not be 100% over short term. This can lead to underestimation of oxidation rate of substrates, and consequently a correction for the incomplete recovery of tracer has to be applied by the determination of the recovery of13CO2 in the breath during tracer bicarbonate infusions. We have studied the recovery of tracer-labelled bicarbonate using a bolus administration model, and further characterized kinetics of bicarbonate using a three-compartment model, to assess which compartmental fluxes changed during the change from a fasted state to fed state. Recovery of bicarbonate was lower at 69% and 67% (fasted and fed state) than the value of 71% and 74% found during earlier longer term of continuous infusions. During feeding, there was a 20-fold increase in the flux of bicarbonate between the central compartment and the compartment that was equivalent to the viscera. This study shows that the difference between the fasted and fed state recovery of tracer bicarbonate similar to that obtained with continuous infusions, and that bicarbonate fluxes show large changes between different compartments in the body depending on metabolic state.
Business Schools: Ostrich Syndrome

Examines the incongruency between what business schools teach and what business organizations actually need. Suggests a need for reform. Explores the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) accreditation standards and suggests that this needs much clarification. States that emphasis should be less on the evaluation of “the institutional machinery of business schools” and more on management education′s “impact on society” as an indication of success. Concludes that more innovative action is needed within the management education process.
Feasibility of simultaneous bilateral carotid artery stenting

Due to the progressive aging of the population, severe bilateral carotid stenosis has become a more frequent condition. On occasion, simultaneous revascularization may be appropriate. There is increased evidence that for these high-risk patients, a percutaneous revascularization may be the best approach. However, there are concerns that simultaneous bilateral carotid stenting may be associated with cerebral hyperperfusion, excessive bradycardia, and hypotension. We report a series of 10 consecutive patients who underwent simultaneous bilateral carotid stenting. All of these patients were not deemed to be surgical candidates due to high-risk comorbidities. All but one of the lesions were successfully stented. There were no procedural deaths, myocardial infarctions, or strokes. Thus, among carefully selected patients, simultaneous bilateral carotid artery stenting is a promising, technically feasible option.
Studies of pyrrolo[1,2-alpha]benzimidazolequinone DT-diaphorase substrate activity, topoisomerase II inhibition activity, and DNA reductive alkylation.

The influence of structure on DT-diaphorase substrate activity, topoisomerase II inhibition activity, and DNA reductive alkylation was studied for the 6-aziridinylpyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazolequinones (PBIs) and the 6-acetamidopyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazolequinones (APBIs). The PBIs are reductively activated by DT-diaphorase and alkylate the phosphate backbone of DNA via major groove interactions, while the APBIs are reductively inactivated by this enzyme since only the quinone form inhibits topoisomerase II. Bulk at the 7-position (butyl instead of methyl) significantly decreases kcat/Km for DT-diaphorase reductase activity for both PBIs and APBIs. As a result, a 7-butyl PBI has little cytotoxicity while the 7-butyl APBI has enhanced cytotoxicity. The type of 3-substituent and the configuration of the 3-position of the PBIs and APBIs influence DT-diaphorase substrate activity to a lesser degree. Bulk at the 7-position (butyl instead of methyl) had an adverse effect on APBI inhibition of topoisomerase II while...
An expert systems technology approach to maintenance proficiency

Abstract Traditional maintenance training curricula use paper technical manuals to teach “tricks of the trade” in corrective and preventive maintenance which requires multiple adjustments, lengthy calibrations and labor-intensive test/checkout procedures. Rotation often delays personnel assignment to a platform which requires these maintenance skills. The non-availability of skilled maintenance personnel poses a tremendous threat to readiness conditions for mission critical equipment. In order to best support the Navy's maintenance requirements and improve maintenance efficiency, the Naval Research Laboratory at Stennis Space Center, Mississippi developed an Expert Maintenance Advisor (EMA). This paper discusses an approach which implements Expert Systems technology methods to develop an expert maintenance reference. It also addresses the impact of performance support systems and interactive electronic technical manuals in maintenance training.
Developmental Pathways from Parental Substance Use to Childhood Academic Achievement

This cross-sectional study examined the pathways to childhood academic achievement in 209 African American and Puerto Rican children and their mothers. There were three pathways to childhood academic achievement: (a) the mother-child relationship and the child’s personality mediated between parental substance use and childhood academic achievement; (b) the child’s personality mediated between parental education and childhood academic achievement; and (c) there was a direct relationship between the child’s gender and childhood academic achievement. Policy and clinical implications suggest the importance of increasing educational opportunities for all parents, providing substance use treatment and self-esteem workshops, and altering the school curriculum.
Oxygen therapy in ischemic stroke.

To the Editor: Previous studies of therapeutic oxygen in stroke have had conflicting results, and the latest study by Rusyniak et al1 seems to suggest that hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) is harmful in ischemic stroke. The authors have already discussed how several inadequacies in trial design might explain their negative results. We wish to draw attention to additional features in their study that might offer important insights into the design of future studies of oxygen in stroke. The authors evaluated the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of using HBO in a sham-controlled pilot study of 33 patients with acute (<24 hours) ischemic stroke. The HBO group (17 patients) received 100% oxygen at 2.5 atm absolute (ATA), and the sham group (16 patients) received 100% oxygen at 1.14 ATA, both for 60 minutes. Outcomes were measures at 24 hours and 90 days using several clinical stroke scales. Complications related to the …
A Graphical Technique for Determining the Number of Components in a Mixture of Normals

Abstract When a population is assumed to be composed of a finite number of subpopulations, a natural model to choose is the finite mixture model. It will often be the case, however, that the number of component distributions is unknown and must be estimated. This problem can be difficult; for instance, the density of two mixed normals is not bimodal unless the means are separated by at least 2 standard deviations. Hence modality of the data per se can be an insensitive approach to component estimation. We demonstrate that a mixture of two normals divided by a normal density having the same mean and variance as the mixed density is always bimodal. This analytic result and other related results form the basis for a diagnostic and a test for the number of components in a mixture of normals. The density is estimated using a kernel density estimator. Under the null hypothesis, the proposed diagnostic can be approximated by a stationary Gaussian process. Under the alternative hypothesis, components in the mixtu...
The human papillomavirus type 11 E1--E4 protein is a transglutaminase 3 substrate and induces abnormalities of the cornified cell envelope.

The human papillomavirus (HPV) E1^E4 protein is detected in the cytoplasm of differentiated keratinocytes, near the cornified cell envelope. HPV does not induce lysis of the infected keratinocyte, and the normally durable cornified cell envelope that forms during keratinocyte differentiation would seemingly inhibit viral egress. HPV infection induces abnormalities of the cornified cell envelope, but the exact mechanisms involved are not well understood. We tested whether the HPV 11 E1^E4 protein, which co-localizes the cell envelope and co-purifies with cell envelope fragments, could serve as an in vitro substrate for transglutaminases. We found evidence of E1^E4 cross-linking by endogenous transglutaminases in an in situ assay using frozen sections of human foreskin, and in addition, E1^E4 protein was cross-linked by recombinant transglutaminase 3 (but not transglutaminase 1) in an in vitro cross-linking assay. We also tested whether expression of E1^E4 in differentiated keratinocytes would induce morphologic alterations of cornified cell envelopes. Differentiated keratinocytes expressing E1^E4 were disorganized and pleomorphic compared to control cells, and cell envelopes purified from E1^E4-expressing cells were small, fragmented, and rough bordered compared to the round, smooth bordered cell envelopes from control cells. We conclude from these in vitro experiments that the E1^E4 protein is cross-linked by transglutaminase 3, and that E1^E4 expression in differentiated keratinocytes induces morphologic abnormalities of the cornified cell envelope.
Private Control of the Money Supply: The English Experiment 1694‐1930

Would private ownership of the Bank of England improve monetary control? G. J. Santoni of the Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis argues that when the Bank of England was privately owned control of the money supply was tighter and inflation lower than under government control.
How to Win a Lost Election: Malapportionment and Malaysia’s 2013 General Election

AbstractAllegations of electoral irregularities loomed large prior to and following Malaysia’s 13th general election in May 2013. Yet while these irregularities elicited strong reactions domestically and internationally, they are unlikely to have played a significant role in shaping the election’s outcome. Rather than how the game was played, it was the very rules of the game itself that were responsible for returning the United Malays National Organization and its Barisan Nasional coalition to power for the 13th consecutive time, as Malaysia’s electoral institutions quietly transformed the incumbent coalition’s 4% deficit in the popular vote into a 20% winning margin of parliamentary seats. This is largely the result of substantial variation in the size of electoral districts, which had the effect of delivering parliamentary seats to Barisan Nasional with significantly fewer votes than were required by the opposition to secure its seats. This article has two primary aims. First, it seeks to understand be...
Effect of Relationships on Estimation of Variance Components with an Animal Model and Restricted Maximum Likelihood

Abstract Milk, fat, and protein yields in first lactation of two samples of 12 herds consisting of 4020 and 4024 Holstein cows in New York were used to estimate genetic and phenotypic covariances with an animal model by REML. Relationships were calculated within herd in three ways to provide inverses of relationship matrices. Full relationships consisted of tracing relationships to parents (base animals) of animals with milk and fat records between 1970 and 1980. Full relationships less base animals consisted of tracing relationships only one generation back from when protein records became available in 1981. Sire-only relationships were compiled using only relationships through sires. Fractions of nonzero elements in inverses of within-herd relationship matrices were .72 for full, .62 for full-less-base, and .04 for sire-only relationships. Heritability estimates averaged over milk, fat, and protein were .35 with full, .33 with full-less-base, and .25 with sire-only relationship matrices. Estimates of genetic and phenotypic correlations were not affected by how relationships were computed. Comparable analyses of milk and fat yields from other sets of California, New York, and Wisconsin herds resulted in estimates of heritability that were slightly greater when only daughter and dam records were used than when all records in a herd were used.
Stoichiometry of the NADH-oxidoreductase reaction for dehydrogenase determinations.

Abstract The NADH oxidoreductase reaction with resazurin was most rapid at pH 6.5. FMN (10 μmol/1) markedly stimulated the reaction, and the optimal concentration of resazurin was 50 μmol/1. The oxidation of NADH by NADH oxidoreductase with resaruzin as electron acceptor gave a variable yield of fluorescent product, resorufin. The yield was pH dependent and was greatest at pH 6.5. Measurements of oxygen consumption in the reaction mixture demonstrated that dissolved O2 was an alternative electron acceptor. The increased yield of resorufin at pH 6.5 was due to more rapid reduction of resazurin rather than oxygen. In contrast, at pH 9.0 oxygen was the preferred electron acceptor. The sensitivity of assays utilizing this indicator reaction can be improved by these optimized conditions.
Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on growth: a longitudinal analysis.

OBJECTIVE. There has been a limited amount of research on the long-term effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on growth of the infant, and there has been no use of longitudinal growth models. We investigated the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on offspring growth from 1 through 10 years of age by using a repeated-measures growth-curve model. METHODS. Women were enrolled from a prenatal clinic and interviewed at the end of each trimester of pregnancy about their cocaine, crack, alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, and other drug use. Fifty percent of the women were white, and 50% were black. Follow-up assessments occurred at 1, 3, 7, and 10 years of age. RESULTS. Cross-sectional analyses showed that children exposed to cocaine during the first trimester (n = 99) were smaller on all growth parameters at 7 and 10 years, but not at 1 or 3 years, than the children who were not exposed to cocaine during the first trimester (n = 125). The longitudinal analyses indicated that the growth curves for the 2 groups diverged over time: children who were prenatally exposed to cocaine grew at a slower rate than children who were not exposed. These analyses controlled for other factors associated with child growth. CONCLUSIONS. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the long-term effects of prenatal cocaine exposure to conduct longitudinal growth-curve analyses using 4 time points in childhood. Children who were exposed to cocaine during the first trimester grew at a slower rate than those who were not exposed. These findings indicate that prenatal cocaine exposure has a lasting effect on child development.
Effect of Adrenal Cortical Hormone on Carbohydrate Stores of Fasted Hypophysectomized Rats.

SummaryThe injection of adequate amounts of either adrenal cortical extract or the crystalline compound B of Kendall will not only prevent the depletion of the carbohydrate stores of fasted hypophysectomized rats, but will also restore them after they have been depleted by fasting.
Finite higher commutators in associative rings

If \( T \) is any finite higher commutator in a ring \( R \), for example \( T = [[R, R], [R, R]] \), and if \( T \) has minimal cardinality so that the ideal generated by \( T \) is infinite, then \( T \) is in the center of \( R \) and \( T^2 = 0 \). Also, if \( T \) is any finite, higher commutator containing no nonzero nilpotent element then \( T \) generates a finite ideal. DOI: 10.1017/S0004972713000890
Sialic acid residues contribute to the heterogeneity of human serum ribonuclease: demonstration by isoelectric focusing and neuraminidase treatment of serum.

Abstract Ribonuclease (RNase) activity from human serum appears as multiple zones of activity following isoelectric focusing in thin layer polyacrylamide gel. At least one but not all of these zones is cross reactive with rabbit antibovine pancreatic RNase A antiserum. Treatment of serum or partially purified serum RNase with neuraminidase reduces the complexity of the serum RNase banding pattern to a major band which focuses at a pH of 9.5 or greater and a minor zone of activity which focuses at about pH 6.0–6.2. Trypsin does not affect the pattern. Thus, sialic acid residues account for a large portion of the heterogeneity of human serum RNase. Neuraminidase treatment is requisite for evaluating RNase from serum and certain other sources.
Lyapunov-Based Guidance for Orbit Transfers and Rendezvous in Levi-Civita Coordinates

This paper considers planar orbit transfers and rendezvous problems around a central body using Lyapunov stability theory. The model used is the Levi-Civita transformation of the planar two-body problem. One of the advantages of working in these transformed coordinates is that the solution to the unperturbed equations of motion is that of a simple harmonic oscillator, so the analytical solution is known at all times during coast phases. We design a closed-loop guidance scheme for orbit transfers from any initial elliptical orbit to any final elliptical orbit using a spacecraft with thrust–coast capabilities. A similar procedure is performed to design a control law for rendezvous with any desired target spacecraft. The proposed Lyapunov functions give rise to asymptotically stabilizing control laws. The algorithms designed are robust to initial and final conditions, computationally fast, and no restrictions are imposed on the magnitude of the thrust. The guidance scheme is also effective in a dynamic model...
Resolution enhancement of biomagnetic images using the method of alternating protections

Resolution of biomagnetic images using the technique of alternating projections is proposed. The image reconstruction procedure is divided into two steps. First, the biomagnetic inverse problem is solved by using the projection theorem to reconstruct an initial image of the current distribution from a given magnetic field profile. Although the current distribution thus obtained has poor resolution, it can resemble the original shape of the current distribution. The second step improves the resolution of the reconstructed image by using the method of alternating projections. The procedure assumes that images can be represented by linelike elements and involves finding such elements based on the initial image and projecting back onto the original solution space. Simulation studies were performed on a set of parallel conductors and conductors shaped in the form of the letters, U, W, and B and of the 'at' symbol, and all of linelike thickness. Restored images closely resemble the original shape of the conductors. >
Religion in America

This comprehensive narrative account of religion in America from the sixteenth century through the present depicts the religious life of the American people within the context of American society. It addresses topics ranging from the European origins of American religious thought and the diversity of religion in America, to the relation of nationhood with religious practice and the importance of race, ethnicity, and gender in American religious history. Split into four parts this textbook covers: Religion in a Colonial Context, 1492-1789 The New Nation, 1789-1865 Years of Midpassage, 1865-1918 Modern America, 1918- Present This new edition has been thoroughly updated to include further discussion of colonialism, religious minorities, space and empire, religious freedom, emotion, popular religion, sexuality, the ascent of the "nones," Islamophobia, and the development of an American mission to the world. With a detailed timeline, illustrations and maps throughout, and an accompanying companion website Religion in America is the perfect introduction for students new to the study of this topic who wish to understand the key themes, places, and people who shaped the world as we know it today.
a General Topology-Based Mesh Data Structure

SUMMARY A representation for a mesh based on the topological hierarchy of vertices, edges, faces and regions, is described. The representation is general and easily supports procedures ranging from mesh generation to adaptive analysis processes. Three implementations are given which concentrate on di⁄erent aspects of performance (storage requirements and speed). Comparisons are made to other published representations. ( 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of cordierite from acetylacetonate/alkoxide precursors

Syntheses of ultrafine glass powders in the MgO–Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 ternary oxide system were effected by drying and calcining sols derived from acetylacetonate-tetraethoxysilane ethanol solutions. A mixture of magnesium and aluminum acetylacetonates, dissolved with Si(OC 2 H 5 ) 4 in an ethanol solution in a 2:4:5 Mg: Al: Si mole ratio, was hydrolyzed, spray-dried, and calcined to yield a glass powder of 70 A primary particle size, which sintered to densities ≥ 2.5 g/cm 3 and which formed μ-cordierite as the only crystalline phase below 1000 °C. Incorporation of dopant quantities of boron and phosphorus, via their alkyl esters in the hydrolysis reaction with Si(OC 2 H 5 ) 4 and the acetylacetonates, afforded powders which crystallized in the α-phase directly after sintering to density = 2.66 g/cm 3 .
Short-term effects of the tumor promoting polychlorinated biphenyl mixture, Aroclor 1254, on I-compounds in liver, kidney and lung DNA of male Sprague-Dawley rats.

The effects of a tumor promoting polychlorinated biphenyl mixture. Aroclor 1254, on I-compounds (tissue, species and sex dependent DNA modifications that increase with age in untreated rodents) were studied by 32P-postlabeling in male Sprague-Dawley rat liver, kidney, and lung DNA. Aroclor 1254 was dissolved in corn oil and intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected (2 × 500 mg/kg, 2 weeks apart) into 3-month-old rats. Control rats were given corn oil. Groups of 3 animals were sacrificed at 2 and 6 weeks after the second injection of corn oil or Aroclor 1254. At both time points Aroclor 1254-treated rats had significantly lower body weights and higher liver weight while kidney and lung weights were unaffected. Thymidine incorporation into liver and lung DNA was significantly increased at both time points, while kidney DNA showed a small decrease at 2 weeks. Treatment resulted in significant reductions (ranging from 29 to 100%) of each of nine liver I-spots at 2 and 6 weeks. In treated rats there was no decrease in kidney I-spots at 2 weeks, while the levels of only two out of ten kidney spots were reduced by 42–91% at 6 weeks. At 2 weeks three out of seven and at 6 weeks four out of seven lung I-spots were lowered by 51–100% in the Aroclor 1254-treated rats. Thus the effects decreased in the order liver > lung > kidney. Since Aroclor 1254 has been reported to be a tumor promoter in liver and lung but not kidney, these results suggest a correlation between organ specific promotion of carcinogenesis by Aroclor 1254 and the reduction of DNA I-compounds.
Laparoscopic Sacral Colpopexy: A Proposed Technique

This case report describes a laparoscopic sacral colpopexy using Mersilene mesh in a patient with complete vaginal vault prolapse. Mersilene mesh was placed as a hammock between the vaginal apex and the anterior surface of the sacrum, using intracorporeal needles and an extracorporeal knot tying technique. Minor modifications are made from the traditional abdominal approach, because the patient had previously undergone a pelvic lymphadenectomy and vaginal cuff radiation for a stage IB grade 1 adenocarcinoma of the endometrium.
Gold nanocluster-catalyzed selective oxidation of sulfide to sulfoxide

Thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters are explored for catalytic application in the selective oxidation of sulfide to sulfoxide by PhIO. The TiO2-supported Au25(SR)18 nanocluster catalysts give rise to high catalytic activity (e.g. ∼97% conv. of Ph–S–CH3 and ∼92% selectivity for Ph–S(O)–CH3 sulfoxide) and show excellent recyclability in the sulfoxidation process.
Toxicity of a phthalate ester in the diet of a penaied shrimp

The toxicity of dl‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, was measured experimentally as a contaminant in shrimp aquaculture feeds. Diets containing 40 to 50,000 ppm DEHP were fed to Penaeus vannamei for 14 d at 4% body weight/d. DEHP concentrations in shrimp, diet, and water were measured by electron‐capture gas chromatography. Whole‐body residues in shrimp were 18 ppm at the highest dose, and bioconcentration factors were inversely proportional to dose. DEHP in water was ≤ 1.7 ppb for all dose levels. No increased mortality or histopathological alterations were observed at any dose. Absorption of DEHP by P. vannamei was measured in static 24‐ and 96‐h bioassays. Diets enriched with [ 14 C]DEHP to levels of 60, 600, and 6000 ppm were fed at 2% body weight Id. At all dose levels, 3.7% of total radioactivity was measured as body burden in shrimp and 40% as polar species in test water after 96 h. DEHP by oral administration was absorbed, metabolized, and excreted, and this proc...
A Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and Phosphatidylinositol Transfer Protein Act Synergistically in Formation of Constitutive Transport Vesicles from the Trans-Golgi Network

Current evidence suggests that phosphatidylinositol (PI) kinases and phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP) are involved in driving vesicular traffic from yeast and mammalian trans-Golgi network (TGN). We have tested the interaction between these cytosolic proteins in an assay that measures the formation of constitutive transport vesicles from the TGN in a hepatocyte cell-free system. This reaction is dependent on a novel PI 3-kinase, and we now report that, under conditions of limiting cytosol, purified PI 3-kinase and PITP functionally cooperate to drive exocytic vesicle formation. This synergy was observed with both yeast and mammalian PITPs, and it also extended to the formation of PI 3-phosphate. These collective findings indicate that the PI 3-kinase and PITP synergize to form a pool of PI 3-phosphate that is essential for formation of exocytic vesicles from the hepatocyte TGN.
Influence of milk composition and somatic cell and psychrotrophic bacteria counts on ultrafiltration flux

Abstract The influence of variations in milk composition, SCC, and psychrotrophic bacteria count on UF flux were determined. A pilot scale plate and frame UF system with 10,000 molecular weight cut-off (nominal) membranes was used to simulate process conditions in the first stage (concentration factor 1.3 to 1.4 ×) of a multistage UF system. Variations in milk composition had a significant influence on flux. A 1% change in milk fat, lactose, and true protein resulted in 1.2, 3.4, and 5.2 L/m 2 h change in UF flux, respectively. Milk with SCC of approximately 1.3×10 6 /ml gave significantly lower flux (1.3 L/m 2 h) than low SCC milk (2.1×10 5 /ml). Raw milk psychrotrophic bacteria counts in the range of
Glycemic control over 3 years in a young adult clinic for patients with type 1 diabetes

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effect of specialized young adult diabetes clinic (YAC) on glycemic control in a young adult patients with type 1 diabetes (DM1) transitioning from pediatric to adult diabetes care. Research design and methods HbA1c was retrospectively analyzed through 3 years in 15–25 y/o DM1 patients entering a YAC, and compared to similar patients entering general endocrine clinics (GEC) in a university diabetes center. Results Ninety-six patients were seen in the YAC, compared to 153 patients in the GEC. No difference in HbA1c was seen at entry (YAC 9.0 ± 2.3% versus 8.8 ± 2.3%). HbA1c did not change over time in either clinic (mean 3-year HbA1c 8.6 ± 2.1% in YAC versus 8.4 ± 2.3% in GEC). When the HbA1c values were divided into tertiles, no differences in distribution of baseline HbA1c were seen. Within the highest tertile, the YAC had a greater fall in HbA1c, compared to the GEC. Pump users from both clinics had HbA1c values 1% lower at each time point. Conclusions Young adults with DM1 continue to have difficulty achieving target HbA1c values. Earlier use of pump therapy and a specialized YAC for those with the worst glycemic control will benefit this population.
A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay for detection and quantitation of the dipeptide Gly-Gln in rat brain

The enzymatic cleavage products of β-endorphin (β-endorphin1-27 and Gly-Gln) reduce voluntary alcohol consumption in alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Gly-Gln also inhibits the reward-benefiting effects of morphine and nicotine. It would be useful for the investigation of these effects to have an analytical method suitable for Gly-Gln detection and quantitation. Given the now widespread availability of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) instruments, the development of an LC-MS/MS-based approach seemed a viable option. An LC-MS/MS method for Gly-Gln quantitation was developed based on derivatization with Marfey's reagent. The Marfey's adduct of Gly-Gln (Mar-Gly-Gln) was chromatographically resolved and readily detected and quantitated by LC-MS/MS. Precursor/product positive ions of 456.2/366.2, 456.2/237.2, and 456.2/147.0 were used for detection and quantitation. This method shows good linearity from 1 to 500 pmol of Mar-Gly-Gln (R2 > 0.99). The assay also demonstrated good accuracy and precision, with an average percentage standard deviation for Gly-Gln over the range of the assay of less than 5%. A combination of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) fragment ratio normalization and chromatographic peak shifting was used to ensure that the LC-MS/MS peak for Mar-Gly-Gln was free from possible isobar interferences. This assay was then demonstrated for the determination of in vivo Gly-Gln levels in P and Sprague-Dawley rat cortex and nucleus accumbens samples.
The fracture toughness of titanium-fiber-reinforced bone cement.

Fracture of the poly(methyl methacrylate) bone cement mantle can lead to the loosening and ultimate failure of cemented total joint prostheses. The addition of fibers to the bone cement increases fracture resistance and may reduce, if not eliminate, in vivo fracturing. This study discusses the effect of incorporating titanium (Ti) fibers on fracture toughness. Essential characteristics of the composite bone cement included a homogeneous and uniform fiber distribution, and a minimal increase in apparent viscosity of the polymerizing cement. Ti fiber contents of 1%, 2%, and 5% by volume increased the fracture toughness over non-reinforced bone cement by up to 56%. Bone cements of two different viscosities were used as matrix material, but when reinforced with the same fiber type and content, they showed no difference in fracture toughness. Four different fiber aspect ratios (68, 125, 227, 417) were tested. At 5% fiber content, there was no statistically significant dependence of fracture toughness on fiber aspect ratio. Scanning electron microscopy revealed important toughening mechanisms such as fiber/matrix debonding, local fracture path alteration, and ductile fiber deformation and fracture. Fiber fracture was evidence that the critical fiber length was exceeded. The surfaces of the Ti fibers were rough and irregular, indicating that a high degree of mechanical interlock between matrix and fiber was likely. The energy absorption contribution of plastic deformation and ductile fracture is absent in brittle fibers, like carbon, but is a distinction of the Ti fibers used in this study. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ATP-dependent fusion of liposomes with the Golgi apparatus of perforated cells

Abstract We examined the interactions of lipid vesicles (liposomes) labeled with various fluorescent markers with the intracellular membranes of semi-intact ("perforated") fibroblasts. When incubations were performed in the presence of an ATP-regenerating system, both vesicle lipids and entrapped water soluble markers were transferred to the Golgi apparatus of treated cells, indicative of membrane fusion. Fusion occurred using unilamellar vesicles 30–80 nm in diameter and composed of phosphatidylcholine alone, but was inhibited when equimolar amounts of either phosphatidylserine or sphingomyelin were present in the vesicles. Lipid vesicle-Golgi membrane fusion was also inhibited by pretreatment of the perforated cells with N-ethylmaleimide. These findings suggest that lipid vesicles may be useful for delivery of labeled lipids, macromolecules, and dyes to the Golgi apparatus, and for modeling the interactions of transport vesicles with the Golgi apparatus.
The distance of a subdivision surface to its control polyhedron

For standard subdivision algorithms and generic input data, near an extraordinary point the distance from the limit surface to the control polyhedron after m subdivision steps is shown to decay dominated by the mth power of the subsubdominant (third largest) eigenvalue. Conversely, for Loop subdivision we exhibit generic input data so that the Hausdorff distance at the mth step is greater than or equal to the mth power of the subsubdominant eigenvalue. In practice, it is important to closely predict the number of subdivision steps necessary so that the control polyhedron approximates the surface to within a fixed distance. Based on the above analysis, two such predictions are evaluated. The first is a popular heuristic that analyzes the distance only for control points and not for the facets of the control polyhedron. For a set of test polyhedra this prediction is remarkably close to the true distance. However, a concrete example shows that the prediction is not safe but can prescribe too few steps. The second approach is to first locally, per vertex neighborhood, subdivide the input net and then apply tabulated bounds on the eigenfunctions of the subdivision algorithm. This yields always safe predictions that are within one step for a set of typical test surfaces.
Paleopathologic diagnosis based on experimental mummification

The difficulties of diagnosis of pathologic conditions are immensely magnified when the subject of a postmortem examination has been postmortem for several hundreds to thousands of years. Artefacts of decomposi- tion and bacterial and fungal invasion are compounded upon those of rehydra- tion when mummified tissue is examined. As an approach to these problems, a study of the changes seen in experimentally mummified and rehydrated tissues was undertaken. Normal and pathologic tissues were studied in comparison to sections prepared from the fresh tissue. The experimentally mummified tissues were generally similar to, but some- what better preserved than, actual human mummies. There was organ and tis- sue specific variability in preservation, and different classes of pathology like- wise showed differential preservation. Inflammatory reactions were not very well-preserved although infecting microorganisms were easily identified. De- generative processes such as atherosclerosis and others characterized by the accumulation of abnormal products, were well preserved, while necrosis, as in acute myocardial infarction, was not. Malignancies were particularly well preserved. The implications of these findings for previous and future mummy studies is discussed in terms of our understanding of the evolution of disease processes.
Management of multiple renal arteries in renal transplantation

Abstract Over a three-year period, 23 kidneys with multiple renal arteries were transplanted. Four types of vascular anastomoses were used: Carrel aortic patches; accessory artery to main renal artery anastomoses; double renal artery anastomoses to the external iliac artery; and anastomoses of the conjoined arteries to the external iliac artery. The results in this series compared favorably with a similar group of single artery transplants. The indications and hemodynamic justification for each procedure are presented.
Employment Outcomes for People with Moderate and Severe Disabilities: An Eight-Year Longitudinal Analysis of Supported Competitive Employment:

The efforts of those advocating supported employment have resulted in expansion of the opportunities for people with moderate and severe disabilities in the past several years. Results reported pre...
Properties of carbon fibers

Abstract The mechanical properties for carbon fibers are determined in terms of the elastic moduli of single crystal graphite. This is done for the two basic fiber microstructures, radial and onion skin. The final results are found through a transformation from cylindrically orthotropic to transversely isotropic properties. One of the five independent properties is found to be strongly influenced by the microstructure type.