cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seismic Refraction Profiles, Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island

During August 27, 28, and 29, 1956, Research Vessel Bear and a shooting boat were used in a seismic refraction survey of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, to determine the depth to bedrock beneath the bay and the subbottom geological conditions. Twenty-nine refraction profiles were established along about 18 miles, from the southern end of the West Passage of the bay to the northern end of the bay. Using a floating cable with 12 detectors at 100-foot intervals and conventional seismic prospecting-recording equipment 282 seismograms were obtained. The results show that a large portion of the bay is underlain by two prominent high-velocity layers. The depth to the first layer is between 60 and 200 feet and the velocity of the layer ranges between 10,000 and 14,000 ft/sec. The depth to the second layer is generally between 150 and 500 feet, and the velocity ranges between 16,000 and 20,000 ft/sec. It is suggested that the first layer corresponds to a thin layer of Carboniferous rocks, and the second to a crystalline basement complex which persists at shallow depths.
Statistical Inference and Quantum Mechanical Measurement

We analyze the quantum mechanical measuring process from the standpoint of information theory. Statistical inference is used in order to define the most likely state of the measured system that is compatible with the readings of the measuring instrument and the a priori information about the correlations between the system and the instrument. This approach has the advantage that no reference to the time evolution of the combined system need be made. It must, however, be emphasized that the result is to be interpreted as the statistically inferred state of the original system rather than the state of the system after measurement. The phenomenon of “reduction of states” appears in this light as a consequence of incomplete information rather than the physical interaction between measured system and measuring instrument.
Heteroepitaxial Ge MOS Devices on Si Using Composite AlAs/GaAs Buffer

Structural and electrical characteristics of epitaxial germanium (Ge) heterogeneously integrated on silicon (Si) via a composite, large bandgap AlAs/GaAs buffer are investigated. Electrical characteristics of N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors, fabricated from the aforementioned material stack are then presented. Simulated and experimental X-ray rocking curves show distinct Ge, AlAs, and GaAs epilayer peaks. Moreover, secondary ion mass spectrometry, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) profile, and EDS line profile suggest limited interdiffusion of the underlying buffer into the Ge layer, which is further indicative of the successful growth of device-quality epitaxial Ge layer. The Ge MOS capacitor devices demonstrated low frequency dispersion of 1.80% per decade, low frequency-dependent flat-band voltage, $V_{FB}$ , shift of 153 mV, efficient Fermi level movement, and limited C-V stretch out. Low interface state density $(D_{it} )$ from $8.55 \times 10^{11} $ to $1.09 \times 10^{12}~ {\rm cm}^{-2} ~{\rm eV}^{-1} $ is indicative of a high-quality oxide/Ge heterointerface, an effective electrical passivation of the Ge surface, and a Ge epitaxy with minimal defects. These superior electrical and material characteristics suggest the feasibility of utilizing large bandgap III-V buffers in the heterointegration of high-mobility channel materials on Si for future high-speed complementary metal-oxide semiconductor logic applications.
Optimal Curved Fences for Part Alignment on a Belt

In automated packing or assembly it is often necessary to bring randomly oriented parts into uniform alignment. Mechanical methods such as vibratory bowl feeders are often used for this purpose, although there is no theory for the systematic design of such feeders. A slanted «fence» attached to the stationary sides of a conveyor belt is also capable of orienting a stream of parts and a sequence of such fences has been shown [17] to function as a systematically designable linear parts feeder. A limitation of fence alignment is that once a part has left contact with a fence, its final orientation is confined to a narrow range of angles but is not unique. Here we consider the design of a single fence, consisting of a straight slanted section followed by an optimal curved tail. The straight section selectivity aligns certain edges of the part, while the curved tail preserves this alignment precisely as the part leaves contact with the fence. We have found the shortest tail which guarantees alignment.Optimal curved fences may be used individually for alignment of parts of a conveyor belt. They also lend themselves to systematic design of multi-fence linear parts feeders [8], [17]
Scaffolding students’ opportunities to learn mathematics through social interactions

In this study, we take a sociocultural perspective on teaching and learning to examine how teachers in an urban Algebra 1 classroom constructed opportunities to learn. Drawing on analyses of discourse practices, including videotaped classroom lessons as well as other classroom artifacts and telephone interviews, we describe ways that two teachers and their students interacted to develop mathematical understanding. Through descriptive narrative, we highlight practices that positioned students as competent mathematical thinkers and provided evidence of students' mathematical agency. This study suggests that critical awareness of discourse practices in conjunction with teacher mediation of other affordances for learning within the classroom environment might engage students in mathematical practices such as problem solving, explaining mathematical ideas, arguing for or against specific solutions to problems, and justifying mathematical thinking.
Comparisons between characteristic lengths and fibre equivalent diameters in glass fibre and melamine foam materials of similar flow resistivity

Abstract Flow resistivity, tortuosity, viscous characteristic length and thermal characteristic length of three melamine foam and two glass wool samples have been measured. It has been found that a melamine foam sample with a bulk density 10.3 kg m−3 and a glass wool sample with a bulk density 28.0 kg m−3 have almost the same flow resistivity, however, the bulk density is as much as three times different. The cross-sectional pore shape factors, which are deduced with the non-acoustical parameters in the Johnson–Allard model, of the melamine foam are smaller than those of the glass wool. This paper also discusses a new relationship between the flow resistivity, the fibre equivalent diameter and the bulk density in melamine foam.
The equilibrium constant and formal potentials of the mercury electrode in equilibrium with mercury(I) and mercury(II) at unit ionic strength and 25°C

Abstract The formal reduction potentials of the Hg(II)-Hg(I)-Hg(0) system and the equilibrium constant were evaluated in 1 M KNO3 at 25°C. For the couple, Hg(I)/Hg(0), Ef1 = 0.7677 V; for Hg(II)/Hg(I), Ef21 = 0.8857 V; for Hg(II)/Hg(0), Ef2 = 0.8267 V; the equilibrium constant concentration ratio K0 = Hg(I)/Hg(II) = 98.8.
Improving training outcomes using pre-training scripts: a theory of planned behavior approach

Abstract Prior research has shown that high levels of behavioral intentions to use a system lead to increased use of information systems. Therefore, researchers have emphasized the need to identify methods that can enhance users’ intentions to use a system. Training programs are viewed as one avenue to improve users’ intentions to use a system. Two important goals of a training program are to enhance a trainee’s intentions to use the target system and improve their level of system proficiency. This study postulates that the Theory of Planned Behavior could be used to guide the development of belief manipulation pre-training scripts. These pre-training scripts can be used to positively influence trainees’ beliefs regarding the target system leading to higher intentions to use the system and in improved levels of system proficiency. The results of a controlled laboratory experiment indicate that subjects who received the belief manipulation pre-training script showed significantly higher intentions to use the target system when compared to subjects who did not. The belief manipulation pre-training scripts, however, did not seem to improve the level of system proficiency of trainees.
Improving the prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients with an arterially-enhancing liver mass

In the United States, cirrhotic patients with known or suspected hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are prioritized for liver transplantation. Noninvasive criteria for the diagnosis of HCC rely on arterial enhancement of a mass. The aim of this study was to determine whether clinical, laboratory, and / or radiologic data can improve the prediction of HCC in cirrhotic patients with an arterially-enhancing mass. Between May 2002 and June 2003, dynamic gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of consecutive patients with liver cirrhosis and a solid mass were reviewed by 2 radiologists blinded to the clinical diagnosis. Clinical, laboratory, and radiologic data were recorded for all patients. A total of 94 patients with cirrhosis and an arterially-enhancing liver mass were studied, 66 (70%) of whom had HCC. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) >20 ng/mL (P .029), tumor size > 2c m (P .0018), and delayed hypointensity (P .0001) were independent predictors of HCC. Delayed hypointensity of an arterially-enhancing mass had a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 96% for HCC. The presence of delayed hypointensity was the only independent predictor of HCC among patients with arterially-enhancing lesions <2 cm (odds ratio, 6.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-13), with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 95%. In conclusion, delayed hypointensity of an arteriallyenhancing mass was the strongest independent predictor of HCC, regardless of the size of the lesion. If additional studies confirm our results, the noninvasive criteria utilized to make a diagnosis of HCC should be revised. (Liver Transpl 2005;11:281–289.)
Evaluation of unplanned interruptions in radiotherapy treatment schedules

Abstract One of the major radiobiological interests has been to maximize the effectiveness of the time-dose relationship in the clinical setting. Current explorations include altered fractionation schedules, multiple daily fractions and hypofractionation. Patient compliance to standard radiotherapy treatment schedules is taken for granted. To evaluate the true rate of compliance, the charts of all new patients treated from July 1, 1984 through June 30, 1985 were reviewed. The overall incidence of unplanned interruptions was 54% ( 361 668 ). The frequency of interruptions is significantly higher in patients treated to the primary site as compared to those treated for metastasis (59.8% and 35.6% respectively). The duration of the interruptions varied: 12.7% of the patients missed only 1 day, 25% missed 2 to 5 days, 38% had interruptions totalling 6–15 days, and in 24% the total exceeded 15 days. The most frequent cause of the unplanned interruptions was a rest resulting from unusually adverse tissue reactions (46.8%– 169 361 ). Although this study has documented that unplanned interruptions are a major problem, the impact on local control and survival cannot be determined from our data. A retrospective review of multi-institutional studies such as those conducted by the Patterns of Care or RTOG might show that one of the major causes of failure is unplanned interruptions.
The Date of the Adonia at Athens

THREE dates have been suggested for the celebration of the festival of Adonis at Athens, all of which have found adherents in recent years. Deubner, relying solely on the apparent evidence of vase-paintings, as interpreted by Hauser, placed the Adonia at the beginning of autumn.The only argument in favor of so late a date, that bunches of fresh grapes appeared in representations of the Kiot 'A8b&zos' was disposed of by Nock, who pointed out that grapes were also kept until the feast of Choes, Anthesterion 12.2 Weightier arguments have been adduced for a date in midsummer. Baudissin first put forth this theory in opposition to the then prevalent belief in a spring festival.3 Cumont has since shown that under the Empire, the festival was held on the nineteenth of July, the date, according to the Julian calendar, of the rising of Sirius and the beginning of the canicular year.4 He suggested further that such was also the case at Athens, and, accordingly, that in 415 B.C. the fleet did not sail for Sicily till after that date.5
Pixelating the populace

Being Digital. By Nicholas Negroponte. Knopf/Hodder and Stoughton: 1995. Pp. 243. $23, £12.99.
Competing Visions for U.S. Grand Strategy

The dramatic events that marked the end of the Cold War and the subsequent early end of the twentieth century require the United States to reconsider its national security policy. What are U.S. interests and objectives? What are the threats to those interests and objectives? What are the appropriate strategic responses to those threats? What principles should guide the development of U.S. policy and strategy? In short, what should be the new grand strategy of the United States? Four grand strategies, relatively discrete and coherent arguments about the U.S. role in the world, now compete in our public discourse. They may be termed neo-isolationism; selective engagement; cooperative security; and primacy (see Table 1 for a summary presentation of the four alternative visions). Below, we describe each of these four strategies in its purest form; we borrow liberally from the academics, government ofacials, journalists, and policy analysts who have contributed to this debate, but on issues where others have kept silent, or been inconsistent, we impose consistency in the interest of clarity. Our purpose is not advocacy; it is transparency. We hope to sharpen the public debate, not settle it. We then offer our characterization and critique of the evolving grand strategy of the Clinton administration, an uneasy amalgam of selective engagement, cooperative security, and primacy. Finally, we speculate on what might cause the United States to make a clearer grand strategy choice. The state of the U.S. economy, the national anances, and persistent social problems largely drove foreign and defense policy out of the 1992 presidential race. The 1996 campaign was little different. The arst months of the arst Clinton administration were characterized by indirection, and later by a nearly singleminded focus on economic issues. Security matters were dealt with sequentially and incrementally; no obvious grand scheme emerged until Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Anthony Lake proposed in Septem-
Sex Differences in Play Among Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Infants: Implications for Adult Behavior and Social Structure

Mammalian play is believed to improve motor skills as well as facilitate the development of social relationships. Given the marked sexual dimorphism in gorilla body size and the role assumed by the male in protecting the group from conspecifics and predators, the motor-training hypothesis of play predicts that male infants should exhibit higher frequencies of social play than female infants, and that males should prefer to play with other males. Given that adult female gorillas are strongly attracted to adult breeding males and form only weak social bonds with unrelated adult females, the social-relationship hypothesis of play predicts that female infants should prefer to play with males. These hypotheses were tested in a 22-month study of 12 gorilla infants, aged between 0-5 years, living in three zoological parks in Chicago and Atlanta. Consistent with the hypotheses, male infants played more than female infants did, and both male and female infants preferred to play with males rather than with females. These findings suggest that sex differences in play in the great apes and other primates can be predicted by the characteristics of adult behavior and social structure above and beyond the patterns of sex-biased dispersal or coalition formation with same-sex kin.
The role of Web-based information in the scholarly communication of chemists: Citation and content analyses of American Chemical Society Journals

Citation and content analyses of eight American Chemical Society (ACS) journals in a range of fields of chemistry were used to describe the use of Web-based information resources by the authors and readers of the scholarly literature of chemistry. The analyses indicate that even though the number of Web-based information resources has grown steadily over the past decade, chemists are not taking full advantage of freely available Web-based resources. They are, however, making use of the ACS Electronic Supporting Information archive. The content of the Web-based resources that are used is primarily text based, and the URLs are provided in the articles' reference lists and experimental sections. The presence of a reference to a Web-based resource in a chemistry article does not influence its rate of citation, even though the viability of the URLs was found to erode with time. Comparison of citation and online access data reveals that at the highest levels of citation, articles also garner high levels of online access. This was especially true for articles describing a technique or methodology. Even though chemists do not incorporate large numbers of freely available Web-based resources into their publications, an increasingly important component of a chemist's information behavior for the direct support of his or her research is unfettered bench-top access via the Web. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) Programs Merit more Consideration in the Indian Setting?

Many individuals in India are nowadays either being diagnosed early with type 2 diabetes or lack optimal control of their diabetes. Reducing the burden and impact of diabetes mellitus in India is a major priority among the healthcare system. Diabetes educators, through DPP models, have shown to reduce the risk of developing diabetes among pre-diabetics through lifestyle changes. Among diabetics, DSME is seen as an essential intervention and as a cornerstone of diabetes care. Short-lived benefits and presence of barriers & challenges limit the inclusion of sufficient numbers of health educators or trained individuals in resource limited Indian settings to educate high risk individuals and improve self-management behaviors.
First description of the male of Sphecotypus niger (Perty, 1833), with notes on behavioral and morphological mimicry (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae)

The genus Sphecotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1895, is currently represented by three species: S. birmanicus (Thorell, 1897) from Myanmar and Borneo, S. taprobanicus Simon, 1897 from Sri Lanka, and S. niger (Perty, 1833) from Central and South America. Of the three currently known species, only S. birmanicus has both sexes described, whereas the other two species are known from female specimens only, including the type species of the genus, S. niger (Deeleman-Reinhold 2001). Material recently examined from Costa Rica and Nicaragua included several specimens, including a male of S. niger , which is described here. The northern-most documented distribution of S. niger was Panama (Reiskind 1969; Platnick 2014). Thus, the specimens from Nicaragua extend the known range of these spiders further north.
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P450 gene expression in the primitive gut of the mouse embryo does not require steroidogenic factor 1.

In situ hybridization studies reveal novel sites of expression of cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P450 (P450scc) during murine embryonic development. In addition to fetal adrenals and testes, P450scc transcripts localize in situ to the primitive gut and to a subset of unidentified cells in the dermal mesenchyme of embryonic skin. In the gut, transcripts are most abundant in luminal epithelia of the hindgut, which will form the colon. P450scc transcript abundance at these novel sites is a fraction of that in fetal adrenals or testes, suggesting a local rather than an endocrine function. Immunocytochemical analyses localize P450scc protein to the fetal hindgut, indicating that the transcripts are translated in vivo. RNA isolated from microdissected embryonic hindgut and skin was reverse transcribed and amplified by polymerase chain reaction. DNA sequence analyses of polymerase chain reaction products confirmed that specific hybridization in situ represents authentic P450scc gene (Cyp11A) transcri...
A pilot study of urinary fibroblast growth factor-2 and epithelial growth factor as potential biomarkers of acute kidney injury in critically ill children

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) increases the morbidity of critically ill children. Thus, it is necessary to identify better renal biomarkers to follow the outcome of these patients. This prospective case–control study explored the clinical value of a urinary biomarker profile comprised of neutrophil gelatinase lipocalin (uNGAL), fibroblast growth factor-2 (uFGF-2), and epidermal growth factor (uEGF) to follow these patients.
Technological Organization and Hunter-Gather Land Use: a California Example

Recent research has identified a number of general factors with important effects on flaked-stone technology but has been less effective in solving the problem of examining these factors in specific archaeological contexts. This paper discusses this issue and presents a case study focused on mobility patterns in one area of coastal California to exemplify one approach to dealing with it. This study emphasizes the importance of considering, first, the ways in which local conditions mediate the effects of global aspects of human adaptations and, second, the interactions between multiple causal factors as conditioners of technology. This example highlights the role played by multiple, distinct technological strategies within a single pattern of activity as well as the potential ambiguity of the relations between these strategies and global mobility patterns.
In vivo measurement of renal transplant viscoelasticity

Common clinical practice is to follow-up a renal transplant with regular protocol biopsies of the transplanted organ to assess presence of inflammation or signs of rejection. The objective of this study was to investigate the viscoelastic mechanical properties of patients with renal transplants. Recent studies using shear wave-based techniques have shown that the elastic mechanical properties of the kidney increase in presence of inflammation and fibrosis. Under a protocol approved by the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board, we studied the transplanted kidneys of 14 patients and the native kidneys of six control subjects. We used ultrasound radiation force to generate shear waves in the renal cortex and measured the shear waves using compounded plane wave imaging. For this study we used a Verasonics system equipped with a linear array or curved array transducer. We measured the group velocity using a Radon transform algorithm on the displacement data for these subjects to calculate the elastic shear modulus. We also analyzed the motion using a two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (2D-FFT) method to examine the phase velocity dispersion and fit the data with a Voigt model, where μ1 is the elastic shear modulus and μ2 is the shear viscosity. Clinical parameters such as serum creatinine (SCr) and Banff scoring from histology of transplant biopsies were also recorded. We observed a positive trend with SCr and μ in patients with kidney transplants and found a Pearson correlation of R = 0.54. We measured the viscoelasticity of renal transplant kidneys. Quantitative shear modulus measurements correlated with clinically significant measurements such as serum tests and biopsy histology.
“Ownership” of English in the Outer Circle: An Alternative to the NS-NNS Dichotomy*

The linguistic classie cation of English speakers from outer-circle countries, such as India, Malaysia, and Singapore, is often ambiguous because the Englishes they speak are considered different from interlanguages yet are not considered native varieties. This study investigates whether outer-circle speakers can be viewed as equivalent to speakers of mother-tongue varieties in terms of their ownership of English (Norton, 1997), that is, the degree to which they project themselves as legitimate speakers with authority over the language. An Acceptability Judgment Task was used to elicit and record talk among pairs from inner- and outer-circle countries while they judged 24 sentences. Drawing upon Zimmerman’ s (1998) concepts of discourse identities and situated identities , Goffman’ s (1981) concept of footing, and Scollon’ s (1998) distinctions among the receptor roles , the analysis demonstrates the linguistic cues that indexed expressions of ownership through (a) references to the speakers’ own English usage, (b) human subject pronouns, and (c) the modal can. The results reveal variation in degrees of ownership among both groups, but similarities across outer- and inner-circle groups.
Masked types for sound object initialization

This paper presents a type-based solution to the long-standing problem of object initialization. Constructors, the conventional mechanism for object initialization, have semantics that are surprising to programmers and that lead to bugs. They also contribute to the problem of null-pointer exceptions, which make software less reliable. Masked types are a new type-state mechanism that explicitly tracks the initialization state of objects and prevents reading from uninitialized fields. In the resulting language, constructors are ordinary methods that operate on uninitialized objects, and no special default value (null) is needed in the language. Initialization of cyclic data structures is achieved with the use of conditionally masked types. Masked types are modular and compatible with data abstraction. The type system is presented in a simplified object calculus and is proved to soundly prevent reading from uninitialized fields. Masked types have been implemented as an extension to Java, in which compilation simply erases extra type information. Experience using the extended language suggests that masked types work well on real code.
Interval function and its linear least-squares approximation

This paper reports an interval least-squares (ILS) algorithm that computationally approximates an interval function, in which both dependent and independent variables are interval valued. An initial version of this algorithm and its implementation were developed as a computational scheme for the stock market variability forecast with significantly improved results reported in [16] and [18]. The computational scheme then applied to predict mortgage rate [12], crude oil price [31], and network bandwidth [23]. In all of these applications, the interval least squares approach improved computational results significantly in terms of much higher accuracy and stability comparing against that of traditional confidence interval forecasts with point-valued ordinary least squares.In this paper, we modify the scheme as a general purpose ILS algorithm for interval function approximation with clearly defined concepts and quantitative quality assessment. A summary of its application on a real world multi-variable time series is also included.
Transmission matrix stability criterion

AMONG THE methods for predetermining the stability of networks—that is, whether or not self-sustained oscillations may exist—the Barkhausen and Nyquist criteria often are applied to those configurations employing electron-tube amplifiers for which a principal closed transmission loop may be delineated. In these networks the concept of “retroaction” or feedback is useful, since this provides a mental picture of a signal progressing unidirectionally through the electron tube, the feedback network, back to the tube input, and so on. It also leads to a simple scheme for computing the ratio (often denoted by μβ) of output to input voltage for the open transmission loop, upon which the stability of the network apparently rests. However, these criteria are limited to unilaterally transmitting networks, and the determination of μβ must be made, in effect, with the transmission loop cut at zero admittance grid-cathode terminals of an electron tube.
Utilidad de HistoScanning™ previo a biopsia prostática para el diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de próstata

Resumen Objetivos HistoScanning™ (HS) es un metodo de diagnostico ecografico del cancer de prostata. Analizamos la eficacia de la realizacion de HS previo a las biopsias para el diagnostico de adenocarcinoma de prostata. Material y metodos Entre agosto y octubre de 2012 hemos realizado estudio con HS previo a las biopsias en 32 pacientes. En todos los casos se realizaron biopsias transrectales por sextantes (2 tomas en cada sextante) de la zona periferica. En aquellos sextantes en los que hubo areas sospechosas con HS las biopsias se dirigieron a dichas areas. Se anadieron biopsias transperineales en aquellas areas situadas en la zona media-anterior o apical prostatica. La edad media fue de 63,7 anos (rango: 40-82), con un PSA medio de 8,0 ng/ml (rango: 3,5-36,2) y un volumen prostatico medio de 46,6 cc (rango: 18,2-103,2). En 8 casos se trataba de primera biopsia, en 14 de biopsias de repeticion y 10 pacientes tenian diagnostico previo de adenocarcinoma de prostata (8 en programa de vigilancia activa y 2 T1a en RTU de prostata previa). Resultados En los 32 pacientes se biopsiaron una media de 7,5 zonas (rango: 6-9) con un total de 239 zonas estudiadas. Se identificaron una media de 3,2 zonas con areas sospechosas (ZS) con HS (rango: 2-5), con un total de 103 ZS. Se encontro adenocarcinoma o PIN en 72 zonas de 25 pacientes (2 PIN, 11 score Gleason 6, 7 score Gleason 7, 3 score Gleason 8 y 2 score Gleason 9). Hubo 35 zonas falsos positivos en 20 pacientes (11 parenquima normal y 9 inflamacion cronica). Se produjeron falsos negativos en 5 zonas en 5 pacientes (2 PIN, 2 score Gleason 6 y un score Gleason 7), aunque en los 5 casos se descubrio adenocarcinoma en otras zonas. El HS presento una sensibilidad del 93,5% con una especificidad del 79,5%. El valor predictivo positivo fue del 67,35% con un valor predictivo negativo del 96,5%. Conclusiones A pesar de tratarse de una serie seleccionada, con alta tasa de pacientes con adenocarcinoma, la exploracion con HS ha presentado una gran sensibilidad y un elevado valor predictivo negativo. Estos datos, aunque deben ser confirmados en series menos seleccionadas, indican que la exploracion previa con HS puede ayudar tanto al diagnostico en las biopsias como en el seguimiento en programas de vigilancia activa.
Infrared studies of single crystals of polycaprolactam

Abstract Infrared studies of the α-crystalline form of polycaprolactam (nylon 6) have confirmed the assignment of the 1288 and 1210-cm−1 bands to a unique fold conformation. The γ-crystalline phase has a band at 1212 cm−1 which overlaps the 1210-cm−1 fold band in samples containing both α and γ phases. The 1288-cm−1 band was, therefore, used to monitor regular fold content. No unique fold bands were detected in the γ form. Irregular folds present in solution-grown crystals regularize to the unique fold conformation upon annealing. Crystals which originally exhibit slight differences in regular folding as a result of different crystallization history have similar amounts of regular folds upon annealing at 220°C. Crystals grown from solutions of very dilute concentrations of polymer have different amounts of regular folding. The annealing behavior of crystals prepared from two different solution concentrations reflect the processes of regularization and long period increase.
The need to regulate commercial telecoms: issues and options

Abstract The commercial telecoms sector needs to develop comprehensive regulations for its international activities; without those rules, conflicts over the international trade in satellite sales will inevitably increase. If the commercial space sector is to continue to develop, it is important to begin discussions now on the elements of an international regulatory framework more appropriate to business realities. The existing framework for space activities was developed when government, not commercial, space activities were dominant, or was adapted from regulations in other sectors such as terrestrial telecommunications, and it requires strengthening. Much could be done to improve the functioning of the International Telecommunication Union, including turning it into a limited ‘supranational’ authority, with a system of checks and balances. However, replacing it with a new body would not be a credible response.
Induced enzyme release from synaptosomes by halothane

GABA-transaminase has been found to be released from rat brain synaptosomes by halothane in a dose-related manner. The releases of both GABA-transaminase and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase were increased with time. The release of other enzymes (creatine kinase, glutamate decarboxylase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase) was less in magnitude and not related to the duration of incubation. Such observations suggested a specific event in the halothane-induced release of GABA-catabolizing enzymes. A suggestion linking mode of anesthetic action to a mitochondrial effect of volatile anesthetics was made.
Reverse alternating Wenckebach periodicity

An atrial pacing-induced reverse conduction pattern of the alternating Wenckebach periodicity was observed in 5 of 42 children (12%) during electrophysiologic study. This conduction pattern is a reverse of the usual alternating Wenckebach periodicity: During an underlying 2:1 atrioventricular conduction block there is progressive shortening of the conduction time of the conducted impulses with termination in a lower degree of block. This reverse alternating Wenckebach periodicity may be caused by a mechanism similar to that in other Wenckebach phenomena.
The Daya Bay Muon Veto System

Abstract The goal of the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment is to measure θ 13 with a sensitivity in sin 2 ( 2 θ 13 ) of 0.01. To achieve this, the cosmic ray induced backgrounds must be reduced to a low level. Daya Bayʼs muon veto system will consist of a 2.5 m active water shield and RPCs. The muon tagging efficiency of the combined system is expected to be at least 99.5%. The details of the muon system and estimates of the expected backgrounds will be described.
Review Essay on The Moral Demands of Affluence

Does the co-existence in the world today of widespread affluence and widespread absolute poverty give rise to any moral demands on the affluent? More specifically, are those of who are comfortably off justified in buying things we don't need when we could donate the money we spend to aid agencies that will use it to save the lives of people who cannot meet their basic needs? Over the last thirty years, a philosophical debate has sprung up over this issue, steadily becoming more detailed and more rigorous. Garrett Cullity's recent book sets a new benchmark that future work in this field will need to meet.
The medical and economic impact of preoperative cardiac testing in elderly patients with hip fractures.

Summary Purpose To assess the medical and economic impact of preoperative cardiac testing (stress thallium imaging or echocardiography) on the treatment of elderly patients with hip fractures. Materials and methods 235 consecutive patients over the age of 60 treated for a hip fracture (236 fractures) (OTA 31) at a single Level I trauma centre were identified from a prospective orthopaedic trauma database and studied as part of a retrospective cohort series. 35 (15%) had cardiac testing prior to treatment of their hip fracture. The indication for testing was a newly diagnosed cardiac abnormality in 16 of these cases and a prior history of cardiovascular disease without an acute cardiac problem in 19. Results Cardiac evaluation did not change the orthopaedic management in any case. No patient underwent cardiac surgery or coronary angioplasty as a result of the testing. In 48% of cases, cardiac testing did not lead to new medical treatment. In 52%, recommendations were only made for medical management of previously known cardiac disease. Patients who had cardiac testing had a significantly greater average delay to surgery (3.3 days) than those who did not (1.9 days), ( P Discussion and conclusion Preoperative cardiac testing did not lead to changes in perioperative orthopaedic or medical management of elderly patients with hip fractures. Patients undergoing testing had a significant delay to surgery. Extrapolated to the population of elderly hip fracture patients in the United States (250,000 annually), preoperative cardiac testing (performed in 15% of cases) would cost nearly $47,000,000 annually. Preoperative cardiac testing may add profoundly to the healthcare costs associated with treating this population of patients without influencing orthopaedic or medical management.
Butyrate, a gut-derived environmental signal, regulates tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression via a novel promoter element

Butyrate is a diet-derived, gut fermentation product with an array of effects on cultured mammalian cells including inhibition of proliferation, induction of differentiation and regulation of gene expression. We showed that physiological concentrations of butyrate can regulate transcription of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and preproenkephalin (ppEnk) gene in PC12 cells. In promoter deletion studies, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and by site-directed mutagenesis, we identified a novel butyrate response element (BRE) in the 5' upstream region of the rat TH gene, homologous to the previously mapped motif in the ppEnk promoter. No such enhancers were found in DBH or PNMT promoters, and both catecholamine system-related gene promoters were unaffected by butyrate. The BRE motif interacts with nuclear proteins in a sequence-specific manner, shows binding potentiation in butyrate-differentiated PC12 cells and bound protein(s) are competed away with TH-CRE oligonucleotides or by the addition of CREB-specific antibodies, suggesting involvement of CREB or CREB-related transcription factors. Moreover, single point mutation in the distal BRE abolished binding of transcription factors and reduced the response to butyrate in transient transfection studies. The canonical CRE motif of the TH promoter was also found necessary for transcriptional activation of the TH gene by butyrate. Our data identified a novel functional element in the promoter of both the TH and ppEnk genes mediating transcriptional responses to butyrate. Dietary butyrate may have an extended role in the control of catecholamine and endogenous opioid production at the level of TH and ppEnk gene transcription neuronal plasticity, cardiovascular functions, stress adaptation and behavior.
Gene Tandem-Mediated Selection of Coliphage λ -receptive Agrobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium Strains

Abstract Agrobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium spp. have been made receptive to coliphage λ. To achieve this, recombinant (pTROY) plasmids carrying a constitutive Escherichia coli lamB gene encoding the λ receptor and expressed from an insertion sequence 3 (IS3) promoter were introduced into various bacteria. Because the wild-type λ receptor was not expressed in these bacteria, a procedure called the lamB gene tandem protocol was used to select lamB alleles that expressed the λ receptor. This gene tandem protocol may have general use in adapting genes with nonselectable traits to different organisms. Agrobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium strains carrying pTROY41613, which encoded a gene tandem-selected λ receptor, could be quantitatively transduced with λ-packaged cosmids. With the ability to confer λ receptivity on organisms, phage λ now becomes a general DNA delivery agent.
THE CONTINUUM OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN THE LOW BIRTH WEIGHT(LBW) INFANT

Infants with BW <1500gm discharged from LAC-USC nursery during a 15 month period(Oct.72-Dec.73)were followed to assess the continuing morbidity and mortality of the LBW infant. Of 101 infants, 5 were lost to followup, 7 were cared for by private physicians and 89 were followed by a clinic team of pediatric nurse practitioners, pediatricians, and social workers. Four infants died for a mortality of 4.5%. Significant medical morbidity requiring 48 hospitalizations occurred in 19 infants. Failure to thrive and child abuse were found in 9 infants. Outcome morbidity and mortality were related to severity of neonatal respirator disease. 21 of 89(23.6%) infants required respirator therapy in the nursery. 2 of 4 deaths were in infants treated with respirators during the newborn period. Significant morbidity requiring 1 or more hospitalization occurred in 10 or 45% of respirator infants compared with 9 or 13.3% of non-respirator infants. Failure to thrive and child abuse were found in 1(or 4.6%)respirator infant compared with 8(11.7%)non-respirator infants. The LBW newborn continues to be at high risk for morbidity and mortality after discharge. Infants requiring ventilatory assistance had a higher incidence of morbidity and mortality. Mortality seemed less related to nursery course than to post-natal events.
AMERICAN UNTOUCHABLES: HOMELESS SCAVENGERS IN SAN FRANCISCO'S UNDERGROUND ECONOMY

An early morning at Bryant Salvage, a Vietnamese recycling business, finds a variety of San Francisco's scavengers converging to sell their findings. Vehicle after vehicle enters the yard to be weighed on the huge floor scale before dumping its load in the back; ancient pick‐up trucks with wooden walls, carefully loaded laundry carts, canary Cadillacs stuffed to overflow with computer paper, the shopping carts of homeless men, a 1950s ambulance carrying newspaper, and even the occasional gleaming new truck. The homeless men unload their towers of bottles and cardboard while young Latino van recyclers shout jokes across them. Middle aged Vietnamese women in jeans and padded jackets buzz around on forklifts or push around great tubs full of bottles and cans, stopping occasionally to help elderly people with their laundry carts. The van recyclers repeatedly honk their horns at the homeless guys to get out of the way. The homeless recyclers, silently methodical in their work, rarely respond.
Measuring the top quark mass using the dilepton decay modes

We demonstrate a new likelihood method for extracting the top quark mass from events of the type t{bar t}{r_arrow}bW{sup +}(lepton+{nu}){bar b}W{sup {minus}}(lepton+{nu}). This method estimates the top quark mass correctly from an ensemble of dilepton events. The method proposed by Dalitz and Goldstein is shown to result in a systematic underestimation of the top quark mass. Effects due to the spin correlations between the top quark and top antiquark are shown to be unimportant in estimating the mass of the top quark. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Generation Maintenance Scheduling by Security Coordination Considering Transformer Maintenance

The common maintenance scheduling problem in restructured power systems is addressed. When Independent System Operator(ISO) receives scheduling plans from multiple independent GENeration COmpanys (GENCOs), which seek to maximize their own medium-term profits, it tries to trade off the generation cost and the reliability of the system, thus reschedules the maintenance plans of the GENCOs. This paper brings in the effects of transformer maintenance, never considered in such problem before, and discovers interesting and useful phenomenons that would help us to deal with a more realistic power system. Based on the information of bus-wise unserved energy, we develop an original algorithm for ISO to send corrective signals to the GENCOs for altering their maintenance schedule. An iterative scheme is used between GENCOs and ISO until the system fulfills acceptable reliability. Finally, a case is carefully studied to show the effectiveness of our method.
Hyperspectral feature space partitioning via mutual information for data fusion

Multi-source data fusion is being actively explored in the remote sensing community for robust automatic target recognition (ATR) and other similar applications. Such an approach exploits multiple, independent observations of a phenomenon and performs a feature level or a decision level fusion for ATR, scene classification, land cover mapping, etc. In this paper, we present a method that utilizes such fusion techniques to exploit hyperspectral data, which otherwise typically suffers from the small sample size problem, (i.e., there are typically not as many ground truth pixels as the dimensionality of the data). In this work, we study the efficacy of using higher order statistical information (using average mutual information) for a bottom up band grouping in a multi- classifier setup. The band grouping procedure is employed to partition the hyperspectral space into approximately independent subspaces. A classifier is assigned to each subspace in the partition. Final classification decisions are made by fusing local decisions from each subspace. The goal of this paper is to (1) perform subspace identification using the proposed mutual information based metric, (2) explore the effect of the design parameters on the fusion performance and, (3) compare the performance of decision level fusion with feature level fusion over the partitioned subspace.
Making cultures: empowerment, participation, and democracy - or not?

Making has transformed from a fringe and hobbyist practice into a professionalizing field and an emerging industry. Enthusiasts laud its potential to democratize technology, improve the workforce, empower consumers, encourage citizen science, and contribute to the global economy. Yet critics counter that in the West, making often remains a hobby for the privileged and seems to be increasingly co-opted by corporate interests. This panel brings together HCI scholars and practitioners active in making, handwork, DIY, crafts, and tool design to examine and debate the visions that come from maker cultures.
Interactions of Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genes That Affect Male Gametophyte Development

Apart from their agronomic importance in hybrid seed production, mutations that encode cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) provide a means to probe the role of the mitochondrion in reproductive development. Fertility restorers are examples of nuclear genes that affect cytoplasmic gene expression, and
Conductance fluctuations of open quantum dots under microwave radiation

We develop a time-dependent random-matrix theory describing the influence of a time-dependent perturbation on mesoscopic conductance fluctuations in open quantum dots. The effect of external field is taken into account to all orders of perturbation theory, and our results are applicable to both weak and strong fields. We obtain temperature and magnetic field dependences of conductance fluctuations. The amplitude of conductance fluctuations is determined by electron temperature in the leads rather than by the width of electron-distribution function in the dot. The asymmetry of conductance with respect to inversion of applied magnetic field is the main feature allowing to distinguish the effect of direct suppression of quantum interference from the simple heating if the frequency of external radiation is larger than the temperature of the leads \v@T.