cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Navigating in a sea of genes

Marine microbes are the ultimate ecosystem engineers; they shape their environment through a tight coupling of interactions and feedback loops between metabolic activity and the physical environment, generating a tapestry of oceanic biogeochemical gradients that vary over space and time ( 1 ). It is this microbially mediated cycling of chemical elements in the global ocean that makes Earth habitable for most other organisms, including humans. On page [1149][1] of this issue, Coles et al. ( 2 ) report the development of a coupled physical-biological model that simulates the impact of microbial activities on biogeochemistry in the North Atlantic. The results suggest that gene function rather than species identity drives community assembly and, ultimately, biogeochemical gradients. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aan5712
Task-Related EEG Source Localization via Graph Regularized Low-Rank Representation Model

To infer brain source activation patterns under different cognitive tasks is an integral step to understand how our brain works. Traditional electroencephalogram (EEG) Source Imaging (ESI) methods usually do not distinguish task-related and spurious non-task-related sources that jointly generate EEG signals, which inevitably yield misleading reconstructed activation patterns. In this research, we argue that the task-related source signal intrinsically has a low-rank property, which is exploited to to infer the true task-related EEG sources location. Although the true task-related source signal is sparse and low-rank, the contribution of spurious sources scattering over the source space with intermittent activation patterns makes the actual source space lose the low-rank property. To reconstruct a low-rank true source, we propose a novel ESI model that involves a spatial low-rank representation and a temporal Laplacian graph regularization, the latter of which guarantees the temporal smoothness of the source signal and eliminate the spurious ones. To solve the proposed model, an augmented Lagrangian objective function is formulated and an algorithm in the framework of alternating direction method of multipliers is proposed. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of reconstruction accuracy.
Redirecting Biological Warfare Capacity to International Health Biotechnology

The World Health Organization’s (WHO) World Health Report 1997 presents a global picture of the unremitting importance of infectious diseases and particularly of their impact on developing nations. Worldwide, 17 of 52 million deaths (33%) in 1996 were due to infectious diseases. Forty of the 52 million deaths (77%) were in developing countries. Of the 40 million deaths in developing countries, 43% were due to infectious causes. Pneumonia killed 3.9 million people in 1996. Tuberculosis killed 3 million Diarrheal diseases killed 2.5 million HIV/AIDS killed about 1 5 million and 29.4 million children and adults were infected by HIV at the end of 1996.
Learning, Knowledge Diffusion and the Gains from Globalization

We develop a dynamic, general equilibrium model to understand how multinationals affect host countries through knowledge diffusion. Workers learn from their managers and knowledge diffusion takes place through worker mobility. We identify two forces that determine wages : the labour demand effect and the learning effect. The former tends to raise wages while the latter tends to reduce it. We show that in a model without learning, an integrated steady-state equilibrium in which incumbent host country managers operate alongside multinationals, can never be a Pareto improvement for the host country. In contrast, we present a novel mechanism through which a Pareto improvement occurs in the presence of learning dynamics. We study how integration affects the life time earnings of agents and the degree of inequality in the host country, as well as, analyze the pattern of multinational activity. In the quantitative section of the paper, we calibrate our model to fit key moments from the U.S. wage distribution and quantify gains from integration. Our estimates suggest that learning produces welfare gains that range from 2% for middle-income countries to 43% for the low-income countries.
Foundations and Their Contributions to the Shaping of Health Policy

For many if not most Americans private foundations are poorly understood entities. It is generally recognized that they often award funds for work in areas of social need or cultural affairs, but how they function, or the role they play in our society, remains dim in the minds of most people. Further, as government has increasingly met social needs, some have questioned whether or not the role of private philanthropy has become insignificant, particularly in regard to health and medical care.
Membrane Integrity in Anhydrobiotic Organisms: Toward a Mechanism for Stabilizing Dry Cells

Water is normally thought to be required for maintenance of structure and function in biomolecules (reviewed in Tanford 1980; J.H. Crowe et al. 1987a; L.M. Crowe and J.H. Crowe 1988b). Nevertheless, numerous organisms are capable of surviving essentially complete dehydration, including some that are familiar in daily life, such as seeds of many plants, yeast cells, fungal spores, and the like (see Leopold 1986 for references), but also including some microscopic animals, such as certain nematodes, rotifers, tardigrades, and cysts of some crustacean embryos (for example, those of the brine shrimp, Artemia). The dry organisms may remain in this unique living state, which is known as “anhydrobiosis”, for decades or perhaps even centuries under favorable conditions. When water again becomes available they may rapidly swell and resume active life.
Pulmonary Alterations in Chronic Liver Failure

Chronic liver failure can have profound effects on the lungs. Hepatic dysfunction affects the process of breathing (when awake or during sleep), impairs lung mechanics, and may cause dramatic changes in pulmonary circulation. These pulmonary alterations commonly result in symptoms of fatigue (possibly related to sleep-related breathing abnormalities) and dyspnea which can significantly affect the quality of life in addition to direct consequences of chronic liver failure.
The Privacy of the Public Schools

This Article compares the liability of the public schools with that of families for harms to children in their care. Families serve as an apt vehicle for comparative analysis because families’ and schools’ responsibilities for children overlap substantially. Despite these overlapping responsibilities, however, the law allows schools to evade liability for harms to children and penalizes families for the same or similar harms. Drawing on feminist theory on privacy and the public/private divide, this Article argues that the limits of public school liability mean they have privacy. Feminist theorists identify privacy as freedom from regulation and intrusion into decision-making. Public schools enjoy privacy in this sense because when they allow or cause harm to children, they are largely not held legally responsible. In the context of harms to children, therefore, the public/private divide is inverted. Recognizing this public school privacy has significance in three ways. First, it highlights how the law privileges school authority over the rights of children. Second, recognizing public schools’ privacy allows for its deconstruction. Third, once deconstructed, elements of this privacy justify a theoretical argument that the Fourteenth Amendment imposes a duty on schools to protect children, and that children have a corollary right to be free from harm in school.
New Directions — The NASPA Journal Questionnaire

(1968). New Directions — The NASPA Journal Questionnaire. NASPA Journal: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 336-336.
Opportunities for Price Manipulation by Aggregators in Electricity Markets

Aggregators are playing an increasingly crucial role for integrating renewable generation into power systems. However, the intermittent nature of renewable generation makes market interactions of aggregators di cult to monitor and regulate, raising concerns about potential market manipulations. In this paper, we address this issue by quantifying the profit an aggregator can obtain through strategic curtailment of generation in an electricity market. We show that, while the problem of maximizing the benefit from curtailment is hard in general, e cient algorithms exist when the topology of the network is radial (acyclic). Further, we highlight that significant increases in profit can be obtained through strategic curtailment in practical settings.
Self-Disclosure: A Study of Verbal and Coverbal Intimacy

This study investigated the relationship between intimacy of verbal self-disclosure and the use of coverbal behaviors, specifically eye contact duration and eye contact frequency, during relatively...
Lies within the Law: Therapist’ Beliefs and Attitudes about Deception

Deception is a phenomenon found within the practice of psychology. Beyond malingering, there are other reasons for people to lie within legal contexts. Therapists who work in legal contexts may be ...
Postoperative Infections are Associated with Increased Risk of Cardiac Events in Vascular Patients.

Background Despite advances in perioperative care, the rate of cardiac events in vascular patients remains high. We have previously shown that infections in trauma patients are associated with higher rates of subsequent cardiac complications, likely due to the additive effect of a second hit of an infection following the trauma. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is an association between postoperative infections and subsequent cardiac events in vascular patients. Methods A 5-year retrospective review of demographics, comorbidities, operative interventions, infectious, and cardiac events in all vascular patients who underwent an operative intervention at a single tertiary referral center was performed. In patients with clinical suspicion of myocardial injury, myocardial damage was defined as troponin >0.15 ng/mL and myocardial infarction (MI) as troponin >1 ng/mL. Pneumonia was diagnosed using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and considered positive if BAL fluid culture contained >10,000 colony-forming units (cfu). Urinary tract infection (UTI) was diagnosed if the urine culture contained >100,000 cfu. All other infections were diagnosed by culture data. Regression analysis was performed to assess risk of cardiac events as a function of infections adjusting for age, gender, and comorbidities. Results We analyzed 1,835 vascular operative interventions with the mean age of the cohort 65.5 years (65.9% male). The overall infection rate was 13.2%, with UTI being the most common (60.3%). The overall rate of myocardial damage was 8.1% and the rate of MI 3.8%. Rates of both myocardial damage (15.5 vs. 7.7%; P = 0.0015) and MI (7.1 vs. 3.4%; P = 0.018) were significantly higher in patients with infections, compared to those without infections. Adjusting for age, gender, medical comorbidities, open versus endovascular cases as well as statin and steroid use, patients with UTI were more likely to subsequently develop either myocardial damage (odds ratio [OR] = 3.57 [95% confidence interval = 1.51-8.45]) or MI (OR = 4.20 [1.23-14.3]). A similar association was noted between any infections and either myocardial damage (OR = 2.97 [1.32-6.65]) or MI (OR = 4.31 [1.44-12.94]). Conclusions We herein describe an association between postoperative infections, most commonly UTI, and subsequent cardiac events. Efforts should be made to minimize the risk of developing infections to ensure cardioprotection in vascular patients during perioperative period.
Assessing opioid administration in pediatric burn patients with nonsurgical management.

Abstract Background Despite the vast literature studying the opioid crisis, sparse data describe this in the pediatric burn population. This study sought to assess patient-level characteristics and their potential effects on opioid administration in nonsurgical pediatric burn inpatients. Methods Admitted burn patients from 2013 to 2018 with nonsurgical management at an American Burn Association (ABA) verified pediatric burn center were retrospectively identified. Morphine milligram equivalents by weight (MME/kg) per admission were evaluated through a multiple loglinear regression with race, sex, age, total body surface area burned (TBSA), and burn depth as predictors. Simple linear regression was used to evaluate the temporal trend of median opioid utilization. Results A total of 806 patients (55% White, 35% Black, 5% Hispanic, 5% Other) were included. In an adjusted analysis, no differences in opioid administration were seen by sex, burn degree, or for Blacks and Hispanics when compared with Whites. Increased MME/kg was associated with older age (10–18 years; p 5% TBSA burned; p Conclusions Nonsurgical burn patients who were older and presented with larger TBSA experienced marked increases in opioid utilization. Overall, opioid administration decreased over time.
Second trimester fetal MRI features in a fetus with TUBB3 gene mutation

Tubulinopathies are a heterogeneous group of complex cortical malformations that are associated with mutations in tubulin genes. TUBB3 gene mutation is associated with a broader spectrum of central nervous system malformations and constitutes about 10% of all tubulinopathies. The diagnosis may not be immediately apparent on imaging, though the differential diagnosis may be narrowed based on imaging findings and allow for more directed genetic testing. We report a 22-year-old gravida-1 nulliparous female whose routine second trimester fetal ultrasound revealed ventriculomegaly and possible agenesis of the corpus callosum. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging showed severe lateral and third ventriculomegaly and a dysplastic, z-shaped brainstem without any evidence of ocular abnormalities. Genetic testing revealed a pathogenic mutation in TUBB3.
Grape wine in ancient and early Medieval India: The view from the centre:

Grape wine is not mentioned in our earliest texts from South Asia, the Vedas nor in the epics, yet these texts contain evidence of an established drinking culture based on grain and sugarcane liquo...
Wide-Area Control of Power Systems: Employing Data-Driven, Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning

In the foreseeable future, the north American power transmission system is expected to evolve into the largest and most complex Internet of Things (IoT) technology, encompassing the use of massive volumes of data from phasor measurement units (PMUs) to make control decisions in the face of major disturbances without jeopardizing grid stability or the quality of service. In this modern grid, besides conventional generation, distributed energy resources (DERs) in the form of renewables, smart loads, and power electronic converters, will serve as active end points that not only consume, but can also generate, store, sense, compute, communicate, and react to datadriven commands. They will turn the grid into a large network of active nodes, introducing rapid, large, frequent, and random fluctuations in power flow, voltage, and frequency with a huge amount of model uncertainty while at the same time increasing our capability to learn and control them through a massive, data-driven IoT platform.
The Impact of Body Mass Index Upon the Efficacy of Adalimumab in Hidradenitis Suppurativa

Elevated BMI in Hidradenitis Suppurativa is associated with decreased response to Adalimumab therapy. BMI is proposed to segregate distinct disease subtypes. It remains unresolved whether a threshold BMI exists above which increased dosages may provide clinical benefit. Individual patient data from 578 PIONEER Phase 3 participants were analyzed. Descriptive, multivariable regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated to assess the relationship between BMI and clinical outcome measures using R v3.5.3. Participants in the overweight and obese BMI category had reduced odds (58 and 67%, respectively) of achieving HiSCR [OR = 0.42 (95%CI -0.19, 0.91) p = 0.03], [OR = 0.33 (95%CI 0.16, 0.67) p = 0.002] compared to participants with BMI < 25. Reduction in AN count and IHS4 score was not significantly associated. ROC analysis did not reveal any cut off value predictive of treatment outcome. No correlation between BMI and baseline disease activity or covariate interactions were identified. These findings suggest BMI is a significant covariate in the setting of lower baseline disease activity, supporting the concept of disease heterogeneity and differential therapeutic response to Adalimumab.
Enabling Reproducible Research in Parallel and Distributed Systems

This installment of Computer’s series highlighting the work published in IEEE Computer Society Journals comes from IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.
Functional heterogeneity among the T-derived lymphocytes of the mouse: III. Helper and suppressor T-cells activated by concanavalin A

Abstract We have studied the properties of T-cells which when activated by concanavalin A (Con A) either suppress or help the in vitro humoral response of mouse spleen cells. Previously established criteria for the T-cell populations, T 1 and T 2 were applied. T 1 cells were defined by their short half-life (2–3 wk) after adult thymectomy (ATx) and their resistance to small doses of antithymocyte serum (ATS). T 2 cells were defined by their long half-life (~15 wk) and their high sensitivity to ATS. T-cells which could be activated by Con A to help the response to the thymus-dependent antigen, sheep red blood cells, were found mainly in the T 2 subpopulation. T-cells which could be activated by Con A to suppress the response to the thymus-independent antigen, trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS), were found within both the T 1 and T 2 subpopulations. These results, our previous results, and those of others suggest that the T-cell responses to phytomitogens distinguish precursors committed to different functions, while the T 1 and T 2 classifications distinguish T-cells at different stages of maturation.
An Experimental Examination of US Individual Donors’ Information Needs and Use

This paper adopts an internet-based experiment to investigate whether and how individual donors use nonprofit organizations’ financial and nonfinancial information when making their donation decisions. Using undergraduate students in the United States (US) to proxy for individual donors, our results indicate that individual donors are more likely to acquire nonfinancial information, such as nonprofit organizations’ goals, outcomes, programs and missions, than financial information. Donors integrate nonfinancial information into their decisions as their actual donations are significantly correlated with such information. Our results also indicate that while individual donors acquire financial efficiency measures, including the program expense ratio and fundraising expense ratio, they do not seem to integrate such information into their decisions as their actual donations are not significantly correlated with the efficiency information. This study contributes to the nonprofit literature and research domain focusing on charitable giving and donor preferences.
An embarrassment of riches: the stochastic generation of beneficial mutations

We present a series of models that allow beneficial mutations to arise as a consequence of small changes in mutations’ selection coefficients. We do this by extending a strictly deleterious shift model into one that incorporates intragenic regions such as introns and exons. The results show that populations segregate and fix a substantial number of beneficial mutations. In these simulations, the percentage is approximately 50%, though the specific number is a function of the population size and the underlying genic model. In general, it was quite easy for populations to counter their deleterious load and rise in an unbounded increase in mean fitness. We discuss a possible application of the model to molecular evolution.
Imaging actomyosin in situ.

Publisher Summary This chapter present the idea that ET of rapidly frozen, freeze-substitution fixed samples can be used to characterize structural variations in heterogeneous samples at the molecular level. It describes the methods used in the analysis of electron tomograms of insect flight muscle from Lethocerus sp. The steps include the preparation of the muscle fibers, emphasizing especially on freezing with mechanical monitoring, fixation by freeze-substitution, tilt-series data collection, and merging of these data to produce a raw tomogram. The correspondence analysis of periodic sub volumes taken from the raw tomogram is particularly important for identifying similar forms from the very large distribution of individual structures found within each unit cell repeat. The chapter illustrates several schemes for aligning extracted repeat volumes, constructing classification masks, and determining the number of factors to use for classification and the number of classes to compute. It also covers the fitting of atomic models of actin and myosin and the process of relating the high signal-to-noise ratio averages by “map back” to the original raw tomogram. Two applications where this methodology has been applied to nonmuscle specimens are described in the chapter.
The influence of deformation history on the interpretation of seismic anisotropy

[1] Seismic anisotropy in the mantle is primarily caused by the lattice-preferred orientation (LPO) of olivine, which forms and evolves in response to progressive plastic deformation. The style of LPO and its rate of evolution depend on the effects of physiochemical conditions on the microphysics of deformation and recovery. Here, we integrate results from laboratory experiments and naturally deformed shear zones to evaluate how variability in the evolution of olivine LPO modifies existing strategies for interpreting seismic anisotropy. We concentrate on two particular effects. First, we show that olivine A- and E-type LPOs evolve with opposite senses of rotation, producing a wide spectrum of angular relationships between the orientation of fast seismic wave propagation and the direction of flow. Second, we show that the presence of a pre-existing LPO introduces a lag between changes in deformation kinematics and alignment of the seismic fast direction with the shear direction. The combination of these two factors affects the inference of deformation kinematics from seismic anisotropy and the interpretation of shear wave splitting parameters.
The National Toxicology Program Rodent Bioassay

The National Toxicology Program rodent cancer bioassay program design evolved from that of the National Cancer Institute in the 1970s. Groups of 50 or more mice are assigned to control or treatment groups. Test substances are given at three dose levels by intubation, dietary or drinking water consumption, or dermal or inhalation exposure. Dosing starts at age 5-6 weeks and lasts for 2 years, when surviving animals receive a complete histopathologic examination. Statistical approaches accommodate survival differences and no longer require differentiation between fatal and incidental tumors. Photocarcinogenicity studies, employing SKH-1 hairless mice, evaluate onset of skin papillomas and incidences at 1 year. Top doses are chosen to expose animals to a minimally toxic challenge and lower doses to operate within the linear range of kinetics. This dosing allows comparison of results across studies. Bioassay and ancillary studies successfully identify tumor-causing agents in rodents, provide information on dose-response, and characterize other chemical-related toxicities. NTP and Ramazzini Foundation bioassay designs differ in several aspects, but bioassays at both institutions provide chemical-specific information for predicting human carcinogens, thus providing for protection of public health. Bioassays constitute an essential information reference set for new assay development and further investigations into mechanisms of action. The scientific community and the public owe a huge debt of gratitude to Dr. Cesare Maltoni of the European Foundation of Oncology and Environmental Sciences and to Dr. David P. Rall of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences for their foresight and wisdom in creating and nurturing these bioassay programs.
Reduced Impacts or A Longer Lag Phase? Tamarix in the Northwestern U.S.A.

Tamarix spp. (tamarisk) have caused ecological impacts in the southwestern United States; however, such impacts have not been extensively studied in the Northwest where tamarisk is a relatively new invader. Here we present the results of soil, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and vegetation studies from tamarisk-occupied and unoccupied areas on the dammed Bighorn River, Fort Peck Reservoir, and the free flowing Yellowstone River, in Montana. Soil sample results indicated that at Fort Peck Reservoir soil salinity was twice as high at occupied sites compared to unoccupied ones, and at the Bighorn River occupied sites nitrate, phosphorus and potassium were 2.2, 4, and 1.9 times higher, respectively, than at unoccupied sites. No soil differences were observed on the Yellowstone River. Mycorrhizal infectivity potential was high in both occupied and unoccupied soils, with a slight reduction (from 73% to 65% colonization) in tamarisk occupied soils. These impacts were statistically but not ecologically significant and did not extend to other metrics of impact such as richness, Simpson’s diversity or composition of plant communities. Our results indicate that either tamarisk has minimal impacts in the northwest, or it is still in a lag phase.
From neustadt to Alaska, 1939: A failed attempt of community resettlement

Between 1939 and 1941, members of the Jewish community in the German village of Neustadt (Hesse) attempted to immigrate to Alaska under a resettlement plan proposed by the US Department of the Interior. The plan failed and no one from Neustadt reached Alaska. The situation of Neustadt Jews during the 1930s is examined, focusing particularly on the effects of anti‐Jewish measures. The two‐year attempt to resettle in Alaska is followed through correspondence between the spokesman of the community and officials in Washington. The article concludes with an account of the fate of the Neustadt Jews.
The Road to Total Earthquake Safety

Cinna Lomnitz is possibly the most distinguished earthquake seismologist in all of Central and South America. Among many other credentials, Lomnitz has personally experienced the shaking and devastation that accompanied no fewer than five major earthquakes—Chile, 1939; Kern County, California, 1952; Chile, 1960; Caracas,Venezuela, 1967; and Mexico City, 1985. Thus he clearly has much to teach someone like myself, who has never even actually felt a real earthquake. What is this slim book? The Road to Total Earthquake Safety summarizes Lomnitz's May 1999 presentation at the Seventh Mallet-Milne Lecture, sponsored by the Society for Earthquake and Civil Engineering Dynamics. His arguments are motivated by the damage that occurred in three earthquakes—Mexico City, 1985; Loma Prieta, California, 1989; and Kobe, Japan, 1995. All three quakes occurred in regions where earthquakes are common. Yet in all three some of the worst damage occurred in structures located a significant distance from the epicenter and engineered specifically to resist earthquakes. Some of the damage also indicated that the structures failed because they had experienced considerable rotational or twisting motion. Clearly, Lomnitz argues, there must be fundamental flaws in the usually accepted models explaining how earthquakes generate strong motions, and how we should design resistant structures.
Convergence rates and convergence-order profiles for sequences

We investigate a number of methods of measuring convergence rates of sequences. We clarify the relationships between these different measures of convergence rates. We present eight such measurement methods and demonstrate almost all relations among them (with two open problems remaining). We also present the notion of convergence-order profiles for sequences.
The use of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to study specific interactions in polymer blends

It is shown, using model systems and blends of polycaprolactone (PCL) and phenoxy [poly(hydroxypropylether of bisphenol-A)], that information obtained from the OH stretch overtone absorption in the NIR is consistent with the information obtained from the OH stretch fundamental in the mid-IR region. The advantages of NIR analysis of specific interaction are then illustrated with spectra obtained, over a range of temperatures, from thick (2 mm) films of blends of Nylon-6 and the zinc salt of sulfonated polystyrene (ZnSPS)
Synthesis and Liquid Crystalline Phases of Pyridazine Derivatives II

Abstract Four more pyridazine compounds were synthesized. The compounds have a general structure R-X-Y-Z-R'; where Y is 3, 6 disubstituted pyridazine ring, X and Z are either trans cyclohexyl or phenyl rings, R and R’ are n-alkyl groups. The structure assignments were confirmed by carbon 13 NMR. Their liquid crystalline properties were evaluated. When both X and Z are cyclohexyl rings, the compounds have a single smectic b phase. However, if a phenyl ring is introduced into the system, the morphology becomes complicated.
The short-term effect of a race-related course on racial identity of White students

This study examined the short-term impact of taking a race-related course on white teacher education students' racial identity attitudes. The study compared a sample of preservice and inservice teachers in the United States taking a race-related course to a comparison group of students taking a non-race-related course. Students completed Helms' White Racial Identity Attitude Scale as a pre- and posttest. Findings indicated that the course had a positive effect on student understanding of racial issues.
A Third World Perspective

At odds in 1987 were the philosophies of a United States grounded in political liberalism and a Soviet Union grounded in economic redistribution. While these principles may have defined these two nations' domestic policies and official international stances, Mazrui argues that the United States did little to propagate liberalism and the Soviet Union did little to encourage economic redistribution. Moreover, his critique seeks to reveal that each superpower's actions ultimately supported the other's philosophy. From this twist of intent and effect, Mazrui turns to the proclivity toward violence that the United States and the Soviet Union displayed in international affairs. Consequently, he calls into question the ethical justification of the means by which the superpowers repeatedly failed to accomplish their intended ends.
Graph codes and a definition of structural similarity

Abstract A succinct linear notation system to encode the structure of a graph is exemplified. The notation requires a prior canonical numbering of the graph nodes based on the lengths of a longest path and path branches, and uses locants to designate branch positions and cyclicity. An algorithm and computer program to obtain the longest paths and a spanning tree containing a longest path is described. An index which measures the similarity of a pair of graphs is defined based on a comparison of their linear codes.
How parents hear about human papillomavirus vaccine: implications for uptake.

Abstract Purpose To examine correlates of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine awareness and information sources in a state requiring schools to inform parents about HPV vaccine. Methods Telephone survey of a North Carolina population-based sample of 696 parents of females aged 10–17 years about HPV vaccine awareness and information sources (daughters' schools, healthcare provider, drug company advertisements, news stories) was conducted. Results Overall, 91% of parents had heard of HPV vaccine. Parents were more likely to be aware if they had household incomes of $50,000 or higher, were women, had non-Hispanic white daughters, or had daughters vaccinated against meningitis. Information sources included drug company advertisements (64%), healthcare providers (50%), news stories (50%), and schools (9%). Only parents who heard from their children's healthcare providers were more likely to initiate HPV vaccine for their daughters. Conclusions Parents had rarely heard of the vaccine through schools. The only source associated with vaccine initiation was hearing from a healthcare provider.
The Impact of Employee Training on Job Satisfaction and Intention to Stay in the Hotel Industry

ABSTRACT Training has been found to link with improving job satisfaction and employee intention to stay. The purposes of this research were to investigate the expectations and perceptions of training quality between hotel managers and employees, and to suggest implications for improving training quality and increasing training satisfaction, job satisfaction, and intention to stay among employees in the hotel industry. The conceptual model of this study was developed based on SERVQUAL and the ServiceProfit Chain model. T-test showed that employees perceived low training quality, which suggested employees were not satisfied with training quality and that training quality needed improvement. Results of regression analysis showed that training was positively related to training satisfaction and job satisfaction. Job satisfaction led positively to intention to stay. The indirect effect of training quality on intention to stay was mediated by job satisfaction. This study suggests more understanding of the impor...
Comparison of seven isolates of Mycoplasma meleagridis.

A comparative study of seven isolates of Mycoplasma meleagridis indicated that they were indistinguishable morphologically. Two isolates, E2 and 8M92, induced hemagglutination of red blood cells of several different species while the others did not. Metabolic inhibition, growth inhibition and growth precipitation tests revealed minor differences among the seven isolates. According to these differences, isolates were divided into three groups: antiserum-sensitive isolate 1 466, less sensitive isolates N, 8M92, RY3, 529 and E2 and insensitive isolate 1940. One dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cell proteins revealed that all isolates of M. meleagridis had virtually identical patterns and that they were electrophoretically distinct from Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae. When nonhemagglutinating isolate N, and hemagglutinating isolate E2 were examined by simple immunoelectrophoresis, no differences were detected. However, minor antigenic differences were detected between the two strains by means of two dimensional immunoelectrophoresis.
Transport models for swelling and dissolution of thin polymer films

Fundamental models have been developed to describe swelling and dissolution of glassy polymer thin films. The models account for solvent penetration by either Fickian or Case II diffusion mechanims. The convective flux due to local swelling as the solvent penetrates is included. Chain disentanglement at the polymer-developer solution interface is scaled with the local solvent concentration and polymer molecular weight using reptation theory. The effective surface concentration during dissolution is estimated by applying thermodynamics of swollen networks to the entangled polymer. Swelling and dissolution of thin polymer films have direct application to microlithography. Various molecular and processing parameters affect the outcome of resist development. The utility of the models for selecting appropriate developer solvents, minimizing resist swelling, and providing a better understanding of the swelling and dissolution of resists is demonstrated.
Vibration energy harvesting for unmanned aerial vehicles

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are a critical component of many military operations. Over the last few decades, the evolution of UAVs has given rise to increasingly smaller aircraft. Along with the development of smaller UAVs, termed mini UAVs, has come issues involving the endurance of the aircraft. Endurance in mini UAVs is problematic because of the limited size of the fuel systems that can be incorporated into the aircraft. A large portion of the total mass of many electric powered mini UAVs, for example, is the rechargeable battery power source. Energy harvesting is an attractive technology for mini UAVs because it offers the potential to increase their endurance without adding significant mass or the need to increase the size of the fuel system. This paper investigates the possibility of harvesting vibration and solar energy in a mini UAV. Experimentation has been carried out on a remote controlled (RC) glider aircraft with a 1.8 m wing span. This aircraft was chosen to replicate the current electric mini UAVs used by the military today. The RC glider was modified to include two piezoelectric patches placed at the roots of the wings and a cantilevered piezoelectric beam installed in the fuselage to harvest energy from wing vibrations and rigid body motions of the aircraft, as well as two thin film photovoltaic panels attached to the top of the wings to harvest energy from sunlight. Flight testing has been performed and the power output of the piezoelectric and photovoltaic devices has been examined.
Correlations of Watershed Housing Density with Environmental Conditions and Fish Assemblages in a Tennessee Ridge and Valley Stream

ABSTRACT We examined relationships of watershed housing density with instream environmental conditions and fish assemblage attributes in Mountain Creek, a third-order Ridge and Valley stream in Hamilton County, Tennessee (Chattanooga area). Habitat features and fish assemblages were sampled in May-June 2005 at seven sites (drainage areas <17 km2) in the middle-upper reaches of the Mountain Creek system (Tennessee River drainage). Watershed housing density upstream of the sites ranged from 49 housing units/km2 to 72 housing units/km2. Twenty-two fish species and 3,686 individuals were found at the seven sites. Native species richness per catchment area ranged from 1 species/km2 to 6 species/km2 at the individual sites. Index of biotic integrity (IBI) ratings varied from poor to fairlgood. Housing density was directly correlated with stream temperature, variation in discharge, fine sediment depth, and abundances of introduced and tolerant species; it was inversely correlated with dissolved oxygen, pH, varia...
Interference with the Nutritional Improvement of Water-Treated Barley by Antibiotics

Abstract IT HAS been shown (Thomas et al., 1960) that an unidentified microorganism improved the nutritional value of sterilized or dry barley diets for chicks. Indirect evidence for a microbial action during water-treatment of barley was given by Thomas et al. (1961). Experiments reported here were conducted to study the influence of adding antibiotics on the nutritional improvement of barley by water-treatment. EXPERIMENTAL Six-day-old WSU White Olympian chicks of both sexes were used in experiment 1, while seven-day-old females were used in experiment 2 (fed a standard chick starter for six and seven days, respectively). Day-old Broad Breasted Bronze turkey poults were used in experiment 3. Birds were randomly distributed into groups of ten each with three groups fed each experimental diet, and were maintained in electrically-heated batteries with raised wire screen floors. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Percentage composition of the basal chick diet was the same as…
Scanning Tunneling Microscope-Based Replacement Lithography on Self-Assembled Monolayers. Investigation of the Relationship between Monolayer Structure and Replacement Bias†

Organothiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) can be patterned using a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) tip. Upon elevating the bias, the SAM is locally desorbed. By conducting this process in the presence of a second thiol component in a nonpolar solution (dodecane) above it, a different SAM component is locally introduced. Here, the influence of the chain length and headgroup of the initial SAM on this process is elucidated. SAMs composed of longer molecules require higher biases to effect this process, similar to the electrochemical desorption behavior of these molecules. When initial SAMs composed of headgroups other than methyl were studied, poor results were obtained: features were broad and replacement occurred more inconsistently. Several possible explanations for this behavior are discussed.
Erratum to “Resolution of persistent Pediococcus bacteremia with daptomycin treatment: case report and review of the literature” [Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 66 (2010) 111–115]

The acknowledgement section was inadvertently omitted from the article. The author and Mary-Ellen Marx, Senior Manager, Medical Education at PharmaWrite and her colleagues sincerely regret the error. Acknowledgements should have read as follows: The author thanks Darren Culshaw, PharmD, Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, MA, for his critical review of the manuscript for scientific accuracy with respect to
Possible utilization of extracorporeal hemoperfusion in the treatment of coronary artery disease. A hypothesis and proposal for animal studies.

Abstract It is proposed that in vivo immunoadsorption may be utilized in the treatment of coronary artery disease. The proposed method is based on binding of low density lipoproteins and cholesterol to antibodies directed against low density lipoproteins which are bound to a matrix in an extracorporeal hemoperfusion column. The various observations that suggest the hypothesis are presented. The feasibility of the proposed method and some of the problems that may be encountered in its utilization are discussed. The method should be evaluated in animal studies prior to consideration of clinical trials in patients.
Cultural bases of risk behavior : Danish adolescents

Risk behavior was investigated among 1,053 Danish adolescents aged 12-20. Driving a care while intoxicated was rare even among the oldest adolescents, but riding a bicycle while intoxicated was reported by the majority of adolescents aged 14-20. Driving a car at high speeds was widespread among the oldest adolescents (aged 18-20), but still lower than rates reported for same-age American adolescents. Rates of sex without contraception were higher than expected, in spite of early and extensive sex education, while rates of illegal drug use other than marijuana were extremely low. Participation in risk behavior was analyzed in relation to sensation seeking, city size, and various family variables. Results are discussed in the context of the theory of broad and narrow socialization, in which a cultural and multidimensional understanding of socialization is emphasized. Language: en
Structural and dynamical studies of acid-mediated conversion in amorphous-calcium-phosphate based dental composites

Abstract Objective To investigate the complex structural and dynamical conversion process of the amorphous-calcium-phosphate (ACP)-to-apatite transition in ACP based dental composite materials. Methods Composite disks were prepared using zirconia hybridized ACP fillers (0.4 mass fraction) and photo-activated Bis-GMA/TEGDMA resin (0.6 mass fraction). We performed an investigation of the solution-mediated ACP-to-apatite conversion mechanism in controlled acidic aqueous environment with in situ ultra-small angle X-ray scattering based coherent X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy and ex situ X-ray diffraction, as well as other complementary techniques. Results We established that the ACP-to-apatite conversion in ACP composites is a two-step process, owing to the sensitivity to local structural changes provided by coherent X-rays. Initially, ACP undergoes a local microstructural rearrangement without losing its amorphous character. We established the catalytic role of the acid and found the time scale of this rearrangement strongly depends on the pH of the solution, which agrees with previous findings about ACP without the polymer matrix being present. In the second step, ACP is converted to an apatitic form with the crystallinity of the formed crystallites being poor. Separately, we also confirmed that in the regular Zr-modified ACP the rate of ACP conversion to hydroxyapatite is slowed significantly compared to unmodified ACP, which is beneficial for targeted slow release of functional calcium and phosphate ions from dental composite materials. Significance For the first time, we were able to follow the complete solution-mediated transition process from ACP to apatite in this class of dental composites in a controlled aqueous environment. A two-step process, suggested previously, was conclusively identified.
Therapeutic Considerations for the Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome

Symptomatology and pathophysiology of carcinoid syndrome are summarized and the therapeutic possibilities reviewed. It is underlined that severity of symptoms and effect of the disease on vital organ function should be considered in order to tailor treatment appropriately. In some patients with a mild syndrome, symptomatic treatment of diarrhea may be sufficient while more aggressive treatment with cytotoxic drugs, interferon, somatostatin analogue or hepatic artery occlusion may be indicated in patients with severe symptoms. Carcinoid crisis is a serious, life-threatening complication of carcinoid syndrome and in this condition somatostatin analogue seems to be an especially useful addition to the therapeutic arsenal.
Charged stringlike solutions of low-energy heterotic string theory.

Two stringlike solutions to the equations of motion of the low-energy effective action for the heterotic string are found, each a source of electric and magnetic fields. The first carries an electric current equal to the electric charge per unit length and is the most general solution which preserves one-half of the supersymmetries. The second is the most general charged solution with an event horizon, a black string.'' The relationship of the solutions to fundamental, macroscopic heterotic strings is discussed, and in particular it is shown that any stable state of such a fundamental string also preserves one-half of the supersymmetries, in the same manner as the first solution.
Extended Cavitands of Nanoscale Dimensions

New tetrabenzimidazole cavitands with upper rims extended by aromatic groups have been prepared and their X-ray structures were analyzed. The reversible encapsulation of a series of n-alkylammonium guests was studied by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. These guests showed different binding modes and unique interactions with the hydrophobic cavity. The trimethylammonium guests bearing n-butyl to n-hexyl substituents stabilize the C4v conformation of the cavitand by additional CH···π interactions with the aromatic upper part. The longest n-hexylammonium salt adopts a minimal gauche conformation to fit in the cavity. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Use of scaling relations to extract intrinsic fluorescence lifetime of targets embedded in turbid media.

We present a novel method for estimating the intrinsic fluorescence lifetime of deeply embedded localized fluorophores. It is based on scaling relations, characteristic for turbid media. The approach is experimentally substantiated by successfully reconstructing lifetimes for targets at depths up to 14.5 mm. A derived correction factor was determined from the product of the transport-corrected scattering coefficient µ and the index of refraction nr. In addition, data from an array of detectors (2) can be used to estimate µnr. The suggested algorithm is a promising tool for diagnostic fluorescence, since lifetime can be a sensitive indicator of the fluorophore environment.