cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A theoretical interpretation of photoelectron energy spectra for oxygen chemisorbed on nickel

Abstract Ultraviolet photoemission spectra (UPS) measured by Eastman and Cashion for oxygen moderately to heavily chemisorbed on nickel are uniquely different from UPS data for bulk nickel and relatively low coverages of oxygen adsorbed on nickel. A theoretical model is proposed suggesting that the unique structural features of the UPS data for oxygen moderately to heavily chemisorbed on nickel are evidence for the incipient formation of surface nickel oxide. The theoretical model is based on the self-consistent-field Xα scattered-wave SCF-Xα-SW) cluster method and “transition-state” theory recently developed by Slater and Johnson. The same theoretical model is used to explain the similarities (and differences) between the UPS data for oxygen chemisorbed on nickel and X-ray photo-electron spectra (XPS) for bulk nickel oxide.
Nonorthogonal wavelet approximation with rates of deterministic signals

Abstract An n th order asymptotic expansion is produced for the L 2 -error in a nonorthogonal (in general) wavelet approximation at resolution 2 − k of deterministic signals f . These signals over the whole real line are assumed to have n continuous derivatives of bounded variation. The engaged nonorthogonal (in general) scale function ϕ fulfills the partition of unity property, and it is of compact support. The asymptotic expansion involves only even terms of products of integrals involving ϕ with integrals of squares of (the first [ n 2 ] − 1 only) derivatives of f .
Mis-education, Translation, and the Barkada of Languages: Reading Renato Constantino with Nick Joaquin

This paper re-visits the classic piece by Renato Constantino, “The Mis-education of the Filipino” (1959/1966), inquiring into the colonial basis of his anti-colonial critique of American English. It explores the affinity between his view of language and those of American colonial officials, especially around the relationship between English and the vernacular languages. Both conceived of that relationship in terms of a war of and on translation. It then turns to an important but overlooked essay by Nick Joaquin published around the same time as Constantino’s, “The Language of the Streets” (1963). By closely considering Joaquin’s views on “Tagalog slang” as the basis for a national language, we can see a different politics of language at work, one based not on translation as war but as play. Whereas Constantino was concerned with language as the medium for revealing the historical truth of nationhood that would lead to democratizing society, Joaquin was more interested in the conversion of history into language as a way of expanding literary democracy.
Radiative-hydrodynamical simulations of accretion disk coronae

An algorithm has been developed that will carry out detailed, two-dimensional, fully self-consistent radiative-hydrodynamical simulations of accretion disk coronae in X-ray-luminous compact sources. The calculation reported here, for an accreting neutron star radiating at 0.5 times the Eddington luminosity, reveals several striking features. (1) The corona is comprised of two main regions - an inner highly dynamic portion whose vertical structure varies cyclically on a dynamical time scale, and an outer, more stable zone in which the evaporated plasma rises to form a 'sheath' that gradually merges into a wind at large radii. (2) The coronal structure shows a density inversion that contrasts sharply with the Gaussian profiles of earlier hydrostatic models. (3) Interestingly, flow velocities as high as a few billion cm/s are not uncommon in portions of the corona. The relevance of this point to the large measured width of the emission features seen in low-mass X-ray binaries and the Galactic black hole candidates is discussed.
Wages, welfare benefits and migration

Differences in economic opportunities give rise to strong migration incentives, across regions within countries, and across countries. In this paper we focus on responses to differences in welfare benefits across States within the United States. We apply the model developed in Kennan and Walker (2008), which emphasizes that migration decisions are often reversed, and that many alternative locations must be considered. We model individual decisions to migrate as a job search problem. A worker starts the life-cycle in some home location and must determine the optimal sequence of moves before settling down. The model is sparsely parameterized. We estimate the model using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979). Our main finding is that income differences do help explain the migration decisions of young welfare-eligible women, but large differences in benefit levels provide surprisingly weak migration incentives.
Respiration-coupled glucose transport in membrane vesicles from Azotobacter vinelandii

An inducible, carrier-mediated transport system for d-glucose is present in membrane vesicles isolated from Azotobacter vinelandii O. The active accumulation of glucose by these preparations requires the addition of oxidizable substrate: l-Malate produces a 25-fold stimulation of both the rate and steady-state levels of glucose uptake; NADH and NADPH produce a 5-fold stimulation. Phosphoenolpyruvate and ATP, in addition to a number of other metabolites, are without effect. The membrane vesicles oxidize malate to oxalacetate via l-malate dehydrogenase, and the addition of flavin adenine dinucleotide is required for maximal stimulation of glucose transport by malate. Glucose accumulation by the vesicles in the presence of l-malate requires oxygen, and is blocked by electron transport inhibitors and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, but not by arsenate. These findings indicate that the glucose uptake system is coupled to l-malate dehydrogenase via the respiratory chain of A. vinelandii. However, the generation of high-energy phosphate compounds or the participation of a phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system is not required for glucose accumulation by the membrane vesicles.
Interaction of a Sloshing Liquid With Elastic Containers

Coupled oscillations of sloshing liquid in elastic rectangular and cylindrical tank, noting frequency changes due to level and container configuration
Phasic Firing in Dopaminergic Neurons Is Sufficient for Behavioral Conditioning

Natural rewards and drugs of abuse can alter dopamine signaling, and ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic neurons are known to fire action potentials tonically or phasically under different behavioral conditions. However, without technology to control specific neurons with appropriate temporal precision in freely behaving mammals, the causal role of these action potential patterns in driving behavioral changes has been unclear. We used optogenetic tools to selectively stimulate VTA dopaminergic neuron action potential firing in freely behaving mammals. We found that phasic activation of these neurons was sufficient to drive behavioral conditioning and elicited dopamine transients with magnitudes not achieved by longer, lower-frequency spiking. These results demonstrate that phasic dopaminergic activity is sufficient to mediate mammalian behavioral conditioning.
Saving the Corporate Board: Why Boards Fail and How to Fix Them

The book review is for “Saving the Corporate Board: Why Boards Fail and How to Fix Them,” by Ralph D. Ward.
Familial Chiari Type I Malformation With Syringomyelia in Two Siblings: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Familial cases of Chiari malformation with syringomyelia are rare. The majority of the reported series and case reports detail sporadic cases. The authors report two siblings who presented with Chiari type I malformation and syringomyelia (CMI+S). We report two sisters who each presented with scoliosis on routine school physicals. Their clinical examination was unremarkable; however, imaging studies demonstrated a Chiari malformation with syringomyelia. Both underwent cervicomedullary decompression, and follow-up imaging studies revealed resolution of the syringomyelia. A review of the literature reveals fewer than ten previous reports of familial CMI+S in the past 30 years. Although rare, the existence of familial cases of CMI+S suggests a genetic component to the pathogenesis of this condition in at least a proportion of patients. Neurosurgeons should be aware of the familial aggregation of CMI+S.
The Younger Sisters of Childbearing Adolescents: Their Attitudes, Expectations, and Behaviors

To examine the precursors of the disproportionately high rates of early childbearing among the younger sisters of adolescent mothers, this study compared the attitudes, expectations, and behaviors of early adolescent girls (M age = 12.93) who had an adolescent childbearing sister (n = 75) to those of early adolescent girls who had only adolescent nonchildbearing sisters (n = 348). Results indicated that the younger sisters of childbearing adolescents were consistently different from the younger sisters of nonchildbearing adolescents on key characteristics known to be correlated with early sexual activity and adolescent childbearing: that is, they were more accepting of nonmarital adolescent childbearing, perceived younger ages for typical life-course transitions (best age to get married, have first child), had more pessimistic school and career expectations, and were more likely to have engaged in problem behaviors (smoke cigarettes, skip school). These younger sister characteristics were associated with a nonvirgin sexual status in the current sample and with high closeness and high rivalry with the childbearing sister but could not be accounted for by such within-family experiences as subjects' mothers' permissiveness or lack of mother-daughter communication. Findings suggest the mechanisms by which the younger sisters of childbearing teens themselves become vulnerable to early parenthood.
Effects of sterols, rat hematin and coproporphyrin on the free-living stages of Nematospiroides dubius and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis

Abstract Nematospiroides dubius , unlike the closely related nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis , lacks a sterol requirement for the completion of its development to the L 3 stage in an aqueous suspension of formalin-killed Escherichia coli . These larvae were justascapable of completing their development to adults in mice as those grown on charcoal-feces cultures. In addition, sterols had a toxic effect on the larvae of N. dubius which was removed by substituting a Krebs-Ringer solution for distilled water. In order to interpret the absence of a sterol requirement for the development of N. dubius larvae, an analysis of the egg lipids for both species was made. N. brasiliensis had about twice the sterol concentration of N. dubius eggs. A comparison of the development for both species showed, however, that N. brasiliensis grows more than twice as much as N. dubius to reach the L 3 larval stage. Therefore, the amount of endogenous sterol is insufficient for N. brasiliensis to develop from the egg to the L 3 stage. N. dubius and N. brasiliensis also differ in their porphyrin requirements. Unlike N. brasiliensis , coproporphyrin did not increase the size of N. dubius larvae so that they were comparable to those grown on charcoal-feces cultures. Coproporphyrin did result in larvae that were more robust in appearance than those grown without a supplement.
Thyroid lymphoma on a background of Hashimoto's thyroiditis: PET/CT appearances

Primary thyroid lymphoma is a rare thyroid tumor accounting for only 5% of all thyroid malignancies. It is more common in patients with a background history of chronic thyroiditis. PET/CT is helpful in the initial staging and for follow up to assess treatment response.
Soil chemical signatures of a historic sod house: activity area analysis of an arctic semisubterranean structure on Nelson Island, Alaska

On Nelson Island in western Alaska, some Yup’ik inhabitants built and inhabited semisubterranean houses until the early 1960s. This affords a unique opportunity to examine known activity areas of ethnoarchaeological soils using multielement chemical characterization of soils. These data can then be compared to archaeological investigations, allowing a nuanced and sophisticated understanding of the activities performed in the past. Here, we present elemental concentration data from soil extracts, generated with a quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, of the following elements in the soil extract recorded in parts per billion: sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), lead (Pb), and uranium (U). When compared to an offsite area, the sod house samples were enriched in phosphorus and magnesium, and specific areas within the sod house exhibited different signatures related to different activities, including the incorporation of wood ash and waste into the soil.
Sex Differences in Phonetic Processing: Speed of Identification of Alphabetical Sequences

Research on the sex difference in speed of matching strings of letters or digits has suggested that the difference is associated with the speed of the comparison and decision processes rather than ...
Healing DNA Self-Assemblies Using Punctures

In self-assembly, individual components (commonly referred to as tiles) have sufficient infor mation to build templates for structures such as lat tices for two-dimensional scaffolds. Tile sets that can heal (fully or partially) an erroneous DNA assembly have been proposed. Healing requires growth to be restarted such that erroneous tiles can be removed and the correct tiles can bind to the aggregate. Punctures have been proposed for this purpose; in this paper, a puncture is intentionally induced in the self-assembly to restart the growth process. The goal of this paper is to characterize an intentionally induced puncture (and its relevant properties) on an erroneous tile site in the grown crystal as part of a healing process. This allows to propagate any newly generated error away from the source of growth (i.e. the seed tile), such that self-assembly can continue along specific directions. Different types of puncture are considered with respect to healing and related features, such as growth direction, error and aggregate types. Punctures are analyzed using a new characterization and metric; different tile sets are investigated in detail for healing of a DNA self-assembly.
STIMULUS AMBIGUITY, DISCREPANT INFORMATION, AND TASK IMPORTANCE IN OPINION STRUCTURE AND CHANGE

Ss given initial instructions intended to either maximize or minimize the perceived importance of the experiment subsequently made anonymous written estimates of the mean as well as the highest and lowest values the mean could assume for a critical list of numbers having a mean of 88 but one of four standard deviations. In addition, Ss were exposed to either high or low discrepant information from confederates of E. The main results were that the estimate of mean varied as a function of the size of the confederates' discrepant estimates but not as a function of stimulus ambiguity. Moreover, the range of estimated possible means (highest minus lowest possible mean) varied directly as a function of both stimulus ambiguity and the magnitude of the discrepant information.
Studies on the inhibitory hormone of the testes. III. Histological effects on the male sex organs of the white rat

THE PREPARATION of an extract from bull testes containing inhibitory properties has been reported in a previous publication (1). The effect of this extract on the weight of the male sex organs has been described (2).The present paper will be limited to a study of the effect on the histologic structure of the testicle, seminal vesicle and prostate of animals injected with this extract. The glands used for this study were those whose weight changes were previously reported (a). The normal histology of the rat prostate and seminal vesicle has been adequately described by C. R. Moore and his coworkers (3, 4). The division of the prostate referred to as the middle lobe by these authors is described by us as the lateral lobe. Since the lateral and posterior lobes are histologically similar, only the lateral lobe has been included in this report. The histology of the anterior lobe is not reported
Maternal obesity induced by a high fat diet causes altered cellular development in fetal brains suggestive of a predisposition of offspring to neurological disorders in later life

Fetal development in an obese maternal intrauterine environment has been shown to predispose the offspring for a number of metabolic disorders in later life. The observation that a large percentage of women of child-bearing age in the US are overweight/obese during pregnancy is therefore a source of concern. A high fat (HF) diet-induced obesity in female rats has been used as a model for maternal obesity. The objective of this study was to determine cellular development in brains of term fetuses of obese rats fed a HF diet from the time of weaning. Fetal brains were dissected out on gestational day 21 and processed for immunohistochemical analysis in the hypothalamic as well as extra-hypothalamic regions. The major observation of this study is that fetal development in the obese HF female rat induced several alterations in the HF fetal brain. Marked increases were observed in orexigenic signaling and a significant decrease was observed for anorexigenic signaling in the vicinity of the 3rd ventricle in HF brains. Additionally, our results indicated diminished migration and maturation of stem-like cells in the 3rd ventricular region as well as in the brain cortex. The results from the present study indicate developmental alterations in the hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic regions in the HF fetal brain suggestive of a predisposition for the development of obesity and possibly neurodevelopmental abnormalities in the offspring.
Spatially resolved X-ray energy analysis

Abstract We have constructed a proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis system that performs one- or two-dimensional scans of a sample and stores energy spectra at each point for later analysis. This system permits examination of the spectra or the spatial distribution of a selected element as data is being gathered, and allows versatile imaging and graphing analysis later. The boundaries of the region under study can easily be altered, both for one-dimensional line scans and two-dimensional rasters. The system includes provisions for beam-current normalization and baseline removal.
HISTOLOGY OF SELECT ORGANS OF THE CRAWFISH Procambarus clarkii MAINTAINED AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AND LEVELS OF CALCIUM AND AMMONIA1,2

Histologic changes were observed in shell, hepatopancreas, gut and gill tissues of crawfish Procambarus clarkii maintained in aquaria containing various levels of dissolved calcium (16, 86, 192 and 300 ppm), temperature (15, 21 and 27°C) and ammonia (<0.5 and 1.00 ppm, at each of the three temperatures). The principal changes observed among all treatment groups included: melanized necrosis of the shell, of the cuticular lining of the foregut, hindgut and gill, and in the parenchymal tissues of the hepatopancreas, gill and hindgut. An inflamnatory response characterized by infiltration of hemocytes, fibrocytes and collagen-like material accompanied necrosis in the hepatopancreas. In addition, eosino-philic granular hemocytes were seen in the hepatopancreas, the foregut wall and in the gill. A globular, deeply basophilic material was observed in the subcutis of the hindgut.
Currents in monterey submarine canyon

[1] Flow fields of mean, subtidal, and tidal frequencies between 250 and 3300 m water depths in Monterey Submarine Canyon are examined using current measurements obtained in three yearlong field experiments. Spatial variations in flow fields are mainly controlled by the topography (shape and width) of the canyon. The mean currents flow upcanyon in the offshore reaches (>1000 m) and downcanyon in the shallow reaches ( 100-m amplitude isotherm oscillations and associated high-speed rectilinear currents. The 15-day spring-neap cycle and a “3-day” band are the two prominent frequencies in subtidal flow field. Neither of them seems directly correlated with the spring-neap cycle of the sea level.
Blind image analysis for the compositional and structural characterization of plant cell walls

A new image analysis strategy is introduced to determine the composition and the structural characteristics of plant cell walls by combining Raman microspectroscopy and unsupervised data mining methods. The proposed method consists of three main steps: spectral preprocessing, spatial clustering of the image and finally estimation of spectral profiles of pure components and their weights. Point spectra of Raman maps of cell walls were preprocessed to remove noise and fluorescence contributions and compressed with PCA. Processed spectra were then subjected to k-means clustering to identify spatial segregations in the images. Cell wall images were reconstructed with cluster identities and each cluster was represented by the average spectrum of all the pixels in the cluster. Pure components spectra were estimated by spectral entropy minimization criteria with simulated annealing optimization. Two pure spectral estimates that represent lignin and carbohydrates were recovered and their spatial distributions were calculated. Our approach partitioned the cell walls into many sublayers, based on their composition, thus enabling composition analysis at subcellular levels. It also overcame the well known problem that native lignin spectra in lignocellulosics have high spectral overlap with contributions from cellulose and hemicelluloses, thus opening up new avenues for microanalyses of monolignol composition of native lignin and carbohydrates without chemical or mechanical extraction of the cell wall materials.
The Organizational and Social Foundations of Worker Resistance

The study of worker resistance has tended to focus either on organizational attributes that may alter actors' capacity to respond or on influential shop-floor social relations. This divide, partially driven by analytical and methodological preference, is also a function of different theoretical traditions. In this article, we suggest that organizational attributes and interpersonal relations in the workplace, in concert with union presence and collective action history, may be simultaneously but also conditionally meaningful for workers and their potential resistance strategies. Findings, derived from analyses of unique data on 82 workplace ethnographies and that merge Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) techniques and more conventional quantitative methods, largely support these expectations. Most notably, the impact of workplace organization and even union presence on worker resistance varies depending on social relations on the shop floor. Where there is union presence and significant interpersonal ...
Wall-catalyzed Water-Gas Shift Reaction in Multi-tubular, Pd and 80wt%Pd-20wt%Cu Membrane Reactors at 1173K

Abstract The high-temperature, water-gas shift reaction was conducted in 100 wt%Pd and 80 wt%Pd–20 wt%Cu (Pd80 wt%Cu) shell-and-tube membrane reactors at 1173 K with a 241 kPa (35 psig) trans-membrane pressure differential in the absence of heterogeneous catalyst particles. The tube bundle consisted of four parallel 15.25 cm long, 3.175 mm OD Pd-based tubes with a wall thickness of 125 μm. The modest catalytic activity of the Pd-based membrane surface for the forward WGSR, the high rate of hydrogen extraction through the Pd-based membranes, and the long residence times (1–5 s) resulted in a dramatic shift in carbon monoxide conversions of 93% at 1173 K and a 1.5:1 steam-to-carbon monoxide feed ratio—a value well above the equilibrium value of ∼54% associated with a conventional (non-membrane) reactor. Carbon monoxide conversions decreased from 93% to 66% and hydrogen recovery from 90% to 85% at a residence time of 5 s when the Pd was replaced with Pd80 wt%Cu, due to the lower permeance of the Pd80 wt%Cu alloy. SEM-EDS analysis of the membrane tubes suggested that the water-gas shift environment caused pinhole formation in the retentate surfaces of the Pd and Pd80 wt%Cu after approximately 8 days of operation.
Exploring the leisure lives of the working poor through photo-elicitation.

Abstract Understanding the meaning of leisure in the context of everyday life will require the use of innovative research strategies. One such strategy is the use of photo‐elicitation to elicit richer responses from research participants. It helps participants relive powerful emotional experiences and keep focused, and the photographic image provides a solid reference point for the articulation of abstract ideas. This research project uses participant driven photo‐elicitation to gain an understanding of the role and meaning of leisure in the lives of working poor individuals. The results indicate that the participants in this study are involved in a number of different types of leisure activity contexts that appear to buffer some of the stresses of their daily life struggles in different ways. Leisure generated social‐support and self‐expression appeared to help in the development of external and internal resources to mitigate the daily struggle with poverty. Leisure generated escape provided some short‐t...
Wine Grape Tissue Nutrient Concentrations in the Inland Pacific Northwest

Soil and plant tissue testing is routinely used by growers to assess the status of their crops to determine what, if any, supplemental fertilizers are needed to reach both quality and quantity production goals. In wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) production, leaf tissue testing is often used as the primary assessment tool for in-season fertilizer adjustment. In this project, we conducted a 3-year survey to evaluate actual leaf nutrient concentrations for comparison with published tissue nutrient guidelines. Leaf petiole and blade samples were collected from six different wine grape cultivars (two white, four red) from eight different sites that geographically encompass Washington's Columbia Valley American Viticultural Area (AVA) (inclusively), the Milton–Freewater area in Oregon, and the Parma area in Idaho. These are all low-rainfall areas (<450 mm/year) in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). Leaf samples (petioles and blades) were collected at bloom and veraison and analyzed for nutrients by a commercial labora...
A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF GIBBS SAMPLING FOR 3PNO IRT MODELS: EFFECTS OF PRIOR SPECIFICATIONS ON PARAMETER ESTIMATES

The performance of the Gibbs sampling procedure for the three-parameter normal ogive (3PNO) IRT model was investigated using Monte Carlo simulations. Model parameters were estimated for tests with 10, 20, and 40 items and samples of 100, 300, 500, and 1000 examinees, where different actual values and prior specifications were considered for the item parameters. Summary statistics showed that this procedure was more affected by the choice of the prior distributions for the three-parameter model than the two-parameter model. For the 3PNO model, appropriate informative priors with relatively small spread should be adopted for the slope and intercept parameters to obtain more efficient and accurate MCMC estimates when sample sizes are not large and/or tests are not long enough. When it is not clear whether the prior information is appropriate, informative priors with small prior variances are not recommended.
Interpersonal Reactions to Depression and Physical Disablllty In Dyadic Interactions1

Examined the interpersonal responses of persons engaged in dyadic interactions with confederates who enacted either depressed or socially appropriate roles and appeared either with or without a physical disability. Subject negative evaluations of confederates were indirectly obtained from a thought-listing measure. The overt behaviors of subjects were surreptitiously recorded on videotape and measures of verbal and nonverbal behavior were acquired. Subjects spoke less to the depressed targets and had significantly higher rates of negative evaluations of these persons. In addition, subjects gazed less at the depressed confederates. These effects were not moderated by target physical appearance. Findings are discussed as they relate to social models of depression and the stigmatizing effects of disability.
DIMINISHED PULSATILE LUTEINIZING HORMONE SECRETION AND SUPERSENSITIVITY TO GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE IN AMENORRHEIC RUNNERS

Menstrual irregularity is common in endurance-training women, although precise pathophysiological mechanism(s) remain unknown. To evaluate possible disturbances in the pulsatile mode of LH release, we sampled blood at 20 min intervals for 24 h in 10 am-enorrheic long-distance runners. LH pulse frequency and amplitude were calculated using a computerized algorithm, and pituitary responsiveness evaluated by infusing graded submaximal doses of gonadotropin releasing hormone [(GnRH); 2.5,5,10 and 25 μg)] at 2 h intervals for 8 h. We observed that 6 women had very low frequency LH pulsations (5,1,3,4,2,6 pulses/24 h), and 4 others maintained normal LH pulse frequency (11,12,13 and 15 pulses/24 h). Reduced LH pulse frequency occurred despite normal mean and 24 h integrated serum LH concentrations, and normal early follicular phase levels of estradiol, testosterone and progesterone. Spontaneous LH pulse amplitude (% or absolute) was normal or accentuated and administration of submaximal doses of GnRH promoted greater release of LH in runners than in controls (P<0.001). We conclude that the women athletes exhibit normal or increased responsiveness of gonadotrophs to endogenous or exogenous GnRH. Thus, the decreased frequency of LH pulsations seems to reflect a defect in the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator rather than the pituitary gland. These observations provide clear evidence for a brain defect in the regulation of LH secretion in certain long-distance runners.
Experimental and theoretical studies of the kinetics of the reactions of OH and OD with acetone and acetone-d6 at low pressure

Abstract The kinetics of the reactions of OH and OD with acetone and acetone- d 6 were studied from 2–5 Torr and 258–402 K using a discharge flow system with laser induced fluorescence or resonance fluorescence detection of the OH radical. The rate constants at 300 K for the reaction of OH with acetone and acetone- d 6 were (1.73 ± 0.06) × 10 −13 and (3.36 ± 0.32) × 10 −14 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 , respectively. The rate constants at 300 K for the reaction of OD with acetone and acetone- d 6 were (2.87 ± 0.22) × 10 −13 and (3.69 ± 0.12) × 10 −14 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 , respectively. Above room temperature, the temperature dependence of the rate constants for the OH + acetone and acetone- d 6 display Arrhenius behavior and are described by the equations k H ( T ) = (3.92 ± 0.81) × 10 −12 exp(−938 ± 70/ T ) and k D ( T ) = (8.19 ± 1.45) × 10 −12 exp(−1647 ± 58/ T ) cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 for acetone and acetone- d 6 , respectively. Measurements of k H and k D below room temperature begin to display non-Arrhenius behavior, consistent with previous measurements at higher pressures. Theoretical calculations of the kinetic isotope effect as a function of temperature are in good agreement with the experimental measurements using a hydrogen abstraction mechanism that proceeds through a hydrogen-bonded complex.
Leukemias and plasma cell dyscrasias

Abstract This review details major new observations in the diagnosis and treatment of leukemias and plasma cell dyscrasias that have been communicated since the last version of this work. This review is not exhaustive and may appear to some to be rather superficial. However, it should serve as an accurate index of current thinking and accomplishments. The review clearly demonstrates a trend away from traditional chemotherapeutic approaches to the leukemias and related diseases in favor of the more rational design of treatments for specific diseases based on laboratory observations. Some refer to the agents that have resulted from such an approach as targeted therapy and suggest that they represent a new era in cancer treatment, although one of the first targeted therapy agents to be conceived, synthesized and tested was 6-mercaptopurine decades ago. Furthermore, there is no cancer therapy more targeted than surgery, which has been practiced longer than any of us has lived. At any rate, whatever slogan may be used to describe current cancer treatment, it is clear that it is based on more preclinical science and more rational design than ever before. This chapter demonstrates that is certainly true for the leukemias and plasma cell dyscrasias. What has not been demonstrated yet is that better rationale has led to better results. That remains to be proven or disproven by continued observation of our treated patients.
Control of chromosome condensation in the sea urchin egg.

Abstract Ammonia-activated sea urchin eggs are capable of inducing premature chromosome condensation (PCC) in fertilizing sperm nuclei introduced during the period of maternal pronuclear chromosome condensation. Activated nucleated and enucleated egg halves (merogons) are also capable of inducing PCC during this period. However, the lifetime of the PCC-inducing activity in the enucleated merogons is 5–10 times shorter than in corresponding nucleated merogons, whether they are prepared by density gradient centrifugation or manual bisection. Transcription of maternal nuclear or cytoplasmic genomes or of the sperm nuclear genomes is not required for the induction of PCC. PCC induction becomes independent of protein synthesis in late S or early G2 of the activated egg cycle. These results suggest that the only genetic contribution required to initiate the first chromosome condensation is the translation of stored maternal mRNA prior to G2. However, some maternal pronuclear component, possibly the chromosomes themselves, is responsible for stabilizing the chromosome condensing environment.
ESTIMATING CHARACTER WEIGHTS DURING TREE SEARCH

Abstract Abstract—A new method for weighting characters according to their homoplasy is proposed; the method is non-iterative and does not require independent estimations of weights. It is based on searching trees with maximum total fit, with character fits defined as a concave function of homoplasy. Then, when comparing trees, differences in steps occurring in characters which show more homoplasy on the trees are less influential. The reliability of the characters is estimated, during the analysis, as a logical implication of the trees being compared. The "fittest" trees imply that the characters are maximally reliable and, given character conflict, have fewer steps for the characters which fit the tree better. If other trees save steps in some characters, it will be at the expense of gaining them in characters with less homoplasy.
What is Global Studies Good For? A Commentary on Jan Nederveen Pieterse's ‘What is Global Studies?’

Nederveen Pieterse suggests that social sciences exist insofar as they contribute to the social demand for relevant data. In effect, global studies uses the social sciences, as distinguished from s...
Unified picture of the photoexcitations in phenylene-based conjugated polymers: Universal spectral and dynamical features in subpicosecond transient absorption

Using subpicosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, we investigate the primary photoexcitations in thin films and solutions of several phenylene-based conjugated polymers and an oligomer. We identify several features in the transient absorption spectra and dynamics that are common to all of the materials which we studied from this family. The first spectral feature is a photoinduced absorption (PA) band peaking near 1 eV that has intensity-dependent dynamics that match the stimulated emission dynamics exactly over two orders of magnitude in excitation density. This band is associated with singlet intrachain excitons. The second spectral feature (observed only in thin films and aggregated solutions) is a PA band peaking near 1.8 eV, that is longer lived than the 1 eV exciton PA band, and that has dynamics that are independent (or weakly dependent) on excitation density. This feature is attributed to polarons, generated through a mechanism that is sample dependent. In pristine samples, polarons are generated via a mechanism that is quadratic in exciton density, whereas in photodegraded samples or samples doped with electron acceptors, the generation mechanism becomes linear in exciton density. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
The reaction of α-phenethyl radicals with 1,4-benzoquinone and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone

Abstract The absolute rate constant for 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) irreversibly trapping α-phenethyl radicals ( 3 ) has been determined as 4.4×10 6 M −1 s −1 at 43 °C using acyclic cis azoalkane 9c as a radical precursor. These reactants afford the hydroquinone mono ether 4 at 30 °C but a mixture of products at elevated temperature. 2,6-Di- tert -butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DTBQ) also reacts with 3 but the cyclohexadienone products are thermally labile.
Cellular Metanephric Stromal Tumor in a Postmenopausal Woman A Case Report With Review of the Literature

Metanephric stromal tumor (MST) of the kidney is a rare pediatric neoplasm which has rarely been reported in adults. The authors present a case of MST, cellular type, an unreported variant, in a 56-year-old postmenopausal woman. The 9.0-cm tumor was solid, unencapsulated, and well circumscribed, with a firm homogeneous cut surface. The tumor was purely stromal with dense spindle-cell proliferations displaying prominent schwannoma-like architecture, intratumoral angiodysplasia, and entrapped native renal tubules with "onion-skin" tumor collarettes. The tumor stroma expressed CD34, estrogen, and progesterone and did not express desmin, smooth muscle actin, S-100, or TLE-1. Considering the characteristic morphology and immunophenotype, a diagnosis of "metanephric stromal tumor, cellular type," was made. This is an exceptionally rare disease manifestation in an adult patient and the first description of MST with such high stromal cellularity, making this case unique in both clinical and pathological presentation.
Brazing of copper-alumina alloys

The successful use of GlidCop Al-15 in tokamak fusion reactors depends on the ability to join the alloy during fabrication without destroying its properties. An induction brazing process using a 50 kW induction furnace with an oval shaped helical coil and the silver-base brazing alloy, BAg-5, has been developed. This process minimizes the time required at elevated temperatures during the brazing process in order to eliminate excessive oxidation associated with furnace brazing. Induction brazing severely restricts the time for silver ingression along the grain boundaries. Examination of the microstructure of induction brazed joints indicated that the brazing procedure produced virtually no diffusion zone at the copper-silver interface. Microhardness measurements indicated little or no difference along the length of the alloy after brazing. Tensile tests of induction brazed lap joints have indicated good braze properties.
Batch and Continuous-Flow Preparation of Biodiesel Derived from Butanol and Facilitated by Microwave Heating

The batch and continuous-flow preparation of biodiesel derived from vegetable oil and 1-butanol using a commercially available scientific microwave apparatus is reported. The methodology allows for the reaction to be run under atmospheric conditions and, in continuous-flow mode, can be performed at flow rates up to 2.3 L/min using a 4 L reaction vessel. It can be utilized with new or used vegetable oil with 1-butanol and a 1:6 molar ratio of oil to alcohol. Sulfuric acid or potassium hydroxide can be used as the catalyst.
Physicochemical characteristics of magnetic microspheres containing tissue plasminogen activator

Abstract As a first step toward improving the treatment of stroke, we are developing a magnetic carrier system to target tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) to a thrombosis. We report the characterization of biodegradable microspheres containing tPA and magnetic iron oxide. The resultant microspheres were superparamagnetic with a magnetization of 6.9–8.7 emu/g. We encapsulated 5% tPA by mass which eluted from the microspheres to produce a solution concentration of 5.3– 19.6 μ g / mL in tPA, which exceeds the theoretical thrombolysis concentration. Although smaller microspheres will be necessary for in vivo experiments, we have shown that sufficient tPA can be encapsulated and released in a magnetic matrix.
Theory of acoustic instability in solid-propellant rocket combustion

This paper reviews the problem of unstable combustion in solid-propellant rockets, with special emphasis on the status of theory and, where possible, the comparison between theory and experiment. The manifestation of the problem in terms of the appearance of periodic pressure waves, and the consequences which ensue when these reach sufficient amplitude are first outlined. A rocket motor is then viewed as an acoustic cavity. The possible sources and sinks of acoustic energy are enumerated, and the gain-loss balance is discussed with respect to self-excited oscillation, and also with respect to influences of outside perturbations on a stable cavity which has a high Q . The quantitative approach to the representation of, the various gain-loss mechanisms in the domain of linear stability theory is then reviewed. Particular emphasis is put on the modifications to ordinary acoustic stability theory which are required because of the existence of a mean flow field. The contributions to linear instability of the response of the burning propellant, both to the pressure and velocity components of the acoustic field, are then discussed. Attention is then turned to the fundamental theory of the interaction of the burning surface with a pressure oscillation. The linear (small perturbation) theory of the acoustic response of this region is reviewed in terms of the analytic models, and postulates that have been made, and their theoretical results. Some qualitative comparison with experiment is made. The remaining part of the paper is then devoted to nonlinear effects. The theory of nonlinear instability in such systems is first reviewed to the extent that it exists. Then, the consequences of oscillation of finite amplitude arising from nonlinear effects are discussed. Under this heading, amplitude limitation in unstable cavities, wave distortion, and changes in the mean properties of the system are considered. In the alst category, changes in the mean burning rate due to nonlinear pressure response and due to the erosion associated with the velocity component of the acoustic field are noted. The induction of vortex flow by acoustic streaming, as described by Swithenbank and Sotter and by Flandro, is discussed with particular reference to its consequences in producing increased erosion, decreased nozzle flow, and angular torques. Brief mention is also made of the effects of the amplitude oscillations on combustion, efficiency and the composition of the product gases.
Advance production and Cournot outcomes: an experimental investigation

Abstract An experiment designed to assess the effects of advance-production decisions on posted-offer market performance is reported. Six of the twelve triopolies were conducted under standard posted-offer rules. In the remaining markets sellers made binding production commitments prior to posting prices, an alteration that shifts the unique stage-game Nash equilibrium from the competitive to the Cournot outcome. As predicted, advance-production decisions raised prices and lowered output. Nevertheless, stable Cournot outcomes were never observed.
When the Gates Swing Open: Examining Network Gatekeeping in a Social Media Setting

This study draws on the concept of network gatekeeping to examine the ways in which organizations have adapted the processes of gatekeeping to respond to the collaborative, communicative power of users upon which they are exercising their gatekeeping authority. Through a case study of the unprecedented “Social Suite” provided for social media-using fans of Major League Baseball's Cleveland Indians, this article explores the methods the gatekeeper has used to both subvert and reinforce its traditional role. Gatekeepers are found to extend their authority into networked realms by allowing for greater access, freedom, and relationship while applying more subtle gatekeeping filters, and the Social Suite's users play a role as active, though gated, participants in the gatekeeping process. The findings of this article expand on current gatekeeping research to address the fluid, emerging roles of gatekeepers and gated communities within networked environments.
Unilateral mydriasis from ipratropium in transplant patients

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is common in autopsy series of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT).1 ICH often presents with third nerve signs of transtentorial herniation. Unilateral pupillary dilatation from scopolamine, used as a transdermal patch for post-HCT nausea, can be a false indicator of ICH.2 I describe similar diagnostic confusion with ipratropium/albuterol (I/A) in four patients with HCT. I studied four men, aged 22 to 64 years (median 41 years), who had undergone allogeneic HCT 1 to 6 months previously (table). All patients had multiple complications after transplant, including two patients with alveolar hemorrhage, atrial fibrillation, and renal failure requiring dialysis. Patient 1 had enterococcal meningitis, and Patient 4 had aspergillus pulmonary infection. All four patients had recent bacteremia, and all were thrombocytopenic with platelet counts of 27,000 to 94,000/μL (median 46,000/μL) on the day of the neurologic consultation. View this table: Table Transplant …
Are HIV/AIDS Conspiracy Beliefs a Barrier to HIV Prevention Among African Americans?

Objectives: This study examined endorsement of HIV/AIDS conspiracy beliefs and their relations to consistent condom use and condom attitudes among African Americans. Methods: We conducted a telephone survey with a random sample of 500 African Americans aged 15 to 44 years and living in the contiguous United States. Results: A significant proportion of respondents endorsed HIV/AIDS conspiracy beliefs. Among men, stronger conspiracy beliefs were significantly associated with more negative condom attitudes and inconsistent condom use independent of selected sociodemographic characteristics, partner variables, sexually transmitted disease history, perceived risk, and psychosocial factors. In secondary follow-up analyses, men’s attitudes about condom use partially mediated the effects of HIV/AIDS conspiracy beliefs on condom use behavior. Conclusions: HIV/AIDS conspiracy beliefs are a barrier to HIV prevention among African Americans and may represent a facet of negative attitudes about condoms among black men. To counter such beliefs, government and public health entities need to work toward obtaining the trust of black communities by addressing current discrimination within the health care system as well as by acknowledging the origin of conspiracy beliefs in the context of historical discrimination.
PARTITIONING BEHAVIOR OF PORPHYRIN DYES IN AQUEOUS BIPHASIC SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT The partition of protoporphyrin IX and the phthallocyanine dye, propyl astra blue iodide, in aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) and onto aqueous biphasic extraction chromatographic (ABEC™) resins has been examined. Solubility of protoporphyrin IX was found to be too low for recovery by ABS other than by use of thermoseparating surfactants. Partitioning behavior of the phthallocyanine dye was found to depend on the salting-out strength of the salt. As a result of the partition of this dye to the interface of ABS, the adoption of ABEC for recovery of this dye is more favorable.