cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermochemical nonequilibrium and radiative interactions in supersonic hydrogen-air combustion

The two-dimensional, elliptic Navier-Stokes equations are used to investigate supersonic flows with nonequilibrium chemistry and thermodynamics, coupled with radiation, for hydrogen-air systems. The chemistry source term in the species equation is treated implicitly to alleviate the stiffness associated with fast reactions. The explicit, unsplit MacCormack finite-difference scheme is used to advance the governing equations in time, until convergence is achieved. The specific problem considered is the premixed, expanding flow in a supersonic nozzle. The reacting flow consists of seven species, one of which is the inert N2 molecule. The thermal state of the gas is modeled with one translational-rotational temperature and five vibrational temperatures. The harmonic oscillator model is used in the formulation for vibrational relaxation. The tangent slab approximation is used in the radiative flux formulation. A pseudo-gray model is used to represent the absorption-emission characteristics of the participating species. Results obtained for specific conditions indicate the presence of nonequilibrium in the expansion region. This reduces the radiative interactions and can have a significant influence on the flowfield.
Postsuicide Intervention as a Prevention Tool: Developing a Comprehensive Campus Response to Suicide and Related Risk

This chapter explores activities and processes typically used after a suicide event as a prevention strategy to address suicide on campus. Special issues in postsuicide intervention and suggestions for development of appropriate protocols are highlighted.
Microinjection of morphine into nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis of the rat: suppression of noxious-evoked activity of nucleus raphe magnus neurons.

Microinjection of 1 μg of morphine into nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis (Pgc) of anesthetized rats depressed both noxiousevoked and spontaneous activity of nociresponsive neurons in the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM). This effect was naloxone-reversible, and was not observed after control injections dorsal to Pgc. The percent change in spontaneous firing was significantly greater than the percent change in pinch-evoked firing. This reduction in NRM neuronal discharge may contribute to the antinociceptive effects produced by microinjection of morphine into Pgc.
Concomitant Presentation of a Glioblastoma Multiforme With Superimposed Abscess

Background The coexistence of a primary brain tumor such as high-grade glioma and superimposed abscess is a rare entity and can present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The concomitant abscess may not be recognized until surgery, and the overall course of treatment may require adjustment in the presence of a coinciding infection. In the present report we evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of a glioblastoma multiforme with an intratumoral abscess. Methods A patient was diagnosed with a glioblastoma multiforme with a concomitantly superimposed multimicrobial abscess containing coagulase-negative Staphylococcus , Acinetobacter iwofii , and Propionibacterium species. The suspected infectious source was a dental abscess with presumed secondary seeding. The patient underwent a left anterior temporal lobectomy with debulking of the lesion. Although the adjuvant therapy schedule was adjusted to accommodate the course of antibiotics, the existence of a concurrent abscess did not preclude adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy. Results The patient responded well to antibiotic treatment with no evidence of recurrent infection. He underwent a second operation for additional debulking of the lesion approximately half a year after his initial surgery. The patient died 2 years after the initial diagnosis. Conclusions There are insufficient guidelines on the treatment of a primary brain tumor with intratumoral abscess. In this report we present our therapeutic decisions in this rare case.
Cabbage Precooling Study

Abstract Study of factors affecting precooling rates of cabbage in pallet boxes similar to those used in commercial storage practice showed that air circulation around the boxes, open space between the slats of the sides and bottom of the boxes, and resistance to air flow through the product caused by loose wrapper leaves, affected cooling coefficients, and hence precooling times, markedly. Steady-state product temperature gradients within the pallet boxes were affected markedly by air movement around the boxes, and to a lesser extent by slat spacing and resistance to air flow caused by loose wrapper leaves. Both precooling rate and temperature gradient are important in the long-term storage of cabbage because of its sensitivity to temperatures above the optimum (0 C).
Theory of rf magnetic permeability of type-II superconductors in slab geometry with an oblique applied static magnetic field

A self-consistent theory of dynamic vortex response in the linear regime is extended to describe (a) the rf complex magnetic permeability {tilde {mu}} suitable for slab geometry and (b) the complicating effect of an oblique applied static magnetic field. The resulting theory, which is expected to be valid over a broad range of static-field magnitude and of frequency, for temperatures from absolute zero through the transition temperature, and for all angles of applied static field with respect to the superconductor surface and microwave field, includes in a unified manner vortex pinning, flux flow, and flux creep by using the complex dynamic vortex mobility. In particular, we show how {tilde {mu}} depends upon the magnitude and direction of the internal magnetic induction {bold B}{sub 0} generated by a uniform array of vortices in the superconductor, and we give the corresponding numerical results.
Domain-Independent Data Validation and Content Assistance as a Service

In this paper we describe a scalable service for customized data validation and content assistance by means of domain-independent, user-provided sets of complex data constraints. We present an integrated architecture and a particular implementation that combines the use of existing grammar- and rule-based schema languages that allows providers to specify rules in a declarative manner. The integrated architecture provides a way to semi-automatically fill in form fields by calling the proposed service, which enumerates domains from the previously stored data validation constraints. Additionally, better error reporting can be achieved by leveraging structure from the rules' definitions. The proposed architecture has been shown to be practical and is in production use by a large organization, successfully fulfilling its role.
Local surface interpolation with shape parameters between adjoining Gregory patches

Abstract A surface interpolation method with local control for meshes of cubic curves is described. This mesh is filled with Gregory patches, so that the surface is represented by a union of geometrically continous bicubic quadrilateral and/or quartic triangular Gregory patches. Along any boundarycurve the shape of the two adjoining patches can be locally controlled with shape parameters, suchas tilt, bulge and shear. The procedure is a simple extension of Chiyokura's method [Chiyokura & Kimura '83] that gives extra control to the user while preserving first order geometric continuity between the patches.
Relationship between index term specificity and relevance judgment

Concurrent concepts of specificity are discussed and differentiated from each other to investigate the relationship between index term specificity and users' relevance judgments. The identified concepts are term-document specificity, hierarchical specificity, statement specificity, and posting specificity. Among them, term-document specificity, which is a relationship between an index term and the document indexed with the term, is regarded as a fruitful research area. In an experiment involving three searches with 175 retrieved documents from 356 matched index terms, the impact of specificity on relevance judgments is analyzed and found to be statistically significant. Implications for index practice and for future research are discussed.
Buckling of a pre-compressed or pre-stretched membrane in shear flow

Membranes enclosing capsules and biological cells undergo periodic compression and stretching due to an imparted hydrodynamic traction as they rotate in a shear flow. Compression may cause transient or permanent buckling manifested by the onset of wrinkled shapes. To study the effect of pre-compression and pre-stretching on the critical conditions for buckling, the response of an elastic circular plate flush mounted on a plane wall and deforming under the action of a uniform tangential load due to an over-passing simple shear flow is considered. Working under the auspices of the theory of elastic instability of plates governed by the linear von Karman equation, an eigenvalue problem is formulated resulting in a fourth-order partial differential equation with position-dependent coefficients parametrized by the Poisson ratio. Solutions are computed by applying Fourier series expansions to derive an infinite system of coupled ordinary differential equations, and then implementing orthogonal collocation. The solution space is illustrated, critical values for buckling are identified, the associated eigenfunctions representing possible modes of deformation are displayed, and the effect of the Poisson ratio is discussed.
Drop Size Measurements in Evaporating Realistic Sprays of Emulsified and Neat Fuels

A comparative study has been performed of the drop-size distribution of sprays of emulsified and neat distillate-type aviation fuels at elevated temperatures (308K to 700K) and pressures (101 kPa to 586 kPa). All drop-size data were obtained with a Malvern Model 2200 Particle Sizer based on the forward angle diffraction pattern produced by the drops when illuminated by a collimated HeNe laser beam. Fuels included a standard multicomponent jet fuel, Jet-A, and a single component fuel, hexadecane, in both neat form and emulsified with 20 percent (by vol.) water and 2 percent (by vol.) surfactant. The initial breakup and atomization of a neat and emulsified fuel were quite similar at all conditions, and the evaporation rates appeared similar at various temperatures for pressures at or below about 300 kPa. At higher pressures with elevated temperatures the emulsified fuels of both types produce drops of significantly smaller Sauter mean diameter than the neat fuels as distance from the nozzle increases. These results are consistent with the microexplosion hypothesis, but there could also be alternative explanations. A detailed computer model which predicts heat up rates, steady state drop temperatures, evaporation rates, and drop trajectories has been used to help interpret the results. An additional point which has been observed is that the initial Sauter mean diameter produced with constant differential nozzle pressure is dependent on the air pressure with an exponent of about −0.4, i.e., SMD ∼ Pair−0.4. Some recent correlations often quoted omit the pressure (density) of air term.Copyright © 1983 by ASME
Proteins that interact with the pore-forming subunits of voltage-gated ion channels

Abstract Voltage-gated ion channels are composed of pore-forming subunits, as well as auxiliary subunits that modify the functions of these channels. In addition, the channels interact with other modulatory proteins in a more transient manner, although with significant effects on channel activity. Even though many second-messenger systems influence the voltage-gated ion channels, only in a few cases has clear evidence for direct protein—protein interactions been demonstrated. Recent biochemical and genetic studies have helped to elucidate the scope of the interactions between these ion channels and various modulatory proteins by determining the structures and functions of nonpore-forming subunits.
An experimental replication of the depressed-entitlement effect among women

Previous research has suggested that women pay themselves significantly less than men pay themselves for the same amount of work (Callahan-Levy & Messe, 1979; Major, McFarlin, & Gagnon, 1984). In an experimental study involving 132 participants (68 men and 64 women), this “depressed-entitlement effect” was replicated in a current sample of university students. Independent judges unaware of participant gender perceived no differences in quality between products of men and women, indicating that the two groups' efforts did not differ in objective terms. Results are interpreted in terms of a general system-justification framework (Jost & Banaji, 1994), according to which members of disadvantaged groups internalize ideological justifications for their own disadvantage.
Investigation of Pseudo-Passivation of Mild Steel in CO2 Corrosion

The iron carbonate corrosion product layer formed on mild steel in carbon dioxide (CO2) environments is known to retard corrosion. When not fully covering the steel surface, it may also lead to initiation of localized corrosion, due to a galvanic effect. In this work, the stability of a protective iron carbonate layer has been studied at 80°C over a relatively wide range of bulk pH. Experiments were done in a glass cell using a three-electrode system. Electrochemical techniques such as linear polarization resistance (LPR) and potentiodynamic polarization (PP) were used. Surface analysis techniques (scanning electron microscopy [SEM], x-ray diffraction [XRD], and transmission electron microscopy [TEM]) were used to confirm the composition and structure of the protective layer. Experimental results confirmed a pseudo-passive behavior, indicated by a positive shift in the open-circuit potential and a significantly retarded corrosion rate for systems at pH 6.0 and above. However, a stable and protective pseud...
When host choice is a problem for a generalist herbivore: experiments with the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci

Summary 1. Experiments with adult females of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, demonstrated that when mixtures of host plants were present, performance was reduced relative to that on the best of the host plants when presented alone. 2. Behavioural observations indicated that in the presence of a variety of plants, individuals moved more, switched between plants more frequently, and stayed feeding in one place for shorter periods of time, compared with the situation when single plant species were available. 3. The data are interpreted as a constraint on attentiveness in the presence of complex, mixed-sensory stimuli.
Recreational drug overdose-related cardiac arrests: break on through to the other side

Introduction The annual rate of recreational overdose (OD)-related death is increasing exponentially, making unintentional overdose the leading cause of injury-related death in America. Unfortunately, little attention in the resuscitation community has focused on the post-arrest care of this rapidly growing population.
Comparative analysis of actuator concepts for active gear pair vibration control

Abstract Four actuation concepts for the active suppression of gearbox housing mesh frequency vibrations due to transmission error excitation from the gear pair system are modelled and compared by computing the required actuation forces and amplifier power spectra. The proposed designs studied consist of (1) active inertial actuators positioned tangentially on the gear body to produce a pair of reactive force and moment, (2) semi-active gear–shaft torsional coupling to provide tuned vibration isolation and suppression, (3) active bearing vibration control to reduce vibration transmissibility, and (4) active shaft transverse vibration control to suppress/tune gearbox casing or shaft response. Numerical simulations that incorporate a transmission error term as the primary excitation are performed using a finite element model of the geared rotor system (dynamic plant) constructed from beam and lumped mass/stiffness elements. Several key comparison criteria including the required actuation effort, control robustness and implementation cost are examined, and the advantages and disadvantages of each concept are discussed. Based on the simulated data, the active shaft transverse vibration control scheme is identified as the most suitable approach for this application.
Oogenesls in the terrestrial hermit crab, coenobita clypeatus (decapoda, anomura): II. Vitellogenesis.

Oocytes from the land hermit crab, Coenobita clypeatus, in various stages of vitellogenesis were examined by light and electron microscopy. Early vitellogenic oocytes are characterized by accumulations of discrete vesicles of endoplasmic reticulum in the perinuclear cytoplasm. As oocytes develop, the endoplasmic reticulum becomes abundant, and numerous Golgi complexes are seen. There is a well developed Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum interaction. Within the confines of the reticulum are discrete intracisternal granules, which can be seen coalescing into electron-dense yolk bodies. Lipid accumulation is seen throughout the cytoplasm. Coincident with the burst of intra-oocytic metabolism are oolemma modifications and micropinocytosis, which provide ultrastructural evidence for extra-oocytic yolk production. The mature oocyte contains numerous yolk and lipid vesicles of varying electron density that comprise both intra- and extra-oocytic substrates.
Seduction Trauma: Representation, Deferred Action, and Pathogenic Development

Seduction trauma refers to a range of phenomena currently described under the rubric of child abuse. Freud elucidated the fantasy distortion and elaboration of traumatic experience and retained the importance of actual trauma. Psychic trauma is associated with the alteration of self and object representations and ensuing new identifications, e.g., with victim and aggressor. The "deferred action" of psychic trauma is an antiquated concept and psychic trauma has immediate effects as well as far reaching developmental consequences. Prior trauma predisposes to later traumatic vulnerability and to trauma linked to phase specific unconscious conflict. The pathogenesis of child sex abuse and the enactment of oedipal incest extends before and after the oedipal phase, is often associated with other forms of abuse, and has a history of pathogenic parent-child relationship.
A comprehensive generalized mesh system for CFD applications

The numerical approaches used for the solution of governing equations of fluid flow are dictated highly by the topology of the domain discretization. Two of the most commonly used discretization approaches are the structured and unstructured topologies. This paper describes the discretization of the domain using generalized elements with an arbitrary number of nodes to combine the advantages of both the structured and unstructured methodologies. Numerical algorithms for the solution of the governing equations for generalized mesh, an approach for handling mesh movement applicable to rotating machineries, and the application of this framework for overset meshes to handle moving body problems are discussed. A library-based approach has been adopted for the implementation of overset capability for the framework. The results from the application of this framework for various applications are presented.
Reframing executive compensation: An assessment and outlook

This article develops and applies a new framework for under standing and interpreting the breadth of executive compensation research and theory. This framework sorts the literature along three dimensions that reflect three basic issues in compensation design: how to pay (specifying the mechanism for linking pay criteria to pay consequences), when to pay (specifying the criteria for awarding pay), and what to pay (form of pay consequence). This framework helps to highlight areas where executive compensation research has stalled, areas it has ignored, as well as providing direction for re-energizing the field by outlining questions for future research and theory building.
The effect of ethylenediamine vs. glycidoxy side-chains on the reactivity of organosilanes toward silica surfaces

Abstract Factors affecting the coverage of two organosilanes, N-2-aminoethyl-3-amino-propyltrimethoxysilane (1) and 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (2), bonded to silica have been investigated. The coverage of 1 is much higher than that of 2 for surfaces modified under identical reaction conditions. This is attributed to the rapid adsorption of 1 via specific interaction between the ethylenediamine group and the silanol groups of the silica surface. The difference in coverage is not simply due to pH differences. The nature of the side-chains of such silanes and the nature of the surface to be modified must be considered in the development of a derivatization scheme.
Preparation and Synchrotron X-ray Specular Reflectivity Study of Langmuir-Blodgett Films of the Phthalocyanine [(C6H13)3SiO(SiPcO)2H]

The preparation by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique of multilayers of the phthalocyanine [(C 6 H 13 ) 3 -SiO(SiPcO) 2 H] (Si-Si Pc dimer) is described and compared with a similar compound, [(C 6 H 13 ) 3 -SiOSiPcOGePcOH] (Si-Ge Pc dimer), reported before. The Si-Si Pc dimer monolayer at the air-water interface is stable on a pH = 7 buffered water subphase. The multilayer formed through Y-type deposition has a deposition ratio of 1, assuming that the rings are parallel to the substrate surface. The film was studied by using synchrotron X-ray specular reflectivity experiments. The reflectivity profile obtained gives many Kiessig fringes and two strong Bragg peaks, indicating that the multilayer obtained has a very good quality. The Bragg peaks correspond to a bilayer spacing of 23.7 A, and the average film density obtained from the Kiessig fringes is 0.974 g/cm 3 . The high degree of ring orientation and film perfection with the low film density give great advantages for the application of this phthalocyanine Langmuir-Blodgett film as gas sensors.
Analysis of two human monoclonal antibodies against melanoma.

B cells derived from peripheral-blood lymphocytes (PBL) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from a patient with a high serum antibody titer to autologous melanoma were transformed with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and evaluated for reactivity against autologous tumor. B cells producing antibody reactive with autologous tumor and unreactive with normal fibroblasts were detected both in TIL and in PBL. One cell line derived from PBL and another derived from TIL sustained production of tumor-reactive antibody for 10 weeks and over 15 months respectively. The cell line derived from PBL, 2D11, produced an antibody reactive with a trypsin-resistant antigen expressed on the cell membrane of autologous and allogeneic melanoma cell lines. The cell line derived from TIL, IF6, produced an antibody reactive with a cell-surface glycoprotein expressed by 5 autologous melanoma cell lines derived from 5 different metastases and 16/19 allogeneic melanoma cell lines. IF6 also showed reactivity with cell lines derived from a blue nevus, a congenital nevus, an astrocytoma, and 1/4 renal-cell carcinomas; but it was not reactive with 5 foreskin melanocyte cell lines, 2 normal fibroblast lines, 5 leukemia/lymphoma lines, 8 lung-cancer lines, 8 glioblastoma lines, or lines derived from 1 ovarian carcinoma, f colon carcinoma, 1 vulvar carcinoma, 1 fibrosarcoma, 1 murine melanoma, or 4 murine leukemia/lymphomas. We describe here an antibody that detects a new melanoma specificity obtained by EBV transformation of tumor-infiltrating B cells. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Serum Interferon in Navajo Children with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease Inhibits Lymphoblastogenesis

Two Navajo Indian children with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) lost reconstituted immune function after virus infections. A serum factor which inhibited normal lymphocyte response to mitogens was found in one of them and led to the examination of sera from five other Navajos with SCID. Mean inhibition by six Navajo sera was 67%; no inhibitor was found in sera from normal adults and children. The inhibitor activity was nondialyzable and heat stable, yet partially sensitive to pH 2.0, suggesting that interferon(s) was present. Interferon (IFN) activity in patient sera ranged from 10 to 300 U/ml. Normal children had peak serum IFN levels of 100 and 30 U/ml in the acute and convalescent periods, respectively, of virus infections. IFNα, IFNβ, and IFNγ were identified in SCID sera by specific antisera. Both inhibitor and IFN activities in three Navajo sera were 88–95 and 89–100%, respectively, removed with anti-IFN antisera. Similar patterns of inhibition of lymphoblastogenesis were seen with IFN standards. IFN levels in the SCID patients did not correlate with documented infections; elevated levels were present when no infections could be documented. The immunologic imbalances in some forms of SCID may be related to circulating inhibitors, possibly interferon.
Does mycophenolate mofetil prevent extra-renal flares in systemic lupus erythematosus? Results from an observational study of patients in a single practice treated for up to 5 years.

In this study, the clinical course and change in extra-renal manifestations of patients with SLE taking mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) were evaluated. The charts of 75 consecutively identified patients on MMF from a single practice were reviewed for demographics, dates of SLE diagnosis, initiation, indication or discontinuation of MMF and other medications. British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) organ system data were identified for 3 months prior to MMF and then for the subsequent 5 years. BILAG scores for each organ system and an overall score were calculated for intervals of 6 months. The mean age of 75 subjects was 35.8 years with SLE mean disease duration of 99.2 months. Indications for starting MMF were renal (70.7%), musculoskeletal (10.6%), mucocutaneous (9.3%), cardiorespiratory (5.3%), haematologic (4%), vasculitic (2.7%), neurologic (1.3%) and other (18.7%). The mean duration of treatment was 3.3 years; 22 discontinuations occurred. Overall, there was a >50% improvement in composite BILAG sc...
Effects of 5HT-1A agonists on locomotor and investigatory behaviors in rats differ from those of hallucinogens.

Behavioral profiles composed of both locomotor activity and investigatory behavior were established for the 5HT-1A agonists 8OHDPAT, buspirone, gepirone, and ipsapirone using rats tested in a Behavioral Pattern Monitor. Typically these compounds dose-relatedly decreased horizontal locomotion and investigatory activity during the first half of the 1-h test session. Time-course studies revealed that the time interval between injection and placement of the animal in the testing chamber made no difference in the temporal distribution of locomotor activity following most 5HT-1A agonists. These results were compared and contrasted to the behavioral profiles previously established for hallucinogenic compounds such as LSD and DOM, the psychoactive properties of which have been suggested to be mediated by 5HT-2 binding sites. Examination of ipsapirone and 8OHDPAT in a familiar environment paradigm revealed that both drugs decreased behavioral responding independently of the animals' familiarity with the test environment, in contrast to the behaviorally suppressive effects of hallucinogenic 5HT-2 antagonists which disappear in a familiar environment. Additionally, d,l-propranolol was used as a 5HT-1 antagonist and was found to block the behavioral effects of the 5HT-1A agonists ipsapirone and buspirone without having significant effects by itself. Propranolol was also used to identify the contribution of the 5HT-1 binding site to the behavioral effects of LSD. Even at relatively high doses, propranolol only partially antagonized the effects of LSD, supporting the hypothesis that the behavioral effects of LSD reflect the activation of both 5HT-1 and 5HT-2 receptors. Together, these findings demonstrate that 5HT-1A agonists have a different profile of behavioral effects than 5HT-2 agonists and that the two classes of drugs can be differentiated using the same test paradigm. The results provide further support for the hypothesis that the previously described potentiation of neophobia induced by hallucinogens is due to the activation of 5HT-2 receptors.
Substorm onset viewed by a two-dimensional, global-scale hybrid code

Abstract A two-dimensional hybrid code is used to simulate processes related to the onset of the substorm expansive phase that take place in the midnight meridian plane of the magnetosphere. The simulation domain extends from the Earth's ionosphere to 35 Earth radii in the antisunward direction and to 11 Earth radii along the polar axes. Simulation runs were made both with and without a driving dawn-to-dusk electric field imposed at the boundaries. In the driven cases momentum exchange between the plasma being accelerated earthward in the neutral sheet and the magnetic field results in a stretching of the magnetic field lines and thinning of the plasma sheet. In the undriven cases, the induction electric field from the collapsing tail field also accelerates plasma sheet plasma earthward. In both cases a pair of field-aligned currents develops connecting the inner edge of the plasma sheet to the auroral ionosphere, with the downward current equatorward of the upward current. The breaking of the inward plasma flow drives these currents. Next follows the apparent dipolarization. “Dipolarization” is carried outward by plasma rebounding off the dipole field. Ion–ion two streaming instabilities are excited behind the expanding dipolarization front. The effect of these instabilities is propagated earthward along magnetic field lines by shear Alfven waves. These are seen as multiple field-aligned current filaments above the auroral ionosphere. We take the upward field-aligned current filaments as proxies for auroral arcs. Results of the simulations indicate substorm effects to be a consequence of the near-Earth breaking fast earthward flows, which develop in the plasma sheet.
Distributed caching strategy

ABSTRACT When compared to biological experiments, using computati onal protein models can save time and effort in identifying native conformations of proteins. Nonetheless, given the sheer size of the conformation space, identifying the native conformation remains a computationally hard problem - even in simplified models such as hydrophobic-hydrophilic (HP) models. Distributed systems have become the focus of protein folding, providing high performance computing power to accommodate the conformation space. To use a distributed system efficiently (with limited resources), an appropriate strategy should be designed accordingly. Communication incurs overhead but can provide useful information in distributed systems through careful consideration. Our study focuses on understanding the behavior of distributed systems and developing an efficient communication strategy to save computational effort in order to obtain good solutions. In this paper, we propos e a distributed caching strate gy, which reuses partial results of computations and transmits the cached and reusable inform ation among neighboring inter-connected processors. In order to validate this idea in a practical setting, we present algorithms to retrieve and restore the cached information and apply them to 2D triangular HP lattice models through coarse-grained parallel genetic algorithms (CPGAs). Our experimental results demonstrate the time savings as well as the limits in cach ing improvements for our distributed caching strategy.
Clean air and renewable fuels: the market for fuel ethanol in the US from 1984 to 1993

Abstract Ethanol made from corn has become an increasingly important fuel additive in the US over the past decade. The market for ethanol has grown from 550 million gallons in 1984 to approximately 1.5 billion gallons in 1995. Recent clean-air legislation has mandated the use of cleaner burning fuels in the US in specific regions and seasons. The fundamental role of fuel ethanol is changing from a gasoline substitute and octane enhancer to being one of a number of possible clean-air additives. In addition to these changing market conditions, the institutional structure surrounding the ethanol market has changed. While there is a uniform national subsidy for ethanol use, each state has its own supplemental subsidy level which varied from zero to over $0.40 per gallon. Recently, many state subsidy levels have been declining, but significant incentives still remain (including the federal $0.54 per gallon incentive). This paper explores the economic characteristics of the US ethanol market. The market supply and demand for ethanol are estimated econometrically. The results highlight the importance of the state and federal incentives and mandates, along with transportation costs, in making corn-based ethanol an attractive alternative to gasoline. Further investigation using a probit model to predict whether a state has an ethanol market or not reinforces the results of the supply–demand market model. The implications of the market characteristics for current and future US ethanol policy and clean-fuels use are discussed.
Technical and economic feasibility of a prototype 4 kW cogeneration package

Abstract We report on the technical and economic evaluation for a utility company of a new prototype, gas-fueled, 4-kW cogenerator. This unit is targeted for use by a small business or homeowner to heat water and generate electricity. We describe the experimental setup used to test this cogenerator and measure power output, electrical voltage and frequency, thermal output, natural gas consumption, noise levels, reliability, and economics. The prototype had an overall efficiency of 45% vs a target of 72% for economic viability. The electrical output did not meet the electric utility requirements of 60 ± 0.5 Hz and 240 ± 5% V; instead, the output varied from 55 to 60 Hz and 220 to 300 V. For most cases, a small business or homeowner would receive a low rate of return and a payback period that exceeds the life of the cogenerator unless the efficiency can be increased by about 25%.
The Effect of 3% Added Animal Fat on Laying Hen Performance

Abstract INTRODUCTION SINCE the discovery that fats provide an excellent source of energy in broiler rations, considerable work has been conducted to determine the value of fat in rations for laying hens. Lillie el al. (1952) replaced 3% corn with an equal amount of lard in a laying ration and improved feed conversion without affecting egg production. Hill et al. (1956) showed that the addition of up to 5% animal fat improved both egg production and feed efficiency during the winter months. These workers found that for each 1% added fat there was a 2% reduction in feed consumption, and also that body weight gain during the production year increased with increasing energy concentration in the ration. In one experiment, Weiss and Fisher (1957) found that 10% added animal fat fed to White Leghorns from 8 to 32 weeks of age reduced egg production and resulted in a mortality level of …
Effect of energy intake on nitrogen metabolism in nondialyzed patients with chronic renal failure.

Effect of energy intake on nitrogen metabolism in nondialyzed patients with chronic renal failure. Dietary energy requirements were evaluated during 16 studies that were carried out in six clinically stable nondialyzed chronically uremic patients who lived in a clinical research center and were fed diets providing 45, 35, 25 or 15 kcal/kg/day. Each diet was fed for 23.7 ± 5.7 SD days and provided about 0.55 to 0.60 g protein/kg/day. Nitrogen balance after equilibration and adjusted for changes in body urea nitrogen, and change in body weight each correlated directly with energy intake. Correcting for estimated unmeasured nitrogen losses of about 0.58 g/day, nitrogen balance was negative in one of four patients fed 45 kcal/kg/day, one of five patients receiving 35 kcal/kg/day, three of five patients ingesting 25 kcal/kg/day and both patients fed 15 kcal/kg/day. The urea nitrogen appearance (UNA), the UNA divided by nitrogen intake, and several plasma amino acids, determined after an overnight fast, each correlated inversely with dietary energy intake. Resting energy expenditure measured by indirect calorimetry did not differ from normal and averaged 0.012 ± 0.0033 kcal/kg/min with the different diets. These observations suggest that although some clinically stable nondialyzed chronically uremic patients ingesting 0.55 to 0.60 g protein/kg/day may maintain nitrogen balance with energy intakes below 30 kcal/kg/day, a dietary intake providing approximately 35 kcal/kg/day may be more likely to maintain neutral or positive nitrogen balance, maintain or increase body mass, and reduce net urea generation.
Additional flexibility solves the leaving group problem in cyclodextrin acylation

Abstract The rate of acylation of β-cyclodextrin by substituted phenyl esters of adamantanepropiolic acid shows a normal dependance on the basicity of the leaving group. This shows that the abnormal behavior in acylation by ferroceneacrylate esters can be solved with additional flexibility, which allows the geometry to change in response to the demands of the reaction path.
Emotional support potential: regulatory focus and competence predictors

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore individual and contextual predictors of emotional support potential in training.Design/methodology/approach – Relative weight analysis was used to assess the importance of individual (trainee regulatory focus) and contextual (trainer competence) predictors of emotional support potential in training.Findings – Individual differences in self‐regulation including promotion and prevention focus explained emotional support potential to a greater extent than did trainer competence.Research limitations/implications – For future research, further testing the current propositions can emphasize broader contextual predictors (e.g. support from trainees' social context).Practical implications – A number of studies have indicated that social aspects of training are important; however, no one has yet examined predictors of emotional support. Consequently, understanding an individual's regulatory focus and personality can be an important way to improve emotional support ...
Nitrogen mineralization in soil incubated with 15N-labeled Brassicaceae seed meals

Abstract Brassicaceae seed meals (BSMs) average 6% N by weight and produce biologically active glucosinolate (GLS) degradation products. Little is known about N mineralization in BSM-amended soils or how the specific composition of secondary compounds, which varies by species, influences microbially mediated N cycling. We performed a laboratory incubation using 15N-labeled BSMs with different GLS concentrations to determine how mineralization and nitrification of BSM N is influenced by GLS hydrolysis products. Seed meals were added to soil at a 2% rate (wt. meal:wt. soil) and the amended soil incubated at 25 °C and 60% water-holding capacity for 45 d. Relative to the low-GLS Brassica napus treatment, modeled peak CO2 efflux was 44–68% lower and delayed by 0.9–1.5 d in the high-GLS Brassica juncea and Sinapis alba treatments, respectively. Mineralization of N in all BSMs was rapid initially, with 41–46% of the mineralized seed meal N recovered in the inorganic N pool on day 15. On day 45, 34–49% of the seed meal N mineralized was recovered in the total inorganic N pool. Between days 15 and 45, 78% of the total inorganic N pool was NH4+ in the S. alba treatment, whereas total inorganic N was 31% and 41% NH4+ in the B. napus and B. juncea treatments, respectively. We suggest that the GLS-degradation products 2-propenyl isothiocyanate (ITC) and ionic thiocyanate (SCN) released from B. juncea and S. alba BSMs were responsible for inhibited microbial respiration in the early period of the incubation (
CANCERS DERIVING FROM THE VIRUS PAPILLOMAS OF WILD RABBITS UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS

The naturally occurring virus papillomas of western cottontail rabbits become malignant occasionally. The cancers derive from the papilloma cells, that is to say from elements already rendered neoplastic by the virus and still infected therewith. Papillomas produced with the virus in jack rabbits and snowshoe rabbits become cancerous in the same way but much more frequently, as is the case in domestic rabbits also. To all three species the virus is foreign. The character of the cancers of the wild rabbits is described and the relation of the virus to them discussed on the basis of experimental findings. The facts support the view that the cancers result from virus variation, this in many instances being but slight.
Structured source retrieval for improving softwaresearch during program comprehension tasks

During the software maintenance and evolution phase, the majority of a developer's time is spent on programming comprehension tasks. Feature location (i.e., finding the first location to make a modification), impact analysis (i.e., determining what and to what extent a program is affected by a change), and traceability (i.e., determining where requirements are implemented in the program), are all examples of such tasks. Recent research in the area of program comprehension has focused on using textual information, structural information (i.e., information regarding the creation and use of objects and methods within the code), and execution traces to develop tools that ease the burden on developers and decrease the time spent in each task. Furthermore, new studies in automating these tasks have started using text retrieval techniques, such as the vector space model (VSM), latent semantic indexing (LSI), and latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) for searching software. This doctoral symposium summary presents two promising areas for improving existing techniques by combining structural information with text retrieval. The first is a methodology for evaluating the usefulness of text obtained from a program by looking at the structural location of terms (e.g., method name, comments, identifiers). The second focuses on improving the existing text retrieval approaches by providing more flexible queries (i.e., search strings). These two areas are complementary to each other and may be combined.
“You'll Face Discrimination Wherever You Go”: Student Athletes’ Intentions to Enter the Coaching Profession

We conducted 2 studies to examine student athletes’ intentions to enter the coaching profession. In Study 1, participants responded to a questionnaire designed to assess the major constructs from social cognitive career theory. Results indicate that although racial minorities, relative to Whites, expected more positive outcomes with being a coach and had greater intentions to pursue that profession, they also anticipated more barriers associated with coaching. To clarify this relationship, we conducted a focus group interview (Study 2) with 6 male athletes of color. Participants indicated that prejudice and discrimination were expected across their potential vocational choices, not just coaching. Thus, given the many positives associated with coaching, they preferred to encounter those barriers in the coaching context.
Mapping for the Masses: GIS Lite and Online Mapping Tools in Academic Libraries

Customized colorful maps depicting complex social data are much more prevalent today than in the past. Not only in formal published outlets, interactive map sites make it easy to create and publish custom maps in more casual outlets such as social media. This article defines GIS Lite, describes three licensed products currently licensed by institutions, and discusses issues that arise from their varied functionality and license restrictions.
Multivariate autoregressive models for classification of spontaneous electroencephalographic signals during mental tasks

This article explores the use of scalar and multivariate autoregressive (AR) models to extract features from the human electroencephalogram (EEG) with which mental tasks can be discriminated. This is part of a larger project to investigate the feasibility of using EEG to allow paralyzed persons to control a device such as a wheelchair. EEG signals from four subjects were recorded while they performed two mental tasks. Quarter-second windows of six-channel EEG were transformed into four different representations: scalar AR model coefficients, multivariate AR coefficients, eigenvalues of a correlation matrix, and the Karhunen-Loeve transform of the multivariate AR coefficients. Feature vectors defined by these representations were classified with a standard, feedforward neural network trained via the error backpropagation algorithm. The four representations produced similar results, with the multivariate AR coefficients performing slightly better and more consistently with an average classification accuracy of 91.4% on novel, untrained, EEG signals.
Who were the American postulate theorists

Articles by two American mathematicians, E. V. Huntington and Oswald Veblen, are discussed as examples of a movement in foundational research in the period 1900-1930 called American postulate theory. This movement also included E. H. Moore, R. L. Moore, C. H. Langford, H. M. Sheffer, C. J. Keyser, and others. The articles discussed exemplify American postulate theorists' standards for axiomatizations of mathematical theories, and their investigations of such axiomatizations with respect to metatheoretic properties such as independence, completeness, and consistency. Introduction. The decennial cumulative indexes at the end of volumes 10 and 20 of the Transactions of the American Mathematical Society list articles by subject matter.2 Under the heading "Logical Analysis of Mathematical Disciplines" there is an interesting uniformity. For the first ten volumes (1900-1909), twenty-four such articles are listed, fifteen of which have titles involving the words "axiom" or "postulate" in relation to a particular mathematical subject area. Typical titles are Two definitions of an Abelian group by sets of independent postulates by E. V. Huntington (vol. 4, pp. 27-30) and On the projective axioms of geometry by E. H. Moore (vol. 3, pp. 142-158, 501). There are only ten articles listed under "Logical Analysis of Mathematical Disciplines" in the subject index for the second ten volumes (1910-1919), but fully eight of them refer to sets of "postulates" or "axioms." Typical examples are On a set of postulates which suffice to determine a number plane by R. L. Moore (vol. 16, pp. 27-32) and A set of five independent postulates for Boolean algebras, with application to logical constants by F. M. Sheffer (vol. 14, pp. 481-488). Examination of these papers shows that the uniformity of title reflects a uniformity of approach. Among other things, this approach emphasized reduction of the nonlogical terminology of a discipline to a small number of "undefined" expressions and the explicit statement of "postulate" or "axiom" sets. The postulate sets were proven to be independent and were shown to imply all the standard Received September 26, 1989; revised March 7, 1990, and October 24, 1990. 1I appreciate comments and corrections on a draft of this paper from William Aspray, John Corcoran, David McCarty, Gregory Moore, Woosuk Park, and George Weaver. I also appreciate a Travel to Collections grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, which enabled me to consult the Veblen papers in the Library of Congress. 2This subject matter index was dropped in subsequent indexes. (C 1991, Association for Symbolic Logic 0022-48 12/91/5603-0021/$03.20