cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microwave Analysis with Monte Carlo Methods for ECH Transmission Lines

A new code framework, MORAMC, is presented which model transmission line (TL) systems consisting of overmoded circular waveguide and other components including miter bends and transmission line gaps. The transmission line is modeled as a set of mode converters in series where each component is composed of one or more converters. The parametrization of each mode converter can account for the fabrication tolerances of physically realizable components. These tolerances as well as the precision to which these TL systems can be installed and aligned gives a practical limit to which the uncertainty of the microwave performance of the system can be calculated. Because of this, Monte Carlo methods are a natural fit and are employed to calculate the probability distribution that a given TL can deliver a required power and mode purity. Several examples are given to demonstrate the usefulness of MORAMC in optimizing TL systems.
Stripping in temporal adverbial constructions

This paper argues that phrasal Temporal Adverbial Constructions (TACs; Kim left [before Bill]) are most amenable to a Stripping-like treatment. What I refer to as TAC-Stripping is low-adjunction of a TAC containing a truncated complement, viz. an extended v P. A single remnant is A -moved to a focus position outside the elided v P (Pancheva 2009, Weir 2014). The remainder of the paper adapts Takahashi 2008 to account for the sensitivity of TAC-Stripping to familiar constraints against embedding the antecedent or ellipsis site, which are not observed with VP-Ellipsis.
Lagrangian pathways of upwelling in the Southern Ocean

The spatial and temporal variability of upwelling into the mixed layer in the Southern Ocean is studied using a 1/10° ocean general circulation model. Virtual drifters are released in a regularly-spaced pattern across the Southern Ocean at depths of 250, 500, and 1000 m during both summer and winter months. The drifters are advected along isopycnals for a period of four years, unless they outcrop into the mixed layer, where lateral advection and a parameterization of vertical mixing is applied. The focus of this study is on the discrete exchange between the model mixed layer and the interior. Localization of interior-mixed layer exchange occurs downstream of major topographic features across the Indian and Pacific basins, creating “hotspots” of outcropping. Minimal outcropping occurs in the Atlantic basin, while 59% of drifters outcrop in the Pacific sector and in Drake Passage (the region from 140° W to 40° W), a disproportionately large amount even when considering the relative basin sizes. Due to spatial and temporal variations in mixed layer depth, the Lagrangian trajectories provide a statistical measure of mixed layer residence times. For each exchange into the mixed layer, the residence time has a Rayleigh distribution with a mean of 30 days; the cumulative residence time of the drifters is 261 ± 194 days, over a period of four years. These results suggest that certain oceanic gas concentrations, such as CO_2 and ^(14)C, will likely not reach equilibrium with the atmosphere before being re-subducted.
Ukraine’s Nuclear Culture: Past, Present, Future

Kate Svyatets maps Ukraine’s social circles and values in order to explain Ukrainian restraint regarding pursuit of nuclear weapons, despite its Soviet inheritance of nuclear facilities and latent capability. Svyatets examines the aspects of Ukrainian identity, social and security norms, values, and public memory of its nuclear age to identify those cultural factors which are likely to strengthen Ukraine’s nonproliferation stance and those likely to push against it. Particularly innovative are her analysis of traditional and nontraditional actors and her exploration of popular culture and memory, including that surrounding the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Ultimately, Svyatets predicts that as Ukraine’s security woes continue to flame, so too will its wistful narratives of nuclear capability. Svyatets makes clear where the United States has a critical opportunity to intervene by providing Ukraine the incentives it is looking for to remain a “team player” and forgo the nuclear path.
Affirmative Action and Racial Identity in Brazil: A Study of the First Quota Graduates at the State University of Rio de Janeiro

In 2003, the State University of Rio de Janeiro (Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro—Uerj) was one of the first Brazilian universities to admit students based on a racial and social quota system anchored in an affirmative action program. Research on a sample of quota students was undertaken in 2006–2007. This chapter examines the students’ quota options as well as their racial identities: “Black,” “Brown,” “unknown,” and “White.” While for many the formation of their racial self-classification started in their own homes, for others their racial self-classification has changed over time—especially after they entered university—by distancing themselves from the “White” and “morena” categories. Thus, quota options and racial identity are not necessarily the products of genetics but are the result of interpretations students have made of the representations of their ancestries and life histories.
Contribution of antibody to neutrophil-mediated killing of Enterococcus faecalis

Late-onset septicemia due to Enterococcus faecalis is common among very low-birth weight neonates. These infants have low concentrations of placentally derived IgG and developmentally low levels of complement. The aim of the present study was to determine the contribution of antibody to in vitro neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis of E. faecalis. Antibody alone, as contained in an adult serum pool heated to inactivate complement, promoted only a modest reduction in the initial bacterial inoculum (50 ± 12%) for 6 of 10 E. faecalis bacterial strains tested and allowed growth of the other four strains. In the presence of complement, NHS promoted ≥90% reduction in the initial bacterial inoculum of two representative strains at serum concentrations as low as 0.5%. Hypogammaglobulinemic serum supported similar activity only at concentrations above 5%. Purification of IgG and IgM fractions from NHS revealed that IgM had the higher specific activity to promote phagocytic activity. Absorption to remove specific antibody significantly reduced bactericidal activity by normal human serum, complement-deficient sera, and hypogammaglobulinemic serum. Reconstitution of hypogammaglobulinemic serum with antibody as contained in 1% heated normal human serum or in immune globulin for intravenous use (1200 mg/dl) restored phagocytic activity. Thus, E. faecalis-specific antibody enhances PMN-mediated killing of this organism. Adjunctive therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin could augment the host response to enterococcal infections in infancy.
Optimal energy-dissipation control for SOC based balancing in series connected Lithium-ion battery packs

Since the state-of-charge (SOC) based balancing can prolong the battery pack’s life and maximize its capacity, implementing the balancing process in the battery management system (BMS) can explicitly reduce the cost of the battery based energy-storage-system (ESS). With the same initial SOC distribution, different balancing topologies may lead to different amounts of energy transferred in the balancing process due to the energy transferring efficiency of equalizers. Furthermore, the more energy equalizers transfer, the more energy and time balancing process will consume. Thus, instead of solely minimizing the balancing time for balancing optimization, it is critical to take into account the energy dissipation of balancing process. This paper presents a novel balancing optimization method from the perspective of minimizing the energy dissipation of balancing process. First, we introduce a two-step balancing strategy in the fast charging system. This strategy can simplify the modular design of the balancing system, and ensure the safety performance of the fast charging system while maximizing the balancing current. Second, an effective system modeling method is proposed for different balancing topologies. With different initial SOC distributions, we simulate the energy dissipation for different balancing topologies. Simulation results are presented to show that the cascade and cascade-series connection topologies would achieve a balanced state in the optimal energy dissipation.
Crystal Morphology and Phase Transformation of LiAlO2: Combined Experimental and First-Principles Studies

Layered α-LiAlO2 matrix often suffers from detrimental structural and morphological changes during its lifetime, especially under H2-containing fuel inlet environments of molten carbonate fuel cell...
Bacterial microbiome of the chigger mite Leptotrombidium imphalum varies by life stage and infection with the scrub typhus pathogen Orientia tsutsugamushi

Scrub typhus is a mites-borne rickettsiosis caused by the obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi. The disease is potentially life threatening and is prevalent in tropical Asia, islands of the western Pacific Ocean and northern Australia where an estimated one million cases occur annually. Orientia tsutsugamushi is transmitted by the bite of larval mites in the genus Leptotrombidium. In the present study, the composition of the microbiome in larvae, deutonymphs and adult males and females from laboratory colonies of L. imphalum that were infected as well as uninfected with O. tsutsugamushi were investigated by high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Notably, the bacterial microbiomes of infected adult females were dominated by sequences of O. tsutsugamushi and an unidentified species of Amoebophilaceae, which together comprised 98.2% of bacterial sequences. To improve the taxonomic resolution of the Amoebophilaceae OTU a nearly full length sequence of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified, cloned, and Sanger sequenced. Infected female mites had 89 to 92% nucleotide identity with the Amoebophilaceae family, indicating that the bacterium was likely to be a species of a novel genus. The species composition of bacterial communities varied between mite life stages regardless of their infection status. Uninfected adults exhibited greater species diversity than adults infected with O. tsutsugamushi. In the infected colony, the rate of filial infection with Orientia was less than 100%. Larval and male mites that were PCR-negative for Orientia contained low numbers of sequences of Amoebophilaceae (0.01 and 0.06%, respectively) in their taxonomic profiles, suggesting that a mutualistic relationship exists between the novel species of Amoebophilaceae and O. tsutsugamushi. Our study findings provide the basis for further research to determine the influence of the novel Amoebophilaceae species on the bacterial microbiome and on vector susceptibility to and transovarial transmission of O. tsutsugamushi.
Reviewing the data security and privacy policies of mobile apps for depression.

Abstract Background Mobile apps have become popular resources for mental health support. Availability of information about developers' data security procedures for health apps, specifically those targeting mental health, has not been thoroughly investigated. If people are to use and trust these tools for their mental health, it is crucial we evaluate the transparency and quality around the data practices of these apps. The present study reviewed data security and privacy policies of mobile apps for depression. Methods We reviewed mobile apps retrieved from iTunes and Google Play stores in October 2017, using the term “depression”, and evaluated the transparency of data handling procedures of those apps. Results We identified 116 eligible mobile phone apps. Of those, 4% (5/116) received a transparency score of acceptable, 28% (32/116) questionable, and 68% (79/116) unacceptable. Only a minority of the apps (49%) had a privacy policy. The availability of policies differed significantly by platform, with apps from iTunes more likely to have a policy than from the Google Play store. Mobile apps collecting identifiable information were significantly more likely to have a privacy policy (79%) compared to those collecting only non-identifiable information (34%). Conclusion The majority of apps reviewed were not sufficiently transparent with information regarding data security. Apps have great potential to scale mental health resources, providing resources to people unable or reluctant to access traditional face-to-face care, or as an adjunct to treatment. However, if they are to be a reasonable resource, they must be safe, secure, and responsible.
Territorial Philosophies of Relativity and the Unity of Spain: Ors and Ortega on Einstein and Relativity at the Service of Catalan Noucentisme and the Spanish Republic

In the aftermath of the Spanish War, the Catalan philosopher Eugeni d'Ors and the Spanish philosopher Jose Ortega y Gasset offered a reading of Einstein’s theory of relativity in which discussions of unity and plurality connected their respective synthetic philosophies and nationalist projects of political and cultural analysis and reform. Besides their philosophical views, references to Einstein tracked their territorial concerns and personal circumstances in the relations between Catalonia, Spain and Europe. Einstein’s theory symbolized the saving connection between the classical and the modern, Europe and the Mediterranean, and science and philosophy. In this paper I focus on the case of Ors in relation to Catalan nationalism and the project he called Noucentisme and the case of Ortega in relation to Spanish nationalism and his political philosophy in Espana Invertebrada .
Initiating buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder during short‐term in‐patient ‘detoxification’: a randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The effectiveness of linking people from short-term in-patient managed withdrawal programs ('detoxification') to long-term, primary care-based buprenorphine is unknown. We tested whether buprenorphine initiation during an opioid withdrawal program and linkage to office-based buprenorphine (LINK) after discharge would increase engagement with office-based buprenorphine and decrease illicit opioid use during the ensuing 6 months compared with standard withdrawal management (WM). DESIGN Single-site randomized controlled trial. SETTING Short-term in-patient detoxification program in Massachusetts, USA. PARTICIPANTS People with opioid use disorder (n = 115) who averaged 32.4 years of age, 68.2% male, 79.1% white, using illicit opioids on 27.3 of the last 30 days, were randomly assigned to WM (n = 59) versus LINK (n = 56). INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR Intervention was buprenorphine induction, in-patient dose stabilization and post-discharge transition to maintenance buprenorphine at an affiliated primary care clinic (LINK). Comparator was 5-day buprenorphine managed withdrawal protocol (WM). MEASUREMENTS Mean 30-day rate of use of illicit opioids (primary aim) and prescribed buprenorphine (secondary aim) at 1, 3 and 6 months. FINDINGS Compared with WM, participants in the LINK condition had lower illicit opioid use rates at days 12 [b = -6.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -9.69; -3.92, P < 0.001], 35 (b = -8.55, 95% CI - 11.63; -5.47, P < 0.001), 95 (b = -7.34, 95% CI = -10.59; -4.11, P < 0.001) and 185 (b = -3.52, 95% CI = -7.07; 0.27, P = 0.052). The LINK arm had higher prescription buprenorphine use rates (P < 0.001) at all assessments. CONCLUSIONS Among people with opioid use disorder, initiation of, and linkage to, office-based buprenorphine treatment post-discharge reduced illicit opioid use and increased days of buprenorphine treatment for up to 6 months post-discharge compared with an in-patient detoxification protocol.
Tropical cyclones alter short-term activity patterns of a coastal seabird.

Mobile organisms in marine environments are expected to modify their behavior in response to external stressors. Among environmental drivers of animal movement are long-term climatic indices influencing organism distribution and short-term meteorological events anticipated to alter acute movement behavior. However, few studies exist documenting the response of vagile species to meteorological anomalies in coastal and marine systems. Here we examined the movements of Eastern brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis) in the South Atlantic Bight in response to the passage of three separate hurricane events in 2 years. Pelicans (n = 32) were tracked with GPS satellite transmitters from four colonies in coastal South Carolina, USA, for the entirety of at least one storm event. An Expectation Maximization binary Clustering algorithm was used to discretize pelican behavioral states, which were pooled into ‘active’ versus ‘inactive’ states. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess behavioral state probabilities in relation to changes in barometric pressure and wind velocity. Individual pelicans were more likely to remain inactive during tropical cyclone passage compared to baseline conditions generally, although responses varied by hurricane. When inactive, pelicans tended to seek shelter using local geomorphological features along the coastline such as barrier islands and estuarine systems. Our telemetry data showed that large subtropical seabirds such as pelicans may mitigate risk associated with spatially-extensive meteorological events by decreasing daily movements. Sheltering may be related to changes in barometric pressure and wind velocity, and represents a strategy common to several other classes of marine vertebrate predators for increasing survival probabilities.
Change Detection Based Segmentation and Modeling of LTE Spectrum Tenancy

The mainstay of current spectrum access grants exclusive rights to proprietary occupants who exhibit tidal traffic patterns, leading to low usage of valuable spectrum resources. To remedy this situation, Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) is proposed to allow Secondary Users (SUs) to opportunistically exploit idle spectrum slices left by Primary Users (PUs). The key to the success of DSA lies in SUs' knowledge on radio activities of PUs. To enhance the understanding of PU spectrum tenancy patterns, various mathematical models have been proposed to describe spectrum occupancy dynamics. However, there are still two overlooked aspects in existing studies on spectrum tenancy modeling, i.e., time-varying spectrum tenancy patterns and multiple channels within the same Radio Access Technology (RAT). To address the two issues, we apply a change detection algorithm to discover time points where spectrum tenancy patterns vary, and propose to characterize spectrum usage in a multi-channel RAT by the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model. Through analyzing LTE spectrum tenancy data with the algorithm and the model, we validate that the segment size discovered by the online change detection method coincides with the one obtained by brute force, and VAR outperforms the widely adopted on/off model.
POLLUTION'S ROLE IN REDUCING URBAN QUALITY OF LIFE IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD

This paper surveys the recent literature exploring the consequences of urban pollution in the developing world for a city's productivity and resident quality of life. The environmental Kuznets curve literature predicts that developing nations will experience significant environmental degradation as a byproduct of economic development. In contrast, the recent literature that we review reverses this logic by arguing that geographic areas featuring lower levels of pollution will experience economic growth through improvements in health and human capital. In an economy where pollution reduces worker productivity, inhibits child development and repels the skilled from living in such an area, those cities featuring less pollution have a competitive advantage in attracting and retaining the skilled. Given the central role that human capital plays in urban economic growth, such cities will be more likely to achieve sustainable long‐term growth.
Consumer credit literacy: What price perception?

Abstract This paper considers the question of whether inaccurate self-assessment of credit is associated with undesirable financial market outcomes. Our analysis is empirical, and relies on two different datasets—a consumer survey conducted in 2000 by Freddie Mac, and 1.2 million mortgage loans originated in 2004. We find some support for our hypothesis that inaccurate self-assessments lead to increased probabilities of being denied credit, experiencing a “bad” financial event, or having a higher annual percentage rate on a mortgage.
Geographical Disparities of Incidence and Prevalence of Triple-negative Breast Cancers: Multistate Study Data Analysis

e12599Background: Higher prevalence of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) in black women with associated poor outcomes due to various disparities is well documented within a single state. We exam...
Graphical metrics for analyzing district maps

For the past several decades, political scientists have sought to understand the impact of legislative redistricting and gerrymandering on a variety of outcomes. However, traditional metrics such as compactness scores and newer metrics such as aggregated simulations impose very strong assumptions that make their use difficult. In this study, we propose a new graphical framework for analyzing districts that relaxes current assumptions while allowing analysts to focus on the choices that redistricting parties may potentially make. We then leverage the newest advances in district simulation algorithms to extend this framework to propose four new metrics. These new metrics are Edge-Cut Growth (ECG), Excess Edge (EE), and Edge per District Gain (EDG), and Internal Boundary Growth (IBG). These new metrics are then compared to several existing metrics, allowing us to test the attributes that our approach is similar to. In doing so, we demonstrate that the four new metrics are best seen as theoretical and technical advances on current metrics that focus on district geometry.
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE Limitations on Prosecution: Provide for the Tolling of the Statute of Limitations for Prosecutions of Certain Offenses Against Children

The Act provides that the applicable statute of limitations for certain criminal offenses against victims under sixteen years of age will be tolled until the victim reaches the age of sixteen or the violation is reported to certain governmental agencies, whichever occurs first.
Spirit Baptism in the Pentecostal Evangel 1918–1922

North American pentecostal statements of doctrine were created as lowest common denominator statements upon which a large group of people can agree without too much divisiveness. A century later, it is tempting to see these statements as the final and complete word concerning a doctrine. In practice, however, practitioners experience the reality of those doctrines in numerous and multifaceted ways. This paper reflects on statements 5 and 6 of the 1916 Assemblies of God Statement of Fundamental Truths, which speak to the “pentecostal distinctive” of Spirit baptism. It compares these doctrinal statements with testimonies, sermons, and reports from the Assemblies of God periodical the Pentecostal Evangel during the five-year period from 1918, shortly after the Statement was approved, to 1922. The evidence will show the dynamic nature of beliefs and practices concerning Spirit baptism from a very early period. This dynamic and broad understanding is similar to the way modern pentecostal scholars envision Spirit baptism today.
Serum albumin-protamine conjugate for biocompatible platform for targeted delivery of therapeutic macromolecules.

A well-defined, one-to-one conjugate between human serum albumin (HSA) and protamine was synthesized and characterized as a biocompatible carrier for macromolecules. In circulation, the conjugate will camouflage drug molecules upon complex formation, while liberating free drug at the desired location using a triggering mechanism. The N-terminus of protamine was thiolated and conjugated with the unpaired Cysteine-34 of HSA, and was purified by ion-exchange chromatography. The molecular weight of the conjugate was 70.8 kDa, confirming one-to-one conjugation between HSA (66.6 KDa) and protamine (4200 Da). Superimposed fluorescence spectra of native HSA and HSA–protamine conjugate indicated no conformational change around the Trp-214. The conjugate had marked reduction in hemolytic and cytotoxic properties compared to protamine. When therapeutic potential was tested using tissue plasminogen activator as a model drug, HSA–protamine conjugate suppressed the enzymatic activity by 65%, which was fully recovered by a triggering agent, heparin. The construct showed binding characteristics with activated platelets upon conjugation with a targeting peptide, demonstrating flexibility to introduce suitable homing moiety on the surface. The camouflaged construct retained triggered release property in human plasma condition. Overall, the conjugate has a good potential to serve as a biocompatible platform for macromolecular drugs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 2481–2490, 2014.
Global Positioning System receivers in space applications

Over the past few years, the use of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) has experienced explosive growth. Among the many applications is the use of GPS Receivers (GPSR) onboard space vehicles. With the large quantity of receivers available, finding one suitable for space applications is very difficult. This paper captures some of the "lessons learned" resulting from development efforts within Honeywell Commercial Systems Operation to integrate GPS technology into space borne navigation systems. The intent is to highlight a few of the major issues and differences between a GPSR for space, and the inexpensive terrestrial based receivers. Operating conditions including vehicle dynamics and environmental factors require a thorough understanding. Despite the difficult design issues, there remains considerable benefit in using GPS for spacecraft.
Is an Independent Nonprofit Sector Prone to Failure? An Austrian School Analysis of the Salamon Paradigm and the Lohmann Challenge

Nonprofit organizations have traditionally been considered a meaningful substitute for the services provided by the bureaucratic welfare state (Berger, Neuhaus, and Novak, 1996), a vibrant but largely overlooked “independent sector” characterized by a spontaneous ordering of associations that are founded neither on the state’s compulsory power nor the search for private monetary profit (Cournelle, 1965). Lester Salamon’s body of work - which is extensive - suggests otherwise.1 Salamon argues that the U.S. has a long, established history of efficient institutional linkages between the nonprofit sector, which he calls the “voluntary sector,” and the state. Rather than a substitute, Salamon sees nonprofits in an effective “partnership” with the state, a viable form of “third party” governance. He argues that the independent sector is in fact not so independent. On its own it is prone to failure.
Pre- and Post-Test Administration of the Adult Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-2 (SASSI-2)

Abstract The adult version of the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-2 (SASSI-2) has proven effective in identifying chemically dependent individuals. This research examines whether adult SASSI-2 scores can change significantly from pre- to post-test administration. In the course of this research, subjects completed the SASSI-2 prior to receiving treatment and again after the completion of the treatment phase. A shift in scores was found from pre- to post-test administration for treatment subjects on both global scores, as well as on three subscales. Though limited in generalizability due to a sample size of 20, the results suggest that the adult SASSI-2 may be helpful in detecting recovery.
Injury risk is altered by previous injury: a systematic review of the literature and presentation of causative neuromuscular factors.

BACKGROUND: Active adults commonly present with lower extremity (LE) injuries from a variety of professional and amateur sports activities. Decreased LE function significantly alters daily life and subsequent injuries increase this impact. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the association between previous injury and the risk of re-injury, and to describe the changes in kinematics and motor programming that may contribute to this relationship. METHODS: A preliminary search was conducted to determine the four most common LE injuries on PubMed, CINAHL and Web of Science. These injuries, in a healthy active adult population, were hamstring strain (HS), anterior cruciate ligament injury (ACL), achilles tendon pathology, and ankle sprain. After these injuries were established, the search for this systematic review found evidence relating these injuries to re-injury. Articles related to degenerative changes were excluded. Twenty-six articles were included in the systematic review detailing the risk of re-injury from a previous injury and were graded for quality. RESULTS: ACL injury was linked to a successive injury of the same ACL, and other injuries in the LE. HS was associated with subsequent ipsilateral HS and knee injuries. Previous achilles tendon rupture increased the risk of an analogous injury on the contralateral side. An ankle sprain was associated with a re-injury of either the ipsilateral or the contralateral ankle. Post-injury changes were present in strength, proprioception, and kinematics, which may have led to overall changes in motor control and function. CONCLUSION: This review provides insight into the changes occurring following common LE injuries, how these changes potentially affect risk for future injury, and address the needs of the active adult population in rehabilitation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Current research on previous injury and re-injury is of high quality, but scarce quantity. Deficits following an injury are known, but how these deficits correlate or lead to re-injury requires further exploration. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1. Language: en
Effects of pointing errors on receiver performance for parabolic dish solar concentrators

The effects of dynamic (moving) pointing errors on the performance of solar thermal receivers is investigated. Only point focusing types of solar collectors are considered. The key element in the study is the analytical derivation of the intercept factor that relates pointing errors to captured energy at the receiver. A detailed example using typical parameter values is modeled on the digital computer and demonstrates the theory and the dynamic nature of the problem.
Lochner v. New York as Economic Theory

This paper looks at Lochner v. New York and the question of maximum hours laws as a policy rather than a constitutional issue. It argues that the laws were detrimental to the interests of workers. Jobs entailing long hours of work provided a necessary foothold for ethnic immigrants. Jobs with shorter hours but lower pay would have entailed significant risks for the health, and indirectly for the productivity, of these immigrants. In particular, the proposition that tuberculosis risk for bakers would have been reduced by compensation packages calling for shorter hours but lower pay is challenged. The paper analyzes the question of why hours of work fell significantly throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and argues that market forces were more instrumental in this fall than either legislation or labor unions. It then looks at the effects of post-Lochner legislation on hours of work, and argues that that legislation produced many undesirable effects - lower base wages, more night shift work, increased work on inferior moonlighting jobs, reduced flexibility of worktime, increased work in the home, increased speed of production lines, unemployment and poverty for women and children, and compensation systems distorted toward in-kind rather than cash payments.
Religion and Suffering in Macbeth

The tragic quality of Macbeth is inseparable from the play's imaginative eliciting of compassion on an explicitly Christian model. A. C. Bradley understood Shakespearean tragedy as inherent in character, and the historicists who reacted to Bradley reaffirmed the importance of religion, but only as historical background. New historicists are more interested in irony than tragedy, and they understand religion as a function of social or psychological relations. Though Macbeth is a murdering tyrant, the play constantly makes us aware of his intense suffering, which he himself identifies with his rejection of grace.
Measurement of the complex magnetic permeability in the millimeter-wave range

This article presents general principle and the first application of magneto-optical methods for the direct measurement of the complex magnetic permeability in the mm- wave range. The computer controlled quasi-optical spectrometer, which was used for the magneto-optical measurements in the frequency range 70 - 120 GHz, is described. The proof-of-principle experiments were conducted with a soft microwave Nickel Ferrite and with a hard Sr- Hexaferrite permanent ceramic magnet. The potential of magneto-optical methods for the accurate measurement of complex magnetic permeability in the mm-wave range was demonstrated. It was shown that the transverse magneto-optical effect can provide the reliable measurement of the initial permeability. The results of the mm-wave magneto-optical measurements are presented and discussed.
Mentors' Perceptions of Their Roles in School-based Teacher Training in England and Germany

This research project is located in the present context of raising standards in initial teacher training. It is designed to identify similarities and differences in the way in which teachers perceive themselves in the role of 'mentor' in school-based teacher training in England and Germany. The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate concepts and procedures in mentoring with reference to the cultural and structural framework determining each setting. It focuses on the mentor's role in terms of 'adviser', 'trainer', 'partner', 'friend', 'assessor' and examines the extent to which these aspects of mentoring influence the development of beginning teachers. Following a qualitative approach, data collection took place by means of questionnaires and recorded interviews. By giving mentors their own voice in the form of direct speech statements, the data represent a range of individual perspectives. Aspects of similarity and difference between the two systems are used to raise generic as well as culturally s...
Thermophysical properties of the garnet, grossular: Ca3Al2Si3O12☆

Abstract The heat capacity of a gem-quality mineralogical sample of grossular: Ca3Al2Si3O12 has been determined by equilibrium adiabatic-shield calorimetry from 5 through 600 K and adjusted to the stoichiometric terminal-component grossular by a new entropy-adjustment scheme delineated in the paper. At 298.15 K the observed values of Cp, So, {H o (T)−H o (0)} T , and −{G o (T)−H o (0)} T are 79.00, 61.61, 37.92, and 23.69 calth K−1 mol−1. The entropy adjusted to terminal component grossular is 60.88 calth K−1 mol−1. The results are combined with higher-temperature differential-scanning calorimetric values of Perkins et al. and of Robie et al. to provide thermodynamic values over greatly extended ranges of temperature.
Risk Assessment of Mercury Exposure from Dental Amalgams

Much attention is being focused upon the issue of mercury exposure from dental amalgam restorations and the potential for adverse health effects. This controversy has grown beyond the confines of the dental profession itself and is becoming an emotional public health issue. In hope of regaining good health, many dental patients with chronic systemic diseases are considering replacement of their amalgams. Dentists are increasingly being challenged to prove the safety of amalgams. Recently, systematic methods have been established for quantitative evaluation of environmental risks. This study brings together the quantitative methodologies of risk assessment and the knowledge of mercury exposure from dental amalgams to estimate the safety of dental amalgam restorative therapy. Analysis concludes that the margin of safety for mercury toxicity in humans from dental amalgams is approximately 8- to 30-fold. There are many uncertainties involved in this estimate, and further studies are warranted to improve its precision.
The Gatekeepers Media Organizations As Political Coalitions

Extant evidence from media organizations is reviewed which is relevant to a theory of organizations as political coalitions. The behavior of organizations in such diverse fields as daily newspapers, network television, and the radio/recording industry fits the political coalition pattern with one important exception: mass media organizations are unable to arrange a negotiated environment especially at their output boundaries and hence, must find ways to cope with the uncertainty.
Analysis of brain tissue by FT-IR microspectroscopy

Abstract Biological specimens contain a vast array of cell types, cell layers, extracellular materials, and other components that are structurally and functionally interrelated. Although the histological relationship of each of these constituents has been documented for most mammalian tissues, the chemical relationships between constituents has largely gone unexplored. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy can be a powerful tool for analyzing the chemical composition and molecular interactions of biological materials. Analyses of biological materials, however, have been conducted primarily on homogenized and/or purified samples. As a consequence of these limitations, the distribution and concentration of functional groups within different regions of biological tissues have not been appreciated. Several recent technological developments have enabled an FT-IR spectrometer to be combined with microscope optics. This integrated instrument, called an FT-IR microspectrometer, is capable of collecting ...
Modulation of Binding Characteristics of Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors in Vitamin A-Deficient Guinea Pig Lung

Both vitamin A and peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) are involved in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation. The objective of this study was to determine whether vitamin A deficiency causes any modulation in the binding characteristics of the PBRs. Forty-five weanling guinea pigs were divided into three groups (control, pair-fed control, and vitamin A-deficient). Vitamin A-deficiency status was achieved after 90 days of feeding. It caused atelectasis, hyperplasia and metaplasia of alveolar epithelium, acute inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree, and a significant increase in the number of alveolar type II cells. In comparison to the control and pair-fed control groups, the lung of vitamin A-deficient animals had 40.6 and 42.8% less PBR density, respectively. There was no significant difference in the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of PBRs between the control and the pair-fed control groups, whereas the KD value was 77.7 and 60% higher in the vitamin A-deficient groups than in the control and the pair-fed control groups, respectively. Furthermore, vitamin A-deficiency caused a decrease in the binding capacity of PBRs in both nuclear and mitochondrial fractions. These results may suggest a close functional relationship between vitamin A and PBRs.
Specificity of glucose oxidase.

Abstract The specificity of glucose oxidase for catalyzing the oxidation of β- d -glucose in contrast to α- d -glucose, other hexoses, and pentoses was investigated. The enzyme appears to catalyze the oxidation of the beta form only, and the mutarotation of the alpha form is rate limiting. d -Galactose, d -mannose, and d -xylose are slowly oxidized in the presence of glucose oxidase, but approximately 300 times as much enzyme is required to give a rate of oxidation equal to that for glucose. Galactose and mannose are oxidized directly to the corresponding aldonic acids without a prior conversion to glucose. Thirtyfold purification of the enzyme does not increase the ratio of glucose to galactose oxidation. d -Arabinose, which itself is not oxidized, inhibits glucose oxidase in catalyzing the oxidation of glucose. The clinical implications of these specificity studies are discussed.
Cosmological magnetic fields from primordial helicity

Primordial magnetic fields may account for all or part of the fields observed in galaxies. We consider the evolution of the magnetic fields created by pseudoscalar effects in the early universe. Such processes can create force-free fields of maximal helicity; we show that for such a field magnetic energy inverse cascades to larger scales than it would have solely by flux freezing and cosmic expansion. For fields generated at the electroweak phase transition, we find that the predicted wavelength today can in principle be as large as 10 kpc, and the field strength can be as large as 10^{-10} G.
Economics in the Former Soviet Union

O ne of the most notable, but least discussed, aspects of the halting attempts during the past six years to reform the economies of the Soviet Union, and now those of its successor states, has been the prominent role played by professional economists.' Not since the mid-1920s has the Soviet political leadership felt so strongly the need to draw upon the expertise of the economics profession to help determine its course of action. The resurgence in the importance of economics has been reflected at the highest political levels of the USSR in the powerful posts held over the past few years by academic economists such as Leonid Abalkin, Stanislav Shatalin, Yegor Gaidar, and many others.2 At lower levels as well, economists have been leading voices in the public debate, publishing articles in the popular press and helping to shape public opinion. This political clout marks a major change in status of economists in the USSR. For some 60 years, until the initiation of economic reforms under IRecent events have rendered much familiar terminology regarding the former USSR anachronistic. In addition to historical references, we will, for convenience, continue to use the terms "Soviet" and "Soviet Union" to refer to the present-day Russian Federation and any other republics of the former union. 2Abalkin, a member of the Soviet (now Russian) Academy of Sciences and director of the Academy's Institute of Economics, was a deputy prime minister under Gorbachev. Shatalin, another Academician, was a member of Gorbachev's Presidential Council and an author of the famous "Shatalin Plan" for economic reform. Gaidar, former director of the Institute of Economic Policy, was appointed deputy prime minister of the Russian Federation under Boris Yeltsin in the fall of 1991.
Measurements of Velocity and Turbulence in Vertical Axisymmetric Isothermal and Buoyant Jets

The current study examines the transition region of axisymmetric isothermal and buoyant jets of low Reynolds number, directed vertically upward into a stagnant, unstratified ambient. The region in which measurements were obtained allows examination of two types of transition occurring in the jet: from nozzle exit dominated to fully developed, and from momentum to buoyancy-dominated flow. Isothermal velocity data were acquired using a two-channel laser-Doppler anemometer for Reynolds numbers ranging from 850 to 6,405. The buoyant cases studied had Froude numbers ranging from 12 to 6,425 and Reynolds numbers from 525 to 6,500. In each case data were taken from 5 to 44 nozzle diameters downstream. Curve fit approximations of the data were developed by assuming polynomial similarity profiles for the measured quantities. Each profile was individually curve fit because in the transition region under consideration the flow field is not necessarily similar. Profile constants were then curve fit to determine profile variation as a function of nozzle exit parameters and downstream location. These allow prediction of the downstream velocity flow field and turbulent flow field as a function of the Reynolds number, Froude number, and density ratio at the nozzle exit. Profile width and entrainment increased at low Reynoldsmore » number. Axial and radial velocity fluctuations were found to increase at low Reynolds number. The buoyant cases studied were found to have lower velocity fluctuations and significantly lower Reynolds stresses than isothermal cases of similar Reynolds number.« less
Personalized medicine and quantitative trait transcripts.

A new study identifies 'quantitative trait transcripts' for nicotine resistance in large populations of wild strains of Drosophila melanogaster by comparing global gene expression patterns, survival time and metabolite levels in the presence or absence of nicotine. The results provide proof-of-concept for a correlation-based statistical approach that can be used in personalized medicine.
A histological study of seasonal ovarian development in freshwater drum in the Red Lakes, Minnesota

Female freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque, from the Red Lakes of north central Minnesota, U.S.A. were sampled periodically over a 13-month period. Red Lakes drum mature at approximately age 9 and can live to be over 60 years old. The ovarian development of drum from its northern limit of distribution is described histologically. The stages of oocyte growth and the seasonal change in the proportion of oocyte stages within the ovaries are presented. Drum ovaries contained a continuum of oocyte sizes and at spawning, only the largest oocytes are ovulated. A large percentage of the oocytes became atretic mid-way through the spawning season, while gonadosomatic indexes were still high. This may have reduced the spawning potential of Red Lakes drum.
Erythropoietin stimulates transcription of the TAL1/SCL gene and phosphorylation of its protein products

Activation of the TAL1 (or SCL) gene, originally identified through its involvement by a recurrent chromosomal translocation, is the most frequent molecular lesion recognized in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The protein products of this gene contain the basic-helix-loop-helix motif characteristic of a large family of transcription factors that bind to the canonical DNA sequence CANNTG as protein heterodimers. TAL1 expression by erythroid cells in vivo and in chemical-induced erythroleukemia cell lines in vitro suggested the gene might regulate aspects of erythroid differentiation. Since the terminal events of erythropoiesis are controlled by the glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin (Epo), we investigated whether the expression or activity of the TAL1 gene and its protein products were affected by Epo in splenic erythroblasts from mice infected with an anemia-inducing strain of Friend virus (FVA cells). Epo elicited a rapid, dose-related increase in TAL1 mRNA by increasing transcription of the gene and stabilizing one of its mRNAs. An Epo-inducible TAL1 DNA binding activity was identified in FVA cell nuclear extracts that subsequently decayed despite accumulating mRNA and protein. Induction of DNA binding activity was associated temporally with Epo-induced phosphorylation of nuclear TAL1 protein. These results indicate that Epo acts at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels on the TAL1 locus in Friend virus-induced erythroblasts and establish a link between Epo signaling mechanisms and a member of a family of transcription factors involved in the differentiation of diverse cell lineages.
Activation of Xenopus Chk1 by mutagenesis of threonine-377.

Xenopus Chk1 (Xchk1) is required for the checkpoint-associated delay of the cell cycle in frog egg extracts containing unreplicated or UV-damaged DNA. Phosphorylation of Xchk1 at multiple sites in the SQ/TQ domain (residues 314–366) in response to unreplicated or UV-damaged DNA results in elevation of its kinase activity. We have found that mutagenesis of Thr-377 in the conserved Thr–Arg–Phe (TRF) motif of Xchk1 also leads to a substantial increase in kinase activity. Thr-377 does not appear to be a site of phosphorylation in Xchk1. These findings suggest that Thr-377 may play a role in suppressing the activity of Xchk1.