cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Discrimination on Food Decisions

This research examined effects of discrimination on food decisions. In Study 1, reflecting upon past experiences of discrimination, as compared to a neutral topic, caused an increased desire to consume unhealthy foods. In Study 2, participants received a negative evaluation from a biased or fair grader. Past experiences with discrimination moderated how people responded to the feedback. Those participants who had infrequent past experiences with discrimination were most likely to endorse unhealthy food options after receiving the biased evaluation. Those who scored high on past discrimination were unaffected by experimental condition and endorsed similar numbers of healthy and unhealthy food options after receiving the evaluative feedback. When offered an actual snack, those who accepted one were more likely to choose an unhealthy option following discrimination, regardless of past discrimination level. These results suggest that discrimination may be affecting self-regulatory capacity in regard to food c...
A dilemma for internalism

Internalism about epistemic justification (henceforth, ‘internalism’) says that a belief B is epistemically justified for S only if S is aware of some good-making feature of B, some feature that makes for B’s having positive epistemic status: e.g., evidence for B. Externalists with respect to epistemic justification (‘externalists’) deny this awareness requirement. Michael Bergmann has recently put this dilemma against internalism: awareness admits of a strong and a weak construal; given the strong construal, internalism is subject to debilitating regress troubles; given the weak construal, internalism is unmotivated; either way, internalism is in serious trouble. I argue for two claims in this article. First, Bergmann’s dilemma argument is unmotivated: he’s given no good reason for accepting one of its crucial premises. And second, Bergmann’s dilemma argument is unsound: the crucial premise in question is false.
Quantitative laser scanning confocal microscopy on single capillaries: permeability measurement.

Objective: We tested the hypothesis that there is significant solute loss to the superfusate during microvessel solute permeability measurement in frog mesentery which leads to underestimation of permeability coefficient. This is the first application of laser-scanning confocal microscopy to measure microvessel permeability.Methods: Microvessel permeability to sodium fluorescein (0.5 mg/ml, MW 376) was measured in the presence of bovine serum albumin (10 mg/ml) in Ringer's solution. Every 11–12 s an optical section transverse to the vessel axis (x-z section) was collected. The images were corrected for fluorescence attenuation in the z direction and nonuniformity of light collection (shading) in the x direction by comparison to a fluorescent standard. Extravascular fluorescence, which increased linearly with time, and the step increase in fluorescence intensity of the vessel lumen were used to calculate an apparent permeability. Measurements were made first with the tissue superfused with Ringer and secon...
A positive/negative ion–switching, targeted mass spectrometry–based metabolomics platform for bodily fluids, cells, and fresh and fixed tissue

The revival of interest in cancer cell metabolism in recent years has prompted the need for quantitative analytical platforms for studying metabolites from in vivo sources. We implemented a quantitative polar metabolomics profiling platform using selected reaction monitoring with a 5500 QTRAP hybrid triple quadrupole mass spectrometer that covers all major metabolic pathways. The platform uses hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with positive/negative ion switching to analyze 258 metabolites (289 Q1/Q3 transitions) from a single 15-min liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry acquisition with a 3-ms dwell time and a 1.55-s duty cycle time. Previous platforms use more than one experiment to profile this number of metabolites from different ionization modes. The platform is compatible with polar metabolites from any biological source, including fresh tissues, cancer cells, bodily fluids and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue. Relative quantification can be achieved without using internal standards, and integrated peak areas based on total ion current can be used for statistical analyses and pathway analyses across biological sample conditions. The procedure takes ∼12 h from metabolite extraction to peak integration for a data set containing 15 total samples (∼6 h for a single sample).
Characterization of Biodegradable Plastics

Abstract Polymers deteriorate by a number of mechanisms. In the lifetime of a polymer, deterioration may proceed gradually or rapidly. During processing, a polymer is melted and formed to a desired shape; it undergoes some deterioration due to the extreme temperature and mechanical stress. For example, polymer chains may rupture at the molecular level as a result of high shear stress encountered during processing. When mechanical stress contributes to failure or deterioration, the process is termed mechanical degradation or stress-induced degradation. When the thermal stress contributes to failure or deterioration, the process is termed thermal degradation. The degree to which a polymer undergoes deterioration depends on the thermal and mechanical stresses the material experiences during processing. Although the deterioration process of polymers is prominent under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure, in general, these materials undergo mild deterioration under ambient conditions.
Molecular biology of sodium channels and their role in cardiac arrhythmias

The sodium channel is an integral membrane protein that plays a central role in conduction of the cardiac impulse in working cardiac myocytes and cells of the His-Purkinje system. The channel has two fundamental properties, ion conduction and gating. Specific domains of the channel protein control each of these functions. Ion conduction describes the mechanisms of the selective movement of sodium ion across the pore in the cell membrane. The selectivity of the channel for sodium ions is at least 10 times greater than that for other monovalent cations; the channel does not normally conduct divalent cations. Gating describes the opening and closing of the sodium channel pore. Sodium channels open transiently during membrane depolarization and close by a process termed inactivation. The cardiac sodium channel protein is a multimeric complex consisting of an alpha and an auxiliary beta-subunit. The genes encoding the sodium channel have been cloned and sequenced. The alpha subunit gene, SCN5A is sufficient to express a functional channel. However, beta subunit co-expression increases the level of channel expression and alters the voltage dependence of inactivation. Mutations of the sodium channel may result in incomplete inactivation during maintained depolarization, a decrease in the level of channel expression or acceleration of inactivation. The resulting clinical phenotypes include long QT syndrome, type III (LQT III), Brugada syndrome, and heart block. LQT III and Brugada syndromes have a high case fatality rate and are best treated with an implantable defibrillator.
United States Health Care Reform in 2009: A Primer for Gastroenterologists

The US health care system is characterized by staggering costs alongside limited access, uneven quality, and subpar health outcomes. Although federal policymakers have long acknowledged this health care crisis, there still has been no fundamental realignment in health care organization or delivery. With a new Presidential Administration and deep economic recession, profound changes now appear imminent. These changes are likely to impact gastroenterologists significantly, including who they treat, how they deliver care, and how they are compensated. This article considers the most likely reforms, including health insurance and the drive toward universal coverage; a shift to reimbursement models that reward quality over the entire episode of care; reorganization of health care delivery around more highly integrated practices, patient-centered medical homes, and accountable care organizations; and electronic health records, comparative effectiveness research, and reporting transparency as necessary tools for implementing systemic change. Finally, anticipating these changes, this article concludes with specific recommendations to enable gastroenterologists to adapt to new practice environments.
Assessing the Effects of Bulk Power Rate Regulation: Results From a Market Experiment

(1987). Assessing the Effects of Bulk Power Rate Regulation: Results From a Market Experiment. Applied Economics: Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 663-685.
The Changing View of Abortion: A Study of Friedrich Wolf's Cyankali and Arnold Zweig's Junge Frau von 1914

With the end of the nineteenth century, women start becoming more independent, demanding more rights, making a place for themselves in society. The docile woman who is seduced by the socially higher male and in desperation commits infanticide begins to fade from literature. At the same time a new woman with a fresh vitality emerges and deals with the old problem of pregnancy and abortion. Two works which treat this type of woman are examined and the parallels as well as the differences between the portrayal are established. Although the heroines in Wolf 's play and Zweig's novel come from different social backgrounds, they encounter almost identical problems in trying to have an abortion. Zweig's novel is more detailed in its account of the abortion than the play, and although it was written only two years after Wolf 's play, Zweig takes the problem of the modern woman a big step further by not letting his heroine die as a result of the abortion. This article is available in Studies in 20th Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol4/iss1/3 THE CHANGING VIEW OF ABORTION: A STUDY OF FRIEDRICH WOLF'S CYANKALI AND ARNOLD ZWEIG'S JUNGE FRA U VON 1914 SABINE SCHROEDER KRASSNOW Douglass College Rutgers University
Enabling XML storage from Java applets in a GUI programming course

XML, the Extensible Markup Language, is widely used in graphical user interface (GUI) programming today to both specify user interfaces and to hold the data displayed in visual components. It is relatively straightforward for Java applets to read and process XML documents over the Web, but security restrictions make it complex to store those documents back on the server after they have been modified. This paper describes a set of cooperating programs and their underlying algorithms that allow Java applets to read XML documents from - and, more importantly, to store those documents back to - a Java-enabled Web server. The author uses this approach in a GUI programming course to provide students who implement their projects as Java applets with the ability to use the full power of XML and its related technologies.
Contributions to cestode enzymology. I. The cytochrome system and succinic dehydrogenase in Hymenolepis diminuta.

Abstract 1. 1. Cytochrome oxidase was demonstrated in homogenates of Hymenolepis diminuta using cytochrome c as the substrate. 2. 2. Succinic dehydrogenase was demonstrated. The cytochrome system was less satisfactory than methylene blue for transfer of electrons from succinate to oxygen. The dehydrogenase is inhibited by malonate. 3. 3. Aged homogenates retain succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activity but cannot support succinate oxidation via the cytochrome system. This is interpreted in terms of a labile intermediate step between succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase. 4. 4. Recent criticisms of the methodology of parasite chemistry are briefly discussed.
Calls to an Inner-City Hospital Breastfeeding Telephone Support Line

Support for breastfeeding mothers after they leave the hospital is often inadequate in low-income, inner-city areas where few resources are available. In becoming a Baby-Friendly Hospital, inner-city Boston Medical Center established a breastfeeding telephone support line to overcome this discrepancy. Records of support line calls for the first 5 years of operation were reviewed to record the level of need and determine reasons for use. A total of 1959 calls for 2482 reasons were received between January 1999 and December 2003. The most common reason for calling was "need help obtaining a breast pump" or "need information about breast pumps" (44%; 1096/2482), followed by "breast issue" (7%; 181/2482) and "milk supply question" (7%; 167/2482). The results indicate that inner-city women seek breastfeeding support and demonstrate a substantial need for breast pumps. These findings suggest that the lack of breast pumps may be a barrier to continued breastfeeding for inner-city breastfeeding women.
Emissivity of half‐space random media

Scattering of electromagnetic waves by a half-space random medium with three-dimensional correlation functions is studied with the Born approximation. The emissivity is calculated from a simple integral and is illustrated for various cases. The results are valid over a wavelength range smaller or larger than the correlation lengths.
Decoding the Humanities.

To teach students particular ways of thinking in the humanities, three faculty in literature and creative writing discover how to conceptualize these approaches for students and model them or have students model them in the classroom, and they assess the results on student learning.
Is the exchange rate regime really irrelevant for external adjustment

We argue that evidence on whether floating exchange rates facilitate external adjustment is contradictory because existing regime classifications do not adequately capture exchange rate flexibility relevant to external adjustment. Using a trade-weighted bilateral exchange rate volatility measure, we show that exchange rate flexibility indeed matters for current account dynamics.
The intracellular growth of bacteriophages. II. The growth of T3 studied by sonic disintegration and by T6-cyanide lysis of infected cells.

The growth of the virus T3 has been followed by breaking up the complexes it forms with host cells at various stages in their development and then assaying the debris for active virus particles. Two independent methods for breaking up cells were used: sonic vibration and lysis by the T6-cyanide method previously used for the study of the growth of T4. During the first half of the latent period both treatments, as well as cyanide alone, destroyed the capacity of the complexes for producing daughter virus particles. Furthermore, the infecting particles could not be recovered from them during the first half of the latent period. After the complexes had had 12 minutes of incubation at 30°C. both methods freed daughter virus particles from them in numbers which increased steadily with time until, near the end of the rise period, the normal burst size was reached. In general the agreement between the two yields is so good that one may conclude that both methods liberate quantitatively the mature daughter T3 particles which exist in the complexes before normal lysis occurs.
Bioactive Compounds from Combretum erythrophyllum

A methanol extract of Combretum erythrophyllum showed inhibitory bioactivities in a yeast-based microtiter assay for DNA-damaging agents. Bioassay-guided fractionation of this extract yielded two known bioactive compounds, combretastatin A-1 and (−)-combretastatin, and two new bioactive glucosides, combretastatin A-1 2‘-β-d-glucoside (1) and combretastatin B-1 2‘-β-d-glucoside (2). The structures of the new compounds were assigned by 1H and 13C NMR, DEPT, HMQC, and HMBC spectra.
Oxalate and phosphates induce systemic resistance against diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses in cucumber.

Abstract Spraying aqueous solutions (20 or 50 m m ) of oxalate, potassium phosphate dibasic (K2HPO4) or tribasic (K3PO4) on the upper surface of leaf 1 of cucumber plants, or inoculating leaf 1 with a spore suspension of Colletotrichum lagenarium induced systemic resistance to C. lagenarium, Cladosporium cucumerinum, Dydimella bryoniae, Sphaerotheca fuliginea, Pseudomonas lachrymans, Erwinia tracheiphila, tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) when plants were challenged on leaf 2 with the test pathogens 7 days after treatment of leaf 1. Plants were rated for disease 5–15 days after challenge-inoculation, depending on the pathogen. The level of protection induced by the test solutions varied and generally was lower than that induced by C. lagenarium. Each chemical solution tested caused chlorotic stippling on the induced leaf within 48 h after application. The stippling later developed into restricted necrotic lesions. The nature of damage in the inducer leaf was related to the level of protection. Plants with distinct but restricted necrotic lesions on inducer leaves were better protected than those with extensive damage or few lesions. These experiments provide further evidence that induced resistance is due to a low level of persistent stress which can be induced chemically and not the result of a specific component of the inducing pathogen.
L-Homocysteic acid: An endogenous excitotoxic ligand of the NMDA receptor

L-Homocysteic acid (L-HCA) has been proposed as a natural transmitter at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of excitatory amino acid receptor based on recent evidence that L-HCA occurs L-HCA occurs naturally in the mammalian CNS, is released from K+ stimulated brain slices in a calcium-dependent manner and may be contained in nerve terminals located in certain brain regions that have a high density of NMDA receptors. Here we report that L-HCA potently induces a pattern of cytopathology in the ex vivo chick retina which mimics the pattern of NMDA but not kainic acid (KA) neurotoxicity. We also show that known NMDA antagonists, including Mg++, D-aminophosphonopentanoate and certain anesthetics, analgesics, and sedative hypnotics block the neurotoxic actions of L-HCA in direct proportion to their efficacy in blocking NMDA neurotoxicity. While there is a perfect correspondence between agents that block NMDA and L-HCA neurotoxicity, only a few such agents are active against KA neurotoxicity. We find that 3H-Glu binding is inhibited more potently by L-HCA (Ki = 67 microM). Moreover the patterns with which L-HCA and NMDA displace 3H-Glu binding in autoradiograms appear essentially identical. These findings are consistent with the proposal that L-HCA is an endogenous ligand at NMDA receptors.
Mrs. Indira Gandhi and India's Constitutional Structures: A n Era of Erosion

Nehru was an outstanding institution builder. Despite his serious differences with the conservative justices of the Supreme Court, Nehru respected their authority and nurtured both the party and the governmental level institutions. In contrast, Indira Gandhi was interested in building only micro-level institutions and depended mainly on the bureaucracy to implement her policies. She tried to control the judiciary through politically motivated promotions of justices and by constitutional amendments. She also sought to subordinate bureaucracy to her own will and used the governor's office to exercise control over state governments. It was during the Emergency that a serious erosion of institutional structure took place and her son Sanjay became the center of extra-constitutional authority. She tried to rectify the situation after her return to power in 1980 but the damage was already done.
Instability after Total Hip Replacement

Instability after total hip replacement is a major cause of patient morbidity, second only to aseptic loosening of the components. Many factors, including surgical approach, implant design, soft tissue integrity, patient compliance, and experience of the surgeon, play an important role in the etiology of hip dislocation. An understanding of the timing, mechanism, and direction of the instability helps in formulating a treatment plan whether surgical or nonoperative. Radiographic evaluation, especially component orientation, restoration of offset, and leg length, can give valuable information about any abnormal biomechanics of the dislocated hip. Initial treatment of postoperative hip dislocation may not require surgery, but recurrent dislocation with an identifiable cause is best managed surgically. Revision hip surgery for recurrent instability can be a challenging problem. A better understanding of the etiology and the use of constrained liners at many centers have shown improved results with surgical management. Patients should be counseled regarding realistic expectations before revision surgery for recurrent dislocations. As a result of the greater emphasis paid to meticulous capsule repair, orientation of the components, and soft tissue tension, the incidence of instability after a primary hip arthroplasty is extremely low.
Lead-induced behavioral dysfunction: an animal model of hyperactivity.

Although clinically lead poisoning is thought to cause several serious behavioral problems, a causal relationship between lead ingestion and behavioral dysfunction has not been shown. An animal model of lead poisoning was developed in which suckling mice were exposed to lead acetate from birth indirectly through their mothers and then directly after weaning. For the first 60 days, no deaths of offspring occurred due to lead but their growth and development were significantly retarded. Epidemiological evidence exists for the coincidence of lead exposure and hyperactivity syndromes in children. Activity of offspring was measured between 40 and 60 days of age. Treated mice were more than three times as active as agematched controls. Treated and control animals were given drugs used in the treatment and diagnosis of minimal brain dysfunction hyperactivity in children: d- and l-amphetamine, methylphenidate, phenobarbital, and chloral hydrate. Lead-treated hyperactive mice responded paradoxically to all drugs except chloral hydrate: that is, d- and l-amphetamine and methylphenidate suppressed hyperactivity, while phenobarbital increased their levels of motor activity. Chloral hydrate was an effective sedative. Implications of these findings are discussed for the study of the central effects of lead poisoning and for the relationship between lead poisoning and minimal brain dysfunction hyperactivity.
Reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography of phosphatidylinositols

Abstract Reversed-phase ion-pal, high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separations of molecular species of phosphatidylinositols (PI) were studied. Mobile phases of acetonitrile-methanol-water containing various tetraalkylammonium phosphates (TAAP) were used for optimization. Stationary phases of macroporous polystyrene divinylbenzene (MPD), octylsilica, and octadecylsilica exhibited arying degrees of retentivity toward PI solutes. Without exception capacity factors (k') of PI on either alkylsilica or MPD increased with the alkyl chain length and the concentration of the quaternary ammonium counter ions evaluated. the results can be interpred in terms of an ion-pair retention mechanism. Logarithmic k' values were linearly related to the total number of carbons in TAAP. Perbenzoylation of PI yielded derivatives readily resolvable without the use of any mobile phase additive. Incorporation of TAAP to a mobile phase facilitated component separations of early-eluting perbenzoates. In HPLC with
Grade-Risk: An Insurable Event in the Classroom

Grade-risk provides a powerful ally in establishing relevance between course content and the lives of students. As used in this article, grade-risk refers to the potential for the loss of points on examinations, quizzes, etc. This article describes the rationale and feasibility associated with the introduction of a student-centered grade insurance project that provides some measure of protection against grade-risk. The project engages students on multiple levels and in various capacities resulting in a significantly enriched learning experience. The authors include examples employed in their own classroom in demonstrating the feasibility and validity of grade insurance as a learning tool.
"To Do and To Be": Portraits of Four Women Activists, 1893-1986

Gertrude Barnum (1866-1948), Mary Dreier (1876-1963), Pauline Newman (c.1888-1986), and Rose Pesotta (1896-1965) are the subjects of this fascinating study. Ann Schofield examines their personal lives along with their contributions to the suffrage, feminist, settlement house, and trade union movements in the early 20th century, and shows how these courageous activists helped to define a new model of womanhood that incorporated waged labor into the female life cycle.
Splitting of high-temperature X-ray diffraction profiles during the PbO tetragonal ⇄ orthorhombic phase transformation

Abstract In situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction of the PbO tetragonal ⇄ orthorhombic transformation shows the profiles of each phase split into several peaks. The intensities are a function of time and the average position is that of the undistorted profile. A unit cell distortion extends throughout a diffraction domain, and when averaged over the specimen there is no global change in symmetry. The splitting is not evident in quenched specimens. There is uncertainty whether the splitting is of the transformation mechanism or from the presence of ordered defects accompanying the transformation.
Integrated Syntax and Semantic Validation for Services Computing

XML syntax and semantic validations are critical to the correct service transaction specification and service integration based on existing distributed and heterogeneous computing services. This research proves that the current industry practice of XSLT-based Schematron validation may produce invalid results, and contributes a reusable XML validator component that supports sound integrated syntax/semantic validations and event-driven integration with its environment through public APIs.
Homoserine inhibition of in vitro sickling of erythrocytes.

Abstract Homoserine blocks and reverses significantly the sickling of sickle cell erythrocytes in vitro at 0.05–0.1 M concentrations and delays the gel formation of hemoglobin S at 37°C. The effect of homoserine on the inhibition of erythrocyte sickling is reversible when the cell suspension is diluted extensively with buffer before deoxygenation.
Geometrical light field parameters for improving remote sensing estimates of the backscattering coefficient for the marine hydrosol

The backscattering coefficient of the marine hydrosol is recognized as an important optical parameter to extract from the radiance and irradiance data of the hydrosol. One of the more promising algorithms for extracting this parameter, utilizing remotely sensed reflectance, has been proposed by Zaneveld. We have studied the implications of the simplified algorithm with the Naval Research Lab (NRL) optical model, a Monte Carlo simulation of the radiative transfer equation using standard absorption and elastic scattering coefficients for the water molecule, organic matter, and minerogenic matter. The known inputs of inherent optical properties can be used with the radiant flux outputs to check and verify algorithms that invert the measured irradiance streams for inherent optical properties. The results indicate that the inversion of the backscattering coefficient from remotely sensed reflectance is in error in the range of a 40% overestimate to a 10% underestimate of this parameter. The errors are dependent on both the solar angle and the constituents contributing to backscattering. Knowledge about the general shape of the backscattering function of a given hydrosol is necessary for the most successful inversion algorithms.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Técnica Anatómica para Restaurar y/o Reproducir Piezas Óseas Humanas de Difícil Obtención, para la Investigación y Docencia Científica

Se describe una tecnica para la reproduccion y/o restauracion de piezas oseas humanas con fines didacticos y academicos para uso cientifico y/o artistico. Esta tecnica permite obtener preparaciones de gran calidad en textura, color y diversos parametros morfologicos permitiendo obtener detalles y tridimensionalidad de las piezas oseas. La tecnica esta aplicada a la reproduccion de piezas oseas humanas de dificil obtencion, como son los huesos de la cabeza, sin embargo se pueden reproducir todo tipo de piezas oseas incluso con menor grado de dificultad. Nuestros resultados confirman que esta tecnica permite obtener un altisimo grado de fiabilidad comparado con la pieza original, por ello puede ser de gran utilidad en docencia e investigacion.
Low Level Lead Exposure in Vitro Stimulates the Proliferation and Expansion of Alloantigen-Reactive CD4high T Cells

T cells are believed to be critical functional targets of Pb immunotoxicity. In this study, low concentrations of lead (i.e., as low as 0.1 μM ≈ 2 μg/dl) were found to markedly enhance the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction–an assay of CD4+ T cell responsiveness. Cell cycle analysis of cells recovered from allogeneic mixed lymphocyte cultures revealed that Pb stimulated a substantial increase in the proportion of cycling alloreactive CD4+ T cells. The enhanced alloproliferative response was characterized by an increased population of lymphoblasts expressing heightened cell surface expression of CD4 (i.e., CD4high cells). Successive rounds of cell division were monitored using the cell division dye 5- (and 6)-carboxyfluorecein diacetate succinimyl ester and it was determined that the CD4high subpopulation comprised the expanding alloreactive T cells, which ultimately took on the phenotype of memory/effector T cells (i.e., CD44high, CD45RBlow, CD69high, and CD162high). Enhancement of T cell proliferation by lead was selective for responsiveness to alloantigen, as lead had no effect on T cell proliferation induced by mitogens or superantigen, processes that unlike alloreactivity are not dependent on antigen presentation. Collectively, these data suggest that Pb enhances alloantigen-specific T cell proliferation through an indirect mechanism involving altered antigen processing/presentation, resulting in marked clonal expansion or repertoire expansion of alloreactive T cell clones. Consistent with this suggestion was the finding that a single exposure to Pb during alloantigen priming elicited a population of CD4+ T cells that was hyperresponsive to further alloantigen stimulation and neither lead dependent nor lead responsive.
Examination of medical professions for counseling on medication adherence

The abilities of 68 professional staff members (physicians, physician assistants, dietitians, nurses, and counselors) from 12 clinics of the Coronary Primary Prevention Trial of the Lipid Research Clinics Program in 28 specific skills fundamental to interviewing and counseling for medication adherence were examined. Each staff member was provided with confidential data regarding his or her abilities, and each clinic's trial director received the group data for his or her staff's possession and use of these skills. Analyses of trial-wide data showed substantial differences among clinics in possession and use of the skills, with overall greater strength in interviewing skills, as compared with assessment and counseling skills. No professional group consistently possessed most or fewest of these skills. It is suggested that trained non-physician personnel could be used to complement physician efforts to counsel patients for medication adherence.
Sierra: practical power-proportionality for data center storage

Online services hosted in data centers show significant diurnal variation in load levels. Thus, there is significant potential for saving power by powering down excess servers during the troughs. However, while techniques like VM migration can consolidate computational load, storage state has always been the elephant in the room preventing this powering down. Migrating storage is not a practical way to consolidate I/O load. This paper presents Sierra, a power-proportional distributed storage subsystem for data centers. Sierra allows powering down of a large fraction of servers during troughs without migrating data and without imposing extra capacity requirements. It addresses the challenges of maintaining read and write availability, no performance degradation, consistency, and fault tolerance for general I/O workloads through a set of techniques including power-aware layout, a distributed virtual log, recovery and migration techniques, and predictive gear scheduling. Replaying live traces from a large, real service (Hotmail) on a cluster shows power savings of 23%. Savings of 40--50% are possible with more complex optimizations.
Shot boundary detection and key frame extraction using salient region detection and structural similarity

In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for shot boundary detection and key frame extraction from video sequences. Saliency maps representing the attended regions are produced from the color and luminance features of the video frames. Introducing a novel signal fidelity measurement -saliency based structural similarity index- the similarity of the maps is measured. Based on the similarities, shot boundaries and key frames are determined. Proposed algorithm is tested on neurosurgical videos and precision and recall performances are measured. Experimental results validate effectiveness of the proposed shot boundary detection and key frame extraction algorithm. Moreover, the algorithm is robust to dissolving digital video effects used in shot transition.
International Financial Institutions (IFIs) and Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) as instruments to combat corruption and enhance fiscal discipline in Developing States

Especially since the start of the second decade of the twenty-first century, once more we have seen more focused interest in the use of SWFs by home states—less as a means of projecting sovereign financial power outwards and more as a means of internal financial management, and development. What makes this interesting from the perspective of SWF development is the role of International Financial Institutions (IFIs) in SWF development. This article takes a first look at the way in which IFIs have also begun to use SWFs in their interactions, with a emphasis on developing states. A review of some recent efforts to establish SWFs with a stabilization or development focus suggests the way in which these funds now may better serve the project of fiscal and governance internationalization, and the development of global policy coherence around the fiscal ideologies of IFIs, rather than as an instrument of national policy. Part II briefly sketches the IFI's interest in and approach to SWFs as a part of their inve...
African-American women missionaries and European imperialism in Southern Africa, 1880–1920

Abstract This essay discusses the responses of nine African-American women missionaries to the imposition of European colonial rule in southern Africa from 1880 to 1920. They were stationed in the Portuguese colonies of Angola and Mozambique and the British colonies of Nyasaland, Southern Rhodesia, and South Africa. The author concludes that imperialism, racism, and sexism limited the roles of these women missionaries in southern Africa.
Salvage rotator cuff repair using a biotenodesis screw

Rotator cuff tear fixation can be difficult when humeral head bone stock is poor as a result of osteopenia or osteoporosis. This technical note describes biotenodesis screw use to achieve effective fixation after 2 previous attempts at implanting suture anchors failed.
Intratumoral injection of IL-secreting syngeneic/allogeneic fibroblasts transfected with DNA from breast cancer cells prolongs the survival of mice with intracerebral breast cancer

Prior studies have revealed the immunotherapeutic properties of a vaccine prepared by transfer of genomic DNA from breast cancer cells into a highly immunogenic cell line. The rationale for this type of vaccine is that genes specifying an array of weakly immunogenic, unique tumor antigens associated with the malignant cells will be expressed in a highly immunogenic form by the transfected cells. Here, the immunotherapeutic properties of a vaccine prepared by transfection of mouse fibroblasts with DNA from a breast carcinoma (SB-5b) that arose spontaneously in a C3H/He mouse (H-2Kb) were tested in mice with intracerebral breast cancer. To augment their nonspecific immunogenic properties, before DNA transfer, the fibroblasts (of C3H/He mouse origin) were modified to express allogeneic MHC class I H-2Kb-determinants and to secrete IL-2, IL-18 or GM-CSF. The results indicate that C3H/He mice injected intracerebrally (i.c.) with the breast cancer cells and syngeneic/allogeneic-transfected fibroblasts modified to secrete IL-2 survived significantly longer (P<.005) than mice in various control groups, including mice injected i.c. with the breast cancer cells alone. The immunotherapeutic properties of transfected fibroblasts modified to secrete IL-18 or GM-CSF were less efficacious. The results of two independent in vitro cytotoxicity assays indicate that systemic cellular antitumor immunity was generated in mice injected i.c. with the transfected cells, and the immunity was mediated predominantly by CD8+ T cells.
Breccia formation at a complex impact crater: Slate Islands, Lake Superior, Ontario, Canada

The Slate Islands impact structure is the eroded remnant of a approximately 30-32 km-diameter complex impact structure located in northern Lake Superior, Ontario, Canada. Target rocks are Archean supracrustal and igneous rocks and Proterozoic metavolcanics, metasediments, and diabase. A wide variety of breccias occurs on the islands, many of which contain fragments exhibiting shock metamorphic features. Aphanitic, narrow and inclusion-poor pseudotachylite veins, commonly with more or less parallel boundaries and apophyses branching off them, represent the earliest breccias formed during the compression stage of the impact process. Coarse-grained, polymictic elastic matrix breccias form small to very large, inclusion-rich dikes and irregularly shaped bodies that may contain altered glass fragments. These breccias have sharp contacts with their host rocks and include a wide range of fragment types some of which were transported over minimum distances of approximately 2 km away from the center of the structure. They cut across pseudotachylite veins and contain inclusions of them. Field and petrographic evidence indicate that these polymictic breccias formed predominantly during the excavation and central uplift stages of the impact process. Monomictic breccias, characterized by angular fragments and transitional contacts with their host rocks, occur in parautochthonous target rocks, mainly on the outlying islands of the Slate Islands archipelago. A few contain fragmented and disrupted, coarse-grained, polymictic clastic matrix breccia dikes. This is an indication that at least some of these monomictic breccias formed late in the impact process and that they are probably related to a late crater modification stage. A small number of relatively large occurrences of glass-poor, suevitic breccias occur at the flanks of the central uplift and along the inner flank of the outer ring of the Slate Islands complex crater. A coarse, glass-free, allogenic breccia, containing shatter-coned fragments derived from Proterozoic target rocks (upper target strata), observed at two locations may be analogous to the 'Bunt Breccia' of the Ries crater in Germany. At one of these locations this breccia lies close to a crater suevite deposit. At the other, it overlies parautochthonous, monomictic breccia. The State Islands impact breccias are superbly exposed, much better than breccias in most other terrestrial impact structures. Observations, including those indicative of multiple and and sequential processes, provide insight on how impact breccias form and how they relate to the various phases of the impact process. Eventually they will lead to an improved understanding of planetary impact processes.
Preferred breakage points in T5 DNA molecules subjected to shear

Abstract T5 DNA molecules subjected to critical rates of shear break into two pieces measuring 0.6 and 0.4 of the original molecular length. The fragments of length 0.6, isolated and subjected to a higher rate of shear, break into two pieces measuring 0.4 and 0.2 of the original molecular length. The molecules must contain two to four sites of preferred breakage at prescribed locations. Preferred breakage points have not been detected and may be absent in DNA's of some other species.
The Discrepancy between Observational Studies and Randomized Trials of Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Did Expectations Shape Experience?

Differences between observational and randomized studies of the effects of menopausal hormone therapy (HT) on coronary heart disease (CHD) have been attributed to the fact that women who choose to use HT tend to be healthier than those who do not. Although this bias should affect all clinical outcomes with modifiable risk factors, estimates for stroke and pulmonary embolism were unaffected. The authors sought possible explanations for this isolated discrepancy in CHD findings. Unlike the randomized Women's Health Initiative (WHI) trial, the observational Nurses' Health Study (NHS) did not try to detect silent myocardial infarctions. Many women present with atypical ischemic symptoms. Hormone therapy users who believe that HT reduces CHD risks might not interpret ischemic symptoms as related to CHD, might not seek medical attention, and might present differently to their physicians, all of which could lead to more unrecognized myocardial infarctions among HT users in the NHS. In addition, persons completing death certificates and NHS physicians interpreting death certificates were not blinded to the use of HT. If persons assigning cause of death knew the patient had used HT and believed that HT prevented CHD, they might have been more likely to assign a condition other than CHD as the cause of death. If HT users were 20% less likely to have their infarctions recognized and their deaths attributed to CHD, a true increase in CHD due to HT use would appear to be a reduction in CHD. Combining these reporting biases with socioeconomic differences between users and nonusers could explain discrepancies. Beliefs held by patients, clinicians, and investigators might have affected the ascertainment of CHD outcomes in observational studies.
A brief review of spatially partially coherent beams for FSO communications

A brief review is provided of the current state of the concepts, analytic theory and simulation capabilities related to the propagation of spatially partially coherent beams through turbulence. A spatially, partially coherent beam can reduce scintillation at the receiver and provide better free space optical link performance.
Nonbinary Codeword Stabilized Quantum Codes

The codeword-stabilized (CWS) quantum code formalism presents a unifying approach to both additive and nonadditive quantum error-correcting codes [see A. Cross et al., e-print arXiv:0708.1021], but only for binary states. Here we generalize the CWS framework to the nonbinary case (of both prime and nonprime dimensions) and map the search for nonbinary quantum codes to a corresponding search problem for classical nonbinary codes with specific error patterns. We show that while the additivity properties of nonbinary CWS codes are similar to the binary case, the structural properties of the nonbinary codes differ substantially from the binary case, even for prime dimensions. In particular, we identify specific structure patterns of stabilizer groups, based on which efficient constructions might be possible for codes that encode more dimensions than any stabilizer codes of the same length and distance; similar methods cannot be applied in the binary case. Understanding of these structural properties can help prune the search space and facilitate the identification of good nonbinary CWS codes.
Specific selection of deoxycytidine kinase mutants with tritiated deoxyadenosine.

We have shown previously that a low concentration of tritiated deoxyadenosine, i.e., 1 µCi/ml, selectively kills wild-type S49 murine lymphoma cells. Mutant cells resistant to [3H]deoxyadenosine lacked adenosine kinase completely but retained a significant level of deoxyadenosine phosphorylating activity. To study further the specificity of [3H]deoxyadenosine selection, lymphoma cell clones resistant to 15 µCi/ml [3H]deoxyadenosine have been derived. The resistant line, S49-dA15, is also resistant to high levels of nonradioactive deoxyadenosine and to deoxyguanosine but remains sensitive to thymidine. The thymidine inhibition of the growth of the mutant, in contrast to that of the wild-type cells, cannot be prevented by deoxycytidine. The mutant line lacks deoxycytidine kinase that also phosphorylates deoxyadenosine. In addition, the mutant cells excrete a large amount of deoxycytidine into culture medium, consistent with a failure of salvage of the nucleoside in the absence of an appropriate kinase, i.e., deoxycytidine kinase. In contrast, a deoxycytidine kinase-deficient cell line that was selected with arabinosylcytosine does not excrete deoxycytidine and contains high deoxycytidine deaminase activity. [3H]Deoxyadenosine can be used as a selective agent for specific selection of deoxycytidine kinase-negative mutants.
The Global Role of Health Care Delivery Science: Learning from Variation to Build Health Systems that Avoid Waste and Harm

This paper addresses the fourth theme of the Indiana Global Health Research Working Conference, Clinical Effectiveness and Health Systems Research. It explores geographic variation in health care delivery and health outcomes as a source of learning how to achieve better health outcomes at lower cost. It focuses particularly on the relationship between investments made in capacities to deliver different health care services to a population and the value thereby created by that care for individual patients. The framing begins with the dramatic variation in per capita health care expenditures across the nations of the world, which is largely explained by variations in national wealth. The 1978 Declaration of Alma Ata is briefly noted as a response to such inequities with great promise that has not as yet been realized. This failure to realize the promise of Alma Ata grows in significance with the increasing momentum for universal health coverage that is emerging in the current global debate about post-2015 development goals. Drawing upon work done at Dartmouth over more than three decades, the framing then turns to within-country variations in per capita expenditures, utilization of different services, and health outcomes. A case is made for greater attention to the question of value by bringing better information to bear at both the population and individual levels. Specific opportunities to identify and reduce waste in health care, and the harm that is so often associated with it, are identified by learning from outcome variations and practice variations.
Tradeoffs in compressing virtual machine checkpoints

Checkpoint replication is a prevalent way of maintaining virtual machine availability in the presence of host failures. Since checkpoint replication can impose heavy load on network resources, checkpoint compression has been suggested to reduce network usage. This paper presents the first detailed evaluation and characterization of the effectiveness and overheads of checkpoint compression methods for various workloads frequently seen in high-availability systems. We propose a lightweight compression method that exploits similarities in checkpoints to eliminate redundant network traffic, and compare it with two well-known methods, gzip and delta compression. Our results show that gzip and delta compression reduce network traffic significantly for various workloads, but incur high CPU and memory overheads, respectively. The proposed similarity compression is most effective for VM clusters running homogeneous workloads, while using both CPU and memory efficiently. Based on our extensive evaluation, we suggest guidelines for selecting and using these compression methods.