cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of aerodynamic shielding between traffic control attachments and mast-arm support structures

Abstract The representation of static wind loading for the assessment/design of mast-arm structures typically superimposes the wind load on each individual component (upright mast, arm pole, signs, and signals). This superposition includes portions of the upright mast and arm pole that are shielded from direct exposure to wind by signs or signals, implicitly assuming negligible aerodynamic shielding. The key objectives of this study were to experimentally investigate the presence of aerodynamic shielding, to quantify its influence on structural demands from wind-induced loading, and to propose an approach for determining design static wind loads on mast-arm structures that accounts for aerodynamic shielding. Wind tunnel tests were conducted on reduced-scale mast-arms and components which were representative of structural usage in Florida. The experiments established that reduced loading on shielded mast-arm segments does occur. A simple geometry-dependent model of wind load that accounts for the presence of aerodynamic shielding is proposed. The reduced load on the shielded pole segments is accounted for via load reduction on the shielding attachment as a proxy. The concept of an ‘aerodynamic shielding factor’ is introduced as the load reduction mechanism. This approach preserves the current superposition methodology used in design while also accounting for shielding effects.
An acoustic explanation of a sound change : *–αp to –o, *-αt to –e, and *–αk to –æ

Abstract: In Lisu -o is the modern reflex of *-αp, -e is the modern reflex of *-αt, and -ae is the modern reflex of *-αk. These changes lack a convincing articulatory explanation, but a simple and straightforward acoustic-based explanation exists : the steady-state values of the second formants assimilated to the second formant transitions for the final consonants.
Collaborative and Spiritual Inquiry: Positive Leadership in Organizational Change and Higher Education

This chapter explores the structural, oral, and attitudinal aspects of positive organizational change strategies among leadership by addressing and analyzing the paradigms of leadership and how they connect to organizational change management (Cameron. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 44(1):7–24, 2008). Specifically, the authors sought to determine how women encounter, serve, and work within organizational structures and understand the levels of discourse present in elevating personal and professional identities for future leadership efforts and contributions in the workplace. This analysis focuses on positive leadership and the outcomes of assumed, administered, and perceived changes. The authors recommend that institutions of higher education must articulate and develop an environment where academics can be nurtured and exposed to a more broadened range of professional experiences from the beginning of their employment and continue their spiritual development as an investment to enable the development of potential leaders. The authors further suggest that educators who seek a place to enhance aspects of their leadership formally acquired through personal life histories should also promote the acquisition of new leadership experiences among the human resources, political, and referential contexts when practicing mindfulness in the workplace.
Canalicular laceration repair using a self-retaining, bicanalicular, hydrophilic nasolacrimal stent.

Purpose: To evaluate outcomes of primary eyelid and canalicular laceration repair using a self-retaining bicanalicular hydrophilic nasolacrimal stent.Methods: This study is a retrospective review o...
Liquid Crystal Emulsions That Intercept and Report on Bacterial Quorum Sensing

We report aqueous emulsions of thermotropic liquid crystals (LCs) that can intercept and report on the presence of N-acyl-l-homoserine lactones (AHLs), a class of amphiphiles used by pathogenic bacteria to regulate quorum sensing (QS), monitor population densities, and initiate group activities, including biofilm formation and virulence factor production. The concentration of AHL required to promote "bipolar" to "radial" transitions in micrometer-scale droplets of the nematic LC 4'-pentyl-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) decreases with increasing carbon number in the acyl tail, reaching a threshold concentration of 7.1 μM for 3-oxo-C12-AHL, a native QS signal in the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The LC droplets in these emulsions also respond to biologically relevant concentrations of the biosurfactant rhamnolipid, a virulence factor produced by communities of P. aeruginosa under the control of QS. Systematic studies using bacterial mutants support the conclusion that these emulsions respond selectively to the production of rhamnolipid and AHLs and not to other products produced by bacteria at lower (subquorate) population densities. Finally, these emulsions remain configurationally stable in growth media, enabling them to be deployed either in bacterial supernatants or in situ in bacterial cultures to eavesdrop on QS and report on changes in bacterial group behavior that can be detected in real time using polarized light. Our results provide new tools to detect and report on bacterial QS and virulence and a materials platform for the rapid and in situ monitoring of bacterial communication and resulting group behaviors in bacterial communities.
Treatment of autoimmune encephalomyelitis with a histone deacetylase inhibitor: Analyzing the role of immune-response genes

We have previously shown that treatment of female NOD mice with a potent nonselective histone deacetylase inhibitor attenuated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model for progressive multiple sclerosis. Herein we show that immunization with the MOG35-55 peptide induced prolonged upregulation of genes encoding interleukin 17A (IL-17A), aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and histone deacetylase 11 in the spinal cord whereas the subunits of IL-27, IL-27p28 and IL-27ebi3 were significantly increased in secondary lymphoid organs after a lag period. Interestingly, the nitric oxide synthase gene was prominently expressed in both of these anatomic compartments following immunization. Treatment with the histone modifier repressed the transcription of all of these genes induced by immunization. Moreover, the drug suppressed the steady-state levels of the migration inhibitory factor and CD274 genes in both the spinal cord and peripheral lymphoid tissues. At the same time, the CD39 gene was downregulated only in secondary lymphoid organs. Paradoxically, the epigenetic drug enhanced the expression of Declin-1 in the spinal cord, suggesting a protective role in neuronal disease. Immunization profoundly enhanced transcription of the chemokine CCL2 in the secondary lymphoid tissues without a corresponding increase in the translation of CCL2 protein. Histone hyperacetylation neither altered the transcription of CCL2 nor its cognate receptor CCR2 in the central nervous system and peripheral lymphoid tissues. Surprisingly, the drug did not exert modulatory influence on most other immune response-related genes previously implicated in encephalomyelitis. Nevertheless, our data uncover several potential molecular targets for the intervention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis that have implications for the treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis.
Righting the Autonomy-Supervision Pendulum: Understanding the Impact of Independent Rounds on Medical Students, Residents, and Faculty.

Purpose To explore trainee and faculty perspectives on an independent rounding intervention on general pediatrics wards at 2 institutions. Method In July 2018, the authors introduced independent rounds 1 to 2 times a week at 2 training sites. In this qualitative study, the authors conducted semistructured focus groups with a purposive sample of junior trainees (clerkship medical students and postgraduate year [PGY] 1 residents), senior trainees (PGY-2 and PGY 3-5 residents), and hospital medicine faculty between October 2018 and May 2019. Focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed for themes using the constant comparative approach associated with grounded theory. Results Focus groups included 27 junior trainees, 20 senior trainees, and 18 faculty. Six themes emerged: (1) Independent rounds contributed to all trainees' development; (2) Senior residents described increased motivation to take full ownership of their patients and educational needs of the team; (3) Faculty expressed concerns about decreased opportunities for teaching and feedback; however, all trainees reported unique learning from having faculty both present and absent from rounds; (4) No significant patient safety events were reported; (5) All participants identified communication and patient progression concerns; and (6) A tension emerged between decreased faculty and enhanced trainee career satisfaction. Participants identified solutions to identified barriers to further improve this educational intervention. Conclusions As a result of independent rounding, trainees described increased motivation to take ownership of their patients and team. Both rounding experiences contributed to their development as physicians in different ways. Further studies should explore patient and caregiver perspectives and concerns about communication and patient care progression when designing future interventions to promote resident autonomy.
The serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (SLC6A4) and risk for psychiatric morbidity and comorbidity in the Baltimore ECA follow-up study.

Abstract Background The human serotonin transporter (SERT) gene polymorphism (5HTTLPR) has been associated with multiple psychiatric disorders, including major depression, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders. This study investigated the association between 5HTTLPR and psychiatric morbidity and comorbidity in a psychiatrist-examined population sample. Methods 628 participants, mean age 48.3 years old, were assessed by psychiatrists using the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. Associations between 5HTTLPR and the prevalence, comorbidity, and time-to-diagnoses for 16 psychiatric conditions were evaluated, using several analytical approaches. Results The SERT S allele was significantly associated with an increased lifetime prevalence of panic disorder. There was a “protective” association between SERT gene S allele carrier status and the risk of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in time-to-event analysis. Carriers of the S allele had a significant increased risk of two specific comorbid disorder pairs: major depressive disorder (MDD) and social phobia, and MDD and agoraphobia. Overall, there was no increased risk of receiving an initial or an additional diagnosis for a mental disorder in the SERT S allele carriers Conclusions The findings suggest that the S allele carrier status is associated with an increased prevalence of panic disorder in a community sample. There was an increased risk for comorbidity in a more homogeneous subgroup of cases with MDD and social phobia, as well as or agoraphobia. Our findings suggest a specific effect of the SERT promoter gene polymorphism on a subgroup of individuals identifiable by their comorbidity.
Cathode to Target Simulations for Scorpius: I. Simulation Codes and Models

The new Scorpius linear induction electron accelerator is under development for multi-pulse flash radiography of large, explosively-driven hydrodynamic experiments. Beam physics from the cathode to the target was examined with computer simulations, including envelope, ray-trace, and particle-in cell (PIC) codes. Beam instabilities investigated included beam breakup (BBU), image displacement, diocotron, parametric envelope, ion hose, and the resistive wall instability. Beam corkscrew motion and emittance growth from beam mismatch were also studied. The results of these simulations is documented in a series of reports. In this report the computer codes and physical models used for these simulations are described. The conclusion of this study is that Scorpius will produce and accelerate a beam with radiographic quality equivalent to the present accelerators at Los Alamos National Laboratory if the same engineering standards and construction details are upheld.
Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Renal Co-morbidities in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic-Review and Meta-analysis.

Author(s): Lee, Abby C; Li, Wei Tse; Apostol, Lauren; Ma, Jiayan; Taub, Pam R; Chang, Eric Y; Rajasekaran, Mahadevan; Ongkeko, Weg M | Abstract: BackgroundCOVID-19 has infected over 35 million people worldwide and led to over 1 million deaths. Several risk factors that increase COVID-19 severity have emerged, including age and a history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, or kidney disease. However, a number of outstanding questions persist, including whether the above comorbidities correlate with increased mortality from COVID-19 or whether age is a significant confounding variable that accounts for the observed relationship between COVID-19 severity and other comorbidities.Methods and findingsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies documenting COVID-19 patients with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, or chronic kidney disease. We classified COVID-19 cases into severe/non-severe or deceased/surviving and calculated the odds ratio (OR) for each of the four comorbidities in these cohorts. 36 studies, comprising 22,573 patients, are included in our meta-analysis. We found that hypertension is the most prevalent comorbidity in deceased COVID-19 patients (55.4%; CI: 49.4-61.3%), followed by cardiovascular disease (30.7%; CI: 22.6-38.8%), cerebrovascular disease (13.4%; CI: 9.12-19.2%), then chronic kidney disease (9.05%; CI: 5.57-15.0%). The risk of death is also significantly higher for patients with these comorbidities, with the greatest risk factor being chronic kidney disease (OR: 8.86; CI: 5.27-14.89), followed by cardiovascular disease (OR: 6.87; CI: 5.56-8.50), hypertension (OR: 4.87; CI: 4.19-5.66), and cerebrovascular disease (OR: 4.28; CI: 2.86-6.41). These risks are significantly higher than previously reported, while correlations between comorbidities and COVID-19 severity are similar to previously reported figures. Using meta-regression analysis with age as a moderating variable, we observed that age contributes to the observed risks but does not explain them fully.ConclusionsIn this meta-analysis, we observed that cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and kidney-related comorbidities in COVID-19 significantly contributes to greater risk of mortality and increased disease severity. We also demonstrated that age may not be a confounder to these associations.
Unsedated Transnasal Endoscopy (uTNE): Not Quite Ready to Replace Sedated Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (sEGD)

Unsedated Transnasal Endoscopy (uTNE): Not Quite Ready to Replace Sedated Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (sEGD)
4. Diffusion Measurements: Experimental Methods

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a review of the experimental techniques used in determining diffusion data. It focuses on the limitations and implementation of these techniques rather than on any synthesis of the data obtained. In studies of diffusion it must be demonstrated that the phenomenon being observed is truly diffusion and not some other means of chemical transport. Simple demonstration of Arrhenius behavior does not constitute such proof, as many physical processed may display this relation. Time series and zero-time experiments provide important data in establishing the measurement of diffusive behavior. The zero-time experiment isolates the contribution of transport phenomena other than diffusion. This type of experiment should be performed early in a study since it will alert the experimenter to any major flaws in experimental design. For constant external conditions, the measured diffusivity remains constant with time if diffusion is the only process involved. Typically, experiments of shorter duration yield greater apparent diffusivities that decrease and become constant with time.
Defined output from admission order sets improves compliance with federal billing standards.

All hospitals are under a mandate to accurately distinguish between patients who are being admitted for the purpose of observation or intensive testing to determine the need for ongoing admission as opposed to an admission to the hospital for an extended period. The Center for Medicare Services reimburses differently based on these two statuses. In many hospitals, even if physicians understand the difference between the statuses, their wording in orders may not be accurately understood by coders. To address this issue, the University of California, San Diego Medical Center, embarked on an experiment to see if altering the word output for an order to admit as inpatient to the hospital vs admit to outpatient observation would result in fewer one day inpatient admissions and improve the correct coding of outpatient observation stays. Using prospective time series analyses, we observed all inpatient stays and tracked the number of one day inpatient stays as a percent of all admissions, with particular focus on one day inpatient stays among Medicare patients. Using our already implemented physician order entry product (Siemens Invision, Siemens Medical, Malvern PA), we constructed a protocol so that if the provider ordered inpatient status a “level of care” order would be inserted into the record reflecting level of care as Inpatient as opposed to an outpatient observation order in which the level of care was flagged as Observation. This level of care order, and its specific date/time was used by coders to determine the compliance with CMS standards. Prior to the intervention, providers were still asked about observation but a yes answer would only instruct the nurse to but on observation flag on the admission and did not result in a level of care order in the electronic record. In the period one month prior to the intervention, among 2,070 total stays and 398 Medicare stays there were 86 Medicare (21.6% of total Medicare) one day inpatient admissions. One month after the introduction of the coded outputs based on the physician order, among 2075 total admissions and 437 Medicare stays there were only 51 Medicare (11.7% of total Medicare with p < .01) one day inpatient admissions. This study is limited by it being a time series analysis but it is promising in that the use of existing order entry applications can be fine tuned with respect to specific coded outputs to assist hospital in meeting federal billing compliance guidelines.
An Examination of Embedded Librarian Ideas and Practices: A Critical Bibliography.

Although this annotated bibliography is primarily targeted to library science professionals in an academic setting, the literature examined can very easily support secondary and college level general education teaching initiatives. The majority of the literature examined in the list comes from journal articles. The author focused primarily on actual case studies that take place in an undergraduate academic setting. Attention was paid to community colleges and schools where there are students in need of remediation. The author was also interested in seeking out literature that addressed the needs of student academic success after an embedded program was implemented. Non-traditional embedded endeavors were especially of interest; programs where academic librarians embedded themselves with high schools to support college preparation and readiness were also desired. The author highlights articles that support student success, remediation, and collaborative partnerships with subject faculty that are ongoing.
A kinetic model of magnetic media corrosion

In this work, we examines the randomness of the deposition in terms of the probability of uncovered magnetic alloy surface sites, and compares model kinetic calculations of oxidation of the magnetic film as a function of carbon thickness to experimental data.
Adversarial Collaboration Decision-Making: An Overview of Social Quantum Information Processing

Abstract : While believing that cooperation is the most efficient form of social behavior (e.g., Nowak et al., 2000), collaborative decision-making (CDM) to solve problems is an aspect of human behavior least yielding to rational predictions. To reduce the complexity of CDM, early game theorists assumed that cooperation and conflict could be represented by static configurations of the choices confronted by humans in a game interaction, leading to the first stable solution of mutual competition (Nash equilibrium), followed by the evolution in repeated games of a second stable solution of mutual cooperation (Axelrod, 1984). But logic under determines reality, R; cooperation in the field to solve ill-defined problems produces suboptimal solutions; and a rigorous logical map from multiple individual preferences to a single group preference is not possible (Arrow, 1951). More problematic for multiple agent systems or computational autonomy, as information (I) uncertainty is reduced to produce knowledge (K), as the number of interactants approach an N of 100 or more, or, ironically, as the number of agents participating in cooperative behavior increases, computability decreases significantly. In contrast, adapting quantum logic to adversarial collaboration produces a robust model of decision-making even as N increases. Implications for C2 decision-making are discussed.
Response restriction produces discriminated responding consisting of high rates of communicative responses when reinforcement is available and low/no communicative responding when reinforcement is unavailable while maintaining low rates of destructive behavior in four young children

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Fisher, W.W., Greer, B.D., Querim, A.C., & DeRosa, N. (2014). Decreasing excessive functional communication responses while treating destructive behavior using response restriction. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35, 2614–2623.Source of funding and disclosure of interest: No source of funding reported, and no conflicts of interest reported by the original authors of this research report.
Estimating the Riverine Abundance of Green Sturgeon Using a Dual-Frequency Identification Sonar

AbstractTo determine the total number of Green Sturgeon Acipenser medirostris present in the Rogue River, Oregon, we compared plot sampling using a dual-frequency identification sonar (DIDSON), a density-based estimation technique combining the number of individuals detected and the area sampled, to a concurrent mark–recapture estimate. Using the DIDSON-based method, we estimated the total abundance of Green Sturgeon to be 223 (95% confidence interval = 180–266). The mark–recapture method resulted in an estimate of 236 individuals (150–424). The noninvasive DIDSON transect estimates resulted in tighter confidence intervals and required fewer technician hours to collect the data than did the mark–recapture method (37 h versus 232 h, respectively). Precise estimates of the abundance and distribution of Green Sturgeon are important components to species recovery and management. Thus, this new technique has the potential to greatly improve population monitoring and is an excellent tool to identify occupied ha...
Pulsed Methods in Electron Spin Resonance

This article describes how pulsed electron spin resonance (ESR) signals and spectra are generated. A few basic pulse sequences are introduced, along with a simple vector model and the Bloch equations to explain the signals that are produced and the type of information each signal contains. The major applications of pulsed ESR are described for the measurement of ESR spectra, relaxation times, chemical reaction kinetics, molecular motion, hyperfine interactions, and the distances between radicals. The common pulse sequences used for each of these measurements are described and some of the limitations and drawbacks are discussed. The simple models for pulsed ESR are modified, as needed, to explain unexpected features encountered in some experimental measurements. Double resonance and 2D spectroscopies such as electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), double electron–electron resonance (DEER), and hyperfine sublevel correlation (HYSCORE) are discussed. Keywords: ESR; ENDOR; DEER; HYSCORE; free radical; EPR; magnetic resonance; pulsed ESR; pulsed EPR
Differential Gene Expression in Colon Tissue Associated With Diet, Lifestyle, and Related Oxidative Stress

Several diet and lifestyle factors may impact health by influencing oxidative stress levels. We hypothesize that level of cigarette smoking, alcohol, anti-inflammatory drugs, and diet alter gene expression. We analyzed RNA-seq data from 144 colon cancer patients who had information on recent cigarette smoking, recent alcohol consumption, diet, and recent aspirin/non-steroidal anti-inflammatory use. Using a false discovery rate of 0.1, we evaluated gene differential expression between high and low levels of exposure using DESeq2. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used to determine networks associated with de-regulated genes in our data. We identified 46 deregulated genes associated with recent cigarette use; these genes enriched causal networks regulated by TEK and MAP2K3. Different differentially expressed genes were associated with type of alcohol intake; five genes were associated with total alcohol, six were associated with beer intake, six were associated with wine intake, and four were associated with liquor consumption. Recent use of aspirin and/or ibuprofen was associated with differential expression of TMC06, ST8SIA4, and STEAP3 while a summary oxidative balance score (OBS) was associated with SYCP3, HDX, and NRG4 (all up-regulated with greater oxidative balance). Of the dietary antioxidants and carotenoids evaluated only intake of beta carotene (1 gene), Lutein/Zeaxanthine (5 genes), and Vitamin E (4 genes) were associated with differential gene expression. There were similarities in biological function of de-regulated genes associated with various dietary and lifestyle factors. Our data support the hypothesis that diet and lifestyle factors associated with oxidative stress can alter gene expression. However genes altered were unique to type of alcohol and type of antioxidant. Because of potential differences in associations observed between platforms these findings need replication in other populations.
The Role of the Long Head of the Biceps Brachii in Superior Stability of the Glenohumeral Joint

We studied seven patients who had isolated loss of the proximal attachment of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii, documented operatively or with magnetic resonance imaging, in order to identify and measure superior translation of the humeral head on the glenoid. Four true anteroposterior radiographs were made of both shoulders, before and after the operation, with 0, 45, 90, and 120 degrees of humeral abduction in the scapular plane. Four patients were managed with arthroscopic acromioplasty with an open biceps tenodesis; one, with open biceps tenodesis alone; and one, with debridement of a ruptured biceps stump; the remaining patient was managed non-operatively. Two to six millimeters of superior translation of the humeral head was noted in each patient in all positions of humeral abduction except 0 degrees. This translation was significant compared with the contralateral (control) shoulder. Kappa statistical analysis showed excellent reproducibility and interobserver reliability of the technique of radiographic measurement. The results of this study support the role of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii as a stabilizer of the humeral head in the glenoid during abduction of the shoulder in the scapular plane.
Phylogenetically distinct cellulose synthase genes support secondary wall thickening in arabidopsis shoot trichomes and cotton fiber.

Through exploring potential analogies between cotton seed trichomes (or cotton fiber) and arabidopsis shoot trichomes we discovered that CesAs from either the primary or secondary wall phylogenetic clades can support secondary wall thickening. CesA genes that typically support primary wall synthesis, AtCesA1,2,3,5, and 6, underpin expansion and secondary wall thickening of arabidopsis shoot trichomes. In contrast, apparent orthologs of CesA genes that support secondary wall synthesis in arabidopsis xylem, AtCesA4,7, and 8, are up-regulated for cotton fiber secondary wall deposition. These conclusions arose from: (a) analyzing the expression of CesA genes in arabidopsis shoot trichomes; (b) observing birefringent secondary walls in arabidopsis shoot trichomes with mutations in AtCesA4, 7, or 8; (c) assaying up-regulated genes during different stages of cotton fiber development; and (d) comparing genes that were co-expressed with primary or secondary wall CesAs in arabidopsis with genes up-regulated in arabidopsis trichomes, arabidopsis secondary xylem, or cotton fiber during primary or secondary wall deposition. Cumulatively, the data show that: (a) the xylem of arabidopsis provides the best model for secondary wall cellulose synthesis in cotton fiber; and (b) CesA genes within a “cell wall toolbox” are used in diverse ways for the construction of particular specialized cell walls.
Reasons and options for integrating ecosystem services in strategic environmental assessment of spatial planning

Despite the attention that research on ecosystem services has attracted in recent years, its use to support real-life decision-making processes is still very limited, especially at the planning level. Spatial planning results in actions that may affect the distribution and quality of a wide range of ecosystem services. Hence, spatial planning decisions would benefit from systematic considerations of their effects on ecosystem services. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) provides an excellent platform to this purpose. This paper aims at providing insights on why it is important to promote ecosystem service-inclusive SEA processes, and on how to do it, with particular emphasis on spatial planning. First, possible actions to include relevant information of ecosystem services throughout the SEA process are presented. Second, the advantages are discussed by considering both the characteristics of ecosystem services approaches and the criteria of good-quality SEA. Finally, four main challenges are identif...
A review of selected cases of industrial espionage and economic spying, 1568–1945

Despite current dire warnings, study of episodes in the history of industrial espionage and economic spying reveal that surreptitious collection of manufacturing and other business secrets has been a methodical, calculated and abundant practice. Widespread predation of commercial information in the sixteenth to twentieth centuries is illustrative of the insatiable appetite for proprietary information for both private and governmental interests, and cases as varied as those of pre‐industrial times to the sophisticated covers used by the Third Reich attest to the lengths gone to for obtaining a variety of industrial secrets. The patterns and tactics used in other eras are instructive for our own, and place contemporary commercial espionage activity in an historical context, asserting that current industrial spying is part of a larger legacy.
A catlaytic tellurium process for the transposition of allylic hydroxyl groups and carbon-carbon double bonds

Abstract As little as 0.1 molar equivalent of elemental tellurium in combination with excess (up to 3 molar equivalents) reducing agent (HOCH 2 SO 2 Na·2H 2 O, NaBH 4 , or LiEt 3 BH) effects the telluride-ion mediated transposition of allylic hydroxyl groups and carbon-carbon double bonds that proceeds via the epoxy tosylate. The workup is much more convenient than when a molar equivalent of tellurium is used.
Improved 3-D Seismic Edge-detection Filter Applied to Vinton Dome Louisiana

We introduce a very interesting new filter for edgedetection: the Torreao and Amaral’s filter that is based on the Green’s function. We applied this filter to detect sharp edges and we found good results. The importance of this fact in geology is that features like faults, fractures and channels appear as sharp edges in seismic data. Thus, this filter is efficient to detect these geological features and we have successfully applied this new filter to synthetic and real 3D seismic data from the Vinton dome, Louisiana and we found that it can detect edges better than the gradients amplitude filters reported in literatures.
Naps Are Associated More Commonly With Gastroesophageal Reflux, Compared With Nocturnal Sleep

Background & Aims Acid reflux during nighttime sleep has been associated with more severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Napping is common, especially after lunch time, in many cultures. We aimed to compare reflux characteristics between nighttime sleep and naps in patients with GERD. Methods We performed a study of 15 patients (mean age, 58.5 ± 18.4 y; 10 men) with heartburn and/or regurgitation at least 3 times/week for the past 3 months, who experienced a nap in addition to regular nighttime sleep. All were evaluated using the demographics and GERD Symptoms Checklist questionnaires. Patients underwent pH testing concomitantly with actigraphy when they were not receiving antireflux treatment; only patients with abnormal results from pH tests were included in the study. Raw data from actigraphy analyses were superimposed over those collected from pH monitoring, matched by time. Integrative software was used to determine recumbent-awake, recumbent-asleep, and naps alongside pH monitoring data. Results The mean duration of nocturnal sleep time and nap time were 446.0 ± 100.7 minutes and 61.9 ± 51.8 minutes, respectively. The mean number of reflux events per hour was significantly greater during nap than nocturnal sleep time (40.1 ± 69.9/h vs 3.5 ± 4.2/h; P P P P Conclusions We associated naps with significantly greater numbers of, and duration of, esophageal acid exposure and symptoms, compared with nocturnal sleep. Naps therefore might have important effects on disease severity.
Evolution and Distribution of the Copper-rich Phase during Oxidation of an Iron–0.3wt%Copper Alloy at 1150°C

Residual copper contents in low carbon steels lead to a cracking phenomenon known as surface hot shortness. This phenomenon is caused by a copper-rich liquid layer that forms due to copper enrichment as iron oxidizes during casting, reheating and/or hot rolling. Evolution of the copper-rich liquid layer is dependent on the competing processes of enrichment due to iron oxidation and diffusion of copper back into the metal. This paper presents comparisons between experiments and calculations of a fixed grid finite difference model that predicts the evolution of the copper-rich region. Experiments involved oxidizing an iron–0.3wt%copper alloy in a gold-image furnace equipped with thermogravimetric balance. Samples were oxidized at 1150°C in three atmospheres, dry air, wet air (15 vol% H2O), and argon–15vol%H2O. Model predictions agree with measured data for dry air oxidation at 1150°C for 60, 300, 420, 600, 900, and 1200 s. Agreement was also obtained for iron oxidized for 1800 and 2700 s in argon–15vol%water vapor. However, model predictions deviated for samples oxidized 3600 s in dry air, 3600 s in water vapor, and 600 s in wet air. The deviations arise due to grain boundary penetration and diffusion of copper. Results suggest a critical amount of separated copper is necessary for substantial grain boundary penetration to occur and the required amount decreases when the gas contains H2O. The model was also used to estimate the evolution behavior of the liquid copper phase under industrially relevant conditions.
Mead, Behaviorism and Indeterminacy

Schleiermacher once said that every interpretation is the best. I would add, provided Lhe interpreter understands that his is an interpretation, not the final statement of whatever it is that one seeks to interpret. Collins' wide-ranging and provocative essay (to which I cannot do full justice here) on Mead generally avoids imposing on us the definitive reading of Mead.' The author correctly points out that "we have a legitimate choice between the various intellectual elements in Mead." Still, I would like to take issue with Collins' choice. Not because it does not have merit, but because it leaves out what I believe to be most important and original in Mead's writings. Collins variously refers to Mead's outlook as "reductionist," "utilitarian," "naturalistic," "individualistic," and at some point designates it as " 'vulgar' behaviorism." True, Mead often used the adjective "behaviorist" in describing his social psychology. He also had close personal ties with John Watson, the founder of behaviorist psychology. Yet, I think it is misleading to call his general stance "behaviorism," since Mead's usage of the term differed so much from the one championed by Watson. Watson sought to expunge all references to psychic phenomena from psychological discourse, substituting for them the description of overt behavior, stimulus situation, conditioning, and so forth. It is an article of faith with him that all responses can ultimately be reduced to and predicted from antecedent stimuli. By contrast, Mead not only affirmed the legitimacy of such concepts as "image," "self," "consciousness," "thought," but also postulated unpredictability and novelty as generic features of human conduct. Mead explicitly warned his students not to confuse his position with Watson's: "John B. Watson's attitude was that of the Queen in Alice in Wonderland-'Off with their heads!'-there were no such things. There was no imagery, and no consciousness. . . . The behaviorism which we shall make use of is more adequate than that of which Watson makes use" (Mead 1934, pp. 3, 2). Along with other pragmatists, Mead rejected introspectionism and urged the genetic primacy of action over thought, but this hardly makes him a behaviorist. "Social psychol-
Perceptions of parenting versus parent-child interactions among incest survivors.

Abstract Objectives: Although women with histories of child sexual abuse (CSA) perceive themselves as less competent mothers and report greater parenting difficulties than nonabused women, few investigators have actually observed the parenting behaviors of CSA survivors. The primary aim of this study was to examine whether incest history was related to maternal perceptions of parenting efficacy and interactional patterns with their children. The secondary aim of this study was to explore the constructs of internal working models of relationships and maternal psychological adjustment as potential mediators of the relation between incest history and parenting. Methods: A community sample of 17 incest survivors, 18 nonabused women and their 3–6 year-old children participated. Mothers completed self-report measures of parenting efficacy, parental bonding (i.e., internal working models of relationships), and psychological adjustment. In addition, mothers interacted with their children in a problem-solving task. Results: Although incest survivors reported less parenting self-efficacy than did nonabused mothers, their interactional styles with their children were positive overall and comparable to those of nonabused mothers. Specifically, survivors displayed moderate to high levels of support, assistance, and confidence, and their children showed high levels of affection towards their mothers. Incest survivors reported less bonding with their own mothers in childhood and poorer current psychological adjustment. Conclusions: Findings suggest that incest survivors’ perceptions of their parenting abilities may be more negative than their actual parenting behaviors.
Antibiotics for treatment of preterm labor: review and meta-analysis

Abstract Objective: Inflammatory processes and infection contribute to the risk of preterm birth. We sought to review the literature on antibiotics for the treatment of preterm labor (PTL) and to do a meta-analysis of results from randomized trials. Methods: We worked as part of the AHCPR Evidence Report on the Management of Preterm Labor. With ACOG and an advisory group, we developed search criteria. We did an exhaustive search, including the gray literature, for articles in English, French, or German, from 1966 to 1998. We searched for randomized trials and observational studies on antibiotics for preterm birth among women with PTL. We found 107 articles; 15 had 40 or more subjects with outcome measurement of gestational age at birth and without rupture of membranes at enrollment. Abstractors were masked to authorship and journal. Elements abstracted included definition of PTL, study design, treatment regimen, population characteristics, masking, randomization, and analytic approach. Outcomes included delay in delivery, gestational age at birth, and proportion of births by prematurity (eg, less than 37 weeks of gestation and more than 30 weeks of gestation). Results: We will summarize the literature on antibiotics for treatment of PTL and reflect on the divergent regimens and findings in major studies. We will report the results of meta-analyses, including 13 randomized trials that examine antibiotic treatment and prolongation of pregnancy in days, gestational age at birth, and birth weight. Conclusion: We will present the conclusions of the team.
Action potential repolarization may involve a transient, Ca2+-sensitive outward current in a vertebrate neurone.

Repolarization of the action potential in squid axon1 and several types of neurones2–4 involves a voltage-activated potassium (K+) current. Voltage clamp analysis has demonstrated that this current has rapid activation kinetics1,3–5. In several neuronal types, the same technique has also revealed a slowly activated K+ current that is calcium (Ca2+)-sensitive3,5–10. This slow Ca2+-activated K+ current is the major current underlying the late, slower portion of the after-hyperpolarization following an action potential11–14. In several muscle types, fast, transient Ca2+-dependent K+ currents have been described15–17 which may contribute to repolarization of the action potential. Rapidly activating, Ca2+-dependent K+ currents have been observed in sympathetic neurones of the bullfrog and it has been suggested that they contribute to action potential repolarization of those neurones8,9,18. We have studied the membrane currents in bullfrog sympathetic neurones using voltage clamp methods and report here a transient outward current that appears to be composed of two separate currents. One of those currents is a transient, Ca2+-sensitive outward current as indicated by a significant reduction of the current by treatments that reduce or block Ca2+ entry (Mn2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Mg2+ or Ca2+ -free Ringer). Such treatments also decreased the rate of action potential repolarization. The results suggest that this current is involved in repolarization of the action potential and consequently may regulate Ca2+ entry into the neurone during spike activity.
Interdisciplinary minor in digital forensics, security and law

Digital forensics is playing a more prominent role in law enforcement, network security, and information assurance. The field of study encompasses not just digital evidence, but also the areas of cyber law, sociology, and security to name a few. Its increasing importance is reflected in its growing role within crime investigations, civil cases and homeland security.An in-depth understanding of digital forensics will be needed by college students who will be entering the various fields within technology, business, criminal justice, law, and homeland security. Currently, many professionals in those fields are not well-prepared to understand the use and management of digital evidence - or the use of digital forensics in determining the causes of security breaches, or the avoidance of security breaches altogether.Today, many professionals are working with others from different fields - lawyers are working with IT managers, members of law enforcement are working with forensics engineers. Well, at least they are trying. Unless properly prepared, many of these professionals will not be able to communicate and work effectively with each other. Those communications will continue in their frequency and importance. The demand for forensics and investigative work by knowledgeable professionals will continue to exceed the supply available for the foreseeable future.While some topics or courses in forensics and security will be needed in a variety of majors such as criminal justice and computer science, an enhanced level of study should be provided for those wishing to have a more solid foundation in digital forensics, security and law. By having students from different disciplines participate together in a minor in digital forensics, security and law, we hope to provide a richer learning environment.The curriculum discussed contains core courses in digital forensics, security and law as well as a capstone course. The curriculum also contains individual tracks in several areas for more in-depth study outside the students chosen major. The core courses within the minor cover digital evidence and its relationship to forensics, security and the law. Many areas of law are covered within the curriculum because of the ubiquitous use of computers and the importance of such acts as Graham-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) of 1999, Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA), Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX), Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) and the USA PATRIOT Act.This article describes the background and the process of developing a minor in digital forensics, security and law to better prepare those students majoring in criminal justice, information technology and computer science. This article also presents information on extending the minor to students majoring in accounting, pre-law and public administration.
Low-energy consequences of five-dimensional SO(10)

Abstract We consider five-dimensional (5D) supersymmetric SO(10) compactified on the orbifold S1/(Z2×Z2′) such that the SO(10) gauge symmetry is broken on both fixed points (branes), and the residual gauge symmetry is SU(3)c×SU(2)L×U(1)Y×U(1)X. We explore one example in which the gauge symmetries on the two branes are, respectively, SU(5)×U(1)X and SU(4)c×SU(2)L×SU(2)R, and the MSSM gauge symmetry is recovered by the usual Higgs mechanism. We discuss how fermion masses and mixings can be understood in this framework by introducing a flavor U(1)F symmetry. Unification of the MSSM gauge couplings and proton stability are also considered. An order of magnitude increase in sensitivity could reveal proton decay.
Glitch, please: datamoshing as a medium-specific application of digital material

Digital material, the computation and information that makes digital devices function, can be ethereal and difficult to conceptualize in terms of its material properties. In terms of experience design, this can make it difficult to tap into the expressive capabilities of this unique medium. We investigate the properties of computational material by looking at glitches, errors in functioning, through the lens of medium-specificity. As a specific type of glitch art, we look at datamoshing - a technique where the compression of digital video is altered for creative purposes. By examining the ways that the digital material is revealed by datamoshing, we seek insight into the unique expressive capabilities of digital devices.
Children thrive on companionship, not single rooms

In paediatric wards up and down the country toddlers and children are left for hours on end. Cries …