cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetoresistance anisotropy in single crystals of cadmium and very dilute cadmium alloys

Abstract Angular-dependence measurements on the magnetoresistance of pure Cd, Cd-Ag and Cd-In alloys with solute concentrations of the order 25 ppmw and less over the temperature range 1.4 K to 10 K in fields up to 23 kG confirm the anisotropic temperature dependence for field directions in the (11 0 ) plane. Evidence is obtained that inter-sheet scattering does not seem to affect the magnetoresistance in the basal plane.
Assembly of Bacteriophage Lambda Terminase into a Viral DNA Maturation and Packaging Machine

Terminase enzymes are common to complex double-stranded DNA viruses and function to package viral DNA into the capsid. We recently demonstrated that the bacteriophage λ terminase gpA and gpNu1 proteins assemble into a stable heterotrimer with a molar ratio gpA1/gpNu12. This terminase protomer possesses DNA maturation and packaging activities that are dependent on the E. coli integration host factor protein (IHF). Here, we show that the protomer further assembles into a homogeneous tetramer of protomers of composition (gpA1/gpNu12)4. Electron microscopy shows that the tetramer forms a ring structure large enough to encircle duplex DNA. In contrast to the heterotrimer, the ring tetramer can mature and package viral DNA in the absence of IHF. We propose that IHF induced bending of viral DNA facilitates the assembly of four terminase protomers into a ring tetramer that represents the catalytically competent DNA maturation and packaging complex in vivo. This work provides, for the first time, insight into the ...
Design considerations and small signal modeling of the Flyback converter using second stage LC filtering circuit

This paper analyzes the stability issue of the Flyback converter which utilizes a second stage LC filtering circuit at its output side. The small signal models of the Flyback converter using second stage filter, in both DCM and CCM, are presented with experimental data collected to verify the theoretical analysis. Finally, guidelines for designing the second stage LC filter are derived to facilitate the procedure.
Giraffes in zebra skins: researchers as spectators at a consumer electronics trade show

Consumer electronics have become an increasingly globalized industry. Even though Asia is the dominant information technology (IT) producer of the world, the United States dominates the electronics...
Continuous positive airway pressure applied by means of a tight-fitting face-mask.

Ten infants were treated for HMD with CPAP applied by a face-mask technique, and this method was highly effective in improving arterial oxygenation. The method was shown to be safe and simple.
Changing Perspectives in Paleoecologic Use of Trace Fossils: ABSTRACT

Historically, trace fossils have been described as "tricks of the devil, plant or fucoid remains, or the specific tracks of organisms," and more recently, as "the behavioral responses of organisms to a particular substrate." Moreover, there are now many attempts to use trace fossils to model community structure, to interpret depth zonations, diversity, nutrient levels, etc. However, it stretches the point to treat traces as pseudo-organisms. They can be excellent paleoindicators when accepted as the complex structures they are--especially surface traces. Surface traces represent the preservation of an ephemeral animal, combination of sediment, and fluid that can provide us with information about the size, weight, style, and locomotory types of animals present; they can se limits for values of the engineering or geotechnical properties of the substrate (such as bearing capacity, water content, and shear strength); and they can indicate the fluid regime (current velocities and directions) associated with the site area. This information can be gleaned from fossil traces by treating them as structures created by organisms (nothing more), that to be preserved must respond to local, transitory conditions at the seabed. End_of_Article - Last_Page 423------------
Indocyanine-green-embedded PEBBLEs as a contrast agent for photoacoustic imaging.

Nanoparticles 100 nm in diameter containing indocyanine green ICG have been developed as a contrast agent for photoacous- tic PA imaging based on photonic explorers for biomedical use by biologically localized embedding PEBBLE technology using organi- cally modified silicate ormosil as a matrix. ICG is an FDA-approved dye with strong optical absorption in the near-infrared NIR region, where light can penetrate deepest into biological tissue. A photoa- coustic imaging system was used to study image contrast as a function of PEBBLE concentration in phantom objects. ICG-embedded ormosil PEBBLEs showed improved stability in aqueous solution compared with free ICG dye. The particles were conjugated with HER-2 anti- body for breast cancer and prostate cancer cell targeting. Initial in vitro characterization shows high contrast and high efficiency for binding to prostate cancer cells. ICG can also be used as a photosen- sitizer generating toxic oxygen by illumination for photodynamic therapy. We have measured the photosensitization capability of ICG- embedded ormosil nanoparticles. This feature can be utilized to com- bine detection and therapeutic functions in a single agent. © 2007 Society
Perspectives on psycho-neuro-immunology in oncology

Psycho-oncology and psycho-neuro-immunology are both powerful new disciplines. Although a lot of literature exists in both of these fields the evidence is often controversial. This paper gives a brief perspective on the origins of psycho-neuro-immunology and discusses how our current understanding of this subject can be translated into clinical practice in an Indian setting.
NCATE and Interstate Certification: A Status Report

Does NCATE accreditation foster the transfer of teacher certification from one state to another? Raths and his col leagues argue that the answer is "no." Indeed, with but one exception, graduates of institutions in states with out reciprocity agreements would not be denied certification in other states solely on the basis that their preparing institu tion lacked NCATE accreditation. Fur thermore, as individual states add more specialized requirements, such as examinations, it appears that the likeli hood that NCATE accreditation will play an increased role in achieving certifica tion for prospective teachers is signific antly reduced.
Acute effects of morphine on regional brain levels of acetylcholine in mice and rats

Abstract Morphine increased levels of acetylcholine in mouse striatum in a dose-dependent manner, the increase occuring at the lowest dose previously found to produce analgesia and coinciding with the time of peak analgesic effect. Naloxone blocked this increase. After repeated injections of high doses of morphine, no effect was seen. The hippocampus was the only other brain region showing and effect, and this after a high dose. In the rat, morphine (30 and 90 mg/kg) increased striatal acetylcholine levels. At these and lower doses (2.5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) the ratios in the straitum of levels of acetylcholine to levels of depamine were significantly increased. Only at the highest dose did morphine increase the levels of dopamine in the straitum and of acetylcholine in the hippocamus. Morphine did not change the levels of norepinephrine in either the hypothalamus or cortex of the rat.
Theories of mixing in continuous combustion

Techniques for analytical modelling of turbulent mixing processes in continuous combustion devices such as furnaces, incinerators and gas turbines are reviewed and critiqued. In particular, various approaches in the current literature are examined with respect to their ability to deal with detailed chemical reaction mechansism, interaction of thermal and chemical turbulent fluctuations, prediction of stability limits or turdownn ratio, combustion efficiency and pollutant formation processes. It is concluded that present “mechanistic” approaches, in which the geverning conservation equations are solved in either integral or differential form, are presently accessible and useful for prediction of gross, time-mean convection patterns or streamline contours, but are relatively weak in their ability to deal with anisotropic turbulence, detailed chemistry, and effects of coupled temperature-species turbulent fluctuations. However, significant progress is being made in all of these areas of deficiency. “Population balance” or chemical-reactor-theoretic mixing concepts are examined in some detail. These concepts have been less well exploited than mechanistic theories, and it is pointed out that there exist a number of very useful concepts and analyses in the chemical process reaction engineering literature which could easily be applied to continuous combustion mixing, especially the Monte Carlo model for representing turbulent mixing as a discrete coalescence and dispersion process. It is suggested that a hybrid mechanistic/population balance approach coul be fruitfully employed to improve present modelling techniques.
Family outbreak of psittacosis with an exhumation-based diagnosis: Following in the footsteps of Dr. House

Diagnosis and treatment of the uncommon zoonotic infection psittacosis may be delayed or missed if a history of bird exposure is not obtained. Pulmonary infiltrates that persist or are refractory to usual therapy can be a clue to this diagnosis. An outbreak or cluster of cases may occur if there is a common source of the bacterium. If possible, examination of household members, both human and avian, might be helpful in making this diagnosis.
Modal Gain Analysis of Transverse Bragg Resonance Waveguide Lasers With and Without Transverse Defects

We use a transfer matrix method to analyze the modal gain of transverse Bragg resonance (TBR) structures. We show that these TBR structures can support two types of modes characterized by different modal angles: small mode angle (SMA) modes and TBR modes. We discuss the origin, modal properties and field distributions of both the TBR modes and SMA modes. Three different feedback mechanisms are proposed to select the desired TBR modes.
Cluster-impact fusion.

Deuteron-deuteron fusion, detected via the 3-MeV protons produced, is shown to occur when singly charged clusters of 25 to 1300 ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O molecules, accelerated to 200 to 325 keV, impinge on TiD targets. The energy and cluster-size dependence of the fusion rate are discussed. The fusion events are shown to originate from the cluster-ion impacts rather than from ${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ or ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ ions in the beam. The observed rates may be correlated with the compressions and high energy densities created in collision spikes by cluster-ion impacts.
A Diurnal Reflectance Model Using Grass: Surface‐Substrate Interaction and Inverse Solution

The accuracy of using remote sensing data from earth orbiting radiometers can be improved by using a model that helps to separate the green-fraction in a canopy reflectance (p) from thatch and soil background, accounts for their diurnal changes, and inverts to a solution of a biophysical plant property of interest. Previous studies addressed one or more of these needs separately. Because reflectance components are interdependent, difficulties remain in obtaining a combined inverse solution. We combined a conditional probability method with a novel experimental procedure to predict grass dry weight (dw). Using simple ratio (SR) = near-infrared reflectance (NIR)/red that varied with the normalized time T = (local time sunset)/daylength, we predicted the mean differential grass dry weight, Adw = dw 1 - dw 2 , of two grass patches. SR 1 and dw 1 defined the first patch, which included a background and the second, SR 2 and dw 2 , a predefined background. The inverted solution for Adw was an ellipse with axes formed by the diurnal reflectance SR 1 and SR 2 coordinates. It described previously studied soil line and the zone of canopy × canopy X ground interactions. The standard error of predicting Adw was 17%. We separately tested for plant height SR = f(h) or fresh weight SR = f(fw) using SR, and for dw as a function of normalized difference vegetation index NDVI = f(dw). SR = f(dw) produced superior results. Potential applications include noninvasive prediction of other biophysical plant properties in a single or in hyperspectral bidirectional reflectance in agronomic and ecological remote sensing.
Strong Coupling of Molecular and Mid-Infrared Perfect Absorber Resonances

We demonstrate strong coupling between a mid-infrared perfect absorber and a molecular absorption resonance embedded in our absorber structure. Anti-crossing behavior is demonstrated as the perfect absorber resonance is tuned through the molecular absorption line, both experimentally and numerically, and is described analytically using a simple coupled harmonic oscillator model. Excellent agreement between experimental, numerical, and analytical results are shown. Such devices offer potential for mid-infrared sensing systems and actively tunable perfect absorber devices.
Strong Hg(II) Complexation in Municipal Wastewater Effluent and Surface Waters

The speciation of mercury(II) in the aquatic environment is greatly affected by the presence of ligands capable of forming extremely strong complexes with Hg(II). In this study, a novel competitive ligand exchange (CLE) technique was used to characterize Hg(II)-complexing ligands in samples collected from three municipal wastewater treatment plants, a eutrophic lake, a creek located downstream of an abandoned mercury mine, and a model water containing dissolved Suwannee River humic acid. These samples contained 3.3−15.9 mg/L dissolved organic carbon and were amended with 1.0−1.7 nM Hg(II) for CLE analysis. Results indicated that all samples contained labile Hg(II)-complexing ligands with conditional stability constants similar to those of reduced sulfur-containing ligands. Two wastewater effluent samples also contained approximately 0.5 nM of ligands that formed extremely strong Hg(II) complexes that did not dissociate in the presence of competing ligands. The conditional stability constant of these extre...
Alternative formulations of mixed integer programs

We study the formation of mixed-integer programming (MIP) constraints through the development of constructions which syntactically parallel the set operations of union, intersection, Cartesian product, and linear affine transformation. In this manner, we are able to both modularize the work of constructing representations (as the representations for base sets of a composite construction need not be disjunctively derived) and to make connections to certain of the logic-based approaches to artificial intelligence which utilize the intersection (“and”) and union (“or”) operations. We provide results which allow one to “calculate” the linear relaxation of a composite construction, in terms of set operations on the relaxation of the base sets. We are also able to compare the size of the relaxations for different formulations of the same MIP set, when these different formulations arise from one another through distributive laws. Utilizing these results, we generalize the Davis-Putnam algorithm of propositional logic to an MIP form, and answer a question regarding the relative efficiency of two versions of this algorithm. In this context, the subroutines of the logic algorithm correspond to list processing subroutines for MIP to be used prior to running linear programs. They are similar in nature to preprocessing routines, wherein entire MIP constraint sets are manipulated as formal symbols of logic.
Spherical agglomeration of superconducting and normal microparticles with and without applied electric field

It was reported by Tao et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 5575 (1999); Physica C 377, 357 (2002); Phys. Rev. B 68, 144505 (2003); Physica C 398, 78 (2003)] that in the presence of a strong electric field superconducting microparticles assemble into balls of macroscopic dimensions. Such a finding has potentially important implications for the understanding of the fundamental physics of superconductors. However, we report here the results of experimental studies showing that (i) ball formation also occurs in the absence of an applied electric field, (ii) the phenomenon also occurs at temperatures above the superconducting transition temperature, and (iii) it can also occur for nonsuperconducting materials. Possible origins of the phenomenon are discussed.
Direct conversion of mouse and human fibroblasts to functional melanocytes by defined factors

Direct reprogramming provides a fundamentally new approach for the generation of patient-specific cells. Here, by screening a pool of candidate transcription factors, we identify that a combination of the three factors, MITF, SOX10 and PAX3, directly converts mouse and human fibroblasts to functional melanocytes. Induced melanocytes (iMels) activate melanocyte-specific networks, express components of pigment production and delivery system and produce melanosomes. Human iMels properly integrate into the dermal-epidermal junction and produce and deliver melanin pigment to surrounding keratinocytes in a 3D organotypic skin reconstruct. Human iMels generate pigmented epidermis and hair follicles in skin reconstitution assays in vivo. The generation of iMels has important implications for studies of melanocyte lineage commitment, pigmentation disorders and cell replacement therapies.
A novel noncoding RNA rescues mutant SOD1-mediated cell death

Transgenic mice expressing mutant Cu2+/Zn2+ superoxide dismutase SOD1(G93A) develop similar clinical and pathological phenotypes to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. Here, we utilize representational difference analysis to identify the transcripts that are up-regulated in the presymptomatic stage of SOD1(G93A) mice. Unexpectedly, three predominant clones were 18S or 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) segments. One of these clones corresponded to a capped and polyadenylated transcript containing a large portion of 18S rRNA, named MSUR1 (mutant SOD1-up-regulated RNA 1). In vitro expression experiments show that MSUR1 is able to rescue SOD1(G93A)-mediated cell death. Expression of MSUR1 significantly reduces SOD1(G93A)-induced free radical levels and oxidative damage. Further, MSUR1 can reduce hydrogen peroxide-mediated cytotoxicity. MSUR1 does not encode a protein, suggesting its role as a functional noncoding RNA. It is widely expressed in various tissues. Searching the database of GenBank revealed that a large number of expressed sequence tag (EST) clones contain large portions of rRNA sequence, potentially indicating a heretofore overlooked class of mRNAs with functional significance.
Microstructure of high-temperature smart materials

ABSTRACT This paper describes an investigation of the microstructural characteristics for three surface-mountedoptical fiber sensors bonded to structural composites for high temperature applications. The primaryobjective was to identify defect generation mechanisms that occur during thermal cycling and to makeprocessing and testing recommendations that would optimize their measurement performance.A secondobjective was to identify areas of microstructural research that would have the most significant impact onthe development of high temperature smart materials.The three high temperature smart material systems investigated were: (1) a silica optical fiber sensorbonded to a titanium-matrix composite (TMC) using a nickel-base plasma spray, (2) a silica optical fibersensor bonded to a TMC using a ceramic cement, and (3) a sapphire optical fiber sensor bonded to a car-bon-carbon composite (CCC) using a ceramic cement. The microstructure of each system was character-ized in terms of morphology and fracture mechanisms using conventional microscopic, metallographicand analytical techniques.It was determined that the plasma spray system was severely micro-cracked, as a result of the fabricationprocess, prior to any thermal cycling. Combined with a distribution of non-metallic spheroidal inclusionsin the matrix, this provided a crack growth mechanism for disbonding of the optical fiberand loss of sen-sor performance. A high degree of porosity in both ceramic cements significantly reduced the initerfacialcontact area which, combined with inherent brittleness caused disbonding of the optical fibers in the lattertwo sensor systems.
Multicomponent group interventions for academic underachievers

Abstract The authors discuss a group intervention for college freshmen who are academic underachievers. The intervention also serves the purpose of training beginning, graduate-level group counselors
Review of Subcritical Crack Growth under Sustained Load

Crack growth under sustained load in the ambient environment at stress intensities appreciably less than KIc has been reported in a number of structural alloys. Subcritical crack growth in steels has been attributed to moisture-dependent stress corrosion, internal hydrogen embrittlement, and creep failure processes. In titanium alloys subcritical crack growth has been attributed either to internal hydrogen embrittlement or to creep failure processes while in aluminum alloys it has been attributed to moisture-dependent stress corrosion. Since subcritical crack growth under sustained load can result in failure if sufficient time is available, this phenomenon must be considered when using fracture mechanics in structural design. Additional study to define the conditions controlling subcritical crack growth under sustained load in structural alloys is recommended.
A 110-nanosecond ferrite memory

The design of a large very-high speed ferrite memory is described. The memory has a capacity of 8192 words, 72 bits per word, and has a cycle time of 110 ns and an access time of 67 ns. The storage devices are miniature ferrite cores, size 0.0075 by 0.0123 by 0.0029 inches, and are operated in a 2-core-per-bit mode. A planar array geometry with cores resting on a single ground plane is used to control drive-line parameters. Device switching speed and bit line recovery are treated as special problems. The design criteria and operational characteristics of the core, and the approach taken on the bit line recovery problem, are also presented.
Leishmania tarentolae: proline anabolism in promastigotes.

Abstract Using 14C-labeled substrates in conjunction with thin-layer Chromatographic radioautography, studies were done to determine the precursors for proline synthesis utilized by promastigotes of Leishmania tarentolae. The only substances in Trager's Defined Medium capable of acting as proline precursors under the conditions studied were l -arginine and l -ornithine. None of the other substrates tested (16 amino acids, five purines and pyrimidines, and glucose) were converted to proline. l -glutamate, l -aspartate, and d -glucose did not act as precursors for the imino acid although they stimulated oxygen uptake better than did l -arginine and l -ornithine. Proline synthesis was unaffected by the presence of preformed proline indicating the absence of end product feedback inhibition.
Surface core-level shifts and surface valence change in mixed-valent YbAl2

Abstract High-resolution photoemission studies show that about two surface layers of mixed-valent YbAl2 are divalent. These layers exhibit large surface core-level shifts of Δs1=0.92 eV for the topmost and Δs2=0.35 eV for an underlying surface layer, allowing a separation of the divalent part of the spectrum into bulk and surface contributions. In this way, a mean valence of 2.4±0.1 can be derived for bulk YbAl2. The observed Δs1/Δs2 ratio is consistent with a recent theoretical prediction.
A coupling factor for photosynthetic phosphorylation from plastids of light- and dark-grown maize.

Abstract 1. Maize chloroplasts contain a trypsin-, dithiothreitol-, and Ca 2+ -activated ATPase. This enzyme, which can serve as a coupling factor for photosynthetic phosphorylation, differs slightly in a few properties but in general resembles a similar one in spinach plastids which was described earlier by others. 2. Maize etioplasts (immature plastids in dark-grown plants) also contain this ATPase, and it is shown that NaCl-EDTA extracts of etioplasts can restore photosynthetic phosphorylation activity to depleted green membranes of chloroplasts. 3. Electron microscopy of maize etioplast and chloroplast membranes demonstrates the presence of protruding knobs, approx. 90 A in diameter. Removal and reassociation of knobs with membranes can be correlated with the ability to carry on photosynthetic phosphorylation. 4. Most or possibly all of the coupling factor (measured as ATPase) activity of a chloroplast may be present in the etioplast from which it develops. The photosynthetic membrane of the chloroplast can be formed in stages. 5. The significance of these observations is discussed with regard to membrane formation in general and plastid membrane development in particular.
Endolymphatic Sac Surgery for Ménière's Disease: Long-term Results After Primary and Revision Surgery

Objective To analyze the results of primary and revision endolymphatic sac surgery for the treatment of Meniere's disease in patients who failed medical therapy. Design Retrospective medical chart review. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patients Fifty-one adult patients with Meniere's disease who failed medical therapy. Interventions Endolymphatic sac to mastoid shunts were performed. Revision sac procedures were performed in patients who developed clinically significant recurrent vertiginous spells 5 months or longer after their original procedure. Main Outcome Measures Frequency of major vertiginous episodes measured by the standards listed in the 1995 American Academy of Otolaryngology guidelines for evaluation of therapy in Meniere's disease. Results Twenty-four months after primary sac surgery, 27 patients (53%) exhibited class A results (no vertigo), and 12 (24%) exhibited class B results (1%-40% of baseline). In 14 patients undergoing revision sac surgery, 5 (36%) showed class A results and 4 (29%) showed class B results. Patients who failed treatment with sac surgery more than 24 months after their primary procedure obtained better results than those who failed treatment less than 24 months after their initial sac procedure. In the 37 patients who had long-term follow-up (mean duration of follow-up, 88 months) after their last sac procedure, 57% exhibited class A results (21 cases) and 35% exhibited class B results (13 cases). Conclusions Endolymphatic sac surgery provided improvement in major spells of vertigo in 77% of patients at 24 months after surgery. Revision surgery provided improvement in 65% of cases. Results of revision surgery were better in those patients who developed recurrent symptoms more than 24 months after their original procedure compared with those of patients who failed treatment earlier.
Effects of nitrous oxide on mitochondrial and cell respiration and growth in Distichlis spicata suspension cultures

The reversible inhibition of respiratory activity could provide a novel approach to the preservation of traditionally hard to store plant germplasm such as clonal materials and recalcitrant seed. The gaseous anesthetic nitrous oxide caused a reversible, dose-dependent, partial inhibition of dioxygen utilization in mitochondrial particles isolated from cell suspension cultures of the salt-tolerant marsh grass Distichlis spicata, with maximal inhibition of 33% after 30 minutes exposure to an atmosphere of 80% nitrous oxide plus 20% oxygen. Respiration of whole cells required longer time to be affected by the anesthetic, and was reversibly inhibited an average of 19% when measured using a differential respirometer. Exposure to 80% nitrous oxide plus 20% oxygen for up to 10 days caused no measurable effect on cell growth.
Scalable, finite element analysis of electromagnetic scattering and radiation. Error estimation and H-adaptivity

In this paper a method for simulating electromagnetic fields scattered from complex objects is reviewed; namely, an unstructured finite element code that does not use traditional mesh partitioning algorithms.
Robust design of composites manufacturing processes with process simulation and optimisation methods

Due to the increasing variations in raw materials and manufacturing processes, composite manufacturing processes have more part-to-part variations compared with the metal manufacturing processes. To improve part quality consistency, tooling design optimisation is an imperative step for addressing the stochastic behaviour of composite manufacturing processes. This paper presents an optimisation approach for the typical composite manufacturing technique of resin transfer moulding (RTM), which minimises the sensitivity of the mould design to uncertain material properties by choosing appropriate locations of injection gates and vents. This paper proposes a stochastic simulation based approach for the RTM processes. Normal distribution and Weibull distribution were utilised as the statistical models for representing the permeability values for the main region and race-tracking, respectively. Based on the statistical properties of the permeability, a graph-based two-phase heuristic (GTPH) was adopted to minimis...
Circulation in the Gulf of Mexico during the last glacial maximum 18,000 yr ago

Frequency distribution of Holocene planktonic foraminifera was determined for the Gulf of Mexico and the North Atlantic Ocean by counts of 246 trigger core tops. These were compared with planktonic foraminifera that were counted from the 18,000-yr isochron in 12 piston cores from the western Gulf of Mexico. Factor analysis was used to define five groups of faunal frequency data and to predict summer and winter temperatures and salinities. Circulation of near-surface water in the Gulf of Mexico 18,000 yr ago, during the last glacial maximum, was significantly different from that of the present. Surface waters supported a cooler subtropical fauna during the glacial maximum, compared with the warm subtropical fauna of the present. Surface temperature was 1° to 2°C cooler and salinity was 0.4 to 0.5 per mil higher than now. In the present gulf, winter isotherms trend northeasterly, and summer surface waters are nearly homogeneous. In the glacial western gulf, isotherms trended northerly during winter and summer. In the present gulf, isohalines parallel the basin edge, and the gradient decreases coastward. In the glacial gulf, although isohalines also followed the basin margin, the gradient increased coastward. These patterns of isotherms and isohalines suggest that an anticyclonic current system existed in the western Gulf of Mexico during the last glaciation.
THE SOVIET ECONOMY: SOME SALIENT FEATURES AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE

A STUDY OF PLANNING, monetary, banking, credit, fiscal, and international trade policies has been made. In it Soviet publications are used as a source of information whenever possible, but these are supplemented by other sources published abroad and in the United States. The chief aim of the Soviet authorities has been to develop a modern industrial economy independent of the rest of the world. The main characteristic of the Soviet economy is planning. It is all-embracing and practically encompasses all economic activity. Soviet planning has proceeded on the basis of trial and error, and the successive five-year plans seem to be simply ways to develop certain separate branches of industry which, in the opinion of Soviet officials, are of paramount importance for the security of the state. As a result the Soviets have developed a powerful heavy industry while industry manufacturing consumers' goods has remained relatively undeveloped. The state owns the means of production and distribution. It finances the expansion of industry and the distribution of goods. This feature of the Soviet system eliminates a large part of the uncertainty and risk of financial insolvency which often retards industrial expansion in other countries. All prices, with the exception of prices charged by the collective peasants for their surplus produce, are fixed by the state. Soviet pricing methods are complex and include arbitrary decisions for the purpose of achieving certain planned objectives in the field of national income distribution and capital accumulation. For most of the commodities sold by the state, the fixed prices exceed cost of production and the difference goes to the state budget in the form of "turnover tax" and "profits." This income from industry and agriculture is the chief source for financing the expansion of industry. The national budget redistributes this income between different plants, subsidizing some of them and building new ones. Thus production is expanded without regard to short-run financial solvency or high profit returns. Another important factor
Comprehensive phenotypic analysis of the gut intra-epithelial lymphocyte compartment: perturbations induced by acute reovirus 1/L infection of the gastrointestinal tract

Intestinal intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IELs) form a highly specialized lymphoid compartment. IELs consist primarily of T cells that are dispersed as single cells within the epithelial cell layer that surrounds the intestinal lumen. These lymphocytes along with lamina propria lymphocytes are considered to play an important role in the regulation of immune responses. IELs are heterogeneous with regard to phenotype, and they contain sub-populations with diverse functions. In our most recent study, we found that intra-duodenal inoculation of mice with reovirus serotype 1/strain Lang (reovirus 1/L) induced expression of both germinal center and T cell antigen and CD11c on IELs suggesting these cells to be the recently stimulated cells in gut mucosal tissue. We also demonstrated that IELs from these mice when cultured in vitro in the presence of reovirus 1/L-pulsed antigen-presenting cells generated reovirus 1/L-specific MHC-restricted CTL whose function was mediated utilizing perforin, Fas-FasL and TRAIL mechanisms. This present study provides a comprehensive analysis of the diverse subsets of IELs, which function with other mucosal cells to provide a strong, protective immunity in a highly regulated fashion inside the microenvironment of the intestinal epithelium. We demonstrated that the IEL population contains both thymus-dependent (TD) and thymus-independent (TI) lymphocytes in mice and that a complex phenotype is present when sub-populations are analyzed for TCR, Thy-1, CD4, CD8 and B220 expression in a comprehensive manner. In reovirus 1/L-inoculated mice, we found a decrease in the TI population and an increase in the TD population characterized by significant alterations in various sub-populations. This increase was largely due to an increase in CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD4/CD8 double-positive sub-populations of TD IELs. Intracellular cytokine analysis demonstrated induction of IFN-gamma and an increase in effector/cytotoxic CD8 and CD4 cells after reovirus 1/L infection. These results suggest that TD IELs may play an important role in the clearance of reovirus 1/L infection from gut.
Respiratory disease in the elderly

Older patients frequently present to health care workers with respiratory symptoms. Common pulmonary and non-pulmonary diseases are often the cause, although physiologic changes due to normal aging can contribute. Normative aging of the respiratory system also affects how the lungs respond to treatment. Unfortunately, morbidity and mortality due to lung disease tend to increase with age. Recognition and understanding of respiratory diseases as they specifically affect the elderly can improve patient outcome. In this edition of The Clinics of Geriatric Medicine we provide a broad overview of respiratory diseases and normative changes of the respiratory system in the elderly. Detailed discussions of the normal changes in physiology and sleep architecture are reviewed. An approach to the evaluation of the older patient with dyspnea and assessment of operative risk are presented with some of these changes in mind. Conditions primarily affecting the lung, such as asthma, pneumonia, and pulmonary embolism are discussed with specific attention paid to how the elderly present and respond to treatment. Conditions resulting from environmental and occupational exposure to inhaled irritants that do not usually become clinical evident until later in life are reviewed, with specific attention paid to asbestos and tobacco smoke. Tuberculosis in the elderly, which is often due to reactivation of an earlier infection, is discussed in terms of PPD interpretation and treatment specifically in older patients. Equally as important as the recognition and treatment of respiratory diseases in the elderly is their prevention. Much attention is devoted to smoking cessation in terms of a practical approach. The merits of rehabilitation therapy are reviewed, addressing neuromuscular diseases. Lastly, recognition of diseases
Patterns of Interethnic Marriage Among American Catholics

In assessing the dynamics of ethnicity, it is important to examine the extent to which interethnic contact is selective, frequent between members of some groups, and rare between members of others. In this paper, we carry out such an examination through the use of quasi-independence models. Developing these models for interethnic marriage among American Catholic nationality groups, there appears to be little selective intermarriage, although what little does exist is consistent with Bogardus' research on social distance. Overall and taken together with Alba's (a) finding of sharply increasing intermarriage among Catholic nationality groups, our findings suggest an erosion of ethnic boundaries based on nationality among Catholics. Primary relationships are a crucial focus for the study of ethnicity among Americans of European ancestry. Debate over the persistence of ethnicity among American whites hinges to an important degree on the extent of social pluralism, or alternatively the frequency with which socially intimate relationships bridge ethnic boundaries (Alba, a; Gordon). Recently, evidence has again begun to accumulate that rates of interethnic marriage and friendship are already high for some groups and increasing for others (Alba, a; Cohen), echoing the half-forgotten findings of several decades ago (Kennedy, a, b). In assessing the persistence of ethnicity among whites, it is important to examine not only the frequency with which primary relationships cross ethnic boundaries but also the patterns of interethnic contact, the extent to which such contact is frequent between the members of some groups and rare between the members of others. The existence of a major
Studies of Lipase Action

Summary Samples of unsalted sweet cream butter were stored at a series of temperatures ranging from 32° F. to −15° F. for more than one year. The extent of lipolysis was measured at intervals by titration of the free acids in the fat. The data indicate that, in butter, lipolysis by the natural lipases of milk is inhibited at 5° F. or lower, though they are active at 30–32° F. The data do not reveal any difference in the abilities of the formaldehyde tolerant and the formaldehyde sensitive enzymes to act at low temperatures.
CONCENTRATED POVERTY, RACE, AND HOMICIDE

Research on the link between levels of poverty and homicide in urban areas has persistently reported the existence of a relationship for whites but not for blacks. This is despite the fact that most analysts expect that the higher levels of urban black homicide are due in part to the higher levels of urban black poverty. The present research introduces a more meaningful, spatially based measure of concentrated poverty and argues that the effect of concentrated poverty on homicide rates should be the same for both racial groups. The hypotheses are tested with race-disaggregated data for a sample of central cities circa 1990. The results suggest that, when poverty is measured as a linear spatially based phenomenon, in is a more important determinat of race-specific homicide rates than overall city levels of disadvantage and that the concentration of poverty increases both black and white homicide rather equally.
MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF ALCOHOL METABOLISM: Transcription Factors Involved in Early Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury

Alcohol metabolism takes place primarily in the liver. Initial exposures to ethanol have a major impact on the hepatic redox state and intermediary metabolism as a consequence of ethanol metabolism via alcohol dehydrogenase. However, upon continued exposure to ethanol, the progression of liver injury involves ethanol metabolism via CYP2E1 and consequent oxidant stress, as well as potential direct effects of ethanol on membrane proteins that are independent of ethanol metabolism. Multiple organ systems contribute to liver injury, including the innate immune system and adipose tissue. In response to ethanol exposure, specific signal transduction pathways, including NFkappaB and the mitogen-activated protein kinase family members ERK1/2, JNK, and p38, are activated. These complex responses to ethanol exposure translate into activation of nuclear transcription factors and altered gene expression within the liver, leading to the development of steatosis and inflammation in the early stages of alcohol-induced liver injury.
"Balan ced Multiculturalism" an d the Challenge of Peaceful Coexistence in Pluralistic Societies:

Assimilation and multiculturalism are two contrasting policies for managing pluralistic societies. The first aims to achieve cultural homogeneity, and the second cultural diversity. While assimilat...
ChEMBLSpace—a graphical explorer of the chemogenomic space covered by the ChEMBL database

Motivation: The ChEMBLSpace graphical explorer enables the identification of compounds from the ChEMBL database, which exhibit a desirable polypharmacology profile. This profile can be predefined or created iteratively, and the tool can be extended to other data sources.
Quantifying Tropical Dry Forest Type and Succession: Substantial Improvement with LiDAR

Improved technologies are needed to advance our knowledge of the biophysical and human factors influencing tropical dry forests, one of the world’s most threatened ecosystems. We evaluated the use of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data to address two major needs in remote sensing of tropical dry forests, i.e., classification of forest types and delineation of forest successional status. We evaluated LiDAR-derived measures of three-dimensional canopy structure and subcanopy topography using classification-tree techniques to separate different dry forest types and successional stages in the Guanica Biosphere Reserve in Puerto Rico. We compared the LiDARbased results with classifications made from commonly used remote sensing data, including Landsat satellite imagery and radar-based topographic data. The accuracy of the LiDAR-based forest type classification (including native- and exotic-dominated forest classes) was substantially higher than those from previously available data (kappa = 0.90 and 0.63, respectively). The best result was obtained when combining LiDAR-derived metrics of canopy structure and topography, and adding Landsat spectral data did not improve the classification. For the second objective, we observed that LiDAR-derived variables of vegetation structure were better predictors of forest successional status (i.e., mid-secondary, late-secondary, and primary forests) than was spectral information from Landsat. Importantly, the key LiDAR predictors identified within each classification-tree model agreed with previous ecological knowledge of these forests. Our study highlights the value of LiDAR remote sensing for assessing tropical dry forests, reinforcing the potential for this novel technology to advance research and management of tropical forests in general.
Elevated carbon dioxide increases salicylic acid in Glycine max.

ABSTRACT Concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) are increasing in the atmosphere, affecting soybean (Glycine max L.) phytohormone signaling and herbivore resistance. Whether the impact of elevated CO2 on phytohormones and induced defenses is a generalized response within this species is an open question. We examined jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations with and without Japanese beetle (Popilliajaponica Newman) damage and artificial damage across six soybean cultivars (HS93–4118, Pana, IA 3010, Loda, LN97–15076, and Dwight). Elevated CO2 reduced constitutive levels of JA and related transcripts in some but not all soybean cultivars. In contrast to the variation in JA, constitutive levels of salicylic were increased universally among soybean cultivars grown under elevated CO2. Variation in hormonal signaling may underpin observed variation in the response of insect herbivores and pathogens to plants grown under elevated CO2.
Birt-hogg-dubé syndrome: answering questions raised by a case report published in 1962.

In 1962, J.J. Collins from the United States Naval Medical Research Laboratory published an unusual case of air embolism precipitated by decompression in The New England Journal of Medicine [1962;266:595–598]. The case was unusual because it was the first where multiple pulmonary cysts were discovered after a successful recompression treatment. Although various hypotheses were put forward by the author, it was thought that the diver might have had ‘subclinical cysts’ already present because of some disease phenomenon, which then became overinflated during decompression. Nearly 50 years have passed since these questions were raised. Interestingly, now the disease process is trying to unveil itself through various other clues. We present the case of the same diver who later developed a series of other medical problems, along with more than 5 admissions for spontaneous pneumothoraces, all falling into the constellation represented by the Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome. Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition clinically characterized by skin fibrofolliculomas, pulmonary cysts, spontaneous pneumothorax, and renal cancer. It was first described in 1977 by Birt, Hogg and Dube in a family with ‘hereditary multiple fibrofolliculomas with trichodiscomas and acrochordons’. Spontaneous pneumothorax can be the first manifestation of this hereditary condition, and prevention in patients diagnosed with the syndrome is aimed at early diagnosis and treatment of the renal cell carcinoma. Physicians need to have a high index of suspicion when they see patients with the constellation of findings of this underdiagnosed syndrome, especially in patients with unexplained spontaneous pneumothoraces.
Coloring the College Pathway: A More Culturally Responsive Approach to College Readiness and Access for Students of Color in Secondary Schools.

Considering the current structural challenges that exist for students of color (SOC) in accessing a higher education, an epistemology is needed that better represents the complex process SOC endure in this pursuit. College access literature either proposes stages (Hossler and Gallagher in Coll Univ 62(3):207–221, 1987), contextual layers (Perna in Higher education: handbook of theory and research. Springer, Amsterdam, 2006) or a pipeline approach (Horn in Confronting the odds: students at risk and the pipeline to higher education. National Center for Education Statistics, Washington, D.C., 1997; Cabrera and LaNasa in Understanding the colleges choice of disadvantaged. Jossey-Bass Inc, San Francisco, 2000a) that do not consider the additional resources and skills SOC must possess in navigating their educational pathways. This paper presents findings from two larger studies to propose an approach that colors outside the standard college access and readiness frameworks and uses a more culturally responsive approach to consider the complex and auspicious ways in which SOC navigate their college pathways. Culturally responsive recommendations for increasing college readiness and access for SOC in secondary schools will be provided based on the perspectives of SOC themselves.