cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MEG Beamforming - Magnetic Source Imaging

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a multi-channel imaging technique. It measures the magnetic field produced by electric currents inside the brain via an array composed of a large number of superconducting quantum interference devices sensors. These measurements are then used to estimate the location and the strength of those electric currents. The estimated quantities are superimposed with anatomic magnetic resonance images via coregistration to create the magnetic source images. This paper attempts to present a theoretic framework of MEG beamforming for magnetic source imaging by aiming at some fundamental issues and providing several new findings in the five related aspects: (i) physical concept, (ii) mathematical formulation, (iii) statistical description, (iv) beamforming principle, and (v) magnetic source images.
The Experiences and Involvement of Grandparents in Hearing Detection and Intervention

The purpose of this study was to examine the involvement of grandparents during hearing detection and intervention. Data were collected and analyzed from survey responses of 50 parents and 35 grandparents of children of varying ages who have hearing loss. Parents described important types of support that grandparents provided including frequent emotional support, nurturing, and spending time together. Grandparents reported that they frequently implemented therapy strategies with their grandchild, but did not attend therapy sessions. Results of this study provide recommendations for service providers and information about the supportive role of grandparents in hearing detection and intervention.
REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF THE CARIBBEAN GENUS ELYTROGONA CHEVROLAT (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE: CASSIDINAE: STOLAINI)

Abstract The genus Elytrogona Chevrolat is redefined. Stoiba decemmaculata Blake is a junior synonym of E. bulla Boheman, and E. interjecta Boheman is a junior synonym of E. quatuordecimmaculata Latreille, new synonymies. A key to the species of Elytrogona and distributional records are provided. A cladistic analysis is presented using Stoiba swartzii Boheman, S. bruneri Blake, Basipta stolida Boheman (Basiptini) and Asteriza flavicornis Olivier (Asterizini) as outgroups. Results indicated that brachyptery preceeded wing loss. The origin and subsequent radiation of the genus were less clear given the complex geology of the Greater Antilles.
Digital Evidence and the Fourth Amendment: United States v. Ganias and Judicial Recognition of the 'Right to Deletion'

In United States v. Ganias, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit decided an important case that will have far-reaching implications for digital evidence in criminal cases. In Ganias, the court held that a defendant's Fourth Amendment rights were violated when the government, under a valid search warrant, made copies of the defendant's computer drives but then failed to delete the files which were outside the scope of the search warrant. This decision marks the first time a court has recognized a "right to deletion" under the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution.
Improving operating room start times in a community teaching hospital

Introduction: The operating room (OR) is an expensive entity to manage. Efficiency in hospital resource utilization is critical for hospital financial solvency. One measure of efficiency in the OR is percentage of on-time starts for cases at the beginning of each day. This study looks at a community teaching hospital where measures were taken to identify and address causes of tardiness in the OR. Methods: An interdisciplinary team of doctors, nurses, and other hospital staff came together to implement a three-phase agenda. In Phase I, staff identified causes of tardiness. In Phase II, potential solutions to address each specific task were drawn up. Phase III involved maintenance of efficiency measures created in Phase II and documentation of progress for future analysis. Results and Discussion: Over twelve months, the percentage of cases that started on time steadily increased from 14% to 68%. Additionally, of the cases that were late, the average number of minutes late decreased significantly. Of the identified causes of tardiness, surgeon arriving late was found to be the most prevalent. We analyzed the relationship between average minutes late each month and the cost and revenue per unit of service (UOS). Average minutes late per month and hospital revenue per UOS showed a strong inverse correlation of -0.83, while average minutes late per month and cost er UOS showed a moderate positive correlation of 0.62. We analyzed the relationship between average minutes late each month and the cost and revenue per UOS. Average minutes late per month and hospital revenue per UOS showed a strong inverse correlation of -0.83, while average minutes late per month and cost per UOS showed a moderate positive correlation of 0.62. Conclusions: Identifying causes of tardiness based on input from a multidisciplinary healthcare team and addressing each cause with a specific measure to combat it was effective in improving the percentage of on-time starts in the OR. We demonstrated that reducing delays in OR start times can both decrease cost and increase revenue. Documenting progress of efficiency measures is critical in distinguishing measures that work from those that do not. Furthermore, continued analysis of efficiency is required to maintain efficiency standards.
Infrared absorption spectra of some aldofuranoid, aldopyranoid, and acyclic 1-acylamido derivatives of sugars

The infrared absorption spectra of two glycofuranosylacetamides and their perbenzoates, and of eleven glycopyranosylacylamides and eight esters thereof, are presented and discussed. For comparison, the spectra of thirteen 1,1-bis(acylamido)-1-deoxyalditols and eight esters thereof are also given and discussed. The useful correlations between structure and infrared absorption made by Barker and co-workers for certain carbohydrates, and by Nanasi and co-workers for some N-arylglycosylamines, cannot be extended to the 1-acylamido compounds we have studied. Certain of Verstraeten's correlations may have some diagnostic value.
Effects of Sex and Serial Position on Appreciation of Humor

Sum-.-To determine effects of position on appreciation of humor, one "target" joke was placed in the lst, 5th, loth, 15th, or 20th position in a series of 20 jokes. Male and female university students rated the 20 jokes for funniness, and the mean rating of the target joke was then compared across the five positions. Analysis indicated that the position of the target joke in the series did affect its rating of humorousness, regardless of the sex of the subjects rating the joke. The relationship between the position of the target joke and its rating appeared as a statistically significant cubic trend. The experimental efforts of behavioral scientists interested in appreciation of humor suggest that the response of' humor may be more complex than originally assumed. Responses to humorous stimuli are affected by underlying situational and stimulus variables (2, 7, 8) which might exist within the experimental situation. It appears that prior to advancing new areas in research on humor, we should first isolate those factors which might interfere with the elicitation of a response of pure humor. Typical experiments on appreciation of humor require that experimental
Effect of electroshock therapy on blood lactic acid and pyruvic acid.

SummaryA simultaneous measurement has been made of lactic acid and pyruvic acid changes in the blood of neuropsychiatric patients before and after extreme muscular excitaion induced by electroshock therapy (EST). The blood lactic acid level of all patients following SST rose sharply to a peak (six times pre-shock level) within 3 to 5 minutes and then returned to the normal level after 1 to 11/2 hours. The blood pyruvic acid level of all patients rose immediately following EST for thirty seconds (4-6 mg %), then fell to a minimum (2-3 mg %) within 3 to 5 minutes and rose again to a peak three times the pre-shock level 20 min after EST.
Incremental Validity of the WJ III COG: Limited Predictive Effects Beyond the GIA-E

This study is an examination of the incremental validity of Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) broad clusters from the Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Abilities (WJ III COG) for predicting scores on the Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement (WJ III ACH). The participants were children and adolescents, ages 6-18 (n = 4,722), drawn from the WJ III standardization sample. The sample was nationally stratified and proportional to U.S. census estimates for race/ethnicity, parent education level, and geographic region. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to assess for cluster-level effects after controlling for the variance accounted for by the General Intellectual Ability-Extended (GIA-E) composite score. The results were interpreted using the R²/ΔR² statistic as the effect size indicator. Consistent with previous studies, the GIA-E accounted for statistically and clinically significant portions of WJ III ACH cluster score variance, with R2 values ranging from .29 to .56. WJ III COG CHC cluster scores collectively provided statistically significant incremental variance beyond the GIA-E in all of the regression models, although the effect sizes were consistently negligible to small (Average ΔR2(CHC) = .06), with significant effects observed only in the Oral Expression model (ΔR²(CHC) = .23). Individually, the WJ III COG cluster scores accounted for mostly small portions of achievement variance across the prediction models, with a large effect found for the Comprehension-Knowledge cluster in the Oral Expression model (ΔR²(Gc) = .23). The potential clinical and theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
H2O2 effects on cerebral prostanoids and pial arteriolar diameter in piglets

Effects of topical application of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on pial arteriolar diameter and cerebral prostanoid synthesis were examined in newborn pigs. H2O2 (10 mM) caused initial constriction duri...
A New Approach to the Treatment of Priapism

Abstract A 26-year-old man with post-traumatic priapism was treated successfully by occlusion of the left internal pudendal artery with an autologous clot. The recovery was marked by the return of entirely normal sexual function. This excellent result suggests that autologous clot injection of the internal pudendal artery should be considered as an appropriate form of therapy for the treatment of selected patients with priapism.
The management of hyperthyroidism in children with emphasis on the use of radioactive iodine.

Abstract Graves' disease is the most common form of hyperthyroidism in childhood. Current treatment options include antithyroid medications, surgery, and radioactive iodine. Medical therapy is generally associated with long-term remission rates of less than 25% and a small risk of serious adverse reactions that include hepatic failure and bone marrow suppression. Total thyroidectomy is associated with very high cure rates and a small risk of hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve damage. When radioactive iodine is used at appropriate doses, there is a very high cure rate without increased risks of thyroid cancer or genetic damage. Because of the theoretical risk of thyroid cancer after thyroid irradiation in individuals less than 20 years of age, relatively high doses of radioactive iodine should be administered to minimize residual thyroid tissue.
Biomechanics of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Failure: An Analysis of Strain-Rate Sensitivity and Mechanisms of Failure in Primates

Anterior cruciate bone-ligament-bone preparations of wild primates tested in tension failed at a higher load and greater elongation, and absorbed more energy, at a fast rate of deformation than at a slow rate. The major mode of specimen failure changed from a predominance of tibial avulsion fractures at the slow rate to ligament disruption at the fast rate. Failure at the two deformation rates commonly occurred by a serial mechanism involving from one to all components of the bone-ligament-bone unit to different degrees. Factors important in ligament-failure properties included: (1) rate-dependent behaviors, (2) geometrical arrangement of collagen fibers, (3) surrounding ground-substance effects, (4) osseous insertion-site effects, and (5) the influence of non-physiological experimental loading conditions and disuse-induced changes in specimens.
Open surgical removal of iliac vein Wallstents with excision of pseudointima obstructing the contralateral iliac vein

Persistent pain after iliac vein stenting is rare. Surgical removal of two oversized (20-mm) iliac vein stents was performed in a 36-year-old woman because of severe back pain of 2½ years' duration. Clamping or venotomy were not required for stent removal, which was done by extraction of each wire of the stent through small puncture wounds in the vein wall. Duplex scanning confirmed residual pseudointima obstructing the orifice of the right common iliac vein. The pseudointima was surgically removed. The patient recovered without complications, and her pain completely resolved.
An Overview of Applications of Proper Scoring Rules

We present a study on the evolution of publications about applications of proper scoring rules. Specifically, we consider articles reporting the use of proper scoring rules when either measuring the accuracy of forecasts or for inducing honest reporting of private information within a certain context. Our analysis of a data set containing 201 articles published between 1950 and 2015 suggests that there has been a tremendous increase in the number of published articles about proper scoring rules over the years. Moreover, the weather/climate, prediction markets, psychology, and energy domains are the four most popular application areas. After providing some insights on how proper scoring rules are applied in different domains, we analyze the publication outlets where the articles in our data set were published. In this regard, we find that an increasing number of articles are now being published in conference proceedings related to artificial intelligence, as opposed to traditional academic journals. We conclude this review by suggesting that the wisdom-of-crowds phenomenon might be a driving force behind the recent popularity of proper scoring rules.
Global Cancer in Women: Burden and Trends

This review is an abbreviated version of a report prepared for the American Cancer Society Global Health department and EMD Serono, Inc., a subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, which was released at the Union for International Cancer Control World Cancer Congress in Paris in November 2016. The original report can be found at https://www.cancer.org/health-care-professionals/our-global-health-work/global-cancer-burden/global-burden-of-cancer-in-women.html. Staff in the Intramural Research Department of the American Cancer Society designed and conducted the study, including analysis, interpretation, and presentation of the review. The funding sources had no involvement in the study design, data analysis and interpretation, or preparation of the reviewThere are striking disparities in the global cancer burden in women, yet few publications highlight cancer occurrence in this population, particularly for cancers that are not sex specific. This article, the first in a series of two, summarizes the current burden, trends, risk factors, prevention, early detection, and survivorship of all cancers combined and seven sites (breast, cervix, uterine corpus, ovary, colorectum, lung, and liver) that account for about 60% of the cancer burden among women worldwide, using data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Estimated 2012 overall cancer death rates in general are higher among women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) than high-income countries (HICs), despite their lower overall incidence rates, largely due to inadequate access to early detection and treatment. For example, the top mortality rates are in Zimbabwe (147 deaths per 100,000) and Malawi (138). Furthermore, incidence rates of cancers associated with economic development (e.g., lung, breast, colorectum) are rising in several LMICs. The burden of cancer among women could be substantially reduced in both HICs and LMICs through broad and equitable implementation of effective interventions, including tobacco control, HPV and HBV vaccination, and screening (breast, cervix, and colorectum). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(4); 444-57. ©2017 AACRSee related article by Islami et al. in this CEBP Focus section, "Global Cancer in Women."
Understanding Feminist Activism among Women: Resources, Consciousness, and Social Networks:

This study examines whether women’s feminist activism is connected to three key factors: sufficient educational and financial resources, the internalization of a feminist consciousness, and being i...
Effect of Alloying Elements on True-Stress True-Strain Flow Curves of Pearlitic Steel

The effects of additions of alloying elements on the true-stress, true-strain characteristics of 0.30 pet C, 1.00 pet Mn, 0.30 pet Si pearlitic steel were studied. The alloying elements investigated were C, Mn, Si, P, Ni, Cu, V, Mo, Cr, Al, B, S, and Ti. The alloys are compared on the basis of fracture stress, fracture strain, energy to fracture, rate of strain hardening, strain hardening exponent, height of the flow curve, and lower yield point.
Transcription Activator Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs): A New, Important, and Versatile Gene Editing Technique with a Growing Literature

Transcription activator like effector nucleases (TALENs) is a new and powerful technique in genetic engineering that can delete deleterious genes or add beneficial genes to organisms. It is being w...
The theory of equations in the 18th century: The work of Joseph Lagrange

In 1754 an eighteen-year-old mathematician, JOSEt'H LOUIS LAGRANGE, addressed a letter to LEONARD EULER, one of the giants of European mathematics. In it he announced his discovery of a formal calculus. EUL~R was impressed with the quality of LAGRANGE'S early mathematical research, and was later instrumental in establishing LAGRANGE'S career. LAGRANGE joined EUL~ in the first rank of eighteenth century mathematicians, and their careers and research were often related. In particular, they both devoted much attention to algebraic problems, at a time when the popular topic in European mathematics was infinitesimal analysis. LAGRANGE'S algebraic work, as well as his other research, was strongly influenced by EULE~ but "even in the face of this great model he preserved an originality that allowed him to criticize but above all to generalize, to systematize, and to deepen the ideas of his predecessors." 1 In his attempts to extend and generalize the results of other mathematicians, LAGRANGE'S approach was analytic. Indeed, one of his early biographers maintained that if LAGRANGE believed in anythin~ he "believed firmly in the superiority of analysis." 2 The analytic approach was certainly evident in LAGRANGE'S algebraic papers. Many of these were published during his tenure at the Berlin Academy, where he succeeded EUL~ in 1766; another, a lengthy treatise on the numerical solution of equations, appeared after LAG~NGE moved to the Paris Academy in 1787. LAGRANGE'S research in the theory of equations can be divided into two categories: the algebraic solution of polynomial equations (in terms of their coefficients and radicals), and techniques for numerical solution of particular equations. As LAGRANGE explained in the introduction to the Trait6 de la r~solution des ~quations num~riques de tousles degr~s, these two categories ought to be viewed as distinct:
Primary Sigmoid Vaginoplasty in Transwomen: Technique and Outcomes

Background. Many techniques have been described for reconstruction of the vaginal canal for oncologic, traumatic, and congenital indications. An increasing role exists for these procedures within the transgender community. Most often, inverted phallus skin is used to create the neovagina in transwomen. However, not all patients have sufficient tissue to achieve satisfactory depth and those that do must endure cumbersome postoperative dilation routines to prevent contracture. In selected patients, the sigmoid colon can be used to harvest ample tissue while avoiding the limitations of penile inversion techniques. Methods. Records were retrospectively reviewed for all transwomen undergoing primary sigmoid vaginoplasty with the University of Miami Gender Reassignment service between 2014 and 2017. Results. Average neovaginal depth was 13.9 +/− 2.0 centimeters in 12 patients. 67% were without complications, and all maintained tissue conducive to sexual activity. No incidences of bowel injury, anastomotic leak, sigmoid necrosis, prolapse, diversion neovaginitis, dyspareunia, or excessive secretions had occurred at last follow-up. Conclusions. Sigmoid vaginoplasty is a reliable technique for achieving a satisfactory vaginal depth that is sexually functional. Using a collaborative approach, it is now our standard of care to offer this surgery to transwomen with phallus length less than 11.4 centimeters.
Dual-polarized quantitative precipitation estimation as a function of range

Abstract. Since the advent of dual-polarization radar technology, many studies have been conducted to determine the extent to which the differential reflectivity (ZDR) and specific differential phase shift (KDP) add benefits to estimating rain rates ( R ) compared to reflectivity ( Z ) alone. It has been previously noted that this new technology provides significant improvement to rain-rate estimation, primarily for ranges within 125 km of the radar. Beyond this range, it is unclear as to whether the National Weather Service (NWS) conventional R(Z) -convective algorithm is superior, as little research has investigated radar precipitation estimate performance at larger ranges. The current study investigates the performance of three radars – St. Louis (KLSX), Kansas City (KEAX), and Springfield (KSGF), MO – with 15 tipping bucket gauges serving as ground truth to the radars. With over 300 h of precipitation data being analyzed for the current study, it was found that, in general, performance degraded with range beyond, approximately, 150 km from each of the radars. Probability of detection (PoD) in addition to bias values decreased, while the false alarm rates increased as range increased. Bright-band contamination was observed to play a potential role as large increases in the absolute bias and overall error values near 120 km for the cool season and 150 km in the warm season. Furthermore, upwards of 60 % of the total error was due to precipitation being falsely estimated, while 20 % of the total error was due to missed precipitation. Correlation coefficient values increased by as much as 0.4 when these instances were removed from the analyses (i.e., hits only). Overall, due to the lowest normalized standard error (NSE) of less than 1.0, a National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) R ( Z ,ZDR) equation was determined to be the most robust, while a R (ZDR,KDP) algorithm recorded NSE values as high as 5. The addition of dual-polarized technology was shown to estimate quantitative precipitation estimates (QPEs) better than the conventional equation. The analyses further our understanding of the strengths and limitations of the Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD) system overall and from a seasonal perspective.
Transsynovial Drug Distribution: Synovial Mean Transit Time of Diclofenac and Other Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs

The synovial mean transit time of diclofenac was determined by two methods from existing plasma and synovial fluid concentration-time data. These data were obtained from single- and multiple-dosing regimens of diclofenac in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Plasma and synovial fluid concentration-time data taken from the literature for four other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (etodolac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, and tenoxicam) were also analyzed. The two methods of data analysis rely on the determination of the ratio of the area under the synovial fluid concentration-time curve to the area under the plasma concentration-time curve. Both methods can be considered noncompartmental because in determining the first-order exit rate constant for the synovial fluid (the inverse of the synovial mean transit time), an analysis of the overall distribution and elimination characteristics of the drug is unnecessary. Method 1 makes use of the information contained in the postdistributional synovial fluid to plasma concentration ratio whereas method 2 is a linear pharmacokinetic model using a partial-areas analysis. The single dose mean ± S.D. synovial fluid exit rate constant for diclofenac was 0.39 ± 0.33 hr−1 (n = 6), which was not significantly different from that determined by method 2; which was 0.49 ± 0.52 hr−1. The steady state mean ± S.D. diclofenac synovial fluid exit rate constants for methods 1 and 2 were 0.43 ± 0.18 and 0.54 ± 0.71 hr−1 (n = 8), respectively, which were not significantly different. These values of synovial fluid exit rate constants result in a synovial mean transit time for diclofenac that is approximately 2 to 2.5 hours. The synovial mean transit time calculated using method 1 from literature data for etodolac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, and tenoxicam were 6.8, 2.2, 4.8, and 3.5 hours, respectively. The synovial mean transit times calculated by method 2 for the same drugs were 5.3, 3.4, 4.7, and 4.0 hours, respectively. Similar values of the synovial mean transit time of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs were achieved by using either of these two methods, both of which avoid complex equation fitting which is statistically problematic in the frequently data-sparse environment of extravascular sampling.
Stormwater Pipe Performance Index Using Fuzzy Inference Method

AbstractStormwater utility managers have limited resources and funds to manage their pipe systems. To effectively make decisions on allocating limited resources and funds, a utility should be able ...
Full-Scale Demonstration of Distribution System Parameter Estimation to Improve Low-Voltage Circuit Models

Accurate distribution secondary low-voltage circuit models are needed to enhance overall distribution system operations and planning, including effective monitoring and coordination of distributed PV located in the secondary circuits. Accurate secondary models are also needed to fully leverage the measurement data received from smart meters and distributed energy resources at the customer premises. This paper presents a full-scale demonstration of a computational efficient approach for estimating the secondary circuit topologies from historical voltage and power measurement data provided by over 1,000 smart meters on an actual 12.47 kV feeder that is 22 km long.
Micro-tubular flame-assisted fuel cells running methane, propane and butane: On soot, efficiency and power density

Abstract A two-stage combustor with 1st-stage premixed fuel-rich combustion, integrated micro-tubular flame-assisted fuel cell (FFC) and 2nd-stage, fuel-lean combustion is described. The current state of research in direct flame fuel cells (DFFCs) is assessed and the dilemma of obtaining high power density, high electrical efficiency and no soot is discussed. A method for deriving the maximum theoretical electrical efficiency from a FFC based system is developed. A method for comparing methane, propane and butane in the two-stage combustor with integrated FFC is developed. Methane, propane and butane are tested at different equivalence ratios and flow rates to assess the power density and electrical efficiency. High power density (>300 mW cm−2) and high electrical efficiency (>1.2%) are achieved for equivalence ratios below 1.6. Methane is found to achieve higher power density and electrical efficiency at lower equivalence ratios compared to propane and butane. Soot formation is avoided by operating below the critical sooting limit.
Radiographic features associated with temporomandibular joint disorders among African, White, Chinese, Hispanic, and Indian racial groups.

Context: Various radiographic features have been associated with temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs); however, these characteristics have not been compared among different racial groups. Aims: To radiographically evaluate and compare craniofacial patterns and condylar findings suggestive of TMD among African, White, Chinese, Hispanic, and Indian racial groups. Settings and Design: This multicenter retrospective study used data from three private orthodontic practices and a University Orthodontic Clinic. Subjects and Methods: Panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs were collected from 250 subjects who were equally divided into five racial groups: Africans, Whites, Chinese, Hispanics, and Indians. All radiographs were initial records from patients seeking orthodontic treatment. Linear and angular cephalometric measurements were used to evaluate and compare cephalometric characteristics associated with TMD among groups. Panoramic radiographs were analyzed to compare the presence of condylar abnormalities and antegonial notching among groups. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey's test. Results: African and Chinese groups had the smallest mean cranial base measurements, while the Indians had the largest. The mean Y-axis value was significantly larger in the Chinese group compared with the other groups. Increased mandibular plane angles were seen in the Chinese and African patients, compared with subjects from other groups. The mean percentage of condylar anomalies was higher in the Chinese subjects compared with all other groups. Conclusions: Chinese patients presented with more radiographic features suggestive of TMD, whereas the Indians showed the least, compared with subjects from the White, Black, and Hispanic racial groups.
Does the Aharonov–Bohm Effect Exist?

We draw a distinction between the Aharonov–Bohm phase shift and the Aharonov–Bohm effect. Although the Aharonov–Bohm phase shift occurring when an electron beam passes around a magnetic solenoid is well-verified experimentally, it is not clear whether this phase shift occurs because of classical forces or because of a topological effect occurring in the absence of classical forces as claimed by Aharonov and Bohm. The mathematics of the Schroedinger equation itself does not reveal the physical basis for the effect. However, the experimentally observed Aharonov–Bohm phase shift is of the same form as the shift observed due to electrostatic forces for which the consensus view accepts the role of the classical forces. The Aharonov–Bohm phase shift may well arise from classical electromagnetic forces which are simply more subtle in the magnetic case since they involve relativistic effects of the order v2/c2. Here we first review the experimentally observable differences between phenomena arising from classical forces and phenomena arising from the quantum topological effect suggested by Aharonov and Bohm. Second we point out that most discussions of the classical electromagnetic forces involved when a charged particle passes a solenoid are inaccurate because they omit the Faraday induction terms. The subtleties of the relativisitic v2/c2 classical electromagnetic forces between a point charge and a solenoid have been explored by Coleman and Van Vleck in their analysis of the Shockley–James paradox; indeed, we point out that an analysis exactly parallel to that of Coleman and Van Vleck suggests that the Aharonov–Bohm phase shift is actually due to classical electromagnetic forces. Finally we note that electromagnetic velocity fields penetrate even excellent conductors in a form which is unfamiliar to many physicists. An ohmic conductor surrounding a solenoid does not screen out the magnetic field of the passing charge, but rather the time-integral of the magnetic field is an invariant; this time integral is precisely what is involved in the classical explanation of the Aharonov–Bohm phase shift. Thus the persistence of the Aharonov–Bohm phase shift when the solenoid is surrounded by a conductor does not exclude a classical force-based explanation for the phase shift. At present there is no experimental evidence for the Aharonov–Bohm effect.
Abstract # 3106 Sex-biased mitochondrial and behavioral alterations following early-life immune activation

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are a collection of complex neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by repetitive behavior and alterations in social interaction/communication. ASD occurs in 1 in 68 children in the US, with a strong sex bias in prevalence ( ∼ 4 males affected to every 1 female). Multiple reports have revealed pervasive immune and mitochondrial abnormalities in ASD patients. Increasing evidence suggests that mitochondrial function is inhibited during proinflammatory microglial activation, although no sex differences remain underexplored. Postmortem analyses of brains from children with ASD revealed significant decreases in expression of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) subunits; however, analyses did not distinguish between cell type or sex. In an early-life immune activation (lipopolysaccharide;LPS) model of ASD, we isolated microglia from prefrontal cortex of PN30 mice. By PCR array, we found that ∼ 96% of mitochondrial ETC genes were strongly diminished by LPS in male microglia, while only ∼ 6% were similarly decreased in females, suggesting that reduced mitochondrial function may be implicated in microglial activation, particularly in males. We show that early-life LPS results in decreased social exploration in both males and females at PN15, but only increased latency to enter stranger bedding in male mice. By PN60, early-life LPS treatment resulted in decreased sociability and social novelty seeking in males only. These data indicate sex-biased deficits in social interaction and anxiety that are related to clinical manifestations of ASD.
Using a European Value-Based Medicine Approach to Evaluate Hepatocellular Carcinoma Care at a US Tertiary Care Center.

e15118 Using a European Value-Based Medicine Approach to Evaluate Hepatocellular Carcinoma Care at a US Tertiary Care Center Background: The Italian Value Based Medicine in Hepatology (VBMH) study ...
Deep learning for single-shot autofocus microscopy

Maintaining an in-focus image over long time scales is an essential and nontrivial task for a variety of microscopy applications. Here, we describe a fast, robust autofocusing method compatible with a wide range of existing microscopes. It requires only the addition of one or a few off-axis illumination sources (e.g., LEDs), and can predict the focus correction from a single image with this illumination. We designed a neural network architecture, the fully connected Fourier neural network (FCFNN), that exploits an understanding of the physics of the illumination to make accurate predictions with 2–3 orders of magnitude fewer learned parameters and less memory usage than existing state-of-the-art architectures, allowing it to be trained without any specialized hardware. We provide an open-source implementation of our method, to enable fast, inexpensive autofocus compatible with a variety of microscopes.
Slow sound: An undergraduate lab experience for critical thinking

In a simple time of flight experiment, the speed of sound is observed to travel about 5% slower inside a corrugated irrigation pipe as compared with measurements conducted in open air. Although some theoretical understanding for this retardation is provided, the focus of this paper concerns how this finding might be incorporated into an undergraduate lab activity that challenges student understanding of error analysis and its significance. We propose an inquiry-based format, recently championed by others, wherein students are challenged to decide how to resolve their observation of a slower speed in a second round of investigations.
Is the future really observable? A practical approach to model monetary policy rules

We take a practical approach to model the forward-looking monetary policy rule. Unlike existing studies, we recognize that the forward-looking components—future inflation and output growth—are intrinsically unobserved at the time policy formulation. Using the unobserved components framework, we extract the latent components of the policy rule from the short-term and long-term Greenbook forecasts, both individually and in combination, and jointly estimate the policy parameters. We also consider correlations between different components and combine the forecasts from the survey of professional forecasters and the inflation index bonds market. Evidence suggests that the Federal Reserve follows an inflation-tilted policy rule and the long-term state of economy gets a higher weight than the short term. Also, the policy reaction is more aggressive when interconnections between different components of the policy rule are considered.
Costs of Definitive Chemoradiation, Surgery, and Adjuvant Radiation Versus De-Escalated Adjuvant Radiation per MC1273 in HPV+ Cancer of the Oropharynx.

PURPOSE De-escalated treatment for human papillomavirus (HPV)+ oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has shown promising initial results. Health-care policy is increasingly focusing on high-value care. This analysis compares the cost of care for HPV+ OPSCC treated with definitive chemoradiation (CRT), surgery and adjuvant radiation (RT), and surgery and de-escalated CRT on MC1273. METHODS AND MATERIALS MC1273 is a prospective, phase 2 study evaluating adjuvant CRT to 30 to 36 Gy plus docetaxel for HPV+ OPSCC after surgery for high-risk patients. Matched standard-of-care control groups were retrospectively identified for patients treated with definitive CRT or adjuvant RT. Standardized costs were evaluated before radiation, during treatment (during RT), and at short-term (6 month) and long-term (7-24 month) follow-up periods. RESULTS A total of 56 definitive CRT, 101 adjuvant RT, and 66 MC1273 patients were included. The CRT arm had more T3-4 disease (63% vs 17-21%) and higher N2c-N3 disease (52% vs 20-24%) vs both other groups. The total treatment costs in the CRT, adjuvant RT, and MC1273 groups were $47,763 (standard deviation [SD], $19,060], $57,845 (SD, $17,480), and $46,007 (SD, $9019), respectively, and the chemotherapy and/or RT costs were $39,936 (SD, $18,480), $26,603 (SD, $12,542), and $17,864 (SD, $3288), respectively. The per-patient, per-month, average short-term follow-up costs were $3860 (SD, $10,525), $1072 (SD, $996), and $972 (SD, $833), respectively, and the long-term costs were $978 (SD, $2294), $485 (SD, $1156), and $653 (SD, $1107), respectively. After adjustment for age, T-stage, and N-stage, treatment costs remained lower for CRT and MC1273 versus adjuvant RT ($45,450 and $47,114 vs $58,590, respectively; P < .001), whereas the total per-patient, per-month follow-up costs were lower in the MC1273 study group and adjuvant RT versus CRT ($853 and $866 vs $2030, respectively; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS MC1273 resulted in 10% and 20% reductions in global costs compared with standard-of-care adjuvant RT and definitive CRT treatments. Substantial cost savings may be an added benefit to the already noted low toxicity and maintained quality of life of treatment per MC1273.
The Evidence for Theism

Now we shall once more look at the claim that there is evidence, the existence of which is unquestioned, which supports the credibility of Theism. This claim may be presented in a number of ways. For example, it is unquestionably true that human beings exist who possess awareness and conscience and are capable of a wide range of emotions and sentiments. It is also undisputedly true that the laws of nature which govern the universe, and the initial conditions, are such that complex and precarious systems like humans can come into existence and survive. Human beings are creatures who are capable of responding to the Divine. By this I mean that they have the potential for acknowledging and contemplating God, as well as having feelings of awe and love toward him.
Will It POGIL? Exploring Group Participation in Synchronous, Online Collaborative Learning

Most prior research on effective teaching strategies, such as POGIL, has focused on synchronous, in-person settings. My work aims to study the translation of POGIL activities to a synchronous, online setting to understand how students engage in these activities and whether the best practices found in prior work extend to the online environment.
Systematic Review of Psychosocial Smoking Cessation Interventions for People with Serious Mental Illness.

Tobacco smoking is a major driver of premature mortality in people with serious mental illness (SMI; e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder). This systematic literature review described randomized c...
Iterative and inverse design of a segmented reflector for uniform illumination on the road

We demonstrate an iterative and inverse design of a segmented reflector used to illuminate the road with a uniform light distribution and reduced glare to the oncoming traffic. Design is set to meet the StVZO standard. The maximum brightness obtained is 1460 candela, which is five times brighter than a conventional headlamp of urban shared electric scooters and bicycles, resulting in improved visibility in dark environments. A prototype was built and tested at various environments. The tolerance analysis showed no negative influence on the desired standard light distribution. In addition to this iterative approach, a ray tracing code has been developed for inverse design and to map a desired uniform road illumination pattern back to the candela sensor for corresponding reflector design.
OBJECT-BASED CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE FROM HIGH-RESOLUTION OPTICAL IMAGERY USING MACHINE LEARNING

Object-based approaches in the segmentation and classification of remotely sensed images yield more promising results compared to pixel-based approaches. However, the development of an object-based approach presents challenges in terms of algorithm selection and parameter tuning. Subjective methods are often used, but yield less than optimal results. Objective methods are warranted, especially for rapid deployment in time-sensitive applications, such as earthquake damage assessment. Herein, we used a systematic approach in evaluating object-based image segmentation and machine learning algorithms for the classification of earthquake damage in remotely sensed imagery. We tested a variety of algorithms and parameters on post-event aerial imagery for the 2011 earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand. Results were compared against manually selected test cases representing different classes. In doing so, we can evaluate the effectiveness of the segmentation and classification of different classes and compare different levels of multistep image segmentations. Our classifier is compared against recent pixel-based and object-based classification studies for postevent imagery of earthquake damage. Our results show an improvement against both pixel-based and object-based methods for classifying earthquake damage in high resolution, post-event imagery.
Equal Application or Unequal Treatment: Practical Outcomes for Women on Community Control in Florida

Abstract Florida's community control program (CC) developed as a punitive alternative to prison. Characterized by intensive supervision and home confinement, the language and the guidelines assume gender equality, however, the model ignores the family responsibilities of controllees. Because women are more likely than men to be primary caregivers for their families, the issue has gender implications at the policy level. This study examines the background of CC legislation in relation to gender, and presents a case example of how the language of community control is applied at the local level. From interviews and observations, the authors show how officers and female controllees in a county program describe the tensions between caregiving and policy restrictions in their daily lives. They argue that caregiver status should be addressed at the policy level, and advocate the formation of “social families” as a way to help controllees meet CC requirements while caring for families.
Mandated Batterer Intervention Programs to Reduce Domestic Violence

Domestic violence is defined as assaultive behavior involving adults who are married, cohabitating, or who have an ongoing prior intimate relationship (Goolkasian, 1986). Due to the very private nature of this act, incidences of domestic assaults are less likely to come to the attention of police than are other crimes and therefore to be included in the official crime counts (Berk et al., 1984; Dutton, 1987; Hirschel et al., 1992). However, results from a number of wellregarded national studies (Straus and Gelles, 1986; Tjaden and Thoennes, 2000) indicate just how pervasive this problem continues to be. After many years of neglect, domestic violence has recently received a tremendous amount of attention from policymakers, researchers, and agency personnel. At first, shelters for abused women and their children appeared followed by programs for male batterers. With the dramatic growth in laws mandating or presuming an arrest response when police responded to domestic assault calls in the late 1980s, increasing numbers of batterers began appearing in courts throughout the nation. Judges saw that mandating these abusers into treatment programs provided an alternative sanction while simultaneously holding out the hope of breaking the cycle of violence and, in that way, truly helping victims of domestic violence. Obviously, the large numbers of individuals who are affected by domestic violence speaks to the importance of finding meaningful interventions to successfully deal with this problem. However, studies evaluating the effectiveness of batterer intervention programs show very mixed results. This systematic review
A spectrum decomposition to the feature spaces and the application to big data analytics

In this paper, we investigate how to efficiently extract informative features of high-dimensional data through noisy channels. Specifically, we decompose the feature space of the data into a sequence of score functions with decreasing information volumes, such that different scores are uncorrelated. From this decomposition, the features of the data become a sequence of score functions such that the most informative lowdimensional feature can be selected as the first few scores. This greatly simplifies the feature selection problem. In addition, we apply this spectrum decomposition to data with high-dimensional structures, i.e., the hidden Markov model (HMM). We show that in HMM, it is desirable to consider a particular class of score functions called as the node scores, which allows us to efficiently extract informative features of the hidden variables by applying the spectrum decomposition approach. Finally, we develop efficient algorithms to extract such features from node scores, and present an example to illustrate the performance of the node scores.