cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tim‐2 is the receptor for H‐ferritin on oligodendrocytes

Oligodendrocytes stain more strongly for iron than any other cell in the CNS, and they require iron for the production of myelin. For most cell types transferrin is the major iron delivery protein, yet neither transferrin receptor protein nor mRNA are detectable in mature oligodendrocytes. Thus an alternative iron delivery mechanism must exist. Given the significant long term consequences of developmental iron deficiency and the iron requirements for normal myelination, identification of the iron delivery mechanism for oligodendrocytes is important. Previously we have reported that oligodendrocytes bind H-ferritin and that H-ferritin binds to white matter tracts in vivo. Recently, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein-2 (Tim-2) was shown to bind and internalize H-ferritin. In the present study we show that Tim-2 is expressed on oligodendrocytes both in vivo and in vitro. Further, the onset of saturable H-ferritin binding in CG4 oligodendrocyte cell line is accompanied by Tim-2 expression. Application of a blocking antibody to the extracellular domain of Tim-2 significantly reduces H-ferritin binding to the differentiated CG4 cells and primary oligodendrocytes. Tim-2 expression on CG4 cells is responsive to iron; decreasing with iron loading and increasing with iron chelation. Taken together, these data provide compelling evidence that Tim-2 is the H-ferritin receptor on oligodendrocytes suggesting it is the primary mechanism for iron acquisition by these cells.
Structures and properties of nitrogen derivatives of tetrahedrane

Abstract High level of ab initio and density functional theory methods were used to generate structural and energetic properties for two-dimensional (planar) and three-dimensional C 4− n N n H 4− n where n is 0,2, and 4. Their stabilities were estimated by computing the enthalpy of formation, and the enthalpy of the possible cycloaddition reaction for their preparation. It was determined that both planar and three-dimensional isomers are highly energetic materials that should easily decompose at thigh pressure through the formation of gaseous, two-heavy-atom molecules. These compounds should be difficult to prepare and the computed IR spectra were offered as guidance for their detection in reaction mixture at low temperature matrix preparation.
New postcranial remains of Victoriapithecus from the middle Miocene of Kenya

Abstract Recent collections at the middle Miocene site of Maboko Island in Kenya have yielded a relatively large sample of isolated postcranial bones that can be assigned with some degree of confidence to the early cercopithecid. Victoriapithecus. This paper provides a detailed description of the postcranial morphology of Victoriapithecus, and offers some general conclusions concerning its inferred locomotor behavior and phylogenetic status. The range of metrical and morphological variation exhibited by the material does not exceed that seen in modern species of Old World monkeys. This findings is consistent with recent re-interpretations of the cranio-dental material that indicate that only a single species of Victoriapithecus may be represented at Maboko Island. Victoriapithecus appears to be a relatively small (with an estimated average body weight of 3·5–4·0 kg), agile and active quadrupedal monkey, adapted to moving effectively in both arboreal and terrestrial settings. In its overall morphology, and probably also in its inferred locomotor behavior. Victoriapithecus is most closely similar to modern-day semi-terrestrial Old World monkeys.
On extreme points of subordination families with a convex majorant

Abstract Let Δ ={ z ∈ C || z | B 0 denote the set of functions φ analytic in Δ and satisfying | φ ( z )| φ (0) = 0. Suppose F is analytic and univalent in Δ and maps it onto a convex domain D other than a strip, a wedge or a half plane. Let s(F) = {Foφ¦φϵB 0 } . Let Es ( F ) denote the set of extreme points of s ( F ). D. J. Hallenbeck and T. H. MacGregor asked in [3] whether the set Es ( F ) ever lies strictly between the minimal ({ Foφ | φϵB 0 , lim r →1 | φ (re iθ )| = 1 a.e.}) and the maxima ({ Fcφ | φ is an extreme point of B 0 }) sets. We prove that this always happens when the boundary of D contains a line segment. Let D = F ( Δ ) be any convex domain, and let f be subordinate to F . We show that if f is an extreme point of s ( F ) then the closure of the boundary values f ( θ ) of f ( f ( θ ) = lim r →1 f (re iθ a.e.) has a nonempty intersection with the set of extreme points of the boundary of D . We also completely determine extreme points of s ( F ) when the boundary of D consists of finitely many arcs wih positive curvature.
The role of recycle in countercurrent recycle distillation cascades. I: Constant reflux, ideal, and squared-off cascades

Abstract In most textbooks concerned with countercurrent multistage separations, minimum reflux ratio for continuous distillation is usually defined only in terms of a graphical construction on a McCabe—Thiele diagram: it is the recycle ratio (liquid flow rate) associated with the operating line that touches the equilibrium curve at the feed point. However, it is easily shown that minimum recycle ratio depends on local α and composition, as well as product compositions, and thus, it is a stage-composition phenomenon. As a result, for a specified separation, each ideal stage in a continuous distillation cascade has a specific minimum recycle ratio associated with it. For constant α, the minimum recycle ratio increases as the stage compositions depart more from product (distillate or bottoms) compositions. As a result, the textbooks only consider the maximum minimum recycle ratio. This paper presents the results of some theoretical calculations which illustrate how minimum recycle ratio varies with stage α,...
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES OF NEUTRON-IRRADIATED ALKALI HALIDES

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance techniques have been used to investigate radiation damage in some alkali halides. The resonances of 7 Li, 23 Na, 81 Br and 127 I were studied to determine the concentration and arrangement of defects in neutron-irradiated single crystals of NaI, LiI, KI and KBr. A method of analysis was developed, based on changes of line shape due to defect-induced quadrupolar effects. The experimental results are in fairly good agreement with theoretical predictions based, principally, on the methods of Seitz and Koehler and of Brinkman . Information has been obtained on the strength of screening in coulomb potentials for atom-atom collisions and on the deformation of ion cores by charges external to the ions. Evidence for orientation of dislocations in preferred directions has been noted in crystals of NaI and KI.
Investigation of N-terminal domain charged residues on the assembly and stability of HIV-1 CA.

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid protein (CA) plays a crucial role in both assembly and maturation of the virion as well as viral infectivity. Previous in vivo experiments generated two N-terminal domain charge change mutants (E45A and E128A/R132A) that showed an increase in stability of the viral core. This increase in core stability resulted in decreased infectivity, suggesting the need for a delicate balance of favorable and unfavorable interactions to both allow assembly and facilitate uncoating following infection. Purified CA protein can be triggered to assemble into tubelike structures through the use of a high salt buffer system. The requirement for high salt suggests the need to overcome charge/charge repulsion between subunits. The mutations mentioned above lie within a highly charged region of the N-terminal domain of CA, away from any of the proposed protein/protein interaction sites. We constructed a number of charge mutants in this region (E45A, E45K, E128A, R132A, E128A/ R132A, K131A, and K131E) and evaluated their effect on protein stability in addition to their effect on the rate of CA assembly. We find that the mutations alter the rate of assembly of CA without significantly changing the stability of the CA monomer. The changes in rate for the mutants studied are found to be due to varying degrees of electrostatic repulsion between the subunits of each mutant.
The Jewish community center and its social work guests: A review of the literature

Abstract The Jewish Community Center (JCC) movement and social work share a common history and many common values. Jewish agencies were founded, staffed and maintained by social workers (Dubin, 1980; Greenfield, 1982; Rosen, 1985; Altman, 1988). Over time, a variety of phenomena have influenced and changed the nature of practice within the center field (Berger, 1966; Shafler, 1978; Reisman, 1981; Altman, 1988). This paper will review both empirical and theoretical literature related to the interactions and interrelationships between JCCs and social work, focusing on what is known about social work as a “guest” discipline in the JCC. In order to provide context and clarity, a review of literature related to the status of social work in other types of “host” agencies (i.e., hospitals and schools) is also included.
Laboratory and Field Observations of the Behavior of Eustenopus villosus while Feeding and Ovipositing on Yellow Starthistle

The feeding and oviposition behavior of postdiapausal Eustenopus villosus (Boheman) on young and late stage buds, respectively of yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis L., was documented in the laboratory and field. Postdiapausal adult feeding on young buds took over an hour to complete in most cases and was conducted by both sexes. Feeding bouts generally occurred in the sequence of explore, feeding, and budwalk. Oviposition included a feeding phase to prepare an oviposition cavity within the bud; thus, oviposition bouts included some of the same behavioral elements as postdiapausal feeding. The standard sequence of behavioral elements involved with oviposition included exploring, feeding, turning, ovipositing, and budwalking. The feeding element during the oviposition bout often lasted 2 h and was similar in the field and in the lab. Postdiapausal adult feeding on young capitula and stems, and larval feeding on developing ovaries and achenes, makes this weevil especially destructive on a per insect basis.
Scintigraphic evaluation of renovascular hypertension

ACE inhibitor challenged renal scintigraphic studies offer noninvasive means of evaluating patients for renovascular hypertension, and provide help in selecting patients who will benefit most from interventional procedures designed for alleviation of renal artery stenosis. These studies provide functional assessment of each kidney which also helps the vascular surgeons to plan which renal artery to repair first, when bilateral renal arteries are stenotic, prior to an abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Vasotec challenged Tc99mMAG3 renal scintigraphy is one of such tests with several advantages over other similar methods, and appears to have a great potential of being a preferred scintigraphic study for evaluation of renovascular hypertension.
Deformation Theory and Local-global Compatibility of Langlands Correspondences

* Introduction* Preliminaries* Local-global compatibility for Hilbert modular forms* Local-global compatibility results via crystalline periods* Local semi-simplifications: The case of general linear groups* Local semi-simplifications: The case of symplectic groups* Congruences* Local monodromy operators: The case of general linear groups* Local monodromy operators: The case of symplectic groups* Bibliography* Index
Cardiac Arrhythmias during Anesthesia

The Holter monitor system was used to correlate the onset of arrhythmias during surgery with the type and length of surgical procedure, anesthetic agent, and technique of anesthesia. The incidence of significant arrhythmias during general anesthesia and surgery was found to be 61.7 per cent. The most common were wandering pacemaker, isorhythmic A-V dissociation, nodal rhythm, and premature ventricular systoles. Precipitating factors which cause arrhythmias were the types of anesthetics, intubation, hyperventilation, and duration of surgery. An unexpected finding was the fact that there was no significant difference of arrhythmias occurring in the normal patient compared to those with pre-existent heart disease or arrhythmias. Statistical data interpretations were supplied by Eugene Lehman, Ph.D. Technical assistance was rendered by David Tasker and Jeanne Bloom.
Reissert compound studies. XLIII. The pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine reissert compound

Both pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine (5-azaquinoxaline) and 2,3-dimethyl-5-azaquinoxaline undergo Reissert compound formation across the 5,6-position.
Clinically relevant known and candidate genes for obesity and their overlap with human infertility and reproduction.

Purpose Obesity is a growing public health concern now reaching epidemic status worldwide for children and adults due to multiple problems impacting on energy intake and expenditure with influences on human reproduction and infertility. A positive family history and genetic factors are known to play a role in obesity by influencing eating behavior, weight and level of physical activity and also contributing to human reproduction and infertility. Recent advances in genetic technology have led to discoveries of new susceptibility genes for obesity and causation of infertility. The goal of our study was to provide an update of clinically relevant candidate and known genes for obesity and infertility using high resolution chromosome ideograms with gene symbols and tabular form.
The CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene cluster and tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, inhalants and other substance use initiation: replication and new findings using mixture analyses.

Multiple studies have provided evidence for genetic associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located on the CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene cluster and various phenotypes related to Nicotine Dependence (Greenbaum et al. 2009). Only a few studies have investigated other substances of abuse. The current study has two aims, (1) to extend previous findings by focusing on associations between the CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene cluster and age of initiation of several different substances, and (2) to investigate heterogeneity in age of initiation across the different substances. All analyses were conducted with a subset of the Add Health study with available genetic data. The first aim was met by modeling onset of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, inhalants, and other substance use using survival mixture analysis (SMA). Ten SNPs in CHRNA5/A3/B4 were used to predict phenotypic differences in the risk of onset, and differences between users and non-users. The survival models aim at investigating differences in the risk of initiation across the 5–18 age range for each phenotype separately. Significant or marginally significant genetic effects were found for all phenotypes. The genetic effects were mainly related to the risk of initiation and to a lesser extent to discriminating between users and non-users. To address the second goal, the survival analyses were complemented by a latent class analysis that modeled all phenotypes jointly. One of the ten SNPs was found to predict differences between the early and late onset classes. Taken together, our study provides evidence for a general role of the CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene cluster in substance use initiation that is not limited to nicotine and alcohol.
Terpene-sensitive receptors in female Culex pipiens mosquitoes: Electrophysiology and behaviour

Abstract Mosquitoes feed on plants extensively and depend on them as a source of energy for flight and metabolic maintenance; yet little attention has been given to the cues that mosquitoes use to locate and choose appropriate host plants in their environment. This paper describes the electrophysiological characteristics of antennal olfactory receptors in Culex pipiens females that detect terpenes (constituents of essential plant oils) and the results of a behavioural assay that suggest a possible role for these compounds in the short-distance feeding behaviour of this species.
Strong-coupling perturbation theory for the extended Bose-Hubbard model

We develop a strong-coupling perturbation theory for the extended Bose-Hubbard model with on-site and nearest-neighbor boson-boson repulsions on $(dg1)$-dimensional hypercubic lattices. Analytical expressions for the ground-state phase boundaries between the incompressible (Mott or charge-density-wave insulators) and the compressible (superfluid or supersolid) phases are derived up to third order in the hopping $t$. We also briefly discuss possible implications of our results in the context of ultracold dipolar Bose gases with dipole-dipole interactions loaded into optical lattices.
Durability characteristics of concrete columns wrapped with FRP tow sheets

Fiber-reinforced polymer composite (FRPC) wrap has been established as an effective method for rehabilitation and strengthening of concrete structures. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the performance of concrete columns wrapped with carbon and glass FRP composite sheets subjected to wet­ dry and freeze-thaw conditions. Concrete columns were wrapped with three different types of FRP tow sheets: two carbon and one glass. Test variables included the type of fiber (CI, C5, and GE) and the environmental exposure conditions. The specimens were conditioned in the following three different environments: (1) room temperature (+20°C); (2) 300 wet-dry cycles using salt water; and (3) 300 freeze-thaw cycles. At the end of each exposure, stress-strain behavior in compression was obtained to evaluate their strength, stiffness, and ductility, which were compared with the performance of unconditioned samples. Results show that the specimens wrapped with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) experienced no reduction in strength or ductility caused by wet-dry exposure, whereas samples with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) experienced reduction in both strength and ductility. In the case of freeze-thaw exposure, both CFRP- and GFRP-wrapped specimens experienced significant reductions in strength and ductility. The specimens subjected to freeze-thaw cycling also exhibited more catastrophic brittle failure as compared with the unconditioned and the wet-dry conditioned specimens.
Retinal nerve fiber thickness in inflammatory demyelinating diseases of childhood onset.

PurposeTo evaluate retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in children with acquired demyelinating diseases.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study of pa...
Primes and Flankers: Source Confusions and Discounting

Visual identification of briefly presented target words is affected by the presence of nondiagnostic prime words that immediately precede the target, flanker words simultaneously presented adjacent to the target, and visual masks that immediately follow the target in the same location. Priming is duration dependent: In a forced choice target identification task, brief primes produce a strong preference to choose the primed alternative, whereas long primes have the opposite effect. The ROUSE model (Huber, Shiffrin, Lyle, & Ruys, Psychological Review 108:149–182, 2001) predicts this interaction by positing that prime features are confused with target features and that evidence regarding the prime features is discounted less for short primes and more for long primes, when both are compared with the optimal level. In the present study, we augmented the typical short-term priming experiment by adding flankers that appeared simultaneously with the target and remained for a short or long duration. In the experiment, we replicated previous priming effects and produced novel effects of flanker duration. ROUSE accounted for both the priming and flanker findings with the previously posited processes, but with different quantitative parameters for flankers: Relative to optimal levels of discounting, all flanker features were underdiscounted, but longer flankers were discounted more than short flankers.
African athletic aptitude and the social sciences.

Scientific investigation of racial athletic aptitude has been preceded by a century of pseudo- and quasi-scientific speculations on this topic. For this reason, physiological and anatomical research on African runners is performed in a social context that is still permeated by folkloric ideas about racial differences, some of which pertain to athletic performance. A powerful stereotype of ‘tropical nature’ and its ‘superabundant’ vitality has influenced non-African thinking about African athletic potential. The idea that evolutionary adaptation in Africa is a particularly severe version of natural selection has had a similar effect on Western thinking about African runners. Romantic ideas about African athletic aptitude may, therefore, be understood as modern versions of the doctrine of black ‘hardiness’ that survives in contemporary biomedicine in various forms.
An Astrometric Study of Van Maanen’s Star

Van Maanen’s star (1950: 0h46 . m 5, +5.°09’) is a white dwarf (visual magnitude 12.4, spectrum DF) with a proper motion of 2 . ″ 95 in 155 . ° 5 and parallax 0.″234. An early determination of radial velocity yielded +238 km/sec (Adams and Joy, 1926). It was suggested by Russell and Atkinson (1931) that van Maanen’s star might show a very large Einstein shift of at least +700 km/sec. Oort (1932) pointed out that the observed value of +238 km/sec is incompatible with the theory of galactic rotation: this would support the Einstein shift interpretation.
Using ratchets and sorters to fractionate motile cells of Escherichia coli by length

This paper describes the fabrication of a composite agar/PDMS device for enriching short cells in a population of motile Escherichia coli. The device incorporated ratcheting microchannels, which directed the motion of swimming cells of E. coli through the device, and three sorting junctions, which isolated successively shorter populations of bacteria. The ratcheting microchannels guided cells through the device with an average rate of displacement of (32 ± 9) μm s−1. Within the device, the average length of the cells decreased from 3.8 μm (Coefficient of Variation, CV: 21%) at the entrance, to 3.4 μm (CV: 16%) after the first sorting junction, to 3.2 μm (CV: 19%) after the second sorting junction, to 3.0 μm (CV: 19%) after the third sorting junction.
Visual projections routed to the auditory pathway in ferrets: Receptive fields of visual neurons in primary auditory cortex

How does cortex that normally processes inputs from one sensory modality respond when provided with input from a different modality? We have addressed such a question with an experimental preparation in which retinal input is routed to the auditory pathway in ferrets. Following neonatal surgical manipulations, a specific population of retinal ganglion cells is induced to innervate the auditory thalamus and provides visual input to cells in auditory cortex (Sur et al., 1988). We have now examined in detail the visual response properties of single cells in primary auditory cortex (A1) of these rewired animals and compared the responses to those in primary visual cortex (V1) of normal animals. Cells in A1 of rewired animals differed from cells in normal V1: they exhibited larger receptive field sizes and poorer visual responsivity, and responded with longer latencies to electrical stimulation of their inputs. However, striking similarities were also found. Like cells in normal V1, A1 cells in rewired animals exhibited orientation and direction selectivity and had simple and complex receptive field organizations. Furthermore, the degree of orientation and directional selectivity as well as the proportions of simple, complex, and nonoriented cells found in A1 and V1 were very similar. These results have significant implications for possible commonalities in intracortical processing circuits between sensory cortices, and for the role of inputs in specifying intracortical circuitry.
Significant allelic loss of ANX7region (10q21) in hormone receptor negative breast carcinomas.

Abstract Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the 10q21 region that harbors the tumor suppressor gene ANX7 -GTPase gene have been found in 35% of prostate tumors. Therefore, the rationale for this study is that this gene could also be implicated in breast pathogenesis as well. We investigated allelic losses in microsatellites of the 10q21 region, and their correlations with ANX7 status, estrogen receptor (ER) status, progesterone receptor (PR) status, Ki-67 status and pathological phenotype in 30 breast carcinomas with matched control specimens. The LOH analysis was performed by amplifying DNA by PCR, using four markers of the 10q21 region (AFMa299ya5, AFM220xe5, AFM 063xc5, AFM200wf4). LOH in at least one marker of the 10q21 region (AFM220xe5 marker close to ANX7) was found in 66% of the first set of informative tumors containing 10 pairs of specimens. Subsequent comparison between 20 carcinomas using AFM220xe5, with and without LOH in terms of pathological parameters showed significant associations with differences in age ( P =0.04), ER ( P =0.05), Ki-67 ( P =0.04) and PR ( P =0.01); a trend toward significance was found for tumor size ( P =0.06) and histological grade III ( P =0.14). These results suggest that the ANX7 gene, or other genes of the 10q21 region, could be functionally related to breast cancer, probably influencing the hormone receptor expression associated with poor prognosis during development.
When Does Leadership Matter? The Contingent Opportunities View of CEO Leadership

Despite the large literature on leadership, previous studies have diverged in their assessments of the impact of CEOs on company performance. The debate has focused on the question of "Does leadership matter?" The "leadership" proponents state that leadership is a critical factor in organizational performance. On the other side of the debate, "constraints" researchers argue that leaders are so constrained that they have little impact on company performance. Past empirical studies have failed to satisfactorily resolve the debate. In this paper, we propose that the debate thus far might be misdirected. Instead, the appropriate question should be, "When does leadership matter?" We propose a framework - the "contingent opportunities view" - that resolves the debate between the "leadership" and "constraint" camps, and then test the framework in a quantitative study of the contexts in which CEO leadership matters. We first show that the impact that CEOs can have on company performance differs markedly by industry. We then find that the industries in which CEOs have the most significant impact on performance are those where opportunities are scarce or where CEOs have slack resources. These results have implications for CEO compensation, CEO succession, and stock-market reactions to CEO turnover.
Beam redirection and frequency filtering with transparent elastomeric diffractive elements

A new, to our knowledge, type of optical device capable of beam redirection and frequency filtering is described. It is based on a transparent elastomeric binary diffraction grating. When light is passed through the device the intensities of the diffraction orders can be modulated by compression of the elastomer in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the grating. Selective filtering of the component frequencies of two-component light (λ = 543.5 nm and λ = 632.8 nm) has been demonstrated. Experimental observations are in agreement with theoretical calculations quantifying the performance of the device.
Genetic Merit and Usage Patterns of Bulls from Different Sampling Programs

Abstract Modified Contemporary Comparison and January 1991 animal model evaluations were used to categorize bulls. Bulls born from 1970 through 1981 were classified as AI- or non-AI-sampled and further divided as used (returned to service) or unused after first-crop evaluation. Bulls used heavily prior to proving were grouped separately. Groupings were effective because number of herds and daughters in first-crop and most recent animal model evaluation differed significantly across the five categories of bulls. Category of use, year of birth, and interaction were significant for PD milk from first-crop evaluation and PTA milk from January 1991 animal model. Least squares means from first crop evaluation were –161, –128, and 35kg for unused AI, heavily sampled AI, and unused non-AI bulls and 129 and 213kg for AI and non-AI bulls returned to service. Least squares means for January 1991 animal model evaluations were –262, –196, and –75kg for unused AI, heavily sampled AI, and unused non-AI bulls and 87 and 84kg for AI and non-AI bulls returned to service. Although non-AI-sampled bulls declined considerably relative to AI-sampled bulls, their average final genetic merit for milk was similar to that of AI-sampled bulls born in the same year. Risk of change in evaluations of non-AI-sampled bulls should be considered when determining extent of use.
Walter S. Judd — Recipient of the 2011 Asa Gray Award

Walter S. Judd was awarded the 2011 Asa Gray Award at the annual meeting of the American Society of Plant Taxonomists (ASPT) in St. Louis, Missouri, a fitting tribute to a scholar who can trace his academic lineage to Asa Gray himself (Clark and Donoghue 2005). Clear parallels can be seen between Walt’s career and Asa Gray’s: like Gray, Walt has made outstanding contributions to plant taxonomy, phytogeography, and floristics; he is an excellent teacher; and he has written a highly regarded and influential textbook. Walt’s research is characterized by his clear passion for and thorough understanding of the plants that he studies. His nearly 200 publications range from species descriptions (of which there are dozens) to floristic inventories to phylogenetic analyses and phylogenetically based monographs. Walt has made tremendous contributions to our understanding of Ericaceae and Melastomataceae, but his insights into plant morphology are not confined to these groups. His knowledge of unique and distinguishing features spans angiosperm phylogeny, as anyone who has worked with him or has taken a class from him can attest. Walt was born in in 1951 in Fairbanks, Alaska, but his parents soon moved to southern Michigan, and he grew up in rural Shiawassee Co., developing a strong interest in natural history. He became fascinated with the diversity of living organisms in grade school, and soon converted an unused chicken coop into a “museum” (with displays of rocks, fossils, pressed leaves, pinned insects, and bones of various vertebrates). Walt began his career in systematics as an undergraduate at Michigan State University. Initially, he majored in biology, but after taking a course in plant diversity (taught by then graduate student, Garrett Crow) he switched to botany, and focused on plant systematics after taking an introductory plant taxonomy course from John Beaman (the recipient of the 2004 Asa Gray Award). As with so many other undergraduates at Michigan State (Clark and Donoghue 2005), John’s ability to create an intellectual environment that fostered undergraduate research and interactions with graduate students was a key factor in Walt’s decision to pursue a career in plant systematics. Almost immediately Walt found himself with an office in the herbarium, teaching a laboratory section in introductory plant taxonomy, and drawn into the intellectual and social activities of the Beal-Darlington Herbarium. Walt graduated in 1973, receiving the Ernst Bessey Award from the Botany Department, and the Board of Trustee’s Award from the university (given to the top three graduating seniors). Walt’s interest in the Ericaceae began at Michigan State; his first exposure to ericads came from an undergraduate trip to a kettle-hole bog and through fieldwork in northern Michigan as part of a plant collection project. John was
Gastroenterologist-administered propofol versus meperidine and midazolam for advanced upper endoscopy: a prospective, randomized trial.

Abstract Background & Aims: Propofol is increasingly used for gastrointestinal endoscopy because of its rapid recovery profile. There has been no prospective, randomized comparison of gastroenterologist-administered propofol to meperidine and midazolam for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasonography. Additionally, its cost-effectiveness has not been studied. Methods: Seventy-five randomized patients received either gastroenterologist-administered propofol (n = 38) or meperidine/midazolam (n = 37) for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasonography. Monitoring with capnography allowed for rapid titration of propofol at the earliest signs of respiratory depression. Visual analogue scales measured tolerance and satisfaction. A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed by using return to baseline for both activity and food intake 24 hours after the procedure as the effectiveness measure. Results: The groups had similar physiological outcomes and satisfaction. Patients receiving propofol had shorter recovery times ( P P = 0.028). With incremental cost-effectiveness analysis, gastroenterologist-administered propofol cost an additional $403.00 per additional patient at 100% of baseline for both activity level and food intake when compared with standard sedation and analgesia. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the only model in which propofol administration would become the dominant strategy was with its administration by a registered nurse. Conclusions: Gastroenterologist-administered propofol using monitoring with capnography is similar to meperidine/midazolam for both physiological outcomes and patient/endoscopist satisfaction. Propofol leads to significantly improved recovery of baseline activity and food intake 24 hours after the procedure. Our model suggests that propofol would be more cost-effective than meperidine and midazolam for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasonography if registered nurse administration were possible. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2002;123:8-16
Ambivalence About Equality in the United States or, Did Tocqueville Get it Wrong and Why Does that Matter?

Alexis de Tocqueville believed that “democratic peoples’... passion for equality is ardent, insatiable, eternal, and invincible.” This article examines whether and under what conditions residents of the United States demonstrate such a commitment to equality. I show that at many points in history, Americans have indeed chosen to move toward greater justice and less oppression; however, there are clear limits to their passion for equality. White Americans endorse less social, political, and economic equality than do African Americans, but even the latter often resist equality for groups that they perceive to be threats, or for behaviors that threaten strong social or moral norms. The article discusses implications for political activists of these patterns of support for and resistance to greater equality, and suggests strategies for overcoming oppression and promoting justice.
N-Hexyl-0-glucosyl sphingosine, an inhibitor of glucosyl ceramide, β-glucosidase

A synthetic analog of glucocerebroside, N-hexyl-O-glucosyl sphingosine, was found to inhibit the glucosidase in rat spleen that hydrolyzes glucocerebroside. At a concentration of 1 micro m, the analog inhibited the enzyme by 48%. The mode of action appeared to be competitive, probably aided by tight binding of the amine group to a carboxyl group near the enzyme's active site. Increasing or decreasing the chain length of the n-alkyl group attached to the nitrogen atom led to decreased effectiveness. The inhibitory effect was maximal at pH 7.0, but it was still considerable at the enzyme's optimal pH, 5.0. It is suggested that the compound may be useful for inducing an animal model of Gaucher's disease.
Debt, donors, and the decision to give

Despite the enormous size of the nonprofit sector, there has been very little empirical research done on the capital structure of nonprofit organizations, and no one has examined the potential effects of borrowing on individual contributions. Using a representative sample of nonprofits, the empirical analysis first determines whether secured or unsecured borrowing by nonprofits influence future contributions. The results for the full sample support a “crowding-out” effect. When the analysis is repeated on a subsample of nonprofits that are older, larger, and more dependent upon donations, the results are more ambiguous: secured debt has little or no effect, while unsecured debt has a “crowd-in” effect. The empirical analysis is then expanded to test whether nonprofits with higher than average debt levels have different results than nonprofits with below average debt levels. The results suggest that donors do remove future donations when a nonprofit is more highly leveraged compared to similar organizations.
Infusing MSE Topics into Non-MSE Curricula: A Multidisciplinary Effort

Faculty members at the authors’ institution are involved in multidisciplinary materials research through a National Science Foundation funded center. One goal of this center is to empower materials education through the incorporation of research outcomes into the undergraduate and graduate curricula. There are currently no MSE degree programs on this campus; therefore, a variety of means is being employed to infuse MSE information into non-MSE curricula. In addition to classroom lectures and case studies, students receive an extramural exposure to the multidisciplinary aspects of MSE by engaging in team or individual projects that exploit fully the center’s facilities and resources. Benefits are being experienced in terms of a heightened enrollment of students in graduate MSE programs, and increased placement of students in materials related positions in industry. The paper describes the status of these efforts.
Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with areal and volumetric measures of bone mineral density and parathyroid hormone: impact of vitamin D-binding protein and its assays.

A comparison of the association of different forms of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] with parathyroid hormone (PTH) and with areal and volumetric bone mineral density (BMD) demonstrated that bioavailable and free 25(OH)D do not provide a better index of vitamin D status in terms of bone health compared to total 25(OH)D. This study aims to compare measures of vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) using a monoclonal versus polyclonal ELISA and assess correlations of total versus estimated free and bioavailable 25(OH)D with BMD and PTH concentrations. DXA and peripheral quantitative CT (pQCT) scans were obtained in 304 adults (158 black, 146 white), ages 21–80 years. Free and bioavailable 25(OH)D were calculated from total 25(OH)D, DBP, and albumin concentrations. Multivariable linear regression with standardized beta coefficients was used to evaluate associations of bone measures and PTH with total, free, and bioavailable 25(OH)D. Measures of DBP obtained using a monoclonal versus polyclonal ELISA were not correlated (r s = 0.02, p = 0.76). Free and bioavailable 25(OH)D based on the polyclonal assay were lower in black versus white participants (p < 0.0001); this race difference was not evident using the monoclonal assay. Adjusted for age, sex, calcium intake, and race, all forms of 25(OH)D were negatively associated with PTH, but the absolute coefficient was greatest for total 25(OH)D (−0.34, p < 0.001) versus free/bioavailable 25(OH)D (−0.18/−0.24 depending on DBP assay, p ≤ 0.003). In analyses stratified on race, none of the measures of 25(OH)D were associated with BMD across DXA and pQCT sites. The monoclonal versus polyclonal ELISA yielded highly discrepant measures of DBP, particularly among black individuals, likely related to established race differences in DBP polymorphisms. Contrary to prior studies, our findings indicate that using DBP to estimate bioavailable and free 25(OH)D does not provide a better index of vitamin D status in terms of bone health.
Systems analysts look at the crime laboratory.

Systems analysis has emerged as a scientific discipline only in recent times; nonetheless, the study of systems is by no means a new pursuit of the human mind. The development of a set of standards and procedures or a concept of society or even a theory of the universe is as old as history itself. Man has always sought to find relationships that could provide satisfactory explanations for what he sees, hears, or imagines. Indeed, the history of both the physical and social sciences has been a continuing enlargement upon this theme. The scientific method of inquiry, which demands relevant and dependable relationships for its results, is systems analysis in its broadest sense.
Hernia, Mesh, and Gynecology Procedures

The use of mesh in gynecologic surgery, as in hernia operations, is widespread. This chapter provides an overview of indications for graft use in gynecologic surgery and, specifically, a detailed review of synthetic materials and their safety and effectiveness. This chapter will conclude with a discussion of concomitant procedures between hernia surgeons and gynecologists and offer recommendations for when it is appropriate for hernia surgeons to place mesh to repair a symptomatic hernia during a gynecologic procedure.
Dialing in and Drilling Down: Preliminary Findings of an Experimental Design Using Moment-to-Moment Technology to Capture Responses to Race-Based Campaign Communication

Contemporary exploration of racial attitudes in the United States is complicated because of what Mendelberg (2001) referred to as the "norm of racial equality." Because Americans have explicit desires to not make judgments based on race and ethnicity, and because such racial beliefs are often subconscious, measuring the extent of racial associations, resentments, biases and prejudices is challenging. With respect to candidate evaluation and vote choice (and even more so since Barack Obama’s emergence on the national political stage), White Americans might especially be likely to believe that race is not a factor in their evaluation of non-White candidates. Our current study takes advantage of "moment-to-moment" technology, which allows participants to register their feelings (as opposed to thoughts) about stimuli on an intuitive response dial. Besides tapping into more affective components of evaluation than traditional post-stimulus instruments, this approach allows us to pinpoint what portions of a particular stimulus is responsible for changes in participant evaluation of the candidates. We employ a stimulus-post-test experimental design with campaign advertisements from the 2013 New York mayoral election to examine participant responses and correlate with more traditional survey items. Conclusions center on substantive findings related to candidate evaluation, and suggestions are made for future exploration.
Treatments for Benign Conditions of the Prostate Gland

Histologically, the prostate is comprised of a network of branched tubuloalveolar glands that are surrounded by a richly innervated, well-vascularized fibromuscular stroma. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is often referred to as the most common benign neoplasm in the aging male. It is a distinct histopathologic entity that is characterized by cellular proliferation of both components of the prostate: the glandular and stromal elements. From a clinical standpoint, this may be associated with age-dependent, bothersome, and progressive voiding symptoms.
What Moves the Retirement Readiness Needle: Quantification of Risk and Evaluation of New Proposals

With the United States facing an estimated national retirement savings shortfall of $4.13 trillion, how can more Americans be brought into a retirement savings plan, and how can they be persuaded to save enough to cover simulated costs in retirement? Those questions were explored by a panel of retirement experts at EBRI’s 77th policy forum held Dec. 10, 2015, focusing on policy proposals aimed at increasing private-sector retirement plan coverage and possible improvements to retirement plan designs by sponsors of retirement plans. The session also included a short presentation of the demographic forces in the United States that underpin the issue, in particular the fact that more Americans than ever are living longer, will spend more time in retirement, and face the potential crisis of outliving their savings. This paper summarizes the presentations at that forum. The first expert presentation focused on ways to increase the number of employees offered some type of retirement savings option, leakages from the defined contribution system, modifying the employer incentives to increase employee contributions to higher levels, and what happens when the equity market turns down and investment returns suffer. The second expert presentation focused on the policy implications of the data and possible unintended consequences of new retirement income policies. The third expert presenter focused on how investment menus for their 401(k) participants have evolved. He noted research has also shown that workers who get some sort of investment help -- such as through managed accounts, the use of target-date funds or professional investment advice -- tend to have better annualized returns on their investments than do the “do-it-yourselfers.” The final expert presentation provided an actuarial perspective on retirement policy issues and focused in particular on “longevity risk.” The presenter defined longevity risk as the risk that life expectancies exceed assumptions, resulting in greater-than-anticipated retirement cash flow -- by individuals, by pension plans and by insurance companies that write life-annuity policies.
Methotrexate, character, and casuistry: a lesson from Machiavelli.

(2001). Methotrexate, Character, and Casuistry: A Lesson from Machiavelli. The Linacre Quarterly: Vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 224-240.
As-S Multimode Infrared Fibers Fabricated by Double Crucible Process

The fabrication process of As-S(core-cladding)multimode fiber is researched.The As-S infrared fibers with different fiber diameters and core-cladding ratios can be obtained by setting such parameters as the pressure ratio of core-tube and cladding-tube,the drawing speed,and the drawing temperature.When the dimension of the double crucible is fixed,the fiber diameter will increase with the increase of the pressure ration of the core-tube and claddingtube,meanwhile the wall-thickness will decrease,and when the pressure of the cladding-tube decreases to a certain degree and keeps constant,the influence of the pressure of core-tube on fiber diameter and wall-thickness will be insignificant.Generally speaking,the faster the drawing speed is,the smaller the fiber diameter will be.Since the content of S—H bond impurity in infrared glass raw materials has significant impact on the loss of infrared fiber,it is necessary to make efforts to improve the purity of the raw materials so as to decrease the loss of AS-S infrared fibers and realize the localization of As-S infrared fibers.