cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further studies on the adrenal cortex and carbohydrate metabolism.

WE HAVE already reported in a preliminary communication (39) that the subcutaneous injection of epinephrine into fasting adrenalectomized rats is followed by a greater fall in muscle glycogen than in intact rats and by practically no accumulation of liver glycogen in the four hour period following the injection of the hormone. Since the blood glucose and blood lactate changes are similar to those in intact rats, it follows that in the adrenalectomized animal a much larger proportion of the carbohydrate lost from the muscles has been disposed of over pathways that do not lead to liver glycogen accumulation. Since the subcutaneous injection of epinephrine may be regarded as a test of the capacity of the organism to dispose of lactate, in this case derived from its own muscle glycogen, this paper reports not only more extended observations on the different response of intact and adrenalectomized rats to this hormone
Term dependence in the Hartree-Fock approximation for heavy atoms.

Cases of substantial term dependence are found in the Hartree-Fock approximation for heavy atoms that are not attributable to a large dipole exchange interaction. They may be associated with ``giant resonances'' in electron impact excitation and ionization.
Use of the Rasch model in communication education: An explanation and example application

One aspect of test theory that has not seen significant use in communication education is latent trait modeling, despite the preferability of these models over classical test models. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief, non‐technical overview of the latent trait models, as well as to provide an argument for the preferability of the latent trait models (and the Rasch logistic model, in particular) over classical test models. An example application of the Rasch model in the context of communication is offered in which the final exam of a large multiple section introductory communication course is evaluated. Finally, implications of the use of latent trait models for communication educators are discussed.
Linking dispersal and marriage in humans: Life history data from Oakham, Massachusetts, USA (1750–1850)

Abstract Despite the emphasis on inbreeding avoidance and competition for mates in explaining primate dispersal, little is known about how dispersal and mating interconnect in humans. I examine the link between dispersal and marriage using life history data from Oakham, MA (1750–1850). I find that dispersal status, timing, and destination were linked to marital status, timing, and spouse's place of origin. Men, unmarried individuals, and individuals with spouses from Oakham were less likely to disperse than their counterparts. Individuals with spouses from Oakham also married earlier than others. For women, dispersal and marriage often coincided, and women were more likely to disperse to their spouses' town of origin than were men. Although dispersal coincided with marriage in at least two-thirds of dispersal events, the majority of cases were inconsistent with both inbreeding avoidance and mating competition explanations. Where one of these explanations was still plausible, dispersal seemed more likely linked to competition for mates than to inbreeding, with resource availability also likely shaping dispersal, and male control of resources contributing to sex biases in dispersal.
Corporate Responsibility Standards: Current Implications and Future Possibilities for Peace Through Commerce

Calls for greater corporate responsibility have resulted in the creation of various extralegal mechanisms to shape corporate behavior. The number and popularity of corporate responsibility standards has grown tremendously in the last three decades. Current estimates suggest there may be over 300 standards that address various aspects of corporate behavior and responsibility (e.g., working conditions, human rights, protection of the natural environment, transparency, bribery). However, little is known about how these standards relate directly to the notion of peace through commerce and the reduction of violent conflict in the world. This article explores the relationship between corporate responsibility standards and peace through commerce. After a summary of the current state of standards with respect to the creation of peace and the reduction of violent conflict, I explore concerns regarding the effectiveness of standards in shaping corporate behavior and the potential future role standards could have in creating peace through commerce.
The effect of tuberculin and cortisone singly and in combination on explanted tissues of guinea pigs, mice and rabbits.

Tuberculin (P.P.D.) and cortisone acetate, singly and in combination, were added to explanted splenic tissue derived from guinea pigs, mice, and rabbits, and buffy coats obtained from rabbits. These tissues came from normal animals or from animals which had been infected with the tubercle bacillus or immunized with killed tubercle bacilli. 5 µg./ml. of tuberculin or 0.5 µg./ml. of cortisone was the largest concentration of the respective reagents which was tolerated by cultured cells from normal animals. From the results with all tissues studied it would appear that P.P.D. selectively damaged only the growing cells of splenic tissues from sensitive guinea pigs and to a lesser degree the migrating cells of buffy coats obtained from sensitive rabbits. Cortisone appeared to have increased toxicity for only explanted splenic cells from tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs. The specific effect of P.P.D. on tissues from tuberculin-sensitive animals was not modified by cortisone under the conditions of these experiments. Thus these data furnished no evidence that cortisone had any direct effect on the response of the sensitive cells to P.P.D.
Clinical implementation and failure mode and effects analysis of HDR skin brachytherapy using Valencia and Leipzig surface applicators

Abstract Purpose The planning procedure for Valencia and Leipzig surface applicators (VLSAs) (Nucletron, Veenendaal, The Netherlands) differs substantially from CT-based planning; the unfamiliarity could lead to significant errors. This study applies failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) to high-dose-rate (HDR) skin brachytherapy using VLSAs to ensure safety and quality. Method A multidisciplinary team created a protocol for HDR VLSA skin treatments and applied FMEA. Failure modes were identified and scored by severity, occurrence, and detectability. The clinical procedure was then revised to address high-scoring process nodes. Results Several key components were added to the protocol to minimize risk probability numbers. ( 1 ) Diagnosis, prescription, applicator selection, and setup are reviewed at weekly quality assurance rounds. Peer review reduces the likelihood of an inappropriate treatment regime. ( 2 ) A template for HDR skin treatments was established in the clinic's electronic medical record system to standardize treatment instructions. This reduces the chances of miscommunication between the physician and planner as well as increases the detectability of an error. ( 3 ) A screen check was implemented during the second check to increase detectability of an error. ( 4 ) To reduce error probability, the treatment plan worksheet was designed to display plan parameters in a format visually similar to the treatment console display, facilitating data entry and verification. ( 5 ) VLSAs are color coded and labeled to match the electronic medical record prescriptions, simplifying in-room selection and verification. Conclusions Multidisciplinary planning and FMEA increased detectability and reduced error probability during VLSA HDR brachytherapy. This clinical model may be useful to institutions implementing similar procedures.
Why is prostate cancer screening so common when the evidence is so uncertain? a system without negative feedback

The degree of enthusiasm for prostate cancer screening seems high given the limited evidence of benefit and the well-documented harms of treatment that include impotence and incontinence. The purpose of this review is to understand the reasons for enthusiasm and positive reinforcement perceived in clinical decisions about whether to screen, whether to choose aggressive therapy for cancer, and in how to view adverse effects following therapy. We discuss a case of a man who must decide whether to undergo prostate-specific antigen screening and treatment to illustrate the kinds of reinforcement that may occur for each decision.Strong positive reinforcement for each decision would make screening and aggressive therapy appear to be successful and the correct decision even if prostate cancer screening and therapy were not beneficial. A physician is positively reinforced for recommending screening, regardless of the test result, because a negative result makes a patient grateful for reassurance and a positive result makes a patient grateful for early detection. A patient who is impotent and incontinent after a decision for curative treatment may attribute his survival to surgery and be grateful for having his cancer cured. Individual experience provides almost no negative feedback that early detection and aggressive treatment may not work. Although reinforcement operates similarly in other medical decisions, the example of prostate cancer provides insight into the strength of the forces at work because the personal harms, which are relatively common and dramatic, are readily discounted or explained away. Even if prostate cancer screening is eventually demonstrated to provide benefit for asymptomatic persons, it is important to appreciate the strength of forces that may act independently of benefit and reinforce decision makers' choices to be aggressive about screening and treatment. Interventions should be considered to temper possible overenthusiasm for screening and treatment.
Antioxidant chemistry of graphene-based materials and its role in oxidation protection technology†

Two-dimensional nanomaterials have potential as a new class of antioxidants that combine physical barrier function with ultrahigh surface area for free radical scavenging. This work presents the first measurements of the chemical reactivities of graphene-based materials toward a set of model free radicals and reactive oxygen species using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and sacrificial dye protection assays. Graphene-based materials are shown to protect a variety of molecular targets from oxidation by these species, and to be highly effective as hydroxyl-radical scavengers. When the hydroxyl radical is produced photolytically, the overall antioxidant effect is a combination of preventative antioxidant activity (UV absorption) and ˙OH radical scavenging. Few-layer graphene is more active than monolayer graphene oxide, despite its lower surface area, which indicates that the primary scavenging sites are associated with the sp2-carbon network rather than oxygen-containing functional groups. To explain this trend, we propose that GO is a weak hydrogen donor, due to the non-phenolic nature of most OH groups on GO, which reside at basal sp3-carbon sites that do not allow for radical resonance stabilization following hydrogen donation. As an example application of graphene antioxidant behavior, we show that encapsulation of TiO2 nanoparticles in graphene nanosacks reduces undesired photo-oxidative damage to nearby organic target molecules, which suggests graphene encapsulation as a new approach to managing adverse environmental or health impacts of redox-active nanomaterials.
Ready, Set, Go: Review of a Kindergarten Transition Video Series for Teachers, Parents, and Children

As the number of children enrolling in kindergarten grows, so does the need to prepare them for this important milestone. National- and local-level policies promote kindergarten transition programs, which are often led by teachers. There is evidence in the literature to suggest that parent involvement also matters. The Ready, Set, Go! video series aims at building parent–teacher collaborations while helping preschool-age children get ready for the transition to kindergarten. This article is a product review of the video series. The review describes each video and its utility along with any limitations. The review also provides recommendations for addressing those limitations.
Determination of sub-nanomolar concentration of arsenic(III) in natural waters by square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry

A method is presented for the measurement of arsenic(III) in natural waters using square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry at a hanging mercury drop electrode. Pre-concentration was carried out in 2 M HC1 in, the presence of 0.8 mM CuCl2 at a potential of −0.4 V vs.AgAgCl. The deposited intermetallic compound was reduced at a potential of about − 0.8 V vs. AgAgCl. The square wave frequency was 70 Hz with a staircase step of 2 mV and a pulse height of 25 mV. The peak current decreased with scan number, however, this effect can be minimized by the addition of hydrazine. The detection limit is approximately 0.06 nM (5 parts per trillion) when a 10 min deposition time was used. The relative standard deviation was calculated as 8% (n = 11) at 1 × 10−9 M arsenic for l min period of deposition. The method was tested by the measurement of arsenic(III) in both river and sea water.
Design and development of agroforestry systems for Illinois, USA: silvicultural and economic considerations.

Recommended managerial inputs and associated outputs expected from practicing agroforestry on marginal farm lands in the central USA are discussed. Modeled management combinations are based on five timber species, three sites indices, three timber growth rates, five agricultural crops, all common crop rotations, and three tillage systems. Black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), combined with row crop production, is used to illustrate a specific multicropping alternative. Based on net present value, modeled agroforestry systems incorporating black walnut performed better on the better sites and at the medium to high timber growth rates whereas management systems using red oak (Quercus rubra L.) with row crops performed better on the poorer sites and at the lower growth rates. For agroforestry to be competitive with traditional agriculture, medium to high timber growth rates were necessary. Also, lower interest rates and the existing U.S. income tax structure favored agroforestry versus traditional agriculture. Substantial increases in net income may be possible through incorporating other income producing activities such as nut production within the agroforestry system.
Motor Control of Drosophila Courtship Song

Summary Many animals utilize acoustic signals—or songs—to attract mates. During courtship, Drosophila melanogaster males vibrate a wing to produce trains of pulses and extended tone, called pulse and sine song, respectively. Courtship songs in the genus Drosophila are exceedingly diverse, and different song features appear to have evolved independently of each other. How the nervous system allows such diversity to evolve is not understood. Here, we identify a wing muscle in D. melanogaster (hg1) that is uniquely male-enlarged. The hg1 motoneuron and the sexually dimorphic development of the hg1 muscle are required specifically for the sine component of the male song. In contrast, the motoneuron innervating a sexually monomorphic wing muscle, ps1, is required specifically for a feature of pulse song. Thus, individual wing motor pathways can control separate aspects of courtship song and may provide a "modular" anatomical substrate for the evolution of diverse songs.
The Transcription Factor NURR1 Exerts Concentration-Dependent Effects on Target Genes Mediating Distinct Biological Processes

The transcription factor nurr1 plays a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of neurotransmitter phenotype in midbrain dopamine neurons. Conversely, decreased nurr1 expression is associated with a number of dopamine-related CNS disorders, including Parkinson’s disease and drug addiction. In order to better understand the nature of nurr1-responsive genes and their potential roles in dopamine neuron differentiation and survival, we used a neural cellular background in which to generate a number of stable clonal lines with graded nurr1 gene expression that approximated that seen in DA cell-rich human substantia nigra. Gene expression profiling data from these nurr1-expressing clonal lines were validated by quantitative RT-PCR and subjected to bioinformatic analyses. The present study identified a large number of nurr1-responsive genes and demonstrated the potential importance of concentration-dependent nurr1 effects in the differential regulation of distinct nurr1 target genes and biological pathways. These data support the promise of nurr1-based CNS therapeutics for the neuroprotection and/or functional restoration of DA neurons.
Neurochemical mechanisms of participation of the caudate nuclei in food-getting behavior.

1. Stimulation of acetylcholinergic structures of CN by microinjections of carbachol and neostigmine caused inhibition of the motor component of the conditioned food-getting reflex. The conditioned orienting reaction to acoustic stimuli and also the natural food reflex were not affected under these conditions. 2. Injection of carbachol and neostigmine into the head of CN led to a decrease, whereas injection of atropine led to an increase in amplitude of the late components of EP in the motor and somatosensory areas of the cortex to conditioned acoustic stimuli. 3. Stimulation of the dopaminergic structures of CN by apomorphine caused facilitation of the food-getting conditioned reflex, whereas inhibition of dopaminergic structures of CN by haloperidol led to inhibition of this reflex. 4. Microinjections of dopamine and dopaminotropic agents into the head of CN had a much weaker effect on the food-getting conditioned reflex than neurochemical action on the acetylcholinergic structures of this nucleus. 5. Analysis of EP in the motor and somatosensory cortex in response to conditioned acoustic stimuli after administration of apomorphine and haloperidol revealed no antagonism between the acetylcholinergic and dopaminergic systems of CN. Apomorphine, like acetylcholinomimetics, caused a decrease, whereas haloperidol caused an increase in amplitude of the late components of EP.
Metabolic loss of deuterium from isotopically labeled glucose

The isotopically substituted molecule (6-13C, 1, 6, 6-2H3)glucose was evaluated to determine whether metabolic 2H loss would prevent its use in quantitating pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) activity. PPP activity causes the C1 of glucose to be lost as CO2, while C6 can appear in lactate. 2H NMR analysis of the lactate produced from this glucose can distinguish (3-2H)-lactate (from C1 of glucose) from (3-13C, 3, 3-2H2)lactate (from C6 of glucose). 2H NMR spectroscopic analysis of medium containing (6-13C, 1, 6, 6-2H3)glucose after incubation with cultured rat 9L glioma cells suggested a 30.8 +/- 2.1% PPP activity as compared with 6.0 +/- 0.8% from separate, parallel incubations with (1-13C)glucose and (6-13C)glucose. Subsequent experiments with other isotopically labeled glucose molecules suggest that this discrepancy is due to selective loss of 2H from the C1 position of glucose, catalyzed by phosphomannose isomerase. Failure to consider 2H exchange from the C1 and C6 positions of glucose can lead to incorrect conclusions in metabolic studies utilizing this and other deuterated or tritiated glucose molecules.
Effects of Elevated Temperature Annealing on the Structure and Hardness of Copper/niobium Nanolayered Films

We investigated the effects of elevated temperature vacuum annealing on the morphological stability and hardness of self-supported, textured, polycrystalline Cu–Nb nanolayered films with individual layer thickness varying from 15 to 75 nm. Films with layer thickness greater than approximately 35 nm are found to resist layer pinch-off and spheroidization even after long annealing times at 700 °C, while films with layer thickness ∼15 nm exhibit layer pinch-off and evolve into an equiaxed grain microstructure. Nanoindentation measurements indicate almost no change in hardness after annealing for films that retain the layered morphology, in spite of the increase of in-plane grain dimensions. Significant decreases in hardness are noted for films that develop a coarsened equiaxed grain microstructure after annealing. The mechanism that leads to the development of a thermally stable nanolayered structure is analyzed. Also, the relative effects of in-plane grain size and layer thickness on the multilayer hardness are discussed.
A totally integrated simulation technique for three-field breast treatment using a CT simulator.

A method was devised to simulate patients with breast cancer in the actual treatment position utilizing a diagnostic CT spiral scanner, 3‐D Image Workstation for virtual simulation, and a laser coordinate system to transfer planning parameters to the patient’s skin. It was desired to produce non‐divergent tangential beams through the lung as well as a matched line for tangential and supraclavicular fields. The patients were immobilized in an Alpha CradleT M cast. Radio‐opaque markers were placed on the superior, inferior, medial, and lateral margins of the field so as to afford appropriate initial field set‐up approximations. The patient was scanned. The data set was then transferred to the workstation where an isocenter was chosen. The patient was marked. Virtual simulation was then performed. This method employed a half beam technique for the posterior edge of the tangential fields. Table rotation and blocking of the superior margin of the tangential fields were used to produce a vertical edge to match a supraclavicular field. Using a beam’s eye view the lateral tangent was matched to the medial exit. A digitally reconstructed radiograph was created to define the tangent fields and place the supraclavicular block. Our initial experience with 50 patients verifies that this is a reproducible and accurate technique. Time required for immobilization and tangential field simulation is approximately 30 minutes. Data is available for 3‐D treatment planning or 2‐D treatment planning on a reconstructed transverse slice angled to match the collimator angle through the patient. Using a CT simulator for simulation of breast cancer affords accuracy of at least equal magnitude to conventional simulators as determined by beam films and ease of set‐up. This technique also affords greater ease in changing treatment parameters without having to resimulate the patient.
Laboratory analysis of techniques for remote sensing of estuarine parameters using laser excitation

The theoretical concepts underlying remote sensing of estuarine parameters using laser excitation are examined. The concepts are extended to include Mie scattering as a measure of the total suspended solids and to develop the water Raman signal as an internal standard. Experimental validation of the theory was performed using backscattered laser light from a laboratory tank to simulate a remote-sensing geometry. Artificially prepared sediments and biological cultures were employed to check specific aspects of the theory under controlled conditions. Natural samples gathered from a variety of water types were also analyzed in the tank to further enhance the simulation. The results indicate that it should be possible to remotely quantify total suspended solids, dissolved organics, attenuation coefficient, chlorophyll a, and phycoerythrin in estuarine water using laser excitation.
Rationality, Emotionality, and Testing.

Abstract Controversy and confusion surround the question of the appropriateness of tests for minority groups. The amount of emotion aroused by this question tends to cloud issues and impede rational thinking. It is believed that the matter should be approached rationally and that examining it relative to empirical, construct, and content validity will be helpful. Conclusions are drawn regarding the fairness of tests for minority groups as a result of examining research evidence and authoritative opinion.
Regulation of the metastasis suppressor gene MKK4 in ovarian cancer

Abstract Objectives. MKK4 is a metastasis suppressor that is downregulated in some ovarian cancers. We sought to investigate whether promoter methylation, loss of heterozygosity, or changes in phosphorylation are involved in MKK4 dysregulation during ovarian carcinogenesis. Methods. Bisulfite sequencing was used to determine MKK4 promoter methylation. PCR analysis of tumor/normal DNA was performed to determine LOH at the MKK4 locus. Normal human ovarian surface epithelium (HOSE) and SKOV-3 cells were serum starved and treated with EGF, TGFβ, or wortmannin. Western blotting was performed using antibodies that detect total and phosphorylated MKK4. Results. No MKK4 promoter hypermethylation was detected in 21 ovarian cancers. LOH was detected at the MKK4 intragenic marker D17S969 in 35% of cases and at D17S1303 in 20%. MKK4 protein was detected in 97% of ovarian tumors. The inactivated phosphoserine 80 (ser-80) form comprised 62% of phosphorylated MKK4 protein in ovarian tumors. Treatment of HOSE or SKOV-3 cells with EGF induced a 1.7- to 4.2-fold increase in phosphorylation of ser-80 MKK4 without altering total MKK4 protein. TGFβ increased MKK4 ser-80 phosphorylation by 5.4-fold above baseline. The PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor wortmannin decreased the amount of ser-80 MKK4 by 50%, and inhibited EGF stimulation of MKK4 ser-80 phosphorylation by 60%. Conclusions. LOH of MKK4 occurs in some ovarian cancers, but without loss of MKK4 protein. MKK4 expression does not appear to be downregulated by promoter methylation. Peptide growth factors induce MKK4 ser-80 phosphorylation, which downregulates its activity. PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitors can partially block ser-80 phosphorylation and this may have therapeutic implications.
Serious congenital heart disease in the neonatal period. Frequency in a children's hospital.

A report of 107 infants with serious congenital heart disease during the neonatal period is presented. Determination of the basic defects was made at autopsy and/or cardiac catheterization and selective cineangiocardiogram.The most frequent congenital cardiac anomalies were coarctation of the aorta syndrome, ventricular septal defect, complete transposition of the great vessels, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome, similar to previous reports in the Occident. The incidence of endocardial cushion defect and total anomalous pulmonary venous return was higher than previous Occidental reports. The incidence of associated noncardiac anomalies with serious cardiac signs was 26.2%.
Orthoclase dissolution kinetics probed by in situ X-ray reflectivity: effects of temperature, pH, and crystal orientation

Initial dissolution kinetics at orthoclase (001) and (010) cleavage surfaces were measured for ∼2 to 7 monolayers as a function of temperature using in situ X-ray reflectivity. The sensitivity of X-ray reflectivity to probe mineral dissolution is discussed, including the applicability of this approach for different dissolution processes and the range of dissolution rates (∼10−12 to 10−6 mol/m2/sec) that can be measured. Measurements were performed at pH 12.9 for the (001) surface and at pH 1.1 for the (001) and (010) surfaces at temperatures between 46 and 83°C. Dissolution at pH 12.9 showed a temperature-invariant process with an apparent activation energy of 65 ± 7 kJ/mol for the (001) cleavage surface consistent with previous powder dissolution results. Dissolution at pH 1.1 of the (001) and (010) surfaces revealed a similar process for both surfaces, with apparent activation energies of 87 ± 7 and 41 ± 7 kJ/mol, respectively, but with systematic differences in the dissolution process as a function of temperature. Longer-term measurements (five monolayers) show that the initial rates reported here at acidic pH are greater than steady-state rates by a factor of 2. Apparent activation energies at acidic pH differ substantially from powder dissolution results for K-feldspar; the present results bracket the value derived from powder dissolution measurements. The difference in apparent activation energies for the (001) and (010) faces at pH 1.1 reveals an anisotropy in dissolution kinetics that depends strongly on temperature. Our results imply a projected ∼25-fold change in the ratio of dissolution rates for the (001) and (010) surfaces between 25 and 90°C. The dissolution rate of the (001) surface is higher than that of the (010) surface above 51°C and is projected to be lower below this temperature. These results indicate clearly that the kinetics and energetics of orthoclase dissolution at acidic pH depend on crystal orientation. This dependence may reflect the different manifestation of the Al-Si ordering between the T1 and T2 tetrahedral sites at these two crystal faces and can be rationalized in terms of recent theoretical models of mineral dissolution.
Axonal degeneration and progressive neurologic disability in multiple sclerosis.

Accumulating data support axonal degeneration as the major determinant of irreversible neurological disability in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The extent of oxonal injury correlates with the degree of inflammation in active MS lesions and occurs at early stages of disease, indicating that inflammatory demyelination is an important factor behind axon pathology at the relapsing-remitting stage of MS. Axonal loss from disease onset can remain clinically silent for many years, and permanent neurological disability develops when a threshold of axonal loss is reached and the CNS compensatory resources are exhausted. Lack of myelinderived trophic support due to long term demyelination may cause continous axonal degeneration in chronic inactive lesions at the secondary-progressive stage of MS. Axonal pathology is not limited to demyelinated lesions, but also extends into normal appearing white matter. The concept of MS as a neurodegenerative disorder has important clinical implications: First, proactive anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory treatment should prevent or delay chronic disability since inflammation influences axonal injury. Second, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying axonal degeneration in MS need to be clarified in order to develop novel neuroprotective therapeutics. Finally, surrogate markers of axonal pathology, such asN-acetyl aspartate, can be used to monitor axonal axonal dysfunction, axonal loss and treatment efficiency in patients with MS.
Analysis of Scattering Data for Mixtures of Amorphous Solids or Liquids

Results are derived which show that in the analysis of x‐ray or neutron‐scattering data from mixtures of amorphous solids or liquids, a meaningful scattering function, i(s), can always be computed without recourse to simplifying assumptions regarding the atomic scattering functions. Fourier inversion of i(s) yields a distribution function, H(r) = ΣΣxixjHij(r), where xi is the atomic fraction of species i, and Hij(r) is the convolution of the true net radial‐distribution function, hij(r), with a particular function of the atomic scattering factors. The much‐used assumption that all atomic‐scattering factors are proportional to the same function yields an H(r) that is a weighted sum of the hij(r), but does not offer any means of ascertaining the individual hij(r) terms if only one scattering experiment is performed.
Searching for a National Policy on the Arts

There have always been United States policies on the arts. Some of the nation's founding fathers envisioned federal support for the arts. Congress maintained the Constitution did not empower it to “encourage” the arts, but enacted legislation addressing acknowledged national concerns that also regulated the arts, employed artists, acquired artworks, and created cultural institutions. These uncoordinated de facto arts policies provided models for future action on arts-related matters. The federal government's failure to address the arts more directly produced a contentious environment for the nation's artists, leaving them to feel disenfranchised. Advocates’ attempting to gain parity for artists and the arts gave rise to a national movement in the 1930s that continued into the 1960s, and constituted the pregovernmental agenda for the National Foundations on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965.
Structured design of integrated MEMS

MEMS design methodologies in wide use today do not support hierarchical representations suitable for verification-based iterative design. Adoption of a structured design methodology which borrows hierarchy from the electronics design paradigm enables rapid design verification of complex electronic and micromechanical trade-offs inherent in integrated MEMS. A hierarchical MEMS circuit representation is analogous to and compatible with transistor-level circuits for electronics. Design of a capacitive lateral accelerometer illustrates the structured design flow from a system description, to circuit representation, layout and fabrication. Tools for layout synthesis, layout extraction, and verification specifically tailored for MEMS are an integral part of the design flow. The accelerometer is fabricated in a low-cost CMOS micromachining process that is especially suited to rapid prototyping of integrated MEMS.
Optimization of layered synthetic microstructures for narrowband reflectivity at soft x-ray and EUV wavelengths.

A technique is described which allows the thickness of each layer in a layered synthetic microstructure to yield a useful constant efficiency over a broad band of wavelengths, several hundred angstroms wide, in the soft x-ray and EUV wavebands.
LEFT-RIGHT ASYMMETRY IN VERTEBRATE EMBRYOGENESIS

Embryonic development results in animals whose body plans exhibit a variety of symmetry types. While significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular events underlying the early specification of the antero-posterior and dorso-ventral axes, little information has been available regarding the basis for left-right (LR) differences in animal morphogenesis. Recently however, important advances have been made in uncovering the molecular mechanisms responsible for LR patterning. A number of genes (including well-known signaling molecules such as Sonic hedgehog and activin) are asymmetrically expressed in early chick embryos, well before the appearance of morphological asymmetries. One of these, nodal, is asymmetrically expressed in frogs and mice as well, and its expression is altered in mouse mutants exhibiting defects in laterality. In the chick, these genes regulate each other in a sequential cascade, which independently determines the situs of the heart and other organs.
Chiral Microenvironments in Self-Assembled Capsules

A nonracemic compound is synthesized and shown to assemble reversibly through hydrogen bonding to form a cyclic tetramer. The chiral arrangement of atoms in the individual pieces becomes amplified through self-assembly to yield multiple functional groups asymmetrically arranged within the cavity. The tetrameric capsule shows a special affinity for ketones and is able to discriminate between their enantiomers in solution.
EVIDENCE FOR A LAMPBRUSH TYPE STRUCTURE IN GRASSHOPPER SPERMATOCYTE CHROMOSOMES.

Abstract Prophase chromosomes in spermatocytes of the grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis, resemble the lampbrush chromosomes of amphibian oocytes in being long, thin and extremely diffuse. Previous microinterferometric measurements of the dry mass of these chromosomes showed an apparent increase in mass during diakinesis to the expected value at metaphase. The measured dry mass is the same for chromosomes in prophase, metaphase and anaphase of mitosis. It is suggested that the apparent increase in mass during diakinesis is due to the regression of loops or strands of chromosome material which cause the diffuse appearance in diplotene chromosomes. Autoradiographic studies show that chromosomes in grasshopper spermatocytes further resemble lampbrush chromosomes in the incorporation of 3H-uridine around the chromosomes while they are in the diffuse state.
Lux transfer: Complementary metal oxide semiconductors versus charge-coupled devices

We compare the performance of competing CCD and CMOS imaging sensors including backside-illuminated devices. Comparisons are made through a new performance transfer curve that shows at a glance performance deficiencies for any given pixel architecture ana- lyzed or characterized. Called lux transfer, the curve plots SNR as a function of absolute light intensity for a family of exposure times over the sensor's dynamic range (i.e., read noise to full well). Critical performance parameters on which the curve is based are reviewed and analytically described (e.g., quantum efficiency (QE), pixel nonuniformity, full well, dark current, read noise, modulation transfer function (MTF), etc.). Be- sides SNR, many by-products come from lux transfer including dynamic range, responsivity (e 2 /lux-s), charge capacity, linearity, and Interna- tional Organization for Standards (ISO) rating. Experimental data gener- ated by 4 mm, three transistor (3T) pixel digital video graphics array (DVGA) and a 5.6-mm, 3T pixel digital extended graphics array (DXGA) CMOS sensors are presented that demonstrate lux transfer use. © 2002
Information and Market Failure in Local Economic Development: A New Role for Universities?

One of the crucial assumptions regarding the efficiency of the private market is that all involved actors have full information about market opportunities, costs, and benefits. However, this assumption is likely to be only partially fulfilled in many local economic development efforts. In fact, those who stand to benefit most from such efforts may be least able to secure critical information regarding development possibilities. In contrast to most publicly supported top-down initiatives, university researchers may more effectively enhance local development by focusing on the provision and analysis of information to private participants. This article first explores the twin potential information gaps involved in regional industrial development that may affect both private and social investment perspectives. The recent efforts to add value to the highly vulnerable agricultural sector of Colorado’s San Luis Valley then highlight the potential direct economic and indirect methodological impact of such assistance.
Regularized integral equations and curvilinear boundary elements for electromagnetic wave scattering in three dimensions

The boundary integral equations (BIEs), in their original forms, which govern the electromagnetic (EM) wave scattering in three-dimensional space contain at least a hypersingularity (1/R/sup 3/) or a Cauchy-singularity (1/R/sup 2/), usually both. Thus, obtaining reliable numerical solutions using such equations requires considerable care, especially when developing systematic numerical integration procedures for realistic problems. Regularized BIEs for the numerical computation of time-harmonic EM scattering fields due to arbitrarily-shaped scatterers are introduced. Two regularization approaches utilizing an isolation method plus a mapping are presented to remove all singularities prior to numerical integration. Both approaches differ from all existing approaches to EM scattering problems. Both work for integral equations initially containing either hypersingularities or Cauchy-singularities, without the need to introduce surface divergences or other derivatives of the EM fields on the boundary. Also, neither approach is limited to flat surfaces nor flat-element models of curved surfaces. The Muller linear combination of the electric- and magnetic-field integral equations (EFIE) and (MFIE) is used to avoid the resonance difficulty that is usually associated with integral equation-based formulations. Some preliminary numerical results for EM scattering due to single and multiple dielectric spheres are presented and compared with analytical solutions.
Dynamic rate-selection for extending the lifetime of energy-constrained networks

Wireless networks have a constraint on their functional lifetime. This is due to the limited energy capacity of batteries powering the wireless nodes. For extending the lifetime of such battery-operated networks, we present a scheme for dynamically selecting the transmission rate for each node in the network. The transmission rate is based on the available energy budget in each node's battery. The goal is to increase the network capability of delivering more packets. The rate selection for each node is subject to satisfying a QoS timing constraint on the packet delivery time. Through adaptively varying each node's rate, we extended the lifetime 10 times on average more transmitting at a maximum rate and delivered on average 7.5 times more data packets. When compared with a scheme that transmits data at a lower rates independent of the battery levels, our scheme delivers up to 12% more packets for the same available total energy.
rRNA suppressor of a eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5B/initiation factor 2 mutant reveals a binding site for translational GTPases on the small ribosomal subunit.

The translational GTPases promote initiation, elongation, and termination of protein synthesis by interacting with the ribosome. Mutations that impair GTP hydrolysis by eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5B/initiation factor 2 (eIF5B/IF2) impair yeast cell growth due to failure to dissociate from the ribosome following subunit joining. A mutation in helix h5 of the 18S rRNA in the 40S ribosomal subunit and intragenic mutations in domain II of eIF5B suppress the toxic effects associated with expression of the eIF5B-H480I GTPase-deficient mutant in yeast by lowering the ribosome binding affinity of eIF5B. Hydroxyl radical mapping experiments reveal that the domain II suppressors interface with the body of the 40S subunit in the vicinity of helix h5. As the helix h5 mutation also impairs elongation factor function, the rRNA and eIF5B suppressor mutations provide in vivo evidence supporting a functionally important docking of domain II of the translational GTPases on the body of the small ribosomal subunit. Four universally conserved GTPases interact with the ribosome to coordinate the initiation, elongation, and termination of protein synthesis. Initiation factor 2/eukaryotic translation
Substrate Barrier Effects on Total Heat Transfer for a R-30 Fibrous Insulation Batt

By implementing various substrate barriers to a R-30 fiberglass in sulation batt, this research shows the overall changes in the substrate heat flux. Inde pendently, a plastic vapor barrier, and both a perforated and nonperforated radiant barrier are analyzed in this study. Conduction, radiation heat transfer, and moisture (mass) transport are considered to be the main contributors to heat transport within attic fiberglass insulation. A transient, one-dimensional, computational thermal model has been developed to simultaneously model all three of these heat transport mechanisms, which allows the total heat flux at the attic insulation substrate to be predicted. This numerical model has the capabilities to determine the effect on each of the three modes of heat transfer once a substrate barrier has been added. Summer time experimental data were collected at an occupied North Mississippi residence for cases with and without a vapor barrier at the substrate for R-30 fiberglass insulation. Within this investi...
Morphology and Life-cycle of an Amoeba Producing Amoebiasis in Reptiles1

The morphology and life cycle of an amoeba producing amoebiasis in reptiles is described. The organism is assigned to the species Entamoeba invadens Rodham 1934, because of the pathogenicity of that species.Material for the study was derived from 30 individuals of 7 species of reptiles, either dying of spontaneous amoebiasis or experimentally infected. (Material from 3 additional species of reptiles dying of amoebiasis was not used in this study.)With the exception of a few minor morphological differences, E. invadens was found to be strikingly similar to E. histolytica in morphology of trophic and cystic stages, and in the processes of encystation, excystation, and metacystic development.Metacystic development was studied in stained preparations made from the intestines of snakes 1–24 hours after the inoculation by mouth of mature cysts. Excystation usually takes place in the jejunum and ileum, a single quadrinucleate amoeba hatching from each cyst. Each quadrinucleate metacystic amoeba ultimately forms 8 amoebulae as a result of one division of each cystic nucleus, cytoplasmic division, and parcelling out of the cystic (N) and daughter (n) nuclei. Nineteen of the 24 possible combinations of N and n nuclei were observed.The culture phenomena of multiple fission without encystment is suggested, and cannibalism of cysts by the trophozoites is described.
Vascular dementia in leukoaraiosis may be a consequence of capillary loss not only in the lesions, but in normal-appearing white matter and cortex as well

We investigated capillary density in 12 subjects with leukoaraiosis (LA), in 9 age-matched normal subjects, in 7 cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 4 after whole-brain irradiation for brain tumors. In the LA study (which as been published), autopsy brains were evaluated by MRI. The presence of LA was indicated by confluent or patchy areas of hyperintensity in the deep white matter. We employed a stereology method using computerized image processing and analysis to determine microvascular density. Afferent vessels (arterioles and capillaries, but not veins or venules) were stained for alkaline phosphatase in 100 microm thick celloidin sections. Microvascular density in LA lesions in the deep white matter (2.56%) was significantly lower than in the corresponding deep white matter of normal subjects (3.20%, p=0.0180). LA subjects demonstrated decreased vascular density at early ages (55-65 years) when compared to normal subjects. Our findings indicate that LA affects the brain globally, with capillary loss, although the parenchymal damage is found primarily in the deep white matter. In ongoing studies of the deep white matter in AD brains, we found a pattern of decreased vascular density compared to normal, as well as an age-related decline. In the four irradiated brains, we found very low vessel densities, similar to those found in LA, without an additional age-related decline.
The stability of resting frontal electroencephalographic asymmetry in depression.

Although resting frontal electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha asymmetry has been shown to be a stable measure over time in nonclinical populations, its reliability and stability in clinically depressed individuals has not been fully investigated. The internal consistency and test–retest stability of resting EEG alpha (8–13 Hz) asymmetry were examined in 30 women diagnosed with major depression at 4-week intervals for 8 or 16 weeks. Asymmetry scores generally displayed good internal consistency and exhibited modest stability over the 8- and 16-week assessment intervals. Changes in asymmetry scores over this interval were not significantly related to changes in clinical state. These findings suggest that resting EEG alpha asymmetry can be reliably assessed in clinically depressed populations. Furthermore, intraclass correlation stability estimates suggest that although some traitlike aspects of alpha asymmetry exist in depressed individuals, there is also evidence of changes in asymmetry across assessment occasions that are not closely linked to changes in depressive severity. Descriptors: Frontal EEG asymmetry, Depression, Risk, Psychometric reliability and stability