cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heats and entropies of fusion of linear aliphatic polyesters. II. Molecular origins

The conformational contribution to the entropy of fusion was calculated for poly(ethylene adipate), poly(ethylene suberate), and poly(ethylene sebacate) from consideration of rotational potentials and steric interactions in model systems. An enumeration scheme similar to that applied to polyethylene was used. Comparison of the observed and calculated conformational entropies indicated the importance of a high-energy chain twist in the crystalline polyesters in reducing their measured conformational entropies. The rigidity of the polyester chains in the melt is discussed in comparison to polyethylene. The contribution of the polar ester groups to the heats of fusion of the polyesters is evaluated semiempirically.
Humeral component revision arthroplasty: outcomes of a split osteotomy technique

Background The purpose of our study was to report results on 13 patients who underwent shoulder revision surgery of a well-fixed cemented humeral component assisted by a longitudinal split osteotomy. Limited data have been published on humeral stem revision using an osteotomy to facilitate removal of a well-fixed humeral component. Materials and methods Between July 1996 and July 2004, 13 humeral component revisions of well-fixed cemented stems were performed for pain and functional limitation. The patients’ preoperative and postoperative function and outcome were evaluated by physical examination, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, Simple Shoulder Test (SST), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Short Form-12 (SF-12), and radiographic assessment. Results At a mean follow-up of 30 months, from preoperatively to postoperatively, the VAS pain score improved from 7.8 to 2.3 ( P = .012), the ASES score improved from 19.6 to 58.9 ( P P P P P = .067). There were no iatrogenic fractures. Radiographic follow-up demonstrated no evidence of humeral loosening or nonunion. Conclusions A longitudinal humeral split osteotomy is a safe and effective technique for revision of a well-fixed humeral stem.
Growth of copper, nickel, and palladium films on graphite and amorphous carbon

The growth of films of Pd, Ni, and Cu on amorphous carbon has been studied under ultrahigh vacuum from the lowest coverages detectable to films many atomic layers thick. Since surface diffusion of these metals does not occur on amorphous carbon at room temperature, these metals are present as isolated adatoms at the lowest coverages ($\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{1}{10}$ monolayer). The electronic states of the metal adatoms are found by photoemission and Auger spectroscopies to be markedly different from those of the bulk metal. All states have a larger binding energy and the valence band is narrower than in the bulk. At increasing coverages ($\frac{1}{4}\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{4}$ monolayer) additional metal atoms fill the gaps between adatoms, and a discontinuous film develops. As a result the electronic states become more like those in the bulk. As coverages increase into the range of several atomic layers, the films are almost continuous, and the electronic states are those of the bulk metal. In contrast to this, ultraviolet photoelectron spectra show that even at the threshold of detectability, Pd, Ni, and Cu atoms deposited on the basal plane of cleaved graphite nucleate into clusters sufficiently large to exhibit valence-band and core-binding energies characteristic of bulk metals.
The numerical solution of ICRF fields in axisymmetric mirrors

Abstract The numerics of a numerical code called GARFIELD (Grumman Aerospace RF fIELD code) designed to calculate the three-dimensional structure of ICRF fields in axisymmetric mirrors is presented. The code solves the electromagnetic wave equation for the electric field using a cold plasma dispersion relation with a small collision term to stimulate absorption. The full wave solution including E·B is computed. The fields are Fourier analyzed in the poloidal direction and solved on a grid in the axial and radial directions. A two-dimensional equilibrium can be used as the source of equilibrium data. This allows us to extend previous studies of ICRF wave propagation and absorption in mirrors to include the effect of axial variation of the magnetic field and density.
Synergistic improvements in cell and axonal migration across sciatic nerve lesion gaps using bioresorbable filaments and heregulin-β1

The success of entubulation for peripheral nerve regeneration is still limited, especially with long lesion gaps. In this study, we examined if regeneration could be en- hanced by constructing implants to both align axonal growth and promote Schwann cell proliferation and migra- tion. Silicone implants were used to bridge a 1.4-cm gap in the rat sciatic nerve. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups of tubes containing either 1) Matrigel; 2) Matrigel and heregulin; 3) Matrigel and poly(l- lactic acid) (PLLA) microfilaments; or 4) Matrigel, PLLA microfilaments, and heregulin. Ten weeks postimplantation, the number of axons and Schwann cells were measured at the distal end of implants. Implants with microfilaments displayed better tissue cable formation, increased Schwann cell migration, and regeneration of anti-calcitonin gene-re- lated peptide-positive axons, but not RMDO95-positive ax- ons compared with nonfilament-containing groups. Heregu- lin treatment caused an increase in Schwann cell number, but it demonstrated no significant improvement in either tissue cable formation or axon number. Extensive regenera- tion was observed through implants containing Matrigel, microfilaments, and heregulin, which induced significant improvements in the number and longitudinal organization of both Schwann cells and axons. These results indicate that physical guidance of microfilaments and the Schwann cell growth factor, heregulin, act synergistically to improve nerve regeneration across long lesion gaps. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 69A: 247-258, 2004
Detached concern and death anxiety of first-year medical students: Before and after the gross anatomy course

The purpose of this study was to gather data from first-year medical students prior to their taking gross anatomy and again at the end of the course to determine if changes occur regarding death anxiety and detached concern toward patients. Chi-square and t-tests were used to assess statistical significance. From the 84 students for whom we had data both prior to and after gross anatomy, only the sociodemographic variable of sex was consistently related to the two dependent variables. Women reported more death anxiety prior to and after the gross anatomy course and were more likely to disagree with the need for detached concern. Clin. Anat. 10:201–207, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Induced preference or conditioned aversion for sodium chloride in rats with chronic bile duct ligation

Abstract Lane, J. R., S. Louie, P. Lee, and D. A. Fitts. Induced preference or conditioned aversion for sodium chloride in rats with chronic bile duct ligation. Physiol Behav 63(4) 537–543, 1998. We examined whether a learned aversion to saline could account for the reduction in saline intake produced by bile duct ligation (BDL) in rats and whether increased saline intake by BDL rats was associated with hypotension. In three experiments, rats were given continuous access to water in choice with saline after surgery. In Experiment 1, rats were deprived of food and fluid for 24 h and then given 2-h access to either 0.15 or 0.3 M saline. Rats received a BDL or sham-ligation immediately (paired) or 48 h after (nonpaired) the 2-h bout of saline ingestion. The results show that nonpaired BDL rats increased their daily saline intake relative to nonpaired sham-ligated or paired BDL rats approximately 1–4 weeks after surgery. In Experiment 2, when water and either cherry or grape Kool-Aid® (0.05% w/v) dissolved in 0.15 M saline to distinguish the flavor of the solution was offered prior to surgery, BDL rats reduced their ingestion of grape-flavored saline after surgery regardless of whether they were exposed to grape- or cherry-flavored saline prior to surgery. In Experiment 3, when rats were offered water and 0.3 M saline 48 h after surgery, BDL rats ligated for 4 weeks increased their saline intake relative to sham-ligated controls and this elevation in saline intake by BDL rats was associated with hypotension. The results suggest that the symptoms associated with the BDL surgery can serve as effective unconditioned stimuli in the acquisition of learned flavor aversions, and that hypotension may play a role in the elevated intake of saline by BDL rats.
Pediatric seatbelt injuries: unusual Chance's fracture associated with intra-abdominal lesions in a child

The authors report the case of a 7-year-old child involved in a motor vehicle accident. She sustained an unusual flexion-distraction vertebral injury. This spinal injury was related to seatbelt use and was associated with intra-abdominal lesions. The spinal lesion consisted of a posterior ligamentous disruption with widening of the posterior intervertebral space at two adjacent lumbar levels. The purpose of this case report is to describe an atypical and perhaps often unrecognized spinal lesion and to explain our approach to diagnosis and treatment.
Daughters of the Republic of Texas Library

Built of the same Texas limestone used to construct the Alamo, the Daughters of the Republic of Texas (DRT) Library shares ground with that famous structure. Although the state of Texas owns the building and the grounds on which it stands, the DRT owns the contents. The library was opened in 1945, and the collection focuses on the period in Texas history, 1836–1846, when Texas was a country unto itself.
Simulated driving performance of adults with ADHD: Comparisons with alcohol intoxication.

Previous research has demonstrated that adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely to experience driving-related problems, which suggests that they may exhibit poorer driving performance. However, direct experimental evidence of this hypothesis is limited. The current study involved 2 experiments that evaluated driving performance in adults with ADHD in terms of the types of driving decrements typically associated with alcohol intoxication. Experiment 1 compared the simulated driving performance of 15 adults with ADHD to 23 adult control participants, who performed the task both while sober and intoxicated. Results showed that sober adults with ADHD exhibited decrements in driving performance compared to sober controls, and that the profile of impairment for the sober ADHD group did in fact resemble that of intoxicated drivers at the blood alcohol concentration level for legally impaired driving in the United States. Driving impairment of the intoxicated individuals was characterized by greater deviation of lane position, faster and more abrupt steering maneuvers, and increased speed variability. Experiment 2 was a dose-challenge study in which 8 adults with ADHD and 8 controls performed the driving simulation task under 3 doses of alcohol: 0.65g/kg, 0.45g/kg, and 0.0g/kg (placebo). Results showed that driving performance in both groups was impaired in response to alcohol, and that individuals with ADHD exhibited generally poorer driving performance than did controls across all dose conditions. Together the findings provide compelling evidence to suggest that the cognitive and behavioral deficits associated with ADHD might impair driving performance in such a manner as to resemble that of an alcohol intoxicated driver. Moreover, alcohol might impair the performance of drivers with ADHD in an additive fashion that could considerably compromise their driving skill even at blood alcohol concentrations below the legal limit.
Modulation of drug effects by regional sympathetic denervation and supersensitivity.

BACKGROUND Regional sympathetic denervation, such as that produced by a myocardial infarction, causes electrophysiological heterogeneity in the ventricles. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that such denervation could cause drugs to exert heterogeneous myocardial effects. METHODS AND RESULTS Sympathetic stimulation increases the amplitude of cesium chloride-induced early afterdepolarizations (EADs). The amplitude of these induced EADs was used to determine whether drug responses were different in innervated versus denervated areas of the heart. A canine model of sympathetic denervation was created at the cardiac apex by either transmural myocardial infarction (n = 19) or phenol application (n = 11). Cesium chloride (84 mg/kg) was infused while monophasic action potential recordings were simultaneously obtained from the base and apex of the left ventricle using an epicardial contact electrode. We found that control (innervated) dogs (n = 17) showed no difference in the EAD amplitude recorded from the apex compared with the base. In dogs with apical sympathetic denervation, the EAD amplitude was greater at the innervated base during ansae subclaviae stimulation than at the denervated apex (25.8 +/- 6.6% at base versus 18.8 +/- 6.7% at apex, p less than 0.001). However, during norepinephrine infusion, the EADs recorded from the denervated apex were greater than those recorded from the innervated base (23.3 +/- 7.6% at apex versus 20.6 +/- 6.0% at base, p less than 0.02) due to denervation supersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS These data show that regional myocardial denervation creates autonomic and electrophysiological heterogeneity and the substrate for heterogeneous drug actions. This drug-induced electrophysiological heterogeneity may be another mechanism for proarrhythmia.
Report on the seminar: an investigation of Calvin' s principles of Biblical interpretation

This article serves as a report on the seminar on 'Calvin the Preacher', held at the University of Pretoria during the Fifth South-African Congres of Calvin Research. In the seminar, where various examples of Calvin's interpretation were discussed, the basic principles of Calvin's method were enumerated. Although the discussions ranged far and wide, a valuable insight was gained in Calvin's methods. At the same time it became clear that Calvin's principles of Biblical interpretation had to receive more attention.
Estimating spatial differences in the Brazilian cost of living with household location choices

Abstract This paper uses a model of optimal household residential decisions to construct a comprehensive “true” spatial cost of living index with readily available Brazilian census data. We find evidence of a decreasing or U-shaped relationship (differing with education level and region) between the cost of living and urbanization, suggesting that both market disintegration and congestion play roles in raising costs. Controlling for spatial differences in the cost of living is shown to have important consequences for the determinants of poverty and (contrary to many previous results) to increase income inequality.
Predicting In-Flight Aircraft Icing Intensity

An in-flight icing intensity index is derived based on the time to accrete a fixed amount of ice at the stagnation point of an airfoil during flight. The index can be defined in terms of threshold liquid water contents, which can be calculated for a variety of airfoils at typical flight configurations. The thresholds depend on drop diameter. The index is compared with previous versions and interpreted in terms of in situ cloud liquid water and drop diameter measurements. Practical applications for detection and forecasting of icing conditions are discussed, and limitations of such an intensity index as a representation of icing severity are addressed
3D Image Segmentation of Aggregates from Laser Profiling

: In digital imaging of discrete particles, such as stone aggregates, segmentation is one of the most important processes. Automated scanners of different designs use cameras or lasers to obtain digital images of groups of aggregate particles. To accurately determine particle size and shape parameters, each particle region in the image must be isolated and processed individually. Here, a method for segmenting a particle image acquired from laser profiling is developed using a Canny edge detector and a watershed transformation. Canny edges with rigorous and liberal threshold values are used to outline particle boundaries on a binary image and to check the validity of watersheds, respectively. To find appropriate regional minima in the watershed transformation, a varying search window method is used, where the number of neighboring pixels being compared with the pixel of interest is determined from the height value of the pixel. Test results with this method are promising. When implemented in automated systems that are designed to rapidly assess size and shape characteristics of stone particles, this technique can not only reduce the amount of time required for aggregate preparation, but also increase the accuracy of analysis results.
The arrangement of insect collections: options and their merits

The relative merits of arranging insect collections systematically, alphabetically, or geographically are considered. Included also are discussions of incorporation versus segregation of special collections (type, voucher, teaching, and historical material) and of the main collection's dry, liquid, and slide components.
Safety of human growth hormone therapy: current topics.

Abstract Current data on patients treated with human growth hormone (GH) were analyzed for the following safety topics. New leukemia . Thirteen of 46 new cases of leukemia were in non-Japanese patients without risk factors for leukemia (compared with at least 13 new cases expected). A possible increased occurrence of leukemia with GH treatment appears to be limited to patients with risk factors. Nonleukemic extracranial neoplasms . The number of cases reported (10) does not differ significantly from the number expected. Acute pancreatitis . In five of the seven cases reported risk factors (renal failure, valproic acid use, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) were present. The available data do not indicate a clear cause-and-effect relation between GH therapy and pancreatitis. Prepubertal gynecomastia . Of 15 possible cases, two were pubertal, eight resolved or improved with continued GH therapy, and two resolved with the cessation of GH therapy. An effect of GH treatment on prepubertal gynecomastia remains unknown. Scoliosis . Scoliosis is reported in fewer than 1% of the patients in the National Cooperative Growth Study (general-population prevalence, 1.5% to 3%). Curvature progression can occur during growth acceleration, and a causal association with GH treatment is not substantiated. Pigmented nevi . Nevi growth may be increased with GH treatment. Biopsies have detected no neoplasia or premalignant nevi transformations. (J PEDIATR 1996;128:S8-13)
Dosimetric evaluation of heterogeneity corrections for RTOG 0236: stereotactic body radiotherapy of inoperable stage I-II non-small-cell lung cancer.

Purpose Using a retrospective analysis of treatment plans submitted from multiple institutions accruing patients to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0236 non–small-cell stereotactic body radiotherapy protocol, the present study determined the dose prescription and critical structure constraints for future stereotactic body radiotherapy lung protocols that mandate density-corrected dose calculations. Method and Materials A subset of 20 patients from four institutions participating in the RTOG 0236 protocol and using superposition/convolution algorithms were compared. The RTOG 0236 protocol required a prescription dose of 60 Gy delivered in three fractions to cover 95% of the planning target volume. Additional requirements were specified for target dose heterogeneity and the dose to normal tissue/structures. The protocol required each site to plan the patient's treatment using unit density, and another plan with the same monitor units and applying density corrections was also submitted. These plans were compared to determine the dose differences. Two-sided, paired Student's t tests were used to evaluate these differences. Results With heterogeneity corrections applied, the planning target volume receiving ≥60 Gy decreased, on average, 10.1% (standard error, 2.7%) from 95% (p = .001). The maximal dose to any point ≥2 cm away from the planning target volume increased from 35.2 Gy (standard error, 1.7) to 38.5 Gy (standard error, 2.2). Conclusion Statistically significant dose differences were found with the heterogeneity corrections. The information provided in the present study is being used to design future heterogeneity-corrected RTOG stereotactic body radiotherapy lung protocols to match the true dose delivered for RTOG 0236.
Compatibility of quantum states

We introduce a measure of compatibility between quantum states---the likelihood that two density matrices describe the same object. Our measure is motivated by two elementary requirements, which lead to a natural definition. We list some properties of this measure, and discuss its relation to the problem of combining two observers' states of knowledge.
Enhancement of the Phase Transition Permeability of DPPC Liposomes by Incorporation of MPPC: A New Temperature-Sensitive Liposome for use with Mild Hyperthermia

AbstractThe present study describes a novel method of preparing thermosensitive liposomes by compositional modification, incorporating a highly bilayer compatible lysolipid, 1 -Palmitoyl-2-Hydroxy-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine (MPPC) into the gel phase liposomes composed of l,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine (DPPC). This compositional modification of the liposomes achieved a significantly enhanced release of entrapped liposome contents at mild hyperthermic temperatures between 39°C-40°C as compared to pure DPPC which released only 20% of contents over a broader range of 40°C-45°C, and the more conventional (DPPC/DSPC-based) temperature-sensitive liposomes that released more slowly in the 43°C-45°C range. Also, the temperature range over which the maximum release occurred for the DPPC:MPPC system remained very narrow and maximum release is achieved after only a tens of seconds of heating. Characterization of the liposome formulation was carried out by studying the release profiles of entrapped carbo...
A single‐cell imaging screen reveals multiple effects of secreted small molecules on bacteria

Bacteria cells exist in close proximity to other cells of both the same and different species. Bacteria secrete a large number of different chemical species, and the local concentrations of these compounds at the surfaces of nearby cells may reach very high levels. It is fascinating to imagine how individual cells might sense and respond to the complex mix of signals at their surface. However, it is difficult to measure exactly what the local environmental composition looks like, or what the effects of individual compounds on nearby cells are. Here, an electron microscopy imaging screen was designed that would detect morphological changes induced by secreted small molecules. This differs from conventional approaches by detecting structural changes in individual cells rather than gene expression or growth rate changes at the population level. For example, one of the changes detected here was an increase in outer membrane vesicle production, which does not necessarily correspond to a change in gene expression. This initial study focussed on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Burkholderia dolosa, and revealed an intriguing range of effects of secreted small molecules on cells both within and between species.
Separating nuclear war from politics: Implications of change in soviet perspective

(1991). Separating nuclear war from politics: Implications of change in soviet perspective. Arms Control: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 35-71.
An Improved Method for Rearing Head Lice

Maintenance of a large colony of body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus Linn., has evolved from feeding them, usually twice daily, on man (Moore & Hirschfelder, 1917, Res. Publ. Univ. Minn. 8 : 1–86; Culpepper, 1948, Amer. J. Trop. Med. 28 : 499–504) to feeding them once per day on laboratory rabbits (Culpepper, 1948, loc. cit.; Smith & Eddy, 1954, Bull. Wld Hlth Organ. 10 : 127–37). Large numbers of head lice were produced by feeding them once per day on rabbits (Eddy, 1973, pers. commun.). This was accomplished by initially feeding them 5 times daily on man and then slowly reducing the feedings to once per day. They were then reared on the animals. We noted, however, that when nymphal and adult stages of head lice were fed 4 to 5 times daily, molting was delayed and copulation retarded. We therefore found that head lice maintain normal rates of development and egg production when allowed access to a constant blood supply. This has also been shown when allowing them to feed on man for from 6 to 7 hr nightly with moderate success (Bacot, 1917, Parasitology 9 : 228–58) as compared to allowing them 24-hr feeding on man using a wristlet method (Nuttall, 1917, Parasitology 10 : 80–185). The greater degree of success of this latter method is reflected by improved rates of development and better egg production.
Methods and recommendations for evaluating and reporting a new diagnostic test

No standardized guidelines exist for the biostatistical methods appropriate for studies evaluating diagnostic tests. Publication recommendations such as the STARD statement provide guidance for the analysis of data, but biostatistical advice is minimal and application is inconsistent. This article aims to provide a self-contained, accessible resource on the biostatistical aspects of study design and reporting for investigators. For all dichotomous diagnostic tests, estimates of sensitivity and specificity should be reported with confidence intervals. Power calculations are strongly recommended to ensure that investigators achieve desired levels of precision. In the absence of a gold standard reference test, the composite reference standard method is recommended for improving estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of the test under evaluation.
Pixilated partnerships, overcoming obstacles in qualitative interviews via Skype: a research note

This research note discusses the effectiveness of using video internet technologies, like Skype, for qualitative interviews. Skype may present some challenges for interviewing, including dropped ca...
On the Elliptic-Parabolic Motion of a Simple Pendulum in Three Dimensions

The elliptic-parabolic motion of an elastic pendulum is the subject of current study. The elasticity is either provided by a single spring or an elastic cable. The motion is called elliptic-parabolic since the point mass takes the elliptical path when viewed from the top and the parabolic path when viewed from the side. Such motion can be initiated when an initial displacement and and an initial velocity are given in the perpendicular directions. The fully nonlinear analysis shows that the elliptical path precesses. In this paper, perturbation analysis is used to obtained the precession rate for the discrete and continuous pendulum.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A robust, library-based, optimization-driven method for automatic gene circuit design

Automatic design of synthetic circuits is a major challenge in synthetic biology, which promises rapid development of standardized, scalable, and modular designs. Current methods in the field mostly rely on heuristic algorithms for finding synthetic circuits that function within a specific parameter range, and user-defined constraints. Here, we introduce a three-phase framework, and the technique of mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) to find the optimal assignment of biological parts to a fixed circuit topology, given user-defined constraints and a desired steady-state or temporal profile. We evaluated the proposed framework in a toggle switch and a band detector circuit, two non-linear synthetic circuits that have been experimentally constructed before. By using experimentally characterized mutant promoter libraries and a user defined topology as inputs, our optimization framework results in a rapid and reproducible convergence to a synthetic circuit that exhibits the desired characteristics and temporal expression profiles. The work described here is a step towards a unifying, biologically-relevant framework for the automated design of biological circuits with user-defined temporal profiles and constraints.
Spatial and temporal variability of oceanic heat flux to the Arctic ice pack

[1] In order to simulate the large-scale structure and temporal variability of oceanic heat flux (Fw) to the Arctic perennial ice pack, observations of heat in the mixed layer and ice dynamics are compared with parameterizations and climatologies. Long-term drifting platform observations of seawater temperature and salinity (primarily from automated buoys) are used to describe the annual cycle of temperature above freezing (ΔTf) in the mixed layer beneath the ice pack, which are modulated by ice-ocean friction velocities (u*) determined from the platform drifts to produce estimates of Fw between 1975 and 1998. On average, ΔTf is not negligible in winter, especially in the Transpolar Drift, which implies a positive Fw to the ice pack by means other than solar heating. A parameterization based solely on the solar zenith angle (with a 1 month lag) is found to largely describe the observed ΔTf (with root mean square error of 0.03°C), despite the lack of an albedo or open water term. A reconstruction of Fw from 1979 to 2002 is produced by modulating parameterized ΔTf with u* on the basis of daily ice drift estimates from a composite satellite and in situ data set. The reconstructed estimates are corrected for regional variations and are compared to independent estimates of Fw from ice mass balance measurements, indicating annual Fw averages between 3 and 4 W m−2 depending on the selection of under-ice roughness length in the ice-ocean stress calculations. Although the interannual variations in ΔTf are fixed by the parameterization in the derived reconstruction, the dynamics indicate an overall positive trend (0.2 W m−2 decade−1) in Arctic Fw, with the largest variations found in the southern Beaufort Gyre.
Using creep and recovery to study flow behavior of fresh cement paste

Abstract A controlled stress rheometer has been used to determine the creep and recovery behavior of flocculated cement pastes. The behavior was found to depend on the level of applied stress. At a lower applied stress, the creep curve of each paste was characteristics of a nonlinear viscoelastic solid, with an instantaneous strain superimposed on an elastic strain; the recovery, on the other hand, was characteristics of a viscoelastic liquid, with little or no instantaneous strain, but some retarded strain and a substantial unrecovered strain. At a higher applied stress the behavior was strikingly different. In this case, the behavior was characteristics of a viscous liquid, with a nearly linear increase in strain throughout the duration of the stress and no recovery when the stress was released. This transition from solid-like behavior to liquid-like behavior occurred over a very narrow stress increment, and the transition stress corresponded to the yield stress estimated from flow curves and from oscillatory shear measurements.
Partial-match queries and file designs

Tnis paper is concernd with information retrieval based upon secondary keys; that is, keys which cannot in general uniquely identify a record, but can indicate certain attributes of the associated record. Partial-match retrieval deals with accessing and reading those records of a data base which match the user's query albeit the query is only partially specified. For example, suppose that 'the data base consists of the binary words 1010, 1110, 0011, 1101, 0010, 1111. The response to query 1**0 where * is a don't know symbol is the set of records with keys 1010 or 1110 while the response to query 1101 is the set of records with key 1101.
The sodium-22 influx in erythrocytes from black males and females☆

In order to establish a standard for sodium influx in erythrocytes for the black population, 22Na+ uptake was measured in 29 normotensive black volunteers. Nineteen males and 10 females during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle were studied utilizing the procedure of Gambhir el al. (1). In the males, cell concentrations ranging from 0.64 to 2.0 × 109 /ml showed an influx of 0.42 to 1.34% of the total 22Na+ added, and in the females, using the same erythrocyte concentrations, the 22Na+ influx ranged from 0.37 to 1.1%; these differences were not significant. Intraassay variation of the 22Na+ data was 4.8%. Interassay variations have been explained elsewhere (1). These data provided a range of observed values for 22Na+ uptake in erythrocytes from a subpopulation of normotensive black males and females for comparison with hypertensive patients.
Boys Will Be Boys: Young Males' Perceptions of Women, Sexuality, and Prevention.

This article reports on a study of males perceptions about women how those perceptions were formed and the ideas young men have about ways to improve sexuality curricula. Data were gathered from interviews with 17 US male college students aged 18-22 (5 White 4 Hispanic 4 Black and 4 Asian-American). A review of the literature precedes discussion of findings on each of the following topics: the prevailing sexual double standard that rewards young men and punishes young women for being sexually active; differences in the perceived sexual motivation of males and females that result in females being more interested than are males in emotional intimacy; how sources of sexual information are located outside of the parent-child relationship with important information gleaned from television programs and from peers; the experiences of study participants in sexuality education classes; the fact that contraceptive responsibility is shared by males and females; and efforts to avoid sexually transmitted diseases. The article ends with the following recommendations for school-based sexuality programs arising from the implications of the reviewed and reported findings: 1) provide opportunities for nonjudgemental and confidential discussion of thoughts feelings and questions with informed peers; 2) avoid the inappropriate abstinence-based curricula that ignore the reality of sexual experience; 3) include the "missing discourse of desire" that expands views of sexuality beyond biology; and 4) respond to the impact of gender issues and sociocultural factors.
Reading the tea leaves: Future regulation of product-extrinsic advertising

Advertisers must pay attention to the trend toward regulating advertising that does not contain specific product information. ~ ~ A l i v e with pleasure," enthuses the billboard and magazine advertisements for a longrunning Newport cigarette campaign. The ads portray attractive young men and women smiling, touching, and smoking. Beautifully photographed scenes of nature provide a backdrop for the models. Do these ads inform us of anything? Do they affect our behavior? Do they mislead us? Should they be regulated? Reading the tea leaves of the legal environment of business suggests new regulation of advertising on the business horizon. This will take the form of limitations on Madison Avenue's use of music, visual imagery, and "slice-of-life" portrayals to sell products. It will focus on these advertising techniques when they are extrinsic to actual product-purchase characteristics yet serve to attract consumers to purchase products. The new advertising regulation may stop with limitations on the advertising of certain products that society deems harmful, such as tobacco and alcohol, but changes in social outlook could also promote new regulation for many products. As we approach the twenty-first century, environmental or other developments might severely test the social ethic that envisions freedom primarily as the ability to sell and consume ever-increasing quantities of products. Advertising is the most visible interface between sellers and consumers, and it would provide a likely target for regulation during periods of social concern about mass consumption habits. Especially targeted would be advertising techniques that help generate consumer demand by associating everything good and beautiful with an advertiser's product, but that do not themselves provide product-intrinsic information. To appreciate the potential for legal regulation of product-extrinsic advertising, it will be necessary to: • Define and examine product-extrinsic advertising; • Consider how this advertising informs consumers; • Review the law regulating advertising; and • Evaluate developments that recognize the legal significance of product-extrinsic advertising.
Novel technique for the measurement of coupling length in directional couplers

ABSTRACT A novel technique to determine the coupling length as a function of wavelength in directional couplers,especially in the case of weakly coupled, symmetrical directional couplers is described. The technique is illus- trated by using Ag — Na ion-exchanged directional couplers in BK7 glass. Application of this technique toasymmetrical directional couplers is also addressed. 1.INTRODUCTION Guided wave devices using directional couplers e.g., optic1 modulators and switches 13, wavelength demultiplexers 46, power dividers ', eic. have very wide applications in the optical communication systems.In almost all of the applications the knowledge of coupling lengths of the directional couplers is essential inthe design of these devices. Estimation of the coupling length in the case of Ti:LiNbO3 waveguide directionalcouplers over a broad wavelength range 8 has been accomplished by approximating the diffusion and the modeprofile using the formalism of Korotky et al. In the case of dual wavelength demultiplexers 6
2-Phenylamino-6-cyano-1H-benzimidazole-based isoform selective casein kinase 1 gamma (CK1γ) inhibitors

Screening of the Amgen compound library led to the identification of 2-phenylamino-6-cyano-1H-benzimidazole 1a as a potent CK1 gamma inhibitor with excellent kinase selectivity and unprecedented CK1 isoform selectivity. Further structure-based optimization of this series resulted in the discovery of 1h which possessed good enzymatic and cellular potency, excellent CK1 isoform and kinase selectivity, and acceptable pharmacokinetic properties.
Spectroscopic and Quantum Chemical Characterization of the Electronic Structure and Bonding in a Non-Heme FeIVO Complex

High valent FeIVO species are key intermediates in the catalytic cycles of many mononuclear non-heme iron enzymes involving the binding and activation of dioxygen. Using variable temperature magnetic circular dichroism (VT MCD) spectroscopy and experimentally calibrated density functional calculations, we are able to present the first detailed description of the electronic structure of a non-heme FeIVO S = 1 complex. These studies define the nature of the FeIVO bond and present the basis for understanding high-valent oxygen intermediates in non-heme iron enzymes.
Chronic binge alcohol consumption alters myogenic gene expression and reduces in vitro myogenic differentiation potential of myoblasts from rhesus macaques

Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with skeletal muscle myopathy. Previously, we demonstrated that chronic binge alcohol (CBA) consumption by rhesus macaques accentuates skeletal muscle wasting at end-stage of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. A proinflammatory, prooxidative milieu and enhanced ubiquitin proteasome activity were identified as possible mechanisms leading to loss of skeletal muscle. The possibility that impaired regenerative capacity, as reflected by the ability of myoblasts derived from satellite cell (SCs) to differentiate into myotubes has not been examined. We hypothesized that the inflammation and oxidative stress in skeletal muscle from CBA animals impair the differentiation capacity of myoblasts to form new myofibers in in vitro assays. We isolated primary myoblasts from the quadriceps femoris of rhesus macaques that were administered CBA or isocaloric sucrose (SUC) for 19 mo. Proliferation and differentiation potential of cultured myoblasts were examined in vitro. Myoblasts from the CBA group had significantly reduced PAX7, MYOD1, MYOG, MYF5, and MEF2C expression. This was associated with decreased myotube formation as evidenced by Jenner-Giemsa staining and myonuclei fusion index. No significant difference in the proliferative ability, cell cycle distribution, or autophagy was detected between myoblasts isolated from CBA and SUC groups. Together, these results reflect marked dysregulation of myoblast myogenic gene expression and myotube formation, which we interpret as evidence of impaired skeletal muscle regenerative capacity in CBA-administered macaques. The contribution of this mechanism to alcoholic myopathy warrants further investigation.
High speed rotorcraft propulsion concepts to control power/speed characteristics

Recent NASA sponsored rotorcraft airframer studies have demonstrated the desire for constant power over a wide range of output speed for turboshaft propulsion systems. This study interrogated several different concepts aimed at maintaining constant power over a speed variation from 100-50 percent with minimum increase in fuel consumption. The baseline engine was an advanced technology 8000 shp, fixed turbine geometry, turboshaft engine. The concepts investigated included variable geometry turbines, variable geometry compressors, power transfer from the HP to LP shafts, counterrotating power turbine with a combiner gearbox, and variable speed transmission integrated with the baseline turboshaft engine. The concept that best satisfies the program objectives with superior engine performance and with the least technical risk is the baseline (fixed geometry turbines) turboshaft engine integrated with the variable speed transmission.
The effect of adjuvant and microbial challenge on the expression of antimicrobial polypeptides in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

Abstract While antimicrobial polypeptides (AMPPs) are increasingly recognized as one of the most important components of innate immunity, there is very little information in vertebrates that documents their upregulation to levels that are microbicidal in vivo. Here we demonstrate that intraperitoneal injection of either Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) or live Tetrahymena pyriformis (a parasitic ciliate) upregulated AMPP expression in channel catfish skin. FCA induced significant upregulation of total antibacterial activity, anti- Edwardsiella ictaluri activity (the fraction of antibacterial activity active against E. ictaluri ), and HLP-1 (the major AMPP in channel catfish skin). Tetrahymena induced a similar upregulation, except that HLP-1 was not significantly induced and the response appeared to be more transient than FCA immunostimulation. AMPP levels were increased up to five-fold higher than resting levels and levels expressed were well within concentrations known to be inhibitory to many important pathogens in vitro. These results provide encouragement that AMPP upregulation may be a promising tool in aquaculture for enhancing the resistance of fish to disease.
Functional, molecular and pharmacological advances in 5-HT7 receptor research

The 5-HT7 receptor was among a group of 5-HT receptors that were discovered using targeted cloning strategies 12 years ago. This receptor is a seven-transmembrane-domain G-protein-coupled receptor that is positively linked to adenylyl cyclase. The distributions of 5-HT7 receptor mRNA, immunolabeling and radioligand binding exhibit strong similarities, with the highest receptor densities present in the thalamus and hypothalamus and significant densities present in the hippocampus and cortex. The recent availability of selective antagonists and knockout mice strains has dramatically increased our knowledge about this receptor. Together with unselective agonists, these new tools have helped to reveal the 5-HT7 receptor distribution in more detail. Important functional roles for the 5-HT7 receptor in thermoregulation, circadian rhythm, learning and memory, hippocampal signaling and sleep have also been established. Hypotheses driving current research indicate that this receptor might be involved in mood regulation, suggesting that the 5-HT7 receptor is a putative target in the treatment of depression.
Cue-controlled relaxation in the treatment of test anxiety

Abstract A 21-yr-old student reacted with severe anxiety in test-taking situations. She was successfully treated by cue-controlled relaxation methods. The procedure involved (1) training in deep-muscle relaxation, and (2) pairing of breath exhalations while relaxed, with a self-produced cue word—“calm”. After five weekly training sessions, follow-up results were reported on the Interpersonal Anxiety Scale and for midterm and final exams. The potential advantage, under certain conditions, of cue-controlled relaxation over systematic desensitization is discussed.
Immobilization of motile bacterial cells via dip-pen nanolithography

A strategy to bind bacterial cells to surfaces in a directed fashion via dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is presented. Cellular attachment to pre-designed DPN generated microarrays was found to be dependent on the shape and size of the surface feature. While this observation is likely due in part to a dense, well formed mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHA) monolayer generated via DPN, it may also simply be due to the physical shape of the surface structure. Motile Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial cells were observed to bind to DPN generated mercaptohexadecanoic acid/poly-L-lysine (MHA/PLL) line patterns, 'blocks' made up of eight lines with 100 nm spacings, with ~ 80% occupancy. Cellular binding to these 'block' surface structures occurs via an electrostatic interaction between negatively charged groups on the bacterial cell surface and positively charged poly-L-lysine (PLL) assemblies. These data indicate that these DPN generated 'block' surface structures provide a promising footprint for the attachment of motile bacterial cells that may find utility in cell based biosensors or single cell studies.
Venus - Implications from microwave spectroscopy of the atmospheric content of water vapor.

From comparison of theoretical and observed microwave brightness temperatures of Venus at 1.35 centimeters, the center of a water-vapor line, we obtain an upper limit of 0.8 percent for the water-vapor mixing ratio in the lower atmosphere. This limit is consistent with the amount of water vapor detected by Venera 4, the existence of aqueous ice clouds, and a greenhouse effect caused by water vapor and carbon dioxide. The computed spectra suggest that a sensitive procedure for detection of water vapor is examination of the wavelength region between I and 1.4 centimeters.
Social rejection and self- versus other-awareness

Abstract Recent research ( Twenge, Catanese, & Baumeister, 2003 ) demonstrated decreased self-awareness among socially-rejected individuals as a defensive strategy designed to buffer the self from the acute distress of rejection. In the present study, we sought to demonstrate that this decreased self-awareness among socially-rejected individuals is: (a) primarily evident in social domains, as opposed to non-social domains and (b) accompanied by increased awareness of others’ behavior. Using a social memory paradigm, we found that rejected participants exhibited better memory for other-related social behaviors, but poorer memory for self-related social behaviors in comparison to accepted participants. These data provide evidence for a two-pronged response to social rejection characterized by both self-protective strategies and strategies aimed at regaining and maintaining social relationships.
Heat transfer in the thermal entrance region of a laminar non-Newtonian falling liquid film

Abstract An analysis is presented for the entrance region heat transfer to a laminar, non-Newtonian falling liquid film with a fully developed velocity profile. Perturbation solutions are provided for the temperature field as well as heat transfer rates. The effect of heat generation by viscous dissipation is included. Numerical results for the heat transfer field are presented for a range of values of the power-law index Brinkman number.