cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The structure and chemistry of isabelin

Abstract Details are given for the isolation, structure determination, chemistry of isabelin ( 1 ), a new germacranolide dilactone from Ambrosia psilostachya. NMR studies at different temperatures established that isabelin exists in solution at room temperature in a 10:7 ratio of two conformers. The dihydro and hexahydro derivatives of isabelin were key compounds for the structure elucidation since these derivatives were correlated by IR with known substances. In the course of the structure analysis, a number of other derivatives and transformation products were prepared and characterized; these included tetrahydroisabelin, mono- and dipyrazolines, Michael adducts, isoisabelin, bromodihydroisoisabelin and two ketocarboxylic acid methyl esters. A separate proof for the structure of isabelin was provided by its synthesis from cnicin ( 5 ), a germacranolide from Centaurea species.
NMR study of relative oxygen binding to the alpha and beta subunits of human adult hemoglobin

NMR spectra of the downfield region of normal adult hemoglobin are reported as a function of oxygenation and temperature. Spectra were run in D2O at pD 7.4. A specially made NMR tube insert allowed precise measurement of the degree of oxygenation and of methemoglobin formation before and after taking the NMR spectrum. Plots of the estimated intensity of the most downfield prominent NMR peak, identified as arising from a deoxy-beta subunit by Davis et al. ((1971) J. Mol. Biol. 60, 101-111), versus the average degree of oxygenation y, measured optically, yield a nearly straight line within experimental error, for samples stripped of organic phosphates and for samples containing 2,3-diphosphoglycerate or inositol hexaphosphate. Intensities of peaks further upfield than this peak, previously attributed to deoxy-alpha subunits, are difficult to measure directly especially for samples containing inositol hexaphosphate. The latter samples show broadening in these alpha peaks as the degree of oxygenation increases. This extra broadening appears to increase with temperature. Linearity of the beta peak intensity with oxygenation is expected if there is no large oxygen affinity difference between alpha and beta subunits. However, the cooperativity of binding, and inaccuracy of the data, make it impossible to make accurate estimates of affinity differences.
Resource Allocation with Persistent and Transient Flows

The flow control algorithms currently used in the Internet have been tailored to share bandwidth between users on the basis of the physical characteristics of the network links they use rather than the characteristics of their applications. This can result in a perception of poor quality of service by some users even when adequate bandwidth is potentially available, and is the motivation for seeking to provide differentiated services. In this paper, stimulated by current discussion on Web mice and elephants, we explore service differentiation between persistent and short-lived flows, and between file transfers of different sizes. In particular, we seek to achieve this using decentralized algorithms that can be implemented by end-systems without requiring the support of a complex network architecture. The algorithms we propose correspond to a form of weighted processor sharing and can be tailored to approximate the shortest remaining processing time service discipline.
Effects of cocaine and caffeine alone and in combination on cardiovascular performance: an experimental hemodynamic and coronary flow reserve study in a canine model.

Abstract Background: With the proliferation of cocaine abuse, increased incidence of catastrophic cardiovascular events like angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, ventricular arrhythmias or sudden death are reported. Cocaine-dependent subjects commonly abuse multiple substances. Many of them drink coffee before and after cocaine use. The high frequency of simultaneous exposure to both the drugs may influence outcome of the cocaine's treatment. Cocaine and caffeine's independent effects on cardiodynamics are documented but to our knowledge combined effects of both on complete cardiovascular hemodynamics remains to be examined. Methods: Eighteen dogs were instrumented to pass cardiac catheters into right and left heart. The experiments were performed after they recovered from the effects of anesthesia. In phase I (30 experiments on 8 dogs), the doses were established by dose–response curve. In phases II and III, another 10 dogs were subjected to 28 experiments. They were given i.v. cocaine followed by caffeine and vice versa to study their effects on hemodynamics and coronary flow reserve. Results: Phase 1: The doses of cocaine (2 mg/kg) and caffeine (5 mg/kg) were established. Phase II: Cocaine increased heart rate, blood pressure and d P /d t but CFR decreased significantly. Caffeine administered after cocaine attenuated these effects (d P /d t decreased to 4910±104 from 5066±110 mm Hg s; p P /d t . Cocaine's administration as the second drug had synergistic excitatory effects (d P /d t increased to 6166±160 from 5055±142 mm Hg/s; p Conclusion: Cocaine increased heart rate, blood pressure and d P /d t but reduced CFR. Caffeine mildly increased the hemodynamic variables but decreased CFR. Combined cocaine+caffeine attenuated the excitatory effects of cocaine significantly. A reversed drug combination i.e., caffeine+cocaine generated synergistic excitatory effects on the cardiovascular system of the dogs. CFR showed significant decrease.
Optimization of anaerobic hydrogen and methane production from dairy processing waste using a two-stage digestion in induced bed reactors (IBR)

Abstract This study investigated the effects of pH, temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT) and organic loading rate (OLR) on hydrogen production from dairy processing waste (DPW) in semi-continuous 60 L pilot induced bed reactors (IBR). Results show pH played a key role on hydrogen production and the optimal pH range was in 4.8–5.5. Digestion under thermophilic temperatures (60 °C) had advantages of gaining higher hydrogen yield and suppressing the growth of methanogens. The optimal OLR was 32.9 g-COD/l-d at HRT of 3 days. Under optimal conditions highest hydrogen yield was 160.7 ml/g-COD removed with 44.6% COD removal. Two-stage digestions demonstrated more energy gain from methane production and further COD removal. The overall gas production in two-stage digestion was 71.7 ml hydrogen and 61.0 ml methane per gram DPW COD. The overall COD removal under optimal conditions was 88.2%.
Labor Scarcity and the Problem of American Industrial Efficiency in the 1850's

Europeans have been coming to America and commenting about the nature of American technology for over a century. Despite the evident economic changes in the course of this century, the comments on the differences between American and European technology—or, more properly for the nineteenth century, on the differences between American and British technology—have stayed remarkably constant. The factors noted by a few British visitors of the 1850's, perhaps the first technically qualified foreign group to take a careful look at American manufacturing, still form the backbone of discussion today. Chief among the factors noted is the high cost of American labor, but this explanation of American peculiarities by no means stands alone.
Patient Participation in the Patient-Provider Interaction: The Effects of Patient Question Asking on the Quality of Interaction, Satisfaction and Compliance*

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness, dynamics, and consequences of a health education intervention designed to increase patient question asking during the patient's medical visit. Data were collected at a Baltimore family and community health center which provides outpatient services to a low income, predominantly black and female population. The majority of the study participants were, in addition, elderly and chronically ill. A total of 294 patients and 3 providers took part in the study. The study design included random assignment of patients to experimental and placebo groups with two non-equivalent (non-randomized) control groups. Findings included: (1) The experimental group patients asked more direct questions and fewer indirect questions than did placebo group patients. (2) The experimental group patient-provider interaction was characterized by negative affect, anxiety, and anger, while the placebo group patient-provider interaction was characterized as mutually sympathetic. (3) The experimental group patients were less satisfied with care received in the clinic on the day of their visit than were placebo patients. (4) The experimental group patients demonstrated higher appointment-keeping ratios (an average number of appointments kept divided by an average number of appointments made) during a four-month prospective monitoring period.
Controls on source and depth of emplacement of granitic magma

Large granitic batholiths emplaced in high-grade metamorphic rocks at mid-crustal levels were relatively hydrous compared with major batholiths emplaced at very shallow levels. Those emplaced at mid-crustal levels were probably generated by partial melting of crustal rocks at only slightly deeper levels. Those emplaced at shallow levels are associated with penecontemporaneous volcanic ejecta and were probably generated at deep crustal or possibly mantle depths.
Problem-solving approach in an international context: Antecedents and outcome

Abstract Our purpose is to study the antecedents and outcome of the problem-solving approach (or PSA) in export negotiations. Particular attention is paid to the national cultural (inter-cultural vs. intra-cultural) context as an important factor. One hundred and forty industrial exporters from the Philippines responded to a survey inquiring about a ‘recently concluded business negotiation.’ Antecedents of the negotiators' problem-solving approach were found to be negotiators' perceptions of their partners' PSA and their firms' emphasis on group decision making. Individual characteristics of the negotiators and, most notably, cultural context seem to have borne no relationship to the exporters' PSA. Negotiators' perceptions of partners' PSA were also found to be related to their expressed satisfaction.
Role of Cockroach Proteases in Allergic Disease

Allergic asthma is on the rise in developed countries, and cockroach exposure is a major risk factor for the development of asthma. In recent years, a number of studies have investigated the importance of allergen-associated proteases in modulating allergic airway inflammation. Many of the studies have suggested the importance of allergen-associated proteases as having a direct role on airway epithelial cells and dendritic cells. In most cases, activation of the protease activated receptor (PAR)-2 has been implicated as a mechanism behind the potent allergenicity associated with cockroaches. In this review, we focus on recent evidence linking cockroach proteases to activation of a variety of cells important in allergic airway inflammation and the role of PAR-2 in this process. We will highlight recent data exploring the potential mechanisms involved in the biological effects of the allergen.
On the closed form of Wigner rotation matrix elements

The closed forms of some rotation matrix elementsd m′ m j (π/2) are presented. The closed forms of summation involved two binomials and some special hypergeometric functions are also obtained. The MAPLE V program which calculates d m′ m j (β), dm,. (π/2) and the help file are given in appendix.
Possible role for dust or other northern forcing of ice-age carbon dioxide changes

Abstract A simple impulse-decay model driven by the history of atmospheric dust loading from Greenland can match the history of glacial–interglacial changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration rather accurately, if model parameters are tuned within physically possible ranges; forcing with the Greenland temperature record produces a similarly good match. Calculations using southern forcing do not match as accurately. These results leave open the possibility of northern control of glacial–interglacial carbon dioxide changes.
Differences in perception of gerotranscendence behaviors between college students and community-dwelling older adults

Within the field of gerontology, several different theories have attempted to explain common psychological and social changes associated with the aging process. The Theory of Gerotranscendence is one such theory which purports that a shift in meta-perspective from a more materialistic and pragmatic view of the world to a more cosmic and transcendent one occurs as we age. Corresponding with this shift in meta-perspective, the individual exhibits certain behaviors that could be mistaken as signs of psychopathology if viewed based on the assumptions of more culturally-assimilated theories of aging. The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in perception of gerotranscendence behaviors between college students and older adults. Perceptions were quantified using an instrument that described many behaviors indicative of gerotranscendence within the context of a written narrative depicting an older adult living in an assisted living facility. Respondents were then asked to rate these behaviors in terms of how unusual they were and how concerning they were. As hypothesized, results indicated that several behaviors indicative of gerotranscendence were rated as more concerning and unusual by college students compared to older adults. Implications of these findings in terms of interactions between younger and older individuals occurring in the community and within healthcare settings are discussed.
PROSTATE GLAND GROWTH DURING DEVELOPMENT IS STIMULATED IN BOTH MALE AND FEMALE RAT FETUSES BY INTRAUTERINE PROXIMITY TO FEMALE FETUSES

In rodents, steroid hormones are transported between adjacent fetuses, and male or female fetuses that develop in utero between female fetuses (2F males or 2F females) have higher serum levels of estradiol and lower serum levels of testosterone relative to siblings of the same sex that develop between two male fetuses (2M males or 2M females). The present study was prompted by the prior unexpected finding that as adults, 2F male mice have an enlarged prostate, and increased numbers of prostatic androgen receptors relative to 2M males. We examined prostate development in both male and female rat fetuses from different intrauterine positions using computer-assisted, 3-dimensional reconstruction of the urogenital complex. In males, this included the prostate, seminal vesicles and utricle (a remnant of the Mullerian ducts), while in females it included development of prostatic glandular buds. The mean cross-sectional area of developing prostatic epithelial buds, utricle and seminal vesicles was significantly increased in 2F male relative to 2M male fetuses. In female fetuses, prostatic bud development was significantly more likely to occur in 2F (67%) than in 2M (29%) animals. These findings suggest that the transport of a small supplement of estrogen from adjacent female fetuses enhances androgen-dependent accessory organ development. We also found that mRNAs encoding receptors for both estrogen and androgen were located in the mesenchyme of the developing male prostate. The localization of estrogen and androgen receptor mRNA in this region further suggests that the mesenchymal induction of prostatic epithelial growth involves both hormones. The cranial dorsolateral prostatic buds exhibited the greatest enlargement in 2F males. This region of the developing prostate in rats is comparable (that is the embryonic homologue) to the region exhibiting benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) during aging in men. We propose that the potential for pathological regrowth of the prostate during aging is imprinted by estradiol during fetal development.
Hall Effect in Ferromagnetics

Both the unusually large magnitude and strong temperature dependence of the extraordinary Hall effect in ferromagnetic materials can be understood as effects of the spin-orbit interaction of polarized conduction electrons. It is shown that the interband matrix elements of the applied electric potential energy combine with the spin-orbit perturbation to give a current perpendicular to both the field and the magnetization. Since the net effect of the spin-orbit interaction is proportional to the extent to which the electron spins are aligned, this current is proportional to the magnetization. The magnitude of the Hall constant is equal to the square of the ordinary resistivity multiplied by functions that are not very sensitive to temperature and impurity content. The experimental results behave in such a way also.
Fluorescence lifetime contrast in optical molecular imaging

Recent applications of fluorescence lifetime in optical molecular imaging are presented. These in vivo applications include fluorescent signal separation, monitoring of controlled release and improved detection of quenched probe activation.
Power law fits to magnitude estimates of groups and individuals

Differential sensitivity to grit and weight stimuli was compared for lateral differences using power law coefficients based on unanchored magnitude estimations. Ss were 120 college students run in a parametric design with sex, handedness, and order of testing right and left controlled. Findings on lateral differences were unreliable. Power law functions were shown to fit group (N = 10) data consistently but not individuals. These results indicate that without specification of several implicated variables, the use of UME and the power law to compare sensory functions in individuals is of dubious validity.
Biomechanics: Surface electromyography prosthesis control

This paper provides a method to control a robotic arm by analyzing Electromyogram (EMG) collected from surface of the forearm. The electrodes are strategically placed on top of a particular muscle to harvest its myoelectric signals generated by physiological variations associated with muscular activities such as contraction and retraction. Since the movements of other muscles detectable under the electrodes are electrically superimposed, the main strategy in controlling motor units is to isolate the desired signals by filtering, sampling, and signal processing. The prototype design, incorporated into Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), is a low-cost and adaptable system that could potentially be available to any subject with a very minimal learning curve. The system yields quick responses and is scalable and capable of being a valuable tool for biomedical research and development.
Music Therapy for the Neonate

Abstract Surviviors of extreme prematurity (less than 26 weeks gestational age) may have long-term impairment, including developmental disabilities and neurological deficits that become evident as the child matures. Music has been used as an intervention purported to facilitate development in young, at-risk children in infant stimulation and early intervention programs. Over the past decade, music has been introduced into the neonatal intensive care unit as a therapy designed to enhance treatment and facilitate growth and development of premature infants. This report summarizes extant research on music therapy in the neonatal intensive care unit. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Dielectric properties of adsorption/ionization site of pentachlorophenol in lipid membranes

Abstract The results of three complementary studies focused on characterization of the local environment of the common pesticide pentachlorophenol (PCP) adsorbed to phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) membranes are reported. The effect of cholesterol (Chol) was examined. These studies included: (1) Measurements of solvatochromic shifts of the ultraviolet absorption spectra of PCP in membranes and in polar non-hydrogen-bonding (a red shift) and hydrogen-bonding (a blue shift) solvents. Pi-pi ∗ transition energies were analyzed in terms of the dielectric cavity models of (a) Onsager, (b) Block-Walker, which includes dielectric saturation, and (c) a soft dipole model of Suppan, which accounts for PCP's polarizability. The estimates of dielectric constant of the PCP adsorption site yielded 8.1–8.7 for the PC and 16.8–20.1 for PG membranes. Solvatochromic effects indicate hydrogen bonding between the membrane-bound ionized PCP molecule and water, which is enhanced by the presence of cholesterol. (2) Determinations of the p K a of PCP adsorbed to PC, PG, PC/Chol, PG/Chol membranes and dissolved in dioxane-water solutions of a known dielectric constant. The p K a value of PCP adsorbed to membranes was always greater than the standard p K a value and it increased with the membrane's negative charge. The p K a value sequence in 0.1 M Kcl was 6.68 (PG), 6.32 (PG/Chol = 70:30 mole fractions), 5.97 (PC), and 5.75 (PC/Chol = 70:30). The intrinsic p K a values of PCP in membranes were 5.2–5.4 (PG) and 5.5–6.0 (PC). Estimates of the dielectric constant of PCP's ionization site in membranes yielded 10–22 (PC) and 27–37 (PG). Cholesterol facilitated the release of the hydrogen ion from membrane-bound PCP. (3) Measurements of pH dependence of PCP-induced membrane electrical conductivity. pH values of conductivity maxima were always greater than the standard p K a of PCP, and their sequence corresponded to that of the p K a values of membrane-bound PCP. The anomalous properties of PCP as a Class 2 uncoupler are due to PCP's lipophilic character. In response to a low dielectric constant of the adsorption/ionization site, the physicochemical characteristics of PCP adsorbed to membranes are different from the standard values - a fact that needs to be taken into account in the development of models of PCP's toxicity.
Pseudoaneurysm associated with multiple osteochondromatosis

The authors present a case of a 12-year-old boy with a known family history of multiple hereditary exostoses who presented with knee swelling. Physical examination and subsequent workup revealed a pseudoaneurysm associated with an osteochondroma. We present this interesting case and review the literature.
An Algorithm for Jordan Form Transformation

Abstract This paper presents a complete algorithm which transforms a square matrix into the Jordan normal form.
Moments of transition-additive random variables defined on finite, regenerative random processes

Abstract Random processes consisting of a sequence of jumps from one to another of a finite set of states are considered. Such processes are regenerative if the progress after the n th jump depends only upon the state entered at the jump. Examples include discrete and continuous Markov processes. A method is given to restrict attention to a subset of samnle paths according to criteria based on the transitions allowed for a single jump. The primary concern is with transition-additive random variables: these sum for any valid sample path the values of independent random variables assigned to each jump in the path. A simple formula for finding all moments of such random variables is derived. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the solutions are demonstrated, and illustrations of the computational simplicity of the approach are provided.
Effects of monomethylhydrazine on selected species of marine diatoms

A safe concentration (SC) and the mean effective concentration (EC) for hydrazine, MMH, and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine have been determined on species of green algae. The aqueous degradation of MMH is relatively rapid compared to the time green algae require to reach maximum standing crop. The diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana and Skeletonema costatum reach maximum standing crop in 6 to 7 days in culture which makes them ideal for testing short-term effects of MMH. The objectives of this study were to determine the relative sensitivity of selected marine diatoms to MMH and whether species composition would be affected by MMH.
ON THE ROLE OF DNA IN THE ULTRAVIOLET-SENSITIVITY OF CELL DIVISION IN SAND DOLLAR ZYGOTES.

Abstract Cell division in zygotes of the sand dollar, Echinarachnius parma , is delayed by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. UV-sensitivity is enhanced 2–3-fold after incorporation of 5′-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) into DNA; photoreactivability in such zygotes is greatly diminished or absent. These observations support the hypothesis that DNA is the responsible light absorber in UV-induced cell division delay. The pattern of onset of hypersensitivity to UV indicates that delay in a given cleavage is the result of lesions in the DNA which has not been replicated in the S period prior to that cleavage; lesions formed in DNA which, at the time of irradiation, has already been replicated, are not expressed until the subsequent cell division. UV does not prolong the UV-sensitive portion of the cell cycle. This result implies that delay in (sensitive) DNA replication per se is not part of the overall mechanism of division delay.
Refracting type laser beam scanner with minimum across-scan error

An economical refracting type laser beam scanning device, exhibiting a minimum across-scan error without corrective measures, is described. The main structural assembly of the device consists of a rotating prism, a fixed spherical lens, and a fixed convex spherical auxiliary reflector (SAR). Trigonometric equations are developed to determine the radius of curvature of the SAR and the size of the exit pupil. Resolution analyses are presented for a specific set of design parameters.
Resilient carbon encapsulation of iron pyrite (FeS2) cathodes in lithium ion batteries

Converting iron pyrite (FeS2) from a non-cyclable to a cyclable cathode material for lithium ion batteries has been an ongoing challenge in recent years. Herein we report a promising mitigation strategy: wet-chemistry based conformal encapsulation of synthetic FeS2 nanocrystals in a resilient carbon (RC) matrix (FeS2@RC). The FeS2@RC composite was fabricated by dispersing autoclave-synthesized FeS2 nanocrystals in an aqueous glucose solution, polymerizing the glucose in a hydrothermal reactor, and finally heating the polymer/FeS2 composite in a tube furnace to partially carbonize the polymer. The FeS2@RC electrodes showed superior cyclability compared with the FeS2 electrodes, that is, 25% versus 1% of retention at the 20th cycle. Based on electrochemical analysis, XRD study, and SEM characterization, the performance enhancement was attributed to RC's ability to accommodate volume fluctuation, enhance charge transfer, alleviate detrimental side reactions, and suppress loss of the active material. Furthermore, the remaining issues associated with the current system were identified and future research directions were proposed.
Gender and Nazism: Women Joiners of the Pre-1933 Nazi Party

Women have always been part of the national project, yet research on political participation is just beginning to theorize about women's involvement in extremist politics. This project examines women's participation in the pre-1933 Nazi Party (NSDAP) by using (a) an interest-based theoretical model of participation that stresses the importance of material interests and incentives and (b) an expanded interest-based model that incorporates social-psychological incentives and those embedded in social ties to the NSDAP. Quantitative and qualitative analyses on three sources of historical data show support for both models but greater support for the expanded interest-based model. Social-psychological incentives and those embedded in women's social ties to the NSDAP strongly affected women's decisions to join the party. Further research on contemporary cases of women's participation in far Right politics would provide a better test of the models, as well as models that examine how identities shape interests and political behavior.
Some Promising Results of Communication-Based Automatic Measures of Team Cognition:

Some have argued that the most appropriate measure of team cognition is a holistic measure directed at the entire team. In particular, communication data are useful for measuring team cognition bec...
Quantitative analysis and stability of 5(or 4)-[3,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-triazeno]imidazole-4(or 5)-carboxamide in acidic aqueous solutions.

Methods of quantitative analysis by UV spectrophoto-metric, colorimetric, and ionic chloride determination are reported for 5(or 4)-[3,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-triazeno]imidazole-4(or 5)-carboxamide (NSC-82196) in the presence of its degradation products. With the exception of the ionic chloride method of analysis of samples exposed to light, all three methods showed good agreement for stability studies of NSC-82196 in acidic aqueous solutions exposed to light and dark and stored at 25°. A sterile lyophilized hydrochloride salt of NSC-82196 for parenteral use, reconstituted with water for injection, was found to have a t1/2 = 150 min. at 25° and t1/2. = 65 hr. at 4°.
Challenges and Opportunities in Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion Studies of Therapeutic Biologics

With the advancement of biotechnology in the last two decades, optimized and novel modalities and platforms of biologic moieties have emerged rapidly in drug discovery pipelines. In addition, new technologies for delivering therapeutic biologics (e.g., needle-free devices, nanoparticle complexes), as well as novel approaches for disease treatments (e.g., stem cell therapy, individualized medicine), continue to be developed. While pharmacokinetic studies are routinely carried out for therapeutic biologics, experiments that elucidate underlying mechanisms for clearance and biodistribution or identify key factors that govern absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of biologics often are not thoroughly conducted. Realizing the importance of biologics as therapeutic agents, pharmaceutical industry has recently begun to move the research focus from small molecules only to a blended portfolio consisting of both small molecules and biologics. This trend brings many opportunities for scientists working in the drug disposition research field. In anticipation of these opportunities and associated challenges, this review highlights impact of ADME studies on clinical and commercial success of biologics, with a particular focus on emerging applications and technologies and linkage with mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and biomarker research.
A proton magnetic resonance study of complexes of pyridine, 2‐methylpyridine 3‐methylpyridine, 4‐methylpyridine, and 2,6‐dimethylpyridine with borane and boron trifluoride

A variable temperature, proton magnetic resonance study has been made of complexes of pyridine, 2-methylpyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 4-methylpyridine, and 2,6-dimethylpyridine with borane and boron trifluoride. By lowering the temperature and slowing ligand exchange, separate resonance signals can be observed for bulk and complexed molecules of the base. A direct comparison of the complexing abilities of these ligands was made by studying them in pairs with borane or boron trifluoride. The complexing abilities, as estimated from the NMR data, decreased in the order: 4-MePy > 3-MePy > Py > 2-MePy > 2,6-MePy. This trend was interpreted in terms of steric effects and the basic strengths of these molecules towards boron trifluoride.
77 PROTEIN TURNOVER IS NOT INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT ENERGY INTAKES IN PRETERM INFANTS

An energy intake of 120 kcal/kg.d in preterm infants resulted in a higher fat accretion than in utero. To study if a reduced energy intake would not only reduce fat accretion, but also influence protein(pro) turnover(Q), we measured leucine(leu) kinetics in 4 wk old, orally fed VLBW infants, receiving 3.2 g pro/kg.d. They were fed either 120 -(n = 12, bw= 1.1 ±0.2 kg, ga = 30±2 wkl or 100 kcal/kg.d (n = 12, bw = 1.1 ±0.2 kg, ga = 31±2 wk).13C-Leucine was given orally, 13C-KIC plasma dilution was measured by GC-MS, 13CO2 excretion by IRMS. Results: mean ± 1 sd, Leu kinetics in mmol/kg.hr, Pro kinetics in g/kg.d. C = Catabolism, S = Synthesis, Ox = oxidation. Ret = retention. Conclusions: 1. Decreasing energy intake from 120 to 100 kcal/kg.d does not increase protein catabolism or alter protein turnover. 2. Protein retention is higher in SGA infants.
Direct analysis of protein sedimentation equilibrium in detergent solutions without density matching

Abstract Characterizing membrane proteins by sedimentation equilibrium is challenging because detergents and/or lipid molecules, usually required for solubilization, form a complex with the protein. The most common way to overcome this problem is Tanford and Reynolds’ density matching method, which eliminates the buoyant mass contributions of detergents/lipids by adjusting the solvent density with D 2 O/H 2 O mixtures to render either detergent or lipid molecules neutrally buoyant. Unfortunately, the method is practical only for detergent densities between 1.0 (H 2 O) and 1.1 (D 2 O) g ml −1 , excluding many of the more commonly used detergents for membrane protein studies. Here, we present a modern variant of Tanford and Reynolds’ method that (1) is applicable to any detergent regardless of its specific density, (2) does not compromise accuracy and precision, and (3) provides additional information about the number of detergent molecules that are bound to each protein. The new method was applied successfully to Δ(1-43)A-I, an amino-terminal deletion mutant of human apolipoprotein A-I. Interestingly, we observed a significantly lower Δ(1-43)A-I/octyl-glucoside complex partial specific volume than that expected from volume additivity rules, indicative of specific protein–detergent interactions.
On the Genus of Finite Abelian Groups

The genus of a group is the minimum genus for any Cayley color graph of the group. Using the structure theorem for finite abelian groups and appropriate current graphs, we construct quadrilateral embeddings of minimum degree for such groups in almost all cases where this is consistent with the Euler formula, thereby determining the genus for these groups, in the majority of the cases considered. In the process, graph genus embeddings are obtained for certain repeated cartesian products of cycles.
Effects of Adenine Nucleotides and Microsomes on Glucose Utilization in Rat Heart Homogenates

The utilization of glucose by rat heart homogenate may proceed rapidly at low concentrations of ATP when conditions are such that this nucleotide is rapidly regenerated. When high concentrations of ATP are present, glucose utilization is depressed markedly. The inhibition of glucose metabolism is abolished completely by magnesium ions. Glucose is utilized at a rapid rate by a system consisting of heart mitochondria and the soluble components of a heart homogenate. The addition of microsomes to such a system produces a large increase in the rate of glucose disappearance and a decrease in the concentration of ATP. The stimulatory effect of microsomes appears to be mainly a result of an increase in ATPase activity. A possible role for ATP and magnesium in the regulation of glucose phosphorylation in the intact heart has been discussed.
Characterization of Thermoelectric Oxide Nanofibers Using MEMS Device

Thermoelectric oxide nanofibers prepared by electrospinning was expected to have a significantly reduced thermal conductivity compared with their bulk forms. However, the measurement of the thermal conductivity of such a single nanofiber was very difficult because of sample preparation, sample loading and the lack of characterization tools. In this work, a technology that can be used to measure the thermal conductivity of a single nanofiber prepared by electrospinning was developed. A special Si template was designed to collect and transfer the thermoelectric nanofibers prepared by electrospinning. A microelectro-mechanical (MEMS) device was designed and fabricated to measure the thermal conductivity of a single nanofiber. The structure of the MEMS device was specially designed therefore a single nanofiber collected by the special Si template can be transferred onto the MEMS device. A La0.95Sr0.05CoO3 nanofiber with the diameter of 290 nm was prepared and characterized by this technology. The measured thermal conductivity of the nanofiber was 2.07 W/m•K, which is 30% lower than that of the bulk form La0.95Sr0.05CoO3 previously reported.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Electrical response of glioma cells to acetylcholine

A bromodeoxyuridine resistant mutant of rat glioma line C6 grown in the presence of N6,O2′-dibutyryl adenosine-3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate, although inexcitable by electrical current, responds to iontophoretic application of acetylcholine by slow hyperpolarization. The sensitivity to acetylcholine is strongly reduced by excessive amounts of acetylcholine. The hyperpolarization response is inhibited by atropine or α-bungarotoxin, but not byd-tubocurarine. In the absence of acetylcholine some cells display spontaneous hyperpolarizations at regular intervals. The membrane resting potential is decreased if the concentration of external K+ is raised.
754 EFFECTS OF HEMORRHAGE (H) ON THE POSTPRANDIAL REGIONAL VASCULAR RESPONSES OF DEVELOPING PIGLETS

754 EFFECTS OF HEMORRHAGE (H) ON THE POSTPRANDIAL REGIONAL VASCULAR RESPONSES OF DEVELOPING PIGLETS
Suspended aluminum nitride structures grown via metal organic vapor phase epitaxy

Abstract The development of III-Nitride suspended structures for Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and Nano-Electro Mechanical Systems (NEMS) is challenging due to lack of selective etching techniques. Recent efforts have focused on the removal of sacrificial layers based on material properties, such as crystalline quality, bandgap, polarity, doping, etc. These techniques require several processing steps in addition to precise control over the sacrificial and functional layer properties. In this work, conditions have been identified for the growth of etch-resistant polycrystalline AlN films via Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) on silicon oxide surfaces, thus allowing silicon oxide to be used as a sacrificial layer in a surface micro-machining process. The MOVPE growth conditions reported result in a well oriented crystal with superior mechanical strength demonstrated by the fabrication of unsupported AlN structures with widths from 5 μm to 110 μm and air gaps ranging from 200 nm to 800 nm. This technique simplifies the fabrication process of AlN suspended structures and is well suited for achieving group III-Nitride heteroepitaxial MEMS/NEMS systems.
Transcriptional inhibition of the bacteriophage T7 early promoter region by oligonucleotide triple helix formation.

Abstract We have identified a purine-rich triplex binding sequence overlapping a −35 transcriptional early promoter region of the bacteriophage T 7 . Triplex-forming oligonucleotide designed to bind this target was annealed to T 7 templates and introduced into in vitro transcription systems under conditions favoring specific initiation from this promoter. These templates demonstrated significant transcriptional inhibition relative to naked genomic templates and templates mixed with non-triplex-forming oligonucleotide. It is suggested that triplex formation along this target interferes with transcriptional initiation, and this mechanism may hold potential to disrupt bacteriophage T 7 early transcription in vivo .
Micropatterns of a cell-adhesive peptide on an amphiphilic comb polymer film

We report in this paper a generic method to modify the surfaces of common polymeric biomaterials that enables spatially resolved attachment and growth of mammalian cells in a biologically relevant milieu. We demonstrate that an amphiphilic comb polymer presenting short oligoethylene glycol side chains can be coated onto a number of different polymeric biomaterials, namely polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and poly(ethylene terephthalate) from a methanol/water mixture. The comb polymer film is stable in water and presents reactive COOH groups at the oligoethylene glycol chain ends, thereby permitting the surface of the comb polymer to be patterned with a cell adhesive, arg-gly-asp peptide. The micropatterned surfaces spatially confine the attachment and growth of fibroblasts for ∼24 h in 10% serum to the patterned regions.
Quarternary equilibrium phase diagram for copper, indium, selenium and oxygen

Abstract An equilibrium quaternary phase diagram is derived to study the effect of oxygen incorporation in thin films of CuInSe 2 grown by various techniques, with particular emphasis on chemical spray pyrolysis. This quaternary diagram is, to our knowledge, the first reported to date. Oxygen is found to be unstable with CuInSe 2 and its incorporation produces In 2 O 3 . An increase in oxygen incorporation, an increase in pH or a decrease in copper-to-indium ratio in the original spray solution results in the formation of copper selenide phases instead of In 2 O 3 . Over a relatively narrow range of the latter parameters, single-phase CuInSe 2 should grow according to the phase diagram. Experimental results are provided to substantiate these findings.
Investigator beliefs and reported success in recruiting minority participants.

Abstract Purpose Attaining adequate minority participation in clinical trials has been challenging and limited by the lack of data on the role that investigator perceptions play in minority recruitment. We sought to determine what investigator and study factors were associated with investigators' reported success in recruiting minority populations in research. Methods Principal investigators (PIs) who conducted clinical research funded by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute in 2001 were surveyed about their success in recruiting minority populations, perceptions about the importance of minority recruitment, use of recruitment strategies, and barriers to minority recruitment. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with PIs' reports of success in minority recruitment. Results A total of 440 PIs completed the survey about minority recruitment. PIs who agreed more strongly about the importance of minority inclusion in their research reported being more successful in minority recruitment. PIs who reported midstream modifications to their recruitment strategies to increase minority participation and those who reported more barriers reported less success in recruiting minority populations. Conclusion PIs' reports of success in recruiting ethnic/racial minority populations for research are associated with the value investigators place on inclusion of minority participants in their research. PIs' perceptions should be considered in minority recruitment efforts as they may influence minority participation rates.
Structure, evolutionary conservation, and conformational dynamics of Homo sapiens fascin-1, an F-actin crosslinking protein.

Eukaryotes have several highly conserved actin-binding proteins that crosslink filamentous actin into compact ordered bundles present in distinct cytoskeletal processes, including microvilli, stereocilia and filopodia. Fascin is an actin-binding protein that is present predominantly in filopodia, which are believed to play a central role in normal and aberrant cell migration. An important outstanding question regards the molecular basis for the unique localization and functional properties of fascin compared with other actin crosslinking proteins. Here, we present the crystal structure of full-length Homo sapiens fascin-1, and examine its packing, conformational flexibility, and evolutionary sequence conservation. The structure reveals a novel arrangement of four tandem β-trefoil domains that form a bi-lobed structure with approximate pseudo 2-fold symmetry. Each lobe has internal approximate pseudo 2-fold and pseudo 3-fold symmetry axes that are approximately perpendicular, with β-hairpin triplets located symmetrically on opposite sides of each lobe that mutational data suggest are actin-binding domains. Sequence conservation analysis confirms the importance of hydrophobic core residues that stabilize the β-trefoil fold, as well as interfacial residues that are likely to stabilize the overall fascin molecule. Sequence conservation also indicates highly conserved surface patches near the putative actin-binding domains of fascin, which conformational dynamics analysis suggests to be coupled via an allosteric mechanism that might have important functional implications for F-actin crosslinking by fascin.
Comparison of gene expression in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix.

Abstract Objectives. Microarray expression analysis of cervical tumors has revealed differential expression of genes that may be useful as markers or targets for treatment. We question the application of array findings across the major categories of cervical cancer. We sought to identify differences between normal squamous epithelium (NSQ) and glandular epithelium (NGL) of the uterine cervix and their malignant variants: squamous cell cancer (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ACA). Methods. Eight genes were selected: 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX), keratin 4, trypsinogen 2 (TRY2), Rh glycoprotein C (RhGC), collagen type V alpha 2, integrin alpha 5, integrin alpha 6, and c- myc . Ten cases each of SCC and ACA of the cervix were selected from our tumor bank. NSQ and NGL epithelia were obtained from consecutive patients undergoing surgery for benign disease. RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and DNA amplification of all samples were performed according to an established protocol. Electrophoresis of the multiplexed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products was performed under standard conditions, followed by digital image capture. A ratio of target to control gene (β-actin) was obtained for each sample. Analysis of variance was applied to the mean ratios for each tissue to establish significant differences. Individual pairwise comparisons were made by Student t tests and verified with the Tukey-Kramer test. Results. Clinically valid comparisons are NSQ to NGL, NSQ to SCC, NGL to ACA, and SCC to ACA. Various expression patterns were observed between the epithelia and their malignant phenotypes. Significant differences in gene expression were observed between benign squamous and glandular epithelium in four of the eight genes and between malignant squamous and glandular epithelium in three of the eight genes. Significant differences in gene expression between benign and malignant tissues were demonstrated in four of the eight genes. Conclusions. We have defined significant differential expression changes between the two principal cervical tumor types. Differences in genes are demonstrated and must be considered if array technology is applied to the study of the biologic behavior of these tumors as well as their screening and management. The observed differential expression should be a compelling argument to perform type-specific expression analysis for other tumors with histological variants.
Genomic sequence of bacteriophage ATCC 8074-B1 and activity of its endolysin and engineered variants against Clostridium sporogenes.

Lytic bacteriophage ATCC 8074-B1 produces large plaques on its host Clostridium sporogenes. Sequencing of the 47,595-bp genome allowed the identification of 82 putative open reading frames, including those encoding proteins for head and tail morphogenesis and lysis. However, sequences commonly associated with lysogeny were absent. ORF 22 encodes an endolysin, CS74L, that shows homology to N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidases, and when expressed in Escherichia coli, the protein causes effective lysis of C. sporogenes cells when added externally. CS74L was also active on Clostridium tyrobutyricum and Clostridium acetobutylicum. The catalytic domain expressed alone (CS74L1–177) exhibited a similar activity and the same host range as the full-length endolysin. A chimeric endolysin consisting of the CS74L catalytic domain fused to the C-terminal domain of endolysin CD27L, derived from Clostridium difficile bacteriophage ΦCD27, was produced. This chimera (CSCD) lysed C. sporogenes cells with an activity equivalent to that of the catalytic domain alone. In contrast, the CD27L C-terminal domain reduced the efficacy of the CS74L catalytic domain when tested against C. tyrobutyricum. The addition of the CD27L C-terminal domain did not enable the lysin to target C. difficile or other CD27L-sensitive bacteria.