cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional Interchangeability of DNA Replication Genes in SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM and ESCHERICHIA COLI Demonstrated by a General Complementation Procedure

Twenty-four genes from Salmonella typhimurium that affect DNA replication were isolated from a λ-Salmonella genomic library by lysogenic complementation of temperature-sensitive mutants of Salmonella or E. coli, using a new plaque complementation assay. The complementing λ clones, which make red plaques in this assay, and noncomplementing mutant derivatives, which make uncolored plaques, were used to further characterize the temperature-sensitive Salmonella mutants and to establish the functional similarity of E. coli and Salmonella DNA replication genes. For 17 of 18 E. coli mutants representing distinct loci, a Salmonella gene that complemented the mutant was found. This result indicates that single Salmonella replication proteins are able to function in otherwise all E. coli replication complexes and suggests that the detailed properties of Salmonella and E. coli replication proteins are very similar. The other seven Salmonella genes that were cloned were unrelated functionally to any E. coli genes examined. —As an aid to the derivation of chromosomal mutations affecting some of the cloned genes, a general method was developed for placing a transposon in the Salmonella chromosome in a segment corresponding to cloned DNA. Chromosomal mutations were derived in Salmonella affecting a gene (dnaA) that was cloned by complementation of an E. coli mutant by using the transposon-encoded drug resistance as a selectable marker in local mutagenesis.
Genealogy and fine mapping of obscuravenosa, a gene affecting the distribution of chloroplasts in leaf veins, and evidence of selection during breeding of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum; Solanaceae)

In the processes of plant domestication and variety development, some traits are under direct selection, while others may be introduced by indirect selection or linkage. In the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum = Solanum lycopersicum), and all other Solanaceae examined, chloroplasts are normally absent from subepidermal and mesophyll cells surrounding the leaf veins, and thus, veins appear clear upon subillumination. The tomato mutant obscuravenosa (obv), in contrast, contains chloroplasts in cells around the vein, and thus, veins appear as dark as the surrounding leaf tissue. Among tomato cultivars, the obv allele is common in processing varieties bred for mechanical harvest, but is otherwise rare. We traced the source of obv in processing tomatoes to the cultivar Earliana, released in the 1920s. The obv locus was mapped to chromosome 5, bin 5G, using introgression lines containing single chromosome segments from the wild species L. pennellii. This region also contains a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for plant height, pht5.4, which cosegregated with SP5G, a paralog of self-pruning (sp), the gene that controls the switch between determinate and indeterminate growth in tomato. The pht5.4 QTL was partially dominant and associated with a reduced percentage of red fruit at harvest. Our data suggest that the prevalence of obv in nearly all processing varieties may have resulted from its tight linkage to a QTL conferring a more compact, and horticulturally desirable, plant habit.
Canopy removal and residual stand damage during controlled selective logging in lowland swamp forest of northeast Costa Rica

Abstract Sustainable timber extraction through selective logging has been proposed as a method of forest management that can help curtail the rate of tropical deforestation. This paper reports canopy removal and residual stand damage estimates for a controlled selective logging operation in lowland swamp forest of northeast Costa Rica. The logging procedure only harvested Carapa nicaraguensis (Meliaceae) trees of at least 70 cm dbh (diameter at 1.4 m or above buttresses). Logging removed 6.3 trees ha−1 (SD = 4.2) from 28 ha, and 45.8 m3 ha−1 from a 7 ha subsample. Canopy cover was 91% (SD = 4.5) in undisturbed forest, and 73% (SD = 12.4) in logged forest. Post-logging canopy cover was negatively correlated with the number of trees extracted ha−1. Prior to logging, 65% of total gap area was contained in gaps less than 250 m2. After logging, gaps of over 500 m2 represented 78% of total gap area. Stand basal area in 7 ha of inventoried forest was reduced by 18.3%, and 17.6% of residual stems were damaged or killed. Wet soil conditions required the use of 5.3% of residual stems to construct corduroy skid trails. Thus, 30% of all residual stem damage resulted from soil conservation efforts. Stem damage estimates were compared with those reported from uncontrolled tropical logging operations. Although absolute levels of residual damage during controlled logging were quite low, there was no conclusive evidence that total residual damage was relatively lower than intensity-adjusted estimates of those other operations. In contrast, canopy removal during logging was lower than that in two other neotropical studies. Both residual damage and canopy removal can be decreased further by incorporating stricter felling guidelines; measures to reduce necessary levels of skid trail fortification would also decrease residual damage. The results are discussed in the broad context of tropical forest management. A conservative approach to tropical forestry increases the possibility of sustainable extraction of the resource.
Human capital report cards for American states

A theoretical and empirical basis for comparing stocks of human capital in the American states is developed. Human capital report cards are measurement tools allowing states to benchmark their production and retention of the knowledges, skills and abilities required by economic development and public education policy making. A prototype report card is created from 12 indicators — seven of which theoretically capture a ‘basic’ dimension of human capital and five of which measure ‘complex’ human capital. Principal component factor analysis reveals that for the 50 states in the 1980s the concept of human capital is a multi-dimensional construct rather than a unidimensional one and that ‘basic’ and ‘complex’ factors do in fact distinguish the major cleavages among human capital measures. A further finding is that the relative positions of the 50 states can be plotted on the two dimensions with practical payoffs accruing to state and local planners.
Silicon–germanium nanostructures for on-chip optical interconnects

Silicon–germanium epitaxially grown on silicon in the form of two-dimensional (quantum wells) and three-dimensional (quantum dots) nanostructures exhibits photoluminescence and electroluminescence in the technologically important spectral range of 1.3–1.6 μm. Until recently, the major roadblocks for practical applications of these devices were strong thermal quenching of the luminescence quantum efficiency, and a long carrier radiative lifetime. This paper summarizes recent progress in the understanding of carrier recombination in Si/SiGe nanostructures and presents a potential new route toward CMOS compatible light emitters for on-chip optical interconnects.
Multiple Backhaul Mobile Access Router Striping

The Multiple Backhaul Mobile Access Router (MAR) can provide high capacity and high performance Internet access for emerging mobile wireless applications. In this paper we improve the MAR with the capability to stripe traffic from clients over multiple available network devices. The MAR allows different backhauls to be used simultaneously and accommodates diverse policies.We present experimental results to validate the per user striping performance of our MAR and explore trade-offs when integrating switching policies. With the above enhancements, the MAR is able to provide aggregated communication channels to the users, and enhance reliability by switching wireless interfaces when it is necessary.
Mapping of neural networks onto programmable parallel machines

A method of implementing neural networks on programmable, parallel machines is presented. The method is applicable to multilayer connectionist networks and two dimensional, single-instruction multiple-data stream processor arrays. A detailed description for a mapping of a multilayer perceptron with a back-propagation learning algorithm is provided. The mapping includes partitioning of inputs larger than the processor array. The performance of the method is evaluated using the Nettalk network, and is compared to that of other methods. In particular, it is shown that the implementation of the method on the Hughes Systolic/Cellular machine results in a processing rate equal to 100 million connections per second (MCPS). >
Individual and group performance on insight problems: The effects of experimentally induced fixation

Recent research has shown that the benefits associated with incubation periods during individual problem solving can be explained in terms of forgetting the material or of any strategy that serves to block progress toward success (e.g., Smith & Blankenship, 1991). While interacting groups reliably outperform individuals on both problem-solving and recall tasks, groups’ superior memory capacity may serve to hinder problem solving, especially when fixation has occurred. In the present study, individuals and three-person groups attempted to solve a set of 20 rebus puzzles on two different occasions. In the first session rebuses were accompanied by “clues,” that were designed to either help or hinder problem solving. Following a 15-minute filled incubation period, the rebuses were again presented without the clues. As expected, groups recalled more of the clues than did individual problem solvers. Additionally, individual problem-solvers’ performance was improved following the incubation period on the misleading clue items but not the good clue items. Following incubation, groups improved on both the helpful and misleading clue items. The possibility that incubation effects may vary with task type in group problem-solving contexts is discussed.
Review of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology.

This review, based on the Hennepin County Medical Center experience and review of the literature, vastly covers the up-to-date role of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in evaluating tumorous lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and adjacent organs. Emphasis is given to the tumoral and nodal staging of esophageal, pulmonary, and pancreatic cancer. This review also discusses technical, pathological, and gastroenterologic aspects and the role of the pathologist and endosonographer in the evaluation of these lesions, as well as the corresponding FNA cytology and differential diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2006;34:140–175. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
CHANGES IN PIGMENT EPITHELIUM CELLS AND IRIS PIGMENT CELLS OF RANA PIPIENS INDUCED BY CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

1. Retina pigment epithelium cells and iris pigment cells are placed in an identical medium. 2. The differentiation into two different parts, as well as the pigment strains of the migrating pigment epithelium cells, is lost. The normally highly specialized cuticular structures disappear. The cells begin to move and assume a spindle shape, thus losing their original hexagonal shape. 3. The migrating iris pigment cells begin to show a distribution of the pigment, similar to that exhibited by the migrating pigment epithelium cells. The cuticular structures of this cell type also disappear. These cells also assume the ability of free movement and become spindle-shaped. 4. By means of these changes both cell types not only become more similar to the ordinary culture cell type, but also in certain respects, more like each other, whereas before explantation they were very unlike. In order to accomplish this the pigment epithelium cells must change much more thoroughly than the iris pigment cells. 5. The changes, particularly those of the pigment epithelium cells, show a definite relation to the changes of external factors, as they are the expression of the transmission from dissimilar conditions existing on different sides of the cells into conditions which are uniform on all sides.
Wrangling Galaxy’s reference data

Summary: The Galaxy platform has developed into a fully featured collaborative workbench, with goals of inherently capturing provenance to enable reproducible data analysis, and of making it straightforward to run one’s own server. However, many Galaxy platform tools rely on the presence of reference data, such as alignment indexes, to function efficiently. Until now, the building of this cache of data for Galaxy has been an error-prone manual process lacking reproducibility and provenance. The Galaxy Data Manager framework is an enhancement that changes the management of Galaxy’s built-in data cache from a manual procedure to an automated graphical user interface (GUI) driven process, which contains the same openness, reproducibility and provenance that is afforded to Galaxy’s analysis tools. Data Manager tools allow the Galaxy administrator to download, create and install additional datasets for any type of reference data in real time. Availability and implementation: The Galaxy Data Manager framework is implemented in Python and has been integrated as part of the core Galaxy platform. Individual Data Manager tools can be defined locally or installed from a ToolShed, allowing the Galaxy community to define additional Data Manager tools as needed, with full versioning and dependency support. Contact: ude.usp.xb@nad. or ude.usp.xb@notna Supplementary information: Supplementary data is available at Bioinformatics online.
The susceptibility of programs to context switching

Modern memory systems are composed of several levels of caching. The design of these levels is largely an empirical practice. One highly-effective empirical method is the single-pass method wherein all caches in a broad design space are evaluated in one pass over the trace. Multiprogramming degrades memory system performance since context switching reduces the effectiveness of cache memories. Few single-pass methods exist which account for multiprogramming effects. This paper uses a general model of single-pass algorithms, the recurrence/conflict model, and extends the model for recording the effects due to both voluntary context switches and involuntary context switches. Involuntary context switches are modeled using the distribution of lengths between a reference to an address and the re-reference to the same address. The paper makes the assumptions that involuntary context switches are equally likely to occur between each reference, and that one can independently estimate f/sub CS/, the fraction of a cache's contents flushed between context switches. The case where f/sub CS/=1 is used to measure the effect of worst-case context switch penalty (the susceptibility) of several members of the SPEC89 benchmark set to context switching. Some empirical results of F/sub CS/ are presented to illustrate the case where f/sub CS/ >
A novel silk‐based segmented block copolymer containing GlyAlaGlyAla β‐sheets templated by phenoxathiin

A novel segmented block copolymer, containing polyethylene glycol segment and GlyAlaGlyAla sequence derived from B. mori silk, has been prepared as a model for silk-based materials using both solution and interfacial techniques. Inherent viscosity, size exclusion chromatography, and light-scattering measurements gave molecular weight between Mw 34,000–39,000. Evidence for phase separation was provided by differential scanning calorimetry, which gave two Tg's at −57 °C and 111 °C, and transmission electron microscopy, which showed a morphology in which the peptide domain, estimated to be about 20–50 nm, was dispersed in the continuous polyether phase. Solid-state FTIR spectroscopic results showed that the polymer contained both parallel and antiparallel β-sheet stacks, and that the solution-polymerized material has the higher β-sheet content. This was further confirmed by 13C NMR, which gave about 80% total β-sheet content for the solution-polymerized product and about 40% for the polymer obtained by interfacial polymerization. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 352–366, 2000
Severe, intractable headache after injection with botulinum a exotoxin: report of 5 cases.

Abstract Background: Botulinum A exotoxin is a safe agent in common use in dermatology. Occasionally, patients receiving botulinum toxin injections report postprocedure discomfort, including headaches. Objective: Our purpose was to estimate the rate of severe headaches occurring after injection with botulinum toxin for dermatologic indications. Methods: We used prospective monitoring of botulinum toxin injection outcomes in a single-site, 3-dermatologist practice. There was in-office and telephone follow-up of patients experiencing severe headaches. Results: Approximately 1% of patients (4/320) receiving botulinum A exotoxin injections may experience severe, debilitating headaches. These may persist at high intensity for 2 weeks to 1 month before gradually fading. Conclusion: Botulinum A exotoxin injection may be associated with the development of life-altering headaches. Patients should be informed of this possibility. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:62-5.)
Finding approximate frequent patterns in streaming medical data

Time series data is ubiquitous and plays an important role in virtually every domain. For example, in medicine, the advancement of computer technology has enabled more sophisticated patients monitoring, either on-site or remotely. Such monitoring produces massive amount of time series data, which contain valuable information for pattern learning and knowledge discovery. In this paper, we explore the problem of identifying frequently occurring patterns, or motifs, in streaming medical data. The problem of frequent patterns mining has many potential applications, including compression, summarization, and event prediction. We propose a novel approach based on grammar induction that allows the discovery of approximate, variable-length motifs in streaming data. The preliminary results show that the grammar-based approach is able to find some important motifs in some medical data, and suggest that using grammar-based algorithms for time series pattern discovery might be worth exploring.
Microbial growth response to water sorption preparation

Summary Intermediate moisture food systems were prepared by both an adsorption and desorption method to similar aws. Hysteresis occurred above an aw of 0.86. Four organisms, Candida cypolytica, Pseudomonas fragi, Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus niger, when inoculated in a pork system, showed more rapid growth in systems prepared by a desorption process than by an adsorption process at the same aw. In a solid chicken cube system, the same effect was found but the difference was less between the adsorption and the desorption systems. These results indicate that the method of addition of water to a food system as well as the aw is important in determining the response to growth.
High-density 3D electronic-photonic integration

Today's electronic photonic integration approaches involve various trade-offs between integration complexity, cost and performance, with no single approach being able to satisfy both the high-performance and low cost/complexity requirements. Luxtera's process [1] represents monolithic integration, which has low parasitics and customized photonics but slow transistors. Oracle's [2] and ST Micro [3] integrate photonic chips and electronic chips through face-to-face micro-bump/copper-pillar bonding, which enables fast transistors, optimized photonics but at the cost of high interconnection parasitics (both electrical wirebond to the outside world and chip-to-chip bumps) which limit the link performance. Another monolithic approach recently demonstrated monolithic integration of photonic components in an advanced process node (45nm SOI) [4] and offers the promise of high-speed transistors, low-parasitics, but somewhat constrained photonic devices. In this paper, we illustrate an alternative approach that we recently demonstrated, which aims to offer the best of both worlds by performing 3D integration of electronic and photonic wafers with very low interconnection parasitics. In Figure 1, we illustrate the process in which the photonic SOI wafer is oxide bonded face-to-face with the CMOS wafer (shown on the bottom). The substrate of the photonic wafer is then removed and connections between the CMOS wafer and the photonic wafer are established through tight-pitch shallow (depth less than 7um) through-oxide vias (TOVs). The parasitic capacitance of the TOV is estimated to be around 3fF from on-chip de-embedding structures. This is critical to improved energy efficiency of the transmitter and receiver sensitivity to optical power. In comparison, the capacitance of the micro-bump/copper-pillar connection is at least 10x larger. Figure 2 illustrates one of the chip templates in this electronic-photonic development platform. This chip template hosts 16 complete photonic transceiver modules, each implemented to enable up to 8 different modulators and photo-detectors to be tested with the same electronic back-end, to aid in process characterization and device development. Each front-end in this multi-cell macro consists of the modulator driver with serializer and thermal-tuning lock circuitry, a receiver with deserializer and thermal lock circuitry and a common digital back-end for data-generation, link performance monitoring and configuration. This development platform template yields 1000s of functional photonic components as well as 16M transistors per chip module. Figure 3 illustrates a full optical chip-to-chip link is demonstration. The transmitter operates at 6Gb/s with an energy cost of 100fJ/bit and the receiver at 7Gb/s with a sensitivity of 26μA (−14.5dBm) and 340fJ/bit energy consumption. A full 5Gb/s chip-to-chip link, with the on-chip calibration and self-test, is demonstrated over a 100m single mode optical fiber with 560fJ/bit of electrical and 4.2pJ/bit of optical energy.
Blood lipids in the puerperium

Summary It has been shown that in the puerperium the blood plasma lipids of women decrease in value, the greatest decrease being in neutral fat, next phospholipid, and least cholesterol and its esters. When normal lactation was prevented by dryin g up the breasts, the decrease in plasma lipid levels was inhibited, stopped. or reversed. Evidence was obtained that the lipemia of pregnancy tends to disappear in the puerperium independently of the onset of lactation. It was found that in the early puerperium the plasma fatty acids, especially those in combination with phospholipids, become temporarily more saturated, and this occurred whether or not the patients lactated normally. The red blood cells were also found to exhibit temporary increases in their lipid content, in the early puerperium and this likewise resulted independently of the onset of normal lactation. And the sequence of lipid changes in the puerperium was shown to be identical in nature to the sequence in the disappearance of any other lipemia. This information was taken to indicate that the lipemia of pregnancy disappears after delivery independently of the onset of lactation. It was suggested that lactation may probably assist the decline to normal in the value of plasma lipids. When the breasts were dried up, however, bodily function was apparently altered, resulting in the production of a new lipemia.
Project ECHO: Linking University Specialists with Rural and Prison-Based Clinicians to Improve Care for People with Chronic Hepatitis C in New Mexico:

Project Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (Project ECHO) is a telemedicine and distance-learning program designed to improve access to quality health care for New Mexicans with hepatitis C. Project ECHO links health-care providers from rural clinics, the Indian Health Service, and prisons with specialists at the University of New Mexico. At weekly clinics, partners present and discuss patients with hepatitis C with specialists. Partners can receive continuing education credits for participating. Since June 2003, 173 hepatitis C clinics have been conducted with 1,843 case presentations. Partners have received 390 hours of training and 2,997 hours of continuing education credits. And in 2006, the State Legislature approved $1.5 million in annual funding for the project. Project ECHO has increased access to state-of-the art hepatitis C virus care for patients living in rural areas or prisons. Because of its success with hepatitis C, this project is being expanded to other chronic medical conditions.
Single shot spin readout using a cryogenic high-electron-mobility transistor amplifier at sub-Kelvin temperatures

We use a cryogenic high-electron-mobility transistor circuit to amplify the current from a single electron transistor, allowing for demonstration of single shot readout of an electron spin on a single P donor in Si with 100 kHz bandwidth and a signal to noise ratio of ∼9. In order to reduce the impact of cable capacitance, the amplifier is located adjacent to the Si sample, at the mixing chamber stage of a dilution refrigerator. For a current gain of ∼2.7×103, the power dissipation of the amplifier is 13 μW, the bandwidth is ∼1.3 MHz, and for frequencies above 300 kHz the current noise referred to input is ≤70 fA/ Hz. With this amplification scheme, we are able to observe coherent oscillations of a P donor electron spin in isotopically enriched 28Si with 96% visibility.
Effects of Energy Dissipation and Energy Screening on Fatigue Crack Extension in Viscoelastic-plastic Solids

In the studies of fracture in dissipative media various asymptotic forms expressing the near Lip stress and strain fields have been proposed. The most commonly accepted form is that due to Hutchinson [1], Rice and Rosengren [2], the so-called HRR field which becomes singular at the crack tip, i.e., when r → 0. The HRR fields applicable to elasto-plastic fracture problems involving a stationary crack is of this form $$\begin{gathered} {\sigma _{ij}} = {\sigma _0}{\left( {\frac{{EJ}}{{\alpha \sigma _0^2{I_n}r}}} \right)^{\frac{1}{{n + 1}}}}{{\tilde \sigma }_{ij}}\left( {n,\theta } \right) \hfill \\ {\varepsilon _{ij}} = \alpha {\varepsilon _0}{\left( {\frac{{EJ}}{{\alpha \sigma _0^2{I_n}r}}} \right)^{\frac{1}{{n + 1}}}}{{\tilde \varepsilon }_{ij}}\left( {n,\theta } \right) \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ (1) Here n, e o = σo/E. and α are constants appearing in the constitutive relation e/eo = σ/σo + α(σ/σo)n while In is a quantity dependent on the hardening exponent n and Labulated by Shih [3]. The nondimensional angular distribution functions σij (n,θ) and eij(n,(θ) were obtained numerically by the authors of the original HRR field concept. As can be seen, the Rice’s integral $$J = \int_\Gamma {\left[ {Wdy - {\sigma _{ij}}{n_j}\frac{{\partial ui}}{{\partial x}}ds} \right]} $$ (2) plays the role of the field amplitude, and thus the “one parameter” characterization of fracture is extended onto the elasto-plastic domain. The scope of validity of such an asymptotic approach, however, is substantially restricted by the requirements of various nature. Above all, in an elasto-plastic medium proportional loading is required. Thus a propagating crack or a crack under cycling loading may not be controlled by a field of the HRR type. Since the HRR singularity is merely the leading term in an asymptotic expansion, and elastic strains were assumed to be negligible, the analysis is only valid near the crack tip, well within the plastic zone. For very small r values, however, the HRR solution is invalid because it neglects finite geometry changes at the crack tip. The large geometry changes at the crack tip cause local nonproportional loading, thereby eliminating the possibility of a single parameter description of stresses and strains. On the other hand, as the plastic zone increases in size and becomes comparable with the size of the structure L (say, the length of the uncracked ligament), the K-dominated zone disappears altogether, while the J dominated zone persists. Thus, even though K factor becomes meaningless in this case, the J integral (or the CTOD concept equivalent to J) is still an appropriate fracture criterion. Finally, in the limit of large scale yield (lsy) there is no longer a region uniquely characterized by J. Single parameter fracture mechanics becomes invalid, as the eritical J values exhibit a size and geometry dependenee.
Recent Price-Regulating Legislation:

During the 1936-1937 session of the various state legislatures all of these types were considered, and many were enacted. Arkansas passed two laws containing the first four provisions. A state trade commission or "little Federal Trade Commission" received some attention, but apparently did not meet with legislative approval.' Michigan also had such a bill under consideration which, in addition to creating a fair trade commission, also provided for the licensing of wholesalers, jobbers, and retailers.2 Utah enacted a Trade Commission act in March, 1937. However, state fair trade commissions for other than industries "affected with a public interest," seem to be a development of the future rather than of the immediate present. This is not true for the other types of priceregulating legislation. Historically, the states have shown signs of following or even preceding federal legislation with similar state acts. During the
Demonstration of Glycogen in Neutrophils Using a PAS-Dimedone Technique

A histochemical method for the extremely accurate demonstration of glycogen in neutrophils is described. This technique combines the periodic acid-Schiff procedure with the aldehyde blocking reagent, Dimedone. The method appears to be superior to that using the conventional periodic acid- Schiff stain.
Simultaneous determination of seven carbaminate pesticide residues in soybean by capillary column gas chromatography

Objective:To establish a method for simultaneous determination of seven carbaminate pesticide residues in soybean by gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorous detector(NPD).Methods:The seven carbaminate pesticides were extracted with acetonitrile.The extract was cleaned up by Florisil column,separated with capillary column HP-5 and detected by NPD.Results: The seven carbaminate pesticides were separated from each other,the detection limits were in the range of 0.01 mg/kg～0.02 mg/kg,the average recovery rates were 76.8%～109.8% and the RSD ranged from 6.39% to 11.7%.Conclusion: The method was rapid,sensitive and accurate,it can be used for determination of the seven carbaminate pesticide residues in soybean.
The Industry of Oil Extraction

The intensive use of petroleum-based oil is a relatively recent economic phenomenon. While the term “oil” is derived from the Greek term “elaion,”, for olive oil, the term can be used for any material that is liquid at room temperature, will not mix with water, and is soluble by organic solvents. Oils are a combination of carbon and hydrogen, and can refer to either vegetable-based or petroleum-based oils. It is the search for petroleum that now induces us to go to lengths unimaginable just a few decades ago.
Disinflation and Overvaluation

For the most part, currency crises are not accidents. They come at the tail-end of a disinflation strategy that has relied too heavily on the nominal exchange rate. The question is why policy-makers should run the risk of a currency collapse. The jury is still out, but the experiences of three countries reviewed here offer some ideas.
A conversation on contrastive rhetoric: Dwight Atkinson and Paul Kei Matsuda talk about issues, conceptualizations, and the future of contrastive rhetoric

This conversation took place on the evening of September 25, 2004, in an old house on an island in Maine. Because contrastive rhetoric (CR) may be at a crucial point in its history – and one which invites fundamental rethinking – we decided to match this exploratory moment with an equally exploratory genre: the academic conversation. Our intent was not to come to univocal agreement or to state a general theory; instead, we sought to develop our thoughts and feelings about CR through friendly but serious dialogue. It should be clear that both of us have complex feelings about CR. We thought that this was an opportune place from which to begin to examine its future possibilities and implications.
A MacIntyrean Critique of Theoretical Pluralism in Applied Ethics.

A brief examination of contemporary discussions of moral issues reveals that there is little agreement between the ethical solutions suggested by different theories of normative ethics. Alasdair Ma...
Safety Net Programs: Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP (CHIP)

In the previous chapter, we discussed access to healthcare services in the United States, and critically examined the disparities in the accessibility of health services and in some health measures among the country’s different ethnic and racial groups. We concluded Chap. 7 by noting that the identified differences in uninsurance rates and in health disparities among segments of the population would probably have been worse were it not for the safety net programs that have been funded to provide insurance coverage and healthcare services for the poor, elderly, disabled, and pregnant women and their children.
Mechanical Forces and Vascular Injury

Mechanical forces play important roles in the normal development and maintenance of blood vessel structure. Perturbations in the normal mechanical environment contribute to the pathological remodeling associated with diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and aneurysm. In this article we will discuss the primary stresses to which vascular cells are exposed, how cells and tissues sense and respond to changes in stress, and the role that these stresses play in the development of vascular disease. The three primary stresses that are discussed in detail are fluid shear stress, circumferential wall stress, and axial stress. This article focuses on the mechanisms by which vascular cells sense and respond to changes in these stresses and the role that these stresses play in the development of vascular disease.
Advances in Quantitative Analysis of Finance and Accounting (Vol. 5)

Advances in Quantitative Analysis of Finance and Accounting is an annual publication designed to disseminate recent developments in the quantitative analysis of finance and accounting. The publication is a forum for statistical and quantitative analyses of issues in finance and accounting as well as applications of quantitative methods to problems in financial management, financial accounting, and business management. Its objective is to promote interaction between academic research in finance and accounting with applied research in the financial community and the accounting profession.The chapters in this volume cover a wide range of pressing topics including security analysis and mutual fund management, option pricing theory and application, interest rate spread, and electricity pricing.
Analysis of time-dependent dielectric breakdown induced aging of SRAM cache with different configurations

Abstract Time dependent dielectric breakdown degrades the reliability of SRAM cache. A novel methodology to estimate SRAM cache reliability and performance is presented. The performance and reliability characteristics are obtained from activity extraction and Monte Carlo simulations, considering device dimensions, process variations, the stress probability, and the thermal distribution. Based on the reliability-performance estimation methodology, caches with various settings on associativity, cache line size, and cache size are analysed and compared. Experiments show that there exists a contradiction between performance and reliability for different cache configurations. Understanding the variation of performance and reliability can provide SRAM designers with insight on reliability-performance trade-offs for cache system design.
Predicting intensity of white-tailed deer herbivory in the Central Appalachian Mountains

In eastern North America, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) can have profound influences on forest biodiversity and forest successional processes. Moderate to high deer populations in the central Appalachians have resulted in lower forest biodiversity. Legacy effects in some areas persist even following deer population reductions or declines. This has prompted managers to consider deer population management goals in light of policies designed to support conservation of biodiversity and forest regeneration while continuing to support ample recreational hunting opportunities. However, despite known relationships between herbivory intensity and biodiversity impact, little information exists on the predictability of herbivory intensity across the varied and spatially diverse habitat conditions of the central Appalachians. We examined the predictability of browsing rates across central Appalachian landscapes at four environmental scales: vegetative community characteristics, physical environment, habitat configuration, and local human and deer population demographics. In an information-theoretic approach, we found that a model fitting the number of stems browsed relative to local vegetation characteristics received most (62%) of the overall support of all tested models assessing herbivory impact. Our data suggest that deer herbivory responded most predictably to differences in vegetation quantity and type. No other spatial factors or demographic factors consistently affected browsing intensity. Because herbivory, vegetation communities, and productivity vary spatially, we suggest that effective broad-scale herbivory impact assessment should include spatially-balanced vegetation monitoring that accounts for regional differences in deer forage preference. Effective monitoring is necessary to avoid biodiversity impacts and deleterious changes in vegetation community composition that are difficult to reverse and/or may not be detected using traditional deer-density based management goals.
The role of adenosine in mediating cellular and molecular responses to ethanol

We have found that ethanol-induced increases in extracellular adenosine activate adenosine receptors which, in turn, mediate many of the acute and chronic effects of ethanol in the nervous system. Several laboratories have demonstrated the importance of adenosine in mediating the acute and chronic effects of ethanol at multiple levels of investigation in the nervous system. These include genetic selection for ethanol sensitivity in mice, behavioral responses to ethanol in naive and tolerant animals, neurophysiologic responses in hippocampal slices, and at the level of cAMP signal transduction and gene expression in cultured neural cells. In this review we present results from our laboratory which document the role of adenosine in mediating ethanol-induced changes in neural function at a cellular and molecular level. A schematic summary of our findings is:
Polyphenylenesulphide-sealed Ni–Al coatings for protecting steel from corrosion and oxidation in geothermal environments

Polyphenylenesulphide (PPS) polymer was applied as a sealing material to flame-sprayed nickel–aluminium (Ni–Al) coatings to protect the interior surfaces at the ends where the mild carbon steel (MCS) heat-exchanger tubes are jointed to the tubesheet. The aim of applying PPS is to prevent their corrosion, oxidation and abrasive wear, in a low pH, hypersaline brine geothermal environment at 200°C under a hydrothermal pressure of 1.6 MPa. Although the Ni–Al coatings had an excellent thermal conductivity and a good wear-resistance, the inherent open structure of these coatings allowed the hot brine to permeate them easily under such pressure, causing the development of corrosion-induced stress cracks in the MCS. Furthermore, under these conditions, the coatings underwent oxidation with the formulation of Al2O3 as the major scale compound and NiO as the minor one. PPS sealant was used to solve these problems. However, one major drawback of PPS was its susceptibility to oxidation reaction with hot brine. This reaction not only incorporated more oxygen into the PPS, generating a sulphide → sulphone transformation within PPS, but also it caused the decomposition of PPS, yielding polychloroaryl compound, and sodium sulphate, and also evolving SO2 gases. The SO2 gases had a chemical affinity for oxide scales in Ni–Al, forming water-soluble Al2(SO4)3 and NiSO4 salt reaction products at the PPS/Ni–Al interfaces. Despite the occurrence of such oxidation damage in PPS, an exposure for 14 days showed that there was no development of corrosion-caused cracks at the interfaces between the underlying steel and Ni–Al, nor was a striking oxidation of the sealed coating panels.
The Quantitative Analysis of Crystallinity Using FT-Raman Spectroscopy

Purpose. To establish if FT-Raman Spectroscopy can be used to quantitate the degree of crystallinity in a model compound.
Exploring Nurses' Knowledge about Heart Failure before and after the Implementation of a Heart Failure Education Program

Heart failure (HF) has become a national epidemic, with 5.7 million Americans currently living with HF. Although HF is incurable, it is manageable if health care professionals apply current practice guidelines to patient teaching. Nurses are charged with providing comprehensive education about HF self-­‐management and it is imperative they stay abreast of evidence-­‐based guidelines. The purpose of this project was to explore the current HF knowledge of Home Based Primary Care (HBPC) registered nurse Care Managers employed at the Providence Veterans Administration Medical Center (PVAMC). The logic model and Knowles andragogy theory assisted this researcher in the creation of a clear, organized and systematic approach to assessing Care Managers’ knowledge and in planning a HF education program that was sensitive to the needs of adult learners. Nine Care Managers participated in two HF educational meetings and completed the Texas Tech University HF on-­‐line module. The Nurses Knowledge of Heart Failure Principles (NKHFP) questionnaire was administered to the Care Managers as pre and post-­‐tests to identify gaps in knowledge prior to and following this HF education program. The Care Managers incorrectly answered pivotal questions related to HF, indicating they may not have the most current knowledge of HF principles. Although the study was limited by a small sample size, it confirmed similar results found in the literature from studies that included larger numbers of participants. These findings suggest the need for continuing education programs that develop nursing competencies in patient teaching of high risk populations, such as HF patients, to enhance disease self-­‐management.
Spirochetal Diseases of the CNS

The neurotropism of the spirochete is evident from the above discussions of syphilis, Lyme disease, leptospirosis, and relapsing fever. In all of these diseases, the organism very likely enters the CNS very early in the course of the disease. The fate of the organism then depends on the virulence of the spirochete, the host defenses, and any antibiotic treatment administered. Why Treponema pallidum lays dormant in the CNS and then somehow reactivates is a mystery; the same mystery occurs in Lyme disease. Leptospirosis and relapsing fever seem to be infections much more limited in time, and are not reported to cause these long-term sequelae. The treatment of these last two infections seems to be fairly straightforward. However, the appropriate treatment for the various stages of the disease in both syphilis and Lyme disease in order to prevent long-term sequelae is not universally accepted. At this time, it seems that high-dose intravenous penicillin is the treatment of choice for each of these infections shown to be active in the nervous system.
Extent of lymphadenectomy and postoperative major complications among women with endometrial cancer treated with minimally invasive surgery.

Background In patients with endometrial cancer, sentinel lymphadenectomy is used to accurately prognosticate extent of disease, and has been proposed as a method to decrease the incidence of medical and surgical complications associated with more extensive lymphadenectomy. It is unknown whether patients who undergo traditional lymphadenectomy experience major postoperative complications at the same rates as those who undergo sentinel lymphadenectomy or those who do not undergo lymphadenectomy. Objective The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of major postoperative complications among endometrial cancer patients undergoing total laparoscopic hysterectomy with traditional lymphadenectomy vs sentinel or no lymphadenectomy. Materials and Methods Patients with endometrial cancer who underwent total laparoscopic hysterectomy recorded in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database between 2015 and 2016 were identified using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes. Primary exposure was extent of lymphadenectomy. The primary outcome was major postoperative complications as defined by the Clavien−Dindo scale. Associations were examined with bivariable tests and multivariable logistic regression. Results A total of 3282 women with endometrial cancer who underwent total laparoscopic hysterectomy were identified; of these, 2049 (62.4%) did not undergo lymphadenectomy, 1089 (33.2%) underwent traditional lymphadenectomy, and 144 (4.4%) underwent sentinel lymphadenectomy. Traditional lymphadenectomy had the highest rate of major complications (3.6%) compared with sentinel lymphadenectomy (2.0%) and no lymphadenectomy (2.0%) (P = .03). Patients who underwent traditional lymphadenectomy also had the longest operating room times and procedures that were most surgically complex (171 minutes, 30.6 relative value units [RVU]) compared with patients who underwent sentinel lymphadenectomy (166 minutes, 24.9 RVU) or no lymphadenectomy (141 minutes, 15.0 RVU) (all P Conclusion Sentinel lymphadenectomy among patients undergoing total laparoscopic hysterectomy for endometrial cancer was associated with a decreased incidence of major postoperative complications and need for readmission when compared with traditional lymphadenectomy.
Isotocin increases female avoidance of males in a coercive mating system: Assessing the social salience hypothesis of oxytocin in a fish species

Abstract The nonapeptide oxytocin (and its fish homolog isotocin (IT)) is an evolutionarily-conserved hormone associated with social behaviors across most vertebrate taxa. Oxytocin has traditionally been regarded as a prosocial hormone, but studies on social cognition in mammalian models suggest it may play a more nuanced role in modulating social discrimination based on social salience and stimulus valence. Here we test IT and its role in regulating female social decision-making and anxiety behaviors in a live-bearing fish with a male coercive mating system. Gambusia affinis males engage in a forced mating strategy, with frequent harassment and attempted copulatory thrusts directed towards unwilling females. Exogenous IT produced anxiolytic responses in female G. affinis that altered exploration (time in center of tank) but not time in dark vs. light regions of the tank. Exogenous IT also produced context-specific changes in social tendency: IT-treated G. affinis females spent less time associating with males while association time with conspecific females was not altered. Further, while overall activity levels were not changed by IT treatment, the amount of social behaviors IT-treated females directed towards males, but not females, was reduced. Our results support the social salience hypothesis of oxytocin action in a teleost and suggest that oxytocin's critical input into social cognitive processing is conserved across vertebrate taxa.