cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specific Heat of Uranium Mononitride from 1.3 to 4.6°K

The specific heat of uranium mononitride was measured at temperatures from 1.3 to 4.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and was found to be of the form $\ensuremath{\gamma}T+\ensuremath{\beta}{(\frac{T}{{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{D}})}^{3}$, where $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is 24.79\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 mJ${(\mathrm{g}\mathrm{at}.\mathrm{wt})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$${(\mathrm{deg})}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ and the Debye $\ensuremath{\Theta}$ is 324\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The large value of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ (35 times the value for copper) apparently results from the Fermi surface intersecting narrow $5f$ electronic bands. The above values refer to a UN sample heat-treated in an atmosphere of nitrogen for 6.5 h at 2250\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The same sample, before this heat treatment, had a measured $\ensuremath{\gamma}=24.07\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08$ mJ ${(\mathrm{g}\mathrm{at}.\mathrm{wt})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${(\mathrm{deg})}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ and $\ensuremath{\Theta}=322\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}13\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K. The shift in $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ may be due to a small change in stoichiometry caused by the heat treatment. Although the Debye temperature obtained from the present work, 324\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, is larger than previous specific-heat estimates of 276-289\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, it is lower than the value of 364\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K obtained from velocity-of-sound measurements. No changes were observed in the specific heat upon application of magnetic fields up to 35 kG, suggesting the absence of any appreciable magnetic contribution to the total specific heat for temperature below 4.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Outpatient pleurodesis of malignant pleural effusions using a small-bore pigtail catheter

Study objective Patients with symptomatic malignant pleural effusion are usually treated with large-bore chest tube placement and pleurodesis requiring ≥ 3 days of hospitalization. We sought to demonstrate the feasibility of ambulatory drainage and sclerosis using a small-bore pigtail catheter in patients with malignant pleural effusions. We reasoned that this approach would improve symptoms and quality of life at a reduced cost. Methods A 14F pigtail catheter was percutaneously inserted into the pleural space and connected to a closed gravity-drainage bag system. The patients were instructed in the use of the drainage system and discharged to return for sclerosis with 4 g of talc after the drainage was Results Ten ambulatory women, ages 41 to 79 years, were enrolled. The chest tube was left in place from 1 to 10 days, draining a mean of 2,956 mL (1,685 to 6,050 mL). Only two patients were unable to undergo sclerosis owing to catheter dislodgment and minimal drainage. Six reported symptomatic improvement at 30 days confirmed by TDI and ECOG scores in four of six. One with a prior history of a lobectomy was found to have a chylous pleural effusion and experienced a hydropneumothorax, for which sclerosis was unsuccessful. One died in hospital on day 26 after sclerosis despite radiographic resolution. Of the four patients who had improved dyspnea and functional status by TDI and EGOG scores, radiographic response was complete in three and partial in one. Two of the six were not able to return for follow-up because of weakness but reported improvement by telephone inquiry. Conclusion Ambulatory sclerosis of malignant effusion using a small-bore catheter is a feasible alternative to inpatient sclerosis with a large-bore chest tube, especially in patients with strong preferences for outpatient care.
Twenty Years of the Lupus Erythematosus Cell

Excerpt In November 1968 a symposium was held in Rochester, Minn., to commemorate the twentieth anniversary of the discovery of the lupus erythematosus (LE) cell by Hargraves, Richmond, and Morton ...
Iron(II) complexes with the chelating bidentate isonitrile ligand DiNC

A series of Fe(II) complexes containing the chelating bidentate isonitrile ligand DiNC have been prepared and characterized. Both cis and trans isomers of FeCl2(DiNC)2 are obtained from the reaction of FeCl2·4H2O with DiNC. One Cl− in cis-FeCl2(DiNC)2 is readily substituted by various ligands L to yield the FeCl(L)(DiNC)+2 complexes, where L = Co, PPh3, AsPh3, P(OPh)3, or C5H5N. Mercuric chloride reacts with cis-FeCl2(DiNC)2 to give the adduct cis-Fe(DiNC)2Cl2·HgCl2, which is converted to the [FeCl(L)(DiNC)2] HgCl3, L = CO or CDMe, salts upon reaction with CO and CNMe. Combination of cis-FeCl2(DiNC)2 with the proper stoichiometry of SnCl2·2H2O yields the −SnCl3 complexes, cis-FeCl(DiNC)2(SnCl3) and cis-Fe(DiNC)2(SnCl3)2. A comparison of these results with previously known chemistry of related Fe(II) monodentate arylisonitrile complexes indicates that, except for the required cis isonitrile donor geometry of DiNC, the ligand properties of DiNC are very similar to those of related monodentate aryl isonitrile ligands.
Free Trade, Foreign Relations, and the Anti-Corn-Law League

(1988). Free Trade, Foreign Relations, and the Anti-Corn-Law League. The International History Review: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 405-432.
POSTURE PREDICTION FOR STATIC SAGITTAL-PLANE LIFTING

Three separate models are presented to predict the postures of humans performing static sagittal lifting tasks. The models use a common inverse-kinematics characterization to represent mathematically feasible postures, but explore different criteria functions for selecting a final posture. The first criterion assumes that subjects minimize the overall effort associated with a posture. The second criterion expresses effort locally as opposed to globally, and minimizes this value. The third criterion maximizes body stability. The postures predicted by these three models were compared to the postures assumed by 16 subjects performing 4 static sagittal lifting tasks. The results showed that all of the prediction errors were significantly greater than zero, but that the first objective function (minimum total torque) was more accurate than the other two criteria. The models were in general less accurate for postures that had lower hand positions than for those with higher hand positions.
The History and Fate of the Universe

Cosmology, the field that focuses on the origin and evolution of the universe on its largest scales, is undergoing what many have called a “golden era.” New observations, on the ground, in the air, and in space, combined with exciting new theoretical insights, have, over the past decade or two, literally revolutionized our picture of the universe in which we live. Ideas that were essentially pure speculation 20 years ago now rest firmly on the bedrock of experiment. At the same time, many new questions have arisen, and some once firmly held notions about the future of the universe have been displaced. In this article I present a guide to our current understanding of the history and fate of the universe to parallel and supplement the overview presented in the Contemporary Physics Education Project Cosmology Chart.
Trustworthy Software Reliability Research Based on UNIX Login Packet Security Analysis

As the modern society becomes increasingly dependent on software, how to develop Trustworthy Software(TS) systems is considered a critical issue by academia, government and industry. The domain of our work focused on the reliability research on UNIX system, which is the famous and widely used operation system in the world, and adopts C/S software architecture. However, when the user remote login the UNIX system, the login packets that contain private messages such as account and password easily captured and cracked by the hackers because they are transmitting in the network without encryption. Firstly, we review the main principle of packet capture technology. Then to aim at UNIX remote login packet, we give a detailed case to illustrate the whole process to invade UNIX successfully. The process consists of following steps: how to use packet capture technology to capture it illegally in the network, how to further analysis its’ frame structure, how to obtain the secret information without user authorization by deciphering it. They are also the innovations of this article. Finally, we give some suggestions on preventing from and striking back packet capture to satisfy the reliability system requirements.
Analysis of L30 mRNA Kink-Turn Conformational Changes by Analytical Ultracentrifugation

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ribosomal protein L30e acts as an autoregulator by inhibiting the splicing and translation of its mRNA. The L30 protein-RNA binding site has been previously studied, revealing a kink-turn motif, which is characterized by a sharp bend in the phosphodiester backbone due to unpaired nucleotides and internal tertiary interactions. The 3D structure of the kink-turn is critical for L30e binding. Preliminary studies utilizing analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) reveal that kink-turned RNA is more sharply bent in the presence of magnesium (Mg2+) than in its absence; no structural change was observed upon addition of Mg2+ when the kink-turn was disrupted. This confirms the hypothesis that, in solution, the kink-turn exists in equilibrium between a more open and tightly bent conformation, and that addition of Mg2+ shifts this toward the sharply kinked structure.
Effects of Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field on Hot Tear during Hot-Top Casting Process

Hot tear is one of the main defects during the aluminium casting process, and it usually occurs during solidification. In this work, the low frequency electromagnetic field was applied to study the effects of low frequency electromagnetic field on hot tear during the conventional hot-top casting process. The results show that under the effect of the low frequency electromagnetic field, the structure of the ingot is refined, the flow direction is changed, and the depth of the sump becomes shallow. All these factors can decrease the hot tear susceptibility.
Single-use, thermally actuated paraffin valves for microfluidic applications

Abstract A new thermally actuated valving concept using paraffin as single-use valving material was developed. The paraffin undergoes a phase transition in response to changes in temperature. A variety of single-use paraffin-based microvalves, including “close–open,” “open–close–open,” “T,” and toggle designs, were demonstrated. Fluidic experiments showed that these microvalves had zero leakage and a maximum hold-up pressure of 40 psi in a “closed” position. A DNA polymerase chain reaction microdevice containing paraffin-based microvalves to enclose the sample solution in the reaction chamber during the thermal cycling was demonstrated. The paraffin-based microvalving technique has advantages over many existing active microvalve approaches, including a simple design, ease of fabrication, low cost, and ease of integration into complex microfluidic systems. Moreover, this technique is particularly attractive for single-use and disposable microfluidic devices.
Evaluation of [3H]LY341495 for labeling group II metabotropic glutamate receptors in vivo.

Abstract New glutamatergic drugs are being developed as potential therapies for neurodegenerative disorders, anxiety disorders, and psychoses. The development of effective mGluR radiotracers would provide essential tools with which to probe these sites in living humans, providing critical information about certain disease processes involving the glutamaterigic system and its regulation in humans. As a first step towards this goal, the tritiated form of the high affinity group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist LY341495 [K D (mGluR 2 ) = 1.67 ± 0.20 nM, K D (mGluR 3 ) = 0.75 ± 0.43 nM] was evaluated to determine its potential to label mGluRs in vivo. Dissection analysis of the regional brain distribution over time of [ 3 H]LY341495 in male rats revealed low brain uptake and no significant demonstrable saturable binding of this tracer. A group II mGluR tracer possessing higher affinity than [ 3 H]LY341495 and an absence of carboxylic acid groups is likely required for in vivo PET imaging purposes.
Motivating safety belt use at a community hospital: an effective integration of incentive and commitment strategies.

An effective hospital-based safety-belt program incorporated several advantages over prior attempts to increase safety belt use, including (a) the use of indigenous staff as program sponsors, coordinators, and delivery agents; (b) a yearlong program evaluation; and (c) a combination of extrinsic incentives and intrinsic commitment. To be eligible for a weekly $5, employees met the following contingencies: (a) signed a pledge card; (b) displayed the signed pledge card in their vehicle; and (c) wore a safety belt. Overall, belt use increased from a 2-week baseline mean of 15.6% to 34.7% during the 6-month intervention, and decreased to 25.6% at withdrawal. For the pledge card signers (n = 188) and the nonsigners (n = 533), belt use increased from baseline means of 29.4% and 11.8% to intervention use rates of 75.1 and 17.7%, respectively. Withdrawal and 4-month follow-up use rates were 56.0% and 44.9% for the Pledge group, and 17.2% and 22.1% for the Nonpledge group. Language: en
Enantioselective total synthesis of the marine toxin (-)-gymnodimine employing a Barbier-type macrocyclization.

Gymnodimine (1, Figure 1) is a member of the spirocyclic imine family of marine toxins initially isolated from oysters collected off the coast of New Zealand. The gross structure was initially reported by Yasumoto in 1995[i] and subsequently, Munro and Blunt reported the relative and absolute stereochemistry elucidated through X-ray crystallographic analysis of a reduced, N-acylated derivative.[ii] This toxin is produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia selliforms (formerly Gymnodinium selliforme) and is active in the mouse bioassay for neurotoxic shellfish poisoning.[iii] Recently, gymnodimine was found to sensitize neurons to the effects of okadaic acid[iv] and there is evidence that it binds to a subset of muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.[v] Two additional analogs, differing only by an allylic oxidation at the C17–C18 olefin, were isolated and named gymnodimine B (2) and C (3), respectively.[vi] Other members of this growing family of spirocyclic imine toxins include the pinnatoxins,[vii] spirolides,[viii] pteriatoxins,[ix] prorocentrolide,[x] and spiro-prorocentrimine.[xi]
On the warming and salinification of the Mediterranean outflow waters in the North Atlantic

[i] Based on hydrographic data collected since 1955, Mediterranean outflow waters present in the eastern North Atlantic show a density compensated increase in both temperature and salinity. With an increase in temperature of 0.101 ± 0.024°C/decade and an increase in salinity of 0.0283 ± 0.0067 psu/decade in the Mediterranean outflow waters, the heat content gain from 1955 to 1993 is calculated to be 2.02 ± 0.31 x 10 6 J/m 3 , which surpasses the average gain in heat content of the North Atlantic basin over the latter half of the 20th century. This suggests that the Mediterranean outflow waters are an important contributor to climatological changes at intermediate depths within the mid-latitude North Atlantic.
An efficient finite element approach for the analysis of three-dimensional transmission line discontinuities using an asymptotic boundary condition

A novel technique is developed for efficient finite-element solution of open-region three-dimensional transmission line structures in the quasi-TEM (transverse electromagnetic) regime. Starting with the general form of the solution to the three-dimensional Laplace equation in spherical coordinates, a set of asymptotic boundary condition (ABC) operators is derived. The second-order ABC is then applied on a conformable outer boundary for the purpose of truncating the finite-element method (FEM) mesh in an efficient manner. To illustrate its application, the method is used to compute the capacitance of a rectangular microstrip patch and the results are found to be in good agreement with published data. >
Mapping service-level agreements in distributed applications

In previous column, we discussed how to build distributed systems from quality-of-service (QoS)-aware software components. We also described a design by which individual components can engage in QoS negotiation and perform admission control so that new incoming requests don't violate committed QoS requirements. But what happens in a distributed application made up of several QoS-aware components and if the application has a global service-level agreement (SLA) for maximum end-to-end execution time. The problem we discuss in this paper is how to determine which SLAs should be negotiated at the component level so that the global SLA is satisfied at the minimum possible cost.
Digital Outcrop Models: Applications of Terrestrial Scanning Lidar Technology in Stratigraphic Modeling

Abstract Laser ranging is extremely accurate and efficient. Terrestrial scanning lidar (light detection and ranging) applied to outcrop stratigraphic mapping enables researchers to capture laser range data at a rate of thousands of individual X, Y, Z and laser-intensity points per second. These data, in conjunction with complementary remotely and directly sampled data, are used to conduct high-precision facies characterization and to construct 3D geological computer models. Outcrop data are presented here to explain our workflow and to discuss the construction of rock-based 3D Digital Outcrop Models (DOMs). Reproducibility and quantification are the drivers of this methodology. High-resolution terrestrial lidar acquisition, processing, interpretation, and visualization are discussed and applied to mapping of geological surfaces in three dimensions. Laser-generated models offer scientists an unprecedented visualization medium in a quantitative 3D arena. Applications of this technology include constructing and visualizing complex 3D Earth models from outcrops for improved reservoir modeling, flow simulation in hydrocarbon and aquifer systems, and property modeling to constrain forward seismic modeling.
Field-based competitive impacts between invaders and natives at varying resource supply

Summary 1. One line of thinking is that highly successful plant invaders achieve dominance in recipient communities via competitive superiority over natives. In contrast, it has been proposed that exotic species attain dominance not by competitive prowess but due to their colonizing abilities after disturbance. Interestingly, there have been relatively few attempts to quantify competitive effects of invaders on natives (and vice versa ) in field settings. 2. We created monocultures of ten native perennial species and after two seasons of establishment we either left assemblages uninvaded or invaded them with seeds from one of three potent exotics; spotted knapweed ( Centaurea maculosa ), Dalmatian toadflax ( Lineria dalmatica ) and sulfur cinquefoil ( Potentilla recta ). Invasion was crossed with a supplemental water treatment to determine how increased resource supply might alter competitive outcomes. We also compared traits of exotics and natives to determine whether differences in height, lateral spread, shoot : root ratio and specific leaf area might shed light on competitive effects. 3. Exotics suppressed native biomass by an average of 51%. Water addition had no effect on invasibility or the competitive impact of exotics on natives. Although exotics decreased native biomass, invasion increased total above-ground biomass. Spotted knapweed was the most successful invader, and because of its greater abundance, it had the largest competitive impacts on natives. Spotted knapweed invasion also reduced plant-available soil nitrogen, water and light. 4. The majority of native species did not differ in their resistance to weed invasion, although Achillea millefolium and Festuca idahoensis monocultures were more resistant to invasion than monocultures of Antennaria rosea . Exotic biomass was either unaffected by competition with natives (knapweed) or was moderately suppressed by natives (cinquefoil and toadflax). Native species did not differ significantly in their competitive impacts on exotics and resource supply only influenced the competitive impacts of natives on spotted knapweed. Knapweed and toadflax, in particular, differed from all the natives in combined growth and leaf traits. 5. Synthesis . Our results show that exotics exert strong competitive dominance over individual native species with competitive effects relatively unaltered by increased resource supply. These effects occurred in undisturbed assemblages, suggesting that invader-native competitive outcomes can drive invasion dynamics for the species studied.
Ribosomal RNA gene copy number and nucleolar-size polymorphisms within and among chicken lines selected for enhanced growth

Ribosomal (r) DNA genotypes (rRNA gene copy number) and nucleolar phenotypes (nucleoli number and size) were studied in dam and sire commercial broiler pure lines from three primary breeder sources. Thirteen lines were studied to determine whether directionally selected broiler pure lines contain higher numbers of rRNA genes than a control line unselected for performance traits. Eight of the 13 lines exhibited rRNA gene copy averages between 261 and 331 copies, three lines had averages between 365 and 380, and two lines had average copy numbers equal to or greater than 450 rRNA genes. The overall source copy number average from one breeder company exhibited a value (402 rRNA genes) significantly different from the control value (300 rRNA genes). Nucleoli number and relative-size were examined in 9 of the 13 lines to establish ploidy and determine the population incidence of nucleolar size polymorphisms. All of the individuals examined for nucleolar phenotype expressed two nucleoli, indicating that gene copy number variation in those lines was generally unrelated to haploidy, aneuploidy, or polyploidy. A high frequency of individuals exhibited nucleolar size polymorphisms (line values of 57 to 87%). The results suggest that multiple nucleolus organizer region (NOR) types are segregating within and among broiler pure lines and that these NOR types contain variable numbers of rRNA genes that differ in nucleogenesis capacity.
Optical pulse propagation through metallic nano-apertures

We measure the pulse delay and spectral phase and transmission modulations for ultra-short pulses transmitted through two-dimensional arrays of nano-apertures placed both periodically to form a photonic crystal and randomly on a silver film. The observed features and the physical mechanisms are discussed in the context of wave propagation through linear systems.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SYSTEMATIC BIOPSIES AND HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF 222 RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY SPECIMENS: LACK OF PREDICTION OF TUMOR SIGNIFICANCE FOR MEN WITH NONPALPABLE PROSTATE CANCER

Purpose: Because of the recent increase in nonpalpable prostate cancer (clinical stage T1c) in men, preoperative needle biopsy findings have had an important role for treatment decisions. We examine the correlation among histopathological features of 6 systematic biopsies and radical prostatectomy specimens in which 1 investigator reviewed all histological sections.Materials and Methods: We studied a total of 450 men with clinical stage T1c prostate cancer from whom needle biopsies were matched with radical prostatectomy specimens, and selected 222 patient biopsies that were obtained from 6 or more separate regions of the prostate. The pretreatment parameters of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), PSA density, number of positive needle biopsies, distribution of positive cores, linear cancer length, and percent Gleason grade 4/5 on the biopsy were determined and compared with histopathological features of prostate cancer in the radical prostatectomy specimens. All biopsies and radical prostatectomies we...
Toast: The Power System Operator's Assistant

The environments in which power system operators work are becoming more complex. New constraints are appearing, old constraints are tightening, and the number of decision variables is increasing. To cope with these trends, operators need intelligent assistants to help manage information and lighten their decision-making burdens. Such assistants can be divided into two types: Phase-1 assistants for off-line uses and Phase-2 assistants for on-line uses and Phase-2 assistants for on-line, real-time uses. Toast is an evolving Phase-1 assistant. Of the nine possible functions of an assistant, Toast has immediate potential in two-diagnosis and criticism. Its diagnostic knowledge, though hardly complete, is extensive enough to be useful to human operators. In contrast, its abilities to critique proposed courses of action are much less developed and, as yet, consist only of facilities to simulate some of the these courses of action. Toast has been written in Cops, a programming environment that allows for distributed processing and has a readily extensible library of both symbolic and numerical programs. These features should make the task of expanding Toast relatively painless. Of the many directions in which expansions could occur, we plan on adding diagnostic capabilities in the area of power system security. This areamore » was identified in a study as the most worthy of development.« less
Colonial Collecting Expeditions and the Pursuit of Opportunities in the Amazonian Sertão, c. 1750–1800

Every year during the second half of the eighteenth century, as river levels dropped, an average of 1,500 Indian crewmen departed nearly 50 villages for the remote interior forests and waterways of the Amazonian sertao. During the next six to eight months, as they searched for cacao, sarsaparilla, nuts, or turde eggs, the crewmen might experience all manner of hardships—epidemics, tribal attacks, famine, mutinies, or the loss of the village canoe and its cargo, to name just a few. Then, upon arriving home, they might find their families reduced to utter poverty or sickness, their wives taken in by other men, or their crops abandoned and devoured by pests. Yet despite the arduousness of the state-sponsored collecting expeditions and the hardships imposed upon those left behind, the trips offered a range of opportunities that other kinds of compulsory labor did not. Some of those who were not required to participate, such as the native officials, even did so voluntarily.
Effect of elimination games on physical activity and psychosocial responses in children.

Background:This study evaluated the effect of elimination and nonelimination games on objectively measured physical activity and psychosocial responses in children. Methods:A total of 29 children in grades 4 to 6 (65.5% male; 10.5 ± 1.0 years old) wore an accelerometer while participating in 2 elimination and 2 nonelimination games. Activity counts were collected using a 30-second epoch and converted to METs to determine minutes spent in sedentary behavior and light, moderate, vigorous, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Self-efficacy, enjoyment, and peer-victimization were assessed on 4 occasions (before and after 2 elimination and 2 nonelimination games). Results:Overall, girls spent more time in sedentary behavior compared with boys. Children engaged in significantly more moderate-to-vigorous physical activity during nonelimination games compared with elimination games. Furthermore, children significantly increased self-efficacy after playing both game sessions. A significant interaction betwe...
The effects of rheological properties on underfifl processing

Viscosity at both room and dispensing temperatures for aged underfills was measured using a stress controlled rheometer. Both viscosity and gel time at dispensing temperature were impacted by aging. The viscosity at room temperature increased more than viscosity at dispensing temperature with aging. A strain-controlled rheometer was used to measure the dynamic viscosity of underfills as a function of temperature. The curing behavior at different temperature ramping rates was obtained. The filler-settling rate was calculated, using viscosity data. The reflow temperature for lead-free solder is higher than that for the eutectic solder, which can result in hard flux reside after solder reflow. The effect of solder reflow profile on substrate wetting was studied.
Using “Clinical Trial Diaries” to Track Patterns of Participation for Serial Healthy Volunteers in U.S. Phase I Studies

Phase I testing of investigational drugs relies on healthy volunteers as research participants. Many U.S. healthy volunteers enroll repeatedly in clinical trials for the financial compensation. Serial participants are incentivized to ignore restrictions on their participation, and no centralized clinical trial registry prevents dual enrollment. Little is currently known about how healthy volunteers participate in studies over time, hampering the development of policies to protect this group. We detail a methodology developed as part of a longitudinal study to track in real-time healthy volunteers’ Phase I participation. Illustrating these data through three case studies, we document how healthy volunteers use strategies, such as qualifying for studies at more than one clinic and traveling significant distances, to maximize their participation. Our findings suggest that “clinical trial diaries” can generate critical information about serial research participation and point to ethical issues unique to healthy volunteers’ involvement in Phase I clinical trials.
Modeling and calibrating real world interpersonal networks

Rumors, new ideas, and attitudes spread through groups of people via interpersonal communication. One approach to simulate these diffusion processes is to generate random or stylized networks. Normally, random, small world, and scale-free network generation algorithms are used to that end. However, the structure of the network is an important parameter for the pattern of diffusion. Therefore, the model has to fit the properties of the corresponding system. The first questions for this article are: What are the characteristics of real world interpersonal networks and which network generation algorithm fits these characteristics? Based on this examination, a new and simple to implement algorithm is introduced to generate stylized networks for modeling the diffusion of information, opinions, and messages in real world social networks by interpersonal communication. Our work also shows the connectivity of empirically collected ego networks and algorithmically generated overall networks and offers correspondences between the micro and the macro level. It is therefore possible to use micro knowledge about networks to calibrate macro networks. We also discuss scaling issues when dealing with networks with different sizes or when the simulation networks are smaller than the networks of the underlying system.
New method for digitization and computerized analysis of paper recordings of standard 12-lead electrocardiograms

It is often important for both clinical and research purposes to perform automated waveform analysis and archiving of paper recordings of standard 12 lead ECGs. Many commercial methods have been developed for waveform analysis as digital ECGs are acquired. The present method was developed to 1) digitize scanned paper ECC recordings for analysis by the Hewlett-Packard (HP) program, and 2) to archive these data into clinical trial databases. The system was evaluated by comparing electrocardiograph-generated measurement matrices from scanned versus original ECGs, as well as comparing automated measurements of scanned ECGs against manual reading. Results indicate that the system accurately preserves the essential features of the waveforms, as there is no significant difference between automated measurements of scanned ECGs and manual reading.
Examining granular computing from a modeling perspective

In this paper, we use a set of unified components to conduct granular modeling for problem solving paradigms in several fields of computing. Each identified component may represent a potential research direction in the field of granular computing. A granular computing model for information analysis is proposed. The model may suggest that granular computing is an instrument for implementing perception based computing based on numeric computing. In addition, a novel granular language modeling technique is proposed for information extraction from web pages. This paper also suggests that the study of data mining in the framework of granular computing may address the issues of interpretability and usage of discovered patterns.
A Design Proposal for a Next Generation Scientific Software Framework

High performance scientific software has many unique and challenging characteristics. These codes typically consist of many different stages of computation with different algorithms and components with diverse requirements. These heterogeneous algorithms, coupled with platform heterogeneity, create serious performance challenges. To retain performance, portability and maintainability of the software on heterogeneous platforms, more abstractions have to be integrated into the software design. Most of these abstractions are still in the research stage and scientific codes have barely started using them. However, it is urgent that we start considering the abstraction interplay in designing the next generation of software architecture. We propose a software architecture for PDE-based scientific codes that combines three abstractions in a code framework suitable for expected heterogeneity in platforms, while retaining separation of concerns, performance and portability of the software. We support our proposal with an example design for an adaptive mesh refinement based framework.
COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL LOADING OF A LAYERED CYLINDER EXHIBITING MULTILINEAR MATERIAL BEHAVIOR

A method of predicting the stress distribution in a multilayered circular cylinder subjected to combined bending and axial loading and constructed of materials represented by multilinear stressstrain relationships is presented. Each layer may have a different stress-strain characteristic and may include perfectly plastic behavior as well as different properties in tension and compression, The analysis assumes that the strain developed at any cross section is a linear function of the distance from the neutral axis. For such a strain condition, the stresses developed in the cross section can be calculated from the assumed stressstrain relationships. The resultant axial and bending loads reacted by each layer may be determined by integrating these stresses over the cross-sectional area of each layer. The results of the analysis are presented either as interaction curves rel'ating all combinations of applied loads which will produce a specified stress condition or as a predicted load-strain relationship for the cylinder subjected to increasing load at a fixed ratio of bending moment and axial load. The analysis is compared with experimental data for layered filament-wound S glass-epoxy cylinders of various helical wrap angle combinations.
MR of the pituitary gland postsurgery: serial MR studies following transsphenoidal resection.

PURPOSE To determine the MR appearance of the pituitary gland in the early and late postoperative periods in order to distinguish operative complications more effectively and to establish a postoperative baseline. METHODS Ten patients were prospectively studied with MR following transsphenoidal resection of a pituitary tumor. Early postoperative studies were obtained at 2 to 8 days following surgery, late studies at 4 to 9 months in all patients and also at 12 to 16 months in five. Major observations were height of the pituitary mass and appearance of the surgical packing. RESULTS Within 8 days following surgery, the height of the pituitary mass was unchanged in two cases, increased in three, and only minimally decreased in five. All decreased in height (average 54%) by 4 to 9 months. Gelfoam packing completely (five) or nearly completely (three) resorbed leaving a normal-size, although deformed, pituitary gland. Fat-packed resection defects persisted (two). CONCLUSIONS In the early postoperative period, the appearance of the pituitary gland is similar in size to its preoperative appearance. Subsequent involution with packing resorption yields a smaller, deformed pituitary gland.
Cognitive context detection in UAS operators using eye-gaze patterns on computer screens

In this paper, we demonstrate the use of eye-gaze metrics of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) operators as eﬀective indices of their cognitive workload. Our analyses are based on an experiment where twenty participants performed pre-scripted UAS missions of three diﬀerent diﬃculty levels by interacting with two custom designed graphical user interfaces (GUIs) that are displayed side by side. First, we compute several eye-gaze metrics, traditional eye movement metrics as well as newly proposed ones, and analyze their eﬀectiveness as cognitive classiﬁers. Most of the eye-gaze metrics are computed by dividing the computer screen into “cells”. Then, we perform several analyses in order to select metrics for eﬀective cognitive context classiﬁcation related to our speciﬁc application; the objective of these analyses are to (i) identify appropriate ways to divide the screen into cells; (ii) select appropriate metrics for training and classiﬁcation of cognitive features; and (iii) identify a suitable classiﬁcation method.
Viral etiological analysis on hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infection in Jiujiang area in winter and spring from 2008 to 2012

Objective: To monitor respiratory tract viral infection in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infection( ALRI) in Jiujiang area in winter and spring,explore the epidemic regularity. Methods: The hospitalized children with ALRI in winter and spring from 2008 to 2012 were selected,the venous blood specimens were obtained on the day of admission and on the fifth day of course of the disease to monitor respiratory tract viral IgM,including respiratory syncytial virus( RSV),adenovirus( ADV),influenza virus( IV), and parainfluenza virus( PIV),the positive specimens were analyzed statistically. Results: A total of 918 children were monitored in winter and spring from 2008 to 2012,216 children were found with positive respiratory tract viruses,accounting for 23. 5%( 216 /918); 178 children were found with RSV,accounting for 82. 4%( 178 /216); 8 children were found with ADV,accounting for 3. 7%( 8 /216); 13 children were found with IV,accounting for 6. 0%( 13 /216); 17 children were found with PIV,accounting for 7. 8%( 17 /216). The peak time of onset of RSV was from December to January,February in the nest year; RSV was commonly found in children under one year,the peak age of onset of RSV was under six months; bronchopneumonia and capillary bronchitis were main types of ALRI,the ratio of boys to girls was 2. 08∶ 1,the epidemic trends from 2008 to 2012 were almost the same. Conclusion: The main pathogen of ALRI in Jiujiang area is RSV,the positive rates of IV and PIV are relatively low,the distribution of ADV is sporadic.
Analysis of Volatile Compounds in Nanfeng Orange by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Solid Phase Microextraction

The volatile compounds were detected in Nanfeng orange by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) with solid phase microextraction(SPME).Sixty compounds were identified including 13 kinds of alkanes,20 kinds of alkenes,2 kinds of benzene,14 kinds of alcohols,3 kinds of aldehydes,6 kinds of esters,1 morpholine and 1 phenol.The highest content was D-limonene,which represents 65% of the total peak areas.
Interactive Numerical Quadrature

This describes a collection of algorithms for numerical quadrature that can be used interactively from a computer terminal. By prompting, the system assists the user in entering an integral and the other arguments needed to use an algorithm. Alternatively, each algorithm can be used non-interactively in the usual way as a subroutine appended to a larger program.
Professional Power and Social Welfare

(1983). Professional Power and Social Welfare. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 268-270.
Hip Osteotomies: Acetabular

The introduction of the periacetabular osteotomy (also known as Ganz osteotomy, Bernese osteotomy, PAO) by Ganz et al., in the late 1980s, fundamentally improved the effectiveness of the treatment of symptomatic hip dysplasia in adult (skeletally mature) patients. The advantages of this approach for rotational osteotomy of the pelvis were its ability to permit simultaneous, three-dimensional reorientation of the acetabulum, along with modest medial displacement of the center of rotation of the hip joint, and concomitant preservation of the integrity of the posterior column. Over time, it replaced the historic role of intertrochanteric varus and valgus osteotomies for dysplasia, and grew in popularity relative to other pelvic osteotomy options, such as the triple innominate, Wagner and Japanese rotational, Sutherland, and Tonnis.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Erythrocyte Production

Abstract Abstract SCI-38 Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are somatic cells that have been turned into embryonic-like stem cells by forced expression of factors critical for establishing pluripotency. Because iPSCs can be differentiated into any type of cell in the human body, including hematopoietic cells, they are seen as a logical alternative source of red blood cells (RBCs) for transfusion. In addition, the unlimited expansion potential of iPSCs makes it easy to adopt iPSC technology for RBC biomanufacturing. iPSCs can be generated from any type of donor, including O/Rh-negative universal donors and donors with very rare blood phenotypes, which makes it possible to generate blood products to accommodate virtually all patient groups. We have developed an approach for generating large quantities of RBCs from iPSCs by inducing them to differentiate into CD34+CD43+ hematopoietic progenitors in coculture with OP9 stromal cells, followed by selective expansion of erythroid cells in serum-free media with erythropoiesis-supporting cytokines. Erythroid cultures produced by this approach consist of leukocyte-free populations of CD235a+ RBCs with robust expansion potential and long (up to 90 days) life spans. In these cultures, up to 1.8×105 RBCs can be generated from a single iPSC. Similar to embryonic stem cells, iPSC-derived RBCs express predominantly embryonic and fetal hemoglobin, with very little adult hemoglobin. It is already feasible to adopt iPSC technologies for producing cGMP-grade RBCs using defined animal-product-free differentiation conditions. However, the induction of the complete switch from embryonic to fetal and adult hemoglobin, as well as the terminal maturation and enucleation of iPSC-derived erythroid cells, remains a significant challenge. We recently identified at least three distinct waves of hematopoietic progenitors with erythroid potential in iPSC differentiation cultures. The characterization of erythroid cells produced from these waves of hematopoiesis may help to define populations with definitive erythroid potential and facilitate the production of erythrocytes from iPSCs. Additional critical steps toward translating iPSC-based RBC technologies to the clinic include the development of bioreactor-based-technology for further scaling-up of cell production, and evaluation of the therapeutic potential and safety of human pluripotent stem cell-derived blood cells in animal models. Overall, the manufacturing of RBCs provides several advantages. It can improve the continuity of the blood supply, minimize/eliminate the risk of infection transmission, reduce the incidence of hemolytic and nonhemolytic transfusion reactions, and provide an opportunity to generate RBCs that fit specific clinical needs by using genetically engineered iPSCs or iPSCs with rare blood groups. Disclosures: Slukvin: CDI: Consultancy, Equity Ownership; Cynata: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.
A preliminary study of symptomatic fatigue in rural older adults.

Background and aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of symptomatic fatigue and its relation to physical function and self-perceived health in a sample of older, rural community-dwelling adults with commonly-used clinical fatigue scales. Methods: This is an exploratory, descriptive study of 30 subjects from 4 rural counties. All subjects were 70+ years of age and had no recent history of hospitalization. Subjects were assessed in their homes and completed a standard test of physical function, twelve functional assessment instruments, and two commonly-used clinical fatigue scales: the Fatigue Severity Scale and the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue Scale. Results: Depending on the fatigue instrument and criteria used, 23–47% of subjects exhibited symptomatic fatigue. Regardless of the scale, fatigue was associated with several negative consequences: decreased physical function performance, lower morale, and reduced physical composite scores on the Short Form-36 quality of life questionnaire. Of note, these differences remained significant even after accounting for depression scale scores. In addition, fatigue was associated with a greater incidence of risk for malnutrition. Conclusions: Together, these findings suggest that symptomatic fatigue may be quite prevalent in older individuals in rural settings, and warrants further consideration when presented in the clinical setting, as it may be associated with several negative health outcomes.
Prevention and reversal of social stress-escalated cocaine self-administration in mice by intra-VTA CRFR1 antagonism

A history of brief intermittent social defeat stress can escalate cocaine self-administration and induce long-term adaptations in the mesolimbic dopamine system. Extra-hypothalamic corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) has been shown to be closely associated with stress-induced escalation of drug use. How repeated stress modulates CRF release in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the roles of CRF receptors during different phases of stress-induced cocaine self-administration remain to be defined. The current study examines the roles of CRF and CRF receptor 1 (CRFR1) in escalated intravenous cocaine self-administration after exposure to social defeat stress in mice. First, CRFR1 antagonist (CP 376,395, 15 mg/kg, i.p.) given 30 min prior to each social defeat episode prevented later escalated cocaine self-administration. When CP 376,395 (5 and 15 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 10 days after the last episode of social stress, the escalation of cocaine intake was dose-dependently reversed. Moreover, socially defeated mice showed increased CRF release in the VTA compared to controls. To further explore the role of CRFR1, CP 376,395 (0.5 and 1 μg/0.2 μl) was infused directly into the VTA before the cocaine self-administration session. Intra-VTA antagonism of CRFR1 was sufficient to reverse social defeat stress-escalated cocaine self-administration. These findings suggest that CRF and CRFR1 exert multiple roles in the response to social stress that are relevant to escalated cocaine self-administration.
Location, Location, Location: Microglia Are Where They Live.

A deep dive into microglia form and function reveals startling regional heterogeneity in number, morphology, activity, and transcriptomics in nuclei relevant to motor control and motivation (De Biase et al., 2017). Differences appear 2 weeks after birth, and depletion and recolonization in adulthood recapitulate the original phenotype, implicating local environment as mediators of microglial phenotype.
Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty for Cuff Arthropathy

Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty can diminish pain and improve function in those with a massive rotator cuff tear and osteoarthritis (i.e., cuff arthropathy). This case highlights the steps of treatment with reverse TSA. Patient selection, surgical exposure, and correct placement of the prosthesis are important for best chances of long-term success.